Henri Boudet -Le Vrai Langue Celtique-English Translation

DedicationfromHenriBoudettoGrassetD'Orcet PREFACEThetitleofthisbookseems,atfirst,toopretentioustobeaccurate.It iseasy,however,toprovethetruth,astheCelticlanguageisnotadead language,disappeared,butalivinglanguage,spokenintheworldbymillionsof men.ThelanguageofanationaspowerfulaswastheGallicnation,wouldit havebeenlostandwithoutatrace?Isitreallysurprisingthatpeoplewoulduse ourEuropetoo,toexpresshisthoughts,wordscameoutofthemouthsofmenin ancienttimestheworld?Withoutdoubtthatpeople,whoeagerlysoughttodayto resumetheinterruptedthreadofitstraditions,unawareofthevariousmigration ofitsvalorousancestors,butwiththehelpofitsnationallanguage,hemay engageinresearch,whichcertainlywillbecrownedthehappiestlivinglanguage, towhichweallude,westronglyhelpedtodiscoverthemagnificentmonumentto CelticexistingRennes-les-Bains,and,inturn,thestudyofthismonumenthasled usunabashedlytoetymologicaldeductionsthatseemdifficulttorefute. CromleckThus,theRennes-les-Bainsisintimatelylinkedtotheresurrection,or, ifyouwill,wakingupunexpectedlyCelticlanguage

PRELIMINARYOBSERVATIONSConcernedtowritesomeremarksonthe spatownofRennes-les-Bains,whereGodhadcalledustoexercisethepastoral ministry,eagertoreliveoldmemories,wethought,wronglyorrightly,thatthe nameofRennes,containingprobablyinitselfthecountry'shistoryinCeltic times,wediscover,foracorrectinterpretation,manyinterestingthingsabout thesharprockswhichcrownourmountains.Twoloosestones,placedonaridge ofahill,alsoinvitedustoaskwithpersistenceapast,moreover,verydark.But howpenetratethesecretofalocalhistorythroughtheinterpretationofa compoundnameinanunknowntongue,whenthehistoryofancientGaulisstill plungedindarknessdepressing?Mostancientpeopleshaveleftwritten:they werehistorians,poets,andtheirstories,orfabulousorstronglyimbuedwiththe patrioticpridethatexaggerates,defectcommontoallnations,wecanidentify thecertaintiesoftheiroriginandthevariousstagesofdevelopment.Amongthe Celts,butnothinglikethis:oneverysideadarknight.Intrepidresearchers, historianshavepushedtheillustriousmostoutoftheirpassionateinvestigations. Allwritersofantiquitywereinterviewed.Thesumofknowledgeremainsvery incomplete.Whereisthe"torch"thatwilldispelthedarkness?Isitnotinthe oldlanguagewhichourfathersbequeathedtous?"Dialects,"saidJ.deMaistre, propernamesofpeopleandplacesseemtomeMinealmostintactandhecan drawfromhistoricalandphilosophicalriches."(I).Languedocdialectspokenin ourregion,doesnotseemaverysafewaysothatwecaninthenext,keepthe hopetoreachanimportantresult.However,thisroute,wetraveledwith patience,withthefirmconvictionthattheDivineProvidencewoulddirectour stepsandwewouldachievethegoalofourefforts.Whenthetorchwewere lookingwithanxiety,rosetooureyes,itsfirstrayfellonthenameofTectosages, andthisradiusdazzledus.Itwasnecessary,however,doesnotfullyengagethe imagination,andweintendtoconvinceourselvesoftherealityofthatlightthat wouldenlightenGallictimes,wetriedtomakepeoplethinkbythemirrors LanguagesHebrew,Punic,BasqueandCeltic.Theresultseemedtousseriously, andbeforeweusethelanguageofTectosagestoexplainthemeaningof monumentsmegalithicelementsofRennes-les-Bains,theprimarypurposeofour research,weappliedtotheinterpretationofpropernamestakeninthese differentlanguages.Thereforewefind,first,inthisworkperformingthesetests, becausetheyareintendedtoserveasadecisiveproof.

CHAPTERONE.I SPECIFICLANGUAGEOFCELTICOCCUPATION FIRSTOFGAUL. Itisnotuseless,webelieve,toprefacethisreviewwitha quicksummaryofcurrentknowledgeonthefamousGallic nation.Gaulhasbeenthefocusofthefinalestablishmentof theCelticfamilyinthewesterncountriesofEurope,and eventhenameofsaplingsheheld,demonstratesthe continueddominanceinthiscountry,itspeoplebrave.Itwas betweentheocean,thePyrenees,theMediterranean,the AlpsandtheRhine.Thesouthernpart,fromtheBayof

BiscaytotheMediterranean,wasoccupiedfirstbythe IberianandLigurianfromtheSpanishpeninsula.Thegals, descendantsofGomer,sonofJapheth,wenttoAsiaMinor atatimethatwecannotspecify,spreadinGaulby repressingtheIberianssouththeLigurianeastwardsand invadedSpain,mingledwiththeIberians.TheAquitaine, Iberiantribes,resistedtheencroachmentsofGalsand retainedtheirpositionbetweentheoceanandthePyrenees andtheGaronne.TowardsthesixteenthcenturyBC,the GalsweretheundisputedmastersofGaul.Theconquestof SpainbytheLigurianGalsforcedtomove,andaboutthe year1400BC,aftercrossingtheAlps,foundedinItalyin recentdominationofAmbrasandShadows,647yearsbefore thefoundingofRome.ThisisthefirstpartoftheGallic family,that,accordingtoThierryAm,theancienthistorians applymoreparticularlynameCelts.TheKimrisformedthe secondbranchofthefamilyGallicTheGreeksandRomans calleditKimmerioicalledtheCimbri.Intheyear631BC, thepeopleScythian,thereportofHerodotus,fellonthe banksoftheSeaofAzovandpushedbeforethemKimris whoheadedintothesunsetundertheleadershipofHuariarm,ascendedtheDanubeandinvadedGaulbytheRhine. FollowingthetraditionsKimriquesHu-ar-armswillpoint cameinthepole,buthecrossedthemistyoceanand conqueredGalsontheislandofAlbion.Duringthese migrationsandconquestsoftheseKimris,AncusKing Rome,victoriousoverhisneighbors,builtthecityofOstiaat themouthoftheTiberRiver.Butnewtribessuccessively inundatedKimrisGaul,and"afterahugescrum,Gaulis dividedbetweentheGaelsandKimris."(1)TheKimris, west,occupyingthesidesoftheseaandtheplainsofNorth andNortheast,andGaelsretaintheeasternandcentral Gaul.Itwasafterthesepopulationmovementsthat historiansputthetwoemigrationsofSigovèseandnephews BellovesusAmbigatuskingorchiefBiturigesintheyear587 BC.BellovesustooktheroadtoItaly;Sigovèseheadedtothe Northeast,crossedtheRhine,andthroughtheHercynian forest,settledonthebanksoftheDanube.About300years

beforeChrist,apowerfulconfederationofKimris,the Belgians,invadedthenorthofGaulandcapturedthem.Two Belgictribes,theTectosagesVolkesandtheVolkes ArécomiquescrossedGaul,weaponsinhand,andstoppedin thesouth,theVolkesTectosagesonthebanksofthe GaronneinToulouse,theymadeittheircapital,andthe ArécomiquesVolkes,eastoftheCevennes,withtheircenter inNimes.VolkesTheTectosagesdidnotremainlongatrest inthecountrytheyhadjustconquered.Around281BC,a largeemigrationrejoined,onthebanksoftheDanube,the Gallictribeswhichdescendedfromthecompanions Sigovèses.Carriedawaybytheirwarlike,theseGaulswere dividedintothreepartsandfelllikeahurricanein Macedonia,EpirusandThrace.SomeoftheseTectosages insatiableAdventure,crossedAsiaMinor,neartheir originalhome,foundedanewGaul,Galatia."TheGauls filledandthedinoftheirarms"theancientworldasa whole.Theextent"Directtheirpossessions,theterritory occupiedbythebody"nationbyGallo-Kimris,was immense.Ifwetake"alookatthemapoftheancientworld tothefirst"halfofthethirdcenturyBCE,weseerace "GallicdeployedfromErin(Ireland)toEstonia"(withafew stepsSt.Petersburg),sincethe"northerntipofthe peninsulaCimbric"(Denmark)totheApennines,fromthe threeFinisterre"ofBritain,GaulandSpaintotheborders" ofthebridgeandCappadocia,viatheDanube"theyhold upbeyonditsconfluencewiththeSave,"bythe Carpathians,theAlpsIllyrian,Hemusand"Thrace.The GaulshangingoverEurope,ends"ofSpaintotheEuxine. "(1)CELTICLANGUAGEII.Fromthisbriefpresentation, weseethathistoriansareinvolvedinthepossessionofGaul, firsttheGals,andthenKimrisFinally,theBelgians,whom theydescend,withoutanycertainty,andArécomiques TectosagesVolkes.Onemightaskwhymodernhistorians GalscalledGaelsortheoriginalinhabitantsofGaul,when JuliusCaesar(1)warnsusthattheGauls,intheirown language,calledCeltaeandintheLatinGalli.Thesetwo namesseemtobesynonymousandhaveauniquemeaning,

andthat'swhatprovesaperemptoryBouissetAbbe,inhis briefonthethreedruidiccollegesLacaune.ThetermCeltae -Kell-werethesepeopleaverypositivedirectionpointing totheman,andtheexpressionGalli,accordingtothe explanationsofMr.LightAbbeBouisset,wouldcontainthe sameidea.InGreekmythology,theGaulswerethesubjects ofGalatians,sonofHercules.Thewarlikereputationof Galatianswasimmense,andthatofhisstrengthandhis virtues.Wedonotdisdaintogatherinthemiddleofthe allegoriesofmythology,thesedetailsapparentlyveryhigh, butinfactofconsiderableuse.AtthetimewhenCaesar broughtthewarinGaul,heshowsusoccupiedbythree people:theBelgians,AquitaineandtheCelts.Theyalldiffer, hesays,bylanguage.However,thisdifferenceshouldnotbe verydeep.InapaperontheoriginoftheCelticlanguages andFrench,Duclos,bornin1704inDinan,permanent secretaryoftheFrenchAcademy,says:"Intheabsenceof monumentsistosayworkswritings,wehavenolightsonthe Celticlanguagethatthetestimonyofsomehistorians,which indicatethattheCelticlanguagewascommontoallthe Gauls.Gaulwasdividedintoseveralstates(civitates),states inthecountry(pagi),allofwhicharegovernedbyspecific laws,andthesestatementstogetherformedabodyofa republic,whichhadacommoninterestingeneralaffairs. TheyformedtheAssembliescivilianormilitary;theycalled comitiaarmata,resembledthebackbench.Therefore,needa commonlanguagethatmembersmightconfer,deliberate andformonthefieldofresolutionsthatweretobeknown assistants,andwedonotseeinanyauthortheyhadneedof interpreters.Wesee,moreover,thattheDruids,whichboth functionaspriestsandjudgeswereaccustomedtoassemble, onceayear,fromChartrestoadministerjusticeto individuals,whocamefromallsidesview.Itwastherefore necessarythattherewasagenerallanguageoftheDruids andthatwasfamiliartoalltheGauls...Therewerealso severalnations,whoselanguagewastohavemuchin commonwiththeGauls.ItisprobablethattheGaulsand Germanswerenottodiffermuchthesepeoplehavingthe

sameCelticorigin,theGermanshadsettledinGauland GaulswerereciprocallyincreasedinGermany,wherethey occupiedlargeareas..." Thesesensiblethoughtsleadauthorofthebrieftoassert thatdifferencesinlanguagewereonlyobservedbyCesar dialecticaldifferences.Wedonotfollowtheseconsiderations veryfairontheconsiderabledamageoccurredintheCeltic languageofGaulbytheestablishmentoftheLatinfamily. Wenote,however,thatifhehaddrawnfromhisbeginnings arigorousconsequence,hewasledtoconcludethatthe Celticlanguagehadtomaintainperfectintegrityina country,whichtheRomanshaveneversetfoot.Itiswell establishedthattheGaulshavenogaveawritten monuments,becausetheymaybemoreconfidenceinthe traditions,andthereisnoreasontobesurprisedinthisway toact,ifwepayattentiontothetenacityoftraditionsamong acertainpeopleofEurope,whichweshallfurtherwith clarity.However,itisnotpermissible,thattheCelticnation hasnotlefttofutureagesthememoryofhismorals,religion andindustry.ThisstoryoftheGaulsisnotwritteninbooks andisengravedontheverysoiltheyoccupied.Theygave thetribes,land,mountains,riversofGaulnamesthattime itselfcouldnoterase.Hereisconfinedtheirtrue history.Theseappellationscertainlyhaveaprecisemeaning, fullofinterestingrevelations,althoughalllanguagesseem powerlesstoexplainthesepuzzles.Thedecayofthesenames ofplaces,people,tribes,wasseriouslyconcernedabout manyminds:wetriedtofindthislanguage,whichhasfilled ourgroundindeliblenames,whosemeaningunknownto ourlegitimatecuriositythrowsanongoingchallenge.Sir WilliamJones,founderoftheAsiaticSocietyofCalcutta, hadfirstnoticedaaffinitybetweenSanskrit,Greekand Latin.Theyshouldthereforehaveacommonoriginand, withoutdaringtosayhesuspectedthattheCelticandthe GothiccamefromthesamesourceasSanskrit.Comparative grammarofEuropeanlanguagesFrançoisBoppwentonto explainhowthegrammaticalrulescandiscoverinSanskrit, Persian,Greek,LatinandGothic,nolongerasimple

affinity,butarealcommunityoforigin.Untilrecently,"Mr. TregearhasreadbeforethePhilosophicalSocietyof WellingtonastudyofMaoriinAsia.HecitedtheHindostan languageandmodernPersianfacingtheMaorilanguage,by showingremarkablenumberofagreementsbetweenthem. Thewordsquotedwerethemselvesfullofhistoryandhave providedevidenceofthegreatspaceoftimeelapsedsince theMaorilivedinindia.BeginningofEuropeanlanguages, hehasshownthathundredsofwordssimilartothoseofthe MaorilanguagearefoundinGreek,Latin,Lithuanian, Celtic,etc.,etc..Butthemostinterestingpartofhisstudy wasthatwhichdeterminedtheidentityoftheMaoriand English,nottakingintoaccounttheAnglo-Maoriwords, manufacturedwordsbothlang uages,sincetheconquestofthecountrybyBritain."(1).All thesesuccessiveobservationsledtothesuggestionthatthe SanskritlanguagemaygivethekeytoCelticlanguage,andit wasbelievedwithanyallthemorereasonthattheCelts camefromAsia,thecradleofmankind.Wecanobservethat thedialectsspokeninFrance,IrelandandScotlandshould giveusthatkeyevenmoreeasilythantheSanskrit;because thealterationoflanguagedoesnotevennowfindthesame wordsinCelticdialectsIrish,Scottish,WelshandBreton Languedoc.Itcouldbemanyquotes,butwewillconfine ourselvestoafew.Theskinofthewheatgroundandpassed bolteriscalled,indialectofLanguedoc,Brenbrenin Breton,Welshbran,braninIrishandScottish.Heather,so commoninthemoorsofGaul,calledinLanguedocBrugo; inBretonandbrukbrug;Welshconsumingandbrwg.The FrenchverbistranslatedintocleanLanguedocbyscura; sguradhbyScots,Irishbysguradh.TheFrenchnameofthe alder,(1)TheAdvocate,September5,1885,newspaperof Melbourne,Australia.essenceoftrees,saidinLanguedoc Bergne;inBretonandWelshGwern,FearninScottishand Irish.(1)LanguedocdialectIIIANDTectosagesItiscertain, fewexamplesofwordsthatarefoundintheCelticlanguage ofthedescendantsoftheCeltsinBrittanyandLanguedoc, sowewillnothesitatetomakethetestofdialectLanguedoc,

inordertotrytodiscoverthetrueCelticlanguagespokenby ourancestors.Nevertheless,itmustseemoddthatwechose theLanguedocdialectratherthanBretontoputusontrack andweinvokeitforaserioushistoricalreason,andby closelyexaminingtheemigrationsofTectosagesVolkes,we shallbeconvincedofthecorrectnessfullythischoice.Ata timeveryindecisiveandhistoriansbelievetheycan determine,however,asthefourthcenturyBC,twotribesare saidtobelongtotheBelgians,andTectosagesVolkesVolkes Aré-(1)NamesBretonIrish,ScottishandWelsharetaken fromthebookbyMAChevallet:originandformationofthe Frenchlanguage.I.Flight HilariouscrossedGaulandsettledinSouthernGaul betweentheGaronneandthePyreneesandtheRhone.The TectosagesmadeToulousetheircapitalandArécomiques placedthemselvesintheeastofNimesCevenneswithas centraltotheirdomination.Aroundtheyear281BC,alarge emigrationofTectosageswalkedtowardstheDanubetojoin theirbrothers,alsoTectosages,whoownedthebanksofthe river.Let'snowfacingthesefactstotheinformation providedbyJuliusCaesar."Longbeforetherewasatime whentheGaulsexcelledtheGermansintheirmilitary prowessandtheywenttowartotheirhomes:thefieldswere nolongerenoughtofeedapopulationtoolarge.Theysent coloniesovertheRhine.SointhelandofGermany'smost fertilearoundtheHercynianforest,thatVolkesTectosages settledaftertheyconquered.Thispeopleuntilnowoccupies thesameterritory."(1)AtthetimewhenCesarwrotethese lines,VolkesTectosageswerethereforeestablishedmasters unchallengedontherightbankoftheRhineandaroundthe Hercynianforest,thatistosay,northofthisvastforest, fromtheRhinetotheOderandperhapsevenbeyond,and more,theypossessedtheleftbankoftheDanube,which flowssouthofthesameforest.Caesarfixedpointoftheera ofconquestsTectosagesbutthemostimportantthingto observeisthatcountriesalongtherightbankoftheRhine andconqueredfromtheGermans,theyhavealways belonged.AfterJuliusCaesar,authorsnolongerreferto

Tectosages.Thereseemtodisappearfromtheworld,the silencebecamesodeeparoundtheirname.Wewillmeet themsoon,however,takingasguidestheetymologyof TectosagesVolkesandwecanstillfollowthelongtrackof theirwarlikeexpeditions. Volkes(Volcae)derivesverbstovault(vault),vaulting, jumpingandtomakecowboy(kau),intimidateTectosagesis producedbytheothertwoverbstotaketo(Teketo)take pleasurein...andtosack,pillage,plunder.Bybringing togetherthefourverbsconstitutingthetwodesignations,we areseeingintheirvariousmeaningsthatVolkesTectosages frightenedtheenemybytherapidityoftheirevolutioninthe fightandlikedtodevastateandplunder. Donotletthispointgounnoticedbouncinggait, traditionallyamongtheoutfieldersoftheformerFrench army,andkeptstillinourregimentsofZouavesand Chasseurs,asVolkesareancestorsoftheFranks,asthey couldbecheckedwhenwetalkaboutFrankstribes.Volkes movementswarriorsweredistinguishedbysoswiftly bringingwithitfear,usuallycrownedbythevictory, followedbythedevastationandlooting.Insummarizingthe namesofTectosagesVolkes,weseethemfastand frighteninglooters. Thisnamehadnothingbutgloriousforthepeople,forthe looting,itwaswar,andweknowthattheCimmerianloved himpassionately.Sothismeaningofthewordhonorable robberhaskeptitintactinthecountryoccupiedbythemin southernFrance.Whenachildshowsakeenintelligence,a soulfullofenergy,andwhenthisenergeticspiritisserved byabodywhosemembersareagileandnervousparents speakwithprideandcallita"Raider".Theygoeven furtherintothemeaningofthisword,ifaskedaboutthe numberoftheirchildren,theyrespondwithouthesitation, theyhave"one,twoorthreeRaiders.Thestory,aswehave said,afterCaesar,nolongerspeaksofTectosagesVolkes, andthissilenceisallthemoreextraordinarythatthepeople whosentthesettlementsbeyondtheRhine,aroundthe HercynianforestonthebanksDanubeandintoAsiacould

quicklyloseifthetraditionsofhisadventurousspirit. Alwayseagerforwarexpeditions,theyreappearedwitha bangastheSaxons.Andtheydeclaredopenlyinthefaceof nations,theyweretheson,thedirectdescendantsTectosages -tosack,plunder-his,sondown.Itisremarkablethat historiansstillcalltheSaxonraiders.Thisqualificationwas infacttheirrealname,and,unconsciously,historians explain,forthetermoflooters,theexactmeaningofSaxons. Aroundtheyear446AD,theleaderoftheBritonsonthe islandofBritain,Wor-Tigern,askedforhelptorescuethe SaxonsofthePictsandScotswhosoughttooppress.The SaxonsmadehastetostealtheislandofBritainunderthe leadershipoftwobrothersHengistandHorsa,and,after defeatingthePictsandhavemadethemselvesmastersofthe island,theyexterminatedtheBritonstheirallies.Angles,- toangletoangle-wholivedontheshoresoftheBalticSea, cametotakeSaxonbrotherstheirshareoflootingand,after forcingthemajorityofBritonsescapedthemassacretotake refugeinArmorica,theyfoundedtheAnglo-Saxonkingdom knownunderthenameofEngland.Tectosages,accordingto historians,wereKimriquerace,andtheCimbri-Kimbo, forked,-toharry,laywaste-thedestructiveforked, referringtothehornsofaurochswhosewarriorsadorned theirheads-wesaytheCimbri,belongedtotheCeltic family:theyweretherefore,CimbriandTectosages,speak thelanguageoftheirfamily.Thepossessionoftheislandof BritainbyTectosagesexertedapositiveinfluenceonthemto preservetheirlanguageandtheircustoms.Theisolationhas preservedtheprofoundchangesundergonebythelanguages ofotherpeoplesofEurope,whileleavingthemthefullest freedomforremotesettlements,whichareaspecialfeature oftheircharacter.LanguedocdialectANDREALCELTIC LANGUAGE.GenealogyoftheAnglo-Saxonsaswepresent, couldstill,despiteallseemtosomepurelyhypothetical,but itiseasytosupportaconvincingproof,sincethelanguageof TectosagesleftdeeptracesintheLanguedocdialect.A simplecomparisonbetweenafewtermsandtheir correspondingLanguedocAnglo-Saxonswillsufficeto

demonstratethecompleteanalogybetweenthetwo languages.However,wishingtoavoidtheboredomoftoo numerouscomparisons,weonlygivetheexpressionsofthe mostfamousandmostused. Languedocdialect.Anglo-SaxonLanguage(1)Alade,green evergreentree.Alderalder.Ander,firedogAndiron (andaïeurn)andironofArréouinthequeue.Array(arre), orderofbattle.Baïssel,vessel,barrel.Vessel,vessel,barrel. Barata,barter,exchangetobarter,barter,exchange. Bouiche,boxwood.Bush(mouth),bush.Beck,dozing.to Beck,noddinghishead.Bolo,aball.Ball(Baule),aball. Bosk,awood.BOSKY,woody.(1)TheSaxonwordsare borrowedfromthedictionaryEnglishFrenchPercySadler. WewantthisdictionaryofthekindnessofMr.William O'Farrell.WilliamO'FarrellistheauthorofEnglish Grammar,anadmirableorderandclarity. Languedocdialect.Anglo-Saxonlanguage.Braouyoungbull Braw(Braou),frontair.Braza,weldedwithcopper.Braze to(Brèze),weldedwithcopper.Brensound.Bran,son. Bugadolaundry.Buck(Beuk),laundry.Caicho,cash.Cash, cash.Camboleg.Ham,leg.Catcha,squeeze,squeeze.Catch, catch,clamp.Clapahitting.toclap,strike.Clouko,hen clucks.toCluck,cluck.Carreto,charreite.Car,truck.Cost, price.Cost,price.Costo,coast,ramp.Coast(kost),coast, shore.Counta,calculate,counttoCount(kaount),calculate. Crinkoontop.Crinkle,fold,sinuosity.Dérouca,limbing, debarking.roughcastto(reuffcast),cutcoarsely.Despatch, hurry.toDespatch,dispatch.Escapa,escape.Escapeto (iskepe)escape.Estreita,narrow.Strait(stretto),narrow. Flacpowerless.toFlag,tofallfromweakness.Flasketo, powderflask.Flasck,apowderflask.Franchiman,one French.Frenchman,aFrenchman.Frescofreshness. Fresco,freshness.Freight,rub.Freightto,rub.Gat,acat. Cat,acat.Godo,nonchalance.Goad(god),goad.Hai,aterm usedtoforcethepacehorses.Tohie(hated),hurry,hurry.

Languedocdialect.Anglo-Saxontongue.Zhuk,chickens roost.ToJuke(djiouke)perch.Keckstutterer.ToKeck (rarelyused)tomakeeffortstovomit.Leite,bunkbed.To Lie(Lai)tobecoated.Maït,more,more.Might(MAIT), power,strength.F,binding.Mire(mayor),binds.Neitnight. Night(NAIT),night.Nouzaanode.Noose(ussite),noose. Panno,fryingpan.Panfryingpan.Pasta,knead.ToPaste (plague),knead.Pentenoicnettotaketherabbits.Pent,shut, tight.Pickasso,ax,hatchet.Youpick,drillandAxisax. Préfaïthié,mercenaryPrizefighter(praïzefaïteur),who fightsformoney.Rait,adv.attherighttime.Right(ARTI), adv.attherighttime.Rajaflow.Rash,rash.Raoubflying. ToRob,steal.Raspa,filing,shredding.ToRasp,filing, shredding.Ruled,makeasoundtoring(Ringwouldbe), makeasound.Rocko,arock.Rock,rock.Rodo,awheel. Road(Rode)bayharbor.Round,round,circle.Shrank,past tenseoftoshrink,shorten.Scalféto,footwarmers.ToScald, heat,feet,feet. Languedocdialect.Anglo-Saxonlanguage.Scaouda,scald. ToScald(skauld),scald.Scoutos,spy.Scout(skaout)spy. Scrum,skim.ToScum,skim.Scura,clean.Sotcourt (skaour),clean.Seitsitting.ToSit,sit.Sembla,looklike. Seemsto,looklike.Senshornowithoutintelligence.Sense, intellectandhorn,private.Shakad,torntopieces.Shaketo fallingtopieces.Shankadi,lame.Shanked,whichinthelegs. Shépadgoodfit.toShape(CHEP),adjust.Sigur,sure. Secure(sikioure),sure.Silloeyebrows.toSeel(Brazil),close youreyes.Skaïsha,squashed,torn.toSquash(skouoch), squashed,crush.Spatarrad,throwntothegroundatfull length.ToSpatter,splash,coveredinmud.Spilloapin. Spill,asmallpieceofwood.Tasta,tastealiquor.ToTaste, tastealiquor.Trapa,surprise.ToTrapasurprise.Trounko, treetrunk.Trunk(treugnk)treetrunk.Trullo,emaciated. Trull,lostmorals.Up,up.Up(eup),above.Yé,really.Yea (ye),yes,certainly ThisrelationshipbetweenthetermsindisputableLanguedoc

andtheircorrespondingAnglo-Saxons,demonstratesbetter thananyreasoningthatTectosageslunchGaulsemigrants acrosstheRhine,andtheAnglo-Saxonsarethesamepeople, anditleadstothisresultabsolutelanguageAnglo-Saxonis thelanguagespokenbythefamilyCimmerian.The explanationofaso-calledDruidictraditionreportedby Caesarhighlightedagainthisresult."TheGauls,hesaid, pridethemselvesdownalloftheplutonandensuretheyhold thebeliefoftheteachingoftheDruidsiswhytheyhavethe timenotbydaysbutbynightsandtheyareattentiveto indicatedaysofbirth,thebeginningsofmonthsandyears, suchasdayfollowsnight."(1)Caesarisobviouslywrongin sayingthattheGaulsboastedofdescentfromthepluton, includingtheDruidscaredaslittleasProserpine: Cimmerians,Gomerchildren,werebroughtfromtheEast thecustomofcountingdaysbytheeveningandmorning, andJewshavekeptuptheirdispersionasanationalbody: theoriginofthiscustomistoldinthewordsofGenesis: "Andtheeveningandmorningwasthefirstday."(1) However,CaesardidnoterrinarguingthattheGaulshad thetimenotbydaysbutbynights,thedescendantsof Tectosagesstillsayfortnight(Fortner)fourteennights,to expressthetimeinhalfweeksandse'nnight(sennit)seven nights,countingthedaysforoneweek. VTHENEIMHEID. TheidentityoftheCelticlanguagewiththatofTectosages becomesquiteobviousfromthedecompositionofnames giventovariousgroundpartsofGaul,andespeciallybythe breakdownoftribalnamessubmittedbythestoryandthese namescontain,ineffect,interpretingtheAnglo-Saxon language,informationfair,accurateandconfirmedby history.ThesenameswhichaffectthewholecountryCeltic arecertainlynottheworkofthepeoplecouldnotpointto deliver,giveupseriouscomposition,trueandcorrectthese essentialnames,capriceswithoutnumberandwithoutmerit. Therewascertainlyalearnedbodychargedwiththatduty, andwhatmakesclear,thesearethesimilarnamesimposed oncountriesplacedatbothendsofGaul.Togivesome

examplesquitestriking,whywasthereaAlethformerly Curiosolitesinthetribe,andanotherAletharetherestillin theLanguedoc?Orthesetwolocationswereexercisingthe sameindustry,ortheyhadaverysimilarground.Whythe cityofRennesinBrittanyandthespaofRennes-les-Bainsin thedepartmentofAudearetheythesamename?Thisis obviouslyduetothesimilarityofferedbythetwocountries bytheirMeniriandloosestones.Whyeventhecityof Rennes,carrying,accordingtoStrabo,thenameofCondate, therewasanotherCondateAllobrogesinthetribe,anda thirdinSantones,exceptthatweshouldteachinthesecities thesametraditions?Thisdoesnotdemonstratehelearned thatabodywasestablishedandhighlyresponsibletogive everycityandeverypartoftheCelticlandsofdomination, justifiedbythetruthandaccuracyofitemsserved? "AccordingtoIrishtradition,"saidH.Martin,Gaelle Gadhelorpersonificationoftherace,isthesonof Neimheidh.WhatthisNeimheidh,thismysteriousfigurethat hoversoverourorigins?Historycannotanswer."(1) NeimheidhisnotthenameofaGaulishchief,itmeansone whoisleading,controlling,drivenandgivesthenames,-to name(nth),appoint,-tohead(hed)tolead,lead-anditwas physicallyimpossibleforonemantogivethecountrythe Celticnamesarethecities,tribes,riversandsmallerparcels ofland:thiswastheworkalearnedbodyandneimheidh term,appliedtothiselitecorpscomposedoftheDruids,an expressionofthisundeniabletruth,astheDruidwereboth priests,judges,chiefsoftheGaulsandundisputedchargeof thetransmissionallsciences.NeimheidhtheDruidsknew excellentlyformpropernamesofpeopleorplaces:they employedmostlymonosyllabicwordsoftheirlanguageand placedinanarrangementsuchthatthesoundofthese monosyllablescontiguoustoeachother,couldnotinjurethe mostdelicateear.ThedecompositionofCelticwords designatingtheGallictownsandtributeswillbethedaythe mostcomprehensiveonhowtomakethesescholars,aswe shallseelater,whenwetalkaboutArmoricansandother peoplesofGaul.

CHAPTERII.----------HEBREWLANGUAGEITHE DIVINENAMES. DesiringreportsindicatethesimilaritybetweentheCeltic andHebrewlanguages,weseeexposedtoconsiderable lengthsandyetnecessary.Wewillforgivethem,andthe biblicalstoriesareinthemselvesastrikinginterest,and likelytocaptivatetheattentionofthemorerebellious.The beginningsofhumanityaretoldwithadmirableaccuracy. Thesacredhistoriandoesitsworkfaithfullyandsincerely:it donotexaggeratethefactsgenerous,itthrowslightonthe pointofcriminalactions.Inhisspeechshortandsevere,the divinewordsappearplainsofgrandeurandmajestyofthe humanfactstakeplacewithutmostclarity,withoutspeech, withoutdigression,displayingtraitssublimearenot investigatedandpursued.Wewouldstronglydesiredto havethemoutbutwehadtoconfineourselvesmerelyto report,inourattempttointerprettheBiblestoriesperfect agreementwiththemeaningenclosedwithintheproper namesofmentheytracethecharacterandlife.Athought thatcomesnaturallytomindisthis:assumingthelanguage ofTectosagesasthetrueCelticlanguage,itseemsessential thatthepurestexpressionsofthislanguagearefound abundantinthenamesofleadersthisfamilywhose expansionhasalmostfilledtheuniverse.Ittracesbackto Gomer,theeldestsonofJapheth,thefatheroftheCeltic nationandCimbric;shouldthereforeinthelanguageAngloSaxon,whichwenowcalltheCelticlanguage,agreat resemblancetotheHebrew,andintermsmonosyllabicin bothlanguages,acertainconformity,atleastformuchofthe wordsthatmakeupthenames,ifnotallofthelanguage. Thisbeliefhasafoundationtoosurethatifwewerenot lookingattheCelticlanguagemayexplainthenamesofthe firstpeoplementionedinthebooksHebrews.Hereitis necessarytoobservethattheprolongedstayoftheHebrews toBabylonasaresultofcaptivityhadexercisedadisastrous influenceontheirlanguage.Aconsiderablenumberof ChaldeanphraseshavecreptintotheHebrewlanguageand becamegreatlydistorted.Afterthecaptivity,Ezra,the

doctorskilledinthelawofMoses,applyingtoeducatethe peopleinthelawoftheLord,changedthecharacterofthe ancientHebrewscriptandsubstitutedChaldeancharacters tomakereadingScriptureeasierforJewsalready accustomedtothesecharacters.Hewasthereforeobliged notonlytotranscribethescripturesknowncharactersofthe people,butalsototranslatetheancientHebrewlanguage purelyasmostJewsnolongerunderstoodinthelanguage spokenatthemomentandamixtureHebrewandChaldean. Thisdemonstratestheabsolutenecessityofthistradition madebyEzra,istheinsuperabledifficultyexperiencedby thehistorianJosephus,whenhesoughttointerpretthe HebrewnamesoftheChaldean-Hebrewlanguage:theyalso haveusuallyresistedalleffortsofhisinsight.Beforetesting theCelticlanguageofthenamesofmenwhomust,itseems, containtheshorthistoryofthefirstworldage,itisfairto stopfirstonthedifferentnamesgiventoGod,thecreatorof theuniverse.Elohimisthenamebywhichmenwerefirst appointedtotheLordwhocreatedtheearth,andhas deignedtoblessthedevotedtohisglory.TheHebrewterm Elohim,therabbissay,isputinthepluralofrespectfor God,foritseemsstrangetoEloha.TheHebrewsarederived fromtheel,strongandpowerfulandala,oblige,compel, becauseGodisobligedandforcedhimselftosaysotouseits powertotheconservationofcreatedthings.(1) Ifweareallowedtospeakfrankly,wesaythattheCeltic languagebetterexplainsthemeaningofElohim.WhenGod createdmanandwomaninHisownimageandcan, therefore,bliss,knowledgeandsupernaturallove,and blessedthem,saying,"Befruitfulandmultiplyandreplenish theearth."(2)SothemultiplicationofthehumanraceGod blessandwantedthewordElohiminCelticlanguagesays thesamething-Hallow-Heams-Heams(HIM) representingthechildwhohasnotyetemerged,whilethe verb"tohallow(hallo)meanstobless,sanctifyisBeingpar excellencewhohastherighttoblessandsanctifyallthings. Thissimilarityofmeaningandexpressiondoesnotappearto beneglected.GodwasstillknownasSadd,whoexpressed

theideaofgivingcreativefoodandabundanceofthings necessaryforbodilylifebyhisgenerositybecauseSadda meansbroadandliberal.(1)IninterpretingSaddatheCeltic language,wefindthatmenarefilledbyaGod-conscious creatures,-tosate(Sète),andfeast-toeye(ouch)...keepan eyeonAdonaiwasyetanothernamegivenbymentothe Almighty:TheLordistheDominusofScripture.The Hebrewsnotwritingoutofrespect,nameofJehovah,the usuallyreplacedbyAdonai.Itwasnotenoughtoensurethe goodnessofGodbyhisprovidenceforthenourishmentof hiscreatures,italsogavethemthepowertopossess, accordingtothesewordsofGenesis:"Befruitfuland multiplyandhavedominionoverthefishofthesea,the birdsofthesky,andallanimalsthatmoveupontheearth. "(1)ThepowertopossessgrantedbyGodtomenis containedinthetermAdonai,inexplicablebytheHebrew language-toadd,add,toown(on),own,-toeye(ouch)to havetheglance.Jehovahisthesacredname,therealname oftheLord,GodrevealedhimselftoMoses.TheHebrews neverwrotepoint,however,itwasengravedonthegold platethatwasattachedandheldbyaribbonofbluewiththe HighPriest'smiter.JosephusrelatesthatwhenAlexander camebeforetheHighPriestJadduscoveredinthismoment allhispontificalvestments,theconquerorofAsiabowedto worshiptheonewhosedreadednamewasengravedonthe bladeofbrightgoldabovesuccessorofAaron'sforehead. AccordingtothetraditionsoftheHebrews,Jehovahwhere wastheabilitytoexpressthenameofJehovahTrinityin Unity?Itwasnecessarytoachievethisgoal,thisdivinename initscompositionrenfermâtpersonalpronounsofthe languagespokenbyMoses.TheegoofthefirstinHebrew, translatesintoanimalsandAnciandusbyanu,Nenu;the youandyouthesecondpersonateandatm;himthethird personeua.ThepersonalpronounsoftheHebrewlanguage doesnotrefertothefourlettersi,hey,u,i,whichformthe namesaintofJehovah.However,i(yod)isamongthe pronounsofthefirstpersonaffixes,whichcorrespondto reflexivepronounspossessiveadjectivesandpronounsin

