GIT Competency 1

Nju;r;rp1:

Nju;rr ; p 1.1: fzzpapd; tuyhW (computer history) fzzpAila tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;  Abacas vd;w vz;rl;l fzpg;gpl;L fUtp fp.K3000 gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 

1617ல்

ஸ்கெட்யாந்தைச்

நாட்தைச்

சே஭ந்ை

ச ான்

Mz;Lfspy;

சநப்பி஬ர்(Jhon

fzpj;jy;

nraw;ghl;bw;fhf

Napier) என்பல஭ால் ஫ைக்தெ

சொட்பாடு(Logarithms) அமிமுெம் கேய்஬ப்பட்ைது. இது சநப்பி஬ரின் ேட்ைெங்ெள் (Napier’s அதறக்ெப்படுெின்மது.



Bone) என

1632ம் ஆண்ைரலில் ச ான் சநப்பி஬ரின் ஫ைக்தெக் சொட்பாட்தை ப஬ன்படுத்ைி லழுக்குச்ேட்ைம் (Slide

Rule) ெண்டுபிடிக்ெப்பட்ைது. 

1642ல் பி஭ான்ஸ் நாட்தைச் Blais Pascal vd;gtuhy; கூட்ைற்கபாமி(Adding Machine) ெண்டுபிடிக்ெப்பட்ைது. இது Pascaline என அதறக்ெப்படுெின்மது.



1674 ம் ஆண்டு ச ர்஫ன் நாட்தைச் சேர்ந்ை ெணிைலி஬ர஭ான சொட்பி஭ட் லில்யி஬ம்(Gottfried Wilhelm) என்பல஭ால்

 

பஸ்ெயின்

ச஫லும்

லிரிவுபடுத்ைப்பட்டு

இ஬ந்ைி஭ம்

படி

(Step

Reckoner)

(Charles

Babbage)

ெணக்ெிையி

உருலாக்ெப்பட்ைது. இது +, X, /, - சபான்ம கே஬ற்பாடுெதர கேய்஬லல்யது.

1800k; Mz;L juT Nrfupg;gjw;fhf Jis ml;il fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. 1822

ஆம்

ஆண்டு

பி஭ானஸ்

நாட்டு

ெணிைலி஬யார஭ான

ோர்ள்ஸ்

பாசபர்ஜ்

என்பல஭ால் லித்ைி஬ாேப் கபாமி (Difference engine) உருலாக்ெப்பட்ைது.



Charles Babbage fzpj nraw;ghLfis tifapYkhெ லித்ைி஬ாேப் கபாமித஬ உருலாக்ெினார்.

Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapYk; juTfis Nrkpf;f $ba ச஫ம்படுத்ைி gFg;gha;T nghwpத஬ (Analytical engine)

,tu; fzzpfspd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.



,tuJ vz;zf;fU Njhw;wj;jpw;F cjtpaspj;j (Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace)vd;gtu; KjyhtJ fzzp epuyu; (programmer) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;. 1945 f;F gpd;du; fzzp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w khw;wq;fis gpd;tUk; jiyKiwfshf gpupj;Jg;ghu;f;fyhk;.

Kjyhk; jiyKiwf;fzzp (1st Generation computer - 1940- 1956(Vacuum tube))    

cs;sf nraw;ghLfSf;fhf ntw;wplf; Foha;fs;(Vacuum tube) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf epuy;gLj;jy; nkhopahf ,ae;jpu nkhop gad;gLjjg;gl;lJ. gpujhd epidtfkhf fhe;j ngwy; (Magnetic drum) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J kpff; Fiwe;j nfhs;ssitNa nfhz;L fhzg;gl;lJ. cs;sPL ntspaPl;bw;fhf (Punch card) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j fzzpf;F cjhuzkhf:- UNIVAC, ENIAC

2k; jiyKiw fzzpfs; (2nd Generation Computers - 1957-1963 (Transistors))   

cs;sf nraw;ghLfSf;fhf (Transistors) kpd;kg; ngUf;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ ,jdhy; Kd;diu tpl gd;klq;F Ntfkhf nraw;gl;lJ. gpujhd epidtfkhf magnetic core gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fzdpapd; gUkd; Nkirapy; itf;ff; $ba msT rpwpajhfpaNjhL Kd;diu tpl $ba epidtf Mw;wy;, nraw;ghl;Lj;jpwz; $baJ IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108 3k; jiyKiw fzzpfs; (3rd GenerationComputers (Intergrated circutes – IC))

