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TNZ^I NZ^IJ^ J^ CBZB@M DB@ CBZB@M Tnz~ij~ Tnz~ij~ cbzb`m bdblbh {tz~ct~z {tz ~ct~z dg db{bz lb~t jnz~vb dnva{gt cbl{g~i cbl{g~i cbzja`bt cbzja`bt dg lb~t wb`m w b`m dghb{glcb` dghb{glcb` tnz~tbib alnh alnh hn} b` cbzb`m Cbzb`m bdblbh hn} b` tbc jnzt~lb`m jnlbcb`m jnlbcb`m wb`m tnzib{~c dblbi dblbi Egl~i Egl~i Kanln`tnzbtb (hn} b` jnzza`mmb' jnzz a`mmb' btb~ K`gdbzgb Wb`m dg{nj~t {njbmbg { njbmbg cbzb`m (kazbl ( kazbl ' in`kbc~v cbzb`m dbzg Azda {klnzbktg`gb db` [~j cnlb{ Aktakazbllgb (cnlb{ B`thaab' ib~v~` cnlb{ Hwdzaab Lnjgh lb`o~t dblbi ibcblbh g`g vnijbhb{b` lnjgh in`ncb`cb` n`ncb`cb` vbdb cbzb`m {nobtg ([klnzbk ( [klnzbktg`gb tg`gb' ' [bt~ g`dgugd~ g`dgugd~ cbzb`m btb~ dg{nj~t valgv cbzb`m iniglgcg ~c~zb` wb`m jnzubzgb{g i~lbg dbzg wb`m {b`mbt cnkgl 2 ii hg`mmb wb`m {b`mbt jn{bz wbgt~ lnjgh dbzg >6 ki @bi~` wb`m vbdb ~i~i`wb valgv cbzb`m jnz~c~zb` cnkgl Valgv dn`mb` ~c~zb` jn{bz dgo~ivbg vbdb cbzb`m wb`m {algtnz
B@BTAIG B@BTAI G CBZB@M BZB@M Cbzb`m btb~ dg{nj~t valgv iniglgcg jbmgb`)jbmgb` t~j~h tnzdgzg dbzg 2 i~l~t dgcnlglg`mg alnh tn`tbcnl wb`m jnze~`m{g ~`t~c in`b`mc in`b`mcbv bv ib`m{b ib`m{b dbzg vnzbgzb` vnz bgzb` {nztb { nztb {njbmbg blbt vnztbhb`b` dgzg : za`mmb t~j~h (kanln`tnza`' kanln`tnza`' wb`m o~mb inz~vbcb` {bl~zb` vn`k nz`bb` (mb{tzaub{k~lbz ' mb{tzaub{k~lbz ' ; d~b lbvg{b` lbvg{b` t~j~h wbgt~ nctadnzig{ db` n`dadnzig{ wb`m lnjgh ~i~i dg{nj~t mb{tzadnzig{ cbzn`b jnzjbtb{b` dn`mb` Mbijbz 2. B`btaig valgv cbzb`m {bl~zb` vn`knz`bb` Dg b`tbzb cnd~b lbvg{b` tnzdbvbt obzg`mb` vn`mgcbt tgvg{ wb`m dg{nj~t in{amlnb in{amlnb Obzg`mb` g`g tnzdgzg dbzg {nl){nl, {nztb calbmn`, db` i~cavalg{bcbzgdb Vbdb {njbmgb` jn{bz cbzb`m, nvgdnzig{ bcb` in`mhb{glcb` ibtnzgbl m~`b inijn`t~c zb`mcb l~bz cbzb`m Ibtnzgbl tnz{nj~t jnz~vb cbl{g~i cbl{g~i cbzja`bt (cbv~z' ( cbv~z' Jnztnivbt Jnztnivbt dg mb{tzadnzi mb{tz adnzig{, g{, hgd~v aaxb`thnllbn wbgt~ blmb ~`g{nl~lnz dbzg cnlaivac Dg`aelbmnlbtb, dn`mb` } bz`b k aclbt aclbt btb~ k aclbt aclbt cnc~`g`m)c~`g` cnc~`g`m)c~`g`mb` mb` In`mbvb aaxb`thnllbn bdb dblbi t~j~h cbzb`m, cni~dgb` bvb vnzb``wb {nztb jn`t~c h~j~`mb` {nvnztg bvb wb`m bdb b`tbzb cbzb`m db` aax bcb` dgjbhb{ lnjgh lb`o~t vbdb jbmgb` B{a{gb{g _aaxb`thnllbn dn`mb` cbzb`m
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Mbijbz : Lbvg{b` t~j~h cbzb`m cbzb`m dn`mb` {nl {nl vn `wn`mbt db` aaxb`thnll bn dg dblbi `wb Tbivbc {nl vn`wn`mbt dblbi ca`dg{g tgdbc bctge dn`mb` wb`m {ndb`m bctge
Cbzb`m dbvbt in`bzgc db` in`o~l~zcb` tn`tbcnl`wb Tn`tbcnl tnz{nj~t bctge dgo~l~zcb` vbdb iblbi hbzg, {bbt cbzb`m in`kbzg ib`m{b, {nin`tbzb dg {gb`m hbzg tn`tncnl dgtbzgc ib{~c cn dblbi zb`mcb Jbmbgib`b cbzb`m dbvbt in`b`mcbv ib`m{b`wb1 Dg nctadnzig{ nctadnzig{ tn`tbcnl tnzdbvbt { nl vn`wn`mbt`wb (c`gdajlb{' (c`gdajlb{' , wb`m w b`m inz~vbcb` inz~vbcb` kgzg chb{ {ni~b hn} b` K`gdbzgb K`gdbzgb C`gdajlb{ C`gdajlb{ dgln`mcbvg dgln`mcbvg blbt vn`wn`mbt (`nibta{gtb' jn{nztb jn{ nztb zbk~` z bk~` dg dblbi`wb [nl vn`wn`mbt jglb {ndb`m tgdbc dgm~`bcb` bcb` jnzbdb dblbi ca`dg{g tgdbc bctge, db` blbt {n`mbt jnzbdb jnz bdb dg dblbi dblbi {nl Jglb bdb aavlb`cta` aavlb`cta` btb~ hn} b` lbg` lbg` wb`m w b`m bcb` dgtb`mcbv, ibcb blbt vn`wn`mbt db` zbk~` bcb` dgcnl~bzcb`
KBZB IBC I BCB@ B@ Cbzb`m iniglgcg d~b kbzb ~`t~c in`dbvbtcb` ibcb`, wbgt~ 2 In`b`mcbv aavlb`cta` a avlb`cta` wb`m wb `m inlbwb`m nlbwb` m dblbi bgz : In`nzgib n`nzgib hb{gl e ata{g`tn{g{ ata{g`tn{ g{ aaxb`thnll aax b`thnllbn bn B db vn`dbvbt vn`dbvbt vbzb bhlg wb`m in`mbtbcb` in`mbtbcb` jbh} b hb{gl eata{g`tn{g{ eata{ g`tn{g{ aaxb`thnllbn aaxb`thnllbn wb`m dgib`e dgib`ebbtcb` bbtcb` alnh cbzb`m, o~ilbh`wb o~ilbh`wb k ~c~v ~`t~c ini inin`~hg n`~hg cnj~t~hb` cnj~t~hb` vza{n{ vz a{n{ zn{vgzb{g zn{ vgzb{g cbzb`m tnz{nj~t (I~llnz)Vbzcnz % D‗Nlgb :662' [njbmgb` bhlg lbmg in`mbtbcb` {~ijnz ibcb`b` cbzb`m =>)77. jnzb{bl dbzg aaxb`thnllbn (T~kcnt % T~kcnt :66:' Bdb d~b incb`g{in jbmbgib`b ib`m{b wb`m dgtb`mcbv cbzb`m dbvbt in`kbvbg i~l~t? 2 Ib`m{b b`m{ b dgtb`mcbv dgtb`mcbv lbl~ tn`tbcnl ini inijb} jb} b ib`m{ ib`m{b b cn cn i~l~t i~l~t : Ib`m{b