Telaah Kurikulum
PENGANTAR
Pendidikan di Indonesia Indonesia saat ini dihadapkan pada tantangan global global dan pendidikan abad 21 yang mengharuskan pendidikan di Indonesia berbenah agar dapat sejalan dengan perkembangan dunia dimasa yang akan datang. Tantangan pendidikan abad 21 tidak hanya dihadapkan pada penguasaan pengetahuan secara kongnitif akan tetapi harus dibarengi dengan teknologi yang berkembang pesat. Secara universal pendidikan dewasa ini dipahami sebagai sebuah upaya sadar dan terencana untuk mengembangkan potensi positif yang dimiliki manusia. Pengembangan potensi ini meliputi sekurang-kurangnya tiga aspek utama, yaitu: kognitif (pengetahuan), afektif (sikap) dan psikomotorik (keterampilan). Pada perkembangannya lebih lanjut, Howard Gardner mengemukakan teori kecerdasan ganda (multiple ( multiple intelligence theory ) (Gardner, 1983). Teori ini mengatakan bahwa sekurang-kurangnya ada delapan kecerdasan yang secara potensial dimiliki oleh manusia. Pendidikan modern, proses pengembangan potensi dan penanaman nilai yang dilakukan senantiasa dilakukan dengan memperhatikan aspekaspek perkembangan fisik, psikis dan sosial peserta didik. Oleh karenanya perencanaan mengenai apa yang akan diajarkan dan bagaimana mengajarkannya merupakan hal penting yang menjadi bagian tidak terpisahkan dari rangkaian kegiatan pendidikan. Salah satunya adalah perencanaan pengembangan kurikulum, yang pada awalnya hanya fokus pada materi yang akan diajarkan. Kesadaran akan pentingnya perencanaan kurikulum mengemuka setelah para ahli dan praktisi pendidikan menyadari bahwa kegiatan pendidikan yang baik harus direncanakan dengan baik. Terlebih setelah ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi berkembang secara signifikan, pendidik dihadapkan pada persoalan banyaknya ragam materi yang dirasa penting untuk disampaikan. Oleh karena itu, kurikulum pada awalnya dipahami
1
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Telaah Kurikulum
sebagai sebuah upaya untuk menyeleksi bahan pelajaran yang harus diajarkan kepada peserta didik. Pemaknaan kurikulum secara terbatas tersebut tercermin antara lain oleh sebuah pertanyaan mendasar yang diajukan oleh Herbert Spencer “What knowledge is of most worth?” worth?” (Spencer, 1955). Pertanyaan yang nampak sederhana ini memiliki implikasi yang besar dalam dunia pendidikan, karena jawaban atas pertanyaan tersebut akan berbeda jika ditanyakan kepada orang yang berbeda. Yang pasti, keberadaan ilmu tentang kurikulum telah membantu para pelaku
dan
pengambil
kebijakan
pendidikan
untuk
melakukan
perencanaan secara lebih sistematis guna memperoleh hasil pendidikan yang optimal. Di dunia akademik, wacana tentang kurikulum tidak hanya berputar pada materi yang harus diajarkan, tetapi telah menjadi sebuah sub disiplin ilmu yang menjadi kajian para akademisi. Salah satu contohnya adalah diterbitkannya buku Curriculum Developmen Developmen karya Laurie Brady pada tahun 1995. Seiring dengan berkembangnya berbagai disiplin ilmu pengetahuan, ilmu pendidikan pun mengalami perkembangan. Berbagai studi terhadap pola pengembangan kurikulum yang dilakukan semakin meningkatkan efektivitas penyelenggaraan pendidikan. Di samping itu, berbagai perubahan yang terjadi di lingkungan pendidikan dan di masyarakat juga memiliki implikasi yang terkadang cukup signifikan terhadap perubahan kurikulum. Oleh karena itu, tidak mengherankan jika kurikulum senantiasa mengalami perubahan dari waktu ke waktu, baik dari segi isi (konten) maupun dari segi kemasan (pola pengembangan) nya. Perubahan-perubahan kurikulum khususnya di Indonesia hampir terjadi setiap tahun hal ini terjadi karena iklim pembelajaran pada masingmasing
kurikulum
yang
telah
dikembangkan
belum
memberikan
perubahan yang signifikan terhadap iklim pembelajaran yang baik.
