El sistema nacional de cuidados: una apuesta al bienestar, la igualdad y el desarrollo

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Mb skstm`f dfhkldfb cm c m hukcfcls? udf fpumstf fb gkmdmstfr, bf kjufbcfc y mb cmsfrrlbbl Fb`f Mspkdl, Xlbmcfc Xfbvfclr O]BKL CM 7968

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Bfs tfrmfs tf rmfs cm rmprlcuhhkød gklbøjkhf gklbøjkhf y slhkfb qum sumbmd hldskcmrfrsm pfrtm cm bf dfturfbmzf cm bfs ùomrms qumcfd fb `frjmd cm «bl mhldø`khl±. Mbbl dls hldcuhm f ckshutkr y f efhmr ef hmr prlpumstfs md tlrdl f bf rmbfhkød mdtrm bfs nlr`fs md qum sm rmfbkzf bf rmprlcuhhkød rmprlcuhhkød slhkfb y mb skstm`f mhldø`kh mhldø`khl. l.

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Bfs prlpumstfs cm cmsfrrlbbl cmsf rrlbbl slstmdkgbm hld hld mqukcfc slhkfb y cm c m jëdmrl tkmdmd qum pmdsfrsm f pfrtkr cm c m udf `krfcf cm c m bf mhldl`àf mhldl`àf qum kdhlrplrm bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf v kcf eu`fdf hl`l lgomtkvl lgomtkvl prkdhkpfb, fcvkrtkmdcl cm quë `lcl bfs plbàtkhfs mhldø`khfs pumcmd vlbvmrsm md su hldtrf.

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Bf `fylr hfrjf cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl qum mdnrmdtfd bfs bf s ùomrms mstæ md bf gfsm cm bfs cmskjufbcfcms slhkfbms y cm jëdmrl. Mbbl tkmdm ud fbtl hlstl cm c m lplrtudkcfc lplrtudkcf c pfrf bfs ùomrms y, y, plr bl tfdtl, sm hldvkmrtm md ud nfhtlr cm mxhbuskød slhkfb.

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Bf hldstruhhkød cm ud skstm`f cm hukcfcls hld pmrspmhtkvf cm jëdmrl ms nudcf`mdtfb pfrf trfdsnlr`fr bf gfsm cm bfs cmskjufbcfcms slhkfbms y cm jëdmrl, y plr hldskjukmdtm, pfrf qum mb hrmhk`kmdtl sm hldvkmrtf md cmsfrrlbbl.

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Bf rmckstrkguhkød cm bfs tfrmfs cm hukcfcl, plr su pfrtm, pmr`ktkràf hldtrfrrmstfr bfs hldckhkldms qum hldspkrfd hldtrf mb fprmdckzfom, bf mspmhkfbkzfhkød y bf prlcuhtkvkcfc cm el`grms y ùomrms, cfcl qum mb cmsfrrlbbl y bf kdsmrhkød kdtmrdfhkldfb cmpmdcmd cm fhuùbfr fprmdckzfoms, mbmvfr hfbknhfhkldms y cmsfrrlbbfr kddlvfhkldms.

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Yrmsmdtfhkød ........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ......................... ......................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ...................... ..........8

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Kdtrlcuhhkød ............ ........................ ........................ .......................... .......................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ..................... .........=

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6. Cmsfrrlbbl, gkmdmstfr m kjufbcfc cm jëdmrl ............. ......................... ........................ .......................... ...................... ........ = 6.6. Cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl y gkmdmstfr ............. ......................... ......................... ........................... ........................... ......................... .................... ........ >

......................... ......................... ........................... ........................... ......................... ............... ... : 6.7. Xlstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf ............. ......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................ .... 5 6.8. Kjufbcfc cm jëdmrl ............

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7. Hukcfcls, slstmdkgkbkcfc, jëdmrl ............. ......................... ........................ ......................... ......................... ........................ ............... ... ;

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8. ¼Vuë dls ckhm bf kdnlr`fhkød md ]rujufy< ............. ......................... ........................ .......................... .................... ...... 68

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3. Efhkf ud skstm`f cm hukcfcls qum prlùmvf mb cmsfrrlbbl y bf mqukcfc ..... 65 Wmnmrmdhkfs gkgbkljræhfs.............. .......................... ......................... ........................... ........................... .......................... ......................... .................... ........ 79

Yrmsmdtfhkød

Mb prmsmdtm clhu`mdtl tkmdm su lrkjmd md ud trfgfol cm bfs futlrfs (`km`grls cmb Ærmf Cmsfrrlbbl y Jëdmrl cmb Hmdtrl Kdtmrckshkpbkdfrkl cm Mstuckls slgrm Cmsfrrlbbl/]rujufy HKMC]W ) slgrm fspmhtls vkdhubfcls f bf ‒mhldl`àf cmb hukcfcl‐, f pfrtkr cm prlymhtls cm kdvmstkjfhkød hl`l ‒Hl`mrhkl, jëdmrl y mqukcfc md F`ërkhf Bftkdf? jmdmrfdcl hldlhk`kmdtl pfrf bf fhhkød plbàtkhf‐ (dfdhkfcl plr bf

hllpmrfhkød hfdfckmdsm) y cmsfrrlbbfcl md smks smk s pfàsms cm c m bf rmjkød md mb pmràlcl 799>-799;. Fqumb trfgfol gushfgf rmbmvfr bls plskgbms k`pfhtls cmb hl`mrhkl kdtmrdfhkldfb md bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jëdmrl y mb `frhl cm fdæbksks cmb mstuckl hldskcmrfgf hldskc mrfgf mb mdnlqum cm bf ‒mhldl`àf ‒mhldl`àf cmb hukcfcl‐ hukcf cl‐ pfrf hldtrkgukr f cfr vkskgkbkcfc fb mspfhkl cldcm bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jëdmrl sm hldstruymd y sm rmprlcuhmd, sustmdtfcf md bf ckvkskød smxufb cmb trfgfol. Mb cmsfrrlbbl cm msf bàdmf cm kdvmstkjfhkød k dvmstkjfhkød prlcuhm k`plrtfdtms k`plrtfdtms dumvls hldlhk`kmdtls slgrm mb vàdhubl mdtrm mb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl –qum sm rmfbkzf nudcf`mdtfb`mdtm n udcf`mdtfb`mdtm md bls eljfrms y ms mb hl`pldmdtm hl`pldmdtm hmdtrfb cm bf ‒mhldl`àf cmb hukcfcl‐– y mb rmstl cmb skstm`f mhldø`khl. Bf vfblrkzfhkød mhldø`khf cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl sm hldstruyø ud kdckhfclr fbtmrdftkvl cmb gkmdmstfr mhldø`khl, cmdl`kdfcl ‒bf mhldl`àf cm bls eljfrms‐ qum frrlof dumvf buz md mb cmgftm slgrm mb Xkstm`f Dfhkldfb cm Hukcfcls. Bf pugbkhfhkød cm mstm clhu`mdtl ms udf hldtrkguhkød f bf nudcf`mdtfhkød y cmgftm slgrm bf dmhmskcfc y hfrfhtmràstkhfs cm ud skstm`f cm msm tkpl pfrf `molrfr mb nudhkldf`kmdtl cmb skstm`f mhldø`khl, y dl søbl pfrf cfr rmspumstf f udf cm`fdcf c m`fdcf qum sm jmdmrf cmscm bf sktufhkød sktuf hkød cm`ljræhf l slhkfb cm bls pfàsms.

Nudcfhkød Nrkmcrkhe Mgmrt md ]rujufy

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MB XKXSM@F DFHKLDFB CM H]KCFCLX? ]DF FY]MXSF FB GKMDMXSFW, BF KJ]FBCFC [ MB CMXFWWLBBL

Kdtrlcuhhkød

| Fb`f Mspkdl, Xlbmcfc Xfbvfclr

fplrtfr mbm`mdtls slgrm bf prlgbm`ætkhf cm bls hukcfcls f pfrtkr cm ud rmhlrtm fdfbàtkhl qum sm hmdtrf md bl mhldø`khl y, md mspmhkfb, md mb cmsfrrlbbl mhldø`khl y slhkfb. Mb pfàs ef rmhlrrkcl ud pmràlcl cm kdtmdsl hrmhk`kmdtl. Xkd m`gfrjl, mstm hrmhk`kmdtl plr sà `ks`l dl rmsumbvm bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jëdmrl. Mbbl dls hldcuhm f ckshutkr y f efhmr prlpumstfs md tlrdl f bf rmbfhkød mdtrm bfs nlr`fs md qum sm rmfbkzf rmfbkz f bf rmprlcuhhkød slhkfb y mb skstm`f mhldø`khl. Mdtmdcm`ls qum bf hldstruhhkød cm ud skstm`f cm hukcfcls hld pmrspmhtkvf cm jëdmrl pumcm kdhkckr md bf gfsm cm bfs cmskjufbcfcms cmskjufbcfc ms slhkfbms y cm jëdmrl y, plr bl tfdtl, pumcm smr ud mbm`mdtl nudcf`mdtfb pfrf pfsfr cmb hrmhk`kmdtl fb

Md bls ÿbtk`ls tkm`pls sm ef fvfdzfcl cmscm ckvmrsfs pmrspmhtkvfs ckshkpbkdfrkfs md mb fdæbksks cm bf prlgbm`ætkhf cm bls «hukcfcls±. Md bf fpfrkhkød y trftf`kmdtl hfcf vmz `æs nrmhumdtm cm mstf dumvf tm`ætkhf fdfbàtkhf y cm bfs prmlhupfhkldms cm àdclbm plbàtkhf fslhkfcfs f mbbf efd kdukcl ckvmrsls nfhtlrms? bls hf`gkls md mb hldtmxtl y bls prlhmsls cm hf`gkl slhkfb, bfs trfymhtlrkfs plbàtkhfs y mhldø`khfs y su k`pfhtl md bfs kdstktuhkldms cmb `mrhfcl cm trfgfol y cm bf prltmhhkød slhkfb, fsà hl`l bfs `lckhfhkldms slhklcm`ljræhfs, kdhbukcls –mdtrm ltrls–

hf`gkls md bfs mstruhturfs nf`kbkfrms prmcl`kdfdtms y mb tf`föl cm bls eljfrms, bf mvlbuhkød cm bf nmhudckcfc, bf mstruhturf cm mcfcms y bfs præhtkhfs `ftrk`ldkfbms. Md pfrtkhubfr, bfs mhldl`kstfs nm`kdkstfs vkmdmd trfgfofdcl slgrm cknmrmdtms fspmhtls rmbfhkldfcls hld bl qum sm ef cmdl`kdfcl bf mhldl`àf cmb hukcfcl. Mbbl rmqukrkø bf hldstruhhkød cm `frhls fdfbàtkhls qum pmr`ktkmrfd hl`prmdcmr msf «ltrf mhldl`àf± –mstl ms, md bf qum bf prlcuhhkød ckrmhtf y mb `fdtmdk`kmdtl cm bls smrms eu`fdls tkmdmd bujfr–, fsà hl`l cm `mtlclbljàfs pfrf su `mckhkød y vfblrfhkød. Bfs plbàtkhfs slhkfbms y bf kdvmstkjfhkød rmbfhkldfcf hld mbbfs, plr su pfrtm, efd kdhlrplrfcl mstfs humstkldms fb fdæbksks cm bls rmjà`mdms cm gkmdmstfr.

cmsfrrlbbl. Md msm smdtkcl, pumcm fr`frsm qum

tfb hldstruhhkød smràf ud bljrl rmvlbuhkldfrkl. 6. Cmsfrrlbbl, gkmdmstfr m kjufbcfc cm jëdmrl

Mb `frhl hldhmptufb pfrf udf mvfbufhkød cm bf slstmdkgkbkcfc gfsfcf md mb àdckhm cm cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl –kdstru`mdtl cm `mckhkød cm bf mvlbuhkød cmb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl

y cm hl`pfrfhkød mdtrm pfàsms– rmmof mb hldhmptl cm mqukcfc kdtmrjmdmrfhkldfb hl`l mbm`mdtl cmb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl gf-

Md ]rujufy mxkstmd ud hldoudtl cm rfzldms pfrf lhupfrsm cm bf prlgbm`ætkhf cm bls huk-

sfcl md ud prkdhkpkl cm oustkhkf jbl gfb y mdrfkzfcf md bf prm`ksf cm qum bfs lphkldms

cfcls –qum, pmsm f sus mspmhkhkcfcms, tkmdm

qum tl`f`ls ely dl cmgmràfd bk`ktfr bfs

sk`kbktucms hld bl qum lhurrm md mb rmstl cmb ùdcl– y, plr mdcm, mbfglrfr bfs plbàtkhfs pÿgbkhfs fcmhufcfs. Mstfs rfzldms dl efd skcl vksufbkzfcfss slbf`mdtm plr bfs lrjfdkzfhkldms sufbkzfcf lrjfdkzfhkldms cm ùomrms y nm`kdkstfs l bfs cm bfs pmrsldfs qum sunrmd fbjÿd tkpl cm cmpmdcmdhkf qum bfs efhm ùy vubdmrfgbms f bf `ftrkz cm frrmjbls slhkfbms –qum pumcmd cfr l dl slbuhkød f sus prlgbm`fs–. Yrmhksf`mdtm, mb pfrtkcl cm jlgkmrdl sm prlpusl mdnrmdtfr mstf humstkød `mckfdtm bf k`pbm`mdtfhkød cm bl qum sm bbf`ø Xkstm`f Dfhkldfb Kdtmjrfcl cm Hukcfcls. Slcls mstls nfhtlrms y bf dmhmskcfc cm fvfdzfr md hldhrmhklhldhrmhkldms cm plbàtkhf md mb nuturl kd`mckftl `ltkvfd bf mbfglrfhkød cm mstm clhu`mdtl qum prlhurf

lphkldms ckspldkgbms pfrf bfs pmrsldfs md mb nuturl.

]dl cm bls rmbftkvf`mdtm rmhkmdtms – ekstørkhfekstørkhf`mdtm efgbfdcl – y y jmdmrfbkzfcls fcomtkvls cmb tër`kdl cmsfrrlbbl mhldø`khl ms slstmdkgbm . Hld mstm tër`kdl sm efhm ekdhfpkë md qum bf sftksnfhhkød cm bfs dmhmskcfcms fhtufbms cm bfs pmrsldfs dl cmgm hl`prl`mtmr bf hfpfhkcfc cm bfs nuturfs jmdmrfhkldms pfrf sftksnfhmr bfs suyfs. Bf slstmdkgkbkcfc pbfdtmf pbfdtmf mxkjmdhkfs bkjfcfs f bf jmstkød rfhkldfb cm bls rmhursls ckspldkgbms md mb ùdcl. =

MB XKXSM@F DFHKLDFB CM H]KCFCLX?

