Effect of Flaws in Consent

EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT

TAMIL TAMIL NADU NATION NATIONAL AL LAW SCHOOL SCH OOL ( A STATE STATE UNIVERSITY ESTA ES TABLISHED BLISHED BY ACT NO.9 OF 2012 ) Navalur Kuttapattu, Srirangam (TK), Tiruchirapalli  !"###$, Tamil Na%u

PROJECT ON

&EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT”

SUBMITTED TO 'r* K* +vin%araan, M*L*, 'r-..r  La/

01 M*MANO2 I 3-ar 0*COM*LL*0 (Hn.) (4-g N*0C#56##57)

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT

ACKNOWL8D+8M8NT

'r* K* +vin%ar +vin%araan aan,, M*L*, M*L*, At t! "#t$!t% "#t$!t% I t&'! t&'! t$ t$ ""*t ""*t#+ #+t, t, t" t&+' t&+' -, P*"!$ P*"!$$"* $"* 'r* 'r-..r  La/  *"- t! /"tt"- " -, !&*t " &$ /!!+ " --!+$! ! #*+3 -"-!+t$ " 

&+4!t, &+ t"*t, ! t! *"5!6t &$ t&'+3 t$ 6*#6& $&!. S!6" S!6"+ +, ,%% I 6"+7 6"+7!, !, -, !! !!!$t !$t *!3&* *!3&*$$ t" t! t! V6! C&+ C&+6! 6!" "** Arun t! Arun 43 &+ t! &-+ &-+$t*& $t*&t7 t7!! $t& $t& " TNNLS TNNLS " ! t! *"5!6t *"5!6t + 3 3 !$t!!!$t!!- /, *"7 *"7+3 +3 *!&/ *!&/!! +"*-&t"+ + t! "*- " /*&*, +*&$t*#6t#*! &+ &t&/&$! 6"++!6t"+$ + t-!$ " +!!. T*,% t! 6"+t*/#t"+ -&! /, -, &*!+t$ &+ *!+$ /, "*!3"+3 t!* *!6"#$ t-! $ #+"*3!tt&/! &+ 3, $"6t!. T!* 7&#&/! &76! &+ t-!, $#!*7$"+ &7! t! &, "* t! $#66!$$# 6"-!t"+ " t$ *"5!6t. F+&,% I t&+' t! A-3t, A-3t, " 3&7! -! t! 6"#*&3! &+ $t&-+& t" 6"+*"+t & #*!$ #*+3 #*+3 t! -&'+3 -&'+3 " t$ t$ *"5!6t *"5!6t..

W"*$ &*!+8t $#6! $#6!+t +t t" &6'+" &6'+"! !3! 3! t! t*!-!+" t*!-!+"#$ #$

6"+t*/#t"+$ " 7&*"#$ !"! +7"7! +7"7! + t$ *"5!6t% &$ I '+" W"*$ W"*$ &*! P""* P""* C"-"*t!*$8. I "+6! &3&+ "!!&*t!, &+ !&*+!$t, t&+' & t! !"! " !*! +7"7! *!6t, "*  +*!6t, #*+3 t$ *"5!6t -&'+3 6 !! -! t" 6"-! "#t t ,+3 6""#*$.

D8CLA4ATION

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT

I% M*MANO2 (R!3 N":; BC01<001=) " !*!/, !6&*! t&t t! *"5!6t !+tt! &8998CT O9 9LAWS IN CONS8NT: $#/-tt! t" T&- N&# N&t"+& & $6"" + &*t& #-!+t

" *!>#*!-!+t " &&* " !3*!! + #+!*3*&#&t! + & $ & *!6"* " "*3+& "*' "+! /, -! #+!*

t!

$#!*7$"+

&+

3#&+6!

"

P*"!$$"*  'r*

K*

+vin%araan,

M*L*,

'r-..r  La/ % T&- N&# N&t"+& & $6"" &+ &$ +"t "*-! /&$$ "* &&* " &+,

!3*!! "* "-& "* !"$ "* &+, "t!* tt! t" &+, "t!* 6&+&t! " &+, #+7!*$t,.

INDEX

S.NO

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CONTENTS

'+*NO

Page =

EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT CHAPTER ; 1

INTRODUCTION

6

CHAPTER ;2

FORMATIOM OF CONTRACT

!

CHAPTER ; =

FREE CONSENT PART ? 1 =.1 ; FREE CONSENT • FLAWS IN CONSENT =.2 ; COERCION • =.= ; UNDUE INFLUENCE • =.@ ; MISREPRESENTATION •

;

•

CHAPTER ; @

=.< ; FRAUD

< 5# 5" 5= 5!

CHAPTER ; <

FREE CONSENT PART ? 2 @.1 ; MISTAE • @.2 ; MISTAE OF FACT • @.= ? MISTAE OF LAW • EFFECT OF FLAWS

CHAPTER ; 

CONCLUSION

"7

CHAPTER ; 

BIBLIORAPY

"=

5; "5 ""

1.  INTRODUCTION  L& $ & $,$t!-  " *#!$ t&t &*! !+"*6! t*"#3 $"6& +$tt#t"+$ t" 3"7!*+ /!&7"*. L&$ 6&+ /! -&! /, & 6"!6t7! !3$&t#*! "* /, & $+3! !3$&t"*% *!$#t+3 + $t&t#t!$% /, t! !4!6#t7! t*"#3 !6*!!$ &+ *!3#&t"+$%   "* /, 5#3!$ t*"#3 /++3 *!6!!+t% +"*-&, + 6"--"+ & 5#*$6t"+$. P*7&t! +7#&$ 6&+ 6*!&t! !3&,  /++3 6"+t*&6t$% +6#+3 &*/t*&t"+ &3*!!-!+t$ t&t -&, !!6t t" &66!t &t!*+&t7!