b`m{ b dgtb`mcbv lbl~ tnzjb} tnz jb} b cn cn i~l~t alnh alnh mnzbcb` mnz bcb` {glgb dg { nvb`ob`m tn`tbcnl B[A[GB[G CBZB@M DN@MB@ _AAXB@THNLLBN _aaxb`thnll _aax b`thnllbn bn bdblbh blmb dbzg cnlai cnlaivac vac Dg`aelbmnllb Dg`aelbmnllbtb tb wb`m w b`m jnz{gi jnz{ gijga{g{ jga{g{ vbdb hn} b`, {nvnztg { nvnztg cbzb`m, b`nia`, b`nia`, ial~{cb ial~{cb db` lbg``wb [njbmgb` jn{bz aaxb`thnll aax b`thnllb b jnzb{bl jnz b{bl dbzg dbz g mn`~{ [wijgadg`g~i [wijgadg`g~i O~ilbh O~ilbh aaxb`thnll aax b`thnllbn bn vbdb cbzb`m dgvnzcgzbcb` dgvnzcgzbcb` 0 2 o~tb {nl!ki {nl!k i: vnzi~cbb` cbzb`m, bdb wb`m in`mbtbcb` b`tbzb 2)> o~tb {nl!ki: In{cg dbvbt hgd~v tgdbc tnzgcbt g`d~c, {njbmgb` jn{bz aaxb`thnllbn inlbc~cb` {gijga{g{ Dblbi b{a{gb{g g`g, cbzb`m in`dbvbtcb` {no~ilbh cn~`t~`mb` jnz~vb 2 Hb{gl eata{ g`tn{g{, {nvnztg {nvnz tg m~lb, m~lb, b{bi big`a, big`a, db` ac{gmn` ac{gmn` : Inivnzknvbt vza{n{ cbl{gegcb{g wb`m in`~z~t Oah`{ta` tnzobdg inlbl~g {cnib? Eata{g`tn{g{ bcb` in`bgccb` VH db` in`wndgbcb` ga` cbzja`bt lnjgh jb`wbc Dn`mb` vn`mbijgl vn`mbijglb` b` ga` V ~`t~c eata{ g`tn{g{, jnzbztg aaxb`thnll aax b`thnllbn bn tnlbh in`wg`mcgzcb` g`hgjgtaz cbl{gegcb{g
; Jbmg aaxb`thnllbn, cbzb`m bdblbh hbjgtbt hbjgtbt wb`m w b`m jbgc cbzn`b cbzn`b inz~vbcb` inz~vbcb` vn`{~vlbg tnzjn{ bz bt b`azmb`gc ~`t~c e ata{g`tn{g{ ata{g`tn{ g{ [njbmbg ka`tah Jwtnll Jw tnll in`ni in`ni~cb` ~cb` jbh} b ~`t~c aaxb`thnll aax b`thnllbn bn dblbi Bkzavazb dblbi Bkzavazb vblibtb {~vlbg `gtzamn` b`azmb`gc, =6. dgdbvbt dgdbvbt dbzg dbz g cbzb`m (lg ( lghbt hbt Taib{k Taib{k gc nt bl 277=' B`azmb`gc B`az mb`gc gt~ gt~ inz~vbcb` inz~vbcb` {g{b {g{ b intbjalg intbjalg{in {in cbzb`m db` hb`wb {njbmgb` cnkgl b`azmb`gc dgbijgl dbzg vnzbgzb` Jbmbgib`b aaxb`thnllbn dbvbt jnzbdb dblbi cbzb`m, tnzobdg inlbl~g jnjnzbvb incb`g{in tnzcbgt dn`mb` znvzad~c{g cbzb`m Dbzg znvzad~c{g {nkbzb {nc{~bl, cbzb`m bcb` in`dbvbtcb` aaxb`thnll aax b`thnllbn bn lb`m{~`m dbzg dbz g g`d~c btb~ {nk bzb tgdbc lb`m{~`m lb`m{~`m dbz g lg`mc~`mb lg`mc~`mb` ` [nin`tbzb [nin`tbzb dblbi znvzad~c{g b{nc{~bl, aaxb`thnllbn bcb` lb`m{~`m dgvg`dbhcb` cn cala`g jbz~ btb~ gc~t jnz{bib vata`mb` cala`g cbzb`m wb`m lnvb{ Incb`g{in znvzad~c{g lnjgh lb`o~t dgonlb{cb` vbdb jbmgb` {nlb`o~t`wb
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Cala` g jbz~ tnzjn`t~c alnh vbtbhb` cbzb`m Hbl gt~ hb`wb dbvbt Tnzobdg tnz~tbib vbdb cbzb`m jnzkbjb`m, cbzn`b cbzn`b tnzobdg ogcb vbtbhb` kbjb`m i~dbh {ncblg vbtbh alnh ebctaz eg{gc ({nvnztg cbzb`m ib{gh ib{gh inig lg cg aijbc btb~ jbdbg' btb~ ebctaz jgal amg (vzndb{ (vzndb{gg a lnh obzg`mb` obzg`mb` hg d~v gcb`' Vbtbhb ` (cal (cala`g a`g ' cbzb`m cbzb`m wb` m l nvb{ dbzg cala`g cala`g g`d~c, dbvbt {bob in`nivnl cnijblg dg db{bzb` db` inijn`t~c t~`b{ {nztb cala`g jbz~
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Lnjgh zn`dbh (cbzn`b (cbzn`b gdn`tg c dn`mb` g`d~c!tgdbc bdb ubzgb{g mn`ntgc'
Lnjg h tg` mmg (cbzn`b (cbzn`b bdb` wb ubzgb{g ubzgb{g mn`ntgc'
Vn`wnj bzb`
Tnzjbtb{ Tn zjbtb{ (dncbt (dncbt dn`m b` g`d~c g` d~c''
Jg{ Jg {b {b`mbt ob~h ob ~h (v~l~ hb` btb~ zbt~{b` intnz dbzg g`d~c'
Tn znc{ znc{va{ val ~tb`
cni~`mc ni~ `mcg` g` b` lnjg ln jg h cnkgl cbzn`b vnijn`t~cb` b`bcb` b`bcb` l njgh knvbt
ini ~`mcg`cb` ~`mcg`cb` tnznc{ tnznc{va{ val ~tb` jglb bgz tnzval~{g cbzn`b bdb`wb ondb }bct~ b`tbzb vnlnvb{b` mbint dn`mb` enztglg{b{g
VNZT VNZT^IJ^ ^I J^HB@ HB@ % BCZ BCZN[G N[G 2 Vn`nivnlb` (znkz~gtin`t!{nttlnin`t ( znkz~gtin`t!{nttlnin`t '
5 Lbzub vlb`~lb bcb` dbvbt inlb`o~tcb` cn tbhbv vn`nivnlb` vbdb db{bz vnzbgzb` jglb ca`dg{g {~j{tzbt in`d~c~`m {nvnztg? k~c~v cacah tgdbc dgt~ij~hg blmb Bz~{ k~c~v ~`t~c bdb`wb ibcb`b` vn`ntzb{g kbhbwb k~c~v bmbz aax jg{b t~ij~h {ndgin`tb{g {ndgin`tb{g zn`dbh : Cbzb`m i~db Cnibiv~b` cbzb`m i~db ~`t~c tnz~{ hgd~v inib`m {b`mbt tnzmb`t~`m vbdb ca`dg{g {~j{tzbt, {~j{tz bt, {njbmbg ka`tah? Cbzb`m bcb` t~ij~h t~ij~h lnjgh lnjgh jbgc dg {~j{tzbt {~j{t zbt wb`m vbdbt a cbzb`m lnjgh lnjgh ibi ibiv~ v~ jnztbhb` hgd~v jglb va{g{g { ~j{tzbt ~j{tz bt unztgcbl u nztgcbl dbzgvbdb hazg{a`tbl a cbzb`m bcb` t~ij~h lnjgh knvbt dg tnivbt db`mcbl tbvg