la ciencia Alian Alian7: 7: Fclit Fclitoria oria
T iT iT U l. O
U R 1C 1C IN IN A L
['RA[)lJCTOR:
H i s to to r y n f Sc Sc i e~ e~ i (; (; e s Carl Carlos os Sall Sall
Santos
P riri in in er er a
e di di ci ci o
e n « B l ib ib r
d e c ls ls i.i. lc lc »
P ri ri me me r
e di di ci ci o
e n j ul ul .... :r :r ea ea d e conocimicnto:
Dise Disefi fi
de cubi cubier erta ta
Alia Alianz nz
1.
iste iste
el
un
cope cope ican ican
1 98 98 5 Ciencia
tecn tecnic ica» a»
2QOI 2QOI
Edit Editor oria ia
u bi bi er er ta ta . J a an nd d e v a H e e se se n (detal alle le). ). Musc Musc locura locura Siglo Siglo XVI (det
de Prad Prado. o. Madr Madrid id
el rela relaci ci
co
el arte arte de nave navega ga
fo rn
e:;ta
l ey ey , g ut ut : e st st ab ab le le c i tttt de de mn mn iz iz nc nc io io ne ne s distribuvercno
p -e -e na na s d e p ri ri si si c multus us a~em a~em~. ~.'. '. de las c?rre5pond.~~!~te.'i rIo mult p o danos p er er ju ju ic ic io io a p ar ar a q mc mc nc nc s r ep ep rc rc du du je je rc rc n p la la W. W. Me Me n CODUI1rC3ren
ria, al"ti~~ic al"ti~~icao ao cientific cientifica, a,
p ub ub li li ca ca me me nt nt e
su trun trunsf sfor orma maci cion on
e n t od od o
e n p ar ar te te , u n
inte interp rpre reta taci cion on
fija fijadaen daen cual cualqu quie ie tipode tipode sopo soport rteo eo comu comuni nica cada da lapreceptiva lapreceptiva eutorizacic eutorizacicn. n.
(:jec~ (:jec~cjo cjo
br
b te te ~a ~a -
aY~ist aY~istI~a I~a
rreves de cualqu cualquler ler medic, medic, sm
ie 423423- 46 teco
su di cipu cipulo lo
ul er
co
cspecialmen-
436436- 476, 476, quie quie
as~ Nuremberg,
su migo migo
Bernhard
patron
rc
re
ro
para lo na egan egante te de gran utilidad para
rn
ti
ortu ortugu gues eses es
espa-
las acio acio cs
acaho,
Prin Printe te
guieron
stro stronc ncrn rnic icas as
astr astron onor ornf nf ra
onec onec ione ione
io
Walther
su migo migo
obser-
para
la refra refracc ccio io
io
te
as
el relo relo meca mecani nico co
fo rn
fu
grieg griegas as origi origi
ic
Depo Deposi sito to lega legal: l: M.2. M.2.59 5933-20 2001 01 F o o cco o mp mp o i ci ci o impresion: EFCA, s. A. Parq Parque ue Indu Indust stri rial al «Las «Las Monj Monjas as 2 88 88 5 o rr rr e o n A rd rd o ( Ma Ma d drr i in Spai Spai
ohan ohan es
obse observ rvac acio ione ne
rb
mas
Vien Viena, a,
Italia para estudiar las versiones rrononna de Ptolom Ptolomeo. eo. real realiz izan ando do
Step Stephe he F. Maso Maso E d c as as t.t. : A l a n nzz a E d t or or ia ia l A. ad drr id id , 1 98 98 5 1 98 98 7 1 99 99 0, 0, 19 19 95 95 , 1997,2000,2001 ac 28027 ISBN ISBN 84-2 84-206 06-3 -394 9422(Obr (Obr comp comple leta ta I S N : 8 44- 2 6 -3 -3 77 77 11- 8 ( T r n 2 )
io
dela dela Univ Univer ersi sida dadd dd
arti arti ta
Il
lbre lbre ht Dure Durer, r, pros prosii-
sus
Cope Coperni rnico co
473473- 543, 543, come comenz nz
SlI
ra
jo
fa
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H IS IS TO TO R
DE LA
C IE IE NC NC L Lii .S j
SISTH':lA : lA DEL MUNDO MUNDO E I . . SISTH'
COPERNlCA ERNlCANO NO
precisas, funciobre el
mund mund
colo coloca caba ba
en torrioal
orbi orbita ta anua anua
que perman permaneci eci
Frau Frauen enbu burg rg
fuer fuer
uy vers versat atil iles es
barbar-
ces~ ces~on on de lo equi equino nocc ccio ios. s. Cope Copern rnico ico escr escribi ibi un opus opuscu cu 10 titulado Commentariolus qu i~~c i~~cuI uI ria copias copias rnanus rnanuscri critas tas alcanz nz una. una. reona alca os
con
impresa
.eor .eorfa fa cope copern rnic ican an public ic ::n publ st s,
.:.a obra
en 1540 1540 Fina Finalm lmen ente te
su obra obra prin princi cipa pal, l,
De la
propio io Cope Copemi mi el prop
e vo vo l c i n e
105
orbes
Sf
meto metodo do mate matema mati tico co
conv conven enie ie te
para para
los
z.ar
.:;' .:;';: ; : _e tes, tes,re redi dici ci nd co part partia ia
su posi posi io es
ut ras, ras,
oper oper ic
no
su siste-
st
.a
retico, . :.:. . _ E T < 1 ' i
revolutionibus us de Copernic El sisi sisiem em plan planet etar aria ia de De revolutionib Copernico. o.
H [S [S TO TO R[ R[ A D E L A G lE lE NC NC 1A S
10
de ucid ucidas a s de et rmin rminad ad supo suposi si ione ione Las suposi suposicio ciones nes ropo roposi si io eess erda erdade dera ra rien rien ias» ias»
st
s, da
uent uent
lo
proposiciones, oste oste ia ha
vi ient ient
iund iundsm smen ents tslm lmen ente te
de natu nature rele lez« z« mste mstems msti tics cs
-er
...
. E ! . 5 I S T f.f. . /I - 1 A
11
DEL l\-1lINDO l\-1lINDO COPERNICAK
rres afi
halla
bs rvad rvados os sis-
ovim ovimie ient nt
de lo
uerp uerpos os cele cele te
on ir ul re
unif unif r-
meso
imie imie to
delo delo
«suf «sufic icic icnt nter erne nent nt
ue po abso absolu luto to
eles ele s eess on ir ul te ni sufi sufici cien ente teme ment nt
unif unif rr eess acep acepta tabl bl
diariarnente
para para
_'bes celestes, do de se expl expl caba caba lo movi movi nien nien os la et dond habr habr mas el Commentariolus, dond
.::IO£ con
0e apu
apnutado el ro le
pr ncip ncip l.
cr ti
infinite te deaparie deaparienc ncia ias, s, In habr habriam iamos os deatribu deatribuir ir czsi infini
yla «salva «salva las aparic aparicnci ncias» as» explicar
10
bi
Pnes Pnesto to qu vern vernos os qu este este unic unic movimiento sansfa sansface ce un nurner nurner
abfa abfa
om
Dios Dios Crea Crea
~' de la natu natura rale leza za es dest destre reza za qu obse observ rvam amos os en los relojeros relojeros onna onnale le fe to st vi an ui ados adosam a men ente te ns rt
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12
H IS IS TO TO RL RL A
co de lo
ri gos, gos,
abfa abfa refu refuta ta
lo si tema tema
D E I .A S C IE IE N CI CI A~ A~ .
ri gos, gos,
S 1S 1S IE IE M _,_, '
2.
B£
M U ND ND O
13
G CW CW E RN RN T< T< '~ AN AN O
ibien ibien tras
hech hech
rech rechaz azab ab
era divine divine
&metro
8U
fact aparente de la Luna variase por un fact
de cuatro.
Tierra imperf imperfect ecta. a. la Tierra
En el sist sistem em
zn merc merced ed almi almime mero ro
copernicano,
.Q
calculos,
predicciones
posiciones
=-e105 planetas zaaica zaaicas, s, entran entranand and
2p
segun
incorruptibles
xi adam ada men ente te
: 0 . : : . sistema
Ader Aderna nas, s, abia abia er aass ob ecio ecio eess na de li s, quiza
isic isicas as
copernicano.
_e xact xact .. cuer cuerpo po io
cele celest stes es
ra fina finali list st
uerz uerz
suministrandolcs
te eo ogic ogic a:
el
EI sistema copernicano
pues pue sta ta
hOJ' hOJ' la
fuesen
Mas seria objecion ai quedarse arras, ronstante vi nt este. Copern Copernico ico el este. objeci ci6n 6n La prim primer er esta obje consistia
al Sol, Sol, hallandose estala eesstr tr ll en la periferiadel periferiadel
el centro
universe,
planetas
opuesto,
dellado
part partic icul ulas as
terrosas se muev muev
el a. Su segu segund nd
expl expl caci caci
habil
H TS TS TO TO R
14
DE LA
- C E K C IA IA S
todo todo porl porl Una ulteri ulterior or objecion cons consis is ia
terreos,
SISTHJA DEI. i\.iUND .B_ SISTHJA
no
entr entr fu a.
o-
fi-
veloci velocidad dad muy
10 que serta mucho
realmente pensaba qu lo ci lo st ba
epoca,
clemente,
centri-
ompu ompues e sto to la quintaesencia.
estaba
tipo aristotelica
ori-
durante la Edad Edad Media, considerandose las esferas celestes cristalino, 10 como como algo algo ig do vttreo Copemico. 'Iambien hallaba en os
ovim ovimie ie to
iole iole to
no natura naturales les
con ot
qued quedar ar re
esta esta obje objeci cion on Cope Copern rnic ic
IS
COPER,NICA ER,NICANO
de la forma geometrica la Tierra en Asf pues, Copernico no recurrio espontaneos
cele celest stes es
ierarquta torno
su orbitas, con
dominando
Iico Iico-p -ptc tclc lcma maic ico. o.
esfera esfera
10
sobre
propios
superio superiores res
inferiores,
Lo cuer cuerpo po
cele celest stes es pose posefa fa
movi movimi mien ento to
espontaneos.
