DIVERSIDAD SOCIOCULTURAL EN PARAGUAY - SECRETARIA NACIONAL DE CULTURA - NOVIEMBRE 2012 - PORTALGUARANI

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Ybirbtgrëg Eginjegc db Iucturg Ibetrj db Nevbstnlginjebs be Oncjsjoëg y Inbeings Fukgegs &INO.

Ijesuctjrëg db nevbstnlginùe sjhrb

Dnvbrsndgd sjinjiucturgc be Qgrglugy

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Ijesuctjrg= Kgrëg Icgrg Ygetg Iruz

Ejvnbkhrb 8178

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Nevbstnlginùe rbgcnzgdg ije gpjyj db cjs Ojedjs db Iucturg pgrg Qrjybitjs Inudgdgejs# db cg Ybirbtgrëg Eginjegc db Iucturg%


IJETBENDJ Netrjduiinùe G% Igrgitbrëstnigs db cg dnvbrsndgd sjinjiucturgc be Qgrglugy 7% 8% 9% 4% 2%

Qjhcginùe Dnstrnhuinùe bspgingc Bstruiturg db cg pjhcginùe pjr bdgd y sbxj Dnvbrsndgd Cnelóëstnig Dnvbrsndgd rbcnlnjsg

H% Igrgitbrëstnigs bspbiëonigs db cjs lrupjs sjinj iucturgcbs 7% 8% 9% 4% 2% ?% <% 6% >% 71% 77% 78% 79%

Qubhcj Gifî Qubhcj Gelgntî Qubhcj Gvç Lugrgeë Qubhcj Gyjrbj Qubhcj Becfbt Qubhcj Bexbt Qubhcj Bebecfbt Qubhcj Lugeç Qubhcj Lugrgeë ×gedîvg Qubhcj Lugr e geë Jiindbetgc Qubhcj Nsfnr ^hytjsj Qubhcj Nsfnr Tjkgrgfô Qubhcj Kg`ç

74% 72% 7?% 7<% 76% 7>% 81% 87% 88% 89% 84% 82% 8?%

Qubhcj Kgemun Qubhcj Khyç Qubhcj Envgicî Qubhcj Qgå Tgvytbrè Qubhcj Ygegpgeç Qubhcj Kgs`jy Qubhcj Tjhg Wjk Kbeejentgs be Qgrglugy Gorjdbsibednbetbs be Qgrglugy Çrghbs be Qgrglugy Mgpjebsbs be Qgrglugy Ijrbgejs be Qgrglugy Hrgsncb÷js be Qgrglugy

Ijeicusnjebs Hnhcnjlrgoëg utncnzgdg

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Netrjduiinùe

Bstb djiukbetj oub bcghjrgdj pgrg bc Ynstbkg Eginjegc db Neojrkginùe Iucturgc db cg Ybirbtgrëg Eginjegc db Iucturg# ije bc jhmbtnvj db snstbkgtnzgr neojrkginùe sjhrb cjs lrupjs sjinj+iucturgcbs dbc Qgrglugy%

Be bc Qgrglugy ijevnvbe vgrnjs lrupjs sjinjiucturgcbs# bxprbsgedj sus ndbetndgdbs be ueg gkpcntud db cbelugs# prçitnigs iucturgcbs# nkglnegrnjs# grtb# kýsnig y rbcnlnjebs% Yn trgzçrgkjs ue kgpg db tjdjs bstjs lrupjs# ejs sjrprbedbrëgkjs db cg rnqubzg# cg dnvbrsndgd y cg kuctniucturgcndgd qub bxnstb be eubstrj tbrrntjrnj%

Bc kgpg iucturgc pgrglugyj ijkprbedb# gdbkçs db cg iucturg kbstnzg kgyjrntgrng# uegs vbnetb btengs nedëlbegs dnspbrsgs y vgrnjs beicgvbs iucturgcbs bxtrgembrjs# cj qub supjeb ueg gctg dnvbrsndgd iucturgc# pjtbeingckbetb kuy bernqubibdjrg be ue tbrrbej pjij pjhcgdj y# ije kgrigdg dnobrbeing sjingc% Bobitnvgkbetb# be Qgrglugy ijbxnstbe dnvbrsgs iucturgs hnbe dbonendgs qub vnvbe be ijkuendgdbs dnobrbetbs# betrb cgs qub sb beiubetrge cjs kbstnzjs# cjs neknlrgetbs y cjs egtnvjs ije ijeocnitjs netbriucturgcbs% 8

Yblýe Lubrrbrj &8118. fjy fge betrgdj be irnsns cjs kjdbcjs db ibetrgcndgd ghsjcutg# qub fge prbtbedndj ijestrunr ojrkgs fjkjlbebnzgetbs db knrgr cg rbgcndgd y cg iucturg% Cj iucturgc sb bxprbsg g trgvîs db cg prbjiupginùe sjhrb tbkçtnigs ijkj cj kuctnîtenij# cg kuctniucturgcndgd# cg pcurniucturgcndgd# cg netbriucturgcndgd# cg dnvbrsndgd y cg dnobrbeing% Tjdgs bstgs bxprbsnjebs dbkubstrge qub fg ccblgdj g su one ueg vnsnùe uentgrng y bvjcuinjenstg cnebgc db cg fnstjrng%

Dbhndj g cg dnvbrsndgd y igetndgd db lrupjs prbsbetbs be cg fnstjrng y be cg rbgcndgd sjingc pgrglugyg# bc jhmbtj db bstg snstbkgtnzginùe fg sndj dbcnkntgdj g cgs vbnetb btengs j pubhcjs nedëlbegs y g sbns lrupjs db neknlrgetbs% Dbetrj db igdg uej db bstjs lrupjs ghjrdgkjs iugtrj dnkbesnjebs= cbelug# tbrrntjrnj# bspnrntugcndgd# y rbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg%

Cjs sbns lrupjs sjinjiucturgcbs db neknlrginùe sbcbiinjegdjs oubrje= cjs kbeejentgs# cjs gorjdbsibednbetbs# cjs çrghbs# cjs mgpjebsbs# cjs ijrbgejs y cjs hrgsncbrjs% Bc irntbrnj db sbcbiinùe db bstjs lrupjs oub cg dnvbrsndgd be iugetj g cgs rgzjebs db neknlrginùe= suhsnstbeing bijeùknig# pbrsbiuinùe pjcëtnig# rbcnlnjsg y îtenig%

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Wun÷jebz# Ibcsg &8178.

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Cjs iugtrj irntbrnjs db jrlgenzginùe dbc trghgmj sje= 7. Ndbetndgdbs îtenigs b nedëlbegs# 8. Ndbetndgdbs knlrgetbs y rbcnlnjsgs &Gorjdbsibednbetbs y Kbeejentgs.# 9. Ndbetndgdbs eginjegcbs &mgpjebsbs# ijrbgejs# hrgsncb÷js. y 4. Ndbetndgdbs cnelóëstnigs &çrghbs.%

Bstb djiukbetj ej prbtbedb sbr ue kgtbrngc gighgdj en kuifj kbejs bxfgustnvj sjhrb cg ijkpcbmg tbkçtnig qub sb ghjrdg% Ynkpcbkbetb bs ue trghgmj qub rbýeb# jrdbeg y icgsnonig neojrkginùe# db kgebrg g jorbibr ueg sëetbsns db cgs igrgitbrëstnigs db cjs lrupjs sjinjiucturgcbs be Qgrglugy y qub pubdg sbrvnr ijkj hgsb db dgtjs pgrg outurgs nevbstnlginjebs%

Ighb gicgrgr qub# rbspbitj g gcluegs btengs# bxnstb pjig neojrkginùe be gcluegs dnkbesnjebs% Tgc bs bc igsj db Tjhg Wjk# pjr bmbkpcj# qub rbqunbrb cg prjduiinùe db kgyjr nevbstnlginùe% Be bc igsj db cjs pubhcjs qub pbrtbebibe g cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig Kgs`jy# sb beijetrù neojrkginùe db gcluejs pubhcjs kbzicgdjs# pjr cj iugc sb dnoniuctg fgccgr cg bspbinonindgd db igdg lrupj% Cgs btengs db bstg ogkncng# fge suorndj ue prjibsj db kbzicg îtenig qub fg dbsbkhjigdj be uenjebs y ogkncngs db dnobrbetbs btengs# pbrdnîedjsb bc knskj jrnlbe îtenij% Yblýe ]gegrdnen &8171.# bc rbsuctgdj bs cg ijeonlurginùe db ue pubhcj ije ndbetndgd kgrigdgkbetb nedëlbeg pbrj sne sghbr en pjdbr bxpcnintgr g quî bteng sb gdsirnhb% Qgrg gutjdbonenrsb# utncnzgrje bc tîrknej Kgs`jy qub bs bc ejkhrb db cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig &sblýe cg icgsnoniginùe db Hrgenscgvg Yusen`.# knbetrgs qub Fgeebs @gcnsif cg dbejkneg ogkncng Becfbt+ Bebecfbt%

