FACULTY:ENN NNGI NEERI NG TECHNOLOGY LABOR ORATOR ORY:HYDRAULI CSAND HYDROLOGY
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EXPERI MENT:BASI CHY HYDROL OLOGY GY
A ML EO NG DM ENT F ACUL TY OF ENGI NEERI NG TECHN H NO Y DATE:
DEP ARTME MENT OFCI VI LENGI NEERI NG TECHN HNOLOGY
HYDRAUL I CS AND HYDROLOGYLABORATORY LABORATORY I NSTRUCTI ON SHEETS
COURSE CODE
BNP20103
EXPERI MENTNO.
2
EXPERI MENTTI TLE
BASI C HYDROLOGY
DATE
27/9/2016
GROUPNO.
2
LECTURER/I NSTRUC UCTOR OR/ TUTOR DATEOF OFREPORT SUBMI SSI ON
1)MADAM ZARI NABI NTIMD ALI 2)DR NOR OR HASLI NA BTMOHD HASHI M 4/10/2016 ATTENDANCE/PARTI CI PATI ON/DI SPLI NE I NTRODUCTI ON:
PROCEDURE: RESULTS& CALCULATI ONS ANALYSI S DI STRI BUTI ON OFMA MARKS DI SCUSSI ONS: FORLABOR ORATORYREPORT ADDI TI ONALQUESTI ONS: CONCLUSI ON:
/5% /5% /15% /15% /20% /15% /10%
SUGGESTI ON & RECOMENDATI ONS
/5%
REFERENCES:
/5%
TOTAL: EXAMI NER COMM MMENTS:
/5%
RECEI VED DATE AND STAMP
/100%
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STUDENT CODE OF ETHI CS
DEP ARTMENT OF CI VI LENGI NEERI NG TECHNOLOGY
F ACUL TYOFENGI NEERI NG TECHNOLOGY
I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.
1) Group Leader ame ! &atri+ o ! ) Group &ember 1 ame ! &atri+ o ! 3) Group &ember ame ! &atri+ o ! 5) Group &ember 3 ame ! &atri+ o !
__________________________________________(Signature) "#$%I#& S'#& I #L*%%I #1,-// __________________________________________(Signature) I# S'#0#I I2I "#&0#" #1,--__________________________________________(Signature) I00#2I I2I #%*L #4 #1,-11, __________________________________________(Signature) 6* *$ 4#$0## I2I 6* #%0 #1,-1,5
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1. 0OBJECTI VE
Toi dent i f yt her el at i onshi pbe t weenr ai nf al landr unoff.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES
#t the end of the course7 students should be able to apply the 8nowledge and s8ills they have learned to! a. *nderstand the basic terms in hydrology. b. *nderstand the concept of watershed area including time of concentration (tc) and outlet or concentration point. c. *nderstand the factors which influence the runoff.
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3.0 INTRODUCTION / THEORY
3.1 $unoff is generated by rainstorms and its occurrence and 9uantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event7 i.e. intensity7 duration and distribution. 2he rainfall: runoff process is e+tremely comple+7 ma8ing it difficult to model accurately. 2here are7 in addition7 other important factors which influence the runoff generating process li8e natural surface detention7 soil infiltration characteristics and the drainage pattern formed by natural flow paths. 2he soil type7 vegetative cover and topography play as important roles. $ainfall and runoff are very important hydrologic components because of their direct relations with water resources 9uantity7 flood7 streamflow and design of dam and hydraulic structure.
4.0 EQUIPMENTS
5.1 asic hydrological instrument 5. Stop watch 5.3 $ain gauge
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5.0 PROCEDURES
a) ;ase 1! 4lat and sandy soils surface with 1!1-- slope profile
2he rail at side of the catchment area was adero. 2able =.1 was filled. 2he discharge (m 3?s) were calculated by referring to the provided graph attached to the e9uipment.
