Chapter 5 – A Força Nuclear Nuclear Physics and Subnuclear Particles A first course for undergraduate students. In Portuguese, by S. S. Mizrahi & D. Galetti.
Chapter 1 -- Introduction. Nuclear Physics and Subnuclear Particles A first course for undergraduate students. In Portuguese, by S.S. Mizrahi & D. Galetti.Descrição completa
l`lvdje Ravxe`xa' ê hl ~l l~rlvev u|l e oe~~e hl |o `ûngla hlse ~lv ol`av u|l e ~aoe he~ oe~~e~ hl xaha~ a~ `ûngla`~ u|l a na`~xjx|lo' u|e`ha l~xîa gjsvl~ \~e`ha e vl/ geäîa hl lu|jsegë`nje oe~~e/l`lvdje oe~~e/l`lvdje hl Lj`~xlj`' e l`lvdje e~~anjehe e l~xe hjclvl`äe hl oe~~e ê nmeoehe l`lvdje hl gjdeäîa Lge ê hlſt`jhe naoa
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a`hl a xlvoa l`xvl revë`xl~l~ ê nmeoeha hlcljxa hl oe~~e9 O ex ex ê e oe~~e ha åxaoa `l|xva' o` ê e oe~~e ha `ë|xva` gjsvl' O M ê e oe~~e ha åxaoa hl mjhvadë`ja' n ê M e slganjhehl he g|{ `a sån|a l F ê |oe u|e`xjhehl u|e`xjhehl ra~jxjse ra~jxjse Ê na~x|oljva na~x|oljva ehaxev ehaxev |o vlclvl`njeg reve hlſt`jv a `ïslg hl l`lvdje {lva hl |o `ûngla9 hl cexa' reve j~~a na`~jhlve/~l e ~jx|eäîa mjraxêxjne lo u|l xaha~ a~ E `ûngla`~ l~xîa gjsvl~ Gada' rav na`sl`äîa' na`sl`äîa' e l`lvdje ha `ûngla ê hehe rav
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6 a`hl -@ o` ) [O M M * n ê e l`lvdje hl vlra|~a hl @ `ë|xva`~ gjsvl~ oej~ [ åxaoa~ hl mjhvadë`ja gjsvl~ @e Xeflge Xeflge 65 l~xîa ervl~l`xehe~ egd|oe~ rvarvjlhehl~ rvarvjlhehl~ hl egd|`~ `ûngla~ glsl~' E ? 6' ´ ´ ´ ' 54' xej~ naoa e oe~~e exøojne' e l`lvdje hl gjdeäîa ha~ `ûngla~3 ' l`lvdje hl gjdeäîa rav `ûngla`' e l`lvdje oï`joe `lnl~~åvje e cav`lnlv ea
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:>5' 8:8 O lS ' o` ? E l`lvdje hl gjdeäîa ê negn|gehe rlge cþvo|ge -66*' glofve`ha u|l 5 | ? :>5'
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Rvarvjlhehl~ dlvej~ ha~ `ûngla~
`ûngla reve evve`nev l xav`ev gjsvl |o `ûngla`' ~rj` l revjhehl ha l~xeha c|`heol`xeg E [ ] 6 M 5 >M l 6 8 6M l < 6M l 3 > Gj 4 Gj > = Fl 8 : Fl 8 52 3 N 58 @ 4 5< @ 4 53 A = 54 =A
Ê j`xlvl~~e`xl af~lvsev egd|`~ `ûolva~ `e u|evxe nag|`e' he Xeflge 65' l~nvjxa~ lo `ldvjxa Lgl~ ervl~l`xeo segav oejav u|l a~ ha~ ~l|~ sj{j`ma~' ~jd`j ſtne`ha u|l l~~l~ `ûngla~ ~îa oej~ l~xåslj~ „ nao vl~rljxa â vloaäîa hl |o `ûngla` „ u|l a~ a|xva~ rav `lnl~~jxevlo hl oej~ l`lvdje reve evve`nev |o `ûngla` l xav`å/ga gjsvl L`xvlxe`xa' |oe dve`hl l`lvdje hl gjdeäîa rav `ûngla`' F!E' `îa ê `lnl~~evjeol`xl |o j`hjnexjsa hl oejav l~xefjgjhehl' naoa `a ne~a ha `ûngla 54 = A Lofave F!E ? 4' 4< O lS ' fe~xe cav`ln cav`lnlv lv |oe l`lvd l`lvdje je hl 8' 5 O lS reve reve evve`n evve`nev ev |o `ë| `ë|xva xva`` hl~xl hl~xl `ûn `ûngla gla Reve Reve a `ûn `ûngla gla O lS ' a| nlvne hl 6' 8 O lS rav ε
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6.8 Vleäül~ Vleäül~ `|nglevl `|nglevl~~ \oe vleäîa `|nglev anavvl u|e`ha |o nlvxa `ûngla ~acvl |oe oahj ſtneäîa lo ~|e l~/ xv|x|ve l!a| l`lvdje' lo na`~lu|ë`nje hl xlv ~jha exj`djha rav revxïn|ge~ u|l rahlo ~lv rvþxa`~' `ë|xva`~' oê~a`~' revxïn|ge~ ε' veja~ ξ ' lgêxva`~' rþ~jxva`~' a| ol~oa a|xva~ `ûngla~ @l~~l~ ne~a~' e vleäîa `|nglev ê |o rvanl~~a j`h|{jha l `îa l~ra`xæ`la Lo |oe vleäîa `|nglev ~îa na`~lvseha~; a oaol`x|o gj`lev' e l`lvdje' e nevde lgêxvjne' e revjhehl' revjhehl' a oaol`x|o e`d|gev xaxeg l a `ûolva hl xaxeg hl `ûngla`~ -a| `ûolva fevjø`jna* \oe vleäîa `|nglev dl`êvjne ê vlrvl~l`xehe rav -6>* ~jd`jſtne`ha u|l |o rvakêxjg } exj`dl |o `ûngla/egsa ] rvah|{j`ha |o `ûngla Z l |oe revxïn|ge -a| a|xva `ûngla* z lolvdl he vleäîa U ê e l`lvdje gjflvehe a| ef~avsjhe `e vleäîa A segav hl U ê negn|geha e revxjv he hjclvl`äe hl oe~~e e`xl~ l hlraj~ he vleäîa' } ) ]
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a`hl X i navvl~ra`hl â l`lvdje nj`êxjne ha revxjnjre`xl i' j`hlrl`hl`xlol`xl hl ~l |~ev e l}rvl~~îa vlgexjsï~xjne vlgexjsï~xjne a| `îa/vlgexjsï~xjne `îa/vlgexjsï~xjne reve X i ^l U 0 2 e vleäîa ê hjxe ~lv l`lvdje je j`xlv j`xlv`e `e gjflve gjflvehe he xve`~c xve`~cavo avoe/ e/~l ~l lo l`lvd l`lvdje je nj`êxj nj`êxjne ne ha~ rvah|x rvah|xa~ a~ he l}axêvojne -e l`lvd vleäîa Z l z ' ~l l~xjslvlo l~xjslvlo `a l~xeha c|`heol`xeg*' c|`heol`xeg*' l ~l U 7 2 e vleäîa ê l`haxêvojne4 A|xve oe`ljve hl l~nvlslv e vleäîa -6>* ê ] -}' z *Z.
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^l } -a| z* na`~j~xl hl |o veja ξ ' e vleäîa ê hl`axehe naoa -6<* ∖↖ -63* A rvjoljva rvanl~~a nmeoe/~l caxahl~j`xldveäîa -a `ûngla u|lfve/~l lo haj~ cvedol`/ xa~' Z l z ' erþ~ meslv ef~avsjha |o veja ξ * l a ~ld|`ha ê e nerx|ve vehjexjse -a `ûngla ] nerx|ve |oe revxïn|ge a| |o `ûngla } l ~l xve`~cavoe `a `ûngla Z ∔ „ |o `ûngla lo |o `ïslg hl l`lvdje l}njxeha „ u|l' ~|f~lu|l`xlol`xl' lojxl |o veja ξ ' hlnej`ha reve |o `ûngla Z ' hl ol`av l`lvdje' ~l`ha oej~ l~xåslg u|l a j~øolva Z ∔ * E l`lvd l`lvdje je nj`êxj nj`êxjne ne oï`joe oï`joeha ha rvakêx rvakêxjg jg `lnl~ `lnl~~åv ~åvje je reve reve u|l e vleäî vleäîaa ena`xl ena`xläe äe ê nmeoeh nmeoehee hl gjojev hl l`lvdje -l`lvdz xmvl~magh * * A gjojev hl l`lvdje ~lvå `|ga ~l U 0 2 l ~lvå ra~jxjsa ~l U 7 2 Naoa l}lorga' seoa~ seoa~ slvjſtnev e ~ld|j`xl vleäîa -e rvjoljve hl~j`/ xldveäîa `|nglev evxj ſtnjeg ſtnjeg ' cljxe rav Nanivacx l Tegxa` lo 5:>6*; |o `ûngla hl gïxja/4 ê faofevhleha nao rvþxa`~ gl`xa~ -l`lvdje nj`êxjne he avhlo hl >22 ilS ' ravxe`xa efej}a he fevvljve na|gaofje`e vlr|g~jse l}j~xl`xl l`xvl a rvakêxjg l a `ûngla = * l' erþ~ ξ ) ξ ) ] } ) ]
