Esquema Del Desarrollo Espacial.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL

ÍNDICE

ÍNDICE RESUMEN …………………………………………………………………………….1 LIS LISTA DE TABLA ABLAS S 2 LIST LISTA DE DE FIGURA FIGURAS S3 LIST LISTA A DE DE SÍMB SÍMBOL OLOS OS Y SIG SIGLA LAS S INTRODUCCIÓN

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6

CAPÍ CAPÍTU TULO LO I: GENE GENERA RALI LIDA DADE DES S

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1.1 LA PLANIFICACIÓN.......................................................................................8 1.2 LA PROGRAMACIÓN...................................................................................10 1.3 MÉTODOS DE PROGRAMACIÓN...............................................................11 1.3.1 Diagrama ! "arra# Ga$%%..........................................................................11 1.3.2 M&%'' ! (a R)%a Cr*%i+a ,CPM-...............................................................13 1.3.3 PERT ,Pr'gram ,Pr'gram Ea()a%i'$ R!i!/ R!i!/ T!+$i)!-........................ T!+$i)!-........................ ........... ...... .......... ......13 .13 1. IMPORTANCIA DEL MÉTODO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN EN CADENA............1 CAPÍ CAPÍTU TULO LO II: II: MAR MARCO CO TEÓR TEÓRIC ICO O 16 2.1 CONSTRUCCIÓN EN CADENA...................................................................1 2.2 MÉTODOS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN................................................................14 2.3 5ARIEDADES DE CADENAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN...................................16 2. LE7ES FUNDAMENTALES DE LA CADENA DE CONSTRUCCIÓN............20 2..1 N'rma( T!+$'(gi+a...................................................................................20 2..2 Ci+('grama.................................................................................................21 2..3 Par9m!%r'# ! (a +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$a.................................................22 2.: TEOR;A DE LA CADENA ESPECIALIaa r*%mi+a....................................................................2 2.:.2 Ca!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa +'$ ri%m' m?(%i=(!...................................................2: 2.:.3 Ca!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa arr*%mi+a.................................................................2:

Programa de Cómputo para la Programacó! de O"ra# C$le# por el %&todo de Co!#truccó! e! Cade!a 'ac() 'alta*ar Sl$a +o#& Carlo#


ÍNDICE

2. TEOR;A DE LA CADENA DE O@ETO.........................................................2 CAP CAPÍTUL ÍTULO O III: III: DES DESARRO ARROLL LLO O DEL PROG PROGRA RAMA MA DE CÓMP CÓMPUT UTO O

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3.1 INTRODUCCIÓN..........................................................................................28 3.2 INTERF INTERFA<............... A<.......................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................................... ................................ 32 3.3 5ARIA@LES..................................................................................................33 3.3.1 5aria"(!# ! !$%raa..................................................................................33 3.3.2 5aria"(!# ! #a(ia.....................................................................................3 3. DIAGRAMAS DE FLUO..............................................................................3 3.: CODIFICACIÓN DEL PROGRAMA DE CÓMPUTO.....................................3 CAPÍ CAPÍTU TULO LO IV: IV: DESC DESCRI RIPC PCIÓ IÓN N Y APLI APLICA CACI CIÓN ÓN DEL DEL PROG PROGRA RAMA MA DE CÓMPUTO …………………………………………………………………………...35 .1 CONSIDERACIONES PRE5IAS..................................................................3: .1.1 Dii#i$ !( E#=a+i'...................................................................................3 .1.2 Dii#i$ !( Pr'+!#' ! C'$#%r)++i$........................................................34 .1.3 S!+)!$+ia ! C'$#%r)++i$.......................................................................34 .1. E#)!ma# ! D!#arr'((' E#=a+ia(.............................................................36 .1.: D)ra+i$ ! Pr'+!#'#................................................................................1 .2 INGRESO DE DATOS..................................................................................3 .2.1 5!$%a$a Pri$+i=a(.......................................................................................3 .2.2 M!$? Ar+i'............................................................................................. .2.3 M!$? M!$? D!Bi$ir.. D!Bi$ir............. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................................. .......................................  .2. M!$? A#ig$ar.............................................................................................8 .3 EDICIÓN DE DATOS DATOS 7 SALIDA DE RESULT RESULTADOS........................... ADOS................ ................. .......... ....:3 :3 .3.1 A=!r%)ra ! Tra"a'...................................................................................:3 .3.2 M!$? M!$? 5!r................ !r........................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................................... .............................. :4 CONCLUSIONES

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ÍNDICE

2. TEOR;A DE LA CADENA DE O@ETO.........................................................2 CAP CAPÍTUL ÍTULO O III: III: DES DESARRO ARROLL LLO O DEL PROG PROGRA RAMA MA DE CÓMP CÓMPUT UTO O

28

3.1 INTRODUCCIÓN..........................................................................................28 3.2 INTERF INTERFA<............... A<.......................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................................... ................................ 32 3.3 5ARIA@LES..................................................................................................33 3.3.1 5aria"(!# ! !$%raa..................................................................................33 3.3.2 5aria"(!# ! #a(ia.....................................................................................3 3. DIAGRAMAS DE FLUO..............................................................................3 3.: CODIFICACIÓN DEL PROGRAMA DE CÓMPUTO.....................................3 CAPÍ CAPÍTU TULO LO IV: IV: DESC DESCRI RIPC PCIÓ IÓN N Y APLI APLICA CACI CIÓN ÓN DEL DEL PROG PROGRA RAMA MA DE CÓMPUTO …………………………………………………………………………...35 .1 CONSIDERACIONES PRE5IAS..................................................................3: .1.1 Dii#i$ !( E#=a+i'...................................................................................3 .1.2 Dii#i$ !( Pr'+!#' ! C'$#%r)++i$........................................................34 .1.3 S!+)!$+ia ! C'$#%r)++i$.......................................................................34 .1. E#)!ma# ! D!#arr'((' E#=a+ia(.............................................................36 .1.: D)ra+i$ ! Pr'+!#'#................................................................................1 .2 INGRESO DE DATOS..................................................................................3 .2.1 5!$%a$a Pri$+i=a(.......................................................................................3 .2.2 M!$? Ar+i'............................................................................................. .2.3 M!$? M!$? D!Bi$ir.. D!Bi$ir............. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................................. .......................................  .2. M!$? A#ig$ar.............................................................................................8 .3 EDICIÓN DE DATOS DATOS 7 SALIDA DE RESULT RESULTADOS........................... ADOS................ ................. .......... ....:3 :3 .3.1 A=!r%)ra ! Tra"a'...................................................................................:3 .3.2 M!$? M!$? 5!r................ !r........................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................................... .............................. :4 CONCLUSIONES

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RECOMENDACIONES BIBLIOGRAFÍA

ÍNDICE

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RESU%EN

RESUMEN U$' ! ('# a#=!+%'# "9#i+'# =r!i'# a (a !!+)+i$ ! )$ =r'!+%' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !# (a =(a$iBi+a+i$  =r'grama+i$ ! '"ra. E#%a !%a=a ")#+a !%!rmi$ar ('# +a(!$ari'# ! a+%iia!#  r!+)r#'# a )%i(i>ar !$ )$a '"ra ! +'$#%r)++i$. E#%a# a+%iia!# )! i$%!ri!$!$ !$ (a !!+)+i$ #! r!=r!#!$%a$ !$ gr9Bi+a# ' iagrama# #!g?$ !( m&%'' ! =r'grama+i$ !m=(!a'. U$ m&%'' ! =r'grama+i$ !# !( m&%'' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$a !#%! m&%'' =!rmi%! !(!ar (a =r')+%iia 'rga$i>a$' (a# a+%iia!# !$ B'rma +'$%i$)a  r!=!%i%ia g!$!ra$' a#* )$a a(%a +'$Bia"(ia !$ (a =r'grama+i$ )$ +'$#)m' ! r!+)r#'# )$iB'rm!  )$ gr9Bi+' )! m)!#%ra (a !!+)+i$ ! (a# a+%iia!# r!=r!#!$%9$'(a# !$ #) !#=a+i'  %i!m='. Si$ !m"arg' !#%! m&%'' $' a #i' am=(iam!$%! )%i(i>a' !"i' a (a Ba(%a ! =r'grama# ! +m=)%' )! a='!$  Ba+i(i%!$ #) )%i(i>a+i$ !"i' a )! !( m&%'' r!)i!r! i%!ra+i'$!# ! +9(+)('#  gr9Bi+a# )! =r'gr!#iam!$%! r!=r!#!$%!$ )$a =r'grama+i$ !#!aa =ara !( =r'!+%' ! +'$#%r)++i$. E$ %a( #!$%i' !#%! %ra"a' !='$! (a !(a"'ra+i$ ! )$ =r'grama ! +m=)%' "a#a' !$ !( m&%'' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$a. Para !#%' #! a$a(i>ar9 (a %!'r*a !( m&%''  #)# +'$+!=%'# B)$am!$%a(!# ()!g' #! ")#+a i#!ar a(g'ri%m'# !$ "a#! a iagrama# ! B()'. E#'# a(g'ri%m'# #!r9$ (a "a#! =ara ('# +ig'# ! =r'grama+i$ )! r!)i!r! !( =r'grama ! +m=)%'. Di+' =r'grama %!rmi$a' Ba+i(i%a ('# +9(+)('#  gr9Bi+a# !$ (a =r'grama+i$ ! '"ra# +ii(!# ='r !#%! m&%'' =!rmi%i!$' m'iBi+ar (a i$B'rma+i$  a+%)a(i>ar(a ! B'rma i$#%a$%9$!a. E#%a#  '%ra# +ara+%!r*#%i+a# #'$ im='r%a$%!# !$ )$a =r'grama+i$ ! '"ra. E( =r'grama a#=ira a +'$!r%ir#! !$ )$a !rrami!$%a )! a)! a ('# i$g!$i!r'# a !(a"'rar )$a =r'grama+i$ m9# B(!i"(! a ('# +am"i'#. P!rmi%i!$' ! !#%a ma$!ra )$ m!'r +a(!$ari' ! %ra"a'# a r!a(i>ar !$ (a !!+)+i$ ! )$a ! '"ra ! +'$#%r)++i$.


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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA

LISTA DE TA'LASFACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL

LISTA DE TABLAS


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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA FIGURASFACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL

LISTA DE

LISTA DE FIGURAS Fig)ra NH 21 Fa+!# =ara !(a"'rar )$ =r'grama ! +m=)%'..............................28 Fig)ra NH 22 E%a=a# a !#arr'((ar !$ (a Ba#! !( a$9(i#i# ! )$ =r'"(!ma..... .....26 Fig)ra NH 23 Pa)!%!#  C(a#!# !( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ.........30 Fig)ra NH 2 E!m=(' ! i$%!rBa> gr9Bi+a ! )$ =r'grama...................................32 Fig)ra NH 2: E#)!ma ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( !+aa+i$ Ma#ia  Ca(>a)ra. 36 Fig)ra NH 2 E#)!ma ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! (a Cim!$%a+i$.......................0 Fig)ra NH 24 E#)!ma ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! (a E#%r)+%)ra ! ('# S%a$'#.. 0 Fig)ra NH 28 E#)!ma ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! (a E#%r)+%)ra ! ('# Pi#'#.... ..1 Fig)ra NH 26 5!$%a$a =ri$+i=a( !( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ........... Fig)ra NH 30 A++!#' a( m!$? Ar+i'................................................................. Fig)ra NH 31 5!$%a$a O=+i'$!#..........................................................................: Fig)ra NH 32 A++!#' a( M!$? D!Bi$ir.................................................................. Fig)ra NH 33 5!$%a$a D!Bi$ir O"!%' ! C'$#%r)++i$........................................ Fig)ra NH 3 5!$%a$a D!Bi$ir Fr!$%! ! Tra"a'.................................................4 Fig)ra NH 3: 5!$%a$a D!Bi$ir Ca!$a E#=!+ia(i>aa..........................................4 Fig)ra NH 3 5!$%a$a Ca!$a E#=!+ia(i>aa.....................................................8 Fig)ra NH 34 A++!#' a( M!$? A#ig$ar.................................................................8 Fig)ra NH 38 5!$%a$a A#ig$ar Ca!$a E#=!+ia(i>aa........................................6 Fig)ra NH 36 5!$%a$a A#ig$ar.............................................................................6 Fig)ra NH 0 Di#%i$%a# #!+)!$+ia# ! ('# =r'+!#'# !$ )$ Br!$%! ! %ra"a'........:0 Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a N'rma( T!+$'(gi+a..........................................................:0 Fig)ra NH 2 N'rma( %!+$'(gi+a !$ )$ia ! =r')++i$  !( SÓTANO :J...:1 Fig)ra NH 3 5!$%a$a D)ra+i$ ! Ca!$a#......................................................:2 Fig)ra NH  Gr9Bi+a ! (a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar EKCA5ACIÓN MASI5AJ .............:3 Fig)ra NH : A=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' ! (a +a!$a EKCA5ACIÓN MASI5AJ...........: Fig)ra NH  5!$%a$a =ri$+i=a(  5!$%a$a A=!r%)ra ! Tra"a'..........................: Fig)ra NH 4 D!#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! (a +a!$a EKCA5ACIÓN MASI5AJ ..........::


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LISTA DE

Fig)ra NH 8 A=(i+a+i$ ! (a !$%a$a A=!r%)ra ! Tra"a'................................:4 Fig)ra NH 6 A++!#' a( M!$? 5!r.......................................................................:4 Fig)ra NH :0 Ta"(a Ga$%%.....................................................................................:8 Fig)ra NH :1 Diagrama Ga$%%..............................................................................:6 Fig)ra NH :2 N'rma( T!+$'(gi+a ! )$a +arr!%!ra............................................0 Fig)ra NH :3 N'rma( %!+$'(gi+a !$ !( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ.... .0


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LISTA DE


0

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL

LISTA DE SÍ%'OLOS 1 SIGLASFACULTAD


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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL

T

LISTA DE SÍ%'OLOS 1 SIGLASFACULTAD

 Ti!m=' =r'grama'.


