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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ASUNCIÓN FACULTAD DE DERECHO Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES HISTORIA DE LAS INSTITUCIONES JURÍDICAS Prof. Abog. Alcid! Col"#$
UNIDAD I Lccio$! Prli"i$%r! &' L% Hi!(ori%. Dfi$ici)$. L%! d%d! d l% Hi!(ori%. EL SI*NIFICADO DE LA HISTORIA L% +i!(ori% +i!(ori% co",r$d -$ rgi!(ro d (od%! l%! r%li%cio$! r%li%cio$! dl +o"br +o"br $ (od%! (od%! l%! !fr% !fr%!/ !/ ,ol0(i ,ol0(ic%1 c%1 co$)" co$)"ic% ic%1 1 i$(l i$(lc(c(-%l1 %l1 2-r0dic% o !oci%l. Co",r$d (%"bi3$ -$% cr)$ic% d !-! !-4o! id%l!1 !,r%$%!1 (ri-$fo! 5 fr%c%!o!. LA HISTORIA CO6O CIENCIA E!(o E!(o !ig$ !ig$if ific ic% % 7- 7- l% %c(i %c(i((-d d ci$ ci$(0 (0fi fic% c% db db i$fl i$fl-i -ir r $ l% !ol-ci)$ d (odo! lo! ,robl"%! d l% +i!(ori%1 5% !%$ ,ol0(ico!1 i$(lc(-%l!1 "or%l! o rligio!o!. LA HISTORIA Y EL TIE6PO L%! !ocid%d! co"bi$%$ !- for"% d 8i8ir 5 d ,$!%r % lo l%rgo dl (i",o1 5 l +i!(ori%dor ! oc-,% d $($dr l ,or7- d lo! c%"bio!. Ti",o 5 !,%cio !o$ do! di"$!io$! 7- db$ !r co$!idr%d%! $ co$2-$(o c-%$do ! %$%li%$ -$ f$)"$o +i!()rico. L% +i!(ori% $c!i(% -bic%r 5 ord$%r lo! +c+o! % lo l%rgo dl (i",o LECCIONES PRELI6INARES 9' L% c-l( c-l(-r -r%. %. Dfi Dfi$i $ici ci)$ )$1 1 l% c-l( c-l(-r -r% % co"o co"o ,rod ,rod-c -c(o (o +-"% +-"%$o $o1 1 co", co",o$ o$$ $( (! ! d l% c-l( c-l(-r -r%1 %1 di8 di8r! r!id id%d %d c-l( c-l(-r -r%l %l 5 rl% rl%(i (i8i 8i!" !"o o c-l(-r%l. :' Pr!o$% !oci%l1 !ocid%d1 gr-,o! !oci%l!1 !(r-c(-r% !oci%l i$!(i(-cio$!. ;' N%ci)$ 5 E!(%do. <' E!(%do 5 *obir$o. =' For"%! d E!(%do 5 For"%! d *obir$o. >' El Drc+o 5 l%! I$!(i(-cio$! I$!(i(-cio$! J-r0dic%!. CULTURA Dfi$i Dfi$icio cio$. $. L% (o(%li (o(%lid%d d%d co",l co",l2% 2% 7- i$cl-5 i$cl-5 l co$oci co$oci"i "i$(o $(o1 1 cr$ci%1 %r(1 "or%l1 l51 co!(-"br 5 l% c%,%cid%d %d7-irid% ,or l +o"br co"o "i"bro d l% !ocid%d. C%r%c(ri C%r%c(ri!(ic% !(ic%!. !. L% c-l(-r% c-l(-r% ! %,r$did%1 %,r$did%1 co",%r(id co",%r(id%1 %1 !i"bolic%1 !i"bolic%1 "odo! d i$(r,r(%cio$ 5 !ig$ific%cio$ d l% r%lid%d18id% +-"%
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ob2(i8%d% 5 ! -$ di!,o!i(i8o d %d%,(%cio$ 5 r!,-!(%! LA CULTURA L% c-l(-r% ! l ,rod-c(o +-"%$o. L% c-l(-r% !(% +c+% ,or l +o"br EL SISTE6A SISTE6A 9=@
SOCIOCULT SOCIOCULTURAL URAL ES ES PRODUCCION PRODUCCION DEL HO6?RE. HO6?RE. Fic+(r Fic+(r ,%g. ,%g.
CO6PONENTES DE LA CULTURA Ilo! !i"bolo!. El +o"br cr% -$ -$i8r!o !i"bolico1 -$ "-$do d !ig$ific%do!. II II l l$g l$g-% -%2 2. E! -$ !i!( i!(" "% d !i"b !i"bol olo o! 7- 7- ,r"i r"i( ( l% co"-$ic%ci)$ $(r lo! "i"bro! d -$% !ocid%d. III8%lor!. So$ %7-llo! bi$! 7- f%8orc$ % l%! ,r!o$%! 5 l! ,r"i($ r%li%r! co$ lo! d"%! $ l "-$do. IV$or IV$or"%! "%!. . So$ l% for"% for"% co(id co(idi%$ i%$% % d 8i8ir 8i8ir lo! 8%lor 8%lor!., !.,-d -d$ $ !r. Pr!cri,(i8%! 5 ,ro!cri,(i8%!. V (r%dicio$! 5 co!(-"br!. DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL L% c-l( -l(-r% -r% co"o o"o "%$if %$if !(%c !(%cio io$ $ +-"% -"%$% +% ($i $ido di8rg$ci%! 5 co$8rg$ci%! % lo l%rgo d l% +i!(ori%.
8%ri 8%ri%b %bl l! !1
DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL S-bc-l(-r% 5 co$(r%c-l(-r% co$(r%c-l(-r% L% c-l(-r% $ l "-$do glob%li%do RETALIVIS6O CULTURAL E! -$% co$c, co$c,cio cio$ $ filo!o filo!ofic fic% % 7- !o!(i !o!(i$ $ 7- (odo (odo d,$d d,$d dl ,%rcr dl !-2(o o d l% co$8$cio$. El co$oci"i$(o 5 l% r%lid%d !o$ rl%(i8%!1 5 ,or llo (od% l% 8olor%cio$ d %lgo !(% $ rl%cio$ d lo 7- l !-2(o %fir"% PERSONA SOCIAL El +o"br ! !oci%l ,or $%(-r%l%. El !r +-"%$o ! d!$8-l8 $ -$ -$i8r!o d rl%cio$! co$ lo! d"%!. SgB$ l% %$(ro,ologi% co$(",or%$% !o"o! -$ !olo !r1 -$% !ol% ,r!o$% 5 -$% !ol% r%lid%d. Sr co$ o(ro!. L% %l(rid%d. *RUPOS SOCIALES EL *RUPO/ E! -$ colc( colc(i8i i8id%d d%d id$(i id$(ific fic%bl %bl1 1 !(r-c !(r-c(-r (-r%d% %d%1 1 co$(i$ co$(i$-%d -%d%1 %1 d ,r!o$%! !oci%l! 7- d!",4%$ f-$cio$! rci,roc%! co$for" % d( d(r" r"i$ i$% %d%! d%! $or" or"%! 1 i$( $(r! r!! ! 5 8%lor %lor! ! !oci% oci%l l! ! ,%r% ,%r% l% ,ro!c-cio$ d ob2(i8o! co"-$!.
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SOCIEDAD E! l% !(r-c(-r% for"%d% ,or lo! gr-,o! ,ri$ci,%l! i$(rco$c(%do! $(r !i1 co$!idr%do! co"o -$% -$id%d 5 ,%r(ici,%$do (odo! d -$% c-l(-r% co"-$. ESTRUCTURA SOCIAL E! l "od "odlo lo co$ co$ 7- 7- -$% -$% d( d(r" r"i$ i$%d %d% % !oci !ocid d%d %d !(% !(% di! di!4% 4%d% d% o co$for"%d%1 !- !(r%(ific%cio$ !oci%l1 cl%!! !oci%l!1 !(%(-! 5 rol!. INSTITUCIONES SOCIALES E! -$% -$% !(r !(r-c -c((-r% r% rl% rl%(i (i8% 8%" "$( $( ,r" ,r"%$ %$$ $( ( d ,%-( ,%-(%! %!1 1 rol rol! ! 5 rl% rl%ci cio$ o$! ! 7- 7- l%! l%! ,r! ,r!o$ o$%! %! r%l r%li i%$ %$ !gB !gB$ $ -$%! -$%! d( d(r" r"i$ i$%d %d%! %! for"%! !%$cio$%d%! 5 -$ific%d!1 co$ ob2(o d !%(i!f%cr $c!id%d! !oci%l! b%!ic%!. NACION Y ESTADO N%cio$/ ! f$o"$o f$o"$o !oci%l. A7-ll% %gr-,%cio$ d ,r!o$%! ,r!o$%! -$id%! ,or -$% "i!"% +i!(ori%1 ,or -$% "i!"% c-l(-r%. E!(% E!(%do do/ / ! l% org% org%$i $i% %ci ci)$ )$ 2-rid 2-ridic ico o ,oli ,oli(i (ico co $ -$ %"bi( %"bi(o o gogr% gogr%fic fico1 o1 (rri( (rri(ori ori%l1 %l1 d(r" d(r"i$% i$%do do b%!%d% b%!%d% ,ri$ci ,ri$ci%l" %l"$( $( $ l 2r 2rci cici cio o dl dl ,od ,odr r ,oli ,oli(i (ico co ,or ,or 7-i 7-i$ $! ! %c(%c(-%$ %$ $ c%li c%lid% d%d d d gobr$%$(! ESTADO Y *O?IERNO *obir$o. E! l co$2-$(o d org%$o! dl ,odr ,oli(ico1 $ c-%$(o ,odr co$!(i(-ido. El gobir$o "%(ri%li% l ,odr $ l !(%do. S- !(r-c(-r% 5 l% di!(rib-cio$ d f-$cio$! !(%$ !(%blcido! $ l% co$!(i(-cio$ 5 l%! l5!. FOR6AS DE ESTADO E!(%do -$i(%rio 5 !(%do fdr%l. E!(%do d drc+o 5 !(%do !oci%l d drc+o. Ar( & c$ ! co$!(i(-5 $ !(%do !oci%l d drc+o1 -$i(%rio1 i$di8i!ib i$di8i!ibl1 l1 5 d!c$(r d!c$(r%li% %li%do do $ l% l% for"% for"% 7- !(%blc !(%blc$ $ !(% co$!(i(-cio$ 5 l%! l5!. Ob!. Ob!. Lr Lr %r( >1&&1& >1&&1&;1& ;1&<1& <1&@19 @1991 91:1 :1;1 ;1<1 <11@ 1@1 1 &<1& &<1&> > d l% Co$!(i(-ci)$ N%cio$%l. FOR6AS DE *O?IERNO D"ocr%ci%/ dirc(% 5 r,r!$(%(i8%. r,r!$(%(i8%. Si!("% ,%rl%"$(%rio/ f-$cio$! dl 2f d !(%do 5 d gobir$o. Si!( Si!(" "% % ,r! ,r!id id$ $ci ci%l %l. . No +%5 +%5 d-%l d-%li! i!"o "o $(r $(r 2f 2f d !(% !(%do do 5 gobi gobir r$o $o1 1 l 2c 2c-( -(i8 i8o o lg lgid ido o ,or ,or 8o(% 8o(%ci cio$ o$ ,o,,o,-l% l%r1 r1 l ,od ,odr r 2c-(i8o rc% $ l ,r!id$(1 di8i!io$ d ,odr!. ART & CN. L% r,-blic% dl ,%r%g-%5 %do,(% ,%r% !- gobir$o l% d"ocr%ci% r,r!$(%(i8%1 ,%r(ici,%(i8% 5 ,l-r%li!(%1 f-$d%d% $ l rco$oci"i$(o d l% dig$id%d +-"%$%. Ar( :.CN. :.CN. El gobir gobir$o $o ! 2rci 2rcido do ,or lo! ,odr ,odr! ! lgi!l lgi!l%(i %(i8o1 8o1
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2c-(i8o 5 2-dici%l $ -$ !i!("% d !,%r%cio$1 7-ilibrio1 coordi$%cio$ 5 rci,roco co$(rol. Ar(. :co$(..
UNIDAD II L% Pr+i!(ori% &' El Orig$ dl Ho"br. L%! ,ri"r%! c-l(-r%!. 9' L% Pr+i!(ori%. E(%,%! 5 !-! "%$if!(%cio$! c-l(-r%l!. :' El $%ci"i$(o d l%! I$!(i(-cio$! !oci%l!1 ,ol0(ic%! rligio!%!.
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EDADES DE LA HISTORIA 9'EDAD ANTI*UAG: %.C % ;>= d.c Ci8ili%cio$! d l% Hi!(ori% A$(ig-% & ' L% c-l(-r% i$di%/ L% I$di%1 rligi)$1 c%!(%! 5 l C)digo d 6%$B. 9' L% ci8ili%ci)$ Egi,ci%/ I$!(i(-cio$! rligio!%!1 !oci%l!1 ,ol0(ic%! 5 J-r0dic%!. :'L% Ci8ili%ci)$ 6!o,o(#"ic%/ Hi!(ori% Pol0(ic%. Lo! !-"rio!. Org%$i%ci)$ !ocio',ol0(ic% 5 l Drc+o !-"rio. ?%bilo$i%. El C)digo d H%""-r%bi. ;' L% Ci8ili%ci)$ Hbr%/ I$!(i(-cio$! rligio!%!1 !oci%l! 5 ,ol0(ic%!. Drc+o Hbro. L%! ci8ili%cio$! "di(rr#$%! &' L% Ci8ili%ci)$ *rig%/ E8ol-ci)$ d l%! ci-d%d!' !(%do!. 9 'E!,%r(%/ Org%$i%ci)$ !oci%l 5 ,ol0(ic%. L%! rfor"%! d Lic-rgo. :'A($%!/ Hi!(ori% ,ol0(ic%1 l%! rfor"%! d Dr%c)$1 Sol)$1 Lo! Pi!i!(r%(o!1 Cl0!($! 5 Pricl!. L% D"ocr%ci% A($i$!. ;' L% co$c,ci)$ filo!)fic% d l% J-!(ici% !gB$ lo! Sofi!(%!1 S)cr%(!1 Pl%()$ 5 Ari!()(l!. Hi!(ori% d l%! I$!(i(-cio$! Pol0(ic%! 5 J-r0dic%! Ro"%$%! &' L% 6o$%r7-0%/ I$!(i(-cio$! ,ol0(ic%!1 !oci%l! 5 2-r0dic%!. El Drc+o $ l% 6o$%r7-0%. Rfor"%! d Sr8io T-lio. 9' L% R,Bblic%/ I$!(i(-cio$! !oci%l!1 ,ol0(ic%! 5 2-r0dic%!. L%! 6%gi!(r%(-r%!1 c%r%c(r!1 cl%!! 5 f-$cio$!. El c-r!-! +o$or-". El !$%do 5 lo! co"icio!. L% L5 d l%! II T%bl%!. L% l-c+% d cl%!! 5 l%! ig-%ld%d!. :' El I",rio Ro"%$o/ I$!(i(-cio$! ,ol0(ic%! 5 2-r0dic%!. L%! Co$!(i(-cio$! I",ri%l!. L%bor d lo! 2-ri!(%! cl#!ico!. El
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Edic(o S%l8io J-li%$o. ;' L% rfor"% d Diocl!i%$o 5 Co$!(%$(i$o. <' Priodo dl Drc+o d l% Codific%ci)$. C)digo *rgori%$o1 Hr"og$i%$o1 Todo!i%$o 5 l% L5 d Ci(%!. :' EDAD 6EDIA G;>= % &;<: Hi!(ori% d l%! I$!(i(-cio$! $ l% Ed%d 6di% &'El Cri!(i%$i!"o/ Orig$. Doc(ri$%. Drc+o C%$)$ico. El Drc+o !gB$ S%$ Ag-!(0$ 5 S%$(o To"#! d A7-i$o. 9'Di!ol-ci)$ dl I",rio d Occid$( 5 "rg$ci% d lo! ,-blo! *r"%$o!/ Org%$i%ci)$ Soci%l1 I$!(i(-cio$! ,ol0(ic%! 5 2-r0dic%!. Drc+o gr"%$o :'Lo! Ri$o! *r"%$o!/ Vi!igodo!1 ?-rg-$dio!1 O!(rogodo! 5 Fr%$co!. A,or( J-r0dico. ;'L% ci8ili%ci)$ ?i%$(i$%/ I$!(i(-cio$! ,ol0(ic%! 5 2-r0dic%!. El Cor,-! I-ri! Ci8il! d J-!(i$i%$o. <'Ci8ili%ci)$ I!l#"ic%/ I$!(i(-cio$! ,ol0(ic%!1 !oci%l!1 rligio!%! 5 2-r0dic%!. = 'El S%cro I",rio Ro"%$o Fr%$co/ Org%$i%ci)$ ,ol0(ic%1 !oci%l 5 2-r0dic% dl I",rio d C%rlo"%g$o. >'R3gi"$ f-d%l/ Orig$1 c%r%c(r0!(ic%! !ocio'co$)"ico 5 2-r0dic%!. 'L%! cr-%d%!. C%-!%! 5 co$!c-$ci%!. EDAD 6EDIA &'El S%cro I",rio Ro"%$o *r"%$o. Co$flic(o $(r l ,odr (",or%l 5 l !,iri(-%l. 9 'L% for"%ci)$ d lo! E!(%do! N%cio$%l! 5 l%! i$!(i(-cio$! 2-r0dic%! d/ % I$gl%(rr%/ C%r(% 6%g$%1 E!(%(-(o d Oford 5 El Co""o$ L% b E!,%4%/ C)digo d L%! Si( P%r(id%!. c Fr%$ci%/ Lo! E!(%do! *$r%l!. :'El d!%rrollo i$(lc(-%l/ L%! U$i8r!id%d!. Org%$i%ci)$. L% U$i8r!id%d d ?olo$i%. El Drc+o c%$)$ico 5 ro"%$o. Lo! *lo!%dor! 5 lo! Po!glo!%dor!. 6ODERNIDAD &;<: &'L% 6odr$id%d .I$!(i(-cio$! 2-r0dic%! 5 ,ol0(ic%!. El H-"%$i!"o 5 l R$%ci"i$(o/ C%-!%! 5 c%r%c(r0!(ic%!. 9' El R$%ci"i$(o $ I(%li%1 E!,%4% I$gl%(rr%. :' L% ,ol0(ic% 5 l drc+o !gB$ Nicol#! 6%7-i%8lo. ;'6o8i"i$(o! rligio!o! $ E-ro,%/ L% Rfor"% dl Pro(!(%$(i!"o 5 l% Co$(r%rrfor"% C%()lic%/ C%-!%!1 d!%rrollo 5 co$!c-$ci%!. < El Ab!ol-(i!"o 5 l%! I$!(i(-cio$! 2-r0dic%! $ I$gl%(rr%1 Fr%$ci% 5 E!,%4%. Tor0% Pol0(ic% Ab!ol-(i!(% d T+o"%! Hobb!. = L% Il-!(r%ci)$/ Or0g$! 5 C%r%c(r!. > Tor0% Pol0(ic% 5 J-r0dic% d/ LocK1 6o$(!7-i-1 Vol(%ir 5 Ro-!!%-. Lo! $ciclo,di!(%!/ DAl"br( 5 Didro(.
