GROUP IIIA: "The Boron Family" Family" B Al Ga In Tl Nh
A. PROPERTIES 1. Physical Properties - All are metals except for Boron which is a non-metal. - Solid Gallium floats in liquid gallium, which is unusual for a metal. 2. Atomic Properties: - Have an electron configuration that ends in ns2np1 - Adopts oxidation states +3 or +1. The +3 oxidation states are favorable except for the heavier elements, such as Tl, which prefer the +1 oxidation state due to its stability; this is known as the inert pair effect . - more metallic from top to bottom within the group. 3. Chemical Properties: - Boron is analogous to silicon & is unreactive towards air, acids, and alkalis at moderate temperatures. - Aluminium forms a thin layer of oxide which makes it unreactive to other substances. - Aluminium reacts with mineral acids and aqueous alkalis thus shows amphoteric amphoteric Character, which increases as the atomic weight increases - This family reacts with halogens to form halides and with oxygen to form oxides. ***FLAME TEST:
Boron: Bright green Aluminum: Colorless Gallium: Violet Indium: Dark Blue Thallium: Bright green Nihonium:
GROUP 3A: BORON (B)
Non-metallic
*Combinations of Oxygen: Boric acid, borax, tincal, boracite, borocalcite, colemanite, etc.
Amorphous, brown powder, stable in air, density of 2.45
Sublimes: Electric Arc; Burns: very strong ignition
Room temp: poor conductor; Temp rises: Electrical conductivity rapidly increases
COMPOUND Boric acid “Acidum Boricum” “Boracic acid”
FORMULA H3BO3 / B(OH)3
Boron trioxide / Boron oxide
B2O3
Sodium borate “Borax”
Na 2 B 4 O 7
Boron Trifluoride/ Trifluoroborane
BF3
Boron Carbide
B4C / CB4
Boron Nitride “Borazon / Elbor“
BN
Diboranes / Boroethane / Diboron hexahydride
B2H6
Boron Trichloride/ Trichloroborane / Borane / Trichoroboron
BCl3
Boron Triiodide
BI3
Boron Arsenide Boron(III) Phosphide
USE/S
mild antiseptics* anti-inflammation* washing powders petroleum production heat-resistant glassware; glasses; cleaning compounds color–safe bleaches
Lubricants and lubricant additives Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Abrasive and refractory
Abrasive and refractory material laboratory reagent
Reducing agent
dopant agent in etching
pharmaceutical, chemical, & organic intermediate
BAs
semiconductor; solar cells
BP
semiconductor
GROUP 3A: ALUMINUM (Al)
Third most abundant element in the Earth's crust; most abundant metal; *Compounds: Bauxite – complicated mixture of compounds consisting o f aluminum, oxygen, and other elements; primary commercial source for aluminum Silvery-white, lightweight metal SG= 2.7 @ 20 degrees; ductile and malleable*(100-150 degrees)
COMPOUND
FORMULA
Aluminum chloride >Hydrated “aluminum chlorohydrate”
AlCl3∙H2O
USE/S
Deliquescent
Checks persistent diarrhea *External: general astringent & antiseptic Topical antiperspirant Deodorant
>Anhydrous
AlCl3
Aluminum hydroxide
>Gel “Gelatum Alumini Hydroxidi” “Colloidal Aluminum hydroxide” >Dried Aluminum phosphate >Gel
Al(OH)3
AlPO4
Aluminum silicate >Hydrated “Bentonite”
Aluminum sulfate “Alum” / “Alumen”
Al2(SO4)3
1) Aluminum potassium sulfate “Potassium Alum” “Potash Alum” 2) Aluminum ammonium sulfate “Ammonium Alum”
AlK(SO4)2 . 12H20
AlNH4-(SO4)2 . 12H20
Catalytic agent Petroleum refining used to waterproof fabrics mordant Antacid Protective: Txt of PUD Hyperchloryhdia Manufacture of Gel* External: mild astringent; desiccant; dusting powder Antacid Astringent Demulcent Stabilizes emulsion Detergent in cleaners Antiseptic Astringent Used in preparing alum precipitated diphtheria toxoid, alum precipitated diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and alum precipitated tetanus toxoid.
