ENERGY CONSERVATION : INDIAN SCENARIO AND GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT Author : Jay Prakash, Scientist ‘C’, CCE(R&D)North, New Delhi
ABSTRACT
The Energy conservation concepts can be traced back in the history of ancient Greek built cities where they used passive solar design so that all the homes recovered solar heat in the winter. winter. In the recent recent times, times, the oil prices prices increase increase in 1970s 1970s combine combined d with with enviro environmen nmental tal movement led to the earliest experiments with contemporary green building concept. In India India const construc ructi tion on indu indust stry ry bein being g the the second second large largest st secto sectorr afte afterr agri agricu cult lture ure,, contributing around 7% of India’s GDP growth, is forecast to grow at a rate of around 9.2%, as compared to Global Global average average of 5.5%. This industry industry consumes 40% of total total energy and about one half of the world’s major resources. resources. Thus, the issue of energy security security and green building building initiatives is required to be taken up seriously. This This pape paperr disc discus usse sess the the conc concer erns ns over over ener energy gy secu securi rity ty me meas asur ures es and and ener energy gy conservation in Indian context with a brief idea of different policies made and effected to construct new and renovate existing buildings in a direction towards Green Building concept. The potential for energy savings is 40-50% in new buildings designed based on Green Buildings where as for existing existing buildings buildings it can go upto 20-25% based on retro fitting fitting measures. The incremental cost vis-à-vis conventional building is around 5-8% with a pay back period of 2-4 years. The importance importance and benefits benefits of Green Buildings have been highlight highlighted ed in the paper in a view to save our planet and sustain life.
1.
INTRODUCTION Energy efficiency, in today’s scenario, is in no way less important than for resources of energy energy i.e. coal, coal, gas, gas, oil and uraniu uranium. m. The best part of energy energy efficienc efficiency y lies lies in the smart smart constructi construction on and disciplined disciplined use of it. Statisti Statistics cs shows that over 40 million sqm of commercial commercial and residential space is being added annually which results in additional burden of nearly 5.5 billion units of electricity.
Application of energy efficiency requires planning of building, its envelope, interiors, airconditioning and other gadgets. The requirement is to recognize the areas where the use of natural resources of energy can be maximized to make the building effective and sustainable.
2.
NEED OF ENERGY CONSERVATION Since 1990, India has emerged as one of the wealthiest economies in the developing world. During this period, the economy has grown constantly with only a few major set backs. With 35 cities with populations in excess of 1 million, and more cities joining the list, investments in urban infrastructure for the provision of services are projected to be higher than ever before.
In order to sustain sustain its GDP growth growth at the projected projected average of around 7-8%, one needs to ensure a sustained sustained energy supply supply and increased energy energy security. security. Be it problems of shortages shortages of fuels or consumption of electricity we need to work out every detail to fight with the scarcity of sources sources of energy. Since the building building sector is inextricably inextricably connected connected to nearly all over energy demands whether it be agricultural, transportation, industrial or residential & commercial, it is of prime importance that all possibilities towards energy efficiency and conservation in this sector be looked at in depth and put to use as soon as possible. 3.
IND INDIA’ IA’s PERSP RSPECTIVE : GROWTH PROFILE Sl. No.
Five year plan
Target for energy efficiency
Cost
Remarks
a)
9th (1997 (1997-2 -200 002) 2) 5000 5000 MW in elec elec 6 million tones in petroleum
Rs.1 Rs.14 4 bill billio ion n (USD 0.3 billion)
Ener Energy gy Cons Conser ervat vatio ion n Act 2001 passed
b)
10th (2002-2007) 95000 95000 mill millio ion n units units no no spec specif ific ic (Mu) (3% of allocation estimated demand)
BEE BEE esta establ blis ishe hed d
11th(2007-2012) The The rene renewa wabl blee ener energy gy targ target etss for for 11th five five year year plan plan (2007 (2007-2 -2012 012)) can can be summarized as below :-
c)
i)
Grid Grid inte intera ract ctiv ivee ren renewa ewabl blee powe powerr : A phy physi sica call tar target get of 14000 14000 MW is targ target et for Eleventh plan for grid –interactive renewable power through wind, small hydro, bio-power and solar power.
