Pré-projeto: A Engenharia de Produção como Sistema Ordenador dos Meios de Produção

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Tëacjk u2

K gc}káçf m` Lk~gfj0  (>443% a~cbf jfwwf#9 ―_***\ k gfj}~cnpcáçf mfw twcg÷efafw ` wfgc÷efafw jk Kmlcjcw}~káçf% {p` k}ã `j}çf `~k mflcjkmk tf~ `ja`jh`c~fw“% ~`bf~ák k hct÷}`w` mk jçf gf~~fnf~káçf jk l`mcmk `l {p` }~kjwlc}` mcr`~wkw cm`ckw gflf% tf~ `x`ltef% {p` `ja`jh`c~fw wçf gfj}~ë~cfw ä }`f~ck a`~ke mfw wcw}`lkw `% tf~}kj}f% kf cwflf~bcwlf `j}~` kw rë~ckw gcéjgckw (tf~ jçf }`~ kg`c}kmf fp npwgkmf gfj}~cnpcáçf jk `wgfek mkw ~`ekáð`w hplkjkw#? {p` k mflcjkáçf t~k}cgkmk t`ek kmlcjcw}~káçf% tfwwcr`el`j}` tf~ tfwwpc~ }`gjfefack lkcw krkjákmk% ã l`ehf~ {p` tf~ `ja`jh`c~fw? m` akjhk,t`~m` wfn~` k gk}`af~ck t~fbcwwcfjke {p` t`~lc}ck fp `~k cjgktky m` wpt`~k~ g~cw`w `gfjýlcgkw* @j}~`}kj}f% f gktp} mf k~}caf t~cl`c~f mk ~`wfepáçf jf >70 m` 43&FP]&;310 ~`{p`~ `wgek~`g`~ f {p` wçf }cmfw gflf l`cfw m` t~fmpáçf% tfcw% m` g`~}f lfmf% tfm` w`~ gfjbpjmcmf gfl f t~`rcw}f `l e`cw% m`g~`}fw ` m`ecn`~káð`w {p` m`bcj`l kw k}~cnpcáð`w mf kmlcjcw}~kmf~% `wt`gckel`j}`% k keìj`k ―n“ mf k~}caf >f mk e`c =*123 m` 43 w`} ;320 {p` t~`ré ―_***\% kmlcjcw}~káçf m` lk}`~cke *** kmlcjcw}~káçf m` t~fmpáçf _***\“? fp% kcjmk% gfl f t~`rcw}f tf~ Wkjm~fjc2 (L`cfw m` T~fmpáçf% ;333#9 Gfjipj}f bf~lkmf t`efw l`cfw m` }~knkehf ` t`ef fni`}f m` }~knkehf* Fw l`cfw m` }~knkehf cjgep`l fw cjw}~pl`j}fw m` t~fmpáçf (b`~~kl`j}kw% lë{pcjkw#% kw cjw}kekáð`w (`mcbìgcfw% wcefw% k~lkyãjw#% kw mcr`~wkw bf~lkw m` `j`~ack ` gflnpw}ìr`e ` fw l`cfw m` }~kjwtf~}`* F fni`}f m` }~knkehf ã f `e`l`j}f wfn~` f {pke fgf~~` f }~knkehf hplkjf9 k }`~~k ` kw lk}ã~ckw,t~clkw% kw ikycmkw lcj`~kcw ` fp}~fw ~`gp~wfw jk}p~kcw* F }`~lf bfc `eknf~kmf tf~ Lk~x% }f~jkjmf,w` m` pwf gf~~`j}` `l `gfjflck* F Jfrf Mcgcfjë~cf @e`}~ýjcgf Kp~ãecf1% bky pwf m` >> }÷tcgfw tk~k m`bcjc~ f rfgënpef ―l`cf“? hë > }÷tcgfw tk~k m`bcjc~ f rfgënpef ―k{pcef“? ;1 }÷tcgfw tk~k m`bcjc~ f rfgënpef ―bpjáçf“? 8 }÷tcgfw tk~k m`bcjc~ ―t~fmpáçf“? ;4 }÷tcgfw tk~k m`bcjc~ ―k}f“ ` ;2 }÷tcgfw tk~k ―`b`c}f“* Jf}klfw {p` tk~k f }`~lf ―l`cf“ k m`bcjcáçf ã m` plk bpjáçf `x`~gcmk tf~ keaplk gfcwk% ` tk~k ―t~fmpáçf“ f kp}f~ k}~cnpc ä káçf m` t~fmpyc~ ` ä{pcef {p` ã t~fmpycmf* ]kn`ek 7 ‗ M`bcjcáçf m` ]`~lcjfefackw ]`~lf L`cf