Aluminum borate
Al 2 O 3 B 2 O 3
production of glass and ceramics
Aluminum borohydride
Al(BH 4 ) 3
additive in jet fuels
Aluminum fluorosilicate
Al 2 (SiF 6 ) 3
production of synthetic gemstones, glass, and ceramics
GROUP 3A: GALIUM (Ga)
Zinc blende (Sphalerite) : France (Gallia)
White, Lustrous, Tough metal, May be cut with Knife
Melts at : 30.8 degrees Celsius
COMPOUND
FORMULA
Gallium(III) Nitrate
Ga(NO3)3C
Gallium(III) Sulfate Octadecahydrate
Ga2(SO4)3.18H2O
USE/S
a drug (Ganite®) used to treat symptomatic hypercalcemia secondary to cancer
Act as a solid acid catalyst
water treatment chemical analysis ultra high purity for certain crystal growth applications
Gallium(III) Bromide
GaBr3
Gallium arsenide
GaAs
Gallium trichloride
GaCl3
Gallium oxide “gallium sesquioxide” “Gallia”
Ga2O3
diodes are used to detect X-rays used to make light-emitting diode (LED) transistors Solvents Intermediates Batteries Main precursor to most derivatives of gallium reagent in organic synthesis Vacuum Deposition Semiconductor electronics Chemical Intemediate
Indium gallium arsenide phosphide
Gallium trifluoride
InGaAsP
semiconductor and optoelectronic
source for use in oxygen-sensitive applications metal production semiconducting compound of the IIIVI type that crystallizes in a lattice structure nonlinear opticalmaterial and photoconductor
GaF3
Gallium telluride
GaTe
Gallium Selenide
Ga2Se3
Gallium(III) Acetate
Ga(C2H3O2)3
precursors for production of ultra high purity compounds catalysts nanoscale materials
GROUP 3A: INDIUM (In)
1863: Reich and Richter Named after its brilliant indigo-blue lines of its spectrum Indium is a grayish-white metal that is softer than lead. It is one of the post-transition metals, which tend to be softer and conduct more poorly than the transition metals.
COMPOUND
Indium trichloride
FORMULA
USE/S
an additive to alkaline batteries to reduce outgassing and improve operational efficiency of the battery when under electrical load.
used in a variety of industries, including the manufacturing of flat panel components.
resistive element in integrated circuits.
InCl3
Indium hydroxide
In(OH)3
Indium oxide “indium sesquioxide”
In2O3
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) “tin-doped indium oxide”
is considered the premium transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), having superior conductivity and transparency, stability and ease of patterning to form transparent circuitry.
used as a buffer layer in copper-indiumgallium-diselenide (CIGS) photovoltaic solar cells, where it replaces the toxic material cadmium sulfide.
decomposes to indium oxide when heated.
Used in the production of indium or indium substances.
In2O3 • SnO2
Indium sulfide
In2S3
Indium acetate
C6H9InO6
Indium sulfate
In2(SO4)3
GROUP 3A: THALLIUM (Tl)
1861: Crookes Greek thallos, meaning “green twig” Widely distributed in nature than either Ga or In. Leaden-colored metal with a hardness equal to Na. Very toxic and its use in in medicine is unnecessary because of the evidence that the vapor is both teratogenic and carcinogenic.
COMPOUND Thallium Hexafluorophosphate
FORMULA TlPF6
Thallium(III) Bromide/ Thallous bromide
TlBr
Thallium(III) Nitrate/ Thallic nitrate
Tl(NO3)3
Thallium(I) Iodide
TlI
USE/S
used in acetonitrile
used in room-temperature detectors of Xrays, gamma-rays and blue light, as well as in near-infrared optics.
It is a strong oxidizing agent useful in organic synthesis
used in devices to detect infrared radiation
Tl2(SO4)3
Thallium(III) Sulfate
Thallium(III) Selenide
Tl2Se3
Thallium(III) Hydroxide/ Thallic hydroxide
Tl(OH)3
Thallium(I) Acetate/ Thallous acetate
TlCH₃COO
Thallium(I) Chromate
Tl2CrO4
Thallium(III) Dichromate
Tl2(Cr2O7)3
Thallium(I) Bromate Thallium(III) Chlorate
Thallium(III) Phosphide
Tl2(CO3)3
has been used in a bolometer for infrared detection.
is a very weak base
was once used medicinally as a topical depilatory, and treating venereal disease such as syphilis or gonorrhea.
manufacture of pigments
An additive in the manufacture of specialty glass products
organic intermediate.
oxidizing agent.
semiconductor used in high power, high frequency applications and in laser and other photo diodes.
radiopharmaceutical; used in adults to help diagnose heart disease (eg. coronary artery disease, heart attack)
TlCl
Thallium(I) Hydroxide/ Thallous hydroxide
TlOH
Thallium(I) Sulfide/ Thallous sulfide Thallium(I) Carbonate/ Thallous carbonate
TlP
Thallium(I) Chloride/ Thallous chloride
Tl2S Tl2CO3
was used as rodenticide It is a precursor to thallium(I) sulfide (Tl2S), which exhibits high electrical conductivity when exposed to infrared light.
strong base; use for analysis; indicator
used in devices to detect infrared radiation; sometimes used in photocells used for analysis (testing for carbon disulfide), artificial diamonds.
GROUP 3A: NIHONIUM (Nh)
Alternative titles: eka-thallium, element 113, Nh, Ununtrium, Uut
An artificial element that has been used to s tudy cold and hot fusion, and decay products.
Not present in the environment.
Discovered in 2003 by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna, Russia) and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Livermore, California, USA) Produced in 2004 at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Saitama, Japan
Formed when Bismuth-209 was fused with Zinc-70 Chemical Properties: may be similar to thallium
November 2016: recognized by IUPAC- named after the Japanese word for Japan.
Little is known about the element, its appearance is unknown, and it has no known use
