“UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA” FACULT FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA E.A.P INGENIERÍA GEOLÓGICA
ENSAYO
LA MINERÍA INFORMAL UN PROBLEMA LATENTE LATENTE
ALUMNO: ASENCIO ASENCIO ALV ALVARADO ARADO GINO EDGARDO EDGARDO CURSO: MÉTODOS Y TÉCNICAS DE ESTUDIO DOCENTE: SEGUNDO CARRANZA CHÁVEZ
CAJAMARCA, ! DE JULIO DE "!#$
INTRODUCCIÓN A %& %'()& *+ %& '-& %' '/+(' +/ 01+ +% P+(2 3+(456+ %' 5/+(7' 8' 5*& 4'65'/*&, +/ 1/ 3(5/4535& + %& 3&*7' 3+(4'9'( 4&& +% “3(&)(+&” 3'(' %' &/' ; 3&6(+ < (1('%+ *+% 3'7, 4&& %' '%='45>/ 3'(' 4&/=+(95(+ +/ 1/' 1(6+ *+'((&%%'*', 3+/'/*& +/ 1/ ?191(& 3(&+9+*&(. P+(& ' ('7 *+ %& '491'%+ 4&/?%549& &45'%+@5/+(& 01+ '9('=5+' +% 3'7 9' <' /& + =59' 4&& +% *+'((&%%& *+ %' /'45>/, 5/& ; 65+/ + 3+(456+ 4&&: “%' 8+(('5+/9'” 01+ +B9+(5/'(; /1+9(& +/9&(/&, /1+9(& +*5& '65+/9+, ' /&&9(& 5&. D'*& %& 4&/?%549& 1459'*& 3&( 3(&<+49& 4&&: “P(&<+49& C&/)'” & “P(&<+49& T7' M'(7', %' 4&1/5*'* 53%++/9+ 3+('/+4+ +/ +9'/4'5+/9& 9'/9& +4&/>54& 4&& &45'%. Y *+ ++ 5& +9'/4'5+/9&, < *+ &9(& ?'49&(+ 4&& %' ?'%9' *+ 41%91(', %' +4'+ *+ *5/+(& < &3&(91/5*'*+ *+ 9('6'&, 8'/ 8+48& 01+ “/'4'” %' MINERÍA INFORMAL, 01+ 4'*' =+ 3+(1*54' ; +% '65+/9+ < '01+%%& 01+ %' 3('4954'/. S+ 8' '65*& *+ 4'& 9'/9& +/ %' 4&9', 5+((' < +%=' 3+(1'/', +% )&65+(/& 9('9' *+ ?(+/'( +9&, 4&/ %+<+ 3'(' ?&('%5'(%&, & *+9+/+(%& 0159;/*&%+ 1 8+(('5+/9'@;015/' *+ 9('6'&, 3+(& 8' 5*& 1/' %'6&( 5/295% <' 01+ +%%& 5& &/ 4&/45+/9+ *+ 01+ 8'9' 1 =5*' 4&((+ 3+%5)(& 3&( %& 01754& 01+ %%+)'/ ' 1'( < 3&( %' '015/' 9'/ *+?545+/9+ 01+ +3%+'/, < %& 2/54& 01+ 015+(+/ + *5/+(& 3'(' 01+ 1 ?'5%5' '-'/' & ; 9'(*+ 9+/)'/ 1/ 3'/ 01+ %%+='( ' %' 6&4'. S5 65+/ + 45+(9&, + 5/95/9& 81'/& *+ 13+(=5=+/45' 614'( 9&*& %& +*5& 3'(' =5=5( < 3(&9+)+( ' %& /1+9(&, %' '/+(' +/ %' 01+ +%%& '492'/ /& >%& 3+(1*54' ' +%%& 5& < ' 1 ?'5%5', 9'65/ '%+ '?+49'*& 9&*& +% P+(2, 3&( %' 4&/9'5/'45>/ 01+ 4(+'/, 01+ ' %'()' + 1/ *'-& 5((+3'('6%+. M148& *+ /1+9(& 4&3'9(5&9' /& + 4&/45+/9+ *+ %' 4&/9'5/'45>/ &(5)5/'*' 3&( %' 5/+(7' 5/?&('%, %' '<&(7' >%& 4&/&4+ %' 5/+(7' ' )('/ +4'%' 4&& %& + “Y'/'4&48'”, + 5)/&('/ 4&& + 01+ %' 3+01+-' 5/+(' *'-'/ +% +4&59+'. E% 5)15+/9+ +/'<& 614' ?&('( 1/' &35/5>/ 3(&35' < 9''/9+ &6(+ %' 5/+(7' 5/?&('% 9'/ 3(++/9+ +/ /1+9(& *7'.