Fb`f Mspkdl, Xlbmcfc Xfbvfclr | ]DF FY]MXSF FB GKMDMXSFW, BF KJ]FBCFC [ MB CMXFWWLBBL

Ylr bl bl rmjubfr, rmjubf r, y cfcl su lrkjmd, hld mb tër`kdl slstmdkgkbkcfc sm sm pldm mspmhkfb ëdnfsks md bls rmhursls y plskgkbkcfcms cm bf dfturfbmzf, dfturfbmzf , mstl ms – cm cm `lcl jmdmrfb – – , md bf hfdtkcfc y hfbkcfc cm bls rmhursls dfturfbms. Mbbl sm mxpbkhf plrqum hfcf càf sm efhm `æs mvkcmdtm bf dmhmskcfc cm mdhldtrfr nlr`fs cm vkvkr md fr`ldàf hld mb skstm`f dfturfb fdtm prlgbm`fs tfbms hl`l bf supmrplgbfhkød y bfs cmskjufbcfcms, mb kdhrm`mdtl cmb mnmhtl kdvmrdfcmrl, bf cmstruhhkød cm bf hfpf cm lzldl, bf prmsmrvfhkød cm bf gklckvmrskcfc, bf mrlskød, bf cmsmrtkzfhkød y bf cmstruhhkød cm bf smbvf.

6.6. Cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl y gkmdmstfr

Bf kcmf cmb cmsfrrlbbl ef mstfcl fslhkfcf md nlr`f prmcl`kdfdtm fb hrmhk`kmd-

tl mhldø`khl rmmofcl md bf mvlbuhkød cmb prlcuhtl kdtmrdl grutl. Mb `lcmbl cm cmsfrrlbbl qum ef smrvkcl cm gfsm f bfs plbàtkhfs mhldø`khfs sm ef hmdtrfcl md mb k`pubsl f bf fhuùbfhkød cm hfpktfb y bf kdcustrkfbkzfhkød hl`l `mckls pfrf lgtmdmr mb gkmdmstfr. Xm ef pfrtkcl cmb supums tl cm qum mb hrmhk`kmdtl y bf `lcmrdkzf-

Mstf slstmdkgkbkcfc k`pbkhf dmhmsfrkf`mdtm fsmjurfr bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf. Mbbl bbmvf f hldskcmrfr, ckshutkr y rmhldstrukr bf nlr`f cm nudhkldf`kmdtl cm mspfhkls l cm cknmrmdtms «msbfgldms bøjkhf m ekstørkhf`mdtm lrcmdfcls? bls skstm`fs dfturfbms, mb mspfhkl cl`ëstkhl cmb hukcfcl, bfs hlùdkcfcms, mb Mstfcl y bls `mrhfcls± (Hfrrfshl y Smbbl, 7967). [ sm usf bf pfbfgrf rmhldstrukr plrqum plrqum bf bøjkhf cmb `mrhfcl cmgkbktf mb nudhkldf`kmdtl fr`ødkhl cm mstls msbfgldms, kdhbusl mstkùbfdcl ud nudhkldf`kmdtl hldtrfckhtlrkl. Xm lbvkcfd l dl sm tl`fd md humdtf bfs gfsms cm bf slstmdkgkbkcfc md nudhkød cm bf bøjkhf cm nudhkldf`kmdtl cm bls `mrhfcls, tl`fdcl md humdtf ÿdkhf`mdtm bf prlcuhhkød y mb hldsu`l md bls cls ÿbtk`ls msbfgldms. Bf bbf`fcf «mhldl`àf ‒rmfb‐ cm `mrhfcl nudhkldf nu dhkldf lbvkcfdcl bf ltrf mhldl`àf ‒rmfbrmfb‐ cmb hukcfcl cl`ëstkhl y bf dfturfbmzf qum bf slstkmdm± (Hfrrfshl y Smbbl, 7967? 3;), pmrl mb `mrhfcl cm trfgfol lpmrf md bf kdtmrsmhhkød mdtrm bf mhldl`àf `mrhfdtkb (prlcuhtkvf cmscm mb pudtl cm vkstf cm bf mhldl`àf hldvmdhkldfb) y bf dl rmùdmrfcf (rmprlcuhtkvf). (rmprlcuhtkvf). Xm trftf cm bf kdtmrsmhhkød mdtrm bfs nlr`fs md qum bfs pmrsldfs sm jfdfd bf vkcf y hukcfd cm sà `ks`fs y cm bls cm`æs (Mbsld, ( Mbsld, 6;;;).

hkød hldcuhkràfd f `molrms hldckhkldms cm trfgfol, `fylrms sfbfrkls, mcuhfhkød y gkmdmstfr (Ougmtl Wukz, 7967).

Mb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl6 –smjÿd mb kdnlr`m cmb Yrljrf`f cm bfs Dfhkldms ]dkcfs pfrf mb Cmsfrrlbbl YD]C, 7969)– sm cmdm hl`l mb prlhmsl cm mx( YD]C pfdskød cm bfs bkgmrtfcms cm bls kdckvkculs pfrf bbmvfr udf vkcf vkc f prlbldjfcf, prlbldjfcf, sfbucfgbm s fbucfgbm y hrmftkvf, hldsmjukr bfs `mtfs qum hldskcmrfd vfbklsfs y pfrtkhkpfr fhtkvf`mdtm md mb bljrl cm ud `lcmbl `lc mbl cm cmsfrrlbbl mquktftkvl y slstmdkgbm md ud pbfdmtf hl`pfrtkcl. Bfs pmrsldfs sld f bf vmz gmdmhkfrkfs y fjmdtms f jmdtms cmb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl, tfdtl

kdckvkcufb hl`l hlbmhtkvf`mdtm. hlbmhtkvf`mdtm. Md msm `frhl, bls trms hl`pldmdtms cmb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl sld mb gkmdmstfr , mb m`plcmrf`kmdtl y bf fjmdhkf , y bf oustkhkf oustkhkf . Mb gkmdmstfr supldm bf f`pbkfhkød cm bfs bkgmrtfcms rmfbms cm bf jmdtm, pfrf qum pumcf prlspmrfr1 mb m`plcmrf`kmdtl y bf fjmdhkf pmr`ktmd bf fhhkød cm pmrsldfs y jrupls

Bfs prlpumstfs cm ud cmsfrrlbbl c msfrrlbbl slstmdkgbm hld mqukcfc slhkfb y cm jëdmrl tkmdmd qum pmdsfrsm dmhmsfrkf`mdtm f pfrtkr cm udf `krfcf cm bf mhldl`àf qum kdhlrplrm bf vkcf eu`fdf y su gkmdmstfr hl`l mb lgomtkvl lgomtkvl prkdhkpfb, fcvkrtkmdfcvkr tkmdcl cm quë `lcl bfs plbàtkhfs mhldø`khfs y sus lgomtkvls pumcmd vlbvmrsm md su hldtrf.

6. Yfrfckj`f k`pubsfcl plr mb Kdnlr`m cmb Yrljrf`f cm bfs Dfhkldms ]dkcfs pfrf mb Cmsfrrlbbl ( YD]C ) cm 6;;6 ( YD]C YD]C, 6;;6). Bls hrmfclrms kdkhkfbms, @fegugubEfq y F`frtyf Xmd, X md, cksmöfrld mb àdckhm cm cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl hl`l ud kdstru`mdtl pfrf bf mvfbufhkød cmb prljrmsl, gfsfcl md bfs pmrsldfs, hlblhfdcl bf sfbuc y bf mcuhfhkød md ud pbfdl cm kjufbcfc hld mb hrmhk`kmdtl mhldø`khl.

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pfrf fbhfdzfr rmsubtfcls vfblrfgbms. Bf oustkhkf f`pbàf bf mqukcfc y bf prmsmrvfhkød cm bls rmsubtfcls md mb tkm`pl, y efhm rmspmtfr bls cmrmhels eu`fdls y ltrls lgomtkvls pbfdtmfcls plr bf slYD]C, 7969). hkmcfc ( YD]C


cm bf dfturfbmzf, dfturfbmzf , `æs l `mdls rmspldsfgbms cm bf vkcf prlpkf y fomdf. Fb `ks`l tkm`pl, sm pfrtm cmb supumstl cm qum dumstrf hfpfhkcfc cm hukcfr y fsmjurfr hukcfcls ms kdfjltfgbm. Bf hfpfhkcfc cm hukcfr y hldtrkgukr f bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf sm tl`f hl`l ud cftl, hl`l ud rmhursl

Md msf pmrspmhtkvf cmb cmsfrrlbbl mhldø`khl y slhkfb, bf mqukcfc slhkfb y cm jëdmrl ms udf gfsm nudcf`mdtfb pfrf qum tlcfs bfs pmrsldfs, skd ckstkdhkød dk mxhbuskød fbjudf, pumcfd lgtmdmr msfs hfpfhkcfcms y bkgmrtfcms cmb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl. Mb hrmhk`kmdtl mhldø`khl, mhldø`khl, plr su pfrtm, dl fsmjurf fsmju rf bf plskgkbkcfc cm hldtrkgukr f jmdmrfr tlcfs bfs hfpfhkcfcms, dk dmhmsfrkf`mdtm bf `molrf pfrf tlcls(fs). Ylr mb hldtrfrkl, pumcm kdhbusl mdsfdhefr bfs grmhefs slhkfbms. Bls kdckhfclrms cm hrmhk`kmdtl utkbkzfcls hld `fylr nrmhumdhkf dl pmr`ktmd vksufbkzfr vksufbk zfr hø`l sm ckstrkguymd mb kdjrmsl y bf rkqumzf. Msf ckstrkguhkød cmtmr`kdf md jrfd `mckcf mb fhhmsl f bls gkmdms y smrvkhkls prlcuhkcls cmdtrl cm udf

kdfjltfgbm cm bf dfturfbmzf pmrsldkhfcf md bfs

ùomrms. Ylr tlcl mbbl, mstf tm`ætkhf ms udf mspmùomrms. ms pmhkfb prmlhupfhkød f bf elrf cm ckshutkr fbjudls hldhmptls hmdtrfbms cm bf ckshkpbkdf mhldø`khf y cm bfs plbàtkhfs qum cm mbbf cmrkvfd. Ylr mom`pbl, md mb dumvl pfrfckj`f f`gkmdtfb sm efgbf cm hlrrmspldsfgkbkcfc nf`kbkfr, slhkfb y mhlbøjkhf. Mstl supldm rmhldlhmr bls bà`ktms, kdhbukcls bls cmb humrpl eu`fdl y bls cmb f`gkmdtm. Bf slstmdkgkbkcfc, plr bl tfdtl, cmpmdcm cm qum sm fsu`f mb hukcfcl hl`l udf fhtkvkcfc qum «kdhbuym tlcl fqumbbl qum efhm`ls pfrf pf rf `fdtmdmr, hldtkdufr y rmpfrfr dumstrl ‒ùdcl‐ cm nlr`f cm plcmr vkvkr md ëb bl `molr plskgbm± (Srldtl). 7

slhkmcfc. Bls gmdmhkls cmb hrmhk`kmdtl dl

sm ckstrkguymd cm `lcl udknlr`m. Mb kdjrmsl prl`mckl prl` mckl pumcm mstfr fu`mdtfdcl y, fb `ks`l `k s`l tkm`pl, pumcmd mstfr hrmhkmdcl bfs cmskjufbcfcms. Xmjukdl (7999) ùmstrf udf rmbfhkød plsktkvf mdtrm cmskjufbcfc y hrmhk`kmdtl, y pfrf ud hldoudtl cm pfàsms sm`kkdcustrkfbkzfcls bf grmhef cm kdjrmsls plr jëdmrl ef pmr`ktkcl `fylrms tfsfs cm hrmhk`kmdtl, fb ftrfmr kdvmrskldms pfrf mxplrtfr prlcuhtls gfsfcls md mb prmcl`kdkl cm `fdl cm lgrf nm`mdkdf (plr mom`pbl, `fqukbf tmxtkb y `khrlmbmhtrødkhf). Mstm tkpl cm pftrød sustmdtfcl md bf suglrckdfhkød mhldø`khf cm bfs ùomr ùomrms ms pumcm rmhrmfr vmdtfofs hl`pfrftkvfs md mb hlrtl pbfzl, pmrl bk`ktfhkldms mstruhturfbms md sus plskgkbkcfcms cm cmsfrrlbbl md mb bfrjl bf rjl pbfzl (Jklsf _ufzÿf y Wlcràjumz Mdràqumz, Mdr àqumz, 7969). 7969).

... bf `frjkdfhkød cmb hukcfcl lgmcmhm f bf hrmmdhkf md bf hrmfhkød kbk`ktfcf cm rkqum-

zf y jfdfdhkfs hldstfdtms md mhkmdhkf, kcmfs mstfs prlnudcf`mdtm frrfkjfcfs md mb pmdsf`kmdtl mhldø`khl hldtm`plræ-

dml. Q…P Md ud ùdcl skd bà`ktms, mb hu kcfcl pfcmhm bf bbf`fcf «mdnmr`mcfc cm bls hlstls± cmgkcl f su rmskstmdhkf fb fu`mdtl

cm bf prlcuhtkvkcfc, y prlvlhf mb «ckbm`f cm bf pmrsldf f`fgbm±, smjÿd mb hufb bls prlvmmclrms cm bls hukcfcls qumcfd mxhbukcls cm udf mstruhturf mhldø`khf qum prm`kf bf pfrtkhkpfhkød md bf mhldl`àf rmùdmrfcf pmrl qum lnrmhm plhf l dkdjudf

hl`pmdsfhkød plr mb hukcfcl (Srldtl).8

6.7. Xlstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf

Bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf –mbm`mdtl kdckspmdsfgbm cmb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl– sumbm vmrsm cm `fdmrf pfrhkfb y rmhlrtfcf. Vukzæ plrqum, utkbkzfdcl utkbkz fdcl bf mxprmskød cm Hfrrfshl y Smbbl (7967), «sl`ls dfturfbmzf y hubturf f bf vmz±. Mstl ms, bfs pmrsldfs sl`ls `æs l `mdls pfrtm

7. Hktfcl md ]DWKXC, 799;. 8. Hktfcl md ]DWKXC, 799;.

:



`fylrms plskgkbkcfcms cm fhhmsl fb `mrhfcl bfglrfb –cfcl qum bls prlhmsls cm hf`gkl tmhdlbøjkhl bms pmr`ktkràfd cmckhfr `mdls tkm`pl fb trfgfol cl`ëstkhl y f bfs fhtkvkcfcms cm hukcfcl cm bls `km`grls cm bf nf`kbkf nf`kbk f y bf hlùdkcfc–. Yumstl qum bf prltmhhkød slhkfb sm mdhumdtrf vkdhubfcf plr bl jmdmrfb f bf ugkhfhkød md mb `mrhfcl bfglrfb, bfs ùomrms ekstørkhf`mdtm efd skcl hkucfcfdfs «cm smjudcf± md mb jlhm cm mstf prltmhhkød, pmsm f qum mb trfgfol qum bms ef skcl fskjdfcl mstæ md bf gfsm cm hufbqukmr prlpumstf cm nudhkldf`kmdtl cm bfs mhldl`àfs.

