CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Gree Green n Bu Buil ildi ding ng is a comp comple lex x conc concep eptt inco incorp rpor orat atin ing g the the desi design gn,, construction and operation of buildings aimed at minimizing resource-use and and nega negati tive ve envi envirronme onment ntal al impa impact ct wh whil ilst st maxi maximi mizi zing ng the the util utilit ity y of a building. Recently, green building has become globally vital for commercial buildi building ng develo developme pment, nt, especi especiall ally y in the United United tates tates where where the United United tates Green Building !ouncil "UGB!#, a national non-pro$t membership organi organizat zation ion has develo developed ped the %eade %eadershi rship p in energy energy and &nvir &nvironm onment ental al 'esign 'esign "%&&'#, "%&&'#, a system system to provide provide a guideline guideline and rating system system for green green buildings. (his study examines measures ta)en to ma)e pro*ects sustainable + such as those aimed at ma)ing a building more energy ecient, reduce water consumption, utilizing materials with lower environmental impact or many others. t then goes on to examine the results of implementing such measures, where possible using a baseline $gure for comparison. (oday, (oday, buildings are reported to be one of the biggest consumers of ener energy gy arou around nd the the world world.. stag stagge geri ring ng /0 perc percen entt of prim primar ary y ener energy gy consu onsump mpttion ion goe goes into nto cons constr truc ucti tion on of buil buildi ding ngs. s. ll ll of the these hav have contributed signi$cantly to global warming, with the building industry being responsible for /1 percent greenhouse gas emissions in the United tates alone. 2
(he need for energy-ecient energy-ecient and eco-friendly buildings had ha d given rise to the green buildings and designs. (hese led the researchers to determine the insights on the green building technology, especially as it relates to 3hilippine conditions and to assess its cost-and-time impact on the pro*ect management cycle in the construction industry.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
(his study aims to get insights on the green building technology, speci$cally the performance and signi$cance of the green buildings in 4etro 4anila. (his is for us to 5ualify if the following performance would lead us to produce more high 5uality buildings and establishments that could improve man6s way of living. lso, to propagate the )nowledge about the green technology and help the community to became aware of the full capabilities of green building and to )now the true potential of its application. (hese purposes led the researchers researchers to see) more information and ideas. But 5uestions are still arising in every $nding. !ould this research help the futur future e resea researc rcher hers s for their their futur future e studie studies7 s7 8ill 8ill this this resear research ch be an advantage of the students for the future use7 'id such sub*ect taught in prev previo ious us years years7 7 f so, so, then then how how coul could d it be7 be7 9ow 9ow coul could d it help help7 7 (hes (hese e 5ues 5uesti tion ons s all all have have sign signi$ i$ca cant nt impl implic icati ation ons s for for our our unde underst rstan andi ding ng and and interpretation of purpose of the study. :
(he need for energy-ecient energy-ecient and eco-friendly buildings had ha d given rise to the green buildings and designs. (hese led the researchers to determine the insights on the green building technology, especially as it relates to 3hilippine conditions and to assess its cost-and-time impact on the pro*ect management cycle in the construction industry.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
(his study aims to get insights on the green building technology, speci$cally the performance and signi$cance of the green buildings in 4etro 4anila. (his is for us to 5ualify if the following performance would lead us to produce more high 5uality buildings and establishments that could improve man6s way of living. lso, to propagate the )nowledge about the green technology and help the community to became aware of the full capabilities of green building and to )now the true potential of its application. (hese purposes led the researchers researchers to see) more information and ideas. But 5uestions are still arising in every $nding. !ould this research help the futur future e resea researc rcher hers s for their their futur future e studie studies7 s7 8ill 8ill this this resear research ch be an advantage of the students for the future use7 'id such sub*ect taught in prev previo ious us years years7 7 f so, so, then then how how coul could d it be7 be7 9ow 9ow coul could d it help help7 7 (hes (hese e 5ues 5uesti tion ons s all all have have sign signi$ i$ca cant nt impl implic icati ation ons s for for our our unde underst rstan andi ding ng and and interpretation of purpose of the study. :
number
of
studies
of
di;erent
evidence
and
methods
of
interp interpre retat tation ion attemp attemptt to provid provide e answe answers rs to these these 5uesti 5uestions ons..