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Telaah Kurikulum
Beragam Makna Kurikulum
Pada diskusi pertemuan pertama perkuliahan Jurusan pendidikan biologi IAIN Mataram di kelas C dan D, diksusi berjalan dengan baik. Pokok bahasan yang didiskusikan adalah konsep kurikulum. Dalam peroses diskusi dutemukan berbagai pendapat tentang kurikulum itu sendiri. Kelompok presenter mengatakan bahwa makna kurikulum itu adalah sekelolpok mata pelajaran yang diajarkan di sekolah baik yang bersifat bidang studi ataupun kelompok mata pelajaran yang terpadui (istilah dalam KTSP). Dalam pandangan kelompok presenter tersebut memang ia ketika orang berbicara tentang kurikulum sekolah, maka makna yang seringkali digunakan adalah sekelompok mata pelajaran yang diajarkan di sekolah. Oleh karena itu, diskusi tentang kurikulum seringkali membatasi orang untuk berbicara tentang mata pelajaran di sekolah. Pendapat ini tentunya tidak dijastifikasi salah, tetapi juga bukan merupakan kebenaran yang mutlak. Kurikulum
sebagai
sebuah
kata
yang
diidentikkan
dengan
pendidikan memiliki makna yang sangat beragam sesuai dengan keberagaman latar belakang orang yang menekuni teori pendidikan. Kurikulum memiliki makna makna jika dipandang seca
etimologis. Kurikulum Kurikulum
yang dalam bahasa Inggris ditulis “curriculum” “ curriculum” berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu “curir” “curir” yang berarti “pelari”, dan “curere” “curere” yang berarti “tempat berpacu”. Tidak heran jika dilihat dari arti harfiahnya, istilah kurikulum tersebut pada awalnya digunakan dalam dunia Olah raga, seperti bisa diperhatikan dari arti “pelari “pelari dan tempat berpacu”, berpacu”, yang mengingatkan kita pada jenis olah raga Atletik. Sedangkan jika kurikulum dilihat dari sisi istilah Berawal dari makna “curir” “curir” dan “curere” kurikulum berdasarkan istilah diartikan sebagai “Jarak “Jarak yang harus ditempuh oleh seorang pelari
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Telaah Kurikulum
dan diartikan sebagai “Sejumlah “Sejumlah mata pelajaran yang harus ditempuh oleh seorang siswa dari awal hingga akhir program demi memeroleh ijazah” ijazah” Keberagaman makna kurikulum dilihat dari berbagai kajian para ahli salah satunya adalah Schubert, keragaman makna kurikulum dirangkum dalam delapan wajah kurikulum atau yang dia sebut sebagai “the “ the images of curriculum” , yaitu: Kurikulum bermakna mata pelajaran (content (content or subject matter ), kurikulum bermakna program atau aktivitas terencana ( program program or planned activities) activities), kurikulum bermakna hasil belajar yang diharapkan (intended (intended learning outcomes) outcomes), kurikulum bermakna reproduksi budaya
(cultural (cultural
reproduction) reproduction),
kurikulum
bermakna
pengalaman
(experience) experience), kurikulum bermakna tugas dan konsep tertentu (discrete (discrete task and concept ), and kurikulum bermakna agenda rekonstruksi social (agenda for social reconstruction) reconstruction ), dan kurikulum bermakna track yang dilalui (curere (curere)) (Schubert, 1986: 26-33). Hasil analisis Schubert di atas menjelaskan bahwa makna kurikulum tidak tunggal dan sederhana. Perbedaan padangan tentang kurikulum tidak berarti satu pandangan lebih baik atau lebih benar dari yang lain. Berbagai definisi tersebut memiliki konteksnya masing-masing yang dipengaruhi oleh pandangan orang terhadap teori pendidikan yang dipercayainya. John Dewey, misalnya meyakini bahwa pendidikan adalah proses belajar dari pengalaman yang dijumpai langsung oleh siswa. Oleh karenanya, kurikulum menurut Dewey adalah pengalaman siswa itu sendiri (curriculum (curriculum as experience). experience). Meski demikian, dapat juga dipahami bahwa pengertian kurikulum juga mangalami evolusi seiring dengan perkembangan ilmu pendidikan. Kurikulum yang secara tradisional dipahami sebagai sekumpulan mata pelajaran, saat ini dimaknai sebagai sebuah
rencana
lengkap
yang
mencakup
berbagai
komponen
pembelajaran. Dewasa ini pengertian kurikulum yang berkembang di Indonesia
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Telaah Kurikulum
kurikulum sebagai “seperangkat rencana dan pengaturan mengenai tujuan, isi, dan bahan pelajaran serta cara yang digunakan sebagai pedoman penyelenggaraan kegiatan pembelajaran untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan tertentu.” (UU No 20 tahun 2003). Selain pandangan di atas kurikulum berdasarkan para ahli dapat di artikan sebagai berikut;
J.Galen Saylor dan William M.Alexander dalam buku Curriculum Planning for Better Teaching and Learning (1956) menjelaskan arti kurikulum sebagai berikut: “The “The Curriculum is the sum total of school‟s efforts to influence learning, whwther in the classroom , on the playground, or out of school ”. ”. Jadi segala usaha sekolah untuk untuk mempengaruhi anak belajar, apakah dalam ruangan kelas, di halaman sekolah atau diluar sekolah termasuk kurikulum. Kurikulum meliputi juga apa yang disebut kegiatan ekstra-kurikuler.
