Guided Reading & Analysis Reconstruction 1863-1877

Sebastian Cepleanu

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Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 5: Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries. Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war. Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.

Section 1 Guided Reading, pp 291-303 1. Intro: Reconstruction, 1863-1877, page 291 ="8 >2&<"1,* ? @#%& A$"#* The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession , but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.

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Conquering and owning as much land and territory as possible

Southerners wanted…

Plantations to farm on and Arguments over use of land

Intro: Reconstruction, 1863-1877 Continued… ="8 >2&<"1,* ? @#%& A$"#*

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The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession , but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.

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The federal government focused more on political change in Reconstruction rather than economic assistance to freemen and aid for infrastructure in the devastated South because they believed that people living in a free society had the responsibility to make money for themselves and their family.

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="8 >2&<"1,* ? @#%& A$"#* The Civil War and Reconstruction altered power relationships between the states and the federal government and among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, ending slavery and the notion of a divisible union, but leaving unresolved questions of relative power and largely unchanged social and economic patterns.

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Reconstruction Plans of Lincoln and Johnson…

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Lincoln’s Policies… Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, 1863…

This proclamation was an idea by Lincoln introduced in order to issue pardons to those people who agreed that slavery was unconstitutional and took a federal oath to the union standing by this. This required at least 10% of a states population to take this oath.

JN They would be helped by services

that were put into place to help teach them. HN They would set new programs in

place designed to aid and help them. ON The South initially reacted exhausted

:#$"3Davis Bill, 1864…

The Wade-Davis Bill took Lincolns idea with the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction to a new level, making it necessary for 50% of states citizens to agree with Lincolns statement before they would be counted as an actual state again. Freedmen’s Bureau, 1865…

This essentially provided the necessary medical services to those in need after left helpless due to the war. This not only helped white people, but also helped black people, making it a fair and equal right for both. It also even benefitted blacks even more by teaching many of them to be literate with new schools that were put in place. Lincoln’s Last Speech…

Lincoln's Last Speech essentially tried to get people in the North to accept and agree to Louisiana being a state, as well as fighting for equal right for African Americans including voting rights. O",.. 57@/ 72-., C4<1+B< >7G. "4/ /8..1" 7- -". L"4-. I+0/.H ". 7<5 "4/ = 42. 7--.<5.5 7 /"+=4<> +2 40+ 56$+7-'. 8*097. at Ford’s Theater, without his bodyguard, whom Lincoln had sent on 7//4><9.<- +0- +2 -+=<# P0,4<> -". 8B7@H Q+"< L4BD./ R++-" .<-.,.5 C4< coln’s theater box and shot "49 4< -". ".75# R++-" 7<5 "4/ 1+S1+< /84,7-+,/ "75 +,4>4<7BB@ 8B+--.5 -+ D45<78 C4<1+B< 7<5 ,7./# I+=.G.,H 7/ R++-" 0<5.,/-++5 -"7- -". !+<2.5.,71@ =+0B5 B+/. -". =7,H ". 1"7<>.5 "4/ 8B7< -+ 7< assassination in hopes that Lincoln’s death would rally the Confederates to continue the war. The >,+08 7B/+ 8B7<<.5 -+ D4BB /.G.,7B + -"., "4>"SB.G.B +224147B/ 4< -". V#)# >+G.,<9.<-H 4<1B054<> W41. 3,./45.<- '<5,.= Q+"+7BH -"+0>" +<. +2 "4/ 1+S1+
as the war had affected them and many of their people greatly, resulting in them being cooperative. PNConfederate states would be

considered free based on their agreement with Lincolns proclamation policy. LNSoutherners reacted calmly although

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This revealed that tensions were still present between Northerners and Southerners, especially right after the war.

Reconstruction Plans of Lincoln and Johnson continued… ="8 >2&<"1,* ? @#%& A$"#* The Civil War and Reconstruction altered power relationships between the states and the federal government and among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, ending slavery and the notion of a divisible union, but leaving unresolved questions of relative power and largely unchanged social and economic patterns. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, bringing about the war’s most d ramatic social and economic change, but the exploitative and soilintensive sharecropping system endured for several generations.

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Johnson and Reconstruction…

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Since Andrew Johnson was a democrat he was loyal to the union and ended up becoming the governor of war once Tennessee had become occupied by union troops. Johnson’s Reconstruction Policy…

Andrew Johnson's plan for reconstruction was quite similar to Lincolns as he had essentially allowed previous southern congressman to have the right to return to their job at their former offices, giving them ano ther shot. Southern Governments of 1865… The Southern Governments of 1865 allowed all states to go back to the union in an effort to again reunite the United States. However, republicans weren't too fond of this decision as it resulted in them getting quit e angry due to the f act that African American voting rights weren't given.

Thirteenth Amendment… Black Codes…

The Black Codes of the Thirteenth Amendment essentially described and wrote a code of law on what blacks were allowed and not allowed to do, including the rights that they were given and the ones that they were forbade. Most notably, blacks were not allowed to rent land and in a legal procedure, could not testify against white people, which made them quite annoyed. Johnson’s Vetoes…

I support this statement that the Presidential Plans for Reconstruction indeed reflected the belief that the primary goal post war was in order to reunite the nation as this is what everybody focused on after the war was over. When the North won the war, their biggest goal was simply reuniting the United States as this is where and why the United States got its name, due to the fact of all the states being United. This is what made the U.S. what it is today.

