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Xvãk Mcbcmcrgc Gãrlikcs º\us º\ us pclris fuirjk vhjbiktjs gjkth`j:

=5

Uriùktcs qui limis fjrdubcr c tu kjvhE

cktis li gcscrti

º\us º\ us pclris fuirjk vhjbiktjs gjkth`j:

=5 Uriùktcs qui limis fjrdubcr c tu kjvhE cktis li gcscrti

U]I@YK\CW SYI LIMIW FJ]DYBC] C \Y \ätubj? =5 U]I@YK\CW KJVHE CK\IW LI GCWC]\I

Cutjr-ilhtjr? Xvck Mcbcmcrgc Wiùklc ilhgh÷k, lhghidmri =533 Lhsiój/Lhc`rcdcgh÷k? Cbhphj Gacviz Ib gjktikhlj li istc pumbhgcgh÷k kj pjlrã riprjlughrsi tjtcb kh pcrghcbdikti pjr khk`ÿk dilhj digãkhgj, fjtj`rãgj, ibigtr÷khgj

(isgãkir y/j fjtjgjphc) shk bc cutjrhzcgh÷k isgrhtc lib cutjr cutjr.. HDU]IWJ IK IB UI]ß U]HK\IL HK UI]Y


C`rclighdhiktjs? C Lhjs, pjrqui cb cmrhr puirtcs, kjs duistrc uk duklj li pjshmhbhlclis C dh ispjsc pjr ckhdcrdi ik bc lubgi tcric li isgrhmhr C bc pshg÷bj`c Ckc Isgjmilj, cdh`c li bc fcdhbhc y rigjkjghlc prjfishjkcb, pjr acmir rivhsclj isti bhmrj C dhs cbudkjs li bc Fcgubtcl li \ijbj`äc, pjrqui `rcghcs c su isfuirzj, isfuirz j, isti bhmrj puili gjktrhmuhr cb mhikistcr li jtrjs



Lilhgclj c Oiahiby y Wjpaäc Dhs cdclcs piquiócs Suhik bbi`clj ib djdiktj si acrãk istcs priùktcs….



Ǵ GJK\IKHLJ 3.- º\us pclris fuirjk vhjbiktjs gjkth`j:..................................................33 =.- ºL÷kli phikscs vhvhr:.................................................................39 7.- ºSuè ispircs li dä gjdj g÷kyuì:..........................................38 <.- ºG÷dj vcs li scbul:..................................................................=< scbul :..................................................................=< 9.- ºG÷dj dckiocs tus idjghjkis ki`cthvcs:.................................=8 6.- ºSuè kÿdirj li airdckj ai rdckj iris:.................................................77 0.- º\hikis pbckis li siùhr istulhcklj:...................................................71 1.- ºGuãktjs cdh`js thikis:.............................................................< thikis: .............................................................<3 3 8.- ºUjr què is tck hdpjrtckti ib kjvhcz`j,

kj mcstc gjk sir ikcdjrcljs:...................................................<6 i kcdjrcljs:...................................................<6 35.- ºAcs shlj clhgtj c cb`j:..........................................................95 33.- ºUrcgthgcs tu grhsthckhsdj:.......................................................99 3=.- ºG÷dj is tu läc bhmri pirfigtj:................................................98 37.- ºG÷dj si trctck tus pclris:...................................................6= pclris:...................................................6= 3<.- ºGuãktjs ahojs quhiris tikir:..................................................60 39.- ºSuè lipjrtis prcgthgcs:........................................................0 prcgthgcs:........................................................03 3 36.- ºG÷dj `cstcs `cstcs tu lhkirj:.........................................................0< 30.- ºSuè ispircs li dä gjdj ispjsj j ispjsc:

(Uri`ÿktcsibj li kuivj)................................................ kuivj)...........................................................01 ...........01 31.- º\hikis cb`ÿk fcdhbhcr ikfirdj:..............................................1= 38.- ºG÷dj vcs vcs li cutjisthdc:......................................................19 =5.- Dãs tidcs li lhãbj`j..............................................................85



HK\]JLYGGH×K ‒IB CDJ] is uk prighjsj ljk qui righmhdjs li Oisÿs. Ib cfigtj purj y scktj kj is uk sikthdhiktj, shkj uk prhkghphj. Bjs qui sjk djvhljs pjr ib cdjr virlclirj kj gcrigik li ouhghj kh sjk ghi`js. ghi`js. Iksiócljs pjr ib Ispärhtu Wcktj, cdck supridcdikti c Lhjs y su pr÷ohdj p r÷ohdj gjdj c sä dhsdjs. Bjs qui phiksck ik gcscrsi limik piscr gclc sikthdhiktj y gclc dckhfistcgh÷k lib gcrãgtir li bc pirsjkc gjk quhik si prjpjkik ukhr su suirti suirti.. Gclc pcsj lclj acghc ib dctrhdjkhj limi sir cgjdpcóclj li djlisthc, sikghbbiz y shkgirhlcl, csä gjdj lib sirhj prjp÷shtj li c`rclcr y ajkrcr c Lhjs. Lhjs. Ib dctrhdjkhj cfigtc bc bc vhlc ubtirhjr ubtirhjr ik isti isti duklj y ik ib vikhlirj. vikhlirj. Ib grhsthckj shkgirj kj acrã acrã pbckis qui Lhjs kj puilc cprjmcr—. (Dikscois pcrc bjs o÷vikis, <77). Wh ibi`hdjs ukc gcrrirc y kjs iquhvjgcdjs, puis tikidjs ljs jpghjkis, tirdhkcdjs y bui`j istulhcdjs jtrc j bc liocdjs hkgjkgbusc i hkhghcdjs cbùkc jtrc. Wh gjdprcdjs uk cutj y lisgumrhdjs qui kjs istcfcrjk, puis iktjkgis bj viklidjs, pirlidjs lhkirj y thidpj, pirj pjlidjs vjbvir c idpizcr. Uirj sh kjs iquhvjgcdjs li g÷kyuì, puis is acstc qui bc duirti kjs sipcri. Ucrc ioirgir ukc prjfish÷k si limi istulhcr, y ik gucbquhir


prjfish÷k puis bbi`crã ib läc ik qui ti rithrcrãs. Uirj li uk dctrhdjkhj dcb piksclj, puis kj acy djlj. Acstc qui bc duirti bjs sipcri ik gcsj li qui bc vhlc kj istè ik rhis`j. Ib äklhgi li lhvjrghjs is cbcrdckti, y bc `rck dcyjräc li ibbjs pulj scbvcrsi, pirj pjr bc lishkfjrdcgh÷k j fcbtc li gjdprjdhsj, iscs ukhjkis si lhsjbvhirjk. Uirj Uirj gjdj ivhtcrbj ivhtcrbj.. Uuis gjkvirscklj li dckirc shkgirc y lhrigtc lurckti ib kjvhcz`j. Isti dctirhcb jfrigi =5 priùktcs qui limis fjrdubcr c tu kjvhE cktis li gcscrti. Isti is shdpbidikti uk dctirhcb qui hktiktc gjktrhmuhr cb lhcbj`j y gjkfrctirkhlcl scbulcmbi iktri bjs o÷vikis qui phiksck gjkjgirsi dãs pcrc bj`rcr gjksthtuhr uk aj`cr. Gjk gcrhój pcrc tjljs bjs qui si lh`kik biir istcs ajocs. ajocs.


3

º\us pclris fuirjk vhjbiktjs gjkth`j: Yk khój c`rilhlj si gjkvirthrã ik uk clubtj c`risjr, uk khój vhjbiktclj si vjbvirã uk clubtj vhjbiktj. Istj is ghirtj ik `rck pcrti. Yk khój qui ac shlj trctclj gjk vhjbikghc si puili gjkvirthr ik uk pclri hrrhtcmbi, hrrhtcmbi, dikjs gcrhójsj j dãs c`rishvj. Yk khój qui ac shlj trctclj gjk vhjbikghc puili gjkvirthrsi ik uk clubtj qui trcti gjk vhjbikghc c su ispjsc j c sus ahojs a hojs..3 Istj puili sir lhfirikti gucklj ib hklhvhluj lighli sir lhfirikti cb bbi`cr c bc cljbisgikghc y ouviktul (istj is rishbhikghc). Gucklj bc pirsjkc lioc su i`jgiktrhsdj y jmsirvc c jtrcs ukhlclis fcdhbhcris scbulcmbis y cb gjdpcrcrsi, puis gjdprikli qui ib isthbj li grhckzc ik ib qui grigh÷ kj fui ib diojr, y lighli gcdmhcr. Istj is, si ixpjki c bjs shstidcs fcdhbhcris scbulcmbis pcrc cpriklir g÷dj fukghjkck y csudhr kuivjs djlibjs qui bi shrvck pcrc pjkir ik prãgthgc ib läc qui sic s ic pclri j dclri li fcdhbhc. Bcurc Csikgh, ‒Vhjbikghc li `èkirj? gjksiguikghcs ik bjs ahojs—, Ushgjbj`hcghikthffigc.gjd, attp?//www.pshgjbj`hcghikthffigc.gjd/mv/pshgjbj`hc=76-3-vhjbikghc-li-ìkirj-gjksiguikghcs-ik-bjs-ahojs.atdb (Gjksubtclj? 75 li sithidmri, =558). 3


‒Gclc fcdhbhc is ukc h`bishc ik bc qui prishlik bjs pclris. Bc prhdirc gjkshlircgh÷k li bjs pclris limhirc sir trcmcocr pjr bc scbvcgh÷k scbvcgh÷k li sus ahojs. ahojs. Gucklj ib pclri pclri y bc dclri dclri,, gjdj scgirljti y, dcistrc li bc fcdhbhc, tjdck su pjshgh÷k pbikcdikti lib bclj li Grhstj, si ioirgirã ik ib aj`cr ukc muikc hk﬍uikghc. X istc istc hk﬍uikghc sckthffigclc si sikthrã ik bc h`bishc y sirã rigjkjg rigjkjghlc hlc pjr gclc griyikti. griyikti. Limhlj c bc `rck fcbtc li philcl y sckthffigcgh÷k ik ib aj`cr, si istjrmc `rcklidikti bc jmrc jmrc li Lhjs. Lhjs. Kclhi puili bbivcr bbivcr c bc h`bishc ukc hk﬍uikghc qui kj ioirgi ik su vhlc fcdhbhcr kh ik sus ribcghjkis gjdirghcb gjdirghcbis— is—..= Is duy hdpjrtckti qui bcs fcdhbhcs csudck su bhlircz`j gjdj fjrdcljrcs li kuivcs fcdhbhcs. Bc hk﬍uikghc li bc fcdhbhc si ioirgi kj sjbj sjmri bjs ahojs, shkj tcdmhèk sjmri bjs o÷vikis gjk bjs qui si ribcghjkck. Bc vhjbikghc gjktrc bjs khójs puili gjdpriklir cgtjs li gjdhsh÷k j cmusj y cgtjs li jdhsh÷k j cmckljkj. Istjs puilik sir fäshgjs j pshgjb÷`hgjs. Bjs cgtjs li cmusj fäshgj puilik tikir gjdj gjksiguikghcs frcgturcs, iquhdjshs y quidclurcs, itg. y bjs cgtjs li cmusj pshgjb÷`hgj puilik sir ib ctirrjrhzcr, riprhdhr, gjdpcrcr j hksubtcr. hksubtcr. Bjs cgtjs li jdhsh÷k fäshgjs sjk kj mrhklcr cliguclc ctikgh÷k dèlhgc, visthdiktc, isgjbcrhlcl, cbhdiktcgh÷k, siùrhlcl, y bjs cgtjs li jdhsh÷k pshgjb÷`hgc sjk ib kj mrhklcr cdjr, cpjyj, rigjkjghdhiktj y isthdubj. 7 \jlj istj is vhjbikghc. Yk khój puili acmir shlj cmusclj fäshgc j pshgjb÷`hgcdikti y istj tiklrã gjksiguikghcs c bcr`j pbczj, istj is, gucklj sic clubtj, sh kj tjdc bc Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjkluggh÷k lib khój (Muikjs Chris ? Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 386<), 9=3. 7 ]hgacrl I. Miardck, ]jmirt D. Nbhi`dck, y Acb M. Oiksjk. Kibsjk trctclj li pilhctrhc (Dclrhl? Ibsivhir, =55<), 3=3. =


lighsh÷k li vh`hbcr sus prjpikshjkis y pikscdhiktjs, vjbvirã vjbvirã c riprjlughr li dckirc hkgjksghikti gjk sus ahojs bj qui ahghirjk sus pclris gjk èb, pjrqui fuirjk bjs ÿkhgjs djlibjs qui tuvj, y igacrã dckj li isjs djlibjs c bc ajrc li bbi`cr c ukc shtucgh÷k shdhbcr c bc qui fui ixpuistj, pirj, lisli ukc pjshgh÷k li pjlir? ispjsj j pclri pclri.. Mhik rigjdhiklc Ibikc li Pahti? ‒Limiräck cpcrtcrsi lib tirrikj ikgcktclj li Wctckãs, y kj pirdhthr qui sus diktis si cbioik li bc bicbtcl c Lhjs. Ujr dilhj li Grhstj Yls. puilik sir fibhgis y limiräck sirbj> limiräck clquhrhr aãmhtjs li ljdhkhj prjphj. Acstc sus pikscdhiktjs limiräck sir puistjs ik suoigh÷k c bc vjbuktcl li Lhjs, y sus sikthdhiktjs limiräck istcr mcoj ib gjktrjb li bc rcz÷k y bc ribh`h÷k. Kj si bis lhj bc hdc`hkcgh÷k pcrc pirdhthr qui èstc si lismjgcrc y ckluvhirc pjr sus prjphjs gcdhkjs shk khk`ÿk k hk`ÿk isfuirzj li ristrhggh÷k kh lhsghpbhkc. Wh bjs pikscdhiktjs sjk iquhvjgcljs, bjs sikthdhiktjs tcdmhèk bj sirãk. Bjs pikscdhiktjs gjdmhkcljs gjk bjs sikthdhiktjs gjksthtuyik ib gcrãgtir djrcb . Gucklj Yls. bbi`ck c bc

gjkgbush÷k li qui, gjdj grhsthckjs, kj si bis riquhiri qui gjktrjbik sus pikscdhiktjs y sikthdhiktjs, gcik mcoj bc hk﬍uikghc li bjs ãkìbis dcbjs i hkvhtck su prisikghc y su ljdhkhj. Wh gilik c sus hdprishjkis y pirdhtik qui sus pikscdhiktjs trcksgurrck trcksgurrck pjr bjs gckcbis li bc sjspigac, bc lulc y bjs bcdiktjs, si ikgjktrcrãk iktri bjs dãs hkfibhgis li bjs djrtcbis, y sus vhlcs sirãk uk frcgcsj—. < Is limir lib ojvik y bc siójrhtc qui istãk ik bc ilcl cliguclc pcrc idpizcr ukc ribcgh÷k li kjvhcz`j ioirgir uk gjktrjb ricb y ffirdi sjmris sus pikscdhiktjs y sikthdhiktjs. Bcs Ibikc @. li Pahti, Dikti, gcrãgtir y pirsjkcbhlcl (Mj`jtã? (Mj`jtã? Csjghcgh÷k Uumbhgcljrc Hktircdirhgckc, 3885), =? 639, 636. <


tiklikghcs qui si ack clquhrhlj ik uk khój pjr bc hk﬍uikghc li bc vhjbikghc puilik sir dckioclcs y gjktrjbclcs, cuk trcksfjrdclcs pjr ib pjlir lib Ispärhtu Wcktj y bc jmrc li bc lèmhb vjbuktcl audckc. Lhjs puili trcksfjrdcrkjs. trcksfjrdcrkjs. ‒Bc hdc`hkcgh÷k y ib cdjr sikthdiktcb ikfirdhzjs limik ivhtcrsi gjdj bc biprc. Dugaäs Dugaäshdjs hdjs o÷vikis, ajdmris y duoiris, gcrigik li vhrtul ik istc èpjgc lib duklj> pjr bj tcktj si riquhiri dugac gcutibc. . . . Bjs qui qu i acyck gjksirvclj uk gcrãgtir vhrtujsj puilik tikir virlclirj vcbjr djrcb, cukqui gcrizgck li jtrcs gucbhlclis lisicmbis—. 9 Is kigiscrhj qui ioirzcdjs sudj guhlclj sjmri kuistrjs pikscdhiktjs. Kuistrjs pikscdhiktjs kcturcbis, gjk tiklikghc c bc vhjbikghc limik sir rishsthljs y listirrcljs li kuistrc dikti c ffik li bbi`cr cb cbtcr gjk ib gjktrjb li kuistrcs tiklikghcs kcturcbis c bc vhjbikghc y lisij li supridcgäc. Clidãs,, sh kj si tjdc bc lighsh÷k li gjktrjbcr bcs idjghjkis, Clidãs lurckti ib dctrhdjkhj si pjlräck prisiktcr bjs shùhiktis gjk﬍hgtjs? 3. Lhfiriktis grhtirhjs li lhsghpbhkc pcrc pcrc gjk bjs ahojs. ahojs. =. Ujgc tjbirckghc c bjs irrjris lib g÷kyuì y bjs ahojs. 7. ]icbhzcr gjdpcrcghj gjdpcrcghjkis. kis. <. Wjditir c bc ispjsc y c bjs ahojs c su prjphc prjphc vjbuktcl vjbuktcl kj sckthffigclc. 9. Vhjbikghc ljdèsthgc. Wh si acgi hkdckiocmbi ib gjktrjb li bcs idjghjkis, is kigiscrhj vhshtcr c uk pshg÷bj`j grhsthckj pcrc sjbhghtcr jrhiktcgh÷k y gjksioj. Is lisicmbi qui gucktj si ac`c pjr diojrcr, si ac`c, li prifirikghc, cktis li gcscrsi. Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf. ? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), <=. 9

ºL÷kli phikscs vhvhr:

= ºL÷kli phikscs vhvhr: Ykj li bjs grhtirhjs qui si limik dckiocr cb djdiktj li musgcr kjvhc is? ‒Gclc shdhbhtul is `ckckghc—, pirj istj is ispighcb gucklj si trctc li ilcl, yc qui riluklc ik diktcbhlclis cffikis, gubturcs shdhbcris (y diojr sh cdmjs thikik ib dhsdj khvib gubturcb), ilugcgh÷k shdhbcr (is lighr qui cdmjs tik`ck sidiocktis `rcljs li ffikurc y libhgclizc), aãmhtjs li vhlc sidiocktis (ah`hiki, vcbjris, gjstudmris y trclhghjkis), bbi`cr c gjkjgir y cdcr bjs lifigtjs lib jtrj, clidãs li tikir hùcb ribh`h÷k. 6 Ykj li bjs puktjs li gjdukh÷k limhirc sir ib bu`cr ljkli si vhvhrã. Iktri bc `cdc li pjshmhbhlclis istãk? Ǵ ‒Vhvhridjs ik bc gcsc li dhs pclris pcrc idpizcr— Ǵ ‒Cbquhbcridjs uk lipcrtcdiktj girgc c bc gcsc li tus pclris— Ǵ ‒\ik`j dh prjphc gcsc, cbbä vhvhridjs— Bcs ljs prhdircs jpghjkis kj sjk kclc rigjdiklcmbis yc Cljbisgikghc? sgikghc? rhis`j tjtcb (Dèxhgj? Uckjrcdc Ilhtjrhcb, \irãk Whirrc, Cljbi 3881), 351. 6


qui tcrli j tidprckj si puilik ìkircr gjk﬍hgtjs iktri bcs ljs pcriocs y clhvhkik quhikis thikik bcs li `ckcr, `ckcr, puis kclc dãs y kclc dikjs qui bjs luiójs li gcsc. Wjk bjs righèk gcscljs bjs qui tiklrãk qui sjpjrtcr bc hkgjdjlhlcl li tikir qui clcptcrsi c bcs ri`bcs li bjs pclris li èb j li ibbc, c dikjs qui si ac`ck bjs crri`bjs kigiscrhjs li hklipiklikghc li bcs vhvhiklcs. Cuk csä, bc hktirvikgh÷k li bjs pclris si puili lcr y ib gjksioj mämbhgj kj si gudpbi gudpbi.. Is ib pbck li Lhjs qui bjs pclris lioik qui sus ahojs, cb gcscrsi, pcrtck lib aj`cr pcrc cffirdcrsi gjdj pcrioc. 0 ‒Dugacs pirsjkcs si ack gcsclj shk acmir clquhrhlj ukc prjphilcl, y shk acmir righmhlj ukc airikghc. Kj pjsiäck fjrtcbizc fjrtc bizc fäshgc j ikir`äc diktcb d iktcb pcrc clquhrhr ukc prjphilcl. X ack shlj prighscdikti èstjs bjs qui ack tikhlj cpurj pjr gcscrsi, y bjs qui ack csudhlj rispjkscmhbhlclis guyc hdpjrtckghc lisgjkjgäck. Kj pjsiäck sikthdhiktjs kjmbis y ibivcljs kh tikäck hlic li bj qui irc ib limir li ispjsj y pclri,, y li bj qui bis gjstcräc scthsfcgir bcs kigishlclis li pclri ukc fcdhbhc. X kj dckhfistcrjk diojr ouhghj ik ib cudiktj li su fcdhbhc lib qui tuvhirjk ik sus trckscgghjkis gjdirghcbis. gjdirghcbis. Bjs qui thikik sirhcs liffighikghcs ik su gcpcghlcl pcrc bjs ki`jghjs y qui istãk dikjs gcpcghtcljs pcrc cmrhrsi pcsj ik ib duklj, pjr bj ìkircb bbikck su gcsc li khójs> dhiktrcs qui bjs ajdmris qui thikik acmhbhlcl pcrc clquhrhr prjphilclis ìkircbdikti kj thikik dãs ahojs li bjs qui puilik grhcr cliguclcdikti. Bjs qui kj istãk gcbhffigcljs pcrc guhlcr li sä dhsdjs kj limiräck tikir ahojs—. 1 Kj is ib pbck li Lhjs qui ukc pcrioc si gcsi shk acmir aigaj Ibhzcmita @ijrì, Ykc ispjsc gjkfjrdi ib gjrcz÷k li Lhjs (Dclrhl? Ilhtjrhcb Ujrtcvjz, =559), 373, 37=. 1 Ibikc li Pahti, Dikscois sibigtjs, t. HH (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Hktircdirhgckcs, 3860), <1<, <19. 0

ºL÷kli phikscs vhvhr:

prjvhshjkis pcrc vhvhr ik su prjphc prjphilcl. Kj is bj diojr prjvhshjkis lisli bc pirspigthvc lhvhkc, csä gjdj kj is bj diojr lisli bc pirspigthvc audckc. Limidjs ivhtcr ib jtrj ixtridj li pcscrsi bc vhlc ouktcklj mhikis pcrc gcscrsi. Bc pcrioc limi ioirgir ib diojr grhtirhj pcrc bj`rcr tikir bj kigiscrhj pcrc gcscrsi. Bjs rjgis sjk friguiktis iktri pclris i ahojs gcscljs qui vhvik liktrj li bc dhsdc gcsc. Bc rigjdiklcgh÷k is qui bjs ahojs cb gcscrsi gcscrsi,, vhvck ik su prjphj ispcghj ìj`rãffigj. ‒Liocrã ib ajdmri c su pclri y c su dclri y si ukhrã c su duoir y sirãk ukc sjbc gcrki— (@èkishs =? =<). Istcs pcbcmrcs kj sjk ukc bhgikghc pcrc cmckljkcr c bjs pclris y liscdpcrcrbjs, shkj qui sjk bc ixpr ixprish÷k ish÷k lhvhkc li bc ukhlcl c bc qui limik bbi`cr bjs gcscljs. Bjs prhdirjs y prhkghpcbis cfigtjs li bjs gcscljs limik sir pcrc sus rispigthvjs g÷kyuìs, pirj kj limik jbvhlcr c sus pclris pcrc kj liscdpcrcrbjs liscdpcrcrbjs.. 8 Ib liocr c bjs pclris kj si cpbhgc c cmckljkcrbjs, pirj tcdpjgj su`hiri qui limidjs vhvhr gjk ibbjs, shkj qui is bc vjbuktcl lhvhkc qui bc kuivc pcrioc cbgckgi bc ukhlcl kj sjbj li guirpjs shkj li pbckis, suiójs, suiójs, ckaibjs y isthbjs li vhlc c ffik li istcr bhstjs pcrc grhcr c bjs ahojs ik ib tidjr li Lhjs. Ib gcsclj gcsc g csc quhiri, rizc rizc ib rifrãk y is acrtj rigjdiklcmbi rigjdikl cmbi qui bjs kuivjs dctrhdjkhjs si hkhghik ik uk bu`cr lhfirikti c bc gcsc pctirkc j li bjs sui`rjs. sui`rjs. Ib sh`kj gahkj qui sh`khffigc ‒ùirrc— is uk tigaj gjk ljs duoiris gcsclcs limcoj, cukqui ojgjsc bc gjdpcrcgh÷k, Frckghs L. Khgajb, Vhgtjr I. Cdpuirj Dcttc, Kckgy Oick Vyadihstir, yAudmirtj D. ]csh. Gjdiktcrhj Mhmbhgj Clvikthstc lib Wèpthdj Läc? bc Wcktc Mhmbhc gjk dctirhcb ixi`èthgj y ixpjshtjrhj, t. H (Muikjs Chris, Crìkthkc? Csjghcgh÷k Gcsc Ilhtjr Ilhtjrcc Wulcdirhgckc, 381<), =78. 8


thiki cb`j li ghirtj. Li prjktj cbùhik puili csiùrcr qui sh kj vhvi gjk bjs sui`rjs, iktjkgis kj puili gcscrsi. Li aigaj, cuk kj istã bhstj pcrc gcscrsi sh kj thiki uk bu`cr ljkli vhvhr qui kj sic gjk bjs pclris j bjs sui`rjs sui`rjs.. 35 Ib bu`cr cliguclj pcrc vhvhr y grhcr ahojs is ik uk bu`cr cpcrtclj li bcs ghulclis. Ljkli bjs ahojs puilik gjktcr gjk bcs viktcocs li bc kcturcbizc. kcturcbizc. Gucklj istè vhvhiklj ukc ribcgh÷k li kjvhcz`j, phiksi ik qui, sh cdmjs bbi`ck c gcscrsi, limik tikir uk bu`cr bhstj pcrc hr c vhvhr y idpizcr c ilhffigcr bjs phbcris li bc fibhghlcl gjkyu`cb y istj is dugaj dãs rigjdiklcmbi fuirc lib aj`cr pctirkj c ffik li qui bjs pclris puilck csudhr ib rjb qui bis tjgc, ib li gjksioirjs y cmuibjs quirikljkis. Kj si lisckhdik sh kj bis cbgckzc ib prisupuistj pcrc gjdprcr ukc gcsc, pirj gucklj dikjs limik bj`rcr cbquhbcr uk ispcghj bj suffighiktidikti cdpbhj pcrc gumrhr bcs kigishlclis li ispcghj qui kigishtik gjdj pcrioc y kcghikti fcdhbhc. Ib aigaj li cgjdjlcr, cdjmbcr i hkviktcrhcr ib aj`cr ìkircrãã uk cdmhikti li gjdukh÷k iktri bjs ispjsjs. ìkircr Wh ukc pcrioc li kjvhjs kj ack piksclj ljkli vck c vhvhr j kj thikik gbcrj ib csuktj, limik litikirsi pcrc gjkshlircr isti tidc gjk guhlclj g uhlclj y dugac ri﬍ixh÷k.

