USE OF BAMBOO IN ARCHITECTURE
A DISSERTATION REPORT
Co-ordinator Co- ordinator Prof. Prof. Neeraj Guide
Prof. Chandan kumar
BYPRAB!AT PRAB!AT SA SA"ENA "ENA
Content# Ta$%e Ta$%e of &'ure#................ &'ure#........................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................................ ................................. ( C!APTER ( INTROD)CTION..... INTROD)CTION............... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................. ........................ ( (.( Re#ear*h Re#ear*h +ue#tion-.................... +ue#tion-.............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................... ........................ ( (., Aim .................... .............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... .......................................... .................................. ... , (. O$je*ti/e#-................... O$je*ti/e#-.............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................................... ..................................... , (.0 S*o1e-..................... S*o1e-............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................................................... .......................................... , (.2 3imitation-.................... 3imitation-............................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... .................................... .......................... , (.4 5ethodo%o'6-................. 5ethodo%o'6-............................ ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ......................... .............., , C!APTER , )NDERSTANDING )NDERSTANDING BA5BOO................... BA5BOO............................. ..................... ................................... ........................ ,.( Introdu*tion................ Introdu*tion........................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....................................... ............................ ,., Com1arin' $am$oo 7ith tim$er....................... tim$er................................. ..................... ................................. ...................... ,., Di8erent #1e*ie# of $am$oo..................... $am$oo............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... ......... ,. Ad/anta'e# of $am$oo *on#tru*tion-.................... *on#tru*tion-.............................. ..................... ............................ ................. 0 ,.0 Some defe*t# of $am$oo *on#tru*tion....................... *on#tru*tion........................................................ .................................2 2 ,.2 SO5E SO3)TION SO3)TION O9 BA5BOO BA5 BOO DE9ECTS...................... DE9ECTS...................................................... ................................ 2 C!APTER BA5BOO AS B)I3DING E3E5ENTS..................................................... E3E5ENTS.....................................................: : .( Bam$oo #tru*ture#................ #tru*ture#........................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................................... ........................... : .(.( Bam$oo tru##................... tru##.............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................... .......................... : .(., Bam$oo ;oor.................. ;oor............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................ ................. : .(. 9oundation............... 9oundation.......................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ............................................ ................................. : .(.0 Bam$oo roof.............. roof........................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................. .......................: : .(.2 Bam$oo 7a%%#...................... 7a%%#................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................. ....................... < .(.4 Bam$oo door and 7indo7#.......................... 7indo7#.................................... ........................................ .............................. < ., Bam$oo a# reinfor*ement in *on*rete........................... *on*rete...................................... .............................= ..................=
C!APTER ( INTROD)CTION (.( Re#ear*h +ue#tion!o7 *an $am$oo $e a $etter a%ternati/e for %o7 *o#t $ui%din' *on#tru*tion in India >
(., Aim To To e?1%ore e?1%ore the ad/anta'e# of $am$oo $am$oo u#a'e# in %o7 *o#t *o#t *on#tru*tion
(. O$je*ti/e#•
To To #tud6 the ad/anta'e#@ ad/anta'e#@ te*hni+ue# and #u**e## #u**e## of $am$oo and $am$oo hou#e@ e#1e*ia%%6 to e?1%ore the te*hni*a% #oundne## of
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$am$oo in the *onte?t of 1re#ent %e/e% of re#our*e# and #ki%%#. To To #tud6 /ariou# form# form# of $am$oo *on#tru*tion# *on#tru*tion# and the the traditiona% u#e# of $am$oo a# $ui%din' e%ement# in 7or%d7ide and to ana%6#e them.
(.0 S*o1e•
The di##ertation i# an attem1t attem1t to u#e $am$oo $am$oo a# a main
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*on#tru*tion materia%. The di##ertation 7i%% %ook u1on ho7 a more more *omforta$%e %o7 *o#t $ui%din' *an $e made u#in' $am$oo *om1are to a #tee% and
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*on*rete. It 7i%% $e a11%ied for tho#e re'ion# 7here $am$oo $am$oo i# u#ed in a$undan*e ie north ea#t India and #outh-ea#t A#ia.
