UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA DEPART DEPARTAMENTO INGENIERÍA METALURGIA METALURGIA
Trabajo T rabajo n°1 Metalr!"a Me#$n"#a “Fabricación “Fabricación de cuchillos cu chillos de cocina”
Nombre alumno
: L"( C-arr"e/ Ho%ero L"(/ D"e!o R",el%e/
Pal"no Ro%$n/ En el %er#a&o Ronal& Var!a(/ a#tal e'"(ten %"le( &e Pal"na eballo(/ t")o( &e a#ero(* &e Profesor : Dr/ In!/ 2on(tant"n S")o(/ !ran #al"&a&* )ero e(o Fecha de : 13 &e Ma4o &e 5617 no ("!n ("!n"+ "+#a #a ,e ,e (e (ean an entrega beno( beno( a#ero( a#ero( )ara ##-"ller.a ##-"ller.a// De)en&"en& De)en&"en&o o &e ne(tra( ne(tra( ne#e("&a&e ne#e("&a&e(( 0a%o( a o)tar )or n t")o &e a#ero )ara ne(tro ##-"llo otro* ("e%)re ,e )o&a%o(/
Se!8n ( #o%)o("#"9n* &":eren#"a%o( entre a#ero( "no'"&able( 4 a#ero( o'"&able( ;a#ero( al #arbono
CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS ACEROS Aceros Aceros !ndustr!a !ndustr!ales" les" #ara #ara cuch!llos cuch!llos !ndust !ndustr!ale r!ales: s: E(to (to (e &eb &ebe a ,e t"en t"ene e na #a #arra# a#te terr.(t" .(t"##a( tale tale(( #o #o%o %o n bajo ajo %ant %a nten en"% "%"e "ent nto* o* ben bena a &r &re>a e>a 4 reten eten#" #"9n 9n &e +lo +lo (e (e!8 !8n n a# a#er ero* o* 4a lo 0ere%o( %$( a&elante* 4 el rea+la&o* )o&e%o( &e#"r ,e en !eneral no e( :$#"l* 4a ,e (a#r"+#an e(ta #al"&a& )ara obtener %a4ore( &re>a(/ Da&o ,e la #reen#"a )o)lar e( ,e #anto %$( &ro* e( %ejor 4 &e %a4or #al"&a& el ##-"llo/ El a#ero )or e'#elen#"a )ara e(te t")o &e ##-"ller.a* e( el ??6C el ??6C** )o&e%o( en#ontrar ta%b"=n el ?56 ?56 &e %enor #al"&a&* 4 (( 0ar"ante( 0ar"ante( ?56@ &e or"!en ja)on=(* 4 el ?56MoV el ?56MoV** enr",e#"&o #on %ol"b&eno 4 0ana&"o* lo #al le #on+ere na #ara#ter.(t"#a( ()er"ore( a ( -er%ano* ?56/ Aceros Aceros arte artesan sanale ales s o artesa artesanos nos:: E(to( (on a,ello( t"l">a&o( )or la %a4or.a &e lo( arte(ano( ##-"llero(/ e e (o (on n a# a#er ero( o( al #a #arb rbon ono o* a# a#er ero( o( &e &a &a%a %a(# (#o o* 4 al! al!no no(( a# a#er ero( o( "no'"&able( &e %a4or #al"&a&/ En #anto a lo( a#ero( al #arbono* lo( %$( e%)lea&o( )o&r.an (erB O1 (erB O1**A5 A5** 176** 576 176 576** L7 L7** 5166* 5166* 16* 1636/ En a#ero( "no'"&able( en#ontra%o(B ATS?** 1?CM ATS? 1?CM** S76V* S76V* G?5* G?5* CPM 1?/ En a#ero( a#ero( &e &a%a(#o* &a%a(#o* 0ar.an la( #o%)o("#"one( )ero a#tal%ente (e )e&en &":eren#"ar entre &a%a(#o( al #arbono* 4 &a%a(#o( "no'"&able(/