T~fmpáçf

―;4* K{pcef {p` `x`~g` plk bpjáçf cj}`~l`mcë~ck jk ~`kecykáçf m` keaplk gfcwk? _***\*“

K{pcef ã9 ―;* K{p`ek (w# gfcwk (w#“? Bpjáçf ã9 ―;* Káçf _***\“? Gfcwk ã9 ―>* Fni`}f Cjkjclkmf“?

―;* K}f fp `b`c} `b`c}f f m` t~fmpyc~% g~ck~% a`~k~% K}f ã9 ―>* Káçf“? `eknf~k~% ~`kecyk~*“? @b`c}f ã9 ―>* ^`wpe}kmf m` pl k}f {pke{p`~*“? ―>* K{pcef {p` ã t~fmpycmf fp bkn~cgkmf*“

L`cf L`cf / T~fmpáçf

K{p`ek gfcwk / Bpjáçf < Fni`}f

Fni`}f {p` l`m`ck k t~fmpáçf m` keapl fp}~f fni`}f < Fni`}f L`cf

Fni`}f L`cf / K}f (káçf t~fmp}crk# < L`cfw m` T~fmpáçf Fni`}f t~fmp}f~ (t~fi`}kmf tk~k t~fmpyc~# Bfj}`9 C~kj m` Tkpek ]fe`mf (>4;;#*

0

T~fb`wwf~ Pjcr`~wc}ë~cf? @x,T~`wcm`j}` mf CT@BK@? a~kmpkmf ` `wt`gckecw}k `l `gfjflck? l`w}~` `l @mpgkáçf% Kmlcjcw}~káçf ` Gflpjcgkáçf* 2 Wkjm~fjc ã a~kmpkmf `l `gfjflck ` kmlcjcw}~káçf* Kp}f~ m` mcr`~wkw fn~kw* T~fb`wwf~* 1 Jfrf Mcgcfjë~cf @e`}~ýjcgf Kp~ãecf ‗ Wãgpef XXC% r`~wçf 0*4 `m*7 (>44=#* ]FE@MF% C~kj m` Tkpek* T~fi`}f m` T`w{pcwk ‗ T÷w A~kmpkáçf ‗ Ek}f W`jwp `l @ja`jhk~ck m` T~fmpáçf* Lk~cjaë u T^% >4;;*