3



INTRODUCCI4N

5



INTRODUCCI4N

6


CAPÍTULO I7 GENERALIDADES

L)!g' ! !$%!$!r !( =r'!+%' #! =)!! !m=!>ar ='r !%!rmi$ar !( %i=' ! =(a$iBi+a+i$  =r'grama+i$.E# +'$!$i!$%! iiir !( 9r!a ! %ra"a' !$ =ar%!# m9# =!)!a# +r!a$' a+%iia!# r!=!%i%ia# +'$ !( '"!%i' ! m!'rar (a +)ra ! a=r!$i>a!  %!$!r )$ B()' ! r!+)r#'# )$iB'rm!. Para !#%' #! =)!! )#ar)$ !#m!m"rami!$%' !( =r'+!#' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !r Fig)ra NH 1 .

La EDT !# )$a 'rga$i>a+i$ !r9r)i+a !( +'$)$%' ! !(!m!$%'# !( =r'!+%' 'ri!$%aa a

!$%r!ga"(!# ,=r')+%'#- )! 'rga$i>a  !Bi$! !( a(+a$+! !(

=r'!+%' ,!r Fig)ra NH 1 - !#%a 'rga$i>a+i$ !r9r)i+a +'$%!m=(a $i!(!# ! Pr'!+%' #)" Pr'!+%' E$%r!ga"(!#  Tar!a#

iii!$' !( =r'!+%' !

+'$#%r)++i$ !$ =ar%!# m9# =!)!a# =!rmi%i!$' !$%'$+!# a#ig$ar a +aa )$a )$ r!#='$#a"(! !$ +)a$%' a +a(ia  =(a>'# ! !$%r!ga.

Fig)ra NH 1 E#)!ma ! )$a !#%r)+%)ra ! !#+'m='#i+i$ !( %ra"a'. ,F)!$%! R'r*g)!> Ca#%i((!' a(%!r. 2008 =9g. 24I.2

LA PROGRAMACIÓN D! (a =(a$iBi+a+i$ !i!$! (a =r'grama+i$ ! '"ra (a =r'grama+i$ !#

m9# !#=!+*Bi+a !$ !%!rmi$ar (a# a+%iia!# )! #! r!)i!r! !$ !( =r'!+%' #)# r!(a+i'$!# )ra+i'$!# B!+a# a#* +'m' ('# r!+)r#'#  +'#%'# ! +aa a+%iia. C'$#i!ra$' !( D!#m!m"rami!$%' !( Pr'+!#' ! C'$#%r)++i$ #! !Bi$!$ (a# a+%iia!#  =r'+!#'# +'$#%r)+%i'# $!+!#ari'# =ara (a +'$#%r)++i$ !( =r'!+%' ! #!r $!+!#ari' #! !#%a"(!+!$ r!#='$#a"(!# +'$ !( Bi$ ! ('grar )$ ma'r !%a((! ! (a# a+%iia!# m9# r!(!a$%!#. S! !(a"'ra (a (gi+a ! (a# a+%iia!# #! m!%ra ' +)a$%iBi+a (a# m9# im='r%a$%!#. E$ "a#! a ('# '(?m!$!# =ri$+i=a(!# a !!+)%ar  ('# =(a>'# ! %&rmi$' ' i%'# #! !#%a"(!+!$ (a# +)ari((a# ! %ra"aa'r!# a )%i(i>ar  +'$ a)a ! r!$imi!$%'# ! +)ari((a# )$i%aria# #! !#%ima$ (a# )ra+i'$!# ! (a# %ar!a# ! %a( B'rma )! (a )ra+i$ %'%a( ! (a =r'grama+i$ #!a m!$'r a( =(a>' '%'rga' a( =r'!+%'. C'$ %''# !#%'# a%'# #! !(a"'ra (a =r'grama+i$ m!ia$%! iagrama# ! r! ' gr9Bi+'# !$ (a# )! #! !#)!ma%i>a$ %'a# (a# a+%iia!# ! (a '"ra


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!#=!+iBi+a$' !( %i=' ! r!(a+i$ !$%r! +aa )$a #)# )ra+i'$!#  B!+a# ! i$i+i'  Bi$. Para !(a"'rar !#%'# iagrama# ' gr9Bi+a# #! )%i(i>a$ iB!r!$%!# m&%''# ! =r'grama+i$ !$%r! ('# m9# +'$'+i'# %!$!m'# !( Diagrama ! "arra# Ga$%% M&%'' ! (a R)%a Cr*%i+a ,CPM- PERT M&%'' ! C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$a. I.3

MÉTODOS DE PROGRAMACIÓN

I.1 Diagrama ! "arra# Ga$%% E#%! m&%'' ")#+a (a r!=r!#!$%a+i$ gr9Bi+a ! (a# a+%iia!# !$ )$a i#%ri")+i$ +'$B'rm! a )$ +a(!$ari'm!ia$%! )$a "arra +)a ('$gi%) r!=r!#!$%a !( =!ri'' ! )ra+i$ ! (a a+%iia. S! ")#+a i#)a(i>ar (a# B!+a# ! i$i+i'  %!rmi$' ! ig)a(m!$%! !( %i!m=' %'%a( r!)!ri' =ara (a !!+)+i$ ! %'a# (a# a+%iia!# !r Fig)ra NH 1 .E#%! gr9Bi+' +'$#i#%! !$ )$ #i#%!ma ! +''r!$aa# E! "# "$" %&'()&!*+#: S! %i!$! )$ +a(!$ari' ' !#+a(a ! %i!m=' !Bi$i' !$ %&rmi$'# ! (a )$ia m9# a!+)aa a( %ra"a' )! #! a a !!+)%ar 'ra *a #!ma$a m!# !%+. E! "# "$" ,"'*(-+#:S! m)!#%ra$ (a# a+%iia!# )! +'$#%i%)!$ !( %ra"a' a !!+)%ar. A +aa a+%iia #! a+! +'rr!#='$!r )$a (*$!a ' "arra 'ri>'$%a( +)a ('$gi%) !# =r'='r+i'$a( a #) )ra+i$  a (a !#+a(a !Bi$ia !$ !( !! 'ri>'$%a(. La graBi+a #! '"%i!$! a( i")ar (a# "arra# ! (a# %ar!a# )! !=!$!$ #'(' ! (a# %ar!a# a i")aa# !#%! =r'+!#' #! r!=i%! a#%a %!rmi$ar +'$ %'a# (a# a+%iia!#.

Fig)ra NH 1 Diagrama Ga$%% ! a+%iia!# A  @ ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=ia-


,,



V(!-#+-(/! 0" +-*(,(0+0": La !=!$!$+ia #! r!=r!#!$%a m&ia%! *$+)('# !$%r! '# a+%iia!# !r Fig)ra NH 2  !#%'# =)!!$ #!r 

La# !=!$!$+ia# Bi$  +'mi!$>' #! r!=r!#!$%a$ a(i$!a$' !( Bi$a( !( "(')! ! (a %ar!a =r!!+!#'ra +'$ !( i$i+i' !( "(')! ! (a %ar!a !=!$i!$%!.



La# !=!$!$+ia# Bi$a(  Bi$a( #! r!=r!#!$%a$ a(i$!a$' ('# Bi$a(!# ! ('# "(')!# ! (a# %ar!a# =r!!+!#'ra  !=!$i!$%!.



La# !=!$!$+ia# +'mi!$>'+'mi!$>' #! r!=r!#!$%a$ a(i$!a$' ('# i$i+i'# ! ('# "(')!# ! (a# %ar!a# =r!!+!#'ra  !=!$i!$%!.



L'# r!%ar'# #! r!=r!#!$%a$ !#=(a>a$' (a %ar!a !=!$i!$%! a+ia (a !r!+a !$ !( +a#' ! r!%ar'# ='#i%i'#  a+ia (a i>)i!ra !$ !( +a#' ! r!%ar'# $!ga%i'# !$ ('# '# +a#'# (a ('$gi%) ! (a B(!+a r!=r!#!$%a (a )ra+i$ !( r!%ar'.


,-




,.



D!=!$!$+ia Fi$C'mi!$>'

D!=!$!$+ia Fi$Fi$

D!=!$!$+iaC'mi!$>' C'mi!$>'

R!%ar'='#i%i'

Fig)ra NH 2 F'rma# ! !=!$!$+ia# !$%r! (a# a+%iia!# A  @. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=iaI.2 M&%'' ! (a R)%a Cr*%i+a ,CPME( m&%'' ! (a r)%a +r*%i+a )%i(i>a ('# iagrama# ! =r!+!!$+ia !(a"'ra'# !$ !( iagrama Ga$%% =ara !%!rmi$ar (a r)%a +r*%i+a ! )$ =r'!+%' (a r)%a +r*%i+a #'$ )$ +'$)$%' ! %ar!a# ' a+%iia!# i$+)(aa# !$%r! #* )! $' %!$i!$' '(g)ra !%!rmi$a$ !( =(a>' ! !!+)+i$ !( =r'!+%' !"i' a )! )$ r!%ra#' !$ +)a()i!r a+%iia ! (a r)%a +r*%i+a +'$((!a a( a%ra#' !( =r'!+%'. La '(g)ra (i"r! !# (a +a$%ia ! %i!m=' ! )$a a+%iia =)!! r!%ra#ar#! #i$ aB!+%ar a (a# a+%iia!# )! (! #)+!!$. La '(g)ra %'%a( !# (a +a$%ia %'%a( ! %i!m=' )! )$a a+%iia =)!! r!%ra#ar#! #i$ +a)#ar $i$g?$ r!%ra#' !$ (a )ra+i$ %'%a( !( =r'!+%'. E#%! r!%ra#' =)!! r!%ra#ar a a(g)$a ! (a# a+%iia!# )! (! #ig)!$ =!r' #i$ aB!+%ar (a )ra+i$ !( =r'!+%'.


,/



La# a+%iia!# )! =!r%!$!>+a$ a (a r)%a +r*%i+a !"!$ #!r +'$%r'(aa# ! %a( B'rma ! =r'!!r(a# ! ('# r!+)r#'# $!+!#ari'# =ara )! #) %!rmi$a+i$ #!a #!g?$ (' =r'grama'  !i%ar a#* a%ra#'# )! +'$((!ara$ a =!ria# !$ !( =r'!+%'. I.3 PERT ,Pr'gram Ea()a%i'$ R!i!/ T!+$i)! A iB!r!$+ia !( iagrama Ga$%%  !( CPM +)a# a+%iia!# %i!$!$ )ra+i'$!# Bia#  +'$'+ia# !( PERT %ra"aa +'$ )ra+i'$!# =r'"a"(!#. La# a+%iia!# !$ )$a r! %i=' PERT #'$ r!=r!#!$%aa# ='r !!$%'#  (a# B(!+a# i$i+a$ (a ir!++i$ ! (a #!+)!$+ia ! (a# a+%iia!#.L'# iagrama# PERT =!rmi%!$ !( +9(+)(' =r'"a"i(*#%i+' ! (a )ra+i$ ! (a# a+%iia!# +'$B'rma$' %r!# ='#i"(!# )ra+i'$!# (a )ra+i$ =%ima (a )ra+i$ m!ia  (a )ra+i$ =!#imi#%a ! +aa a+%iia. M!ia$%! !#%! m&%'' #! a#ig$a a +aa )$a ! !#%a# )ra+i'$!# )$a =r'"a"i(ia ! '+)rr!$+ia !$ "a#! a r!gi#%r'# ! =r'!+%'# #imi(ar!# '"%!$i!$' a#* !( =(a>' ! !!+)+i$ m9# =r'"a"(! !( =r'!+%'.

I.

IMPORTANCIA DEL MÉTODO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN EN CADENA La im='r%a$+ia !( m&%'' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$a rai+a !$

=r'gramar )$a B'rma ! +'$#%r)++i$ )! =!rmi%a )$a ii#i$ !( %ra"a' !$ '(?m!$!# #imi(ar!# g!$!ra$' )$a r!=!%i+i$ ! %ra"a'# )! r!)$a !$ )$ m!'r +'$%r'( ! (a# a+%iia!# ('gra$' )$a +'rr!++i$ ! (a i$B'rma+i$  m!'ra$' a#* (a +)ra ! a=r!$i>a!. A( g!$!rar )$a gr9Bi+a )! m)!#%ra +m' #! !#arr'((a$ ('# %ra"a'# ='r %'a# (a# )$ia!# ! +'$#%r)++i$ #! =!rmi%! '"#!rar +'m' i$%!ra++i'$a$ )$a# %ar!a# +'$ '%ra# !$ !( ()gar  %i!m='  =)i!$' !r !( ri%m' ! +'$#%r)++i$  !m9# +ara+%!r*#%i+a#. La Fig)ra NH 1 m)!#%ra (a =r'grama+i$ !$ "arra# Ga$%% ! )$ +'$)$%' ! ii!$a# %*=i+a# )! r!)i!r!$ (a +'$#%r)++i$ ! (a +im!$%a+i$ m)r'# ! "('+ %!+'# ! +'$+r!%'  a+a"a'# ! i$#%a(a+i'$!#.