ii) ii)
For For rura rurall appl applic icat atio ion n a targ target et of of 100 100 MW of of renew renewab able le bas based ed dist distri ribu bute ted d /off /off grid power has been decided.
iii) iii)
Nation National al biobio-fue fuell poli policy cy to to be finali finalized zed that that provid provides es ince incenti ntives ves and leads leads to to a competitive industry.
iv) iv)
IRED IREDA A (Rene (Renewa wabl blee Ener Energy gy Deve Develo lopm pmen entt restructured.
Agenc Agency y Limi Limite ted) d) to be
4.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY NCY POLICIE ICIES S IN INDI INDIA A The energy energy polici policies es since since indepen independen dence ce have have been adopted adopted only only to serve serve the sociosocioeconomic economic priorities priorities of development development in India. India. This has resulted resulted in inefficiencies inefficiencies in the use and production of energy and the situation is so grim that India pays one of the highest prices for energy in purchasing power purity terms. There are two major challenges ahead
a)
to ensu ensure re adeq adequa uate te supp supply ly of ener energy gy at at the the lea least st poss possib ible le cos costt
b) b)
to sup suppl ply y ‘lif ‘lifel elin ine’ e’ ener energy gy to to poor poor in the the coun countr try y and and ensur ensuree the the affor afforda dabi bili lity ty..
With the above two primary primary objectives objectives Planning Planning Commission Commission of India has prepared prepared an Integrated Energy Policy (2006) linked with sustainable development that covers all sources of energy and addresses all aspects of energy use and supply including energy security, access and availability, affordability affordability and pricing as well as efficiency and environmental concerns. To balance that growth of urbanizatio urbanization n and the resultant resultant demand of energy and concerns over energy security following areas have been identified in the Integrated Energy Policy 2006 where 40-50% of all possible measures of reducing energy consumption needs to be exercised forthwith :i)
Mining
ii) ii)
Elec Electr tric icit ity y Gener Generat atio ion, n, tran transm smis issi sion on and and dist distri ribu buti tion on
iii)
Water pu pumping
iv) iv)
Indu Indust stri rial al prod produc ucti tion on,, pro proce cess ssor or,, hau hauli ling ng
v)
Mass transport
vi)
Building design
vii)
Construction
viii viii))
Heat Heatin ing, g, vent ventil ilat atio ion n and AirAir-co cond ndit itio ioni ning ng
ix)
Lighting & ho house ho hold ap appliances
Govt of India has set a goal – Mission 2012 : Power for all
Among the major policies which have setup for energy conservation in India are :a)
Ener Energy gy Cons Conser erva vati tion on Act Act 2001 2001 : esta establ blis ishe hed d the Bure Bureau au of Ene Energ rgy y Effic Efficie ienc ncy y (BEE), under Ministry Ministry of Power. Formulated Energy Conservation Building Building Codes (ECBC).
b) b)
Elec Electr tric icit ity y Act of 2003 2003 : sets sets up contr contrac actt and stat statee level level inde indepe pend nden entt regul regulat ator ory y comm commis issi sion ons, s, can can mand mandat atee and and fina finance nce DSM DSM (Dem (Deman and d side side mana managem gement ent)) programs.
The energy conservation act deals with several mandatory as well as promotional measures relating to :x)
Des Designa ignate ted d cons consum umer erss (ener energy gy inten ntensi sive ve indus ndustr try y, comm commer erci cial al bui buildi ldings ngs and and establishments).
xi) xi)
Equi Equipm pmen entt and and appl applic icat atio ion n stan standa dard rdss and and labe labeli ling ng..
xii) xii)
Energy Energy conserv conservati ation on buildi building ng codes codes for for new comm commerc ercial ial buil buildin dings gs with with connec connected ted load of 500 KW or contract demand of 600 KVA and above.
xiii) xiii)
Resear Research ch and and deve develop lopmen ment, t, trai trainin ning g and and capac capacity ity buildi building. ng.