  



cs;sf nraw;ghl;bw;fhf xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l Rw;Wf;fs; (IC) gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lj. IC apd; tUifapd; gpd;du; fzzpapd; Njhw;wk; rpwpjhfpaJ, Ntfk; mjpfupj;jJ, tpiyFiwe;jJ, epidtf Mw;wy; mjpfupj;jJ. cs;sPL ntspaPl;bw;fhf tpirg;gyif, fhl;rpj;jpiu (Keyboard, Mouse) Ngd;w Gjpa rhjdq;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F te;jJ. Mini fzzpfs; xU nghJthd gad;ghl;L fzzpfshf ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpNyNa ntspaPL nra;ag;gl;lJ Ex:- Honey well 6000 series

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4k; jiyKiw fzzpfs; (4th Generation Computers (Microprocessors – 1971 gpwF ))  cs;sf nraw;ghl;bw;fhf ngupa mstpy; ,ize;j Rw;Wfs; (Large scale integration(LSI)) kw;Wk; kpfg;ngupa mstpy; ,ize;j Rw;Wf;fs; (Very large scale integration) gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,J Ez;nrayp (Microprocessors) Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.  Ez; (Micro), kPf;(Super) fzzpfs; Nghd;w gUkdpy; tpj;jpahrg;gl;;l NtWgl;l nraw;jpwd;fis 



nfhz;l fzdpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. . ,f;fzdpfs; Ntfkhf nraw;gl;lNjhL $ba epidtf nfhs;ssit nfhz;bUe;jNjhL Fiwe;jsT kpd;rhuj;ij gad;gLj;jpaJ. GUI (Graphical User Interface) cld; $ba ,af;f Kiwik nkd;nghUl;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F te;jd. xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l nraw;ghLfis nra;aj;jf;f fzdpfs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lik. (Parallel processing), gy;NtWgl;l cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F te;jd.

Ex:- Web camera, Light pen, Scanner, ETC th

5k; jiyKiw fzzpfs; (5 Generation Computers (future)  ,J Gj;jp $u;ikAs;s kdpj %isf;F epfuhd fzzpfis cUthf;ftij mbg;gilahf nfhz;Ls;sJ.  ,f; fzdpfs; nraw;if Ez;zwpT fzdpfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.(Artificial intelligent)



,jid mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl %yf;$w;W fzzp (Molecular Computer) kugzf;fzzp (DNA

Computer) Nghd;w capupay; fzzpfspd; njhopy;El;gk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ. Nju;r;rp 1.2: fzdp vd;why; vd;d? juT kw;Wk; mwpTWj;jy;fis gy;NtW cs;sPl;L fUtpfs; %yk; cs;sPlhfg; ngw;W mtw;iw epidtfj;jpy; Nrkpj;J itj;J epidtfj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;l;bUf;ff; $ba epuypapd; cjtpAld; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jp fpilf;ff; $ba tpisTfis ntspaPl;L fUtpfs; %yk; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; ntspaPl;lhfj; juf;$ba xU ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdNk fzdpahFk;. fzpdpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;       

fjp (Speed) nrk;ik (Accuracy) tpidj;jpwd; (Efficiency) rupahd #oypy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s fzpdpia vt;tpj Xa;Tkpd;wpj; njhlu;r;rpahf Njitahd msT Neuj;jpw;Fr; nraw;gLj;jyhk; gy;gzpr;; nra;g ; zp (Versatility) Nrkpj;jYk; kP;l;Gk; (Storing and retrieving) Ez;kjpapd;ik czu;r;rpapd;ik (No Feeling)

xNu fjpapy;

juT vd;why; vd;d? (What is Data) juT vd;gJ njspthd Mdhy; mHjkw;w kw;Wk; xOq;fw;w vz;fs;, vOj;Jf;fs;, xsp, xyp, glq;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fshFk;. ,jidf; nfz;L ve;j tpjkhd jPHkhdj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ Kbtpw;Nfh tuKbahJ.