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Fig)ra NH 1 Pr'grama+i$ ! ii!$a# m!ia$%! !( iagrama Ga$%% ,F)!$%! L'r*a Ar+i(a '#&.2004 =9g.  A iB!r!$+ia ! )$ iagrama ! "arra# '$! #! m)!#%ra (a )ra+i$ ! )$a a+%iia !%!rmi$aa +'m' )$a (*$!a ' "arra 'ri>'$%a( !$ !( Ci+('grama (a )ra+i$ ! (a# %ar!a# #! m)!#%ra$ i$+(i$aa# r!(a+i'$a$' a#* %a$%' !( %i!m=' +'m' !( !#=a+i' ' ()gar ! %ra"a' '$! #! ((!ara a +a"' )$a !%!rmi$aa a+%iia. M!ia$%! !#%a graBi+a #! =)!! !$%!$!r !( ri%m'J ! %ra"a' ! (a# a+%iia!# ' +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# (a r!(a+i$ ! )$a +a!$a r!#=!+%' a #)# +a!$a# i$+)(aa# (a )"i+a+i$ !$ !( !#=a+i' ' )$ia ! =r')++i$ ! )$a +a!$a !$ )$ *a !%!rmi$a' !%+. E( mi#m' =r'!+%' !$ !( Ci+('grama #! !r*a +'m' #! m)!#%ra !$ (a Fig)ra NH 1

Fig)ra NH 1 Pr'grama+i$ ! ii!$a# r!=r!#!$%a' !$ !( Ci+('grama. ,F)!$%! L'r*a Ar+i(a '#&. 2004 =9g. -


,2



La gr9Bi+a !( Ci+('grama m)!#%ra )$ =a$'rama g!$!ra( ! %'a# (a# +a!$a# !#arr'((9$'#! ='r (a# i!r#a# )$ia!# =)i!$' +'m=arar#! ('# aa$+!# =r'grama'# +'$ ('# aa$+!# r!a(!#. La# B!+a# ! %&rmi$' ! !%!rmi$aa# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ ='r*a$ !%ra='(ar#! "a#9$'#! !$ !( ri%m' ! %ra"a' r!a( ,!r Fig)ra NH 1

-

!$+'$%ra$' !( r!%ra#' ! (a# a+%iia!#  +'rrigi&$'(a# ='r !!m=(' m!ia$%! )$ a)m!$%' ! r!+)r#'#.

Fig)ra NH 1 C'm=ara+i$ ! aa$+! r!a(  !( =r'grama'. ,F)!$%! L'r*a Ar+i(a '#&. 2004 =9g.8-


,3


CAPÍTULO II7 %ARCO TE4RICO

E$ (a Fig)ra NH 2 #! m)!#%ra )$ !#)!ma ! +m' %ra"aa$ (a# +)ari((a# ! %ra"aa'r!# !$ (a# i!r#a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ ! )$ Br!$%! ! %ra"a'.

Fig)ra NH 1 D!#arr'((' ! =r'+!#'# !$ B'rma =ara(!(a. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=ia+- M&%'' !$ Ca!$a E#%! m&%'' ")#+a )$ !#arr'((' ! =r'+!#'# m9# !)i(i"raa  +'$ )$ +'$#)m' ! r!+)r#'# )! +r!#! ! B'rma gra)a(.

Fig)ra NH 1 D!#arr'((' ! =r'+!#'# !$ +a!$a. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=iaCAPÍTULO IV: 5ARIEDADES DE CADENAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN La# ari!a!# ! +a!$a# +'$#%r)++i$ #'$ (a# #ig)i!$%!# CADENA COMPLEA


,5



CADENA O@ETO CADENA ESPECIALIaa.

Fig)ra NH 1 5ari!a!# ! +a!$a# ! +'$#%r)++i$. ,F)!$%! R*'# S!g)ra )a$. Qi!164:-

a- CADENA COMPLEA La +a!$a +'m=(!a a"ar+a )$ +'$)$%' ! +a!$a# '"!%' +)'# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' #'$ i!r#'# =)i!$' i$+'r='rar#! a+%iia!# +'$ gra$ '()m!$ ! %ra"a'  ! iB!r!$%!# +am='# +'m' a+!r +arr!%!ra#  +'$#%r)ir !iBi+a+i'$!# %'' !$ )$ #'(' =r'!+%'. "- CADENA O@ETO La +a!$a '"!%' !#%9$ +'$B'rmaa# ='r +a!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa#  =r!#!$%a$ +ara+%!r*#%i+a# #!g?$ !( !#=a+i' )! '+)=a +'m' C'$+!$%raa# O"!%'# ! +'$#%r)++i$ +'$+!$%ra'# !$ )$a >'$a !#=!+*Bi+a ='r !!m=(' )$ !iBi+i'.


,6



Li$!a(!# O"!%'# ! +'$#%r)++i$ )! a"ar+a$ i!r#a# >'$a# ='r !!m=(' +arr!%!ra# +a$a(!# !%+. Di#!mi$a'# O"!%'# ! +'$#%r)++i$ r!=ar%i'# !$ iB!r!$%!# ()gar!#. +- CADENA ESPECIALIaa# !#%a# !#%9$ +'$B'rmaa# ='r (a# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# (a# +)a(!# !!+)%a$ '=!ra+i'$!# !%!rmi$aa# +'m' !$+'Bra' a+ia' ! +'$+r!%' !%+. CAPÍTULO V: LE7ES FUNDAMENTALES DE LA CADENA DE CONSTRUCCIÓN II.1 N'rma( T!+$'(gi+a La $'rma( %!+$'(gi+a !# )$a gr9Bi+a )! m)!#%ra !( !#m!m"rami!$%' !( =r'+!#' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !$ =r'+!#'#  '=!ra+i'$!# )! #! ((!ara$ a +a"' #'"r! )$ !%!rmi$a' Br!$%! ! %ra"a' ' )$ia ! =r')++i$. La $'rma( %!+$'(gi+a m)!#%ra (a )ra+i$ ! (a# %ar!a# ' +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!#  (a r!(a+i$ ! !=!$!$+ia +'$ '%ra# +a!$a# (a# +)a(!# =)!!$ #!r !

+'mi!$>'

+'mi!$>' ' Bi$+'mi!$>'.

Fig)ra NH 1 N'rma( %!+$'(gi+a =ara !( #%a$' ! )$ !iBi+i'. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=ia-


-8



C'm' #! '"#!ra !$ (a Fig)ra NH 1 (a $'rma( %!+$'(gi+a #! !(a"'r =ara !( Br!$%! ! %ra"a' CIMENTACIÓNJ  =ara )$a )$ia ! =r')++i$ =)i!$' %!$!r !#%! Br!$%! (a +a$%ia ! )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ )! #! !#!!. E#%a $'rma( %!+$'(gi+a #! r!a(i> +'$ )$ !#m!m"rami!$%' ! =r'+!#' ! +'$#%r)++i$ a#%a '=!ra+i'$!#. E#%a i#%ri")+i$ ! (a# =r'+!#'# =)!! r!=!%ir#! !$ (a# !m9# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ ' =)!!$ #!r iB!r!$%!# %a$%' !$ $?m!r' ! =r'+!#'#)ra+i$ ' r!(a+i'$!# ! =r!+!!$+ia #i!m=r! )! #! !(a"'r! +'$ )$a (gi+a ! %ra"a'# )! r!=r!#!$%!$ ('# %ra"a'# r!a(!# a r!a(i>ar !$ (a '"ra ) '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$. G!$!ra(m!$%! #! ")#+a )! ('# m!%ra'# !$ (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ ! )$ Br!$%! !%!rmi$a' #!a$ =ar!+i'# =ara '"%!$!r %i!m='# ! %ra"a' +'$#%a$%!# !$ (a# %ar!a# ! +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$  a#* Ba+i(i%ar !( +'$%r'(  a+!r m9# B9+i( (a =r'grama+i$. II.2 Ci+('grama E( Ci+('grama !# )$a gr9Bi+a !$ (a +)a( #! ")#+a r!=r!#!$%ar ('# i!r#'# =r'+!#'# a r!a(i>ar#! !$ )$a '"ra ! +'$#%r)++i$ !#%'# =r'+!#'# ' +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# r!+'rr!$ (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ ! )$ Br!$%! !#%a"(!+i!$' )$a )ra+i$ !%!rmi$aa !$ +aa )$a  g!$!ra$' a#* (a# +a!$a# =r')+%ia# !( +'$)$%' ! !#%a# +a!$a# ")#+a$ '"%!$!r =r')+%'# Bi$a(!# +'m' )$ =i#' ! )$ !iBi+i' ' )$ i('m!%r' ! +arr!%!ra !%+.

Fig)ra NH 1 Ci+('grama ! +'$#%r)++i$ !( Br!$%! 1. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=iaD$! m

 N?m!r' ! )$ia!# ! =r')++i$.


-,


$


 N?m!r' ! +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!#.

 m')(' ! +i+(i+ia ' )ra+i$ ! (a +a!$a !$ (a )$ia ! =r')++i$. T

 Ti!m=' =r'grama' ! (a +a!$a ! +'$#%r)++i$.

II.3 Par9m!%r'# ! (a +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$a a- Par9m!%r'# ! !#=a+i' U!(0+0 0" '&0--(/! UP: E# !( !#=a+i' '$! #! !#arr'((a$ (a# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!#. U$ Br!$%! ! %ra"a' !#%9 +'m=)!#%' ='r m )$ia!# ! =r')++i$  #) %ama' !# B)$+i$ !  L'# r!)!rimi!$%'# %&+$i+'# !( r!+)r#' )ma$' a#ig$a"(! !# !+ir !( %ama' !"! #!r %a( )! =!rmi%a !( %ra"a' $'rma( ! (a# +)ari((a# a#ig$aa#  +'rr!#='$a ='r (' m!$'# +'$ !( r!$imi!$%' ! (a +)ari((a )$i%aria. E( %ama' ! (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ !"! %!$!r )$a +'m=a%i"i(ia +'!r!$%! +'$ (a +'$+!=+i$ !#%r)+%)ra( ='r !!m=(' )$ a!+)a' %ama' ! ('#a =ara !i%ar agri!%ami!$%' ' )! !#%r)+%)ra# )! #!a$ m'$'(*%i+a# +'$ '%ra# $' =!rmi%ir*a )$a +'$#%r)++i$ !$ )$ia!# #!=araa#. F'"!*" 0" *'+4+$& FT: E# !( !#=a+i' '$! #! !#arr'((a )$a a+%iia !#=!+*Bi+a ='r !!m=(' +im!$%a+i$ =i#' 1 !%+. #! =)!! iiir !$ )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. P+'-"#+: E# !( Br!$%! ! %ra"a' a#ig$aa a )$ '"r!r' ' +)ari((a ! '"r!r'#. "- Par9m!%r'# %!+$'(gi+'# N"'& 0" -+0"!+ +'*(-#+'" : E# !( $?m!r' %ar!a# )! #! $!+!#i%ara$ =ara (a +'$#%r)++i$ !( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !#%! #! '"%i!$! !( !#m!m"rami!$%' !( =r'+!#' ! +'$#%r)++i$. V&#"! 0" *'+4+$& P:E# (a +a$%ia ! %ra"a' )! !"!r9 !!+)%ar )$a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar !$ )$ Br!$%! ! %ra"a' !%!rmi$a' ' =ara )$a )$ia ! =r')++i$ !#%! #! '"%i!$! a( a+!r !( m!%ra' ! (a a+%iia. T'+4+$&(0+0 0" #+ -+0"!+ +'*(-#+' :E# (a +a$%ia ! %ra"a' !=r!#aa !$ 'ra#'m"r! ' !$ )$ia!# ! %i!m=' )! #! r!)i!r! a( !!+)%ar !( %ra"a' (a +)ari((a )$i%aria.


--


P


 5'()m!$ ! %ra"a' !$ (a# m )$ia!# ! =r')++i$.

R!$  R!$imi!$%' ! (a +)ari((a. I!*"!(0+0 0" #+ -+0"!+ (: E# !( '()m!$ ! %ra"a' !$ (a )$ia ! %i!m=' ! )! !!+)%a )$a +a!$a.

P 5'()m!$ ! %ra"a' !$ (a# m )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. T Ti!m=' =r'grama' ! (a +a!$a ' )ra+i$ ! (a +a!$a . +- Par9m!%r'# ! %i!m=' M/0#& 0" C(-#(-(0+0 7:E# !( %i!m=' )! $!+!#i%a (a +a!$a =ara !!+)%ar )$a )$ia ! =r')++i$ #! i+! )! (a +a!$a !# r*%mi+a +)a$' !#%! m)(' !# ig)a( !$ %'a# (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. P+& 0" #+ -+0"!+7&: E# !( %i!m=' )! =a#a !#! )! +'mi!$>a a !!+)%ar#! )$a +a!$a a#%a )! #! !!+)%! #) +a!$a #)+!#'ra !=!$! ! (a r!(a+i$ !$%r! (a# +a!$a# ' !( +9(+)(' ! a+!r+ami!$%'#.

Fig)ra NH 1 Pa#' ' !$%r! (a +a!$a ! +'('r !r! a (a ! marr$. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=iaCAPÍTULO VI: TEOR;A DE LA CADENA ESPECIALIaa r*%mi+a E#%a +a!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa =r!#!$%a #)# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# +'$ (a# mi#ma# )ra+i'$!# !r Fig)ra NH 1 .


-.



Fig)ra NH 1 E!m=(' ! +a!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa r*%mi+a ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=iaD$! T+= D)ra+i$ !( +i+(' ! =r')++i$. T D)ra+i$ ! (a +a!$a ! +'$#%r)++i$. II.: Ca!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa +'$ ri%m' m?(%i=(! E# a)!((a +a!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa +)a# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# %i!$!$ m)('# ! +i+(i+ia )! #'$ m?(%i=('# !r Fig)ra NH 1 .E#%! %i=' ! +a!$a g!$!ra$ %i!m='# m)!r%'#.

Fig)ra NH 1 Ca!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa +'$ ri%m' m?(%i=(! ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=iaSi #! !#!a !i%ar !#%'# %i!m=' m)!r%'# #! =)!! a=(i+ar !( =r'+!imi!$%' ! $i!(a+i$ ! ri%m'# a++i$ )! im=(i+a (a a#ig$a+i$ ! )$ ma'r $?m!r' ! r!+)r#'# !r Fig)ra NH 1 . Para (a +a!$a ! +'('r !r! '# +)ari((a# #! 'rga$i>a$ ! %a( B'rma ! !!+)%ar )$a )$ia ! =r')++i$  =a#ar a '%ra ! %a( B'rma )! r!)+!$ (a )ra+i$ !( %ra"a' !$ %'' !( Br!$%!.