Under the statutory authority, BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) has developed the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) 2006 under contract between International instit institute ute for energy energy conser conservat vation ion (IIEC) (IIEC) and United United States States Agency Agency for Intern Internati ational onal Development (USAID) as a part of Energy Conservation and Commercialization (ECO) project. project. The development development of ECBC involved the energy energy requirement requirement and the climatic climatic conditions in India. As figure figure (I) shows, there are five climatic zones in India. According to diff differ eren entt clim climat atic ic condi conditi tions ons base base mode models ls were were prepa prepare red d and and opti option on for for ener energy gy conservation were exercised exercised in all possible manner. The purpose of this code is is to provide provide minimum requirement for the energy efficient design and construction of buildings. Code has been been made made mand mandat ator ory y for for comm commer erci cial al build buildin ings gs or build buildin ing g compl complex exes es (new (new construction) after its launch on 26 May 2007. 200 7.
Figure-I- Five climatic zones as per ECBC S. No.
a)
b)
The provision of ECBC applies to
The pro provisions of EC ECBC do does not not ap apply to Mandatory for all new building that a) Buildings that do not use either have have a conn connec ecte ted d load load of 500K 500KW W a electricity or fossil fuel. great greater er or a contr contrac actt dema demand nd of 600 600 KVA or greater.
Buildings wi with a co condit ditioned fl floor ar area b) Equipments Equipments and and portions portions of of building building of 1000 Sqm or greater. syst system em that that use use ener energy gy prim primar aril ily y for for manufacturing processes and c) Multifamily buildings of three or fewer stor storie iess abov abovee groun ground d and and sing single le fami family ly building.
All the policies made by GoI are are guidelines towards Green Green Building concept. This concept is now being adopted by various new constructions as well as existing buildings and has proved to be very pragmatic and efficient.
5.
GREEN BUILDING A green building, also known as sustainable or high performance building, is a structure that is designed, built, renovated, operated or reused in an ecological and resource efficient manner. manner. Though several definitio definitions ns for sustainabi sustainability lity arte available, available, the definition definition suggested suggested by the then Primer Minister of Norway, Gro Bruntland in 1987 – “Meeting the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their needs” is considered as simple and effective.
In India, IGBC (Indian Green Building Council) which is a part of CII-Godrej GBC has taken taken on the initiat initiative ive of the promoti promotion on of Green Green Buildin Building g concept concept in India. India. The council council is represented by all stakeholders of construction industry – Corporate, Govt and nodal agencies, Architects, Materials manufacturers, Institutions and Media etc. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) plays an active role in promoting sustainability in Indian constructi construction on sector. The CII as central pillar pillar of the Indian Green Building Building Council Council (IGBC). (IGBC). The IGBC has licensed the LEED (Leadership (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Environmental Design) Design) green buildings standards for the US green building council and currently is responsible for certifying LEED – New construction and LEED – Core and shell buildings in India. TERI Green rating for integrated habitat Assessment Voluntary Programme is another step towards the rating system in India. Important features of a Green Green Building can be listed as :a)
Use Use of fly fly ash rea ready dy mix mix conc concre rette or ligh lightt weigh weightt concr concret etee / cavit cavity y wall walls for insulation and sustainability.
b) b)
Use Use of roof roof insu insullati ation metho method d like ike expa expand nded ed pol polysty ystyrrene ene roof oof ins insulat ulatio ion n or reflective painting etc.
c)
Recy Recycl clin ing g of was waste tewa wate terr for for land landsc scap apin ing g and and use use of flu fluid idiz ized ed aer aerob obic ic bio bio-r -rea eact ctor or sewage treatment plant.
d)
Lands Landscap capin ing g with with ende endemi micc plan plants ts whi which ch req requi uire re les lesss wate waterr and and pest pestic icid ides es..
e)
Use Use of Ene Energ rgy y effi effici cient ent light lightss like like CFL CFL and and str struc uctu ture res, s, maxi maximi mizi zing ng use use of nat natur ural al light by design and orientation of building.
f)
All A/C to be CFC free.