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L~xe`ha a `ûngla ] lo l~xeha hl vlra|~a lo egd|o vlclvl`njeg' e l`lvdje nj`êxjne ha rvakêxjg } ê oejav u|l e ~aoe he~ l`lvdje~ nj`êxjne~ ha~ rvah|xa~ he vleäîa Revxl he l`lvdje nj`êxjne hl } xve`~cavoe/~l lo l`lvdje j`xlv`e ha~ na`~xjx|j`xl~ Z l z l e cveäîa vl~xe`xl ê nevvldehe naoa l`lvdje nj`êxjne = Rvþxa`~ nao l~~e l`lvdje exvesl~~eo e `|slo lglxvø`jne rvexjneol`xl ~lo ~l`xj/ge
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6O 8 Ml ? 4 8<3' 8<3' =2 OlS!n6 ' -6:* 54'' >8 O lS l ravxe`xa O 4 Gj ) O 5M 0 6O 8 Ml ' gada e vleäîa ê l}axêvojne nao U ? 54 Lclxjseol`xl' Nanivacx l Tegxa` af~lvseveo u|l e~ revxïn|ge~ ε lolvdlo he vleäîa nao l`lvdje nj`êxjne he avhlo hl =' 3 O lS nehe |oe9 e~~jo' së/~l u|l e hjclvl`äe hl oe~~e xve`~cavoa|/~l lo l`lvdje nj`êxjne he~ revxïn|ge~ ε vl~|gxe`xl~ \oe a|xve
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-652* Reve |o `ë|xva` j`njhj`ha ~afvl |o `ûngla hl gïxja/3' a någn|ga ha hlcljxa hl oe~~e oa~xve u|l U ? 8' 4= O lS @l~xl ne~a' slvj ſtne/~l u|l må ol`a~ l`lvdje gjflvehe ha u|l `e vleäîa -64* Hl cavoe dlveg' vleäül~ `|nglevl~ rahlo anavvlv `e~ ~ld|j`xl~ na`hjäül~; } ) ]
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l' e~~jo' a~ hlcljxa~ hl oe~~e -O 5 ) O 6 ∖ O Gj* hl~~e~ vleäül~ ~îa 2' 2253 | l 2' 2254 |' vl~rlnxjseol`xl Reve e~ vleäül~ -jjj* l -js* a `ë|xva` l a~ `|ngïhla~ <6 Ml l <> Gj ~îa j`~xåslj~ rlga~ ~ld|j`xl~ hlnejol`xa~; 3
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Glofve`ha u|l hlnejol`xa ê e xve`~jäîa hl |o `ûngla reve |o l~xeha hl ol`av l`lvdje a| e xve`~o|/ xeäîa lo a|xva `ûngla' nao loj~~îa hl revxïn|ge~ u|l rahlo ~lv ε' ζ ' ξ ' `ë|xva`~' rvþxa`~' lxn 52 E~ oe~~e~ hl <6 Ml l <> Gj `îa ~îa hjvlxeol`xl na`mlnjhe~ rav `îa rahlvlo cavoev åxaoa~ l~xåslj~ E oe~~e ha <6 Ml rahl ~lv afxjhe e revxjv he vleäîa 6 5
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a`hl e~ oe~~e~ ha~ hloej~ `ûngla~ ~îa na`mlnjhe~ l e~ l`lvdje~ nj`êxjne~ ~îa olhjhe~ Hlh|{/~l ravxe`xa e revxjv hl -655* u|l O < Ml ? <' 2566 | Kå e oe~~e ha <> Gj rahl ~lv afxjhe e revxjv he xlavje ha~ `ûngla~ l~rlgma -~îa `ûngla~ j~afåvjna~' ol~oa E' oe~ n|ka~ `ûolva~ hl rvþxa`~ l hl `ë|xva`~ ~îa j`xlvneofjeha~' rav l}lorga' <> Gj l <6 Ml *' l ê l~xjoehe lo O < Gj ? <' 256< |
e hj~xæ`nje oêhje l`xvl `ûngla`~ ê oejav ha u|l eu|lge u|l l}j~xl `a~ `ûngla~ rl~eha~' a u|l l}rgjnevje a~ segavl~ hl c ol`avl~ … -l* L`xvl a~ `|ngïhla~ glsl~' l}nläül~ anavvlo reve a 86 M l -revxïn|ge ε* 56 3 N l 53 A' n|ka~ segavl~ hl c ~îa flo hjclvl`xl~ ha~ segavl~ ha~ `|ngïhla~ sj{j`ma~ = J~xa ê |o j`hjnexjsa hl u|l e l~xv|x|ve he revxïn|ge ε ê hjclvl`njehe l l~xåslg 53 \oe ~|ra~jäîa u|l rahl l`xîa ~lv cljxe ê u|l a~ `|ngïhla~ 56 3 N l = A rahlvjeo ~lv na` na`~jh ~jhlve lveha~ ha~ naoa naoa na` na`~xj ~xjx|ï x|ïha~ ha~ hl xvë~ xvë~ l u|e u|exva xva revxïn revxïn|ge |ge~~ ε vl~rlnxjseol`xl'
a u|l l}rgjnevje a cexa hl ~lvlo oej~ l~xåslj~ ha u|l a~ ~l|~ sj{j`ma~55 Ravêo' a `ûngla hl =8 Fl ' u|l ê j`~xåslg' ~l ervl~l`xe naoa l}nläîa e l~xe vldve9 erþ~ e ~|e cavoeäîa' lgl hlnej' lo h|e~ revxïn|ge~ ε lo |o xlora oêhja he avhlo hl 52∖53 ~
 l`lvd l`lvdje je `lnl~~ `lnl~~åv åvje je reve reve vloas vloaslv lv |o cvedo cvedol`x l`xaa e hl |o `ûn `ûngla gla l~xås l~xåslg lg ] ' hlj}e` hlj}e`ha ha lo ~l| g|dev |o `ûngla vl~jh|eg Z -ehojxl/~l u|l xe`xa ] u|e`xa Z l~xîa lo ~l|~ l~/ xeha~ c|`heol`xej~*' c|`heol`xej~*' ê heha a `aol hl l`lvdje hl ~lreveäîa9 cavoegol`xl l~xe l`lvdje ê l~nvjxe lo xlvoa~ he~ oe~~e~ ha~ `ûngla~ l!a| ha~ `ûngla`~ l`sagsjha~' ^ e -] * ? -O - O e ) O Z Z
Lo oêhje' e l`lvdje hl ~lreveäîa `lnl~~åvje reve e vloaäîa hl |o `ûngla` ê he av/ hlo hl = O lS ' a u|l navvl~ra`hl' erva}joeheol`xl' â l`lvdje oêhje hl gjdeäîa rav `ûngla` L`xvlxe`xa' eu|j xeofêo anavvlo l}nläül~' l}nläül~' slke e Xeflge 68 @|ngïhla 65 @ l 5> @ 6= ^j 53
6.4 L~rlnxva L~rlnxva hl `ïslj~ `ïslj~ hl l`lvdje l`lvdje A~ `ûngla~ ervl~l`xeo l~rlnxva~ hl `ïslj~ hl l`lvdje o|jxa oej~ naorgl}a~ ha u|l `a ne~a hl åxaoa~ @îa l}j~xl |oe xlavje `|nglev u|l l}rgju|l xaha~ a~ `ïslj~ lo xaha~ a~ `ûngla~ raj~ xl`xev vl~agslv |o rvafgloe hl o|jxa~ navra~ a`hl `îa l}j~xl |oe hl/ ~nvjäîa e`egïxjne l}exe he caväe `|nglev -naoa anavvl nao e caväe na|gaofje`e* xav`e/~l xav`e/~l |oe xevlce cavojhåslg @îa af~xe`xl' hl`xva hl |o l~rlnxva nao o|jxa~ `ïslj~ ê ~lo/ rvl ra~~jslg vlna`mlnlv eu|lgl~ hlsjha~ e oasjol`xa~ vaxenja`ej~ a| sjfvenja`ej~' a| ea lcljxa hl lorevlgmeol`xa l a|xve~ hj`æojne~ `|nglø`jne~ L`xîa xav`e/~l cenxïslg cenxïslg lgefavev egd|o oahlga reve hl~nvlslv a~ `ïslj~ vaxenja`ej~ ha~ `ûngla~' a|xva oahlga reve l}rgjnev a~ `ïslj~ sjfvenja`ej~' l a|xva' ej`he' reve a~ `ïslj~ hlsjha~ ea~ lcljxa~ hl lorevlgmeol`xa' lxn Xaha `ïslg hl l`lvdje ê nevenxlvj{eha rlge ~|e l`lvdje nao vl/ geäîa â ha l~xeha c|`heol`xeg -ea u|eg ~l exvjf|j' rav na`sl`äîa' a segav {lva*' rlga oaol`x|o e`d|gev xaxeg K -xeofêo nmeoeha ~rj` `|nglev* l rlge revjhehl ς ha l~xeha navvl~ra`hl`xl' ~l`ha hl`axeha naoa K ς E xïx|ga jg|~xvexjsa' `e Cjd|ve 63 ervl~l`xe/ 562 oa~ a~ l~rlnxva~ ha~ `ïslj~ hl l`lvdje oej~ fej}e~ reve haj~ `ûngla~' 85 62 N e l <6 X l @e Cjd|ve 64 ~îa ervl~l`xeha~ egd|`~ `ïslj~ xïrjna~ hl oasjol`xa~ naglxjsa~ naglxjsa~ ha `ûngla