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Fig)ra NH 1 Ni!(a+i$ ! ri%m'# ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=iaII. Ca!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa arr*%mi+a E# (a +a!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa )! %i!$! +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# +'$ ri%m'# iB!r!$%!#  )ra+i'$!# !$ +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$ %am"i&$ i#%i$%a#. E#%' !# !"i' a )! (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ )! #! !#+'gi!r'$ %i!$!$ m!%ra'# i#%i$%'#  a( %ra"aar +'$ )$a mi#ma +)ari((a #! g!$!ra$ )ra+i'$!# aria"(!# !r Fig)ra NH 1 .

Fig)ra NH 1 Ca!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa arr*%mi+a ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=ia-

CAPÍTULO VII: TEOR;A DE LA CADENA DE O@ETO La +a!$a ! '"!%' !# (a +'$)$+i$ ! aria# +a!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa# !$ i!r#'# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' +aa )$' +'$ i!r#a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. E( +'mi!$>' ! +aa +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar !"! #!r %a( )! (a +a!$a %!$ga )$ Br!$%! ! %ra"a' i#='$i"(! =ara +'$%i$)ar +'$ #) $'rma( !#arr'(('. E# ='#i"(!


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)! !$ !%!rmi$aa )$ia ! =r')++i$ $' #! %ra"a! ' )! #! aga ! ma$!ra $' +'$%i$)a !#=!ra$' )! '%ra +a!$a ! '%r' Br!$%! %!rmi$!. Tam"i&$ #! =)!!$ i#='$!r (a# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# =ara )! %ra"a!$ !$ B'rma =ara(!(a !$ =ar+!(a# )! =)!!$ #!r (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. S! =)!!$ )%i(i>ar gr)='# ! +)ari((a# !$ +aa UP +'$ !( Bi$ ! i#mi$)ir (a )ra+i$ !( =r'!+%'. E$ (a Fig)ra NH 1 #! =)!! '"#!rar )! aria# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# ,! )$ mi#m' +'('r- %ra"aa$ !$ i#%i$%'# Br!$%!# a(g)$'# +'$ iB!r!$%!# )ra+i'$!#  )"i+9$'#! #!g?$ (' )! !( =r'grama'r i#='$ga +'m' =%im'. La# +a!$a# #! i#='$!$ +'$%i$)a# !$ #) %ra"a' =a#a$' ! )$a )$ia ! =r')++i$ a '%ra !"i' a !#%' !( +'mi!$>' ! )$a +a!$a !#%9 r!#%ri$gia a )$ +9(+)(' ! a+!r+ami!$%'# +'$ (a +a!$a =r!!+!#'ra ! %a( B'rma )! $' !i#%a +'(i#i'$!# !# !+ir #! r!#=!%a (a r!(a+i$ ! =r!+!!$+ia =ara +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$.

Fig)ra NH 1 Ci+('grama ! )$a +a!$a ! '"!%'. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=ia-


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CAPÍTULO III7 DESARROLLO DEL PROGRA%A DE C4%PUTO

CAPÍTULO III: DESARROLLO DEL PROGRAMA DE CÓMPUTO 5II.1

INTRODUCCIÓN

Para !#arr'((ar !( =r'grama ! +m=)%' #! #!g)ir9$ a(g)$a# +'$#i!ra+i'$!# =(a$%!aa# !$ ari'# (i"r'# ! =r'grama+i$ !r Fig)ra NH 1 . E$ !#%! mar+' !(a"'rar !( =r'grama ! +'m=)%' )! r!B(!! !( m&%'' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$a +'$#%i%)! !( =r'"(!ma )! #! ")#+a r!#'(!r.

Fig)ra NH 1 Fa+!# =ara !(a"'rar )$ =r'grama ! +m=)%'. ,F)!$%! L=!> Gar+*a )a$. 2004 =9g. 11a- A$a(i>ar !( =r'"(!ma E#%! =a#' +'$#i#%! !$ ('grar !( ma'r !$%!$imi!$%' ='#i"(! !( =r'"(!ma  !#%' #! a+! !$ =rim!r ()gar a$a(i>a$' (a %!'r*a !( m&%'' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$a  !$%!$i!$' ('# +'$+!=%'# B)$am!$%a(!#. S! =)!! )%i(i>ar !( iagrama ! (a Fig)ra NH 1 +'m' )$a g)*a =ara a$a(i>ar )$ =r'"(!ma.


-3



Fig)ra NH 1 E%a=a# a !#arr'((ar !$ (a Ba#! !( a$9(i#i# ! )$ =r'"(!ma. ,F)!$%! L=!> Gar+*a )a$. 2004 =9g. 11Ma'rm!$%! !$ =r'grama+i$ #! B'rm)(a !( =r'"(!ma !$ "a#! a ('# r!#)(%a'# !#=!ra'#. R"#*+0& ""'+0&: E$ !( =r'"(!ma =(a$%!a' !( r!#)(%a' =ri$+i=a( #!ria '"%!$!r !( Ci+('grama ! )$ '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !%!rmi$a' ='!r m'iBi+ar g)arar  r!+'rar.

D+*& 0(&!(4#": L'# a%'# i#='$i"(!# #'$ Fr!$%!# ! %ra"a'  )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. Ca!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa#  =ar%i+)(ar!# ,%ar!a#-. M!%ra' ! (a# %ar!a# a r!a(i>ar#! !$ +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$. R!$imi!$%'# !#=!ra'# ! (a# a+%iia!#.  P(a>' +'$%ra+%)a( ! (a '"ra.

R"*'(--(&!": La# r!#%ri++i'$!# =ara !(a"'rar !( =r'grama ! +m=)%' #! !$+)!$%ra$ !$ (a $a%)ra(!>a ! ('# a%'# i#='$i"(!# !# !+ir !$ (a +a$%ia ! m!m'ria =ara a(ma+!$ar a%'#.

Da%'# Bi'# N?m!r' ! Br!$%!# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ m!%ra'  r!$imi!$%'#.


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Da%'# aria"(!# D)ra+i$ ! +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# !$ +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$ i$+)(a+i$ !$%r! (a# a+%iia!# a #!a ! (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ ' ! (a a=!r%)ra ! Br!$%! ! %ra"a'.

Da%'# a +a(+)(ar P'#i+i$ ! (a# +a!$a# !$ +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$ graBi+ar !#a# ='#i+i'$!#.

P'&-"&: S! %ra%a ! !#%a"(!+!r =r'+!#'# )! =!rmi%a$ ((!gar a '"%!$!r ('# r!#)(%a'# !#!a'# !$ "a#! a ('# a%'# i#='$i"(!#.

E# m) im='r%a$%! iiir !( =r'"(!ma !$ =ar%!# m9# =!)!a# !$ =r'grama+i$ !#%a ii#i$ #! #)!(! a+!r iii!$' !( =r'grama !$ +(a#!#  ()!g' !$ =a)!%!# ! +(a#!#. Para !( =r'grama ! +m=)%' ((ama' C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ #! !(a"'r ('# #ig)i!$%!# =a)!%!#  +(a#!# !r (a Fig)ra NH 1 .

Fig)ra NH 1 Pa)!%!#  C(a#!# !( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=ia-


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"- Di#!ar )$ a(g'ri%m' L)!g' ! a"!r a$a(i>a' !( =r'"(!ma #! ")#+a i#!ar )$ a(g'ri%m' ' ari'# m!ia$%! (a )%i(i>a+i$ ! iagrama# ! B()'. L'# iagrama# ! B()' #'$ )$a r!=r!#!$%a+i$ gr9Bi+a ! (a #!+)!$+ia (gi+a ! i$#%r)++i'$!# )! ()!g' #!r9$ %ra)+ia# a( (!$g)a! ! =r'grama+i$. E#%'# iagrama# =!rmi%!$ !$%!$!r !( B()' ! a%'#  ('# r!)!rimi!$%'# ! i$%!rBa> )! r!)i!ra$. L'# iagrama# ! B()' i#!a'# r!=r!#!$%a$  E#%r)+%)ra ! a(ma+!$ami!$%' ! a%'# !( =r'grama +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$aJ.  E( B()' ! a%'# !%!r$'# ! i$%!r$'# !( =r'grama +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$aJ.  F()' ! a%'# m!ia$%! ('# m!$?#  #)" m!$?# !( =r'grama +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$aJ. +- Tra)+ir !( a(g'ri%m' L'# a(g'ri%m'# #'$ ((!a'# a +ig'# ! =r'grama+i$ )! !=!$!$ !( (!$g)a! ! =r'grama+i$ )%i(i>a' ('# m9# +'$'+i'# #'$ !( 5i#)a( C 5i#)a( @a#i+ aa. E$ !( =r!#!$%! %ra"a' #! )%i(i>ara !( (!$g)a! ! =r'grama+i$ aa. L'# iagrama# ! B()' #! %ra)+!$ a( (!$g)a! ! =r'grama+i$ !(!gi'  #! g!$!ra !( +ig' B)!$%! )! #'$ (a# r!$!# )! #!g)ir9 !( =r'grama +)a$' i$%!ra+%?! +'$ !( )#)ari'. E( +ig' B)!$%! +'$%i!$! (a# '=!ra+i'$!# ma%!m9%i+a#  =r'+!imi!$%'# 'r!$a'# ! ma$!ra (gi+a  +'$ !( '"!%i' ! Ba+i(i%ar !( m&%'' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$a. E( +ig' B)!$%! #! ii! !$ +(a#!# (a# +(a#!# #! agr)=a$ !$ =a)!%!# ! +(a#!#. - D!=)rar !( =r'grama L)!g' ! !(a"'ra' !( =r'grama #! !!+)%a (a a=(i+a+i$ ! $' #!r #a%i#Ba+%'ria ' ! +'$%!$!r !rr'r!# #! =r'+!! a( !=)ra' ! (a# (*$!a# ! +ig' !#%' !# !( a$9(i#i# (gi+' ! (a# i$#%r)++i'$!# )! #! i!r'$ !$ B'rma ! +ig'# ! =r'grama+i$.


.8


5II.2


INTERFA<

U$a I$%!rBa> a+! r!B!r!$+ia a( +'$)$%' ! m&%''# =ara ('grar i$%!ra+%iia !$%r! )$ )#)ari'  )$ =r'grama =ara !#%! +a#' (a i$%!rBa> )! #! )%i(i>ar9 #!r9 (a )! '%'rga !( (!$g)a! ! =r'grama+i$ aa. aa "ri$a (a ='#i"i(ia ! +r!ar !$%a$a# ! i$%!rBa> gr9Bi+a =ara !( m!'r i$gr!#' ! a%'#  =r!#!$%a+i$ ! r!#)(%a'# a!m9# ! =!rmi%ir )! !( )#' !( =r'grama #!a i$!=!$i!$%! !( #i#%!ma '=!ra%i' )! #! )#!. L'# r!)!rimi!$%'# m*$im'# =ara +'rr!r !( =r'grama +'$ a+!=%a"(! !#!m=!' #'$   

M9)i$a ir%)a( aa SE .0 #! =)!! '"%!$!r !$ ///.#)$.+'m . Si#%!ma O=!ra%i' Li$) i$'/# 4  #)=!ri'r!#. RAM 1G@

La i$%!ra+%iia !$%r! )$ )#)ari'  !( =r'grama !# m) im='r%a$%! !$ (a =r'grama+i$ =)!# =!rmi%! a( )#)ari' +'m)$i+ar#! ! ma$!ra m9# #!$+i((a ! i$%)i%ia m!ia$%! (a )%i(i>a+i$ !( %!+(a' !( ra%$  (a# !$%a$a# gr9Bi+a#. La B'rma m9# +'m?$ ! i$%!ra+%)ar +'$ !( )#)ari' !# a %ra&# ! +'$%r'(!# gr9Bi+'# !#%'# #)!(!$ #!r m!$?# "'%'$!# %a"(a# !%+.

Fig)ra NH 1 E!m=(' ! i$%!rBa> gr9Bi+a ! )$ =r'grama. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=ia-


.,


5II.3


5ARIA@LES

E# im='r%a$%! i!$%iBi+ar (a# aria"(!# )! !( )#)ari' i$gr!#ar9 =ara ('# +9(+)('# !( =r'grama a#* +'m' %am"i&$ (a# aria"(!# '$! #! a(ma+!$ara$ ('# r!#)(%a'# +a(+)(a'#. III.1 5aria"(!# ! !$%raa Ta"(a NH 1

5aria"(!# ! !$%raa =ara !( =r'grama ! +m=)%'.

N'm"r!

5aria"(!

Ti='

Limi%!

O"#!ra+i$

N?m!r' ! *a#

N?m!r' ! *a#

!$%!r'

800

N?m!r' ! *a# !( i")' !( Ci+('grama.

E#+a(a ! %i!m='

E#+a(a ! %i!m='

!$%!r'

:

E#+a(a (a gr9Bi+a !$ !( !! 'ri>'$%a( ,%i!m='-

N'm"r! !( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$

N'm"r! !( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$

T!%'

#i$ (imi%!

N'm"r! !( O"!%' ! C'$#%r)++i$

N'm"r! !( Fr!$%! ! Tra"a'

N'm"r! !( Fr!$%! ! Tra"a'

T!%'

#i$ (imi%!

N'm"r! !( Fr!$%! ! Tra"a'

N?m!r' ! )$ia!# ! =r')++i$

NUP

!$%!r'

100

N?m!r' ! )$ia!# ! =r')++i$

Ca!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa

Ca!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa

T!%'

#i$ (imi%!

N'm"r! ! (a +a!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa

Ca!$a =ar%i+)(ar

Ca!$a =ar%i+)(ar

T!%'

#i$ (imi%!

N'm"r! ! (a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar

U$ia

U$.

T!%'

#i$ (imi%!

