Persaingan Dominasi Tiongkok dan Amerika Serikat di Asia Pasifik: Kemungkinannya untuk Menjadi Perang Terbuka

JFJ 6 \NDMF@^H^FD 6.6.

Hftfr Jnhfbfda

Bfwfsfd Fscf mfpft mcsnjut snjfafc bfwfsfd yfda endifmc frndf pnrnjutfd pndafru` anopohctcb ftfu snrcdabfhc mcsnjut snjfafc t`n arfdm k`nssjofrm gor anopohctckfh  anopohctckfh  struaahns  struaahns.6 Bfwfsfd cdc endifmc ruef` jfac jnjnrfpf bnbuftfd jnsfr snpnrtc Inpfda mfd ]cdabob snrtf endifmc frndf pndynjfrfd pndafru` Fenrcbf [nrcbft (snhfdiutdyf fbfd mcscdabft F[) mc Fscf ]ceur ]ceur yfda mfpft iuaf mcsnjut snjfafc pnefcd rnacodfh buft mc bfwfsfd tnrsnjut. Ecdcedyf rfsf pnrfyf fdtfr bnbuftfd jnsfr tnrsnjut endynjfjbfd rfpu`dyf mcdfecbf bnfefdfd mfd  pohctcb mc bfwfsfd. !frcsfd !frcsfd pnrfda mcdacd snpnrtc bod"hcb ]codabob#]fcwfd ]codabob#]fcwfd mfd Bod"hcb mc [nendfdiuda Bornf efsc` enda`fdtuc bnrif sfef bnfefdfd mc bfwfsfd cdc. [nhfcd ctu$ tnrmfpft jnjnrfpf pnrsndabftffd bhfce tnrctorcfh mfd suejnr mfyf mc bfwfsfd cdc snpnrtc sndabntf %fut &`cdf [nhftfd fdtfrf ]codabob mndafd jnjnrfpf dnafrf F['F$ pnrnjutfd  puhfu cfoyutfc ([`ndbfbu) efupud %fut &`cdf ]ceur fdtfrf ]codabob mfd Inpfda snrtf  pnrnjutfd bfwfsfd ]obmo (]fbns`cef) (]fbns`cef) fdtfrf Inpfda Inpfd a mfd Bornf [nhftfd. Bnjfdabc Bnjfdabctfd tfd ]codab ]codabob ob mfrc snac nbodoec nbodoec mfd fdabftfd fdabftfd echctnr echctnrdyf dyf fb`cr#f fb`cr#fb`cr b`cr cdc endifmc fdfefd jfac dnafrf#dnafrf bfwfsfd. *fh cdc mcsnjfjbfd ohn` bnjcifbfd ]codabob  yfda ndmnruda farnsc" mfd +tcmfb rfef`, mndafd dnafrf#dnafrf tntfdaafdyf. *fh cdc mfpft mchc`ft mfrc scbfp ]codabob bnpfmf jnjnrfpf dnafrf pndabhfce %fut &`cdf [nhftfd snpnrtc -cntdfe mfd chcpcdf yfda mcfdaafp burfda sncejfda mfhfe `fh bnbuftfd echctnr efupud nbodoec. ]codabob ndmnruda endaanrtfb mfd endaftfbfd jf`wf efsfhf` mc hfut &`cdf [nhftfd `fdyf mfpft mcsnhnsfcbfd mndafd ‘gor t`n soudms og kfddods― ftfu mndafd bnbuftfd echctnr ./ 
-oh. =$ o.

=$/>$ `fh. 6/7#610.

rnfsods %`y [out`nfst Fscf cs %fry fjout fjout K`cdf $ : $n%s Fdfhyscs& 'c"n rnfsods

]`n Ifbfrtf $ `ttp399e.t`nifbfrtfpost.oe9dnws9/66969=69"c2n `ttp399e.t`nifbfrtfpost.oe9dnws9/66969=69"c2n#rnfsods#w`y#sout`nfst#fscf# #rnfsods#w`y#sout`nfst#fscf# wfry#fjout#`cdf.`teh. 6

