Tugas Khusus Efisiensi CO2 Kompresor, Neraca Massa, Neraca Panas, dan Audit Energi Pabrik Urea

WELZGRTLPOT MO@KOH AO@O PWMOT NHWTWT

BOB ZL PWMOT NHWTWT

Gzocwotl Gjltlgetl Gegrml DI2 Niavrgtir voò Vobrln Wrgo `gemoe agavgrplaboemnoe tljop Mot Eie!l`goc voò Pgnoeoe Plemml ZL%?% L%?%? ? Copo Coporr Bgcon Bgconoe oem m

Niavrgtir lel agrwvonoe tocoh topw ocop |oem oò òcoa vritgt vgabwopoe wrgo `l vobrln wrgo vwtrl!LL Vwvwn Trl}l`koko Vocgaboem% @l tlel onoe `lgzocwotl tgbwoh niavrgtir `gemoe pom ewabgr MB ?7?!K% @oco @ocoa a hoc hoc lel lel Niav Niavrg rgti tirr oòc oòcoh oh niav niavrg rgti tirr tgep tgeprl rljw jwmo mocc `gem `gemoe oe vgemmgron pwrble wov |oem bgrjwemtl tgbomol agemniavrgtl)ageolnnoe pgno pgnoeo eoe e DI2 agew agewkw kw pgno pgnoeo eoe e ivgro ivgrotl tl rgon rgonpi pirr tgnlp tgnlpor or ?87 ?87 nm)d nm)da a2 tghlemmo niezgrtl mot DI 2 (vgabgepwnoe wrgo, blto ivplaoc% Niavrg Niavrgtir tir mot DI2 MB ?7?!K ?7?!K agrwvo agrwvonoe noe tocoh tocoh topw coemno coemnoh h vgrpoao òcoa agavri`wntlnoe wrgo òe agrwvonoe bomloe òrlvoò tltpga% tltpga% Niavrg Niavrgtir tir lel pgr`lrl pgr`lrl òrl òrl 0 tpomg tpomg `gemoe `gemoe tltpga tltpga lepgrdi lepgrdiicg icgr r oeporo dotgt%

Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

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Moabor :%?% DI2 diavrgttir `l welp tlepgto

Agemlemop Agemlemop vgepleme| vgepleme|oo jwemtl niavrgtir niavrgtir ?7?!K# ?7?!K# vgrcw `lconwnoe `lconwnoe oeoc oeoclt ltoo òe òe aiel aielpi pirle rlem m |oem oem pgrw pgrwtt ageg agegrw rwtt pgrh pgrho` oòv ov wekw wekwn n ngrko ngrko niavrgtir pgrtgbwp% Wepwn agemgzocwotl wekwn ngrko niavrgtir# vgrcw `lngpo `lngpohwl hwl òpo òpo tvgtljl tvgtljlnot notll |oem |oem agewek agewekwno wnoe e noronp noronpgrl grltpln tpln niavrg niavrgtir tir `laontw` tgrpo òpo nie`ltl ivgrotl |oem agewekwnoe ngaoavwoe ngrko niavrgtir tgdoro e|opo%

Niavrgtir DI2 MB ?7? Niavrgtir lel pgr`lrl òrl 0 bomloe òe oeporo plov dotgt `lcgemnovl `gemoe vge`lemle# tgbomol vgemmgron oòcoh tpgoa pwrbleg% Niavrgtir MB ?7? ?7? bgri bgrivg vgro rotl tl `gem `gemoe oe ngdgv ngdgvopo opoe e eira eiraoc oc `gtlm `gtlme e 26?6 26?66 6 rva rva gqwl gqwlzo zocg cgep ep `gem `gemoe oe ngdgv ngdgvop opoe oe alela alelawa wa =006 =006 rva rva òe òe ngdg ngdgvo vopo poe e aontlawa ?22:6 rva% Mot aotwn niavrgtir voò pgnoeoe 6%: nm)da2 (8%74 Vtlo,% Mot aotwn ng tpomg ? niavrgtir voò twhw 02%?6¶D% Mot |oem ngcwor ngcwor òrl tpomg ? voò twhw 2?7%8: ¶D `l`lemlenoe `l`lemlenoe `l ???!R ???!R toavol 02¶D% Mot |oem |oem ngcwor ng tpomg 2 aotwn aotwn voò pgnoeoe = nm)da2 (<<%7: vtlo, ngaw`loe ngcwor òrl tpomg 2 `l`lemlenoe `l ??2!R toavol 0?¶D% Mot Mot ngaw ngaw`l `loe oe aotw aotwn n ng tpomg tpomg 4 òe òe ngcw ngcwor or `gem `gemoe oe pgno pgnoeo eoe e 80%7 80%74 4 nm)da2 òe twhw ?0:%=? ¶D cocw `l`lemlenoe `l ??4!R hlemmo twhw 72%<7 ¶D% Tgpgcoh lpw mot aotwn ng tpomg 0% Mot ngcwor òrl tpomg 0 `gemoe pgnoeoe ?:7 nm)da2 òe twhw ?2?%68¶D% Niavrgtir `lcgemnovl `gemoe cwbg ilc)tgoc ilc dieticg pgraotwn kwmo viavo!viavo cwbg ilc òe tgoc ilc |oem `lmgronnoe icgh pwrble# viavo!viavo cwbg ilc òe tgoc ilc vgcgemnov (owxlclor|, |oem `lmgron `lmgronnoe noe `gemoe `gemoe aipir aipir## poemnl poemnl izgrhg izgrhgo` o` tgoc ilc# ilc# vge|o vge|orle rlem m òe vge`lemle ale|on# poemnl vgaltoh mot tgbgcwa ale|on ngabocl ng poemnl poemnl rgtgrzi rgtgrzilr lr vgeoav vgeoavwem wem ale|o ale|on# n# ocora ocora wepwn wepwn pgnoeo pgnoeoe e ale| ale|on on rgeòh tporp!wv viavo owxlclor|# ocora vgrawnooe tgoc ilc# òe ocora Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

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bgò pgnoeoe |oem plemml `l torlemoe ale|on òrl tltpga cwbg (vgaoeotoe,% ZL%?%2 Pwkwoe

?%

Agemgpohwl vrletlv ngrko niavrgtir DI 2 `l vobrln wrgo `gemoe `gemoe agelekow tgml nwoeplpopjle|o%

2%

Agem Agemgz gzoc ocwt wtll elco elcoll gjlt gjltlg lget etll nia niavrgt vrgtir ir DI DI2 `l vobrln wrgo vwtrl LL%

ZL%?% L%?%4 4 Agpi Agpiì ìci ciml ml

?%

Agav Agavgc gcok okor orll vrl vrlet etlv lv ngrk ngrkoo nia niavr vrgt gtir ir DI2 `l Vobrln Wrgo%

2%

Ibtgrz Ibtgrzotl otl covoem covoemoe# oe# `lconw `lconwnoe noe `l VP% Vwvwn Vwvwn Trl}l` Trl}l`koko koko Vocgab Vocgaboem oem voò Vobrln Wrgo Vwtrl LL%

4%

Vgem Vgemoa oablc blcoe oe òp òpoo `gtl `gtlme me òe òe onp onpwo wocc `l `l covo covoem emoe oe%%

0%

Vge| Vge|gc gcgt gtol oloe oe vgrhl vgrhlpw pwem emoe oe gjltl gjltlge getl tl òrl òrl niav niavrg rgti tirr DI2 `l Vobrln Wrgo vwtrl LL%

ZL%? ZL%?%0 %0 Plek Plekow owoe oe Vwtp Vwtpon ono o

Jwemtl òrl tgbwoh niavrgtir oòcoh wepwn ageolnnoe pgnoeoe twopw mot% Pgnoeoe Pgnoeoe mot òvop `lplemnopn `lplemnopnoe oe vgemwroemoe

zicwage|o%

Ngplno

`gemoe `gemoe

agaontonoe agaontonoe

zicwage|o `lnwroeml# pgnoeoee|o

agelemnop% Tgbwoh niavrgtir –vitlplzg `ltvcodgagep‑# agavgrconwnoe mot `gemoe doro pgrtgbwp% Pgpovl# tgbwoh niavrgtir tgeprljwmoc agedovol vgelemnopoe pgnoeoe `gemoe `wo pohov% Niavrgtir pgrtgbwp ageoaboh gegrml voò mot òcoa bgepwn ngdgvopoe (gegrml nlegpln, nlegpln, òe ngaw`loe agrwboh bgepwn gegrml pgrtgbwp ageko`l gegrml pgnoeoe% Tgbwoh niavrgtir tgeprljwmoc agemmweonoe nietgv ngdgvopoe! pgnoeo pgnoeoe e

wepwn wepwn

agelem agelemnop nopnoe noe pgno pgnoeoe eoe mot% mot% Mot aotw aotwn n ng tgbw tgbwoh oh

lavgcg lavgcgrr |oem |oem bgrvwp bgrvwpor or agcocw agcocwll –aopo‑ –aopo‑ (g|g,% (g|g,% Zoegt Zoegt (òwe (òwe lavgcgr lavgcgr,, ageìriem mot ng tltl cwor# agcgavornoe mot agcocwl kocwr pgrpgepw voò ngdgvopoe plemml% Mote|o `lcgavornoe ng kocwr –`ljjwtgr‑ òe –zicwpg‑ |oem bgroò `l tgnlpor tgnlpor lavgcgr# lavgcgr# |oem rgcoplj agalclnl agalclnl zicwag zicwag bgtor# Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

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ko`l ngdgvopoee|o pgrhoabop `gemoe dgvop% Gegrml ngdgvopoe `lwboh ageko`l gegrml pgnoeoe# tghlemmo pgnoeoee|o agelemnop% Noronpgrltpln niavrgtir tgeprljwmoc tgdoro wawa tgbomol bgrlnwp ; ! Oclroe `ltdhormg weljira% ! Novotlpot pgrtg`lo òrl ngdlc toavol bgtor% ! Pgnoeoe `ltdhormg `lvgemorwhl icgh `getlp| mot)wòro% ! Aoav Aoavw w agab agabgrl grlno noe e wekw wekwn n ngrk ngrkoo voò voò gjltl gjltlge getl tl |oem |oem plem plemml ml `gemoe bgrivgrotl voò roemg pgnoeoe òe novotlpot |oem bgtor%

Niavrg Niavrgtir tir pgr`lrl pgr`lrl òrl òrl bgbgrov bgbgrovoo bomloe bomloe |oem |oem jwemtl jwemtle| e|oo topw `gemoe `gemoe |oem cole toclem bgrhwbwemoe# `loeporoe|o oòcoh ; •

Bomloe Tpoplt

?% Dotlem Dotlem agrwvonoe bomloe voclem cwor niavrgtir |oem bgrjwemtl ; ! Tgbomol vgcle`wem pgrhoòv vgemorwh agnoeln òrl cwor% ! Tgbomol vgcle`wem òe vgewavw)vge`wnwem òrl bomloe!bomloe |oem bgrmgron% ! Tgbomol Tgbomol pgavop pgavop ng`w`wnoe ng`w`wnoe ei{gc twdplie òe `ltdhormg `ltdhormg tgrpo bomloe `loa colee|o%

2% Lecgp ]occ Lecgp }occ oòcoh `lojroa (`le`lem vge|gnop, |oem `lvotoem voò tltl twdplie tgbomol lecgp dhoeegc òe bgrhwbwemoe `gemoe lecgp ei{cg% Norgeo bgrjwemtl tgbomol tocwroe mot aotwn voò tpomg vgrpoao# aono agpgrloce|o horwt pohoe pgrhoòv obrotlzg òe gritl%

4% Mwl`g Zoeg Mwl`g zoeg `l pgavopnoe voò bomloe `gvoe g|g lavgccgr vgrpoao voò bomloe twdplie (lecgp dhoeegc,% Jwemtl wpoao mwl`g zoeg oòcoh


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agemoro agemorohno hnoe e oclroe oclroe omor omor mot òvop òvop aotwn aotwn lavgccg lavgccgrr `gemoe `gemoe `ltprl `ltprlbwt bwtll |oem agropo% Niet Nietpr prwn wntl tl zoeg zoeg oò oò |oem |oem jlxg` jlxg` òe òe oò oò |oem |oem òvo òvopp `l opwr opwr (aizobcg, (aizobcg, vitltl tw`wpe|o tw`wpe|o `gemoe pwkwoe omor ivgrotl ivgrotl niavrgtir niavrgtir òvop bgrzorlotl òe `ldovol gjjltlgetl òe tpoblclpot |oem plemml% 0% G|g Tgoc G|g tgoc `lpgavopnoe `lpgavopnoe `l tgngclclem tgngclclem bomloe cwor g|g lavgccgr lavgccgr òe `l pwavw icgh lecgp }occ% G|g tgoc tgcocw bgrbgepwn topw tgp rlem cimoa |oem agemgclclem agemgclclemll }gorlem rlem lavgccgr% lavgccgr% Bgrjwemtl Bgrjwemtl wepwn wepwn agedgmoh agedgmoh oclroe bocln òrl mot |oem ngcwor òrl `ltdhormg lavgccgr (pgnoeoe plemml, ngabocl aotwn ng tltl twdplie (pgnoeoe rgeòh,%

7% @ljjwtgr @ljjwtgr bgrjwemtl wepwn agrwboh gegrml ngdgvopoe |oem ngcwor òrl `ltdhormg lavgccgr ageko`l gegrml vipgetloc (`leoalt,% Wepwn awcpl tpomg `lvotoem `loeporo lepgr tpomg lavgccgr%

:% Coblrleph Tgoc Coblrleph tgoc `lmweonoe wepwn age|gnop voò ògroh ; ! Thojp òe `lojromao tgbomol thojp tgoc% ! Dotlem òe thojp tgbomol dotlem tgoc%

=% Rgpwre Bge` Rgpw Rgpwre re bge` bge` tgrl tgrlem em kwmo kwmo `ltg `ltgbw bwpp drit dritti tizg zgrr |oem oem bgrj bgrjwe wemt mtll agabgcinoe oroh oclroe mot òrl `ljjwtgr ng rgpwre dhoeegc wepwn aotwn voò tpomg)lavgccgr bgrlnwpe|o% Rgpwre bge` `l bgepwn icgh twtweoe `lojromao |oem `lvotoem òcoa dotlem%

8% Rgpwre Dhoeegc


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Rgpwre dhoeegc oòcoh tocwroe |oem bgrjwemtl agabgrl oroh oclroe mot mot òrl òrl rgpwr rgpwre e bge` bge` aotw aotwn n ng òcoa òcoa lavg lavgcc ccgr gr bgrln bgrlnwp wpe| e|o% o% Rgpw Rgpwre re dhoe dhoeeg egcc oò oò |oem oem `lcg `lcgem emno novl vl `gem `gemoe oe jlxg jlxg` ` zoeg zoeg `gem `gemoe oe pwkw pwkwoe oe agavgrngdlc t}lrc (iconoe oclroe mot, voò toop aotwn tpomg bgrlnwpe|o tghlemmo òvop agavgrngdlc zlbrotl%

