COMPLETE SOLUTIONS MANUAL Alicia Paterno Parsi
Arash Parsi
Tomislav Pintauer
Duquesne University
Duquesne University
Duquesne University
Lucio Gelmini Grant MacEwan College
Robert W. Hilts Grant MacEwan College
General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications Tenth Edition Ralph H. Petrucci California State University, San Bernardino
F. Geoffrey Herring University of British Columbia
Jeffry D. Madura Duquesne University
Carey Bissonnette University of Waterloo
Pearson Canada Toronto
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission, write to the Permissions Department.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-504293-9
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CONTENTS Preface..................................................................................................................................v Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28
Matter—Its Properties and Measurement .....................................................1 Atoms and the Atomic Theory ....................................................................28 Chemical Compounds ................................................................................61 Chemical Reactions...................................................................................112 Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions.......................................163 Gases .........................................................................................................208 Thermochemistry ......................................................................................262 Electrons in Atoms ....................................................................................305 The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties .....................................352 Chemical Bonding l: Basic Concepts........................................................384 Chemical Bonding ll: Additional Aspects.................................................453 Intermolecular Forces: Liquids and Solids ...............................................508 Solutions and Their Physical Properties....................................................560 Chemical Kinetics .....................................................................................611 Principles of Chemical Equilibrium..........................................................666 Acids and Bases ........................................................................................720 Additional Aspects of Acid–Base Equilibria ............................................786 Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria .....................................................890 Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Gibbs Energy ....................................946 Electrochemistry........................................................................................998 Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements 1: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14 ......1064 Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements ll: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen......................................................................................1095 The Transition Elements .........................................................................1136 Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds .........................................1163 Nuclear Chemistry...................................................................................1196 Structure of Organic Compounds............................................................1221 Reactions of Organic Compounds...........................................................1265 Chemistry of the Living State .................................................................1303
PREFACE The Complete Solutions Manual to accompany the 10th edition of General Chemistry contains full solutions to all in-chapter and end-of-chapter exercises and problems, namely,
Practice Examples (A and B) Integrative Examples Exercises Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems Self-Assessment Exercises
Each solution is preceded by its level of difficulty, set in parentheses (E = easy, M = moderate, and D = difficult). Solutions with the question number underlined indicate that these are solutions for the red questions in the textbook. Solutions for all of the red textbook questions are included in the Selected Solutions Manual (978-0-13-504292-2). Stepwise Approach and Conversion Pathway Approach To reflect changes made to the tenth edition of the textbook, we have enhanced the coverage of the Complete Solutions Manual by providing solutions to selected questions in both the Stepwise Approach and Conversion Pathway Approach. In Chapters 1–6, 19, and 20, you will see one problem in each section solved by both the stepwise and conversion pathway approaches. These two methods of problem solving are modeled after the text, and their purpose is to help you set up problems as you begin your problem-solving journey in the solutions. Molecular Formulas of Organic Compounds For brevity, the molecular formulas of organic compounds in the Complete Solutions Manual are often written as CxHyOz rather than as the condensed structural formulas found in the textbook. For example, the formula of glycerol, HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH, is written as C3H8O3. Periodic Table The tenth edition textbook uses the atomic masses in the new periodic table, and the solutions in this manual do not. As a result, there may be small discrepancies in the atomic masses found in the solutions.
