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Guía de cableado de Fieldbus El propósito de esta guía de cableado de Fieldbus es proporcionar la información sobre la red de Fieldbus a fin de que estos sistemas se puedan diseñar e instalar con un bajo costo y una operación confiable. Hay muchas aplicaciones para el Fieldbus y muchas maneras que puede ser configurado. No es posible aplicar normas simples que cubran todos los casos. Por esta razón esta guía primero tratara de explicar como trabaja una red de Fieldbus a fin poder diseñar un sistema inteligentemente que tenga el mejor diseño y una operación confiable con un costo bajo. Fieldbus esta definido en el estándar 61 158-2 del IEC: 3000. 3000 . Los requisitos detallados de la puesta en práctica más allá del estándar están disponibles de la fundación de Fieldbus, un consorcio de la industria que promueve la tecnología de Fieldbus. Estas especificaciones especificaciones más detalladas son necesarias de a fin de que los dispositivos hechos por diversos fabricantes sean ínteroperables en un sistema de control. Existe más que conocer en el Fieldbus que solo el cableado. Para aquellos que desean información sobre cómo el Fieldbus trabaja para controlar un proceso, refiérase a: Fieldbus para el control de proceso; Jonas Burge, ISBN 1-55617-760-7: Fundación Fieldbus una Guía Del Bolsillo; lan Verhappen y Augusto Pereira; ISBN 1-5561 7-775-5.
Fieldbus Foundation 9005 Mountain Ridge Drive, Bowie, Habitación 190 Austin, TX 78759-5316, los E.E.U.U. Tel: 51 2-794-8890 Relcom Inc.. Teléfono 2221 Yew Street
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Copyright y derechos derechos de Propiedad Propiedad Intelectual Intelectual Ralcom Inc. cree cree que la información información da precisión y confianza. Sin Sin embargo, la especificación y la información divulgadas en este documento se entregan "AL IGUAL QUE" y todas las presentaciones o garantías, expresadas e implicadas, incluyendo garantías o condiciones para un propósito particular, mercantibilidad, exactitud y no-infringir a particulares. particulares. Relcom Inc. no asume ninguna responsabilidad del uso de esta información, ni ninguna infracción de patentes o derechos de terceros, que pueden resultar de su uso. Ninguna licencia es concedida implícitamente o de otra manera bajo cualquier patente, copyright, u otra derecha de característica intelectual de Relcom Inc. a menos que según lo descrito específicamente adjunto. Relcom Inc. Se reserva el derecho de cambiar especificaciones en cualquier momento sin notificar Relcom Inc. tiene derechos derechos de propiedad intelectual intelectual ("Relcom Inc. IPR") referente referente a las puestas en práctica de la tecnología descrita en esta publicación ("la tecnología"). En detalle, y sin Limitación, Relcom Inc. IPR puede incluir unas o más patentes o usos de patente en los ESTADOS UNIDOS u otros países. Su derecho es limitado para el uso de esta publicación no le concede la ningún derecho o licencia para implementar la tecnología de Relcom Inc. puede, con discreción única de hacer disponible una licencia limitada por de Relcom Inc. IPR para la tecnología según los términos de un acuerdo separado de licencia. Todos los derechos reservados. Ninguna parte de este manual no se puede reproducir, fotocopiado, almacenado en un sistema de recuperación, o transmitidas sin el consentimiento previo expreso del copyright O de Relcom Inc. Relcom 2004 Inc. Relcom inc. y la insignia de Relcom Inc., Son las marcas registradas o las marcas registradas de Relcom Inc. en los Estados Unidos y otros países. El resto de marcas registradas y de las insignias son la característica de sus dueños respectivos. La foto de la cubierta es cortesía cortesía de Texas Wildlife Dept. O 2004.
