FBD^C_ZK C= ^rajlãedtcquks ok ld Zãbdjclctdtcag
C. Cgtraouftcag= Ld rãbdjclctdtcag ou pdtrceacgk jêtc quc kst okvkgu ug edrfbã cepartdgt ok ld fagstruftcag kg Dl`ãrck faeek î l'ãtrdg`kr. F'kst ugk apãrdtcag quc vcsk î deãlcarkr lks fagoctcags ok vck oks affupdgts taut kg prkgdgt lk sacg ok fagskrvkr lks fdrdftãrcstcquks o–dutbkgtcfctã o–dutbkgtcfctã quc fdrdftãrcskgt fk pdtrceacgk. p dtrceacgk.
Fkpkgodgt, l'appasctcag rãgavdtcag au rãbdjclctdtcag kst tau!aurs prãskgtk, fdr paur ok gaejrku" ed#trks o'auvrd`k kt ed#trks o'$uvrk, cl kst plus %dfclk ok oãealcr kt ok rkfagstrucrk quk ok rkstdurkr. &g prãtkgo dussc quk ld rãgavdtcag fatk eacgs fbkr quk ld rkstdurdtcag. (g %dct, lk fbac" rkl)vk ok gaejrku" %dftkurs * tkfbgcquks, ãfagaecquks, safcdu", bcstarcquks, kstbãtcquks, ktf. CC. Ld rãbdjclctdtcag ok jêtcekgts
F'kst ugk rkecsk du" gareks o'bdjctdjclctã dftukllk o'ug jêtcekgt dgfckg, eksurks o'dodptdtcag î oks o+s%agftcaggkekgts pdr k"keplk ous du" dlãds flcedtcquks, î ug trkejlkekgt ok tkrrk, ktf. &g ocstcg`uk plusckurs gcvkdu" ok rãbdjclctdtcag*
d. Zãbdjclctdtcag lã`ârk =
(llk fagfkrgk lks jêtcekgts saus ãqucpãs oagt ld strufturk partkusk gk prãskgtk pds ok %dcjlkssk pdrtcfulc)rk. (llk fagscstk î ugk rãar`dgcsdtcag oks kspdfks au î ugk deãlcardtcag ou fag%art tbkrecquk kt dfaustcquk. (llk taufbk * lks pkcgturks Lk gktta+d`k Lk rkepldfkekgt ok ld ekgucskrck. j. Zãbdjclctdtcag eaykggk =
(llk fagfkrgk lks ceekujlks quc okedgokgt l'deãlcardtcag ok fkrtdcg fag%art kt lk rkg%arfkekgt oks strufturks partkusks dcgsc quk lk fbdg`kekgt ok fkrtdcgs ãqucpkekgts * -ã%kftcag ok l'ãlkftrcfctã kt oks kgoucts Deãlcardtcag ou fag%art dfaustcquk Deãlcardtcag ou fagsaeedtcag tbkrecquk gstdlldtcag oks pc)fks o'kdu au o'dsfkgskur. f. Zãbdjclctdtcag laurok =
rkocstrcjutcag oks pc)fks, rã%kftcag oks tacturks, ãtdgfbãctã, ãtdgfbãctã, trdvdu" taufbdgt lks `ras $uvrks. o. Zãbdjclctdtcag kxfkptcaggkllk = (llk fagfkrgk lks jêtcekgts oagt ld strufturk partkusk kst sãrckuskekgt kgoaeed`ãk kt l'ãtdt o'usurk kst tr)s dvdgfã. l s'd`ct odgs fk fds ok rkg%arfkr ld strufturk au ok ld rkepldfkr. Fk t+pk ok trdvdu" okvrdct /trk rãskrvã î oks ãoc%cfks d+dgt oks qudlctãs rdrks au ugk s ctudtcag urjdcgk k"fkptcaggkllk.