Harold B. Albertsycs dalam Reorganizing Reorganizing the High School School Curriculum (1965) (1965) mengandung kurikulum sebagai “ all of the activities that are provided for students by the shcool ”. ”. Seperti halnya dengan definisi Saylor dan Alexander, kurikulum tidak terbatas pada mata pelajaran, akan tetapi juga meliputi kegiatan-kegiatan lain, didalam dan diluar kelas , yang berada di bawah tanggung jawab sekolah. Definisi melihat manfaat kegiatan dan pengalaman siswa diluar mata pelajaran tradisional.
J.Lloyd Trump dan Delmas F.Miller dalam buku SecondarySchool Improvemant (1973) juga menganut definisi kurikulum yang luas. Menurut mereka dalam kurikulum juga j uga termasuk metode mengajar dan belajar, cara mengevaluasi murid dan seluruh program, perubahan tenaga
pengajar,
bimbingan
dan
penyuluhan,
supervisi
dan
administrasi dan hal-hal struktural mengenai waktu, jumlah ruangan serta kemungkinan memilih mata pelajaran. Ketiga aspek pokok,
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Telaah Kurikulum
Smith dan kawan-kawan memandang kurikulum sebagai rangkaian pengalaman yang secara potensial dapat diberikan kepada anak , jadi dapat disebutkan potential curriculum. curriculum. Namun apa yang benar-benar dapat diwujudkan pada anak secara individual , misalnya bahan yang benar-benar diperolehnya, disebut actual curriculum Seperti yang telah diungkapkan di atas bahwa arti dan makna
kurikulum memiliki banyak tapsiran tergantung dari teori belajar yang dianutnya. Meskipun demikian pada prinsipnya bahwa keberadaan kurikulum
memiliki
peranan
yang
sangat
penting
dalam
proses
keberlansungan pembelajaran, hal ini dikarenakan karena kurikulum merupakan pedoman dalam melaksanakan proses pembelajaran.
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Telaah Kurikulum
Kurikulum sebagai Sebuah Proses
Sebagai bagian dari sebuah sistem pendidikan, kurikulum memiliki proses yang berkesinambungan. Secara sederhana, proses tersebut dapat dirumuskan dalam sebuah siklus berikut: Desai Inovasi/
Pen emban a Evaluas Im leme ementas tas Su ervis
Skema di atas menggambarkan bahwa kurikulum, sekurangkurangnya secara teoritis, dapat dipahami sebagai sebuah siklus yang terus bergerak dan berkembang selama prose pendidikan berlangsung. Siklus tersebut diawali dengan tahap desain. Pada tahap ini dirumuskan pola
kurikulum
yang
akan
dikembangkan.
