Estudio de Prospeccion Magnetica en La Zona Del Volcan Nicholson

RESUMEN.............. RESUMEN........................ ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ............................................... .................................... 4 CAPITULO CAPITULO I..................... I............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................................. ...................................... 5 GENERALIDADES. GENERALIDADES........... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ................................................. ...................................... 5 1.1. 1.1. INTR INTROD ODUC UCCI CION ON..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................................... ...........................5 5 1.2. OBJETIVOS..................... ............................... ..................... ...................... ............................................. .................................. 5

OBJETIVO PRINCIPAL.................................................................................5 OBJETIVO OBJETIVO SECUNDARIO......... SECUNDARIO................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .........................5 ...............5 1.3. .3. METOD ETODOL OLOG OGIA IA.................... ............................... ...................... ..................... ...................................... ............................ 5 1.4. 1.4. UBIC UBICAC ACIÓ IÓN N Y LIMI LIMITE TES S....................................................................6

GEOMORFOLOGIA....... GEOMORFOLOGIA................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...........8 8 a.- LA CORDILLERA DE LADERAS (Colia! A"ia!#$...................................8 %.- ESTRIBACIONES ESTRIBACIONES DEL ALTIPLANO$...... ALTIPLANO$................. ..................... .......................................... ................................ 8 &.- ALTIPLANICIES$.... ALTIPLANICIES$............... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................................... .............................. 8 ".- ARCO VOLCANICO DEL BARROSO$............. BARROSO$........................ ............................................ ................................. ' .- PENILLANURA DE ARE)UIPA$..................................................................' LAS ECOREGIONES EN EL DISTRITO.......................... DISTRITO..................................... ..................................... .......................... ' a.- DESIERTO SUPERARIDO SUPERARIDO MONTANO MONTANO SUBTROPICAL ("!-MBS#$............. ("!-MBS#$...... ...........' ....' %.- DESPIERTO PER-ARDIO TEMPLADO CALIDO ("*-T&# + DESPIERTO PERARIDO MONTANO MONTANO BAJO SUB TROPICAL ("*-MBS#$....................................., &.- DESIERTO ARIDO MONTANO SUBTROPICAL ("a.MS#$............................, VIAS DE ACCESO A LA ZONA DE ESTUDIO.............................................,,

CAPITULO CAPITULO II................... II.............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ................ ......, , MARCO MARCO GEOLOGICO........ GEOLOGICO................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................................. ................................... , 2.1. 2.1. GEOL GEOLOG OGIA IA REGI REGION ONAL AL..................... ................................ ..................... ................................... ........................., , A. FORM FORMAC ACIÓ IÓN N CHO CHOCO COLA LATE TE.................... .............................. ..................... ...................... ....................,/ .........,/ B. FORM FORMAC ACIÓ IÓN N SOCOS SOCOSAN ANII...............................................................,4 C. GRUPO YU YURA.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ............................. .................. ,5

C.,. Fo01a&io! "l 203*o +30a$...........................................................,5 .. GEOLOGIA GEOLOGIA LOCAL............... LOCAL.......................... ...................... ..................... ..................... .................................. ....................... ,8 ..,

VOLCAN NICOLSON.............. NICOLSON......................... ..................... ..................... .....................................,8 ..........................,8

-PRIMERA ETAPA ERUPTIVA.....................................................................,8 -SEGUNDA ETAPA ERUPTIVA...................................................................,8 .. MATERIALES MATERIALES VOLCNICOS VOLCNICOS + DISTRIBUCIN............ DISTRIBUCIN....................................,' ........................,' ../ CARACTER7STICAS CARACTER7STICAS DEL VOLCAN........... VOLCAN...................... ..................... ..................... ....................... ............ ,

..4 ROCAS INTRUSIVAS INTRUSIVAS (TI#.......... (TI#..................... ..................... ..................... ................................... ........................ ..5. MON9ONITA MON9ONITA ORMBLENDICA ORMBLENDICA (M9#................................................., (M9#................................................. , ..6. DIORITA ORMBLENDICA (DI#.........................................................., ..:. GRANODIORITA +ARABAMBA..........................................................., ..8. TONALITA.......... TONALITA.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................................... ....................................  ..'. ADAMELIT ADAMELITAS........ AS................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................. ....................... CAPITULO CAPITULO III.................. III............................ ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. ......4 4 MARCO MARCO TEORICO................. TEORICO........................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....................................... ............................4 4 3.1. 3.1. ORIGEN ORIGEN DEL DEL CAMP CAMPO O MAGNET MAGNETICO ICO DE DE LA TIERRA TIERRA.....................4 3.2. 3.2. CONC CONCEP EPTO TOS S MAGN MAGNET ETIC ICOS OS..........................................................5 A. MAGNETISMO..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ...................................... ...........................5 5 B. BREVE BREVE EXPLIC EXPLICACI ACIÓN ÓN DEL DEL MAGN MAGNETI ETISMO SMO...................................5 C. CAMPOS CAMPOS Y FUERZA FUERZAS S MAGN MAGNÉTI ÉTICAS CAS............................................5 D. FUENTE FUENTES S DEL DEL CAMPO CAMPO MAGNÉ MAGNÉTIC TICO O............................................: E. CAMPO CAMPO MAGNÉ MAGNÉTICO TICO PRODUCID PRODUCIDO O POR UNA CARGA CARGA PUNTU PUNTUAL AL : F. DIP DIPOLOS OLOS MAGN MAGNÉT ÉTIC ICOS OS................................................................: 3.3. 3.3. VARIAC ARIACION IONES ES DEL DEL CAMPO CAMPO TERRE TERRESTR STRE E..................................8 3.4. 3.4. CICL CICLO O DE DE HIS HISTE TERE RESI SIS S...............................................................' 3.. PROPIED PROPIEDADES ADES MAGNETIC MAGNETICAS AS DE DE LOS LOS MA MATERIALES TERIALES..................' A. LA SUSCEP SUSCEPTIBIL TIBILIDAD IDAD DE LOS MINERALES MINERALES Y ROCAS ROCAS...............' B. CLASIF CLASIFICA ICACIO CION N DE LOS LOS MATER MATERIAL IALES ES......................................../, 3.!. .!. GEO"U EO"UIM IMIC ICA A................................................................................./5 3.#. 3.#. METOD ETODO O GEOF GEOFIS ISIC ICO O.................... .............................. ..................... ..................... ............................/6 ................../6

PROSPECCIN PROSPECCIN MAGN;TICA......... MAGN;TICA................... ..................... .................................................... ......................................... /6 CAPITULO CAPITULO IV................... IV............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................................... .................................... /' E)UIPO MAGNETICO MAGNETICO - MAGNETOMETRO DE PROTONES G-8,6..................../' G-8,6.................... /' CAPITULO CAPITULO V................... V............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................................... ........................... 4 AD)UISICION AD)UISICION + PRECESAMIENTO DE DATOS............ DATOS...................... ....................................4 ..........................4 5.,. AD)UISICION DE DATOS..... DATOS................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ..................... ....... 4 5.. LEVANTAMIENTO TOPOGRFICO$........................................................4, ELAVOR ELAVORACION ACION DEL MAPA MAPA DE ISOGAMAS.............. ISOGAMAS......................................................45 ........................................45 $% INTERPRET INTERPRETACIÓN ACIÓN CUANTIT CUANTITA ATIVA TIVA.................... ............................... ..................... ....................46 ..........46 &% INTERPRET INTERPRETACIÓN ACIÓN CUALIT CUALITA ATIVA' TIVA'....................................................4:

INFORME DEL METODO DE INTERPOLACION........... INTERPOLACION................................................5 .....................................5 

Ma*a " 3%i&a&i< 3%i&a&i< "l *0=l A-A> A-A> &o "i0&&io "i0&&io E-?...................................5 E-?...................................5 CONCLUCIONES.. CONCLUCIONES............. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... .......................... ................ 5/ RECOMENDACIONES..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ....................................... ............................ 54

ESTUDIO DE PROSPECCION MAGNETICA EN LA ZONA DEL VOLCAN NICHOLSON

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RESUMEN El Vol&@ Ni&ol!o ! &30a  +30a  la *0oi&ia " A03i*a. E! ol&@ o01a *a0 " la Co0"ill0a Vol&@i&a "l !30 "l P0 ol&@i&o Cila H ! l ol&@ 1@! *3o " lo! al0""o0! " A03i*a. D!" !3 &i1a ! a*0&ia o0a! o01a&io! 2ol<2i&a! &o1o$ G03*o +30a (P0o"o C0@&i&o 0a S&3"a0ia a&ia l o0# Vol&@i&o Co&ola (P0o"o T0i@!i&o E0a S&3"a0ia a&ia l S30# Vol&@i&o Ba00o!o (E0a C3a0a0ia a&ia l E!# H l I03!io G0a1a"al ( E0a T0&ia0ia a&ia l O!#.

El !3"io " *0o!*&&i< 1a2Ki&a  "i&o ol&@ 3 0alia"o *a0a "01ia0 la *0o3"i"a" " la &@1a0a 1a21ai&a 3 *0!a "i&o ol&@ a *a0i0 " la! ao1ala! 1a2Ki&a! *0o*ia! "l 1a0ial " &o1*o!i&i< "l 1a21a. Lo! alo0! " a0ia&io! "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o  l ol&@ 30o 02i!0a"o! *o0 l 1a2<10o " *0oo! G-8,6 l &3al *01i 0alia0 1"i&io! !a%l! 0@*i"a! H *0&i!a! " la i!i"a" oal "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o " la Ti00a !i !0 a&a"o *o0 la o0ia&i< "l !!o0. La! 1"i"a! 1a2i&a! o%i"o! *o0 l 1a2<10o !o *0o&!a"o! H &o002i"o!. La! 1"i"a! 1a2i&a! &o002i"a! o =al! !o 0a%aa"o! &o la! &oo0"a"a! " 3%i&a&i< *a0a o%0 l 1a*a " ao1ala! 1a2i&a! &o l 1Ko"o " i0*ola&i< Ra"ial Ba!i! F3&io  l *0o20a1a Surfer . A *a0i0 "l 1a*a " ao1ala! 1a2i&a! ! 0aa 3 *0=l  l &3al 1"ia 1Ko"o! 20@=&o! ! "01ia la *0o3"i"a" " la &@1a0a 1a21ai&a "l ol&@. E &o&l3!i< l 1Ko"o " *0o!*&&i< 1a2Ki&a ! 3 1Ko"o <*i1o *a0a 0alia0 !3"io! 2o!i&o! *a0a "01ia0 *0o3"i"a"! " &30*o! a<1alo!.

4

CAPITULO I GENERALIDADES 1.1. INTRODUCCION

El *0! io01 "l Vol&@ Ni&ol!o 3%i&a"o  +30a ! 0alio &o la =ali"a" " &al&3la0 la *0o3"i"a" " la &@1a0a 1a21ai&a " "i&o ol&@ *o0 1"io "l 1Ko"o " *0o!*&&i< 1a2Ki&a. E! 1Ko"o 2o!i&o ! %a!a  l a@li!i! " la! a0ia&io! "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o lo! &3al! !o &a*a"o! *o0 l 1a2<10o  i0*0a"o! &o1o ao1ala! 1a2Ki&a!. 1.2. OBJETIVOS OBJETIVO PRINCIPAL El o%io "l *0! 0a%ao ! 3%i&a0 a 3 *0o3"i"a" ! &30a la &@1a0a 1a21@i&a "l ol&@ Ni&ol!o a 0aK! "l *0o&!a1io " "ao! 1a2Ki&o! o%i"o! " la oa. OBJETIVO SECUNDARIO O0o o%io ! !i13la0 al al31o  3 "!1*o =&i  l *0o&!a1io " "ao! a !3  o0ia0lo  la la%o0a&i< " 3a !i! *a0a o%0 l 3lo *0o!ioal " i2i0o 2o!i&o.