6.8. Kjufbcfc cm jëdmrl

Bf Hldnmrmdhkf cm bf

LD] pfrf

bf @uomr

md Gmkokdj (6;;=) ckl jrfd k`pubsl f bf mxkjmdhkf cm `mckr y vfblrfr mb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl. Bf rmvkskød cmb Xkstm`f cm Humdtfs Dfhkldfbms (XHD) cm 6;;8, mbfglrfcl plr bf Hl`kskød cm Mstfcàstkhfs cm bf

LD], fgrkø

bf plskgkbkcfc cm kdhlrplrfr

humdtfs sftëbktms qum f`pbkfrfd bls bà`ktms cm bf hldtfgkbkcfc trfckhkldfb (kdhlrplrfr

Bfs ùomrms qumcfd fsà fb `frjmd cm «bl mhldø`khl±, fudqum sld mbbfs qukmdms rmfbkzfd prkdhkpfb`mdtm mb trfgfol qum fplyf bf rmprlcuhhkød gklbøjkhf y slhkfb. Mb gkmdmstfr cm bls smrms eu`fdls dl cmpmdcm mxhbuskvf`mdtm –dk ùhel `mdls– cm bls kdjrmsls `ldmtfrkls cm qum sm ckspldm pfrf fcqukrkr gkmdms y smrvkhkls md mb `mrhfcl, skdl tf`gkëd cm ltrls mbm`mdtls vkdhubfcls fb fhhmsl f smrvkhkls pÿgbkhls, fbk`mdtls y trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl md bls eljfrms. Cm emhel, bf `fylr `fylr pfrtm cm bfs tfrmfs tf rmfs qum ftkmdcmd bfs dmhmskcfcms cm rmprlcuhhkød cm bf vkcf sm cfd numrf cm bls `mrhfcls. Fbjl qum pfrmhm tfd lgvkl ef cmgkcl, skd m`gfrjl, m`gfrjl, cmstfhfrsm cmstfhfrs m mspmhkfb`mdtm pfrf pldmr md mvkcmdhkf udf pfrtm cm bf prlcuhhkød y bf rmprlcuhhkød mhldø`khf, slhkfb y gklbøjkhf qum sm cmoø fb `frjmd cmb fdæbksks mhldø`khl, mstl ms, numrf cm bfs nrldtmrfs cm bf mhldl`àf. Bfs ùomrms, plr bl tfdtl, tf`gkëd qumcfrld fb `frjmd cm bf mhldl`àf y rmbmjfcfs fb æ`gktl cm bls eljfrms. Md msm smdtkcl, udl cm bls prkdhkpfbms tm`fs fglrcfcls plr mb nm`kdks`l ms bf ckvkskød smxufb cmb trfgfol, prmcl`kdfdtm tfdtl md bls eljfrms hl`l md bls `mrhfcls bfglrfbms. Mstf ckvkskød rmbfhkldf f bfs ùomrms ùomr ms y bl nm`mdkdl hld mb hukcfcl hukc fcl cm bf vkcf, v kcf, gfsfcl tfdtl md mb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl md bls eljfrms (trfgfol cl`ëstkhl y hukcfcls) hukcf cls) hl`l md mb rmùdmrfcl (`mrhfcl), y hldtrkguym f cmtmr`kdfr numrtms cknmrmdhkfs cm jëdmrl md ckvmrsls æ`gktls y, md mspmhkfb, md bf pfrtkhkpfhkød mhldø`khf y md bf vksufbkzfhkød cmb fplrtm nm`mdkdl fb hrmhk`kmdtl y fb cmsfrrlbbl mhldø`khl.

mb vfblr cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl cm bls eljfrms). Md bf U Hldnmrmdhkf Wmjkldfb cm bf @uomr cm bf Hmpfb, rmfbkzfcf md Vuktl md 799:, bls jlgkmrdls cm bf rmjkød sm hl`prl`mtkmrld f rmfbkzfr msf vfblrkzfhkød. Md mb Yrk`mr Ybfd Dfhkldfb cm Kjufbcfc cm Lplrtudkcfcms y Cmrmhels 799:-7966

(Kdùomrms-@kcms, 799:) mb jlgkmrdl urujufyl sm hl`prl`mtkø f «prl`lvmr mstu-

ckls qum hufdtkqumd y vkskgkbkhmd mb fplrtm cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl c m bfs ùomrms± (Bkdmf`kmdtl Mstrftëjkhl cm Kjufbcfc,

BMK

69, fhhkød 69.6).

Mb nm`kdks`l ef smöfbfcl ud hldoudtl cm smsjls md mb pmdsf`kmdtl mhldø`khl qum efd hldckhkldfcl bf `fdmrf cm cmdkr hftmjlràfs fdfbàtkhfs

gæskhfs tfbms tf bms hl`l mb hldhmptl hldhmptl cm trfgfol –vkdhubfcl mxhbuskvf`mdtm fb m`pbml–, mb cm fhtkvkcfc mhldø`khf fsk`kbfcl fsk`kbf cl f bf pfrtkhkpfhkød md mb `mrhfcl, mb cm bf udkcfc cl`ëstkhf vkstf hl`l ud mspfhkl md fr`ldàf y mb cm gkmdmstfr y cmsfrrlbbl vkdhubfcls f bf `fxk`kzfhkød cm bf utkbkcfc y fb hrmhk`kmdtl (kdckhfcl plr bf mvlbuhkød cmb prlcuhtl kdtmrdl k dtmrdl grutl). Ylr su pfrtm, bf ckshkpbkdf mhldø`khf fsu`kø udf vkskød `æs l `mdls mxpbàhktf cmb pfpmb cm bls el`grms y bfs ùomrms md bf slhkmcfc. Bls el`grms el`gr ms tmdcràfd `æs y `molrms lplrtudkcfcms lplrtudkcfcm s cm trfgfofr md mb `mrhfcl, hld bl qum fu`mdtfràf su fplrtm fb hrmhk`kmdtl. Mbbfs sm gmdmhkfràfd cmb prljrmsl (bf `lcmrdkzfhkød) fb fgrkrsm

Mb pmsl cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl cmb qum sm efhm rmspldsfgbms f bfs ùomrms sm mdhumdtrf md 5



7. Hukcfcls, slstmdkgkbkcfc, jëdmrl

bf gfsm cm bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jëdmrl. Bf slgrmhfrjf cm rmspldsfgkbkcfcms cm slstmdk`kmdtl cm bf vkcf prlvlhf ud jrfd cmsmqukbkgrkl md mb usl cmb tkm`pl. Mbbl tkmdm ud fbtl hlstl cm lplrtudkcfc pfrf bfs ùomrms y, plr bl tfdtl, bbmjf f hldvmrtkrsm md ud nfhtlr cm mxhbuskød slhkfb cmgkcl f su `mdlr fhhmsl f bls rmhursls mhldø`khls y f su hldtrlb, y f su cmskjufb pfrtkhkpfhkød md bls æ`gktls bfglrfbms, skdckhfbms y plbàtkhls. Mb emhel cm qum mb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl dl sm kdhbuyf md bfs mstfcàstkhfs mstfcàs tkhfs hldtrkguym f su kdvkskgkbkzfhkød y su cmshldlhk`kmdtl md bls fdæbksks cm bfs plbàtkhfs pÿgbkhfs.

Mb tër`kdl hukcfcls md md su usl hltkckfdl tkmdm ud skjdkhfcl qum slbl sm fhmrhf pfrhkfb`mdtm fb

hldhmptl qum ef skcl mbfglrfcl pfrf hl`prmdcmr mb hldoudtl cm fhtkvkcfcms qum rmfbkzf`ls bfs pmrsldfs hld mb d cm rmprlcuhkrdls gklbø jkhf y slhkfb`mdtm. Md prk`mr bujfr, sld fhtkvkcfcms cmckhfcfs f dlsltrls `ks`ls, l smf cm futlhukcfcl y, md smjudcl bujfr, cmckhfcfs f bls smrms qum dls rlcmfd (prkdhkpfb`mdtm dköls y fcubtls, yf smfd sfdls, mdnmr`ls l nræjkbms), md mspmhkfb nf`kbkfrms y `km`grls cm dumstrls eljfrms, qum sm mstruhturfd hld gfsm md bfs rmbfhkldms cm pfrmdtmshl y hlùdkcfc. Md ùhels hfsls, msm trfgfol cmstkdfcl f bls ltrls rmsubtf k`prmshkdckgbm l, `molr fÿd? kdmvktfgbm (pmrsldfs qum dl pumcmd fbk`mdtfrsm plr sà `ks`fs l pfrtkhkpfr md ltrfs fhtkvkcfcms cm bf vkcf ckfrkf y rmqukmrmd cm bf fskstmdhkf fs kstmdhkf cm ltrf). =

Bf mhldl`àf tkmdcm f dl vksufbkzfr msfs fhtkvkcfcms cm trfgfol cl`ëstkhl y hukcfcls hl`l trfgfol cmgkcl f qum bf k`fjmd prmcl`kdfdtm cmb trfgfol rmspldcm f ud `lcmbl md mb qum sm cf prklrkcfc f bf msnmrf «mhldø`khf± slgrm hufbqukmr ltrl fspmhtl slhkfb, f ud `lcmbl gfsfcl md udf bøjkhf `mrhfdtkb qum k`pldm bf lrjfdkzfhkød cm bls tkm`pls y cm bf vkcf cm bfs pmrsldfs. F cknmrmdhkf cm bl qum lhurrm md bf tmlràf mhldø`khf hldvmdhkldfb, mb nlhl cm ftmdhkød cm bf mhlmhl dl`àf nm`kdkstf ms bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf (Dmbsld, 6;;8 y 6;;>). Mbbl bbmvf f humstkldfr ùhels cm bls supumstls cm bfs mshumbfs cm pmdsf`kmdtl mhldø`khl `æs kduymdtms, md bf `mckcf md qum, fcm`æs cm bf mxkstmdhkf cm suomtls hld `ltkvfhkldms y rfhkldfbkcfcms cknmrmdtms, kdhlrplrf «fjmdtms hld humrpl± (y ud ùdcl hld dfturfbmzf). Ylr bl tfdtl, sm pldm md mvkcmdhkf bf dmhmsfrkf cmpmdcmdhkf y rmspldsfgkbkcfc cm bls smrms eu`fdls hld rmspmhtl f bfs dmhmskcfcms prlpkfs y cm tmrhmrls cm hfræhtmr slhkfb, nàskhl y m`lhkldfb. Dl pumcm pmdsfrsm qum md rmfbkcfc bls mhldl`kstfs cmshldlhmd mstls fspmhtls (hl`l pmrsldfs y/l prlnmskldfbms), skdl qum bf trftfd hl`l udf prlgbm`ætkhf md tlcl hfsl prlsfkhf, fomdf f bfs prmlhupfhkldms cm bf mhldl`àf, pfrtm cm bfs tfrmfs qum sld rmspldsfgkbkcfc cm bfs ùomrms cm `fdmrf dfturfb (Dmbsld). ( Dmbsld).3

Yfrf bls jrupls slhkfbms `æs nfvlrmhkcls mxkstmd smrvkhkls cmckhfcls f sftksnfhmr bfs dmhmskcfcms cm bls fcubtls sfdls plr tmrhmrls md nlr`f rmùdmrfcf. Ymrl md bls eljfrms cm `mdlrms kdjrmsls msfs dmhmskcfcms sld hugkmrtfs plr bls prlpkls `km`grls cm bf nf`kbkf, md mspmhkfb plr bfs ùomrms. Mb hukcfcl qum sm grkdcf md bls eljfrms k`pbkhf udf hfdtkcfc cm tfrmfs –hl`l bf

3. Hktfcl md F. Mspkdl, 7969.

=. Mb prlhmsl cm cmsfrrlbbl mhldø`khl f `mducl hldcuhm fb kdhrm`mdtl cmb plrhmdtfom cm pmrsldfs qum vkvmd slbfs y hld mbbl sm f`pbàf bf k`plrtfdhkf rmbftkvf cmb «futlhukcfcl±.

Bls hukcfcls? tlcl bl qum efhm`ls pfrf

`fdtmdmr, hldtkdufr y rmpfrfr dumstrl ùdcl, cm `fdmrf qum plcf`ls vkvkr md ëb tfd gkmd hl`l smf plskgbm1 kdhbuym dumstrls

humrpls, dumstrl smr y dumstrl f`gkmdtm, tlcl bl hufb gushf`ls pfrf mdtrmtmomr udf hl`pbmof rmc cm slstmdk`kmdtl cm bf vkcf (Hmpfb, 7969).

;



rms md sktufhkød cm cmpmdcmdhkf. @æs fbbæ cm bf k`plrtfdhkf qum, f tlcls bls mnmhtls, rmvkstm bf ftmdhkød cm mstfs plgbfhkldms, vfbm bf pmdf smöfbfr bf dmhmskcfc cm tmdmr md humdtf qum tlcls bls smrms eu`fdls –dl slbf`mdtm bls nræjkbms y vubdmrfgbms– dmhmsktf`ls hldtkduls hukcfcls. Mb rmhldlhk`kmdtl cm bf kdtmrcmpmdcmdhkf dls grkdcf `fylrms plskgkbkcfcms cm pmrhkgkr mb hukcfcl hl`l udf fhtkvkcfc nudcf`mdtfb –y dl `frjkdfb– pfrf dumstrfs vkcfs, bf slhkmcfc y mb nudhkldf`kmdtl cm bf mhldl`àf.

prmpfrfhkød cm bls fbk`mdtls y bf bk`pkmzf cm bf hfsf, bf rlpf y bls utmdskbkls– qum hldsu`md tkm`pl. Hufdtl `æs sm hfrmhm cm kdnrfmstruhturf l tmhdlbljàf fpbkhfcf f bfs emrrf`kmdtfs pfrf su usl md bfs tfrmfs cmb eljfr (hl`l mbmhtrlcl`ëstkhls, plr mom`pbl), `fylr ms bf hfdtkcfc cm tkm`pl qum hldsu`md msfs tfrmfs. F pfrtkr cm mstm hldhmptl f`pbkl, fb efgbfr cm hukcfcls dls rmnmrk`ls, plr bl tfdtl, fb hldoudtl cm fhtkvkcfcms lrkmdtfcfs f sftksnfhmr dmhmskcfcms `ftmrkfbms –qum prlhurfd sftksnfhtlrms dmhmsfrkls pfrf bf vkcf md fspmhtls qum vfd cmscm bls `æs prk`ktkvls l hmrhfdls f bf dfturfbmzf eu`fdf efstf ltrls qum skrvmd pfrf sftksnfhmr bfs dmhmskcfcms hldstrukcfs f trfvës cmb tkm`pl y bls `lcmbls mhldø`khls– y dmhmskcfcms «kd`ftmrkfbms± –fnmhtl, trfds`kskød cm vfblrms y hldtmdkcls y hubturfbms, hlstu`grms, mth.–. Mb hukcfcl, rmùdmrfcl y dl rmùdmrfcl, y bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf efd skcl trftfcls hl`l udf mxtmrdfbkcfc cmb skstm`f mhldø`khl (Hfrrfshl, 79981 Ykhhekl, 6;;;). Md bfs slhkmcfcms `mrhfdtkbms sm ef sugvfblrfcl mb trfgfol md fhtkvkcfcms qum dl smfd rmùdmrfcfs. Ms prmhksf`mdtm bl qum lhurrm hld bls hukcfcls hufdcl sm rmfbkzfd md bls eljfrms md mstf hftmjlràf cmb dl trfgfol. F su vmz, hufdcl mstfs fhtkvkcfcms sm rmfbkzfd pfrf mb `mrhfcl, numrf cmb æ`gktl nf`kbkfr, y sm pmrhkgm plr mbbfs udf u df rmùdmrfhkød –hl`l m`pbml md mb Mstfcl l md mb `mrhfcl–, `mrhfcl –, plr fdfbljàf hld bl qum lhurrm md bls eljfrms l plr mxtmdskød cm mbbl, sm ftrkguymd msls m`pbmls f bfs ùomrms y tf`gkëd md mbbls sld sugvfblrfcfs. Mstl sm rmm of md sfbfrkls `mdlrms y md prmhfrkfs hldckhkldms bfglrfbms.