STA ST ATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
(his study aimed to determine determine the performance of green green buildings in 4etro 4anila. peci$cally, it sought answers to the following problems= 2. 9ow is the performance of green buildings buildings in 4etro 4etro 4anila in terms terms of= a. &ner &nergy gy &ci &cien ency cy b. truct tructur ure e &cie &ciency ncy c. 8ater ater &ci &cien ency cy d. 4ate 4ateri rial al &ci &cien ency cy e. 8aste aste Reducti eduction on :. 8hat are are the advantage advantages s of constructing constructing green green buildings7 buildings7 3. 8hat factors ma)e a building sustainable7
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
>
(his study is signi$cant because it will provide the indispensable fact about green building and how can its application help. (hus, the result of this study will bene$t the following= (he &nvironment ?or the environment, the study provides an idea about enhancing the protection of the ecosystems, reducing toxic wastes, and conserving and restoring natural resources. resources. (he &conomy (he study is extremely extremely favorable especially to building owners. (hese includ include e lower lower operat operating ing costs, costs, incre increase ase in retur return n of invest investme ment nt throug through h higher higher occupan occupancy cy by attrac attractin ting g and retai retainin ning g 5ualit 5uality y tenant tenants, s, incre increase ased d employee productivity, and further sales improvement. improvement. (he ocial Bene$ts (he study about green buildings heightened aesthetic appeal and mar)et value as well as improved overall 5uality of life. (he !ommunity 'esigning and ma)ing a sustainable building will help alleviate the negative repercussions that come with using the limited resources available. ndeed, the economic and environmental performance of buildings can be maximized well through the successful adoption of green building strategies. (he ?uture ?uture Researchers Researchers /
(his study can help the future researchers to ac5uire basic )nowledge about Green Buildings and its capabilities. (hey can also relate some information from our study that may be counted as a signi$cant factor of their future study. (his study could also act as a guide on how to start a preliminary data for their own study. (he Researchers (he researchers6 problems will be solved and 5uestions will be answered. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
(he study is about the 3erformance of Green Buildings in 4etro 4anila. (his study focused only on the performance of green buildings in 4etro 4anila, as well as the bene$ts that can be derived from the said program. (he researchers also have limited budget and time allotment given by the professor. (he investigation was not concerned on how e;ective the green building is than any other form of buildings and no attempt was made to compare green buildings with them.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
?or purposes of clari$cation, important terms used in the study are hereby de$ned= @
Building for &cologically Responsive 'esign &xcellence "B&R'&# A s the 3hilippine counterpart of %&&' !ompact ?luorescent %amp "!?%#
A a uorescent lamp designed to replace
an incandescent lamp that $ts into light $xtures formerly used for incandescent lamps Green Building A is characterized by its ecient use of natural resources, eco-friendly construction materials, and minimizing negative impact of the development to nature. %eadership in &nergy and &nvironmental 'esign "%&&'# A is a widely used international green rating system developed by the U Green Building !ouncil. "UGB!# %ight &mitting 'iode "%&'# A two-lead semiconductor light source. t is a positive-negative *unction diode, which emits light when activated. 3hilippine Green Building !ouncil "3hilGB!# A s the local counterpart of UBG! via its "B&R'&# rating system. United tates Green Building !ouncil "UGB!# A
a
non-pro$t
organization that advocates sustainable building design and operation 1.Survey
3erformance
Questionnaires CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2. Books
Df Green Buildings n
3. Newspapers
<3U(
4. Studies
3RD!&
4etro 4anila DU(3U( C
'ata gathering through researches and observation nalysis and interpretation of data 'rawing of ?indings, !onclusions and Recommendations
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
(his study used the nput-3rocess-Dutput "3D# 4odel. (his model will help the proponents to easily identify the inputs of this study, the output and the processes in which the inputs will transform into outputs. (he input includes all the ideas, information and resources used. (he process is the procedure ta)en in ma)ing the input become output. (herefore, the output is the outcome of a processed input. ll of the data and information discussed in this study was obtained through thorough research from di;erent materials such as boo)s, related studies and online references and from the survey conducted. (he survey E
was conducted among selected residents of 4etro 4anila to )now theirs opinions and insights about the performance of green building in 4etro 4anila. The information and ideas were combined, treated and conclusions were drawn. The processed input obtained was the performance of green buildings in Metro Manila, hence, the title THE PERFORMA!E OF "REE #$%&'%"( % METRO MA%&A.
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. FOREIGN RELATED LITERATURE
8ith the constantly changing environment around us, it6s important to be environmentally aware and active. t6s even more important when you consider how much money you can save by building a green home. (he methods and ways you can go about changing your home from an emissionproducing powerhouse into more of a greenhouse are easy and simple 0
concepts. &verything you can thin) of in order to save energy can be implemented in creating a green space for you and your family. Being aware of energy saving bene$ts, ma)ing the switch from waste producing products to more environmentally friendly products, and much more. By creating and managing a green home for you and your family to live in, not only will you be engaging in a positive atmosphere + but also you6ll
be
passing
on
the
lessons
and
importance
of
surrounding
environmental issues to the rest of your family. 15 Gree H!"e B#$%&$' I&e()
2. %ocation= 8hile buying property for yourself, ta)e a note of couple of things that you must foresee before moving in. ?irstly, avoid building west facing home. (his will )eep your home cool as it minimizes sun exposure. econdly, avoid building home in environmentally sensitive locations such as earth5ua)e or hurricane or ood prone areas. (hirdly, chec) if public transportation is easily available and local grocery shop is not that far away. (his will help you avoid ta)ing your own vehicle every time and will reduce your travel time. :. maller is Better= small home built with eco friendly techni5ues is going to have smaller environmental impact as against a large home. house that is too large is li)ely to cost more to heat and cool. (ry to )eep the place manageable and cost e;ective. f you are planning to extend your family and
F
bring in few relatives, you need to put proper resources and accommodation in place. >. &nergy &cient &5uipment= &<&RG (R label on a piece of e5uipment states that particular product has been deemed as energy ecient by the &nvironmental 3rotection gency "&3#. &<&RG (R is becoming well )nown label and consumers today choose energy star appliances for their homes. (hese appliances o;er signi$cant cost and energy savings without compromising performance. /. 3roper nsulation= nsulation is one of the most important things that you need to consider while building a green home. 9eating and cooling account for @1H of your home6s energy consumptionI ir lea)s such as around windows, door and duct wor) is responsible for building6s heat loss. 'on6t let heating and cooling of your interior spaces air go waste through improper insulation. 3roper insulation will not only reduce your energy consumption but will bring down your electricity bills substantially. @. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle= Reduce your need for buying new products that are not environment friendly. Reuse your old material such as wood oors, doors, windows in your next home. Recycled materials such as recycled glass, aluminium, recycled tile, reclaimed lumber, recycled plastic can be used in green home building. C. Use ustainable Building 4aterials= f building a green home is your goal, then using environmentally or eco-friendly products should be on your list 21
which can reduce the impact of construction on the environment. &ach and every part of your house such as roo$ng material, building material, cabinets, counters and insulation to your ooring should be environmentally friendly. Use products such as reclaimed lumber, recycled plastic, recycled glass or natural products such as bamboo, cor) and linoleum which are made of natural, renewable materials. E. nstall olar 3anels= olar energy is clean and renewable source of energy. olar panels are an emerging and hot technology for people who want to utilize the natural power all around us, the sun.