Bkpbzgrbkjs pjr dbonenr gcluejs ijeibptjs icgvbs qub bstçe prbsbetbs be bstb trghgmj= iucturg# btenindgd# cbelug# tbrrntjrnj# bspnrntugcndgd# rbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg y knlrginùe%

Cg iucturg sb betnbedb ijkj –ue snstbkg netblrgdj db bstrgtblngs gprbedndgs qub ue pubhcj utncnzg be ojrkg ijkpgrtndg pgrg su kgebmj bxnstbeingc% G dnobrbeing db iucturg# cg btenindgd ijestntuyb ueg sbcbiinùe db bcbkbetjs iucturgcbs qub ue pubhcj ijesndbrg pbrtnebetbs pgrg culgr sus jhmbtnvjs db gdgptginùe# lbebrginùe db rbiursjs# kjvncnzginùe pjcëtnig# bti% Bc rbsuctgdj db bstb prjibsj sje glrupginjebs db pbrsjegs db cg knskg bteng y ije ueg iucturg

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ijkpgrtndg# qub sb pjebe db giubrdj pgrg ccbvgr g ighj ue prjybitj sjingc# pgrg cj iugc su ndbetndgd îtenig cbs pubdb sbrvnr db bstrgtblng y db nestrukbetj% 9

Ygussurb dboneb cg cbelug ijkj pgrtb bsbeingc dbc cbelugmb# qub bs g cg vbz bc prjduitj sjingc db cg ogiuctgd db cbelugmb y bc ijemuetj db ijevbeinjebs ebibsgrngs gdjptgdgs pjr bc iubrpj sjingc qub pbrkntbe bc bmbrininj db cg ogiuctgd db cbelugmb be cjs nednvndujs% Cg ogiuctgd db cbelugmb bs gclj egturgc# be tgetj qub cg cbelug bs gclj gdqunrndj y ijevbeinjegc# bs bxtbrnjr gc nednvnduj# yg qub pjr së knskj ej cg pubdb irbgr en kjdnonigr% Ijkj prjduitj sjingc cg cbelug bs ijkj ue tbsjrj dbpjsntgdj be cjs sumbtjs db ueg ijkuendgd0 ijkj ueg lrgkçtnig qub bxnstb vnrtugckbetb be cjs ibrbhrjs db ue ijemuetj db nednvndujs# pjr cj qub Ygussurb ijesndbrg qub cg cbelug bxnstb ijkpcbtgkbetb be cg kgsg db nednvndujs qub ijkpjebe ueg ijkuendgd% Cg cbelug bxnstb be cg ijcbitnvndgd ijkj ue dniinjegrnj iuyjs bmbkpcgrbs ndîetnijs bstgrëge rbpgrtndjs be tjdjs cjs ibrbhrjs%4

Bc tbrrntjrnj ijestntuyb ue ijeibptj tbùrnij y ue jhmbtj bkpërnij qub pubdb sbr gegcnzgdj dbsdb cg pbrspbitnvg netbrdnsinpcnegrng# fg pgsgdj dbc rbduiinjenskj onsnjlrçonij pgrg sbr gsukndj ijkj ue ijeibptj qub bxnstb pjrqub iucturgckbetb fgy ueg rbprbsbetginùe db îc# pjrqub sjingckbetb fgy ueg bspgingcnzginùe y ue betrgkgdj db rbcginjebs qub cj sustbetge y pjrqub pjcëtnig y bijeùknigkbetb ijestntuyb ueg db cgs fbrrgknbetgs ijeibptugcbs kçs oubrtbs be cg dbkgriginùe dbc pjdbr y dbc netbrigkhnj% Bc tbrrntjrnj sb ijevnbrtb be cg rbprbsbetginùe dbc bspginj# bc iugc sb vb sjkbtndj g ueg trgesojrkginùe ijetneug qub rbsuctg db cg giinùe sjingc db cjs sbrbs fukgejs# db cg iucturg y db cjs orutjs db cg rbvjcuinùe qub be bc kuedj dbc ijejinknbetj sb vnvb be tjdjs cjs rneijebs dbc pcgebtg% 2

Be bstb trghgmj# bc ijeibptj db bspnrntugcndgd bstç bekgrigdj be ue ijemuetj db ndbgs# vgcjrbs îtnijs y pjcëtnijs# ndbgcbs# sbetnknbetjs y jpinjebs# qub ejs ccbvg g ueg vnsnùe db trgsibedbeing y db ijkuendgd# db netblrginùe iùsknig y tbrrbegc% Bstb sbetndj db cg bspnrntugcndgd netblrg cg ojrkginùe db cg ndbetndgd be cg dnkbesnùe db cj iucturgc y db cg rbcnlnjsndgd fukgeg j dnvneg% Cg bspnrntugcndgd gpjrtg g cg ndbetndgd pbrsjegc# iucturgc# eginjegc# uenvbrsgc% Cg rbcnlnjsndgd bs betbedndg ijkj rbsuctgdj db cg ijkuenùe db tjtgcndgd b nednvndugcndgd# bxprbsnùe db gkjr y bspbrgezg# gspnrginùe db ue outurj kbmjr% ?

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Ytgfc# \%# 811<% Hnljt# K%# 8116% Ccgejs+Fbreçedbz# C%# 8171% ? DaGelbcj# J%# 8119% 4 2

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Qjr rbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg# sb betnbedb ijkj cg netbrgiinùe betrb bc lrupj sjinjiucturgc y cg sjinbdgd eginjegc% Kgnssjebuvb &7>?6. dboneb cg netbrgiinùe ijkj –ueg uendgd db giinùe prjduindg pjr ue sumbtj G# qub gitýg ijkj bstëkucj db ueg uendgd db rbspubstg be jtrj sumbtj H# y vnibvbrsg‛% Cg rbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc bstç bekgrigdg be ue ijetbxtj fnstùrnij# be bc iugc neocuybe ogitjrbs sjingcbs# iucturgcbs# bijeùknijs# pjcëtnijs# betrb jtrjs%

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Getbrnjrkbetb# bc uenvbrsj db kjvnknbetjs tbrrntjrngcbs db cg pjhcginùe sb rbijrtghg y rbduiëg g uej dbtbrknegdj= cg knlrginùe# qub sne bkhgrlj bs sùcj ueg pgrtb db ue uenvbrsj kuifj kgyjr% Gitugckbetb fgy ijesbesj be rbijejibr qub bstg dboneninùe db knlrginùe bs cnkntgtnvg y ej pbrkntb igptgr tjdgs cgs dnkbesnjebs dbc obeùkbej# en tjdg su kglentud% Be rbsukbe0 cgs pbrsjegs tnbebe ueg gctg kjvncndgd tbrrntjrngc &vge db ue cgdj g jtrj dbc tbrrntjrnj eginjegc j iruzge cgs orjetbrgs.% Yb rbsbrvg bc tîrknej db knlrginùe gc prjibsj sjingc ijesnstbetb be ueg ojrkg db dbspcgzgknbetj db ue culgr g jtrj db nednvndujs j lrupjs# ije igkhnj db rbsndbeing% <

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G% Igrgitbrëstnigs sjinj dbkjlrçonigs db cg dnvbrsndgd sjinjiucturgc

7% Qjhcginùe Yblýe cjs rbsuctgdjs dbc Ybluedj Ibesj Eginjegc Nedëlbeg 8118# cg pjhcginùe bkpgdrjegdg gsinbedb g 6<%1>> pbrsjegs# qub rbprbsbetge bc 7#<" db cg pjhcginùe tjtgc dbc pgës% Be ijesndbrginùe g cg pjhcginùe grrjmgdg pjr bc Ibesj Nedëlbeg 8118# sb pjdrëg pbesgr qub be cjs ýctnkjs 87 g÷js cg pjhcginùe nedëlbeg fg tbendj kgyjr irbinknbetj &9#>".# qub cg pjhcginùe eginjegc# qub irbinù ue 8#< " geugc giukucgtnvj &7>68+8118.%

Bstb neirbkbetj# db fbifj snlenonigtnvj# sb dbhb ouedgkbetgckbetb g ueg eubvg kbtjdjcjlëg db igptginùe db dgtjs# cj qub pbrkntnù dnskneunr gprbinghcbkbetb cg jknsnùe ibesgc% Qjr tgetj# be cg cbiturg db cjs snlunbetbs dgtjs sb dbhbrç tbebr be iubetg bstg ijesndbrginùe# g one db bvntgr ueg netbrprbtginùe negdbiugdg db cg bvjcuinùe db cg pjhcginùe nedëlbeg be bc Qgrglugy%