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@ El E!(%do 5 l Drc+o !gB$ E"%$-l M%$(. ;' EDAD CONTE6PORANEAGd!d &>@ Hi!(ori% d l%! I$!(i(-cio$! !oci%l!1 ,ol0(ic%! 5 2-r0dic%! d l% d%d co$(",or#$% &' R8ol-ci)$ A"ric%$%/ A$(cd$(!1 d!%rrollo! 5 co$!c-$ci%!. L% Co$!(i(-ci)$ d lo! E!(%do! U$ido!. El E!(%do d Drc+o1 l fdr%li!"o1 !i!("% ,r!id$ci%li!(%. 9'R8ol-ci)$ Fr%$c!%/ A$(cd$(!1 d!%rrollo! 5 co$!c-$ci%!. L% dcl%r%ci)$ d drc+o! dl Ho"br 5 l Ci-d%d%$o :'N%,ol)$ 5 l% codific%ci)$ dl drc+o/ I",or(%$ci% i$fl-$ci% $ l% lgi!l%ci)$ "-$di%l. ;' El Co$gr!o d Vi$% 5 l% S%$(% Ali%$%. <' 6o8i"i$(o N%cio$%li!(% 5 Libr%l. =' El Co$!(i(-cio$%li!"o 5 l% Codific%ci)$. >'L% R8ol-ci)$ i$d-!(ri%l 5 !oci%l/ l d!%rrollo (c$ol)gico 5 !-! co$!c-$ci%! !oci%l! 5 ,ol0(ic%!. EDAD CO6TE6PORANEA &'L% Pri"r% *-rr% 6-$di%l/ C%-!%!1 d!%rrollo 5 Co$!c-$ci%!. Lo! c%(orc ,-$(o! dl Pr!id$( il!o$. L% Socid%d d l%! N%cio$!. L% P% d Vr!%ll!. 9'Lo! !i!("%! (o(%li(%rio! d l% ,o!('g-rr%/ l Co"-$i!"o1 l F%!ci!"o 5 l N%cio$%l!oci%li!"o. :'L% Sg-$d% *-rr% 6-$di%l/ C%-!%!1 d!%rrollo 5 Co$!c-$ci%!. Tr%(%do d P%. ;'L% E"rg$ci% d blo7-! d!,-3! d l% !g-$d% g-rr% "-$di%l. El col%,!o d l% U$i)$ So8i3(ic%. Pr!(roiK% 5 *l%!$o(. <' Cr%ci)$ d l%! N%cio$! U$id%!/ Órg%$o! 5 ob2(i8o! d l% O.N.U. Org%$i!"o! i$(gr%$(!. =' L% Dcl%r%ci)$ U$i8r!%l d lo! Drc+o! H-"%$o!. Co$($ido 5 co$!c-$ci%!. O(r%! dcl%r%cio$! rl%(i8%! % lo! Drc+o! H-"%$o!. >' L% Cor( I$(r%"ric%$% d lo! Drc+o! H-"%$o!. ' Org%$i%ci)$ d E!(%do! A"ric%$o!. Órg%$o! 5 ob2(i8o!. @' L% glob%li%ci)$ 5 l% I$(gr%ci)$. L% U$i)$ E-ro,% 5 l 6rco!-r. *3$!i! 5 8ol-ci)$ +i!()ric% d lo! ,roc!o! d i$(gr%ci)$. &' Ob2(i8o!. Org%$i%ci)$ ,ol0(ic%1 %d"i$i!(r%(i8% 5 2-r0dic% d l% U$i)$ E-ro,% 5 dl 6rco!-r.
UNIDAD III CIVILIACIONES DE LA HISTORIA ANTI*UA LA INDIA E$ l 8%ll dl rio I$do !-rgiro$ l%! ,ri"r%! c-l(-r%! d l%
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INDIA %$(ig-%1 7- !(%b% co$!(i(-id% ,or ,-blo! d r%% dr%8i$i%$% CREENCIAS RELI*IOSAS El ?r%+"%$i!"o r% -$% rligi)$ ,oli(0!(% 7- !(%blc0% l r3gi"$ d c%!(%!1 7- ! l co$2-$(o d ,rc,(o! 7- rig$ l% 8id% +-"%$% $ !-! %!,c(o! rligio!o1 "or%l1 2-r0dico 5 !oci%l1 !- ,ri$ci,%l dio! r% ?r%+"%1 r% l !%crificio +-"%$o o l ri(o rligio!o1 5% 7- ?r%+"% !ig$ific%b% 2-!(%"$( !%crificio1 cr0%$ $ l% i$"or(%lid%d dl %l"% 5 $ l% r$c%r$%ci)$1 7- co$!i!(0% $ -$% (r%$!"igr%ci)$ dl %l"% d -$ c-r,o %l o(ro +%!(% llg%r % !- ,rfcci)$. LAS CASTAS Y EL CODI*O DE 6ANU L% rligi)$ i",l%$(o -$ r3gi"$ d c%!(%! Lo! ?r%+"%$!/ cl%! !%crdo(%l 7- ,ro8i$ d l% boc% d ?r%"%1 r%% %ri% 5 oc-,%b%$ lo! c%rgo! d 2-c!1 "3dico! 5 ,o(%! Lo! C+%(r5%! o g-rrro!/ 7- ,rocd0%$ dl br%o d ?r%"%1 co$!(i(-0%$ l !(%"$(o "ili(%r 5 %d"i$i!(r%b%$ l% 2-!(ici% co$ %-ilio d lo! br%+"%$!. Lo! V%i!5%!/ "rc%dr!1 7- ! origi$%ro$ dl "-!lo d ?r%"% Lo! S-dr%!/ ddic%do! % lo! oficio! "%$-%l!1 ,rocd0%$ d lo! ,i! d ?r%"% Lo! P%ri%! o i$(oc%bl!/ r% -$% cl%! "i!r%bl d!,rci%d%1 !$o"br co$!(i(-0% -$ i$!-l(o Lo! C+%$d%l%!/ d co$dici)$ %-$ ,or 7- lo! %$(rior!1 ,or co$!(i(-ir! co"o co$!c-$ci% d "%(ri"o$io! $(r ,r!o$%! d di!(i$(%! c%!(%!1 !-! +i2o! +rd%b%$ l% co$dici)$ d !-! ,%dr!1 !(%b%$ cl-ido! dl c-l(o 5 d l% ,ro,id%d El C)digo d 6%$-3 !ig$ific% ,$!%dor1 %(rib-ido % 6%$- S8%$5%"b+o-r%1l +i2o d ?r%"% 5 P%dr d lo! +o"br!1 !gB$ l% (r%dici)$1 ! rd%c(o $ lo! !iglo! II %.d. C.5 II d. C1 ! -$% colcci)$ d ,rc,(o! rligio!o!1 "or%l!1 2-r0dico!1 ,ol0(ico!1 7- ($0%$ 7- r!,(%r l%! di!(i$(%! c%!(%! L%! ,$%! r% "-5 !8r%!1 $ !,ci%l l%! 7- c%!(ig%b%$ % lo! "i"bro! d l%! c%!(%! i$frior!1 l%! "-2r! ! $c-$(r%$ b%2o -$% (-(l% ,r,(-%1 5% !% !o"(id% % !- ,%dr1 "%rido1 +r"%$o o +i2o1 !olo %d7-ir drc+o !i llg% % !r "%dr L% ci8ili%ci)$ gi,ci% E!(% -bic%do %l $oro!( d Qfric% $(r lo! d!ir(o! d Libi% 5 Ar%bi%1 l% +i!(ori% d !( ,%0! co"i$% co$ l !(%blci"i$(o d ,-blo! d or0g$! %fric%$o!1 d!%rroll#$do! % lo l%rgo d l%! "#rg$! dl rio Nilo !- c-l(-r% 5 ci8ili%ci)$1 +%!(% 7- ! i",-!iro$ do! gr%$d! ri$o!1 l ?%2o Egi,(o $ l Dl(%1 %l Nor( 5 l Al(o Egi,(o1 $ l V%ll %l S-r1 +%!(% 7- l f%r%)$ N%r"! o 6$$! -$ific% l Al(o 5 l ?%2o Egi,(o $ l %4o : %.d.C
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L% rligi)$ GPoli(0!(% Pri$ci,%l! dio!! gi,cio! A")$'R%/ !-,r"o cr%dor1 c-5o clro ! l "%! i",or(%$(. Lo! dio!! r,r!$(%b%$ l%! f-r%! d l% $%(-r%l% L% dio!% I!i!/ ,r!o$ific%b% % l% f-r% $%ci$( dl Nilo1 !i$do %d"#! i$8oc%d% ,%r% l% fc-$did%d d l%! "-2r!1 ,%r% l% fr(ilid%d d lo! c%",o!1 r% "%dr dl dio! Hor-!1 !,o!o d l% dio!% H%(or El dio! O!iri!/ !,o!o d l% dio!% I!i!1 r% l 7- ,r!idi% l (rib-$%l d lo! "-r(o!1 %$( l c-%l l%! %l"%! d lo! "-r(o! db0%$ ,r!$(%r! 5 rci(%r lo! 8r!o! dl Libro d lo! 6-r(o! El dio! A$-bi!/ ,!%b% l cor%)$ dl %l"% $ -$% b%l%$%1 coloc%$do co"o co$(r% ,!o -$% ,l-"%1 !i !( ,!%b% "%! 7- l cor%)$ l %l"% r% co$d$%d% % lo! i$fir$o! El dio! T+o(/ 2rc0% l%! f-$cio$! 2-r0dic%! 5 2-dici%l! L% dio!% 6%%(/ did%d d l%! l5!1 l% 8rd%d 5 l% 2-!(ici% LA SOCIEDAD E*IPCIA Cl%!! !oci%l! El F%r%)$/ 7- go%b%$ d (odo lo! ,ri8ilgio! ,or !- co$dici)$ d dio! 8i8i$(! 1 L% Nobl%/ lo! "i"bro! d l% f%"ili% dl F%r%)$ %c%,%r%b%$ l% "%5or0% d lo! c%rgo! $ l% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$ ci8il1 rligio!% 5 lo! d l%! ,ro8i$ci%! 2-$(o % lo! d!c$di$(! d o(r%! di$%!(0%! -!-r,%$do l ,odr dl f%r%)$ L% S%crdo(%l/ co$(%ro$ co$ ,odr! i",or(%$(!1 ,o!0%$ !-! ,ro,i%! cor(!1 %d"i$i!(r%b%$ 2-!(ici%1 %d"#! d ,o!r $ ,ro,id%d l%! (irr%!1 l !r8icio! d l%! ,r!o$%! 5 l cobro dl di"o1 co$!(i(-53$do! $ co$(r% ,!o %l ,odr f%r%)$ico Lo! 6ili(%r!/ r%$ dirigido! ,or g$r%l! !(%b%$ org%$i%d%! $ di8i!io$!1 5 ,%r% di!(i$g-ir! ll8%b%$ $o"br! d dio!!1 %lg-$o! "i"bro! d !( !(%"$(o 7- llg%ro$ %l (ro$o GHoro"+b1 S(i I1 R%"$!! II1 (c. Lo! E!crib%!/ r%$ ,r!o$%! 7- !%b0%$ !cribir lr lo! 2rogl0fico!1 5 ll8%b%$ lo! rgi!(ro! d l% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$1 2rc0%$ !- ,odr !obr l%! cl%!! obrr%! 5 %d"#! r% -$ l"$(o d gobir$o 5 %,r$di%2 Lo! Agric-l(or!1 lo! Ar(!%$o! 5 lo! E!cl%8o! co$for"%b%$ l r!(o dl ,-blo E8ol-ci)$ Poli(ic% El Ri$o A$(ig-o/ ! c%r%c(rio ,or -$ !i!("% %-(ocr#(ico 5 (ocr#(ico. A-(ocr#(ico ,or 7- l f%r%)$ ,o!0% l% !-"% dl ,odr1 r-$i$do $ !- ,r!o$% lo! ,odr! lgi!l%(i8o 12-dici%l1 "ili(%r 5 rligio!o. Y (ocr#(ico ,or7- ! lo rco$oc0% co"o l S4or d l%! Do! Tirr%! El I",rio I$(r"dio/ l ,odr f- "%! d3bil 7- %$(rior1 i!(0%$ lo! $obl! 5 lo! $o"%rc%!1 ,or ,ri"r% 8 l ,-blo ",) % ,%r(ici,%r d lo! ri(o! f-$r%rio! 5 l%! co$c!io$! d (irr%! 5 drc+o!. El I",rio N-8o/ !$(%ro$ l%! b%!! !-! i$!(i(-cio$! $ (r!
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f-$d%"$(o1 7- r%$/ l 2rci(o1 l% b-rocr%ci% 5 l ,odro!o clro d A")$1 !( r% !i"il%r %l dl i",rio A$(ig-o ,ro "%! %b!ol-(o1 $ !( ,riodo Egi,(o ! l%$% % l% co$7-i!(% d (rri(orio! 7- !(%b%$ f-r% d !-! fro$(r%! +i!()ric%!1 l f%r%)$ dirig0% l%! obr%! ,-blic%!1 for"%b% ,%r( dl clro 5 ,or llo %d"i$i!(r%b% l% 2-!(ici%1 dirig0% l% ,ol0(ic% (r$% 5 co"%$d%b% l%! ,dicio$! "ili(%r!. El ,%0! ! $co$(r%b% di8idido $ di!(ri(o! 7- lo! grigo! d$o"i$%ro$ $o"%r7-0%1 % c-5o fr$( ! $co$(r%' b%$ lo! $o"%rc%! o gobr$%dor!1 ! !(%blciro$ 99 $o"o! $ l Al(o Egi,(o 5 9 $ l ?%2o. E!(o! ! $c%rg%b%$ d rc%-d%r lo! i",-!(o!1 fo"$(%b%$ l co"rcio1 l% %gric-l(-r% 5 %d"i$i!(r%b%$ l% 2-!(ici%. L% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$ d l% 2-!(ici% / !(%b% % c%rgo d lo! $o"%rc%! $ l%! ,ro8i$ci%!1 dl f%r%)$1 d lo! 8i!ir! 5 d lo! !%crdo(! $ (odo l ,%0!1 i!(i$do !i",r l% ,o!ibilid%d d %,l%r l%! dci!io$! d lo! 2-c! i$frior! %$( l (rib-$%l dl f%r%)$. LA CIVILIACION 6ESOPOTA6ICA *EO*RAFIA DE 6ESOPOTA6IA E! -$% rgi)$ d A!i%1 $ l crc%$o ori$(1 !- (rri(orio ! cr-%do ,or lo! r0o! Tigri! 5 -fr%(!1 7- d% l $o"br % !(%1 5% 7- $ grigo "!o !ig$ific% "dio 5 ,o(%"i% rio. LOS SU6ERIOS P-blo d orig$ d!co$ocido1 ,ro f- -$o d lo! ,ri"ro! $ !(%blcr! $ ci-d%d!1 co"o l%! d Ur1 Ur-K1 L%g%!+1 Ni,,-r1 Mi!1 U""%1 7- ! co$8ir(iro$ $ Ci-d%d!'T",lo!. S- !cri(-r% ! co$!idr%d% l% "%! %$(ig-% d (od%!. E!(%! Ci-d%d!'T",lo! !(%blciro$ !-,r"%c0%! $ for"%! !-c!i8%!. OR*ANIACIÓN POLITICA L% Ci-d%d'T",lo1 (3r"i$o 3!(1 -(ili%do ,%r% d!ig$%r % l% ci-d%d'!(%do !-"ri%1 r% d +c+o1 ,ro,id%d d !- dio! ,ri$ci,%l. El (",lo dl dio! ci-d%d%$o r% l r%!go c$(r%l d l% ci-d%d. L% ,ri"r% for"% d !(r-c(-r% d gobir$o d l% ci-d%d (",lo r% -$% %!%"bl% bic%"r%l d ci-d%d%$o! libr! o -KKi$1 co$ -$% c%"%r% %l(% d %$ci%$o! 5 -$% c%"%r% b%2% d +o"br!. E$ "o"$(o d cri!i! !(%! %!%"bl%! $o"br%b%$ % -$ lidr1 7- co$ l corrr d lo! (i",o! ! co$8r(iri%$ $ lo! "o$%rc%! o E$!i o r5'!%crdo(1 2- !-,r"o1 2f dl 2rci(o1 %d"i$i!(r%dor dl ,%(ri"o$io dl dio! loc%l1 !- f-$ci)$ ,ri$ci,%l r% +%cr ri$%r l drc+o1 l% 7-id%d 5 l ord$ 5 $ co$!c-$ci% l% 2-!(ici%. Drc+o E$ c-%$(o % l% lgi!l%ci)$ (%"bi3$ ,od"o! dcir 7- f-ro$ lo! ,ri"ro! $ dic(%r $or"%! !obr 8%ri%! c-!(io$! d drc+o1 (%l ! l c%!o dl c)digo d S+-lgi d l% ci-d%d d Ur1 7- (r%(% !obr %!!i$%(o1 robo1 %d-l(rio1 di8orcio1 f%l!% %c-!%ci)$1 +-id% d !cl%8o!1 "-(il%cio$! 5 gol,!1 %!-$(o! %gr0col%!1 (c. El c)digo d Li,i('I!+(%r 1 d l% ci-d%d d I!i$1 !(%blc0% 7- l r5 +%b0% r!(%blcido l% !%l8%g-%rdi% g$r%l d lo! "%!