French.ToplaceintermsofthefourHebrewlettersi,hey, u,i,whichmakeupthedivinenamerevealedtoMoses,the personalpronounsoftheCelticlanguageI,he,we,ye,and wecanbelegitimatelysurprisedbytheresult.Observein passingthattheHebrewalphabetdoesnothaveit,whilethis isproperlycontainedintheCelticalphabet.Sowereallyin thepersonalpronounsCelticfourlettersofthedivinename, thatistosaytwoi,aheandaweekendouauwhichreplaces theHebrewlanguage.Thefirstialwaysbeingwrittenbya capitalIisthenominativesingularfirstpersonIorMeand pronounceai.Thesecondi,yewhopronouncedyi,isthe nominativepluralofthesecondpersonyou,theThouor Theesingular,expressingadisrespectfulfamiliarity,isnot usualinAnglo-Saxon,andindeed,inFrench,inthepolite language.TheET,speakinghi,isthenominativesingularof thethirdperson,him.Asforweekends,whichispronounced yesandreplacesouauHebrewisthenominativepluralfirst person,Us.Inthesefourlettersisthusthedesignationofthe threedivinepersonsbyMe,YouandHimwhilewegather them,unitesthemintoasinglebeingwithasubstance, nature,aspeciescommontothethreedistinctpersons.We willfindthatmanytimesinthenarrativeofthehistoryof mankindmadebyMoses,thefaithfulservant,whobrought withintegritythedivineinstructionssenttotheHebrew people.WefirstappearsinthecreationRights:"Letus, saiththeLord,themaninourimage,afterourlikeness."(1) AfterthedisobedienceandthefallofAdamandEve,weare stillrecountedinthesewordsfullofironyandhealthy vengefulGodaddressthem:"HereAdamhasbecomelike oneofus,knowinggoodandevil."(2)Athirdtimewedivine isemphasizedinthedecreeagainsttheprideofmenand followthecompletedispersionofthehumanfamilybythe confusionoftheearlyspeech:"Come,"saidtheAlmighty, descendinthisplace,andconfusetheirlanguagesomuch aboutit,theymaynotunderstandoneanother."(3)Wehave writtenthenameofJehovahbythelettersi,hey,u,i, althoughtheHebrewtextisi,he,u,hey.CorneliusLapide tellsaboutittheformulausedbytheJewswhentheyare

forcedtotakeanoath,soyoudonotpronouncethename divineandsacred,theyspeakthus:"Iswearbyi,he,u,i, andtheselettersthesameCorneliusadded,formthereal nameofJehovah.Thedifferencechargedbythefourthletter appearsatfirstveryimportant,butbyexaminingcarefully, itdoesnothingembarrassingforCelticinthepronounye, you,thereisalsoayande,andthisis,webelievethenodeof adifficultythatmodernHebrewlanguage,reducedtoits forcesalonecannotsolve.Apartfromatraditional transmission,longinterrupted,itbecomesalmostimpossible toreconstructthepronunciationofthenameoffourletters containingmysteryoftheHolyTrinity.Besides,theJews themselvesareunawareofitsoMosesandtheJewishpriests utteredbeforethepeopleassembledforreligious ceremonies. Theeasewithwhichpersonalpronounsofthelanguage Anglo-SaxonexplainthedivinenameofJehovah,leadsusto believethattheCeltswerefarfromignorantandthisname anditstruemeaning,sincetherelationsofGaulwithAsia wasincessantbyemigrationtotheWestfornewCeltic tribes.Theyear1491BCsawtherevelationofthenameof JehovahtoMoses.Fortyyearslater,aftertheconquestof PalestinemadebyJoshuainthespaceofsixyears,from 1451to1445BC,thebrilliantfeatsoftheHebrewshadworn offtheirwarlikereputationandthesurprisehitoftheAsian peoples,whounderstoodGod'sprotection,whichbrokethe invincibleforceinsupernaturalassistanceprovidedtothe descendantsofJacob.ThevariousCeltictribes,intheirslow andcontinuestoEuropecouldthereforeknownotonly exploitsHebrew,buttheirtribalorganizationandthename oftheirpowerfulprotector,Jehovah.Itshouldnotbe surprisedthat,withasenseofthesacredname,theCelts haveprofessedreverencefortheextremenumberthree,who representedtotheirmindstheHolyTrinityinthedivine unity.ThenamebywhichtheCeltsdesignatedtheHebrews clearlyaffirmstheircertainknowledgeofthenameof Jehovah.ForchildrenofGomer,aHebrewnamejew(djiou) thatistosay,beforewhichamanwaspronouncedthename

offourletters,andwhousedthatnameinitsdivineworship andtributesprayer.Inreality,thechildrenofGomerhad appliedtothepeopleprotectedthenameoftheprotector, anditseemsverylikelythatthetermjewistheholynameof JehovahcontainingthefourlettersrevealedtoMoses. THEFIRSTMEN-AdamtoNoah.Afterattemptingto interpretthedivinenamesintheCelticlanguage,we'llalso trythissamelanguageinthedecompositionoftheproper namesofpeopleandplaces.Thestrainofthehumanrace, thethefirstbeingwitharationalsoul,unitedwithabodily substance,namedAdam.Underthisname,itmeanstheman andwoman,"becauseGodcreatedthemmaleandfemale,he blessedthemandgavethemthenameofAdamontheday theywerecreated."(1)ThisnamewassocommontoAdam andEve,andGodhimselfhadimposed.Hebrewscholars wanttodriftAdamadama,earth,becauseGodhadformed fromthedustoftheearth.PerformedbytheCelticlanguage thewordAdam,composedoftwowords,asitpresentsa summaryofthecreationofourfirstparents.Amongcreated beings,Adamhadnonefounditwassimilar."And"The Lordsaiditisnotgoodthatmanshouldbealone;makehim ahelperfitforhim"(1)Godmadesothewomanand broughthertoAdam.Accordingtoscripture,thewoman wasacreatureaddedtoman,likehimandhishelpinthe multiplicationofmankind,ie,themotheraddedtothe father,andthisistheideaofferedbythedecompositionof thenameofAdam-toadd,add,dam,mother.TheScripture givesthefirstchildofAdam,thenameofCain.Atbirth, Eve,hismotherexclaimed:"Ihaveamanbythegraceof God."Cain,Hebrew,impliestheideaofpossession,andit comesfromtherootKanapossess.AdamandEvelookedso theirsonaswellandtheirparticularacquisition,therest, thepowerofthefatherofherchildsheisnotanatural right?Evewasveryrighttocallhisfirstson,Cain, possession.TheCelticlanguageholds,nottheverbKana, possess,buttheverbCan,power.Themeaningofthename ofCainwouldbethepower,theabilitytohaveamanbythe

graceofGod,andthisdifferenceisnotsensitiveinthe thoughtthatEvehadtoattachtothewordsspokenbyherat thebirthofhisson.IntheHebrewtext,CainiswrittenQin: Celticlanguagetocorner(corner)resultingincoinage, invented.WouldthisnotthetruemeaningofCainwould haveimagined,inventedtheconventionalvalueof currencies?lovetoostrongforgoldandsilvercertainly stiflesthegeneroussentiments,anddeadlyweaponusually ironhandoftheassassins.Cainwasahundredandsixteen whencommittedtheawfulcrimethatmadehimcurse.We maybelievewithgoodreasonthatmenwerealready numerous,sinceCainrespondingtothethreatofGod,said: "Whosoeverthereforeshallfindme,killme."Therapid growthofthehumanracehadtobeborninthespiritof Cain,theideaofreplacingtradewithaconventionalvalue attachedtopreciousmetals,goldandsilver. AbelisthesecondsonofAdamandEve,buthismotherhe hasnotbeengiventhisname.Josephusderivesfromthe Hebrewwordebelmourning,for,byAbel'sdeath,mourning madehisfirstappearanceonearth.Tograspthemeaningof Abel,asindicatedbyJosephus,wemustnotlosesightofa expressionverycommonintheholybooksdesignatingdeath andthetombistheexpressionInferi,theunderworld,while theplaceofpunishmentofthedamnedandcursedisthe infernusanditisinthefirstsensethatDavid,beingnearto death,recommendedtoSolomonhissonJoabtopunish crimes:"Youdo,"hesaidtohim,accordingtoyourwisdom andyouwillnotallowthatafterhavinggrownoldwith impunityofhiscrime,hedescendsintothegraveinpeace, andnondeductiblecanitiemEJUinferosAbelpresentsthe firstimageofdeathbytheterriblecrimeofhisolderbrother -toape(ECE),imitate,presenttheimageof...hell,enfers.Thetermebelorspellwouldbeappliedtosecondsonof AdamjustafterthefratricideofCain,andtheappointment oftheirsonbysuchexpressionhasbeen,formanyyears, revivingthesoulofhisunhappyparentsthepainofhisloss. Wearetiedinthisinterpretationtofollowthedirection givenbyJosephus,however,asthefirstmenwereoften

knownbyseveralnameswithdifferentmeanings,webelieve wecanseeanyotherwaytoexplainthenameofAbel, keepingrigorouslytothepronunciationgivenbytheHoly Scriptures.ItiscleartoanyseriousmindthatAdamhad receivedcommunicationsfromGod'smostprecious,not onlyonreligioustruths,butalsoonindustrieshuman resourcestothesocialstate,andAdampassedontohis childrenandreligiousscienceandatthesametimethe principlesofindustrialarts."TheworldsaidOrigento Celsus,havingbeencreatedbyProvidence,itisnecessary thatthehumanracehasbeen,inthebeginning,underthe tutelageofsomesuperiorminds,andthenGodwillbe manifestedtomen.ItalsowhattheScripturetestifies...and appropriately,infact,thatintheinfancyoftheworld, mankindreceivedextraordinaryrelief,untiltheinventionof theartswouldhaveputinaconditiontodefenditselfand doeshavemoreneedofdivineintervention."(1)Abelwasa shepherd,heofferedsacrificestoGod,choosingforthis purposelambsthefinestandfattestoftheflockandthe Lordlookedfavorablyhispresent. TheHolyScriptures,markingcarefullythepastoralAbel, suggeststheoriginofitsname.Abelcollectedthefinest fleecesofhismagnificentherdhersilkyhandspunwool,and thesoninterlaced,formingandthewarpandweft,gavean excellentfabricwhichhecouldclothe-abb,woolfabric,-to ell,measure.Ajustandseverepunishmentfollowedclosely thehorrendouscrimeofCain.TheLordsaidtofratricide: "You'reafugitiveandwandereronearth",andtheculprit hadreplied:"YoudrivemetodayfromtheearthandI'll hidemyselfinfrontofyourface,andI'llbefugitiveand wandererontheearth.Soanyonewhomeetsme,killme. "TheLordreplied,"No,itwillnotbeso,butwhoeverkills Cainwillbepunishedsevenfold."AndtheLord"putamark onCainsothatthosewhofindnotslaythepoint.Cain, havingretiredfromthefaceoftheLord,livedasafugitive ontheearthintheeasternregionofEden.(1)TheHebrew text,insteadofthesewords:Cainlivedasafugitiveonthe earth,bearsCaindweltinthelandNod.Josephusmakesa

nodinsteadofpropername,becausehecouldnotcometo discovertheexactmeaningofthisexpressionofthe primitivelanguage.ThetermisnodintheAnglo-Saxonand itgivesknowledgeofthesignofGod'scurseattachedto Cainmeanstonod,nod,loweringhisheadingreeting.The markofinfamy,markedonthepersonoffratricide,should thereforeconsistofanervousandconvulsivemovementof thehead,forcingthelowerCainshamefullybeforeallthose hemet.Accordingtotradition,thesignofacursebrought byCainwasacontinualtremorofthebody,tremor revealinghiscrime.Abel,pureandpiouschildwasreplaced bySethandEvesaid:"TheLordgavemeanotherson insteadofAbelwhomCainkilled."(1)InHebrewmeans puttingSuthandplace:inthelanguageofTectosages,the verbsetretainsthesamesenseofplaceandplace.Sethwas thesubstituteforAbelanddestinedtobecomethefatherof menfaithfultotheirCreator.Woolenfabricsmanufactured byAbeldonotreappearinthenameofthefirstmenand givewaytothereferencebooksironandbronze.Donotgo atgreatlengthinthegenealogyofAdam'schildrentomeet thescienceofmetals,becauseMalaleel-malltohitwitha mallet-toallay(gone)mixedmetals-toell,measure,-was thegreatgrand-sonofSeth.Followingtheusualchronology, whenattheageofseventyyearsMalaleelbecamethefather ofJared,themenlivedintheworldforonlythreehundred ninety-fiveyears.Adamwasstillamonghisdescendantsfor hisadviceandhelpintroducethemtoindustrial.Becausethe scienceofmaterialsplacedinMalaleel,doesthismeanthat thosewhohadprecededhimignorantoftheuseofironand alloysofcopperandtinbronzecomponent?Wearefarto believe,Adamwasattendingtotheworkofhischildren,and itspresenceindicatesthatenoughhadtheknowledgeand whencetheimpetusvariousindustries.Itwasnotpossibleto writeinthenameofonemanpossessedthesumofscience behindtheworldandweregraduallyetchedinthenamesof familyheads.Malaleelwedenotestructuresofironand bronze,andsothatfuturegenerationsdonotmisunderstand anddonotseehimasasinglecraftsman,hecallshisson

Jared,-tojar(Djar),jingle,rattle,-tohead(hed)beatthe head,order,-thusprovinghewastheheadofmanymetal workers.Thenamesofmen,containingthereference materialknowledgeoftheearlydaysofthecreatedworld, andindicatethatthemarchofhumancivilizationhasnot beenrisingandthatthestoneageandbronzehavepreceded anyageironcradleofhumanity.ThelittlesonofJared, Methuselahwhoselongevityhassurpassedthatofother men,introducesustoanotherbranchofindustry:thebeds weresoftlittlewhileinuse,youtheseproductstooadvanced civilizationwerereplacedbymatsonwhichtheytooka muchneededrestinhishouse-tomat,coverwithmats-to use(ious)use-hall,home.ThechildrenofSetharenotonly tounveilthesecretsoftheartsamongthefirstmen,andby browsingthebrieflineageofthedescendantsofCain,we noteTubalcain"whowasskilledinallkindsofworksof bronzeandiron."(1)Howeverthisskilltoworkironand bronzeisnotwritteninhername,sheisreplacedbyanother knowledge,thatofnauticalart.Themenwereabletobuild goodships,andweunderstandwellhowtheyhavepaidpoor attentiontothearkforNoah,andtakenalongtheshapeand dimensionsgivenbyGodhimself.Perhapstheyevenhave countedonthemtotrytoescapetheeffectsofdivinethreats. Therewashoweveraverysensibledifferencebetweenthe constructionoftheirshipsandthatofthearkthatNoah wouldhave.Itwasarealshipdeckedprotectedagainstthe rainfromtheskyandlargeplatesofthesea,whilethe ordinaryvessels,completelyexposed,werenotdefended againsttheheavyrainsorhighwaves.Thefirstwordthat entersintothecompositionofthenameTubalcaintracesthe shapeofthefirstbuildings-tub,vesseldiscovered,bowl, bucket,-hallhouse-tocorner(corner),toinvent. IIINOAHANDHISCHILDREN. Sciencepossessedmentalktorevoltledtothemost audaciousconsGod.Accumulatedcrimesagainstnature, andtiredofthisobstinacyinevil,theLordsaidtoNoah:"I resolvedtodestroyallmen:theyfilledthewholeearthwith iniquity,andIwillcutthemoffwithalllivingthingson

earth."(1)Noahwasjust,andhavingfoundfavorwithGod, ashebecametheconfidantofhisplansavengers.Hebuilt thearkintheordergivenbythelord,andshuttinghimself withhisfamilyandanimalsthathadtobekeptonthe groundinthevesselplacedunderdivineprotection,hewas savedfromthefloodinwhichallperishedmalecriminals. Noahclaimsthathehadknowledgeofthefuture punishmentofmen,howitwouldbeimposedandalsothe knowledgeofitsownpreservationandthatofhisfamily-to know(Noh),know,know-how(Haou),how,how. Aftertheviolentdestructionofmankindbytheflood,God blessedNoahandhischildrenandtoldthem:"Befruitful andmultiplyandreplenishtheearth.Noahhadthreeson whocameoutoftheark,Shem,HamandJapheth.Gold ChamisthefatherofCanaan.Thesearethethreesonof Noah,andfromthemisoutthewholeraceofmenwhoare onearth."(1)Thefloodandthemiraculoussalvationof Noahandhischildrenweretoogreateventsinhistorythat thenameofasonofNoahdidnotsomeessentialfeature reproduced.Thearkthatfloatedonwaterforsevenmonths beforetheyhitthetopofthemountainsofArmenia,Noah wantedtowritethisremembranceofinterestinthenameof hiseldestson,Shem,-toswim(Souim)floatonwater.The secondofhischildren,rudeandimpudent,drewonhis father'scurseposteritybyalamentablelackremained foreverhisshameanddisgrace,andsohisnameCham-to shame,shame,-reiteratedhisinfamousactandthecurse thathasmonitoring.TheScripturesaysveryclearlythat Shem,HamandJaphethcameoutthewholeraceofmen whoareonearth.Wethoughthecouldleavethisstarting pointquitehistoricfocusonadifferenttopic,todistinguish thevarietiesofhumanbycolorofskinanddegreeofthe facialangle.Itwouldtaketoolongtolistallthe classificationsputforward,anditseemsbettertostopthe divisionofCuvierdistinguishingthefollowingvarieties:1 ThewhiteorCaucasian,2°theYelloworMongolian;3° NegroorEthiopic. "Thewhitevariety,Caucasian,EuropeanArabrecognizes

himselfmainlytotheovalshapeofthehead,skincolormore orlesswhite,lips,small,regularfeatures.Itsmainfocusisin EuropeandAsiaMinor,Arabia,PersiaandIndiatothe GangesandAfricauptoandincludingtheSahara."The YelloworvarietyMongoliarecognizesthesquareface, flattenednosedownovertheeyesplacedobliquely,and tannedoliveskin.Itwouldsomehowitsfocusonthehigh plateauofTibetandTartary."TheNegrovarietyor Ethiopiccomplexionblackorblackish,theheaddepressed, flatnoseandthicklips.ItcoversmostofAfricaandsome islandsofOceania."(1)Wedidnotwanttheinconvenience ofaclassificationcontainingasinglevarietyArabs, Abyssinians,EgyptiansandmanybranchesCeltic,weonly needtofindinJapheth,thirdsonofNoah,andtheactual strainincontestablehumanvarietyaswhite.Thechildrenof ShemwhosetypeisthebestpreservedretracedtheArabs areswarthycomplexionorless,butthepeculiarityofthe familyshowsitselfintheeyesandblackhair.Itcannot howeverbeofageneralnatureand,amongtheHebrews, DirectdescendantsofShem,theHolyScripturehasbeenan exceptioninthepersonofDavid,whosehairwasred.Inthe familyofJapheth,withwhiteskinanddarkhairusuallyjust jointheblueeyesorslightlydiscolored.Thislightercolor eyewassosensitiveinthethirdsonofNoah,hehaskeptthe nameofaneyediscoloredorJapheth,IphthintheHebrew text-eye(ouch)eyetofade(FEDE)isdiscolorGomer,the eldestsonofJapheth,wastopresentthebrand'sdistinctive eyediscolored,sincehewasdeclaredthetrueheir-tocome (bloke)become-heir(er)heir.Itwasessentialpointhere favorsconferredbybirthrightandallowtheheirusuallythe eldestson,tooffersacrificestoGod,tocommandhis brothersandkeeptheirfather'sestate,fortheserights belongedtotheseniorsofallfamilies.Thistermisapplied ratherheirtobodilyqualitiesnotedinGomerand transmittedtohisposterityformingthehugeCelticfamily. Themenhadstrongmultipliedaftertheflood:"Therewas thenalanguageandacommonwayofspeakingforallmen. "Forcedtheywerespreadasaresultoftheirrapidgrowth,

theysaid,"Come,letusacityandatowerwhosetopreaches toheavenandmakeournamefamousbeforewedisperseon earth."(1)Theyheldthisproudlanguageintheplainsof Shinar,andtheybegantowork,usingbricksinsteadof stonesandbitumenasacement. ButtheLordwasangrythatworknonsense,andsaid: "Theyareallonepeoplenowandtheyhavethesame language:theyhavebegunthisworkandwillnotforsake theirplanthantheyhavecompletelyfinished.Come,go downinthisplace,andthereconfoundtheirlanguage,,so theymaynotunderstandeachother."ThisishowtheLord scatteredthemfromthatplaceinallcountriestheworld, andtheystoppedbuildingthecity."Itisforthisreasonthat thiscitywascalledBabel,becausetherewasconfusedthe languageofalltheearth:andtheLordhassubsequently dispersedinallpartsoftheworld."(1)Babel,inthewords ofScripture,bringswithittheideaoftheconfusion,andthe Hebrews,lookingcarefullyBabelintheirlanguage,could notfindthatbalal,confusion,explainingthatthisBabel 'theynolongerpossess.Balalbutisfarfromhavingthe valueoftheCelticverbtobabble,babble,talk:babble incoherent,confused,filledwithshamemenwhonolonger understandthelanguagetheyunderstandverywellthenight beforeTheprimitivelanguageisitdisappearedinthe middleofthisconfusion?Wecansaywithconfidence,it remainedinuseinthemouthofsomeofthechildrenof ShemandalsosomeofthechildrenofJapheth,andthis primitivelanguageislikethestartingpointoftheother languagesspokenintheworldasasourcegivingriseto countlessstreamsthatwilldescribethecapriciousturnsoff. Thislanguagehassurvivedinperfectconditionamongthe HebrewsuntilthestayofthepeopleofGodinChaldeathe changehasmadeaveryperceptible.Gomerchildrenhave theypassedonintact,atleastinitsessentialparts?Wewill trytodemonstratethattheintegrityoftheoriginallanguage ispreservedinthefamilyofJaphethmoresurelythaninthe familyofShem,possiblybecauseoftheuniversaldominion promisedbyGodtothedescendantsofJapheteh.This

demonstrationcanbedonebyinterpretingtheCeltic languagepropernamesofthemostfamous,preservedinthe historyoftheHebrewpeople,butwemustnotforgetthat thepropernameofaman,aftertheconfusionlanguageas thefirstworldage,usuallyretainsthememoryofa remarkableactionofhislife,orthepowerofaquality, defect,bodyandsometimesalsorepresentsthestateof moralsofthetime.WehaveseenintheGenesismenleaving thecitybuildingandtowerBabel.Inthiscityunfinished,the Nimrodfierce,grand-sonofHam,makeshishomeand foundedthekingdomofBabylon.Thisviolenthunterbefore theLorddoesnotattackthewildbeasts,hewasahunterof men,oppressingitssimilar,spreadingterroreverywhere andwelldeservingthenameunderwhichhewasknownasa scarecrowrenamedNimrodmeans,-name(nth)reputation- rawhead(râuhèd)scarecrow.Dispersalofmalesis determinedandfixedbywhichPhalegtranslationin Hebrew,isdivision,"becausethelandwasdividedhistime" betweenpeoplespeakingdifferentlanguages.(1)The languageinPhalegTectosagesrepresentsus,themen pushedtoreducetheirexcessiveconcentrationinoneregion oftheworld-tofall,fall,-toegg,push,stir.Phalegwasthe eldestsonofEberandittheylefthisname,totestifythathis childrenhadhimbythelegacyofdivineblessingspromised toShemandhisdescendants,direct-Heberbreaksdownas follows:toebb,down,-heir(er)heir.ABRAHAMANDIV patriarchs.ThegreatAbrahambelongedtothelineageof HeberandHolyScriptureiscarefultocallAbramHebrew, accusedbytheimportanceattachedtothistitle.Abram,the firstnameofthepatriarch,isaccurateandcorrectspecific ordersreceivedfromGod.TheLordtoldhim:"Leaveyour country,yourkindredandyourfather'shouseandcome intothelandIwillshowyou."I'llleaveyouagreatnation,I blessyou,Iwillmakeyournamefamousandyouwillbe blessed."Iwillblessthosewhoblessyou,andIwillcurse thosewhocurseyou,andallpeoplesonearthwillbeblessed inyou.AbramwentoutastheLordcommandedhim,and Lotfollowed."(1)TheHebrewscholarstranslatedbythe

famousfatherAbramAbramandAbrahamthefatherofa multitudeillustratesabram-a-my.Thatexplanationseemsa bitobscurebutdeterminedbyafactinallrespectsconform tothetruth.Abram,fromthedivinecommands,shouldnot bearinaforeignlandthatwouldbeshownbyGod.Leaving hisnativeland,hisrelativesandthehouseofhisfather,he actuallybecameastrangertotheinhabitantsofthe countrieshetraversed,heimitatedthewanderer,goinghere andthere,waitingforhisplaceofresidencewasfixedwith certainty-toape(ECE)imitate,toerr,err,gohereand there,ham,leg-aperrham.TheArabicexpressionBerrani, andthetermforeignKabyleaberrans,meaningalsoabroad, confirmthisinterpretationofthefirstnameAbram. ObeyingthewordofGod,Abrampassedthroughthelandof Canaan,hehadtoleavesoonbecauseoffamineraginginthe country:heretiredtoEgypt,stillprotectedinavisible manner,and,afterhavingremainedsometimehereturned tothelandofCanaanwithhiswifeandeverythinghe owned.Hewasveryrichingoldandsilveraboundedinhis tent.LotwentwithAbram,andhealsohadflocksandherds ofcattle.AquarrelhavingarisenbetweenthepastorsofLot andAbram,thelattersaidtohisnephew:"Lettherebe point,Iprayyou,ofanydisputebetweenyouandme, betweenyourherdsmenandmine,becausewearebrothers. Youhavebeforeyouthewholeworld:getout,Iprayyou, fromme,ifyougototheleft,Iwillberightandifyou choosetheright,gototheleft."(1)Thiscircumstanceof Abram'slifewasworthtohisnephew'sname-Lottolot, divideintolots,portions.-Lotchosethecountrythatseemed themostfertileandsettledinSodom.Theinhabitantsofthis cityandneighboringcities,deliveredtotheexcessesofthe mostshamelessdebauchery,hadangeredagainstthem divinejustice.Inatrialofaformidablefairness,theLord hadcondemnedthedestructionbyfireandtheinhabitants ofSodomandthesoilitselfthattheyhaddefiled-Sod,soil,- todoom(dom)tojudge,condemnButLotwasrighteousand Goddidnotwrapitinpunishingtheguilty.Twoangelswere senttohimfortheleadoutofthiscursedplace.Thestoryof

theHolyScripturesgiveusthereasonforthesmallcity whereLottookrefuge,broughtinafterthenameofSegor. "Atdawn,theangelsurgedLottoleavethecity,saying, Ariseyou,takeyourwifeandtwodaughters,lestyouperish yourselfintheruinofthecity."Seeingthatalwaysdiffered, theytookhimbythehandandledhimawayashiswifeand twodaughters,becausetheLordwouldsavehim.Theytook himwelloutsidethecityandsaid:saveyourlife,lookbehind youandpointyoudostopintothelandaround,butsaveyou onthemountain,lestyouareenvelopedinthedestruction. "Lotsaiduntothem,OLord,asyourservanthasfound favorwithyou,andyouhaveshownyourgreatmercy towardshimbysavingmylife,see,Ibegyou,thatIcannot savethemountain,becausethedangermaysurprisemeand makemediebefore."Butthereis,nearacitywhereIcan hide,itissmallandIsavemyselfandyouknowitisnot great,andshesavemylife."Theangelreplied:Igivethis thingalsotopraythatyoumakemenottodestroythecity forwhichyouspeak.HurryupandsaveyoubecauseIcan notdoanythinguntilyou'reentered.Thatiswhywegave thiscitythenameofSegor.Thesunroseontheearthwhen LotenteredSegor."(1)criticalthinkingemergingfromthis storycanbetranslatedas:theangelsurgedLottoleave Sodombecauseapproachingthetimefixedforthe punishment,andLot,meanwhile,alleginghisweakness, soughttodelaythisTimeforexpiationsupreme.Ittookan angeltookhishand,forcingittofollowhim,andthenLot, desperatetosavesomeoftheinhabitantsoftheregion, askedtotakerefugeinthesmalltowncalledSegor:prayer washeard,butstillsaystheangel,youmakehaste!This insistenceoftheangeltorepeatthattimewaspressingis perfectlyreproducedinSegor-tosay(se)repeat,toegg, push,excite-hour(Haour)hourtime.LotwassafeinSegor, "andtheLordsentdownfromheavenashoweroffireand brimstoneonSodomandGomorrah.(1)"Gomorrahreveals thetransformationofabeautifulvalleyinaswampwith stagnantwatertocome(bloke)become,-moor(die)a swamp.Thewatersofthislakeseempoisoned:theywereso

densethatthehumanbodycandipintoitcompletely,their bitternessisextremeandtheyaresaturatedsaltmakesthem soheavythatthewindseemsmoreimpetuousimpotentto communicatesomemovement.Thebankshaveaterrible aridity,looknomeetingpointthegreenfoliageofthetreesto rest.theimageofdesolationispaintedeverywhere,God's curseispassedthroughthevalley."Manytravelers, includingTroiloandArvieux,saytheynoticedfragmentsof wallsandpalacesinthewatersoftheDeadSea.Thisreport seemsconfirmedbythefatherandMaundrellNau.The formerarepositiveaboutitrained;Josephus,whousesa poeticexpression,"saidoneseesthelakeshadowsofthe citiesdestroyed.Strabogivessixtystadia-turn"Ruinsof Sodom.Tacitusspeaksofthedebris:asthelakerisesand retireswiththeseasons,hemayhideordiscoverthe skeletonsinturncitiescondemned."(1)Afewyearsbefore thesedreadfulevents,Abramwaschildless,bySaraiwas askedtomarryherservantHagar,toaccomplishthedivine promises.ButHagarlittlegrateful,begantodespiseher mistress,itoutragedhisimpudence,complainedatfirst rebukedAbramandHagarsuchseveritythatitforcedher toflee.ThisaccidentofthelifeofSaraiproducedthisfirst name-tosay(se),tell,-Row(Rau)noise,quarrel,high (hated),andviolent.Hagar-tohag,torment,harass-to hare(here),runninghereandthere-wentintoEgypt throughthedesertwhenanangelappearedtohimand orderedhimtoreturntohismistressandhumiliatedunder hishand.Headded:"Iwillmultiplyyourdescendantsso thatitwillbeendless...Youbringforthason,andyoucall IshmaelbecausetheLordhasheardyouraffliction."(2) IshmaelistheendoffrictionproductsenterSaraiand Hagar,theservantwasfreedfromabusebyhishumble docilityunderthehandofhismistress-toease(ISE)issueto Maule(Maule)wrinkle.AnnouncingthebirthofIshmael, theangeloftheLordsaidtoHagar:"Itwillbeaproudman andwild:hewillraisehishandagainsteveryoneand everyonewillliftahandagainsthim,andpitchedhistents vis-à-visallhisbrothers."(1)isthefaithfulpictureofthe

characteroftheArabs,descendantsofIshmael.Yournature isfieryandpassionate,loving,passionatefreedomand independencetheyhavealwayswantedplunderand adventures.Theirgoatskintentsarehousedjustafew momentsandsoon,clearingobstaclesstillsaddledtheir horses,theyeatinafastracetheburningsandsofthedesert. Theirwhitewoolblanketthrownovertheirheadslikeaveil justdesignateofftotheworriedlooksoftravelerswho venturetocrosstheircountryaridandtreeless-tohare (here),runninghereandthere-abb,woolweft.Hardto fatigue,easymountinghungerandthirst,scorningresting onasoftbed,theydeservethenameofBedouinunderwhich theyareknown-bed,bed,-towean(wah)deny.Thirteen yearshadpassedsincethebirthofIshmael,Godappearedto Abramandsaid:"IamGodAlmighty,walkbeforemeand beperfect."IwillcovenantwithyouandIwillmultiplyyour seedtoinfinity..."YoudonotcallyouAbram,butAbraham becauseI'veestablishedtobethefatherofmanynations. "(1) ThechangewroughtbyGodinthenameofthegreat patriarchisinfullonthelastsyllableofAbram'sCelticin thecompositionofthatname,ham,leg,whichis transformedintoHeams(HIM)childhasnotyetseenthe day,andcontainswithinhimselfthatHeamsinsuranceby multiplyinghisfamily.Thus,AbrambecameAbraham abroad-toape,imitate,-toerr,gohereandthere-Heams (HIM),achildwhohasnotyetemerged-ieabroadin numerousdescendants.ThisinterpretationbytheCeltic languageiseasytounderstandwhytheArabscallIbrahim thefatherofIshmael,patriarchoftheirfamilyandstrain. AfterprescribedcircumcisiontoAbrahamasasignofhis covenant,God,renewingthepromisealreadymadeagreat posterity,said:"YounolongercallyourwifeSarai,but Sarah.IwillblessyouandIgiveherasonIwillblesstoo.It willbethefatherofmanynationsandpeopleswillcome fromKinghimself."(1)AftertheordergivenbyGodto AbrahamtocallhiswifeSara,writingnowcalledtheHoly SaraSarewroteit-tosay(se),say-toRay(re)radiate.This

radiationaroundSarashouldcomefromthebeautiful posterityannouncedbythelord.Abrahamwasthenone hundredyearsoldandSaraninety.TheHolyPatriarchwas greatlytroubledatthethoughtthathisageandthatofhis wifewouldprobablybeaverybigobstacletothe accomplishmentofthedivineword:hebelieved,however, thiswordintheintimateconvictionthatGodworksa miracleforhim.Whilehewasdeliveredtotheseanxieties, Godsaid:"Sarahyourwifewillgiveyouasonandname Isaac.I'llmakeapactwithhimandhisdescendantssothat mycovenantwiththemiseternal."(1)"Sarahconceivedand boreasoninhisoldageatthetimethatGodhadpredicted. AbrahamgavethenameIsaactohissonwhowasbornof Sarah.Andhecircumcisedhimtheeighthdayaccordingto thecommandhehadreceivedfromGod...AndSarahsaid, Godgavemeasmileofjoywillknowwhowilltakepartin myhappysmile."(2)TheHebrew-Chaldean,Isaaccomes fromtheverbtsachak,satisfiedsmile,becongratulated,and themeaningisinperfectkeepingwiththesacredtext.In examiningtheterminitscompositionIsaacCeltic,we discoverinfallibleassuranceofthefulfillmentofdivine promises,insurancemustbeissuedtoAbrahamallthe tormentsofmindcausedbythesightofanatural impossibility-toease(ise)issuetohag,torment.Isaac inheritednotonlyhisfather'sgreatwealth,butalsoofhis faithandobediencetotheLord.Beforebirth,histwoson EsauandJacob-tojogclashedinthewomboftheirmother Rebecca,anditalarmed,consultedtheLordwhosaid:"Two nationsareinthywomb,twopeoplesdividedagainsteach otherwillemerge,oneofthesepeoplewillovercomethe otherpeopleandtheeldershallservetheyounger.The eldestoftwochildrenwashairyandhewasnamedEsau,his brotherwasnamedJacob.EsauwasalsocalledSeir-tosay (sé)tell-hair(her)hair-confirmingthestatementinthe Scripturesstrangehaironhisbodywhichwascovered.The nameofEsau-toHaze(Hèze)scare-how(Haou)howhow relatestothefuryofwhichhewasseizedwhenhisbrother Jacobafterhavingdfirstboughthisbirthright,hestealsthe

paternalblessing.HatredofEsaubecamesoviolentthat Jacob,fullofterror,wasforcedtofleehishomeandseek refugewithLabansometime.Itpushed,excitedbythe insistenceandadviceofhismotherRebecca-rape(repe) actiontosteal,transport,-toegg,push,exciting-thatJacob hadconsentedtousethetricktoremovethematernal blessingforhisbrotherEsau.Jacobspentfourteenyears withhisuncleLaban-tolap,wrap,twist,-tohand,seize- beforemarryingRachel.Thistimewasforhimarealtime painfulhumiliationsthathewantedtoscoreinthenameof Rachel-torack,harass,torment-togarlic(el)causepain. ThetormentssufferedmultipliedinthehouseofLaban allowedJacobtosaywithtruthandtiedtoRachel:"You knowIhaveservedyourfatherwithallmystrength.He evenmadeuseofdeceptiontome,andchangedtentimes whatIshouldberewarded:andyetGoddoesnotallowhim tohurtme."(1)isknownbyitsparticularsequenceofevents inEgyptGodledthepatriarchJacobandhismanychildren. Joseph,joyofhismotherRachelandthehopeoffertility,(2) tojoy(djoï)rejoice,welcome,safe(Sefe)exceptexcluding Risk-hadtogivehisbrothertheeasternpartofEgypt,and HebrewshadgrowntosuchanextentthatthePharaohwho ruledmorebycountryignoringtheimmenseservices renderedbyJosephtohiskingdom,resolvedtostopbyall meansthisspread,worryingforhispoliticalsuspicious.The measuresmostiniquitousweredecreedagainstthemale childrenoftheHebrewswhocametotheworld,andwas orderedtothrowthemintotheNile.Whileyoungchildren weremurderedaswell,publicofficialsoverwhelmedthe Hebrewsundertheweightofworkoverwhelmingandmade theirlivesquitebitter. VMOSESANDTHEHEBREWSINTHEDESERT.Moses wasbornamidstthesedeplorablecircumstances,andhis mother,afterhavingkepthiddenforthreemonths,exposed ontheedgeoftheriverwhereGod'smercifulprovisionby hisprovidence,drewthedaughterofPharaoh.Touchedby thebeautyofthechild,"sheadoptedforhersonandnamed himMoses,because,shesaid,Iremovedthewater."(1)The

nameofMosesdeniesastrictinterpretationbytheHebrewChaldean,moreover,thisnameisanallusiontothespecial positionofchildrenraisedinPharaoh'scourtandtheaction ofremovingtheking'sdaughterthechild'sriverwherehe wasexposed.TheadoptionofMosesbyPharaoh'sdaughter haddeliveredthefieldworkandalsotheterribleoppression underwhichhisbrothergroaned.Itwasnottherefore obligedtoharvesting,transportingtheharvestedfruitin barnsarrangedforthatpurpose,andthisistheexplanation simpleandclearthenameofMosesbytheCelticlanguage- tomow(mo),harvesting,mowing,toease(ISE),issue.- JosephusnotedthatthenameofMoses,delivered water,compositionwasEgyptian,ashesays,showsand watermoisetranslatesissue.ItislikelythattheEgyptian namegiventoMosesbyPharaoh'sdaughtermeantshehad savedfromthewatersoftheNile,whiletheonebywhichthe Hebrewshisbrethrenknew,relatedmainlytoitseducation king'scourt.Wewillnotdwellonthemiraculouseventin whichGodledtheHebrewsthroughthedeserttotake possessionofthelandofCanaanatthetimeintendedby providence,we'lljustaddafewwordsthatareagood demonstrationofsensitivelanguagespokenatthattimeby thedescendantsofJacob."Engagedinthedesert,thepeople afterthreedaysofwalkinginthisaridregion,managedtoa fountainwhosewaterswereunfittodrinkbecauseoftheir badtaste,andhebegantomurmur.Mosesbeganpraying andtheLordshowedhimabushwhichhethrewthewood inwateranditbecameverysoft.Thewatersofthisfountain namedMarawerenotonlybitter,theywerestillcorrupt, andrepulsivethisalterationisclearlyindicatedbytheword Celtictomar,spoil.ArrivinginthedesertnotfarfromSin Sinai,theHebrewswhohadconsumedtheprovisions broughtfromEgypt,indulgedinviolentmurmursagainst theirleader,andthenMosessaid:"Tonight,you'llknowit's lordyououtofEgypt,andtomorrowmorningyou'llburst thegloryoftheLord...Mosesadded,theLordwillgiveyou thiseveningfleshtoeatinthemorning,youwillbesatisfied withbread."(1)Wheneveningcame,manyquailcovered

thecamp,andinthemorningthereappearedinthedesert somethinglikegrainyandpoundedinamortar,which lookedlikethefrostthatcovershisgroundduringthe winter.ThusdidtheLordmanifesthispowertotheeyesof Hebrewandthebrillianceofdivinepowerthathasearned thenamepartofthedesertofSin-shine(Shain),brightness. -Thepeopleatthesightofthisspecialfoodtoreplacethe bread,theessentialfood,exclaimed:"Manhu?Thatisto say,whatisthat?Becausetheyknewwhatitwas.Moses said:"ThisisthebreadthatGodgivesyousomethingtoeat. "(1)Bothhu-manwordsarequiteworthyofbeingnoticed; maninCelticmeansessential,important,main(MEN),huis howthewordCeltic(Haou),howitso.TheHebrewshadto beexpressedas:"Isthisthenthemainfood,handhow?And mantheycalledthefoodthatGoddistributedthroughout thedurationoftheirstayinthedesert.Theynamedso becauseitwasreallytheessentialfoundationoftheirdiet, takinginsteadofthewheattheycouldnotraisethepointin theirjourney.Weemphasizethatexpressioninaspecial way,becausetheadjectiveCeltichand(men)primarykey, enteredthecompositionofwordsMeniri,dolmen, designatingCelticmonuments,standingstones,andit becomesofinvaluableassistancetotheexplanationofthese termsuntilsuchtimecoveredwithanimpenetrableveil. MoseswasstillinthewildernessofSinwhenJethrohis father-hecamebackhiswifeandchildren.ThenameJethro ,princeandpriestofMidian,isinterestingandit summarizestheadvicegiventoMosestotheestablishment ofinferiorcourtstodeliverjusticeforthepeopleinbusiness theeasiestandmostcommon.JethrosawMoseshardtodo justicetothepeoplewhopresentedtohimfrommorningtill night,said:"Whyareyousoagainstthepeople?Whyare yousittingalonetotryhim,sothatwhatpeopleexpectfrom morninguntilevening?You'renotagoodthing."Youget tiredandunwisely,youandyourpeople,unnecessarywork: theoccupationsurpassesyourstrengthsandyoucannot sustainitself."ButlistentotheadviceIgiveyou,andGodbe withyou.BehardforthepeoplewhowatchthingsGod...

