Građenje glagolskih vremena u Engleskom jeziku Engleskom jeziku Na 2. strani se nalazi tabela koja predstavlja matricu po kojoj se gradi svih 12 vremena u Engleskom jeziku. Engleskom jeziku. Tabela na strani 2. se koristi tako što tako što se uzimaju podaci iz tabele prema redosledu koji je koji je naveden u samom vrhu tabele, tj. izraz se gradi po redosledu „1+2+3“. Kod potvrdnog oblika i negacije uzimamo prvo podatak iz kolone „lice 1.“, pa zatim biramo iz kolona sa obeležjima „2.“ (zavisno da li je li je u pitanju potvrdni oblik ili negacija), pa zatim uzimamo oblik glagola iz kolona „3.“ u svom obliku zavisno da li je li je pravilan ili nepravilan. Kod upitnog oblika uzimamo prvo podatak iz poslednje kolone „pitanje 1.+2.“, pa zatim uzimamo oblik glagola iz kolona „3.“ u svom obliku zavisno da li je li je pravilan ili nepravilan. Posebno se gradi negacija u Past Simple vremenu tako što tako što se posle izraza „did not“ stavlja oblik glagola u sadašnjem vremenu, a ne u Past Simple vremenu, što vremenu, što je je naznačeno dodatkom u zagradi u samoj tabeli na tom mestu. U Present Simple vremenu nastavak „‐s“ se dodaje glagolskom obliku samo u potvrdnom obliku, dakle ne dodaje se u negaciji i upitnom obliku. To je To je u tabeli naznačeno tako što tako što je je naveden oblik glagola i sa nastavkom „‐s“ i bez nastavka i u samoj tabeli je tabeli je obeleženo ovom žutom bojom. U ovoj tabeli su stavljeni primeri jednog primeri jednog pravilnog i jednog nepravilnog glagola. (Može se primetiti da je da je kod pravilnih glagola isti oblik samog glagola i u Past Simple vremenu i u sva 3 oblika Perfect vremena, dok je dok je kod nepravlnih glagola različit oblik samog glagola u Past Simple vremenu i u 3 oblika Perfect vremena. Pa je Pa je u ovoj tabeli Past Simple oblik nepravilnog glagola markiran zelenom bojom. ) Na strani 3. se nalaze izvađeni kompletni oblici iz osnovne matrice za ova 2 glagola u primeru. Na stranama 4. ‐ 6. se nalaze objašnjenja o tome kada se koje vreme koristi u pričanju , odnosno prepričavanju, odnosno planiranju određenih događaja.
[ Za onog ko namerava da koristi pravilno u govoru svih 12 vremena u Engleskom jeziku, Engleskom jeziku, već se podrazumeva da zna sledeće: isti je ublik i u Past Simple vremenu i u 3 oblika Perfekt vremena (Past Prefekt, Present ‐kod pravilnih glagola isti je Perfect, Futur Perfect) i gradi se jednostavnim se jednostavnim dodavanjem nastavka „‐ed“ ‐kod napravilnih glagola dakle nema pravila, i oblik moramo naučiti (nabubati) napamet iz tabele, a izgovor najbolje učiti iz originalnih zvučnih fajlova ‐kod svih 6 oblika Continuous vremena oblik glagola se gradi dodavanjem nastavka „‐ing“. ]
vreme Past Simple
P R O Š L O S T
Past Continuous (Progressive)
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Present Simple
S A D A Š N J O S T
Present Continuous (Progressive)
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Future Simple
B U D U
Ć
N O S T
Future Continuous (Progressive)
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive)
lice 1.