]codab odabob ob.. Bnjc Bnjcif ifbf bfd d hufr hufr dnan dnanrc rc ]codab odabob ob iuaf iuaf ndm ndmnr nrud uda a jnrs jnrsc" c"ft ft nbsp nbspfd fdsc sc"" mfd mfd nbspfd nbspfdsco scodcs dcs.. ndaf ndafd d bnyfbc bnyfbcdfd dfd fbfd fbfd cmndt cmndtct ctfs fs snjfaf snjfafcc dnafrf dnafrf yfda yfda sfdaf sfdaftt buft buft cdc$ cdc$ endy endynj njfj fjbf bfd d ]coda codabo bob b enec enechc hcbc bc froa froafd fdsc sc mfd mfd fejc fejcsc sc udtu udtub b enhn enhnjf jfrb rbfd fd wchf wchfyf yf` ` bnbufsffddyf mc bfwfsfd %fut &`cdf ]ceur mfd %fut &`cdf [nhftfd. [nhfcd ctu$ bnjutu`fd fbfd suejnr mfyf fhfe mfd ndnrac yfda jnsfr jfac cdmustrc ]codabob yfda snmfda efiu pnsft endynjfjbfd ]codabob tfb snafd#snafd endfphob wchfyf` dnafrf hfcd snpnrtc bnpuhfufd [prfthy mfd
Zueusfd Efsfhf`

Fpfbf` pnrnjutfd moecdfsc fdtfrf ]codabob mfd Fenrcbf [nrcbft mfpft jnrpnhufda endifmc pnrfda tnrjubf mc bfwfsfd Fscf8

:

JFJ ; C[C ;.6. Bnfdab!tfd "!#dab#b $! Bf%fsfd Fs!f \fs!&!b 

L trchcud$ pnrmfafdafd hufr dnanrc dfcb mfrc J/.> echcfr endifmc J6.6L trchcud$ pndmfpftfd pnrbfpctf dfcb mfrc J67 sfepfc hnjc` mfrc J6./ mfd pfdasf nbodoec ahojfh tueju` mfrc snbctfr 6K endifmc `fepcr 1K. [nhfef muf mnbfmn tnrfb`cr$
Ios`uf 'csndefd$ Frc *nacdjot`fe mfd nrnb Ect`nhh$ K`cdf mfd ]`n Mn"nhopcda (orhm& Morb3 E.' [`frpn$ /?) `fh. ;c2 cdtromutcod.  Jnc)cda*s  Jnc)cda*s [trftnay [trftnay 'or t`n ]%ndty+gcrst ]%ndty+gcrst Kndtury $ (nw Morb3 = Cjcm.

;

dnafrf dnafrf mfd orafdcs orafdcsfsc fsc rnacodfh rnacodfh snjfafc snjfafc ectrf ectrf strftnac strftnacs. s. [nsufc [nsufc mndafd mndafd pnransn pnransnrfd rfd cdc$ cdc$ ]codab ]codabob ob euhfc euhfc endanej endanejfdab fdabfd fd bnefepu bnefepufd fd fdabftfd fdabftfd hfutdyf$ hfutdyf$ enhfbub enhfbubfd fd eomnrdc eomnrdcsfsc sfsc pnsfwft pnsfwft tnepurdy tnepurdyff mfd eneutus eneutusbfd bfd udtub  udtub  endafbucscsc snjuf` bfpfh cdmub.? !fhfupud mcbfjfrbfd mfhfe L tf`ud tnrfb`cr pnrtueju`fd nbod nbodoe oecc ]coda codabo bob b enhf enhfej ejft ft$$ jf`b jf`bfd fd mftf mftf pnen pnenrc rcdt dtf` f` ]coda codabo bob b pfmf pfmf tf`u tf`ud d /61 /61 endyf endyftfb tfbfd fd pnrtu pnrtuej eju`f u`fd d nbodoe nbodoecc ]codab codabob ob `fdyf `fdyf snjn snjnsfr sfr ?$1 ?$1 pnrsnd pnrsnd0$ enrup enrupfbf fbfd d  pnrtueju`fd nbodoec ]codabob yfda tnrndmf` snifb tf`ud 677$ tcmfb enejuft ]codabob   jnr`ndtc enejfdaud mfhfe m fhfe "fbtor pnrtf`fdfd mfd bnfefdfd. &ctf#c &ctf#ctf tf ]codab ]codabob ob udtub udtub endacej endacejfdac fdac bnbuftfd bnbuftfd F[ mfd enda`ch enda`chfdab fdabfd fd scstne scstne udcpohfr mc mudcf tnhf` enejuftdyf jnactu tnrojsnsc mndafd eomnrdcsfsc fdabftfd pnrfda snfrf jnsfr#jnsfrfd. jnsfr#jnsfrfd. [nhfcd ctu$ ]codabob ]codabob iuaf tnrojsnsc mndafd pndynjfrfd pndafru`dyf mc bfwfsfd bfwfsfd Fs Fscf cf mndafd mndafd frf#fr frf#frff yfda yfda jcsf mcjchfda mcjchfda endafdf endafdfe e bnmfuhft bnmfuhftfd fd dnafrf dnafrf hfcd. hfcd. [njfafc odto`$ bfsus %fut &`cdf [nhftfd mfd %fut &`cdf ]ceur. ]ceur. fhfe bfsus cdc ]codabob  ]codabob  > Cjcm $

`fh. 67L.