DEFINICION DE MINERIA L' 5/+(7' + 1/' '495=5*'* +4&/>54' *+% +49&( 3(5'(5& (+3(++/9'*' 3&( %' +B3%&9'45>/ & +B9('445>/ *+ %& 5/+('%+ 01+ + 8'/ '411%'*& +/ +% 1+%& < 161+%& +/ ?&(' *+ <'455+/9&, T'65/ %' 5/+(7' + 4&/5*+('*' 4&& +% 4&/1/9& *+ 5/*5=5*1& 01+ + *+*54'/ ' +9' '495=5*'* & +% 4&/1/9& *+ 5/' *+ 1/' /'45>/ & (+)5>/. EB59+ 1/' )('/ ='(5+*'* *+ 5/+('%+ ' +B3%&9'(, + 95+/+ ' %& 5/+('%+ +9;%54&, 9'%+ 4&& 85+((&, 4&6(+, 3%&&, &(&, 3%'9', 4(&&, +(41(5&, '%15/5&, +/9(+ &9(&, %& 41'%+ &/ +3%+'*& 8&< +/ *7' 4&& '9+(5' 3(5' 6;54' 3'(' %' ?'6(54'45>/ *+ 9&*' 4%'+ *+ 3(&*149& 5/*19(5'%+. L& 5/+('%+ /& +9;%54& 4&& )('/59&, ;(&%, '(+/', '(45%%', '%, 54', 41'(&, ++('%*', '?5(&, +94. &/ 1'*& 4&& '9+(5'%+ *+ 4&/9(1445>/ < '9+(5' 3(5' *+ &<+(7', +/9(+ &9(& 1&. Y %& *+ '<&( 5)/5?54'45>/ +/ %' '491'%5*'* &/ %& 5/+('%+ +/+()954& & 4&61956%+, +3%+'*& 3(5/453'%+/9+ 3'(' )+/+('( +/+()7', 9+/+& '% 3+9(>%+&, )' /'91('% < 4'(6>/ & 81%%'. L' 5/+(7' + 1/' *+ %' '495=5*'*+ ; '/95)1' *+ %' 81'/5*'*. E/ %' 3&4' 3(+859>(54' <' +% 8&6(+ 195%5'6' %& 5/+('%+ 3'(' %' ?'6(54'45>/ *+ 1 8+(('5+/9'. L' 5/+(7' 5+3(+ 8' 4&/95915*& +/ +( 1/& *+ %& 5/*54'*&(+ 6;54& *+ %' 3&565%5*'*+ *+ *+'((&%%& +4&/>54& *+ 1/ 3'7, %& 5/+('%+ *+4165+(9& 3&( +% 8&6(+, + %' *' 1/ ='%&( +4&/>54& &6(+'%5+/9+ *+65*& ' %' 195%5*'* 01+ 3(+9'/ ' %' 81'/5*'*.
DIFERENCIAS ENTRE LA MINERÍA ILEGAL E INFORMAL
Minería ilegal: A495=5*'* 5/+(' ++(45*' 3&( 3+(&/', /'91('% & 1(7*54', & )(13& *+ 3+(&/' &()'/5'*' 3'(' ++(4+( *548' '495=5*'*, 1'/*& +0153& < '015/'(5' 01+ /& 4&((+3&/*+ ' %' 4'('49+(7954' *+ %' '495=5*'* 5/+(' 01+ *+'((&%%' P+01+-& P(&*149&( M5/+(& & P(&*149&( M5/+(& A(9+'/'% & 5/ 413%5( 4&/ %' +B5)+/45' *+ %' /&(' *+ 4'(;49+( '*5/59('95=&, 94/54&, &45'% < +*5&'65+/9+ 01+ (5)+/ *548' '495=5*'*+, & 01+ + (+'%5' +/ &/' +/ %' 01+ +9 3(&8565*& 1 ++(4545&. S5/ 3+(1545& *+ %& '/9+(5&(, 9&*' '495=5*'* 5/+(' ++(45*' +/ &/' +/ %' 01+ +9 3(&8565*& +% ++(4545& *+ '495=5*'* 5/+(', + 4&/5*+(' 5%+)'%. E9' *+?5/545>/ 19591<+ %' *+?5/545>/ *+ 5/+(7' 5%+)'% 4&/9+/5*' +/ +% A(9741%& *+% D+4(+9& L+)5%'95=& N ##!!.
