Site Investigation

Ir. Liew Shaw Shong

1

Introduction Scope

ƒ Site Investigation à Information on Hydrology,

Meteorology, Environment, Natural Resources, Activities & Topography

ƒ Ground Investigation à Information on Ground &

Groundwater conditions

ƒ Monitoring à Time dependent changes in

ground movements, groundwater fluctuation & movements 2

Introduction Purpose

3

Introduction

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Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary, but not a rewarding expense. (Uncertainty, sufficiently accurate design options for Cost & Benefit study) Why Geotechnical Engineer? Geotechnical engineer as an underwriter for risk assessment. What Risk in Ground & its Consequence ? Ground Variability & Geo-hazards. Financial Viability & Cost Overrun (Construction & Operation).

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Rock Mechanics Geology deformation Soil Mechanics composition failure deformation Hydrology Fracture genesis seepage failure Surface fluid flowprocesses Mechanics seepage blasting hydrology Structural quarry Mechanics Public Policy Fluid Control deformation codes Systems failure standard e.g. dams Structural Underground member design laws & compliance Continuum Support GeoMechanics Systems structures Contract Law elasticity e.g. foundations e.g. tunnel specification plasticity Risk Management idealisation Numerical Analysis observation method boundary element risk assessment finite difference Surface Geo-structures Ground instrumentation discrete element e.g. embankments, Improvement Mechanical finite element landfills e.g. densification, Engineering remediation drilling Geochemistry instrument waste Ground Construction Site Exploration Materials excavation leachates Movements reconnaissance practice types durability earthquake experience drilling properties liquefaction in-situ testing geosynthetics sinkhole laboratory testing geophysics

Geotechnical Engineering

Modified from Morgenstern (2000) 8

Burland’s Geotechnical Triangle

Genesis/Geology

Morgenstern (2000)

Ground Profile

Site investigation Ground description

Precedent, Empiricism, Experience, Risk-management Ground Behaviour

Lab/field testing Observation/measurement

Appropriate Model

Idealisation followed by evaluation. Conceptual or physical modelling Analytical modelling

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Source :http://www.sptimes.com/2004/04/16/Tampabay/At_site_of_collapse__.shtml

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12 Source :National Geographic (Jan 2008)

13 Source :National Geographic (Jan 2008)

ƒ How GI cost

Captain, no worry! We are still far from it. Consequence Perceive d Cost

Actual Cost

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How GI shall be done ?

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Codes & Standards

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Process Diagram of Ground Investigation

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Process Diagram of Ground Investigation

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Stage 1 of GI Desk Study Site Walk-over Survey Identify Project Need Scope of GI Bid Document & Tender “Without Site Investigation, Ground is a Hazard” 19

Stage 2 of GI Field Supervision Sampling, In-situ Testing, Geophysical Survey Monitoring Laboratory Testing Work Certification “Without Site Investigation, Ground is a Hazard” 20

Stage 3 of GI Factual Data Compilation

Interpretation

Report Preparation “Without Site Investigation, Ground is a Hazard” 21

Desk Study Information for Desk Study : • Topographic Maps • Geological Maps & Memoirs • Site Histories & Land Use • Aerial Photographs • Details of Adjacent Structures &

Foundation Granite

• Adjacent & Nearby Ground Investigation

Alluvium

Jurong Formation

Pipeline s Project Site

1986

Pipelines

Proje ct Site

1999

Project Site

Pipeline

s

Project Site

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Site Walkover Survey • Confirm the findings from Desk

Study • Identify additional features &

information not captured by Desk Study

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GI Planning

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Depth of Investigation

Foundation Design

Stability Analysis

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Common Problems ƒ Incomplete Survey Information

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GI Planning

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GI Planning

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Specification ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

Objectives (study, design, forensic, construction) Type of investigation, mapping & field survey Vertical & lateral extent (termination depth) Sampling requirements (types, sampling locations & techniques) In-situ and laboratory testing requirements (standards) Measurement/monitoring requirements (instrument types & frequency) Skill level requirements in specialist works & interpretation Report format & data presentation 29