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Yblýe Qgcgu &7>><. bc prbdjknenj db cjs ocumjs prjvbenbetbs db pgësbs burjpbjs bs sjstbendj dbsdb 7661# ccblgedj g ijestntunr kçs db cgs iugtrj qunetgs pgrtbs durgetb cjs prnkbrjs g÷js db bstb snlcj y bc >1" be cg dîigdg dbc 91% Yb ejtg cg nkpjrtgeing rbcgtnvg dbc nelrbsj db kbeejentgs be cgs dîigdgs dbc 81 y dbc 41% Be iugetj g cjs neknlrgetbs db jrnlbe gkbrnigej# cg igsn tjtgcndgd db bccjs fgstg 7>?1 prjvnbeb db Grlbetneg# fbifj bxpcnighcb pjr cgs vëgs db ijkueniginùe bxnstbetbs be cg îpjig# bxicusnvgkbetb cg ocuvngc% Iugedj# g pgrtnr db 7>2> ije cg irbginùe dbc Qtj% Qtb% Ytrjbssebr be cg kgrlbe nzqunbrdg dbc rëj Gctj Qgrgeç y cg ijestruiinùe db cg rutg qub ueëg bsg cjigcndgd ije Gsueinùe# bkpnbzg cg neknlrginùe hrgsncb÷g qub pgsg g sbr ebtgkbetb djknegetb fgstg bc kjkbetj gitugc%

Bc rçpndj irbinknbetj dbc ocumj db neknlrgetbs netbreginjegcbs rblnstrgdj be bc pbrëjdj <8*68 sb dbsgibcbrg be bc ýctnkj dbibenj# irbinbedj be 78"# cj iugc rbprbsbetg# db tjdjs kjdjs# ue neirbkbetj nkpjrtgetb be cg igetndgd ghsjcutg% Yjhrb bc tjtgc db pjhcginùe bxtrgembrg ibesgdg# bs ghrukgdjr bc pbsj db cjs knlrgetbs cnkëtrjobs &69".# neicuybedj g cjs pjijs hjcnvngejs rblnstrgdjs% Yn g bstb lrupj sb glrblge cjs urulugyjs y ifncbejs# bsb pjribetgmb sb bcbvg g 6?"# prçitnigkbetb bc knskj qub bc jhsbrvgdj be 7>68# qub bs ue <" supbrnjr gc beijetrgdj be 7><8% Be rbsukbe# Qgrglugy kubstrg fghbrsb ijkpjrtgdj ijkj rbibptjr prneinpgckbetb db knlrgetbs cnkëtrjobs y suhrblnjegcbs%

Bc Ibesj db 8118 pbrkntb bstghcbibr qub cjs trbs prnkbrjs pgësbs db prjibdbeing db neknlrginùe gc Qgrglugy sje= Hrgsnc &4<#<".# Grlbetneg &9?#2". y Rrulugy &7#>".% Bc rbstj db Gkîrnig y bc rbstj dbc kuedj jiupge bc tbribr y iugrtj culgr% Bc pbsj db cg pjhcginùe bxtrgembrg be rbcginùe gc tjtgc eginjegc bs rbduindj% Fnstùrnigkbetb# bc Qgrglugy bs ue pgës db bknlrginùe getbs qub db neknlrginùe# bspbingckbetb sn sb ijkpgrg g vbinejs db cg rblnùe ijkj Grlbetneg j Rrulugy% Cg neindbeing db bxtrgembrjs be rbcginùe g cg pjhcginùe tjtgc bs 9#4" tgetj be 7><8 ijkj be bc 8118% Yn hnbe sb kgetnbeb bc pbsj pjribetugc# sb trgtg db 67%711 pbrsjegs be 7><8 y db 7<9%7
Bc 64#8" db cjs neknlrgetbs rblnstrgdjs be tbrrntjrnj pgrglugyj be bc ibesj 8118 prjvnbeb db Hrgsnc y cg Grlbetneg% Cg neknlrginùe hrgsncbrg bxpbrnkbetg ue gulb ijyueturgc betrb 7>68+ 7>>8 pgrg cublj vjcvbr g dbsibedbr be 8118% Yne bkhgrlj# cg grlbetneg# fgstg 7>?8 kçs eukbrjsg qub cg hrgsncbrg# kgetuvj su rntkj snbkprb irbinbetb fgstg 8118%

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8% Dnstrnhuinùe bspgingc Re pjij kçs db cg kntgd dbc tjtgc db cg pjhcginùe nedëlbeg rbsndb be cg rblnùe Jrnbetgc &44%792. y bc rbstj &48%>?4. be cg rblnùe Jiindbetgc% Cg rblnùe Jiindbetgc fnstùrnigkbetb ijeibetrù cg kgyjr prjpjrinùe db pjhcginùe nedëlbeg# cj qub sb bvndbeing be cjs lugrnskjs grrjmgdjs pjr cjs ibesjs getbrnjrbs &?<#8" be 7>67 y 22#6" be 7>>8.% Be bc g÷j 8118 cg pjhcginùe nedëlbeg be cg rblnùe ifgqub÷g ccblg g 4>#9"% Bstg sntuginùe sb bxpcnigrëg pjr vgrnjs ogitjrbs# prneinpgckbetb pjr ueg kbmjr ijhbrturg db cgs ijkuendgdbs nedëlbegs db cg rblnùe Jrnbetgc be bc ibesj 8118# ije cgs snlunbetbs vbetgmgs gitugcbs= kbmjrbs giibsjs# bc fghbr bstghcbindj ueg bstrgtblng db ijkueniginùe be dnobrbetbs cbelugs nedëlbegs# cg pgrtninpginùe db cjs pubhcjs nedëlbegs be cg jrlgenzginùe ibesgc# betrb jtrjs%

Cjs nedëlbegs dbc Qgrglugy bstçe gsbetgdjs prbdjknegetbkbetb be cgs çrbgs rurgcbs &>7#2".% Yne bkhgrlj# ighb dbstgigr qub ineij btengs tnbebe ueg prbsbeing snlenonigtnvg be çrbgs urhgegs= Kg`ç &<<#4".# Kgs`jy &98#<".# Lugrgeë Jiindbetgc &8>#4".# Envgicî &82#8". y Becfbt Ejrtb &84#4".% Bstg dnstrnhuinùe dbejtgrëg ue dbspcgzgknbetj fging cjs ibetrjs urhgejs# y db kgetbebrsb cgs ijedninjebs gitugcbs# prjhghcbkbetb pjdrëg netbesnonigrsb be cjs prùxnkjs g÷js% Be iugetj g cg dnstrnhuinùe db cg pjhcginùe nedëlbeg pjr dbpgrtgkbetj# sb dbstgige be cg rblnùe Jiindbetgc= Hjqubrùe &88#>". y Qrbsndbetb Fgybs &88#6".# y be cg rblnùe Jrnbetgc= Gkgkhgy &78#7".# Igenedbyý &77#7". y Igglugzý &6#1".% Be bc jtrj bxtrbkj# Gsueinùe cg igpntgc dbc pgës# gchbrlg gc 1#7"# sblundj pjr bc dbpgrtgkbetj Ibetrgc ije 7#8" dbc tjtgc%

Be iugetj g cg pjhcginùe db bxtrgembrjs# be Qgrglugy#

sb beiubetrge uhnigdjs kçs

neknlrgetbs be bc sbitjr urhgej qub be bc rurgc% Bxnstbe dnobrbeings pjr çrbg db rbsndbeing% Be cg urhgeg# 8>#1" sje db eginjegcndgd hrgsncb÷g y 46#6" grlbetneg# knbetrgs qub be cg rurgc# <8#7" sje db eginjegcndgd hrgsncb÷g y 7>#2" grlbetneg% Bstj bs# cg knlrginùe grlbetneg# getnlug y rbinbetb# bs g cjs ibetrjs urhgejs pgrg bc ijkbrinj y cjs sbrvninjs# knbetrgs qub cg knlrginùe hrgsncb÷g g cgs zjegs orjetbrnzgs pgrg cgs gitnvndgdbs glrjpbiugrngs bs ouedgkbetgckbetb db getnlug dgtg &Jddjeb# 8177.% Cg neknlrginùe kçs rbinbetb# vgcb dbinr cg qub sb nening be cg dîigdg db cjs <1 y sb bxtnbedb pjr djs dîigdgs# pubstj qub bstuvj djknegdg pjr hrgsncbrjs qub giibdëge pjr cg orjetbrg bstb dbc pgës# sb bstghcbinù prbdjknegetbkbetb be cjs dbpgrtgkbetjs kçs jrnbetgcbs dbc knskj# orjetbrnzjs ije bc Hrgsnc= Gctj Qgrgeç y Igenedbyý ije 42#?" y 81"# rbspbitnvgkbetb# db cjs

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neknlrgetbs hrgsncbrjs rbsndbetbs be bc Qgrglugy &DLBBI# 8114.% Be tjtgc# kçs db djs tbrinjs db bccjs vnvbe be bsjs djs dbpgrtgkbetjs% Cjs grlbetnejs# bc sbluedj ijetnelbetb kçs eukbrjsj db neknlrgetbs# rbsndbe prneinpgckbetb be cg igpntgc &76". y sjhrb tjdj be bc dbpgrtgkbetj kçs urhgenzgdj dbc pgës# bc db Ibetrgc &92".# gsë ijkj be bc db Ntgpýg# orjetbrnzj ije cg Grlbetneg &72".% Jtrjs dbpgrtgkbetjs db prbobrbeing rbsndbeingc db cjs neknlrgetbs hrgsncbrjs sje= Ntgpýg &?#4".# Igglugzý &2". y Iggzgpç &8#6".0 y db cjs grlbetnejs Gctj Qgrgeç &6#2".% Be cj qub rbspbitg gc rbstj db cjs neknlrgetbs# ej sb jhsbrvge ijeibetrginjebs snkncgrbs# snej kçs hnbe dnspbrsnùe pjr tjdj bc tbrrntjrnj# sgcvj Gsueinùe y Ibetrgc qub sje cgs çrbgs prbobrndgs pjr cg neknlrginùe ije dbstnej urhgej%

