PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ ESCUELA DE POSGRADO
FORMALIZACIÓN EN EL PERÚ. TENDENCIAS Y POLÍTICAS A INICIOS DEL SIGLO 21 Tesis paa !p"a e# $a%! %e DOCTOR EN ECONOMIA
AUTOR &'a( C)a*a#"a(a &
ASESOR &a(i(a Le+(
&URADO &a(i(a Le+( G's"a,! Ya-a%a Pa#! La,a%! Mai! Te##! Seas"i/( Te##!
LIMA 0 PERÚ 21
Índice Pa"e I3 I("!%'**i+( ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Pa"e II3 Ce*i-ie("!5 *a-i! es"'*"'a# es"'*"'a# 6 7!-a#i8a*i+(3 229212 229212 .......................................... .................... ............................... ......... : 2.1 I("!%'**i+( ................................................................................................................................................................ : 2.2 Re,isi+( %e #i"ea"'a .............................................................................................................................................. 2.4 ;e*)!s es"i#i8a%!s3 e# *as! pe'a(! .................................................................................................................. < 2.4.a =F!-a#i8a*i+( e( e# Pe>? ................................................................................................................................ < 2.4. Ca-i!s e*!(+-i*!s e i(s"i"'*i!(a#es i(s"i"'*i!(a#es e*ie("es ......................................... ................... ........................................... ......................................... .................... 11 2.@ A(/#isis e-pi*! .................................................................................................................................................... 1
[email protected] Ce*i-ie("! 6 7!-a#i8a*i+(3 #a *!-p!si*i+( %e# *e*i-ie("! i-p!"a ...................................... 1 2.@. F!-a#i8a*i+( 2292123 2292123 7a*"!es eBp#i*a"i,!s......................................... ................... ........................................... ......................................... .................... 22 2.: C!(*#'si!(es ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 2. Re7ee(*ias ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 Pa"e III3 =F!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# i-p#i*a 7!-a#i%a% 7!-a#i%a% #a!a#? ......................................... ................... ......................................... ................... 41 4.1 I("!%'**i+( ............................................................................................................................................................. 41 4.2 Re,isi+( %e #i"ea"'a ........................................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.a Ap!Bi-a*i!(es *!(*ep"'a#es ....................................................................................................................... 42 4.2. E,i%e(*ia e-pi*a ............................................................................................................................................. 4@ 4.2.* Es"'%i!s pe,i!s s!e #a Le6 MYPE ........................................................................................................... 4: 4.4 MYPES e i(7!-a#i%a% e( e# Pe>5 e,isi"a%! ............................................................................................. 4 4.4.a MYPES3 -a$(i"'% -a$(i"'% 6 )e"e!$e(ei%a%......................................... ................... ............................................ .......................................... .......................................... .......................... 4 4.4. F!-a#i%a% #a!a# 6 e-pesaia#3 "ip!s 6 (i,e#es ............................................................................... @ 4.@ E,a#'a(%! e# i-pa*"! %e# R$i-e( La!a# Espe*ia# paa #as Mi*!e-pesas ........................... @2
[email protected] A(/#isis %e *!"e "a(s,esa#3 '(a '(a %i7ee(*ia 214 ............................................ ...................... ........................................... .................................. ............. @4 4.@. A(/#isis *!( pa(e# %a"a3 %!#e %i7ee(*ia 219214 ........................................... ..................... ........................................... .............................. ......... @ 4.@.* A(/#isis %e !'s"e8 ........................................................................................................................................... :1 4.: C!(*#'si!(es ............................................................................................................................................................ :1 4. Re7ee(*ias ............................................................................................................................................................... :2 4. A(eB! ........................................................................................................................................................................... : Pa"e IV3 a#a(*e 6 pespe*"i,as .............................................................................................................................
Parte I: Introducción1 E# "e-a %e #a i(7!-a#i%a% es 6a '(a a("i$'a pe!*'pa*i+( %e #!s i(,es"i$a%!es %e# e-p#e!5 "a("! e( e# Pe> *!-! e( -'*)!s pases %e #a e$i+( 6 %e# -'(%! e( %esa!##!5 *!( ,aia("es espe*"! a s' apai*i+( 6 e,!#'*i+(. E# %ea"e )a si%! p! -'*)! "ie-p! pi(*ipa#-e("e *!(*ep"'a#5 a#e%e%! %e s' %e7i(i*i+(5 6 "as e##!5 s's *a'sas 6 #as p!#"i*as a%e*'a%as paa #a "a(si*i+( )a*ia #a 7!-a#i%a%. La e,isi+( %e #i"ea"'a 'e se ea#i8a e( #!s *ap"'#!s p!s"ei!es i("e("a %a '(a i%ea %e #as pi(*ipa#es ,e"ie("es 'e #a a*a%e-ia )a e(sa6a%! s!e es"e es "e "e-a. La a-p#ia %is*'si+( s!e #a i(7!-a#i%a%5 sie(%! >"i#5 (! se )a %ii$i%! 's'a#-e("e a #a e,a#'a*i+( *!(*e"a %e p!*es!s %e 7!-a#i8a*i+(. Es -/s5 *asi "!%! #! 'e sae-!s s!e 7!-a#i8a*i+( e( e# Pe> se asa e( "e!as ! es"'%i!s pe,i!s a i("e,e(*i!(es espe*7i*as 6 p!*! e( e,a#'a*i!(es %e #as -is-as. Es"a a'se(*ia )a si%! #a -!"i,a*i+( pi(*ipa# %e es"e "aaH!. E# !He"i,! $ia5 pi-e!5 e( #a %i#'*i%a*i+( %e# *a/*"e es"'*"'a# es"'*"'a# %e #a i(7!-a#i%a% e( *!("as"e *!( s' *a/*"e i(s"i"'*i!(a#5 6 #'e$! a# i("ei! %e #a p!pia i(7!-a#i%a%5 e( #a pe#a*i+( e("e #as !#i$a*i!(es %e !%e( !%e( e-pesaia# 6 7is*a#5 a("e e# Es"a%!5 Es"a%!5 6 #as !#i$a*i!(es %e *a/*"e *a/*"e #a!a#5 a("e #!s "aaHa%!es5 e( #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e# e-p#e!. Paa e# pi-e p!p+si"!5 #a i(,es"i$a*i+( se a*!$e a '(a !p!"'(i%a% >(i*a i(%a%a p! #a )is"!ia pe'a(a e*ie("e. Se "a"a %e #a *!i(*i%e(*ia %e '( pei!%! %e e%'**i+( %e# e-p#e! i(7!-a# 0 e("e e# 22 6 e# 2120 %!(%e a# -is-! "ie-p! *!(*'ie!( *!(*'ie!( p!*es!s *!-! '( a#"! a#"! 6 eB*ep*i!(a# *e*i-ie("! e*!(+-i*! as *!-! i("e("!s *!(*e"!s %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( a pa"i %e -e%i%as %e e%'**i+( %e# *!s"! #a!a# paa #as M6pes 6 '( -a6! (7asis e( #a 7is*a#i8a*i+(. De es"e -!%!5 se "a"a %e '( pei!%! %!(%e se p'e%e( a(a#i8a *!-paa"i,a-e("e "e!as *!-pe"i%!as s!e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+(. S' a(/#isis pe-i"i/ *!(s!#i%a 6 p!7'(%i8a p!#"i*as ! es"a"e$ias %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( e( e# -a*! %e '( e(7!'e i("e$a%! ! -'#"i%i-e(si!(a#. E( e7e*"!5 #!s pi-e!s a!s %e# -i#e(i! 7'e!( eB*ep*i!(a#es paa #a e*!(!-a %e# Pe>3 e# P!%'*"! I("e(! '"! '"! JPIK *e*i+ a '(a "asa s'pei! a# a('a# %'a("e -/s %e '(a %*a%a 9sa#,! e# pei!%! %e #a *isis 7i(a(*iea i("e(a*i!(a# e7#eHa%! e( e# 2<9 #! *'a# es p/*"i*a-e("e i(%i"! e( e# pas. La p!e8a se e%'H! a -e(!s %e #a -i"a% e( es"e pei!%! eB*ep*i!(a# e%'*i(%!se i(*#'s! e( 8!(as 'a#es. 'a#es. E# %ese-p#e! aie"! aH+ a -e(!s %e @ a (i,e# (a*i!(a#5 #!s -e(!es (i,e#es e$is"a%!s p! #as es"a%s"i*as pe'a(as e( #as >#"i-as %*a%as5 *!i(*i%ie(%! *!( *a-i!s %e-!$/7i*!s 6 %e a-p#ia*i+( %e #a !7e"a e%'*a"i,a *!( '(a i(,esi+( s!s"e(i%a5 e( '( *!("eB"! *!("eB"! %e *e*i-ie("! %e# %e# e-p#e! 6 %e #!s sa#ai!s. Si( e-a$!5 p!a#e-e("e e# *a-i! -/s si$(i7i*a"i,! 7'e 'e #a p!p!*i+( %e "aaHa%!es *!( e-p#e! 7!-a# se e-pe8+ a i(*e-e("a %es%e i(i*i!s %e# si$#! 21 se$>( %a"!s !7i*ia#es %e# I(s"i"'"! Na*i!(a# %e Es"a%s"i*as e I(7!-/"i*a JINEI5 21@K 6 e# e-p#e! e$is"a%! *a#*'#a%! p! e# 1 E#
a'"! %e es"a "esis es espe*ia#is"a e( E*!(!-a La!a# %e #a O7i*i(a Re$i!(a# %e #a OIT paa A-i*a La"i(a 6 e# Caie. Las !pi(i!(es e( es"a "esis s!( eB*#'si,as %e# a'"! 6 (! *!-p!-e"e( (e*esaia-e("e #a !pi(i+( %e #a OIT. E# a'"! %esea a$a%e*e #!s ,a#i!s!s *!-e("ai!s 6 s'$ee(*ias %e &a(i(a Le+( 6 %e G's"a,! Ya-a%a Jases! eB"e(!K5 asi *!-! %e Gaie# R!%$'e85 &!$e R!Has5 Pa"i*ia T!,a5 R!%!#7! Ce-e!5 &!s R!%i$'e85 Mai! Te##!5 Ri*a%! I(7a("e5 &!$e e(e%!5 &'a( &!s Dia85 L'is Ga*ia5 P)i##ipe Ma*a%e("5 R!sa#a V/s'e89#,ae85 &'a( Ma('e# Ga*a5 C#a'%ia R'i8 6 F#!e(*i! G'%i!. C'a#'ie e! ' !-isi+( es esp!(sai#i%a% eB*#'si,a %e# a'"! 3
Mi(is"ei! %e TaaH! 6 P!-!*i+( %e# E-p#e! JMTPEK "a-i( e-pe8+ a *e*e %e -a(ea a*e#ea%a %es%e e# a! 225 #'e$! %e '( e#a"i,! es"a(*a-ie("! a 7i(es %e #a %*a%a %e 1<<. =A ' se %ei+ es"e *a-i! %e "e(%e(*ia? =F'e es'#"a%! %e #as a#"as "asas %e *e*i-ie("! !se,a%as? =O %e #a e7!-a #a!a#5 'e *e+ '( $i-e( espe*ia# paa #as MYPE 6 'e5 p! #! "a("!5 e%'H! si$(i7i*a"i,a-e("e #!s *!s"!s %e# "aaH! paa #a -a6! pa"e %e# -e*a%! %e "aaH! asa#aia%!? E( pa"i*'#a5 =*'/# )a si%! e# !# %e #a *!-p!si*i+( %e# *e*i-ie("! a (i,e# se*"!ia# ! e# ap!"e %e #!s si$(i7i*a"i,!s *a-i!s i(s"i"'*i!(a#es 'e se )a( p!%'*i%! e( es"e -is-! pei!%!? E( #a pa"e 2 %e es"a "esis5 se a(a#i8a( "!%!s es"!s 7a*"!es %e -a(ea *!(H'("a "a"a(%! %e i%e("i7i*a e# pes! e#a"i,! %e *a%a '(! %e e##!s e( e# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( !se,a%! a (i,e# %e e$i!(es5 *!( e# es'#"a%! %e #a pee-i(e(*ia %e #!s *a-i!s es"'*"'a#es s!e #!s i(s"i"'*i!(a#es. A# -is-! "ie-p! se e*!(!*e 'e e# *e*i-ie("! (! es "!%!. Es"! ##e,a a #a %is*'si+( %e *'/#es s!( #as -e%i%as -/s e7i*ie("es e( e# p#a(! i(s"i"'*i!(a#. Y ese es pe*isa-e("e e# si$'ie("e %esa7! %e es"e "aaH!5 'e espe*7i*a-e("e se e7iee a #a %is"i(*i+( e("e #a 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# 6 #a!a#5 s' !%e( %e i-p!"a(*ia 6 s's i-p#i*a(*ias %e p!#"i*a 6 'i*a es"a %is"i(*i+( *!-! e#e-e("! *e("a# a se "!-a%! e( *'e("a e( #!s %ise!s i(s"i"'*i!(a#es. C!-! p'("! %e pa"i%a5 #a pa"e 4 %e es"e es"'%i! sea#a 'e #a -a6! pa"e %e #as p!#"i*as %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( )a es"a%! !ie("a%a a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e (e$!*i!s5 s!e "!%! %e -i*! 6 pe'eas e-pesas JMYPESK. Las i("e,e(*i!(es )a( si%! *#asi7i*a%as e( %!s $a(%es /eas. P! '( #a%!5 #as i("e,e(*i!(es "ip! 8a(a)!ia5 !ie("a%as a es"i-'#a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e es"!s (e$!*i!s5 p! eHe-p#!5 a "a,s %e si-p#i7i*a*i+( a%-i(is"a"i,a ! -e(!es e'ei-ie("!s 6 *!s"!s %e "a(sa**i+(. P! !"! #a%!5 i("e,e(*i!(es "ip! pa#!5 !ie("a%as a i(*e-e("a #a *apa*i%a% %e #!s es"a%!s paa )a*e *'-p#i s's (!-as5 -eH!a(%! s!e "!%! #!s sis"e-as %e i(spe**i+( 6 *!("!# e i(*e-e("a(%! #a p!ai#i%a% %e %e"e**i+( %e #!s i(*'-p#i-ie("!s. Las e,a#'a*i!(es %e i-pa*"! 'e se )a( ea#i8a%! a es"as i("e,e(*i!(es "a-i( se p'e%e( *#asi7i*a %e es"e -!%!. E( es"e %ea"e5 se )a as'-i%! i-p#*i"a-e("e 'e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e# (e$!*i! e'i,a#e a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a#. N! !s"a("e5 a-!s 7e(+-e(!s s!( %is"i("!s5 a'( *'a(%! "ie(e( e#e-e("!s e( *!->(. Da"!s %e #a E(*'es"a Na*i!(a# %e ;!$aes JENA;OK -'es"a( 'e #a 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# e("e #as MYPES es -a6! 'e #a 7!-a#i%a% #a!a#. Es"! es e#e,a("e p'es"! 'e5 e( a#$'(!s *as!s5 (! e*!(!*e es"a %i7ee(*ia )a ##e,a%! a *!(7'si!(es (!"a#es e( -a"eia %e p!#"i*a5 p! eHe-p#!5 "a"a(%! %e es"i-'#a #a 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# *!( i(s"'-e("!s !ie("a%!s a #a 7!-a#i%a% #a!a# ! ,i*e,esa. Es"e pae*e )ae si%! e# *as! %e #a Le6 M6pe 'e p!p's! '(a e%'**i+( %/s"i*a %e *!s"!s #a!a#es paa #as M6pe si( a("es *!(si%ea s' 7!-a#i8a*i+( e-pesaia#. Paa -!s"a es"e p'("! e# *ap"'#! ea#i8a '(a e,a#'a*i+( *'asi eBpei-e("a# %e es"a Le6 '"i#i8a(%! i(7!-a*i+( %e -i*! 6 pe'eas e-pesas 'e 6a se e(*'e("a( 7!-a#i8a%as J*!( e$is"! %e *!("i'6e("esK p!,e(ie("e %e #a E(*'es"a Na*i!(a# %e #a Mi*! 6 Pe'ea E-pesa ap#i*a%a e( e# pei!%! 219214 6 as!*ia s' ('#! i-pa*"! a es"a *!(7'si+( *!(*ep"'a#. E( ase a es"as %!s pie8as %e e,i%e(*ia5 '(a a$e$a%a 6 "e(%e(*ia# 6 !"a espe*7i*a 6 -i*! e*!(!-"i*a5 #a pa"e @ %e# es"'%i! pese("a #as pi(*ipa#es *!(*#'si!(es. N! es 'e #!s "e-as i(s"i"'*i!(a#es (! 7'(*i!(e(. Es 'e 'i8/s e( e# Pe> a>( (! se e(sa6a!( #as i("e,e(*i!(es a%e*'a%as. 4
Parte II: Crecimiento, cambio estructural y formalización: 2002-20122 2.1 Introducción L!s pi-e!s a!s %e# -i#e(i! 7'e!( eB*ep*i!(a#es paa #a e*!(!-a %e# Pe>3 e# P!%'*"! I("e(! '"! JPIK *e*i+ a '(a "asa s'pei! a# a('a# %'a("e -/s %e '(a %*a%a 9sa#,! e# pei!%! %e #a *isis 292<9 #! *'a# es p/*"i*a-e("e i(%i"! e( e# pas. De )e*)!5 e( e# pei!%! 2292145 Pe> 7'e e# se$'(%! pas 'e -/s *e*i+ e( A-i*a La"i(a. D'a("e es"e pei!%! se %i(a-i8a!( a#$'(!s i(%i*a%!es s!*ia#es 6 e*!(+-i*!s. P! eHe-p#!5 #a p!e8a se e%'H! a -e(!s %e #a -i"a% e("e 22 6 214 pasa(%! %e :@ a 2@5 e%'*i(%!se i(*#'s! e( 8!(as 'a#es. E( e# -e*a%! #a!a#5 a#$'(!s i(%i*a%!es "a-i( )a( -!s"a%! e,!#'*i!(es a'spi*i!sas. E( 2145 e# %ese-p#e! aie"! aH+ a -e(!s %e @ a (i,e# (a*i!(a#5 #!s -e(!es (i,e#es e$is"a%!s p! #as es"a%s"i*as pe'a(as e( #as >#"i-as %*a%as. E("e 22 6 2145 e# e-p#e! "!"a# *e*i+ a '(a "asa %e 2.@ a('a#5 s'pei! a# *e*i-ie("! %e #a p!#a*i+( e( e%a% %e "aaHa J1.K a('a#. L!s sa#ai!s ea#es 'a(!s *e*ie!( a '( i"-! %e 4. a('a# 6 #a *!e"'a %e #a se$'i%a% s!*ia# e( sa#'% a'-e("+ %e 4 a :< 4. P!a#e-e("e e# *a-i! -/s si$(i7i*a"i,! 7'e 'e #a p!p!*i+( %e "aaHa%!es *!( e-p#e! 7!-a# pas+ %e 2.1 e( 2 a 2.4 e( 214 se$>( %a"!s !7i*ia#es %e# I(s"i"'"! Na*i!(a# %e Es"a%s"i*as e I(7!-/"i*a JINEI5 21@K. A'( *'a(%! se e(*'e("a "!%a,a e( '( (i,e# as"a("e aH!5 es (!"!i! 'e #a "asa %e e-p#e! 7!-a# )a6a a'-e("a%! e( p'("!s p!*e("'a#es 9#! *'a# si$(i7i*a 'e e# e-p#e! 7!-a# )a *e*i%! (!"a#e-e("e -/s 'e e# e-p#e! "!"a# e( es"e pei!%!9 . O"! i(%i*a%! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( es e# e-p#e! e$is"a%! a (i,e# (a*i!(a# *a#*'#a%! p! e# Mi(is"ei! %e TaaH! 6 P!-!*i+( %e# E-p#e! JMTPEK@. Es"e "a-i( )a *e*i%! *!("i('a-e("e %es%e e# a! 225 #'e$! %e '( e#a"i,! es"a(*a-ie("! a 7i(es %e #a %*a%a %e 1<<. Es"! e7#eHa '( *a-i! %e "e(%e(*ia espe*"! %e %*a%as pasa%as5 *'a(%! #a i(7!-a#i%a% 's'a#-e("e se i(*e-e("aa5 i(*#'s! a("e %is"i("!s *!("eB"!s e*!(+-i*!s. Se )a es*i"! -'6 p!*! s!e 7!-a#i8a*i+( e( pases e( %esa!##! 6 *!( a#"a i(7!-a#i%a% *!-! Pe>. La #i"ea"'a 6 %is*'si+( a*a%-i*a se )a *!(*e("a%! s!e "!%! e( e# a(/#isis %e #a i(7!-a#i%a%. Es -/s5 *asi "!%! #! 'e sae-!s s!e 7!-a#i8a*i+( e( Pe> se asa e( "e!as ! es"'%i!s pe,i!s a i("e,e(*i!(es espe*7i*as 6 p!*! e( e,a#'a*i!(es %e #as -is-as. E( es"e a"*'#! p!p!(e-!s '( a(/#isis eB p!s" a %!s *a-i!s i(s"i"'*i!(a#es i-p!"a("es3 #a *ea*i+( %e# $i-e( #a!a# espe*ia# paa #as -i*! 6 pe'eas e-pesas JMYPEK 6 #a -eH!a %e# sis"e-a %e i(spe**i+( #a!a#. Es %e*i5 a(a#i8a-!s e# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( !*'i%! e( '( pei!%! %e 2 U(a ,esi+( %e es"e *ap"'#! 7'e p'#i*a%a5 *!( e# -is-! (!-e5 e( #a Re,is"a %e
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21K. 4 OIT J21@K. I(*#'6e e$-e(es (! *!("i'"i,!s 6 se-i*!("i'"i,!s. @ E# (%i*e %e e-p#e! e$is"a%! pe-i"e !se,a e# *!-p!"a-ie("! %e# e-p#e! asa#aia%! e( #as e-pesas %e 1 6 -/s "aaHa%!es. Se *a#*'#a e( ase a #a E(*'es"a Na*i!(a# %e Vaia*i+( Me(s'a# %e# E-p#e! JENVMEK. 5
"ie-p! espe*7i*! a 7i( %e i%e("i7i*a e#e-e("!s eBp#i*a"i,!s 6 eB"ae #e**i!(es. Se %is*'"e( pe$'("as *!-! =a ' se %ee e# *a-i! %e "e(%e(*ia e i(*e-e("! e( #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( e( Pe>? =Es es'#"a%! %e #as a#"as "asas %e *e*i-ie("! !se,a%as? =O %e #a e7!-a #a!a#5 'e *e+ '( $i-e( #a!a# espe*ia# paa #as MYPE 6 'e5 p! "a("!5 e%'H! si$(i7i*a"i,a-e("e #!s *!s"!s %e# "aaH! paa #a -a6! pa"e %e# -e*a%! %e "aaH! asa#aia%!? E( pa"i*'#a5 =*'/# )a si%! e# !# %e #a *!-p!si*i+( %e# *e*i-ie("! a (i,e# se*"!ia# ! e# ap!"e %e #!s si$(i7i*a"i,!s *a-i!s i(s"i"'*i!(a#es 'e se )a( p!%'*i%! e( es"e -is-! pei!%!? E( es"e es"'%i! a(a#i8a-!s "!%!s es"!s 7a*"!es %e -a(ea *!(H'("a "a"a(%! %e i%e("i7i*a e# pes! e#a"i,! %e *a%a '(! %e e##!s e( e# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( !se,a%! a (i,e# %e e$i!(es. E# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( e*ie("e e( Pe> !7e*e5 a%e-/s5 '( *as! >(i*! %!(%e se p'e%e( a(a#i8a *!-paa"i,a-e("e "e!as *!-pe"i%!as s!e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+(. S' a(/#isis pe-i"i/ *!(s!#i%a 6 p!7'(%i8a p!#"i*as ! es"a"e$ias %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( e( e# -a*! %e '( e(7!'e i("e$a%! ! -'#"i%i-e(si!(a#:. E# a"*'#! se !$a(i8a %e #a si$'ie("e -a(ea. E( #a se$'(%a se**i+( se e,isa #a #i"ea"'a eBis"e("e e#a"i,a a #as *a'sas %e i(7!-a#i%a% 6 s's %is"i("!s %e"e-i(a("es. E( #a "e*ea se**i+( se a(a#i8a( #!s *a-i!s e*!(+-i*!s e i(s"i"'*i!(a#es e*ie("es e( Pe> 'e p'e%e( )ae *!("i'i%! a# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( '"i#i8a(%! a #as e$i!(es s'(a*i!(a#es *!-! '(i%a%es %e a(/#isis %'a("e e# pei!%! 229212. E( #a *'a"a se**i+( se ea#i8a '(a es"i-a*i+( e*!(!-"i*a paa *'a("i7i*a *'/#es s!( #!s %e"e-i(a("es %e# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+(. Fi(a#-e("e5 e( #a 'i("a se**i+( se pese("a( #as *!(*#'si!(es %e# es"'%i!.
