Le`wsprlfs `g Zraogsas `g Oaecarmfolÿe Owrsa8 ::?
Owfprlmgsprg8 2º
Cgonf86
6 Cwe` Cwe`lo lolÿ lÿe% e% .Zwe .Zwepf pfhg hg míel míelma ma ?, T7] T7] 6%6 Wef cwe`lolÿe cwe`lolÿe `g figfolÿe figfolÿe `g fiwmlela fiwmlela | oabrg oabrg sg nfog nfog ge we we mai`g `g frgef frgef wsfe` wsfe`a a we oarfxÿe oarfxÿe `g `g frgef frgef vwg vwg zgsf 2: dk% @gpgrmleg if cwgrxf `g ciapfolÿe ge eg{paes vwg plge`g f igfepfr gi oarfxÿe `wrfepg gi folf`a% @gesl`f` `gi oarfxÿe `g frgef = 6)3 k!om ?) `gesl`f` figfolÿe = 2)>6 k!om ? T2]%
= [ m − [ o = ?7 )627 − 2: = 67 )627 Dk S o = 2:::: ! 6%3 = 627:: om ? [ m = 627:: Û 2 )>6 = ?7627 k
C b
6%2
±Zar ±Zar vwì vwì gs lmza lmzarpf rpfepg epg ge ge if cwe`lo cwe`lolÿe lÿe if if gowfol gowfolÿe ÿe `g Bgrea Bgreawii wiil1 l1 T6]
6%?
_l wef azgrfo azgrfolÿe lÿe `g cwe`lol cwe`lolÿe ÿe ogeprícwkf ogeprícwkf rgfi rgfi sg rgfilx rgfilxfrf frf ge wef wef gspfol gspfolÿe ÿe gszfol gszfolfi fi arblpfe`a arblpfe`a if if Plgrrf% Plgrrf% ±Oÿma fcgopfríf if fwsgeolf `g zgsa fi zraogsa1 T2]%
Zfrf `gpgrmlefr if sgiaol`f` `gi mgpfi cwe`l`a ge if bfg `gi bgbg`gra `g oaif`f% Zar if cfipf `g zga ea za`ríf rgfilxfrg gi zraoga%
2 Cwe`fm Cwe`fmgep gepas as `gi `gi carm carmf`a f`a `g mgp mgpfig figs% s% .Zwe .Zwepfh pfhg g míelm míelma a ?, T7] 2%6 ±Owæigs ±Owæigs sae sae ifs ofrfopgr ofrfopgrísplof ísplofs s vwg `lsplek `lsplekwge wge f ias zraogs zraogsas as `g `gcarm `gcarmfolÿe folÿe aiwmìprlof aiwmìprlof `g ias zraogs zraogsas as oae iæmlefs mgpæilofs1 T6]
Ia zraoga `g `gcarmfolÿe saiwmìprlof g ofrfopgrlxfe zar `gcarmfolaeg lkelclofplsf | ofmbla `g carmf) | if rgifolÿe geprg gi ærgf wzgrclolfi | gi saiwmge `g prfbfha g rgifplsfmgepg zgvwgöf% Ia zraoga `g prfbfha oae iæmlef ae azgrfolaeg `g carmf`a a zrgcarmf`a `g iæmlef `g mgpfi) plrf | raiia% If rgifolÿe geprg gi ærgf wzgrclolfi | gi saiwmge `gi mfpgrlfi lelolfi g fipf%
2%2
@as praxas praxas `g `g fifmbrg) fifmbrg) wea wea `g 2:: 2:: mm | apra `g `g 6::: 6::: mm rgszgoplfmg rgszgoplfmgepg epg `g iaeklp iaeklpw` w` ofilbrf` ofilbrf`f) f) sg fifrk fifrkfe fe f wef giaol`f` `g 6: mm!s% ±Owæepa fige ifs giaol`f`gs giao l`f`gs `g `gcarmfolÿe fi ofba `g 2 sgkwe`as1 T?]% η
. rfzl`gx `g `gcarmfolÿe , =
n. fipwrf les pfe pæegf `g if zlgxf ,
zfrf fifmbrg 2:: mm8 η =
6:
22: 6:
zfrf fifmbrg 6::: mm8 η = 2%?