:;.e :;.egu gunl nl hipo hipote tesi si de mi maes maestr tro, o, qu acep acepta ta como como seha expl explic icaa00 qu la csfe csfera ra este estela la escllimi escllimite te laesfe laesfera ra decad plan planet et avan avanza za ::ni ::nifo form rmem emen ente te co elmovim elmovimie ient nt qu le ha asigna asignado do Iii naturalecorn cornpl plet et su peno penodo do si vers vers forz forzad ad ning ningun un irre irregu gula lari rida da La. en virt virtud ud de la esfe esfera ra supe superi rior or Ader Aderna nas, s, la esfe esfera ra mayo mayore re gira gira znaslen znaslenta tame ment nt y, ta como como conv convle lene ne la qu se hall hallan an ma proprozima zima alSo alSol, l, qu pued pued cons consid ider erar arse se como como lafu lafuen ente te de movi movirn rnie iennio de la luz, luz, giran masaprisa. ues, Asf ues,
ab
aire el aire
el movimien movimiento to uniforme uniforme
atributos
cuerpo po los cuer Tierra senalar que si la Tierra
fuer la fuer
mode modern rna: a:
aire
tras
rotacion fund fundam amen enta talm lmen ente te
es ma
pare-
proycccion,
peso so su peso
respuestas
que
acer acerca cars rs
otra otra esta estaba ba
la Tierra
rotase,
ie ra
la distan distancia cia
da
el
10
.:uerpos ftsicos rota oficiasen de centres de rota .: Laban punto punto geom geomet etric ricos os pafa este xped xpedie ie te de epic epicid ido. o. de aass lo aris aris ot li os cont cont rnpo rnpo ranees sostenian que la gravedad actuaba geom geom tric trico, o, el entr entr de univ univ rs ue no coin coin id anec aneces es
rene rene cionarios
Sol. Sol. Cope Copern rnic ic eha
?KIa as estaciones.
cohe cohesi si
Creo Creo quel quel grav graved edad ad no esma qu un apet apeten enci ci natu natura ra conf confer eriida la part partes es po la Divi Divina na Prov Provid iden enci ci de Crea Creado do de univ univer erso so fi de qu ueda ueda stab stab ecer ecer ni ad inte inte ri ad comb comb ian os en laform laform de na eess er Espro Espro able able qu ccss afec afecci ci ompe ompeta ta tamb tambie ie Sol,la Sol,l a un os la etas eta s in de que, que, co concur concurso, so, puedan puedan persistir en su redondez.
ir cc 6n
en
on Copernico
artificia-
riferia eles ele s eess
rg
enta enta
ue ?ffn:i ?ffn:ico co escrib escribfa: fa:
aass cosa cosa regi regi aass po la natu natura ra ez ro ucen ucen fe to ontr ontr ri lo delas regi regida da po la viole violenci ncia. a. La cosa cosa en la qu se im rime rime
el cent centro ro de todo todo rein rein elSol pues pues en esteher estehermo mosi sisi simo mo temp templo lo
.•we
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16
H IS IS TO TO R
DE LA
CT TE E .N C A S
~\.DEL
-=-.>es,
en el universo
no qued quedab ab
M U " " } o .' D Q C O P E I t NI NI C A N O
17
os trcinta
Irente
""-:;:;
=...:-
=} terrninos
astronorno
~er,
.es
grav graved edad ad ycir ycircu cula lari rida da
de movi movimi mien ento tos. s.
--m
trabajo
primeros esar esarro roll ll
Tych Tych Brah Brahe, e, uvece ma prec precis isas as cincuenta vece losl loslim imit it la isio isio in insins-
10
eran na observaci observaciones ones eran ___.as i.il i.ille le lc nzan nzando do Brahe, e, 1546 1546-1 -160 601. 1. En ello ello Tycho Brah orbitas
de
erico
inam inamar arca ca
otor otorgo go
E'en astronomicos,
o. al sist sist
ra
te
ti arne arnent nt
equi equiva va ente ente anadidura
fisi fisico co
de la
esquem esquem
eessqu quem em
~o
los proble problema ma
copila copiland nd
este este ulti ultimo mo entr entraf afia ia
helioc heliocent entric rico. o.
ue
et
anti anti ad
ugar ugar construyo un castil castillo, lo,
bser bserva vaci ci ne
re pect pecta. a.
reci reci as
Seli Seli
abrazo zo 10 qu abra ue he os menc mencio iona nado do
sast sastem em eoce eocent nt ic odif odif cado cado odo n, ta ea en laqu eess ollo ollo
concepciones
por 10
ra
En dich dich
10 10
circulates
.599,
el
zannes
li ad l' respecto al is eem m post post rior rior nt labo labora ra or ohan ohanne ne Kepl Kepler er 57 -1 50 Kepl Kepler er expl explic ic ba os movi-
al infl influj uj de Mich Michae ae norma, EI
Maes Maestl tlin in
que
_iercito de
astro-
de obse observ rvac acio io eess
per-
pl
fundamentalmente
~-
rt
posadero. ro. hija de posade
rg
y, en egun lSo egundo do ugar ugar -:.! -:.!.. ..i' i'lali l aline ne traz trazad ad desd desd elSol al plan planet et barr barr area area igua iguale le _::c _::cmp mpos os igua iguale les. s. Nuev Nuev anos anos desp despue ue desc descub ubri ri su terc tercer er
cuadrados proporcio cional nales es orbitas son propor ubes ube s de su resp respec ecti ti as
Sus Tablas plan planet etar aria ias, s, aparccidas en Tablas Rudoli Rudoliina inas, s, 1627, eran como como la Tabla Prusianas 1551 debidas debidas Reinhold baPrusianasde de sada sada en teor teoria ia de oper operni ni o, las Tablas AIJonsies de si glo XIf!, tablas anTablas poraass xact xactas a s ue la us pred predec eces esor or Rudolfinas ra
orbi orbita ta
eess rrol rrol ad
pi om
part partir ir de dich dichas a s obse observ rvac acio io eess st ri
consezuia
tier tiernp np
aI SoL
edia edia c op op er er ni ni c n a
_- --2
del meto metodo do
':
Copernico,
~ .-.- a
Kepler da una descripcion que difiere difiere enorrne enorrnemen mente te
expl explic ic
os
ovim ovimie ie to
apar aparen ente te
astr astron onoo-
obse observ rv dos; dos;
en ter-
lugar, r, la fisi fisica ca ze luga
p.r,
el
mecanica que
~~sostenfa
tercera
,a ..=. ..=.:: ::et et ri abrf abrfan an ser uniform uniformes es Si esen esenci cial al para para el astr astron onor orno no ~m
much much
l a s tr tr on on om om i
Rl'Sll
universo,
si bien bien dura durant nt
is anci anci
-=FOs
orbitas
abia abia
Estudio
planeta describe
enun enunci ciab aban an
manecio
le
un matematico
;:".'.il
ultimo
Kepl Kepler er su cole colecc cci6 i6
Rodolfo II le otor otorgo go una pension.
el
fuese mucho
uniforrnes,
lega legand nd
ernperador
rnet rnetaf afts tsic ico, o, tanto mejor,
Ia circulates,
ontr ontrar ario io
tesi tesis, s, decf decf eple eple ra ue debian ser razo razona nabl bles es -je _::;,omeno su utilidad en lavid diaria»,
se sintio
medi-
C081110-
ha
sien siendo do
goberrel qu gobe
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SOSW"!liaque el
La irnugcn irnugcn
S1J
analog.') analog.') defu Trin.id3d Trin.id3d.F:~ .F:~ Padre eracl
rera rera$e $e
}Hjo }Hjo I~~~ I~~~t~ t~
';:~UI;P;el
tom" tom" mien cornpl plei ei £ 1 ( > mientr tras as qu dE;;ptriHI er el corn
riel un VeFSO. rela relado done ne demr demr riel L ;o ;o n K e p l e r s e d cs cs pe pe j finalmente la con fi!,: fi!,:li lit't'adci adci 11 espaal :I s is is t e m a S g ] ;1 ;1 l t" t" " q u e d. d. ,n ,n d , l)l) e x p e di di t c am am in in o p ar ar a la del pal r61:1,celeste c eleste
inlcrpJ'etaciCiIi
dlna dlnami mico co de fuer fuerza za ei nc
'ju.i.st:a,
el
IentUl1
dd cqui cquili libr brio io
Se
mf'cin1cilB.
m o e rn rn a
ra
lUI;!
eon.. eon..
