Dudley Flats Archaeological Investigation

DUDLEY FLATS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

Gary Vines 1999

DUDLEY FLA TS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

for

Melbourne City Link Authority

by Gary Vines Melbourne's Living Museum of the West Inc.

1999

Dudley Flats

DUDLEY'S FLAT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

A report on archaeological investigations of the site of the Dudley Flats area for the:

Melbourne City Link Authority Level 13 Nauru House, 80 Collins St. Melbourne, Victoria, 3000 conducted by:

Gary Vines Melbourne's Liviug Museum of the West Inc. P.O. Box 60 Highpoint City, Victoria, 3032, Australia

1999

cover Illustration:

Melbourne City Council inspector examining the sale water source for the Dudley Flats residents cl935 (MCC Archives)

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Gary Vines

Acknowledgments Access to the site and details of the construction work was provided by Quentin Pitts, and Michael Chan of Baulderstone Hornibrook. Gary Baldwin and Wayne Lambe assisted in site access and plans in the later stage of the project. Information on the History of the Dudley Flats area was obtained through the co-operation of the City of Melbourne Archives for a prior study.

Summary

This investigation was undertaken at the request of the City Link Authority, in order to determine whether any archaeological evidence survives on the site of the former Dudley Flats slum settlement, near Moonee Ponds Creek, West Melbourne. This work has been necessary because of the proposed new elevated Western Link freeway which may impact on the site. The archaeological work involved monitoring earthworks during various stages of construction and recording evidence of the rubbish tip deposits which were unearthed or exposed. The exposures were due to excavations for pile caps for the pillars of the elevated road structure, landscaping works beneath and adjacent to the elevated road, and a small controlled test excavation designed to identify the depth of various deposits. The investigation revealed substantial remains of the former tips in the area, dating to the period from the l880s to 1940s as well as more recent filL A small quantity of artefacts from the rubbish tip material was collected as a sample collection. No confirmed evidence was found of the actual shanties or other material remains of the Dudley Flats settlement. This was always going to be a difficult and uncertain process as the settlement was built on a rubbish tip, out of material scavenged at the tip and was destined to be demolished and buried under more rubbish. However, the study did determine the historical topography of the site, identifying the general levels of strata relating to the natural landscape, the early twentieth century rubbish accumulations, and the more recent fill from land reclamation. The study also defines the area of potential archaeological sensitivity. Recommendations have been made for future management of the site. Further archaeological watching briefs are recommended during any future disturbance of the artefact layer. If only the layers of fill are disturbed, ie. the top one to one to 1.5 metres, additional archaeological investigation would not be require, depending on the specific location. It is also recommended that a more elaborate archaeological excavation, using mechanical excavators, could be conducted under controlled research-oriented conditions if the opportunity and/or funding should become available.

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Dudley Flats

Contents Acknowledgments

3

Summary

3

Contents

4

List of Figures

.5

Introduction Background The Site Heritage Consents/liaison

6 6 6 6

History of the Site Pre-settlement environment Aboriginal occupation Early settlement Early industry Drainage schemes Noxious industry Industrial expansion and transport development Other government facilities The people

8 8 10 10 11 11 12 13 14 14

Description of Site

16

Method Previous Work Watching Brief.

17 17 17

Results Further potential. Recommendations

20 22 22

Additional investigation - Landscaping watching brief, test excavation Background Description of the site Watching Brief. Test Excavation

23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 26

R=b Watching Brief.. Trench 1 Trench 2 Review of Recommendations

29

References

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Gary Vines

Appendices

Inventory of artefacts Photographs Historical Maps Historical Documents relating to Dudley Flats Excavation Permits

List of Figures Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5.

Location of the Study Area Location of pile caps, areas examined during watching brief. Schematic cross section of fill, as revealed in pile cap excavations. Location of ponds test excavation Areas of further archaeological potential

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Dudley Flats

Introduction Background

The Dudley Flats Archaeological Investigation has been carried out by Gary Vines of Melbourne's Living Museum of the West Inc. for the Melbourne City Link Authority (MCLA). Prior to changes in the legislation, the City Link Authority had a statutory obligation under the Aboriginal and Archaeological Relics Act 1972 May 1996 and has a statutory obligation under the Heritage Act 1995, to ensure the protection of archaeological materials on land under its control.. The form of the archaeological investigation was determined following discussions between Leah McKenzie, Senior Historical Archaeologist with Heritage Victoria, Karen Pepperell and later Lynn Jarman, Project Officers with the Melbourne City Link Authority, and Gary Vines, Industrial Archaeologist, of Melbourne's Living Museum of the West. The construction work was carried out by Balderstone Hornibrook Engineering - Transfield Oayashi Joint Venture, and their contractors, and was one of the largest construction projects in Australia in recent decades. Subsequent to the initial investigation, which monitored work carried out as part of the piling operations for the overhead structure, further excavation for drainage and landscaping was conducted by City Link. As a consequence, additional archaeological investigations in the form of a watching brief, and controlled test excavation using back hoe, were carried out. The results of this are included as a separate section in this report The Site The site of the former Dudley Flats slum settlement is located to the north-west of Dudley Street, West Melbourne and south of Footscray Road. The areas occupied during the 1930s by homeless people were scattered along both sides of the Moonee Ponds Creek. The area is now occupied by vacant land and industrial areas, including container stacking yards and transport facilities. Ownership of land in the area was formerly with the City of Melbourne, Victorian Railways, Port of Melbourne Authority, and Crown Land Reserves. The specific area on which the freeway is being constructed has been transferred to Transfield as part or the Design, Construct and Operate contract. The land under study is part of Lot 2, Section 73B, Parish of North Melbourne, and Lot 7 Section A, Parish of Doutta Galla, County of Bourke. The location of the study area is shown in Figure I. Heritage Consentslliaison Prior to commencement of the study a notification for the conduct of an archaeological survey was lodged with Heritage Victoria (20 February 1996), with the then Department of Planning & Development, under the Archaeological and Aboriginal Relics Preservation Act 1972 ( & Regulations 1992) as required In additions, discussions were held with Leah McKenzie, Senior Historical Archaeologist with Heritage Victoria, regarding the appropriate methods for investigation. Quentin Pitts and Michael Chan of Baulderstone Hornibrook were consulted regarding the construction program. A copy of the notification of an archaeological survey is included in this report. A copy of the initial excavation permit (96-5) for the back hoe test trenching is also included. An additional consent (C0004) was also issued by Heritage Victoria on 29/3/99 for further archaeological monitoring and test excavation in respect of landscaping and drainage works at Moonee Ponds Creek.

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Gary Vines

Figure 1. Location of the Study A.rea

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,

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Dudley Flats

History of the Site Pre-settlement environment Prior to European settlement the study area formed part of a swamp and saltmarsh environment on alluvial sediments formed by the deposition of silt from Moonee Ponds Creek and the Yarra and Maribyrnong Rivers. The principal features of the area were: -a large, shallow, salt-water lagoon variously known as Batman's Swamp or the West Melbourne Swamp, -marshy flats surrounding the lagoon and on either side of the Yarra River, - the 'chain of ponds' to the north, now channellised as Moonee Ponds Creek. - an escarpment to the north and east which includes the remnants of Batman's Hill and a tongue of lava flow to the north. -the Yarra River itself which had natural raised levee banks with a scrub vegetation of saltmarsh and tea tree, The West Melbourne Swamp was an irregular shaped, shallow, salt-water lagoon about two kilometres east to west and one and a half kilometres north to south. Its southern shore was about 500 metres from the River Yarra and its western end a kilometre from the city. Between the river and lagoon was an area of tea-tree scrub while the remainder of the flats appear to have been treeless grass and marsh. The openness of the country is evident from John Pascoe Fawkner's comment that he "took the first ride in a chaise... [going] down to the salt lagoon and returned back another way very good driving and although through the trees found no inconvenience from the dead wood.' 1 Solid blue clay formed the bottom of the lagoon and underlay the alluvial silt which comprised the deltaic deposits of the Yarra. The alluvial flats were about one metre above sea level and the lagoon was barely above the high water level of the River and so up to the 1890s floods were quite common with as much as seven feet (2.1 metres) of water covering the land, during summer the lagoon often dried out. 2 The term Batman's Swamp appears to have been originally applied only to the lagoon, but later both Batman's Swamp and the alternative West Melbourne Swamp referred to all the low lying land north of the Yarra and west of the Main Trunk Railway. Batman's Hill, also called Mount Pleasant, was a low mound of resistant sedimentary rock rising from the bank of the Yarra. It fell away to the river flats on three sides and was connected to high ground by a saddle on the north east and a narrow ridge ran south almost to the river bank. It was at the top of this ridge that John Batman established his selection. 3

1 C.P. Billott Melbourne's Missing Chronicles by John Pascoe Fawkner. Quartet Books 1982. p.14. 2 Royal Commission of Low Lands South and West of the City ofMelbourne (Low Lands Commission) appointed 12 August 1872: Progress Report VPP 3, 62, 1873; Evidence of Han T. Loader, Government Surveyor. 3Map Shewing the Site of Melbourne, and the positions of the huts and buildings previous to the foundation of the township by Sir Richard Bourke in 1837. Surveyed and drawn by Robert Russell, Published by Day and Haghe, London.

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Gary Vines

An escarpment, steep in places, ran roughly north west from Batman's Hill coming within about 200 metres of the lagoon and then following the east side of Moonee Ponds Creek. On the west side of the creek a tongue of basalt rock from lava flows extended south to the very edge of the lagoon terminating in a steep cliff. 4 Moonee Ponds Creek originally ended in a flood plain north of Batman's Swamp where a series of small ponds periodically flooded and dried out. While this area was predominantly used for grazing up to the 1870s, its rapid industrialisation demanded considerable modification of the natural waterway resulting in the conversion of the creek to a drain between about 1870 and 1885. 5 North of Mt. Alexander Road the creek runs through a narrow valley deeply incised into the tertiary sediments and older volcanics. South of this point the creek opens into a wider valley composed of alluvial sediments produced by floods from both the creek itself, and backup of the Yarra River. The creek channel disappeared at this point and a series of shallow ephemeral lakes extended to the south. The three largest lakes were located at the present Debney's Park, between Racecourse Road and Sutton St. and the site of the present Macaulay Station respectively. The final "pond" in the system was Batman's Swamp itself, which took the regular flows from the Creek, but probably only overflowed into the river at times of flood. These ponds gave the creek its name, it originally going by the name of the Moonee Moonee Chain of Ponds 6 The native flora and fauna of the lower reaches of the creek was very quickly wiped out by European settlement. As in other places, the timber was cut for fuel, scrub was burnt off, introduced livestock destroyed the native grasses and introduced plants and animals crowded out the natives. Pre-settlement vegetation comprised two main habitats. On the swampy valley bottom, marsh plants such as Gahniafilum and Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii were interspersed with red gum trees Eucalyptus camaldulensis and spear grass Poa labillardieri on the higher and drier ground and along the swamp edges. Further back from the creek and in the narrow valley, a woodland habitat took over dominated by Eucalyptus species including red gum, yellow box E. microcarpa and yellow gum E. melliodora. Acacia species and She Oak Allocasuarina verticilata would also have been prevalent along with a range of smaller shrubs including bottle brush Callistemon paludosa and Phragmites australis. This environment was extremely rich in bird life and aquatic species of flora and fauna and would have provided a valuable food source for Aborigines. Reference is occasionally made in early accounts of Melbourne to the abundance of wildlife in the area, and even into the 20th century the isolation afforded by the swampy nature of the ground and the river barriers protected nesting waterfowl from predators. Thousands of ducks nested on the swamps into the 1900s 7 The geology, topography and general environment of the area was the principal factor influencing historical development, dictating the land use of the area up to the present day.

Geological Survey of Victoria 1860; Cox map 1866? 5 Map of Melboume Kearny 1855; Low Lands Commission 1872, 6 Billis & Kenyon, Letters from Victorian Pioneers 7 Footscray's First Hundred Years. City of Footscray 1959

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Dudley Flats

Aboriginal occupation Records suggest that Aborigines inhabited the area around the swamp and river system and exploited this environment for food and materials for clothing, tools etc. Little is recorded of their activities but when Fawkner came across a group of Aborigines near Batman's Swamp he noted ...'the Blacks at first alarmed, the women in particular. When I drove towards them threw themselves into strange but pleasing positions and bellowed loudly'. 8 Batman's Hill appears to have been a focus for Aborigines possibly leading to additional conflicts between Aborigines and Europeans. The Yarra River appears to have been a boundary between the Aboriginal groups of the Bunerong and WoiwurunglWurundjeri tribes. The particular clan which probably frequented the lower Yarra and swamp was the Yalukit. willam but other clans probably had rights to use this area.

Early settlement Knowledge of Port Phillip Bay came to navigators and settlers in New South Wales only 14 years after settlement had begun in Australia when on January 5 1802 Lieut. John Murray aboard the Lady Nelson observed what was 'apparently a fine harbour of large extent' through the heads which guard the entrance to Port Phillip Bay. Two months later on a second visit he entered the bay and took possession of the port in the name of George III. Seven weeks after this Captain Matthew Flinders, aboard the Investigator, sailed into the bay and reported an 'extensive harbour' surrounded by country which had 'a pleasing, and in many places a fertile appearance'. 9 On the basis of the reports from Murray and Flinders Governor King despatched his SurveyorGeneral, Charles Grimes with instructions to explore the shores of the Bay. On 2 February 1803 Grimes and his party rowed a small boat up the course of the Yarra River to its tidal limit. Flemming, a member of his party later, described this place as 'the most eligible place for a settlement that I have seen'. 10 Following abortive settlements at Corinella and Sullivan's Cove, heed was eventually taken of Flemming's words when two separate parties set out in 1835 to take up land on the river at the head of the bay. Melbourne's first white settlement was in the vicinity of Batman's Hill near the eastern edge of the study area. This area can be located today only from documents and no physical evidence of the first period of settlement is likely to be found because of the extensive excavations and reclamation associated with river improvements, railway construction and city buildings. However, the topographic features which identified the site such as the high ground adjacent to the river and swamp can be identified by the informed observer. John Batman built his huts on the south east side of the crest of the hill. Russell's 1837 map of Melbourne shows three long narrow buildings at the top of a ridge which led down to the river. On either side of this ridge, paddocks had been cleared and fenced for crops. The eastern paddock is marked as 'Garden' and the west one as 'Cultivated Ground'. 11

8 Billot, 1982, P.14 9 R.D. Boys, First Years at Port Phillip, 1834- 1842. Melbourne 1959. 10 Billatt. 1982, p.12-16 11 Map Shewing the Site of Melboume... 1837 op cit.

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When the Government survey was carried out under Roddie's supervision the streets were laid out around the existing huts to the east of Batman's farm to take advantage of the high ground on the north bank of the Yarra and avoid the swamps altogether. This geographic influence continued to determine all future land use in the area. As land around Melbourne was surveyed and sold, the higher and more fertile areas were given preference and the swamps and riverbanks were reserved for future public purposes.

