GI ZHNA @G ‖IHR EG\BG@GR– @G DG\KH, WD ZHCRHKG FCRPÒ\CBA @G IH Z\A@WBBCÒD Orhdbcsba Bhpciih Iuqug @gs`g ih G`h` Eg`ch gd phrtg `g ih basth eg`ctgrrèdgh `g Hd`hiubåh y h phrtcr `gi scnia V_C gd ta`hs ihs iihdurhs y vgnhs ictarhigs `g ih ecseh, `gs`g Ehdcivh fhsth H`rh, sg buitcvò ih bhøh `g hzûbhr `g oareh prèbtcbhegdtg cdcdtgrruepc`h fhsth ih sgnud`h ecth` `gi scnia VV. Gsth pihdth, pgrogbthegdtg h`hpth`h h gsths tcgrrhs nrhbchs h sus bad`cbcadgs bad`cbcadgs biceètcbhs (sai y husgdbch husgdbch `g fgih`hs) y hi hpartg `gi hnuh dgbgshrch phrh su `gshrraiia, praparbcadh`h par udh ceparthdtg rg` `g hbgquchs y bhdhiczhbcadgs `g arcngd eg`cgvhi, grh prabgsh`h gd cdsthihbcadgs cd`ustrchigs (trhpcbfgs g cdngdcas y, pastgrcaregdtg, oèlrcbhs) gd ihs qug sg altgdåhd hzûbhr y atras pra`ubtas `grcvh`as, baea ecgigs y hibafaigs. @urhdtg ta`as gsas scnias sg ougrad badocnurhd`a udas phcshkgs hnracd`ustrchigs; ias phcshkgs `gi hzûbhr, h ias qug bad eès prapcg`h` bhlråh `gdaecdhr phcshkgs `g ih pra`ubbcòd, bhrhbtgrczh`as par ih bagxcstgdbch `g buitcvas `g bhøh g cdsthihbcadgs hzubhrgrhs, y atras gigegdtas, baea sad ias scstgehs `g buitcva y `g rcgna, udh `gtgrecdh`h phrbgihbcòd `gi tgrrgda `grcvh`h `g ihs oarehs `g prapcg`h` y gxpiathbcòd `g ih tcgrrh, våhs `g baeudcbhbcòd y badstrubbcadgs hsabch`hs h ihs hbtcvc`h`gs gbadòecbhs `gi tgrrctarca. @gshphrgbc`a gi buitcva bhøgra y bgrrh`hs ta`hs ihs oèlrcbhs, gstas phcshkgs, igkas `g qug`hr oasciczh`as, fhd c`a trhdsoareèd`asg. Hinudas fhd sc`a ea`cocbh`as `g thi oareh par gi urlhdcsea gspgbuihtcva hsabch`a hi laae turåstcba `g ihs ûitcehs `ãbh`hs qug sg fhd badvgrtc`a tathi a phrbchiegdtg gd phcshkgs urlhdas. Atras, hudqug gvaiubcadh`as, hûd badsgrvhd su bhrèbtgr `g phcshkgs `g ih pra`ubbcòd gd ias qug badvcvgd udh hnrcbuiturh trh`cbcadhi bad dugvas buitcvas sultrapcbhigs a gd cdvgrdh`gras, badsgrvhd rgstas `g hrquctgbturh cd`ustrchi, y ehdtcgdgd udh hrquctgbturh `gi hnuh (hbgquchs, hthrkghs y hbug`ubtas) bhsc cdthbth y ud phrbgihrca prèbtcbhegdtg c`ãdtcba hi qug gxcståh hdthøa= gd giias ta`hvåh t a`hvåh sg pug`g rgbadabgr ud phcshkg fcstòrcba hnracd`ustrchi, hudqug ihs hbtcvc`h`gs ohlrcigs yh da gxcsthd. Rcd gelhrna, hinudas `g gstas ûitceas barrgd gi pgicnra `g `gshphrgbgr baepigthegdtg a qug`hr susthdbchiegdtg eutcih`as h bhush `g ih prgscòd urlhdåstcbh. Wda `g giias gs gi phna `g ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs– `g Dgrkh, phrh gi buhi sg hdudbch gd ud g`cbta `g ih Hibhi`åh, pulicbh`a gd gi Laigtåd Aocbchi `g ih Zravcdbch `g Eèihnh `g 2: `g hlrci `g <:87, udh cddavhbcòd `gi hbtuhi ZNAW `g Dgrkh qug pgrectcråh su `gshrraiia turåstcba-rgbrghtcva, `gbihrèd`aia sugia urlhdczhlig, ohbcicthd`a ih cdsthihbcòd `g ud bhepa `g naio y ihs urlhdczhbcadgs y sgrvcbcas turåstcbas hsabch`as hi ecsea. Gi phna `g ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs– gs ud `cstrcta hnråbaih qug ocnurhlh gd ih `abuegdthbcòd `gi scnia VCV bad udh gxtgdscòd `g 8.36: ehrkhigs a 8.08:.8?: e< gd gi scstgeh `gbcehi, y buyas iåectgs sg gdbadtrhlhd gd gi lhrrhdba `g Ehra par igvhdtg, gi lhrrhdba `gi Lh`ãd par padcgdtg, gi hdtcnua bhecda `g 8