N'm"r! ! (a )$ia !( m!%ra'

R!$imi!$%'

R!$imi!$%'

!+ima(

#i$ (imi%!

R!$imi!$%' ! (a +)ari((a )$i%aria ! (a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar

M!%ra'

M!%ra'

!+ima(

#i$ (imi%!

M!%ra' ! (a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar !$ (a )$ia ! =r')++i$

C)ari((a#

B

!$%!r'

#i$ (imi%!

N)m!r' ! +)ari((a#

Pr!!+!#'ra

Pr!!+!#'ra

T!%'

#i$ (imi%!

Pr!!+!#'ra ! (a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar #!(!++i'$aa

U$ia ! =r')++i$

UP

!$%!r'

U$ia ! =r')++i$

C'mi!$>' C'mi!$>'

CC

T!%'

R!(a+i$ C'mi!$>' C'mi!$>'


.-



Fi$C'mi!$>'

FC

T!%'

R!(a+i$ Fi$C'mi!$>'

I!$%iBi+a'r

I

!$%!r'

I!$%iBi+a'r ! (a Bi(a !$ %a"(a

E!+)%'r!#

E!+)%'r!#

E$%!r'

N)m!r' ! !!+)%'r!# ' agr)=a+i$ ! +)ari((a#

Ti!m=' =r'grama' !$ (a UP

TPUP

D!+ima(

Ti!m=' =r'grama' ! (a )$ia ! =r')++i$.

,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=iaIII.2 5aria"(!# ! #a(ia Ta"(a NH 2

5aria"(!# ! #a(ia =ara !( =r'grama ! +m=)%'.

N'm"r!

5aria"(!

Ti='

O"#!ra+i$

Ti!m=' )$i%ari'

T)

D!+ima(

Ti!m=' )$i%ari' ! +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar !$ (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ ,m!%ra'r!$imi!$%'-

Ti!m=' =r'grama' +a!$a

TPC

D!+ima(

Ti!m=' =r'grama' ! +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar,%i!m=' !$ %'' !( Br!$%! ! %ra"a'-

T

D!+ima(

Ti!m=' =r'grama' ! (a +a!$a ! +'$#%r)++i$.

!

Ti!m=' =r'grama' Ni!( E#)!ma

! Ni!( ! E$%!r' E#)!ma

M)!#%ra !( $i!( !r9r)i+' ! (a Ta"(a Ga$%%

Ci+('grama

Ci+('grama

GraBi+'

M)!#%ra !( graBi+' !( Ci+('grama

Ta"(a Ga$%%

Ta"(a Ga$%%

Ta"(a

Ta"(a =ara !(a"'rar !( iagrama Ga$%%

G)arar Imag!$

G)arar Imag!$

imag!$

G)ara (a imag!$ !( Ci+('grama

,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=ia5II.

DIAGRAMAS DE FLUO

E#%'# iagrama# #! a)$%a$ !$ !( ANEO 1. 5II.:

CODIFICACIÓN DEL PROGRAMA DE CÓMPUTO

E( +ig' B)!$%! !# a)$%a' !$ !( ANEO 2.


..


CAPÍTULO IV7 DESCRIPCI4N 1 APLICACI4NDEL PROGRA%A DE C4%PUTO

CAPÍTULO IV: DESCRIPCIÓN Y APLICACIÓN DEL PROGRAMA DE CÓMPUTO 5II.

CONSIDERACIONES PRE5IAS E#%! +a=*%)(' m)!#%ra (a a=(i+a+i$ !( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$

Ca!$aJ a )$ =r'!+%' ! +'$#%r)++i$ =ara (' +)a( #! )%i(i>ar9 +'m' r!B!r!$+ia (a =r'grama+i$ ! '"ra !%a((aa !$ (a %!#i# !( I$g. @!$a!$%! Ram*r!> P!(a' !$ !( +)a( #! !#+ri"! !( =(a$!ami!$%' ! (a +'$#%r)++i$ ! )$ !iBi+i' ! 21 =i#'# +'$ : #%a$'# ! (a $)!a #!! !( @ANCO DE LIMASUDAMERIS !( +)a( #! !%ra' ('# a%'# m9# im='r%a$%!# )! #!rir9$ =ara (a !=(i+a+i$ !( )#' !( =r'grama. La =r'grama+i$ !# !$%'$+!# (a ! )$a !iBi+a+i$ ! +'$+r!%' arma' ! 21 =i#'# +'$ : #%a$'# )! i!$! a #!r !( O"9eto de Co!#truccó!: +'$ )$a )ra+i$ !( =r'!+%' ! 13 m!#!#!#%! %i!m=' a *a# ?%i(!# #'$ 32: *a#. E( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ graBi+a (a# #!+)!$+ia# +'$#%r)+%ia# !$ )$ =(a$' ! E#=a+i'Ti!m=' =ara !#%' #! r!+'mi!$a$!$%!$!r  !(a"'rar (a# #!+)!$+ia# +'$#%r)+%ia# +'m' (a $'rma( %!+$'(gi+a  ('# !#)!ma# ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( =ara ! !#%a ma$!ra Ba+i(i%ar !( i$gr!#' ! a%'# a( =r'grama. E( =r'grama =!rmi%! m'iBi+ar ('# a%'# i$%r')+i'# a#%a ('grar (a =r'grama+i$ !#!aa =)i!$' m'iBi+ar ('# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' +a!$a# ! +'$#%r)++i$ #!+)!$+ia# +'$#%r)+%ia#  (a# )ra+i'$!# ' %i!m='# =r'grama'#. E( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$ %i!$! )$ 9r!a ! +'$#%r)++i$ ,!r ANEO 39+- )! +'(i$a +'$ )$a !iBi+a+i$ !+i$a ='r (' )! =ara (a !+aa+i$ ! ('# #%a$'# r!)i!r! ! )$ #'#%!$imi!$%' ! +a(>a)ra ' m)r'# a$+(a'# =ara !#%a =r'grama+i$ #! +'$#i!ra (a )%i(i>a+i$ ! +a(>a)ra !$ (a >'$a +'rr!#='$i!$%! a (a !iBi+a+i$ !+i$a. E( %!rr!$' %am"i&$ +'(i$a +'$ )$ %!rr!$' !+i$'  '# a!$ia# !$ (a# +)a(!# ='r +'$i+i'$!# ! %!rr!$' Ba'ra"(!# $' $!+!#i%ara #'#%!$imi!$%' !$ (a !+aa+i$. L'# P(a$'# ! ('# #%a$'# =i#'#  !m9# r!B!r!$+ia# #! !$+)!$%ra$ !$ (a T!#i# P(a$!ami!$%' ! (a +'$#%r)++i$ ! )$ !iBi+i' ! 21 =i#'# +'$ : #%a$'# ='r !( m&%'' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !$ +a!$aJ !( I$g. @!$a!$%! Ram*r!> P!(a'.


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I5.1 Dii#i$ !( E#=a+i' E#%! =r'+!imi!$%' ")#+a iiir !( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !$ Br!$%!# ! %ra"a'  !#%'# a #) !> !$ )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. E( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !# iii' !$ Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' )! !$r9$ a #!r ('# S%a$'#  Pi#'# !( !iBi+i'. Caa #%a$'  =i#' #! iii !$ ('#a# %*=i+a# ! a+)!r' a( %ama' !( #%a$' ' =i#' ")#+a$' '(?m!$!# ! %ra"a' #imi(ar!#  +'$#i!ra$' $' +'r%ar !#%r)+%)ra# m'$'(*%i+a# !#%a# ('#a# %*=i+a# !$r9$ a !mar+ar (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. E$ ('# #%a$'# #! iii !( Br!$%! !$ : )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ !r ANEO 394 -. S! !"! %!$!r !$ +)!$%a )! (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ i!$!$ a r!=r!#!$%ar '(?m!$!# ! %ra"a' ! ('# =r'+!#'#  ='r (' %a$%' #i #! )i!r! '"%!$!r )$ B()' +'$#%a$%! ! r!+)r#'#  ('grar )$ m!'r +'$%r'( ! '"ra !#%'# '(?m!$!# !"!$ #!r !$ (' ='#i"(! #imi(ar!# iii!$' !$%'$+!# !( Br!$%! ! %ra"a' !$ )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ )! r!=r!#!$%!$ '(?m!$!# ! %ra"a' =ar!+i'#. La >'$a ! +a(>a)ra #!r9 (a )! +'(i$a +'$ (a !iBi+a+i$ !+i$a  ='r Ba+i(ia #! '=% ='r iiir(a !$ %r!# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ ! %a( ma$!ra ! )! #! !!+)%! mi!$%ra# #! a+! (a !+aa+i$ ! ('# #%a$'#. E$ ('# =i#'# !"i' a )! i#mi$)! !( 9r!a ! +'$#%r)++i$ #! +'$#i!ra iiir ('# =i#'# !$ %r!#  '# ('#a# !=!$i!$' ! ('# am"i!$%!# =r!i#%'# =ara ('# =i#'# !r ANEO 390 ". S! %i!$! !$%'$+!# ('# #ig)i!$%!# Br!$%!#  )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ Ta"(a NH 3

Fr!$%!# ! %ra"a'  )$ia!# ! =r')++i$.

,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ =r'=ia-


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L'# =r'+!#'# +'m=(!'# #'$ (a +'$#%r)++i$ ! #%a$'#  =i#'# ! (a !iBi+a+i$ ('# =r'+!#'# #im=(!#  '=!ra+i'$!# +'$#i!raa# #! m)!#%ra$ !$ (aTa"(a NH .

,F)!$%! @a#a' !$ @!$a!$%! Ram*r!> P!(a'. 1666I5.3 S!+)!$+ia ! C'$#%r)++i$ U$a !> iii' !( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !$ #) !#=a+i'  =r'+!#'# #! =r'+!! a #!+)!$+iar (a# %ar!a# )! #! !!+)%ara$ !$ (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. C'$ !( '"!%i' ! !$%r!gar )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ %!rmi$aa# )$ +'$)$%' ! =r'+!#'# !"!$ #!r i$+)(a'# ! ma$!ra (gi+a  +'$#i!ra$' (a %!+$'('g*a ! ('# =r'+!#'# )! #!r9$ !!+)%a'# ='r !!m=(' !( %i!m=' )! r!)i!r! )$ !(!m!$%' =ara #) !#!$+'Bra' ' ('# *a# )! r!)i!r! !( a#!$%ar )$ m)r' ! a("ai(!r*a.


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La +a$%ia ! =r'+!#'# ma'rm!$%! !# +'$#%a$%! !$ +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$ !$ )$ Br!$%! !%!rmi$a'  ='r (' %a$%' #) #!+)!$+ia %am"i&$ #!r9 +'$#%a$%! P!r' ('# '(?m!$!# ! =r')++i$  !$ +'$#!+)!$+ia (a# )ra+i'$!# ! (a# =r'+!#'# !$ (a# i!r#a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ ='r9$ #!r i#%i$%a#. E$ !( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ #! =)!! ariar !( )#' ! (a# =r'+!#'# !$ +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$ aria$' (a #!+)!$+ia ! !=!$!$+ia# !$%r! !#%a# =ara $' +'$#i!rar +i!r%'# %ra"a'# #!g?$ +'$!$ga. E( =r'grama =!ir9 !( i$gr!#' ! (a# !=!$!$+ia# ! +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$ ! +aa Br!$%! ! %ra"a'. Si$ !m"arg' !( =r'grama =!rmi%! #im=(iBi+ar !( i$gr!#' ! !#%'# a%'# a( %ra%ar#! ! (a# mi#ma# ! #!+)!$+ia#. La N'rma( T!+$'(gi+a r!=r!#!$%a (a #!+)!$+ia ! ('# =r'+!#'#  !#%a #! a+!! #!r $!+!#ari' =ara +aa Br!$%! ! %ra"a'  )$ia ! =r')++i$. E$ !( +a#' ! (a +'$#%r)++i$ !( !iBi+i' #! m)!#%ra !$ (a Ta"(a NH : (a #!+)!$+ia ! %ra"a'# ! ('# =r'+!#'# #im=(!# )! #!r9$ )#aa# !$ (a =r'grama+i$ ! '"ra. N'rma( T!+$'(gi+a Ta"(a NH :

N'rma( %!+$'(gi+a !( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$.

,F)!$%! @a#a' !$ @!$a!$%! Ram*r!> P!(a'. 1666La !+aa+i$ ma#ia #! r!a(i>ara !$ ('# : #%a$'# #ig)i!$' (a #!+)!$+ia ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( =(a$%!aa  (a +a(>a)ra #! !!+)%ara )$a !> %!rmi$a' ! !+aar +aa #%a$'. D!"i' a (a #!g)ria )! "ri$a (a !#%a"i(ia !( #)!(' #! +a(>ar9 +aa #%a$' !$ =a'# ! 1.0 m2 m ! a(%)ra  !#=!#'r ! 1.: m !$ '# i(aa# ! B'rma i$%!r+a(aa !$ (a =r'grama+i$ #! +'$#i!ra !( %i!m=' %'%a( ! +a(>a)ra !$ +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$.


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I5. E#)!ma# ! D!#arr'((' E#=a+ia( L'# !#)!ma# ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( r!=r!#!$%a$ (a# a=!r%)ra# ! %ra"a' ' r!#%ri++i'$!# !$ !( +'mi!$>' ! (a# %ar!a# !$ (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. E#%'# !#)!ma# m)!#%ra$ )$a #!+)!$+ia ! +'$#%r)++i$ ! (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ #!g?$ #! =)!a !#%r)+%)ra(m!$%! ' !+'$mi+am!$%!. E$ !( +a#' ! (a# %ar!a# !  E;CAVACI4N %ASIVA < = > CAL?ADURA< #! =(a$%!a !( !#)!ma ! (a Fig)ra NH 1 +'m' #!+)!$+ia ! %ra"a'. S! +'mi!$>a !+aa$' (a =rim!ra )$ia ! =r')++i$ !( Sóta!o ,  #ig)i!$' (a #!+)!$+ia #! %!rmi$ara (a !+aa+i$ ! ('# : #%a$'#. A (a !> )! #! !+aa #! ar9$ ('# %ra"a'# ! +a(>a)ra =!r' #'(' !$ (a# %r!# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ ! (a >'$a aa+!$%! a (a !iBi+a+i$ !+i$a. E#%a #!+)!$+ia ! %ra"a'# =!rmi%! B'rmar )$a ram=a =ara (a !$%raa ! (a ma)i$aria !r ANEKO 3B.