<% @lojromao @lojroa oòcoh niaviege bomloe òcoa niavrgtir |oem bgrjwemtl tgbomol vge|gnop oepor tpomg òe pgavop ng`w`wnoe g|g tgoc aowvwe lepgr tpomg tgoc% @gemoe @gemoe vgaotoe vgaotoemoe moe `lojro `lojromao mao tgdoro tgdoro tgrl# tgrl# onoe onoe pgrbge pgrbgepwn pwn plmo plmo bomloe vgeplem# |olpw `ljjwtgr# rgpwre bge`# òe rgpwre dhoeegc% @lojromao `lpgavopnoe `lòcoa dotlem `gemoe hwbwemoe piemwg!mriizg tghlemmo awòh `lbiemnor votoem%

•

Bomloe @leoalt

?% Thojp oe` Thojp Tcggzg Thojp opow virit proetaltl `lmweonoe wepwn age`wnwem lavgccgr òe agegrw agegrwtnoe tnoe ò|o ò|o òrl òrl vgemgr vgemgron on ng lavgccg lavgccgr% r% Wepwn Wepwn vgegav vgegavopo opoe e lavgccgr lavgccgr voò thojp `l mweonoe mweonoe voton (ng|, (ng|, òe voò awcpl tpomg# vitltl voton `l bwop tgcoem!tgclem omor tglaboem% Tgòemnoe Tgòemnoe koron oepor tpomg òrl lavgccgr `l mweonoe mweonoe thojp tcggzg# |oem bgrjwemtl tgbomol vgcle`wem vgcle`wem thojp pgrhoòv pgrhoòv vgemorwh vgemorwh niritl# gritl òe obrotl òrl oclroe òe tljop mot òe wepwn vgegavopoe thojp tgoc `loeporo tpomg lavgccgr%

2% Lavgccgr Lavgccg Lavgccgrr bgrjwe bgrjwemtl mtl wepwn wepwn ageoln ageolnoe oe ngdgvo ngdgvopoe poe mot `gemoe `gemoe doro bgrvwpor# tghlemmo agelabwcnoe mo|o% Hoc lel age|gbobnoe mot Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

?2?


aotwn)agemoclr òrl lecgp plv (g|g lavgccgr, ng `ltdhormg plv% Norgeo oòe| oòe|oo vgrwbo vgrwbohoe hoe korl!kor korl!korll òrl òrl twabw twabw vwpor vwpor oeporo oeporo plv tw`w tw`w aotwn aotwn `gemoe plv tw`w ngcwor aono pgrko`l ngeolnoe gegrml ngdgvopoe%

4% Boepocoe (Bgorlem, Bgorlem oòcoh bomloe lepgreoc niavrgtir |oem bgrjwemtl wepwn age` age`wn wnwe wem m bgbo bgboe e ro`l ro`loc oc òe òe ontlo ontlocc |oem |oem bgrv bgrvwp wpor or `gem `gemoe oe pwkw pwkwoe oe agavgrngdlc mgtgnoe òe agedgmoh ngrwtonoe voò niaviege colee|o% Voò niavrgtir tgeprljwmoc pgròvop `wo kgelt bgorlem# |olpw ;

!

Kiwreoc bgorlem @lmweonoe wepwn age`wnwem bgboe `gemoe oroh ro`loc (pgmon cwrwt virit,%

!

Phrwtp bgorlem @lmw @lmweo eono noe e wepw wepwn n age` age`wn wnwe wem m bgbo bgboe e ng oroh oroh ontlo ontlocc (tgko (tgkokor kor virit,%

0% Ilc Jlca Tgoc Ilc jlca tgoc agrwvo agrwvonoe noe tocoh tocoh topw kgelt tgoc |oem `lmweo `lmweonoe noe òcoa niavrgtir% niavrgtir% Ilc jlca tgoc pgr`lrl òrl topw opow `wo tgoc rlem% Voò tgoc kgelt lel `llekgntlnoe ale|on (ilc, tgbomol vge|gnop)vgrovop (tgoc ilc, oeporo ng`wo tgoc rlem |oem agalclnl dcgorgedg toemop ngdlc pgrhoòv thojp% Pgnoeoe aotwn tgoc ilc `lniepric tgdoro vrivirtlieoc bgròtornoe vgrbgòoe pgnoeoe tgnlpor 7 vtl `lopot pgnoeoe lepgreoc mot òe vgrbgòoe pgnoeoe ilc!mot tgcocw `lvgrpohoenoe% Tghwbw Tghwbwemo emoe e `gemoe `gemoe nie`ltl nie`ltl ivgrotl ivgrotl |oem |oem plòn plòn tgcocw tgcocw nietpoe nietpoe## aono wepwn agavgrpohoenoe vgrbgòoe pgnoeoe oepor tgoc ilc òe mot òvop tgtwol `gemoe nie`ltl ivgrotl# `lmweonoe izgrhgo` poen% Tltpga izgrhgo` poen oòcoh agaotoem poenl vgeoavwem tgoc ilc `gemoe ngplemmloe pgrpgepw `lopot niavrgtir òe cgzgc tgoc ilc òcoa poenl `lniepric agcocwl cgzgc diepric ivgropg` zoczg# ngaw`loe pgnoeoe Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

?22


mot tprgoa `laotwnoe ngòcoa poenl agcocwl bomloe opot (piv, tghlemmo agabgrlnoe pgnoeoe voò vgrawnooe tgoc ilc% @gemoe tltpga izgrhgo` poen# aono hgo` tpopld tgoc ilc tgdoro ipia ipiaopl opltt òvo òvopp age| age|gtw gtwol olno noe e `gem `gemoe oe nie` nie`ltl ltl ivgr ivgrotl otl niav niavrgt rgtir ir## tghlemmo vgrbgòoe pgnoeoe ilc!mot vritgt òvop `lvgrpohoenoe nietpoe%

@ocoa vgrhlpwemoe# vgrhlpwemoe# `lmweonoe `lmweonoe otwatl ltgeprivln ltgeprivln `laoeo `laoeo vritgt niavrgtl l`goc `gemoe gepocvl pgpov (`_16,# opow o`loboplt% Gjjltlgetl viclprivln# bloto `ltgbwp gjjltlgetl plemnop ngdlc# |oem tgrlem `lmweonoe norgeo norgeo gjjltlge gjjltlgetl tl wepwn wepwn niavrg niavrgtir tir tgdoro tgdoro ngtgcw ngtgcwrwh rwhoe oe toao toao `gemoe `gemoe gjjltlgetl wepwn tgplov plemnop |oem `lmweonoe% Gjjltlgetl viclprivln |olpw gjjltlge gjjltlgetl tl ltgepri ltgeprivln vln òrl òrl tgbwoh tgbwoh plemno plemnopp niavrg niavrgtir tir opow pwrble pwrble |oem |oem `lbwop `lbwop nietp nietpoe oe wepwn wepwn tgplov tgplov plemno plemnopp bgrlnw bgrlnwpe| pe|oo òcoa òcoa ngtgcw ngtgcwrwh rwhoe oe vritgt% Gjltlgetl ltgeprivln tgplov plemnop òvop `lbwop toao `gemoe agroedoem tw`w |oem tgrwvo%

ZL%? ZL%?%7 %7 Coe` Coeòt otoe oe Pg Pgir irll

@ocoa agemhlpwem gjltlgetl nlegrko niavrgtir `lmweonoe otwatl viclprivln# pohov — pohov |oem òvop `lconwnoe `lconwnoe oeporo cole ; ?% Vgegep Vgegepwoe woe niavi niavitltl tltl mot aotwn aotwn 2% Agedor Agedorll òpo òpo vrivgr vrivgrplgt plgt mot aotwn aotwn 4% Vgrhlp Vgrhlpwe wemoe moe mot vrivgr vrivgrplgt plgt doavwr doavwroe oe 0% Agedor Agedorll voeot voeot kgelt kgelt tvgtljl tvgtljln n òe tvgdl tvgdljld jld mrozl mrozlp| p| o%

Voeot Voeot kgelt kgelt tvgtlj tvgtljln ln (tvgd (tvgdljln ljln hgop hgop ropli, ropli, òvo òvopp `ldorl `ldorl `gemoe agemmweonoe vgrtoaooe ;

`laoeo ; N

; Voeot kgelt tvgtljln


?24


Dv alx; Voeot tvgtljln voò pgnoeoe nietpoe# nie`ltl doavwroe%

b% Tvgdljld mrozlp| òvop `ldorl `gemoe `wo vgrtoaooe ;

7% Agedorl Agedorl jonir jonir niavrgttlblcl niavrgttlblclpot pot ([, ([, `gtlme `gtlme òe onpwoc onpwoc

Tghlemmo `lòvop hwbwemoe Pr? òe Vr? wepwn `lvcip ngòcoa mrojln (diavrgttlblclp| dhorp,  [?

Pr2 òe Vr2 `lvcip ngòcoa mrojln (diavrgttlblclp| dhorp,



[2

:% Agemhlpwem Agemhlpwem bgtoroe gntviege gntviege viclpri viclprivln vln (e, `gtlme òe onpwoc onpwoc

=% Agemhl Agemhlpwe pwem m hgo` hgo` viclpri viclprivln vln `gtlme `gtlme òe onpwoc onpwoc

Q >jp


?20


8% Agemhlpwem Agemhlpwem gjltlgetl gjltlgetl viclpriv viclprivln ln `gtlme `gtlme òe onpwoc Gjltlgetl viclprivln òvop `lngpohwl `gemoe vgrtoaooe ;

Hwbwemoe oeporo hormo hgo` òe gjltlgetl viclprivln agewekwnoe hgo` onpwoc viclprivln# hoc lel òvop `lclhop òrl vgrtoaooe bgrlnwp ;

<% Agemhl Agemhlpwe pwem m ò|o ò|o niavrgti niavrgtirr `gtlme `gtlme òe onpwo onpwocc o% ò| ò|o mot mot (ogri (ogri`| `|eoa eoald, ld,

b% ò|o niavrgtir

?6% Agemhlpwem Agemhlpwem gjltlgetl gjltlgetl ν1

ZL%?% L%?%: : Vgrh Vgrhlp lpwe wemo moe e

?, @op @opo @gt @gtole ole Novotlpot

; ??=4=0 Ea4)hr

Niavrgtir |oem `l gzocwotl agrwvonoe niavrgtir tgeprljwmoc 0 tpomg tpomg `gemoe `gemoe aotlem!aot aotlem!aotlem lem tpomg tpomg agalclnl agalclnl tltpga tltpga lepgrdii lepgrdiicgr cgr


?27


pgrtge`lrl% Tghlemmo òcoa vgrhlpwemoe twtweoe niavrgtir òvop `loemmov tgrl ageko`l 0 niavrgtir% Niavrgtir ? Nie`ltl aotwn aotwn Twdplie CV ;

Pgnoeoe (V?, Pgavgropwr (P?,

; ?%0: nm)da2 1 26%= Vtlo ; 026D 1 7:=%2= R

Nie`ltl ngcwor ng lepgrdiicgr 2 ; Pgnoeoe (V?+, ; =%88 nm)da 21 ??2%68 Vtlo Pgavgropwr (P?+, ; 2?6%2 6D 1 8=6 R

Niavrgtir 2 Nie`ltl aotwn aotwn òrl lepgrdiicgr 2;

Pgnoeoe (V2, Pgavgropwr (P2,

; =%48 nm)da21 ?60%<: Vtlo ; 02 6D 1 7:=%2= R

Nie`ltl ngcwor ng lepgrdiicgr 4 ; Pgnoeoe (V2+, ; 2=%8= nm)da 2 1 4<:%0 Vtlo Pgavgropwr (P2+, ; ?8=%06D 1 82< R Niavrgtir 4 Nie`ltl aotwn aotwn òrl lepgrdiicgr 4 ;


; 2=%2? nm)da 2 1 48=%6? Vtlo ; 026D 1 7:=%2= R

Nie`ltl ngcwor ng lepgrdiicgr 0 ; Pgnoeoe (V4+, ; 80%74 nm)da 21 ?262%4Vtlo Pgavgropwr (P4+, ; ?77%8 6D 1 ==2%? R Niavrgtir 0 Nie`ltl aotwn aotwn òrl lepgrdiicgr 0 ;


; 84%:: nm)da 2 1 ??<6 Vtlo ; 776D 1 7<6%:= R

Nie`ltl ngcwor @ltdhormg HV ;


?2:


Pgnoeoe (V0+, Pgavgropwr (P0+,

; ?8?%47 nm)da 21 27=<%0 Vtlo ; ?4?%? 6D 1 =2=%7 R

2, @opo @opo Nie Nie`l `ltl tl Ivg Ivgro rotl tl Novotlpot ; <0
Nie`ltl ngcwor ng lepgrdiicgr 2 ; Pgnoeoe (V?+, ; =%= nm)da21 ?6<%7 Vtlo Pgavgropwr (P?+, ; 2?7%8: ¶D 1 886%2 R

Niavrgtir 2 Nie`ltl aotwn òrl lepgrdiicgr 2; Pgnoeoe (V2, ; = nm)da21 <<%7: Vtlo Pgavgropwr (P2, ; 02 ¶D 1 7:7%0= R Nie`ltl ngcwor ng lepgrdiicgr 4 ; Pgnoeoe (V2+, ; 2< nm)da2 1 0?2%7Vtlo Pgavgropwr (P2+, ; ?<=%40¶D 1 80:%8 R Niavrgtir 4 Nie`ltl aotwn òrl lepgrdiicgr 4 ; Pgnoeoe (V4, ; 28 nm)da2 1 4<8%27 Vtlo Pgavgropwr (P4, ; 02¶D 1 7:7%0= R Nie`ltl ngcwor ng lepgrdiicgr 0 ; Pgnoeoe (V4+, ; 87 nm)da21 ?26< Vtlo Pgavgropwr (P4+, ; ?0:%=? ¶D 1 =77%= R Niavrgtir 0 Nie`ltl aotwn òrl lepgrdiicgr 0 ; Pgnoeoe (V0, ; 80 nm)da2 1 ??<0%=: Vtlo Pgavgropwr (P0, ; 72%<7¶D 1 78= R


?2=


Nie`ltl ngcwor @ltdhormg HV ; Pgnoeoe (V0+, ; ?:7 nm)da21 240:%87 Vtlo Pgavgropwr (P0+, ; ?2?%68 ¶D 1 =6<%: R 4, Vgrhl Vgrhlpwe pwemoe moe Niavrg Niavrgtir tir ?% Niavitltl Mot Pobgc :%?% @opo Niavitltl Mot Aotwn Niavrgtir MB ?7?!K Twdplie CV

