EEE FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM FOR RURAL ENERGY APPLICATION TO RUN AC AND DC LOADS
K.Saida Rao Ch.Chaithanya RAMANANDATIRTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE EEE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to make a special mention of the following people without whose help this project would have not been completed. We are grateful to my Parents for their care, love and support. Special
thanks
to
our
Principal
Dr.M.Venu
for
his
guidance.
We
express our sincere gratitude to Mr.K.Anand, Head of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department and project coordinator Miss.Sushma for her valuable suggestions and technical guidance. We specially thank Mr.S.Ramu, our internal guide for giving us an opportunity to do this project and also other staff members who gave me support, encouragement and suggestion which had helped to make the right choice at this juncture of our career.
K Saida rao CH.Chaithanya
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM FOR RURAL ENERGY APPLICATION TO RUN AC AND DC LOADS ABSTRACT The objective of this project is to generate the electric power through the fabrication of foot step arrangement. Now day’s power demand is increased, so this project is used to generate the electrical power in order to compensate the electric power demand. The whole human/ bioenergy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great indentation and crowd energy frames will be very useful energy in crowded countries. In this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy. The control mechanism carries the piezo electric sensor, A.C ripples neutralizer, unidirectional current controller and 12V, 1.3Amp lead acid DC rechargeable battery and an inverter is used to drive AC/DC loads. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 volt D.C to 230 volt A.C. this 230 volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are using conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to circuitry.
CONTENTS ABSTRACT
i
LIST OF FIGURES
iv
1. INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Motivation
1
1.2 Problem definition
2
1.3 Objective of Project
2
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
3
2.1 Introduction
3
2.2 Existing System
4
2.3 Proposed System
5
2.4 Ultimate Aim
5
3. ANALYSIS 3.1 Introduction
6
3.2 Block diagram
7
3.3 Sensor
8
3.4 Piezo Electric Sensor
8
4. BLOCK DESCRIPTION 4.1 Rectifier
11
4.2 Filter
14
4.3 Voltage regulator
14
4.4 Battery
15
4.4.1 Categories and types of batteries
15
4.4.2 How batteries work?
18
4.4.3 Battery lifetime
20
4.5 Inverter
20
4.6 Bulb
21
4.7 switches
22
5. DESIGN
23
5.1 Introduction 5.2 Designing figure
6. RESULT
25
6.1 Method of Implementation 6.2 Result analysis
7. CONCLUSION
26
8.
27
FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES
28
LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO
NAME OF THE FIGURE
PAGE. NO
1
Block Diagram
8
2
Lead Zirconate Titanate Unit Cell
9
3
Tourmaline Piezo Electric Sensor
10
4
Tourmaline Piezo Electric Sensor
11
5
Symbol Of Piezo Electric Sensor
12
6
Rectifier Circuit Description
13
7
Bridge Rectifier Output Waveforms
14
8
Voltage Regulator Circuit
15
9
Voltage Regulator
16
10
Different Types Of Batteries
17
11
12v Lead Acid Battery
20
12
220v Ac Blub
22
13
Foot Step Design At Steps
24
14
Symbol Of Piezo Electric Sensor
25
CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION Energy is the ability to do work. While energy surrounds us in all aspects of life, the ability to harness it and use it for constructive ends as economically as possible is the challenge before mankind. Alternative energy refers to energy sources, which are not based on the burning of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this field of study comes from the undesirable effects of pollution (as witnessed today) both from burning fossil fuels and from nuclear waste byproducts. Fortunately there are many means of harnessing energy, which have less damaging impacts on our environment in India. The alternatives are,
Solar
Wind Power
Geothermal
Tides
Hydroelectric In addition to these we have developed a new methodology of generating power using human energy and the name of this alternative is a foot step power generation.
1.1 MOTIVATION:
Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man required energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals, which he hunted. With the passage of time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and training animals to work for him. With further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water for sailing ships and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. Till this time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the energy needs of man either directly or indirectly and that man was using only renewable sources of energy.
1.2. PROBLEM DEFINITION: Some developing countries and newly-industrialized countries have several hours of daily power-cuts in almost all cities and villages because the increase in demand for electricity exceeds the increase in electric power generation. People in these countries may use a power-inverter (rechargeable batteries) or a diesel/petrol-run electric generator at their homes during the powercut. The use of standby generators is common in industrial and IT hubs. This ultimately increases the shortage of power.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT: The main aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well as reduce the power shortages.
CHAPTER 2 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 INTRIDUCTION: FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION: The usage of traditional power generation method such as burning of coal, wood, diesel (generators) etc is continuously depleting our natural resources such as fossil fuels, which is the demand for power has exceed the supply due to the rising population. In addition to this the traditional methods cause pollution, GLOBAL WARMING: Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's nearsurface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100 years ending in 2005. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the increase since the mid-twentieth century is "very likely" due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950 onward.
Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface temperature will likely rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the twenty-first century. This range of values results from the use of differing scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions as well as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most studies focus on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is a result of the large heat capacity of the oceans. Increasing global temperature is expected to cause sea levels to rise, an increase in the intensity of extreme weather events, and significant changes to the amount and pattern of precipitation, likely including an expanse of the subtropical desert regions.. Other expected effects of global warming include changes in agricultural yields, modifications of trade routes, glacier retreat, mass species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors. Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the future, and how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but there is ongoing political and public debate worldwide regarding what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its expected consequences. Global dimming, the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface, may have partially mitigated global warming in the late 20th century. From 1960 to 1990 human-caused aerosols likely precipitated this effect. Scientists have stated with 66–90% confidence that the effects of human-caused aerosols, along with volcanic activity, have offset some of the global warming, and that greenhouse gases would have resulted in more warming than observed if not for these dimming agents. Ozone depletion, the steady decline in the total amount of ozone in Earth's stratosphere, is frequently cited in relation to global warming. Although there are areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong.
2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM:
Other people have developed Rack-pinion and pulley (mechanical-to-electrical) surfaces in the past, but the Crowd Farm has the potential to redefine urban space by adding a sense of fluidity and encouraging people to activate spaces with their movement. The Crowd Farm floor is composed of standard parts that are easily replicated but it is expensive to produce at this stage. This technology would facilitate the future creation of new urban landscapes athletic fields with a spectator area, music halls, theatres, nightclubs and a large gathering space for rallies, demonstrations and celebrations, railway stations, bus stands, subways, airports etc. like capable of Harnessing human location for electricity generation.
2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM: NEED FOR THE SYSTEM: Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India and China where the roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples, etc. are all over crowded and millions of people move around the clock. This whole human/bio energy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great invention and crowd energy farms will be very useful energy sources in crowded countries. Walking across a "Crowd Farm," floor, then, will be a fun for idle people who can improve their health by exercising in such farms with earning. The electrical energy generated at such farms will be useful for nearby applications.
2.4 ULTIMATE AIM: The ultimate aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well as reduce the power shortages
CHAPTER 3 3. ANALYSIS 3.1 INTRODUCTION: Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and wellbeing ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India and China where the roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples, etc. are all over crowded and millions of people move around the clock. This whole human/ bio-energy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great invention and crowd energy farms will be very useful energy sources in crowded countries
In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on the foot step. Non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. Non-conventional energy using foot step is converting mechanical energy into the electrical energy. This project uses piezoelectric sensor. In this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy. The control mechanism carries the piezo electric sensor, A.C ripples neutralizer, unidirectional current controller and 12V, 1.3Amp lead acid dc rechargeable battery and an inverter is used to drive
AC/DC loads. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are using conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to the circuitry. This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Figure 3.1 8: Foot Step Power Generation System For Rural Energy Application To Run Ac And Dc Loads
3.3 SENSOR A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, mercury converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. At thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a voltmeter. For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated against known standards.
3.4 PIEZO ELECTRIC SENSOR A piezoelectric
sensor is
a
device
that
uses
the piezoelectric
effect to
measure pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical signal. Piezoelectric materials exhibit the unique property known as the piezoelectric effect. When these materials are subjected to a compressive or tensile stress, an electric field is generated across the material, creating a voltage gradient and a subsequent current flow. This effect stems from the asymmetric nature of their unit cell when a stress is applied. As seen in Figure 1, the unit cell contains a small positively charges particle in the center. When a stress is applied this particle becomes shifted in one direction which creates a charge distribution, and subsequent electric field. These materials come in several different forms. The most common is crystals, but they are also found as plastics and ceramics.
Figure 3.2: Lead Zirconate Titanate unit cell Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control and for research and development in many different industries it was only in the 1950s that the piezoelectric effect started to be
used for industrial sensing applications. Since then, this measuring principle has been increasingly used and can be regarded as a mature technology with an outstanding inherent reliability. It has been successfully used in various applications, such as in medical, aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and as a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones. In the automotive industry, piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion when developing internal combustion engines. The sensors are either directly mounted into additional holes into the cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is equipped with a built in miniature piezoelectric sensor. The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly related to a set of inherent advantages. The high modulus of elasticity of many piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many metals and goes up to 10e6 N/m² [Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems that react to compression, the sensing elements show almost zero deflection. This is the reason why piezoelectric sensors are so rugged, have an extremely high natural frequency and an excellent linearity over a wide amplitude range. Additionally, piezoelectric technology is insensitive to electromagnetic fields and radiation, enabling measurements under harsh conditions. Some materials used (especially gallium phosphate or tourmaline) have an extreme stability even at high temperature, enabling sensors to have a working range of up to 1000°C. Tourmaline shows pyroelectricity in addition to the piezoelectric effect; this is the ability to generate an electrical signal when the temperature of the crystal changes. This effect is also common to piezoceramic materials.
