Used for University courses related to Motor LearningDeskripsi lengkap
motor learningDeskripsi lengkap
Used for University courses related to Motor Learning
bosch
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Spurred by advances in processing power, memory, storage, and an unprecedented wealth of data, computers are being asked to tackle increasingly complex learning tasks, often with astonishing success. Computers have now mastered a popular variant of p
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BIOGRAFI FRANS KAISIEPO
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Motor learning in athletics, the great unknown Frans Bosch • automated control specific and universal • intention action model and intrinsic KR • the need for variation • preflexes compensate errors
2012
Coach
Athlete
Biomechanical analysis: modeling by the expert combined with objective data
translation
no translation
Psychology of movement planning and control; goalsetting and actions
success as coincidence
controlable success
automated control specific and universal
For ad hoc design for new movement.
conscious incidental control “working memory”
Slow processing and fast forgotten
automated unconcious control “hard disk”
For routine movement patterns. Under time pressure and long time memory
Conscious control conscious incidental control “working memory”
How is information transferred to the hard drive? automated unconcious control “hard disk”
skill acquisition learning new motor and sensory patterns
motor learning AND sensory learning
automated unconcience control “hard disk”
using existing motor and sensory patterns
Specificity as requirement for transfer
Structure of the hard disk? specific and universal
2 important properties of the hard drive 1) specificity Bosch & Klomp (2001-7):
‘Specific’ training must meet four
criteria: 1) The types of muscle action must be similar to those used during competition (intra and inter-muscular). 2) The structure of the movement must resemble that present during competition (motion of the limbs). 3) The sensory information must resemble that present during competition 4) The dominant energy system used during competition must be called upon. 5) The movement result must resemble that present during competition 12
Bosch & Klomp (2001-7):
‘Specific’ training must meet four
criteria: 1) The types of muscle action must be similar to those used during competition (intra and inter-muscular). 2) The structure of the movement must resemble that present during competition (motion of the limbs). 3) The sensory information must resemble that present during competition 4) The dominant energy system used during competition must be called upon. 5) The movement result must resemble that present during competition
The usual suspects 13
Bosch & Klomp (2001-7):
‘Specific’ training must meet four
criteria: 1) The types of muscle action must be similar to those used during competition (intra and inter-muscular). 2) The structure of the movement must resemble that present during competition (motion of the limbs). 3) The sensory information must resemble that present during competition 4) The dominant energy system used during competition must be called upon. 5) The movement result must resemble that present during competition
14
intrinsic feedback(athlete)
augmented feedback (coach)
whole practice
rhythm
complex environmental information
posture
simple environmental information
part practice 15
conscious incidental control “working memory”
Bosch & Klomp (2001-7):
automated unconcious control “hard disk”
‘Specific’ training must meet four
criteria: 1) 2) 3) 4)
The types of muscle action must be similar to those used during competition (intra and inter-muscular). The structure of the movement must resemble that present during competition (motion of the limbs). The sensory information must resemble that present during competition The dominant energy system used during competition must be called upon.
5) The movement result must resemble that present during competition
intention (future state) of the movement
17
Wulf & Prinz; 2001 Psychomotoric Bulletin & Review Action effect hypothesis focussing on movement outcome gives a better learning effect that focussing on performance (knowledge of result versus knowledge of result) => external versus internal focus of attention => external focus is more effective with better retention
KR (knowledge of result) KP (knowledge of performance) 18 feedback from measuring tape) feedback from elite coach)
The body shows remarkable little interest in what the coach has to say!
imitation with vision on score
imitation without vision on score
task; copy the technique of a model as precise as possible
effector
motor equivalence
The brain controls intetions? The cerebellum makes it fluent? Spinal relays make it rhythmical? Synergies absorb errors? Cocontractions influence ROM? 21
2 important properties of the hard drive 2) universal problem
control
problem
control
solution
problem
control
solution
problem
control
solution
storage problem retrieval problem
solution
beweeg-probleem problem beweeg-probleem problem problem
beweeg-probleem problem problem
besturing control control
problem beweeg-probleem problem
solution
beweeg-oplossing solution
solution solution solution
problem
2 important properties of the hard drive 2) universal stride length <> stride frequency
“Equivalent speeds” means equal Froude numbers: (Speed)2 Gravity × leg length If a rhino’s legs are 4 times as long as a cat’s legs, a cat will move (more or less) like a rhino going twice as fast.