wb`m lnjgh {~zugun dg vnzbgzb` a wb`m {ndgcgt lnjgh dblbi ; Cnibtb`mb` Cnibtb`mb` {nc{~bl { nc{~bl Dgvn`mbz~hg alnh jnzjbmbg hbl {nvnztg b Vnz~jbhb` nz~j bhb` ca`dg{g lg`mc~`mb` cn bzbh bzb h lnjgh j~z~c j~z ~c in`mmb`mm~ vza{n{ vza {n{ cnibtb`mb` cnibtb`mb` {nc{~bl, {nc{ ~bl, ig{bl`wb ig{bl`wb a [ndgin`tb{g n`nzmg cbzb`m bcb` tnzc~zb{ ~`t~c inijnz{ghcb` valgv {nhg`mmb cnibtb`mb` {nc{~bl tnzhbijbt a Vn{tg{gdb n{tg{ gdb dbzg vnztb`gb` in`~z~`cb` vn`nivnlb` db` intbiazea{g{ a T~ivbhb` T~ivbhb` ig`wbc g`w bc in`mnkglc n`mnk glcb` b` ~c~zb` ~c~z b` mbint a Val~{g al~{ g alnh ig`wbc g`w bc in`mhn`tgcb` n`mhn`tgcb` vza{n{ vz a{n{ vnijn`t~cb` vnijn`t~cb` lbzub vbdb jzaadg`m {vn{gn{ j Vbdb Ma`gb{tznb ebu~l~{, Caog{ db` R~g`` in`ni~cb` ogcb bdb l~cb db` vnzl~ n`nzmg inivnzjbgcg obzg`mb`, ibcb cnibiv~b` znvzad~c{g`wb bcb` t~z~` ( lghbt Zgkhia`d lghbt Zgkhia`d :662' k Jn`t~c cala`g? Cbzb`m wb`m jn`t~c cala`g`wb jn{bz {nvnztg Lajavhwllgb Lajavhwllgb kazwija{b kazwija{b,, ~c~zb` • valgv bcb` jnzvnzb` dblbi cnibtb`mb` {nc{~bl (lnjgh knvbt' Cbzb`m kbjb`m, {nvnztg Vakgllavazb db` Bkzavazb db` Bkzavazb j~t~h :); tbh~` ~`t~c • ibtb`m { nc{~bl Ib{{gun {nvnztg Vazgtn{ j~t~h 4)= tbh~` • 4 Vnzt~ij~hb` cala`g db` tnz~ij~ Vnzt~ij~hb` cbzb`m dgvn`mbz~hg alnh ebctaz bjgatgc db` jgatgc Ebctaz bjgatgc dbvbt jnz~vb g`tn`{gtb{ kbhbwb, lbib vn`wg`bzb`, {~h~, `~tzg{g, db` • {ndgi {n dgin`tb{ n`tb{g g Ka``nl Ka``nl dblbi vnzk ajbb``wb ajbb``w b in`ni in`ni~cb` ~cb` jbh} b o~ilbh o~ilbh btb~ lbib vn`wg`bzb` bdblbh e bctaz wb`m w b`m {b`mbt inivn`mbz~hg nivn`mbz~hg vnzt~ij~hb` vnzt~ij~hb` cbzb`m ( lghbt ]aad 278;' Cbzb`m iniglgcg cnibiv~b` hgd~v dblbi vnzbgzb` ig{cg` `~tzgn` db` ibiv~ jnzbdbvtb{g tnzhbdbv cn`bgcb` `~tzgn` wb`m jnz{gebt vnzgadgc, {nvnztg z~`aee Cbzb`m tgdbc dbvbt jnzbdbvtb{ g tnzhbdbv cn`bgcb` cn`bgcb` `~tzgn` `~tz gn` {nkbzb {nk bzb in`dbdbc dblbi dblbi o~ilbh jn{bz Ebctaz jgatgc inlgv~tg vzndb{g, caivntg{g, bmzn{g cbzb`m lbg`, db` lbg``wb • > Cbl{gegcb{g Cbl{gegcb{g bdblbh bdblbh vza{n{ vza{ n{ wb`m in`mhb{glcb` n`mhb{glcb` cbv~z db` vnijn`t~cb` vnijn`t~cb` zb`mcb cbzb`m Cbv~z dghb{glcb` dblbi znbc{g wb`m tnzobdg dblbi nctadnzig{ cbzb`m Znbc{g vnijn`t~cb` dnva{gt cbv~z, in`{wbzbtcb` tnz{ndgb`wb ga` cbl{g~i db` ga` cbzja`bt Ga` cbl{g~i cbl{g~i tnz{ndgb dblbi vnzbgzb` vnzbgzb` wb`m jnzb{bl jnzb{ bl dbzg vn`mgcg{b` vn`mgcg{b` jbt~b` dg dbzbt Ga` cbzja`bt jnzb{ bl dbzg vninkbhb` vninkbhb` b{ bi cbzja`bt
= Cbl{g~i cbzja`bt wb`m tnzjn`t~c cni~dgb` inijn`t~c n`dbvb` in`obdg zb`mcb hn} b` cbzb`m [nin`tbzb [nin`tbzb gt~, cbzja`dgac{gdb cbzja`dgac{gdb bcb` dgbijgl dgbijgl alnh aaxb`thnll aax b`thnllbn bn ~`t~c eata{g`tn{g{ Vn`mbijglb` btb~ vnib`ebbtb` cbzja` (KA:' dblbi o~ilbh wb`m {b`mbt jn{bz ~`t~c cnvnzl~b` cnvnzl~b` cbl{gegc cbl{ge gcb{g b{g w b`m cni~dgb` cni~dgb` in`mhb{glc in`mhb{glcb` b` tnz~ij~ tnz~ij~ cbzb`m { njbzb` u nztgcbl db` hazg{a`tbl w b`m bibt bibt l~b{, in`obdgcb` n`obdgcb` tnz~ij~ tnz~ij~ cbzb`m { njbmbg KBZJA@ [G@C [G@C )
KA: # H: A ⇔ H:KA; ⇔ H # HKA; ⇔ :H # KA;
Dgbijgl dbzg vnzbgzb`
Kb
#
)
# :HKA ;) ⇔ KbKA; # KA : # H:A
Obdg n`d bvb`
Cbl{gegcb{g dgvn`mbz~hg alnh eata{g`tn{g{ aaxb`thnllbn db` hb{gl`wb [njbmbg ka`tah Vnbz{n nbz{ n db` I~{k I~{kbtg`n btg`n in`mm~`bc in`mm~`bcb` b` {n`w b} b zbdgabctge zbdgabctge ~`t~c in`nl~{~zg in`nl~{~zg hb{gl e ata{g`tn{g{ ata{g`tn{g{ Hb{gl`wb Hb{gl`wb in`~`o~ in`~`o~cc ccb` b` jbh} b hb{gl eata{ g`tn{g{ jb`wbc jb`w bc dg ~o~`m)~o~`m ~o~`m)~o~`m kbjb`m (lghbt ( lghbt ]aad ]aad 278;' Hb{gl eata{g`tn{g{ eat a{g`tn{g{ in`~`ob`m n`~`ob`m vnzt~ij~hb` vnzt~ij~hb` kbjb`m k bjb`m Cn`bgcb` Cn`bgcb` `~tzgn` bcb` in`~z~`cb` in`~z~`cb` cbl{ge cbl{ge gcb{g gcb{g cbzn`b tnzobdg vn`g`mcbtb` vn`g`mcbtb` e a{e bt
5 Bczn{g Bczn{g bdblbh vnzt~ij~hb` cala`g db` tnz~ij~ cn bzbh unztgcbl ib~v~` hazg{a`tbl Cbzb`m inlbl~g nlbl~g znvzad~c{g b{ nc{~bl`wb in`mhb{glc in`mhb{glcb` b` cbzb`m)cbzb`m jbz~ jbz ~ wb`m w b`m jnzh~j~`mb` {bt~ { bt~ dn`mb` lbg``wb lbg``wb Cbzb`m) cbzb`m tnz{ nj~t inijn`t~c nijn`t~c cala`g, w b`m cni~dgb` cni~dgb` t~ij~h in`obdg jn`t~c wb`m chb{ Zbmbi jn`t~c vnzt~ij~hb` cala`g tnz{nj~t inlgv~tg?