cjhuzk;: Rigupd; caUk; 160 cm, mtdJ ngau; m]P];> Nu[h nts;is epwkhdJ, fzpjj;jpy; 40 Gs;spfshFk; Nkw;nrhd;d cjhuzq;fspy; cs;s juTfuis Fwpg;gpl;l cl;gLj;jpdhyNa gpuNahrdkpf;fitahf khw;wkilAk;>

nrad;Kiwf;F

epah]pw;F my;yJ

xOq;fikg;Gf;F

jfty; (Information) jfty; vd;gJ xU Kbtpid vLf;ff;$baJk; my;yJ jPHkhdj;jpw;F cjtf;$baJk; Njitapid G+Hj;jp nra;af;$baJkhd xU nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gl;l juNt (Processed Data) jfty; vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;: epah]; tFg;gpy; 1k; ,lk;, wpah]; m`kl;il tpl epiw $batd; New;W Etnuypahtpy; mjp $ba kio tPo;r;rp gjpthfpAs;sJ 2|ILM.Irfan

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tpdhf;fs;: 1. jutpw;F cjhuzk; 5 jUf? 2. jfty; kw;Wk;; jutpw;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs; 3 jUf? fzpdpapd;

gpujhd

ghfq;fSk; mtw;wpd;

gzpfSk;

fzpdpapd; gpujhd td;nghUs; gFjpfs; (Main Components of a Computer) fzpdp Kf;fpakhf ehd;F td;nghUs; gFjpfisr;

Nru;j;J cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. 2. 3. 4.

cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; (Input Devices) tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs; (output Devices) ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myF (Central Processing Unit) Njf;ffr; rhjdq;fs; (Storage Devices)

1.

cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; (Input Devices)

fzpdpf;Fj; Njitahd juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; (Data and Instructions) cs;sPL gad;gLj;jg;gLk; JizAWg;Gfs; cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

nra;tjw;Fg;

 tpirg;gyif (Key board)  Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; cgfuzq;fs; (Pointing Devices) - ( Rl;b(Mouse), njhLjpiu(Touch Screen), Track Ball, Light pen, ,af;fg; gpb Joystick )  tUb (Scanner)  vz;zpay; glf;fUtp (Digital Camera)  tiy xspg;glf; fUtp (Web camera)  Barcode Reader tupf;Fwp thrpg;ghd  MICR (Magnetic Ink character recognition) fhe;j ik vOj;JU thrpg;ghd  OMR (Optical mark recognition) xspapy; Fwp thrpg;ghd  OCR (Optical Character Readers) xspapay; vOj;JU thrpg;ghd;  Audio Input Devices

2. tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs; (output Devices) cs;sPl;L cgfuzq;fs; %ykhf toq;fg;gl;l juTfis nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jp ntspNa ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fNs ,itahFk;.   

3.

fhl;rpj;jpiu (Monitor) mr;R ,ae;jpuk; (Printer) Nfl;ly; cgfuzq;fs;.(Sound System)

ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myF (Central Processing Unit)

,J fzdpapd; kpfg;gpujhdkhd xU mq;fkhFk;. ,jid Ez;nrayp (Micro Processor) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gu;. ,J fzdpapd; jha;g;gyifapy;(Mother Board) nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jDila njhopw;ghl;L Ntfk; Hz (Hertz) ,dhy; msf;fg;gLk;. kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L myfhdJ mjd; nraw;ghl;bw;F mikthf gpd;tUk; 3 gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1. fl;Lg;ghl;L myF (Control Unit) fzdp Kiwikapd; rfy td;, nkd; nghUl;fspd; nraw;ghLfis fl;Lg;gLj;jy;, epidtfj;jpypUe;J mwpTUj;jy;fis ngw;W mtw;iw fzdpapd; Vida gFjpfSf;F toq;Fjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. 2. fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f myF (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) ,J juTfspd; rfy fzpj njhopw;ghLfshd +, -, X, / nraw;ghLfisAk;, xg;gPl;L nraw;ghLfshd =, <, > Nghd;w nraw;ghLfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. 3. gjpap (Register) ,J CPU tpdhy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd juT, mwpTWj;jy;, epidtf Kftup vd;gtw;wpid nradKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd; Nrkpj;J itg;gNjhL nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs; gpujhd epidtfj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLtjw;F Kd;Ds;s kpff; Fwpfpa Neuk; Njf;fp itg;gjw;fhf ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ

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4. Njf;ffr; rhjdq;fs; (Storage Devices) ,J gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLk; 1. gpujhd or Kjd;ik epidtfk;

vOkW mZfs; epidtfk; / NeuZF epidtfk; (Random Access Memory) – RAM ,J fzdpia ,af;Ftjw;F Njitahd ,af;F Kiwikapid (Operating System) td;jl;bypUe;J ngw;W jw;fhypfkhf itj;Jf;nfhz;L fzdpapd; nraypapw;F toq;Fk;. NkYk; ,J nraw;ghLfSf;fhf cl;gLj;Jfpd;w juT kw;Wk; jfty;fis jw;fhypfkhf itj;J Njitg;gLk; nghOJ toq;Fk;. ,it mopAk; or epiyaw;w epidtfk; (Volatile Memory) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpdwJ. ,it fzdpapd jha; gyifapy; (Motherboard) ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. NkYk; ,it 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, Nghd;w gy;NtW nfhs;syTfspy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk

2. ,uz;lhk; ju / Jiz Nrkpg;gfk; (Secondary / Utility Storage) jfty;fisAk; juTfisAk; vjph;fhy Njit fUjp epiyahf Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLitNa ,uz;lhk; ju epidtfk; vdg;gLk;;. Njitg;gLk; NghJ jfty;;fis ngw;W mjpy; khw;wq;fis nra;af$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,it Gwj;Njf;fk;(Backing Storage) my;yJ Jiz epidtfk;(Auxilary Memory) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. NkYk; Jizj; Njf;f myFfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F fhe;jj; njhopDl;gtpay; (Magnetic technology) my;yJ xspj; njhopDl;gtpay; (Optical technology) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

fzpdpapd; gpujhd gzpfs;; fzpdp %yk; Ie;J gpujhd gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd mitahtd : 1. cs;sPL (Input) 2. Kiwtopahf;fk; (Process) 3. tUtpisT (Output) 4. Njf;fy;/Nrkpj;jy; (Store) 5. fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Control)

cs;sPL (Input): gy;NtW cs;sPl;L fUtpfspd; cjtpAld; fzdpapd; mwpTWj;jypid fzdpapw;F toq;Fjy; ,r;nraw;ghlhFk;.

nraw;ghl;bw;F

Njitahd

juT

kw;Wk;

jty;fs;fshf

khw;Wk;;

Kiwtopahf;fk; (Process): Nrkpf;fg;l;bUf;ff; nraw;ghlhFk;. 4|ILM.Irfan

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juTfis

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tUtpisT (Output): juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Gwj;Nj ghtiidahsu;fSf;F tbtq;fspy; mDg;Gk; nraw;ghNl ,JtFk;.

gy;NtWgl;l

fUtpfs;

%yk;

gy;NtW

Njf;fk; (Store): juTfisAk; ,JthFk;

jfty;fisAk;

Njitahd

NghJ

ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf

Nrkpj;J

itf;Fk;

nraw;ghNl

fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Control) fzdpapd; td; kw;Wk; nkd; nghUl;fspd; nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;jp Kfhkpf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk; ,e;jr; nraw;ghLfNs fl;Lg;gLj;jyhFk; Nju;r;rp 1.6 fzzpia gpd;tUk; Kiwfsps; gpupj;Jg; ghu;f;fyhk;.  gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L.  Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L  njhopw;Ew;gj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L

1) gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jy; gUkid mbg;gilahf vd;gJ mjDila ngsjPf Njhw;wj;jpd; msT, nraw;wpwd;, xNu Neuj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; ghtidahsu; msT, mjDila ngWkjp vd;gtw;wpid mbg;gilahff ;nfhz;L ,J tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

kPf;fzdpfs;