Cmdkhkød cm hukcfcls Xm trftf cm udf nudhkød slhkfb qum k`pbkhf tfdtl bf prl`lhkød cm bf futldl`àf pmrsldfb hl`l bf ftmdhkød y bf fskstmdhkf f bfs pmrsldfs cmpmdckmdtms. Mstf cmpmdcmdhkf

pumcm smr trfdsktlrkf, pmr`fdmdtm l hrødkhf, l fslhkfcf fb hkhbl cm vkcf cm bfs pmr sldfs. Xld fhhkldms qum bf slhkmcfc bbmvf f hfgl pfrf jfrfdtkzfr bf supmrvkvmdhkf slhkfb y lrjædkhf cm qukmdms efd pmrckcl bf futldl`àf pmrsldfb l hfrmhmd cm mbbf y dmhmsktfd bf fyucf cm ltrls pfrf rmfbkzfr bls fhtls msmdhkfbms cm bf vkcf ckfrkf. Mb hukcfcl ms ud hl`pldmdtm hmdtrfb md mb `fdtmdk-

`kmdtl y mb cmsfrrlbbl cmb tmokcl slhkfb, tfdtl pfrf bf nlr`fhkød cm hfpfhkcfcms hl`l

pfrf su rmprlcuhhkød (Hldsmol Dfhkldfb cm Ylbàtkhfs Xlhkfbms. Clhu`mdtl cm trf-

gfol, 7967).

Yfrf bfs plbàtkhfs pÿgbkhfs mb hukcfcl mstæ gæskhf`mdtm fslhkfcl f bfs hldckhkldms cm cmpmdcmdhkf y vubdmrfgkbkcfc cm bfs pmrsldfs –dköls pmqumöls, fdhkfdls, ckshfpfhktfcls– qum dl pumcmd efhmrsm hfrjl cm su hukcfcl pmrsldfb. Mb Clhu`mdtl cm bkdmf`kmdtls, fplrtms hldhmptufbms y pbfd

hfrm mhldl`y Mb tër`kdl mhldl`àf cmb hukcfcl ( hfrm ) prlhurf cfr humdtf cmb mspfhkl cm gkmdms, smrvkhkls, fhtkvkcfcms, rmbfhkldms y vfblrms rmbftkvls f bfs dmhmskcfcms `æs gæskhfs y rmbmvfdtms pfrf bf mxkstmdhkf y bf rmprlcuhhkød cm bfs pmrsldfs md bfs slhkmcfcms md qum vkvmd (Wlcràjumz Mdràqumz, 799=). Fb fslhkfr mb tër`kdl hukcfcl fb hldhmptl cm mhldl`àf, sm trftf cm hmdtrfrsm md fqumbbls fspmhtls qum jmdmrfd –l hldtrkguymd f

cm trfgfol pfrf mb cksmöl cm ud Xkstm` Xkstm`ff Dfhkldfb Kdtmjrfcl cm Hukcfcls (Jrupl cm Srfgfol, Srfgfol, 7969) cmshrkgm bfs b fs

trms jrfdcms plgbfhkldms f bfs qum mb skstm`f cm hukcfcls md ]rujufy mstfræ ckrkjkcl? bls dköls y bfs dköfs (9 f 67 föls, md prk`mrf kdstfdhkf hld mspmhkfb ftmdhkød md bls dköls cm 9 f 8), bfs pmrsldfs hld ckshfpfhkcfc y bls fcubtls `fyl-

69


jmdmrfr– vfblr mhldø`khl. Ms cmhkr, sm cmspbfzf l sm f`pbàf mb hldhmptl cm mhldl`àf cm bl «prlcuhtkvl, rmùdmrfcl y md mb `mrhfcl± f msm mspfhkl `æs fslhkfcl f bl nm`mdkdl, bl prkvfcl y bl àdtk`l, tfdtl hufdcl ms rmùdmrfcl hl`l hufdcl dl bl ms. Bl `æs k`plrtfdtm k `plrtfdtm cm mstf kcmf mdudhkfcf md bf mxprmskød mhldl`àf cmb hukcfcl ms cfr bujfr f pmdsfr bf rmbfhkød qum mxkstm mdtrm bf `fdmrf md qum bfs slhkmcfcms lrjfdkzfd mb hukcfcl cm sus `km`grls y mb nudhkldf`kmdtl cmb skstm`f mhldø`khl. Bf prlcuhhkød cmb `mrhfcl dl tkmdm hfpfhkcfc pfrf slstmdmrsm y rmprlcuhkrsm cm nlr`f futødl`f1 futødl`f1 cmpmdcm, plr bl tfdtl, tf dtl, cm bf mhldl`àf cmb hukcfcl pfrf su rmprlcuhhkød (Hfrrfshl y Smbbl, 7967).


rlstft, plr su skjbf md kdjbës), smöfbf qum mb vfblr cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl qum sm rmfbkzf md bls eljfrms y gæskhf`mdtm plr bfs ùomr ùomrms ms rmprmsmdtf, md tër`kdls `ldmtfrkls, mdtrm ud 7> % y ud 89 % cmb YKG. Bf mstk`fhkød vfràf smjÿd sm vfblrmd bfs elrfs cmckhfcfs f msm trfgfol md nudhkød cm bls prmhkls cm ud trfgfofclr jmdmrfbkstf (hld fbjudfs vfrkfhkldms smjÿd tfrmf) qum puckmrf rmm`pbfzfr mb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl rmfbkzfcl md mb eljfr, l mb hlstl cm lplrtudkcfc cm qukmdms ely rmfbkzfd msm ms m trfgfol (smjÿd (smjÿd su s u vfblr elrf l mb cm udf pmrsldf hld kjufbms hfbkhfhkldms,

smxl y mcfc). Fb hl`pfrfr msls plrhmdtfoms hld mb qum fplrtf hfcf smhtlr cm bf mhldl`àf sm lgsmrvf qum mstls sld supmrklrms fb vfblr cm tlcf bf kdcustrkf `fdunfhturmrf. ¼Ylr quë bfs plbàtkhfs lrkmdtfcfs fb cmsfrrlbbl ¼Ylr c msfrrlbbl cmgmràfd kdhlrplrfr bls hukcfcls mdtrm sus lgomtkvls y fhhkldms< Mdtrm bfs rmspumstfs f mstls kdtmrrljfdtms, hl`l sm ef vkstl, pumcm cfrsm ëdnfsks f vfrkls fspmhtls. fsp mhtls. Ylr mom`pbl, mom`pbl, plr bf k`plrtfdhkf cm bls hukcfcls md bls prlhmsls cm cmsfrrlbbl mhldø`khl, cfcf su hldtrkguhkø hldtrkguhkødd f bf b f nlr`fhkød cm hfpktfb eu`fdl, l hl`l hl`pldmdtm cm bf kdvmr- skød slhkfb . Sf`gkëd pumcm mdtmdcmrsm mb hukcfcl md tër`kdls `æs f`pbkls, hl`l pfrtm cmb tmokcl cm bf slhkmcfc y mbm`mdtl kdtmjrfb cmb cmsfrrlbbl cmsfr rlbbl slhkfb, pfrf lnrmhmr f bfs ùomrms `æs y `molrms lplrtudkcfcms cm pfrtkhkpfr md mb ùdcl cm bl pÿgbkhl l mb `mrhfcl.

Mb vlbu`md cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl qum sm rmfbkzf md bls eljfrms md ]rujufy sm

mstk`f smjÿd bf `mtlclbljàf kdtmrdfhkldfb, mstl ms, vfblrfdcl mb tkm`pl cmstkdfcl f bf rmfbkzfhkød cm msm trfgfol md tër`kdls `ldmtfrkls pfrf lgtmdmr udf hknrf hl`pfrfgbm hld mb prlcuhtl grutl kdtmrdl. Bf kdnlr`fhkød cmb usl cmb tkm`pl num rmbmvfcf plr cmb @øcubl slgrm ]sl cmb Skm`pl

y Srfgfol dl Wmùdmrfcl md bf Mdhumstf Hldtkduf cm Eljfrms cmb föl 799:. 799:. (Nfhubtfc cm Hkmdhkfs Xlhkfbms-Kdstktutl Df-

hkldfb cm Mstfcàstkhf, 7995).

Mb clhu`mdtl cmb Jrupl cm Srfgfol pfrf bf hldstruhhkød cm ud Xkstm`f Dfhkldfb Kdtmjrfcl cm Hukcfcls (7967) smöfbf md msm smdtkcl qum bls nudcf`mdtls mhldø`khls pfrf bf hrmfhkød cmb skstm`f cm hukcfcls rmspldcmd f trms frju`mdtls? mb prljrmskvl fu`mdtl cm bfs tfsfs cm

Bf prlvkskød prlvkskød cm hukcfcls h ukcfcls sm ef kcl trfdsrkmdcl

pfubftkdf y hrmhkmdtm`mdtm cmb eljfr fb `mrhfcl, mb Mstfcl y bfs kdstktuhkldms skd dms cm buhrl. Hfcf vmz ms `æs mshfsf bf lnmrtf cm trfgfol nm`mdkdl dl rmùdmrfcl cmgkcl f qum hrmhm bf pfrtkhkpfhkød bfglrfb cm bfs ùomrms md mb `mrhfcl, tfdtl plrqum efd `molrfcl sus dkvmbms mcuhftkvls hl`l plrqum efd hf`gkfcl sus fspkrfhkldms y mxpmhtftkvfs hld rmspmhtl f bf vkcf qum cmsmfd bbmvfr.

Bfs hràtkhfs nm`kdkstfs f bf mhldl`àf trfckhkldfb pfsfd plr mdnftkzfr bf kdtmrcmpmdcmdhkf mdtrm bls kdckvkculs1 cmstfhfd bf k`plrtfdhkf cm vfblrfr y hukcfr f bfs pmrsldfs y fb mdtlrdl cm nlr`f hl`pfrtkcf mdtrm

Ymsm f mbbl, bf mstk`fhkød cm Xfbvfclr Xf bvfclr (799;), gfsfcf md bf `mtlclbljàf rmhl`mdcfcf plr bf Lhkdf cm Mstfcàstkhfs cm bf ]dkød Murlpmf (Mu-

bls el`grms y bfs ùomrms.

66



f msfs kdmqukcfcms. Ylr tfdtl, sm trftf cm nlrùbfr m k`pbm`mdtfr plbàtkhfs qum dl slbl sm lpldjfd f udf plbàtkhf mhldø`khf gfsfcf md bf kcmf cm ud hrmhk`kmdtl kbk`ktfcl, skdl qum fcm`æs sm hfrfhtmrkhmd plr su numrtm hl`prl`ksl hld bf kjufbcfc, kdhbukcl mb fhhmsl kjufb f gumdf ftmdhkød pfrf tlcls bls smrms eu`fdls ( ]DWKXC ]DWKXC, 799;).

fhtkvkcfc nm`mdkdf, mb fu`mdtl cmb dkvmb mcuhftkvl nlr`fb, y bfs dmhmskcfcms cm fhhmsl f kdjrmsls pfrf bljrfr `æs fbtls dkvmbms cm futldl`àf mhldø`khf. Bf `fylr tfsf cm fhtkvkcfc nm`mdkdf, sk gkmd sm hldckhm hld bls msnumrzls cm cm `molrf cm bfs hfpfhkcfcms cm cmsfrrlbbl cmb pfàs `mckfdtm mb fprlvmhef`kmdtl cm `fylr hfdtkcfc cm pmrsldfs md bf prlcuhhkød, hlblhf f bfs ùomrms md ud hldkhtl? bf hldhkbkfhkød mdtrm bf

vkcf md mb æ`gktl cmb eljfr y bfs fhtkvkcfcms md mb m`pbml y bf nlr`fhkød. Mb fu`mdtl cmb dkvmb mcuhftkvl sm vkdhubf hld bls pkbfrms cmb cmsfrrlbbl mhldø`khl cm bfrjl pbfzl slgrm bf gfsm cm `molrfr bls dkvmbms cm mcuhfhkød cm tlcf bf plgbfhkød, hl`mdzfdcl plr bfs dumvfs jmdmrfhkldms. Ylr ÿbtk`l, bf prlvkskød cm hukcfcls md

Mb Mstfcl pumcm jfrfdtkzfr jfrfdtkz fr qum sm mvktm bf mxhbuskød slhkfb fsu`kmdcl mstm hl`prl`ksl hl`l prmstfclr cm smrvkhkls l tf`gkëd lrkmdtfdcl, bkcmrfdcl y rmjubfdcl rmjubf dcl bls qum sm kdtmrhf`gkfd md mb `mrhfcl. Bf cmskjufbcfc cm bf qum sm pfrtm, md bf `mckcf md qum q um bls vfhàls sld lhupfcls plr prlvmmclrms prlv mmclrms prkvfcls cm hfbkcfc hfbkc fc ckvmrsf y, cmscm bumjl, lrkmdtfcls f bls cknmrmdtms smj`mdtls slhklmhldø`khls y hfpfhkcfcms cm pfjl, hldcuhm kdmvktfgbm`mdtm f `fdtmdmr –hufdcl dl f mxfhmrgfr– bfs cmskjufbcfcms cmskjufbcf cms slhkfbms y mhldø`khfs mhldø`khfs ]DWKXC, 799;). ( ]DWKXC

mb `mrhfcl prmsmdtf prlgbm`fs qum oustkhfd bf

kdtmrvmdhkød mstftfb, cmgkcl f qum qukmd hldtrftf bls smrvkhkls cm hukcfcls hukcf cls pfrf ltrf pmrsldf dl pumcm hldlhmr cm fdtm`fdl su hfbkcfc. Mnmhtkvf`mdtm, y hl`l sm ef fdfbkzfcl, mxkstmd søbkcls frju`mdtls frju `mdtls pfrf vmr vmr bf k`plrtfdhkf mhldø`khf cm bfs fhtkvkcfcms cm hukcfcl cm vfrkfs `fdmrfs, y bf nlr`f md qum sm fglrcm mb hukcfcl tkmdm k`pbkhfhkldms trfshmdcmdtms pfrf bfs rmbfhkldms y bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jëdmrl y pfrf bls prlhmsls cm cmsfrrlbbl.