olar panels may be
expensive at $rst, but the long-term savings you can put into your poc)et is a stunning example of the bene$ts of turning your life from blac) to green. (he location of your house and the way you have constructed solar panels can determine how much power you can collect. By ta)ing advantage of solar power you can bring down your energy consumption and supply excess energy, if any, to your utility company. lso, government grants, incentives and tax brea)s are huge bonus to those who want to use solar power in their home. 0. &nergy tar 8indows= &nergy ecient windows labeled as &<&RG (R windows are new player in window mar)et and are much more energy ecient than normal windows. (he ratings for these windows determine how energy ecient they will be. (he lower the rating, the more energy ecient is your windows. (he energy savings provided by these windows are enough to cover the added cost per window. 22
F. Rainwater 9arvesting ystems and (an)less 8ater 9eaters= nstall rainwater harvesting system while building your green home to collect rainwater from roofs and then storing it in a tan). (he collected water can then be used for other purposes such as toilets and sprin)ler systems. Rain barrels are one of the most common methods of rainwater harvesting being used today. 8ith tan)less water heaters, you need not wait for the water to get heated. (an)less water heaters heat only that much water that is needed as it is passed through electric coil. (his gives you twin bene$ts. ?irstly, it eliminates excess energy costs as it heats up only that much amount of water that is needed and secondly, you can get ample storage place by eliminating the hot water tan). 21. &co-?riendly %ighting= Both %&' and !?% cost more upfront but use less energy and last longer than traditional incandescent bulbs. ince they o;er signi$cant cost savings in the long run, they can be ideal for your new green home. 22. 8ater !onserving ?ixtures= %ow ow faucets, toilets, showerheads are few of the ways that you can use while building a green home to conserve water. (hey can cut down on your water bills cost and ma)e your home much more environment friendly. part from that, consider buying washing machines and dishwashers that give you same )ind of cleaning and can save water and energy.
2:
2:. 3rogrammable (hermostat= 8e all )now that almost @1H of our energy consumption goes towards heating and cooling of our home. (he simplest way to cut down this cost and reduce electricity bill is to install programmable thermostat. our 9J! system will wor) when the thermostat reaches the designated temperature. lso, a slight >-@ H of your energy bill can be saved if you can set your thermostat 2 degree down in the winter and up by 2 degree in the summer. 2>. 9J! ystem= Buy a high eciency, &nergy tar rated 9J! system based on the design and construction of your house that will help you save energy and money. 9J! system needs to be properly installed so that it could perform up to its full potential. 4a)e sure ducts are short, straight and air tight. (he ducts need to be professionally tested with the goal of under 21H lea)age. 2/. &cient %andscaping= hady landscaping can protect your home from direct sunlight during the summer and allows more sunlight to reach your home through windows during the winter. 3lanting trees on southern and western side of your home can )eep your home cooler as they will bloc) sunlight from falling directly on your home and during the winter, when trees lose their leaves, they will allow more sunlight to reach your home. 2@. 9arness Geothermal &nergy= Geothermal energy is )nown as energy from the earth. Geothermal energy re5uires more upfront investment but provides unlimited energy to heat and cool your home. 'uring the winter season,
2>
geothermal heat pump uses the earth loop to extract heat from deep underground to your home6s 9J! systemI in the summer season, heat is extracted from the air and moved bac) into the earth through loop system. ccording
to
Gregory
'ic),
the
concept
of
sustainable
building incorporates and integrates a variety of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building pro*ects. (he use of green building materials and products represents one important strategy in the design of a building. Building and construction activities worldwide consume > billion tons of raw materials each year or /1 percent of total global use "Roodman and %enssen, 2FF@#. Using green building materials and products promotes conservation
of
dwindling
nonrenewable
resources
internationally.
n
addition, integrating green building materials into building pro*ects can help reduce the environmental impacts associated with the extraction, transport, processing, fabrication, installation, reuse, recycling, and disposal of these building industry source materials. W*(+ $) ( 'ree ,#$%&$' -r!&#+ !r "(+er$(%/
Green
building
materials
are
composed
of renewable, rather
than
nonrenewable resources. Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life of the product "piegel and 4eadows, 2FFF#. 'epending upon pro*ect-speci$c goals, an assessment of
2/
green materials may involve an evaluation of one or more of the criteria listed below. s stated by Gopal 4ishra of “The Constructor”; today many people that are building or remodeling their houses choose to use eco-friendly building materials. n eco-friendly building material is one that increases the eciency of energy used and reduces impact on human well-being and the environment. t is a product that has been designed to do the least possible damage to the environment. (here are many di;erent materials that can be used that are eco-friendlyI from foundation, to insulation, to interior and exterior wall $nishes, ooring, and countertop materials. ?rom 3eter
in the global perspective of becoming more sustainable not only within the community at home, but also at wor) via integrating a green wor) culture to also strengthen that community. ntegrating green buildings and sustainability programs into communities can be initiated through shifting the current overall attitudes and behaviors towards thin)ing more environmentally friendly. (here must be a gradual wor) towards changing individual behaviors towards a sustainable mindset. t becomes more e;ective at changing society6s mindset as a whole through the individuals rather than a more broad approach to changing the public6s opinion. f a change in attitude can be achieved from each individual, or even from *ust a community that is motivated to ta)e sustainable actions, then it becomes easier to integrate green buildings into a wor)ing community that will use the buildings6 sustainable purposes correctly. (here needs to be a huge movement in society to not only shift their thin)ing and daily actions towards becoming sustainable, but also to ta)e into consideration that becoming more sustainable will also promote community strengthening and social services. (he nvolve organization ":121# explored three di;erent approaches in inuencing and shifting public behavior. (heir > approaches were
and waste discharge. (hin) is more engaged and is more e;ective at building support and motivation to participate in sustainable changes. (hin) is a good complementary tool to
approaches in a way that reinvigorates public dialogue, which creates a space where collective action and legislation can wor) together to promote sustainable values and attitudes. (here are many good reasons why we should use eco-friendly construction methods and materials. t can improve the health of our planet, and the health of our own lives. t also supports local business and helps strengthen the local economy, which in turn helps to build our communities into vibrant, prosperous and desirable places to live. ccording to Kennifer Gray in her article, &co ?riendly !onstruction 4ethods and 4aterialsI Green building is not only a wise choice for our futureI it is also a necessary choice. (he construction industry must adopt eco-friendly practices and materials that reduce its impacts, before we reach 2E
a point of irreversible damage to our life supporting systems. (he industry needs to ta)e its own initiative and $nd alternative ways to build, using green, renewable energy resources, and adopt non-polluting practices and materials that reduce, recycle and reuse, before it is too late.
