FAKTOR RESIKO YANG MEMPENGARUHI HIPERTENSI Menurut Elsan (2009) !a"t#r !a"t#r res$"# %an& 'e'en&aru$ 'e'en&aru$ $ertens$ %an& *aat atau *a" *aat *$"#ntr#l antara la$n+ a, Fa"t#r Res$"# Yan& Yan& T$*a" -aat -$"#ntr#l+ .)
/en$s "ela'$n
Prealens$ ter1a*$n%a ter1a*$n%a $ertens$ a*a r$a sa'a *en&an an$ta, Na'un an$ta terl$n*un& *ar$ en%a"$t "ar*$#as"uler "ar*$#as"uler se3elu' 'en#ause, 4an$ta 4an$ta %an& 3elu' 'en&ala'$ 'en#ause *$l$n*un&$ #le #r'#n estr#&en %an& 3ereran *ala' 'en$n&"at"an "a*ar H$& -ens$t% 5$#r#te$n (H-5), Ka*ar "#lester#l "#lester#l H-5 %an& n&&$ 'erua"an !a"t#r el$n*un& *ala' 'en6e&a ter1a*$n%a r#ses ater#s"ler#s$s, E!e" erl$n*un&an estr#&en *$an&&a se3a&a$ en1elasan a*an%a a*an%a $'un$tas an$ta a*a us$a re'en#ause, Pa*a re'en#ause an$ta 'ula$ "e$lan&an se*$"$t *e'$ se*$"$t #r'#n e str#&en %an& sela'a $n$ 'el$n*un&$ e'3ulu *ara *ar$ "erusa"an, Pr#ses $n$ terus 3erlan1ut *$'ana #r'#n estr#&en terse3ut 3eru3a "uantasn%a "uantasn%a sesua$ *en&an u'ur an$ta se6ara ala'$ %an& u'u'n%a 'ula$ ter1a*$ a*a an$ta u'ur 7888 taun, -ar$ as$l enel$an *$*aat"an as$l le3$ *ar$ seten&a en*er$ta $ertens$ 3er1en$s "ela'$n an$ta se"$tar 8:8;, (An&&ra$n$ *"" 2009), H$ertens$ le3$ 3an%a" ter1a*$ a*a r$a 3$la ter1a*$ a*a us$a *easa 'u*a, Teta$ Teta$ le3$ 3an%a" 'en%eran& 'en%eran& an$ta setela u'ur 88 taun se"$tar :0; en*er$ta $ertens$ a*ala an$ta, Hal $n$ ser$n& *$"a$t"an *en&an eru3aan #r'#n setela 'en#ause (Marl$an$ 200<), 2)
U'ur
Se'a"$n n&&$ u'ur sese#ran& se'a"$n n&& $ te"anan *aran%a *aran%a 1a*$ #ran& %an& le3$ tua 6en*erun& 'e'un%a$ 'e'un%a$ te"anan *ara %an& n&&$ *ar$ #ran& %an& 3erus$a le3$ 'u*a, H$ertens$ a*a us$a lan1ut arus *$tan&an$ se6ara "usus, Hal $n$ *$se3a3"an a*a us$a terse3ut &$n1al *an a 'ula$ 'enurun "arena $tu *#s$s #3at %an& *$3er$"an arus 3enar3enar teat, Teta$ a*a "e3an%a"an "asus $ertens$ 3an%a" ter1a*$ a*a us$a lan1ut, Pa*a an$ta $ertens$ ser$n& ter1a*$ a*a us$a *$atas 80 