Mb Mstfcl, md ÿbtk`f kdstfdhkf, ms mb rmspldsfgbm cm bf slstmdkgkbkcfc hld mqukcfc1 y mbbl cmgm hldhrmtfrsm md plbàtkhfs pÿgbkhfs qum hldtrkguyfd f cks`kdukr cmskjufbcfcms y f fsmjurfr cmrmhels. Msfs plbàtkhfs pumcmd lpmrfr hl`l nfhtlr cm kjufbcfc kjufbcf c l mstrftmjkf pfrf bf mqukcfc m kdhkckr md mb nudhkldf`kmdtl cmb skstm`f mhldø`khl ftmdckmdcl fb cmsfrrlbbl mhldø`khl y slhkfb.

Mb Mstfcl cmgmràf, pfrf hldtrfrrmstfr mb prmcl`kdkl cmb gmdmhkl mhldø`khl prkvfcl, f

pfrtkr cm sus dlr`fs y fhtufhkldms, hlblhfr md prk`mr bujfr bf dmhmskcfc cm hukcfr f bf jmdtm y fb `mckl dfturfb. Md udf mhldl`àf slstmdkgbm qum trfgfom pfrf bf sftksnfhhkød cm bfs dmhmskcfcms cm tlcls bls smrms eu`fdls, `fdtmdkmdcl bf hfpfhkcfc cm rmprlcuhhkød cm su ùdcl slhkfb y dfturfb, dl slbf`mdtm dl sm cmgmd kjdlrfr bls hukcfcls, skdl qum mb Mstfcl cmgm mstfr f su smrvkhkl smrv khkl tfdtl md bf hlùdkcfc hl`l md mb æ`gktl cl`ëstkhl. Bfs kdmqukcfcms slhkfbms sm lrkjkdfd tfdtl md bf ckstrkguhkød cmb hukcfcl rmhkgkcl hl`l md bls rmhursls hld qum humdtfd bfs pmrsldfs pfrf efhmrsm hfrjl cmb hukcfcl cm sà `ks`fs y cm bls cm`æs. Bf ckspldkgkbkcfc c kspldkgkbkcfc cm kdjrmsls cm bfs pmrsldfs md bfs mhldl`àfs `mrhfdtkbms cmtmr`kdf bf plskgkbkcfc plskgkbkc fc cm rmhkgkr hukcfcl y su hfbkcfc1 hfbkcfc 1 bfs præhtkhfs slhkfbms pfrf bf prlvkskød cm hukcfcls tf`gkëd hldtrkguymd

Cmskjufb ckstrkguhkød cmb hukcfcl + bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jëdmrl 0 «hàrhubl vkhklsl cm bf prkvftkzfhkød cmb hukcfcl±. Mstm

prlhmsl pmrpmtÿf bf cmskjufb ckstrkguhkød cmb hukcfcl m k`pkcm qum mstm smf fsu`kcl

hl`l udf rmspldsfgkbkcfc slhkfb (Srldtl, 799>).

]rujufy sm mdhumdtrf fdtm mb cmsfnàl qum jmdmrfd bls bljrls mhldø`khls vmrsus su hldtkdukcfc y su fplrtm fb cmsfrrlbbl. Xm mdnrmdtf f rmstrkhhkldms cm lnmrtf bfglrfb y f bf dmhmskcfc cm `m olrfr y fcmhufr bfs hfpfhkcfcms cm su `fdl cm 67


lgrf, cm slstmdmr mb hrmhk`kmdtl y cm cks`kdukr bfs cmskjufbcfcms slhkfbms –qum dl slbf`mdtm sm mxprmsfd md bfs grmhefs mhldø`khfs.


cmrmhels slhkfbms y rmhldlhk`kmdtl slhkfb cmb trfgfol cm bfs pmrsldfs. Bls cmtmr`kdfdtms cm bf lnmrtf bfglrfb nm`mdkdf, hl`l ef skcl cm`lstrfcl md du`mrlsls trfgfols m`pàrkhls, mstæd rmbfhkldfcls hld bf prmsmdhkf l dl cm plgbfhkød cmpmdckmdtm md mb eljfr, gæskhf`mdtm dköls, y mb mnmhtl ms `fylr hufdcl bls dköls sld `mdlrms (Mspkdl, Bmktms y @fhefcl, 799;).> Bls `ks`ls rmsubtfcls sm mdhumdtrfd pfrf bfs ùomrms hld rmspmhtl f bf prlgfgkbkcfc cm mstfr m`pbmfcfs (Xfbvfclr, Hlbfhhm y Yrfcmrm, 7967).

8. ¼Vuë dls ckhm bf kdnlr`fhkød md ]rujufy<

Xk bf dmhmskcfc cm lhupfrsm cmb hukcfcl plr `mckl cm udf plbàtkhf pÿgbkhf skm`prm ef skcl udf prklrkcfc, ely bl ms ùhel `æs, cmgkcl prkdhkpfb`mdtm f bf `fskvf mdtrfcf cm bfs ùomrms f bf numrzf bfglrfb rmùdmrfcf. Bf tfsf cm fhtkvkcfc nm`mdkdf prl`mckl ms cm ==,> % (Mdhumstf Hldtkduf cm Eljfrms, Kdstktutl Dfhkldfb cm Mstfcàstkhf, Mstfcà stkhf, 7967), ùy ùy fbtf tfdtl cmscm mb pudtl cm vkstf ekstørkhl hl`l md bf hl`pfrfhkød kdtmrdfhkldfb1 fud fsà y pmsm f su tmdcmdhkf f bf cks`kduhkød, cks`k duhkød, bf grmhef mdtrm el`grms el`grms y ùomrms ms fÿd mxtmdsf. Bfs ùomrms hfsfcfs sld bfs qum `æs efd kdhkckcl kdhkc kcl md mstm fu`mdtl md md bfs ÿbtk`fs cëhfcfs, `kmdtrfs qum bfs ùomrms oøvmdms sld qukmdms prmsmdtfd bfs tfsfs cm fhtkvkcfc `æs fbtfs (Mspkdl, Ksfgmbbf, Bmktms y @fhefcl, 7967).

Bf `mdlr pfrtkhkpfhkød cm bfs bf s ùomrms hldtrkguym fb nmdø`mdl cm sugutkbkzfhkød cm numrzf cm trfgfol, `kmdtrfs qum præhtkhf`mdtm dl mxkstmd plskgkbkcfcms cm kdhrm`mdtfr bf lnmrtf `fshubkdf. Mstf sugutkbkzfhkød sm mxprmsf hl`l përckcf cm prlcuhtkvkcfc md mb dkvmb `khrlmhldø`khl, y tkmdm hldsmhumdhkfs dmjftkvfs md bf ckdæ`khf cm hrmhk`kmdtl. Md bls eljfrms cm bls prk`mrls qukdtkbms cm kdjrmsls, mb fplrtm cm trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl SDW ) md tër`kdls ( SDW t ër`kdls `ldmtfrkls ms ùy supmrklr s upmrklr fb cmb rmstl? 3: % md mb prk`mr qukdtkb, 8; % md mb smjudcl y 88 % md mb tmrhmrl (Mspkdl, Xfbvfclr y Vumrmomtf, 7969).

Mstf mvlbuhkød ef rmcuhkcl mb tkm`pl tkm`pl efstf felfel rf cmstkdfcl fb hukcfcl dl rmùdmrfcl cm bf nf`kbkf. Fudqum bf tfsf cm nmhudckcfc, md prl`mckl, sm ef `fdtmdkcl rmbftkvf`mdtm gfof, mb mdvmomhk`kmdtl cm bf plgbfhkød ef kdtmdskhfcl

bf dmhmskcfc cm hldtfr hld smrvkhkls cm prmstfhkød cm hukcfcls. Md 799: 79 9:,, mb tkm`pl tltfb cm trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl pfrf tlcl mb pfàs hlrrmspldcàf f bf `ktfc cmb tkm`pl cm trfgfol tltfb (3; % dl rmùdmrfcl y =6 % rmùdmrfcl) pfrf tlcf bf plgbfhkød, y bfs ùomrms rmfbkzfgfd `æs cmb clgbm cm tkm`pl cm trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl qum bls vfrldms (8>,8 y 6=,: elrfs sm`fdfbms, rmspmhtkvf`mdtm). Mbbl bk`ktf hbfrf`mdtm bfs plskgkbkcfcms cm kdsmrhkød cm bfs ùomrms md mb `mrhfcl bfglrfb, qukmdms rmprmsmdtfd slbl mb 8= % cmb tkm`pl cmstkdfcl fb trfgfol rmùdmrfcl. Mstl cmrkvf md udf prlplrhkød `fylr cm ùomrms qum cm el`grms skd kdjrmsls prlpkls y, plr bl tfdtl, `fylr cmpmdcmdhkf, fsà hl`l `fylr vubdmrfgkbkcfc fdtm bf plgrmzf. Md bfs mhldl`àfs fhtufbms mb m`pbml ms bf prkdhkpfb (y hfsk ÿdkhf) numdtm cm kdjrmsls,

>. Xmjÿd Mspkdl, Bmktms y @fhefcl (799;) «mb dÿ`mrl cm ekols y bf prmsmdhkf cm ekols pmqumöls rmsubtfd rmbmvfdtms hl`l nfhtlr qum tkmdcm f cks`kdukr bf cmckhfhkød cm bfs ùomrms f trfgfofr `æs elrfs numrf cmb eljfr. Ymrl su mnmhtl ms cmhrmhkmdtm cmhrmhkmdt m md bf `mckcf md qum fu`mdtf bf mcfc cm bls dköls. dköls . Ylr su pfrtm, pfrtm , bls el`grms tkmdmd udf `fylr prlpmdskød f cmstkdfr `æs elrfs fb trfgfol numrf cmb eljfr, pfrf jmdmrfr bls kdjrmsls qum hl`pmdsmd bfs dmhmskcfcms cm ud `fylr dÿ`mrl cm ekols. Bfs ùomrms `æs mcuhfcfs prmsmdtfd ud hl`plrtf`kmdtl sk`kbfr fb cm bls el`grms. Bf mbfstkhkcfc fb kdjrmsll prlpkl ms gfof y hmrhfdf f bf `fshubkdf kdjrms `fshu bkdf y, hl`l mrf cm mspmrfr, mstm jrupl cm ùomrms ms mb qum `æs prklrkzf su hfrrmrf bfglrfb y tkmdm udf `fylr prlpmdskød f cmstkdfr elrfs fb trfgfo trfgfoll rmùdmrfcl numrf cmb eljfr±.

68



Jræhl 6

Mstruhturf cm kdjrmsls,

y trfdsnmrmdhkfs plr qukdtkbms

SDW

Numdtm? Mspkdl, Xfbvfclr y Vumrmomtf, 7969.

Bf mtfpf rmprlcuhtkvf md bfs ùomrms hlkdhkcm md gumdf pfrtm hld bl qum sm hldlhm hl`ÿd`mdtm hl`l bf vkcf prlcuhtkvf, l smf bls föls md qum qu m sm pumcm trfgfofr md `molrms hldckhkldms md nlr`f rmùdmrfcf. Fudqum bf mcfc cm bf prk`mrf `ftmrdkcfc sm ef plspumstl, fÿd sld oøvmdms qukmdms tkmdmd ekols y, plr bl tfdtl, tkmdmd f su hfrjl hf rjl dköls pmqumöls. Bf `fdmrf md qum sm mdnrmdtf bf `ftmrdkcfc md hfcf slhkmcfc mstæ rmbfhkldfcf hld bfs cmskjufbcfcms mhldø`khfs y slhkfbms pfrf bfs pmrsldfs y pfrf bls eljfrms, pfrf pf rf mb prmsmdtm y pfrf mb nuturl.

(^frmbf Ymtktl, Nlstka y Nmrdædcmz Xltl, 7967). Mbbl cf bujfr f cls `lcmbls ckvmrjmdtms cm rmprlcuhhkød gklbøjkhf md bf slhkmcfc, qum tkmdmd k`pbkhfdhkfs pfrf mb `lcmbl cm hrmhk`kmdtl y cmsfrrlbbl, yf qum fnmhtfd dl slbl bf hfbkcfc cm bf kdsmrhkød bfglrfb cm bfs bf s ùomrms cm `mdlrms `mdlrms rmhursls fb hldckhkldfr bfs plskgkbkcfcms cm supmrfhkød cm sktufhkldms cm plgrmzf, skdl tf`gkëd bf mxpfdskød cm bf cm`fdcf yf qum bls eljfrms hld `molrms `molrms plskgkbkcfcms mhldø`khfs bljrfd tmdmr mb dÿ`mrl cm ekols qum cmsmfd y cmckhfrbms mb tkm`pl qum hldskcmrmd fcmhufcl.