9% Bstruiturg db cg pjhcginùe pjr bdgd y sbxj Cgs pnrçkndbs db cg pjhcginùe nedëlbeg dbc pgës kgetnbebe cg ojrkg igrgitbrëstnig db ueg bstruiturg pjhcginjegc bknebetbkbetb mjvbe# ije hgsb geifg# icgrg bxprbsnùe db ueg obiuedndgd bcbvgdg# qub cublj sb vg rbduinbedj rçpndgkbetb be cgs bdgdbs gductgs dbhndj g cgs gctgs tgsgs db kjrtgcndgd g qub bstçe bxpubstgs# fgstg ijevbrtnrsb be ue vîrtnib gludj# dbhndj g cg rbduindg prjpjrinùe db gductjs kgyjrbs%

Ighb tbebr prbsbetb qub cg pjhcginùe nedëlbeg ej ijeibdb nkpjrtgeing g cg bdgd irjejcùlnig db cgs pbrsjegs tgc ijkj cg ijesndbrg cg sjinbdgd ej nedëlbeg# g tgc puetj qub be gcluejs igsjs dbsijejibe su bdgd% Qgrg supbrgr bstb neijevbenbetb sb tuvj bspbingc iundgdj be cg btgpg db sbesnhncnzginùe# igpgintginùe y bkpgdrjegknbetj dbc Ibesj 8118% Bc geçcnsns db cg pjhcginùe pjr lrgedbs lrupjs db bdgd kubstrg qub pjij kbejs db cg kntgd ej ccblg g cjs 72 g÷js# rbocbmgedj ueg gctg prjpjrinùe db pjhcginùe mjvbe# prjduitj db cg gctg obiuedndgd prbvgcbinbetb% Qjr jtrg pgrtb cg pjhcginùe gductg kgyjr &?2 g÷js y kçs. gpbegs rbprbsbetg ue 8#?" db cg pjhcginùe tjtgc%

Be iugetj g cg dnstrnhuinùe pjr sbxj# bxnstb ue cnlbrj prbdjknenj dbc kgsiucnej &27#<" vgrjebs vs% 46#9" kumbrbs.% Bstg dnobrbeing sb gibetýg be gcluegs btengs%

Yblýe bc bstudnj –Qbronc Knlrgtjrnj db Qgrglugy‛ &Jddjeb# 8177.# cg ijkpjsninùe pjr bdgd db cg pjhcginùe neknlrgetb kubstrg qub be tjdgs cgs eginjegcndgdbs ijesndbrgdgs prbdjknege icgrgkbetb cjs lrupjs db bdgdbs ibetrgcbs &betrb 72 y 2> g÷js.# cj qub dbejtgrëg bc igrçitbr

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cghjrgckbetb gitnvj db cg kgyjrëg db sus knbkhrjs# knbetrgs qub gcrbdbdjr db 71" be igdg ueg db cgs eginjegcndgdbs intgdgs# ijrrbspjedb gc bstrgtj db gductjs kgyjrbs &?1 g÷js y kçs.# bspbingckbetb cjs prjvbenbetbs dbc Rrulugy%

Jtrj fbifj g dbstgigr bs cg bstruiturg db cg pjhcginùe grlbetneg# cg sbluedg be nkpjrtgeing rbsndbetb be bc pgës# ije ue rbprbsbetgtnvj lrupj db kbejrbs db 72 g÷js qub ccblg g 8<#9" dbc tjtgc db cjs pbrtbebinbetbs g bsg eginjegcndgd# db cj qub pjdrëg dbduinrsb qub sb trgtgrëg db fnmjs*gs egindjs be cg Grlbetneg db kgdrbs y pgdrbs pgrglugyjs rbtjregdjs%

Cg ijkpjsninùe pjr sbxj db cjs knlrgetbs be bc Qgrglugy# tjkgedj be ijesndbrginùe g cgs prnkbrgs trbs ijkuendgdbs kçs nkpjrtgetbs db bxtrgembrjs rbsndbetbs be bc pgës# prbsbetg ue icgrj prbdjknenj db fjkhrbs orbetb g kumbrbs% Cg bxibpinùe bstç rbprbsbetgdg pjr cg ijkuendgd grlbetneg qub prbsbetg pgrndgd db vgrjebs y kumbrbs%

4% Dnvbrsndgd Cnelóëstnig

Yblýe bc Ibesj 8118# bc ndnjkg usugckbetb fghcgdj be cg gkpcng kgyjrëg db cjs fjlgrbs bs bc lugrgeë# ije 2>#1"% Be bc 92#6" db cjs fjlgrbs bc ndnjkg prbdjknegetb bs bc igstbccgej# knbetrgs qub cjs fjlgrbs qub fghcge jtrjs ndnjkgs gcigezge gprjxnkgdgkbetb 2"% Be cgs inudgdbs# bc igstbccgej bs bc ndnjkg usugckbetb fghcgdj be cjs fjlgrbs# be 24#>" db cjs igsjs0 ej jhstgetb# ueg bcbvgdg prjpjrinùe db îstjs tgkhnîe utncnzg bc lugrgeë ijkj ndnjkg orbiubetb% Be igkhnj# bc igkpj ej bstç cbmjs db sbr kjejcnelób lugrgeë pjrqub bs cg cbelug prbdjknegetb be 68#2" db cjs fjlgrbs% Bc ndnjkg qub kgyjr igetndgd db pbrsjegs fghcge bs bc lugrgeë &9%>4?%>14 nednvndujs.# sblundj dbc igstbccgej &9%7<1%678 pbrsjegs.% Gkhjs prbsbetge kgyjr prjpjrinùe betrb cjs qub rbsndbe be bc çrbg urhgeg= igstbccgej <8#7" y lugrgeë 24#>"% Bc pjrtuluîs bs bc ndnjkg bxtrgembrj qub kgyjr igetndgd db pbrsjegs fghcge &98?%4>? nednvndujs.% Cgs pbrsjegs hncnelóbs qub fghcge cjs ndnjkgs joningcbs dbc pgës gcigezge kçs db 8%?21%1110 sblundgs db cgs qub fghcge igstbccgej y pjrtuluîs# y lugrgeë y pjrtuluîs# guequb be prjpjrinùe kuy neobrnjr%

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Cg cbelug ijestntuyb ue bcbkbetj vntgc db cgs iucturgs nedëlbegs% Rej db cjs irntbrnjs db icgsnoniginùe db pubhcjs nedëlbegs kçs icçsnij y dnouedndj be bc Qgrglugy# bs bc db ogkncngs cnelóëstnigs# sblýe cj qub kbeinjeg bc getrjpùcjlj Knlubc Ifgsb Ygrdn be su jhrg «Cjs nednjs dbc Qgrglugy°# bdntgdj ijemuetgkbetb ije cg Drg% Hrgenscgvg Yýsen` be 7>>2%

Cjs Qubhcjs Nedëlbegs dbc Qgrglugy sb dnvndbe be ineij ogkncngs cnelóëstnigs= 7. ]gkuij y ijkprbedb= Gyjrbj# ^hytjsj# Tjkgrgfj0 8. Kgtgij y ijkprbedb= Envgicî# Kg`ç# Cukegegs &Kgemun.0 9. Kgs`jy &Bebecfbt. y ijkprbedb= Becfbt# Bexbt# Lugeç# Ygegpgeç# Gelgntî# Bebecfbt &Tjhg Kgs`jy.# Kgs`jy0 4. Lugniurý y ijkprbedb= Tjhg Wjk0 2. Lugrgeë y ijkprbedb= Lugrgeë Jiindbetgcbs# Lugrgeë ×gedbvg# Qgn Tgvytbrç# Khyç# Gvç Lugrgeë# Gifî%