taun, Hal $n$ *$se3a3"an ter1a*$n%a ter1a*$n%a eru3aan #r'#n sesu*a 'en#ause, Hanns Peter (2009) 'en&e'u"a"an 3aa "#n*$s$ %an& 3er"a$tan *en&an us$a $n$ a*ala r#*u" sa'$n& *ar$ "eausan arter$#s"ler#s$s arter$#s"ler#s$s *ar$ arter$arter$ uta'a teruta'a a#rta *an a"$3at *ar$ 3er"uran&n%a 3er"uran&n%a "elenturan, -en&an 'en&erasn%a arter$arter$ $n$ *an 'en1a*$ se'a"$n "a"u arter$ *an a#rta $tu "e$lan&an *a%a en%esua$an *$r$, -en&an 3erta'3an%a u'ur u'ur r$s$"# ter"ena $ertens$ le3$ 3esar se$n&&a realens$ *$"alan&an us$a lan1ut 6u"u n&&$ %a$tu se"$tar 70 ; *en&an "e'aan se"$tar 80 ; *$atas u'ur :0 taun, Arter$ "e$lan&an "e$lan&an elass$tas atau "elenturan "elenturan serta te"anan *ara 'en$n&"at se$r$n& *en&an 3erta'3an%a us$a, Pen$n&"atan Pen$n&"atan "asus $ertens$ a"an 3er"e'3an& a*a u'ur l$'a uluan *an ena'uluan, -en&an 3erta'3an%a u'ur *aat 'en$n&"at"an r$s$"# $ertens$ =)
Keturunan (Gene")
A*an%a !a"t#r &ene" a*a "eluar&a tertentu a"an 'en%e3a3"an "eluar&a $tu 'e'un%a$ r$s$"# 'en*er$ta $ertens$, Hal $n$ 3eru3un&an *en&an en$n&"atan "a*ar s#*$u' $ntraseluler *an ren*an%a ras$# antara #tas$u' tera*a s#*$u' In*$$*u *en&an #ran& tua *en&an $ertens$ 'e'un%a$ r$s$"# *ua "al$ le3$ 3esar untu" 'en*er$ta $ertens$ *ar$ a*a #ran& %an& *a" 'e'un%a$ "eluar&a *en&an r$a%at $ertens$, Sela$n $tu *$*aat"an <0>0; "asus $ertens$ esens$al *en&an r$a%at $ertens$ *ala' "eluar&a (An&&ra$n$ *"" 2009), Sese#ran& a"an 'e'$l$"$ "e'un&"$nan le3$ 3esar untu" 'en*aat"an $ertens$ 1$"a #ran& tuan%a a*ala en*er$ta $ertens$ (Marl$an$ 200<), Menurut R#aen*$ (200>) 'en&ata"an 3aa Te"anan *ara n&&$ 6en*erun& *$ar$s"an *ala' "eluar&an%a, /$"a sala se#ran& *ar$ #ran& tua an*a a*a %an& 'en&$*a te"anan *ara n&&$ 'a"a an*a a"an 'e'un%a$ eluan& se3esar 28; untu" 'ear$s$n%a sela'a $*u an*a, /$"a "e*ua #ran& tua 'e'un%a$ te"anan *ara n&$ 'a"a eluan& an*a untu" ter"ena en%a"$t $n$ a"an 'en$n&"at 'en1a*$ :0;, 3,
Fa"t#r Res$"# Yan& -aat -$"#ntr#l+
.)
