INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DE TUXTEPEC *MATERIA:
“TALLER DE ETICA”
*MAESTRA:
“DRA. MARIA DEL ROCIO ESPINOSA AVILA”
*ALUMNOS:
“HERNANDEZ PEÑA PEDRO ALEXIS” “MEZA CORNEJO JHOANA YEDITH” “SANTOS REYES JORGE EDUARDO” “LASCURAIS SALVADOR ALEJANDRO” “JIMENEZ ALVAREZ LUIS ANTONIO”
*CARRERA:
“INGENIERIA EN GESTION EMPRESARIAL Y CONTADOR PUBLICO”
*TEMA:
“EL SENTIDO DE APRENDER SOBRE ETICA”
*GRUPO:
“B”
INDICE 1
1.- EL SENTIDO DE APRENDER SOBRE ETICA Int!"#$$%&n '''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''' ( ).).' Gn+,%"+"- -! /t%$+ '''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''' '' 0 ).).).'L+ /t%$+1 -# !2t! " -t#"%! 3 -# -nt%"! S!$%!$#,t#+, '''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''' 0 ).).4.'E, 2#%$%! 5!+, 3 2#%$%! 2#%$%! /t%$! /t%$! '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''' 6 ).).(.'V+,!).).(.'V+,!- /t%$!- 7#n"+5nt+,-: V"+"1 R-8!n-+%,%"+"1 J#-t%$%+ 3 L%t+" ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' )) ).).0.'D$9!- H#5+n!- ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4 ).4.'S%;n%7%$+"! 3 -nt%"! ", $!58!t+5%nt! /t%$! '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' () ).4.).'En , <5%t! 8-!n+, 3 -!$%+, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' () ).4.4.'En , <5%t! +$+"/5%$! ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' (4 ).4.(.'En , 2$%$%! " ,+ $%#"+"+n=+ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''' ''''''' (0 C!n$,#-%&n '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' (> B%,%!;+7=+- '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' (?
INTRODUCCION
2
H!3 "=+ , 9+,+ " /t%$+ 3 -#- 8!,5+- - #n +-#nt! @# - 9+ ;n+,%+"!1 -t! "%"! 8%n$%8+,5nt + ,+ ;+n +58,%t#" " ,+- 5+,+- 8<$t%$+- @# - 9+n 8-nt+"! n ;+n 8+t " ,!- 8+=-- ", 8,+nt+1 8! 8+t " ,!- 8!7-%!n+,@# !7$n -#- -%$%!- +-= $!5! " ,+- "%-+- %n-t%t#$%!n- 8,%$+- 3 8%+"+- @# - +, n! tn ,=5%t- n -# t!5+ " "$%-%!n- -! 8,!t+n ,!$# $#-!-!- $!n $!n ,!,!- @# $#n $#nt+ t+n1 n1 " t+, t+, 5+n 5+n+ + @# @# $!5! $!5! -8# -8#-t+ t+ + -t! -t!-+$!nt$%5%nt!- 3 8<$t%$+- - 9+ $!n-%"+"! t++2+ , %n!5%! ", E-t+"! " D$9! 3 , E-t+"! t%$!1 t%$!1 8#- $!5! t+,- 8-nt+n 8-nt+n #n+ -% " $!n"%$%!n$!n"%$%!n@# - $!n-t%t#3n n ;+n"- 7#nt- " !8!t#n%"+"- 8++ , "-+!,,!. A"5<-1 8++ 8!" +$$+n!+$ $+n!- + ,+ %-%&n " ,+- /t%$+- +8,%$+"+- n -# $!n2#nt! 3 " ,+ /t%$+ ", "-+!,,! $!5! 8+t%$#,+1 "5!- tn n $#nt+ @# "+"!,!,!- ,=5% ,=5%t t-- ", ", +, +,%%-5! 5! " ,+,+- $%n $%n$% $%++- 3 ,+,+- $!n- $!n-$# $#n n$% $%++- @# @# ,,+ ,,+-- 9+n 9+n %58,%$ %58,%$+"! +"!11 "-%;#+ "-%;#+,"+ ,"+" " 8%n$%8 8%n$%8+,5 +,5nt nt1 1 9+n -#;%"! -#;%"! n7!@# n7!@#- @# 8tn" 8tn"n n $!;%,!$!;%,!- nt ,,!- , /n7+-%- n ,! ,!$+, 3 , 5#n%$%8+,%-5! 5#n%$%8+,%-5!11 -;#%"!- + -# " #n %nt %ntnt nt! ! 8! 8! $# $#8 8+ + ,!,!- 2#%$ 2#%$%! %!-- " +,! +,! 3 +8,% +8,%$+ $+, ,!!- -! -! , +,t! +,t! $$%5%nt! @# 9+n tn%"! ,+- $%n$%+- 9+-t+ n#-t!- "=+-. D t+, 5+n+ @# n ,!- ,t%5!- +F!- - 9+ tn"%"! + 9+,+ 5#$9! -! ,+ /t%$+ 3 , 8+8 8+8,, %58! %58!t t+n +nt t @# @# 2#; 2#;+ + "nt "nt! ! ", ", 5#n" 5#n"! ! ", ", -%;, -%;,! ! XXI1 XXI1 -+ -+ -t -t $!n-%"+"! $!5! ,+ /8!$+ 8!-t$+8%t+,%-t+ ! $!5! ,+ -!$%"+" ", $!n!$%5%nt! 3 ,+ %n7!5+$%&n1 %n7!5+$%&n1 8! 5"%! " ,+ %n$,#-%&n %n$,#-%&n " -t +$t! + n#-t+ %"+ - 8!-%, 8!-%, ,!;+ , "-+!,,!1 t+nt! ,!$+, $!5! ;,!+,.
T5+ ).).' “GENERALIDADES SOBRE ÉTICA”
3
¿DIFERENCIA ENTRE ÉTICA Y MORAL? A#n@# 7$#nt5nt -!n t!5+"!- $!5! -%n&n %n&n%%5!5!-1 ,+ MOR ORAL AL - 7 7% +, $!n2#nt! " +,!-1 n!5+- 3 $!-t#5- " #n %n"%%"#! ! ;#8! 9#5+n! "t5%n+"!. En $+5%!1 - -+ ,+ 8+,++ TICA1 8++ +,#"% , %ntnt! +$%!n+, " 7#n"+5nt+ ,+ 5!+, ntn"%"+ n $#+nt! 7n&5n! " ,+ 5!+,%"+". I+ I++ +% %,+ ,+ J+%5 J+%51 1 9tt8:.+$+"5%+."#>044??)K4KGn+,%"+"-K-!KC(>?t%$+ T5+ ).).).' “La ética, su !"#t $# #stu$i % su s#&ti$ scicu'tu(a'” L+ /t%$+ - !$#8+ n%$+5nt " ,!- +$t!- t=8%$+5nt 9#5+n!-1 - "$%1 " +@#,,!- @# "8n"n " ,+ +&n 3 " ,+ ,%t+". E-t!- -!n +$t!- !,#nt+%!@# 8#"n +,%+- ! %t+- "nt! ", <5%t! " ,+ ,%t+" 8-!n+,. Ot!+$t!- $!5! , -#F!1 , 9+5 3 , "!,!1 -% %n -!n 9#5+n!-1 n! "8n"n " ,+ ,%t+". S!n +$t!- %n!,#nt+%!- @# !$#n @#<5!-,! ! n!. L+ 5+t%+ " -t#"%! " ,+ /t%$+ - ,+ $!n"#$t+ 9#5+n+ -t! -1 +@#,,!- +$t!@# @# , %n"% %n"%% %"# "#! ! 2$ 2$#t #t+ + $!n$!n-$% $%n nt t 3 !,# !,#nt nt+ +%+ %+5 5nt nt 3 " ,!,!- @# @# 8! 8! $!n-%;#%nt - -8!n-+,. A9!+ %n1 , +-8$t! ! 8#nt! 8# nt! " %-t+ "-" " -" , $#+, ,+ /t%$+ -t#"%+ ,+ $!n"#$t+ $!n"#$ t+ 9#5+n+ - , ", %n 3 ", 5+,1 " ,! @# " 3 ,! @# n! " -1 - n$-+%! -+,t+ @# ,+ 8+,++ " - , "+"! ! " t!"! 2#%$%! /t%$!. En !t+8+,++-1 ,+ /t%$+ - , -t#"%! " ,+ 5!+,%"+" " ,!- +$t!- 9#5+n!-. L+ 5+t%+ " -t#"%! " ,+ /t%$+ - ,+ $!n"#$t+ 9#5+n+ -t! -1 +@#,,!- +$t!@# @# , %n"% %n"%% %"# "#! ! 2$ 2$#t #t+ + $!n$!n-$% $%n nt t 3 !,# !,#nt nt+ +%+ %+5 5nt nt 3 " ,!,!- @# @# 8! 8! $!n-%;#%nt - -8!n-+,. A9!+ %n1 , +-8$t! ! 8#nt! 8# nt! " %-t+ "-" " -" , $#+, ,+ /t%$+ -t#"%+ ,+ $!n"#$t+ $!n"#$ t+ 9#5+n+ - , ", %n 3 ", 5+,1 " ,! @# " 3 ,! @# n! " -1 - n$-+%! -+,t+ @# ,+ 8+,++ " - , "+"! ! " t!"! 2#%$%! /t%$!. En !t+8+,++-1 ,+ /t%$+ - , -t#"%! " ,+ 5!+,%"+" " ,!- +$t!- 9#5+n!-. D ,! +nt%! - -%;# , @# ,+ /t%$+ n! -t< %nt-+"+ %nt-+"+ n +@#,,! +@#,,! @# , %n"%%"#! %n"%%"#! 9+$1 $!5! n! -+ 8++ $!58++,! $!n +@#,,! @# "=+ 9+$. T!"!- ,!- -t#"%!-!- " ,+ /t%$+1 +n " "%7nt- 8!-t#+- -t
4
T!"+ ,+-
-#
$%n$%+ - - $+ $++$t%+ 7# 7#n"+5nt+,5nt 8! 8! "! "!- , ,5nt!- @# @# 9+$n "%7nt- nt -=1 -!- "! "!- ,5nt!- -! -!n -# -# !2t! 5+t%+, 3 -# !2t! 7!5+,. E, 8%5! - 7% + ,! @# -t#"%+ $+"+ $%n$%+1 5%nt+- @# , -;#n"! 9+$ 7n$%+ + ,+ 7!5+ n @# +,%+ , -t#"%!. P!n;+5!- #n 258,!: ,+ !t