Ocgn Pyrtzik, Ib sixj kj is pigclj? uk puktj li vhstc mämbhgj sjmri bc prisikti riv rivjbugh÷k jbugh÷k sixuc sixuc b (Mcrgibjkc? GBHI, 381<), 0=. 35

ºSuè ispircs li dä gjdj g÷kyuì:

7 ºSuè ispircs li dä gjdj g÷kyuì: Is duy hdpjrtckti qui bjs kjvhjs hkvhirtck thidpj c liffikhr què ispirck li su futurj ispjsj j ispjsc. Acy guisthjkis qui si limik liocr ik gbcrj c ffik li ivhtcr futurjs risikthdhiktjs,, lisikguiktrjs y gjk﬍hgtjs risikthdhiktjs gjk﬍hgtjs.. Cbùkcs lcdcs hk`risck cb dctrhdjkhj liocklj ik gbcrj qui kj bcvcrãk j gjghkcrãk j pbckgacrãk bc rjpc pjr lhvirscs rczjkis> rcz jkis> cbulik c prjmbidcs li scbul, pcsck pjr hkgcpcghlcl y tirdhkck gjk ib fcdjsj? ‒kj di ùstc—. Dugacs jtrcs kjvhcs,, cb bbi`cr c sir ispjscs, csudik iscs fukghjkis. kjvhcs Jtrcs pcriocs li kjvhjs si pjkik li cguirlj ik gjdpcrthr bcs gcr`cs li bc vhlc ljdèsthgc. ‒Gjdpriklc bc duoir ib gcrãgtir sc`rclj li su jmrc y, gjk bc fuirzc li Lhjs y tidhèkljbi, idpriklc su dhsh÷k ik bc vhlc. Iluqui c sus ahojs pcrc pcrc qui sick sick ÿthbis ik isti duklj i hl÷kijs pcrc ib duklj diojr. diojr. Kjs lhrh`hdjs c bcs dclris dclris grhsthckcs. Bis supbhgcdjs qui shiktck su rispjkscmhbhlcl gjdj dclris y kj vhvck pcrc c`rclcrsi c sä dhsdcs, shkj pcrc `bjrhffigcr `bjrhffigcr c Lhjs. Lhjs. Grhstj kj si gjdpbcgh÷ c sä dhsdj, shkj qui csudh÷ fjrdc li shirvj. Ib duklj rimjsc li hk﬍uikghcs gjrruptjrcs. gjrruptjr cs. Bcs djlcs y bcs gjstudmris ioirgik sjmri bjs bjs


o÷vikis ukc hk﬍uikghc pjlirjsc. Wh bc dclri kj gudpbi su o÷vikis limir li hkstruhr hks truhr,, ùhcr y rifrikcr c sus ahojs, a hojs, èstjs cgiptcrãk kcturcbdikti bj dcbj y si cpcrtcrãk cpcrtcrãk li bj bj muikj. Cgulck tjlcs bcs dclris c dikulj c su Wcbvcljr gjk bc jrcgh÷k? ‒ºSuè jrlik si tiklrã gjk ib khój, y què ac li acgir:— Gudpbc ibbc bcs hkstrugghjkis qui Lhjs lhj ik su Ucbcmrc, y si bi lcrã scmhluräc c dilhlc qui bc kigishtik—. 33 Ib prhkghpcb limir li bc kjvhc, is bc li pripcrcrsi pripcrcrsi pcrc sir bc rihkc, cdc y siójrc li uk aj`cr y sir bc prhkghpcb cgtrhz ik bc ilugcgh÷k li sus s us ahojs. Gucklj ukc lcdc lighli trcmcocr, trcmcocr, ik istjs thidpjs istj is duy gjdÿk, limik tikir ik guiktc sh sirã gcpcz li tikir ahojs y pjlirbjs grhcr grhcr.. ]iguirlik qui bjs ahojs limik sir grhcljs pjr bjs pclris y kj pjr bc khóirc kh bjs cmuibjs. Kj is pigclj sh kj lisick tikir ahojs, pjlräck cljptcrbjs yc `rcklis, `rcklis, pirj sä is pigclj lisguhlcrbjs pjr ib trcmcoj. U÷k`cksi U÷k`cksi li cguirlj ik isti puktj y ik istjs rjbis cktis li gcscrsi. Bjs kjvhjs limik lighlhr què gbcsi li rjb pctirkj lisidpiócrãk? ‒Uclris ‒U clris,, . . . gjdmhkcl ib gcrhój gjk bc cutjrhlcl, bc mjklcl y bc shdpctäc gjk bc ffirdi ripr riprish÷k. ish÷k. Lilhgcl c vuistrjs ahojs cbùkcs li vuistrcs ajrcs li jghj> hkthdcl gjk ibbjs> csjghcjs gjk ibbjs ik sus trcmcojs y oui`js, y `ckcl su gjkffickzc. gjkffickz c. Gubthvcl su cdhstcl, ispighcbdikti bc li vuistrjs vuistrjs ahojs vcrj vcrjkis. kis. Li isti djlj ioirgir ioirgirèhs èhs sjmri ibbjs ukc pjlirjsc hk﬍uikghc pcrc ib mhik—. 3= Ib kjvhj limhirc hr pikscklj ik qui limi sir uk pclri cdjrjsj y ffirdi c bc viz. Yk pclri qui pcsi thidpj gjk sus ahojs c ffik Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), =33. 3= Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), 388. 33


li pjlir gjkvirscr gjk ibbjs y si gjkvhirtc ik uk cdh`j. Acy dugajs jtrjs pbckjs qui si limhirck gjkvirscr ik ib kjvhcz`j pcrc gjktistcr bc priùktc qui istã ik guisth÷k guist h÷k ik isti tätubj gjdj pjr ioidpbj? ºG÷dj quhiris qui ricgghjki gucklj istès ikjoclj (c): ºGuãb is tu bikùcoi li cdjr: ºG÷dj quhiris qui di gjdpjrti gjdj ispjsj ik bjs läcs firhcljs y bhmris: ºSuè ispircs li dä ik gucktj gu cktj c bjs limiris lib aj`cr: ºGjkshlircs qui limj gcdmhcr cb`ÿk aãmhtj j prãgthgc: Wi ispirc qui dugacs dãs priùktcs si susghtik ik ib qui acgir li bc vhlc li bjs kjvhjs. kjvhjs. ‒Bjs o÷vikis thikik qui cpriklir dugacs bigghjkis, y bc dãs hdpjrtckti is bc li gjkjgirsi c sä dhsdjs. dhs djs. Limiräck tikir hlics gjrrigtcs ik gucktj c sus jmbh`cghjkis y limiris pcrc gjk sus pclris, y cpriklir gjkthkucdikti ik bc isguibc li Grhstj c sir dcksjs y audhblis li gjrcz÷k. Cb pcr li cdcr y ajkrcr c sus pclris, ack li rispitcr tcdmhèk ib grhtirhj li bjs ajdmris li ixpirhikghc gjk quhikis thikik ribcgh÷k ik bc h`bishc—. 37 Ib kjvhcz`j is bc itcpc ik bc qui si limi musgcr gjksioj li cdh`js gjksc`rcljs cb Wiójr Wiójr,, li pirsjkcs clubtcs qui shrvck cb Wiójr, c ffik li ikgjktrcr grhtirhjs li vhlc dctrhdjkhcb qui bjs gjkluzgck pjr uk gcdhkj siùrj acghc bc fibhghlcl dctrhdjkhcb. Ib kjvhj limi liocr ik gbcrj què is bj qui ispirc li su kjvhc gucklj èstc sic su ispjsc. Iktri bcs tcrics qui si pjlräck ikudircr istãk? 3. ]jpc bhdphc y pbckgaclc Ibikc @. li Pahti, Dikscois pcrc bjs o÷vikis (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3860), <<7. 37


=. Gcsc bhdphc 7. Ahojs cbhdiktcljs <. Gjdhlc c thidpj y scmrjsc 9. Gcsc jrlikclc 6. Whidpri guhlcljsc li su cpcrhikghc 0. Gcrhójsc y gjdprikshvc 1. Whidpri lhspuistc c bc hkthdhlcl 8. Itg. X bc kjvhc limi sir gbcrc ik gucktj c bj qui ispirc li su kjvhj gucklj sic su ispjsj? 3. Sui si hkvjbugri ik bjs trcmcojs li bc gcsc =. Sui sic gcrhójsj 7. Sui gjkvirsi gjkvirsi li g÷dj bi fui ik ib trcmcoj <. Sui si hkvjbugri hkvjbugri li dckirc cgthvc ik bc grhckzc grhckzc li bjs ahojs 9. Sui rigjkjzgc rigjkjzgc bjs cfckis li bc ispjsc ik bc gcsc 6. Sui sic uk bälir isphrhtucb y sjghcb lib aj`cr 0. Sui si puilc gjktcr gjktcr gjk èb ik tjlj djdiktj 1. Sui sic trcmcocljr 8. Sui priffiirc istcr gjk bc fcdhbhc cktis qui ik ib trcmcoj j bjs cdh`js 35.Sui sipc dckiocr bcs tikshjkis 33. Itg. I tg. Istcs bhstcs puilik sir duy ixhìktis, ixhìktis, pirj si sjrprikliräck li bj qui dugajs o÷vikis y siójrhtcs ispirck li sus futurjs g÷kyuìs. Bui`j qui si ac aigaj ukc bhstc li bcs ixpigtcthvcs li ukj y jtrj, si limi gjkvirscr li bj qui si vc c csudhr y li bj qui ib jtrj kj limi ispircr pjrqui kj si


istã lhspuistj c gilir. Ib lhcbj`j limi sir frckgj y dclurj (is pjr ibbj qui bjs kjvhjs limik sir dcy dcyjris jris li vihkti cójs pcrc pjlir tjdcr lighshjkis sirhcs) y bjs cguirljs c bjs qui si bbiùik limik ajkrcrsi. Gclc viz qui si gjkvirsc li uk puktj, cdmjs limik istcr li cguirlj pcrc lcr pjr girrclj ib tidc j ik tjlj gcsj, liocrbj pcrc siùhrbj gjkvir gjkvirscklj scklj ik cbùkc jgcsh÷k pjstirhjr.


< ºG÷dj vcs li scbul: Gcscrsi gjk ukc pirsjkc qui cgusc uk prjmbidc li scbul ik sh dhsdj yc is uk rhis`j qui si limi gjktidpbcr y dilhr c ffik li pjlir cfrjkt cfrjktcrbj crbj ik ib futurj dctrhdjkhj. Uiksidjs ik ukc pcrioc qui si gcsc scmhiklj qui ukj li ibbjs pcligi li csdc. Ib kjvhj scbulcmbi tiklrã qui csudhr ik dãs li ukc jgcsh÷k bjs limiris li ikfirdirj. Wh si hk`ris÷ c bc vhlc dctrhdjkhcb shk acmir vikthbclj isti tidc, puis is pjshmbi qui si sufrck piquiójs gacsgjs. Uirj Uirj sh isti puktj si tjg÷, iktjkgis li cbùkc dckirc, bc grhshs li bc ikfirdilcl kj ikgjktrcrã c uk g÷kyuì lisprivikhlj, lisprivikhlj, shkj cdjrjsj y tjbirckti, pjr qui tjd÷ bc lighsh÷k hkfjrdclc li cdcr y ikvioigir ouktj c ukc pirsjkc gjk ukc uk c scbul ispighcb. Is scmhlj qui bc scbul lipiklirã li bjs isthbjs li vhlc li bjs kjvhjs. Is kigiscrhj qui bjs kjvhjs lighlck li dckirc gjkshikti cljptcr bc prãgthgc li bjs jgaj ridilhjs kcturcbis. kcturcbis. ‒Ib 35 li lhghidmri li 3103 di fui djstrclj kuivcdikti qui bc rifjrdc prj scbul is uk rcdj li bc `rck jmrc qui ac li pripcrcr c uk puimbj pcrc bc vikhlc lib Wiójr. Wiójr. Istã tck äkthdcdikti ribcghjkclc gjk ib dikscoi lib tirgir

ºG÷dj vcs li scbul:

ãkìb gjdj bc dckj bj istã gjk ib guirpj. Bc biy biy li bjs Lhiz Dcklcdhiktjs ac shlj gjkshlirclc bhvhckcdikti pjr bjs ajdmris, pirj ib Wiójr kj quhsj vikhr c gcsth`cr c bjs trcks`risjris trcks`risjr is li lhgac biy shk dcklcrbis prhdirj uk dikscoi li cdjkistcgh÷k. Ib tirgir ãkìb prjgbcdc isi dikscoi dikscoi.. Wh bjs ajdmris aumhirck shlj shidpri jmilhiktis cb Ligãbj`j, y aumhisik bbivclj c gcmj ik su vhlc bjs prhkghphjs li isjs prigiptjs, bc dcblhgh÷k li tcktc ikfirdilcl qui cajrc hkuklc cb duklj kj ixhsthräc—. 3< Ib iktircrsi ik ib kjvhcz`j sjmri bcs prãgthgcs li scbul y isthbjs li vhlc li bjs kjvhjs, csä gjdj bjs gcsjs li ikfirdilcl li bjs pclris y fcdhbhcr fcdhbhcris is prjviirãk prjviirãk uk guclrj gjdpbitj li bj qui pjlräc vikhr c futurj ik gucktj c scbul ik ib kuivj dctrhdjkhj. Clidãs istj cyulcrã c qui si cljptik isthbjs li vhlc lurckti ib kjvhcz`j qui si puilck gubthvcr pjr bc kuivc pcrioc. pcrioc. Isthbjs li vhlc gjdj? 3. Wcbhr c gcdhkcr ouktjs dilhc ajrc ajrc lhcrhc =. Gjksudhr kj dikjs li 6 vcsjs vcsjs lhcrhjs li cùc purc 7. \jdcr uk mcój lhcrhj. <. Hr c bc pbcy pbcycc j scbhr cb pcthj c mrjkgicr mrjkgicrsi si ik bjs disis qui sic pjshmbi y tjdcklj bjs guhlcljs dèlhgjs jpjrtukjs pcrc ivhtcr lcójs gutãkijs. 9. Gjdir scbulcmbi scbulcm bi,, prjgurcklj bbi`cr c sir bcgtj jvj jvj viìtcrhckjs. 6. Ljrdhr tidprckj y bj suffighikti pcrc trcmcocr vh`jrjscdikti ib ristj lib läc. 0. Urcgthgcr ouktjs ouktjs ioirghghjs ioirghghjs risphrctjrhjs risphrctjrhjs y tègkhgcs li ribcocgh÷k. 3< Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjksiojs sjmri ib rè`hdik cbhdikthghj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs ? Ucghffig Uriss, 3803), 13.


1. Ujkirsi li cguirlj ik rigaczcr tjlj thpj li isthdubckti gjdj lrj`cs lrj`cs,, fãrdcgjs kj prisgrhtjs pjr ib dèlhgj, tè tè,, gcfè y mimhlcs ikir`èthgcs ikir`èthgcs.. 8. Liscrrjbbcr ib gubtj fcdhbhcr fcdhbhcr,, dctut dctuthkj hkj y vispirth vispirthkj. kj. ]igjrlidjs qui istjs ibidiktjs li scbul fuirjk prjvhstjs pjr ib Wiójr pcrc cbhvhcr ib ljbjr li bc audckhlcl aud ckhlcl y pripcrcr uk puimbj pcrc bc vikhlc lib Ahoj li l i Lhjs. Wjdjs dcyjrljdjs dcyjrljdjs lib Lhjs y is dikistir qui kjs pripcridjs ik bc itcpc lib kjvhcz`j, c ffik li gjkstruhr uk u k dctrhdjkhj scbulcmbi. scbulcmbi. Jmvhcdikti kj si puili acgir kclc gucklj cb`ÿk cgghlikti j ikfirdilcl ìkèthgc si sugilik, pirj cljptcklj isthbjs li vhlc scbulcmbis si pjlrãk privikhr dugajs jtrjs dcbis. Gjdj kjvhjs tcdmhèk is kigiscrhj pjkirsi li cguirlj ik bjs shùhiktis litcbbis? 3. Friguikg Friguikghc hc ik qui si ricbhzcrã bc bhdphizc c fjklj fjklj =. Gjdprc li ukc bcvcljrc cutjdãthg cutjdãthgcc 7. Ik bjs bu`cris ljkli sic kigiscrhj gjdprcr ukc sigcljrc <. Friguikghc gjk qui si bcvcrã bcvcrã bc rjpc rjpc 9. Ib pbckgaclj 6. Bc ah`hiki li bjs gucrtjs 0. Bc ah`hiki lib mcój 1. Bc ivcgucgh÷ ivcgucgh÷kk li bjs lisigajs 8. Bc bhdphizc li bcs gjrthkcs 35.Ib jrlik li bcs gjscs 33. Gjdj si ctiklirã c tiklirã c bjs dhidmrjs li bc fcdhbhc qui gch`ck ikfirdjs 3=. Friguikghc lib mcój lhcrhj 37. Itg.

ºG÷dj vcs li scbul:

\jljs istjs csuktjs bi quhtck ib rjdckgi cb kjvhcz`j ºkj:, pirj riguirlik istc ghtc li jrj? ‒Kj limhirchs lighr ukc pcbcmrc kh ricbhzcr cggh÷k cbùkc cgirgc li bcs gucbis kj quhshirchs qui bjs ãkìbis bcs vhisik y bcs ckjtcsik ik bjs bhmrjs lib ghibj. Limèhs prjgur prjgurcr cr shkgircdikti shkgi rcdikti `bjrhffigcr c Lhjs. Vuistrj gjrcz÷k limi tikir ÿkhgcdikti cfigtjs purjs, sckthffigcljs, lh`kjs li quhikis shùik c Grhstj, qui sick li äkljbi ibivclc y dãs gibisthcb qui tirrikcb. Gucktj lhffiiri lhffiiri li istj li`rclc ib kjvhcz`j> y ib dctrhdjkhj kj puili sir scktj y ajkrjsj c bc vhstc li uk Lhjs purj y scktj, c dikjs qui gjkguirli gjk bjs ibiv ibivcljs cljs prhkghphjs li bc Isgrhturc. Bjs o÷vikis o÷vikis gjkfäck gjkfäck lidcshclj ik bjs hdpubsjs. Kj limik gilir gjk lidcshclc fcghbhlcl, kh liocrsi gcuthvcr gjk prjkthtul ixgishvc pjr ib ixtirhjr ctrcgthvj li quhik lhgi cdcrbjs. \cb gjdj si bj prcgthgc ik istc èpjgc, ib `cbcktij is uk pbck ik`cócljr i ahp÷grhtc, qui thiki dugaj dãs qui vir gjk ib ikidh`j li bcs cbdcs qui gjk ib Wiójr Wiójr.. Wh ik cb`j acy kigishlcl li muik sikthlj gjdÿk is ik istj> pirj ib aigaj is qui hktirvhiki duy pjgj ik tcb csuktj—. 39 Ib tidc lib kjvhcz`j si ac rivisthlj li dugaj rjsclj, gjrczjkghtjs, jshtjs, mjdmjkis y dcrhpjshtcs y istj ac idpcóclj bj qui is ricbdikti hdpjrtckti ik ib tidc y istj is? bc hkthdhlcl virmcb. virmcb . ]iguirli qui cdjr kj is dhrcr d hrcrsi si c bjs jojs jojs,, is dhrcr cdmjs ik ukc dhsdc lhriggh÷k. Is pjkirsi li cguirlj ik lhvirsjs t÷phgjs, is ixpbjrcrsi ixpbjrcrsi dutucdikti dutucd ikti ik ib khvib lib lhcbj`j pcrc lisgumrhr tjljs bjs puktjs li gjdukh÷k pjshmbis y vikthbcr bjs puktjs li vhstc lhfiriktis pcrc tjbircrbjs, cgiptcrbjs j Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), <6, <0. 39


rigaczcrbjs c ffik li pjlir gjkstruhr ukc ribcgh÷k s÷bhlc y mhik piksclc. ]iguirlik tcdmhèk pjkirsi li cguirlj ik g÷dj ikfrikt ikfriktcrãk crãk bc scbul li bjs pclris li gclc ukj li ibbjs gucklj bc jgcsh÷k bj cdirhti. Gjkvirsik, gjkvirsik, gjkvirsik… ‒Dhiktrcs istãk ik bc isguibc, bjs istulhcktis kj limik pirdhthr qui su dikti si gjkfuklc gjk pikscdhiktjs li kjvhcz`j. Istãk cbbä pcrc pcrc jmtikir hljkihlcl pcrc pcrc trcmcocr trcmcocr pjr Lhjs, Lhjs, y isti pikscdhiktj pikscdhik tj limi priljdhkcr. priljdhkcr. Clquhirck bjs istulhcktis ukc vhsh÷k tck cdpbhc gjdj sic pjshmbi li sus jmbh`cghjkis acghc Lhjs. Istulhik firvhiktidikti g÷dj puilik acgir trcmcojs prãgthgjs pcrc ib Dcistrj lurckti su vhlc istulhckthb. Khèùiksi c c`jmhcr bcs cbdcs li sus dcistrjs dckhfistcklj uk ispärhtu li bhvhcklcl y uk lisguhlj li bjs ri`bcdiktjs. ri`bcdiktjs. Bjs cbudkjs puilik acgir dugaj pcrc gjktrhmuhr cb èxhtj li bc isguibc trcmcocklj gjk sus dcistrjs c ffik li cyulcr c jtrjs cbudkjs, y isfjrzãkljsi gibjscdikti gibjscd ikti pjr ibivcrsi pjr ikghdc li bcs kjrdcs mcocs y jrlhkcrhcs—. 36

Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjksiojs pcrc bjs dcistrjs, pclris y cbudkjs (Muikjs Chris? Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 38<1), 80. 36

ºG÷dj dckiocs tus idjghjkis ki`cthvcs:

9

ºG÷dj dckiocs tus idjghjkis ki`cthvcs: Li iktri bc cdpbhc `cdc li idjghjkis ki`cthvcs ki`cthvcs,, pirdätckdi gjdiktcr sjbj cb`j sjmri ib dckioj li bc frustrcgh÷k y ib dckioj li bc hrc. Bc frustrcgh÷k surì gucklj cb`j qui lisicdjs acgir j tikir si duistrc hkcbgckzcmbi, y istj ìkirc ckshilcl, c`rishvhlcl,, dcbistcr i hkscthsfcggh÷k. Istj acgi qui bc c`rishvhlcl pirsjkc frustrclc si tjrki cmurrhlc, pjrqui gci ik uk istclj diktcb ki`cthvj. Ikfriktcr bc frustrcgh÷k is uk ritj qui ixhì ghirtcs acmhbhlclis? Ǵ Kigishtcdjs scmir sh bj qui lisicdjs lipikli s÷bj li kjsjtrjs j li cbùhik dãs, puis puili riquirhr qui jtrcs pirsjkcs gjkshlirik bcs ghrgukstckghcs kigiscrhcs pcrc ib muik ffik li kuistrj ckaibj. Ujr ioidpbj qui vcrhjs cdh`js quhirck hr c bc pbcyc gjk kjsjtrjs. Ǵ Is gjkvikhikti pikscr sh tikidjs bc ilcl y gcpcghlcl suffighikti pcrc bj`rcr y tikir bj qui ckaibcdjs, li kj sir csä, is kigiscrhj tikir pcghikghc y gcpcghtcrsi pcrc cbgckzcr ib ckaibj. Ǵ ]igjrlcr qui ib ÿkhgj bu`cr ljkli ib èxhtj vhiki ck-


tis qui ib trcmcoj is ib lhgghjkcrhj. Ik bc vhlc ricb, pcrc bj`rcr cb`j vcbhjsj, si limi trcmcocr dugaj. 30 Bic isti pcscoi hksphrclj? ‒Di cpikc dugaj vir qui cbùkjs ajdmris qui lisick jmiligir c Lhjs gjkfäck tcktj ik bc shdpctäc y bc cyulc audckcs, audck cs, qui tcktcs vigis prjlugik frust frustrcgh÷k. rcgh÷k. Uirj Lhjs, ib Lhjs vhvhik vhvhikti, ti, is hkdutcmbi. hkdutcmbi. Is ib dhsdj Wcbvcljr mjklcljsj, thirkj, gjdpcshvj y cdckti, cyir, ajy y pjr shidpri. Wctckãs cajrc istã trcmcockl trcmcocklj j gjk tjlj su pjlir pjlir,, shk liocr li prjmcr khk`ÿk dilhj, pcrc pirturmcr bcs diktis li bjs ajdmris qui vik gjditir irrjris c jtrjs li bcr`c ixpirhikghc. ixpi rhikghc. Uirj Oisÿs is pirfigtj... Gjkfäi iktircdikti iktircdikti ik Lhjs. Lhjs. Jri Jri,, jri jri,, jri jri,, jri gjk fi. fi. Bui`j gjkfäi c Lhjs bc prjtiggh÷k li su cbdc... Ckli audhblidikti audhblidikti gjk Lhjs. Ib Wiójr vi gclc piscr, piscr, gclc c﬍hggh÷k, gclc pruimc qui csilhc cb cbdc audckc, y scmi g÷dj cpbhgcr ib mãbscdj...—. 31 Acy pirsjkcs qui si frustrck pjr qui vhvik piklhiktis li bc cprjmcgh÷k li jtrjs, j li bj qui jtrjs limiräck acgir y kj acgik. Bj qui is pijr is qui bc pirsjkc frustrclc kj acmbc kclc, shkj qui si ùcrlc sus jmsirvcghjkis y bui`j si lilhgc c grhthgcr bj qui jtrjs ricbhz ricbhzck. ck. Bc frustrcgh÷k dcb dckioclc puili sir ib jrhìk li uk ispärhtu cdcr`clj y vik`cthvj. Ib muik gjktrjb g jktrjb li bjs pikscdhiktjs, ib gjkshlircr qui kclc si ixhì sh kj si lhj cvhsj cktis, sjk ljs kjrdcs li vhlc qui limidjs tikir duy ik guiktc ik ib djdiktj li gjkjgirsi gjdj g jdj kjvhjs. ‒Kj s÷bj Lhjs riquhiri qui Yl. gjktrjbi sus pikscdhiktjs, Dcräc lib Gcrdik Gcdphbbj Uilr÷k, Uilr÷k, Bhbhck Cbvcriz Cbvcriz Cribbckj, y Gcrbjs Oisÿs B÷piz Läcz. G÷dj sir cljbisgikti y sir fibhz ik ib hktiktj (Dèxhgj, L.F.? Bhdusc/Kjrhi`c, =55<), 95. 31 Ibikc @.li Pahti, C ffik li gjkjgirbi (Kcdpc, Hlcaj? Ucghffig Uriss, =551), =05. 30

ºG÷dj dckiocs tus idjghjkis ki`cthvcs:

shkj tcdmhèk tcdmhèk sus pcshjkis y cfigtjs. Wu scbvcgh÷k lipikli li qui Yl. si `jmhirki ik istcs istcs gjscs. gjscs. Bc pcsh÷k pcsh÷k y bjs cfigtjs sjk hkstrud hkstrudiktjs iktjs pjlirjsjs. Wh si cpbhgck dcb, sh si ioirgik gjk djthvjs iquhvjgcljs, sh sjk dcb gjbjgcljs, sjk pjlirjsjs pcrc ricbhzcr su ruhkc y liocrbc gjdj c ukc kãufrc`c lisvcbhlc, shk Lhjs y shk ispirckzc. Bc hdc`hkcgh÷k limi sir ljdhkclc pjshthvc y pirshstiktidikti sh bcs pcshjkis y bjs cfigtjs ack li sir sjdithljs c bc rcz÷k, bc gjkghikghc y ib gcrãgtir. . . . C dikjs qui Yl. rifriki sus pikscdhiktjs, su bigturc y sus pcbcmrcs, su hdc`hkcgh÷k quilcrã cfigtclc shk ispirckzcs. Bic su Mhmbhc ctiktcdikti y gjk jrcgh÷k, y sirã ùhclc pjr sus iksióckzcs. iksióckzcs. Istc is su siùrhlcl.—. siùrhlcl.—.38 Ujr ib dcb dckioj lib ikjoj y bc hrc, dugacs pirsjkcs ack crruhkclj su vhlc. Bc hrc is ukc fjrdc li lidjstrcr sikthdhiktjs fuirtis. Bj qui sugili is qui gucklj ukc pirsjkc istã duy ikjoclc, y thiki ukc ikfirdilcl diktcb, j gjksudi lrj`cs (bj gucb is ixtridclcdikti ki`cthvj y dãs cuk ik ib kjvhcz`j) puili bc hrc tjrkcrsi ik hrc vhjbiktc, bbi`cklj c`rilhr c quhikis rjlick cb hklhvhluj. Gjdj bc pirsjkc ikjoclc kj puili dckiocr istc idjgh÷k, iktjkgis shikti qui limi gcsth`cr c cbùhik dãs, cukqui istc kj tik`c kclc qui vir gjk ib prjmbidc. Is kigiscrhj qui bc pirsjkc hrcguklc risuibvc ib prjmbidc qui bi prjlugi hrc pcrc kj ixpbjtcr gjktrc pirsjkcs hkjgiktis. =5 Ucrc dckiocr bc hrc si limi li ivhtcr ib ritrchdhiktj, qui si dckhffiistc ik cmckljkcr fäshgcdikti bc shtucgh÷k qui prjlugi hrc, ibulhr ib prjmbidc dithèkljsi ik ib trcmcoj j ik cbùkc jtrc cgthvhlcl, j ki`cklj qui si shikti hrc. Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjkluggh÷k lib khój (Muikjs Chris? Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 386<), <71. =5 ]ikjrc Bhgctc, \jlj bj qui kigishtcs scmir sjmri bc hrc. \jlj bj qui kigishtcs scmir. ( Kiw Xjrn? Ilhtjrhcb Muikcs Bitrcs, =557), =8. 38


\cdmhèk is pjshthvj pjsh thvj ivhtcr bc hktrjvirsh÷k, hk trjvirsh÷k, is lighr lig hr,, kj vikthbcr vikthb cr bcs frustrcghjkis li dckirc dclurc, istj puili prjlughr säktjdcs fäshgjs gjdj ljbjr li gcmizc, ÿbgircs, prish÷k cbtc j prjmbidcs gjrjkcrhjs, clidãs li ckshilcl, tidjr, sikthdhiktjs li tiksh÷k, cutj gjdpcsh÷k, acstc sikthdhiktjs li cutj listruggh÷k. Bic Wckthc`j 3? 31 ‗ =3. Ib gjksioj li bc Ucbcmrc li Lhjs is qui ivhtidjs tjlc ixprish÷k li hrc. ‒Bjs o÷vikis li bc cgtucbhlcl sjk uk äklhgi siùrj lib futurj li bc sjghilcl> y cb jmsirvcrbjs,, ºquè pjlidjs ispircr lib futurj: Bc dcyjräc jmsirvcrbjs dcyjräc priffiiri bcs lhvirshjkis cktis qui ib trcmcoj. Bis fcbtc vcbjr djrcb pcrc ki`crsi c sä dhsdjs y rispjklir cb bbcdclj lib limir. Gcrigik li gjktrjb prjphj y si liock ljdhkcr pjr bc hrc ckti bc dãs bivi prjvjgcgh÷k. prjvjgcgh÷k. Dugajs vhvik shk prhkghphjs y sjk hksikshmbis c bjs lhgtcljs li su gjkghikghc> y gjk sus aãmhtjs li jghj y lirrjgai si cprisurck c pcrthghpcr ik tjlc suirti li vhghjs y li isti djlj gjrrjdpik bc sjghilcl, gjkvhrthiklj c kuistrj duklj ik ukc siùklc Wjljdc. Wh bjs cpithtjs y bcs pcshjkis istuvhirck mcoj ib gjktrjb li bc rcz÷k y bc ribh`h÷k kuistrc sjghilcl jfrigiräc uk cspigtj gjdpbitcdikti lhfirikti. Kukgc fui ib lisij li Lhjs qui bcs gjklhghjkis cgtucbis ixh ixhsthirck. sthirck. Wi ack prjlughlj limhlj c bc ﬍c`rckti vhjbcgh÷k li bcs biyis li bc kcturcbizc—. =3 Kuistrj limir ik ib kjvhcz`j is ib li musgcr cyulc pcrc dckiocr diojr kuistrcs idjshjkis ki`cthvcs. Bc siójrc Pahti jmsirvc qui bcs ix ixprishjkis prishjkis hdprjphcs li bjs hdpubsjs si limik c qui si ac lioclj li bclj bcs biy biyis is kcturcbis. kcturcbis. Wjk bjs jgaj ridilhjs kcturcbis cquibbjs dilhjs cligucljs pcrc diojrcr ib gjktrjb li bjs sikthdhiktjs. Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjksiojs sjmri bc scbul (Mj`jtã, (Mj`jtã, Gjb.? Csjghcgh÷k Uumbhgcljrc Hktircdirhgckc, 3818), 333. =3

ºSuè kÿdirj li airdckj iris:

6 ºSuè kÿdirj li airdckj iris: Gucklj ukj li bjs kjvhjs is ahoj j ahoc dcyjr j dikjr j ib dcyjr li dugajs airdckjs j is ahoj ÿkhgj j ÿbthdj, j siùklj, gclc ukc li istcs shtucghjkis puili ripirguthr ik su dckirc li sir y puili lcrkjs dikscois li g÷dj ac li sir su vhlc li gcscljs. Wh bc kjvhc is ahoc dcyjr li vcrhjs airdckjs i hktirvhkj li dckirc cgthvc ik bc grhckzc li ibbjs, prjmcmbidi prjmcmbidikti, kti, cukqui istj kj is litirdhkckti, kigishti li ispcghjs li ‒risphrj— ik bc grhckzc li sus prjphjs ahojs. Bc cyulc li su dclri j sui`rc pcrc quilcrsi gjk bjs khitjs pjr ukc kjgai j uk ffik li sidckc gclc ljs disis siräc scbulcmbi pcrc qui bc dcdã si lisgcrùi li bc ¨lubgi tiksh÷k— qui bjs khójs pulhisik ìkircr. Cb acmir ‒grhclj— c sus airdckjs, puili acmirbi ‒gcksclj— li grhcr y isj si puili vir ik bc gjklugtc gjklug tc li cfigtj dctirkj y pcghikghc pcrc gjk sus khójs. k hójs. Wh ukj li bjs kjvhjs is ahoj a hoj ÿkhgj, kj shidpri sh idpri,, pirj is prjmcmbi qui acyc shlj dãs ik`riälj li bj kjrdcb, pjr bj qui qu i bc ribcgh÷k gjdj ispjsj j ispjsc, ahoj j ahoc ÿkhgjs, si puili tjrkcr ik uk liscfäj fcsghkckti. Vhvhr gjk ukc pirsjkc qui irc ib giktrj


li bc vhlc li sus pclris, puili sir tck lidcklckti pcrc su g÷kyuì qui si acgi kigiscrhj sir uk gjdpcóirj cgthvj li èb j ibbc pcrc qui cdmjs bj`rik ‒idpctcr—. Yk khój j ukc khóc dhdclc, yc li ispjsc j ispjsj, limik trctcr li pikscr qui si gcsck kj gjk uk pcpã j ukc dcdã qui siùhrã gjkshkthèkljbis ik tjlj, shkj gjk ukc pirsjkc hùcb c èb j ibbc qui tcdmhèk kigishtc cfigtj li su gjdpcóirj (c). Gucklj si gcsi yc kj sirã ib giktrj li bc vhlc shkj qui èb, dugacs vigis, tiklrã qui `hrcr ik tjrkj c bc vhlc li su ispjsc. Istj si cgiktucrã dãs gjk bc bbi`clc li bjs ahojs. Wh ib kjvhj is ÿkhgj vcr÷ vcr÷kk gjk vcrhcs airdckcs, puili acmir shlj mcstckti ik`riälj. Istj is dãs kjtjrhj sh is ib ÿkhgj vcr÷k i ahoj ÿbthdj gjk vcrhcs airdckcs, y dãs cuk sh is ib ahoj li bc vioiz li sus pclris. Bc viktcoc is qui puili ùstcr li ik`riär dugaj c su g÷kyuì, pirj su tckquis li cfigtjs limirãk sir bbikcljs dãs qui bjs li ispjsjs qui kj sjk ahojs ÿkhgjs. ÿ khgjs. Ib acmir shlj ahojs ÿkhgjs tcdmhèk puili sir fcsghkckti y uk liscfäj pcrc ib kjvhj j kjvhc qui quhirc gcscrsi gjk ukj li ibbjs. Wjk o÷vikis qui suibik sir siùrjs li sh dhsdjs pjr bj qui su g÷kyuì g ÷kyuì tiklrã qui mrhklcrbis dugaj rigjkjghdhiktj.== Is ghirtj qui tjljs kigishtcdjs qui si kjs lè dugaj cdjr, cdjr, pirj cb istcr gcscljs gjk cbùkjs riprisiktcktis li bj cktis dikghjkclj acrã qui kuistrcs acmhbhlclis li mrhklcr cdjr sick diojrclcs y cudiktclcs cudiktclcs.. Li cquä cbùkcs ri﬍ixhjkis? 3. Ykc pirsjkc pirsjkc hkgcpcz li lcr cfigtj kigishtc cpriklir c cdcr gjk urìkghc cktis li gcscrsi gcscrsi.. \rcgy Aj``, Dibhklc Mbcu, y Dcr`crhtc Vcbikghc. Ib sigritj li ilugcr khójs fibhgis y siùrjs (Mj`jtã? @rupj Ilhtjrhcb Kjrdc, =559), =<=. ==


=. Ykc pirsjkc i`jgèktrhgc kigishtc cpriklir c gjkshlircr bcs kigishlclis cfigthvcs li bjs lidãs. 7. Ykc pirsjkc pirsjkc ik`riälc ik`riälc kigishtc kigishtc cpriklir cpriklir qui kj is ib giktrj li bc vhlc li tjlj ib duklj. <. Ykc pirsjkc pirsjkc dhdclc limi cpriklir cpriklir qui dugaäshdcs gjscs kj si acrãk a crãk gjdj èb j ibbc quhirck. 9. Ykc pirsjkc qui is duy siùrc li sä dhsdc limi cpriklir c rispitcr ib pikscdhiktj li bjs lidãs. ºUirj ºU irj g÷dj puilj gjkjgir dãs c dh kjvhj j kjvhc ik istjs cspigtjs: Uuis duy fãghb. Gacrbc gjk sus pclris. Ib cdjr virlclirj kj iktrc pjr bc viktckc, kh si guibc pjr bcs rcoclurcs li bc pcril. Uhli pirdhsj y iktrc pjr bc puirtc prhkghpcb. Gacrbc gjk bjs pclris y gjkvirsc dugaj, kj sjbj gjk bc kjvhc j kjvhj, shkj gjk bjs futurjs sui`rjs. sui`rjs. ‒ºSuhshirck ripcscr su jmrc bjs pclris ik bj qui ctcói c bc ilugcgh÷k y pripcrcgh÷k li sus ahojs, y gjkshlircr sh cgcsj ack gudpbhlj pbikcdikti su limir gjk ispirckzc y fi pcrc qui isjs khójs sick ukc gjrjkc li `jzj ik ib läc lib Wiójr Oisÿs: ºAck trcmcoclj pjr ib mhikistcr li sus ahojs, li tcb djlj qui Oisÿs puilc gjktidpbcrbjs lisli ib ghibj y sckthffigcr sckthffigcr sus isfuirzjs dilhckti su Ispärhtu: Uclris clris,, c vjsjtrjs js tjgc pripcrcr c vuistrjs ahojs pcrc sir ÿthbis ik istc vhlc ik ib `rclj dãs cbtj, y gjdpcrthr bc `bjrhc ffikcb li bj qui ac li vikhr—. =7 ]iguirli qui su kjvhj j kjvhc ik `rck pcrti sjk ib risubtclj li bc ilugcgh÷k li gcsc. Uirj clidãs su futurj g÷kyuì tcdmhèk guiktc gjk ib hdpcgtj li su giktrj li fjrdcgh÷k ukhvirshtcrhc, li sus cdh`js y li su ribh`h÷k. Whk idmcr`j ib Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), =9. =7


hdpcgtj li bc gcsc pctirkc shidpri scbtcrã c bc vhstc. Bis lh`j c bjs qui phiksck ik gcscrsi qui vhshtik c sus kjvhjs ik sus gcscs y jmsirvik gjdj si trctck sus futurjs sui`rjs. Gucklj ukj si gcsc, ik sus gjklugtcs li ispjsj j ispjsc, dãs li ukc viz, si vik ivjgclcs bcs gjklugtcs li sus pclris. Iktjkgis vick sh sus sui`rjs sjk gcrhójsjs, cgjdilhljs y cdcmbis. Gjkvirsik Gjkvirsik gjk ibbjs sjmri s jmri bc khóiz y cljbisgikghc li su futurj ispjsj j ispjsc. Isj bis cmrhrã ib pckjrcdc li djlj dãs cdpbhj. ]ihtirj qui ib cdjr virlclirj limi pilhr pirdhsj. ‒Kj aurtcrãs,— aurtcrãs,— fui isgrhtj pjr ib lilj li Lhjs ik bcs tcmbcs li philrc, y shk idmcr`j ¡guãktcs vigis si prcgthgc y lhsgubpc ib aurtj sjbcpclj li bjs bjs cfigtjs! Wi pirshsti ik uk `cbcktij ik`cójsj y ik uk hktirgcdmhj li gjdukhgcghjkis sigritcs acstc qui bjs cfigtjs li uk sir hkixpirtj, qui kj scmi ik què puili risubtcr tjlj istj, si ritrcik ik ghirtc dilhlc li sus pclris y si ffiock ik quhik, pjr su dhsdc gjklugtc, si liduistrc hklh`kj li su cdjr. cdjr. Bc Mhmbhc gjklikc tjlc tjlc suirti li hdprjmhlcl.... W÷bj Lhjs gjkjgi ib pbikj cbgckgi li tjlc bc lis`rcghc jgcshjkclc pjr istc dckirc sjbcpclc li bbivcr bbivcr c gcmj bjs `cbcktijs y gcscdhiktjs. gcscdhiktjs. Wjmri istc istc rjgc ack kcufrc`clj kcufrc`clj dugacs cbdcs. cbdcs. Ik istj istj gjditik tirrhmbis tirrhmbis irrjris cuk pirsjkcs qui si lhgik grhsthckcs, guyc vhlc si lhsthkùi pjr su hkti`rhlcl, y qui pcrigik siksctcs ik tjlj jtrj csuktj. ]ivi ]ivibck bck ukc vjbuktcl vjbuktcl jmsthkclc qui khk`ÿk rczjkcdhiktj puili gcdmhcr gcdmhcr.. Wi quilck tck fcsghkclj fcsghkcljss pjr sikthdhiktjs i hdpubsjs audckjs qui kj thikik lisij li isgulrhócr bc Mhmbhc kh li istrigacr su ribcgh÷k gjk Lhjs—. =< Gucklj si cdc, si phli pirdhsj c bjs pclris pcrc hkhghcr ib =< Ibikc @. li Pahti Pahti,, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), <8.


prjgisj cdhstjsj li gjkjgir c bc pirsjkc qui lispirt÷ bjs purjs cfigtjs lib cdjr. Ac`c bcs gjscs gjkfjrdi ib gjrcz÷k li Lhjs.


0 º\hikis pbckis li siùhr istulhcklj:

Cd÷s 7?7 ‒ºCklcrãk ljs ouktjs, sh kj istuvhirik li cguirlj:— Ib tixtj tixtj li Cd÷s iksióc iks ióc qui ib Wiójr shidpri s hidpri si gjdukhgcrã gjk su puimbj pcrc acgirbi scmir sus prjp÷shtjs. Ib csuktj qui quhirj riscbtcr gjk istj is qui gucklj ljs pirsjkcs cklck ouktcs is pjrqui thikik dugajs puktjs ik gjdÿk. ‒Lhjs bjs gric, ibbjs si ouktck—, j ‒cvis ‒cvis lib dhsdj pbudcoi si ouktck—. Istjs ljs rifrckis kjs iksióck qui dhiktrcs dãs puktjs li gjdukh÷k acyc ik ukc pcrioc diojr. Ljs pirsjkcs qui sick bj dãs pcrighlcs ik lhfiriktis puktjs li vhstc, sirãk ukc pcrioc gjk dikjris rhis`js cb djdiktj li hkhghcr bc vhlc dctrhdjkhcb Is ik vcrhjs puktjs ik qui si limi istcr li cguirlj. Wuibj siócbcr bj shùhikti ik ukc gjksioiräc pri dctrhdjkhcb (is lighr, gucklj ukc pcrioc li kjvhjs lisick qui bjs gcsi, tikidjs qui sjstikir ukc sirhi s irhi li gjkvirscghjkis y gacrbcs c bcs qui likjdhkj gjksioiräc g jksioiräc pri dctrhdjkhcb)? Bc pcrioc limi pjkirsi li cguirlj ik g÷dj sirã?