andtoteachhimwhathemustdotopleasetheLord. "ChooseamongthepeopleofsteadfastandGod-fearing, truthandfullofenemiesofgreed,andgivethepipetoone thousandmen,otherspercent,withotherfifty,andtheother ten."Whetheryoureserveforbigbusinessandthey consideronlythesmallest:andtheburdenofjusticebeing sharedwithothers,youwillbecomelighter.'(1)Moses followedthisadvice,whosewisdomwasevidentand distributingtheburdenofadministeringjustice,hewaswell protectedagainstanoccupationquiteoverwhelming,he believedhecouldsuccessfullycompletewithoutsuccumbing. ThenameofJethroaccuratelyreproducesthesubstanceof sensibleadvicegiventheinexperienceofMoses-toShade (CHED),protect,shelter,-raw(RAU)new,inexperienced. shouldnotbes'surprisedtoseeMosesinthenew governmentoftheHebrewpeople,sinceGodhadimposed thepainfulburdenforsixweeks.Forty-eightdaysafter leavingEgypt,theHebrewsreachedSinai.Inthisplace,the peoplereceivedtheLord'sreligiousprecepts,politicsand lawthatshouldgovern.Thelawwasproclaimedthereinthe midstofdazzlinglights,noiseburstsofthunderincessant, andthesplendorofahugemountainonfire.Thisbrilliant deviceintheproclamationofthelawwasgiventothis mountaincalledSinai-toShine(Shain)shine,sparkle,burst -toeye(ouch)watch,keepaneyeSUR.-AtthetopofSinai, whereGodhadcalledhim,Mosesreceivedtheordertobuild thetabernacleandthearkofthecovenant,andappointed thelordtohisservant,namelythetwomenhehadmetwith intelligence,wisdomandsciencetoinventeverythingthat artcandowithgold,silverandbronze.Theinterpretationof Bézeléel-bezel(bezel),Kittenwitharing,-tolay(on)make, project,-toell,measure-andthatofOoliab-wool(ououl) wool-toeye(ai)havinganeyeon-abb,woolfabric,-we learnthatBèzeléelhadtobeatthetwogoldcherubs-share (SHER)share-up(eup)above-oneachsideofthecover, whileOoliabthatwasresponsibleforcarryingtherich embroiderycurtainsofthetabernacleandclothingforthe DepartmentoftheHighPriest.(1)Aftermorethanayearof

residenceatthefootofSinai,theHebrews,ledbythehand ofGod,wasbroughtintothesolitudeofParan-tofare(fere) move,travel-tohand,leadbyhand-wherehistent remaineduprightuntilhewasorderedtoheadforthe promisedlandtotakepossession.Moseshadsentexplorers, andtheHebrewsknewthelandofCanaanbyJoshua,their relationshipwasoneoftheseexplorers,andprobablytheir leader,sincethisoccasionMoseschangedthenameitwas previouslythatofJoshua.Theconductofthenationwas latergiventoJoshuawhenMoses,shortlybeforehisdeath, hespokethesewordstoalltheassembledpeople:"Bestrong andcourageous,becauseyou'llgetthepeoplewhointhe landthatGodsworetotheirforefatherstogivethem,and thatyoutoowillsharelots.(2)(1) JOSHUA-JESUSSAVIOUR.-DAVIDANDGOLIATH. Joshua'smissionwasclearlydefinedbythesewords.Itwas establishedwarlordoftheHebrews,wastoconquertheland ofCanaanandsharelotsbetweenthetribes,butthe authoritywasreceivingonlybecamenothereditaryinhis family:hewassimplyholdingtheofficeoflieutenantofthe Lord,andGodhadreservedanabsolutecommandofhis people.ThedirectruleofGodontheJewslastedsincethe exodusfromEgyptuntilthedaywhenthepeopledemanded akingwiththesamerightsasthekingsofsurrounding nations.Samuel,towhomthepeoplehadspokenfor monarchicalgovernment,receivedthisproposalwith displeasureandofferedhisprayerstoGodtoknowHiswill, andtheLordsaidtohim:"Listentothevoiceofthepeople inwhatevertheytellyou,becauseitisnotyou,butthey rejectedme,thatIshouldnotreignoverthem...butfirst,let themunderstandanddeclarethemtheking'srightto commandthem."SamuelexplainedtotheHebrewsthat wouldbeforthemtheroyalauthoritytheysoughtso insistently,but"thepeoplerefusedtolistentothese explanations:No,theysaidwewantakingwhogovernsus. "(1)TheresistanceofSamueltoinsultthepeopleaddressed toGodbyhisrequest,theresponseoftheLordandthe obstinacyofthepeoplewithclearlydemonstratethedirect

exerciseofdivineauthorityovertheHebrews.This theocraticgovernmentisengravedinthenameJoshua,or Iehosuah,ashastheHebrewtext.Thefirstpartofthename consistsofletters,i,he,u,i,enclosedinJehovah,andthe secondpartincludestheverb"tosway(Soué),govern, control,andbothpartiesintheirmeeting,produceIosoué, thatistosay,Jehovah'sgovernment.TheHebrew-Chaleena ispowerlesstotranslateliterallyJoshua.Theonlywordsshe couldadvancetoitsinterpretationisiehoscua,savior,and sheisstillveryfarfromtheexactcompositionofJoshua. Thus,theHebrewtranslationofJoshuabyiehoscua,savior, didsheassumethatthenameofJesus,Saviourand Redeemerofthegenushuman,wasderivedfromthesame root:fortheangelappearingtoJosephaddressedhimin thesewords:"JosephsonofDavid,fearnottotakewithyou Maryyourwife,becausewhatisborninit,istheworkofthe HolySpiritandbearasontowhomyougivethenameJesus, becausehewillsavehimselfbydeliveringhispeoplefrom theirsins."(1)Themeaningofsavioranddeliverermustbe enclosedinthenameoftheLordJesus,accordingtothe explanationoftheangel,andtheexpressionofthissenseis perfectlyrenderedbythetwoverbstoeaseCeltic(ise), issue,tosway(Soué)order,govern,whichcorrespond perfectlytotheHebrewlettersreproducedinIssa,Jesus, andisasignificantdifferencebetweenthenameofJoshua andJesus.Arabiclanguageconfirmsthisdifferencebetween thetwonamesitisknownthattheArabstranslated,Jesus sonofMary,byIsabinMariam.Thesesoeasy interpretationsofHebrewnamesbylanguageTectosages provethatitwasindeedthatoflanguagefirsttime.To completetheproofandmake,asitwere,tangible,wecan stilltrytobreakthetwonamesofDavidandGoliath. Everyoneknowstheincidentsofsinglecombatbetween DavidandGoliath.However,itisnecessarytorecallsome detailsthatexplainfullythenamegivenbytheHebrewsin thePhilistinegiant.ThearmyofthePhilistinesandSaul's soldierswerepresentwhenGoliathstandinginfrontofthe battalionsofIsraelcriedtothem:"Whyareyoufight?AmI

notaPhilistine,andyeservantsofSaul?chooseaman amongyou,lethimcomeandfightalone.Ifhecanfightme andhitme,weareyourslaves,butifIwonmyselfandIkill him,youwillbeourslavesandyouwillserve.Andthe Philistinesaid:"TodayIchallengedallthebattalionsof IsraelandItoldthem:Givemeaman,andhecomestofight againstme.ButthisPhilistinearosetobattlethemorning andevening,anditdoessoforfortydays."(1)Thegoalend thecontestwasproposedbythePhilistinesubjugationofthe vanquishedtothevictor,watchingthegiantstature,the Hebrewswereterrified,andtheboldPhilistinecouldthrow fortytimeshischallengetothemostvaliantsoldiersSaul,no onedaredraiseit,-goal(gol),goal,closetoeye(ouch)see, look,-toadd,add.-Butahandsomeyoungman,indignant attheseoutrages,armedonlywithaslingandastick, offeredtodefeatGoliathinthenameoftheLordofhosts. Giantadvancedwithascornful,but"Davidhastenedand ranintobattle.Heputhishandintohisscrip,hetooka stone,hurledfromhissling-davit(DeVita)reel-andstruck thePhilistineontheforehead.Thestonesankintohis foreheadofthePhilistine,andhefellonhisfaceagainstthe ground,(1)-todive(Daive)-sink-tohit,hit.These examplesseemtobesufficienttoprovidestrongsupportfor thisassertionthattheGaeliclanguageandrealityinthe primitivelanguage,andwewillnotpursuefurtherthis beginningofetymologicalstudiesonthedescendantsof Shem. Puniclanguage--------------- IAFRICAPhuthi-NumidiaandMOORSAmongthedescendantsof HamwewillretainonlyPhuthi,histhirdson,which commentatorsbelievetheScripturestobethestrainofthe originalinhabitantsofNorthAfrica.TheAfricancontinent presentsamorestrikingcontrast.Inpartcrossedbystreams ofconsiderablesize,heatjoininginsoilmoistureproduced inthetreesandplantsofvegetationvigorandpower admirable,butinareaswhererivershavealowvolumeof water,freshnessandfertilitydisappearundertheactionofa

burningsun,andthedesertappearswithitsterriblearidity. Inthemostextensiveofthesedesert,theSahara,thevast plainsofburningsandarecarriedtotheeye.Thedangers areextreme,becausethebreathofsimoomimpetuous, restlesssandsrolllikethewavesofaragingsea.Woe travelersthatsimoominitsrapidcourse,committedto meetingthosepartsfatal!Thesandwhippedaroundthem, seizedthem,buriedthemundertheweightoftheirbodies piledup-afer(éfeur)windfromthesouth-west,rick(rik)a heap.Whatevermayseemnecessary,inspeakingofAfrica, dealwiththeEgyptians,however,weleaveasideand monumentsandthelonglistoftheirkings.Thelabyrinthof EgyptandMesraïm,firstkingofthecountry,wewillstop justamoment.Mesraïm,secondsonofHam,weoffera proofofthesecurityandveracityofthestatementsarean unshakablescientificbasis.Mesraïmisfamousasthefirst kingofEgypt:itneverthelessdeservestobeotherwise reportedduetoarchitecturalfantasybequeathedbyhimfor everfutureandthatthese,intheiringratitude,have forgottentheauthor.ancientshadbuiltsomemonumentsin differentregionscalledlabyrinths,andthemostfamous werethoseattributedtoDaedalusofCrete,andthatof Egypt,whichthelearnedarchitecthadremainedunknown. HerodotusmakestheEgyptianlabyrinthworkoftwelve kings,whilePlinythinkTithoèsalonemustclaimtheglory. AccordingtothedescriptiongivenbyHerodotusofthis building,twelvepalaceswereenclosedinasingleenclosure. Fifteenhundredapartments,mixedterraceswerearranged aroundtwelvemainrooms,andcommunicationswere arrangedsothatthosewhosengagementinthepalacewere powerlesstofindtheexit.Therewerestillfifteenhundred undergroundchambers.Thisconstructionwasita monumentdedicatedthesun,asPlinyseemstothink,orwas itintendedfortheburialofkings?Wasnotitrathera caprice,awhimofanarchitectwhoseskilfulmenhadlost thememory?Mesraïmalonecanputusontrackandshow ustheendofthismazeofassumptions,admittingthatheis theauthorofthisstrangebuilding,consistingoflongrowsof

apartments,andhadafancyawhimofhismind-Maze (mèze)maze,oreventomaze (mèze)maze,oreventomaze(mèze)astray,em (mèze)astray,embarrass,- barrass,- row(ro)filerow-whim(houim),whim,fancy.MesraïmIf hissecretbookwithoutdifficultyItisnotthesamefor Phuthi,thirdsonofHam.Thisoddnamedoesnotpresent itselfinitsmonosyllabicform,nosensethatthemindcan declarehimselfsatisfied.Itshouldbedividedintotwo syllables,andthenitoffersareasonablemeaningfaithfully relatingtothecharacterandclothingofpeoplesandLibya whichGaetulesPuthisthefather.EnemiesoftheEgyptians, theydifferedinamannerverysensitive,GaetulesLibyaand ledanomadiclife,wanderingthroughthemeadows-lea(li), prairie,-by(bai)through-andwerenotedforthe particularshapeoftheircoats-toget(watch)have,-hull, anoutercover,amantle.-ThehallmarkofmantleGaetules involvedinthecap,andhoodedAlgeriaseemstobeapartof traditionalclothingwornbyPuthandhisdescendants. GaetulesTheonlylicensewehave,bythesightoftheircoats, hoodies,enterthecompositionofthenameoftheirancestor Puth-foe(fô)enemy-toHood(Hud),putahood.Inhis writingonthewarwagedbytheRomansagainstJugurtha, SallustoverlookstheoriginalinhabitantsofNorthAfrica, someinterestingdetails.Accordingtohim,Africawasfirst occupiedbyGaetulesandLibya.Theywere,hesaid,aharsh anduncompromisingnature,fedonwildfruitsofthesoil andthefleshofwildbeasts.Laws,leaders,theircivilization wasunknown;wanderingtoandfro,theystoppedinthe placewherethenightcamethesurprise.ButSallust continuesafterthedeathofHercules,arrivedinSpain followingthebeliefoftheAfricans,hisarmycomposedof variouspeoplesanddeprivedofitshead,spreadinall directions.Medes,PersiansandArmenianswhowereofhis army,crossedtheseainshipsandseizedthecoastofoursea Persiansmarchedespeciallyonthesideoftheocean:not findingthefieldsinthematerialsneededtobuildtheir houses,theyusedtheoverturnedhullsoftheirshipsbyway ofhousing.TheymingledwithGaetulesgraduallythrough alliances,astheyoftenchangedplaceafterfertility

campaignstheymet,theygavethemselvesthenameof Numidia.Moreover,constructionofNumidiancampaign, oblongandcoveredwitharchedbrick(tile-channel)are calledbythemmapalia.libyaThealliedwiththeMedesand Armenians:theyoccupiedthelandbytheseaAfrican,while theGaetuleslongerlivingindistantlandsinthelandburned byahotsun.Libyapossessedthecityearly,andseparated fromSpainbyasimplestrait,theyweretrading.Gradually Libyaaltérèrenttheirnameandcalledthemselves,intheir barbarouslanguage,insteadofMoorsMedes.Theaffairsof Persiawassoontobecomeprosperousandshortlyafter, awayfromtheirfathersbecauseoftheirnumberstoogreat theyoccupiedunderthenameofNumidia,thecountries locatedaroundCarthageandthatwascalledNumidia. Graduallysubjugatingtheirneighbors,theymadeaname fullofglory:fortheWarriorsweremoreGaetulesthat Libyafinally,thelowerpartofAfricafellunderthe dominationofNumidia,andallthosetheyhadconquered, joinedthemandtooktheirname.Allinformationprovided bySallustisinvaluableandspreadsomelightontheorigins oftheseAfricans,butwearesurprisedthatitdeprivesthem offreelaws,andcivilizationleaders.Theymightwellnot havewrittenlaws,howeveritisdifficulttodenythemthe traditionscertainlyformingthebasisoftheirlegislation. Thereislittleevidence,moreover,whathasbrought significantdifferenceinthelivesofthesepeoplesincethey liveintheAfricansoil.Stillcoveredwiththeircoats, hoodies,constantlylookingfornewpasturesfortheirherds thatcanprovideabundantfood,preservingthrough centuriestheirnomadichabits,westillfind,atalmost exactly,suchasSallustdescribes.Thehousesthatthe authormeansbymapaliaLatin-tomap,track,-Hall,home -couldnotgiveupmuchofthepopulationtogoinany directionthecountrytoleadtheflocksinpasturesnewand fresh-new(Niue)again-Mead(mid)meadow.Numidians Theownerswerewonderfulhorses,andweknowwithwhat meticulouscaretheAfricanselevatethemtoconnectallthe nervousenergyandzealtheywanttoseeinthem.

Nevertheless,despitethestrengthofthesegreatbeasts, NumidianswerepowerlesstocrosstheimmenseAfrican desert,thecamelwasonlypropertogothroughthesevast solitudes,becauseofitsextremesimplicityandsingular dispositionofhisstomachwhichcontainsapouchfilledwith water(1)forminganadmirablereservesthatcantospend severaldayswithoutwater,camelsareverynumerousinthe WestAfricanMoorsandwatchthemwithreasonasthe mainwealthofafamily.LibyaandtheformerGaetules knewfullwellthereasonforthesobrietyofthecameland theeasewithwhichhetraveledformanydays,without stoppingatasourcetoquenchthethirst,sotheyuseditin preferencetohorsetoventureinthewildernessThisuseof thecamelinordinarytravel,andthecertainknowledgeof thefullbagofwaterinthestomachofthisanimalareuseful becauseofthenameofMoors,giventoLibyainvolved ArmeniansandMedesofWestAfrica-maw(MAU)paunch, crop,-towear(ouer),use,carryaroundforuse.-Theterm maw(MAU)indeeddescribesthecamel,asinthelanguage ofTectosages,afabricmadeofcamelhaircalledmohair. Sallust,adoptingthebeliefofAfricankilledHerculesin Spain,andclaimsthathiswarriorsabandoningIberiaspent onAfricansoil.Forus,wewilltrytorelyoncertainfacts narratedbymythology,anddespitehisboutsofinsanity,she letoutsomelightonthishistoricalpoint.Mauritaniaforher wasthegardenoftheHesperidescontainingthetreeswith goldenapples.Ahundred-headeddragonwasinchargeof theircare,andconstantlyopeneyesonthepreciousfruits, heutteredahorriblehiss.Herculeshadpromisedto Eurystheus,kingofMycenae,tobringhimthegoldenapples fromthegardenoftheHesperides.Heremovedin Mauritania,inthemidstofAtlantis,killedthedragonand, seizingthegoldenapples,hereturnedtriumphanttooffer themtoEurystheus. Bychangingthenameoftheheroofthisstory,thenarrative ofSallustappearscompletelyilluminatedbythelightoftrue truth.GallicnationisrepresentedherebyHercules,and mythologyitselfgivesusthetheme,sayingthattheGalatians

warriorrenownedforhisfeatsandhisvirtues,andalsoking oftheGauls,wasthesonofHercules.Shetheninsinuates Hercules,thatistosay,theheroicGallicfamily,likearising tideandpervasive,havingfloodedEurope,reachedthe heartofSpain,andsawitsflowinordinatelapseand stubbornresistanceoftheIberians.Onlypartofthevast armycrossedtheseaandtookoverthebeautifulvalleysat thefootoftheAtlas,whichgrowinabundanceorangeand lemontreesontheirsplendidgoldenapples.TheAtlantis, LibyaandGaetuleslivedwiththeconquerorsandbecame theMoorsandwhosepowerfulNumidiancavalrywasso fearedbytheRomans.II-GENERALOFTHECARTHAGE - THEKINGS Numidians NumidianslatersawacolonyofPhoeniciansandlandingon theirshorestofoundschools.ThecityofCarthagewasbuilt there,888yearsbeforeJesusChrist,byDido,Tyrian princess.Addictedtotrade,Carthageenriched,grewrapidly andexpandeditspossessionsontheAfricancoastandthe coastsofSpain,especiallyattractiveforitsminesofgoldand silver.Becomeawarriorbytheobligationimposedonitto supportherbusiness,sheraisedarmiescomposedof mercenarieswhichitcouldhardlybeproud.Numidians, Iberians,Gaulsabounded,butthesewarriorsborrowing remainedonlyinhisservice,whenaskilfulgeneralknewthe leadtovictoryandplunder.Abattlelostinfuriatedthese foreignsoldiers,andmassacredtheunfortunategenerals whohadfailedtoconducttheirimpetuousmomentum.The needtoovercomemaybecontainedinthesecretherselfthe skillofthefearlessandbrilliantCarthaginiangeneral.The PhoenicianswhofoundedCarthage,spoketheCanaanite language,andthislanguage,despitemanydissimilarities shouldshowacloserelationshipwithoneoftheNumidia. ButisthisreallythelanguageofCarthagemustbe attributedthenamePunic,andthatnamewouldbelongtoit notratherthattheNumidianandMoorish? WebelievethattheNumidianlanguagecaneasilyclaimit,

and,byexaminingcloselythecurrentlanguageofthe Kabyle,ensuredthatitismadeofpunsandthereforethe onlyPunic-topun(Pon)makepuns.Thisassertiondoesnot seemunfounded,ifwecomparethenamesofthemost famousCarthaginiangeneralcalledbyhistorytothoseof Numidiankings,andwecanfeelinthenamesCarthaginians ownacertainresistancetointerpretation,whilethenames willgiveinwillinglyNumidianmonosyllablesthattrain. Hamilcar,fatherofthefamousHannibalgavetheRomans inSicilyagainstclearevidenceofmilitaryskill.Continuing withastubbornzealprosperityandexpansionoftheempire Carthaginians-toAIM(em),direct-weal(yes!),Prosperity, -tocare(Ker),getintroublefor-hesubmittedthecoastof AfricatotheGreatOcean,andgoingtoSpain,hetookthe westcoastofthiscountry.Hehadonhisrepeatedinsistence, broughtwithhimtheyoungHannibal,tointroducehimto theleadershipofanarmyandsciencewarrior.Amilcaralso hadwithhim,"saidCorneliusNepos,ahandsomeyoung man,Hasdrubal,whichaccusedhimoflovingmorethanhe wouldhavebeen.Fromthereitwas,thattheinquisitor moresforbadehimtokeephishouseinHasdrubal.Amilcar thenresolvedtogivehisdaughterinmarriagetothisyoung man,hewasintheirhabits,theycouldnotdefendhisorher sontolivewithherstepfather.Wereportthisfact,Cornelius Nepossays,becauseafterthedeathofAmilcarkilledin battle,HasdrubalbecameChiefoftheArmy.Hannibalonly tookcommandafterthedeathofHastrubalmurderedbythe slaveofachiefLusitano.ThefacttoldbyCorneliusNepos givesintelligencetrainingHastrubalname.Hewaspressed bytheinquisitorofmanners,Amilcarwantingtostop annoyingnoises,however,andwishingtokeepHastrubal withhim,hastenedtogivehimhisdaughterinmarriage-to haste(Hester),hasten-Row(Rau)noise-topall(Paul),kill, weaken.HastrubalThepresenceofthehouseofhisfather andhiselevationtotheheadofthearmyafterthedeathof AmilcarHannibalhadtobeasourceoftrouble,andhence subjecttocommandhisbrotheris,theriseofhismilitary geniuswascontinuouslycompressed.Sowehadrightly

calledHannibal,whichistosay,tiredoflivingthelifeofa juniorofficertasteless-toannoy(Annoyer),bored-topall (paul)becometasteless.Wedidnotreporttheexploitsofthis greatcaptainandtheyarewellknownandarenotalso usefultoourpurpose.Thedifficultyofinterpretation presentedbythesenamesCarthaginiangeneralsnolonger existsinthoseNumidiankingsandCelticexpressionstake placewiththegreatestease.AfterthePunicWar,Carthage hadlosteverything,hisempire,hisriches,hisbusiness:he wasbarelylifethatMassinissa,headofNumidiaandallyof theRomans,soughttoremovehim.ThisNumidian,who livedacentury,stoodstillnightanddayonhorseback,atthe ageofninetyyears,withoutharassingtheunfortunate Carthaginianstruceorthankyou.Cavalierindomitable Massinissaknewnorestinahouseorintheinnswhichhe professedtolaugh-mass,mass-toinn,housedinahostel- tohiss,laughing."AfterthevictoriesoverCarthaginians andSyphaxtaking-tosee(if),thinking-toface(FEE) confront,brave,-whoseempirestretchedfarawayin Africa,theRomanpeoplegavethekingallMassinissacities andlandshehadtakenhishand."(1)TheoldNumidianwas alwaysthefaithfulallyoftheRomansandlefthiskingdom tohissonMicipsahertwootherson,andMastanabal Gulussa,wereabductedbythedisease.Sallustsilentabout theirlives,contenttojustnamethemandestablishing MastanabalthatwasthefatherofJugurtha.Mastanabal probablydidnothavethewildenergyofhisfather Massinissa,asitsnamesaysterrifiedofbecomingtheleader ofanationsogreat-mass,mass,assembly,-Thane(then) chief-toappal,terrify.-AsGulussa,itsnameclearly denotestheirhabitsofdeception-togull(gules)mislead, deceive,touse(ious)usedto,use-.Macipsa,becameheadof doesNumidianbecameknownastheweakofhischaracter, lettinglooseandmissingallthefavorableopportunitiesto furtherexpandthevastterritorybequeathedbyhisfather- tomiss,miss,lose-toheap(hip)pile-tosay(se),say,tell -.ThisprincehadadoptedhisnephewJugurtha,andhad comeintothekingdomshareswithbothsonandAdherbal

Hiempasl.BelovedbyRomansbecauseofthefighting qualitieshehaddisplayedatthesiegeofNumancia,where Micipsahadsenthimwiththesecrethopeofseeingthem perish,admiredasthemostardenthunteroflionsand boldestriderThroughoutAfrica,Jugurthawasconsumed withambitiontoownoneofNumidia.Relyingonthe venalityoftheRomans,hefirstmurderedHiempsal-toeye (ouch)review-toAIM(em)direct-dirty(SELE),sell, market,-theyoungestofhisrivals.Adherbalstillbothered him,becausethesenatewassplitbetweenhimandNumidia Adherbal.Jugurthaaddsanothercrime,attacks,despitethe oppositionoftheRomans,Adherbalinacitywherehehad fled,seizedthelastheirofMicipsaanddestroyedintorment -toadd,add,-heir(HER),heir-topall(Paul),shoot-. Jugurthawassohigh,bytwohorrendouscrimes,tothe throneofNumidia,anditwasonlyfairthatthename rapportâttofuturegenerations-tojuke(djiouke)lifted-to hurt(smooth),harm,doharm-DeliveredtotheRomansby thetreacheryofBocchus-tobalk(Bauke)wrong-her stepfather,KingofMauritania-maw(MAU)paunch-to wear(ouer)wear,carryaroundforuse,-tohit,hit,-hand, hand-Jugurthawasthrownintoadarkdungeonwherehe wasputtodeathbytortureofhunger.Aftertheconquestof NumidiabytheRomans,collegeswereestablishedinmajor AfricancitiesforthestudyofLatinandGreekletters: however,thePuniclanguageneverceasedtobespokenin hisintegrityandThisprovesitisthenamegiventothe PunicendofthefourthcenturyAD,thegreatestgeniusthat Africahasproduced,St.Augustine.Barelytwenty-eight years,havingtaughtallhumanknowledgeatthetime,he professedvividlyrhetoricatCarthageandafewyearslater toMilan,wherehewasbaptizedbySt.Abroisein387.High intelligence,eagerforallscienceandtruthaboveall,subtle andpenetratingmind,witharousingspeechandlogical reasoningofasteadfast,St.Augustinecertainlydeservesthe nameEaglemeetings,whichgavefairlyandhappiness- hawk(Hauk),falcon-hustings(heusstings),assemblyhall. IIIKabyle

ItisrecognizedinhistoryastheCarthaginianswere distinguishedfromotherpeoplesbythefinesseandguile.In theserviceoftheirtrade,thisspiritofcunningtrickery producedablack,andthelattervicewassowellknownthat, toexpressthemostegregiousbadfaith,afaiththeysaid PunicorCarthaginian.Howeverthebadfaithdidnot belongonlytotheCarthaginiansandGulussasonof Massinissahasenoughbuiltondeceptionitsusualhabits andalsothoseofNumidia.Kabylesdescendantsarethe undisputedNumidiansandunderanameaffectsadifferent form,querulousmoresofthepeopleshowthemselves openlyaccusingtheformationoftheKabylename-tocavil, quibble.-TheMoors,inrelationtothechicane,have nothingtoenvytheinhabitantsoftheGreatKabylieSouth oftheAtlas.Theoneandtheothermissnoopportunityto provehowgreattheirdishonestyandtreachery.The AlgerianKabyleMountainsdeservemorethenameof Berbers,whotheyare,however,attributedwithgood reason.Inasurprisingsobriety,afewdriedfigsandalittle breadsufficientfortheirfood,andtheirhomes,extreme poverty,markthemannersofapeopleaccustomedto povertyandenergytobearthelossanywelfare-tobear (BER)bear-tobare(bere)strip.TheBerbersshowedgreat honestyintheirrelationships.Itcomeswithoutdoubtthat, forseveralcenturies,Christianityhasflourishedintheir country,andthiscauseismorethansufficientforthemorals ofapeopleacknowledgetheprofoundchangeeffectedbythe exactpracticeoftheevangelicalprecepts.Despitethe MuslimdespotismthathassaturatedMohammedanism,the BerbershavenotlostthememoryoftheChristianreligion, andtheyproudlyshowthecrosstheybeartattooedontheir handortheirarm.Traditionshaveanimportantplaceinthe mannersofAlgerianKabiles;traitresemblancetotheCeltic familyofhighlyreflectsthetruthoftheassertionsofSallust. Onecanstillseeflourishintheirmidsttheconstitutiononce governedGaulandCaesarasdescribed."Ithasbeensaid manytimes,"saysGeneralDaumasinwritingKabylia,that KabilawastheSwitzerlandoftheAlgeria.Ifthis

comparisonisjustatopographicalviewpoint,itisnotleast inviewofthepoliticalconstitution.Takentogether,Kabylia isanagglomerationoftribeswhogovernthemselves, accordingtotheprinciplesthatthetraditionandusagehave broughtintothecustoms.alsooffersimilarcombinationsand areassociatedinseveralmonosyllables,wholesentenceswith arigorousandprecise.WechooseintheKabylelanguage someoftheseexpressionsthatcanbeobservedhowcarefully theadmirablewords,nounsorverbs,arecomposed.The formerinhabitantofNorthAfricawererearingpoint probablybeeswhoseswarmsspreadingfreelyinthehollow trunksoftreesorcleftsofrocks.Thesebees,little accustomedtothevicinityofhumansandanimals,cruelly tormentedtravelerswhopassedbytheirhouseandtroubled bytheirstingingbitesthetranquilityoftheirmarch.Thisis themeaningofthewordbeeinKabyle,thizizouith,plural thizizoua-totease(tize),torment-ease(ize)peace,-way (yeah)path-.Weusethisinterpretationtotheplural thizizouabutinfreeingusownendingsinthesingularor plural,themeaningofthizizouithbecomeseveneasierand clearer,sinceitisthenthehumoftheinsectthatannoying anddisturbingtherest-totease(tize)annoy,-ease(ize), rest-towhiz(houiz)buzzing.ThewordhoneyinKabyle Testament,reproducesthethoughtthatthesweetness alwaysendsuptameandtame-totame(system),tame, tame,toend,finish.Punictermsarecertainlycorrect expressionpatternsofthesepeoplesandthistruthmanifests itselfpowerfullyintheverbcrawlinKab.mour'edh.Forus, it'scrawlingforwardinthemannerofthesnake,buta Numidianistoengageinthetallgrassofswampandgo forwardwithoutbeingseen-moor(mour),swamp-tohead (hed)-.TheverboverwhelmingleadinKab.r'ot,saysthat whatpeoplethinkofamanwholetshimselfbesurprisedby theheat,raw(UAR),new,inexperienced-hot,hot,hot-it mustbe,infact,noexperiencetheirexposuretohotsunfor hisfiresatcertaintimesofday.Whenwetransmitthat SallustLibyaandGaetuleslivedasnomads,heforgetstotell usthatthebareearththeydidnotliketotaketheirrestwas

reallyalayertoopainful,sodidtheycareforremedythisby extendingtheirwearylimbsonagood"mat"inKab. aguerthil,-toake(EKE),hurt,bepainful-earth(erth), earth,-toheal(hil)remedy.Wemightthinkthatthe Numidian,becauseoftheirfierynature,likedthenoiseand strife,buttheirlanguagebeliesthatthought;foraman engagedintheracketisamanof"vile"amekrouth,-to make(Meke)do-Row(Rau),noisedin-.Thereis,inthe Kabylelanguage,manymonosyllabicwords,inthesewords Celticandtheircorrespondents,thereisalwaysacorrelation ofstrikingideas.Andgrinding,inKab.zed,referstotosate (Sète),satisfy:ablaze,inKab.clamped'drifttosear(Sir), burn:night,Kab.idh,justtoheed(HID),beware:vilify,in Kab.Simes,Isam,istoshame(chem)toshame.Thiswarlike peopleknewthegoodswordfighting,andretainedinthe stronghandofhiswarriors,theswordfellstraightonthe headoftheenemywithashrillwhistleswordKab. translatesiskim,-tohiss,hiss-Keen(kin)acute,sharp.- TheverbinthelanguageretainsabdicateNumidianperfect sense:wegive,weinthisexpressiontakenbyitself,meaning ofavoluntarysurrendertothesovereignpower:the Numidianseeitasaheirtothethrone,sometimeschosen freely,andinmanycircumstancesreceivedbyforce,thatis tosayimposed:abdicateinKab.translatestekher,-totake (Teke),take,receive,-heir(HER),heir.Itisnotuptoour commonsalt,inKab.thaqsoultwhodidthehonorsofa compoundword,-totake(Teke),take-tosalt(Falls),season withsalt,salt.WecouldaddotherwordsKabyletheir decompositionandtheirmeaningsnext,buttheexamples arenumerousenoughtoshowinthePuniclanguagea derivationperfectlanguagethatprecededBabel.Butwe mustnotconcludethisbriefoverview,withoutinterpreting thetermappliedbytheKabylearoumiFrench.Taken collectively,theFrenchareknowninKabylia,inthenameof AfransisbuttheFrenchtookitselfis,fortheBerber,the manwhohassubjugated,whosurpassedinmilitaryvalor,to whomhemustbowastheybowedtothesuperiority,andto containasinglewordinhisadmiration,theFrenchis"the

Great"-aroumi-roomy(Rumi),large-.CHAPTERIV. --------------- FAMILYJapheth.--------------- IGOMERANDHISSON. WehavealreadyobservedthatGomer,eldestsonof Japheth,wastheheirofbodilyqualitiesdistinguishing JaphethhisbrothersShemandHam.Gomeristhestrainof thegreatCelticfamily,andSt.JeromeandJosephusdonot hesitatetocallhisdescendantsGomériensandCimmerians. EstablishedtheGalatiansinAsiabelong,accordingtoSt. Jerome,tothesamefamilyorCimm Jerome,tothesamefamilyorCimmerianCimbric.Mostof erianCimbric.Mostof theseGalatianswereTectosagesfromthesouthofGaulin thepursuitofmilitaryadventures.ThreesonofGomer, Asken,RiphathThogormaandareappointedbythe Scripturesbecausetheyweresinglepeople.Some descendantsofAsken-toask,demand,-Keen(Pushkin), verycold,penetrating-Haze(Hèze),fog,mist,-boundfor northernEurope,werenotafraidtosettleinacountrywith intensefog,whileothersstoodinAsianeartheMedes.They becametheiralliesinthewarwagedagainstBabylon,and withthesewordsofJeremiah:"CallconsBabyloniankings ofArarat,MenniandAsken."(1)JosephusbelievesRiphath andherchildrenoccupiedPaphlagoniaonthebanks SouthernoftheEuxine,anditlooksgoodqualifyingforthe nameofasailorsaysRiphathwellversedinthemaneuvers relatedtothewingofships-toreef(rif),makerice,thesails, -toadd,add-.AsThogormathatevenJosephusbelievedto havelivedinPhrygia,hisnameunveiltheinventorofsilk fabrics-tow(to),tow,tow,-tohawk(Hauk),hawk,-worm (oueurm)worm.TheotherchildrenofGomerthatGenesis doesnotname,probablyremainedwithhimandformedthe greatCelticfamily,whocametoestablishthecenterofits dominanceinGaul,aftercrossing,alongtheDanube, Europe-toerr,gohereandthere-tohope(Hope)hope- stilluninhabited.Ifwecouldknowtheformernamesof Gomerthatchildrenhaveleftafterthemintheirslow migrationwestward,wefinditcrediblethatthesenames wouldbeeasilyexplainedbythelanguageandprovide

informationTectosagesvaluableontheirwalkandtheir variousstagesthroughoutEurope. TUBALandIberians.AmongthebrothersofGomer,Tubal istheonlyonethatinterestsusatthistime.Hehadsettled withhisfamilyorhispeopleatthefootoftheCaucasus MountainsbetweentheBlackSeaandtheSeaCaspian.This positionwasTubalandchildrenofhardyseamen,andhis namejustifiesthisthought,sinceTubalmeansahouse,a house-shapedtub-tub(cock)tub,vat-Hall(haul) residentialhall-.PtolemyreferstothedescendantsofTubal withthenameofTobéliens,whileJosephusknowsthemas thatofIberians.SomeoftheIberiansleftthecountryin whichtheyhadfirstspread,andputtinghimself,according totheBasquetraditions,underthedirectionofTharsis, nephewThubal,theyfacedtheperilsofnavigation,the searchforanewlandwheretheycouldsettle,retainingtheir customsandmoresspecific.Itisquiteiscuriousthatthe nameofTharsis,Iberianemigrantshead,duetotheCeltic languageaswellasthatofTubal.Herevealsthevesselsof theIberians,whateverformtheyhadinfact,wereperfectly pavedandingoodseaworthy-tar,tar,mariner,-tosize (saiz),coatofslime-.TheIberiansweretheyeverthatname beforeheadingtoSpain,orhavetheyreceivedtheCelts whenthetwonationsclashedinthesouthofGaul?Itwould beverydifficulttosayinanabsolutemanner,andindeed thesolutionofthisquestionseemsnotnecessary.Theonly thingwewantedtomakeisthattheIberianswereavery sparsepopulation,whentheCeltshavefacedanddrowned, sotospeak,intheflowtheirnationgreat.Transportedby theirvesselsoffthecoastoftheSpanishpeninsula,whilethe CeltsslowlyfollowedtheDanube,itisnotsurprisingthat theIberianshavequietlyoccupiedSpain,andare widespreadontheGaulsstilldesertterrain,untilthearrival oftheCeltshasgraduallypushedbackbeyondthePyrenees. Basquesconsiderthemselvesrightlyasthetruedescendants oftheIberians,whohavefullypreservedtheirtraditions andlanguagespecific.Afewboldspiritswantedtomake theseprimitiveBasquesmen,havingnoreport,no

associationwithotherhumanvarietiesthattheywouldhave precededtheworld.Thisthoughtisincomplete contradictionwithwhatwesaidinGenesis:"Noahhad threesonwhocameoutoftheark,Shem,HamandJapheth. ThesearethethreesonofNoah,andfromthemisoutwhole raceofmenwhoareonearth."(1)TheHolyScriptures containtheunalterabletruth,itisabsolutelynecessarythat theBasquelanguage,wewouldconsiderasnotrelatedto anyother,isinfactoneofmanybranchesofprimitive language.Thislanguage,preservedinthemountainsbymen ofiron,astubbornandindomitablecourage,was perpetuatedinaremarkablepurityandhistrainingshows inabypasssomeofthelanguagespokenbyNoahand Japheth,sinceitisacompoundwhoseelementsaretakenas theprimitivelanguage.TheBasquelanguageismadeby powerlesstogiveanyreasonabledescription,sinceeachof itstermsalreadyformacompletesentence,andsoitno longerpossessesthebasicwords,andcometoassociateto formnewexpressionsstatingthevariousqualitiesofmenor ofnaturethatitwouldpresentanaccuratepicture.This importantfactexplainshowtheIberianshadtoundergo NeimheidnamesimposedbytheGaulsandexpressedbythe AssociationofCelticmonosyllables,whichtheythemselves werepowerlesstotranslate.Besides,thenamesof Cantabria,Gascon,VardullesIberiansandtheyweregiven, aretakenwithsomuchtruthintheheartoftheirmanners, itwasimpossibleeithertochangeorrejectthem.Before explainingthespecificnamesoftheseIberiantribes,wewill trytointerpretafewwordsinthelanguageBasquetohis affiliationwiththeprimitivelanguageisunmistakable. BASQUEIII.Itisinterestingtonote,bytheformationof Basquewords,howdidtheconfusionatBabeloflanguage. Newwordsnolongerhavethesamesimplicity,theyexpress theassociationofprimitiveterms,proposalssometimes figurative,sometimestellingahistoricalfactandreality. ThesenewcombinationsarealsoeasilyobservedinKabyle languageintheBasquelanguage,however,itreproduces themingreaterpurityandcaptures,sotospeak,bytheway,

surprisingphilosophicalthoughts,picturesofmannersthat leavenothingtobedesired.Inthelanguageofthe descendantsofTubal,"men,ghizônac"arebeingswith customs,thatistosay,theunwrittenlaws,andascustomor unwrittenlaw,isthemanifestationofwillbegovernedby reason,thisdefinitionofmanas"ghizônac"referstoperfect themostaccuratedefinitionsthathavebeenmade,-As (Guais),custom-toown(we)have.-Theacsyllableinthis wordisthatthepluralending. Thesebeingscustomstreasuredmemoriesofboldactions, courageousandconfidedtothememoryoftheirchildrento transmittoposterity,andthisisthemeaningof"history, Konda"-tocon,memorize,-todare(REED),daretohave theboldness-.Thehabitofmemorizingthebrilliantactions madebythewarriors,however,doesnotprovethatwriting wasnotknown.Basquehastheverb"towrite,ichkiribatzia. Theexistenceofthisverbinthelanguageobviouslyimplies theuseofspecificcharacterstosetandpasstheword.We probablydonotknowtheshapeofthecharacters,the Basqueswereusing,butthisformisirrelevant,sinceit varieswitheachnation.Westilldonotknowonwhatpaper theytracedthecharactersoftheirwriting,butitwouldbe unfairtodenythemtheknowledgeanduseofasolidand lightaswhatwereprovidedbythethinpapyrusfromEgypt. Bladesortunicsformingstemofthepapyruswereabout twentyinnumber.Eachtunicformingasheet,itis conceivablethatasinglestemofashrubtenfeethighwould providemanysheetsofanylength.Thesepressedleaves, beaten,stuck,andpolishedwerethesubjectofsignificant tradeinancientworld,andallpeopleshavetherighttouse papyrustowritecontractsforthesaleandpurchase,letters andagreementsbetweenindividuals.Wegivethesedetails becauseoftheverycuriousexpression"quire"enclosed withintheBasqueverbwrite,"ichkiribatzia."Quire translatesintoCeltic"aquireofpaper"andthewords togetherinichkiribatziasaysthatwritingistohavethe itchingtoadd,accumulate,pileupthehandsofpaper-to itch,itching,-quire(qouaïre),aquireofpaper,-toheap

(hip),pile,accumulate,-toadd,add-.Thecomplexionis brownsoeasilydistinguishtheIberianCelts,isrecalledin theword"face,bisaiya"-bice(BAIC),palegreen-high (hated),strongspeakinginadarkcolor.AmongtheCelts therewerethreedistinctclassesofpeople:priests,nobles andthepeople.Thisconstitutionisalsofoundinthenation Tubalienne,sincethedeathofanIberian,theheirvassal payingafeetothelordofthefief:thisfeatureisrevealedby theterm"Heriotza,death",asheriotCelticlanguage,means thefeepaidbytheheirtothelordofthefiefafterthedeath ofavassal.Besides,usageoftheCeltsseemtoreviveinthe Basquelanguage,soadeathisexpressedby"hilbat",thatis tosayaneminence,hill,atumulus:thesyllablebeatsin hilbatrespondentisanindefinitearticleinFrenchtoone andone.ThetermIberianhilbatannouncedthatentrusted theirdeadtotheearth,andyetitiscertainthat,atleastfor sometime,theywereconsignedtotheflames.Theuseof burningthedeadonthestakehasbeenintroducedamong theIberiansofSpain,whileatthetimeoftheformationof theirlanguagetheyfollowedthepracticeofothernations whoburythem.WeknowhowthisPeoplelikedthefighting: thesoundofgunfiremadethemsmile,andtodieonthe battlefieldwastheonlyambitionofawarriorasthereis nothingsurprisingthattheterm"die"orhiltziaHiltz"This nothingsurprisingthattheterm"die"orhiltziaHiltz" This imageofthesword-hilt,handleofasword.The"iron, Burdin(Mars!),thisheavymetal-toBurden,load embarrass-formidablewarriorsintheirhands,thatwas heavyarmloose,forhealonewasaburden,aburdenandan embarrassment. Invinciblesoldier,theycouldnotbeartheshameofdefeat; bedefeated,itwasforthemtohavetosuffer,toshamefully sitonabenchintheirhome,theshoutsoftheenemy offensive:thisisthemeaningpicturesque"defeated benzutua"-tobench,sitonabench-hut,hut-hue(likethe wordhue),whooping-.Whatignominyforbravementobe exposed,helpless,insultsandderision,whilegoingslightly andproudlyamongthemthetriumphant"Victor benzutzaïla"-tobench,sitonabench-hut,hut,-tosail