O3es$tas
Pa*a us$a erten&aan ( ? 80 taun ) *an *easa lan1ut asuan "al#r$ se$n&&a 'en&$'3an&$ enurunan "e3utuan ener&$ "arena "uran&n%a a"$tas, Itu se3a3n%a 3erat 3a*an 'en$n&"at, O3es$tas *aat 'e'er3uru" "#n*$s$ lans$a, Kel#'#" lans$a "arena *aat 'e'$6u '3uln%a 3er3a&a$ en%a"$t seer artr$s 1antun& *an e'3ulu *ara $ertens$ (R#en*$ 200>), Untu" 'en&etau$ sese#ran& 'en&ala'$ #3es$tas atau *a" *aat*$la"u"an *en&an 'en&u"ur 3erat 3a*an *en&an n&&$ 3a*an %an& "e'u*$an *$se3ut *en&an In*e"s Massa Tu3u (IMT), Ru'us er$tun&an IMT a*ala se3a&a$ 3er$"ut+ @erat @a*an ("&) IMT T$n&&$ @a*an (') B T$n&&$ @a*an (') IMT 3er"#relas$ lan&sun& *en&an te"anan *ara teruta'a te"anan *ara s$st#l$", R$s$"# rela! untu" 'en*er$ta $ertens$ a*a #ran& #3es 8 "al$ le3$ n&&$ *$3an*$n&"an *en&an se#ran& %an& 3erat 3a*ann%a n#r'al, Pa*a en*er$ta $ertens$ *$te'u"an se"$tar 20=0; 'e'$l$"$ 3erat 3a*an le3$, O3es$tas 3eres$"# tera*a 'un6uln%a 3er3a&a$ en%a"$t 1antun& *an e'3ulu *ara, -$se3ut #3es$tas aa3$la 'ele3$$ @#*% Mass In*eB (@MI) atau In*e"s Massa Tu3u (IMT), @MI untu" #ran& In*#nes$a a*ala 28, @MI 'e'3er$"an &a'3aran tentan& res$"# "eseatan %an& 3eru3un&an *en&an 3erat 3a*an, Marl$an$ 1u&a 'en&e'u"a"an 3aa en*er$ta $ertens$ se3a&$an 3esar 'e'un%a$ 3erat 3a*an 3erle3$ teta$ *a" 'enutu "e'un&"$nan #ran& %an& 3erat 3a*an%a n#r'al (*a" #3es$tas) *aat 'en*er$ta $ertens$, Cura 1antun& *an s$r"ulas$ #lu'e *ara en*er$ta $ertens$ %an& #3es$tas le3$ n&&$ *$3an*$n&"an *en&an 3erat 3a*ann%a n#r'al, (Marl$an$200<),
2)
Kuran& #lara&a
Olara&a 3an%a" *$u3un&"an *en&an en&el#laan en%a"$t *a" 'enular "arena #lara&a $s#t#n$" *an teratur *aat 'enurun"an taanan er$!er %an& a"an 'enurun"an te"anan *ara (untu" $ertens$) *an 'ela #t#t 1antun& se$n&&a 'en1a*$ ter3$asa aa3$la 1antun& arus 'ela"u"an e"er1aan %an& le3$ 3erat "arena a*an%a "#n*$s$ tertentu, Kuran&n%a a"$tas Ds$" 'ena$"an r$s$"# te"anan *ara n&&$ "arena 3erta'3an%a r$s$"# untu" 'en1a*$ &e'u", Oran&#ran& %an& *a" a"! 6en*erun& 'e'un%a$ *eta" 1antun& le3$ 6eat *an #t#t 1antun& 'ere"a arus 3e"er1a le3$ "eras a*a sea "#ntra"s$ se'a"$n "eras *an ser$n& 1antun& arus 'e'#'a se'a"$n 3esar ula "e"uaan %an& 'en*esa" arter$, 5aan Ds$" 3erua 3er1alan "a"$ sela'a =0:0 'en$t sea ar$ san&at 3er'an!aat untu" 'en1a&a 1antun& *an ere*aran *ara, @a&$ en*er$ta te"anan *ara n&&$ 1antun& atau 'asala a*a ere*aran *ara se3a$"n%a *a" 'en&&una"an 3e3an a"tu 1alan, R$set *$ Ore&#n Healt S6$en6e "el#'#" la"$la"$ *en&an an$ta %an& "uran& a"$tas Ds$" *en&an "el#'#" %an& 3era"Dtas Ds$" *aat 'enurun"an se"$tar :8; "#lester#l 5-5 (5# -ens$t% 5$#r#te$n) !a"t#r enn& en%e3a3 er&eseran arter$ (R#aen*$ 200>), =)