6.= A xeoe`m xeoe`maa ha ha `ûngla `ûngla Lo l}rlvjol`xa~ vlegj{eha~ reve hlxlvoj`ev a xeoe`ma ha `ûngla' V|xmlvcavh na`/ ~jhlva| e j`xlveäîa na|gaofje`e `a faofevhlja hl åxaoa~ rav revxïn|ge~ ε rvasl/ `jl`xl~ hl |oe ca`xl vehjaexjse `ex|veg' l slvjſtna| lo ~|e~ l~xjoexjse~ u|l a veja `|/
Cjd|ve 64; Xjrjneol`xl' `ïslj~ hl l`lvdje u|l rahlo ~lv jhl`xj ſtneha~ naoa hlsjha~ e oasj/ ol`xa~ naglxjsa~ ha `ûngla; |oe fe`he sjfvenja`eg l xvë~ vaxenja`ej~
Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
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A xeoe`ma ha `ûngla
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nglev hlslvje ~lv ol`av u|l 52 c o -52∖56 no* @e~ efavhedl`~ u|l ~lvîa ervl~l`xehe~ ~afvl e hlxlvoj`eäîa ha xeoe`ma ha `ûngla' jvloa~ na`~jhlvev u|l rvþxa`~ l `ë|xva`~ l~xîa maoadlj`eol`xl oj~x|veha~56' a| ~lke' lgl~ l~xîa l~renjegol`xl hj~xvjf|ïha~ he ol~oe cavoe l an|reo xaha a sag|ol `|nglev -raj~ e j`xlveäîa `|nglev j`hlrl`hl he nevde lgêxvjne* Oe~' erl~ev he rvl~l`äe he caväe na|gaofje`e' a cexav haoj`e`xl u|l hlxlvoj`e ha xeoe`ma l e hl`~jhehl ha `ûngla ê e caväe `|nglev E~~jo' a l~x|ha he hj~xvjf|jäîa ha~ rvþxa`~ `a `ûngla j`cavoe xeofêo ~afvl e hl`~jhehl ha~ `ë|xva`~ l' rav na`~ld|j`xl' ha `ûngla naoa |o xaha Fe~xe l`xîa ce{lv l}rlvjol`xa~ l}rlvjol`xa~ u|l ~a`hlo erl`e~ e hj~xvjf|jäîa hl nevde lgêxvjne L}ng|j`ha lcljxa~ hl ~|rlvcïnjl' xaha~ a~ `ûngla~ nao E 0 52 ra~~|lo erva}j/ oeheol`xl e ol~oe hl`~jhehl `|nglev; E!S $ na`~xe`xl ? υ2 ' a| S ∟ E' a| ej`he V ∟ E5!> ' a`hl S ê a sag|ol `|nglev' a u|l nevenxlvj{e |oe ~ex|veäîa he hl`~jhehl Rvl~~|ra`ha |oe cavoe l~cêvjne l~cêvjne reve |o `ûngla' a veja rahl ~lv l~nvjxa' lo fae erva}/ joeäîa' naoa V ? v2 E5!> '
a`hl v2 ê |o revæolxva e ~lv hlxlvoj`eha lorjvjneol`xl lorjvjneol`xl A~ hjslv~a~ oêxaha~ l}rlv/ l}rlv/ jol`xej~ |~eha~ reve hlxlvoj`ev a xeoe`ma ha `ûngla xëo rav afklxjsa l~xjoev a segav hl v2 Seoa~ l}rav efej}a egd|`~ heu|lgl~ oêxaha~
6.=.5 6.=.5 L~regmeol L~regmeol`xa `xa hl lgêxva`~ lgêxva`~ @e u|egjhehl hl rvakêxjg' a lgêxva` ê e revxïn|ge jhleg reve ~l l~x|hev e l~xv|x|ve `|nglev raj~' lo l}rlvjol`xa~ l}rlvjol`xa~ hl l~regmeol`xa' l~regmeol`xa' lgl j`xlvedl nao a `ûngla `ûngla erl`e~ sje j`xlveäîa j`xlveäîa lglxvaoed`êxjne' cav`lnl`ha j`cavoeäîa j`cavoeäîa ~afvl e hj~xvjf|jäîa he nevde lgêxvjne `a `ûngla e~~jo naoa ~afvl e ~|e hj~xvjf|jäîa hl navvl`xl~ Hl cavoe cavoe dlveg' dlveg' a~ l}rlv l}rlvjol jol`xa `xa~~ hl l~regm l~regmeo eol`x l`xaa hl revxïn revxïn|ge |ge~~ rav `ûn `ûngla gla~~ cav`ln cav`lnlo lo'' naoa j`cavoeäîa' e ~läîa hl nmau|l hjclvl`njeg lo c|`äîa ha~ æ`d|ga~ e{jo|xeg -Ϝ* l ragev -ν*' u|l l~xîa e~~anjeha~ â hjvläîa ha l~regmeol`xa ha~ rvakêxlj~' `l~xl ne~a a~ lgêxva`~ O|jxa~ l}rlvjol`xa~ hl~xl xjra caveo cljxa~ `e hênehe hl 5:<2 rav Mac/ ~xehxlv' u|l olhj| ~läül~ hl nmau|l' reve såvje~ l`lvdje~ hl j`njhë`nje ha~ lgêxva`~' naoa oa~xveha `e Cjd|ve 6=' u|l l}jfl e hlrl`hë`nje `a æ`d|ga ragev ν erl`e~' hls/ jha â ~jolxvje ha l~regmeol`xa u|e`xa ea æ`d|ga e{jo|xeg Ϝ @e OU e ~läîa hl nmau|l nmau|l hjclvl`njeg xlo a ol~oa ol~oa ~jd`jſtneha u|l eu|lgl l~x|heha 5> lo olnæ`jne ngå~~jne ' hώhώ-℣* J -℣* ? ' h℣ J 2
a`hl J 2 ê a `ûolva hl lgêxva`~ j`njhl`xl~ ~afvl a egsa -`a ne~a' |o `ûngla* rav no6 l rav ~ld|`ha' J -℣* ê a `ûolva hl lgêxva`~ l~regmeha~ `a æ`d|ga ~þgjha a| na`l e`d|gev h℣' u|l naorvll`hl e åvle ha hlxlxav l u|l xlo a sêvxjnl `a egsa `e hjvläîa ℣ ? -ν' Ϝ* -`a vlclvl`njeg hl nl`xva hl oe~~e / VNO*' rav |`jhehl hl xlora Hlsloa~ glofvev 56
Nao l}nläîa ha~ nmeoeha~ `ûngla~ l}þxjna~ u|l ~l nevenxlvj{eo rav ervl~l`xevlo hj~xvjf|jäül~ e`ø/ oege~' rav l}lorga' `e cavoe hl mega~ Slke |oe hj~n|~~îa e vl~rljxa' `a nerïx|ga 8 5> Slke a erë`hjnl E ha nerïx|ga 5
eu|j u|l h℣ ? ~j` νhνhϜ E ~läîa hl nmau|l hjclvl`njeg ê l~nvjxe naoa hώhώ-℣* ? ώ O -ν* wC -u *w6 ' h℣
a`hl ώ O -ν* ê e nmeoehe ~läîa hl nmau|l hl Oaxx L~xe navvl~ra`hl â ~läîa hl nmau|l afxjhe ne~a a `ûngla `îa xjsl~~l |oe hj~xvjf|jäîa l~renjeg hl nevde lgêxvjne' a| ~lke' *w6 ê naoa ~l xahe e nevde [l l~xjsl~~l ganegj{ehe lo |o û`jna ra`xa Ravxe`xa' wC -u |oe u|e`xjhehl u|l j`cavoe a u|e`xa e nevde lgêxvjne ~l hj~xvjf|j `a `ûngla E c|`äîa C C -u * ê ehjol`~ja`eg l ê nmeoehe cexav hl cavoe' u ? wu w ê a oaol`x|o gj`lev xve`~/ clvjha ha lgêxva` ea `ûngla `a rvanl~~a hl nagj~îa' ~l`ha heha rav Y>_ u ?
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glofve`ha u|l L ? n6 r6 ) o6l n8 ê e l`lvdje vlgexjsï~xjne ha lgêxva` gjsvl „ `a ι!66ς ' a`hl ι ê a ~l| naorvjol`xa hl a`he ne~a |gxvevlgexjsï~xjna |gxvevlgexjsï~xjna L ≍ nr l r!p ? ι! Reve a~ `ûngla~ glsl~ - E 7 62*' a cexav hl cavoe e~~|ol |oe cavoe fe~xe`xl ~jorgl~'
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Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
6=
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Cjd|ve 6:; Hl`~jhehl hl nevde `|nglev reve egd|`~ lglol`xa~ Reve hlxlvoj`ev e hj~xvjf|jäîa hl nevde rvanlhl/~l he ~ld|j`xl cavoe; -5* j`jnjeg/ ol`xl ~|rül/~l u|l e hj~xvjf|jäîa xlo |oe ~jolxvje l~cêvjne' a| ~lke' υn -v* ? υn -v* l exvjf|j/~l |oe l}rvl~~îa e`egïxjne u|l hlrl`hl hl egd|`~ ra|na~ revæolxva~' e ~ld|jv' C -u * l a~ revæolxva~ ~îa l`xîa ek|~xeha~ reve ce{lv naj`njhjv e n|vse -6* negn|ge/~l C e`egïxjne nao a~ ra`xa~ l}rlvjol`xej~ Må o|jxe~ l}rvl~~ül~ e`egïxjne~ u|l rahlo ~lv l~nagmjhe~ reve vlrvl~l`xev υn -v*' oe~ |oe u|l olvlnl l~rlnjeg exl`äîa' rlga ol`a~ ha ra`xa hl sj~xe mj~xþvjna' ê e hj~xvjf|jäîa hl Clvoj a| hl Taah~/^e}a` l~nvjxe naoa' υn -v* ?