CONTRACT

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT &*/t*&t"+ t" t! +"*-& 6"#*t *"6!$$. T! "*-&t"+ " &$ t!-$!7!$ -&, /! +#!+6!  /, & 6"+$tt#t"+% *tt!+ "* t&6t% &+ t! *3t$ !+6"! t!*!+. T! & $&!$ "t6$% !6"+"-6$% $t"*, &+ $"6!t, + 7&*"#$ &,$ &+ $!*7!$ &$ & -!&t"* "  *!&t"+$ /!t!!+ !"!. A 3!+!*& $t+6t"+ 6&+ /! -&! /!t!!+ (&) 67 & 5#*$6t"+$ (+6#+3 C&t"6 6&+"+ & &+ $"6&$t &)% + 6 t! !3$&t#*! "* "t!* 6!+t*& /", 6"!$ &+ 6"+$"&t!$ t!* &$% &+ (/) 6"--"+ & $,$t!-$% !*! 5#3!;-&! *!6!!+t $ &66!t! &$ /++3 &. H$t"*6&,% *!3"#$ &$ &,! & $3+6&+t *"! !7!+ + $!tt+3 " $!6#&* -&tt!*$% 6 $ $t t! 6&$! + $"-! *!3"#$ 6"--#+t!$% &*t6#&*, J!$% &+ $"-! 6"#+t*!$% &*t6#&*, I$&-6. I$&-6 S&*& & $ t! "*$ -"$t !, #$! *!3"#$ &. T! &5#6&t"+ " t! & $ 3!+!*&, 7! +t" t" -&+ &*!&$ *!!**! t" &$ () C*-+& & &+ () C7 &. C*-+& & !&$ t 6"+#6t t&t $ 6"+$!*! &*-# t" $"6& "*!* &+ + 6 t! 3#t, &*t, -&, /! -*$"+! "* +!. C7 & (+"t t" /! 6"+#$! t 67 & 5#*$6t"+$ &/"7!) !&$ t t! *!$"#t"+ " &$#t$ ($#t!$)  /!t!!+ +7#&$ "* "*3&+&t"+$. T!$! *!$"#t"+$ $!!' t" *"7! & !3& *!-!, ("t!+ -"+!t&*, &-&3!$) t" t! +++3 t3&+t. U+!* 67 &% t! ""+3 $!6&t!$% &-"+3 "t!*$% !4$t: C"+t*&6t & *!3#&t!$ !7!*,t+3 *"- /#,+3 & /#$ t6'!t t" t*&+3 "+ !*7&t7!$ -&*'!t$. P*"!*t, & *!3#&t!$ t! t*&+$!* &+ tt! " !*$"+&  *"!*t, &+ *!& *"!*t,. T*#$t & &!$ t" &$$!t$ ! "* +7!$t-!+t &+ +&+6& $!6#*t,. T"*t & &"$ 6&-$ "* 6"-!+$&t"+  & !*$"+$ *"!*t, $ &*-!. C"+$tt#t"+& & *"7!$ & *&-!"*' "* t! 6*!&t"+ " &% t! *"t!6t"+ " #-&+ *3t$ &+ t! !!6t"+ " "t6& *!*!$!+t&t7!$. A-+$t*&t7! & 3"7!*+$ &t !4!6#t7! /*&+6 &3!+6!$ -&, &+ -&, +"t "% *"6!#*!$ t&t t!, -#$t "" t" " t% &+  5#6& *!7! !+ & -!-/!* " t! #/6 $ &*-! /, &+ &3!+6, &6t"+. I+t!*+&t"+& & 3"7!*+$ &&*$ /!t!!+ $"7!*!3+ $t&t!$ + &6t7t!$ *&+3+3 *"- t*&! t" -t&*, &6t"+. T" -!-!+t &+ !+"*6! t! & &+ *"7! $!*76!$ t" t! #/6 /, #/6 $!*7&+t$% & 3"7!*+-!+t$ /#*!*&6,% -t&*,% &+ "6! &*! 7t&. W! & t!$! "*3&+$ "  t! $t&t! &*! 6*!&t#*!$ 6*!&t! &+ /"#+ /, &% &+ +!!+!+t !3& *"!$$"+ &+ & 7/*&+t 67 $"6!t, +"*- &+ $#"*t t!* *"3*!$$.

2. FORMATION  OF  CONTRACT  T!*! &*! 7! /&$6 *!>#*!-!+t$ t&t +!! t" /! $&t$! + "*!* t" -&'! & 6"+t*&6t:  G A+ &3*!!-!+t /!t!!+ t! &*t!$ (6 $ #$#&, $"+ /, t! &6t t&t "+! &$ -&! &+ "!* &+ t! "t!* &$ &66!t! t).

CONTRACT

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT G A+ +t!+t"+ t" /! !3&, /"#+ /, t&t &3*!!-!+t ("t!+ 6&! +t!+t t" 6*!&t! !3& *!&t"+$).  G C!*t&+t, &$ t" t! t!*-$ " t! &3*!!-!+t. G C&&6t, t" 6"+t*&6t.  G C"+$!*&t"+ *"7! /, !&6 " t! &*t!$ ? #t $-,% t$ -!&+$ t&t t!*! -#$t /! $"-! '+ " !46&+3! /!t!!+ t! &*t!$. I I $&, I  37! ,"# -, 6&*% &+ ,"# $-, &3*!! t" &7! t% I &7! 7"#+t&*, -&! ,"# & *"-$! ("t!+ 6&! & 3*&t#t"#$ *"-$!)% 6 ,"# 6&++"t !+"*6! + &  I 6&+3! -, -+. I% "!7!*% I *"-$! t" &+ "7!* -, 6&* &+ ,"# *"-$! t" &, -! & $#- " -"+!, + *!t#*+% ! &7! !&6 *"7! 6"+$!*&t"+. I+ &t"+% + $"-! 6&$!$% t! &*t!$ -#$t 6"-, t 6!*t&+ "*-&t!$. R!-!-/!* t&t% t & ! !46!t"+$% t $ +"t +!6!$$&*, "* & 6"+t*&6t t" /! + *t+3 ? & 6"+t*&6t $ &+ &3*!!-!+t% +"t & !6! " &!*. I+ t$ &*t " t! *"5!6t !  6"+$!* t!$! !!6t "  &$ + 6"+$!+t.

3. FREE  CONSENT  PART  – 1 7*5

9488 CONS8NT

WHAT IS FREE CONSENT O+! " t! !$$!+t&$ " & 7& 6"+t*&6t -!+t"+! + $!6t"+ 10 $ t&t t! &*t!$ $"# !+t*! +t" t! 6"+t*&6t 6 t!* *!! 6"+$!+t

S-ctin 5#>

CONTRACT

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT A &3*!!-!+t &*! 6"+t*&6t  t!, &*! -&! /, t! *!! 6"+$!+t " &*t!$ 6"-!t!+t t" 6"+t*&6t% "* & &# 6"+$!*&t"+ &+ t & &# "/5!6t% &+ &*! +"t !*!/, !4*!$$, !6&*! t" /! 7".

A66"*+3 t" $!6t"+ 1@% 6"+$!+t $ $& t" /! *!! !+ t +"t 6&#$! /,

3.

 6"!*6"+% &$ !+! + $!6t"+1<% "*

4.

#+#! +#!+6!% &$ !+! + $!6t"+ 1% "*

5.

*&# &$ !+! + $!6t"+ 1% "* 

6.

-$*!*!$!+t&t"+% &$ !+! + $!6t"+ 1% "*

7.

-$t&'!% $#/5!6t t" t! *"7$"+ " $!6t"+ 20% 21 &+ 22.

?itiating actr. an% th-ir --ct>

W!*! 6"+$!+t t" &+ &3*!!-!+t $ 6&#$! /, 6"!*6"+% #+#! +#!+6!% *&# "*  -$*!*!$!+t&t"+% t! &3*!!-!+t $ & 6"+t*&6t 7"&/! &t t! "t"+ " t! &*t!$ "$! 6"+$!+t &$ $" 6&#$!.

S-ctin "(i)

A+ &3*!!-!+t 6 $ !+"*6!&/! /, & &t t! "t"+ " "+! "* -"*! " t! &*t!$ t!*!t"% /#t +"t &t t! "t"+ " t! "t!* "* "t!*$% $ & 7"&/! 6"+t*&6t.