C#<, -1 8++ , $+-! " ,+ /t%$+ -# !2t! 5+t%+, 3 -# !2t! 7!5+, P+t%n"! " ,+ "7%n%$%&n +, " /t%$+ @# n!- "%$ @# “,+ /t%$+ - ,+ +5+ " ,+ 7%,!-!7=+ @# -t#"%+ ,!- +$t!- 9#5+n!- n $#+nt! #n!- ! 5+,!-” 5+,!-” 8!"5!- "+ -8#-t+ + - $#-t%!n+5%nt! 3 +7%5+ @# -# !2t! 5+t%+, -!n ,!- +$t!9#5+n!- + ,!- @# t+5%/n - ,- "n!5%n+ $!5! “,+ 5!+,”1 5%nt+- @# -# !2t! 7!5+, - ,+ !n"+" ! 5+,"+" " -!- +$t!- 9#5+n!-. E- %58!t+nt %58!t+nt 5n$%!n+ @# +, 9+,+ " +$t!- 9#5+n!- n!- 7%5!7%5!- +, +$t#+ n , @# @# %nt %nt % %n nn n ,+ %nt %nt,%,%; ;n$ n$%+ %+ 3 ,+ !,# !,#nt nt+" +" 8! 8! ,! $#+, $#+, 8#" 8#"n n - - n2#%$%+"!- $!5! #n!- ! 5+,!-1 + "%7n$%+1 8! 258,! " ,!- +$t!- ", 9!5 ,!- $#+,- !"$n + +$$%!n- 8!8%+- " n#-t+ n+t#+,+1 $!5! 8! 8! 25 258, 8,! ! ,+ "%;"%;-t%t%&n &n " ,!,!- +,%5 +,%5n nt! t!-1 -1 -8% -8%+ +11 $$ $$ 11 t$. t$.11 +$t!+$t!- @# @# +,%+5!+,%+5!- 8! @# n! @#%n " n#-t+ !,#nt+" 8++ ,,!. Un +$t! 9#5+n! 8#" -1 8! 258,!1 #n 9!5%$%"%!1 -t#"%+ 8++ #n +5n1 +,%+ #n+ %n-t%;+$%&n1 , !!1 t$. "!n" 3+ %nt%n ,+ !,#nt+" " ,+ 8-!n+. C!n!$%"!- ,!- !2t!- " -t#"%! " ,+ /t%$+1 - 8$%-! $!n!$ ,!- 8!,5+@# +!"+ ,!- $#+,- n!- "+
5
$ P!,5+ " ,+ !,%;+t!%"+" 5!+,. C!n-%-t n "t5%n+ " "&n" 8!%n , $+<$t !,%;+t!%! " ,+- n!5+- 5!+,- 3 " %;#+, 7!5+ +$,++ @#/ - ,+ !,%;+$%&n 5!+,1 $#<, - ,+ 7#nt " "!n" !t+ ,+ $!n$%n$%+ ", ". " E, 8!,5+ " ,+ ,%t+". E-t t5+ t%n #n+ "$%-%+ %58!t+n$%+ n ,+ /t%$+1 8#- " n! 9+,+ " ,+ ,%t+" ,+ 5!+, @#"+ +n#,+"+1 8#-t! @# ,+ !,%;+$%&n 5!+, 3 ,+ +,%+$%&n ", +$t! 5!+, n! 8#"n - +,%+"+- -%n 8-#8!n ,+ ,%t+" " ,+ 8-!n+. P!,5+- " ,+ +,%+$%&n " ,+ 5!+,. C&5! - +,%+ ,+ 5!+, Y 5"%+nt 5"%+nt @#/ $#-!- $#-!- S!n ,+- $#-t%!n- @# t+t+ " -!, -!, -t 8!,5+ " ,+ /t%$+1 @# -t< ,%;+"! +, 8!;-! " ,+ 5!+,1 8#-t! @# -# 8,+nt+5%nt! - -! 9+-t+ @#/ ;+"! ;+"! ,+ -!$%"+" -!$%"+" - + 87$$%!n+n" 87$$%!n+n"! ! "-" , 8#nt! 8#nt! " %-t+ 5!+,. S
T5+ T5+ ).).).' “L+ /t%$+1 -# - # !2t! " -t#"%! 3 -# -nt%"! -!$%!$#,t#+,” 6
O2t! " -t#"%! " ,+ /t%$+
M+t%+,
L!- +$t!- 9#5+n!-
C!n$%n$%+ 8-%$!,&;%$+
Formal
L%t+" 8-%$!,&;%$+
U-!- " +&n
C!n"%$%!n-
T5+ ).).4.' “)uici *(a' %
M!+,%"+"
L! @# "! ! n! 9+$
"uici étic”
Un 2#%$%! 5!+, - #n +$t! 8! , $#+, +,!+5!- #n+ +$$%&n $!n$t+ -! ,+ +- " #n 8%n$%8 8%n$%8%! %! 5!+,1 5!+,1 +-#5%"! +-#5%"! $!n ! -%n 7,%&n 7,%&n 8%+. 8%+. O%+5 O%+5nt nt1 1 -t+ -t+ "7%n%$%&n n!- ,,+ + ,+ n!$%&n " 8%n$%8%! 5!+,1 ,+ $#+, t+5%/n 9+ " - ,#$%"+"+1 +nt- " -;#% +",+nt. D n! 9+$,! $+5!- n #n $=$#,! %$%!-!. B%n1 ,+ "7%n%$%&n " 8%n$%8%! 5!+, - -t+: #n 8%n$%8%! 5!+, - #n+ n!5+ @# %; ,+ $!n"#$t+ 9#5+n+1 n 7#n$%&n " #n 7%n @# 8#" - ,+ 7,%$%"+"1 , %n-t+1 ,+ -+,+$%&n1 t$. A$,++"+-1 5nt1 ,+- n!$%!n- " 2#%$%! 5!+, 3 " 8%n$%8%! 5!+,1 8+-+5!8+-+ 5!- + $!nt%n#+$%&n + 8!7#n"%+ 5<- n ,+ n!$%&n " 2#%$%! 5!+,.
7
Un! " ,!- "8!t- 87%"!- " ,!- -- 9#5+n!- - 2#;+ + -#- $%n!-1 7+5% 7+5%,%,%+ +- 3 +,, +,,;+ ;+"!"!-.. J#; J#;+5 +5!!- @# @# ,+ !8+ !8+ " Q#,+ Q#,+n% n%t+ t+ - 9!t 9!t+ +11 @# @# Mn;+n%t! Mn;+n%t! - 5<- ;#+! @# ,+- 5!-$+- 3 @# ,+ $!n"#$t+ @# t#! Q#,+n%t! " T+, n , + + %58!$"nt. N!- 8+-+5!- ,+ %"+ 9+$%n"! t!"! t%8! " 2#%$%!-. Un! " ,!- t%8!- " 2#%$%!- @# 9+$5!- -!n ,!- 5!+,-1 8++ ,!- $#+,- n!+-+5!- n n#-t!- 8%n$%8%!- 5!+,-. E-t!- -#,n - "+"!- 8++ ,+ 8-!n+ @# ,!- 8!7-+ 3 +-#"!- 8++ +@#,,!- @# 8!7-+n 8%n$%8%!- 5!+,"%-t%nt!-. "%-t%nt!-. S t+t+ " #n+ -% " n!5+- @# -%n 8++ "$%"% -% ,! @# 9+$n ,!- "5<- - #n! ! 5+,!1 "-+, ! %n"-+,1 " $++ +, 7%n @# n#-t! $&"%;! 5!+, 8+t%$#,+ 8!8#;n+1 -+ -t ,+ -+,+$%&n n ,+ !t+ %"+ ! ,+ 7,%$%"+" n -t+.
Razonamiento lógico y !icio" mo#ale" Un+ " ,+- $!-+- @# - -#8!n @# 9+$n ,!-- 9#5+n!- - +!n+. R+!n+1 8! -# 8+t1 n! -1 n% 5<- n% 5n!-1 @# $!n-t#% +!n+ +!n+5% 5%nt nt!!-.. Y #n +!n +!n+5 +5% %nt nt! ! - #n+ #n+ $!n$+tn+$%&n " 8n-+5%nt!- -;n ;,+,&;%$+-. C#+n"! #n! 9+$ #n 2#%$%! 5!+, - -#8!n @# -%;# #n +!n+5%nt! 5!+,1 , $#+, - " $+<$t $+<$t ""#$t%!. A-=1 A-=1 ,+ 7!5+ " #n +!n+5%nt! " -t t%8! - ,+ -%;#%nt:
$#emi"a %& 8%n$%8%! 5!+, n , @# $ , +;nt @# +,%+ , 2#%$%!. $#emi"a '& C+-! $!n$t! -! , @# - +,%+ , 2#%$%! 5!+,. Concl!"ión& J#%$%! 5!+,. P! 258,!1 $#+n"! , P+8+ "%$ @# , +!t! - 5!+,5nt %n+$8t+,1 - -#8!n @# -%;# #n +!n+5%nt! $!5! , -%;#%nt:
$#emi"a %& ,+ %"+ " #n 7t! 9#5+n! t%n #n +,! 8! -= 5%-5!. $#emi"a '& %n"#$% , +!t! -#8!n ,+ 5#t ", 7t!. Concl!"ión& %n"#$% , +!t! - 5!+,5nt %n+$8t+,. P! -#8#-t!1 , P+8+ +-+ -# 2#%$%! n ,+ $n$%+ n "t5%n+"! 8%n$%8%! 5!+,. S% -# $n$%+ 7#+ !t+1 nt!n$- 2#;+=+ ,+- $!-+- " !t+ 5+n+1 %n$,#-! 8!"=+ ,,;+ + 2#;+,+- " #n+ 5+n+ 5<- +$t+"+. 8
(!icio" mo#ale" y con)encione" L!- 2#%$%!- 5!+,- "8n"n " n#-t+- $!nn$%!n- -!$%+,-1 n ,+ 5"%"+ n @# "8n"n " 8%n$%8%!- 5!+,-1 ,!- $#+,- -!n $!nn$%!n+,5nt +$8t+"!8! 8! #n+ #n+ -!$% -!$%" "+" +".. E-t E-t!- - t+n t+n--5%t 5%tn " ;n ;n+$ +$%%&n n ;n ;n+$ +$%& %&n1 n1 88t#
9
T5+ ).).4.' “J#%$%!
5!+, 3 2#%$%! /t%$!”
(UICIO MORAL
(UICIO ETICO
S , ,,+5+ +-= + +@#, +$t! 5nt+, @# +7%5+ ! n%;+ , +,! 5!+, +nt #n+ -%t#+$%&n "t5%n+"+ ! #n $!58!t+5%nt! ", @# -!5!- t-t%;!-1 - "$%1 , 2#%$%! 5!+, @# - "+ $!5! -#,t+"! - 8!n#n$%++ -8$ -8$=7 =7%$+ %$+5 5nt nt -! -! ,+ 88-!n+ !n+ ! +#-n$%+ n #n 9$9! ! +$t%t#". S + 7!2 7!2+n +n"! "! + +- +- " ,+,+- 8 8% %n n$% $%++%%"+- " $+"+ 8-!n+ + t+/- ", t%58!1 @# +n 5+$+n"! #n+ 8+#t+ 8++ "$%"% ,! $!$t! "nt! " #n+ -!$% -!$%"+ "+" " n @# - "-+ "-+!, !,,+ ,+.. E-t E-t 2#%$%! 5!+, %nt%n +-= 5%-5! n ,+"$%-%!n@# t!5+5!+, ,+ ,+$% $%!n !n+ +n! n!-- t+nt +nt! $!n $!n ,+,+- "5< "5<-8-!n+- $!5! $!n , +5%nt @# n!!" !"+ +1 ,! @# @# n!- 8#" #" ,,+ + +, +,$+n$ " n#-t+ 8!8%+ -#8+$%&n.
E-t< n7!$+"! n ,+ "7%n%$%&n " ,!$!n$8t $!n$8t!!- " $!$t $!$t! ! %n$! %n$!$t! $t! "-+$#"! + ,!- %"+,- 3 +,!5!+, 5!+,- " @#%n @#%n 2#; 2#;+ + ,+ +$$% +$$%&n &n11 t!5+n"! n $#n #nt+ @# "%$9! $9!+,!- -t
9tt8:+@2-#-2++.,!;-8!t.54)(?"%7n$%+'nt'2#%$%!'5!+,'3'2#%$%!.9t5,
T5+ T5+ ).).( .-“+a'(#s étics u&$a*#&ta'#s +#($a$, R#s&sa!i'i$a$, )usticia % Li!#(ta$” 10
+ERDAD E, t/5%n! "+" - #-+ %n7!5+,5nt 8++ -%;n%7%$+ ,+ $!%n$%"n$%+ nt #n+ +7%5+$%&n 3 ,!- 9$9!-1 ! ,+ +,%"+" + ,+ @# "%$9+ +7%5+$%&n - 7% ! ,+ 7%",%"+" + #n+ %"+ . E, t/5%n! - #-+ n #n -nt%"! t/$n%$! n "%-!- $+58!$!5! ,+ $%n$%+1 ,+ ,&;%$+ ,&;%$+ 3 3 5+t5
#/ - ,! @# $!n-t%t#3 ,+ "+".