Fig)ra NH 1 E#)!ma ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( !+aa+i$ Ma#ia  Ca(>a)ra ,F)!$%! @a#a' !$ @!$a!$%! Ram*r!> P!(a'. 1666-

La Fig)ra NH 1 m)!#%ra (a #!+)!$+ia ! %ra"a' ! (a# +)ari((a# ! +im!$%a+i$ !$ (a# : )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ !( #%a$' :.


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Fig)ra NH 1 E#)!ma ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! (a Cim!$%a+i$. ,F)!$%! @a#a' !$ @!$a!$%! Ram*r!> P!(a'. 1666La #!+)!$+ia ! +'$#%r)++i$ ! (a# !#%r)+%)ra# ! ('# #%a$'# #! m)!#%ra !$ (a Fig)ra NH 1  =ara !#%'# =r'+!#'# #! !+ii )%i(i>ar 2 gr)='# ! +)ari((a# )$ gr)=' i$i+iar*a #) %ra"a' !$ (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ 1 !( #%a$' :  !( '%r' !$ (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ . D! !#%a ma$!ra #! r!)+! !( %i!m=' ! !!+)+i$ !( =r'!+%'. C'm' #! !ra !#=)&# #! i>' )$ Ci+('grama )%i(i>a$' #'(' )$ gr)=' ! +)ari((a# =!r' !$ !#! +a#' $' #! +'$#ig)! !#%ar !$%r' !( =(a>' r!)!ri'.

Fig)ra NH 1 E#)!ma ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! (a E#%r)+%)ra ! ('# S%a$'#. ,F)!$%! @a#a' !$ @!$a!$%! Ram*r!> P!(a'. 1666La Fig)ra NH 1 m)!#%ra !( !#arr'((' ! %ra"a'# ! (a# !#%r)+%)ra# ! ('# 21 =i#'#. S! =)!! '"#!rar (a iB!r!$+ia ! )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ ! +aa =i#'.


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Fig)ra NH 1 E#)!ma ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! (a E#%r)+%)ra ! ('# Pi#'#. ,F)!$%! @a#a' !$ @!$a!$%! Ram*r!> P!(a'. 1666I5.: D)ra+i$ ! Pr'+!#'# C'm' #! m!$+i'$ a$%!ri'rm!$%! !( =r'+!#' ! +'$#%r)++i$ #! iii a#%a =r'+!#'# #im=(!# ('# +)a(!# $' %i!$!$ )$ia!# #i$' )! !#%9$ +'$B'rma'# ='r )$ gr)=' ! '=!ra+i'$!# )! #i %i!$!$ )$ia!#  m!%ra'# !"i' a !#%' !# $!+!#ari' )$ +9(+)(' ! )ra+i'$!# ! %a( ma$!ra ! !#%imar (a )ra+i$ )! %!$r9$ ('# =r'+!#'# #im=(!# !$ +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$. E( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ Ba+i(i%a !( +9(+)(' ! (a# )ra+i'$!# ! (a# %ar!a# ! +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$  Ba+i(i%a !( i$gr!#' ! !#%a# )ra+i'$!# a #!a$ iB!r!$%!# ' ig)a(!# !$ )$ Br!$%! ! %ra"a'. E$ (a Ta"(a NH  #! =)!! '"#!rar (a %a"(a ! +9(+)(' ! )ra+i'$!# !( #%a$' :. E#%a %a"(a )! "ri$a !( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ !# !#=!+*Bi+a =ara =r'+!#'# #im=(!#. E( =r'grama %am"i&$ "ri$a )$a %a"(a =ara !( +a#' ! )$a =r'grama+i$ ='r '=!ra+i'$!#.


/8


Ta"(a NH 


Ca(+)(' ! ('# %i!m='# =r'grama'#

,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaE$ !#%! +9(+)(' i$%!ri!$!$  La +)ari((a ! %ra"aa'r!# )$i%aria +'rr!#='$i!$%! a )$a '=!ra+i$ !%!rmi$aa !( =r'grama +'$#i!ra %'=graB' '=!rari' 'Bi+ia( =!$.  E( $)m!r' ! 'm"r!# ,N- )! !# (a #)ma ! 'm"r!# ! (a +)ari((a ! %ra"aa'r!# )$i%aria.  La +a$%ia ! 'ra#'m"r! ,- )%i(i>aa# !$ %'%a( !$ (a# '=!ra+i'$!# !$ +aa '=!ra+i$ (a#  #'$ !( =r')+%' ! (a +a$%ia ! 'm"r!# m)(%i=(i+a' ='r (a )ra+i$ ! (a '=!ra+i$ !$ 'ra#.


/,



La +)ari((a )$i%aria ,C)- )! !# "9#i+am!$%! (a '=!ra+i$ )! %!$ga !( ma'r $)m!r' ! 'm"r!#. S! !$%i!$! )! !#%a +)ari((a !!+)%ar9 (a# !m9# '=!ra+i'$!#.  Ti!m=' )$i%ari' ,T)- )! !# (a )ra+i$ !( =r'+!#' #im=(! a#i!$' )#' ! (a +)ari((a )$i%aria #! +a(+)(a !$ iii!$' (a# 'ra#'m"r!  (a +)ari((a )$i%aria  +'$ir%i!$' !( r!#)(%a' a *a#.  E( Ba+%'r ! m)(%i=(i+ia ,B- )! m)(%i=(i+a a (a +)ari((a )$i%aria +'$ !( Bi$ ! i#mi$)ir !( %i!m=' $!+!#ari' =ara (a !!+)+i$ !( =r'+!#' #im=(! ) '=!ra+i$. La +)ari((a a#ig$aa ,Ca- )! !# (a +a$%ia %'%a( ! 'm"r!# a )%i(i>ar =ara !!+)%ar !( =r'+!#' #im=(! +'$ )$a )ra+i$ !%!rmi$aa. E#%! !# !( =r')+%' !( Ba+%'r ! m)(%i=(i+ia  (a +)ari((a )$i%aria.  Ti!m=' a#ig$a' ,Ta- )! !# (a )ra+i$ +a(+)(aa !$ "a#! a (a ii#i$ ! (a# 'ra#'m"r!  (a +)ari((a a#ig$aa  +'$ir%i!$' !( r!#)(%a' a *a#.  Ti!m=' =r'grama' ,T=- !# (a )ra+i$ !#%imaa ='r !( )#)ari' !( !( %i!m=' )! %'mar*a !$ !!+)%ar !( =r'+!#' #im=(! ) '=!ra+i$.

E( +9(+)(' ! %i!m='# =r'grama'# ! ('# !m9# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' #! !$+)!$%ra !$ !(ANEO ;. 5II.4

INGRESO DE DATOS

I5. 5!$%a$a Pri$+i=a( U$a !> !!+)%a' !( =r'grama #! a i$i+i' a )$ $)!' =r'!+%' +)' $'m"r! #! ='r9 !i%ar !$ !( m!$? D!Bi$irO"!%' ! C'$#%r)++i$. E$ (a !$%a$a =ri$+i=a( ,!r Fig)ra NH 1 - #! m)!#%ra$ ('# #ig)i!$%!# m!$?#  M!$? Ar+i'  M!$? D!Bi$ir  M!$? A#ig$ar M!$? 5!r M!$? A)a


/-



Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a =ri$+i=a( !( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaI5.4 M!$? Ar+i' E$ !#%! m!$? #! %i!$!$ (a# #ig)i!$%!# '=+i'$!#

Fig)ra NH 1 A++!#' a( m!$? Ar+i'. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=ia A +'$%i$)a+i$ #! !#+ri"ir9$ (a# B)$+i'$!# !( m!$? Ar+i' M"!< A'-%(,&9N",&: P!rmi%! r!$'ar !( =r'grama =ara !m=!>ar )$ $)!' =r'!+%'.


/.



M"!< A'-%(,&9A4'(':P!rmi%! a"rir )$a !$%a$a !#! '$! #! ='r9 +argar )$ =r'!+%' g)ara' a$%!ri'rm!$%! !( ar+i' ='r !B!+%' !# !( %i=' .'+J. M"!< A'-%(,&9O-(&!": A( #!(!++i'$ar !#%a '=+i$ a=ar!+!r9 !( +)ar' ! ia('g' ,!r Fig)ra NH 1 - !( +)a( m)!#%ra a(g)$a# '=+i'$!# =ara !( i")' !( Ci+('grama  !( %i=' ! =r'grama+i$. E$ !#%a !$%a$a #! #!(!++i'$a !( %i=' ! =r'grama+i$ Pr'+!#'# Sim=(!# S! %'mara$ (a# +a!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa# +'m' (a# %ar!a# a !!+)%ar#!  #) )ra+i$ #! +a(+)(a !$ "a#! a ('# m!%ra'# ! (a# '=!ra+i'$!# ' +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# %'ma$' )$a +)ari((a a#ig$aa =ara )! !!+)%ara %'a# (a# '=!ra+i'$!#. E$ !#%a '=+i$ #'$ (a# +a!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa# (a# )! #! graBi+a$ !$ !( Ci+('grama. P'r O=!ra+i'$!# E$ !#%! +a#' #'$ (a# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# (a# )! i$%!ri!$!$ !$ !( Ci+('grama S! =)!! !i%ar !( $?m!r' ! *a# !( Ci+('grama  (a !#+a(a !#!aa =ara !( i")' !$ !( !! !( %i!m='  '%ra# '=+i'$!# !( i")'. E# r!+'m!$a"(! r!)+ir (a !#+a(a ! i")' =ara =r'!+%'# ! m9# ! 300 *a# ?%i(!#.

Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a O=+i'$!# ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaM"!< A'-%(,&9G+'0+': P!rmi%! g)arar !( =r'!+%' +'$ !( $'m"r!  )"i+a+i$ !#!a' ='r !( )#)ari'.E#%a '=+i$ g)arara (a i$B'rma+i$ a(ma+!$aa a#%a !( m'm!$%' =)i!$' r!+'rar  m'iBi+ar (a mi#ma +)a$' #! !#!!. M"!< A'-%(,&9S+#(': P!rmi%! #a(ir !( =r'grama.


//



I5.8 M!$? D!Bi$ir E$ !#%! m!$? #! %i!$!$ (a# #ig)i!$%!# '=+i'$!#

Fig)ra NH 1 A++!#' a( M!$? D!Bi$ir ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaM"!< D"=(!('9O4$"*& 0" C&!*'--(/!:P!rmi%! a"rir (a !$%a$a ! (a Fig)ra NH 1 !$ (a +)a( #! =)!! !#+ri"ir !( $'m"r! !( =r'!+%' ) '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$.

Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a D!Bi$ir O"!%' ! C'$#%r)++i$. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaM"!< D"=(!('9F'"!*" 0" T'+4+$&: E#%a '=+i$ =!rmi%! +r!ar )$' ' m9# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' a( !Bi$ir #)# $'m"r!#  )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. A( ar +(i+ #'"r! (a '=+i$ Fr!$%! ! Tra"a' #! i#)a(i>a (a !$%a$a ! (a Fig)ra NH 1 m'#%ra$' a( (a' i>)i!r' )$a %a"(a '$! a=ar!+!r9$ ('# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a'  )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ +r!aa# a( (a' !r!+' )$a (i#%a ! "'%'$!# )! a)ara$ a (a +r!a+i$  !i+i$ ! ('# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a'.


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Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a D!Bi$ir Fr!$%! ! Tra"a' ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaB&*/! A>'">+' FT: E( "'%$ Agr!gar FT ! (a !$%a$a D!Bi$ir Fr!$%! ! Tra"a' =!rmi%! +r!ar )$' ' ari'# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' !Bi$i!$' #)# $'m"r!#  )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. M"!< D"=(!('9C+0"!+ E"-(+#()+0+: E#%a '=+i$ =!rmi%! !Bi$ir (a# +a!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa#  #)# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# a$' +(i+ !$ !( "'%$ Agr!gar CE #! m)!#%ra (a# +a!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa# !Bi$ia# =ara '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$.

Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a D!Bi$ir Ca!$a E#=!+ia(i>aa ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaB&*/! A>'">+' CE: E#%! "'%$a"r! (a !$%a$a ! (a Fig)ra NH 1 !$ (a +)a( #! =)!! +r!ar (a +a!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa a#ig$9$'(! )$ $'m"r! a !((a  a (a# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# )! (a +'$B'rma$ a#* +'m' i$%r')+i!$' #i #! !#!a (a# )$ia!#  r!$imi!$%'# a (a +)ari((a )$i%aria a#'+iaa a (a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar.


/2

UNIVERSIDAD UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL

CAPÍTULO IV7 DESCRIPCI4N DESCRIPCI4N 1 APLICACI4NDEL APLICACI4NDEL PROGRA%A DE C4%PUTO

Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a Ca!$a E#=!+ia(i>aa ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaI5.6 I5.6 M!$? A#ig$ar E$ !#%! m!$? #! %i!$!$ (a# #ig)i!$%!# '=+i'$!#

Fig)ra NH 1 A++!#' a( M!$? A#ig$ar ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaC'$ (a# '=+i'$!# ! !#%! m!$? #! ='r9$ a#ig$ar (a# +a!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa# a ('# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' a +r!a'# !$ !( m!$? D!Bi$ir. L)!g' ! !#%a a#ig$a+i$ #! =)!! !i%ar (a $'rma( %!+$'(gi+a !( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$. M"!< A(>!+'9C+0"!+ E"-(+#()+0+:E#%a E"-(+#()+0+:E#%a '=+i$ a"r! (a !$%a$a ! (a Fig)ra NH 1 (a +)a( m)!#%ra )$a %a"(a +'$ %''# ('# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' +r!a'#. Si #! a +(i+ #'"r! !( "'%$ A(>!+' #! a++!! a (a !$%a$a ! Fig)ra NH 1 .