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6.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS
2#L@ =.1 asic hydrological e+periment results C"#e $
Time,
ater Level
t
s!
5/11=-5/33=5-555/,,==-=5=/BB=/-/5//AA=1--1-52otal
(cm) -., ., .A 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 .1 1.= 1. 1. -.A -./ -./ -./ -.B -.B -.B -.= -.= -.= -.= -.= -.=
%ischarge
(mm) , , A 31 31 31 31 31 1 1= 1 1 A / / / B B B = = = = = =
(liter/min) -.3 /./ 1., 1,.1,.1,.1,.1,.,., ./ 1.5 1.5 -./ -.B -.B -.B -., -., -., -.5 -.5 -.5 -.5 -.5 -.5
(m³/s) -.-----, -.---1,-.---1-.---,-.---,-.---,-.---,-.---,-.----A -.----5B -.----3 -.----3 -.----13 -.----1 -.----1 -.----1 -.-----/ -.-----/ -.-----/ -.-----B -.-----B -.-----B -.-----B -.-----B -.-----B
@+ample of calculation 3
#t tC /- s 7 discharge C
litre 0.001 m m 1 min × × = 0.000005 0.3 min s 1 litre 60 s
3
$ain gauge reading (mm) 5 5 = = = 5 3 1B
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%.0 QUESTIONS
B.1 Dlot the discharge (unit m3?s) versus time (second) graph separately from the above values for each cases (case 1 and case ).
Discharge, Q (m³/s) vs Time, t (s)
Disharge, Q (m³/s)
40 120 200 280 360 440 520 600 680 760 840 920 1000 0
80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800 880 960 1040
Time, t (s)
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1.1 4rom the graph plotted7 determine! (a) 2ime concentration hen the discharge is constant7 the value is between -- and 3=- seconds. So7 -- E
t c E 3=- seconds.
(b) $ainfall duration 2he constant value of discharge dropped at 3=- seconds7 meaning that the water in the soil had decreased from the ma+imum volume of water the soil can hold7 which means the rain had stopped. 2herefore7 the rainfall duration is 3=- seconds.
(c) Dea8 discharge Dea8 discharge is the highest point on the hydrograph when the rate of discharge is the greatest7 so pea8 discharge is -.---, mF?s.
(d) $unoff volume $unoff volume C #rea under the graph
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Discharge, Q (m³/s) vs Time, t (s)
Disharge, Q (m³/s)
Time, t (s)
;alculation for areas! #C
1 ( 40 ) ( 0.000005 ) = 1 × 10-4 m3 2
C
1 ( 0.000005 + 0.00015 ) (40) = 3.1 × 10 -3 m3 2
;C
1 ( 0.00015 + 0.00021 ) (40) = 7.2 × 10-3 m 3 2
%C
1 ( 0.00021 + 0.00025 ) (40) = 9.2 × 10 -3 m 3 2
@C
( 160 ) ( 0.00025 ) = 0.04 m 3
4C
1 ( 0.00025 + 0.000092 ) (40) = 6.84 × 10-3 m3 2
GC
1 ( 0.000092 + 0.000047 ) (40) = 2.78 × 10 -3 m3 2
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1 ( 0.000047 + 0.000023 ) (40) = 1.4 × 10 -3 m 3 2
IC
(40) ( 0.000023 ) = 9.2 × 10
C
1 ( 0.000023 + 0.000013 ) (40) = 7.2 × 10 -4 m 3 2
6C
1 ( 0.000013 + 0.000012 ) (40) = 5 × 10-4 m3 2
LC
( 80 ) ( 0.000012 ) = 9.6 × 10 -4 m 3
-4
m
3
&C
1 ( 0.000012 + 0.000008 ) (40) = 4 × 10 -4 m 3 2
C
( 80 ) ( 0.000008 ) = 6.4 × 10-4 m 3
C
1 ( 0.000008 + 0.000007 ) (40) = 3 × 10 -4 m 3 2
DC
( 200 ) ( 0.000007 ) = 1.4 × 10 -3 m 3
2otal #rea C #HH;H%H@H4HGH"HIHH6HLH&HHHD C
7.65 × 10
$unoff volume C
-2
m
7.65 × 10
3
-2
m
3
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(a) $ainfall intensity $ainfall intensity C C
Maximum rain gauge Rain duratin 26 mm 360 !