•
C!n @#/ $%t%! $%t%! 8!"5! 8!"5!- %"nt%7%$+,+ 3 "7%n%,+ "7%n%,+..
•
S% , - 9#5+n! 8!- $!n!$%5%nt!- %nn+t!- ! %nn+t!- ! -&,! 8#" +"@#%%,!-.
•
S% %-tn ,+- ,+$%!n,+$%!n- ! ! ,+ "+" 8#" +,$+n+- t+n -&,! 5"%+nt ,+ 8%n$%+ 8%n$%+11 , ntn"%5%nt! ntn"%5%nt! 3 3 ,+ +&n +&n..
•
S% ,+ "+" - -#2t%+ -#2t%+ # # !2t%+ !2t%+..
•
S% ,+ "+" - ,+t%+ ,+t%+ ! ! +-!,#t+ +-!,#t+..
•
Y 9+-t+ @#/ ;+"! 8#"n +7%5+- +7%5+- $+"+ $+"+ #n+ " "%$9+- 8!8%"+"8!8%"+"-..
11
TIPOS DE
VERDAD
+!,eti)a y o,eti)a
L+- "+"- -#2t%+- -!n +@#,,+- $!n ,+- $#+,- -t+5!- 5<- =nt%5+5nt 7+5%,%+%+"!-1 8#-t! @# -# $!ntn%"! " "+" n$#nt+ -# 7#n"+5nt! n , 8!8%! -#2t! -#2t! @# @# $!n!$ 3 7!5#,+ "%$9+ "+". S!n ,+- "+"- " ,+ 8!8%+ 8%n$%+.. E, -#2t%%-5! 8%n$%+ -#2t%%-5! - ,+ t!=+ t!=+ @# @# $!n-%"+ @# t!"+- ,+- "+"- -!n -#2t%+-1 - "$%1 "8n"n ", -#2t! @# $!n!$. A $- - $!n-%"+ %58!8%+5nt $!5! $!n"%$%&n -#2t%+ , 9$9! " @# , -#2t! n! -+ , -#2t! %n"%%"#+, -%n! , -#2t! t+-$n"nt+, t+-$n"nt+, +nt%+n!. +nt%+n!. P! n - $+-! - 2#-t%7%$+=+ ,+ !2t%%"+" !2t%%"+" " ", $!n!$%5%nt! $!n %n" %n"8n 8n"n "n$% $%+ + " ,+ 7!5#,+$%&n " #n -#2t! %n"%%"#+, %n"%%"#+,.. En - $+-! 9+,+=+5!- " #n +nt!8!$nt%-5! ;n!-!,&;%$! ;n!-!,&;%$!..0 En $!nt+ $!nt+-t -t11 ,+- "+""+"- !2t%+!2t%+- 8tn"n 8tn"n - %n"8n"%nt- " n#-t+$n$%+- -#2t%+- 3 ;#-t!- 3 , 7#n"+5nt! " ,+- 5%-5+- %n"8n"%nt ", 9$9! " - $!n!$%"+ 8! , -#2t! %n"%%"#+,. T+, - ,+ 8tn-%&n " ,+ "+" $%nt=7%$+.. $%nt=7%$+ C#+n"! - $!n!$ @# 9+3 ! 8#" 9+ !t!- 8#nt!- " %-t+ ! 7!5+ " $!n!$ nt!n$- 5<- @# " -#2t%%-5! - " 9+,+ " 8-8$t%%-5! 8-8$t%%-5!..
Relati)a y a,"ol!ta
12
L+- "+"- ,+t%+- -!n +@#,,+- %"+- ! 8!8!-%$%!n- @# n%$+5nt -!n "+" n ,+$%&n + +,;#n+ n!5+1 $!nn$%&n ! 8#nt! " %-t+. U-#+,5nt1 ,+ n!5+ 5n$%!n+"+ -!n ,!- 8%n$%8%!- " ,+ 8!8%+ $#,t#+. T!"! , 5#n"! +$#"+ n @# ,+ +$% +$%"+" "+" ! 7+,-" 7+,-"+" +" " algunas %"+- - ,+t%+: S% - "%$ @# , tn"! - n$#nt+ + ,+ %@#%"+ " ,+ $#$9++1 ,,! "8n" " "-" "&n" #n! -t/ %n"!. S%n 5+;!1 , ,+t%%-5! - ,+ "!$t%n+ @# -F+,+ @# todas ,+- "+"- " #n "!5%n%! 8+t%$#,+ "=;+- 5!+, ! -t/t%$+ -!n " -t+ 7!5+1 3 , R,+t%%-5! %58,%$+ @# t!"+ "+" -&,! - n ,+$%&n + ,+ 8!8%+ $#,t#+. P! 258,!1 , ,+t%%-5! 5!+, - ,+ 8-8$t%+ @# +8#nt+ + @# t!"+- ,+"+ "+""- -!n -!n -!$% -!$%+, +,5 5nt nt %n-8 %n-8%+ %+"+ "+-. -. A,;#n ,;#n!!- 8! 8!, ,5+ 5+-- ,&;% ,&;%$! $!-- -! -! , ,+t%%-5! - 8,%$+n n , +t=$#,! 7+,+$%+ ,+t%%-t+. L+- "+""+"- ,+t% ,+t%++- 8#"n - $!nt+-t $!nt+-t+"+ +"+-- $!n ,+- "+" "+"-- absolutas # objetivas. E-t+- ,t%5+- -!n %"+- ! 8!8!-%$%!n- @# -=+n "+"+- 8++ t!"+- ,+- $#,t#+- 3 t%58!. E-t+- %"+- 7$#nt5nt -!n +t%#%"+- + ,+ 5%-5+ n+t# n+t#+, +, + + ", ", #n% #n%-!1 !1 " D%!D%!-11 ,+ n+t# n+t#+, +, + + 9#5+ 9#5+n+ n+ ! + +,;#n +,;#n+ + -n -n$% $%+ + 7#n"+5nt+, ! -%;n%7%$+$%&n t+-$n"nt. L! +-!,#t! +-!,#t! n n #n "!5%n%! 8+t%$#,+ ", 8n-+5%nt! - ,+ %-%&n " @# t!"+- ,+8!8!-%$%!n- n t+, "!5%n%! -!n +-!,#t+5nt $%t+- ! +-!,#t+5nt 7+,-+- -%n -t%$$%&n ! $!n"%$%&n $!n"%$%&n +,;#n+. +,;#n+. E, +-!,#t%-5! 5!+, - ,+ %-%& %-%&n n " @# @# ,+- n!5+ n!5+-- 3 8%n$%8%!- 5!+,- -!n +-!,#t+5nt1 - "$% %n$!n"%$%!n+"!%n$!n"%$%!n+"!- $!58,t+5nt $!58,t+5nt "+"+- ! 7+,-+- 8++ t!"+- ,+- $#,t#+- n t!"+- ,+- +- 3 n t!"+ -%t#+$%&n "+"+ $!n %n"8n"n$%+ " ,!- %n"%%"#!- +7$t+"!-.
Ontológica y e-i"temológica
13
•
•
P"%$+"! " #n+ +,%"+": "+" !nt!,&;%$+ !nt!,&;%$+.. P"%$+"! P"%$+"! " #n $!n!$%5%nt!1 $!n!$%5%nt!1 $n$%+1 8!8!-%$%&n1 8!8!-%$%&n1 ! n#n$%+"!: n#n$%+"!: "+" 8%-t5!,&;%$+.. 8%-t5!,&;%$+
E-t+- "!- 7!5+- " $!n-%"+$%&n " ,+ "+" n! -%58 +8+$n $,++- n , #-! #,;+ " ,+ 8+,++. En , 8%5 $+-! - #-+ 8++ "%-t%n;#% "%-t%n;#% #n+ +,%"+" $!5! realidad verdadera n !8!-%$%&n + #n+ +,%"+" “+8+nt”1 “%,#-!%+” “%+,” ! “%n%-tnt” ,! @# !$# $#+n"! t!5+5!- #n+ +,%"+" 8! “!t+”. En -t -nt%"! +7%5+5!-1 - “!! 7+,-!” ! “7+,-! !!”1 8+$ !!1 8! n! ,! -. En , -;#n"! $+-! - #t%,%+ $!n 7n$%+ 7n$%+ +, +, $!n!$%5%nt! $!n!$%5%nt! n n $#+nt! $!ntn%"! " #n+ #n+ $n$%+ $n$%+11 8!8!-%$%&n ! n#n$%+"! n#n$%+"! @# 8#" - “"+"! ! 7+,-!” -;n - $!-8!n"+ ! n! $!n ,+ +,%"+" @# pretende 8-+. En #n -nt%"! n! $=t%$! ,+ "+ "+" 8%-t5!,&;%$+ - -#, -#, t!5+ t!5+ $!5! $!5! $!-8!n"n$%+ n$-+%+ $!n ,+ !nt!,&;%$+. P! ,,! - , -nt%"! 5<- #,;+ 3 $!%nt " ,! @# - nt%n" 8! "+". E, -nt%"! !nt!,&;%$! $!n-t%t#3 , 7#n"+5nt! " $#+,@#% $!n$8t! " "+"1 -% %n n ,+ 7%,!-!7=+ +$t#+, -t -nt%"! " ,+ "+" - +,!+ +2! #n -#8#-t! -#8#-t! " " $!n"%$%!n- -t#$t#+,$!n"%$%!n -t#$t#+,- ", 8!$-! ", $!n!$%5%nt! $!n!$%5%nt! 3 3 n! $!5! #n $!ntn%"! $!n$t! " +,%"+" +,%"+" 8,n+5nt 8,n+5nt $!n!$%"+. S%n 5+;! ,+ 8!-%%,%"+" 5%-5+ ", $!n!$%5%nt! " ,+ "+" +-= ntn"%"+ $9++"! 8! ,!- -$/8t%$!- $!n-%"+n"! @# n! - 8!-%, 8++ , $!n!$%5%nt! 9#5+n! , $!n!$%5%nt! " ,+ +,%"+" +,%"+".. E, 5<% 5<%5! 5! 8! 8!n nnt nt " #n+ #n+ 7%,! 7%,!-! -!7= 7=+ + +-+ +-+"+ "+ n -t -t -nt%"! " "+" "+" !nt! !nt!,& ,&;% ;%$+ $+ - P,+t&n P,+t&n.. L!- $%-t%+n!- 3 -$!,<-t%$!- n$!nt n$!nt+ +!n !n ,+ -!,#$% -!,#$%&n &n -%t#+n"! -+ "+" n , 5%-5! $!n!$%5%nt! "%%n!1 8#- , $!n!$%5%nt! " D%!D%!- - #n +$t! $t! $+"! 8#- n D%!- $!n!$%5%nt! 3 +,%"+" $!%n$%"n n $+5%! ,!- $!n$8t!- 9#5+n!- -!n entes de razón con fundamento en la cosa .