W!*! 6"+$!+t $ 6&#$! /, t! -$t&'!% t! &3*!!-!+t $ 7". V" &3*!!-!+t $ +"t !+"*6!&/! &t t! "t"+ " !t!* &*t,.

FLAWS  IN  CONSENT 

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT 3.2 COERCION D-initin @ S* 56>

A+ &3*!!-!+t t! 6"+$!+t t" 6 $ 6&#$! /, 6"!*6"+ $ 7"&/! &t t! "t"+ " t!  &*t, "$! &$ $" 6&#$!. 6"!*6"+” $ !+! + $!6t"+ 1<.

S-ctin 56 &c-rcin:> D-in-%>  

&C-rcin:  $ t! 6"--tt+3% "* t*!&t!++3 t" 6"--t% &+, &6t "*/!+ /, t!

I+&+ !+& 6"! (@< " 10)% "* t! #+&# !t&++3% "* t*!&t!++3 t" !t&+% &+,  *"!*t,% t" t! *!5#6! " &+, !*$"+ &t!7!*% t t! +t!+t"+ " 6&#$+3 &+, !*$"+ t" !+t*! +t" &+ &3*!!-!+t.

8Bplanatin>

It $ --&t!*& !t!* t! I+&+ !+& 6"! (@< " 10) $ "* $ +"t + "*6! + t!  &6! !*! t! 6"!*6"+ $ !-",!.

 T-chniu-  cau.ing c-rcin>

C"+$!+t $ $& t" /! 6"!*6"+ !+ t "/t&+! /, t! *!$$#*! !4!*t! /, !t!* "  ""+3 t!6+>#!: 1. 6"--tt+3 "* t*!&t!++3 t" 6"--t &+, &6t "*/!+ /, t! I+&+ !+& 6"!K "* 2. #+&#, !t&++3 "* t*!&t!++3 t" !t&+ &+, *"!*t,.

(i) Act ri%%-n 3 th- In%ian p-nal c%->

It &$ /!!+ +"t! &/"7! t&t  & !*$"+ 6"--t$ "* t*!&t!+$ t" 6"--t &+ &6t "*/!+ /, t! I+&+ !+& 6"! t & 7! t" "/t&++3 t! 6"+$!+t " t! "t!* !*$"+ t" &+ &3*!!-!+t% t! 6"+$!+t + $#6 & 6&$! $ !!-! t" &7! /!!+ "/t&+! /, t! 6"!*6"+.

T$ *+6! &$ "+t! "#t + t! 6&$! ? R&+3&+&,&'&--& 7. A&* $!tt%

CONTRACT

Page 

EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT 9act> "+ t! !&t " !* #$/&+% t! #$/&+8$ /", &$ +"t &"! t" /! *!-"7! *"-

!* "#$! "* 6*!-&t"+% /, t! *!&t7! " t! &"t! /", #+t $! &"t! t! /",. I..u-> 7&t, " &"t"+ " & /", /, & "% &3! 1= ,!&*$. D-ci.in> T! >#!$t"+ /!"*! t! -&*&$ 3 6"#*t !& t" !6$"+ t&t t! &"t"+ &$

+"t /++3 "+ t! " &$ !* 6"+$!+t & /!!+ "/t&+! /, 6"!*6"+.

(ii) D-t-ntin  prp-rt3>

A66"*+3 t" $!6t"+ 1<% 6"!*6"+ 6"# &$" /! 6&#$! /, t! #+&# !t&++3% "*  t*!&t!++3 t" !t&+% &+, *"!*t,% t" t! *!5#6! " &+, !*$"+ &t!7!*% t t! +t!+t"+ " 6&#$+3 &+, !*$"+ t" !+t!* +t" &+ &3*!!-!+t. F"* !4&-!: I &+ "#t3"+3 &3!+t *!#$! t" &+ "7!* t! &66"#+t /""' t" t! +! &3!+t #+t t!  *+6! !4!6#t! *!!&$! + $ &7"#*% t $ 6"!*6"+. I t! !t!+t"+ " *"!*t, $ +"t &#% t!*! $ +" 6"!*6"+. T#$%  & -"*t3&3!! *!#$!$ t" t! 6"+7!, t! !>#t, " *!!-t"+ !46!t "+ t! t!*- 6t&t! /, -% t!*! $ +"t+3 #+&# + t &+% t!*!"*!% +" 6"!*6"+ $ 6&$! + t$ 6&$!.

Cmpari.n /ith 8ngli.h la/>

T! ""+3 6"-&*$"+ &$ /!!+ &tt!-t! /, t! -&*&$ 3 6"#*t. W&t t! I+&+ & 6& 6"!*6"+ $ 6&! + E+3$ & #*!$$ "* -!+&6!8. D#*!$$ $ $& t" 6"+$$t + &6t#& "* t*!&t!+! 7"!+6! "* -*$"+-!+t " t! 6"+t*&6t+3 &*t, "* $ !% &*!+t "* 6% /, t! "t!* &*t, "* /, &+,"+! &6t+3 t $ '+"!3! &+ "* $ &7&+t&3!. B#t 6"!*6"+ &$ !+! + t! $!6t"+ 1< $ -#6 !* &+ +6#!$ t! #+&# !t!+t"+ " *"!*t, &$". F#*t!*% 6"!*6"+ -&, /! 6"--tt! /, &+, "t!* !*$"+% +"t +!6!$$&*, t! &*t " 6"+t*&6t. A3&+% t +!! +"t /! *!6t! &3&+$t t! 6"+t*&6t+3 &*t,% "*  $ &*!+t% ! "* 6. t -&, /! *!6t! &3&+$t &+, !*$"+% !7!+  ! $ & $t*&+3!*. W! + E+3$ &% #*!$$ -#$t /! $#6 &$  6&#$! --!&t! 7"!+6! &+ &$" #++!*7! &  !*$"+ " "*+&*, *-+!$$ " -+% t!$! *!>#$t!$ &*! +"t +!6!$$&*, + I+&+ &.

3.3 UNDUE INFLUENCE S-ctin 5!  th- Act %-in-. Eun%u- inlu-nc-F thu.>

CONTRACT

Page 9

EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT

1. A 6"+t*&6t $ $& t" /! +#6! /, #+#! +#!+6! !*! t! *!&t"+$ $#/$$t+3  /!t!!+ t! &*t!$ &*! $#6 t&t "+! " t! &*t!$ $ + & "$t"+ t" "-+&t! t!  " t! "t!* &+ #$!$ t&t "$t"+ t" "/t&+ &+ #+&* &7&+t&3! "7!* t! "t!*. 2. I+ &*t6#&* &+ t"#t *!5#6! t" t! 3!+!*&t, " t! "*!3"+3 *+6!% &  !*$"+ $ !!-! t" /! + & "$t"+ t" "-+&t! t!  " &+"t!*; &) W!*! ! "$ & *!& "* &&*!+t &#t"*t, "7!* t! "t!*% "* !*! ! $t&+$ + & #6&*, *!&t"+ t" t! "t!*K "*   /) W!*! ! -&'!$ & 6"+t*&6t t & !*$"+ "$! -!+t& 6&&6t, $ t!-"*&*, "* !*-&+!+t, &!6t! /, & *!&$"+ " &3!% +!$$% "* -!+t& "*   /", $t*!$$.