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El drc+o ! c%r%c(ri)/ &' Por l% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$ !"i',ri8%d% d l% 2-!(ici%1 l% 8ic(i"% ! $c%rg%b% d ll8%r %l 8ic(i"%rio %$( l% 2-!(ici%1 l (rib-$%l i$(r8$0% co"o %rbi(ro 5 $o co"o 2-. 9' L% d!ig-%ld%d %$( l% l51 r% dbid% % l%! difr$ci%d%! !(r-c(-r%! !oci%l!1 lo! %il- G$obl%1 "-!K$-$ G+o"br! libr!5 lo! %rd-!G!cl%8o! :'Ei!(0% -$% di!(i$ci)$ ig-% %$( l +o"icidio i$($cio$%l 5 l %ccid$(%l. ;' E!( drc+o r% !$ci%l"$( ,$%l1 c-5o ,-$(o d ,%r(id% %rr%$c%b% l%! 8id$(! ig$ci%! d l% rligi)$1 co$ l% co$ocid% 8$g%$% ,ri8%d% 7- ! $c-$(r% $ l% L5 dl T%li)$ 7- !%(i!f%c0% l i$!(i$(o d 8$g%$% % -$ (i",o 7- l% ,$% $o cdir% d lo! li"i(! d l% of$!%. ?A?ILONIA Lo! !"i(%! %"orro!1 ! !(%blciro$1 $ l% rgi)$ "di% d l% 6!o,o(%"i%1 co$!(r-5$do ci-d%d! i",or(%$(!. Co"o 6%ri 5 "#! (%rd l% d ?%bilo$i% 7- f-ro$ d!,l%%$do $ l do"i$io % lo! !-"rio! d l% III di$%!(0% d Ur1 %!0 g-i%do! ,or !- r5 S-"-%b-" f-$d%dor d l% di$%!(0% ri$%$( $ ?%bilo$i%1 oc-,%$do l ,odr 8%c%$( d2%do! ,or 3!(o! Bl(i"o!1 llg%$do % !- "#i"% ($!i)$ co$ l r5 H%""-r%bi.1 "#! co$ocido ,or !- l%bor lgi!l%(i8% !- c%,%cid%d di,lo"%(ic%. El C)digo d H%""-r%bi El r5 lgi!l%dor H%""-r%bi dic() l%! "#! co$ocid%! l5! d l% %$(igd%d1 7- c-$(% co$ -$ ,r)logo1 $ l 7- ! +%c -$% i$(rod-cci)$ +i!(ioric%1 $ l% 7- ! ,-d 8r %l r5 rcibir dl dio! l% 2-!(ici% S+%"%!1 l%! Nor"%! dl c)digo1 l-go 8i$ l ((o d l%! l5! $ 99 ,#rr%fo!1 5 ,or -l(i"o l E,ilogo1 $ l 7- !(#$ !cri(%! l%! b$dicio$! ,%r% lo! 7- c-",l$ l%! $or"%! dic(%d%! 5 l%! %"$%%! ,%r% lo! 7- i$c-",l$ co$ !-! $or"%!. L% "i!"% ! ,-d co",%r%r co$ l% obr% dl E",r%dor J-!(i$i%$o1 Al r!-"ir $ !(% l drc+o b%bilo$ico'"!o,o(%"ico1 7- ! ,rod-c(o d !iglo! d 8ol-ci)$ 2-r0dic%. E$ l drc+o ci8il1 ! $c-$(r% l drc+o d l% f%"ili% 7- !(%blc0% l% 8id% co$5-g%l "o$og%"i%. E$ c-%$(o %l drc+o d ,ro,id%d ! di!(i$g-0% l%! co!%! i$"-bl! d l%! co!%! "-bl!1 ,-! l ,ri"ro r% d c%r#c(r ,Bblico1 ,or lo 7- l E!(%do lo! ($0% co$(rol%do! "di%$( c%(%!(ro. El drc+o ,ri8%do (r%(%b% %d"#!1 !obr l% co",r%8$(%1 lo! co$(r%(o!1 lo! d,)!i(o!1 l%! oblig%cio$!1 l (r%$!,or(1 (c. E$ lo 7- r!,c(% %l drc+o ,$%l1 r% c!i8%"$( rig-ro!o1 co$ ,$%! cr-l! 5 d!,ro,orcio$%d%!1 ! !(%blc0% l% L5 dl T%li)$Go2o ,or o2o1 di$( ,or di$( !olo ! %,lic%b% !i l
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%gr!or 5 l% 8ic(i"% r%$ d l% "@i!"% cl%! !oci%l 5 l%! Ord%l0%! o 2-icio! d dio!1 7- ! r%li%b% %rro2%$do % lo! !o!,c+o!o! %l rio1 l 7- ! %+og%b% r% c-l,%bl1 5 l 7- flo(%b% r% i$oc$(. Lo! c%!(igo! r%$ !(%blcido! ,or l E!(%do 5 ($0%$ c%r#c(r ,Bblico co"o ,$% d "-r(1 %+og%r1 7-"%r1 c%!(igo! cor,or%l!1 "-(il%cio$! 5 o(ro!. LA CIVILIACION HE?REA Ubic%d% $ -$% ll%$-r% dl li(or%l dl 6di(rr#$o ori$(%l1 ,rcdid% d do! l0$%! d coli$%!. Co$ (irr%! ,obr! %l !-r 5 ric%! %l $or(1 !(% -l(i"% rgi)$ for"% ,%r( d l% d$o"i$%d% 6di% L-$% F3r(il dl "dio ori$(. L% +i!(ori% d I!r%l ! "-5 di!c-(id%1 $ -$ ,ri"r "o"$(o f-ro$ -$ ,-blo $)"%d%1 d 8id% ,%!(oril 5 d r3gi"$ ,%(ri%rc%l !i$do Abr%+%" !- ,ri"r ,%(ri%rc%1 !-cdi3$dol I!%%c 5 J%cob. Y% !(%blcido!1 ! co$!(i(-5ro$ $ -$% co$fdr%ci)$ d doc (rib-!1 d!c$di$(! d lo! doc +i2o! d J%cob 1 co$ 2-c! lc(o! ,or l ,-blo % !- fr$(. 6%! l ,-blo 7-r0% -$% org%$i%ci)$ "%! f-r(1 ,or llo ! i$!(%-r) l% "o$%r7-0% co$ S%Bl co"o ,ri"r r5 dl Ri$o d I!r%l. L !-cdi) D%8id 7-i$ ($di) l ri$o 5 co$7-i!() Jr-!%l3$ co$8ir(i3$dol% $ !c%,i(%l 5 $ l c$(ro rligio!o d l% f 2-d%ic%. LA RELI*ION L% difr$ci% co$ lo! o(ro! ,-blo! d l% %$(igd%d ! 7- lo! 2-d0o! (-8iro$ -$% rligi)$ "o$o(0!(%1 co$ -$ B$ico Dio! %l 7- ll%"%b%$ Y%+83 1d%$do %l "-$do 1 lo! ci"i$(o! d -$% c-l(-r% 5 rligi)$1 co$ -$% "or%l7- $o r% ig-%l%do $ (od% l% %$(igd%d LA SOCIEDAD L% "o$%r7-0% d I!r%l ,%!% % !r -$% li"i(%ci)$ %l %b!ol-(i!"o o (ir%$0%1 5% 7- Dio! 7-ir l bi$ d !- ,-blo1 ,or lo 7- l r5 !(# oblig%do % %c%(%r1 %d"#! d !c-c+%r l% 8o dl Prof(%. Co$ !(o! ,ri$ci,io! ! !(%blciro$ id%l! d"ocr#(ico! ig-%li(%rio!. A-$ %!0 %l r5 !(%b% ,ro+ibido %c-"-l%r gr%$d! ri7-%! o $(rg%r! % -$ l-2o1 $o !(%b% ,or $ci"% d l% l51 !i$o !-2(o % ll%. EL DERECHO HE?REO L% $or"%(i8% +br% ! ,-d $co$(r%r $ l%! l5! dic(%d%! % 6oi!3! ,or Y%+83 $ l "o$( Si$%0. L%! "i!"%! ! $c-$(r% $ l P$(%(-co o ci$co! libro! ,ri"ro! d l% ?ibli% 7- !o$/ l *3$!i!1 odo1 L80(ico1 NB"ro! 5 D-(ro$o"io. El drc+o +bro $o !olo ($i% c-!(io$! d c%r#c(r ,-r%"$( rligio!o1 !i$o (%"bi3$ d 0$dol ci8il 5 ,$%l. Co"o l% r!,o$!%bilid%d ,r!o$%l ,or lo! cr0"$! co"(ido!1 l (!(igo f%l!o i$c-rr $ l% "i!"% ,$% 7- +% !olici(%do1 (%"bi3$ rig l% l5 dl (%li)$1 ,ro ! (i$ $c-$(=% l% i$($ci)$ d l% ,r!o$% !i$ di!(i$ci)$ d cl%!! $(r rico! 5 ,obr!. L% ,$% c%,i(%l ! %,lic%b% "-5 % "$-do1 co$ "$o! frc-$ci%! lo!
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%o(!. Ei!(0% l% i$!(i(-ci)$ dl %!ilo1 7- co$!i!(0% $ rf-gi%r! $ %lg-$%! d l%! !i! ci-d%d! ,%r% ,ro(gr! co$(r% l% 8iol$ci% ,ri8%d%. El L8ir%(o 1 r% -$% i$!(i(-ci)$ co"B$ $(r lo! +bro!1 7- co$!i!(0%1 $ 7- l ,%ri$( "#! crc%$o ($0% dobl oblig%ci)$ co$ l% 8i-d%/ r!c%(%r l% ,%rcl% d (rr$o 7- +%b0% ,-!(o $ 8$(% 5 c%!%r! co$ ll% ,%r% %!g-r%rl -$% d!c$d$ci% %l "%rido dif-$(o.
UNIDAD IV LA CIVILIACION *RIE*A *rci%1 ! $c-$(r% %l !-d!( d E-ro,% $ l% ,$0$!-l% d lo! ?%lc%$!1 %l !(1 ! $c-$(r% l 6%r Ego1 %l o!( l 6%r J)$ico1 %l !-r l 6%r 6di(rr#$o. L% %$(ig-% ci8ili%ci)$ grig% ! i$!(%lo $ (r! ,%r(!/ $ l co$(i$$( -ro,o1 $ l% ,$0$!-l% d A$%(oli%1 $ l A!i%1 5 $ l%! i!l%! dl 6%r Ego. L%! ci8ili%cio$! ! !(%blciro$ $ lo 7- +o5 ! *rci%1 co$!(i(-5ro$ -$% !-c!i)$ d ,-blo! 7- d!%rroll%ro$ !c-l(-r%. EVOLUCION POLITICA DE LAS CIUDADES'ESTADOS Al ,ri$ci,io1 !(o! gr-,o! !(-8iro$ %gr-,%do! $ cl%$! d c%r#c(r ,%(ri%rc%l1 7- lo! grigo! d$o"i$%ro$ g$o! 1 !(o! !(%b%$ dirigido! ,or lo! ?%!ili-! 1 7- i$(r,r(%b%$ l T+"i! o 2-!(ici% r8l%d%1 !(% ! %,lic%b% d$(ro d lo! g$o!1 "%! (%rd1 f- codific%do $ $or"%!1 7- lo! grigo! ll%"%b%$ No"o! 1 ($i$do l ?%!ili-! ,odr %b!ol-(o ,or $ci"% dl drc+o dl cl%$. L% ,oli! !-rg dl !o"(i"i$(o d lo! "o$(%4!! 5 d l% -$i)$ d l%! (rib-!1 l%! 7-1 %d"#! $-$c% co$!(i(-5ro$ -$% -$id%d ,ol0(ic% $%cio$%l1 c%d% ,oli! (-8o !-! ,ro,i%! l5! i$!(i(-cio$!1 !oci%l! 1 co$)"ic%! 5 ,ol0(ic%!. Co"$%ro$ co"o -$% "o$%r7-0% o gobir$o d -$ r5'l ?%!ili-!1 !( r% %$( (odo 5 !obr (odo1 !-"o !%crdo(1 7- "di%b% $(r lo! +o"br! 5 lo! dio!!1 8ol-cio$% l-go d -$% "o$%r7-0% % -$% olig%r7-0%1 !i!("% ,ol0(ico $ l 7- -$ gr-,o d $obl! gobr$%b% l% ,oli!1 d!,o2%$do % lo! r5! d !-! ,odr!1 3!(% for"% d gobir$o % !- 8 f- drroc%d% ,or %lg-$o! (ir%$o! d"%gogo!1 7- d($(%ro$ l ,odr co$ l %,o5o dl ,-blo $ for"% ilgi(i"%. E!(o! (ir%$o!1 f-ro$ drroc%do! ,or l ,-blo1 co$!(i(-5$do o(r%! for"%! d gobir$o! $ !- r",l%o co"o/ l% d"ocr%ci% 5 l% (i"ocr%ci% o ,l-(ocr%ci%1 l ,ri"ro gobir$o dl ,-blo 5 l !g-$do gobir$o d l% cl%! co"rci%$( o "rc%$(il ESPARTA El !(%do !,%r(%$o1 !-rg % co$!c-$ci% d l% i$8%!i)$ dori% % l% ,$0$!-l% dl Plo,o$!o. Al ,ri$ci,io ! $co$(r%b% di8idid% $ c-%(ro %ld%!1 +%!(% 7- $ l !iglo I %.d.C. ! f-!io$%ro$. SgB$ l% (r%dici)$1 ! ,rod-c l% rfor"% ,ol0(ic% 5 !oci%l
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i$ici%d% 5 dirigid% ,or l lgi!l%dor Lic-rgo1 7-i$ !(%blci) l% co$!(i(-ci)$ d E!,%r(%. E!(% !(r-c(-r% ,ol0(ic%'!oci%l r% co$(rol%d% ,or l% $obl%1 7- ! c%r%c(ri) ,or !- "%rc%d% !(r-c(-r% "ili(%r. Si bi$ 1 !( c%r#c(r "ili(%r $o ($0% -$ f-$d%"$(o ,%$!io$i!(%1 !i$o "%! bi$ r% d 8igil%$ci% o ,olic0% co$(r% lo! ,-blo! 7- ! +%ll%b%$ !o"(ido! d$(ro d !-! fro$(r%!1 co"o lo! c%!o! d lo! ilo(%! 5 lo! ,rico!. Pro !(% f-$ci)$ ,-r%"$( i$(r$% ! "odific) d-r%$( l% g-rr% dl Plo,o$!o1 l% "i!"% $fr$() % l%! do! ,o($ci%! A($%! 5 E!,%r(%1 -$% df$!or% d l% d"ocr%ci% %B$ ,or l% f-r% 5 l% o(r% c%",o$% d l% olig%r7-0%1 7- % !- 8 r% df$!or% d l% libr(%d d l%! ,oli!. L%! Rfor"%! d Lic-rgo L% co$!(i(-ci)$ 7- ! l %(rib-5 %l lgi!l%dor !,%r(%$o Lic-rgo1 $ l !iglo VIII %. d. C.1 !(%blci) l !i!("% ,ol0(ico d E!,%r(%1 %l ig-%l 7- o(r%! ci-d%d! grig%! r% -$% "o$%r7-0%1 $ do$d lo! $obl! ",%ro$ % ,o!r c%d% 8 "%5or ,!o1 +%!(% %$-l%r % lo! r5!1 d!,o2#$dol% d !-! ,odr! ,ol0(ico!1 ,ro !i$ !-,ri"irl%1 5% 7- !(% r% i",or(%$( ,%r% l c-l(o. D (odo! "odo! ! !(%blci) do! r5!'-$% di%r7-0%' $ l% 7- do! "o$%rc%! !olo co$8r!%b%$ l%! f-$cio$! rligio!%!.
ATENAS HISTORIA POLÍTICA E$ l% 3,oc% %rc%ic%1 A($%! i$($(o co$!g-ir l 7-ilibrio ,ol0(ico 5 !oci%l. L% "o$%r7-0% d-r) $ A($%! +%!(% l %4o &== %.C.1 Codro f- !- Bl(i"o r51 l% (r%$!for"%ci)$ ,ol0(ic% d l% "o$%r7-0% % l% %ri!(ocr%ci%1 co$ l Arco$(%do 7- !(%b% co",-!(o d $-8 "i"bro! co"o !-!(i(-(o dl r51 ,rdi$do "-c+%! d !-! ,rrrog%(i8%! o f%c-l(%d! LAS REFOR6AS DE DRACÓN Co$ Dr%c)$ ! ,rod-c$ lo! ,ri"ro! c%"bio!1 % co$!c-$ci% dl %b-!o dl ,odr ,or ,%r( d lo! $obl!1 7- oc-,%b%$ lo! c%rgo! ,or r%$go 5 ri7-%!1 !i$ $i$gB$ (i,o d l5 7- %",%r %l ,-blo1 ,or !o l ,-blo rcl%") l5! !cri(%!1 $ l%! 7- ,od0%$ %",%r%r!. Dr%c)$ !(%blci) l% ci-d%d%$0% % (odo %7-l 7- ,od0% %r"%r! co"o Ho,li(%'!old%do d i$f%$(r0%. Lo! c%rgo! d Arco$(%do f-ro$ lc(i8o! d $(r lo! $obl! 5 $o +rdi(%rio!. Al Ar),%go l corr!,o$di) l%! f-$cio$! 2-dici%l!1 ,ro l%! l5! $ !-! !%$cio$! o ,$%! f-ro$ "-5 !8r%! %-$ ,%r% l%! i$fr%ccio$! l8!1 d l% %fir"%ci)$ d 7- f-ro$ !cri(%! co$ !%$gr. Al fi$%l l ,-blo ! l8%$()1 lo drroc) 5 l $8i) %l ilio LAS REFOR6AS DE SOLÓN
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S !-"%b%$ lo! ,robl"%! d c%r#c(r co$)"ico1 5% 7- lo! %gric-l(or! ! 8iro$ $8-l(o! $ d-d%! 7- $o ,-diro$ ,%g%r1 5 d!,-3! d +i,o(c%r !- c%!%1 l-go !- f%"ili% ,or Bl(i"o !,r!o$%1 %B$ %!0 !g-0%$ co$ !-! d-d%!1 ! 8iro$ $ l% $c!id%d d !-bl8%r! ,%r% !ol-cio$%r l ,robl"%1 (%$(o l% $obl% co"o l ,-blo ligiro$ % Sol)$ co"o l rfor"%dor d l% co$!(i(-ci)$ %($i$!. Lo ,ri"ro 7- +io f- %bolir lo! ,r3!(%"o!1 c%$cl) l%! d-d%! d lo! 7- +%$ c%0do $ !cl%8i(-d1 !(%blci$do l% Fig-r% dl D!c%rgo o %li8io d l%! d-d%!1 li"i$) (od%! l%! l5! d Dr%c)$ % c,ci)$ d l%! 7- (r%(%$ !obr +o"icidio. Di8idi) l%! cl%!! !oci%l! $ c-%(ro/ lo! 6$di"$o! '$obl!'1 lo! C%b%llro! 'cl%! "di%'1 lo! -gi(%! '%r(!%$o! 5 l%! d lo! T(! ,or Bl(i"o. E$ l%! rfor"%! ,ol0(ic%! !(%blci) 7- %l Arco$(%do !olo %ccd0%$ ,or !or(o lo! "i"bro! d l% ,ri"r% cl%!1 %l Ar),%go %ccd0%$ lo! %rco$( o f-$cio$%rio! d!(%c%do!1 "i$(r%! l ?-l3 '!$%do'1 llg%b% % ; "i"bro!1 !i$do !-! f-$cio$! ,r,%r%r l%! l5! ,%r% !o"(r % l% %!%"bl%1 8igil%r % lo! "%gi!(r%do!1 dirigir l% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$ ci8il1 co$8oc%r l% %!%"bl% 5 !r8ir d co$!2o ,r,(-o %l ,-blo. L% Hli%'%!%"bl%'1 ob(-8o "%5or i",or(%$ci% 5 !(%b% co",-!(% ,or lo! "i"bro! d l%! cl%!! 7- (-8ir%$ 9 %4o!1 !-! f-$cio$! r% lgi!l%(i8%!1 $ ll%! ! dlibr%b%$ l%! ,ro,-!(%! d l5!1 l% 8o(%ci)$ r% % "%$o %l%d% o % (r%83! d !cr-(i$io. LOS PISÍSTRATOS P! % l%! rfor"%! d Sol)$1 l% !i(-%ci)$ l% !i(-%ci)$ d *rci% !g-0% !i$do "%l% ,%r% l ,-blo 7- $o ,od0% 8r % -$o d llo! $ lo! c%rgo! "#! i",or(%$(. A!0 Pi!i!(r%(o $ l %rco$(%do d Co"%!1 ! %l% co$ l ,odr co$ %5-d% "ili(%r ! i",o$ i$!(%l% l% (ir%$0%1 l% 7- co$!i!(0% $ -!-r,%r l ,odr1 ,or l% %!(-ci% o 8iol$ci%. E$ A($%!1 lo! (ir%$o! 7-d%b%$ f-r% d l% l5. A (r%83! dl !(%do +io ,r3!(%"o! % lo! ,obr!1 fo"$(o l% i$d-!(ri%1 l !-cdi) $ l ,odr !- +i2o Hi,%rco 7-i$ ! co$8ir(i) $ d3!,o(% 7- 80% co$!,ir%cio$! $ (odo! l%do!1 l ,-blo c%$!%do d !- (ir%$0% ! l8%$() $ co$(r% d 3l 5 lo drroc). LA DE6OCRACIA DE CLÍSTENES Co$ l %,o5o ,o,-l%r Cli!($!1 dirigi) l "o8i"i$(o 7- drroc) %l (ir%$o Hi,%rco1 rfor"o l% co$!(i(-ci)$ %($i$! 5 ,%r% 8i(%r l% (ir%$0% i$!(%l) l% i$!(i(-ci)$ dl O!(r%ci!"o1 !( r% -$% "did% 7- co$!i!(0% $ $8i%r %l ilio % %7-llo! 7- ,r($d0%$ d!(r-ir l% co$!(i(-ci)$. Eli"i$) l%! c-%(ro cl%!! !oci%l! 5 di8idi) $ di (rib-! o di!(ri(o!1 !(%blci$do l% ig-%ld%d d (odo!1 (%"bi3$ l8) % < lo! "i"bro! d l% ?-l1 lgido! < ,or c%d% (rib-. Todo! lo! ci-d%d%$o! ,od0%$ %ccdr % (odo! lo! c%rgo! ,Bblico!. Por !(o! logro! ,ol0(ico! 5 !oci%l! ! co$!idr%do l ,%dr d l% D"ocr%ci% %($i$! LAS REFOR6AS DE PERICLES L%! rfor"%! co$(i$-%ro$ co$ Pricl!1 7-i$ !(%blci) 7- (od%!
