The Use Of Technology In Sports

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Sport specific applications of technology most notably in the area of equipment.

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How today ³technological revolution´ is can be applied to sport. This will be addressed in terms of how technology can impact broad based participation and promote social inclusion.

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The development of new sports both recreational and competitive.

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These changes reflect a natural evolution in sports as well as generational shifts that are more pronounced. In the latter instance, there are new multi-sport competitions such as the "X-Games," which include events such as mountain biking, in-line roller skating, roller boarding, boogie boarding and snow boarding. The X-Games are, incidently, named after the 15 to 30 year old demographic group called "Generation X" who make up the largest participant group for these sports which have sprung up to compete for sponsorship and media space with older, more established events. A very good example of this process is the introduction of snow boarding in the Nagano Olympiad. At one time, snow boarding was banned from most ski resorts because of a perceived conflict on the part of resort managers between the snow board enthusiasts and the more traditional skier. This antipathy stemmed from both the freewheeling way in which the snow boards are used on the slopes and a perceived cultural clash between the two sets of resort patrons. Now most ski resorts could not survive or remain economically viable without the revenue generated by snow boarders. Which brings us to facility design. The application of technology in sport facility design has yielded real changes in terms of athlete use, spectator comfort and usable life span. Example of these changes include:

2nd

Equipment which makes competition judging and compiling results more accurate. Further, technological applications such as photofinish timing devices tied in with communications technology for instadium displays such as scoreboards and broadcasting make the events more enjoyable for the spectators. Technological changes have resulted in facilities that are more cost efficient to operate resulting in the freeing up of scarce financial resources for programs which would have otherwise been expended for operating costs such as utilities. Among these advances are lighting options that extends the useable hours of facility operation or computerized HVAC controls that gain operating efficiency as well

as increasing both athlete and spectator comfort. And lastly, technological change frequently results in better building finishes that extend the life of the facility, are safer for the participants and are less costly to maintain. Most notable in this area are finishes such as sports flooring and playing surfaces. There exists, however, a real irony with respect to the application of technology in sport facility design, at least in North America. While on the one hand technological advances allow for a greater life span of the facility through the development of components such as better finishes and surfaces, on the other hand technological changes also drive obsolescence causing facilities to be replaced for economic reasons long before they are worn out. Thus stadia and auditoriums which should last more than 50 years are now being razed and replaced at great cost after only 30 years of service in many cities.

3rd

Technology has affected equipment design at all levels; from low level recreational activities to high level competitive sports. We've already seen that the application of technology to sports serves a role in creating whole new sports events. The use of technological tools such as Computer Assisted Design (CAD) can also play a role in the enhancement of sport equipment. A good example of this and well known in sailing circles is the story of how America won the 1992 Americas Cup, which is probably the most venerable race in among the oldest of sports. Through the application of technology (and a large amount of money) a rookie skipper surprised the veterans and took the prize. A better example of applied technology in sports is the use of "smart" equipment that incorporates sensors and computers as a part of their function. Most international caliber athletes typically undergo some form of human performance evaluation as a part of their training regimen. This can range from exercise stress testing and cardiovascular assessment to the use of very sophisticated biomechanical analysis using equipment such as the APAS system. Computer technology can even be found in equipment used for the evaluation of strength and conditioning.

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Equipment construction also benefits from the application of

composite materials which reduces weight while yielding increased strength and extended life spans. Composite materials can certainly be found in high level competitive equipment such as bikes, skis, racquets, and other types of gear such kayaks which almost by definition are targeted toward the elite competitor. But it is also important to note that advances in materials have made sport participation safer and has penetrated down the sports hierarchy to the recreational user, for example, in items such as bike helmets.

5th

And lastly, technology is also applied to personal sports gear such as clothing and shoes. A recent, albeit controversial example, is the full body suits used in swimming which streamline the competitor reducing times in a sport where winning or losing is measured in hundredths of a second.

 
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c In the United States those professional teams that can afford better facilities and equipment, frequently developed through the application of technology, typically

earn more revenue. With a better revenue stream, the team owners can obtain better performers. Better performers yield better team results, which creates more interest by the fans. Increased interest on the part of the fans means an increase in ticket sales and more revenue generated for the team. More revenue means better facilities and players and so too does this cycle continue.  cc
 
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System capacity which addresses the hardware questions. Bear in mind that a relational data base can consume huge amounts of memory capacity.

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The degree of accuracy required with the application is an issue. Standard vendor prepared packages typically operate on the basis of the

lowest common denominator which usually means that only about 80% of most organization's needs are met with an off-the-shelf product. So the sport administrator is left with the choice of adapting organizational operating procedures to the software to some degree or writing their own programs. The latter can be hugely time consuming and very expensive. Generally, the more specific modification required for a software product, the more expensive the product becomes and the more difficult it will be to accommodate software upgrades from the vendor.

3rd

Lastly, one needs to consider user capabilities. The adoption of information technology and procedures usually means extensive training of the staff.

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