e s I.lis gri.~~gc,~c ha
11
bian ~~,~pado,Iund ~~,~pado,Iundasnen asnentalme talmentc ntc del r13.tf611 esta estatl tlco co de los movimientos ia solo solo cn la nivc nivc so nf cnla cnla d(l. d(l.q~ q~ ,rtCArr:i uniformeme uniformeme m e d d a e n q u ,rtCArr:i rc, trazando Jiguras pall'l 'l:' :'ne nesd sd ,los ,los sisgeor georne netr tric ic$, $, n~bi n~bidu du it sus prejuiciG.jo~ pall temfrS gTlegoo' gTlegoo' delm II ndo siempre resultaron ompllcados. aban aban oner oner 10$ :prejuldos, sabe saber, r, ln disuncldu cualitativa entT~i<;k~ciclos I' Tier Tierra ra CDp~ CDp~rn rn ic obru obru 'O un sist sist ma
m~~,;iru.pk, rnie rnient ntra ra
rn ch
quca quca
abandonar la
preilIi preilIidQ~, dQ~, Sr.iL-g<: Sr.iL-g<:)~eplerw,I1, )~eplerw,I1, ig io Lados, s, D~ t~;!.LI:mo dn abri abriccsistema mas shnp shnpte te de Lado roll camm camm a,ra a,ra 1 1 1 nrerpretacirin n . rerpretacirin Q ~ 0;' i m i e a m s C~'-
lest lestes es en lerl'l'I inos
ft
meei meeini nica ca terr terres estr tre, e, desa desa roll roll
rcsultado iaconcebib iaconcebiblea lea Ia escuelas h.ilida' rcsultado escuelas r ie ie g d om om in in s n re r e s si 1 l1 l1 J e se se n d is is pu pu es es t Ia dinamka, 1'0 elc e,
qUI~
pensamiento
ciencia de
de un
. e l s : i.i. g ],], 1XV
~Ie
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trabafMa.Uo mucho mds, E:~p\lo;:ialmenl" los problemas.flsieos, <)OJ;l.O Ja I:HLUU·<1I",,..,1 de la ~I"O esporudnea» que C O F '~ '~ r n i c o h < ib ib f l atTibuido o s c ue ue r pe pe s .e.e e le le s re re s , E n e st s t er e r e sp sp e ct ct o ~eQPI:mill la doctriII" de Ari~ lA_fl· Ari~t~ t~~t ~tC! C!]. ].t' t' egunl egunl cual cual Ia.flslca d.eJ()s d.eJ()s ciclos ciclos en ~1 krIOO_a
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el~tre el~treel el artesa artesano no el estudioso, estudioso, m:,)nt'ellio!rt!lI):>(: au em distin distincio cio estates en!fe ti~htifico exptr:i.mcmal el mal~matico, entre el d.:nli6m.puto vel del' del'ta:m t a:men enle le
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, u . . ' i e.\ptr e.\ptrime imeill illos os era cuantitstjvos. l ' v " 1 e d i a o ~,coXlolbai1 l-its~\ariahtes estudiadas ebtener [eyes emp.£ritas. ill ~, e. md d iv iv er e r s< s< i problemas de construccion de d:J'f!rimcl:irat. Util e sc sc a a , n v e s iUtiliz izan andc dc mode modelo lo p es e s o v e r c a q u podi podian anso so orta ortarp rp 1<) l' 1 " ] g a , ~ ' h 9 r i z Q m i k l e s Y > l r i a \ 1 ' : ; C(jl1 fliro:l~r ia~tt!d. S u s e x p er er im im e n t o 10 [levaron ;,l1oSTesuhaun p i l,l, i)i ) " ' d e u n m a re re us d. poder
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GaJiJen. 13l_r.xr'~:U~Jj !~ Jon'eta Arutotd&.~ cs e1 ~J;gu.i-eHi'e ~c.il.lf~-St;)"ifl-~ plomo.unade e l la T Dm D m e m os os { Idosbalasd la s d i e -;-; ; v e e s m a o r e n I~alt I~altur ur de l.r(;iHU~ peso ql!~1~o : r - a ,_ ,_ - q ~ . d . . e mo mo s er n I~ I~ ~ pi~;;ol}n UHti.pl~ri<;h~u etracesa q,,~~ucl~,;ron elaridad, elaridad, y~evcr-' iiu", tm£s, JigeQ ttt) "e( ;~~.-m:t~ l' 5> i d" d" , s m :c :c H i"i" ~ 1 :a :a c~ c~ : e o n taIna ,ig~,:tld~4:$£lbre I 'a 'p 'p hn hn u d m q .u .u " sensacien en 'c,I" !l(ll1i.;io. ;nnooS' midas PUf(''Cl1 "!l tinkll sensaci
SleVIfl-{)btYliO lambi!!n u n r n r eu eu s n m i ~ T de pa rnJclo~r, rnJclo~r,:':'l. l.ro. ro. do:fuerzas, do:fuerzas, un Ililftodo p ar ar a h a 1 a !.·u1~ci6l'!re sultaf'ite d1 unacembinacidn nose hallan d e d o s .f.f u e rz rz a s qu nose en la misma recta jlhm linea;'i paralelas, Ei.mi!.rodQ fu furfurmulado expJjcital:iwnl~ pe pr mera mera ve pu 'Ne:W10ll n n e n 687. e o r ie ie nd n d o e n r ep ep re re 5~ 5~ m ? d 6 n de la des
f u e rz rz a s e n n ' r llll ~ l:l: l.l. itit u d d irir e c i n , m e d a nr n r ed e d o I ln ln e a r ec e c ta ta s q u ~ S e . ot ot \g \g i;i; A ~ n punto ~Qm1ln> viniendo dada 1< reselil r a rant rant po la d ja ja gb gb n l d e paralelogramo f o r m a CltralrlJ..o!tl:meas paralelas a.las d o s p r im im e r a s La~ marematihabra cons conseg egui uido do recordara, n u n c a habra ca antjgnas; ilboMar' la rornbinacien d e f ue ue r sa sa s tItle n o [ ue ue se se n n i n e a e s !.'Ii {ll1ml¢la.s.
sc r a s e n form da eo J 6 . ! H L Arabas ob.ra:; estaban e sc form de diddidlogo logo entr entr .10s'(le Salviadd'C:Jlwres: Sagredo ri. ~'UD p a ! id id ar ar l d e l pru-lto de \Tistaa;ri:s{me1ko.-Simplido_ O<"-esl:olm o o. o. o G tt!! llll ic ic Q ,t,t ra ra t d ~ dar
r i o d E $ a C rc rc d itit a flfl d o e k c t 1v 1v a m e n t c ] 3
me.::anic; me.::anic; cosmol.i.lgia , 1l 1l riri .!.! ;!;! .o .o te te 1 i€ i€ a o$ o$ .·.· LL- ao b r d e G al al iIiI e u e n mo:camc<~. m o ~a l ;e ;e o n n r d o 1 l'l' .d .d .r.r l'l' ag ag lili arSt,~"in,s c v i ! : m u Ja Ja d [ lo lo r n s p ro ro b~~Iirn:erl'tadO-S'en irrgl!nieria. En WlaCfl WlaCflria ria tlCTit tlCTit e n 1 .I.I DD- 21 21 !Marsili. G a e o e t a la la b d. o c · p e cf cf fr fr qllebabia ~ i d. o.~p r O } ·<· < 'K' K l ilil e e 1 ,que 1.0h~bi~k: qlm~:lne ro em 1.0h~bi~k:"a"ad e a e s lu lu .d .d . ia ia r 1; 1; t c :':' dd dd : gnl'(..it-~·.ociade los.;;uhpos. Ademas, $U r~ de m' ~n ~, a s D{jsrl~c'lltlscirnda:s, se.abrll
(til
'roe~lt[) 1~mQ50
3Th,·gnl, seno-
E~ r::Jaci~1Ienn ta~onstr?:ci611 naval, Stevi fI !i.iz.o pmgr;isa la ~.!enCJa:de ~.!enCJa:de J.1.hl . a. a. d ( iE iE r a - [ a m h itit n agudo ~cI sist exponenre sistem em rI:e rI:e~T ~T[l [l1a 1a-1 -1 ddendielido su LL~( LL~(l'l'I' I' .. r.epreSC'~lacI6n £II" frac fracdo. do.nt nt's 's para para pesos pesos., ., mcdi mcdici ci~)! ~)!le le,o ,o l'moI()qu ataf ataftt tt illrn illrnet etod odo, o, er UJ ;coJ1sll111ad~.t'x,tlC(~
~"
apdcano.
O-~ ex;pCrln1ell'lo~~,.
sl'nalaba, "son ta;sol-icla b as as ~ s o br br e i . a , IJUC ha .:diJicarse' t a s a r t e s» s» , Adf'n~ defendia .bmll-pet'3don de varias perseu a e n u n pp- :r:r )y )y e o; o; ~ c ie ie n HG HG c ( ; c em e m u n , p ue ue s. s . af af im im m b a qae .~~ error negligeI1Clil de compcnsa 'con ci
otrn»,
los ar .i:ilc~anic:l: WIlW e n m a n e m " mo podn podnan an desarrollar el rnet rnetod od cici cicirt rtil iliiCQrtl.u~VOg e xp xp er e r im im e rn rn o s p er er c rpos 1l'6TitQ.~_ ;ramo.en ma_gneti~mo 'O]DO e n m e c n iG iG l u e c1 E$luci-ioSG vlej IIlte~e:'ad.u en e id id n es na oponia al vlej [~'ll.di:H),(iJculra cl m i n n m re re "> "> l teorfaa.La vleiamff-ak:.s k:.s3. 3.il ilose ose mgeru mgeruer eros os
fuc ~~·tha~ ~~·tha~ada ada y-I~ n ue ue va va , u n d ad ad a p a u u h ~J ~J ~j ~j :< :< :< :< l:l: si si : G:aliko' (~:[llil~',564-1 ~1 si es
llIC~
P.l,~~.C.-;1;lII~o:'<1I6 ~]], d ond~·~.Hlldr. '/ ell.se.n6 ell.se.n6 uu C0I10 ~]], 1~ISa,dond~·~.Hlldr. trcrnpnen IIIunivcJ'jiidaci En L'>92se m u 'Ill <'i~ ib e_ihlst~d,a. U n i v ( ; n , i d a d de Padua;, donde perrna~l,eQ6d.iec.wc.ho desarr rrol olla land nd "us mas jlnpOrtl!l d.iec.wc.ho anus, desa jlnpOrtl!l~te!> ~te!> sobre mec,jnitll. En .610 .610 SJ.: Hlvestl£jKIOII~ rencla C O f 1 1 . O ·d'i!6sofo primenu.a(elWilico de gm do;. ue
:.Iar
d e T o s c~ c~ m » , d on on d n e v e tmlJOJllIa. cone cone tele telesc scop opio io
'U cab
I)
Sl1:>!]Vt$ Sl1:>!]Vt$t-igllciOI1!l's' ell;~
I~nl I~nll. l.lm lmen ente te estu estudi di mBdnicade tC()[D Q.m'1ca Q.m'1cas'evio c..mdena~" c..mdena~"
La
aD'.1
g ra ra nd n d e s o br br a
ml:l.Xl1~()S sistemas.del
eana, p ub ub f
da en
d e G <) <) l 1 e s o ,J Dialog., s ol ol m l a rmmritJ., , pta/,mU!ko - ! I I wp.ml ios III1Cl'ru; dcJ.ci'a:s, p,ulliia-. su
l.i:i. l.i:i.p~s.ibi p~s.ibilid: lid:td. td. de im.;LgiJl im.;LgiJla~ a~ una,e,<;fer
d~ UtiJlzw;"e para Inte'rpJ:eta
la nat:ll.tal nat:ll.tale~a·; e~a·; cst1m3.nd(~;;", la
rorr;'~'p~l rorr;'~'p~lIlJel IlJellda lda entr. a m lx lx f m e d ia ia .m .m c "~4p~rimenlo&bien d(l,~,d.Q5"'_Cl.l_akJuicr dj'saepanda SC'rIll cu]P'
E! p r m e r c on on j u o de p , to to b ! e m a s l llll .C .C l ~ an an i c os os ·ab.;! r:di;.dQ p o G aJ aJ i1 i1 e o ns n s la la b e aq a q ue ue J o s q u c>n1Tai!;m e f e a : ( ) S de-;;'.;;ala. p .r.r ob ob . e )n )n a d e p O r 1 u la miqui'Qafi gl'andrs SICd~ SICd~ destTQ'l.a!ldose, sicrtdo rr~banftecue;:ttcme11te, hablan CO €Xa(;t:amC11'1e IjIlismM prop-oIcloIlesgeetilcltlCt1sq cloIlesgeetilcltlCt1squentra$ilJl.aqu uentra$ilJl.aquinqsmeDM inqsmeDM 'es,duud",t'i 'es,duud",t'ils ls