(.2 3imitation•
It *annot $e a11%ied to a%% o/er India or in tho#e 1%a*e# 7here $am$oo i# not a/ai%a$%e in a$undan*e.
(.4 5ethodo%o'6•
Sur/e6 of $ook#@ %i$rar6 7ork# and re#ear*he# 7hi*h ha# $een done
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on $am$oo. To To *o%%e*t the information information from #ite /i#it@ #eminar#@ 1hoto'ra1h#@ 1hoto'ra1h#@ and e?hi$ition# re%ated to re#ear*h re#ear*h +ue#tion@ and to #ear*h out fa*t# and
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information# from 1re/iou# 7ork#. E?amine the #tren'th and $eha/iour of a $am$oo and to #ear*h out
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ho7 it *an $e more #tron' and re%e/ant. Settin' u1 the #*o1e and %imitation#.
C!APTER , , )NDERSTANDING )NDERSTANDING BA5BOO BA5 BOO ,.( Introdu*tion Bam$oo i# a /er6 u#efu% materia% for *on#tru*tion of hou#e and other #tru*ture#. 9rom an*ient time# $am$oo ha# $een u#ed for thi# 1ur1o#e in our *ountr6 and in man6 other 1art# of the 7or%d. Bein' a fore#t 1rodu*t@ it i# readi eadi%6 %6 a/ai a/ai%a %a$% $%e e in /i%% /i%%a' a'e# e# at 1ra* 1ra*ti ti*a *a%%6 %%6 no or /er6 /er6 %itt %itt%e %e *o#t *o#t.. Bam$oo i# u#ed in man6 di8erent 7a6# for *on#tru*tion of hou#e#@ 7a%%#@ roof# and ;oor# of our hou#e#.
So%omon-A6eh@
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,., Com1arin' $am$oo 7ith tim$er Bam$oo ha# man6 *hara*teri#ti*# in 7hi*h the6 *an %ead to tim$er#@ here are #ome *hara*teri#ti*# 7hi*h ha# $een *om1ared 7ith tim$er. Bamboo Bein' a mem$er of 'ra## fami%6 it i#
Timber It# 'ro7in' #1eed i# /er6 #%o7
one of the fa#te#t 'ro7in' 1%ant.
*om1ari#on to $am$oo.
Gro7in' #1eed u1 to ( *mFda6. Bam$oo *an $e har/e#ted e/er6 three
herea# tree ran'e# ,2 6ear# to
6ear# of *on#tru*tion. Bam$oo i# heartier than oak and
2 6ear# to $e har/e#ted. It# +ua%it6 /arie# from 1%ant# to
#tron'er than #tee%. It i# ;e?i$%e@ %i'ht7ei'ht and i# 7ater
1%ant#. Genera%%6 tim$er# are hea/ier then
re#i#tant@ minimiHin' the ri#k of
$am$oo and /er6 fe7 tim$er# are
7ar1in' One of the mo#t *o#t e8e*ti/e ea#i%6
7ater re#i#tant@ 5a6 $e ea#i%6 a/ai%a$%e $ut not
a/ai%a$%e *on#tru*tion materia%. Bam$oo ha# #e/era% node# in #ame
*o#t e8e*ti/e. Genera%%6 $endin' 1ro1ert6 in
inter/a% 7hi*h a%%o7# $endin' thu#
tim$er i# %o7er than $am$oo.
