Global Media Scenario

THE GREAT NORTH–SOUTH DIVIDE The North–South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and political divide. The North consists of the United States, Canada, Western Europe, ustralia, and !apan. The South is made up of frica, "atin merica and sia. The North is home to four of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and all members of the #$. %The North% mostly covers the West and the &irst World, alon' (ith much of the Second World. While the North may be defined as the richer, more developed re'ion and the South as the poorer, less developed re'ion, many more factors differentiate bet(een the t(o 'lobal areas. )*+ of the North has enou'h food and shelter. Similarly, )*+ of the North has a functionin' education system. n the South, on the other hand, only *+ of the population population has enou'h food food and shelter. shelter. t t lacs appropriate appropriate technolo'y technolo'y,, it has no no political stability stability,, the economies are disarticulated, and their forei'n e/chan'e earnin's depend on primary product e/ports.0 n more economic terms, the North1(ith one 2uarter of the (orld population1controls four fifths of the (orld income. )3+ of the manufacturin' industries are o(ned by and located in the North. nversely, nversely, the South1(ith South1(ith three 2uarters 2uarters of the the (orld populations1 populations1has has access to one fifth fifth of the (orld income. t serves as a source for ra( material, for the North, ea'er to ac2uire their o(n independent resource bases4sub5ected lar'e portions of the 'lobal South to direct colonial rule0 bet(een 6$*3 6$*3 and 6)67. s nations nations become economically economically developed, developed, they they may become become part of the %North%, re'ardless of 'eo'raphical location, (hile any other nations (hich do not 2ualify for %developed% status are in effect deemed to be part of the %South.% The idea of cate'ori8in' countries by their economic and developmental status be'an durin' the Cold War (ith the classifications of East and West. The Soviet Union and China represented the developin' East, and the United States and their allies represented the more developed West. 9ut of this paradi'm of development sur'ed the division of the &irst World :the (est; and the Second World :the east; (ith the even less developed countries constitutin' the Third World. s some Second World countries 5oined the &irst World, and others 5oined the Third World, a ne( and simpler classification (as needed. The &irst World became the North0 and the Third World became the South0. Problems with defining the diide

&ollo(in' the fall of the Eastern
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ictionary of ?uman #eo'raphy defines development as processes of social chan'e or :a chan'e; to class and state pro5ects to transform national economies%. This definition entails an understandin' of economic development (hich is imperative (hen tryin' to understand the north– south divide. Economic >evelopment is a measure of pro'ress in a specific economy. t refers to advancements in technolo'y, a transition from an economy based lar'ely on a'riculture to one based on industry and an improvement in livin' standards. 9ther factors that are included in the conceptuali8ation of (hat a developed country is include life e/pectancy and the levels of education, poverty and employment in that country. The North

nternational 9r'anisations such as the World enmar, Estonia, &inland, &rance, #reece, #ermany, celand, reland, taly, ?un'ary, "atvia, "iechtenstein, "ithuania, "u/embour', =alta, =onaco, Netherlands, Nor(ay, Foland, Fortu'al, omania, San =arino, Slovaia, Slovenia, Spain, S(eden, S(it8erland, United Din'dom, Gatican City, 9ceania, ustralia, Ne( Healand,














The 'lobal di'ital divide is often characterised as correspondin' to the north–south divideK ho(ever, nternet use, and especially broadband access, is no( soarin' in sia compared (ith other continents. This phenomenon is partially e/plained by the ability of many countries in sia to bypass older nternet technolo'y and infrastructure, coupled (ith boomin' economies (hich allo( vastly more people to 'et 'et online. Deelo!ment g"!