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~1peso del tejooo prop propor orcl clon onah ahnc ncnr nr
much much
as
gn.Ie80~
qae lo..dcun lo..dcunilcs ilcstruc trucrur rur.a .am(! m(!uor uor Una vez [ ) ] t 1 . s , a 1 igual (_IV" Leonar Leonarde. de. Galile Galile transp transport ort SU edr: edr:lk lk al domi domini ni de rnun rnundo do amrs amrsad ado, o, selm selm!m !muk uk~'qu ~'qu las palas de los eJefimte., w: Ql m€ mu m~ &a 1115 hen Jos..ll Jos..lll!l l!lectQ:>lii ectQ:>liiin os in detra nspoTtar so P-CSQ. H a l in in d @ s l lU lU l'l' to to s ~TMt masfuerees '1([( lo cilindros 5ulido;\'''que !,;o.ntiel! !,;o.ntiel!enll' enll'Ull:i Ull:isl'6a sl'6a cantidad de Il' al err~,$ug1iriendoqu lb~d'lil E>X"plic;itra; h U Q Sde l o a m m a lc lc s !uesen !!proxirmld
mi;dma Tt"S istcncia Gali Galile le en;r en;r1k 1k la opinio,\l'dc
minimo
mostrnci,ql1ef!lTI mostrnci,ql1ef!lTIlIt lIt<:mati <:matidt.~ dt.~ convcn icnrcmente
problema qllt: entr entran anas as cuacualldil.des meodib!ilS;.IlPlJ;rte de Ias mediciones ·~spaci;l.i~sde in:ve:rt-igacit;1n;decLla1quicI
lr.tngitud e s , . i I : t e a : $ yvolrune!11:.5, q u ~ l .J .J .a .a b ( a s i a o o b e t t ra ra d!donil9~ lag~(jmeLTla.AIilly A Iillye~ e~ti tiga ga el efee efeeto to de la esca escala la
estudid l i E S anti anti de de mate materi ri ade!s'i:ltc ltc denornidenornias ade!s'i: mld~ "m,",5~, " e g U n ~tas IItKa.s..A IItKa.s..A continua continuaci6n ci6n:uJV :uJVtliti tliti.giS .giS que . e n lili ;';' ([([ i'i' m llll ;,;, an p w \> \> l e I'I' M s d i n
vd e\da de n an an er er a m i r . A < e J 'oblo1"ma j;lO} ()CntNi P;l.nI G 'a'a lili lele o e r a COifdade os C1:J:(~l_1"0s fuer fuerza za de hi g'!'lIvedml. En ri er lQ ar Tj;"f!]~6la opinion
m~S.;lpri$l pri$l qlLl~ qlLl~ ~ri:;toI:iH1~ ~ri:;toI :iH1~o;;.sis~ liemp't}~ck:,atnoosoueq>o;;.sis~tom~lse:nsepara tom~lse:nsepara.damcnteod .damcnteod lillmpo de un 'C(jet (jetp" p" qu tuvi tuvies es gut' gut' caer caer desdela misma nlrura eo pese pese 'que iricom iricom.pa .patib tibili ilida da d:,z;k d:,z;k,sn: ,sn::;n :;nlt~ lt~.do .do -cscri -cscribio bio Gali~eo- mo .• ud que' A d M o M : : : [ C ' S seeqoi¥C!raba, seeqoi¥C!raba,)} )} Para ktlhu' ,que oeurria tl.c bed.!) O l ' r ; la C\iill1i, C\iill1i,gpt,v gpt,vitat( itat(~ria ~ria de Ioscucrp Ioscucrpos, os, G:;t~ileo rea-
Jii.d
C'xp~r x p~riI iIDr Drnt nt
,col ,coliS iSis iste ten( n(
en medi medi
el ti<:IllPQ emplea-
esfe esfera ra Uh:LaJ:fGa~ li as qu ro ab an,g an,g tude tude dada dada de:u de:u p:la p:lanoInc noIncli lina nado dogr grad adua uado do.L .L c:dd c:dd llbr llbr graredad era de.:nasfado np
mo
or 10 qu
observarsedirectamente,
Ga.-
lile lile «dil «diluy uy6I 6Iag agra rave veda dad» d» empl emplea eaad ad el recu recurs rs ddp1 ddp1ai aito to incl incl nado nado a.f. de ~l su esfe esfera ra lilit:'l,S l ,S se mo se hari hari abaj abaj po lagr lagrav aved edad ad co vdoc vdocid idad ad~~ ~~ m~cl m~cl]b ]bk~ k~ De eSI~ modo modo haU6 haU6 'CJjQ,lCwdnll wdnll Ius CUC[PQ~, lritdepe:r£cliePltemen~ lc de s u s l " 1' 1' ,~ ,~ ( 'J'J :S :Scaf:urp , or iI>5 is", < l ! ' i dlstanetes ~~ el.mlspropur urci cion onal al.a .al. l.cu cuad adra rado do dis:tancia. prop
tie,mpo, o, siendo siendola la ( ) tie,mp
de
d e calda ve 0mi mo velecidade cidade de los cuerpo cuerpo gra~·e gra~·esa saume umenta ntaban ban umfor umformem mement ent
r le le rn rn p
co el tiem tiempo po De aClIerdQ con 1. !isic~ anstNclica,la.lIcdoIil constanre de un fuer fuerza za baci baci qu mlCuerpo se moviese moviese coo veloci velocidad dad uniforrne. [.().5 resu result ltad ados os de Gali Galile le most mostra raba ban. n.no no obst obstan an te, qu lo uerp se even even co uerpos os haj Ia infl influe uend nd cons consta tant nt de la la grnv grnv~a ~ad; d; an te
ien, ien, en cada cada lnte lnterv rval al
te pora pora
re ibta ibta
n,re n,re l.cn l.cnto to
U1! exira de veloci velocidad dad La velocidad qu tien tien un e r nt rnan rnantl tl ne ie do ncre ncre enra enrada da or la fuer fuerza za grav gravit itat ator oria ia ..Si la fuerza de Ia £raved £ravedad! ad!jli jli pudies pudies desco)lie~tar, ill nrCFp,n habrfa habrfa de contir contiriua iua movie moviend ndose ose con 13vcloclda qu teni teni 'e dich dich pnmo pnmo 1;11 1;11fend fendme menc nc se obse observ rvab ab
el fin.aJ eu nd la eessfe fera ra tali tali aass lile lile al an aban aban ia n o . i.i. llll di di n ad ad o . continuando del p ia COl) su movimiento II 10 larg larg -una -una sa horizoutalbienpullmentadacon loci locida da n:if n:if rm st cons consid idcr cr io eessse segn gnfa fase se prin prin
e ip ip l
d e n f t C ! a , ,qlli' e s a b e ce c e qu qu e
u n c ue ue rp r p o p er er m i n ~ c
CD
repo repose se ()movi miento unifor uniforrn rn .• tap;lo
el mism mism
en
3d.:'ie.sobreClning:tlIDa fltl(>T?a, as O G a e o a m Q S trtr a De ahf p as
m"l.'~em;itica !c:),ia ~daror u n a e sr s r e ra ra : q u
v
ladem~:l'stmdiSlli
cie;nc::ia de5
4T
u n o rm rm e h as as t 1 l e a q , ~ l b ar ar d > , m om om e n > n
l a e s fe fe r a tendna
velocldades, peLIliilIit,(r peLIliilIit,(rt: t: ~UI1 ame debidu al prinnerc nerc '",. '",. otru otru vert vertic ical al qu aume aument nt COil el tiernp tiernp dmcd6n b.or~0nta] Ia , es d .;.; b) b) d, d, o , ulag . < l n : - J . \ u ; I " es k Ui.igu;;Je:s,sibi", ,sibi",o"nl.o"nl.-.vu.vurreriamstl rreriamstllJlci lJlciMign Mignal al ..scn ..scn tkmPQs igu;;Je:s ti(;.tIla~JJ\.,~tilTlQa.qi:lbieT~u~-:;crian pr,opoJ;Ci(Jn~Je~~]~a· quil.."ra
eS1
dQ
d ru ru d e l ti~m1'o"l h l< l< : sr sr e l ac ac i ol ol ltlt - d e t e .-.- r n .natl la fOnt1 de Ia Imv<"cl(x Imv<"cl(xia ia d~ooritiJ d~ooritiJ La tray('Ctori C tori dl" lI'npm),c lI'npm),c:cl :clil il disl'sri disl'sril,l,el ,C;IDQo seda pues lrna pmabola cmnplj1'ta, dnndo a ka ka rlrl <: <: <; <; ! m d :K :K l u o< o< ;:;: ua ua no no o e l cao.on h,lUaha'a u n
""cion d,c: 45 Asi pucs.lo que 11lrmg 11lrmgJiahitbi Jiahitbi ObSef\'ildo de hecho (~meo (~meo roderlujo le6ricam.fmt(l d ~ 1 0 0 m~uJ~ldosd(' c!peri rime mell lltQ tQ Cal] Cal] p!an(~sindinados. ms c!pe 'este resp<'ct(i.
alcance rnaxrrrto c on on ,s ,s Hr Hr u u n h ee ee h brute. rara GaliMo.l.lni lasprupiedades de las drn \'dodd la resu resulr lr te \'dodd.1d .1des~ es~,). ,)...; ..;ef. ef. daspo.r.e1pwr>:ctil. sie!l.do verificada su ~pli ~plic1 c1ic ic.i .i6I 6I1c 1cp~ p~ fa r~ 1.rZll~'6 1.rZll~'6j]~r j]~rlSi.c lSi.cael ael eh pred predic iche he nera nera rnej rnej ante ante Galilee ~hl:::t q u c om om o C "U "U e :s :s t 6 n de e c ( ) o c ~ ao ao o : n . .s,dl:
~ I o l s m o' o' titi 1! 1! "l "l tltl po po , '.in '.in qu inipu'rhlSrt as adeol.ani:e C hr h r is is t ~ a H UY UY . e n d e H o a od od a demoSlrc!lmati>m-atlcaJl!ClUe qu elio ta una consecu,e consecu,el1d~ l1d~ necl:sa.riad~Ja 1I1liifurmidad dela fuerrn de!agravedad, u n p 61 61 oo oo 1o 1o e rn rn p rc rc ~ ha ha n
mp ,l,l i:i: tu tu d d e la.iHCi lar::i6n, la a mp
COil
a1can7..6l.a .a maducC'L el metodo cir:tlli"f cir:tlli"fico ico maGalik" a1can7..6l
'tern~fico 'tern~fico-!1x -!1xperi perin~eT n~eTItal Ital
tmo6n
]l>,;trll, ]l>,;trll,iO iO g
de
ll
mncen:-
h:mgit h:mgitud ud~s, ~s, :keas :keas }' ~·OIUnlCJlt:s para apLilCurli'l.{l o L r a p :~ :~ p ie ie d .a .a d e s COllcret:J)mente cl ti un o, el medlbl~, Ell
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r . ~ . a gnjirp,~t(lqueT queT~o ~opo podi di!l !l
rras rraspa pasa sa elmeto elmetoda da rnarna~b\}rdaj: no !!'In'lmeI10S .Nop,~di,a lale.,. ,. (gm;l I iiii " p r o p i e d a de ..mtdiillI es, lale. de ~ . cuaiil'atiy~ que diSJiD~l diSJiD~li, i,fi ficll clllI lI crlatW'< crlatW'< vl'I: vl'I: eetra, Aqui rnclt;g1i i~ ~~ nsiderarse es., 1.1eg6 n,ti= >ti=i6 i6 /c'l /c'ltr tr la cual cualid idad ades es prim prim rias rias 'f medibles tC'll tC'lll-~ti.! l-~ti.!lQ-iM lQ-iM1! 1!er erim' im'tiili!.! tiili!.!