(Sel),passlightly-.Boththewinnersshouldtheybewithout pity,sincethe"massacresackaïla"n'wasforthemaproud sacking,-tosack,pillage,plunder,-Highly(Haile),proudly -.TheBasquelanguagepresentinthecompositionofhis wordsofknowledgethatwoulddareeventosuspect material;anditensuresthattheportionoftheportswhere theymooredthevesselwasclosedbyalock,thisisthe meaningof"seaItxasoa"-tohitch,moor,-Sasse,lock,-to oowe(O)beobliged -.Boldsailors,theBasqueswereexposedtodisastrous wrecksandtheywereconfinedintheexpressionitself "shipwreckurigaldua,thereforecertain,makehastetorun directlybeforethewind-tohurry,hurry-toscab,running beforethewind,-due(dieu),directly-.TheIberianshad theirdaysofworkandalsotheirholidays:working,itwas excitingtotakeuparmsinhaste;thiswasthe"daybusiness, egunahaste"-tohaste,haste,-toegg,stir,gun,weapon-.Butwhencamethe"holiday,bestaeguna" Woetohimwhorantoarms,ashewasviolentlyabusedby thestaff-tobaste(best)beaten,abused,-toegg,stir,-gun, gun."Darkness,ilhuntasuna"onlyinterruptedthedailytoil ofhunting-toheal(hil),appease-tohunt,hunt-andwhen, intheirwanderings,fatigueforcedthemtotakea momentarybreakinthe'deepshadywoods,this"shadow itzala"devouredtheexcessoftheirwarmzeal-toeat(it) devour,-zeal,enthusiasm-andputtingtheirheadsundera rockoratreetrunk,theycalledthemto"sleep,loghitea"- log,log,log,-tohit,hit,reaching-. Iberianswerethehomesofwhattheyaretoday,atleastfor theportionofthepopulationmostneedy.Theylivedincaves theypiercedduringtherainydayand"badweather demboratcharra-den,cave,tobore,drill-shower (chaoueur)shower,sleet-.Theyadornedthebranchesof treesreturnedwhenthe"goodweather,EmboraEderra- den,cave,-tobore,drill,-toEdder,garnishwithbundles -.LetnoonebesurprisedatthesestatementsintheBasque language,sinceeveninourcentury,Spain,thepoorest familiesliveincavesorcaveswiththeirhands.Thenext

matchinsertedinthenewspaperL'Eclair,Issue7June1885, givessomedetailsaboutitwhicharenotunimportant.The correspondingtravelingBurjasot,followingtheofficial commissionsenttostudymeasurestobetakenagainstthe terriblescourgeofcholera,writtenon6June:"Onarrival, welearnedthatinthelasttwenty-fourhours,therewereten casesandsixdeaths.Youknowthatthisvillagehasbarely 2,500.Wewenttovisitsomeofcholera."Wefoundanold maninoneofthesecavesthatserveashometosomeofthe poor.Thisisanunfortunatefeatureinthecurrent circumstances.Weusefirstexcavationsthatarealready madeabovethegroundandwerethenexpandedaccording toneedandincreasethefamilyetc..."Wecanseethatthere isnoneedtousedinpastcenturiestomeettroglodytes,and itisuselesstoimagineatgreatcostsystemsforprogressive civilizationofmankind.Itshouldnotbeassumedthatthe Basqueswereexclusivelyhunters.Agriculturewascertainly honoramongthem,andtheterm"hildua"whichmeans landthatraisestheplowdiggingintothegroove-hill, eminence,-due(dieu),suitable-showsthatdeepplowing andcarefulnotTheywerenotunknown.Theyalso preferredtoproductionsofthesoilwithplentyofprecious metalsexistingintheircountry,theyshuttheireyesinstead ofopeningthemgreedilywheninharrowingthefields,their eyeswerestruckbythebrillianceof"money,cilharra"that theirworkbroughttothesurfaceofcultivatedland,-toseel (Brazil),closeyoureyes-toharrow,harrowThenamesofa fewmonthsoftheyearalsorelatetoproductionsofthesoil andthevitalworkthatwasperformed.Wecanbriefly examinethecompositionandmeaningofthesenames. "Janvier,Urtharrilla."ThebadweatherinJanuarystopped theworkofthosewhowouldspendtheharrowintheirfields -tohurt,harm,-toharrow,harrow,-toWill(yes!)Desire, want-."February,Otsaïla."Theheatissufficientto determinetheicebreaksupthecoastoftheEuxineandlets setsail-hot,hot,-tosail(SELE),setsail-."Mars Martchoa."ThecontinualrainsofMarchnecessarily changetheterraininwetlands-marsh,swamp,swampy

place,-toowe(O)-.duty"inApril,Aphirila."Wanting soonascerealshavetheimageoftheear-toape,topresent theimage-ear(ir)earofwheat-toWill(ouch),desire." MaiMaiyatza."Fortheearsareallowedtoassociate,in May,brightwildflowers-toMay(mis),pickingflowers,-to add,add-."June,Erearoa."Agitatedforharrowingfields- tohare(devil),stir,-toharrow,harrowing-."July,Uztaïla. "Delayinglargemeetings,assemblies,probablybecauseof theheat-tohustle,stirtogether-towhile(houaïle)differ -."August,Agorilla."Thestreamsceasetoflow-ago, passed-torill,run,dribble-."SeptemberBûruïla. "Wantingtoholeup,lockedupincavesassignedto [Housing-toburrow(beurrô),holeup,withdraw underground-toWill(ouch)want,wish-"OctoberUrries. "Hurryinfieldwork-tohurry(heurri),hurry."November, Hazila."Thefogcreepsoverthehills-tohaze,toafoggy,- Hill,Hill-."December,Abendoa."Coveryourwool garments-abb,woolfabric,-toendue(endiou)iscoated. ThecircumlocutionsusedintheBasquelanguagearemore sensitiveintheexpressionofsomenaturaleventssuchas sunriseandsunsetsun,sunriseandmoonset."Thesunrise, iruzkiatheratzea"presentsthefollowingsense:onewhois tired,hatetohearbuzzintheair-tohear(hir),hear,-to huzz(heuzz),zoom-Sky(Skai)air-tohatter,harassing,- tohate,hate-."Thesunsetiruzkisartzea"showsasimilar training:thefarmerarrivedatnight,hatetohearbuzzin theair-tohear(hir)hear-tohuzz,zooming,-sky,air- sart,cultivatedland-."Therisingofthemoon,ilhargi atheratzea.Themantiredouthatetowanttolistentothe cries,-toWill(ouch),will,-toharck,listen,-hue(likethe wordhue),cry-tohatter,harassing,-tohate,hate-."The moonset,ilhargisartzea."Thefarmerwantstolistentothe cries,-toWill(ouch)desire,-toharck,listen,-hue(likethe wordhue),cry-sart,cultivatedland-.Letusconsiderother expressionswhoseexplanationwillservetoplacetheBasque languageinallhisdays,ie,asderivedfromthefullprimitive language."InthemorningGoizé"walkwithease-togo, walk,-ease(ize);comfortable,easy-"Midi,eghuerdi"

momentwhenthegrowthofsunlightandbeginsitsdecline- toegg,push,-hour(Haour),time,time-day(de),day-. "Theeveningarratxa"runinhastetothehouse-toHare, Run-rath,hastily-."Midnightgaûherdi"gotonow,the momentoftheday-togo,go,-hour(Haourtime),-Day (de),day-."Afield,landabeats."-Land,earth,- correspondstoabeat."Asource,BeghiIthurribeats.»Start tohastenhisrace-heat(hit),race-tohurry,hurry,-to begin(beguine),begin."AfountainIthurribeats."Rushing therace-heat(hit),race-tohurry,hurry."CabinEtchola. "Acrowdofheadsunderoneroof-head(HED),head- shoal(Chol),acrowd,atroop."Pin,ichkilin.Theextreme cleanlinesswasfarfromshiningintheinnswheretravelers stoppedhaplessdutifullyarmedwithapin:itiseasytowhat disgustingandannoyinginsectstohere,-toitch,itching,-to kil,kill-toinn,housedinahostel."House,Etchea."Ahead whomeditates-head(HED),head-tochew(chu), meditate."Cellar,SOTU."Partofthehousewherethey couldbecomedazedbydintofdrink-tofool,tobecome bewilderedbydintofdrinking-how(Haou),how." Thunder,ihurtzuria."Seeabovetheflashthatissuretohurt -sure(Shura)course-toeye(ouch),see."Darkness, ilhumbeak."Soothebuzzing,barkingandbleating,-Toheal (hil),appease-hum,hum,-tobay(be),bark,bleat-. "blinded,itxutzea."Theeyeisclosedbytheeffectofa sudden-tohit,giveashottoshut(cheut)closing-."To breakthelegbone,zangobeatsAuster."Spoilthelegbone- shank,thelegbone,-flies,a-towaste(West),spoil-." Tears,nigarrac."Denyingnecessary-toniggard,refuse necessary-."Rivalyelosstarria."Pushthecriesofhorrorat thesightoftheenemyandattackforplunder,-toyell, screamofhorror-tohost,attack,toharry,rob-."Family, maïnada.Insertthekeyistosay,children-hand,essential- toadd,add-."Honor,Ohori."Beingforcedtohavewhite hair,-toowe(O),beobliged-hoar(Lahore),whohaswhite hair-.Wecouldinterpretahostofothertermstakeninthe Basquelanguage,butastheyarelessinterestingthanthose wehavecited,wepassover,andwewillfinishthisseries

longenoughtoprovethatanexpressionalwaysthegreat instructionandhighdoctrineledmentoglory,Loria-lore, doctrine,training,-toeye(ouch),keepaneyeonthe Cantabrians-. IV.-TheIberians. KJOEKKENTHEDANISHMOEDDINGS. ThelanguageoftheIberianswaslikelytosurprisestrongly Celtsalsoquitesurprisednottocomprehendthemeaning, theydecoratedthedescendantsofTubalnameCantabrians, -tocannot,speakacertainjargon-Abroad(abraud), outside-andwrapinaperfectexpressionlanguagevery curiousaboutpeopleandtheirarrivalbyseaintheHispanic peninsula.TheIberians,bysettlinginSouth-westEurope, havechosentodwellinthePyreneesinmemoryoftheirstay intheCaucasusMountains.Thischoicehadindeedhis reasonforchangingthecountry,theyhadnointentionof changinglifestyle.PlacedinthePyreneanregion,whichwas tothemasacentralpoint,theyhad,headingtowardthe North,awonderfulhuntinggroundGalliccomprisingallthe landstilldeserted,wherethedeerwouldnotpointtheir default.Besides,theyhadallthatisnecessaryforlongraces. Aconstitutionofiron,anindomitablecourageandusedto huntanyspeciesofwildanimals.Theyhadnottobother withbags;killedgameenoughinhuntingtomanydays. Onlyonethingwasessentialwhenencounteringacaveown toserveastemporaryshelter,theywantedtopreparea burninghearth,thenecessarymealitwastheflint,whose nameisBasquesuarria,ieie,asparkoflightorrunningto andfrobytheshockoftwoobjectsoneofwhich,flint,is leaningtooneside,andtheothersteeloriron,iswaved,-to sway(Soué),leansideways,waving,-tohare,runninghere andthere-Ray(D)oflight.-Theweaponsusedintheir distanthuntingprobablynotverydifferentfromthosethey hadbeforethehandintheongoingfightagainsttheGauls, andwecannotwithoutinjusticetodenythemweaponsof iron,sincethiswordexistsintheirlanguage.Manymonths couldelapsebetweenthedepartureoftheIberiansandthe

huntersreturntothedomestichearth,andtheymeasured theirdistancetousingobjectssuchasstripsofsoftstone,or woodpiecesfromreindeer,onwhichtheymarkedwithlines ornotchesdayshavepassedsincetheylefttheirnormal placeofresidence.InthecavernofBize(Aude)anexplorer, MCCailhol,receivedasliceofstonesoftenoughformany notchesontheedgesandinthecaveArignac(HauteGaronne),Mr.EdwardLartetbydiggingthesoil(1860),"it foundmanybonesofthecavebear,thebison,reindeer, horse,etc..."Andaplatformplacedinfrontofthecave, surroundedbydebrisveryinteresting,"astripofwood reindeeraccidentallycutatbothends,oneofwhosefaces perfectlypolished,offerstwoseriesoftransverselinesalso distancedthem,andwhosesideedgesaremarkedwith notchesdeeper,quiteregularlyspaced.Mr.Lartetseesin theselinesandnotchessignsofnumeration,andMr. Steinhauerhassuggestedthatthesearetrademarksof hunting."(1)accidentsoccurredprobablymultipliedthe Iberiansinthepursuitofdeer,severalhavenotseenthe homeandwereburiedincaveswellknownhunters.Inthe caveofAurignacclosedbyaslab,"thenavvyBonnemaison discoveredin1852,theremainsofseventeenhuman skeletons."(1)TheCro-Magnonshelter(Dordogne), excavatedbyMr.LouisLartetin1868,hedeliveredseveral humanskeletons."Thisshelter,"saidLouisFiguier,would haveserved,accordingtoM.LouisLartetAppointmentof hunting,housing,andfinallyplaceofburial.Sevendead wereburiedthere,wasabletocollecttheremainsofthe skeletons,butonlythreeskullsarealmostintact.Isit permissible,"saysLouisFiguier,toknowthatsheownedthe racemenoftheCro-Magnonburialandbe,therefore,an ideaofthehumanracethatlivedinourcountriestimetothe bigbearandmammoth?TheCro-Magnonisnotsodifferent fromallraces,ancientandmodernthinkingthattheBroca. AccordingtoM.Pruner-Bey,alltheskullssofardescribed, andreferringtotheeraofbigbearandmammoth,are similartothoseoftheEskimosandLappstoday.M.PrunerBeycalledprimitiveMongoloidracethefirstinhabitantsof

ourland.Weshallseeasskullsandotherdebrisfoundin Belgium,MrDupont,SolutréinMacon,Mr.Ferry,andMr. BrownBruniquelfinallyfromthejawsofAurignacand Arcy-sur-Cure,confirmthisconclusion."Themenbelonging toraceprimitiveMongoloidheadsweregenerallyround, diamondcutface,jawsandteethdirectedslightlyforward, theninalllikelihood,browncomplexionandblackhairand hard...TherearestillremnantsofthisprimitiveMongoloid race:itistheBasques..."(1)TheIberiansweretherefore lefttracesoftheirunequivocalhabitsofhuntersandthe remainsofBigBearandMammothabundantlyfoundin cavesshowthatthefleshoftheseanimalsenteredtheirdiet. ThenamecarriedbytheIberiansfullyconfirmsallthose assessments,sayingtheywerehuntingbearandthefleshof thebearsweretheirusualfood-toeat(it)eating-bear (BER),bears. TheIberiannationisnottheonlyoneleftintheground tracesofitssensitivemanners.Anotherpeopleofour Europe,butnotonlyhunterfishermandroppedhis knowledgeofnutritiontopatientsinvestigationsofscientists. Thedetailsgivenonthissubject,byLouisFiguieronshell moundsofDenmark,haveagreatinterestthatwecannot resistthetemptationtocitethemostimportantpart."Placed inthelastrow,"saidM.LouisFiguier,theextentofits territoryanditspopulation,theDanishnationisnonetheless oneofthelargestinEuropebytheplaceshehascultivated thesciencesandarts.Thisbravelittlenationhasahostof distinguishedmenwhoareacredittoscience.Thepatient researchofitsarchaeologistsandantiquedealershave searchedthedustofagestoresurrectaworldwide disappeared.Theirworkissupervisedbytheobservationsof naturalists,tookabrilliantdayontheearlystagesof mankind."Nolandisalsocleanerthandenmarktosuch investigations.Theantiquitiesfoundthereateverystep:itis onlythequestionwhethertodrawimportantrevelations concerningthemanners,customsandindustrypre-historic populations.TheMuseumofCopenhagen,whichcontains antiquesfromvariousScandinavianstates,isunrivaledin

theworld."Amongtheitemslistedinthisrichmuseum,we seealotfromkitchenmiddens."Firstofall,whatthese Kjoekken-moeddings,whosenameissohardtopronounce foraFrenchmouth,andtellsusthatthisissufficientage stone?"AtvariouspointstheDanishcoast,particularlyin thenorthernpart,wheretheseahascarveddeepnarrow creeksthoseknownasthefjords,weseevastaccumulations ofshells.Ingeneral,thesedepositsarehigherthanonemeter abovesealevel,butinsomesteepplaces,theiraltitudeis highenough..."Whatdoesoneencounterintheseclusters? Anenormousamountofmarineshells,especiallyoyster shells,brokenbonesofmammals,birdsandremainsoffish, andfinallytherough-hewnflint."Wethoughtatfirstthatit wastherethatsomebenchfossilshells,landoncesubmerged andwouldhavebeenmadeapparentbyarisingground,due toavolcaniccause.ButaDanishscholar,Mr.Steenstrup foughtthisviewbasedonthisfact,theshellsfromfour speciesthatneverlivetogether,andtheyhadthereforetobe gatheredbyman.M.Steenstrupwasalsonotedthatthese shellshadbelongedmostlytoindividualsreachedtheirfull growth,wesawalmostnoneeveryoung.Suchasingularity obviouslyindicatedanintentionreasoned,anactofhuman will. WhentheyhaddiscoveredinKjoekken-moeddingsany debristhatwehavelisted,whentherewerefoundremainsof homes,typesofsmallplatformsthatstillretainedthetrace ofthefire,weguessedtheoriginofthesehugeshellmounds. Thereweretribeswholivedtherefishingandhunting,and throwingaroundtheirhutsremnantsoftheirmeal, consistingmainlyofshells.Graduallythedebrishad accumulated,andhadmadeconsiderablebenchesin question.Hencethename-Kjoekkenmoeddingscomposedof twowords:Kjoekken,kitchen,andmoeddings,pilesof trash.TheKjoekken-moeddingsarescrapsofmealsof primitivepopulationsinDenmark."...Itisworthnoting thatDenmarkdidnothavetheprivilegeofmassesof shellfish.TheyhavebeenfoundinEngland,inthecountryof CornwallandDevonshire,Scotland,andeveninFrance,

nearHyères(Bouches-du-Rhone)."Speciesofmolluscshells whichformthebulkofthealmostentireKjoekkenmoeddingsaretheoyster,cockle,musselandperiwinkle. "Thebonesofthefishareinabundanceintheshellmounds. Theybelongtotheherring,cod,flounderandeel.Weinfer thatsomeearlyinhabitantsofDenmarkwerenotafraidto ventureintothewavesinflimsyskiffs:herringandcodfish doindeedatsomedistancefromshore."Thebonesof mammalsarealsoverycommoninKjoekken-moeddings. Themostcommonarethoseofdeer,deerandwildboar, which,accordingtoM.Steenstrup,includedforthe97cents. Otherscomefromtheaurochs,brownbear,wolf,fox,dog, wildcat,lynx,marten,otter,porpoise,seal,watervole, beaverandporcupine."Insomebirdspecieswhichare collectedremainsinKjoekken-moeddings,mostareaquatic, whichisnaturallyexplainedbythesituationofmanonthe edgeofthesea"(1)TheinterpretationbytheCeltic languageofkitchenmiddensconfirmsandpowerfully illuminatestheStatementofLouisFiguieronshellmounds ofDenmark.Theseclustersarereallyscrapmeal,andthe wordcleverlycombinedKjoekken-moeddingssayswith assurance,thatwerejectanythingthatmighthavebeen painfulinthemouth,thatistosay,sharpedges,thethehead andentrailsoffish-jaw(djâu)mouth-toake(Eke),be painful-Keen(kin),acute-maw(MAU),rumen-head (HED),head-dingto(worthy),hurl-jawakekeenmawheadding-.Thepeoplewhosescrapmealproducedthe shellmiddenisitsoprimitivethathistorydoeshaveretained nomemory?LouisFiguierpointsoutwithjustbecauseof clusterssimilartoEnglandinthecountryofCornwalland Devonshire,anditishardlysurprising,sincethetribeof fishermenwhomadethekjoekken-moeddingsDenmark,was able,atleastforsometime,retainitsoldmannerswhenshe tookholdofEnglandinadefinitivemanner.Thistribe belongedtoTectosagesestablishedbetweentheRhineand theOder,wasthatoftheAngles-toangletoangle-andthis significantnamesaystoohightheusualoccupationsofthe people,sothatwecanseriouslyrefusetorecognizehimas

theauthorofKjoekken-moeddings.Thisdigressiononthe shellmoundsofDenmarkmustnotmakeuslosesightofthe Iberiansandtheirhuntingdangerousbigcavebear.The habitofhuntingthebearisnotyetextinctmoresofthe Basques,and,remarkably,inmarriagecontracts,the fathers,eventoday,attributedowrytotheirchildrenby possessionofbear,oraquarter,athirdorhalf,depending onthenumberofchildrenfill.RecipientsoftheFrenchare veryfamiliarwiththisrecordingfeature,andshouldnot omittocollectfeesfromtheStateonthiscontributionin valueofbears.Wedonotknowtheprecisetimewhenthe IberianscameaddressthelandofSpain.Somehistoriansfix theiremigrationintheyear523aftertheflood,thatistosay, 1824yearsbeforeJesusChrist.Thiswouldbeinthesame centurywhenInachus,theoldestofallthekingsknownto theGreeks,foundedthekingdomofArgos,whileintheEast, Abrahamleftbyhisdeath(1821BC)hissonIsaacheirofhis faith,hispoweranddivinepromises. VTHEGASCONS.- Occitan.AQUITAINEANDTHETRIBES.AUCH.BORDEAUX TheCeltsweredescendantsofTubalimposedoncertain namesunderwhichprovedthatthecustomcouldnoterase centuries.Thus,thenameofVardulleswasgiventoatribe ofIberianbecausethehabitofthesepeoplekeepontheir shoulders,anddayandnight,asortofcloak-toward, guard,-hull,outercovercoat-andweknowthatthesonof Vardullesnotderogatefromsuchuse.Itdoesnotenterinto ourthinkingtoconsiderallthenamesofIberiantribes,must beHowever,anexceptiontothewell-deservedVasconsor Gascon."Accordingtohistory,theBasqueshadthe privilegeofformingthevanguardoftheCarthaginian armies,andtomeasurethefirstwiththeenemy."Their reputationfordauntlesscouragewassowellestablished that"CaesardaringtocrosstheVasconia,ashefeared, wenttoSpaintopreventtheirmeeting,theAspeValleyin Bearn.(1)GascongavetheirnametoourFrenchGascony. OnecanhardlysaythattheirsettlementinAquitainewasan

invasion,becauseAquitaniansforthemwerebrothers,and thecadetshadcometotheiraidforfightingtheyokeof dominationthatCloviswastryingtoimposeonthem.We seethemfirstaschildrenofClovissetuptherightbankof theAdour,andlater,aroundtheyear626AD,occupyingthe entireNovempopulaniawhonowcalledGascony.Theyhave receivedtheirstrangenameoftheshoetheyhadadopted specificandthattheirdescendantshavenotabandoned. Gaskins,Celticlanguage,meansagreatfootwearatthe antique.Thisisthesandalthatiscalledspardillo Languedoc,Cataloniaspadrilla,andthattheBasquescall spartinac.Itisfarfromlackinginsensespartinacword:itis compoundverbtospar,preludetobattle,andtheadjective thin(Thinner),slender,light-seeded,few.Thislightweight shoeallowedtheBasquestoengageinguerrillawarfare: giftedwithagilityrare,andalmostimperceptible,they advancedfew,preludetobattlewithhitsthatwereisolated andsingularlysurprisetheirenemies.Thistermspartinac showsushistruecharacterofthewarlikegeniusofthe Basques:theywereinthoseearlytimeswhattheyaretoday, theguerrillas.Aftergivingusthemeaningofthenamesof Iberiantribes,theCelticlanguageweexplainwiththesame easethosetribeslivinginAquitaine.InthispartofGaul,the Celticfamilyhaslefttracesofthelargestandstrongestofits mixturewiththeIberianfamily.Allauthorshave reproducedthedifferenttraitsofcharacterthatseparates theIberiansandtheCelts:theywerethosegays,light,eager, lovingthefightingandquicktoattackinsteadtheIberians wereserious,serious,almostsomber,aslovingand supportingthewarwithanobstinacyinvincible.Whentwo peoplemet,theshockhasbeenterrible.Afterfightingfor thepossessionofthecountry,saysDiodorusSiculus,the CeltsandIberianshavelivedtogether,underapeaceful agreement,andtheyareinvolvedinalliances.Fromthismix cameoutCeltiberiansnation,inwhichtheIberianblood remainedpredominant.TheAquitainewhich,accordingto theirtraditions,arenotfromtheCelts,belongtothefamily CeltiberiansbecausetheystronglyresembletheIberiansby

thetraitsandhabits,theyhaveneverthelessadoptedthe habitsandinstitutionsoftheCelts.Wepresentevidencein theinstitutionofSOLDUR,whichwefeelisabsolutelyCeltic thoughgenerallyattributedtotheIberiannation.An institutionwhichisspecific(Aquitaine),whichisforeignto theGauls,"saidthehighlyesteemedauthoroftheHistoryof Gascony,AbbeMonlezun,isthatofsolduriens,orrather Saldun(theEscualdunal,orzaldisaldi,horseSaldun,who hasahorserider,theRomaneques);wasneveridentifiedso muchwithhimnotasingleexampleofhimhasever survived.(1)Whenthechieffell,theywereseenlookinginto thefrayagloriousdeath,andiftheycouldnotfinditthere, theyreturnedtobreakintothebodyofonewhohadfaith. "Wecanobservethatinthenarrativeofthewaragainstthe Aquitaine,Caesarspeaksonlytotheimpositionofsoldurii, withoutassertingalsothatSOLDURdoesnotexistinother partsofGaul.SOLDURthisterm,whichintheBasque languagedoesnotofferanyideainmind,this,onthe contrary,inthelanguageofTectosages,aperfectly connectedwithit,andaccidents-Wardoesnotseparate,life, death,andhewillliveordiewithhim,andaccidentsofwar donotseparate;SOLDURlifewillnotlastmorethanthelife ofitsleader.-Soul(land),life,soul.-Tohard(Diouri),last.- Eventoday,thesoldieriscalleddoesnotsoldierinthe Anglo-Saxon?Wheredoesthissoldier,ifnotSOLDUR (soldioure),andhowthistermwouldexistintheAngloSaxon,iftheinstitutionhadbeenpeculiartosoldurii Iberians?Thisinstitution,whichweapparentlyitiscommon totheCeltsandIberianCelts,tellsushow,ontheground Aquitaine,hadmadethemergeroftwofamilies.Occitania ThenamewasusedtodesignateAquitaine."CharlesVII,in orderfortheerectionofParliamentfromToulouse,called thePatriaOccitania:yieldingabouttoPopeInnocentVIin itsregister,callOccitaniathiscountry.Butthemost commonlyandisoftennamedintheformeractspatria linuaeOccitaniae."(1).TheauthorofMemoirsofthe HistoryoftheLanguedocwouldlike,becausethefirst syllableofOccitania,applythistermlanguedocbutthis

expression,disassembledandperformedbytheCeltic languageshowsuswiththelatestevidencethatthe inhabitantswereOccitanicoastlinesthatsurroundtheBay ofBiscay,thatistosay,AquitaineandtheCantabrian.The reputationoftheBasquesandCantabriansasintrepid seafarershasneverbeenchallenged,andnotwithoutreason that'theyattributethehonorofhavingfirstgiventhe whaling.Besides,ifthewhalesmayrarelyfellundertheir blows,hewasnotthesameporpoises,andporpoisesthat theirnormalhuntingearnedthenameOccitani-hog-sea (hogs),porpoise-tohit,hit,-hand,thehand-hogsihithand. -ThetermOccitaniwasthereforeageneralnamereferring tothefishermenintheBayofBiscay.TheCeltiberiansfrom withinthecountrybetweentheoceanandthePyreneesand theGaronne,hadreceivedanothername,asgeneral,thatof Aquitane.TheBasquecallsay,theirlanguage,Escualdunac: thelanguageofhorsetamers,tamersfacedarkandfrowning -scowl(skaoul),gloomyandfrowning,-downto(daoun) tame,-hack,horse.-Thetitletamersofhorsesisnotonlyto Basques,itmustbesharedbytheAquitaine,andthis communityoftastesandmannersseemsaremarkable featureofaffinity,whichmustnotbeoverlooked.Itwould havebeendifficulttoAquitaineofbeingbadhorsemen becausetheircountrywasrichinhorsesrenamed.The learnedBenedictine,DomMartin,whichmodernwriters haveborrowedtheirdetails.morecuriousaboutthecustoms, governmentandreligionoftheCelts,understoodthatthis productionoffinehorseshadagreatinfluenceonthename giventoAquitaine.Alsoaheadtherethatthiscountrywas firstcalledEquitainer,Latin,equus,horse.Theremarkable sagacityofthelearnedreligiouswasnotatfaultbecause theywerestillboldtamersofhorses,thatAquitane-hack horse-tocow(kau)intimidate-tohit,hit,-hand,hand- hackcowhithand.-Thepassionofhorseisshedisappeared fromthemodernheartofAquitaine?Itcertainlystillhasthe samedegreeofalertness,despitechangesinthecentury habits:exerciseanyequestriancircusenough,indeed,to exciteinthesoulofAquitaineandGasconyainterestand

enthusiasmthatcannotbecontained.Thetribesthatlivedin Aquitainewereaboutfortyinnumber,nineofwhichwere keytotheRomansinthiscountryonbehalfof Novempopulania.Wewillexaminethenamequelquesunes ofthesetribeswiththoseofseveralcities,andweseethat theyallbelongtotheCelticlanguage.TheTarbelloccupied theshoresoftheocean,andAusonenothesitatetocallthe BayofBiscay,theOceanTarbellien.Straboclaimsthattheir countrywasrichwithagreatgold:butthegoldminesofthe countryhadnothingtodointhenametheybore.Marine carefulandfarsighted,theyknewtarringtheirboatslightto fightagainstthedestructiveactionofseawater-totar,tar,- tobelly,bulge.-Attheendoftheirterritory,onthesideof SpaintheTarbellpossessedacityLapurdum,whosename waslaterusedtodesignatethecountryorLabour Labourdan.ItisbelievedtoBayonne(1)Lapurdum,former Bayonne,shouldbeplacedontheseashore,asthewavesof theoceanTarbellienreachedhim,-tolap,lick-ordboard- Lapord.Thespoken-bigerrionesCaesaroccupiedthe countrywhichisnowthechiefTarbesplace."Inthename camebigerrionesdeBigorrewhichdesignatedformerlya fortressdefendingthecityofTarbes.Twoofitsfirstpastors, Aper,intheCouncilofAgde,andSt.Julieninthefourth CouncilofOrleanscallthemselves,abishopofthecityof BigorreCivateBigorritanae,andtheotherBishop Bigerricaeofthecity.GregoryofToursdoesnotnameany otherway."(1)SomeauthorshavefeltabletoderivetwoBigorreBasquewords,bis,two,gora,height,butthis interpretationbytheBasqueoffersnoprecisemeaning. Ausonebigerricallsthissmallnation,andseemswellthat Hehasgivenustherealname,themoreaccurate pronunciation.Thesemountaineersweredevastating,looters whoseintrepidityneverwavered.Thisisthetraitof mannerstracedinBigerriAusone-big,brave,toharry (Herrera),pillage,devastate-.TheAusciiformedin Aquitainethemostpowerfultribe.Theancientgeographers givetotheirmaintownnameclimberris.Weareconfidenta mistakeontheirpart,theyhavenotgraspedtheprecise

meaningofthisterm,adistinctivewholecountrybecause AuchneverseenitchangeitsnameborrowedfromAuscii. Moreover,webelievewecandiscoverthetruthforthe meaningofClimberrisintendedtoapplytotheentireregion includingboththecityofAuchthatarechosen.Anything countryproducedberriesandgrainsclime,region,country, -berry,berry,grain,--.ClimeberryWhywouldthey attributedtoasinglecityandgrainproductionofthe grapes,sincethiswasageneralproductionoftheregion? Anditisnotsurprisedtoseetheberriesofthevine,the grapesgointothecompositionofClimberrisbecausethe vineswereinGaulinthewild.Considerabletimehad elapsedperhapswithouthavingthoughtaboutitsculture, andhistoryseemstohonortheGreekstohavetaughtthe Celtstomakewine,whichseemsdoubtful,moreover,Gauls beingadvancedastheGreeksinmaterialcivilization,and superiortothesonofJavaninthephilosophicaland religioussciences.qu'AuchWehavealreadysaidhername wasborrowedtoAusciiandwastheirmaincity.Inseeking togiveCelticAuchpronunciation,oneisforcedtosayaouch andprobablytherealnameofthiscity,beingwrittenin Anglo-SaxonOuch,anddecidingAoutch.Ouchmeansgold necklace,embeddingsofagemstone,andAusciimeans skillfulworkers,appliedtoworkinpreciousmetalsand manufacturingthesemagnificentgoldnecklaceswhose warriorsadornedtheirbreastsingreatdayofjoyforthem werethedaysoffighting-ouch(aoutch),goldnecklace- hew(Hiou),cut-TheAusciicouldeasilygetskilledinthe booksofgoldwasthemetalalmostflushtothegroundin theirarea,andvarioushistoriansclaimthattheGreeksand Phoeniciansgreedymerchants,returningtotheircountry, gaveballastfortheirshipsthegoldcollectedinthePyrenees. TherichnessofthehorseshadwonAquitaineafractionof Bituriges-Cubes(inBerry)andtheyweredetachedfromthe bulkofthetribestosettleatthemouthoftheGironde. Bituriges-CubeshavethesametastesasAquitaine.Like them,theywerehorsebreeders,readytopounceontheir horsesandclevertousethebrake-bit,brake,jaw,-ure,use

-itch,itchingdesire,-tocub,givebirth,produce-.Thispart ofthetribeBituriges-Cubes,establishedonbothbanksof theGirondewasrenamedBituriges-Vivisci.Theword Vivisci,Celticbright(vaïvz),referstoadiseaseofhorses,a diseasethatprobablyBiturigestreatedwithgreatsuccess. TheyhadthemaincityBurdigala(Bordeaux).Thiscity shouldbethenasnowthemainwarehouseoftradebetween theOceanandtheMediterranean.Itisquiteinstructiveto seeBurdigalaexpresstheideaofamerchantandtraderin thesetimessodistantfromus-board(board)thedeckofa ship-tohiggle,resell.BelowtheleftbankoftheGironde, andnext-ofBiturigesVivisci,thecoastlineoftheGulfof BiscaywasoccupiedbytheBoii,-bow(bo),arc-tohew (Hiou)-.Thesearcherscut,placedbyunforeseen circumstancesonthebanksofthesea,becameexcellent sailors,andthisprobablylatersummonedtheBoates-boat (Bote),boatlaunch.CHAPTERV.------------------------------ CELTICLANGUAGEANDTRIBES TheARMORIQUE. AfterapplyingthelanguagetoTectosagesinterpretBasque, wecantryitseffectivenessinexplainingthenamesofBritish andCeltictribesArmorican.TheBretonlanguageis believedtobethetrueCelticlanguagespokenbyour ancestors.TheBretonshavemaintainedaverylarge numberofexpressionsGallicisindisputable,buttheyhave notkeptthislanguageinitspurity,andjusttakealookon theirpronounstojudgetheprofoundalterationoftheir language.Thisdemonstratesthatthisalterationinbroad daylight, isthedifficultyexperiencedbyBritonsthemselvestoclear theirnamesofancienttribes,especiallythenamesdearestto theirpatriotism,thoseBritsandArmorica.GonidecThe Next,BretonorBretounorbetterBrizard,justBriz, meaningpaintedvariouscolors.LehuerousaidBreton (BrythonGallictraditions)driftBro,countryandtuna, than,orden,men,thatistosay,meninthecountry,native. This,unfortunately,everythinghasbeenunveiledforthe etymologyBretonBritish.TheidiomofTectosagesbe

happier,hopefullyatleast,whilemaintainingamore accuratepronunciation.Britannicdrifttobreath(Brit),live, andtoannoy(Annoyer)annoy,bother.TheislandofBritain waslikelytobeoccupiedbymenlivinginawayhardand uncomfortable.Caesar,speakingofhismilitaryexpedition tothisisland,reportedthattheformerinhabitantskept indoors,whilethecoastsoftheBelgianswereinpowerfrom themainland.TheBelgiansbegantocultivateandsowthe fields:theislandwasheavilypopulated,manyherds; residentslivingwithinmilkandmeat,nowheatsowing point,andweredressedinskins.(1)Theintentionaltaking ofwheatandbread,foodexclusivelyfrommilkandmeat, clothingskinseyeshadseemedtobeakindofNeimheidlife prettyhardandprettyuncomfortabletonametheisland, British.ArmoricaThetermisalsoanenigmaintheBreton language.AccordingtoalltheauthorsderivefromArmorica armor,seaMoritselfmeansseainBreton,butar,whatdoes itinasafemanner?Andterminationicisitunnecessaryand itwouldbecomeamereornament?Intheidiomof Tectosagesarmoriquebreaksdownasfollows:-arminarm, -bv(gold),rowing,oar-toeke(ike),extend,develop,-that istosay,anarmusesverylongtrains.ThissenseofBrittany becomesstartlingtruth,whenoneremembersguidanceof CaesarontheVenetiannavypowerfulenoughtomakethis indomitablepeople.Armoricanvesselstokeelflatdefiedthe shallows;builttheirwholeheartofoak,theycouldplaythe clashofspursRomantheirbowandasternveryhigh, admirablyresistedthewavesgreatest:thesailsweremadeof skins,sotheyweretornapartandpointtopiecesbythefury ofhurricanesandstorms.(1)Itisnotsurprisinggiftsthat buildingshipsrimssohigh,thesailorsofBrittanyhavehad tousetrainsverylong,andthisistheoriginoftheirname, Armorica.'sGothroughevenifthislandofArmorica interestingandwewillbreakevenbythenamesoftheir tribesanditscities,manythingsworthyoftheattentionThe tribe'smostpowerfulconfederationArmoricanwasthatof theVeneti.Thesesailorsfearedwereveryreligious,butthey wereunawareofthetempletopray,theymetintheopenair

whenfillingtheirreligiousexercises,scorningtoshelter fromtheweatherandseasonstoaccomplishtheactions morenoblelife.ThenameofVenetiindicatesthatproud tradition,whichwasalsocommontoalltheGauls,justas religiousastheVeneti-vane(Venezuela),thetemple-to hate(HETE),hate-.TheirprincipalcitywasDariorigum TodayValves.WehavealreadyseentheabilityofAquitaine andBiturigestoraiseandtamehorses,andnowinanother partofGaul,wecanconvincevigilantcarewhattheCelts surroundedtheequinespecies-todare,dare,to-hew(Hiou) carving-rig,halfhorsecastrated-.SouthofMorbihan,near theseacoast,isCarbac,soremarkableforitsalignments. Thestonesarearrangedinlongrowsandareregularlanes whosewidthvariesbetweenfourandeightmeters.A distanceofseven,eightandtenmetersisprovidedbetween eachofthestones.Aislesofthecenterarelargerthanthe sideaisles,andatoneend,oneseesalargeopenspace,likea publicsquare.Wearelookingforalongtimethesignificance ofthesealignmentsmadeofstonesandmeasuringseveral kilometers.Ifwewereallowedtoventureanopinionon thesealignments,wewouldbeinclinedtosee,notareligious monument,butaplaceofexercise,wheretheGaulswere formedtodrivewithskill,amidobstaclesmultiplied,their chariotsofwar,armedwithscythes,theircobhains-kob horse-tohem,circle-andweknowwhataddressthe fearsomeCeltsspread.Caesarwassomuchimpressedthat hecouldnothidehisadmiration."Theexercisesdaily,he said,havemadethemsoclever,theyknowtostoptheir horsesintheraceforthemostspiritedinthesteepestslopes, andtheymaketheshortrun:themselvesareaccustomedto runningonthepole,totakeontheyoke,andthenjumpedto dischargeintothetank."(1)ThealignmentsofCarnacwere willingtotraintheeyeandthehandofyoungGauls,forced todrivetheircartsbetweenthestonestheyshouldbestudied andturningtoavoid.Besides,whatustoputforwardthis hypothesis,theverynameofCarnac,meaningacarriage drawnbyayounghorse-for,cart,-nag,younghorse.-Isit unacceptablethattheselonglinesofstonesCarnacwere

lifted,sotospeak,aracetrack,wheretheCeltsshowedtheir strengthandskillbybeating,amongtheobstacles,young andstronghorsesThefanscanseemegalithicmonuments LocmariagueramongtheVeneti,acoveredwalkway,called Caesar.LocmariaguerisplacedneartheLakeofVannes. Hereisthecompositionofthatname:alakethatkeeps hunters,-log,(lok)lake-toMarch,prevent-Yager (iagueur),hunter-.AllauthorswhohaveoccupiedCeltic industrieswelearnthathairsieveareGallicinvention,but theydonotsaywherewastheplaceofinventionand manufacture.SarzeauinthepeninsulaRhuisweheard plentyaboutit,SARC(SARS),mesh,wovenhorsehair,to sew(so),tie,sew.NorthoftheVeneti,thetribewas establishedCuriosolites.Theirhandsfashionedthesailsof hides,whichwereusedbysailorsofBrittanyandhadbeen sosurprisedCaesar.TheCuriosolitesweretanners,forced tosewandattachtheskinsstink,tocurry(keurri),currying, toowe(O),beobligedtosew(so),sew,tie,olid,stinking, fetid.EstceCuriosolitesinremembranceoftheCityof SaintMaloisstillalargetradeinhidesandskins?Inthis tribeontheshoresoftheSea,wasRegina,whosenamealone indicatestheimportanceformarineArmorican:wetohew (Hiou),trim.InthefieldofborderCuriosolites,wasacity namedAleth,locatedroughlyatthelocationnowoccupied bythecityofSt.Servan.CityAleth,wentaway(gone), mixture,alloy,toetch,engraveetchingoncopper,itworks manufacturedcopperandbronze,or,shereceivedthisname becausesoilwhichwouldhavecontainedcopperore?Itis difficulttopronounce.However,ourAleththeAude departmentmightgiveusinformation,andthesimilarityof nameseemstocomefromthesimilarityofindustryorfield containingmetalssimilarinbothlocalities.Themetal industryhasalwaysbeenzeroinourAleth,andthereis nothinginthetraditionsthatalloweventosuspectthe operationofitscopperpyritesTheNeimheidhadtoapplya namesimilartothesetwocitiessofarapartfromeachother, probablybecauseoftheirsoilcontainingquantitiesof copperpyritesmixedwithotherminerals.Thecitybelonged

toBrittanyAlethTribeDiablintes-ToDye(DAI),tinting, coloring,-able,skilful-tohint,invent,suggest-the ingeniousandskilledworkerswhocouldprovidetissue whichconsistedofclothingCelts,thesecolorfulandvaried theylikedthebrightness.DiablintesThecityhadanother calledThin,-tofine,refine,purify,-Haze(Hèze)fog.Atwe wantinthenameofFinerefertothevapor-likemistrising abovehomesrefining?LocatednearAleth,Finesmightwell havehomes,intendedtopurifythecopperpyritesfromthis locality.Assumingthishypothesis,whichisnotunlikely,a smelterofcopperorbronze,inthetownofFine,thestoves wereneverextinguished,especiallyifitwasobligatedto provideanddrawbarswheelsbronzeCarifepeople,whose industrywastoadjustthevariouspartsofcarriagesCeltic- becausecarriage-toeye(ouch),keepaneyeon,-tofay(fe), adjust-.CarifewastenmilessoutheastofAleth.Tothewest oftheVeneti,inthepartoftheformercountyofCornwall orendingatCapespoutRaz,livedCorisopites.Totryand enjoythiscountry,justtoquotethedescriptiongivenby Chateaubriand,whoknewhisbelovedBritain,"Regionsad andlonely,foggy,resoundingnoiseofthewinds,andwhose coastswerebatteredrocksbristlingwithaWildOcean." Thesewordsarefaithfulandcompletetranslationof Corisopites-hornheart-hiss,hiss-sob,sigh,sob,-tohit, hit,hit-.Theshrillwhistles,themoansincessantproductsin therocksbythefuryofhurricanes,theywerenotlikelyto strikeattheheartofCorisopitessad?TheAgnotes,who occupiedthenorthofCorisopitesthetipcalledArmorican CapeFinisterre,weretootiredandtormentedbybad weatherandstorms-tohag,torment-Connaught(Nauta), -.ThebadAgnoteswereincludedinthetribeorOsismiens Osismii.Theyhadgiventhatnamebecauseoftheabundance ofporpoisesandpietythatfrequentedtheircoast-sea-hog (hog-si),porpoise-Smews(smiou),Pieter,waterfowl-. LocatedontherightbankoftheLoireorligers-lickerish, delicious-thetribeNamnèteswasmadefamousbyhis abilitytostretchnets,-name,reputation,celebrity-tonetto net-AccordingtoPtolemy,themaincityofNamnèteswas