L'ajmkftci iagodekgtdl fagscstk î ãlcecgkr lks dgaedlcks fagstruftcvks au %agftcaggkllks dffueulãks du faurs ou tkeps, î eaokrgcskr cgstdlldtcags, ãqucpkekgts kt ar`dgcsdtcag oks kspdfks, deãlcardgt dcgsc sag %agftcaggkekgt kt lk prãpdrdgt î ugk utclcsdtcag dftukllk. 4
CC.4. Zkstdurdtcag * (llk kst rãskrvãk du" jêtcekgts d+dgt ugk vdlkur bcstarcquk fkrtdcgk qu'cl s'd`ct ok rkekttrk kg ãtdt î l'cokgtcquk.
CC.:. Zãgavdtcag * (llk fagfkrgk lks apãrdtcags quc faeekgfkgt pdr ugk oãealctcag. (llks sagt scecldcrks du" apãrdtcags ok trdvdu" gku%s sc fk g'kst ld pbdsk ok oãealctcag kt ok lcjãrdtcag oks keprcsks %agfc)rks.
Ld rkstdurdtcag kt ld rãbdjclctdtcag sk ocstcg`ukgt pdr lkur rdppart î ld fagtcguctã kt du fbdg`kekgt. L'ugk kst oãvaluk du edcgtckg ok ld %arek jêtck, sdgs ã`dro pdrtcfulckr paur l'ãvalutcag ãvkgtukllk ok sag fagtkgu l'dutrk trdgs%arek ug jêtcekgt paur kg dftudlcskr î ld %acs lk pra`rdeek kt ld fagstruftcag. Fkttk eaoc%cfdtcag o'ug lcku k"cstdgt cepask oks drjctrd`ks kgtrk lks k"c`kgfks pdtrceagcdlks, safcdlks kt ãfagaecquks, quc gãfkssctkgt ld eãocdtcag o'ug dftk drfbctkfturdl %artkekgt keprkcgt ok fulturk.
CCC. ^rajlãedtcquk ok ld rãbdjclctdtcag
("cstktcl ug ãtdt coãdl oks fagstruftcags : 6autks lks fagstruftcags dgfckggks sk sagt eaoc%cãks du faurs oks ê`ks kg %agftcag oks vdrcdtcags safcala`cquks kt tkfbgcquks ou tkeps. &g pkut s'arckgtkr vkrs ugk dftudlcsdtcag ou pdtrceacgk kt sd ecsk kg vdlkur drfbctkfturdlk, kg utclcsdgt lks tkfbgcquks dgfckggks rktrauvãks edcs dussc lks tkfbgcquks gauvkllks pauvdgt s'cgtã`rkr odgs lk jêtc dgfckg.
CCC.4 Lk ocd`gastcf L–ãtuok ok ocd`gastcf kst lk pdssd`k ajlc`ã ok tautk rãbdjclctdtcag. (llk d paur jut ok pkrekttrk du ed#trk o–auvrd`k ok oãfcokr *
s–cl fagskrvk au gag l–ãoc%cfk, ok bcãrdrfbcskr lks prcarctãs o–cgvkstcsskekgt ok %c"kr lk pra`rdeek ok %c"kr lk pbdsd`k oks trdvdu"
? Lks ãtuoks ok ocd`gastcf pkrekttkgt ok rkgskc`gkr lk edçtrk ok l–auvrd`k sur l–ãtdt ou jêtcekgt kt sur ld idcsdjclctã ok l–apãrdtcag l–apãrdtcag kt agt paur ajmkt =
o–ãtdjlcr ug ãtdt oks lckux. Lk edçtrk ok l–auvrd`k d ld fbdr`k ok rkekttrk î ld edçtrcsk o–uvrk! taus lks rkgskc`gkekgts kg sd passksscag fagfkrgdgt lk jêtcekgt. Ld edçtrcsk o–uvrk kst fbdr`ãk! s– cl " d lcku! o–kiikftukr lks rklkvãs gãfkssdcrks î l–ãtdjlcsskekgt ok fkt ãtdt oks lckux #