7 
:`fo :`cycd mfd %uo Moda$ Moda$ K`cdf*s $ftcodfh Mngndsn  ([cdafporn3 &ndafan %nfrdcda$ /6) `fh. 7/.

1

[feunh <. *udtcdatod$ ]`n Khfs` og Kc"chc,ftcods fdm t`n Znef-cda og (orhm Ormnr  (nw  (nw Morb3 [ceod fdm [`ustnr$ 6770) `fh. /6L.

]nrndmf` dmf` [nhfef ./ ]f`ud ]f`ud$ 0 !nrtueju`fd -odoec Kcdf ]nrn

/6L$ www.jj.oe. www.jj.oe. =

& @dmodnscf$ mcfbsns pfmf > Ifdufrc$

 jnrscdaaudafd mndafd dnafrf#dnafrf F['F$ Inpfda mfd ]fcwfd$ ]fcwfd$ yfda efdf cdc jcsf mcjchfda `fepcr sntndaf` mfrc dnafrf mc bfwfsfd Fscf. ]cmfb tfdaauda#tfdaauda$ udtub mfpft enendfdabfd bfsus cdc ]codabob pfmf / Ifdufrc /6> schfe enejndtub tcaf udct jfru mfhfe mfhfe echctnr echctnrdyf dyf mfd fbfd enepnrj enepnrjfruc fruc pnrfdabf pnrfdabftt echctnr echctnr snrtf snrtf eneomnr eneomnrdcsf dcsfsc sc strubtur  strubtur  boefdmo fdabftfd jnrsndiftf. ]caf udct tnrsnjut fmfhf` udct boefdmo ueue udtub tndtfrf$ fdabftfd rumfh mfd pfsubfd pndmubuda strftnacs jfac tndtfrf pnejnjfsfd rfbyft9<%F.7 Bnjfd Bnjfdabc abctf tfd d moe moecd cdfsc fsc ]codab codabob ob mc bfwf bfwfsfd sfd mfpft mfpft mcjchf mcjchfda da hnjc` hnjc` ndmnr ndmnruda uda endab`fwftcrbfd endab`fwftcrbfd dnafrf#dnafrf dnafrf#dnafrf tntfdaaf mfd eudabcd mfpft enda`chfdabfd mubudafd mfrc dnafrf#d dnafrf#dnafr nafrff mc bfwfsfd bfwfsfd bfrndf bfrndf bnjfdabc bnjfdabctfd tfd moe moecdfs cdfscc ]codab ]codabob ob tcmfbhf` tcmfbhf` enrfdab enrfdabuh uh dnafrf#d dnafrf#dnafr nafrff tntfdaaf tntfdaafdyf dyf tntfpc tntfpc iustru iustru endafd endafdfe. fe. &odto`d &odto`dyf yf jfru#jfr jfru#jfru u cdc -cntdf -cntdfe e endumu` ]codabob tnhf` enhfdaafr bnmfuhftfd mfd pfbtf bnpnrfyffd (EoN) bfrndf tnhf` endmfrftbfd pnsfwft pfmf hfdmfsfd yfda mcjfdaud mc snjuf` puhfu juftfd mc wchfyf` yfda endifmc sndabntf mc %fut &`cdf [nhftfd. -cntdfe pud tnhf` endacrcebfd dotf protns bn Bnmutffd nsfr ]codabob ]codabob mfd enecdtf nanrc ]crfc ]crfc feju ctu udtub tcmfb endauhfdacdyf endauhfdacdyf hfac. hfac. *fdoc *fdoc endchfc endchfc pndnrjfd pndnrjfdafd afd ctu snjfafc snjfafc pnhfdaa pnhfdaafrfd frfd snrcus snrcus bnmfuhft bnmfuhftfd fd -cntdfe cntdfe mc Bnpuhfufd [prfthc yfda efsc` mcsndabntfbfd. feud$ snpnrtc jcfsfdyf$ Bnendtnrcfd %ufr   nanrc ]codabob endohfb protns ctu mfd endaftfbfd jf`wf fpf yfda mchfbubfddyf fmfhf` uic tnrjfda bn hfpfdafd tnrjfda yfda jfru mcjfdaud mc snjuf` puhfu bfrfda. ]codabob iuaf endyftfbfd jf`wf `fh ctu mchfbubfd mc mfhfe wchfyf` bnmfuhftfddyf.6 [nendtfrf ctu$ pfmf nsnejnr /6L hfhu
& @dmodnscf$ mcfbsns pfmf > Ifdufrc$ /6L$ `ttp399e.ddcdmodnscf.oe9cdtnrdfscodfh9/6>66//?/#66= `ttp399e.ddcdmodnscf.oe9cdtnrdfscodfh9/6>66/ /?/#66=#66>09`cdf#jndtub#tcaf#ud #66>09`cdf#jndtub#tcaf#udct# ct# echctnr#jfru9. :cntdfe !rotns !nsf%ft K`cdf 6ndmfrft mc [prfthy $ 6< :cntdfe

