BINOMIALS
are idiomatic expressions in which two words are joined by a "conjunction (usually AND). The order of the words is usually fixed They are often based on a sound pattern, the words used are near-synonyms. often qrammar words. Binomials
Let's get the main things packed; we can do the ODDS AND ENDS later. Every relationship needs a bit of GIVE AND T AKE to be successful. Us raining CATS AND DOGS. Tears are PART AND PARCELof growing up. The boss was RANTING AND RAVING at us. The old cottage has gone to RACK AND RVIN. He is so PRIM AND PROPERat work.
SMALL AND VNIMPORT ANT THING S A SPIRIT OF COMPROMISE RAINING HEAVILY A CONSTITUENT PART OF SHOUTINGIVERY ANGRY RUINED/DECAYED RATHER FORMAL AND FUSSY, EASILY SHOCKED BY ANYTHING RUDE POORSTANDARD ENTERTAIN HAVE A WIDE CHOICE BIG JVMPS, very quickly and successfully PEACE/CALM RELAXATION FIRST/MOST IMPORTANTLY S..f.t'_"UE&ED.AROUND OCCASIONALLY TO AND FROM SOMEWHERE
The hotel was a bit ROVGH AND READY. She has to WINE AND DINE important clients. You can PICK AND CHOOSE; it's up to you. My English is progressing in LEAPS AND BOVNDS. It's nice to have same PEACE AND QVIET. The doctor recommended same REST AND RECREATION. FIRST AND FOREMOST. you must work hard. There are cafes HERE AND THERE. We've had meeting ON AND OFF. I've been running BACK AND FORTH all day. TO AND FRO can be used just like BACK AND FORTH. WITHOUT HOME AND MONEY He is unemployed and DOWN AND OUT. GOING OUT She's better now, and OUT AND ABOUT again. She ran VP AND DOWN the street. IN BOTH DIRECTIONS LAW AND ORDER NOW AND THEN HIT AND RVN driver ar accident an accident in which the guilty driver does not stop to help CLEAN (NEAT) AND TIDY through THICK AND THIN SICK AND TIRED feeling annoyance. impotience from too much of something HIGH AND DRY in o helpless situotion. stranded THE HIGH AND MIGHTYvery rich and importont people, the rulers of the country FACTS AND FIGVRES an incredible story COCK AND BVLL STORY (on) o state of anxious expectotion PINS AND NEEDLES you will find out soon W AIT AND SEE INS AND OVTSthe detoils of a difficult situation, a problem PROS AND CONS completely undomoged SAFE AND SOVND SLOWLY AND SVRELY NICE AND EASY BED AND BREAKFAST (crannies) - little known ploces NOOK AND CORNER simple and without comfort (Iiving conditions) ROUGH AND READYBINOMIALS LINKED BY OTHER WORDS THAN AND: HIT OR MISS/HIT AND MISSdepending on chance, not planned carefully He won't help her; she'll have to SINK OR SWIM. SURVIVE OR FAIL SOONER OR LATER, you'lIlearn your lesson. SOME TIME She didn't want to be just friends; it had to be ALL OR NOTHING. Well, I'm sorry, that's all I can after you; TAKE IT OR LEAVE IT. It's about the same distance as from here to Dublin, GIVE OR TAKE a few miles. You've got your sweater on BACK TO FRONT. THE WRONG WAY SLOWLY BUT SVRELY, I realized the boat was sinking. GRADUALLY
BINOMIALS
1- Let's get the main things packed. We can do the less important one s later. 1- Every relationship needs a spirit of compromise.
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raining. ;r: Tears are a constituent part of growing up. ~. The boss was shouting very angri1y. ff. The old cottage was in a ruined condition. 7. He is easily shocked by anything rude. 8. The hotel was in a poor condition. She had to entertain her father' s guests. ;er. You have a wide choice. .;t. My English is progressing in big jumps. )Il. It' s nice to be so peacefuL ~ The doctor recommended some relaxation. )4. There are cages scattered around. lkf Most importantly, you must work hard. 16./ Occasionally, we meet in this cafe. , y7. I've been running to the classroom and out of it. 1,.8.He is unempIoyed and without home and money. She's better now and going out. f6. She ran in both directions of the street. .#}:. I am a Iaw-abiding person. 22: The guilty driver didn't stop to help. )..0. I want your room to be neat. X I am fed up with your stories. 2Ji. Robinson Crusoe was stranded on an island. ~ Politics depends on the rulers of the country. 27. My foot is numb. 28':"1 don' t believe in his story. 21." You'lI find out soon who' s guilty. .se. 1'11give you all advantages and disadvantages. 31. Don't worry. Your car is undamaged. Jd. I searched for it in every corner of my house. :B. Let' s discuss the details of the problem. 34. This situation depends on chance. 25.' She'll have to survive or fail on her own. 36. Some time she'll have to find out the truth. ')If. There is no bargaining about it. 38. Everything went smoothly. ~ You've got your sweater the wrong way. 40~Gradual1y, she realized the boat was sink\Vl.:l, .