Tbj~lbtn
(inob'
Ealga{n
(lnijbzb`' Jzb`khg`m
Ib{{gun
(jnzkbjb`m'
(vbdbt' Mbijbz 4. Jn`t~c)jn`t~c Cala`g Cbzb`m
b
Jnzkbjb`m Cala`g g`g t~ij~h cn bzbh unztgcbl ib~v~` hazg{a`tbl, dn`mb` bzbh unztgcbl lnjgh daig`b` Vnzkbjb`mb` dbvbt inib`ob`m btb~ inlnjbz, {nin`tbzb jn`t~c kbjb`m dbvbt hbl~{ btb~ tnjbl Cbzb`m jnzkbjb`m iniglgcg tg`mcbt vnzt~ij~hb` wb`m vblg`m knvbt, wbgt~ jg{b in`kbvbg :6 k i!tbh~` Jn`t~c cala`g cala`g {nvnztg g`g, jb`wbc tnz dbvbt dg
8 {nvb`ob`m tnvg tnz~i tnz~ij~ j~ db` jbmgb` btb{ lnzn`m, tnz~tbi tnz ~tbib b wb`m w b`m tnzlg`d~`mg btb~ {ntn`mbh tnzj~cb j
Vbdbt Vnzt~ij~hb` cala`g lnjgh daig`b` cn bzbh hazg{a`tbl dbzgvbdb unztgcbl Cbzb`m g`g iniglg niglgcg cg vnzi~cbb` vnzi~cbb` wb`m hbl~{ db` vbdbt3 jn`t~c wb`m w b`m jnzubzgb{g, jnzu bzgb{g, {nvnztg {nvnz tg {ntn`mbh { ntn`mbh jalb, ja`mcbhb` jbt~, db` lbg``wb3 dn`mb` ~c~zb` wb`m o~mb jnzbmbi Dn`mb` vnzt~ij~hb` < 2 ki!tbh~`, cala`g tnzmala`m vblg`m lbijbt t~ij~h In{cg dnigcgb`, dg blbi jb`wbc dgo~ivbg cbzb`m g`g dn`mb` ~c~zb` wb`m {b`mbt jn{bz ^i~i`wb dgtni~cb` dg {nvb`ob`m tnvg tnz~ij~ cbzb`m db` jbmgb` btb{ lnzn`m tnz~ij~
k
Lnijbzb` Vnzt~ij~hb` cala`g tnz~tbib cn bzbh hazg{a`tbl, dn`mb` jn`t~c lnijbzb` wb`m vgvgh ^i~i`wb tnzdbvbt dg lnzn`m tnz~ij~ db` dbnzbh tnzlg`d~`m Dgo~ivbg dg vnzbgzb`
d
[nvnztg [nvnzt g inob jn`t~c jnzkbjb`m dn`mb` bzbh bz bh in`dbtbz in`dbtbz db` zbtb { nvnztg inob inob Cbzb`m g`g dgtavb`m dgtavb`m dn`mb` jbtb`m wb`m jnzv~{bt btb~ jnzt~iv~ vbdb {bt~ {g{g inijn`t~c {~d~t btb~ dbtbz
Cala`g cbzb`m bcb` t~ij~h tnz~{ t~ij~h inijn`t~c tnz~ij~ Bdb jnjnzbvb ibkbi jn`t~c tnz~i tnz ~ij~ j~ jnzdb{bz jnzdb{ bz Tnazg Vn`n`mmnlbib` n`n`mmnlbib` ([~j{gdn`kn ([~j{gdn`kn Thnazw ' alnh Khbzln{ Khbzln{ Dbz} g` (284:', wbgt~ tnz~i t nz~ij~ j~ tnvg, tnz ~ij~ ~ij~ vn`mhblb`m, db` btal Ib{g`m)ib{g`m Ib{g`m)ib{g`m dbvbt dgonlb{cb` dgonlb{cb` {nkbz { nkbzb b {g`mcbt {njbmbg { njbmbg jnzgc~t? jnzgc~t? b
Tnz~ij~ Tnz~ij~ cbzb`m tnvg (Ezg`mg`m Znne ', ', wbgt~ tnz~ij~ cbzb`m wb`m tnzdbvbt dg {nvb`ob`m vb`tbg db` dblbi`w dblbi`wb b tgdbc lnjgh dbzg 46 intnz intnz Tnz~ij~ g`g g`g t~ij~h t~ij~h cn vnzi~cbb` db` cn bzbh lb~t tnzj~cb tnz j~cb j Tnz~ij~ cbzb`m vn`mhblb`m ( Jbzzgnz Znne{', Znne{ ', jnzbdb ob~h dbzg vb`tbg wb`m dgvg{bhcb` alnh majb (lbmaa`' dn`mb` cndblbib` cndblbib` 46 ‛ =6 intnz intnz ^i~i`w ~i`wb b tnz~i tnz ~ij~ j~ cbzb`m g`g inib`ob`m in`w~{~zg vb`tbg k B tal (btall{' (btall{',, wb`m inz~vbcb` inz~vbcb` cbzb`m cbzb`m jnzjn`t~c inlg inlg`mcbz `mcbz {nvnztg kg`kg` wb`m i~`k~l i~`k~l dbzg vnzbgzb` wb`m dblbi, ob~h dbzg dbzbtb` db` inlg`mcbzg majbh wb`m iniglgcg tnz~ij~ majbh btb~ tnz~ij~ vntbc = Jganza{g Vza{n{ jgalamg wb`m jnz{gebt inz~{bc {tz~ct~z tnz~ij~ cbzb`m ~i~i`wb dg{nj~t jganza{g [nin`tbzb [nin`tbzb gt~ Khabt Khabt {nkbz { nkbzb b {ndnzhb`b { ndnzhb`b in`dne in`dneg`g g`g{gcb` {gcb` jganza{g { njbmbg vn`mhglb`mb` vn`mhglb`mb` KbKA; dbzg tnz~ij~ btb~ dbzg cala`g cbzb`m alnh vza{n{)vza{n{ jgalamg ( lghbt Taib{kgc lghbt Taib{kgc nt bl 277=' Azmb`g{in wb`m inlbl inlbl~g ~g bctgugtb{ bctgugtb{`wb `wb in`wnjbjcb` zb`mcb cbv~z cbv~z cbzb`m)cbzb`m cbzb`m) cbzb`m vnijn`t~c vnijn`t~c tnz~ij~ t nz~ij~ in`mblbig in`mblbig nza{ nz a{gg db` inlnibh nlnibh dg{nj~t dg{ nj~t jganzadnz Jnzdb{bz lacb{g azmb`g{in gt~ jnzbdb dblbi {~j{tzbt cbv~z, jganzadnz dbvbt jganzadnz dbvbt dgcnlaivaccb` in`obdg? Nvglgt (hgd~v dg vnzi~cbb`'3 cb{ialgt (dblbi l~jb`m db` knlbh'3 {nztb n`dalgt (dblbi zb`mcb' Cnlaivac jganzadnz tnz{nj~t jganzadnz tnz{nj~t in`kbc~v Igkzajaznz ? blmb, obi~z db` jbctnzg Cnlaivac g`g jnzvnzb` {njbmbg vga`gz vza{n{ jganza{g, wb`m cni~dgb` dggc~tg alnh ibkzajaznz Nza{g wb`m dgbcgjbtcb` tnzobdg dg vnzi~cbb` ib~v~` hg`mmb cn jbmgb` dblbi zb`mcb tnz~ij~ Jbctnzg ibiv~ in`knz`b ibtzgc{ azmb`gc cbv~z db` in`wnjbjcb` n`w njbjcb` jganza{ g jbmgb` dblbi dblbi Obi~z Obi~z dn`mb` { n`wb} n`w b} b cgi cgigb wb`m dghb{glcb` dbvbt in`mmazn{ vnzi~cbb` cbzb`m, inl~`bccb`, db` inz~{bc cbv~z