I You He/She/It We You They I You He/She/It We You They I You He/She/It We You They I You He/She/It We You They I You He/She/It We You They I You He/She/It We You They I You He/She/It We You They I You He/She/It We You They I You He/She/It We You They I You He/She/It We You They I You He/She/It We You They I You He/She/It We You They
potvrdni oblik 2. ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐
was were was were were were had had had had had had had been had been had been had been had been had been ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐
am are is are are are have have has have have have have been have been has been have been have been have been will will will will will will will be will be will be will be will be will be will have will have will have will have will have will have will have been will have been will have been will have been will have been will have been
negacija 2. did not (didn’t) (call, drink) did not (call, drink) did not (call, drink) did not (call, drink) did not (call, drink) did not (call, drink) was not (wasn’t) were not (weren’t) was not were not were not were not had not had not had not had not had not had not had not been had not been had not been had not been had not been had not been do not (don’t) do not does not (doesn’t) do not do not do not am not are not is not are not are not are not have not (haven’t) have not has not (hasn’t) have not have not have not have not been have not been has not been have not been have not been have not been will not (won’t) will not will not will not will not will not will not be (won’t be) will not be will not be will not be will not be will not be will not have will not have will not have will not have will not have will not have will not have been will not have been will not have been will not have been will not have been will not have been
pravilni glagol 3. called called called called called called calling calling calling calling calling calling called called called called called called calling calling calling calling calling calling call call calls (call) call call call calling calling calling calling calling calling called called called called called called calling calling calling calling calling calling call call call call call call calling calling calling calling calling calling called called called called called called calling calling calling calling calling calling
nepravilni glagol 3. drenk drenk drenk drenk drenk drenk drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drink drink drinks (drink) drink drink drink drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drink drink drink drink drink drink drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking
pitanje 1. + 2. Did I (call, drink) Did you (call, drink) Did he/she/it (call, drink) Did we (call, drink) Did you (call, drink) Did they (call, drink) Was I Were you Was he/she/it Were we Were you Were they Had I Had you Had he/she/it Had we Had you Had they Had I been Had you been Had he/she/it been Had we been Had you been Had they been Do I Do you Does he/she/it Do we Do you Do they Am I Are you Is he/she/it Are we Are you Are they Have I Have you Has he/she/it Have we Have you Have they Have I been Have you been Has he/she/it been Have we been Have you been Have they been Will I Will you Will he/she/it Will we Will you Will they Will I be Will you be Will he/she/it be Will we be Will you be Will they be Will I have Will you have Will he/she/it have Will we have Will you have Will they have Will I have been Will you have been Will he/she/it have been Will we have been Will you have been Will they have been
vreme Past Simple
P R O Š L O S T
Past Continuous (Progressive)
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Present Simple
S A D A Š N J O S T
Present Continuous (Progressive)
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Future Simple
B U D U
Ć
N O S T
Future Continuous (Progressive)
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive)
potvrdni oblik
negacija
pitanje
I called You called He/She/It called We called You called They called I was calling You were calling He/She/It was calling We were calling You were calling They were calling I had called You had called He/She/It had called We had called You had called They had called I had been calling You had been calling He/She/It had been calling We had been calling You had been calling They had been calling I call You call He/She/It calls We call You call They call I am calling You are calling He/She/It is calling We are calling You are calling They are calling I have called You have called He/She/It has called We have called You have called They have called I have been calling You have been calling He/She/It has been calling We have been calling You have been calling They have been calling I will call You will call He/She/It will call We will call You will call They will call I will be calling You will be calling He/She/It will be calling We will be calling You will be calling They will be calling I will have called You will have called He/She/It will have called We will have called You will have called They will have called I will have been calling You will have been calling He/She/It will have been calling We will have been calling You will have been calling They will have been calling