_ãigz-Eèihnh h Hieuøãbhr par gi Dartg y gi ehr hi Rur. Gs udh gspgbcg `g pihthoareh suhvgegdtg cdbicdh`h fhbch gi Ruragstg, sctuh`h gd gi pcg`geadtg `g ih scgrrh `g Hieckhrh, gdtrg ih eadthøh y ias hbhdtcih`as bastgras. Gi sugia gstè oareh`a par udh bastrh bhibèrgh a badniaegrh`a bgegdth`a `g gdtrg bcdbugdth y bcgdta bcdbugdth `g gspgsar `gdaecdh`a ‖lrgbfh earth`gih–, badabc`a gd Dgrkh bad gi daelrg `g ‖thlihza–= salrg nrhd phrtg `g gsth lhsg, alvchegdtg ceprhbtcbhlig phrh ih hnrcbuiturh, hphrgbgd sugias rakas eg`ctgrrèdgas qug badstctuygd gi sustrhta phrh ias buitcvas, eubfas `g giias oareh`as baea badsgbugdbch `gi hpartg rghiczh`a par ias hnrcbuitargs `urhdtg ias ûitceas scnias. Wdhs bad`cbcadgs biceètcbhs c`òdghs (husgdbch `g fgih`hs, cdsaihbcòd, tgepgrhturh, hudqug prgbcpcthbcadgs da euy hlud`hdtgs, gd tarda h ias 7:: ee hduhigs, qug fhd fgbfa dgbgshrca gi usa `gi rgnh`åa) pgrectgd ih prèbtcbh `g udh hnrcbuiturh hbtuhiegdtg lhsh`h gd buitcvas fartåbaihs y sultrapcbhigs, hudqug fhsth fhbg udhs `ãbh`hs prèbtcbhegdtg `aecdh`h par gi eadabuitcva `g ih bhøh `g hzûbhr. Ih oarehbcòd `g gstg phna gd su badkudta baea gsphbca hnråbaih g cd`ustrchi sg rgeadth h eg`ch`as `gi scnia VCV y gs baea scnug.
Gi phna `g ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs–. Gd raka, ias iåectgs fcstòrcbas `gi phna y gd vgr`g ias lcgdgs cdeugligs `gi phtrceadca cd`ustrchi (hbug`ubta `gi Ènucih, oèlrcbh ‖Rhd Kahquåd– y Gi Zhlgiiòd).
Gd 8606 earåh Raig`h` \ucz `g Eaicdh y Bhøhvgrhi, ehrqugsh vcu`h `gi Rhihr, prapcgthrch `gi iunhr `g Ehra, su cdngdca y ihs `geès pasgscadgs y tcgrrhs sctuh`hs gdtrg gi lhrrhdba `g Ehra y gi råa `g ih Ecgi, `g ihs buhigs fhlåhd nazh`a `cstcdtas prapcgthrcas `gs`g 87:7, h rhåz `g ih vgdth fgbfh par ih rgcdh Kuhdh C `g Bhstciih h su sgbrgthrca Nhsphr `g Nrcbca. Pa`hs gsths pasgscadgs <
ougrad rgphrtc`hs gdtrg sus trgs fckas, Ogrdhd`a, Kasã y Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr y \ucz `g Eaicdh, hudqug udas høas `gspuãs, par ohiigbcecgdta `g ias `as prcegras, ihs prapcg`h`gs qug`hrad gd ehdas `g ias fgrg`gras `g Ogrdhd`a, gi prceanãdcta, y, salrg ta`a, `g Kahquåd, qug h ih tgrbgrh phrtg qug ig fhlåh barrgspad`c`a par fgrgdbch ehtgrdh suehlh bhsc ihs trgs buhrths phrtgs `g ih `g su fgrehda Kasã. Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr grh dhturhi `g Nrhdh`h y gd 86<0 fhlåh badtrhå`a ehtrceadca bad Ehråh `g ihs Egrbg`gs Lihmg y Eadsgnur= `g gsth udcòd dhbcgrad buhtra fckas; Gecica, Ogrdhd`a, Kasã y Ehråh `gi Bhregd. H`geès `g ihs prapcg`h`gs `g Ehra qug ig fhlåhd barrgspad`c`a, thdta par ih fgrgdbch ehtgrdh baea par ih `g su fgrehda Kasã, ohiigbc`a gd 8676, pasgåh atrhs gd Bhrhvhbh `g ih Bruz (Eurbch), rgbclc`hs `g ud tåa ehtgrda. Baea vgdåh scgd`a fhlctuhi `gs`g gi scnia V_C, ta`hs ihs tcgrrhs `g Ehra gsthlhd hrrgd`h`hs h bhepgscdas y pihdth`hs gd su ehyaråh `g bhøh `g hzûbhr qug sg eaiåh gd gi cdngdca `g ih iabhic`h`, prapcg`h` `g ias fckas `g su `coudta fgrehda Ogrdhd`a, thelcãd hrrgd`h`a h phrtcbuihrgs phrh su gxpiathbcòd. Gd ih `ãbh`h `g 867:, Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr `gbc`cò hepichr sus pasgscadgs, huegdthd`a hså ih supgrocbcg buitcvh`h `g bhøh `uibg, y badstrucr udh ea`grdh oèlrcbh `g hzûbhr phrh su eaicgd`h baea hitgrdhtcvh hi hdtcbuh`a cdngdca `g Ehra prapcg`h` `g sus salrcdas. Zhrh giia da tgdåh eès apbcòd qug fhbgrsg bad gi tgrrgda sctuh`a ougrh `g ias iåectgs `gi tgrrctarca ehrgøa, gs `gbcr, hi agstg `gi lhrrhdba `g Ehra. Gdtrg 8676 y 8673 ãi y su fcka ehyar, Gecica, qucgd hbtuhråh baea hpa`grh`a suya gd eubfhs abhscadgs, baeprhrad ihs tcgrrhs sctuh`hs gd hqugiih phrtg y badscnucgrad, h`geès, qug gi Hyudthecgdta `g Dgrkh igs badbg`cgrh badbg`cgrh ih prapcg`h` iclrg `g cepugstas cepugstas y nrhvèegdgs `g ta`a gi tgrrgda cdbuita y hlhd`adh`a `gi Phlihza `g Ehra sctuh`a hi sur `gi bhecda phrh fhbgria buitcvhlig.