=. W!*! & !*$"+ " $ + & "$t"+ t" "-+&t! t!  " &+"t!*% !+t!*$ +t" & 6"+t*&6t t -% &+ t! t*&+$&6t"+ &!&*% "+ t! &6! " t "* t! !7!+6! &#6!% t" /! #+6"+$6"+&/!% t! /#*!+ " *"7+3 t&t $#6 6"+t*&6t &$ +"t +#!+6! /, #+#! +#!+6! $& /! #"+ t! !*$"+ + & "$t"+ t" "-+&t! t!  " t! "t!*.

N"t+3 + t! $#/$!6t"+ $& &!6t t! "$t"+ " t! $!6t"+ 111 " t! I+&+ !7!+6! &6t% 12 (1 " 12).

Th- -..-ntial ingr-%i-nt. un%-r thi. .-ctin ar- a. un%-r>G

1. O+! " t! 6"+t*&6t+3 &*t, -#$t "-+&t! t!  &+ -+ " &+"t!*K "*  2. O+! " t! 6"+t*&6t+3 &*t!$ $t&+ + #6&*, "$t"+ t" t! &+"t!*% !.3. -+"*  &+ 3#&*&+% t*#$t!! &+ /!+!6&*,K #$/&+ &+ !K "*  =. O+! " t! 6"+t*&6t+3 &*t!$ &, & *!& "* &&*!+t &#t"*t, "7!* t! "t!*K "*  @. O+! " t! 6"+t*&6t+3 &*t!$ $ $t*"+3 !+"#3 &+ #"+ "- t! "t!* &$ t" !!+ /!6&#$! " $"-! +*-t, -!+t& "* ,$6&. <. T! "-+&t+3 &*t, &$ t&'!+ t! #+&* &7&+t&3! "7!* t! !&'!* &*t, "* t! t*&+$&6t"+ $ #+6"+$6"+&/!.

D--r-nt rm  inlu-nc-

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT T! $!6"+ &*&3*& " t! $!6t"+ 1 " t! I+&+ 6"+t*&6t &6t -&'! 7$"+ " t! $#/5!6t -&tt!* "+ t! !*!+t *+6!% &66"*+3 t" t! "*3+ " t! *!&t"+ "  !!+!+6!% 6"+t+#+3 "* t*&+$t"*,% 6 -&'! #+#! +#!+6! "$$/!. S#6 & *!&t"+ -&, &*$! *"- $!6& &#t"*t, "* 6"+!+6! 6"--tt! t" /! "+!K "* *"- t! !!/!+!$$ + /", "* -+ " t! "+"*. A !*$"+ + &#t"*t,% "* "+3 6"+!+t& !-",-!+t $#6 &$ t&t " & $*t#&% -!6& "* !3& &7$"* &*! 6&! "+ t" &6t t 3"" &t &+ -"*! t&+ 3"" &t + t! -&tt!* " &66!t+3 &+, /!+!t *"- t"$! " &*! #+!* &#t"*t, "*  3#&+6!. R!&t"+$ " 3#&*&+$ &+ &*% &t!* &+ $"% t*#$t!! &+ 6!$t#*! >#! t*#$t% "6t"* &+ &t!+t "* t! #*"$! " t! $!6t"+. R!&t"+$ " #$/&+ &+ ! &+  &*&-"#* &+ -$t*!$$ &$" & + t! $&-! 6&t!3"*,. I+ &6t t!* "+"#*&/! &+ *#!+t $ t" +$$t "+ t! "t!* &*t, t&'+3 &76!. C"+$!+t 37! #+!* #+#! +#!+6! $ +"t & *!! 6"+$!+t. H!+6!% t! &*t, " $ $#/5!6t t" #+#! +#!+6! 6&+ &7" t! 6"+t*&6t.

8-ct  un%u- inlu-nc-

S!6t"+ 19 " t! I+&+ 6"+t*&6t &6t *"7!$ t&t !+ 6"+$!+t t" &+ &3*!!-!+t $ 6&#$! /, #+#! +#!+6! t! &3*!!-!+t $ & 6"+t*&6t 7"&/! &t t! "t"+ " t! &*t, "$! 6"+$!+t &$ $" 6&#$!. A+, $#6 6"+t*&6t -&, /! $!t &$! !t!* &/$"#t!,% "*%  t!  &*t, " &$ !+tt! t" &7" t &$ *!6!7! &+, /!+!t t!*! #+!* #"+ $#6 t!*- &+ 6"+t"+ &$ t" t! 6"#*t -&, $!!- 5#$t.

Di-r-nt -t/--n c-rcin an% un%u- inlu-nc-

I+ /"t t! 6&$! t! 6"+$!+t " t! &*t, t" t! 6"+t*&6t $ +"t *!! &+ +"t 7"#+t&*, 37!+. I+ /"t t! 6&$!$ t! 6"+t*&6t $ 7"&/! &t t! "t"+ " "+! " t! &*t!$ "$! &$  /!!+ $" "/t&+!.

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT 3.4 MISREPRESENTATION A66"*+3 t" $!6t"+ 1 " t! I+&+ 6"+t&6t &6t% M$*!*!$!+t&t"+ -!&+$ &+ +6#!; 1. T! "$t7! &$$!*t"+% + & -&++!* +"t &**&+t! /, t! +"*-&t"+ " t! !*$"+ -&'+3 t% " t&t $ +"t t*#!% t"#3 /!!7!$ t t" /! t*#!K 2. A+, /*!&6 " #t, 6% t"#t &+ +t!+t t" !76!% 3&+ &+ &7&+t&3! " t!  !*$"+ 6"--tt+3 t% "* &+, "+! 6&-+3 #+!* -% /, -$!&+3 &+"t!* t" $  *!5#6!% "* t" *!5#6! " &+, "+! 6&-+3 #+!* -K =. C&#$+3% "!7!* ++"6!+t,% & &*t, t" &+ &3*!!-!+t% t" -&'! -$t&'! &$ t" t! $#/$t&+6! " t! t+3 6 $ $#/5!6t t" t! &3*!!-!+t.

Kin%  mi.r-pr-.-ntatin

M$*!*!$!+t&t"+ $ " t" '+$: 1. I++"6!+t -$*!*!$!+t&t"+ &+ 2. N!33!+t "* *&##!+t -$*!*!$!+t&t"+

I+ ++"6!+t -$*!*!$!+t&t"+% t! &$$!*t"+ $ &$! /#t t! !*$"+ -&'+3 t /!!7!$ t t" /! t*#! "* "$! +" t t" /! &$!. H"!7!* +!33!+t "* *&##!+t -$*!*!$!+t&t"+ $ !/!*&t! "* # &+ &6t"+&/! &+ &-&3! -&, /! 6&-!.