Super computer

kPf;fzdpfs; ,d;iwa fzzpfspy; mjpf nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJk; tpiy $baJk; mjp cau; njhopy;El;gj;jpYk; mikag;ngw;wpUf;Fk; fzzpNa ,JthFk;. ,it ngUk;ghYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Muha;r;rp$lq;fs; ngUk;Ntiyg gOTs;s epWtdq;fspNyNa gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it1000 f;fzf;fhz (micro processors) fis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sNjhL vkJ tPl;bYs;s fzzpfis tpl gd; klq;F nraw;wpwd;kpf;fJ.

jiyikf; fzdpfs;

Main frame computer

,e;j fzzpfshdJ ngua rf;jp tha;e;j KiwikfshFk;. ,e;j fzzpapd; ghtidahsu;fs; (Terminal) Clhf ,izf;fg;gl;bUg;gu;. ,it xU jlitapy; 1000f;F Nkw;gl;l ghtizahsu;fis ifahsj;jf;f ty;yikAilaJ. ,it tq;fpfspy,; tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J epWtdq;fsJ nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ 1000f;fzf;fhz ghtidahsu;fSila Njitfis rPuhff; ifahStjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mini computer ,J (Main frame) fzzpfis tpl nraw;wpwd; Fiwe;jJk; Mdhy; (PC) fis tpl nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJkhd fzzpfshFk; mJ ntspahd Neuj;jpy; ,Ue;j fzzpfis tpl rpwpajhf ,Ue;jjpdhy; ,e;jngaiu ,J ngw;wJ. ,JTk; (Main frame) fzzpfisg;Nghy gy ghtidahsu;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; ifahsf; $ba jpwd;kpf;fJ. (Terminal/PC) %yk; ,jDld; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.

Network Severs xU fzzp tiyg;gpd;dypy; gy (pc) f;fs;, fUtpfs ;,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,t;thW ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;f $ba fzzpfs; fUtpfis Kfhik nra;tjw;Fk; mtw;wpid Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;Fnkd njhopw;glf;$ba fzzpNa (Net work sever) vdg;gLk;. nghJthf epWtdj;jpd; Njitapid nghWj;J gy fzzpfs; ,t;tiyaikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

jdpahs; fzdp

Personal computer (PC)

jdpg;gl;l egu;fspd; ghtidf;fhfntd cs;s fzzpfNs ,itahFk;.mjdhNyNa ,J (Personal computer) PC vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it nghJthf fhupahya kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Ntiyg;ghLfshd jl;lr;R nra;jy; tiujy; md;whl tzpf nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; nra;jy; jdpg;gl;l nghoJ Nghf;F kw;Wk; nrhe;j NjitfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

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,jid xNu Neuj;jpy; xUtNu gad;gLj;jKbAk;. NkYk; ,jDila ngsjPf Njhw;wj;jpd; mstpid Kd;dpl;L rpy Neuk; ,J (Micro computers) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. gpd;tUk; tifahd (PC) f;fs; ,d;W gad;ghl;by; cs;sd. 1. Nkirf; fzdpfs; Desk top computers ,it jdpg;gl;l ghtidf;fhfntd Nkirapy; itj;Jg ;ghtpf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,e;j ngaiu ngw;wJ.

2. Ntiyepiyaq;fs; (Work station) ,JTk; jdpg;gl;l ghtdf;fhfTs;s xU fzzpahFk; Mdhy ,J rhjhuz(Desk top) ia tpl rf;jp tha;e;jnjhd;W ,J tpQ;Qhdpfs;, xspg;gl gilg;ghspfs;, tiugl nghwpapashsu;fSf;fhd fbdNtiyfis Ntfkhf nra;tjw;Fs;s xd;whFk;.

3. kbf;fzdp (Note book computers) ,J tpUk;gpa ,lj;Jf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yj;jf;ftifapy; nky;ypajhfTk; Fiwe;j epiwAlDk; Desk top apd; nraw;ghLfis ,aq;ff;$baJ.

nfhz;Ls;s

fzzpfshFk;.

