PLURAL US
I
alumnus alveolus bacillus bronchus calcaneus calculus carpus coccus embolus esophagus focus fungus humerus locus malleus malleolus microvillus nucleus oculus phalangus radius ramus stimulus streptococcus sulcus syllabus talus tarsus thrombus uterus vagus villus
US
corpus crus genus latus pectus viscus
UM
alumni alveoli bacilli bronchi calcanei calculi carpi cocci emboli esophagi foci fungi humeri loci mallei malleoli microvilli microvi lli nuclei oculi phalangi radii rami stimuli streptococci sulci syllabi tali tarsi thrombi uteri vagi villi
ORA/ERA
corpora crura genera latera pectora viscera
acetabulum atrium bacterium calcaneum calcaneum cecum cerebrum cilium cranium curriculum datum duodenum endocardium epithelium ilium ischium medium mediastinum myocardium omentum ovum pericardium pericardiu m periosteum residuum sacrum septum spectrum sporangium sputum sternum stratum
ON
criterion ganglion phenomenon protozoon spermatozoon spermatozoon mitochondrion
A
acetabula atria bacteria calcanea calcanea ceca cerebra cilia crania curricula data duodena endocardia epithelia ilia ischia media mediastina myocardia omenta ova pericardia periostea residua sacra septa spectra s pectra sporangia sputa sterna strata
A
criteria ganglia phenomena protozoa spermatozoa spermatozoa mitochondria
A
alga alumna alveola aorta axilla bursa cannula coxa fibula flora formula lacuna larva lingua macula maxilla medulla mucosa palpebra patella pleura plica scapula sequela tibia trachea ulna vena vena cava vertebra vesica
IS
arthritis dermatitis epidermis epiglottis iris
AE
algae alumnae alveolae aortae axillae bursae cannulae coxae fibulae florae formulae lacunae larvae linguae maculae maxillae medullae mucosae palpebrae patellae pleurae plicae plica e scapulae sequelae tibiae tracheae ulnae venae venae cavae vertebrae vesicae
IDES
arthritides dermatides epidermides epiglottides irides/irises
IS
analysis auris axis basis crisis diagnosis dialysis ecchymosis ellipsis epistaxis hypothesis metatarsis neurosis oasis paralysis paranthesis pelvis prognosis prognosi s prophylaxis prophylaxi s psychosis pubis symphysis s ymphysis synthesis testis thesis
ES
analyses aures axes bases crises diagnoses dialyses ecchymoses ellipses epistaxes hypotheses metatarses neuroses oases paralyses parantheses pelves prognoses prophylaxes psychoses pubes symphyses syntheses testes theses
EN
INA
foramen limen lumen stamen
foramina limina lumina stamina
IX/EX/AX appendix cervix cicatrix matrix radix varix apex cortex index pollex thorax
ICES appendices cervices cicatrices matrices radices varices apices cortices indices pollices thoraces
X coccyx larynx meninx phalanx pharynx salpinx syrinx
GES coccyges larynges meninges phalanges pharynges salpinges syringes
MA carcinoma emphysema melanoma oedema sarcoma schema stigma stoma trauma
consoana => ges: laryNx -> laryNges vocala => ces: thorAx -> thorAces
SG = PL apparatus ductus hiatus meatus series species stapes stapidies tractus
SG caput cor dens femur furfur genu incus margo os os pancreas pars pes pons pulmo ren stapes vas
PL capita corda dentes femora furfures genua incudes margines orra ossa pancreata parties pedes ponties pulmones renes stapedes vassa
MATA carcinomata emphysemata melanomata oedemata sarcomata schemata stigmata stomata traumata
SYNONYMS abnormality = anomaly absorb = take in abundant = plentiful additive = cumulative adequate = proper, appropriate adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary aim = goal, objective airways = air passages alike = similar, identical alopecia = baldness alveolus = air pockets (sacs) ambulation = walking analgesic = painkiller angina pectoris = chest pain appearance = occurrence appointment = call arteriosclerosis = hardening of the arteries articulation = joint assay = test, trial, attempt atrium = auricle bad breath = halitosis bedridden = immobilised to bed before = prior to, anterior to bending = flexion bind = to link, unite, merge, combine biotransformation = drug metabolism bleeding = blood loss, hemorrhage blood = vascular blood clot = thrombus blood group = blood type blood platelet = thrombocyte bloodstream = blood flow bony = osseous bore = hole boundary = limit, margin, extremity, edge breastfeed = lactate bruise = ecchymosis, hematoma bursitis = housemaid’s knee calcaneum = heel bone cancellous = spongy, porous cancerous = malignant candida = thrush cardiologist = heart specialist carpals = carpal bones = bones of the wrist carry out = perform cast = plaster catching = communicable, transmissible cavity = socket cerebral palsy = (to be) spastic