Figure 3.4: Tourmaline
Piezo Electric Sensor
Elevated
temperatures cause an additional drop
in internal resistance and sensitivity. The main effect on the piezoelectric effect is that with increasing pressure loads and temperature, the sensitivity is reduced due to twin-formation.
While quartz sensors need to be cooled during measurements at temperatures above 300°C, special types of crystals like GaPO4 gallium phosphate do not show any twin formation up to the melting point of the material itself.
Figure 3.3: Symbol Of Piezo Electric Sensor.
CHAPTER 4 4. BLOCK DESCRIPTION 4.1 RECTIFIER The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
Figure 4.1: Rectifier Circuit For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
Figure 4.2: Rectifier Circuit Description In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the centre tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary circuit. The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one of the stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the opposite stationary contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the switch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of electromechanical inverter switch, called a vibrator or buzzer, was once used in vacuum tube automobile radios. A similar mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers and tattoo guns.
As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and various other types of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs.
Figure 4.3: Bridge Rectifier Output Waveforms
4.2 FILTER Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
4.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used.
Figure 4.4:Voltage Regulator Circuit The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each
type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.
Figure 4.5:7805 Voltage Regulator
4.4 BATTERY Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either individually linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.
4.4.1. Categories and types of batteries Batteries are classified into two broad categories, each type with advantages and disadvantages.
Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of practicality) transform chemical energy to electrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by electrical means. Secondary batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their chemical reactions reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original composition. Historically, some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph circuits, were restored to operation by replacing the components of the battery consumed by the chemical reaction. Secondary batteries are not indefinitely rechargeable due to dissipation of the active materials, loss of electrolyte and internal corrosion.
Figure 4.6: Different Types Of Batteries Primary batteries: Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable batteries are intended to be used once and discarded. These are most commonly used in portable devices that have low current drain, are only used intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is only intermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms. Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting to recharge primary cells.
Common types of disposable batteries include zinc-carbon batteries and alkaline batteries. Generally, these have higher energy densities than rechargeable batteries, but disposable batteries do not fare well under high-drain applications with loads under 75 ohms (75 Ω). Secondary batteries: Secondary batteries must be charged before use; they are usually assembled with active materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells can be recharged by applying electrical current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during its use. Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers. The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the lead-acid battery. This battery is notable in that it contains a liquid in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas produced by these batteries during overcharging. The lead-acid battery is also very heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply. Despite this, its low manufacturing cost and its high surge current levels make its use common where a large capacity (over approximately 10Ah) is required or where the weight and ease of handling are not concerns. A common form of the lead-acid battery is the modern car battery, which can generally deliver a peak current of 450 amperes. An improved type of liquid electrolyte battery is the sealed valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery, popular in the automotive industry as a replacement for the lead-acid wet cell. The VRLA battery uses an immobilized sulfuric acid electrolyte, reducing the chance of leakage and extending shelf life. VRLA batteries have the electrolyte immobilized, usually by one of two means. Gel batteries (or "gel cell") contain a semi-solid electrolyte to prevent spillage. Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) batteries absorb the electrolyte in special fiberglass matting. Other portable rechargeable batteries include several "dry cell" types, which are sealed units and are therefore useful in appliances such as mobile phones and laptop computers. Cells of
this type (in order of increasing power density and cost) include nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickelzinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells. By far, Li-ion has the highest share of the dry cell rechargeable market. Meanwhile, NiMH has replaced NiCd in most applications due to its higher capacity, but NiCd remains in use in power tools, two-way radios, and medical equipment. NiZn is a new technology that is not yet well established commercially. Recent developments include batteries with embedded functionality such as USBCELL, with a built-in charger and USB connector within the AA format, enabling the battery to be charged by plugging into a USB port without a charger, and low self-discharge (LSD) mix chemistries such as Hybrio, ReCyko, and Eneloop, where cells are recharged prior to shipping. 4.4.2 How Batteries Work? A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It consists of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively-charged ions) migrate, i.e. the anode or negative electrode; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively-charged ions) migrate, i.e. the cathode or positive electrode. In the Redox reaction that powers the battery, reduction (addition of electrons) occurs to cations at the cathode, while oxidation (removal of electrons) occurs to anions at the anode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Many cells use two half-cells with different electrolytes. In that case each half-cell is enclosed in a container, and a separator that is porous to ions but not the bulk of the electrolytes prevents mixing. Each half cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net emf of the cell is the difference between the emfs of its half-cells, as first recognized by Volta. Therefore, if the electrodes have emfs E1 and E2, then the net emf is E2 - E1 ; in other words, the net emf is the difference between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions. The electrical driving force or
across the terminals of a cell is known as the
terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell that is
neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell. Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it would maintain a constant terminal voltage of
until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell
maintained 1.5 volts and stored a charge of one Coulomb then on complete discharge it would perform 1.5 Joule of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge, and the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.