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Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a A#ig$ar Ca!$a E#=!+ia(i>aa ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaB&*/! A(>!+': La !$%a$a A#ig$ar =!rmi%! a#ig$ar (a# +a!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa# a ('# i#%i$%'# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' #!g?$ #! $!+!#i%!. Para a#ig$ar )$a +a!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa #! !"! #!(!++i'$ar (a +a!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa ! (a %a"(a !r!+a  ar +(i+ !$ !( "'%$ O7  O7J. J. La Fig)ra NH 1 m)!#%ra (a a#ig$a+i$ ! (a# +a!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa# a( Br!$%! ! %ra"a' SÓTANO :J.

Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a A#ig$ar ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=ia-


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M"!< M" !< A A(> (>!+ !+'9 '9N& N&' '+# +# T""-!& !&#/ #/>( >(-+ -+:: U$a !> !> a#ig a#ig$a $aa a## (a# (a# +a! +a!$a $a## !#=! !#=!+i +ia( a(i> i>a aa# a# #! =)! =)!! ! i#) i#)a( a(i> i>ar ar !$ (a !$% !$%a$ a$a a =ri$ =ri$+i +i=a =a(( %r!# %r!# %a"( %a"(a# a# =!r%!$!+i!$%!# a ('# gr)='# ! Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' +a!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa#  +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!#. La $'rma( %!+$'(gi+a #! !"! a#ig$ar =ara +aa )$ia ! =r')++i$  !#%a =)!! #!r i#%i$%a !$ +a$%ia  #!+)!$+ia ! =r'+!#'#. S! =)!! '"#!rar !$ (a Fig)ra NH 1 )$ Br!$%! ! %ra"a' +'$ iB!r!$%!# #!+)!$+ia# #!+)!$+ia# !$ (a# )$ia!# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ 1  .

Fig)ra NH 1 Di#%i$%a# #!+)!$+ia# #!+)!$+ia# ! ('# =r'+!#'# !$ )$ Br!$%! ! %ra"a'. %ra"a'. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaPara i$%r')+ir ('# a%'# ! (a $'rma( %!+$'(gi+a !# !+ir (a# #!+)!$+ia# ! ('# =r'+!#'# !$ ('# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' #! !"! #!(!++i'$ar !( Br!$%! ! %ra"a' ! (a %a"(a FRENTE DE TRA@AOJ  ar +(i+ !$ !( m!$? A#ig$arN'rma( A#ig$arN'rma( T!+$'(gi+a T!+$'(gi+a !r Fig)ra NH 1 .

Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a N'rma( T!+$'(gi+a. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=ia-


/6



Para i$%r')+ir (a# =r!!+!#'ra# #!(!++i'$ar (a %ar!a ' +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar ! (a %a"(a  !$ !( =a$!( Pr!!+!#'raJ i$%r')+ir !( i ! (a =r!!+!#'ra (a r!(a+i$ FCJ ' CCJ  #) ='#='#i+i$  a+!r +(i+ !$ !( "'%$ A-"*+' . N' !# $!+!#ari' i$%r')+ir (a# =r!!+!#'ra# ! %''# ('# =r'+!#'# #i $' (a# )! #!a$ +'$!$i!$%!# =ara Ba+i(i%ar (a =r'grama+i$. D! !#%a ma$!ra #! =)!! !$B'+ar (a a%!$+i$ !$ #'(' )$a ' a(g)$'# =r'+!#'#  #'(' !$ !%!rmi$a'# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a'. La Fig)ra NH 1

m)!#%ra (a i$%r')++i$ ! (a =r!!+!#'ra !$ (a %ar!a

DESENCOFRADO ORIaa (a %ar!a ! ELEMENTOS ORIara (a %ar!a ! !#!$+'Brar. Si #! !#!a ig)a(ar ' r!=!%ir (a# =r!!+!#'ra# !$ %'a# (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ #! !"! #!(!++i'$ar (a +a#i((a C&(+' + *&0+ #+ UP ar +(i+ !$ !( "'%$ A+!=%ar ' ar +(i+ !$ !( "'%$ C&(+' =ara +'=iar (a# =r!!+!#'ra# ! %'a# (a# %ar!a# !$ %'a# (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. E# $!+!#ari' =r!+i#ar )! %'a# (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ $' r!)i!r!$ %!$!r (a mi#ma #!+)!$+ia ! =r'+!#'# !"i' a )! !$ a(g)$a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ $' #! a a r!a(i>ar a(g)$a %ar!a !#%' a+! )! #! %!$ga )! m'iBi+ar (a #!+)!$+ia ! =r'+!#'# !$ !#'# +a#'#. E$ (a Fig)ra NH 1 #! m)!#%ra )$a #!+)!$+ia ! =r'+!#'# =ara (a UP !( S%a$' : !#%a $'rma( %!+$'(gi+a $' +'$#i!ra (a Ca(>a)raJ =)!# $' a %ra"a' !$ !#a )$ia.

Fig)ra NH 1 N'rma( %!+$'(gi+a !$ )$ia ! =r')++i$  !( SÓTANO :J. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=ia-


08


M"!< A(>!+'9D'+-(/!


0"

C+0"!+: E#%a"(!+ia

(a #!+)!$+ia

!

=r!+!!$+ia #! =)!! i$%r')+ir (a# )ra+i'$!# ! %''# ' a(g)$'# =r'+!#'# #!g?$ +'$!$ga. E$ (a Fig)ra NH 1 #! '"#!ra (a !$%a$a D)ra+i$ ! Ca!$a#J !$ !((a !i#%! )$a %a"(a )! m)!#%ra (a# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# agr)=aa# !$ +a!$a# !#=!+ia(i>aa# #!g?$ !( Br!$%! ! %ra"a' #!(!++i'$a' !$ !( #!(!+%'r ! '=+i'$!# !$ (a =ar%! #)=!ri'r.Para i$%r')+ir (a# )ra+i'$!# "a#%a +'$ !#+ri"ir $?m!r'# !$%!r'# ' !+ima(!# !$ (a# Bi(a# #!g?$ (a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar ' =r'+!#'  !$ (a# +'()m$a# +'$ (a# !%i)!%a# T=U=iJ ' %i!m=' =r'grama' ! (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ i. U$a !> i$%r')+i'# (a# )ra+i'$!# a+!r +(i+ !$ !( "'%$ C+#-#+'  a)%'m9%i+am!$%! #! graBi+ara$ (a# +a!$a# =r')+%ia# =ara (a# +)a(!# #! i$%r')' #) #!+)!$+ia  #) )ra+i$.

Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a D)ra+i$ ! Ca!$a#. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaSi #! !+ii i$%r')+ir #'(' (a# )ra+i'$!# ! (a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar E+aa+i$ Ma#iaJ #! %!$r9 (a gr9Bi+a ! (a Fig)ra NH 1 . C'm' #! =)!! '"#!rar %'a# (a# +a!$a# #! i")a$ !m=!>a$' !$ !( *a 0J ! +aa Br!$%! ! %ra"a' a( +)a( #! a#ig$. E# im=r!#+i$i"(! $'%ar )! (a# r!(a+i'$!# )! a !$%r! (a# %ar!a# ! )$a )$ia ! =r')++i$ a '%ra #'$ i$i+ia(m!$%! Fi$C'mi!$>' g!$!ra$' )$a (*$!a+'$%i$)a )! !=r!#a (a +'$%i$)ia ! ('# %ra"a'# !$%r! )$ia!# ! =r')++i$.


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S! !"! r!+'rar )! #! r!a(i> =r!iam!$%! )$ !#)!ma ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! (a %ar!a E+aa+i$ Ma#iaJ ,!r Fig)ra NH 1 - !$ (a +)a( #! m)!#%ra +)a( !"! #!r (a #!+)!$+ia ! %ra"a'# !$%r! (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ ! ('# #%a$'#. E( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ =!rmi%! m'iBi+ar (a# a=!r%)ra# ! %ra"a' )! i>' !( =r'grama ='r !B!+%' ! i$%r')+ir (a# )! #!a$ $!+!#aria#.

Fig)ra NH 1 Gr9Bi+a ! (a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar EKCA5ACIÓN MASI5AJ . ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=ia5II.8

EDICIÓN DE DATOS 7 SALIDA DE RESULTADOS

I5.10 A=!r%)ra ! Tra"a' U$a !> i$%r')+i'# (a# #!+)!$+ia#  )ra+i'$!# ! (a# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# #!g?$ #! i' a$%!ri'rm!$%! !# $!+!#ari' %'a*a !#%a"(!+!r (a# a=!r%)ra# ! %ra"a' !$%r! (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. E$ !( +a#' ! (a %ar!a EKCA5ACIÓN MASI5AJ #! !"! !!+)%ar !$ )$a #!+)!$+ia )! =!rmi%a !( %ra"a' ! +a(>a)ra ='r #%a$'  !( i$gr!#' ! (a# ma)i$a# m!ia$%! )$a ram=a ! a++!#'. S!g?$ (a Fig)ra NH 1 #! !m=!>ara a %ra"aar ='r !( S%a$' 1 !#! (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ 1 a(  r!+i&$ a)* #! a=!r%)ra !( %ra"a' !$ (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ 1 !( S%a$' 2. E# !+ir #'(' +)a$' %!rmi$! (a !+aa+i$ ma#ia ! (a )$ia ! =r')++i$  !( #%a$' 1 #! ='r9 !m=!>ar +'$ (a !+aa+i$ ma#ia !( #%a$' 2 !r Fig)ra NH 1 . E#%a


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a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' #! i$%r')+! m!ia$%! !( "'%$ A"'*'+ 0" T'+4+$&! (a !$%a$a =ri$+i=a(. Para i$i+ar (a a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' a( =r'grama =rim!r' #! !"! #!(!++i'$ar ! (a# %a"(a# ! (a !r!+a !$ (a !$%a$a =ri$+i=a( (a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar =ara (a +)a( #! ")#+a !#%a"(!+!r #) a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' !$ +i!r%' #!$%i' !# #imi(ar a !#%a"(!+!r #) =r!!+!#'ra.

Fig)ra NH 1 A=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' ! (a +a!$aEKCA5ACIÓN MASI5AJ ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaS! #!(!++i'$ !( Br!$%! ! %ra"a' SÓTANO 2J (a +a!$a !#=!+ia(i>aa EKCA5ACIÓN MASI5AJ  (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ 1. L)!g' #! a +(i+ #'"r! !( "'%$ A"'*'+ 0" T'+4+$&g!$!ra$' (a !$%a$a ! (a Fig)ra NH 1 .

Fig)ra NH 1 5!$%a$a =ri$+i=a(  5!$%a$a A=!r%)ra ! Tra"a'. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=ia-


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E$ !#%a !$%a$a #! !"! i$i+ar )! %ar!a ' +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar )! #! !"! %!rmi$ar =ara ='!r !m=!>ar (a %ar!a #!(!++i'$aa !$ (a# %a"(a#. E$ !#%! +a#' (a !+aa+i$ ma#ia !( #%a$' 2 !$ (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ 1 !m=!>ara #'(' +)a$' %!rmi$! (a !+aa+i$ ma#ia !( #%a$' 1 !$ (a )$ia ! =r')++i$  #!g?$ (' =(a$iBi+a'. La !$%a$a A=!r%)ra ! Tra"a' +'$%i!$! %r!# =a$!(!# !( =a$!( #)=!ri'r #! =)!! )#ar =ara !#=!+iBi+ar (a )"i+a+i$ a( %ra%ar#! ! (a mi#ma +a!$a =!r' #i #! %ra%a ! r!(a+i'$ar i#%i$%a# +a!$a# =ar%i+)(ar!# #! =)!! )#ar !( =a$!( i$B!ri'r. E$ !( =a$!( !r!+' #! =)!! m'iBi+ar (a )ra+i$ ! (a +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar #!(!++i'$aa !$ (a# %a"(a#. a+!r +(i+ !$ !( "'%$ A-"*+' =ara i$+)(ar (a a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' ! )$a %ar!a a (a Bi$a(i>a+i$ ! '%ra. D! (a mi#ma ma$!ra #! !%!rmi$a$ (a a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' ! (a +a!$a E+aa+i$ Ma#iaJ !$ %''# ('# #%a$'# g!$!ra$' a#* (a gr9Bi+a ! (a Fig)ra NH 1 .