Pola
dimaksud
akan
menentukan komponen-komponen kurikulum yang diperlukan, bagaimana komponen itu dikembangkan dan hubungan antara satu komponen dengan yang lainnya. Berikutnya adalah tahap pengembangan pengembangan.. Pada tahap ini kurikulum disusun dan dikembangkan sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan tujuan yang
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Telaah Kurikulum
Selanjutnya, untuk memastikan kesesuaian antara kurikulum yang diimplementasikan dengan konsepnya, maka supervisi menjadi bagian penting dari siklus ini. Setelah itu kurikulum dievaluasi guna memastikan bahwa kurikulum yang telah diimplementasikan dapat mengantarkan siswa untuk mencapai tujuan yang diharapkan. Lalu pada gilirannya, hasil evaluasi ini menjadi bahan untuk pengembangan kurikulum pada waktu berikutnya. Perlu dipahami bahwa siklus di atas merupakan penyederhanaan dari sebuah rangkaian proses kurikulum yang sesungguhnya terjadi di lembaga-lembaga yang terkait dengan dunia pendidikan formal. Di samping itu perlu juga dipahami bahwa pada kenyataannya jarang sekali perubahan kurikulum dilakukan berdasarkan hasil evaluasi. Perubahan kurikulum yang seringkali terjadi dilakukan atas dasar tren yang berkembang di dunia pendidikan ataupun kebijakan politik yang berimbas ke dunia pendidikan. Pergantian kurikulum di indonesia hampir terjadi setiap tahun dan setiap pergantian manteri pendidikan, ini menunjukkan bahwa kurikulum kita dikembangakan atas dasar tren dan ikut-ikutan, dan yang paling menonjol
adalah
kebijakan
politik.
Tentunya
pengembangan
dan
perubahan ini jelas tidak didasarkan atas hasil kajian dan evaluasi yang sesuai. Kenyataan Kenyataan ini tentunya berimbas pada dunia pendidikan kita.
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Telaah Kurikulum
Fungsi Kurikulum
Secara umum fungsi kurikulum adalah sebagai alat untuk membantu peserta didik untuk mengembangkan pribadinya ke arah tujuan pendidikan. Kurikulum adalah segala aspek yang mempengaruhi peserta didik di sekolah, termasuk guru dan sarana serta prasarana lainnya. Kurikulum sebagai program belajar bagi siswa, disusun secara sistematis dan logis, diberikan oleh sekolah untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan tertentu. Mc. Neil (1990) menjabarkan isi kurikulum memiliki empat fungsi yaitu :
Fungsi pendidikan umum (common and general education) education) Merupakan fungsi untuk mempersiapkan anak didik agar menjadi anggota masyarakat yang bertanggung jawab , menjadi warga negara yang baik dan bertanggung jawab. Karena itu kurikulum harus memberikan pengalaman belajar kepada anak didik agar mampu menginternalisaasi nili-nilai dalam masyarakat, memahami hak dan kewajibannya sebagai anggota masyarakat dan makhluk sosial, Fungsi ini harus ada dan diikuti setiap siswa di semua jenis dan jenjang pendidikan.
Fungsi Suplementasi (supplementation) supplementation) Kurikulum harus dapat memberikan pelayanan kepada setiap siswa sesuai dengan perbedaan kemampuan, minat, maupun bakat yang ada pada diri masing-masing siswa. Setiap siswa berhak menambah
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Telaah Kurikulum
dapat belajar sesuai dengan minat dan bakatnya tanpa ada paksaan. Fungsi ini merupakan pekerjaan yang tidak mudah, karena terkadang berlawanan dengan kenyataan, bahwa sering ada pemaksaan dari pihak-pihak tertentu, seperti orangtua, untuk memilih suatu pilihan yang sebenarnya tidak sesuai dengan minat dan bakat siswa. Para pengembang kurikulum harus dapat menggali bakat dan minat anak didik yang terkadang tersembunyi.
Fungsi keahlian (specialization) specialization) Kurikulum berfungsi untuk mengembangkan kemampuan anak didik dengan keahliannya yang didasarkan atas minat dan bakat anak didik. Kurikulum harus dapat memberikan pilihan berbagai bidang keahlian, seperti perdagangan, pertanian, industri atau disiplin akademik. Dengan bidang-bidang pilihan tersebut anak didik diharapkan memiliki keterampilan
sesuai
dengan
bidangnya.
Untuk
itu
dalam
pengembangan kurikulum perlu melibatkan para ahli atau spesialis untuk menentukan kemampuan yang harus dimiliki anak didik yang sesuai dengan bidang keahliannya. Alexander Inglis, dalam bukunya Principle of Secondary Education (1918),
mengatakan
bahwa
kurikulum
berfungsi
sebagai
fungsi
penyesuaian, fungsi pengintegrasian, pengintegrasian, fungsi diferensiasi, fungsi persiapan, fungsi pemilihan, dan fungsi diagnostik.