2.2 Reisión de literatura Des%e 'e se p!p's! p! pi-ea ,e8 e# *!(*ep"! %e i(7!-a#i%a% a i(i*i!s %e #!s a!s J;a"5 1<2K5 6 p! *asi *'a"! %*a%as5 )a )ai%! -'*)a %is*'si+( s!e #as *a'sas %e #a i(7!-a#i%a% a (i,e# -'(%ia#5 pe! (! )'! *!(se(s! e( #a %e7i(i*i+( ! i(*#'s! #a -e%i*i+( . Es"a 7a#"a %e *!(se(s! *!(*ep"'a# si( %'%a eBp#i*a e# %is"i("! (7asis 'e *a%a 'ie( %a a #as e*!-e(%a*i!(es %e p!#"i*a. Di,es!s e(7!'es ! -a*!s "e+i*!s )a( si%! %esa!##a%!s 6 p!p'es"!s *!-! eBp#i*a*i+( %e #a i(7!-a#i%a%. U( pi-e $'p! %e es"'%i!s ,i(*'#a( #a i(7!-a#i%a% a 7a*"!es e*!(+-i*!s5 espe*ia#-e("e #a a'se(*ia %e %esa!##! p!%'*"i,! 6! a #as *aa*"es"i*as %e# -is-!. E( ese se("i%!5 eBis"e '(a ,isi+( se$>( #a *'a# paa e# %esa!##! e*!(+-i*! s+#! i-p!"a( #!s (i,e#es %e *e*i-ie("! e(7a"i8a(%! s!e "!%! #a a*'-'#a*i+( %e *api"a# 7si*! . La i-p#i*a*i+( -/s *!(!*i%a %e es"!s -!%e#!s es 'e e,e("'a#-e("e )aa *!(,e$e(*ia e("e pases5 a'('e #a #i"ea"'a e-pi*a (! )a espa#%a%! es"a pe%i**i+(. O"a ,isi+( s!s"ie(e 'e #a *!-p!si*i+( %e# *e*i-ie("! "a-i( es'#"a i-p!"a("e. E# *e*i-ie("! p'e%e se %esi$'a# e("e se*"!es5 pi(*ipa#-e("e p! #a *!-p!si*i+( %e #a %e-a(%a JRa6 21K. : O"as
e7!-as p'e%e( )ae *!("i'i%! a# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( !se,a%! e( Pe>5 e( pa"i*'#a5 #as p!#"i*as %e p!-!*i+( %e #as -i*!5 pe'eas 6 -e%ia(as e-pesas 6 e7!-as %e si-p#i7i*a*i+( %e "/-i"es. Si( e-a$!5 #a e,a#'a*i+( %e %i*)as p!#"i*as eB*e%e e# /-i"! %e es"e a"*'#!. Qa(' J2
E( #(ea *!( es"a se$'(%a ,isi+( %es"a*a(5 p! '( #a%!5 #a ap!Bi-a*i+( %'a#is"a5 se$>( #a *'a# e# *a-i! e*!(+-i*! es"/ %e"e-i(a%! (! s!#! p! #a -a$(i"'% %e# *e*i-ie("! si(! "a-i( p! e# "as#a%! %e e*'s!s p!%'*"i,!s %e '( se*"! %e s'sis"e(*ia a '( se*"! *api"a#is"a JLeis 1<:@K. D!ei($e 6 Pi!e J1<1K p#a("ea( '( se*"! %e 'e(!s e-p#e!s 6 !"! %e -a#!s e-p#e!s. Des%e !"! p'("! %e pa"i%a5 A*e-!$#' J21K "a-i( p#a("ea '( -!%e#! %e >s'e%a %e e-p#e! %!(%e )a6 'e(!s 6 -a#!s e-p#e!s. P! !"! #a%!5 eBis"e #a ,isi+( %e #a "a(s7!-a*i+( p!%'*"i,a ! %e# *a-i! es"'*"'a#5 se$>( #a *'a# #a i(*!p!a*i+( %e# p!$es! "*(i*! (! se %i7'(%e %e -a(ea )!-!$(ea e( "!%!s #!s se*"!es 6 a-as %e a*"i,i%a%. M/s ie(5 es"e "ie(%e a *!(*e("ase e( *ie"!s se*"!es 6 es"a"!s p!%'*"i,!s5 s!e "!%! #!s ,i(*'#a%!s a #a eBp!"a*i+(5 'e%a(%! a# -a$e( %e es"e p!*es! %e -!%e(i8a*i+( a-p#i!s se*"!es %e #a e*!(!-a. A es"e p!*es! se #e *!(!*e *!-! )e"e!$e(ei%a% es"'*"'a# 'e *!(si%ea #as %i7ee(*ias %e p!%'*"i,i%a% e("e se*"!es5 s' ap!"e a# PI 6 e# ,!#'-e( %e e-p#e! 'e $e(ea(. Es"a )e"e!$e(ei%a% eBis"e e("e se*"!es pe! "a-i( a# i("ei! %e #!s -is-!s5 e("e es"a"!s p!%'*"i,!s 6 s!e "!%! e("e "a-a!s %e e-pesa. La pesis"e(*ia %e '( a-p#i! se*"! %e #a 7'e8a %e "aaH! e( se*"!es ! es"a"!s %e aHa p!%'*"i,i%a% es '(a 7'e("e *!(si%ea#e %e i(e'i%a% e( #a %is"i'*i+( %e #!s i($es!s e("e #!s !*'pa%!s 6 eBp#i*a "a-i( #a i(7!-a#i%a% e( e# e-p#e! JI(7a("e 6 S'(e# 212K. A%e-/s5 #!s a'"!es %es"a*a( 'e e# e(7!'e %e #a )e"e!$e(ei%a% p!%'*"i,a p! es"a"! e-pesaia# J"a-a! %e e-pesaK es e# (>*#e! a pa"i %e# *'a# se eBpa(%e #a %esi$'a#%a% e( #a s!*ie%a%. A#$'(!s a'"!es e(7a"i8a( e# !# %e #a a$i*'#"'a e( p!-!,e e# *a-i! es"'*"'a# JDe &a(,6 6 Sa%a!'#e" 21K. O"!s e(7a"i8a( e# !# %e# *e*i-ie("! %e #a -a('7a*"'a *!-! -!"! %e e-p#e! 6 p!%'*"i,i%a% JQa#%! 1<1 ! C)a($ 2K. O"!s e(7a"i8a( 'e '( se*"! se,i*i!s %i(/-i*! pe-i"e '( *e*i-ie("! -/s i(*#'si,!5 p! s' i("e(si%a% e( #a -a(! %e !a 65 s!e "!%!5 *'a(%! ,ie(e a*!-paa%! %e p!#"i*as e%'*a"i,as 6 %e 7!-e("! #a!a#. )a$a"i 6 Pa(a$i,a J214K aa%e( 'e #!s se,i*i!s -!%e(!s p'e%e( se -'6 p!$esi,!s "e*(!#+$i*a-e("e. P! eHe-p#!5 e# se*"! %e# *!-e*i! a# p! -e(!5 e# se*"! 7i(a(*ie! ! e# se*"! "e#e*!-'(i*a*i!(es -a(eHa( "e*(!#!$as -!%e(as. EBis"e "a-i( '(a a-p#ia #i"ea"'a 'e eBp#!a #!s e7e*"!s %e asa e# *e*i-ie("! e( #!s e*'s!s (a"'a#es. M*Mi##a( 6 R!%i J211K sea#a( 'e a -a6! %epe(%e(*ia %e #!s e*'s!s (a"'a#es e( #as eBp!"a*i!(es5 -'*)! -e(! se/ e# i-pa*"! %e# *a-i! es"'*"'a# s!e #a p!%'*"i,i%a% %e #a -a(! %e !a. P! e# *!("ai!5 e# *e*i-ie("! e( #!s se*"!es -/s i("e(si,!s e( -a(! %e !a 6 e( -a('7a*"'as $e(eaa -/s e-p#e! e( #!s pases %e i($es!s -e%i!s. EBis"e "a-i( #a p!sii#i%a% %e i("ee#a*i!(es e("e e# se*"! 7!-a# 6 e# se*"! i(7!-a#. T!-a( J1<K eBp#!a #a (a"'a#e8a %e es"as i("ee#a*i!(es 6 e(*'e("a 'e e# se*"! i(7!-a# 6 e# -!%e(! (! s!( *!-pa"i-e("!s es"a(*!s 6 'e )a6 ,as!s *!-'(i*a("es -'6 a*"i,!s "a("! e( e# -e*a%! %e ie(es *!-! %e "aaH!. E( e# *as! pe'a(!5 Le+( 6 Ce-e! J1<<K )a*e( '( e*'e("! %e #!s pi(*ipa#es p#a("ea-ie("!s s!e #as i("ee#a*i!(es e("e #!s se*"!es 7!-a# e i(7!-a# e( A-i*a La"i(a 6 e# Pe>. A(a#i8a(%! e# *as! %e #as -i*!e-pesas -a('7a*"'eas %e Li-a5 e(*'e("a( 'e s"as es"/( -'6 i("ee#a*i!(a%as *!( e# es"! %e #a e*!(!-a ,a *!-pas %e i(s'-!s 6 e# *!(s'-! %e# se*"! -!%e(! a #!s ie(es %e# se*"! i(7!-a#. P!"es5 Cas"e##s 6 e("!( J1<
e%'*i s's *!s"!s 6 *!( e##! p!%e !pea *!( "ai7as aHas. U( se$'(%! $'p! %e eBp#i*a*i!(es se as!*ia a 7a*"!es i(s"i"'*i!(a#es. A' %es"a*a e# *!(!*i%! e(7!'e asa%! e( #a #e$a#i%a% %e De S!"! et al J1<K5 !i$i(a#-e("e %esa!##a%! "!-a(%! *!-! ase #a ea#i%a% pe'a(a. Es"e e(7!'e e(7a"i8a 'e a("e #a i(s'7i*ie("e %e-a(%a %e e-p#e! 7!-a# 6 a("e #!s a#"!s *!s"!s e( %i(e! 6 "ie-p! 'e i-p#i*a( #!s #a$!s 6 e($!!s!s "/-i"es paa *!(s"i"'i '(a e-pesa 7!-a#5 6 a("e e# es*as! *api"a# *!( e# 'e *'e("a(5 #!s i(7!-a#es se ,e( !#i$a%!s a !pea *!( es*as!s -e%i!s 6 *!( (i,e#es %e p!%'*"i,i%a% e i($es!s -'6 aH!s. A%e-/s5 es"!s "aaHa%!es $e(ea#-e("e (! p!see( ""'#! %e p!pie%a% %e s' "ee(!5 p!pie%a%es 6 a*"i,!s p!%'*"i,!s p! #! 'e (! p'e%e( a**e%e a# sis"e-a 7i(a(*ie!. E( es"a ,isi+(5 #!s i(7!-a#es sea( '( p!"e(*ia# paa e# %esa!##! 6 #a %ese$'#a*i+( %e p!*e%i-ie("!s 6 "aas '!*/"i*as es'#"a ese(*ia# paa %esp#e$a #as p!"e(*ia#i%a%es %e #!s "aaHa%!es p!es5 s!e "!%! *!( ase e( s's ie(es i(-!i#iai!s. U(a ,aia("e %e es"a ,isi+( es a'e##a 'e p#a("ea 'e #a i(7!-a#i%a% es es'#"a%! %e '(a %e*isi+( ,!#'("aia %e# "aaHa%! ! e-pesai!5 'e %e*i%e !pea 7'ea %e #as (!-as #e$a#es5 #'e$! %e '( a(/#isis *!-paa"i,! e("e #!s e(e7i*i!s %e #a 7!-a#i%a% 6 s's *!s"!s5 e( "-i(!s %e e$is"!5 "i'"a*i+(5 sa#ai!s5 se$'i%a% s!*ia#5 e("e !"!s JFie#%s 1<<5 Pe6 et al 25 Ma#!(e65 1<<
#i*a5 e( pa"i*'#a5 e( e#a*i+( *!( #!s sis"e-as %e i(spe**i+( 6 *!("!#5 6 #a *!'p*i+( eBis"e("e. Qa(' J2#"i-as %*a%as se i(i*ia!( '(a seie %e a,a(*es e( es"a %is*'si+(5 'e a,i8!a( a#$>( (i,e# %e *!(se(s!. E( 1<<45 #a WV C!(7ee(*ia I("e(a*i!(a# %e Es"a%s"i*!s %e# TaaH! JWV CIETK %e7i(i+ #as %i-e(si!(es %e# *!(*ep"! %e sector informal 6 #! as!*i+ a #as *aa*"es"i*as %e #a '(i%a% e*!(+-i*a <. P!s"ei!-e("e5 e( 245 #a WVII C!(7ee(*ia I("e(a*i!(a# %e Es"a%s"i*!s %e# TaaH! JWVII CIETK5 *!-p#e-e("+ es"a %e7i(i*i+( e i(*!p!+ e# *!(*ep"! %e empleo informal 5 asa%! e( #as *aa*"es"i*as %e# p'es"! %e "aaH!1. La '(i+( %e a-!s *!(*ep"!s $e(ea #a %e(!-i(a%a
'e es"e *!(*ep"! %i7iee %e# se*"! i(7!-a#5 -'6 '"i#i8a%! e( A-i*a La"i(a p! e# P!$a-a Re$i!(a# %e E-p#e! e( A-i*a La"i(a JPREALCK5 6 'e se asaa e( 7!-as %e p!%'**i+( %e aHa p!%'*"i,i%a%5 e("e e##as5 e-pesas %e -e(! "a-a!5 "aaHa%!es p! *'e("a p!pia (! *a#i7i*a%!s 6 e# "aaH! %!-s"i*!. 1Paa '(a -a6! %is*'si+( ,ase OIT J214K. 8
e*!(!-a i(7!-a#11. E( "!%! *as!5 es"! i-p#i*a 'e e# e-p#e! i(7!-a# eBis"e (! s+#! e( e# se*"! i(7!-a#5 si(! "a-i( 7'ea %e #5 a'('e *a%a '(! %e es"!s *!-p!(e("es "e($a '( pes! e#a"i,! %i7ee("e e( *a%a pas. A%e-/s5 es *#a! 'e #as p!#"i*as 'e se ap#i*a( a# e-p#e! i(7!-a# e( e# se*"! i(7!-a#5 s!( %is"i("as a #as ap#i*a#es e( e# e-p#e! i(7!-a# 7'ea %e# -is-!. Es"!5 H'("! *!( #a a'-a%!a e,i%e(*ia i("e(a*i!(a# %e 'e #a i(7!-a#i%a% es a#"a-e("e )e"e!$(ea5 )a aie"! #a p!sii#i%a% %e pe(sa #as p!#"i*as %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( e( "-i(!s -/s a-p#i!s. La C!(7ee(*ia I("e(a*i!(a# %e# TaaH! JCITK p!p's! e( s's %is*'si!(es %e 21@ 6 21: '( e(7!'e i("e$a%! paa 7a*i#i"a #a "a(si*i+( %e #a i(7!-a#i%a% a #a 7!-a#i%a%. P!%'*"! %e es"as %is*'si!(es se a%!p"+ #a Re*!-e(%a*i+( s!e #a "a(si*i+( %e #a e*!(!-a i(7!-a# a #a e*!(!-a 7!-a# JOIT 21:K5 #! 'e -a*a e# i(i*i! %e '( *!(se(s! -'(%ia# e( *'a("! a e*!-e(%a*i!(es %e p!#"i*a. Es"! i-p#i*a e*!(!*e 'e #a i(7!-a#i%a% es "a( )e"e!$(ea 'e "!%!s #!s 7a*"!es 'e p!%a-!s pe(sa 'e #a *a'sa( %ee( "e(e a#$! ! pa"e %e a8+( 'e (! "!%!s #!s i(7!-a#es es"/( e( esa *!(%i*i+( p! #a -is-a *a'sa5 6 'e #as *a'sas %e #a i(7!-a#i%a% s!( -'*)as 6 !pea( e( ->#"ip#es %i-e(si!(es. P! es"a a8+(5 *'a(%! pe(sa-!s e( p!#"i*as %e 7!-a#i8a*i+(5 se e'iee '( e(7!'e -'#"i%i-e(si!(a#5 i(,!#'*a(%! a -'*)!s a*"!es !pea(%! %e -a(ea *!!%i(a%a. Vis"! as5 es'#"a #i-i"a%! pe(sa 'e '(a -e%i%a >(i*a ! ais#a%a5 p'e%a i-p'#sa #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( e( "!%!s #!s pases 6 *i*'(s"a(*ias. Es"! i-p#i*a "a-i( 'e #!s %i7ee("es e#e-e("!s 'e *a'sa( #a 7!-a#i%a% %i7iee( e("e #!s %i7ee("es pases5 "ei"!i!s ! se*"!es. Es %e*i5 #!s %e"e-i(a("es 7i(a#es %e #a i(7!-a#i%a% 9 ! 7!-a#i%a% 9 e( '( pas espe*7i*!5 "ie(e( 'e se es"a#e*i%!s %e -a(ea e-pi*a 6 (! "e+i*a5 %e a*'e%! *!( *a%a *i*'(s"a(*ia. E( pa"i*'#a5 es (e*esai! es"a#e*e e-pi*a-e("e 6 e( *a%a *as! *'/#es %e #!s 7a*"!es as!*ia%!s a #a 7!-a#i%a% J! a #a i(7!-a#i%a%K "ie(e( -a6! i(7#'e(*ia 'e !"!s.