º\hikis pbckis li siùhr istulhcklj:

3. Wu dckioj lib lhkirj? lhkirj? ºouktcrãk ºouktcrãk sus suibljs: ºSuhèk cldhkhstrcrã ib lhkirj: ºsi lcrã ukc pcrthlc c bjs pclris: ºGuãktj li bjs hk`risjs si listhkcrã pcrc què: ºGclc ukj dckiocrã ukc pcrthlc li lhkirj pcrc ibbjs sjbjs: Clidãs lib prisupuistj fcdhbhcr y bcs tcroitcs li grèlhtj. =. Dckioj lib thidpj? ºik qui si hkvirthrã hkvirthrãkk bjs firhcljs: ºG÷dj pcscrãk bjs läcs bhmris: Bjs ajmmhis y bjs istulhjs. 7. Dckioj li bcs idjghjkis? ºG÷dj si gjdpjrtcrãk gucklj ukj li bjs ljs istè ikjoclj, trhsti j fibhz: ºG÷dj lhsguthridjs: <. Dckioj li bc bc fcdhbhc? fcdhbhc? \hidpj lhspuistj pcrc pcrc bjs ahojs ahojs y pcrc bc fcdhbhc ixtiklhlc. Li tjlj istj, ripcrcrè ik ib tidc li bjs istulhjs. Istc siggh÷k hkhghc gjk qui bjs kjvhjs limik tikir bc dcyjr gckthlcl li puktjs li vhstc shdhbcris s hdhbcris,, pjrqui gjdj bj lhoirc Cktjhki li Wchkt Ixupèry? ‒Cdjr kj is dhrcrsi ib ukj cb jtrj, shkj dhrcr bjs ljs ik bc dhsdc lhriggh÷k—. Gjdj ik tjlj bj cktirhjr, ik ib tidc li bjs istulhjs, bjs kjvhjs si limik pjkir li cguirlj ik gucktj c bcs csphrcghjkis cgclèdhgcs li gclc ukj li ibbjs ibbjs.. ºSuè pcscräc sh ukj li ibbjs lisic istulhcr tris dcisträcs y ljs ljgtjrcljs y pcscrsi dilhc vhlc istulhcklj: J ºG÷dj siräc sh èb sjbj lisic tirdhkcr su gcrrirc y ibbc lisic siùhr istulhcklj y cuk pjspjkir su dctirkhlcl pcrc bj`rcr sus jmoithvjs: Uuis istcs gjscs si gjkvirsck. Bis gjdpcrtj ukc ghtc qui bis puili pcrigir rivibcljrc. ‒Wjk dugajs bjs qui phiksck qui c ffik li sir cptjs pcrc uk sirvhghj cgiptcmbi, cgiptcmbi, limik siùhr uk bcr`j gursj li istulhj gjk g jk


dcistrjs scmhjs ik cbùkc isguibc lib lib duklj. Is virlcl virlcl qui limik acgir istj sh lisick jmtikir bj qui ib duklj bbcdc ilugcgh÷k. Uirj kj lighdjs c kuistrjs kuistrjs o÷vikis? o÷vikis? Istulhcl, istulhcl, dcktikhiklj vuistrc dikti tjlj ib thidpj ik bjs bhmrjs.. Kh bis lighdjs? Limèhs lilhgcr vuistrj thidpj ik bc bhmrjs isguibc isgui bc c clquhr clquhrhr hr bc csä bbcdclc ‒ilugcg ilugcgh÷k h÷k supirh supirhjr— jr—.. Bc gcusc li Lhjs kigish kigishtc tc jmrirjs ixpirhdiktcljs. Uirj kj limidjs pikscr qui acy qui tripcr cb dãs cbtj isbcm÷k lib gjkjghdhiktj ik gclc ghikghc. Ib thidpj is gjrtj gjrtj y limidjs trcmcocr firvjr firvjrjscdikti jscdikti pjr bcs cbdcs. Wh bjs cbudkjs quhirik istulhcr bc Ucbcmrc li Lhjs gjk g jk lhbhìkghc y jrcgh÷k, acbbcrãk ib gjkjghdhiktj qui kigishtck. Kj is kigiscrhj qui tjljs gjkjzgck vcrhjs hlhjdcs> pirj sä qui tjljs tik`ck ixpirhikghc ixpirhikghc ik bcs gjscs li Lhjs. Lhjs. Kj lh`j qui kj limi acmir quhikis istulhik hlhjdcs hlhjdcs.. Limik istulhcrsi bjs hlhjdcs hlhjdcs.. Cktis li dugaj acmrã kigishlcl pjshthvc li qui dugajs cmckljkik sus aj`cris y vcyck c trcmcocr iktri puimbjs li jtrcs bikùcs> y bjs qui thikik ghirtjs gjkjghdhiktjs li istjs hlhjdcs pjlrãk gjdukhgcrsi gjk quhikis kj gjkjgik bc virlcl—. =9 Kj si quhiri lighr qui kj si limc istulhcr ist ulhcr.. Is muikj istulhcr is tulhcr y cbgckzcr uk cbtj khvib, pirj kj istã mhik pcscrsi bc vhlc ik bcs ukhvirshlclis istulhcklj. Is muikj pjkirsi li cguirlj ik isti rispigtj pcrc ivhtcr futurjs gjk﬍hgtjs.

Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjksiojs pcrc bjs dcistrjs, pclris y cbudkjs (Muikjs Chris? Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 38<1), <1=, <17. =9

ºGuãktjs cdh`js thikis:

1 ºGuãktjs cdh`js thikis: Bj qui sugili is qui ib qui quhirc tikir cdh`js limi li djstrcrsi cdh`j. Gucklj kj tikidjs cdh`js si puili limir c qui bc pirsjkc is duy tädhlc j c qui thiki sirhjs prjmbidcs li sjghcmhbhzcgh÷k. Istj puili diojrcr diojrcrsi si shidpri y gucklj ib hklhvhluj tik`c lisijs l isijs firvhiktis li gcdmhcr gcdmhcr.. Ixhstik dugajs dctirhcbis qui djthvck y cyulck c tikir uk pjgj li cutjisthdc c ffik li pjlir vikgir trcudcs lib pcsclj y pjlirsi ribcghjkcr li dckirc iffighikti y ifigthvc gjk bjs lidãs. Bc gckthlcl li cdh`js puili sir uk hklhgcljr li bc gcpcghlcl li bjgucghlcl, gjkfficmhbhlcl y dcluriz li bc pirsjkc, gjdj tcdmhèk bc hkgcpcghlcl li sjstikir ribcghjkis cdhgcbis ik ib thidpj. Li gucbquhir djlj, ukc pirsjkc gjk prjmbidcs li sjghcmhbhzcgh÷k limi li musgcr cyulc prjfishjkcb pcrc supircr cquibbj qui kj bj lioc prjyigtcrsi prjyigtcrsi acghc bjs lidãs. Bj qui limi li cpriklir uk khój is c sir lipiklhikti li sus pclris, is lighr, cpriklir c pilhr pirdhsj, c gjksubtcr y c cklcr gjk siùrhlcl gjkfficklj iktircdikti lib muik grhtirhj li sus pclris. Is pjr ibbj qui bjs pclris kj limik


ìkircr ik sus ahojs ljmbi väkgubj, istj si dckhffiistc gucklj ib pclri ik cbùkc jgcsh÷k gcsth`ck ukc khdhilcl gjk sivirhlcl, y bui`j, bui`j , gucklj ib khój acgi ac gi cb`j ricbdikti ricbdikt i `rcvi, `rcvi, kj bj gcsth`c gjk tcktc tjsquilcl. Istj ìkirc ik ib khój ukc gjkfush÷k. Ujr uk bclj gucklj ib pclri istã ikjoclj, gcsth`c acstc pjr liocr gcir uk pjgj li cùc, y gucklj istc cbi`ri, kj gcsth`c gucklj si rjdpi cb`j. Gjklugtcs gjdj istc, iktri dugacs jtrcs, puili ìkircr hksiùrhlcl ik ib khój. Gucklj si ack aigaj mhik bcs gjscs gjk ib khój, ik bc cljbisgikghc si limi musgcr qui bjs dugacgajs (cljbisgiktis) bbiùik c bc hklipiklikghc. Is lighr qui sick bj sufrhiktidikti hklipiklhiktis gjdj pcrc gjkstruhr mcrrircs gjktrc bjs dcbjs djlibjs qui ib iktjrkj bis prisikti.. Lighlik kj sir gjdj bjs dugacgajs y dugacgacs prisikti qui gjphck gjklugtcs y cpcrhikghcs lisjrhiktclcs (idjs, ric`ìtjkirjs, pukns, tigkjgudmhirjs, itg). Bbi`ck c sir hklipiklhiktis y si rispcblck ik bc djrcb qui ack righmhlj li gcsc. Wi vuibvik guisthjkcljris gjk mcsi, y prisiktck ukc rimibläc mcsclc ik grhtirhjs gbcrjs y sjghcbdikti cgiptcmbis,, kj ik sikthris y pcrigir cgiptcmbis pcrigiris is gjkfusjs. Gucklj ib cktis khój, bui`j cljbisgikti, si vuibvi ojvik, si ispirc qui cbgckgi uk khvib li dcluriz qui bj ac`c hktirlipiklhikti. Gucklj iksiój ik bc Ykhvir Ykhvirshlcl, shlcl, di ikguiktrj gjk o÷vikis qui lisick acgir sus trcmcojs sjbjs, kj ik `rupj, y pcrc ousthffigcr su cgthtul is`rhdik crùdiktjs gjdj? ‒ib `rupj kj trcmcoc, acy dugajs hrrispjkscmbis—, j ‒trcmcoj diojr sjbj—. Istj lioc iktrivir qui acgi fcbtc dcluriz. Yk ojvik j siójrhtc qui phiksc ik ikcdjrcr, limi pikscr ik csudhr rjbis li dcluriz y li gjklugtcs hktirlipiklhiktis, is lighr,, acmhbhlclis gjdj bc csirthvhlcl y ib trcmcoj ik iquhpj. lighr


Ykc pirsjkc gjk pjgc csirthvhlcl j shk acmhbhlclis pcrc trcmcocr ik iquhpj j qui thiki bc dästhgc li hkfuklhr tidjr pcrc sir siùhlj is ukc cljbisgikti gjk guirpj li duoir j li ajdmri. ajdmri. Iscs gjklugtcs sjk fãghbis li csudhr, csudhr, bj lhfäghb is bc gjkghbhcgh÷k. Gucklj yc si is uk ojvi ojvikk gjk bcs acmhbhlclis sjghcbis mãshgcs, si puili pikscr ik uk kjvhcz`j s÷bhlj y ffirdi. Yk ojvik qui kj lisic trcmcocr ik iquhpj. Sui si cäsbc, y kj lisic ribcghjkcrsi gjk bjs lidãs, shkj sjbj gjk su kjvhc limi sir gjksghikti li qui su gjklugtc kj is bc diojr y limi ibcmjrcrsi y musgcr cyulc li li ìkti gcpcghtclc pcrc cyulcrbj gjdj pshg÷bj`js, gjksioirjs prjfishjkcbis, pshquhctrcs y clubtjs scbulcmbis. Kj si limi gjkfuklhr istjs rcs`js li pirsjkcbhlcl gjk cquibbcs pirsjkcs qui ùstck ùs tck li bc prhvcghlcl y risirvc. ]iguirlj mhik cbùkcs jgcshjkis ik qui di hkvhtck c cb`ÿk iviktj ivikt j y tik`j bc cìklc bbikc ik bc dhsdc figac? ‒ºUjlräc ‒ºU jlräc cgjdpcócrkjs c istc riukh÷k:— Xj X j rispjklj? ‒dhb lhsgubpcs, lhsgubpcs, kj puilj—? puilj—? C bj qui dh hktirbjgutjr priùktc (cukqui gjk muikcs dckircs, pirj gjk cb`j li ctrivhdhiktj)? ‒ºUjr què: ºquè thiki qui acgir: acgir:——. X di vhikik ukcs `ckcs bjgcs li rispjklir? ‒ºSuè bi hdpjrtc:— Uuis mcstc gjk acmir rispjklhlj qui kj si puili. ]igjrlidjs cdh`js qui limidjs sir rispitujsjs li bc hkthdhlcl y risirvc li bjs lidãs. Iktjkgis,, acy qui istcmbigir Iktjkgis is tcmbigir lhfirikghcs iktri uk dugacgaj gjk prjmbidcs li sjghcmhbhzcgh÷k y ukj qui ùstc dcktikir ik risirvc cbùkcs ãrics ãrics li su vhlc. Ib dugacgaj d ugacgaj gjk prjmbidcs li sjghcmhbhzcgh÷k thiki dhilj c sir rigaczclj, jfiklhlj, is


lighr, thiki duy dcbc cutjisthdc. Yk dugacgaj risirvclj si ribcghjkc y istcmbigi bädhtis c sus hktirbjgutjr hktirbjgutjris. is. Ykc pirsjkc gjk muikc gcpcghlcl li sjghcmhbhzcgh÷k sirã uk ispjsj y ukc ispjsc gcpcz li risjbvir gjk﬍hgtjs y li sir uk muik ripr riprisiktckti isiktckti lib shstidc fcdhbhcr qui sir fjrdcrã. Yk ojvik qui yc is kjvhj limi li sir bj suffighiktidikti gcpcz li isgugacr y cquhbctcr gjksiojs, li musgcrbjs y sjditirsi c ibbjs li sir kigiscrhj. Yk ojvik sjghcbdikti scbulcmbi `jzc li muikc cutjisthdc y kj tidi gjkstruhr puiktis. Yk ojvik sjghcbdikti scbulcmbi puili hk`riscr c ukc lhsgush÷k gjk ib ãkhdj li ligbhkcr sus jphkhjkis frikti c jtrcs diojr fuklcdiktclcs fuklcdiktclcs.. Yk ojvik sjghcbdikti scbulcmbi puili sir ukc miklhgh÷k pcrc tikir uk kjvhcz`j li èxhtj y uk futurj dctrhdjkhj gjk dikjris rhis`js. ‒Limi iksiócrsi c bjs cbudkjs qui kj sjk ãtjdjs hklipiklhiktis, shkj qui gclc ukj is ukc aimrc lib ahbj qui ac li ukhrsi gjk jtrcs pcrc gjdpbitcr ukc tibc. Ik khk`ÿk lipcrtcdiktj puili lcrsi istc hkstruggh÷k gjk dãs iffigcghc qui ik ib hktirkclj isgjbcr. Is cbbä ljkli bjs istulhcktis istãk rjlicljs lhcrhcdikti li jpjrtukhlclis, qui sh bcs cprjvigack, bis cyulcrãk ik `rck dckirc c liscrrjbbcr bjs rcs`js sjghcbis lib gcrãgtir. Uuilik cprjvigacr li tcb djlj su thidpj y sus jpjrtukhlclis qui bj`rik liscrrjbbcr uk gcrãgtir qui bjs acrã fibhgis y ÿthbis. Bjs qui si ikghirrck ik sä dhsdjs y kj istãk lhspuistjs c pristcrsi pcrc mikiffighcr c jtrjs dilhckti cdh`cmbi gjdpcóirhsdj, phirlik dugacs miklhghjkis, pjrqui dirgil cb trctj dutuj ib iktiklhdhiktj si pubi y riffikc> pjr ib trctj sjghcb si fjrdcbhzck ribcghjkis y cdhstclis qui


cgcmck ik ukc ukhlcl li gjrcz÷k y ik ukc ctd÷sfirc li cdjr c`rclcmbis c bc vhstc lib ghibj—. =6

Ibikc @. li Pahti, Dikti, gcrãgtir y pirsjkcbhlcl (Mj`jtã? Csjghcgh÷k Uumbhgcljrc Hktircdirhgckc, 3885), =?6<0, 6<1. =6


8 ºUjr què is tck hdpjrtckti ºUjr ib kjvhcz`j, kj mcstc gjk sir ikcdjrcljs: Bj qui sugili is qui istcdjs ik ukc irc li gjrrupgh÷k. Bi tikidjs tcktj tidjr c bc fjrdcbhlcl qui kjs rifu`hcdjs ik itcpcs qui kjs aidjs hkviktclj pcrc bi`hthdhzcr bi`hthdhzcr kuistrc hkdcluriz. Wi bi thiki tcktj dhilj c bc pcbcmrc ¨kjvhj¨, qui kjs hkviktcdjs oir`cs qui kjs pirdhtc rifirhrkjs c bj dhsdj pirj quhtãkljbi ib gjdpjkikti li gjdprjdhsj. Ik Vikizuibc si bi bbcdc ‒pcvj—, j ‒pcvc—. Ik @uctidcbc si bi bbcdc ‒ib trcälj— j ‒bc trcälc—. Ik ib Uirÿ si bi bbcdc ‒ikcdjrclj— j ‒ikcdjrclc— Ik Khgcrcùc si bi bbcdc ‒ocóc— j ‒ocój— Ik Crìkthkc si bi bbcdc ‒`jrlj— Ik Gumc ‒oimj— j ‒oimc— Ik Gahbi si bi bbcdc ‒pjbjbj— j ‒pjbjbc— Ik Mjbhvhc ‒pibclj— j ‒pibclc— Uirj ik tjljs bjs pcäsis p cäsis ghtcljs si bi puili tcdmhèk bbcdcr kjvhj, cukqui ik bj gacmcgckj y shk gjdprjdhsj si bj likjdhkc likjdh kc csä. Ik Gjstc Gjs tc ]hgc y Uuirtj ]hgj ]hg j si bi bbcdc ‒kjvhj— ‒k jvhj—.. Is lighr, lighr, si supjki supjk i, si grii, grii, si phiksc phiks c (dcb pjr ghirtj) ghi rtj) qui uk

ºUjr ºU jr què is tck hdpjrtckti hdpjr tckti ib kjvhcz`j, kj mcstc gjk sir ikcdjrcljs:

ikcdjrclj kj thiki bc fjrdcbhlcl y jffighcbhlcl li uk kjvhj pjr qui kj thikik figac li mjlcs. Gucklj ukc pcrioc li o÷vikiss si di cgirgc y si prisiktck o÷viki prisiktck gjdj ikcdjrcljs bis ac`j bcs shùhiktis priùktcs? ºGjk ib ikcdjrclj si misck, si cmrczck, gcdhkck li bc dckj, cklck ouktjs, si vhshtck: Gcsh shidpri bc rispuistc is cffirdcthvc? sä. ºIktjkgis què lhfirikghc acy: Uuis bc rispuistc is gbcrc, dhilj cb gjdprjdhsj. Bj qui pcsc is qui istcdjs ik ukc èpjgc ik qui kj si sjpjrtc bc prish÷k y si phiksc ik tikir ukc ikcdjrclc j ikcdjrclj pcrc scthsfcgir ib ckaibj li cdcr y sir cdclj. Uirj gucklj si hkhghc ukc ribcgh÷k ribcgh÷k li cdjr duy o÷vikis, bjs rhis`js li hkhghcrsi sixucbdikti si ibivck, cukqui istj kj is litirdhkckti. Bc priùktc is? ‒ºvcbi bc pikc gjrrir rhis`js:— Uhiksj qui kj. Kclhi si ac duirtj pjr ispircr. Uirj bc guisth÷k kj tirdhkc cquä. Ik musgc li bc hkfjrdcbhlcl y li auhr lib gjdprjdhsj, si ack hkviktclj jtrjs ‒khvibis— li hkthdhlcl? ib cdh`j ispighcb, bc ‒ffirdi—, ib ‒vcghb÷k—, ib ‒gajqui y fu`c—. Lhsgubpik bcs oir`cs, pirj is ib biùcoi gjbjquhcb qui pjr istjs cójs dugajs o÷vikis (kj tjljs) uthbhzck. \jlj gjk ib ffik li auhr li bc pcbcmrc fjrdcb? ‒Kjvhj—. Muikj. C gjkthkucgh÷k quhshirc qui bics gjk litikhdhiktj bcs shùhiktis ghtcs lib Ispärhtu li Urjfigäc? ‒Bjs cfigtjs fjrdcljs ik bc hkfckghc ack tirdhkclj friguiktidikti ik ukhjkis lis`rcghclcs, j sipcrcghjkis lisajkrjscs.. ]crc viz ack risubtclj fibhgis bcs ukhjkis lisajkrjscs tidprckcs, sh ack shlj aigacs shk ib gjksikthdhiktj li bjs pclris.. Limiräck dcktikirsi suoitjs bjs cfigtjs pclris cfigtjs ouvikhbis ouvikhbis acstc qui bbiùi ib thidpj ik qui bc ilcl y bc ixpirhikghc


suffighiktis pirdhtck pirdhtck bhmirtcrbjs gjk ajkrc ajkrc y siùrhlcl. Bjs qui kj si liock suoitcr istãk ik pibh`rj li vhvhr ukc vhlc lislhgaclc. Ib ojvik ojvik qui cuk kj ac pcsclj bjs vihkti vihkti cójs is uk pjmri ouiz li bc hljkihlcl li ukc pirsjkc tck ojvik gjdj èb pcrc pcrc sir bc gjdpcóirc li su vhlc. Ykc viz qui ac dclurclj su grhtirhj, si gjktidpbck ctcljs ukj c jtrj pcrc shidpri, y quhzã shk gjklhghjkis pcrc acgirsi dutucdikti fibhgis. Iktjkgis Iktjkgis,, ik viz li trctcr trctcr li scgcr ib ib diojr pcrthlj li su suirti s uirti,, si acgik rigrhdhkcghjkis rigrhdhkcghjkis,, bc mrigac si c`rcklc acstc sikthr gjdpbitc hklhfirikghc ib ukj acghc ib jtrj. Bc pcbcmrc aj`cr kj thiki kclc li sc`rclj sc`rclj pcrc pcrc ibbjs. ibbjs. Acstc su dhsdc ctd÷sfirc istã ikvikikclc pjr pcbcmrcs lurcs y cdcr`js riprjgais—.=0 Cktis li bjs vihkti kj si ikcdjrc, phiksik ik istj cdh`js. Wh thikis dikjs li vihkti cójs y istcs li kjvhj j kjvhc, limis gjkshlircr bc pjshmhbhlcl li lcrti uk thidpj pcrc dclurcr. ‒\us hlics hkfckthbis cgirgc lib cdjr c bcs khócs kj gjdukhgc c kclhi ukc cbtc cbtc jphkh÷k jphkh÷k li th. Cb lcr rhiklc suibtc suibtc c tus pikscdhiktjs ik tcb sikthlj, hkgcpcghtcs tu dikti pcrc ib istulhj. \i virãs virãs hklughlj c friguiktcr friguiktcr gjdpcóäcs hdpurcs> si gjrrjdpirãk tus gjstud gjstudmris mris y bcs li jtrjs. jtrjs. Csä prighscdikti si di prisiktc tu gcsj, y dhiktrcs hkshstcs ik acgir tu vjbuktcl, gucbquhir pirsjkc qui prjguri ùhcrti, hk﬍uhr ik th j rifrikcrti ikgjktrcrã bc dãs risuibtc rishstikghc pjrqui tu gjrcz÷k kj istã ik crdjkäc gjk bc virlcl y bc ousthghc—. =1 Isgugac ib gjksioj cdh`j, cdh`c. Kj iris ukc hsbc. Ib kjvhcz`j is duy hdpjrtckti, is tck hdpjrtckti qui ti puili ctcr c Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), 66, 60. =1 Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), 61. =0

ºUjr ºU jr què is tck hdpjrtckti hdpjr tckti ib kjvhcz`j, kj mcstc gjk sir ikcdjrcljs:

ukc pirsjkc pjr ib ristj li tu vhlc acstc qui bc duirti bjs sipcri. ‒‒Kj aurtcrãs,— aurtcrãs,— fui isgrhtj pjr ib lilj li Lhjs ik bcs tcmbcs li philrc, y shk idmcr`j ¡guãktcs vigis si prcgthgc y lhsgubpc ib aurtj sjbcpclj li bjs bjs cfigtjs! Wi pirshsti ik uk `cbcktij ik`cójsj y ik uk hktirgcdmhj li gjdukhgcghjkis sigritcs acstc qui bjs cfigtjs li uk sir hkixpirtj, qui kj scmi ik què puili risubtcr tjlj istj, si ritrcik ik ghirtc dilhlc li sus pclris y si ffiock ik quhik, pjr su dhsdc gjklugtc, si liduistrc hklh`kj li su cdjr. cdjr. Bc Mhmbhc gjklikc tjlc tjlc suirti li hdprjmhlcl.... W÷bj Lhjs gjkjgi ib pbikj cbgckgi li tjlc bc lis`rcghc jgcshjkclc pjr istc dckirc sjbcpclc li bbivcr c gcmj bjs `cbcktijs y gcscdhiktjs gcscdhiktjs.. Wjmri istc rjgc rjgc ack kcufrc`clj dugacs cbdcs. Ik istj gjditik tirrhmbis irrjr irrjris is cuk pirsjkcs qui si lhgik grhsthckcs, guyc vhlc si lhsthkùi pjr su hkti`rhlcl, y qui pcrigik siksctcs ik tjlj jtrj csuktj. ]ivibck ukc vjbuktcl jmsthkclc qui khk`ÿk rczjkcdhiktj puili gcdmhcr. gcdmhcr. Wi quilck tck tck fcsghkcljs pjr sikthdhiktjs sikthdhiktjs i hdpubsjs audckjs qui kj thikik lisij li isgulrhócr bc Mhmbhc kh li istrigacr su ribcgh÷k gjk Lhjs—. =8 Cukqui cpcriktidikti cpcriktidikti istè fuirc li djlc, ib aigaj li hr c bc gcsc li l i bjs pclris y sjbhghtcr cutjrhzcgh÷k cutjrhzcgh÷k pcrc gacrbcr gjk su ahoc c ffik li gjkjgirbc y friguiktcrbc gjk ib ffik li bbi`cr c uk kjvhcz`j is duy lisicmbi y cprjphclj. ºSuhèk diojr qui bjs pclris li bc siójrhtc pcrc cquhbctcr cb futurj kjvhj: Bjs pclris pclris grhsthckjs y gjksc`rcljs gjksc`rcljs sjk ouigis scmhjs pcrc cyulcr ik bcs lighshjkis li sus ahojs, ispighcbdikti ik bcs lighshjkis qui thikik uk futurj itirkj. Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), <8. =8


35 ºAcs shlj clhgtj c cb`j: ºSuè is ukc clhggh÷k:

Ykc clhggh÷k is ib risubtclj li uk dcb dckioj li bcs idjghjkis. Ujr ioidpbj, uk ajdmri li 95 cójs, gcsclj, gjk tris ahojs ik bc Ykhvirshlcl, istã tck c`jmhclj gjk bcs guiktcs qui si shikti tck hkgcpcz li sjbughjkcr sus prjmbidcs qui jptc pjr gricrsi ukc ricbhlcl pcrcbibc, uk duklj vhrtucb pirsjkcb. Isti ‒tumj li isgcpi— bj bj`rc c trcv trcvès ès lib cbgjajb, ib tcmcgj, bcs lrj`cs j cbùkc jtrc sustckghc j prjgisj, hkgbusj gjk pirsjkcs. Ib hklhvhluj is hkgcpcz li dckiocr su vhlc y lighli auhr c trcvès li ukc clhggh÷k. Ykc clhggh÷k is uk cpi`j idjghjkcb c ukc sustckghc qui puili sir bi`cb j hbi`cb> pirsjkcs j prjgisj. Isti cpi`j shidpri is listrugthvj. Cfigtc cb`ÿk ãric lib sir audckj, pjr bj tcktj, bj cfigtc tjtcbdikti. Wi trctc li ukc gjklugtc jmsishvj gjdpubshvc (kigishlcl hkgjktrjbclc li ripithr ghirtc gjklugtc li dckirc rigurrikti) rigurrikti) bbivcklj c uk hklhvhluj c gjksudhr cbùkc sustckghc j ixpirhdiktcr cb`ÿk prjgisj qui prjlughrã cb`ÿk

ºAcs shlj clhgtj c cb`j:

ifigtj pjshthvj (iufjrhc j pbcgir) gjk ib ffik li bhmrcrsi lib uk istclj li ãkhdj ki`cthvj (ljbjr, cmurrhdhiktj, istrès, thdhliz).75 Bcs clhgghjkis puilik gbcshffigcrsi ik?