Movement is organised along mathematical rules Alexander (1992) Exploring Biomechanics
general control force procuction << threshold and joint angle velocity >> threshold
Learning
concious incidental control “working memory”
Structure of the working memory? simple sensory information brain gives all motor commands
minimal transfer automated unconcious control “hard disk”
Structure of the hard disk? specific and universal
group in top shape
which group is performing best?
group in slump Protocol; hitting height follows tone height Gray 2004
intention action model and intrinsic KR effect
effect
KP
KR
knowledge of performance
knowledge of result
muscle synergy
tendon compliance
cause
cause
A new look at KR feedback
KR feedback KR within the movement
KR outside the movement
the organisme movement
movement
KR intrinsic
KR augmented
KR intrinsic The shorter the loop, the better we learn?
Lockposition of the free hip the most important intrinsic result in running and jumping?
6
Lockposition of the free hip and no residual rotations at toe off as a result of a good push off
intrinsic KR beacons for motor control
36 6
useful in high speed running? useful in hurdling? useful in tripple-jump? useful in long-jump?
frontal plane amortisation
sagittal plane amortisation
high pull<>clean
high pull movement result unclear >> no intrinsic feedback
clean movement result total balance >> good intrinsic feedback 39
maximal transfer
what does this mean for traditional training like in strength training?
minimal transfer
conclusions • specificity is not understood well enough. • sensory specificity may be crucial for learning, but in coaching we have no good idea how to augment sensory information processing. • the intention (goal / future state) of the movement planning is a crucial aspect of specificity
conclusions • technical internal focus cues activate the working memory and reduce the learning process. • coaching the movement outcome (intention, result) is more successful than coaching the movement process.
acquiring the ideal technique (controlled by the brain)
fluctuations unstable elements
eliminate all redundant options (controlled by the body)
attractors stable elements elements can be temporal and spatial spreaded
schema: hiërarchic model
If control structure is hiërarchic, the CNS needs to make an precise estimation of the forces inside and outside of the body.
demands 1) sensory information must be precise and in time signal delayed
sensory information is vague and old
muscle length difficult to measure because of tendon compliance and muscle slack 49
demands 1) the motor information must be precise and in time
the bigger the signal, the bigger the noise
+/
the motor program is shaky 50
demands 1) the motor information must be precise and in time signal delayed
muscle react different each time
force dependent on tendon compliance, F/v, F/L, 51 fatigue, PAP
teh signal from the brain what do I want to achief
motor control is crude and delayed (100-150ms supraspinal)
no precise muscle contractions muscles can not be trusted
52
The brain controls intetions and crude motor signals? The cerebellum makes it fluent? Spinal relays make it rhythmical? Synergies absorb errors? Cocontractions influence ROM? 53
The brain controls intetions and crude motor signals? The cerebellum makes it fluent? Spinal relays make it rhythmical? Synergies absorb errors? Cocontractions influence ROM?
VARIATIE
VERLOOP SLAGBEWEGING
speed <> variability
NOITAIRAV
NOITAIRAV
DNE DN E
GNITTIH
TRATS
movement result attractor
GNITTIH
TRATS
movement process fluctuation
attractors in outside mechanics
speed <> variability
NOITAIRAV
DNE
GNITTIH
movement result attractor
TRATS
movement process fluctuation
movement result
movement process
train for deeper attractor wells
train for adaptive fluctuations
The learning process is non-linear, because learning is not just about getting the technique right, but also (mainly) to build in the error compensation mechanism
preflexes compensate errors schema: hiërarchisch model
dynamic systems
Preflexen; muscle properties > influences outside the CNS
B A
B
A
F
A
B
Preflexes, the role of cocontractions 0
elastic elements
contractile elements
v
Conclusions • Also in a perfect technique some elements are variable (fluctuations). • Intrinsic results of movement are linked to (invariable) attractors. Precise feedback on movement outcome is useful. • And train variables (fluctuations) with the aim to learn the skill to vary
