GPAT NOTES IMPORTANT

GPAT Important content FROM SHIKIMIC ACID PATHWAY Ornithine derived 1. L-hyoscymine (phenylalanine)

2. Tropine

3. Nicotine 4. Cocaine

Lysine derived 1. Lupinine 2. Anabasine 3. Isopelletietine Phenylalanine derived 1. Ephedrine

2. Mescaline

Tyrosine 1. Papaverine 2. Thebaine

3. Codeine

4. Morphine 5. Emetine 6. Colchicine

Tryptophan derived 1. Cinchonine(other-secocoganin) 2. Reserpine 3. Quinine 4. Quinoline Shikimic acid gives aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine,tyrosine,tryptophan) Squalene is precursor of beta- amyrin Cholesterol is da precursor for diosgenin, yamogenin, sarsapogenin, tigogenin. Cyanogentic glycosides (from shikimic acid pathway) 1. Phenyl alanine-phenacin 2. Tyrosine-dhurrin 3. Valine-? 4. Isoleucine-?

Anti biotic source Anti biotic source Anti biotic source Anti biotic source ChloramphenicolBacitracinPolymyxinRifampicinSreptomycinPenicillinAmphotericin bNystatinNeomycinKanamycinGentamycinCephalosporinsCephalosporin

s.venizulae b.subtilis b.polymyxa s.mediterraniae s.griseus p.notatum and p.chrysogenum s.nodosus s.noursei s.fradiae s.kanamyceticus micromonospora purpurea(gram -ve c.acremonium n- penicillum sps

Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics) GNDU, Amritsar

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GPAT Important content Cephalosporin ParamomycinOxytetracyclinMitomycin RubidomycinCycloserineCapreomycin-

p- fusidium coccineum s.rimosus(antehelmenthic) s.rimosus s.caespitotus coeruleorubidus s.orchidaceous s.capreolus

URINE COLOUR CHANGES OrangeBlueRed/BrownPinkGolden YellowNeon Yellow-

Rifampcin , Phenozopyridine, Doxorubicin, Warfarin Amitryptalline , Indomethacin Food Dyes Beet Root Excess of laxatives Excess of vitamin supplements

Descriptive terms for solubility • • • • • • •

Very soluble less than 1 Freely soluble From 1 to 10 Soluble From 10 to 30 Sparingly soluble From 30 to 100 Slightly soluble From 100 to 1000 Very slightly soluble From 1000 to 10,000 Insoluble More than 10,000

IP 2010 This new edition of the indian pharmacopoeia entitled 6th edition (indian pharmacopoeia 2010) is published by the indian pharmacopoeia commission (ipc) in accordance with a plan and completed through the untiring efforts of its members, secretariat and laboratory over a period of about two years. It supersedes the 2007 edition but any monograph of the earlier edition that does not figure in this edition continues to be official as stipulated in the second schedule of the drugs and cosmetics act, 1940.


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GPAT Important content Common ADRs ( Adverse Drug Reactions) 1 Grey Baby Syndrome 2. Pin Point Pupil 3 Reyes Syndrome 4. Urine Coloration 5. Frontal Headache 6. Captopril 7. Bleomycin 8. Vancomycin 9. Nicotinic acid 10. Steven Johnsons syndrome 11).sulphonamides 12).aminoglycosides 13).discolouration of teeth 14) doxorubucin & duanorubucin 15). chloroquine 16). doxycycline 17). vincristin & vinblastin 18). cyclophosphamide 19). cimetidine & spironolactone

chloramphenicol morphine asprin rifampcin indomethacin persistant dry cough pulmonary fibrosis red man syndrome flush allopurino kernicterus ototoxicity tetracyclines cardiomyopathy. cardiotixicity Esophageal Ulceration Neuropathy Alopecia Gynaecomastia

Drug & its analogue Zidovudine DidanosineLamivudineStavudineAbacavirGanciclovirZalcitabineFoscornetTribavirinSulphonamideMithotrixate & folate = Streptomycin = Gentamycin = Aztreonam = Cephalosporin = Merapenam , imipenam = Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics) GNDU, Amritsar