Co1*l1a0 lo! &oo&i1io! 2o!i&o! *a0a l "!a00ollo *0!oal H *0o!ioal "l 203*o. A"3i0i0 &o1*0"0 3o! &oo&i1io!  lo! "i0! !3"io! " I2i0a 2o!i&a. 1.3. METODOLOGIA

El 1Ko"o &o!i!a  "o! *a0!$ 3 0a%ao " &a1*o H 3 0a%ao " 2a%i  TRABAJO DE CAMPO$ Co!i!  la a*li&a&i< "l 1Ko"o 1a2Ki&o  l ol&@ Ni&ol!o 0alia"o l 1alla"o " la oa 3ilia"o l 1a2<10o " *0oo! G-8,6 H 0alia"o la! 1"i"a! " lo! alo0! 1a2Ki&o!  2a11a! " la oa 3 !o al1a&a"o!  l 1a2<10o. Di&a "aa ! 0a"a *a0a *0o&"0 &o l 0a%ao " 2a%i. 5

 TRABAJO DE GABINETE$ Co!i!  o"o! lo! *0o&"i1io! 0alia"o! *a0a l *0o&!a1io " la "aa &o1o lo ! l 3!o " lo! "i0!o! *0o20a1a!$ Goo2l Ea0 E&l S300 *a0a l 0aa"o " la "aa. Si1*0 ! a o*a"o *o0 3 &0i0io 2o!i&o a&*a%l al 1o1o " la i0*ola&i< 0aa"o "l *0=l a@li!i!  i0*0a&i< H la! &o&l3!io!. 1.4. UBICACIÓN Y LIMITES

Go20@=&a1 l Di!0io " +30a ! 3%i&a al No0! H a*0oi1a"a1 a 8 1. " la &a*ial " la *0oi&ia " A03i*a 0 lo! *a0allo! ,5 /> H ,6 ,5> " Lai3" S30 H lo! :, 45> H :5 /> " Lo2i3" O! "l 10i"iao " G0Qi&. + ! &30a a 3a al30a " 5' 1.!..1. E01o No0 S30 E! O!

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Poli&a H 00io0ial1 l "i!0io ! lo&alia  l "*a0a1o H *0oi&ia " A03i*a. D!" l *3o " i!a " la "1a0&a&i< *o0 C3&a! l "i!0io *0& a la C3&a "l Ro Cili S3%-C3&a "l Ro +30a " o01a 0&a23la0 li20a1 ala02a"a &3%0i"o 3 @0a "!" !3! a&i!  la! !0i%a&io! " lo! a"o! 3a0a&a C3&30a H Ca&ai a!a !3 3i< &o l 0o Cili *a0a o01a0 l 0o Vo0 S3 Ca*ial La Cal0a i &a2o0a " P3%lo ! lo&alia a 3a al30a *0o1"io " 4 1.!..1. &laa"a 0 la! "0ia&io! !&3"a0ia! " la &a"a ol&@i&a " A03i*a &o 0&o00i"o E!-O! &3Ho ii&io ! 13!0a a *a0i0 "l &0o *o%la"o " la E!a&i<. F3 &0a"a *o0 LH N ,/, "l / " MaHo " ,'55  &a1%io la 3"a&i< &o1o "i!0io ! 01oa a la K*o&a " la I"*"&ia. i!<0i&a1 l 00io0io "i!0ial a *0!a"o a0ia&io! !i lo20a0 3a "1a0&a&i< "=iia *0o"3&o " o &oa0 &o 3a LH " &0a&i< lo !3=&i1 &la0a 3 !*&i=3 lo! l1i! H &oli"a&ia!. Si 1%a02o l 3!o H la! &o!31%0! a "01ia"o 3a "1a0&a&i< " i*o 00&ial !*&ial1 &o lo! "i!0io! " la! *0oi&ia! " A03i*a H CaHllo1a.

6

D0o " ! 1a0&o lo! l1i! "l "i!0io ! ii&ia al NOROESTE "l "i!0io  la &31%0 "l C00o R"o"o *a0a l32o *0olo2a0! a!a la la "ii!o0ia " a23a! "l C00o +aao0&o  la &oa " / 48 1.!..1. C00o Paoal Coa " / 66/ 1.!..1. la la &oia a&ia l C00o C03&0o a!a la &oa / 8' 1.!..1. l32o a lo! C00o! Pi&illa C00o Ai3i1a  la &oa " / 86 1.!..1. D !a &oa &oia al C00o +a0al  la &oa " 4 /8 1.!..1. &oi3a"o  3a "i0&&i< No0! a&ia l C00o +30a& A*a&a  la &oa " lo! 4 /5 1.!..1. *a0a l32o *a!a0 al C00o O0&oa &oi3a"o *o0 la la "ii!o0ia " a23a! a!a la a&i " 3a 3%0a"a !i o1%0 !i23i"o *o0 l  " la 3%0a"a a!a !3 &o3&ia &o l Ro A&o1aHo *a0a &oi3a0 a23a! a%ao *o0 l alQ2 "l Rio l 1i!1o 3 &a1%ia " o1%0 a )3%0a"a Caa H l32o a )3%0a"a Cilli3a a!a !3! a&i *a0a l32o a!&"0 a!a la &oa5 ' 1.!..1. A *a0i0 " ! *3o &oia *o0 la "ii!o0ia " a23a! " lo! C00o! Ba"0ai H A&a!i  la &oa 5 5: 1.!..1. C00o Li*a "!&"i"o a!a la i0!&&i< " la )3%0a"a P3&a&a&a &o l Rio Pa3!a. POR EL ESTE   lo! l1i! &o l Di!0io " CaH1a. S ii&ia  l li1o *3o o1%0a"o *a0a &oi3a0  "i0&&i< O! *o0 l %o0" " la La23a a23a"a Bla&a a!a la "!1%o&a"30a  3a 3%0a"a !i o1%0 &oi3a a23a! a00i%a *o0 l  " la 3%0a"a a!a la &o3&ia " "o! )3%0a"a! !i o1%0 l32o ! "i0i2 a!a la &oa " lo! / :8 1.!..1. *a0a l32o &oi3a0 a!a l C00o Caa!ia  la &oa " lo! 4 //8 1.!..1. C00o C&a3aH&ia &oa 4 ,6/ 1.!..1. l32o al C00o 3aHai0a &oa 4 /8 1.!..1. !i23i"o la! &oa! " lo! 5 56 5 85 H 5 6 1.!..1. a!a l a"o Ca&ai  la &oa " lo! 6 5: 1.!..1. D !a &oa "!&i" *o0 l  " la )3%0a"a Ca0a&ia a23a! a%ao a!a la &o3&ia " 3a )3%0a"a !i o1%0 a!&"i"o a!a la &oa " lo! / 86 1.!..1. *0o!i23 lo! li1i! *o0 la "ii!o0ia " a23a! a!a l C00o Lo! A"! *o0 la! &oa! / 65 1.!..1. H / ' 1.!..1. *a0a l32o "!&"0 *o0 l  " la )3%0a"a E!&al0illa a23a! a%ao a!a la i0!&&i< &o la 0o&a &a00oa%l &o "i0&&i< O! &oia *o0 l  " !a &a000a a!a la i0!&&i< &o la )3%0a"a o"a *0o!i23i"o *o0 l  " !a 3%0a"a a23a! a%ao a!a !3 &o3&ia &o l Ro Cili *a0a l32o &oi3a0 *o0 l  " ! Ro a23a! a%ao a!a la &o3&ia &o l Ro +30a "a"o o0i2 al Rio Vio0. POR EL OESTE( li1ia &o l "i!0io " Vo0  ii&ia !3 "1a0&a&i< "!" l li1o *3o o1%0a"o *a0a l32o &oi3a0  "i0&&i< No0-E! a!&"i"o *o0 la "ii!o0ia " a23a! a!a la &oa  , 1.!..1.  "i0&&i< " la! &oa!  ,'/ H  ', 1.!..1. a!a la !al To0&oa lo&alia"a  l C00o "l 1i!1o o1%0  la &oa / 4 *a0a l32o 3i0! a la! &oa!  '6 H / 4: 1.!..1. al C00o Li3ia  la &oa / ,: 1.!..1. *a0a =al1 ll2a0 al *3o " ii&io "l l1i "i!0ial C00o R"o"o. :

Go"K!i&a1 l "i!0io li1ia$ - Po0 l No0 &o lo! "i!0io! " 3a&a A&o1a +a3 Sa Aoio " C3&a " la P0oi&ia " CaHllo1a. - Po0 l E! &o l "i!0io " Sa J3a " Ta03&ai " la P0oi&ia " A03i*a. - Po0 l S30 &o lo! "i!0io! " CaH1a C00o Colo0a"o H U&31aHo " la *0oi&ia " A03i*a H - Po0 l O! &o l "i!0io " Vo0 " la *0oi&ia " A03i*a.

GEOMORFOLOGIA

La io01a&i< "i!*oi%l *a0a "!&0i%i0 La! &a0a&0!i&a! Go1o0ol<2i&a! "l "i!0io " +30a ! %a!a  la io01a&i< "i!*oi%l  l !3"io "l S0i&io " Golo2a H Mi0a H  lo! !3"io! " la O=&ia Na&ioal " Eal3a&i< " lo! R&30!o! Na30al! (ONERN# oH INRENA. E &o!&3&ia l !*a&io 2o20@=&o "i!0ial 13!0a 3i"a"! 1o0ol<2i&a! 0laia1 "i0! la! 1i!1a! 3 o%!0a"a!  o01a a30al ! &o!i3H  &o"i&ioa! *a0a i1*l1a0 a&ii"a"! *0o"3&ia! &o &i0a a&ili"a" H 3 0*0&3a  l "!a00ollo "l "i!0io. La! 3i"a"! 1o0ol<2i&a! 3 ! "i!i23  l @0a "l "i!0io !o la! !i23i!$ $.) LA CORDILLERA DE LADERAS *C+,-$/ A0-$/%'

E! la *0olo2a&i< " la &a"a ol&@i&a " lo! A"! &3Ho 0li 13!0a *"i! ala! a&ia lo! a&o! &3Ho! *3o! 1a! la"o! !o la &31%0! " lo! &00o! Saa Ro!a ( '8 1.!..1.#  To0&oa (/ 4 1.!..1.# La! La"0a! ( 6 1.!..1.# H Sa I2a&io ( 655 1.!..1.# &a0a&0ia"o! *o0 !3! o01a! 0"o"a! H 032o!a!. &.) ESTRIBACIONES DEL ALTIPLANO'

S alla &o1*0"i"a 0 la &o0"ill0a " la"0a! H l &30!o !3*0io0 "l Ro +30a 0 la! &30a! " il " lo! /  H / : 1.!..1. S3 o*o20aa ! a20! " 0li! *0"o1ia! !30&a"a *o0 310o!a! 3%0a"a! H all! *0o3"o!. S3! o01a! 8

!@ i1a1 li2a"a! a la !03&30a H a la "i0!a 0!i!&ia al i1*0i!1o H 0o!i< " la! "i0! 3i"a"! liol<2i&a!. .) ALTIPLANICIES'

E la *a0 ala "l "i!0io H !o%0 la! !0i%a&io! "l ali*lao ! &30a *3a! @0a! 1@! o 1o! *laa! &o li20a! o"3la&io! H " &oo0o! i0023la0! !*a0a"a! *o0 3%0a"a! *0o3"a! 3 &o0a &a*a! ol&@i&a! !3%-o0ioal!. E!a! *0!a *"i! 3 a0a 0 lo! 4 a 5  H !3! ali3"! &o 00&ia al il "l 1a0 ! " / 6 a / 8 1.!..1. 0.) ARCO VOLCANICO DEL BARROSO'

La &a0a&0!i&a " !a 3i"a" ! la *0!a&i< " 3a &a"a 1oao!a a20! " o0i2 ol&@i&o 3 !i23 3 alia1io &i0&3la0 &o !3 &o&ai"a" a&ia l Pa&=&o. G0a *a0 " !a 3i"a" ! &30a o01a"a *o0 lo! a*a0ao! ol&@i&o! "l Ca&ai (6 5: 1.# H l Aaa (4 8 1.# lo! &3al! ! la &o 0!*&o al 1a0 a *a0i0 " lo!  8 1.  l @0a "l "i!0io. La! &31%0! !&a0*a"a! "l Ca&ai H l A1aa !o la! i&a! &3%i0a! *o0 i *0*3a!. .) PENILLANURA DE ARE"UIPA' S &a0a&0ia *o0 !0 3a !3*0=&i !3a1 o"3la"a " o01a 20o!0a10ia23la0 &3%0 3 @0a 1aHo0 al "i!0ial H &o1*0" la! lo&ali"a"! " A03i*a H+30a H la &o3&ia " lo! 0o! Cili H +30a. E!a 3i"a" ! alla 0o"a"a *o0 lo! &00o!alo! 3 o01a *a0 " la Co0"ill0a " La"0a! " la! E!0i%a&io! "l Ali*lao H "lA0&o "l Ba00o!o.