NIAVITLTL Elprimge Hl`rimge Ix|mge Dorbie `lix|`g ]opgr Zovir Kwacoh

TLABIC E2 H2 I2 DI 2 H2I

@opo Niavitltl 6 ?%: 6%0 <8 TOP ?66

Pobgc :%2% @opo Niavitltl Mot Aotwn Niavrgtir MB ?7?!K lepgrdiicgr

NIAVITLTL Elprimge Hl`rimge Ix|mge Dorbie `lix|`g ]opgr Zovir Kwacoh

TLABIC E2 H2 I2 DI 2 H2I

@opo Niavitltl 6%7 ?%7: 2%2: <7%:8 TOP ?66

2% Vgrhlpwemoe Mot Vrivgrplt Doavwroe o% Nie`ltl ? Hotlc vgrhlpwemoe mot vrivgrplt doavwroe òvop `lclhop òcoa pobgc 4% @laoeo òrl vgrhlpwemoe pgrtgbwp `lòvop hormo mot vrivgrplt doavwroe tgbomol bgrlnwp ; BA alx 1 04%2864 Vd alx 1 ?670%0 Vtlo Pd alx 1 748%:=8 iR Dv alx 1 <%677<< BPW)cba%aic% iR Pobgc :%4% @opo Niavitltl Mot Aotwn Niavrgtir MB ?7? Twdplie CV


?28


MOT E2 H2 I2 DI2 H2I

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BA 28%6 2

Vd (Vtlo,

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6

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Pd alx 748%:= 8

Dv alx

?670%0

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Pobgc :%0% @opo Niavitltl Mot Aotwn Niavrgtir MB ?7? lepgrdiicgr


?2<

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6

6

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Vd Alx

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?604%?2

4% Voeot Kgelt Tvgtljln òe Tvgtljln Mrozlp| o,% Voeot kgelt tvgtljln Voeot kgelt tvgtljln (tvgdljln hgop ropli, òvop `ldorl `gemoe agemmweonoe vgrtoaooe

`laoeo ; N ; Voeot kgelt tvgtljln Dv alx; Voeot tvgtljln voò pgnoeoe nietpoe# nie`ltl doavwroe%

b,% Tvgtljln mrozlp| Tgòemnoe tvgtljln mrozlp| òvop `ldorl `gemoe `wo vgrtoaooe ;


?46

<%6<404


0% Agedorl Jonpir Niavrgtlblclpot ([, Onpwoc o,% Niavrgtir ? ! Nie`ltl aotwn

@orl hwbwemoe Vr? òe Pr? voò moabor ? `lòvop hormo [? 1 6%<< ! Nie`ltl ngcwor

@orl hwbwemoe Vr?+ òe Pr?+ Pr?+ voò moabor ? `lòvop hormo [?+ 1 6%<8 ! Nie`ltl ropo!ropo%

b,% Niavrgtir 2 ! Nie`ltl aotwn

@orl hwbwemoe Vr2 òe Pr2 voò moabor moabor ? `lòvop hormo [2 1 6%<8 ! Nie`ltl ngcwor


?4?


@orl hwbwemoe Vr2+ òe Pr2+ Pr2+ voò moabor ? `lòvop hormo [2+ 1 6%<= ! Nie`ltl ropo!ropo%

d,% Niavrgtir 4 ! Nie`ltl aotwn

@orl hwbwemoe Vr4 òe Pr4 voò moabor moabor ? `lòvop hormo [4 1 6%8= ! Nie`ltl ngcwor

@orl hwbwemoe Vr4+ òe Pr4+ Pr4+ voò moabor ? `lòvop hormo [4+ 1 6%8: ! Nie`ltl ropo!ropo%

`,% Niavrgtir 0 ! Nie`ltl aotwn

@orl hwbwemoe Vr0 òe Pr0 voò moabor moabor ? `lòvop hormo [0 1 6%:8 ! Nie`ltl ngcwor

@orl hwbwemoe Vr0+ òe Pr0+ Pr0+ voò moabor ? `lòvop hormo [0+ 1 6%=4 ! Nie`ltl ropo!ropo%


?42


7% Agedorl Jonpir Niavrgtlblclpot ([, @gtole o,% Niavrgtir ? ! Nie`ltl aotwn

@orl hwbwemoe Vr? òe Pr? voò moabor ? `lòvop hormo [? 1 6%<8 ! Nie`ltl ngcwor

@orl hwbwemoe Vr?+ òe Pr?+ Pr?+ voò moabor ? `lòvop hormo [?+ 1 ? ! Nie`ltl ropo!ropo%

b,% Niavrgtir 2 ! Nie`ltl aotwn

@orl hwbwemoe Vr2 òe Pr2 voò moabor moabor ? `lòvop hormo [2 1 6%<= ! Nie`ltl ngcwor

@orl hwbwemoe Vr2 òe Pr2+ Pr2+ voò moabor ? `lòvop hormo [2+ 1 6%<8 ! Nie`ltl ropo!ropo%


?44


d,% Niavrgtir 4 ! Nie`ltl aotwn

@orl hwbwemoe Vr4 òe Pr4 voò moabor moabor ? `lòvop hormo [4 1 6%<0 ! Nie`ltl ngcwor

@orl hwbwemoe Vr4+ òe Pr4+ Pr4+ voò moabor ? `lòvop hormo [4+ 1 6%87 ! Nie`ltl ropo!ropo%

`,% Niavrgtir 0 ! Nie`ltl aotwn

@orl hwbwemoe Vr0 òe Pr0 voò moabor moabor ? `lòvop hormo [0 1 6%: ! Nie`ltl ngcwor

@orl hwbwemoe Vr0+ òe Pr0+ Pr0+ voò moabor ? `lòvop hormo [0+ 1 6% =0 ! Nie`ltl ropo!ropo%


?40


Moabor :%2% Jonpir Niavrgtlblclpot Dhorp

`,% Agedorl hormo Dv onpwoc ! Niavrgtir ? @ovop `lmweonoe vgrtoaooe ;

! Niavrgtir 2 @ovop `lmweonoe vgrtoaooe ;



?47



:% Gntviege Viclprivln Onpwoc Bgtore|o gntviege viclprivln (e, Onpwoc òvop `lhlpwem `gemoe vgrtoaooe ; ! Niavrgtir ?

!

Niavrgtir 2

%0

!

Niavrgtir 4

e

!

!

Niavrgtir 0

=% Gntviege Viclprivln @gtole Bgtore|o gntviege viclprivln (e, @gtole òvop `lhlpwem `gemoe vgrtoaooe ; Niavrgtir ?


?4:


!

Niavrgtir 2

!

Niavrgtir 4

!

Niavrgtir 0

8% Agemhlpwem Hgo` Onpwoc Norgeo hgo` |oem `lhlpwem oòcoh hgo` òcoa nie`ltl onpwoc# aono vgrtoaooe |oem `lmweonoe agemmweonoe agemmweonoe otwatl viclprivln# `gemoe rwawt ; ! Niavrgtir ?

Q >jp Q

!

Niavrgtir 2 Q >jp Q


?4=


!

Niavrgtir 4 Q >jp Q

!

Niavrgtir 0 Q >jp Q

<% Agemhlpwem Hgo` @gtole Norgeo hgo` |oem `lhlpwem `lhlpwem oòcoh hgo` òcoa nie`ltl `gtole# aono vgrtoaooe |oem `lmweonoe agemmweonoe agemmweonoe otwatl viclprivln# `gemoe rwawt; ! Niavrgtir ?

Q >jp Q

!

Niavrgtir 2 Q >jp Q

!

Niavrgtir 4 Q >jp Q

!

Niavrgtir 0 Q >jp Q

?6% Gjltlgetl Onpwoc Gjltlgetl oòcoh vgrboe`lemoe oeporo ngrko tgtwemmwhe|o `gemoe ngrko `gtole (pgirlplt,% Gjltlgetl viclprivln òvop `lngpohwl `gemoe vgrtoaooe ; ! Niavrgtir ? Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

?48


! Niavrgtir 2

! Niavrgtir 4

! Niavrgtir 0


??% Gjltlgetl @gtole Gjltlgetl oòcoh vgrboe`lemoe oeporo ngrko tgtwemmwhe|o `gemoe ngrko `gtole (pgirlplt,% Gjltlgetl viclprivln òvop `lngpohwl `gemoe vgrtoaooe ; ! Niavrgtir ?

! Niavrgtir 2

! Niavrgtir 4 Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

?4<


! Niavrgtir 0


?2% Novotlpot Niavrgtir o,% Niezgrtl novotlpot `gtole%


?06


b,% Novotlpot ivgrotl ;

d,% @ocoa }glmhp jci} ;

?4% @o|o Niavrgtir Onpwoc o,% @o|o mot (ogri`leoald,


?0?


b,%@o|o Niavrgtir @o|o niavrgtir agrwvonoe vgrboe`lemoe oeporo ò|o mot `gemoe gjltlgetl agnoelt% @l aoeo aoeo wepwn niavrgtir niavrgtir tgeprljwmoc nghlcoemoe ò|o norgeo agnoelt tgnlpor 4 '% Tghlemmo# ò|o niavrgtir ageko`l ;


?02


?0% @o|o niavrgtir @gtole o,% @o|o mot (ogri`leoald,


?04


b,%@o|o Niavrgtir @o|o niavrgtir agrwvonoe vgrboe`lemoe oeporo ò|o mot `gemoe gjltlgetl agnoelt% @l aoeo aoeo wepwn niavrgtir niavrgtir tgeprljwmoc nghlcoemoe ò|o norgeo agnoelt tgnlpor 4 '% Tghlemmo# ò|o niavrgtir ageko`l ;

?7% Gjltlgetl Gjltlgetl Izgrocc Diavrgttir ?7?!K

ν1

ZL%?%=

Ngtlavwcoe

Niavrgtir bgrjwemtl wepwn ageolnnoe pgnoeoe jcwlò |oem voò notwt lel jcwlò |oem `lmweonoe oòcoh mot dorbie `lix|`g DI 2% Niavrgtir MB ?7? pgr`lrl òrl 0 tpomg `gemoe tltpga lepgrdiicgr plov tpomg%


?00


Moabor :%4% Hwbwemoe Oepor Niavrgtl Viclprivln òe Twhw

Ocotoe vgemmweooe tltpga lepgrdiicgr lel oòcoh norgeo tgcoao vritgt niavrgtl bgrcoemtwem# pgavgropwr agelemnop% Vgrltpl}o lel `lngeoc `gemoe niavrgtl viclprivln% Mrojln :%4% agewekwnnoe boh}o bgtore|o ò|o niavrgtl kwmo agelmnop blco pgavgropwr agelemnop% Niavrgtir `lbwop bgrplemnop `gemoe `galnloe agemwroeml ngeolnoe pgavgropwr òe agelemnopnoe gjltlgetl niavrg niavrgtl% tl% Pgavgr Pgavgropw opwrr mot |oem |oem agelem agelemmoc mocnoe noe tgplov tgplov tpomg tpomg `l`lem `l`lemlen lenoe oe tgbgcwa agaotwnl tpomg bgrlnwpe|o% @orl tgml tltpga lepgrdiicgr# blto `ltlavwcnoe vge`lemle oeporo |oem tgavwreo `ldovol blco pgavgropwr mot agelemmocnoe vge`lemle oeporo oòcoh l`ge l`gepl pln n `gem `gemoe oe pgav pgavgr gropw opwrr mot mot agao agaotw twnl nl niav niavrg rgti tir% r% Niet Nietwa watl tl ò|o ò|o niavrgtir alelawa òvop `ldovol `gemoe vge`lemleoe oeporo |oem tgavwreo òe rotli pgnoeoe voò tgawo plemnop oòcoh toao% Eoawe vge`lemleoe oeporo |oem tgavwreo twnor wepwn `ldovol `l òcoa vronpgn rgoc!e|o norgeo blo|o vgewnor nocir olr vge`lemle |oem ageko`l vgemhocoem% Tgòemnoe wepwn kwacoh plemnop niavrgtir |oem voclem gjltlge oòcoh `lpgepwnoe icgh pgnoeoe ivgrotl onpwoc òe gjltlgetl niavrgtir |oem `llemlenoe% Bgròtornoe hotlc vgrhlpwemoe (òpo rgnovlpwcotl, òe nie`ltl nie`ltl agnoeln pgrh pgrho` oòv ov gzoc gzocwo wotl tl wekw wekwn n ngrk ngrkoo nia niavrgt vrgtir ir tgep tgeprl rljw jwmo mocc MB ?7? ?7? òvo òvopp Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

?07


`ltlavwcnoe tgbomol bgrlnwp ; Niavrgtir bgrivgrotl `gemoe pgnoeoe cgblh rgeò rgeòh h òrl òrl `gtol `gtole e tghl tghlem emmo mo novo novotlp tlpot ot ivgr ivgrotl otl cgbl cgblh h ngdl ngdlcc òrl òrl `gtol `gtole# e# age|gbobnoe gjltlgetl tgdoro ngtgcwrwhoe `l HV Dotg Diavrgttir lel tgbgtor 86%8 86%87 7 '% Gjlt Gjltlge lgetl tl |oem oem aotlh aotlh òvo òvopp `lno `lnopo pono noe e pgrm pgrmic icie iem m boln boln norg norgeo eo `lconwnoe Pwre Oriwe` voò pohwe 26??# voò toop lpwcoh blotoe|o `lconwnoe vgemwnwroe!vgemwnwroe

dcgoroedg#

vgemmoeploe

twnw

doòem

aowvwe

rgnie`ltl rgnie`ltl ovorop tghlemmo agavgemorwhl agavgemorwhl nlegrko nlegrko òrl niavrgtir òrl nlegrko nlegrko tgawco tgawco%% Nie`lt Nie`ltll niavr niavrgti gtirr tgdoro tgdoro agnoel agnoeln n òcoa òcoa nie`l nie`ltl tl boln boln òe plòn plòn agemocoal moemmwoe |oem bgrorpl% Vgcontoeooe vgagclhorooe tgcoao lel plòn pgrko`l vge|lavoemoe òrl tdhg`wcg |oem `lpgpovnoe%