The north–south divide has more recently been named the development continuum 'ap. This places 'reater emphasis on closin' the evident 'ap bet(een rich @more economically developedA and poor @less economically developedA countries.  'ood measure of on (hich side of the 'ap a country is located is the ?uman >evelopment nde/ @?>A. The nearer this is to 6.3, the 'reater is the countryLs level of development and the further the country is on its development path(ay @closer to(ards bein' (ell developedA, e/emplified (ell by Walter osto(Ls model of development and the Clar &isher model. Theories e#!l"ining the diide

Capitalism - Certain aspects of capitalism @especially "aisse8 &aire capitalismA have the potential to lead to ine2uality, a potential (hich it has ar'uably demonstrated as per a number of perspectives the capitalist ideolo'y relies on the constant motivation to produce capital accumulation. The nature of capitalism leads those countries (ith a comparative advanta'e @developedA to accumulate capital throu'h dispossession or in other (ords to tae capital from those less advanta'ed @undevelopedBdevelopin'A. This accumulation by dispossession leads to the une2ual development that feeds the north–south divide. Globalization Globalization - #lobali8ation, or #lobal Capitalism, as the leadin' cause for 'lobal ine2uality 'lobali8ation enhances social and economic 'aps bet(een countries, since it re2uires economies and societies to adapt in a very rapid manner, and because this almost never happens in an e2ual fashion, some nations 'ro( faster than others. WealthierB developed countries e/ploit poorerB less developed countries to a point (here less developed societies become dependent on developed countries for survival. The very structure and process of 'lobali8ation perpetuates and reproduces une2ual relationships and opportunities bet(een the North and the South, it tends to %favor the privile'ed and further mar'inali8e the already disadvanta'ed%. Immigration Immigration - Uneven immi'ration patterns lead to ine2uality in the late ei'hteenth and nineteenth centuries immi'ration (as very common into areas previously less populated @North merica, r'entina,














fricans and South(est sians (ant to live and (or in Europe. Southeast sians (ant to live and (or in North merica and Europe0. $losing the diide

t is ar'uable from some perspectives that free international trade and unhindered capital flo(s across countries could maybe lead to a contraction in the North–South divide. n this case more e2ual trade and flo( of capital (ould allo( the possibility for developin' countries to further develop economically. ?o(ever, (hen the South called for Ne( nternational Economic 9rder @NE9A in 6)M7 to restructure the 'lobal economy, the South demanded more than emer'ence into the capitalist maret. Their demands included linin' prices of commodity e/ports to manufactured imports, transferrin' of technolo'y from North to South, cancelin' or reschedulin' debts of Third World, improvin' representation in economic players1World evelopment #oals. These 'oals see to eradicate e/treme poverty and hun'erK achieve universal primary educationK promote 'ender e2uality and empo(er (omenK reduce child mortalityK improve maternal healthK combat ?GB>S, malaria and other diseasesK ensure environmental sustainabilityK and develop a 'lobal partnership partnership for development development all by the year P36*. P36*. Some critical critical steps that need need to tae place place in the dialo'ue bet(een the North and South in relation to the Ne( World 9rder is the acno(led'ement of















%ARRIERS TO THE &'O( O& IN&OR)AT IN& OR)ATION ION AND G'O%A' IN&O &'O(* THE &'IP SIDE ccordin' to recent reports and analytical assessments these obstacles can be classified into t(o cate'ories @iA %evident% obstacles, curbs and pressuresK @iiA%non-evident% obstacles Eident

Some barriers to freedom of information are easy to reco'ni8e, amon' these are  6. P. I. 7. *. Q. M. $.

physical physic al violen violence ce and inti intimi midat dation ionKK repres repressiv sivee le'islat le'islation ionKK censor censorshi shipK pK blac blaclis listin tin' ' of 5ourna 5ournalis listsK tsK bann bannin in' ' of boo boosK sK monopol mon opolies ies establish established ed by by p polit olitical ical actionK actionK bureau bureaucra cratic tic obs obstr truct uction ionsK sK 5udicial 5udicial obstru obstructio ctions ns such as closed closed hearin's hearin's and contempt contempt of court court rulesK rulesK Farliame Farliamentar ntary y privile'esK privile'esK and and restrictive restrictive professio professional nal practices practices..