Early industry Because of its cheap leases, convenience to water transport and relative isolation from, but at the same time, close proximity to Melbourne, the land on the perimeter of the West Melbourne swamp and the banks of the lower Yarra River became the preferred site of several early industries including an abattoirs, gasworks, tanneries, fellmongeries, boiling down works, railway installations, an explosives magazine and the North Melbourne pottery. This process of industrialisation was begun in the I 840s but made only a small impact on the area. Melbourne's first explosives magazine was positioned on the west side of Batman's Rill by 1840, the intervening hill possibly providing blast protection for the townsfolk in the event of an explosion. By 1859 It had been relocated to Footscray due to public concern. 12 The North Melbourne Pottery was established by about 1855 in the northern edge of Batman's Swamp to utilise the local clay which was otherwise such a liability. By 1864 several small huts had been built near the railway line possibly associated with clay digging.

Drainage schemes The development of the land in the study area was dependent of the drainage and reclamation of the West Melbourne Swamp. This work was a long process begun in a small way in the 1850s and has continued right up to the present day with a few remnants of the old swamp still being subject to filling operations. Probably the first reclamation was associated with the construction of the railway and gasworks. The gasworks was built on the bank of the river on flood prone land in order to take advantage of transport and population factors. The railway to Williamstown, Geelong and Bendigo had to first negotiate the swamp land on route to a crossing of the Maribyrnong. The route took it over the northern edge of the swamp across a causeway and across the tongue of high land near the present Lloyd Street, Kensington requiring vast amounts of fill and ballast obtained from cuttings at North Melbourne and Kensington. This was probably the greatest earth moving operation undertaken in the colony at that time. An additional causeway was constructed to take the Swamp Road, later Dynon Road, from North Melbourne to Footscray. Drainage of the swamp was tied to several larger issues being canvassed in Melbourne in the 1850s 60s and 70s. One was the effect of flooding of the Yarra, another was the nuisance of noxious trades and their consequent effect of the health of Melbourne and pollution of its waterways, and the third was the provision of adequate port facilities. A Royal Commission was set up in 1873 to: 'inquire into the best means of making available the low lands adjacent to the western and southern sides of the City of Melbourne, situated on both banks of the River Yarra to suggest what portions of the above lands

12

Map of Melbourne, Kearny 1855, State Library of Victoria.

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Dudley Flats

ought to be specifically reserved for canals, docks, wharves, roads, tramways and other works of public

utility.' 13

The commissioners reviewed three schemes for river and dock improvement, identified the causes of flooding on the banks of the river, assessed the cost, worth and practicality of draining and reclaiming the swampland, and took evidence of the navigation hazards. [The Commissioners]. ..arrived at the conclusion that it would be inexpedient to incur the enormous expenditure requisite to render any portion of the low lying ground west of the railway eligible for the extension of the city. The West Melbourne Swamp should be enclosed and drained for ... recreation as a park or cultivation or grazing but not in any case for residences or as sites for manufactories' [and the] low

land on both sides of the river. ..should be reserved from sale'

14

Proposals for the use of the land included the reservation of: 'lOa acres adapted for residential purposes in connection with the extension westward of the City of Melbourne. The rendering of a large extent of ground fit for the establishment of manufactories and stores in the vicinity of he Yarra and of the proposed dock. [The remainder being] well adapted for growing ordinary garden produce, sugar beet, lucerne, grasses etc. and rendering salubrious a disgusting swamp as repulsive in its present aspect as it is pestilent in its influence, [Unreclaimed land was to be used by dairymen and] a considerable extent of such ground could be reserved for a public park for West Melbourne. It would be the

finest piece of grassland in any park in Melbourne.' 15

The basic recommendations of the Royal Commission were in fact carried out and remained the general approach to land use in the area for the next fifty years. The drainage scheme appears to have been successful and resulted in the provision of a grazing ground for Melbourne's milche cows and parcels of reserved land were used for various public purposes such as the Victoria and Appleton Docks, Bubonic Sanatorium, Railway Canal and yards, etc. Fill from excavation of the docks was used to build up adjacent land and to form a new road to Footscray. This followed the old north bank of the Yarra and was later replaced by New Footscray Road, following the present route. During 1892 Dudley Street was formed to drain the railway yards as a sustenance scheme to alleviate the plight of local unemployed. Prior to that, access to Victoria Dock was from the south along the Flinders Street Extension and Cowper Street. 16 Noxious industry Because of its isolation from Melbourne and unattractive environment for building, the land adjacent to the swamp and along the Yarra River and Moonee Ponds Creek became the preferred location of many noxious industries. Fellmongeries, meat and meat by-product works, tanneries, blood and bone desiccators, council rubbish depots and destructors. As early as 1855 an abattoirs was constructed on the river bank below the Spencer Street Dock to supply meat to Melbourne. When established it was probably suitably removed from places of habitation and convenient to the existing river wharves for shipment of hides and tallow but it was the precursor of many meat and animal by-product works to take up riverbank leases downstream of Melbourne. Beyond the gasworks several small sheds were constructed for the fellmongeries where the wool was removed from sheep skins obtained from the abattoirs and washed. They included Brown's, 13 Low Lands Commission, (Final) Report VPP 3,88.1873, Introduction. ibid.

14

15 Low Lands Commission Progress Report Summary and evidence of Commissioner Clement

Hodgkinson, p.18 16 R.L. Greenaway, 'Historical Usage if the Lands ... of the West Melbourne Swamp ...'

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Gary Vines

Gollin & CO. W. Brown Junior and Walker. The wastes of course went into the river. Some of these works had primitive docks where small boats bringing skins and hides from the abattoirs and meatworks along the Yarra and Maribyrnong could be unloaded on the banks. In 1873 there were about 20 noxious trade licences for soap and candle works, boiling down works, fell mongers and wool washers on the Yarra below the city. 17 Even in the 19th century there was considerable public concern about the pollution of the area and in some respects it was seen as the worst effected part of Melbourne taking the drainage of Moonee Ponds Creek which was lined with tanneries at Flemington. However the efforts to rid the more populated areas of noxious industry were not carried through to the Lower Yarra and Batman's Swamp which, if anything, became even more polluted as industries located further downstream and moved from the eastern to western side of Melbourne. Several convictions were made against the boiling down works but it was really only with the compulsory removal of the works for river improvements that any change was effected. But still in the 1870s it was said that: 'at the very threshold of Melbourne immediately below the gasworks a boiling down establishment diffuses a sickening stench and shocks the sight with a reeking mass of putrescence and mire where filthy swine and

some scarcely less filthy human beings find congenial habitation.'

18

The 1872 Royal Commission found the creek: .. .in flood times sends down an enonnous quantity of water... together with the fetid drainage from West

Melbourne, Hotham (now North Melbourne) and Flemington stagnates in the shallow lagoon in the swamp. the level of the bed of which lagoon is below that of the high water in the Yarra.' 19

The factory wastes which fed into the streams and rubbish and even nightsoil dumped in the swamp added to the pollution. 20 The Royal Commission recommended that the outlet of the creek be excavated, canals dug and pumps installed to drain Batman's Swamp. In 1877 the Harbour Trust began to terminate or refuse renewal of leases and licences as a precursor to dredging and realignment of the river banks down stream of the gasworks. 21 By 1877 the work on draining the swamp had been completed. South of Swamp Road the old Moonee Ponds Creek outlet channel was further excavated to form the coal canal in the late l880s. This canal was about 130 metres wide and about 1500 metres long and provided access for coal barges to a landing stage near the North Melbourne Locomotive Depot located between North Melbourne Station and the canal. The canal survives south of Footscray Road although it has been narrowed and has silted up since it was last used some time in the 1930s. Industrial expansion and transport development Like all other parts of Melbourne and Victoria, the Docklands area received an immense stimulus from the demands imposed by and the wealth created by the gold rushes of the l850s and 60s.

17 Melbourne Harbour Trust General Plan showing improvements... 1878; Low Lands Commission Evidence of Frederick. Harding, District Surveyor.

Low Lands Commission, Appendix 6, City of Melbourne Health Committee report. ibid. 20 Low Lands Commission 1872, evidence of Clement Hodgkinson, p.18: Vic. Municipal Directories, Lack & Ford p.57 21 J. Lack, 'Worst Smelbourne: Melbourne's Noxious Trades' in Davidson The Outcasts of Melbourne. 18

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Following the construction in the mid 1850s of the first rail line along the north and east edge of the swamp, the study area began to take on a transport oriented character. During the 1860s and 70s the rail system expanded with the subsequent need for additional sidings, yards, freight and passenger facilities and engine and carriage workshops. From the 1870s, following the establishment of the Melbourne Harbour Trust, the Melbourne docks underwent the massive redevelopment to meet the needs of the fast growing import/export industry. Victoria Dock and the Coode Canal transformed the port and drew other transport and industrial facilities to the area. Cool stores, free and bond stores and warehouses, transport companies, Stevedores and shipping agents were all located in close proximity to the docks and railways. A butter factory, wool dumpers, woolstores and manufacturing industries were located to take advantage of immediate access to docks for export of their products or importation of their raw materials.

Other government facilities

Most of the Docklands area has always been crown land administered by the Victorian and local Government under various instrumentalities including the Department of Crown Lands, Melbourne Harbour Trust (later Port of Melbourne Authority) Melbourne City Council, MMBW, Victoria Railways and Department of Transport. However some Commonwealth facilities have also been located in the area including a Bubonic Sanatorium, Customs and quarantine facilities and an airfield. The Melbourne City Council maintained a refuse destructor and sanitary depot (as did some other local councils) on the western side of the Coal Canal above Footscray Road, as well as a stables near North Wharf, probably for its night soil and rubbish collection service. The section of the creek between Racecourse Road and the northern end of the coal canal near Macaulay Road was made into a bluestone lined drain in about 1884. This work was carried out at the same time as the construction of the Upfield Railway line which follows the east side of the wide grassed floodway. Land was reserved for rubbish incinerators for Melbourne, Footscray and Flemington Councils by the 1890s in association with the rubbish tips on the swamp. It appears that only Melbourne constructed their incinerator, which was known as a desiccator. This was located south of the Swamp or Dynon Road west of the Coal Canal. A jetty was constructed to allow loading of refuse for dumping in the bay and possibly for unloading coal and other combustible material for firing the desiccator. Slaughter house and market waste may also have been dried in the desiccator for making fertiliser. On the north side of Swamp Road the council had a substantial stables for its horses used in collecting rubbish from the city.

The people Particularly in the late nineteenth century, the main sources of low-paid, casual employment were concentrated along the lower Yarra and Sandridge (Port Melbourne) wharves, around the railway yards of West and North Melbourne, close to the wholesale and retail markets and in the backyard workshops and small factories on the fringe of the central business district. Up until the middle of this century the Melbourne port has exerted a major influence on the surrounding residential areas, from where it has drawn its labour force. Because of their dependence on low-paid precarious kinds of employment, the poor of Melbourne were compelled to live close to the places where snch jobs were located.

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The area on the eastern edge of the West Melbourne Swamp was used as a rubbish tip from at least the 1890s and as a tipping site for ash from Victorian Railways locomotives at the North Melbourne Depot from about 1888. During the 1930s depression (and possibly at earlier times) the area was scavenged for scrap and rags and became home to some of Melbourne's poor and homeless who constructed humpies out of discarded rubbish from the tip. Because much of the study area has been historically a waste land, it has occasionally been occupied unofficially and illegally. Squatters camps of homeless and unemployed people have grown up during times of depression, particularly in the 1890s and 1930s. The squatters camps were transitory affairs built of old timber and corrugated iron, even lino was used to provide shelter. These humpies were located on the south end of Dudley Street in an area known as Dudley flats in the 1930s. Periodic raids by police and possibly Harbour Trust officers moved the people out and demolished the huts. Their occupants were the unemployed and underemployed labourers used by the shipping agents to fulfil peak demands for labour but otherwise left to scavenge an existence as best they could. Even today it is possible to find the occasional humpies built by the homeless on the waste land of the port. In 1933, F. Oswald Barnett made inspections of the congested residential areas of Melbourne's inner suburbs, including Dudley Mansions as they were called, photographing the slums and living conditions. The photographs were intended for a Government report on slum housing and his report contributed to a movement aimed at reforming housing conditions in Melbourne which led to the establishment of the Housing Commission. In the 1930s the area also came to the notice of the Melbourne City Council and Melbourne newspapers who described the conditions as a disgrace to the city. Efforts to relocate the slum dwellers and clear up the area were thwarted by lack of cooperation between the various bodies responsible for the waste lands. Several distinct camps were noted by Bamett and E.J. Wood, the council health inspector. Dudley Flats proper was along the banks of the Coal Canal, south of Footscray Road, the Batchelor Quarters on the north side of Dudley Street near the bridge over the canal, and Happy Valley on the east side of the canal. 22 The settlement was finally abandoned in the early 1940s thanks not to the efforts of Government but the fact that the nearby tip no longer held a living for scavengers since waste recovery schemes had been initiated to assist in the war effort. 23 One of the reasons the settlement was allowed to develop was because of ownership and jurisdiction disputes between the Railways Department, Melbourne City Council, the Melbourne Harbour Trust and the Lands Department, none of whom would claim responsibility for the area. Official settlement in the area seems to have involved only the occasional watchman at the nearby wharves. For example, Clement F. Harvey is recorded as living beside the Railway Canal on the North Side of Dudley Street West Melbourne in the Sands and McDougall Post Office Directory for 1929. However, the unofficial, and possibly illegal occupation of Dudley Flats was not recorded in the normal official sources.

22 see newspaper clippings and Wood report in Melbourne City Council Archives, file 38/1894 on Dudley Flats.. 23 Barnett collection of Historic Photographs, Record 544, Housing and Construction Victoria Library. Department of Planning and Housing.

15

Dudley Flats

Description of Site Dudley Flats was originally a low flood prone area on the eastern side of Batman's or West Melbourne Swamp. Settlement occurred on the slightly higher ground and following filling operations, on spits of land created when silt from Harbour Trust Dredging operations was dumped. Two main areas were occupied on opposite sides of the Coal Canal with a third around the council stables on Dynon Road (see map). Much of this area has been filled and built over as part of a major redevelopment of Melbourne Harbour Trust and general transport facilities from the 1950s on. The interface between the original and dumped silt and the coal ash, rubbish and other fill would be easily identified. However, as the material used in the buildings and contents of the West Melbourne tip were one and the same, the identification of occupation remains as distinct from ordinary rubbish will be problematical. The structures were built of discarded corrugated iron and timber, linoleum, iron bedsteads and frames, worn out components from the gas works, old water tanks, kerosene tins, and brushwood cut from the remnant tea tree stands. Today there is almost no evidence of Batman's Swamp, or the old course of the Yarra River. The Coal Canal is partially recognisable as the wide outlet of the Moonee Ponds Creek extending from south of Footscray Road to the head of Appleton Dock. The west bank of the canal comprises a wide area of flats, which, prior to the City Link works being undertaken, were covered in piles of recently deposited soil with irregular tracks, levee banks and drains left over from various stages of reclamation. Some of the area is still in this state. The east bank is steeper and rises to about 3 metres above sea level to industrial areas used for open storage and warehousing. Parts of both banks had been planted in native trees in the early 1990s as part of a Parks Victoria revegetation program. The modem profile of the east side of the Coal Canal is remarkable similar to that depicted in maps dating from the turn of the century (see appendix) The channel is about 50 metres wide running south from Footscray Road and widening as it approaches Dudley Street, where it turns to the south west. A drain from Dudley Street joins the canal at it widest point in the south east forming a small promontory of land on the north side of Dudley Street. It was on this land that one of the main slum camps was located, known as 'the Batchelor's Quarters'. While indigenous salt march vegetation has recolonised the banks of the Moonee Ponds Creek outlet, the rest of the south bank of the channel is primarily industrial, with the ground surface now built up with rubble, fill and paved with either bitumen or crushed rock. Figure 2 shows the location of piles and overhead structure and the general arrangement of the study area prior to commencement of the City Link works.