Mb tkm`pl cmstkdfcl fb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl ms `fylr hufdcl efy prmsmdhkf cm plgbfhkød cmpmdckmdtm md mb eljfr, y `æs sk sm trftf cm dköls ùy pmqumöls (9 f 8 föls cm mcfc). Cfcl

Bfs `fcrms cm dköls md bls qukdtkbms `æs fbtls cm kdjrmsls prmsmdtfd udf fbtf pfrtkhkpfhkød md mb `mrhfcl bfglrfb fud hufdcl bls dköls sld pmqumöls. Mstæ cm`lstrfcl f bl bfrjl cm vfrkfs jmdmrfhkldms qum bfs ùomrms qum tkmdmd `æs fbtl dkvmb mcuhftkvl sld bfs qum tkmdmd udf `fylr pfrtkhkpfhkød bfglrfb md mb pfàs (Mspkdl, Ksfgmbbf, Bmktms y @fhefcl, 7967). Xkd m`gfrjl, dl tlcfs bfs ùomrms qum trfgfofd y qum bl efd emhel cmscm prkdhkpkls cmb skjbl UU prlvkmdmd cm eljfrms cm fbtls l `mckls kdjrmsls dk plsmmd mstuckls fvfdzfcls.

qum bf kdnlr`fhk kdnlr`fhkød ød ckspldkgbm ckspldkgbm ckhubtf c khubtf cmtmhtfr

bf plgbfhkød fcubtf cmpmdckmdtm md bls eljfrms, bls fdæbksks jmdmrfb`mdtm qumcfd smsjfcls f bf prmsmdhkf cm plgbfhkød kdnfdtkb (9 f 67 föls) (Gftteyædy, 799;). Bfs ùomrms hld `molrms prlymhhkldms prlymhhkldms md mb `mrhfcl bfglrfb tkmdcmd f udf `ftmrdkcfc tfrcàf 63



Md mstf vfrkmcfc bl qum sà mstf`ls md hldckhkl-

elrfs bls el`grms). Msf cknmrmdhkf ms tf`gkëd

dms cm fr`fr ms qum bf prmsmdhkf cm dköls(fs)

skjdkhftkvf mdtrm trfgfofclrms y trfgfofclrfs

hld olrdfcfs bfglrfbms cm sk`kbfr mxtmdskød. Xk gkmd bls prl`mckls prl`mckls cm elrfs cm trfgfol rmùdmrfcl md bf sm`fdf sld sk`kbfrms, f kjufb mxtmdskød cmb trfgfol rmùdmrfcl, mb tkm`pl cmstkdfcl fb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl ms sustfdhkfb`mdtm sustf dhkfb`mdtm ckstkdtl. Hld olrdfcfs rmcuhkcfs cm efstf 79 elrfs sm`fdfbms, bls el`grms cmstkdfd hmrhf cm 6= elrfs sm`fdfbms fb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl, y bfs ùomrms 36 elrfs. Hld olrdfcfs ùy mxtmdsfs (`æs cm =9 elrfs sm`fdfbms) bls el`grms cmstkdfd 67 elrfs fb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl y bfs ùomrms 7; elrfs sm`fdfbms (Hkmcur, 7967). L smf, bf `fylr kdsmrhkød bfglrfb cm bfs ùomrms dl jmdmrø udf rmckstrkguhkød cmb trfgfol tltfb, hld udf hlrrmbftkvf udf `fylr kdsmrhkød cm bls el`grms md mb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl. Mbbl dl slbl mstæ hldckhkldfcl plr pftrldms hubturfbms y tfb vmz cm mstàùbls mhldø`khls, hl`l pbfdtmfd fbjudfs nm`kdkstfs (hl`l Jkubbfrk y Bmwks, 799=) qum hldskcmrfd qum sk dl sm rmùdmrf mb trfgfol md bls eljfrms dl efy mstàùbls pfrf pf rf qum bls el`grms cmomd cm trfgfofr md mb `mrhfcl y sm cmckqumd f msfs tfrmfs, skdl qum md mb `mrhfcl bfglrfb prk`f bf «dlr`f cmb trfgfofclr kcmfb±, qum ms fqumb qum cmstkdf tkm`pl kbk`ktfcl f su trfgfol, gfsfcl md mb supumstl cm qum ckhel(f) trfgfofclr(f) dl tkmdm rmspldsfgkbkcfcms nf`kbkfrms y tkmdm pbmdf ckspldkgkbkcfc cm su tkm`pl (udf dlhkød qum sm ef prlnudckzfcl oudtl hld

cm 8 föls y `mdls md bls eljfrms rmstrkdjm bfs cmhkskldms cm pfrtkhkpfhkød cm bfs ùomrms, fsà hl`l bf hfdtkcfc cm elrfs trfgfofcfs md mb `mrhfcl. F`gls nfhtlrms kdhkcmd md bf plgrmzf y bf cmskjufbcfc cm kdjrmsls mdtrm eljfrms y pmrsldfs y, plr bl tfdtl, md bf cmskjufbcfc slhkfb. Bfs cknmrmdtms plskgkbkcfcms qum mdnrmdtfd bfs ùomrms cmgkcl f sus rmspldsfgkbkcf rmsplds fgkbkcfcms cms md mb eljfr sld udf prk`mrf numdtm cm kdoustkhkf md bf ckstrkguhkød cmb kdjrmsl. Bf kdsmrhkød bfglrfb cm bls kdckvkculs mstæ hldckhkldfcf plr cmskjufbcfcms prmvkfs f bf mdtrfcf fb `mrhfcl cm trfgfol, cmgkcfs md pfrtm f bfs nlr`fs prmvfbmhkmdtms cm lrjfdkzfhkød cm bf rmprlcuhhkød slhkfb. Bf ckstrkguhkød smhtlrkfb cm bf numrzf cm trfgfol, sk gkmd lgmcmhm f cmtmr`kdfdtms cm cm`fdcf, tf`gkëd cmpmdcm cm bfs hldckhkldms cm lnmrtf, cm su kdtmrrmbfhkød hld bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jëdmrl f`pfrfcfs md dlr`fs, hlstu`grms y nfhtlrms cm ckshrk`kdfhkød (pmrhmphkldms slgrm bl nm`mdkdl, rmjubfhkldms md ckvmrsls æ`gktls y, md pfrtkhubfr, cknmrmdhkfs ck nmrmdhkfs cm plcmr md ckvmrsls tmrrmdls), pmrl tf`gkëd md msfs nlr`fs cm c m lrjfdkzfhkød (Mspkdl, ( Mspkdl, 7966) 7966).. Curfdtm ùhel tkm`pl, slgrm tlcl md bfs slhkmslhkm cfcms kdcustrkfbkzfcfs, bfs ùomrms mstuvkmrld tltfb l pfrhkfb`mdtm mxhbukcfs cmb trfgfol md mb `mrhfcl1 sm cmckhfrld f bfs fhtkvkcfcms cm hukcfhukc f-

bls prlhmsls cm mxkgkbkzfhkød bfglrfb).:

cl y cl`ëstkhfs. Bf mxhbuskød tltfb skjdkhfgf

pfrf bfs ùomrms bf cmpmdcmdhkf cm bls el`grms (pfcrms, (pfc rms, msplsls, emr`fdls m ekols) md cknmrmdtms tkpls cm cmhkskldms, cmhk skldms, ms cmhkr, cmhk r, `mdlr `mdlr futldl`àf futldl`àf y plskgkbkcfcms cm kdcmpmdckzfrsm. Yfrf bf slhkmcfc plcràfd mstfr pmrckëdclsm, fcm`æs, efgkbkcfcms y rmhursls dmhmsfrkls pfrf bf hlùdkcfc y mb gkmdmstfr. Ymsm f bf mvlbuhkød hrmhkmdtm, bfs ùomrms fhtkvfs y qum rmfbkzfd trfgfols rmùdmrfcls fÿd mdnrmdtfd rmstrkhhkldms, rms trkhhkldms, dl slbl md bfs cmhkskldms cm pfrtkhkpfhkød bfglrfb, skdl tf`gkëd md bf hfdtkcfc cm elrfs trfgfofcfs.

:. Frrkfjfcf (799=) pbfdtmf qum «bf fhtufb tmdcmdhkf md F`ërkhf Bftkdf f bf mxkgkbkcfc md bfs olrdfcfs bfglrf bms ef fnmhtfcl f trfgfofclrms y trfgfofclrfs. Bf tmdcmdhkf f trfgfofr md turdls, mspmhkfb`mdtm md kdcustrkfs y md mb smhtlr hl`mrhkl, md trfgfols cl`khkbkfrkls, md trfgfols cm olrdfcfs pfrhkfbms y md olrdfcfs ftàpkhfs k`pldm tmdskldms md bf vkcf nf`kbkfr, plrqum bls elrfrkls sm lrjfdkzfd slbl md nudhkød cm bls kdtmrmsms cmb `mrhfcl. Mstf lplskhkød mdtrm mxkgkbkcfc bfglrfb y vkcf nf`k bkfr sm prlcuhm cmgkcl f qum bf vkcf bfglrfb y nf`kbkfr ckshurrm md ckstkdtls bujfrms y hld elrfrkls cknmrmdtms? cknmrmdtms? elrfrkl bfglrfb bfglrfb cmb `frkcl, `fr kcl, cm bf msplsf, cm mshumbf, cm jufrcmràfs, cm smrvkhkls pÿgbkhls y hmdtrls hl`mrhkfbms y ltrfs lrjfdkzfhkldms numrf cmb eljfr±.

Md prl`mckl, bfs ùomrms lhupfcfs rmfbkzfd 69 elrfs `mdls cm trfgfol rmùdmrfcl qum bls el`grms y 6; elrfs `æs cm trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl (83,8 elrfs sm`fdfbms bfs ùomrms y 6=,8 6=



F su vmz, bf `fylràf cm bfs ùomrms qum sm m`pbmfd hld `mdls cm 39 elrfs sm`fdfbms y fbtf hfrjf cm trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl md mb eljfr tkmdmd m`pbmls prmhfrkls (skd rmjkstrl md bf smjurkcfc slhkfb). [ bfs qum plsmmd fbtf hfrjf cm trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl y sm m`pbmfd hld olrdfcfs bfglrfbms mxtmdsfs (77 % cm bfs ùomrms `fylrms cm 63 föls) mdnrmdtfd udf fbtf hfrjf jblgfb cm trfgfol, l smf, sunrmd bl qum sm ef cfcl md bbf`fr «plgrmzf cm tkm`pl±.

Mb prl`mckl cm elrfs cmckhfcfs plr bfs ùomrms fb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl ( SDW SDW ) md bls eljfrms hld dköls(fs) cm efstf 8 föls cm mcfc md mb prk`mr (>:) y smjudcl qukdtkb (>5) ms sk`kbfr, pmrl tkmdmd cknmrmdhkfs md mb tkm`pl cmckhfcl fb SW ), 5 y 76 elrfs, trfgfol rmùdmrfcl ( SW elrfs, rmspmhtkrmspmhtk vf`mdtm. Bf hfrjf jblgfb cm bfs ùomrms ms ùy supmrklr md bls qukdtkbms 7 y 8, md bls qum fbhfdzf fbhfd zf f 5= y 5> elrfs tltfbms.

Jræhl 7

Skm`pl cm SW y SDW md bls eljfrms hld dköls cm efstf 8 föls, plr smxl y qukdtkb cm kdjrmsl (prl`mckl cm elrfs sm`fdfbms)

Mbfglrfhkød prlpkf hld gfsm md bls `khrlcftls cmb @øcubl slgrm ]sl c mb Skm`pl y Srfgfol Dl Wmùdmrfcl cm bf Mdhumstf Hldtkduf cm Eljfrms, smtkm`grm 799:, KDM . Numdtm?

bujfr f bf slgrmrrmprmsmdtfhkød slgrmrrmprmsmdtfhkød md bf vubdmrfgkbkvu bdmrfgkbkcfc y prmhfrkmcfc prmhfrkmcf c bfglrfb? sugm`pbml plr elrfs, elrfs, nfbtf cm hlgmrturf cm smjurkcfc slhkfb, gfof prlcuhtkvkcfc m kdjrmsls, `fbfs hldckhkldms y `fb f`gkmdtm cm trfgfol. tr fgfol.

Bfs rmstrkhhkldms pfrf mb m`pbml qum mdnrmdtfd bfs ùomrms cmgkcl f bfs rmspldsfgkbkcfcms md bls eljfrms sm rmnumrzfd hld bfs cmskjufbcfcms md mb `mrhfcl bfglrfb (grmhef sfbfrkfb y smjrmjfhkød lhupfhkldfb). Bf grmhef sfbfrkfb ms `æs k`plrtfdtm mdtrm qukmdms tkmdmd dkvmb mcuhftkvl `æs fbtl, bl qum rmmof bls prlgbm`fs cm smjrmjfhkød lhupfhkldfb elrkzldtfb y vmrtkhfb (Mspkdl, 7967). Bf smjrmjfhkød lhupfhkldfb tf`gkëd cf

Bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm kdjrmsls lrkjkdfcfs md bfs ckvmrjmdhkfs md bfs rmùdmrfhkldms plr trfgfol dl sm mxpbkhfd slbf`mdtm plr bfs cknmrmdhkfs cm 6>


prlcuhtkvkcfc. Md mbbfs kdhkcmd ltrls nfhtlrms cm ckshrk`kdfhkød y smjrmjfhkød, hl`l bls ëtdkhls y rfhkfbms, qum md tlcls bls hfsls sm vmd rmnlrzfcls plr bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jëdmrl. Bf grmhef plr smxl md bls kdjrmsls bfglrfbms plr elrf ms supmrklr mdtrm qukmdms plsmmd mcuhfhkød smhudcfrkf y mcuhfhkød udkvmrsktfrkf l sk`kbfr. Mstl ÿbtk`l plcràf mxpbkhfrsm plr bf mxkstmdhkf cm ud


«tmhel cm hrkstfb± qum k`pbkhf qum bfs ùomrms, f pmsfr cm plsmmr dkvmbms mcuhftkvls mbmvfcls, dl fhhmcmd f pumstls jmrmdhkfbms y momhutkvls fbtls md bf `ks`f `mckcf md qum bl efhmd bls el`grms (Hkmcur, 7967). Mbbl hbfrf`mdtm dl hldtrkguym fb cmsfrrlbbl mhldø`khl y slhkfb plrqum skjdkhf ud hbfrl cmsfprlvmhef`kmdtl cm bls

rmhursls eu`fdls.

Jræhl 8

Wmbfhkød cm rmùdmrfhkldms plr elrf smjÿd smxl y dkvmb mcuhftkvl. Sltfb cmb pfàs. Föl 7966

* Cfcf bf gfof prlplrhkød cm pmrsldfs md mstm jrupl, su vfblr tkmdcm f smr ùy vlbætkb. Numdtm? Hkmcur, 7967.

mb smrvkhkl cl`ëstkhl tkmdmd ùy gfof hlgmrturf cm smjurkcfc slhkfb y gfols sfbfrkls (F`frfdtm y Mspkdl, 7995).

F su vmz, hufdcl sm m`pbmfd md pumstls cm fbtf rmspldsfgkbkcfc, hl`l hfrjls ckrmhtkvls md m`prmsfs l md bf fc`kdkstrfhkød pÿgbkhf (kdhbukcfs bfs bmjksbfclrfs l bfs `kdkstrfs), fÿd tkmdmd olrdfcfs cm trfgfol rmùdmrfcl y dl rmùdmrfcl mbmvfcfs (=7 elrfs sm`fdfbms md prl`mckl cm trfgfol rmùdmrfcl y 87 elrfs cm trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl, bl qum tltfbkzf tltfbkzf 53 elrfs sm`fdfbms, sm`fdf bms, l smf, 67 elrfs ckfrkf ckfrkfs) s) (Hkmcur, (Hkmcur, 7967).

Hbfrf`mdtm, mb dkvmb cm prmhfrkmcfc cmb m`pbml md eljfrms pfrtkhubfrms (smrvkhkl cl`ëstkhl) ms ùy supmrklr fb qum sm rmjkstrf md bfs kdstktuhkldms. Ymrl cm tlcfs `fdmrfs ms ùy mbmvfcl hld rmbfhkød f bf hfbkcfc hfbkc fc cmb m`pbml cmb prl`mckl cm bfs lhupfcfs.

]df plrhkød k`plrtfdtm cm bfs ùomrms mstæd hldhmdtrfcfs md m`pbmls vkdhubfcls fb hukcfcl. Bf mvkcmdhkf cmùmstrf qum md msls smhtlrms tfdtl mb hukcfcl cm dköls y cm fdhkfdls hl`l

]d skstm`f cm hukcfcls plcràf `molrfr sustfdtkvf`mdtm bf hfbkcfc cmb m`pbml cm qukmdms hukcfd md nlr`f rmùdmrfcf. Mbbl tf`gkëd hldtrkgukràf 6:



fb cmsfrrlbbl mhldø`khl y slhkfb, fsà hl`l fb gkmdmstfr cm qukmdms hukcfd y sld hukcfcls.

y `molrfr fsà mb nudhkldf`kmdtl cmb skstm`f mhldø`khl fb ftmdcmr fb cmsfrrlbbl mhldø`khl y slhkfb cmb pfàs.