I did not call You did not call He/She/It did not call We did not call You did not call They did not call I was not calling You were not calling He/she/it was not calling We were not calling You were not calling They were not calling I had not called You had not called He/She/It had not called We had not called You had not called They had not called I had not been calling You had not been calling He/She/It had not been calling We had not been calling You had not been calling They had not been calling I do not call You do not call He/She/It does not call We do not call You do not call They do not call I am not calling You are not calling He/She/It is not calling We are not calling You are not calling They are not calling I have not called You have not called He/She/It has not called We have not called You have not called They have not called I have not been calling You have not been calling He/She/It has not been calling We have not been calling You have not been calling They have not been calling I will not call You will not call He/She/It will not call We will not call You will not call They will not call I will not be calling You will not be calling He/She/It will not be calling We will not be calling You will not be calling They will not be calling I will not have called You will not have called He/She/It will not have called We will not have called You will not have called They will not have called I will not have been calling You will not have been calling He/She/It will not have been calling We will not have been calling You will not have been calling They will not have been calling
Did I call Did you call Did he/she/it call Did we call Did you call Did they call Was I calling Were you calling Was he/she/it calling Were we calling Were you calling Were they calling Had I called Had you called Had he/she/it called Had we called Had you called Had they called Had I been calling Had you been calling Had he/she/it been calling Had we been calling Had you been calling Had they been calling Do I call Do you call Does he/she/it call Do we call Do you call Do they call Am I calling Are you calling Is he/she/it calling Are we calling Are you calling Are they calling Have I called Have you called Has he/she/it called Have we called Have you called Have they called Have I been calling Have you been calling Has he/she/it been calling Have we been calling Have you been calling Have they been calling Will I call Will you call Will he/she/it call Will we call Will you call Will they call Will I be calling Will you be calling Will he/she/it be calling Will we be calling Will you be calling Will they be calling Will I have called Will you have called Will he/she/it have called Will we have called Will you have called Will they have called Will I have been calling Will you have been calling Will he/she/it have been calling Will we have been calling Will you have been calling Will they have been calling
nepravilni glagol
drenk drenk drenk drenk drenk drenk drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drink drink drinks (drink) drink drink drink drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drink drink drink drink drink drink drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drunk drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking
Past Simple ‐ (“prošlo prosto”) Koristi se za radnje koje su okončane‐potpuno završene (kada je radnja završena i nema nikakve veze sa sadašnjošću). / I was in Liverpool last year. / Koristi se za prošle radnje čije se posledice ne osećaju direktno u sadašnjosti. /We went to school when we were children. / Koristi se kada govorimo o stvarima koje želimo da se dogode ili bi trebalo da se dogode: /It's time they were back. /; /I wish I had a new computer. / Koristi se u zavisnoj rečenici ako je u glavnoj prosto prošlo vrijeme (slaganje vremena): /The policeman told me I drove too much. / Vrlo često se uvodi nekom vremenskom odrednicom npr."Yesterday, last week, a year ago, in 1695". Koristi se za ustaljene radnje i navike iz prošlosti. /John's cut liked spaghetti. /; /Maria always dropped basketball. / Past Continuous(Progressive) ‐ (“prošlo trajno”) Koristi se za stanja i događaje koji su trajali u jednom trenutku u prošlosti, a dati vremenski trenutak‐period nije mogao dugo da traje. Koristi se za radnje koje su počele u jednom trenutku u prošlosti i nije sigurno da su još uvek završene. Za završene radnje u prošlosti koristimo Past Simple. Koristi se da se opiše pozadina, odnosno da se pred čitaoce postavi scena priče pisana u prošlom vremenu. /James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box... / Koristi se da se opiše radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je prekinula neka druga prošla radnja: / I was