Minería infr!al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
LA MINERÍA INFORMAL TIENE EL "#$ DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE ORO DEL PER% L' 5/+(7' infr!al& %%;++ 3+01+-' < '(9+'/'%, 4&/4+/9(' '3(&B5'*'+/9+ +% "#$ 'e la (r')**i+n na*inal 'e r ! 9&/+%'*' '/1'%+, +9' 45?(' +015='%+ ' 1/& US, "-.## !illne/ en 0alr 1r)2D+*+ +% ()n2 'e 0i/2a !e'ia!1ien2al &/ 4&3(+/56%+ %& +?1+(& 01+ (+'%5' +% E+4195=& , ' 9('= *+% M5/59+(5& *+ E/+()7' < M5/' MEM , 3'(' 5/4&(3&('( '% +(4'*& ?&('% ' +9+ 953& *+ 5/+(7' 3+(& 9'65/ *+*+ %' 5('*' +4&/>54' 31+ +9' 45?(' (+3(++/9'(7' f)er2e/ ingre// (ara el (aí/ 3&( 4&/4+39& *+ *ann !iner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
OTROS ASPECTOS
L' 5/+(7' 5/?&('% 4(+4+ +/ 53&(9'/45' ' 3+'( *+ %& +?1+(& *+% )&65+(/& '491'% 3'(' 4&/9(&%'(%' < (+*145(%'. H'< 1/ *+6'9+ 326%54& 53&(9'/9+ +/9(+ +% G&65+(/& < H+(/'/*& *+ S&9& &6(+ 01 8'4+(. C1;%+ &/ %& 8+48& E% 3(5+( < 1< 53&(9'/9+ 8+48& + 01+ %' 5/?&('%5*'* +/ +% P+(2 4(+4+ 3&(01+ /& 8'< 1?545+/9+ &?+(9' *+ 9('6'& ?&('%. M; *+% ! *+ %& 9('6''*&(+ &/ 5/?&('%+ < /& 95+/+/ 6+/+?545&. E/9(+ %' ='(5' ('&/+ 01+ +9;/ *+9(; *+ +9+ 9(59+ 8+48& +9; 1/'
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Á/4'8, P51(', P1/&, A'&/' < A(+0153', +/9(+ &9(&. S+ +95' 01+ &%& +/ M'*(+ *+ D5& 8'< !! Q5%>+9(& 41'*('*& *+?&(+9'*& < 4&/9'5/'*& ' ('7 *+% '1)+ *+ %' 5/+(7' 5/?&('%. E% F54& 4(++ 01+ + +B3&(9' '%(+*+*&( *+ "$!! 5%%&/+ *+ &(& 5%+)'% '% '-&, 4&/ 3(*5*' 9(5619'(5' 3'(' +% G&65+(/& *+ 3&( %& +/& "$! 5%%&/+ '/1'%+. Y /& 8'< *1*' *+ %' 4&/9'5/'45>/ 01+ 4'1' %' 5/+(7' 5%+)'%.
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1/' 4%'(' ?'%9' *+ 3(+&413'45>/ 3&( 3'(9+ *+ +%%&, + *+6+/ 9&'( *5=+(' +*5*' 3'(' +&('( %' 591'45>/ *+ %& ')+/9+ +/45&/'*&, 3+(& 9'3&4& + 31+*+ '81<+/9'( %' 5/=+(5>/ <' 01+ 4&3(&+9+(7' /1+9(& 4(+455+/9& +4&/>54&.
CONCLUSIONES
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