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@ PREPOSITIONS Definition: Prepositions are words that show relationshipsin time and space and relationships between ideas. Many prepositions can be used as adverbs but not all of them. Prepositions is always followed by a noun, a pronoun or agerund. Types of Prepositions 1. Prepositions of Time
a) One point of time on - with days of a week, days of the month (I saw him on Saturday, on 15th ofJune) at - with parts of a day considered as a point (I saw himat noon, at 5 o'clock) in - with a month, with a year, part of a day and season. (I saw him in July, in 1998, in the morning, in autumn) .. " Examples: Paula visited Canada in 1980. Paula visited Canada in May. Paula visited Canada on May 18. Paula visited Canada on Wednesday. Paula visited Canada in the morning. Paul came on time. Paul came in time for class. I
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b) Extended time (duration) - since (starting point), by (not later than), from-to, for, during, within, in c) Sequence of time (events thatfollow one another) - before, after II. Prepositions of Place - Position and Direction 1. Position a) The point itself - in, inside, on, at After the verb arrive, at refers to a place smaller-than acity ar town (He arrived at the airport); in refers to a place larger than a city ar town. (Hearrived in Europe, Croatia). For a city, in is more usual, but at may also be used, especially in reference to travelling (The plane arrived in (or at) Zagreb ari hour late. She lives in Denver ( a city) She lives in Colorado ( a state) She lives on Green Avenue (street withouta number) She lives at 265 Green Avenue (street with a number) She lives in Room 260 or Apartment 210. He is in college. He is at the university. The house is on the beach.
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The house is on the ocean. The house is at the shore. The house is in the mountains. The house is on the river, bay, lake. The house is in the desert. . . The house is on the plains. b) Higher or lower than a point - over, above, under, underneath, beneath, below e) Neighbouring the point - near, next to, alongside, beside, between, opposite(~,,:) 2. Direction to-from
toward(s)-
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around
through
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as far as (up to)
3. Other relationships -because, fnrthesake of, in spite of, despite, in case of, along with, as well as, like, as, according to, with, by (means of), from, except, etc. V,tv
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ARTICLES Articles are determiners that modify a noun. The general rule is that we ase THE with singular and plural countable and noncountable nouns, A(AN) is .seet with slagar oountabk nouns 1.~anide 1. Back pointing - ex: Jack ~ a TV
Other uses of the dermite artide 1. physical position - the top" tII.e ~ 2. historical periods of evems - iIrte:R~, iM Fws.t W/W, lBIUl' ViIW tilite ~ 3. names ofbills - tIM ~ CaBIia 4. official titles - die May«, 1III.e F~ M1Ws:ter 5. law enforceH'lellbt~ - iIt!e aJ:iIililo/, iIle ~ee 6. institutions, orgam.i7:anioĐs - dI.e UN" tiIle UJWi.o.m. 7. politieal parties CoesefViaJtii.ves 8. with names of parts of the OOdY - tIte shoulder 9. names ofinstruments after the verb play - play the guitar 10. names ofnewspapers - the New York Times
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2. Indefinite Article 1. i.a meaning the numeral one - I waited an hour 2. i.a. meaning a specjmen in a c1ass - He ate an apple 3. i.a. meaning a specimen representing a c1ass - John is a student 4. after such, what - Such a beautiful face. What a nice hat! 5. after certain adverbs or adjectives - not a, many a, quite a, rather a 6. before noun quantifiers - a few, alittle 7. with proper names meaning - a certain - A Mr. Smith called you. 8. After so or too + adjective + noun - He is too sensible a man to say a thing like that. 3. No article
1. In general statements - Milk is good for you 2. with many place names 3. with names of holidays, BUT The 4. July 4. with names of magazines - Life, Vogue, 5. with most physical disorders - He has pneumonia and heart trouble, BUT He has a headache, or He has the flue **Generic versus specific use of the articles a) with concrete uncountable nouns Butter is not healthy. vs Pass the butter, please. b) with abstract nouns I love music and dancing. vs. -The dancing was poor, but she enjoyed the music. c) with plural nouns - Computers are very useful. vs. The computer in my room is a IBM. The tiger is abeautiful animal - whole c1ass - generic The tiger-lsaw yesterday was seen today. - specific A tigeris'abeautiful animal- any tiger - generic Tigers are .beautiful animals - all tigers - generic
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...... ? This is the question we need to answer.
While it's true to sav that ...• I really do think ...
We should
Even though
acknowledge
The question
we need to answer is ...
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believe/claim
that ... However. others maintain/think
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arguments
in favour of ...
in favour of
In myviewfopinion I firmly believe
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Even though
is ...
It can be argued that
However, ... take the opposite
view, and claim/maintain
that ...
Having said that •... And yet, ... Another
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I believe that ...
... I would still maintain
Despite ... I feel that
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that ...
On the other hand •... Some people
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However. on balance,
On the one hand •... One argument
In condusion
On balance, ... While it's true that ...• I firmly believe that ...
It seems dear that ... ·It is dear that ... argued that
that ...
bearing in mind that ...