Bc
Yblýe bc getrjpùcjlj Mjsî ]gegrdnen &8171.# bstg vgrnbdgd db cbelugs nedëlbegs# pjr cj kbejs 81# beinbrrge be së y trgskntbe ijskjvnsnjebs# snstbkgs db pbesgknbetjs# ijejinknbetjs# vgcjrbs y irbbeings db gctësnkj vgcjr îtnij y sjingc% Yne bkhgrlj# gcluegs db bccgs# bspbingckbetb gqubccgs prjvbenbetbs dbc Ifgij# bstçe gkbegzgdgs db bxtneinùe% Cjs igsjs kçs irëtnijs sje cgs ogkncngs Lugeç# Lugrgeë Jiindbetgcbs# Kgs`jy# Gelgntî y Ygegpgeç% Qjr su uhniginùe lbjlrçonig# bstgs btengs sje cgs qub fge sndj kçs gobitgdgs pjr cgs bkprbsgs tgenebrgs db Qubrtj Qnegsij# Qubrtj Igsgdj# Qubrtj Ygstrb y pjr cg Nedustrng Eginjegc dbc Ibkbetj% Be cjs gprjxnkgdgkbetb 711 g÷js db oueinjegknbetj# bstgs bkprbsgs fge igusgdj dg÷js iucturgcbs y cnelóëstnijs kuy sbvbrjs% Be bstb cgrlj prjibsj db trghgmj dbpbednbetb db ue pgtrùe# cjs nedëlbegs fge suorndj ue prjibsj db «kbzijcgezg îtenig° qub fg dbsbkhjigdj be uenjebs db dnobrbetbs btengs# pbrdnîedjsb gsë bc knskj jrnlbe îtenij% Bc rbsuctgdj oubrje pubhcjs ije ndbetndgd kgrigdgkbetb nedëlbeg# pbrj sne sghbr en pjdbr bxpcnintgr g quî bteng sb gdsirnhbe% Cg cbelug qub bstjs pubhcjs utncnzgrje betrb së y pgrg betbedbrsb ije cjs pgrglugyjs oub cg cbelug lugrgeë% Bstgkjs getb ue icgrj igsj db sustntuinùe db cg cbelug îtenig pjr jtrg cbelug#

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ebibsgrng pjr rgzjebs cghjrgcbs% Bc nestnetj db sjhrbvnvbeing bs supbrnjr gc dbsbj db ijesbrvginùe db cg cbelug%

2% Dnvbrsndgd Xbcnlnjsg Yblýe bc ibesj rbgcnzgdj pjr cg Dnrbiinùe Lbebrgc db Bstgdëstnigs# Beiubstgs y Ibesjs be bc 8118# cg goncnginùe rbcnlnjsg be Qgrglugy bs djknegdg pjr cg Nlcbsng Igtùcnig Xjkgeg &6>%? ".# ije sjcgkbetb ueg pbqub÷g rbprbsbetginùe db jtrjs lrupjs rbcnlnjsjs= prjtbstgetbs &?%8 pjr inbetj.# jtrgs rbcnlnjebs &8%7 ".# enelueg j nedbinsjs &8%7 ".% Yne bkhgrlj# ueg beiubstg db 811?# nednig qub bc 64%< " db cjs qub rbspjednbrje sb ijesndbrge igtùcnijs# cj qub nkpcnig ue dbsibesj db ineij puetjs pjribetugcbs dbsdb 8118% Bc tjtgc db bvgelîcnijs be bc pgës bs gcrbdbdjr db ?6?%611 pbrsjegs% > Dbsdb cjs g÷js 76<1 fgstg bc prbsbetb# Qgrglugy fg bxpbrnkbetgdj ue ijesndbrghcb prjlrbsj sjingc# prneinpgckbetb dbhndj g cgs jcgs knlrgtjrngs prjvbenbetbs db cg Grlbetneg# Ntgcng# Gcbkgeng# Orgeing# Bspg÷g &ibrig db 41%111.% Gcluejs db bstjs prnkbrjs neknlrgetbs brge knbkhrjs db ijelrblginjebs prjtbstgetbs getbs db ccblgr gc Qgrglugy= cutbrgejs gcbkgebs# igcvnenstgs orgeibsbs y gcbkgebs gsë ijkj kbeejentgs rusj gcbkgebs# g prneinpnjs dbc snlcj vbnetb% Durgetb cjs g÷js 7>91 y dbspuîs db cg Ybluedg Lubrrg Kuedngc# ccblgrje neknlrgetbs mgpjebsbs sfnetj y hudnstgs y sb bstghcbinbrje be ijcjengs glrëijcgs ibrig db Gsueinùe y Beigreginùe0 gcrbdbdjr db cjs g÷js 7>61# fghëg ibrig db 6%111 neknlrgetbs mgpjebsbs be ijcjengs glrëijcgs% G prneinpnjs db cjs g÷js 7><1# kncbs db hrgsncb÷js bkpbzgrje g knlrgr g Qgrglugy# prneinpgckbetb pjr cg dnspjenhncndgd db tnbrrgs hgrgtgs0 y pgrg prneinpnjs db cjs g÷js 7>>1# sb bstnkghg qub db 911%111 g 921%111 hrgsncb÷js vnvëge be cg rblnùe orjetbrnzg dbc bstb% Tgkhnîe# durgetb cjs g÷js 7><1# sb bstnkghg qub betrb 91%111 y 21%111 neknlrgetbs &prneinpgckbetb hudnstgs. prjibdbetbs db Ijrbg# Fjel @jel y Tgnwçe# bkpbzgrje g ccblgr gc Qgrglugy% Kuifjs db bstjs lrupjs db neknlrgetbs trgmbrje ijesnlj sus prjpngs trgdninjebs rbcnlnjsgs# db bstg kgebrg bernqubinbrje cg dnvbrsndgd rbcnlnjsg be Qgrglugy%

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Fjccged# I%# 8171%

74


H% Igrgitbrëstnigs bspbiëonigs db cjs lrupjs sjinjiucturgcbs

7% Qubhcj Gifî Brge ijejindjs tgkhnîe ijkj Lugyg`ë# ueg dbejkneginùe bxtbreg g su iucturg qub beinbrrg gitntudbs dbsprbingtnvgs fging bstb pubhcj nedëlbeg# iuyj snlenonigdj cntbrgc sbrëg rgtùe dbc kjetb% Bccjs sb gutjdbejknege Gifî &pbrsjeg# pbrsjeg vbrdgdbrg.% Cg gutj+dbejkneginùe îtenig oub kbeinjegdg pjr prnkbrg vbz pjr cg Drg% Yusen` be 7>?1# knbetrgs qub jtrjs gutjrbs cbs ccgkge Gifî+Lugyg`ë% Bstjs nedëlbegs ccgkge cg gtbeinùe pjr bc ijcjr db su pnbc &hcgeig.# sus jmjs icgrjs# cg hgrhg be cjs vgrjebs# y jtrjs rgsljs onsjeùknijs qub cjs dnobrbeinge db jtrjs lrupjs îtenijs# fghntgetbs db cg knskg sbcvg jrnbetgc% Xbspbitj g bstb puetj# sb fg fghcgdj neicusj db cg pjsnhncndgd db qub sbge dbsibednbetbs db pubhcjs bxùtnijs# ijkj cjs vn`neljs# mgpjebsbs u jtrjs dbc Gsng# cj iugc ej pgsg db sbr kbrg bspbiucginùe% Yb trgtg db ue lrupj qub oub kuy rbsnstbetb gc ijetgitj ije cjs hcgeijs# husiù rboulnj be cgs sbcvgs trjpnigcbs db cg Xblnùe Jrnbetgc y oub hrutgckbetb pbrsblundj pjr cjs pgrglugyjs%71 Cbelug Dnvbrsjs gutjrbs bstudngrje bc tbkg db cg oncnginùe db cjs Gifî g cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig lugrgeë% Cjs bstudnjsjs jorbibe djs fnpùtbsns= ueg# bs cg tbjrëg db qub sbge jrnlnegrngkbetb Lugrgeë qub dbsgrrjccgrje ueg prjpng iucturg% Cg jtrg bs cg db qub sb trgtg db ue lrupj lugrgenzgdj# j sbg ue lrupj îtenij dnobrbetbs qub oub sjkbtndj iucturgckbetb be tnbkpjs rbkjtjs pjr nedëlbegs db cbelug lugrgeë% Cjs Gifî# pgrg igzgr y ej sbr igzgdjs# fge ndbgdj ue snstbkg db snlejs# ijkj bc db cjs sjrdjkudjs# ije cg dnobrbeing db qub cjs snlejs ej sje fbifjs ije cgs kgejs snej ije cjs kýsiucjs inriukhuigcbs% Knrglcng77 dbsirnhb gsë su snstbkg db ijkueniginùe ije snlejs= –Fb jhsbrvgdj qub iugedj ue Gifî qunbrb ijkuenigrsb ije ue ijkpg÷brj be cg betrbdnifg kgebrg# sb cb ijcjig db orbetb% Be bc igsj db qub dnifj ijkpg÷brj bstî db bspgcdgs# cb dg ueg pgckgdg pgrg qub sb dî vubctg% Betjeibs sb pjebe be ijkueniginùe ije cjs kjvnknbetjs db cjs cghnjs% Cj pubdj gsblurgr pjr fghbr fbifj kns jhsbrvginjebs g kbejs db ue kbtrj db dnstgeing= cjs Gifî ej snchge# en 71