[cdmonws.oe$ mcfbsns pfmf > Ifdufrc$ /6>$ `ttp399cdtnrdftcodfh.scdmodnws.oe9rnfm96?1L>9192 `ttp399cdtnrdftcodfh.scdmodnws.oe9rnfm96?1L>9192cntdfe#protns#pnsfwft#`cdf#endmfrft# cntdfe#protns#pnsfwft#`cdf#endmfrft# mc#sprfthy#61L6?70L11. >

 pnrsnd mfrc /6L. $ fdaafrfd jnhfdif echctnr Inpfda fbfd endfpfc N[1/ echcfr  ftfu snbctfr CpL?/ trchcud.66 ]nrhnjc` hfac$ bfrndf snifrf` farnsc echctnr Inpfda tnr`fmfp ]codabob$ ]codabob snfbfd enepudyfc mndmfe tnrsndmcrc mndafd Inpfda mfd mfrc ctu puhf ]codab ]codabob ob jnactu jnactu enepnr` enepnr`ftcb ftcbfd fd pnrbnej pnrbnejfdaf fdafd d echctnr echctnr Inpfda Inpfda tnrefbsu tnrefbsum m bnrifsfe bnrifsfefdyf fdyf mndafd F[.6/ ]cmfb `fdyf ctu$ scbfp ]codabob cdc iuaf enejuft efsyfrfbft mc dnafrf chcpcdf bntfbutfd. nhfpfd mfrc 6 wfraf chcpcdf b`fwftcr sndabntf wchfyf` mc %fut &cdf [nhftfd mfpft endynjfjbfd bod"hcb jnrsndiftf mndafd ]codabob. fmfd#jfmfd
Bnjfdabctfd F[ snjfafc dnafrf fmcmfyf pfsf =nt F[# B':'.oe$ 66 6ndafdtcscpfsc F; K`cdf#

mcfbsns pfmf > Ifdufrc$ /6>$ `ttp399dnws.obnodn.oe9rnfm9/6L96/9/1 `ttp399dnws.obnodn.oe9rnfm9/6L96/9/196096/?1>09endafdtcscpfsc#fh#`cdf#inpfda# 96096/?1>09endafdtcscpfsc#fh#`cdf#inpfda#  joroda#mrodn#int#fs8pfanH6. 6: ftns

Gchh$ Zcscda [tfr& K`cdf*s (!fs`cdatod3 roobcdas @dstctutcod K`cdf*s $n% $n% [nkurcty Mcphoefky (!fs`cdatod3
 pfmf > Ifdufrc$ /6>$ `ttp399dfscodfh.rnpujhcbf.o.cm9jnrctf9dfscodfh9`ubue96L9>9679dA `ttp399dfscodfh.rnpujhcbf.o.cm9jnrctf9dfscodfh9`ubue96L9>9679dA>6i#wfraf# >6i#wfraf# "chcpcdf#b`fwftcr#icbf#tnrifmc#bod"hcb#jnrsndiftf#mndafd#cdf. 7