P0!a 3 !i!1a " 3%0a"a! *a0alla! &o &a3"al! 1*o0al! H !&&io!0a!0!al!  V "0a"o a&ia lo! 0o! Cili H +30a. La! ali3"! a!&i" "!"lo! , 8 1. a!a lo!  6 1.!..1. &o 3a *"i " 5 i&lia"a a&ia l S30o!. S3 o*o20aa ! "o1ia1 a&&i"a"a &oo01a"a *o0 la"0a! " 30 20a"i!o !&a!a! la! @0a! *laa! 3 o"3la"a! &o1o la! lo&alia"a!  l Coo No0 Pa1*a "A00i0o! )3i!&o! H UH3*a1*a.

LAS ECOREGIONES EN EL DISTRITO '

E K01io! 2K0i&o! l "i!0io *0!a !i! *i!o! &ol<2i&o! &a"a 3o &o &a0a&0! 1o0ol<2i&o! &li1@i&o! H %io2o20@=&o! "i0!. A!i1i!1o 13!0a la! oa! " i"a H &o llo la! *o!i%ili"a"! " "!a00ollo " la! "i0! a&ii"a"! !o&io&o<1i&a!. $.) DESIERTO SUPERARIDO MONTANO SUBTROPICAL *0/)MBS%'

U%i&a"o 0 lo! 5  H  / 1.!..1. &3Ho &li1a *0!a 3a 1*0a30a 1"ia a3al 3 o!&ila 0 lo! ,8 H , 20a"o! &20a"o! 3a *0&i*ia&i< 1"ia a3al 3 a0a 0 lo! 6.5. a lo! /,.5 11 &o00!*o"i"o 3a 31"a" 0laia " ,6P a /P. E! *i!o &ol<2i&o *0!a 3a o*o20aa "o1ia1 a&&i"a"a &oo01a"a *o0 la"0a! " 30 20a"i !o !&a!a! la! @0a! *laa! 3 o"3la"a! &o1o la! lo&alia"a!  Ci3"a" " Dio! Pa1*a " A00i0o! H )3i!&o! UH3*a1*a. Lo! S3lo! !o "l2a"o! o !o10o! (Lio!ol!# Fl3ial! (" 1o0olo2a !0ai=&a"a H 30a! a0ia%l!# H A"o!ol!V0i&o! (" a30ala Vol&@i&a#. La 2a&i< ! 13H !&a!a !i 1%a02o a*a0& 3 a*i 20a1ial H " i"a 13H 10a "30a la !a&i< " ll3ia! 0ai2a!. Ei! !*&i! a0%3!ia! H !3%-a0%3!ia! 0<=la! a! &o1o Ca&@&a! " lo! 2K0o! CK03! H O*3ia. A&3al1 la i00a ! 3ilia  a3llo! l32a0! "o" i! "i!*oi%ili"a" " 0&30!o "0i&o *01a &o1o ! l &a!o "l 0i< +30a !3! a3! H a23a! !3%00@a "0ia"a! " lo! "!ilo! "l ol&@ Ca&ai *0o!*0a"o &3lio! &o1o la *a*a 1a o0alia! 03al! H alala *0i&i*al1.

&.) DESPIERTO PER)ARDIO TEMPLADO CALIDO *0)T% Y DESPIERTO PER)ARIDO MONTANO BAJO SUB TROPICAL *0) MBS%'

La! &a0a&0!i&a! 20al! "l *0! *i!o &ol<2i&o ! 3 ! lo&alia 0 lo!   H  4 1.!..1. &3Ho &li1a *0!a 3a 1*0a30a 1"ia a3al 3 o!&ila 0 lo! ,8./ H ,.6. G0a"o! &20a"o! la *0&i*ia&i< 1"ia a3al a0a 0 lo! :.4 H ,. 11 H 3a 31"a" 0laia " 8 a 6P. La &o=230a&i< o*o20@=&a ! "o1ia1 a&&i"a"a &o *"i! *0o3&ia"a! 3 !o%0*a!a l : al0a"o &o al23a! @0a! " o*o20aa 1@! !3a. Lo! !3lo! !o !3*0=&ial! (Lio!ol!# H "o" 1o0a la o*o20aa a*a0& lo! 0o!ol! " ,

30a 1"ia H 20al1 &al&@0a! o 2i*!i&o! (+!o#. A!i1i!1o ! i A"o!ol!0i&o! "o1ia"o! *o0 1a0ial! ol&@i&o!. La 2a&i< 3 *0!a !a oa " i"a ! !&a!a H ! &i0&3!&0i% a i0a! a3al! " i"a 10a "o1ia"o la! 20a1a! lo! a0%3!o! !3%a0%3!o! H &a&@&a!. A&3al1 l 3!o " la i00a !@0!0i2i"o a lo! !*a&io! "o" ! "i!*o " 0i2o *01a *0o!*0a"o &3lio! " o0alia! 1a *a*a 03al! H alala. .) DESIERTO ARIDO MONTANO SUBTROPICAL *0$.MS%'

Fo01a&i< &ol<2i&a lo&alia"a 0 lo!  4 H / 4 1.!..1. &3Ho &li1a 02i!0a 1*0a30a! " , a 6 20a"o! &20a"o! "30a l ao la *0&i*ia&i< 1"ia a3al a0a 0 lo! 6.5 H ,/:., 11 H 3a 31"a" 0laia " 4P a 8P. El 0li o*o20@=&o ! 301 a&&i"a"o &o la"0a! !&a0*a"a! H &o "&li! !3*0io0! a :. Lo! !3lo! !o 20al1 " a30ala &al&@0a *0&i"o a lo! 0o!ol!. Do1ia 1aHo01 lo! Lio!ol! H o0a! o01a! " !3lo! 0a!i&ioal! H !o10o!. A"o!ol!0i&o! (!3lo! Vol&@i&o!# a*a0&  !a o01a&i<  !3! 0aa! S3%0o*i&al H 1*la"o &@li"o. El &li1a ! a0ia"o 1o!0a"o 3a *0&i*ia&i< 1"ia a3al 0 lo! 6.: H ,:., 11 H 3a 31"a" 0laia 0 lo!  H 4P. El 0li ! a%03*o a %a! " la"0a! " 1a0&a"a i&lia&i<. Lo! !3lo! *0& a lo! 0o!ol!&o 3a 1a0&a"a i3&ia ol&@i&a H a"o!ol!0i&o! H Lio!ol!. La 2a&i< !@ &o!i3i"a *o0 a0%3!o! !3%a0%3!o! H &a&@&a! a"1@! " 20a1a! 3 &oo01a *a0 " lo! *a!o! a30al! alo a"io! a0%3!o! 3 ll2a a lo! 4 10o! " al30a  la *a0 10i"ioal a*a0& la ola a! &o1o la +a0a.

VIAS DE ACCESO A LA ZONA DE ESTUDIO

El @0a " !3"io ! a&&!i%l *o0 &a000a a!ala"a la &3al *a0 H ll2a a la lo&ali"a" " +30a. (La Cal0a# a *a0i0 " ! *3%lo ! i 3a &a000a " 0o&a 3 a "!" +30a *a!a *o0 l *a0a " G0a1a"al &oi3a *o0 la 3%0a"a Cai3aHo "!" "o" ! "i0i2 a&ia l *3%lo " 3a&a &oi3a"o *o0 TaHa H l2a al *3%lo " Ll3a a0ai!a o"o l &3a"0@23lo " i23al 1a0a ,,

i! 3a &a000a a +30a 3 *a!a *o0 Pa1*a " A00i0o! H &oi3a a&ia l C3&o P3o. Ca% !ala0 3 li1a1 ! a a%i0o 3a 0o&a 3 *a0 " la 3%0a"a Cai3aHo &03a la 3%0a"a )3o! H ll2a al &00o +aa&oo o0a 3 *a0 " la 3%0a"a G0a1a"al "l 1i!1o o1%0 a!a la! *0oi1i"a"! "l 0o +30a.

CAPITULO II MARCO GEOLOGICO GEOLOGIA REGIONAL 2.1. GEOLOGIA REGIONAL

,

La! *0i&i*al! 3i"a"! 2ol<2i&a! - 2o1o0ol<2i&a!$ al NE " la &i3"a" &ola"a! ol&@i&a! *0oi! "l Ca&ai H Mi!i &o0a"a! *o0 l &a< "l 0o Cili la oa " la &i3"a" H al0""o0! &o00!*o" a "*
D%i"o a ! &a0a&0!i&o &olo0 J! (,'4# la "o1io a!  ao0a  al lo&ali"a" " So&o!ai  l %lo3 Ci&a-Ll3a H  3a a2o!a 0aa !30! - o0o! 3 a "l &00o Li3ia &03a l 0o Si23a!  3%0a"a AQil a!a la 1a02 i3i0"a "l 0o Ll3a. S3 !*!o0 &al&3la"o 0 la! &a0a! " Co&ola H lo! al0""o0! " So&o!ai *3" *a!a0 " lo! ' 1. !i 1%a02o  la 0aa !ala"a a0io01 i 3 !*!o0 0 4 a 45 1. E!a 3i"a" 0*o!a "i!&o0"a1 !o%0 lo! &o2lo10a"o! o*0o0ooi&o!   la lo&ali"a" " la! &a0a! &o&ola *0!a &alia! a00&ial! H %0&a! ol&@i&a!  la lo&ali"a" " So&o!ai  la *a0 i0io0 *0!a "00a1! l@i&o! H a2lo10a"o! a"!i&o! a&ia !3 *a0 !3*0io0 ! o0a ol&ao - !"i1a0io &o &o2lo10a"o! ol&a0ia! H o%a! li&a!. E la 0aa "i!&o0"a !o%0 lo! 00o! o*0o0ooi&o! !a &o1*3!o " a%ao a&ia a00i%a *o0 "00a1! l@i&o! "a&i&o! ,/

i0<=0o! %0&a! &3a0o!a! l3ia! 20a! H a&ia la *a0 !3*0io0 *o0 o%a! "a&i&a! H o%a! a"!i&a!. El a1%i !"i1a0io !0ia 3 a0&o ol&@i&o &o al0a&ia! 1a0ia!. La "a" " !a o01a&i< a0io01 a!i2a"a al li@!i&o *o0  J! (,'48# 3 &o=01a"a a1%iK *o0 l alla2o " a11oi! " la a1ilia " lo! A0iii"o! ( ill%0aa ,':'#  I. L< (,'8,#  la &a0a " Co&ola H 3 "a 3a "a" Si130iao i0io0.