Tëacjk u1

K gflt~``jwçf w`apjmf fw `e`l`j}fw mkw bf~lkw m` cj}`~t~`}káçf8 {p` l`ehf~ tfm` `rc}k~ `~~fw a~kr`w% ~`wpe}kj}`w m` clt`~b`c}kw cj}`~t~`}káð`w3 ã k}~cnpc~ ä gflncjkáçf mfw rfgënpefw gf~~`wtfjméjgck ùjcgk;4 {pkjmf w` }~k}k~ m` `ja`jhk~ck m` t~fmpáçf* Kwwcl% m`bcjclfw {p` l`cfw l`cfw m` m` t~fmpáçf t~fmpáçf }~k}k,w` m`9 fni`}f `% wfl`j}` fni`}f (b`~~kl`j}k% `{pctkl`j}f% `{pctkl`j}f% cjw}~pl`j}f% lë{pcjk% pl efgke# {p` kb`}kmf ttf~ f~ t~fi`}f }f~jk,w` gktky m` t~fmpyc~ tk~k bcl `gfjýlcgf% jçf w` gfjbpjmcjmf gfl k{pcef {p` fw l`wlfw t~fmpy`l* ]fmf gfltfj`j}`% t`ák fp kg`ww÷~cf% gflnpw}ìr`e% `j`~ack% cjwplf% wpt~cl`j}f fp lk}ã~ck,t~clk j`g`wwë~cfw fp ù}`cw mc~`}k fp cjmc~`}kl`j}` kf t~ft÷wc}f mf fni`}f% jçf w` gfjw}c}p`l l`cfw m` t~fmpáçf% `lnf~k f cj}`a~`l fp f t`~l`c`l% kmlc}cjmf,w`% jf `j}kj}f% t~fmpáçf mcb`~`j}` mk{p`ek cjcgckel`j}` t~fi`}kmk m`wm` {p` tk~k bcl `gfjýlcgf gfl fp w`l t~ft÷wc}f m` epg~f* K }`~~k {p` t~fmpy% tf~ `x`ltef% ã pl l`cf m` t~fmpáçf jf {pke kw k}crcmkm`w mk ka~fjflck jçf w` gfjbpjm`l gfl k `ja`jhk~ck m` t~fmpáçf? tfm`l t~fmpyc~ tk~k bcl `gfjýlcgf fp jçf% gfl fp w`l epg~f* Kw rk~ckmkw bf~lkw m` }~fgk mk{pcef {p` ã t~fmpycmf fp m` k{pcwcáçf mf l`cf m` t~fmpáçf `l wc% jçf cjbep`jgckl ä wpk m`bcjcáçf% lkw tfm`l cjbep`jgck~ k wpk bcjkecmkm`* L`cf m` t~fmpáçf% }klnãl jçf npwgk gf~~`wtfjméjgck fp w` gfjbpjm` gfl gkm`ck t~fmp}crk fp gkm`ck m` wpt~cl`j}fw*

0* IPW]CBCGK]CRK K ipw}cbcgk}crk tf~ gf~~fnf~k~ gfl k ktecgkáçf mk }`gjfefack mk `ja`jhk~ck m` t~fmpáçf gflf gflt`}`j}` f~m`jkmf~k% lfjc}f~k `% fp t~cjgctke ~`wtfjwër`e tf~ keapl gfj}~fe` mfw l`cfw m` t~fmpáçf `w}ë jf kegkjg` mkw l`ehf~ckw {p` clt`mcmkw `% fp mcbcgpe}kmkw tf~ mcwgctecjkw mkw gcéjgckw wfgckcw jçf gfj}~cnpc tk~k l`ehf~k~ k `x}~káçf ` }~kjwbf~lkáçf ~kgcfjke mfw ~`gp~wfw* ]klnãl ã ipw}cbcgkmk t`ekw `xt`~céjgckw gf}cmckjkw (w`jwf gflpl# {p` cj{pc`}kl ` `w}clpekl k npwgk m` ~`wtfw}kw? f kegkjg` k }fmkw kw t`wwfkw `gfjflcgkl`j}` k}crkw fp jçf? tf~ cltecgk~ `l }`~ `x}cjapcmf ~`gp~wfw k}pkel`j}` cjmcwt`jwër`cw `% kcjmk jçf wpnw}c}pìr`cw fp ~`jfrër`cw% f lkp pwf ` mcw}~cnpcáçf m` ~`gp~wfw `% tf~ bcl% k ec}`~k}p~k {p` jçf knf~mk `wt`gcbcgkl`j}` f }`lk e`rkj}kmf% }f~jkjmf k t`w{pcwk cjãmc}k jf `jbf{p` wfn~` f }`lk `% tf~}kj}f% cjfrkmf~k*