Ke3$asaan Mer#"#"
Mer#"#" 'en%e3a3"an en$n&&$an te"anan *ara, Per#"#" 3erat *aat *$u3un&"an *en&an en$n&"atan $ns$*en $ertens$ 'al$&na *an r$s$"# ter1a*$n%a sten#s$s arter$ renal %an& 'en&ala'$ ater$#s"ler#s$s, -ala' enel$an "##rt r#se"! #le *r, T#'as S @#'an *ar$ @r$&'ans an* 4#'ens H#s$tal Massa6usses tera*a 2>,2=: su3%e" %an& aaln%a *a" a*a r$a%at $ertens$ 8.; su3%e" *a" 'er#"#" =:; 'erua"an er#"#" e'ula 8; su3%e" 'er#"#" ..7 3atan& r#"#" erar$ *an >; su3%e" %an& 'er#"#" le3$ *ar$ .8 3atan& erar$, Su3%e" terus *$tel$ *an *ala' 'e*$an a"tu 9> taun, Kes$'ulan *ala' enel$an $n$ %a$tu "e1a*$an $ertens$ ter3an%a" a*a "el#'#" su3%e" *en&an "e3$asaan 'er#"#" le3$ *ar$ .8 3atan& erar$ (Ra%an$ 200<), 7)
Men&"#nsu's$ &ara' 3erle3$
@a*an "eseatan *un$a %a$tu 4#rl* Healt Or&an$a#n (4HO) 'ere"#'en*as$"an #la "#nsu's$ &ara' %an& *aat 'en&uran&$ r$s$"# ter1a*$n%a $ertens$, Ka*ar %#*$u' %an& *$re"#'en*as$"an a*ala *a" le3$ *ar$ .00 ''#l (se"$tar 27 &ra' %#*$u' atau : &ra' &ara') erar$, K#nsu's$ natr$u' %an& 3erle3$ 'en%e3a3"an "#nsentras$ natr$u' *$ *ala' 6a$ran e"straseluler 'en$n&"at, Untu" 'en#r'al"ann%a 6a$ran $ntraseluler *$tar$" "e luar se$n&&a #lu'e 6a$ran e"straseluler 'en$n&"at, Men$n&"atn%a #lu'e 6a$ran e"straseluler terse3ut 'en%e3a3"an 'en$n&"atn%a #lu'e *ara se$n&&a 3er*a'a" "ea*a '3uln%a $ertens$, (4#l 200>), 8)
M$nu' al"##l @an%a" enel$an 'e'3u""an 3aa al"##l *aat 'erusa" 1antun& *an #r&an#r&an la$n ter'asu"
e'3ulu *ara, Ke3$asaan '$nu' al"##l 3erle3$an ter'asu" sala satu !a"t#r res$"# $ertens$ (Marl$an$ 200<), :)
M$nu' "#$
Fa"t#r "e3$asaan '$nu' "#$ *$*aat"an *ar$ satu 6an&"$r "#$ 'en&an*un& <8 200 '& "a!e$n *$ 'ana *ala' satu 6an&"$r terse3ut 3er#tens$ 'en$n&"at"an te"anan *ara 8 .0 ''H&, <)
Stress