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l%! "%gi!(r%(-r%! db0%$ !r !or(%d%! 5 r"-$r%d%!. Sol%"$( lo! di g$r%l! o E!(r%(go!1 db0%$ !r lc(o! ,or 8o(o1 co$ Pricl! ob(-8iro$ l% dircci)$ d lo! 23rci(o! 5 l% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$ dl !(%do. Rfor") l (rib-$%l d lo! Hli%!(%!1 lo! c-%l! r%$ !or(%do! d $(r lo! ci-d%d%$o!1 3!( !-!(r%2o l%! f-$cio$! 2-dici%l! dl Ar),%go. Er% ,r!idido ,or -$ %rco$(1 7- $o - $o ,o!0% %d"#! l%! f-$cio$! d -$ 2-. L% df$!% r% ll8%d% ,or l ,roc!%do1 $o i!(i$do %bog%do1 %,%rciro$ $ !r",l%o lo! Logogr%fo!1 7- !crib0%$ l%! df$!%! d o(ro!. S li"i(%b% l -!o d l% ,%l%br% %l (i",o 7- d-r%b% $ 8%ci%r! -$% 8%!i2% d %g-% % (r%83! d -$ (-bo go(% ,or go(% ! drr%"%b%1 7- rcib0% l $o"br d cl,!idr% LA DE6OCRACIA DE ATENAS L% d"ocr%ci% %($i$! ! d!%rroll% d-r%$( l !iglo V %.d.C. S c%r%c(ri) ,or r-$ir %lg-$o! r7-i!i(o!1 l ,ri"ro d ll% r% l% ig-%ld%d ,ol0(ic% 1 d!,-! ! $co$(r%b% l% ig-%ld%d !oci%l 5 ,or Bl(i"o l gobir$o rc%0% $ l ,-blo $ l% %!%"bl%GPoli(i%1 co$ ,odr o"$i,o($(1 5% 7- %!-"0% l% !-"% d (odo! llo!1 i$cl-!i8 l ,odr 2-dici%l. L% d"ocr%ci% %($i$! ! difr$ci% d l% "odr$%1 5% 7- $o ! ($d0% % (od% l% ,obl%ci)$1 cl-5$do % lo! (r%$2ro!1 l%! "-2r! 5 lo! !cl%8o!. Lo! (r%$2ro! $o ,o!0%$ $i$gB$ (i,o d drc+o!1 l%! "-2r! ($0%$ r!(ri$gido! !-! drc+o!1 l% co$!idr%b%$ co"o -$% "$or. Y ,or Bl(i"o lo! !cl%8o! 7- i$cl-!o r% 2-!(ific%d% ,or lo! gr%$d! fil)!ofo!. L% lcci)$ d lo! "%gi!(r%do! r%$ ,or !or(o1 !(o ,or l% ig-%ld%d $(r lo! ci-d%d%$o! LOS SOFISTAS So$ lo! !ofi!(%! lo! 7- !-!(r%$ l ,$!%"i$(o d l% f0!ic% 5 l% "(%f0!ic%1 (r%$!for"#$dol% %l c%",o ,-r%"$( !oci%l1 ll8%$do l% "i!"% %l c%",o d l% 8id% ,Bblic%1 !i$do lo! cr0(ico! d l% 8%lid d l%! l5! 5 l%! co!(-"br!1 d lo! $o"o!. Lo! "#i"o! ,o$$(! d lo! !ofi!(%! f-ro$ Tr%!0"%co1 Cri(i%!1 *orgi%!1 5 Pro(#gor%!. Tr%!0"%co1 $ !- obr% R,Bblic% d C%lcdo$i%1 !o!(i$ 7- lo 2-!(o ! lo 7- $ r%lid%d lo! gobr$%$(! o "#! f-r(! r%li%$ $ l%! l5! ,%r% 7- l! !%$ f%8or%bl!. Lo 7- rfl2% l P$!%"i$(o d lo! !ofi!(%!1 ! l% fr%! 7- dic/ El +o"br ! l% "did% d (od%! l%! co!%!1 %(rib-id% % Pro(%gor%! 7- !cribi) Vrd%d 5 Sobr lo! dio!!1 "o!(r%$do % lo! +o"br! 7- $ l% r%lid%d $o i!( 8rd%d! %b!ol-(%! $i $or"%! (r$%! d rc(i(-d 5 2-!(ici%. P%r% l !olo l 2-icio dl +o"br d(r"i$% lo 7- ! b-$o1 !i$ "b%rgo cr0% 7- d-c%ci)$ ,od0% ,rfccio$%r % l%! ,r!o$%!. *orgi%! d Lo$(i$i1 !cribi) El Elogio d Hl$% 5 L% A,olog0% d P%l%"d!. Er% $i+ili!(% $g%ci)$ d (odo ,ri$ci,io rligio!o1 !oci%l 5 ,ol0(ico '1 !( ,$!%"i$(o !(% ,r!%do $ !-! (r! ,ro,o!icio$!/ $%d% i!(1 !i %lgo i!(1 $o ,-d !r co$ocido !i %lgo i!( 5 ,-d !r co$ocido1 $o ,-d !r co"-$ic%do.
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SÓCRATES1 fil)!ofo $%cido $ A($%!1 ! co$oc "-5 ,oco d !- 8id% 5 lo 7- ! co$oc ! % (r%83! d l%! obr%! d !-! di!c0,-lo! co"o Pl%()$1 7- +%bl% d 3l $ A,olog0% d S)cr%(!1 E-(ifro$1 Cri(o$1 Pro(#gor%! 5 J$ofo$!.Co$)c( % (i "i!"o "i!"o1 r% -(ili%do co$ frc-$ci% ,or S)cr%(! 7- !(%b% i$!cri,(o $ l (",lo d Dlo!. Lo i",or(%$( ! l co$oci"i$(o 7- -$o (i$ d !i "i!"o. P%r% ",%r % co$ocr lo! d"#!. E! 2-!(%"$( !( co$oci"i$(o1 dl 7- ! 2%c(%b%$ lo! !ofi!(%!1 7- lo ll8o % ,ro$-$ci%r o(r% fr%! 7- ! l %(rib-5/ Solo ! 7- $o ! $%d%. E! !(% doc(ri$% l% 7- co$!idr% l% ,$% co"o -$% "dici$% dl %l"%1 l% ci-d%d 5 !-! l5! !o$ $c!%ri%! 5 r!,o$d$ % l%! ig$ci%! d l% $%(-r%l% +-"%$%. L% obdi$ci% % l%! l5! d l% ci-d%d ! -$ dbr1 !i",r1 5 ,%r% (odo!1 i$cl-!o c-%$do ! 8-l8$ co$(r% $o!o(ro!. PLATÓN 1 d li$%2 $obl1 (r%! l% "-r( d !- "%!(ro1 co$d$%do % bbr cic-(%1 ! r(ir) d A($%!1 5 % !- 8-l(% f-$d) l% Ac%d"i% 1 !-! obr%! !o$/ Ti"o1 El ?%$7-(1 Fd)$1 Cri()$1 L%! L5! 5 L% R,Bblic%. Pl%()$ ! dio c-$(% dl "%l gobir$o1 r% -$ f$)"$o g$r%l d l% ,oc% i$fl-$ci%do ,or lo! !-c!o! d i$2-!(ici%1 co"(ido! $ co$(r% d S)cr%(!1 co",r$di) 7- !olo % l% l- d l% 8rd%dr% filo!of0% ,od0% %lc%$%r! l ord$ 5 l% 2-!(ici% $ l%! rl%cio$! d lo! i$di8id-o! 5 lo! gr-,o!. E!(o! "%l!1 $o ,od0%$ %c%b%r!1 "i$(r%! lo! fil)!ofo! $o %ccdi!$ %l ,odr1 o lo! gobr$%$(!1 $o ! co$8ir(i!$ $ fil)!ofo!. E! i",or(%$( l% filo!of0% ,ol0(ic% d Pl%()$ 5 !- (or0% d l% for"% d gobir$o!1 3l lo d!crib ci$co $ l% REPW?LICA. Pro !)lo -$% ! 2-!(% 5 lg0(i"%1 7- ! 2-!(%"$( l% REPU?LICA1 O SEA EL *O?IERNO DE LOS SA?IOS. A!0 lo! gobir$o! !o$ !i!1 (r! !o$ lg0(i"o!1 7- !o$ l% "o$%r7-0%1 l% %ri!(ocr%ci% 5 l% d"ocr%ci% "odr%d% 5 (r! !-! for"%! corr-,(%!1 l% (ir%$0%1 l% olig%r7-0% 5 l% d"ocr%ci% d!"did% o d"%gogi%. ARISTÓTELES1 ori-$do d E!(%rgir%1 -$% ci-d%d co$7-i!(%d% ,or 6%cdo$i%1 ,ro l% ,obl%ci)$ "i$$("$( grig%. Si$do di!c0,-lo d Pl%()$ $ l% Ac%d"i%1 $ do$d l-go $!4)1 !-! obr%! !o$ / El Org%$ori1 Tr%(%do !obr l Al"%1 6or%l1 Hi!(ori% d lo! A$i"%l!1 Co!"ogr%f0%1 F0!ic%1 6(%f0!ic% 5 Pol0(ic%. 6#! (%rd f-$d) l Lico1 do$d $!4%b% c%"i$%$do co$ !-! di!c0,-lo!1 ! co$!idr%do co"o l f-$d%dor d l% l)gic%1 7- llg% %l co$oci"i$(o ,or "dio dl !ilogi!"o i$d-cci)$1 ! dcir1 ,%r(ir d l%! co!%! ,%r(ic-l%r! +%!(% llg%r % l%! -$i8r!%l! P%r% Ari!()(l!1 l% 2-!(ici% 7-i8%l %l 2rcicio d (od%! l%! 8ir(-d!1 $ l% 2-!(ici% ! %,lic% l ,ri$ci,io d ig-%ld%d1 co"o f-$d%"$(o d co+!i)$ 5 %r"o$0% $ l% 8id% !oci%l1 ! %!0 7-
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2-!(ific% l% !cl%8i(-d co"o -$% i$!(i(-ci)$ $%(-r%l ,or l% !-,-!(% i$c%,%cid%d d %lg-$o! +o"br! d %-(ogobr$%r!. El +o"br ! -$ %$i"%l ,ol0(ico ,or $%(-r%l%1 ! dcir1 -$ !r oblig%do % 8i8ir $ l% ,oli! ,or ig$ci% d !- ,ro,i% $%(-r%l%1 di!(i$g- (r! for"%! d gobir$o 7- !o$ l% "o$%r7-0%1 l% %ri!(ocr%ci% 5 l% d"ocr%ci% !-! for"%! i",-r%! !o$ l% (ir%$0%1 olig%r7-0% 5 d"ocr%ci% r%dic%l o d"%gogi%.
UNIDAD V RO6A 6ONARUIA/ $ !-! i$icio! r% -$% "o$%r7-0%1 l% c-%l f- gobr$%d% ,or -$ r'r5'1 lo! c-%l! llg%ro$ % !r !i(1 "%$(-8iro$ l ,odr d!d l %4o ><: %l <& %.d.C. R)"-lo ! l f-$d%dor d l% "o$%r7-0%1 7- d!,-3! d -$ ri$%do cor(o d!%,%rci) "i!(rio!%"$(1 ! l %(rib-5 l% i$!(%-r%ci)$ dl S$%do 5 lo! Co"icio!. Lo! ro"%$o! ri$diro$ c-l(o % R)"-lo1 co$ l $o"br d dio! -iri( N-"% Po",ilio d $o"o! X l5 5 ,o",% X +#bi(o !%crdo(%l '1 i$!(i(-5o $-8o! colgio! !%crdo(%l!/ l d l%! V!(%l!1 !%crdo(i!%! d l% V!(% l d lo! Fci%l!1 7- ! oc-,%b%$ d (odo! lo! ri(o! rfrido! % l%! rl%cio$! i$(r$%cio$%l! co"o/ l% i$ici%ci)$ d +o!(ilid%d!1 co$cr(%ci)$ d (r%(%do!1 fi2%ci)$ d l0"i(! lo! A-g-r!1 %!!or%b%$ %l r5 5 %l "%gi!(r%do. Lo! Po$(0fic! %!i!($ 5 !-,r8i!%$ (odo! lo! %c(o! ,Bblico! 5 ,ri8%do! lo! (r! Fl%"i$!1 $c%rg%do! d lo! c-l(o! c%,i(%li$o!. El r5 T-lio Ho!(ilio1 co$7-i!() l% ci-d%d d Alb% Lo$g%1 l% %$(ig-% c%,i(%l d L%cio1 co$8ir(i$do! % ,%r(ir d $(o$c! Ro"% $ l% $-8% c%,i(%l. A$co 6%rcio1 f-$d% l% ci-d%d d O!(i%1 l% ci-d%d $o (%rd) $ co$8r(ir! $ -$ i",or(%$( ,-r(o. T%r7-i$o Pri!co1 co$!(r-5o l circo "#i"o1 $!%$c+) 5 or$%"$() lo! ,)r(ico! dl foro do$d ! r%li%b%$ l%! %!%"bl%!. Sr8io T-lio1 for(ific) l% ci-d%d1 cr) rgi!(ro! ,%r% %!$(%r l% d%d1 l oficio 5 l% for(-$% d c ci-d%d%$o. Eli"i$) l% $obl% d !%$gr ,or l% d lo! rico!1 !-!(i(-5o $ i",or(%$ci% % lo! co"icio! c-ri%(o! ,or lo! c$(-ri%(o!. T%r7-i$o l !obrbio1 Bl(i"o r51 gobr$) (ir#$ic%"$(1 lo! ,%(ricio! ! r8l%ro$ co$(r% !- ,odr1 co$cl-5ro$ co$ l% ,-l!i)$ dl !obr%$o d Ro"% 5 %l !(%blci"i$(o d -$ gobir$o r,-blic%$o1 co$ do! c)$!-l! % l% c%b%1 co"o "%gi!(r%do!. INSTITUCIONES POLÍTICA El r1 r% l r5 d lo! ro"%$o! 5 $o d Ro"%1 !i$do ,ro,-!(o l $o"br ,%r% l c%rgo dl r51 ,or l S$%do % l% A!%"bl% d lo! ci-d%d%$o!1 l "o$%rc% r% l 2f !-,r"o dl 2rci(o 5 ,o$(0fic. S- %!c$!o %l (ro$o ($0% 7- !r r%(ific%d% ,or l ,-blo1 $o ,od0% !r d!(i(-ido 5 $ r%lid%d $o +%b0% $%di 7-
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,od0% co$(r%,o$r! %l 2rcicio! db % 7- r% co$fir"%do ,or lo! S$%do rcib0% l I",ri-"' %b!ol-(o 5 !obr%$o' ! dcir1 irr!,o$!%bl! d !-! %c(o!. rl%cio$! co$ o(ro! !(%do!.