2.! "ec#os estilizados: el caso $eruano Pe> sie-pe )a si%! *!(si%ea%! '( pas %e a#"a i(7!-a#i%a%. Se$>( %a"!s !7i*ia#es %e# I(s"i"'"! Na*i!(a# %e Es"a%s"i*a e I(7!-/"i*a JINEI 21@K5 'e )a e#a!a%! '(a C'e("a Sa"#i"e %e #a E*!(!-a I(7!-a# e( e# Pe>125 e# se*"! i(7!-a# 9-e%i%! a "a,s %e #as *aa*"es"i*as %e #as '(i%a%es e*!(+-i*as9 eBp#i*aa e# 1< %e# P!%'*"! I("e(! '"! 6 e# 1 %e# "!"a# %e# e-p#e! e( e# a! 214. Asi-is-!5 e# e-p#e! i(7!-a# 9'e i(*#'6e e-p#e! i(7!-a# e( e# se*"! i(7!-a# pe! "a-i( e-p#e! i(7!-a# e( e# se*"! 7!-a# 6 e-p#e! i(7!-a# e( e# se*"! )!$aes9 as*e(%i+ a 4. a (i,e# (a*i!(a# e( 214. La i(7!-a*i+( s!e e-p#e! i(7!-a#5 e( e# *as! pe'a(!5 se !"ie(e %e #a E(*'es"a Na*i!(a# %e ;!$aes JENA;OK. Es"! pe-i"e *!(!*e 'e a#e%e%! %e %!s %e *a%a "es "aaHa%!es *!( e-p#e! i(7!-a# "aaHa e( '(i%a%es e*!(+-i*as %e# se*"! i(7!-a#. 2.3.a ¿Formalización en el Perú? 11OIT J22K. 12INEI
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E( es"a se**i+( se '"i#i8a i(7!-a*i+( %e #a "asa %e e-p#e! e$is"a%! p!, e(ie("e %e #a E(*'es"a Na*i!(a# %e Vaia*i+( Me(s'a# %e# E-p#e! %e# MTPE J229212K paa e# eHe*i*i! e*!(!-"i*!5 a -e(!s 'e se i(%i'e #! *!("ai!. 29 E# ,a#! a$e$a%! e$i!(a# es e# p!%'*"! i("e(! '"! e$i!(a# -e(!s i-p'es"!s 6 %ee*)!s %e i-p!"a*i+( -e%i%! e( pe*i!s *!(s"a("es %e 1<<@. Es"e se %i,i%e e("e e# "!"a# %e "aaHa%!es %e #a e$i+( paa *a#*'#a e# ,a#! a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%!. A# -!-e("! %e e%i*i+( %e es"e a"*'#!5 s!#! se *!("aa *!( i(7!-a*i+( %esa$e$a%a p! se*"! 6 e$i+( )as"a e# a! 212. 4E# Mi(is"ei! %e TaaH! 6 P!-!*i+( %e# E-p#e! %e Pe> JMTPEK $e("i#-e("e (!s pe-i"i+ a**es! a #!s ,a#!es as!#'"!s %e es"e i(%i*a%! p!,e(ie("e %e #a E(*'es"a Na*i!(a# Me(s'a# %e Vaia*i+( %e# E-p#e! JENVMEK 6 p'%i-!s *!(s"'i #a "asa %e e-p#e! e$is"a%! Je-p#e! asa#aia%! e( e-pesas %e 1 6 -/s "aaHa%!esK *!-! p!p!*i+( %e# e-p#e! "!"a# e( *a%a e$i+(. 28
16
La pi-ea *!(s"a"a*i+( es 'e e7e*"i,a-e("e eBis"e '(a e#a*i+( %ie*"a e("e 7!-a#i8a*i+( 6 *e*i-ie("! %e# p!%'*"!. Es"! se p'e%e ape*ia e( e# $/7i*! @ %!(%e se *!e#a*i!(a #a "asa %e e-p#e! e$is"a%! %e *a%a e$i+( *!( e# ,a#! a$e$a%! e$i!(a# p! "aaHa%!. Se !se,a "a-i( 'e es"a e#a*i+( p!si"i,a "ie(e '(a a#"a ,aia(8a s!e "!%! e( #!s (i,e#es -/s a#"!s %e ,a#! a$e$a%! e$i!(a# p! "aaHa%! Jpa(e# a %e# $/7i*! @K. N+"ese "a-i( 'e es"a e#a*i+( *a-ia e( #!s "a-!s -/s a#"!s5 *'a(%! se e"ia a M!'e$'a %e# a(/#isis Jpa(e# %e# $/7i*! @K5 'e es '(a e$i+( %!(%e e# ,a#! a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%! es a#"! 9 p! #a pese(*ia %e #a -i(ea %e *!e 9 pe! a# -is-! "ie-p! #a i(7!-a#i%a% e( e# e-p#e! es e#e,a%a p!'e #a -a6! pa"e %e s' 7'e8a %e "aaH! es a$*!#a. Es"a !se,a*i+( es i-p!"a("e p!'e p#a("ea #a p!sii#i%a% %e 'e eBis"a( e7e*"!s 7iH!s e$i!(a#es 'e es (e*esai! *!("!#a. E( "!%! *as!5 #a *!e#a*i+( si-p#e e("e "asa %e e-p#e! e$is"a%! 6 ,a#! a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%! "ie(e a#"a ,aia(8a. P! "a("!5 %ee )ae !"!s 7a*"!es eBp#i*a"i,!s %e #!s (i,e#es %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( 6 e# *e*i-ie("! %e es"e i(%i*a%!. U(a pi-ea p!sii#i%a% es 'e a%e-/s %e# *e*i-ie("! e*!(+-i*!5 #a *!-p!si*i+( %e# *e*i-ie("! "a-i( sea i-p!"a("e paa #a 7!-a#i8a*i+(. La )ip+"esis a' sea 'e e# "ip! %e *e*i-ie("! e*!(+-i*! 65 e( pa"i*'#a5 s' *!-p!si*i+( se*"!ia#5 "ie(%e a $e(ea %i7ee("es es'#"a%!s e( "-i(!s %e 7!-a#i8a*i+(. Es %e*i5 #a *!-p!si*i+( se*"!ia# %e# *e*i-ie("! (! sea (e'"a# e( "-i(!s %e $e(ea*i+( %e e-p#e! 7!-a#. La "a(s7!-a*i+( p!%'*"i,a a6'%aa a eBp#i*a 6 a eB"e(%e e# e-p#e! 7!-a#. G/7i*! @. Pe>3 Re#a*i+( e("e "asa %e e-p#e! e$is"a%! 6 ,a#! a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%! p! e$i!(es J212K
F'e("e3 E#a!a*i+( p!pia s!e #a ase %e# I(s"i"'"! Na*i!(a# %e Es"a%s"i*as e I(7!-/"i*a JINEIK 6 %e# Mi(is"ei! %e TaaH! 6 P!-!*i+( %e# E-p#e! JMTPEK.
U(a pi-ea 7!-a %e ap!Bi-ase a es"e a(/#isis *!(sis"e e( %es*!-p!(e e# *a-i! e( #as "asas 17
%e 7!-a#i%a%5 i%e("i7i*a(%! e# ap!"e %e# *a-i! se*"!ia#41. Se pa"e %e %e7i(i #a "asa %e e-p#e! 7!-a# *!-! '(a s'-a p!(%ea%a %e ap!"es se*"!ia#es3
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*a-i! e( #as "asas a# i("ei! %e #!s se*"!es 6 1. p'("!s p!*e("'a#es a%i*i!(a#es p!,i(ie!( %e# *a-i! e( #a es"'*"'a se*"!ia# %e# e-p#e!. Es %e*i5 e# *a-i! e( #a es"'*"'a se*"!ia# %e# e-p#e! eBp#i*a -/s %e# 2 %e# i(*e-e("! e( e# e-p#e! 7!-a#. Va#e #a pe(a %es"a*a 'e e# >(i*! se*"! 'e -'es"a '( *a-i! ('#! e( e# e7e*"! *!-p!si*i+( es e# se*"! a$!pe*'ai! 6 pes*a %ei%! a 'e es e# >(i*! se*"! 'e e%'H! s' pa"i*ipa*i+( e( e# e-p#e! "!"a#. E# se*"! !"!s se,i*i!s J'e i(*#'6e a# $!ie(!K5 -'es"a #!s e7e*"!s "asa 6 *!-p!si*i+( -/s e#e,a%!s. P! !"! #a%!5 es p!si#e 9 6 %e )e*)! as #! *!(7i-a( ,ai!s es"'%i!s e*ie("es 9 'e eBis"a( i-p!"a("es e*!-p!si*i!(es i("ase*"!ia#es %e# e-p#e!. A# espe*"!5 Da8 J21@K '"i#i8a(%! %a"!s %e# pei!%! 229211 ea#i8a '(a %es*!-p!si*i+( si-i#a5 6 e(*'e("a 'e -/s %e# @ %e #a e%'**i+( e( #a i(7!-a#i%a% se e#a*i!(a *!( e# *a-i! e( #a es"'*"'a %e# e-p#e! p! "a-a! %e e-pesa. I(7a("e 6 C)a*a#"a(a J21@K aa%e( 'e es"! se %ee a 'e #a $a( 6 -e%ia(a e-pesa -!s"+ e# -a6! %i(a-is-! e( *'a("! a p!%'*"!5 e-p#e! 6 p!%'*"i,i%a% e( %i*)! pei!%!. ;a6 'e "e(e e( *'e("a 'e es"e eHe*i*i! s+#! *!(si%ea e# *a-i! e( #a *!-p!si*i+( se*"!ia# %e# e-p#e!. E( ese se("i%!5 es (e*esai! e#a*i!(a 7!-a#i8a*i+( 6 *e*i-ie("! se*"!ia# %e -a(ea espe*7i*a. Paa es"e 7i(5 se$'i-!s #a es"a"e$ia -e"!%!#+$i*a '"i#i8a%a p! Ra,a##i!( 6 C)e( J2K 6 L!a68a 6 Ra%%a"8 J2K5 'ie(es ,i(*'#a!( #a *!-p!si*i+( %e# *e*i-ie("! *!( #a e,!#'*i+( %e #a p!e8a44. /si*a-e("e5 se p!p!(e '(a e*'a*i+( 'e ,i(*'#a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( *!( #a *!-p!si*i+( se*"!ia# %e# *e*i-ie("!. Opea"i,a-e("e es"! i-p#i*a es"i-a '(a e*'a*i+( 'e ,i(*'#a #a ,aia*i+( %e #a "asa %e e-p#e! e$is"a%! a (i,e# e$i!(a# 6 #a ,aia*i+( %e #a p!%'**i+( se*"!ia# a (i,e# %e e$i!(es. Da%a ('es"a !se,a*i+( pe,ia s!e e# *as! %e M!'e$'a5 se as'-e 'e #a e#a*i+( "ie(e e7e*"!s 7iH!s e$i!(a#es 6 p! "a("! "ie(e #a si$'ie("e 7!-a3 ∆ τ jt = δ j +
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*!-p!si*i+( se*"!ia# %e# *e*i-ie("! s!e '(a ,aia#e a$e$a%a a (i,e# "ei"!ia#. E( e# *'a%! : se pese("a( %!s es"i-a*i!(es. La pi-ea es"i-a*i+( 9 'e se -'es"a e( #a pi-ea *!#'-(a %e# *'a%!9 se ea#i8a '"i#i8a(%! #a -'es"a pa(e# *!( e# -"!%! %e -/Bi-a ,e!si-i#i"'% JMLK. La se$'(%a *!#'-(a %e# *'a%! *!("ie(e #a -is-a es"i-a*i+( e-p#ea(%! pooled %a"a *!( e# -"!%! %e M(i-!s C'a%a%!s O%i(ai!s JMCOK5 #! 'e a6'%a a ,ei7i*a si e# pa(e# (! a#a(*ea%! a7e*"a #!s es'#"a%!s. L!s es'#"a%!s s!( p/*"i*a-e("e #!s -is-!s. C'a%! :. Pe>. Res'#"a%!s %e #a e$esi+( e("e ,aia*i+( %e #a "asa %e e-p#e! e$is"a%! 6 *e*i-ie("! se*"!ia#
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4
-e(*i!(a 'e e( 214 se *e+ #a S'pei("e(%e(*ia %e I(spe**i!(es La!a#es JSUNAFILK *!( #a 7i(a#i%a% %e 7!"a#e*e e# se,i*i! i(spe*"i,!. 25
2.5 Conclusiones Pe> -!s"+ a#"as "asas %e *e*i-ie("! e( #a pi-ea %*a%a %e# -i#e(i! 6 pi(*ipi!s %e #a se$'(%a. Es"e pei!%! %e *e*i-ie("! e*!(+-i*! pe-i"i+ '(a e%'**i+( %e #as "asas %e %ese-p#e! 'e5 a (i,e# (a*i!(a#5 ##e$a!( a -(i-!s )is"+i*!s %e -e(!s %e @ e( 214. Ta-i( se )a !se,a%! '(a $a( e%'**i+( %e #a "asa %e p!e8a a -e(!s %e #a -i"a% espe*"! %e i(i*i!s %e #a %*a%a5 #! *'a# *ie"a-e("e i(%i*a '(a -eH!a e( #!s i($es!s a'('e "a-i( %es"a*a e# !# %e #a p!#"i*a s!*ia# %e "ip! e%is"i'"i,! 6 s' ,i(*'#a*i+( *!( #a -a6! %isp!(ii#i%a% 7is*a#. E# p!*e("aHe %e e-p#e! 7!-a# pas+ %e 2.1 a 2.4 e("e 2 6 212. Es"e es '( )e*)! (!"a#e a pesa 'e #a "asa %e i(7!-a#i%a% a>( sea -'6 a#"a. E( es"e a"*'#! a(a#i8a-!s es"e p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( 6 "a"a-!s %e i%e("i7i*a #!s 7a*"!es 'e p!%a( eBp#i*a#!. Ga( pa"e %e #a %is*'si+( pe,ia se )a *!(*e("a%! e( a#$'(as e#a*i!(es espe*7i*as5 s!e "!%! #a e#a*i+( e("e i(7!-a#i%a% 6 e7!-a #a!a#. A' e# !He"i,! es i%e("i7i*a e# ap!"e %e *a%a e#e-e("! e( e# -a*! %e '( e(7!'e i("e$a%! %!(%e se pes'-e 'e %i,esas p!#"i*as p'e%e( "e(e a#$>( p!%e eBp#i*a"i,!. E# *as! pe'a(! es '( *as! i("eesa("e paa es"e 7i( p!'e e( e# pei!%! %e a(/#isis *!(*'ie!( %i,es!s 7a*"!es 'e e( "e!a p!%a( eBp#i*a es"e p!*es!5 p! eHe-p#!5 e# *e*i-ie("! e*!(+-i*! ! #a e7!-a #a!a# 9 'e i-p#i*+ #a *ea*i+( %e '( $i-e( #a!a# espe*ia# 'e e%'H! #!s *!s"!s %e# "aaH! paa #a -a6! pa"e %e# -e*a%! #a!a# 9 as *!-! -eH!as e( e# sis"e-a %e i(spe**i+(. T!%!s es"!s e#e-e("!s )a( si%! %es"a*a%!s p! %i,esas "e!as *!-! eBp#i*a"i,as %e #a i(7!-a#i%a% 65 p! "a("!5 %e #a 7!-a#i%a%. E# a(/#isis se ea#i8+ e( %!s e"apas. Pi-e!5 s!e #a ase %e '( -!%e#! %esa!##a%! !i$i(a#-e("e paa -e%i #!s e7e*"!s %e# *e*i-ie("! se*"!ia# s!e #a p!e8a5 es"i-a-!s #!s e7e*"!s %e# *e*i-ie("! se*"!ia# s!e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+(. L!s es'#"a%!s %e-'es"a( 'e #!s e7e*"!s se*"!ia#es s!( %i7ee(*ia%!s5 #! *'a# *!(7i-a #a )ip+"esis %e 'e #a *!-p!si*i+( %e# *e*i-ie("! i-p!"a paa #a 7!-a#i8a*i+(. E( pa"i*'#a5 e# *e*i-ie("! e*!(+-i*! %e #!s se*"!es -/s i("e(si,!s e( e-p#e! Ja$i*'#"'a5 *!-e*i!5 !"!s se,i*i!s 65 e( *ie"a -e%i%a5 es"a'a("es 6 )!"e#esK eBp#i*a( e# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( !se,a%!. L'e$!5 *!(s*ie("es %e 'e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( es '( p!*es! *!( ->#"ip#es *a'sas5 se a(a#i8+ *!-paa"i,a-e("e a'e##!s 7a*"!es 'e es"aa( %e"/s %e# p!*es! %e *e*i-ie("! %e #a "asa %e e-p#e! e$is"a%! !*'i%! e("e 22 6 212. L!s es'#"a%!s i(%i*a( 'e '( e#e-e("! *e("a# )a si%! e# *e*i-ie("! %e# ,a#! a$e$a%! e$i!(a# p! "aaHa%!. Ta-i( "ie(e '( e7e*"! si$(i7i*a"i,! 'e )a6a *e*i%! #a pa"i*ipa*i+( %e# ,a#! a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%! %e #!s se*"!es -/s i("e(si,!s e( e-p#e!5 6 'e a# -is-! "ie-p! "ie(e( -e(! p!%'*"i,i%a%5 #! *'a# i(%i*a 'e s' ,a#! a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%! )a *e*i%! -/s /pi%! 'e e# ,a#! a$e$a%! e$i!(a# p! "aaHa%!. Las ,aia#es as!*ia%as a #a e7!-a #a!a# ! a #!s *a-i!s e( #a i(spe**i+( (! )a( "e(i%! e7e*"!s si$(i7i*a"i,!s. Es"!s es'#"a%!s s!( *!(sis"e("es *!( e# )e*)! 'e5 e( Pe>5 a# -e(!s %!s %e *a%a "es "aaHa%!es *!( e-p#e! i(7!-a# "aaHa( e( '(i%a%es e*!(+-i*as i(7!-a#es5 'e (! es"/( e$is"a%as *!-! (e$!*i!s (i e( #!s sis"e-as "i'"ai!s5 6 'e #as '(i%a%es e*!(+-i*as %e# se*"! i(7!-a# "ie(e( (i,e#es %e p!%'*"i,i%a% e'i,a#e("es a '( !*"a,! %e #as %e# se*"! 7!-a#. E( es"as *i*'(s"a(*ias5 es eBp#i*a#e 'e s!#! #as ,aia#es ,i(*'#a%as a# *e*i-ie("! 65 s!e "!%!5 a# *e*i-ie("! %e #!s se*"!es %e -e(! p!%'*"i,i%a%5 "e($a( *!e7i*ie("es si$(i7i*a"i,!s. Es"! i-p#i*a 'e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a# e'iee pe,ia-e("e '( p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e #as 26
'(i%a%es e*!(+-i*as %!(%e se $e(ea e# e-p#e! i(7!-a#. P! #! "a("!5 p!a#e-e("e e# (7asis e( #a e%'**i+( %e *!s"!s %e# "aaH! paa #a MYPE %ea se ee-p#a8a%! p! '( -a6! (7asis e( p!"e(*ia #!s e(e7i*i!s %e #a 7!-a#i%a%5 "a#es *!-! a**es! a -e*a%!s -/s a-p#i!s5 7i(a(*ia-ie("!5 se,i*i!s %e %esa!##! e-pesaia#5 se$'i%a%5 e("e !"!s.
2.6 Referencias A*e-!$#'5 Da!( J21K. )ood *o#s (ersus #ad *o#s. &!'(a# !7 #a! e*!(!-i*s. V!# 1< N! 1. MIT. Aias9V/s'e85 Fa(*is*! &. Lee5 &ea( N. ] Ne)!'se5 Da,i% J212K. +,e -ole of ectoral )ro/t, Patterns in a#or 1aret e(elopments. a(*! M'(%ia#3 as)i($"!(5 D.C. e$5 &a(i(e J21K. a/s or uc? 4nderstandin5 risin5 formality in 6razil in t,e 2000s. MPRA Pape. U(i,esi"6 Lia6 !7 M'(i*). e"a(!'5 Fai! et al J21@K. 7nformalidad la#oral en 8r5entina. OIT3 'e(!s Aies. )a$a"i5 &a$%is) ] Pa(a$i,a5 A,i(% J214 9. :,y )ro/t, 1atters' ;o/ $conomic )ro/t, in 7ndia -educed Po(erty and essons for 3 Li-a. C)a*a#"a(a5 &'a( J2K. esafiando al desierto' realidad y perspecti(as del empleo en 7ca. Li-a3 CEDEP. C)a*a#"a(a5 &'a( J2K. 4na e(aluación del ré5imen la#oral especial para la microempresa en Perú= al cuarto a>o de (i5encia . Mi-e!. OIT3 Li-a. C)a($5 ;a9&!!( J2K. 6ad amaritans. -ic, ations= Poor Policies= and t,e +,reat of t,e e(elopin5 :orld . Ra(%!- ;!'se3 L!(%es. C)!($5 A#e"! Ga#%!5 &!s ] Saa,e%a5 &ai-e. 7nformality and Producti(ity in t,e a#or 1aret' Peru "@AB!200". ID3 as)i($"!(5 D.C. De &a(,65 A#ai( ] Sa%!'#e"5 E#isae") J212K. 85ricultural )ro/t, and Po(erty -eduction' 8dditional $(idence. !#% a( Resea*) Ose,e. V!#. 2:5 N!. 15 pp. 192. De S!"!5 ;e(a(%! G)esi5 E(i'e5 G)ie##i(i5 Mai! e I(s"i"'"! Lie"a% 6 De-!*a*ia J1<K. $l otro sendero' la re(olución informal . Li-a3 E# aa(*!3 I(s"i"'"! Lie"a% 6 De-!*a*ia. Da85 &'a( &!s J21@K. Formalización empresarial y la#oral . E(3 I(7a("e5 Ri*a%! ] C)a*a#"a(a5 &'a( JE%s.K. ;a*ia '( %esa!##! i(*#'si,!. E# *as! %e Pe>. Pp. 1492. OIT 6 CEPAL3 Sa("ia$! %e C)i#e.
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D!ei($e5 P. . ] Pi!e5 M. &. J1<1K. 7nternational a#or 1arets and 1anpo/er 8nalysis. ;ea")3 LeBi($"!( Fie#%s5 Ga6 J1<<K. a#our maret modelin5 and t,e ur#an informal sector' +,eory and e(idence. OECD3 Pais. ;a"5 Qei") J1<2K. $mployment= 7ncome and 7neuality' 8 trate5y for 7ncreasin5 Producti(e $mployment in Denya. OIT3 Gi(ea. INEI J21@K. Producción y empleo informal en el Perú' Cuenta satélite de la $conomía 7nformal 200!20"2. INEI3 Li-a. I(7a("e5 Ri*a%! ] S'(e#5 Os,a#%! J212K. a ,etero5eneidad de la estructura producti(a latinoamericana. Cam#io estructural para la i5ualdad. 4na (isión inte5rada de desarrollo.