14
L!- -$!,<-t%$!- +7%5++n @# , “nt” 8!-=+ ,+ $#+,%"+" " -# 8!8%+ "+". Omne ens est verum 1 $!n %n"8n"n$%+ " -# - ! n! - $!n!$%"!. L!- +$%!n+,%-t+- %"+,%-t+%"+,%-t+-11 D-$+tD-$+t-11 S8%n!+ S8%n!+11 L%n% L%n%11 H;, H;,11 3 R#--,, ! L#"%; %tt;n-t%n %tt;n-t%n n #n "t5%n+"! 5!5nt! " -# 8n-+5%nt! 8n-+!n t+5%/n +-=: t!"+- ,+- "+"-1 n ,t%5! t/5%n!1 9+n " - "+"- " +&n 8++ D%!- "!n" +,$+n+n -# $+<$t +-!,#t! +-!,#t!.. B%n - nt%n"+ 8! D%!- #n S T+-$n"nt11 %n T+-$n"nt %n -+ ntn ntn"% "%"! "! n #n -nt%" -nt%"! ! 8+nt=-t+ 8+nt=-t+ %"nt%7%$+"! $!n ,+ N+t#+,+ ! N+t#+,+ ! , E-8=%t# E-8=%t# ! ! ,+ H#5+n%"+" ! ,+ C%n$%+ C%n$%+.. E, 58%%-5! 58%%-5! 8#!1 8#!1 8! , $!nt+%!1 8%n-+ @# t!"! $!n!$%5%nt! - "+" " 9$9! ,+t ,+t% %+ + + ,+ +,%" +,%"+" +" “$!n! “$!n!$% $%"+ "+”” 8! ,+ 8%n$%+ 8%n$%+11 3 n! - 8!-%, , $!n!$%5%nt! 5t+7=-%$! 5t+7=-%$! $!5! $!5! n ,!- -$/8t%$!-. En ,+ +$t# +$t#+, +,%" %"+" +"11 "+"+ "+"+ ,+ +,! +,!+ +$% $%&n &n @# @# - t%n t%n " ,+ 8!-% 8!-%% %,%,%"+ "+" " " #n $!n!$%5%nt! 5t+7=-%$! 5t+7=-%$! " " ,+ “+,%"+" n $#+nt! t+,” -t $!n$8t! n! -#, - tn%"! 5#$9! n $#nt+. L+ " "+" +" ,&;% ,&;%$+ $+11 9!3 9!3 "=+ "=+ 5<5<- %n %n - "n! "n!5% 5%n+ n+ W8% W8%-t -t5 5!, !,&; &;%$ %$+W +W11 $!5! $!5! $!n!$% $!n!$%5% 5%nt! nt! " "+" "+" !2t% !2t%+ + n$#n n$#nt+ t+ -# 5<%5! 5<%5! 8!nnt 8!nnt n ,+ "+" $%nt=7%$+.. H!3 - 5<- 8!8%! "n!5%n+,+ "+" 8%-t5!,&;%$+1 + 7%n " %t+ ,+ $%nt=7%$+ $!n7#-%&n $!n , -nt%"! ,&;%$!'7!5+, $++$t=-t%$! " ,+ ,&;%$+ 7!5+,. L+ 7%,!-!7=+ n ,+ +$t#+,%"+" $!n-%"+ ,+ "+" $%nt=7%$+ $!5! tn"n$%+ @# - "%%; + #n 9!%!nt +%t! " 8%n$%+ -#8%! + ,+ 5+ $!n$%n$%+ $!n$%n$%+ n #n 8!$-! " +$$+5%nt! 85+nnt 9+$%+ , $!n!$%5%nt! " ,! +,. +,. L! @# "2+ +%t! , <5%t! " ,+ "+" +%t! + !t!- t%8!- " $!n!$%5%nt!"+"!- n! -!5t%"!- -t%$t+5nt +, <5%t! 3 +, 5/t!"! $%nt=7%$!. $%nt=7%$! .
Mate#ial y .o#mal
L+ "+" 7!5+, - nt%n" -!,! n , -nt%"! " "+" ,&;%$+1 $!5! t+#t!,!;=+1 @# n! 9+,+ ", 5#n"!. L+ "+" 5+t%+,1 8%-t5!,&;%$+1 8! -# 8+t1 t%n #n $!ntn%"! $#3! 7nt - ", 5#n"! n , -#8#-t!1 8! !t+ 8+t1 " @# "%$9+ "+" 8tn" tn -# 7nt 7nt n n ,+ "+" !nt!,&;%$+ "%$9+ ,+$%&n 15
" 7n$%+ n! - "%$t+ 3 "%7=$%,5nt +-@#%, +, $!n!$%5%nt! + 8!-t%!% " ,+ 8%n$%+1 8#- n! +8+$ #n+ ,+$%&n -%n 5<- %"nt %"nt t+, - , -7#! " ,+ %n-t%;+$%&n $%nt=7%$+. En ,+ $!n$%n$%+ n! $=t%$+ ! #,;+ $!n-%"+5!- 3 -#, 5+ntn- #n+ %"nt%"+" t+, $#+, nt ,! +, 3 +, 3 ,+ +,%"+" +,%"+" n n t+nt! @# $!n!$%"+1 8#- t+, "%-t%n$%&n n! - t%, n ,+ %"+ !"%n+%+. L+ "+" 7!5+, - -t+,$ nt , $!ntn%"! -%;n%7%$+t%! -%;n%7%$+t%! " " "+" " #n+ 8-%&n ,%n;=-t%$+ $!n$t+ ! " #n "%-$#-! ! " #n+ !+ $!58,t+ 3 ,+ -t#$t#+ " ,+ 8!8!-%$%&n 8!8!-%$%&n ! ! $!n2#nt! " 8!8!-%$%!n- n @# - -#, "%$9+ 8-%&n 8-%&n ,%n;=-t%$+ ,%n;=-t%$+ $!5! ,n;#+2 7!5+,%+"!1 7!5+,%+"! 1 +n+, +n+,% %+"+ +"+ -;n -;n #n -%-t5+ ! $<,$#,! ,&;%$!. ,&;%$!. C!n-%"5!- , $!ntn%"! " "+" " ,+ 7+- -%;#%nt: S% t!"!- ,!- ,7+ntt%nn +,+- 3 t!"!- ,!- -- +,+"!- #,+n1 nt!n$- ,!- ,7+nt- #,+n. E, $!ntn%"! " ,+ 7+- $!5! "%-$#-!1 -8$t! + ,+ "+" " -# $!ntn%"! -%;n%7%$+t%! n , 5#n"!1 - $,++5nt 7+,-!. E-t "%-$#-! n $#+nt! + -# $!ntn%"! 5+t%+,1 - 7+,-!. S# "+" material - 7+,-+. S%n 5+;! n $#+nt! + -# 7!5+ ! -t#$t#+ ,&;%$+1 - #n+ "+" n! -!,! -8$t! + -t "%-$#-! $!n$t! -%n! @# todo discurso que mantenga la misma forma o estructura lógica será siempre y necesariamente '/0ica*#&t# #($a$#(. S# 7!5+ ,&;%$+ 9+$ "+"! , "%-$#-! n -t -nt%"!. S# "+" formal "+".
/e#0a0 /e#0a0 mo#al
E- ,+ $!n$!"+n$%+ nt ,! @# - "%$ 3 5+n%7%-t+ $!n ,+ 8+,++ ! $!n ,+ +$$%&n -8$t! + ,+ $n$%+ $n$%+ n n ,! @# - "+"!. S# $!nt+%! n! - ,! 7+,-! ! , ! -%n! ,+ 5nt%+ 5nt%+.. S# 5+n%7-t+$%&n - #n+ %t#" %t#" 5!+,1 5!+,1 -t! -: "e# )e#az1 0eci#1 !"a# o -#o.e"a# "iem-#e la )e#0a0.
16
RESPONSABILIDAD L+ 8+,++ 8+,++ R-8!n-+%,% R-8!n-+%,%"+" "+" 8!%n ", t/5%n! t/5%n! ,+t%n! responsum - $+8+ " -8!n"1 $!-8!n" $!n !t!. L+ -8!n-+%,%"+" - , $#58,%5%nt! " ,+!,%;+$%!n- ! $#%"+"! +, 9+$ ! "$%"% +,;!1 ! %n #n+ 7!5+ " -8!n" @# %58, %58,%$ %$+ + , $,+ $,+! ! $!n! $!n!$% $%5% 5%n nt! t! " @# @# ,!,!- -# -#,t,t+" +"!!- " $#58 $#58,%,% ! n! ,+,+!,%;+$%!n-1 $+n -! #n! 5%-5!.
L+ -8!n-+%,%"+" - 8#" $!5! ,+ $!n$%n$%+ +$$+ " ,+- $!n-$#n$%+@# t%n t!"! ,! @# 9+$5!- ! "2+5!- " 9+$ -! n!-!t!- 5%-5!- ! -! ,!- "5<-. En , $+58! $+58! ", ", -t#"%! ! ", t++2! t++2! 8! 258,!1 , @# - -8!n-+, ,,+ + $+! -#- t++- $!n "%,%;n$%+1 -%"+" 3 8#"n$%+ 8!@# -+ @# ,+- $!-+"n 9+$- %n "-" , 8%n$%8%! 9+-t+ , 7%n+, 3 @# -!,! +-= - -+$+ "+"+ n-F+n+ 3 8!$9! " ,,+-. C!n ,+ -8!n-+%,%"+" , %n"%%"#! %n"%%"#! +8n" +8n" + $!58!t+- " 5+n+ @# 8#"+n $!n7 $!n7%+ %+ n /,1 /,1 3+ @# /-t+ /-t+ ;++ ;++nt nt%%+ , $#58 $#58,%,%5% 5%n nt! t! " ,!- $!58!5%-!+"@#%%"!- 3 ;n+ $!n7%+n+ 3 t+n@#%,%"+" nt ,+- 8-!n+-. E, - -8!n-8!n-+, +, 7,% 7,%!n+ !n+ -%+5 -%+5nt nt +nt+nt- " t!5+ t!5+ $#+,@#% $#+,@#% "$%-% "$%-%&n1 &n1 8n-+n"! n ,!- -#,t+"!- 3 7$t!- @# 8#"+ +7$t+ ,+ 8!8%+ %"+ ! ,+ " !t!- - $+8+ " -nt% ,! @# !t!- -%ntn 3 ntn" ,+- n$-%"+"- " ,!"5<- $!n!$ ,!- !- $!5t%"!- 3 - 5#-t+ 5#-t+ "%-8#-t! "%-8#-t! + 8++,!-. T!"! ,! 8#-t! - 7%"! + ,+ -8!n-+%,%"+" /t%$+1 5!+, 5!+, 3 3 -!$%+, -!$%+,11 /-t+ ,t%5+ t%nn ;+n ,+n$%+ n #n+ $!5#n%"+" 7+5%,%+1 n "!n" ,!- 8+"- t%nn , " " " - -8!n-+,- n ,+ 7!5+$%&n " -#- 9%2!- 3 n ,+ $!nt%#$%&n " ,,!- n ,+ -!$%"+"1 $!n , +8!t " -# 5%-5+ 8%n$%+ " $!5#n%&n 3 8+t%$%8+$%&n. E%-t !t+ -8!n-+%,%"+" @# - ,+ 2#="%$+1 "!n" t!"+ 8-!n+ 8-!n+ - ,;+,5nt -8!n-+, " "t5%n+"+ $!n"#$t+ 3 @# n 8+t - 7%"+ + ,+ !,%;+$%&n " 8++ "+F! "+F! 5!+, 5!+, ! 5+t%+, $+#-+"! 8! +,;#n+ %!,+$%&n.
17
TIPOS DE RESPONSABILIDAD
Re"-on"a,ili0a0 "ocial
R-8!n-+%,%"+" -!$%+, - ,+ $+;+1 $!58!5%-! # !,%;+$%&n @# ,!- 5%5!- " #n+ -!$%"+"1 $!5! %n"%%"#!- ! $!5! 5%5!- " +,;n ;#8!1 t%nn nt -= 3 8++ ,+ 8!8%+ -!$%"+". E- #n t%8! " -8!n-+%,%"+" +-+"+ n ,+ %"!,!;=+ 3 ,+- n!5+- %ntn+- " #n+ nt%"+". L+ -8!n-+%,%"+" -!$%+, 8#" - 8!-%t%+1 n , -nt%"! " !,%;+- + +$t#+ ! + +,%+ +,%+ +,;!1 3 t+5%/n t+5%/n 8#" - n;+t%+1 n;+t%+1 n 7n$%+ 7n$%+ + +-tn- +-tn- " +$t#+ ! " +,%+ +,;!. L+ -8 -8!n !n-+ -+% %,%,%"+ "+" " -!$% -!$%+, +, 58 58-+ +%+ %+,, RSE RSE1 1 t+5% +5%/n /n $!n! $!n!$% $%"+ "+ $!5! $!5! -8!n-+%,%"+" -!$%+, $!8!+t%+1 - , $!58!5%-! 3 $!nt%#$%&n !,#nt+%+ 3 +$t% +$t%+ + " #n+ 58 58-+ -+ + ,+ 52! 52!+ + -!$% -!$%!$ !$!n& !n&5%$ 5%$+ + 3 +5% +5%nt nt+, +,11 !% !%nt nt+" +"+ + 8%n$%8+,5nt +, +#5nt! " -# $!58t%t%%"+"1 -# +,!+$%&n 3 -# +,! +F+"%"!.