Johnson vetoed many bills for African American rights, which was very controversial and disliked especially by African Americans, as they wanted equal rights to white men but couldn't get that. 3. Congressional Reconstruction, pp 295-297 ="8 >2&<"1,* ? @#%& A$"#* The Civil War and Reconstruction altered power relationships.

B2,"* Congressional Reconstruction… Radical Republicans…

Radical Republicans supported very liberal beliefs, they wanted equal rights for African Americans just as whites had. Sumner was the leader of the Republican Party as the war and parties grew larger. He was a big endorser of Civil and Women's rights.

)N*%* Was Congressional Reconstruction more about racial equality or political power? Explain your answer.

Congressional Reconstriction was more about racial equality rather than political power as everybody who fought for reconstruction wanted free rights for African Americans and equal rights for all.

Congressional Reconstruction continued… ="8 >2&<"1,* ? @#%& A$"#* Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to reconstruct the defeated South changed the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and yielded some shortterm successes, reuniting the union, opening up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, and temporarily rearranging the relationships between white and black people in the South.

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Civil Rights Act of 1866…

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The first duty of business after congress was reconstructed was to undo all of the controversial bills that were vetoed by Andrew Johnson as well as restoring the original act of the first civil rights.

Fourteenth Amendment… The 14th Amendment decorated that all people that were born in the United States were declared citizens and therefore given many exclusive rights that were only available to U.S. Citizens. While this benefited anyone that ended up being a citizen of the United States, this also created a lot of controversy and arguments for those that were immigrants to the United States, as they argued that immigrants deserved equal rights to "citizens" as every citizen had at least one relative that was an immigrant at one point in time. Report of the Joint Committee…

The constitutional changes of the Reconstruction period embodied a Northern idea of American identity and national purpose and led to conflicts over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.

The Joint Committee was a committee that was established right after the end of the Civil War, and essentially stated that previous confederate states shouldn't be allowed to represent.

The Election of 1866…

The Election of 1866 resulted in Andrew Johnson's image being destroyed and damaged permanently, resulting in huge public backlash from the people of the United States due to people believing that he was a racist man. This resulted in him losing the election of 1866.

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It created future conflict for any immigrants as they got really pissed off at this fact as they argued that anyone who was born in America had relatives or family that had at least 1 immigrant, which created lots of controversy.

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Congressional Reconstruction continued…

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Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to reconstruct the defeated South changed the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and yielded some short-term successes, reuniting the union, opening up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, and temporarily rearranging the relationships between white and black people in the South.

!"<2&*,0/<,%2& Acts of 1867…

Explain how the” Swing Around the Circle” affected Radical Republican attitudes toward Johnson.

Radical Republicans’ efforts to change southern racial attitudes and culture and establish a base for their party in the South ultimately failed, due both to determined southern resistance and to the North’s waning resolve.

Although citizenship, equal protection of the laws, and voting rights were granted to African Americans in the 14th and 15th Amendments , these rights were progressively stripped away through segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics. The Civil War Amendments established judicial principles that were stalled for many decades but eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights.

The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 wanted congress to divide the south into 5 areas of military areas.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson…

Andrew Johnson was impeached as he was attacked by many people, being called a racist man and a man against other political candidates, which resulted in huge controversy over whether he was a good man or not considering the beliefs that many people of the United States did not agree with.

Reforms After Grant’s Election…


Ulysses S. Grant was "granted" nominee in the Election of 1866, however only won by a small margin as it was a very close election, showing and further proving that republicans wanted to further protect African American voting rights.

Fifteenth Amendment… The fifteenth Amendment of the constitution of the United States prevented any state from being able to deny a citizens right to vote in a legal procedure because of their race or former servitude. Civil Rights Act of 1875… The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was an act that had attempted to make all public establishments equal in terms of rights for African Americans, however it was not enforced and thus did not succeed.

It affected Radical Republican attitudes towards Johnson as the people that were against this ideology began hating Johnson, resulting in controversy relating to the act and Andrew Johnson as a person. This later resulted in Andrew Johnson being impeached due to riots and engagement of the people. ^[17#%& C2G !#$%<#7 !"<2&*,0/<,%2& %77/*,0#,"$ ,C" <2&,%&/"$ <2&F7%<, U",G""& <2&,0#<, #&$ <2+1#<, 127%,%<#7 ,C"20%"*K

e a ca Reconstruction illustrated the continued conflict between contract and compact political theories because the 2 differentiating political parties had such different and argumentative beliefs that challenging them would result in huge controversy from both sides.

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Reconstruction in the South…

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Reconstruction in the South occurred eventually as war tensions died down and the second round of reconstruction took its place. Once states that began reconstruction were considered to have finished, completing all requirements needed to reconstruct, northern troops would then be moved out.