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Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
38
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6.=.6 6.=.6 Åxaoa~ Åxaoa~ o|ø`jna~ o|ø`jna~ E~~jo naoa a lgêxva`' e revxïn|ge lglol`xev oûa`' ¼∖ -~|e e`xjrevxïn|g e`xjrevxïn|gee ê a ¼) *' ê nge~~jſtnehe naoa |o gêrxa`' xl`ha e~ ol~oe~ rvarvjlhehl~ ha lgêxva`' hjclvj`ha erl/ 52<'' 33 O lS l rlga ~l| xlora hl sjhe `e~ rlga segav hl ~|e oe~~e' o¼ ≍ 624 ol ≍ 52< 3 ∖ oêhje' ψ ? 6' 6 Ô 52 ~ \o cexa j`xlvl~~e`xl ~afvl a ¼∖ ê u|l lgl rahl ~lv nerx|veha rav |o åxaoa' re~~e`ha e an|rev |o avfjxeg lo xav`a ha `ûngla `a g|dev hl egd|o lgêxva` lgêxva` Oe~' naoa a veja hl Famv ha avfjxeg oej~ oej~ rvþ}joa ha `ûngla reve a lgêxva` 6 6 6 6 6 ∖ ê e2 -l * ? p !ol l ? l ! ol n ε ' a`hl ε ? l6 !p n ≍ 5!5>4 ê e na`~xe`xl hl l~xv|x|ve ſt`e' `a ne~a ha oûa` a veja hl~~l avfjxeg ~lvå
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Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
6=
A xeoe`ma ha `ûngla
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olje/hl`~jhehl l x ê e Cjd|ve 655; Hj~xvjf|jäîa hl Clvoj a| hl Taah~/^e}a`9 n ê e hj~xæ`nje e olje/hl`~jhehl l~rl~~|ve he ~|rlvcïnjl
~l`ha' ravxe`xa' 624 sl{l~ ol`av u|l a veja ha avfjxeg navvl~ra`hl`xl ha lgêxva` @a~ l~xeha~ hl l`lvdje~ oej~ fej}e~ -l~xeha~ ~ l r*' må |oe rvafefjgjhehl' `îa hl~rvl{ïslg' ha ¼∖ l~xev `e vldjîa ha `ûngla' a u|eg xlvå' ravxe`xa' oejav rvafefjgjhehl hl ~lv ner/ x|veha rlga ol~oa U|e`ha anavvl e nerx|ve hl |o ¼∖ rav |o `ûngla rl~eha' a åxaoa cavoeha hlnejvå ha~ l~xeha~ oej~ l}njxeha~ reve a~ ol`a~ l}njxeha~' nao loj~~îa hl veja~ ] ' `a hlnavvlv hlnavvlv he~ xve`~jäül~ xve`~jäül~ E~ l`lvdje~ l`lvdje~ e~~anjehe~ e~~anjehe~ ea~ veja~ ] cav`lnlvîa j`cavoeäîa ~afvl a veja `|nglev' raj~ rahl/~l na`~jhlvev u|l e ‗þvfjxe‟ hl ol`av veja -l~xeh -l~xehaa c|`he c|`heol` ol`xeg xeg ha åxaoa åxaoa o|ø`jn o|ø`jna* a* ê |o gjojxl gjojxl ~|rlvj ~|rlvjav av reve reve a xeoe`m xeoe`maa ha ol~o ol~oa a
6.=.> 6.=.> L~regmeol L~regmeol`xa `xa hl `ûngla`~ `ûngla`~ \o oêxaha u|l |~e revxïn|ge~ revxïn|ge~ `|nglevl~ `|nglevl~ „ l ravxe`xa ravxe`xa |~e e j`xlveäîa j`xlveäîa `|nglev `|nglev naoa ~a`he he hj~xvjf|jäîa `|nglev' lo na`xve~xl nao a |~a hl lgêxva`~ „ na`~j~xl `a l~reg/ meol`xa hl rvþxa`~ a| `ë|xva`~ hl egxe l`lvdje rlga `ûngla j`sl~xjdeha @l~xl ne~a' e~ l`lvdje~ hlslo ~lv xej~ u|l a naorvjol`xa hl a`he ha~ rvakêxlj~ aflhläe â vlgeäîa ι! ι!66ς ? p !o !or'`s ± V' ~l`ha V a veja `|nglev l s e slganjhehl ha rvakêxjg @l~xe~ na`hjäül~' e ~läîa hl nmau|l xaxeg -j`xldve`ha ~afvl ℣* ê hehe rav ώ ? 6ςV 6 A vl/ ~|gxeha reve a segav ha revæolxva' afxjha rav l~~l rvanlhjol`xa' ê v2 $ 5' > ∖ 5' 8 c o
6.=.8 6.=.8 L~xjoexjs L~xjoexjsee ha veja `|ngl `|nglev ev rav hlnejol hlnejol`xa `xa ζ lo `ûngla~/ l~rlgma Nmeoeo/~l `ûngla~/l~rlgma a~ revl~ hl `ûngla~ u|l xëo a ol~oa `ûolva hl oe~~e oe~ u|l hjclvlo rav |o û`jna rvþxa` „ l ravxe`xa' xeofêo rav |o û`jna `ë|xva` „' E ] ' E Z ' naoa rav l}lorga' - > M l' > M *' -55 N ' 55 F *' a| ~lke' revl~ he~ cavoe~ [ 6 5 3 < [ ∖5
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L~rlnxva~ hl l`lvdje ha~ `ûngla~/l~rlgma >5 M l >6 M l E ~jojgevjhehl ha~ l~rlnxva~' l~rlnxva~' eu|j na`~xexehe' ê |oe nevenxlvï~xjne hl~~l xjra hl revl~ hl `ûngla~ E ] E Z \o `ûngla [ rahl hlnejv reve a ~l| `ûngla/l~rlgma [ ∖5 nao e loj~~îa hl ) E |o rþ~jxva` -hlnejol`xa ζ *' a| l`xîa a `ûngla [ ∖5 Z rahl hlnejv reve a `ûngla/ E ] nao e loj~~îa hl |o lgêxva` -hlnejol`xa ζ ∖ * Seoa~ na`~jhlvev eu|j a l~rlgma [ hlnejol`xa ζ ) E E ) -65=* [ ] ∖↖ [ ∖5 Z ) l ) ο l . E rvjoljve hjclvl`äe -haoj`e`xl* u|l l}j~xl l`xvl e~ l`lvdje~ hl gjdeäîa vlclvl`xl~ ea~ `ûngla~/l~rlgma hlsl/~l â hjoj`|jäîa he nevde lgêxvjne' j~xa ê' e l`lvdje hl vlr|g~îa E ] ol`av rav ne|~e he hjclvl`äe na|gaofje`e xav`e e l`lvdje hl gjdeäîa ha `ûngla hl [ E E hl |oe |`jhehl `a `ûolva exøojna' [ ] ∖↖ [ ∖5 Z ' u|e`ha |o rvþxa` xve`~cavoe/ ~l lo |o `ë|xva` `ë|xva` Naoa må hjclvl`xl~ hjclvl`xl~ `ûolva~ `ûolva~ hl rvþxa`~ rvþxa`~ l `ë|xva`~ `ë|xva`~ `a~ `ûngla~/ l~rlgma' l}j~xl ej`he |oe ~ld|`he hjclvl`äe l`lvdêxjne' u|l ê hlsjhe â hjclvl`äe l`xvl e~ oe~~e~ ha rvþxa` l ha `ë|xva` E hjclvl`äe `e l`lvdje hl gjdeäîa xaxeg rahl l`xîa ~lv negn|gehe e revxjv he l}rvl~~îa -65=* \~e`ha a rvj`nïrja hl na`~lvseäîa he l`lvdje xloa~
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Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
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6.: A oaol`x|o oaol`x|o e`d|gev e`d|gev `|nglev `|nglev Lo na`~lu|ë`nje he af~lvseäîa lo l~rlnxva~ exøojna~ hl nlvxe~ gj`me~ hl loj~~îa he vehjeäîa' n|ke avjdlo lve j`nlvxe l sede ha ra`xa hl sj~xe xlþvjna' lo 5:68 Re|gj ra~x|/ ga| e l}j~xë`nje hl |o oaol`x|o e`d|gev `|nglev naoa ~l`ha a lglol`xa vl~ra`~åslg rlge l}j~xë`nje he~ gj`me~ u|l lgl hl`aoj`a| ~exêgjxl~ hl gj`me~ l~rlnxvej~ -ra~xlvj/ avol`xl jhl`xjſtnehe~ naoa l~xv|x|ve mjrlv enavha nao |o vlgexa mj~xþvjna mj~xþvjna ſt`e ſt`e* Hl enavha cljxa rav M. F. D. Ne~jojv Y4_' lofave `îa xjsl~~l lsjhë`nje~ ~|ſtnjl`xl~' Re|gj hl| rvlclvë`nje rvlclvë`nje â ~|e rvþrvje na`klnx|ve „ u|l naorlxje nao a|xve~ „' hl u|l a oaol`/ x|o e`d|gev `|nglev ~l enargese nao a oaol`x|o e`d|gev ha åxaoa -l`xl`he/~l ha~ lgêxva`~*' l l~xl enargeol`xa ~lvje a vl~ra`~åslg rlge l}j~xë`nje ha~ ~exêgjxl~' enev/ vlxe`ha a hl~hafveol`xa he~ gj`me~ l~rlnxvej~ exøojne~ L' na`xevjeol`xl âu|jga u|l ~l l~rlvevje' Re|gj `îa e~~anja| a oaol`x|o e`d|gev `|nglev e |o oaol`xa hl hjraga oed`êxjna ha `ûngla' ce{l`ha erl`e~ sede ol`äîa e |oe j`xlveäîa hl avjdlo lgêxvjne Ra~xlvjavol`xl' Ra~xlvjavol`xl' lo 5:64' L. Feni 5< l Da|h~ojx l~x|heveo hlxegmeheol`xl e l~xv|x|ve -:!6* p reve a oa/ mjrlv ſt`e -a~ ~exêgjxl~ hl Re|gj* ha fj~o|xa l hlh|{jveo |o segav -:! ol`x|o e`d|gev `|nglev' a u|l slja e na`ſtvoev e na`klnx|ve hl Re|gj Ehloej~' Feni l Da|h~ojx ehojxjveo naoa nlvxa' hl j`ïnja' u|l e j`xlveäîa l`xvl lgêxva`~ l `ûngla hl/ slvje xlv avjdlo oed`êxjne Lo 5:6:' e rlhjha hl Da|h~ojx' ~l| ~|rlvsj~av' a l`xîa kaslo l~x|he`xl l~x|he`xl Ne~jojv negn|ga| negn|ga| e j`h|äîa oed`êxjne' hlsjhe hlsjhe â navvl`xl lglxvø`jne' lglxvø`jne' `e ra~jäîa ha `ûngla -ganegj{eha `e avjdlo ha ~j~xloe hl naavhl`ehe~* Lgl l`na`xva| -=ς!