Ti$si-! *'a"! pei!%! %e sesi!(es. CEPAL3 Sa( Sa#,a%!. I(7a("e5 Ri*a%! ] C)a*a#"a(a5 &'a( J21@K. ;acia un desarrollo inclusi(o. $l caso de Perú . OIT 6 CEPAL3 Sa("ia$! %e C)i#e. I(7a("e5 Ri*a%! C)a*a#"a(a5 &'a( e ;i$a5 Mi(!' J21@K. 8spectos estructurales del desempe>o macroeconómico del Perú. ituación actual= perspecti(as y políticas . E(3 I(7a("e5 Ri*a%! ] C)a*a#"a(a5 &'a( JE%s.K. ;a*ia '( %esa!##! i(*#'si,!. E# *as! %e Pe>. Pp. <912. OIT 6 CEPAL3 Sa("ia$! %e C)i#e. &aa-i##!5 Mi$'e# J214K. $mployment 5ro/t, and se5mentation in Peru= 200"!20"". Country case study on la#our maret se5mentation. OIT3 Gi(ea. Qa#%!5 Ni*)!#as J1<1K. Capital 8ccumulation and $conomic )ro/t,. UNESCO3 Pais. Qa('5 Ra,i J2
Ma#!(e65 i##ia- F. J1<<. Pp. 4<9 <. OIT 6 CEPAL3 Sa("ia$! %e C)i#e. Te##!5 Mai! J212K. a#or Producti(ity in Peru' "@@!200 . &!'(a# !7 CENTRUM Ca")e%a. V!#. :5 N!. 15 pp. 1191@2. T!-a(5 V*"! E. J1<K. 8n e%ploration into t,e nature of informal!formal sector relations,ips. !#% De,e#!p-e(". V!#. 5 N!. <915 pp. 1:91:. Ve%ea5 Fa(*is*! J21@K. o limits e%ist to informality 5ro/t, in out, 8merica? 8 preliminary 29
e%ploration. E(3 C#i($5 &ea(9Piee et al JE%s.K. T)e I(7!-a# E*!(!-6 i( De,e#!pi($
C!'("ies. R!'"#e%$e3 N'e,a Y!. IEGO J212K. +,e 7nformal $conomy' efinitions= +,eories and Policies . IEGO3 Ca-i%$e. Ya-a%a5 G's"a,! J1<<K. 4r#an 7nformal $mployment and elf $mployment in e(elopment countries. +,eory and $(idence. E*!(!-i* De,e#!p-e(" a(% C'#"'a# C)a($e. V!#. @@5 N!. 2 pp. 2<941@. T)e U(i,esi"6 !7 C)i*a$! Pess 7uentes de datos: E(*'es"a Na*i!(a# %e ;!$aes JENA;OK %e# I(s"i"'"! Na*i!(a# %e Es"a%s"i*a e • I(7!-/"i*! JINEIK. A!s 229212. • Í(%i*e %e e-p#e! e$is"a%! 229212 p'#i*a%! e( #a p/$i(a e %e# MTPE. • A('ai!s es"a%s"i*!s %e# MTPE J229212K. C!-pe(%i! Es"a%s"i*! %e# INEI J229212K. •
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Parte III: 87ormalidad em$resarial im$lica formalidad laboral9 !.1 Introducción La -a6! pa"e %e #as p!#"i*as %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( se )a !ie("a%! a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e (e$!*i!s5 s!e "!%! %e -i*! 6 pe'eas e-pesas JMYPESK. E( ese se("i%!5 #as i("e,e(*i!(es )a( si%! *#asi7i*a%as e( %!s $a(%es /eas. P! '( #a%!5 #as i("e,e(*i!(es "ip! 8a(a)!ia5 !ie("a%as a es"i-'#a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e es"!s (e$!*i!s5 p! eHe-p#!5 a "a,s %e si-p#i7i*a*i+( a%-i(is"a"i,a ! -e(!es e'ei-ie("!s 6 *!s"!s %e "a(sa**i+(. P! !"! #a%!5 i("e,e(*i!(es "ip! pa#!5 !ie("a%as a i(*e-e("a #a *apa*i%a% %e #!s es"a%!s paa )a*e *'-p#i s's (!-as5 -eH!a(%! s!e "!%! #!s sis"e-as %e i(spe**i+( 6 *!("!# e i(*e-e("a(%! #a p!ai#i%a% %e %e"e**i+( p! i(*'-p#i-ie("!s. Las e,a#'a*i!(es %e i-pa*"! 'e se )a( ea#i8a%! a es"as i("e,e(*i!(es "a-i( se p'e%e( *#asi7i*a %e es"e -!%!. E( es"e %ea"e5 e( -'*)!s *as!s5 se )a as'-i%! i-p#*i"a-e("e 'e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e# (e$!*i! e'i,a#e a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a#. N! !s"a("e5 a-!s 7e(+-e(!s s!( %is"i("!s5 a'( *'a(%! "ie(e( e#e-e("!s e( *!->(. Da"!s %e #a E(*'es"a Na*i!(a# %e ;!$aes JENA;OK -'es"a( 'e #a 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# e("e #as MYPES es -a6! 'e #a 7!-a#i%a% #a!a#. Es"! es e#e,a("e p'es"! 'e5 e( a#$'(!s *as!s5 (! e*!(!*e es"a %i7ee(*ia )a ##e,a%! a *!(7'si!(es (!"a#es e( -a"eia %e p!#"i*a5 p! eHe-p#!5 "a"a(%! %e es"i-'#a #a 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# *!( i(s"'-e("!s !ie("a%!s a #a 7!-a#i%a% #a!a# ! ,i*e,esa. E# !He"i,! %e es"a se**i+( es %!#e. Pi-e!5 se i(,es"i$a si e# )e*)! %e 'e a#$'(as MYPES sea( 7!-a#es i-p#i*a 'e s's "aaHa%!es "a-i( #! sea(. L!s es'#"a%!s -'es"a( 'e es"a e#a*i+( (! se *'-p#e5 p! #! 'e s'$e e# i("e!$a("e %e si es"! se %ee a #!s *!s"!s %e# "aaH!. L! a("ei! ##e,a a# se$'(%! !He"i,!3 a(a#i8a si '( es"-'#! a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a# e( MYPES 7!-a#es5 a "a,s %e e%'**i!(es e( *!s"!s %e# "aaH!5 *!(%'*e a #a 7!-a#i%a% #a!a#. L!s es'#"a%!s i(%i*a( 'e es"a e#a*i+( "a-p!*! se *'-p#e. Paa e# a(/#isis se '"i#i8a i(7!-a*i+( %e -i*! 6 pe'eas e-pesas 'e 6a se e(*'e("a( 7!-a#i8a%as J*!( e$is"! %e *!("i'6e("esK p!,e(ie("e %e #a E(*'es"a Na*i!(a# %e #a Mi*! 6 Pe'ea E-pesa ap#i*a%a e( e# pei!%! 219214. La es"'*"'a %e# %!*'-e("! es #a si$'ie("e. E( #a se**i+( 4.2 se e,isa #a #i"ea"'a *!(*ep"'a# 6 #a e,i%e(*ia e-pi*a %e %i,esas p!#"i*as %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( as *!-! es"'%i!s pe,i!s s!e #a Le6 MYPE e( e# Pe>. E( #a se**i+( 4.4 se e,isa( #!s )e*)!s es"i#i8a%!s s!e #as MYPES 6 #a i(7!-a#i%a% e( e# Pe>. E( #a se**i+( 4.@ se %es*ie #a -e"!%!#!$a 6 se pese("a( #!s es'#"a%!s as *!-! e# a(/#isis %e #a !'s"e8. Fi(a#-e("e e( #a se**i+( 4.: se pese("a( #as *!(*#'si!(es.
!.2 Reisión de literatura
31
EBis"e '(a a'(%a("e #i"ea"'a i("e(a*i!(a# 6 (a*i!(a# s!e e# "e-a %e #as pe'eas e-pesas@. M/s e*ie("e-e("e5 )a( e-pe8a%! apae*e ('-e!s!s es"'%i!s s!e 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e pe'eas e-pesas i("e("a(%! esp!(%e #a pe$'("a %e p! ' pe-a(e*e( i(7!-a#es a pesa %e 'e -'*)!s pases )a( i(i*ia%! e7!-as %e %i,es! "ip! paa i-p'#sa s' 7!-a#i8a*i+( *!-!5 p! eHe-p#!5 e7!-as %e si-p#i7i*a*i+( a%-i(is"a"i,a5 %e -a6! s'pe,isi+(5 e"*. La #i"ea"'a *e*ie("e-e("e '"i#i8a -"!%!s %e e,a#'a*i+( %e i-pa*"!. 3.2.a 8pro%imaciones conceptuales
L!s a("e*e%e("es *!(*ep"'a#es %e #a as!*ia*i+( e("e e# "a-a! %e #a 7i-a 6 #a i(7!-a#i%a% se e-!("a( a# i(7!-e !i$i(a# s!e i(7!-a#i%a% %e #a OIT J;a"5 1<2K e( e# 'e se s'$ii+ 'e e# se*"! i(7!-a# se *aa*"ei8a p! !pea -e%ia("e pe'eas '(i%a%es %e p!%'**i+(. A pa"i %e e("!(*es5 $a( pa"e %e #a #i"ea"'a e-pi*a as!*ia e# se*"! i(7!-a# *!( e-pesas pe'eas 65 %e )e*)!5 #as -e%i*i!(es e-pi*as %e# se*"! i(7!-a# s'e#e( ea#i8a es"a as!*ia*i+(. Des%e e# p'("! %e ,is"a *!(*ep"'a# eBis"e( ap!Bi-a*i!(es %e (i,e# -a*!e*!(+-i*! 6 -i*!e*!(+-i*!. E( e# p#a(! -a*!e*!(+-i*!5 e( A-i*a La"i(a5 e# e(7!'e -/s *!(!*i%! es e# %e #a )e"e!$e(ei%a% es"'*"'a# 'e s!s"ie(e 'e #a i(*!p!a*i+( %e# p!$es! "*(i*! e( #a -a6!a %e #as e*!(!-as #a"i(!a-ei*a(as (! )a si%! '( p!*es! $e(ea#i8a%! 'e se )a6a %i7'(%i%! e( "!%!s #!s se*"!es 6 a-as %e a*"i,i%a% e*!(+-i*a JCEPAL5 21@K. E# p!$es! "*(i*! )a "e(%i%! a *!(*e("ase e( %e"e-i(a%!s es"a"!s5 !ie("a%!s e( $a( pa"e a #as eBp!"a*i!(es5 6 a-p#i!s se*"!es %e #a e*!(!-a )a( 'e%a%! a# -a$e( %e# p!*es! %e -!%e(i8a*i+(. La )e"e!$e(ei%a% p!%'*"i,a p'e%e %eese a '(a %i7ee(*ia*i+( %e *a/*"e i("ese*"!ia# ! i("ase*"!ia#. La )e"e!$e(ei%a% i("ase*"!ia# se e7iee a #a *!eBis"e(*ia %e es"a"!s %e %is"i("a p!%'*"i,i%a% %e("! %e '( -is-! se*"!. Da%! 'e es %i7*i# e(*!("a '( se*"! 'e i(*#'6a eB*#'si,a-e("e es"a"!s %e a#"a ! %e aHa p!%'*"i,i%a%5 es -'6 p!a#e 'e e( s' i("ei! eBis"a( es"a#e*i-ie("!s *!( (i,e#es %e p!%'*"i,i%a% %i7ee(*ia%!s. La )e"e!$e(ei%a% es"'*"'a# i-p#i*a 'e #as %i7ee(*ias %e p!%'*"i,i%a% s!( #! s'7i*ie("e-e("e -a*a%as *!-! paa es"a"i7i*a *#aa-e("e e# sis"e-a p!%'*"i,! 6 e# -e*a%! %e "aaH! e( *apas %i,esas5 %!(%e #as *!(%i*i!(es "e*(!#+$i*as5 %e "aaH! 6 %e e-'(ea*i!(es s!( -'6 asi-"i*as@1. Des%e !"a pespe*"i,a5 "a-i( -a*!5 #a i(7!-a#i%a% %e #as MYPES "a-i( se as!*ia a# e("!(! e*!(+-i*!5 s!*ia# 6 )as"a p!#"i*! e i(s"i"'*i!(a#. De S!"! J1<K %es"a*a e# !# %e #as *a$as e$'#a"!ias5 'e es"i($e e# es7'e8! %e #!s pe'e!s e-pesai!s 6 #!s *!(%e(a a pe-a(e*e e( #a i(7!-a#i%a%. Le,6 et al J2K e(7a"i8a( e# !# %e #!s p!$a-as s!*ia#es 'e p'e%e( $e(ea %esi(*e("i,!s a #a 7!-a#i%a%. L!a68a et al J2:K aa%e( 'e 7a*"!es as!*ia%!s @ Vase
Pa($e# J214K paa '(a e,isi+( a*"'a#i8a%a %e #i"ea"'a s!e dri(ers %e *e*i-ie("! %e #as 7i-as. ;a#"ia($e et al J214K a(a#i8a a%e-/s #a e#a*i+( e("e "a-a! %e #as 7i-as 6 $e(ea*i+( %e e-p#e!. @1 I(7a("e 6 S'(e# J212K s!s"ie(e( 'e e# e(7!'e %e #a )e"e!$e(ei%a% se*"!ia# a"i'6e '( pape# pi!i"ai! a# se*"! i(%'s"ia# e( #a %i(/-i*a e*!(+-i*a5 p! se e# (>*#e! %e #a *ea*i+( %e *apa*i%a%es5 *!(!*i-ie("!s 6 p!*es!s %e ape(%i8aHe 'e se %a( e( *!(H'("! *!( #a i(,esi+( 6 #a p!%'**i+(. Si( e-a$!5 #a e,i%e(*ia -'es"a 'e es"e se*"! )a %eHa%! %e "e(e #a i-p!"a(*ia e#a"i,a 6 e# p!"a$!(is-! %i(/-i*! 'e "',! e( #a e"apa %e #a s's"i"'*i+( %e i-p!"a*i!(es. Aa%e( 'e #!s es"a"!s p!%'*"i,!s es"/( *!(7!-a%!s p! e-pesas %e %is"i("! "a-a!5 *!( -a*a%as %i7ee(*ias %e p!%'*"i,i%a% e("e #as e-pesas $a(%es5 #%ees %e# p!*es! %e -!%e(i8a*i+(5 6 e# a-p#i! 6 ,aia%! espe*"! %e '(i%a%es e8a$a%as5 e( #as 'e se *!(*e("a e# $'es! %e# e-p#e!. 32
a #a $!e(a(8a i(s"i"'*i!(a# "a-i( "ie(e( '( !#5 e( pa"i*'#a e#e-e("!s *!-! #a a'se(*ia %e *!'p*i+(5 #a pe,a#e(*ia %e #a #e6 6 e# (i,e# %e e(%i*i+( %e *'e("as %e #a %e-!*a*ia. T!$#e 6 S*)(ei%e J2K %es"a*a( e# !# %e #a *!(7ia(8a %e #a p!#a*i+( e( #a )ai#i%a% %e# se*"! p>#i*! paa se,i e# i("es %e #a p!#a*i+( i(7#'6e "a-i( e( #a i(7!-a#i%a%. C)!($ 6 Ga%s"ei( J2@K e(7a"i8a( e# !# %e #a %esi$'a#%a% 6 #a %ei#i%a% i(s"i"'*i!(a#. Las i("e,e(*i!(es %e p!#"i*a5 si( e-a$!5 es"/( -/s i(7#'e(*ia%as p! #as ap!Bi-a*i!(es -i*!e*!(+-i*as. A' %es"a*a #a ,isi+( %e 'e #a i(7!-a#i%a% es es'#"a%! %e '(a e#e**i+( a*i!(a# asa%a e( '( a(/#isis e(e7i*i!*!s"! %a%!s *ie"!s *!(%i*i!(a("es i(s"i"'*i!(a#es5 e$'#a"!i!s 6 )as"a e# sis"e-a %e ,a#!es %e #a s!*ie%a% JMa#!(e6 1<<
Pf ( a, l ) − w f l f (1 + t ) − τ
Π i ( a) =
[Pf (a, l ) − wi li ](1 − q)
J1K J2K
A'5 #a e*'a*i+( J1K %es*ie #!s e(e7i*i!s %e se 7!-a# 6 #a e*'a*i+( J2K #!s e(e7i*i!s %e se i(7!-a#. E( e# *as! 7!-a#5 )a6 '( *!s"! 7iH! %e se 7!-a#5 τ 5 as!*ia%! a "e-as %e e$is"!s 6 p!*e%i-ie("!s, 6 '(a p#a(i##a w f l f (1 + t ) 'e *!("ie(e "a("! e# p!%'*"! %e "aaHa%!es p! sa#ai!s *!-! J1"K 'e s!( i-p'es"!s as!*ia%!s a es"a p#a(i##a. E( e# *as! %e #a i(7!-a#i%a%5 #a 7'(*i+( %e e(e7i*i!s e(7e("a #a p!ai#i%a% %e se %e"e*"a%!5 q 5 e( *'6! *as! #!s e(e7i*i!s sea( i$'a#es a *e! 6 #a p#a(i##a es s!#a-e("e e# p!%'*"! %e sa#ai!s p! "aaHa%!es. As'-ie(%! 'e #a 7'(*i+( %e p!%'**i+( es C! D!'$#as f (a, l ) = a β l 1− β 6 'e 0paa 7a*i#i"a */#*'#!s9 #!s pe*i!s s!( i$'a#es a 15 [P = 1] 5 se !"ie(e( #as *!(%i*i!(es %e pi-e !%e( %e# p!*es! %e !p"i-i8a*i+( %e #a %e-a(%a %e "aaHa%!es paa '(a )ai#i%a% $ee(*ia# a :
(1 − β ) l f = a ( 1 ) w t + f
1 / β
1 / β
J4K
(1 − β ) J@K li = a w i E# "a-a! %e #as 7i-as5 se$>( *a("i%a% %e "aaHa%!es5 ,aa #i(ea#-e("e *!( a 5 6 ,a#!es %e a -'6 *e*a(!s a *e! 0*!( p!*a ! ('#a )ai#i%a% $ee(*ia#9 i-p#i*a( !pea e( #a i(7!-a#i%a% 33
%a%! e# *!s"! 7iH! τ 'e eBis"e *!(s's"a(*ia# a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+(5 e# *'a# %ee s'pease *!(H'("a-e("e *!( #!s *!s"!s a%i*i!(a#es e( -a(! %e !a. E( $e(ea#5 )a6 '( p'("! %e *!"e z 5 %!(%e Π f ( z) = Π i ( z ). A'5 si a ≤ z e("!(*es se !pea/ i(7!-a#-e("e5 e( *a-i! si a ≥ z se !pea/ 7!-a#-e("e. N+"ese 'e e( e# -!%e#!5 #a )ai#i%a% e-pesaia# *'-p#e '( !# %e *api"a#5 'e %ee s'pea #!s *!s"!s %e -a(! %e !a 6 #!s *!s"!s 7iH!s %e se 7!-a#5 sie(%! a-!s %e (a"'a#e8a %i7ee("e. S'$e e("!(*es #a p!sii#i%a% *!(*ep"'a# %e 0 a pe*i!s *!-pa"i%!s e( e# -is-! -e*a%! 0 %is"i($'i #a %!sis %e *api"a# J(! (e*esaia-e("e eBpesa%! e( )ai#i%a%esK (e*esai! paa i($esa a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( %is"i($'ie(%! e# *!s"! #a!a# %e #!s !"!s *!s"!s. 3.2.# $(idencia empírica
EBis"e a'(%a("e #i"ea"'a e-pi*a !ie("a%a a i%e("i7i*a #as *a'sas %e #a i(7!-a#i%a%. M'*)!s es"'%i!s i("e("a( -e%i *!e#a*i!(es e("e i(7!-a#i%a% 6 %i,esas ,aia#es '"i#i8a(%! e$esi!(es *!( %a"!s e("e pases. Me(!s 7e*'e("es s!( #!s es"'%i!s 'e '"i#i8a( ases %e %a"!s a (i,e# -i*!e*!(+-i*!. Si( e-a$!5 -/s e*ie("e-e("e )a( e-pe8a%! a apae*e a#$'(!s es"'%i!s e#a*i!(a%!s a p!#"i*as %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( *!( pa"i*'#a i("es e( s' i-pa*"!. O,ie%! et al J2#"i-a %*a%a se #e )a %a%! -a6! (7asis a #a e,a#'a*i+( %e i-pa*"! %e a#$'(as %e es"as -e%i%as. La -a6! pa"e %e #!s es"'%i!s se *!(*e("a( e( e# a(/#isis %e es'e-as %e i(*e("i,! a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( Jcarrot treatment K. Ma*e(8ie 6 Sa)! J21K a(a#i8a( e# e7e*"! %e# e$is"! s!e #!s -/$e(es %e $a(a(*ia %e #as MYPES '"i#i8a(%! -i*! %a"!s %e !#i,ia. E##!s '"i#i8a( ,aia#es i(s"'-e("a#es *!( #a 7i(a#i%a% %e *ap"'a e# e7e*"! %e #a )ai#i%a% e-pesaia# 6 '(a -e%i%a %e %is"a(*ia asa%a e( #!*a#i8a*i+( GPS *!-! p!B6 %e a**es! a #!s *e("!s %e e$is"!. E(*'e("a( e7e*"!s p!si"i,!s %e# e$is"! %e #as MYPES s!e e# %ese-pe! %e #as 7i-as5 6 'e e# e7e*"! !peaa a "a,s %e# a**es! a -a6! (>-e! %e *#ie("es. Asi-is-!5 e(*'e("a( 'e #!s e7e*"!s s!( )e"e!$(e!s 6a 'e #!s e(e7i*i!s s!( -e(!es e("e #as e-pesas -/s pe'eas. De# -is-! -!%!5 e(*'e("a( 'e a'e##as 7i-as 'e s!( i(7!-a#es %ei%! a 'e *ae*e( %e i(7!-a*i+( Ji(7!-a#es p! i$(!a(*iaK se e(e7i*ia( -/s 'e !"! "ip! %e i(7!-a#es Ji(7!-a#es p! e#e**i+(K. FaH(86#e5 Ma#!(e6 6 M!("es J2(i*! 'e a%e-/s %a a**es! a #a se$'i%a% s!*ia# a #!s "aaHa%!es %e #as MYPES. La 34
"*(i*a es propensity score matc,in5 6 re5ression discontinuity . E(*'e("a( 'e e# p!$a-a SIMPLES "ie(e e7e*"!s s!e #a 7!-a#i%a% %e #as e-pesas5 as *!-! e( s's ,e("as 6 '"i#i%a%es. N! !s"a("e5 a%,ie"e( 'e es"e e7e*"! (! !pea a "a,s %e '( -a6! a**es! a# *%i"! ! a "a,s %e -a6! a**es! a #a s'*!("a"a*i+(. I(7iee( 'e es"! p'e%e %eese a 'e #a -a(! %e !a -/s aa"a J%a%! 'e (! pa$a( p! #a se$'i%a% s!*ia#K pe-i"ia e# 's! %e "e*(!#!$as -/s i("e(si,as e( *api"a#. &aa-i##! J214K5 p! !"! #a%!5 ea#i8a '( eHe*i*i! eBpei-e("a# e( Pe>5 e( e# 'e se !7e*i+ pa$a#es a #as e-pesas pa"i*ipa("es e# *!s"! %e# e$is"!. L!s es'#"a%!s i(%i*a( 'e s!#! '(a %e *'a"! 7i-as a*ep"+ #a !7e"a5 e,i%e(*ia(%! 'e e# *!s"! %e #a e$is"a*i+( (! pae*e se e# pi(*ipa# !s"/*'#! paa #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e #as MYPES. I(7iee 'e #!s *!s"!s %e #a$! p#a8! %e #a 7!-a#i%a% %ee( se -a6!es a s's e(e7i*i!s. S!( -/s es*as!s #!s es"'%i!s %e '( e(%'e*i-ie("! %e #a i(spe**i+( J stic treatment K. De Gi!$i5 P#!e(8e 6 Ra)-a( J21:K ea#i8a( '( eBpei-e("! e( a($#a%es) 'e *!(sis"i+ e( e# e(,! %e '(a *a"a (!"aia# p! pa"e %e #a A'"!i%a% Na*i!(a# %e Ti'"!s a #as 7i-as i(7!-a#es5 i(%i*a(%! 'e se e$is"e #a e-pesa 9 si( *!s"!9 e( '( p#a8! %e 4 %as ! se e(%'e*ea( #as pe(a#i%a%es. E(*'e("a( e7e*"!s si$(i7i*a"i,!s5 pe! pe'e!s3 #a "asa %e 7!-a#i%a% s'i+ %e .< a 2.2. Asi-is-!5 e(*'e("a( 'e #!s e7e*"!s s!#! s!( si$(i7i*a"i,!s e("e #as 7i-as *!( i($es!s -/s a#"!s. De A(%a%e5 ')( 6 Ma*e(8ie J214K ea#i8a( '( eBpei-e("! e( asi# %!(%e a(a#i8a( %i,es!s "a"a-ie("!s a#"e(a"i,!s "a("! %e i(*e("i,! *!-! %e i(spe**i+(3 1K i(7!-a*i+(5 2K e$is"a*i+( $a"'i"a 6 *!("ai#i%a% $a"is p! '( a!5 4K -/s i(spe**i+( a# i("ei! %e #a 7i-a5 6 @K -/s i(spe**i+( e( 7i-as ,e*i(as Jpaa ,e si )a6 spillo(er effectsK. E(*'e("a( 'e e# pi-e "a"a-ie("!5 %e -/s i(7!-a*i+(5 $e(ea -/s *!(!*i-ie("! pe! (! 7!-a#i%a%. L! -is-! !*'e *!( e# "a"a-ie("! 25 %e e$is"! 6 *!("ai#i%a% $a"is. P! !"! #a%!5 s se e(*'e("a( e7e*"!s p!si"i,!s5 a'('e -e(!es a #!s espea%!s5 %e '(a -a6! i(spe**i+( e( #a 7i-a 6a 'e #as "asas %e 7!-a#i%a% pasa!( %e 21 a 2. E# "a"a-ie("! @ (! 7'(*i!(+. A#$'(as *!(*#'si!(es i-p!"a("es se %espe(%e( %e es"a e,e e,isi+(. Pi-e!5 e( "!%!s es"!s es"'%i!s #a )ip+"esis s'6a*e("e es 'e #a 7i-a )a*e '(a e#e**i+( a*i!(a# e("e #!s *!s"!s 6 e(e7i*i!s %e #a 7!-a#i%a%. Se$'(%!5 se ea#i8a p! #! $e(ea# '( a(/#isis %e '( "a"a-ie("! ! "a"a-ie("!s a#"e(a"i,!s5 (! %e "a"a-ie("!s *!-p#e-e("ai!s5 #! *'a# sea espea#e e( '( e(7!'e i("e$a%!. Te*e!5 #!s *!s"!s %e# "aaH! !pea( *!-! '( *!s"! 6 a'('e (! se #e e,a#>a %ie*"a-e("e5 se as'-e 'e %ee i(7#'i e( #a %e*isi+( %e 7!-a#i%a% %e #a 7i-a JFaH(86#e5 Ma#!(e6 6 M!("es 2( (! )a si%! ea#i8a%a. 3.2.c $studios pre(ios so#re la ey 1HP$
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e-pesas %e -/Bi-! 1 "aaHa%!es 6 *!( ,e("as %e -/Bi-! 1: UIT a('a#es@@5 6 #as pe'eas e-pesas5 *!-! a'e##as 'e *'e("a( *!( )as"a : "aaHa%!es 6 ,e("as 'e (! s'pea( #as : UIT a('a#es. La Le6 *!("e-p#a "es i(s"'-e("!s ! e(e7i*i!s3 •
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U(a i%ea 'e es pe%!-i(a("e a>( e("e a*a%-i*!s es 'e #a 7!-a#i%a% sea '(a s'e"e %e e#e**i+( %is*e"a e("e '( es"a%! 7!-a# %!(%e se !pea *'-p#ie(%! "!%!s #!s e'isi"!s %e #a 7!-a#i%a%5 ,es's '( es"a%! i(7!-a#5 %!(%e se !pea si( *'-p#i (i($'(!. La ea#i%a%5 si( e-a$!5 es as"a("e %is"i("a. Paa e-pe8a5 eBis"e '(a %i7ee(*ia e("e 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# 6 7!-a#i%a% #a!a#. A-!s *!(*ep"!s s!( *!-! %!s *aas %e #a -is-a -!(e%a5 pe! (! s!( #! -is-!. F!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# "ie(e 'e ,e *!( #!s e'isi"!s paa !pea *!-! (e$!*i!. F!-a#i%a% #a!a# se e7iee a# "ip! %e e#a*i+( 'e e# (e$!*i! "ie(e *!( s's "aaHa%!es. E( e# *as! %e #as MYPES a-!s *!(*ep"!s s'e#e( *!(7'(%ise. Respe*"! %e #as *!(%i*i!(es %e "aaH!5 se p'e%e ,e e( e# C'a%! 1 %e# A(eB! 'e5 e( "!%as #as 7!-as -i*! e-pesaia#es5 #a -a6!a %e #!s "aaHa%!es $a(a( -e(!s 'e e# sa#ai! -(i-! JK5 6 '( p!*e("aHe -e(! *'e("a *!( p!"e**i+( s!*ia#3 1 e( e# *as! %e se$'! %e sa#'%5 6 11 e( e# *as! %e pe(si!(es. Respe*"! a# e$is"! e-pesaia#5 '( 1: *'e("a *!( es"e %!*'-e("!@ J'e e7#eHa 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia#K5 p!*e("aHe 'e es @ e("e -i*!e-pesas *!( "aaHa%!es asa#aia%!s 6 a#e%e%! %e 1 e( #!s !"!s *as!s. La i(7!-a#i%a% #a!a# as*ie(%e a < e( "!%! es"e se*"!5 sie(%! %e <@ e("e #as -i*!e-pesas 7a-i#iaes. E# C'a%! 1 %e# A(eB! "a-i( %esa$e$a es"as *aa*"es"i*as se$>( e$is"! %e# (e$!*i!. E( e# @ L,a(!