Texas did not rejoin the Union for along time until they finally decided to do it in 1873 because they were on the edge and a border state in the south, and because it was so heavily populated with southerners was a controversial decision.

Reconstruction in the South Continued… ="8 >2&<"1,* ? @#%& A$"#*

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Composition of the Reconstruction Governments… Nearly every southern government had a majority of white people versus African americans. Because of this, most republican legislators had incorporated white southerners free men and northerners.

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The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, bringing about the war’s most dramatic social and economic change, but the exploitative and soilintensive sharecropping system endured for several generations.

Scalawags and Carpetbaggers…

Democrats living in the south were given many different nicknames including Scalawags and Carpetbaggers, due to many of them being former whigs. African American Legislators… Since majority of African American legislators were very well educated, they saw African Americans and former slaves in power treated unfairly and did not agree with this as they supported equal rights. Evaluating the Republican Record…

This was very controversial at the time whether or not Southern republicans abused the power they had Accomplishments… Republicans in the south, regardless of the fact that they were accused multiple times of abusing their power, ended up accomplishing a lot. This included property rights, male suffrage, property rights for women, and even promoted many projects such as building more schools, hospitals, and roads. Failures…

As with all success, comes some f ailure. After reconstruction occurred, many historians still saw and believed that the time period marked by corruption of republicans was evident in both the south and the north, rather than being isolated to one part of the nation. )F0%<#& )+"0%<#&* Adjusting to Freedom… Slaves had lots of trouble adjusting to society after they were freed as they were quite poor and weren't prepared to be free. Building Black Communities…

With great power comes great responsibility. With all the newborn power that African american people now had with equal rights, freedom meant they could all be free again and. Sharecropping… Sharecropping allowed people to rent out parts of huge plantations and came in handy for huge plantations that could not afford to hire enough people to take care of the entire plantation, so they rented out certain areas of the plantations to buyers who rented it out.

Two forces that led to African American suffrage and public service despite Southern resistance was the lack of the right to vote, as well as the lack of being able to own land, which they thought was unfair as they believed they deserved equal rights to white men.

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I refute this statement that Radical Republicans worked for positive change in the best interest of all citizens, as I believe they were very biased against African Americans as they simply refused to pass any bills granting equal rights to African Americans since it was so controversial at the time. `2 GC#, "[,"&, G#* *C#0"<0211%&' #& "<2&2+%< #&$ *2<%#7 %+102M"+"&, F20 )F0%<#& )+"0%<#& F#0+ G205"0* %& ,C" 42/,CS ;"F"&$ 82/0 #&*G"0W

Sharecropping was such a huge improvement in economic and social aspects for African American farm workers who worked in the south as it made it much easier to sell and trade crops between buyers and sellers as well as allowing them to work together to work more efficiently.

5. The North During Reconstruction, pp300-302

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The North During Reconstruction…

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Reconstruction was expensive and required time and money Rise of the Spoilsman…

Political Patrons were exchanged for money during this time Corruption in Business and Government…

Corruption in the Business and Government parties was one of the hardest things to control, as both of these places had lots of money, power and control, making it hard to resolve corruption, which unfortunately resulted in corruption existing for a long time and sometimes wasn't solved.


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The Panic of 1873…


6. The End of Reconstruction, pp302-303

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The End of Reconstruction…

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White Supremacy and the Ku Klux Klan…



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Not in guided reading The Election of 1876…


The Compromise of 1877…

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in the 2 parties working out a deal, hence the "compromise" They had agreed upon Hayes becoming the president, however the South would gain its own railroad and troops from the Union located in the South would be gotten rid of.

I refute this viewpoint, as I believe US Grant did the right thing by pulling out when he did, as if he hadn't and continued fighting it would have hurt both northerners and southerners, as everyone would have lost more men and history would've have moved much slower than it did this way.

7. Historical Perspectives: Did Reconstruction Fail? pp 303-304 `C" :%77%#+ Dunning view…

William Dunning view reconstruction as a failed idea as it had given African American people way too many rights in such a short period of time, which quickly resulted in corruption.

`C" :K^KcK ;/ c2%*X e2C& d21" D0#&57%&X #&$ Kenneth Stamp’s view…

The W.E.B. Du Bois, John Hope Franklin, and Kenneth Stamp viewed reconstruction as a good thing and something in history that would prove to have helped us become the country we are today, as it gave many rights to former slaves while also advancing the industrial revolution.

Modern Historians’ view, including Eric Foner…

The Modern Historians view including Eric Foner agreed that reconstruction did indeed help the United States in a positive and beneficial way, and that it was successful in accomplishing what it was designed to do. While the modern historian argues and realizes that there were bad things that came along with reconstruction, it is far from a failure as the good and benefits of reconstruction outweighs the cons.

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I support the viewpoint of the Moden Historians view the most as I feel it is the most realistic, especially considering that the modern view takes in account all of the views before it to make a better educated view than the ones previous to it.

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I would characterize this point of view in this review as a more self centered POV, and more opinion based than the point of view used in the textbook, which was made to argue the sides of both beliefs.

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Guided Reading & Analysis Reconstruction 1863-1877

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