Hksymhkcisksymh Hksymhkcisksymh he Lucturk, ^ucitilk kt Flmhmayk? Khe ^keckckljky he Uilkhe Gicipihm kt Jkhskhe ^icipihks Puhem sk ^kecihkhe he K`bilkihe ^icipihisam kt ^kepkpkckyk*
(skhkysky hk hkewkei he Lkrkhekckhe Jkheeit sk Ekwk` LUG sk Tkhkysky :>;:)
hi Omhktbkh Wfrekrk Efrmhiam Ihstrultmr, Vhijfrsi`k` he Tkhtm Pmaks (VTP)
Tk jkykh he Krkw ky `i pkwkhe `kekt, sk @ucmhe-Tickhek’y `i pucms hk eujkt, hi bih`i rih hkakh pkwkhe kckpkkp m pucms hk cilbkhe aek pkhekrkp< `itm ky aky iskhe jkeky hk akjucks, sk skhcijmhe pucm ky hklkckekhkp hk sk lktijkyk’y bih`i hktitihke `kthkh ak’t pkhkwkh he aek jkekjke, sk lkskriwkk’y bih`i hkckckeks `kbks-`kbksih akh he aek bkjkekt.
- auck sk tuckhe –Khe Klihe Uilk‑ hi Cmpf L. Tkhtms
Pihulmy sk aek picihe jfrsm hi Cmpf L. Tkhtms khe bih`i aktkpms-tkpms hk biakesil he wilkhe pkajkhsk auck sk pkhkbmh hk akeihe iskhe sijicisk`mhe cipuhkh khe lkpucukhe ^frcks he Tickhekh bkheekhe sk bkskih khe aek tkjkl kt pkhuckt sk yuetm he pklilijklk pkrk sk lkhykhe smjfrkhyk — khe sistfaktilmhe (`f)lmhstrulsymh he `iwkhe aklk-^icipihm sk pkhkbmh he Lmcmhykcisam kt he aek rfjmcusymhe hkebkelis sk aek lk`fhkhe ipihktkw hitm, kt rflmhstrulsymh he buwk` hk ih`fpfh`fhsiyk pkelktkpms he Ilkckwkhe @ieakkhe ^kh`kie`ie bkheekhe sk lkskculuykh. Puck` he khuakhe jkykh sk aek tkecky hitmhe cklks kt lkekcihekh, iskhe luailihkhe hk biyks `ih khe pkesijmc he iskhe wilkhe pkajkhsk hk jkekakt ipihkckckeky hk ckekhkp kt aktktke sk jumhe lkpucukh ky hkhkhkticihe hksk jkcke he kckhekhih juhek he aek skewic sk lkhykhe ckh`ks hk suakskeiske sk –akh`krkbks hk bkjkekt.‑ ^kheuhkbihe pihktutuheluckh he –bkjkekt‑ sk tuck khe tuaitih`ihe ekbua he Ihecfs sk ckbkt he `mafyh m aek ckrkhekhe pkhewilk hk hkepkpkjkekc sk ekhkp hk ihtfcfltwkcisksymh he wilkhe Gicipihm. Aklkpkheykribkhe –bkjkekt‑ `ih khe akpkhcksmhe ecmjkcisksymh hk aky aktih`ihe fpfltm sk lkckekykhe smsym-flmhmailm, pmcitilkc kt lucturkc he jkhsk — iskhe akpkaihskckhe skcmt hk puaipieic sk pkeykjmhe he wilkhe Gicipihm hk pkelkiskbih kt julcurih khe skajkykhkh auck sk akbieit 5,>>> pucm. Ihickckhtk` he lktmtmbkhkhe itm khe aek tuheekcikh sk cmmj he sistfakhe pkhcipuhkh hk pihkckckck he aek cilks hk `fpfltm he hfmlmcmhykcisam. ^ktucmy sk pkepkpktkw he akbiepit hk tkhilkck sk pkk, lkaky kt jijie hk hklksusi he rfpujcilkhe ^icipihm khe lkaky hk jklkc he iapfrykcisam hk ipihkcmmj sk sutckhe ewkhtfs.
Bih`i ekhkp hk akjum khe lklkhykbkhe ^icipihm, khe `iwkhe ^icipihm, khe jkhskhe ^icipihks juhek he aek efrkhe ihtfrhkc hk akuuekt kt hkepkpkckck sk pkelklkjulm`-julm` kt pkelklkwktkl-wktkl he skajkykhkh. ^ktucmy hk hkeckckyke khe jkykh upkhe akrktihe khe lkjickhe pkapkhe he lkskyskykh, tuhem eihihtukhe pkhkbmhe akeieihe pcurkcistilm hk khe cipuhkh hk aktkekc hkhe pihkebibiwkcky he aek isyu he fthisi`k` kt i`fhti`k`, julm` pk sk aek uskpihe tkbks hk pkapucitilk kt pkhelkjubkykh. Tk pketktksk sk akbkjkhe pkeckckljky he wilkhe Gicipihm jickhe akbkckekhe jfbilucm sk pkhkwkekhe pkejum m aucihe pkejujum he lktutujmhe i`fhti`k`, akskskckaih khe ijk’t ijkhe pkrkkh he pkesusucmhe he k`bilkihe itm. Ktihe jkyjkyih khe akbkjk-bkjk kt akjuhekhe lkskyskykh he pke-kkajke he wilkhe Gicipihm sk (rf)lmhtrulsymh he pkelkjkhsk kt lklkhykbkh he skajkykhkhe ^icipihm sk ckrkhekh he lucturk, pucitilk kt flmhmayk.
Bistmrilkc hk ^kesipkt sk Aek Tucirkhih kt Tkewic sk Ckh`ks he Lrusk`k he ^kajkhskhe ^kelklkisk kt Lkuhckrkh Ipihkbkyke he `ktihe ^kheucmhe Akhufc Cuis [ufzmh hk –Tk kcihakhe jkeky ky wkck hkhe hkpklkakbkckek hk tuck` he pkelklickck hick sk lkhickhe lkiskbkh jickhe iskhe jkhsk< kt jickhe iskhe jkykh ky bih`i tkym akelklkrmmh he bieit hk pkelickck sk jkeky hk itm bkheek’t bih`i tkym hkeskskcitk he iskhe wilkhe pkhckbkt.‑ pkhckbkt.‑ Bkcms wkcmhe `flk`k hkhe uhkhe ipkbkyke khe ekhitmhe prmpfsiyk kt pkhekrkp sk wilkhe Gicipihm hk hkesicjihe skciekhe pwfrsk sk pketktkam hitm he lkpkheykribkhe akpkelkisk kt akibkhkp he pkajkhskhe lkklubkh khe skajkykhkh. Tk siauck’y hkeihe kkh`kp-
kh`kp hk hiheks he sucm sk pkelkauckt kt aklkjkykhe pkeeieiit khe aek citkhykhe itm sk ckrkhekh he f`ulksymh kt lucturk. Hkrkbuym khe emjyfrhmhe aky bkwkl he lkpkheykribkh sk pkesusucmhe he aklk`kyubkhe ihtfrfs sk bkcip hk itkeuym` khe wilk he jkykh. Puakbkl sk `kkh he pkeieihe lkhyk-lkhyk khe akymryk he aek ^icipihm sk bkcip hk akelkisk sk cklks he jkykhibkh tuhem sk aklkjucubkhe trkhspmraksymhe pkhcipuhkh. Akelklkjulm` hk pkrkkh he pkeskskcjk sk skricihe tktkl kt lkakckykh khe hkakykhi, sk bkcip hk pketkhelicil sk pkejujum he iskhe jkhskhe akckyk kt akuhck`. Akcklihe skcil akrkbic sk ekhitmhe lkskwikh khe afskhe wkckhe ckakh kt silaurkhe luaklkcka he skajkykhkh. Tk buaieit-luauckhe ;>> aicymh hktihe pmpucksymh, ;;.4 aicymhe Gicipihm m :5.:% khe wkckhe trkjkbm kt buaieit-luauckhe sk lkckbkti (6;.0%) khe hkebibirkp hk akakakykh jktky sk pihklkbucihe tkck hmmhe :>;;. ^kkhm hek jk kkskbkhe akekkajke sk pke-uhck` he jkykh khe aek akakakykhe `uakrkhks he lk`kbupkh kt lkeutuakh= Tk kspfltmhe pmcitilkc, akcihkw khe lkwkckh he sihsfri`k` he aek skcitkhe jihijitkwkh he aek ci`fr he ktihe jkykh. Hkhekheklm sick sk ckbkt he lkuhckrkh kt lkckykkh sk skcitk heuhit, sk pkhelkckbktkh, wkck sk cmmj hick khe ihtfrfs he aek akakakykhe hkeculcml sk lkhick kt uakksk sk lkhickhe akcksklit kt pkecicihelm`. ^kkhm hek jk akpksusuhm` he aek pihuhm he jkykh khe aek akakakykh sk ckh`ks he pkejkjkem luhe sick aisam’y bih`i lklilitkkh he trkhspmraksymh sk pke`kkh he pkhkbmh= Iskhe akcuhelmt hk pkheitkihe bkheekhe hekym’y juakjkekjke sk lkakckykh he skajkykhkh khe tick pkelklkbkwie he aek khti-akakakykhe pktklkrkh he aek hke`kkhe rfbiafh. Isk sk akcihkw hk akhipfstksymh hitm khe wkckhe pulhkt hk akckwklkhe `famcisymh hk hkepkjkeskl sk
lkjubkykh kt pke-ksk he aek akrkcitkhe hkhihirkbkh sk aek lmauhi`k` he Titim Tkh Zmquf sk Hmrtb Prikhecf sk [ufzmh Dity, Ckpfrkc Dmapmuh` sk Euk`kcupf he Aklkti Dity, Jrey. Lk`iwk sk Hkvmtks kt Jrey. Dmrkzmh `f Ofsus sk Tkh Oukh kt lkaklkickh sk akrkbks hk pkepkpkckyks sk aek tkek-Ticvfrim. Lkskjky he ekhitmhe pkeyurkl sk lkrkpktkh sk pkhihirkbkh khe tucuykhe pkelklkctks he pmh`m sk aek akbkbkckekhe sfrjisymhe pkhcipuhkh tuck` he jk`yft he aek stktf dmccfefs kh` uhivfrsitifs m TVDs hk jihkwkskh he :7% hmmhe :>;;. Hekymhe :>;:, bkcms :0 jicymhe pism ckakhe khe ihickkh pkrk sk TVDs hk akckymhe-akckym sk 7: jicymhe lihklkickhekh pkrk sk fpisyfhtfhe sfrjisym he aek itm. Vhti-uhtihe ihkkjkh`mhk hk rih he emjyfrhm khe sfltmr he lkcusuekh sk pkelklkctks hitm he 4.6% sk jk`yft hitm hmmhe :>;;. ^ihkelkitkh `ih he jk`yft khe ijk pkhe sfltmr ekyk he kerilucturk (:7%)< fhfrbiyk (76%)< kt trkhspmrtksymh (6%). Lktkpkt he pkeieihe akhbi` he akrkai-rkaihe mpisykc he pkakbkckkh sk lkpklkhkh he aek siapcfhe akakakykh khe lkwkckh he pkhihih`iekh he aek ihiculcml hk akajkjktks kt sfhk`mr he jkykh hk luaktie sk wilkhe Gicipihm hk jibirkhe ekaitih sk lkhickhe aek sfsymh. Jihkjkhsmt sk aisamhe aek pkheuhkbihe skheky he pkakbkckkh khe wilkhe pkajkhsk lkyk hkakh bih`i akisucmhe khe aek rfpmrakhe aklkaksk kt aklkjkykh hk hkepkpkcklks sk pmtfhsykc he ^icipihks hk aklkait khe aihiaitbihe lkuhckrkh. Bih`i rih aklktih`ie khe wilkhe Gicipihm jickhe tkekpkakeitkh he uehkykh sk uskpihe pkhelkpkykpkkh kt aktkeuapky hk pkesksk`mluafhtm he aek pkeckjke sk lkrkpktkhe pkhtkm kt pketktkeuym` he akckykhe pkakakbkyke `kbic Ihecfs kt bih`i wilkhe pkajkhsk khe eihkekait he pkakbkckkh sk aek mpisykc hitmhe trkhsklsymh. –Pkc pufjcm, tkc emvifrhm,‑ emvifrhm,‑ wilk hek hi Zizkc. Luhe khm khe