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Such va'ue (ordin' as %forbidden areas%, as %any matter relatin' to the security of the epublic%, can be open to very narro( or broad interpretations, the very indefiniteness of (hich often forces 5ournalists and editors to apply self censorship constrictions on their (or. Censorship is a (idespread practice, sometimes limited to particular sub5ects @porno'raphy, obscenity, violence, reli'ious matters, delicate issues in international relations, forei'n di'nitaries, protection of the youn', etc.A but often coverin' sub5ects potentially disturbin' to the leadin' elite or 'roups in po(er. Frohibitive censorship may be based on la(s%, more often on discretionary po(ers or even abuses.

Non eident

9ther obstacles include 6. economic economic and socia sociall constra constraints ints and pressure pressuresK sK P. de facto facto monopoli monopolies es @public @public,, private, private, or trans transnati national onalAA I. inade2 inade2uat uatee infr infrast astru ructu cture ress















Q. Still other other obstacles obstacles can arise from from entrenched entrenched cultural cultural attitudes and taboos, taboos, and from from an un2uestionin' reverence for authority, (hether secular or reli'ious. ccess to ne(s sources, to people, places, documents and information in 'eneral- or even to a country - is a particularly thorny 2uestion. &or it is throu'h such administrative measures as 'rantin' of visas, restriction of 5ournalistsRmovements, limitations on persons or offices as contacts for ne(smen, (ithdra(al of accreditation or e/pulsion from the country that 'overnments may heavily restrict the flo( of ne(s. There are also very often discrepancies bet(een the treatment of national 5ournalists 5ournalists and forei'n forei'n correspondents. correspondents. They also arise in areas (here there are private monopolies, concentration of media o(nership and formation of con'lomerates. When the public has only a sin'le source of ne(s, or (here various sources have the same 'eneral orientation, it is the monopolist (ho is in a position to decide (hat facts (ill or (ill not be presented, (hat opinions (ill or (ill not be conveyed. Even if the o(ner of a monopoly does not abuse his po(er, no sin'le outlet can present the amount and ran'e of ne(s that multiple sources mae possible. Some ethnic and lin'uistic minorities suffer from a restricted flo( of information because the established channels do not supply it in a form that meets their needs and taes account of their cultural traditions.
















N(I$O nformation (as first brou'ht up in the conte/t of a Rne( international order at a meetin' of the nonali'ned countries in Tunis in 6)MQ The 'ap is 'ro(in' bet(een minorities (ho control communication and the public (hich is e/posed to its impact. Needs for contact contact and for the e/chan'e of no(led'e no(led'e and ideas, (ithin (ithin nations nations and bet(een nations, nations, become ever more more imperativeK imperativeK yet dan'ers dan'ers are seen in the po(er possessed possessed by those (ith (ith 'reat technical resources to impose their ideas on others. They (ant 'reater access to the media, both individual and collective. This aspiration is often th(arted by vested interests and by various forms of oppression. Thus, it (as around 6)M3 that the concepts upon (hich todayLs international debate is focused first be'an to be formulated formulated in in clear-cut clear-cut terms. Criticisms formulated in many developin' countries reiterated by certain socialist countries and supported by many researchers and 5ournalists in (estern countries, start from the observation that certain po(erful and technolo'ically advanced States e/ploit their advanta'es to e/ercise a form of cultural and ideolo'ical domination (hich 5eopardi8es the national identity of other countries. The problems raised by the one-(ay information flo(. @t has been fre2uently stated, in particular, that due to the fact that the content of information is lar'ely produced by the main developed countries, the ima'e of the developin' countries is fre2uently false and distorted. =ore serious still, accordin' to some vi'orous critics, it is this false ima'e, harmful to their inner balance, (hich is presented to the developin' countries themselves.A %decoloni8ation of information The non-ali'ned countries have played a ma5or role in the evolution of ideas concernin' the

