J2K es"i-a 'e e( 25 %e# "!"a# %e (e$!*i!s %e )as"a 1 "aaHa%!es5 '( 2. es"aa e$is"a%! e( SUNAT. 40
*as! %e #!s *!(%'*"!es %e #!s (e$!*i!s %es"a*a 'e a'e##!s e$is"a%!s e( #a SUNAT s!( -/s H+,e(es 6 "ie(e( -a6! e%'*a*i+( 'e #!s %e (e$!*i!s (! e$is"a%!s. E( e# *as! %e #!s "aaHa%!es %e e-pesas 7!-a#es5 e# p!*e("aHe %e e-p#e! i(7!-a# es %e J'(! %e *a%a "es *'e("a *!( e-p#e! 7!-a#K e( "a("! 'e #a "asa %e i(7!-a#i%a% #a!a# e( #as e-pesas i(7!-a#es5 es 1. Es"as *i7as i#'s"a( #a -a$(i"'% %e# %esa7! paa #as p!#"i*as. E# se*"! %e #a -i*!e-pesa5 e7e*"i,a-e("e5 %a e-p#e! a #a -a6! pa"e %e pes!(as 'e pa"i*ipa( e( e# -e*a%! %e "aaH! e( e# Pe>5 pe! es as"a("e )e"e!$(e!. E( -'*)!s *as!s5 (! )a6 e#a*i!(es %e asa#aia-ie("!5 si(! e#a*i!(es 7a-i#iaes ! i(%i,i%'a#es. Es"a es '(a pa"i*'#ai%a% %e# -e*a%! %e "aaH! pe'a(! 'e %ee se "!-a%a e( *'e("a e( e# -!-e("! %e "!-a %e*isi!(es %e p!#"i*a. E# -e*a%! %e "aaH!5 *!-! -e*a%!5 (! )a ##e$a%! a>( a "!%!s #!s espa*i!s %e #a ,i%a e*!(+-i*a %e# pas5 6 e( a#$'(!s *as!s5 #as e#a*i!(es s!( pe -e*a%!. Es"! es '( es'#"a%! e,i%e("e pe! (! "i,ia#. EBis"e e-p#e! i(7!-a# a'( e( e-pesas 7!-a#es 6 es as"a("e %i7*i# 'e eBis"a e-p#e! 7!-a# e( e-pesas i(7!-a#es. E( *!(se*'e(*ia5 #!s i(*e("i,!s a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a# !peaa(5 e( e# -eH! %e #!s *as!s5 e( e-pesas 6a 7!-a#i8a%as *!-! (e$!*i!s. _'ee 7!-a#i8a e# e-p#e! e( e-pesas i(7!-a#es es '( e"! s's"a(*ia#-e("e -/s *!-p#eH!. G/7i*! 1. Pe>3 F!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# 6 #a!a# p! "a-a! %e e-pesa.
E#a!a*i+( p!pia s!e #a ase %e ENA;O J21@K
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La 7!-a#i%a% #a!a# 6 e-pesaia# "ie(e( #a -is-a i(*i%e(*ia s!#! paa #!s "aaHa%!es a'"+(!-!s ! p! *'e("a p!pia. A pa"i %e e("!(*es5 #a 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# es s'pei! a #a 7!-a#i%a% #a!a# e( "!%!s #!s "a-a!s %e e-pesa La 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# se i(*e-e("a a '(a "asa %e *e*i-ie("! -a6! a -e%i%a 'e s'e e# "a-a! %e #a e-pesa %e -!%! 'e5 a pa"i %e #!s 2 "aaHa%!es5 #!s (i,e#es a#*a(8a( e# %e 7!-a#i%a%. La 7!-a#i%a% #a!a# s'e -/s #e("a-e("e 6 a #!s 2 "aaHa%!es ape(as a#*a(8a e# 4. De )e*)!5 ('(*a s'pea e# . 41
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Las -a6!es %i7ee(*ias e("e (i,e#es %e 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# 6 #a!a# !*'e( e( #as e-pesas -/s pe'eas.
Es"! -'es"a *#aa-e("e (! s!#! 'e #a i(7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# 6 #a #a!a# s!( %is"i("as5 si(! 'e s's %e"e-i(a("es (! s!( (e*esaia-e("e #!s -is-!s. C!(7i-a "a-i( 'e a-!s 7e(+-e(!s s!( -/s 7e*'e("es e("e #as e-pesas -/s pe'eas5 #! *'a# p!a#e-e("e *!("i'6e a #a *!(7'si+( e("e i(7!-a#i%a% #a!a# 6 e-pesaia#5 6 pe'ea e-pesa. P! !"! #a%!5 a# i("ei! %e #a 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# *!-! 7!-a#i%a% #a!a# eBis"e( (i,e#es %e 7!-a#i%a%. Es"! se %ee a *+-! !*'e e# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+(5 'e es -/s ie( $a%'a#. E( e# *as! %e Pe>5 e# p!*e%i-ie("! "ie(e ,aias e"apas. E( e# G/7i*! 2 %e# A(eB! i("e("a-!s -!s"a es"e p!*es! *!( i(7!-a*i+( %e #a E(*'es"a Na*i!(a# %e #as MYPES JEMYPEK. •
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U( pi-e pas! es i(s*iise a("e #a a'"!i%a% "i'"aia J#a S'pei("e(%e(*ia Na*i!(a# %e Re*a'%a*i+( Ti'"aia5 SUNATK. Es %e*i5 #as e-pesas %ee( !"e(e '( Re$is"! Ú(i*! %e C!("i'6e("es e( #a SUNAT. E( 21@5 #a ENA;O i(%i*a 'e '( @ "ie(e ese e$is"!. Pe! (! as"a "e(e RUC paa !pea. Se e'iee "e(e '(a #i*e(*ia %e 7'(*i!(a-ie("! 'e !"!$a( #as -'(i*ipa#i%a%es. La EMYPE e,e#+ 'e5 %e# "!"a# %e MYPES *!( RUC5 '( <. "ie(e #i*e(*ia %e 7'(*i!(a-ie("! -'(i*ipa# A)!a ie(5 "e(e RUC 6 Li*e(*ia %e F'(*i!(a-ie("! $aa("i8a 'e #a e-pesa es"/ e$is"a%a J7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia#K pe! (! (e*esaia-e("e s's "aaHa%!es J7!-a#i%a% #a!a#K. Paa 'e es"! !*'a5 #a e-pesa %ee e$is"a s' p#a(i##a J#a !#i$a*i+( es a pa"i %e 4 "aaHa%!es ! -/sK. E( ese se("i%!5 #a EMYPE i(%i*a 'e '( :.2 %e #!s 'e "ie(e( RUC "ie(e( e$is"! %e p#a(i##a. Fi(a#-e("e5 %e es"e "!"a#5 a#$'(as MYPES p'e%e( )a*e 's! %e '( $i-e( #a!a# espe*ia# JLe6 MYPEK5 paa #! *'a# se %ee( i(s*ii e( e# Re$is"! %e #a Le6 JREMYPEK. L!s %a"!s %e #a EMYPE i(%i*a( 'e '( 24. %e #as MYPES *!( RUC es"/( i(s*i"as a REMYPE. L#a-a #a a"e(*i+( e# aH! (i,e# %e e$is"! e( es"a Le6 a pesa %e 'e e# $i-e( #a!a# espe*ia# es as"a("e -e(!s *!s"!s! 'e e# $i-e( $e(ea#.
Es"! e7#eHa (! s!#! (i,e#es %e 7!-a#i%a%5 si(! 'e eBpesa '(a 7a#"a %e e(#a*es e("e #!s sis"e-as %e e$is"! %e# Es"a%!. E( *'a#'ie *as!5 se p'e%e *!(*#'i 'e 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# 6 #a!a# es"/( es"e*)a-e("e e#a*i!(a%as pe! s!( 7e(+-e(!s ! p!*es!s %is"i("!s. N! se #es p'e%e *!(si%ea e("!(*es *!( '( s!#! *i"ei! a #a )!a %e %e7i(i p!#"i*as. Y #a 7!-a#i%a% "ie(e "a-i( (i,e#es ! $a%!s 9p!a#e-e("e *!( '( !%e( %e pe#a*i+( e("e e##!s9 #! *'a# es %e"e-i(a("e e( #a 7!-'#a*i+( %e p!#"i*as.
!.& Aaluando el im$acto del Rimen aboral As$ecial $ara las icroem$resas Es"a#e*e #!s e7e*"!s %e '(a Le6 es si( %'%a '( p!*e%i-ie("! *!-p#eH!. Se e'iee sae ' )aa pasa%! si #a Le6 (! se )'iea p'es"! e( ,i$e(*ia. C!-! es %i7*i# es"a#e*e e# es"a%! %e# -'(%! e( %!s si"'a*i!(es %i7ee("es a# -is-! "ie-p! J*!( 6 si( #a ap#i*a*i+( %e '(a Le6K5 es *#a! 'e se e'iee a#$>( "ip! -e*a(is-! 'e pe-i"a )a*e es"as *!-paa*i!(es. F!-a#-e("e5 #a es"i-a*i+( %e# i-pa*"! %e #a Le6 MYPE e'iee %e7i(i '(a ,aia#e !He"i,! Y 'e5 a "a,s %e a#$'(a 7!-a 7'(*i!(a# g (.) 5 p'e%a se e#a*i!(a%a *!( '( sis"e-a %e ,aia#es eBp#i*a"i,as %e #a si$'ie("e -a(ea3 42
Y = g ( Z ) + υ
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E( es"e *as! υ es e# e!5 *'6a -e%ia es *e!5 g (.) es '(a 7'(*i+( (! es"!*/s"i*a 6 e# sis"e-a %e ,aia#es Z %ee "e(e *!-p!(e("es 'e %es*ie( #a (a"'a#e8a %e #as '(i%a%es %e !se,a*i+( espe*"! a Y -e%ia("e '(a eBpesi+( a(a#"i*a "e+i*a-e("e s's"e("a#e. E( "-i(!s %e La Le6 MYPE5 #a ,aia#e !He"i,! *e("a# p'e%e se #a e("ai#i%a% %e #a e-pesa Jes'#"a%! e( #a e-pesaK ! #as *!(%i*i!(es %e "aaH! %e #!s "aaHa%!es Jes'#"a%!s e( #!s "aaHa%!esK. L! 'e se !se,a e( #!s %a"!s s!( %!s p!sii#i%a%es3 aK 'e #a e-pesa p'e%e es"a e$is"a%a e( #a Le6 ( D = 1) ! K 'e (! es" e$is"a%a ( D = 0) . E( ese *as!5 se p'e%e %e7i(i #a $a(a(*ia ! %i7ee(*ia e( #a ,aia#e !He"i,! paa #a e-pesa i 5 *!-!3 ∆ = −
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D!(%e Y 1i epese("a #a ,aia#e es'#"a%! %e #a e-pesa i e$is"a%a e( #a Le65 -ie("as 'e Y 0i epese("a #a -is-a ,aia#e paa #a e-pesa i 5 si (! se )a e$is"a%!. La %i7i*'#"a% %e #a e,a#'a*i+( *!(sis"e e( 'e es i-p!si#e !se,a a #a -is-a e-pesa e( a-as *i*'(s"a(*ias a# -is-! "ie-p!. Da%! 'e Y 1i es !se,a#e %ie*"a-e("e paa #as e$is"a%as5 e# p!#e-a *e("a# es es"i-a #! 'e )'iea !*'i%! *!( #!s es'#"a%!s %e #as e$is"a%as si (! se )'iea( e$is"a%!5 es %e*i5 se e'iee es"i-a | = 1) a# 'e se #e %e(!-i(a es"a%! *!("a 7a*"'a#. U(a s!#'*i+( a# p!#e-a %e #a e,a#'a*i+( es *!-paa *!( '( $'p! %e *!("!#. Es %e*i5 #a i%ea es e(*!("a paa *a%a '(a %e #as MYPES e$is"a%as5 !"a s'7i*ie("e-e("e pae*i%a *!-! paa ase$'a 'e p'e%e p!p!*i!(a i(7!-a*i+( s!e *'/# sea s' si"'a*i+( si (! se )'iea e$is"a%! 3.&.a 8nIlisis de corte trans(ersal' una diferencia 20"3
U(a pi-ea !p*i+( es '"i#i8a '(a *!-paa*i+( si-p#e %e -e%ias5 es %e*i5 E (Y 0 / D = 0) 7e("e a E (Y 1 / D = 1) . Es"! se p'e%e ea#i8a i(i*ia#-e("e *!( '(a -'es"a %e *!"e "a(s,esa#5 '"i#i8a(%! #a E(*'es"a Na*i!(a# %e #as MYPES5 EMYPE. E( 2145 es"a e(*'es"a "ie(e '( "!"a# %e 4524 !se,a*i!(es %e #as *'a#es 24@ s!( "aaHa%!es p! *'e("a p!pia 6 @ s!( -e%ia(as ! $a(%es e-pesas J,e C'a%! @K. Es"a e(*'es"a i(*#'6+ "a-i( '(a pe$'("a s!e e# REMYPE Ja'"! %e*#aa*i+(K. Si( e-a$!5 *!("a-!s *!( e# e$is"! e7e*"i,! 'e ,ie(e %a%! p! e# e$is"! REMYPE5 e# *'a# pe-i"e es"a#e*e e# a! e( 'e #a e-pesa se e$is"+ *!-! e(e7i*iaia %e #a Le6. U( "!"a# %e 152< e-pesas "ie(e( es"a *!(%i*i+(. Las %e -a6! a("i$`e%a% e( e# e$is"! s!( '(as e-pesas 'e se e$is"a!( e( 2<. Es"a ,aia#e pe-i"e "e(e '( i(%i*a%! %e i("e(si%a% %e# "a"a-ie("!.