pkakbkckkh ky siyk rihe uri he akakakykh. Tkaklktwi`, luhe wkckhe aklitkhe pkelkaklkjkykh sk aek mpisykc he pkakbkckkh, bih`i `kpkt kskbkhe kek` sisijmc khe jihbihe hksymhkcisam sk pusm he aek ^icipihm hk siykhe akejujulcm` sk lkhick, bubujme sk lkhickhe pkelkakakakykh kt akepkpkckyk sk lkhickhe jkykh auck sk lkaky he aek hkebkbkri-bkrikhe `kyubkh. Tk ekhitmhe aek jkhtk he akpkhebktihe ‒bkjkekt’ hk cuaicilbk he aek kcmh hk bkamh sk pke-usk` he wilkhe Gicipihm kt pke-kbmh he skajkykhkhe buaibihei he sklcmcm sk eithk he lrisis sk lucturk, pucitilk kt flmhmayk, akbiepit hk lihklkickhekh khe iskhe wilkhe pkajkhsk hk aklkpkejujulcm` sk aek akakakykh upkhe sick’y akhih`iekh sk pkelklkait he lkklubkhe hklkuekt sk lkbiheikh he pkepkpkckyk. Iskhe lrusk`k pkrk sk pkajkhskhe pkelklkisk kt pkebkhkp sk pkajkhskhe lkklubkh? khe lkbuci-bucibkhe jirtu` hk akepkpkhuajkcil he tktke, lmcfltijmhe cklks kt pkejujulks he jkemhe ckh`ks pkrk sk iskhe akciwkhke kt kciwkcks hk bihkbkrkp. Iskhe cipuhkhe akckyk kt akuhck` hk aihiaitbi he ckbkt khe ihspirksymh sk pkesusucmhe he skajkykhkh sk/he iskhe aktktke hk wilkhe Gicipihm pkrk sk pkajkhskhe pkelklkisk kt pkepkpkcklks he lktutujmhe lucturk kt i`fhti`k`.
Vhkhe Yuetm? ^kejijihbi kt ^kesijmc he Uilkhe ^kajkhsk sk Pkmhe ;946 bkheekhe ;95:
Akrkaihe lkekhkpkh sk ktihe lkskyskykh khe hkepktihelk` sk pkepkpkbkyke he aek ^icipihm he lkhickhe pkelklkisk tuhem sk pkebubueis he lkhickhe pkajkhskhe lkakckykh sk pkakakeitkh he ijk’t ijkhe yuetm he pklilijklk ckjkh sk lmcmhisksymh. Heuhit, bih`i pk rih skpkt khe aek tkeuapky hk itm upkhe ekhkp hk wklkskh khe
pkelklkbiwk-biwkcky he aek pkakykhkh juhsm` he aek fthilm kt ciheeuwistilmhe `ijfrsi`k` (Jmrks-Wfek, :>;>). Hkhe jkckhelksih khe Lmhstitusymh he ^icipihks kcihsuhm` sk Jktks Py`ihes-Ad@uggif (hk tihkwke `ihe –Jktks pkrk sk Lkskrihckh he ^icipihks‑), auck ;940-;946 ky suakajuckt khe aktih`ihe pketktkcm sk pkeitkh he aek `fcfek`m he Luajfhsymhe Lmhstitusyuhkc biheeic sk luhe khm khe `kpkt akeihe mpisykc hk wilkhe pkajkhsk. Tk ekhitmhe sitwksymh, hklitk he aek lihktkwkh auck sk ijk’t ijkhe ckckwiekh khe lkbkckekbkh he iskhe lktutujmhe wilk hk akesisicjihe skeiske he pkejijielis he aek akakakykh. Kt suakpit hek khe pkesksktitil he Lmhstitusymh he Lmamhwfct ;946, sk pkajkhskhe pkepupuhykei he Kak he Uilkhe ^kajkhsk hk wkckhe ijk luh`i si ^kheucmhe Akhufc Cuis [ufzmh hk hkepkbkyke hk –Bih`i aklkiirkc khe iskhe `iwkhe pkajkhsk bkheekhe wkckhe wilkhe pkhckbkt. Khe ^icipihks lkickhakh ky bih`i akelklkrmmh he tuhky hk pkelickck sk ktihe lkrkhekckh jickhe iskhe jkhsk bkheek’t wkck tkymhe wilk hk skrici hktih‑ . hktih‑ . Itm khe uhk sk tktcmheyuetmhe bkti he aftkamrpmsis he Gicipihm kymh sk lkpitk-pitkekhe ‑kjmek`m he wilkhe Gicipihm‑ kt `ktihe `irfltmr he Turikh sk Uilkhe ^kajkhsk bkheekhe Lmaisymh sk Uilkhe Gicipihm (;95>-;999) hk si ^mhdikhm J.^. ^ihf`k. Khe pkejijieky-bkckek he Lmhstitusymhe Lmamhwfct sk pkelklkrmmh he iskhe wilkhe pkajkhsk ky akituturihe hk eihtm kt utkhe hk cmmj he jkykhe itm sk aek pmcitilkc hk pkelicms hk akkekhe hkiskekwk sk pkheuheuhk he aek uhkhe hkeihe tkekpkejuhelkc he aktkjkhe cupkhe pihkebksilkh he jihbi he wilkhe pkajkhsk. Tk pkakakeitkh he Jktks Lmamhwfct Jce. ;20, s. ;947, pihktijky khe prmjisymhe pkhewilk he Lmhstitusymh he ;946?
Khe Lmherfsm ky ekekwk he aek bkljkhe tuhem sk pkepkpkuhck` kt pkepkpktijky he iskhe wilkhe pkajkhsk hk jktky sk isk sk sk aek uaiirkc hk lktutujmhe wilk. Bkheekhe bih`i hketktk`bkhk he ijk khe jktks, khe Ihecfs kt Lkstick ky pktucmy hk ekekaitihe aek wilkhe mpisykc. Vpkhe ckcmhe akpketijky khe aek pkuhkhe bkljkhe hk itm, itihkeujicih hi [ufzmh sk Ksfajciyk hmmhe Mltujrf 5, ;947 khe pketktktke he iskhe Turikh sk Uilkhe ^kajkhsk (Ihstitutf mg Hktimhkc Ckheukef) hk akepkpktupk` he aek lkrkpkt`kpkt hk bkljkhe sk lkekhkpkh he iskhe wilk pkrk sk ckbkt sk ckyuhih he pkelklkisk kt upkhe akiwkskh he aek ^icipihm khe pkeieihe –`kyubkh sk skricihe jkykh.‑ Hklktuhtmhe khe mjsfrjksymhe itm hi [ufzmh sk cuakcklihe fthilm kt ciheeuwistilmhe `ijfrsi`k` hk hkeieihe skhbi he lkwkckh he aek tucky hk uehkykh kt bk`ckhe sk pkejum he pkajkhskhe pkelklklickhckh. Aktkpms khe ickhe pke-kkrkc kt pkesusuri he aek lkskpi he uhkhe cupmh he Ihstitutf mg tbf Hktimhkc Ckheukef (IHC), hkpici he skapuhe pkheuhkbihe lihktkwkh auck sk aek pkheuhkbihe wilk sk ^icipihks khe Pkekcme jickhe jktkykh he wilkhe pkajkhsk skpkelkt khe Pkekcme khe wilkhe hklktuemh sk aek lkbiheikhe itihkl`k he Jktks Lmamhwfct Jce. ;20, s. ;947, Tflsymh 2, tkcktkhe (6),
–skpkelkt
hkpktuhkykhe khe wilkhe –bieit‑ hk akuhck` sk istrulturk/lkykrikh, aflkhisam, kt citfrkturk kt tihktkheekp kt eihkekait sk lkskculuykhe pkhkbmh he pihklkakrkaihe aek ^icipihm .‑ .‑ Ipihktupk` khe prmjisymhe lmhstitusyuhkc hk itm sk pkakakeitkh he pkepkpkbkyke he Lkutuskhe Pkekpkepkekhkp Jce. ;40 hmmhe @isyfajrf 4>, ;945 hk buaujme sk lktkwkekhe Uilkhe ^kajkhsk jktky sk Pkekcme. Jkekak’t hkeihe usk`-pkemhe khe pkepkpkckwie he wilkhe pkajkhsk sk akbkbkckekhe ckrkhekh
tuck` he f`ulksymh, hkeihe aktkeuapky hkakh khe pkecucuhsk` he lkuhk-uhkbkhe –Jkckrick he Uilkhe ^kajkhsk‑ hk hkeckckbk` he aek tuhtuhih sk akjiskhe pkepkpkbkyke he wilk. ^ihkjicis hitm khe pkeckekhkp he wilkhe pkajkhsk sk aek rfbiymhe `i-Pkekcme. Bkcms iskhe tkmh khe cuaipks jkem hkeihe lktuwkhe hk ai`yua sk pketuturm sk fcfafhtkryk khe wilkhe pkajkhsk sk jisk he Afamrkh`ua Tirluckr Jce. 5; hmmhe @isyfajrf 6, ;949. Hmmhe Kjric ;, ;90> hkakh, pihketijky khe pkeekait hitm sk aek pkkrkckhe sfluh`kryk kt fslwfckbkhe pkheeurm. ^ihkcklks `ih khe pkpfc he Turikh he Uilkhe ^kajkhsk (TU^) lkjkcilkt he Tkheky he Lkwkhibkh he aek ^kkrkckhe Jkykh sk akbiepit hk fjkcwksymh he aek tflsjul kt pkhtucmhe hk jkjkskbihe hksusuckt sk wilkhe pkajkhsk pkrk sk aek pkkrkckhe fcfafhtkryk kt sfluh`kryk, pujcilm akh m prijk`m. Hkkjmt he wilkhe pkajkhsk khe aks aktkks hk yuetm he fckjmrksymh hkhe cuakekhkp khe pkeekait hitm sk ijk’t ijkhe ckrkhekh kt `isipcihk sk ckbkt he `klm he jkhsk. Ipihktupk` he TU^ khe lmaprfbfhsijmhe prmerkak sk pkepkpkrkai he aek pujcilksymh kt pkesusucmhe he aek ekwkih hk buaibilkykt sk luctijksymh kt ihtfcfltwkcisksymh he wilk. Tk pkeputml he Ilkckwkhe @ieakkhe ^kh`kie`ie, hkepktucmy khe pkajkhskhe pkakakbkck sk lkaky he aek ^icipihm sk ekjky he ^kheksiwkkh he Tuh`kcmhe Bkpmh. Hkeihe akcuwke khe pkeekait he wilkhe pkajkhsk jickhe aktijky hk jisie sk rflmhstrulsymh he prmerkakhe Bkpmh hk –Tkak-skakhe Lkskekhkkh sk Ckcmhe Akckwkl hk Tickhekhe Ksyk‑ m luhe iskskcih ky hkepkpkbkyke he aklk-mryfhtkc hk afhskbfhe –Ksyk pkrk sk aek Ksykhm‑ kt –^icipihks pkrk sk aek ^icipihm.‑ Hk`ke`kekh khe pkhkhkeutkh he TU^ hkhe akeihe jkbkei itm he Lkekwkrkh he F`ulksymh, Lkcusuekh kt Lkekcihekhe-Jkykh (kcihsuhm` sk Lkutuskhe Aicitkr Jce.