16

Gary Vines

Method The primary purpose of the archaeological investigation is to determine the potential for survival of cultural material relating to occupation of the site by slum dwellings in the 1920s and '30s, and to record any artefacts or other archaeological features which may be exposed by the construction works on the site. Previous Work

The present study was commissioned following the identification of potential for archaeological evidence in the area. Two previous archaeological and heritage studies had examined the historical references for the area and proposed further investigation. VicRoads commissioned archaeological desktop studies of the proposed Eastern and Western Links. 24 This was later enhanced by a further preliminary survey commissioned by the City Link Authority.25 A separate study of the heritage of the docklands area was carried out for the Docklands Task Force in 1991,26 This study specifically identified the Dudley Flats as a area of potential archaeological significance. Following commissioning of the present report, the consultant reviewed these previous studies and carried out further historical research. From this a strategy for investigation was developed which tied in with the road construction work program. Watching Brief

The procedure was, to some extent, dependent on the nature and timing of construction works. On the basis of the construction program, the following strategy was developed: J.J Before any construction, clearing or disturbance, the archaeological consultant carried out a non-intrusive preliminary survey of the effected area to identify potential for the survival of archaeological evidence. This was directed at determining the likely preservation of undisturbed original ground surfaces adjacent to the Moonee Ponds Creek outlet. This process also attempted to identify the depth or level of any potential archaeological layers, ie. the ground surface at the time of occupation may have been buried under more recent fill and an attempt to determine the depth of this was required. Core sampling carried out by the construction contractors was also examined to assist in this process.

1.2 Upon finalisation of construction plans the archaeologist determined the likelihood and location of archaeological deposits that may be effected. This and the previous stages refined the areas of potential archaeological sensitivity which had been previously identified. These corresponded to former flats bordering the Coal Canal on both sides, with particular concentration around a former drain on the eastern side. These locations were identified from a plan by the Reverend Oswald Barnett, and other documents in the City of Melbourne Archives which identified individual shacks or "humpies" erected by squatters. The Oswald Barnett plan and the areas of archaeological sensitivity are shown in the accompanying figures. 2. During site preparation, the archaeologist was present at the commencement of any clearing, levelling, etc in the areas determined as above. This was only for short periods as only the upper levels which were deemed to be sensitive.

Du.Cros & Associates, 'Western Link Archaeological assessment... Bluestone Heritage Consultants, City Link Archaeological Survey, 1995. 26 Andrew Ward, Peter Milner, Gary Vines & Ron Greenaway, Docklands Heritage Study, Report to Docklands Task Force, June 1991. 24

25

17

Dudley Flats

3. A survey and watching brief was conducted during various stages of the construction. For example, excavation for pile capping, excavation of service trenches, road construction, etc. Again this was only be necessary in the areas determined as having archaeological potential as identified in 1.2. The City Link freeway (Western Link) comprises a pair of elevated multi lane roads generally following the line of Moonee Ponds Creek from Flemington Road to the Docklands. The road works has involved the construction of concrete pillars, on foundations of driven concrete piles. The piling has been carried out from the surface with shallow pile caps excavated to about one to two metres below the ground surface. The pile caps link the piles together, with the reinforced circular concrete piers. As a consequence of this construction method, the sub surface deposits are exposed briefly during the pile cap excavations, and then filled once the concrete pile caps have been poured. The site was examined during various stages of construction and the exposed features were photographed and recorded. A number of pile caps were examined extending back about 150 metres either side of the creek. The locations of the pile caps in the area, and those specifically examined are shown in Figure 2.

18

Gary Vines

. 2. Location of pile caps, areas examined during watching brief. FIgure . d are blackened (Pile caps examme

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Dudley Flats

Results Only inconclusive evidence of the former "Dudley Flats" slum settlement were identified during the project. However, there was overwhelming evidence of the various rubbish tips and fill from the swamp reclamation, which were the focus of the original settlement. This took the form of a variety of materials - ceramic, glass, metal, timber, stone, brick etc. In a dispersed pattern in a matrix of clay, gravel, coke ash and rubble. No pattern to the distribution of this material was evident apart from its absence from the tidal zone of the Moonee Ponds Creek outlet. The core samples and excavation trenches (undertaken for engineering purposes by City Link contractors) showed a consistent level of original ground at about zero to one metre above sea level, and one to three metres below the present ground level. This original ground level is recognisable by a black humus rich layer only a few centimetres thick overlaying dark mottled silt and clay. This material graduates within a narrow zone 300 to 500 mm. thick, down to the consistent grey Coode Island Silt which underlies most of the docklands area. The original soil layer, and subsequent layers of fill were noted as sloping lenses on the south and east bank, suggesting progressive fill from the landward side towards the channel. The pile cap excavations to the south of the channel show a progressively rising natural soil level, with the more southerly having largely artefact-sterile soil, rubble and ash fill. That is, this area closer to Dudley Street does not have evidence of rubbish tipping apart from what might be termed clean fill. The western side of the creek appears far more disturbed. There was not the evidence of the natural humus soil layer, although this may be because the original ground level was below sea level (ie. the bottom of Batman's Swamp). Pile cap excavations in this area show only a very mixed deposit of soil and rubble with a wide range of domestic refuse including glass, ceramics, metals and organic remains. Various brightly discoloured deposits also suggest localised metal and chemical materials. However, there was no discernible patterning or stratigraphy evident in the exposed deposits. It appears that initial filling was random and incorporated a large percentage of soil, and later disturbance and clearance of the area has further mixed the material. Some roughly datable early items were recognised in the rubbish fill. These included the following: Transfer pattern porcelain Transfer pattern china wares Meakin transfer ware One and two piece moulded bottles Three piece moulded bottles Salt-glazed Henderson's Cordial bottle Rowlands Ginger beer Footscray Lemonade Pinch top glass inkwells

1870-1890? 1880-1940 1890-1930 1870-1900 1880-1920 1890-1930 1880-1910 1880-1900 1890-1930

The bulk of the glass and ceramic material, however, appeared to be of early to mid twentieth century date, suggestive of the period 1920 to 1950. Both the early and later dates are consistent with the known use of the general area for both official and informal rubbish tipping for an extended period. A catalogue of a random sample of artefacts collected both during the watching brief and during the excavation, is included in this report.

20

Gary Vines

A generalised idea of the stratigraphy through the site was obtained by examining the stratigraphy shown in the sides of the pile cap excavations. The stratigraphy is depicted schematically in figure 3 which shows lenses of fill material over a natural soil profile dipping to the north west from a level of about 2 metres above sea level at Dudley Street to about sea level at the creek bank. A larger proportion of rubble and artefact material is found towards the creek with the area closer to Dudley Street having bands of yellow clay with thin layers of coke ash. This is reasonably consistent with the known history of land reclamation of the site. Dudley Street was constructed as a formed road in about 1892 hence the yellow clay, and filling of the area between Dudley Street and Footscray Road was carried out mostly by the railways department in the l890s to 1930s hence the coke ash.

Figure 3. Schematic cross section of fill, as revealed in pile cap excavations.

Foremr bitumen and gravel surface

Dudley Street

Moonee Ponds

Creek

rich fcnner soil level

(Natural soil- Coode Island Silt)

21

Dudley Flats

Further potential While the present investigation has been inconclusive in identifying evidence of the Dudley Flats settlement, it points to two future opportunities on the site. These are the potential for identification of artefact remains from various stages of rubbish tipping and remaining potential for evidence of the slum camp if alternative archaeological methods are used. Rubbish dump The watching brief has shown that there are considerable artefact remains in the area relating to various stages of municipal and informal rubbish dumping going back at least to the 1870s. While the watching brief was unable to identify any clear patterning to this material, further investigation of the area may be able to address the potential for stratification. The site also holds potential as a source of type specimens. Creek Banks Again the watching brief was not successful in identifying any evidence of the Dudley flats settlement. However, it did show that the original land surface is preserved beneath the various layers of fill. This points to potential for revealing this land surface, and with it any artefacts of the period, through more controlled archaeological excavation methods. Controlled excavation down to the humus rich soil surface may be more likely to reveal evidence of occupation of the site. Such excavation may incorporate mechanical stripping of the overburden, followed by hand excavation. A broad area excavation would be more appropriate to the site, as precise location of the settlement sites is not possible. Recommendations If further excavation or disturbance of the area between Dudley Street and the Moonee Ponds Creek outlet is to occur, it is recommended that additional archaeological monitoring be carried out. This should be required only where works are likely to disturb the previously undisturbed areas of original soil - between one and three metres below the present ground level. Such works might include service trenches, building foundations drainage works or landscape modifications. It is also recommended that if large areas are likely to be disturbed (for example by extensive landscaping works) then a more controlled archaeological excavation should be carried out which endeavours to expose the possible cultural layer associated with the natural ground surface. Such archaeological investigation should be carried out according to a research design which addresses both the Dudley Flats Slum Settlement, and potential for the tip refuse to provide information related to artefact type collections and discard patterns of domestic articles. Such a research design may involve controlled archaeological excavation and artefact sampling, cataloguing and analysis, and should be formed in consultation with the Senior Archaeologist, Heritage Victoria, Department of Infrastructure.

22

Gary Vines

Additional investigation - Landscaping watching brief, test excavation Background In November 1998, the Melbourne City Link Authority determined that further construction and excavation work would be carried out in the vicinity of the Dudley Flats area, that would potentially impact on archaeological evidence, and so commissioned the consultant to undertake an extension of the original archaeological monitoring. The construction work involved the excavation of storm water drains and the construction of 'swale and channel' landscaping for intercepting, diverting and environmentaly treating storm water run off. The consultancy brief required archaeological investigation during this work and in consultation with Heritage Victoria, conduct of a test excavation and preparation of a report as an 'addendum or appendix' to the initial report. A copy ofthe brief is included in this report. As this was technically and archaeological excavation ( it involved purposefully uncovering buried archaeological artefacts), it was necessary to obtain consent from the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria, to undertake archaeological monitoring and a test excavation. This was obtained on 29 March 1999 by Andrea Murphy for the consultant, (note I was unable to carry out this part of the work myself, due to a road accident which incapacitated me for several months).

Description of the site. The area investigated was similar to that covered in the initial archaeological monitoring program of the Dudley Flats area. It was, in fact, a larger area due to the greater impact of the landscaping and drainage work in comparison to the relatively small footprints of the pile cap excavations. The study area was in two distinct locations on opposite banks of the Moonee Ponds Creek, an artificial channel connecting Moonee Ponds Creek with the head of Appleton Dock, and thence the Yarra River. These areas are identified in Balderstone Hornibrook Engineering - Transfield Oayashi Joint Venture plans as Pond P and Pond Q on the north and south side of the channel respectively. Pond P on the north side of the channel is in fact a series of interconnected channels, levees and ponds located beneath and to the west of the elevated roadway. This involved a substantial excavation between 0.5 and 2 metres below the adjacent ground level and extending over an area of approximately 80 metres north-south and 40 metres east-west. This pond is intended to retain about half a metre depth of water, collected from run off from the road and adjacent land surface. The swales are shallow open channels about a metre deep with 3: I sloping sides, taking water from the road drains, to the pond. Pond Q is on the south side of the channel, and is smaller, approximately 50 metres by 20 metres and about I metre deep. It is located immediately beneath the elevated roadway. Shorter swales feed run off water to it and it is drained via an outlet pipe to Moonee Ponds Creek. The locations and forms of the ponds and swales are shown in Figure 4. Construction of both areas included excavation by bulldozer and back hoe, lining of parts with imported clay, trimming of surfaces with mechanical excavators, laying of geotextiles and weed matting, and eventually mulching and planting. Construction of hard landscape features including concrete paths, kerbs and edges was also carried out. In the area immediately south of Footscray Road, and not part of the area under investigation, other landscaping was also carried

23

Dudley Flats

out, including three other sets of ponds and swales (Ponds L, M and N) and construction of a seven metre high earth mound (partially using material excavated from the ponds). Some remnant indigenous vegetation was on the site, including a relatively extensive area of salt marsh on the west side of Moonee Ponds Creek, and rushes, glassworts, reeds, and other semi-aquatic species on the tidal margins of the creek channel. In the design plans, the larger of these areas were identified for retention, along with some of the Melbourne Water planting which was carried out about 5-10 years ago near the creek. Elsewhere in the landscaped areas new planting is intended using native species.

Watching Brief Monitoring of the excavations involved periodic inspection of the site during the major digging phase. This was carried out on 8 separate occasions between November 1988 and February 1999. At each inspection brief notes were taken on the nature of the material being exposed, the depth of the excavation, and any evidence of stratigraphy. The site in general and specific features (generally the landscaping works) were photographed, and a small sample collection of artefacts was made. (An inventory of the artefacts is included in this report.) Both areas (north and south of Moonee Ponds Creek) were monitored. Stages in the construction process involved initial removal of topsoil and vegetation to an approximate depth of 20 cm. Much of this material was stockpiled for later reuse. The main excavation was carried out by several large mechanical excavators using 2 to 4 cubic metre buckets. Again excavated material was stockpiled on site, with the main pile being to the west of the landscaped area on the south side of the creek channel.

Test Excavation The Test Excavation was carried out under the supervision of archaeologist Andrea Murphy on Wednesday 24 March 1999. Two trenches were dug. Trench I was located in an area to the east of Pond Q which was identified as the general location of one of the concentrations of humpies in the Dudley Flats settlement. This was possibly the location of the "Dudley Mansions" recorded by the Reverend Oswald Barnett in the late 1920s. Trench 2 was located on the north side of the Moonee Ponds Creek Channel, parallel to the creek bank and immediately west of the Footscray Road northbound exit ramp. The test excavation was carried out by backhoe, under the supervision and direction of archaeologist, Andrea Murphy. Two trenches, 2 metres wide were dug to a depth of approximately I metre intended to intersect the original ground level adjacent to the Moonee Ponds Creek channel, as it was estimated to be in the pre World War II period. This location was derived from comparison of historical maps with current plans. The trenches were approximately 5-6 metres long. An examination of the historical plans included in this report, shows that a small spit of land between the Moonee Ponds Creek Channel and Dudley Street was created in the late nineteenth century as a result of a combination of land reclamation and dredging for both the Coal Canal (Moonee Ponds Creek) and a flushing channel connecting to Victoria Dock. This spit subsequently became the focus for part of the Dudley Flats slum settlement in the 1930s depression. The locations of the Test Excavations are shown in Figure 4.