2* FNI@]CRF A@^KE Gfeecw ` Hpww`s (>440% t* ;2# ktpm Wcerk ` P~nkj`woc (>443% t* >1# `jwcjkl {p` f fni`}crf mk t`w{pcwk tfm` w`~9 ) ^`rcwk~ ` wcj}`}cyk~ f gfjh`gcl`j}f `xcw}`j}`* ) Cjr`w}cak~ keaplk wc}pkáçf fp t~fne`lk t ~fne`lk `xcw}`j}`* ) Bf~j`g`~ wfepáð`w tk~k pl t~fne`lk* ) @xtef~k~ ` kjkecwk~ {p`w}ð`w lkcw a`~kcw* ) Gfjw}~pc~ fp g~ck~ pl jfrf t~fg`mcl`j}f fp wcw}`lk* ) @xtecgk~ pl jfrf b`jýl`jf* ) A`~k~ jfrf gfjh`gcl`j}f* ) Plk gflncjkáçf m` {pkcw{p`~ mfw m fw c}`jw kgclk*

8

Bf~lk ec}`~ke% a~klk}cgke% e÷acgk% wcw}`lë}cgk% hcw}÷~cgk% }`e`fe÷acgk ` wfgcfe÷acgk* Cj}`~t~`}káð`w m` }ctf m`gek~k}crk% ~`w}~c}crk `% fp `x}`jwcrk* ;4 @ww` `j}`jmcl`j}f jçf }`l f t~ft÷wc}f m` `jg`~~k~ f kwwpj}f `% fp% mk~ }pmf gflf r`~mkm` cjmpnc}ër`e* ]FE@MF% C~kj m` Tkpek* T~fi`}f m` T`w{pcwk ‗ T÷w A~kmpkáçf ‗ Ek}f W`jwp `l @ja`jhk~ck m` T~fmpáçf* Lk~cjaë u T^% >4;;* 3

Tëacjk u8

Npwgk,w` cjb`~c~ {p` k jçf ~`i`cáçf mk `ja`jhk~ck m` t~fmpáçf gflf gflt`}`j}` f~m`jkmf~k mfw l`cfw m` t~fmpáçf jçf `jgfj}~k km`{pkmk gf~~fnf~káçf `l mcwgctecjkw mkw gcéjgckw wfgckcw ‗ `;;% t~cjgctkcw k}f~kw m` gfj}`x}fw mk rcmk `l wfgc`mkm` m`wm` f ùe}clf wãgpef% aeklfp~ {p` ~`{p`~% m`w}kw% ~`wtfjwkncecmkm` gflte`l`j}k~ `% fp wpnwcmcë~ck* F fni`}crf a`~ke mf k~}caf gc`j}ìbcgf ã plk gflncjkáçf `j}~`9 ]kn`ek = ‗ Pl T~fne`lk m` @ja`jhk~ck ^`rcwk~ ` Wcj}`}cyk~

Cjr`w}cak~

Wfepgcfjk~

Gfjg`c}fw ` m`bcjcáð`w `jwcjkmfw t`ekw gcéjgckw wfgckcw ` {p` cjbep`jgckl k rcmk `l wfgc`mkm`*

Bpjmkl`j}fw% f~c`j}káð`w ` káð`w {p` mçf keapl jf~}` k f~akjcykáçf ` f bpjgcfjkl`j}f mk rcmk `l a~ptf*

F t~fne`lk fp wc}pkáçf {p` clt`m` fp t~`ipmcgk k `ja`jhk~ck m` t~fmpáçf m` ktecgk~ wpk }`gjfefack tk~k f~akjcyk~% lfjc}f~k~ `% fp `x`~g`~ keapl gfj}~fe` mfw l`cfw m` t~fmpáçf*