Ibkzajaznz ? {va` (Klga`gdbn db` [vgzb{tznllgdbn'3 mb{tzavadb ( Lgthavhbmb'3 Lgthavhbmb '3 jbz`bcnl (Lgthatzwb ( Lgthatzwb'3 '3 [gv~`c~l [gv~`c~l~{3 ~{3 Valwkhbntb alwk hbntb (N ( N~`gkgdbn'
7 [va` Klga`gd bdblbh vnijaz wb`m vblg`m ~i~i {ncblgm~{ n`dalgt vblg`m inz~{bc tnz~ij~ cbzb`m dg d~`gb (Mlw`` :662' Ka`tah dg Btlb`tgc Jbzbt, Klga`b kbzzgjbnb dbvbt {b`mbt inlgivbh {nhg`mmb inijn`t~c bznb kaclbt jnjnzbvb intnz vb`ob`m`wb wb`m inibtgcb` cbzb`m Klga`gdbn, dg G`da`n{gb dgcn`bl d~b mn`~{, Klga`b db` Klgatha{b {nin`tbzb [vgzb{tznll [vgzb{tz nllgdbn gdbn dn`mb` mn`~{ [vgzn{tznllb db` Dgvlb{tznb. Mn`~{ Bcb Mn`~{ Bcb bdblbh vnijaz vnijaz wb`m w b`m ~i~i ~i~i,, wb`m w b`m in`mhb{glc in`mhb{glcb` b` {n`w b} b {gvha`a { gvha`adgktg`n dgktg`n wb`m in`mhbijbt vnzt~ij~hb` valgv cbzb`m Ka`tah dg [~lb} n{g n{ g ^tbz ^tbzb, b, Bcb Bcb jbhcb` inijn`t~c jb`wbc “knzaja`m’ hg`mmb dg btb{ vnzi~cbb` Vazgtn{ Vazgtn{ l ajbtb (Taib{kgc nt bl :662' Lgthavbmb inij~bt nij~bt l~jb`m db` tnza} a`mb` vbdb jnjnzbvb cbzb`m ib{{ ib{{gun gun {nvnztg Vazgtn{, Ebugb, Ebugtn{, Ebugtn{ , db` Ma`gb{tznb. Gb inijaz cbzb`m hgd~v ib~v~` ibtg dn`mb` in`mhb{glcb` b{bi ~`t~c inl~`bccb` cbv~z db` in`ntbv dg dblbi cbzb`m Hn} b` g`g ini inijaz jaz dn`mb` cndblbib` cndblbib` 2)26 2) 26 ki k i [kaat [k aat in`ni~cb` in`ni~cb` dg : Vb{gegc Tgi~z cnvbdbtb``wb b`tbzb >66)26666 g`dgugd~!i ( lghbt Mlw`` lghbt Mlw`` :662' Mn`~{ g`g o~mb ~i~i dg G`da`n{gb (Taib{kgc nt bl :662'
Mzbnz ? [kbzgdbn (gcb` cbcbt~b'3 Cntbi cnlbvb (hnzigt kzbj'3 lgivnt ( Bkibnb'3 Bkibnb'3 j~l~ jbjg (Dgbdnib ( Dgbdnib'3 '3 Khgta` Khgta`
Dbivbc bivbc jganza{ jganz a{gg [ndb`m dbivbc nza{g btb~ vnz~jbhb` wb`m dgbcgjbtcb` tgdbc tnzlbl~ inivn`mbz~hg cn{nl~z~hb` zb`mcb Jn{bz nza{g g`g in`wnjbjcb` cnibtgb` cbzb`m dblbi l~b{b` wb`m jn{bz Dg Vb{gegc Jbzbt {ntnlbh cnibtgb` tnz~ij~ bcgjbt vnib`m{bb` Bkb`thb{tnz vnib`m{bb` Bkb`thb{tnz vlb`kg , cbzb`m in`mblbig jganza{g db` {njbmbg bcgjbt dg{nj~tcb` cb`avg dbzg Bkzavazb in`obdg z~{bc z~{ bc wbgt~ { tz~ct~z ; dgin`{g`wb dgin`{g`wb hglb`m hglb`m Bcg B cgjbt jbt lb`o~tb` wb`m tnz obdg, obdg, igczahbjgtbt igczahbjgtbt gcb` o~mb hglb`m
Ka`tah vnz~jbhb` ca`dg{g lg`mc~`mb` wb`m in`mbzbh vbdb jganza{g tnz~ij~ cbzb`m db` vnz~jbhb` {tz~ct~z { tz~ct~z tnz~ij~ tnz~ij~ cbzb`m Vnz~jbhb` dgka`tahcb` dg{njbjcb` alnh jnjnzbvb b{vnc N@[A db` jganza{ jgan za{ g alnh nkhg`agd. Dg Vb{gegc Tgi~z (Cnv~lb~b` Mblbvbma{' tbh~` 278:) 278; tnzobdg jn`kb`b Nl @g`a wb`m in`mbcgjbtcb` cnibtgb` cbzb`m db` vn`nivnlb` cbzb`m jbz~ o~mb zn`dbh Jganza{g dglbc~cb` alnh nkhg`agd {nhg`mmb cbzb`m vbtbh)vbtbh, in`obdg vata`mb`)vata`mb` cnkgl (z~jjln ( z~jjln'' lbl~ {ndgin` Vb`bib < N@[A
Vzad~c{g KbKA; Vav~lb{g nkhg`agd
N@[A 278:) 278; [ntnlbh N@[A
Cnibtgb` Cnibtgb` cbzb`m
Mblbvbma{ 26 cm!i:!tbh~`
Dgbdnib ; g`dgugd~!i:
N~kgdbzg{ > g`dgugd~!i:
>6)77 . % znkz~gti znk z~gtin`t n`t {b`mbt zn`dbh
Vav~lb{g nkhg`agd nk hg`agd
86 g`d!i:
;6 g`d!i:
Nza{g KbKA;
26);6 mz jnzbt cnzg`m!i:!hbzg
>6)266 mz jnzbt cnzg`m!i:!hbzg
26):6 cm!i:!tbh~`
:6)46 cm!i:!tbh~`
26 Lndbcb` Vav~lb{g Vav~lb{g Bkhb`tb Gzgaiatn, Onvb`m ini inijb} jb} b dbivbc Bkhb`tb {tnz vl b`kg dg Cnv~lb~b` Gzgaiatn, cnibtgb` cnibtgb` cbzb`m db` jganza{g jganza{ g cbzb`m db` { tz~ct~z tnz~ij~ tnz~ij~ 2782)278: Lndbcb` vav~lb{g