24

Gary Vines

Results

Watching Brief The watching brief confirmed both the presence of earlier ground levels, as indicated by black humus-rich clay soil lying over the grey Coode Island Silt, as well as the extensive fill from nineteenth and early twentieth domestic and industrial rubbish dumping. The pond and channel excavations were almost entirely within the fill deposits, with the former ground surfaces exposed in only a few isolated areas. The base of the ponds as at about 1.8 m (reduced levels) and this is the lowest part of the excavations for landscaping. As such, only occasional exposure of the earlier (pre rubbish dump) ground levels was noted. The fill on the south side of the creek channel was mostly sterile (ie. In terms of absence of cultural material);with some building rubble, concrete and brick and crushed rock. This was consistent with post 1950s reclamation. A small amount of plastic was noted in the upper layers, probably from recent wind blown accumulations that had been incorporated into the soil by vehicle traffic. This result was further demonstrated by the test excavation in the same area. The excavation and watching brief at Pond P exhibited a dense artefact layer characterised by large quantities of late nineteenth and early twentieth century glass and ceramics, as well as other domestic and industrial waste. Particularly notable were quantities of beer and aerated water bottles, crockery, earthenware containers, industrial waste such as leather scraps (from tannery waste), iron and steel scrap including wire and nails, chemical waste such as lime, coke, ash and hydrocarbon (engine oil?), oxidised metals and timber. There was virtually no plastic in the deposit. The bottles were generally hand blown or hand finished mould blown, all evidently pre-WWII vintage. The catalogue of a sample of the artefacts is included in this report. Trench 1 At commencement, the excavation site exhibited relatively recent fill material, comprising clay and crushed rock. The surface was level, falling to the creek banks steeply, evidently having been graded level. Vegetation was sparse suggesting disturbance in recent months, or possibly years (the surface material being unlikely to support vegetation). An upper layer of modern fill could be distinguished which was comprised of crushed rock (possibly part of hard stand created for the recent bridge works). This was about 10 cm deep. Below this was a layer of clean fill which measured between 30 and 40 centimetres thick and comprised clay and small amounts of rock and gravel. The only artefacts evident were broken bricks of 20th century date and recent wind and water-born plastics at or near the surface. Below the fill between about 50 and 75cm below the present ground level was a layer of black humus-rich silty-clay with decomposing vegetable matter, possibly grasses and reeds. This was without any artefact material or other identifiable foreign matter (such as the crushed rock in the upper layer). At the base of the humus layer was the uniform grey Coode Island Silt, indicating the undisturbed subsoil level of the West Melbourne Swamp. This was located at about 75 em below the present ground surface, and was estimated to be at about the high tide level. The humus-rich layer can be interpreted an earlier ground level. It probably relates to an artificial surface resulting from major drainage and reclamation works in the late nineteenth century, but is notnecessarily natural ground. The humus clay would have formed in an area subject to inundation, probably from tidal backwash. The decomposed reeds and other plants

25

Dudley Flats

reflect the vegetation which can still be found in the tidal zone on the edge of the Moonee Ponds Creek channel. The bluestone pitchers are possibly part of the fill, randomly dumped to reclaim the area, but may also have been manually placed to provide access to the water's edge. If so, they may relate to the Dudley Flats slum settlement occupation, but could as easily have been placed in more recent decades. The fiII material is not characteristic of any particular period and so is estimated to have been dumped in the last 40 years, but possibly as recently as 5 years ago.

Trench 2 Trench 2 was excavated in an area which had been recently cleared and levelled as part of landscaping works. The ground surface comprised a thin, uniform clean soil layer, overlaying disturbed soil and rubbish fill. The area had previously been used for stockpiling excavated material which was formed into a large mound several metres high. Construction workers indicated that the excavated filI, from several of the ponds and swales between the channel and Footscray Road, was full of bottles and other artefacts. Saleable or collectible items were evidently removed by the workers. A gold fob watch was reputedly also found. Below the surface layer was a complex stratified deposit of domestic and industrial rubbish in a clay and gravel matrix. A large proportion of the artefact material appeared to be commercial waste, including a concentration of "Rowlands" salt-glazed earthenware ginger beer bottles. E. Rowlands (originally Rowlands and Lewis) was an aerated water and cordial manufacturer

with premises in Ballarat, Sydney and Melbourne. The Melbourne factory was located at 266 to 274 King Street, while the city office was at 281 Collins Street. Rowlands are believed to have been operating in the west of Melbourne from the l880s to at least 1910. The number of similar bottles found in the tip in close proximity, suggest either dumping of seconds by the manufacturer or disposal of empties from a retailer, such as a hotel or coffee palace. It is highly likely that much of the refuse on the north side of the creek channel was from the official rubbish tips administered by the Melbourne city Council and Melbourne Harbour Trust. Similar dumps were operating to the east of the coal canal by the Railways Department (between Dudley St. and Footscray Road) and north of Footscray Road, west of the canal (where the Melbourne City Council had its sanitary depot and refuse destructor I incinerator). Most of these dumps were officially closed by the Second World War, although unofficial dumping probably continued up to the early 1980s.

Review of Recommendations The recommendations outlined in the main part of the report still hold, following the test excavations and additional watching brief. However, they can be slightly modified in the light of the findings of this additional investigation. As the test excavation has stilI left some questions unanswered regarding the 1930s slum settlement, it is desirable that part of the undisturbed area is conserved for future archaeological investigation. The areas defined as having archaeological sensitivity in Figure 5 should remain listed as an archaeological site on the Heritage Inventory administered by Heritage Victoria. The quantity of 19th century refuse demonstrates the site is rich in archaeological remains, and although it is in a non-occupation context (ie a tip) and so not immediately associated with human activity and behaviour, it offers considerable potential for developing a type collection related to discard and temporal patterns. The previously stated recommendation for further archaeological investigation, including artefact collection, recording and analysis, is therefore endorsed.

26

Gary Vines

Figure 4. Location of ponds and test excavation

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References Barnett, F. Oswald. The Unsuspected Slums, Melbourne, 1933. Barnett collection of Historic Photographs, Record 544, Housing and Construction Victoria Library, Department of Planning and Housing. c.P. BiIIott Melbourne's Missing Chronicles by John Pascoe Fawkner. Quartet Books 1982. Bluestone Heritage Consultants, City Link Archaeological Survey, 1995. Du.Cros & Associates, Western Link Archaeological assessment..., VicRoads, 1990

Footscray's First Hundred Years. Footscray Advertiser 1959. R.L. Greenaway, 'Historical Usage if the Lands ... of the West Melbourne Swamp ... J. Lack, 'Worst Smelbourne: Melbourne's Noxious Trades' in Davidson The Outcasts of Melbourne.

Melbourne City Council Archives, file 38/1 894 on Dudley Flats.

Royal Commission ofLow Lands South and West of the City ofMelbourne (Low Lands Commission) appointed 12 August 1872: Progress Report VPP 3, 62, 1873; Evidence of Hon T. Loader, Government Surveyor. Vines, G. Industrial Land and Wetland Melbourne's Living Museum of the West. Ward, Andrew, Milner, Peter & Vines, Gary. Docklands Heritage Study, Department of Planning 1991.

29

Inventory of sample artefacts The fonner tip sites at Moonee Ponds Creek exhibited extensive and sometimes very dense concentrations of artefacts. Only a small sample could be collected, examined, photographed and catalogued. Generally only items with some diagnostic value were included in the sample. The sample is also biased towards complete or near-complete artefacts and larger fragments. The accompanying inventory is therefore, a random sample of artefacts revealed during the watching brief and test excavation, as far as is possible given the subjective nature of the collection process.

Picture

Item description

Pinch top glass inkwell

max. where found diam. mm. 60 north side Moonee Ponds Creek

retained! discarded retained

Footscray Lemonade Co. Bottle, moulded clear glass

150

north side Moonee Ponds Creek graded surface

retained

Cut Glass tumbler base

65

north side Moonee Ponds Creek graded surface

retained

Eagle Brand, china plate base, pink name stamp

75

north side Moonee Ponds Creek

retained

J.&G. Meakin china plate, blue name stamp

80


retained

J.&G. Meakin china plate, red name stamp

45


retained

J.&G. Meakin china plate, green name stamp

50


retained

Dudley Flats

red transfer pattern china plate

70


retained

blue transfer ware

90


retained

blue transfer ware orchid and wisteria pattern

60


retained

blue transfer ware Asiatic pheasant?

40


retained

blue transfer ware Asiatic pheasant?

60


retained

blue transfer ware, cup

45


retained

blue transfer ware, frieze to edge

40


retained

blue transfer ware

25


retained

blurred blue transfer ware

50


retained

2

Gary Vines

cobalt blue glazed porcelain

70


retained

white stoneware plate fragment with multicoloured transfer frieze decoration to rim

80


retained

painted decoration porcelain bowl fragment, thin fine ware

225


retained

scalloped edge white translucent porcelain fragment

120


retained

pink glazed stoneware bowl fragment

95

north side Moonee Ponds creek bank excavation

retained

cobalt blue glazed scalloped edge bowl

120


retained

small cobalt blue glazed cup fragment, reserved at nm

130


retained

White porcelain cup, applied transfer rose decoration

180

north side Moonee Ponds Creek swale excavation

retained

green and colour glazed porcelain cup rim

130


retained

3

Dudley Flats

colour glazed earthenware bowl fragment

320


retained

flint fragment?

35


retained

Bottle base, clear blue glass, medicine?

65


retained

bottle base, light blue glass oval kick-up, medicine?

65


retained

medicine, pearled white glass, applied rim

70


retained

medicine, dark blue-green glass, applied top

70


retained

bottle base, moulded, clear glass

55


retained

green clear glass bottle base, 20mm thick flat base

75

north side Moonee Ponds Creek, pond P excavation

discarded

Wine bottle, two piece mould, high kick up, black glass

190

Trench 1

discarded

4

Gary Vines

Tea pot, Majolica with molded floral decoration.

255

Trench I.

discarded

clear glass wine bottle, moulded with dimpled base and crown seal moulded nm

260

Trench 1.

discarded

brown glass machine made beer bottle (AGM)

250

Trench 1.

discarded

facetted side clear glass salad dressing bottle.

265

Trench 1.

discarded

terracotta white glaced bowl

240

Trench 1.

discarded

stoneware pattern molded white glazed bowl

265

Trench 1.

discarded

white porceliaine cup with attached handle

75

north side Moonee Ponds Creek, Pond P excavation

retained

slate fragment

120


retained

7

Dudley Flats

pinch top, blue glass ing bottle

70


retained

pinch top, blue glass ing bottle

70

north side Moonee Ponds retained Creek, Pond P excavation

white porcellaine lid

35


retained

white porcellaine toothpaste 80 jar lid

north side Moonee Ponds retained Creek, Pond P excavation

Terracotta storage jar lid, unglazed

IS

Trench I

discarded

brown glass medicine vial, mould blown

130

Trench I

discarded

clear glass medicin vial, mould blown

ISS

Trench I

discarded

conglomeration of rusted iron wire, rod and nails

200

Trench I

discarded

8

Gary Vines

Photographs The following photographs include historical images of the Dudley Flats settlement from the Oswald Barnett collection (see references) as well as some recent views of the City Link construction work showing the exposed archaeological features in the pile cap excavations.

Gary Vines

View of entrance to Victoria Dock during reconstruction of entrance, c 1930. Dudley 51. and Coal Canal on left.

Victoria Dock, c 1920. Note Dudley street at bottom of frame and Coal Canal and scouring channel to Victoria Dock bollom left

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Reclamation work at the old Footscray Road Crossing of the Coal Canal, Dudley Street is in the middle distance in front of the cool stores.

Another view of reclamation work at the coal canal.

Gary Vines

Isolated shanty on spit of land formed by reclamation work beside Coal Canal - south of Footscray Wharves, the ship masts in the distance are on the Yarra Wharves.

Shantys beside Dynon Road, near coal canal - evidently at time of flood.

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Dudley Mansions. a relatively large shack located west of the coal Canal

Another View of Dudley Mansions

l.:>ary vines

Group of shantys located on railway land north of Footscray Road, with its own toilet on the right.

This hut was probably near Footscray Road - note the fireplace and chimney.

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I

A comunal toilet on the banks of the coal canal - waste dropsstraight through into the water to be washed away by the tide.

Bank of Moonee Ponds Creek channel, south side showing waterborn debris and remnant reed beds.

Gary Vines

Swale near Pond Q showing shallowness of excavation.

Outlet pipe from Pond Q, excavated into fill layers.

Glass bottle fragments found on surface near Pond P.

Pond P, darker soil at base is close to former ground level.

Gary Vines

Excavation of Pond P, showing shallowness of hole and fill material.

Spoil from Pond P used for levelling area near creek channel.

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Shallow excavation in fill layer of shared pathway.

Profile of Trench 1 showing fill material overlying dark humus soil and Coode Island Silt.

Clary v 1n8S

Completion of Trench 1 showing dark humus-rich clay and Coode Island Silt at base - c70 cm below ground level

Commencement of Trench 2 showing rubble fill.

Dudley Flats

Profile of trench 2 showing stratified rubbish deposits including large quantity of oxidised metals.

Sample of most complete artefacts from Trench 2. A large number of Rowlands salt-glazed earthenware ginger beer bottles on right, lump of nails in centre.

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Trench 2 at completion of excavation, note waterlogging at base.

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Dudley Flats

Historical Maps The following extracts from historical maps have been reproduced as an appendix to the report. They show the progressive development of the area around Batman's Swamp and the process of draining and filling the swamp. Batman's Swamp Russel Map 1837. (State Library of Victoria) Map of the Suburban Lands of the City of Melbourne Ham Brothers 1854. Library of Victoria)

(State

Melbourne, 1855 Kearny Plan, (State Library of Victoria) Hobson Bay and River Yarra leading to Melbourne, Commander Cox. 1864 (State Library of Victoria) Sketch Plan shewing the proposed reclamation of Batman's Swamp... 1873 (Low Lands Commission) Melbourne and Suburbs, Department of Land & Survey September 1876, (State Library of Victoria) Plan of Melbourne and its Suburbs, Surveyor General, 1879. (State Library of Victoria) Plan of West Melbourne Swamp and Adjacent Ground after the works of reclamation were completed. Department of Lands and Survey 1879. (State Library of Victoria) New Plan of Melbourne and Suburbs, Sands & McDougall, 1885, (State Library of Victoria) MMBW Record Plans 22, 23 & 24, 400 ft. to an inch, c1897. Melbourne Harbour Trust General Plan... MHT, 1906. (PMA Archives) West Melbourne and portions of Harbour Trust and Railway Lands, Department of Lands & Survey 1910. (PMA Archives) Hobson's Bay, River Yarra and Melbourne, London Hydrographic Office 1921. (PMA Archives) V.R. Locality Plan of West Melbourne Swamp c1924. (State Library of Victoria) Municipality of Melbourne c 1925 (State Library of Victoria) MHT General Plan, 1933, (PMA Archives)

Dudley Flats

Batman's Swamp 1837. (Russel Map State Library of Victoria)

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Map of the Suburban Lands of the City of Melbourne Ham Brothers 1854. Library of Victoria)

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Hobson Bay and River Yarra leading to Melbourne, Commander Cox. 1864 showing Railway and Swamp (Dynon) Road, (State Library of Victoria)

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Sketch Plan shewing the proposed reclamation of Batman's Swamp... 1873 (Low Lands Commission)

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Plan of West Melbourne Swamp and Adjacent Ground after the works of reclamation were completed. Department of Lands and Survey 1879. (State Library of Victoria)

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Melbourne and Suburbs, Department of Land & Survey September 1876, (State Library of Victoria)

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New Plan of Melbourne and Suburbs, Sands & McDougall, 1885, (State Library of Victoria)

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West Melbourne and portions of Harbour Trust and Railway Lands, Department of Lands & Survey 1910. (PMA Archives)

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Municipality of Melbourne c 1925 (State Library of Victoria)

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Historical Documents relating to Dudley Flats

J-0_P_y_O_F_I_N_W_A_R_D_S_C_O_M_M_U_N_'_C_A_T_'_O_N ; ,//

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Oity Engineer's Office, Town Hall, J,lJlLBOURNE, 1st May 1934.