: hmmhe ;90:). Hickymh he akelkjkcilkt hk pkeekapkh he `kckwkhe kbfhsyk khe akruj`mj hk pmpuckrisksymh he wilkhe pkajkhsk. Tk suhu`-suhm` hk pkepkpkcit he ci`frktm sk kbfhsyk he TU^, lkaucktkh `ih khe hketuckl sk aek hkiculcml hk `irfltmr hitm tuhem sk akckwklkhe pkepkpkciajke he aek `ilsyuhkrymhe Pkekcme, aktfrykcfs sk pkebkbkh`k he aek fspfsykcisk`mhe tkckskcitkkh sk ckrkhekhe siyfhtipilm, tkckskcitkkh he wkcmhe pkheuhkbihe wilk sk jkhsk, pkhkhkcilsil sk ijk’t ijkhe `isipcihk, aek pmrauckrymhe pkapkakbkckkh kt klckt he pkeskskcih hk hkerfsuctk sk akckykhe pkeekait he wilkhe pkajkhsk sk aek dmhtrmccihe `makih he wilk. Akcklihe iepkw rih sk lkaucktkhe aklkjkykh khe mpisykc hk pkepkpktijky sk pkeekait he lktkekhe –^icipihm‑ sk pketulmy sk wilkhe pkajkhsk kymh sk jisk he Lkutuskhe ^khelkekwkrkh Jce. 5 hmmhe Kemstm ;4, ;969. Akkekhe buakrkp sk akskciaumt hk pklilipkejuhm sk lmhtrmjfrsyk’t isyu khe jkemhe-cutmhe cuhks hk –^icipihm‑ hk suakeupk sk akbkjkhe kreuafhtksymh kt lkji-lkjickhe pkecicitis he `iuakhm’y pkhcicihckhe sk jkykh. Hketkeuapky akh sk pketktkpms he jkljklkh khe lktwirkh sk lktkwkekhe –^icipihm‑ jickhe wilkhe pkajkhsk hkhkticihe iskhe `i rfsmcjk`mhe isyu khe lmhtrk`ilsymhe itm hk hkejulks sk pkhijkemhe yuetm he pkelkauckt pkrk sk pketulcks he wilkhe akepkpktktke sk hkelklkiskhe ckbi he ^kelk-^icipihm. Lkbit pkpkhm’y hklkjkwks sk cklks he aek rfbiyuhkcistk khe aklkjucubkhe pkepkpkcit-tkwke hk itm hk sfhykcfs he hkpipihtmhe hksymhkcisksymh he wilkhe pkajkhsk.
Ilkckwkhe Yuetm? ^kejkcilwks he Jkykhe Cuakcklks kt ^kejketks sk Bkljkhebkljkhe hk @f-Kafrilkhisksymh @f-Kafrilkhisksymh sk Pkmhe ;954 bkheekhe ;927
Cuaipks khe akbieit tktcmhe `flk`k he ^icipihks jickhe iskhe buwk` hk hkeskskricihe jkhsk. Isk-iskhe tuakajk` sk ak`ck khe aek lkluckhekh kt `fpfltmhe `ucmt he uaiirkc hk lkcklkrkhe pkhcipuhkh hk bih`i hk skpkt upkhe aklktuemh sk cuakckwkl hk pkhekhekickhekh he jkhskhe buakbkrkp sk aek jkemhe bkamh he hkejkjkemhe pkhkbmh. Aucihe hke`kms he iskhe lmhstitusyuhkc hk luajfhsiymh hmmhe ;95; kt isk sk jihieykhe-pkhsih khe pkepici he iskhe wilkhe pkajkhsk hk `i`ihie sk ckbkt he pkhie tuhem sk ekhkp hk pketkheekp kt pkelklkisk. Hkeihe akckjm khe pkeckckpkt he aek pkhie sk pkhkbmhe ipkbkyke khe pkepkpktijky he Tkciekhe Jktks he ;954 hk hkeskskk` sk Krtilucm RW, Tflsymh 4? –(;) Khe Tkciekhe Jktks hk itm’y mpisykc hk ipihkpkbkyke sk Ihecfs kt ^icipihm, kt iskskcih sk jkwkt iskhe `iykcfltmhe sihkskcitk he akbieit sk ciakapuhe cijmhe lktkm, kt sk Lkstick kt Krkjid. Luhe aky pketutuheekci, akhkhkie khe tflstmhe Ihecfs.‑ Tfl. (:) –Khe Jktkskhe ^kajkhsk ky `kpkt euakwk he aek bkljkhe tuhem sk pkecihkhe kt pmrakc hk k`mpsiymh he iskhe pkhckbkt hk wilkhe pkajkhsk hk tktkwkeihe Gicipihm‑
Luhe susuriih khe jkemhe pmrauck hk ihibkih he Lmhstitusymh he ;954 ulmc sk wilkhe pkajkhsk, bkcms wkck itmhe akcklihe ipihkelkijk sk pihkejktkykh hitmhe pk`rmh cijkh hk ckakhe sk ckhtkrkhe pkeckcklm sk Ihecfs kt ijk pkhe wilkhe `kyubkh jickhe kctfrhktijm sklkcihe bih`i pk rih akelkrmmh he lksuh`ukh sk pkelklkrmmh he wilkhe pkajkhskhe hklkjktky sk aek lktutujmhe wilk hk lktkheekp-tkheekp sk hklkrkrkai. Tk pkejkjkemhe-jibis he lmhstitusymh, mpisykc hk lihickck khe ^icipihm
jickhe wilkhe mpisykc hk hkejulks he aek jkemhe `kkh tuhem sk iskhe wilkhe pkajkhsk hk aketktkeuym` he iskhe pkhckbkt hk pkhkhkw. Tk lkskakkhe-pkck`, auck sk Lmhstitusymh he ;954 bkheekhe ;927, khe Jktkskhe ^kajkhsk ky wkckhe eihkwkhe bkljkhe upkhe pmrakc hk lickckhih khe wilkhe Gicipihm. Bih`i hklitk he cfbisckturk khe sicji he kwtmhmaiyk sk pketktkeuym` he iskhe wilkhe pkajkhsk hk lilickckhih he ckbkt he pkhie (Zfdtm, :>>4). Tk lkjick he bih`i pkejijieky-pkhsih he aek akajkjktks sk wilkhe pkajkhsk, hke`ucmt hkakh itm he aktih`ihe lkaucktkh sk pkelklkrmmh he skricihe ihisyktijk he ickhe tkheekpkh he pkakbkckkh kt aklkjkykhe sfltmr he cipuhkh sk pkesusucmhe he k`jmlksiykhe lkuehky hitm. Tuaklcmcm sk akjkekc hk amjicisksymh he skheky-cfbiscktijm khe jisie he f`ulksymh hk akckwklkhe euakekait he wilk pkrk sk lmehitijm, kpfltijm, amtijksyuhkc kt smsykc hk lmhtflstmhe pkajkhsk (Jfrhkr`m, :>>5). ^ihketijky khe Hktimhkc Jmkr` mg F`udktimh Zfsmcutimh Hm. 54-5 hk akelktuwkhe hk ipihktupk` he Turikh he Uilkhe ^kajkhsk kt Aihistri he F`ulksymh hmmhe Kemstm 5, ;954 — khe ^ktklkrkhe F`ulksymhe Jiciheeuwkc hk hkejijieky-`iih sk akelkbiwkcky hk ekait he ^icipihm kt Ihecfs sk aek picihe ksiehkturk kt pklskhe-krkcih. Hicke`kkh hkakh he `ktihe Lkcibia Pkekpkepkekhkp hk si Kcfokh`rm Afcdbmr khe ^rmlckaksymh Jce. ;:09 hmmhe Kjric ;, ;950 hk hketktk`bkhk he tkuhkhe sfcfjrksymh he Krkw hi Jkcketks tuwihe uhkhe krkw he Kjric skakhtkckhe hmmhe ;927. ^ihkckwkl hitm khe ekait he wilkhe ^icipihm pkrk sk aek iapmrakc kt smsykc hk trkhsklsymh sk ckrkhekh he pkeekwk kt akeihe sk mrekhisksymh he hfemsym kt ih`ustriyk. Tk ekhitmhe aek pketktkhelk, akskskckaih khe bkhekrih he pkepkpkcklks sk wilkhe pkajkhsk
lkskjky he k`bilkihe akpkcklks `ih khe akckwklkhe lkapkhyk sk aucihe pketulcks sk lktutujmhe lucturk hk akejujuhsm` he pkepkpktijky he lmhsfptm he pkelkjkhsk kt pkelkakakakykh. Hkejuhsm` he `klickhe pkelkauckt khe ekhitmhe akckwklkhe pkeekait he wilkhe pkajkhsk. Khe lkji-lkjickhe pkelicms he aek akakakykh auck sk cmmj kt ckjks he klk`fayk, pusm` he pkekwkkh kt pkjrilk, ijk’t ijkhe ckrkhekhe prmpfsyuhkc kt bkhky he aek akesksklk kt aek akrkcitkhe tkekcuhesm` khe hkesicjihe pwfrsk sk pkeekait he wilkhe ^icipihm jickhe wilk he prmtfstk kt pmcitilk tuhem sk bkljkhebkljkhe hk `f-kafrilkhisksymh he skajkykhkh (Tkh Oukh, :>>9). Cuakekhkp khe lkaucutkhe buauckepms sk `iltk he lkaky hk jklkc kt isihickhe khe rfjmcusymh hk hkeihe tucky tuhem sk pkejkjkemhe bkhek` he ckbkt.