C -.-B m?s
(b) Storage volume Storage volume C 2otal rainfall 2otal runoff C (2otal rain gauge reading J ;atchment area) 2otal runoff C (2otal rain gauge reading J K-.= J 1./ mM) 2otal runoff C (K1B J
−3
10
¿ m J 1.-/ mM) :
7.65 × 10
-2
C -.1,BA mF
B. Drovide a table for all the results obtained from (). Time &'(&e()*")i'( #!
B.3
-- E
t c E 3=-
R"i(+" -*")i'( #!
3=-
Pe" -i#&"*1e m/#!
-.---,
R"i(+" i()e(#i) mm/#!
-.-B
S)'*"1e 'me m!
-.1,BA
mF
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Appr o v edby /Di sahkanol eh:
DATA ANALYSIS angan: Si g nat ur e/Tandat
angan: Si g nat ur e/Tandat
Name/Nama:DR.NORHASLI NAHASHI M
Name/Nama:ASSOC.PROF.DR.I SHAK
BABA Dat e /Tar i k h:e+periment7 AUGUST20 16can see that water can absorb fast because 4rom the we inside the soil7 they have a /Tar i kh:AUGUST2016 Dat e
lot of void. #lso from the e+periment7 we consider that the soil is dry7 after plot a graph of infiltration rate versus time. 2he process of infiltration is 9uite fast because they can easily absorbed water inside the soil. So7 the water rapidly absorbed inside the soil during the e+periment was carried out. 2he infiltration capacity of the soil depends on its te+ture and structure7 as well as on the antecedent soil moisture content. 2he initial capacity of a dry soil is high but7 as the storm continues7 it decreases until it reaches a steady value termed as final infiltration rate. ased on our results7 the water level in the beginning of the e+periment is increase rapidly with
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DISCUSSION
$unoff is generated by rainstorms and its occurrence and 9uantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event7 i.e. intensity7 duration and distribution. 2here are7 in addition7 other important factors which influence the runoff generating process. 2he rainfall:runoff process is e+tremely comple+7 ma8ing it difficult to model accurately. 2here are7 in addition7 other important factors which influence the runoff generating process li8e natural surface detention7 soil infiltration characteristics and the drainage pattern formed by natural flow paths. 4actors affecting runoff are! S'i )e
2he infiltration capacity is among others dependent on the porosity of a soil which determines the water storage capacity and affects the resistance of water to flow into deeper layers. Dorosity differs from one soil type to the other. 2he highest infiltration capacities are observed in loose7 sandy soils while heavy cla y or loamy soils have considerable smaller infiltration capacities. 2he infiltration capacity depends further more on the moisture content prevailing in a soil at the onset of a rainstorm. 2he initial high capacity decreases with time (provided the rain does not stop) until it reaches a constant value as the soil profile becomes saturated. e1e)")i'(
2he amount of rain lost to interception storage on the foliage depends on the 8ind of vegetation and its growth stage. Nalues of interception are between 1 and 5 mm. # cereal crop7 for e+ample7 has a smaller storage capacity than a dense grass cover. &ore significant is the effect the vegetation has on the infiltration capacity of the soil. # dense vegetation cover shields the soil from the raindrop impact and reduces the crusting effect as described earlier. In addition7 the root system as well as organic matter in the soil will increase the soil porosity thus allowing more water to infiltrate. Negetation also retards the surface flow particularly on gentle slopes7 giving the water more time to infiltrate and to evaporate. In conclusion7 an area densely covered with vegetation7 yields less runoff than bare ground.