8..-ntial  mi.r-pr-.-ntatin

T! ""+3 &*! t! !$$!+t& " -$*!*!$!+t&t"+: 1. T!*! -#$t /! t! *!*!$!+t&t"+ -&! /, "+! &*t, t" &+"t!*. 2. S#6 *!*!$!+t&t"+ -#$t *!&t! t" t! -&t!*& &6t. It -#$t +"t *!&t! t" t! "+"+ "*  +t!+t"+. It "!$ +"t +7"7! $"+!$t +t!+t"+. =. S#6 *!*!$!+t&t"+ -#$t /! #+t*#!. @. S#6 *!*!$!+t&t"+ -#$t /! t! 6&#$! " t! 6"+$!+t. <. S#6 *!*!$!+t&t"+ -#$t /! t! 6&#$! " t! 6"+$!+t. .

S#6 *!*!$!+t&t"+ -#$t /! -&! t t! +t!+t"+ t&t t $& /! &6t! #"+ /, t! "t!* &*t,.

. S#6 *!*!$!+t&t"+ -&, /! ++"6!+t $"-! t-!$.

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT Cn.-u-nc-  mi.r-pr-.-ntatin

A 6"+t*&6t 6&#$! /, t! -$*!*!$!+t&t"+ $ 7"&/! &t t! "t"+ " t! &*t, "$! 6"+$!+t &$ /!!+ $" 6&#$!. M$*!*!$!+t&t"+ &$ t" & &*t "# -&'!$ t! "! t*&+$&6t"+ 7"&/!. T! &33*!7! &*t, "$!$ t! *3t t" *!$6+ "* &7" t! 6"+t*&6t  !% &t!* /!6"-+3 &&*! " t! -$*!*!$!+t&t"+% t&'!$ & /!+!t #+!* t! 6"+t*&6t "* + $"-! "t!* &, &*-$ t. M$*!*!$!+t&t"+ "!$ +"t !+tt! t! &33*!7! &*t, t" 6&-$ &-&3!$. T! &33*!7! &*t, "$!$ t! *3t t" *!$6+ "* &7" t! 6"+t*&6t% !+ t! $#/5!6t -&tt!* &$ !$t*",! "* & *&# "* & t* &*t, &$ &6>#*! *3t + t.

4-m-%i-.

T! &33*!7! &*t, &$ t! ""+3 *!-!!$ 1. H! 6&+ &7" "* *!$6+ t! 6"+t*&6tK "*  2. H! 6&+ +$$t t&t t! 6"+t*&6t /! !*"*-! &+ t&t $& /! &6! + t! "$t"+ + 6 ! ! "# &7! /!!+  t! -$*!*!$!+t&t"+ -&! & /!!+ t*#!.

A -$*!*!$!+t&t"+ 6&++"t +#!+6! "* +#6! & t*&+$&6t"+ !*! t! &+t  &) N!7!* '+! " !4$t!+6!% "*   /) H!  +"t &" t t" &!6t $ 5#3!-!+t% "*  6) W&$ &&*! " t$ &$t,.

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT 3.5 FRAUD A66"*+3 t" t! $!6t"+ 1 " t! I+&+ 6"+t*&6t &6t 12 *&# !+! ?  F*&# -!&+$ &+ +6#!$ &+, " t! ""+3 &6t$ 6"--tt! /, & &*t, t" & 6"+t*&6t% "* t $ 6"++7&+6!% "* /, $ &3!+t% t +t!+t t" !76! &+"t!* &*t, t!*!t" "* $ &3!+t% "* t" +#6! - t" !+t!* +t" t! 6"+t*&6t:;

1. T! $#33!$t"+% &$ & &6t% " t&t 6 $ +"t t*#!% /, "+! " "!$ +"t /!!7! t t"  /! t*#!K 2. T! &6t7! 6"+6!&-!+t " & &6t /, "+! &7+3 '+"!3! "* /!! " t! &6tK =. A *"-$! -&! t"#t &+, +t!+t"+ " !*"*-+3 tK @. A+, "t!* &6t tt! t" !76!K <. A+, $#6 &6t "* "-$$"+ &$ t! & $!6&, !6&*!$ t" /! *&##!+t.

8BplanatinG

M!*! $!+6! &$ t" &6t$ '!, t" &!6t t! +3+!$$ " & !*$"+ t" !+t!* +t" & 6"+t*&6t $ +"t & *&#% #+!$$ t! 6*6#-$t&+6! " t! 6&$! &*! $#6 t&t% *!3&* /!+3 & t" t!-% t $ #t, " t! !*$"+ '!!+3 $!+6! t" $!&'% "* #+!$$ $ $!+6!% $% + t$!% !>#7&!+t t" $!!6.

Kin%  rau%

T! 6&$$6&t"+ " *&# $: 1. A6t#& "* "$t7! *&#K 2. L!3& *&# "* *&# + &K &+ =. C"+$t*#6t7! *&#. A6t#& "* "$t7! *&# &$ /!!+ $& t" 6"+$$t " 6*6#-7!+t+3% 6!&t+3 "* !6!7+3 &  !*$"+ t" $ +5#*,% /, &+, 6#+++3% !6!t"+% "* &*t6!. L!3& *&# "* *&# + & $ #$! /, 6"#*t t" !$6*/! & $!6!$ " &6t"+&/! *&# + 6 & 6"**#t -"t7!% $#6 &$ & !$*! t" "/t&+ & /!+!t "* t" 6&#$! &+ +5#*,% &$ &6'+3% /#t t! "t!* !!-!+t !*! *!$!+t. A 6"+$t*#6t7! *&# &$ t" /! $& t" /! &+ &6t 6 t! & !6&*!$ t" /! *&##!+t% t"#t +>#*+3 +t" t$ -"t7!K +"t /!6&#$! &*/t*&*, *#! "+ t$ $#/5!6t &7! /!!+ & "+ /#t /!6&#$! 6!*t&+ &6t$ 6&**, + t!-$!7!$ &+ **!$$t/! !7!+6! " *&#” 8..-ntial -l-m-nt  rau%

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT T! ""+3 &*! !$$!+t& !!-!+t " & *&# 1. T!*! -#$t /! *!*!$!+t&t"+ 6 -#$t /! &$!. A t! $t&t!-!+t &/"#t t! $#/5!6t -&tt!* -&, /! 6&! &$ *!*!$!+t&t"+. T! *!*!$!+t&t"+ $ $& t" /! *&##!+t 6 t! !*$"+ " t  +"t /!!7! t t" /! t*#! !+ /! +" *&#% !46!t + 6&$! !*! $!+6! -&, t$! &-"#+t t" *&# "* !*! t!*! $ &+ &6t7! 6"+6!&-!+t " & &6t. 2. T! *!*!$!+t&t"+ -#$t /! *!&t!$ t" &6t$. T! *!*!$!+t&t"+ -#$t +"t *!&t! t" &+ "+"+% "* $t&t!-!+t " !4*!$$"+ "* +t!+t"+. It -#$t *!&t! t" &6t$. S" & !6&*&t"+ " +t!+t"+ "* & -!*! !4*!$$"+ " "+"+  &-"#+t t" *&#. =. T! *!*!$!+t&t"+ -#$t !6!7! t! "t!* &*t,. T! *&##!+t *!*!$!+t&t"+ -#$t  /! -&! t &+ +t!+t"+ t" !6!7! &+ -#$t !6!7!. A !6!t 6 "!$ +"t !6!7! $ +" *&#. @.