CondivicumtodayNantes-tocon,memorize,-device (divaïce),invention-.Whatinventionswerethereforemade thiscityCondivicumstyling,inventionsthatwelearnedby heart?Wasthereaschoolwheretheytaughtthepracticeof manualarts,orwasitaschoolofnavigationinwhichthe intrepidsailorsVeneticametotrainandkeepabreastof scienceandinventionswater?HeisalwayssureCondivicum ownedaconstructionsitefortheships,sincebathinginthe rivercity,werethrown,byorderofCaesar,theRoman galleystocombatthefleetoftheVeneti,whohadtwo hundredandtwentyships.(1) Givethemback.- CELTICMONUMENTS.- DRUIDS.-TheCarnutes. NorthofthetribeNamnètes,weretheRedones.Onecan hardlyspeakofRedonesreminiscenttomindimagesoflarge stoneswhichBritonshavekeptthenamessocarefully.Itis interestingtoknowthemindofmodernscienceonthese monuments,thoughtthatMr.LouisFiguierwasperfectly doneandreflectedinEarlyMan.Wequoteverbatiminthis regard,someimportantpassagesofthisbook."Astrange andfortunatecircumstanceatatime,"writesLouisFiguier, hasmadeitextremelyeasy,andyetsome,thenotionsthat wewillpresentourreaders.Thesetombsofmenoftheage ofpolishedstone,thesemonumentshavebeenstudied, described,researchedindepthbyarchaeologistsand antiquarians,whoisthesubjectofamultitudeof publicationsandofscholarlypapers.Indeed,thesetombs arenothingelsethanthedolmens,ormonumentsorCeltic Druid,andtheydonotrelate,aswehadalwaysthought,at timeshistorical,thatistotellthetimeoftheCeltsorGauls, butbacktoamuchhigherantiquity,becausetheybelongto thepre-historiceraofpolishedstone.Wewill,withthis explanationgiven,andthedolmenscalledmegalithic monuments,grandremainsofanEraburiedinthemistsof time,riddlescolossalnecessarytoourreasonandstingatthe highestpointofcuriosityofthescholarandthinker.The dolmensaremonumentswhichconsistofalargerock,or

morelessflattened,andplacedhorizontallyonanumberof stones,erectedverticallythemselvestouseformats.The earthcoveringthesekindsofburialchambersandformeda mound,butlatertimes,thislandhasoftendisappeared, emergingonlythebarestonesoftheburialchamber. Thesearethebarestonesthathavebeentakentothealtars ofstone,whichwasreportedtothereligiousworshipofthe Gauls.Theso-calledDruidicaltarsareonlyruineddolmens. Thisisnot,ashasalwayssaid,toservethecruelpracticesof areligiontheywereraised.Itissafenowthatthedolmens aretombsthatpre-historictimes...."Hemustgiveup seeinginthedolmensofBrittany,whohavebeensooften describedbyantiquedealers,whoareamongthe monumentsofourhistory,symbolsofthereligionofour fathers.Wecannolongerlookonlyasburialchambers.The dolmensareverynumerousinFrance,manymorethanwe think.ItisgenerallybelievedthatnoneexistsinBritain,and admirethecuriousinthisrespecttheso-calledDruidic altarssoprevalentintheformerprovinceofFrance.But Britainisfarfromhavingtheprivilegeofmegalithic constructions.Wefoundinfifty-eightofourdepartments, belongingmostlytopartsofwesternandsouth-west..The menhirswerehugeblocksroughstones,whicharestuckin thegroundaroundthegraves.Theywereplantedsinglyor inrows,thatistosayinacircleoravenue.Whenthestones arearrangedinacircle,singleormultiple,theyarecalled stonecircles.Thesearelargestoneenclosures,usually arrangedaroundadolmen.Thecultofthedeadseemsto haveconvertedthesespeakersinplacesofpilgrimagein whichstood,oncertaindays,publicmeetings.These speakersaresometimescircular,asinEngland,sometimes rectangular,asGermanyandincludeoneormoreplaces."... Thesestonemonuments,wehavealreadysaid,arenomore thanCelticDruids.TheCelticpeopleswhooccupiedpartof Gaul,severalcenturiesbeforetheChristianera,arequite innocentofmegalithicconstructions.Theyfoundthemall madeduringtheirmigration,andpresumablythey consideredthemwithasmuchamazementaswedo.They

tookadvantagewhentheyappearedadvantageoustouse them.Asforthepriestsofancientpeoples,asfordruidswho gatheredsacredmistletoeontheoak,theyperformedtheir ceremoniesintheBlackSwan.Yetneverdoesdolmenwas builtinthedepthsoftheforestandallthestonemonuments thatexisttodaystandinthediscoveryofthecountry.He mustgiveuptheancientandpoeticinsightwhichdolmens altarsofreligiousworshipofourancestors."(1)Theopinion ofmodernscienceregardingthedolmens,strangelydifferent ideasarisingfromtheinterpretationofthenamesarebig stones,soabundantinArmorica,especiallyamongRedones (Rennes).Thetribereshapereligious,scholarly,possessing thesecretofraisingmegalithicmonumentsscattered throughoutGaul,wasthetribelearnedofthestones,-read (red)scientist-hone,stone.-Thestudyandsciencewere requiredtoknowthepurposeoferectionofthemegaliths, andtheyalonepossessedtheintelligenceandsensewhohad learnedfromthelipsoftheDruids.Itisworthnotingthe departmentofIlle-et-Vilaineincludesmostoftheterritoryof formerRedonesandreceivesitsnamefromtworiversIlle andVilainethattaketheirsources.Ille,hill,meaninghill Vilaine-toWill(ouch),will,-tohem,wrap-attachesto stonesplacedonthehillssurroundingthetribeRedones. Thereportandthenameofconveniencebetweentworivers andthatofRedonestheyarepurelyincidental?Isnotthisa strikingconfirmationoftheinterpretationgiveninRedon andimpliedbythelanguageofTectosages?Isolatedstones, "saidH.Martin,calledmen-hir,longstone,orpeulvan pillarofstonecavesdummyleckh,rock,ordolmenstones, (tolorfraud,elevation)orstonetable(fromtaol,table):the circles,cromleckh(cromstonesorstonecircles).The famousroundtowersofIrelandarealsomonumentsof Gaelic,ofacharacterareligiousgroup,asevidencedby theirverytraditionalname-FeidNeimheidh."Neimheid,we havealreadyseen,referstothelearnedbodywhich comprisedthenames.Thesechosenmenastheyhandedout tothepeoplethemainbasisoftheirfood,thatistosay wheatandbread?Feiddeclarespositivelypuiquetheverb

"tofeed(fid)means,feed,feed.TermsMeniri,dolmen, Cromleck,stillrefertothisimportantfact,whichwasforthe Druids,todistributetothepeopleofCeltic,thefirstreligious science,essentialtothemorallife,andsecondly,wheatand bread,essentialtomateriallife. TheMeniri,byitsacuteandpointed,wasthestaplefood, wheat,-hand(men),Main-ear(ir),earofcorn.-Strange! InallourvillagesofLanguedoc,therearestillalandwhich isattachedthenameKaïrolo,-key,key,-ear(ir),earof wheat-hole,asmallcountryhouse.-Inthisfield,probably builtwasthebreadbasketofCelticvillages.Thedistribution ofwheatwasmadebythehandoftheDruidsasvarious authorshaveclearlyrecognizedandidentifiedaswitnessed withthewordsattachedtothedolmen,whichwas,infact, builtasadistributiontable,todole,distribute,-hand(men), essential-.Itisquitecuriousandinterestingtotheterms andMeniridolmen,thenameofthelastchiefoftheDruids armoricains,wholivescloseDruidiccollegesunderadecree ofthegeneralassembly,chairedbytheBishopModeran underthefirstkingofBrittany,ConanMeriadech,andheld inRennes,intheyear396AD.Thesupremeleaderofthe druidicorderwascalledEal-irbad,-toheal(hil),remedy- ear(ir),earofcorn,-bad,bad,bad-:Bridgingthespoiled wheat.HewasthereforeobligedbyhisdutiesasArchdruid, notonlytodistributewheatinordinarytimes,butstill,in theunhappyyears,toaddresstheaccidentsoccurringto crops,distributing,withoutdoubt,wheatprudentlyheld specialreserveinattics. Thecircleofstones,usuallyround,isthebreadCromleck indeeddriftKrum(Kreum),breadcrumbsandtolike (Laika),love,taste.CromleckInRennes-les-Bainswesee strongroundstones,containedbread,placedontopofhuge rocksTheloosestonesareappointedbytheBritons Roeselare-ruler(Wheeler),Governor-Theyareasignof divinegovernmentandDruid.Wehavethoughtthroughthe storiesofCaesarandtheshapeofdolmens,thesetableswere usedasaltarwheretheDruidssacrificedhumancreatures, buttheinterpretationofthenamesofalltheCelticstanding

stones,lightandeasyinterpretationbytheidiomof Tectosageslosethesemegalithsodiouscharactersattributed tothem,andisbackintheclassofsimplebuildings,witha splendidreligioussignificance,however,wewilltryto explainwithclarityinspeakingofCromleckRennes-lesBains. Thegreatestindecisionreignsoverpeulvenandlichaven.It generallyreferstothepeulvenMeniriandlichaventhe dolmen.Inreality,peulvenslichavensandhaveasimilar ideatothatwhichiscontainedinthenameoftheVeneti,as peulvenexpressesafeelingofrepulsionforthetemples-to pull(Poulle),plucking-vane(Venezuela),Temple-and lichavenrepresentsapeoplelackingreligiousbuildings-to lack,lack,-vane(Venezuela),temple-:itshouldbewritten insteadoflackvenlichaven. Itcouldbeobservedwithrespecttolichaventhat,inthe idiomofTectosages,theverbtolike(Laika)meanslove, whichwouldattributetolichavenadirectioncontraryto thatwhichwethoughtweshouldgivehim,butheshould losesightofthatlichavensexistinthetribeoftheVenetias wellasinthetribeRedones,therewouldbeacontradiction quiteobviousinthepresenceoftheselichavens(magnet temples)inthemiddleoftheoccupiedterritorybyVeneti (hatingthetemples),andNeimheidwastooclevertocommit amistakeasbig.AccordingtoStrabo,thelargestcityof RedonwasCondate.Itwouldbeverypopularwiththe youngstudentsofGaul,becausetherelearnedbyheart, scienceprovidedbytheDruids,-tocon,learnbyheart- death(deth),deathanditsaftermath,orelse-date(DETE) time-. BeforequotingthestatementsofCaesarontheDruidic teaching,itisadvantageoustoseekthemeaningoftheword Druid,whichhasbeeninterpretedsodiverse.Weare convincedthatcommonlyDruidmeansmanoftheoak,and Plinyhascontributedmuchtobegainedforthis explanation?Oak,Languedocdialect,isexpressedby garrik;inAnglo-Saxonbyoak(ok),inBrittany,bywayof departure,Dervis,inWelsh,byDerwies,ScotsandIrishby

dair;inLatin,byQuercus,andinGreekbythick.Pliny, afternoticingtheGreekexpression,believesDruidjust thick:"Nosacrifice,hesaid,withouttheoakbranches"(1) Thebranchorbranchesofoak,resultinginGreek,byo druïnoscladosthissoundinghadcertainlythrowinan inevitableerror,ifignored,asislikely,thelanguageofsocalledbarbarianGauls.ThewordDruid,Anglo-Saxondruid (drouid),containsawell-meaningotherwiseseriousand remarkable.ItmustberememberedthatCaesar,byrelating thenameoftheDruids,hassoughttosoftentheharsh, gutturalsoundsoftheCelticDruidsandhewrote(drouides) insteadoftrouides.Thislasttermcaneasilyfindthekeyto theenigma.Itconsistsoftheverbtotrow(ORT),imagine, think,believe,andanotherverbhead(HID),beware,be careful-trowhead(trôhid).FortheDruids,accordingtothe meaningoftheirname,wasimposedtheobligationto imagine,build,secureexpressions,fulloftribes,citiesand allpartsoftheCelticterritory,anditwasfunctionthey fulfilledinthenameofneimheid.Theystillhadtofocus theirattentiononwhattothinkandbelieve,theywere responsibletoteachthedivineandhumansciences.The Druidsdidnotwritethemysteriesofscience:theirmany disciplesgottheknowledge,usingtheirmemoryto rememberthemanyversesinwhichthedoctrinewas confinedDruid.Forcingyoungpeopletolearnbyheartand thescienceswerecommunicatedtothem,"theyprevented themfromrestingonthewritingandalsoneglectingthe trainingofmemory.Itusuallyhappensinfactthatitapplies lesstorememberbyheartwhatcanbelearnedthrough books.Thefoundationoftheirdoctrineisthatsoulsdonot perish...Theyalsodealwithmovementsofthestars,the vastnessoftheuniverseandtheworld,theessenceofthings, thepowerofthegods,andteachthesedoctrinestothe young."(1)WeseebythesewordsofCaesar,theNeimheid gave,withgreataccuracy,tothetownofRedon,Condate name,thatnamebringstomindmemoriesofthedoctrines taughtbytheDruids,youthGallic,whichtheycultivated intelligenceandmemory.Itisnotnecessarytoinsiston

materialknowledgepossessedbytheCelts.Thenamesofthe tribesandcitiesexpressingvariousprofessions,the wonderfulorganizationintheentireCeltic,whichresemble thetribestocorporationsworkingwithanindustryparticulartoeachtribeandappropriateproductsofthesoil, amplydemonstrates,notonlythesuperiorityofcivilizations oftheCelts,butalsotheperfectunderstandingoftheir government,whoknewanddirectalltheproductions,to distributealltheworksnecessaryforthepreservationand prosperityofGallicsociety. Caesargivesusafewmoredetailsaboutthehierarchyand somedruidicfunctions.Thisfacultywaschairedbyadruid clothedwithsupremeauthority.Afterthedeathofthe leader,theygavehimthesuccessortothedruidmost deservingandifmorewasalsoworthyofthishonor,the highestnumberofvotesobtainedbyoneofthem,wore power:sometimes,however,theweaponscouldonlydecide thefinalchoice.TheDruidsgatheredatafixedtimeofthe yearinaconsecratedplace,ontheconfinesofCarnutes, becausethiscountryCarnutesisconsideredthefocalpoint ofallGaul.Here,assembledfromallsideswhohaddisputes, andtheysubmittedthemselvestothejudgmentsand judgmentsoftheDruids.(1)Thescienceoflaw,make judgments,andpunishmentstobeimposedonperpetrators, wasalsotransmittedbypurelyoraleducation:Condom (Gers)demonstrates,-tocon,learnbyheart-todoom (dom),judge,condemn-. TheCarnutesChartreswhichoccupiedthecountryisnow thechieftown.Byremovingthetwowordsthatform Carnutes,wewillbeabletoappreciatetheskillcomposition oftheDruidsinCeltictribalnames.Carnutesmeansnew cartfullofoatsandfresh-because,cart,-new(Niue),new, cool,-oats(OST),oatsCarnutes-.Thecountryhasnever seenitfailinhishugeoutputcereal?AndChartrescancite, inthepastcentury,atimewhenhisprodigiousgraintrading wastemporarilysuspended?TheCelticnameofChartres,as theauthorsengageandAutricum.AutricumThisissimplya positiveaffirmationoftheplacewherewerethepurchases

andsalesofnewoats-oatrick,heapofoats-.Wedonot knowiftheexplanationofpropernamesbytheArmorican languageTectosages,willinthemindaconvictionsufficient todestroyalldoubts.Itcouldbearguedthatthisis,perhaps, languageKimrique,verydifferentfromtheGaeliclanguage inuseamongthetribesofeasternandcentralGaul.Letus examineagainthevalueoftheidiomofVolkes,inthe interpretationofsomepropernames,takenaspartofGaul ownedbytheconfederationknownasGaelic.LIII THERHONE.-Marseille-ALLOBROGES-LYON.-The ArverniandVercingetorix.PartofGaulisoccupiedbythe GaelswateredbytheRhone,Rhodanus.Thisexpression, Rhodanus,gaverisetosomeHistoriansbelievingthatRhone hadfoundedacitybetweenthemouthoftheRhone.Henri Martin,afterhavingsharedthisbelief,expresseshis hesitation."ThenamecomesfromtheRhonenotyetRhoda, suchasGreekandLatinhistorianshaveimagined,butthe GaelicRhuit-year(runningwater)."(1)TheNeimheid, namingtheriverRhodanus,wellknewtheshapeofthebay whichwasatitsmouth,andalsotheexactnumberofoutlets throughwhichitflowedintotheseascholarsGaulsn' would,moreover,neverconsentedtocallthisriverRhuityear,runningwater,becausethatwouldrequirestylingand alltheriversandrunningwatersofGaul. Straborelates,ontheRhone,theopinionofTimaeus,(2) arguingthattheRhodanusflowedintotheseabyfive differentoutletsinaharbor,filledbytheriverworker-road (Rod),roads,locationwhereshipscastanchor;-hand,hand, armendfinishedbyhandintofivefingers-.Timaeuswas notwrongingivingtheRhonefivedifferentmouths,andit was althoughtheactualconditionoftheriverwhentheNeimheid heimposedthenameRhodanus.NotforsakingtheRhone withoutseekingtoknowMarseilleMassili.Historiansargue thataroundtheyear600BC,ashipcamefromPhocaea GreekcityofAeolis,anchorednearthemouthofRhoneto theeastofthisriver.Segobrigesbelongedtotheseshores: theirleaderNann,marriedthatdayhisdaughter.

Foreigners,welcomedwithkindnesswereallowedtotakeits placeamongtheguests.Followingthecustomofthe Iberians,borrowedbytheLigurianSegobriges,thegirlwas freetochooseherhusbandamongtheguestsassembledat thetablepaternal.Attheendofthemeal,thegirlNann betweenacupinhand:ittakesaviewonthemeeting, hesitatedamoment,then,stoppinginfrontofEuxenus, leaderoftheGreeks,shepresentsthecut.Nannconfirmed thechoiceofhisdaughter,andgaveadowrytotheshoresof EuxenusGulfwherehehadlanded,andsomelandonthe coastoftheMediterranean.Euxenusthrewapeninsulainits fieldthefoundationsofacityhecalledMassili,andsoon, thankstothemanysettlerswhocametohimPhocaea,the Greekcityrosetothehighestdegreeofprosperity.(1)This narrativehistoriansleftincompletedarknessthe Segobriges,whoreceivedsocordiallyEuxenuswithGreeks Neimheidthebookitselftoposterityaveryweak informationonthistribe.Establishedatthemouthofthe Rhone,theSegobrigesweremuchimpededintheir communications,throughthewatersofthisdeepandrapid river.Theywerethusseenintheneedtobuildmany bridges,tomaketheirrelationshipeasierandeasier.Itis, moreover,anyassertionoftheAcademyGauloise-toseek (sik),tryto,-toowe(O),beobliged-tobridge(brijde), buildabridgeOnthecoastsofSegobriges,Euxenuslaidthe foundationsofMarseilleandmadethisflourishingcityin callingtotheLevanttrade,butitisquitelikelythatthe Neimheidhimnotabandonthetaskofnamingthecity,since allwordsusedinthecompositionofMassilia,ispurely Celtic.Massiliintheadmirablebrevityoftheterm,isaport thatreceivesaninfinitenumberoflargevesselsthatputthe bandforrefit-mass,amass,-toheel(hil),puttingavessel inthebandrefit-high(hated)-.IngeneraluptheRhoneto thelakeandontheleftbankoftheriverappearpowerful Allobroges.TheyoccupiedSavoy,Grenobleandtheirswith thecountrynowincludedinthedepartmentofIsere.The predominantindustryofthistribehasnotdisappearedfrom theareatheyowned.LiqueursoftheSaint-Andre,ratafias

renownedgrenoble,succeededthespiritsandexciting productsmanufacturedbytheSavoyards,-toAlloo (allocated),animate,excite,-brewage(brouedje),amixture ofdifferentbeers-.TheprofessionofAllobrogescan thereforebeconcludedthattheclearwaterofthefountains wasnottheonlydrinkoftheCelts.TothewestoftheRhone, inVivaraisHelviifittingtheaddresswithweaponsofwar, lances,spears,axes,-toHelve,fit,-tohew(Hiou)cut-too smallindustrythatHelvetiihadcontemptuouslyrejectedas accordingtotheirtastessomewhatbelligerent-toHelve,fit, -tohate(HETE)detest-tohew(Hiou)cut-.Abandoning Rauraci,Basel,coldstormthat-raw(RAU),cold,frozen-to rack,torment-backtotheconfluenceoftheSaoneandthe Rhone,tofindLugdunum,Lyon.MAChevalletofinhis magnificentwork,OriginandformationoftheFrench language,writes:"dunemoundofsandthatliesonthesea; poop,thehighestpartofthebackofaship.Thesewords derivefromtheCelticdun,whichmeantahill,ahill,aswe learnClitophoninatreatiseattributedtoPlutarch.Hereis thepassage:"BesidetheArar(Saone),isahillcalled Lougdounon,whoreceivedhisnameforthereasonthatI bring.MomorosandAtepomoros,whohadbeendethroned bySeséronéos,undertookbasedontheresponseofanoracle tobuildacityonthehill.Theyhadalreadylaidthe foundations,whenamultitudeofcrowsdirectedtheirflight fromthissideandcametocoverthesurroundingtrees. Momorosversedinthescienceofomensgavethecitythe nameLougdounon,whereasintheirlanguage,(theGauls) calltheravenlougonandeminencedounonThiscity,asthe readerpreviouslythought,noneotherthanRoman Lugdunum,becameourLyon:itwasfirstbuiltalongthe rightbankoftheSaone,ontheheightswhichborderPierre SCIS.Dunwaspreservedinterminationofseveralofour othercities."ThefactreportedbyClitophonseemstobe quitereal.Itwasahappyaccident,goodfortuneMomoros versedinthescienceofomens,seeingamultitudeofcrows hismark,sotospeak,theplacethatwastooccupythecity, andthetermluck(leuk),accident,goodfortune-luckdun-

expressesthesatisfactionhemusthavefelt.Asfordunum, whichendsthenameofseveralcitiesCeltic,itdoesnotmean theeminenceonwhichacitycouldbebuiltastodunmeans: annoyadebtor.Itislikelythatthecitiesonthetermination ordundunumoriginallywerecitiesofrefuge,where insolventdebtorswouldgetimmunetoprosecutioncreditors toointrusive.ThelearnedDomMartin,inhishistoryof Gaul,hasalreadymadethisthought,thattheGalliccities wereperhapsmerecitiesofrefuge,emptyofinhabitants, wheretheyrantotakecoverfromapressingdanger.The verb"todun,offersasensequiteclear,accurate,fully explainingthecauseofthestampedeofadebtorandhis suddenretirementinadistantcity.Itiscertain,however, thattheCeltswerelookingforhillstobuildtheircitiesand thecityofLactora(Lectoure,Gers)Anexampleofthis choice.Lactora,locatedatopasteepmountain,atthefootof whichflowstheGers,indicatesclearlythehillwhereitsits, andalsothestatedpreferenceoftheCeltstotheheights whentheyfoundedacity-tolike(Laika),love,taste,-tor, (torr),completedinpeakheight-.Amongthetribesincluded intheconfederationknownasGaelic,themostfamousis thatofAverna.CitingthenamesofArvernemindstops immediatelywithapainfulinterestonVercingetorix,thelast defenderoftheGallicindependence.Commissionedby Vercingetorixandfightingintheirbelovedmountains, CaesarArvernainflictedacrushingdefeat,whicharoused bittermemoriesintheheartoftheRomangeneral,themost savagehatredagainsthisconquerorCaesarwasunableto findhissoululcerated,evenaweaksenseofadmirationfor theheroArverneproudlyengagedtheRomanstosavehis comrades.TheconquerorofGaul,bythrowinghimin chains,provedthathisheartwideopentotheferocity,was closedtothegenerosityofthemorevulgar.Wecannotthink withoutindignationatthebarbarictreatmentsufferedby magnanimousArverne,whohadsixyearslanguishingin chainsbeforetheaxoflictorhasputanendtohistorture. ThenameofVercingetorix,theleaderoftheGaulsimposed fightingfortheindependenceoftheircountry,wedepicted

byalineoffire.Thisisthewarlordforgettingeverything,to thinkonlywiththedangersfacinghiscountryandleadhis brothersincombat-war(ouaûr)war-King(kigne)leader, King-tohead(hed)beatthehead,driving,-toowe(O),be obliged,must,-risk,danger-.Wetriedseveraltimesto interpretthenameofVercingetorix.Thisisthe generalissimo,worm-cinn-cedo-righ,"saysahistorianwho rightlyaccusestheLatinauthors"ofthetitleconfuse functionswiththepropername,astheydidaheador BrennusBrennusofGaul."(1)Brenn,infact,derivesfrom brain(Brenner),brain.HenriMartin,inhisHistoryof France,saysthisabouttheCeltichero,"hecalled Vincingétorix,iesay,thegreatleaderofahundredheads, worm-kenn-kedorigh."Thisexplanationstemsfromthe samesourceundecidedwhogaveusar-Fearann,high-earth, Arverna.Butwhatagulfbetweenthisar-Fearannandtruth. TheArvernawereoncewhattheyaretoday,ie,traversing Gaulhawkerstosellnewgoods,-tohare,runninghereand there-ware(Oučrč),commodity,somethingtoSale,-new (Niue),again-andwecouldnotciteasinglepointcityin FrancewhereonediscoverssomeArverneenrichedby trading.Isnotthisawonderfulthingtoseethesame exerciseAvernesindustryintheearliestagesoftheCeltic history?JealouscarewithwhichmembersofNeimheid scholarshavemadesuretheynotexactlyburnthe occupationofatribeinthenamesheboreAfterthe explanationofthedesignationsmadeineasternandcentral Gaul,wheretheGaeliclanguageshoulddominate,doesit seemunfairtoarguethattheCelticlanguageusedbythe academywasaGallic,anddialecticaldifferencesthatexisted onlyinpopularlanguage?Theneimheidwasnotonly establishedinIreland,wherehelefthisnameattachedtothe roundtowersthatstillexist.Caesarsaidthattheinstitution wasdesignedDruidicfirstintheislandofBritain,and thenceintroducedinGaul(1)butisitcrediblethatthegood orderoftheDruidshasbeenasuddenstartamongBreton Island?WhentheCeltshaveleftAsia,towardstheWest, Neimheidalreadyperformingitsfunctions,andnameshe

hadtoleavefollowingthecourseoftheDanube,lateramply prove,becausewefirmlyconfidencethattheirinterpretation bythelanguageVolkes,willbeextremelyeasy.Wehave alreadydisassembledandexplainedmorethantwohundred wordsornames,Hebrew,Punic,BasqueandCeltic.Arewe notentitledtofindtheevidencestrongenoughtoarguethat thelanguageofTectosages,preservedbytheAnglo-Saxons, isthetrueCelticlanguage?Isitnotfairtocalltheprimitive language,spokenbyNoah,thepatriarchandsenttoAdam whohadreceivedfromGodasthedivinenamesand surnamesofthefirstmenreadwithrealclarityastothe termsincludedinthislanguageandhowmanymemories ourBretonsofFrancewillrevive,theywhosefaithful memoryhaspreservedthenamesofallthesemonuments Celticlookeduponwithcuriosityasrealpuzzles!Wearefar fromclaimingthatnoerrorhascreptinexplainingCeltic namesthatwehavetriedusingthelanguageofTectosages buttheseerrorsareeasilyexcludedorcorrectedbythetorch oflocaltraditions,whosepersistenceasitsradiuswill projectlightonthelifeandhistoryofourancestors.This history,moreover,isnotitagain?"TheseprimitiveGaels," HenriMartin(1),tattooed,armedwithknivesandstone axes,weretooffersomeresemblancetothewildwarlike NorthAmerica.Theyareshepherdsandhunters,theyhave evenalittleagriculture."TothistheanswerNeimheidby religiousdenominations,andindustrialdesignations imposedtocities,smallertribesandvillageswhosenames revealmanysurprisingthings.Wemustthereforeabandon allassumptionsofsavageryandbarbaricstate,insultingto ourancestorstheGauls,andwithjusticetothehighdegree ofcivilization,religious,moralandmaterialwhichtheyhave anindisputableright.Inresponseneimheid,addsevenmore seriousreplicaofourholybooks:"Whatoncewas?What musthappeninthefuture.Whatwasdone?Whatneedsto bedone.Nothingisnewunderthesun,andnoonecansay thisisanewthing,becauseitwasalreadyinthecenturies passedbeforeus. CHAPTERVI.VOLKERTectosages---------------

THERHONEANDTHEVOLKS--------------- ITectosagiansandArécomiques. BELGIANS.-TheGaronne.-TOULOUSE.GIRONDE. Accordingtoseveralhistorians,thefourthcenturyBCsaw theVolkesTectosagesArécomiquesandsettleinthesouthof Gaul.WilliamofCatel,inhishistoryofLanguedoc,says thatTectosageswerealreadyestablishedinsouthernGaul untilthefourthcentury,foritinvolvesthearmySigovèse abouttheyear587BC,formedinlargeTectosagespart, whilethearmyBellovèzemarchtowardsItaly,contained Bituriges,theAedui,Arverniandwarriorsbelongingto othertribesofcentralGaul.Thisassertiondoesnotlack meritanditislikelythatCaesarreferstothisfirst expedition,writinginhiscomments:"Longbeforetherewas atimewhentheGaulsexcelledtheGermansintheirmilitary prowessandmadewarevenamongthem:thefieldsarenot sufficienttofeedapopulationtoonumerous,theysentthe settlementsbeyondtheRhine.ItisinthelandofGermany's mostfertilearoundtheHercynianforest,thatVolkes Tectosagess'establishedafterhavingconquered.This nationuntilthattimeheldthesameterritory."(1)Julius CaesarshowsusthesetTectosagesbeyondtheRhinefirst, thenaroundtheHercynianforest,thatistosay,havingalso theDanube.Aroundtheyear281BC,theTectosagesthe southofGaul,takingwiththemothertribespresented themselvestotheirbrothersfromtheDanube,anddragged toMacedonia,Epirus,ThraceandGreece.Thislast expedition,ledbyTectosagestoulouse,combinedwith TectosagesDanubeandtheGaulsSordiquesorlongsword- sword(Sord),sword-toeke(Ike),extend-alsoplacedinthe Danuberegion,bringstotwomajormigrationsTectosages madesincetheirestablishmentinthesouthofGaul.Inthe firstnorthwardmigration,withCaesarhasshownno intentionofreturning,countriesconqueredfromthe Germans:inthesecondexpeditiontoMacedonia,someof theseTectosagesinsatiableadventures,wenttoAsiaand foundedtheirallieswithanewGaul,Galatia,anotherpart ofTectosagesreturnedtotheirnativeandreported,saythe

historians,eveninToulousegoldDelphiandthespoilsof Greece.Volkesappear,afterthis,havingconqueredthe southofGaul,longbeforetheBelgianshaveinvadedNorth Gaulswhathappenedtotheminthecurrenttothefourth centuryBCE.TheywouldnotbeatribeofBelgium, althoughbelonging,liketheBelgians,familyCimmerian. ThenameoftheBelgiansgavenoindicationabouttheir origin,butitdefinestheirwartactics.Theyknewvery carefultocombineremarkablecourage,andsaidCaesar, "aloneamongtheGauls,theyhadsuccessfullyrepelledthe attacksoftheCimbriandTeutons(probablyVolkesset beyondRhine),sotheyhadofthemselvesandtheirabilityin themilitaryartveryhighly."(1)Theartofsciencewarrior, amongtheBelgians,wasmainlyachoiceoftheirfortified camps,theyknewhowtofortifymakeimpregnable.They foundtheremainsofthewalledenclosuresthatLouis FiguierbelievescontemporaryoftheStoneAge.(2)"To find,hesaid,theevidencestillstandingwarsmenofthe StoneAge,wemustmoveinthatpartofEuropethatisnow Belgium.Yes,attheageofstone,beyondanywritten tradition,thepeopleofthiscountryhavewagedwar,either amongthemselvesoragainstotherpeoplesfromtheoutside. Wehaveprooffromthespeakersorfortifiedentrenched camps,whichwerediscoveredbyMM.Hamourand Himelette.ThecampsareforFurfooz,Pont-de-Bonn,Simon, Jemelle,theHastedonandPoilvache."Thesecampsoffera varietyofcommoncharacteristics.Theyaregenerally establishedoverlookingsteepvalleysonamassiverocks, formingasortofpromontory,whichisconnectedtotherest ofthecountrybyanarrowpassage.Awideditchwasdugin thistongueofland,andtheentirecampwassurroundedby athickstonewall,simplyassembledagainsteachother, withoutmortarorcement.AtcampHastedon,nearNamur, thiswall,whichwasstillwellpreservedatthetimeofits discovery,measuredthreefeetinwidth,aheightroughly equal.Whentheywereattacked,themengatheredinthe chamber,rainedstonesontheassailantsborrowedfrom theirwall,whichthusbecameatonceaworkofdefenseand

attack. Theseentrenchedpositionsweresowellchosenthatmost continuedtobebusyforthenextcentury.Wecitean examplethatPoilvache.AfterRomanfortress,itwas transformedintheMiddleAges,acastlewhichwas destroyedonlyinthefifteenthcentury."Campsandthe HastedonFurfoozwerealsousedbytheRomans." Throughouttheenclosureoftheformercamps,werefound flinttoolsandfragmentsofpottery,allofwhichwould sufficetoprovethepresenceofprimitiveman.The enormouswallsofthesecampsshowwhilehelivedonthe designatedpointsinmanycitiesalready."Theconstruction ofthesecamps,stated,amongtheBelgians,therational choiceoftactics,anditwasimpossiblethattheirnamesnot boreatraceseriouspoint:sobyremovingthetwosyllables thatmakeupBelgae,therearemenknowing,war,surround theirpositionsofawallorfence,whichcouldmakethem immunetosurprisetheenemy,andterrifiedbythedifficulty orimpossibilityofremovingmainforcebehindtheirwalls,- topaddle(peeled),surround,palisade,-tocow(kau), intimidate,frighten,--.ThePelkaouVolkesTectosagesdid notconductawarofthiskind.Theirorderofbattle-to come(bloke),become-toeke(ike),develop-.Disdainingthe shelterofarampart,lilyreliedontheenemy,quickas lightning,re-formedtheirrankswithease,withoutconcern fortheevolvingthreatandassureofvictory.Wearehappy tofindpeopleinthisstrainofFrancks,thefurythatmade theFrencharmysoformidable.Thisdissimilarityinthe geniuswewarriorstronglyurgesnottoconsiderthepoint VolkesTectosagesArécomiquesandBelgiansastwotribes, althoughtheverbtocow,frighten,alsousedinthe compositionandBelgaeVolcae.ArécomikesTheTectosages anddividedthesouthofGaul,thefirstextendingfrom BésiersuntilRhôneNemausus(Nimes),themaintown. Nemausus,Celtic,meanshouseoffame,-name(nth), renown,celebrity-house(haouce),house-.Whatwasthat famoushouse?ThesquarehouseofNimesisstillcitedtoday asaremarkablemonument.Buthowdidthishousehave

becomefamousforthisuniqueandsimpleastobesquare? ThisisprobablybecausetheHomeGallicaffectingthe roundshape,asquarehousebuiltinthecityhasexcited generalastonishmentanddeterminedthenameof Nemausus.Canbeasallthehousesinthecitytheyhadthe squareshape.TheTectosageshadplacedtheseatoftheir dominioninTolosa(Toulouse),whichalreadyexistedand wasprobablythelargestcityandlargestofsouthernGaul. TheGaronneRiver,navigableforagreatcourse,lenthis Galliccraftservice,whichhowever,wasforcedtotowthem toreachTolosa,nowashoppingmalltothesouth.tugswere employedasthecountry'smagnificentbulls,horsesbeing eyedGaulsanimalstooprecioustobeusedforsuch purposes.Aswell,thebull,strongerthanthehorse,hewas morecapableofdrivingboatsofteninvolvedinthesiltofthe river-totow(to)tow-tolow(lo),bellow,roar,-ooze (welve),mud,silt,-towlowooze.ThesmalltownofTolosain Guipuzcoa,surroundedbytheOria,thelargestriverinthe provinceaftertheDeva,alsosawslightCantabriansboats, towedbybulls,reachthefootofhishomes.Garonne, Garumna,rootedintheSpanishPyrenees.Thiscountrywas occupiedbythetribeGarumniteswhoseGarumnariver tookitsname.Garumnitesfedmountainsofrealchamois herds:thespeciesisknowninthePyreneanregionunderthe nameofchamois.Thisterm,quiteCeltic,relatedtoan importantdetailofthelivesoftheseanimals.Whentheherd grazing,twoorthreeoldmalesinpostingsentriesonthe hillsoverlookingthepasture,andthefirstappearanceof danger,theywarnedbyashrillwhistle:soonthewholeherd rushedtothehillswiththespeedoflightning-tohiss,hiss- hart,astag.Thechamoisarecoveredwithawoollyhairofa darkbrowninwinterandatawnybrowninsummer. Drivenhard,thechamoishaswonthemostinaccessible placesinthePyrenees,toescapethepursuitofGarumnites andtheirdescendants-station(little),coarsewool,-rum (Reum)strange,funny,weird,-neat(nit)cattle.The descriptionofthespeciesenclosedinGarumnites,refersto lessthanthechamoisgoat.Thehairsthatarealittlelonger:

thehornscurvedbackareespeciallynoteworthy:theyare composedofmanyrings,andthetotallengthissogreat amongoldermales,thattheendsreachtheoriginofthetail whentheirheadisraised. ThegoatshavedisappearedfromthePyrenees,theyarefew innumberintheAlps.Attheendofhistermandafter receivingtheDordogne,theGaronneiscalledtheGironde. Althoughtheancientauthorsrefertothisriverbythename Garumnaunique,yetweseemoderngeographers,relying onlocaltraditions,alsocalledtheGirondebeforeitempties intotheseaThefirstpartofthename-tosheer(CHIR), throwing,rolling,-Clearly,thistermnavalvesselsthat Bordeauxhaveplayedanimportantroleinthecomposition ofGironde,andthesecondparttoderivefromundam (eundam),releasingalock,thisdescriptionweshowonthe riverfrontsiteofagenuineGallicshipconstructionand launchingintothewatersofaclosedbasinwithalock IITHELANGUEDOC.-TheVisigothsANDPEOPLE CALLEDBARBARIANS. ThecountryinhabitedbyVolkesTectosagesiscalled Languedoc.Thedialectspokeninthesouthernregion,long afterhisaccessiontoFrance,hehasactuallycausedthe nameofLanguedocasopposedtothelangued'oil,referring tothelanguageofFrenchnationalsovertheLoire?Weare farfrombelieving,andthisdivisionseemsquitearbitrary andunfoundedseriously.WilliamofCatelinhismemoryin thehistoryofLanguedoc,printedTolosain1633,says:"We arenowverylittleBelgium,whichmayhavebeensubjectto moderndividethatweretaintheGaulsintwolanguagesor twoparts,onewhichiscalledOuylanguage,ofwhichParis isthecapital,theotherhasToloseLanguedoctoFrance... CharlesVIIthinorderfortheerectionofParliamentfrom Toulouse,theOccitaniacalledPatria,whichgaveaboutthe PopeInnocentIVinhisrecord,callingthiscountry Occitania.Butcommonandmostoften,hewasappointedin formeracts,patrialinguaoccitaniae. SeveralfeltthatthecountryofLanguedochavetakenits namefromtheGoths,whohavemanyyearsheldthesaid

country,providedthatlandinGermanymeansthecountry. AndthusseemstobesaidLanguedoccountryoftheGoths, evenformerlywascalledGothiaLanguedoc.ButIthink theydidnotfullymet;forLanguedoccomesthisword insteadofthelanguagethatthenativesspoke.Forthe countryasthoseoftheFrenchlanguagearecalledthe languageofOuy,andthoseofthiscountryarecalled Languedoc,thatistosay,aswenotedabove,thelanguageof Oc. Thisquoteshowsthatthestartingpointtakentoexplainthe termLanguedoc,theinterpretationisquiteerroneous Occitania.Wehavealreadyseenthattheexpression Occitani-sea-hog(hog-si),porpoise,-to-hit,hit,-hand, hand-thehandthatstrikestheporpoise-isattachedtothe edgesoftheinhabitantsBayofBiscay,Cantabriaand Aquitaine.Toulousehasbeenconsideredthelargestcityin theneighboringcountryofOccitani,howeverthisisnota sufficientreasonforthisparticularname,usuallydenotinga professionalcapacity,mustapplytolanguageLanguedoc, differinglittlefromthatofAquitaineoftheinterior,but muchdifferentfromthatofCantabria.Moreover,the languagespokeninthenorthatthetimementionedCatel employedalmostasmanywordsasCelticandLatin languageToulouse. Thereisanerrorverysensitiveinkinthestatementof WilliamofCatelOuybetweenthelanguageofthe Languedoc,astheLanguedocisusuallyparalleledby variousauthors,notwiththelanguageofOuybutwiththe langued'oil,whichisaconsiderabledifference.When WilliamofCatelreportsthataccordingtotheestimationof many,theLanguedocwassonamedbytheGoths,hewasfar fromsuspectingthetruth,thoseinterviewedbyseveral,in fact,theVisigoths-speakingCeltic,Languedocwasforthem orthecountryLandokOak-land,country-Oak(ok)-oak, oropposedtoLandoiloilcountry-land,country-oil(oil)oil -thelattercomprisingtheregioninhabitedbyArécomiques, andalsosomepartsofProvence.Thesetwonamesattached bytheVisigothsinthesouthernregionoftheFrance,owned

bythem,didnothingunusualorcontrarytothehabitsof conquerors.Likeallessentialnamesexistedlongagointhe country,theVisigothsweresimplydividedtheirGallic possessionsintotwoparts,designatedbythelinesgeneral productionofthesoil. Theseexplanationsshouldpointseemquitehazarded,ifone considersthattheVisigothsofSpain,masterofthekingdom ofToulouse,spoketheCelticlanguage,especiallyastheir namemakesclear.Historianshavefeltobligedtocallthe VisigothsandOstrogoths,GothsWestandEast,butin reality,theirnamecomesratherwarlikequalitiesorhabits theyattributedtothemselves,anddirectionoftheirmarch towardawarmerclimatethantheirown.ThusVisigoths wereadvancingcautiouslyandabilitytolandinhot-Wize (ouaïze),cautious,clever-togo,walk,-hot,hot-while,in movingtothesecountriesalsopreferredtheOstrogoths, disdainingcleverfeints,brutallyattackedtheenemy-to host,attack,-raw(RAU)rude,crude-togo,walk,-hot,hot -.Thisisnotahaphazardapproachthatthenameofthe VisigothsandOstrogoths,interpretedbytheCeltic language,sincethenamesofotherpeoplewhodismembered theRomanEmpirecanalsobeexplainedwithequalease. JutesofJulanda,-tojut,forward,protrude,-land,land- theAngles-toangletoangle-theSaxons,werepartof TectosagessetbeyondtheRhine,andundernames previouslyunknown,ranravagethelandswheretheir ancestorshadmultiplied.Herulithecoatsofhair,fromthe Euxine,-hair(Her),hair,-hull,outercover-theGepidae, whowatchedcarefullytotheirheightandbeautyoftheir bodies-shape(SHEP),size,proportionofthebody-tohead (HID),becareful,becareful-;orLombardsLombards,who wereeagertofightviolentandbleak-tolong,longing,to cope,fight,hard,hard,hard-;theVandalsthemselves,whohadno homes,andthoroughlydestroyedthemonumentsandhouses ofothernations-towant(ouâunt),nothaving-lobbyhouse andall,despitetheirdifferentnames,donotletthatbelong

tothesamefamilyofGomer. THEFRANKSIII.THEIRORIGIN.TheFranksformedon therightbankoftheRhineaconfederationoftribes, minglinginageneraldesignation,whichwastothemasa rallyingpoint.Theypridedthemselvesonagenerousand sincere,-frank,sincere-andhadrelinquishedtheformer titleoflooterskeptonlyinoneoftheirtribes.Theirfeelings ofmodestyandreservewereburnedinthenameofChamavi -Shame(SHEM),modesty,-ToHave,possess,-includedin thisconfederacy.AportraitoftheFranksmadebyaLatin poet,aboutthetimetheybegantosettleinGaul,"theysaid it,thetall,verytheirfaceiscompletelyshaved,exceptthe upperlip,wheretheyleavetwosmallwhiskersgrow.Their hair,cutfrombehind,alongthefront,areawonderful blonde.Theirdressissotight,herevealstheentireshapeof theirbodies.Theywearasashwhichhangsaheavysword, butextremelysharp.Itis,ofallpeopleknown,theperson seekingthebestmovementandmilitarydevelopments.They haveanaddresssounusualtheyalwayshitwheretheyaim, aprodigiouslight,theyfallontheenemyassoonasthey launchedtheline,andfinallyadaringifgreat,thatnothing surprisesthem,northenumberofenemiesandthe disadvantageofthepremises,orevendeathwithallits horrors,theycanlosetheirlives,theyneverlosecourage. "(1) ThisisafaithfulportraitofVolkes,alsoenclosedintheir name-tovault-flit-tocow,frighten-.Theregionoccupied bytheFrankswasoneofthecountrywhichhadseizedon VolkesTectosagestheGermans.Theirpresenceinthis regionisasureindicationoftheir origin,becausenonationhasevermanagedtodispossess Tectosagestheirconquests.Jutes,Angles,Saxons,Frisians- free(fri)independent-his,son,descendant-belongedtothe familyTectosages,andFranks,separatedbytheirgenerosity oftheirfellowlootersSaxons,alsoshowbytheirpositionon therightbankoftheRhine,bytheirmanners,their constitutionandtheirbeliefs,thesameorigin.Theoutsideof theFranksdifferedpointoutsideoftheGauls,theirreligion

hadastrikinganalogywithDruidism:itfoundationwasthe immortalityofthesoul,andhistorianssay,theiraltarswere neverstainedwithhumanblood.Thislastfeatureoftheir customsinformsusthatatthetimeofthemigration TectosagesToulouse,humansacrificesinGauldidnotexist. ThemilitarytacticsoftheFranksdetectedmainlyasthe truelineageandArécomiquesTectosagesVolkes. TheyhadbeensingularlybecausetheseCimmeriansofold timetotakethenameofVolkes,since,aftertheLatinpoet quotedabove,nopeoplehearbettermovementsandmilitary developmentsthattheirdescendants,theFrankswarriors. Frankeconfederationwascomposedoftribesknown GermanicandknownassuchbytheLatinhistorians. TacitusspeaksofCherusci,theChatti,ofBructeriinthe historyoftheexpeditionofGermanicusbeyondtheRhine. TheChatti,theChaucer,BructeritheCherusciandothers wereincludedamongtheFranks.Thesevariousnamesare almostsynonymous,andhasthesamethought.Chattiand thewarriorsbrokeeverythingintheirpath-toshatter, smash-;Chaucalikedtheattacks,violentclashes,-toshock, attack,andtheBructeriintheirmovementsandchanging light,cuttopiecestheenemy-tobrush(Breuches),pass suddenly-totear(tér)topieces,andCheruscigreetedwith shoutsofenthusiasmtosharethespoils-toshare(SHER), share-tohuzza(houzzé),greetedwithshoutsofacclamation -.Allthesetitleswornwithpridebythevarioustribesare reducedtoabstractunderVolkesTectosagesordevastating todrivefast.It'salwaysthesamepeopleseekingwarwithits adventures,itsdangersawaitingthegloriousandequal sharingofbootybetweenthewarriorsoftheexpedition.The historyofthevaseofSoissons,atestamenttothisundoubted righttosharethespoils,betweensoldiers."Clovis,"saidEm Lefranc(1),"wishingtomaintainthegooddispositionofthe Gallicclergy,declinedtomovewithhisarmyinthecities whichhehadreceivedthesubmission.Itwastheonlywayto savethelootingconventsandbasilicaswhichcontainedalot ofwealth.ButoneofthechurchesofReimscouldnotescape therapacityofabandofmaraudingFrankish.Intheirbooty

wasasacredvesselofasizeandextraordinarybeauty. Thebishop,informedofthisfact,Clovisdeputedtodemand thatvase.Delightedtobeagreeabletotheprelate,theking saidtotheenvoys'ComewithmetoSoissonsandifIfind amongthebootybedelighted,Iwillrepayyou.Alltheloot wassharedafterthecampaign,andthefatesharingbetween allsettled.Itwasnotlongindiscoveringthepreciousvase amongthespoilsgatheredunderatentinthemiddleofthe publicsquareofSoissons.Mygoodfellow,"saidClovisto Franks,itwillnotbeunpleasantformetotakethevase,and thatImaketopeoplewhoask?Theofficersandsoldiers consented.Certainlynot,saysabrutalwarriorandjealous, youwillnottakethevaseiffategivesyou,andsuddenlyhis axbrokeit.Cloviswassilent,tookthevaseandsurrendered. Ayearlater,ashereviewedtheFranksinafieldofMars,he recognizedthesoldierwhoseboldnesshadraisedthegross actofsharing:Itisnot,inanyarmy,weaponsworseheldas yours,"hesaidthylance,thysword,Thyaxaccuseyour negligenceandyourcowardiceandsnatchinghisax,he throwsdown.Thesoldierbentdowntopickitup,butClovis suddenlythrowshisandsplithishead:Well,"criedhe,what youdidtothevaseofSoissons."Thisgreedysoldier probablybelongedtothetribeCherusciindisregardofright nowthetitleofFrank. Theexactdistributionofthebootycapturedfromtheenemy wasalsoinuseamongtheGermani.LeGermainisnot,as statedinthecommoninterpretation,themanofwar, Warman-war(ouâur)war-man,man-butthemanwitha stringentlawtosharethespoilsenemies:theSherméan-to share(expensive),share-may(mis)power-tohand,give withthehand-.ThistermwasfirstappliedtoGermans,and alsowhohadVolkesTectosages seizedthemostfertilelandsofGermany,andhadadopted themanners,thewayGermanslivedefeatedanddriveninto lessfertilelands(1),andwhenRomanhistoriansTacitus andspeakexpeditionsconductedbeyondtheRhineagainst theGermans,itmeanstheconsVolkesTectosagesenveloped bytheRomansinthegeneralappellationofGermans.The

confederationoftheFranksdidnotexistevenunderthis titlewhenCheruscitheChattiandothertribesexterminated theRomanlegionscommandedbyVarus,tenyearsafter JesusChrist.ThenameoftheFranksplayedforthefirst timeinabattlewheretheemperorDeciusdied,251years afterJesusChrist.Constantlyrenewedtheirattacksagainst theborderoftheRomanEmpireinGaulweregradually successful,and,surprisingly,thesedescendantsofformer Tolosates,afterathousandyearsoflivingbeyondtheRhine, capturedGaul,andToulouse,theirbirthplace,received(507 AD)asconquerorsandaliens. THEFIRSTKINGSFRANKS.Filiationoffrankswith VolkesTectosagesbecomesevenmorestrikingfortheunity oflanguage,andusingthelanguageofVolkes,andreceivesa fulldayofinterpretingthenameofthefirstleaders confederation,usingthelanguageofVolkes.Marcomir, Pharamondfather,hadbeenrecognizedbythetribesasthe soleleaderoftheconfederates-tomark,consider,-toowe (O),duty,-mother(target)alone,single-.Conqueredby EmperorValentinianII,hehadnotsucceededinmovingto thissideoftheRhinePharamondhissonwasmore fortunate.PartofBelgiumfellintohishands,anddespite somesetbackssoonrepaired,theFranksgaveupmoreland conquered.SomehistoriansarguethatPharamondnever crossedtheRhine,andevenitsexistenceisquite problematic.Iftheinterpretationofthelanguage PharamondTectosagesmaybeacompellingreason,notonly itsexistencecannotbedoubted,buthewouldsurelyhave crossedtheRhinewithhisarmy,-tofare(fere)go,-amount (amaount)all-ClodionthehairpenetratedfarintoBelgium, andhisheadwasadornedwithherlonghairanddistinctive signofroyalauthorityamongtheFranks-load(Lod),loads, -hi(hated)shows,high-toown(we)have-.Theroyalheir wasonlyallowedtowearlonghair,andthisfact,well recognizedandsomeelsewhere,becomesevenmoreevident bythecompositionofMeroveusname,Merovech,the winnerofAttila-mother(target)alone,-toowe(O),be obliged,-wig,hair-.WhenMeroveusdied,stillyoung,the

possessionsoftheFranksextendedtotheSeine. Childericwasachild,whenhewascalledbythedeathofhis father,whocommandedthenationFranke-child(tchaïld) child-heir(er)heir-Wig(ouigue)hair-.Helostthe affectionandesteemofhispeoplebyerrorssoseriousthat hewasforcedintoexile.TheFranksareentrustedforatime inthedirectionofCountRomanOEgidiusbutthekingwas soonremindedbyhissubjectswhoseresentmenthad subsidedduringhisabsence.Taughtbyadversity,Childeric boughtthemistakesofhisyouthbyboilingstockfullof glory.HissonClovisHlodowig,isregardedasthereal founderoftheFrenchmonarchyaccompaniedbyvictory,he conqueredmostofGaul,madeParisthecapitalofthe kingdomandbecameoneofthemostpowerfulprincesofhis time-load(Lod),loads,-toowe(O)beobliged-Wig (ouigue),hair.-Weshouldalsomentionthenameof ClotaireI,intwowordsdepictingthehorrificmurder strikingcommittedagainsthistwonephews,hecoolly stabbedtoseizethestatesoftheseyoungprinces,-claw (clau),claw,greenhouse-totear(TER),teartopieces-.It wasonlyfairthattheFranksstigmatizesthiscriminalaction bycomparingthemurderertoabirdofprey,tearingits sharptalonsahelplessvictimThesepersistent interpretationsofpropernamesofmenandtribesare appropriatetoindicatethelanguagespokenbyallthe childrenofGomer,whohewedtotheenvironmentand kingdomsintheRomanEmpire.TheVisigothsalso belongedtotheFrankswhilethishugefamily,andthey madeupnamesweretakeninthelanguagecommontothese people.Thisuniformityinlanguageauthorizesustobelieve thatthenamesandLandockLandoilhavebeengivenbythe VisigothsintheirpossessionsinthesouthofGaul,andthat thesenamesverywellchosen,moreover,havebeenmetby theFranks,whenthisareacameundertheirdomination. ForyearsmanyhaveseenthesouthernpartsofGaulkeep theCelticlanguagewithremarkablepersistence.The Romanshavevainlybentpopulationstotheirauthority. WhileLatinwashonoredinthecities,Celticlivedinthe

countryside,anopponentofalteringalongandpassive resistance.Degenerationcouldnotbelongthough,andthe barbarianinvasionsoftheso-calleddelayedpenaltyto completethemergertwolanguages,sincethemergerwas alreadynoticeableinthesixthcenturyAD.TheRomance languageoutcomeofthisalliance,dominatedthekingdomof theFranks,graduallyperfectingitselfinthenorthern provinces,isalsocomplicatedgrammaticalrulesbelonging tothemostlyCelticandLatin,sometimescombiningtoform expressionsFrench,LatinwordsandotherCelticwords,as insoldierorgivensoul-soul(sol),soul,-data,data,- capableorcleverhead-caput,head,-able,clever-whilein thesouthernprovinces,ithasmaintainedacertainintegrity, withturnbyturnofhissentencesCelticwordsandLatin wordsperfectlypreservedintheirpurity,soitisveryeasyto distinguishthem,andtofindtheexpressionsusedinthe mouthsofourancestorstheGauls.Latinitself,taken separately,betraysaCelticcharacterthatsurprisesatfirst, butwhichonerealizeseasily,becausetheGaulswere mastersofmuchofItaly,where753yearsbeforeChrist, RomewasbuiltbyRomulus,thestrangemaninthecloak,- rum(Reum),weird,-hull,outercover.-Itwouldbeeasyto quote,inconsiderablenumbers,theexpressionscontainedin GallicLatinlanguagebutwe'lljustreproducethefollowing: toaddadd,Latinadder;toknow,know,inLatin cognoscere,know;toendue,coat,Latininduere, take;able,capable,inLatinhabilis,whichhasthecapacity forsomething;tojoke,joke,Latin,JOCAR,joking.The foundingofRomeitselfwasmadefromtheGalliccustoms, Romuluswillhaveopenedanasylumforvagrants,the disaffectedandthosefleeingtheimportunityoftheir creditors.Wedonotbelieveaneglecttomakethesebrief commentsondialectsinthesouthernprovincesofFrance andLanguedocinparticular,excepttodevelopthemlater, alone,infact,theywereabletoopenasafepathleadingto thecertainknowledgeofthelanguageofourfathers.It bogglesthemind,whenhearingtheseexpressionsaround youCeltic,nowtreatedwithdisdainasmiserableandrude,

itisclearthatthatwastheprimarylanguagecommunicated byAdamtohischildren.Also,weareconfidentthatthese dialectspreciousresist,savedbythespiritoftradition inherentinman,andwillneverbedestroyed. VTHEKINGANDPYRENEBébrix.-HERCULES.THE SARDANAS.-CAUCOLIBERIS.-Illiberis.TheSordes. BeforethearrivaloftheCelts,thePyrenees-Orientaleswere occupiedbytheIberians.Bears,aboutordinaryprosecution oftheseintrepidhunters,manylivedintheseparts.The apparentextensionofthePyrenees,eastoftheirjunction withtheBlackMountainandtheCevennes,occurasaside chainthatseparatesthebottomoftheTetValley,inthe FrenchCerdanyaandnamedspecialAlbères."(1)In Alberes-Hall(Haulli)Housing-Bear(BER),abear,-the beastswereretreatsdeep,andtheirpursuithadcertainly considerabledangerthattheIberiansfacedwithcourage thatdistinguishedthem.Thesebearhuntersweretheythe samepeopleastheBébriciens,whosemaincitywasPyrene? Itseemscertain,ifoneidentifiesthehistoricaltraditionsof allthefabulousembellishmentsthatmakethem unrecognizable. Accordingtomythology,thePyreneesBébrixbelongedto theking,whenHercules,withhiswarriorsstoodatthefoot ofthesemountains.ThereisnodoubtthatHerculesexisted onlyinGreekandLatinmyths:however,itisusefultopoint out,thisfamousherotakesarealconsistencyandhavingthe characteroftruth,sincehepersonifiesthenationCelticand migrationofpeopletowardsthewesterncountriesof Europe.SallustspeaksofthedeathofHerculesinthe IberianPeninsula,andafterhisdeath,Armenians,Medes andPersiansofhisarmy,crossingtheseatospreadin Africa.Diodorus,inturn,tellstheviolentactionofHercules consPyrene,daughterofKingBébrixbeforetheHero shouldenterinIberiaattheheadofhissoldiers.Wecan, usingthisinformation,clearlydiscernthetruththroughthe veilofwhichsheissurrounded.TheCelticnation,comingin thePyreneesregions,hasmettheIberianpeople.The Iberians,withanaveragesize,tofatigueofthemost

dangeroushunts,watchedwithoutfeartheseGaulshigh stature,andtheirboldandstubbornresistancecouldnot preventtheGallicHerculestocrossthePyreneestogosturn offanddieintheheartoftheSpanishpeninsula.The Iberianpeople,greatbyhisfearlessness,smallinsize alongsidethegiantsCeltic,takesaspecificform,determined, intheKingBébrix,thecourageouschild,thedaringtoddler, whodaredtoconfront,bravingthehazardsandperilsofa strugglewiththeGallicHercules-babe(baby),asmall child,atoddler-risk,danger,chance.TheCeltsandthe Iberians,reportsDiodorusofSicily,afterhavingfoughtfor thepossessionofthecountry,livedtogetherandformedan alliancebymarriage.AllianceswiththeCeltsandthe IberianshaveresultedinthefabuloushistoryHerculesand Pyrene.ThenameofthecityofPyrene,reflectsthemerger ofthetwopeoples,foritcontainsthememoriesoftheefforts madebytheCeltstopreventtheIberianstoburntheirdead -pyre(pair),funeralpyre-torain(ren),repress,-that nameand,byextension,laterdesignatedthewholechainof mountainsoccupiedbybearhunters.TheeffortsoftheCelts havebeensuccessfulifwearetobelievethenameofthecity ofCaucoliberisSardana-tocock,face,rectify,-Lobby (Haulli),house,room,-toeye(ouch)see-tobury,(Beri), buried-becausethepeopleofthiscountryhaveraised,in future,thetombstoburythedead. Illiberis,Sardanaothercity,doesnotcontradictthis assertion,henotesthatonlythepumpIberiansdeployedin funerals,Highly(Haile),ambitiously-tobury(Beri),bury-, takingintoaccount,howeverrigorousthetwowhoarein Illiberis,thenthatnamewouldbelinkedtothatof Caucoliberisforitwouldsimplymeanahillbuiltforburial- hill,eminence-toeye(ouch)see-tobury(Beri)bury-.A secondcityofIlliberisexistinginAquitaine,seemtoshow thatmannershadGalliceverywhereremovedthefuneral pyresofbearhunters.CeltiberiansThePyrenees-Orientales weredeliveredlatertoaprofessionotherthanhuntinglarge cavebear.Theyhaveengagedinvariousindustriesandhave deservedthenameofeachSordes,otherthanSardana.They

heldthecoast,settingtheirhousesnearthesea,thewavesof whichdrewfishingactivities.Becauseofthisgeneral condition,theywerecalledSardan-Sardan,littlefish, sardines-itisknown,however,howtheanchoviesand sardinesareabundantintheGulfofLyons.Ruscino,their maincity,isfarfromgivingthelietotheirprofessionas fishermen,hesays,ineffect,aspeopleflockedincrowdsto theenvironmentandreachingRuscinotogotoseaandthen softlargefishingnets-torush(Reuche)comeincrowds- sean(sin),greatforfishingnet,seine.Sordesthecontrary, weresetinthevalleysandmountainsofthePyreneesOrientales.Theirindustrywasverydifferentfromthatof Sardan;theymadeweapons,swords-sword(Sord),-.This swordisnotonlytoearlytimesofSordeswhichwasmadeof ironinthegreateasternslopesofthemountainwatchingthe Mediterranean.Therearefewmoreyears,eighteenfurnaces forsmeltingironwereinfullactivity,andthesefurnaces produceironfromAccordingtotheso-calledCatalan,and borethenameoftheCatalanforges.Thecommercialtreaty withEngland,underNapoleonIII,hasbeenoffthestoves, thecostwastooexpensivesothatwecouldengagewiththe Englishiron,astrugglethatwouldbecomedisastrous.The lastvillageSordewhichwasproducingiron,iscalledGincla. Itshowstheremainsoftwoforges,arollingmillandseveral swifts-forges,whosefoundationislostinthemistsoftime. Gincladrifttojingle(Djingle'),jingle,rattle.Itisa somethingreallysurprisingthatthetermGinclaappliedto anarea,where,alwaysandeverytimeweheardtheclatter ofiron,heavysoundofhammersstrikingtheanvil,and makingringingsound VITHEATACINI.-Aude.RAFTSONTHEAUDE.- Carcassonne.ThebasinoftheAudedidnotbelongto Sordes,butotherironproducers,livinginthecountryof Atax,toAtacini;thereofinthemanufactureofswords,axes joinedit,-toadd,add,-ax,ax-.Thenearestvillageof SordesandbeingpartofthecountryoccupiedbyAticini,is calledAxat,andthisname,whichisasimpleinversionof Atax,markstheexactpointofdivisionbetweenthetwo

tribesandSordesAtacini.AxatiscrossedbytheRiver Aude,andhadahighlyregardedmanufacturerofsteel, whosefiresareunfortunatelyextincttoday.TheAtacini inhabitedthenorthernslopeandalsothewesternslopeof themountainsandinwhichtheAudeandAriègetheir source.Catalanforgeswereevenmorenumerousinthis regionthaninthePyrenees-Orientales,itisfairtosaythat thecountryofproductionwaslarger,becauseitincluded partofthebasinoftheAudebasinandpartoftheAriege. TheAtacinioughtnotthereforetotheirnametheriver Aude,andifgeographersLatinAtaxcall,onlybecauseits watersacrossthecountryAtacini.Inthemanuscriptsofthe MiddleAges,theAudedoorthenameofAldoflumen.That isitsrealname;AldaisthesametermasAlder,andCeltic, Aldermeansthelight.Thisspeciesoftreegrowsnaturally onbothbanksoftheAude,onajourneyofmorethaneighty kilometers,andalthoughpropertyownershaveshotdown mostoftheyards,therearestillenoughtoprovehowtruly ourancestorshadnamedthisriverAlder. ThevolumeofwaterfromtheAlderwasconsiderable,and havespentAtaciniforradellerieindustry,anindustrythat tendstodisappeareveryday,notonlybybuildingarailroad alongthebanksoftheAude,butmainlybythedecreaseof waterandalluviumformedintheriverbed.Industry floatingoftimberbythewatersoftheAlderisthecauseof thenamesthatareRoquefort-de-SaultandEspéraza.The villageofRoquefort,orRoucafort,pronouncedasits inhabitants,issituatedonaplateauathousandmetersof altitude,surroundedbymagnificentpineforests.Itis dividedintotwoparts,onecalledRoquefort,andtheother larger,iscalledBuillac.Richinflocksofsheepgrazinginthe meadowsconstantlycervicalGarabell-station,coarsewool, -bell,bell-Buillacstudentstilllargenumbersofbullsand horses-bull(Blvd),taurus,-hack,horse-.Theinhabitants ofRoquefort,thelessfortunatesideoftheground,working intheforestsandcuttreestobemovedtoCarcassonneby floatingonthewatersoftheAlder.RoquefortorRoucafort, clearlyshowsthetraditionaloccupationofthese

mountaineers:infact,equivalenttoRoucafortForthCeltic roughcast,cuttingoffroughly. Thetrees,strippedoftheirbarkandbranches,were draggedtotheAude,whosewaterscarriedthemtoquillan andEspéraza.Quillan,LatinKilianus-Killow-hone,black earthandblackstone-couldbegintofloatontheAlder raftstogetherintoraftsbearingthenameofsquares- because,trolley-raft,trainWoodonwater,floating carriage-.Theconstructionoftheseraftswasnecessary especiallyinEsperaza,andthereisbarelythirtyyears,most ofthepopulationofthislargevillagebelongedtothe corporationofradeliers.Itisreallyamazingthatindustries andoccupationsCeltsarewellpreservedintactuntiltoday. EspérazathatpeoplerightlycalledSparassisiscalled SperazanusinabullofPopeCallistusII,datedtheyear 1119,quotedbyDomVaisette.ThetextureofSparassis containsthefollowingwords:-spar,beam,-axis,ax,-hand, handinhandradeliersended,withtheax,theconstruction ofrafts,whichformrafts,floatedonthewatersofthe Alder.Howsafethenativesofthisvillagedidnottheykept theoldCelticterm,barelysoftenedwhenimposing Sparassis! Standingonhissquare,holdingbackalongoarplacedon thefrontoftheradelierSparassiswascarriedawaybythe watersoftheAlderskillfullydirectinghiscarfloating.His addresswassoonputtothetest,comingatCouizainthe bendintheriver,elbowwhichhasgivenitsnametothe villagebuiltontheseshores.CouizaKousanus,kovedrift,a smallbay,creek, andsand,sandkovesandwhichwasmadeandlater KousanusCouiza.Thisbendprovides,ineffect,atrue resemblancetoasmallbayandislocatedupstreamofthe bridgeleadingtotheCouizarailwaystation.Thesand heapedbySalsatitsjunctionwiththeAude,havebeenthe causeofthisparticularprovisionofthecourseoftheriver. Thelongtrainofradelier,engagedwithitssquareinthis troublesomeelbow,wassoonduetothedifficulty,andthe traincontinuedslowlyfloatingjourneytothepointwhereit

wastoland.Carcasonnewastheplacewherethesquare usuallyabandonedthewatersoftheAlder,becausethebed becomeswider,theraftswerehavingmoredifficultylargeto float.Thiscitycouldbeastoragetimber,however,asitwas alsothemarketforthesaleofswords,axes,manufactured byAtacinilatterpatternwasparticularlyweighedinthe balanceNeimheidGaul,andheearnedthenameof Carcassonne,cark,care,concern,-axis,ax,-toown(we) have-. CHAPTERVIICromleckOFRENNES-LES-BAINSI DRUNEMETONORDESCRIPTIONOFCromleck REDONSOUTHERNGAUL.-Meniri,DOLMENS, ROESELAREORROCKBOBBLE.-ORTHE GOUNDHILLSARRATPLAZENT. Wehavejustseentheindustriesofourancestorlistedin indeliblecharactersinthenamesofcitiesandGallictribes. BystudyingthemonumentsofCelticRennes-les-Bains,we areforcedtoadmirethepowerfulorganizationNeimheid, allowingittoapplytovariouspartsofsaplings,verydistant fromeachother,identicalnames,basedonthesimilarity countries. TheRedonesofArmoricaarecausingthenamegivento RennesinBrittany,andLanguedocRedoneswegave Rennes-les-BainsinthedepartmentofAude.Onemightask whythenameofRennesisappliedtoourspaandcanbe foundeasilybecausewhenyoulookcloselythisstrangeland: indeed,itsrock-cappedmountainsformanimmense Cromleckofsixteenorseventeeneightmilesaround.Strabo, inhishistoryofGalatiansTectosagesorAsian,reportedthat theGaulshadalways"drunemeton"orcentralCromleck.It wastheplacetomeetmembersofthescholarlysociety knownastheNeimheid.Itisquiteinstructivetoseetheterm usedinconjunctionNeimheidIrelandandAsia. Decompositionofdeepthrowsdrunemetonlightonthisfine institutionCeltic.Thisname,includingthefirstsyllableof Drouidetrow,andalsothewordnemet,tellsuswith certaintywhatwerethememberscomposingtheCeltic Academy.Theverbtotrow(ORT),aswehavealreadyseen,

means:think,believe,imagine.Thesecondverbname(nth), hasthesensetoappoint,call,andhead(hed)resultsthe head,brain,mind,chief.Itisthesamemeaningwegaveto NeimheidIrishandistheheadofthenation,weighing carefullyandintelligentlynameswhosecompositionis subjecttoitsscience,andapplyingthemwiththeauthority thathasaChiefuniversallyrecognizedandobeyed.Caesar placeontheconfinesofCarnuteswhereDruidspronounced theirjudgmentsindisputesanddisputeswithintheir authority,butthecentralCromleckdrunemeton,wherethe assembledneimheidtofulfillitsscientificnamesyoucreate specialorgeneral,hewasalsoonthebordersofCarnutes? Wethinknot,thecentralCromleckwasfixednaturallyby thescholarlystonesandthesestoneswereerectedinthe tribeRedones.DrunemetontheNorthhadtoexistin RedonesofArmor,embracingawiderangeofrodforthe workoftheillustriousassembly.However,anothercentral Cromleckdrunemetonorwasneededinthesouth;certainly, itwasimpossibleformembersofneimheidCeltiberian scatteredaroundtheregion,tomeetothermembersfrom northernGaul,andthisimpossibilitymayhavegiven thoughttobuildasecondDrun-Metonatthefootofthe Pyrenees,ontheheightsofthevalleywateredbysalsaand nowalsobythefactRedonesstonesorscholarly.RedonesIf theexpressionshouldappointafullsetofstonesandneedles naturalandartificialitisinRennes-les-Bainsthatrightly belong.CromleckTheentranceislocatedattheconfluence ofRialseswithsalsa.TheRialses-real(rial),realeffective- cess,tax,-runningfromeasttowestinavalleywhosefertile landcouldcertainlyallowpeopletoprovidethetaxwhich theCeltsbeatthegroundsofaeasyproduct.Salsordirty river,flowsprimarilyfromeasttowest,andafterthe junctionofblanquetowardsthecenteroftheCromleck Redones,continuesitscoursefromsouthtonorthtothe entranceofthegorgewherestarttodrawthefirstnatural needles.UponreceiptoftheRialsés,sheturnsbacktowards thewest,andheadedforthealderwilldumpitsbitter waters.NearthemidpointofCromleckintearingofthe

mountainandbuiltonthebanksoftheRiverSals,yousee thespaofRennes-les-Bains,wellknowntomanypatients whohavefoundacureoratleastensuredsensitivetotheir reliefrheumatism.LookingatthemapofRennes-les-Bains, youcaneasilyfollowthecontoursdrawnbythehandsof naturalorartificial.Theirpositionismarkedwithreddots forMenirithatstillexist,andalsoredlinesfortheridges whereMeniriwerelargelyreversed.CromleckAtthe openingontherightbankoftheRiverSals,isamountain calledCardou:towardsthetop,begintocompilenatural tips,knowninthecountryastheRokofourkado.InCeltic, accesstothegorgewasprobablyverydifficult,becausea longbarrierofrocksplungingintotheriverdefendedthe entrance.Inaddition,extremeslopeofmountainslopes shouldinspirefearinsomemembersofNeimheidscientists, responsibleforgivinganametothispartofthelandtolook sowild.Also,havetheyaskedhowsheandsohecouldtravel bywagon,byengagingintheparadealmostinaccessible? Theylefttheirdescendantsremembertheexactthoughts andtheirmomentaryembarrassment,callingthismountain Cardou-tocart,travelatank-how(Haou),how?how?- Carthow-.Theywerenottoofarbehindincivilization,these goodGallicearlydaysoftheoccupation,theywere concernedabouttravelingbywagonandonhillsideswith slopesverydangerous.Reflectedbythedifficultythey carthow,wasnotinsurmountable,however,theywereable tocrossthecrossingRialsèsoppositethevillageofSerres, andbuildingtheirroadsothattruckscouldpassabovethese rocks.Attheturnoftheroadandatcertainpointwhere theywereinvolvedintheparade,theCeltsmusthavea Meniridrawonarockthatbearsastonecross.Thiscrossis placedattheexactspotwherethestonewasformerlyan engravedGreekcrosssimilartothosethatcurrentlyexistin CapeRights,andneartherocksloose.Afterroundingthe baseofthemountainCardou,andhavepassedthesmall creekthatseparatesthehillCardouBazel,thepathbeginsto risegentlysloping.Hemusthaveadefinitewidth,asthe Gaulsknewtogiveittotheirroads.Itwasnot,infact,mere

narrowpathsanddangerous,butexcellentroadshavinga widthmeasuredexactly.Bazeldoesnotmeananything.By makingthistermpronunciationhardenoughthatheshould haveused,wewouldhavetosayPassel.Now,passmeansa road,andelllengthmeasurementtobeusedbytheCelts.At thetopofBazel,weseeverystrangestones,whichhelpform thecircleofCromleckontheeasternside.Itisalmost impossibletodescribeindetailtheselargestonesarein considerablenumbers,andtheirsumcaneasilybeextended tothreeorfourhundredarrangedinorderonthecrestor lyingconfusedlyontheslopelookingsouth.Oneofthese stonesmeasuringovereightfeetlong,twowideandashigh: thismassofaboutthirtytwocubicmetershasbeenraised, angledinadesireddirection,andclampedatoneendsothat itsenormousweightdid'entraînâtpointonthesteepslopeof themountain.Wemustseewithhisowneyes,thisgigantic work,whichcausesamazementnodescriptioncangivean accuratepictureofthisprodigiouswork.Ontheleftbankof theSals,CromleckbeginsattherockBlancfort.Pointnature ofthisrockwasremovedinthemiddleages,toallow constructionofafortusedasanobservationpost.Thereare stillsomeremnantsofbrickworkdemonstratingthe existenceofthefort.Thiswhiterockthatstrikestheeye first,followedbyalayerofblackishrocks,extendingRoko Negro.Thispeculiarityhasbeengiventothiswhiterock, placedatthetopoftheblackrocks,thenameofblancfort- blank,white,-forth,forward-.Byfollowingtheserocks look,theeyeissoonstoppedbyanisolatedMeniri,whose tipisshownabovetheoaksthatsurroundit.Itisinthe registerthenameofSharpRock:hefacesanothernatural rockattachedtothesideofCardouandadornedwith severalverysharpneedles.Thislatterrock,separatedfrom Cardouandofferingseveraltipsruniesbythebase, presentedtoourancestorstheideaoflittlepeoplemakingup afamilyandstillretainedfromthosewhohavegivenbirth, andtheynamedtheseneedlesLampospoetically.Thisword derivesfromlamb,lamb,orlambto,givebirth,inspeaking ofthesheep.BetweentheRockandsharpRokoNigga,we

distinguishamongtheotherOaksMeniriforconstructionof drunemeton.AttheFollowingRokoNigga,westillseevery wellthevariousfoundationsthatservedassupportfor Meniributtheywereoverturnedandscatteredhereand thereontheflanksofthemountain,inthegreatestdisorder. OnreachingthebrookBousquetThefoundationrock disappearsandgoesbackintothemountainstowardsthe sourceofthatcreek.Onthispointveryhigh,weseea meetingofhighrocksnamedCugulhou.Thismassisnot entirelynatural,theworkoftheCeltsappearsveryclearly intheeightortenlargeroundstonescarriedandplacedon topofthemegalith.OnemightdoubtthattheCeltshave wantedtomakeMeniri,ifasmallGreekcrossengravedon anextensionofthebaseonlynotifyitspresencetothe meaningattributedtosuchlargestones.Thelocalsareinthe persuasion,verywrongindeed,thattheGreekcrosses carvedintotherocksrepresentthepointsofdemarcation. Therealstonemarkerindicatingtheseparationofland CoustaussaandRennes-les-Bains,isstuckintheground twentyfeetaway,towardthenorthwest.Thisterminalis verycuriousandconcerned,onthesidefacingCoustaussaa crest,perhapsoneofthelordofthisvillage,andonthe oppositeside,anotherpatch,thelordofRennes,charging verylargedifferenceswiththefirst.Itisuselesstoinsiston theassertionoftheinhabitantsofthecountry,comparedto thoseGreekcrosses,becausetheverynamecugulhoutoshed lightonthissubject.TheserocksarerealMeniri,butugly andnothavingmuchtheordinaryformoftheotherstones, tocock,face,rectify,-ugly(eugly),ugly,deformed,ugly,-to hew(Hiou),cut-.TOFromCugulhou,reappearsa foundationofrockgrit,headingtowardsthestreamof Carlat.Thisstreamwhosebanksaresteep,isfilledwith bouldersthatbarreditscourseandformofdropsincreased. Itwouldbemorethandifficulttodrawacarriageroad alongthissmallstream,ourancestorsshowedtheirgrief namingCarlat,-because,cart,-Toloathe,hate,havea repugnance-.Theybuilttheirwayinanotherdirection,this pathstillexistsandispavedwithbouldersandlinedMeniri