ZL%?%8

Toroe

Ivgrotl Ivgrotl niavrgt niavrgtir ir tgdoro tgdoro gjltlge gjltlge aotlh aotlh agagrcw agagrcwnoe noe hoc!ho hoc!hocc |oem |oem vgeplem òe horwt `lkomo# altoce|o noe`wemoe vgemipir tgvgrpl voòpoe! voòpoe |oem pgrnoe`wem òcoa mot `lkomo tgalelaoc awemnle tghlemmo nwoclpot nwoclpot òrl ngawreloe DI2 òcoa orwt aotwn pgpov pgrkomo% Tgcole lpw vgrcw oòe|o vgemgdgnoe voò vlvo — vlvo vlvo |oem niritl norgeo òvop age|gbobnoe Jgrri pgrbo}o oclroe% Oòe|o vgemipir òvop agemmoemmw ivgrotl diavrgttir ageko` ageko`ll plòn plòn bocoed bocoedgg òe onoe onoe ageoln ageolnnoe noe mgporo mgporoe e (Zlbropl (Zlbroplie, ie, pgrho` pgrhoòv ov niavrgtir% Wepwn agekomo wekwn ngrko niavrgtir òvop `lvgrpohoenoe tghlemmo pormgp ivgrotl pgrvgewhl# `ltoroenoe ; ?% Voroagpgr

|oem

bgrvgemorwh

pgrhoòv

wekwn

ngrko

`lnga `lngabo bocln clnoe oe tgtw tgtwol ol nie` nie`ltl ltl `gto `gtole le tghle tghlemm mmoo niav niavrgt rgtir ir bgngrko voò gjltlgetl pgrboln% 2% Agel Agelem emno nopn pnoe oe vrgz vrgzge gepl plzg zg aole aolepg pgeo eoed edgg |oem |oem cgbl cgblh h boln boln òe òe pgrlepgmrotl tgrpo vge|g`looe twnw doòem voò bomloe!bomloe niavrgtir |oem nrlplt%


?0:


4% @lco @lconw nwno noe e vgag vgagrl rlnto ntooe oe òe òe vgro vgro}o }opoe poe vgro vgrocop copoe oe le`l le`lno nopi pir r tgvgrpl vrgttwrg mowmg# pgavgropwr mowmg# jci} le`ldopir# òe |oem colee|o omor voroagpgr!voroagpgr |oem `lpwekwnoe icgh le`lno le`lnopir pir pgrtgb pgrtgbwp wp bgeor!b bgeor!bgeo georr agavrgt agavrgtgepo gepotln tlnoe oe nie`lt nie`ltll niavrg niavrgtir tir |oem |oem tgbgeo tgbgeore| re|o# o# tghlem tghlemmo mo òvop òvop agemhl agemhleò eòrl rl ngngclrwoe òcoa tgplov pleònoe ivgrotl |oem `lconwnoe% 0% Vgagrln Vgagrlntooe tooe bgrnoc bgrnocoo (izgr howc, howc, |oem pgcoh `lconw `lconwnoe noe hlemmo hlemmo toop lel omor pgpov `lcontoeonoe tgdoro nietltpge voò aoto! aoto |oem onoe òplem% Norgeo hotlc vgagrlntooe bgrnoco |oem pgcoh `lconwnoe pgrbwnpl òvop agedgmoh ngrwtonoe bgtor |oem awemnle onoe pgrko`l%

Wepw Wepwn n aged agedgm gmoh oh moem moemmw mwoe oe ivgro ivgrotl tl pgrh pgrho` oòv ov niav niavrg rgti tirr hoc!h hoc!hoc oc tgbomol bgrlnwp horwt ageòvopnoe vgrhoploe nhwtwt ; ?% Wtohono Wtohonoe e oclroe oclroe nldn bodn bodn 6 omor omor nlegrko nlegrko niav niavrgti rgtirr pgpov tpoblc% 2% Nwoclpot DI2 aotwn niavrgtir `lvgrhoplnoe tgdoro pgropwr# `gemoe agclhop oeoc|{gr tgdoro nieple|w% 4% Wtoh tohonoe twh twhw DI2 aotwn niavrgtir niavrgtir plòn pgrcocw kowh òrl twhw aotwn `gtlme# norgeo òvop agavgrbgrop ngrko òrl tltpga lepgrdiicgr òe agavgrvge`gn wawr wawr ocop tgrpo gjltlgetl niavrgtir pgpov pgrkomo% 0% Vgrcw Vgrcw `lcon `lconwn wnoe oe diepr diepric ic kwacoh kwacoh jgg` jgg` DI2 |oem aotwn omor plòn agcgblhl novotlpot niavrgtir |oem òvop agavgrvge`gn wawr niavrgtir% 7% @gtlme pgavgropwr pgavgropwr òrl mot |oem ngcwor ngcwor tgcocw tgcocw `lkomo :% Ocop Ocop vgem vgemwn wnwr wr zlbr zlbrot otll horw horwtt tgrl tgrlem em tgrl tgrlem em `ldg `ldgn n wepw wepwn n agegepwnoe cgzgc opow plemnopoe mgporoe òrl niavrgtir òe hotlc vgemoaopoe horwt `ldopop `l cim thggp%


?0=


Egrodo Aotto òe Egrodo Voeot Vobrln Wrgo * L`gepljlnotl Ocop Birit Gegrml ZL%2%?

Copor Bgconoem

Wrgo Wrgo oòc oòcoh oh twop twopw w tge|o tge|o}o }o irmo irmoel eln n |oem |oem pgr` pgr`lr lrll òrl òrl wetw wetwrr norb norbie ie## hl`rimge# intlmge òe elprimge `gemoe rwawt DIE 2H0 opow (EH2,2DI% Wrgo kwmo `lngeoc `gemoe eoao dorboal`g |oem pgrwpoao `lmweonoe `l no}otoe Grivo% Eoao cole |oem kwmo tgrlem `lvonol oòcoh dorboal`g rgtle# ltiwrgo# dorbie|c `loal`g òe dorbie|c`loaleg% Tge|o}o lel oòcoh tge|o}o irmoeln tlepgtl tlepgtltt

vgrpoa vgrpoaoo

|oem |oem bgrhotlc bgrhotlc `lbwop `lbwop òrl òrl tge|o}o tge|o}o oeirmo oeirmoeln eln%% (}lnlvg` (}lnlvg`lo# lo#

266=,% Wrgo agrwvonoe agrwvonoe vwvwn vwvwn

elprimge elprimge |oem |oem voclem voclem

awòh awòh `lvonol% `lvonol%

[op

lel agemoe`wem elprimge voclem plemml (0:', `l oeporo tgawo vwvwn voòp% Wrgo awòh `lbwop ageko`l vgcgp opow mroewc (bwplroe, òe awòh `loemnwp òcoa bgepwn dwroh aowvwe òcoa noepiem òe plòn agemoe`wem agemoe`wem boho|o cgònoe% [op lel awòh corwp `l òcoa olr òe plòn agavwe| agavwe|ol ol rgtl`w moroa tgtwòh `lvonol wepwn poeoaoe% Noòem!noòem Noòem!noòem {op lel kwmo `lmweonoe wepwn vgabgrloe vgabgrloe aonoeo aonoeoe e òwe% òwe% @ltoav @ltoavlem lem vgemmw vgemmweoo eooee| ee|oo

tgbomol tgbomol

`lmweonoe `lmweonoe tgbomol tgbomol poabohoe poabohoe aonoeoe aonoeoe vripgle vripgle blon#

kwmo

òcoa

vri`wntl

agcoale#

wepwn

vwvwn# vwvwn# hg}oe

wrgo wrgo

kwmo kwmo

vgaoaoh vgaoaoh

òcoa vgabwopoe rgtle# vcotpln#

o`hgtlj# bohoe vgcovlt# bohoe oepl dlwp# pgntplc# òe rgtle vgrvleòhoe lie% Bohoe lel agrwvonoe agrwvonoe bohoe oeporo òcoa vgabwopoe vgabwopoe oaaielwa oaaielwa twcjop# otoa twcjoeop# òe jpocitloeleo (Owtple# ?<<=,% Vobr Vobrln ln Wrgo Wrgo Vwtrl Vwtrl LL agrw agrwvo vono noe e vobr vobrln ln pgrpw pgrpwoo `l Vwvw Vwvwn n Trl} Trl}l` l`kok kokoo Vocgab Vocgaboem oem%% Vobrln Vobrln lel `lboem `lboemwe we voò voò pohwe pohwe ?<=2 ?<=2 `gemoe `gemoe novotlp novotlpot ot vri`wn vri`wntl tl 486%666 pie wrgo)pohwe%% Toop lel vobrln wrgo vwtrl LL hoe|o aoavw agavri`wntl wrgo tgbgtor ?706%4 pie)horl% Hoc pgrtgbwp pgrko`l norgeo wawr òrl ocop!ocop `l vobrln wrgo vwtrl LL |oem twòh pwo tghlemmo nlegrkoe|o plòn òvop coml aontlaoc% Tgcole norgeo wawr ocop |oem twòh pwo# boe|one|o vlvo!vlvo tpgoa |oem oem bidi bidirr agek ageko` o`ll vge| vge|gb gbob ob boe| boe|on one| e|oo gegr gegrml ml |oem oem hlco hlcoem em tghl tghlem emmo mo Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

?08


bgrvgemorwh ngvoò nietwatl gegrml |oem plòn gjltlge% Vobrln vwvwn wrgo agrwvonoe vobrln |oem agemietwatl gegrml |oem bgtor tgnocl% Gegrml òcoa bgrbomol aodoa bgepwne|o `lmweonoe wepwn bgrbomol ngvgrcwoe awcol òrl vritgt vri`wntl# vgrnoepiroe hlemmo wepwn ngvgrcwoe vgrwaohoe% @gemoe `galnloe# aono voò vobrln wrgo vwtrl LL onoe `lnokl agemgeol l`gepljlnotl ocop! ocop birit gegrml `l vobrln vwvwn wrgo vwtrl LL% Vge|wtweoe Vge|wtweoe egrodo aotto òe egrodo egrodo voeot pgepwe|o pgepwe|o onoe agaboepw agaboepw òcoa òcoa l`gepl l`gepljlno jlnotl tl ocop ocop birit birit gegrml gegrml%% Tgcole Tgcole lpw# lpw# `gemoe `gemoe oòe| oòe|oo vgrhlp vgrhlpwem wemoe oe egrodo aotto òe egrodo voeot pgepwe|o òvop `lhlpwem gjltlgetl bgbgrovo ocop `l vobrln wrgo vwtrl LL%

ZL%2%2 Pwkwoe

Pwkwoe vgewcltoe pwmot nhwtwt lel oòcoh tgbomol bgrlnwp ; ?%

Agemgpohwl vrletlv vgabwopoe wrg wrgo

`gemoe age agelekow tgm tgml

nwoeplpopjle|o `gemoe egrodo aotto% 2%

Agem Ageml` l`ge gepl pljl jlno notl tl ocop ocop bir birit it geg gegrm rmll tgdor tgdoroo nwoe nwoepl plpo popl pljj `gemo `gemoe e egro egrodo do

voeot% 4%

Agem Agemgz gzoc ocwt wtll elco elcoll gjlt gjltlg lget etll aotl aotlem em!a !aot otle lem m welp welp `l `l vobr vobrln ln wrg wrgoo vwtr vwtrll

LL%

ZL%2% L%2%4 4 Agpi Agpiì ìci ciml ml

Agpiìciml |oem `lmweonoe òcoa pwmot nhwtwt lel oòcoh ; ?%

Aga Agavgcok gcokor orll vrl vrle etlv tlv!vrl !vrlet etlv lv vgabw gabwop opoe oe wrgo wrgo%%

2%

Ibtg Ibtgrz rzot otll covo covoem emoe oe## `lco `lconw nwno noe e `l VP% VP% Vwv Vwvwn wn Trl Trl}l }l`k `kok okoo Vocg Vocgab aboe oem m

voò vobrln wrgo vwtrl LL% 4%

Vge| Vge|gc gcgt gtol oloe oe `ge `gemo moe e vgrh vgrhlp lpwe wemo moe e agem agemmw mweo eono noe e Aldr Aldrit itij ijpp Gxdg Gxdgc% c%


?0<


ZL%2 ZL%2%0 %0 Plek Plekow owoe oe Vwtp Vwtpon ono o

•

Tljop Jltln Wrgo

Wrgo agavwe|ol rwawt tge|o}o EH 2DIEH2% Ngmweooe wpoao òrl wrgo oòcoh oòcoh tgbomol tgbomol vwvwn% vwvwn% Ngmweo Ngmweooe oe |oem |oem colee| colee|oo oòcoh oòcoh tgbomol tgbomol rgtle# rgtle# cga# cga# òe vgcorwp% @orl rwawt tge|o}o pgrtgbwp# aono wrgo òvop `lnopgmirlnoe tgbomol oal` oalòo òrl òrl otoa otoa norb norboa oaop op (EH (EH2DIIH DIIH,# ,# opow opow `loa `loal` lòo òrl òrl otoa otoa norb norbie ieop op (DI(IH,2,% Voò pgavgropwr rwoem# wrgo plòn bgr}oreo# plòn bgrbow# òe plòn bgroto% @l òcoa olr# wrgo onoe pgrhl`riclto ageko`l oaaielwa norboaop EH2DIIEH0# |oem tgcoekwpe|o onoe pgr`gniavitltl ageko`l oaielo òe DI 2% Tlepgtlt wrgo vgrpoao nocl `lconwnoe `gemoe doro agrgontlnoe oaielo òe otoa tloeop (]ighcgr# ?828,% Tlepgtlt wrgo lel oòcoh vgrpoao nocl twopw tge|o}o irmoeln `lbgepwn `gemoe rgontl |oem agclbopnoe tge|o}o oeirmoeln% Voò toop lel# lel# vri`wn vri`wntl tl wrgo wrgo niagrtl niagrtloc oc `lconw `lconwnoe noe `gemoe `gemoe doro agrgont agrgontlno lnoe e oaielo oaielo òe norbie`lintlò voò pgnoeoe òe pgavgropwr plemml wepwn agabgepwn oaielwa norb norboa oaop op%% Rgon Rgontl tl lel lel kwmo kwmo `lln `llnwp wpll icgh icgh rgont rgontll `ghl `ghl`r `rotl otl oaie oaielw lwa a norb norboa oaop op ageko`l wrgo% Ng`wo rgontl lel pgrko`l tgdoro tgrl# òe òvop `lpwcltnoe `gemoe vgrtoaooe rgontl bgrlnwp ; DI2 . 2EH4

EH2DIIEH0 >

∊H?<6¶D1!?77nK)aic

(norboaop, EH2DIIEH0

EH2DIEH2 . H2I>

∊H?<6¶D

1 02nK)aic


?76


(wrgo, Rgontl oeporo oaielo òe norbie`lintlò agrwvonoe rgontl |oem bgrtljop gntipgralt# tgòemnoe rgontl `ghl`rotl norboaop agrwvonoe rgontl |oem bgrtljop geìpgralt% geìpgralt% Tgdoro ngtgcwrwhoe ng`wo rgontl pgrtgbwp `l opot bgrtljop bgrtljop gntipgralt# gntipgralt# |oem bgrorpl `lbwpwhnoe twvcol gegrml voeot `gal bgrcoemtweme|o rgontl% Tljop!tljop jltln òrl wrgo òvop `lclhop voò pobgc :%7%# :%:%# :%=%# òe :%8%

Pobgc :%7% Tljop jltln òe nlalo wrgo tgdoro wawa

Plpln cgcgh (iD,

?42%=

Tvgdljld mrozlp| voò 26iD Bgepwn nrltpoc

?%447

Gegrml vgabgepwnoe voò 27 iD (doc)m%aic, Voeot vgcorwpoe òcoa olr (doc)m, Bwcn `getlp| (m)da 4, Voeot vgemnrltpocoe (nK)nm,

pgpromieoc !0=%?2 78 6%=0 ?<:%:08

Pobgc :%:% Voeot tvgtljln wrgo

Pgavgropwr (iD,

Voeot tvgtljln (doc)m%iD,

6 76 ?66 ?76

6%400 6%4<= 6%07? 6%760


?7?