B chgz chgz 278:
2784
Inij~`~h cbzb`m dg bznb {t~dg dn`mb` cg{bzb` {b`mbt l~b{
2785
Bcgjbt nza{g db` bz~{ Nza{g jnzlb`o~t hg`mmb {ni~b cbzb`m cbzb`m {~dbh { ~dbh cb`avg (jbmgb` btb{' Bkzavazb btb{' Bkzavazb hb`k~z vbtbh)vbtbh db` jnz~jbh in`obdg zbtbb` vata`mb` cbzb`m
Vn`b`mcbvb` gcb` jnzlnjgh tnzobdg dg Cbzgjgb db` lnvb{ vb`tbg Cn`wb`, [bi~dzb Hg`dgb Ca`dg{g Ca`dg{ g ~i~i? ~i~i? Vav~lb{ g Nkhg`aintzb ibthbng dgobmb ibthbng dgobmb alnh bdb`wb vzndbtaz, cnlaivac gcb` eg`eg{h eg`eg{h Vn`b`mcbvb` jnzlnjgh tnzhbdbv eg`eg{h in`wnjbjcb` vav~lb{g gcb` vzndbtaz jnzc~zb`m, {njblgc`wb {njblgc`wb vav~lb{g vav~lb{g Nkhg`aintzb ibthbng i ibthbng in`g`mcbt En`ain`b En`ain`b tnz{nj~t tnz{ nj~t bchgz`wb ini inijnz jnzgg dbivbc t~z~`b` cn lg`mc~`mb`, tnzib{~c dg dblbi`wb tnz~ij~ cbzb`m
Tnzobdg vn`b`mcbvb` gcb` jnzlnjgh
vav~lb{g Nkhg`aintzb ibthbng (jgan (jganzadnz zadnz {~j{tz bt ' →→
JGANZA[G → →
Vzad~c{g
[~j{t [~j{tzb zbtt dgdai dgdaig`b{g g`b{g
vnzgcb`b` ↛↛
alnh alnh t~ze t ~ze blmb blmb
T~t~vb` cbzb`m hgd~v Blmb Blmb jnzc bv~z ↛
Cnzbmbib` {~j{tzbt db` tavamzbeg ↛
8 G`tnzbc{g `tnz bc{g dn`mb` azmb`g{in azmb `g{in lbg` Vnibcb` nibcb` cbzb`m cbz b`m ( Vzndb{g' zndb {g' 2 Gcb`)gcb` cb`)gcb` ebiglg ebiglg Khbntada`tgdbn hbntada`tgdbn (cnvn)cnvn', (cnvn)cnvn', Jblg{tgdbn Jblg{tgdbn (tzgmmnze g{h', Tntzbada`tgdbn (v~eenz9 gcb` j~`tbl' : Bkb`thb{tnz vlb`kg wb`m vlb`kg wb`m o~ilbh `azibl bdblbh :); g`dgugd~ dblbi jnjnzbvb zbt~{ intnz tnz~ij~ Jnjnzbvb cb{~{ wb`m vnz`bh tnzobdg? Dg M~bi M~bi,, {nz b`mb` hn} b` g`g in`wnjbjcb` n`w njbjcb` 76. tnz~i tnz ~ij~ j~ cbzb`m {nvb`ob`m { nvb`ob`m ;8 ci z~{bc z~{ bc dblbi } bct~ :,> tbh~` Dg Mznbt Jbzzgnz Znne, tnz~ij~ {nl~b{ 8 ci: z~{bc hb`wb dblbi 2: j~lb` Lndbcb` Lndbcb` hn} b` g`g tnzobdg cbzn`b cbzn`b vzndbtaz`w b, Khbza`gb tzgta`g{, tzgta`g{ , dgbijgl db` dgo~bl {njbmbg hgb{b` {nztb z~`aee wb`m in`wnjbjcb` vn`g`mc vn`g`mcbtb` btb` `~tz g{g
Caivntgtaz cbzb`m (Caivntg{g' 2 vnznj~tb` {~j{tzbt {~j{tz bt b`tbzb b`tbzb cbzb`m cbzb`m dn`mb` dn`mb` blmb, ig{bl`wb t~ze blmb : b`tbz cala`g cala`g cbzb`m, ig{bl`wb {blbh {bt~ {vn{gn{ {vn{ gn{ dbzg mn`~{ Mblbxnb tnzib{~c wb`m vblg`m bmzn{ge
AZMB@G[IN AZMB@G[I N DG DG TNZ^I Z^I J^ CBZB@M CBZB@M T^IJ^HB@ Blmb Lbi~`
22 HN]B@, dbvbt jnzb{bl dbzg cnlaivac? G`unztnjzbtb 2 Vzataab : Vazgenzb ; K`gdbzgb lbg` 4 Vlbtwhnli lbtw hnlig`thn{ g`thn{ % B ``nlgdb > Ial~{cb 5 Cz~{tb{nb = Nkhg`adnzibtb Unztnjzbtb 2 Gcb` : znvtgl ; ibiblgb B[A[GB[G Azmb`g{in wb`m tg`mmbl btb~ iniglgcg bctgugtb{ dg tnz~ij~ cbzb`m, inigllgcg g`tnzbc{g jbgc b`tbzb {vn{gn{ {bt~ dn`mb` {vn{gn{ lbg`, jbhcb` dblbi {bt~ {vn{gn{ B{a{gb{g azmb`g{in jnzjndb {vn{gn{ [gijga{g{ bdblbh h~j~`mb` b`tbzb d~b azmb`g{in wb`m jnzjndb on`g{ H~j~`mb` gt~ dbvbt dblbi cbtnmazg 2 I~t~blg{in {gijga{g{ dn`mb` cnd~b {gijga` in`dbvbt cn~`t~`mb`, ka`tah? Gcb` dactnz (Lbjzgdbn' db` vn`w~ Gcb` inibcb` vbzb{gt wb`m in`nivnl vbdb v~`mm~`m vn`w~ [hzgiv majw ( Bijlwnlnatzg{ mwi`aknvhblb' mwi`aknvhblb' dn`mb` ~db`m ( Blvhn~{ ( Blvhn~{ {v' wb`m ajlgmbt i~t~blg{in : Cain`{blg{in {gijga{g{ {gijga{g{ jglb jglb {blbh { blbh {bt~ in`dbvbt cn~`t~`mb` {nin`tbzb {nin`tbzb w b`m lbg` tgdbc ~`t~`m o~mb tgdbc z~mg, ka`tah Cz~{tb{nb, ial~{cb, kbkg`m wb`m tg`mmbl vbdb mazma`gb` db` kzg`agd Cntgmb cnlaivac cnlaivac hn} b` dg{nj~t dg{nj~ t {njnl~i { njnl~i`w `wb b in`dbvbt in`dbvbt tni tn ivbt tg`mmbl db` vnzlg`d~`mb` vnzlg`d~`mb` dbzg i~{~h, {nin`tbzb mazma`gb` tgdbc in`dbvbt in`dbvbt {n{~bt~, { n{~bt~, o~mb tgdbc cnhglb`mb` C~db lb~t dn`mb` lbi~` ;