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Tabla de Contenidos Capitulo 1: Conceptos de red de Fieldbus DCS convencional Fieldbus Convención de diagramas de alambrado Capitulo 2: Configuración de Fieldbus Configuración del Fieldbus común Inicio de la configuración Capitulo 3: Configuración de Fieldbus Señales de Fieldbus Código de Señales Manchester Preámbulo Inicio y Delimitadores Delimitadores finales Marco de Fieldbus Marcos múltiples de Fieldbus Capitulo 4:Cable de Fieldbus Características del cable de Fieldbus Capitulo 5 Ejemplos de terminales Capituló 6 conexiones de cables Conexión de terminales desnudas Bloques de conexión Bloques de conexión con limitadores de corriente Capitulo 7 Potencia del Fieldbus Acondicionadores de la fuente de alimentación
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Capitulo 8 Distribución de potencia Atenuación Señales transmitidas y recibidas Capitulo 9 Sistema de Control DCS Sistema de Fieldbus Spurt cortos Protección de corto circuito de cortos con limitadores de corriente activa Fallas de cable principal Fallas de la fuente de alimentación Acondicionadores de alarma redundantes de potencia Acondicionadores de alarma redundantes de potencia de Fieldbus Descargas repentinas Capitulo 10 Aislamiento Galvanico Voltaje diferencial y voltaje de modo común Bypass limitador de corriente Errores de alambrado múltiples Aislador común y acondicionadores de potencia dobles Aislamiento individual Capitulo 11 Selección e instalación de cable Fieldbus para plantas de proceso Tipos de cables Soporte de cables Cable de Fieldbus Consideraciones Consideraciones de la instalación Resumen Referencias
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Capitulo 12 Potencia y repetidores repetidores de áreas áreas peligrosas Repetidores con fuente de alimentación FISCO Capitulo 13 Limitadores de corriente para protección no incendiaria Capitulo 14 Guía de líneas de conexión a tierra Requerimientos de Foundation Fieldbus Consideraciones para áreas peligrosas Arreglos prácticos – Aterrizamiento de un solo punto Arreglos prácticos – Aterrizamiento Aterrizamiento Capacitivo Arreglos prácticos – Aterrizamiento Aterrizamiento equipotencial Capitulo 15 Glosario Información Adicional MTL Notas de aplicación MTL Contactos
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Capitulo 1:
Conceptos de red de Fieldbus Resumen: Fieldbus es una red de área local para el control de proceso que utiliza el cableado compartido para los energizar los dispositivos y las señales entre los dispositivos. En un sistema de control distribuido convencional (DCS), dos alambres son usados para conectar con un dispositivo. Los dispositivos pueden ser también instrumentos para medición de temperatura o presión. Los dispositivos pueden también ser actuadores tales como válvulas. Los alambres llevan corriente eléctrica a un dispositivo. Las señales del dispositivo son valores medibles para el controlador del DCS's por variación de la corriente el cual utiliza entre 4 y 20 mA. El regulador recopila los datos de un número de dispositivos, hace los cálculos necesarios y envía comandos variando la corriente hacia el actuador. Por ejemplo, 4 mA. pueden significar que la válvula se cerró totalmente y 20 mA. pueden significar que la válvula está completamente abierta.
Cuadro 1.1: DCS convencional
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Concepto de Red Fieldbus
Figura 1.2: Fieldbus
Los dos alambres son un par trenzado similar al usual alambre de 4 – 20 mA. Utilizado para dispositivos convencionales Para la liberación de la simplicidad de diagramas de alambrado. Los alambres son mostrados como una sola línea.
Figura 1.3 Convención de diagramas de alambrado
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Capítulo 2
Configuración del Fieldbus Resumen: El cableado compartido de la red de Fieldbus transporta energía y señales entre los dispositivos. Se requieren dos adaptadores terminales. Una fuente de alimentación y un acondicionador de energía para proporcionar la energía de Fieldbus. Fieldbus es una red del área local para controlar procesos se utiliza para interconectar sensores, sensores, actuadores, y dispositivos del control en campo. Un tipo de configuración común de Fieldbus es la que se muestra a continuación.