watching TV when you telephoned. / Koristi se da se izrazi promena mišljenja: / I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead. / Koristi se za dvije radnje koje se dešavaju istovremeno: / The children were playing while their mothers were chatting. / Koristi se u zavisnoj rečenici umjesto nesvršene sadašnjosti ako je u glavnoj rečenici prošlost: /I knew that he was talking to her about her daughter. / Past Perfect ‐ (“predprošlo”) Koristi se kada se govori o radnji koja se već dogodila u prošlosti pre neke druge radnje u prošlosti. Koristi se za izražavanje radnje za koju se pretpostavljalo da je trebalo da se dogodi u prošlosti ‐ pre neke druge radnje: /Erin had checked the price before she booked the cabin. /; / We had left home before he came. / ; / The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. The train had left when we arrived. / ; /I was not hungry. I had just eaten. /; /I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. / ; /He said that he had seen him at the theatre. / Koristi se u zavisnim rečenicama uz “after”: /He got a headache after he had washed his hair. / Koristi se iza izraza: “as if”, “if only”, ” I wish” da se izrazi nešto što nije ostvareno u prošlosti: /I wish I had met you before. /; /If only you had sent me the SMS. /; /He played the basketball as if he had played in NBA. / Past Perfect Continuous(Progressive) ‐ (“predprošlo trajno”) Koristi se za stanja i događaje koji su trajali u jednom periodu u prošlosti, a dati vremenski period je relativno dugo trajao. /When I was her, she was eating ice‐cream. /; /At that time we were talking on the phone every day. / Koristi se da bi se označila radnja koja je trajala u prošlosti pre neke druge prošle radnje: /When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours. / ; /John was very tired. He had been running. / ; /I could smell cigarettes. somebody had been smoking. / Koristi se u indirektnom govoru umesto trajnog oblika prošlog vremena (past continuous) u direktnom govoru: (Direktni govor: /"Some of my friends have been playing cards all night." / Indirektni govor: /Peter said that some of his friends had been playing cards all night. /)
Present Simple ‐ (“sadašnje prosto”) Koristi se za činjenična trenutna stanja i trenutne navike. /I like chocolate./; /The children watch TV every night. / Present Simple se najčešće koristi za opšte iskaze ili radnje u sadašnjosti koje su vezane za određeni trenutak. Koristi se za potvrđivanje poznate istine. /Fish live in water. / Koristi se za označavanje radnje čije trajanje nije određeno. /I write. / Koristi se i onda kada se opisuju uobičajene aktivnosti (radnje koje se uobičajeno ponavljaju), (koje se vrše po navici), (koje se redovno ponavljaju). Tada se u rečenici često koriste prilozi za učestalost, kao što su: ussually, always, every day, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally.) /He reads the newspaper every morning. /; / I have an English lesson three times a week. / Koristi za događaje u budućnosti kada je reč o STROGO ISPLANIRANOM VREMENSKOM TRENUTKU. th /My cousin arrives on Monday. /; /My husband travel to Moscow on the 27 . / Present Continuous(Progressive) ‐ (“sadašnje trajno”) Koristi se za trenutna stanja, za radnje koje se dešavaju u trenutku govora i koje traju određeni period. Uvek se odnosi na period koji osećamo kao jasno ograničen. /I am eating chocolate. /; /They’re planning a trip. / Koristi se kada se daju izjave koje važe samo u datom trenutku ili su prolaznog klaraktera. /I’m looking for a new house. /; /My feet are killing me. / Koristi se za predstavljanje događaja koji se ponavljaju (čije je trajanje neprekidno). Tada se u rečenici obično koriste prilozi always, constantly, forever i sl. . I ako je sadašnje glagolsko vreme, koristi se za STROGO ISPLANIRANE događaje, odnosno rokove u budućnosti. /I'm going to Zagreb tomorrow. /; /Are you comming to the party tonight? / Koristi se za moguće događaje sa velikom verovatnoćom. (Da se izrazi radnja koja je već isplanirana i desit će se u budućnosti.) /It's going to rain. /; / I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight. / Koristi se za radnje koje će se desiti u bliskoj budućnosti. Koristi se kada se govori o aktuelnim dešavanjima, razvoju događaja ili trendovima. /Our shares are falling. /; /People are buying smallers cars. / Present Perfect ‐ (“predsadašnje”) Koristi se za radnje koje su počele u prošlosti i koje još uvek traju u sadašnjosti. Koristi se za stanja i događaje koji su započeli u prošlosti i koji u sadašnjosti nisu dovršeni (završeni), koji još uvek traju ili su još uvek od velikog značaja (koji još uvek važe), (koji su još uvek aktuelni <