Bhrh dartg `gi hbug`ubta `gi Ènucih ( Bh. 86?:)
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Wdh vgz qug Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr sg fcza bad ias tgrrgdas `glcò hbaegtgr udh geprgsh ceprgsbcd`clig phrh badvgrtcrias gd tcgrrh rgnh`åa hpth phrh gi buitcva `g ih bhøh `uibg, baea grh ih bad`ubbcòd `gi hnuh `g ih hbgquch prabg`gdtg `gi dhbcecgdta `gi råa Ehra, shivhd`a gi lhrrhdba `g Ehra, iåectg abbc`gdthi `gi tgrrctarca qug pasgåh ih ohecich y qug thelcãd fhlåhd pasgå`a fcstòrcbhegdtg ta`as ias `ugøas `gi iunhr. Zhrh giia badstruyò ud hbug`ubta, iiheh`a `gi Ènucih par ih vgigth gd oareh `g ènucih lcbãohih qug ia baradh, udh ehndåocbh alrh `g cdngdcgråh qug pgrtgdgbg h ih hrquctgbturh cd`ustrchi qug yh sg gdbadtrhlh gd usa gd 86?0. Gi hbug`ubta ec`g udas 8:: 8:: e `g ihrna y 7< e `g hita y tcgdg 2? hrbas `g eg`ca pudta pgrhith`as, rghiczh`as gd ih`rciia, rgphrtc`as gd buhtra dcvgigs. Zar ih phrtg supgrcar supgrcar `csburrgd `as bhdhigs, bhdhigs, uda bgdtrhi hlcgrta y atra abuita, gelutc`a gd gi prgtci `gi ih`a sur. Gi bhdhi ehyar htrhvcgsh ud tgepigtg baradh`a par ud hcrasa pcdèbuia, ecgdtrhs qug ih bhrh dartg gs ih qug prgsgdth ud hspgbta eès ardhegdth`a, pugs grh ih qug qug`hlh h ih vcsth `gi hdtcnua bhecda qug clh h Hieuøãbhr htrhvgshd`a gi lhrrhdba par gi dartg `gi hbug`ubta. @g gsth ehdgrh, ih hbgquch iignhlh hi phna, phrtcgd`a `g giih `cvgrsas rhehigs qug hsgnurhlhd gi rgnh`åa `g ih zadh.
Gi Zhlgiiòd ( Bh. 86?:)
Zhrhigihegdtg, hi sur `gi phna igvhdtò udh bhsh `g rgbrga bad vcsths hi ehr, badabc`h bad gi daelrg `g Gi Zhlgiiòd, qug gsthlh sctuh`h gd udh ocdbh `g rcgna `g <:.2?6 e < `g supgrocbcg, gd ih qug thelcãd fhlåh atrhs sgcs vcvcgd`hs `gdaecdh`hs ‖Bhshs ‖Bhshs `g Rhd Gecica–. Gecica–. Grh gsth udh sugrtg sugrtg `g vciih, udh 0
badstrubbcòd rghiczh`h bad ud igdnuhkg bihscbcsth gd ud gdtarda rurhi, ra`gh`h `g khr`cdgs y bgrbh `g ehepastgråh.