To sum up, I would sav that ...
to state that ...
First, I'd like to present some/the
it's true that ...
Moreover •...
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It is also worth
It is sometimes
it doesn't
GIVING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
We should
Hrstly, it's important
believe
What is more. ,..
past few decades •... now reached a point where
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There's some truth in the view that .... Nevertheless,
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lt's hard to deny that ...
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from the start that ...
that ...
However. the truth of the matter is ... .
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tSSAY (FOR AND AGAINSn •
In the first paragraph, give the reader some idea about the current situation and saywhy the subject is important.
outline of thestructure help the readerfellow your
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Make sureyol1 give of your essay to argument.
lncludepoints in favour otthe topic in the second paragraph, even ifvou disagree with this. Show thatyou disagree with phrases like While.it is true to SGV ...• While the .
reasons{or ..•.are understood ...• 1 wilHfdH: with poiritsfqf ,.. to male thiscleart0fthe reader . .• . In the third paragraphvgive points aga'inst the topic- rernemberto acknowledge.the opposite.viewand state your opinlđn. . ., _e__
-In the final paragraph, restate both points of
, view before giving your own npiriion
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First of all, firially, the first point, last but not least, for one thing, for example, such as, in this way, in the case
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And, first (of all), at first, .le;
_~1ltT_Il.~l~J~~.~.n You can't come unless you have a ticket. You can borrowthebike on condition that you return it by five o'clock. In case of fire, dial 999. You can stay as long as you don't mind sleeping on the sofa. Providing /provided (that) you don't mind cats, you Can stay with us. Supposing!What ifhe doesn't tum up? . However you do itl no matter how you do it, it will cost alat of money. You'll get to the railway station, whichever bus you take. Whoever wins the election, nothing will really change. That box is so big that it will be in the way wherever you leave it. Certain conditions must be met before the Peace Talks begin. A good standard of English is a prereguisite for studyingat.a British University. What are the entry reguirements for doing a diploma at your college? I would not move to London under any circumstances. ~~~~~~~~ar~f:~&~_'
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Owing to the icy conditions, the two lorries collided . . Theco1lision was due to the icy.conditions. The collision was caused by ice on the road. The causeof-the collision was iceon the road. The President's statement gave rise to/provoked/generated a lot of criticism. The.new lawhaSbrought aboutlled to great changes in education. This problemst~rtis'from the inflation. The courtcase arciuseout of allegations made in a newspaper. .
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Her reason for not going with us was that she had no money. The reason she didn't go with us was that ... I wonder what his motiYes were in sending that letter? I wonder what prompted him to send that letter? -> n"'d''''''o 1~~Jo She wrote to the press with the aim of exposing the scandal. I've invited you here with a view toresolving our differences. He refused to answer on the grounds that his lawyer wasn't here. The purpose ofher visit was to inspect the equipment.
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He did not work. As a resu Itl as a conseguence/ conseguently, he failed his exams. The resultlconseguence of all these changes is that no/one is happy. His remarks resulted in everyone getting angry. The events had an outcome that no-one could have predicted.
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Although they were poor, they were independent. \0 I d 'tj0 He is a bit stupid. He's very kind, nevertheless. I acknowledge/accept that he has worked, but it is not enough. I admitI was wrong,JruListill think we were right to doubt her. I concede that you are right about the goal, but not the method. OK, you are sorry. That's all well and good, but how are you going to pay us back? You should/t seem so surprised. After all, I did wam you. It's all very well saying you love dogs, but who'll take it for walk ifwe do get one? He is boring and he is rather cold, but, for all that, he is your uncle. Admittedly, she put a lot of effort in, but it was all wasted.
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But, however, although, despite, in spite of, on the one hand, whereas,
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I expected Mr Widebody to be fat. The reverse was true. We're not almost there at all. Quite the opposite: We've got five miles to go yet. Everywhere in Europe they use metric meas ures. In contrast, Britain stil! uses non-metric. It's not actually raining now. On the other hand, it may rain later. (= THAT IS TRUE AND THIS IS TRUE) John quiet? On the contrary, he is the noisiest person. (=THAT IS NOT TRUE, BUT THIS IS TRUE) There is a huge discrepancy/divide/ gap/difference between his ideals and his actions.
Also, not only, but also ... SENTENCE 1 For this job you need a degree. Video cameras are becoming easier to use.
Linking phrase In addition, Furthermore Moreover, š1vuit<:.
It' Il take ages to get there and it'1I cost a lot. Children should respect their parents. We'll have all the stress of going to court and giving evidence.
What's more besides
SENTENCE2 You need some experience. They are becoming cheaper.
We'll have to change trains. They should respect their teachers. We'll have to pay the lawyer's bilis.
Further to my letter of ... , I am writing to, .. In addition to his BA in History, he has a Ph.D.in Sociology. He's on the school board, as well as beingthe bank manager. Besides lapart from having a salary, he aiso flas a private iucome. Alongside her many other hobbies, she restores old cars. Mary was there, along with a few other people who I didn't know ...
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