ok iaurgcr ugk dgdl"sk ou iagftcaggkekgt urjdgcstc$uk kt ok ld pkrfkptcag drfbctkfturdlk ou jêtc kxcstdgt! dcgsc $uk pkrekttrk ugk ekcllkurk prcsk kg faeptk oks dttkgtks oks bdjctdgts kt usd`krs # %gk t"pala`ck oks jêtcekgts &eek fagtkepardcgs( kst cgocspkgsdjlk cgocspkgsdjlk paur ug jag ocd`gastcf ;dgs lk fdork o'ug ocd`gastcf, ugk dgdl+sk ou jêtc s'dv)rk cgocspkgsdjlk. (llk s'k%%kftuk pdr l'bcstacrk ou jêtcekgt 9 >
rkfbkrfbk o–dgfckgs pldgs, drfbcvks pbata`rdpbcquks, drfbcvks ãfrctks2 kt pdr sd t+pala`ck 9 pasctcaggkekgt oks ksfdlckrs, rãpdrtctcag oks auvkrturks kg %d3doks, faepasctcag oks fbdrpkgtks kt fauvkrturks, fagstctutcag oks pldgfbkrs2. ;k e/ek, lk rkfkgskekgt oks edtãrcdu" utclcsãs odgs ugk rã`cag, î ugk ãpaquk oãtkrecgãk, dppartk oks cgocfdtcags tr)s utclks 9pdg ok jacs, pcsã, pckrrk ok tdcllk, ktf2. L'dgdl+sk prkec)rk ou jêtc kst kgsuctk faeplãtãk pdr ug ãtdt oks lcku", fagscstdgt kg ug rklkvã oks ocekgscags, fdrdftãrcstcquks kt tkfbgcquks, stdjclctã, faepasctcag eurs = pldgfbkrs =fauvkrturk = fbdrpkgtk, ãtdt oks edtãrcdu", cgstdlldtcag tkfbgcquks, sagod`ks. (g pdrdll)lk î fk rklkvã cl skrd gãfkssdcrk ok sk paskr lks qukstcags ok ld %agftcag %uturk kt sks surfbdr`ks, ok ld ourdjclctã oks edtãrcdu" kt ou ea+kg passcjlk paur dppartkr ou fag%art.
ok prafãokr î ugk dgdl"sk tkfbgc$uk sur ld rãscstdgfk eãfdgc$uk oks strufturks kg pldfk kt sur ld fagiarectã oks ã$ucpkekgts tkfbgc$uks dux gareks kg vc`ukur! kt dux r)`lkekgts o–b"`c)gk kt ok sãfurctã # (llk vcsk ã`dlkekgt î sctukr ld oãedrfbk odgs ugk prajlãedtcquk ldr`k. L–cgtkrvkgtcag sur ug jêtcekgt k"c`k gag skulkekgt ugk dgdl+sk dppra%agock ok sag ãtdt pb+scquk kt oks fdusks ok sd oã`rdodtcag, edcs dussc ugk faggdcssdgfk ok sks usd`krs, ok sks eaoks ok `kstcag kt o–kgtrktckg, ok sag %agftcaggkekgt kt ok sag kgvcraggkekgt. Lk ocd`gastcf s–ãtkgo pdr fagsãqukgt î ug fbdep o–ãtuoks plus vdstk quk lks pdtbala`cks kt lks o+s%agftcaggkekgts ou jêtcekgt cl k"decgk l–ãvalutcag oks dttkgtks, kt dgdl+sk lks patkgtckls kt lks lcectks ou jêtc, paur luce/ek kt odgs sag fagtk"tk. Fkttk pbdsk kst o–dutdgt plus cepartdgtk quk ld %d3ag ok paskr ug prajl)ek oãtkrecgk kg pdrtck ld edgc)rk ok ld rãsauork.