Re"-on"a,ili0a0 ci)il
L+ -8!n-+%,%"+" $%%, - ,+ !,%;+$%&n " #n+ 8-!n+ " 8++ #n "+F! + ,+ 8-! 8 -!n+ n+ @# @# ,! 9+ -#7 -#7% %"!. "!. L+ -8! 8!nn-+ +%,%,%" %"+" +" $% $%%,%, 8# 8#" " - +" +"@#% @#%% %"+ "+ 8! 8! $!nt+ $!n t+t! t! $!n $!nt+ t+$t# $t#+, +, ! -t -t+ + -t -t%8# %8#,+" ,+"+ + 8! ,3 t+ t+$!nt+$ $!nt+$t#+,. t#+,. C#+n"! ,+ 8-!n+ @# -8!n" 8! ,!- "+F!- - #n+ 8-!n+ "%7nt +, +#t!1 - ,,+5+ -8!n-+%,%"+" 8! 9$9!- +2n!-.
18
Re"-on"a,ili0a0 "oli0a#ia
L+ -8!n-+%,%"+ -8!n-+%,%"+" " -!,%"+%+ -!,%"+%+ - ,+ !,% !,%;+ ;+$% $%&n &n ! $!58 $!58! !5% 5%-! -! " #n+ #n+ 58 58-+ + 8%n 8%n$% $%8+ 8+,, " -8 -8!n !n" "1 1 n $+-! $+-! " @# % %-t+n -t+n "#" "#"++- ", ", $!nt !nt+t +t%-t %-t+ ! -#$!nt+t%-t+ $!n -#- t++2+"!-. E-t t%8! " -8!n-+%,%"+"1 8! ,! t+nt!1 - +8,%$+ + +%+- 8-!n+- @# -8!n"n +nt #n+ !,%;+$%&n !,%;+$%&n $!nt+="+ $!nt+="+ -%n @# -+ n$-+%+ #n+ "$,++$%&n " %n-!,n$%+ ", +;nt 8%n$%8+,. D -t 5!"!1 , +$"! 8#" $,+5+ ,+ "#"+ $!nt+ #n+ ! t!"+- ,+- 8+t- + ,+ .
Re"-on"a,ili0a0 limita0a
Un+ Un+ -!$% -!$%" "+" +" " -8 -8!n!n-+ +%,%,%" %"+" +" ,%5% ,%5%t+ t+"+ "+ SRL SRL11 ! -%58 -%58, ,5 5nt nt -!$% -!$%"+ "+" " ,%5%t+ ,%5%t+"+ "+ SL1 SL1 - #n t%8! t%8! " -!$%"+" -!$%"+" 5$+nt 5$+nt%,%, n ,+ @# ,+ -8!n-8!n-+% +%,%" ,%"+" +" - ,%5%t+ +, $+8%t+, +8!t+"!. P! ,! t+nt!1 -% %-t%-n "#"+-1 ,!- -!$%!- " -t t%8! " !;+n%+$%&n n! "n -8!n" $!n -# 8+t%5!n%! 8-!n+,. En -t -nt%"!1 ,+,+- 8+t 8+t%$ %$%8 %8+$ +$%! %!n n-- -!$% -!$%+, +,- n! - $! $!-8! 8!n" n"n n $!n $!n ,+,+- +$$% +$$%!n !n- " ,+,+-!$%"+"- +n&n%5+- SA.
)USTICIA
19
L+ 2#-t%$%+ - #n $!n2#nt! " +,!- -n$%+,- -! ,!- $#+,- " +-+- #n+ -!$%"+" 3 , E-t+"!1 -t!- +,!- -!n , -8t!1 ,+ @#%"+"1 ,+ %;#+,"+" 3 ,+ ,%t+". L+ 2#-t%$%+ n -nt%"! 7!5+, - , $!n2#nt! " n!5+- $!"%7%$+"+- +8,%$+"+- 8! 2#$- @# +, - %!,+"+- , E-t+"! %58+t 2#-t%$%+1 -#8%5%n"! ,+ +$$%&n ! %n+$$%&n @# ;n! ,+ +7$t+$%&n ", %n $!5n. L+ 8+,++ 2#-t%$%+ 8!%n ", ,+t=n iustitia @# -%;n%7%$+ 2#-t!1 3 "%+ ", !$+,! ius.
La !"ticia "ocial
L+ 2#-t 2#-t%$ %$%+ %+ -!$% -!$%+, +, - ,+ "%-t "%-t% %#$ #$%& %&n n @#% @#%,%,%+ +"+ "+ " ,!,!- %n %n- "nt "nt! ! " #n+ #n+ -!$%"+". E-t t/5%n! -#;%& n , -%;,! XIX $!n , +8+$%5%nt! ", $+8%t+,%-5!1 , $#+, - %n$5nt& , "-$!ntnt! " ,+- $,+-- -!$%+,- 5<- "-7+!+,-1 8! ,,!1 @# , t/5%n! 2#-t%$%+ -!$%+,1 t%n "!- $!%nt-1 8++ ,!- -!$%+,%-t+- , E-t+"! " ;++nt%+ , "-+!,,! " ,+ $,+- -!$%+, 5<- "-7+!$%"+ 3 , -8t! -8t! 8! ,!- "$9!"$9!- 9#5+n! 9#5+n!-- 3 , ,%+ ,%+,%,%-5! 5! -!-t%n -!-t%n , "-+! "-+!,,! ,,! " !8!t#n%"+"- 3 8!t$$%&n + ,+ 58-+ 8%+"+. A$t#+,5nt1 - %n$#,+ 2#-t%$%+ -!$%+, $!n , t/5%n! " 2#-t%$%+ "%-t%#t%+ " A%-t&t,-1 - "+ $+"+ #n! ,! @# , $!-8!n" -;n -# $!nt%#$%&n + ,+ -!$%"+". En $!nt+8!-%$%&n + ,+ 2#-t%$%+ "%-t%#t%+ %-t ,+ 2#-t%$%+ t%#t%+ , $+-t%;! ! 8n+ @# - , +8,%$+ + #n+ 8-!n+ n 8!8!$%&n + ,+ 7+,t+ $!5t%"+ 8! ,+ 5%-5+. En , +F! 461 ,+ O;+n%+$%&n " ,+- N+$%!n- Un%"+- 8!$,+5& , "=+ 4 " 7! " $+"+ +F! $!5! D=+ M#n"%+, " ,+ J#-t%$%+ S!$%+,.
La !"ticia como )alo# L+ 2#-t%$%+ $!5! +,! - , 8%n$%8%! 5!+, " $+"+ 8-!n+ @# "$%" %% "+n"! + $+"+ @#%n ,! @# , $!-8!n" ! 8tn$. L+ 2#-t%$%+ $!5! +,! #-$+ , %n 8!8%! 3 " ,+ -!$%"+".
La !"ticia 0i)ina
20
L+ 2#-t%$%+ "%%n+ - ,+ 2#-t%$%+ ,,+"+ + $+! 8! D%!-. P++ ,!- $%-t%+n!- - D%!@#%n t%n , 8!" " 2$ ,+ 2#-t%$%+ "%%n+ 3+ @# /, 8#" $+-t%;+ ! 85%+ +, 9!5 " +$#"! + -#- 5$%5%nt!-.
La !"ticia en .ilo"o.2a
L+ 2#-t%$%+ n 7%,!-!7=+ 7%,!-!7=+ - #n+ "7%n%$%&n "7%n%$%&n @# +=+ -;n , 8n-+5%nt! 8n-+5%nt! " $+"+ 7%,&-!7!. P,+t&n "$=+ @# , %n"%%"#! "=+ -+,% " ,+ !-$#%"+"1 " ,+ $+n+ ", "-$!n!$%5%nt!1 - "$%1 ,+ 8-!n+ - 9+$ 2#-t+ n ,+ 5%-5+ 5"%"+ n @# t%n $!n!$%5%nt!1 8! ,! t+nt!1 @#%n t%n 5<- $!n!$%5%nt! 8#" - 5< 2#-t!1 ,! @# t+"#$ #n+ %"+ " @# ,!- ;!n+nt- "n tn +58,%!$!n!$%5%nt!- 8++ -+ ;!n+ 3 8++ +,5nt 9+$ 2#-t%$%+. E, 7%,&-!7! A%-t&t,- "7%n=+ " 7%n=+ 2#-t%$%+ "+ + $+"+ $%#"+"+n! ,! @# , $!-8!n" -;n -#n$-%"+"- 3 +8!t n ,+ -!$%"+". M%nt+- @# +nt "$=+ @# ,+ 2#-t%$%+ " #n E-t+"! " ,+ 8! t- 8%n$%8%!8%n$%8%!- 7#n"+5nt+,- 7#n"+5nt+,- ,+ ,%t+" " ,!- %n"%%"#!-1 %n"%%"#!-1 ,+ %;#+,"+" nt ,,!- 3 ,+ %n"8n"n$%+ " $+"+ 5%5! " #n+ $!5#n%"+". En $#+nt! @# ,-n %n"%$++ #n "$9! n+t#+, @# 8+,$=+ -! , "$9! 21
8!-%t%! 3+ @# -% /-t + n $!nt+ " ,!- "$9!- 7#n"+5nt+,- ", - 9#5+n! n! - 8#" 9+,+ " 2#-t%$%+.
3La !"ticia e" ciega3
E- #n+ 8-%&n 8-%&n !%;%n+"+ !%;%n+"+ 8! ,+ 8- 8-nt+ nt+$%& $%&n n " 2#-t%$ 2#-t%$%+ %+ - #n+ 5#2 @# ,,+ ,!- !2!- n"+"!-1 #n+ +,+n+ n #n+ 5+n! 3 #n+ -8+"+ n ,+ !t+. L!!2!- n"+"!- "-t+$+n @# ,+ 2#-t%$%+ n! 5%+ + ,+- 8-!n+-1 -%n! ,+ 2#-t%$%+ %;#+, 8++ t!"!-. L+ +,+n+ 7%;#+ , 2#%$%! @# "t5%n+< 8!n%n"! + $+"+ ,+"! " ,+ +,+n+ ,!- +;#5nt!- 3 8#+- 8-nt+"!-. L+ -8+"+ 8-+ @# ,+ 2#-t%$%+ $+-t%;+< $!n 5+n! "#+ + ,!- $#,8+,-.
LIBERTAD E, !$+,! L%t+" 8!%n ", ,+t=n libertas1 liberatis 7+n@#+1 85%-! - ,+ 7+$#,t+" n+t#+, ", 9!5 9!5 8++ 8++ +$t#+ + !,#nt+" -%n -t%$$%!n-1 -8t+n"! -# 8!8%+ $!n$%n$%+ 3 , " -1 -1 8++ +,$+n+ -# 8,n+ +,%+$%&n.L+ ,%t+" ,+ 8!-%%,%"+" @# tn5!- 8++ "$%"% 8! n!-!t!- 5%-5! $!5! +$t#+ n ,+"%7nt"%7nt- -%t#+$%!n-%t#+$%!n- @# - n!- 8-nt+n 8-nt+n n ,+ %"+. E, @# - ,% ,%; nt "t5%n+"+- !8$%!n- ,+- @# , 8+$n 52!- ! 5<- $!nn%nt-1 t+nt! 8++ -# %n-t+ $!5! 8++ , " ,!- "5<- ! , " ,+ -!$%"+" n ;n+,.