d !-! ,odr! rgio!. E!(o ! Co"icio! C-ri%do! 1 ,ro1 dl ,odr origi$%rio1 -$i(%rio1 l drc+o % "%$d%r1 r% R,r!$(%b% % Ro"% $ l%
El S$%do 1 !(%b% co",-!(o ,or lo! P%(r! F%"ili%! 1 7- r%$ lo! %$ci%$o! c%b%! d l% co$fdr%ci)$ d g$(1 7- co$!(i(-5o l orig$ d l%! ci8i(%!. Er% l co$!2o d %$ci%$o! +o$or%bl! !%crdo(! dl +og%r1 7- co$!(i(-0%$ l%! "#! !%gr%d%! %-(orid%d. C-%$do "or0% -$ r5 l ,odr r% !- %!c$!o %l (ro$o ($0% 7- !r r%(ific%d% ,or l ,-blo1 $o ,od0% !r d!(i(-ido 5 $ r%lid%d $o +%b0% $%di 7- ,od0% co$(r%,o$r! %l 2rcicio! d !-! ,odr! rgio!. E!(o ! db % 7- r% co$fir"%do ,or lo! Co"icio! C-ri%do! 1 ,ro1 dl S$%do rcib0% l I",ri-"' ,odr origi$%rio1 -$i(%rio1 %b!ol-(o 5 !obr%$o' ! dcir1 l drc+o % "%$d%r1 r% irr!,o$!%bl! d !-! %c(o!. R,r!$(%b% % Ro"% $ l% rl%cio$! co$ o(ro! !(%do!. El S$%do 1 !(%b% co",-!(o ,or lo! P%(r! F%"ili%! 1 7- r%$ lo! %$ci%$o! c%b%! d l% co$fdr%ci)$ d g$(1 7- co$!(i(-5o l orig$ d l%! ci8i(%!. Er% l co$!2o d %$ci%$o! +o$or%bl! !%crdo(! dl +og%r1 7- co$!(i(-0%$ l%! "#! !%gr%d%! %-(orid%d. C-%$do "or0% -$ r5 l ,odr r% %!-"ido ,or l S$%do1 +%!(% l% lcci)$ d !- !-c!or. S- f-$ci)$ ,ri$ci,%l r% %"i$%r l%! ,ro,-!(%! dl r5 r%(ific%d% ,or l% %!%"bl% o co"icio!1 5 8(%rl% !i 8iol%$ drc+o! !(%blcido! ,or l%! co!(-"br! %$(ig-%!. D%b%$ !- $($dr $ (odo %!-$(o d !(%do 5 2rc0% l "#! rc(o co$(rol. L% A!%"bl% o Co"icio!1 %l ,ri$ci,io f-ro$ ,or c-ri%! o co"icio! C-ri%do!. Ei!(0%$ (r! (rib-!1 lo! l%(i$o!1 !%bi$o! 5 (r-!co! 1 lo! 7- % !- 8 ! di8id0%$ $ di c-ri%!. L% %gr-,%ci)$ d 8%ri%! g$!1 co$!(i(-5 -$% c-ri%1 "i$(r%! 7- dl co$2-$(o d f%"ili%! !-rg l% g$!. E!(% org%$i%ci)$ ,ri"i(i8% !-rg -$% (r%$!for"%ci)$ b%2o l ri$%do d Sr8io T-lio1 %l di8idir l%! cl%!! d l% !ocid%d1 li"i$) l% $obl% d l% !%$gr ,or l% dl di$ro1 !i! !o$ l%! cl%!! do(%d%! d drc+o %l !-fr%gio1 r!-l(%$do 7- lo! ,%(ricio! ,or l di$ro ob($0%$ "%5or0% ,or !i !olo!. E$ c%!o c,cio$%l1 d !%lir drro(%do! $ !(o! co"icio!1 % lo! ,%(ricio! l! 7-d%b% -$ rc-r!o fic%1 l% co$8oc%(ori% d lo! co"icio! c-ri%(o!1 % fi$ d %$-l%r l% dci!i)$ ,o,-l%r. Cl%!! Soci%l! D!d -$ ,ri$ci,io +-bo $ Ro"% do! cl%!! d +%bi(%$(!1 (o(%l"$( di!(i$(o ,or l $%ci"i$(o 5 l ,odr/ lo! P%(ricio! 5 lo! Plb5o!. Lo! ,ri"ro! ,or !r d!c$di$( d l%! ,ri"r%! f%"ili%! ro"%$%!1 l ,o,-l-! ro"%$-!. Co$!(i(-0%$ l% %ri!(ocr%ci% 5 r%$ ,odro!o! (rr%($i$(!. 6o$o,oli%b%$ l%! b%$c%! dl !$%do 5 lo! c%rgo! d l%! "%gi!(r%(-r%!1 ,od0%$ c%!%r! lg%l"$(1 f-$d%r li$%2 5 -$ +og%r1 !olo llo! ,od0%$ ,r%c(ic%r
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l c-l(o ,Bblico 5 !r ,o$(0fic!. *o%b%$ d l% "%5or0% d lo! drc+o! ,ri8%do! co"o/ l i-! co$$-bi-"' drc+o d "%(ri"o$io'1 l i-! co""rci-"' 'drc+o d ,ro,id%d'1 l i-! %c(io$i!' f%c-l(%d d +%cr 8%lr !-! drc+o! %$( l% 2-!(ici%'1 5 drc+o! ,Bblico! co"o/ l i-! !-fr%gii' drc+o d lgir 5 !r lgido'1 l i-! +o$or-"' drc+o d oc-,%r c%rgo! ,Bblico!'1 l i-! !%cror-"'drc+o %l c-l(o ,Bblico'1 l i-! !%crdo(ii' drc+o % i$(gr%r lo! colgio! !%crdo(%l!. L%! f%"ili%! ,%(rici%! r%$ dirigid%! ,or -$ 2f d l% "i!"%1 ll%"%do P%(r! f%"ili%1 l c-%l f- !i",r !%crdo(1 2- 5 r5 $ !- +og%r. L d%b% drc+o d 8id% 5 "-r( !obr !!,o!% +i2o!. L% cli$(l%1 r% -$% i$!(i(-ci)$1 "di%$( l% c-%l !i !r ,%(ricio!1 lo! ,lb5o! ,-diro$ %ccdr % l% ci-d%d%$0%1 ,%r% (o"%r ,%r( $ lo! %!-$(o! ,Bblico!1 ! %d7-ir0% "di%$( -$ co$(r%(o $ l 7- ! co$!ig$%b%$ l%! oblig%cio$! "-(-%!. Lo! !cl%8o! $%c$ !ir8o! o ,%!%$ d l% libr(%d % l% !r8id-"br. EL DERECHO EN LA 6ONARUIA Lo! ro"%$o! di8id0%$ $ do! r%"%! ,ri$ci,%l! 1 l drc+o ,Bblico 5 l drc+o ,ri8%do1 l ,ri"ro (r%(%b% !obr l% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$1 l% ,ol0(ic% 5 l c-l(o. Y l !g-$do 7- co",r$d l%! rl%cio$! d lo! ,%r(ic-l%r! $(r !i1 l%bor%ro$ !- drc+o "di%$( l% ,r#c(ic% 5 l% ,ri$ci%1 $ (od%! l%! i$!(i(-cio$! f-ro$ c%"bi%$do l$(%"$(1 !i$ i$(rr-,cio$! 8iol$(%! 5 r,$(i$%!1 ,ro 8i(%$do ,or o(r% ,%r( !- !(%$c%"i$(o i$"o8ilid%d. El drc+o ,$%l $o r% d c%r#c(r ,Bblico %l ,ri$ci,io1 3!( r% 2rcido ,or l ,%(r! f%"ili%1 gr%ci%! %l drc+o d l% ,%(ri% ,o(!(%d. T%"bi3$ %b%rc%b% (r! di8i!io$! d %c-rdo %l #"bi(o $ 7- ! d!$8ol80%/ l i-! ci8il1 l i-! g$(i-" 5 l i-! $%(-r%l. El i-! ci8il1 rg-l%b% l%! rl%cio$! d lo! ro"%$o! $(r !i1 El i-! g$(i-"1 rg-l% l%! rl%cio$! d lo! (r%$2ro $(r !0 5 d lo! (r%$2ro co$ lo! ro"%$o!1 3!( !ir8i) d f-$d%"$(o co"B$ d l% l5 i$(r$%cio$%l 5 d l% l5 ci8il. El i-! $%(-r%l1 co$2-$(o d rgl%! 1 7- ! co$oc$ !i$ 7- $%di l%! +%5% dic(%do $i $!4%do. SgB$ Cicr)$1 l% 8rd%dr% l5 ! l% r%)$ 2-!(% co$cord%$( co$ l% $%(-r%l%1 dif-$did% $(r (odo! lo! +o"br!1 co$!(%$( 5 (r$%. Ul,i%$o dfi$/ ! l% 7- l% $%(-r%l% $!4% % (odo! lo! %$i"%l!. REFOR6A DE SERVIO TULIO I$(rod-2o c%"bio! "-5 i$(r!%$(! % l% co$!(i(-ci)$ ,ri"i(i8% d Ro"%. H%bi$do -!-r,%do l (ro$o1 ! 8io +o!(ili%do ,or lo! ,%(ricio! 5 r!ol8i) b-!c%r %,o5o $ lo! ,lb5o! !- r8ol-ci)$ 7- ,-dir% +%br !ido !%$gri$(%1 logr) r%li%rl% $ ,%. El f%cili(o % lo! ,lb5o! l% ,o!!i)$ d (irr%! fi!c%l!1 dic() l5! ,%r% lo! "i!"o! 1 l8) l-go % lo! ,lb5o! % l% c%(gor0% d ci-d%d%$o!1 d#$dol! 8o(o $ l% %!%"bl% 5 fi$%l"$( !-!(i(-5o l% %ri!(ocr%ci% d !%$gr ,or l% dl di$ro1 di8idi) l% !ocid%d
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ro"%$% $ do! gr%$d! c%(gor0%!. LA REPU?LICA Tr%! l l8%$(%"i$(o d T%r7-i$o Col%(i$o1 J-$io ?r-(o 5 P-blio V%lrio1 ! i$!(%-r% -$% R,Bblic% Ari!(ocr#(ic%1 $ l 7- lo! ,%(ricio! (r%(%$ d rc-,r%r lo 7- +%b0%$ ,rdido $ l%! rfor"%! d Sr8io T-lio1 ,ro l% co$!(%$( $ !( ,riodo ! l $fr$(%"i$(o d lo! ,%(ricio! 5 lo! ,lb5o!1 l% co$7-i!(% d I(%li% ,ri"ro d!,-3! l "-$do co$ocido. Co$ !(o! %co$(ci"i$(o! ! ,rod-2o l d!""br%"i$(o d l% !ocid%d1 7- ",) % b-!c%r c%-dillo 7- ! +icir%$ co$ l ,odr1 7- ,or lo +%bi(-%l r%$ g$r%l! 7- ! d!(%c%ro$ $ l%! g-rr%! Co$!(i(-ci)$ r,-blic%$%1 U$%! d l%! c%r%c(r0!(ic%! d l% !(r-c(-r% d l% r!',Bblic%1 ! l 7-ilibrio $(r (r! )rg%$o!1 lo! c-%l! r%$ l%! "%gi!(r%(-r%1 l !$%do 5 lo! co"icio!. L%! c%r%c(r0!(ic%! !$ci%l! d l%! "%gi!(r%(-r%! ! 7- r%$/ lc(i8%! 1 %l co"i$o lo! "%gi!(r%do! $o"br%b%$ % !- !-c!or1 co$ l% crci$( i",or(%$ci% 7- ! l dio % l% !obr%$0% 5 % l% 8ol-$(%d ,o,-l%r1 f- %d7-iri$do i",or(%$ci% l%! lccio$! d lo! "%gi!(r%do!. Por o(ro l%do lo! c%rgo! r%$ gr%(-i(o! ,or (r%(%r! d -$ +o$or. Si$ "b%rgo1 !(o l d2%b% % lo! ,obr! !i$ ,odr ,%r(ici,%r d l% 8id% ,ol0(ic%1 %l 7- !olo ,od0%$ %ccdr lo! 7- ! d%b%$ l l-2o d ,o!r $gocio 7- l r$d0%$ g%$%$ci%!1 "i$(r%! 2rc0%$ l c%rgo. Todo! r%$ colgi%d%! % c,ci)$ d l% dic(%d-r%1 !(o d%b% -$ "%5or co$(rol % l% co!% ,Bblic%1 %d"#! c%d% "%gi!(r%do ,o!0% l drc+o dl 8(o1 $ o(r%! ,%l%br%! l drc+o d o,o$r! % lo! ,ro5c(o! d !- colg%1 L% r!,o$!%bilid%d r% %$( l !$%do1 "$o! lo! dic(%dor!1 r%$ %$-%l! $ !-! f-$cio$!1 co$ l% c,ci)$ d l% dic(%d-r% 7- d-r%b% !i! "!!. S di8id0%$ $ "%gi!(r%(-r%! "%5or! Gc)$!-l!1 ,r(or!1 c$!or! 5 dic(%dor!1 l%! "$or!Gc-!(or! 5 dil! l%! ordi$%ri%!1 !o$ lgido! co$ ,riodicid%d1 co"o lo! c)$!-l!1 c-!(or!1 ,r(or! 5 dil!. L%! (r%ordi$%ri% 7- $o r%$ co"-$! d$(ro d l% co$!(i(-ci)$ r,-blic%$% d Ro"%1 co"o lo! dic(%dor!1 l%! "%gi!(r%(-r% ,%(rici% 7- r%$ c%rgo! %cc!ibl! % lo! ,%(ricio! co"o l c%rgo d lo! dic(%dor!1 ,r(or!1 c)$!-l!1 (c. L%! "%gi!(r%(-r%! ,lb5%! l%! 7- co$!(i(-0%$ -$ co$(r% !(%do $(r l%! 7- ! $co$(r%b%$1 lo! (rib-$o! d l% ,lb 5 lo! dil!. Lo! "%gi!(r%do! C-" i",rio1 $(r l%! f%c-l(%d! d !(% ! +%ll%$ l% !obr%$% dircci)$ dl gobir$o dl E!(%do1 lo! "%gi!(r%do! !i$ i",rio $o ($0%$ $i$g-$%! d !(%! %(rib-cio$!. Lo! "%gi!(r%do! c-r-l! o $o c-r-l!1 !gB$ ! !$(%r%$ $ l% !ill% o $o 7- r% l !0"bolo dl ,odr d lo! "%gi!(r%do! ,%(ricio!. El c-r!-! +o$or-"1 ,or l 7- ! !(%blc0% l%! rgl%! ,%r% %ccdr % lo! c%rgo!1 co"o l% d%d 5 l% oc-,%ci)$ d c%rgo %$(rior i$"di%(o ,%r% %ccdr %l !ig-i$(. El !$%do1 r% l )rg%$o co$ "%5or ,r,o$dr%$ci% d l% r,Bblic%1 f- -$% %!%"bl% d "%gi!(r%do! S ,odr0% dcir 7- l gobir$o d l% r,Bblic% r% 2rcido ,or llo!1 %d"i@$i!(r%b%$ lo! (!oro! d Ro"%1 !(%blc0% lo!
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i",-!(o!1 dirig0% l%! rl%cio$! (rior!1 $8i%b% 5 rcib0% % lo! "b%2%dor!1 dcl%r%b% l% g-rr%1 fir"%b% l% ,% 5 lo! (r%(%do!. S-! ,ri$ci,%l! f-$cio$!1 r%$ l%! d $o"br%r -$ i$(rr 1 7- !-,l0% l c%rgo dl "%gi!(r%do 7- 7-d%b% 8%c%$( l d %-(ori(%! ,%(r-"1 7- r% l% %d+!i)$ dl !$%do % -$ ,ro5c(o d l5 ,r!$(%do ,or -$ "%gi!(r%do o l% r%(ific%ci)$ d -$% l5 8o(%d% ,or lo! co"icio! l co$!-l(-"1 o l%! co$!-l(%! ,l%$(%d%! ,or lo! "%gi!(r%do!1 7- r%$ 8o(%d%! 1 !% r!,-!(% ! co$8r(0% $ -$% l5 o !$%doco$!-l(-"1 co$ r%$go d $or"%. Lo! co"icio!1 co$ lo! logro! ob($ido! ,or lo! ,lb5o! !-rgiro$ o(ro! co"icio!1 l ,ri"ro f- l co$cilio d l% ,lb1 d !-! co$cl-!io$! !-rgiro$ lo! ,lbi!ci(o!1 7- ! 7-i,%r%ro$ co$ l%! l5!. E$ !(o! co"icio! lo! ,lb5o! ,od0%$ rc-rrir ,%r% 8i(%r l%! %rbi(r%rid%d! d lo! "%gi!(r%do! ,%(ricio! % l% ,ro8oc%(io %d ,o,-l-"1 !i$do 3!( -$ rc-r!o d l% ,lb ,%r% r8i!%r l%! !$($ci%!. Co"icio! ,or (rib-1 7- ! -$% 8ol-ci)$ dl %$(rior1 $ l 7- 5% ! i$(gr%ro$ lo! ,%(ricio! co$ lo! ,lb5o!1 r% co$8oc%do! ,or lo! "%gi!(r%do! dl ,-blo. E$(r !-! %(rib-cio$! ! $c-$(r%$ l%! lgi!l%(i8%!1 lc(or%l! 5 2-dici%l!1 !i$do ,ri"ro l% %,rob%ci)$ d l%! l5!1 d!,-3! l% lcci)$ d lo! "%gi!(r%do! 5 lo! 2-icio! ,$%l! ,or Bl(i"o. LA LEY DE LAS II TA?LAS F- l% ,ri"r% co$ocid% $ l occid$(1 fr-(o dl $fr$(%"i$(o d lo! ,%(ricio! 5 ,lb5o! $ !- bB!7-d% ,or lo% ig-%ld%d ci8il. P%r% (%l fi$ ! cro -$% "%gi!(r%(-r% (r%ordi$%ri% co$ocid% co"o lo! Dc$8iro!1 7- !gB$ l% (r%dici)$ ,ro"-lg%ro$ l% l5 d l%! doc (%bl%!1 $ l %4o ;< %. d. C. Pr!idido ,or l ,o$(ific 6%i"-!1 %d%,(%r dic+% l5 % l%! circ-$!(%$ci%! d$(ro d l% co!(-"br 5 (r%dici)$1 l-go l !ig-i) l% d lo! 2-ri!(%! l%ico! 1 $(r llo! l ,r(or 5 l% %!%"bl%. S !(%blc0%$ $ l c-r,o lg%l1 lo! drc+o! ,ro,io! d lo! ro"%$o!1 drc+o! ci8il!1 ,Bblico!1 ,$%l!1 ,roc!%l! 5 %d"i$i!(r%(i8o!1 !-! $or"%! f-ro$ !cri(o! $ doc (%bl%! d cobr. Co$flic(o !oci%l/ l% l-c+% d cl%!!1 co$!(i(-5o l% $o(% c%r%c(r0!(ic% d l% R,Bblic% d Ro"%1 ,ro ,%r% ,odr +%bl%r d ig-%ld%d d$(ro d 3!(%1 (-8o 7- ,%!%r ,or -$% 8ol-ci)$ c08ico1 ,ol0(ico1 !oci%l 5 !,ci%l"$( rligio!o. L% ig-%ld%d ci8il 1 ! dcir l% ig-%ld%d %$( l% l51 ! co$!ig- co$ l% co"$(%d% l5 d l%! doc (%bl%!. L% ig-%ld%d !oci%l ob(i$$ lo! ,lb5o!1 c-%$do oc+o %4o! d!,-3! %l (rib-$%do d c%$-l5o1 l% ,lb igi) l% li"i$%ci)$ d l% l5 d l%! doc (%bl%!1 l% ,ro+ibici)$ dl "%(ri"o$io $(r ,%(ricio! 5 ,lb5o!. Si$ "b%rgo l S$%do co$cdi) l% ig-%ld%d %l !%$cio$%r l% libr(%d d "%(ri"o$io1 l i-! co$$-bi-! $(r %"b%! cl%!! !oci%l!1 co$ l% !,r%$% d 7- lo! ,%(ricio! $o co$(r%r0%$ "%(ri"o$io co$ l%! ,lb5%! o 8ic8r!%1 ,ro ,%r% !or,r!% d (odo! o(r% f- l% r%lid%d. E! %!0 7- lo! ,lb5o! co$7-i!(%ro$ l% ig-%ld%d !oci%l o d "%(ri"o$io co$ l% l C%$-l5%. L% ig-%ld%d ,ol0(ic% 1! llg) co$
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l %cc!o d lo! ,lb5o! % (odo! lo! c%rgo! ,Bblico!1 $ !,ci%l %l Co$!-l%do 5 %l S$%do. L% ig-%ld%d rligio!% f- l% "#! c%r% d (od%! l%! co$7-i!(%!1 ($i$do $ c-$(% 7- $ l c-l(o ,Bblico lo! ,%(ricio! %dor%b%$ % !-! %$(,%!%do! lo! f-$d%dor! d l% ci-d%d1 5 lo! ,lb5o! $o r%$ co$!idr%do! co"o ,ri"i(i8o! f-$d%dor! d l% "i!"%. E$ l :9 %.d.C. ! ,ro"-lg) l% l Og-l$i%1 7- !(%blc0%1 7- l% "i(%d d lo! %-g-r! 5 ,o$(ific! !r0%$ lc(o! d $(r lo ,lb5o!. EL I6PERIO RO6ANO D-r%$( l gobir$o d A-g-!(o1 ! llg% % -$% ,%1 % co$!c-$ci% d d!i!(ir d l%! co$7-i!(%! 1 l-go dl d!%!(r d i$($(%r %$io$%r l% *r"%$i%1 ,or ,ri"r% 8 $ "#! d -$ !iglo $o ! $fr$(%ro$ lo! g$r%l! ,or l do"i$io d Ro"%1 % !(% !i(-%ci)$ ! co$oc co"o l% P% Ro"%$% o A-g-!(%. Co$!(i(-ci)$ dl I",rio Ro"%$o Co$ A-g-!(o1 l%! "%gi!(r%(-r%! f-ro$ %d!orbid%! ,or l E",r%dor1 co$8ir(i3$do! $ -$ 6%gi!(r%do U$i8r!%l1 %c-"-l%$do lo! (0(-lo! d I",r%(or. 7- l d%b% l "%$do !-,r"o d lo! 23rci(o! o 2f "ili(%r 8ic(orio!o l dl Pr0$ci, dl S$%do1 7- l ,r"i(0% dirigir l%! dlibr%cio$! d !% %!%"bl%1 l Trib-$%do ,or l 7- ,od0% co$8oc%r %l S$%do1 l Co$cilio d l% Plb 5 l ,odr d 8(o1 l% C$!-r% 7- l ,r"i(0% $o"br%r % lo! !$%dor!1 l Co$!-l%do1 7- l d%b% l% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$ dl E!(%do1 l Pr(ori%l 7- l f%c-l(%b% ,%r% $c%rg%r! d l% 2-!(ici%1 l ,odr Proco$!-l%r ,or l 7- gobr$%b% % l%! ,ro8i$ci%! 5 l S-,r"o Po$(ific%do1 7- l co$fr0% %-(orid%d1 ,odr! rligio!o! 5 dig$id%d d dio!. E$ c-%$(o %l S$%do1 ,ird gr%$ ,%r( d !- ,odr 5 ,r!(igio co"o dirig$(! d l%! cl%!! ,o,-l%r!1 ,ro l Pr0$ci, l r!r8% %l c-r,o 5 !-! "i"bro! l% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$ i",ri%l1 (o"%$do l%! %(rib-cio$! lgi!l%(i8%! d lo! co"icio!1 co$8ir(i3$do! l !$%doco$!-l(o $ l 8+0c-lo lg%l ,or cl$ci%1 r% l Pr0$ci, 7-i$ fc(-%b% % l% C-ri% l% ,ro,-!(% ,%r% 7- l% %,rob%r%1 l S$%do ($0% l% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$ d %lg-$%! ,ro8i$ci%! d$o"i$%d%! S$%(ori%l!1 7- r%$ l%! "#! ,%c0fic%! dl I",rio. o(ro! f-$cio$%rio! d l% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$ f-ro$ lo! Lg%do! 1 d!ig$%do ,or l S$%do ,%r% %d"i$i!(r%r l%! ,ro8i$ci%! o dirigir lo! 23rci(o!. Lo! Proc-r%dor!1 lc(o! d $(r lo! libr(o!1 ! oc-,%b%$ d lo! %!-$(o! ,ri8%do! dl E",r%dor. Lo! C-r%dor!1 7- r% lc(o! d $(r l ord$ !$%(ori%l1 $c%rg%do d -$ !r8icio ,Bblico d(r"i$%do. Lo! Prfc(o!1 c-5%! f-$cio$! dri8%$ dl E",r%dor1 i!(i$do 8%rio! ,rfc(o! co$ f-$cio$! "ili(%r1 ci8il1 2-dici%l1 ,$%l1 %,l%ci)$1 ,olici%l! 5 co"-$ic%cio$!. E$ c-%$(o %l !i!("% (rib-(%rio1 l%! rc%-d%cio$! ($0%$ -$ c%r#c(r d-%l 5% 7- ,or -$% ,%r( !(%b% l r%rio ,Bblico %d"i$i!(r%do ,or l S$%do 5 ,or o(ro l%do l fi!co1 7- rcog0% lo! rc-r!o! ,ro8$i$(! d l%! ,ro8i$ci%! i",ri%l! 7- %d"i$i!(r%do ,or l E",r%dor co"o ,%(ri"o$io ,ro,io.