Jræhl 3

3. Efhkf ud skstm`f cm hukcfcls qum prlùmvf mb cmsfrrlbbl y bf mqukcfc

Yrlplrhkød cm lhupfcfs skd rmjkstrl md bf smjurkcfc slhkfb. Föl 7966, md plrhmdtfoms Eljf El jfrm rmss

Kdst Kd stkt ktuh uhkl kldm dmss

Hukcfclrfs cm dköls

:;,7

3;,7

Hukcfclrfs cm fdhkfdls

:;,8

3 3, 8

Xmrvkhkl cl`ëstkhl

=7,:

-

Sfsf prl`mckl cm lhupfcls skd rmjkstrl md bf smjurkcfc slhkfb

Md bf `mckcf md qum mb hrmhk`kmdtl cm bf mhldl`àf plr sà `ks`l dl ef bljrfcl mbk`kdfr bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jëdmrl dk ltrfs cmskjufbcfcms slhkfbms, sm fcvkmrtm bf k`plrtfdhkf cm bfs plbàtkhfs pÿgbkhfs md mstf `ftmrkf, bl hufb yf rmhljm jrfdcms hldsmdsls. Md pfrtkhubfr, md tër`kdls præhtkhls, bf hfrjf cm trfgfol rmùdmrfcl oudtl hld bls mstmrmltkpls cm bl nm`mdkdl y bl `fshubkdl, y udf kdstktuhkldfbkcfc k`prmjdfcf plr bfs rmbfhkldms cm jëdmrl efd skcl y skjumd skmdcl mb lrkjmd cm bfs cmskjufbcfcms cmskjuf bcfcms cm jëdmr jëdmrl. l. Mdtrm bls rmtls f bls qum sm mdnrmdtf ud nuturl jlgkmrdl md mb pfàs, sm mdhumdtrf bf plskgkbkcfc cm fvfdzfr efhkf ud `frhl dlr`ftkvl qum efjf cm bf mqukcfc cm jëdmrl udf plbàtkhf cm Mstfcl, pfrf bl hufb ud skstm`f dfhkldfb cm hukcfcls pumcm smr nudcf`mdtfb. Hl`l sm ef `lstrfcl, bf nlr`f md qum sm lrjfdkzfd bls hukcfcls mstæ fslhkfcf f bf kjufbcfc cm lplrtudkcfcms y mb m`pbml cm hfbkcfc, f bf futldl`àf mhldø`khf cm bfs ùomrms, fb gkmdmstfr gkmdmstf r y f bf f`pbkfhkød cmb momrhkhkl y jlhm cm cmrmhels, f `fylrms plskgkbkcfcms cm mbmhhkød m kjufbcfc cm lplrtudkcfcms (Msqukvmb, 7966). ]d rmpfrtl `æs mquktftkvl cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl cl`ëstkhl y cmb hukcfcl md bls eljfrms, y mb rmspfbcl cm ud skstm`f dfhkldfb cm hukcfcls sld nfhtlrms qum hldtrkguymd f bf kjufbcfc md cknmrmdtms æ`gktls cm bf vkcf y f bf mxpfdskød cm bfs bkgmrtfcms, fb f`pbkfr bfs lplrtudkcfcms cm bls kdckvkculs y, plr bl tfdtl, sus lphkldms.

7:,7

Mbfglrfhkød prlpkf hld gfsm md bls `khrlcftls cm bf Mdhumstf Hldtkduf cm Eljfrms 7966, KDM . Numdtm?

Bfs hldckhkldms bfglrfbms cm bf numrzf numrz f cm trfgfol nm`mdkdf dl pumcmd cmpmdcmr cmb hrmhk`kmdtl cm bf mhldl`àf mxhbuskvf`mdtm. ]d mstuckl rmnmrkcl fb `lcmbl cm kdsmrhkød kdtmrdfhkldfb cm dumstrf mhldl`àf y bfs lplrtudkcfcms qum sm jmdmrfd pfrf mb m`pbml nm`mdkdl mvkcmdhkf qum «mb hrmhk`kmdtl hrmhk` kmdtl mhldø`khl hld fu`mdtl cmb m`pbml dl ms suhkmdtm pfrf rmcuhkr bf smjrmjfhkød, yf qum md bls ÿbtk`ls 6= föls (6;;9-799=) mb m`pbml nm`mdkdl hrmhkø `æs ræpkcf`mdtm md bfs rf`fs y lhupfhkldms `æs nm`kdkzfcfs (bfs vkdhubfcfs hld bls smrvkhkls), y mbbl jmdmrf udf prmskød f bf gfof slgrm bls sfbfrkls y rmcuhm bfs lplrtudkcfcms cm m`pbml fb rmstrkdjkrbfs f udf rmcuhkcf jf`f cm lhupfhkldms± (Gkcmjfkd Yldtm, 799;). Cfcl mb sustrftl hubturfb m ekstørkhl, mb pfpmb fskjdfcl f bfs ùomrms y bfs nf`kbkfs y, md jmdmrfb, bfs cmskjufbcfcms mstruhturfbms mxkstmdtms md bf slhkmcfc, dl pumcm supldmrsm –dl lhurrm– qum bls prlhmsls cm hrmhk`kmdtl mhldø`khl trfkjfd hldskjl cm `fdmrf futl`ætkhf mb `molrf`kmdtl cm bf prlvkskød cmb hukcfcl y mb ]DWKXC, 799;). gkmdmstfr eu`fdl ( ]DWKXC

Bf nlr`f cm lrjfdkzfhkød cm bls hukcfcls mstæ tf`gkëd rmbfhkldfcf hld bf prlcuhtkvkcfc cmb skstm`f mhldø`khl y bfs trfymhtlrkfs cm hrmhk`kmdtl mhldø`khl. Bf rmprlcuhhkød cm bf numrzf cm trfgfol y cm bfs jmdmrfhkldms md nlr`f fcmhufcf hldstktuym, skd cucf, udl cm bls mbm`mdtls `æs k`plrtfdtms cmb nudhkldf`kmd-

Bf kdnlr`fhkød prmsmdtfcf lnrmhm kdckhkls cm bf dmhmskcfc cm k`pbm`mdtfr plbàtkhfs pÿgbkhfs md mb ærmf cm bls hukcfcls qum plcràfd plc ràfd lpmrfr hl`l nfhtlr cm kjufbcfc, cm mstrftmjkf pfrf bf mqukcfc,

tl cm bf mhldl`àf. Bf lnmrtf bfglrfb suhkmdtm

md hfdtkcfc y fcmhufcf md hfbkcfc ms ud nfhtlr 65


k`prmshkdckgbm pfrf fsmjurfr bf hldtkdukcfc cmb hrmhk`kmdtl, pmrl tf`gkëd bf ckstrkguhkød cmb kdjrmsl md bfs `molrms hldckhkldms (Jklsf _ufzÿf y Wlcràjumz Mdràqumz, 7969).


bf kdvmrskød md hfpktfb eu`fdl qum ef emhel bf slhkmcfc. Bf `fylr kdhlrplrfhkød cm bf numrzf cm trfgfol nm`mdkdf, md pfrtkhubfr md bls dkvmbms slhklmhldø`khls `æs plgrms, hldtrkguym f cltfr cm kdjrmsls y hfpfhkcfc cm hldsu`l f ùomrms y eljfrms y f cks`kdukr bf vubdmrfgkbkcfc fdtm bf plgrmzf. Ylr Ylr su pfrtm, mb kdhrm`mdtl cmb kdjrmsl jblgfb k`pfhtf md bls `mrhfcls fb fu`mdtfr bf cm`fdcf, udl cm bls pkbfrms cmb hrmhk`kmdtl y bf kdvmrskød.

¼Bf fhuùbfhkød cm hfpktfb nfhkbktf bf prl-

vkskød cm hukcfcls y `molrf mb gkmdmstfr eu`fdl, l bl prk`mrl lhurrm f mxpmdsfs cm bl smjudcl< (]DWKXC, 799;).

Mb hldoudtl cm mbm`mdtls fdfbkzfcls pmr`ktm fr`fr qum bf k`pbm`mdtfhkød cm ud skstm`f

dfhkldfb cm hukcfcls qum kdhlrplrm udf pmrspmhtkvf cm jëdmrl fpudtf, ckrmhtf`mdtm, f `molrfr bfs hldckhkldms md udf smdcf cm cmsfrrlbbl y bf ckstrkguhkød cmb kdjrmsl fbbà cldcm ùhefs cm bfs cmskjufbcfcms sm lrkjkdfd.

Bfs ckhubtfcms pfrf hldhkbkfr bf vkcf bfglrfb

hld bfs rmspldsfgkbkcfcms cl`ëstkhfs bbmvfd, md mb hfsl cm bfs ùomrms, f ud foustm cm su pfrtkhkpfhkød bfglrfb plr mb bfcl cm bfs elrfs trfgfofcfs y bf hfbkcfc cmb m`pbml (lptfdcl plr m`pbmls `æs mxkgbms, bls hufbms ùhefs

Xk mb ùdcl cm bf prlcuhhkød cm `mrhfcl, bl hldskcmrfcl mhldø`khl, mb nudhkldf`kmdtl cmb skstm`f mhldø`khl, cmgm pmdsfrsm f pfrtkr cm bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf, mdtldhms sm rmqukmrmd hf`gkls md mb æ`gktl prlcuhtkvl. «Xk bfs plbàtkhfs slhkfbms sld mb mspfhkl cm bf rmckstrkguhkød y bf mhldl`àf ms mb mspfhkl cm bf ckstrkguhkød, mb rkmsjl qum sm hlrrm mdnlhædclsm slbl md bfs plbàtkhfs slhkfbms (pfrf ftmdcmr bfs humstkldms cmb hukcfcl) ms cmofr kdtfhtl (kdmxpbkhfcl m kdhumstkldfcl) mb prlhmsl plr mb hufb sm bbmjf f bf fhtufb ckstrkguhkød cm bls kdjrmsls, bls tkm`pls y bls rmhursls, fdtms cm qum bfs plbàtkhfs slhkfbms skrvfd pfrf hldtrfrrmstfr bls mnmhtls ‒hlbftmrfbms‐ cmb nudhkldf`kmdtl n udhkldf`kmdtl mhldø`khl± (Msqukvmb, (Msq ukvmb, 7966). 7966).

vmhms fcqukmrmd ud hfræhtmr `æs kdnlr`fb). Bf tmdskød mdtrm prlcuhkr `mrhfdhàfs y rmprlcuhkr pmrsldfs mstæ nudcfcf md bf dfturfbmzf cmb `mrhfcl cm trfgfol –kdtmrhf`gkl cm trfgfol y `mckls cm sugskstmdhkf–, plrqum pfrf qum bf cltfhkød cm trfgfol fsfbfrkfcl sm mdhumdtrm ckspldkgbm ms dmhmsfrkf udf cltfhkød cm trfgfol cm rmprlcuhhkød slhkfb cm bfs pmrsldfs qum dl sm hldskcmrf md mb fdæbksks mhldø`khl hldvmdhkldfb (Ykhhekl, 799=). Bf kdmstfgkbkcfc md mb m`pbml, bfs fbtfs tfsfs cm cmsm`pbml y bf prmhfrkmcfc bfglrfb qum prmsmdtf bf `fdl cm lgrf nm`mdkdf hldspkrfd hldtrf mb fprmdckzfom y bf mspmhkfbkzfhkød, bf prlcuhtkvkcfc, bf hl`pmtktkvkcfc y mb hrmhk`kmdtl, `kmdtrfs qum mb cmsfrrlbbl cmsf rrlbbl y bf kdsmrhkød kdtmrdfhkldfb cmpmdcmd oustf`mdtm cm fhuùbfr fprmdckzfoms,

Bfs plbàtkhfs pumcmd hldtrkgukr f rmcmdkr bf

rmbfhkød mxkstmdtm mdtrm mb trfgfol cm `mrhfcl y mb cm hukcfcls pfrf qum ùomrms y el`grms oumjumd ud pfpmb prltfjødkhl md f`gfs msnmrfs. Mbbl supldm cm-hldstrukr bf kcmf cm qum tlcf pmrsldf trfgfofclrf tkmdm qum rmspldcmr f udf ÿdkhf dlr`f –bf `fshubkdf–, skd tl`fr md humdtf rmspldsfgkbkcfcms nf`kbkfrms pmrl, slgrm tlcl, skd rmhldlhmr mb hukcfcl hl`l udf dmhmskcfc hmdtrfb cm bf eu`fdkcfc.

mbmvfr bf hfbkhfhkød cm bfs tfrmfs y cmsfrrlbbfr

kddlvfhkldms. Mstfs sld bfs hldckhkldms pfrf pfsfr cm mxpbltfr vmdtfofs mstætkhfs (md mstm hfsl gfol hlstl cm bf `fdl cm lgrf) f gmdmhkfrsm cm

vmdtfofs ckdæ`khfs (Jklsf _ufzÿf y Wlcràjumz Mdràqumz, 7969). Ymrl Ymrl fcm`æs, hldskcmrfdcl bls dkvmbms mcuhftkvls fbhfdzfcls plr bfs ùomrms, msfs hldckhkldms bfglrfbms supldmd cmspmrckhkfr

6;



Wmnmrmdhkfs gkgbkljræhfs

F`frfdtm, ^. y F. Mspkdl, 7995. «Bf sktufhkød cmb smrvkhkl cl`ëstkhl md ]rujufy±. Md ]rujufy? f`pbkfd- cl bfs lplrtudkcfcms bfglrfbms cm bfs ùomrms. @ldtmvkcml? Kdùomrms y Gfdhl @udckfb.

Md Bf mhldl`àf nm`kdkstf cmscm F`ërkhf Bftkdf? udf elof cm rutf slgrm bls cmgftms fhtufbms md bf rmjkød. s. b.? LD] @uomrms. – 7969. Mhldl`àf nm`kdkstf? mdnlqums y prlpumstfs. @ldtmvkcml? Xmrkm Clhu`mdtls cm Srfgfol, Kdstktutl cm Mhldl`àf, Nfhubtfc cm Hkmdhkfs Mhldø`khfs y cm Fc`kdkstrfhkød, ]cmbfr.

Frrkfjfcf, K., 799=.

Bls bà`ktms cmb usl cmb tkm`pl? cknhub - tfcms pfrf bfs plbàtkhfs cm hldhkbkfhkød nf`kbkf y trfgfol. s. b.,

Xfdtkfjl cm Hekbm? Hmpfb.

Gkcmjfkd Yldtm, D., 799;.

Mspkdl, F., N. Ksfgmbbf, @. Bmktms y F. @fhefcl, 7967. Mbfstkhkcfc kdtmrtm`plrfb y dl hl`pmdsfcf cm bf lnmrtf bfglrfb. Mvkcmdhkf pfrf mb hfsl urujufyl. @ldtmvkcml? Xmrkm Clhu`mdtls cm Srfgfol CS65/67, Kdstktutl cm Mhldl`àf, Nfhubtfc cm Hkmdhkfs Mhldø`khfs y cm Fc`kdkstrfhkød cm bf ]cmbfr.

vkcml? KCWH.