Pobgc :%=% Tljop jltln corwpoe wrgo kgewh voò tgplov pgavgropwr

Pgavgropwr (iD, Ngco Ngcorw rwpo poe e òc òcoa oa olr olr (m (m wrg wrgo) o) ?66 m cor corwp wpoe oe,, 6 26 06 :6 86 ?66 ?26 ?46

0? 7?%: :2%2 =2%2 86%: 88%4 <7%7 <<%2

@ge @getlpo tlpott (mr (mr)a )ac, c, ?%?2 ?%?0= ?%?:= ?%?8= ?%?<8 ?%2? ?%22? ?%22:

corwpoe wrgo kgewh kgewh voò oaielo Pobgc :%8% Tljop jltln corwpoe Pgavgropwr Niavitltl wrgo òcoa corwpoe (' (iD, 6 26 06 :6 86 ?66 ?26

•

! }, 4: 0< :8 =< 80 <6 <:

Pgnoeoe wov corwpoe (opa, 7 = <%0 ?6%8 ?4%4 ?2%7 7

Tljop Nlalo Wrgo


?72


Wrgo Wrgo agrw agrwvo vonoe noe tge| tge|o}o o}o |oem |oem bgrtl bgrtljo jopp boto boto cgao cgaoh% h% Tljop Tljop lel lel òvo òvopp `lpwekwnnoe voò tprwnpwr tge|o}o wrgo |oem agemoe`wem mwmwt !IH tgvgrpl òvop `lclhop voò moabor `l bo}oh lel ;

EH 2

EH ; D

IH Moabor :%0%

Tprwnpwr tge|o}o wrgo

Voò Voò pgnoeo pgnoeoe e opaitjg opaitjgrln rln## wrgo wrgo onoe onoe pgr`gn pgr`gniav iavitl itltl tl ageko`l ageko`l oaielo# oaielo# norbie`lintlò# òe blwrgp# HE(DIEH 2,% Tge|o}o blwrgp agrwvonoe tge|o}o |oem |oem voclem voclem plòn plòn `lnghg `lnghgeò eònl nl pgròvo pgròvopp òcoa òcoa doavwr doavwroe oe vri`wn vri`wn%% Noe`we Noe`wemoe moe tge| tge|o} o}oo blwr blwrgp gp agcg agcgbl blhl hl 2 ' bgro bgropp onoe onoe agab agabo} o}oo òav òavon on egmo egmopl pljj boml boml vgrpwabwhoe poeoaoe% Wrgo Wrgo òvo òvopp bgrg bgrgon ontl tl `gem `gemoe oe otoa otoa elpr elprop op agagb gagbge gepw pwn n wrgo wrgo elpr elprop op## DI(EH2,2%HEI4# |oem agalclnl tljop awòh agcgòn blco `lvoeotnoe% Wrgo voòp onoe tpoblc voò pgavgropwr òe pgnoeoe rwoem% Corwpoe wrgo onoe pgrhl`ricltlt ageko`l norboaop voò pgavgropwr rwoem% Wrgo kwmo onoe agemocoal `gniavitltl ageko`l blwrgp òe oaielo blco agemocoal vgaoeotoe vgaoeotoe |oem pgrcocw coao% Rgontl vgabgepwnoe blwrgp òvop `lpwclt `gemoe vgrtoaooe bgrlnwp lel ; 2EH2DIEH2 wrgo

EH2DIEHDIEH2 . blwrgp

EH4 oaielo


?74


Rgontl `l opot onoe pgrko`l voò nie`ltl pgnoeoe rgeòh# pgavgropwr plemml# òe }onpw vgaoeotoe |oem coao% Voò pgnoeoe ?66 — 266 opa# blwrgp onoe bgrgontl bocln ageko`l wrgo `gemoe ngho`lroe oaielo% Wrgo vgrpoa vgrpoaoo onoe onoe bgrgon bgrgontl tl `gemoe `gemoe vgron vgron elprop elprop (OmEI (OmEI4,# òe òe onoe onoe agabge agabgepwn pwn tge|o tge|o}o }o pwrweo pwrweoe e vgron vgron `gemoe `gemoe rwawt rwawt aicgnw aicgnwcc DIE DIE 2H2Om# |oem |oem bgr}oreo nwelem vwdop% @gemoe ngho`lroe eoprlwa brialò (EoBr, òe eoprlwa hl`rintlò# wrgo onoe bgrgontl agemhotlcnoe elprimge òe norbie`lintlò% Rgontl |oem bgrcoemtwem òvop `lpwcltnoe `gemoe vgrtoaooe ;

EH2DIEH2 . 4 EoBr . 2EoIH

E2 . 4EoBr . Eo 2DI4 . 4H2I

Rgontl oeporo wrgo òe ocnihic onoe agemhotlcnoe gtpgr òrl otoa norboaop# |oem bloto `lngeoc `gemoe tgbwpoe wrgphoe% Rgontl |oem bgrcoemtwem òvop `lpwcltnoe `gemoe vgrtoaooe ;

EH2DIEH2

.

RIH

EH2DIIR

.

EH4

Wrgo Wrgo onoe onoe bgrg bgrgon ontl tl `gem `gemoe oe jira jiraoc oc`g `ghl hl` ` òe òe onoe onoe agab agabge gepw pwn n tge| tge|o} o}oo aieiagplcwrgo# EH2DIEHDH2IH# `lagplcwrgo# opow tge|o}o colee|o pgrmoepwem òrl rotli aicor jiraoc`ghl` pgrhoòv wrgo òe nie`ltl VH òrl corwpoe% Wrgo kwmo onoe bgrgontl `gemoe hl`rimge vgrintlò agabgepwn tge|o}o DI(EH2, 2H2I2# |oem `lngeoc tgbomol rgtle%


?70


Tge|o}o pwrweoe òrl wrgo# |oem boe|on `lmweonoe wepwn ngvgrcwoe ibop! ibop ibopoe oe agrw agrwvo vono noe e tge| tge|o}o |oem |oem `ltle `ltlepgt pgtlt lt òrl òrl wrgo wrgo òe òe otoa otoa aoci aocieop eop## agemhotlcnnoe otoa borblpwrop% Rgontl òrl vgabgepwnoe otoa borblpwrop pgrtgbwp òvop `lpwcltnoe `gemoe vgrtoaooe `l bo}oh lel ;

E H2

EH

HIDI

DI

D H2

E H2

HIDI

DI D H2 . 2H 2I

DI EH

DI

Moabor :%7% Rgontl Vgabgepwnoe Tge|o}o Otoa borblpwropg

•

Rgontl Tlepgtlt Wrgo

Tlepgtlt wrgo vgrpoao nocl `lconwnoe `gemoe doro agrgontlnoe oaielo òe otoa tloeop (]ighcgr# ?828,% Tlepgtlt wrgo lel oòcoh vgrpoao nocl twopw tge|o}o irmoeln `lbgepwn `gemoe rgontl |oem agclbopnoe tge|o}o oeirmoeln% Voò toop lel# lel# vri`wn vri`wntl tl wrgo wrgo niagrtl niagrtloc oc `lconw `lconwnoe noe `gemoe `gemoe doro agrgont agrgontlno lnoe e oaielo oaielo òe norbie`lintlò voò pgnoeoe òe pgavgropwr plemml wepwn agabgepwn oaielwa norb norboa oaop op%% Rgon Rgontl tl lel lel kwmo kwmo `lln `llnwp wpll icgh icgh rgont rgontll `ghl `ghl`r `rotl otl oaie oaielw lwa a norb norboa oaop op ageko`l wrgo% Ng`wo rgontl lel pgrko`l tgdoro tgrl# òe òvop `lpwcltnoe `gemoe vgrtoaooe rgontl bgrlnwp ; DI2 . 2EH4

EH2DIIEH0 >

∊H?86¶D1!?77nK)aic


?77


(norboaop, EH2DIIEH0

EH2DIEH2 . H2I>

∊H?86¶D

1 02nK)aic

(wrgo, Rgontl oeporo oaielo òe norbie`lintlò agrwvonoe rgontl |oem bgrtljop gntipgralt# tgòemnoe rgontl `ghl`rotl norboaop agrwvonoe rgontl |oem bgrtljop geìpgralt% geìpgralt% Tgdoro ngtgcwrwhoe ng`wo rgontl pgrtgbwp `l opot bgrtljop bgrtljop gntipgralt# gntipgralt# |oem bgrorpl `lbwpwhno `lbwpwhnoe e twvcol twvcol gegrml gegrml voeot `gal bgrcoemtwem bgrcoemtweme|o e|o rgontl% rgontl% Rgontl vgabgepwnoe wrgo kwmo agrwvonoe rgontl ngtgplaboemoe% Elcol nietpoepo ngtgplaboemoe (N, voò bgrbomol pgavgropwr òvop `lclhop voò pobgc :%<% Pobgc :%<% Nietpoepo ngtgplaboemoe rgontl tlepgtlt wrgo voò bgrbomol pgavgropwr

P (iD, ?66 ?76 266 276

N 2%42 2%68 ?%8: ?%=2?

Rgon Rgontl tl tlepg tlepgtl tltt wrgo wrgo agrw agrwvo vono noe e rgont rgontll |oem |oem bgri bgrir` r`gg topw% topw% @gem @gemoe oe `galnl `galnloe oe aono aono vgrtoa vgrtoaooe ooe nlegpl nlegpln n òrl òrl rgontl rgontl tlepgtl tlepgtltt wrgo wrgo òvop òvop `le|o `le|opon ponoe oe `gemoe vgrtoaooe ; `Dwrgo `p

1 n (DEH DEH 4 , e (DDI DDI 2, a

D wrgo 1 nietgeprotl wrgo |oem pgrbgepwn N

1 nietpoepo nlegplno rgontl


?7:


DEH4

1 nietgeprotl oaielo

DDI2

1 nietgeprotl norbie`lintlò

e# a

1 ir ir`g rg rgontl `laoeo e . a 1?

Tgòemnoe nietpoepo nlegplno rgontl voò bgrbomol pgavgropwr òvop `lclhop voò pobgc :%?6% Pobgc :%?6% Nietpoepo nlegplno rgontl vgabgepwnoe wrgo voò bgrbomol

pgavgropwr P (iD, nx?67 (t!?, ?66 2%<4 ?76 ?%<8 266 6%8< 276 6%:2 (Twabgr ; ]ohcdi Bridwrg# ?<84, Rgontl Rgontl tlepgtlt tlepgtlt wrgo wrgo agrwvo agrwvonoe noe rgontl rgontl eie!no eie!nopoc poclpl lpln% n% Wepwn Wepwn agconto agcontoeon eonoe oe rgonotl lel `lvgrcwnoe pgnoeoe òe pgavgropwr |oem plemml% Pgavgropwr plemml `ltlel `ltlel bgrjwe bgrjwemtl mtl wepwn wepwn agavgrd agavgrdgvop gvop cokw rgontl# rgontl# tgòemn tgòemnoe oe pgnoeo pgnoeoe e |oem |oem plemml plemml `lbwpwhno `lbwpwhnoe e wepwn wepwn agemmgtgr agemmgtgr niezgrtl niezgrtl ngtgplaboe ngtgplaboemoe moe ng oroh vri`wn# vri`wn# norgeo rgontl lel agclbopnoe vgelemnopoe kwacoh aic% Niezgr Niezgrtl tl wrgo wrgo voò voò bgrbom bgrbomol ol pgavgr pgavgropw opwrr òvop òvop `lclho `lclhopp voò voò pobgc pobgc :%??% :%??% Tgòemnoe niezgrtl wrgo voò bgrbomol pgnoeoe òvop `lclhop voò pobgc :%?2%% Pobgc :%??% Niezgrtl wrgo voò bgrbomol pgavgropwr

P (iD, ?76 266 476

Niezgrtl (', 82 ::% 7 74


?7=


066 0= 076 04 766 48 (Twabgr ; ]ohcdi Bridwrg# ?<84, Pobgc :%?2% Niezgrtl wrgo voò bgrbomol pgnoeoe

V (opa, Niezgrtl (', 76 47 ?66 77%4 ?76 :=%8 266 =0%2 276 8? 466 87 (Twabgr ; ]ohcdi Bridwrg# ?<84, Norgeo rgontl tlepgtlt wrgo agrwvonoe rgontl |oem bgrtljop gntipgraln# aono `lvgrcwnoe pgavgropwr tgrgeòh awemnle wepwn agedovol niezgrtl rgontl |oem plemml% plemml% Onoe pgpovl blco rgontl `lcontoeonoe `lcontoeonoe voò pgavgropwr pgavgropwr rgeòh# hoc lel onoe onoe agemon agemonlbo lbopno pnoe e cokw rgontl rgontl |oem |oem rgeòh rgeòh%% Wepwn Wepwn agemopo agemopotl tl hoc lel# lel# aono aono `lvgrcwnoe ivplaotl pgavgropwr omor cokw rgontl òvop bgrcoemtwem dgvop `gemoe plemno plemnopp niezg niezgrtl rtl |oem |oem plemml plemml%% Tgcole Tgcole lpw pgnoeo pgnoeoe e plemml plemml kwmo kwmo `lvgrcw `lvgrcwnoe noe wepwn wepwn agedovol agedovol plemnop plemnop niezgrtl niezgrtl |oem plemml% Pgnoeoe ivgrotl |oem `lvlclh `lvlclh hgeòne| hgeòne|oo kwmo horwt agavgrhoplnoe otvgn ngtgcoaopoe `l vobrln% Pgavgropwr ivgrotl rgonpir rgonpir tlepgtl tlepgtltt wrgo wrgo `l VP Vwvwn Vwvwn Trl}l` Trl}l`koko koko Vocgab Vocgaboem oem oòcoh oòcoh tgbgtor tgbgtor ?<6! ?<6! 266¶D# tgòemonoe pgnoeoe ivgrotl rgonpir oòcoh tgbgtor 276 nm)da 2 —m ( 2?=# 88 opa!m,%