M E

J,l 0 :Oity Engineer. Dynon Road Refuse Tip.

Over a period of years I have drawn attention to the nuisance created by unauthorised persons frequentin~ the above interferring with its management and cBUsing a most undesirable atmosphere. The nuisance still persists, yesterday afternoon at 4 there being 28 persons fossicking for rags, metals, bottles, fruit, etc. Intermi ttently visits have been paid by By-Laws Officers and a name or two taken, including that of one P'erguson. As far as I am aware no visits have been paid this year. These unauthorised persons, sometimes including women and children, uncovsr seotions of the tip and arguments and fights are not infrequent. The man Ferguson referred to above appears to be the leader of a most arrogant section and does not hesitate to use violence to those not to his particular ~ing, and he undoubtedly has the sole authorised oollector (Darcy) and my tipmen sO scared as to make them hesitate to in any way object to his aotivities. Darcy has on at least one oocasion been as saul ted by this Ferguson. Yesterday a fight, in which iron bars, books, etc •• were used, developed between Ferguson and eome others resulting in the polioe being called. The tipmen wsre not involved. Teohnioally the actual brawling may not be my conoern. but it is indioative of what I oonsider a very undesirable situation. Yesterday I requested the servicss of a By-Laws Officer to cIsar the tip bUt was unable to obtain one as no officers were available. In addition to the interference wi th our vehicles, the" general situation contains all the material for a scandal in the press, as it is reputed that fruit, vegetables, etc., are used for consumption and that dirty rags go to cheap furniture manufacturers for use as padding in suitee.

) )

I would suggest that a very definite and persistent campaign be instituted to free, and keep free, the area of all unauthorised persons. Very frequent Visits at irregular hours would be necessary. (Signed)

E. T. T. SCOTT,

Superintendent of Oleansing. ,'--

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Medical Officer of Health's Office, Town Hall, Melbourne 23rd December, 1936

Sir,

I have to report visiting areas known as "Dudley Flats" or "Happy Valley" West Melbourne Swamp near new Footscray Road a.nd Dudley Street west of Government Cool Stores, knovm "s "Batchelors Quarters" on various ds.tes between 7th August 1934 and l~th October, 1936, as follo1Vs:7th and 16th August, 1934 In company with Inspector Crofts ~est Melbourne Police notified.

13th September, 1934. man found in dyin8 condition.

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21st February, 1935, 30th July, 1935, 6th January, 1936, 12th February, 1936.

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19th HaY, 1936. Morrissey family, 2 adults and 5 children, living in a tent (Showman's) opposite Government Cool stores, Dudley Street. I informed him that he and hi s fami ly could not remain anti live under eXisting conditions. 21 st, 28th, 29th May, 1936, 8th June, 1936, 3rd July, 1936, 17th July, 1936. lOth September, 1936.

In company wi th Inspector Armour

14th September, 1936.

In company with Inspector Smith.

17th September, 1936, and 14th October', 1936. On 17th July, 1936, the numbcr of shacks and persons occupyin,::~

same 'vverc as follow£,:-

Dudley Street "Bachelors Quarters" west of Government Cool Stores 16 Shacks 1 Shack 1 " __1.." " 13 Shacks ''DucIley Flats"

20 persons

3 ma.les 2 " 1 ma.le and 1 female 1 ma.le each

or "Happy Valley", neQr new Footscray Road.

1) Shacks 8 Shacks

5

"

21 Persons 1 male and 1 female in each 1 male each.

As directed by you no adult 8 wi til chi Idren have been permi tted to re,,,ain on the areas a.nd instructions have been given regularlY against the fouli~S of the Vicinity with excreta and the ca.reles8 disposal of nightsoil a,nd §':arbage. ~Signed)

E. T. Wood .

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·9 th Dec.ember1937.

The Chairman, PUBLIC WORKS COMMITTEE.

Sir/ I have the honour to report that owing to the activities of persons of an extremely undesirable type of varied ages and both sexes haunting the Dynon Road Tip daily, the proper working of the Tip is impracticable.

These "scroungers",usually numbering not leBs

than 50, and who come from "Dudley Flats" and from nearby

Buburb~,

appear to be organised into syndicates for the collection of varidus items auch as ironwork, tins, rags, foodstuffs, etc., and having -

I

pegged out and held by sheer arrogahce separate sorting dumps over the whole tip. The progress of loaded vehicles to delivery points is seriously interfered with. The Superintendent of Cleansing reports that he witnessed, on the 7th inst., several Vehicles with residue from business houses completely unloaded whilst still in motion, by gangs of about 15 to 20 persons, the refuse being strewn about and subsequently sorted. Loads of house and market refuse were similarly swarmed, the loads being raked and articles fought for even during the process of actual tipping onto swamp area. An element of danger ·to Council men is incurred by this practice of interfering with the handling of our motor truoks and horse-drawn drays. Strongly worded warnings by the Councilts tipmen are totally disregarded, and physical violence sometimes results from such warnings.

Each tipman on occasion has been 8.8sB11lted.

from bouts of fisticuffs, one ha.s had an ear bitten and another

Apart

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RstnlhHon, hOW{lirlll', seems t o ' ; ! ·

been injured with !In i1'011 bItt'.

~arioua

to disagreements between ths

syndioates

concerned. Iron clawed lland hoes are oarried by many of thelle p~O:ple; these hoes axe used for :i:'ak1tig over Nrfuse !l1'1dtlH!:!'tibY (Jxpol!rifi~

toul

matter and releasing light litter to the Wirid. Otherobjection~ble

features·

ate

the reClaiming

and

refuo~a1

of s emi-rott en footstuffs !l1'1d filthy rags, the indiscrimiriat eMil'"

.

carding about the Tip of materials found valuetesa after !lort:!.ng, Wid. the presence of females and children,

•

I would recommend that, as the situation is serious froffl

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both an economic and a sanitary viewpoint, the persiate'll:t 'lfMlt attention of one or two BY-Lsws Officers be given to this loc!l1:l.ty to enSUre complete absence of unauthorissd persons.

I have the honor to be,

Sir, Your Obedient servant.

City Engineer.

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462 Medic~d

Officer of Healthls Office, TODn Hall, Melbourne 25th January, 1938

The

Ue~ical

Officer of Health,

Sir, I have to report that I inspected areas known_as "Dudl, Flats" ';lest Melbourne swamrl, near j,ielbourne-Footscray Road, and "Batchelors quarters" Dudley Street, Vlest of Government Cool Sto: West Eelbournejon Thursday 20th Inst. and Honday 24th inst. respectively. I found twelve (12) shacks erected on the "DUdley Flat I area occupied by twenty-three (23) adult persons as follows :-

1.

6 shacks

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1 1

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1 1 2 2 1

male 1/ femaJ § male.eSch males' mG.les I. female ) separate male 2 females ) sleeping ) COmp3.Ttmentf

At "Batchelors Q,uarters" Dudley Stl'eet, there are fiftE (15) shacks oocupied by seventeen (17) adults (males) as follO\7s: 1 shack 2 shacl:::s

10 2

" "

3 males 2

"

I male each

vacant

TIlere was no evidence of the ground in the vicinity of the shacks being fouled Vii th excreta 0-1' household refuse' and the arCils rlel'e clean and tidy at the time of my visit.

Health Inspector

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~j0"FLATS.

OLEY

• City Council's Policy.

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The deplorable condItIon.!! ex1stlng at Dudley' Flats, West Melbourne. will o:e

to cope with the inh2bi- ~" •~.' t.antsUnable of "Dudley Flats," West Mel-

dLc;cussed by the health comrolttee of the City - CouDell when it meets all Tuesday next. It 13 likely that the committee will seek a conference with the .GOvernment. which controb the land on which the unsightly shacks have beenbulIt. In Clty Council circles it I.!I realised that the tnhabllants of the "flats" cannot be

: bourne, who swarm over council': carts bringing loads of rubbish fo ~;

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removed untU houses have been round

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for them elsewhere. The committee it, is SLated. will recommend to the council

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that every effort be made to co-operBte ,1.'F~ with the Government on a clear polley; regarding the future of the "flats."

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a nearby dump, the City couneil,"•if• , " has sought police protection for its , drivers. Scrambling aboard the trucks as i they enter the dump, the flatl habitants disintegrate the IOld! immedi2t~ly it enters the area, llind .~ according to the Council, quarrel i' among themselves For priority' of "going through" the contents. i Recently, the Council S~"t ~ special traffic offlcers with the i drivers, but, because of the num- : ber of inhabitants In the aru, they f we~e unsuccessful i;. ch~cklng the

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DUDLEY FLATS.

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U/!/3i' DUDLEY FLATSi CLEAN-UP? I

• Minister

Intervenes.

The Deputy Premier (Mr.. r.lnd), who IS also Minister ot Lands. mOen tloned yes· ~ terday _that he would have the posltton !

or the residents of' hwnples in the, .swampy. ' CJ ty Council' tip known e,s i Dudley ",fh,ts" investigated. and rect1~ fled. I "'.. Since none of the subordInate sem~ 7 Governmental bodIes seemed w,uHng accept responsibility. the GO'Ternment. by , virtue of Its powers over Clown land" [) would not tolerate' hnman beings being

~ pcnnltted to live under such deplorable ~l

conditions, he said.. There- were healthy open spaces and, foodstufts,_lm.ough In

!:- Vietorh to_enabJe-hume-n bemg.<:, and, l" above, all, growing children,' to live under healthy conditions.

1

. City Council Move : A recommendation that the City Coun_1 J, : cil move to induce the Government to II' i t~ke action to abolish "Dudle.y Flats," ~ : W{'st Melbourne, :Inci provide other suit- t : able homes for the inhabitanL'i is ex- i :: ped.ed to be made next. month by the : Council's Health Committee. f It W
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I Police protedion ro~ City Counei) 9r,iv- II ,('rs who unlo::Jd rubbish at lin ad}omm( Ii j'dump h:ls :Ilre:viy b~cn .sou.'I;ht by t.he l council f()llowin~' int('rferenc(> with the, i lo~ds liS they ('tlLcj the 1''':cn. . f

i.l HEye~ore

at City Gate"......--Page 10;' --1

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FLATS " SCANDAL

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Degrading Eyesore': At Gate Of City By

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Reporter

Yesterday I went 10 Melbourne's back door-"Dudley Fial")," on the West Melbourne swamp.

What I saw there astounded and disgusted me, as it would have disgusted any Melbourne man who had imagined that the worst of the city's slums are those he sees. whcn driving through Richmond or North Melbourne ~-

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At "Dl1dley ~l"d.~" :Yc-~t.rrd;l:V 1 s'lw. men C.l~.mbcri':.'(?"f't the IOlld~ b~{ore they Rrl~1 ,1\nd women living 1n shelters which :I !lppcd, nskmg th("lr neck." ann h;tmpcr I. • In.'( the work. They never seem to go ,farmer ".;ould not usc for hiS cows, and to school: they Qre always indescribably I' i I SllW men ann boys scav('n~ing" :It rub- dirty. , ,hish lips - apP
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REFLECTION ON CITY

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Many blows hav!;' be€n exchanged on tips. Its streets and parks have a cover.'r'-"-'" the rubbish-tips. and the City counCillling of all imaginable gleanings_ ; h'l~ sought police protection for its Its water JSupply I'· b,throoms and] dnver.s" T'Ippm_ . g IS . d'ffi It h ' • '-'> ' : lCU . were a Its lav;rown,. hyglcnlc. surroundmRs, seems to be, From the Footscray ROAd, "Dudley equally In doubt. Fllll"" Iuok!'. for FIll thc worlo. like fl Rut thb at least I~ ~r1nln the : group of hroken-down cow-byres. cx1.stcnce of Ihl, jl:hastl,.· settlement, 1 "Dnellcy FlaL~" is 1l city (If in~cniolJs within a mile 01 Melbourne. Is .A 'limn in.qrlitilrv make:;hi [1.. Its m"nsions standing rt'flection on our State And "re in:lr'scrih
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City Council, Health Department, Police and h~:JUsi~g authorities slated that Dudley Flats were part of Melbourne s general slum problem. It was difficult to devise means of moving the resident.s unless financial or other provision was made for them. '-\lhilc Hd-cplorin~" the conditions which forced morc than. 40 elderly' men and women to live in "Dudley Flats," scavan~Jng_ amid rubbish tips and stngnant swamps, none of the rcspon."ilhlc i authorities were able today to suggest a practicable remedy, under existing conditions.

"

. Until the" reture. from holid
th€ scenes first-

chairman of the City Council' Health Ihand, and. I pre.sum~ th:y a~e the _Ia~tsj IICommiUee (Dr. J. Monahan Lewis) the tSr.e ~_I!IeaY~m_~_;,.Q.Jl~.~th..J.b~~t): cnmmittee cannot m~t to decide whether o.!:!~ Iit will Eeek a conference with the State I Director of H('alth Depa~m(,l1t (Dr, H , Government on methods of "cleaning up" IN. Felltollb~,}.-The matter IS one [or thE:, I

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-~'-~-~. An Offence To Civic Decency OR many months the satirically named "Dudley Flat~" have defied

F Slums

the community's spirit of decency. were permitted to reach a rank

the are?. ._ City, Council, It .has ~wers ~~der thr ,I In the -meantime the -Health Dcpart- Health Act, and It.~ own mUnicIpal by~ I ment takes the view that the problem J laws to move the pUdle y Flats dwellers " I· f h' C' C '1 1 P 1" hut the problem IS one of general pov) \ i IS one or t e Ity aunel a o.ne. 0 IC,e erty fmd is especially difficult on thaf authorities emphasi.".e thal tnelr duty l.~ account. , -,In J"'re:::erve order and the maxim11m of, .We have our own problem::: on' th£; !decency i prevnilin.!! conditions, and not l river flats of the Murray and Gaul. 't oven ·Ium<; hurn, where .<;hack.<; are erected b,\ I 0 rem s '. J"'eople who may not belonp; to the locl'l . 1 SLUM BOARD REPORT mu~icipallty. The municip~Jity then caH~ us In to move them. ThiS we may b{ ~' -. Members of the Slum AbolltlOn Board able to do und'.!r the regulations govern.: referred to a section of the report which ing settlement on. flood-lands. Here again 'deals specifically with Dudley Flats, The ~owever. there IS the problem of find~ :~ report, which' is accompanied by vivid mg other homes for the shack dwel1ers ~-i1lustrations of the tin ,shanties af'd-r..w---.,/,-,; ,bish tips, states:,. "Indigent -persons. . because of r--' , lack of means, have improvised shelters : for themselves with materials gathered '\ from the adjoining rubbish tip of the ,...-......,

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growth, even in Melbourne. one of the richest and most favored of metropolitan

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: Melbourne City Council . . . "While the Board ad~lres the lnlt1a- ~ "'11 t1ve ::Ind resource of these persons 1tl 1 I cities. The toleration of "Dudley Fats" ldeplore!'l th
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T I I II. Otller place, with its reeking huts and indescrib- 'I Other comments were:C.. able structures, as "a wilderness of filthy j City Health Offieer (Or. John DaleJ'-I~ i Jtles ,; Appalling as these conditions are, I dOl -',

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, d swamp land, stinking of s!agn1\nt mu., ;,1 not think the Dudley Flats dwellers: ADELAIDE, Thursday.-Huts oceupied! ·1' s\'Vept with the dust and ashes of the City arc doing any harm to the eornmtmity!' by pens:oner" and unemployed men; !i-perhaps not a.~ much harm as if 1hcy l along the banks of the River Torrensi I Council tips." Vice and. iqualor have r-Iwere driven into slum~ of North Mel~1 ~ must be vacated by March 3 1 . : ' I ' bourne and other parts of the metro-'.j It is pointed out that SOme of the huts! I there an appropriate home. Unfortunate polis. I ~rc occupied by old age pensioners oc~ conlcnd on the ti,) for the cit.v·~ They ::Ire the der('!iels of our society, other men receiving sufficient money lo t -,-!,·cl-. d ! proach the Chief SecretAry's Department ~ for Rssis~nce in the provision of 11 :; At Oudl~y Flat~ thcre,i~ no sanitation, no Ae(lnlt Town CI..rk (Mr Gl':orlt.. OeRnl., t\hnme. They 1Ire ..lven .£15 with which 1.;- water sup'ph', no pM~ibilily of c!eanlincs:<., -ComplainL<; ilbnllt men. womcn. imd· t to purchase materials, and th~n- buil-d ,.1.' no reslrid;on of health or decency. ! .. hildren who raid the Cit.~' Council ruh_: - th'Cir own shacks. The department never bish carls. forcing t~c rlrivers to .~c:,k: ,L heBrs from them after that. :\: Apparently any derelict can plant his craz.y, nolice protection. do not refer Darticu~t !..-:....--========~ . \ shack upon any municipal tip or other lary to Dudley Flat dwdlers. , .< h Dozens o( other $cavengcr,~ eOmf' in' '. 'J1Jblic land tat m;\y he opcn to him, Dehy from the .'.