Hu3un&an antara stress *en&an $ertens$ *$*u&a 'elalu$ a"$tas sara! s$'as en$n&"atan sara! *aat 'ena$"an te"anan *ara se6ara $nter'$ten (*a" 'enentu), Stress %an& 3er"ean1an&an *aat 'en&a"$3at"an te"anan *ara 'eneta n&&$, 4alauun al $n$ 3elu' ter3u" a"an teta$ an&"a "e1a*$an *$ 'as%ara"at er"#taan le3$ n&&$ *$3an*$n&"an *en&an *$ e*esaan, Hal $n$ *aat *$u3un&"an *en&an en&aru stress %an& *$ala'$ "el#'#" 'as%ara"at %an& n&&al *$ "#ta (R#aen*$ 200=), Menurut An&&ra$n$ *"" (2009) 'ena&ata"an Stress a"an 'en$n&"at"an res$stens$ e'3ulu *ara er$!er *an 6ura 1antun& se$n&&a a"an 'ens'ulas$ a"$tas sara! s$'as, A*aun stress $n$ *aat 3eru3un&an *en&an e"er1aan "elas s#s$al e"#n#'$ *an "ara"ter$s" ers#nal KOMP5IKASI HIPERTENSI Menurut Sustran$ (200:) 'e'3$ar"an $ertens$ 'e'3$ar"an 1antun& 3e"er1a le3$ "eras *an 'e'3$ar"an r#ses erusa"an *$n*$n& e'3ulu *ara 3erlan&sun& *en&an le3$ 6eat, H$ertens$ 'en$n&"at"an res$"# en%a"$t 1antun& *ua "al$ *an 'en$n&"at"an res$"# str#"e *elaan "al$n*$3an*$n& *en&an #ran& %an& *a" 'en&ala'$ $ertens$, Sela$n $tu $ertens$ 1u&a 'en%e3a3"an ter1a*$n%a a%a 1antun& &an&&uan a*a &$n1al *an "e3utaan, Penel$an 1u&a 'enun1u""an 3aa $ertens$ *aat 'en&e6$l"an #lu'e #ta" se$n&&a 'en&a"$3at"an enurunan !un&s$ "#&n$! *an $ntele"tual, Yan& al$n& ara a*ala e!e" 1an&"a an1an&n%a %an& 3erua "e'aan 'en*a*a", a,
Pen%a"$t 1antun& "#r#ner *an arter$ Ke"a us$a 3erta'3a lan1ut seluru e'3ulu *ara *$ tu3u a"an se'a"$n 'en&eras teruta'a *$
1antun& #ta" *an &$n1al, H$ertens$ ser$n& *$as#s$as$"an *en&an "#n*$s$ arter$ %an& 'en&eras $n$, 3,
Pa%a 1antun&
Pa%a 1antun& (C#n&ese eart !a$lure) a*ala "#n*$s$ *$'ana 1antun& *a" 'a'u la&$ 'e'#'a *ara %an& *$3utu"an tu3u, K#n*$s$ $n$ ter1a*$ "arena "erusa"an #t#t 1antun& atau s%ste' l$str$" 1antun&, 6,
Str#"e
H$ertens$ a*ala !a"t#r en%e3a3 uta'a ter1a*$n%a str#"e "arena te"anan *ara %an& terlalu n&&$ *aat 'en%e3a3"an e'3ulu *ara %an& su*a le'a 'en1a*$ e6a, @$la al $n$ ter1a*$ a*a e'3ulu *ara *$ #ta" 'a"a ter1a*$ er*araan #ta" %an& *aat 3era"$3at "e'aan, Str#"e 1u&a *aat ter1a*$ a"$3at su'3atan *ar$ &u'alan *ara %an& 'a6et *$ e'3ulu %an& su*a 'en%e'$t, *,
Kerusa"an &$n1al
H$ertens$ *aat 'en%e'$t"an *an 'ene3al"an al$ran *ara %an& 'enu1u &$n1al %an& 3er!un&s$ se3a&a$ en%ar$n& "#t#ran tu3u, -en&an a*an%a &an&&uan terse3ut &$n1al 'en%ar$n& le3$ se*$"$t 6a$ran *an 'e'3uan&n%a "e'3al$ "e*ara, Ga&al &$n1al *aat ter1a*$ *an *$erlu"an 6an&"#" &$n1al 3aru, e,
Kerusa"an en&l$atan H$ertens$ *aat 'en%e3a3"an e6an%a e'3ulu *ara *$ 'ata se$n&&a 'en&a"$3at"an 'ata
'en1a*$ "a3ur atau "e3utaan,