cerebral infarction/bleeding = stroke childbirth = parturition chiropodist = foot doctor, podiatrist (podolog) clavicle = collarbone clotting = obstruction cluster = bundle, group coccyx = tailbone, rump bone cold = coryza compulsory = mandatory, obligatory, required condition = problem, trouble contagious = infectious, transmissible, catchy, communicative, communicable container = recipient continuous = ongoing, permanent cough = tussis covered = coated covering = protecting coxal bone = hip bone cranium = skull crave = lust, to long for cure = heal cut = laceration, incision cutaneous = dermal defect = fault dermis = corium, derma, cutis detalied = minute, thorough diabetus millitus = diabet zaharat diaphoresis = extreme sweating disability = inability disease = affliction, ailment, illness, sickness, trouble, malady dizziness = vertigo, unsteadiness doctor = physician, medical practitioner dormant = inactive, inert, passive dormitory = dorm, hostel drops (eye) = instillation drowsy = sleepy duct = tube dyspnea = shortness of breath, air hunger dyspepsia = indigestion, upset stomach eager = willing effort = exertion egg = ovum emesis = vomiting endocrine glands = ductless glands = glands of internal secretion endurance = resistance, stamina endure = resist, withstand enema = clyster
enlarge = dilate, expand, widen epidemic = outbreak episode = attack, seizure, paroxysm epistaxis = nosebleed eruption = rush eructation = belching, burping erythrocyte = red blood cell (o)esophagus = gullet essay = written report etiology = cause, origin exhibit = show exocrine glands = duct glands expectoration = sputum extension = stretching fainting =syncope, loss of consciousness fallopian tube = salpinx fatal = deadly, lethal fatigue = tiredness febrile = fevirish, pyretic feed = nourish fellow = subspecialist fellowship = subspecialty training femur = thigh bone fever = pyrexia fibula = splinter bone, calf bone fit = healthy fixed = immobile flatulence = wind foramen = opening frequency = rate, speed freshman = fresher frontal = anterior/ventral fungus = mold gall = bile gallbladder = cholecyst general = systemic germ = microbe, pathogen gigantism = giantism, macrosomia glossa = tongue groove = sulcus gum = gingiva happen = occur, to take place hay fever = allergic rhinitis heart attack = myocardial infarction heartburn = pyrosis hemorrhage = massive/severe bleeding hemorrhoids = piles herpes simplex = cold sore herpes zoster = shingles hiatus = perforation histology = microscopic anatomy homogenous = compact
hospital chart = observation chart humerus = upper arm bone inactivate = neutralize incus = anvil infectious mononucleosis = glandular fever, kissing disease influenza = the flu ingest = swallow inherited = genetic, hereditary injury = wound innate = natural inpatient = hospitalised patient integument = skin intern = physician in training internship = hands-on medical training intestine = bowel, gut itching = pruritus larynx = voice box lateral = outside layer = stratum lethargy = fatigue, exhaustion, tiredness leukocyte = white blood cell likelihood = probability likely to = prone to, susceptible to lining = padding lung = pulmon malleus = hammer/mallet mandible = lower jaw matrix = uterus, womb maxilla = jawbone, upper jaw medial = inside medicine = medication, drug mental hospital = psychiatric hospital minute = tiny, small moist = humid, damp mouth = oral cavity, stoma mumps = infectious parotitis, epidemic parotitis narrowing = stenosis nas(o) = rhin(o) nephro = reno nerve cell = neurone neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary neurosurgery = brain surgery nose = nasal passages nosocomial infection = hospital acquired infection NSAID = AINS nutritive = nourishing oedema = swelling onset = start, beginning ophthalmologist = eye doctor origin = source orthopedist = orthopedic surgeon