Thymidine Deoxyadenosine Cytosine Thymidine Guanosine Acyclic analogue of guanosine Homologue of cytosine Pyrophosphate Guanosine Paba pteridin Streptidin Deoxy streptamine Mono bactam Cepham Carbapenam Page 3

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GPAT Important content Clavulanic acid = Pencillin = Ethacrynic acid = Metrindazole = Amiloride = Spiranolactone = AtorvastatinsFluvastatinsCerivastatinsRosuvastatinsFibratesAziritidinePyrazineAcetazolamideThiazide-

Oxapenam Penam Phenoxy acitic acid 1,2,4 thiazolidin Pyrazin & guanidin Thioacetic acid at 6th position Pyrrole Indole Pyridine Pyrimidine Isobutyric acid derivatives Ezetimibe Acipimox 1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,2,4-thiadiazine

DRUGS APPROVED IN 2011:1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

EDARBI (azilsartan medoxomil) For the treatment of hypertension. GRALISE (gabapentin) For the treatment of prosthetic neuralgia. SYLATRON (peginterferon alfa-2b) For the treatment of melanoma. YERVOY (ipilimumab) For the treatment of metastatic melanoma. DUEXIS (ibuprofen and famotidine) For the relief of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and prevention of Gastric ulcers. 6. BENLYSTA (belimumab) For the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. 7. DALIRESP (roflumilast) For the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 8. ACTEMRA (tocilizumab) For the treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. 9. ABSTRAL (fentanyl sublingual tablets) For the treatment of break through cancer pain in opioid-tolerant patients. 10. HORIZANT (gabapentin enacarbil) For the treatment of restless legs syndrome. 11. VIIBRYD (vilazodone hydrochloride) For the treatment of major depressive disorder. 12. MAKENA (hydroxy progesterone caproate injection) For the prevention of risk of prterm birth. 13. VANDETANIB (vandetanib) For the treatment of thyroid cancer. 14. AFINITOR (everolimer) For the treatment of advanced pancreatic neuro endocrine tumors. 15. SUTENT (sunitinib malate) For the treatment of pancreatic neuro endocrine tumors. 16. TRADJENTA (linagliptin) For the treatment of type II diabetes. 17. INCIVEK (telaprevir) For the treatment of genotype I chronic hepatitis c. 18. VICTRELIS (boceprevir) For the treatment of chronic hepatitis c genotype I. 19. EDURANT (rilpivirine) For the treatment of HIV-I. 20. ZYTIGA (abiraterone acetate) For the treatment of prostate cancer. 21. POTIGA (ezogabine) For the treatment of seizures. 22. CREON (pancrelipase) Patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to cystic fibrosis. 23. NULOJIX (belatacept) Treatment for organ transplant-rejection prophylaxis. Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics) GNDU, Amritsar

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GPAT Important content 24. ISTODAX (romidepsin) Treatment for: with peripheral T-cell lymphoma who have received at least One prior therapy. 25. OXECTA (oxycodone) For the treatment of pain. 26. RECTIV (nitroglycerin) ointment For the treatment of anal fissure and fistula. 27. LAVIV (azficel-T) For the treatment of wrinkles. 28. ZUTRIPO (chloropheniramine, hydrocodone & pseudoephedrine) For the treatment of cough and nasal congestion. 29. REZIRA (hyrocodone and pseudoephedrine) For the treatment of cough and nasal congestion. 30. FLUZONE (influenza virus vaccine,inactivated) Fluzone intradermal-sanofi pasteurs new influenza vaccine delivered by Intradermal microinjection.