ZL%2 ZL%2%7 %7 Coe` Coeòt otoe oe Pg Pgir irll

?, Egro Egrodo do Aott Aottoo Rwawt egrodo aotto oòcoh ; Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

?78


âotto aotwnQ!âotto ngcworQ1âotto onwawcotlQ Norgeo plòn oò onwawcotl opow `lotwatlnoe tpgo`| tpopg tghlemmo pgrbgepwn vgrtoaooe egrodo aotto tgbomol bgrlnwp ; âotto aotwnQ1âotto ngcworQ Otwatl Otwatl!otw !otwatl atl |oem |oem `lmweo `lmweonoe noe òcoa òcoa vgrhlp vgrhlpwem wemoe oe egrodo egrodo aotto aotto oòcoh ; o% Nie`lt Nie`ltll tpgo`| tpgo`| tpopg tpopg (onwa (onwawco wcotl tl 1 6,% b% Plòn oò vgemipir tgvgrpl t gvgrpl voòpoe!voòpoe |oem pgrlnwp `l òcoa tltpga% d% Aotto |oem |oem ngcwor ngcwor òrl òrl welp welp tlepgto tlepgto 1 Aotto Aotto aotwn aotwn welp welp vwrljln vwrljlnotl otl `% Plòn Plòn oò vgrwboh vgrwbohoe oe aotto aotto `l jcwl`l{le jcwl`l{lem m `r|gr voò voò welp jlelthl jlelthlem em norgeo norgeo vgrwbo vgrwbohoe hoe aotto aotto `loemm `loemmov ov toemop toemop ngdlc ngdlc tghlem tghlemmo mo òvop òvop `lobolnoe% g% Vgrhlp Vgrhlpwem wemoe oe `lbopotl `lbopotl hoe|o hoe|o toavol toavol welp jlelth jlelthlem lem norgeo norgeo tgpgcoh tgpgcoh welp welp jlelth jlelthlem lem `loemm `loemmov ov hoe|o hoe|o pgròv pgròvop op vritgt vritgt vodnom vodnomlem lem òe vgrwbohoe aotto plòn pgrcocw tlmeljlnoe tghlemmo òvop `lobolnoe% Wepwn vgrhlpwemo vgrhlpwemoe e niezgrtl niezgrtl (X, `l rgonpir rgonpir wrgo tgdoro gavlrlt# gavlrlt# òvop `lpwcltnoe tgbomol bgrlnwp ; X 1 ~ 6#2:?: (o, . 6#6?<07 (o, 2 . 6#6482 (o, (b, — 6#??:6 (b, — 6#62=42 (o, (p)?66, — 6#?646 (b, (p)?66, . ?#:06 (p)?66, — 6#?4<0 (p)?66, 4 — ?#8:<% ?66' @laoeo ; o 1 Aic ropli EH4)DI2 pipoc pipoc (o, b 1 Aic ropli H2I)DI2 pipoc (b, p 1 Pgavgropwr ivgrotl (?<6¶D!266¶D,

2, Egro Egrodo do Voeot oeot Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

?7<


Hwnwa nietgrzotl gegrml (hn L pgrai`leoalno,; ^Gegrml aotwnQ — ^gegrml ngcworQ . ^gegrml |oem pgrboemnlpnoe tltpgaQ — ^gegrml |oem |oem pgrnietwatl pgrnietwatl tltpgaQ 1 ^gegrml pgronwawcotl òcoa tltpgaQ ?% Rgontl Rgontl nlalo nlalo |oem bgrtljop bgrtljop gntipg gntipgral raltt ( agemhot agemhotlcno lcnoe e voeot,# voeot,# aono aono

gegr gegrml ml

|oem oem `lhot `lhotlc lcno noe e `ltg `ltgbw bwpp tgbom tgbomol ol gegr gegrml ml |oe |oem m

pgrboemnlpnoe tltpga% 2% Rgontl Rgontl nlalo nlalo |oem bgrtljop bgrtljop geìpg geìpgral raltt (agabw (agabwpwh pwhnoe noe voeot,# voeot,# aono aono

gegrm gegrmll

|oem oem `lho `lhotlc tlcno noe e `ltgb `ltgbwp wp tgbo tgbomo moll gegrm gegrmll |oem |oem

pgrnietwatl icgh tltpga% 4% Wepwn tltpga `gemoe vritg ritgtt tpg tpgo`| tpo tpopg# aono gegrml |oem oem pgronwawcotl 1 6

Egrodo voeot ) gegrml ) pgeomo ; o% EV pipoc pipoc voò voò tltpg tltpga a oclr ( jci} jci} tltpga tltpga,, voò voò ngoò ngoòoe oe tpgo` tpgo`| | tpopg Levwp1 iwpvwp

Vgrtoa Vgrtoaooe ooe `l opot opot tgrlem tgrlem `lvono `lvonoll wepwn wepwn notwt notwt proetvi proetvirpo rpotl tl jcwlò# |olpw vgrtoaooe Bgreiwccl%

b% Egrodo Gegrml wepwn vritgt nlalo ( eie jci} tltpga ,% Tltpga eie oclr `loemmov pgrko`l `l òcoa ocop!ocop ocop! ocop vritgt# altoc ocop vgewnor voeot (HG1hgop gxdhoemgr,# rgonpir# òe ocop!ocop proetjgr aotto colee|o% Voò tltpga lel# blotoe|o GV òe GN 333 _ òe ]# tghlemmo GV òe GN òvop `lobolnoe òe


?:6


EV ageko`l ; ∊W . ∊VZ 1 _ − ] ∊H 1 ∊W . ∊VZ 1 _ − ] ∊H 1 _ − ] H2 — H? 1 _ — ] Wepw Wepwn n bgbg bgbgro rovo vo vrit vritgt gt## blot blotoe oe| |o elco elcoll ] toem toemop op ngdl ngdlc% c% Tghlemmo ; H2 — H? 1 _ 1 ∊H @gemoe# H? 1 gepocvl orwt aotwn (plpln topw,# H2 1 gepocvl orwt ngcwor (plpln `wo,% Aodoa!aodoa vgrwbohoe gepocvl (voeot,; ?% Voeo Voeott tget tgetlb lbcg cg (voe (voeot ot |oem oem blto blto `lro `lroto tono noe e vgrw vgrwbo boho hoe e twhwe|o,% Novotlpot voeot (dv , 1 boe|one|o voeot |oem `lbwpwhnoe wepwn ageolnnoe twhw tgplov topwoe aotto tgplov topwoe twhw% Wepwn voòpoe òe mot# Dv agrwvonoe jwemtl twhw% Bgbgrovo twabgr òpo!òpo Dv ; o% Dv 1 j (P, (P, >

ovvg ovvge` e`lx lx @# Diwc Diwcti tie e oe` oe` Rldh Rldhor` or`ti tie# e# –

Dhgaldoc Gemleggrlem‑% Pobcg G%?% Hlaagcbcow% b% Dv òcoa bgepwn mrojln> Mgoenivclt> Vgrr|% d% Dv wepwn wepwn jii`t jii`t oe` blicimld blicimldoc oc aopgrlo aopgrloc> c> ovvge` ovvge`lx lx O%0# O%0#

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Welp Welp

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?:?


4% Voeot Voeot rgontl rgontl (voeot (voeot |oem |oem `lhotlc `lhotlcnoe noe opow `lbwpw `lbwpwhno hnoe e voò vritgt |oem agclbopnoe rgontl nlalo, ΐHr bgrelc bgrelcol ol vitlpl vitlpljj agewek agewekwnn wnnoe oe rgontl rgontl agabwp agabwpwhn whnoe oe voeot ΐHr bgrelc bgrelcol ol egmopl egmopljj agewek agewekwnn wnnoe oe rgontl rgontl agemho agemhotlcn tlcnoe oe voeot Klno rgontl rgontl plòn plòn `lkoco `lkocoeno enoe e voò voò nie`lt nie`ltll tpoeò tpoeòr# r# aono aono òvop `lconwnoe ; o, Twhw whw

wavo wavoe e

`lb `lbo|oe o|oem mnoe noe

`lpw `lpwrw rwen enoe oe opow opow

`leolnnoe toavol twhw tpoeòr# ngaw`loe b, @lrgontlnoe voò nie`ltl tpoeòr d, Twhw Twhw vri`wn vri`wn `leo `leolnn lnnoe oe toavol toavol twhw twhw ngcwo ngcwor r `, Tgcoek Tgcoekwpe wpe|o |o voeo voeott rgontl rgontl `lhl `lhlpwe pwem m


?:2


ZL%2%:

Vgrhlpwemoe

Vro roedoemoe vobrln vgabwopoe Vwvwn Wrgo Vwtrl LL òrl Mot Tlepgtlt `lcontoeonoe wepwn novotlpot vri`wntl tgbgtor ?706%4 pie)horl# `gemoe ngpgepwoe tgbomol bgrlnwp; ? horl ngrko

1 20 koa

Botlt

1 ? koa ivgrotl

Aono novotlpot vri`wntl Vwvwn Wrgo plov koa oòcoh; 1

Bohoe Bonw òe Bgrop Aicgnwc Bohoe Bonw |oem `lmweonoe (]lnlvg`lo# 266=> Vgrr|# ?<<<, ; − Elprimge (E2,

1 28 m)aic

− Hl`rimge (H2,

1 2 m)aic

− Oaaielo (EH4,

1 ?= m)aic

− Norbie`lintlò (DI 2,

1 00 m)aic


?:4


Bgrop Aicgnwc Wrgo

1 :6 nm)naic

Ngawreloe Wrgo |oem `lhotlcnoe

1 << ' x :0?84 nm)koa 1 :470? nm)koa

?,

Egrodo Aotto

O% Welp Welp Tlep Tlepgt gtoo

EH4 Jgg` Welp Tlepgto

Iwp pi vwrljlnotl

DI2 Jgg`

Rgd|dcg

o% Rgonp onpir Wrgo rgo


?:0


@gemoe Ropg DI2 :7%:8' ; @opo |oem `lvgricgh òrl covoemoe voò poemmoc ? Jgbrworl 26?2 ! 2< Jgbrworl 26?2 oòcoh tgbomol bgrlnwp ; Oclroe ?; DI2

1 ??844%8

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1 20:62

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1 ??844%8 . ?==??%?<< 1 2<700%<< Nm


?:7


1 :=?%0== Naic H2I

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1 288%<08 Nm 1 2%8 Naic

+Aicg Ropli ;

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+Agemhlpwem oclroe ngcwor òrl rgonpir ; DI2 ngcwor rgonpir 1 DI2 aotwn — DI2 bgrgontl 1 :=?%0== — 4=7%2= 1 2<:%2 Naic)Koa H2I ngcwor rgonpir 1 4=7%2= . <2<%: Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

?::


1 ?460%8= Naic)Koa Niezgrtl blwrgp ageko`l wrgo voò òpo `gtlme 1

x ?66 '

1 47#672' ) koa x ? koa):6 agelp

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?:8


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?:<


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x ?66 '

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?=?


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?=2


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doro doro

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pgno pgnoeo eoe e

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?=4


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Pipoc

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2% Oclr Oclroe oe voe voeot ot ngc ngcwo worr HV@ HV@ pi CV@ CV@ P 1 ?:7 ¶D

Prgj 1 27 ¶D

V 1 ?=%7 nm)da 2

Pobgc :%4?% Oclroe Voeot Ngcwor HV@ pi CV@ Niaviege

J (naic)koa,

Dv (nK)naic N,

ΐP (N,

_2 (nK)koa,

W rg o

?46=%?4

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EH4 DI2 H2I

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Blwrgp Pipoc

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4% Oclr Oclroe oe voe voeot ot ngc ngcwo worr HV@ HV@ pi HVO HVO P 1 ?77 ¶D

Prgj 1 27 ¶D

V 1 ?=%7 nm)da2

Pobgc :%42% Oclroe Voeot ngcwor HV@ pi HVO Niaviege

J (naic)koa,

Dv (nK)naic N,

ΐP (N,

_4 (nK)koa,

W rg o

6%66

?48%:6

?46%66

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?

DI2

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6%66 2?:7%6<

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?46%66

6%66 ???<42<=%:2

0% Voeo Voeott Cop Copge ge pi HVO HVO Pobgc :%44% Voeot Copge `l HV@ Niaviege EH4 DI2

J (nm)koa, 2??<6%66 24227%66

ξ (nK)nm, ?4:< 7=0

_0 (nK)koa, 2<66
H2I Pipoc

=640%66 7?00<%66

227=

?78=7=48 782?7<<8

_le 1 877<0808%20 nK ) koa _iwp 1 ??8==7?7:%87 nK ) koa Voeot |oem `lbgboenoe voò rgbilcgr HV@ 1 _iwp — _le 1 ??8==7?7:%87!877<0808%20 ??8==7?7:%87!877<0808%20 1 44?86468%:? nK ) koa

Agedorl aotto tpgoa |oem `lbwpwhnoe Ptle 1 266 ¶D 1 0=4 N Ptiwp 1 ?84 ¶D 1 07: N P rgj 1 27 ¶D 1 2<8 N rgj 1 27:7% =8 nK)naic

Dvwòro 1 2<%<8 nK)naic%N Otwatl |oem `lmweonoe oòcoh ; •

voeot |oem `ltwvvc| tpgoa 1 voeot |oem `lbgboenoe voò rgbilcgr

•

Dv wòro `loemmov plòn pgrmoepwem twhw

_ tpgoa aotwn — _ tpgoa ngcwor 1 _ jcwlò ngcwor —_ jcwlò aotwn _tle 1 (6#= a t% ^Dvtpgoa%(Ptle!Prgj ,. ,.rgj Q,.6#4 Q,.6#4 at%Dvolr (Ptle!Prgj ,


?<2


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b% CV@ (Ci} Vrgttwrg @gdiavitgr, ?% Oclr Oclroe oe voe voeot ot |oe |oem m aotw aotwn n CV@ CV@ P 1 ?0< ¶D

Prgj 1 27 ¶D

V 1 2%4 nm)da 2

Pobgc :%40% Oclroe Voeot Aotwn CV@ Niaviege

J (naic)koa,

Dv (nK)naic N,

ΐP (N,

_? (nK)koa,

W rg o

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Prgj 1 27 ¶D

V 1 2%4nm)da 2

Pobgc :%47 Oclroe Voeot Ngcwor CV@ pi MT Niaviege

J (naic)koa,

Dv (nK)naic N,

ΐP (N,

_2 (nK)koa,

W rg o

?2<7%?2

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4?=0?=:?%<0

4% Oclr Oclroe oe voe voeot ot ngcw ngcwor or CV@ CV@ pi pi CVO CVO Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