de'La
D
[as.cualidades
sscnndarias
primm:i~s sc.consideraban
ITI"f,'dibJcs. Las.c:lJalidades
que
eran
..eclib!e,s,. l§ . a , r n o e clib!e,s,. I ) );); l§
i r n ie ie n t ~ , y m : i1 i1 $ n j t u d " ~ ( ) m ! J .prof.lj~dt1.dct; pr,()pitd~objetj objetj'i\ 'i\.a~ .a~ de Iii, d"~s J l , ' - : undaria s. nil TIl edi les ,'Oh:n ,'Oh:n:e~ :e~olo olores res snbores, se a. oo oo s d e 108.sene n a n p " fJ'W-ci!lctOll sp.bjetivo8 d e @ s l @ l 'g a. do ee nu p, >t ea en e s e n e l muado reales reales
I'"~iterio;..
lmd~sarl.oUo-que '''COmp:afl,o 01.1urgimiento de tc dQm a r ei elab elabor orae aeio io de inst instru ru ei 1l 1l -l-l l:l: titi o e x pe pe r im im e n t a fu m e n te t e s d e m e ( l d f) f ) '-'- c modo-que l~'mat~mat~cas pudJ.l'sC'n
Ell j6@9--Galil j6@9--Galileo eo y6 qucschabiW c.oriS1Jo c.oriS1Joido ido ~I~nl(ls, ~I~nl(ls,il'e il'e P C [$ [$ p c c. c. titi v a; a; , e a p ac ac c t d e a um um . ~o ~o t M [\)$ objetos di~!a!ne~,Hllo' H llo' bi;!,il S ; < 1 ( l hechosper Q ! l;l; ;!;! 1" 1" uc uc ,t,t o re re ~ d e l e n re re s de )\4<) .g.g'' lo ( ;;Q bu g( Ha jJ Lipperttl.iy, qUiM, P f < C I > C : t 1 ; t O 'jJ rmce.dt
Descubrio u e o s c ue ue rp r p o c e e s e s n e .e .e ru r u n ~ n a l s .d .d lu lu t tan perfectos supe superi rior ores es la Tierra C~1ll0 sug~i;' 1~Q',,(liijtin a r o te te l a , H $ a , m an a n eh eh a e n a ' d d S ( ~ . ia L un un a p , L re re · d a ,~ ,~ ( ;;;; fe fe n . gr gr a n r u e di di d a como T ie ie r ra ra , p o se se y e nd n d o lnmensas montanas clJy~ altura estimo'a p'"rtiT d , > I iiii . s o m b r
copern copernica icano no
d e' e ' a en en e d e
del mundo,
on eles
It}O
a po p o y ac ac s
aqu:elltls il:l:SlT:um"m,IDsde m e d i ci ci o
e x p c a " I a s r e zo zo n e s d e r n .u .u t h o
r i e m p e , pfiru.cro tOltiliz6 d,l?fl:itllliol1ara medlr medi· e.~ijlllJl.r,drlt:m(l d~1p r u s o i.utgQ, m a . 5 1 ' : " . Jg.encml, dll,rpi~ l ,1m l.;]ph1n-g.\J~d,elb tt1l£d.e~i ;Ielpri er ldoj d€pelldulo. (la· L ilil tp tp de de 5 ' ' U" U" m I1 I1 6 t am am b i4 i4 n - e l telescopio k) eftlple6 T,J101si"'~,! l l~ p f ..noan.~a~r ii~S!!rv"ilo1Qmis ii~S!!rv"ilo1Qmis
o-
iempoun flsqihl~-',m3.Q
ha eess eple eple 597, 597, ded~ h Q> I
e l J . I(lS fen6fl fen6fljel jel'l; 'l;(l) (l)~_Ga ~_Galll llleo eo usaba usaba amplia ampliarne rnenre nre t ra ra d ic ic lo lo u a le le s Ia rl:gI;i, la balani1:a.e1 e lo lo j d , a g U!t. desarrellando OII'OS, pil.l1!~! !~!'te 'te;nJ ;nJ(it (ittl' tl'etm e tm parame paramedir dir CQllSm~y9"Cl pil.l1 la le:mpern.lum
em
fCl'i6mcriu$
glle
roo'
hac1:tIlild ad ad o qu~ resuhan
,opioi!;Hle<;
<;(>-
se h1lbla u n r n e e r 0" c ~ pt pt aadd a s,s, ' E l c is is te te r n a copernicane .7, y a q u d ab " c e pt pt ad ad o a r n p llll a ~ n t 'E 'E d llll .r.r o I1 I1 l s ig ig l o ' ,.,. ;.7, ab a p ee ee ' ,plao~tal tal'] '] as que no ,~Iillban mali di ccioncs dcposiciones ,plao~ p . r e cj cj ,~ ,~ a ~q ~q u e l a s produdd.is: POl el e s q u e m a p:w:r~lTIlij;Cq,,_iocorpo corporan rando do suposi suposicio ciones nesqu qu parcd;3min:~os.ienl:bl~s desdc.el punto.dc VUit3 , ilil i1 i1 l ar ar n e c a m c a t fa fa - d jc jc i o n a J A d . , . m ~ , r ~ de cSp-e-d
de
n ue ue v
a;sHor!omia, .h
Ia mi$Luli se.eudure-
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te niaq niaq -d
iv rs
Ycu to
on enfa enfa
nd
nabfaperman{o,(i-
do, habr habria ia de pennltI;SCer en rm id e- nn ue v Ddesapa desaparez rezcen cen entid entidade ade n ue siSl.il'mcin sirnplemente sirnplemente los procesos naturales lo vl n:rienros lll.ccanioos de 100>cue-rpm en intcrcambie de su mementos. coperuicano, l!n ,~I.!£--aTgument(ls r i;i; ilil llll ee- o s e o e n trtr o en contrarrestar j'as objccioncs rnecanicas sent sentid id corm corm qu IQ asediaban, R~!,illi) las respuest respuestas as ue pe nico nico .a ld do tale tale .. (j e:ci e:cio! o!li li"s "s esas 11 qu esas re..:pW.~!(ll; eranaheramasconvineerrtes II basarse la ml eva ru;c:ctl ru;c:ctlniqi niqi de Galiil Galiill. l.ii iio_S o_Segti egti el nc m er er c at 61 fc.t fc.taro arota ta ia arur arur lm te co It ie ra in ecis ecis Ill~ fu:~al?it fu:~al?it;Op( ;Op(l_]S l_]S(}r3 (}r3 constante, t r u l ')'_comQ _ comQ s~gC' s~gC'Jil Jillla lla me tc te te le le s L os o s ob o b je je to to s a rr rr o a do do s d es es d u n a, a, a l u r -cini-ci~{;A r s tc c3enan h a c ia ia . e l o e s te te . p or or q u c compartirian e l m o v i m ie ie n tg delu Tierrn. Galilee simila la qu un Galilee sugcrfa sugcrfa de r n a n e r a simi piedm re ja desde desde l,mas l,ma sti ti de 'b rc en vi ic to caer caeria iaal alab abas ased eddm dmas as.t .tiJ iJ,y ,yn. n. rras rras d, ya qm!]a piedra piedra com m l W i w iento general de barco su conterrido, 1part iii::l pO[ un franc im e r i !o !o O f u e r e e l iz iz a d frances, es, Gasscndi.en sh e k p e t im fa aes:ada,de 1640., hallando ques ques obte obteni ni el resu result ltad ad quequeGa]ik esperaba, esperaba, solo la astronomia, s:ino ASi pues, la m e c d n i c a de [ a v i e j c o sm sm o l o gf gf a rese rese ro q u C ' r cs cs n ltlt a b o o h e r e n IJ.Il€VO modo deC()l;!.~identrla"s c o s a se q u ~ ~ .o .o po po l a a L a y s i o n a r s to to te te l c a componfe qu mb en n re re sm sm d la so Didlogo 'ldmitM q ue ue Jo Jo s a r,r, gu gu m e !1 !1 t:t: o: o: i e n .fuvor ba v i o n e s de mnnd mnnd era aprox aproxim imada adamen mentc tc iguni de deci decisi sivn vns, s, si bien bien crei crei pese peseer er una. una.pr prue ueba baec ecod oduy uyer erue ue de sistema. sistema. copernic copernicaa-
nl
~gua d e n a Ofru:ail. jRech~ L l n l p ro ro vo v o ce ce ba ba n a s m ar a r ea ea s p u ~ "
COlUO'
c l!l! ld ld ( q u
el So
cuerposce sceles lestes tes era supsriores ut m lili llll lb lb :J :J :q :q u 1 1 ),), scuerpo 13 no, e r ut illihj_f~Jl sobrdrfs-~.cnn1\<',dmjentos t e rrrr 1i 1i \$ \$ lT lT ~ , J GC GC trin trin ela er Jyc tr ti to su teorta ell,tgia de'hub de'huber er un
qu debe deberi ri .~bser .~bserva va
rnar rnarea ea
aria aria
at SGl,dab SGl,daban an luga luga'! '! s -e - e g U l ) C t e { aa- .
ci
e-la e-la
agllas
de
SIl
saeu saeudi dida das, s, mO LC
Tdocid:adnl'lff'atm~ ptlf uncfrculo fuese movimleadcte dctede dest stos osen ener erpo po sobr sobr lo que. que.no no actuaba una
se
el vimicntos.
A s J e n n:ll tim i n sr sr s n c ia ia , Galilee
cialmente. de lo
mp l un.euditerio m a a mp
o br b r a s e d irir ig ig la la .