Emulsifiers with HLB Values:HLB values sorted by HLB from lowest to highest: Glycol Distearate Sorbitan Trioleate Propylene Glycol Isostearate Glycol Stearate Sorbitan Sesquioleate Glyceryl Stearate Lecithin Sorbitan Oleate Sorbitan Monostearate NF Sorbitan Stearate Sorbitan Isostearate Steareth-2 Oleth-2 Glyceryl Laurate Ceteth-2 PEG-30 Dipolyhydroxystearate Glyceryl Stearate SE Sorbitan Stearate (and) Sucrose Cocoate PEG-4 Dilaurate Methyl Glucose Sesquistearate Lecithin HLB (variable) PEG-8 Dioleate Sorbitan Laurate PEG-40 Sorbitan Peroleate Laureth-4 PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate PEG-20 Almond Glycerides PEG-25 Hydrogenated Castor Oil Stearamide MEA Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics) GNDU, Amritsar

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HLB = 1 HLB = 1.8 HLB = 2.5 HLB = 2.9 HLB = 3.7 HLB = 3.8 HLB = 4 HLB = 4.3 HLB = 4.7 HLB = 4.7 HLB = 4.7 HLB = 4.9 HLB = 4.9 HLB = 5.2 HLB = 5.3 HLB = 5.5 HLB = 5.8 HLB = 6 HLB = 6 HLB = 6.6 HLB = 8 HLB = 8.6 HLB = 9 HLB = 9.7 HLB=10 HLB = 10 HLB = 10.8 HLB = 11 For Pharmacy

GPAT Important content Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG-100 Stearate Polysorbate 85 PEG-7 Olivate Cetearyl Glucoside PEG-8 Oleate Polyglyceryl-3 Methyglucose Distearate = 12 Oleth-10 Oleth-10 / Polyoxyl 10 Oleyl Ether NF Ceteth-10 PEG-8 Laurate Cocamide MEA Polysorbate 60 NF Polysorbate 60 Polysorbate 80 Isosteareth-20 PEG-60 Almond Glycerides Polysorbate 80 NF[ PEG-20 Methyl Glucose Sesquistearate Ceteareth-20 Oleth-20 Steareth-20 Steareth-21 Ceteth-20 soceteth-20 Polysorbate 20 Polysorbate 20 NF Laureth-23 PEG-100 Stearate Steareth-100 PEG-80 Sorbitan Laurate

HLB = 11 HLB = 11 HLB = 11 HLB = 11 HLB = 11.6 HLB = 12.4 HLB = 12.4 HLB = 12.9 HLB = 13 HLB = 13.5 HLB = 14.9 HLB = 14.9 HLB = 15 HLB = 15 HLB = 15 HLB = 15 HLB = 15 HLB = 15.2 HLB = 15.3 HLB = 15.3 HLB = 15.5 HLB = 15.7 HLB = 15.7 HLB = 16.7 HLB = 16.7 HLB = 16.9 HLB = 18.8 HLB = 18. 8 HLB = 19.1

List of drugs which are approved by FDA in liposomal drug delivery systems. Amphotericin B : Amphoterecin B is an antibiotic and is an antifungal drug, it is required to be injected intravenously and has some seriously bad side effects like acute reaction and fever with chill , nausea, anorxia and weekness, all these side effects depend up on the concentration of Amphoterecin B Cytarabine (Ara-C ) : is an anticancer drug it is an nucleotide anti metabolite drug , and is cytotoxic , it also brings damage to other tissue cells when it come in contact with other normal tissue cells , along with cancer cells . Formulations of Cytarabine (Ara-C) in liposome reduce its untoward toxic effect on other tissue cells, Cyclophosphamide : It is a anticancer drug , like cytrabin it too has cytotoxicity it belonging to category cyclic nitrogen mustard. These drugs are very unstable in biological fluids in fact it is a prodrug which when come in contact with biological fluid at ph 5 to 7 becomes active and exert their effect and kill cancer cell by alkylating DNA and thus making it inactive for any Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics) GNDU, Amritsar

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GPAT Important content activity they are called as alkylating agents, Formulating cyclophosphamide in liposomes help in reducing its cytotoxic effects , as the drug concentration required for desired anticancer effect . Doxorubicin: It is also an anticancer drug it is an antibiotic drug and has similar cytotoxic effects of anticancer chemotherapy, formulations of liposome formulations of these drug help in bringing down their cytotoxicity andand help in optimizing therapeutic efficacy. Hepatitis A and Influenza vaccines: Vaccines are developed in liposome to render their untoward sensitizing effect on immune system, further they can be combined with polyethylene glycol which further render vaccines less immunogenic and specific. Verteporfin: It is a drug used as photosesitizer in photodynamic therapy for macular degeneration, it is used to treat and eliminated damaged tissue in macular region during macular degeneration.This drug absorbs energy from light at 693 nm and produce reactive oxygen , which help in treating damaged blood vessels in eye. Liposome help in optimizing the therapy with minimal concentration of drug and and targeting the damaged tissue.