1re/entin' ru1turin' 7hen $ent. rao@ (==( raider@ ,(
,., Di8erent #1e*ie# of $am$oo Bam$oo# are found in tro1i*a%@ #u$-tro1i*a% and tem1erate re'ion#. The6 'ro7 natura%%6 in the fore#t#. Bam$oo fore#t# are found u1 to the hei'ht of 0 meter# a$o/e the #ea %e/e%. er6 den#e $am$oo fore#t# are
found in #outh ea#t-A#ia from India to *hina and near$6 i#%and and from ja1an to ja/a. E?*e1t in /er6 dr6 and hot area# and hi'h mountain# re'ion# of !ima%a6a#@ one or the other #1e*ie# of $am$oo i# found a%% o/er@ 'enera%%6 %u?uriant $am$oo fore#t# are found in A##am@ e#t Ben'a%@ and 7e#tern *oa#t area#. ith /ariation# in *%imate@ thi*k or thin $am$oo fore#t# and di8erent %en'th# of $am$oo *u%m# are found in the#e #1e*ie#. There are a$out (= #1e*ie# of $am$oo 7hi*h are found in our *ountr6 *ountr6 of 7hi*h there there are t7o 1rimar6 1rimar6 #1e*ie#@ #1e*ie#@ dendrocalamus strictus and bambus bambusa a arundi arundinac naceae eaea a 7hi*h 7hi*h are are mo#t mo#t #uita$ #uita$%e %e for *on#tr *on#tru*t u*tion ion 1ur1o#e. The#e are found in dr6 a# 7e%% a# dam1 re'ion# $ut not in /er6 dr6 area#. The main #1e*ie# of $am$oo 7hi*h are found in Bihar are kata, balku, bansani, lutang, medar and and solia bans. bans.
,. Ad/anta'e# of $am$oo *on#tru*tion•
Bam$ Bam$oo oo i# ea#6 ea#6 to *ut@ *ut@ ea#6 ea#6 to hand hand%e %e@@ re1ai e1air@ r@ and and main mainta tain in.. It
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doe#nJt re+uire re+uire an6 #o1hi#ti*ated too% or an6 $i' e+ui1ment. Bam$oo Bam$oo i# non-1o non-1o%%u %%utin tin' ' mater materia% ia%.. It doe# doe# not %ea/e %ea/e an6 1art# 1art# or
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*ru#t# that *an $e *on#idered 7a#te e%ement. It# *ir*u%ar form and ho%%o7 #e*tion# make $am$oo a %i'ht $ui%din' materia%@ 7hi*h i# ea#6 to hand%e@ tran#1ort and #tore. Therefore@
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$ui%din' 7ith $am$oo #a/e# time. Bam$oo *an $e uti%iHed for for 1erm ermanent
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*on#tru*tion#. Bam$oo are *ir*u%ar in #ha1e and #o%id or ho%%o7@ a# #u*h $am$oo
and
for
tem1orar6 ar6
*an $e ea#i%6 *ut into re+uired #iHe of #1%it u1 7ith the he%1 of #im1%e •
too%#. Thi# he%1# in +ui*k *on#tru*tion of hou#e. The dimen#ion of $am$oo- it# %en'th and thi*kne##-are #u*h that $am$oo *an $e *on/enient%6 #tored and ea#i%6 u#ed in *on#tru*tion. On a**ount of thi#@ *on#tru*tion of $am$oo hou#e need# %e## #ki%%ed
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%a$our. The *o#t of $am$oo i# /er6 %o7 and it i# ea#i%6 a/ai%a$%e in north
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ea#t India. Be*a Be*au# u#e e of the the 1ro1 1ro1er ert6 t6 of $end $endin in' ' and and 'i/e 'i/e# # #h #ho* o*k k 1roo 1roo&n &n' ' *hara*ter *hara*teri#ti* i#ti* a $am$oo $am$oo *on#tru*ti *on#tru*tion on o8er# #u1erior #u1erior earth+uak earth+uakeere#i#tan*e.