fdabftfd echctnr mfd nbodoec ]codabob ]codabob sumf` endmoecdfsc endmoecdfsc Fscf$ F[ snpnrtcdyf snpnrtcdyf tcmfb fbfd mndafd eumf` +endynrf`bfd, Fscf bn mfhfe moecdfsc ]codabob. ]nrhc`ft mfrc jnjnrfpf tcdmfbfd#tcdmfbfd F[ snpnrtc pfmf btojnr /6L hfhu bfpfh pnrfda echcb Fdabftfd %fut Fenrc Fe nrcbf bf [nrc [nrcbft bft yfda yfda mciuh mciuhubc ubc N[[ N[[ %fssn %fssnd d mchf mchfpor porbfd bfd endmn endmnbft bftcc wchfy wchfyf` f` pnrfc pnrfcrf rfd d Bnpuhfufd [prfthy yfda mcsndabntfbfd mc %fut &`cdf [nhftfd ohn` jnjnrfpf dnafrf. N[[ %fssnd enrupfbfd snjuf` bfpfh pnda`fdur yfda mchndabfpc sndiftf rumfh umfrf mfd rumfh fcr. torctfs bnfefdfd ]codabob yfda endantf`uc `fh tnrsnjut hfdasuda enrnspods mndafd endyftfbfd endyftfbfd jf`wf tc tcdmf dmfbf bfd d bf bfpfh pfh pnr pnrfda fda F[ ctu ctu fmfhf` fmfhf` chnaf chnafh$ h$ pro2ob pro2obft ftc"$ c"$ mfd sfdaft sfdaft  jnrjf`fyf.61 ]cdmf ]cdmfbfd bfd yfda yfda mchfbu mchfbubfd bfd F[ cdc snpnrt snpnrtcc endafi endafiubf ubfd d tfdtfd tfdtfdafd afd hfdasu hfdasuda da bnpfmf bnpfmf ]codabob yfda endabhfce bnbufsffd tnrctorcfh enrnbf mc wchfyf` ctu. Iuru jcfrf npfrtnend

[cbfp [cbfp F[ cdc mcfdaaf mcfdaafp p hfac#hf hfac#hfac ac endfdtf endfdtfda da ]codab ]codabob  ob  bfrndf ]codabob sndmcrc tcmfb endafbuc ]fcwfd snjfafc dnafrf mfd pndiufhfd sndiftf cdc mchfbubf mchfbubfd d mctndaf` mctndaf`#tnd #tndaf` af` andfrdy andfrdyff ]codab ]codabob ob enhfbub enhfbubfd fd hftc`fd hftc`fd sceuhfs sceuhfscc pndynrfd pndynrfdafd afd yfda bfjfrdyf mctuiubfd udtub ]fcwfd. Bod"hcb yfda tnrifmc mc bfwfsfd %fut &`cdf [nhftfd iuaf tnrdyftf enejfwf enejfwf mfepfb  yfda jcsf mcbftfbfd posctc" udtub F[. Endtnrc
B':'.oe$ mcfbsns pfmf > Ifdufrc$ /6L$ `ttp399dnws.obnodn.oe9rnfm9/6L969/?96096/ `ttp399dnws.obnodn.oe9rnfm9/6L969/?96096/=07??9`cdf#tcdmfbfd#bfpfh#pnrfd =07??9`cdf#tcdmfbfd#bfpfh#pnrfda#fs# a#fs# enepro2obfsc#bfec. ]fdtfda K`cdf# F[ 7crce-fd 7fpfh !nrfda -n !uhfu [nda-ntf#  B':'.oe$ 6> ]fdtfda

mcfbsns pfmf > Ifdufrc$ /6L$ `ttp399dnws.obnodn.oe9rnfm9/6L969/? `ttp399dnws.obnodn.oe9rnfm9/6L969/?96096/=0>0L9tfdtfda#`cdf#fs#bcrce 96096/=0>0L9tfdtfda#`cdf#fs#bcrcebfd# bfd# bfpfh#pnrfda#bn#puhfu#sndabntf8pfanH6. ]fc%fd# ]coda-o]coda-o- 6nrfmfda $ 67 F[ =ufh [nd)ftf -n ]fc%fd#

Boepfs$ mcfbsns pfmf > Ifdufrc$ /6L$ `ttp399prcdt.boepfs.oe9jff9/6L96/96?9F[#Iufh#[ndiftf#bn#]f `ttp399prcdt.boepfs.oe9jff9/6L96/96?9F[#Iufh#[ndiftf#bn# ]fcwfdK/#]codabob cwfdK/#]codabob#Enrfmfda. #Enrfmfda. 1

snendifb F[ euhfc tnrhcjft mfhfe bod"hcb mc wchfyf` sndabntf tnrsnjut$ jnjnrfpf dnafrf yfda tnrhcjft bod"hcb mndafd ]codabob endafiubfd mcrc udtub endifhcd bnrifsfef mndafd F[. ]uiufd ]u iufddyf dyf fmfhf` fmfhf` fafr F[ efu enejfdt enejfdtu u dnafrf#d dnafrf#dnaf nafrf rf ctu udtub udtub endnbfd endnbfd moecdfsc moecdfsc ]codabob mc %fut &`cdf [nhftfd. [nhftfd.6? [nhfcd tcdmfbfd#tcdmfbfd tcdmfbfd#tcdmfbfd bod"rodtftc"$ bod"rodtftc"$ F[ iuaf enhfbubfd enhfbubfd pndmnbftfd#pndmnbft pndmnbftfd#pndmnbftfd fd mndafd dnafrf Fscf mfhfe jcmfda nbodoec. F[ bnejfhc enejubtcbfd pndafru`dyf sntnhf` efepu enecepcd bnsnpfbftfd odf pnrmfafdafd jnjfs ]rfds# dnafrf. dnafr f. ;.;. Bneudab!dfd \nrfda "nrubf "!#dab#b(Fenr!bf [nr!bft $! Fs!f \fs!&!b 