43
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Re$is"! e7e*"i,! Re$is"a%! 2< 21 211 212 214 Si( e$is"! A'"! %e*#aa*i+( S Je$is"+K N! 1issin5
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E( #!s C'a%!s 2 6 4 %e# A(eB! se pese("a( pe*isa-e("e #!s p!-e%i!s %e '( *!(H'("! %e ,aia#es *!-'(es e("e #a e(*'es"a a -i*!e-pesai!s e$is"a%!s 6 (! e$is"a%!s J'"i#i8a(%! e# e$is"! e7e*"i,!K. Se !se,a 'e )a6 '(a -a6! p!p!*i+( %e e-pesas e$is"a%as 7'ea %e Li-a5 e("e #as (! i(s*i"as )a6 -/s pes!(as (a"'a#es5 6 *!("a"a( -/s -a(! %e !a aH! #a 7!-a %e "aaH! 7a-i#ia (! e-'(ea%!. Las e-pesas e$is"a%as p! e# *!("ai! "ie(e( -/s "aaHa%!es pe-a(e("es5 %!(%e #!s (i,e#es %e 7!-a#i%a% s!( -a6!es. Paa ea#i8a '(a *!-paa*i+( -/s pe*isa es (e*esai! *!("!#a p! %i7ee(*ias !se,a#es 6 (! !se,a#es. U(a !p*i+( es ap!Bi-ase *!( E (Y 0 / D = 0, X ) 5 es %e*i5 *!("!#a p! *ie"as ,aia#es !se,a#es 'e pe-i"a( a7i(a -eH! #as *!-paa*i!(es. Da%! 'e e-pa"a s!e X p#a("ea '( p!#e-a %e %i-e(si!(a#i%a%5 !"a !p*i+( es e-pa"a s!e P( X ) 5 #! *'a# se %e(!-i(a e-pa"es e( ase a p!pe(si!(es a pa"i*ipa. As5 e# eHe*i*i! %e e-pa"e e'eia #a es"i-a*i+( %e E (Y 0 / D = 0, P( X )). Es"a -e"!%!#!$a e'iee as"a("e i(7!-a*i+(5 6 s+#! 7'(*i!(a si #as ,aia#es %e i(7#'e(*ia paa %e"e-i(a #a pa"i*ipa*i+( 6 "a"a-ie("! s!( !se,a#es. E( "-i(!s p/*"i*!s5 paa ea#i8a es"e eHe*i*i!5 #! pi-e! es es"a#e*e #a p!ai#i%a% %e pa"i*ipa e( e# p!$a-a. Es"a p!ai#i%a% se as'-e *!-! 7'(*i+( %e %i,esas *aa*"es"i*as *!-! se p'e%e ape*ia e( #a e*'a*i+( si$'ie("e3 Pr( D = 1) ≡ P( X ) = F ( β X i )
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A'5 X i es '( ,e*"! %e ,aia#es !se,a#es 'e i(*#'6e *aa*"es"i*as %e# *!(%'*"! %e #a -i*!e-pesa5 *aa*"es"i*as %e #a -i*!e-pesa *!-! (e$!*i! 6 *aa*"es"i*as %e #a -a(! %e !a e( #a e-pesa. E( e# *as! a' a(a#i8a%!5 paa ea#i8a e# e-pa"e e("e MYPES e$is"a%as 6 (! e$is"a%as5 se )a '"i#i8a%! #a a("i$`e%a%5 a-a 6 #!*a#i8a*i+( $e!$/7i*a %e# (e$!*i! #a e%a%5 seB! 6 e%'*a*i+( %e# *!(%'*"! 6 ,aia#es i(aias paa #a p!pie%a% %e# #!*a# Jp!pi! ! (!K 6 e# 44
"ip! %e !$a(i8a*i+( Jpes!(a (a"'a# ! H'%i*aK. T!%as es"as ,aia#es s!( si$(i7i*a"i,as paa e# e-pa"e J,e C'a%! @ %e# A(eB!K. L'e$!5 as/(%!se e( es"a e$esi+( se *a#*'#a #a p!pe(si+( a pa"i*ipa J propensity scoreK e( #a Le6. Se ea#i8a '( "es" %e #a espe*i7i*a*i+( J,e C'a%! : %e# A(eB!K. Paa 7i(es %e es"a#e*e %i7ee(*ias e("e #as MYPES e$is"a%as 6 #as (! e$is"a%as5 i("eesa a(a#i8a %!s %i-e(si!(es %e i("es3 aK #a pe7!-a(*e e*!(+-i*a %e #a MYPE 6 K a#$'(!s i(%i*a%!es as!*ia%!s a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+(. Da%! 'e "!%as #as e-pesas s!( 7!-a#es "i'"aia-e("e5 #a 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# se ap!Bi-a -e%ia("e #a #i*e(*ia %e 7'(*i!(a-ie("!. Paa #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a# '"i#i8a-!s %!s i(%i*a%!es *!-p#e-e("ai!s3 #a p!p!*i+( %e "aaHa%!es pe-a(e("es 6 #a p!p!*i+( %e "aaHa%!es *!( e-'(ea*i+(@<. L!s es'#"a%!s %e# a(/#isis %e e-paeHa-ie("! se -'es"a( e( e# C'a%! :. E("e #as ,aia#es as!*ia%as a #a performance e*!(+-i*a %e #a e-pesa5 #a >(i*a 'e es'#"a *!( '(a %i7ee(*ia si$(i7i*a"i,a Ja# 1K es e# -a$e( %e $a(a(*ia JeB*e%e("e %e eBp#!"a*i+(p!%'**i+(K5 -ie("as 'e e("e #as ,aia#es as!*ia%as a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+(5 es'#"a( si$(i7i*a"i,as #as as!*ia%as a 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a#. C'a(%! se %esa$e$a es"e a(/#isis5 se !"ie(e 'e es"!s e7e*"!s se ,ei7i*a( s!e "!%! e("e #as -i*! 6 pe'eas e-pesas. E( e# *as! %e #as pe'eas e-pesas5 #as ,aia#es as!*ia%as a 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a# es'#"a( (! si$(i7i*a"i,as 65 %e )e*)!5 se !se,a '( i(*e-e("! e( e# -a$e( %e $a(a(*ia. E# )e*)! %e 'e (! )a6a( %i7ee(*ias si$(i7i*a"i,as e( #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( e-pesaia# J#i*e(*ia -'(i*ipa#K5 p'e%e %eese a 'e es"a ,aia#e 6a "ie(e (i,e#es a#"!s e("e #as e-pesas %e es"a e(*'es"a J'e s!( 7!-a#es "i'"aia-e("eK. E( "!%! *as!5 es"e es'#"a%! "a-i( es *!(sis"e("e *!( #a i%ea %e 'e pi-e! !*'e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( e-pesaia# 6 #'e$! #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a#. L! !p'es"! es p!*! p!a#e5 i(*#'s! *!-! "/-i"e e( #a *!(s"i"'*i+( %e '(a e-pesa. U(ie(%! es"!s es'#"a%!s se "ie(e 'e5 *!-paa(%! e$is"a%as ,es's (! e$is"a%as5 6 *!("!#a(%! p! !se,a#es5 #as -i*!e-pesas e$is"a%as "ie(e( '(a -a6! p!p!*i+( %e "aaHa%!es 7!-a#es5 pe! a# -is-! "ie-p!5 s's -/$e(es %e $a(a(*ia s!( -e(!es. E( e# *as! %e #as pe'eas e-pesas e( *a-i!5 (! )a6 e7e*"!s s!e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a# (i e-pesaia#5 pe! si )a6 '( i(*e-e("! e( e# -a$e( %e $a(a(*ia. Es %e*i5 e( #as e-pesas -/s $a(%es5 %!(%e 6a )aa p!a#e-e("e -a6!es (i,e#es %e 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# 6 #a!a# pe,ia5 #a Le6 s!#! i(*e-e("a #!s -/$e(es %e $a(a(*ia.
@< E(
#a EMYPE se "ie(e( "es *a"e$!as3 pe-a(e("es5 e,e("'a#es 6 "aaHa%!es si( e-'(ea*i+(. L!s >#"i-!s s!( *#aa-e("e "!"a#-e("e i(7!-a#es #a!a#-e("e. Si( e-a$!5 %a%! 'e #a 7!-a#i%a% e("e #!s "aaHa%!es pe-a(e("e es ie( aHa5 se '"i#i8a "a-i( *!-! i(%i*a%! p!B6 %e 7!-a#i%a%. 45
C'a%! :. E7e*"!s %e #a Le6. Propensity core 1atc,in5 . C!"e "a(s,esa# 214 Tea"e%
a. %odas las em$resas P!%'*"! p! "aaHa%! Va#! a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%! Ma$e( %e $a(a(*ias TaaHa%!es pe-a(e("es Li*e(*ia -'(i*ipa# P#a(i##a e#e*"+(i*a TaaHa%!es e-'(ea%!s . Mi*!e-pesas P!%'*"! p! "aaHa%! Va#! a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%! Ma$e( %e $a(a(*ias TaaHa%!es pe-a(e("es Li*e(*ia -'(i*ipa# P#a(i##a e#e*"+(i*a TaaHa%!es e-'(ea%!s
c. Pe
C!("!#
Di77ee(*e
S.E.
T9S"a"
U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT
<5<@ <5<@ 245::@ 245::@ .1 .1 .: .: .@ .@ . . . .
:5 45:@ 245<@2 225: .1< .1< .4 .4< . . .@: .@ . .
@52 :5:< 94 < 9.2 9.2 .12 .11 . . .2@ .2@ .< .<
45: @542 151: 152<2 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1
1. 1.2< 9.4: . 92. 91.@ .1 .24 4.21 2.1 12 1.@ .4 .41
U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT
5 5 2254 2254 .1 .1 .@ .@ .1 .1 . . .@ .@
25 524 22544 215@1: .2 .2 .4@ .4 .: .: .@1 .@1 .@ .@
:5 5:2@ 944 <@: 9.4 9.4 .1@ .12 . . .2 .2 .< .<
@51:< @5<2 1521 15@@2 .1 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .4 .1 .2
1.4< 1.:4 9.41 .: 94.@ 92. .1 .:@ 4. 2. 12.2: 1.4@ . :.<
U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT U(-a"*)e% ATT
5441 54 451 45222 .1< .1< . . .< .< .1 .1 .< .<
<5:@ <<524 4452< 425:2 .1: .1: .@ .@ .<1 .<1 . .< .< .<
91252:@ 9125@1 945@ 9254: .@ .@ 9.@ 9.@ 9.2 9.2 .1 .4 9.1 .
51 514 25@< 254 .2 .2 .@ .@ .4 .4 .: .: .1 .1
91.: 91.:4 91.1: 9. 2.1< 2.44 9.< 91. 9. 9.4 .2 .: 9.:< 9.42
3.&.# 8nIlisis con panel data' do#le diferencia 20"0!20"3
U(a #i-i"a*i+( %e# eHe*i*i! a("ei! es 'e s!#! *!-paa '(a %i7ee(*ia5 si ie( *!("!#a p! ,aia#es !se,a#es. Paa *!("!#a p! ,aia#es (! !se,a#es5 es (e*esai! "!-a '(a se$'(%a %i7ee(*ia. Va#e %e*i5 -e%i si )'! *a-i!s es"a%s"i*a-e("e si$(i7i*a"i,!s e( e# se$'(%! -!-e("!5 espe*"! %e# pi-e!5 #!s *'a#es se %eea( a #a pa"i*ipa*i+( e( e# "a"a-ie("!5 t
t
t
t
∆ i = (Y 1i1 − Y 1i0 ) − (Y 0 i1 − Y 0i0 )
J1K
A'5 t 1 6 t 0 epese("a( %!s pei!%!s3 i(i*ia# 6 7i(a#. Es"e eHe*i*i! s!#! es p!si#e %e se ea#i8a%! 46
*!( '(a ase %e %a"!s %e "ip! pa(e#. A7!"'(a%a-e("e5 #a EMYPE pe-i"e es"e "ip! %e a(/#isis. E# pa(e# 219214 *'e("a *!( 2 !se,a*i!(es %e e-pesas -a('7a*"'eas:. De es"as5 12 s!( '(ipes!(a#es J"aaHa%!es p! *'e("a p!piaK 6 1 es -e%ia(a ! $a(%e J,e C'a%! K. Se e"ia!( es"as e-pesas %e# a(/#isis p! (! se MYPES. C'a%! . Caa*"es"i*as %e# Pa(e# 219214 %otal C'e("a p!pia Mi*! Pe'ea Me%ia(a 6 $a(%e Vaia#e %e "a"a-ie("! N'(*a se e$is"a e( REMYPE J*!("!#K Se e$is"+ e( 21 %otal E#a!a*i+( p!pia s!e #a ase %e EMYPE
%otal *62 12 @< 2 1
100 1.4< :.2< 24.2 .12
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9 9 9
U(a *!-p#i*a*i+( es 'e #a EMYPE s+#! "ie(e #a pe$'("a s!e e$is"! e( e# REMYPE e( e# a! 214. Es"! i-pi%e es"i-a '(a %!#e %i7ee(*ia >(i*a-e("e *!( ase e( #a e(*'es"a. C!( #a 7i(a#i%a% %e *!-p#e"a #a i(7!-a*i+( paa #!s a!s pe,i!s5 7'e (e*esai! '(i #a ase %e %a"!s %e #as EMYPE5 *!( #a ase %e %a"!s %e# REMYPE5 a "a,s %e# Re$is"! Ú(i*! %e C!("i'6e("es JRUCK. A7!"'(a%a-e("e #a i(7!-a*i+( %e# REMYPE es p>#i*a 6 es"/ %isp!(i#e e( #a e %e# Mi(is"ei! %e TaaH!. Se p!*e%i+ a #a '(i+( %e es"!s %a"!s *!( #a EMYPE. Es"e eHe*i*i! p!%'H! %!s ,aia#es %e i("es. P! '( #a%!5 e# e$is"! a'"! %e*#aa%! *!("e(i%! e( #a EMYPE. P! !"! #a%!5 e# e$is"! e7e*"i,!5 p!,e(ie("e %e# e$is"! a%-i(is"a"i,! %e# REMYPE. L! s!pe(%e("e es 'e e# e$is"! e7e*"i,! es'#"+ -a6! 'e e# e$is"! a'"! %e*#aa%!. Se p'e%e pe(sa e( '(a seie %e a8!(es paa es"! :1. E( *'a#'ie *as!5 %a%! 'e e# e$is"! e7e*"i,! es #a ,aia#e ,e%a%ea5 #a '"i#i8a-!s paa 7i(es %e# a(/#isis 'e si$'e. De -a(ea i("eesa("e5 e# 's! %e pa(e# %a"a ae #a p!sii#i%a% %e "aaHa *!( '( i(%i*a%! %e i("e(si%a% %e# "a"a-ie("!. Es"! se p'e%e )a*e "!-a(%! e( *!(si%ea*i+( #a 7e*)a %e e$is"! %e #a MYPE e( e# pa%+( REMYPE. E( ese se("i%!5 a' se '"i#i8a/( "es *!-paa*i!(es *!( %i7ee("es )!i8!("es "e-p!a#es %epe(%ie(%! %e# a! e( 'e !*'i+ e# e$is"!3 a! 7is*a# 215 211 6 212. E( e# pa(e# (! )a6 e-pesas 'e se )'iea( e$is"a%! e( 2<. Es"! si$(i7i*a 'e "!%!s #!s e$is"!s e( e# REMYPE !*'ie!( a# i("ei! %e# i("e,a#! %e "ie-p! 219214. L!s ,a#!es p!-e%i! %e #as ,aia#es es'#"a%! se pese("a( e( e# C'a%! %e# A(eB!. Se p'e%e !se,a 'e5 e( e#a*i+( a #as ,aia#es %e %ese-pe! e*!(+-i*!5 e# p!%'*"! p! "aaHa%! 6 e# ,a#! a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%! se i(*e-e("a( paa #as e$is"a%as 6 #as (! e$is"a%as5 -ie("as 'e e# -a$e( %e $a(a(*ia %is-i('6e paa a-as5 (!"/(%!se #a -a6! *a%a e("e e# 21 6 211. C!( espe*"! a #as ,aia#es %e 7!-a#i%a%5 #a p!p!*i+( %e "aaHa%!es : E(
e# pei!%! 219214 se ea#i8a!( e(*'es"as a es"a'a("es 6 )!"e#es5 a%e-/s %e e-pesas %e -a('7a*"'a. :1 E# )e*)! %e 'e #a pe$'("a s!e REMYPE e( #a EMYPE sea i(%ie*"a J=;a e*ii%! U%. e# se,i*i! %e e$is"! e( #a EMYPE?K e# )e*)! %e 'e e# 'e esp!(%e #a e(*'es"a (! es (e*esaia-e("e e# p!pie"ai! 6 p'e%e (! sae si es"/ e$is"a%! ! 'i8/s e# i(7!-a("e se )a e$is"a%! pe! (! sae si )a si%! a*e%i"a%!. 47
e-'(ea%!s se i(*e-e("a #e,e-e("e paa #as e$is"a%as 6 (! paa #as (! e$is"a%as. Dei%! a 'e #as ,aia#es se e(*'e("a( e( ,a#!es p!-e%i!5 se e'iee ea#i8a *!-paa*i!(es *!("!#a(%! p! !"!s 7a*"!es5 p! #! 'e se p!*e%e a *a#*'#a e# Propensity core. Paa *a#*'#a e# Propensity core5 *!-! e( e# *as! %e# *!"e "a(s,esa# 2145 se '"i#i8a ('e,a-e("e '(a e$esi+( P!i" :2. A'5 #a es"i-a*i+( %is"i($'e e("e ,aia#es pe 6 p!s" "a"a-ie("!. Las ,aia#es e( 21 s!( pe "a"a-ie("! 6 se #e '"i#i8a( *!-! a! ase. Las ,aia#es 2115 212 6 214 se p'e%e( *!(si%ea *!-! "es -!-e("!s p!s" "a"a-ie("!. L!s es'#"a%!s se -'es"a( e( e# C'a%! %e# A(eB!. A'5 #as ,aia#es si$(i7i*a"i,as s!( #as 'e %es*ie( e# *!-p!"a-ie("! %e #a e-pesa3 si es"/ as!*ia%!5 si "ie(e #!*a# p!pi! ! si "ie(e pes!(ea H'%i*a. Ta-i( es'#"a si$(i7i*a"i,! si e# p!pie"ai! "ie(e e%'*a*i+( s'pei! 6 si #a e-pesa es"/ 'i*a%a e( #as *i'%a%es -/s $a(%es3 Li-a5 Ae'ipa5 C)i*#a6!. E# Propensity core es #a p!ai#i%a% %e pa"i*ipa*i+( *!(%i*i!(a# e( #as ,aia#es pe "a"a-ie("!. E# ,a#! es"i-a%! p!-e%i! %e pa"i*ipa*i+( es .@@5 #! *'a# i(%i*a 'e e( #a -'es"a )a6 '(a p!ai#i%a% %e @@. %e pa"i*ipa Jsi-i#a a# @@.1 !se,a%!K. E# a(/#isis5 a%e-/s5 pe-i"i+ i%e("i7i*a !se,a*i!(es 9"!%as e##as %e #!s pa"i*ipa("es9 'e se e(*'e("a( 7'ea %e #a e$i+( %e s!p!"e *!->(. Es! %eHa 11 !se,a*i!(es e( s!p!"e *!->( J@2 %e #!s (! e$is"a%!s 6 242 %e #!s e$is"a%!sK. C!( #a 7i(a#i%a% %e es"a#e*e e# a#a(*e e( #a es"i-a*i+( %e# Propensity core5 p!*e%i-!s a ea#i8a '( "es" %e -e%ias J,e C'a%! %e# A(eB!K. Se "a"a %e '( "es" " s!e #a )ip+"esis %e 'e e# ,a#! -e%i! %e *a%a ,aia#e es #a -is-a e( e# $'p! %e "a"a-ie("! 6 e( e# %e *!("!#. Si p\.: #a )ip+"esis ('#a (! p'e%e se e*)a8a%a a# : %e si$(i7i*a(*ia. Se -'es"a5 a%e-/s5 '( i(%i*a%! %e ses$! a("es 6 %esp's %e# e-paeHa-ie("! paa *a%a ,aia#e as *!-! e# *a-i! e( es"e ses$!. E# ses$! se %e7i(e *!-! #a %i7ee(*ia %e #!s ,a#!es -e%i!s %e# $'p! %e "a"a-ie("! 6 e# $'p! %e *!("!#5 %i,i%i%! e("e #a a8 *'a%a%a %e# p!-e%i! %e #a ,aia(8a e( e# $'p! %e "a"a-ie("! 6 *!("!#. E( e# *'a%! se p'e%e ape*ia #a %i7ee(*ia %e #!s ,a#!es %e ,aia#es eB+$e(as e("e #!s %!s $'p!s a("es 6 %esp's %e# e-paeHa-ie("!. P! eHe-p#!5 a("es %e# e-paeHa-ie("!5 e# : %e #!s e$is"a%!s %es%e 21 "ie(e( e%'*a*i+( s'pei! 6 s!#! e# @ %e #!s (! e$is"a%!s5 %i7ee(*ia 'e es si$(i7i*a"i,a. L'e$! %e# e-paeHa-ie("!5 #!s p!*e("aHes se e%'*e( *!(si%ea#e-e("e a : ,es's 15 %i7ee(*ia 'e es (! si$(i7i*a"i,a. E( s'-a5 #a )ip+"esis ('#a %e 'e #!s ,a#!es -e%i!s %e "!%as #as ,aia#es (! %i7iee( %esp's %e# e-paeHa-ie("!5 (! p'e%e se e*)a8a%a. E( *!(se*'e(*ia5 a "a,s %e# Propensity core 1atc,in5 JPSMK 7'e p!si#e $e(ea '( $'p! %e *!("!# 'e es si-i#a a# $'p! %e "a"a-ie("! 6 p'e%e se '"i#i8a%! paa #a es"i-a*i+( %e #as %i7ee(*ias e( ,aia#es %e i("es. E# e-paeHa-ie("! ,a PSM pe-i"e a(a#i8a #!s es'#"a%!s e( #as ,aia#es %e i("es a "a,s %e# es"i-a%! %e %i7ee(*ias e( %i7ee(*ias JDDK. L!s es'#"a%!s se -'es"a( e( e# C'a%! :4 *'6!s pa(e#es a5 6 * -'es"a( #as *!-paa*i!(es 2192115 219212 6 2192145 :2 O"a ,e85 e( "-i(!s i("'i"i,!s5 %e #! 'e se "a"a a)!a (!