22
H+3 @# tn n $#nt+ @# ,+ ,%t+" n! - 9+$ ,! @# - @#%1 -%n! 9+$ ,! @# - " 9+$ n -!$%"+" #n+ 8-!n+ ,% 8%n-+ 5#3 %n ,! @# + 9+$ +nt- " "$%"%- + +$t#+ " #n+ 5+n+. L+ "%5n-%&n ! 5"%"+ " ,+ ,%t+" -t< $!n"%$%!n+"+ 8! ,+- ",%5%t+$%!n- @# "%+n ", "$9! " ,!"5<-1 ", !"n !"n 8,%$! 8,%$! 3 -!$%+, 3 " ,+ -8!n-+%,%"+" " $+"+ @#%n. + ,! ,+;! " ,+ 9%-t!%+1 n -8$%+, -8$%+, + 8+t% " ,+- R!,#$%!n- #;#-+- ", -%;,! XVIII 3 XIX1 ,+ ,%t+" -#, -t+ 5#3 #n%"+ + ,!- $!n$8t!- " 2#-t%$%+ %;#+,"+". M#$9!- 7%,&-!7!- $!n7%5+n @# ,+ ,%t+" 8+$ - , %n 5<- 8$%+"! @# 8!- , - 9#5+n!. L+ ,%t+" - #n +,! t+n-$n"nt+, t+n-$n"nt+, 8! -# $!n@#%-t+ 3 $!n-+$%&n 5#$9!- 9!5- 5#%!n1 8! n ,+ +$t#+,%"+" ,+ ,%t+" 9+3 @# ;+n+,+ "=+ + "=+ $#58,%n"! $!n n#-t+- !,%;+$%!n-. E, -t+"! -t+"! " " ,%t+" "7%n ,+ -%t#+$%&n1 $%$#n-t+n$%+- ! $!n"%$%!n- " @#%n n! - -$,+!1 n% -#2t!1 n% %58"%"! +, "-! "-! " " !t!- " 7!5+ -t%$t%+. En !t+8+,++-1 +@#,,! @# 85%t +, 9!5 "$%"% -% @#% 9+$ +,;! ! n!1 ,! 9+$ ,%1 8! t+5%/n -8!n-+, " -#- +$t!-. En $+-! " @# n! - $#58,+ -t! ,t%5! - -t+=+ 9+,+n"! " ,%t%n+2. P#- ,+ ,%t+" %58,%$+ #n+ $,++ !8$%&n 8! , %n. E%E%-t tn n "%7 "%7 nt nt- t%8!t%8!- " ,% ,%t+ t+"1 "1 +,;# +,;#n!n!- 8! 8! 25 258, 8,! ! -!n -!n ,+ ,% ,%t t+" +" " $!n$%n$%+1 8++ +,$+n+ #n+ %"+ $!9nt 3 @#%,%+"+ "-" , %nt%! ,%t ,%t+" +" " 8-% 8-%&n1 &n1 8++ 8!" "%7#n"% ,+- %"+- 3 8!5! , "+t 3 ,+ "%-$#-%&n +%t+ ,%t+" " #n%&n $!5! ;++nt=+ 8++ +-!$%+- $!n +@#,,!@# $!58+tn %"+,- 3 t++2+ 8! ,!- 5%-5!- ,%t+" 8++ ,;% -8!n-+, 3 8+$=7%$+5nt + ,!- ;!n+nt-1 nt !t!-. S 9+,+ t+5%/n " ,%t+" +, -t+"! ! $!n"%$%&n ", @# n! -t< 8%-%!n! ! -#2t! + !t!1 - t%n + ,+ libertad condicional 1 n7%$%! " ++n"!n+ ,+ 8%-%&n @# 8#" $!n$"- + ,!- 8n+"!- n , ,t%5! 8%!"! " -# $!n"n+1 3 @# -t< -!5t%"! + ,+ 8!-t%! !-+n$%+ " #n+ $!n"#$t+ $!n"#$t+ 3 libertad provisional 1 n7%$%! ", @# ;!+n ,!- 8!$-+"!-1 t+- 7%+n+ ! n!1 @# n! -!n -!5t%"!- + 8%-%&n 8 nt%+ n t+nt! "#+ ,+ $+#-+ ! 2#%$%! 2#%$%!.. C# C# M+= +=+1 40 4011 9tt8-:@#-!n,!-+,!-t%$!-.$!5+,!-'t%$!-'7#n"+5nt+,-',%t+"'2#-t%$%+' -8!n-+%,%"+"'3'"+"
23
VALORES ETICOS FUNDAMENTALES
24
VERDAD
L+ 8+,++ B*"+" -* #-+ 5#$9! 8++ *7*%-* + #n+ 8*-!n+ 9!n*-t+1 -%n$*+ 3 "* #*n+ 7*1 #n+ 8*-!n+ *n ,+ @#* 8#*"*- $! n7%+. L+ B*"+" *- ,! @#* "*7%n* ,! *+, "* ,! 7+,-!1 +,;! B*"+"*! *- +,;! @#* 8#*"*$!58!+ . E, -* 9!n*-t! *$#58,% $!n ,! @#* !7*$*-. “L+ B*"+" ,!- 9+< ,%*-” #n+ 7+-* @#* *n$+2+ 8*7*$t+5*nt*1 3+ @#* -!,! $!n ,+ B*"+" 8!"+"%-t%n;#% *, %*n "*, 5+, 3 -* 5*2! 8*-!n+.
RESPONSABILIDA D L+ *-8!n-+%,%"+" *-8!n-+%,%"+" *- ,+ 7+$#,t+" 9#5+n+ "* +-#5% ,+- $!n-*$#*n$%+"* t#- 8!8%!+$t!-1 *- $#58,% $!n ,+!,%;+$%!n*$!nt+="+-1 3+ -*+ 8! 5*"%! "* #n $!nt+t! ,*;+, ! 5+- %58!t+nt* +#n1 8! ,+ 8+,++ "+"+ + #n+ 8*-!n+. S* *-8!n-+,* *$#58,% -%*58* $!n ,!- "***$!nt+="!-1 +#n@#* *-t!- n! -*+n "*, t!"! $&5!"!-.
JU S I! IA
LIBERAD
E-t* B+,! /t%$! *,+ $#+,%"+" "* "+ + $+"+ @#%*n ,! @#* 8! "**$9! ,* $!*-8!n"*1 -*+ #*n! ! 5+,!. L+ 2#- t%$ %+ * - $ %*; +1 *-t! @#%** "*$% @#* n! 5%+ + @#%*n -* 2#;+1 "* *-t+ 5+n*+ n! 9+< 8+$%+,%"+" +, 5!5*nt! "* "+ -# 5**$%"! + #n+ 8*-!n+.
S* "*7%n* $!5! ,+ $#+,%"+" "* $#+,@#%* -* 9#5+n! + *,*;% -# "*-t%n!1 + "*$%"% 8! -% 5%-5! -!* -#8!8%!- +$t!-1 *"*$%1 **- ,%* $#+n"! n+"%* 5+"*$%"* 8! t%. A,;! %58!t+nt* + +$!t+ -!* ,+ ,%*t+"1 *- @#* +-% $!5! **,%* 8++ *,*;% t#- +$t!-1 +-= 5%-5! "**- "* 9+$*t* *-8!n-+,* *-8!n-+, * "* ,+- $!n-*$#*n$%+ "* "%$9!- +$t!-1 $+-! $!nt+%!1 *-t+=+- $+3*n"! *n ,%*t%n+2*1 *, n! +-#5% ,+$!n-*$#*n$%+$!n-*$#*n$% +- "* t#- +$t!-.
9tt8-:@#-!n,!-+,!-t%$!-.$!5+,!-'t%$!-'7#n"+5nt+,-',%t+"'2#-t%$%+' -8!n-+%,%"+"'3'"+"
T5+ ).).0.' “D#(#c2s 3u*a&s” L!L!- " "$9! $9!-- 9#5+ 9#5+n! n!-- -!n -!n , $!n2 $!n2#nt #nt! ! " 8 8!; !;+t +t% %++- -#-t -#-tn nt+ t+"+ "+-- n ,+ "%;n%"+" 9#5+n+1 $#3+ +,%+$%&n 7$t%+ -#,t+ %n"%-8n-+, 8++ , "-+!,,! 25
%nt;+, " ,+ 8-!n+. E-t $!n2#nt! " 8!;+t%+- - n$#nt+ -t+,$%"! "nt! "nt! ", !"n !"n 2#="% 2#="%$! $! n+$%!n n+$%!n+,1 +,1 n n#-t+ n#-t+ $!n-t%t $!n-t%t#$% #$%&n &n 8!,=t% 8!,=t%$+1 $+1 t+t+" t+t+"!!%ntn+$%!n+,- 3 ,+- ,3-. E, -8t! 9+$%+ ,!- "$9!- 9#5+n!- " $+"+ 8-!n+ - #n " " t!"!-. T!"+- ,+- +#t!%"+"+#t!%"+"- n , <5%t! " -#- $!58tn$%+-1 $!58tn$%+-1 t%nn ,+ !,%;+$%&n !,%;+$%&n " 8!5!1 8!5!1 -8t+1 -8t+1 8!t; 3 ;++nt%+ ;++nt%+ ,!- "$9!"$9!- 9#5+n!9#5+n!- $!n-%;n+"!$!n-%;n+"!- n 7+! ", %n"%%"#!.
Principios de los derechos humanos
4$#inci-io 0e !ni)e#"ali0a0: -F+,+ @# ,!- "$9!- 9#5+n!- $!-8!n"n + t!"+- ,+- 8-!n+- 8! %;#+,.
4$#inci-io 0e inte#0e-en0encia : $!n-%-t n @# $+"+ #n! " ,!- "$9!9#5+n!- - n$#nt+n ,%;+"!- #n!- + !t!-1 " t+, 5+n+ @# , $!n!$%5%nt! " #n! " ,,!- 1 +-= $!5! -# 2$%$%!1 %58,%$+ n$-+%+5nt @# - -8tn 3 8!t2+n 5,t%8,- "$9!- @# - n$#nt+n %n$#,+"!-. 4$#inci-io 0e in0i)i"i,ili0a0& - 9+,+ " %n"%%-%%,%"+" " ,!- "$9!- 9#5+n!n 7#n$%&n + @# 8!-n #n $+<$t %n"%%-%, 8#- t!"!- ,,!- -!n %n9nt- +, - 9#5+n! 3 "%+n " -# "%;n%"+".
26
L! +nt%! @#% "$% @# "%-7#t " ,!- "$9!- 9#5+n!- -&,! - 8!-%, n $!n2#nt! 3 n! " 5+n+ +%-,+"+ 3+ @# t!"!- - n$#nt+n -t$9+5nt #n%"!-.
4$#inci-io 0e -#og#e"i)i0a0& $!n-t%t#3 #n+ !,%;+$%&n ", -t+"! 8++ +-;#+ , 8!;-! n , "-+!,,! $!n-t#$t%! " ,!- "$9!- 9#5+n!-1 +, 5%-5! t%58!1 %58,%$+ #n+ 8!9%%$%&n 8++ , -t+"! -8$t! + $#+,@#% t!$-! " ,!- "$9!-.