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The *om1o#ition of the &$re# in the 7a%%# of the $am$oo a%%o7# it to $e *ut %en'th-7i#e or *ro## *ut in 1ie*e# of an6 %en'th@ u#in' #im1%e
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manua% too%# %ike the ma*hete. The natura% #urfa*e of the $am$oo i# #mooth@ *%ean@ 7ith an attr attra* a*ti ti/e /e *o%o *o%our ur 7hi* 7hi*h h doe# doe# not not re+uir e+uire e 1ain 1ainti tin'@ n'@ #* #*ra ra1i 1in' n' or
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1o%i#hin'. Be#ide# $ein' u#ed a# a #tru*tura% e%ement@ $am$oo *an a%#o #er/e
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man6 other fun*tion#@ %ike ;oorin'@ 1ane%%in'@ 7ater draina'e et*. Another ad/anta'e of $ui%din' 7ith $am$oo i#@ that it *an $e u#ed in *om$ *om$in inat atio ion n
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7ith 7ith othe otherr
t61e t61e# #
of *on# *on#tr tru* u*ti tion on mater ateria ia%#@ %#@ %ik %ike
reinfor*in' reinfor*in' materia%# for foundation#. Bam$ Bam$oo oo 1o## 1o##e# e##e #e# # on%6 on%6 a #ma% #ma%%% 1ro1 1ro1or ortio tion n of %i'n %i'nin. in. It# It# main main *om1onent i# #i%i*i* a*id@ 7hi*h 'i/e# the #hoot it# dura$i%it6 and hardne##. ra6@ (=<4
,.0 Some defe*t# of $am$oo *on#tru*tion •
Due to the dam1ne## of $am$oo it #tart# de*a6in' and rottin' /er6
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#oon. On*e *ut@ in#e*t# ma6 in#e*t# ma6 atta*k $am$oo or 7ood. Bam$ Bam$oo oo in 1er 1ermane manent nt *ont *onta* a*tt 7ith 7ith #oi%@ #oi%@ %ik %ike 7ood 7ood@@ 7i%% 7i%% rot and and
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attra*t in#e*t#. On*e On*e dried@ dried@ $am$oo $am$oo@@ %ike %ike 7ood@ 7ood@ i# ;amm ;amma$% a$%e.it e.it *at*he *at*he# # &re &re /er6 /er6
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+ui*k%6 and i# $urnt to a#he# in no time. Bam$oo doe# not ha/e an e+ua% diameter o/er a%% it# %en'th. The
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thi*kne## of the interna% 7a%%# a%#o /arie#. The diameter of the $am$oo dimini#he# 7hen 7hen dr6in'. If not dried
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*om1%ete%6 in ad/an*e of *on#tru*tion@ thi# ha# im1%i*ation#. Kua%it6 $am$oo *on#tru*tion re+uire# #1e*ia% te*hni+ue# for joint# for joint# and term termina%# ina%#.. Ine?1e Ine?1erie rien*e n*ed d $ui%de $ui%der# r# attem1 attem1tt to dri/e dri/e nai%# nai%# into into
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$am$oo 7hi*h *ou%d re#u%t in #1%ittin' the $am$oo. In *a#e of e/en a #ma%% im1a*t for*e@ $am$oo# are %ike%6 to $reak and #1%it u1@ and the hou#e# are dama'ed. ra6@ (=<4
,.2 SO5E SO3)TION O9 BA5BOO DE9ECTS •
Due to the dam1ne## of $am$oo it #tart# de*a6in' and rottin' /er6 #oon. On*e *ut@ in#e*t# ma6 in#e*t# ma6 atta*k $am$oo or 7ood. 9or that rea#on it i# hi'h%6 re*ommenda$%e that $am$oo@ on*e *ut 'o immediate%6