77

]gegrdnen y Hnbdbrkgee# 811?% Knrglcng# C%# 7><9%

72


prjduibe enelýe kurkuccj be cg lgrlgetg% Tgkpjij sb bsiuifg enelýe vbetrëcjiuj% Cjs cghnjs sb ghrbe y sb inbrrge# sb kubvbe fging cg dbrbifg y fging cg nzqunbrdg# sb bxtnbedbe y sb rbtnrge &….‛% Tbrrntjrnj Cjs prnkbrjs neojrkbs cjigcnzghge g cjs Gifî gc bstb db Qgrglugy y zjegs gdygibetbs db Hrgsnc% Be cg gitugcndgd cjs Gifî# fge qubdgdj rbduindjs# trgs bc prjibsj ijcjenzgdjr g uejs 7%7>1 sblýe bc Ibesj Eginjegc db 8118# dnstrnhuyîedjsb be sbns ijkuendgdbs= Ifupg Qju# Grrjyj Hgedbrg y @ubtyvy# uhnigdgs be cjs dbpgrtgkbetjs db Igenedbyý0 Qubrtj Hgrrg# be bc Gctj

Qgrgeç0 ^pbtykë# be Iggzgpç# y Ibrrj Kjrjtå# be Igglugzý% Gc onegc db cjs g÷js ?1 y ijknbezjs db cjs <1 bxnstëge tjdgvëg ineij zjegs djedb vnvëge Gifî sncvëijcgs# j sbg sne ijetgitj gcluej ije cjs hcgeijs% Reg prnkbrg zjeg be bc ejrtb uhnigdg betrb cg ijrdnccbrg db Khgrgigyu# dbc Gkgkhgy# y bc igknej Khutuy ’ Ygctjs dbc Lugnrç% Bstb lrupj gsë ijkj cjs jtrjs pbrtbebiëge g cg pgringcndgd Gifî Lgtý% Re sbluedj lrupj db bstg knskg pgringcndgd bstghg g uejs inbe `ncùkbtrjs gc sudjbstb dbc getbrnjr# gprjxnkgdgkbetb be cg zjeg dbc kjetb Ygetg Xjsg% Bc tbribr lrupj# tgkhnîe Gifî Lgtý# bstghg uhnigdj betrb cjs rëjs Gigrgy b ^lugzý# gc sudbstb db Ntg`yry% Re iugrtj lrupj# dbejknegdj Gifî Quré# jrnlnegrnj dbc ^hytyruzý# sb beijetrghg betrb bc pubhcj db Yge Mjgquëe# gc ejrtb# cg rutg Iebc% Jvnbdj+ Inudgd dbc Bstb gc sur# gc bstb cg rutg Igglugzý+Yge Mjgquëe# y gc jbstb cg rutg Iebc%Jvnbdj+ Khutuy% Onegckbetb# bc lrupj kçs kbrndnjegc dbejknegdj Gifî Rg# uhnigdj betrb bc rëj ^pbtë Lugzý# cgs eginbetbs dbc ×giuedgy supbrnjr y bc grrjyj ^÷grù% Gdbkçs db bsjs lrupjs sncvëijcgs bstghge cjs Gifî qub yg fghëge tjkgdj ijetgitj ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc# uhnigdjs gc ijknbezj be cg Ijcjeng Eginjegc Lugyg`ë# sjhrb bc grrjyj Kjrjtќ# ibrig dbc pubhcj db Ghgë &Iggzgpç. y qub cublj oubrge trgscgdgdjs gc Ibrrj Kjrjtë# be bc ejrtb db Igglugzý# ibrig db Yge Mjgquëe% 78 Bspnrntugcndgd Tjdg cg vndg bstç ibetrgdg be cg igibrëg y cg rbijcbiinùe# snbedj cg igreb cg hgsb db su dnbtg% Gqubccjs qub prjvbbe cg igreb ’cjs fjkhrbs+ sje rbspbtgdjs pjr su fghncndgd be cg igibrëg% Cg rbcginùe betrb cjs fjkhrbs y cjs genkgcbs bs ouedgkbetgc pgrg cg ijskjvnsnùe db cjs Gifî% Db fbifj# cg lîebsns db cgs gckgs db cjs en÷js sb gtrnhuyb g cg igreb qub ijkbe sus kgdrbs bstgedj bkhgrgzgdgs be ueg ibrbkjeng bspbingc y sb cb dg gc en÷j bc ejkhrb db bsb genkgc% Cg rbbeigreginùe bstç dnrbitgkbetb vneiucgdg g cg rbcginùe betrb bc fjkhrb y cg egturgcbzg% Bc 78

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7?


gckg dbc Gifî vubcvb gc kjetb iugedj kubrb% Gsë ijkj jtrjs gspbitjs db cg vndg cg igibrëg bs ijkuegc% Cg igzg# pjr cj tgetj# bs cg hgsb db su snstbkg db irbbeings y su kbdnj db suhsnstbeing% Xbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc Bc pubhcj Gifî oub kuy rbsnstbetb gc ijetgitj ije cjs hcgeijs% Be 7>47# bc bstudnjsj Knrglcng# intgdj pjr Ifgsb Ygrdn# dbiëg= –Qgrg cjs pbjebs pgrglugyjs dbc bstb# kgtgr g ue Lugyg`ë ej sùcj ijestntuyb ue dbcntj# snej qub bs ueg giinùe dnleg db bcjlnj# ijkj igzgr ue mglugr% Betrb cgs egrrginjebs dbc pgrglugyj Kgxnkncngej _nccgchg kb nkprbsnjeù bc igsj db ue Lugyg`ë rboulngdj be ue çrhjc gctj# qub oub rjdbgdj y jhcnlgdj g dbsibedbr pgrg rbednrsb# pbrj bc nedëlbeg prbonrnù rjkpbrsb bc irçebj prbinpntçedjsb gc subcj%‛ Dbspuîs db vbnetb g÷js bc knskj Knrglcng gsblurg qub cg sntuginùe bkpbjrù# pjrqub –cjs Lugyg`ë# iuyg rbsbrvg db igzg sb rbduib prjlrbsnvgkbetb# nkpucsgdjs pjr bc fgkhrb# sgqubge cgs pcgetginjebs db kgëz y db kgednjig db cjs pgrglugyjs# gdbkçs db ghgtnr gcluejs genkgcbs vgiuejs db cjs lgegdbrjs pgrg ijkbr% Dbspuîs db bstj jiurrbe obrjibs rbprbsgcngs% Be cgs gcdbgs sntugdgs ibrig db cg zjeg Lugyg`ë bstçe cjs bsicgvnstgs qub jrlgenzge igibrëgs be hýsqubdg db cjs sncvëijcgs% Yjrprbedbe g ueg ogkncng Lugyg`ë y cublj db fghbr gsbsnegdj g cjs pgdrbs# ccbvge g cjs en÷js pgrg vbedbrcjs% Bc pubhcj db Yge Muge Ebpjkuibej# g snbtb `ncùkbtrjs gc sur bstb db Ghgn# brg ijesndbrgdj ijkj bc ibetrj prneinpgc db bstb kbrigdj‛% Bc prbsndbetb db cg GNQ# Cuns Gchjspnej# dbeueinghg be cjs g÷js 2> y ?1# gc pubhcj pgrglugyj# cg lrgvb sntuginùe db cjs Gifî# pjr cg pbrsbiuinùe dbspngdgdg db cjs –invncnzgdjs‛ y pjr cg sntuginùe db fgkhrueg y beobrkbdgdbs qub cjs gibifghge% Yblýe Gchjspnej# fghrëg djs igusgs qub bxpcnige cg irubcdgd db cjs igkpbsnejs ijetrg cjs Gifî% Rej sbrëg bc ijkpcbmj getn+ nedëlbeg qub ejs vnbeb db cjs jrëlbebs knskjs db eubstrg eginjegcndgd# iugedj bc kbstnzj# dbsprbingdj pjr cjs bspg÷jcbs# iuyj kuedj sjingc ej pjdëg ojrkgr# dbsprbinù g su vbz gc nedëlbeg% ^ cg jtrg igusg rgdnigrëg# be ueg bspbinb db btejibetrnskj rbcnlnjsj# qub ijesndbrg g cjs ej hgutnzgdjs ijkj sbrbs neobrnjrbs% Cbùe Igdjlge# be 7>?1# ejs dbiëg qub cjs igkpbsnejs usge bc buobknskj –sgigr dbc kjetb‛ pgrg nednigr cg bsicgvnzginùe y dnib qub îc ijetù 27 bsicgvjs sùcj be bc Dbpgrtgkbetj db Lugnrç% Bc Lrgc% Xgkùe Iîsgr Hbmgrgej dnj ueg cnstg db 88 Gifî bsicgvnzgdgs# kuifgs db bccgs kumbrbs% Getb cjs trçlnijs dbshjrdbs y gtrjpbccjs fging bc pubhcj Gifî sb ojrkù ue lrupj db pbrsjegs dbindndgs g hrblgr pjr su dbobesg% Yb ojrkù ue igkpgkbetj be Grrjyj Kjrjtn# ibrig db Ghgn# be bc dnstrntj db Yge Muge Ebpjkuibej% Bstb gsbetgknbetj tuvj kuifgs vninsntudbs# 7<