Specification ƒ Work schedule & GI resources planning ƒ Payments for services, liability, indemnity, insurance cover

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Boring/Drilling Recov er Sampl e

- Subsurface stratification/profile - Material classification & variability - Laboratory tests

In-situ Testin g

- Allow in-situ tests down hole (profiling) - Direct measurement of ground behaviours

Monitorin g

- Allow monitoring instruments installed down hole

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Direct Method – Boring, Sampling, In-situ & Laboratory Testing Medical Applications - Biopsy sampling Geotechnical Applications - Boring, Trial Pitting & Sampling • • •

Thin-walled, Piston Sampler Mazier Sampler Block Sample

-In-situ Testing • • •

SPT, MP, CPTu, VST, PMT, DMT, PLT, Permeability Test Field Density Test

-Laboratory Testing • • • • • • •

Classification Test Compressibility Test (Oedometer/Swell) Strength Test (UU/UCT/CIU/DS) Permeability Test Compaction Test Chemical Test (pH, Cl, SO4, Redox, Organic Content) Petrography & XRD

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Indirect Method – Geophysical Survey Medical Applications - X-ray, Computer Tomography & MRI - Ultra-sound -Geotechnical Applications

Geophysical Survey - Electromagnetic Waves (Permeability, Conductivity & Permittivity)

- Mechanical Wave (Attenuation, S-waves & P-waves) • • • • •

Resistivity Method Microgravity Method Transient Electro-Magnetic Method Ground Penetration Radar Seismic Method

33 Santamarina, J. C. (2008) - http://www.elitepco.com.tw/ISC3/images/Keynote-03-Santamarina.pdf

Geophysical Survey • Merits • Lateral variability (probing location) • Profiling (sampling & testing) • Sectioning (void detection) • Material classification • Engineering parameters (G0 &

Gdynamic) • Problems

•Over sale/expectation •Misunderstanding between

engineers, engineering geologists & geophysicists •Lack of communication •Wrong geophysical technique used •Interference/noice 34

Sampler Split Spoon Thin-Walled Piston Sampler Mazier Sampler Core Barrel Wire-line

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Sampler Split Spoon Thin-Walled Piston Sampler Mazier Sampler Core Barrel Wire-line

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Sampler Split Spoon Thin-Walled Piston Sampler Mazier Sampler Core Barrel Wire-line

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Sampler Split Spoon Thin-Walled Piston Sampler Mazier Sampler Core Barrel Wire-line

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Sampler Split Spoon Thin-Walled Piston Sampler Mazier Sampler Core Barrel Wire-line

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Sampler Split Spoon Thin-Walled Piston Sampler Mazier Sampler Core Barrel Wire-line

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Sample Storage, Handling, Transportation

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Sample Preparation

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Sampling • Sample Sizes

• Representative mass

Before

During

After

Stress relief

Stress relief

Stress relief

Swelling

Remoulding

Moisture migration

Compaction

Displacement

Extrusion

Displacement

Shattering

Moisture loss

Base heave

Stone at cutting shoe

Heating

• Deformation behaviours

Piping

Vibration

• Moisture content & void

Mixing or segregation

Caving

Poor recovery

Contamination

(particle sizes, fabric, fissures, joints) • Adequate quantity for testing • Sample Disturbance

• Stress conditions

• Chemical characteristics

Clayton et al (1982) 43

Sample Disturbance ƒ Poor recovery à à à

Longer rest period for sample swelling Slight over-sampling Use of sample retainer

ƒ Sample contamination

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Sample Quality Classification Sample Quality

Soil Properties Classificatio n

Moisture Content

Density

Strength

Deformation

Consolidatio n

Class 1

9

9

9

9

9

9

Class 2

9

9

9

2

2

2

Class 3

9

9

2

2

2

2

Class 4

9

2

2

2

2

2

Class 5

2

2

2

2

2

2 45

In-situ Tests

Piezocone (CPTu)