B. FOREIGN RELATED STUDY
!onstruction as most of the industry branches is constantly facing new challenges as consumer6s expectations and legal obligations are becoming more and more demanding.
20
LGreen,M or LGoing Green,M is a term that is becoming very common today and be de$ned di;erently depending on the aspect. Green can be used to reference how products are made or what ma)e up a product. Green can be said to be interchangeable with sustainability in that by reducing the demand on natural resources society will be assured a place in the global future. !ommunity recycling programs can be considered green. n industrial facility can go green by recycling waste or not generating any altogether Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-ecient throughout a buildingNs life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. (his practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Green building is also )nown as a sustainable or high performance building.M LGreen buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by= O &ciently using energy, water, and other resources O 3rotecting occupant health and improving employee productivity O Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation green building is one that is designed to reduce or eliminate the impact on human health and the natural environment. (his is accomplished 2F
by
incorporating
materials
and
operational
elements
that
are
environmentally responsible and resource ecient throughout the life cycle of the building. 9ow LGreen,M a building can become depends upon the number of the incorporated elements that are used and their associated impact to the human health and the environment. U&er)+(&$' Gree B#$%&$' (& S#)+($(,$%$+0
(he terms Pgreen6 and Psustainable6 are often used interchangeably but there are fundamental di;erences between them. n a clear understanding of these di;erences lies the )ey to understanding the broad range of theories, agendas, programs, regulations, technologies, and techni5ues that are confusingly put together under the mantle of Psustainable building.6 n its most general sense, Pgreen building6 is a label for the process of design and construction which aims to produce buildings that are less damaging to the environmentAand the people that use themAthan most buildings currently built today. (hese buildings must be measurably less damaging in signi$cant ways of course, and unfortunately there are many examples of Pgreen6 buildings that purport to be less damaging without supporting measurements, or that otherwise claim to be have integrated environmental concerns without addressing the most signi$cant issues. Pustainable building,6 however, refers more precisely to the goal of designing and constructing buildings that have no net impact on the
:1
environment, such that a total built environment composed of similar buildings could co-exist with the world6s ecological balance inde$nitely. Green building, then, focuses on incremental steps to solve )nown and measurable problems with our current practice, whereas sustainable building see)s models for an unidenti$ed future state of society. &ach term describes a distinct approach. 4ost of the environmentally responsible construction practiced today falls into the $rst category + we have few if any examples of sustainable buildings according to the above de$nition. (here are two important details that explain confusion about the fundamental di;erence between Pgreen6 and Psustainable.6 (he $rst is that environmental action as a whole is made up of many varied and sometimes competing ob*ectives, which are pursued by di;erent people or groups, according to di;erent timeframes, and under di;erent conceptions of the environmental problem itself. (he second is that the environmental problem addressed by Pgreen6 or Psustainable6 design is really an amalgam of issues, each a;ecting our society on di;erent levels from the global to the personal, each therefore considered more or less important by di;erent people, and each one more or less well understood in its internal complexities and external interactions. !ommon misconceptions about the purpose of sustainable building e;orts in the residential building industry and mar)etplace can be attributed to this lac) of clarity about ob*ectives. Understanding these competing ob*ectives
:2
and concerns is a therefore necessary part of understanding how to do Pgreen6 and Psustainable6 design. framewor) to help unwind these issues is discussed in the following section.