Evolución de los derechos humanos
L!- "$9!- 9#5+n!- - $!5%n+n + 9+,+ n , -%;,! 1 $!5! $!n-$#n$%+ " ,!- t+t+"!- " 8+ $,+"!- ,#;! " ,+- ;#+- 5#n"%+,-. P! 258,!1 , t+t+"! " -+,,-1 - -#-$%%& 7%n+,%+n"! ,+ 8%5+ ;#+ 5#n"%+, 3 "%! ,#;+ + ,+ $+$%&n " ,+ -!$%"+" " ,+- n+$%!n-1 $!5! #n+ !;+n%+$%&n %ntn+$%!n+, $!n -" n ;%n+ -#%+1 ,+ $#+, t#! $!5! 7%n+,%"+" 8%5!"%+, , $#58,%5%nt! " ,!- t+t+"!- " 8+ 3 , 5+ntn%5%nt! " ,+ 8+1 "-t+$
C!n 8!-t%!%"+" + ,+ -;#n"+ ;#+ 5#n"%+,1 nt , 4 " +%, 3 , 4 " 2#n%! " )?0 - ,,& + $+! ,+ $!n7n$%+ " -+n 7+n$%-$!1 n ,+ $#+, 8+t%$%8+!n $$+ " -t+"!-. " ,,+ -#;%& ,+ 8"%$%&n " ,+ “$+t+ " ,+ n+$%!n#n%"+-” 31 8! n"1 ,+ $+$%&n " ,+- n+$%!n- #n%"+- , 4 " 2#n%! " )?01 $!n ,+- 7%n+,%"+"- 3 8!8&-%t!- $!ntn%"!- n , 8<5#,! 3 n , +t=$#,! )! " ,+ $+t+1 nt ,!- $#+,- - 9+,,+n , 5+ntn%5%nt! " ,+ 8+ 3 ,+ -;#%"+" 27
%ntn+ %ntn+$%! $%!n+, n+,-1 -1 ,+ t#t,+ t#t,+ " ,!- "$9!"$9!- 3 ,%t+ ,%t+""- 7#n"+5 7#n"+5nt+ nt+,,- " ,!9!5- n , <5%t! #n%-+, 3 , -8t! +, 8%n$%8%! " ,+ %;#+,"+" " "$9!3 +, " ,% "t5%n+$%&n " ,!- 8#,!-.
¿C!5le" "on lo" 0e#ec6o" 6!mano"? 4De#ec6o a la )i0a: t!"+ 8-!n+ t%n "$9! + @# -# %"+ -+ -8t+"+.E-t "$9! " $!n$8t#+,%+- n "!- -nt%"!-: a7 $!5! #n+ !,%;+$%&n 8++ , -t+"! " -8t+ ,+ %"+ "nt! ", 2$%$%! " -#- 7#n$%!n- ,7 $!5! #n+ ,%5%t+$%&n +, +$t#+ " ,!- 8+t%$#,+-1 8++ @# n%n;#n+ 8-!n+ 8% " ,+ %"+ + !t+.
4Ig!al0a0 ent#e m!e#e" y 6om,#e": t!"+- ,+- 8-!n+- ;!+n ,!- 5%-5!"$9!- -%n %58!t+ -# -! ! ;/n!. E, -t+"! -t+,$< ,+- +$$%!nn$-+%+- @# ;++nt%$n + ,+- 5#2- ,+ +"%$+$%&n " ,+ %!,n$%+ 3 , +$$-! + ,+- 5%-5+- !8!t#n%"+"- %;#+,"+" n t!"!- ,!- <5%t!- " ,+ %"+ 8,%$+ 3 8%+"+. 4Li,e#ta0 0e e8-#e"ión : t!"+ 8-!n+ t%n "$9! + ,+ ,%t+" " 8n-+5%nt! 3 8-%&n. E-t "$9! $!58n" ,+ ,%t+" " #-$+1 $%% 3 "%7#n"% %n7!5+$%!n- %"+-1 3+ -+ !+,5nt1 8! -$%t!1 ! + t+/- " ,+- n#+-
28
t$n!,!;=+- " ,+ %n7!5+$%&n1 , $#+, n! 8#" -t+ -#2t! + $n-#+ 8%+ -%n! + -8!n-+%,%"+"- #,t%!- 8-+5nt 7%2+"+- 8! ,+ ,3.
4De#ec6o a la -#o-ie0a0: - , "$9! @# t%n t!"+ 8-!n+ " #-+1 ;!+1 "%-7#t+ "%-7#t+ 3 "%-8!n "%-8!n -#- %n- " +$#"! + ,+ ,3. D%$9! D%$9! "$9! -< 8!t;%"! 8!t;%"! 8! , -t+"!1 8! ,! @# n+"% 8!"< - 8%+"!1 n% 5!,-t+"! n -#- %n- -%n! n %t# %t#" " " #n 2#%$% #%$%! ! @# @# $#58 $#58,+ ,+ $!n $!n ,+- 7!5 7!5+, +,%%"+" "+"-- -n -n$% $%+ +,,- ", ", 8!$"%5%nt!.
4De#ec 4De#ec6o 6o a la e0!cac e0!cación ión&& t!"+ 8-!n+ t%n "$9! + $%% "#$+$%&n. En M/%$! , n%, 8-$!,+1 8%5+%+1 -$#n"+%+ 3 5"%+ -#8%! -
4De#ec6o a la "al!0: t!"+ 8-!n+ t%n "$9! + ,+ 8!t$$%&n " ,+ -+,#"1 -% ,+8-!n+- 9+$n #-! " ,!- -%$%!- " -+,#" t%nn , "$9! " !tn 8-t+$ 8-t+$%!n %!n- !8!t# !8!t#n+n+-11 8!7-% 8!7-%!n+ !n+,-1 ,-1 %"&n+ %"&n+-- 3 -8!n-+,-.
29
4De#ec6o a la )i)ien0a : t!"+ 8-!n+ t%n "$9! + "%-7#t+ " %%n"+ "%;n+ 3 "$!!-+. L+ ,3 -t+,$< ,!- %n-t#5nt!- 3 +8!3!- n$-+%!- + 7%n " +,$+n+ t+, !2t%!.
t!"+ 8-! 8-!n+ n+ t%n t%n " "$9 $9! ! + ,+ +,%5 +,%5n nt+ t+$% $%&n &n 4De#ec 4De#ec6o 6o a la ali alimen mentac tación ión: t!"+ n#t%t%+1 -#7%$%nt 3 " $+,%"+". E, -t+"! t%n ,+ !,%;+$%&n " ;++nt%+ -t "$9!.
4De#ec6o" 4De#ec6o" al t#a,ao& t#a,ao& -t "$9! 85%t + ,+- 8-!n+- ;!+ " #n+ %"+ "%;n+1 t!"+ @# , t++2! 7+!$ , "-+!,,! 8,n!1 +, -nt%n!- -+t%-7$9+8! “9+ ,!;+"! $#58,% +@#,,! + ,! @# +-8%+5!-[”. +-8%+5!-[”. C!58n" C!58n" , "$9! + tn tn #n 58, 58,! ! #n -+,+ -+,+% %! ! -#7% -#7%$% $%n nt t 3 2#-t 2#-t! ! 8++ 8++ -+t% -+t%-7 -7+$ +$ n#n#-t t+ + n$-%"+"- 31 n -# $+-!1 ,+ " n#-t+- 7+5%,%+- + ;!+ " $!n"%$%!n@#%t+t%+-1 -+t%-7+$t!%+- 3 + ,+ 8!t$$%&n $!nt+ , "-58,!1 -%n "%-$%5%n+$%&n +,;#n+.
C!5%-%&n
N+$%!n+,
"
,!-
9tt8:.$n"9.!;.5D$9!-KH#5+n!-
30
D$9!-
H#5+n!-1
4)1
DERE!"O A LA VIDA
I$UALDAD ANE LA LE%
LIBERAD DE LA PERSONA
I$UALDAD ENRE #UJERES % "O#BRES
DERE!"O A LA INE$RIDAD % SE$URIDAD PERSONALES
LIBERAD DE RABAJO& PROFESI'N& INDUSRIA O !O#ER!IO
DERE!"OS "U#ANOS
LIBERAD RELI$IOSA % DE !ULO
LIBERAD DE ASO!IA!I'N& REUNI'N % #ANIFESA!I'N
DERE!"O A LIBERAD DE R(NSIO % RESIDEN!IA
LIBERAD DE !ON!IEN!IA
LIBERAD DE E)PRESI'N
9tt8:.$n"9.!;.5C#+,-K-!nKD$9!-KH#5+n!-
31
T5+ T5+ ).4.' ) .4.' “SIGNI4ICADO 5 SENTIDO DEL CO6PORTA6IENTO CO6PORTA6IENTO ÉTICO” E, $!58! $!58!t t+5 +5% %nt nt! ! /t%$ /t%$! ! 8++ 8++ 5% - $!58! $!58!t+ t+- - +$!" +$!" + ,+,+- $!-t# $!-t#5 5%58#-t+- 8! ,+ 8!8%+ -!$%"+" n @# - % 8++ +-= 8!" %% n #n+ 52! -!$%"+" n "!n" t!"!- -+5!- 5%5!- " ,,+ 3 n "!n" n+"% "%$ n+"+ " !t+ 8-!n+ 3 @# ,+ 82#"%@# 8++ +-= 8!" 2$ , "$9! " $%#"+"+n!. P! 258,! n +--%n! ! #n ",%n$#nt n! t%n #n $!58!t+5%nt! /t%$! n ,+ -!$%"+" $!5! $%#"+"+n!- 8!@# n! +n $!n ,+ -!$%"+"1 +7$t+n + ,+ $!$t+ ,+$%&n nt ,!- $%#"+"+n!- 3 , -t+"!. T5+ ).4.).' “E& #' 7*!it #(s&a' % scia'” L!- <5%t!- n @# ,+ /t%$+ +8+$ -!n n , <5%t! 8-!n+,1 -!$%+,1 +$+"/5%$!1 3 n , <5%t! ", 2$%$%! " ,+ $%#"+"+n=+. L+ /t%$+ n , <5%t! 8-!n+, - 7% + ,+ +,!+$%&n " ,+ 8-!n+ n -= 5%-5+1 - "$%1 ,+ +#t!+,!+$%&n1 +, "-+!,,! " #n+ $!n$%n$%+ -! ,+ 8!8%+ "%;n%"+" 8-!n+,1 3 -t! "t5%n+ ,+ +tn$%&n 3 "-+!,,! " $%t!- +,!-. L+ /t%$+ n , <5%t! " ,+ -!$%"+" $! $!-8! 8!n" n" + ,!,!- +,! +,! -- @# @# n!n!- 7!5 7!5+5 +5!!-11 +8,% +8,%$+ $+"! "!-- n ,+ 7!5 7!5+ + " ,+$%!n+n!- $!n , 5"%! -!$%+,. L+ /t%$+ 8-!n+, 7!5+ 8+t %nt;+, ", +$t#+ " ,+- 8-!n+- -8$t! + ,++$$%!n- +,%+"+- n ,+ 2$#$%&n " -#- +$t!- %n$%+,-1 -+n -t!- " $#+, $#+,@# @#% % n+t# n+t#+ +, ,+ +.. S t+t t+t+ + " #n+ #n+ 7!5 7!5+ + " %"+ %"+11 " #n $!58 $!58! !5% 5%-! -! 85+nnt $#3+ %!,+$%&n - %n$#-+, +nt ,+ 8!8%+ 8-!n+ 3 +@#,,!- @# $!n!$%!n " ,+- +$$%!n- %!,+t!%+-. E, +,5+ 9#5+n+ -t< $!58#-t+ 8! t- ,5nt!- \, %nt,$t!1 ,+ !,#nt+" 3 ,+ 5!$%&n\ $+"+ #n! " ,!- $#+,- 8!-n #n+ %t#" -8$=7%$+ n ,+ 8-!n+ #n+ 3 2#;+ #n 8+8, -8$=7%$!. L+ %t#" ", %nt,$t! - ,+ -+%"#=+1 ! , $!n!$%5%nt! " ,!- 7%n- " ,+ %"+ ,+ " ,+ !,#nt+" - , +,!1 ,+ $+8+$%"+" " +$t#+1 3 ,+ " ,+- 5!$%!n- - ,+ t58,+n+1 ! , +#t!$!nt!,. L+ %t#" ,t%5+1 ,+ 2#-t%$%+1 - ,+ ,+$%&n +5!n%!-+ nt t!"+- ,+- "5<-1 $#+n"! $+"+ $+"+ 8+t 8+t ", ", +,5+ +,5+ $#58 $#58, , -# t+ t++ + +8! +8!8% 8%+" +"+ + 3 ;#+ ;#+"+ "+ , ,#;+ ,#;+ @# @# , $!-8!n". M% T$n!,&;%$!1 9tt8:5%t$n!,!;%$!.$!5%;-t%!nM+%nC!58!t+5%nt!Et%$!EnE,A5%t!P-!n+,Y S!$%+,
32
).4.).' “E& #' 7*!it
C#+"! $!58++t%! #(s&a' % scia'” ETICA L+ /t%$+ t%n #n+ =nt%5+ ,+ ,+$% $%&n &n $!n $!n ,+ 5!+ 5!+,1 ,1 t+nt! @# %n$,#-! +5!<5% <5%t! t!-- - $!n7 $!n7#n #n" "n n $!n +-t+nt 7$#n$%+. En ,+ +$t#+,%"+" - 9+n %"! "%-%7%$+n"! ,+ t%$+ -!n , $!n2#nt! " n!5 n!5++- @# @# %n %nn n ", ", %nt %nt%! %! 3 ,+ M!+, !+, ,+n!5 n!5++- @# @# %n %nn n ", ", t%! - "$%1 " ,+ -!$%" -!$%"+". +". S $!n-%" $!n-%"+ + #n+ +5+ " ,+ 7%,!-!7=+ ,+$%!n+"+ $!n ,+ n+t#+, +,+ + ", 2#%$%! 5!+,1 @# 5"%t+ -! ,! @# - $!$t! ! %n$!$t! ,! #n! 3 ,! 5+,! n n#-t+ -!$% -!$%" "+" +" 3 n n#n#-t t+ + $!n"#$t+ "%+%+.