Fo01a&i< Co&ola B. FORMACIÓN SOCOSANI

Ao0a  la lo&ali"a" " So&o!ai !i3a"a  l 0o +30a  la &3al !o%0Ha& a la o01a&i< Co&ola  "i!&oi3i"a" 0o!ioal ao0a a1%iK  l %lo3 &i&a-ll3a  3a 0aa *a0alla a la Fo01a&i< Co&ola. E la lo&ali"a" i*o " So&o!ai al&aa 3 !*!o0 " , 1 H  %lo3 Ci&a-Ll3a a0a 0 4 - '. E!a ! 3a 3i"a" &o1*3!a *o0 3a !"i1a&i< !&ial1 &al&a0a. E la lo&ali"a" i*o !a ! ii&ia &o 3 &o2lo10a"o! %a!al "  1 &o1*3!o *o0 lio&la!o! " 0o&a! ol&@i&a! 2i! H &a0%oao!  !o%0Ha& a lo! &o2lo10a"o! 3a al0a&ia " &al&a0ia! 20i!! %io!*a0ia! 20ai!o! H a0i!&a! 0"! 01ia !a 3i"a" &o &al&il3ia!.

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E l %lo3 Ci&a - Ll3a !a 3i"a" &oi  la *a0 i0io0 &o2lo10a"o! &o lio&la!o! ol&@i&o! ( C. Li3ia#  l *a0a "  Ti2o 3i< " lo! 0o! Li3alla H Pi&i0i21a !a 3i"a" ! ii&ia &o %io!*a0ia! &o 0!o! " &0ioi"! H %0a3io*o"o! al23a! !*i&3la! " !*oa! &oia 1i&0o!*a0ia! ( 1i&0ia! 0&0i!alia"a!  !0ao! " 5 - , &1# &o olo0 Ki"o &oi !*i&3la! " !*oa! !i23 3a al0a&ia " &al&il3ia! H a0i!&a! 0"! 1a!ia! 01ia !a 3i"a" &o 1a02a! " &olo0! 20o H *a0"o! &o a%3"a 1a0ia &a0%oo!a &oi a"1@! <"3lo! &o 0!o! " a1oi! il! " *o!i"oia! a*la!a"a! a!a " 5 &1 " 20o!o0. El a1%i " !"i1a&i<  l *0=l i*o &o00!*o" a 3a *laao01a &a0%oaa"a 13H !o10a 3 *0o20!ia1 ! a 3"i"o *3! 01ia &o &al&il3ia!. E l %lo3 Ci&a Ll3a !i %i l <1o " !3%!i"&ia ! l 1i!1o ! "i0&ia "l !&o0 " So&o!ai *o03 la! a&i! !o " 1aHo0 *0o3"i"a" (1a02a! &o !*i&3la! " !*oa! *o!i"oia!# lo &3al *a0& i"i&a0 3 l %lo3 Ci&a Ll3a *0& a oa! 1a! 0a! 3 l %lo3 " So&o!ai. La "a" " !a o01a&i< 3 a!i2a"a al Toa0&iao S3*0io0 Bao&iao 1"io (Bai"! ,'6 *o!0io01 F. S3i0o! M. Val"iia il""%0a ,':'# 0&ol&a0o 3a a3a  l C Li3ia la &3al "io la! !i23i "a"! $ -

Da&Hlio&0ai"o! (/# Toa0&iao I0io0. Foa!ia !* Aaliao 1"io. Ooi! !* Bao&iao I0io0. Soiia !* Bao&iao I0io0. !*ao&0ai"o! Bao&iao 1"io E! 1a0ial *01i a!i2a0l a la Fo01a&i< So&o!ai 3a "a"  Toa0&iao I0io0 a Bao&iao M"io.

C. GRUPO YURA

 J. ?il!o "a l 203*o " la o01a&i< +30a " ?. J! "i!i23i"o la! o01a&io! Aa!*a&a H &a&a&31a i0io0 H !3*0io0 0!*&ia1. Q. J! !i1a 3 20o!o0 oal " /51 *0o V. Bai"!  la !&&i< *i&a 1i" !ola1 ,41 "ii"iK"ola  5 o01a&io!$ Fo01a&i< 3al3ai Fo01a&i< G0a1a"al Fo01a&i< La%0a Fo01a&i< Ca&io! Fo01a&i< P3. C.,. Fo01a&io! "l 203*o +30a$ ,5

,6

Fi230a .- E!0ai20aa " +30a

,:

Fi230a /.- Col31a E!0ai20@=&a R2ioal

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2.2. GEOLOGIA LOCAL 2.2.1 VOLCAN NICHOLSON Vol&@ C00o N20o o Ni&ol!o ! 1*lo " 3 &oo ol&@i&o 1oo2Ki&o " &a"a " 0a! H " *0o"3&o! %al!i&o!  l 3 ! *3" !3"ia0 la! &a0a&0!i&a! i*o H "i!0i%3&i< " lo! 1a0ial! ol&@i&o! *0o"3&i"o! "30a 3a 03*&i< " i*o i*o !0o !0o1%o 1%olia liaa a HWo 0a 0ao1 o1a21 a21@i @i&a. &a. S3 "i=&io "i=&io *3 *3o o 0*0!a 3 *i&o &oo ol&@i&o " 1o0olo2a 0&i %i &o!0 &o!0a" a"o o H o *0! *0!a a "o0 "o01a& 1a&io io! ! a1*o& a1*o&o o a&ii" a&ii"a" a" 31a0
E!0ai20@=&a1 ! *3" "i0&ia0 "o! a*a! 03*ia!$ )PRIMERA )PRI MERA ETAPA ETAPA ERUPTIV ERUPTI VA Lo! 1a0ial! *0&i! a !a a*a ! 1*laa  la la"0a !30 "l ol&@ H 0*0!a l /: "l a*a0ao ol&@i&o !3! *"i! !o "l o0" "  a 5. So " a30ala %@!i&a  !3*0=&i *0!a 3 &olo0 1a00< &la0o H  la 0a&30a 0!&a a "l 203*o 20o al 20o a3la"o. M3!0a 3a 20a3la0i"a" 13H =a H 3 1"iao 20a"o " &o!io. E! " 30a *ilo@i&a *0o  "01ia"o! !&o0! ! 3i"al. S3 0a&30a1io ! i0023la0.

-SEGUNDA ETAPA ERUPTIVA Lo! 1a0ial! &o00!*o"i! a !a a! &o!i3H la *a0 0!a "l a*a0ao ol&@i&o ol&@i&o ! "&i0 l 6/ !3! !3! la"0a! !o 1*ia"a! !3 !3*0=&i ! " &olo0 1a00< &la0o  al23a! @0a! H 20i! &la0o  o0a! H  0a&30a 0!&a a " 20o a 20o a3la"o. P0!a 3a 20a3la0i"a" =a H !3 30a ! !&o0i@&a. Co1*a0a"o la a30ala " lo! 1a0ial! &o lo! ,'

" la a*a a0io0 !o! 0!3la !0 1@! @&i"o! &o 1aHo0 20a"o " &o!i< H *o0o!i"a". S3 0a&30a1io ! !i1ila0 E lo! la"o! S H S-O "l &0@0 lo! 1a0ial! ! alla ala1 oi"a"o! *0!a"o 3a &olo0a&i< 0oia &o1o &o!&3&ia " la 30 oi"a&i< 3 l i00o a !o*o0a"o  l 1a21a.

2.2.2 MATERIALES VOLCNICOS Y DISTRIBUCIÓN Lo! 1a0ial! "l ol&@ 30o *0o"3&i"o! *o0 3a a&ii"a" ol&@i&a &0al 3 i &o1*o!i&i< *0"o1ia1 %@!i&a la! &ola"a! " laa! !o *0@&i&a1 ii!! H ! o%!0a !&ial1 *0o1oo0io! " 0a!  l a&o S30 "l "i=&io. La! 0a! !o " "i0!a! "i1!io!$ %lo3! %o1%a! la*illi H &ia!. E!o! 1a0ial! ol&@i&o! i &olo0! 20i! o!&30o a 20o H !3 &o1*o!i&i< ! " a"!ia %a!@li&a. Ma&0o!&<*i&a1 ! o%!0a 3a *a!a i"0io!a " 30a 13H =a &o al23o! &0i!al! " *i0oo! 1a2ia H oliio.

Lo! 1a0ial! 3 &o1*o l "i=&io ol&@i&o !o 1aHo01 0a! " 30a !&o0i@&a *0o a1%iK ! *3" &o0a0  1o0 i1*o0a&ia 30a!  Y&o0a " *aZ. La *a0 &0al " la! %o1%a! ! 1@! &o1*a&a H  l 0io0 !o 1@! *o0o!a! "%i"o a la! o3"a"! "a"a! *o0 la 32a " 2a!! o al 0a&30a1io *oliK"0i&o o0i2ia"o *o0 0ia1io 0@*i"o  i1*a&o "l *0oH&il. D0o " !o! 1a0ial! ol&@i&o! ! *3" &o0a0 *3o! %lo3! " 3o! / &1 " "i@10o o &la!o! i&03!a"o! " !"i1o! 1a0io! (G0. +30a#  i2i1%0ia! 3 i"&ia 0!o! " la! 0o&a! !3%Ha&! a00a&a"a! "l &o"3&o *o0 "o" la! laa! ! &aalia0o *a0a !ali0 H&a"a! al 0io0 " la &@1a0a 1a21ai&a. E la! *0oi1i"a"! "l &0@0 H  lo! a&o! "l "i=&io ol&@i&o la! "i1!io! " la! 0a! a0a "!" 20a"! %lo3! " laa! " 4 1 " "i@10o a!a %lo3! H %o1%a! " 1o0 "i1!i< 3 ll2a a!a 3o! / 1 "l &0@0 (oa *0oi1al# 1@! all@ " ! 0a"io la! 0a! a 0"3&i"o !3 a1ao " ,5 a  &10o! " "i@10o H ! alla 0*a0i"a! a!a 3 0a"io " : 1 al0""o0 "l &0@0 (oa "i!al#.

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D a&30"o a la! &a0a&0!i&a! H "i!0i%3&i< " lo! 1a0ial! ol&@i&o! ! *3" a!31i0 3 la 03*&i< "l C00o N20o 3o *lo!io! iola! o0i2ia"o 3a 0a21a&i< " 1a0ial! l@i&o! &a02a"o! " 2a!! H a*o0 a ala! 1*0a30a! H 3 !o! !al2a H&a"o!  o01a " ll3ia *o0 &o " la 02a " la! *lo!io! "30a la 03*&i<.

2.2.3 CARACTER5STICAS DEL VOLCAN La %a! "l ol&@ ! &30a !o%0 lo! 45 1!1 H !3 &i1a ll2a a *o&o 1@! " 5/ 1 " ali3". La! &a0a&0!i&a! 1o0o1K0i&a! "l ol&@ !o$

Al30a "l "i=&io$ 85 1 a*0oi1a"a1  Di@10o 1aHo0 " la %a!$ [ , 1  Di@10o "l &0@0$ 8 X , 1  Di@10o i0io0 "l &0@0$ 5 1  Al30a i0io0$ 85 1 a*0o. El "i=&io ol&@i&o ! a&aa"o H a!i1K0i&o !3 %a! ! oala"a &o l  1aHo0 o0ia"o " N a S. La! *a0"! "l i0io0 "l &0@0 i *"i! 1aHo0! a / H la *a0 S30 ! la 3 *0!a 1o0! &o"i&io! *a0a l "!&!o a!a l o"o "l &0@0 l &3al i 3a !3*0=&i 1@! o 1o! *laa. La! &a0a&0!i&a! 1o0ol<2i&a! 0!&a! "l "i=&io H l i*o " laa! " K! ol&ai!1o ! !i1ila0 a lo! ol&a! " A"a3a H +30a Vio. 

