HBH G \AEJB@QKQBE Kbtbr hakbnbed _truntur fgnrc kcdbf bjbkb` sbkb` sbtu `bk ybed sbedbt fafpaedbru`g sgibt kcdbf tarutbfb sgibt fanbegn jbe taneckcdg Bpbkbdg struntur fgnrc jbkbf sbtu fbtargbk haruhb`! uhb` fbnb sgibt!sgibt fanbegneyb pue bnbe haruhb` pukb "bnb jbrg gtu uetun faedbfbtg struntur fgnrc jbrg subtu fbtargbk jgparkunbe kbednb`!kbednb` Bjbpue prcsas btbu kbednb`! kbednb` uetun fakg`bt struntur fgnrc jbrg subtu fbtargbk jgsahut jaedbe fatbkcdrbig
#u$ube paeakgtgbe #u$ube jbrg prbntgnuf fatbkcdrbig bjbkb`% & Qetun Qetun fafb`bfg fafb`bfg tbtb 'brb jbkbf jbkbf fakbnunbe fakbnunbe u$g fatbkcd fatbkcdrbig rbig ( Qetun Qetun faedatb faedatb`ug `ug stunt stuntur ur fgnrc fgnrc ybed ybed ngtb u$g u$g ) "aeaetunbe "aeaetunbe $ufkb` $ufkb` hutgr kcdbf par sbtube sbtube kubs pbjb pafhasb pafhasbrbe rbe tartaetu tartaetu
HBH GG
#GE*BQBE \Q_#B+B (& #acrg jbsbr "atbkcdrbig bjbkb` subtu tanegn btbu fatcja parsgbpbe fatargbk uetun faedunur, hbgn nubetgtbtgi fbupue nubkgtbtgi jbrg geicrfbsg ybed tarjbpbt jbkbf fbtargbk ybed jbpbt jgbfbtg sapartg ibsb, hutgr, ncfpcsgsg ngfgb, crgaetbsg hutgr, $brbn btcf, jgskcnbsg jbe sahbdbgeyb Jbkbf fatbkcdrbig ngtb bnbe faedatb`ug struntur fgnrc jbrg fbtargbk ybed bnbe ngtb u$g Jgfbeb struntur fgnrc farupbnbe hbdgbe subtu fbtargbk sapartg% hutgr, suh hutgr, jgskcnbsg pbtb`be pbjb hutgr jbe sahbdbgeyb Kahg` kbe$ut, ictcdrbig gtu sbfb jaedbe fatbkcdrbig ybneg sbfb!sbfb faed`bsgknbe dbfhbr dbfhbr,, ebfue ebfue bjb parhaj parhajbbe bbeey eybb ybneg, ybneg, ictcdr ictcdrbig big `beyb `beyb faed`b faed`bsgk sgknbe nbe dbfhbr dbfhbr sb$b, sb$b, sajbednbe fatbkcdrbig faed`bsgknbe dbfhbr ybed fafgkgng struntur ybed kahg` na'gk
_gibt!sgibt kcdbf% _gibt igsgn • _gibt fanbegn • _gibt ngfgb • _gibt taneckcdg •
_gibt!sgibt jgbtbs jgnaejbkgnbe cka` struntureyb #u$ube fatbkcdrbig bjbkb` faeduednbp, faebfpgknbe ncejgsg ybed sahaebreyb jbrg prcsas `abt trabtfaet, bebkgsgs nadbdbkbe, paeda'crbe jbe kbge!kbge
-ubed nar$beyb% Hgjbed paeda'crbe • Hgjbed prcjunsg • Hgjbed ibgkura bebkgsgs • Hgjbed tbfhbed • Jbe kbge!kbge •
_truntur fgnrc jbpbt jghbdg btbs haharbpb $aegs% b Btcf Btcf bjbkb` hbdgbe tarna'gk jbrg fbtargbk gtu jbe tgjbn hgsb jghbdg kbdgjaedbe rabnsg ngfgb jbe fbsg` fafgkgng sgibt bskg gejuneyb h _ak sbtube _aksbtube geg farupbnbe dbhuedbe jbrg btcf ybed fafhaetun pckb harukbed
"b'bf!fb'bf sak sbtube%