resources - be replaced by relations of interdependence and cooperation bet(een national systems as they become pro'ressively autonomous and capable of endo'enous development. Cold (ar The problem (as, ho(ever, that once a radio net(or had been established it became vulnerable to outside influences chiefly in t(o (ays. &irst, on the overt political level, it became a tar'et in the ideolo'ical stru''le of the Cold War. n frica, for e/ample, the initial broadcastin' services (ere short-(ave systems @i.e. capable of coverin' lar'er distances at the same po(er as the more e/pensive medium-(ave systemsA inherited from colonial administrations. The pattern of e/ternal penetration penetration can clearly be seen follo(in' follo(in' the <eutsche Welle in 6)QP. eliance by ne(ly established broadcastin' systems on forei'n pro'ramme content led to accusations that developin' nations (ere still heavily dependent on the Western po(ers, rather than independent from them. &rom the standpoint of "ondon, Washin'ton and Faris, it (as hard to see their point. There, the flo( of information (as seen lie the flo( of tradeK it (ould flo( freely if there (as a maret for it. 9n the receivin' end, ho(ever, it (as noticed that the ne(s a'encies only seemed to report Rbad ne(s about events in "ess >eveloped Countries @">CsA. This also applied, of course, to the developed (orld, but for the ne(ly independent nations desperate for forei'n investment the proclivity of the ne(s a'encies to report mainly on disasters1Rcoups and earth2uaes Froponents of the NWC9 ar'ued that developin' countries should be able to report stories usin' their o(n reporters, and cover stories that (ere of more relevance to their audience. 9ne of the aims of the call for a NWC9 (as to create a more positive ima'e of the developin' (orld rather than the perceived Western ne(s medias preoccupation (ith ne'ative ne(s events such as (ars and disasters @?achten, 6))), p. 6Q7A.

















+ D,s- &o.r /ornerstones emerge emerge o.t of the m"teri"l0 the1 were referred referred to "s 2the fo.r Ds,3 The1 re!resent themes th"t re/.r time "nd "g"in in the dis/.ssions of the new order3

6A Ne(s flo(s are casti'ated as one-(ay flo(s0, and measures to ensure a more e2uitable balance of ne(s flo(s bet(een countries are demanded @>emocrati8ationA. PA The Rone-(ay flo( and misrepresentations are interpreted to reflect a lac of respect for the countries cultural identities, a matter of 'reat importance to the non-ali'ned countries @>ecoloni8ationA. IA The monopoly status of transnational corporations in terms of communications technolo'y is perceive as a threat threat to national national independence independence @>emonopoli8at @>emonopoli8ationA. ionA. 7A The vital role of mass media in the development process is underlined, and the non-ali'ned countries 5oin to'ether to demand a more 5ust distribution of communication resources in the (orld @>evelopmentA. Thus, the demands (ere broad and fluid and partly overlappin'. >emocrati8ation •

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The ri'ht of people and individuals to ac2uire an ob5ective picture of reality by means of accurate and comprehensive information as (ell as to e/press themselves freely throu'h various media of culture and communication. The ri'ht of every nation to participate, on the 'overnmental and non-'overnmental level, in the international e/chan'e of information under favourable conditions in a sense of e2uality, 5ustice and mutual mutual advanta'e. advanta'e. The responsibility of various actors in the process of information for its truthfulness and ob5ectivity as (ell as for the particular social ob5ectives to (hich the information activities activities are dedicated. #uarantees for and the necessary protection of 5ournalists and other factors of information in the performance of their mission, and the responsibility of 5ournalists in the performance of this mission.

















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The third cornerstone refers to another prime topic of debate in UNESC9 of the 6)M3s, namely, the operations of transnational corporations The ri'ht of every nation to develop its o(n independent information system, in particular by re'ulatin' the activities of transnational corporations.

>evelopment • • •

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The ri'ht of every nation to develop its o(n independent information system. The imperative of a more e2uitable distribution of information media. de2uate professional trainin' for 5ournalists includin' those (orin' in indi'enous lan'ua'es. @consolidate and develop the infrastructures of information,0 promote national a'encies and F99",0 creation of re'ional information systems,0 creation of centres for the trainin' of 5ournalists in the developin' countries,0 etcA