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DUDLEY FLATS

PROBLEM

REMOVING SLUMS ON SWAMP

.Steps By Council To

"Disgrace to City"

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Remove Them A

CONFERENCE with the. Government on the best method to cleftn tip Dudley Flftts, I West Melbourne, wiII be sou~ht r i. immediately by the City Council. I Althoug-h it is rIOt ce:-tain thhave ffiRcle T"mshsing the': ---j jProblem with the r0li('~. The problem I.~~_''''''~; W;lS also disCllSse-d at a recent mc~ting of the council's health committee.' ~c. -'I The committee helieves that dwellings ,should he Drovided els",-where for the' flats neop1e. . A dennite ohm hI' their N'moval is ' lihly to be formulat·xl bv the ht:' sL~~sion. •Hum Squalor -I· ~ere is just <:IS m U C h " 10 many of the 10~~ce and S(,lualor withm five m 'J f Blum hovels I o G.P.D. as ot ~:~J~ . the Melbourne! ing to the -Y FIats. Accord_: recent Slum B vey. 2S2S of th125e h oard sur_ I meagre £2/10/' ornes <:Iverage a.' these families <:~IT~~nk. J urge that: of '!'onet.:lry ·t~kens g through l I .~ -----.1 ~ 2f/t7'7f' Dudley Flats Suggestion Dudley Flats exist because there i~ no rental and because the inhabitants, prefer the compnrative freed.om of:' shack life to the shelters provided by , the Government and charity institutions, There ap~ars to be no rensoll i why the G{)vernment should not erect healthy huts on Crown land and transfer the Dudleyites to them under, Government supervision. .Thus t~( j Dudleyites would be prOVided WiLl; I homes and an eyesore removed. PASSER BY (Moora.bbin). L ~-' • The removal of the ma.keshlft huts which accommodate the residents of "Dudley Flats.. at the West Melbourne swamp will be dLscussed Boon by health commIttee of the City Council. question has already been Informally cussed by members of the commIttee. the I The disand it will probably be placed on the notice j; paper for the next meeting. j Members of the eonucH feel that the! ~ existence of the settlement Is a disgracel l to the city. and they propose to seek th~ co-operatlon of the state Government t(~ remove the resIdents to better homes. ~ The attention of the councU has bee directed. to the eyesore by complaint..<; Ir refuse carters that scavengers InterfeIje w1th them In their work of unloadiq'g cartl' at the COunCU'1I dump. Many of Ute inhabitants have made shanties from wood. bags, or discarded Iron. RepreseI\tattoos have been made to the pollee in the hDpe ot checkIng the nuisance. ' . By using the area as a rubbIsh pIt the· council is gra.dua.lly filling in the 5waml>. ' The flats 11e at the extreme west of ttle' City Council's area.. if u ,.. ~. " "DUDLEY ~~~ t~lATc.,rr: O_ _._ I' ~ Who Controls "Dudley 1--';"- Fla"ts" ?----'- (MOVE TO BE MADE: Ii I I ....·1 IN COUNCIL "Awkward Problem" I I I Immediate action along lines which would. -"save theinhabitants of 'Dudley Flats' " from themselves, will be urged by Cr, Car:"r at Tuesday's meeting. of the heath committee of the City Council. He will urge that every effort be made to remove the people 1.0 a more suitable area. Gengoult Smith members of the City Council. pointed out _today that the Dudley Flats" problem was one for ,the Government. and not fOr the counciL ., 'Dudley ,Flats' is a disgrace to the Government." said Aldennan Stapley... It: is not a city job; we. are simply pow- J erless in the matter. 'Dudley Flats' is on ',' graceful. But they were doubtful as to Crown land. and It is exempt from what adion could be taken: buildtnJ:! regulations." Sir Georfj2 Wales said that there Sir Harold Gengoult Smith said that : had ,never been Hny practical sug- anything the !J?vernment did to im. . ')rove thE" conditIOn of the "Dudley Flats" r , gertwns to overcom,e tne problem, !be resident,; would probably be ~ndorsfX:I1 ~ same thmn. was happening on the rIver :~v the City Cou. neil. ,; flats at MIld.ura. along the Goulbum., '.' ... .~. . L and at other pl I ! '1 I I I i CLEAN-UP AREA Mr McNamma thought it a pity that some authority did not exist to deal with "Dudley Flats'" If it was necessary, J€gislation should be brought down to ~lean up the ,lrNL But, Mr McNamara added, "Dudley flats" was only one part of the slum lrohlem Many other places in municiJar areClS required attention. . Alderman Staple:l-'_ and Cr Sir Harold U. alll ({Dudley' Fl~ts/' settleme~t .of shanties on the West Melbolthfe swamp, is not recognised' on : . pla~s. of the area~ Its exact i 'location,' t.he Secretary for Lands (Mr' W, McIlroy) said to J > ". . \, -I daJ::l ,ha"d never been defin~d. 1 \;,:~·-,§·o. llS .nobody is eager to ,llckn?w1e ""_ Mel'bourne City _councillors, including 11Alde,man Stapley and Sit, Hatold Gen· . ""~igol.llt-Smith. S8y "Dudley Flal:S" -lies 'on ';, Crown hind .•mci that its removal is Governm~mt responsibility. , ' -':1 Mr McIlroy ~:tyS the exact Ioca. tion of the , "Flats" is doubtful. . They are bunt pos: sibIv on Crown land, possibly on Har,Ibor~ Trust·-Iand, Rnd possibly on RaiI~ Iwavs lano. The shanty area would have' i'. to surveyed before definition could l ilbe given, ~ . The ~ecretary to the Harbor Trust: .F Commissioners (Mr A. C. Cook), saysi - that "Dudley. FIats" is not. on Harbo~ Trust prope,ty. \ The Railways Estate Office says that H' '. 'I :i ! be ,~ very conf.u~~"_m~g~. a --c _ • Ii"out notifying the Registration Clerk. CITY TO'\VN /"'.// From... ::/ ( " MELBOURNE CLERK'S OFFICE Minute for File No .. 38/1894 .J / OF Police Department Snbject;suggesting that a Conferencebetween repra~entativesof r' ... Har.borTrust. ,PoliceDepartmentand. Council, .. bearrangedto . con aider. ac tio nto be t akentoremove p eopla from Dyno nRoed .Tip. lVI.C.C. 1-66 6/37 757'5 Conference held today and attended as follows Lands Department - Mr. Northey. Melbourne Harbor Trust - Mr. Cook. Railwaye Department - Mr. Pritchard. Police Department - Superintendent Dunn. City Council - Deputy Town Clerk (Mr. G.J. Dean), City Engineer (1~. P.S. Robinson) Dr. Dale, and Superintendent of Cleansing (Mr. E. Scott). The Deputy Town Clerk (in the chair) explained that tne Conference had been convened as a result of representations to the Police Department for control at the Council's tip, Dynon Road, West Melbourne, owing to the influx thereon of unauthorised persons, and that Department.s contention that action would be ineffectual until the people living in shacks in that part of West Melbourne known as Dudley Flats were removed.,r After a general discussion during which it was ascerI tained that the shacks occupy either Crown land or land under l the control of the Railways Commissioners or the Harbor Trust, i t was resolved on the motion of Mr. Robinson, seconded by Superintendent Dunn - ,d. II That ha.ving regard to the opinion of the police Department that the shacks and their occupants on areas of land at West Melbourne~ controlled by the Lands Department~ Harbor Trust and RailWAYS ~~;J'.\'.nt. constitute a nuisance and should in t h e n 'lnterests. the interests of the community, and for health reasons, be removed therefrom; and also that the Melbourne City Council is unable to conduct its tip in a manner best conduoive to health by reason of the presence close thereto of the said occupants, the Conference recommends that the Departments concerned be asked to give the occupants notice to vacate the area within one month, and, on vacation, to have the structures entirely demolished. II Superintendent Dunn informed the Conference that, after notices had been served, the Police Department would assume responsibility for the removal of the occupants, and that the conditions at the Corporation tip would definitely be cleaned up wi th the dispersal of these occupants. be artl "r; ani ~IE OF YILE 40/4 REGARDING CONDITIONS AT CORPORATION TIP AND - pura:.E! J'LATS- Cftr Engineer reported th~t un.uthor1sed persons (other thB.n E. II. Inrcy .hom Committee "lIon to collect bottle., old met1'.l. ete.) were frequenting the Tip in West Melbourne ..nd interfering with the proper working of S""'''. " 'i Chief 1\y-le." ..nd Proleeuting Offieer """ instruoted to ..rr"nge for en Officer of hil Depl!.r'tment to give the .... tter eome ..ttention perlodiO"1l:r. ~eAr"nee of offioer. oRused .. gener"l depnrture of the offendere "nd reque.ted thet the of!tcer. continue to visit the Tip e. frequently e" oonvenient "nd et varying hours, 11/11/1933 City En(,1noer reportea thet the 3/5/1934 Ci ty Engineer forw"rded e report 'by the St1perintendent of Ole..nolng re mrlo"noe O"used 'by un.uthorl.ed persone fo.eicking for rf'gl. met"l". bottlel, fruit. eto •• "nd recommended thA t luoh Itepe RI m.y be deMed neoe.s"ry to stop the tre.p" •• be undertAken. 21/5/34 Chief By-le..,. "nd Proleouting Officer reported th•.t in view of tho elleged oonduot end beheviour of the frequente.re of the tiP. i t would "wear thet the "ervicee of n ConstAble ohould be requiai tioned for full time duty "t the tip for At le".t .. fortnight. 22/5/1934 Public Works Committee Authorhed the engegement of A ConltAble for e fortniGht. 21/5/35 Oi ty E",,-ineer reported thAt Mr. J)l.rcy who """ given permi ..ion 'by the Public Work. Committee some time ego to cull the tip for metel. etc., hel now relinquished the priVilege, "nd lteting thet it ia neoeeeery thet ell unputhorlsed persons would be kept from the tip. "nd reoollllending thet regulnr end constpnt viol ta of one or two l!;r-l.n Officer. be p"id AIld prosecutions lAunched A~inst offender. - Chief By-lAWS end Proeecuting Officer reported th.t occ.eion"l vis1stoof Ihort dur.tion only could be mpde by officers of his Dep"rtment "s no offioero of hie lteff were evaUnble for regulpr duty "t the tip. 28/11/35 City E",,-ineer lubmi tted " report 'by II. p. Brown re R. Short, ~n UI1Oluthorlled person collecting r'g. from the tip. ~nd recommending prosecution. Chief By-lll"" "nd Prosecuting Offioer reported thet owing to l~ok of corroborative evidenoe he could not recommend prosecution. 9/12/37 Ci ty Enoneor reported th"t pereons of ".n ro::tremely undeBimble type of vnricd e.r,88 "nd both sexes were ~unting the tipdslly. These -scroungerlnumbering not les. th"n 50 who Oome from "Dudley n.to" end neorby suburb• ..ro collecting iron, ~gs. foodetuffl, etc •• nnd ~re ."rlouslyintcrferlng wi th the proper FOrking of the tip. lIe~ ob.lectloD8ble feetures such as recln.iming IUld r"",oval of lem1 rotten foodstuffo and fll thy rsg., end recommendin/i the pc-rei.tent drlily Attention of one or two lly-lo"s Offioers be r,1 Ten to loo~i ty to ensure complete "blenoe of UllIluthorloed per.one. 14/1/1938 Letter to Chief Commheioner of Polioe requesting his co-oper!ltion, end GUf"£esting th.. t uniformed constnbles be deteiled to prevent the unsatisf .. ctory conditions at the tip. 24/1/1938 Chief Commissioner of Police repliea thBt Police "re prep..red to give nece.s ..ry " •• ist~ncc to Council's Officers, but UU".ble te det..il members of the Yorce for .uch duty only. 29/3/1938 Town Clerk conferred with Chief Commissioner of Polioe. Chief Commissioner officer to inepect the tip in comp~~ wi th Superintendent of Cleonsing wi th " view to -dvis1ng "s to the beet ..ethod of hBodling the mtltter. to d.et'il " speci~l - 2 - Letter from Chief Commi ••ioner of Police re condition. ~t the tip, .toting thet the whole metter r •• t. with the City Couneil end the ~elbourne HArbor Trust end thet definite ...ction .hould be tl'lken to remove people "00 ere reaiding in vicini ty of the tip, elBa suggesting th..t ... conference of representRtive. of City Oouncil, HArbor Tru.t "nil. Police Dep"rtnlent be "rr"nged in order to outline" common line of •.ction. Sufficient PoUce will be ",,,ds eV"ll"ble to asei.t in putting .. ~ decision l'U"rived at into e!lect. , .-" 1 Conference held ond ~ttended ee follo~:LendB Depertment - Mr. Nerthey lIelbourne Herbor Trust - ),Ir. Cook R"llwny. Depe.rtment - ilr. Pritcherd Police Dep"rtment - Superintendent Dunn Ci ty Council - Deputy Town Clerk (llr. O.J. Deen), City Engineer (~r. P. S. Robin.on), Dr. Dele, end Superintendent of Cleenaiug (Mr. E. Scott). The Deputy Tom! Clerk (in the cheir) expleined thet the Conference }mil. been comened n. " reeul t of repre8flntetione to the Police Dep1lrtnlent for control nt the Council's tip, Dynon Uoed., 'Jest j,\elbourne, owing to the influx therson of uneuthori..d peroon., nnd that Department's contention thnt ection would be ineffectUl!.l until tho people living in sheck. in tMt pert of West lIelbourne lmown a. Thldley n ... ts ""re removed., After ngouerel di.cu••ion during which it ""s e.•cert"ined tht\t the llh"cks occupy either Crown land or le.nd under the control of the 1l1>.il""ys Commissionera or the H~bor Tru.t, it W"9 resolved on the motion of Mr. Robinson, Mconded by S1l:perintendent Do.nn "Thet heving rel1'rd to the opinion of the Poliee Depe.rtm.nt thnt tho. ehecks end thsir occupant. on ere"s of lend e.t \fest M.lhourne controll.d by the Lends Depertment lLorhor Trust And RaU""YB JJar>ertment, constitute a nuisanoe end .hould in the occupe.nts interests, the interesta of the community, flnd for heelth reMon., be r ...oved therefrom; end ,,1.0 thAt the Melbourne City Council 1B un.,b1e to conduct its t1p in " menner be. t conducive to hentth ",. r ....on of the presence clo.e theret 26/10/1938 Action hs1d in "beY"nce "t the reque.t of the JUni.ter for Lends. 12/5/1939 Report by Jledicel Officer of Reel th re sMcks on the 1Iell t M.lbourne S""mp "Dt,dley flAts" "AS fOl"lf"rdnd to Minister farLAnd. on 13/6/39. 6/1/1939 Letter ferm Minister for Land. stnUng th"t copy of reports by l>!,,~.1cA1 Officer of Heal th relntlve to ~I \ .' Medical Officer of Health's Office. Town Hall. Melbourne 9th Mas". 1939 ,.-., ,-...., ~,.. ~~-; ... ~ "I'l () 0 The Medical Officer of Health. Sir. I have to report that, between Monday 1st May nn~ Tuesday 9th May, 1939. in accordance with your instructions, inspections were made of the areas known as "Dudley Flats" West Melbourne Swamp near Melbourne-Footscray Road: the cr. Melbourne-Footscray Roads and Coode Island Road; "Batchelors ~rters" Dudley Street west of the Government Cool Stores: and camp between Melbourne-Footscray Road and M.C.C. Workshops (PYnon Road). The number of shacks and occupiers found on each area was as follows:- Group "A" - l~est Melbourne Swamp "Dudley Flats" 10 shac~s occupied by 12 males and 8 females 1 shack unoccupied cr. Helbourne-Footscray Road and Coode Island Road 2 shacks occupied by 2 males and 1 Female Total 13 shacks occupied by 14 males and 9 females • 23 Group "B" - Dudley Street west of Government Cool Stores "Bm:heloJls quarters" :10 shacks occupied by 11 Males 1 shack unoccupied - 11 Group "Ca" and "Cb" - BetWlfen Melbourne-Footscray Rd. and M.C.C. Workshops "Ca" 6 shacks permanently occupied by 7 males 1 shack unoccupied ~ 5 shacks temporarily occupied by 10 males Total 10 shacks occupied by 17 males I attach hereunder a s~ry and plan of the various camping Health Inspector sites~ Medical Officer of Health 1 e U1I1ce, Town Hall, Melbourne. ~- ~. =. 