UNIT 6: Relative Clauses
Defining
Relative
Clauses Non-Defining Relative Clauses
A Defining Relative Clause: GIVES ESSENTIAL INFORMATION ABOUT A NOUN
Relative Pronouns used in Defining Relative Clause: WHICH – THAT – WHO – WHERE – WHEN – WHOSE
Omission of the Relative Pronoun: Only when it is part of the object of the sentence.
Examples: Here’s the money that/which I borrowed from you. That’s the man whose car cost a lot of money. (the underlined sentences give essential information to understand the idea) Here’s the money I borrowed from you. That’s the place we found the treasure. (the relative pronouns: that, which, where have been omitted because they are part of the object of the sentence)
Examples: 1. She worked for a man. The man used to be an athlete. 2. They called a lawyer. The lawyer lived nearby. 3. I sent an email to my brother. My brother lives in Australia. 4. The customer liked the waitress. The waitress was very friendly. 5. We broke the computer. The computer belonged to my father.
Answers: 1. She worked for a man who / that used to be an athlete. 2. They called a lawyer who / that lived nearby. 3. I sent an email to my brother who / that lives in Australia. 4. The customer liked the waitress who / that was very friendly. 5. We broke the computer which / that belonged to my father.
A Non-Defining Relative Clause: GIVES ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT A NOUN – commas are used
All Relative Pronouns are used except for: THAT
There is NO omission of the Relative Pronoun:
Examples: The money, which I borrowed from you, has been deposited in your account. The man, whose car cost a lot of money, had a terrible accident. (The underlined sentences or NDFR, give additional information about the subjects: money and man If the NDRC is taken out, the idea is still understood)
Examples: INCORRECT: The money, I borrowed from you, has been deposited in your account. The man, car cost a lot of money, had a terrible accident. (NO omission of the relative pronouns: which, whose)
Examples:
My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester. My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars. My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart. My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.
Clause comes after the object: • Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York. • The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed. • Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now. • I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.
More practice?
http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/relativespronouns-worksheets-resources.html
UNIT 7: Condidionals
Review
of Conditionals 0, 1, 2, 3 Mixed Conditionals
Type 0: GENERAL TRUTHS Type 1: PROBABLE EVENTS Type 2: IMPROBABLE EVENTS IN THE PRESENT Type 3: IMPROBABLE EVENTS IN THE PAST
Examples: Type 0: If an employee wants to cycle to work, we provide them with a bicycle.
Type 1: If you cannot collect your table, we will deliver it for you at no extra charge.
Type 2: If one of our suppliers used child labour, we would not work with them any more.
Type 3: If I had taken the right decision then, I would have earned enough money to buy a car. What tenses are used in the “If” clauses (= sentences), and which ones in the main clauses?
Practice: 1. If he __________________ (eat) everything he ______________________ (be) ill (3) 2. The police ______________________ (arrest) him if they ____________________ (catch) him (1) 3. What ______________________ (happen) if my parachute __________________(not open)? (1) 4. I ______________________ (be) angry if he _____________________(make) more mistakes. (2) 5. If he ______________________ (be) late we ______________________ (go) without him (3). 6. If I ____________________(lend) you 10 pounds, ______________________ (you, give) it back to me? (1) 7. If you ______________________ (not like) this one, I ______________________ (bring) you another one. (1) 8. If I ______________________ (know) that I ______________________ (visit) you.(3) 9. I ______________________ (not drink) that wine if I ______________________ (be) you. (2) 10. If we ______________________ (have) more rain our crops __________ ____ (grow) (3)
Practice: 1. If he had eaten (eat) everything he would have been (be) ill (3) 2. The police will arrest (arrest) him if they catch (catch) him (1) 3. What will happen (happen) if my parachute does not open (not open)? (1) 4. I would be angry (be) angry if he made (make) more mistakes. (2) 5. If he had been (be) late we would have gone (go) without him (3). 6. If I lend (lend) you 10 pounds, will you give (you, give) it back to me? (1) 7. If you do not like (not like) this one, I will bring (bring) you another one. (1) 8. If I had known (know) that I would have visited (visit) you. (3) 9. I would not drink (not drink) that wine if I were (be) you. (2) 10. If we had had (have) more rain our crops would have grown (grow) faster (3)
More practice? http://www.englishgrammar.at/worksheets/if_clauses/if_clauses.htm
1st Case When we imagine the present result of a situation in the past: If you had done your homework yesterday, you would not be so busy now.
2nd Case When we talk about the imaginary result of a present / permanent situation: If she wasn’t a vet, your pet wouldn’t have been properly assisted. What tenses are used in the “If” clauses and in the main clauses?