@from (iiA The Ne( World nformation and Communication 9rder @NWC9 or NW9A is a term that (as coined in a debate over media representations of the developin' (orld in UNESC9 in the late 6)M3s and early 6)$3s. The term (as (idely used by the =ac
















plan (as te/tually te/tually formulated formulated by TunisiaLs TunisiaLs nformation nformation =inister =inister =ustapha =ustapha =asmoudi. =asmoudi. =asmoudi submitted (orin' paper No. I6 to the =aceclaration.L The =aciversity of P33* puts into effect some of the 'oals of NWC9, especially especially (ith re'ard re'ard to the unbalanced unbalanced 'lobal 'lobal flo( of mass media. ?o(ever, ?o(ever, this convention (as not supported by the US, and it does not appear to be as robust as World Trade 9r'ani8ation a'reements that support 'lobal trade in mass media and information. Iss.es

 (ide ran'e of issues (ere raised as part of o f NWC9 discussions. Some of these involved lon'standin' issues of media covera'e of the developin' (orld and unbalanced flo(s of media influence.


















There (ere similar concerns about the allocation of the 'eostationary orbit @parin' spots in spaceA for satellites. t the time only a small number of developed countries had satellites and it (as not possible for developin' countries countries to be allocated a space space that they mi'ht mi'ht need ten ten years later. later. This mi'ht mean eventually 'ettin' a space that (as more difficult and more e/pensive to operate. Satellite broadcastin' of television si'nals into Third World countries (ithout prior permission (as (idely perceived as a threat to national soverei'nty. The UN voted in the early 6)M3s a'ainst such broadcasts. Use of satellites to collect information on crops and natural resources in the Third World at a time (hen most developin' countries laced the capacity to analy8e this data. t the time most mainframe computers (ere located in the United States and there (ere concerns about the location of databases @such as airline reservationsA and the difficulty of developin' countries catchin' up (ith the US lead in computers. The protection of 5ournalists from violence (as raised as an issue for discussion. &or e/ample, 5ournalists 5ournalists (ere tar'eted tar'eted by various various military military dictatorships dictatorships in "atin merica merica in the 6)M3s. 6)M3s. s part part of NWC9 debates debates there (ere (ere su''estions for for study on ho( ho( to protect 5ournalists and and even to discipline discipline 5ournalists 5ournalists (ho broe %'enerally %'enerally reco'ni8ed reco'ni8ed ethical ethical standards%. standards%. ?o(ever, ?o(ever, the =ac


















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The demand of the non-ali'ned countries for a ne( international information order in UNESC9 brou'ht tensions to a head at the or'ani8ations #eneral Conference in 6)MQ, (here the formulation of a declaration on mass media topped the a'enda. The nternational Commission for the Study of Communication Froblems, no(n as the R=acirector-#eneral decided to entrust an international commission, (ith =r. Sean =ac
CommissionLs mandate specified the four main lines of in2uiry 6. to study the current current situation situation in the fields of communication communication and information information and to to identify identify problems (hich (hich call for fresh fresh action at the the national level level and a concerted, concerted, overall overall approach at the international level. The analysis of the state of communication in the (orld today, and particularly particularly of information information problems problems as a (hole, (hole, should tae account of the the diversity of socio-economic conditions and levels and types of development. P. to pay particular particular attention attention to to problems problems relatin' to the free free and balanced balanced flo( flo( of information information in the (orld, as (ell as the specific needs of developin' countries, in accordance (ith the



















=ain conclusions •

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a variety of solutions adopted in different countries - in accordance (ith diverse traditions, patterns of social, social, economic economic and cultural cultural life, needs and and possibilities. possibilities. This diversity diversity is valuable and should be respectedK there is no place for the universal application of preconceived preconceived models. The revie( has also sho(n that the utmost importance should be 'iven to eliminatin' imbalances and disparities in communication and its structures, and particularly in information flo(s. conclusions are founded on the firm conviction that communication is a basic individual ri'ht, as (ell as a collective one re2uired by all communities and nations. &reedom of information - and, more specifically the ri'ht to see, receive and impart information - is a fundamental human ri'htK indeed, a prere2uisite for many others. it is essential to develop comprehensive national communication policies lined to overall social, cultural and economic development ob5ectives. Every country should develop its communication patterns in accordance (ith its o(n conditions, needs and traditions, thus stren'thenin' its inte'rity, independence and self-reliance. The basic considerations (hich are developed at len'th in the body of our eport are intended to provide a frame(or for the development of a ne( information and communication order. We see its implementation as an on-'oin' process of chan'e in the nature of relations bet(een and (ithin nations in the field of communications.



