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S'e "(- &")&me() #i7e
Investigations on e+perimental runoff plots have shown that steep slope plots yield more runoff than those with gentle slopes. In addition7 it was observed that the 9uantity of runoff decreased with increasing slope length. 2his is mainly due to lower flow velocities and subse9uently a longer time of concentration (defined as the time needed for a drop of water to reach the outlet of a catchment from the most remote location in the catchment).2his means that the water is e+posed for a longer duration to infiltration and evaporation before it reaches the measuring point. 2he same applies when catchment areas of different si>es are compared. 2he runoff efficiency (volume of runoff per unit of area) increases with the decreasing si>e of the catchment i.e. the larger the si>e of the catchment the larger the time of concentration and the smaller the runoff efficiency. R"i(+"8*('++ *'&e##e#
#part from recording and forecasting rainfall itself7 the ne+t most important problem is understand and forecasting the runoff generated by the rainfall. 2his difficult problem has attracted enormous amounts of attention and effort around the world. 2here are possibly as many models for calculating rainfall: runoff7 as there are people who have a direct interest in the sub
#tmospheric conditions over the catchment (wind speed7 direction7 temperature7 humidity) 2he surface cover (type7 distribution7 interception7 ta8e up7 evapotranspiration) Surface soil (type7 permeability7 porosity) 2errain (slope7 surface te+ture) Geology (structure distribution7 permeability7 porosity7 groundwater levels)Generally the following processes are usually identified as ta8ing place! @vapotranspiration at the surface Surface infiltration verland flow *nsaturated >one flow Saturated >one flow (groundwater)
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$ainfall and runoff are very important hydrologic components because of their direct relations with water resources 9uantity7 flood7 stream flow and design of dam and hydraulic structure. 2o convert discharge volume in liter?min to m 3?s7 we use this formula!
3
Q , Liter min 1m × × min 1000 liter 60 s
ased on the graph discharge versus time7 we get the bell shape graph. 2he value of discharge increase when the time increases.
SUGGESTION9 RECOMMENDATION
%uring the e+periment some errors e+isted which a little bit affects the result of the test. Some of the errors detected are! 1. $eadings ta8en was not very accurate . 2he soil was still wet before the test started 3. Instrument drift 2o avoid the errors some precaution steps can be used in order to achieve better results. 2he list of the precaution steps are as follows! 1. #void paralla+ error when ta8ing measurements by ma8ing sure the eye of the observer is perpendicular to the scale. . &a8e sure that the readings were ta8en at the meniscus. 3. &a8e sure the soil is already dry7 flattened and distributed all over the machine.
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CONCLUSION
#s the conclusion of this e+periment7 we clearly understand the basic terms in hydrology which is how to relate the relationship between the process of runoff and rainfall event. ased on the e+periment results7 we can prove that when the rainfall increased7 the runoff will also increases. 2he result occurs after the runoff reached the time of ma+imum discharge.
It shows that the watershed is important to increase the infiltration of rainwater. In hydrology7 time of concentration is a concept to measure the response of a watershed to a rain event. It is defined as the time needed for water to flow from the most remote point in a watershed to the watershed outlet. In addition7 runoff is one of the most important hydrology component because of it connection with the water source 9uantity7 flood and others hydraulic control structure. 2his occurs when the rate of rainfall on a surface e+ceeds the rate at which water can infiltrate the ground.
4rom the e+periment conducted7 we can apply this to control the flood using the applications of the basic hydrology system. ther than that7 we can design a dam and drain by applying this 8nowledge. 2hen7 we also can determine all factors that effected runoff such as rain fall intensity7 type of surfaces7 rainfall duration and others.
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RE:ERENCES
1. https!??www.scribd.com?doc?1B5-5B5-?#SI;:"'%$LG':I4IL2$#2I:2@S2 . . https!??en.wi8ipedia.org?wi8i?2ime_of_concentration