,it kpd;fyj;jpd;

Jiz nfhz;L

4. Tablet pc (Note book) ia tpl tpiy Fiwe;jJk; (Note book)apy; cs;s ,ay;Gfis tpl $Ljyhd ,ay;;Gfis nfhz;lJkhFk;. ;fhfTs;sJ. ,J rpy nkd; nghl;fspd; tpN\l gjpg;gpd; %yNk nraw;glf;$bajhfTs;sJ. 5. Hand held pc ,J iff;flf;fkhdjhf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,e;j ngaiu nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kpfTk; gpugykhd (Han held) fzzpahf Personal Digital assistant (PDA) njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.

6. Smart phone ,J tpN\l ,ay;Gfis nfhz;l njhiyNgrpahFk;. ,J toikahd ifj;njhiyNrpia tpl ngupaJ. xU rpwpa (Key board, Internet, Email, Calendar, etc ) Nghd;w trjpfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.

2). Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jy; fzzpfshdJ gy;NWgl;l NjitfSf;F NjitfSf;Fk; gad;Lj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. NjitfSf;F Vw;g

xU fzzp vy;yh mit gpd;tUkhW

tpN\l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzzpfs;. Muhar;rp Nghd;w tpN\l NjitfSf;fhfntd tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. fzzpfs ahTk; ,t;tifia rhUk;. ,it me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wj;jf;f tifapy; nraw;wpwd; kpf;fjhfTk; ,aYik kpf;fjhfTk; fhzg;gl;L mikAk;

Eg:- Super computer nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzzpfs;. ,it gy;NWgl;l Njitfis epiwT nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld; jahupf;fg;gl;l fzzpahFk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,it tpN\l Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;aTk; gad;gLk;.

Eg:- PC 3). njhopy; El;gj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzzpfis tifg;gLj;jy;. Digital computers vz;zpay; fzdp vz;zpay; fzdpfshdJ gy;NtWgl;l cs;sPl;L fUtpfs; %yk; ,yf;fq;fs;> vOj;Jf;fisg; ;ngw;W mjid mt; cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpfs; kpd;rhu Jbg;Gf;fshf khw;wp mjid fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f uPjpahd nraw;ghLfSf;F gad;gLj;Jk;

Analog computers (njhlupay; fzdp/ xg;Gikf; fzdp) ,f;fzdpfspy; juT cs;sPlhdJ njhlu;r;rpahf toq;fg;gLk;. ,jhtJ cs;sPlhf toq;fg;gLfpd;w Voltage, ntg;gepiy> mOj;jk; vd;gd fzdpapd; Kwptilahj xl;lj;ijAila jftyhf nfhs;sg;gLk;. NkYk; nghwpapay; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd tpz;zg;gq;fspy; ngupa mstpy; nrad; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. juTfshdJ miy tbtpy; >jho;e;JNghf $ba voltage mOj;jq;fshf 6|ILM.Irfan