Fungsi Penyesuaian ( The Adjutive of Adaptive Function) Function) Individu hidup dalam lingkungan. Setiap individu harus mampu
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Telaah Kurikulum
Fungsi Integrasi (The Integrating Function) Function) Kurikulum berfungsi mendidik pribadi –pribadi –pribadi yang terintegrasi. Oleh karena individu sendiri merupakan bagian dari masyarakat, maka pribadi yang terintegrasi itu akan memberikan sumbangan dalam pembentukan atau pengintegrasian masyarkat
Fungsi Diferensiasi (The Differentiating Function) Function) Kurikulum perlu memberikan pelayanan terhadap perbedaan diantara setiap orang di masyarkat. Pada dasarnya, diferensiasi akan mendorong orang-orang berpikir kritis dan kreatif, sehingga akan mendorong kemajuan sosial dalam masyarakat. Akan tetapi, adanya diferensiasi tidak berarti mengabaikan solidaritas sosial dan integrasi, karena diferensiasi juga dapat menghindarkan terjadinya stagnasi sosial.
Fungsi Persiapan (The Propaedeutic Function) Kurikulum befungsi mempersiapkan siswa agar mampu melanjutkan studi lebih lanjut untuk suatu jangkauan yang lebih jauh, misalnya melanjutkan studi ke sekolah yang lebih tinggi atau persiapan belajar di dalam masyarakat.Persiapan kemampuan belajar lebih lanjut ini sangat diperlukan,mengingat sekolah tidak mungkin memberikan semua yang diperlukan siswa atau pun yang menarik perhatian mereka
Fungsi Pemilihan (The Pemilihan (The Selective Function) Perbedaan (diferensasi) dan pemilihan (seleksi) adalah dua hal yang
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Telaah Kurikulum
Fungsi Diagnostik (The Diagnostik (The Diagnostic Function ) Salah satu segi pelayanan pendidikan adalah membantu dan mengarahkan siswa untuk mampu memahami dan menerima dirinya, sehingga dapat mengembangkan seluruh potensi yang dimilikinya.Hal ini dapat dilakukan jika siswa menyadari semua kelemahan dan kekuatan yang dimilikinya melalui proses ekspolarasi.Selanjutnya siswa
sendiri
yang
memperbaiki
kelemahan
tersebut
dan
mengembangkan sendiri kekuatan yang ada. Fungsi ini merupakan fungsi diagnostik kurikulum dan akan membimbing siswa untuk dapat berkembang
secara
dilaksanakan
oleh
tersebut
optimal.Berbagai kurikulum
memberikan
secara
pengaruh
fungsi
kurikulum
tadi
keseluruhan.Fungsi-fungsi
terhadap
pertumbuhan
dan
perkembangan siswa, sejalan dengan arah filsafat pendidika dan tujuan pendidikan yang diharapkan oleh insitusi pendidikan yang bersangkutan.
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Telaah Kurikulum
Peranan Kurikulum
Berdasarakan hasil kajian dan diskusi kelompok 7 kurikulum memiliki tiga peran yang sangat penting, yakni peranan konservatif, peranan kritis atau evluatif, dan peranan kreatif. Ketiga peran tersebut akan di jabarjan secara mendalam sebagai berikut:
Peranan Konservatif Salah satu tanggung jawab kurikulum adalah mentransmisikan dan menafsirkan wariswan sosial bagi generasi muda. Dengan demikian, sekolah sebagai suatu lembaga sosial dapat mempengaruhi dan membina tingkah laku siswa sesuai dengan berbagai nilai sosial yang ada dalam masyarakat, sejalan dengan peranan pendidikan sebagai suatu proses sosial. Ini seiring dengan hakikat pendidikan itu sendiri, yang berfungsi sebagai jembatan antara siswa selaku anak didik dengan orang dewasa, dalam suatu proses pembudayaan yang semakin berkembang menjadi lebih kompleks. Oleh karenanya, dalam kerangka ini fungsi kurikulum menjadi teramat penting, karena ikut
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Telaah Kurikulum
proses pembembelajaran dengan menghubungkan materi yang diajarkan dengan kearifan lokal. Keraf (2002) mengatakan bahwa kearifan
lokal
adalah
semua
bentuk
pengetahuan,
keyakinan,
pemahaman atau wawasan serta adat kebiasaan atau etika yang menuntun perilaku manusia dalam kehidupan di dalam komunitas ekologis. Gobyah (2003) mengatakan kearifan lokal merupakan perpaduan antara nilai-nilai suci firman Tuhan dan berbagai nilai yang ada. Dengan terintegrasinya meteri pembelajara dengan kearifan lokal maka kebudayaan-kebudayaan daerah yang dapat membentuk karakter peserta didik tidak akan hilang. Sebagai salah satu contoh adalah S a b al , (Samawa) merupakan nasehat yang al o n g s a m a l e w a sebaiknya diindahkan dalam praktik keseharian, yaitu membangun dengan
kesimbangan.