es %e *!-paa %!s a$e$a%!s5 si(! #!s p'("aHes e( %i7ee("es ,aia#es %e #!s -is-!s *as!s pe,ia-e("e !%e(a%!s5 paa %i*)as ,aia#es5 e( %!s -!-e("!s %i7ee("es. E( #a %!#e %i7ee(*ia (! es p!si#e e# 's! %e# e$is"! e( p#a(i##a 'e s!#! es"/ %isp!(i#e e( 214 *!-! "a-i( #! es"/ #a #i*e(*ia %e 7'(*i!(a-ie("!. 53
48
espe*"i,a-e("e. E( (i($>( *as! se !se,a( %i7ee(*ias si$(i7i*a"i,as e( #as ,aia#es %e i("es. E( #a *!-paa*i+( 219214 Jpa(e# *K s )aa '(a %i7ee(*ia si$(i7i*a"i,a e( #a p!p!*i+( %e "aaHa%!es e-'(ea%!s a("es %e# e-pa"e5 pe! es"e pie%e si$(i7i*a(*ia %esp's %e# e-pa"e. C'a%! . Res'#"a%!s %e# Propensity core 1atc,in5. Di7ee(*ias e( %i7ee(*ias. Pa(e# 219 214 a. Di7ee(*ia e( %i7ee(*ias e("e a!s 21 6 211 %odas las em$resas Di7ee(*ia %e T9s"a" -e%ias P!%'*"! p! "aaHa%! U(-a"*)e% 2: .4 ATT 42 .@ Va#! a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%! U(-a"*)e% 942@2 91.44 ATT 9: 91.4 Ma$e( %e $a(a(*ias U(-a"*)e% .4 .<@ ATT .2 .: TaaHa%!es pe-a(e("es JK U(-a"*)e% .4 .< ATT . .14 TaaHa%!es e-'(ea%!s JK U(-a"*)e% .4 1.4 ATT .1 .@2 TaaHa%!es *apa*i"a%!s JK U(-a"*)e% 9.1 9.@ ATT 9.2 9.<@ +o$orte comBn T!"a# 11 U("ea"e% 9 O77 s'pp!" U("ea"e% 9 O( s'pp!" @2 Tea"e% 9 O77 s'pp!" Tea"e% 9 O( s'pp!" 242 . Di7ee(*ia e( %i7ee(*ias e("e a!s 21 6 212 %odas las em$resas Di7ee(*ia %e T9s"a" -e%ias P!%'*"! p! "aaHa%! U(-a"*)e% :: .< ATT :1 .4 Va#! a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%! U(-a"*)e% 92:1< 9.<< ATT 94<44 91.4 Ma$e( %e $a(a(*ias U(-a"*)e% .1 .4 ATT .1 .2 TaaHa%!es pe-a(e("es JK U(-a"*)e% .1 .@: ATT .1 .44 TaaHa%!es e-'(ea%!s JK U(-a"*)e% .4 1.21 ATT .2 .2 TaaHa%!es *apa*i"a%!s JK U(-a"*)e% .@ 1. ATT .@ 1.: Li*e(*ia -'(i*ipa# 49
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E#a!a*i+( p!pia C'a(%! se %esa$e$a es"e a(/#isis p! "a-a! %e e-pesa e( *a%a '(! %e #!s pa(e#es5 se !"ie(e( p/*"i*a-e("e #!s -is-!s es'#"a%!s. S!#! e( e# *as! %e #a -i*!e-pesa 6 paa #a *!-paa*i+( 2192125 #a ,aia#e 'e eBpesa #a p!p!*i+( %e "aaHa%!es *apa*i"a%!s s!e e# "!"a# %e "aaHa%!es i(*e-e("a s' si$(i7i*a(*ia a# <. Las %i7ee(*ias e( p!%'*"i,i%a% 6 -a$e( %e $a(a(*ia (! es'#"a( si$(i7i*a"i,as e( (i($'(a %e #as %esa$e$a*i!(es se$>( "a-a! 6 e( (i($>( pei!%! %e *!-paa*i+(. La *!(*#'si+( %e es"e a(/#isis es 'e e# e$is"! e( #a Le65 *!( 7i(es %e e(e7i*iase %e# $i-e( #a!a# espe*ia#5 e( $e(ea# (! -'es"a es'#"a%!s si$(i7i*a"i,!s si se *!("!#a p! ,aia#es (! !se,a#es5 a'('e 50
p'e%e a6'%a #e,e-e("e a i(*e-e("a #a p!p!*i+( %e "aaHa%!es *apa*i"a%!s e("e #as '(i%a%es -/s pe'eas J-i*!e-pesasK. E("e #as ,aia#es (! !se,a#es -/s e#e,a("es se p'e%e( -e(*i!(a5 a (i,e# a$e$a%!5 e# *e*i-ie("! %e #a e*!(!-a5 #!s p!*es!s %e *a-i! es"'*"'a#5 6 #a p!ai#i%a% %e %e"e**i+( %e i(7a**i!(es:@. 3.&.c 8nIlisis de ro#ustez
Paa ,ei7i*a #a !'s"e8 %e #!s es'#"a%!s5 se espe*i7i*a e# -!%e#! %e pa(e# %a"a 6 se *a#*'#a #as %i7ee(*ias e( %i7ee(*ias e%e7i(ie(%! #a ,aia#e %e pa"i*ipa*i+(. E( es"e *as! 9a %i7ee(*ia %e #a espe*i7i*a*i+( a("ei! 'e "!-a *!-! pa"i*ipa("es a 'ie(es pa"i*ipa!( a#$'(a ,e8 6 *!-! (! pa"i*ipa("es a 'ie(es (! pa"i*ipa!( ('(*a9 se *!(si%ea '(a espe*i7i*a*i+( ,aia#e %e7i(ie(%! #a pa"i*ipa*i+( e("e 'ie(es es"aa( e$is"a%!s )as"a e# a! "5 6 *!-! (! e$is"a%!s a# es"! J,e C'a%! K. Es"a es"i-a*i+( -'es"a es'#"a%!s 0%isp!(i#es a s!#i*i"'%9 si-i#aes a #!s %e# -!%e#! i(i*ia#. C'a%! . Re%e7i(i*i+( %e #a pa"i*ipa*i+( e( #a Le6 Jespe*i7i*a*i+( ,aia#eK
N! e$is"a%! Re$is"a%! %otal
2010 2@1 *&>
'=o fiscal de reistro 2011 :4 414 *&>
2012 @@ 4: *&>
La pi-ea espe*i7i*a*i+( '"i#i8a *!-! $'p! %e *!-paa*i+( a# -is-! $'p! 'e ('(*a pa"i*ip+. La se$'(%a espe*i7i*a*i+( i(*#'6e e( *a%a pei!%! a 'ie(es se i(*!p!a( a# e$is"! *a%a a!. E( a-!s *as!s5 'e se p!%a( *!(si%ea eB"e-!s5 #!s es'#"a%!s s!( si-i#aes.
!.5 Conclusiones L!s (e$!*i!s -/s pe'e!s5 i(*#'6e(%! a #!s "aaHa%!es p! *'e("a p!pia5 %a( *'e("a %e "es %e *a%a *'a"! e-p#e!s i(7!-a#es e( Pe> 6 es"! (! se )a a#"ea%! i(*#'s! e( e# p!*es! %e -!%ea%a 7!-a#i8a*i+( 'e !*'i+ e( #a %*a%a pasa%a. E( es"e es"'%i! se )a es"a#e*i%! 'e5 %ei%! a 'e e# se*"! %e #as -i*! '(i%a%es %e p!%'**i+( J-e(!s %e 1 "aaHa%!esK es %e $a( -a$(i"'%5 pese("a as"a("e )e"e!$e(ei%a%. Se %is"i($'e( a# -e(!s "es $a(%es *a"e$!as3 aK a'e##!s i(%i,i%'!s 'e "aaHa( s!#!s J(e$!*i!s i(%i,i%'a#esK5 K a'e##!s "aaHa%!es 'e #a!a( *!( a6'%a %e 7a-i#iaes (! e-'(ea%!s J-i*!e-pesas 7a-i#iaesK 6 *K a'e##!s (e$!*i!s 'e i(*#'6e( "aaHa%!es asa#aia%!s. A'('e 's'a#-e("e se )a#a %e #a -i*!e-pesa *!-! si(+(i-! %e #a -i*!e-pesa asa#aia%a5 e( ea#i%a% #a -i*!e-pesa 7a-i#ia 6 #as -i*!e-pesas '(ipes!(a#es s!( #as -/s 7e*'e("es 6 "ie(e( *aa*"es"i*as espe*7i*as 'e se %ee( "!-a e( *'e("a. La #e6 MYPE 7'e *!(*ei%a paa a'e##as -i*!e-pesas 'e #a!a( *!( asa#aia%!s e( #a C)a*a#"a(a J21:K a(a#i8a '( pa(e# %e e$i!(es paa e# pei!%! 229212 6 e(*'e("a 'e e# *e*i-ie("! e*!(+-i*! 6 e# *a-i! es"'*"'a# eBp#i*a( e# p!*es! %e e%'**i+( %e #a i(7!-a#i%a% !se,a%! e( ese pei!%!. Ta-i( se p'e%e pe(sa e( ,aia#es e-pesaia#es 'e (! , aa( pe! 'e a7e*"a( #as ,aia#es %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( *!-! #a *'#"'a e-pesaia#5 #a pe%isp!si*i+( a eBpa(%i #!s (e$!*i!s5 e"*. 54
51
-e%i%a 'e )a*e (7asis e( '( $i-e( #a!a# espe*ia# 'e 7#eBii#i8a #!s e(e7i*i!s *!("e-p#a%!s e( e# $i-e( #a!a# $e(ea#. S' i-pa*"! p!"e(*ia# se *i*'(s*ie p! "a("! a es"e *!#e*"i,! 6 (! es ap#i*a#e a "aaHa%!es p! *'e("a p!pia 6 -i*!e-pesas 7a-i#iaes %!(%e se *!(*e("a #a -a6! pa"e %e #a i(7!-a#i%a%. E( "!%! *as!5 es"e $i-e( )a #!$a%! e$is"a a -/s %e 2: -i# 's'ai!s )as"a 7i(es %e# 214 a'('e '( p!*e("aHe *!(si%ea#e %e #as -is-as %ee )ae %eHa%! %e eBis"i. U(a es"i-a*i+( %e #a *!e"'a ea# %e #a Le65 asa%a e( #a EMYPE i(%i*a 'e #as e$is"a%as epese("a( e# 24 %e #as -i*!e-pesas 'e "ie(e( RUC5 #! 'e e'i,a#e a *e*a %e# "!"a# %e -i*!e-pesas. Respe*"! a #!s a#*a(*es e i-pa*"! %e es"a Le65 es p!*! p!a#e 'e '(a e%'**i+( %e *!s"!s %e# "aaH! "e($a a#$>( e7e*"! e( MYPES 'e (i si'iea pa$a( i-p'es"!s. P! es"a a8+(5 e( es"e %!*'-e("! se a(a#i8a e# e7e*"! %e es"e $i-e( s!e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e e-pesas 6a 7!-a#es "i'"aia-e("e. La EMYPE pe-i"e )a*e es"e "ip! %e a(/#isis. U( a(/#isis asa%! e( *!-paa*i!(es e-pa"a%as5 *!("!#a(%! p! ,aia#es !se,a#es J'(a %i7ee(*ia5 *!"e "a(s,esa#K5 e,e#a 'e a'e##as -i*!e-pesas 'e es"/( e$is"a%as e( #a Le6 "ie(e( -/s "aaHa%!es 7!-a#es Jse e%'*e #a p!p!*i+( %e "aaHa%!es si( e-'(ea*i+(K5 pe! a# -is-! "ie-p! s's -/$e(es %e $a(a(*ia s!( -e(!es 'e #!s %e #as (! e$is"a%as. Es"!s es'#"a%!s si( e-a$!5 p/*"i*a-e("e %esapae*e( si se *!("!#a p! ,aia#es (! !se,a#es J%!#e %i7ee(*ia5 pa(e# %a"aK. S!#! se e(*'e("a '( e7e*"! si$(i7i*a"i,! #e,e s!e #a p!p!*i+( %e "aaHa%!es *apa*i"a%!s e( #as -i*!e-pesas e( #a *!-paa*i+( 219212. E( e# *as! %e #as pe'eas e-pesas5 (! e(*!("a-!s e7e*"! a#$'(!. Es %es"a*a#e 'e #!s es'#"a%!s (! se a#"ea( si se "!-a e( *'e("a e# "ie-p! 'e ##e,a e$is"a%a #a e-pesa. Es %e*i5 e( e# -eH! %e #!s *as!s5 #!s e7e*"!s s!( #e,es 6 *!(*e("a%!s e( #as -i*!e-pesas. Ta-p!*! se e(*'e("a( e7e*"!s %e# e$is"! %e es"a #e6 s!e ,aia#es %e pe7!-a(*e e*!(+-i*a5 *!-! e# p!%'*"! p! "aaHa%! ! e# -a$e( %e $a(a(*ias. Cae pe$'("ase e("!(*es si es"e "ip! %e es'#"a%!s H's"i7i*a #as (!"a#es e%'**i!(es 'e se )i*ie!( e( #!s *!s"!s %e# "aaH!. Dee e*!%ase sie-pe 'e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( (! es e# !He"i,! %e #as p!#"i*as #a!a#es5 si(! #a -eH!a %e #as *!(%i*i!(es %e "aaH! 6 #a i(*#'si+( %e #!s "aaHa%!es e( #!s e$-e(es %e p!"e**i+( s!*ia#. Re%'*i #!s e'isi"!s %e #a 7!-a#i%a%5 p'e%e( e( e# eB"e-! $e(ea e-p#e!s 7!-a#es pe! pe*ai!s.
!.6 Referencias $'i#a5 A#e"! %e# J2K. $studio de impacto del -é5imen a#oral $special en l as microempresas a ni(el nacional . Li-a3 MTPE Ca!(e""!5 D5 ;!6#e & 6 T'e!s5 M. J1<@K. E# Se*"! I(7!-a#. Li-a Ce%ep. CEPAL J21@K. Pactos para la i5ualdad. ;acia un futuro sosteni#le . Ti$si-! 'i("! pei!%! %e sesi!(es %e #a Cepa#. Li-a. C)a*a#"a(a5 &'a( J21K. Re7!-a e( #a *!("a"a*i+( 6 e# %espi%! e( e# Pe> %e #!s (!,e("a. 52
Re,is"a E*!(!-a V!#. 2@ N! @. P!("i7i*ia U(i,esi%a% Ca"+#i*a %e# Pe>. Li-a. J2K. 4na e(aluación del ré5imen la#oral especial para la microempresa en Perú. Mi-e!. J21K. Crecimiento= cam#io estructural y formalización en Perú. 2002!20"2. Re,is"a %e #a Cepa# N! 1<. A$!s"!. Sa("ia$! %e C)i#e. C)!($5 A#e"! 6 Ga%s"ei(5 Ma J2@K. 7neuality= 7nstitutions= and 7nformality 5 I("e9A-ei*a( De,e#!p-e(" a(5 Resea*) Depa"-e(" P :1. De A(%a%e5 ')( 6 M*Qe(8ie J214K. 8 ,elpin5 ,and or t,e lon5 arm of t,e la/? $%perimental e(idence on /,at 5o(ernments can do to formalize firms . P!#i*6 Resea*) !i($ Pape. @4:. T)e !#% a(. De Gi!$i5 G P#!e(8e M 6 Ra)-a( A J21:K. mall firms formalization. +,e stic treatment . Fe%ea# Rese,e !7 Ne Y!. S"a77 ep!"s. 2. NY USA Dee#e(5 L J21:K. Políticas para la formalización de micro y peue>as empresas en 8mérica atina. OIT Sa("ia$! %e C)i#e. De S!"!5 ;e(a(%! G)esi5 E(i'e5 G)ie##i(i5 Mai! e I(s"i"'"! Lie"a% 6 De-!*a*ia J1<K. $l otro sendero' la re(olución informal . Li-a3 E# aa(*!3 I(s"i"'"! Lie"a% 6 De-!*a*ia. Da85 &. J21@K. F!-a#i8a*i+( e-pesaia# 6 #a!a#. E(3 I(7a("e 6 C)a*a#"a(a. ;a*ia '( %esa!##! i(*#'si,!. E# *as! %e Pe>. OIT. Li-a Die*"! Mae"i($ J21:K. 7nforme final' e(aluación de los #eneficios de la ey 1HP$ . Mi(is"ei! %e #a P!%'**i+(. Mi-e!. FaH(86#e5 P Ma#!(e6 6 M!("es9R!Has G J2
&aa-i##!5 Mi$'e# J214K. 7s t,ere demand for formality amon5 informal firms? $(idence from microfirms in do/nto/n Li-a. Ga%e5 Li-a. Le+(5 & J1<
L+pe89A*e,e%!5 G 6 ;!( Ta( J211K. 7mpact e(aluation of 1$ pro5rams in atin 8merica and t,e Cari##ean. T)e !#% a(. as)i($"!(. DC. Ma#!(e65 i##ia- J1<<a $mpresa JLe6 Nb 21:K R$i-e( La!a# Espe*ia# %e #a Mi*!e-pesa. Disp!(i#e e(3 )""p3.-i("a.$!.pe*!(" )""p3.-i("a.$!.pe*!("e(i%!sa*)i,!sp e(i%!sa*)i,!sp!%#a#e$is#a*i!( !%#a#e$is#a*i!(LEY21: LEY21:.p%7 .p%7 ey J302AA. J21@K. Disp!(i#e e(3 )""p3.-i("a.$!.pea*) )""p3.-i("a.$!.pea*)i,!s7i#eSNIL(! i,!s7i#eSNIL(!-as21@91291 -as21@91291424 42412.p%7 12.p%7
O,ie%!5 A(a Maia Ma R. T)!-as 6 Qa-e Qaa''-9c8%e-i Qaa''-9c8%e-i J2. CEPAL 6 OIT. Sa("ia$! %e C)i#e. Te##!5 Mai! J21:K. =Es #a i(7!-a#i%a% i (7!-a#i%a% '(a !p*i+( ,!#'("aia ! #a >#"i-a a#"e(a"i,a %e e-p#e! 54
e( e# Pe>? CIES. Li-a. T!$#e5 e((! 6 Fie%i*) S*)(ei%e J2K. ,ado/ $conomy= +a% 1orale= )o(ernance and 7nstitutional Kuality' 8 Panel 8nalysis5 IZA DP N!. 2:4. Vi#%!s!5 Ca-e( J2@K. os a>os en el 1inisterio de +ra#a*o !! 85enda 1icro y Peue>a $mpresa. F'(%a*i+( F!%. Vi##a/(5 Fe(a(%! J2K. Políticas e instituciones de apoyo a la 1ype en el Perú . Li-a3 SASE JMi-e!K. J2K. $l mundo de la peue>a empresa. Li-a3 C!pe-e. Ya-a%a5 G. J1<K. Ua( i(7!-a# e-p#!6-e(" a(% se#79e-p#!6-e(" i( %e,e#!pi($ *!'("ies3 ")e!6 a(% e,i%e(*e. E*!(!-i* %e,e#!p-e(" a(% *'#"'a# *)a($e. 9 U(i,. !7 C)i*a$! Pess5 V!#. @@.1<<
55
!.? 'neDo G/7i*! 1. E,!#'*i+( %e# e$is"! %e MYPES J249214K J249214K
F'e("e3 Mi(is"ei! %e TaaH!
56
C'a%! 1. Caa*"es"i*as %e# e-p#e! e( #as MYPES J21@K Unipersonal
Total de con ductores de empresa (miles) Hombres (%) Edad 14 a 24 años 25 a 34 años 35 a 45 años 45 a más Educación Sin nivel Educación primaria Educación secundaria Educación superior Total de trabajadores (miles) Hombres (%) Urbano (%) Edad 14 a 24 años 25 a 34 años 35 a 45 años 45 a más Educación Sin nivel Educación primaria Educación secundaria Educación superior Horas t rabajadas Menos de 35 horas Entre 35 y 47 horas 48 horas Entre 48 y 60 horas Más de 60 horas Ingresos menores al mínimo (%) Afiliación a pensiones (%) Afiliación a seguro de salud (%)* Registro empresarial (SUNAT) Empleo informal (%)
Microempresa familiar
Microempresa con as alariados Con registro Sin registro en Total en S UNAT SUNAT
Total
3,209 55
2 ,340 56
668 74
308 70
360 77
6,217 57
12 20 26 43
3 15 33 49
3 17 33 47
2 20 37 41
4 15 29 52
8 18 29 45
5 25 46 24
7 50 33 10
2 22 47 29
0 7 45 48
3 35 48 14
5.26 34 41 19
4,093
3,482
1,643
1,839
55 84
46 57
67 80
58 94
75 67
55 70
12 20 26 43
20 16 26 39
28 25 23 24
28 28 23 21
27 23 23 27
20 20 25 35
5 25 46 24
8 43 38 10
2 19 53 25
0 8 51 41
3 30 56 11
5 30 45 19
47 16 4 15 17 64 21 13 11 89
52 21 4 12 11 86 9 7 10 94
32 22 15 19 12 46 24 15 46 84
23 22 15 24 16 32 34 25 100 67
39 23 15 14 9 58 16 5 0 100
44 20 8 15 13 67 17 11 15 89
3,209
E#a!a*i+( p!pia s!e #a ase %e ENA;O J21@K
57
10,784
G/7i*! 2. T/(si"! a #a 7!-a#i%a% e( #as MYPES
F'e("e3 EMYPE
58
C'a%! 2. EMYPE 214. Caa*"es"i*as %e #a e-pesa J,a#!es p!-e%i!K Inscritas en RA@PA Caracter)sticas de la em$resa Li-a 6 Ca##a! JK A("i$`e%a% Ja!sK P!pie%a% %e# #!*a# P!pi! A#'i#a%! O"! O$a(i8a*i+( %e #a e-pesa JSA5 SAC5 EIRL5 e"*.K Pes!(a (a"'a# S!*ie%a% a(+(i-a *ea%a E.I.R.L S!*ie%a% %e esp!(sai#i%a% #i-i"a%a S!*ie%a% a(+(i-a JS.A.K Re$is"! Li*e(*ia -'(i*ipa# Li*e(*ia se*"!ia# Pa"i*ipa*i+( e( as!*ia*i+( %e MYPE Res'#"a%!s 7i(a(*ie!s J-e%ia(aK P!%'**i+( "!"a# %e# eHe*i*i! J-i#es S.K Va#! a$e$a%! J-i#es S.K EB*e%e("e '"! %e eBp#!"a*i+( Res'#"a%! %e eBp#!"a*i+( Res'#"a%! %e# eHe*i*i! Ja("es %e i-p'es"!sK P!%'**i+( p! "aaHa%! Ja('a#K Va#!s a$e$a%! p! "aaHa%! Ja('a#K Ma$e( %e $a(a(*ia3 EB*e%e("eP!%'**i+(
E#a!a*i+( p!pia s!e #a ase %e EMYPE J214K
59
Eo inscritas en RA@PA
%otal
2 1 1 4< :2 <
4 11 1 @ @< 11
< 11 1 @ : 1
44 44 1< 12 4
:@ 22 14 < 4
@ 2 1: 1 4
: 1.: 1
1.2 4
1.4 :
21 1<: 1 4 @
@4 1: : 4
:2@ 12 <@ 4
<2 2: 1
2 2: 2
: 2: 1<
C'a%! 4. EMYPE 214. Caa*"es"i*as %e# p!pie"ai! 6 "aaHa%!es J,a#!es -e%i!sK. Inscritas en RA@PA Caracter)sticas del $ro$ietario P!*e("aHe %e )!-es *!(%'*"!es E%a% %e# p!pie"ai! Ja!sK Ni,e# e%'*a"i,! %e# *!(%'*"! Si( (i,e# 6 pi-aia Se*'(%aia S'pei!
Eo inscritas en RA@PA
%otal
4 @:
@
@
4 2: 2
42 2
: 2<
Caracter)sticas de los traba3adores Ca("i%a% %e "aaHa%!es Jp!-e%i!K U(ipes!(a# Mi*!e-pesa J191K Pe'ea J11 a :K P!*e("aHe %e "aaHa%!es )!-es Tip! %e "aaHa%! E-p#ea%!5 s!*i! ! %'e! TaaHa%! pe-a(e("e TaaHa%! e,e("'a# TaaHa%! (! e-'(ea%!
@ 2 1@
11 < 1
1 11
1: @: 2 1@
2 41 2 22
1 4 2 1<
E-p#ea%!5 s!*i! ! %'e! TaaHa%! a%-i(is"a"i,! TaaHa%! !pea"i,! TaaHa%! (! e-'(ea%!
1: 1: : 1@
2 11 @ 22
1 14 : 1<
1522 : 1511 @< 25:<
15 4 151: <: 252@
15:1 151 2512
Re-'(ea*i+( -e(s'a# Jp!-e%i!K TaaHa%! pe-a(e("e TaaHa%! e,e("'a# TaaHa%! a%-i(is"a"i,! TaaHa%! !pea"i,! E-p#ea%!5 s!*i! ! %'e!