Clhgghjkis c Urjgisjs? Wjk cquibbcs ribcghjkis listrugthvcs gjk ib trcmcoj, hktirkit, oui`j, pjrkj`rcfäc, sixj, ribh`h÷k, lipjrtis u cbùkc jtrc. Clhgghjkis c sustckghcs? Istcs clhgghjkis si puilik lhvhlhr ik ljs, sustckghcs bi`cbis i hbi`cbis. Liktrj li bcs bi`cbis istãk ib gcfè, ib tè, bc gjdhlc y bjs fãrdcgjs. Ik gucktj c bcs sustckghcs hbi`cbis istãk bc pcstc mãshgc li gjgcäkc (UMG), èxtcshs, BWL, dcrhauckc, iktri jtrcs. Clhgghjkis c pirsjkcs? Wjk bcs qui si suibik lcr iktri kjvhjs, gjk tircpiutcs, gjksioirjs j prjfishjkcbis li lhvirsc äkljbi. ]iguirli qui bcs clhgghjkis shidpri thikik uk gjdpjkikti listrugthvj. Yk clhgtj puili prisiktcr bjs shùhiktis säktjdcs? 3. Kigishlcl li hkgridiktc hkgridiktcrr bc ixpjshgh÷k c bc sustckghc, pirsjkc j prjgisj. =. Urisikghc li säktjdcs li cmsthkikghc gucklj istã biojs li bc gcusc li su clhggh÷k. 7. Hkgcpcghlcl pcrc litikirsi ik bc ixpjshgh÷k c bc pirsjkc, sustckghc j prjgisj. <. Lisijs li cmckljkcr bc ixpjshgh÷k ixpjshgh÷k c bc gcusc li su clhggh÷k. 9. Lilhgcgh÷k c jmtikir bjs rigursjs kigiscrhjs pcrc bbi`cr c bc fuikti li su clhggh÷k. 75 Clhgghjkis? hjkis? g÷dj priv privikhrbcs ikhrbcs ik khójs y o÷viki o÷vikis. s. ̃ Ojsifc. Gcócb, Clhgg (Mj`jtã, Gjbjdmhc? @rupj Ilhtjrhcb Kjrdc, =557), =.


6. Gjkthkucr ib gjksudi cukqui bc pirsjkc sipc bcs gjksiguikghcs. \ik`c ik guiktc

]iguirli qui uk clhgtj is uk ikfirdj, quhik lighlh÷ j tjd÷ bc lighsh÷k li istcr csä. Istc ikfirdilcl cfigtc su girimrj hktirffirhiklj ik su fukghjkcdhiktj kjrdcb. Ik ib gcsj li bcs sustckghcs, istcs hdhtck bjs quädhgjs kcturcbis lib girimrj cgjstudmrcklj cb clhgtj c tjdcr dãs lrj`cs. Istcs tcdmhèk cfigtc ib ditcmjbhsdj. Ik jtrcs pcbcmrcs, ib clhgtj ac gjdprjdithlj su didjrhc, sus shstidcs djthvcghjkcbis y sus ghrguhtjs li rigjdpiksc. Ik gjkgbush÷k, tjljs bjs istädubjs ribcghjkcljs c su clhggh÷k puilik lisctcr uk hktiksj lisij pjr ib jmoitj clhgthvj.73 Gjkshliri tcdmhèk qui uk clhgtj kj kigiscrhcdikti is uk libhkguikti (cukqui pjlräc sirbj) shkj pjr sjmri tjlj uk sir audckj gjk uk u k tirrhmbi dckioj li bcs idjghjkis y li bc vjbuktcl. Clidãs, gucklj ixhsti uk clhgtj ik ukc fcdhbhc, tjlc bc fcdhbhc istã cfigtclc pjrqui hktircgtÿc gjk ib ikfirdj ixpirhdiktclj sikthdhiktjs li vir`òikzc, 7= g÷birc j ki`cgh÷k. Jmsirvi gjdj si jmsirvc ik bjs isgrhtjs li Ibikc @. li Pahti c bc prãgthgc lib vhghj cb cbgjajb y cb tcmcgj? tcmcgj? ‒\rcmcocl pjr ib hktidpirckti y ib clhgtj cb tcmcgj, lhghèkljbis qui khk`ÿk mijlj airilcrã ib rihkj li Lhjs, y qui ‒kj iktrcrã ik ibbc khkùkc gjsc hkdukl hkduklc— c—.. Djstrclb Djstrclbis is Airmirt B., Uitrh, Ojak D @jvirk, y Wcbhkcs Jrthz, Djthvcgh÷k. \ijräc, hkvisth`cgh÷k y cpbhgcghjkis cpbhgcghjkis.. (Dèxhgj? \ajdsjk, =556), =3<. 7= Dirbi C Fjssud y Dcrhbyk O. Dcsjk, Bc vir`òikzc? g÷dj ikfriktcrbc y risjbvirbc (Dèxhgj, L.F.? Ilhtjrhcb Ucx Dèxhgj, 3818), 3=0. 73

ºAcs shlj clhgtj c cb`j:

ib mhik qui pjlräck acgir gjk ib lhkirj qui cajrc `cstck ik bj qui kj bis acgi dãs qui lcój—. 77 ‒Ucrc ‒U crc bcs pirsjkcs qui ack airilclj ukc prilhspjshgh÷k pjr bjs isthdubcktis, is duy pibh`rjsj qui tik`ck c su cbgckgi vhkj y shlrc ik su gcsc> puis Wctckãs gjkthkucdikti bjs hkstc c lcr rhiklc suibtc c su lisij. Wh si rhklik c bc tiktcgh÷k, tiktcgh÷k, kj scmik l÷kli litikirsi> ib cpithtj lidcklc dãs y dãs, y is gjdpbcghlj gjdpbc ghlj pcrc ruhkc li ibbjs. Wi kumbc ib girimrj bc rcz÷k kj ljdhkc dãs bcs rhiklcs, shkj qui bcs gjbjgc sjmri s jmri ib guibbj li bc gjkguphsgikghc. Cmuklc ib bhmirthkcoi y si prcgthgck vhghjs li tjlc gbcsi gjdj risubtclj li bc gjdpbcgikghc lib cpithtj pjr vhkj y shlrc. shlrc. Is hdpjshmbi qui uk clhgtj c isjs isthdubcktis y cgjstudmrclj c su usj, bui`j grizgc ik bc `rcghc. Wi vuibvi vub`cr y siksucb> bcs bcs pcshjkis ckhdcbis gjktrjbck bcs fcgubtclis supirhjris li bc dikti y kj si fjdiktc bc vhrtul. Mimir djlirclcdikti is ukc isguibc ik bc gucb bjs ajdmris si ilugck pcrc bc gcrrirc li bjs imrhjs. \ck `rclucbdikti bjs cpcrtc Wctckãs li bjs mcbucrtis li bc tidpirckghc, tck hkshlhjscdikti ib vhkj y bc shlrc ioirgik su hk﬍uikghc sjmri ib ùstj, qui si iktrc ik bc siklc li bc imrhilcl shk clvirthrbj. clvirthrbj. Wi gubthvc gubthvc ib ùstj pjr bjs bjs isthdubcktis> si liscoustc ib shstidc kirvhjsj> Wctckãs dckthiki bc dikti ik ukc hkquhitul fimrhb> y bc pjmri vägthdc hdc`hkãkljsi pirfigtcdikti siùrc, prjshùi dãs y dãs, acstc qui si lirrhmc tjlc mcrrir mcrrircc y si scgrhffigc tjlj tjlj prhkghphj. Wi dhkck bcs risjbughjkis dãs fuirtis y bjs hktirisis itirkjs sjk lidcshclj lèmhbis pcrc dcktikir ib cpithtj pirvirthlj mcoj ib ljdhkhj li bc rcz÷k. rcz÷k. Cbùkjs c bc virlcl kukgc istãk imrhjs Ibikc @. li Pahti, Bc tidpirckghc ( Muikjs Muikjs Chris? Csjghcgh÷k Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 3801), =36. 77


pirj shidpri shidpri istãk mcoj bc hk﬍uikghc li mimhlcs sucvis sucvis.. Wu dikti is fimrhb i hkistcmbi, hkistcmbi, kj gcik ik uk virlclirj libhrhj, pirj sjk ricbdikti lisiquhbhmrcljs puis istãk pirvirthlcs bcs fcgubtclis dãs kjmbis li bc dikti—. 7<

Ibikc @. li Pahti, Bc tidpirckghc (Muikjs Chris? Csjghcgh÷k Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 3801), =<6, =<0. 7<

ºUrcgthgcs tu grhsthckhsdj:

33 ºUrcgthgcs tu grhsthckhsdj: Li prjktj tÿ iris uk dugacgaj j ukc dugacgac duy cgthvc ik bc h`bishc. Istcs gjdprjdithlc gjk lcr istulhjs mämbhgjs, gcktcs ik ib gjrj li bc h`bishc, istcs ik bc lhrigthvc li bc dhsdc. \i gjdprjdithsti gjdj dcistrc li khójs, istcs cpjycklj ik ib gbum li gjkquhstcljris, gcktcs ik bjs ispighcbis. Clidãs li tjlj ibbj, thikis ukc vhlc livjghjkcb cgthvc, is lighr, acgir tu gubtj tjljs bjs läcs, liscrrjbbcs ib istulhj lib fjbbitj li bc @uäc li Istulhj li bc Isguibc Wcmãthgc, shidpri istãs biyiklj uk bhmrj lib Ispärhtu li Urjfigäc, y sjbj isgugacs dÿshgc li bc h`bishc. Li prjktj, uk läc gjkjgis c uk dugacgaj righèk mcuthzclj. Gjdj yc si mcuthz÷, phikscs qui is yc uk ahoj li Lhjs gjk tjlj ib isthbj li vhlc grhsthckj. Iktjkgis bj cgiptcs gjdj kjvhj y lisgumris qui èb sjbj vc c bc h`bishc bjs sãmcljs c bcs 33 li bc dcóckc y gjdhikzc c hr c bc Wjghilcl li O÷vikis sjbj pjrqui tÿ vcs. Is lighr si gjdprjditi gjk bc h`bishc pjr th y kj pjrqui thiki uk gjdprjdhsj gjk su vhlc livjghjkcb. Bui`j lisgumris qui thiki ukc Mhmbhc qui shidpri istã kuivc y kuivc pjrqui


kj bc usc, kj bc bii. Bui`j lisgumris qui bc dÿshgc qui isgugac shùi shiklj bc dhsdc dÿshgc qui isgugacmc li kj mcuthzclj. º\i pcrigi fcdhbhcr isti gcsj ahpjtèthgj: Uuis si riphti gjk dugac friguikghc. Bjs o÷vikis cktis li pikscr ik ib kjvhcz`j limik musgcr tikir ukc vhlc isphrhtucb isp hrhtucb cgthvc y sjstikhmbi ik ib thidpj. Dugacs pcriocs si ukik ik dctrhdjkhj y ib ajdmri kj csudi su rjb li scgirljti, kj jr`ckhzc ib gubtj dctuthkj y vispirthkj y dikjs acgi gubtj fcdhbhcr. Is kigiscrhj qui bjs kjvhjs gjkvirsik dugaj sjmri bc lhkãdhgc li bc vhlc isphrhtucb ik ib futurj aj`cr, aj`cr, kj lioik isti tidc c bj jmvhj. Ucrc qui bjs o÷vikis si lisgumrck ik sus aãmhtjs ixhsti ib pirhjlj li cdhstcl, ljkli bjs dugacgajs y dugacgacs puilik gjkvirscr li lhvirsjs tidcs qui bjs pripcri pcrc tjdcr ukc lighsh÷k li dctrhdjkhj hkfjrdclc. \ik`ck guhlclj gjk ib dhtj li ‒vc c gcdmhcr—. Ib prjmbidc kj vhiki cb ixpriscr ib lisij li gcdmhj, shkj gucklj ib hklhvhluj si jbvhlc li sus pcbcmrcs cb lisgumrhr qui gjkstruhr uk acmhtj risubtc d{cs lhfäghb qui qu i ixpriscr ixpriscr ib lisij. Is kigiscrhj gjkjgirsi dugaj, tikir hkthdhlcl virmcb ik ib ãdmhtj li bc prãgthgc li bc vhlc grhsthckc. Gucklj ukc pcrioc li o÷vikis si ukik ik dctrhdjkhj y kj thikik hùcblcl li gjklhghjkis ik bc ixprish÷k li bc vhlc grhsthckc, puis cb prhkghphj sirãk duy tjbir tjbircktis, cktis, pirj bui`j bc tjbirckghc lcrã pcsj c bcs lhsgushjkis. Istj si cgiktucrã dãs gjk bc bbi`clc li bjs ahojs, gucklj si tik`c qui fjrdcr aãmhtjs li prãgthgc grhsthckc ik ibbjs ibbjs.. ‒Kukgc limi ib puimbj li Lhjs cvikturcrsi ik tirrikj prjahmhlj. Ib gcscdhiktj iktri gri griyiktis yiktis i hkgrèlubjs hkgrèlubjs ac shlj prjahmhlj pjr Lhjs> pirj gjk lidcshclc friguikghc ib

ºUrcgthgcs tu grhsthckhsdj:

gjrcz÷k hkgjkvirsj shùi sus prjphjs lisijs y si gjktrcik gcscdhiktjs qui Lhjs kj sckghjkc. Ujr istc gcusc dugajs ajdmris y duoiris istãk shk ispirckzc y shk Lhjs ik ib duklj. Durhirjk sus csphrcghjkis csphrcghjkis kjmbis, y Wctckãs bjs suoitc ik su ril pjr ukc gclikc li ghrgukstckghcs ghrgukstckghcs.. Bjs qui sjk ljdhkcljs pjr bc pcsh÷k y ib hdpubsj tiklrãk qui gjsigacr ukc dhis cdcr`c ik istc vhlc, y su gjklugtc puili risubtcr ik bc pèrlhlc li su cbdc. Bjs qui prjfisck bc virlcl phsjtick bc vjbuktcl li Lhjs cb gcscrsi gjk hkgrèlubjs> phirlik su fcvjr y acgik jmrcs cdcr`cs, li bcs qui acmrãk li crripikthrsi. Bc pirsjkc hkgrèlubc puili pjsiir uk ixgibikti gcrãgtir djrcb> pirj ib aigaj li qui kj acyc rispjklhlj c bcs ixhìkghcs li Lhjs y acyc lisguhlclj ukc scbvcgh÷k tck `rckli, is rcz÷k suffighikti pcrc pcrc qui kj si virhffiqui ukc ukh÷k ukh÷k tcb. Ib gcrãgtir li bc pirsjkc hkgrèlubc puili sir shdhbcr cb lib ojvik c quhik Oisÿs lhrh`h÷ bcs pcbcmrcs? ‒Ykc gjsc ti fcbtc,— y isc gjsc irc bc isikghcb—.79 Ucrc U crc gjkjgirsi bjs o÷vikis limik acgir usj li bc cdhstcl, kj kigiscrhcdikti iktrcr ik ukc ribcgh÷k li ‒ikcdjrcdhikt ikcdjrcdhiktj— j— pcrc ibbj, shkj li cdhstcl purc y lurclirc. Jtrc guisth÷k qui si limi tikir ik guiktc limi sir qui kj is rigjdiklcmbi ikcdjrcr gjk uk ojvik j siójrhtc qui righèk ac hk`risclj c bc h`bishc, pjrqui cuk kj gjkjgi ib isthbj li vhlc lib kjvhcz`j clvikthstc. Limi lioãrsibj gjkjgir c dugajs airdckjs y airdckcs o÷vikis qui bi shrvck li djlibjs y cdhstclis cdhstclis.. Wjbugh÷k? prcgthgc tu grhsthckhsdj cktis li gcscrti, gjdprjdètiti gjk ib Wiójr y tik ukc vhlc li gjdukh÷k Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), 9<. 79


cgthvc y vhvc gjk Grhstj. Acz usj li bjs dctirhcbis qui bc H`bishc Clvikthstc lib Wèpthdj Läc pjki c tu lhspjshgh÷k pcrc cyulcrti ik tu fjrtcb fjrtcbighdhiktj ighdhiktj y grighdhiktj isphrhtucb, bjs gucbis sjk? 3. \u Mhm Mhmbhc bhc =. Bc @uäc li Istulhj li bc Isguibc Wcmãthgc Wcmãthgc 7. Ib cuxhbhcr li bc Isguibc Wcmãthgc Wcmãthgc <. Bc Livj Livjgh÷k gh÷k Dctuthkc. 9. Bhmrjs lib Ispärhtu li Urjfigäc. 6. Bhmrjs prjlughljs prjlughljs pjr bcs Gcscs Ilhtjr Ilhtjrcs cs li kuistrc H`bishc. \ikidjs dugajs dctirhcbis li cbtj khvib pcrc qui ikrhquizgcs tu vhlc isphrhtucb y ti gjksthtuycs gjks thtuycs ik ib scgirljti qui uk kuivj kuivj aj`cr kigishtc kigishtc y ik bc dcistrc li bcs prhdircs bitrcs y prhdirjs pcsjs acghc Oisÿs qui tus futurjs ahojs kigishtcrãk.

ºG÷dj is tu läc bhmri pirfigtj:

3= ºG÷dj is tu läc bhmri pirfigtj: Gjdj siräc ikgjktrcr c ukc pcrioc li kjvhjs tck lhfiriktis qui lhffirhisik ik su dckirc li lhsfrutcr l hsfrutcr sus läcs bhmri bhmri.. Èb lhsfrutc dugaj li bc bigturc y su läc bhmri pirfigtj gjkshsthräc ik pcscrsi tjlj ib läc biyiklj, sjbj litikhèkljsi pcrc hr cb sirvhghj ah`hèkhgj y tjdcr sus gjdhlcs, dhiktrcs qui ibbc cdc bc kcturcbiz kcturcbizc, c, y ik tjljs sus läcs bhmris si `jzc ik scbhr c bjs zjjb÷`hgjs zjjb÷`hgjs i hr c giktrjs rigr rigricghjkcbis icghjkcbis pcrc pcrc tikir uk gjktcgtj g jktcgtj pirsjkcb pirsjkcb gjk bc gricgh÷k li Lhjs. Ik bc itcpc lib kjvhcz`j kjvhcz`j si pjkik li cguirlj ik gucktj c g÷dj bbivcrãk sus läcs bhmris li gcscljs y is qui uk läc scblrãk ouktjs cb gcdpj y jtrj läc si quilcrãk biyiklj muikjs bhmrjs ik gcsc. \jlj fukghjkc duy mhik dhiktrcs lurc ib prhdir cój li dctrhdjkhj, pirj bui`j gjdhikzck bcs liscvikikghcs. ‒vcdjs Ojrì, vcdjs cb pcsij— ‒kj… cklc tu, istjy gcksclj, quhirj quilcrdi c biir— ‒pirj is uk pcsij li bc h`bishc, h` bishc, vcdjs, vcdjs, ‒ ‒pirj yc scbhdjs ib ljdhk`j pcsclj ouktjs, ajy tjgc quilcrkjs—


‒pirj is bc h`bishc, kj istcmc pbckiclj istj, shdpbidikti tjgc pcsij li kuivj y acy qui sir dclurjs pcrc clcptcrkjs— ‒ºhkshkÿcs qui istjy pjrtãkljdi gjdj uk khój:— ‒sh ti quilc ib ùckti…— X c lhsguthr pjr kj rispitcr rispitcr bjs cguirljs. cguirljs. O÷vikis, musquik sir bjs dãs shdhbcris. \jlj puktj li gjdukh÷k ik ib kjvhcz`j is `ckckghc. Wh c bjs ljs bis ùstc ib gcdpj. Uuis què mhik. Musquik istcr li cguirlj ik tjlj bj qui ac`ck. Musqui bc gjdukh÷k. ‒Dugacs vigis jgurri qui cktis li gcscrsi bcs pirsjkcs thikik pjgc jpjrtukhlcl li fcdhbhcrhzcrsi gjk sus dutujs tidpircdiktjs y gjstudmris> y ik gucktj c bc vhlc lhcrhc, gucklj ukik sus hktirisis ckti ib cbtcr, cbtcr, gcsh kj si gjkjgik. Dugajs lisgumrik lidcshclj tcrli qui kj si clcptck ib ukj cb jtrj, y ib risubtclj li su ukh÷k is ukc vhlc dhsircmbi dhsircmbi.. Dugacs vigis sufrik bc ispjsc y bjs khójs c gcusc li bc hkljbikghc, bc hkgcpcghlcl j bcs gjstudmris vhghjscs lib dcrhlj y pclri.* Ajy istã ib duklj bbikj li dhsirhc y pigclj c gjksiguikghc li bjs dctrhdjkhjs dcb gjkgirtcljs gjkgirtcljs.. Ik dugajs gcsjs si riquhirii s÷bj pjgjs disis pcrc qui ib ispjsj j bc ispjsc riquhir is pjsc si pirgcti li qui sus tidpircdiktjs ti dpircdiktjs kukgc ku kgc pjlrãk crdjkhzcr crdjk hzcr,, y ib risubtclj is qui rihkc ik ib aj`cr bc lhsgjrlhc, gucklj s÷bj limiräc ixhsthr ib cdjr y bc crdjkäc lib ghibj. Bcs lhsgushjkis pjr csuktjs trhvhcbis gubthvck uk ispärhtu cdcr`j. Bjs frckgjs frckgjs liscguirljs liscguirljs y bjs cbtirgcljs cbtirgcljs gcusck hklisgrhpthmbi lis`rcghc ik ib aj`cr, y cpcrtck c bjs qui limiräck istcr ukhljs pjr bjs bczjs bczjs lib cdjr. cdjr. Dhbis si ack scgrhffigclj c sä dhsdjs, dhsdjs, ik cbdc y guirpj, pjr gcusc li dctrhdjkhjs hdpruliktis, y ack lisgiklhlj pjr bc siklc

ºG÷dj is tu läc bhmri pirfigtj:

li bc pirlhgh÷k—. 76 Musquik sir gjdpcthmbis ik gucktj c bj qui acrãk gjk su thidpj bhmri. U÷k`cksi li cguirlj ik ib kjvhcz`j y musqui tjlj puktj li gjdukh÷k. Bc priùktc is? ºSuè pcsc sh sjdjs tck lhfiriktis pirj kjs cdcdjs: Uuis bc rispuistc? is prjmcmbi qui sick duy lhfiriktis y si cdik, pirj kj phiksik qui tjlc bc vhlc sirã csä. Bc vhlc dctrhdjkhcb is airdjsc gucklj ljs cklck li cguirlj, li bj gjktrcrhj sirã ukc bugac y uk isfuirzj dcktikir bc istcmhbhlcl lib aj`cr. Cvis lib dhsdj pbudcoi si ouktck, musqui sir bj dãs pcrighljs pjshmbis.

Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), 05, 03. 76


37 ºG÷dj si trctck tus pclris: Dãs li ukj thiki bc hlic li qui, gucklj ukc pcrioc si gcsc, sjbj si gcsck bjs kjvhjs kjvhjs,, y bc fcdhbhc quilc li bclj. Is ghirtj, li cb`ÿk djlj bc fcdhbhc pcsc c uk siùklj pbckj, is lighr, bjs pclris yc kj thikik bc ÿbthdc pcbcmrc, shkj ib ispjsj y bc ispjsc ik pbikc gjdukh÷k y bhmirtcl li lighsh÷k. Uirj tcdmhèk is duy scmhlj qui bjs kjvhjs limik pikscr duy mhik cb djdiktj li gcscrsi, gcscrsi, pjrqui gjk ib dctrhdjkhj vhikik bjs gjdprjdhsjs li gudpbicójs lib sui`rj, li bc sui`rc, lib täj, bc täc, ib prhdj, bc prhdc, ib airdckj, bc airdckc, is lighr, gjdprjdhsjs qui thikik gjdj ioi bjs dhidmrjs li bc fcdhbhc lib ispjsj j ispjsc. Is qui is hdpjshmbi gcscrsi shk bc fcdhbhc. Bc fcdhbhc shidpri sirã uk ikti ricb ik bc vhlc dctrhdjkhcb. Ykc ricbhlcl ik bjs djdiktjs lhfäghbis y airdjsjs. Cquib dhtj dhtj li qui ukj si limi li bbivcr dcb gjk bjs sui`rjs is isj, uk dhtj. Ykj limi prjgurcr bbivcrsi mhik gjk bjs pclris li bc ispjsc j ispjsj. Gucklj bjs kjvhjs si gcsck shk ib gjksikthdhiktj li bjs pclris istj cgcrric ik vcrhjs gcsjs risikthdhiktjs y giksurc. Wi limi lcr ib pcsj lib dctrhdjkhj gjk ib iktirj

ºG÷dj si trctck tus pclris:

gjksikthdhiktj li pclris y cdh`js. Suirhlj ojvik y siójrhtc, riguirlc qui tus pclris sjk bjs qui ti gjkjgik y puilik cquhbctcr, gjk bjs cójs li ixpirhikghc, sh uk ojvik j ukc siójrhtc sjk cligucljs pcrc gjdpcrthr su vhlc gjkth`j. Is hdprisghklhmbi, guhlcr li bc jphkh÷k li bjs qui pihkck gckcs. Cukqui bjs pclris li cdmjs istèk biojs, puili qui cpcrizgck li dckirc gjktuklikti pcrc vhshtcrbjs y pcscr uk pcr li disis gjk ustilis. C vigis, vigis, ib g÷kyuì, g÷kyuì, cb tikir bc vhshtc li sus pclris puili gjdpjrtcrsi li dckirc lhfirikti. Gucklj khójs, tjljs bjs qui aidjs tikhlj bc lhgac li tikir c bjs ljs ljs pclris ouktjs lurckti lurckti bc khóiz, puis rigjrlcdjs rigjrlcdjs djdiktjs fibhgis y tcdmhèk bjs läcs jsgurjs li su pctirkhlcl ojvik. ]igjrlcdjs duy mhik gucklj ibbjs ou`cmck gjk kjsjtrjs, kjs ik`riäck y kjs gcr`cmck ik bjs ajdmrjs gucklj kjs gcksãmcdjs. Kuistrjs pclris lãkljsi uk misj, kjs bbikcmck li cbi`räc y siùrhlcl li qui istcmck ukhljs. Kuistrjs pclris shk quirir kjs djlibcrjk pctrjkis pcrc kuistrc futurc pctirkhlcl. Istj is ivhlikti gucklj yc sjdjs gcscljs y bbi`cdjs c shtucghjkis kuivcs ik bc gjkvhvikghc gjkyu`cb, shtucghjkis qui trctcdjs li gjkghbhcr gjk cbùkc shtucgh÷k yc vhvhlc pjr kuistrjs pclris y qui li cb`ÿk djlj fuhdjs tisth`js li g÷dj bc supircrjk j ikfriktcrjk, iktjkgis ‒cgtucdjs— gjdj ibbjs ik ghrgukstckghcs pcrighlcs pcrighlcs.. ‒\i pcrigis c tu dclri—, istc frcsi puili sir uk acbc`j j uk sirhj riprjgai. Suirhljs, kuistrjs pclris duy prjmcmbidikti kj tuvhirjk c bc dckj khk`ÿk dckucb pcrc gjkvirthrsi ik diojris pclris, pirj isc fui bc ricbhlcl li sus pclris. Ahghirjk bj qui pulhirjk gjk cdjr y dugac


vjbuktcl, li cguirlj, dugacs vigis, gjk bj ahghirjk gjk ibbjs tus cmuibjs cmuibjs.. Uirj isj ahghirjk tus pclris, kj kigiscrhcdikti vcs c vjbvir c acgir bj qui tus t us pclris ahghirjk. Ucrc Ucrc scmir sh ibbjs ahghirjk mhik j dcb puis limis li biir dugaj cgirgc li vhlc gjkyu`cb, cuk cktis li gcscrti, c ffik li rilughr bjs rhis`js li dcbc gjdpriksh÷k. Kuistrjs pclris sjk lh`kjs ioidpbjs li dugacs cgthvhlclis cgt hvhlclis y ricgghjkis, pirj ik cbùkcs jtrcs is diojr kj gjphcrbjs. Di riffiirj c bc pèrlhlc li gjktrjb ik ib dckioj li sus idjghjkis, j ik lighshjkis qui ìkircrjk ik kjsjtrjs gjkfushjkis, j gucklj kj si pushirjk li cguirlj libckti li kjsjtrjs. Gjphidjs bj muikj li ibbjs y supirèdjsbjs ik bj qui limäck diojrcr.. Bc vhlc diojrcr v hlc kjs iksiócrã iks iócrã c scmir lhsgirkhr què limidjs gjphcr y què jbvhlcr. Bjs dckucbis dãs ifigthvjs ifigthvjs qui ack bbi`clj c dhs dckjs sjk bjs shùhiktis? ‒Ib aj`cr grhsthckj— y ‒Bc gjkluggh÷k lib khój ik ib aj`cr — cdmjs li Ibikc li Pahti. Musquik istjs tätubjs, o÷vikis, y bèckbjs cktis li gcscrsi, li dckirc jmbh`ctjrhc y gjphik bjs djlibjs li ispjsj y ispjsc, li pclri y dclri qui si su`hirik cbbä. ‒\jlj aj`cr grhsthckj limi tikir ri`bcs> y bjs pclris limik, pjr sus pcbcmrcs y su gjklugtc g jklugtc ib ukj acghc ib jtrj, lcr c bjs ahojs uk ioidpbj vhvj y prighjsj li bj qui lisick virbjs bbi`cr c sir. sir. Limi dckhfistcrsi purizc ik bc gjkvirscgh÷ gjkvirscgh÷kk y limi prcgthgcrsi gjkstcktidikti bc virlclirc gjrtisäc grhsthckc. Iksióidjs c bjs khójs y o÷vikis c rispitcrsi c sä dhsdjs, c sir ffiibis c Lhjs y c bjs muikjs prhkghphjs> iksióèdjsbis c rispitcr y jmiligir bc biy biy li Lhjs. Lhjs. Istjs prhkghphjs ri`hrãk ri`hrãk iktjkgis su vhlc y bjs pjklrãk ik prãgthgc ik sus ribcghjkis gjk bjs lidãs. Gricrãk ukc ctd÷sf ctd÷sfirc irc purc, qui ioirzc

ºG÷dj si trctck tus pclris:

ukc hk﬍uikghc tiklhikti c cbiktcr c bcs cbdcs lèmhbis ik bc siklc acghc crrhmc crrhmc qui gjklugi c bc sckthlcl y cb ghibj. ghibj. Wic gclc biggh÷k li uk gcrãgtir ibivcljr y ikkjmbigiljr, y bcs ckjtcghjkis aigacs ik bjs bhmrjs li bjs ghibjs sirãk tcbis qui kj kjs cvir`jkzcridjs li ibbcs ik ib ouhghj—. 70 Bj qui ahghirjk kuistrjs pclris y g÷dj si bbivcrjk iktri ibbjs lio÷ ukc dcrgc ik kuistrc kuist rc dikti y kjs fjrd÷ pctrjkis muikjs y cbùkjs jtrjs qui puilik sir diojrcljs, diojrcljs, pirj ibbj is ahstjrhc, lipikli lip ikli li kjsjtrjs kjsjt rjs ibcmjrcrkjs ajy, ajy, biir bhmrjs grhsthckjs qui kjs ac`ck diojris pclris, diojris ispjsjs, pcrc qui lidjs cajrc ixgibikt ixgibiktis is djlibjs c kuistrjs kuist rjs ahohtjs. Lidjs bcs `rcghcs c kuistrjs pclris, ahghirjk bj diojr qui pulhirjk, pirj cajrc kjs tjgc c kjsjtrjs sir diojris qui ibbjs pcrc gjk kuistrjs ahohtjs, y supircrbjs, puis limidjs cpriklir li bc ixpirhikghc li jtrjs. O÷vikis, musquik bjs diojris bhmrjs y musquik gjksioirjs scbulcmbis c ffik li pjlir sir pclris lh`kjs li kuistrjs ahojs. ‒Gjksèrvisi cbi`ri y ckhdclc. Ik viz li gjksc`rcr tjlj djdiktj c hktirdhkcmbis gjsturcs, ac`c li bc vibclc li fcdhbhc ukc jgcsh÷k li `rctc sjghcmhbhlcl, ukc riukh÷k li fcdhbhc lispuès li bcs bcmjris lib läc. Yk prjgilir tcb hklughräc c dugajs ajdmris ajdm ris c prifirhr bc sjghilcl li bjs suyjs ik gcsc c bc lib gcshkj j li bc tcmirkc. Dugajs dugacgajs siräck ùcrlcljs lib pibh`rj pibh`rj li bc gcbbi j lib ki`jghj li gjdisthmbis li bc isquhkc. Dugacs khócs ivhtcräck bcs gjdpcóäcs frävjbcs y silugtjrcs. Bc hk﬍uikghc lib aj`cr bbi`cräc c sir iktjkgis pcrc pclris i ahojs bj qui Lhjs si s i prjpusj qui fuirc, is lighr lig hr,, ukc miklhgh÷k miklhgh÷k pcrc tjlc bc vhlc— vhlc—..71 Ibikc @. li Pahti, ‒ib aj`cr grhsthckj— (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), 3=, 37. 71 Ibikc @. li Pahti, ‒ib aj`cr grhsthck grhsthckj— j— (Djuktchk Vhiw Vhiw,, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), 05. 70


]iguirli qui limidjs sir diojris ajy qui cyir, prjp÷k`cksi bjs kjvhjs fjrdcr uk aj`cr scktj pcrc qui sus ahojs vick ib ghibj ik ibbjs, istj limi li sir uk lubgi isfuirzj lhcrhj.

ºGuãktjs ahojs quhiris tikir:

3< ºGuãktjs ahojs quhiris tikir: Istc priùktc is tck hdpjrtckti hdp jrtckti gjdj gjd j bc jtrcs, pirj c istc bi cóclj cb`j dãs li sirhilcl pjrqui hkvjbugrc lhrigtcdikti c jtrcs vhlc. Yk dctrhdjkhj qui righèk si istã ìstcklj limi tikir gbcrj ib kÿdirj li ahojs qui lisic tikir y istj lipiklirã li bj shùhikti? 3. ‒Khvib li pctirkhlcl— =. Igjkjdäc 7. Ditcs c bcr`j pbczj Uctirkhlcl. Acy dugacgajs qui kj lisick tikir ahojs puis bj qui quhirik is sir ‒bhmris—. ‒bhmris—. Bj qui pcsc is qui vhsuc vhsucbhzck bhzck c bjs ahojs gjdj ukc trcmc ik su liscrrjbbj y èxhtj, ik bu`cr li hkgbuhrbjs ik ib prjyigtj fcdhbhcr. Bc gckthlcl li ahojs limi lhsguthrsi y pikscrsi gjk litikhdhiktj. Acy dugacgajs qui sjk duy pctirkcbis, gcrhójsjs y lhspuistjs gjk bjs khójs, oui`ck gjk ibbjs y bis ùstc gjkvirscr gjk ibbjs c piscr li sus lhãbj`js puirhbis i hkjgiktis. Wjk duy pctirkcbis. Uirj tcdmhèk istãk bjs qui kj ùstck li bjs khójs, pirj qui sä ùstcräck sjbj li


ukj j ljs ahojs, kj dãs, kj ùstck li bjs khójs, sjbj li bjs suyjs. Wjk pclris muikjs y guhlcljsjs. \cdmhèk istãk bjs qui kj quhirik scmir kclc gjk ahojs, cgiptck cgiptck c bjs sjmrhkjs, pirj thikik jtrcs prhjrhlclis ik bc vhlc qui tikir ahojs. Wjk muikcs pirsjkcs y lisick supircrsi pcrc sirvhr, pirj kj lisick qui bjs khójs sufrck su frck pjrqui kj sirãk sirãk su prhjrhlcl, c dikjs qui su ispjsc si ac`c gcr`j li ibbjs shk djbistcrbjs. Gjkvirsik Gjkvir sik li bjs rjbis qui ispirck li su pcrioc gjdj pclri j dclri. Igjkjdäc \ik`ck bjs ahojs qui puilck grhcr, y uk ahoj is gcrj cdh`js. Yk ahoj ik gclc itcpc li bc vhlc vc c tikir uk ‒gjstj li dcktikhdhiktj—, ‒uk gjstj jpircthvj— y uk ‒gjstj li gcpcghtcgh÷k—. Gucklj is uk mimi, puis istãk bjs pcócbhtjs, bjs pcóhtjs aÿdiljs, bjs ridilhjs, bcs ghtcs cb dèlhgj, bcs vcgukcs, bc rjpc, iktri jtrcs gjscs. Gucklj sjk hkfcktis istã bc rjpc, ib näklir y tjlj bj qui hdpbhgc, dãs vcgukcs, y jtrjs gjstjs jpircthvjs. Gucklj sjk khójs y cljbisgiktis, puis, yc kj si vhstik gjk bj qui tÿ quhiris, yc acy jtrcs ‒kigishlclis— Gclc ilcl thiki sus prjphjs liscfäjs igjk÷dhgjs gjk bjs ahojs. Bjs ahojs sjk ukc hkvirsh÷k, pcrc bj`rcr, kj uk mhik j uk mikiffighj, shkj su fibhghlcl y bc fibhghlcl li bjs khitjs y mhskhitjs. Gclc ahoj, ik isti cój, ik ib Uirÿ, limi sir uk `cstj diksucb li cbùkjs ghiktjs li sjbis. Gjkshlèrikbj. Gjkshlèrikbj. Ujr Ujr istj, ukc pcrioc limi pikscr ik ib kjvhcz`j gucklj si istã ik bc dcluriz, is lighr, bui`j li bjs vihkti cójs. Yk kjvhcz`j sirhj, vc gcdhkj cb dctrhdjkhj y surì li ukc prjfuklc cdhstcl. Ditcs c bcr`j pbczj

ºGuãktjs ahojs quhiris tikir:

ºGuãbis sjk bjs pbckis li istulhj, li vhcois, li clquhshgh÷k li mhikis, li gjkstruggh÷k u cb`ÿk jtrj qui pjk`ck pjk` ck bhdhti c bjs lisijs li tikir ahojs: Uuis gjktidpbik istjs prjyigtjs prjyigtjs futurjs y vick sh istj puili sir lioclj li bclj pcrc tikir piquiójs j puis kj. ‒Bjs qui csudik bcs rispjkscmhbhlclis li bc pctirkhlcl limik prhdirj gjkshlircr sh pjlrãk rjlicr c sus ahojs li bcs limhlcs hk﬍uikghcs. Ib aj`cr is tcktj ukc h`bishc li fcdhbhc gjdj ukc isguibc li fcdhbhc. Bc ctd÷sfirc ctd÷sfirc lib aj`cr limi sir tck isphrhtucb, qui tjljs bjs dhidmrjs li bc dhsdc bjs pclris y bjs ahojs, ahojs, risubtik miklighljs pjr su csjghcgh÷k dutuc. Bcs hk﬍uikghcs gibisthcbis thikik bc fcgubtcl li ilugcr. Bjs qui istãk rjlicljs pjr tcbis hk﬍uikghcs si pripcrck pcrc iktrcr ik bc isguibc li crrhmc—. 78 ‒Uirj dugajs li bjs qui iktrck ik bc ribcgh÷k dctrhdjkhcb kj si lck guiktc li tjlcs bcs sc`rclcs rispjkscmhbhlclis qui trci cpcrioclcs bc dctirkhlcl. Dugajs gcrigik li gcpcghlcl lhsghpbhkcrhc. Ik dugajs aj`cris acy pjgc lhsghpbhkc, y c bjs khójs si bis pirdhti acgir bj qui quhirck. \cbis khójs cklck c bc lirhvc li cquä pcrc cbbã> kj acy kclhi ik ib aj`cr gcpcz li lhrh`hrbjs gjrrigtcdikti, kclhi qui puilc siktcr bjs limhljs fuklcdiktjs qui limi `jmirkcr su futurc ilugcgh÷k... Bjs khójs qui istãk rjlicljs pjr istcs gjklhghjkis liscfjrtukclcdikti sjk lh`kjs li bãsthdc. Wh kj si s i bis prjpjrghjkc bc jpjrtukhlcl li righmhr bc limhlc pripcrcgh÷k fuirc lib aj`cr, si bjs prhvc li dugajs prhvhbi`hjs prhvhb i`hjs qui, pjr lirigaj, tjlj khój limi l imi tikir. tikir. Istc is bc buz qui si di ac prisiktclj. Bjs qui sjk hkgcpcgis li ilugcr c sus ahojs gjrrigtcdikti gjrrigtcdikti,, Ibikc @. li Pahti, Dikscois sibigtjs (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, 3860), 7?=<<, =<9. 78


kj limhirck acmir csudhlj ocdãs bcs rispjkscmhbhlclis li bc pctirkhlcl. Uirj limhlj c su ouhghj iquhvjgclj, ºkj acridjs khk`ÿk isfuirzj pcrc cyulcr c sus piquióuibjs c fjrdcr gcrcgtiris gcrcgtiris gjrrigtjs: Lhjs lisic qui trctidjs istjs prjmbidcs guirlcdik guirlcdikti— ti—..<5 Bjs ahojs sjk ukc miklhgh÷k y si limik li tikirsi gjk cbi`räc y ik uk dcrgj li rispjkscmhbhlcl.

Ibikc @. li Pahti, Dikscois sibigtjs, t HHH (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs Hktircdirhgckcs,, 3860), 3860), =<9. <5

ºSuè lipjrtis prcgthgcs:

39 ºSuè lipjrtis prcgthgcs: C vigis bjs dugacgajs qui istãk gjk bc gbcrc hktikgh÷k li fjrdcr uk aj`cr, ik bc itcpc privhc lib kjvhcz`j, vhikik gjk aãmhtjs lipjrthvjs ikgjdhcmbis j hklisicmbis. Ib tidc lib lipjrti puili sir ukc miklhgh÷k, shidpri y gucklj si bjs bbivi clibckti gjk dugac rispjkscmhbhlcl. Lhvhlhridjs istc priùktc lib shùhikti djlj? Ucriocs lipjrthstcs y sus mikiffighjs. Ykj li bjs jgaj ridilhjs kcturcbis is bc cgthvhlcl fäshgc y quhikis bc prcgthgck thiki ukc diojr gcbhlcl li vhlc, pikscdhiktjs dãs iquhbhmrcljs y bc ghrgubcgh÷k li su sck`ri is dãs cgthvc limhlj c bc scbul s cbul lib dÿsgubj gcrläcgj, ib gucb istã mhik iktrikclj. Uirj kj si trctc li acgir lipjrti ukc uk c viz pjr sidckc, shkj li acgir lipjrti gjdj däkhdj tris vigis pjr sidckc, y gjk ukc lurcgh÷k gjkstckti li =5 dhkutjs, istj sh`khffigc qui limiräcdjs ou`cr uk pcrthlj li futmjb li ljs ajrcs gucklj dikjs pcrc bj`rcr gjrrir bjs =5 dhkutjs lurckti tjlj ib pcrthlj. Ib aãmhtj is ib li acgir lipjrti, lipjrti hktiksj gjdj


ib mãsquitmjb, ib trjti j bc gcdhkctc. Wh ukj li bjs kjvhjs bbi`c gjk istc sckc prãgthgc, limi gjkvirscr ib g÷dj sirã su isthbj li vhlc ik ib dctrhdjkhj y g÷dj sirã s irã bc vhlc lib kjvhj j kjvhc qui kj thiki istc prãgthgc. Clhggh÷k cb lipjrti. Clhggh÷k is ib cpi`j idjghjkcb listrugthvj acghc ukc pirsjkc, ukc sustckghc j uk prjgisj. Is listrugthvj pjr qui lisväc bc ctikgh÷k, lhkirj y thidpj lib clhgtj, li bj muikj y kigiscrhj (trcmcoj, lisgcksj, cbhdiktcgh÷k) acghc bc prãgthgc clhgthvc, bj`rcklj csä piroulhgcrsi c sä dhsdj y c quhikis bj rjlick. Yk clhgtj cb lipjrti is ukc pirsjkc qui pjr prcgthgcr su lipjrti `cstc ik lidcsäc, kj lisgcksc y lilhgc tjlc su ctikgh÷k c su prãgthgc quhtãkljbi csä rigursjs y thidpj c bj qui is muikj. Ib g÷kyuì y bjs ahojs quilck ik ghirtj cmckljkj igjk÷dhgj y li thidpjs, li pcrti lib clhgtj. Istj si puili privikhr ik ib kjvhcz`j. Ib clhgtj is clhgtj pjr qui thiki uk dcb dckioj li sus idjghjkis, csä qui gjk jrhiktcgh÷k prjfishjkcb istj puili diojrcr. Bjs lipjrtis y bjs khójs. \jlj si cprikli cprikl i pjr djlibcoi, djli bcoi, sh bjs pclris sjk lipjrth lipjrthstcs, stcs, puis bjs ahojs ahojs,, duy prjmcmbidikti tcdmhèk sirãk lipjrthstcs y istc siräc ukc airikghc scbulcmbi y duy lisicmbi. Bc fcdhbhc lipjrthstc scblrã gjk bjs ahojs pcrc qui ouiùik y risphrik chri purj. Bjs ljdhk`js y bjs lipjrtis lipjrtis.. Bc priùktc is g÷dj acrã bc kuivc pcrioc gjk bc prãgthgc ljdhkhgcb lib lipjrti. lipjrti. Wiùhrãk scbhiklj c ou`cr bjs ljdhk`js

ºSuè lipjrtis prcgthgcs:

j ukj li bjs ljs trctcrã li qui istj kj sic csä. Istj si limi lhsguthr y gjkvirscr dugaj. ‒Bc hkcgthvhlcl limhbhtc ib jr`ckhsdj. Lhjs gri÷ c bjs bjs ajdmris y duoiris pcrc sir cgthvjs y ÿthbis. ÿthbis. Kclc puili cudiktcr cudiktcr bc fjrtcbizc fjrtc bizc li bjs o÷v o÷vikis ikis gjdj ib ioirghghj cliguclj li tjljs bjs dÿsgubjs ik bc bcmjr ÿthb—. <3 ‒Uuistj qui bc dikti y ib cbdc acbbck ixprish÷k pjr dilhj lib guirpj, tcktj ib vh`jr diktcb gjdj ib isphrhtucb lipiklik ik `rck pcrti li bc fuirzc y bc cgthvhlcl fäshgcs> tjlj bj qui prjduivc bc scbul fäshgc, prjduivi ib liscrrjbbj li ukc dikti fuirti y uk gcrãgtir gcrãgtir iquhbhmrclj. Whk scbul, kclhi puili gjdpriklir lhsthktcdikti kh gudpbhr gjdpbitcdikti sus jmbh`cghjkis pcrc gjksh`j dhsdj, gjk sus sidiocktis j gjk su Gricljr. Gricljr. Limhirc guhlcrsi pjr bj tcktj tck ffiibdikti bc scbul gjdj ib gcrãgtir gcrãgtir.. Ib gjkjghdhiktj li bc ffishjbj`äc y li bc ah`hiki limiräc sir bc mcsi li tjlj isfuirzj ilugcthvj—. <= Ib Ispärhtu li Urjfigäc sckghjkc qui is dikistir tikir aj`cris ljkli si prcgthqui cgthvhlcl fäshgc, pirj istj gjk iquhbhmrhj. Kj pjr prcgthgcr lipjrti si s i limi liocr li gjdir gjdir,, ljrdhr j si hkgurrc ik `cstjs ixgishvjs. Is muikj sir iquhbhmrclj ik isti tidc. t idc. ]iguirli qui tjlj bj qui sic aãmhtjs iktri bjs ispjsjs limi li gjkvirscrsi cktis li gcscrsi, is lighr, gucklj sjk kjvhjs.

Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjkluggh÷k lib khój ik ib aj`cr (Muikjs Chris? Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 386<), 731. <= Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjkluggh÷k lib khój ik ib aj`cr (Muikjs Chris? Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 386<), 771, 778. <3


36 ºG÷dj `cstcs tu lhkirj: Ykj li bjs tidcs qui ìkirck dãs gjktrjvirshcs liktrj lib dctrhdjkhj (hkgbusj lhvjrghjs) is ib dckioj lib lhkirj. ]iguirlik qui ib lhkirj kj gjkstruyi bc fibhghlcl, pirj is hklhspikscmbi pcrc qui c trcvès li su usj scmhj, gjbcmjri ik ib cdmhikti li gjrlhcbhlcl li bc kuivc fcdhbhc. Gjdprcljr gjdpubshvj. Ykj li bjs hdpubsjs qui si limik gjktrjbcr is ib li gjdprcr li dckirc gjdpubshvc, is lighr, bcs jfirtcs. Is muikj scmir gjdprcr.. Wi gjdprc bj qui gjdprcr qu i si kigishtc kigi shtc y bj qui si s i vc c uthbhzcr. uthbhzcr. Bc gjdprc li cb`ÿk jmoitj qui kj vc c sir cprjvigaclj j qui kj ac shlj pbckhffigclj pjlräc riluklcr ik ib dcbistcr li bc fcdhbhc. Yk kjvhj qui lisic gcscrsi limi li sir s ir gcpcz li gjktrjbcr sus `cstjs y sus hk`risjs hk`risjs.. Ucrc gjdprcr acy tris biyis, istj di bj iksió÷ dh ispjsc, bc biy li bjs muikj, mjkhtj y mcrctj. Musquidjs gjscs li muikc gcbhlcl, pirj kj pcùidjs bj qui si kjs phlc, shkj, musquidjs ib diojr prighj li bj diojr. Acy qui musgcr bj diojr y pcrc istj acy qui tikir pcghikghc,

ºG÷dj `cstcs tu lhkirj:

bc pcghikghc li musgcr, musgcr y musgcr, acstc qui kj acyc lulcs li qui kj acy kclc diojr. Bis guiktj ukc ckègljtc, ghirtc viz scbhdjs c gjdprcr zcpctjs zcpct js gjk dh ispjsc, y ibbc bj`r÷ umhgcr uk pcr qui riukäc tjlj bj qui ibbc musgcmc y pc`÷ ib prighj. Irc uk läc ik qui limäcdjs gjdprcr rãphlj. Gucklj yc scbäcdjs li bc zjkc li dirgclij, ikgjktr÷ ib dhsdj pcr li zcpctjs zcpctjs pjr dikjs li bc dhtcl lib prighj. ºSuè aumhircs aigaj: Uuis yj di bcdiktcmc li acmir gjdprclj bj dhsdj dãs gcrj, pirj ibbc kj, ibbc vjbvh÷, y phlh÷ pjr fcvjr livjbvir su gjdprc pjrqui istcmc ik ib thidpj cliguclj y musg÷ gjdprcrbjs ik ib jtrj bu`cr. Isj is scmir gjdprcr. Wh kj scmis gjdprcr y tu pcrioc sh, puis cprikli pcghikghc y c siùhr sus hklhgcghjkis. Bcs tcroitcs li grèlhtj. Bc dcyjräc li kjsjtrjs kj ikthikli dugaj sjmri grèlhtjs, grèlhtj kjrdcb, j grèlhtj rivjbvikti, hkvirshjkis, prisupuistjs, pjr bj qui is kigiscrhj qui dckioidjs mhik bc hkfjrdcgh÷k qui pjlcdjs jmtikir sjmri ib dckioj li bcs tcroitcs. Cdh`js, limidjs sir duy guhlcljsjs ik ib usj lib grèlhtj. Uirsjkcbdikti rigjdhiklj qui kj si usi li tcroitcs li grèlhtj pjr bj dikjs ik bjs prhdirjs cójs li dctrhdjkhj y qui tjlj si bj`ri pjr ib cajrrj y bc lhsghpbhkc. Is ukc miklhgh÷k ib cajrrcr, y ib scmir acgir gjrrigtcs hkvirshjkis. Iksiócl c vuistrjs ahojs qui Lhjs thiki lirigaj sjmri tjlj bj qui pjsiik, y qui khkùkc gjsc pjlräc suprhdhr isi lirigaj> tjlj bj qui pjsiik bj ack righmhlj gjdj uk bi`clj, pcrc pcrc prjmcrbjs prjmcrbjs sh sirãk sirãk jmilhiktis. jmilhiktis. Ib lhkirj lhkirj is uk mhik kigiscrhj> qui kj si prjlhùi c quhikis kj bj kigishtck.


Acy jtrjs qui kigishtck vuistrjs ljkis vjbuktcrhjs. . . . Wh tikèhs aãmhtjs li lisphbfcrrj, suprhdhlbjs li vuistrc vhlc tck prjktj prjktj gjdj sic pjshmbi. pjshmbi. C dikjs qui ac`ãhs istj, js crruhkcrèhs pcrc bc itirkhlcl. itirkhlcl. X bjs bjs aãmhtjs aãmhtjs li igjkjdäc, trcmcoj, y sjmrhilcl sjk, cuk ik isti duklj, ukc diojr pjrgh÷k pcrc vjsjtrjs y vuistrjs ahojs qui ukc rhgc ljti—. <7 Ib muik aãmhtj lib dckioj rispjkscmbi li bjs hk`risjs limi li sir iksióclj lisli qui si is khój. Wh kj tuvhdjs t uvhdjs pclris qui kjs hkstruyirjk ik istjs muikjs aãmhtjs li vhlc, puis is kigiscrhj qui ik bc ouviktul limcdjs cpriklir bj qui kj cpriklhdjs li khójs. ‒Sui tjljs si isfuirgik vcbirjsc y cgthvcdikti pjr cajrrcr cktis qui pjr `cstcr `cstcr.. Lighl c bjs qui istãk istãk lhspuistjs lhspuistjs c gjksudhr shk prjlughr? Is dh limir igjkjdhzcr ik tjlj sikthlj. Kj puilj isthdubcr bc ixtr ixtrcvc`ckghc. cvc`ckghc. Kj puilj pirdhthr qui ib lhkirj scb`c li dhs dckjs pcrc clquhrhr bj qui kj kigishtj. Lisli ib dãs ikgudmrclj acstc ib dãs audhbli, bjs jmrirjs li Lhjs limik cpriklir c igjkjdh igjkjdhzcr zcr.. Sui gclc ukj si lh`c? ]istrhk`hrè ik dä dhsdj gucbquhir hkgbhkcgh÷k c `cstcr lhkirj ik fjrdc hkkigiscrhc. Sui bjs qui trcmcock cb sirvhghj li Lhjs sick prjlugtjr prjlugtjris is tcktj gjdj gjksudhljris g jksudhljris.. Gjkshlircl bc `rcklizc `rcklizc li bc jmrc y ristrhk`hl bc hkgbhkcgh÷k kj grhsthckc c `cstcr lhkirj pcrc bc `rcthffigcgh÷k pirsjkcb. \jdcl ik guiktc ib gjstj li cquibbj qui lisiãhs gjdprcr. Istj gjksthtuyi ukc jpjrtukhlcl ixgibikti pcrc qui gclc ukj si gjkfjrdi gjk su suirti y jgupi su bu`cr. bu`cr. Sui tjljs trctik li prjlughr cbùkc gjsc. Bjs qui trcmcock trcmcock ik bc jmrc li Lhjs limiräck istcr lhspuistjs c cyulcr guckljquhirc Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjkluggh÷k lib khój (Muikjs Chris? Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 386<), 3=<. <7

ºG÷dj `cstcs tu lhkirj:

qui su cyulc cyulc is kigiscrhc. Limiräck bhdhtcr bhdhtcr sus `cstjs tjlj bj pjshmbi, pjrqui pjrqui bbi`crã ib djdiktj gucklj g ucklj si kigishtcrã gclc l÷bcr qui si puilc gjksiùhr pcrc bbivcr clibckti bc jmrc lib Wiójr ‒. << Wi limi cajrrcr pcrc tjlj bj qui si kigishtc, y istj si limi prcgthgcr ik ib kjvhcz`j. Ujr fcvjr, gjk÷zgcksi ik isti cspigtj cktis li gcscrsi.

Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjksiojs sjmri dcyjrljdäc grhsthckc (Djuktchk Vhiw,, Gcbhf? Uumbhgcghjkis Vhiw Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Hktircdirhgckcs, 3805) 3805),, =1=. <<


30

ºSuè ispircs li dä gjdj ispjsj j ispjsc: (Uri`ÿktcsibj li kuivj) Ykj li bjs tidcs dãs hdpjrtcktis y qui kj limik liocrsi li bclj pjr khk`ÿk djthvj is scmir ºGuãbis sjk bcs ixpigtcthvcs ixpigtcthvcs li bc pcrioc ik fukgh÷k c bjs rjbis qui ispirc li su futurj g÷kyuì: Bj diojr is iktrcr ik ib dctrhdjkhj shk tcktc fcktcsäc y pikscr ik bcs ricbhlclis dctrhdjkhcbis cktis li qui tjlj si acyc gjksudclj. Is hlicb kj gjkgilir dugaj ik istc itcpc li ixpbjrcgh÷k ixpbjrcgh÷k sh ricbdikti kj si vc c rigbcdcr bui`j bc ricbhzcgh÷k ricbhzcgh÷k li bj gjkvirsclj, pjr ioidpbj? Ykc pcrioc gjkvirsc li isti tidc y ibbc ixprisc su dckhffiistj lisij li kj gjghkcr gucklj si gcsi gcsi.. Èb iktjkgis gjkshikti y kj lhgi kclc, ispircklj qui c bj bcr`j lib thidpj ibbc ri﬍ixhjki y gcdmhi. Uuis si gcsck y risubtc qui ibbc kh ri﬍ixhjkc kh gcdmhc. Wurìk prjmbidcs, ºpirj quhèk bjs acgi sur`hr:, puis ib ispjsj qui ik bc itcpc li kjvhcz`j gjkgilh÷ lidcshclj c su kjvhc, supjkhiklj qui tjlj gcdmhcrã. Ib ‒supjk`j— kj ixhsti ik bcs ribcghjkis li pcrioc, ib ‒si supjki— kj thiki bu`cr ik ib lhcbj`j scbulcmbi. Bc pridhsc is? sh kj si cvhs÷, puis kj si supjki.

ºSuè ispircs li dä gjdj ispjsj j ispjsc: (Uri`ÿktcsibj li kuivj)

\jlj si limi gjkvirscr ik ib kjvhcz`j c ffik li qui bc pcrioc ckli li cguirlj ik bc dcyjr gckthlcl li ätids. Ik gucktj cb rjb li bc duoir, puis si ispirc qui? ‒Cb riy ik su trjkj kj hkgudmi ukc jmrc supirhjr c bc li bc dclri. Istc is bc rihkc li su fcdhbhc. fcdhbhc. C ibbc bi tjgc djlibcr ib gcrãgtir li sus ahojs, c ffik li qui sick hl÷kijs pcrc bc vhlc supirhjr i hkdjrtcb. Yk ãkìb ãkìb kj pjlräc pilhr ukc dhsh÷k dãs ibivclc> pjrqui dhiktrcs ricbhzc istc jmrc bc dclri istã istã shrvhiklj c Lhjs. Lhjs. Wh tck s÷bj gjdprikli ibbc ib cbtj gcrãgtir li su tcric, bi hksphrcrã vcbjr vcbjr.. Uirgãtisi lib vcbjr li su jmrc y västcsi li tjlc bc crdclurc li Lhjs c ffik li rishsthr c bc tiktcgh÷k li gjkfjrdcrsi gjk bc kjrdc lib duklj. Ibbc jmrc jmrc pcrc isti thidpj y pcrc bc itirkhlcl.* Bc dclri is bc rihkc lib aj`cr, y bjs khójs sjk sus sÿmlhtjs. Ibbc limi `jmirkcr scmhcdikti su gcsc, ik bc lh`khlcl li su dctirkhlcl. Wu hk﬍uikghc ik ik ib aj`cr ac li sir supridc> su pcbcmrc, biy. biy. Wh ibbc is grhsthckc, mcoj bc lhriggh÷k li Lhjs, Lhjs, gjkquhstcrã ib rispitj li sus ahojs.* Wi limi iksiócr c bjs khójs c gjkshlircr c su dclri, kj gjdj ukc isgbcvc guyj trcmcoj gjkshsti ik sirvhrbjs, shkj gjdj ukc rihkc qui ac li ùhcrbjs y lhrh`hrbjs iksióãkljbis rik`b÷k trcs rik`b÷k, prigiptj trcs prigiptj—. <9 X lib ispjsj si thikik bcs shùhiktis ixpigtcthvcs? ixpigtcthvcs? ‒Ib ispjsj y pclri pclri is gcmizc li bc fcdhbhc. Is oustj qui bc ispjsc musqui ik èb cdjr, shdpctäc y cyulc pcrc bc ilugcgh÷k li bjs ahojs, puis sjk li èb tcktj gjdj li ibbc, y èb thiki tcktj tcktj hktirès hktirès gjdj ibbc ik ib mhikistcr mhikistcr li ibbjs. ibbjs. Bjs ahojs musgck sjstèk y lhriggh÷k ik ib pclri, quhik kigishtc tikir uk gjkgiptj gjrrigtj li bc vhlc y li bcs hk﬍uikghcs Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), =56, =50. <9


y gjdpcóäcs qui ack li rjlicr rjlicr c su fcdhbhc. fcdhbhc. Ckti tjlj, tjlj, limiräc sir lhrh`hlj pjr ib cdjr y tidjr li Lhjs y pjr bc iksióckzc li bc Ucbcmrc lhvhkc, pcrc pjlir ikgcdhkcr bjs pcsjs li sus ahojs pjr bc muikc siklc.... Ib pclri limi acgir gucktj istè li su pcrti pjr bc fibhghlcl lib aj`cr.. Gucbisquhirc qui sick bjs guhlcljs y bcs pirpbiohlclis aj`cr qui bi jgcshjkik sus su s ki`jghjs, kj limi pirdhthr qui crrjoik sjdmrc sjmri su fcdhbhc> limi vjbvir shidpri c gcsc gjk bc sjkrhsc y muikcs pcbcmrcs ik bjs bcmhjs—. <6 Bc duoir limi li pikscr ik gjkvirthrsi ik ukc ispjsc cdjrjsc y thirkc dclri, dclri, y ib kjvhj limi pikscr ik gjkvirthrsi ik bc fuikti li prjtiggh÷k li su ispjsc y li sus ahojs csh gjdj ik ib scgirljti lib aj`cr. Gjkvirscr Gjkvir scr ik isti ist i rispigtj is li vhtcb hdpjrtckghc c bc ajrc li gjkstruhr uk kuivj aj`cr. Acy jtrjs ätids gjk rispigtj c bj qui si ispirc lib futurj g÷kyuì? Ik ib ãric li bc igjkjdäc si pjlräc ispircr qui? 3. Wi oukti ib lhkirj li cdmjs =. Sui si dcktik`ck pcrthlcs li lhkirj lhkirj sipcrclcs sipcrclcs 7. Sui si lioi uk lhkirj lhcrhj ffioj <. Sui kj si usik tcroit tcroitcs cs li grèlhtj 9. Sui si cajrri cajrri c gjrtj, gjrtj, dilhckj y bcr`j pbczj, pbczj, itg. Ik ib ãric lib dckioj li bc fcdhbhc 3. Gjk què friguikghc friguikghc si vhshtcrã vhshtcrã c bc fcdhbhc fcdhbhc girgckc girgckc =. Gjk què friguikghc friguikghc si scblrã scblrã gjk bc fcdhbhc c pcsicr 7. Gjk què friguikghc si cyulcrã igjk÷dhgcdikti c bc fcdhbhc Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801), 311, 318. <6

ºSuè ispircs li dä gjdj ispjsj j ispjsc: (Uri`ÿktcsibj li kuivj)

Ik ib ãric lib dckioj li bcs idjghjkis 3. G÷dj si dckiocrã ib ikjoj ik bcs lhsgushjkis =. G÷dj si dckiocrã bc frustrcgh÷k 7. G÷dj si dckiocrã ib lhcbj`j Ik ib cric li dckioj lib thidpj 3. Gjk què friguikghc friguikghc si lhspjklrã lhspjklrã li thidpj c sjbcs, shk bjs ahojs =. Gjk què friguikghc friguikghc bjs g÷kyuìs g÷kyuìs kigishtcrãk kigishtcrãk thidpj sjbjs 7. Gjk què friguikghc friguikghc bjs g÷kyuìs g÷kyuìs kigishtcrãk kigishtcrãk thidpj pcrc sus prjyigtjs pirsjkcbis <. G÷dj si cyulcrãk X acy tcktcs tcktcs jtrcs ãrics ãrics gjdj ilugcgh÷k li ahojs, ahojs, lhsghpbhkc li ahojs, gjdukhgcgh÷k gjk bc fcdhbhc, crri`bj i ah`hiki lib aj`cr, ah`hiki li bc rjpc, igjkjdäc ljdisthgc, gjghkc, itg. Crics ik bcs qui qu i bjs kjvhjs limik ixpr ixpriscr iscr bcs ixpigtcthvcs qui thikik ukj lib jtrj. Istcs ãrics sjbj sjk cbùkcs li tjlcs bcs qui si limik vikthbcr ik bc ribcgh÷k li kjvhcz`j, kj si bhdhti c ibbcs, dhiktrcs dãs puktjs li gjdukh÷k tik`ck iktri ustilis, diojr.


31 º\hikis cb`ÿk fcdhbhcr ikfirdj: Ib tikir uk fcdhbhcr ikfirdj is cbtcdikti lis`cstckti, pjrqui kj sjbj sufri bc pirsjkc cfigtclc shkj tjlc bc fcdhbhc. \ikir uk pclri j ukc dclri ikfirdc cfigtcrã li dckirc hkibulhmbi c bjs ahojs. Wh ukj li bjs ahojs istc li kjvhj j kjvhc, puis què `rck cbhvhj sirã pcrc èb j ibbc qui su futurj g÷kyuì si fcdhbhcrhgi gjk bc ricbhlcl qui su futurj ispjsj j ispjsc vhvi. Gucklj istèk gcscljs kj limik ispircr qui ib ahoj j ahoc lioik li vhshtcr cb pclri ikfirdj, kh shquhirc liocr li cpjrtcr igjk÷dhgcdikti pcrc cfrjktcr bc ikfirdilcl. Ik jtrj gcpätubj liocdjs ik gbcrj qui gucklj gu cklj ljs pirsjkcs si gcsck, puis kj sjbj si gcsck ibbjs ljs shkj ljs fcdhbhcs. Is pjr ibbj qui si rigjdhiklc qui cdmjs sick li bc dhsdc ribh`h÷k y si acyc acyckk fjrdclj ik aj`cris fukghjkcbis. Bc ikfirdilcl ik uk `jbpi lurj y dãs cuk bc duirti. duirti. Gucklj ukj li bjs g÷kyuìs sufrc bc pèrlhlc li uk sir cdclj, ib jtrj limirã cyulcr cyulcr y gjdpriklir c su ispjsj j ispjsc. C vigis bc ikfirdilcl is ib risubtclj li isthbjs li vhlc irr÷kijs qui prjlugik dugaj ljbjr y sufrhdhiktj, y bjs ahojs ack gjphclj isjs dhsdjs irrjris li gjklugtc. Istj

º\hikis cb`ÿk fcdhbhcr ikfirdj:

puili acgir qui bc ikfirdilcl si vuibvc airilhtcrhc airilhtcrhc pjr bj aãmhtjs (fuirc li jtrcs ikfirdilclis qui si trcspcsck li pclris c ahojs li fjrdc ìkèthgc). ‒Vh qui kuistrj Uclri gibisthcb kjs ac jtjr`clj bc `rck miklhgh÷k li bc buz ribcthvc c bc rifjrdc prj scbul, pcrc qui jmilizgcdjs bcs ixhìkghcs lhvhkcs, y `bjrhffiquidjs c Lhjs ik kuistrj guirpj y ik kuistrj ispärhtu, qui sjk li èb, y pcrc qui ffikcbdikti kjs acbbidjs shk tcgac libckti lib trjkj li kuist kuistrj rj Lhjs. Kuist Kuistrc rc fi kjs ixhì qui ibividjs bc kjrdc, y qui cvckgidjs cvckgidjs.. Cukqui dugajs jmoitck jmoitck bc bc gjklugtc siùhlc pjr jtrjs rifjrdcljris rifjrdcljris ik prj li bc scbul, s cbul, ibbjs dhsdjs, gjdj ajdmris rczjkcmbis, limik acgir cb`j. Kuistrc rczc si ikguiktrc ik ukc gjklhgh÷k lipbjrcmbi, y sufri ikfirdilclis li tjlc ispighi ispighi.. Dugajs thikik ikfirdilclis airilclcs, y sufrik ik `rck dckirc c gcusc li bjs dcbjs aãmhtjs li sus pclris> y shk idmcr`j shùik ib dhsdj prjgilir irr÷kij gjk rispigtj c sä dhsdjs y c sus ahojs, ahojs, qui fui siùhlj acghc ibbjs. ibbjs. Wjk h`kjrcktis h`kjrcktis gjk rispigtj c sä dhsdjs. Istãk ikfirdjs ikfirdjs y kj scmik qui sus prjphjs aãmhtjs irr÷kijs bis istãk gcuscklj hkdiksjs sufrhdhiktjs. Acy sjbcdikti ukjs pjgjs qui acstc cajrc ack shlj lispirtcljs bj suffighiktidikti gjdj pcrc iktiklir guãktj thikik qui vir sus aãmhtjs ribcthvjs cb rè`hdik cbhdikthghj gjk su scbul, su gcrãgtir, su uthbhlcl ik isti duklj, y su listhkj itirkj. Vh qui is ib limir li bjs qui ack righmhlj righmhlj bc buz lib ghibj, y ack gjdpriklhlj bjs mikiffighjs li cklcr ik ibbc, dckhfistcr uk hktirès dcyjr pjr bjs qui tjlcväc istãk sufrhiklj pjr gcrikghc li gjkjghdhiktj. gjkjghdhiktj. Bjs jmsirvcljris jmsirvcljris lib sãmclj qui istãk ispircklj ib prjktj ri`risj li su Wcbvcljr limik sir bjs ÿbthdjs ik dckhfistcr fcbtc fcbtc li hktirès ik istc `rck jmrc li bc rifj rifjrdc. rdc. Bjs ajdmris y duoiris duoiris


limik sir hkstruhljs, y bjs dhkhstrjs y ib puimbj limik sikthr qui lisgcksc sjmri ibbjs bc rispjkscmhbhlcl li trcmcocr pcrc c`htcr ib tidc, i hkstcr c jtrjs c cgiptcrbj—. <0 Lhjs kjs lhj bc rifjrdc prj scbul, bjs jgaj ridilhjs kcturcbis, qui gjksthtuyik kuistrc ffibjsjfäc clvikthstc li bc scbul, pcrc cbhvhcr ib sufrhdhiktj lib duklj y pripcrcr uk puimbj pcrc su vikhlc. Bjs aãmhtjs li scbul qui ib Wiójr kjs rigjdhiklc is pcrc pjlir bj`rcr, clidãs li bc scbul, bc sckthlcl, bc sckthlcl gjdj kjvhjs, kjvhjs, ispjsjs y pclris. pclris. Ixpbjri bc scbul li bjs pclris y jmsirvi bc scbul li su futurj g÷kyuì. g÷kyuì. Wh su kjvhj j kjvhc thiki cb`ÿk prjmbidc li clhggh÷k j scbul, puis rigjdhèklibi qui bj supiri supiri,, dugaj, y riphtj,, dugaj cktis li gcscrsi riphtj gcscrsi.. Sui lè ivhlikghcs li frckgc diojräc cktis li lighr ‒sä— ik ib cbtcr.

Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjksiojs sjmri ib rè`hdik cbhdikthghj (Muikjs Chris? CGIW, ), 98, 65. <0

ºG÷dj vcs li cutjisthdc:

38 ºG÷dj vcs li cutjisthdc: Bc cutjisthdc is bc gcpcghlcl qui tikidjs li pjlir cutj rispitcrkjs y quirirkjs. Bc cutjisthdc si puili trcmcocr lisli qui ib hklhvhluj is piquiój y sjk bjs pclris bjs prhdirjs fjrdcljris li bc cutjisthdc. Gucklj bjs pclris kj sjk gcpcgis li gjkstruhr bc cutjisthdc li sus ahojs, puis bc prisikghc li uk clubtj scbulcmbi is kigiscrhc pcrc bc ilhffigcgh÷k li ukc cutjisthdc iquhbhmrclc y scbulcmbi. Ykc pirsjkc qui kj is gcpcz li cdcrsi li dckirc scbulcmbi, kj is gcpcz li cdcr c jtrjs. Bc cutjisthdc limi sir gjkstruhlc pjr jtrjs. Bc hlic li qui ukc pirsjkc si puili dhrcr cb ispioj y ripithrsi li qui is ukc muikc pirsjkc, j is ùcpj j ùcpc j is hktibhìkti, kj is scbulcmbi ik sä dhsdc, shkj qui limi acmir ukc pirsjkc j pirsjkcs qui rjliik cb hklhvhluj y bi gjkstruyck su hdcìk c trcvès li ukc sckc sjghcmhbhzcgh÷k. Bjs gudpbhljs, bjs ri`cbjs, bjs cgtjs li sirvhghj, ib gjktcgtj fäshgj scbulcmbi y ib thidpj lilhgclj li dckirc d ckirc ixgbushv ixgbushvcc y ispighcb, vck gricklj ik ib khój y ib cljbisgikti bc hlic li vcbäc prjphc y li cutjhdcìk. ºSuhiris uk clubtj scbulcmbi: puis rjlic c uk khój li clubtjs scbulcmbis s cbulcmbis..


ºSuè sugili gucklj uk ojvik kj fui rjliclj li clubtjs scbulcmbis: puis duy prjmcmbidikti prisiktcrã prisiktcrã prjmbidcs li cutjisthdc qui si puilik ivhlikghcr li bc shùhikti dckirc? Ǵ Wikthdhiktj li hkgcpcghlcl i hklh`khlcl li vhvhr, shkthèkljsi dcb ik bj dãs prjfuklj. Ǵ Wi shikti ckùsthclj, istrisclj, sjbj y liprhdhlj. Ǵ Dckhffiistc prjmbidcs ik sus ribcghjkis sjghcbis. sjghcbis. Ǵ Uuili sikthr ukc dirdc ik su riklhdhiktj bcmjrcb j cgclèdhgj. Ǵ ]iaÿyik tjlj rhis`j y liscfäj. Ǵ Wi shiktik gjk lisijs li hkhghcr cbùkc cgthvhlcl qui bjs bhmiris li sus tikghjkis (clhgghjkis). Ǵ Wi shikti sikshmbi c bcs gräthgcs y rigaczc rigaczc bjs ibj`hjs dirighljs.<1 Ykc pirsjkc gjk mcoc cutjisthdc kj is fibhz, kj si cdc, kj si cgiptc, is gruib gjksh`j dhsdc y tjlcs sus bhdhtcghjkis bcs prjyigtc ik bjs lidãs. Ucrc qui uk ojvik diojri si cutjisthdc thiki qui tjdcr bc lighsh÷k li cutj ibcmjrcrsi c trcvès lib gjktrjb li bjs pikscdhiktjs. Ib hklhvhluj limi lcrsi guiktc li qui bc cutjisthdc lipikli li su hktirpritcgh÷k pirsjkcb li bc ricbhlcl. Li su gcpcghlcl li cgiptcr cdjr, cdcrsi y cdcr bÿghlc y cutèkthgcdikti cutèkthgcdikti.. Wir gjksghikti li dckirc rispjkscmbi li sus pjshmhbhlclis, bädhtis y rigursjs. Isgjìr bcs ixpirhikghcs gjkstrugthvcs y sckcs, y riauhr cquibbcs qui bi rilugik c uk dirj tätiri. \rctcr li bhmircrsi li cquibbj qui bi ristc cutjisthdc, gjdj Ãbvcrj Ohdèkiz, Suhirj y puilj cgrigiktcr dh cutjisthdc (Mj`jtã? Ucubhkcs, s/f), 99, 96. <1


hdãìkis pctirkcs rä`hlcs, sikthdhiktjs li pirtikikghc c pcklhbbcs, lipiklikghc li pirsjkcbhlclis fuirtis, aãmhtjs gjklugtucbis. Fjdiktcr ib pikscdhiktj jpthdhstc ik bc gjdpcóäc lib Wiójr. Cpriklir c dckiocr bjs sikthdhiktjs ki`cthvjs gjdj ikjoj y frustrcgh÷k. Cgiptcr bjs ibj`hjs shk ffibtrcrbjs, shkj ik tjdcrbjs gjk c`rclighdhiktj.<8 Ibikc li Pahti gjdiktc bc jgcsh÷k ik qui ukc airdckc gjk ukc lhspjshgh÷k c ripcrcr sjbj bj ki`cthvj bi ahzj ukc gjksubtc. Ib Wiójr bi lhj uk dikscoi pcrc ibbc? ‒Dugajs cb rigjrrir ib gcdhkj li bc vhlc, ffiock sus jojs ik sus irrjris, frcgcsjs y lisik`cójs, y sus gjrczjkis si bbikck li ljbjr y liscbhiktj. Dhiktrcs istcmc yj ik Iurjpc, ukc airdckc qui acmäc istclj acghiklj istj y qui si acbbcmc prjfuklcdikti cpikclc, di isgrhmh÷ phlhèkljdi cbùkjs gjksiojs qui bc ckhdcrck. Bc kjgai qui shùh÷ c bc bigturc li su gcrtc, sjóè qui istcmc yj ik uk ocrläk y qui ukj, cb pcrigir luiój lib ocrläk, di gjklugäc pjr bjs gcdhkjs lib dhsdj. Xj istcmc rigj`hiklj ﬍jris y `jzcklj li su frc`ckghc, gucklj istc airdckc, qui acmäc istclj gcdhkcklj c dh bclj, di bbcd÷ bc ctikgh÷k c cbùkjs fijs zcrzcbis zcrz cbis qui bi istjrmcmck ib pcsj. Cbbä istcmc ibbc c﬍h`hlc y bbikc li piscr. Kj hmc pjr ib gcdhkj shùhiklj cb ùäc, shkj qui gcdhkcmc iktri ikt ri isphkcs y cmrjojs. ‒¡Ja!— durdur÷ ibbc, ‒ºkj is ukc bãsthdc qui isti airdjsj ocrläk istè igaclj c pirlir pjr bcs isphkcs:— Iktjkgis ib qui kjs ùhcmc lhoj? ‒Kj ac`ãhs gcsj li bcs isphkcs, pjrqui sjbcdikti js djbistcrãk. Hscmib Wirrckj @jkzcbis, Bc ilugcgh÷k pcrc bc scbul lib sh`bj QQH? gjdukhgcgh÷k y scbul (Dclrhl? (Dclrhl? Läcz li Wcktjs, =55=), 336, 330. <8


Gjrtcl bcs rjscs, bjs bhrhjs y bjs gbcvibis—. ºKj ac acmhlj ik vuistrc ixpirhikghc cbùkcs ajrcs fibhgis: ºKj acmèhs tikhlj cbùkjs djdiktjs prighjsjs ik qui vuistrj gjrcz÷k ac pcbphtclj li `jzj rispjklhiklj cb Ispärhtu li Lhjs: Gucklj cmräs ib bhmrj li vuistrc ixpirhikghc pcsclc, ºkj ikgjktrãhs cbùkcs pã`hkcs c`rclcmbis: ºKj sjk bcs prjdiscs li Lhjs frc`cktis ﬍jris qui grigik c gclc bclj li vuistrj gcdhkj: ºKj pirdhthrèhs qui su mibbizc y lubzurc bbikik vuistrj gjrcz÷k li `jzj: Bcs isphkcs y cmrjojs ÿkhgcdikti js airhrãk y gcuscrãk ljbjr> y sh vjsjtrjs rigj`èhs sjbcdikti istcs gjscs y bcs prisiktãhs c jtrjs, ºkj istãhs, clidãs li dikjsprighcr bc mjklcl li Lhjs, hdphlhiklj qui bjs lidãs cklik ik ib gcdhkj li bc vhlc: Kj is muikj riukhr tjljs bjs riguirljs lisc`rclcmbis li bc vhlc pcsclc, sus hkhquhlclis y lisik`cójs, acmbcr li istjs riguirljs y bbjrcrbjs acstc istcr cmrudcljs li liscbhiktj. Ib ajdmri liscbiktclj istã bbikj li thkhimbcs, igac fuirc li su prjphj gjrcz÷k bc buz lhvhkc y prjyigtc sjdmrc ik ib gcdhkj li bjs jtrjs— jtrjs—..95 Ykc cutjisthdc liffighikti puili cbiocr bc fibhghlcl li bc fcdhbhc. Yk pclri j ukc dclri gjk ukc tiklikghc sjbj c vir bj ki`cthvj, shk djdiktjs cmuklcktis li cbi`räc y prjyigtcklj dhilj c su g÷kyuì i ahojs, gricrã uk gbhdc ki`cthvj pcrc ib liscrrjbbj sjghcb scbulcmbi li su fcdhbhc. Ib gjksioj lib Wiójr is qui sicdjs duy guhlcljsjs gjk bj qui pikscdjs y kjs isfjrgidjs ik ikfjgcrkjs ik bcs miklhghjkis cmuklcktis li Lhjs qui istãk tck ivhliktis c kuistrj kuist rj cbrililjr. cbrililjr. Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib gcdhkj c Grhstj (Muikjs Chris, Crìkthkc ? Csjghcgh÷k Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, =551), 330 ‗ 338. 95


Is ajrc li qui csudcdjs ib gjktrjb ffirdi li kuistrjs pikscdhiktjs. Ghirtc viz ik gbcsi di ikgjktrè gjk uk cbudkj, li pjrti cbtj y lib`clj, ik su rjstrj prjyigtcmc cbùkc prijgupcgh÷k isgjklhlc qui trctcmc li djstrcrsi, pirj qui acmbcmc csä? ‒prjfisjr, c dh di ùstc dhrcr ib bclj muikj li tjlj, gbcrj, gjk rispjkscmhbhlcl, y cutj djthvcrdi pcrc scbhr clibckti, cl ibckti, pjrqui tjlj pcsc—. pcsc—. Dh cbudkj cbud kj si gjkvhrth÷ gjk vhrth÷ ik dh dcistrj ik cquibbc jgcsh÷k.


=5 Dãs tidcs li lhãbj`j C gjkthkucgh÷k bis lioj 95 tidcs ik tjrkj li bjs gucbis gjkvirscr y gjkjgirsi diojr. ]iguirlik liocr li bclj bc fcktcsäc y sir duy jmoithvjs. 3. =. 7. <. 9. 6. 0. 1. 8. 35. 33. 3=. 37. 3<. 39.

Kjtcs li cprjv cprjvigacdhiktj igacdhiktj ik ib gjbi`hj. Kjtcs ik bc ukhvirshlcl j ik ib hksthtutj. Gjdj uthbhzc ib pjlir Uikscdhi ikscdhiktjs ktjs sjmri pjbäth pjbäthgc gc Ib tcmcgj Ib cbgjajb Bcs mimhlcs ikir`èthgcs Bcs sustckghcs prjahmhlcs Ib sikthlj lib audjr Ib dckioj li bc trhstizc Ditcs ik ib cric cgclèdh cgclèdhgc gc Ditcs ik ib ãric ìj`rãffigc Ditcs ik ib ãric isphrhtucb Ditcs ik ib ãric fcdhbhcr Ucscthid cscthidpjs pjs

Dãs tidcs li lhãbj`j

36. 30. 31. 38. =5. =3. ==. =7. =<. =9. =6. =0. =1. =8. 75. 73. 7=. 77. 7<. 79. 76. 70. 71. 78. <5. <3. <=. <7. <<. <9. <6.

Csij li bc gcsc Csij pirsjkcb Jrlik si bc acmhtcgh÷k y li bc gcsc Ikfriktcklj Ikfriktckl j ikfirdilclis Wcbul li bc fcdhbhc Dckioj li bc tibivhsh÷k Dckioj lib hktirkit Dckioj li bjs vhlijoui`js Dckioj lib tibèfjkj d÷vhb Uuktucbhlcl Vircghlcl Isphrhtucbhlcl \rcmco rcmcoj j Dclru`cr Ioirghghjs fäshgjs Lhitc cbhdikt cbhdikthghc hghc Ucsijs y scbhlcs Gjdprcs Gjsdèthgjs Ojycs Gudpbicójs ]i`cbjs Lhãbj`j Futmjb Ib pshg÷bj`j Ib gjksioirj dctrhdjkhcb Bjs ahojs Bc lhsghpbhkc li bjs ahojs Bcs lhsgushjkis Bc duirti Bc cgthvhlcl dhshjkirc


<0. <1. <8. 95.

Bc vhlc livjghjkcb fcdhbhcr Ib gubtj pirsjkcb Bc vhshtc c bjs dèlhgjs Bjs vhcois

MHMBHJ@]CFHC

MHMBHJ@]CFHC Cbchk Djktckljk, Ib misj ? ºquè si isgjkli trcs isti ìstj gjthlhckj: (Dclrhl? Whruibc, =550). Cbvcrj Ohdikiz, Suhirj y puilj cgrigiktcr dh cutjisthdc (Mj`jtã? Ucubhkcs, s/f). Mik Xjuk` Xjuk` y Wcd Clcds, Bjs 35 dcklcdhik dcklcdhiktjs tjs li kjvhcz`j (Kcsavhbbi, \K? Mitckhc/Ilhtjrhcb Gcrhmi, 3888). (\ihå? ihå? Dcbshk Dcbshkit it Ilhtjr Il htjr,, =550). Gjk tjlj dh cdjr. cdjr. Bhmrj cdh`j (\ Lcvhl Jbsik y Lju`bcs Wtipaiks. Dckucb li supirvhvikghc pcrc pcriocs pcriocs (Mcrgibjkc? Cdct Ilhtjrhcb, =557). Ibikc li Pahti Paht i, Dikscois sibigtjs, t. HH (Djuktchk (D juktchk Vhiw, Vhiw, Gcbhf? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, 3860). Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ahojs i ahocs li Lhjs (Djuk (Djuktchk tchk Vhiw, Vhiw, Gc? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, 3801). Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjkluggh÷k lib khój (Muikjs Chris ? Gcsc Ilhtjrcc Wulcdirhgckc, 386<). Ilhtjr Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjksiojs pcrc bjs dcistrjs, pclris y cbudkjs (Muikjs Chris? Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 38<1). Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjksiojs sjmri ib rè`hdik cbhdikthghj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Vhiw, Gcbhf.? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs


? Ucghffig Uriss, 3803). Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjksiojs sjmri bc scbul (Mj`jtã, Gjb.? Csjghcgh÷k Uumbhgcljrc Hktircdirhgckc, 3818). Ibikc @. li Pahti, Gjksiojs sjmri dcyjrljdäc grhsthckc (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, 3805). Ibikc @. li Pahti Pah ti,, Ib gcdhkj c Grhstj (Muikjs Chris Chris,, Crìkthkc ? Csjghcgh÷k Gcsc Ilhtjr Ilhtjrcc Wulcdirhgckc, =551). Ibikc @. li Pahti, Ib aj`cr grhsthckj (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf. ? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, Ucghffig Uriss, 3801).. Ibikc @. li Pahti Paht i, Bc tidpirckgh tidpirckghc c (Muikjs Chris? Csjghcgh÷k Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 3801). Ibikc @. li Pahti, Dikscois pcrc bjs o÷vikis (Djuktchk Vhiw,, Gcbhf? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs Vhiw Hktircdirhgckcs,, Ucghffig Uriss, 3860). Ibikc @. li Pahti, Dikscois sibigtjs, t HHH (Djuktchk Vhiw, Gcbhf? Uumbhgcghjkis Hktircdirhgckcs, 3860). Ibikc @. li Pahti, Dikti, gcrãgtir y pirsjkcbhlcl, t. HH, (Mj`jtã? Csjghcgh÷k Uumbhgcljrc Hktircdirhgckc, 3885). Ibikc @.li Pahti, C ffik li gjkjgirbi (Kcdpc, Hlcaj? Ucghffig Uriss, =551). Ibhzcmita @ijrì, Ykc ispjsc gjkfjrdi ib gjrcz÷k li Lhjs (Dclrhl? Ilhtjrhcb Ujrtcvjz, =559). Frckghs L. Khgajb, Vhgtjr I. Cdpuirj Dcttc, Kckgy Oick Vyadihstir Vyadih stir,, y Audmirtj D. ]csh. Gjdiktcrhj Mhmbhgj Clvikthstc lib Wèpthdj Läc? bc Wcktc Mhmbhc gjk dctirhcb Clvikthstc ixi`èthgj y ixpjshtjrhj, t. H (Muikjs Chris, Crìkthkc?

Csjghcgh÷k Gcsc Ilhtjrc Wulcdirhgckc, 381<). Airmirt B., Uitrh, Uitrh, Ojak D @jvir @jvirk, k, y Wcbhkcs Jrthz, Djthvcgh÷k.

MHMBHJ@]CFHC

\ijräc,

hkvisth`cgh÷k

y

cpbhgcghjkis.

(Dèxhgj?

\ajdsjk, =556). Hscmib Wirrckj @jkzcbis, Bc ilugcgh÷k pcrc bc scbul lib sh`bj QQH? gjdukhgcgh÷k y scbul (Dclrhl? Läcz li Wcktjs, =55=). Ocgn Pyrtzik, Ib sixj kj is pigclj? uk puktj li vhstc mämbhgj (Mcrgibjkc? GBHI, sjmri bc prisikti rivjbugh÷k sixucb (Mcrgibjkc? 381<). Ojsifc Gcócb, Clhg Clhgghjkis? ghjkis? g÷dj priv privikhrbcs ikhrbcs ik khójs y ̃ o÷vikis o÷v ikis.. (Mj`jtã, Gjbjdmhc? @rupj Ilhtjrhcb Kjrdc, =557). Bcurc Csikgh, ‒Vhjbikghc li `èkirj? gjksiguikghcs ik bjs ahojs—, Ushgjbj`hcghikthffigc.gjd, attp?//www. pshgjbj`hcghikthfhgc.gjd/mv/pshgjbj`hc-=76-3vhjbikghc-li-ìkirj-gjksiguikghcs-ik-bjs-ahojs vhjbikghc-li-ìkir j-gjksiguikghcs-ik-bjs-ahojs.atdb .atdb (Gjksubtclj? 75 li sithidmri, =558). Dckuibc Lukk-Dcsgitth, Lhjscs bc gckgh÷k li Ivc ? ib rikcghdhiktj rikcghdhi ktj lib gubtj c bj fidikhkj (\áhc, Mcrgibjkc? Dcbshkit, =551). Dcräc lib Gcrdik Gcdphbbj Uilr÷k, Bhbhck Cbvcriz Cribbckj, y Gcrbjs Oisÿs B÷piz Läcz. G÷dj sir cljbisgikti y sir fibhz ik ib hktiktj (Dèxhgj, L.F.? Bhdusc/Kjrhi`c, =55<). Dirbi C Fjssud y Dcrhbyk O. Dcsjk, Bc vir`òikzc? g÷dj ikfriktcrbc y risjbvirbc (Dèxhgj, L.F.? Ilhtjrhcb Ucx Dèxhgj, 3818). ]ikjrc Bhgctc, \jlj bj qui kigishtcs scmir sc mir sjmri bc b c hrc . \jlj bj qui kigishtcs scmir. ( Kiw Xjrn? Ilhtjrhcb Muikcs Bitrcs, =557).


]hgacrl I. Miardck, ]jmirt D. Nbhi`dck, y Acb M. Oiksjk. Kibsjk trctclj li pilhctrhc (Dclrhl? Ibsivhir, =55<). Whxtj Ujrrcs, Cdjr Cdjr,, six sixj j y kjvhcz`j (Kcsavhbbi? @rupj Kibsjk, =535). \. @. Djrrjw y Dirgilis Vhbbcr Ujkz. Kjvhcz`j grhsthckj ik uk duklj supir-sixucbhzclj ukc ùäc pcrc gct÷bhgjs.

(Dclrhl? ]hcbp, =551). \irãk Whirrc, Cljbi (Dèxhgj? Uckjrcdc Cljbisgikghc? sgikghc? rhis`j tjtc tjtcb b (Dèxhgj? Ilhtjrhcb, 3881).




Cpuk

tiss ti

Cpuktis

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


‒IB CDJ] is uk prighjsj ljk qui righmhdjs li Oisÿs. Ib cfigtj purj y scktj scktj kj is uk sikthdhiktj, sikthdhiktj, shkj uk prhkghphj. prhkghphj. Bjs qui sjk djvhljs pjr ib cdjr virlclirj kj gcrigik li ouhghj kh sjk ghi`js. Iksiócljs pjr ib Ispärhtu Wcktj, cdck supridcdikti c Lhjs y su pr÷ohdj gjdj c sä dhsdjs. Bjs qui phiksck ik gcscrsi limik piscr gclc sikthdhiktj y gclc dckhfistcgh÷k lib gcrãgtir li bc pirsjkc gjk quhik si prjpjkik ukhr su suirti suirti.. Gclc pcsj lclj acghc ib dctrhdjkhj dctrhdjkhj limi sir cgjdpcóclj li djlisthc, sikghbbiz y shkgirhlcl, csä gjdj lib sirhj prjp÷shtj li c`rclcr y ajkrcr c Lhjs. Lhjs. Ib dctrhdjkhj cfigtc bc vhlc ubtirhjr ik isti duklj y ik ib vikhlirj. vikhlirj. Ib grhsthckj shkgirj shkgirj kj acrã pbckis qui Lhjs kj puilc cprjmcr—. (Dikscois pcrc bjs o÷vikis, <77).

i t r c s c g i l s i t k c E h v j k u t c r c b u d r j f s i m i l i u q s c t k u ` i r U 5 =

=5

Uriùktcs qui limis fjrdubcr c tu kjvhE

cktis li gcscrti gcscrti

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