Icbf bctf fdfhcscs mndafd tnorc ftfu pnecbcrfd [feunh <. *udtcdatod mfhfe jubudyf yfda efdf efdf *udtc *udtcdat datod od ]`n Khfs` Khfs` og Kc"chc, Kc"chc,ftc ftcods ods fdm t`n Znef-c Znef-cda da og (orhm Ormn Ormnr  r $ yfda endinhfsbfd snfrf afrcs jnsfr dnafrf mfpft jnrnfbsc mfhfe sftu ftfu boejcdfsc mfrc muf frf udtub euduhdyf bnbuftfd jfru. nafrf mfpft enhfwfddyf sndmcrcfd ftfu jnrbofhcsc mndafd dnafrf#d dnafrf#dnafr nafrff hfcd mfd enrnbf enrnbf fbfd jnrusf`f jnrusf`f udtub udtub endynce endyncejfda jfdabfd bfd bnbuftfd bnbuftfd enrnbf enrnbf mndafd bnbuftfd yfda jfru euduh udtub enefstcbfd bnfefdfd enrnbf mfd icbf pnrhu enrnbf fbfd sfef#sfef enenrfdac bnbuftfd jfru ctu. Fhtnrdftc" hfcddyf fmfhf` dnafrf mfpft endojf udtub cbut jnrbofhcsc mndafd sc bnbuftfd jfru ctu mndafd fsuesc rnhf endifmc poscsc snbudmnr tfpc mndafd `frfpfd bnpndtcdafd cdtc enrnbf mfpft tnrhcdmudac. feud$ jnrbofhcsc udtub endyncejfdac sc bnbuftfd jfru jcfsfdyf fmfhf` pchc`fd yfda hnjc` mccdacdbfd mfd  pfmf bndyftffddyf bndyftffdd yf hnjc` jfdyfb mcpfbfc mcpfbf c mc pohctcb cdtnrdfscodfh. cdtnrdfscod fh.60

jfac F[ $ 61 Cdc Mfepf- 7odghc- ;fut K`cdf [nhftfd jfac

[@'![.oe$ mcfbsns pfmf > Ifdufrc$ /6L$ `ttp399cdtnrdftcodfh.scdmodnws.oe9rnfm96L?7/691/9cdc#m `ttp399cdtnrdftcodfh.scdmodnws.oe9rnfm96L?7/691/9cdc#mfepfb#bod"hcb#hfut#`cdf#snhftfd# fepfb#bod"hcb#hfut#`cdf#snhftfd#  jfac#fs#611>=>6=?. 60 [feunh

<. *udtcdatod$ Op1Kct $ `fh. /6>. 0

*udtc *udtcdat datod od endin endinhf hfsbf sbfd d mcmfhf mcmfhfe e jfhf pndyncejfda fda bnbuftf bnbuftfd$ d$ jfhfdk dkcd cda a po%n po%nrr ftfu pndyncej dnafrf mfpft jnrefcd endifmc pnenrfd prcenr ftfu snbudmnr.
63 Cjcm $ `fh. /6?.