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In-Situ Tests • BS1377 : Part 9 • Suitable for materials with difficulty in sampling • Very soft & sensitive clay • Sandy & Gravelly soils • Weak & Fissured soils • Fractured rocks

• Interpretation • Empirical • Semi-empirical • Analytical 47

Applicability of In-situ Tests φ’

Cu

σc

E’/G

Eu

Gmax

SPT

G

C

R

G

C

G

CPT/CPTu

G

C

Test

DMT

K0

G, C

G G

PMT

C

G, R

C

PLT

C

G, R

C

VST

C

Seismic SBPMT

G, C

k

G

C

G, C

G, C, R

Falling/ Rising Head Test

G

Constant Head TestTest Packer

C

Clayton , et al (1995)

R G = granular, C = cohesive, R

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In-situ Tests

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In-situ Tests Pressuremeter (PMT)

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In-situ Tests Dilatometer (DMT)

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Instrumentation Monitoring • Inclinometer • Extensometer

Toward River

• Rod Settlement Gauge/Marker • Piezometer • Observation Well

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Laboratory Tests

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Source : Life Style Magazine - EDGE

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Ground Characterisation Focus of Geological Model

Stratificatio n

Historical Geological Processes

Geological Structures

Weathering

Hydrogeology

Geomorpholog y 55

Geological Mapping Mapping of : - Geological features (Structural

- Geomorphology

settings)

- Lithology

- Weathering profile

- Stratification

- Outcrop exposure - Seepage conditions

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Ground Characterisation Focus of Geotechnical Model

Subsurfa ce Profile

Strength

Material Type

Stiffness

Permeability

Chemical Characteristi cs 57

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General Dilemma of GI Industry • Lack of pride & appreciation from consultant/client in GI industry. • Actions done is considered work done! Poor professionalism.

ƒ Financial survival problem due to competitive rates in uncontrolled environment (Cutting corner) ƒ No appropriate time frame for proper work procedures (shoddy works) ƒ Shifting of skilled expert to Oil & Gas or other attractive industries 60

Poor Planning & Interpretation ƒ Inadequate investigation

coverage vertically & horizontally ƒ Wrong investigating tools ƒ No/wrong interpretation ƒ Poor investigating sequence

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Poor Site Implementation ƒ Lack of level & coordinates of probing

location ƒ Sample storage, handling,

transportation ƒ Inappropriate equilibrium state in

Observation Well & Piezometer 62

Poor In-situ & Laboratory Results ƒ Lack of calibration

ƒ Equipment calibration

ƒ Wear & Tear Errors ƒ Equipment systematic error (rod friction, electronic signal drift, unsaturated porous tip) ƒ Defective sensor ƒ Inappropriate testing procedures

ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

(Variation of pH Values) Improper sample preparation Inadequate saturation Inappropriate testing rate Inadequate QA/QC in testing processes Inherent sample disturbance before testing 63

Poorly Maintained Tools

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Over-confidence in Geophysics - We detect everything, but indentify almost nothing

(Rich but Complex). - Geophysical data is rich in content, but very complex in nature. - Not a unique solution in tomographic reconstruction (Indirect method) - Poor remuneration to land geophysicist as compared to O&G - Poor investigation specification - Lack of good interpretative skill (human capital) - High capital costs in equipment & software investment 65

Communication Problem We are connecting the bridge deck at the same level successfully!

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Difficulties in Identification of Complex Geological Settings

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Difficulties in Identification of Complex Geological Settings

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Weathering Profile ƒ Deviation of material classification between borehole and excavation (Claim issue – Soil or Rock ?)