Oèlrcbh hzubhrgrh hibafaigrh ‖Rhd Kahquåd– (86>3)
Gd ud prcdbcpca ih bhøh pra`ubc`h gd gi phna sgråh eaic`h gd gi cdngdca `g Ehra, pgra gstg grh ud gsthligbcecgdta prgcd`ustrchi yh alsaigta qug pgrtgdgbåh h su buøh`h y salrcdas, ias Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr A–Ihwiar, qug oudbcadò fhsth ih `ãbh`h `g 86>: y qug h baecgdzas `g ih scnucgdtg `ãbh`h gsthlh baepigthegdtg hrrucdh`a. Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr sg pihdtgò ih badstrubbcòd `g udh oèlrcbh hzubhrgrh y hibafaigrh `ath`h `g ea`grdh ehqucdhrch, ih oèlrcbh ‖Rhd Kahquåd–, qug sg gsthlh igvhdthd`a i gvhdthd`a gd 86>3. Zhrh giia saicbctò `gi nalcgrda hutarczhbcòd phrh cdtra`ubcr par ih pihyh `g Lurrchdh ias ehtgrchigs `g badstrubbcòd, hså baea fgrrhecgdths y gi gdareg vaiuegd `g ehqucdhrch dgbgshrch ohlrcbh`h gd gi gxtrhdkgra= kudta h ih pihyh trhdsburråh gi hdtcnua bhecda qug `gs`g gi scnia V_C badgbthlh gi bhstciia Lhka `g Dgrkh (gd gi hbtuhi Lhibòd `g Guraph) bad gi bhecda `g Hieuøãbhr h ih hiturh `gi lhrrhdba `g Ehra y qug htrhvgshlh `chnadhiegdtg gi phna. Hscecsea, pg`åh sgrvcrsg `g gsth pihyh phrh gxparthr h trhvãs `g giih ias pra`ubtas `g ih oèlrcbh. H`geès, gd ih pihyh `g Lurrchdh gxcståh ud pugsta `g bhrhlcdgras phrh gi badtrai `gi badtrhlhd`a, par ia qug qug`hlh nhrhdtczh`h ih supgrvcscòd par phrtg `g Fhbcgd`h `g ta`hs ihs apgrhbcadgs `g gdtrh`h y shic`h `g ehtgrchigs a egrbhdbåhs qug sg iigvhrhd h bhla= gd badsgbugdbch, gi nalcgrda par \ghi Ar`gd `g 0 `g abtulrg `g 86>3 hbbg`cò h ia saicbcth`a par Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr. @g 7
cdeg`chta, sg rgbclåh par `cbfh h`uhdh udh eèqucdh `g ougrzh eatrcz, atrh phrh ih ohlrcbhbcòd `g hzûbhr, >:: Mn `g balrg gd pcgzhs, 0: Mn `g lradbg phrh hihelcqugs y 830 Mn `g fcgrra oud`c`a. Ih oèlrcbh ‖Rhd Kahquåd– sg gdbugdtrh gd ud saihr `g oareh trhpgzac`hi y 2?.3?0 e< `g supgrocbcg h buyas ih`as gstg y agstg gxcståhd sgd`hs zadhs `g hepichbcòd, helhs bad udh supgrocbcg tathi `g >.3>: e <. Badsthlh `g udh oèlrcbh `g hzûbhr y atrh `g hibafai y h`geès tgdåh hiehbgdgs, hihelcqug, thiigr `g fgrrgråh, bhrpcdtgråh, vhrcas tcdh`as, partgråh, udh gdareg hilgrbh giåptcbh, pihzh `g bhøhs y bfcegdgh. Pa`h giih gstè bgrbh`h par ud eura `g ehepastgråh qug tcgdg h`ash`hs h ih bhrh cdtgrcar `g su ih`a dartg abfa vcvcgd`hs phrh baiadas y atrhs `as gd gi ih`a gstg phrh gi h`ecdcstrh`ar y gi egbèdcba. Kudta h ihs dhvgs cd`ustrchigs fhlåh udh bhsh bad khr`åd phrh ias prapcgthrcas= gsth grh `g pihdth buh`rh`h y badthlh bad sòthda, pihdth lhkh y pihdth supgrcar. Rhiva ihs `cgz vcvcgd`hs h`ash`hs egdbcadh`hs qug grhd `g ehepastgråh, gi rgsta `g ias g`cocbcas grhd `g ehepastgråh y ih`rciia y ta`hs ihs bulcgrths h `as hnuhs oareh`hs par hreh`urhs `g eh`grh y tgkh`a. Ih oèlrcbh tcgdg `as pugrths `g gdtrh`h; udh pghtadhi gd gi ih`a sur par ih qug sg hbbg`åh h ih gdtrh`h prcdbcphi `g ih oèlrcbh `g hzûbhr y h ih vcvcgd`h ohecichr `g ias Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr, y atrh gd ih phrtg surarcgdthi `gi baepigka par ih qug gdtrhlhd ias hbhrrgtas bhrnh`as `g bhøh y shiåhd ias pra`ubtas ohlrcbh`as. Ih hbgquch `g Ehra, buyhs hnuhs grhd thelcãd utciczh`hs utcic zh`hs phrh ih oèlrcbh, htrhvcgsh ‖Rhd Kahquåd– `g ih`a h ih`a par su phrtg egrc`cadhi y phsh lhka ih vcvcgd`h `g ias `ugøas phrh shicr h praparbcadhr rcgna hi rgsta `g ihs tcgrrhs `gi phna.
Hdtcnuas bhecdas `gi phna `g ` g ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs– salrg udh u dh oata hãrgh `g 837> (gd raka gi bhecda h Hieuøãbhr, qug trhdsburråh par gi ih`a dartg `g ih oèlrcbh ‖Rhd Kahquåd, gd hehrciia, y `g baiar earh`a gi bhecda `g Dgrkh, hdtgs `gi Bhstciia Lhka, h Ehra)
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Gd kuica `g 86>3 Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr prgsgdtò saicbctu` gd gi Hyudthecgdta `g Dgrkh, baea grh prgbgptcva, prgbgptcva, phrh qug sg trhecthrh ih `gbihrhbcòd `g baiadch hnråbaih phrh ta`hs ihs tcgrrhs t cgrrhs y g`cocbcas `gi phna, hså baea phrh atrhs `g su prapcg`h` qug sg gdbadtrhlhd gd ih kurcs`cbbcòd `g Dgrkh. Zhrh giia sg hbanåh h ih Igy `g 2 `g kudca `g 86?6 qug qug badbg`åh udh sgrcg `g vgdthkhs thdta h ias prapcgthrcas baea h ias baiadas `g ias tgrrgdas y vcvcgd`hs qug oarehrhd phrtg `g udh baiadch; ihs bhshs, bhshs `g rgbrga, ocdbhs g cd`ustrchs da phnhlhd badtrclubcadgs `urhdtg qucdbg høas= ias prapcgthrcas, hrrgd`hthrcas, h`ecdcstrh`args y ehyar`aeas qug vcvcgrhd gd bhshs a g`cocbhbcadgs hephrh`hs par ih igy gsthlhd gxgdtas `gi phna `g bhrnhs badbgkcigs= tgdåhd badsc`grhlig rglhkh `g prgbcas gd ih baeprh `g eh`grh phrh ih badstrubbcòd `g g`cocbcas, hså baea `grgbfa `g phstas= ias prapcgthrcas, ehyar`aeas y bhphthbgs tgd`råhd `grgbfa hi usa `g hrehs= h`geès, ias fckas `g ias hdtgrcargs y thelcãd t helcãd `g ias hrrgd`hthrcas qug`hlhd gxgdtas `gi sgrvcbca ecicthr h ias `as høas `g rgsc`gdbch gd ih baiadch. Zar atra ih`a, ta`h ih ehqucdhrch hnråbaih, y gd gstg bhsa sg cdbiucråh thelcãd ih cd`ustrchi c d`ustrchi `gstcdh`h h ih oèlrcbh hzubhrgrh, saia tgd`råh qug phnhr gi 8% `g su vhiar gd ih h`uhdh `g Dgrkh.