Vbzb{gt {gijga{g{ dn`mb` {bt~ vghbc in`dbvbt ~`t~`m, {nin`tbzb vghbc lbg` in`dbvbt cnz~mgb`, { njbmbg ka`tah Hn} b` vnijaz vnijaz cbzb`m dn`mb` cbzb`m {njbmbg g`b`m Kavnvadb (cz~{tb{nb' vbzb{gt vbdb gcb` majg ( Vln~za{gkwb jald`g`mhg ' jald`g`mhg '
G`tnzbc{g dblbi {bt~ { vn{gn{ [khablg`m db` [khablg`m db` {khaalg`m vbdb {khaalg`m vbdb gcb` [khablg`m bdblbh [khablg`m bdblbh {ncnlaivac gcb` dblbi {bt~ {vn{gn{ wb`m {nkbzb jnz{bib){bib in`kbzg ibcb`, igmzb{g, jnztnl~z, btb~ g{tgzbhbt B`mmatb cnlaivac cnlaivac ini iniglg glgcg cg jn`t~c, ~c~zb` btb~ {tbt~{ { tbt~{ {a{gbl {a {gbl wb`m w b`m tgdbc in{t in{tgg {bib o~mb o~mb tgdbc v~`wb valb vnzmnz bcb` wb`m { bib bib [nin`tbzb [nin`tbzb {khaalg`m b`mmatb {khaalg`m b`mmatb iniglgcg {tbt~{ {a{gbl wb`m { bib bib db` jnzmnz bc dblbi dblbi {bt~ caazdg`b{g
G`tnzbc {g wb`m wb`m i ni jnz g vn`mbz~h lb`m{~`m db` tgdbc tgdbc lb`m{~`m lb`m{~`m vbdb tnz~i j~ cbzb` cbzb`m En`ain`b inlndbc`wb vav~lb{g Nkhg`aintzb ibthbng Ca`dg{g `azibl? Dg{tzgj~{g g{tz gj~{g dg G`davb{ge G`davb{gegc gc (Be zgcb tgi~z) tgi~z)Lb~t Lb~t Inzbh)Hb} Inzbh)Hb} bg'
2:
Hbjgtbt l~jb`m l~jb`m btb~ knlbh)knlbh knlbh)k nlbh db{bzb` db{bz b` znne kzn{t kz n{t dg vnzbgzb` db`mcbl db`mcbl {nhg`mmb iniglg niglgcg cg vnzglbc vnz glbc~ ~ jnz{ni jnz{ nij~`w j~`wgg db` kn`dnz~` kn` dnz~`m m in`mhg`dbzg in`mhg`dbzg caivntgtaz caivntgtaz Vbcb``wb bdblbh blmb n`kz~{tg`m db` n`kz~{tg`m db` wb`m in`nivnl dg {ncgtbz l~jb`m inzncb
Lndbcb` vav~lb{g dg Cn`wb? Vav~lb{g N. ibthng in`g`mcbt ibthng in`g`mcbt :); cblgl lgvbt `azibl in`obdg 2; g`dgugd~!i: Vn`wnjbj`wb bdblbh Vav~lb{g Vav~lb{g vzndbtaz hn} b` g`g (gcb` Jblg{tgdbn Jblg{tgdbn % ]zb{{n' ]zb{ {n' in`~z~` [bwb`m`wb tgdbc dgonl dgonlb{cb` b{cb` lnjgh lb`o~t lb`o~t vn`wnjbj vn`w njbj vn`~z~`b` vav~lb{g vzndbtaz vz ndbtaz B cgjbt cgjbt lb`m{~`m cn`bgcb` cn`bgcb` vav~lb{g tnz{ nj~t? Jgaib{{b blmb `bgc {nin`tbzb t~t~vb` t~ze blmb (cai~`gtb{ jnjnzbvb {vn{gn{ blmb jnzjn`t~c e glbi glbin` n` jnz~c~zb` ≤26ii' 26ii' in`g`mcbt T^T^VB T^T^VB @ TNZ^IJ^ TNZ^IJ^ CBZB CB ZB@M @M IN@^Z IN@^Z^@ ^@ Jganza{g in`g`mcbt Cnzbmbib` on`g{ jn`tg in`~z~` B cgjbt cgjbt lb`o~tb`? lb`o~tb`? T~t~vb` {va` in`g`mcbt Vav~lb{g gcb` hnzjguaz in`~z~` Hn} b` g`g obdg ibiv~ biv~ jnzcaivntg{g dn`mb` hnzjguaz hnz jguaz lbg` I~lbg in`mh~`g bznb tnz~ij~ cbzb`m wb`m tnzj~cb Vnzglbc~ wb`m kn`dnz~`m in`mhg`dbzg caivntgtaz jnzc~zb`m Inibcb` blmb tgdbc lbmg hb`wb dg {ncgtbz l~jb`m tntbvg dn`mb` kbc~vb` wb`m inl~b{ dg bznb tnz~ij~ cbzb`m
VN@TG@M@WB INIBHBIG VNZB@ [BT^ [VN[GN[ DBLBI [^BT^ NCA[G[TNI In`mbijgl ka`tah j~l~ jbjg Dgbdnib b`tgllbz~i b`tgllbz~i [nkbzb ~i~i azb`m bcb` jnzb`mmbvb` cnhbdgzb` hn} b` g`g hb`wb hb`w b in`mmb`mm~, in`mmb`mm~, tnz~t tn z~tbi bib b jbmg vn`wnlbi vni~lb vni~lb btb~ azb`m) azb`m w b`m jnzbctgugtb{ dg {ncgtbz vb`tbg Cnhbdgzb``wb dgb`mmbv tgdbc bdb cnm~`bb` cnm~`bb` Kgzg? 2 Hnzjguaz nzjgu az vnibcb` vnibcb` t~ze blmb, `bi~` `bi~` dblbi ca`dg{g tgdbc bdb ibcb`b`, ibcb`b`, ini inib`m{ b`m{b b cbzb`m : Dg {gb`m hbzg hn} b` g`g g`g jnz{ni jnz{ nij~`wg j~`wg dg l~jb`m)l~jb`m l~jb`m)l~jb`m btb~ knlbh)knlbh knlbh)k nlbh cbzb`m, {nin`tbzb bctge in`kbzg ibcb` dg iblbi hbzg ; Vzndbtaz hn} hn} b` g`g ig{bl`wb Jblg{tgdbn unt~lb (gcb` e bigl biglgg Jblg{tgdbn' Jblg{tgdbn' {njbmbg vzndbtaz vz ndbtaz ~tbib dg cnv~lb~b` Ugzmg`gb, cni~dgb` Lbjzgdbn, db` Kb{{g{ Kb{{g{ t~jnza{b t~jnza{b Cnibtgb` Cnibtgb` ib{bl b{ bl
Tnzobdg dg tbh~` 278;)2784 dg Vb{gegc Jbzbt dgi~lbg dgi~lbg dbzg Vb`bib Vb`bib dg b} bl Ob`~bzg 278; cni~dgb` cni~dgb` tnzobdg tnz obdg cnibtgb` cnibtgb` ib{bl cnibtgb` in`wnjbz cn Cbzgjgb, Tnl~c Inc{gca, Jbhbib, Jnzi~db dn`mb` tg`mcbt cnibtgb` 7;)266.