Ilktcmhe Yuetm? ^ke-kbmh, ^klilituheekci kt ^kesucmhe he Uilkhe Gicipihm sk Pkmhe ;925 bkheekhe Lkskculuykhe ^khkbmh
Isihupcihe he aklkskyskykhe Zfjmcusymhe ;927 sk F@TK khe Lmhstitusymh he ;925. Hkhe pkhekckhkh khe kpkthkpu’t wkcmhe aek lkskpi he Luajfhsymhe Lmhstitusyuhkc, aucihe ihkskbkh khe kltijmhe pklilickbml he aek skakbkhe pkhewilk sk pkepkpktijky he jkemhe lkckykkhe ieihkwk` he jkemhe-sickhe hk `famlrksyk. Tihilkp hk smcusyuhkh he Luajfhsymhe Lmhstitusyuhkc sk pcfhkrym khe siekcmt he aek skakbkhe pkhewilk upkhe aklkpkepktucmy sk pmraucksymh he iskhe wilkhe pkhckbkt hk akehuhyutrkcisk sk ckbkt he mpmsisymh. ^ihkelkiskbkh khe pkejum he wilkhe pkajkhskhe jktky sk wilkhe ^icipihm hk pkuuhckrih sk tucmhe he ijk pkhe lktutujmhe wilk ekyk he isihkskk` sk Krtilucm RIW?
Tflsymh 7. –Khe wilkhe pkajkhsk he ^icipihks ky Gicipihm. Tkakhtkckhe hkcicihkhe, itm ky `kpkt pkykjuheih kt pkeykakhih pk jktky sk uaiirkc hk aek wilk he ^icipihks kt ijk pkhe aek wilk.‑ Tk ilktcmhe yuetm he pkelkauckt sk pkhkbmh he jkemhe sickhe hk `famlrksyk, i`ihflckrk hk sk wklks khe tkeuapky he ckbkt he pkhie jickhe pketktkpms sk akbkjkhe sfryf he bktklkhe-cuji` sk pkeitkh he aek tkekpkesucmhe he ijk’t ijkhe lkapm sk isyu he pkelklkrmmh he iskhe wilkhe pkrk sk ckbkt.
Akituturihe hk
akcklihe iepkw khe aek pihketijky hk siauckih he Lmhstitusymh he ;925 hk khe Gicipihm ky bih`i ckakhe akeieihe ai`yua sk ckrkhekh he lmauhilksymh kt tktkwkeihe mpisykc hk wilk, jkelus akcklihe pkejkjkem rih hk itkl`k he iskhe uaiirkc hk lmhstitusymh hk akeihe pkheuhkbihe wilk itm he sistfakhe pkhe-f`ulksymh. ^ihkbihk rih khe pkebkbkri he Ihecfs hk hkesicjihe pihklkbucihe mpsymh sk khuakhe pkepkpksyk he jkemhe lkcklkrkh skakhtkckhe itihkks hkakh khe pkpfc he aek uaiirkc hk lktutujmhe wilk jickhe lktuwkhe he Gicipihm sk pketktkam hitm he aktkks hk pkelickck, pkepkpkbkckek kt pkepkpkckekhkp jktky hk rih sk jihkemhe `fpfhisymh he kbfhsyk sk pkhekhekckek he wilkhe pkajkhsk hk tihktkwke hk hekymhe Lmaisymh sk Uilkhe Gicipihm (LUG)? Khe Gicipihm ky khe lktutujmhe wilk hk eihkekait sk jumhe ^icipihks jickhe wilk he lmauhilksymh kt fthilmhe erupm. Lktuck` he ijk pkhe wilkhe jubky, khe Gicipihm ky `uakrkkh sk prmsfsm he pkecihkhe sk pkakakeitkh he aek pkhebibirka sk aek wilk sk ^icipihks kt `i- lktutujmhe wilk pkrk sk ijk-ijkhe sitwksymh, sk aek hkeskskcitk hitm hk
aky ijk’t ijkhe skciekhe smsykc kt pkrk sk aek pklsk he tkcklkykh kt islmckrcihe pkepkpkbkyke. Ieihkwk` `ih sk yuetmhe itm khe aks akckwkl hk akh`ktm kt lkpkheykribkh he kbfhsykhe LUG. Jihieykh itm he aktkks hk pkelickck kt `irfltkhe lktuheluckh sk ickcia he Pkheekpkh he ^kheucm hk hkejuhsm` `ih he ekhkp hk lkckykkh
hitm sk
pkecucuhsk` he aek lkrkpkt-`kpkt hk ekwkih sk pkesusucmhe, pkepkpkuhck` kt pkecihkhe he wilkhe Gicipihm. Vpkhe akipkakcks khe sihsfri`k` he lmhstitusymh sk pkepkpktijky he uehkykhe pkajkhsk he aek akakakykh, jihieykhe-`iih he jktks hk khe cupmhe tkekpkepkekhkp he hkskjihe kbfhsyk ky jujuuih he aek lihktkwkh auck sk ijk’t ijkhe wilk he jkhsk hk akheuheuhk sk ckbkt he pkepkpksyk kt iapcfafhtksymh he aek prmerkakhe sklckw he kbfhsyk. Hkeihe ak`kci khe pkepkpkkjmt he aek aklkjucubkhe prmerkak he lmaisymh. Hkipktupk` khe aek pkheklmhe pkejkjkem hk ickbml khe aek mrekhisksymh auck sk ijk’t ijkhe rfbiymh sk pkepkpksyk kt pkepkpktupk` he aek aklkjucubkhe ekwkih sk pkesusucmhe he aktktke hk wilkhe pkhckbkt. Kltijmhe hkekapkhkh hitm khe pkpfc hk itihkl`k sk lkhick he lmhstitusymh sk pkakakeitkh he pkepkpkckwkl he sklckw hitm sk khym he aek ^khrfbiymhe Tfhtrm sk Uilkhe Gicipihm hk itihkym sk aek ckckwiekh sk jkhsk hk hklkjksf sk aek aek stktf dmccfefs kh` uhivfrsitifs (TVDs). @kbic sk tihktkakskhe tkeuapky sk pkelklkrmmh he wilkhe pkajkhsk, ckcmhe hkeihe aksilbky khe kbfhsyk, lkjkcilkt he ijk pkhe tkekpkesucmhe he wilkhe Gicipihm sk pketulcks he pkheaktkekckhe prfsfrjksymh he uaiirkc hk wilkhe pkajkhsk hk lilickckhih jickhe skh`iekh he pkajkhskhe lkuhckrkh. Hkijulks khe pmsijici`k` he ihtfhsijmhe pkepkpktijky sk aek uaiirkc hk jfrhkluckr hk wilk sk pkakakeitkh he prmerkakhe
pkhe-f`ulksymh hk Amtbfr Pmheuf-Jksf` Aucticiheukc F`udktimh (APJ-ACF) hk hklktkl`khe ipktupk` jickhe supmrtk sk pkepkpktkks he citfrksi lkskjky he prfsfrjksymh he aek lktutujmhe wilk. Tk lkjick he aek pkhiauckhe pkesisilbky kt tkeuapky hk itm he pkepkpktktke sk wilkhe Gicipihm, hkhkhktici khe lkbkajkc-bkajkc hk lktmtmbkhkh hk khe aek lkpitkh he jkrlm hk ihkkskbkh hktihe akeieihe tkekpkakh`ick he ktihe pkajkhskhe smjfrkhyk kt i`fhti`k` khe trky`mr hk hkesisicjihe kbfhtf he bfefamhyk he Ihecfs kt akpkhcihckhe hk `ilrftm he ecmjkcisksymh. Tk lmhtrkji`khe skjwktkh he Bmusf Jicc 05>; sk Lmherfsm kt ihicuhsk` hk efrk he rfbiafhe Krrmym ckjkh sk wilkhe Gicipihm sk khym he F.M. :;>, ckcmhe hkauckt khe skajkykhkh sk pketktklsic he pkakbkckkhe lkhickhe ihiculcml. Hkckhtk` sk ak`ck khe prihsipymhe khti-akakakykh kt khtiaklkjkykh he hke`kkhe rfbiafh. Julm` sk wkckhe lkpkris hk prmamsymh he Ihecfs, wkckhe bkjks `ih khe pketkciak he rfbiafhe Krrmym sk pktklkrkhe `iltk he akckwklkhe pkh`kie`iekhe luapftisymh, sk bkcip hk ieiit khe pkeskskricihe pkheflmhmayk sk pkakakeitkh he pkajkhskhe ih`ustriykcisksymh hk pkheuhkbihe aklihkryk sk tuhky hk flmhmailmhe pke-uhck` (Tismh kt @f Ciak ;992). Hkjkhsmt akh khe ipihuhckhe bk`ckhe kt pkhskakhtkckhe hkpkckyks khe skcmt kt pfstfhe hkejkjkhtk
sk
pkeykjmhe
he
wilkhe
Gicipihm,
hkhktici
khe
akpkeauckt
kt
akpkhebkamhe tkepm sk aks akskciaumt pkhe pkeckckljky kt pketkbkl he wilkhe Gicipihm tuhem sk lkekhkpkh lkekhkpkh hitm jickhe iskhe
aktktke hk wilkhe pkajkhsk sk
pkepkpkcklks he i`fhti`k` kt lkcihkhekh he skajkykhkh. Luhe sisipktih khe hkeihe tkljm he wilkhe Gicipihm sk pkejujulcm` he ijk’t ijkhe pkhelkt sk jkhsk hk aky `ijfrsi`k` sk wilk kt lucturk, tuhem sk pkelklkisk kt pketktkeuapky sk lkjick he aek
jkhtk he ecmjkcisksymh, akpkeciciai hk khe wilkhe Gicipihm ky hkhkticihe aktktke hk skh`iekh sk pkajkhskhe k`yfh`k he ^icipihisam — khe uekt he pkelklkisk, lkuhckrkhe jkykh kt ekhkp hk pkepkpkckyk jickhe iskhe ckbi.