Pendidikan
adalah
membangun
orang,
membangun manusia, seharusnya juga samalewa, semua aspek dibangun, yaitu sikap spritual, sikap sosial, pengetahuan, dan keterampilan. Dalam bahasa daerah lainnya adalah Ngawi Rawi Pahu (Dompu) yang memiliki arti Satunya Kata dan Perbuatan dalam
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Telaah Kurikulum
dan alu yang digunakan untuk menumbuk tadi, memberikan inspirasi mengenai peran guru dalam pendidikan. Kearifan lokal sebagai gabung nilai suci firman Tuhan dengan berbagai nilai yang ada yang dianut. dianut. penomena alam (Ayat Kauniah) “Ulat
yang
rakus
untuk
menjadi
kupu -kupu kupu-kupu
harus
melewati
fase“berpuasa” mengendalikan diri pada fase kepompong. Ayat -ayat tertulis (Qur‟aniyah) “Qur‟an-2: “Qur‟an-2: 178. Wahai orang beriman diwajibkan kepadamu berpuasa sebagaimana diwajibkan kepada orang sebelum kamu agar kamu menjadi orang yang bertaqwa” Sumber kajian makalah seminar utama Prof Muslimin Ibrahim, 2014.
Peranan Kritis dan Evaluatif Kebudayaan senantiasa berubah dan bertambah. Sekolah tidak hanya mewariskan kebudayaan yang ada, melainkan juga menilai dan memilih berbagai unsur kebudayaan yang akan diwariskan. Dalam hal ini, kurikulum turut aktif berpartisipasi dalam kontrol sosial dan memberi penekanan pada unsur berpikir kritis. Nilai-nilai sosial yang tidak sesuai lagi dengan keadaan di masa mendatang dihilangkan,
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Telaah Kurikulum
Komponen-komponen Komponen-komponen Kurikulum
Kurikulum dapat diumpamakan sebagai suatu organisme manusia ataupun binatang, yang memiliki susunan anatomi tertentu. Unsur atau komponen-komponen dari anatomi kurikulum yang utama adalah: Tujuan, isi atau materi, proses atau sistem penyampaian dan media, serta evaluasi. Keempat komponen tersebut berkaitan erat satu sama lain. Suatu kurikulum harus memiliki kesesuauian atau relevansi. Kesesuaian ini meliputi dua hal. Pertama kesesuaian antara kurikulum dengan tuntutan, kebutuhan, kondisi, dan perkembangan masyarakat. Kedua Kesesuaian antar komponen-komponen kurikulum, yaitu isi sesuai dengan tujuan, proses sesuai dengan isi dan tujuan, demikian juga evaluasi
sesuai
dengan
proses,
isi
dan
tujuan
kurikulum
(Sukmadinata, 2012)
Tujuan Dalam kurikulum atau kegiatan pembelajaran , tujuan memiliki peranan yang sangat penting, karena tujuan akan mengarahkan
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Telaah Kurikulum
Esa, berakhlak mulia, sehat, berilmu, cakap, kreatif, mandiri, dan menjadi warganegara yang demokratis serta bertanggungjawab. bertanggungjawab.
Tujuan Institusional, Tujuan pendidikan pendidikan tingkat satuan satuan pendidikan dasar dan menengah dirumuskan mengacu pada tujuan umum pendidikan. Tujuan pendidikan menengah adalah meningkatkan kecerdasan,
pengetahuan,
kepribadian,
akhlak
mulia,
serta
keterampilan untuk hidup mandiri dan mengikuti pendidikan lebih lanjut.
Tujuan mata pelajaran, misal Biologi SMA. Dalam Permendiknas no. 47 tahun 2008 tentang standar isi, mata pelajaran biologi bertujuan agar peserta didik memiliki kemampuan sebagai berikut.
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Telaah Kurikulum
sasarannya. Gagne dan Briggs mengemukakan lima kategori tujuan,
yaitu
intelectual
skills,
cognitive
strategies,
verbal
information, mottor skills and attitudes ( 1974.hlm.23-24) dalam Sukmadinata ( 2012: 103). Bloom mengemukakan mengemukakan tiga kategoroi kategoroi tujuan pembelajaran sesuai domein-domein perilaku, domein kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik.