_u
atcm atc mat atic ic
astr astron onom omos os F[l) F[l)fe fesj sj_~ _~na nale les. s. Esta Estaba ba l£:a l£:a en italia forma: italiano no vermiculo, delaC;Ollversaci(in ordinaria, 'Y .se hallrllbasimp,liil-
escr escrit it en ri dialogada
c :a :a d
tan
a rg rg nm nm e r ac ac io io n !i61()
eg
ro no
do sist sistem emas as de mlLtldo. el p:loif1mai-oo
Di
um
elcoperni-
cano, dej<,mci:()de lado lado su ~'il ~'il'r 'ria iant ntc, c,~,com ~,com lo sistemas de ll ia ia m Gilbet-t, .1 rrrismo q u e - d Tycho :Brahe d e W i ll y ch ch on on ic ic o e xe x e e pr pr o e l q u III Tie'r!";i ml'ab~ldi ml'ab~l di al-iam e u r s o m ~ ru iiii s i _ gl gl io io r ab ab a el sistema d e s u: u: a: a: m :i:i ~ o K e p le le r , qu $U tie. A d t ru teorfa copemi~ana, s um um i n is is trtr an an d e u n a o tb tb n lw lw i ld ld o lJ lJ
aunque ye7.110 ye7.110 pam prohl))O-, ,L lines trece trece aiios aiios ptiblit6 co 1!S32, lines Jeres la Ultima. Stl mt ne Q. M" eo no aJ:'[jjgo aJ:'[jjgo rmal1tLrv( h as a s ta ta c f iu iu a qu la.&6fbi.li la.&6fbi.liiS iSddos ddos pJalte-tlr. pJalte-tlr. e ra ra n c frfr cu cu lo lo s
no el
es
ni
Keplerhabla Keplerhabla demostra demostrada da
,So~ern~te
mal-ca-s
'i'
00111'0
Adem Ademas, as, cu:nt cu:ntn.R n.R~cd ~cdilt ilt princ principi ipi -deitiC -deitiC-,t -,tct. ct.'l. 'l..cg .cgllI llI . 1 0 1 Tierra sus-moTierra debenan. debenan.com compart partir ir
ie rr rr a i te te ra ra , perf \Ina.:~s(er. ~s(er. p_~:es de laT ie perfec ecra rame ment nt unif unifor orme me \Ina.: taen virn virn eem m so re dicha supe superf rfic icie ie cont contin inna narf rf roda rodann-
d .o .o -e -e u ro ro rn rn o
T ie ie rr r r a n d e n id id em e m e n re re ,
ch e d e pe Ty.cho Brahe l' r io io " n n 0 5 n e ch
D e .a .a r que.pellllm
ohserwd6n tel~-
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enestll o{)ftsh)n fu rriYndcllai!{) herejin } 'f'f u e odete
eadcs
'~J;1"
ph8h1bJ'3Ij
A;ril~tc>j,:d
llwi~"
e n 1 6 3 8, 8, a I l ,,~ZfJU~ susobras
4_
esca esca te el m.et m.etod od mate mate Miic Miic:o :o yl filo filoso so ia rnec rnecan anjc jc
S'I'
desplazm:{ln el si,glo XYTl le cent centre re entH entH o£ de la5-j_ la5-j_oca ocalid lidade ade mediev medievele ele de pmope pmopedda ddad.c d.c<:l <:lmer mercil cilli) li),:d ,:d cnltur cnltur renace renacenti ntista sta man ania ia ~' It ia ~e'PieJJtd(;)ml.l;:[I J a : . - ; AI eem
Dura Durant nt
regicn regicnes es prcxim prcximas as al All~ All~ll lltk tk(J (J qu se habf habfan an bene beneJk Jki~ i~d( d( grandes grandes descubrim descubrimisnto isntosgeo sgeogrdfi grdficos: cos: Pranci;l,-H'Oillm1da
In l~gl l~glat at'l 'lrr rr
meri meridi dion onal al
Kt'_ Kt'_l? l?l~ l~
Gaii Gaiilo lo
maro maroar aron on
clhn clhnax ax de losl loslog ogro ro 'lle:ru,ml;:li-~ iw lian lianes es de comi comien en zo d~ la.cicncia la.cicncia moderns, moderns, eS,ISli..Cm~no v0h~~rian ,\t se prepre['nl n e n t e s
e.l~e! camp()c denhllm
aassta ta fi al .. de
i,gio x v n r ,
E l c am am b i d e a s - !o !o ca ca l & d e s g eo e o gr gr l r n ' d e o s cenI:FOS cenI:FOS cienarompnnado do lifi.cas durante et 5i,g10X\[11 5i,g10X\[1151! 51!vk; arompnna bio-en
Kepler
,eel
COIllO
Ambo Ambo ha fa
ci,eJ]tifr!!os._
Tanto
side cieutfficos pro:fes;ionajd. ra ajad ajad baje bajeel el atro atro in de p r i ' ; n C ' i p < l J i 'f
Gali Galile le
liab liabia ia
dJ:sfl:U:ta~o U:ta~o de n(lmbr.ami<:nto,~ acadeniitos e n d iv hapiaJ'l dJ:sfl: iv e r
sosmcmentes .;ie,5u~carreras, carreras, Elnuevo Elnuevo ~jpode dmtifiq;)' dmtifiq;)'qnl; qnl; Boland ('1'.:; cscncial:m~r~ '1'!par~ccia ell Frnncia, Llglatc'l:r1l un m!cio' m!cio'~ado_ ~ ado_ ['; !I'l~ateI l ~ateIrra rra ,!alt'S¢n>on:a.s:rriweni;m
fMnilias aoomodadas;dd
deJa$:
deJ~m:llerdo, & i e ; n d i l ! it ~p'Oca,C;)ll1cr R(_\beit :a~~,e N~Wl N~WlO[ O[ esal esal [e~p(!cw ufla,e.\;c ufla,e.\;cepti6 epti6J;l., J;l., dll:d~l dll:d~l C
menude menude m~<;:'I'()i m~<;:'I'()ilriC lriC()& ()& 'Wm. 'Wm.il illr lrnP nPen en)l )l
57
q uc uc c < :
u r p rM rM e ~ p f
find!!!! 'Y
lilt
isfn1t~b~ di> un
era TICC) E'll Franci Franci :t,la~ :t,la~
i: ed
e.-s
sc di cuen cuenta ta de
el
is
do que el 'estudioSQ de
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(!OO tu~idQdelosp rinciFj(iK.J"~ dos
n o c en en s d e los princi principio pio ill. l~socu.. l~socu..'t'tIessc Iessc dt
raba raba q>!. q>!.elo elo expe experi rime ment ntcs cs
pM'fffd pM'fffd
pot mtuici mtuicion: on:
e f t . ' C I . Q , G a l i ie ie { t habi~ obtenido
. a l ilil ¢ . ~ ' ! l i W : i i l l .
Sl
pri~ pri~ci ci'p 'pio io de iner inerci cia. a. 1< ey-d ey-d la,c la,cai aidi di grav gravlt ltet etor oria ia de lo c:'tli;_'rpO$ 'Pat-ill de u s e x pe pe r im im e n to to s ~ o ~ a c sf sf !;!; rn rn : q u rodab,l'P9T u n p l an an o i n d iT iT I -a -a J 9 d;f'rlva.ndo IDm~ill c am am e n ~ ~
lIaYbero.riad~ losp~c
rlles dernas
part partir ir-d -d esos esos pr
9 p . ic ic s d p 4 Q ~ e ) . t p ~ riri :m :m i ! n l a 1m 1m e t l t e . hGlil1:ul.~sChl'i sfiaan H1liyg~It>serialo ci~il.ffflc9 hGlil1:ul.~sChl'i serialo miistarmiistar~~_IlIl' ikl:jW ha I" ~ilfm;da.do la fu i lc lc t6 t 6 n d e lfuim
J:lioo J:lioo ....-leme] . .-leme] orcuando
fisk:a se
VI::
HmIta,d~por
a s ! :n :n a te te m at a t ic ic a " , p e w n o d e s M~ M ~ o! o ! 1 estepuoro. D e m a ne ne r se.m,ejal'lU,. j)~~carte"'di~tiri:guia e n t r e « a n .a .a t i.i. ~ i'i' S; S; ,,,, ·e l m o d o
prac practi tico co cn S~ desc descub ubreu reu la ·'OS< ·'OS
puts
uo.muestra
.L"3D1irl .L"3D1irl pOI el qu
a=bn;i)'>},A!'fi,ArquimM.e~de$cuhri6iiusp[iIl'
i l 1 : m q u e · I Q ( > pr~eni6 clpiiYS r n - e - C l l r u w ~ · C"pri'rime.lltmmcnte. Ct1Ih.o.dtidurcioMSal,t'll:!rtir de ,tl;;i.omi1.Sdildos POlinLUiciiln, d e 't't tttt Ci Ci -d -d o t Io Io e n o sa$eln!lli~s f i e to to n d e . lu lu . G h SLl~ <'xpe-
ti!'I~I'lri.~" cr otro ]ado.~C_ali~eQcli.~cuenta-de ,~uSexp~I;' in~l:ltM, po 10 :q1Je~J nre!!).:d~rd~.f)e.'icar.les ITa mas' affu ill
oi.ell. n r i - V - l l o ) ) & U ,
Galileo,
dete deterr rrni nina nase se
$}(ol1da abstraeta
b a U ilil ld ld Q i l t a ~e ~e j a d . dd
~O
nlis nlis ~u apred
Descartes 110 se 'semi~ 'semi~ < 1 t r a ' i d o pt), Ja arr'lJiglla. des p j ' ! 3 : J 3 6 ric il:e'qu il:e'quelas elas (}i)nsitict1ttiOTIeS lDatemiltif'laS d,~tMminahirnJa cstructura de un iverso, iverso, J.aj.cka d~quc lo~perfi;ctQ~cuerpos
c e e s e s d eb eb e
r:qseer la lonna pcrIocta pcrIocta de;]" ~:sftru) ~:sftru)"d' "d'e:' e:'q!l q!l;C;C-
.100&nWY)Jl1!£I ;lto;;
en se c i : J :c:c J l b t e isis :
ll.Difatm ll.Difatm
mcdnica;s.!a~ .!a~ ..que ..que determinan determinan W 1; 1 ; g c ie ie ra r a c o n e mcdnica;s i i d ' . e - r a , instrurne rnento nto metod metodo!¢ o!¢gko gko I . ;J ;J . S ·~ ·~ 1 a (e (e m ~ titi c1 c1 l ;';' co co m o l lIlI U instru n d m u poc ''I>imp1 ct irir u d e ( j mateI >imp1lt lt1. 1. pm Ia a ct mati matico co pwvs pwvs "N;).¢:l "N;).¢:l hio/ [[1:ii'S rntJ].quc Q c up up an an r e d , meres fig.ul' fig.ul'a5 a5 ffiia:g: ffiia:g:!n(lI!as !n(lI!as», », e~"r e~"rib ibi' i'a, a, Como Como Baco Bacoo, o, pn,'yeCIOl> anlttados con.s.titl1j!ID un.fin, c o ns n s id id e r b a
c ar ar te te s s o la form form mente,
hllP{)l't~ nte
I~ iien enei ei
n u e v o metndo n "g " g a a rn rn n s
eess arte arte
afi' afi'TI.' T I.'U\b< U \b< qu
C {m {m l c e I;! n a
e le le z
;m
(:1,1
de os
elemearos Ian distintarn distintarnen en f~ como como comp compre rend ndem emos oslo lo di\: di\:'e 'etg tg<) <)~e ~e !'lci,).> df' nucstros. nucstros.arre arresenos senos ')',mediante ')',mediante i;I apllca apllcacio cio de (OS~i; <;on.<>t;im.i~nt" acua acualq lqel eler er us,"Ifl us,"Iflq~ p(e~ p(e~le le podn podnam amos os coov coover ertl tlmo mose se alJI alJID" D" .du,,!\oo de