ossicles = bones of the ear osteo = ossi – forma combinatorie ptr oase osteoblast = bone forming cell otolaryngologist = ENT specialist outcome = result outpatient = ambulatory patient overall = total, general pace = rhythm pain = ache paralysis = palsy paramedic = emergency medical technician paramedical personnel = allied personnel patella = knee cap peak = top, tip, apex, summit pep pill = stimulant personnel = staff pertussis = whooping cough phalanx = bone of the finger/toe pharynx = throat phlegm = thick mucus, sputum phylaxis = protection against infection pineal = epiphysis pit = fossa/hole pituitary = hypophysis platelets = thrombocytes poisonous = toxic poliomyelitis = polio posterior (view) = rear prescription = medication order private practice = medical office prophylaxis = prevention radius = forearm bone readily = easily recovery = recuperation recovery period = convalescence relapse = recurrence relieve = allay, alleviate, assuage, calm, comfort, dull, ease, mitigate, palliate, soothe ren = kidney residency = speciality training resident = specialist in training resist = withstand rhinorrhea = runny nose rigidity = stiffness root = radix root of the neck = apertura toracica superioara rubella = German measles rubeola = measles, morbilli saliva = spit scapula = shoulder blade schedule = timetable sclerosis= hardening
sebaceous = oil glands secrete = release, emit, produce serious = severe shaft = diaphysis sideways = lateral sight = vision site = place, location sore = ulcer, wound spectrum = array, range spermatozoon = male sex cell stapes = stirrup state (hospital) = public, government sternum = breastbone, chestbone strabismus = squint strenuous = exhausting, demanding striations = stripes stuffy nose = blocked nose sudoriferous = sweat glands supervise = monitor, oversee supply = deliver, provide, give swallowing = deglutition system = structure, organisation tarsals = tarsal bones term = semestre tendonitis = tennis elbow testicles = testes tetany = intermitent cramp thin = slim, slender tibia = shinbone, shankbone tongue = glossa, lingua to abstain = to restrain to amputate = to cut, to sever to ascertain = to determine to bandage = to dress a wound to break down = to decompose to breathe in = to inhale, inspire to breathe out = to exhale, expel to bring about = to cause, to determine (to happen), to stir to care for patients = to attent to patients to catch = to pick-up (a disease) to chew = to masticate to compensate for = to make-up for to constrict = to narrow to cut down = to reduce to dispose of = to discard, to get rid of, to dispense with, to eliminate to err = to make a mistake to fall into = to fall under to give off = to emit to inflame = to swell to line = to pad
to be medically insured = to be covered by medical insurance, to have a medical insurance to mould = to shape to sweat = to perspire to test/feel/check/measure the pulse to weaken = to debilitate trachea = windpipe turning = rotation ulna = cubitus, elbow bone undue = unnecessary
urticaria = hives, heat spots, nettle rash varicella = chickenpox variola = smallpox verruca = warts vertebral column = spinal column, back bone, spine waste = residue, debris, residuum weakness = frailty, fragility while = whilst worker = employee
Opposites dis – like, satisfaction, infect anti – pyretic, biotic, tussive, inflammatory (mal) dys – trophy, lexia, function a bductor ≠ adductor ability ≠ disability, inability able ≠ unable abundant ≠ scarce activation ≠ inactivation active ≠ passive acute ≠ chronic adequate ≠ inadequate adverse ≠ benefic anterior ≠ posterior a ppropriate ≠ inappropriate balance ≠ imbalance, unbalance benign ≠ malignant body ≠ antibody breathe-in ≠ breathe-out coagulant ≠ anticoagulant comfortable ≠ uncomfortable compatible ≠ incompatible compose ≠ decompose congestant ≠ decongestant connected ≠ disconnected, unconnected conscious ≠ unconscious contagious ≠ noncontagious continuous ≠ discontinuous contraction ≠ relaxation coordinated ≠ uncoordinated diagnose ≠ misdiagnose directly ≠ indirectly diuretic ≠ antidiuretic donor ≠ recipient dorsal ≠ ventral dry ≠ moist edible ≠ inedible
effective ≠ ineffective efficient ≠ inefficient endocrine ≠ exocrine extracellular ≠ intracellular f ebrile ≠ antifebrile flabby ≠ muscle tone formation ≠ malformation fr ont ≠ rear function ≠ dysfunction harmful ≠ harmless healthy ≠ unhealthy, sick, ill heterogeneous ≠ homogeneous humidified ≠ dehumidified hydration ≠ dehydration hypo ≠ hyper hypoventilation = hyperventilation ill ≠ healthy, fit indication ≠ contraindication infectious ≠ noninfectious inf lammatory ≠ noninflammatory, antiinflammatory inhale ≠ exhale inspiration ≠ expiration internal ≠ external intra ≠ extra intravenous ≠ extravenous mature ≠ immature mild ≠ severe movable ≠ immovable mycotic ≠ antimycotic normal ≠ abnormal organic ≠ inorganic organization ≠ disorganization