12th May. 1939. The Town Clerk, With reference to the shecks on the West Melbourne swamp I beg to attach herewith a map and a report by Inspector Wood, showing the location of the various groups of sheck. and .uch detail. of the inhabitants as he has been able to secure. The inhabitant. number 32 males and 9 females who are •permanent I residents and 10 me.les who are temporary- residents. the area.. There are no children on L ~ The inhabitant. of the .hack. of Group "A" on "Dudley Flats" constitute the major problem. They include at present 14 lIl/l.le. and 9 females and the scandal. which ari.e from the habit. and mode of living of certain of them make it deBirable that they should be moved. On the whole, as the detailB show, they are not short of money. Thel'1l incomes derived from "culling" the tip. and from other employments would be equal to those of the average hou.ehOlde~ in our poorer localities, Three are at present receiving su.tenance and two are drawing old-age pensions. One other at least, in Mr.Wood'. opinion. could go on to sustenance. Three (the two Fords and Mullet) might go to a Benevolent Home. . • • _\' ~' L._. Mr. Wood suggest. that the Council might guarantee their rent for a given period with any estate agent irrespective of municipality. Possibly the majority might etay in houses, but they would probably miss the "parties" they have where they live at present. - The occupants of Group "B" the "batChelor's querters" as indicated on the map constitute B. less urgent problem. They consist of 11 men of fair type, more "respectable" than Group ".A". "culling" ths tips or from ca.uel work. and ~ Most of them ea.rn sma.ll income! from J They include one old-age pensioner mental case 9 who should be recommended, Mr. Wood considere, for admittance to the Victorian Homes. It should not be difficult for them to obtain rooms and the majority should be eligible for sustenance. . The third group of sheck. Workshops is of much more recent growth. , Group "C" alongside the City Council Mr. Wood subdivides this group into i "Ca." e.ndllCD~ Group Ilea" 18 occupied by 7 men including two old-age pensioners. These men have erected miserable shacks without Bony attempt to prOVide sanitary conveniences Bnd, for the m09t part, like those of Group "B",make El living ~ "culling" the tips. They should be evicted and , on the whole, do not They should be eligible for sustenance. nee~ a99istRnce. Group nCb" of shacks are of very primitive type without conveniences of any kind and are occupied b1 a varying number, from 10 to 15, of "train-.jumpers ll and ""bagmen", mostly Y0Ul'\{';9 who only stay for 8. few da~. I consider that they should be prevented from staying there. It has been suggested that the Council might erect and equip some simple shelters for these men, but these would eventually have to develop into a proper bOBrding house and such 'Provis ion would encourage the presence of men who probably are a considerable nuisance to the Railways DepaTtment. i,"-I ~¥I Medical Officer of Health. t I I L. -i,l,;_U_Wfll .DM-L...l. V.u&iJ,.l. U eJ.- II. ~ Vu.aJ.1l.,B,i 17th October, 1942 / / The Medical Officer of Health Sir, / At the request of the Town Clerk I pertlonally inepected the areas known as the Dud1.ey Flata situated on the West Melbourne Swamp neer the Melbournwootscrq Road on Fridq 16th inat._ y-- Thie area has considerably 11iiProved since the .last report was eubmitted (T.C.rUe 39/2583) whereas in 1939 there vere 34 eha.cks with a population of 42 males and. 9 femsJ.ee, the preeent iIlllpection discloses that there ~ only 15 eba.clal nOli etend1n~, 9 of which have been abandoned, and only 1l1% occupied with a population of 6 malee and 3 femalee. With the population reduced as it is to a very low level the time seems opportune for the responsible authorities to take steps to have the abandoned eha.cke demolished and all mat erial removed from the area, The occupanta of the 6 occupied ebacke &hould be given a limited time to get out and then the tlhacks treated as previously euggtleted, It might aleo act as a deterrent to any future attempts at colonising on this area i f the area was cleared of all ehrubs and other growth likely to give protection from the prevailing winds. / ---"-",,~:, /0' / C'J ~ Dudley Flats Excavation Permit FORM C Victoria Archaeological and Aboriginal Relics Preservation Act 1972 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ABORIGINAL RELICS PRESERVATION REGULATIONS 1992 EXCAVATION PERMIT No.96-5 Gary Vines Melbourne's Living Museum ofthe West PO Box 60 HIGHPOINT CITY VIC 3032 is authorized to disturb or excavate the land described below for the purpose of uncovering or exposing any relic or excavating for any relic. Description of land: Dudley Flats situated within Parish of North Melbourne, County of Bourke. The Heritage Victoria registration number for the site is H7822 - 0167. This permit is valid from 25 March 1996 to 25 September 1996 and is issued subject to the attached terms, conditions and limitations. Dated:Z5~~ Minister Departtnent of Planning and Development Slh floor OlderHeel Buildings 47 7 Collins Streel i'vlelbomnc jOOO PO B(}x 22"'jOT I\'lclhollrnc JOU] ph: (OJ) 628 -')"5_')7 En: (0;')\ 62h '56";0 Victoria Archaeological and Aboriginal Relics Preservation Act 1972 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ABORIGINAL RELICS PRESERVATION REGULATIONS 1992 EXCAVATION PERMIT No.96-5 Standard Conditions • The pennit does not abrogate the holder's responsibility to obtain the permission of the owner, occupier and/or manager of the subject land and to obtain relevant permits and/or consents from government authorities. • The pennit is valid only for the site described in the application. • The pennit can be renewed providing there has been compliance with the conditions of the pennit up until the renewal application. • The permit cannot be transferred or assigned. • In cases of illness or other circumstances which may prevent the undertaking of the excavation, the Minister may agree, on application, to suspend the pennit provided that the suspension does not result in the variation of the applicant's ability to undertake the work outlined in the application. • The excavation is to be supervised by a suitably qualified and experienced archaeologist at all times. • An officer of Heritage Victoria, acting under the authority of the Archaeological and Aboriginal Relics Preservation Act 1972, may at any time inspect the works undertaken or relics recovered under the pennit. • The pennit can be revoked at any time at the discretion of the Minister. • The holder of the permit shall, at the completion of the work or the expiration of the permit, whichever is sooner, lodge a copy of all excavation notes, plans, sections and relevant photographs relating to the work carried out under the pennit, with Heritage Victoria to fonn an archive in the event that the original notes are accidentally destroyed. • One bound copy and one unbound copy of the excavation report must be submitted to the Site Registrar, Historical Archaeology Unit, Heritage Victoria, Department of Planning and Development, P.O. Box 2240T, Melbourne, Victoria 3001. • The permit holder must agree to indemnify the Minister and the Crown against all claims in connection with the pennit. Victoria Archaeological and Aboriginal Relics Preservation Act 1972 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ABORIGINAL RELICS PRESERVATION REGULATIONS 1992 EXCAVATION PERMIT No.96-S Special Conditions • All portable relics which are recovered are to be catalogued and listed in an inventory. • Only the portable relics which in the judgment of the supervising archaeologist would be able to assist with the interpretation of the site are to be retained. • The portable relics which are retained must be conserved and stored in conditions which have been approved by the conservator at Heritage Victoria. • The excavation shall be limited to the area indicated on the plan of the site. • Where in the judgment of the permit holder any construction machinery is destroying an archaeological deposit, the permit holder is empowered to halt the machinery to enable the assessment or salvage of the archaeological remains to be completed. Victoria Archaeological and Aboriginal Relics Preservation Act 1972 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ABORIGINAL RELICS PRESERVATION REGULATIONS 1992 EXCAVATION PERMIT No. 96-5 Plan of site FOOTSCRAY 3n 11 Melbourne's Living Museum of the West Inc. Visitor Centre Pipemakers Park Van Ness Avenue Maribyrnong Postal addressP.O.80x60 Highpoint City Victoria 3032 Telephone 9318 3544 Facsimile 9318 1039 e-mail-1mwbriak@peg_a~.org 14 October 19% our Ref:2/947 Jane Harrington Senior Historical Archaeologist Heritage Victoria Department of Planning & Development GPO Box 2240T Melbourne 3001 Dear Jane, RE: CITY LINK PROJECT ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION PERMIT NO. 96-5 I would like to have the above permit extended until 25 November 1996. This project has been delayed due to changes in the construction timetable for the elevated roadway of the Western Link freeway. The only work carried out to date has involved levelling the ground on the west side of Moonee Ponds Creek and laying of a rock base for roadways. the next stage will involve clearing of an area on the east side of the creek (north of Dudley St.) and possibly excavation of a 1-3 metre deep pile cap. I have discussed with Leah the potential for collection of samples of material from the tip sites, e.g. ceramic and glass sherds. She thought these might be useful for a type collection. I trust this letter is suitable documentation. If you require further information, please contact me on 93183544. Gary Vines, Archaeologist. CONSENT HERITAGE ACT 1995 CONSENT NO: C0004 OWNER: ADDRESS: Melbourne City Link Authority 13/80 Collins Street Melbourne VIC 3000 APPLICANT: ADDRESS: Mr Gary Vines Melbourne's Living Museum of the West PO Box 60 Highpoint City VIC 3062 SUPERVISING ARCHAEOLOGIST: Andrea Murphy ADDRESS: 163 High Street Berwick VIC 3806 HERITAGE INVENTORY NO: H7822-0167 NAME OF SITE: LOCATION: Situated with in the Dudley Flats Parish of Melbourne North, County of Bourke FILE NO: 501676/4 Pursuant to Section 129 of the Heritage Act (1995) and in respect to the above-mentioned site/relic, the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria hereby grants a CONSENT to Melbourne City Link Authority subject to conditions as prescribed hereunder to carry out the following: To undertake archaeological monitoring and a test excavation as stated in the application. CONDITIONS: 22 February 1999 to 22 February 2000 1. This consent is valid from 2. The consent is valid only for the site described in the application. 3. The excavation is to be supervised by the archaeologist nominated above, who at all times undertakes to abide by standards and guidelines practices and procedures for excavating in Victoria as indicated by Heritage Victoria 4. Any significant portable relics recovered from the site and retained are to be catalogued and conserved to the satisfaction of the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria. 5. The findings of aboriginal archaeological remains must be reported to Heritage Victoria and Aboriginal Affairs Victoria Heritage Branch as soon as possible. 6. The Executive Director is to be informed when the approved works have been completed. 7. An officer of Heritage Victoria, acting under the authority of the Heritage Act 1995, may at any time inspect the works undertaken or relics recovered under the consent 8. The holder of the consent shall, at the completion of the work Or the expiration of the consent, whichever is sooner, lodge a copy of all excavation notes, plans, sections and relevant photographs relating to the work carried out under the permit, with Heritage Victoria to fonn an archive in the event that the original notes are accidentally destroyed. 9. One bound copy and one unbound copy of the excavation report must be submitted to Heritage Victoria, Department of Infrastructure, Nauru House, 22/80 Collins Street, Melbourne., 3000. t.~e . Page 1 of3 10. The Consent can be revoked at any time at the discretion of the Executive Director. 11. The consent cannot be transferred or assigned. 12. A further consent for these works may be issued On application, at the expiration of this consent, provided there has been compliance with the conditions of this consent up until the new application. (Note that the consent application fee may be waived in this instance). 13. This consent does not abrogate the holder's responsibility to obtain the permission of the owner, occupier and/or manager or the subject land and to obtain any other necessary permits and/or consents from government authorities. 14. If after two years of receipt of the final report the supervising archaeologist has not published the material, Heritage Victoria reserves the right to publish the fmdings of the archaeological investigation. 15. When written material is published by the supervising archaeologist regarding the subject of this consent, they shall provide Heritage Victoria with a copy of the publications. 16. Any person for the time being exercising the authority of this consent must produce it for inspection when required to do so by any member of the police force or by any person appointed as an inspector under the Act. TAKE NOTICE THAT ANY NATURAL PERSON WHO DOES NOT COMPLY WITH THE TER'\1S AND CONDITIONS CONTAINED IN TIllS CONSENT IS GUILTY OF AN OFFENCE AND LIABLE TO A PENALTY OF UP TO 50 PENALTY UNITS ($5,000) OR IN THE CASE OF A BODY CORPORATE 100 PENALTY UNITS ($10,000). THE ATTENTION OF THE OWNER AND/OR APPLICANT IS DRAWN TO THE NEED TO OBTAIN ALL OTHER RELEVANT PERMITS PRIOR TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF WORKS. Copies to: Lyn Jarman, Melbourne City Link Authority Gary Vines, Melbourne's Living Museum ofthe West Statutory Planner, Melbourne HERITAGE VICTORIA Signed 22/80 Collins Street MELBOURNE 3001 Date ~ 1 ?;J/3!g. Executive Director . Page 2 of3 Dudley Flats Brief .. Melbourne City Link Authority Level 13 Nauru House 80 Collins Street Melbourne (PO Box 18185 Collms Street East, Melbourne Victoria 8003) Email: [email protected] Web: www.citylink.vic.gov.au Telephone: (03) 9655 6601 Faesirn',le: (03) 9655 6670 24 February 1999 Mr Gary Vines Industrial Archaeologist Melbourne's Living Museum of the West Inc, PO Box 60 High Point City MELBOURNE VIC 3032 Dear Gary Re: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY - DUDLEY FLATS As previously mentioned, the Authority wishes to appoint your association to provide various archaeological studies, However, the Authority understands that the Melbourne's Living Museum of the West Inc, is an association incorporated under the Associations Incorporation Act 1981 ("the Act"), The Act provides that an incorporated association may not trade unless it is permitted by the rules of the incorporated association, Could you kindly confirm in writing that the Melbourne's Living Museum of the West Inc. is able to accept the Authority's appointment without contravening its rules and the Act. Subject to the above confirmation, the Authority attaches the terms and conditions of your association's appointment. If the terms and conditions are acceptable, please evidence acceptance of the same by arranging for Mr David Haffenden in his capacity as Director to sign and date in the designated space below and returning this copy to the Authority as soon as possible, ATTACHMENT TO LETTER DATED 24 FEBRUARY 1999 CONDITIONS OF APPOINTMENT 1. Term The term of appointment is 15 January 1999 to 15 May 1999 inclusive. 