E#a!a*i+( p!pia s!e #a ase %e EMYPE J214K
60
C'a%! @. Es"i-a*i+( %e# Propensity core. C!"e "a(s,esa# 214
e%a%
Coeficiente .2
Arror est(ndar .2
$FGtG .2:
seB!
9.:
.:<
.2@
e%'*a*i+( s'pei!
.4<4
.
.
ae'ipa
9.1:1
.@
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9.1:
.11
.121
p'(!
9.2
.12
.<<
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9.@1
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.
a#i-e("!s
9.11
.24
.<
,es"i
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.21
.41
*'e!
.@@
.21
.@2
-a%ea
9.4:
.24@
.12
-e"a#
9.@<
.211
.1:
-'e#e
9.1@@
.21
.:
a("i$`e%a%
9.1@2
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#!*a# p!pi!
.:
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9.:44
.112
.
*!(s"a("e .< .44 N!"a3 JK E# (>-e! %e !se,a*i!(es "!"a#es es 252. JK E# Pse'%!9R2 es %e .1
.@
61
C'a%! :. Propensity core test . C!"e "a(s,esa# 214
edad
sexo
educación superior
arequipa
la libertad
puno
lima
alimentos
vestir
cuero
madera
metal
mueble
antigüedad
local propio
asociado
Treated
Control
% bias
Unmatched
45.198
46.181
-8.70
Matched
45.187
45.116
0.60
Unmatched
0.655
0.702
-10.20
Matched
0.660
0.656
0.80
Unmatched
0.715
0.601
24.10
Matched
0.718
0.717
0.20
Unmatched
0.232
0.196
8.80
Matched
0.235
0.266
-7.70
Unmatched
0.148
0.121
8.10
Matched
0.157
0.135
6.60
Unmatched
0.033
0.032
0.80
Matched
0.029
0.022
4.20
Unmatched
0.336
0.449
-23.20
Matched
0.331
0.333
-0.60
Unmatched
0.022
0.026
-2.90
Matched
0.020
0.020
0.00
Unmatched
0.383
0.262
26.10
Matched
0.380
0.396
-3.40
Unmatched
0.189
0.124
18.00
Matched
0.198
0.194
1.00
Unmatched
0.047
0.082
-14.40
Matched
0.040
0.035
1.90
Unmatched
0.231
0.296
-14.70
Matched
0.236
0.214
5.10
Unmatched
0.109
0.189
-22.80
Matched
0.107
0.111
-1.30
Unmatched
2.101
2.168
-10.20
Matched
2.123
2.169
-7.00
Unmatched
0.430
0.416
2.80
Matched
0.433
0.470
-7.30
Unmatched
1.894
1.960
-25.60
Matched
1.893
1.895 62
-0.70
|bias |
p>|t| 0.030
92.80
0.881 0.011
92.20
0.856 0.000
99.20
0.962 0.016
12.20
0.090 0.027
18.70
0.143 0.827
-420.20
0.279 0.000
97.50
0.891 0.440
100.00
1.000 0.000
86.90
0.452 0.000
94.30
0.828 0.000
86.80
0.571 0.000
65.40
0.215 0.000
94.20
0.730 0.006
31.20
0.099 0.479
-156.70
0.091 0.000
97.20
0.888
C'a%! . Des*ip*i+( %e ,aia#es es'#"a%!s %e# Pa(e# 219214 T!"a# Vaia#e P!%'*"! p! "aaHa%! 21 P!%'*"! p! "aaHa%! 211 P!%'*"! p! "aaHa%! 212 P!%'*"! p! "aaHa%! ! I 214 e p VA p! "aaHa%! 21 e VA p! "aaHa%! 211 s e % VA p! "aaHa%! 212 e % VA p! "aaHa%! 214 s e Ma$e( %e $a(a(*ia # . 21 a i Ma$e( %e $a(a(*ia a V 211 Ma$e( %e $a(a(*ia 212 Ma$e( %e $a(a(*ia 214 TaaHa%!es pe-a(e("es 21 TaaHa%!es pe-a(e("es 211 TaaHa%!es % a pe-a(e("es 212 % i TaaHa%!es # a - pe-a(e("es 214 ! Re-'(ea%!s 21 7 e % Re-'(ea%!s 211 s Re-'(ea%!s 212 e # . Re-'(ea%!s 214 a i Capa*i"a%!s 21 a V Capa*i"a%!s 211 Capa*i"a%!s 212 Capa*i"a%!s 214
S"%. De,
N! Re$is"a%as S"%. Os Mea( De,
Re$is"a%as
Mea(
11
2 241<
@2
24<
:<<1 :<@
11
4@ <2
@2 < 14 24<
4@1 <::2
11
:<< 1211
@2 @1: 114
24< <4: 1:@
11
4@ @:2
@2
:2 :2@
24<
41 42<
11 11 11 11
222:< 1<< 221 2::4
4 1< 224 2:@
@2 @2 @2 @2
214 212@ 22: 2:42:
2@:< 1<:< 241 2::@4
24< 24< 24< 24<
2@1@2 1<1< 224 2:<4:
4: 1<1@ 21:< 2:<
11
.22
.4
@2
.24
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24<
.22
.4
11
.1
.4
@2
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.4:
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.1
.1:
1
.1
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11
.1
.2
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11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
.4 .2 .1 .2 . .< .11 .14
.2 .4 .4 .4 .2 .2 .4 .4
@2 @2 @2 @2 @2 @2 @2 @2
.2 . .< .< . . .< .11
.24 .2 .4 .41 .1 .2@ .2@ .2
24< 24< 24< 24< 24< 24< 24< 24<
. . .: . . .< .1: .1
.2 .2 .2@ .21 .1 .24 .4 .2<
63
11 4<2
Os
Mea(
S"%. De,
Os
C'a%! . Es"i-a*i+( %e# Propensity core5 a! ase [ 21. Pa(e# 219214 Coeficiente .: 9.12 . 9.1 .2<< 9.:4 9.44@ 9.@<4 9.4<: 9.::1 91.: 9.224 .2 .@ 9. 9.42 9.14 9.1@ .12 .@2< .12 .1 .< 9.: 9.4 9.4
Arror est(ndar .41: .2 . .24 .124 .422 .4: .44 .4 .@1 .42: .:2 .@2 .@< .@< .@2@ .@4: .2 .1<2 .1< .2: .41< .24 .242 .4< .
as!*ia%! e%a% e%a%2 seB! e%'*a*i+( s'pei! ae'ipa H'(( #a #ie"a% #a-a6e'e #!e"! #i-a a#i-e("!s ,es"i *'e! -a%ea -e"a# -'e#e a("i$`e%a% #!*a# p!pi! pes!(a H'%i*a ,es"iseB! *'e!seB! #!*a#seB! pH'%i*aseB! as!*ia%!seB! *!(s"a("e N!"a3 JK E# (>-e! %e !se,a*i!(es "!"a#es es 11. JK E# Pse'%!9R2 es %e .121
64
$FGtG .1: . .< .<< .1 .11 .44< .14 .2<@ .1 .1 .<1 .1<4 .4@ .2 .<4< .:@ .4< .4@ .4 .2 .<:4 . .@ .4: .<<
C'a%! . Propensity core +est . Pa(e# 219214 asociado
edad
edad2
sexo
edu_sup
arequipa
junin
lalibertad
lambayeque
loreto
lima
alimentos
vestir
cuero
madera
metal
mueble
lantiguedad
localpropio
pjuridica
vestir_s exo
cuero_s exo
localpropio_sexo
pjuridica_sexo
asociado_sexo
Unmatched Matched
Participación en año 2010 Treated Control %bias 0.18 0.08 30.30 0.18 0.17 2.50
|bias| 91.60
p>|t| 0.00 0.81
Unmatched Matched
46 46
48 46
-11.10 -0.30
97.10
0.16 0.97
Unmatched Matched
2274 2274
2397 2272
-10.80 0.20
98.50
0.18 0.99
Unmatched Matched
0.68 0.68
0.71 0.69
-6.00 -1.80
69.80
0.45 0.85
Unmatched Matched
0.75 0.75
0.64 0.71
25.70 10.10
60.80
0.00 0.26
Unmatched Matched
0.30 0.30
0.22 0.33
19.50 -7.70
60.70
0.01 0.43
Unmatch ed Matched
0.12 0.12
0.09 0.10
8.50 5.50
35.80
0.27 0.56
Unmatched Matched
0.23 0.23
0.21 0.18
4.90 14.00
-188.20
0.54 0.11
Unmatched Matched
0.05 0.05
0.05 0.09
1.60 -16.80
-962.00
0.84 0.12
Unmatched Matched
0.03 0.03
0.04 0.02
-9.60 2.30
75.80
0.25 0.76
Unmatched Matched
0.23 0.23
0.36 0.26
-28.20 -4.60
83.70
0.00 0.60
Unmatched Matched
0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01
-9.40 3.10
67.50
0.26 0.65
Unmatched Matched
0.40 0.40
0.23 0.44
36.80 -8.20
77.70
0.00 0.41
Unmatched Matched
0.23 0.23
0.14 0.24
25.00 -1.10
95.70
0.00 0.91
Unmatched Matched
0.03 0.03
0.09 0.01
-25.50 7.10
72.00
0.00 0.20
Unmatched Matched
0.21 0.21
0.32 0.21
-24.20 1.00
96.10
0.00 0.91
Unmatched Matched
0.10 0.10
0.18 0.08
-23.90 4.90
79.50
0.00 0.52
Unmatched Matched
2.04 2.04
2.18 2.08
-18.30 -5.70
68.70
0.02 0.52
Unmatched Matched
0.55 0.55
0.48 0.50
14.70 10.10
31.70
0.06 0.27
Unmatched Matched
0.64 0.64
0.52 0.63
23.80 1.70
92.80
0.00 0.85
Unmatched Matched
0.24 0.24
0.13 0.26
29.40 -5.40
81.60
0.00 0.60
Unmatched Matched
0.17 0.17
0.10 0.17
21.40 0.00
100.00
0.01 1.00
Unmatched Matched
0.40 0.40
0.36 0.39
8.10 0.90
89.40
0.31 0.93
Unmatched Matched
0.43 0.43
0.37 0.41
12.70 3.40
73.10
0.11 0.71
Unmatched Matched
0.13 0.13
0.06 0.09
22.10 13.00
41.20
0.00 0.18
65
Parte I: Halance y $ers$ectias La pese("e "esis a(a#i8a e( %e"a##e e# e*ie("e p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a# !se,a%! e( Pe> e( #!s pi-e!s a!s %e# ('e,! -i#e(i! J229212K5 *!( #a 7i(a#i%a% %e p!(e e( pespe*"i,a %i,esas "e!as s!e #as *a'sas %e #a i(7!-a#i%a%. La '"i#i%a% p/*"i*a %e es"a "esis *!(sis"e e( *!("as"a5 s!e #a ase %e '( *as! *!(*e"! %e pas5 %is"i("!s p'("!s %e ,is"a s!e #as *a'sas %e #!s p!*es!s %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( 'e 's'a#-e("e se %a( %e -a(ea eB a("e ! si( e,i%e(*ia e-pi*a5 a 7i( %e eB"ae ape(%i8aHes %e #a eBpeie(*ia pe'a(a 6 p#a("ea %i7ee("es !p*i!(es %e p!#"i*a. E( ese se("i%!5 es"a "esis )a ea#i8a%! %!s "ip!s %e a(/#isis. E( pi-e #'$a5 se )a a(a#i8a%! e# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( a (i,e# a$e$a%! *!( '( pa(e# %e %a"!s %e #as 2@ e$i!(es %e Pe> paa e# pei!%! 229212. Es"e se ##e,+ a *a! *!( #a 7i(a#i%a% %e es"a#e*e #!s 7a*"!es pi(*ipa#es 'e eBp#i*a( es"e p!*es! !se,a%!. L!s es'#"a%!s )a##a%!s s!( e,i%e(*ia %e 'e #as ,aia#es e*!(+-i*as 6 es"'*"'a#es s!( pa"e ese(*ia# %e# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+(. Es p!a#e 'e e( #as pi-eas 7ases %e es"e p!*es! sea as. Da%! 'e es"e a(/#isis se ea#i8+ s!e '( pa(e# %e %a"!s %e #as 2@ e$i!(es %e Pe>5 es"! es pa"i*'#a-e("e *ie"! e( #as e$i!(es -/s e8a$a%as e( "-i(!s e*!(+-i*!s5 %!(%e se pese("a( #as "asas -/s a#"as %e i(7!-a#i%a% 6 %!(%e5 a%e-/s5 #a pese(*ia es"a"a# es -e(!. N! !s"a("e5 #!s aspe*"!s es"'*"'a#es (! eBp#i*a( e# p!*es! p! *!-p#e"!. La i-p!"a(*ia %e #a es"'*"'a e*!(+-i*a e( e# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( p'e%e se -a#i("epe"a%a a# -e(!s %e %!s -!%!s. U(! es e# *!(7i(a-ie("! %e #as p!#"i*as )a*ia '( pei!%! i(%e"e-i(a%! %e #a$! p#a8! ! )as"a 'e *a-i!s %/s"i*!s %e #a e*!(!-a 6 #a s!*ie%a% sea( ,ia#es p!#"i*a-e("e. E##! sea '(a i(a*ep"a#e i(,i"a*i+( a #a i(e*ia. E# !"! aspe*"! es 'e %i,es!s es"'%i!s )a( -!s"a%! 'e paa e# (i,e# %e PI pe */pi"a %e Pe>5 e# pas "ie(e -a6!es "asas %e i(7!-a#i%a% e( *!-paa*i+( a !"!s pases %e si-i#a (i,e#. D!s s!*ie%a%es p'e%e( "e(e $a%!s %e %esa!##! se-eHa("es pe! "asas %e 7!-a#i%a% %i7ee("es5 %epe(%ie(%! %e s' e,!#'*i+( )is"+i*a5 %e s' $a%! %e *'#"'a e( e# *'-p#i-ie("! %e #as (!-as5 %e #a *!(7!-a*i+( %e s's Es"a%!s5 e("e !"!s 7a*"!es. Es"! pe-i"e #a eBis"e(*ia %e '( espa*i! paa #a e#a!a*i+( %e p!#"i*as. A#$'(as %e e##as "e(%/( 'e ,e *!( #a *!-p!si*i+( %e# *e*i-ie("! a#*a(8a%!5 s!e "!%! e(7a"i8a(%! se*"!es %!(%e #a i("e(si%a% %e# e-p#e! 7!-a# sea -a6! -ie("as 'e !"as "ie(e( 'e ,e *!( aspe*"!s i(s"i"'*i!(a#es. E# a(/#isis %e (i,e# a$e$a%! i(%i*a5 (! !s"a("e5 'e #!s aspe*"!s i(s"i"'*i!(a#es e(sa6a%!s e( e# Pe> %'a("e es"e pei!%! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( 0s!e "!%! #a *ea*i+( %e '( $i-e( #a!a# espe*ia# paa -i*! 6 pe'eas e-pesas JLe6 MYPEK5 'e e%'H! #!s *!s"!s %e# "aaH! %e es"as '(i%a%es e*!(+-i*as 6 e# 7!"a#e*i-ie("! %e #a i(spe**i+( %e# "aaH!0 (! "',ie!( e7e*"! si$(i7i*a"i,!. Es"! *!(%'*e5 e( se$'(%! #'$a5 a #a (e*esi%a% %e a(a#i8a e( %e"a##e #as p!#"i*as i-p#e-e("a%as. E( e# *as! pe'a(!5 %es%e )a*e -/s %e '(a %*a%a5 )a )ai%! '(a p!#"i*a e*'e("e3 #a e%'**i+( %e *!s"!s #a!a#es paa e# *!#e*"i,! espe*7i*! %e #as -i*!e-pesas. La Le6 MYPE !i$i(a#-e("e p!-'#$a%a e( 245 7'e p!7'(%i8a%a 6 eB"e(%i%a e( #!s a!s 2 6 214. Si ie( a (i,e# a$e$a%! 6 %e -a(ea *!-paa"i,a *!( !"as ,aia#es e# e7e*"! es'#"a (! 66
si$(i7i*a"i,!5 *ae pe$'("ase si se !se,a( a#$'(!s *a-i!s a (i,e# -i*!e*!(+-i*! Ja (i,e# %e e-pesasK5 sea e( ,aia#es as!*ia%as a #a 7!-a#i%a% ! e( a#$'(as ,aia#es as!*ia%as a# %ese-pe! e*!(+-i*!. E# se$'(%! "ip! %e a(/#isis %e es"a "esis es %e "ip! *'asieBpei-e("a#. Es"e i(%i*a 'e5 i(*#'s! paa -i*!e-pesas 'e ea( 7!-a#es e( e# aspe*"! "i'"ai! Je$is"a%as a("e #a S'pei("e(%e(*ia Na*i!(a# %e A%-i(is"a*i+( Ti'"aia 0 SUNATK5 e# )e*)! %e pa"i*ipa e( #a Le6 MYPE (! (e*esaia-e("e *!(%'*e a #a 7!-a#i%a% %e #!s "aaHa%!es %e #a -i*!e-pesa J7!-a#i%a% #a!a#K. La pe$'("a es p! 'e ' )a !*'i%! es"!. La "esis 'e a' se p!p!(e es 'e )a )ai%! '(a *!(7'si+( *!(*ep"'a# %!(%e se )a as'-i%! i-p#*i"a-e("e 'e #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e# (e$!*i! e'i,a#e a #a 7!-a#i8a*i+( #a!a#. N! !s"a("e5 a-!s 7e(+-e(!s s!( %is"i("!s5 a'( *'a(%! "ie(e( e#e-e("!s e( *!->(. E( pa"i*'#a5 e# a(/#isis i(%i*a 'e (! es p!si#e "a"a %e es"i-'#a #a 7!-a#i%a% e-pesaia# *!( i(s"'-e("!s !ie("a%!s a #a 7!-a#i%a% #a!a# ! ,i*e,esa. E( pa"i*'#a5 (! es p!si#e 7!-a#i8a e# e-p#e! e( e-pesas 'e a>( (! es"/( e$is"a%as a("e #a a'"!i%a% "i'"aia. Es"!s ape(%i8aHes s!( >"i#es %es%e e# p'("! %e #a p!#"i*a p>#i*a. Paa es"e 7i(5 se p'e%e )a*e '( e*'e("! %e #as pespe*"i,as %e ,aia#es a(a#i8a%as e( es"!s e(sa6!s. E( pi-e #'$a5 e# "e-a %e# *e*i-ie("! e*!(+-i*!5 'e es'#"a *!-! '(a %e #as ,aia#es -/s si$(i7i*a"i,as paa #a 7!-a#i8a*i+(. De )e*)!5 e# pei!%! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( %e Pe> !*'i+ e( e# -a*! %e '( p!*es! %e *e*i-ie("! a#"! %e a#e%e%! %e a('a#. ;a si%! '( pei!%! eB*ep*i!(a# 'e *!i(*i%i+ *!( e# *e*i-ie("! a#"! %e #!s pe*i!s %e #as -a"eias pi-as 'e e# pas p!%'*e. =Es p!si#e 'e '( pei!%! as se epi"a e( #!s si$'ie("es a!s? Es p!*! p!a#e. Es"! (!s ##e,a a# se$'(%! "e-a3 #a (e*esi%a% %e %i,esi7i*a #a e*!(!-a5 s!e "!%! e(7a"i8a(%! e# *e*i-ie("! %e se*"!es i("e(si,!s e( e-p#e! J*!-e*i!5 se,i*i!s 6 a$i*'#"'aK. E# *e*i-ie("! %e es"!s se*"!es )a *!("i'i%! si$(i7i*a"i,a-e("e a# p!*es! %e 7!-a#i8a*i+( 6 es"e )a !*'i%! p/*"i*a-e("e si( p!#"i*as eBp#i*i"as %e "a(s7!-a*i+( p!%'*"i,a. E( *!(se*'e(*ia *ae pe$'("ase5 =es p!si#e '(a -a6! %i,esi7i*a*i+( a 7'"'!? Es"! sea (e*esai!5 s!e "!%! e( *!("eB"!s %e -e(! *e*i-ie("! e*!(+-i*!. E( "e*e #'$a5 s'$e( #!s "e-as i(s"i"'*i!(a#es. =Es p!si#e e%'*i a>( -/s #!s *!s"!s %e# "aaH!? La Le6 MYPE e%'H! #!s *!s"!s a (i,e#es ea#-e("e aH!s J54K p'es e# "aaHa%! s!#! "ie(e a**es! a #a se$'i%a% s!*ia# e( sa#'% 6 #a -i"a% %e #as ,a*a*i!(es %e# $i-e( $e(ea#. N! es !#i$a"!i! *!"i8a a '( 7!(%! %e pe(si!(es5 (! )a6 %ee*)!s a #as $a"i7i*a*i!(es (i *!-pe(sa*i+( p! "ie-p! %e se,i*i!5 e("e !"as %i7ee(*ias *!( e# $i-e( $e(ea#. E# *!s"! %e %espi%! es '( "e*i! %e# $i-e( $e(ea#. Es"! )a ##e,a%! a a#$'(!s a pe(sa si es"!s (i,e#es %e e(e7i*i!s s!( *!(sis"e("es *!( '( pis! /si*! %e p!"e**i+( paa #!s "aaHa%!es. =Es p!si#e -/s 7is*a#i8a*i+(? ;a6 'e e*!(!*e 'e #!s (i,e#es %e 7is*a#i8a*i+( %i7iee( e("e %i7ee("es i(s"i"'*i!(es. A'('e se )a es"'%ia%! p!*! es"e "e-a5 '( i(%i*a%! es #a p!ai#i%a% %e %e"e**i+( %e #as !#i$a*i!(es "i'"aias 6 !"! es #a p!ai#i%a% %e %e"e**i+( %e #as !#i$a*i!(es #a!a#es5 s!e "!%! e( #as e-pesas -/s pe'eas. Se )a( )e*)! es7'e8!s p! e'ipaa es"a ea#i%a%5 p! eHe-p#!5 a pa"i %e# 's! %e #as p#a(i##as e#e*"+(i*as. Si( e-a$!5 es"e es '( p!*es! 'e p'e%e se -eH!a%! a 7'"'!5 s!e "!%! a pa"i %e '( -a6! 's! %e "e*(!#!$as %e i(7!-a*i+(. 67