Bahan Ajar
Sekuens Bahan Ajar Untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran yang telah ditentukan,
diperlukan bahan ajar. Bahan ajar tersusun atas topik-topik dan subsubtopik tertentu. Tiap topik atau subtopik mengandung ide-ide pokok
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Telaah Kurikulum
sebelum diberikan materi tentang cahaya. Masalah cahaya, pemantulan pembiasaan, dan alat-lat optik tersusun secara struktural.
Sekuens logis dan Psikologis. Psikologis. Bahan ajar disusun berdasarkan urutan logis dari bagian menuju pada keseluruhan, dari yang sederhana kepada yang kompleks, tetapi menurut sekuens psikologis sebaliknya dari keseluruhan menuju pada bagian, dari yang komplek kepada yang nyata. Menurut sekuens logis bahan ajar disusun dari dari yang nyata kepada yang abstrak, dari bendabenda kepada teori, dari fungsi kepada struktur, dari masalah bagaimana kemasalah mengapa.
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Telaah Kurikulum
mula harus dikuasai siswa, berturut-turut sampai dengan perilaku akhi. Gagne mengemukakn 8 tipe belajar yang tersusun secara hirarkis dari mulai yang paling sederhana: signal learning, stimulusrespons learning, motor-chain learning,verbal association, multiple discrimination, concept learning, prinsiple learning, dan problem solving
learning. learning. (Gane,
1970:63-64)
dalam
Sukmadinata
(2012:107).
Strategi Pembelajaran Pada saat menyusun sekuens suatu bahan ajar, maka juga harus
dipikirkan
strategi
dan
metode
yang
sesuai
untuk
menyampaikan bahan ajar yang sesuai dengan sekuens materi seperti
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Telaah Kurikulum
Rote Learning – Learning – Meaningful Meaningful Learning Dalam rote learning bahan ajar disampaikan kepada siswa tanpa memperhatikan arti atau aknanya bagi siswa. Siswa menguasai bahan ajar dengan menghafalnya. Dalam meaningful learning penyampaiana bahan mengutamakan maknanya bagi siswa. Menurut Ausebel and Robinson (1970:52-53) sesuatu bahan ajar bermakna bila dihubungkan dengan struktur kognitif yang ada pada siswa. Struktur kognitif terdiri dari fakta-fakta, data, konsep, proposisi, dalil, hukum dan teori-teori yang telah dikuasai siswa sebelumnya, yang tersusun membentuk sustu struktur dalam pikiran anak.
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Telaah Kurikulum
pembelajaran menjadi lima macam dan disebut Modes, yaitu interaksi insani, realita, pictorial, simbol tertulis dan rekaman suara.
Interaksi insani, yaitu komunikasi komunikasi langsung antara dua orang atau atau lebih
Realita, yaitu bentuk perangsang nyata seperti orang-orang,
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Telaah Kurikulum
Evaluasi ditujukan untuk menilai pencapaian tujuan-tujuan yang telah ditentukan serta menilai proses pelaksanaan pembelajaran secara keseluruhan. Tiap kegiatan akan memberikan umpan balik dalam proses pelaksanaan pembelajaran. Umpan balik tersebut digunakan untuk usaha penyempurnaan bagi perumusan tujuan
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Telaah Kurikulum
Desain Kurikulum
Kurikulum sebagai sebuah sub-sistem pendidikan terdiri atas berbagai komponen yang berhubungan satu dengan lainnya. Hubungan antar komponen ini dirumuskan melalui sebuah proses desain. Tujuan
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Telaah Kurikulum
kepentingan siswa. Ini dimaksudkan agar proses pendidikan yang dilangsungkan benar-benar untuk kepentingan siswa, sehingga siswa merasa terlibat (engaged (engaged ) penuh dalam proses pendidikan. Beberapa pola yang termasuk kategori ini adalah pola kurikulum berpusat pada anak didik (child-centered (child-centered ) dan kurikulum berpusat pada pengalaman
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Telaah Kurikulum
Pengembangan Kurikulum
Sebagaimana dikemukakan di atas, kurikulum terdiri atas berbagai komponen yang tak berkaitan satu sama lain dalam menentukan arah dan pelaksanaan
proses
pembelajaran.
Dalam
proses
pengembangan
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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