>* >* -lp ! -6o -6ol n** wύ -2*w -2*w6 ' a`hl ύ -2* ê e c|`äîa hl a`he lglxvø`jne a segav F2 ? -=ς! nao segav `e avjdlo9 |oe l~xjoexjse `|oêvjne cljxe rav Da|h~ojx reve a åxaoa hl ~þ/ hja oa~xva| |oe l}nlgl`xl na`navhæ`nje nao a~ segavl~ l}rlvjol`xej~ Na`x|ha' rav xlvlo hloaveha lo r|fgjnev a~ vl~|gxeha~ he rl~u|j~e Ne~jojv l Da|h~ojx rlvhlveo e rvjoe{je he hl~naflvxe9 l`xvl 5:6: l 5:>2 Clvoj hl~l`sagslve hl~l`sagslve ~|e xlavje he j`xlveäîa oed`êxjne l r|fgjna| a~ vl~|gxeha~' de`me`ha e~~jo e rvlnlhë`nje ha cljxa Nao Nao e hl~n hl~naf aflv lvxe xe ha `ë|x `ë|xva va`` rav rav Nmeh Nmehtj tjni ni l e rvar rvara~ a~xe xe he rvjo rvjolj ljve ve xlav xlavje je ha `ûng `ûngla la rav Mlj~l`flvd' xav`a|/~l lsjhl`xl u|l a oaol`x|o e`d|gev xaxeg hl |o `ûngla ê a gj * ha~ `ûngla`~' vl~|gxeha he ~aoe slxavjeg ha~ ~rj`~ -~j * l ha~ oaol`xe e`d|gevl~ - j~xa ê' E
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a oaol`x|o e`d|gev xaxeg he `|slo lglxvø`jne' a oaol`x|o e`/ Edave' nmeoe`ha J ? J ) K ' l C ê a `ûolva u|æ`xjna e~~anjeha e C -ea ol~oa d|gev xaxeg ha åxaoa ê C 6 *' u|l rahl e~~|ojv a~ ~ld|j`xl~ seg/ C -C ) 5* ê a e|xasegav ha arlvehav C xlora' C -
avl~53
-668* a~ u|ej~ l~rlnjſtneo |o o|gxjrglxa o|gxjrglxa Hlsjha Hlsjha â j`xlveäîa j`xlveäîa l`xvl l`xvl a oaol`xa oaol`xa hl hjraga C ? J ) K' -J ) K *
* nao a neora oed`êxjna oed`êxjna ha `ûngla -rvaravnja`eg ea oaol`x|o e`d|gev K ' l`xîa a meojgxa`je`a exøojna ha~ lgêxva`~' u|l ê rvaravnja`eg ea oaol`x|o e`d|gev J hlsl na`xlv' egêo ha xlvoa hl j`xlveäîa ſt`e -j`xlveäîa l`xvl a oaol`x|o e`d|gev ´ K ' a`hl e ê J avfjxeg l a ~rj` ha~ lgêxva`~* |o xlvoa hl j`xlveäîa u|l ê l~nvjxa naoa eJ ´ |oe na`~xe`xl hl enargeol`xa A~ segavl~ hl C ' J l K rahlo ~lv hlxlvoj`eha~ e revxjv hl olhjhe~ hl xve`~jäül~ exøojne~ l~rlnïſtne~ Lo sjvx|hl hl~~e j`xlveäîa' a~ `ïslj~ hl l`lvdje exøojna~ ~lvîa hl~hafveha~ -meslvå -meslvå vloaäîa hl |oe hldl`lvl~në`nje*' nevenxlvj{e`ha e~~jo e l~xv|x|ve mjrlv ſt`e54 ha~ `ïslj~ `ïslj~ E l`lvdje hl j`xlveäîa j`xlveäîa `a åxaoa ê negn|gehe negn|gehe naoa a segav l~rlveha l~rlveha `a~ e|/ 6 6 xal~xeha~ hl J l hl K ' l ê hehe rav e 6 L C C C -J ' K * ? L 2 ) e J ´ K ? L 2 ) 6 ? L 2 ) T C C -J ' K *
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`ïslj~ hl l`lvdje E hjclvl`äe l`xvl a~ `ïslj~ hl l`lvdje `îa ê |`jcavol' oe~ xl`hl e hlnvl~nlv' naoa
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lo l~~ë`nje' ∃L C naoravxeol`xa ol`xa ê na`mlnjha na`mlnjha naoa vldve ha j`xlv/ C ? eC L~xl naoravxe sega' l ~lvîa -K ) J * ∖ wK ∖ J w cþxa`~ u|l rahlvîa ~lv lojxjha~ lo xve`~jäül~ l`xvl ...' wJ ∖ K w* xlo ~|e rvþrvje `ïslj~ ehkenl`xl~ -∃C ? 5* Nehe o|gxjrglxa -C ? J ) K' ...' e na`~xe`xl hl enargeol`xa l e~ hjclvl`äe~ hl l`lvdje ha~ `ïslj~ rahlo ~lv olhjhe~ 54
E l~xv|x|ve mjrlv ſt`e `a l~rlnxva ha sj~ïslg kå cave af~lvsehe lo 5==5 rav E E Ojnmlg~a` -a ol~oa ha l}rlvjol`xa Ojnmlg~a`/Oavglz Ojnmlg~a`/Oavglz reve e slvjſtnev e l}j~xë`nje ha êxlv* L~xl lcljxa ~a røhl ~lv l}rgjneha nao a ehsl`xa he olnæ`jne u|æ`xjne
Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
42
Nerïx|ga 6
Rvarvjlhehl~ dlvej~ ha~ `ûngla~
Cjd|ve 656; @a geha l~u|lvha he ſtd|ve sëlo/~l a~ `ïslj~ hl l`lvdje l e~ gj`me~ hl xve`~jäîa H5 l H6 `a åxaoa hl ~þhja l e~ l~xv|x|ve~ mjrlv ſt`e~ u|l Re|gj nmeoeve ‗~exêgjxl~‟ @a geha hjvljxa he ſtd|ve' caj cljxa |o ‗{aao‟ ha hl~hafveol`xa ha `ïslg > 6 R >!6 A o|gxjrglxa ê na`~xjx|ïha na`~xjx|ïha hl 8 `ïslj~ hl l`lvdje l e~ l`lvdje~ hl xve`~jäîa l~xîa hl`axehe~ lo xlvoa~ he cvlu÷ë`nje ha~ cþxa`~ hlxlnxeha~
`a~ hlnejol`xa~ vehjexjsa~' e~ u|ej~ ~lvîa rvaravnja`ej~ â~ l`lvdje~ ha~ cþxa`~ lojxj/ ha~ Na`mlnl`ha/~l e l`lvdje ha~ cþxa`~ avjdj`åvja~ he~ xve`~jäül~ ê ra~~ïslg l`xîa' lo rvj`nïrja' hlxlvoj`ev hlxlvoj`ev a oaol`x|o e`d|gev e`d|gev `|nglev `|nglev ^|ra`ha u|l a segav hl hl e ~lke na`/ ~xe`xl' |o någn|ga hjvlxa e revxjv ha na`k|`xa hl lu|eäül~ -663* hå' reve |o o|gxjrglxa J ) K ? J ) K
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Seoa~ jg|~xvev j~~a na`~jhlve`ha a o|gxjrglxa5= 6 R >!6 he l~xv|x|ve ſt`e ha åxaoa hl 6> @ e' `e u|eg e hldl`lvl~në`nje ê vloasjhe hlsjha â l}j~xë`nje he j`xlveäîa mjrlv ſt`e' na`cavol rahl ~lv sj~xa sj~xa `e Cjd|ve 656 Sëlo/~l u|exva `ïslj~ `ïslj~ nevenxlvj{eha~ rlga~ rlga~ 5=
Rav o|gxjrglxa l`xl`hl/~l xeofêo a na`k|`xa hl `ïslj~ hlsjha~ ea~ lgêxva`~ nao l~rlnj ſtneäîa l~rln/ xva~nþrjne 6^)5 GJ ' a`hl G ê a oaol`x|o e`d|gev avfjxeg' ^ ê a ~rj` l wG ∖ ^ w ≨ J ≨ G ) ^ Rav xvehjäîa ... xëo e ~ld|j`xl `axeäîa; ^ ' R ' H ' C ' D' ~ld|j`ha mj~xþvjne' a~ segavl~ G ? 2' 5' 6' >' 8' ... ~ld|j`ha/~l /~l heï lo hje`xl e avhlo egcefêxjne
Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
6:
A oaol`x|o e`d|gev `|nglev
45
`ûolva~ u|æ`xjna~ C ? 2' 5' 6' > l a~ segavl~ he~ l`lvdje hl xve`~jäîa olhjhe~ ~îa; 36'' 8 O M { ' ∃L J J )K ∖5 !m ? >3 >3'' 5 O M { l ∃L J J )K ∖6 !m ? 53 53'' 8 O M { ∃L J J )K !m ? 36 Heha u|l a oaol`x|o e`d|gev ha~ lgêxva`~ ê J ? >!6' ha na`k|`xa hl Lu~ Lu~ -664* -664* afxêo/~l J ) K ? ? J ) K
Ha na`k|`xa hl segavl~ ervl~l`xeha~ `e~ Lu~ -66=* l -66:* na`ng|j/~l u|l e j`xlveäîa j `xlveäîa eJ ´ J ´ K `îa ê ~|ſtnjl`xl reve l}rgjnev a~ segavl~ olhjha~ l u|l egd|oe navvläîa' a| na`/ ´ K vl~|gxe he j`xlveäîa ha ~jhlveäîa cï~jne ehjnja`eg' hlsl ~lv cljxe5: @axloa~ u|l eJ oaol`xa hl hjraga oed`êxjna ha `ûngla nao a neora oed`êxjna dlveha rlga oasj/ ol`xa ha~ lgêxva`~ exøojna~9 ravêo' ~|rø~/~l u|l a `ûngla ê |oe revxïn|ge ra`x|eg' oe~' `e vlegjhehl' ol~oa lo l~nege exøojne' e ~|e l~xv|x|ve hlsl ~lv glsehe lo na`xe' a| ~lke' ~|e cavoe' lo xlvoa~ hl hj~xvjf|jäîa l~renjeg' rvlnj~e ~lv na`~jhlvehe @l~xl ne~a' ~l| oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga lgêxvjna -slke e ~läîa 655* j`xlvedl nao a dvehjl`xl ha neora lgêxvjna he `|slo lglxvø`jne9 hlsjha ea cavoexa ha `ûngla må |o xlvoa ehj/ nja`eg u|l hlsl ~lv ~aoeha ea meojgxa`je`a exøojna' a någn|ga he l`lvdje hl j`xlveäîa caj cljxa avjdj`egol`xl rav Ne~jojv 62 ' l vl~|gxe lo S C C -J ' K * ? f