?<4


P 1 ?26 ¶D

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V 1 2%4 nm)da2

Pobgc :%4:% Oclroe Voeot Ngcwor CV@ pi CVO Niaviege W rg o

J (naic)koa, 6%66

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EH4 DI2

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48%:4 0?%00

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H2I

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?02%60

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6%66 274?82=%66

0% Voeo Voeott Cop Copge ge pi CVO CVO Pobgc :%4=% Voeot Copge `l CV@ Niaviege EH4

J (nm)koa, :=7=%66

ξ (nK)nm, ?4:<

_0 (nK)koa, <276444

DI2 H2I Pipoc

4=2<%66 488<%66 ?04=7%66

7=0 227=

2?0600: 8===0=4 26?:8272

_le 1 0402284<%62 nK ) koa _iwp 1 7000?806%<0 nK ) koa Voeot |oem `lbgboenoe voò rgbilcgr CV@ 1 _iwp — _le 1 7000?806%<0 ! 0402284<%62 1 ??6?<66?%<2 nK ) koa

@orl @orl vgem vgemwn wnwr wroe oe òpo òpo covo covoem emoe oe## `lng `lngpo pohw hwll aotto otto tpgo tpgoa a |oem oem `lbwpwhnoe `l rgbilcgr CV@ tgbgtor 2%<4 pie)koa Aotto tpgoa `lbwpwhnoe 1 2%<4 pie)koa 1 2<46 nm)koa 1 ?:2%=8 naic)koa

d% MT (Mot (Mot Tgvo Tgvoro ropi pir, r, ?% Oclr Oclroe oe voeo voeott |oe |oem m aotw aotwn n MT


?<0


P 1 ??= ¶D

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V 1 6%4 nm)da 2

Pobgc :%48% Oclroe Voeot Aotwn MT Niaviege W rg o

J (naic)koa, ?2<7%?2

Dv (nK)naic N, ?4=%8=

ΐP (N, <2%66

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7<0??%<4 ?4?<26:6%<4 7028<%=8

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4270%2=

EH4

2<<0<686%?4

2% Oclroe Oclroe voeot voeot ngcwo ngcworr MT pi pi Dr|tpoc Dr|tpoccl{ cl{gr gr P 1 <2 ¶D

Prgj 1 27 ¶D

V 1 6%4nm)da 2

Pobgc :%4<% Oclroe Voeot Ngcwor MT pi Dr|tpoccl{gr Niaviege W rg o

J (naic)koa, 8
Dv (nK)naic N, ?4=%=2

ΐP (N, :=%66

_2 (nK)koa, 8220870%?:

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2?%?2 7%0?

4=%:< 06%48

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H2I

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4%2< 26:2%<:

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4% Oclr Oclroe oe voe voeot ot ngc ngcwo worr MT pi pi IMO IMO P 1 ??= ¶D

Prgj 1 27 ¶D

V 1 ? opa

Pobgc :%06% Oclroe Voeot Ngcwor MT pi IMO Niaviege W rg o

J (naic)koa, 6%66

Dv (nK)naic N, ?4=%<2

ΐP (N, <2%66

_4 (nK)koa, 6%66

EH4

44%66

48%:4

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DI2 H2I Blwrgp

8%?: ?:8%76 6%66

0?%00 4:%64 ?02%60

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4??6:%4= 77874=%6: 6%66

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26<%::

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0% Voeo Voeott Cop Copge ge pi IMO IMO Pobgc :%0?% Voeot Copge `l MT Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

?<7


Niaviege

J (nm)koa,

ξ (nK)nm,

_0 (nK)koa,

EH4

:=7=%66

?4:<

<276444

DI2 H2I Pipoc

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7=0 227=

2?0600: 8===0=4 26?:8272

_le 1 2<<0<686%?4 nK ) koa _iwp 1 40<88?67%<< nK ) koa Bgboe Voeot MT 1 _iwp — _le 1 40<88?67%<< ! 2<<0<686%?4 1 764<627%8= nK ) koa

@orl vgemwn vgemwnwro wroe e òpo òpo covoem covoemoe# oe# `lngpo `lngpohwl hwl aotto aotto tpgoa tpgoa aotwn aotwn MT tgbgtor 6%:2 pie)koa Aotto tpgoa `lbwpwhnoe 1 6%:2 pie)koa 1 :26 nm)koa 1 40%00 naic)koa

4%

Welp Nrltpocltotl òe Vgabwplroe o% Dr|tp r|tpooccl ccl{gr {gr Pobgc :%02% Oclroe Voeot Aotwn òrl Mot Tgvoropir (_?,

Niaviege W rg o EH4

J (naic)koa, 8
Dv (nK)naic N, ?4=%<2 4:%
ΐP (N, 07%66 07%66

_? (nK)koa, 7742?=8%68 476=7%4:

7%0?

4<%48

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??0?%=8 4%2< 26:2%<:

=7%47 ?46%6?

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DI2 H2I Blwrgp Pipoc

Pobgc :%04% Oclroe voeot aotwn òrl òtor Diedgepropir (_2, Niaviege

J (naic)koa,

Dv (nK)naic N,

ΐP (N,

_2 (nK)koa,


?<:


W rg o

?7<:0%06

?4=%<2

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EH4

?06%=?

4:%
07%66

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DI2 H2I Blwrgp

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07%66 07%66 07%66

8=4?:%26 27807676%66 ?4266??%44

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Voeot nrltpocltotl wrgo  ξ 1 ?<:%:08 nK)nm _4 1 Jwrgo x ξ 1 ?42:=6 x ?<:%:08 1 2:68<2<6%?: nK)koa

Pobgc :%00% Oclroe voeot ngcwor dr|tpoccl{gr (_0, J (naic)koa,

Dv (nK)naic N,

ΐP (N,

_0 (nK)koa,

W rg o

22??%?=

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4026%8?

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?0622?==%:7

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Dv (nK)naic N, ?67%<< 4:%
ΐP (N, 74%?6 74%?6

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DI2 H2I

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22:06%:4

Niaviege W rg o EH4

??0::0<8=%67

_ le pipoc 1 _?._2._4 1 ?:2?20484%8: nK)koa _iwp pipoc1 _0._7._4


?<=


1 ?70==:070%8: nK)koa _citt 1 _iwp — _le 1 ?70==:070%8: ! ?:2?20484%8: 1 !=40=<2<%66 nK)koa Gjltlgetl vgemnrltpocoe 1

<7%0:==2?27 '

@orl vgemwnwroe `l covoemoe# `lòvop aotto tpgoa |oem aotwn ng dr|tpoccl{gr tgbgtor 274 pie)koa Aotto tpgoa `lbwpwhnoe 1 274 pie)koa 1 274666 nm)koa 1 ?0677%777: naic)koa

b% Jcwl`l{lem @r|gr _ aotwn jcwl`l{lem `r|gr 1 Jp x Dvdoav x `P Jp aotwn jcwl`l{lem `r|gr 1 874%46 naic ) koa Dvdoav 1 (?67%<< x 6%<==8,.(=7%47 x 6%6?<7,.(?46%6? x6%662=, nK)koa 1 ??0%4= nK ) naic N _le 1 874%46 x ??0%4= x (40?!2<8, _le 1 0?<:072%: nK ) koa

_ ngcwor jcwl`l{lem `r|gr 1 Jp x Dv doav x `P Jp ngcwor jcwl`l{lem `r|gr 1 874%46 naic ) koa Dvdoav 1 (??7%??x 6%<==8, .(=7%
Bgboe Voeot Jcwl`l{lem @r|gr 1 =4::=72%227 ! 0?<:072%: 1 4?=62<<%:2 nK ) koa


?<8


@orl òpo `l covoemoe# kwacoh tpgoa |oem `lbwpwhnoe `l olr hgopgr jcwl`l{lem `r|gr tgbgtor 40%:: pie)koa Aotto tpgoa `lbwpwhnoe 1 40%:: pie)koa 1 40::6 nm)koa 1 ?<27%7: naic)koa

d% Agcpgr Kwacoh voeot |oem `lbwpwhnoe wepwn agcgcghnoe Wrgo (_o, oòcoh _o 1 _2 — _? @laoeo

; _o _o 1 bg bgboe voeot (n (nK)koa, _? 1 voeot |oem aotwn ng agcpgr(nK)koa, _2 1 voeot |oem ngcwor òrl agcpgr (nK)koa,

•

Hormo _? oòcoh

_? 1 _ wrgo . _ H2I . _ Blwrgp

_ wrgo 1 aic wrgo x Dv wrgo x `P 1 =<=%26 x ??7%6< x (4=4 — 2<8, 1 :88?24?%? nK)koa

_ H2I 1 aic H2I x Dv H2I x `P 1 =%<0 x =7%47 x (4=4 — 2<8, 1 008=6%<27 nK)koa

_ Blwrgp 1 aic Blwrgp x Dv Blwrgp x `P 1 ?%28 x ?4=%7 x (4=4 — 2<8, 1 ?4266 nK)koa

_? 1 :88?24?%? . 008=6%<27 . ?4266 1 :<4<462%627 nK)koa


?<<


•

Hormo _2 oòcoh

_2 1 _ wrgo . _ H2I . _ Blwrgp

_ wrgo 1 (aic wrgo x Dv wrgo x `P, . (aotto wrgo x ξ wrgo, @gemoe# ξ 1 voeot vgcgcghoe wrgo 1 ?=:%?0:0 nK)nm 1 (?674%24 x ?27%88 x (0?? — 2<8,, . (:4?<0 x ?=:%?0:0, 1 2:??4662%70 nK)koa

_ H2I 1 (aic H2I x Dv H2I x `P, . (aic H2I x ξH2I, @gemoe# ξ 1 voeot vgemwovoe H2I 1 06%= nK)naic 1 (?6%7: x 47%84 x (0?? — 2<8, , . (?6%7: x 06%=, 1 04?87%6?00 nK)koa

_ Blwrgp 1 aic Blwrgp x Dv Blwrgp x `P 1 4%=? x ?07%8 x (0?? — 2<8, 1 :??24%=40 nK)koa

_2 1 2:??4662%70 . 04?87%6?00 . :??24%=4 1 2:2?=4??%2< nK)koa

Ko`l# bgboe voeot agcpgr _o 1 2:2?=4??%2< ! :<4<462%627 1 ?<2=866<%2: nK)koa @orl òpo `l covoemoe# kwacoh tpgoa |oem `lbwpwhnoe `l olr hgopgr agcpgr tgbgtor ?%?4 pie)koa Aotto tpgoa `lbwpwhnoe 1 ?%?4 pie)koa 1 ??46 nm)koa 1 :2%== naic)koa

`% Vrlcc rlccle lem m Pi} Pi}gr gr Coviroe ngrko vronpgn VP% Vwvwn Trl}l`koko

266


Jleoc Tgvoropir

Wòro Ngcwor

Vrlcclem Pi}gr

Wrgo Vri`wn

Wòro òrl Bci}gr òe Wòro Toavlem

Orwt Voeot Aotwn ng Vrlcclem Pi}gr ; • Jleoc Tgvoropir Pgav Pgavgr grop opwr wr 1 ?48 ?48iD 1 0?? N

Pobgc :%0:% Oclroe Voeot òrl Jleoc Tgvoropir

Niaviege Wrgo H2I Blwrgp

•

Jci} ropg Jci} ropg (nm)koa, (aic)koa, :4
400<%<7<7 2676%0848 4482%8?0:

_ (ndoc)k, 4:44:?2%404 2?:04%<<7:8 ?2744%86487 4::==<6%?02

Wòro Toavlem Pgav Pgavgr grop opwr wr 1 47iD 1 468 N

Pobgc :%0=% Oclroe Voeot òrl Wòro Toavlem


26?


Niaviege Wòro H2I

•

Jci} ropg Jci} ropg (nm)koa, (aic)koa, 406:=2%7 ??8?2%7 ?27<8 :<7822%?<0= Kwacoh

:<==<0 =<%88:4

_ (ndoc)k, 8202:<%?2?= 7778:%:==8 8=<877%=<<7

Olr pi Bci}gr jir Jwgc Diicgr

Pgavgropwr

1 48iD 1 4?? N

Pobgc :%08% Oclroe Voeot Olr pi Bci}gr

Niaviege Wòro H2I

Jci} ro ropg Jci} ropg (nm)koa, (aic)koa, 7??<6?%=87: ?==0<=?7%?=40 ?8820 ?64<=6?%46?4 Kwacoh

_ (ndoc)k, <6%=4<8 ?:?6:6:%2==8 ?64%<4=? ?686:4%7664 ?=?8::<%==8?