,

Fi230a 5 ..4 ROCAS INTRUSIVAS *6TI% D a&30"o a !3! 0la&io! " i03!i< *o0 lo 3 a&a a la! o01a&io! !"i1a0ia! "l M!ooi&o H o a la Fo01a&i< 3a&a " !3*3!a "a" T0&ia0ia I0io0 ! &0 al i23al 3 la 1aHo0a " 2
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La *la2io&la!a ! " o01a !3%"0al H &o00!*o" a la a"!ia &o , a  11. D la02o H &o li20a oa&i<. La o0o!a o&300  o01a a"0al 0lla"o lo! !*a&io! "a"o! *o0 la! *la2io&la!a!. El &3a0o ! *0!a  *3a &ai"a" H "i!*0!o. El &lio*i0oo !@ 1aHo01 30aliia"o. La o0%l"a !@ i!a1 al0a"a H la %ioia a !i"o !3!i3i"a *o0 *la2io&la!a!. ..:. GRANODIORITA YARABAMBA La 20ao"io0ia "%i"o al !i!1a " 330a1io *0!a 20a"! %lo3! 0&a23la0! H *o0 i1*0i!1o 3a li20a "i!H3&i< &aa=la0 lo 3 a o0i2ia"o %lo3! "!*0"i"o!  l *0i10 &a!o H !0a! i1*0&a!  l !23"o. S *3" 0 1*lo! "l *0i10o al O! "l C\ Sa I2a&io (ai23a &a000a Paa10i&aa#. E!a 0o&a a !i"o i03"a *o0 "i3! a*li&o! H *21ai&o! H  la! !3*0=&i! "  330a1io 13!0a 1a&a! o!&30a! " 301alia. El &oi"o " olio! ! a%3"a H !o " o01a 0"o"a"a. S 0alia0o "i0!o! 0a%ao! &o  Ha0a%a1%a 3o " llo! ! l !i23i laa1io o*o20@=&o 3 ! i!o a 3a 1ia " Ha0a%a1%a.

Fi230a 6.- P0=l " la &<i&a " la &o0a.

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..8. TONALITA El !3"io 1i&0o*0o20@=&o a "a"o lo !i23i$ La! *la2io&la!a! !@ 1aHo01 0*0!a"a! *o0 oli2o&la!a!  &0i!al! 3 al&aa 3 a1ao a!a " /.5 11. &o131 0a&30a"a! H &o %o0"! i0023la0! l &3a0o !@ i!a1 "o01a"o *o0 &o! " *0!i< la o0%l"a a !i"o 01*laa"a *a0&ial1 *o0 %ioia H a &! 3"a &o1o 01a! al !0 a!i1ila"o *o0 1i0al! " "!a00ollo *o!0io0 la %ioia i &i0o alia1io "i"o a &o&0a0!  &i0a! @0a! la 1a2ia !a H i0&< !o 0a0o!. Co1o l1o! !&3"a0io! ! i *"oa &lo0ia H !0i&ia. ..'. ADAMELITAS La 0o&a ! " &olo0 20i! 0"o!o " 20ao 203!o *0"o1ia1 " 20ao "!i23al H  al23o! l32a0! *o0=0i&a. E 20al lo! olio! H o&0i!al! !@ ala02a"o! !2 lo! *lao! " olia&i<. E !&&i< "l2a"a la 30a ! 20a3la0 i*i"io1<0=&a a alo0io1<0=&a H 13&o! !*&1! 13!0a 3a !03&30a &aa&l@!i&a %i "=i"a.

4

Fi230a :.- E!a i1a2 13!0a la! &o&0a&io! " lo! 1a0ial!  !3 o01a oi"a"a.

CAPITULO III MARCO TEORICO

5

3.1.

ORIGEN DEL CAMPO MAGNETICO DE LA TIERRA

E! 3 <1o a30al o0i2ia"o *o0 lo! 1oi1io! " 1al! l3i"o!  l &lo "l *laa H !@ *0!  la Ti00a H  o0o! &30*o! &l!! &o1o l Sol. S i" "!" l &lo a3@"o! *0o20!ia1  l !*a&io 0io0 (!i l1i# &o &o! l&0o1a2Ki&o! &oo&i"o!  la 1a2o!0a 3 o! *0o2 "l io !ola0 *0o 3 a"1@! *01i <1o! 13H "i0!o! &o1o la o0ia&i< " la! 0o&a!  la! "o0!al! o&@i&a! la 1a2o00&*&i< " al23o! ai1al! H la o0ia&i< " la! *0!oa! 1"ia %03la!. Ua %03la a*3a  la "i0&&i< S30-No0 *o0 0aa0! " 3a a23a i1aa"a i10!a  l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 00!0$ "!" ! *3o " i!a la Ti00a ! &o1*o0a &o1o 3 i1@ 2i2a!&o H i *olo! 1a2Ki&o! lo! &3al!  la a&3ali"a" o &oi&i" &o lo! *olo! 2o20@=&o!. El Polo S30 Ma2Ki&o ! &30a a ,8 il<10o! "l Polo No0 Go20@=&o. E &o!&3&ia 3a %03la o a*3a a&a1 a&ia l No0 2o20@=&o la "i0&ia 1"i"a  20a"o! ! "o1ia "&lia&i< 1a2Ki&a. La "&lia&i< 1a2Ki&a "*" "l l32a0 " o%!0a&i< *o0 1*lo a&3al1  Ma"0i" (E!*aa# ! a*0oi1a"a1 / o!. El *olo S30 1a2Ki&o !@ "!*la@"o! *o0 la oa o0 &aa"i!  "i0&&i< a&ia l o0 " Ala!a.

3.2. CONCEPTOS MAGNETICOS 6

A. MAGNETISMO

El 1a2i!1o ! 3 <1o !i&o *o0 l 3 lo! 1a0ial! 0& 30a! " a0a&&i< o 0*3l!i< !o%0 o0o! 1a0ial!. aH al23o! 1a0ial! &oo&i"o! 3 a *0!a"o *0o*i"a"! 1a2Ki&a! "&a%l! @&il1 &o1o l 3l i00o &o%alo H !3! ala&io! 3 &o11 ! lla1a i1a!. Si 1%a02o o"o! lo! 1a0ial! !o i3&ia"o! " 1aHo0 o 1o0 o01a *o0 la *0!&ia " 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o. El 1a2i!1o a1%iK i o0a! 1ai!a&io!  !i&a *a0i&3la01 &o1o 3o " lo! "o! &o1*o! " la 0a"ia&i< l&0o1a2Ki&a &o1o *o0 1*lo la l3. B. BREVE EXPLICACIÓN DEL MAGNETISMO

Ca"a &0< ! *o0 !3 a30ala 3 *3o i1@ (Ka! Mo1o "i*ola0 1a2Ki&o l&0<i&o#. O0"ia0ia1 i310a%l! l&0o! " 3 1a0ial !@ o0ia"o! alao0ia1  "i0! "i0&&io! *0o  3 i1@ &a!i o"o! lo! l&0o! i" a o0ia0!  la 1i!1a "i0&&i< &0a"o 3a 30a 1a2Ki&a 20a" o *3a "*"i"o "l 10o " l&0o! 3 !K o0ia"o!. A"1@! "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o i0!&o "l l&0< al23a! &! aH 3 &oa0 a1%iK &o l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o "%i"o al 1oi1io o0%ial "l l&0< al0""o0 "l &lo. E! &o ! a@lo2o al &a1*o 20a"o *o0 3a &o00i lK&0i&a 3 &i0&3la *o0 3a %o%ia (0 "i*olo 1a2Ki&o#. D 3o  20al l 1oi1io " lo! l&0o! o "a l32a0 a 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o  l 1a0ial *0o  &i0a! &o"i&io! lo! 1oi1io! *3" alia0! H *0o"3&i0 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o oal 1"i%l. El &o1*o0a1io 1a2Ki&o " 3 1a0ial "*" " la !03&30a "l 1a0ial H *a0i&3la01 " la &o=230a&i< l&0<i&a.

C. CAMPOS Y FUERZAS MAGNÉTICAS

El &a1*o 1a2Ki&o ! 3a 02i< "l !*a&io  la &3al 3a &a02a lK&0i&a *33al " alo0 3 ! "!*laa a 3a lo&i"a" !30 lo! &o! " 3a 30a 3 ! *0*"i&3la0 H *0o*o0&ioal ao a la lo&i"a" &o1o al &a1*o. A! "i&a &a02a *0&i%i0@ 3a 30a "!&0ia &o la !i23i i23al"a". :

Do" F ! la 30a  ! la lo&i"a" H B l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o a1%iK lla1a"o i"3&&i< 1a2Ki&a H "!i"a" " 3o lK&0i&o. (N<! 3 ao F &o1o  H B !o 1a2i3"! &o0ial! H l *0o"3&o &o0ial ! 3 *0o"3&o &o0ial 3 i &o1o 0!3la 3 &o0 *0*"i&3la0 ao a  &o1o a B#. El 1<"3lo " la 30a 0!3la !0@$

La i!&ia " 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o ! *o " 0li 20a&ia! a la *0o*i"a" lo&alia"a  l !*a&io " o0ia0 3 1a2<10o (la1iilla " a&0o i1aa"o 3 *3" 2i0a0 li%01#. La a23a " 3a %03la 3 i"&ia la i!&ia "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 00!0 *3" !0 &o!i"0a"a 3 1a2<10o. El o1%0 " &a1*o 1a2Ki&o o i!i"a" "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o ! a*li&a a "o! 1a2i3"!$ • •

La &ia&i< 1a2Ki&a o &a1*o  ! la *0i10a " lla! "!" l *3o " i!a i!<0i&o H ! 0*0!a &o . La i"3&&i< 1a2Ki&a o &a1*o B 3  la a&3ali"a" ! &o!i"0a l a3Ki&o &a1*o 1a2Ki&o H ! 0*0!a &o B. D!" 3 *3o " i!a !i&o a1%o! !o 3ial!  l a&o !alo  3a &o!a " *0o*o0&ioali"a" 3 "*" "l !i!1a " 3i"a"!$ ,  l !i!1a " Ga3!!  l SI. Solo ! "i0&ia  1"io! 1a0ial! &o l <1o " la 1a2ia&i<. U/+'

El &a1*o  ! a &o!i"0a"o 0a"i&ioal1 l &a1*o *0i&i*al o i!i"a" " &a1*o 1a2Ki&o Ha 3 ! *3" 0la&ioa0 &o 3a! &a02a! 1a!a! o *olo! 1a2Ki&o! *o0 1"io " 3a lH !i1ila0 a la " Co3lo1% *a0a la l&0i&i"a". MaQll *o0 1*lo 3ili< ! o3 a33 a&la0a"o 3 !a! &a02a! 0a =&i&ia!. Co llo o !olo ! *a0 " lH! !i1ila0!  lo! &a1*o! lK&0i&o! H 1a2Ki&o! (i&l3H"o la *o!i%ili"a" " "=i0 3 *o&ial !&ala0 1a2Ki&o# !io 3  1"io! 1a0ial! &o la 3i*a0a&i< 1a1@i&a "  &o E *o0 3 la"o H " B &o D *o0 o0o ! *3" !a%l&0 *a0alli!1o! il!  la! &o"i&io! " &oo0o H la! 0la&io!

8

01o"i@1i&a! la <013la! l&0o1a2Ki&o " Ga3!! !o$

&o00!*o"i!