beforereachingtheplateauofheather.ThatisnotaRoman road,butaCelticpath,leadingpeopletothecenterofthe boardofCromleckRedones.Theridgefromnatural Cugulhou,continuestotakeshapeafterpassingtheCarlat. ThereversedMeniriarenumerousontheflanksofthe mountain,andexcitesurprisebytheirmassverylegitimate. Ontheridge,extendingfromthestreamuntil TrinquebouteilleCarlat,thereareeasilyvisibletracesof humanlabor,theCeltsusedtheircaretomakelesswide continuitysolutionsforthisnaturalridge.Oppositethepoint wherethespaandtheparishchurch,thecurvedlinemade bythefoundationofrockisnamedafterCaprights.A Meniriwaskeptthere,andwewereatthetop,carvedin relief,abeautifulheadoftheLordJesus,theSaviorof mankind.Thesculpture,whichhasseennearlyeighteen centuries,hasbeengiventothispartoftheplateaucalled CapeRights(headman),manparexcellence,filius hominis.Itisunfortunatethatwehavebeenobliged,in December1884toremovethebeautifulsculptureofher place,toescapetheravagesproducedbythepeakofan unfortunateyoungman,whowasfartosuspectthemeaning andvalue.(1)LeftMeniriwatchingthisspaanditsparish church,wasdiscoveredontherockssurroundingtheGreek crossdeeplyengravedbythechiselandmeasuringfrom twentytothirtyandthirty-fivecentimeters.Thesecrosswith equalarmsandthenumberfiveonthisonepoint,hadtobe engravedbyorderofthefirstChristianmissionariessent intothecountry.Thesacredsignofredemptionanddiverted forthebenefitofpuretruth,respecttraditionalMeniri whichweretheobject,whosetraditionalrespectMeniri weresubject,respectthat,inthedeplorablemoralstate wherethegainsoftheRomanrepublichadplungedthe Celts,perhapsdirectedtothestonesthemselves.Allhandsto theridgewereprobablyreversedatthattime:wefinda considerableamountofMeniribrokenonthesidesand sometimesthebottomofthemountain,andsomeremnants arestillseeninthewallssupportingtheslopesofvinesand cultivatedfields.OnefactaboutsimilarhappenedinBritain,

wheretheGospelwasbroughtinRedonesarmoricains.The Menirihavenotbeenoverthrown,butwasplacedatthetop ofthesignhello.AsixthGreekcrosstoalargerock,isfar enoughfromtheCapeofMan,ontheedgeoftheridgetothe south,leadsthefieldsaidceilingofthecoast,afteritcrossed thecreeklasBreychos.Thissmallstreamwasnamedspecial stone,metallikemolteniron,manyinhisbed.Theyare usuallysmall,whichledtoCeltictousetheverb"tobray, crush,toexpressthissmallsize,andthenounshoad (CHOD),veinstone,metaltodenotethestoneofiron,or ratherironcarbonate.WeseetwoadditionalGreekcrosses, stilletchedinstone,alongtheedgeoftheboarduntilthetop ofthehillbearingthenameofIlletas-hill,hill-head( HED),head-.Thehugerockspiledonthelatterexcite genuineadmiration.AtthesouthernendofthePladela Coste,ontheedgeoftheplateau,areplacedtwostonesloose orRoeselare.Howtheyareraisedwithevidenceindicating anobjectivepursuedandachieved,thatofallowingaslight jolttoproduceamarkedandtrepidationsensitive,butnota deepswingshiftthecenterofgravity,andthrowtherockat thebottomofthemountain.Nexttothefirstofthesetwo Roeselare,aMenirirearsitssmallblunt:Meniriothertwo arereversedrightandleft.Theyweresimplyplacedonthe groundandnotburiedintheearthbecausetheplanekept theirbaseofsmallwhitestones,clusteredbytheeffectof weightandtime,andgravelsimilartothelandonwhich theyweighed.TotherightofRoeselare,puttingthemselves southward,theeyecanfollowthecontoursoftheridgethat surroundsthestreamoftoasts-bottle,andislostgraduallyin thelandofthedeadman.ThestreamoftoastsBottleruns constantly,evenattheheightofsummerheat,anditwas alwaysfreetodrawfromandtoquenchthirst,-todrink, drink-bottle,bottleClosetowhereToast-bottlepoursits watersintotheBlanque,manypointsweretoriseonthebig rocksalongtheroadBugarach:Menirithereisoneonfoot, havinglostthesharpnessofitssummit.Ontherightbankof  BottleToastbeginsthetenementcalledthedeadman.Itisa marshyland,producinganabundancegramenwhoselong

pipesareperfectlysmoothandfreeofknots:thisgramen door,Languedocdialect,thenameofpailloBosc,andCeltic, thestrawormarshhaummoor-Hauma,straw,-moor(die), marsh-.ThenameofHaumea-moor,appliedinthewholeof Gaul,themarshlandwasalldistortedanddisguisedtobea deadman.Fromthetopoftheridgethatcarriesthe Roeselare,lookingsouth,oneseesdrawalonglineofsharp rocksofallshapesandsizes,welldirected,moreover,from easttowest,andextendingfromtheColoftheSalsupto andbeyondtheBlanque.Thenumberofneedlesis considerablenatural,nevertheless,amongthemahostof otherrockcuttoapointpickedupbyhumanhandsandare realMeniri,ascanbeconvincedYOURSELFInexamining theinstallationoftheselargestones,whichareofeasy access.Thefatigueisindeedalittlefeltbyclimbingthe slopesofSerbaïroubyunfrequentedpaths,-toswerve (souerve),climb,-by-road(baïrôd)unfrequentedroad-but itislargelycompensated,whenweareinthepresenceof enormousworkdonebyourancestors.Thatis,indeed,the workofgiants,anditishardlysurprisingthattheGreeks inventedabouttheseenormousstones,whichtheyknewthe meaningandplacedonhilltops,theirtaleofgiantlonghaired,wild-eyed,tryingtoclimbthesky,andonOssa heapingPeliononOssaandOlympus.Theedgeofthehill bearsthenameofLanguedocSarratPlazént(hillkind),and atthesametimethenameCelticGoundhillwhichSarrat Plazéntnisthattheliteraltranslation-good(Gouda),good, sweet.-hill,hill-.WhyCeltsnamedthiseminence Goundhill?Certainly,itisnotbecauseofthenaturalbeauty andfertilityoftheland,becausethegroundiscoveredwith heatheracrossthenorthslopeofSerbaïrou,whilethe southernslope,verysteep,offerstoeyeleanacopse,done littletoinspirethescientistsofNeimheidanameasgoodas thatofGoundhill.ThisHill,bristlingwithsharprocks, couldbekindandgentle,becauseitremindedGallic goodnessofDivineProvidence,distributinginabundance, itspeople,theessentialnutrient,anearofwheat.In SouthernGoundhill,theeyeisarrestedbythemountain

Garrosse-werewolves(gareuce),salty-.Ahorizontalline crossesthenorthslope:thisisaroadleadingonlinedirect SOUGRAIGNEandsaltfountain,wheretheriverbeginsits courseSals.AtthefootoftheGarosse,runsasmallvalley wateredbytheGoundhillCreek,andonthebanksofthe Blanque,afarmfixedattention.Thebarnlocatednearthe dwellinghouseisbuiltonthefoundationsofaveryold blacksmithhammerswhichwerecertainlydrivenbya hydraulicmotor,asintheCatalanforgessay.Onecaneasily convinceoneselfbyinspectionoftherooflowered,leaving theupperbasinofwaterflowinginariver.(1)Afordisvery convenientinthisplace,andallowsthetravelerdownthe Garossedirectlysuehiswaywithoutturningaway.This farmisknownasLaFerriere.Skillfullycombinedinthis appellation,includingtheCelts,orthefordistheforgeofa blacksmithwholivedintheseparts,carferrymeansaplace whereyoucrossariver,andfarrier(farrieur)denotesa farrier.TheGallicfarriersdidtheymakethemselvesthe irontheyneedeveryday?Itishighlylikely,anditwouldnot beunacceptableisahypothesis.Itisstillpossiblethatthe smallCatalanforgehadsucceededinthelatterdays,thatof afarrierGallic.Whatsetsusthinkingthisisthefragmentof wheelarmincastiron,removedfromthegroundNovember 26,1884,byworkmen,belowthenew-Borde,the constructionoftheroadtoRennes-les-BainsSougraigne.(1) Thispartwheel,probablymeltedattheFerriere,isslightly concaveandmeasuresfifteenorsixteeninchesinradius.It wasunfortunatelysharedbytheinstrumentoftheworkers whoputindayandhasafracturesimilartothatofcast iron,butironmoreporousthanexistingblastfurnaces.This wheelwasgrindingcorninaperfectmanner,andhadno need,becausemanyofitspores,tobetransplanted,oreven initsmoldingsurfacefurrowedbygroovesangular.The ridesonhorsebackwithheavywheelswerelaterreplaced burrsarm,andsotheirdescendantsmightnotignore,the CeltshavewrittenthewaytheydoinMilizac,avillagein Brittany,-tomill,grind,-toease(ize),lighten-hack,horse -andinMillas,alargevillageinthePyreneesOrientales.-

Tomill,grind,-ass,donkey-.ThelineofMeniriGoundhill doesnotgobeyondtheneckoftheSals.Atthispoint,the curveCromleckrunsnorthwardthroughthemegaliths arrangedonthesideofMeniesandbackupthehill.The existingnaturalrocksatthetopofthishighplace,are abruptlyinterruptedintheiruprising,andformaverykeen edge,arrangedbytheCeltstobeincludedinthe constructionoftheirdrunemeton.Weremainamazedatthe workofthesementomemberssteel,andonewonderswhat werethemachinesthatcoulddisposeoftheGaulstolift, shapeanddeterminethemassesalike.WithsomeMeniri, whichhavethetraditionalformofconesandpyramids, othersofferasshapelessrocks,aresemblancetothoseof CugulhoulocatedtothewestofRennes,andreceivedthe samenameasweirdCugulhou,-tocock,bend,-ugly(eugli) deformed-tohew(Hiou),cut-.Theeastsideofthe CromleckisgreaterthanthreepointsCugulhou,theFajole andMontferrand,joiningtheColdeBazeladjacentto Cardou.AllthestonestotheformerlyerectedFajoleare nowreversed,andlooklikeglacialerratics,ifsharpedgesof thestonesdidnotshowclearlytheiroriginaldestination. ThesestonesweretooclosetothevillagehousesandCeltic thatcouldleavethemupbecausetheywereplacedabovethe Bugat,partoftheGaulishvillageinhabitedbythepoorest people.AsmallcaveorcavernisfairlyclosetotheFajole Menirireversed:itislocatedtothenorthandlooks Montferrand-toAHF(FADJI)agree-hole,hollow,cave, smallhousing-.LatestMeniricompletingCromleckonthe easternside,areontheridgewhosehighestpartsupported thefortifiedcastleofMontferrand.Stones,hewnfromthe angledeterminedbytheslopeoftherockmassuprising, therearemany.Besides,allthispartofthemountaintothe creekCouralisfulloftheselargestones,somestillraised, otherslyingmiserablyontheground.Thislandisknownof theCross.-Cross,Cross-.theedgeofthecrosseswere burned.Unfortunately,theownersneighborshavegathered ahugepileofstonesformingawall,andithasbeen impossibletodiscover.Thisimperfectdescriptionwill

suffice,atleastwehopetocapturetherespectivepositionof formingthevastmyriadMeniriCromleckRenneslesBains. CromleckAsecond,toalesserextent,islockedintotheone wehavetriedtotrace.Startingfromthehamletofthe Circle,aboutthemiddleofthemountainside,itfollowsthe creekuntilIlletesTrinquebottle,thenemergesontheslope ofSerbaïroutheearliestofriversBlanqueandSals,resumes atRoukatsendinginfrontofthehamlet'sCircle,itspointof departure.Onemightrightlywondernotmeetanyofthese Celticmonumentsdolmen.Wefoundsevenandfiveonthe slopesofSerbaïrou,andtwoRoukats.Themostremarkable islocatedoppositetheBordeNeuve,nearalargesquare stone,strangelypoisedonarock.Thisdolmen,closedatone end,offerstheimageofacave.Puttingthemselvesonthe pathtoSougraigne,theeyeeasilydistinguishesthestructure ofallitsparts.Absolutelyatthetop,directlyabovethe dolmen,arockridgebearsaGreekcrossengravedinstone: itisthelargestofallthosegiventoustorecognize.In approachingtheoldpathBugarachatthesameheightas thatofthedolmen,ahugerockisdecoratedwithafairly strongwiththestoneroundbread.IISERVICEOF RELIGIOUSCromleck,MeniriOF,ANDDOLMENS ROESELARE.Thecirclesdrawnbythestones,theCelts hadaprofoundlyreligious.Druids,astheancient philosophers,thecircularfigurelookedlikethemost perfect:itwastheirdivineperfection,immense,infinite, havingneitherbeginningnorend.ZenotaughtthatGodwas spherical,thatistosayperfect,andifrecommendedaward ofEmpedocles,thatGodisincomprehensibleand intellectualspherewhosecenteriseverywhereand circumferencenowhere,doesnothingbutexcellenceand perfectionofGod'sinfinite.KingDavidexclaimsinthesame vein:"TheLordisgreatandaboveallpraise:thereisno endtohisgreatness."(1)Thesymbolismofthecirclewas not,ascanbeseen,especiallytheCelts.Itmustbesaid howeverthathewasfamiliar,asevidencedbyCromleck prevalentinallcountriesinhabitedbyourancestors. CromleckThecenterofRennes-les-Bainsistheplace

appointedbytheGaulsthemselvesTheCircle-tocircle (cerkl')surround,surround-thefocalpointofCromleck Redones,andthuscontainingasmallcirclewithinalarger, Druidswantedtoexpresstheclearideathattheypossesseda singleGodandexistinginhumanbeings.GodisBeingitself inessence,itisinallthingsinthemostintimate,asisthe causeofallthatexists.Thecreatedworldisrepresentedhere bythesmallcircleenclosedinalarger,andthisgreatcircle withitssphericalshape,hasinmindtheessentialideaof perfectionGod,inwhomallthingsliveandmove,which containsallthingsandexistsinthem,notaspartoftheir essenceoraccident,butasanagentistobepresentonwhich heactsandhereachedforhisvirtue.Itisnotsurprising beyondmeasurethattheCeltshadveryextensivereligious knowledge,theyhadbroughtfromtheEastthemost accuratenotionsontheDivineBeing,andtheyfixedinthe groundusingstones,theirthoughtandbeliefinGod,in whomeverythinglivesandmovesonGodtomenby distributingitsgenerouswelfare,thestaplefoodoftheliving body,wheatandbread.ThatisindicatedbytheMeniriand dolmensthatenterintotheformationofstonecircles,of Cromleck. CromleckinRennes-les-Bains,weseetwostonesalsoappear shakyorRoeselare.ThisisthesignofthepowerofGod judgingandgoverninghiscreatures.Mencannotescapein notimeatthisdivineauthority,whetheritprovidesrewards orsheexercisestherightsofavengefuljustice.Henever enteredthemindsofanypeopletodenythisactionofGod theCreatorgovernshiscreaturesastheCeltsbeingofall peopleexcepttheoldpeopleHebrew,whohadpreservedits traditionsinthepurestdoctrine,theyshouldcarefullykeep thisessentialtruthofGod'sgovernmentovermankind.All thisknowledgeisprimitive,later,drivinghomebecauseof theirrevoltgradualconsaboutteaching,thatoftheDruids, andwhen,asaresultofthisrevolt,theunitofgovernment andleadershipnolongerexistedamongthetribes,the dominanceoftheRomanRepublicwasestablishedby weaponsinthemidstofthisproudnation,andworse,by

multiplyinghisreligiouscultalreadyalteredpeople's idolatrouserrorsconqueror.Paganideas,thefruittrade withforeigners,hadalmostdestroyedtheancientdruidic teachings,andhadledthepeopletorespectidolatrous againstMenirianddolmens,ofwhichonlyincludedmore highsense,andthisiswhathasforcedtheearlyChristian missionariestoreverseallthesestones,andengravedeeply onthesebigrockscrosses,asignoftheredemptionof mankindbyaGodSavior.Wedonhasnotforgottenthe literalmeaningofMeniri,dolmen,rollandCromleck.The interpretationofthesenamespushesfartheideaofa regularburialindolmensandatthefootofMeniri,oreven thebeliefuncertainhumansacrificesofferedonthetablesof stone.IIIHumansacrificeinGaul.Caesar,inhiscomments, (1)asserts,withoutdeterminingtime,thathumansacrifices tookplaceinGaul."Druids,hesays,presidentofsacred things,offerthepublicandprivatesacrifices,theyinterpret religiousdoctrines...theyshallissuetherewardsandinflict punishments,theyexcludefromparticipationinthose sacrifices,simpleindividualsorpublicfiguresrefuseto submittotheirjudgments.ThispenaltyisfortheGaulsmost seriousofall:thosetowhomitisimposed,areranked amongthewickedanddefiled:itpreventstheirconversation andtheirpresence:itputsthemoutsidetherightsof commonjustice,andtheynolongerreceivehonor." Inthesewords,yetnothingrevealsthepracticeofhuman sacrifice,andweunderstandthatitisfirstquestionof animalsacrificesinuseworldwide.Caesarfollowedthis narrative,thedescriptionoforalteachingoftheDruids, thenitreportsthattheorderofknightsorlordsCelticwas entirelydevotedtowar,andthatthenumberoftheirvassals wasrelatedtowealthmoreorlessconsiderablelords.Only thenheadds:"ThewholeGallicnationisverysuperstitious: andforthisreason,thosewithseveredisease,exposedtothe hazardsofcombatandotherperils,orimmolatemenas victims,orvowtoslay:theyuseDepartmentofDruidsfor theirsacrifices,theyfeeltheycanpropitiatethegods,thatby givinglifetoamanforthelifeofaman,andtheyhave

publiclyinstitutedsacrificesofthiskind.Theyfillwith livingmenofhugestatuesoftheirgods,manufacturedusing theflexiblebranchesofwillow:itignitedandmendie surroundedbyflames.Theythinkthatthepunishmentof thosewhoarecaughtintheft,robberyorsomeothercrime, areverypleasingtotheimmortal:butwhentheculpritsare missing,theyalsocometotormenttheinnocent."(1)Two verydifferentthoughtsemergedfromthewritingsof Caesar.TheGaulswereofferinganimalsacrifices,sacrifices surroundedbysuchrespect,thatthebantoattendthe religiousceremonieswasthemostsevereofallpunishments. Thatwasthetruesacrificepublic,similartothetraditional practiceofnationsanduniversal,andofferedtorecognize thatonlyGodtheDruidsandtheGauls.Theauthorityof Neimheidwithmuchweakenedinrecenttimes,popular superstitionwill,perhaps,madesacrificesinstitutewhere criminalswereslainasvictims.Inthisperiodofweakness, druidicorder,notwantingtoexposethelastremnantsof theirinfluence,havenotdaredtoresistthefoolishideasof thenation,droppedgraduallyinthepolytheismofthe GreeksbytradeandRomans.Ithassacrificedthecriminals whosepunishmentwasatributetotruejustice,then,the sick,theshy,naturallyselfish,haveabusedtheexecutionsof theguilty,tovowtoimmolatehumanvictims,wherepublic justiceisunablethroughlackofcriminals,putitselfinto practiceimmolation.Thesesacrifices,bornofignoranceof thepeople,theweakeningoftheauthorityofNeimheidand attendanceofforeigners,haveformedperhapsthespecial sacrifices.Butitshouldpointtothinkthatallcriminalsand perishedinflames,andevenStrabotellsusthatordinary criminalswerehurledfromtherocksabove.Theassertionof thegeographerwritingafterCaesar,testifiestotherarity,or ratherthenon-existenceofhumansacrifice.Wecannotice inthisregard,thatTectosagesRhine,theDanube Tectosages,theGaulsandGalatiansSordiquesAsiahave neversacrificedhumanvictims. Caesarsaysthebeliefthatthemisinterpretationwouldcause theseabominablepractices,"Theysay,"hesaid,thatone

canpropitiatethegodsbygivinglifetoamanforthelifeofa man.TheRomangeneral,moreconcernedwithhimselfand hismilitaryglorythanthereligiousteachingsoftheDruids, says,withoutnoticingotherwise,abeliefhedoesnot understandthedepthof.Ourselvesaccustomedtowatching ourancestorsasignorantsavages,becausewedidnoteven examinethemonunmentstheyhaveleftus,weare astonishedatthisspeechofCaesarandtheGaulsthis mysteriousdoctrine,arguingthatthelifeamanmust redeemthelifeofmantofullysatisfydivinejustice.The worldhasalwaysbeenimbuedwiththesetruths,however, "thatmanisdegradedandguilty,"oneofhumanity satisactionDivinejusticeisabsolutelynecessary,"amanpay backthemeritsofhisatonementontheheadofhis brethren"That'slifeofhumanityredeemedbythelifeofa man,andheardinthissense,thewordsofCaesarexpress theseculartraditionoftheredemptionofmankindthrough thebloodtraditionthattheCeltshadbroughtfromtheEast. "Genderhumancouldguessbyitselfthatthebloodhe needed,wasthatofaDyingSavior,becausehedidnot suspecttheimmensityofthefallandtheimmensityoflove repairman."Thereal"altarwaserectedinJerusalem,and thebloodofthevictimhasbathedtheuniverse"(1)The doctrineoftheDruidsontheredemptionofhumanity throughtheblooddistortedbyCaesar,had ofNeimheid,itiscertainthatiftheerrorhadcomefromthe bodyDruidicpracticeofhumansacrificewouldhavebeen engravedinCelticnameslikeotherbeliefsreceived.Evenin timesofdecadence,theNeimheidneverceasedhiswork, imposingnewnamesinconnectionwiththeknowledgeor mistakesmadebyforeigners,andyetthelearnedsociety, drawingonthegenuinetraditions,refusedtowritethese sacrilegiousabominationsonearthGallic.Wevainlysought inthecompositionofalltheCelticwordsitwaspossibleto know,evidencelikely,anyprobabilityofthetruthofstories aboutthesacrificesofCaesarhumansinGaul,butour attemptsNeimheidpersuadeusthathasnotlefttoposterity thememoryoftheseabhorrentpracticesthatmaynotexist,

orwerebasedonthepopularerrorandnotonthetruths possessedandtransmittedintheirentirety.Thepunishment usuallyreservedforcriminals,iswrittenontheground Celtic,andwefindourselvesintheFangallotsterm designatingapropertylocatedinRennes-les-Bains,inthe steepwhichisatthebottomofthespa'sbuilt-SoftBath. Fangallotsmeansdisappearfromthegallows-tofaint(slot), disappear-gallows(galleuce),gallows,gallows.-The descendantsofTectosages,keepingtheGalliccustoms,have alwaysusedthegallowsagainstcriminals,andEventoday, hangingistheAnglo-Saxons,theonlypracticalwayforthe punishmentofcriminalssentencedbythecourtsand sentencedtodeath. IV THESTONEOFHOLEORCELTICAXE. LargestoneserectedthroughoutGaul,containedareligious senseofundeniabletruth.Theyweresymbolsofpure religiousknowledgebyevokingthememoryofthatGod createstheworld,orderedtheearthtoproducethegrainof wheat,whichisfeditsprivilegedcreature,byhisprovidence vigilantdistributesthegoodsnecessaryforhumanThe governmentandthegovernedbythelawsofinfinitejustice. IfthereligioussystemofGaulswasmerelytheknowledgeof acreatorGodandprofitable,withoutdeductingany practicalconsequencefortheactionsofeverydaylife,it wouldnotbecomplete.TheDruidsweretooeducatedto ignoreorovershadowtheconclusionsconsistentwiththe principlesissued.Theyalsohaveshort,somehow,theharsh consequencesoftheirdoctrineinthemeaningimposedon thepolishedstone.ThepolishedCelticstoneaxe,madeof jade,serpentine,ordiorite,takesvariousforms.Inthe Languedocdialectitiscalledthestonehole.Itrepresents whattobelieve,thatistosay,thenecessarylessonsinscribed inlargestones-totrow(ORT),believing-.Holestonefigure withhonoronthemantelpiecesinthehomesofour mountains.Avaguereligiousideastillattachestothisstone, inthemindsofsome,itpreservesthelightning,others inclinetobelieveitexcludescertainmisfortunes.These

fantasiesaredifferent,infact,afaithfulremnantofthe originalmeaningofthestonehole.Thepolishedstones foundinabundanceintheCromleckRennes-les-Bainsand depositedattheMuseumofNarbonne,areusuallymadeof jadeandpresentalwaysanedgeblunted.Theflintsarenot estimatedinourmountains,exceptasfitforstonesshoot sparksandignitethefire.Wehaveinourpossessionaflint fourteenincheslongandthreecentimeterswide,with numerousindentationsontheedges,foundinthefieldof Hauma-moor,nearthesiteofanancientGallichouse.That isnotforus,astonehole.polishedjadestones,notverywell knowneverywhere,itisquitepossiblethatthereligiousidea attachedtothestoneholehasalsoaffectedthesimpleflint cut,which,inturn,wouldhavebeenstillinmindthecore religiousbeliefs.Thisthoughtissuggestedbythediscovery Pressigny-le-Grand,DepartmentofIndreet-Loire,the manufacturingcenterofFlint.ThisdiscoveryisduetoDr. Leveille,localdoctor.(1)"Indeed,"writesLouisFiguieris lessthanamanufacturingcenterfollowingworkshops scatteredthroughouttheregioncircumjacentPressigny.At thetimeofthisdiscoveryin1864,flintswerethousandsat thesoilsurfaceinthethicknessoftopsoil,overarangeof fivetosixacresAbbeChevalier,reportingonthiscurious discoverytotheAcademyofSciencesinParis,wrote:"You cantakeastepwithoutsteppingononeoftheseobjects." WorkshopsofGrandPressignyhavealargeenoughvariety ofinstruments.Itshowsaxesatalllevelsofimplementation, sincethedraftuntilthecrudestweaponperfectlypolished. Wealsoseelongbursts,orflintknives,removedatoncewith surprisingskill.Astrangeobjectionwasraisedagainstthe lengthofaxes,knivesandweaponsofPressigny.Mr.Robert Eugenearguedthattheseflintswereanythingotherthan siliceousmasseswhoservedattheendofthelastcentury, andespeciallyatthebeginningofthiscentury,the manufactureofgunflints!AbbeBourgeois,M.Penguillythe HaridonandJohnEvanshavehadlittledifficultyin showinghowlittlebasisforsuchcriticism.Inthe departmentofLoir-et-Cher,wheretheindustryisstillflinty,

theresiduefromthemanufacturedonotresembleinany waytoPressignynucleiandaremuchlessbulkyanddonot exhibitthesameformsconstantandregular.Inaddition, theyareneverre-cuton"Edges,likealargenumberof fragmentsworkshopsTouraine.Butaverycompelling argumentisthattheflintPressigny-le-Grand,precisely becauseofitstexture,wouldbeunsuitablefor manufacturingflints.Alsothearchivesoftheartillerydepot, asnotedbyMr.PenguillytheHaridon,librarianofthe MuseumofArtillery,didnottheymentionthatthelocality ofPressignyhasneverbeenexploitedforthispurpose.This lastremarkbyLouisFiguierpreventsassignedtoFlint PressignytheGreatvulgaruseofaflint.Whatwastheir purpose?Whatwastheirpurpose?Notethatthesewere manufacturedinFlintTurones,andtheverynameofthis tribe-roundtrip-hone,stone-saystheywerealreadycut byagivenshapeandinordertotakethemwithTravelin itself.Nevertheless,thewordTuronesnotdisclosewhythe flintofTouraineweretoenterthecrewofthepassenger. PressignyThetown,whichpopulartraditionhasattacheda senseofgrandeurseemedabsolutelyoutofquestion,naming Pressigny-le-Grand,theresortofPressignywesay,declare openlythatdonotexpressTurones,ie,thatthestonecut tripsmadePressignyrepresents,signifiestheprayerrequest ands'raisingtotheheightsofheaven-topray(pre), request,request-tosign,represent,signify,-high(hated), above,high-.TheFlintPressigny-le-Grand,aswellasour polishedjadestones,excellentlydeservedthenameHole stoneorstonesofbelief,becausetheycontainedintheir meaningthemostessentialactofreligionbywhichman recognizeshisentiredependenceofGod,theSovereign RulerItwasnotenoughtobelievetheGaulstheimmutable truthwouldshattertheirbeliefintheexternalactionsoflife, addressingtheprayertohiseternalprinciple.TheCelts wouldnothavealwaysandinallcountries,beforetheireyes, largestonestoexcitetheirdesireforrecognitiontothe Creator,bringingthemtoseekandtothank,whilestones Hole,aharboreasy,warnedpersistentlyreligiousdutiesto

perform,ofdivineassistancetobeimploredincessantly, especiallyintravelfullofadventuresanddangerstheyliked totake.Itishardlysurprisingthatprayerhasformedasthe centralpointofreligionamongtheCelts,sinceitisanactof practicalreasonandconsequently,thecharacteristicofthe reasonableman.Druidspridedthemselvesonscienceand logicintheirteaching,anddidnothesitatetoputtheir actionsinharmonywiththeestablishedprinciplesoftheir religiousphilosophyandtraditionaltruths.Thepresenceof flintandpolishedstonesinthetombsoftheCelts,fully confirmsthereligiousideaattachedtostoneshole.Inthe peninsulaofTombelleRhuis(Morbihan),alongsideahuman skeleton,probablythatofanarch-druid,andunderthe stonesofadolmenwascollectedthirtypolishedjadestones. Wecan,onthis,invokeaveryinterestingpassageof MemoryLeguayonParisiiBurial,MemorialCitybyLouis Figuier.(1)"Allofthesestones,"saysLeguay,commonto allthreetypesofburialswereformeavotiveallocation,ie theyrepresent,forthattime,thecrownsofimmortalor otherobjectseventodayweareintroducingthegravesof ourparentsandourfriends,accordingtoausethatislostin themistsoftime.Andwedonotlaughtoomuchofthisidea thatIthinkisfairenough.Mencanchange,theymay disappear,buttheyalwayspasstotheirsuccessors,tothose whofollowthecustomsoftheirtimes,whicharechangingat thesametimedisappearcausesthatproducedthem.Itisnot theendofthemanwhodoesnotchange,andthatalways comeswithitsattendantsorrowsandregrets.Atanytime whatsoever,toanydegreeofcivilizationhearrived,hefeels theurgetoshowhisregret,andiftodaysomemoneyjustto expressourown,thosedistanttimeseachshapingits offering,carvingaflint,andwashimself.Thisexplainsthe diversityofshapesofflintandplacedaroundthegraves, especiallythehardinessofmanyparts,allmanufactured withthesamesubjectmatter,revealauniqueway,variously practicedbymanyhandsmoreorlessperformed.Itwas probablythisideathatwemustattributethevotivedeposit intheburials,thesebeautifulpiecesthatadornthe

collectionsonlymajoraxescutraw,andknivesofthesecond period,areinthethirdperiod,replacedbypolishedaxes, oftenwithhandles,aswellasknivesmuchmoregreatand workedbetter.TheseexplanationsLeguayaretruly remarkable.Forus,wegomuchfurtherintothemeaningof thestonescutorpolishedinCeltictombs.Inoureyes, Pressignyflintandstonepolishedhole,placedinamound besidehumanremainshighlyproclaimunshakablebeliefof theGauls,theimmortalityofthesoul,andexcellenceofthe prayerGodforthosewhoprecededthemineternity. V SERVICESECONDARYstones. THEEUBATES. TheCelticstandingstoneshaveyetanothersecondary meaningthatwehavealreadystated,anditisworth remembering.ThepriestlyorderofDruidswasinvestedwith importantfunctions,anditsmembersfilledthemas ministersandrepresentativesofGodamongmen."The Druids,Caesarsays,ministersofthedivine,presidentof publicandprivatesacrifices,interpretreligiousdoctrines andretainthedeposit."(1)Intheircapacityasscholars,as partofNeimheid,theywereresponsibletofind,imaginethe mostaccuratedescriptionsandapplythemtoallpartsofthe Gallicsoil.Togovernandtoadministerjustice,weretheir mostdifficulthomework,andloosestone,roll,beautifully balancedandplacedonallpointsoftheCelticcountry,is theirgovernment,theirexactandimpartialjustice,not allowinghimselfneverinfluenceorcorruptinhisactions anddecisions.Buttheirmostlaboriouswastoensurethe people'sstaplefood,wheatandbread,andunder-Feid Neimheid,Meniri,dolmenandCromleck,allrelatetothis chargeoftheirdepartment.TheCeltsweresoaccustomedto seetheirspiritualleaders,theDruids,theirdistributionthat food,thatwhenChristianitywasbroughttoGaul,Christian bishopsfoundthemselvesresponsibleforvirtuallythesame function,sochangingspiritualleaders,thepeopledidnot changetheirhabits.Besides,theDruids,alreadyeducatedby theirstrongtraditionsofthefundamentaltruthsofthetrue

religion,werethefirsttoembraceChristianity,whose doctrineswerecomplementarytothetruthstheyhad preservedintact,andcameasaresultoftheirconversion intotheChristiansacerdotalorder,theylikedtokeeptheir functionsdistributorsofwheat,whichallieditselfsowell withthepreceptsoftheGospelofcharity.Intheirnew positionofChristianpastors,theyevenkeptthevestments theyworepreviously,thatistosay,thewhiterobeand headdressknownastheEasternmiter.Itisquiteinteresting tofindthemiterunderthenameofEubateswornbythe Druids,whentheypresidedoverreligiousceremonies-up (eup),above,-hat,headdress-.TheDepartmentofthe Druidsamongthepopulationswassooverloadedwithheavy work,theywereobligedtoensurethefoodbody,theduties ofjustice,educationreligiousandpropagationofnatural science.Alltheirlessonswereformulatedinoralandworms thatreachedthenumberoftwentythousand.Also,their followerswereforcedtospendmanyyearswiththem,to acquirethefullknowledgethattheywerecustodians.Many authorsbelievethatitwastwentyyearsofcontinuous studiestocometopossessthewholedruidicscience. VITHEARTOFHEALINGINTHEDRUIDS.- THEWATERANDMINERALSPAOFRENNES-LES- BAINS.-THECOLDironspringsCromleckDion ChrysostomattributestoDruidsthescienceofhealingarts; thisart,"saidanotherauthor,wasnotmuchinthe prescriptionofsomebaths,andPlinydescribed complacentlynamesofmedicinalplantswhichCeltswere using,withthebizarrepracticesusedtocollectthem.One canreadilyadmitthattheDruidsknewtheartofhealing, andthebathroomwereauxiliariesofthesafestandbest.Itis quiteremarkable,thespeakerofCromleckRennes-lesBains,enclosesallthemineralsprings,hotandcoldthe country.TheCeltshadbeenhappytomeetanyonecountry, lendingitselfperfectlytotheconstructionofaCeltic monumentcompleteinallitsfaces.Whatfaith,what symbolismveiledthesesecretspringsofwater,maintaining atalltimestheirvolume,temperature,andescapingwithout

asoundfromthebowelsoftheearth?Wasthisthepicture thatfavorscontinuingthegenerouspoursProvidenceon thesecreatures,orelse,havingrepresentedbystanding stones,dolmensandMeniri,theessentialgiftsofwheatand breadGodgavethemtoappeasehunger,Celtsvoulaitils showtheirgratitudethattheLordalsogavewaterfountains cleanandclear,designedtoquenchthethirst?Thestone wallsurroundingthemineralsprings,sheindicatedthat God,nourishingitspeople,stillawaketothereliefand healingofbodilyailmentsbythebeneficialproperties containedinthesewaters?Itisdifficulttosaywithcertainty. However,wearefarfromattributingtoprimitiveCelts occupationofGaul,thisvenerationforfountainsidolatrous, thatalonecouldhavetheGaulsofdecadence,deceivedby thedoctrinesofthepaganGreekandPhoenicianmerchants. FountainsenclosedintheenclosureofCromleckarevery numerous:threehottovaryingdegreesoftemperature.The sourcesaidtheBath-Fort,hasatemperatureof51degrees centigrade,whiletheothertwo,calledtheQueenandthe Bain-Sweet,reach+41and+40degreescentigrade.Itiseasy toappreciatetheextremedepthofthetrapleadingtothe surfacethewatermineralizationandthehighdegreesof heat.Itisgenerallyknownthatthetemperaturevariesina mannerverysensitivetotheinterioroftheearth,according tothedifferentdepthsthatcanbeachieved.Takingasits startingpointthecellarsoftheParisObservatory,whoat twenty-eightmetersbelowground,wherethethermometer registered11degreescentigrade+constant,wefindan averageonedegreemoreofheatforeverythirtymeters deep,penetratingdeeperintotheinterioroftheearth.The water-bathFortmarking+51degreescentigrade,which reduceto40,sincewemustsubtracttheconstantone degreesbythethermometermarkedtwenty-eightfeetbelow ground,inthecellarsoftheParisObservatory,thepointof extremedepththetrapwouldbeabouttwelvehundredand thirtymeters,excludinghoweveranywasteheatproduced bysecondaryandincidentalcauses.Asforthesourcesofthe queenandtheBath-Sweet,theirdegreeoftemperature

accuseninehundredandthirtyninehundredmetersdeep. Thesehotspringsareprinciplesmineralizingironoxide, carbonatesoflime,magnesia,chlorideofsoda,magnesia, andsulphateofsoda,magnesia,limeandiron.We, moreover,undertheeyes,asamerecuriosity,thearrayof teststakenattheAcademyofMedicineinParisin1839. AMOUNTSOFSALTFORCHEMICALMINERAL WATER1.000GRAMS. BathroomFort.Queen'sBath.SoftBath.Temperature..... ......51°c.41°c.40°c.carbonicacid.......162cc155 cc148ccHydrogensulphide......"Tracesoflime carbonate......0gr.2500gr.1200gr.140-magnesia..... .0,0700,1000,030Sodiumchloride......0,0710,2850, 181-,potassium......Traces.Traces.Traces.-Magnesium. ....0,2800,3200,244Sulphateofsodaandmagnesia...... .......0,0900,2000,120-Lime.........0,1620,1700, 180Silica................Alumina..............0,049 0,0400,037,phosphatesoflimeandalumina............. Carbonateandironoxideprobablycrenata....0,0310,006 0,002Manganese............Traces.Traces.Traces. Organicmatter.......0,0400,0200,020Total.......1 gr.0431gr.2610gr.954 Thisanalysis,byrevealingtheprinciplesofthermalwaters ferruginousoreRennes,shesaystheeffectswilloccurasa resultoftheiruse?Certainlynot.Extractedbyanalyzingthe elementsofwater,butittook,usingreagents,separate, separatethem,forcethemtotakecombinationsthatare knownandtheycaneasilydistinguish.Beforetheirforced separation,shewasthetruecombinationofacidsandbases inthesemineralwaters,whichgavethemthesecretprinciple effectivenessnoticedinthem?Itseemsimpossiblethatthe definite.Wecanonlymakeguessesandassumptionsthatthe effectswilloftencontradict.Theobservationofresults achievedbytheuseWaterisaguidetosaferandmore accurate,whichwemustrelywithsomeconfidence.Italso resultsincuringrheumatism,thatthethermalwatersof Rennes-les-Bainsattractsomanypatientseachyear.