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throu'h a #1e*ia% immuniHation immuniHation and and dr6in' dr6in' 1ro*e##. 1ro*e##. Bam$ Bam$oo oo in 1er 1ermane manent nt *ont *onta* a*tt 7ith 7ith #oi%@ #oi%@ %ik %ike 7ood 7ood@@ 7i%% 7i%% rot and and attra* attra*tt in#e*t in#e*t#. #. 9or that that rea#on@ ea#on@ 7e di# di#*ou *oura' ra'e e $am$oo $am$oo and soil
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contact. contact. fammable. Bam$o On*e On*e drie dried@ d@ $am$ $am$oo oo@@ %ik %ike 7ood 7ood@@ i# fammable. am$oo o *an *an $e
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treated 7ith a &re-re#i#tant &re-re#i#tant #u$#tan*e. diameter o/er a%% it# %en'th. The Bam$oo doe# not ha/e an equal diameter o/er thi*kne## of the interna% 7a%%# a%#o /arie#. 9or $ui%der# unfami%iar 7ith thi# *hara*teri#ti*@ thi# mi'ht 1re#ent diL*u%tie#. E?1erien*ed
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$ui%der# ha/e no 1ro$%em#. 1ro$%em#. Kua%it6 $am$oo *on#tru*tion re+uire# #1e*ia% te*hni+ue# for joint# and termi termina% na%#. #. Ine?1e Ine?1erie rien*e n*ed d $ui%de $ui%der# r# attem1 attem1tt to dri/e dri/e nai%# nai%# into into $am$oo $am$oo 7hi*h 7hi*h *ou%d *ou%d re#u% re#u%tt in #1% #1%itt ittin' in' the $am$oo $am$oo.. E?1eri E?1erien* en*ed ed $ui%der# u#e &ne nai%# that do not #1%it $am$oo. hen u#in' thi*k splitting . nai%#@ #im1%e pre-drilling prevents splitting. ra6@ (=<4
C!APTER BA5BOO AS B)I3DING E3E5ENTS .( Bam$oo #tru*ture# .(.( Bam$oo tru## Tru##e# Tru##e# o8er a num$er of ad/anta'e# o/er $am$oo hou#e *on#tru*tion@ in*%udin' more eL*ient and e*onomi*a% u#e of $am$oo@ the a$i% a$i%it it6 6 to #1 #1an an %ar %ar'er 'er di#t di#tan an*e *e#. #. Ther There e are are man6 man6 te*h te*hni ni+u +ue# e# and and *on#tru*tion method# to make a tru##. T61e# of tru## main%6 de1end# on t61e# of joint#@ *onne*ti/it6 of 1ur%in and rafter# and #iHe of the roof. roof. #ati#h kumar@ ,
.(., Bam$oo ;oor The ;oor of a $am$oo $ui%din' ma6 $e at 'round %e/e%. It *on#i#t on%6 on%6 of *om1 *om1a* a*te ted d eart earth. h. It ma6 ma6 or ma6 ma6 not not $e *o/e *o/erred $6 $am$ $am$oo oo mattin'. !o7e/er@ the 1referred #o%ution i# to rai#e the ;oor a$o/e the 'round u1 to #ome hei'ht and *reatin' a #ti%t t61e of *on#tru*tion. Thi# im1ro/e# *omfort and h6'iene and if 1erfe*t%6 done #ometime# it *an 1ro/ide a *o/ered #tora'e area $e%o7 the ;oor. jan##en@ (==2
.(. 9oundation • • • • •
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The t61e# of $am$oo $am$oo foundation identi&ed are are Bam$oo in dire*t 'round *onta*t Bam$oo on ro*k or 1reformed *on*rete footin'# Bam$oo in*or1orated into *on*rete footin'# Com1o#ite $am$ooF*on*rete *o%umn# Bam$oo reinfor*ed *on*rete Bam$oo 1i%e# Y. Y. "IAO@ "I AO@ ,< , <