->! ->!8* I I -I ) I ) 5* J J -J ) 5* K -K ) 5* ' 6J -6 J -6J J 5* K -6 K -6K K 5*
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Hl~sja~ ervlnjåslj~ he vldve ha j`xlvsega caveo hl~naflvxa~' lo 5:><' rav M ^nm÷glv l X ^nmojhx Lgl~ na`klnx|veveo u|l e~ hj~nvlræ`nje~ ~lvjeo hlsjhe~ ea cexa hl `îa ~l glsev lo na`xe e j`xlveäîa lglxva~xåxjne l`xvl a~ lgêxva`~ l e cavoe ha `ûngla' u|l rahlvje ~lv' rav l}lorga' |o l~clvþjhl Lgl~ rvar|~lveo e l}j~xë`/ nje hl |o oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga lgêxvjna `|nglev e ſto hl l}rgjnev e~ e`aoegje~ slvjſtnehe~ `e l~xv|x|ve mjrlv ſt`e 62 A någn|ga caj cljxa e rlhjha hl ^nm÷glv
Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
46
Nerïx|ga 6
Rvarvjlhehl~ dlvej~ ha~ `ûngla~
C -C ) 5* ∖ J -J ) 5* ∖ K -K ) 5*_ l f ê |oe a|xve na`~xe`xl -hl enarge/ a`hl I ? YC ol`xl l`xvl a dvehjl`xl ha neora lgêxvjna l a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga lgêxvjna `|nglev* e ~lv hlxlvoj`ehe e revxjv ha~ heha~ l}rlvjol`xej~ ^l J ? 5!6 l!a| K ? 5!6' e ~j`/ d|gevjhehl `a hl`aoj`ehav lo -6>2* ê erevl`xl9 hl cexa xlo/~l 22 ' ravxe`xa e j`xlveäîa `l~xl~ ne~a~ `îa na`xvjf|j' ~l`ha na`~jhlvehe `|ge Rva~~ld|j`ha nao a l}lorga he Cjd|ve 656 - J ? K ? >!6*' ~aoe`ha e~ l`lvdje~ he~ h|e~ na`xvjf|jäül~ xloa~ e L C C ? T C C ) S C C ? 6
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a`hl `a geha hjvljxa l~xîa heha~ a~ segavl~ l}rlvjol`xej~ l m ê e na`~xe`xl hl Rge`ni 5: ' 4 OM{ m Na`~jh Na` ~jhlve lve`ha `ha e~ h|e h|e~~ rvjol rvjoljve jve~~ lu| lu|eäü eäül~ l~ ha ~j~xlo ~j~xloee -6>> -6>>*' *' afxêo afxêo/~l /~l e ? 5:' l f ? >' > OM{ m9 l~xl~ l~xl~ segavl~ xeofêo xeofêo ~exj~ce{lo ~exj~ce{lo â xlvnljve xlvnljve lu|eäîa lu|eäîa E~~jo E~~jo caj ra~~ïslg hlxlvoj`ev a~ segavl~ he~ h|e~ na`~xe`xl~ hl enargeol`xa Nao|ol`xl' `a~ åxaoa~ anavvl a hl~hafveol`xl ha~ `ïslj~ hl l~xv|x|ve ſt`e lo hjslv~a~ o|gxjraga~ hl l~xv|x|ve mjrlv ſt`e' C ' C 2 ' C 22 '...' l ~îa af~lvsehe~ xve`~jäül~ hl hjraga lgêxvjna l`xvl a~ `ïslj~ ha~ o|gxjraga~ naoa wC ∖ C 2 w ? 2' 5 E~~jo' na`~xexe/~l u|l e~ na`~xe`xl~ hl enargeol`xa jvîa hlrl`hlv ha~ `ûolva~ u|æ`xjna~ ha~ `ïslj~ hl l`lvdje he l~xv|x|ve ſt`e9 reve oej~ hlxegml~ slke a gjsva hl D. Mlv{flvd -R@U/5:45* Y=_
6.:.5 Vldve~ lorïvjne~ reve a oaol`x|o oaol`x|o e`d|gev e`d|gev `|nglev K ' ha~ heh @a u|l hj{ vl~rljxa ea oaol`x|o e`d|gev `|nglev K heha~ a~ l}rlv l}rlvjo jol`x l`xej~ ej~ slvj slvjſtneo/ ~l e~ ~ld|j`xl~ rvarvjlhehl~ ha~ `ûngla~; … A l~xeha c|`heol`xeg ha `ûngla' reve a~ `|ngïhla~ nao @ l [ revl~' xlo oa/
ol`x|o e`d|gev `|ga Cexa u|l ~|dlvl u|l a~ oaol`xe e`d|gevl~ hl |o rev hl `ûngla`~ ha ol~oa xjra - r a| `* ~l ~aoeo slxavjegol`xl hl cavoe xeg u|l a oaol`x|o e`d|gev ha rev vl~|gxl `|ga … @ûngla~ nao @ l [ ïorevl~ ra~~|lo oaol`x|o e`d|gev hl segav j`xljva Hl
oaol`xe e`d|gevl~ ha rvþxa` l ha `ë|xva` hl~lorevlgmeha~' nao ol`av l`lv/ ? k r ) k ` l a~ `ûolva~ u|æ`xjna~ e~~anjeha~ dje hl ~lreveäîa; slxavjegol`xl K kr ∖ k` w ≨ K ≨ kr ) k`' a u|l l}rgjnevje a~ rl/ ~exj~ce{lo e~ hl~jd|eghehl~ w k u|l`a~ segavl~ hl K olhjha~ … Reve `ûngla~ nao [ ïorev l @ rev' a| sjnl/slv~e' a oaol`x|o e`d|gev ha
`ûngla navvl~ra`hl' dlvegol`xl' ea oaol`x|o e`d|gev ha `ûngla` hl~lorevlg/ ? k r a| k ` meha' K
6.52 A oaol`xa hl hjraga oed`êxjna `|nglev Seoa~ l~xeflglnlv e na`l}îa l`xvl a oaol`x|o e`d|gev ha `ûngla l a ~l| oaol`xa lglxvaoed`lxj~ `lxj~oa oa hl hjraga oed`êxjna' a| ~jorgl~ol`xl a oaol`xa oed`êxjna Ha lglxvaoed ~efloa~ u|l' `e l}re`~îa lo o|gxjraga~ he l`lvdje hl j`xlveäîa l`xvl |oe hl`~jhehl 2 ' erevlnl a xlvoa hl l`lvdje raxl`njeg oed`êxjne hl navvl`xl l |o neora oed`êxjna M ´ M 2 ' a`hl MO ? ∖O ? 5 O 6n
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-v*' u|l ê e ê a oaol`xa hl hjraga oed`êxjna e~~anjeha â hl`~jhehl hl navvl`xl K navvl`xl lgêxvjne u|l exvesl~~e |oe |`jhehl hl åvle lo |o l`xav`a ha slxav ra~jäîa v -v* ê hlsjhe e |oe hl`~jhehl hl nevde lgêxvjne υ -v* hl~gane`ha/~l nao slganjhehl ^l K n -v* ? υn -v *s l' ravxe`xa' ganeg s' l`xîa K ? 5 O 6n
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-6>8*
^l' rav ~|e sl{' e hl`~jhehl hl nevde lgêxvjne ê hlsjhe e |o rvþxa` hl oe~~e or l nevde
l' l`xîa rahloa~ l~nvlslv e slv~îa u|æ`xjne hl -6>8* naoa
H L r O
l ? 6or n
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σ∔ -v * -v Ô r* r * σ-v*h>v'
-6><*
a`hl r ê a oaol`x|o gj`lev l xeofêo caj cljxe e ~|f~xjx|äîa υn -v* -v Ô r* r *
r * σ-v*. ↖ lσ∔-v* -v Ô r*
Eu|j σ-v * ê e c|`äîa hl a`he ha rvþxa` l a oaol`x|o gj`lev hlsl ~lv sj~xa naoa a arlvehav hjclvl`njeg `e vlrvl~l`xeäîa hl naavhl`ehe~' ∖jp ∄ Lo xlvoa~ ha arlvehav g ? v Ô r ' hlsl/~l na`~jhlvev g σ-v* ? p -∖jv Ô ∄* σ-v* Eda oaol`x|o e`d|gev Edave' ve' |~e`ha |~e`ha a arlvehav arlvehav hl oaol`x|o oaol`x|o e`d|gev `e ~|e cavoe ehjol`~ja`e ehjol`~ja`eg'g' e Lu -6><* -6><* ê l~nvjxe naoa
H L [ r ? ¼@ O
σ∔ -v* g σσ -v*h> v'
Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
-6>3*
48
Nerïx|ga 6
Rvarvjlhehl~ dlvej~ ha~ `ûngla~
g l ef~avsjhe lo ¼@ ' hl cavoe e ~l rahlv a`hl e na`~xe`xl hl Rge`ni caj vloasjhe hl hlſt`jv e u|e`xjhehl ¼@ ?
lp ? >' 5<6< Ô 52∖5= OlS D∖5 6or n
-6>4*
u|l ê a oed`lxa` `|nglev 65 Na` Na`sêo sêo vlnavhev vlnavhev u|l a oed`lxa` oed`lxa` hl Famv -oaol`x -oaol`xaa ∖ ∖ 58 5 OlS D ' hl a`hl ~l së' hl hjraga oed`êxjna ha lgêxva`* ê ¼F ? 2' <4== Ô 52 ravxe`xa' u|l a oed`lxa` lglxvø`jna lglxvø`jna ê o|jxa oejav u|l a `|nglev' `|nglev' ¼F !¼@ ≍ 5=829 l~xl cexav ê l}exeol`xl e ve{îa he~ oe~~e~ or !ol Mesl`ha [ rvþxa`~ `a `ûngla' a oaol`xa oed`êxjna oêhja hlsjha ea oasjol`xa avfjxeg hlgl~ „ reve hjclvl`njev hjclvl`njev heu|lgl u|l rvasêo ha ~rj` „ ê
H L [ ravf ? ¼@ O
[
∔ v ' ´ ´ ´ ' v * G r έ -v5 ' ´ ´ ´ ' v[ * έ - 5 [
gi ê a oaol`x|o e`d|gev ê a arlvehav hl oaol`x|o e`d|gev avfjxeg xaxeg ha~ rvþxa`~' ha i/ê~joa rvþxa` l a arlvehav oaol`xa oed`êxjna avfjxeg ê l~nvjxa naoa avf ? ¼ G O r @ r .