^keckekhkp he I`fmcmbiykhe Hksymhkcisam sk Lkcklkrkhe ^mstlmcmhykcisam? Khe Uilkhe Gicipihm sk Ilkckwkhe Aicfhym @uaktkc khe yuetm he pmstlmcmhykcisam kt juauhek` khe Ilkckwkhe Aicfhym, sihkcujmhe he akrkaihe pkejkjkem kt bkamh khe aek lkcklkrkhe pkhcipuhkh sk jkhsk lkjickhe hk khe fstk`m he wilkhe Gicipihm sk pktucmy hitmhe pkebkbkhkp he fspksym sk pkajkhskhe lkklubkh kt kspirksymh sk lkuhckrkhe jkykh. Kymh sk smsymcmbistkhe si Gisbakh (sk Dmhstkhtihm, ;997), "khe wilk ky iskhe pkheuhkbihe lmapmhfht he hksymhkcisam… kt khe lktutujmhe wilk ky iskhe kspfltm he lkcucuwk m fsfhsiyk he hksymhkci`k`.‑ Khe pketkhekh sk i`fmcmbiyk he hksymhkcisam ckcm sk yuetmhe itm he pmstlmcmhykcisam m uhti-uhtihe pke-kbmh he lkakckykhe pkajkhsk sk luauhmy he `kkhtkmhe lmcmhisksymh ky lkickhekhe pkcklksih kt pketijkyih, ekait he wilkhe Gicipihm skcie sk prihsipymhe aklkjkykh jickhe pkeskskjubky hitm. Lkskjky he akbiepit hk pketkhekh sk wilkhe skeiske he lkckykkh, akbkckekhe akpkhktici khe lktwirkh he pkesusucmhe sk pkajkhskhe ihtfrfs kt lkpklihkjkhekh ckjkh sk khuakhe khym he `maihksymh kt lmhtrmc he aek `kyubkhe lkpitkcistk sk akbkbkckekhe lkcklkrkhe pkajkhsk lkjickhe khe kspfltm he lucturk, pucitilk kt bieit sk ckbkt, sk flmhmayk. Tk sitwksyuhkc hk pkeckckrkwkh hi F`wkr` Tki` (sk Pmcfhtihm, :>>5) sk lkckekykh he jkhsk sk ickcia he pmstlmcmhykcisam ipihkbkyke khe pmsijcfhe tuheubih hitm "sk " sk aek tkm kt jkhsk sk ckjks he Lkhcurkh, lihklkickhekh hickhe
akakhelk sk `kckwkhe icme pkrk aklkrktihe sk hkis hickhe tuheubih, khe uhkhe `irflsymh ky pkesk(h)elk sk sihkuhk heuhit hkakakykhihe lkcklkrkh he lkkckakhe cilbk he Lkhcurkh< kt khe ilkckwkhe `irflsymh ky khe pketkbkl sk tuheubih he jkhsk.‑ Jihieykhe-`iih hkakh hi Kcakrim (:>>7) khe `fpfltm he pmstlmcmhykcisam sk lmhtflstmhe ^icipihm? –…skpkelkt lkskhelkpkhe jkhykek khe eihkekait, bih`i ekhkp hk akitkhebkc he lritisisam khe lktutujm kt trk`isyuhkc.‑ Akpkpkhsih sk `kckwkhe kwtmritktijmhe
pkbkyke
khe
lkpkhskhkh
he
pk`rmhe
pmstlmcmhykcisam
hk
buakbk`ckhe sk pkepkpkhuajkcil he pkajkhskhe lkklubkh kt khe aek jklks hitm ky hkhkticihe aktih`ihe bkeupit hk skekjkc sk tuheubih he ekhkp hk pkeskskrici sk lkskculuykh. Tk ekhitmhe lkpksykbkh he tucuykhe pkejklcks sk khihm he pmstlmcmhykcisam, hkejkhyubky rih khe aek pkhkwkekh kt k`yfh`k sk pihkckwie hk aek kctfrhktijmhe pkelicms upkhe akpke-ijkym khe pkhkhkeutkh he wilkhe Gicipihm hk aklktuemh sk rfmryfhtksymh kt rflmhstrulymh he lkakckykhe pkajkhsk tuhem sk ekhkp hk lkckykkh sk lucturk, f`ulksymh, pucitilk kt flmhmayk. Hicihkw hi Amhidm Ktifhzk (;992) khe hkitk`bkhkhe pkhkhkeutkhe itm he wilkhe pkajkhsk sk pkepkpkckyk he jkhsk auck sk lkhykhe tfstkafhtm hk –…skpkelkt khe khuakhe wilk sk ktihe jkhsk ky hkrkrkpkt ckakhe aketkecky he pketkhkw sk bihkbkrkp he skajkykhkhe ^(G)icipihm.‑
Khe ^kauaucklckl kt ^mpuckrisksymh he Lkcihkhekhe-Jkykh? ^khitilkh, Kwit, Jkemhe Ai`yk kt ^fciluck sk Uilk he Tkajkykhkh Tkajkykhkh Tk ckrkhekh he pkajkhskhe lucturk, itihkhebkc he wilkhe Gicipihm khe aek lktutujmhe pkhitilkh hk suakskckaih sk lkrkltfrisksymh he lktutujmhe tktkl,
`uak`klick sk pkesucmhe he jfrhkluckr hk `islursm kt hkepkpkaulm` sk lktkheikhe pcurkcistilm he ktihe cipuhkh. Bieit hk pihkeykakh khe aek sihkuhkhe pkhitilkh sk lkskculuykh upkhe pketijkyih khe pke-uhkwk he aek akakakykh sk akykakhe sijicisksymhe prf-lmcmhykc he ktihe aek hihuhm. Jihubky sk pmpuckr hk ai`yua he tfcfjisymh kt pfciluck khe aek pfrsmhkbfhe ijihktky sk aek bistmrilkc kt psfu`mbistmrilkc hk aek lkrkltfr ekyk hihk Kakyk, Vr`uok, Cka-khe, Ckpu-Ckpu kt ijk pk. Ihuuhelkt he aek ekhitmhe aklkjucubkhe pkckjks khe lkyuakheeihe lkcihkhekh he ktihe hklkrkkh lkskjky he pketktkapml sk jkrkyti he wilkhe Gicipihmhe aksihihe kt ihtfcfltwkcisk`m. Itihktkhebkc `ih sk pf`fstkc he cuakckwkl hk lmcflsymh he pmpuckr hk pkhitilkhe jkykh — iskhe aklkjkemhe licuskhe pkhelucturk hk hkepkpkcklks sk pmtfhsykc he aek jktilkh kt jkeubkhe akhuhuckt he ckbi upkhe akckcia hk aklkuehky sk akskhe ^icipihm hk pkheuhkbihe akajkjksk hitm — khe wilkhe Gicipihm. Hkakykepke khe lkrisak he aek sfryfhe hmjfck hi Jmj Mhe hk euakait he aek siapcfhe skcitk upkhe kwtfhtilmhe akickrkwkh khe sfhsijici`k` he pkeieihe ^icipihm sk pkrilkck he pkepkpktkwk hk lihkeiciwkh he aek lkjktkkhe `kti-rkti’y ‑Bkrry ^mttfr,‑ ‑Cmr` mg tbf Zihes,‑
‑Pwiciebt‑
kt
ijk
pkhe
Lkhcurkhihe
kl`k
ckakhe
khe
jihkjksk
kt
pihkpkbkckekbkh. Eihkait hkakh sk `kckwkhe hmjfck he jktilkhe sdriptwritfr hk si Zidly Cff khe pketiheih sk trkbf`yk kt pkhtksyk hk tihkhelkhe tucieskih khe aek luajfhsymhe pkhcipuhkh tuhem sk pkejkckhelks he iskhe tuhky hk `famlrktilmhe cipuhkh hk hkepkpkckyk sk lkhykhe aek tkubkh auck sk akpkhilic kt akpkhe-kpihe stktus qum . Eihkek` `ih sk lkskculuykhe pkhkbmh he pkhitilkh khe aek lkhcurkhihe pkakhtkykh ekyk he pmstam`frhisam hk ihickpkt sk aek kl`k hihk Lbkvh `f ck Druz
kt Frms Ktkcik hk hkpkhktici khe pkhcksk kt lucturkhe ^icipihm. Tk ekhitmhe puhtm, pihktutuhkykh hk hklkskskjky sk pkesucmhe he `kie`ie khe wilkhe Gicipihm hk bih`i hiciciamt khe lkhykhe i`fhti`k`, jkelus ky ckcm pk itmhe pihkeykykakh sk pkakakeitkh he k`kpsymh kt/m rfiajfhsymh he aek pmpuckr kt/m jkhykekhe pk`rmh sk pkesusuckt hk aky pmtfhsykc sk pketktkhebkc he lucturkhe ^icipihm. Akeihe khe aek cmlkc hk akhe-kkwit kt lmapmsfr ky hklkpke-kkajke `ih sk prmsfsm he pkejkske sk lmcmhykc hk lkisipkh kt pketktkapml he lkrkhkskh kt `ka`kaih jickhe iskhe cipuhkh. Eihkait hi Ecmd 9 khe rkp sk pketkcklky he aek sucirkhihe pkhcipuhkh ekyk he lktiwkcikh kt akckwkl hk kewkt he akykakh kt akbirkp sk kwitihe "Vpukh"< lriaihkci`k`, lkrkbkskh kt akckfpilmhe aitm he jubky sk lkcuhsurkh sk kwitihe "Bkri he Pmh`m‑< kt pkecmjm he jickhe he aierkhtfhe ^icipihm hk hke`ucmt he jrkih `rkih sk kwitihe "Ukckhe Hktirk." Ijihkh`ick rih he jkh`khe Frksfrbfk`s khe pkeskskckrkwkh sk sihsfri`k` he lkrkhiwkhe ^icipihm kt lkcklkrkh he akymryk hitm hk akskskckaih sk lkhtkhe "^krk sk Aksk" bkjkhe isihkskbiapkpkwi` hkakh khe aek bihkihe he skajkykhkhe bilkbms sk cyrids he he "Bkccfcuokb" hi Jkajmm. Bih`i hkakh luaulupks khe afhskbf he aek kwitihe pmst-F`sk hk hkesisicjihe rfpcflsymh sk akykakhe lkrkhkskh kt pktucmy hk pklilijklk sk aek kwitihe "Lkaustk Hk=" he Ykhm kt "Tkykw sk Jujme" he Pbf Ofrls. Khe ijk pkhe lmhtfapmrkrymhe jkh`khe uakkwit sk wilkhe Gicipihm hk lihkeieiciwkh he aek lkjktkkh ekyk he Tiklmc, ^krmlyk hi F`ekr, @ktu’s Prijf, Lkailkzff ktjp. ky tkekpkeakhk he aek hkuhkhe bfhfrksymh he jkh`k kt akhe-kkwit hk hkebkwkh he `kkh sk ^icipihisksymh kt Gicipihisksymh he ausilk sk jkhsk ekyk he Ksih, Jkhyubky, Akjubky Tihefrs, Oukh `f
ck Druz Jkh`, Julcm`, ^ktktke kt tuck` hihk Tkapkeuitk, Ailf Bkhmpmc, Gcmrkhtf, Dmritbk kt akrkai pkhe ijk. Aklkjucubkhe kajke `ih sk ckrkhekh he ausilk khe aek skcihe-kwit hihk Omsf "^ftf‑ Ckdkjk ("Aihskh Ckhe‑ pkrk sk "Mhcy Mhdf‑) kt ^kajkhskhe Kckek` he Tihihe Jifhvfhi`m Cuajfrk ("Puckyih Klm‑ pkrk sk "Jri`ef Mvfr Prmujcf` Uktfrs‑) hk hkejieky he lktutujmhe pkhcksk sk aek `kyubkhe ausilk hk aky lkjucubkh sk ktihe aek pfrsmhkc kt lmcfltijmhe lkckekykh. ^ihktutuhkykh he aek hkjkheeit hk kwitih khe pkepkpkhkticihe jubky he ktihe lkcihkhekh kt pkelkakakakykh jickhe iskhe aktktke hk ckbi, ekait khe wilkhe skrici. Tk jkwkt lkisipkh, `ka`kaih, bihkepis, sfhtiayfhtm kt k`bilkihe ipihkbkbkti` sk akcilbkihe ekait he wilkhe Gicipihm, hkpkckcklks khe iskhe aktijky hk skh`ktk sk pkeauauckt kt pkepkpklicms sk skajkykhkhe tkektkhelicil hitm. Bih`i rih akiskskhtkji khe akbkckekhe pkrtisipksymh he jkemhe ai`yk ekyk he ihtfrhft kt ijk pkhe tflhmcmbiykhe `ieitkc sk pkepkpksi`bi he aklkjucubkhe pkpfc he Gicipihm sk pkejum he akckcia hk aek uehkykh kt lritilkc hk pke-uhkwk sk aek isyuhe pkhe-f`ulksymh, pkhewilk, pkhelucturk, pkapucitilk kt pkhe-flmhmayk. Hkesisicjihe jihtkhk sk auh`m khe ihtfrhft upkhe bujueih khe lkakckykh kt i`fhti`k` he aek ^icipihmhe hkesipkhekckt hk sk ijk’t ijkhe pkhie he `kie`ie sk pkhkbmhe `ieitkc. Hkipkpklickck he aek aklkjucubkhe wfjsitf ekyk bkciajkwk he pkhitilkh.dma, skwilkkh.mre, lwg.emv.pb, ijmh.mre, pihmywfflcy.mre, krlijmhejkykh.hft, licuskh.hft kt ijk pkhe lkuehky hk pkbihk khe suausucmhe hk wilkhe Gicipihm kt pkajkhskhe lkcihkhekh hk bieit hk pihkeykykakh sk aks akckwkl hk auh`mhe lihkjijickhekh hitm.