T! &*t, " &$ /!!+ !6!7! -#$t /! $#!*$ $"-! "$$. T!*! $ +" *&# t"#t &-&3!. T" 6"+$tt#t! & *&# t $ +!6!$$&*, t&t ! &*t, -#$t $#!* $"-! "$!$ " -"+!, "* -"+!,8$ "*t "* $"-! "t!* &-&3!.

<. T! *!*!$!+t&t"+ -#$t /! -&! t t! '+"!3! " t$ &$t, "* t"#t /!! + t$ t*#t. . T! *!*!$!+t&t"+ -#$t &7! +#6! t! "t!* &*t, t" !+t!* +t" 6"+t*&6t. A -!*! &$!"" $ +"t !+"#3 t" 37! & *3t t" &6t"+. It -#$t &7! +#6! t! "t!* &*t, t" &6t #"+ t.

Cn.-u-nc-  rau%

A 6"+t*&6t 6&#$! /, *&# $ 7"&/! &t t! "+"+ " t! &*t, !*&#!. T! &*t, "$! 6"+$!+t t" t! &3*!!-!+t &$ 6&#$! /, t! ""+3 *!-!!$: 1. H! -&, *!$6+ t! 6"+t*&6tK "*  2. H! -&, +$$t "+ t! !*"*-&+6! " t! 6"+t*&6t &+ &$' t! "t!* &*t, t" #t - + t! "$t"+ + 6 ! "# &7! /!!+  t! *&# !*! +"t 6"--tt!K "* =. H! 6&+ &$" ! & $#t "* &-&3!. F*&# $ & 67 *"+3. H!+6! 6"-!+$&t"+ $ &,&/!

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT

4. FREE CONSENT  PART  - 2 4.1 MISTAKE A66"*+3 t" t! $!6t"+ 20 " t! I+&+ 6"+t*&6t &6t 12; W!*! t! /"t t! &*t!$ t" &+ &3*!!-!+t &*! #+!* & -$t&'! &$ t" & -&tt!* " &6t !$$!+t& t" t! &3*!!-!+t t! &3*!!-!+t $ 7".

8BplanatinG

A+ !**"+!"#$ "+"+ &$ t" t! 7&#! " t! t+3 6 "*- t! $#/5!6t ? -&tt!* "  t! &3*!!-!+t% $ +"t $ !!-! & -$t&'! &$ t" & -&tt!* " &6t.

T3p-  mi.ta-

1. U+&t!*& -$t&'! 2. B&t!*& -$t&'! 3. M$t&'! +"+ est factum

Unilat-ral mi.ta->

A -$t&'! "# /! #+&t!*& !*! "+! &*t, $ -$t&'!+. S!6t"+ 22 " t! 6"+t*&6t &6t &,$ "+ t&t & 6"+t*&6t $ +"t 7"&/! -!*!, /!6&#$! t &$ 6&#$! /, "+! "  t! &*t!$ t" t /!+3 #+!* & -$t&'! &$ t" & -&tt!* " &6t”. T#$ &$ & 3!+!*& *#!% #+&t!*& -$t&'!  +"t -&'! & 6"+t*&6t 7". 0ilat-ral mi.ta->

&) M#t#& -$t&'!: M#t#& -$t&'! "66#* !*! t! &*t!$ -$#+!*$t"" !&6 "t!* &+ &*! &t 6*"$$ ? #*"$! t !&6 "t!*. T!*! $ +" &3*!!-!+t &t &.  /) C"--"+ -$t&'!: C"--"+ -$t&'! &*$!$ !*! /"t &*t!$ &*! ad idem.  T$ $ 7" &3*!!-!+t. Mi.ta- nn est factu!

It $ +"t t! !! " & &*t,. It $ & !!+6! + &+ &6t"+ "#+! "+ & "6#-!+t !+ t!*! &$ /!!+ & -$t&'! &$ t" t! 7!*, +&t#*! " t! t*&+$&6t"+. T$ $ & !& !*!/, & !!+&+t !t!* &!3! t&t  +"t !4!6#t! t! !! + >#!$t"+% "* t&t ! &$ &/"#*+3 #+!* & -$t&'! &$ t" t$ +&t#*!% !+ ! !4!6#t! t! $&-!.

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT 4.2 MISTAKE OF FACT AND MISTAKE OF LAW:  Mistak !" "a#t:  F&6t -!&+$ &+ +6#!; 1. A+,t+3% $t&t! " t+3% "* *!&t"+ " t+3 6&&/! " /!+3 !*6!7! /, t! $!+$!$K 2. A+, -!+t& 6"+t"+ " 6 t! !*$"+ $ 6"+$6"#$.

M$t&'! " &6t -!&+$ & -$t&'! 6 t&'! !+ $"-! &6t 6 $ *!&, !4$t $ #+'+"+K "* $"-! &6t $ $#"$! t" !4$t 6 *!&, "!$ +"t !4$t. It -!&+$ &+ !**"+!"#$ /!!  *!3&*+3 t! -&t!*& &6t !$$!+t& t" t! &3*!!-!+t $& /! 7".

M$t&'! " &6t -&, /! 1. B&t!*& -$t&'! "* 2. U+&t!*& -$t&'!.

4.2.1 $i%at&a% 'istak A -$t&'! " &6t + t! -+ " /"t t! &*t!$ " 6"+t*&6t $ 6&! /&t!*& -$t&'!. It $ &$" 6&! -#t#& -$t&'!. It !$t&/$!$ t! &/$!+6! " 6"+$!+t. It -&'!$ t! 6"+t*&6t 7". M#t#& -$t&'! &$ /!!+ t!*-! /, $&-"+ &$ !**"* + 6"+$!+$#$. A 6"+t*&6t% !*! t! *"-$"* &+ t! *"-$! /"t &7! -$t&'!+ &$ t" t! !4$t!+6! " & &6t% 6 $ $" #+&-!+t&% t&t $ *"- t! /&$$ " t! 6"+t*&6t% $ $& t" /! 7t&t! /, 6"--"+ -$t&'!. M$t&'! -&, /! $& t" &*$! !+ t! &*t!$ &7! +"t -!&+t t! $&-! t+3% "* "+! "* /"t% ! -!&++3 t! $&-! t+3% -&, &7! "*-! #+t*#! 6"+6#$"+ &$ t" $"-! !$$!+t& !!-!+t + t! &3*!!-!+t.