organized ≠ disorganized outer ≠ inner outer-most ≠ inner -most overexposure ≠ underexposure oxygenate ≠ deoxygenated painful ≠ painless, pain-free palatable (gustos) ≠ unpalatable permeable ≠ impermeable plentiful ≠ scarce proper ≠ improper pyretic ≠ antipyretic r eactive ≠ non-reactive regular ≠ irregular responsible ≠ irresponsible rhythmic ≠ arrhythmic rigid ≠ soft sensitive≠ non-sensitive, insensitive sepsis ≠ asepsis septic ≠ antiseptic, aseptic skill-full ≠ skill-less smooth ≠ rough soluble ≠ insoluble specific ≠ nonspecific stable ≠ unstable
sterile ≠ contaminated, unsterile structure ≠ structureless structured ≠ unstructured superficial ≠ deep, profound systole ≠ diastole to constrict ≠ to enlarge, dilate to continue ≠ to discontinue, to interrupt, to stop, to cease to cure a disease ≠ to heal an injury to increase ≠ to decrease, to reduce to infect ≠ to disinfect to inhibit ≠ to slow, to stop to pass ≠ to fail to provide ≠ to get rid of to supply ≠ to receive understand ≠ misunderstand used blood ≠ cleansed blood utopia ≠ dystopia vascular ≠ avascular visible ≠ invisible vital ≠ non-vital voluntary ≠ involuntary wide spread ≠ localised
10 toes = degete picioare 2 thumbs = deget mare mana 8 fingers = degete maini cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae – neck, trunk, lower back Enteral - per os: ora, ossa - suppository Parenteral: IV, IM, SC, IA Topical – ointment = unguent - liniment = alifie - drops = picaturi
triangle => triangular rectangle => rectangular square => square circle => circular sphere => spherical cone => conical pyramid => pyramidal tube => tubular dome => dome-shaped pear => pear-shaped bean => bean-shaped
nose = pyramidal gallbladder = pear-shaped liver = triangular heart = conical kidney = bean-shaped eye => spherical esophagus => tubular
verb => noun
to cure => cure to prescribe => prescription to refer => referral to contaminate => contamination to administer => administration to diagnose => diagnosis to experience => experiment to withdraw => withdrawal to examine => examination
The cure for HIV is complex. I need something to cure my addiction. I just got the medical prescription. After you finish med school you can prescribe medication. Please refer to me by my first name. The doctor game me a referral. You must be careful not to contaminate others. The contamination extended beyond the city border. Did you administered the shot? The administration of the drugs was done 2h ago. We must rule out a possible diagnosis. It’s hard to diagnose some infections from other.
to lay – laid – laid (a organiza) to lie – lay – lain (a sta culcat) to lie – lied – lied (a minti) inpatient = pacient internat outpatient = ambulatoriu mild – moderate – severe epidermis – dermis – subcutis gross = per total sternutation = the act of sneezing
a “surgeon” - operates on a patient - performs/does surgery surgery room = operation room (OR) “surgery” can reffer to: - the operation room - the operation itself / the procedure - the specialty bedside manners = the way a doctor interacts and communicates with patients dead on arrival = DoA a fracture can be -> open or compound bedsore = hospital gangrene = pressure sore/ulcer/gangrene = decubital gangrene = decubitus ulcer = nosocomial gangrene anesthetist ≠ anesthesiologist anesthetist = the person who administers the anesthetic anesthesiologist = specialist who prescribes the anesthetic, doses general surgery = focuses on abdominal organs, and on the thyroid head and neck surgeon = ORL cardio-thoracic surgery = the organs of the ch est colo-rectal surgety = proctology pediatric surgery = subspeciality of surgery, involving surgery of infants, children, teenagers plastic surgery = restauration of form and function plastic surgery can be: esthetic/cosmetic and reconstructive, microsurgery, for burns
to suture = a coase chirurgical the suture = sutura suture = material used for suture (surgical thread)
ailment = durere usoara complaint = durere locala disease = pe termen lung disorder = tulburare sickness = stare bolnavicioasa attending doctor/physician = medic curant senior specialist = medic primar bedridden patient = imobilizat la pat endowments = inzestrare, dotare hemodialysis unit = unitate de dializat hospital stay = perioada de internare hospital training = stagiu de pregatire in spital hospital wastes = deseuri de spital eye sore = ulcior leprosy = lepra lozenges = drajeuri medicale nettle = urzica orderly = brancardier pep = vlaga pilgrim = pelerin plaster = ghips private/individual room = rezerva rubella = pojarel rubeola = pojar thrush = afta strecher = targa trolley = pat mobil