Orwt voeot pipoc aotwn 1 :2::4?7%=2 ndoc)koa 1 2:2?82:0%<= nK)koa

Orwt Voeot Ngcwor Vrlcclem Pi}gr ; • Wrgo vri`wn Pgav Pgavgr grop opwr wr 1 04iD 1 4?: N Pobgc :%0<% Oclroe Voeot Wrgo Vri`wn •

Niaviege

Wrgo

Gjjwgep olr Jci} ropg (nm)koa, Wrgo

Blwrgp

:2<:<

Olr

H2I

?
Blwrgp


Jci} ropg (aic)koa,

48? Kwacoh

_ (ndoc)k, ?60<084%44 4 ?67<6%?00: 0 4:<=%8?<:7 <

:47%:<7 420%=??? 0<4%=420 :=20?7%==87 262


Pgav Pgavgr grop opwr wr 1 06iD 1 4?4 N Pobgc :%76% Oclroe Voeot Gjjcwgep Olr

Niaviege Wòro H2I

Jci} ro ropg Jci} ropg (nm)koa, (aic)koa, 8700:0%287= 2<:2==0<%?: 0?<=: 24?800<%<08 Kwacoh

?60%=262 ??<%<<28

_ (ndoc)k, 4?62:24%8?= 2=8?<=%466< 4486822%?=2

Orwt voeot pipoc ngcwor 1 067424=%<7 ndoc)koa 1 ?:<78=0=%78 nK)koa _ le — _ iwp 1 _ oddwawcoplie 2:2?82:0%<= nK)koa — ?:<78=0=%78 nK)koa 1 _ oddwawcoplie _ oddwawcoplie 1 <27<7?=%4< nK)koa

@orl egrodo voeot `lopot `lòvopnoe voeot onwawcotl% Aicpge wrgo tgcoao `l!tvro| òrl `ltprlbwpir toavol `lhotlcnoe wrgo vri`wn# kwacoh olr òe blwrgpe|o hoavlr toao# aono `ltlavwcnoe boh}o voeot onwawc onwawcotl otl |oem |oem oò hoe|o hoe|o `lmweo `lmweonoe noe wepwn wepwn agemwb agemwboh oh wrgo wrgo dolr ageko`l wrgo voòp voò twhw cgcghe|o |olpw ?42#= iD `gemoe otwatl hgop citt ≈ 6%

ZL%2%=

Hotlc ò òe Vg Vgabo abohotoe

Bgrlnwp òpo hotlc vgrhlpwemoe egrodo voeot ; Pobgc :%76% @opo Hotlc Vgrhlpwemoe Egrodo Voeot Plov Ocop Ocop Rgonpir HV@ CV@ MT

Voeot aotwn (nK)koa,

Voeot ngcwor (nK)koa,

=?78=:47%=: 877<0808%20 0402284<%62 2<<0<686%?4

!!= = 2 = < 4 4 : 8 ? %7 ??8==7?7:%< 70 7 0 0 0 ? 8 0 6 %<0 4 0 < 8 8 ? 6 7 % <<

ΐH

(nK)koa, ! =<<72?4?=%4 4 4 ? 8 6 4 6 8 %:? ? ? 6 ? < 6 6 ? %<2 764<627%8:

Twrvcwt)@gjld lp Twrvcwt @gjldlp @gjldlp @gjldlp


264


Dr|tpoccl{gr Jcwl`l{lem @r|gr Agcpgr Vrlc Vrlccl clem em Pi}g Pi}grr

?:2?20484%<

?70==:070%<

!=40=<2<

Twrvcwt

0?<:072%: :<4<462%627 2:2? 2: 2?82 82:0 :0%%<=

= 4 : : = 7 2 % 2 27 2 : 2 ? = 4 ? ? % 2< ?:<7 ?: <78= 8=0= 0=%7 %78 8

4 ? = 6 2 < < % : 27 ? < 2 = 8 6 6 < %2= !<27 !<27<7 <7?= ?=%4 %4< <

@gjldlp @gjldlp Twrv Twrvcw cwt t

@orl @orl hotlc hotlc vgrhlp vgrhlpwem wemoe oe òvop òvop `lclho `lclhopp boh}o boh}o vobrln vobrln vwvwn vwvwn wrgo wrgo agrwvo agrwvonoe noe vobrln vobrln |oem |oem agemni agemnietwa etwatl tl gegrml gegrml |oem |oem bgtor bgtor tgnocl# tgnocl# eoaw eoawe e gegr gegrml ml |oem `lho `lhotl tlcn cnoe oe vwe vwe bgtor bgtor%% Voeo Voeott |oem `lho `lhotlc tlcno noe e rgonpir rgonpir `l welp tlepgtlt tlepgtlt dwnwv bgtor |olpw !=<<72?4 !=<<72?4?=%4 ?=%4 nK)koa% Hoc pgrtgbwp pgrko`l norgeo rgontl izgrocc vgabwopoe wrgo agrwvonoe rgontl gntiph gntiphgral graltt |oem |oem agemh agemhotlc otlcnoe noe voeot% voeot% Vgaoej Vgaoejoopo oopoe e voeot voeot dwnwv dwnwv ageko`l vgrhoploe `l vobrln vwvwn wrgo lel% Tgcole norgeo jodpir gegrml# twhw kwmo agrwvonoe zorlobcg |oem `lkomo% Twhw rgonpir |oem tgaonle plemml òvop agavgrdgvop pgrko`le|o rgontl vgabgepwnoe wrgo# eoawe ovoblco pgrcocw plemml òvop age|gbobnoe niritl voò rgonpir tghlemmo agavgemorwhl nlegrko òrl rgonpir% Hoc pgrtgbwp òvop pgrko`l onlbop vgabgepwnoe blwrgp `l rgonpir voò twhw |oem pgrcocw plemml `gemoe }onpw plemmoc |oem dwnwv coao% Welp Welp `gniav `gniavitl itltl)v tl)vwrl wrljln jlnotl otl agrwv agrwvonoe onoe welp welp `gemoe `gemoe nietwa nietwatl tl gegrml pgrbgtor blto `lclhop òrl pipoc voeot |oem `lbwpwhnoe tgbgtor 0<24844:%0 nK)koa% Hoc lel norgeo voò welp vwrljlnotl `llekgntlnoe tpgoa |oem `lbwpwhnoe wepwn òvop age`gniavitltl ngcgblhoe EH4# DI2# òe norboaop |oem bgcwa bgrgontl tgavwreo ageko`l wrgo wepwn òvop `lvltohnoe òe `lngaboclnoe ng welp tlepgto% Bgrlnwp kwacoh vgaonoloe tpgoa bgròtornoe vgemoablcoe òpo `l covoemoe ; Ocop HV@ CV@ MT Jcwl`l{lem @r|gr Agcpgr

aotto tpgoa `lbwpwhnoe (naic)koa, 2 : : 8 %7 0 8 ? : 2 %= 8 40%00 ?<27%7: :2%==


260


@ovop @ovop `lclho `lclhopp boh}o boh}o nietwa nietwatl tl tpgoa tpgoa pgrbgtor pgrbgtor `l welp welp `gnia `gniavit vitltl ltl `gemoe pipoc vgaonoloe tpgoa tgbgtor 28:7%=:8 naic)koa% Coemnoh vgemhgaopoe nietwatl tpgoa òvop `gemoe agaoejoopnoe voeot òrl rgonpir wepwn agavri`wntl tpgoa# opow `gemoe vgemmweooe pgneiciml ODGT (O`zoedg Ditp oe` Gegrml Tozlem, `laoeo oclroe ngcwor rgonpir tgbgcwa tgbgcwa aotwn aotwn ng welp welp `gnia `gniavit vitltl ltl `lcg}o `lcg}opno pnoe e pgrcgb pgrcgblh lh òhwcw òhwcw `l dorboao dorboaopg pg die`ge die`getgr# tgr# tghlem tghlemmo mo tgboml tgbomloe oe ngcgbl ngcgblhoe hoe EH4# DI2# òe Norboao Norboaopp òvop òvop pgrwrol pgrwrol pgrcgbl pgrcgblh h òhwcw òhwcw òrl òrl doavwr doavwroe oe mot# `gemoe `gemoe `galnloe bgboe welp `gniavitltl onoe bgrnwroem# bgmlpw kwmo `gemoe nietwatl tpgoa |oem `lbwpwhnoe% Wepwn welp jlelthlem (vgabwplroe,# ngbwpwhoe tpgoa pgròvop voò Jcwl`l{lem @r|gr òe Agcpgr% Wepwn welp dr|tpoccl{gr voeot `lhotlcnoe dwnwv bgtor |olpw tgbgtor =40=<2< =40=<2< nK)koa% Tgòemnoe voeot pgrbgtor `lhotlcnoe `lhotlcnoe icgh vrlcclem vrlcclem pi}gr# eoawe eoawe blto `lnoponoe `lnoponoe voeot pgrtgbwp pgrtgbwp `lmweonoe `lmweonoe wepwn agemwboh agemwboh wrgo dolr ageko`l ageko`l wrgo voòp voò twhw cgcghe|o |olpw ?42#= iD `gemoe otwatl hgop citt ≈ 6%

ZL%2%8

Ngtlavwcoe

?%

Ocotoe kw k wacoh EH E H4 `lbw `lbwop op bgrc bgrcgb gblh lh oòc oòcoh oh omor omor wrgo wrgo plò plòn n pgrhl` pgrhl`rotl rotl ageko`l ageko`l blwrgp blwrgp |oem |oem òvop òvop agrwto agrwton n nlegrko nlegrko ocop `l vobrln wrgo% Pgrhl`rotle|o wrgo ageko`l blwrgp òvop `lhleòrl `gemoe oòe|o oaaielo bgrcgblh% Noòr blwrgp |oem `ll{lenoe ngcwor òrl tgntl jlelthlem vwe `lwtohonoe tgalelaoc awemnle%

2%

Vobr Vobrln ln vwvw vwvwn n wrgo wrgo agrwv agrwvon onoe oe vobr vobrln ln |oe |oem m agemn agemnie ietwa twatl tl gegrm gegrmll |oem bgtor tgnocl# eoawe gegrml |oem òvop `lhotlcnoe vwe bgtor%

4%

Toco Tocoh h topw topw vge| vge|gb gbob ob biri birite te|o |o ngbw ngbwpw pwho hoe e tpgoa tpgoa |oe |oem m `lvgr `lvgrcw cwno noe e `l vobrln wrgo vwtrl LL oòcoh boe|one|o tpgoa |oem cicit òrl vlvo!vlvo |oem bidir%

0%

Welp tlepgto agrwvonoe welp `gemoe kwacoh gegrml |oem `lhotlcnoe dwnwv bgtor%


267


7%

Kwacoh tpg tpgoa |oem oem `lbwpwhnoe `l welp `gniavitlt tltl òvop `lnwro `lnwroeml eml `gemoe `gemoe agrlem agrlemoen oenoe oe nlegrko nlegrko `gniavi `gniavitltl tltl

`gemoe `gemoe

agem agemmw mweo eono noe e pgne pgneic icim imll ODGT ODGT (O`z (O`zoe oedg dg Ditp Ditp oe` oe` gegr gegrml ml Tozlem,% :%

Wawr Wawr ocop ocop |oe |oem m twòh twòh pwo pwo agrw agrwvo vono noe e tocoh tocoh topw topw oco ocotoe toe pwr pwrwe wee| e|oo gjltl gjltlge getl tl ocop ocop%% Tghl Tghlem emmo mo kwac kwacoh oh vri` vri`wn wntl tl wrgo wrgo plò plòn n òvo òvopp aontlaoc%

=%

Oòe Oòe| |o vge vge|wabo wabopo poe e `l Vrlcc rlccle lem m Pi}gr i}gr icgh cgh wrgo rgo tgrp tgrpoo `gbw gbw |oem agegavgc (plòn cicit, cicit, |oem |oem ngaw`loe ngaw`loe pgronwawcotl òvop agemwroeml kwacoh vri`wntl wrgo% Hoc lel kwmo pgrko`l norgeo wawr wawr ocop ocop |oem |oem twòh twòh

pwo tghl tghlemm emmoo vgrcw vgrcw vgemw vgemwroe roemoe moe

ropg ropg

bohoe bonw omor nlegrko ocop pgpov ivplaoc 8%

Vgrc Vgrcw w `lcon `lconwn wnoe oe vgrm vgrmoe oepl ploe oe ocop!o ocop!oco copp tgvgrp tgvgrpll hgop hgop gxdho gxdhoem emgr gr voò voò welp tlepgto# norgeo twòh boe|on |oem agemocoal ngbidiroe voò bomloe pwbg!e|o%

ZL%2%<

Toroe

?%

Vgrc Vgrcw w vgaot vgaotoe oemo moe e ocop ocop wnwr wnwr jci} jci} ropg ropg mot tgbg tgbgcw cwa a aotw aotwn n òe ngcwor òrl tgplov ocop `l vobrln wrgo vwtrl LL# hoc lel `lmweonoe wepwn agelemnopnoe ngonwropoe vgabodooe kwacoh mot aotwn òe ngcwor `gemoe horovoe aotto |oem aotwn onoe toao `gemoe aotto |oem pgrbodo voò ocop wnwr aotto pgrvri`wntl%

2%

Vgrc Vgrcw w oòe oòe| |o oeoc oeoclt ltlt lt cgblh cgblh coekw coekwpp voò voò tpgoa tpgoa!tp !tpgo goa a |oem oem cici cicitt onlbop ngbidiroe vlvo# tghlemmo òvop `lconwnoe vgemhgaopoe nietwatl tpgoa%

4%

Tgbo Tgboln lne| e|oo `lco `lconw nwno noe e vgrmo vgrmoep eplo loe e ocop le`l le`ldo dopi pirr opow rgdi rgdir` r`gr gr blco blco twòh `lpgawnoe `lpgawnoe ngtocohoe)grr ngtocohoe)grrir ir voò toop vgabodooe vgabodooe norgeo hotlce|o onoe ageko`l onwrop%

0%

Vgrc Vgrcw w `lc `lcon onwn wnoe oe nokl nokloe oe cgbl cgblh h coe coekw kwpp age agemg mgeo eoll nleg nlegrk rkoo vrl vrlcc ccle lem m pi}gr omor vri`wntl aontlaoc òvop pgrdovol%


26:


7%

Vgrc Vgrcw w `lcon `lconwn wnoe oe vgrm vgrmoe oepl ploe oe ocop!o ocop!oco copp tgvgrp tgvgrpll hgop hgop gxdho gxdhoem emgr gr voò voò welp tlepgto# norgeo twòh boe|on |oem agemocoal ngbidiroe voò bomloe pwbg!e|o%


26=


@OJPOR VWTPONO

Diwctie# A% K% Oe` Rldhor`tie# K% J%# 2667# –Dhgaldoc Gemleggrlem @gtlme‑# Zic% :# 0g`%# vv%006!00?# Gctgzglr Bwppgr}irph!Hglegaoee# Ixjir`% Obl`le# [oleoc# –Vritgt Wrgo PRDL VWTRL LL‑# VP VWTRL# Vocgaboem% Talph# K%A%# Zoe Egtt# H% D%# oe` Obbip# A% A%# 266?# –Lepri`wdplie pi Dhgaldoc Gemleggrle Gemleggrlem m Phgrai`| Phgrai`|eoaldt‑# eoaldt‑# :g`%# vv% 06:# 7:6!7:?# 7:6!7:?# AdMro}!Hlcc AdMro}!Hlcc Biin Diavoe|# Eg} \irn% @leo @leott Pgne Pgneln ln Vrit Vritgt# gt# ?<<8 ?<<8## –Jlc –Jlciti itijl jl Vrit Vritgt gt Vobr Vobrln ln Wplc Wplclp lpot‑ ot‑## VP VWTR VWTRL# L# Vocgaboem% Ei Eoag# –Botld @gtlme Vodnomg jir VWTRL LL Wrgo Vcoep Ivplal{oplie Vrikgdp‑# VP VWTRL# Vocgaboem% Vgrr|# Vgrr|# R%H%# oe` @ie Mrgge# ?<80# ?<80# –Vgrr|“t –Vgrr|“t Dhgaldoc Dhgaldoc Gemleggrt Gemleggrt Hoe`biin‑# Hoe`biin‑# Tlxph Lepgreoplieoc G`lplie# Admro} Hlcc Biin Diavoe|# Eg} \irn% Ngccimm# ?<=4# Ivgroplem Letprwdpliet Aoewoc# Phg A% ]% Ngccimm Diavoe|# WTO%


268

Tugas Khusus Efisiensi CO2 Kompresor, Neraca Massa, Neraca Panas, dan Audit Energi Pabrik Urea

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