C. LOCAL RELATED LITERATURE
mong all regions in the world, it is most critical for sia to shift to green growth. sia is probably the fastest growing region in the world. Being the fastest growing region also probably means considerable increase in greenhouse gas
emissions. !limate
change
is
one
of the biggest
environmental challenges in world history. (he shift to a low-carbon economy will change how industries operate, the products people use and their lifestyles. Business and consumers can bene$t from signi$cant savings and resource eciency measures that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and ma)e climate safer for all and more conducive to growth. ll over the world, business communities are realizing that to achieve global competitiveness, they have to embrace the green agenda and reduce their impact to the environment. Green growth is an economic strategy that focuses on ecologically sustainable economic progress to foster low carbon activities. ma*or part of green growth is a low carbon economy that refers to an economy with reduced or minimum emission of greenhouse gases. (his re5uires a shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources and more ecient production processes that will entail less energy per unit of output. ::
Green industries are among the fastest-growing in the global economy. (he top ten in the list are advanced biofuels, retro$tting of buildings, geothermal energy, green chemistry, green manufacturing, smart grid, solar energy, sustainable agriculture, sustainable green retailing and wind energy. 4a)ing the shift towards green growth presents opportunities for investment, growth, savings and a healthy and sustainable future. 3erspectives, mind sets and attitudes must be transformed for the country to ma)e the shift to a resource-ecient and low-carbon economy. n line with the rapid depletion of valuable resources vis-Q-vis the emerging trends in building construction, many corporations worldwide are now becoming more environmentally aware and responsible + putting in vital consideration the overall impact of their building to people and to the environment. (hus, the rise of green building is proliferating. Green buildings are smartly-designed, cost-e;ective structures that maximize natural sources to reduce wasteful consumption. t is characterized mainly by ecient use of energy, water, and other resourcesI indoor 5uality conditionI reinforcement of natural systemsI use of eco-friendly materials and construction methodsI and reduction of degradation to nature. 9istory of Green Buildings (he concept of green building began as early as the late nineteenth century. 8ith the higher fuel consumption and cost due to the creation of glass-enclosed buildings and invention of modern conveniences such as air :>
conditioning, a group of concerned individuals were encouraged by the growing environmental movement. 9owever, it was the oil embargo in 2FE> that provided a catalyst for paradigm shift. 3eople began 5uestioning their heavy reliance on cheap and readily available fossil fuels for construction. (he potential of green building was further explored and later on became globally recognized as a sustainable way of addressing the dilemma of climate change. 'i;erent sectors banded together to form a group that will provide the much-needed groundwor) for the green movement. (he United tates Green Building !ouncil was created to promote buildings that o;er more ecological incentives. %i)ewise, they are focused on developing ideas for greener construction and sharing best practices. (hey developed a methodical and standard way of identifying factors for a green building on a point-based system. (he metrics help classify how sustainable a particular building is. (his is where the %eadership in &nergy and &nvironmental 'esign "%&&'# certi$cation comes in. 8hy Build Green7 Buildings have a huge and crucial impact on humans, the environment, and the economy. (he raw materials and natural resources it uses as well as the greenhouse gas emissions during the construction and operation stage highly a;ects people and nature. 'esigning and ma)ing a sustainable building will help alleviate the negative repercussions that come with using :/
the limited resources available. ndeed, the economic and environmental performance of buildings can be maximized well through the successful adoption of green building strategies. nitially, the price of creating a green building is more expensive than other regular buildings.
:@
in return of investment through higher occupancy by attracting and retaining 5uality
tenants, increased
employee productivity,
and
further
sales
improvement. %astly, social bene$ts include heightened aesthetic appeal and mar)et value as well as improved overall 5uality of life. Green Building in the 3hilippines lthough the concept of building sustainable structures in the 3hilippines is still in the early stages of establishing its grounds, it is now gaining momentum where the demand for green architecture is growing very fast. 4any multinational companies re5uire that their oces be resourceecient and o;er a productive environment. s such, more local business owners are investing to build high performance structures or to enhance the eciency of their existing buildings. Gree E!r$e&%0 B#$%&$') Be!"$' ( Tre& $ +*e P*$%$--$e)
'ue to the adverse e;ects of deforestation, building contractors and real estate developers are now embracing environment friendly construction techni5ues. 4a*ority of the building contractors and developers here in the 3hilippines seem to be more environmentally aware, paying attention to the total e;ect of their buildings to the environment. !urrently, there is an exceptional trend and a huge demand for constructing green and ecofriendly buildings in the 3hilippines and other parts of the world. W*(+ M(e) ( B#$%&$' E!Fr$e&%0/
:C
(he construction of green building gives important consideration to the design, cost, and the use of natural sources. (he design must be simple but smart, and the cost of eco-friendly materials must be )ept at a minimum. t should maximize the use of natural sources by eciently )eeping waste at a minimum or no waste at all. (he construction method should also be ecient by giving emphasis to the use of energy, water, and other natural sustainable materials. ustainable building construction materials are easily recycled, reused, or replaceable without a big e;ect on the environment. (hese sustainable building materials are low-toxic or non-toxic at all with minimal chemical emissions, and are included into the entire woodland product line for any )ind of building or residential construction. n order to 5ualify for green building design, construction, and operation, the company6s pro*ect should be validated by the %eadership in &nergy and &nvironmental 'esign "%&&'#. %&&' is a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings, and homes. %&&' is internationally recognized as a third party certi$cation program that validates whether a particular structure meet its 5uali$cations. (here are particular standards that are set to measure di;erent ecological 5ualities of buildings according to its purposes. Green building uses one third less energy than conventional buildings. t espouses the reduction of operational costs by increasing productivity and
:E
using less energy, water and other resources, improvement of public and occupant health due to improved indoor air 5uality, and decrease of waste, pollution and environmental decay - Representative Kuan 3ablo Bondoc of 3ampanga mid the presence of $ve %&&' "%eadership in &nergy and &nvironment 'esign#-certi$ed buildings in the 3hilippines and @0 more pro*ects currently registered for
%&&' certi$cation,
more building tenants have been
encouraging their landlords to retro$t their buildings to be environmentally sustainable. ome multinational tenants have re5uired landlords to retro$t their buildings for the latter to be able to secure the contract to lease. ncreased demand 4itchell added that there has been a business demand for more green buildings, and from the viewpoint of corporate social responsibility, a moral imperative to build environmentally sustainable structures. L?ortune @11 companies, multinational corporations, and even local $rms now consider green initiatives as prere5uisites in their day-to-day maintenance and operations,M said Ric) antos, !BR& 3hilippines chair and !&D. L(hrough our global networ)s and resources, we have been strengthening the drive toward sustainable development which, as pointed out in several studies, could also bene$t not only developers and the environment but also end-usersAtenants, employees and residentsAin the long run.M :0
local rating, a counterpart of the %&&' certi$cation, has already been established by the 3hilippine Green Building !ouncil. !alled Berde, the certi$cation means Building for &cologically Responsive 'esign &xcellence. nother local rating has been formulated by the 3hilippine Green Building
nitiative.