Hkeihe akjiskhe lkskhelkpkh hkakh khe wilkhe pkajkhsk sk ckyuhih he flsprfsyuhisam, akcilbkihe pkepkpkbkyke he mpihymhe pujcilm kt lkbiheikhe pkeckyk sk akpkhiic hk cipuhkh khe ihickcklm sk hkuusmhe sistfak he ^ihmy ih`if gicas. Aksusuri sk khuakhe hkcicilbkhe ih`if khe rksyuhkc he aklktmtmbkhkhe pketktkapml sk rfykci`k` kt pmcitisksymh sk pkeekait he wilk upkhe julskh khe akckykhe `islursm kt sfhtrkc hk pkebkbkti` he lkbucuekh ulmc sk aek fstk`mhe pkhcipuhkh sk hkturkcistilmhe pkrkkh. Tk aek pfciluckhe hkitkhebkc sk aek hke`kkhe Dihfakckyk Ih`fpfh`fht Gica Gfstivkc ekyk he Lujrk`mr (:>>7) hi Ofggrfy Ofturikh< Fhelwfhtrm (:>>9) hi ^fpf @imlhm< @imlhm< @ihie Tkhk Litk (:>>9) (:>>9) hi Ailf Tkh`foks< Tkh`foks< ^ktiluc (:>;;) kt Aierkhtf (:>;:) hi Omfc Ckakhekh kt kt Khe Tkykw he @kckwkhe Lkciwkhe ^kk (:>;;) hi Kcvih Ykpkh< Lkafrk Mjslurk (:>;:) hi Zkyamh` Zf`, lkpkhsih-pkhsih khe pkelklkekait he wilkhe Gicipihm sk rksyuhkc hk ckapks sk pkepkpkcitkw he hkturkc kt rfkcistilmhe lkcklkrkhe pkhcipuhkh. Ijihujulks he aek pfciluckhe itm khe lkpksykbkhe akekait khe wilkhe Gicipihm upkhe uektih khe lktmtmbkhkh hk bih`i hkickckym sk aek kltwkc hk lkrkhkskh kt pkhe-krkw-krkw hk pklilijklk he aek siapcfhe akakakykhe wilkhe skrici khe ekait sk pklilipketkckstkskh. Ipihkpktkw he jkwkt ih`if gica khe pkhkhkeutkh sk aek akhmhmm` hitm khe pkpfc hk akesuri sk lkhykhe skrcihe lkckekykh kt aklkpkepksyk sk lkrkpkt-`kpkt hk pkelicms tuhem sk k`bilkih he pkeckyk. Tihkskhe-kyuhkh khe ekhitmhe pkhkhkw sk wilk jickhe lkskhelkpkhe pkhcipuhkh hk akkkrihe akejuhek he flspcmytksymh m pkeskskakhtkck, kt akejuhsm` `ih he cijfrksymh m pkepkpkckyk, sk pkepkpklkbucuekh hi Dmhstkhtihm (;997).
Uilkhe ^kajulcm` sk Akykakhe Lucturk? Uilkhe Akepkpkckyk sk Aksk Lkklijkt he khuakhe bkhekrih he pkeckyk kt pkepkpkckyk khe pkelicms kt pkliliskhelmt, iskhe kltmhe pmcitilkc hk skhelkp sk prmsfsm he pkejkjkem kt pkelklkisk sk ktihe pkakbkckkh kcihsuhm` sk akhipfstksymh he skajkykhkh hk ipihkpkbkyke sk wilkhe pkajkhsk. Hke`u`ucmt he aktih`ihe iapkdt khe khe pkeekait he wilkhe Gicipihm sk pkesusucmhe kt pkepkpktupk` he aek k`yfh`k tuhem sk iskhe tuhky hk `famlrktilm kt akckykhe cipuhkh. Hkisksktihie khe pkhie he aek akrkcitk kt ihkkpi sk ktihe cipuhkh sk pkakakeitkh he wilkhe Gicipihm hk tuhtuhekh he lkhickhe aek sfhtiayfhtm kt bkhekrih. Juhsm` he aek lkrktuck he prmtfstk, pkepkpkbkyke sk prmerfsijmhe pmcyftm kt pmsisymhe pkpfc hk hkerfrfbistrm he lkhickhe aek lkbiheikh kt pkhihih`iekh sk aek lkpksykbkh he pkakbkckkh, kltijmhe hklkckckbml khe akakakykh sk iskhe lmcfltijmhe prmsfsm he pkesusucmhe he iskhe aktuwi` kt aklktkruhekhe cipuhkh. Ijihkjkcil he wilkhe hkuuhkwkkh he skajkykhkh khe lkpkheykribkhe hkeauauck sk lkhick. ^ihkckcklks hitm khe lkhickhe pkelklkisk `i ckakhe sk pkelkauckt sk lktutujmhe lucturk kt pkrkkh he pke-iisip luh`i pkti sk aek prmerfsijmhe klsymhe pkapucitilk hk hke`u`ucmt he aklkjucubkhe pkejkjkemhe pkhcipuhkh. Tk kltijmhe pkeekait hkakh he ickhe ci`fr pucitilkc sk wilkhe pkajkhsk, pihkckcklks hick khe pkhkhkcie kt lmapykhsk he skajkykhkh sk lkhickhe pmtfhsykc hk akecihelm` sk jkykh sk pkpkakeitkh he pke-uhkwk sk pkhekhekickhekh he lkhykhe hksksklupkh kt pktucmy hk pklilipketkcklkykh sk luhe pkkhm akjkjkem khe lkhickhe kjkhe lkckekykh. ^ihktuhkykh itm he aktktkeuapky hk fcflsymhe hke`kkh hk
hkeculcml sk aek ci`fr juhek he pmsitijmhe pkhebibilkykt sk aek jmtkhtf ulmc sk lkhickhe pcktkpmrak `f emjyfrhm hk hkipkbkyke sk wilkhe hkiihtih`ibkh he akymryk. Tk pketiam he aek aklktkwke-pkhsihe cihyk sk pkhkhkcuapkti he aek ci`fr he jkykh, akskskckaih khe jisk he wilkhe Gicipihm jickhe aktktke hk wilk he rfspmhskjcfhe pkakakbkck hk ihkkskbkhe akejujuhsm` upkhe aklkpkhebiaml sk aks akckwkl hk pklilickbml he akakakykh sk pkepkpktkljm he lkhickhe jkykh. Aktkeihtihe hk bkciajkwk khe pketktkcuapkti he `ktihe ^kheucmhe Omsfpb Fofrditm Fstrk`k
sk
wilkhe
hklkpkepkbkyke
he
Gicipihm
("Buwke
afhskbf
he
h’ym
klmhe
sujulkh...‑)
pkelklkpkhtky-pkhtky
sk
hk
akjiskhe
pkakakbkck.
Hketkeuapky rih hk akeihe pkheucm he jkhsk si Jfhiehm Tiafmh "Hmyhmy‑ Dmoukhedm Kquihm sk pkeekait he aek iscmekh he "Aktuwi` hk @kkh‑ hk hkeckckymhe akbilkykt khe aek akakakykh sk pkepkpkhuajkcil he tiwkck sk pkakbkckkh. Ijie ipklkbucuekh he aek hkjkheeit hk bkciajkwk khe fsfhsyk he wilkhe Gicipihm sk ckrkhekh he pucitilk jickhe aktijky hk skciekh he iskhe aktktke hk rfpujcilkhe aky skricihe lucturk, lklkhykbkh kt lkckykkhe pkapucitilk, skpkelkt bieit hk hk`krkak khe afhskbf he pkejkjkem luhe hksk skricihe wilk hkickckbk` itm.
Cijfrksymhe Flmhmailm? Tkckckykh he Aktkeuapky hk ^kepkpkckykhe Lucturkc kt ^ucitilkc Ekyuhakh, `kpkt jieykhe-`iihe bih`i skpkt khe lktktkekh he pkajkhskhe lucturk kt ckrkhekhe pucitilkc sk pkecihkhe he `iwkhe aklkjkhsk. Lihklkickhekhe akpkcklks hkhe bieit khe fstk`mhe pkhe-flmhmaiyk kt hksymhkcisksymh he ckrkhekhe itm hk hklkuekt sk lkjubkykh kt rmk`akp sk lkuhckrkh he skajkykhkhe ^icipihm.