Practice: Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below following the example given with the appropriate conditional form. 1.a. She will take care of the children for us next weekend because her business trip was canceled. 1.b. But, she (take, not) would not be taking care of the children for us next weekend if her business trip (be, not) had not been canceled. 2.a. Tom is not going to come to dinner tomorrow because you insulted him yesterday. 2.b. But, he (come) if you (insult) him. 3.a. Marie is unhappy because she gave up her career when she got married. 3.b. But, Marie (be) happy if she (give, not) up her career when she got married. 4.a. Dr. Mercer decided not to accept the research grant at Harvard because he is going to take six months off to spend more time with his family. 4.b. But, Dr. Mercer (accept) the research grant at Harvard if he (take, not) six months off to spend more time with his family. 5.a. Professor Schmitz talked so much about the Maasai tribe because she is an expert on African tribal groups. 5.b. But, Professor Schmitz (talk, not) so much about the Maasai tribe if she (be, not) an expert
Practice: 2.a. Tom is not going to come to dinner tomorrow because you insulted him yesterday. 2.b. But, he would come if you hadn’t insulted him. 3.a. Marie is unhappy because she gave up her career when she got married. 3.b. But, Marie would be happy if she had not given up her career when she got married. 4.a. Dr. Mercer decided not to accept the research grant at Harvard because he is going to take six months off to spend more time with his family. 4.b. But, Dr. Mercer would have accepted the research grant at Harvard if he didn’t take six months off to spend more time with his family. 5.a. Professor Schmitz talked so much about the Maasai tribe because she is an expert on African tribal groups. 5.b. But, Professor Schmitz wouldn’t have talked so much about the Maasai tribe if she weren’t an expert on African tribal groups.
More practice? http:// www.englishpage.com/conditional/mixedconditional
UNIT 8: Passives
Active
& Passive
Voice Impersonal passives
Present Passive: Active: They make these cars in Japan. (Verb in PRESENT SIMPLE: MAKE)
Passive: These cars are made in Japan. (Verb TO BE in PRESENT SIMPLE: ARE + PAST PARTICIPLE of MAKE: MADE)
Past Passive: Active: They made these cars in Japan. (Verb in PAST SIMPLE: MADE)
Passive: These cars were made in Japan. (Verb TO BE in PAST SIMPLE: WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE of MAKE: MADE)
Passives in other Tenses: Change these active sentences into passive: 1. They have made these cars in Japan. These cars have been made … 2. They will make these cars in Japan. 3. They are going to make these cars in Japan. 4. They may make these cars in Japan. 5. They could make these cars in Japan. 6. They had made these cars in Japan. 7. They must make these cars in Japan. 8. They are making these cars in Japan.
Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
These cars have been made in Japan. These cars will be made in Japan. These cars are going to be made in Japan. These cars may be made in Japan. These cars could be made in Japan. These cars had been made in Japan. These cars must be made in Japan. These cars are being made in Japan.
More practice? file:///D:/klopez/Downloads/the-passive-voice.pdf
Impersonal Passives (1): Active: People believe that your husband works for the mafia. (“WORKS” is in PRESENT Tense)
Passive: Your husband is believed to work for the mafia. (1st verb in PRESENT PASSIVE: IS/ARE BELIEVED) + 2nd verb in SIMPLE INFINITIVE with TO: TO WORK )
Impersonal Passives (2): Active: People think that your husband worked for the mafia. (“WORKED” is in PAST Tense)
Passive: Your husband is thought to have worked for the mafia. (1st verb in PRESENT PASSIVE: IS/ARE THOUGHT) + 2nd verb in PERFECT INFINITIVE with TO: TO HAVE WORKED)
Practice: 1 People think that neither side wanted war. Neither side is ................................................................................................ 2 People say that fewer than 1,000 blue whales survive in the southern hemisphere. Fewer .......................................... 3 Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you. Eating fruit ........................................................................................ 4 People consider that one in three bathing beaches is unfit for swimming. One in three bathing beaches ....................... 5 At least 130,000 dolphins are reported to be caught in the nets of tuna fishers every year. It is ......................................
Answers: 1 People think that neither side wanted war. Neither side is thought to have wanted war. 2 People say that fewer than 1,000 blue whales survive in the southern hemisphere. Fewer than 1,000 blue whales are said to survive in the southern hemisphere. 3 Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you. Eating fruit is known to be good for you. 4 People consider that one in three bathing beaches is unfit for swimming. One in three bathing beaches is considered unfit for swimming. 5 At least 130,000 dolphins are reported to be caught in the nets of tuna fishers every year. It is reported that at least 130,000 dolphins are caught in the nets of tuna fishers every year.