Bfj}`9 C~kj m` Tkpek ]fe`mf (>4;;#*

2*;* FNI@]CRFW @WT@GÌBCGFW ; ‗ Ktfj}k~ `e`l`j}fw mkw gcéjgckw wfgckcw;>% cajf~kmfw `% fp tfpgf `w}pmkmfw tf~ `w}kw ` {p` clt`m`l fp mcbcgpe}kl k m`t`jméjgck ~`gìt~fgk m` }fmkw kw mcwgctecjkw `% k j`g`wwcmkm` m` cj}`a~káçf `j}~` `ekw% `wt`gckel`j}` tk~k gfl k `ja`jhk~ck m` t~fmpáçf* > ‗ Cjw}cak~ äw gcéjgckw% m`w}kgkmkl`j}`% kw mcwgctecjkw m` `gfjflck% kmlcjcw}~káçf% gfj}ën`cw% mc~`c}f% wfgcfefack% tfeì}cgk ` lk~o`}cja tkwwk~`l k jçf m`wgfjwcm`~k~ keapl `w}pmf wfn~` f gpw}f% cjgepwcr` wfgcke% `gfjýlcgf ` tfeì}cgf tf~ jçf gf~~fnf~k~ gfl k ktecgkáçf mk }`gjfefack mk `ja`jhk~ck m` t~fmpáçf tk~k f~m`jk~ fw l`cfw tk~k k `x}~káçf ` }~kjwbf~lkáçf ~kgcfjke m` ~`gp~wfw* 7 ‗ ^`rcwk~ k ~`ekáçf `% fp gf~~`wtfjméjgck `j}~` fw gfjg`c}fw ` m`bcjcáð`w {p` cjwtc~kl mcwgctecjkw mkw gcéjgckw wfgckcw% kw wpkw t~ë}cgkw ` cjwpg`wwfw `l bkg` mk cjktecgkncecmkm` mk }`gjfefack mk `ja`jhk~ck m` t~fmpáçf tk~k f~m`jk~ fw l`cfw m` t~fmpáçf*

1* L@]FMFEFACK F lã}fmf gpif aéj`~f ã f m`wg~c}crf `% f }ctf `xtef~k}÷~cf {p` gfjwcw}` `l fnw`~rk~% ~`acw}~k~ ` kjkecwk~ wçf fw `lt~`akmfw% tf~{p` w` }~k}k m` pl k~}caf k~}caf m` m` ~`rcwçf ~`rcwçf% ~`rcwçf gpif }ctf m` t`w{pcwk ktecgkmk ã k ncnecfa~ëbcgk% ncnecfa~ëbcgk {p` Wcerk ` P~nkj`woc (>443% t* ;0% a~cbfw mf kp}f~#% jfw `jwcjkl9 ―}`l gflf t~ft÷wc}f ~`wplc~% kjkecwk~ ` mcwgp}c~ cjbf~lkáð`w ië tpnecgkmkw {p`% a`~kel`j}`% ~`wpe}kl m` ~`rcwçf m` }~knkehfw ië tpnecgkmfw% ~`rcwð`w ncnecfa~ëbcgkw“* F aéj`~f mf lã}fmf `lt~`akmf ã f t~fg`mcl`j}ke% lpc}f `lnf~k }`jhk keaplk w`l`ehkják gfl f m` knf~mka`l% w`jmf mcb`~`jgckmf t~cjgctkel`j}` t`ef }ctf {p` ã ncnecfa~ëbcgf* F aéj`~f mf }ctf m` t`w{pcwk ã k cjmc~`}k ` f wpn}ctf ã k ncnecfa~ëbcgk* [pkj}f kf t~fg`mcl`j}f m` kjëecw` `w}ë cjw`~cmf jk lfmkecmkm` m` ―kjëecw` {pkec}k}crk“ `% }ctcbcgkmk gflf kjëecw` m` gfj}`ùmf* M`j}~` fw cjw}~pl`j}fw m` gfe`}k m` mkmfw% b`y,w` pwf mkw ncnecfa~ëbcgkw ` m` tpnecgkáð`w jk cj}`~j`} (}`w`w% k~}cafw gc`j}ìbcgfw% lfjfa~kbckw `l a`~ke% k~}cafw m` t`~c÷mcgfw% gfj}`ùmfw `wt`gìbcgfw m` ;; ;>

Jçf ã fni`}f m`w}` `w}pmf% jf `j}kj}f% t~`wwptð`,w` {p` k wfgc`mkm` ~`geklk tf~ keaplk mcwgctecjk eìm`~*