teaching hospital = spital clinic university hospital = spital universitar to admit a patient = a interna un pacient to discharge a patient from a hospital = a externa un pacient to dispense = eliberare medicamente fara retete bedsore = escara knot = nod surgical approach = abord chirurgical surgical appliance = dispozitiv chirurgical curette = chiureta curettage = chiuretaj drain = tub de dren flap = lambou surgical bone impression = amprenta osoasa chirurgicala surgical suite = bloc operator surgical wound infection = infectia plagii chirurgicale chief surgeon = surgeon-in-chief = chirurg principal assistant surgeon = chirurg asistent “mana a 2-a” throbbing pain = durere pulsatila istorical record = fisa medicala ward = salon unit = sectie individual/private room = rezerva salary = once a month wage = two times a month
Combining forms
-centesis = surgical puncture -clasia = crushing, breaking up -desis = fusion of two parts, stabilization -ectomy = surgical removal -odynia = pain -oma = tumor -opsy = looking at -oscopy = viewing of -ostomy = surgical creating a hole -otomy = incision -pexy = fixing, lifting, securing -plasty = modifying, reshaping -rrhaphy = strenghtening with suture -rrhexis = breaking, rupturing, splitting -tomy = cutting, incision
blood – hemo-, hemato bone – osteo bronchia – bronch(o)cancer – oncofluid – hydroheart – cardiolung – pneumo- , pulmomuscle – myonervous system – neuro pus – pyotissue – histo-
Education Levels of education - Pre-school -
- kindergarden - nursery school Elementary school: 1-8 Primary school: 1-4 Gymnasium: 5-8 Secondary school = Highschool Junior: 9-10 Senior: 11-12 Higher education = invatamant superior
-
-
th
Formal education = until 10 class Profil: real = sciences; uman = humanities academic year = an universitar to enroll = a se inscrie enrollment = inscriere to attend (lectures/seminars) = a frecventa attendance list = lista de prezenta to make the roll call = a face prezenta to expel = a exmatricula to drop out = a abandona/ renunta to take a year off = a lua pauza 1 an to miss a class, to skip a class headmaster/headmistress teacher’s staff’s room = cancelaria baccalaureate diploma to be on a leave = a fi in concediu to be on a sick leave = a fi in concediu medical timetable/schedule = orar mark/grade = nota school report = situatia scolara to assess = a asculta assessment = evaluare average = medie GPA = grade point average = nota de trecere overall GPA = media anilor de scoala to take/sit for a test to flunk = a pica to pass = a trece to pass with flying colors resit = restanta to cheat subject = materie (history, geography, math) to be good at/ bad at to be proficient in a language proficient = expert, competent the 3 R’s: Reading Writing, Arithmetics illiterate = analfabet illiteracy = analfabetism
assignment = tema spelling = ortografie midwife = moasa freshman = student in anul I sophomore = student in anul II bachelor’s degree = diploma de licenta master’s degree = diploma de master bachelor’s/master’s degree of arts/sciences undergraduate education = licenta graduate education = masterat (educatie universitara) postgraduate education = educatie postuniversitara PhD = doctor’s degree MD = ptr cei ce au terminat facultatea de medicina grade record = foaie matricola academic year/ grade record curriculum = plan de invatamant – curricula syllabus = programa certificate = adeverinta private/ state university vocational school = scoala profesionala substitute teacher = profesor suplimentar academic rank: - asistent universitar = assistant lecturer - sef de lucrari/lector = lecturer - conferentiar = associate professor - profesor universitar = full professor teaching load = norma didactica care subjects = materii de baza/fundamentale required subjects = materii obligatorii elective subjects = materii optionale university = universitate faculty = facultate department = departament chair = catedra rector – vice-rector
dean – vice-dean head of department head of chair registrar = secretar de facultate chief registrar = secretar sef personal assistant = secretar particular evening courses = cursuri de seara distance education registration fee = taxa de inscriere tuition fee = taxa de scolarizare lecture hall = sala de cursuri term = semestru lab = laborator
dormitory = dorms = camin exam session = sesiune de examene entrance examination = examen de admitere examiner = examinator oral exam; practical exam = colocviu make-up exam = examen de diferenta score = punctaj revision = recapitulare revise for a exam to defend your doctor’s dissertation the public defense of a PhD thesis thesis = teza, dizertatie
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