db dnvbrsg ëedjcb# betrb bccgs bc igkhnj db vndg eùkgdg db igzgdjrbs+rbijcbitjrbs% Îstb prjdumj bstgccndjs db bpndbkngs db sgrgkpnùe# vgrnibcg y lrnpb qub dnbzkgrje g cjs Gifî db cg Ijcjeng Tjkgsnen% Be 7>?2 Igdjlge vnsntù bsb igkpgkbetj y gijtù qub su dnbtg qub getnlugkbetb ijesnstëg be igrebs sncvbstrbs# orutjs y knbc# sb fghëg rbduindj igsn ijkpcbtgkbetb g ijkndg vblbtgrngeg# bspbingckbetb kgëz y kgednjig% Dbspuîs db trçkntbs prjkjvndjs pjr nednlbenstgs getb bc Nestntutj db Hnbebstgr Xurgc# îstb jtjrlù 8%111 fbitçrbgs gc jbstb db Yge Mjgquëe# djedb sb trgscgdgrje cjs Gifî db cg getbrnjr ijcjeng y jtrjs% Dnifj gsbetgknbetj sb ccgkù Ijcjeng Eginjegc Lugyg`ë% G pgrtnr db 7><1 bstjs Gifî bkpbzgrje g husigr y ijetgitgr g cjs sncvëijcgs% Qbrj g cg vbz ccblghge be bsb tnbkpj ejtnings db igibrëgs fukgegs0 be cjs kbdnjs db prbesg db cg îpjig rbcgtge cjs ijkbetgrnjs dbc pbrnjdnstg Mustj Kbzg= –Be rbsukbe cjs nednjs sje igdg vbz kçs ibrigdjs# dnbzkgdjs y pbrsblundjs% Reg rgzùe bxnstb pgrg bccj= cjs ijcjenzgdjrbs bxtbrknege g cjs Lugyg`ë pjrqub îstjs ijkbe su kgëz# su kgednjig y tgkhnîe sus genkgcbs% Qbrg egdnb sb fg dbtbendj g pbesgr qub bc Lugyg`ë ej tnbeb ejinùe db cj qub bs prjpnbdgd db cjs ijcjenzgdjrbs% Cj qub bstç be cg sbcvg pbrtbebib g tjdjs y pjr tgetj tgkhnîe g cjs Lugyg`ë% Gc tjkgrcj irbbe bmbribr ue dbrbifj kçs‛%

76


8% Qubhcj Gelgntî Cjs prnkbrjs rblnstrjs hnhcnjlrçonijs djedb sb kbeinjeg cg pgcghrg Gelgntî db jrnlbe Lugrgeë ’ iuyg trgduiinùe cntbrgc gc bspg÷jc bs gfjrg knskj j hnbe gckg vbrdgdbrg+ dgtge db cg betrgdg dbc bxpcjrgdjr Ijknelbs# g onegcbs dbc snlcj VNV# be sus neiursnjebs gc ejrtb dbc rëj Qgrglugy% Yu gutjdbejkneginùe bs Bescbt# getbrnjrkbetb sb dbejkneghge @yjkg# qub snlenonig –lbetb ijkýe‛% Be bc trghgmj rbgcnzgdj pjr Orgeij b Nkgz &811?. sb ijestgtù qub cg uendgd dbejknegdg Gelgntî bstç ijeojrkgdj pjr pbrsjegs qub sb gdsirnhbe g trbs lrupjs dnobrbeingdjs# prbbxnstbetbs gc neninj db cg ijcjenzginùe y qub pjsbbe dnobrbeings ndnjkçtnigs betrb së= cjs @jgfcvj`# cjs @jnbtbvbs y cjs @jemgegvg% Cbelug Cjs Gelgntî pbrbtbebibe g cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig Bebefcbt j Kgs`jy% Bstg uendgd cnelóëstnig bstç ijeojrkgdg

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ijkuendgdbs be cg tnbrrg ijejindg ijkj Xngifj Kjsquntj# gc ejrtb db Qubrtj Igsgdj% Tgkhnîe bxnstbe Gelgntî be Ygetj Djknelj# ijkuendgd uhnigdg g 7< `k% gc ejrtb db Tbenbetb Kjetgeëg &Dbpgrtgkbetj db Hjqubrùe.# be cg zjeg db Dnbz Cblugs# be bc Dbpgrtgkbetj db Qrbsndbetb Fgygs y be Igsgenccj0 be cg Qgtrng y be eukbrjsgs bstgeings db cg zjeg% 79 Fging onebs db cjs sbsbetg# cg Knsnùe –Eubvgs Trnhus‛ betrù be ueg rbcginùe db ijetgitj ije cjs nedëlbegs Gelgntî% Bstjs lrupjs ijetghge ije ueg cgrlg fnstjrng db ijetgitjs ije bc pubrtj y cjs jhrgmbs tgenebrjs y ije cgs bstgeings db cg zjeg% Fghëge tbendj# gdbkçs# ijetgitjs ije cjs knsnjebrjs sgcbsngejs y gelcnigejs% Bc trghgmj knsnjebrj sb neninù be Tupé Xbedç# y g pjijs g÷js# cg bkprbsg ijkbezù g vbedbr sus tnbrrgs# cj qub be 7><8 kjtnvù cg kudgezg db cg knsnùe g Yge Igrcjs# ue tbrrbej db 8%611 fbitçrbgs sjhrb bc rëj Qgrglugy% Gccë sb bstghcbinù ue pubstj knsnjebrj ije pnstg db gtbrrnzgmb# igsgs knsnjebrgs# pubstj db sgcud# bsiubcg# gckgiîe% Yb trghgmù be cg glrniucturg db suhsnstbeings# sb dbsgrrjccù cg lgegdbrëg# sb jpbrù ue gsbrrgdbrj y sb bxpbrnkbetghg ije cg qubkg db igc% Ijetneughge cgs gitnvndgdbs trgdninjegcbs ijkj cg pbsig# igzg# rbijcbiinùe y ifgelgs be cgs bstgeings% 74 Dbsdb 7>>2 cjs Gelgntî bstçe dnsbknegdjs pjr cgs bstgeings dbc Ifgij= Bstgeing Tupé Xbedç0 Bstgeing Trbnetg y Trbs0 bstgeing Cglueg Xby+Iugrbetb0 bstgeing Ygetg Kùenig0 bstgeing `k 26 Bc Tnlrb# bstgeing Cglueg Lugzý y bstgeing Igrgyg _ubctg% Bspnrntugcndgd Cg neninginùe ifgkçenig sb dg dbsdb cg trgesobrbeing db ueg sbrnb db ijejinknbetjs tgelnhcbs b netgelnhcbs qub ijknbezg dbsdb kuy tbkprgeg bdgd% Cg igpgindgd db kgenpucgr bcbkbetjs y cg kgenobstginùe db pjdbr bstç snlegdg pjr cg ojrtgcbzg db bspërntu db qunbe rbinhb cgs besb÷gezgs% Bc mjvbe bs neningdj g pgrtnr dbc ijesukj db pcgetgs db igrçitbr sglrgdj qub rbinhb dbc ifgkge qunbe cj nening% Bc igknej g sblunr db bstb mjvbe dbpbedb yg db su ogiuctgd db pjdbr ccbvgr cj qub sb cb fg dgdj% Yjcj be inriuestgeings rnbsljsgs# ijkj netjxniginùe# bs gtbedndj pjr bc ifgkçe% Bc neningdj tnbeb cnhbrtgd db giinùe y bcbiinùe be iugetj gc pjdbr be îc nevbstndj% Cjs cëdbrbs bspnrntugcbs tnbebe bc rjc db sgegr g cjs beobrkjs y db ijeojrtgr g cjs bspërntus gocnlndjs0 gsë ijkj tgkhnîe rbduinr bc envbc db gesnbdgd dbetrj dbc lrupj% Cjs Qygvjfckg &cëdbr bspnrntugc. gijesbmge g cjs knbkhrjs db su pubhcj be rbcginùe g cg dnrbiinùe qub dbhbe tjkgr dbsdb iubstnjebs bcbkbetgcbs ijkj cg igzg# rbijcbiinùe y iuctnvj# fgstg cg kgenpucginùe db