& +uhgn uhgn .nu .nuhus/ hus/ b H<< H<< .hc .hcjy jy 'aeta 'aetarj rj 'uhg 'uhg'/ '/ H<< .hcjy .hcjy 'aetarj 'aetarj 'uhg'/ 'uhg'/ bjbkb` bjbkb` pafusb pafusbtbe tbe sbtu sbtu hub` hub` btcf btcf jgtaed jgtaedb` b` nuhus nuhus
h 2<< .ib'a 'aetaraj 'uhg'/ 2<< .ib'a 'aetaraj 'uhg'/ bjbkb` pafusbtbe sbtu btcf pbjb satgbp sgsg nuhus
( @a8bdc @a8bdcebk ebk 'kcsa 'kcsa pb'nbd pb'nbdaa .@<\ .@<\//
' Hutgr Hutgr bjbkb` dbhuedbe jbrg sak sbtube ybed fafpueybg crgaetbsg ybed sbfb
j +rgstbk +rgstbk farupbnbe dbhuedbe jbrg hutgr!hutgr ybed fafhaetun pckb tgdb jgfaesg
(( ((
&
h _uhtsgtusg .pardsetgbe/ _uhtsgtusg _uhtsgtusg bjbkb` 'b'bt ybed tar$bjg nbraeb bjbeyb bjbeyb pardbetgbe pardbetgbe btcf jbkbf susuebe btcf
' Getartgsg Getartg Getartgsg sg bjbkb` bjbkb` 'b'bt 'b'bt ybed ybed tar$bjg tar$bjg nbraeb nbraeb btcf bsged faeyusu faeyusup p jbkbf jbkbf susuebe btcf
j _aki _aki geta getart rtgs gsgg _aki getartgsg bjbkb` 'b'bt bnghbt bjbeyb btcf ybed faeygsgp pbjb susuebe btcf ybed harbsbk jbrg btcf gtu saejgrg
\arhajbbe betbrb suhtsgtusg, getartgsg jbe saki getartgsg ybgtu pbjb suhtsgtusg unurbe btcf kbge ybed fbsun kahg` hasbr jbrg btcf gejuneyb . j 5 <,21 J /, sajbednbe pbjb <,21 J getartgsg unurbe btcf kbge ybed fbsun kahg` na'gk jbrg pbjb btcf gejun . j ; /
(
b Jgskcnbg sg sgsg Jgsk Jgskcn cnbg bg sgsg sgsg bjbkb bjbkb` ` 'b'bt 'b'bt dbrg dbrgss ybed ybed brb` brb` darb darbnb nbeey eeybb btbu btbu darb darbnb nbe e btcfeyb tadbn kurus tar`bjbp dbrgs jgskcnbsg
h Jgskcnbsg ukgr Jgskcnbsg ukgr bjbkb` 'b'bt dbrgs ybed brb` pardarbnbe btcfeyb sa$b$br tar`bjbp dbrgs jgskcnbsg .jgskc'btgce kgea/
)
9
Jgbdrbf 2a!2a)' Jgbdrbf ibsb farupbnbe jgbdrbf ybed fafparkg`btnbe ibsb ybed harhaetun, hgkb jub ibsb jgpbjunbe 2bsb bjbkb` sgstaf ybed fafpueybg nbrbntargstgn igsgn jbrg ngfgb ybed sbfb \bjb jgbdrbf ibsb jbpbt jgkg`bt ibsb!ibsb ybed bjb, tafparbtur fbtargbk, ncfpcsgsg jbe irbnsg ibsb -abnsg ge4brgbe bjbkb` rabnsg ybed fakghbtnbe tgdb ibsb, jgfbeb jub ibsb fae$bjg sbtu ibsb btbu sahbkgneyb #arjbpbt #arjbpbt tgdb tgtgn ge4brgbet ybed paetged ybgtu% & #gtgn gtgn auta autant ntcg cgj j Jgfbeb pbjb tgtgn geg tar$bjg paruhb`be ibsb pbjbt fae$bjg jub ibsb pbjbt btbu sahbkgneyb
ο ⇊ β + Ia ? o ( #gtgn tgn auta autan ntgn tgn Jgfbeb pbjb tgtgn geg tar$bjg paruhb`be subtu ibsb 'bgr fae$bjg jub ibsb pbjbt btbu sahbkgneyb K ⇊ ο + Ia ? o
\bjb nbjbr < 9,)0 jbe su`u pafhaetunbe ibsb bustaegt . :,? O
)
8,22 O
22:0 ℏ
tar$b tar$bjg jg rabn rabnsg sg autan autantg tgn n ybgt ybgtu u
/ safae safaetg tgtt .
9,94 O
/ jbe ibsb ibsb 'bgr 'bgr .
/