More practice?
http://www.eoioviedo.org/anacarmen/passive/Passive. pdf https://carloscanobachillerato.files. wordpress.com/201 6/02/impersonal-passive-2.pdf
UNIT 9: Reported Speech
Reported
Statements
Reported
Questions
Direct and Indirect or Reported Speech
The main rule in REPORTED SPEECH is to go a tense back in time:
Reported Statements: Direct Speech: We study marketing at USIL. (Verb “STUDY” is in PRESENT SIMPLE)
Reported Speech: They said they studied marketing at USIL. (The Reporting verb “SAID” is in the PAST, so the main verb “STUDIED” goes in the PAST)
Change these statements from Direct to Reported Speech: 1. Henry said, "I´ll hand in the report tomorrow.” 2. They said, 'We've worked here for a long time.” 3. He told me, “They were going to take the decision at that moment.” 4. They said, “The police are searching for the missing file right now.” 5. Annie said, “He may win the election.” 6. The young lady said, “I did not make such a mistake.” 7. Frank told me, “We’re going to travel next year.”
Reported Questions: Direct Question: She asked, “Do you study marketing at USIL?” (Verb “STUDY” is in PRESENT SIMPLE)
Reported Question: She asked me if I studied marketing at USIL. (The Reporting verb “ASKED” is in the PAST, so the main verb “STUDY” goes a tense back in time: PAST SIMPLE)
Reported Questions: Direct Speech: She asked, “What did did you you study study at at USIL?” (Verb “STUDIED” is in PAST)
Reported Speech: She asked me what I had studied at USIL. (The Reporting verb “ASKED” is in the PAST, so the main verb “STUDIED” goes a tense back: PAST PERFECT) ORDER: IF/QW + Subject + Verb + Complement
Change these questions from Direct to Reported Speech: 1. 2. 3. 4.
My boss asked, “Are you tired? He asked me, “Has she arrived yet?” She asked me, “Where did you go yesterday?” They asked, “Where are they going to start the meeting?” 5. Kate asked, “How can they say that?” 6. Our neighbour asked us, “When will you move?” 7. Mary asked me, “What were you doing at this time last week?”
More practice?
http://www.conhecer.org.br/download/INGLES%20IN TERMEDIARIO/Module%202-%20reportedspeech4.pdf http://www .perfect-english-grammar.com/support.perfect-english-grammar.com/supportfiles/reported_statements.pdf
UNIT 10: Wish & If Only
Wish
/ If only
Causative
Have
“
”
WISH / IF ONLY Regret about a past situation: I wish / If only I hadn’t bought that bag. (The verb goes in PAST PERFECT)
Regret about a present situation: I wish / If only I didn’t have to work long hours every day. (The verb goes in PAST SIMPLE)
WISH / IF ONLY A wish for the future: I wish / If only he could give me a ring. (I wish / If only + COULD + verb in INFINITIVE) I wish / If only I could pass this course with a good grade.
WISH / IF ONLY Regret about an annoying or frustrating situation: I wish / If only those kids would stop making so much noise. I want to sleep. (I wish / If only + WOULD + verb in INFINITIVE) BUT: HE wishes HE COULD pass the FCE exam, at least with a “C”.
More practice?
http:// www.autoenglish.org/gr.wish.pdf http://www .myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/gram mar-exercise-if-only-I-wish.php http://platea.pntic.mec.es/ffernand/elynx/pdf/I wish_If-only_I'd-rather_It's-time-G-P.pdf
CAUSATIVE HAVE When we pay or ask someone to do something for us: My husband had his car repaired last weekend. HAVE (in any tense) + OBJECT + verb in PAST PARTICIPLE) ALSO: We are going to GET our kitchen redecorated next week.
Practice: 1) A private firm will oversee the implementation of the new policy for the government. ____________________________________ 2) She has always brought lunch for me to my office. ____________________________________ 3) Someone could walk my dog if I paid well. ____________________________________ 4) Sernac takes care of consumers’ rights in Chile. ____________________________________ 5) Unemployment agencies look for jobs for unemployed people. ____________________________________
Answers: 1) The government will have the implementation of the new policy overseen by a private firm. 2) I have always had lunch brought to my office by her. 3) I could have my dog walked by someone if I paid well. 4) Consumer’s rights in Chile gets taken care of by the Sernac. 5) Unemployed people get jobs looked for by unemployment agencies.
More practice?
http://uppsehir.weebly.com/uploads/5/4/4/1/5441492 3/gim_causative_have_and_get.pdf http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/supportfiles/causatives-exercise-1.pdf http://www.koboldangol.hu/feladat/uppint4.pdf