ok pkrekttrk o–ãtdjlcr ug pra`rdeek iagftcaggkl o–utclcsdtcag ou jêtcekgt dcgsc $u–ugk kstcedtcag icgdgfc)rk kt o–kg oãoucrk oãoucrk ld idcsdjclctã ok l–apãrdtcag # ok prapaskr ãvkgtukllkekgt oks ãtuoks faeplãekgtdcrks o– cgvkstc`dtcag oks kxcstdgts. *
CCC.: !aok o"cgtkrvkgtcag sur lks ãoc#cfks
;dgs lks trdvdu" ok rãbdjclctdtcag strufturkllk oks jêtcekgts, cl fagvckgt ok spãfc%ckr fldcrkekgt l–aj!kftc% tkfbgcquk vcsã pdr l–cgtkrvkgtcag prapasãk. 6racs dpprafbks sagt passcjlks * 4. Ld rkstdurdtcag ok ld fdpdfctã partdgtk cgctcdlk ok l–ãlãekgt î rãbdjclctkr. l s–d`ct, ok %dct, ok fk quk gaus cgtkrprãtags bdjctukllkekgt faeek ãtdgt ld rãpdrdtcag ok l–ãlãekgt kgoaeed`ã >. L–du`ekgtdtcag ok ld fdpdfctã partdgtk ok l–ãlãekgt sur lkqukl gaus cgtkrvkgags, quc ãqucvdut `ãgãrdlkekgt du rkg%art ok l–ãlãekgt kgoaeed`ã 0. Lk rkepldfkekgt %agftcaggkl ok l–ãlãekgt pdr ug gauvkl ãlãekgt dssuedgt kgtc)rkekgt ld fdpdfctã partdgtk rkqucsk, sdgs rktcrkr gãfkssdcrkekgt l–ãlãekgt î rãbdjclctkr. 8ckg sr, lk fbac" ok l–dpprafbk oãpkgord oks k"c`kgfks eãfdgcquks rkqucsks dcgsc quk ok ld fdpdfctã î lks sdtcs%dcrk ok l–aj!kt ok l–cgtkrvkgtcag. CCC.$%ãraulkekgt ou prafkssus ok rãbdjclctdtcag = L'k"pãrckgfk dfqucsk, du faurs ou oãraulkekgt ok plusckurs apãrdtcags ok rãbdjclctdtcag, gaus fagouct î prapaskr ld prcsk kg faeptk o'ãlãekgts quc gaus pdrdcsskgt %agodekgtdu" odgs l'k"krfcfk o'ugk cg`ãgckrck spãfc%cquk* 0
&tdjlcsskekgt o"ug fdork ok pra`rdeedtcag =
Lks rãsultdts oks ocd`gastcfs prãdldjlks kt ok ld falldjardtcag dvkf lks oc%%ãrkgts rkspagsdjlks oacvkgt pkrekttrk ok oã%cgcr lks aj!kftc%s kt lks arckgtdtcags ou pra`rdeek kt ok %c"kr fkrtdcgks k"c`kgfks. &s'ucssk o"dvdgtpra(kt ok fagfkptcag =
5ur ld jdsk ok fks arckgtdtcags cl kst saubdctdjlk ok okedgokr du" fagfkptkurs o'k"plarkr oc%%ãrkgtks passcjclctãs ok trdgs%aredtcag kt ok %dcrk oks prapasctcags vcsdgt î faeplãtkr, prãfcskr lk fdork ok pra`rdeedtcag quc lkur ãtã %aurgc, edcs susfkptcjlk ã`dlkekgt o'/trk kg pdrtck rãarckgtãk. )ãrc#cfdtcag ok ld #dcsdjclctã =
7gk prãfagsultdtcag rkstrkcgtk oks kgtrkprcsks pkut dlars p krekttk ok s'dssurkr ok ld %dcsdjclctã oks dvdgt pra!kts, ok lks d!ustkr kg %agftcag oks oc%%cfultãs o c%%cfultãs ok rãdlcsdtcag qu'cls rcsqukgt ok susfctkr. Cg#aredtcag kt fagsultdtcag oks lafdtdcrks =
Lk fdork ok pra`rdeedtcag kt lks dvdgtpra!kts pkuvkgt /trk kgsuctk prãskgtãs du" bdjctdgts d%cg ok lks cg%arekr, ok faggd#trk lks rãdftcags susfctãks kt rkfukcllcr lkurs su``kstcags. &ldjardtcag ou pra`rdeek pravcsacrk =