E'"(ten %8lt")le( t")o( &e a#ero(B A#ero( A#ero( "no'"&ab "no'"&able(B le(B e%)lea&o( e%)lea&o( en #a(" to&o( to&o( lo( ##-"llo( ##-"llo( "n&(tr"ale( "n&(tr"ale( )or ( bajo bajo %a %ant nten en"% "%"e "ent nto/ o/ t"en t"enen en ben bena a reten eten#" #"9n 9n &e +lo* +lo* 4 al#a al#an> n>an an !ran&e( &re>a/ A#ero A#ero %arten(.t %arten(.t"#oB "#oB a#ero a#ero te%)la te%)lable ble ,e rea rea##"on ##"onan an :rente :rente a trata%"e trata%"ento( nto( t=r%"#o(* (on a#ero( #o%8n%ente e%)lea&o( en ##-"llo(/ La &":eren#"a entre entre ello ello(( ra&"#a ra&"#a en la #on# #on#ent entra# ra#"9n "9n o "ne' "ne'"(t "(ten# en#"a "a &e #arb #arbono ono// El #arrbono #a bono a alt alta( te% e%)e )erratr atra a( :or or%a %a a( a(ten" ten"tta ,e ,e &r &rante ante el en:r"a en:r"a%"e %"ento nto (e tran( tran(:or :or%a %a en %arten %arten("t ("ta a * ,e e( e'tre%a e'tre%a&a% &a%ent ente e &ra * )ero :r$!"l/ A#ero A#ero :err.t"#oB :err.t"#oB )re(enta )re(enta %enor #on#entr #on#entra#"9n a#"9n &e #arbono #arbono #a(" "n(+#"ente "n(+#"ente )ara )o&er rea##"onar :rente al trata%"ento t=r%"#o/ E(te t")o &e a#ero( e( e%)lea&o )r"n#")al%ente en na0aja( 4 ##-"llo(/
Aceros !no$!dables m%s comunes en cuch!ller&a: Acero ''(: ) ''(CB el a#ero "no'"&able %$( e%)lea&o &el %n&o )ara ##-"llo( 4 na0aja( &e alta #al"&a&* b"(tr.(/ Una e'#elente rela#"9n #al"&a& 4 )re#"o/ El )r"n#")al )roble%a e( la &"+#lta&a )ara el rea+la&o* #laro e(t$ t"ene na %4 bena reten#"9n &e +lo/ ) ''(A: (a&o en ##-"llo( 4 na0aja( arte(anale( )or :a#"l"&a& )ara el rea+la&o/ rea+la&o/ Se trabaja %4 b"en* en la e(#ala e( el ("!"ente ()er"or al ?56/ Acero '*(: E%)lea&o )r"n#")al%ente en A("a* )ara ##-"llo( &e #o#"na/ Pr"n#")al%ente )or ( rela#"9n #al"&a&)re#"o* e( e#on9%"#o/ La reten#"9n &e +jo no e( %4 alta/ De e(te a#ero (e en#entran %#-a( 0ar"ante(B ) '*(+: or"!en ja)on=(/ ) '*(+*: %eno( o'"&able* )ero %eno( re("(tente al #orte/ ) '*(,C: enr",e#"&o #on n.,el 4 #ro%o* le #on+ere %a4or re("(ten#"a a la #orro("9n-
.A/ERIAL El %ater"al %$( re#o%en&able )ara el ##-"llo &e #o#"na e( el a#ero "no'"&able* ,e #on("(te en na alea#"9n &e -"erro* #ro%o* n.,el* 0ana&"o 4o %ol"b&eno #on alto #onten"&o &e #arbono Carbono: ele%ento )r"n#")al ,e otor!a &re>a/ A%enta la reten#"9n &e +lo * la re("(ten#"a al &e(!a(te *la tra##"9n 4 la abra("9n .ol!bdeno: le &a re("(ten#"a al &e(!a(te 4 lar!a &rab"l"&a&/ D"(%"n4e notabl notable%e e%ente nte la :ra!"l"& :ra!"l"&a&* a&* e( e%)lea&o e%)lea&o )ara )ara ((t"t ((t"t"r "r )arte )arte &e la( %e>#la( &e Tn!(teno/ Tn!(teno/ 0anad!o: otor!a re("(ten#"a a la #orro("9n 4 a la o'"&a#"9n/ Cromo: !enera na )el.