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The educational and informational use of communication should be 'iven e2ual

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priority (ith (ith entertainment. entertainment. Tariffs for ne(s transmission, telecommunications rates and air mail char'es for the

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dissemination dissemination of ne(s, transport of ne(spapers, periodicals, periodicals, boos and audiovisual materials are one of the main obstacles to a free and balanced flo( of information. This situation must be corrected, especially in the case of developin' countries, throu'h a variety of national and international initiatives The electro-ma'netic spectrum and 'eostationary orbit, both finite natural resources, should be more e2uitably shared as the common property of manind.

PA Social Social Conse2uen Conse2uences ces and Ne( Tass Tass  Fromotion of dialo'ue for development as a central component of both communication and development policies.  Settin' up national mechanisms to promote participation and discussion of social 

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priorities priorities in the ac2uisition ac2uisition or e/tension e/tension of ne( communication communication technolo'ies. technolo'ies. The concentration of communications technolo'y in a relatively fe( developed countries and transnational corporations has led to virtual monopoly situations in this field. To counteract these tendencies national and international measures are re2uired, amon' them reform of e/isitin' patent la(s and conventions, appropriate le'islation and international a'reements. ntroduction of 'uidelines (ith respect to advertisin' content and the values and attitudes it fosters, in accordance (ith national standards and practices.



















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The media should contribute to promotin' the 5ust cause of peoples stru''lin' for freedom and independence and their ri'ht to live in peace and e2uality (ithout forei'n interference. Censorship or arbitrary control of information should be abolished. Special attention should be devoted to obstacles and restrictions (hich derive from the concentration of media o(nership, public or private, from commercial influences on the press and broadcastin', broadcastin', or from private private or 'overnmental 'overnmental advertisin' advertisin' ttention should be paid to the communication needs of (omen. The concerns of children and youth, national, ethnic, reli'ious, lin'uistic minorities, people livin' livin' in remote remote areas and the a'ed a'ed and handicapped handicapped also deserve deserve particular particular consideration.

*A &osterin &osterin' ' nter nternati national onal Cooperat Cooperation ion  The pro'ressive implementation of national and international measures that (ill foster 

the settin' up of a ne( (orld information and communication order. nternational cooperation for the development of communications be 'iven e2ual priority

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(ith and (ithin other sectors @e.'. health, a'riculture, industry, science, education, etc.A as information is a basic resource for individual and collective advancement and for allround development Farticular efforts should be undertaen to ensure that ne(s about other developin'

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countries (ithin or outside their re'ion receive more attention and space in the media. The =ember States of UNESC9 should increase their support to the 9r'ani8ationLs





















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n the field of communication, UNESC9 has become a forum (here issues can be raised and discussions pursued in depth. Early 6)Q3s, UNESC9 endeavored to conclude, in cooperation (ith preeminent professional or'ani8ations, or'ani8ations, arran'ements relatin' to the international e/chan'e of ne(s. to increase the developin' (orldLs means of e/pression and to 'ather and e/chan'e ne(s, films and various broadcasts for the mutual mutual benefit of these countries. countries. t the si/teenth session of the #eneral Conference @6)M3A that the dele'ations of several developin' countries referred e/plicitly to (hat mi'ht be called the issue of the une2ual distribution of the media, asin' that better adapted and balanced international ne(s e/chan'e systems be or'ani8ed and stressin' the ri'ht to cultural identity. t its ei'hteenth session in 6)M7, in order to facilitate communication bet(een nations and





















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The F>C is the only multilateral forum in the UN system desi'ned to mobili8e the international community to discuss and promote media development in developin' countries. The Fro'ramme not only provides support for media pro5ects but also sees an accord to secure a healthy environment for the 'ro(th of free and pluralistic media in developin' countries.