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LE*ADO CULTURAL RO6ANO E$(r lo! gr%$d! logro! d lo! ro"%$o! 1 ! ,-d "$cio$%r 7- ! $ l c%",o 2-r0dico 5 "ili(%r do$d !obr!%liro$ 1 $ lo! d"#! f-ro$ di!c0,-lo! d lo! grigo!. El E!(oici!"o f- l% corri$( filo!)fic% 7- (-8o "%5or i$fl-$ci% $ Ro"%. Lo! +o"br! !o$ ig-%l! 1 $o d -$% "%$r% %b!ol-(% 1 ,ro !i $ !$ci%l dig$id%d1 ,or c-%$(o (odo! ,o!$ r%)$ 5 -$ co$oci"i$(o g$r%l d lo +o$!(o 5 d!+o$!(o1 d lo 2-!(o 5 d lo i$2-!(o. E!( +-"%$i!"o co$d-c % -$% %c(i(-d cr0(ic% co$(r% l% !cl%8i(-d1 %-$7- i!(0% -$% lgi(i"%ci)$ dl -!o d !(% i$!(i(-ci)$. L%bor d lo! 2-ri!(%!1 $ l% 3,oc% i",ri%l 1 co$ l% cr%ci)$ dl Co$!ili-! Pri$ci,i!1 lo! 2-ri!co$!-l(o! go%ro$ dl i-! ,-blic% r!,o$d$di'f%c-l(%d d 8%c-%r co$!-l(%! co$ f-r%! d l51 r%$ r!,o$did%! ,or lo g$r%l ,or lo g$r%l ,or !cri(o1 l% 7- f- !(%blcid% ,or l E",r%dor Adri%$o co"o $or"% 2-r0dic%. El ,ri"ro d lo! gr%$d! 2-ri!co$!-l(o! f- *%5o1 7-i$ f- %-(or d 8%ri%! obr%! 2-r0dic%! co"o A-r% o D r! co(idi%$%1 !,ci%l"$( co$ocid%! !o$ !-! I$!(i(-(%!1 7- !r80%$ ,%r% l !(-dio dl drc+o. El "#! gr%$d d lo! 2-ri!co$!-l(o! f- P%,i$i%$o1 d$o"i$%do l ,r0$ci, d lo! 2-ri!co$!-l(o!1 l c-%l r% origi$%rio d Siri%1 f- co$d$%do % "-r( ,or C%r%c%ll% ,or $g%r! % 2-!(ific%r l %!!i$%(o 7- 3!( co"(ir% co$(r% !+r"%$o *(% ,%r% !r ,rocl%"%do E",r%dor1 l co$(!() co$ l% fr%! E! "#! f#cil co"(r -$ dli(o 7- 2-!(ific%rlo. O(ro! 2-ri!co$!-l(o! co"o Ul,i%$o 7-i$ f- %!!or d P%,i$i%$o1 "i"bro dl Co$cili-" ,ri$c,! 5 ,rfc(o dl ,r(orio1 f- %!!i$%do ,or lo! ,r(ori%$o!. Lo! ,r(or! !ol0%$ %grg%r $ lo! dic(o! l%! rgl%! 7- l%! $-8%! $c!id%d! l! d"%$d%b%$1 rcogi$do d lo! %$(rior! l%! di!,o!icio$! 7- co$8$0% "%$($r1 3!( rg0% -$ %4o1 ! dcir l "i!"o !,%cio d (i",o 7- d!;",4%b% l c%rgo. Adri%$o l co$fi) %l 2-ri!co$!-l(o S%l8io J-li%$o l $c%rgo d d%r for"% -$ifor" 5 rco,il%r (odo! lo! dic(o! c-5o! ,rc,(o! 2-r0dico! +%b0%$ d ($r %,lic%ci)$ $ lo !-c!i8o. E!(% obr% f- %,rob%d% ,or l S$%do co$ l $o"br d Edic(o Pr,(-o1 5 % ,%r(ir d $(o$c! ! ,ro+ibi) +%cr i$$o8%ci)$ $ ll% ,%r% lo! 6%gi!(r%do! 5 Pr(or!. L% rfor"% d Diocl!i%$o1 cro -$% !"i'colgi%lid%d d l% i$!(i(-ci)$ i",ri%l. A!0 co$cibi) 7- ,%r% gobr$%r l i",rio r% $c!%rio l% cr%ci)$ d do! A-g-!(o1 co$ !-! r!,c(i8o! C!%r!. U$o gobr$%r0% !obr l% ,%r( Occid$(%l 5 l o(ro !obr l% ,%r( ori$(%l1 r!,%ld%do c%d% -$o ,or !- C!%r1 7-i$ (%"bi3$ r% !-c!or . A lo! 8i$( %4o! d gobir$o db0% r$-$ci%r1 ,%r% 7- ,-d% %!-"ir !- C!%r. Y ,!1 % 7- Diocl!i%$o r$-$cio1 %l llg%r %l (i",o 7- l !(%blci)1 5 co$8$cr % !- colg% d lo "i!"o 1 !-! !-c!or! ! 8iro$ $fr$(%do! ,or l ,odr %b!ol-(o. Co$ l% llg%d% %l ,odr d Co$!(%$(i$o1 d!%,%rc l% di8i!i)$ dl i",rio $(r lo! ((r%rc%!1 5 %,%rc l% co$c,ci)$ "#! %b!ol-(i!(% dl do"i$-!1 co$8ir(i3$do! $ -$ 8rd%dro "o$%rc%
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%b!ol-(i!(%1 !(o ! ,-d co$!(%(%r ,or l% ,%r(ici,%ci)$ dl E",r%dor $ l%! c-!(io$! rligio!%!. E$ "%(ri% %d"i$i!(r%(i8%1 cr% c-%(ro ,rfc(-r%!/ l% d Ori$( co$ c%,i(%l $ Nicod"i% l% d lliri%1 co$ c%,i(%l $ Sir"io l% d *%li%1 $ Tr38ri! ,or c%,i(%l I(%li% 1 co$ !- c%,i(%l $ 6il#$1 l%! 7- !- 8 ! di8id$ $ di)c!i!1 dirigid%! !(%! ,or 8ic%rio! d,$di$( dl E",r%dor 5 $ ,ro8i$ci%! %d"i$i!(r%d%! ,or gobr$%dor!1 co$ f-$cio$%rio! %d"i$i!(r%(i8o! 5 2-ri!,r-d$ci%l!. El co$!i!(ori-" ,rici,i! 1 )rg%$o co$!-l(i8o1 7- !-!(i(-5 %l co$!ili-" ,ri$ci,i!. Priodo d 3,oc% d l% codific%ci)$1 $ l% 3,oc% d cri!i! dl !iglo III1 co$ Diocl!i%$o ! %!i$(% -$% !ri d codific%cio$! co"o/ l C)digo *rgori%$o1 7- %b%rc% l%! Co$!(i(-cio$! I",ri%l! d!d l %4o &@= +%!(% l :91 l C)digo Hr"og$i%$o1 7- (%"bi3$ co$ll8% 8ol-$(%d i",ri%l1 7- co",l"$(% %l %$(rior d lo@! %4o! 9@& %l :9;1 l C)digo Todo!i%$o1 ,-blic%do $ l %4o ;:. E$ l ;9=1 !( E",r%dor dic() l% L5 d Ci(%!1 ,or 8ir(-d d l% c-%l lo! 2-g%do! ! !o"($ % -$% !ri d o,i$io$! d ci$co gr%$d! 2-ri!(%!Z P%,i$i%$o1 *%5o1 P%-lo1 6od!(i$o 5 Ul,i%$o.
UNIDAD VI EL CRISTIANIS6O L% rligi)$ Cri!(i%$% !-rg d lo! !g-idor! d J!B! d N%%r(1 ll%"%do l Cri!(o o l 6!0%!1 f-ro$ ,r!g-ido ,or "-c+o (i",o1 ,-do !%lir d !- cl%$d!(i$id%d co$ l E",r%dor Co$!(%$(i$o1 gr%ci%! %l dic(o d 6il#$1 !g-idor! d Al2%$dr0% Arri)1 7-i$ d!co$oc0% l orig$ di8i$o d J!B! 1 !- doc(ri$% f- co$d$%d% $ l Co$cilio d Nic% 1 !(%blci$do l% dobl $%(-r%l% d Cri!(o1 di8i$% 5 +-"%$%. L% "or%l cri!(i%$% ! $c-$(r% $ L5 d Dio!1 d%d% ,or !( % !- ,-blo % (r%83! d 6oi!3!. Si$ "b%rgo f- %",li%do ,or -$% $-8% L5 d "%$d%"i$(o d %"or1 d%do ,or Dio! +c+o +o"br. El cri!(i%$i!"o 1 $i J!B! ,r($diro$ d%r -$% idolog0% ,ol0(ic%1 "%! bi$ llg%ro$ % dli"i(%r lo! c%",o! d %cci)$ d lo (",or%l 5 lo !,iri(-%l. Pro l 6!0%! 7- !,r%b%$ lo! J-d0o! r% -$ r5 dl (i,o 7- +%b0% !ido l gr%$ r5 D%8id1 7-i$ lo! libr%r0% dl 5-go ro"%$o 5 ll8%r0% % l% glori% %l ri$o d I!r%l. Pro 3l rc+%% !i(-%r! $ -$ "%rco $%cio$%li!(%1 %l %c(-%r d !(% for"% ! %l2% d l% !,r%$% "!i#$ic% dl ,-blo d I!r%l1 ,ro !- $!4%$% ig-%li(%ri%1 !ir8i) d i$c$(i8o ,%r% l% i$!(%l%ci)$ d -$% !ocid%d f-$d%d% $ l% 2-!(ici%1 l% dig$id%d l% ig-%ld%d 5 l% libr(%d d l%! ,r!o$%!. Drc+o C%$)$ico1 co$ lo rc(o 1dl cri!(i%$i!"o1 d lo! $-8o! "or!1 d l% $-8% (r%dici)$ 1 d l% $-8% 2-ri!,r-d$ci%1 !-rg -$ $-8o ord$%"i$(o. Y % ,%r(ir d !( "o"$(o l drc+o ro"%$o ! rlg%do ,or l c%$)$ico1 % c%-!% d !- "%5or "or%l1 !-
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r!,c(%do! f%llo! $ !-! (rib-$%l!1 +%c$ dc%r l drc+o *r"%$o 5 $ l% b%2% d%d "di% ! i",o$ co"o ord$%"i$(o $ (od% l% E-ro,% C%()lic%. Al ($dr !- i$fl-$ci% !obr l%! co!(-"br! 5 l%! $or"%! 2-r0dic%!1 l% i$!(i(-ci)$ dl "%(ri"o$io ! 8 dig$ific%do ,or l ,ro,io J!-cri!(o. El drc+o d %!ilo co$ l Cri!(i%$i!"o (r%(o d ,%li%r l%! ,r!c-cio$! %l gr%do d 7- ! ,odi% rf-gi%r! l dli$c-$( o ,r!g-ido $ l %l(%r1 7- r% -$ l-g%r !-"%"$( !%gr%do1 !(%$do ,ro(gido d !-! ,r!g-idor!. S li"i$o l% 8$g%$% ,ri8%d%1 !-!(i(-5o l%! ord%li%! o 2-icio! d Dio! ,or l%! Pr-b%! T!(i"o$i%l!1 df$di$do lo! drc+o! d l%! ,r!o$%!. S !(%blciro$ l% cr"o$i%! d 2-r%"$(o! 7- l diro$ "%5or !ol"$id%d. S%$ Ag-!(0$ Dfi$ % l% ci-d%d o r,Bblic% co"o -$% co$grg%ci)$ d +o"br! -$ido! $(r !i ,or l% co"-$i)$ l% co$for"id%d d lo! ob2(o! 7- %"%$1 !o!(i$ 7- lo! bi$! d !( "-$do cr%do ,or Dio!1 $o !o$ $ !i "%lo! 5 !olo lg%$ +%cr (%l! ,or l -!o 7- d llo! +%g% l +o"br. No db$ !r co$!idr%do co"o fi$! !i $o co"o "dio! ord$%do! % $-!(ro ,rfccio$%"i$(o. L% ,ro,id%d lo c%lific% "or%l"$( ,or l !,0ri(- d 7-i$ +% !ido f%8orcido ,or l% ,ro8id$ci%1 d +%51 l dbr d l% li"o!$% 7- (r%$!for"% l% ri7-% "%(ri%l $ ri7-% E!,iri(-%l. LOS PUE?LOS *ER6ANOS Lo! ,-blo! gr"%$o! f- d-r%$( "-c+o (i",o 8ci$o! d lo! ro"%$o!1 %l 7- A-g-!(o (r%(o d !o"(r1 ,ro $ !- l-g%r1 $co$(ro l% drro(%. E!(o! +%b0%$ co$!(i(-ido %lg-$o! ri$o! co"o l d lo! *odo! co$ !-! ri$o! Vi!igodo 5 O!(rogodo1 7-i$! f-ro$ for%do! ,or H-$o! 1 -$ ,-blo $)"%d%1 % (r%!,%!%r lo! li"i(! dl i",rio d Ori$(. A!0 lo! %$glo!1 2-(o! 5 !%2o$! d l%! i!l%! bri(#$ic%!1 cr%$do ri$o!1 7- co$ l (i",o llg%ro$ % !r !i(. Lo! ,-blo! d$o"i$%do b#rb%ro!1 cr-%$ ,or l% *%li%1 co"o lo! V#$d%lo! 7- ! !(%blc$ d-r%$( -$ (i",o $ E!,%4% 1 ,%r% l-go rb%!%r l 6di(rr#$o i$!(%l%r! dfi$i(i8%"$( $ l $or( d Qfric%1 co$ c%,i(%l $ C%r(%go. E$ l% ,$0$!-l% d I(%li%1 l ",r%dor 7- cr0% gobr$%r !obr lo! ri$o! gr"%$o!1 7- ib%$ !-rgi$do1 l% !i(-%ci)$ ! 8ol8i) c%)(ic%. A!0 f-ro$ i$8%dido ,or lo! 8i!igodo! d Al%rico1 lo! 8#$d%lo! d *$!rico1 5 lo! H-$o! d A(il%1 %l fi$%l l 2f d lo! +3r-lo! Odo%cro1 igi) dl E",r%dor R)"-lo A-g-!(o (irr%! ,%r% !-! !old%do! 1 7- l f-ro$ $g%d%!. D,-!o %l E",r%dor 5 gobr$) % I(%li%1 +%!(% 7- f- drroc%do ,or Todorico1 7- ! ,rocl%") r5 d I(%li% LOS REINOS *ER6ANOS Tr%! l% i$8%!i)$ d lo! d lo! gr"%$o!1 !(o! for"%ro$ ri$o! i$d,$di$(!1 7- $ l c%!o d lo! 8i!igodo!1 o!(rogodo! 5 8#$d%lo!1 f-ro$ c%!i (odo ro"%$i%do!1 o(ro co"o lo! fr%$co! $o rcibiro$ l% i$fl-$ci% d Ro"%. E$ c-%$(o % l% lgi!l%ci)$ l% i$fl-$ci% d lo! 8i!igodo! f- %",li%1 l ,ri"ro $ oc-,%r! d
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!( ("% f- l r5 E-rico1 7-i$ rd%c() l c)digo 7- ll8% !$o"br1 co$ l% %5-d% d col%bor%dor! ro"%$o!1 ,or lo 7- ! ,-d %,rci%r $ ll% l% i$fl-$ci% dl drc+o ro"%$o1 l drc+o c%$)$ico 5 l drc+o gr"%$o. E!(%! l5! !olo rg0%$ ,%r% lo! Vi!igodo!1 %fc(%$do % lo! ro"%$o! c-%$do ! (r%(%b% d li(igio! ,or c-!(io$! d (irr%1 l ,rocdi"i$(o 2-dici%l r% or%l 5 !ol"$. L% ,obl%ci)$ ro"%$% co$(i$-o -(ili%$do l drc+o ro"%$o. Si$ "b%rgo l% gr%$ obr% 2-r0dic% d lo! 8i!igodo! f- l c)digo d Rc!8i$(o1 7- f- ,ro"-lg%do $ l =<;1 f- %,lic%do d!d $(o$c! % lo! +i!,%$o!'godo! 5 % lo! ro"%$o! l% "i!"% $or"%. No !olo ,-d !r co$!idr%d% co"o -$% obr% 2-r0dic% d c-!(io$! ci8il!1 cri"i$%l! 5 ,-blic%!1 !i$o b-!c) l%! $!4%$%! d c%r;%c(r "or%l 5 filo!)fic%. LOS OSTRO*ODOS F-ro$ fdr%do! d lo! H-$o! $ (i",o! d A(il%1 ! i$d,$di%ro$ % !- "-r(1 ! !(%blciro$ $ l% %c(-%l H-$gr0%1 +o!(ili%ro$ %l i",rio d ori$(1 +%!(% 7- !- r5 Todorico f- $o"br%do ,or l ",r%dor $)$ co"o g$r%l d lo! 23rci(o! 1 $8i#$dol! % drroc%r %l r5 d lo! +3r-lo!1 Odo%cro. Si$do ,rocl%"%do ,or !-! (ro,%! co"o l r5 d I(%li%1 d%$do i$icio % -$ ,riodo d ,ro!,rid%d 1 7- l 8%li) !r ll%"%do Todorico l gr%$d. D-r%$( !- gobir$o 3!( (r%(o d co$cili%r % lo! o!(rogodo! co$ lo! ro"%$o!1 ,%r% llo 7-i!o ro"%$i%r % !,-blo1 %do,(%$do ,%r% llo! l%! $or"%! dl drc+o ro"%$o1 7- f-ro$ dic(%d%! $ l Edic(o d Todorico1 7- ! -$ (r%c(o d l%! !$($ci%! dl 2-ri!co$!-l(o ro"%$o P%-lo 5 d 8%rio! c)digo! d lo! ",r%dor! d Ro"%. LOS ?U*UNDIOS1 ,or !- ,%r( co$ !- r5 *o$db%ldo1 7- ,ro"-lg) l% L5 *%"b(%1 ,%r% 7- ! %d"i$i!(r%r% 2-!(ici% %l ,-blo do"i$%dor1 co$ ,r!cri,cio$! d !- drc+o $%cio$%l 5 % lo! %$(ig-o! !Bbdi(o! dl I",rio Ro"%$o1 d %c-rdo % l%! ,r!cri,cio$! d !- ,ro,io drc+o. T%$ i$fl-$ci%do ,or l drc+o ro"%$o !(%b%1 7- ob8i%b% %lg-$%! co!(-"br! gr"#$ic%! LOS FRANCOS1 % difr$ci%! d lo! godo! d E!,%4% 5 d I(%li%1 lo! fr%$co! ,rof!%ro$ l% "i!"% f 7- lo! ,-blo! % lo! 7- !o"(iro$1 ,or llo (-8iro$ l %,o5o d lo! ,%,%! 5 dl ",r%dor d ori$(1 7-i$! diro$ l (0(-lo d ,%(ricio 5 c)$!-l d Ro"% % !-! gobr$%$(!. F- !- lgi!l%ci)$ i$ici%d% co$1 Clodo8o 5 c-l"i$%d% co$ D%gobr(o lo "#! i",or(%$( d !c-l(-r%. Dic+% l5 !cri(% $ l%(0$1 7- (r%() d %r"o$i%r $ drc+o c%$)$ico1 l ro"%$o 5 l gr"#$ico. E$ !( c)digo $o ! co$(",l%b%$ l c%!(igo! f0!ico!1 co"o l% ,$% d "-r(1 $i l%! (or(-r%! 5 (%",oco l $c%rcl%"i$(o. L%! ,$%! r%$ l%! co",o!icio$! 5 l%! "-l(%!1 !(o ! db0% %l !,0ri(- d libr(%d 7- ($0%$ ,or co$8icci)$ 5 %l !(%do d 8ol-ci)$ d !- drc+o. LA CIVILIACION ?IANTINA 6i$(r%! l i",rio Ro"%$o d Occid$( ! +-$d0%1 l Ori$( ! "%$($0% $ ,i 1 ,! %l %(%7- d lo! ,-blo! b%rb%ro!1 7- ,$(r%b%$ !-! fro$(r%! dl D%$-bio1 "i$(r%! $ !- fro$(r%