g)
Rain Rain wate waterr har harve vest stin ing g mea measu sure ress wit with h zer zero o drai drainag nagee to muni munici cipa pall drai drains ns..
h)
Use Use of rene renewa wabl blee ener energy gy like like sol solar ar and and wind wind ener energy gy sour source ces. s.
j) j)
Inst Instal alla lati tion on of of CO2 CO2 moni monito tors rs in the the bui build ldin ings gs and regu regula larr che check ck on them them..
k)
UG par parki king ng sho shoul uld d be pre prefe ferr rred ed to to redu reduce ce hea heatt Isla Island nd eff effec ects ts..
l)
Sepa Separa rate te dust dustbi bins ns for for rec recyc ycla labl blee and and nonnon-re recy cycl clab able le wast waste. e.
Figure-II- Building design, orientation & envelope as per ECBC
Figure-II shows the maximization of natural resources of solar energy to lit up the whole area and to keep the house properly properly ventilated. ventilated. The advantage advantage of proper planning planning of building building is that it may not add costs to a building at all while designing as per green building concept.
6.
BENEFITS OF GREEN BUILDINGS
The potential benefits of green buildings can be categorized into the following major categories :Environmental benefits :-
The basic concept of ecobalance and Green buildings are similar in nature as both deal with environment protection protection and energy conservation. The given condition of rapidly rapidly increasing population resulting in high demand of resources is is a big worry for all. The key is to maintain ecological balance and fulfill the demand of energy avoiding any cause of hindrance to the progress of industry. Green building concept utilizes the the natural resources to its maximum. During planning and design stage one can ensure proper placing of windows, orientation of windows and walls, porches and trees to shade windows and roof thereby increasing natural heat gain during winters winters and reduce heat in in summers. Natural light during day time ensure that the requirement is met for maximum hours and with solar energy panels, panels, solar water water heating system. system. They are utilized utilized in night hours too, thus reducing the electrical operating cost to minimum.
Natural ventilation and air passage is desired in such a way that fresh air is available all the time. The green building concept, the orientation and envelope of building are major areas of emphasis. emphasis. There are methods methods to avoid wastage of rainwater rainwater in green building concept like using plants and trees through green roof, rain gardens and reduction of rainwater run off, using gravel parking instead of concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of groundwater etc. Green building utilizes the waste material for landfill during construction. Also, the waste generated by users users are reduced by methods of construction of compost and sewage treatm treatment ent plants. plants. The advantag advantagee of STP is in both ways, ways, the solid solid waste waste is utilize utilized d as manure and the recycle water can be used for car washing, flush toilets, arboriculture and horticulture etc. Socio-Economic benefits :-
The utilization of natural lights to maximum possible hours protecting the premises from glare and excess heat in summers and maintaining warmth in winters helps in the reduction reduction of operating operating cost to a minimum. minimum. With the natural natural ventilatio ventilation n and passage of fresh air the comfort comfort level of users increase. increase. It is a proven fact that utilizat utilization ion of natural resour resources ces also result result in the health health of users users as well well as buildi building. ng. The proper proper designing designing increase the aesthetics and reduce strain strain to the infrastructure infrastructure and users to a great extent. In a nutshell, green building concept improve over all quality of life of the users and provide soothing experience. 7.
CONCLUSION
The energy efficiency measures are vital in terms of overall provision energy supply. Constructi Construction on works being and important important source of energy consumpti consumption on are required to be seem and dealt dealt with with care care at each level. level. The policie policiess and codes formul formulate ated d by governme government nt can be effective only when every individual mix and effort in this direction. Green Building concept is a revolutionary step towards energy efficiency programme. For existing buildings as well as new construction, various methods can be adopted to save energy. Clea Clean n Deve Develo lopm pment ent Mech Mechani anism sm (CDM (CDM)) combi combine ned d with with ener energy gy effi effici cien ency cy can can gene genera rate te opportunities for carbon credit trading in the International market and financial benefits can be availed. This is just a small step for a long journey towards India India achieving the target of becoming global power.
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6.
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7.
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