.(.0 Bam$oo roof The roof of a $ui%din' i# mo#t im1ortant *om1onent of the $ui%din' - thi# i# 7hat de&ne# a *on#tru*tion of a #he%ter. It i# re+uired to o8er 1rote*tion a'ain#t e?treme# of 7eather in*%udin' #un@ rain and 7ind@ and to 1ro/ide *%ear@ *omforta$%e@ and u#a$%e #1a*e. A$o/e a%%@ it mu#t $e #tron' enou'h to re#i#t the for*e# 'enerated $6 7ind and roof *o/erin'#. In thi# re#1e*t $am$oo i# 'ood a# a roo&n' materia% due to it# 1ro1ert6 of #tron'@ re#i%ient and %i'ht-7ei'ht. The $am$oo #tru*ture of a roof *on#i#t of man6 *ut *om1onent# %ike 1ur%in#@ rafter# and %ath# or $atten#@ or tru##ed a##em$%ie#. Bam$oo i# a%#o u#ed a# a roof *o/erin' and for *ei%in'#. Bam$oo roof *o/erin'# *an $e an inte'ra% 1art of the #tru*ture@ 7hen it i# $ein' u#ed a# o/er%a11in' ha%/ed *u%m#. 5ore often@ the6 are non-#tru*tura% in fun*tion. E?am1%e# in*%ude Bam$oo ti%e# Bam$oo #hin'%e# Bam$oo mat# Corru'ated $am$oo roo&n' #heet# P%a#tered $am$oo • • • •
(satish kumar, 2003)
.(.2 Bam$oo 7a%%# The mo#t e?ten#i/e and 1erfe*t u#e of $am$oo in *on#tru*tion *on#tru*tion i# for 7a%%# and 1artition#. The major e%ement# of a $am$oo 7a%% 1o#t# and $eam# 'enera%%6 *on#titute 1art of the #tru*tura% frame7ork. The6 are re+uired to *arr6 the #e%f-7ei'ht of the $ui%din' and %oadin'# im1o#ed $6 the o**u1ant#@ the 7eather and@ earth+uake#. To To thi# end@ eL*ient and ade+uate jointin' i# of 1rimar6 im1ortan*e Thi# in&%% *an take take man6 form# form# ho%e or ha%/ed /erti*a% or horiHonta% $am$oo *u%m#@ 7ith or 7ithout $am$oo mat# S1%it or ;attened $am$oo@ 7ith mat# andFor 1%a#ter att%e 7att%e and dau$@ %ath and 1%a#ter o/en $am$oo@ 7ith or 7ithout 1%a#ter • • • • •
,((
mohan@
.(.4 Bam$oo door and 7indo7# In tradit tradition iona% a% t61e# t61e# of $am$oo $am$oo $ui%din $ui%din'@ '@ door# door# and 7indo7 7indo7# # are are u#ua%%6 /er6 #im1%e in form and o1eration. Bam$oo door# *an $e #ide hin'ed hin'ed or #%i #%idin din'@ '@ *om1ri *om1ri#in #in' ' a $am$oo $am$oo frame 7ith an in&%% in&%% of 7o/en 7o/en $am$oo or #ma%% diameter *u%m#. Y. Y. "IAO@ "I AO@ ,< , <
., Bam$oo a# reinfor*ement in *on*rete Another te*hni+ue u#ed in 7a%% *on#tru*tion i# *a%%ed the 1%a#tered $am$oo or $am$oo reinfor*ed 7a%%@ it i# a 7a%% made u#in' a thin $am$oo mat 7hi*h i# nai%ed on $oth #ide# of a $ra*ed tim$er frame@ then atta*hed to the tim$er of the $am$oo frame and the #tri1# are 1%aited horiHonta%%6 $et7een /erti*a%%6 #tret*hed 7ire#. P%a#ter i# then a11%ied to one or $oth #ide#. 9or 1%a#terin'@ *o7 dun'@ mud@ #and@ %ime and Port%and *ement are u#ed u#ed a%one a%one or in *om$in *om$inatio ation. n. The#e The#e $am$oo $am$oo mat# are are u#ed u#ed for %i'ht 1artition# and 7a%%#@ 7hi*h are #u#1ended from rafter# on /erandah# a# 1rote*tion a'ain#t the #un. ind and rain.
GonHa%eH@ (===