CAPSULE NO & THEIR APPROXIMATE CAPACITY IN mg & ml CAPSULE NO 000 00 0 1 2 3 4 5 -

mg 950 650 450 300 250 200 150 100 -

ml 1.37 0.95 0.68 0.50 0.37 0.30 0.21 0.13

PROPORTIONS REQUIRED FOR A PRIMARY EMULSION (oil: water: Fixed oils :4: 2: Volatile oils:2: 2: Mineral oils:3: 2: Oleoresins:1: 2: CODE: LPSO ( apply this for tweens & spans)

gum) 1 1 1 1

for eg .. spans 20 mean sorbitan mono laurate tween 80 mean Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate L : Laurate - 20 P : Palmitate - 40 S : Stearate - 60 O : Oleate - 80


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GPAT Important content STORAGE TEMPERATURE Cold 2 - 8 degree centi Cool 8 - 25 Room - temp prevailing in the working area Warm - between 30 - 40 Excessive heat - > 40 degree SUCROSE BASED DILUANTS Dipac - 97 % sucrose + 3% moddified dextrose Nutab - 95 % sucrose + 4 % invert sugar Sugar tab - 90 - 93 % sucrose + 7 - 10 % invert sugar

Compressibility index / carrs index = tapped density - bulk density / tapped density hausners ratio = tapped density / bulk density % CI RATIO < or = 10 11 - 15

FLOW CHARACTER excellent good

HAUSNER 1 - 1.11 1.12 - 1.18

16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 31 32 - 37 >38

fair passable poor very poor very very poor

1.19 - 1.25 1.26 - 1.34 1.35 - 1.45 1.46 - 1.59 > 1.6

ANGLE OF REPOSE

FLOW CHARACTER

25 - 30 Excellent 31 - 35 Good 36 - 40 Fair 41 - 45 Passable 46 - 55 poor 56 - 65 Very poor >66 very very poor Types of Glass used in Pharmaceutical Industries Parenteral Use Type I Glass: Highly Resistant Borosillicate. Used for Buffered and Unbuffered aqueous solution. Type II Glas: Highly Resistant Sodalime glass. Buffered aqueous solution below pH 7.0 Type III Glass: Moderately Resistant Sodalime glass. Used for dry powder and oily solution.


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GPAT Important content Non-Parenteral Use Type IV Glass: General Purpose Sodalime glass. SYNONYMS AND THEIR COMMON NAMES SYNONYM Rochelle salt Dakins solution Glaubers salt Epsom salt china clay Gypsum Calomel Soap clay French chalk Alum Hypo precipitated chalk Slaked lime Bleaching powder Burrows solution laughing gas Lugols solution Iodine tincture knock out drops -

COMMON NAME sodium potassium tartarate sodium hypochloride sodium sulphate magnesium sulphate heavy kaolin calcium sulphate mercurous chloride bentonite talc potassium aluminium sulphate sodium thiosulphate calcium carbonate calcium hydroxide chlorinated lime aluminium acetate solution nitrous oxide aqueous iodine solution weak iodine solution chloral hydrate

VACCINES VACCINES LIVE ATTENUATED

INACTIVATED:

RECOMBINANT: TOXOID:


1. Measles 2. Mumps 3. Polio 4. Rubella 5. Typhoid 6. Varicella 7. Tuberculosis 8. Yellowfever 1. Rabies 2. Influenza 3. Tetanus 4. Hepatits a HEPATITIS B Diptheria Tetanus