Bpjmkl`j}f `jgfj}~kmf jk ]`f~ck A`~ke mfw Wcw}`lkw* N@^]KEKJBBS% Ok~e Epmqca Rfj* @m* Rfy`w% ;310* ]FE@MF% C~kj m` Tkpek* T~fi`}f m` T`w{pcwk ‗ T÷w A~kmpkáçf ‗ Ek}f W`jwp `l @ja`jhk~ck m` T~fmpáçf* Lk~cjaë u T^% >4;;*

Tëacjk u3

mcwgctecjkw m` cjw}c}pcáð`w m` `jwcjf#% gfjbf~l` `jwcjk Wcerk ` P~nkj`woc (>443% t* 00#* F t~fg`mcl`j}f `lt~`akmf t`ef t`w{pcwkmf~ ã k `xkpw}crk ` k}`j}k e`c}p~k mkw fn~kw ec}`~ë~ckw% cjgepìmkw kw tpnecgkáð`w jk cj}`~j`}% gpif ~caf~ tk~k w`e`áçf mkw bfj}`w e`rfp k ~`mpyc~ fp w`e`gcfjk~ k{p`ekw gpifw kp}f~`w `xt~`wwkrkl keapl w`j}cl`j}f m` cmfj`cmkm` {p`~ w`ik t`ek tftpek~cmkm` mf l`cf `e`}~ýjcgf ~`wtfjwër`e t`ek mcrpeakáçf% fp mk `xt~`wwcrcmkm` (kgkmélcgk `% fp t~fbcwwcfjke# mf kp}f~ t~ft~c`}ë~cf mk tpnecgkáçf* Tk}fefack ` ~`a~kw l`}fmfe÷acgkw w`apjmf k }`f~ck mkw gcéjgckw hplkjkw9 ]kn`ek 0 ‗ Tk}fefack ` ~`a~kw l`}fmfe÷acgkw L`}fmfefack

Bpjmkl`j}káçf à f t~fg`wwf m` m`gfltf~ `xt~`wwð`w gfl nkw` `l }ãgjcgkw bf~lkcw fp mk t~÷t~ck ecjapka`l jk}p~ke* @w}pmk k }`f~ck mk cj}`~t~`}káçf ` `jaefnk jçf wfl`j}` }`x}fw `wg~c}fw% lkw }klnãl }pmf {p` hë jf t~fg`wwf cj}`~t~`}k}crf* à f lfmf m` t`jwk~lfw kw gfj}~kmcáð`w mk ~`kecmkm`* K mckeã}cgk  ‗ fnw`~rk Gk~efw J`ewfj Gfp}cjhf Gfp}cjh f ‗ ―jçf t`jwk f }fmf j`akjmf kw tk~}`w% j`l t`jwk kw tk~}`w knw}~kìmkw mf }fmf* _***\“

Kjkeì}cgk H`~l`jép}cgk Mckeã}cgk

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Bpjmkl`j}káçf

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Lã}fmf {p` npw Lã}fmf npwgk gk k gfjg gfjgceck ceckáçf áçf m` }`f~ }`f~ckw ckw mcw} mcw}cj}k cj}kw* w* Lã}fmf `l {p` }`f~ckw ` wcajcbcgkmfw gflte`xfw tfm`l w`~ ^`mpgcfjcwlf `xt~`wwfw `l pjcmkm`w mcb`~`j}`w ` lkcw wclte`w* Nkw`ck,w` jk `xcw}éjgck m` mfcw t~cjgìtcfw ftfw}fw ` cjgfjgcecër`cw? Mpkecwlf c~~`mp}ìr`cw `j}~` wc? cjgktky`w m` plk wìj}`w` bcjke* Bfj}`9 C~kj m` Tkpek ]fe`mf ]kn`ek 1 ‗ [pkm~f Wcj}ã}cgf m` Fn~kw Gfjwpe}kmkw W[

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40 4; 47 4= ‗ 4; ‗ ‗ 42

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