Hkhihiwkck si Dmhstkhtihm (;997) hk khe sustfhk`mhe flmhmailmhe pke-uhck` ky suakskjky, jktky sk lkskyskykh, sk pkeykjmhe he lucturkc hk hksymhkcisam kt sk pkeeieiit tuhem sk pke`m`maihk he pkelklkrmmh he pkajkhskhe i`fhti`k` kt pkeakakckli sk jkhsk lkysk sk rfbiymh kt/m aek jkhykekhe hksymh. Jihijieykhe-`iih sk ekhitmhe lktwirkh hk khe wilkhe pkajkhsk ky akekekait bih`i ckakhe jickhe siajmcm he pkelklkisk jkelus ky iskhe aktijky hk pkhihih`iekh `ih sk pkepkpktkks he flmhmailmhe lkckekykh he jkhsk hk hklkuekt sk pkajkhskhe pketkhelicil kt eiit sk pkeskskjkhsk. Ijie skjibih, lihklkickhekhe aklkickhe-ucit hk isucmhe khe lkapkhyk he rfpmrak sk cupk kt ih`ustriykcisksymh hk pkwkhe akckcklihe iepkw sk aitbiihe pkeskskrici kt tucuykhe pkebuckepms sk tkhilkck hkhe `kkhtkmhe pkelkkcipih. Lihklkickhekh khe ihtfhsipilk`mhe ekait he wilkhe Gicipihm kcihsuhm` sk pkebujme he aek lkjktkkhe akheekekwk kt prmpfsyuhkc hk akecicihelm` sk jkhskhe ^icipihks kt sk aek akakakykh hitm. Tk ekhitmhe prihsipym, aklilitk khe akcklihe sicji he pkajkhskhe lkcihkhekh sk uskpih he lkuhckrkhe jkykh hk bih`i lihuluhsihtf khe `fspfrk`mhe bkljkhe he ckcmhe jkhelkrmtfhe emjyfrhm sk pketutuckl hitm sk aek akakakykh hk suheekjkh khe aek mpmrtuhi`k` sk ckjks he jkhsk, sk bkcip hk pkesilbkykh khe ilkjujubky kt ilkuuhck` he aek akakakykh sk skricihe jkykh. Hkeieihe suhu`suhurkhe
lkricym
he
aek
akuuhck`
hk
jkhsk
khe
aek
lmhtfapmrkrymhe
k`aihistrksymh sk ^icipihks sk pkakakeitkh he lkhickhe pkepupuaicit hk ipk`rmh sk aek `kyubkhe `iltk khe f`ulksymh he aek lkjktkkh ekyk he ipihklilitk sk ak`kcikhe iapcfafhtksymh he ^rmerkakhe L tm ;:. Vpkhe ekhkp hk akpkckyk khe jkhsk sk ekhitmhe lmcfltijmhe tkhilkck hk aktkekc hkhe suaksklkc sk ktihe lucturk, f`ulksymh,
flmhmayk, kt pucitilk auck pk hmmhe pkhkbmh he lmcmhykcisam bkheekhe sk pkhkbmhe itm he ecmjkcisksymh, hkrkrkpkt hk akelkisk khe aek akakakykh sk pketktkeuym` he aek aklkjkykhe prmerkak sk flmhmayk. Tk eithk he lkjieukh he lkpitkcistkhe ecmjkcisksymh hk akecuwkc he lkuhckrkh pkrk sk hklkrkrkai, hkrkrkpkt ckakhe hk ake-isip hk he pkhijkemhe kctfrhktijm khe aek ^icipihm. Fpfltijmhe akisusucmhe khe aek kctfrhktijmhe pkajkhskhe k`yfh`khe smsym-flmhmailm pkrk sk jkhskhe ^icipihks — khe aek tihie auck sk –ijkjk,‑ khe tihie he aek akbibirkp kt tihie auck sk –ckjks,‑ khe tihie he aek hmh-emvfrhafht mrekhizktimh (HEM) kt aek licuskhe pkhcipuhkh hk auck sk kt lkskak he aek `ulbk — sickhe ckeihe ftsf-pwfrk sk pkejkjkckhelks he aek lihmpykhe pk`rmhe smsymflmhmailm — sk wilkhe bieit hk hkiihtih`ibkh he jkykh, sk eithk he `kkh-`kkhe tmam m vmcuaf he aek krtilucm, pkhkhkcilsil, pkpfc, skhkysky, uckt, tfsis kt `isfrtksymh tuhelmc sk pkecutks he lkbirkpkh he jkhsk, hk sk lkskakkhe-pkck` ky lkrkhiwkhe hklksuckt sk akckcia hk Ihecfs. Lkickhekhe uhkbih khe aek uskpihe "pkajitulk‑ upkhe akelkrmmh he jisk khe khuakhe lkapkhyk sk pketktkeuym` he lktutujmhe lucturk kt pkejkjkemhe pkapucitilk. Aktktkh`kkhe siapcf
ckakhe pcktkpmrak hi G^O hmmhe :>>0. Khiyk, Khiyk,
KCPKHEBK^ m KCAVTKC, PKHEBKCIKH kt BK^VHKH khe pkheuhkbihe prmjcfak he aek ^icipihm lkyk itm rih khe `kpkt jieykhe-tumh he emjyfrhm. Khe akckwklk hk lkeutuakh sk ^icipihks sk lkjick he skekhkhe cilks hk ykakh he jkhsk `kbic sk amhmpmcym he iickhe pkaicyk sk pkheuhkbihe cilks hk ykakh hk lkickhekh sk pketktkhia kt sk pkepkpklkih he jkykh? khe cupk. @kkhtkmh hkhe prmjcfak khe lkwkckh he rfpmrak sk cupk, khe aktijky hk
lmhtrmc he iickhe pkaicyk sk akymryk he cupk sk ^icipihks, khe sistfakhe lkbkwie he pyu`kcisam sk Furmpk hmmhe F`k` Af`ik. Pihktkykhe 7>% he aek cupkhe kerilucturkc sk jkhsk ky lmhtrmck`m he aek akykykakhe pkaicyk hk juaujum sk ;4% ckakhe he pmpucksymh he jkhsk, kt 5 sk ;> akesksklk khe wkckhe skricihe cupk kymh sk Ijmh Gmuh`ktimh (:>>2). Khe ekhitmhe lmhsfhtrksymh he cupk sk iickhe pkaicyk khe `kbickh he lkwkckh he skpkt hk pkelkih he jkhsk kt lkwkckh he skpkt hk trkjkbm pkrk sk akymryk he aek akakakykh (56% he aek ^icipihm ky akesksklk kymh sk Licuskhe Akejujuli` he ^icipihks, :>>2). Khe pkeciit he sbkrf he kerilucturk sk pkajkhskhe flmhmayk — hk juhek he lkwkckh he rfpmrak sk cupk — ky hkerfsuctk rih he aktih`ihe lkbirkpkh kt lkwkckh he mpmrtuhi`k` pkrk sk akrkaihe tkek-prmjihsyk. Kymh sk Umrc` Gkdtjmml he Dfhtrkc Ihtfcciefhdf Kefhdy (DIK), 40% he ckjmr gmrdf he jkhsk ky hksk kerilucturk, ;6% khe hksk ih`ustriyk kt 6;% hkakh khe hksk sfrjisym (dkcc dfhtfrs, gkstgmm` dbkihs, jkhls, akccs kt ijk pk ). ). Bih`i uuhck` khe ^icipihks luhe pktucmy itmhe kksk sk sfltmr he sfrjisym. Khe pkejijieky-prkymri`k` ckakhe sk sfltmr he kerilucturk kt ih`ustriyk khe aklkpkecicietks sk jkhsk, ekyk he pihktuhkykh he Okpkh, Tmutb Lmrfk, Psihk kt ijk pkhe lkrktie-jkhsk. Tkaklktwi`, hkrkrkpkt itkeuym` khe rfpmrak he cupk jickhe tucky sk cijfrksymh he hklkrkrkaihe akesksklk sk jkhsk, hk hkhekhekbucuekh `ih he cijfrksymh he ktihe flmhmayk sk lkaky he aek ekhi` kt akpkeskakhtkckhe `kyubkh kt he aek akckcklihe hfemsykhtfhe cmlkc hk lkhickhe lksmsym. @kpkt `ihe pksiauckh khe am`frhisksymh he kerilucturk sk jkhsk. Akckli khe pkpfc hk ekekapkhkh hitm he aek lmmpfrktijk kt/m mrekhisksymh he aek akesksklk, kt aek lmcfbiym, uhijfrsi`k` kt aek sfhtrm sk pkhkhkcilsil sk jkhsk, pkrtiluckr khe
aek hkheuheuhkhe pkkrkckh hk akuhck` hk khe pkhkhkcilsil sk ckrkhekh he siyfhsyk kt tflhmcmbiyk. Khe am`frhisksymh he kerilucturk khe aketitiykl sk sfcg-suggidfhdy sk pkelkih he jkhsk. Khe lkskpktkh sk pkelkih ky isk rihe pmrak he pketitipi` skpkelkt khe iapmrtksymh he pkelkih ky eihueueuckh he `mcykr. Tk hklkcipks hk aek tkmh ky ciju-cijmhe tmhfck`k he jieks khe ihiapmrt he jkhsk. Tk bkcip hk ake-khelkt, aks aklkjujutihe ekaitih sk am`frhisksymh he kerilucturk he jkhsk khe pmh`mhe `ktihe eihkekait sk pke-kkhelkt he jieks. Tk pkakakeitkh he am`frhisksymh he kerilucturk ky aktitiykl `ih khe pkelklkrmmh he skpkt hk bickw hk aktfrykcfs pkrk sk aek ih`ustriykhe
itktkym
sk
jkhsk.
Ukckhe
akeieihe
aktijky
hk
eucuem`
khe
ih`ustriykcisksymh he jkhsk luhe bih`i akeieihe am`frhm khe ktihe kerilucturk. Tk lkjuukh, khe pkesieck he kerilucturk hk `ucmt he rfpmrak sk cupk kt am`frhisksymh he sfltmr hk itm ky akepkpkckpk` sk pkaicibkh kt akerfrfsuctk sk pkesieck he flmhmaykhe kerilucturkc hk akecucuwkc hk lkrke`kekhe lkpitkc pkrk sk pketktkym he aek ih`ustriyk. Lkickhekhe isucmhe khe ih`ustriykcisksymh m pketktkym he aek ih`ustriykhe ^icipihm hk cicilbk he aek trkjkbm pkrk sk aek ^icipihm kt akesusupcky he aek pkhekhekickhekh he jkhsk. Khe rfpmrak sk cupk, pkepkpksieck he kerilucturk kt ih`ustriykcisksymh ky akisksklktupkrkh ckakhe sk pkakakeitkh he akbiepit hk pketutucuhekh he aek skakbkh he aek akesksklk, akheekekekwk, aek siyfhtistk, aek akhkhkcilsil kt ijk pkhe prm`ultijmhe sfltmr. Hkrkrkpkt hickhe ekaitih khe wilkhe pkajkhsk sk khuakhe pkhkhkcilsil, tkcklkykh kt pkepupucmhe biheeic sk aek rfpmrakhe itm upkhe aktiykl hk akeieihe akckwklkh kt ekhkp khe pkrtisipksymh he aek mr`ihkrymhe
akakakykh sk lkapkhyk pkrk sk pkajkhskhe pkepkpkckykhe flmhmailm hk siykhe skckckykh he pkepkpkckykhe lucturkc kt pucitilkc.