#la &e 9'"&o ,e "%)"&e ,e e(te )enetre %$( en el %a %ate ter" r"al al** lo #al #al lo -a#e -a#e "no "no'"&a '"&abl ble e )or )or lo ,e ,e !ara !arant nt"> ">a a !ran !ran ren&"%"e ren&"%"ento nto &e la( -erra%"e -erra%"enta( nta( )ara :abr"#a#"9n/ :abr"#a#"9n/ En #on#entra #on#entra#"one #"one(( ()er"ore( al 6/J S!l!c!o: a)orta al ##-"llo !ran tena#"&a&/ Pro)or#"ona :er>a* &re>a 4 re("(ten#"a re("(ten#"a a la #orro("9n/ &rante el N&1uel: Pro)or#"ona te%) te%)la la&o &o 4 nor nor%a %al" l">a >a&o &o re&# e&#e e el #re# #re#"% "%"e "ent nto o &e !ran !rano o &eb" &eb"&o &o al trata%"ento t=r%"#o /#on lo ,e (e #on("!e a%entar la tena#"&a&
PROCESO ForjaB )ro )ro#e(o #e(o &e :abr" :abr"#a#"9 #a#"9n n &e objeto objeto(( #on:or #on:or%a& %a&o o )or &e:or%a#"9n )l$(t"#a ,e )e& )e&e e rea eal" l">a >arr(e en #a #al" l"en ente te o en :r.o :r.o 4 en el ,e la &e:or%a#"9 &e:or%a#"9n n &el %ater"al (e )ro& )ro&# #e e )or )or la a)l" a)l"#a #a#" #"9n 9n &e :er :er>a >a(( &e #o%)re("9n// E(te )ro#e(o (e t"l">a )ara &ar na :or%a 4 na( #o%)re("9n )ro)"e&a&e( &eter%"na&a( a lo( %etale( 4 alea#"one( a lo( ,e (e a)l"#a %e&"ante !ran&e( )re("one(/ La &e:or%a#"9n (e )e&e real">ar &e &o( :or%a( &":erente(B )or )re("9n )re("9n** &e :or%a #ont"na t"l">an&o )ren(a( )ren(a(** o )or "%)a#to* &e %o&o "nter%"tente t"l">an&o %art"llo( )"lone(/ Para el #a(o &e lo( ##-"l ##-"llo( lo( la %ater"a %ater"a )r"%a )r"%a (on barra( barra( #"l.n&r #"l.n&r"#a "#a(( &e a#ero #orta&a( (e!8n el ta%aKo &el ##-"llo ,e (e ,"ere :abr"#ar/ E(ta( (e "ntro&#e al -orno a na te%)eratra a)ro'"%a&a a lo( 1566° #on la #al (e real">a el :orja&o/
Po(ter Po(ter"or% "or%ente ente #o%"en>a #o%"en>a el :or%a&o :or%a&o &e la e()"!a e()"!a lo ,e #orre()on #orre()on&e &e a la >ona &el %an!o &el ##-"llo* )ara e(to (e t"l">a n %art"nete ne%$t"#o 4 (e ("!e #on la -oja &el ##-"llo )ara lo #al (e real">an na (er"e &e )ro#e )ro#e(o( (o( )erten )ertene#" e#"ent ente( e( al :orja& :orja&o* o* tale( tale( #o%oB #o%oB e(ta%) e(ta%)a&o a&o** e(t"ra e(t"ra&o* &o* %atr">a&o* en&ere>a&o* &e0a(ta&o 4 %ar#a&o/ %ar#a&o/ Le! e!o (e le rea eal" l">>an trat trata% a%"e "en nto( to( t=r t=r%"#o %"#o(( &e temple 4 revenido B )ro#e(o( )ro#e(o( en el #al la -erra%"en -erra%"enta ta a%enta a%enta la( )ro)"e&a&e( )ro)"e&a&e( %e#$n"#a( %e#$n"#a( &el a#e a#ero ro** #on("! #on("!e e la tran(: tran(:or or%a# %a#"9n "9n &e la e(tr# e(tr#tr tra a %ole# %ole#lar lar &el a#er a# ero* o* a%e a%ent ntan an&o &o la &r &re>a e>a ;HR# ;HR# Ro# o# el ell< l<** "n#r "n#re% e%en enta tan& n&o o la re("(ten#"a al &e(!a(te 4 na %a4or &rab"l"&a& &e la %"(%a/ El temple e( el )ro#e(o %$( "%)ortante en el )ro#e(o &e :abr"#a#"9n &e na -erra%"enta &e #orte* e(te (e real">a %e&"ante la "n%er("9n &e la )"e>a en n baKo &e (ale( :n&"&a( a 166°C )ara n )o(ter"or a)a!a&o en (a (ale le(( "(ot "(ot=r =r%" %"#a #a(( o a# a#e" e"te te// To&o( o&o( lo( lo( e( e(: :er er>o >o(( rea eal"> l">a& a&o( o( en la %e#a %e #an" n">a >a#" #"9n 9n** )or )or eje% eje%)l )lo o ( )l" )l"&o &o** no (e (er0 r0"r "r.a .an n &e na&a na&a (" a la -erra%"enta no (e le -"#"era n ben trata%"ento t=r%"#o/ t=r%"#o/ Po(ter Po(ter"or% "or%ente ente el %ater"al %ater"al (e "ntro&# "ntro&#e e en el -orno &e re0en"&o re0en"&o** &on&e (e %ant %a nt"e "ene ne a na na te%) te%)er erat atr ra a &e 566° 566°C C &ra &rant nte e -ora -ora(( re&# e&#"e "en& n&o o la te%)eratra &e :or%a !ra&al* el"%"nan&o a(. la( ten("one( %ole#lare( #o%o re(lta&o &el &el te%)le* a#aban&o &e tran(:or%ar tran(:or%ar la a(ten"ta a(ten"ta re("&al en %a %art rten en(" ("ta ta** 4 a( a(.. obte obten" n"en en&o &o na na e( e(tr tr# #t tra ra "nte "ntern rna a &el &el %a %ate ter" r"al al -o%o!=nea* ,e !arant">a la( %"(%a( )ro)"e&a&e( %e#$n"#a( a lo lar!o &e to&o el +lo &e la -erra%"enta/ La &e(# &e(#ar arb br" r">a >a#" #"9n 9n** ,e ,e #o #on( n("( "(te te en el #a #arb rbon ono o (e &e() &e()la la>a >a -a#" -a#"a a la ()er+#"e &el %ater"al #alenta&o* )ro&#"=n&o(e la #on("!"ente o'"&a#"9n 4 )or )or tant tanto o )=r )=r&"&a &"&a &er &er )ara )ara )ro# )ro#e( e(ar ar ten tene&or e&ore( e( 4 ####-"l "llo lo(* (* 4 n la%"na&or tran(0er(al )ara )ro#e(ar ##-ara( 4 tene&ore(/ tene&ore(/ I%a!en I%a!en &e n )ro#e( )ro#e(o o &e :abr"#a# :abr"#a#"9n "9n &e n ##-"l ##-"llo/ lo/
COS/OS Datos Datos de mano mano de obra: obra: To&o( To&o( lo( o)erar"o( #o%)onen n 8n"#o n"0el (alar"al #on la( ("!"ente( #ara#ter.(t"#a(B Hora( #on0en"o 1/66 4 n J a(ent"(%o J Co(te e%)re(a anal )or o)erar"oB 56?*1 U/S/ &ollar/
Dato Datos s de de com com#r #ras as:: La )let"na &e a#ero (e #o%)ra #orta&a/ Ca&a n"&a& &e )let"na (e t"l">a )ara :abr"#ar n ##-"llo/ El )re#"o &e #o%)ra &e la n"&a& &e )let"na e( 6*73 U/S/ &ollar/ &ollar/ El )re#"o &e n %an!o e( &e 6*1 U/S/ &ollar/ El %ol&e ,e ne#e("tan la( )ren(a( #e(ta 165* U/S/ &ollar/ &ollar/
CONCL2SIONES•
El a#ero ??6 e( el %$( en el %n&o )ara la :abr"#a#"9n &e ##-"llo(* &eb"&o a ,e )o(ee na bena rela#"9n )re#"o 4 #al"&a&/
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Lo( trata%"ento( t=r%"#o( a t"l">ar (on te%)la&o 4 re0en"&o/
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Mar Mar#a #a(( )re( )re(en ente te(( en C-"l C-"le e (o (on n Tra%o ra%ont nt"n "na a ;Or" ;Or"!e !en n ra( ra("l "l<< 4 V"#tor"no' V"#tor"no' ;Or"!en S">o