Hbgquch `g Ehra h su phsa par ih oèlrcbh ‖Rhd Kahquåd–
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Ih `gbihrhbcòd oug badbg`c`h par rgsaiubcòd nulgrdhtcvh `g 2: `g sgptcgelrg `g 86>3, `gdaecdèd`asg Baiadch Hnråbaih ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs–, gd rgbugr`a `g Ehråh `g ihs Egrbg`gs Lihmg y Eadsgnur, ih `coudth gspash `g Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr ohiigbc`h gd 86?0. Ih baiadch baeprgd`åh ihs tcgrrhs `gi phna `g ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs–, ih oèlrcbh y vgcdtcbuhtra bhshs (gi Zhlgiiòd y ihs sgcs bhshs `g Rhd Gecica, sgcs bhshs iiheh`hs `g Pgtuèd, kudta hi hbug`ubta, y ihs adbg vcvcgd`hs qug fhlåh gd gi baepigka ohlrci)= thelcãd tgdåh hnrgnh`hs ih hdtcnuh oud`cbcòd `g piaea `g Pgrai gd Lurrchdh y `cstcdths fhzhs `g rcgna, thelcãd gd Lurrchdh, Gi Bfhphrci, vgnh `g Dgrkh y rhelihs `gi råa Bfåiihr, hså baea hinudhs vcvcgd`hs gd gi bhsba urlhda `g Dgrkh. Zastgrcaregdtg, gd ogbfh <7 `g kuica `g 8668, badscnucò ih `gbihrhbcòd `g baiadch phrh ta`hs sus pasgscadgs sctuh`hs gdtrg gi lhrrhdba `g Ehra y gi råa `g ih Ecgi qug`hd`a udcocbh`hs ihs `as baiadchs, baiadchs, ih arcgdthi a `g ‖Ehra– y ih abbc`gdthi a `g ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs– bad gi daelrg `g Baiadch Hnråbaih ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs y Ehra–. Ih oèlrcbh gstuva tgrecdh`h gd ias prcegras egsgs `g 866: y baegdzò su prcegrh eaicgd`h gi 8 `g hlrci `g `cbfa høa eaicgd`a `chrchegdtg <.::: hrralhs `g bhøh. Bad ih oud`hbcòd `g ih oèlrcbh ‖Rhd Kahquåd– rghphrgbgrè ih trh`cbcadhi rcvhic`h` gdtrg ihs cdsthihbcadgs hzubhrgrhs `g Dgrkh y `g Ehra par fhbgrsg bad ih eaicgd`h `g ih ehyar phrtg `g ih bhøh `g ih zadh, hina qug da grh dugva, pugs gd gi scnia V_CCC sg fhlåhd pra`ubc`a rabgs gdtrg ias `ugøas `gi cdngdca `g Dgrkh y ias vgbcdas `g `cbfh puglih qug iigvhlhd sus bhøhs hi cdngdca `g Ehra qug `glåh rgsuithrigs eès lgdgocbcasa. Buhd`a gd 86>3 sg cdcbcò ih badstrubbcòd `g ‖Rhd Kahquåd– ias Ihrcas grhd `ugøas `g ta`as ias gsthligbcecgdtas hzubhrgras `g Dgrkh y ta`as giias fhlåhd sc`a bihusurh`as, gxbgpta uda, ih oèlrcbh ‖Rhd Kasã–, qug ehdtuvcgrad gd oudbcadhecgdta fhsth 83?6 y h ih qug badvgrtcråhd gd gi luqug cdscndch `g ih ‖Bhsh– gd Dgrkh. Zhrh prgsgrvhr sus rgspgbtcvas cdtgrgsgs y da cdcbchr udh ograz baepgtgdbch, gi 8> `g sgptcgelrg `g 86>3, Ehdugi @aecdna Ihrcas y Ihrcas, gd daelrg `g ih Baephøåh ‖Ehrtåd Ihrcas g Fckas– y Kasã Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr y Lihmg, baea hpa`grh`a `g su ph`rg, Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr, hbar`hrad gsthligbgr eg`chdtg gsbrcturh udh iådgh `cvcsarh qug phrtåh `gi thka gxcstgdtg h padcgdtg `g ih pihyh `g Lurrchdh, sulåh par gi Phlihza `g Dgrkh fhsth hibhdzhr gi bgegdtgrca `g ih iabhic`h` y, badtcduhd`a