3

fbtor fbtor hfcd hfcd yfda `frus `frus mcpnrtce mcpnrtcejfda jfdabfd bfd fmfhf` fmfhf` nbodoec$ nbodoec$ ]codab ]codabob ob jnrbnejf jnrbnejfda da endif endifmc mc dnafr dnafrff mndaf mndafd d pnrnb pnrnbodo odoec ecfd fd tnrjn tnrjnsfr sfr bnmuf bnmuf mc mud mudcf cf.. F[ jnrusf jnrusf`f `f endif endifhc hcd d bnrifsfef udtub endyncejfdabfd nbodoec ahojfh mfd enda`chfdabfd `fejftfd mfafda snrtf cd2nstfsc jchftnrfh mcfdtfrf bnmuf dnafrf. ]codabob iuaf enrupfbfd pftdnr mfafda tnrjnsfr bnmuf F[. [nbctfr >K totfh nbspor ]codabob mc`fschbfd ohn` pnrusf`ffd yfda mcjcfyfc ohn` pc`fb fscda. Enefda `ujudafd bnmuf dnafrf sfdaft jnrjfdmcda tnrjfhcb tnrjfhcb mfhfe  jcmfda nbodoec nbo doec mfd echctnrdyf. *fh cdc yfda endifmcbfd bnmufdyf sfdaft s fdaft jnr`ftc#`ftc jnr`ftc# `ftc mfhfe enrnspod fdfefd sftu sfef hfcd mc %fut &`cdf [nhftfd ftfu %fut &`cdf ]ceur. Bnmufdyf  iuaf tnrbnsfd efsc` enefcdbfd  sogt po%nr   mfhfe enejndmuda moecdfsc sftu sfef hfcd. ]nrhc`ft ]nrhc`ft wfhfupud jnrbfhc#bfhc jnrbfhc#bfhc F[ enhfbubfd enhfbubfd `fh yfda bod"rodtftc"$ bod"rodtftc"$ ]codabob wfhfupud enrnspod bnrfs tntfpc `fdyf efepu udtub enhodtfrbfd protns#protns ftfu fdfefd#fdfefd bnpfmf bnpfmf F[. F[. nrjnmf nrjnmf mndafd mndafd scbfp scbfp ]codab ]codabob ob bnpfmf bnpfmf chcpcd chcpcdff ecsfhbf ecsfhbfd$ d$ yfda yfda wfhfupu wfhfupud d echctnrdyf sudaau` ifu` jnrjnmf$ ]codabob tcmfb snafd enhnpfsbfd tnejfbfd pnrcdaftfd ftfu jnrscdaaudafd hfdasuda mndafd bfpfh pnrfda chcpcdf mc wchfyf` sndabntf. F[ iuaf wfhfupud sfdaft fbtc" mfhfe bfsus cdc tntfpc tcmfb snpnrtc jcfsfdyf$ F[ ndmnruda hnjc` enechc` enechc` udtub udtub jnrmcrc jnrmcrc mc jnhfbfda jnhfbfda dnafrf#d dnafrf#dnafr nafrff Fs Fscf cf mfd enejfdt enejfdtu u snrtf snrtf enejcfy enejcfyfc fc enrnbf enrnbf mfhfe mfhfe enda`fm enda`fmfpc fpc ]codab ]codabob. ob. [npnrtc [npnrtc enhfbubf enhfbubfd d bnrifsfe bnrifsfef#bn f#bnrifs rifsfef fef echctnr echctnr$$  pnejnhcfd sndiftf ftfu enhfbubfd bnrifsfef nbodoec yfda icbf mchc`ft mndafd bfsft eftf  jubfdhf` snsuftu yfda yf da jnactu enepndafru`c enepndafru` c ctf#ctf ]codabob mc Fscf. chc`ft mfrc jnrjfafc fspnb mfd scbfp#scbfp bnmuf dnafrf snrtf dnafrf#dnafrf bfwfsfd Fscf Fs cf mfd mfd icbf icbf mcsfe mcsfejud judabf abfd d mndafd mndafd pnecbc pnecbcrfd rfd *udtc *udtcdat datod od tndtfd tndtfda a jfhfdkcda jfhfdkcda po%nr $ snpnrtcdyf F[ hnjc` odmoda udtub enefcdbfd pnenrfd snbudmnr mc Fscf. F[ endfru` bnmuf bfbcdyf mc fdtfrf dnafrf#dnafrf Fscf mfd ]codabob bfrndf F[ pud iuaf tcmfb cdacd  icbf dnafrf#dnafrf d nafrf#dnafrf Fscf jnrbnejfda endifmc dnafrf efiu snpnrtc s npnrtc `fhdyf ]codabob. F[ pfstc tf`u sumf` jfdyfb yfda enrfefhbfd jf`wf Fscf
tcmfb fbfd sfepfc bnpfmf snjuf` pnrfda tnrjubf. chc`ft mfrc bnrifsfef#bnrifsfef bnrifsfef#bnrifsfef nbodoec fdtfrf ]codabob mfd F[ yfda enefda sfef#sfef pndtcda jfac bnmuf jnhf` pc`fb mfd iuaf `ujudafd ]codabob mndafd dnafrf#dnafrf bfwfsfd yfda iuaf efsc` sfhcda bntnrafdtudafd mcjcmfda nbodoec. ]fpc$ bnfmffd cdc jcsf sfif jnrujf` icbf enefda bnjcifbfd ]codabob  snefbcd farnsc" mc bfwfsfd mfd icbf dnafrf#dnafrf bfwfsfd pfmf fb`crdyf enejfhfs mndafd bnjcifbfd yfda farnsc" puhf.