>). /We have lived in London for five years./; /The plumber has been here since 9 a.m. . / Koristi se za izražavanje povezanost između prošlosti i sadašnjosti, tačno vreme dešavanja radnje nije naznačeno, što znači da smo više zainteresovani za rezultat radnje nego za samu radnju. Kada govormo kada se okončana radnja odvijala moramo upotrebiti prošlo prosto vrijeme (past simple). Koristi se da bi se reklo koliko dugo se već nešto dešava. /How long have they been in Nederland?/ Izrazi koji se često u rečenicama sa ovim vremenom su "ever, never, yet, not yet, how long, already, for, since, so far, untill now, this week, this year...“ /We haven't met him./; /She hasn't called yet./ ; /Have you ever been to London? /; /I have know him for two years. / Koristi se da se izrazi radnja koja je završena u vremenskom periodu koji još traje: /I have been to Zagreb this week. / (ove nedelje sam putovao u Zagreb, sedmica još nije završena); Koristi se da se označi radnja koja je završena nekad u prošlosti, ali je rezultat radnje (posledica) i dalje važan: /I have buoght a car. / (kupio sam auto, važno je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada); Koristi se da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''): /The guests have just entered the hall. / Koristi se za saopštavanje novosti. /Marko has written another novel. /; /Clark has married for the fifth time./ Present Perfect Continuous(Progressive) ‐ (“predsadašnje trajno”) Koristi se za radnje koje su započete u prošlosti i koje se u sadašnjosti još uvek kotinuirano, aktivno odvijaju. /It has been snowing since 2 o'clock./; /Erin has been living in Canada for a mont. / ; / I've been reading for two hours. / Koristi se da izrazimo radnju koja je nedavno ili upravo završila. I obično imamo sada imamo neku posljedicu. /I'm tired because I've been running. /; /You don't understand because you haven't been listening. / Često se koriste "for" i "since". “For” koristimo kada pričamo o razdoblju vremena: 5 minuta, 7 sedmica, 20 godina. Ako to razdoblje seže do sadašnjeg trenutka upotrebljavamo uz “for” perfekt, a ako je to razdoblje završeno moramo upotrebiti past simple. „Since” koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske tačke se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara, u petak. “For” se može koristiti u svim vremenima, a “since” se obično koristi samo sa perfect vremenima. /I've been studying for three hours. / ; /I've been watching TV since 7pm. /
Future Simple ‐ (“buduće prosto”) Koristi se da bi označila radnja koja će se desiti u budućnosti. Koristi se za događaje koji nisu planirani, nego se slučajno dešavaju ili mogu da se dese. /It will rain soon. /; /If you aren't careful, you'll fall. / Koristi se za izražavanje predloga i ideja prilikom planiranja. /I will by drinks for the party. /; /John will take the car tomorrow, and we'll take the bus. / Koristi se da bi se iskazalo obećanje, namera, pretnja, ili spontana odluka vezana za budućnost. /I'll meet you in the pub tonight./; /We'll go to Belgium this summer. / Koristi se naročito često posle glagola koji označavaju očekivanje, nadu itd. /I hope we will have better luck next day. /; /I expect that he will come tomorrow. /; /I will help her because she is beautiful. / Future Continuous(Progressive) ‐ (“buduće trajno”) Koristi se za događaje za koji se zna da će se svakako odigrati, što znači da ne mora posebno da se planira. /I can ask Marko. I'll be seeing him tomorrow. / Koristi se će događaje koji će se ponavljati (trajaće) određeni trenutak‐period u budućnosti, a dati trenutak‐period neće dugo trajati. /I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. /; /We'll be having dinner when film starts. /; /Take your umbrella, it will be raining when you return. / Future Perfect ‐ (“prebuduće”) Koristi se za radnju koja će se desiti pre neke druge radnje u budućnosti: / When you arrive the rain will have left. / Koristi se za radnju koja će se desiti i završiti do određenog vremena u budućnosti: /They will have left the Parlament by 12 o'clock. / Future Perfect Continuous(Progressive) ‐ (“predbuduće trajno”) Koristi se za radnju koja traje određeni period vremena do jedne druge buduće radnje ili oznake budućeg vremena kada ova prva radnja još traje. Drugim rečima izražava radnju koja će trajati do određenog budućeg vremena ili trenutka u budućnosti, a ne u nekom određenom trenutku u budućnosti: /At 20 o'clock in the evening, I will have been working ten hours. /; / He will have been travelling for 24 hours. /
Nepotpuni modalni glagol “can”/”could”/“be able to” kao i glagoli “know” i “like” nemaju Continuous oblike (ni Simple Continuous ni Perfect Continuous oblike). Glagol „want“ nema samo Present Continuous oblik.
Najkorišćeniji 81 glagol koje bi trebao svako znati su: ‐pravilni (28): answer, arrive, ask, book, call, cancel, carry, change, close, cook, decide, enjoy, help, invite, like, listen, live, look, need, open, play, stay, travel, visit, wait, want, wash, work ‐nepravilni (53): be, become, begin, break, bring, buy, can/be able to, catch, choose, come, cost, cut, do, drink, drive, eat, fall, feel, find, fly, forget, get, give, go, have, hear, hurt, know, learn, leave, lend, lose, make, meet, pay, put, read, run, say, see, sell, send, shut, sit, sleep, speak, spend, stand, swim, take, think, wear, write.
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