Fig)ra NH 1 D!#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! (a +a!$a EKCA5ACIÓN MASI5AJ . ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaSi !# $!+!#ari' r!m'!r (a !=!$!$+ia ! a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' ! )$a +a!$a !$ =ar%i+)(ar "a#%a +'$ ar +(i+ !$ (a +a#i((a ! #!(!++i$ I!(-(+' 0"0" &*'+


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*+'"+! (a !$%a$a A=!r%)ra ! Tra"a' a#%a !ar(a #i$ +!+ a#* (a %ar!a !$ !#a )$ia ! =r')++i$ $' %!$r9 )$ *$+)(' ! a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a'. E# $!+!#ari' !$%!$!r )! (a# %ar!a# r!(a+i'$aa# +'$ (a# !=!$!$+ia# ! a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' B'rma$ a )$a +a!$a )! #! ma$%!$r9 !$(a>aa +'$ (a mi#ma (gi+a a#* ar*! (a )ra+i$ ! +)a()i!r %ar!a  #! ='r9 !#=(a>ar !$%!ra +)a$' %!$ga )! +)m=(ir +'$ !( i$i+i' ' %&rmi$' ! )$a %ar!a i#%i$%a. Sig)i!$' (a mi#ma (gi+a #! =)!! =a#ar +aa !#)!ma ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! +aa =r'+!#' a r!a(i>ar !$ !( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$  a=(i+ar(' a( =r'grama )%i(i>a$' (a# !rrami!$%a# a$%!# !#+ri%a#. E$ (a =r'grama+i$ ! )$a '"ra !# )#)a( a+!r m'iBi+a+i'$!# )! ")#+a$ r!Bi$ar (a 'rga$i>a+i$ ! ('# =r'+!#'# +'m' A)m!$%ar !( $?m!r' ! +)ari((a# ! %ra"a' =ara r!)+ir (a )ra+i$ !( =r'+!#'  !( =r'!+%' R!Bi$ar !( m!%ra' i$i+ia(m!$%! +'$#i!ra' =ara !#%a"(!+!r )$a )ra+i$ !(=r'+!#'m9# r!a(. A$air ' !(imi$ar +a!$a#  Br!$%!# ! %ra"a'.  M'iBi+ar (a# a=!r%)ra# ! %ra"a' =ara )%i(i>ar ma# !!+)%'r!#  +'$#%r)ir ! B'rma =ara(!(a )%i(i>a$' '%r' !#)!ma ! !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! ('# =r'+!#'#. E$ !( ANEO 59C(-#&>'++ 1 #! =)!! '"#!rar )$a 'rga$i>a+i$ ! (a# +a!$a# )%i(i>a$' )$ #'(' !!+)%'r =ara (a !!+)+i$ ! (a# !#%r)+%)ra#  a+a"a'# ?m!'#. L' )! +'$((!a a '"%!$!r )$a =r'grama+i$ )! #'"r!=a#a !( %i!m=' =r'=)!#%' =ara #) !!+)+i$ TV0 *a# ?%i(!#. E# $!+!#ari' !$%'$+!# i#mi$)ir (a )ra+i$ !( =r'!+%'. Para !#%' #! =(a$%!a )%i(i>ar '# !!+)%'r!# )! %ra"a!$ #!g?$ !( !#)!ma ! (a Fig)ra NH 1  )! !!+)%ara$ ('# %ra"a'# )$ gr)=' !$ (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ 12  3  !( '%r' !$ (a# )$ia!#   : ! ('# : #%a$'# . S! !"! %!$!r !$ +)!$%a )! ('# !(!m!$%'# !r%i+a(!# +'m' (a# +'()m$a# ' !#+a(!ra# #'(' #! =)!!$ !!+)%ar +)a$' ('# !(!m!$%'# 'ri>'$%a(!# )! !#%&$ ='r !"a' ! !((a# a !#%&$ %!rmi$aa#. E$ !#%! #!$%i' (a Fig)ra NH 2 m)!#%ra (a a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' ! (a =rim!ra +)ari((a !$ !( SÓTANO J )! !=!$! !( %&rmi$' ! (a +a!$a ELEMENTOS ORI

00



Fig)ra NH 2 A=(i+a+i$ ! (a !$%a$a A=!r%)ra ! Tra"a'. ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaE( =r'grama =)!! r!(a+i'$ar (a# !=!$!$+ia# ! a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' !$%r! +)a()i!r )$ia ! =r')++i$ ! +)a()i!r +a!$a =ar%i+)(ar #i!m=r!  +)a$' $' #! aga )$a r!B!r!$+ia +ir+)(ar. E( Ci+('grama %!rmi$a' #! !$+)!$%ra !$ !( ANEO59C(-#&>'++ 2. E$ !( #! =)!! a=r!+iar )$a )ra+i$ !( (a +'$#%r)++i$ !$ *a# ?%i(!# ! TV323 *a#. I5.11 M!$? 5!r E$ !#%! m!$? #! %i!$!$ (a# #ig)i!$%!# '=+i'$!#

Fig)ra NH 1 A++!#' a( M!$? 5!r ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaM"!<9T+4#+ G+!**: L)!g' ! g!$!rar !( Ci+('grama !( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$ !( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ =!rmi%! !%ra!r (a# #!+)!$+ia# ! (a# +a!$a# !$ (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ a#* +'m' (a# !=!$!$+ia# =r')+%' !( !#arr'((' !#=a+ia( ! !#%a# +a!$a# !$ )$a %a"(a ! a%'# )! =!rmi%! a+!r )$ iagrama Ga$%%  ='!r )%i(i>ar(' =ara !( +'$%r'( ! '"ra ) '%r'#.


02



La %a"(a Ga$%% !# )$a #!+)!$+ia ! =r!!+!#'ra# )! #! +'rr!#='$! ir!+%am!$%! +'$ !( Ci+('grama. La# =r!!+!#'ra# #'$ !( r!#)(%a' ! !a()ar #i !( +'mi!$>' ! )$a %ar!a !# !( r!#)(%a' ir!+%' ! )$a !=!$!$+ia ='r )$a #!+)!$+ia ! %ar!a# !$ (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ ' )$a !=!$!$+ia ='r a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a'. Si !( +'mi!$>' B)! !"i' a )$a =r!!+!#'ra !$ (a )$ia ! =r')++i$ !$%'$+!# !( +'mi!$>' ! !#%a %ar!a !"! %!$!r !$ +)!$%a ('# %i!m='# )! #! $!+!#i%ar'$ =ara !i%ar ('# +')!# !$%r! (a +a!$a a (a +)a( =!r%!$!+!  #) +a!$a =r!!+!#'ra. T'ma !$ +)!$%a !$%'$+!# !( =a#' ' ,!r Fig)ra NH 1 )! #! '"%i!$! a( !a()ar ('# a+!r+ami!$%'# !$%r! +a!$a#. Si !( +'mi!$>' B)! !"i' a (a a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a' !$%'$+!# !( +'mi!$>' ! !#%a %ar!a #!r9 (a mi#ma r!(a+i$ ! !=!$!$+ia !# !+ir (a r!(a+i$ ! a=!r%)ra ! %ra"a'. La 5!$%a$a %a"(a Ga$%% #! m)!#%ra !$ Fig)ra NH 1 .

Fig)ra NH 1 Ta"(a Ga$%% ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaU$a !> '"%!$ia (a !$%a$a Ta"(a Ga$%% #! !"! #!(!++i'$ar !( i$i+i' ! =r'grama+i$ )! #! !$+)!$%ra !$ (a =ar%! #)=!ri'r ! (a !$%a$a !#%! i$i+i' !#


03



!( =rim!r Br!$%! )! #! a a !!+)%ar !$ !( =r'!+%'. S! #!(!++i'$a =ara !( !!m=(' !( i$i+i' !( %ra"a' !$ !( SÓTANO 1J. La Ta"(a Ga$%% +'$%i!$! (a i$B'rma+i$ $!+!#aria =ara !(a"'rar )$ iagrama Ga$%% +'$%i!$! I I!$%iBi+a'r ! (a %ar!a. N'm"r! N'm"r! ! (a %ar!a. D)ra+i$ D)ra+i$ ! (a %ar!a. Pr!!+!#'ra La =r!!+!#'ra ! +aa %ar!a #!g?$ #) I. Ni!( ! E#)!ma I$i+a !( ()gar ! (a %ar!a !$ (a !rar)*a !( =r'!+%'. D! !#%a ma$!ra #i #! !#!a '"%!$!r !( iagrama Ga$%% !$ !( =r'grama Pr'!+% #! !"! +'=iar !#%a %a"(a a )$a 'a E+!( =ara ()!g' !#! !( Pr'!+% i$i+iar )$ =r'!+%' +'$ (a '=+i$ Nue$o del L"ro de E@cel) E$ !( Diagrama Ga$%% ,!r Fig)ra NH 1 - #! =)!! '"#!rar +'m' (a# %ar!a# #! 'rga$i>ar'$ #!g?$ (a !rar)*a !( $i!( ! !#)!ma ! (a Ta"(a Ga$%%  !#%a# #! !!+)%a$ !$ (a# )$ia!# ! =r')++i$ ! (a B'rma +'m' #! =r'gram !$ !( Ci+('grama. La# %ar!a# +'$ )ra+i$ 0J =)!!$ #!r !(imi$aa# #i #! !#!a.

Fig)ra NH 1 Diagrama Ga$%% ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=iaE( iagrama Ga$%% +'m=(!%' #! m)!#%ra$ !$ !( ANEO 6. M"!<9G+'0+' I+>"!: G)ara (a imag!$ !( Ci+('grama !$ !( ()gar !#+'gi' !( +'m=)%a'r.


05


Ai+i'$a(m!$%! !$ (a Fig)ra NH 1


#! m)!#%ra +'m' !!m=(' (a $'rma(

%!+$'(gi+a ! (a +'$#%r)++i$ ! )$a +arr!%!ra. E$ !#%! +a#' !( !#m!m"rami!$%' !( '"!%' ! +'$#%r)++i$ (i$!a( !# a#%a '=!ra+i'$!#.

Fig)ra NH 1 N'rma( T!+$'(gi+a ! )$a +arr!%!ra ,F)!$%! @a#a' !$ )ra' A(ar+$ Emi(i'. 2003La $'rma( %!+$'(gi+a ((!aa a( =r'grama #! m)!#%ra !$ (a Fig)ra NH 1 .E$ !#%! !!m=(' #! i$gr!#ar'$ (a# )ra+i'$!# ! (a# +a!$a# ! B'rma ir!+%a.

Fig)ra NH 1 N'rma( %!+$'(gi+a !$ !( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ ,F)!$%! E(a"'ra+i$ Pr'=ia-

E( Ci+('grama ! (a +arr!%!ra #! m)!#%ra !$ !( ANEO 59C(-#&>'++3.


06


CONCLUSIONES

CONCLUSIONES 1. S! ('gr !(a"'rar )$ =r'grama ! +m=)%' )! =!rmi%! ! B'rma #i#%!m9%i+a (a !(a"'ra+i$ !( Ci+('grama ! +'$#%r)++i$ !$+a!$a. 2. S! a=(i+ !( =r'grama ! +m=)%' !(a"'ra$' !( Ci+('grama  !( iagrama Ga$%% =!r%!$!+i!$%!# a (a =r'grama+i$ ! '"ra ! )$ !iBi+i' ! 21 =i#'# +'$ : #%a$'#. E( =r'grama =)!! graBi+ar (a# !=!$!$+ia# a#ig$aa# !$ (a graBi+a !( Ci+('grama m'#%ra$' ('# %ra"a'# a r!a(i>ar !$ ('# i!r#'# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a'  )$ia!# ! =r')++i$. . E( =r'grama =!rmi%! ma$%!$!r %''# ('# *$+)('#  a+%)a(i>ar (a# graBi+a#  %a"(a# #!g?$ #! ar*!$ ('# a%'# ! Fr!$%!# ! Tra"a' U$ia!# ! Pr')++i$

Ca!$a#

E#=!+ia(i>aa#

Ca!$a#

Par%i+)(ar!#

Ti!m='#

Pr'grama'# !=!$!$+ia# %a$%' ! Pr!!+!#'ra# +'m' ! A=!r%)ra ! Tra"a'. :. E( =r'grama g!$!ra )$a %a"(a ! !=!$!$+ia# ! B'rma a)%'m9%i+a )! +'$%i!$! ('# a%'# $!+!#ari'# =ara !(a"'rar !( iagrama Ga$%% !( =r'!+%' !$ '%r'# =a)!%!# ! #'B%/ar! +'m' !( Pr'!+%. . D!"i' a #) i$%!rBa> graBi+a !( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ =!rmi%! i$%!ra+%)ar +'$ !( )#)ari' ! ma$!ra #!$+i((a ('gra$' Ba+i(i%ar (a !$%raa  !i+i$ ! a%'#  m!ia$%! (a# B)$+i'$!# im=(!m!$%aa# =!rmi%! g)arar )$ ar+i' )! +'$%i!$! ('# a%'# $!+!#ari'# =ara #) !'+a+i$  m'iBi+a+i$ B)%)ra.


28


RECO%ENDACIONES

RECOMENDACIONES 1. E# r!+'m!$a"(! a+!r )$ =(a$!ami!$%' =r!i' a( )#' !( =r'grama =ara #a"!r )! =r'+!#'# #! r!)i!r!$ +'m' #! i$+)(a$  +'m' #! =i!$#a$ !#arr'((ar !$ ('# i#%i$%'# Br!$%!# ! %ra"a' +'$ !( Bi$ ! !i%ar +am"i'# im='r%a$%!# !$ (a !#%r)+%)ra ! a%'# !( =r'grama. 2.Si #! =i!$#a %ra"aar )$ =r'!+%' m) !%!$#' #! =)!! r!)+ir (a !%!$#i$ ! (a graBi+a i#mi$)!$' (a !#+a(a %!m='ra( !( Ci+('grama !$ !( m!$? O=+i'$!#. 3. D! !i#%ir =r'+!#' +'$ )ra+i$ 0J *a# !$ a(g)$a )$ia ! =r')++i$ !# r!+'m!$a"(! !i%ar #) $'rma( %!+$'(gi+a  !#%a"(!+!r (a !ra!ra !=!$!$+ia. S'(' !$%'$+!# !i#%ir9 )$a r!=r!#!$%a+i$ r!a( !$ !( iagrama Ga$%%  #! !i%ara$ i$+'$gr)!$+ia# !$ (a )ra+i$ !( =r'!+%'. .E( =r'grama !$ #) !r#i$ a+%)a( $' =!rmi%! !( i$gr!#' ! r!+)r#'# ='r (' )! #! #)gi!r! a#ig$ar('# ir!+%am!$%! !$ !( =r'grama Pr'!+%. :. E( =r'grama C'$#%r)++i$ !$ Ca!$aJ #! r!a(i>' )#a$' !( (!$g)a! ! =r'grama+i$ aa !"i' a !#%' !# $!+!#aria #)=r!ia i$#%a(a+i$.


2,

Esquema Del Desarrollo Espacial.

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