Figure 4.7: 12v Lead Acid Battery As stated above, the voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and carbon-zinc cells have different chemistries but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. On the other
hand the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more. 4.4.3 Battery Lifetime Even if never taken out of the original package, disposable (or "primary") batteries can lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge every year at a temperature of about 20°–30°C. This is known as the "self discharge" rate and is due to non-current-producing "side" chemical reactions, which occur within the cell even if no load is applied to it. The rate of the side reactions is reduced if the batteries are stored at low temperature, although some batteries can be damaged by freezing. High or low temperatures may reduce battery performance. This will affect the initial voltage of the battery. For an AA alkaline battery this initial voltage is approximately normally distributed around 1.6 volts. Discharging performance of all batteries drops at low temperature.
4.5. INVERTER An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries. There are two main types of inverter. The output of a modified sine wave inverter is similar to a square wave output except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before switching positive or negative. It is simple and low cost and is compatible with most electronic devices, except for sensitive or specialized equipment, for example certain laser printers. A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output (<3% total harmonic distortion) that is essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with all AC electronic devices. This is the type used in grid-tie inverters. Its design is more complex, and
costs 5 or 10 times more per unit power. The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters was made to work in reverse, and thus was "inverted", to convert DC to AC. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.
4.6 BULB
Figure 4.8: 220v Ac Blub A bulb is a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases. The leaves often function as food storage organs during dormancy . A bulb's leaf bases generally do not support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable the plant to survive adverse conditions. The leaf bases may resemble scales, or they may overlap and surround the center of the bulb as with the onion. A modified stem forms the base of the bulb, and plant growth occurs from this basal plate. Roots emerge from the underside of the base, and new stems and leaves from the upper side. Other types of storage organs (such as corms, rhizomes, and tubers) are sometimes erroneously referred to as bulbs. The correct term for plants that form underground storage organs,
including
bulbs
as
well
as tubers and corms,
is geophytes.
Some epiphytic orchids (family Orchidaceous) form above-ground storage organs called pseudo bulbs that superficially resemble bulbs.
4.7 SWITCH
In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that channels incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take the data toward its intended destination. In the traditional circuit-switched telephone network, one or more switches are used to set up a dedicated though temporary connection or circuit for an exchange between two or more parties. On an Ethernet local area network (LAN), a switch determines from the physical device (Media Access Control or MAC) address in each incoming message frame which output port to forward it to and out of. In a wide area packet-switched network such as the Internet, a switch determines from the IP address in each packet which output port to use for the next part of its trip to the intended destination. In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model, a switch performs the layer 2 or Data-Link layer function. That is, it simply looks at each packet or data unit and determines from a physical address (the "MAC address").
CHAPTER 5 5. DESIGN 5.1 INTRODUCTION Whenever force is applied on piezo electric crystals that force is converted to Electrical energy is used to drive DC loads. And that minute voltage which is stored in the Lead Acid battery. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are using conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to the circuitry.
5.2DESIGNING FIGURE
Figure 5.1: Foot Step Design At Steps
Figure 5.2: Foot Step Design Under The Road
CHAPTER 6 6. RESULT 6.1 METHOD OF IMPLEMENTATION 1. The "Crowd would work something like this A responsive sub-flooring system would be placed under, say, the platform of a subway terminal. The blocks that make up the system would depress slightly under the force of human footsteps. As the blocks slipped against each other, they would generate power in the form of an electric current. 2. The electric current could be used, among other things, to light up signs about the energy created by the pedestrians, the creators say. People should understand the direct relationship between their movement and the energy produced," said co-creator Thaddeus Jusczyk. 6.2 RESULT ANALYSIS While the Crowd Farm wouldn't work in the home (a single human step generates only enough power to light 15-watt light bulb for one second), it could really draw some power from a crowd producing thousands of steps.
CHAPTER 7 7. CONCLUSION The project “FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION FOR RURAL ENERGY APPLICATION TO RUN A.C. AND D.C. LOADS” is successfully tested and implemented which is the best economical, affordable energy solution to common people. This can be used for many applications in rural areas where power availability is less or totally absence. As India is a developing country where energy management is a big challenge for huge population. By using this project we can drive both A.C. as well as D.C loads according to the force we applied on the piezo electric sensor.
CHAPTER 8 8. FUTURE SCOPE Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India and China in future.
REFERENCES 1. Design data book
-P.S.G.Tech.
2. Strength of Materials
-R.S.Kurmi
3. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst. 4. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi 5. Design of transmission elements – S.Md.jalaludeen 6. www.howstuffworks.com