Mspkdl, F., X. Xfbvfclr y @. Vumrmomtf, 7969.

Hfrrfshl, H., 7998. «¼Hldhkbkfhkød<, dl jrfhkfs. Efhkf udf dumvf lrjfdkzfhkød slhkfb±. Md @. K. F`lrlsl @krfdcf, F. Glshe Yfrmrfs, H. Hfrrfshl y E. Nmrdædcmz @mcrfdl, @fbfgfrkstfs cm bf vkcf? @uomrms, tkm`pls y trfgfols. Gfrhmbldf? Khfrkf, pp. 7:-=6.

tmvkcml? Hkmcur-LD] @uomrms.

Hfrrfshl, H. y M. Smbbl, 7967. «Fpudtms pfrf udf vkcf slstmdkgbm±. Md @. NWMKUFDMS @FSML, Xlstm- dkgkbktfts? Ylbktkqums pÿgbkqums cms cmb nm`kdks`m k b‛mhlbljks`m.

cm Srfgfol CS98/9;, Kdstktutl cm mhldl`àf, Nfhubtfc cm Hkmdhkfs Mhldø`khfs y cm Fc`kdkstrfhkød cm bf ]cmbfr.

Gfrhmbldf? Kdstktut cm Hkådhkms Ylbàtkqums k Xlhkfbs, ]dkvmrsktft Fut÷dl`f cm Gf rhmbldf, pp. 66-=8. 66-=8.

Msqukvmb, ^., 7966.

Gftteyædy, A., 799;. «Mb hukcfcl cm bfs pmrsldfs cmpmdckmdtms y jëdmrl±. Md W. FJ]KWWM (mc.), Bfs gfsms kdvkskgbms cmb gkmdmstfr slhkfb. @ldtmvkcml? ]dknm`. Hl`mrhkl y hukcfcls md ]rujufy? prlpumstfs cm plbàtkhfs pÿgbkhfs . Hkmcur-KJDS. @ldtm-

Bf mhldl`àf cm bls eljfrms? `æs fbbæ cm bls kdjrmsls `ldmtfrkls. @ld-

Mspkdl, F., @. Bmktms y F. @fhefcl, 799;.

Hf`gkls md bf hldcuhtf cm bf lnmrtf bfglrfb nm`mdkdf? mb kdhrm`mdtl cm bf fhtkvkcfc cm bfs ùomrms hfsfcfs. Ckfjdøstkhl m k`pbkhfdhkfs. ]rujufy? 6;56-799>. @ldtmvkcml? Xmrkm Clhu`mdtls

Bf mhldl`àf cmb hukcfcl md F`ërkhf Bftkdf? pldkmdcl f bls hukcfcls md mb hmdtrl cm bf fjmdcf, s. b.?

Hmpfb, 7969. ¼Vuë Mstfcl pfrf quë kjufbcfc< Grfskbkf? Hldnmrmdhkf Wmjkldfb slgrm bf @uomr cm F`ërkhf Bftkdf y mb Hfrkgm.

Hufcmrdls cm YD]C, Xmrkm Ftfdcl hfgls, cmsefhkmdcl ducls. Nfhubtfc cm Hkmdhkfs Xlhkfbms - Kdstktutl Dfhkldfb cm Mstfcàstkhf, 7995. ]sl cmb tkm`pl y trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl md

Hkmcur, 7967. @fpf cm jëdmrl? jë dmrl? Srfgfol, m`pbml y dmjlhkfhkød dmjlh kfhkød hlbmhtkvf md ]rujufy. @ldtmvkcml? Ærmf Cmsfrrlbbl y Jëdmrl cm Hkmcur.

mb ]rujufy. @øcubl cm bf Mdhumstf Hldt kduf cm Eljfrms 799:.

@ldtmvkcml? s. d.

Mbsld, C., 6;;;. «Bfglur @framts fs Jmdcmrmc Kds-

Jklsf _ufzÿf, D. y H. Wlcràjumz Mdràqumz, 7969.

tktutklds? Mqufbkty, Mnhkmdhy fdc M`plwmr`mdt

Kssums±. Md Zlrbc Cmvmblp`mdt , vlb. 7: 7:,, d.¿ 8.

Mstrftmjkfs cm cmsfrrlbbl y mqukcfc mqukcf c cm jëdmrl? udf prlpumstf prl pumstf cm fglrcfom y su fpbkhfhkød fb hfsl cm bfs kdcustrkfs `fdunfhturmrfs cm mxplrtfhkød md @ëxkhl y Hmdtrlf`ërkhf. Xfdtkfjl cm Hek-

Mspkdl, F., 7967.

bm? Ckvkskød cm Fsudtls cm Jëdmrl, Hmpfb.

Cknmrmdhkfs sfbfrkfbms plr jëdmrl y su vkdhubfhkød hld bf smjrmjfhkød lhupfhkldfb y bls cmsfoustms plr hfbknhfhkød. @ldtmvkcml? Xmrkm Clhu`mdtls cm Srf-

Jkubbfrk, X. y O. Bmwks, 799=.

Sem fcubt wlramr `lcmb nf- `kby, jmdcmr mqufbkty fdc hfrm? tem smfrhe nlr tem dmw plbkhy prkdhk- pbms fdc tem plsskgkbktkms fdc pr lgbm`s ln f hfpfgkbktkms fpprlfhe. f pprlfhe.

gfol CS 79/67, Kdstktutl cm Mhldl`àf, Nfhubtfc cm Hkmdhkfs Mhldø`khfs y cm Fc`kdkstrfhkød cm bf ]cmbfr.

s. b.? Wlutbmcjm, Sfyblr & Nrfdhks Jrlup Btc.

– 7966. «Ymrspmhtkvfs tmørkhfs slgrm jëdmrl, trfgfol y sktufhkød cmb `mrhfcl bfglrfb bftkdlf`mrkhfdl±.

Jrupl cm Srfgfol Srfgfol Kdtmrkdstktuhkldfb, Kdtmrkdstkt uhkldfb, Hldsmol Dfhkldfb cm Ylbàtkhfs Xlhkfbms, Jfgkdmtm Jfgkdmt m Xlhkfb, 7967. Efhkf

79



ud `lcmbl slbkcfrkl cm hukcfcls? prlpumstf pfrf bf hldstruhhkød cmb Xkstm`f Dfhkldfb cm Hukcfcls. @ldtmvkcml? s. d.

cmrf rkqumzf cm bfs dfhkldms? hf`kdls fb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl±.

– 7969. Clhu`mdtl cm bkdmf`kmdtls, fplrtms hldhmptufbms y pbfd

– 6;;6. Kdnlr`m cm cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl 6;;6, 6;;6, s. b.? s. d.

cm trfgfol pfrf mb cksmöl cm ud Xkstm`f Dfhkldfb Kdtmjrfcl cm Hukcfcls. @ldtmvkcml? s. d.

Wlcràjumz Mdràqumz, H., 799=. Mhldl`àf cmb

hukcfcl y plbàtkhf mhldø`khf? m hldø`khf? udf fprlxk`fhkød f sus kdtmrrmbfh kldms. Yf-

Kdùomrms-@kcms, 799:. Yrk`mr Ybfd Dfhkldfb cm Kjufbcfc cm Lplrtudkcfcms Lp lrtudkcfcms y Cmrmhels 799: 799:-796 -7966. 6. @ldtmvkcml? s. d.

dmb «Ylbàtkhfs cm prltmhhkød slhkfb, mhldl`àf cmb hukcfcl y mqukcfc cm jëdmrl±. @fr cmb Ybftf? Srkjësk`f Lhtfvf Wmudkød cm bf @msf Ckrmhtkvf cm bf Hldnmrmdhkf Wmjkldfb slgrm bf @uomr cm F`ërkhf Bftkdf y mb Hfrkgm, : y 5 cm smtkm`grm.

Kdstktutl Dfhkldfb cm Mstfc àstkhf, 7967. Mdhumstf Hld- tkduf cm Eljfrms 7967. @ldtmvkcml? s. d. Ougmtl

Wukz, [., 7967. Wmvkstf Yumgbls. Ckspldkgbm md ※www.rmvkstfpumgbls.lrj/lbc/spkp.pep. Nm`kdks`, Bldcrms? Wlutbmcjm.

Xfbvfclr, X., 799;. «Bf vfblrkzfhkød mhldø`khf cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl±. Md W. FJ]KWWM (mc.), Bfs gfsms kdvkskgbms cmb gkmdmstfr slhkfb. @ldtmvkcml? ]dknm`.

Lgomhtkvkty fdc Mhldl`khs.

Xfbvfclr, X., @. Hlbfhhm y J. Yrfcmrm, 7967. «Fhhkldms md mb `mrhfcl cm trfgfol±. Md Hrkfr, trfgfofr, hukcfr. @ldtmvkcml? s. d.

– 6;;8. «Sem Xtucy ln Helkhm lr tem Xtucy ln Yrlvkskldkdj<± Md Gmyldc Mhldl`kh @fd? Nm`kdkst Semlry fdc Mhldl`khs. Hekhfjl? Sem ]dkvmrskty ln Hekhfjl Yrmss.

Xmjukdl, X., 7999. «Jmdcmr Kdmqufbkty fdc Mhldl`kh Jrlwte? f Hrlss-Hludtry Fdfbysks±, s. b. Md XXWD ※ettp?//ssrd.hl`/fgstrfht07=7;68‿.

Ykhhekl, F., 799=. «Bf mhldl`àf plbàtkhf y bf kdvmstkjfhkød slgrm bfs hldckhkldms cm vkcf±. Md J. Hfkrø k Hëspmcms y @. @fylrcl`l Wkhl (hl`ps.), Ylr udf

]DWKXC,

799;. Sem Ylbktkhfb fdc Xlhkfb Mhldl`y ln Hfrm. s.

b., ]DWKXC/HD73/9;/7.

mhldl`àf slgrm bf vkcf? fplrtfhkldms cmscm ud mdnlqum nm`kdkstf.

Gfrhmbldf? Khfrkf.

^frmbf Ymtktl, H., F. Nlstka y @. Nmrdædcmz Xltl, 7967. «@ftmrdkcfc md bf ouvmdtuc y cmskjufbcfc slhkfb±. Md Hufcmrdls cmb ]DNYF, Xmrkm Ckvubjfhkød, Föl >, d.¿ >.

– 6;;;. «^kskgkbkcfc fdfbàtkhf y plbàtkhf cmb trfgfol cm rmprlcuhhkød slhkfb±. Md H. Hfrrfshl, @uomrms y mhldl`àf. Gfrhmbld Gfrhmbldf? f? Khfrkf. YD]C,

7969. Kdnlr`m slgrm cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl 7969, Dumvf [lra? Mckhkød cmb ^kjësk`l Fdkvmrsfrkl «Bf vmrcf-

76

Fhmrhf cm bfs futlrfs Fb`f Mspkdl ms Mspkdl ms mhldl`kstf, kdvmstkjfclrf cm Hkmcur y clhmdtm cm bf Nfhubtfc cm Hkmdhkfs

Mhldø`khfs y cm Fc`kdkstrfhkød, ]cmbfr. Xlbmcfc Xfbvfclr ms ms `æstmr md Mhldl`àf m kdvmstkjfclrf cm Hkmcur. Mstm clhu`mdtl nlr`f pfrtm cm bfs fhtkvkcfcms cmb prlymhtl Efhkf ud Xkstm`f Dfhkldfb cm Hukcfcls hld pmrspmhtkvf cm jëdmrl md mb ]rujufy , fplyfcl Jlggk hlbfglrø plr bf ]dkød Murlpmf. Hfrkdf Jlggk hlbfglrø md bf hlrrmhhkød cm mstkbl y @fràf Xfuvfb, Xfuvfb, md bfs

tfrmfs dfbms cm mckhkød.

Ykm cm k`prmdtf

Nrkmcrkhe-Mgmrt-Xtkntudj ┇]rujufy Ybfzf Hfjfdhef 663= pksl 5 ┇66699 @ldtmvkcml┇ ]rujufy Wmspldsfgbm? Xk`ldm Wmpmrjmr, rmprmsmdtfdtm cm bf Nudcfhkød Nrkmcrkhe Mgmrt (NMX)

md ]rujufy y ckrmhtlrf cmb

Yrlymhtl Xkdckhfb md F`ërkhf Bftkdf cm bf

NMX

Smb.? ++=;5-7;97-7;-85 ┇ Nfx? ++=;5-7;97-7;-36 ettp?//ww w.nmsur w.nmsur.lrj.uy .lrj.uy | nmsurInmsur.lrj.uy nmsurInm sur.lrj.uy

Hlrrmhhkød | @fràf Bkbf Btfkn | Ckfjrf`fhkød | jbkpelsxp |

Cmpøsktl Bmjfb | 8>7.;:;/68

Nudcfhkød Nrkmcrkhe Mgmrt ( NMX) Bf Nudcfhkød Nrkmcrkhe Mgmrt (NMX) num hrmfcf md 6;7=, y ms bf nudcfhkød plbàtkhf `æs fdtkjuf cm Fbm`fdkf. Ms udf kdstktuhkød prkvfcf y cm utkbkcfc pÿgbkhf, hl`prl`mtkcf hld mb kcmfrkl cm bf cm`lhrfhkf slhkfb. Bf nudcfhkød cmgm su dl`grm f Nrkmcrkhe Mgmrt, prk`mr prmskcmdtm fbm`æd cm`lhrætkhf`mdtm mbmjkcl, y cf hldtkdukcfc f su bmjfcl cm efhmr mnmhtkvf bf bkgmrtfc, bf slbkcfrkcfc y bf oustkhkf slhkfb. Hu`pbm msf tfrmf md Fbm`fdkf y md mb mxtmrklr md sus prljrf`fs cm nlr`fhkød plbàtkhf y cm hllpmrfhkød kdtmrdfhkldfb, fsà hl`l md mb fplyl f gmhfrkls y mb nl`mdtl cm bf kdvmstkjfhkød.

Yfrf slbkhktfr pugbkhfhkldms? Mb usl hl`mrhkfb cm tlcls bls `ftmrkfbms mcktfcls y pugbkhfcls plr bf Nrkmcrkhe-Mgmrt-Xtkntudj (NMX) mstæ prlekgkcl skd prmvkf futlrkzfhkød mshrktf cm bf NMX. Bfs lpkdkldms mxprmsfcfs md mstf pugbkhfhkød dl rmprmsmdtfd dmhmsfrkf`mdtm bfs cm bf NrkmcrkheMgmrt-Xtkntudj. (l cm bf lrjfdkzfhkød pfrf bf qum trfgfof mb futlr.) Mstf pugbkhfhkød ef skcl k`prmsf md pfpmb nfgrkhfcl gfol bls hrktmrkls cm udf jmstkød nlrmstfb slstmdkgbm.

KXGD? ;:5-;;:3-::>6-:-8

El sistema nacional de cuidados: una apuesta al bienestar, la igualdad y el desarrollo

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