(his
ratings
body
is
composed
of
professional
organizations such as United rchitects of the 3hilippines, nstitute of ntegrated &lectrical &ngineers of the 3hilippines, 3hilippine nstitute of nterior
'esigners,
Geological
ociety
of
the
3hilippines,
9eritage
!onservation ociety, nternational !ouncil of 4onuments ites, the 3hilippine ociety of Jentilating ir-conditioning Refrigerating &ngineers. Rating system %&&', meanwhile, is a widely used international green rating system developed by the U Green Building !ouncil. (he $ve %&&' certi$ed buildings are the sian 'evelopment Ban),
Registered :F
ndia
2,:0>T
!hina
@0F
outh orea
2:C
9ong ong
@@
(aiwan
/@
4alaysia
/:
ingapore
/:
3hilippines
>0
Kapan
>C
(hailand
>2
ri %an)a
:>
Jietnam
20
Bangladesh 2C 3a)istan
F
ndonesia
E
C
!ambodia
:
4acau
:
>1
Bhutan
2
(otal
:,>E2
!BR& Global ustainability (eam chart showing %&&'-certi$ed pro*ects in various countries. (o date, the 3hilippines has /> %&&' certi$ed pro*ects and @0 under registration. (he $gures only cover pro*ects under the %&&' rating system. (opping the city with the most number of green buildings constructed is (aguig !ity, 4etro 4anila. (he city remains faithful to its advocacy to create
green,
sustainable,
and
eco-friendly
building
and
healthy
environment. (he 4ind 4useum and un %ife ?inancial 9ead5uarters are two buildings in (aguig which recently got a Gold %&&'-certi$cation. ndeed this is a living testimony to their advocacy to help build a greener and environmentfriendly community. S!"e Gree B#$%&$') %!(+e& (+ Me+r! M($%( 1. Asian Development Bank •
9eat reduction from tree shading of open car par)s
•
4anagement of storm water
•
(o improve air 5uality system, air is purged from and replaced at the 'B head5uarter three times a wee).
>2
'B6s green cleaning program uses environment-friendly cleaning products 2. ARYA Residences •
(he tower receives lesser heat, and utilize technology that provides the residents the opportunity to reduce their reliance on valuable resources
•
s much as /1 percent savings in potable water usage t least 2/ percent savings in electricity usage
3. Zuellig Building in Makati City •
t is set to en*oy 2@ percent energy savings or a minimum of /.> million )ilowatt hours saved per year.
•
1 percent use of !?! refrigerant E@ percent of Suellig6s space has good daylight characteristics
4. SunLife Financial Building in Gloal City •
%ower energy costs= %ow emissivity glass allows daylight to come in while bloc)ing outside noise and heat. (he green roof has a rain harvesting system that captures rainwater for non-potable usage.
>:
S#)+($(,%e C!)+r#+$!
s urbanization increases, the demand for housing and infrastructures also grows. 9owever, buildings account for important !D: emissions and consume huge amounts of energy across a lifecycle that spans production, construction, operation and demolition. (he challenge is to continue to build but to do so in a di;erent way. W*(+ $) S#)+($(,%e C!)+r#+$!/
n practice, ustainable !onstruction means= •
reducing the negative impact of building sites "noise, dust, repetitive
tas)s#, •
integrating renewable energy sources at the design stage,
•
using recyclable materials in construction to preserve natural
resources, •
improving the thermal inertia of buildings to reduce heating and air-
conditioning costs and !D: emissions, •
controlling the aging of structures,
•
recycling materials and structures after demolition, 'esigning low-cost housing to improve living conditions for low-income
populations.
T*e C*(%%e'e) ! S#)+($(,%e C!)+r#+$!
>>
ustainable construction addresses two ma*or global challenges= the signi$cant environmental impact of the construction industry, balanced against the industryNs economic and social bene$ts. ustainable construction addresses both challenges by limiting the environmental and human impact of construction while guaranteeing the highest 5uality in aesthetics, strength and durability. t considers the complete life cycle of a building, from the selection of materials to demolition and recycling. Building architects, engineers and designers are becoming more zealous in discovering sustainable materials and techni5ues in constructing green and eco-friendly buildings that encourages healthy living. By standing $rm to their advocacy of building environment friendly structures, these architects and engineers are committed to provide the Lgreen environmentM everyone deserves. Green building has now become a trend and the future of building construction in the 3hilippines.