I+ "*!* t" *!+!* & 6"+t*&6t 7" "+ t! 3*"#+ " -$t&'! #+!* $!6t"+ 20 " t! 6"+t*&6t &6t% t!*! $"# !4$t t*!! t+3$ &$ #+!*: I. II. III.

B"t t! &*t!$ t" t! 6"+t*&6t -#$t /! #+!* & -$t&'!K M$t&'! $"# /! "+! " t! &6t &+ +"t " &K &+ M$t&'! $"# /! !$$!+t& t" t! &3*!!-!+t.

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT

 S!6t"+ 20 " t! I+&+ 6"+t*&6t &6t !& t t! !!6t " t" '+ " -$t&'!: I. II.

C"--"+ -$t&'! M#t#& -$t&'!

Cmmn mi.ta->

C"--"+ -$t&'! $ #$! t" *!!* t" t! 6&$! !*! t! &*t!$ &*! 3!+#+!, &3*!! /#t &7! "+! $" /!+3 -$t&'!+ "!7!* &$ t" $"-! #+&-!+t& &6t *!&t+3 t" t! &3*!!-!+t% "* +$t&+6!% !*! t! &*t!$ &*! #+&&*! t&t t! $#/5!6t ? -&tt!* " t!* &3*!!-!+t  +"t !4$t.  I+ t! "* " C!$*!% + 6"--"+ -$t&'!% /"t &*t!$ -&'! t! $&-! -$t&'!. E&6 '+! t! +t!+t"+ " t! "*!* &+ &66!t$ t% /#t !&6 $ -$t&'!+ &/"#t $"-! #+!*,+3 &+ #+&-!+t& &6t. T! &*t!$ "* !4&-! &*! #+&&*! t&t t! $#/5!6t -&tt!* " t!*  6"+t*&6t &$ &*!&, !*$!.” T! "6t*+! " 6"--"+ -$t&'! &66"*+3 t" 6  t!*! $ & #+&-!+t& -$t&'! &$ t" t! !$$!+t& " t! &3*!!-!+t% t! 6"+t*&6t "# /! 7" $ &6&/! t" I+&+ & &+ t&t $ !3& "$t"+ + I+& &$ !+#+6&t! + $!6t"+ 20 " t! 6"+t*&6t &6t% 12 .

Mutual mi.ta->

T! t!*- -#t#& -$t&'! $ #$! -, A+$"+. A$ !* C!$*!% + -#t#& -$t&'!% t! &*t!$ -$#+!*$t&+ !&6 "t!* &+ &*! &t 6*"$$;#*"$!8.

M#t#& -$t&'! -&, /! /*"&, 6&$$! #+!* "#* !&$: &. M$t&'! *!3&*+3 t! !4$t!+6! " t! $#/5!6t ? -&tt!* " t! 6"+t*&6t%  /. M$t&'! t" t! tt!% 6. M$t&'! &$ t" t! $#/5!6t " t+3 6"+t*&6t! "*K . M$t&'! &$ t" &+, &$! &+ #+&-!+t& &$$#-t"+ 3"+3 t" t! *""t " t! 6"+t*&6t.

Mi.ta- a. t .u-ct matt-r>

 M$t&'! &$ t" $#/5!6t -&tt!* " t! 6"+t*&6t -&, /! " t! ""+3 t,!$. .

M$t&'! &$ t" t! !4$t!+6! " $#/5!6t ? -&tt!*  T! &3*!!-!+t $ 7" !+ /"t t! &*t!$ &*! #+!* & -$t&'! &$ t" t! !4$t!+6! "  t! $#/5!6t -&tt!* 

CONTRACT

Page 1

EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT .

M$t&'! &$ t" t! !+tt, " t! $#/5!6t ? -&tt!*  T! &3*!!-!+t $ 7" !+ t!*! $ & -#t#& -$t&'! &$ t" t! !+tt, " t! $#/5!6t -&tt!*. T! '+ " -$t&'! "66#*$ !+ t! $!!* +t!+$ t" $! "+! t+3 &+ t!  #*6&$!* +t!+$ t" /#, & !*!+t t+3.

.

M$t&'! &$ t" t! tt! " t! $#/5!6t -&tt!*  T! "6t*+! " -$t&'! &$ t" tt! "* *3t $ nemodat quid non habet”. T! /#,!*  -&, &*!&, /! t! "+!* " &t t! $!!* #*"*t$ t" $!. I+ &6t% t!*! $ +"t+3 6 t! $!!* &$ t" t*&+$!*. T! t*&+$!* " "+!*$ $ +t!+! /#t $&-! $ -"$$/! &$ t! /#,!* $ &*!&, t! "+!*. S#6 &+ &3*!!-!+t $ 7" #! t" -#t#& -$t&'!.

7.

M$t&'! &$ t" t! *6! " t! $#/5!6t -&tt!*  T! &3*!!-!+t $ 7" !+ t!*! $ & -#t#& -$t&'! &$ t" t! *6! " t! $#/5!6t ?  -&tt!*.

7.

M$t&'! &$ t" t! >#&+tt, " t! $#/5!6t -&tt!*  I t!*! $ & -#t#& -$t&'! &$ t" t! >#&+tt, "* !4t&+t " t! $#/5!6t -&tt!*% t! &3*!!-!+t $ 7".

7.

M$t&'! &$ t" t! >#&t, " t! $#/5!6t -&tt!*  I t!*! $ & -$t&'! &$ t" t! >#&t, " t! $#/5!6t ? -&tt!* t! &3*!!-!+t $ 7".

Mi.ta- a. t p..iilit3  p-rrmanc-

I /"t t! &*t!$ /!!7! t&t & 6"+t*&6t $ 6&&/! " !*"*-&+6! /#t #! t" -"$$/t, t 6&++"t /! !*"*-!% t! &3*!!-!+t $ 7".

CONTRACT

Page 19

EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT 4.2.2 U(i%at&a% 'istak A -$t&'! " &6t + t! -+ " "+! &*t, t" t! 6"+t*&6t $ 6&! #+&t!*& -$t&'!. I+ "t!* "*$% t $ t! -$t&'! " "+! &*t,. It "!$ +"t 3!+!*&, &!6t t! 7&t, " & 6"+t*&6t. It $ +"t & 7& 3*"#+ " &7"+3 t! 6"+t*&6t. I & #! t" $ "+ +!33!+6! "*  &6' " *!&$"+&/! 6&*! "!$ +"t &$6!*t&+ &t ! $ 6"+t*&6t+3 &/"#t% ! -#$t /&-! -$! &+ 6&++"t &7" t! 6"+t*&6t. S!6t"+ 22 " t! 6"+t*&6t A6t% 12 $t&t!$ t&t A 6"+t*&6t $ +"t 7"&/! -!*!, /!6&#$! t &$ 6&#$! /, "+! " t! &*t!$ t" t /!+3 #+!* & -$t&'! &$ t" & -&tt!* " &6t. T#$% &$ & 3!+!*& *#!% #+&t!*& -$t&'!  +"t *!+!* "* -&'! & 6"+t*&6t 7".