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!i!1a

E l&0o&ia o ! 0a0o 3 ! &o!0 ! *3o " i!a *o03 0!3la *0@&i&o. Co la ll2a"a " la! o0a! "l l&0< " Lo0 H Poi&a0K H " la 0laii"a" " Ei!i 3"< &la0o 3 !o! *a0alli!1o! o ! &o00!*o" &o la 0ali"a" !i&a " lo! <1o! *o0 lo 3 oH ! 0&3 !o%0 o"o  !i&a 3 l o1%0 " &a1*o 1a2Ki&o ! a*li3 a B (*o0 1*lo  lo! o! " Alo!o-Fi H " FH1a#.],^ E la o013la&i< 0laii!a "l l&0o1a2i!1o E o ! a203*a &o  *a0a l !o0 " i!i"a"! !io &o B. E ,'44 F. Ra!i *0*a0< 3 *0i1o *a0a "il3&i"a0 &3@l " lo! "o! &a1*o! 0a l 3"a1al ! "&i0 a3l 3 a&a !o%0 3a &a02a  1oi1io H l 0!3la"o 3 3 l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 0al 0a B H o .]^ Pa0a &a0a&0ia0  H B ! a 0&300i"o a a0ia! "i!i&io!. A!  "!&0i% &3a i!o ! l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o  la 02i< 3 a&a 1i0a! 3 B ! la &ai"a" " 3o 1a2Ki&o *o0 3i"a" " @0a 3 a*a0&  !a 1i!1a 02i<. O0a "i!i&i< 3 ! a&  o&a!io! ! 3  ! 0=0 al &a1*o  3&i< " !3! 3! (la! &o00i! lK&0i&a!# H B al &a1*o  3&i< " !3! &o! (30a! !o%0 la! &a02a!#.

D. FUENTES DEL CAMPO MAGNÉTICO

U &a1*o 1a2Ki&o i "o! 3! 3 lo o0i2ia. Ua " lla! ! 3a &o00i lK&0i&a " &o"3&&i< 3 "a l32a0 a 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o !@i&o. Po0 o0o la"o 3a &o00i " "!*laa1io o0i2ia 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o a0ia  l i1*o i&l3!o a33 a3lla !a !a&ioa0ia.

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La 0la&i< 0 l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o H 3a &o00i lK&0i&a !@ "a"a *o0 la lH " A1*_0. El &a!o 1@! 20al 3 i&l3H a la &o00i " "!*laa1io lo "a la lH " A1*_0-MaQll. E. CAMPO MAGNÉTICO PRODUCIDO POR UNA CARGA PUNTUAL

El &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 20a"o *o0 3a i&a &a02a  1oi1io (o *o0 3a &o00i lK&0i&a# ! &al&3la a *a0i0 " la !i23i *0!i<$

D<" . E!a li1a *0!i< "= 3 &a1*o &o0ial !oloi"al *a0a "i!0i%3&io! " &a02a!  1oi1io la *0!i< ! "i0 *0o *3" *0o%a0! 3 l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o !i23 !i"o 3 &a1*o !oloi"al.

F. DIPOLOS MAGNÉTICOS

S *3" 0 3a 13H &o1 3 " &a1*o 1a2Ki&o  la a30ala 3 "i*olo. ;! i 3 `*olo !30` H 3 `*olo o0` !3! o1%0! ! "% a 3 a! ! 3!a%a lo! 1a2o! &o1o %03la! 3 i0a&3a%a &o l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 00!0 *a0a i"i&a0 l o0 H l !30 "l 2lo%o. U &a1*o 1a2Ki&o &oi 02a H !i!1a! !i&o! 3 ! !a%ilia &o &o=230a&io! " 1o0 02a. Po0 lo ao &3a"o ! &30a  3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 3 "i*olo 1a2Ki&o i" a alia0! !
1a2o 3!a"o &o1o %03la i0a&a &o l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 00!0 *a0a i"i&a0 No0 H S30#. Ua al0aia o013la"a 3ial 3 ! @&il " a*li&a0 *0o o0& 3a 1o0 i!i< ! 3 3 "i*olo 1a2Ki&o  3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o *0i1a 3 1o1o " 3 *a0 " 30a! H 3a 30a 3 *3"a !0 *0!a"a  K01io! " 3 &a1*o H " la 1a2i3" "l "i*olo (*.. !0a l 1o1o 1a2Ki&o "i*ola0#. Pa0a 0 !a! &3a&io! Ka! "i*olo 1a2Ki&o. 3.3. VARIACIONES DEL CAMPO TERRESTRE

El &a1*o 1a2Ki&o " la i00a a0a  l &30!o " la! 0a! 2ol<2i&a! ! lo 3 ! "o1ia a0ia&i< !&3la0. S2 ! a &o1*0o%a"o *o0 a@li!i! " lo! !0ao! al &o!i"0a0 3 lo! @o1o! " i00o &oi"o! i" a alia0! &o l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 00!0. La "i0&&i< "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 3"a 02i!0a"a  la o0ia&i< " lo! "o1iio! 1a2Ki&o! " la! 0o&a! H l li20o 1a2i!1o 0!3la ! *3" 1"i0. Mi"i"o l 1a2i!1o " 0o&a! !i3a"a!  !0ao! o01a"o!  *0io"o! 2ol<2i&o! "i!io! ! la%o0a0o 1a*a! "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 00!0  "i0!a! 0a!. E!o! 1a*a! 13!0a 3 a a%i"o K*o&a!  3 l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 00!0 ! a 0"3&i"o a &0o *a0a l32o i0i0!. D30a lo! li1o! &i&o 1illo! " ao! ! a &3a"o 1@! " i i0!io! la 1@! 0&i a& :. ao!. O0a! i0!io! o&300i0o a& 8:. H '5. ao!. El !3"io " lo! !"i1o! "l o"o "l o&Kao i"i&a 3 l &a1*o !3o *0@&i&a1 ia&io "30a , o  1il ao! a& *o&o 1@! " 3 1ill< " ao!. No ! *3" *0"&i0 &3@"o o&300i0@ la !i23i i0!i< *o03 la !&3&ia o ! 023la0. Ci0a! 1"i&io! 0&i! 13!0a 3a 0"3&&i< "l 5  la i!i"a" "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o  lo! li1o! , ao! &o 3 a !i1a"o 3 l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 00!0 *0@&i&a1 "!a*a0&0@ "0o " 3o! ,5 ao! a*0oi1a"a1. E la Ao1ala "l Al@i&o S30 la 30a "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o !@ "i!1i3H"o "i &! 1@! 0@*i"o 3  o0o! l32a0!.

/,

3.4. CICLO DE HISTERESIS

Ii&ial1 la 13!0a ! &o0a%a "!1a2ia"a &o B  a3!&ia " &a1*o. La a*li&a&i< ii&ial "l &a1*o 20a 3 li20o a31o  la i"3&&i< &o1*a0a%l &o l " lo! 1a0ial! *a0a1a2Ki&o!. Si 1%a02o 3 *3o a31o "l &a1*o 20a 3 *0o3&ia"o a31o " la i"3&&i< &o 3 1aHo0 a31o " la i!i"a" "l &a1*o. La i!i"a" " i"3&&i< al&aa la i"3&&i< " !a30a&i< B!. E ! 1o1o lo! "o1iio! *o0 1"io " 0oa&io! ! o0ia &o 0!*&o al &a1*o . G0a *a0 " !a i"3&&i< ! 1ai 0a! la "!a*a0i&i< "l &a1*o la i"3&&i< &a a!a 3 alo0 o 3lo i"3&&i< 01a B0 &o 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o . Pa0a li1ia0 !a i"3&&i< 01a l &a1*o "% !0 i0i"o. A! B ! 0"3& a &0o &3a"o ! al&aa 3 &a1*o &o0&iio &. Al &oi3a0 a31a"o la 1a2i3" "l &a1*o i0i"o l 1a0ial *3" !a30a0! " 3o (-B!# H a*a0& 3a i"3&&i< 01a &3a"o l &a1*o ! li1ia"o. E! &a1io 00!i%l *3" !0 0&o00i"o &oi3a1 1i0a! l &a1*o a31 H "i!1i3Ha &&li&a1 0 lo! 01o! i"i&a"o! ! &i&lo ! &oo& &o1o ciclo de Histéresis.

3.. PROPIEDADES MAGNETICAS DE LOS MATERIALES A. LA SUSCEPTIBILIDAD DE LOS MINERALES Y ROCAS

Co1o ! i"3"a%l 3 la! ao1ala! 1a2Ki&a! lo&al! !@  ii1a 0la&i< &o la &o!i3&i< 2ol<2i&a "l !3%!3lo ! &o1*0" la *o!i%ili"a" " 1*la0 la! 1"i&io! 1a2Ki&a! &o1o 1Ko"o " *0o!*&&i<. Ei"1 !
o Pi00oia *3! o"o! lo! "1@! i3H  !&a!a 1"i"a. aH 0o&a! &o 1a2i!1o *0o*io &o1o !o la! 03*ia! H la! *ia00a! &0i!alia! 3 ! "0ia " lla! *o0 1a1o0o!i!. S a"1i 3 ao al 0ia0! l 1a21a &o1o al *0o"3&i0! la &0i!alia&i< *o0 *0o&!o! 1a-1<0=&o! " 1*0a30a o " *0!i< lo! 1i0al! 301 i1aa"o! a &0i!alia"o &o!0a"o l *a0alli!1o " !3! ! 1a2Ki&o!. O0a! *o! 1a2i!1o i"3&i"o a &a3!a " la i3&ia "l &a1*o 00!0 o01al H !o 0o&a! !"i1a0ia! &3Ho! l1o! *0o&" " la! *0i10a! H a la! 3 Si%02 "a l o1%0 " !"i1o! &l@!i&o!. La i!i"a" "l 1a2i!1o i"3&i"o "*" " la o01a H !3!&*i%ili"a" " !3! &o1*o! a! &o1o " la 1a2i3" H "i0&&i< "l Pa0a la "01ia&i< a%!ol3a o 0laia " la *01a%ili"a" 1a2Ki&a " lo! 1i0al! H 0o&a! ! a i"a"o 13li3" " *0o&"i1io!. El 1@! !&illo 3 *01i &o1*a0a0 &3aliaia1 la! !3!&*i%ili"a"! " "i0!a! 13!0a! &o 20a 0a*i" H !3=&i a&i3" *a0a la! a*li&a&io! 2o!i&a! ! l !i23i$ La! 13!0a! a !aHa0 ! *3l0ia  i0o"3&  3%o! &00a"o! " &0i!al 3-! &olo&a *0*"i&3la01 H a 3a "i!a&ia =a " 3a a23a i1aa"a !3!*"i"a " 3 ilo 13H =o H *0oi!a " 3 aoo a3ooli1a"o0 3 *01ia a*0&ia0 la "!ia&i< &a3!a"a *o0 &a"a 3o " a3Kllo!. E! !&illo *0o&"i1io *01i &o1*a0a0 @&il1 o"a! la! "i!ia! 13!0a! " 0o&a! 3 ! &30  la oa " i!i2a&i< H a&ilia "ao! *a0a *o"0 i0*0a0 la 0la&i< 0 la! *030%a&io! 1a2Ki&a! H la &o!i3&i< 2ol<2i&a. Pa0a 1"i&io! 1@! a&a! ! 1*la o0o! 1Ko"o! &o1o l " la %alaa " o0!i< l " la! *!a"a! H l " i"3&&i<. S
Si a0a la i"3&&i< a 3 !@ !o1i"a 3a %o%ia " ilo &o"3&o0 ai!la"o ! *0o"3&  lla 3a &o00i *0o*o0&ioal a !a a0ia&i<. S3*o2a1o! ao0a 3a %o%ia 0&o00i"a *o0 3a &o00i &oi3a  &3Ho &lo o aH 1@! 3 ai0. Colo31o!  Kl 3 3%o " i"0io &o la !3%!a&ia 1a2Ki&a 3 ! 0aa " !3"ia0. La a0ia&i< *0o"3&i"a  l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o *o"0@ !0i0 *a0a "01ia0 la !3!&*i%ili"a" " a3lla !3%!a&ia. //