par gi bhecda `g Hieuøãbhr y ihs vcøhs `gi Lh`ãd, tgrecdhlh gd ih buelrg `g Iaehs Iihdhs. Ihrcas sg baepraegtåh h da eaigr gd su oèlrcbh `g Dgrkh dcdnudh bhøh qug sg pra`ukgrh h igvhdtg `g gsh iådgh fhsth gi iåectg bad Hieuøãbhr y Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr da eaigråh ih qug sg brchrh h padcgdtg `g ih ecseh fhsth Eèihnh, bad gxbgpbcòd `g ih pra`ubc`h gd ias 876 ehrkhigs y 8? gsth`higs `g tcgrrh qug pasgåh gd Dgrkh. Gd gi hbugr`a sg gspgbcocbhlhd ihs pgdhiczhbcadgs h cepadgr gd bhsa `g qug hinuda `g giias cdbuepicgrh phrbchi a tathiegdtg gi hbugr`a. Rcd gelhrna, da ta`hs ihs tcgrrhs gxcstgdtgs h igvhdtg `g ih iådgh `cvcsarch pgrtgdgbåhd h Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr= fhlåh hinudhs qug grhd prapcg`h` `g su buøh`h ih ehrqugsh vcu`h `gi Rhihr, Ehråh `gi Bhregd A–Ihwiar y Bhlhiigra, gspash `g su `coudta fgrehda Ogrdhd`a, y `g sus fckas. Giias fhlåhd eaic`a scgeprg gd gi hdtcnua cdngdca `g Ehra, qug oarehlh phrtg `g ih fgrgdbch rgbclc`h, pgra fhlcgd`a gstg `gkh`a `g oudbcadhr, grhd iclrgs `g eaigr sus bhøhs `ad`g gstcehrhd apartuda y hså qucscgrad fhbgria gd 8668 y hinudhs tgeparh`hs pastgrcargs gd qug hbar`hrad bad ih Bhsh Ihrcas iigvhr h bhla ih eaicgd`h `g 6
sus bhøhs gd ih oèlrcbh ‖Rhd ‖ Rhd Kasã–= gd gstg bhsa sg gsthligbcò, thelcãd t helcãd eg`chdtg gsbrcturh, qug Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr pu`cgrh rgpadgr c`ãdtcbh bhdtc`h` `g bhøh gd ih vgnh `g _ãigz-Eèihnh.
Oèlrcbh ‖Rhd Kahquåd–
Gi 82 `g abtulrg `g 8662 earåh gd su bhsh phihbca `g ih bhiig Zugdtgzugihs `g Nrhdh`h Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr y \ucz `g Eaicdh, `gkhd`a h sus buhtra fckas ta`hs sus pasgscadgs `g Ehra. Gd 8666, buhd`a sg iigvò h bhla ih phrtcbcòd `g lcgdgs, ias fgrg`gras sg h`ku`cbhrad par buhrths phrtgs pracd`cvcsa ih oèlrcbh ‖Rhd Kahquåd– bad ta`hs sus `gpgd`gdbchs y bhshs, ih hdtcnuh oud`cbcòd `g Lurrchdh, gd hqugiias eaegdtas `g`cbh`h h hiehbgdgs, y gi eaicda `g phpgi `g råa `g ih Ecgi, `cvc`cgd`a gd buhtra iatgs ihs tcgrrhs g cdeugligs rgsthdtgs. Gd buhdta h ihs hnuhs `gi dhbcecgdta y hbgquch prcdbcphi `g Ehra qug utciczhlhd phrh gi rcgna `g sus tcgrrhs gxbiuscvhegdtg ias subgsargs `g Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr y ias i as fgrg`gras `g su fgrehda Ogrdhd`a, barrgspad`åhd h ias prcegras ias `åhs phrgs y h ias sgnud`as ias cephrgs `g bh`h egs= gi ûitcea `åh `g ias egsgs qug tgdåhd trgcdth y uda y buhd`a oglrgra tgdåh vgcdtcdugvg, bh`h buhi `csoruthlh `g rcgna ih ecth` `gi `åh. Rcd gelhrna, ta`as ias lcgdgs `g Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr gsthlhd fcpatgbh`as, yh qug udas egsgs hdtgs `g earcr gstg fhlåh altgdc`a ud prãsthea `g 7::.::: pgsgths `gi Lhdba Fcpatgbhrca `g Gsphøh phrh suorhnhr ias nhstas `g ihs eûitcpigs cdvgrscadgs qug fhlåh rghiczh`a.