Vn`wnjbj? tgdbc dgcntbh~g dn`mb` onlb{, `bi~` dgd~mb cbzn`b vn`wbcgt wb`m dg{njbjcb` alnh jbctnzg Dbivbc cnibtgb` j~l~ jbjg tnzhbdbv nca{g{tni? 2 Jgaib{ Jgaib{{ { b blmb Dg [t Kzagx? Jgaib{{b blmb in`g`mcbt :=. > hbzg {ntnlbh cnibtgb` j~l~ jbjg, cni~dgb` cni~dgb` in`g`mcbt in`g`mcbt vn{bt vn{ bt in`obdg in`obdg 466)>66. dbzg ca`dg{g b} bl Dg Obibgkb? Jgaib{{b blmb `bgc ;2)>6. dblbi d~b ig`mm~, db` {ntnlbh {ntbh~` in`obdg lnjgh dbzg 5>. : Caiva{ Caiva{g{g g{g blmb
2; [njnl~i cnibtgb` ? dgdaig`b{g alnh t~ze blmbn db` kz~{ta{n blmbn [ntnlbh cnibtgb`? dgdaig`b{g alnh ibcza blmb {nvnztg [bzmb{{~i db` T~zjg`bzgb t~zjg`btb ; T~t~vb` blmb kz~{ta{n, kz~{ta{n, t~t~vb` cbzb`m, db` mazma`gb` in`~z~` dzb{tg{ 4 In{cg n{ cg j~l~ jbjg g`g in`mhglb`m dbzg lacb{g, tnz`w btb caivntgtaz caivntgtaz`w `wb b wb`m {n{bi {n{ bib b vnibcb` t~ze blmn, tgdbc in`~`o~ccb` vn`bijbhb` vav~lb{g wb`m jnzbztg [njblgc`wb o~{tz~, vav~lb{g blmb {nibcg` in`g`mcbt Vn`g`mcbtb` vav~lb{g caivntgtaz Dgbdnib jbz~ jnzbztg {ntnlbh jnjnzbvb tbh~` dbzg cnibtgb` ib{{bl (tbh~` 2776)b`'
VNZB VNZB@ @ Dgbdnib b`tgllbz~i jbmg tnz~ij~ cbzb`m Ogcb vav~lb{g on`g{ g`g in`g`mcbt dbvbt jnzbcgjbt cnibtgb` lbzub btb~ cbzb`m i~db Ogcb vav~lb{g t~z~` ( bj{n`kn mzbg`m ' cbzb`m bcb` dgt~ij~hg alnh blmb wb`m jnzbcgjbt cnibtgb` cnibtgb` cbzb`m dn} b{b db` tgdbc bdb`wb tnivbt tnivbt jbmg lbzub cbzb`m Ibcb cnhbdgzb` vav~lb{g on`g{ g`g vn`tg`m jbmg tnz~ij~ cbzb`m {njbmbg vn`wngijb`m, CN[NTGIJB@MB@ VAV^LB[G Dgbdnib b`tgllbz~i BCB@ IN@OBMB CN[NTGIJB@MB@ VAV^LB[G BLMB DB@ CBZB@M BCGJBT CNIBTGB@ IB[[BL Dgbdnib b`tgllbz~i TNZH TNZHB B DBV DBV TNZ TNZ^I ^IJ^ J^ CBZB CB ZB@M? @M? T~t~vb` T~t~vb` cbzb`m in`~z~` dzb{tg{ dzb{ tg{ G`unztnjzbtb `unz tnjzbtb w b`m jgb{b`wb in`ntbv, cnhbdgzb``w cnhbdgzb``wb b o~mb in`~z~` in`~z~` DBZG DBZG TNZ TNZ^I ^IJ^ J^ CBZB CB ZB@M @M in`obdg TNZ^IJ^ WB@M DGDAIG@B[G ALNH BLMB Dg tbh~` 277> dglbc~cb` {~zung wb`m in`ni~cb` ? Dgo~ivbg Dgbdnib b`tgllbz~i tbvg {b`mbt {b`mb t {ndgcg {nd gcgtt (vni~lghb` (vni~lghb` ini inij~t~hcb` j~t~hcb` } bct~ 0 26 tbh~`' Hglb`m`wb g`d~c in`wnjbjcb` o~ilbh lbzub o~mb {b`mbt c~zb`m In{cg i~lbg bdb vni~lghb` Dgbdnib, `bi~` jnl~i dbvbt dgcntbh~g bvbcbh bcb` in`mnijblgcb` tnz~ij~ cbzb`m wb`m hglb`m
24
[~ijnz ? Kbzvn`tnz, ZK G`unztnjzbtn Vzndbtaz{ b`d Mzbnz{ :662 Dblbi? Jgzcnlb`d, K (nd' :662 Lgen b`d Dnbth ae Kazbl Znne{ Khbvib` % Hbll, @n} Wazc? 278)::7 Mlw``, V] :662 jganza{ga` b`d kazbl)Znne Mza} th? B Dg`bigk Jblb`kn Dblbi? Jgzcnlb`d, K (nd' :662 Lgen b`d Dnbth ae Kazbl Znne{ Khbvib` % Hbll, @n} Wazc? 58)7> Iaonttb, B 277> Thn Jbzzgnz Znne{ B M~gdn ta Thn ]azld ae Kazbl{ BB Mbddg{ % [a`{, Nmwvt? 258 hli I~llnz)Vbzcnz, M db` KE D‗Nlgb :662 G`tnzbktga` Jnt} nn` Kazbl{ b`d Thngz [wijgatgk B lmbn Dblbi? Jgzcnlb`d, K (nd' :662 Lgen b`d Dnbth ae Kazbl Znne{ Khbvib` % Hbll, @n} Wazc? 75)22; @wjbccn`, O ] 277: Jgalamg Lb~t? [~bt~ Vn`dncbtb` Ncalamg{ Tnzo dbzg Ibzg`n Jgalamw? B` Nkalamgkbl Bvvzabkh, alnh Ngdib`, I, Can{anjga`a, DM Jn`mn`, I H~taia, % [ [~cbzdoa 277: dbzg VT Mzbindgb V~{tbcb ^tbib, Obcbztb? xu#4>7 hli Zgkhia`d, ZH :662 Znvzad~ktga` b`d Znkz~gtin`t g` Kazbl{? Kzgtgkbl Lg`c{ g` thn Vnz{g{tn`kn ae Znne{ Dblbi? Jgzcnlb`d, K (nd' :662 Lgen b`d Dnbth ae Kazbl Znne{ Khbvib` % Hbll, @n} Wazc? 2=>)27= Zajg`, J, K Vntza`, % K Zgun{ 2782 Lgug`m Kazbl{ Ln{ Ndgtga` D~ Vbkgegr~n, (1'? 244 hli Tbkcntt, D@ % L Tbkcntt :66: Znne Lgen? @bt~zbl Hg{tazw b`d Jnhbugaz{ ae Ibzg`n Eg{hn{ b`d G`unztnjzbtn{ TEH V~jlgkbtga`{, G`k, @n} Onz{nw? ::4 hli Taib{kgc, T, BO Ibh, B @a`tog, % IC Iaa{b 277= Thn Nkalamw ae thn G`da`n{gb` [nb{, Vbzt A`n Vnzgvl~{ Ndgtga`, (1'? xgu # 54: hli ]aad, NI 278; Znne{ ae thn ]azld. Jgalamw b`d Egnld M~gdn TTH V~jlgkbtga`{, G`k, LTD, Ha`mca`m?