27
ori$(%l 1 ! $fr$(%b% %l i",rio ,r!% ,or l%! ,ro8i$ci%! d Siri% 5 6!o,o(%"i%. A l% "-r( dl ",r%dor J-!(i$o1 %ccdi) %l (ro$o !- !obri$o J-!(i$i%$o1 3!( f- co$!idr%do co"o l Bl(i"o ",r%dor d Ro"%. A !- 8 ! ddic) % -$ific%r l drc+o ro"%$o1 ,%r% llo co$(o co$ l %,o5o dl gr%$ 2-ri!co$!-l(o Tribo$i%$o1 r!(r-c(-r) l !(%do 5 l% igl!i%. P%r% ,odr gobr$%r 1 l% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$ dl i",rio ! di8idi) $ do! gr%$d! Prfc(-r%!1 -$% $ Lliri% $ lo! ?%lc%$! 5 l o(ro $ l Ori$(. E$ l i",rio ?i%$(i$o o i",rio Ro"%$o dl Ori$(1 l ",r%dor r% co"o l 8ic%rio d Dio! $ l% (irr%1 ,or lo (%$(o l% igl!i% !(%b% !o"(ido % l%! di!,o!icio$! dl "i!"o1 % difr$ci% dl occid$(1 $ do$d l P%,% c%d% 8 ob(i$ "#! i$d,$d$ci%. El Cor,-! I-ri! Ci8ili!1 $o !olo l% %$%r7-0% ,ol0(ic% 1 !i$o l% 2-r0dic%1 r%$ lo! ,robl"%! % lo! 7- ! ($i% 7- $fr$(%r l ",r%dor J-!(i$i%$o1 ,%r% r"di%r !(o ! %co"( % l% (%r% d codific%r l drc+o 1 % !(% obr% ! l dio l $o"br d Cor,-! I-ri! Ci8ili! o c)digo d J-!(i$i%$o1 7- !(%b% di8idido $ c-%(ro ,%r(!/ l Cod1 7- ! l% rco,il%ci)$ d l%! co$!(i(-cio$! i",ri%l! l Dig!(o o P%$dc(%!1 -$ (r%c(o d lo! gr%$d! 2-ri!co$!-l(o! l%! I$!(i(-(%! 1 -$ co",$dio !i!("#(ico 5 did#c(ico 5 l%! No8l%!1 l%! co$!(i(-cio$! $-8%!. LA CIVILIACION ISLA6ICA EL ISLA61 l% ci8ili%ci)$ d lo! #r%b!1 !-rg -$o! &< %4o! %$(! d l% %,%rici)$ d 6%+o"%1 ! $co$(r%b%$ di8idido $(r lo! 7- +%bi(%b%$ $ l%! ci-d%d! 1 co"o L% 6c%1 Y%(rib1 5 T%if 5 lo! bd-i$o! 7- 8i80%$ $ lo! d!ir(o!. Er%$ ,oli(0!(%!1 %dor%b%$ % !-! 0dolo! $ l% M%%b% $ l% ci-d%d !%gr%d% d l% 6c%. A,roi"%d%"$( +%ci% l <> d l% r% cri!(i%$% 1 $%ci) $ l !$o d l% (rib- d lo! Cor%ii(%! 6-+%"d o 6%+o"%1 7-i$ 7-d) +-3rf%$o d $i4o1!i$do cri%do ,or !- %b-lo 5 !- (0o. EL SACRO I6PERIO *ER6ANO
Lo! r,r!$(%$(! d l% di$%!(0% S%li% Co$r%do II 5 E$ri7- III (r%(%ro$ d co$(rol%r 5 !o"(r % lo! ,o$(0fic!1 5 ,%$dir !-! (rri(orio! !obr lo! ,-blo! !cl%8o! 5 +B$g%ro!. El ,ri$ci,%l ,robl"% $(r l E",r%dor 5 l Po$(0fic f-ro$ l%! 7-rll%! d l% i$8!(id-r%!1 7- co$!i!(0% $ l $fr$(%"i$(o $(r l Podr T",or%l ' dl E",r%dor 5 l Podr E!,iri(-%l' dl Po$(0fic. E!(%llo co$ l ,r($dido dr<c+o d E",r%dor d $o"br%r % lo! obi!,o!1 ,%r% l ,i!co,%do1 ,or lo g$r%l !(o ! +%c0% 8$di$do %l "2or ,o!(or1 ,rod-ci3$do! lo 7- $ El drc+o c%$)$ico ! d$o"i$% Si"o$0%' 8$(% il0ci(% d l% co!% !%gr%d% co"o !r l%! dig$id%d! cl!i#!(ic%!. E$(o$c! l P%,% *rgorio1 7- %ccdi) %l (ro$o Po$(ificio1 ,ro"-lgo l% !ig-i$( co"-$i)$/ Eco"-lgo % (odo !%crdo( 7- rcibir% -$ obi!,%do o -$% %b%d0%1 %!0 co"o % (odo ",r%dor1 r5 o !4or f-d%l 7-
28
i$($(%r% co$frir l% i$8!(id-r% cl!i#!(ic%1 co$ !(o l P%,% 7-r0% d%r % $($dr 7- ($0% l ,odr d d,o$r % lo! ",r%dor!1 ,-! l% co"-$i)$ !-,o$0% l% libr%ci)$ dl co",ro"i!o d lo! !4or! f-d%l! 5 l ,-blo1 d !- 2-r%"$(o d obdi$ci% %l ",r%dor E$ri7- IV1 ! 8io oblig%do % l% +-"ill%ci)$1 ,or lo 7- (-8o 7- ,rgri$%r ,%r% ,dir l ,rd)$ 5 l l8%$(%"i$(o d l% co"-$i)$ dl P%,%1 7-i$ l co$firi) l% i$d-lg$ci% l-go d +%br! +-"ill%do. E$ l "o"$(o $ 7- ob(-8o dl Po$(0fic l l8%$(%"i$(o d !- co"-$i)$1 "%rc+o !obr Ro"% 5 lo oblig) % ili%r! % S%lr"o1 $ do$d "-ri) *rgorio VII. Lo! !-c!or! d %"bo! llg%ro$ % -$ %c-rdo $ l Co$cord%(o d or"!1 7- !(%blci) l% di!(i$ci)$ $ l ord$ !,iri(-%l 5 l (",or%l. Por l 7- l co$fr0% %l E",r%dor l drc+o d i$8!(ir % lo! obi!,o! co$ lo! ,odr!
IN*LATERRA
L%! i!l%! ?ri(#$ic%! f-ro$ %b%$do$%d%! ,or lo! ro"%$o!1 lo! ,-blo! gr"%$o! co"o lo! 2-(o!1 !%2o$! 5 lo! %$glo! %,ro8c+%ro$ !(% oc%!i)$ ,%r% !(%blcr "o$%r7-0%! 7- ! f-ro$ %gr-,%do! $ !i( ri$o! 1 co$ocido co"o l% H,(%r7-0%. Pro $ &==1 *-illr"o I l Co$7-i!(%dor !o"(i) % (od% l% i!l% -$ific%$do % (od% I$gl%(rr% b%2o !- ,odr i",-!o -$% "o$%r7-0% "#! %b!ol-(% 7- l% d lo! %$(ig-o! r5! !%2o$!. El "o$%rc% (%"bi3$ ! $fr$() co$ l% Igl!i% C%()lic%1 7- ,o!0% !-! ,ro,io! (rib-$%l! cl!i#!(ico!1 lo 7- i",d0% 7- "i"bro! dl clro f-r%$ $2-ici%do! 5 c%!(ig%do! d$(ro d lo! (rib-$%l! rgio!1 ,-! $ l% igl!i% rg0% l drc+o c%$)$ico 7- ,or lo g$r%l l%! !%$cio$! r%$ l8!. P%r% !-b!%$%r !(%! !i$g-l%rid%d! E$ri7- II ,rocl%") l%! Co$!(i(-cio$! d Cl%r$do$ $ &&=;1 ,or dic+% $or"% lo! "i"bro! dl clro 7- co"(0%$ -$ cri"$ db0%$ !r 2-g%do! ,ri"ro ,or lo! (rib-$%l! r%l!1 !i r% $co$(r%do c-l,%bl dl cri"$ ! !o"(0% b%2o lo! (rib-$%l! rgio! ,%r% !!$($ci% 5 $o ,od0%$ !r %,l%do! %$( l P%,% !i$ l co$!$(i"i$(o dl R5.
T%$(o f- l $fr$(%"i$(o $(r l%! do! i$!(i(-cio$! 7- $ &9&<1 lo! b%ro$! dirigido! ,or l Arobi!,o E!(b%$ L%$g(o$1 oblig%ro$ %l "o$%rc% J-%$ !i$ Tirr% % %c,(%r l% C%r(% 6%g$%1 $ l% 7- %d"i(0% !-! rror! 5 ,ro"(0% r!,(%r l% l5 i$gl!% 5 l% co!(-"br f-d%l1 % fi$ d i",dir l% ,o!ibilid%d d -$% %d"i$i!(r%ci)$ d 2-!(ici% %rbi(r%ri%. A l% "-r( dl "o$%rc% J-%$ l !-cdi) !- +i2o E$ri7- d %,$%! @ %4o! d d%d1 7-i$ 8iolo %bir(%"$( l% C%r(% 6%g$%1 ,or lo 7- -$% 8 "#! lo! $obl! ! l8%$(%ro$ b%2o l lidr%go d Si")$ d 6o$(for(1 co$d
29
d Lic!(r1 oblig%$do %l r5 % co$8oc%r $ &<9 l *r%$ Co$!2o dl Ri$o1 % "odo d ,%rl%"$(o 5 l for%ro$ % %,rob%r lo! E!(%(-(o! o Pro8i!io$! d Oford1 7- co$fir"%b% 5 %",li%b% l% C%r(% 6%g$% 7- !(%blc0% lo! ,ri8ilgio! 5 drc+o! d l% igl!i% 1 l% lcci)$ libr d !-! "i"bro! 5 !- gobir$o i$(r$o1 g%r%$(i%b%$ lo! drc+o! f-d%l! !obr l% !-c!i)$ 5 l "%(ri"o$io1 l% libr(%d ,r!o$%l d (odo! lo! +o"br! libr! 5 l% ,ro+ibici)$ dl %rr!(o1 d($ci)$1 $c%rcl%"i$(o o d!(irro1 !i$ -$% !$($ci% lg%l ,ro$-$ci%d% ,or -$ 2-r%do o (rib-$%l!1 l% co$d$% $o ,od0% c%r !obr -$ r-"or o !o!,c+%1 !i$o ,or l (!(i"o$io! d ,r-b%! fiddig$%!.
EL CO66ON LA O DERECHO CONSUETUDINARIO
D!ig$% $ ,ri"r (r"i$o l !i!("% 2-r0dico d $or"%! 5 rgl%! d c%r#c(r 2-r0dico $o !cri(%!1 ,ro !%$cio$%d%! ,or l% co!(-"br! o l% 2-ri!,r-d$ci%! 7- !o$ l f-$d%"$(o! dl drc+o $ I$gl%(rr% 5 !-! %$(ig-%! colo$i%!1 $ co$(r%,o!ici)$ % lo! o(ro! !i!("%! 2-r0dico! d orig$ lgi!l%(i8o! co"o l b%!%do $ l Drc+o Co"B$ o Ro"%$o. Lo! Co""o$ L%1 !o$ lo! c%!o! r!-l(o! ,or l%! !$($ci%! 2-dici%l! ,r8i%!1 $ 8 d !o"(r! dirc(%"$( % l%! l5! !cri(%! ,or l% lgi!l%ci)$.
Lo! 2-c! ! co$c$(r%$ "#! $ r!ol8r lo! +c+o! $ b%! % l% 2-!(ici% 5 l% 7-id%d d lo! li(ig%$(!. L% 2-ri!,r-d$ci%! d l%! !$($ci%! 2-dici%l! !obr c%!o! !i"il%r! 5 r!,-!(%! !"2%$(! d l%! 7- !-rg$ rgl%! g$r%l! o ,rcd$(! 7- ! co$8ir($ $ g-0%! d ori$(%ci)$ ,%r% c-%$do lo! 2-c! ! $c-$(r! co$ c%!o! %$#logo! $ l f-(-ro1 co$ (odo llo! l 2- $o !(% oblig%do % !g-ir l% 2-ri!,r-d$ci% 5 (i$ l% libr(%d d di!$(ir co$ l%! !$($ci%! %$(rior!1 5% !% ,or 7- lo! +c+o! !o$ di!(i$(o! 5 l%! co$!idr%cio$! dri8%d%!1 % co$!c-$ci%! d lo! c%"bio! !oci%l! o (c$ol)gico! 5 !i ! %c,(%d% 5 %,lic%d% ,or o(ro! 2-c! ! co$8ir($ $ Co""o$ L%.
30
ESPA[A
Lo! !(%do! +i!,#$ico! ! %$(ici,%ro$ % lo! o(ro ,-blo! -ro,o! $ !-! i$!(i(-cio$! ,ol0(ic%! co"o "-$ici,%l! 1 %!0 $ l ri$o d L)$ ! co$8oc%ro$ l%! ,ri"r%! %!%"bl%! +rd%d%! d lo! Co$cilio! Told%$o!1 l%! 7- rcib0%$ l $o"br! d Cor(!1 (%"bi3$ f-ro$ !(%! "-c+o %$(! 7- lo! ,%rl%"$(o! i$gl!! 5 lo! !(%do! g$r%l! fr%$c!!. E$ lo! ri$o! d L)$ 5 C%!(ill%1 %l %ccdr %l (ro$o 1 l r5 Alfo$!o I l S%bio1 7-i$ ,-blic% l C)digo d l%! Si( P%r(id%!1 ,%r% d!(rr%r l d!ord$ 5 co$f-!i)$ 7- ri$%b% $ lo! (rib-$%l!. El co$($ido ! "-5 8%!(o %b%rc% ("%! d drc+o ,Bblico1 drc+o cl!i#!(ico! 5 d drc+o ,ri8%do. L% "i!"% co$!(% d !i( ,%r(!1 l ,ri"ro (r%(% d l%! co!%! ,r($ci$( % l% f c%()lic% 5 %l co$oci"i$(o d Dio!1 l% !g-$d% co$oc !obr lo! ",r%dor!1 r5! 5 !4or! d l% (irr%1 l% (rcr% +%bl% d l% 2-!(ici% 5 l%! for"%! ,roc!%l!1 l% c-%r(% d l% ,%(ri% ,o(!(%d 5 d lo! d!,o!orio! 5 "%(ri"o$io!1 l% 7-i$(% d lo! co$(r%(o!1 l%! oblig%cio$! 5 lo! co$(r%(o! r%l!1 l% !(% d lo! d lo! (!(%"$(o! 5 +r$ci%!1 l% !3,(i"% d l%! %c-!%cio$! dli(o! 5 ,$%!. Si$ "b%rgo d !r l "#! co",l(o1 (i$ l Bl(i"o l-g%r $ l% dci!i)$ d lo! ,li(o!1 ,-! ,ri"ro ! %(i$d $ lo! (rib-$%l! % l%! l5! d l% rco,il%ci)$ 5 % l%! 7- ! +%$ !(%blcido d!,-3! d ll%!1 ,or !- dfc(o % l% ! dl f-ro r%l 5 % l%! d lo! f-ro! "-$ici,%l! $ c-%$(o !(3$ $ -!o1 5 Bl(i"%"$( % l%! Si( P%r(id%!1 ,ro co"o !(#$ "#! co",l(% 7- l%! d"#! 5 (i$ -$ "3(odo 5 ! "#! rg-l%r1 db$ "ir%r! co"o l c-r,o ,ri$ci,%l d l% lgi!l%ci)$ c%!(ll%$%1 7- co",l"$(% % l%! o(r%! $or"%! ci(%d%!.
FRANCIA
El d!c$di$( d Robr(o 5 d E-d!1 Co$d! d P%ri!1 H-go C%,(o1 ! co$8ir(i) $ l ,ri"r r5 d l% di$%!(0% d lo! c%,(o! 1 % l% "-r( d L-i! V1 Bl(i"o r5 c%roli$gio. A l% $-8% di$%!(0%1 l (oc) rc-,r%r l ,odr rgio1 7- !(%b% ;$ "%$o! d lo! !4or! f-d%l!1 gr%ci%! %l c%r#c(r d %lg-$o! d lo! gr%$d! "o$%rc%! d l% di$%!(0% 5 $ gr%$ ,%r(! % f%c(or! d(r"i$%$(!1 7- f%8orciro$ l% ,o!ici)$ d lo! r5!1 co"o l% !-r( d ,o!r +i2o! 8%ro$! 7- l !-cdir%$ 5 co$ frc-$ci% -$ !olo +i2o1co"o (%"bi3$ l% %8%$%d% d%d d lo! "o$%rc%! T%$(o
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l%! cr-%d%! co"o l% g-rr% d lo! ci$ %4o! f%8orciro$ l !-rgi"i$(o d l% "o$%r7-0% $%cio$%l fr%$c!%1 7- 8io %-"$(%r !,odr. U$%! d l%! i$!(i(-cio$! cr%d%! ,or Fli, l Hr"o!o1 d$o"i$%d% E!(%do! *$r%l! $ &:91 A!%"bl% $ l% 7- !(%b%$ r,r!$(%do! l%! (r! ord$! !oci%l! l clro1 l% $obl% 5 l% b-rg-!0%1 c-5o orig$ ! $c-$(r%$ $ lo! Co$!2o! d lo! S4or! F-d%l! 5 Ecl!i#!(ico! 1 r-$ido! co$ fi$! co$!-l(i8o!1 c-",li$do l% oblig%ci)$ d (odo !4or f-d%l d co$8oc%r % !-! 8%!%llo! ,%r% !%br !-! o,i$io$! !obr l E!(%do.
LAS UNIVERSIDADES
L%! !c-l%! ,i!co,%l! 7- !-rgiro$ $ l% Ed%d 6di% $ l !iglo I1 !ir8iro$ d b%! % l%! -$i8r!id%d! "di8%l!1 $ fc(o! ! co$!(i(-5ro$ $ co$fdr%cio$! 5 %gr"i%cio$! d !c-l%! 1 $ l%! 7- ! -$0%$ lo! doc$(! 5 lo! !(-di%$(! ,%r% co$cdr lic$ci%! % lo! "%!(ro!. L% ,ri"r% -$i8r!id%d 7- rcibi) !( $o"br f- l% d ?olo$i%1 7- ! +%b0% !,ci%li%do $ l%! ci$ci%! 2-r0dic%!1 l-go l% d P%ri! $ Tolog0%1 $ "dici$% l% d S%lr$o 5 6o$(,llir. Co$ l (i",o llg) % i!(ir gr%$ c%$(id%d d -$i8r!id%d!.