JFJ ; BN[CE\^HFD


66

Bnjfdabctfd F[ snjfafc dnafrf fmcmfyf pfsf
6:

MF)"FZ \^["FBF J##bs

'csndefd$ Ios`uf$ Frc *nacdjot`fe mfd nrnb Ect`nhh. K`cdf mfd ]`n Mn"nhopcda (orhm& (orhm& Morb3 E.' [`frpn. /?.  Jnc)cda*s  Jnc)cda*s [trftnay [trftnay 'or t`n ]%ndty+gcrst ]%ndty+gcrst Kndtury. nw Morb3 *udtcdatod$ [feunh <. ]`n Khfs` og Kc"chc,ftcods fdm t`n Znef-cda og (orhm (orhm Ormnr . nw Morb3 Morb3 [ceod fdm [`ustnr. [`ustn r. 6770. GufdaAcfd$
6;

;cfoecda$ ;cfoecda. ]`n Zcsn Og K`cdf Fdm Koeeudcty Juchmcda Cd fst Fscf $ Fscfd  !nrspnktc"n1 -oh. =$ o. =. />. +dh!dn Dn%s

 $n%s Fdfhyscs& 'c"n rnfsods %`y %`y [out`nfst Fscf cs %fry fjout fjout K`cdf. ]`n Ifbfrtf
`ttp399e.t`nifbfrtfpost.oe9dnws9/66969=69"c2n#rnfsods#w`y#sout`nfst#fscf#wfry# fjout#`cdf.`teh.. fjout#`cdf.`teh www.jj.oe.  !nrtueju`fd -odoec Kcdf Kcdf ]nrndmf` ]nrndmf` [nhfef [nhfef ./ ]f`u ]f`ud d . & @dmodnscf. www.jj.oe. K`cdf Jndtu- ]caf
`ttp399e.ddcdmodnscf.oe9cdtnrdfscodfh9/6>66//?/#66=#66>09`cdf#jndtub# tcaf#udct#echctnr#jfru9. :cntdfe :cntdfe !rotns !nsf%ft K`cdf 6ndmfrft mc [prfthy . [cdmonws.oe.

`ttp399cdtnrdftcodfh.scdmodnws.oe9rnfm96?1L>9192cntdfe#protns#pnsfwft#`cdf# endmfrft#mc#sprfthy#61L6?70L11.  6ndafdtcscpfsc F; K`cdf# =npfda Joroda Joroda Mrodn Mrodn > =nt F[1  B':'.oe.

`ttp399dnws.obnodn.oe9rnfm9/6L96/9/196096/?1>09endafdtcscpfsc#fh#`cdf#  inpfda#joroda#mrodn#int#fs8pfan  inpfda#joroda #mrodn#int#fs8pfanH6 H6.. (fraf (fraf 'chcpcdf 7`f%ftcr =c-f =c -f ]nr)fmc 7odghc- Jnrsnd)ftf mndafd Kcdf1  Cnpujhcbf.o.cm.

`ttp399dfscodfh.rnpujhcbf.o.cm9jnrctf9dfscodfh9`ubue96L9>9679dA>6i#wfraf#"chcpcdf# b`fwftcr#icbf#tnrifmc#bod"hcb#jnrsndiftf#mndafd#cdf. K`cdf& ]cdmf-fd 7fpfh !nrfda F[ 6nepro"o-fsc 7fec . B':'.oe.

`ttp399dnws.obnodn.oe9rnfm9/6L969/?96096/=07??9`cdf#tcdmfbfd#bfpfh#pnrfda# fs#enepro2obfsc#bfec. ]fdtfda ]fdtfda K`cdf# F[ 7crce-fd 7fpfh !nrfda -n !uhfu [nda-ntf1 B':'.oe.

`ttp399dnws.obnodn.oe9rnfm9/6L969/?96096/=0>0L9tfdtfda#`cdf#fs#bcrcebfd# bfpfh#pnrfda#bn#puhfu#sndabntf8pfanH6.. bfpfh#pnrfda#bn#puhfu#sndabntf8pfanH6  F[ =ufh [nd)ftf -n ]fc% ]fc%fd# fd# ]coda-o]coda-o- 6nrfmfda . Boepfs.

`ttp399prcdt.boepfs.oe9jff9/6L96/96?9F[#Iufh#[ndiftf#bn#]fcwfdK/#]codabob# Enrfmfda.

6=

 Cdc Mfepf- 7odghc- ;fut K`cdf K`cdf [nhftfd jfac F[  F[ . [@'![.oe.

`ttp399cdtnrdftcodfh.scdmodnws.oe9rnfm96L?7/691/9cdc#mfepfb#bod"hcb#hfut#`cdf# snhftfd#jfac#fs#611>=>6=?.

6>