Promotion of freedom of e#!ression "nd medi" !l.r"lism •

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Encoura'in' the free flo( of information, at international as (ell as national levels, promotin' its (ider and better balanced dissemination. freedom of e/pression stren'thenin' communication capacities in the developin' countries are essential to increase citi8ens participation participation in decision-main' processes and to assert their fundamental ri'hts





















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n accordance (ith its standard-settin' role, F>Chas developed a comprehensive set of =edia >evelopment ndicators @=>sA aimed at enablin' the assessment of media landscapes at national level. These indicators, that cover all aspects of media development, are currently bein' applied in various countries (orld(ide to identify their specific needs in vie( of 'uidin' the formulation of media-related policies and improvin' i mprovin' the tar'etin' of media development efforts.





















technolo'y and the instantaneous movement of information from every 2uarter to every point at the same time. n brin'in' all social and political functions to'ether in a sudden implosion, electric speed hei'htened human a(areness of responsibility to an intense de'ree. =arshall =c"uhan predicted the nternet as an %e/tension of consciousness% in The #utenber' #ala/y The =ain' of Ty Typo'raphic po'raphic =an thirty years before its commerciali8ation. The ne/t medium, (hatever it is - it may be the e/tension of consciousness con sciousness - (ill include television as its content, not no t as its environment, an and d (ill transform television into an art form.  computer as a research and communication instrument could enhance retrieval, obsolesce mass library or'ani8ation, retrieve the individualLs encyclopedic function and flip into a private line to speedily tailored data of a saleable ind.





















There is a rich pile of hyperlocal blo's run by dedicated volunteers across the country but di'ital storytellin' – 'ivin' voice to local people and tellin' of their relationship (ith their to(n or city in the tradition of the #entle uthor – is surprisin'ly scarce. t is happenin' in some locations, ho(ever. Eer1 Person in New ;or< ;or<

!ason Folan is setchin' every person in Ne( or or on the train, on the street, in a 'allery, from behind. &or the last four years, the artist has roamed the streets streets (ith a pen and pad, setchin' passin' stran'ers, mostly (ithout them realisin'. realisin'. >ependin' on his other artistic commitments, some days he dra(s a couple coup le of peopleK others, he (ill find 633. ?e started, he says, because he (anted a pro5ect in (hich he h e could interact (ith fello( Ne( orers. orers. ?e encoura'es people to email him specific details of (here they (ill be and at (hat time to increase their chances of of 'ettin' dra(n. % hope that it sho(s there are a lot of interestin' people here (ho are doin' a lot























donLt follo( its lead. %Lm not surprised that more people donLt d onLt do it because itLs too timeconsumin',% she says. Ventnor %log  thrivin' hyperlocal site on the sle of Wi'ht has helped promote =r Caulhead, Caulh ead, a mysterious





















'lobal scale throu'h media. esearch analy8es the (ays in (hich the ability of information must no( be studied (ithout strin'ent relations of receivin' and sendin' of information. #lobal communication is a 'ro(in' discipline (ithin university Communications departments. Centers lie the Center for f or #lobal Communication at the nnenber' School for Co mmunication at the University





















e/ample of mericani8ation, mericani8ation, Coca-cola, for e/ample, is attributed (ith an array of meanin's and uses (ithin particular cultures distinct from the manufacturers ori'inal intention. intention. n ussia, Coe can smooth sin, in ?aiti it can revive the dead, and in




















unstable and shiftin'0 @Tomlinson, @Tomlinson, P33* 6$*A.




















mi'ht 5ust be another theory throu'h (hich the West formulates (orld history in terms of its o(n e/perience0 @Tomlinson, @Tomlinson, P33* 6MMA. Nonetheless, due to the history of Western mperialism, it (ould be almost perverse0 to not reco'nise the patterns of neo-colonialism – in the form of cultural imperialism – here. To the e/tent that sub-Saharan frica does participate in the 'lobal media maret, they do so (ithin delivery systems created and maintained by the 'lobal :Western; corporations0 @Street, P336 PP*A, and it























































































































































































































































































































Global Media Scenario

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