AMBITO PERSONAL L+ /t%$+ n , <5% 5%t! 8-!n+, - 7% + ,+ +,!+$%&n " ,+ 8-!n+ n -= 5%-5+1 - "$%1 , +#t! +,!+$%&n1 +, "-+!,,! " #n+ $!n$%n$%+ -! ,+ 8!8%+ "%;n%"+" 8-!n+,1 3 -t! "t5%n+ ,+ +tn$%&n 3 "-+!,,! " $%t!- +,!-.
AMBITO SOCIAL L+ /t%$+ n , <5%t! " ,+ -!$%"+" $!-8!n" + ,!,!- +,! +,!- @# @# n!7!5+5 7!5+5!-1 !-1 +8,%$+ +8,%$+"!"!- n ,+ 7!5+ " ,+$%!n+n!$!n , 5"%! -!$%+,.
9tt8-:-.-$%".$!5"!$046>?Et%$+'n','+5%t!'8-!n+,'3'-!$%+, T5+ ).4.4.' “E& #' 7*!it aca$é*ic” L+ /t%$+ -t< ,+$%!n+"+ $!n ,+ $#,t#+ %n9nt + #n 8#,!1 + #n+ $!5#n%"+". E, 8!7-! " -8!n" " -#- +$t%t#"- 7nt +, 5"%! "!n" - "-n#, 3 -8t+ ,+ -$+,+ " +,!- @# ,+ -!$%"+" t%n1 n! -%n n;+ , "$9! @# , +-%-t1 8++ @# -+ -$+,+ " +,!- - 87$$%!n1 - -#8. D +,,= @# - nt%n" ,+ 8!7-%&n $!5! #n -%$%! 8,%$! n n7%$%! ", $!,$t%!. 33
WL+ /t%$+ ", 8!7-! - +-+ n 7#n"+5nt!-1 n $!58!t+5%nt!- +$8t+"!8! ,!- 5%5!- ", ;5%! 3 n $!n-$#n$%+ - " !,%;+t!%! $#58,%5%nt!. E#n $!58!t+5%nt! /t%$! +#t!%58#-t! @# , 85%t -+t%-7+$$%!n- 3 -nt%- !;#,,!-! 8! +$t#+ -%n ntn" ,+- "7!5+$%!n- 8!"#$%"+- 8! ,+ $%-%- @# $!5n5nt -!n +8!$9+"+- 8++ "7!5+ ,!- "+"!- 8%n$%8%!- -! ,!$#+,- " "-$+n-+ "-$+n-+ ,+ n+$%&n.W n+$%&n.W A$"! M+;#5+1 9tt8-:8%.$!5K0n>@' 7#))4',+'t%$+'n','+5%t!'+$+"5%$!
M+8+ ).4.4.' “En , <5%t! "#$+t%!” E- -;#% #n+ -% " ,+,+- n! n!5+ 5+--
AMBITO ACADEMICO
L+ /t%$+ $!5! +,! n ,+ 7!5 7!5+$% +$%&n &n 8!8 8!8!$ !$%! %!n+ n+"+ "+ 8! 8! ,!- "#$+"!- " - %n%n-8+ 8++ +, , " -# 8<$ 8<$tt%$+ %$+ "#$ "#$+t +t% %+1 +1 -%n -%n %58! %58!t t+ + -% - t+ t++2 +2+ + $!n $!n n%F! n%F!-1 -1 2& 2&n n-- ! +"#,t!- 3 ,+ 52! 5+n+ " $!n-+,+ - $!nt%,+ n #n 8%n$%8%! " n#-t+ %"+ $!t%"%+n+.
In!,#$+n t+nt! + ,!8!7-!- 3 8-!n+, "!$nt " ,+- %n-t%t#$%!n- "#$+t%+-1 $!5! + ,!- +,#5n!- 3 8+"" 7+5%,%+ "%$t+ ! %n"%$t+5nt.
34
T5+ ).4.(.' “E& #' #"#(cici $# 'a ciu$a$a&8a” P%5! " t!"! "2+"! n!-!t!- nt%n"n @# 8! @#/ tn5!- @# +$t#+ /t%$+5nt L+ -8#-t+ + -t+ 8;#nt+ - , $!58!t+5%nt! 5#3 -%58,1 /t%$! - ,+ n!5+ " ,+ -!$%"+" n ,+ @# %%5!-. E, $!58!t+5%nt! /t%$! - #n -#,t+"! " n#-t! "-! 8++ - -+%"! $!5! ,+ 8-!n+ 8-!n+ #n+. #n+. C!5! C!5! #n+ $%#"+" $%#"+"+n= +n=+ + n ,+ -!$%"+" -!$%"+" -8+n -8+n @# n!-!t!n!-!t!-+5!- +$%!n+,- @# 8#" - "%"! + 5= ,+ 5!t%+$%&n ! 8!@# -!5!n"%t! n"%t!-- $!n ,+ $+,%"+ $+,%"+" " #n%-+, #n%-+,.. N!- 9+n n-F+" n-F+"! ! 3+ @# ,+ n%F n%F + 8! n#-t!- 8+"- 3 -!$%"+" -! ,+- $!-+- @# -t
In$,#-! +#n@# n!-!t!- -%;+5!- ,+ /t%$+ #n+1 + $- n!- 8;#nt+5!- @# - , !2t%! nt! " - +, $%#"+"+n! #n!. L+ /t%$+ %n #n+ 3 8%n$%8%!- + 5n#"! -!n 8!+"!- "#+nt $- <-8+-. E-t!- -!n ,!- "!- 8%,+- @# n!+3#"+
L+ -!$%"+" 9+ 9$9! , $!58!t+5%nt! /t%$! #n 2$%$%! !,%;+t!%! $!5! #n $%#"+"+n!1 $%#"+"+n!1 8!@# -% n! 9#%+ 9#%+ n%n;#n+n%n;#n+- -ntn$%+-ntn$%+- -t%$t+- nt!n$- 8#,+n -%58,5nt - $!58!t+=+ , 5!"! +, @# ,,!- @#%n. E-t+- t!=+- " /t%$+ 3 8%n$%8%!8%n$%8%!- -!n , -!-+,t+n" -!-+,t+n"! ! " 5nt. En , "+"! "+"! 5#n"! #-t" n!t+< n!t+< @# ,!- %n"%%"#!- -t
36
T++2+n"! , 8-!n+, n! -t< -+t%-7$9! 8! , 8+t&n ! ,,!- 8+$n n!t+ , $!58!t $!58!t+5% +5%nt nt! ! 8!$! /t%$! " 8+t 8+t " -# $++1 $++1 nt!n$ nt!n$- ,!- 58,+ 58,+"!"!t+5%/n tnt+
37
M+8+ ).4.(.' “En , 2$%$%! " ,+ $%#"+"+n=+” L+ -!$%"+" 9+ 9$9! , $!58!t+5%nt! /t%$! #n 2$%$%! !,%;+t!%! $!5! #n $%#"+"+n!
E* +l +,+r-.-.o /+ la -./a/a*a
L+ $%#"+"+n=+ -8+ @# n!-!t!-+5!- +$%!n+,E- , -#,t+"! " n#-t! "-! 8++ - -+%+ $!5! ,+ 8-!n+ #n+
38
CONCLU+ION C!5! 8!"5!- 1 +2! -t+ 8!-t#+ n ,+ ,+$%&n /t%$+'"-+!,,!1 ,!- +,!- $!n%tn n #n 5"%! 8++ 8!" +,$+n+ , "-+!,,!1 , 7%n. A"5<-1 -t+ n#+ ,+$%&n /t%$+'"-+!,,! $!nt58,+ 3 ,,+ %58,=$%t+ ,+ 7#-%&n nt ,+ /t%$+ 3 ,+ $!n!5=+1 -%n 5+;! ,+ -;#n"+ +, 8tn$ + ,+- $%n$%+-1 7,2+ ,+ +"!8$%&n ", 8-#8#-t! +,%-t+ 8! , $#+, ,!- +,!- /t%$!- @#"+n +n#,+"!- +, 8tn$ ! $!ntn #n -nt%"! %"+,1 " +9= @# ,+ $!n!5=+ n -# "-+!,,! tn" tn"% %+ + + +"!8 +"!8t+ t+ + ,+,+- 5$ 5$+n +n$= $=++- $!5! $!5! %n %n-11 8#8#- n t+nt t+nt! ! @# @# -!n -!n 5+t%+,5+t%+,- -!n ,! n%$! %+, %+, + - $!n-%"+"! $!5! %n. %n. M!%n1 M!%n1 $!5nt+ @# ,+ $%n$%+ !$$%"nt+,1 + 8+t% ", S. XVII1 n -# +7
39
BIBLIOGRAQIA 9tt8:.+$+"5%+."#>044??)K4KGn+,%"+"-K-!KC(>?t%$+ 9tt8:.;+3+t,+$!5#,$!.$!5t#t!%+,--5%n+%!"t%$+t)(.9t5 9tt8:."7%n%$%!n+$.$!5;n+,2#%$%!'5!+,'2#%$%!'t%$!.898 9tt8-:@#-!n,!-+,!-t%$!-.$!5+,!-'t%$!-'7#n"+5nt+,-',%t+"'2#-t%$%+'-8!n-+%,%"+"'3' "+" 9tt8:.$n"9.!;.5D$9!-KH#5+n!9tt8:5%t$n!,!;%$!.$!5%;-t%!nM+%nC!58!t+5%nt!Et%$!EnE,A5%t!P-!n+,YS!$%+, 9tt8-:8%.$!5K0n>@'7#))4',+'t%$+'n','+5%t!'+$+"5%$! 9tt8:5%t$n!,!;%$!.$!5%;-t%!nM+%nC!58!t+5%nt!Et%$!EnE,E2$%$%!DL+C%#"+"+n%+
+-r./-om/o-42700859 +-r./-om/o- 42700859E.-a:+*:+l:am E.-a:+*:+l:am.o:+ro*al: .o:+ro*al: ;:o-.al 9tt8:+@2-#-2++.,!;-8!t.54)(?"%7n$%+'nt'2#%$%!'5!+,'3'2#%$%!.9t5, 9tt8-:@#-!n,!-+,!-t%$!-.$!5+,!-'t%$!-'7#n"+5nt+,-',%t+"'2#-t%$%+' -8!n-+%,%"+"'3'"+" 9tt8:.$n"9.!;.5C#+,-K-!nKD$9!-KH#5+n!-
40
41