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GPAT Important content

Test Organism For Microbiological Assay Of Antibiotics ANTIBIOTIC Amikacin Amphotericin B Bacitracin Bleomycin Carbenicillin Doxycycline Erythromycin Framycetin gentamycin Kanamycin kanamycin B Neomycin Novobiocin Oxyteracycline Polymyxin B Rifamycin Streptomycin Tetracycline Nystatin -

-

TEST ORGANISM Staphlococcus aureus Saccharomyces cerevisiae Micrococcus luteus Mycobacterium smegmatis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphlococcus aureus Micrococcus luteus Bacillus pumilis , staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacillus pumilis, staphylococcus aureus Bacilus subtilis Staphlococcus epidermidis Staphlococcus epidermidis Bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus Bordetella bronchiseptica Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis , klebsiella pneumoniae Bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Disease associated with altered neurotransmitters levels in brain Parkinsonism : Decreased DOPAMINE in striatum Schizophrenia : Increased DOPAMINE levels Depression : Decreased NOREPINEPHRINE & 5-HT Mania : Decreased NOREPINEPHRINE & 5-HT Hallucination : Increased 5-HT Alzhiemer's : Decreased ACETYLCHOLINE & Destruction of Cholinergic Neurons Athetosis : Decreased GABA in Putamen Chorea : Decreased GABA in Caudate Nucleus Amyotropic lateral sclerosis: Decreased ACETYLCHOLINE

Enzymes And Their Metal Cofactors FE2+ - CYTOCHROMEOXIDASE, CATALASE, PEROXIDASE CU2+ - CYTOCHROME OXIDASE ZN2 + - DNA POLYMERASE, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE, ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE MG2 + - HEXOKINASE, GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE MN2+ - ARGINASE Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics) GNDU, Amritsar

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GPAT Important content K+ - PYRUVATE KINASE NI2+ - UREASE MO - NITRATE REDUCTASE SE - GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE

Microsomal Enzymes Inducers And Inhibitors Microsomal Enzyme Inducers Alcohol Chloralhydrate Cortisone Nicotine Prednisoslone Phenytoin Chlordiazepoxide Imipramine Phenobarbital Testosterone

Microsomal Enzyme Inhibitors Allopurinol Oral antidiabetics Disulfiram Metronidazole Oral anticoagulants Anabolic agents Chloramphenicol Isoniazid Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Cemetidine

Disease And Their Defective Enzyme Albinism Alkaptonuria Galactosemia Homocystinuria Phenylketonuria Taysachs disease Hypervalinemia Arginosuccinic krabbes disease Fabrys disease Niemann pick disease farbers disease gauchers disease -

tyrosine-3-mono oxygenase homogentisate1,2-dioxygenase galactose-1-phosphate iridylyl transferase cystathione B- synthase phenylalanine-4-mono oxygenase hexosaminidase A valine transaminase arginosuccinate lyase acidemia beta galactosidase alpha galactosidase sphingomyelinase ceramidase beta gluosidase

Diagnostic Tests for Diseases a)Syphilis-

B)Diptheria-

VDRL test,kahn test,wasserman test Treponema immobilization test, Fluroescent antibody-absorbed serum test. Schick test,elex test


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GPAT Important content C) T.BD) leprosyE)typhoid or enetric feverF)Rhumetoid arthritisG) Small poxE)PneumoniaF)brucellosisG)lymphogranuloma venerum-

Tuberculin,mantoux test Lepromin tsest Widal test Rose water test Ouchterlony Cold hemaglutination test, streptococcus MG hemaglutination test Coombs test(opsonization test) Frei test

H)typhus feverI)hemophilliusG) scarlet feverH)to detect human chornic gonadotrophin in serum of woman-

Weil felix test Ducrey test Dick test Radio immuno assay(RIA)

Bioassays Of Drugs Adrenaline noradrenalinehistamineinsulinacetylcholined-Tc digitalisoxytocinandrogens adreno cortico tropic hormone-

bp raising effects in spinal cats bp raising effects in spinal cats contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum hypoglycemic convulsions in mice contraction of isolated frog rectus muscle rabbit head drop due to pralysis of neck muscles death due to cardiac arrest in guinea pig contraction of guinea pig uterine muscles growth copons comb adrenal ascorbic acid estimation in hypophysectomised rats