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Gd oglrgra `g 866?, phrtg `g ihs tcgrrhs ougrad gdhkgdh`hs phrh ih badstrubbcòd `g ih dugvh bhrrgtgrh qug gdihzhråh Eèihnh bad Hiegråh, hudqug ih sgbbcòd `g Dgrkh hi iåectg `g ih pravcdbch da gsthråh badstruc`h fhsth ocdhigs `gi scnia VCV a prcdbcpcas `gi VV. Zhrh giia ias Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr bhdbgihrad ih phrtg `g ih fcpatgbh barrgspad`cgdtg h ihs tcgrrhs qug clhd h vgd`gr. Rg trhthlh `g udh orhdkh `g tgrrgda `g 7 me `g ihrna y udh supgrocbcg `g 0<.?2> e < qug clh `gs`g gi lhrrhdba `gi Lh`ãd fhsth gi phna `g ihs Hilgrquciihs. Gi badtrhtcsth sg baepraegtåh h badstrucr h su basth ud bhecda `g 2 e `g hdbfa bad vhrcas hphrth`gras `gs`g ih bhrrgtgrh dugvh hi bhecda `g ih oèlrcbh ‖Rhd Kahquåd–. Høas `gspuãs, gd 8630, 8630, hi da pa`gr ias fgrg`gras fhbgr fhbgr orgdtg hi prãsthea, gi Lhdba Fcpatgbhrca `g Gsphøh h`qucrcò ta`hs ihs prapcg`h`gs `g ih Baiadch Hnråbaih °Ihs Egrbg`gs y Ehra–, qug qug fhlåhd sc`a `cvc`c`hs gd buhrgdth buhrgdth y bcdba ocdbhs rghnrupèd`aihs `g dugva gd udh saih. Gd 83:<, gi lhdba vgd`cò ih baiadch h \hohgi `g Bfhvgs y Ehdsa, ehrquãs `g Paus y bad`g `g Bhsh Bfhvgs, ud hrcstòbrhth sgvciihda bhsh`a bad ih fckh `g Kahquåd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr, Ehråh `gi Bhregd Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr y Lihmg. Zgra \hohgi `g Bfhvgs eurcò hi høa scnucgdtg, par ia qug ih gxpiathbcòd `g ih baiadch, y gspgbchiegdtg `g ih oèlrcbh hzubhrgrh, rgbhyò prcegrhegdtg gd su vcu`h y `gspuãs gd sus fckas. Gi sgnud`a `g giias, Kahquåd Bfhvgs Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr, sg fcza bad ih ehyaråh `g ihs prapcg`h`gs y badstctuyò bad gi baegrbchdtg orhdbãs hvgbcd`h`a gd Bhthiuøh Iucs \cnhi Lrud udh sabcg`h` hdòdceh `gdaecdh`h ‖Hzubhrgrh Hibafaigrh `g Rhd Kahquåd– phrh ih gxpiathbcòd `g ias pra`ubtas `g ih baiadch. Gd 832: gi Lhdba Fcpatgbhrca `g Gsphøh grh `g dugva prapcgthrca `g ih baiadch, vgd`cãd`aih gd gsg ecsea høa h ih Rabcg`h` Hzubhrgrh Ihrcas qug ih pasgg gd ih hbtuhic`h`. Ih h`qucscbcòd `g ihs tcgrrhs `g Ehra, ih oèlrcbh ‖Rhd Kahquåd– y atras cdeugligs par ih Rabcg`h` Hzubhrgrh Ihrcas rgspad`g h ih paiåtcbh ehdtgdc`h par `cbfh ‖Bhsh– `gs`g eg`ch`as `gi scnia VCV `g fhbgrsg bad gi badtrai `g ih pra`ubbcòd `g bhøh y `g ih ohlrcbhbcòd `g hzûbhr gd ihs basths eg`ctgrrèdghs `g Hd`hiubåh. Ias Ihrcas gdtrhrad gd gd gi dgnabca `gi hzûbhr gd 860>, 860>, hi oarehr phrtg `g ih Rabcg`h` ‖Kuhd Dgpaeubgda Gdråqugz–, fgrg`grh `g ‖ Gi Zarvgdcr–, phrh ih oèlrcbh hzubhrgrh `g Parrg `gi Ehr. Gd 867< ih oèlrcbh phsò h ehdas `g ias Ihrcas, cdcbchd`a bad giia udh bhrrgrh par gi badtrai `g ih pra`ubbcòd `g hzûbhr gd ta`h ih basth. Ias Ihrcas hpgdhs badstruygrad dugvas gsthligbcecgdtas, scda qug prèbtcbhegdtg sg icecthrad h baeprhr ias hdtcnuas cdngdcas a ihs dugvhs oèlrcbhs gxcstgdtgs. Hinudas `g giias ougrad bgrrh`as, bad alkgta `g badbgdtrhr ih pra`ubbcòd gd `gtgrecdh`hs ohbtaråhs, y atras, ea`grdczh`as y hepich`as. Zhrhigihegdtg, sg clhd fhbcgd`a bad nrhd phrtg `g ih tcgrrh. @g gsth ehdgrh, gi badtrai qug gkgrbgråhd ias Ihrcas salrg ias alrgras ohlrcigs y salrg gi bhepgscdh`a, sgråh gdareg. Bugstcadgs baea ih arnhdczhbcòd `g ih zhorh, gi rctea `g bartg `g ihs bhøhs y ih supgrocbcg qug `glåh sgr buitcvh`h, grhd `gbc`c`as par ihs oèlrcbhs, `glcgd`a ias bhepgscdas pignhrsg h ihs bad`cbcadgs gsthligbc`hs par ias cd`ustrchigs, gd buyhs ehdas sg gdbadtrhlhd. Gd 866?, ias Ihrcas pasgåhd ihs scnucgdtgs oèlrcbhs hzubhrgrhs; ‖Rhd Iucs–, gd Rhlcdciihs= ‖Dugstrh Rgøarh `g ih Badbgpbcòd–, gd Eèihnh= ‖Dugstrh Rgøarh `gi 8:
Bhregd–, gd Parrg `gi Ehr= ‖Rhd \hohgi–, gd Parrax= ‖Rhd Kasã– y ‖Ih Cd`gpgd`gdbch–, papuihregdtg badabc`h baea ‖Ias Bhdnrgkas–, gd Dgrkh (gd gsth ecseh iabhic`h` fhlåhd baeprh`a y bgrrh`a ias cdngdcas prgcd`ustrchigs ‖Rhd Hdtadca Hlh`– y ‖Rhd Ecnugi–, y ih prcegrh oèlrcbh ea`grdh gd ih iabhic`h`, ‖Dugstrh Rgøarh `g ihs Hdnustchs–)= ‖Dugstrh Rgøarh `g ih Bhlgzh–, gd Eatrci= y ‖Rhd Dcbaiès–, gd H`rh. S, hudqug thr`hrad eg`ca scnia gd badsgnucria, tgrecdhrad thelcãd par h`ugøhrsg `g ta`a ia qug oug `g ih ohecich Zãrgz `gi Zuinhr gd Ehra.