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Nju;r;rp 1.7 :fzdp nkd;nghUs; (Computer Software) fzdpapd; td;ghfq;fis ,af;Ftjw;Fk;, gadu;fspd; Ntiyfis nra;tpg;gjw;Fkhd fl;lis, mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFg;Ng nkd;nghUs; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; gad;ghl;Lf;F mika nkd;nghUshdJ gpd;tUkhU tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 1. Kiwik nkd;nghUs; (System Software) 2. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; (Application Software) 1. Kiwik nkd;nghUs; (System Software) ,J fzdpapd; td;nghUspd; njhopw;ghl;bw;F my;yJ ,af;fj;jpw;Fk;, fzdpapd; nraw;jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;Fk;, fzdp Kiwikapy; VjhtJ gpiofs; Vw;gl;lhy; mjid epgu;j;jpg;gjw;Fkhd fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jy;fs; mlq;fpa njhFg;Ng Kiwik nkd;nghUshFk;. ,JTk; mjd; gad;ghl;Lf;F mika gpd;tUkhU tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. a. ,af;f Kiwik (Operating System Software) b. nkhop ngau;g;ghf;fpfs; (translators) c. gad;gL nkd;nghUl;fs; (Utility Software) a. ,af;f Kiwik (Operating system) ,J ve;;jnthU fzdpiaAk; nraw;gl itg;gjw;fhd mbg;gil fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jiy nfhz;Ls;s xd;whFk;. xU fzdpapd; ,af;fj;jpw;F ,e;j OS ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,J fzdpapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;;s rfy fUtpfisAk; xOq;fikg;gjw;Fk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd fl;lisfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. Eg: Apple Mac, windows xp, Vista, 7, Ubundu, Ms Dos, Chrome OS, etc b. nkhopngau;g;ghf;fpfs; (Translators) fzdp epuyp nkhopapid gad;gLj;jp fl;lisapid my;yJ mwpTWj;jypid toq;Ffpd;w NghJ mjid fzdpapw;F tpsq;ff; $bajhf nkhop ngau;j;J nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cs;s nkd;nghUl;fNs nkhopngau;;g;ghf;fpfs; vdg;gLk;. Eg: Assembler, Interpretor, Compiler c. gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUl;fs; (Utility Software) fzdpapd; nraw;ghl;L tpidj;jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;fhfTk;, mjpy; Vw;glf; $ba jtWfis epgu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfTk; vdTs;s fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFg;Ng ,JthFk;. Eg: Antivirus Software (Avira, AvG, kaspersky, ets) 2. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; (Application Software) gad;ghl;lhsu;fspd; nghJthd Njitfspid fUj;jpw;nfhz;L cUthf;fg;glf;$ba nkd;nghUl;fNs ,itahFk;. Eg: MS Office, Photo Shop, Browser Software, Media Player, etc, CAD rpy ree;ju;g;gq;fspy; gadhspfspd; Ntz;LjYf;F Vw;gTk; ,t;thwhd nkd;nghUl;fs; jahu; nra;J toq;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf tq;fp eltbf;iffSff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpN\l Software, itj;jparhiyia Kfhik nra;ag; gad;gLj;Jk; Software, etc vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk; Nju;r;rp 1.8: jfty; Kiwikapid tifg;gLj;jy; jfty; Kiwik (Information System) xd;Nwhnlhd;W gpd;dpg;gpize;j $WfshdJ (Components) xU Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;ij mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf jutpid Nrfupj;jy;, Nrkpj;jy;, nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; jftiy ntspaPL nra;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis nra;tjw;fhfTs;s xU KiwikahFk nghJthf IS MdJ gpd;tUk; ,uz;L mbg;gilapy; mike;J fhzg;gLk;. 1. fzdpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l IS(Computer Based Information System) 2. ifahy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty; Kiwik.(Manual Information System) fzdpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l IS (Computer Based Information System) td;nghUs;, nkd;nghUs;;, juTj;jsk, njhiyj;njhlu;ghly;, kf;fs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;L mjD}lhf juTfis Nrfupj;J fzpj;jy;, Nrkpj;jy;, nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy; vd;gitfspD}lhf jftyhf khw;Wtij CBIS vd;gJ Fwpf;Fk;. xU CBIS MdJ nghJthf gpd;tUk; gFjpfis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUf;Fk;. 1.td;nghUs; ,izak;

2. nkd;nghUs; 5.kf;fs;

7|ILM.Irfan

3. juTj;jsk; 4. njhiyj;njhlu;ghly, 6. nrad;Kiwfs;(Procedures)

GIT||KM/Zahira College

tiyaikg;G

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kw;Wk;

ifahy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty; Kiwik (Manual Information System) fzdpiag;gad;gLj;jhJ juTfis jftyhf khw;Wtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis ifahy; Nkw;nfhs;tij ,J Fwpf;Fk;. fzdpia mbg;gilahff; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l IS Kiwikf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs

w;Fk;

fzpj;jy;,

nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy;

ifahy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty;

jfty; Kiwikapd; tiffs; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Automated Systems (AS) Management Support Systems(MSS) Geographical Information Systems(GIS) Knowledge Management Systems(KMS) Content Management Systems(CMS) Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Expert Systems Embedded Systems

8|ILM.Irfan

- jd;dpaf;f Kiwikfs; - Kfhikj;Jt xj;Jiog;G Kiwikfs; - Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikfs; - mwpT Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikfs; - cs;slf;f Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikfs; - tpahghu ts jpl;lkply; Kiwikfs; - epGzj;Jt Kiwikfs; - cl;nghjpe;j Kiwikfs

GIT||KM/Zahira College

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