Classification Of Potassium Channel Openers Benzopyran derivatives: kromokalmn bimakalim erikalim Biological indicators in sterilization Moist heat sterilisation (121 degre Centi ): Dry heast sterilisation (160 degre centi) : Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid : Ethylene oxide , formaldehyde : Ionising radiation


Bacillus stearo thermophilus Bacillus subtilis var niger Bacillus stearo thermophilus Bacillus subtilis var niger Bacillus pumilis

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GPAT Important content Tests and their uses watson schwartz test schumms test carrprice test gmelins test gothlin test gofmann test murexide test reinsch test gordons test biuret test legals testames test -

urobilinogen heme vit A bile pigments scurvy serum cholesterol uric acid heavy metals spinal fluid peptides for estimation of acetone carcinogenicity

Side Effects Nd Shortcuts Morphine side effects :MORPHINE Myosis Out of it(sedation) Respiratory depression Pneumonia(aspiration) Hypotension Infrequency(constipation,urina ry retention) Nausea Emesis Aspirin side effects :ASPIRIN Asthma Salicylism Peptic ulcer disease/phosphorylation-oxidat ion uncoupling/platelet disaggregation Intestinal blood loss Reye's Syndrome Idiosyncracy Noise(tinnitus) SSRIs side effects :SSRI Seratonin syndrome Stimulate CNS Reproductive disfunction in male Insomnia Inhalation anesthetics : SHINE Sevoflane Halothane Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics) GNDU, Amritsar

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GPAT Important content Isoflurane Nitrous oxide Enflurane Teratogenic drugs :"Win TERATogenic Warfarin Thalidomide Epileptic drugs:Phenytoin,Valproate,Carb amazepine Retinoid ACE inhibitor Third element :Lithium Gynaecomastia causing drugs:DISCOS Digoxin Isoniazid Spironolactone Cimetidine Oestrogens Stilboestrol Methyldopa Side effects :METHYLDOPA Mental retardation Electrolyte imbalance Tolerance Headache/ Hepatotoxicity psYcological upset Lactation in female Dry mouth Oedema Parkinsonism Antirheumatic agents :CHAMP Cyclophosphamide Hydroxycloroquine and choloroquinine Auranofin and other gold compounds Methotrexate Penicillamine Phenytoin: adverse effects PHENYTOIN P-450 interactions Hirsutism Enlarged gums Nystagmus Yellow-browning of skin Teratogenicity Osteomalacia Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia) Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics) GNDU, Amritsar

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GPAT Important content Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, and headache Sodium Valproate side effccts VALPROATE Vomiting Alopecia Liver toxicity Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia Retention of fats (weight gain) Oedema (peripheral oedema) Appetite increase Tremor Enzyme inducer (liver) Amiodarone: action, side effects: 6 P's: Prolongs action potential duration Photosensitivity Pigmentation of skin Peripheral neuropathy Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism Antiparkinson Drugs :SALAD Selegiline Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine) L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide) Amantadine Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide) CAPTOPRIL Side effects CAPTOPRIL Cough Angioedema Agranulocystosis Proteinuria/ Potassium excess Taste changes Orthostatic hypotension Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension) Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash Indomethacin inhibition Leukopenia/Liver toxicity Lithium: side effects LITH Leukocytosis Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria] Tremor/ Teratogenesis Hypothyroidism Myocardial Infarction(MI): signs and symptoms PULSE Persistent chest pains Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics) GNDU, Amritsar

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GPAT Important content Upset stomach Lightheadedness Shortness of breath Excessive sweating MI: basic management BOOMAR Bed rest Oxygen Opiate Monitor Anticoagulate Reduce clot size Treatment of Heart Failure: ABCDE ACE inhibitors Beta-blockers Calcium channel blockers Diuretics Endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitors Essential Amino acids My True Love Is Throug Valentine Love Phrases Methionine Threonine Leucine Isoleucine Tryptophan Valine Lysine Phenyl alanine


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GPAT NOTES IMPORTANT

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