D. LOCAL RELATED STUDY
s years progress, the issue of increasing greenhouse gas emissions has been the centre of attention among environmentalists all over the world. Dne of the largest contributors of greenhouse gasses released in the atmosphere is the residential sector. tudies conducted by the 8orld Resources nstitute "8R# suggested that F.FH of the world6s greenhouse
>/
gasses were attributed to the residential sector "8orld Resources nstitute, :11@#. (here are many chemical compounds identi$ed in the &arth6s atmosphere acting as Lgreenhouse gases.M (hese greenhouse gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. s the sun stri)es the &arth6s surface, some of it is reected bac) towards space through infrared radiation, or in simple terms heat. (he not so bene$cial acts of these greenhouse gases then ta)e place as this infrared radiation is absorbed by them, trapping the heat in the atmosphere. (his process is the fundamental cause of the so-called Lgreenhouse e;ectM where in general terms is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases and is re-radiated in all directions. 4ost of the greenhouse gas emissions released by the residential sector mainly comes from power consumption. study on merican homes by the United tates &nergy nformation dministration "U&# mentioned that the residential sector accounts for 2.: billion metric tons of energyrelated carbon dioxide, E2H of which is produced at power plants providing homes electricity. t was also estimated that residential sector emissions have grown steadily at an average annual rate of about 2.1H since 2FF1 "U&, :12:#. (o mitigate the ever-increasing greenhouse gas emissions, particularly those attributed to the residential sector, the $eld of engineering contributed
>@
what we call Lgreen technologiesM that are integrated to residential structures. Green technologies in other terminologies may also be called as environmental technologies or clean technologies "D&!', :122#. 8ith sustainable development as its core, these technologies may encompass the aspects of energy conservation, materials recycling, renewable energy production, sewage treatment, solid waste management, air and water puri$cation, environmental remediation, etc. that in turn aim to conserve the natural environment and curb the negative impacts of human involvement. Green technologies are devices that are integrated either within or outside the residential structure. ome devices re5uire installment during the construction phase while others may ta)e the role of add-ons or those that can be installed even if the structure was built already. Green technologies are also not limited to devices but also planning and strategies to sustainably build the structure. 8ith the integration of these green technologies, the residential structure itself and the household residing in them may already contribute to the lessening of greenhouse gas emissions attributed to the residential sector. t is also possible to simultaneously integrate di;erent green technologies to a structure, though studies must be performed regarding their compatibility to one another. 8ith green technologiesVstrategies comes also the use of green building rating systems. Green building rating systems are tools constructed in order to measure and evaluate the environmental performance of a building, whether it may be a residential, commercial or industrial structure. >C
(hey are constructed to provide building owners and operators a concise framewor) for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions. (he rating systems cover a broad range of environmental considerations mainly covering the three stages of a buildings life, namely the construction phase, maintenance and operation phase, and the abandonmentVdemolition phase. 4ost common
green
building
rating
systems
that
served
as
foundations of di;erent national green building systems around the world are %&&' and BR&&4 green building rating systems "UGB!, :11C#. %&&' stands for %eadership in &nergy and &nvironmental 'esign which is created by the U.. Green Building !ouncil and adapted in the United tates while BR&&4 stands for British Research &stablishment &nergy ssessment 4atrix which is adapted to the United ingdom. n the 3hilippines, three green building rating systems were adapted and commonly used. (hese are the Building for &cologically Responsive 'esign &xcellence "B&R'&# rating system, %&&' rating system which acts as a third-party rating system and the Wuezon !ity Green Building Rating ystem "W!GBR#. B&R'& is constructed under the 3hilippine Green Building !ouncil "3hilGB!# having the BR&&4 and %&&' inuence "4abasa, :122#. (he Wuezon !ity Green Building Rating ystem is constructed under the Wuezon !ity government to suit the city6s personal environmental concerns. s of the moment, there are $ve %&&' !erti$ed buildings in the 3hilippines and these are the sian 'evelopment Ban), E
hared ervices Dce, and (exas nstruments in both Baguio and !lar) "4alaya, :12:#. (he green building has been introduced but the features were not thoroughly familiarized by the people. LReinforced concrete as building material was introduced to Kapan around 2F1@. (he $rst all R! building was a warehouse in obe, designed by 0
creation of Lgreen collarM *obs and by the generation of employment in green construction and trades. ts occupants also gain bene$ts from all economic and social levels through lower operating costs and reduced living costs. Basically, the concept of social sustainability provides a healthy lifestyle for green building occupants. n contrast to this, the construction can contribute to the health and lifestyle of the surrounding community in terms of increasing air pollution and vehicular trac, and even in terms of decreasing open spaced areas. But, these things can be avoided through applying the implication of sustainably designed building pro*ects. ustainable designs are highly ecient. t incorporates natural indoor areas and natural building features such as landscaped roofs and mini gardens. t provides natural day lighting and views. t uses natural means for heating, cooling and ventilation. "4ontoya, :122# Researches were done to further understand the methods of construction and the implications of green buildings to the environment. ccording to ?lorida "year#, U. General ervices dministration has a goal to achieve 8ashington based U. Green Building !ouncil6s &&' ilver for all new buildings. (hey came up with researches providing data on evaluating 2: federal
buildings.
(he
evaluations
included
the
measured
energy
performance of each building which illustrated the better performance of the buildings up to /1 percent than the average. (he buildings have the complexity concerning water savings, and the buildings were said to be performing a better rate in their baselines. ?urthermore, all of these 2: G >F
buildings were rated higher than the national average for U.. commercial buildings in terms of overall building and wor)place 5uality. mado 3. 'e Kesus Kr., founding chair of Green rchitecture 4ovement, explained how green buildings can help in reducing bills. n green buildings, there are less electricity bills and water bills which capture the attention of potential tenants and customers. 'e Kesus also mentioned that accreditations are voluntary although everybody should consider the bene$ts that come along with the green building. Dne example is that, in most buildings, air conditioners contribute C1H to the electricity bills, but when green principles are applied, this may be reduced to 21H, or even zero percent. "alazar, :122# Dn the other hand, err ":110# mentioned a few of the environmental contribution that green buildings provide. 9e said that green buildings help in protecting the environment. n one aspect, these buildings reduce the carbon emissions. (his is the wor) of the eco-friendly materials present. Because of these materials, there is a decrease in using natural resources. lso, the e;ects of the green buildings to humans are seen.