Fks k"plardtcags pkrekttkgt ok rãdeãgd`kr lk pra`rdeek pravcsacrk, ok l'd%%cgkr kt ok l'kgrcfbcr kg + cgtã`rdgt lks ãlãekgts `ãgãrãs pdr lks pbdsks p bdsks prãfãokgtks. &ldjardtcag ou pra(kt ok fagfkptcag =
(g tkgdgt faeptk oks oaggãks rkfukcllcs, lks fagfkptkurs pkuvkgt ãtdjlcr lkur pra!kt ok fagfkptcag sdgs rcsqukr ok lk vacr rkecs kg fdusk au oãgdturã * 1dr lk ed#trk o'auvrd`k kstcedgt qu'cls agt edl cgtkrprãtã lk pra`rdeek • •
1dr lks kgtrkprcsks fagscoãrdgt quk sd %dcsdjclctã kst prajlãedtcquk
•
1dr lks bdjctdgts kt lks dutrks pdrtkgdcrks quc g'+ rktrauvkgt pds lkurs prãaffupdtcags. *rãskgtdtcag ou pra(kt rktkgu dux pdrtkgdcrks =
Lk pra!kt oã%cgctc% oact %dcrk l'aj!kt o'ugk ldr`k cg%aredtcag dupr)s oks pdrtkgdcrks d%cg qu'cls sk rkgokgt faeptk oks eaoc%cfdtcags dppartãks kg k"plcfctdgt lks rdcsags paur lksqukllks fkrtdcgks okedgoks g'agt pds pu /trk cgtã`rãks. Zkftc#cfdtcag lars ok ld rãfkptcag oks trdvdux =
Lars ok ld rãfkptcag oks trdvdu" cl fagvckgt ok %dcrk ugk ãvdludtcag ok l'apãrdtcag kt ok rkfukcllcr lks dvcs oks lafdtdcrks d%cg ok prafãokr î fkrtdcgs d!ustkekgt. ;ks aujlcs au oks krrkurs dppdrkeekgt ecgkurks pkuvkgt kgtrd#gkr l'cgsdtcs%dftcag oks lafdtdcrks au praoucrk rdpcokekgt oks oã`rdodtcags ou jêtc. *ra`rdeek past rãbdjclctdtcag kt d(ustkekgt ug dg dprâs ld rkecsk kg skrvcfk =
L'dfb)vkekgt ok ld rãbdjclctdtcag gk oact pds sk trdoucrk pdr ug rktrdct jrutdl ok sks praeatkurs. Fku"fc oacvkgt sucvrk l'ãvalutcag ou qudrtckr pkgodgt du eacgs ug dg kt rãd`cr rdpcokekgt î taut gauvkdu sc`gk ok oã`rdodtcag. Du jaut o'ug dg cl kst saubdctdjlk ok %dcrk lk pacgt ok ld sctudtcag, ok rkfukcllcr î gauvkdu lks dvcs oks bdjctdgts kt ok prafãokr du" d!ustkekgts gãfkssdcrks.
<
*rãocd`gastcf= 4 (tdt (tdt oks lcku" 4 -klkvãs ocekgscaggkls ou jêtcekgt k"cstdgt k"cstdgt 4 .gvkgtdcrks .gvkgtdcrks oks oãsarorks oãsarorks
%ãfcscag ok ld #dcsdjclctã
%cd`gastcf %ãtdcllã 4 (ssdc kt kt 5agod`k 5agod`k 4 -klkvãs ocekgscagggkls oãtdcllãs 4 .gvkstc`dtcag kt lafdlcsdtcag oks cgsu%%csdgfks
*rcsk ok oãfcscag oã#cgctcvk
,ag#artkekgt ok ld strufturk 4 ;c%%ãrkgts ;c%%ãrkgts rke)oks rke)oks 4 -ãdeãgd`k -ãdeãgd`kekgt ekgt
%assckrs o"ãxãfutcag o"ãxãfutcag
*ra`rdeek ok rãbdjclctdtcag
,bacx ok l"kgtrkprcsk
%ãedrrd`k kt sucvck oks trdvdux trdvdux
Zãfkptcag +c`urk = 1rafãourk o'ãldjardtcag o'ugk ãtuok ok rãbdjclctdtcag N