Configuración común del Fieldbus
Un par de cables principales trenzados conectan el equipo de cuarto de control con un numero de dispositivos en campo, por ejemplo, sensores tales como transductores transductores de presión o temperatura y actuadores tales como el posicionador de una válvula. Los dispositivos del campo se pueden conectar con cables de spurt o drop a un bloque terminal llamado el chickentfood, en una caja de paso. Los dispositivos pueden pueden también estar estar conectado a lo largo largo del cable principal principal con
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Un dispositivo host host (servidor) es usualmente usualmente localizado en cuarto cuarto de control. Su función es supervisar la operación del sistema de control compuesto de los dispositivos conectados a la red de Fieldbus. Para los sistemas de control control que son limitados en tamaño, todos los componentes componentes del cableado, el acondicionador de energía y adaptadores puede estar en un solo bloque del cableado para formar una configuración de la estrella.
Cuadro 2.2: Configuración de la estrella
Los diagramas de arriba muestran solamente dos de las muchas posibles configuraciones del Fieldbus. La fuente de potencia y el acondicionador de alimentación pueden estar en campo o en un panel. Los dispositivos de control pueden estar en campo con solamente un dispositivo de pantalla en el cuarto de control. Todas estas configuraciones son posibles siempre y cuando se proporcionen las capacidades básicas de la distribución de la transmisión y de energía de la señal: un cable de conductor doble trenzado, dos conectores terminales, y una fuente de potencia acondicionada. Generalmente, hay menos de 16 dispositivos en un solo segmento de Fieldbus, de una red simple. En una planta de proceso grande puede haber varios cientos de segmentos. Desde un punto de vista de la energía y de la señal, cada uno de los
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Capítulo 3
Señales Resumen: La señal de los dispositivos es enviada de uno a otro por medio de la variación de la corriente enviada a través de la red. La señal es codificada en Manchester. El LAS dirige que dispositivo puede utilizar la red para enviar señales. El par de cables trenzados, los conectores terminales, y la fuente de potencia acondicionada, junto con el sistema de alambrado que puede transportar señales entre los dispositivos del Fieldbus. Cuando un dispositivo es habilitado para enviar señales (véase “LAS” en la página 8), este varía la cantidad de corriente a través de la red. Cuando no se esta trasmitiendo, un dispositivo, toma la energía desde el cableado para su operación interna. Este también toma una corriente adicional de 10 mA para su gasto. Cuando un dispositivo transmite una señal alta, este regresa los 10 mA. extra. Esto incrementa el voltaje en el cableado. Cuando el dispositivo transmite una señal baja, este consume un extra de 10 mA del cableado, resultando un decremento del voltaje. La forma de onda de la señal es mostrada abajo. Note que la señal es arriba y abajo 24 volts no transmitiendo sobre la red.
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Señales Una secuencia del código Manchester de unos y ceros parecerían de esta manera:
Cuadro 3.2: Señal del código de Manchester
Cuando un dispositivo comienza a transmitir, envía un preámbulo, una secuencia de 8 bit con alternancia de unos y ceros
3.3: Preámbulo
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Cuadro 3.4 Delimitadores de inicio y paro
Cuando un dispositivo transmite, las diferentes partes son combinadas para formar el marco de un dato.