Aldc Aldcsa sarr rrol olla la su meto metodo do rnar rnarem emat atic ico, o, Descartes 1'00:;;6 l'l(lt"bks aWOCl'5 enla t e eu concreto, to, In eu ic ic a m .a . a te te m ~ I ka ka ; en concre '[email protected] til g.eom~tria . 1 " , coordenad a s , C a l il il M se hab-iabasado e n d em e m o sn sn ac a c io io ne ne s g lo lo 'o 'o m& m & d ca ca Sp Sp < T 3 p ro ro b 10m; pro'l?osl~ cl(!ne,s mecanicas, A m p ! if if i e l a btt deia!l~(J deia!l~(JmClt mCltria ria aolras m.o.Sn lLuci\"$me m e dibles.cantida r no n o v im im ie i e a o , v e l (I'd ad r ie ie m p o En este t e r r e n e a p c a o n d e geomctna result)fua or r o! o! > i1 i1 . ! lJ lJ .g .g e hr hr a e on on s t n n a u n a hie.n.forzad~ 'f e n g or t&oita m a t e m ~ t . i'i' ! : r m i c h o m;i; Oex..ibJ Oex..ibJ gel.~e[;L1.p u d 3 Mldh problem;Rs: m;Rs: ([Li ([Li ei1lrafu!SJm nnufas,yTIl~nb,mhll'fiiciJmertiE proble V i m : ie ie n l cs cs . S in in e m b a T gc gc :> :> , ! :l:l lili lg lg e b H ~ e r a c fi fi [o [o M 'e'e s a l g o m;:\$
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reo que compon componia ia elrnererla elrnererla del espaci espaci intere interesre srelaz laz Habia Habia wmbi~1l n a m a hloqw... originales er de maY'eFi,a que 11 se n
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do ; > 1 1 poder L-asera L-aserarq1. rq1.l, l,ia i ass-ttc ttc seres angelic angeli cns ns que n pu pu l a ba lCls caerposcelesrcs efl tornoa susorbiras, obscrvando iemos rerres rerrestre tres. s. L ! J - S SI1~e;;"sextraorJ-i~~l:JJdn aeonreelm iemos nted nted'S 'S como como 1M rnilagros eIDiiritls P0l"leIttosroas-tiidb61ic,os.como como Iaaparieidn Iaaparieidn de 10$oomctas, que se consid considera erabad badebi ebida da
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r e st st an an te te s p () () Sa Sa r d e l h e ch ch o d e q u< u< ,f,f uc uc r dd R c Un do bu bra ticnIU treinta TIU~I\' millo millone ne de catoli catolicos cos cuarenra l lo lo ne ne s d e p ro opl(;1:1alo ro te te sr sr an an te te s c i r a q u apoyaba su oplob r o s niQI1 de qe lo p T o t~ t~ t U IlIl I: I: C t e n d ia ia n , 11pp r .e .e - d om om i n a r s ob (ar,~Ua}s-entre lQS g n m d e s c ie ie n tftf f c o d e ia E u ro ro p a ! 11 11 Q d ,r nn:,E nn:,Est studi udios os subsi subsigui guien entes tes de la afil afiliac iacion iones es rdigiQ$<\$ de lo-s cicI1titi.tos rnodernos, 'q.ue h a dc po cstudio tie [ a r e la COl) la MeJ:1u;1 la c o n d e l p ur ur itit an an is is u ampliado el d!U'1ci., d!U'1ci., iuglesa del sigl ha coafirmado p e { > og og e n e r a d e o s d e sc sc ub ub r m ic ic n tc tc s d e C an an d o c , -aUl;~.tl;cia dt UTIJ In is e s uisi.ci6n ~D l o p a is sobre los ell.p r o le le S l ru ru I !~ !~ . > ( ' p r e d c m ln ln i o de 1 0 ,< ,< 'r'r o re re s ta ta n r e s sobre . uropa !Hnc!. entr lo _g;rilfldl's E !Hnc!.t:m t:m i1 IQ!i1.:Q5entr _g;rilfldl's ciennfieos d < 1 111 1 Europa pu~de pu~de atri atribui bui tres tres fact factor ores es princ principa ipales les ('11 primer lugar, II , 'o I1 I1 gr gr ue ue n c i entre prim II ivo L:tJIOS pr restan Ie actime en a , e n e gu gu nd nd o u ga ga r u sa sa - d e en p ar ar a consecucion
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refl reflcj cjad ad.a .a pe Thom Thomas as Spra Spra en su Histori£ulr!JcI SoctldM e n 1 66 66 7 ' S e n a .l.l ilil b u · «;lclJ «;lclJe!·du e!·du que se clil ~n.-
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Se jerarqufa d e naturaleza peseta 1 1 1 1 doh!", c;a; c;a;r, r,k' k'!e'[ ! e'[co co comp compon onen ente te tant tant mate materi rial ales es como como espi espidr drua ua 1e8. r.J()~cYilb9 le ento ento erre errest stre res, s, vo imie imie tu na t ur ur a e s e r a r e e ! n( n ( '('( ) p O$ O $ ( a ,r,r au au n 'l.c~i~n perfecd6n ;L;. l' ue o, rnie .a rnie tr e-lo e-lo ielo ielo estaban comp quinto to elemento mas perfecto compue uest stos os de 1m quin qu 8C ia un nr lm nt on li imle imle to ci rcular, La as fina, va jera jerarq rquf uf espi espiri ritu tual al pre:.'entaba una. estrucru estrucrura ra
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C~!~J1d,~ e r I1JJ;'o.a(1tp de ,ill. SUel'·rncl vii, & r ~ e os os tu tu m br br e 1 1l 1l ~· ~· 1 vic;fui: I' kL'>Oyel1~; e o n ra ra se se n h is is tu tu riri a filbulO~~'ip'lr n ec ec h o br br c cr iv iv ab ab a d e l < "q "q ui ui l b ri ri o mo E ' S p J r i L!!: ~mr.mw-'~c f . i m f u s J l ] ! l J s . E llll " d cr Ulfu;alque ffinenfutl s an an t a J gi gi "s "s i.i. ~ ) ' quedic quedicen en los.seo los.seolog loges. es. ~Ili(: ~Ili(:ga ga i'Q •• Cu.nd,,-,'tJ1o.liil.gilI.:'r.!}' can d13Ia~Ios ~pici[ ~pici[us us yset..isu!'l lIi!'i'Q d13Ia~ennclencia IiiIlbertad IiiIlbertad de illqlJiri illqlJiril:>k. l:>k.~f,!ll ~f,!llfasm~ fasm~sse!!c,sse!!c,~fi::l{l de ennclencia vanecieron,
A Dt D t 'e . d e g ue ue rr r r a c iv iv i '!?a.r.eceD .!lahe.&<' pianteado alguI1~Sdudasrelativas -~ -~ '"'" S ,r,r ~ b ie ie n d ~ h ar ar i 1 6 3 S . sc sc i l a la la b IJ,ldC e r r a el un e n ig ig m { ;~ ;~ r no n o .e.e s a nr n r a a be be z r iv iv ad ad a p ue ue de de no no l d a 11. s t t a pq_urtu su metafisica ydeslruir]a e s ca ca l d e 1 1 . 8 r a tu tu r as as , oniendo C~I,e~lj6n Ia exi~1<'TIda e sp sp irir i u s» s» . L a elimil 1 , < 1 c i o n de-I de-Ins ns sere sere an5( an5(1i 1ico co de gobi gobiem eme, e,dd dd univ univer erse se pm e.lilogia calvinista er ciertamente u n p ar ar t de q u (I I~idea I~idea de qu numd numd sehall sehallab ab pobl poblad ad J X ' T una-escnla d e o re re s ) m : 1 . $ . b ie ie n e r all'lque n ce ce p cel.meo eoll ll de-t de-tal al d e L a d i n i a d ya r a rq rq ui ui a q u , c o n st st ln ln n a el.m supcdercn 1)!'l,>lfjemI'qui~e IlIj. IlIj.rejl, rejl,lael lael universo.delegarrdo eres eres.e .esp spir irit itua uale les, s, c!,d c!,d un de JO'5 cuales cuales peseta peseta UT grade pode qued quedec ecre recf cf medi medida da ue laesce laescela la desce descendi ndia, a, sin t! pode qnc-ahoragobernaba directamente como un re~lI)r absolnto decretos p ,l,l )m me )m n l ga ga d o d .e .e s -t-t i c l cemienzu, F . S ' tc decr decret etos os no eran eran otra otra cosa cosa quda quda yesde la natura naturalez leza, a, .p re re de de st st in in ac ac lo lo n p :r:r ~ medo q!lt' 1< doct doctri rina na te og-tca·~ ~ .p paraba parabaasr asrel el camino camino par la Eiloso Eilosofia fiadel del determ determini inismo smo atecanic canicis is ta
r id id a d e m o vi v i m ie i e n o s que hasta.emonces li.lIb:m side ir}1 clus clusiv iv de lamateri lamateri ,el· ,el·~e ~e A d e m - a s -ul:H;i),ab>lli! ~eQ19linzade Tier Tierra ra co lo pIaner pIaneras as ador adorna nand nd alos alos cuer cuer eeIl.'SlCS co la prop £rto £rto propie ieda dade de degrave degraveda da qu habiaxu.considerado como u n ap ap e cu cu l a r d a d e I n ,"," ,H ~ l ~ ]] ]] o M er e r rc rc su su '{ '{ ' n fe fe r io io re re s t ieie r r y ag ag ua ua " n a ve v e z m a s , s C iu iu n ~'\I ,alu,m no Rheticus, r e ch ch a z b ilil iII o p n io io n mi ki e s fe fe r a c e i e st st e s s up up e ri ri or or c s rigiesen l o m o v i m ie ie n t o s de]a!; In feriores S < .'.' g \i\i n l ~ , h j.j. p 6t 6t e . ~; ~; ~ d e m i maestro -<:l;ITibro R!\e-tkus-, la e.(;:n \ 1 < l1 I .> .> , 1 ui ui im im w · .ead planet planet ~'''llil1aunlformemon t,c cu el I l1 uc le h., a$igtm a$igtmdo! do! natural naturalezn ezn completa-sn p~r"1:lo verse verse fotzadli l~ln!lUJ~ade~ig\~~ld!t.dor d. poder de lID:!.c~-ff:ra 1'I'i:l';or,