≇ : ):7 s −6
6:2:
≇ : ):6 s −6
Ge if if go gowfolÿe Ϗ = D%η e) vwg rgzrgsge rgzrgsgepf pf if owrf `g gscwgrxa gscwgrxa-`gca -`gcarmfol rmfolÿe ÿe `g we mfpgrlfi) mfpgrlfi) ±owæi gs gi slkelclof`a `gi g~zaegepg e1 T6]%
G gi g~zaegepg `g ge`wrgolmlgepa zar `gcarmfolÿe% ? Carhf% rhf% .Zw .Zwe epfhg fhg míe míelm lma a ?, ?, T7] T7] ?%6 ?%6 ±Oÿm ±Oÿma a oifslc oifslclof lof gi gi fowö fowöf` f`a a `g maeg maeg`f `fs1 s1 T2] T2]
Carhf`a le rgbfbf%
?%2
±Owæi ±Owæi gs gs gi gvwlz gvwlzfmlg fmlgepa epa vwg vwg sg sg wsf wsf ge ge gi carh carhf`a f`a1 1 T6]% T6]%
?%?
We pgha pgha oliíe`rloa oliíe`rloa mfolxa mfolxa `g fogra fogra lea~l`fbig lea~l`fbig ?:0 ?:0 .D .D = 62:: 62:: Mzf) Mzf) e = :)0:, :)0:, plgeg plgeg 67: 67: mm `g `læmgpra `læmgpra | 6:: 6:: mm `g fipa% _w fipwrf sg rg`wog f 7:' f pgmzgrfpwrf fmblgepg) mg`lfepg carhf`a oae mfprlogs zifefs | fblgrpfs% _wzaelge`a vwg gi oagclolgepg `g crloolÿe sgf :)2% Ofiowig if cwgrxf `g carhf`a fi clefi `g if ofrrgrf T2]%
f, b, o, `, g, c,
η
Mævwlef `g carhf% @f`a f`a `g `g car carhf hf`a `a%% Ngrr Ngrrfm fmlge lgepf pf gzgo gzgolf lfig ig% % Narea Narea zfrf zfrf ofi ofigep gepfr fr if if zlgxf% zlgxf% @lza @lzalpl lplsa sa `g ofrk ofrkff | `go `gofrk frkf% f% Gpf Gpfol olae aeg g `g rgoa rgoarp rpg% g%
= ie
n: n6
= ie
6:: 7:
= : )3
\ c = D ⋇ η e
= 62:: Û : )3
n 7: C = D c ⋇ \ c ⋇ F = 6 )??< Û 6:?3 Û ?7?0? = 0<:2;<76 E
Le`wsprlfs `g Zraogsas `g Oaecarmfolÿe 0 Ifmlefolÿe% .Zwepfhg míelma ?, T3] 0%6 Gi ifmlef`a rg`wog gi gszgsar% Gs zaslbig) ge gx `g giia) rg`wolr gi gszgsar slmzigmgepg gsplrfe`a gi mfpgrlfi% ±_gríf ìspg we zraogsa cfoplbig1 T2]
Ea
0%2
±Oÿma sg mfewcfopwrfe ias pwbas sle oaspwrf1 T2]
0%?
Wef plrf `g oabrg rgoaol`a) `g 22> mm `g feona | `g 27 mm `g gszgsar) sg ifmlef f we gszgsar `g 2: mm ge wef zfsf`f% Gi rf`la `gi ra`liia gs `g ?:: mm) | ias ra`liias klrfe f 6:: rzm% Ofiowig if zapgeolf rgvwgrl`f ge gspf azgrfolÿe% D = ?67 MZf) e = :)70 T2] Q
C = \ c ⋇ { ⋇ I : )70
ie 27 Û ?67 Q D ⋇ η e 2: = = <6 MZf \ c = 6$ e 6 $ : )70 I = R . p : − p c , = ?:: Û . 27 − 2: , = ?> );? mm C = <6 Û : )22> Û : ):?>;? = >:? )7?; ME = >:?%7?; E MAMGEPA @G PAR_LßE P = : )7 ⋇ C ⋇ I = : )7 Û >:?%7?; Û : ):?>;? = 67%73: Em ZAPGEOLF RGVWGRL@F 6:: H Û >:?%7?; Û : ):?>;? = ?27%<:: = ?27 d[ Z = 2ϊ ⋇ E ⋇ C ⋇ I = 2 Û ? )6063 Û 3: s 7
G~prwslÿe | Gsplrf`a% .Zwepfhg míelma ?, T7] 7%6 Wef zlgxf) ow|f sgoolÿe sg mwgsprf ge if clkwrf) sg abplgeg zar g~prwslÿe `lrgopf) sg zl`g8 f, fgrlkwfr gi cfopar `g carmf D~ T2]%
2 )27
O D ~ = : )<> $ : ):2 ~ O o O ~
2 )27
?0< = : )<> $ : ):2 >:
= 6 )7?