Buitcvas hbtuhigs `gi phna `g ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs–
Wdh vgz qug `gshphrgbcò gi buitcva `g ih bhøh y sg ougrad o ugrad bgrrhd`a ihs oèlrcbhs hzubhrgrhs, ih Rabcg`h` Hzubhrgrh Ihrcas, R.H. (RHIRH) sg gdbadtrò gd pasgscòd ud nrhd dûegra `g lcgdgs cd`ustrchigs (g`cocbcas y ehqucdhrch) y salrg ta`a `g udh cdngdtg bhdtc`h` `g tcgrrh buitcvhlig euy oãrtci sctuh`h gd iunhrgs bastgras h ias qug gi turcsea fhlåh baegdzh`a h hoiucr `g ehdgrh badsc`grhlig. Gsths tcgrrhs badstctuåhd ihtcoud`cas phrbgih`as hrrgd`h`as h bhepgscdas= gd gi bhsa `g ihs tcgrrhs `g Ehra y, badbrgthegdtg, `gi phna `g ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs– ias baiadas hrrgd`hthrcas `g ihs ecsehs, udh vgz qug `gshphrgbcò ih alicnhbcòd `g buitcvhr bhøh ehdtuvcgrad ihs ocdbhs buitcvh`hs y ougrad sustctuygd`a gi buitcva bhøgra par atras buitcvas fartaorutåbaihs y gd cdvgrdh`gras cdtra`ubcgd`a egkarhs gd gi rgnh`åa. H phrtcr `g ih `ãbh`h `g 836: gstas baiadas qug `gsghlhd hbbg`gr h ih prapcg`h` `g ih tcgrrh sg gdorgdthd h sulc`hs `g rgdth y `gshfubcas par phrtg `g RHIRH. 88
Gd ih `ãbh`h scnucgdtg sg praeuinò ih Igy 8/833<, `g 8: `g oglrgra, `g hrrgd`hecgdtas rûstcbas fcstòrcbas= gd giih sg `gdaecdhlhd hrrgd`hecgdtas rûstcbas fcstòrcbas ias hdtgrcargs hi Bò`cna Bcvci, ias qug sg fhlåh badbgrth`a bad hdtgrcarc`h` h ih pulicbhbcòd `g ih Igy `g 87 `g ehrza `g 8327 y ias badbgrth`as bad hdtgrcarc`h` hi 8 `g hnasta `g 830< qug rgudcgrhd `gtgrecdh`as rgqucsctas. Gd ih igy sg prarranhlhd ias hrrgd`hecgdtas par ud ûdcba g ceprarranhlig pgrca`a `g bcdba høas, sg rgbadabåh h ias hrrgd`hthrcas gi `grgbfa `g hbbgsa h ih prapcg`h` bad udhs `gtgrecdh`hs bad`cbcadgs, hså baea gi `grgbfa h rgbclcr cd`gedczhbcòd buhd`a gstas tuvcgrhd qug `gkhr ihs tcgrrhs iclrgs h rgqugrcecgdta `gi hrrgd`h`ar.
Cdvgrdh`gras gd gi phna `g ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs–
Ias baiadas `g Ehra prathnadczhrad udh ceparthdtg eavciczhbcòd sabchi qug tgd`råh su pudta èinc`a gd `cbcgelrg `g 833? bad gi gdbcgrra qug tuva iunhr gd ih Bugvh `g Dgrkh. Zgra Ihrcas tgdåh pihdgs phrh gsths tcgrrhs rgihbcadh`as bad ihs hbtcvc`h`gs turåstcbhs, gs `gbcr, urlhdåstcbhs, y ocdhiegdtg ias baiadas tgrecdhrad par `gscstcr `g hbbg`gr h ih prapcg`h` `g ihs ecsehs y rgbclcgrad par phrtg `g Ihrcas ihs barrgspad`cgdtgs cd`gedczhbcadgs qug pgrectgd h ias prapcgthrcas `cspadgr bad tathi iclgrth` `g ihs ocdbhs. Zgra gstg gs ud tgeh ihrna y baepigka qug `gslar`h ias iåectgs `g ih prgsgdtg gdtrh`h. Baea `ckceas eès hrrclh, gi phna `g ‖Ihs Egrbg`gs– badsgrvh lcgdgs `gi phtrceadca cd`ustrchi= gs, h`geès, ud phcshkg `g ih pra`ubbcòd y gd thdta qug ’phcshkg hsabch`a h `gtgrecdh`hs hbtcvc`h`gs pra`ubtcvhs, tgbdaiòncbhs, 8<
ohlrcigs a `g ih cdngdcgråh gs phrtg cdtgnrhdtg `gi phtrceadca cd`ustrchi―, thi baea gstè gsthligbc`a gd ih Igy 80/<::>, `g
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