^ktucmy hk ^keckckyke sk Bihkbkrkp? ^kejkcilwks sk –Bkjkekt‑ he Buwk` hk Lkckykkh kt ^kelklkwktkl-wktkl Akelklkjulm`
heuhit
bih`i
akpkebibiwkcky
khe
pklilijklk
pkrk
sk
pketktkeuym` he wilkhe pkajkhsk, pkejujum m aucihe pkejujum he pkajkhskhe lucturk kt i`fhti`k`, kt pkeckckpkt he aek rfpmrakhe pkapucitilk kt pkhe-flmhmayk. Tk pkakakeitkh he pketktkeuym` he pkeekait he wilkhe pkajkhsk sk f`ulksymh, tuaktkks khe cfjfc he lkaucktkh he aek akakakykh sk aek isyuhe aky lkuehkykh sk lkhickhe pfrsmhkc kt lmcfltijmhe pke-uhck`, kt hkpktitijky khe lkhickhe pkelklkisk. Ekyuhakh, bih`i skpkt khe siapcfhe pkeekait he wilkhe Gicipihm sk hyutrkcisksymh he aek –bkjkekt‑ hk bk`ckhe sk pkepkpktktke he lucturk kt i`fhti`k`. Lkickhekhe ickpkt khe aflkhisam kt pkhihih`iekhe lkjubmc hitm pkrk sk k`bilkih he ^icipihisam m ekhkp hk pkeskskrici pkrk sk pkepkpkcklks he puh`ksymh he pkelkjkhsk kt pkelk-^icipihm — wkckhe ijk luh`i khe pke-uhck` he cupkhe tihujukh hk akiskskjkcilkt ckakhe he aek akakakykhe hkelklkuhkwkkh kt hkejkjkykhibkh sk pkeekait he iiskhe wilkhe hkejujulcm` sk lkhick. AEK TKHEEVHIKH
Kjk`, Afckhik C. C. :>>5. Hfmcijfrkcistkhe ^kepkpckhmhe ^khewilk? Puhem sk Lmam`ipilk`m kt Fpisyfhtfhe ^kepkpkbkyke (sk –Auck Pmrf ^ktuhemhe ^kcfhelf? Hfmcijfrkc F`udktimh ih tbf ^bicippihfs‑)
Kcakrim, Wireicim T. :>>4. T. :>>4. Hksymhkcisksymh he Gicipihm. (sk –Ilkckwkhe Tmurdfjmml he TKHEGIC) Kspiccfrk, ^krkcuakh T. T. ;95:. Pkckajubky hi Cmpf L. Tkhtms? –^kbka he Uilk‑. Dkpitmc ^ujcisbihe Bmusf, Ihd. Zfpujcilk he ^icipihks. Jfrhkcfs, Zmckh`m K. ft.kc. ft.kc. :>>5. Klk`failmhe Gicipihm Puhem sk Fpfltijmhe Lmauhilksymh? Jktkykh kt Tkhkykhe-Klckt sk Gicipihm ;, Khtks Pfrskryk. Autyk ^ujcisbihe Bmusf, Ihd. Cuhsm` he Wkcfhzufck. Jfrhkr`m, K.I. kt Jmrrmafm, Z.P. (aek f`itmr). f`itmr). :>>6. Wisimh mg F`udktimh? Fssky mh ^bicippihf F`udktimh ih Bmhmr mg Jrm. Kh`rfw Emhzkcfz. @f Ck Tkccf Vhivfrsity ^rfss, Ihd. Cuhsm` he Akyhick. Jmrks, Wfek Tbficff. Tbficff. :>;>. Khe Uilkhe Gicipihm Jickhe Uilkhe ^khckbkt? Khe Lkskyskykh he Uilkhe ^kajkhsk Puhem sk ^kepkpckhmhe ^khewilk ;946 — :>;>. Lmaisymh sk Uilkhe Gicipihm. Cuhsm` he Akyhick. Dmhstkhtihm, ^kafck D. (f`itmr). (f`itmr). :>>6. Ilkckwkhe Tmurdfjmml he TKHEGIC. V^ Tfhtrm he Uilkhe Gicipihm kt Tkheeuhikh sk Gicipihm, Cuhsm` he [ufzmh< kt ^kajkhskhe Lmaisymh pkrk sk Tihihe, Cuhsm` he Akyhick. Dmhstkhtihm, ^.D. kt Ktifhzk A. (aek f`itmr) ;997. Aek ^icihe @islursm sk Uilk kt Cipuhkh. Vhivfrsity mg tbf ^bicippihfs ^rfss. Cuhsm` he [ufzmh.
Druz, Iskekhi T. T. :>>6. Khe Ukckhe Lktkpuskhe @i-Hktkpms Hk Tiapmhiyk hi Lkcibia Kh`rfw Emhzkcfz. (sk –Wisimh mg F`udktimh? Fssky…‑) @kvi`, Zkh`mcg T. :>>4. T. :>>4. ^mcitilk he Uilk,Uilk he ^mcitilk. (sk –Ilkckwkhe Tmurdfjmml he TKHEGIC)
Fspiritu, Dcfafhdik D. D. :>>4. Khe Uilk sk Hkelklkiskhe Zfpujcilk? Iapcilksymh sk ^ketuturm he Gicipihm. (sk –Ilkckwkhe Tmurdfjmml he TKHEGIC) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]. ]]]]]. ;99>. Prkhslrip he ^ktklkrkhe ^ktklkrkhe ^khewilk ^khewilk (Tfryf he aek Luapfrfhsyk? Fhfrm ;:-;4, ;99>, Luapfrfhsyk he aek Fspfsykcistk< Akym 9, ;99>? @ikcmem he Kdk`faf sk aek DFM). V^ Tfhtrm sk Uilkhe Gicipihm. Cuhsm` he [ufzmh. Euccks, F`ukr`m ft kc. :>>7. kc. :>>7. Bmusf Jicc/BJ Hm. 05>; (Kh Kdt tm Ttrfhetbfh kh` Fhbkhdf tbf Vsf mg Fhecisb Ks tbf Af`iua mg Ihstrudtimh ih ^bicippihf Tdbmmcs). Emhzkcfs, Kh`rfw. Kh`rfw. ;99>. ^bicippihf Ckheukef ^mcidy Pbrmueb tbf Yfkrs? Ih Zftrmspfdt (sk –Prkhslrip he ^ktklkrkhe ^khewilk‑) Cuajfrk, Jifhvfhi`m ft kc. (aek f`itmr) :>>5. f`itmr) :>>5. Auck Pmrf ^ktuhemhe ^kcfhelf? Hfmcijfrkc F`udktimh ih tbf ^bicippihfs. IJMH Gmuh`ktimh, Ihd. Cuhsm` he [ufzmh. Ciwkhke, Cy`ik J. J. :>>6. Aek Lkcklkrkh he ^kepkpckhmhe ^khewilk sk F`ulksymh? Lkrkhkskh he Tihekpmrf kt Bmhelmhe. (–Ilkckwkhe Tmurdfjmml he he TKHEGIC.‑) Akdkpkekc-Krrmym, Akdkpkekc-Krrmym, Ecmrik. :>>4. Ecmrik. :>>4. Fxfdutivf Mr`fr (FM) :;>, Tfrifs mg :>>4. (hksk –Kpfh`ils‑ he –Ilkckwkhe Tmurdfjmml he TKHEGIC‑). Akdtkc, Zmckh`m J. J. :>>4. Khe ^ucitilk he Iapfrykcisam kt khe Zfjmcusymhe ^icipihm. @f Ck Tkccf Vhivfrsity ^rfss, Ihd. Cuhsm` he Akyhick. Mcivfrms, Zfyhkc`m ft.kc. ft.kc. :>>0. Khe Lkskyskykh kt ^kakbkckkh he ^icipihks? F`isymhe :>>0. IJMH Gmuh`ktimh,Ihd. Cuhsm` he Akyhick. ^frkcfom, Dfzkr. :>>4. Aek Tkcilsil sk Jktks kt ^mcitilk. (sk –Ilkckwkhe Tmurdfjmml he TKHEGIC)
^ihf`k, ^mhdikhm J.^. J.^. :>>4.
^ktucmy
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Jkemhe
Aicfhyua
khe
Aktucihe
Hkeafaftkamrgmsis hk Uilkhe Gicipihm Hmmh-Hekymh. (sk –Ilkckwkhe Tmurdfjmml he TKHEGIC) Tkhtms, Jfhic`k T. (f`itmr). :>>4. (f`itmr). :>>4. Ilkckwkhe Tmurdfjmml he he TKHEGIC. V^ Tfhtrm he Uilkhe Gicipihm kt Tkheeuhikh sk Gicipihm, Cuhsm` he [ufzmh< kt ^kajkhskhe Lmaisymh pkrk sk Tihihe, Cuhsm` he Akyhick. Tkh Oukh, Or. F. ;99>. Grma ^fmpcf tm Hktimh? Fsskys ih Ducturkc ^mcitids. Ksikh Tmdikc Ihstitutf, Ihd. Cuhsm` he Akyhick. Tkh Oukh, @kvi` Aidbkfc A. A. :>>9. LMHPZK-EKBVA? Khe Ckbktkhe-^khie kt Lkpitsk-^ktkcia hk ^ke-uhck` kt ^kesucmhe he Uilkhe ^kajkhsk Auck sk ^khkbmh he Lmcmhykcisam
Bkheekhe
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Juhek`
he
Ilkckwkhe
Aicfhym.
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www.lwg.emv.pb.) Tissmh, O.A. kt @f Ciak, O. ;992. ^bicippihf Fdmhmay kh` ^mcitids. Klckt he Jkykh, Ihd. Zfpujcilk he ^icipihks. Pmcfhtihm, Zmckh`m J. :>>5. Tipkt Lucturk? Puhem sk Akpkepkckykhe ^kejkjksk, ^ke-kkrkc kt ^ketuturm he ^khitilkh. Ktfhfm @f Akhick Vhivfrsity ^rfss. Cuhsm` he [ufzmh.
Pupks, P. Zukhhi G. (f`itmr) (f`itmr) :>>5. (Zf)Aklihe Tmdifty? Pbf ^mcitids mg Ckheukef, @isdmursf, kh` I`fhtity ih tbf ^bicippihfs. Pbf Vhivfrsity mg tbf ^bicippihfs ^rfss. Cuhsm` he [ufzmh. Yu, Zmskrim Pmrrfs (f`itmr). (f`itmr) . :>>6. Jkykh kt Cipuhkh? Khe Lritisisam hi Jifhvfhi`m C. Cuajfrk. Vhivfrsity mg Tkhtm Pmaks ^ujcisbihe Bmusf.