Do! %o%ia! &ili"0i&a! i23al! " 6 1il10o! " lo2i3" H 8 " "i@10o 0io0 &o /5 !*i0a! lo !3=&i1 !*a0a"a! 0 ! *a0a 3 o 0a i3&ia 133a &o!i3H l "aa"o *0i1a0io. O0a! "o! %o%ia! " "o%l 10o " 3la! !i3a"a!  l i0io0 " la! *0i10a! &o!i3H l &i0&3io !&3"a0io. E l  &o1 a &a"a "o! %o%ia! aH 3 !*a&io &ili"0i&o  3 ! *3" &olo&a0 l 3%o " i"0io &o la 13!0a " !aHo. Co1o !   la =2. 85 la! "o! %o%ia! *0i1a0ia! P !@  !0i *0o &o&a"a!  l 1i!1o !i"o 1i0a! 3 la! !&3"a0ia! S !@  o*o!i&i<. Si la! %o%ia! !@ &o1*!a"a! !3=&i1 a33 a0 la &o00i  l &i0&3io *0i1a0io l 2ala<10o "l !&3"a0io o *0i1a0@ "!ia&i<. P0o !i  3a " lla! i0o"3&i1o! l 3%o &o la !3%!a&ia 1a2Ki&a "!a*a0&0@ l 3ili%0io H a%0@ "!ia&i<  l 2ala<10o. R3&0 (b# a o01a"o "i0!a! "i!ol3&io! &3Ha !3!&*i%ili"a" a0a 20a"3al1 H 3 &olo&a"a!  lo! 3%o! " i"0io ! 1*la &o1o *a0o! " 1"i"a. La 13!0a "l 1i0al  *olo ! 1&la &o 3o " K!o! H ! &olo&a  l a*a0ao. Po0 1"io " a0io! ao! ! *3" "01ia0 la! "o! "i!ol3&io! &3Ha !3!&*i%ili"a" &o1*0" a la " la 13!0a. E l &a!o " 3 K!a !a i23al a la " 3o " lo! *a0o! al 1&la0la &o Kl la o!&ila&i< "l 2ala<10o !0@ la 1i!1a 3 !i o la 3%iK!1o! 1&la"o. El 1*lo " l3i"o! i la aa " li1ia0 l ai0 3 3"a 0 la! *a0&3la! "l 1i0al *3l0ia"o.4Z La 1a2i3" " la! ao1ala! 1a2Ki&a! " lo! 1i0al! H 0o&a!. cLa &o1*a0a&i< 0 la! *030%a&io! 1a2Ki&a! 1"i"a! H la! &a3!a! 3 la! a *0o"3&i"o  lo! &a!o!  3 K!a! !o &oo&i"a! a "01ia"o a Ri& a la "ii!i<  &3a0o 203*o! &o 0la&i< a la 1a2i3" " la *030%a&i< 1@i1a. B. CLASIFICACION DE LOS MATERIALES

La! *0o*i"a"! 1a2i&a! " lo! 1a0ial! !2 l alo0 " !3 !3!&*i%ili"a" 1a2Ki&a ( χ  M W # ! &la!i=&a  0! 203*o! *0i&i*al!$ •

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Ma0ial! Dia1a2Ki&o!$ χ d  Ma0ial! Pa0a1a2Ki&o!$ χ [  Ma0ial! F00o1a2Ki&o!$ χ e f

$. MATERIALES DIAMAGNETICOS *χ78% /4

E! 3a o01a 13H "K%il " 1a2i!1o 3 ! o *01a H *0!i! !olo 1i0a! ! a*li3 3 &a1*o 0o. E! i"3&i"o *o0 3 &a1%io  l 1oi1io o0%ial " lo! l&0o! "%i"o a 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o a*li&a"o. La 1a2i3" "l 1o1o 1a2Ki&o i"3&i"o ! 01a"a1 *3a H  "i0&&i< o*3!a al &a1*o a*li&a"o. Bao la a&&i< " 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 0o  ! i"3&  l 1a0ial 3 &a1%io  l 1oi1io o0%ial " !3! l&0o! " al 1a0a 3 lo! 1o1o! 1a2Ki&o! a!o&ia"o! a la! &o00i! a! i"3&i"a! *0o"3& 3a 1a2ia&i< g  13H *3a. E i03" " la lH " L la 1a2ia&i< i"3&i"a ! o*3!a al &a1*o 1a2Ki&o  3 la *0o"3& "a"o &o1o 0!3la"o 3 la h !a 2aia (d #. C3a"o l &a1*o  ! 3lo l 1o1o 1a2Ki&o 0!3la ! 3lo H *o0 ao la 1a2ia&i< ! i23al a &0o. C3a"o  g  o&! M g  *0!@"o! 3 &o1*o0a1io lial 0 !a! "o! 1a2i3"! l &3al ! 0*0!a"o  la !i23i =230a$

El "ia1a2i!1o ! oa%l *0i&i*al1  lo! 1a0ial! &3Ho! @o1o! i !3! &a*a! l&0<i&a! &o1*la! ! "&i0 1a0ial!  lo! &3al! lo! 1o1o! " !*i H o0%ial! " lo! l&0o! ! &o1*!a "a"o &o1o 0!3la"o 3 1o1o 1a2Ki&o 3lo  a3!&ia " 3 &a1*o . El "ia1a2i!1o *0o"3& 3a !3!&*i%ili"a" 1a2Ki&a 2aia 13H "K%il "l o0" " χ1  , -6. &3a"o 3 1a0ial "ia1a2Ki&o ! &olo&a 0 *olo! " 3 l&0o1a2o 30 ! a0a"o a&ia la! 02io! "o" l &a1*o ! "K%il. El "ia1a2i!1o ! &30a  o"o! lo! 1a0ial! *0o !olo *3" o%!0a0! &3a"o o0o! i*o! " 1a2i!1o !@ oal1 a3!!. E!a o01a " 1a2i!1o o i i1*o0a&ia *0a&i&a.

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&. MATERIALES PARAMAGNÉTICOS *χ 9 8%

Lo! 1a0ial! *a0a1a2Ki&o! ! &a0a&0ia *o0 0 3a !3!&*i%ili"a" *o!iia 0laia1 *3a. So 1a0ial! &3Ho! @o1o! *0!a "o! &a0a&0!i&a! !&ial!$ (,# &a*a! l&0<i&a! *a0&ial1 lla! H &o1o !o

&o!&3&ia "

(# 3 1o1o 1a2Ki&o 0!3la "i!io " &0o o *01a. E a3!&ia " &a1*o ! "&i0 a    o"o! lo! 1o1o! 1a2Ki&o! " lo! @o1o! l 1o1o a23la0 o0%ial H " !*i " lo! l&0o! o a*a0a"o! ! &30a o0ia"o! al aa0 "%i"o a 3 o i! 3 a&o*la1io 0 K!o! " al 1a0a 3 la 1a2ia&i< 0!3la ! 3la M  . Bao la a&&i< " 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 0o  lo! 1o1o! 1a2Ki&o! " lo! @o1o! i" a alia0!  la "i0&&i< "l &a1*o 0!3la"o a! 3a 1a2ia&i< M g . La alia&i< ! ao0&i"a Ha 3 K!a 0*0!a 3 !a"o " 1i1a 02a *a0a lo! l&0o!.

La Fi230a o! 13!0a l &o1*o0a1io 1a2Ki&o " !o! 1a0ial!  *0!&ia " 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o " i!i"a"  La !3!&*i%ili"a" " lo! 1a0ial! *a0a1a2Ki&o! "*" " la 1*0a30a ( T #. A T a1%i H %ao la a&&i< " 3 &a1*o 1a2Ki&o  la 1a2ia&i< o *ola0ia&i< "l 1a0ial ! 0laia1 *3a Ha 3 i!  la !03&30a a<1i&a " K! 3 &o " a2ia&i< K01i&a 3 *0"o1ia H 3 i1*i" 3 alia1io &o1*lo " lo! 1o1o! 1a2Ki&o!. A %aa! 1*0a30a! lo! &o! " "!o0" "%i"o! a la! o!&ila&io! K01i&a! !o 1o0! "@"o! a! 3 1aHo0 /6

alia1io " lo! 1o1o! 1a2Ki&o! H *o0 ao 3a 1aHo0 1a2ia&i<. La !3!&*i%ili"a" " lo! 1a0ial! *a0a1a2Ki&o! !i23 la lH " C30i ! "&i0 3 a0ia i0!a1 &o la 1*0a30a a%!ol3a T . E la !i23i Ta%la ! 0*o0a al23o! alo0! " la Susceptibilidad Especíca χ  " al23o! 1a0ial! *a0a1a2Ki&o! (P0ai!& PH!i Vol. / ,''6#. . MATERIALES FERROMAGNÉTICOS *χ : ;%

Lo! 1a0ial! 00o1a2Ki&o! ! "i!i23 *o0 *0!a0 3a !3!&*i%ili"a" *o!iia , / a ,,, &! 1@! 20a" 3 la " lo! o0o! 1a0ial!. La *0o*i"a" *o0 &l&ia " !o! 1a0ial! ! l alia1io *a0allo !*o@o 3 ! "a 0 !3! 1o1o! 1a2Ki&o! a<1i&o!  a3!&ia " &a1*o. E0 !o! 1a0ial! ! &30a *o0 1*lo l i00o (F# l &o%alo (Co# H l 3l (Ni# a! &o1o la ala&i< " K!o! &o o0o! l1o!. E!o! 1a0ial! !o lo! *0&30!o0! "l 1a2i!1o  la 1a0ia H " la! a*li&a&io! *o&ial! " !a a1ilia " 1a0ial!. La "!&0i*&i< " la! *0o*i"a"! " !o! 1a0ial! 03i0 " 3 0aa"o !*&ial H o !0@ i!a! a3.

/:

E!31a " lo! "o1iio! 1a2Ki&o!  3 1a0ial 00o1a2_i&o Si lo! "o1iio! !@ alao0ia1 o0ia"o! o&! o ! 20a i1aa&i< a  3a 13!0a. E 3a 13!0a 00o1a2Ki&a lo! "o1iio! a"Ha&! !@ !*a0a"o! *o0 %o0"! " "o1iio! < *a0"! a 0aK! " la! &3al! &a1%ia 20a"3al1 la "i0&&i< " la 1a2ia&i<. Da"o 3 lo! "o1iio! !o 1i&0o!&<*i&o!  3a 13!0a 1a&0o!&<*i&a a%0@ 3 20a 10o " "o1iio! H *3" a%0 "i0! o0ia&io! " 1a2ia&i<. La 1a2i3" "l &a1*o M *a0a l !
Lo! 1i0al! 1a2Ki&o! !o lo! *0i10o!  &0i!alia0 Ha 3 *o! 3 *3o " 3!i%ili"a" 13H %ao. Lo! a@li!i! !32i0 3 lo! <i"o! 1i0al! i" a o01a0 3 @0a 023la0 "0o "l "ia20a1a F-Ti-O Ha 3 !o ala1 1a2ia%l!. E 0o&a! %@!i&a! l &oi"o " Ti ! 1aHo0 3  0o&a! @&i"a! la !i23i =230a 13!0a 3 !i!1a 0a0io " lo! <i"o! FO TiO FO O/ H la! &la!! " 1i0al! i01"io! 3 ! o01a. La oi"a&i< 32a 3 *a*l i1*o0a a! la 1a2ia *3" "a0 o0i2 a la 1aia a 1a2ia. E 20al l 1a1o0=!1o *3" 20a0 &a1%io! !3!a&ial!  lo! &o!i3H! " 3a 0o&a.