Withoutdoubt,manyotherhumaninfirmitiesmay disappearundertheinfluenceofthesehealingwaters,butin general,weseerushingofrheumaticatalllevelsandinall formsaffectedbymuscleandjointrheumatism.Thisquality, thispropertyofthermalandmineralwatertrappedinthe CromleckRennes-les-Bains,shewasknowntoscholarsof Neimheid?Whatcouldbethesourceinthisbusytime? Escatadostheterm,appliedtolandbetweenBathandthe Bath-Sweet-Forttellsusnothingcertain,becausethisword meansonlywarmwater.ThenameoftheQueen, distinguishingthehotspringlocatedbetweentheFortand Bath-Bath-Sweet,mightwellbesupposedthatitwasthe largestsourceestimatedthetruefountainofRedon-Rennes Queen-withouttellusthehealingpowerofthesewaters, accordingtothethinkingofmembersofNeimheid. However,wehardlyadmitthattheeffectsachievedby immersioninwaterandmineralspa,haveescapedtheir insight.Rheumaticpainshouldnotberareamongtheold Celticwarriors,becauseoftheirconstantfatigue,becauseof theirinjuriesalsoincreased,sotheydidnotwithdrawfrom combatwithoutsignsofwearresistancefromtheenemy.Is itcrediblethat,withacuresoeffective,soastogivethem newvigorbytheeasingofsuffering,theyhaveneglectedor despised?ItisunfortunatethatthenamesofCeltic mineralsprings,hotorcold,donotcomedowntousby tradition.Onlyonehasbeenpreserved,anditappliestoa sourceofcoldferruginousCromleck.Thisfountain,located ontherightbankoftheBlanque,isthedistanceofone kilometerorlesssouthofthespa.Itisreferredfromafew yearsunderthenameofMadeleine,buthernameCeltic reproducedinthecadastre,isthefountainofGode.The waterofthisspring,emergingwithplentyoffaultwitha lowerlargesandstonerock,isveryferruginous,andahighly pronouncedtasteAfewmetersfromthefountain,onthe sameplane,runsasecondsource,scantyandsaturatedwith anironsaltisironsulfateperoxide.Wefoundthischemical saltdepositedontheground,driedbyevaporationunderthe actionofairandproducedbywaterseepingalongthe

sandstonerocksunderwhichthisfountainarises.These rockscontainabundantsandstoneplotsironsulfide.Itis easytoseetheworkofdecompositionofironsulfide,alarge rockwhosebaseimmersedinwaterofBlanque,andlocated ontherightsideofthefountain.Insomerespects,therock splitseasilybyAfewmetersfromthefountain,onthesame plane,runsasecondsource,scantyandsaturatedwithan ironsaltisironsulfateperoxide.Wefoundthischemicalsalt depositedontheground,driedbyevaporationunderthe actionofairandproducedbywaterseepingalongthe sandstonerocksunderwhichthisfountainarises.These rockscontainabundantsandstoneplotsironsulfide.Itis easytoseetheworkofdecompositionofironsulfide,alarge rockwhosebaseimmersedinwaterofBlanque,andlocated ontherightsideofthefountain.Insomerespects,therock splitseasilyby Afewmetersfromthefountain,onthesameplane,runsa secondsource,scantyandsaturatedwithanironsaltisiron sulfateperoxide.Wefoundthischemicalsaltdepositedon theground,driedbyevaporationundertheactionofairand producedbywaterseepingalongthesandstonerocksunder whichthisfountainarises.Theserockscontainabundant sandstoneplotsironsulfide.Itiseasytoseetheworkof decompositionofironsulfide,alargerockwhosebase immersedinwaterofBlanque,andlocatedontherightside ofthefountain.Insomerespects,therocksplitseasilyby scales,andweseetheironsulphideinferricsulphate changedfromabeautifulgreencolor,onotherpoints,we stillseetheironsulfateperoxidealreadyformed,withthe appearanceofacoarselycrystallinewhitesalt.Thesetwo werecoldironspringsCeltscalledGode-togoad(god), goad,incite,animate-.Whengivingamineralizedwaterby iron,suchanameisthatpropertiesarewellknown,andwe knowwithoutadoubt,inwhichspecificcasesofillness,must haveusethiswatertogoad,incite,animatethewhole economy.Onecannotsufficientlyregretthatthenamesof sourcesduPontCircleandwarmwaters,arecompletely lost:theywouldhavesurelyknownaboutthedegreeof

medicalscienceoftheDruids,asregardsthetherapeutic watersofthetwoFountainsofMadeleineorGodehavenot yetbeenanalyzed.Theyaremuchclosertothekindandthe PontCircle,whichfollowstheanalysisattheAcademyof MedicineinParisin1839. CIRCLE.PONT.Carbonicacid......................... Undetermined.undetermined.Carbonateoflime .....................0gr.0600gr.140-magnesia.................""0, 070Sodiumchloride.....................0,0500,060-magnesium .............0,1400,150Sulphateofsodaandmagnesia...0,100 0,120Sulphateoflime..........................0,0840,025-Iron ...............................0,150»»Phosphateofaluminaandlime ...........................................0,0170,050ironoxideand carbonateprobablycrenata.............................0,0020,003 organicmatter........................Undetermined.0,003Total ............................0gr.6030gr.648Thistableisample informationonthecompositionofcoldwater,andsuspect thattheactivitytheymusthaveinseveralcaseswhere peopleareknowntousethem.Ontheoccasionoffountains CromleckRenneslesBainsWewouldliketogive,inavery differentvein,astrikingexampleoftheadvantageweoffer valuablenames. CelticSprings,todiscovermanyfactslosttraditionof darknessandhiddeninlocalhistories. VIIFOUNTAINOFOURLADYOFMarceil. Wearefortunatetohaveinourregion,onekilometernorth ofLimouxashrinetotheBlessedVirgin,visitedassiduously, andsurroundedbyareverencethathasneverwavered. VerynearthebanksoftheRiverAudewithcalmwaters, andplacedonahillsideoverlookingthevalley,theshrine strikestheeyethateasilybindswithcomplacencyonthis blessedplace,wherethesweetMotheroftheSaviourand distributesitsconsolationsassistancetoalltheworshipersof HisSon,runningbesideheraskingandbegging. Supplicationswereneverempty,andexvotohangingaround theveneratedimage,testifytothejoyandgratitudeofthe unfortunatewhoreceivedthefavorsrequested.Theshrineis guardedbythechildrenofSt.VincentdePaulthesaint

whoseheartbelongedtoorphansandtheneedy,andunder thedirectionofthesepiousandlearnedmissionaries,worthy inheritorsofthevirtuesandcharityoftheirfounderBlessed, thetemplehasseenaprivilegedcrowd,largerthanever, kneelandprayinthesacredprecincts.Ashortdistanceup theramp(1)leafygreenleadingtotheshrine,leavinga fountaindrippingclearwaterinamarblebasin.Byheavy rains,thewaterdropcontinuestofallwithconsistency,and timesofgreatdroughtdrieduptheonlypoint.Thecountless ChristianswhowillpayhomagetotheBlessedVirgin,stop foramomentatthefountain,andafteraprayer,drawafew dropsofwaterthattheywettheireyes.Whyaretheydoing? Mostdonotknow,butthemotherteachesherson,andthose theysendtheirchildrentothepiouspracticeusedatthe fountainofOurLadyofMarceille.Thusitreferstothe fountain,theoldchroniclers,however,areknownas FountainofOurLadyofMarsilla.Atthetimeofthefirst occupationofGaul,thisfountain,flowingdrip,hadtomake thegroundmuddy,andthenfilledwithreedsandgrassthat foundinallmoistsoils:thatwaswhattheCeltscalledthe Hauma-moor,atermtheyhavewrittenonallpointsofthe Galliccountries,wherevertheireyesshowedamoreorless marshyground.Thesmallsource,unnamedasallthose whosewateristooscarcetoformasmallcreek,barely enoughtomakealotHauma-moor,however,tracedtotheir mindaprecisemeaningandvenerable.Later,whenthe Gauls,graduallylosingtheirpurebeliefinthedisastrous influenceofforeigners,hadfallenintothecultidolatrous, theybegantolovewhatwasoncejustreverence,especially thefountains,whichweremakingtheireyesobscuredthe attributesofabeneficentProvidence.ThefirstChristian missionaries,includingdifficultydefeatawayfromtheheart ofthispeopleidolatrousvenerationforfountains,didwhat theyhaddoneforMenirionwhichtheyhadcarvedthesign ofredemption.Theyplacedamongsources,crosses,statues oftheBlessedVirginthusseekingtomakethepuritybeliefs byenlighteningminds.MarceilleThefountainhadto,like others,beadornedwithastatueoftheBlessedVirgin.Isthis

theonethatlostintheturmoiloftheSaraceninvasions,was laterfoundandplacedwithhonorinthesanctuaryforthe receivable?Thatseemslikely.ThisimageoftheVirgin Mary,holdinginherarmsherdivineSonandcarvedintoa blackwoodfromitseasternstates:itspositionwitha fountain,anditisinanearbyfieldofthelittlespringthat wasfound,wedesignatetheearlydaysofChristianityin Gaul.Theseprobabilitiestakeanevenmoreseriousifwe seektopenetratethemeaningofthenameofOurLadyof MarceilleorMarsilla.ThenewChristians,trustinginthe kindnessoftheMotheroftheLordJesuswillcometoask, kneelingatthefeetofhisimageplacednearthefountain,the cureoralleviationoftheirsufferinginjury,andtheGauls, haveexpressedinthewordMarsillathesumofthemost commonfavorsobtainedfromthegoodnessoftheBlessed Virgin:itwasforthemOurLadyofMarsilla,oreyes spoiled,damagedandclosedbythedisease-Tomar,spoil, damage,-toseel(Brazil),closeyoureyes-.Ignoranceofthe pronunciationofwordsCelticcouldonlylead,inthecourse oftime,saymarseel(Marceille)forMarsil.Wecouldalso mentionthenameofanothersanctuaryofourshores,near CaunesandcalledNotreDameduCros.Again,abovethe beautifulfountaingushingatthefootofthemountain,itwas markedwithacross-cross,crosses-.AstatueoftheBlessed Virginwaslaterreplacedthecrossbesidethefountain,and theshrinebuiltatalittledistance,hasreceivedthenameof NotreDameduCrosorOurLadyoftheCross. VIIIANDSALTRIVERFOSSILMOLLUSCS. fountainsenclosedinCromleckofRedonescouldnotaspire, likeMarseilles,tothehonorofseeingalargesanctuarywith them,andthehealingpowersofitswaterswasquitenatural. Theirreputationwashoweveragreatextent,sincethe GreekandLatingeographers,speakingoftheNarbonne Gaul,neverfailtopointoutinthisregionaverysalty fountain.CatelWilhelminhismemoirs,wondersifthisis indeedthefountainthatemptiesintothelakeofLeucate. "FromLeucate,hesays,justgreatquantityoflargeeelsthat aresoldbytheLanguedoc,calledeelsLeucate,Idonot

thinkthatthisplaceyetfoundinsearchingthefieldsland, fishthatoldfossilcalledPisces,however,thatseveral authorshavenoticedasMela,Strabo,AthenaeusinBook Eight,formebeinginformedthatofthecountry,theytold menottohaveseen,theearthhaddriedduetoextreme heat.ThereluctanceofWilliamofCatelISQuiteLegitimate, sincereitisNotTheFountainofSalsa,closetotheLakeof Leucate,WhichmustenforcecomplianceoftheAncient geographers,ButTheSals,saltyrivercrossesCromleck Rennes-les-Bains.TheValleyoftheSalsIndeedShellfish andcontainsfossilpolypsinprodigiousnumbers,and MalthusWeCanUnderstandThatTheSaltFountainCited bygeographersInTheRegionpiscesfossils,IsTheRiverIn TheSalscurrentCromleckSurroundingictsdolmensand MenirithermalandmineralwatersofRennes-les-Bains.At thetimeofStrabo(20AD)andPomponiusMela(43AD), wrotetheirtreatisesongeography,southofGaulwaspartof theRomanEmpireastheProvincia,andmineralwatersof Redoneswereheavilyusedbytheconquerors,which explainshowthesegeographersspokeoffossilsfoundonthe banksofSaltRiver.IXthesacredmistletoe.Treatment certaindiseasesbythewatersofRedoneswastoosimpleand tooeasytonotbeingfamiliartotheDruids.Scientific knowledgeofDruidicincludedremediesrelatedtothe limitednumberofinfirmitiesofmenfullofvigorandhealth, andthebathswereavaluableresourceforthem,which certainlytheyusedintelligently.Nevertheless,thebaths wouldnothavebeen,fortheDruids,agoodremedyinuse, whethertogivecredencetothewritingsofPliny,which impliestheirlittlemedicalsciencetobelievetheywouldbe rightforallhumandiseasesthroughthesimpleuseof mistletoe,omniasanantem.(1)Mistletoe,keepingtheheart ofwinter'sdarkgreenleaves,whiletreesarebare,itwas justintheeyesoftheDruidsthesymboloftheimmortality ofthesoulandfuturelife,orhaditreallyintheirminds someefficacyforcuringdiseases?HisCelticnamewelearn, whilerejectingthefindingsventuredfarandsingularofthe Latinwriters.ItwasusuallyinFebruarythattheDruids

wereintheresearch.Atthenewsthatthepreciousplantwas struckeyesthepeoplecameincrowdsintotheforest surroundingthetreeispreferredtokeepvigilant,andthe sixthdayofthemoonofMars,(thesixthdayofthemoon Marchopeningevermonth,yearandcentury)adruidina whitedresscutwithapruningknifeofgold,thesacred plant,lestheshouldtouchthegroundwhilefallingandwas notcontaminatedbycontactlayman.Theceremonywas reproducedineachtribe.Theoldcustomofrunningthe streets,thefirstdayoftheyear,thecryofthemistletoethe newyear,wasconnectedwiththeworshipoftheGauls."(1) Sotheysacrificedvictims(twowhitebulls),prayingtoGod tomakeitspresentbeneficialtothosewhohavethe advantageofpossessing(2)Thefeastbeganthen,andthe restofthedaywasdevotedtorevelry"Wefind,"saidAbbe Monlezun,(3)partofthisancientuseinthedistrictof Lectoure.Only,crossingtimesandChristiancountries,he hads'empreindreChristianity.FewdaysbeforeChristmas, youngpeoplecomeduringthenightbeforeeachhouse, singingAguillouné,themistletoethenewyear."The celebrationoftheaguillounéoccuralsoinProvenceand mingleinthefestivalofChristmas.EnglandonChristmas day(Christmas)presentsallthefamousplumpuddingtables decoratedwithasprigofmistletoe.InBritain,thefamous crywaseguinanéwhichissynonymouswithgifts,becauseit issignaldistributionofgifts.(4)"Thiscry,"HenriMartin(1) waskeptwiththesamesenseinpartsofFrancewherethe Celticlanguagedisappearedformanycenturies.M. AugustinThierrytoldusatBlois,hestillheardthechildren nametheaguilanléaholidaywheretheysearchforcoinson anapplestuckontheendofawandenrubanée."According totheauthorofLatterBritons,orratherEguinanéenghinyear-eit,meanwheatgerm.Thetermaguilanlé,heardto Bloishasnoideainmind,whileaguillounésungLectoure givesus,despiteaslightchangeinpronunciation,thetrue expressionofwhichisusedbyourCelticancestors.Mistletoe isaparasiticplantViscumnamedbytheLatinsand mistletoe(mizzlto)bytheAnglo-Saxons.Guiisonlypartof

thewordaguillouné,andinthislastexpressionisenclosed allbeliefsoftheDruidsonthevirtuesofthisplantfamous. Theyattributeditwronglyorrightly,theabilitytoprevent orcuretheague,andthepreciousqualityofthesurround wasaspecialfavor.Aguillounébreaksdownasfollows:- ague(Éguiou),intermittentfever,-nay(born),nonegative adverb-éguiouné-.Accordingtothisinterpretation,the mistletoewasacondomabsoluteintermittentfever,andit wasusedasaninfusioninwater,herbaltea,nodoubt, greatlyextended.Mistletoedoesnotfreedfromallevils,as advancePliny,butonlyasingularlydreadfuldiseaseforthe Gauls,forthehardshipsofwarprepared,sotospeak,their bodiesintheinvasionofintermittentfever.Thankstothe supportenjoyedbythisplant,andthisfavorwasperhaps notundeserved,wepreservedthesyllableéguiounémeans mistletoemistletoefromtheCeltstoday.Allowustomakea simpleobservationthatPlinytellseverythingaboutthe sacredmistletoe.Thisauthor,veryconcernedaboutthe Greekwordmeaningthethickoakwhereitwasprobably derivedthenameofDruids,seesthatalltheoaksinDruid ceremonies.Druidsarethemenoftheoak,theirsacrifices arecarriedoutunderthebranchesofthistree,exceptin countrieswheretheoaksarereplacedbytreesorbeech,and themistletoemustabsolutelygrowonanoaktree,though nobody,notevenDecandollethefamousbotanist,hasnever beenabletodiscover.Inaddition,therelationshipofPliny theviscumfacesaphysicalimpossibility.Sincethisplant deliveredfromallevil,andaplantofmistletoegrowingon oakwassuchararity,weinstitutedthepubliccelebrations andsacrificesforthecollectiondayofthisextraordinary mistletoe,thatItwasalsofoundineverytribe,becausein eachplacehadthesameceremonies,theCeltswere inevitablydoomednevertobecuredoftheirdiseases; course,asingleplantofmistletoebytribe,wasnotenough forthemillionsofinhabitantslockedupinGaul.Itis thereforenecessarytoseekafurtherexplanationofdruidic ritesonthemistletoe,sacredwords.Theceremonies mentionedbyPliny,thefestivitieswerereservedbythe

Druidstotheappointedday,thesixthdayofthemoonof Mars.Theythusappeartorelateprimarilytotheopening ofanewyear,andsecond,gatheringmistletoe.TheDruidin whiterobes,whichcutthemistletoepruningitsgolddid nothingbutgivethesignalforaveryvaluablecrop,and then,couldtheGauls,intheexpanseofthecountry,lookfor it,gatherallthetreesthatfeedit,andmakeprovisionforthe unfortunatecaseswhereintermittentfeverwouldseizethem andreducethemtoimpotencethemostdistressing.This interpretationislosingitssacredcharactertomistletoe,but itretainsthevirtuethattheGaulsattributedtoitsinfusion forhealingormaintenanceofintermittentfever.Wedon' lookatit,ifmedicalscienceoftheDruidswasindefault, whendealingwithintermittentfeverstickyliqueurobtained bythemistletoelongsoakinwater,wejustseethatthis plantwasnotknown,asPlinysays,auniversalpanacea,and thattheDruidsknewverywellapplytoaparticulardisease aparticularremedy,opposingthemistletoetointermittent fever,andbathswithotherdiseasesasfearsome. CHAPTERVIII.DWELLINGSCELTIC-THEROADTO CART.IntheseasidetownofRennes,thehotspring,which theCeltswerethemostusedisthatoftheQueenorRennes. Byfollowingthechainoftraditionontheeffectivenessof Redoneswaters,theRomansfelttheyhadtobuildtheir bathsfromthissource,andthenconstructsgorgeous,hestill remains,roseinthevalleytheSals.Longbeforethe possessionofthecountrybytheRomans,theGaulswerenot home,liketoday,groupedcloseHotSprings,andwerebuilt ontheslopeappointedArtigues-hearth(Harth),home-to eke(ike)-.ThetermupgradeofTribe-Tribe(traïbe),tribe, tribe-;designatinglandsouthofMontferrand,showsthat thebulkofthepopulationlivedinthevalleywherethe streamrunsCoume.AlbyBrook-hall,home,-by(bai)next -whichemptiesintothatofCoume,crossedtheGallic village.TheCeltstookadvantageofthesteepnessofslopesin parttobuildtheirhousesinthesoil,whichtheygavethe roundshape.Theywere,saytheauthors,veryspacious, builtofwoodandmud,thatchedwithstraworchoppedand

steepedinclays.Itispossiblethatthepooresthouseswere wellcovered,butitisdifficulttobelievethattheGaulsmight knowonlypointtheuseoftiles,whichtheyleftusinthe namerajol-rash,rash,andLanguedocdialect,flow-hole, smallapartment-whichtodaymeansthebrick.ArtiguesAll AroundandabovetheBugat,someofthegroundiscalled scarrajols-square(skouère),square,-rash,runny-Lobby (Haulli),house-.Itisthere,thetilesquarebrackets,whichis insubstantialquantity,atseveralpointsintheCromleck Rennes-les-Bains.Tilechannelisalsoseenamongthedebris oftileshook.Withoutdoubt,thepointScarajolsno indicationthetimemoreorlessdistantwhenthesetileswere manufactured,butwhywouldyourefusestubbornlytothe Celtstheslightestdegreeofcivilizationandassign,without reasonorcause,anignorancethatconstantlycontradicts theirlanguage?Numidians,theratioofSallust,theynotonly coveredtheirmapaliatilechannel?Itmatterslittle, moreover,thatthescarrajolswasatile,orahousecovered withtiles,itsufficestonotethattheGaulscouldbeused interchangeablywiththatchortilesfortheflowofrainwater ontherooftheirhomes.WearrivedattheGaulishvillageby roaddrawnatthefootofthemountainofCardouandrises gentlyupacrossfromthespawhereshewillarriveatthe centerofArtigues.Thisroadhadawidthdetermined,aswe learnthenameofColdeBazel,andtruckscouldreachwell intotheinteriorofthevillage.Constructionsmadeofwood andclaywerenot,certainly,verycostly,astheyexistedin manytold.Inthemiddleoftheeasternslopeofthemountain thatlooksRennes-les-Bains,andapointfairlyclosetothe hamletofthecircle,therearealargerock,cutdeeplyto formthreesidesofasquarehouse.Theterraininwhichthe rockisunderstood,isknownGléizole-clay(key),clay-to ease(ize),issue-Lobby(Haulli),house-.Thishouse,cleared theclaycommonlyusedinhouseconstructionGallic, accusedbyitssquareshapetheGallo-Romantimes. NorthwestofBorde-Neuve,Foucilhebetweenthehill embarrassed-was(Feuss),embarrassment,-hill,hill-and theRoucats,theportionoflandcalledSiala,-tosee(if),see-

hall,house-hadnodoubt,asitsnameindicates,somehomes Celtic.ThewordArtigue,assignedtothehousesoftheCelts, stillexistsinthedialectofLanguedoc,andwhenafarmer clearsaportionofatimber,itsaysitdoesartigotone, althoughhenowintendstoestablishafield,ratherthanto buildahouse.AtthefootoftheCelticvillageofArtigues andnearthestreamofCoume,weseeacircularlocation calledSalasse-dirty,market,-axis,ax-.Itwasthemarket, thepublicsquareorwereordinaryexchanges,salesand purchasesofdomestictrade.TheRoucats-(toronghcast) sketch-thatwehavecited,speakingofSiala,extendsup'to therightbankoftheRiverSals,Meniriisfilledwithblanks, tablesofstonesuperimposedoneachother,andpartofthe innercirclecontainedintheCromleckRedones.Onthe banksoftheSalsandtheRoucats,thereareapartofthe paththatledtoCelticBugarach.Wecaneasilymeasurethe widthoftheroadbyMenirithatborderagain.Atthepoint wherethepathalongtheriverentersthewoodsRoucats,we seetworocks,placedtotherightandleftoftheroadGallic severalsmallGreekcross,coveredwithmoss,andmake known,Undoubtedly,theimportanceofmanyMeniri scatteredontheslopesofthehill. FOODOFTHECELTS. BEVERAGES Gauls Gauls,thereportbysomehistorians,fedonthefruitsof huntingandfishing,whichtheyaddedacornsandbeechnuts probablybeech:theycultivatedwheat,whenthe Phoenicians'swereimportedintotheWest.Itwould,we believe,impossibletoprovesuchallegations.TheCeltscame fromAsiaMinor,wherewheat,wascertainlynotunknown: theircommunicationswiththeEastwerethecontinualflow ofnewtribesmovingsteadilytowardthesettingsun:the Neimheidthislearnedbodywhichgovernedtherunningof Celticmigration,wasentirelycomposedofDruids,Caesar doesnotinvalidatewhathewrites:"WethinkDruidic institutionfoundintheislandofBritainwascarriedawayin Gaul."(1)IsitacceptablethatintegratesNeimheid,

distributorofwheat,essentialfood,hadtheboldnesstogive Meniri,dolmensandCromlecktheirnamesanddistinctive individuals,whiletheGaulshadonlyacornsandbeechnuts toreplacewheatandbread?Acornsandbeechnutsbeech maywellhavebeenusedformerlyasnow,foodforpigs,and there'snotsurprisingtherefore,buttoensurefreeand withoutevidence,thattheseforestfruitsenteredinthe ordinaryfoodoftheCelts,istomisunderstandentirelythe realconditionsofmateriallifeofourancestors.Wecansay withcertaintytheycultivatedwheat,sincethefoodwas beingdistributedimpartiallyandkaïrolo-key(ki)key,-ear (ir),earofwheat.-Hole,hollow,smallhouse-theatticand maybetheundergroundsiloorcontainingtheprecious grain,wasstillamongtheCelticpopulationcenters.Thereis little,indeed,avillagewhichhasafieldofthisname:kaïrolo ofRedoneswassouthofMontferrandneartheroadleading tothecreekandCoumeArtigues.Wheatproductionwas evenveryabundantinsomeprivilegedregions,were resortedtoforeignhandsinthesecountriestoreapmore expeditiously.TheRedoneshesitatetopraiseandtheirarms totheimportantworkoftheharvest,andthenameattests Montferrandtheirperiodictripstothiseffect-tomow(mo), harvesting,-toown(on),claim,-tofare(fere),traveling,- hand,hand-.Flocksofsheepwereverynumerousinthe villageofRedones.TheCampbell=tocamp,stay,-bell,bell =,=totheBerkebay(be),bleating,barking,-toheark (Herk),listen=on=tograzeGrauzilhou(Grez)-graze grasstograze,-hill,hill=,denoteratherthepresenceof herdsinthecountry.Intheabsenceofwrittenevidenceon thegroundhimself,heremainsintheidiomofLanguedoc,a phrasestatingthepossessionofsheepamongtheGauls.The fleshofthesheepwaseventheirmostordinaryfood,because huntingandfishingwerenotenoughtofeedalarge population.Thesheep,intheLanguedocdialect,istermedas Fedo,-tofeed(fid)feed-:thisfoodwasok,andtheyratedit probablychunk,becausethetermchick,markingthe smallestdimensionofasonginthesamedialect,languageis Celticchick(tckick)chicken,leanportion,indeed,the

appetiteforthesementogiganticsize.Greekmythologyhad noticedinHercules,thepersonificationoftheCelticpeople, somevoraciouseaterandhadknownofoxen.Shesaysthat doingtheArgonautssailedtoColchistowinthefleecegold, tookfirstHerculeswiththem,butwhentheywerewitnesses tohisrobustappetite,theyforcedhimtoabandonship, fearingtoseehimeatalone,alltheirprovisions.Shealso relatesthattheheroateinonemeal,abeeftakenfroma farmer.WhatapitifulminehaddonesoinfrontofHercules miserableacornstoassuagehishunger!Thefoodofthe Gaulswasnottobedespisedtheirdrink,andtellustheir Allobrogesdelicacyonthispoint.Moreover,throughoutthe Celticcountry,themanufactureofbeveragespeculiartothe country,isengravedinthenameofvariouscities.Normandy ciderdoesnotdatefromyesterday,andRotomage(Rouen) indelivery-torot,spoil,-toowe(O),duty-tomash(mash), crush,mix,-Rotowemash-;CityofVindomageamong ArécomiquesVolkes,wellknewhowtomakewine-wine (ouaïne),wine-todo(double),make-tomash,mash-and bizarremovementsfullersgrapesareveryaccurately reproducedinSostomage(1),asmalltownnotfarfrom Toulouse-toSoss,waddle,-todo(double)act,toaction-to mash(mash),trample,crush-TheGaulshadeven Languedocpushedtheartofmakingwinetoaremarkable degree,sinceitwasfullersgrapestogetherasacorporation, nearCarcassonne,inacitywhoseinhabitantsstillhold todaythesameprofession.Thisvillageiscalledbyitsown inhabitantsBilomacho,-togoodwill,desire,want,-tomash (mash),crush,mix-anditisknowninFrenchasthe Villemoustaussou,simpletranslationintotheRomanesque CelticWillmash. GhassIII THEBOAR huntingwasadistractionforCelticinrelationtotheir physicalactivity,ratherthananoccupationnecessaryto provideanabsolutewaytotheirlivelihood.TheGaulswere usingintheirhuntforgreathounds,neededtomonitorand harasswildanimalsintheirforests.TheCoumedashoun-

Hound(haound)hound,hound,-andthefountaindasHuni, guarantorsofthisassertion,arelocatednorthofthemoor Hauma,verynearlytwoRoeselareCromleckofRennes-les- baths.Theinhabitantsofthecountry,somewhat Celtiberians,hadnotlostthehabitofhuntingthebear,as indicatedbytheclotdasHourc,veryneartheBorde Newfoundland,andcalledtodayLoubatière.However,this beasthasbecomequiterare,didmuchthehuntedfavorite Celtic.Gallicpreferenceswerereservedforwildboar, widespreadacrossthecountryincludinghuntingandCeltic hadseriousdangers.Theboar,harmlesswhennotattack point,becomesdangerouswhenitrecognizestheaggressor, andturnsagainsthimfuriously.Thefeelingofstrength makeshimconfident,andboldlyfacedthedanger.However, hefleeswhenitsensestheimpossibilityofsuccessful resistance,reservinghisrevengeforwhen,pressedbya strongpack,hestandsup,piercesitsranksandrushedtothe hunterandhithisterriblebattering.Despitethenumberof hunters,houndsandseasonedstafftothehuntingofthis animal,accidentshavebeenfrequent.TheweaponCeltic boarhuntingwasthespear,andthatweapon,rathershort, makingthehunterfacetofacewiththebeast,wouldexpose himtoallhisrage."FouillouxofJacques,whowroteinthe sixteenthcenturyandwasabravefighter,doesnotseemtoo reassuredwhendealingwiththeboars.Itensuresthat havingdrivenaslewofitselfinafewmoments,fortydogsin fifty.Inshort,itdoesnotadvisetorunagoodpackof"such kindsofbeasts,for,hesaid,ifotherspeciesesgratignentor bite,therearewaystocorrecttheirbite,buttheboar,sit hurtadog'stoothtothetrunkofthebody,itdoesnotcuida millionescaping.Andyetheadds:"Ifapackofdogsisonce pitchedfortheboar,theynolongerwanttorunthesmall beasts,becausetheywonthavetohuntaroundandhave greatsenseoftheirbeast."(1).TheGallicpredilectionfor huntingwildboarwasknowntotheancientGreeks,and accordingtotheirhabitofpersonifyingthequalitiesofthe GallicnationinHercules,theyhaveincluded,amongthe twelvelaborsofthehero,hisbattleagainsttheboarof

FYROM.WhatconcernsaboutGreekmythologyof Herculesistooinformativenotjusttoquoteafewlines.It canbeseentheunspeakableterrorthatinspiredtheCeltic nationofGreece."Eurystheus,kingofMycenae,jealousof thereputationofHercules,therelentlesslypersecuted,and wascarefultoprovidesufficientemploymentoutsidetheir statestotakeawaythemeanstodisturbhisgovernment.He exercisedhisgreatcourageincompaniesalsodelicateand dangerous:thisiscalledthelaborsofHercules.Itissaidthat HerculesbecamesoformidabletoEurystheus,thatdespite theempirehehadsweatsthathero,hedarednotappear beforehimandhadpreparedatonofbrassforthemtogo hideifnecessary.HemadenoentryinthecityHercules:he broughtthemonsterswereleftoutsidethewalls,and Eurystheussenthimhisordersbyaherald. "(1).ErymanthusmountainofArcadia,wastheasylumofa boarwhosefuryfilledhimwithhorrorthewholecountry. EurystheusaskedHerculestofreethecountryfromthishost feared.Herculesgoeswildboar,isalive,andtheloadonhis shoulderstobringittoEurystheus.Itreceivessuchafright, hewillhideunderitsfamousbronzevessel.Thehistoryof boarErymanthuspaintingisfabuloushuntsboarsodearto theGauls.TheNeimheiddidnotleavethememoryinthe shadowofthesedangeroushunts,andallthemountains coveredwithdeepwoods,whichcanserveassaferetreatfor wildboars,wefindlandcalledpijoleorpijoulet,-pig,pork, -toJole,hittinghisheadwith-.ThePijoleRennes-les-Bains hasaplaceinSerbaïrou,southofthetworocksRoeselareor trembling.DespitethestrengthoftheGauls,wearinessand despondencyinvadedtheirstronglimbs,especiallywhen accidentsincreasedsoilinamountainouscountry,addedto theirdifficultiesfatiguesofalaborioushuntitself.Back homehome,theytookarestabsolutelyessentialonapileof driedleaveswhichservedastheirbed.Accordingto commonassertionsofhistorians,thispileofdryleaveswas theonlysleeperoftheCelts.Wedarenotbelieve,however, thattheGaulshadpreviouslypushedtheirindifferenceto thehealthandvigorofthebody.WeknowintheCantonof

Limoux,amountaingrown,inpart,andcrossedbyaroad leadingfromthevillageofSaint-Andréchalabredecorated mountainnamedMatalin,-tomat,coverwithmats-hall,,- toinn,housedinahostel-.Theflooroftheapartmentwhere travelerssettleddowntorestintheinnofMatalin,wasthen coveredwithmats.Canyouimaginethatthiswasanisolated andindividualtoahousebuiltonamountain,inacountry ofalsoverypoorandinfrequenttravelers?It'smore accurateindicationoftheuseofmatsandmattingforthe restofthenightinthehomesofourancestors,benchesand seatsleaningagainstwallsusedonlyformeals.TheCelts, endowedwithagenerousnature,werenotpronetotheft androbbery,andtheywerefewwhowereguiltyofsuch misdeeds.Besides,justicewasswiftandsevere,andthe FangallotsRedones-tofaint(slot)disappear-Gallows (Galleuce),gallows,gallows,-remindedpeopleoftheregion, hangingwasthejustpunishmentofcriminals.Thenamesof varioussportsfieldsCromleckRennes-les-Bains,evokethe memorypointofCelticfuneral,becausetheyarealready writtentothecountrySordesatCaucoliberisandIlliberis. JuliusCaesarpraisesthemagnificenceextreme. Unadulteratedbeliefinthetruthoftheimmortalityofthe soul,drovetheCeltstodeployalargepumpinthereligious lastdutiesreturnedtotheirparentsandtheirfriends.They burythedeadintombsformedofearthandstones,andhigh coneknownasBarrow-Barrow(Barro),gravemound-IV THEROMANTHERMALANDSOURCEOFTHE QUEEN.CROSSINTHECromleckOFREDON.Wesaw theexplanationofthemonumentsofCelticRedones southernGaul,whatwerethereligiousbeliefsoftheCelts. Whenforeigners,undertheveiloftradeandalliance,have setfootinGaul,thesebeliefsbegantoweakenintheminds ofthepopulation.Thechiefsofvarioustribes,liberatingus fromthesupremeauthorityofNeimheid,advanceddecay, andwhenthenation,defeatedbyCaesar,isnowpartofthe RomanEmpire,ancientandpurereligiousbeliefstaughtby Druids,gavewaytotheidolatrouscultpropagatedbythe victors.ThetemplesoffalsegodshavesulliedyourCeltic

land,andpeoplefelltopervertedworshipTeutates,Belenus andOgmiusorOghan.Wecannotbringourselvestostudy thenamesofthesefalsegodsandidolatrousbeliefsof degenerateGauls.Theabyssintowhichtheywereincurred istoohorribleforustodwellontheprobe.Atthattime miserablethatprecededthearrivalofthenecessaryand immediateSaviourawaitedbythepeople,thetruemeaning andreligiousCromleckdisappearsallthememories.The countriesofsouthernRedoneshadlongbeenpartofthe Provincia,andtheRomansbuiltatempleinthevalleyofthe Sals,andthebathsatthesourceoftheQueen.Anewvillage wasbuiltontheplateauoverlookingthespaVillanova's northeastside.TheRomansleftmanytracesoftheir prolongedstayonCromleck,medalsandcoinsofgold,silver andbronze,fromthetriumvirateofAntony,Octaviusand Lepidus,untilthereignofEmperorGratianwhole amphorae,fragmentsofstatuescarvedinwhitemarble capitalsandbasesofcolumnscarvedinscriptionsinstone consular.RedonesTheSouthhashadarelativelyshorttime infoolishsuperstitionsofpaganism.TheproconsulSergius Paulus,adiscipleoftheApostleSt.Paulwascometobring theGospeltothesouthofGaulandhadestablishedits headquartersinNarbonne.Christianmissionariessentby theillustriousandholyBishopforthetruthtowinhearts andmindsoftheGaulsofNarbonne,understood,entering theCromleckofRedon,therespectwithwhichthey surroundedthestonescutorlifted,wasrespectbecome idolatrous,andtheydidburnGreekcrossesonallpointsof thiscircleofstonesattheentranceofCromleck,theCrosse, RoukatsatSerbaïrouonthecrestofthePladelaCostede lasBrugosCugulhouandthesunset.Soattheedgeofthe capeofmanontopofaMeniri,oppositethepagantemple convertedintoaChristianchurchlaterdestroyedbyfire, wasabeautifulsculptedheadSaviorlookingthevalley,and overlookingallthesemonumentsCeltichadlosttheir teachings.Thecrossoftriumphantpaganism,hasnotceased toreignintheCromleckRennes-les-Bains,andstill maintains,engravedintheheartsreligiousitsinhabitants,

thepreceptsoflifegiventotheworldbytheEternalTruth. TABLEDESMATIERES ----

OBSERVATIONSPRELIMINAIRES

----

CHAPITREPREMIER. LANGUECELTIQUE page I.Précisdel'occupationp I.Précisdel'occupationpremièredesG remièredesGaules...1 aules...1 II.LangueCeltique II.LangueCeltique.................... ............................5 ........5 III.LedialectelanguedocienetlesTectosages...12 IV.Ledialectelanguedocienetlavraielangue celtique..................................17 V.LeNeimheid............... V.LeNeimheid................................23 .................23

CHAPITREII. LANGUEHEBRAIQUE

I.Lesnomsdivins....... I.Lesnomsdivins.............................. .......................27 27 II.Lespremiershommes.–Adamjusqu'àNoé..38 III.Noéetsese III.Noéetsesenfants........... nfants...........................48 ................48 IV.AbrahametlesPatriache IV.AbrahametlesPatriaches................ s................56 56 V.MoïseetlesHébreuxdansle V.MoïseetlesHébreuxdansledésert......69 désert......69 VI.Josué–JésusSauve VI.Josué–JésusSauveur.–GoliathetDav ur.–GoliathetDavid.77 id.77

CHAPITREIII. LANGUEPUNIQUE

I.Afrique.–Puth.–Numidese I.Afrique.–Puth.–NumidesetMaures........8 tMaures........82 2 II.LesgénérauxdeCarthage.–lesroisNumides.91 III.LangueKabyle................................98

CHAPITREIV. FAMILLEDEJAPHETH

I.Gomeretsesfils............... I.Gomeretsesfils..........................106 ...........106 II.TubaletlesIbè II.TubaletlesIbères............... res........................108 .........108 III.Languebasque..............................112 IV.LesCantabres.–LesIbères.–LeskjoekkenMoeddingsduDanemark... MoeddingsduDanemark....................126 .................126 V.LesGascons.–LesOccitani.–LesAquitains etleurstribus.–Auch.–Bordeaux.137

CHAPITREV.

LANGUECELTIQUE I.L'Armoriqueetsestribus I.L'Armoriqueetsestribus..................15 ..................150 0 II.LesRedones.–Lesmonumentsceltiques.– LesDruides. III.LeRhône.–Marseille.–LesAllobroges.– Lyon.–Les Lyon.–LesArvernietVerc ArvernietVercingétorix............17 ingétorix............174 4

CHAPITREVI.

LESVOLKESTECTOSAGESETLELANGUEDOC I.LesVolkesTectosagesetArécomiques.–Les Belges.–LaGaronne.–Toulouse.–La

Gironde....................................187 II.LeLanguedoc.–LasWisigothsetlespeuples ditsBarbares..............................196 III.LesFrancks.–Leurorigine......................201 IV.LespremiersroisF IV.LespremiersroisFranks............ ranks.........................208 .............208 V.LeroiBébrixetPyrène.–Hercule.–Les Sardanes.–Gaucoliberis.–Illibéris.– LesSordes................. LesSordes.................................213 ................213 VI.LesAtacini.–L'Aude.–Lesradeauxsur l'Aude.–Carcassonne... l'Aude.–Carcassonne......................21 ...................219 9

CHAPITREVII CROMLECKDERENNES-LES-BAINS

I.DescriptionduDrunemeton I.DescriptionduDrunemetonouCromleckdes ouCromleckdes Redonesdusudgaulois,– Redonesdusudgaulois,–ménirs,dolmens, ménirs,dolmens, roulersourochesbranlantes roulersourochesbranlantes.–leGoun– .–leGoun– dhillouSarratplazént.................... II.Significationreligieused II.Significationreligieuseducromleck,de ucromleck,desmé-224 smé-224 nirs,dolmensetroulers....................245 III.LessacrificeshumainsdanslaGaule.........24 IV.Lapierredetrouo IV.Lapierredetrououhachec uhacheceltique..........25 eltique..........255 5 V.Significationsecondairesde V.Significationsecondairesdespierreslevé spierreslevées.– es.– LesEubates.............. LesEubates................................26 ..................263 3 VI.L'artdeguérirc VI.L'artdeguérirchezlesdruides hezlesdruides.–leseaux .–leseaux ThermalesetminéralesdeRen ThermalesetminéralesdeRennes-les-Bains nes-les-Bains.. Sourcesferrugineusesfroides SourcesferrugineusesfroidesduCromleck. duCromleck. VII.FontainedeNotre VII.FontainedeNotre-DamedeMarc -DamedeMarceille...........276 eille...........276 VIII.Larivière VIII.Larivièresaléeetlesmo saléeetlesmollusquesfossiles... llusquesfossiles...280 280 IX.Leguy IX.Leguysacré........ sacré............................... ..........................282 ...282

CHAPITREVIII. VILLAGECELTIQUEDERENNES-LES-BAINS I.Leshabitationsceltique I.Leshabitationsceltiques.–Laro s.–Laroutepourles utepourles Chariots...................................289 II.NourrituredesCeltes.– II.NourrituredesCeltes.–BoissonsGaulo BoissonsGauloises.294 ises.294 III.LachasseauSanglier........................298 IV.LesRomainsetlas IV.LesRomainsetlasourcethermale ourcethermaledelaReine. delaReine. –Lacroixdanslecromlec –LacroixdanslecromleckdesRedon kdesRedones.304 es.304