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La porción de datos del marco contiene información tal como la dirección del dispositivo para el cual este marco es proyectado, identificación del tipo de marco valores de la medición, etc. La porción de los datos de un marco puede ser hasta 266 bytes de longitud. Los delimitadores son muy diferentes de cualquier patrón de señal que pudiera estar en la porción de los datos del marco. Esta diferencia permite que la porción de los datos del marco sea identificada inequívocamente y permite los datos corrompidos por ruido sean detectados usando una secuencia de verificación de marco (FCS). El FCS es la última parte de la porción de los datos del marco. Esta característica hace Fieldbus mucho más robusto que muchas otras redes del control. Debido a que todos los dispositivos comparten el cable, sólo un dispositivo debe transmitir en cualquier tiempo determinado. determinado. De otra manera existiria un caos sobre el cable con todas las señales transmitidas interfiriendo el uno con el otro. Un dispositivo especial, llamado Link Active Scheduler (programador activo de enlace) (LAS), selecciona que dispositivo dispositiv o puede transmitir. transmit ir. El LAS permite que cada dispositivo transmita enviando un marco especial a cada dispositivo alternadamente. alternadament e. Un marco puede ser: El LAS pide a un dispositivo transmitir datos, Un dispositivo transmite datos a otros dispositivos, un dispositivo reportando una condición de error, etc. Si un osciloscopio fuera utilizado para observar las
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Capítulo 4
Cable de Fieldbus Resumen: Fieldbus es un par de conductores trenzados y blindados. El blindaje es puesto a tierra en un extremo solamente. Fieldbus utiliza un par de alambres trenzados. Un conductor doble trenzado es usado, mejor que un par de alambres paralelos, para reducir el ruido externo que pudiese incidir sobre los alambres. Una malla adicional sobre el par trenzado reduce el ruido. El par de alambres trenzados, la cubierta y su forro es llamado cable.
Cuadro 4.1: Cable de Fieldbus (pluma demostrada para comparación del tamaño)
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Cable de Fieldbus conectado con la tierra en los dispositivos o cualquier otro lugar. Puede haber requisitos reguladores para el cable jacketing, por ejemplo el blindaje, dependiendo donde se utiliza el cable.
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Capítulo 5 Conector Terminal Resumen: se requiere un conector terminal en cada extremo de segmentos de la red de Fieldbus. Dos conectores terminales se requieren para cada segmento de la red de Fieldbus. Generalmente un conector terminal esta en los extremos del cable en cuarto de control y el otro conector terminal esta en la caja de unión en campo. Los conectores terminales pueden ser una parte separada o pueden ser partes de una fuente de potencia del Fieldbus. El conector terminal puede ser claramente marcado a si pueda ser identificado en un sistema instalado.
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Capítulo 6 Conexión de cables Resumen: Los bloques del cableado de Fieldbus hacen el cableado más fácil, más confiable, y proporcionan proporcionan características adicionales. adicionales. Las secciones de cable de Fieldbus, el cable principal, y los cables de desviación, necesitan ser conectados en conjunto. Esto se podría hacer usando tiras terminales. Por ejemplo, conectar un dispositivo mediante un spur al cable principal.
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Cuadro 6.2: Boque de Conexión
Hay varias maneras de conectar el cable al bloque de conexiones: terminales de tornillo terminales de tornillo de plug, y clamps abrazaderas de resorte. A la fecha, el método más popular es el terminal pluggable de tornillo.
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La figura 6.3 muestra un arreglo esquemático. El cable principal es conectado en la parte superior izquierda sobre el boque de alambrado de 8 drops. La otra terminal de las 8 vías del bloque de alambrado es conectada al bloque de 4 vías con puentes de cable. La ultima conexión del bloque de 4 vías es conectada al conector terminal T.
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Cuadro 6.4 bloques de conexiones con limitadores de corriente
Si un dispositivo o el cable de un drop es cortocircuitado, la corriente es limitada. El dispositivo particular sobre la red no trabajara, pero los dispositivos en el resto de la red de Fieldbus continúan trabajando. Para los problemas de cortocircuito el bloque de conexiones tiene un indicador que muestra cuando el spurt se encuentra
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capítulo 7
Alimentación del Fieldbus Resumen: Un acondicionador de energía es necesario entre una fuente de
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Aislamiento Galvanico La fuente de alimentación y su acondicionador de potencia necesitan ser eléctricamente aislados de la tierra. Esto significa que el conjunto de las fuentes de
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capítulo 8
Limitaciones del Fieldbus Resumen: La distribución de potencia, atenuación, y distorsión de señales limitan
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Atenuación Como las señales viajan sobre le cable de Fieldbus, estas son atenuadas, es decir, existe una reducción en la amplitud. Cuanto más largo es el cable, mayor es la
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.