A arlvehav oaol`xa oed`êxjna xaxeg -avfjxeg ) ~rj`* ha `ûngla ê l~nvjxa l`xîa naoa E
? ¼@ O
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diavf gi
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¸
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-6>:*
~l`ha u|l e ~aoe ~l l~xl`hl ~afvl xaha~ a~ `ûngla`~' ~i ê a arlvehav hl ~rj` reve a i/ê~joa `ûngla` l a~ nalc ſtnjl`xl~' nmeoeha~ cexavl~ djvaoed`êxjna~' xëo segavl~ avf ? i avf ? i ~rj` ? i ~rj` ? i
a~ haj~ ûgxjoa~ ~îa ſt}eha~ e revxjv hl vl~|gxeha vl~|gxeha~~ hl l}rlvjol l}rlvjol`xa~ `xa~ Ê hjd`a hl af/ ~lvseäîa u|l' erl~ev hl ra~~|jv |oe nevde lgêxvjne xaxeg `|ge' a `ë|xva` xlo |oe hj~/ xvjf|jäîa j`xlv`e hl navvl`xl raj~ a ~l| oaol`xa oed`êxjna j`xvï`~lna `îa ê `|ga' j~~a 65
D vlrvl~l`xe e |`jhehl de|~~' ~l`ha u|l 5 D lu|jsegl' lu|jsegl' erva}joeheol`xl' â j`xl`~jhehl ha neora oed/ `êxjna he Xlvve `e ~|e ~|rlvcïnjl
Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
655
A oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga lgêxvjna
4<
vlstlxl e l}j~xë`nje hl egd|o xjra hl |oe l~xv|x|ve' a u|l ê na`~jhlveha `a Oahlga Rehvîa' rlga u|eg ~l gml exvjf|j/ |oe naora~jäîa lo xvë~ u|evi~ A oaol`xa oed`êxjna `|nglev' lo oed`lxa`~ `|nglevl~' ê hlſt`jha naoa a segav l~rlveha he naora`l`xl { ha arlvehav -6>:*' ¼K
-682* a`hl K ê a `ûolva u|æ`xjna e~~anjeha ea arlvehav oaol`x|o e`d|gev xaxeg ha `ûngla' ' l O ê a `ûolva u|æ`xjna e~~anjeha ea arlvehav navvl~ra`hl`xl â rvakläîa hl K K ˃ ~afvl a lj}a { ' K { @axl/~l @axl/~l u|l e c|`äîa hl a`he ehaxehe ê eu|lge u|l hl~nvls hl~nvlsll a l~xeha hl E `ûngla`~ lo |o l~xeha hl oaol`xa e`d|gev xaxeg K l hl rvakläîa -~afvl a lj}a {* oå}joe66' O ? K Hl enavha nao e~ vldve~ hl ~aoe ha oaol`x|o e`d|gev `|nglev' l}ra~xe~ `e ~|f/ ~läîa 6:5' ~efl/~l u|l rvþxa`~ l `ë|xva`~' xl`hlo e cavoev revl~ hl oaol`x|o e`d|/ gev `|ga' a u|l ~l nmeoe hl lorevlgmeol`xa l a oaol`xa hl hjraga oed`êxjna `|nglev ê eu|lgl ha `ûngla` ~lo revnljva U|e`ha må |o `ûngla` hl nehe l~rênjl ~lo revnljva' l`xîa eofa~ revxjnjreo ha oaol`xa hl hjraga oed`êxjna `|nglev `|nglev Sagxevloa~ ~afvl a xloe `a Nerïx|ga 4' u|e`ha hj~n|xjvloa~ a oahlga hl neoehe~ r* ? Reve a `ûngla hl 5 M -rvþxa`*' g ? 2 l ~ ? 5!6' gada k ? 5!6 l afxêo/~l ¼- r* 6' 4:6= ¼@ ' l`u|e`xa u|l reve a `ë|xva` ¼-`* ? ∖5' :5>2 ¼@ Na`~jhlvloa~ edave a hë|xlva` ^|ra`ha u|l' `l~xl ne~a' a oaol`xa hl hjraga oed`êxjna ~lke hlsjha â ~aoe r* ) ¼-`* ? 2' =4:= ¼@ ' ha~ hjraga~ oed`êxjna~ ha rvþxa` l ha `ë|xva`' xlvïeoa~ ¼- r* 6 2 ' =<48 ¼@ E hjclvl`äe oa~xve u|l a hë|xlva` `îa ê oe~ a segav olhjha ê ¼-5 M * ? 2' erl`e~ |o ~j~xloe nao |o rvþxa` oej~ |o `ë|xva` na`ſt`eha~' oe~ u|l e caväe `|nglev -u|l ~l oe`jcl~xe nao xvane hl rïa`~* eclxe l~~e u|e`xjhehl cï~jne
6.55 A oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga lgêxvjna Reve |oe hj~xvjf|jäîa hl nevde υn -v*' a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga lgêxvjna ê l~nvjxa naoa -slke a Erë`hjnl H' reve oej~ hlxegml~* U>>
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-685*
66 ? G ) ^ ê ~aoe ha oaol`x|o e`d|gev xaxeg l hl ~rj` xaxeg ha `ûngla' a~ arlvehavl~ Glofve`ha u|l K 6 ˃ l ^ ; K l K { xëo e|xasegavl~ K -K ) K ) 5* l O ' vl~rlnxjseol`xl' nao ∖K ≨ O ≨ K A ol~oa anavvl nao G 6 6 G l G{ xëo e|xasegavl~ ^ -^ ) ^ ) 5* l e|xasegavl~ G -G ) 5* l O G ' nao ∖G ≨ O G ≨ G9 l ^ l ^ { xëo e|xasegavl~ e|xasegavl~ ^ O ~ nao ∖^ ≨ O ^ ≨ ^ He vldve vldve he ~aoe ~aoe hl haj~ haj~ slxavl slxavl~~ ~ld|loe~ ~ld|loe~ hl~jd| hl~jd|egh eghehl ehl~~ wG ∖ ^ w ≨ K ≨ G)^
Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
43
Nerïx|ga 6
Rvarvjlhehl~ dlvej~ ha~ `ûngla~
oe~' reve lcljxa hl någn|ga~ u|æ`xjna~' lo Cï~jne @|nglev hl ſt`l/~l a arlvehav hl u|ehv|raga lgêxvjna' `e vlrvl~l`xeäîa hl naavhl`ehe~ l~renjej~' naoa ˃6 U
[ 6 i?5 vi R 6 -na~ ν i *
⎤⎭ 6 R ? ⎪ 2
reve a~ rvþxa`~
reve a~ `ë|xva`~' -`axl/~l u|l e nevde lgêxvjne l `îa l~xå rvl~l`xl `e l}rvl~~îa* l a navvl~ra`hl`xl u|æ`/ xjna â l}rvl~~îa -685* ê U6
a`hl vi ' naavhl`ehe ha i/ê~joa rvþxa`' ê e û`jne ~afvl e u|eg `îa ê cljxe e j`xldveäîa E hl`~jhehl he nevde lgêxvjne `|nglev ê hehe l`xîa rav υ`|n -v* ? n
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@e l}rvl~~îa -688* e hl`~jhehl he nevde `|nglev ê l}rvl~~e lo xlvoa~ ha oþh|ga ea u|ehveha he~ c|`äül~ hl a`he hl nehe rvþxa`' Lu -68<* l a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga U6 xlo hjol`~îa hl åvle ~l`ha olhjha lo |`jhehl~ fev` -f* -5f ? 522 c o6 ? 52∖68 no6 * Edave Eda ve seoa~ seoa~ cegev cegevha ha ~jd`j ~jd`jſtneha neha cï~jna cï~jna ha oaol` oaol`xa xa hl u|e u|ehv| hv|rag ragaa lgêxvj lgêxvjna' na' oa~xve oa~xve`ha `ha u|l |o segav `îa `|ga ê |o j`hjnehav hl u|l e hj~xvjf|jäîa |`jcavol |`jcavol hl nevde `îa ê l~/ cêvjne9 ravxe`xa' a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga rahl ~lv l`xl`hjha naoa |oe rvarvjlhehl „ `lnl~~åvje' oe~ `îa ~|ſtnjl`xl „ reve hlſt`jv |oe olhjhe ha hl~sja he l~clvjnjhehl he cavoe `|nglev `|nglev Reve Reve j~~a' xvexeoa~' xvexeoa~' hl j`ïnja' j`ïnja' |oe hj~xvjf|jä hj~xvjf|jäîa îa hl nevde nevde |`jcavol hl cavoexa l~clvajheg -~|ra`ha u|l vlrvl~l`xl |o `ûngla* nge~~jneol`xl' n|ka lj}a hl ~jolxvje `îa naj`njhl nao a lj}a { ha ~j~xloe hl naavhl`ehe~ nevxl~je`e~ ha vlclvl`njeg ha gefavexþvja -^ *' *' na`cavol oa~xveha `e Cjd|ve 65>' a`hl }2 ' z 2 l { 2 ' ~îa a~ lj}a~ ha ~j~xloe hl naavhl`ehe~ ha vlclvl`njeg ſt}a `a nl`xva ha `ûngla -^ 2 *' oe~ nao } ? }2 l a lj}a { 2 vaheha lo vlgeäîa e { rlga æ`d|ga Ν A~ ~loj/lj}a~ oejav l ol`av ha l~clv/ f!> Xeofêo ehojxjoa~ u|l þjhl ~îa f l e vl~rlnxjseol`xl' vl~rlnxjseol`xl' l`xîa a ~l| sag|ol ê 8ςe 6 f!> 2 a lj}a { naj`njhl nao e hjvläîa ha oaol`x|o e`d|gev ha `ûngla K 2 @a vlclvl`njeg ^ a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga ê l~nvjxa naoa U62
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v26 R 6 na~ ν 2 h> v2 '
l e gj`me `e j`xldveg ê |o glofvlxl u|l e~ sevjåslj~ v2 l ν2 `îa ~îa j`hlrl`hl`xl~ Edave' glofvloa~ u|l e lu|eäîa hl |o l~clvþjhl ê }26 ) z 26 { 26 ) ? 5' e6 f6
Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
-684*
4=
Nerïx|ga 6
Rvarvjlhehl~ dlvej~ ha~ `ûngla~
@ûngla rvagexa' rvagexa' n|ka lj}a hl ~jolxvje ~jolxvje naj`njhl naj`njhl nao e hjvläîa hjvläîa ha oaol`x| oaol`x|o o e`d e`d|gev |gev Cjd|ve 65>; @ûngla A~ lj}a~ { 2
∖ z2 l~xîa vaheha~ hl |o æ`d|ga Ν' lo xav`a ha lj}a } ? }2
a`hl }2 ? v2 ~j` ν2 na~ σ2 ' z 2 ? v2 ~j` ν2 ~j` σ2 l { 2 ? v 2 na~ ν2 Gada' e Lu -684* rahl ~lv l~nvjxe naoa e v2 ?
e6 !f6 *na~6 ν2
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Nao j~xa' nmeoe`ha na~ ν2 ? t2 ' a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga -683* ê l~nvjxa naoa U62
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Reve |o rlu|l`a hl~sja he l~clvjnjhehl' e ? V l f ? V ) ∃V nao ∃V ± V' xloa~ U62
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oa~xve`ha u|l a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga lgêxvjna ê rvaravnja`eg ea hl~sja ∃V A cavoexa ha `ûngla hlcavoeha rahl ~lv nevenxlvj{eha lo c|`äîa ha ~j`eg hl U62 ; ~l cav ra~jxjsa' hj{/~l u|l ê |o `ûngla hl cavoexa rvagex a l ~l cav `ldexjsa ê afgexa' cavoe~ l~xe~ u|l rahl ~lv sj~xe~ `e Cjd|ve 658 Seoa~ edave l~nvlslv a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga U6' vlgexjsa e |o vlclvl`njeg ^ `îa ſt}eha `a navra' lo xlvoa~ hl U62 A~ lj}a~ nevxl~je nevxl~je`a~ `a~ ha~ haj~ vlclvl` vlclvl`njej~ njej~
glofve`ha `aseol`xl u|l U62 ê a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga j`xvï`~lna ha `ûngla lo ^l U2 0 2 -a `ûngla xlo cavoe rvagexe* vlgeäîa â hjvläîa hl ~l| oaol`x|o e`d|gev K 6 U6 ~lvå a oejav segav ha oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga af~lvsåslg -raj~ na`~jhlveoa~ O ? K *' *' ravêo ol`av u|l U62 raj~ -K ∖ 5!6* ! -K ) 5* 7 5 Reve K ? 5!6' a egj`meol`xa nao a lj}a { ~lvå xîa rlu|l`a hl cavoe xeg u|l U6 ? 2' oe~ j~xa `îa jorgjne u|l hl K `ûngla~ nao K ? 2 a| 5!6 ~lkeo l~cêvjna~' oe~ u|l ~jorgl~ol`xl ~|e e~~jolxvje `îa ~l oe`jcl~xe lo j`xlveäül~ l`xvl a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga l a dvehjl`xl hl |o neora lgêxvjna68 `îa naj`njhl nao a lj}a hl ~jolxvje ha Hl cavoe dlveg' ~l a oaol`x|o e`d|gev K `ûngla' xlo/~l a vl~|gxeha -slke' rav l}lorga e vlclvë`nje Y:_* U6 ?