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la ( l pi op Y ' SS- o t a pi llll I6 I6 n r r a d ic ic i nnal, Copfmioo p r op de de qu elSo pose pose un domi domini ni abso abso ut sobr sobr el sis( e' e' I i ). ). ~ h f · «E «E l $ 0 s e a s e m
c om om o e n u n ttolHneal,
g<;;>bei"-
sus h i o s k ) p i n e ta ta s q u ginn e n t o r n o 3. i;lh. F,.n ay ri de 1\):> sislemils nuevo" mpor mporta tanc ncia ia ro Ia XVi)' ;"'11 ;"'11 el o! aciquiri pues!()s dUI"
ol, QIyl{>s plsnetas e] on nl S Cm Cm ov ov i e n o rn rn o a l T ie ie r r e s r a c i onaria, W'i'llia llia Gilb Gilb~" ~" de Colc Colche hest ster er adop adopto to UU ~e(c¢rsistema semec' :P :P ! o e n qlle J.:I Tierra realizaba 1111giro;) ; a n tttt · a t y .;.; h 'c'c \ n i.i. :::: ( ) < 'x c' w;u.rn(~ s u e j e, s i os rn rn ic ic o e ra r a n idenlivalores c os l'iirbl
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los prirne prirneros ros d~llti d~lltifk6 fk6 modern modernos. os. , t l . ;,;, i i no )' ~o~astf61l ~o~astf61lomm, omm, ha ian w e 5 t io io u O ld ld \ ) l a ~xiste~ci de la [er ar a r qu qu ls ls s c e le le s te te s .p .p e r I Q Sm Sm Q r t ;iliSlas ll~bm'l M o du (,)si('ah ·jnj,~j~IS
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j en en J r qu qu i a , p ~~ ~~ :i:i . d e t:t: iv iv ah ah a [lfI;loy.aP'ai:3;Q_onCOlpCmn.s~nJll cual les cuerpos cuerpos cde~l{~emi cde~l{~emi de i & L ~ l " l , ' l1l1 , i 1 . I " '>'> i l . $ t ~ ' 9 l :i:i l i:i: t ~ t iv iv a q u Ia T i e r ra ra , E L e n s a y ls ls l f m ~ l l:l: d ~, ~, t:t: :l:l lili n t ~ jljl lJ lJ le le ~ 3 3 . 1 s9 s9 2 " sltuarse im aliie ~ ,:,: rlrl b 6 ' q u p o r !.nfinit<.,,,,1 fiultosse m n g n ac ac ie ie n l~O razon ~jg1J~'lpq I~ qll~ tlj~ e s "n i X I . T O d';' d';'lt lt 'lu hace hacemo mo ,cqn 1 0 6 . ~ uo.r uo.res estd tdta ta dolo doloro rosa sa
rres na Ilab Ilaban an 1" doct doctri rina na exci excita tant nt
id o C;n~tI C;n~tI'do 'do l(l c id
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por la rrayecroria d e m m i m a qu vi resist resisteuc eucia ia 16S2}; elprinc elprincip ipio io gene geneta ta de aupe aupert rtui ui de m n r im im a a cc cc io io n (J 744) pl ab n a diW'I'.S.idadde fe eimi
nemeno nemeno [t~ico [t~icos. s. ~ U e nt n t ra ra sq sq u. u. e W U k jn jn ~ pCll.saba q u
o s p ra r a as as .o .o :" :" . d e earnminimo b 1 d e 11 11 .m .m iy iy e rs rs o r e n ia ia n lug~ nt.;\.:; plenarncnte (I d~r:i'a_
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posible reconciliar I a d e a rradirionnl d e g ut ut : r o do do s I os os .s .s e re re s ea es resp.-:-c;!1l; 1l; III ordenados po 10 qu('- resp.-:-c;! l,erfecd6n.con la !1\lI,'Va. c on on cc c c pc pc io io n se se gu gu n a cu cu a apa.rledel Supremo L e g s la e r e s e n ia ia n a p ! . la do d o r d e ] m un un do do , o do do s o s s er xirnadarnente . ! O S m . i & m 9 S poderes, Stq'>onf:lquce] Supremo c~a!l<"r Legi Legisl slat atlO lO habr habr ctor ctorga gado do podl'":r; o da d a s a s criatu.r~!; e r a a ut ut on on o rn rn a s Ii es de trad tradic icio iona naie ie rela relaci cion oncs cs de Iio m n ac ac i 1 1'! scrviesta concepcidn. qlle,~1 qlle,~1 sus operaci operacione ones, s, t< I n . n t 1 J l 1 . l!l! i l.l. l c z ~ h ' 1 l !;!; ; c erdinariamente alglir ir principiointerno». Y5() de algl 00"0 00"0 PUllI PUllI 11 Ohservaba
d.evistaadoptado m a . s o rm rm ir ir un un en e n t d er er iv iv a d e la Iilosofia L 1 p o d~ PQdC'r segun1a PQdC'r fhic(js> e1 ~J m(wirnii'J]tb goher.rl
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Tier Tierra ra si bien bien la Tierra nO podr podraa aaha hall llar arse se ea e l e " ~ D t f .(. ( n : lclc \
eo
£avimcicUi universal
(ir'bi bit: t:la la[l [lIl Il~' ~' en lome lomen! n!'J 'J universe si e s q u s e T I O v a e un (ir' So 0 : a n o , C ep ep e n i o - u ge ge n u e cada cuel'pl\, la:TiJ}:n1l" el 501, Ia Luna ylos piltilctas piltilctas.posd .posdan;su an;su .pro~i.' .pro~i.' '-llstenn. '-llstenn.de de r av av ed e d nd n d , d e m an a n er e r n qu unerpiedraen d e sp sp i c Io Io -c -c ae ae r i be c i c l c u er er p e le le s ]).1 a~pr6xinl Cupcrn.ico p e n s a b a que I'~',gr'<,l~edadem 1'3 !~ndefld.~ de los a;greg a;gregadu adu I1:1at~t,li\'il ,,~m.greg2!T~een la form e . e n n~aJ'luief 1u.griTen form de n a $C" ~J l 'r .... "C "C i.i. s( s( U n t·t· n ltlt \ e l l c e n trtr o de u n i v cr cr :C :C ;(;( J . M,as.,;:i d n , c o n si qu un punt!) g=m~u;;:<;9en e l u c si de de r a b II gra~l'd~d, bien tales p il il n t o s t ccnn f a qllt' se a ho ho r e ee ee '{iem:-birJbfut r e s d ~ s t f,f, ,,.. a. a. ,d ,d ( " m a \ ,·,· r ia ia . ;;Ei e l e m e r u o (:'s toda Ia cosa pc:;.id~, toda cosas. s.pe pesa sada da sev~ lIei lIeira rada da ba,~ ba,~ s u c en en trtr u intimo,» (';))p (';))pem em ic no ptil!>ab.~ < : J : l l C ' cue rpos d~lsisrenia solar
dDl~S
cia. £'1,aspiral1doa aspiral1doa a ka ka ma ma r
1,;0.;lil 1,;0.;lilfigu~ figu~ eoncepcion eoncepcion de lag..wednd
d i fefe T i ::: : . p r O f tL tL L 1 d " < \
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.dip;; .dip;;c. c. Keplerpcns Keplerpcnsaba aba qu deWili principalmente tres tresci cien enta ta
sese sesent nt
giro de-la Tier Tierra ra soh~ soh~~u ~u ejf: ejf:se se ro
-a rm rm , il:Hl.Fnetisnm: e n u n -a
debf debfan an ;).'0'11 pn)Como ·Gi'lbert. K e p l e ra ra c e p ts ts b a l o v a ! o rL rL " s c'c' (} (} s m ic ic o s .d .d e C o p cr cr n ic ic o . La Tierra med da gu demas phmet
tlcas, C om om o h em em o
e p le le r u sc sc r b f 1 < ieja idea mecavlsto, K ep cuerpo til. movi movimi mien ento to pn:d pn:dsa saba ba:! :! apli aplica ca impelente nte fin dl!mante dl!mantener nerse se COliStame de una fuerZi! impele amig Gali Galile le S - e . ; ! d b e r i a al SI:1 amig viej viej prej prejui uici ci astr astrun undr drni nico code de qu I!J; I!J; l<(Io\TLm lentos de los
ic don
VerilOS dqJ.j)'<;s;\que Keple.t 00 renia renia i~er i~erci cia, a, p~ e n < lo lo la la u e rlrl .l.l 'l · anima I> L v a lc lc i]i] \e \e » 1 0 que se n«<:s:" :a1g_un e ~ I>
rota rotaei eion ones es l(:r l(:r:r :re, e,~! ~!:r :re. e. as otra otra in
UI1
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prob proble lema ma d~la In,,:;caniro celeste r e r i ~i~cuJ~. O ?O ?O ' el ~i~cuJ~. Partieudo de las espcculacienes en g:ro:1\rnedida cuahtatiVl1,~d e
G ilil bi bi '; l"l" l e l problerna
de-la grav~d
n ue ue v
Iklg Iklgla late ten~ n~a,s a,sum umin inis istr tran ando do la solu soluci cicn cn dcfi dcfini nitl tlva va Ill. Ill.~QS~ ~QS~
trera escuela estnardo d e c ie ie n ntt if if i o s. s. ; L a f ig ig un un L r i c ip ip a derncha escuela fue !s(lllc !s(lllcNe' Ne''''I '''I.on .on 1154211542-172 172:7, :7, si bien no
otrosmlemc~l:e c~l:ede de:r :ron on de impor importa tanc ncia ia lasc lascor orno nobu buci cion ones esde de l ue ue s . ,s ,s o r ~ t od od o I ~< ~< ;d ;d e R ob ob er er t Hooke, 1635-1703, Chris-
topber Wren, 5 3 2 - 7 2 3 , E dm d m u n d H ~ le le ) 1 ~6 ~6 56 56 - 7 4 2 . Supuesta l a v e r s i6 prmopr pr de me cs de i6 n · m , od od e . r n a dc prmo mevimieruo sin inlpedimemos G,,!i! G,,!i!e:oque e:oque establece. establece.que que consisteen una velockiad ul,iforme en linea de till CU~ r e ct ct a e l p ro r o b e m a de !i"~plica.rl o s [ IlIl Cl Cl v :i:i JJ JJ U CD CD 1 0 , de lo cuerptJ. c e le le s te te s e n e tn t n l n o s m e c < p ic ic o s e d lv lv id id i6 i6 : d.~s uestiones tiones subsidia subsidiaria ria pdni:ipa pdni:ipa!es !es P r rm rm e ro ro , 1 3 d e nV nV a C 16 16 ! de la
OpillioTl
una line~ recta t ra ra y c to to n ra eu urr va va d
m er er el el a
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.