Al fr$( d l% -$i8r!id%d ! $co$(r%b% l Rc(or1 7- $ !orig$ +%b0% !ido l 2f d l% f%c-l(%d d %r(!1 5 7- co$ l (i",o ,%!) % dirigir (od% l% -$i8r!id%d1 r,r!$(%b% % l% cor,or%ci)$1 8l%b% l c-",li"i$(o d l%! $or"%! 7- rg-l%b% l% 8id% -$i8r!i(%ri%1 ($0% 2-ri!dicci)$ ci8il1 l% d fi$%$%! 5 ,or Bl(i"o co$8oc%b% 5 ,r!id0% l%! A!%"bl%!1 co",-!(%! ,or doc$(! 5 !(-di%$(!1 l c%rgo r% lc(i8o 5 !-! f-$cio$! r%$ co$(rol%d%! ,or l% A!%"bl% *$r%l. L%! f%c-l(%d! r%$ ,r!idid%! ,or -$ Dc%$o 7-i$ (%"bi3$ r% lgido ,or l% %!%"bl%. E$ !(%! cor,or%cio$! !-! "i"bro! !(%b%$ $(o! d lo! (rib-$%l! ordi$%rio!1 5 lo co$!ig-iro$ f#cil"$(1 ,-! !i$do $ "%5or0% cl3rigo lo! !(-di%$(! 1 logr%ro$ "%$ci,%r! d l% %-(orid%d r%l 5 ,i!co,%l 5 !o"(r! % l% 2-ri!dicci)$ d Ro"%. Alg-$%! -$i8r!id%d! ,o!0%$ !-! ,ro,i%! c#rcl!1 !4%l d 7- go%b%$ d -$% %-(o$o"0% co$ r!,c(o %l ,odr r%l. L% -$i8r!id%d d P%ri! 7- ! +%b0% !,ci%li%do $ Tolog0%1 f- % l% 8 l% 7- dio % lo! "#! gr%$d! ,$!%dor! d l% Ed%d 6di%
32
co"o S%$(o To"#! d A7-i$o1 (%"bi3$ co$ocido co"o l "#! !%$(o d lo! !%$(o! 5 l "#! !%bio d lo! !%$(o!1 %l logr%r f-$dir l ,$!%"i$(o grigo d Ari!()(l! co$ l% doc(ri$% cri!(i%$%.
S- obr% ,ri$ci,%l ! l% S-"% Tologic1 %l ig-%l 7- Ari!()(l! !o!(i$ 7- l +o"br ! $%(-r%l"$( !oci%bl1 5 ! ord$% $ -$% coi!($ci% ,ol0(ic%"$( !(%blcid%1 l% "o$%r7-0% l ,%rc l% for"% d gobir$o "#! ,rfc(%1 %-$7- ! ,%r(id%rio d -$% for"% "i(% d gobir$o1 l orig$ dl ,odr ! %b!(r%c(o1 ! dri8%do d Dio!1 ,ro Dio! $o i$8i!( $ for"% i$di8id-%l % $%di d !( ,odr1 $i d(r"i$% $i$gB$ r3gi"$ ,ol0(ico1 d2% f-r% d l% l5 % lo! (ir%$o!1 5% 7- !(o! $o b-!c%$ l bi$ co"B$1 !i$o l bi$ ,ro,io1 8%li3$do! dl gobir$o ,%r% !b$ficio1 ,-! l fi$ dl E!(%do ! l bi$ co"B$ 5 d l% co"-$id%d.
E$ l% -$i8r!id%d d ?olo$i% ! $!4%b% % "#! dl drc+o ro"%$o1 l drc+o c%$)$ico1 ,ro !obr !%li) $ l% $!4%$% d l%! ci$ci%! 2-r0dic%!1 gr%ci%! %l +%ll%go $ l !iglo I d l% obr% d J-!(i$i%$o1 %!0 l drc+o ro"%$o ",i% !- !g-$d% 8id%. E!(% i$"$!% obr% f- r%li%d% ,or lo! *lo!%dor!1 7- ! ddic%b%$ %l !(-dio! d lo! ((o! d J-ri!,r-d$ci% 1 Lgi!l%ci)$1 Dig!(o1 Cod1 No8l%! 5 l%! I$!(i(-(%! d J-!(i$i%$o1 Si$do Ir$rio 5 !-! c-%(ro! di!c0,-lo! doc(or!1 7-i$! +iciro$ l% i$(r,r(%ci)$ d lo! ((o! "$cio$%do! ,or "dio! d glo!%!1 l%! c-%l! ! +%c0%$ co$ %$o(%cio$! 6%rgi$%l! o i$(rli$%l!1 !obr l !ig$ific%do d -$% ,%l%br%1 %lg-$% i$!(i(-ci)$ o %lgB$ cri(rio ,r!o$%l !obr lo! "i!"o!. Lo! Po!'glo!%dor! o Co"$(%ri!(%! 1 (o"%ro$ l% ,o!(% d l% l%bor d lo! glo!%dor! 5 ! !,ci%li%ro$ $ l !(-dio dl drc+o ro"%$o1 f-ro$ ll%"%do! %!01 ,or ($r -$% %c(i(-d "#! ,r%g"#(ic%1 %l (r%(%r d d!$(rr%r dl Cor,-! I-ri! (odo "%(ri%l 7- co"bi$%do co$ l drc+o ,r%c(ic%do $(o$c! 5 l% r%lid%d co$cr(% d l% !ocid%d. Sol0%$ +%cr lo! co"$(%rio! d lo! ((o! d J-!(i$i%$o1 co$ l %,or( c%$)$ico 5 l drc+o ,ro,io.
E$ l drc+o c%$)$ico1 lo! doc(or! d ?olo$i% !ol0%$ co"$(%r l -i$7- Co",il%cio$! o lo! ci$co libro! d drc+o c%$)$ico. E$ !( ((o ! +%ll%$ (odo! lo! dcr(o! d lo! ,o$(0fic! d!d !-! or0g$!1 !(o! ($0%$ 8%ri%! co$(r%diccio$!1 lo 7- "o(i8o %l do"i$ico *r%ci%$o % rd%c(%r l% Co$cordi% Di!cord%$(i-" C%$o$-" % fi$ d co$cr(%r $ lo ,o!ibl !% lgi!l%ci)$1 +%!(% 7- l P%,% *rgorio I1 dcidir% ll8%r % c%bo -$% rfor"% "#! ,rof-$d%1 l% c-%l ,-d !r co",%r%d% co$ l% l%bor d J-!(i$i%$o. Y %l ig-%l 7- 3l1 (-8o 7- %d%,(%r l%!
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$or"%! % l%! $-8%! co!(-"br! 5 % l% 8 $ l c%",o ,ol0(ico lo! "o$%rc%! dl r$%ci"i$(o rc-,r%ro$ !- ,od %b!ol-(o1 !o"(i$do % lo! $obl! 1 ,%r% llo ! %li%ro$ co$ lo! b-rg-!!1 -$iro$ b%2o l% coro$% ($!o! (rri(orio! 5 cr%ro$ l co$c,(o dl E!(%do "odr$o1 (odo! 7-d%ro$ !o"(ido! b%2o l ,odr dl E!(%do1 l% fig-r% dl r5 r,r!$(%b% l% r$c%r$%ci)$ dl E!(%do. E$ lo rligio!o !-rg -$% co$"oci)$ i$(r$% d l% igl!i%1 i$ici%d% $ Al"%$i% ,or l !%crdo( %g-!(i$o 6%r(0$ L-(ro1 7-i$ i$icio l% "$cio$%d% 7-ibr% d l% -$id%d cri!(i%$%1 co$ l% rfor"% !-rgiro$ l%! g-rr%! d rligi)$1 d f%$%(i!"o1 l% i$co",r$!i)$ 5 l% i$(olr%$ci% rligio!%1 7- "%rc%ro$ l% ,ol0(ic% d lo! E!(%do!. Co$ l R$%ci"i$(o !-rg -$% $-8% for"% d ,$!%"i$(o1 7- ! l H-"%$i!"o1 l% 7- ! !- "%$if!(%ci)$ i$(lc(-%l 5 li(r%ri% dl ,ri"ro1 5 $ ll% !obr!%l l o,(i"i!"o1 l i$di8id-%li!"o 5 l% "-$d%$%lid%d1 7- ! l% %c$(-%ci)$ d 8%lor! +-"%$o! 7- ! $co$(r%b% $ for"% i",l0ci(% $ lo! !cri(o! grigo! 5 ro"%$o!. S lo d$o"i$) d !(% for"%1 ,or 7- f- lo +-"%$o1 lo 7- "#! i$(r!) co$ocr 5 ,or 7- ! co$!idr) %l +o"br c%,% d !%br (odo co$ !!f-ro. O(ro (ri-$fo dl H-"%$i!"o ! l li"i$%r l%! co$(r%diccio$!.
LA 6ODERNIDAD
A fi$%l! dl !iglo IV ! co$!olid%$ l%! "o$%r7-0%! $%cio$%l! fr$( %l I",rio1 l% $obl% f-d%l 5 l S-"o Po$(0fic. No! $co$(r%"o! %7-0 %$( l !-rgi"i$(o dl E!(%do "odr$o -ro,o1 (%l co"o !r# co$ocido. A,o5%do! ,or lo! Co$!2o! d L(r%do! 5 d J-ri!(%!1 ! 8 (%"bi3$ $ !( "o"$(o l $%ci"i$(o d l% ?-rocr%ci% Ad"i$i!(r%(i8% 1 d lo! 23rci(o! ,r"%$$(! 5 d lo! $80o! d lo! "b%2%dor! % l%! cor(! d o(ro! ri$o! . Co$ !(o! c%"bio! ,ol0(ico! ! ,rod-c$ (%"bi3$ o(ro! d c%r#c(r co$)"ico! 1 co$ l !-rgi"i$(o dl c%,i(%li!"o 5 !- co$!c-$ci% . Todo !(o "#! l !-rgi"i$(o d l%! -$i8r!id%d! $ lo! !iglo! %$(rior! f%8orciro$ l% %,%rici)$ d l%! $-8%! for"%! d ,$!%"i$(o! 5 !(ilo! d 8id% 7- ! rco$oc co"o R$%ci"i$(o 1 5 d !- co",o$$( c-l(-r%l 1 li(r%rio 5 %r(0!(ico1 7- ! d$o"i$%do H-"%$0!(ico. E$(r lo! c%"bio! !oci%l! 7- ! i",-!iro$ 1 %lg-$o! "-5 i",or(%$(! 1 co"o l% dc%d$ci% d l% $obl% f-d%l 7- ",%b% % dcli$%r !,odr ,ol0(ico1 co$ l% !-"i!i)$ d !(o! %l ,odr dl "o$%rc% 5 l% %!c$!i)$ d l% b-rg-!0%. L% %,%rici)$ d lo! ,ri"ro! "odlo! dl c%,i(%li!"o i$di8id-%li!"o1 ,or l 7- ! i",o$ l% r%)$1
34
l +o"br r$%c$(i!(% b-!c%b% l% 8rd%d !obr l +o"br 5 l%! co!%!1 "di%$( l% %,lic%ci)$ d l% i$(lig$ci% 5 l !(-dio ,r!o$%l. El drc+o $ l% Ed%d 6odr$%1 co"o di2i"o!1 (-8o !f-$d%"$(o $ l drc+o ro"%$o o drc+o co"B$. El !(-dio dl drc+o % ,%r(ir d $(o$c! 5% $o ! -$ %"$ r%cio$%l d l%! f-$(!1 !i$o "#! bi$ -$ !(-dio "()dico1 l c-%l ! co",l"$(% co$ l %$#li!i! 2-r0dico 5 l% filolog0%1 ci$ci% 7- !(-di% l%! l$g-%!.
U$o d lo! "#! d!(%c%do! d l% !c-l% +-"%$i!(% f- l ,rof!or d l%! -$i8r!id%d! A$dr3! Alci%(o.
L% ,ol0(ic% 5 l drc+o !gB$ Nicol#! 6%7-i%8lo1 fil)!ofo ,ol0(ico f-$d%dor d l% Ci$ci% Pol0(ic%1 d!d (",r%$% d%d ",) co$ !- c%rrr% ,ol0(ic%1 !i$do Scr(%rio d l% R,Bblic% Flor$(i$% 5 "i"bro dl Trib-$%l d l% Libr(%d 5 P%1 l-go f- di,lo"#(ico 5 % !- 8-l(% f- $c%rcl%do co"o ,r!-$(o co$!,ir%dor. C-%$do rcobr) !- libr(%d ! ddic) % !cribir !f%"o!% obr% l Tr%(%do dl Pr0$ci,1 f- l ,ri"r gr%$ ()rico $ co$cbir %l E!(%do 6odr$o1 -$% -$id%d (o(%l"$( !obr%$% i$d,$di$(. E$ !- "$cio$%d% obr% dfi$d l% $o i$(r8$ci)$ d l% igl!i% $ lo! %!-$(o! dl E!(%do 5 co$!idr% 7- l ,r0$ci, id%l $o ! l 2-!(o 5 g$ro!o1 !i$o l 7- !olo ,i$!% $ l i$(r3! dl E!(%do 5 co$!ig- lo! ob2(i8o! 7- ! ,ro,o$. S- obr% l Pr0$ci, i$!,ir% $ l +i2o dl P%,% Al2%$dro VI1 C!%r ?orgi% 5 $ l r5 Fr$%$do l C%()lico d Ar%g)$ !(-di%$do !-! co",or(%"i$(o!1 ,%r% 6%7-i%8lo ! "2or !r ("ido 7- %"%do1 ,or lo 7- l ,r0$ci, db ($r !i",r $ !boc% l%! ,%l%br%! b-$% f1 2-!(ici%1 cl"$ci% 5 +-"%$id%d1 ,ro $-$c% $ !- cor%)$. Y% 7- co$ (%l d "%$($r! $ l ,odr db !r c%,% d co"(r (odo (i,o d %c(o! co$(r%rio! % l%! $or"%! +-"%$%!. S- ,$!%"i$(o ,%r% %lg-$o! ! d-%li!(%1 3l "i!"o +%b0% dic+o/ + $!4%do % lo! ,r0$ci,! % !r (ir%$o! ,ro lo! ,-blo! l! $!4o % drroc%rlo!1 lo 7- ,%r% "-c+o! r!-" l ,$!%"i$(o dl !cri(or "#! co$(ro8r(ido d l% +i!(ori%1 ! %7-ll% fr%!1 7- !i bi$ $o ! d 3l1 !i",lific% !- idolog0% l fi$ 2-!(ific% lo! "dio!
6OVI6IENTOS RELI*IOSOS EN EUROPA
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LA REFOR6A PROTESTANTE1 ! -$ "o8i"i$(o rligio!o -ro,o dl !iglo VI1 7- ,rod-c l% r-,(-r% d l% -$id%d Cri!(i%$% Occid$(%l % co$!c-$ci% d l% obr% dl !%crdo( %g-!(i$o 6%r(0$ L-(ro1 7- di8idi) % E-ro,% $ do!/ -$% c%()lic% 5 l% o(r% ,ro(!(%$(1 7- d-r%$( l (r%$!c-r!o d lo! !ig-i$(! do! !iglo! ! $fr$(%r0%$ $ !%$gri$(%! g-rr%!. L% rfor"% d L-(ro ,r($d0% +%cr ,%r% corrgir lo! "%l! 7- i!(0%$ d$(ro d l% igl!i% lo ll8%ro$ % $fr$(%rl co$(r% ll% 5 % $g%r % -$ co$2-$(o d dog"%!1 ,or lo 7- f- -$% %-($(ic% r8ol-ci)$ rligio!%1 fr-(o dl r%cio$%li!"o 5 dl cri(ici!"o dl r$%ci"i$(o. Pro (%"bi3$ % co$!c-$ci% dl !,0ri(- %l"#$ "#! d%do +%ci% l% libr(%d i$di8id-%l1 lo c-%l l +%c $fr$(%r %l ,odr dl Clro.
LA CONTRARREFOR6A d l% igl!i% c%()lic%1 ! c$(ro f-$d%"$(%l"$( $ l co$cilio d Tr$(o co$8oc%do ,or l P%,% P%blo III1 7- f- "#! l%rgo d l% +i!(ori% d$ lo! Co$cilio!1 ,or l c-%l (%"bi3$ ! rfor"%ro$ %lg-$%! d l%! ,r#c(ic%! %(%c%d%! ,or l% rfor"%1 co"o ! l c%!o d l% Si"o$0%. Por o(ro l%do ! co"b%(0% 5 ! (r%(%b% d 8i(%r l ,rogr!o d l% rfor"%. Alg-$o! d lo! ,ri$ci,io! dl Co$cilio d Tr$(o f-ro$/ ,%r% l% !%l8%ci)$ ! $c!%rio $o !olo l% f1 !i$o (%"bi3$ l%! b-$%! obr%! 5 l %-ilio d l% gr%ci% d Dio! l P%,% ! l% %-(orid%d "#i"% d l% igl!i% $ l% (irr% l% igl!i% ! l% B$ic% 7- ,-d i$(r,r(%r l% ?ibli%1 l dog"% !obr lo! !i( !%cr%"$(o! ! 8rd%dro1 (odo cri!(i%$o db c-",lir lo! ri(o! 5 cr"o$i%! !(%blcido! ,or l% igl!i% . L% Co",%40% d J!B! o J!-i(%! ! $c%rg%b%$ d +%cr fr$( % l% rfor"%1 rc-,r%r l (rr$o ,rdido1 f- f-$d%do ,or S%$ Ig$%cio d Lo5ol%1 ! ddic) %l !(-dio d l% ?ibli% $ l% -$i8r!id%d d P%ri!. L% ,ri$ci,%l di!,o!ici)$ d !- ord$ f- l% d i$co$dicio$%l obdi$ci% %l P%,%1 !-! "i"bro! !(#$ $ co$!(%$(! 2rcicio! !,iri(-%l! ,%r% l% ,r,%r%ci)$ (#c(ic% ,%r% lo! $fr$(%"i$(o! %,o!()lico!1 lo 7- d"-!(r% l c%r#c(r "ili(%r d !(% org%$i%ci)$.
LA 6ONARUÍA A?SOLUTA
Co$ l% c%0d% dl r3gi"$ f-d%l1 l ,odr f- ,%-l%(i$%"$( r",l%%do ,or gobir$o! 7- go%b%$ d l% !-"% d (odo l ,odr %b!ol-(o1 li"i(%do ,or l% co$ci$ci% dl "o$%rc%. T%l 8 c%8%$do -$ ,oco ,od"o! $co$(r%r 7- l %-g dl co"rcio1 l% f-$d%ci)$ d i",rio! colo$i%l! 5 l d!%rrollo d l% ,ol0(ic%!
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co$)"ic%! 7- c-l"i$%ro$ co$ l "rc%$(ili!"o1 %,or(%ro$ lo! rc-r!o! ,%r% ll$%r l%! %rc%! r%l!1 l%! 7- % !- 81 f-ro$ -(ili%d%! ,%r% "%$($r 23rci(o! ,r"%$$(! 7- li"i$%ro$ % lo! %$(ig-o! 23rci(o! f-d%l!.
ESPA[A/ f- l %b!ol-(i!"o "#! r#,ido $ i",o$r! 5 l 7- "$o! i$(rr-,cio$! ,ri"$(o1 l (rri(orio !,%4ol ! $co$(r%b% di8idid% $
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