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Complexity of Rock Mass ƒ Properties Complicated rock mass strength in slope & excavation design ƒ Requiring judgement (involving subjectivity) ƒ Information normally only available during construction a ⎡ ⎛σ 3' ⎞ ⎤ ⎟ + s⎥ σ 1 ' = σ 3 ' + σ u ⎢mb ⎜ ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ σ u ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦

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Unexpected Blowout of Underground Gas ƒ Gas pockets at 32m bgl ƒ Flushing out of sand

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Supervision ƒ Assurance of work compliance ƒ Critical information is captured without missing ƒ Timely on-course instruction for sampling, insitu testing & termination as most GI specifications are general in nature, but ground is unpredictable. ƒ Checking between field records and reported information ƒ Work certification 72

Future Trend - Electronic Data Collection, Transfer & Management • AGS data transfer format & AGS-

M format (monitoring data)

• First Edition in 1992,

AGS(1992) • Second Edition in 1994, AGS(1994) • Third Edition in 1999 • Advantages :

• Efficient & Simplicity • Minimised human error • GI & Monitoring Data

Management System • Record keeping • Spatial data analysis http://www.ags.org.uk/site/datatransfer/intro.cfm

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Conclusions ƒ Nature of GI works & Geotechnical design (Uncertainties) ƒ Role of Geotechnical Engineer, Engineering Geologist & Geophysicist ƒ Stages of GI works (Planning, Implementation, Interpretation & Report) ƒ Specifications ƒ Methodology of GI (Merits & Demerits) à Fieldworks (Direct/Indirect) + Geological Mapping à Laboratory tests

ƒ Common Problems & Future Trend 74

References Anon (1999). “Definition of Geotechnical Engineering”. Ground Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 39. BSI (1981). “Code of Practice for Site Investigation, BS 5930”. British Standards Institution, London. BSI (1981). “Code of Practice for Earthworks, BS 6031”. British Standards Institution, London. BSI (1986). “Code Practice for Foundation, BS8004”. British Standards Institution, London. BSI (1990). “British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes, BS 1377”. British Standards Institution, London. Clayton, C. R. I., Matthews, M. C. & Simons, N. E. (1995). “Site Investigation”, Blackwell Science, 2nd edition. Gue, S. S. & Tan, Y. C. (2005), “Planning of Subsurface Investigation and Interpretation of Test Results for Geotechnical Design”, Sabah Branch, IEM. Liew, S. S. (2005). “Common Problems of Site Investigation Works in a Linear Infrastructure Project”, IEM-MSIA Seminar on Site Investigation Practice, 9 August 2005, Armada Hotel, Kuala Lumpur. European Group Subcommittee (1968). “Recommended method of Static and Dynamic Penetration Tests 1965”. Geotechnique, Vol. 1, No. 1. 75

References FHWA (2002), “Subsurface Investigations — Geotechnical Site Characterization”. NHI Course No. 132031. Publication No. FHWA NHI-01-031 GCO (1984). “Geotechnical Manual for Slopes”. Geotechnical Control Office, Hong Kong GCO (1980). “Geoguide 2 : Guide to Site Investigation, Geotechnical Control Office, Hong Kong Gue, S. S. (1985). “Geotechnical Assessment for Hillside Development”. Proceedings of the Symposium on Hillside Development; Engineering Practice and Local By-Laws, The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia. Head, K. H. (1984). “Manual of Soil Laboratory testing”. Morgenstern, N. R. (2000). “Common Ground”. GeoEng2000, Vol. 1, pp. 1-20. Neoh, C. A. (1995). “Guidelines for Planning Scope of Site Investigation for Road Projects”. Public Works Department, Malaysia Ooi, T.A. & Ting, W.H. (1975). “The Use of a Light Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Malaysia”. Proceeding of 4th Southeast Asian Conference on Soil Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 3-62, 3-79 Ting, W.H. (1972). “Subsurface Exploration and Foundation Problems in the Kuala Lumpur Area”. Journal of Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, Vol. 13, pp. 19-25 Santamarina, J. C. (2008). “The Geophysical Properties of Soils”, 3rd Int. Conf. on Site Characterisation, Keynote Lecture No. 3, Taiwan. Site Investigation Steering Group, “Without Site Investigation, Ground is a Hazard”, Part 1, Site Investigation in Construction Thomas Telford Ltd

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