/1
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
(he 'escriptive 4ethod basically aims to describe what is present. (his method will aid the proponents to gain a better understanding with the researchers6 pro*ect. (he method involves research methodology used, the respondents of the study, method of selection, the instrument used and its validation, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment applied for accurate data analysis and interpretation.
/2
RESEARCH DESIGN
(he researchers chose a particular research design that best $t the study. 3arahoo "2FFE# de$nes a research design as “a plan that describes how, when and where data are to be collected and analyzed” . 3olit et al
":112# de$ne a research design as “the researcher’s overall for answering the research question or testing the research hypothesis”.
descriptive research methodology was used for this study. s (ravers "2FE0# said, “it is to describe the nature of situation as it eists at the ti!e of the study and to eplore the causes of particular pheno!ena”. ?urthermore,
as evilla ":11># concluded, L it is designed for the investigator to gather infor!ation about presenting eisting conditions.”
(he researchers chose a descriptive research methodology and designed a 5uestionnaire survey instrument to assess the perceptions of selected residents from around the metropolis regarding the performance of green buildings in 4etro 4anila. (he 5uestionnaire comprised of :1 statements which provided more information in determining the performance of green buildings in 4etro 4anila. (he respondents were given four options to state their opinion about these statementsI strongly agree, agree, disagree or strongly disagree.
/:
SETTING OF THE STUDY
(he setting of this study covers the residents of 4etro 4anila, speci$cally the randomly selected 2@E people that we had encountered during our sampling period.
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
(he target population consisted of 2@E residents of 4etro 4anila. (here was sampling used. (his target population was 5uite large. ccording &aston and 4c!oll, “"t is the basic technique where we select a group of sub#ect for study fro! a larger group. $ach individual is chosen rando!ly by chance and each !e!ber of the population has an equal chance of being included in the survey.”
(o choose the residents, simple random sampling was used. (able shows the sampling distribution of the respondents of the study showing the number of participation from each cities.
T(,%e I D$)+r$,#+$! ! Re)-!&e+) ,0 C$+0
C$+$e)
N#",er ! Re)-!&e+) />
!aloocan !ity
F
%as 3iXas !ity
F
4andaluyong !ity
F
4anila
21
4a)ati !ity
F
4alabon !ity
F
4ari)ina !ity
F
4untinlupa !ity
21
F
3araXa5ue
F
3asay !ity
F
3asig
21
3ateros
F
Wuezon !ity
F
an Kuan !ity
F
(aguig !ity
21
Jalenzuela !ity
F
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
//
(he researchers gathered information from boo)s and other sources in order to gain more )nowledge and insights about the study. (he gathered information was put together in the form of 5uestionnaire. (he researchers used the survey method in the data gathering procedure to obtain the pertinent information from the randomly selected residents of 4etro 4anila, and this obtained information allowed the researchers to further examine the performance of green buildings in 4etro 4anila, and to arrive at speci$c conclusion. (o ma)e improvements, the survey 5uestions were tried out $rst on a group of people not included in the research.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
(he collection of data involved a survey which was administered to a selected population. (he term Psurvey6 is commonly applied to a research methodology designed to collect data from a speci$c population, or a sample from that population, and typically utilizes a 5uestionnaire or an interview as the survey instrument "Robson, 2FF>#. (he survey was comprised of 5uestions which were related to the participant6s perception of green buildings in 4etro 4anila. %i)ert scale was used to determine if the respondents agreed or disagreed in a statement. ?or the distribution of the 5uestionnaires, the researchers arranged appointments to the residents of 4etro 4anila. (he researchers guided them /@
without inuencing their answers while answering the 5uestionnaires. the researchers gave the respondents the option of being anonymous. 3articipants were given the time they need to answer all 5uestions. fter it was answered, 5uestionnaires were retrieved. (here were no incentives o;ered for participating in the research.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
ndividual responses were tallied before they were put into graph for the statistical treatment.
(o )now the total amount of the respondents
needed for the survey, the researchers used the formula for getting the sample size needed respondents.
8here= n Y sample size < Y population size e Y desired margin of error
/C
BIBLIOGRAPHY Ar+$%e)
2. damus, %u)asz. &lsevier %td L&nvironmentally friendly construction products selection based on building model dataM :1:/ :. guilar lbino, 'iola . urellado, &liseo L(he Greening of the 3ro*ect 4anagement !ycle in the !onstruction ndustryM /. 'iaz, Kess LGreen gov6t buildings pushedM (he 3hilippine tar. Dctober /, :12/ @. Gray, Kennifer L&co ?riendly !onstruction 4ethods and 4aterialsM :1 Kuly :12@ C. 2, :12>
/E
E. Ramos, Rochelle 4arie and Jillegas, irish L need of Green Buildings in the 3hilippinesM :12: 0. chneider, KenniferI etal. &lement nalysis of the Green Building 3rocess :110 F. alazar, (essa R.M nt6l pressure mounts for more Pgreen6 buildings in 39M 21.
Jinyang)oon, maravadee. !ommercial green building= the value
added gap perspective 22.
8ael hmed haaban bo
&nvironment
through
'eveloping
rchitectural
'esign
towards
ustainability by pplying its 3rinciples into 'esign (oolsM :12:
I+ere+ 2. http=VVwww.conserve-energy-future.comVtop-2@-green-home-building-
techni5ues-and-ideas.php :. http=VVtheconstructor.orgVbuildingVbuildingsVeco-friendlybuildingmaterialsVE:1V >. http=VVwww.calrecycle.ca.govVGreenBuildingVmaterialsV
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