2. Fee The Fee payable to Melbourne's Living Museum of the West Inc. for providing the Services (as defined below) to the Melbourne City Link Authority during the Term (as defined above) shall comprise the following: (a) $75.00 per hour up to a maximum of 100 hours during the Term; (b) Fixed sum of $600 for the one day hire of backhoe and operator; and (c) Fixed sum of $500 for the cost of materials, photography, permit fees and overheads. 3. Services The Services relate to the ponds and swales, in particular Pond Q, situated south of Footscray Road in Footscray and shall include the following: (a) Conduct background investigation such as research and literature review; (b) Review construction plans to determine likelihood of archaeological deposits being effected; (c) Liaise with Heritage Victoria and obtain necessary Heritage permits to carry out test excavations. (d) Supervise test excavations using backhoe in order to test potential for survival of archaeological evidence; (e) Identify areas of archaeological importance and develop a archaeological monitoring strategy; (f) Develop archaeological monitoring during construction to monitor and record the disturbance of the archaeological remains and record the results. The recording will be undertaken through black and white photography, preparation of site plans and crosssection/stratigraphy diagrams, collection of representative artifacts and written descriptions of archaeological features, deposits and artifacts; and Attachment to letter dated 24 February 1999 page 1 of 2 (g) Prepare a draft report two weeks after completion of the monitoring. The report will be presented in A4 format with black and white and colour illustrations as appropriate, with the option of providing an electronic version (word processed document). 4. Conflict of Interest The Consultant warrants that it does not hold any office, does not possess any property, is not engaged in any business trade or calling, and does not have any obligations by virtue of any contract, whereby, directly or indirectly duties or interests are or might be created in conflict with its duties and interests under this appointment. The Consultant shall inform the CEO of the Melbourne City Link Authority immediately of any matter that may give rise to an actual or potential conflict of interest and where requested by the CEO of the Melbourne City Link Authority to do so, divest itself immediately of that actual or potential conflict of interest. 5. Intellectual Property The property and copyright of all Material (defined below to include reports, applications, technical information, plans, charts, drawings, calculations, tables, schedules, data or any other material) developed or produced for the purpose of, in connection with, or as a result of this appointment shall vest in the Melbourne City Link Authority. The Consultant shall not use any Material for any purpose other than the provision of the Services (as defined above) without the prior approval in writing of the CEO of the Melbourne City Link Authority. 6. Confidentiality The Consultant shall not communicate publish or release, directly or indirectly, any Material acquired, collated or developed for the purpose of, in connection with or as a result of the Services (in this paragraph as defined above) except for the purpose of or in connection with the provision of the Services to the Melboume City Link Authority pursuant to the terms of this Appointment. The Consultant shall be responsible for and shall take all reasonable measures to ensure the continued confidentiality of the Material and shall if requested to do so by the Melbourne City Link Authority, sign a confidentiality deed to this effect. Attachment to letter dated 24 February 1999 page 2 of 2 Please note that this offer is conditional upon the Authority receiving the confirmation requested above. Yours sincerely, I hereby agree to the conditions of appointm nt set out in the Attach nt to this letter. RICHARD PARKER CHIEF EXECUTIVE MELBOURNE CITY LINK AUTHORITY !ffE/Z QAVID HAFFENDEN DIRECTOR MELBOURNE'S LIVING MUSEUM OF THE WEST l: fACSIMU..E MESSAGE Melbourne City Link Autllority PO Box 18185 COl!inS Slfeet East Meillourne Victoria Auslralia 8003 Telepnone (03) 9655 660, Facsimile: (03) 9655 6670 Email.mc!a@rncls..\llc.govaUJnternerSite-w\.{\NCltylln.. . vlc.gov.au OFFICIAl- CORRESPONDENCe* To: Gary Vines LIving Museum af tfl€ INsst ORGA!·HSATlON: FA. NO: 93181039 [Insen Date] Hentage requirement· ArchaeologtCal ,nvestlgat,on DATf: SU8JECT: FROM: FAX NO: Karen Pepperell 95556670 96556601 PHONE NO: PAGES: 4 Doc REF: KPEL-3ZU42LJ Message: As recently discussed On the 'phone, could you please provide a quotation against the attached brief, noting that: • The final report should only be in the form of an addendum or appendix to your previous report • You wouid be responsible for obtaining the consent from Heritage Victoria Thursday 5 November 1998 will be my last day at the AuthOrity. Lynne Jarman, 96556609, wi!! be responsible for managing any resulting consultancy Regards Karen Pepperell • CONFIPl:NTtALtTY Non:; The mformation In tnlS facs,m:le message (fax) IS ,ntended to be confidential and only for the use of the indlv:dU:2!l or en:lty named aoove if the reader of this message IS liot tt"I'S rnrenoed reCIpIent, you are mformed that retention. disseminatJol1. etlstnbut!On or copyIng of thIS fax IS strictiy prOhiDlted. If you receive tnis fax in error, please notify the Melt>ourne City LinK Authority ImmeCllately by telephone (9655 6601) and ret..,rn It to the address given apove TnanK you. Difficulties: If you experience any difficuJries wirh rhe receipr of this transmission, please telephone (03) 9655 5501_ CONSULTANCY BRIEF PROVISION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES DUDLEY FLATS BACKGROUND This archaeological consultancy is intended to assist the Authonty In the fulfilling a Heritage requirement in relation to the area known as Dudley Flats The Melbourne City Link Authority (MCLA) is responsible for facilitating construction of the Melbourne City linK Project. The Melbourne City Link Project includes construction of an elevated road from Flemington Road to the Westgate Freeway. Under a prevIous conSUltancy the excavation for the pile caps was investigated and was the 'subject of the report: Dudley Flats, Archaeological Investigation, Gary Vines. 1998. It has now become apparent that installation of road drainage in the area Will have an impact on the site. The consultancy will provide for archaeological investigation of the area, repol1ing as an update to the previous investigation in the area. . SCOPE OF WORK The scope of works shall Include the following items: 1. Carry out archaeological investigation during excavation for the City LlOk road drainage south of Footscray Road, by rneans of monitoring. 2 Arrange for any Consent or other form of permit required under the Heritage Act 1995 3 Report on the investigation, as an addendum to IfIe previous Dudley Flats report. RE:QUIREMENTS a b. c Consider relevant documents and information on the area ConSUltant's program The Consultant shall • prepare and submit a draft report to MCLA within two weeks of completion of the monitoring. • submit a final report to MCLA within two weeks of the MCLA having provided wrinen comments on the draft report. Reporting requirements The conSUltant shall prepare and submit 2 copies of a written draft report (in the form of an appendix or addendum to the 1998 report) to MCLA by the due date The report shall address the scope of works above and include. • details of methods employed in the archaeological investigation • recommendations regarding future investigation required on tile site MCLA will provide comments within 5 days, following which the consultant shall prepare the final report, with appropriate photographs ,and plans. RESPONSIBILITIES • • • • • ~ • • The Authority will provide a plan showing the extent of works in the area and advice as to the impact of works. In general the methods used by the Consultant in research, analysis and report preparation should be in accordance with practices accepted by Heritage Victoria (HV). The Consultant shall be responsible for obtaining any form of consent or permit from HV required forthe investigation. The Consultant shall liaise with the sub-contractor responsible for building the Western Link Project, Baulderstone Hornlbrook Engineering, Daniel Clancy, 9279 8530. The Consultant shall be responsible for insurance, WO(Kcover and publiC risk poliCies In respect of any person participating in the consultancy and shall, if required, provide evidence of such to the satisfaction of MCLA. Except where items may be supplied gratis by MCLA, the Consultant shail provide all maps. aerial photographs, film, stationery, field equipment and other necessary materials and shall pay all other costs associated with the research, such as vehicle rental, fuel, accommodation and report production expenses Original documents and materials arising out of this consultancy, such as field notes. plans and photographs will remain the properlY of the Consultant. The report shall be the property of MCLA. The Consultant may subsequently publish data Obtained during the consultancy. using such original documents and material as outlined above. but not the final report, which may only be used with the permission of MCLA Two copies of the final report shall be provided to MCLA and a further copy to the Manager Heritage Permits. HV. One unbound copy of the final report suitable for reproduction Shall also be provided to MCLA CONSULTANT'S PROPOSAL The Consultant's proposal must contain sufficient information to satisfy MCLA of Ills/her ability to carry out the consultancy within the required time and must incluae the following: An outline of the proposed approach and works program for the consultancy including an estimate of the total cost and milestone dates for production of a draft and final report. Curriculum vitae of individuals to be used for the research Areas of expertise where further professional assistance may be sought and the name(s) of any sub-consultant(s) proposed. • Proposed hourly rate for ali the consultant staff, Including staff used for research and report preparation. The proposal is required by close of business. Wednesday 11 November 1998. SELECTION CRITERIA Selection criteria include • the·extent to which the proposal meets the scope and proposal requirements above, • the soundness, practicality and quality of the methodology proposed. • the sKill and expertise of the consultant, o time. and • cost. ADMINISTRATION The Consultancy Manager will be Lynne Jarman. telephone number 9655 6601. fax number 9655 6670. The consultant should keep Ms Jarman informed of all key events and direct qL;eries or requests for Information to Ms Jarman. The fee for the consulting service shall be calculated at hourly rates. A time book must be maintained and made available on request. Payment of fees wiil be made on submission of invoice at the compietion of the work. The consultancy may be terminated at any time ,n Willing by the Consultancy Manager. .. ['" -~._-'-- ..'vi'Jdllrpt Q...... ~ Jt\lut " - ~l.. 1"··.. ··· . l,MX1lGIl'CU«l S(IM:U ~-;~ii.,;· __';"'Tr·'ilm__ . _ •• _'.1'". __ _ ,... It ... _I>C"p,o(''''''U. - - - Itl 'I .... ..... -'-'-,- - , - - ''''10 ... , All (lI,tn __ .. ,Ill ... - t! '.'. '0._,_.-' " .. /.,.: .•..:::. \.~.'o,_ ... ...,- ,,' -._._.~ PROJECT 89 UNOARY I 1 I <~~~~ ./ "".t "~ )" ~ ~ g ~ g ~ , '. ~P , :,j., ~ 'rt\ ',....;,,':\i.1 .-:""1 \V, ';'~ m ~ @ .oM ~7'; @IQ] & ®12J ',", IQI:-:,~i" ) >y,~. !':;~::':' [Qj@ -- .... ..... ·S~..i.r·l'1'?U'· • '1I»f' :~'o .. lfVEl. At. u LMO AS on .u.[0 CJII OA"....... W\.l.(I-am ~ 8 lfVEl Jl\. ua , . '. \ ~. !@ .~ CD VQ.!J'( 4~ ,I 5.1 BAT1(1lS O!$lO. CD . >.. . . POND P WIlT1~ LllU ®~ I bat \ ,'. W!STU,. I \ .' ,'" ~) wATtA L[V'll AI. II B(O III ua • 8£0 UY£l U VI1lK ~ll . ' ~l lllllT(~ "'";' lft(O U on,o,l.tO OM --~-- ...... OIlIl",IiICj'w"\.I.(l.m~ ----- .... -:- .... _- --~--~--~-~--~---~-~~-~~ \ I '.., ,~,,~. ~,:"'~}, : : ',>, ~","" ">', '.. ,"-. '. " ....... .,. . .>.. ,,\. ~~.. ' ::I ·/·~",'''''I , ., \ , 16SEP1!J98 -~-~' -' ..'',\, . C", \ I'::It. ~ ~ ~- - , ,-". ,. "' ." '"' -Il"'". IVfI >Ill. I ' , IARPROVEO FDA. CONSJRUCTIOH' '::::.\'. \ /1/ WESTERHUNK " ' ~' .... _.... ., SHE " . /' PROJECT CON1ROl GROUP ... , ,. / . .'.1 '.(1 (~~ ~:'- BAlAD£lISTONE HORHIIlROOK EHQlMEERINQ PlY. LID. H~~ ~IY~_ ... • :: . nAJlllFlB.D Tn! n \ \ ~ z" .. ...... OBAVASHI 1 NY ».-h~.JoInt ........ - . ..... ~- - .... - - --It...F -"a::~~ - - - - ..... - -- - TIs...;~ ~;::'~~~~::'~";"'" '-,-'--. ...~_._~ " \ , ') .... .~ _.J) Co " " S ':]., '"'" 0"1 . . . , (f; ,.,.,." \'. ',M ~ ~ .~':.~_'.~,~.\ .__.<~.:1:.~ . "'-' - ~ ~-'-:::"'~:"~:':;::::.-.. .:>,,"~':. - - ~ - -:- - ~ - - -. "J'MJEC j' 6.0 ONO ARr -.- --: ~.:::,:~.-:-:.~. ~~;;::.:::- - ~- - - -- Ie --_:_- \:::::: • " --~--~--~-~----~~~-- RECEIVED A ....> ----'---~ " () MELBOURNE CITY LINK PROJECT WESTERN LINK P'lOONEE PONDS CREEl( WORKS - DRAINAGE ~ DRAINAGE PLAN .., '" WJ::lIttt)!lGM eH lS70 • eH 1940 MAIN l"E A'f Ie).."_ Wl.l-C!.otll o -< '1J • n , CIMS COpy ~ , < .... ...o ~ 0 .., o '" w , • ;< 1- ... !'-' z> ::; 0 0.. • •,• Ii ;, l % ~ 'TIII,II I' j" ,--- ! .~~;! o ~ " i I I . '. I I I \ I \ ;~. .. 1-\ /f \./ I l- ; .......',: / I /'t .\ \ \ \ \ 1 \ I I \ \ I I \ \ // \\ \I • , ;s " I ~ •I , .. ~ ~ ! o z co " , I o <0 \ "! -I'':: \ I I I I I / - . (, ' J > .. \ .Ii ) " .:( ! ; ~i I \ t \ \ / ~; \ \ \ \

Dudley Flats Archaeological Investigation

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