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El "ia20a1a ! " 20a i1*o0a&ia *o03 13!0a la! *0o*i"a"! !i&a! " "i&o! 1i0al! a! &o1o l &oi"o 0laio " lo! 1i0al! 1a2Ki&o!  la! 0o&a! 2a! %@!i&a! @&i"a! H 1a1<0=&a! 3 ! 13!0a  l "ia20a1a  @0a! !o1%0a"a! &o1o la 1*0a30a a&o0 %@!i&o  la &0i!alia&i<.

3.#. METODO GEOFISICO PROSPECCIÓN MAGNÉTICA

F3 "!&3%i0a  ,'5' *o0 Ai ! %a!a  l 02i!0o " la a0ia&i< lo&al "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o 00!0 !a a0ia&i< ! "% a la *0!&ia  l !3%!3lo " 1a0ial! 1a2Ki&o! &o1o o%o! " i00o *oo! &. Lo! i&oi! " !a K&i&a !o l la"o &o! "l 3i*o 3  l !3%!3lo aH 3 1o< " &aa00a 3 3"a 02i!0a"a (&o"3&o! " a23a...# H 3 o ! *3" 0alia0 &0&a " &a%l! " 30a lK&0i&a o &0&a " 1i!o0a! 0a!1i!o0a! " 0a"io i !o%0 0o&a! 2a! &o1o l %a!alo. Lo! 1Ko"o! 1a2Ki&o! ! %a!a  la "&&i< " a0ia&io! "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o lo&al "%i"a! a la *0!&ia " !03&30a! !3%!3*0=&ial!. La! ao1ala! 3 ! 1i" !o "%i"a! a la i1aa&i< i"3&i"a o 01a " lo! 1a0ial!. /'

E!a K&i&a ! !*&ial1 il *a0a o%0 io01a&i< !o%0 !03&30a! a03ol<2i&a! 3 aHa !a"o !o1i"a! a ala! 1*0a30a! H lo&alia&i< " &30*o! 1@li&o!  20al (13i&io! o *lo!ioa"a! 3%0a! H !o"o! `oli"a"o!` &.#. PRINCIPIO DEL METODO MAGNETICO

La! 0o&a! &oi 1a2ia  &o&0a&io! 1@! o 1o! 20a" la &3al *o! 3a *0o*i"a" !*&ial$ la " a1*li=&a0 lo! &a1*o! 1a2Ki&o!  lo! &3al! ! &30a. Uilia"o 3 i!031o 2o!i&o lla1a"o 1a2<10o 1"i1o! lo! &a1*o! 1a2Ki&o! 00!0! "o" la a0ia&i< !a  *a0 li2a"a a la *0!&ia " 1a2ia.

So%0 l 00o ! 1i" l &a1*o oal 3 ! i23al al &a1*o 00!0 1@! l &a1*o a<1alo. El &a1*o a<1alo &o!i3H l 1o"lo 3 ! %3!&a VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS DEL MÉTODO

La *0i10a "!aa ! l &o 3 ! "!*0&ia la i1aa&i< 01a la 3 a &! *3" !0 13H i1*o0a. E!o "a 3 &i0o 20a"o " i&0i"31%0 a la i0*0a&i<. O0a ! l a1*lio 0a2o " a0ia&i< " la !3!&*i%ili"a" 1a2Ki&a *a0a lo! "i!io! i*o! " 0o&a! H o aH 2a0aa! " 3 la 1a2ia&i< !K 3io011 "i!0i%3i"a. R&o0"1o! 3  3 3o %a!@li&o la !3!&*i%ili"a" ! %a!a ala "%i"o a la a%3"a 1a2ia. Si 1%a02o !a ! a&313la a &!  %ol!o! 3 "a ao1ala! "i!&oi3a! &3a"o l 0la1io ! a 20a !&ala o " 20a "all. E !!i! la! "!aa! "l 1Ko"o *0oi " la 30 "*"&ia " la ao1ala 0!*&o " la! &a0a&0!i&a! *0o*ia! " la ao1ala H " la "i0&&i< " 1a2ia&i<. 4

P0o la 20a aa "l 1Ko"o !@  l 0laia1 %ao &o!o " *lo0a&i< *o0 @0a " i!i2a&i<. M3H !*&ial1 &3a"o ! 0aa " 0la1io! aK0o!. Po0 llo ! 20al1 l *0i10o " lo! 1Ko"o! 3 ! 3ilia *a0a "li1ia0 oa! " i0K! H 3"a1al1 ao00a0 0&30!o!  l 3!o " o0o! 1Ko"o! 1@! &o!o!o!. El "!&oo&i1io " la 0"a"0a o0ia&i< H la! *0o*i"a"! " la ao1ala ! 3a "!aa "l 1Ko"o *0o o ! 20a *o03 ! &o!a  o"a l @0a " *lo0a&i<. P3!o 3 la! !3!&*i%ili"a"! !o a %aa!  la 1aHo0a " la! 0o&a! ! 1o0 o&alia0 la i!i2a&i< a 20a"! ao1ala! Ha 3 la! ala! !3!&*i%ili"a"! ! &30a  3 0"3&i"o i*o " 0o&a!. Co1o 01o! *3" 0la&ioa0! lo! *o&ial! 1a2Ki&o! H 20ai1K0i&o! " 1a0a al 3 lo! "ao! 1a2Ki&o! *o"0@ !0 0a!o01a"o!  *!3"o20ai1K0i&o!. Co&0a1 3 1a*a " ao1ala! 1a2Ki&a! " &o1*o 0i&al *3" 0a!o01a0!  3o " 20a"i 0i&al " ao1ala! *!3"o20ai1K0i&a!. E!o a& 1o! &o1*lo l a@li!i! H *01i 3 ! &o1*a0 &o lo! "ao! 20ai1K0i&o! !i !@ "i!*oi%l!. Ua %3a &o00la&i< 0 a1%a! ao1ala! i"i&a 3a 1i!1a 3 *a0a la! "o! H *01i 1aHo0 "=i&i<  la i0*0a&i<. M3&a! " la! K&i&a! " *0o&!a1io " lo! "ao! 3!a"a!  20ai10a 30o !0 a"a*a"o! *a0a 1a2o10a ao lo! " D /D lo! " !*a0a&i< " "&ia! 02ioal! !23"a! "0ia"a! H lo! " &oi3a&i< a&ia a00i%a H a&ia a%ao.

APLICACIONES

La! a*li&a&io! " K!a K&i&a !o a0ia"a!$ •

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B!3"a H *0o!*&&i< " Ha&i1io! " 1i0al! 1a2Ki&o! o " o0o! a!o&ia"o! &o llo! E!3"io! &<i&o! H " &a0o20aa 2ol<2i&a E!3"io " Ha&i1io! a03ol<2i&o! (ao 00!0! &o1o !3%1a0io!# 4,

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D&&i< H lo&alia&i< " l1o! H !03&30a! a0<*i&a! 1@li&o! 0a"o! Lo&alia&i< " a23a! !3%00@a!. Lo&alia&i< " alla! H oa! " 0a&30a  l 00o. AH3"a! *a0a la !l&&i< "l *3o " *0o0a&i<. Lo&alia&i< " 1i0al! *o0 !3 ala &o"3&ii"a". Lo&alia&i< " &a%l! H 3%0a! 00a"a!. D&&i< " &ai"a"!.

CAPITULO IV E)UIPO MAGNETICO - MAGNETOMETRO DE PROTONES G-8,6 El 1a2<10o " *0oo! *o0ail 1o"lo G-8,6 ! 3 !i!1a &o1*lo "i!a"o *a0a a*li&a&io! !o%0 l 00o 3 03i0

4

3a o*0a&i< !i1*l H 1"i&io! !a%l! " la i!i"a" oal "l &a1*o 1a2Ki&o " la Ti00a.  El G-8,6 ! a&a H i 3a !!i%ili"a" " j , 2a11a  3 0a2o " . a '. 2a11a!. Da"o 3 l i!031o 1i" la i!i"a" " &a1*o oal la a&i3" " &a"a 1"i&i< o ! a&a"a *o0 la o0ia&i< "l !!o0. La !i1*li&i"a" i0 al 1a2<10o " *0oo! G-8,6 *01i 1"i&io! 0@*i"a! H *0&i!a!.

ESPECIFICACIONES

S!i%ili"a"$ j , 2a11a  o"o l 0a2o. Ra2o$     a '     2a11a! (13"ial#.  T3i2$ l i003*o0 13li*o!i&i< &o l3 i"i&a"o0a " a1*li3" " la !al  la *aalla. La ol0a&ia " 20a"i$ S3*0a lo! 8 2a11a! o *i!. F0&3&ia " 13!0o$ %o< Ma3al " 1*3 3a l&30a " &a"a !i! !23"o!. Sali"a$ Ci&o "2io! &o l&30a 31K0i&a "i0&a1  2a11a!. R3i!io! " 02a$ Do& " ,5 olio! `D` " &Kl3la! 3i0!al1 "i!*oi%l! " i*o li0a " %a0a!. Ca02a l !a"o o la !3!i3&i< *o0 l !i2i=&a"o *a0*a"a"o la l3 i"i&a"o0a  la *aalla. Ra2o " 1*0a30a$ la &o!ola H l !!o0$ " -4 \ a j85 \ C. Ba0a$ "  \ a j5 \ C (3!o li1ia"o a -,5 \ C la %a0a %aa 1*0a30a " o*0a&i< " la &o00a - o*&ioal#. CAPITULO V AD)UISICION + PRECESAMIENTO DE DATOS

4/

.1. AD"UISICION DE DATOS Pa0a *0o&!a0 la "aa a"3i0i"a  &a1*o ! 3ilia0o "i0!o! !oQa0 3 a 0aK! " !3 1ai*3la&i< o0& la aa "l *0o&!a1io 0@*i"o H &o=a%l *a0a o%0 lo! 0!3la"o!$

A &oi3a&i< ! 310a0a lo! *0o20a1a! H !oQa0 3 ! 3ilia0o *a0a la a"3i!i&i< H *0o&!a1io " "ao!$ ,# Mi&0o!o Ok& E&l : $ ! 3a 00a1ia 3 ! 3!a *a0a &0a0 H a*li&a0 o01ao a oa! " &@l&3lo H *a0a aalia0 H &o1*a0i0 io01a&i< *a0a o1a0 "&i!io! 1o0 3"a"a!. # El A3o&a" : (!*aol# $! 3 *0o20a1a " &o1*3a"o0a *a0a "i!o 20a=&o ! 3a 00a1ia " i2i0a 13H il Ha 3 !i1*li=&a la la%o0 "l "i%3a H =&iia la io01a&i< "l "i!o a&i"ola a&&!i%l ! *3" 0i!a0 a "all la! o01a! &0a0 o%o!  /" &. /# S300 8$ E! !i!1a !a o0ia"o a la 0*0!a&i< 20@=&a o*o20@=&a "a0ia%l! lo&alia"a! !*a&ial1 a!  &o1o a1%iK a la 20a&i< "1o"lo! 0i"i1!ioal! " lo! &o00!*o"i! *lai1K0i&o!. 4# Goo2l Ea0 $ ! 3 *0o20a1a io01@i&o !i1ila0 a 3 Si!1a " Io01a&i< Go20@=&a (SIG# 3 *01i i!3alia0 i1@2!  /D "l *laa &o1%ia"o i1@2! " !aKli 1a*a! H l 1oo0 " %!3"a " Goo2l 3 *01i 0 i1@2! a !&ala " 3 l32a0 !*&=&o "l *laa.

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Pa0a 3 1o0 1o"la1io !o%0 l &30*o a<1alo ! 0&o1i"a 0alia0 3a 1alla 1@! "!a H 1@! *33al a la ao1ala.

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