2
= 2 Û . 6:: $ 37 $ ?, $ Û ? )6063 Û . 0%7 $ ; %7, = ?0< 3
.; )7 − 0 )7 , = 760 F = . 6:: $ 37 , Û ? $ ? )6063 Û 2
2
3
F = ? )6063 ⋇ r 2 ∰ r =
760
?%6063 O o = ? )6063 Û 2 Û 62 );< ≇ >:
= 62 );<
7%2
Ge if g~prwslÿe `lrgopf) ±fríf if cwgrxf owfe`a if zfifevwliif gs of`f gx mæs oarpf1 T2]
7%?
Nfkf we gsvwgmf `gi gsplrf`a `g pwbas oae pfzÿe ciapfepg T6]%
_l) `lmlew|g%
Le`wsprlfs `g Zraogsas `g Oaecarmfolÿe
3 Azgrfolaegs sabrg iæmlefs mgpæilofs% .Zwepfhg míelma 3, T6:] 3%6 _g gcgopøf zar zwexaef`a wef zlgxf `g iæmlef `g mgpfi oama sg mwgsprf ge if clkwrf% Gi mgpfi plgeg wef rgslspgeolf f if ciwgeolf \ = 6;7 MZf | wef rgslspgeolf f if pgeslÿe P_ = ?:: MZf% @gpgrmleg f, if cwgrxf `g oarpg egogsfrlf zfrf rgfilxfr gi zwexaef`a T2]) b, gi ogepra `gi zwexÿe T0] | o, ifs `lmgeslaegs `g ias zwexaegs | ifs mfprlogs T2]%
i I6 I2 I? I0 I7 I3 R6 R2 p Ps
0: 2: 0: ?6)063 ?6)063 ?6)063 6: 7 2 ?::
~k
i%~k 2: : 2: 03)0 3: ;7
^k
>:: : >:: 607;);: 6>>0)<3 2?73)2 ;2<>)>3 6<0)27
?;)7;
Cwgrxf `g oarpg .E,
>67>0
Cwgrxf `g oarpg
C = : ); ⋇ P_ ⋇ p ⋇ i p = : ); Û ?:: Û 2 Û 6<0 )27 ≇ >67>0 E Ogepra `gi zwexÿe Zar slmgpríf gi ghg ^ zfsf zar gi ogepra `g if onfzf% Gi ghg \ sg geowgeprf f 0;)7; mm `gi if`a lxvwlgr`a `g if onfzf% @lmgeslaegs `g ias zwexaegs | `g ifs mfprlogs% @f`a vwg ia vwg sg rgfilxfe sae ias fkwhgras) ias zwexaegs `gbgræe pgegr ifs `lmgeslaegs `g ias mlsmas | ifs mfprlogs if `lmgeslÿe `g ias zwexaegs fmzilf`fs ge ias oarrgszae`lgepgs oifras% 3%2
Ge gi zraogsa `g zwexaef`a `g wea `g ias fkwhgras sg carmÿ rgbfbf% Ge gi swzwgspa vwg gi oifra a nwgika gspwa blge ofiowif`a ±owæigs zw`lgrae sgr ifs ofwsfs `g if carmfolÿe `g if rgbfbf1 T2]%
Leorgmgepa `g if `woplil`f` `gi mfpgrlfi% Ngrrfmlgepf `gfclif`f%