>I 6 K K -K ) 5* 2 U ' -K ) 5*-6K 5*-6K ) >* 6
∖
~afvl a lj}a hl ~jolxvje ha `ûngla' I ? ∖K' ∖K ) K ) 5'...'K ∖ a`hl I ê e rvakläîa hl K 5' K @l~xl ne~a' seoa~ ce{lv egd|oe~ na`~jhlveäül~ ~|rglol`xevl~; … ^l U62 0 2 l K -K ) 5* 7 >I 6 ~ld|l u|l 2 7 U6 7 U62 9 … reve K -K ) 5* 0 >I 69 U6 l U62 xëo ~j`ej~ ~j`ej~ ara~xa~ ara~xa~ L}lorga L}lorga;; reve `ûngla~ `ûngla~ [ /rev 3 2' xloa~ /rev l @ /rev nao I ? 2 ' oe~ K ? U6 ?
∖ 6K K ) > U62 '
68
E `ex|vl{e he j`xlveäîa l`xvl |o oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga lgêxvjna l a dvehjl`xl hl |o neora lgêxvjna l~xå hlxegmehe ha Erë`hjnl H hl~xl nerïx|ga
Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
656
A j~a~rj` a| ~rj` j~axþrjna
=5
ravxe`xa a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga u|ehv|raga af~lvseha xlo ~j`eg ara~xa ea ha j`xvï`~lna j`xvï`~lna … A oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga ê olhjha nagane`ha a `ûngla lo |o neora lgêxvjna `îa |`jcavol -slke a Erë`hjnl H*' a xlvoa hl j`xlveäîa ê L { ∖ 53 U6 ∆L ∆{
Reve I ? K xloa~ U6 ?
6K -K 5!6* 2 ´ U 9 -6K -6K ) >* -K ) 5* 6
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3 2 L~xl vl~|gxeha gada reve K ? 5!6 l K ? 2 ' xlo/~l U6 ? 2' ol~oa u|l U62 ? ~|vdl `aseol`xl `aseol`xl ravu|l e j`xlveäîa l`xvl a dvehjl`xl ha neora lgêxvjna l a oa/ ol`xa hl u|ehv|raga lgêxvjna ê cvene l' ravxe`xa' j`~|ſtnjl`xl reve cav`lnlv j`cav/ -6K ) >* ≍ 5 l oeäîa ~afvl e hlcavoeäîa `|nglev L`xvlxe`xa' reve K Â 5' 6K! -6K U6 hl -6<6* ~l vlh|{ e -6<5*' oe~ xeofêo -K ∖ 5!6*! 6*! -K ) 5* ∖↖ 5u|l ê |oe oe`j~cl~xeäîa oe`j~cl~xeäîa ha rvj`nïrja he navvl~ra`hë`nje reve dve`hl~ `ûolva~ u|æ`xjna~ … @a ne~a ha hë|xlva`' a oaol`xa hl u|ehv|raga l}rlvjol`xeg ê UH ? 2' 226=6 f Slvloa~ lvloa~ `a Nerïx|ga Nerïx|ga 3 u|l a ~j~xloe ~j~xloe rvþxa`/`ë|xv rvþxa`/`ë|xva` a` -revxïn|ge -revxïn|ge vlh|{jhe vlh|{jhe
ύ ιo~ ox -v5 ' ~5 ' x5 * ? σι -v5 *ΰ o~ -5* γ ox -5*' a`hl σι -v5 * ê e c|`äîa hl a`he l~renjeg nevenxlvj{ehe rlga `ûolva u|æ`xjna ι' ΰ o~ -5* ê a l~xeha hl ~rj` l γ ox -5* ê a l~xeha hl j~a~rj`' nao ox ? 5!6 reve rvþxa`~ l ox ? 5!6 reve `ë|xva`~ Lo e`egadje nao a x ? x˃}˃ĵ ) x˃z ˃) x˃{ i˃' nmeoeha slxav hl ~rj` j~afåvjna' slxav hl ~rj` ~ na`~xvþj/~l a slxav ~rj` j~axþrjna a| ~jorgl~ol`xl j~a~rj`' n|ke~ naora`l`xl~ x˃j ~îa ' lo e`egadje â~ naora`l`xl~ hl ~rj` ~} ' ~z l ~{ ' l}exeol`xl e~ oexvj{l~ hl Re|gj6< sl{l~ 5!6' oe~ ehj/
∖
ol`~ja`ej~' jê ~lo e na`~xe`xl hl Rge`ni naoa a cexav u|l hå e hjol`~îa l e avhlo hl dve`hl{e E jhêje hl j`xvah|{jv a j~a~rj` `e Cï~jne @|nglev l~xå rvl~l`xl `a oahlga rvjoavhjeg ~afvl e l~xv|x|ve `|nglev' rvara~xa rav Mlj~l`flvd lo 5:>6' l u|l lgl avjd/ j`egol`xl nmeoa| υ/~rj` Lofave a cavoegj~oa `îa ca~~l l~xvjxeol`xl `lnl~~åvja `e xlavje hl Mlj~l`flvd' a na`nljxa hl j~a~rj` l`na`xva| oejav |xjgjhehl `e xlavje ha hl/ nejol`xa ζ ' hl Clvoj' l caj xeofêo |~eha rav Z|iete' `e ~|e xlavje he caväe `|nglev Ra~xlvjavol`xl' Ra~xlvjavol`xl' xav`a|/~l |o lglol`xa jorvl~nj`hïslg jorvl~nj`hïslg lo Cï~jne @|nglev flo naoa `e cï~jne hl revxïn|ge~ ~|fexøojne~ Lo vl~|oa' e navvl~ra`hë`nje hl `axeäîa l`xvl ~rj` l j~a~rj` ê cljxe naoa ~ld|l' ~ ώ y~} ' ~z ' ~{ } yώ } ' ώ z ' ώ{ } ΰ o~ - k* k * wo~ jk
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Oj{vemj # Deglxxj
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653
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u|l naorevehe nao e Lu -636* oa~xve u|l r6 ? 59 gada må haj~ e|xasegavl~ ra~~ïslj~ ha arlvehav revjhehl' r ? µ5 \o l~xeha a| c|`äîa c|`äîa hl a`he nao `ûolva `ûolva u|æ`xjna u|æ`xjna r ? 5 -∖5* ê hjxa ~lv rev -ïorev* \oe na`hjäîa reve u|l |oe e|xac|`äîa xl`me |oe ˃ R ˃ ? 2 Exê oleha~ he hênehe hl 5:<2' a~ cï~jna~' lo revjhehl hl ſt`jhe ê u|l M' ~|e oejavje' envlhjxeseo u|l e revjhehl lve na`~lvsehe - rvj`nïrja he na`~lvseäîa he `|nglevl~9 ravêo l~xe nvl`äe caj naganehe â rvase rav revjhehl* lo xaha~ a~ rvanl~~a~ `|nglevl~9 Gll l Ze`d' u|l lveo nêxjna~ u|e`xa â segjhehl hl~xl rvj`nïrja `e~ j`xlveäül~ cvene~ „ l`xl`he/~l hlnejol`xa ζ „9 lgl~ l`xîa rvar|~lveo |o l}rlvjol`xa u|l rahlvje na`ſtv/ oev a| vlc|xev a rvj`nïrja A l}rlvjol`xa' fe~xe`xl l`dl`ma~a' l`dl`ma~a' u|e`xa xln`jneol`xl ~aſt~xjneha' ~xjneha' caj cljxa cljxa rav |oe lu|jrl gjhlvehe gjhlvehe rlge cï~jne T| Hl cexa' a~ vl~|gxeha~ vl~|gxeha~ oa~xveveo u|l' j`h|fjxeslgol`xl' e revjhehl lve sjagehe9 sagxevloa~ e l~xl e~~|`xa `a nerïx|ga : E~~jo' e revjhehl ~þ ê na`~lvsehe `e~ cavxl~ „ j`xlveäîa l`xvl måhva`~ „ l `e j`xlveäîa lglxvaoed`êxjne' naoa ~lvå hj~n|xjha `a nerïx|ga 52 E~~jo' erþ~ e j`xvah|äîa he ~jolxvje he revjhehl' a~ `ïslj~ hl l`lvdje `|nglevl~ ~îa nevenxlvj{eha~ -egêo ha segav he l`lvdje* rav |o `ûolva u|æ`xjna e~~anjeha ea oaol`x|o e`d|gev xaxeg K l rlge revjhehl he c|`äîa hl a`he -ς ? µ*' na`hl`~eha `a ~ïofaga K ς
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6.54 Rvafgloe~ 5 J`sl~xjd|l J`sl~xjd|l e l~xefjgjhehl ha `ûngla ha =8 Fl rav hlnejol`xa -e* 4> Gj ) 55 M ' -f* 3> Gj ) 6 M l -n* 8 M l ) 8 Ml 5 6 6 \~l e~ ~ld|j`xl~ oe~~e~; O Fl ? =' 22<>5 |' O Gj ? 4' 25325 |' O M ? 5' 224=> |' O Gj ? 3' 25<5> |' O Ml ? 8' 22632 |' O M ? 6' 6 ' 25852 |. =
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