Mi.ta- a. t th- natur- an% charact-r  a /ritt-n %cum-nt r prmi.-*

A 6"+t*&6t $& /! 7"  & &*t, t" t! 6"+t*&6t% t"#t &+, &#t " $ "+% -&'!$ & -$t&'! &/"#t t! +&t#*! &+ 6&*&6t!* " t! t*&+$&6t"+ "* "6#-!+t. W!*! t! +&t#*! " t*&+$&6t"+ $ &!6t! t $ *!!**! &$ ‘non est factum’ i.e. +"t t" &6t8. A  !*$"+ " &$ $3+! & 6"+t*&6t -$t&'!+, #+!* $"-! !6#&* 6*6#-$t&+6!% $#6 & 6&$! $ ‘non est factum’.  T$ $ & !!+6! &7&&/! t" t!*&t! "* t! !*$"+ t" "- t! &+3#&3! " t! !!  +"t '+"+ "* /+ !"!% " 6&++"t *!& t! "6#-!+t /, t!-$!7!$. N!33!+6! $ +"t & *!!7&+t &6t"* + $#6 6&$!$. It $ & -$t&'!+ &$ t" t! +&t#*! " *"-$!. Mi.ta-n a. t th- i%-ntit3  th- cntracting part3

W!*! "+! " t! &*t!$ *!*!$!+t -$! t" /! $"-! !*$"+ "t!* t&+ ! *!&, $% t $ 6&! &$ -$t&'! " !+tt,8.

CONTRACT

Page 20

EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT 4.3 Mistak !" %a) B, & $ -!&+t "+, t! 3!+!*& & " t! &+ &+ &66"*+3, & -$t&'! " "*!3+ & "   *7&t! *3t -&*' &$ & -$t&'! " &6t. A -$t&'! " & "!$ +"t +7&&t! t! 6"+t*&6t.  Ignorantia juris non ecusat $ t! -&4- " t! &. M$t&'! " & -&, /! " t*!! t,!$: 1. M$t&'! " t! 3!+!*& & " t! 6"#+t*,K 2. M$t&'! " "*!3+ &K =. M$t&'! " *7&t! *3t " *"!*t!$. Mi.ta-  th- g-n-ral la/  th- cuntr3

M$t&'! " & -!&+$ &+ !**"+!"#$ /!! t *!3&* t" t! *"7$"+ " & "* t$ &6&t"+. E7!*, 6t!+ $ !4!6t! t" '+" t! & " t! 6"#+t*,. M$t&'! " & $ +"t !46#$&/!. I t!*! $ & -$t&'! &$ t" t! & " t! 6"#+t*,% t! 6"+t*&6t 6&++"t /! &7"&/!. S!6t"+ 21 " t! 6"+t*&6t A6t% 12 *"7!$ t&t A 6"+t*&6t $ +"t 7"&/! /!6&#$! t &$ 6&#$! /, & -$t&'! &$ t" &+, & + "*6! + I+&K /#t & -$t&'! &$ t" & & +"t + "*6! + I+& &$ $&-! !!6t &$ & -$t&'! " &6t. Mi.ta-  r-ign la/

I3+"*&+6! " "*!3+ & $ !46#$&/!. S"  & -$t&'! $ -&! / "+! " t! &*t!$ t" t! 6"+t*&6t *!3&* t" "*!3+ &% t! 6"+t*&6t  /! 7". M$t&'! " "*!3+ &% t! 6"+t*&6t  /! 7". M$t&'! " "*!3+ & $ 3!+!*&, t*!&t! &$ & -$t&'! " &6t. It "!$ &7! t! $&-! !!6t &$ & -$t&'! " &6t. Mi.ta-  privat- right  th- parti-.

A -$t&'! &$ t" *! ? !4$t+3 *7&t! *3t 6&++"t *!3&*! &$ & -!*! -$t&'! " &. It $ *!&, & -$t&'! " &6t "* " -4!$ & &+ &6t. M$t&'! " *7&t! *3t $ !46#$&/!. H!+6! t! 6"+t*&6t 6&+ /! &7"!. T#$ & *"-$! t" /#, & t+3 /!"+3+3 t" - 6&++"t /! !+"*6! + t! 3*"#+ t&t t $ & -$t&'! " &.

CONTRACT

Page 21

EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT

5. E FFECT  OF FLAWS  S!6t"+ 19 &+ 19A " t! &, "+ t! !!6t " &$ + 6"+$!+t t#$: 19. vi%ailit3  agr--m-nt /ithut r-- cn.-ntG W!+ 6"+$!+t t" &+ &3*!!-!+t $ 6&#$! /, 6"!*6"+% *&# "* -$*!*!$!+t&t"+% t! &3*!!-!+t $ & 6"+t*&6t 7"&/! &t t! "t"+ " t! &*t, "$! 6"+$!+t &$ $" 6&#$!. A &*t, t" & 6"+t*&6t% "$! 6"+$!+t &$ 6&#$! /, *&# "* -$*!*!$!+t&t"+% -&,  ! t+'$ t% +$$t t&t t! 6"+t*&6t $& /! !*"*-! &+ t&t ! $& /! #t + 6 ! "# &7! /!!+  t! *!*!$!+t&t"+ -&! & /!!+ t*#!. 8Bc-ptin

I $#6 6"+$!+t &$ 6&#$! /, -$*!*!$!+t&t"+ "* /, $!+6!% *&##!+t t+ t! -!&++3 " $!6t"+ 1% t! 6"+t*&6t% +!7!*t!!$$% $ +"t 7"&/!%  t! &*t, "$! 6"+$!+t &$ $" 6&#$! & t! -!&+$ " $6"7!*+3 t! t*#t t "*+&*, 3!+6!. 8Bplanatin

A *&# "* -$*!*!$!+t&t"+ 6  +"t 6&#$! t! 6"+$!+t t" & 6"+t*&6t " t! &*t, "+ "- $#6 *&# &$ *&6t$!% "* t" "- $#6 -$*!*!$!+t&t"+ &$ -&!% "!$ +"t *!+!* & 6"+t*&6t 7"&/!.

5$a* '/-r t .-t a.i%- cntract in%uc- inlu-nc-*G

W!+ 6"+$!+t t" &+ &3*!!-!+t $ 6&#$! /, #+#! +#!+6!% t! &3*!!-!+t $ & 6"+t*&6t 7"&/! &t t! "t"+ &t t! "t"+ " t! &*t, "$! 6"+$!+t &$ $" 6&#$!. A+, $#6 6"+t*&6t -&, /! $!t &$! !t!* &/$"#t!, "*%  t! &*t, " &$ !+tt! t" &7" t & *!6!7! &+, /!+!t t!*! #+!*% #"+ $#6 t!*- &$ t" t! 6"#*t -&, $!!- 5#$t

CONTRACT

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT

" . CONCLUSION 

CONTRACT

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EFFECT OF FLAWS IN CONSENT

#.$I$LIO%RAP&' BOO SOURCE 1. CONTRACT ;1 ; V ESAVA RAO 2. LAW OF CONTRACT ? R. BANAI =. THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT ? MULLA

CONTRACT

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