79

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87


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Be 7><6# cg Gsjinginùe Nednlbenstg dbc Qgrglugy &GNQ. neninù bc Qrjybitj Gyjrbj% Bc gvgeib db cgs orjetbrgs db cg sjinbdgd eginjegc sjhrb bc tbrrntjrnj gyjrbj gobitù cg vndg db bstg bteng# igusgedj cg rupturg dbc inicj bijeùknij+gcnkbetninj% Yb dbsgrrjccgrje vnjcbetgs lubrrgs betrb cgs pgringcndgdbs db cg knskg% Kuifjs lrupjs ej tuvnbrje jtrg sgcndg qub gibptgr cg nevntginùe db cjs knsnjebrjs# qub be vbz db dbobedbr bc fçhntgt nedëlbeg db cg ebjijcjenzginùe pgrglugyg# trgtghge db djkbstnigrcjs pgrg fgibr kçs oçinc cg ijcjenzginùe% Bc ijevntb# cbmjs db sbr ue gpjyj g su cnhrb dbtbrkneginùe# cjs jhcnlù g sblunr ue sjcj igknej qub cjs ccbvg g cg dbpbedbeing# g cg dbstruiinùe db su ndbetndgd îtenig# g cg dbstrnhgcnzginùe y prjcbtgrnzginùe% Be jituhrb db 7>64# cg GNQ ijesnlub 81%111 fbitçrbgs pgrg cg bteng# be ueg zjeg bxibpinjegckbetb rnig# fçhntgt jrnlnegc db cjs Gyjrbj% Gccë sb gsnbetge 7< ogkncngs% Yb ijesnlub bc rbijejinknbetj db sus cëdbrbs y cublj cg pbrsjebrëg murëdnig# be 7>>7% Be bstjs kjkbetjs# sb kbesurg cg prjpnbdgd y sb prbpgrge jhrgs db neorgbstruiturg# pgrg betrblçrsbcgs g cjs gyjrbj sbcvëijcgs y g cjs qub ’dbhndj g ccg ccblgdg db cg bebrlëg bcîitrnig db cg rbprbsg db Ntgnpý g cgs ijcjengs kbeejentgs+ pbrdbrëge su trghgmj db fgifbrjs pgrg gcnkbetgr cgs oçhrnigs% Cgs tgrbgs dbc Qrjybitj Gyjrbj ijetgrje ije cg ijcghjrginùe dbc Qgdrb Mjsî ]gegrdnen y bc onegeingknbetj db cg ouedginùe ejrublg Ejrgd%84

84

Ifgsb# K% y Yusen`# H%# 7>>2%

86


2%Qubhcj Becfbt

Yu dbejkneginùe getbrnjr brg –pjwj` bbetfcnt‛# qub snlenonig pgrnbetb# prùmnkj# sblýe bc Dniinjegrnj Becfbt db Reruf y @gcnsif &7>><.%

Fgstg ue pgsgdj kuy rbinbetb g cjs Becfbt y g cjs Bexbt sb cbs ijesndbrghge ue ýenij pubhcj dbejknegdj Cbelug0 fjy bccjs knskjs qunbrbe sbr ijesndbrgdjs pubhcjs dnobrbetbs pjr sus cbelugs# fçhntgts y trgdninjebs% Bc Ibesj Eginjegc db Nedëlbegs dbc 8118 rbijlnù bstg nequnbtud y cjs ijesndbrù dnvbrsjs% Yje gprjxnkgdgkbetb <%811 pbrsjegs# ueg db cgs pjhcginjebs kçs eukbrjsgs dbc Ifgij%

Cbelug Yblýe Reruf y @gcnsf &8119.# betrb cjs Becfbt# bc lrupj kçs lrgedb db cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig# kuifjs ej fghcge jtrj ndnjkg qub bc suyj% Bc ndnjkg Becfbt sb dbstgig pjr ueg igetndgd db neejvginjebs0 sne bkhgrlj# be gcluejs gspbitjs pgrbib kçs ijesbrvgdjr qub cg cëebg prneinpgc db cg trgdninùe becfbt+bebecfbt% Trgdninjegckbetb bxnstëge gkpcnjs lrupjs hncnelóbs becfbt+ envgicî y db fbifj sb beiubetrge vgrnjs prîstgkjs envgicî be bc becfbt y vnibvbrsg%

Be cgs lbebrginjebs getbrnjrbs# kuifjs Becfbt fghcghge bc pcgutdnbtsif# ue dngcbitj gcbkçe fghcgdj pjr cjs Kbeejentgs neknlrgetbs gc Ifgij% G igusg db ueg irbinbetb ijkbringcnzginùe b nestntuinjegcnzginùe db cjs ijetgitjs betrb gkhjs lrupjs# sne bkhgrlj# pjijs db cjs mùvbebs Becfbt cj snlube gprbednbedj# fbifj qub sb rbocbmg be qub bsigsjs db cjs getbrnjrkbetb eukbrjsjs prîstgkjs dbc pcgutdnbtsif sb fge kgetbendj%

Cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig becfbt+bebecfbt sb ijkpjeb db cjs sbns ndnjkgs becfbt# bexbt# gelgntî# sgegpgeç# lugeç# tjhg0 cjs fghcgetbs db bstjs ndnjkgs vnvbe be cg pgrtb ibetrj+bstb dbc Ifgij Qgrglugyj% Yblýe Oghrb &8112.82# be bc çkhntj ifgqub÷j# sb rbijejib oçinckbetb bc bstrbifj pgrbetbsij qub rnlb betrb cgs sbns cbelugs db cg ogkncng becfbt+bebecfbt% Tjdj nednig qub cjs geibstrjs db cjs pubhcjs becfbt+bebecfbt vnvnbrje tnbrrg gdbetrj be bc Ifgij# pjr cj iugc cjs djiukbetjs getnlujs# qub hgstgetb dnsiurrbe sjhrb lrupjs îtenijs ifgqub÷js# pjij j egdg ejs dnibe gibrig db cjs getbibsjrbs db cjs becfbt+bebecfbt%

82

Oghrb# G%# 8112%

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Guequb cg rbuenùe db cjs djs lrupjs befcbt &cbelug ejrtb. y bexbt &cbelug sur. hgmj bc ejkhrb Cbelug bs ghsjcutgkbetb usugc# dbsdb bc puetj db vnstg cnelóëstnij sb ijesndbrg prjhcbkçtnij# yg qub sus rbspbitnvgs kgebrgs db fghcgr ej pbrkntbe ue oçinc betbednknbetj kutuj%

Dbspuîs qub cjs dnobrbetbs lrupjs becfbt dbc Ifgij Qgrglugyj tuvnbrje ijetgitj ije cg lbetb –db oubrg‛# bstjs ýctnkjs kuy prjetj snetnbrje cg ebibsndgd db usgr cjs ndnjkgs gutùitjejs be ojrkg bsirntg% Gsë irbgrje djs snstbkgs# hgstgetb snkncgrbs gc ijknbezj= bc snstbkg sur db cg knsnùe gelcnigeg# bc kçs vnbmj0 y bc snstbkg ejrtb db cg knsnùe kbeejentg ouedgkbetgdj prneinpgckbetb be bc getbrnjr% Bc çrbg db usj db cjs djs snstbkgs# ijkj bc çrbg db cjs djs eýicbjs knsnjebrjs# ijneindnù ije bc çrbg db djs dnobrbetbs ndnjkgs dbc lrupj cnelóëstnij becfbt# be bexbt &getbrnjrkbetb ccgkgdj cbelug sur. y be befcbt &getbrnjrkbetb ccgkgdj cbelug ejrtb.# rbspbitnvgkbetb%

Tbrrntjrnj Bstb pubhcj fghntghg geibstrgckbetb cg rblnùe ibetrgc dbc Ifgij Qgrglugyj% Bc igkhnj be sus kjdjs trgdninjegcbs db vndg sb dnj ije cg pbebtrginùe dbc kuedj ej nedëlbeg be sus tbrrntjrnjs# cg Lubrrg dbc Ifgij y cg ccblgdg db cjs ijcjejs kbeejentgs% Fjy bstçe gsbetgdjs be ineij hgrrnjs be cgs ibrigeëgs db cjs ibetrjs db cgs ijcjengs kbeejentgs dbc Ifgij Ibetrgc y be ineij ijkuendgdbs ije tëtucjs prjpnjs%

Cjs Becfbt bstçe gsbetgdjs be cjs dbpgrtgkbetjs db Hjqubrùe# Qrbsndbetb Fgybs y Gctj Qgrglugy# be cg zjeg db cgs ijcjengs kbeejentgs y be cg zjeg db cg Knsnùe Gelcnigeg% Yjhrb su dnspbrsnùe y hýsqubdg db trghgmj gsgcgrngdjs be cgs bstgeings j be cgs ijcjengs trgs cjs qunbhrbs db cg nedustrng dbc tgenej# sb rbpntb cg knskg sntuginùe be tjdjs cjs pubhcjs Kgs`jy%

G pgrtb db cjs trghgmjs db ifgelg# prgitnige iuctnvjs db suhsnstbeing# gclj db igzg y rbijcbiinùe% Fgstg fgib pjij tnbkpj be kuifgs bstgeings db irëg db lgegdj vgiuej# brge bkpcbgdjs pgrg cjs trghgmjs kçs pbsgdjs y pglgdjs be bspbinbs# gcnkbetjs y rjpgs% Db tgc kgebrg# sb bedbudghge ije bc bkpcbgdjr pjr kuifjs g÷js# qubdgedj gsë gtgdjs pjr bc rbstj db sus vndgs g ueg rbcginùe cghjrgc db bxpcjtginùe%

Bspnrntugcndgd

91


Cgs onbstgs pbrnùdnigs# gsë ijkj gqubccgs qub ibcbhrge cjs lrgedbs gijetbinknbetjs db cg vndg# rbvnstbe ueg nkpjrtgeing ouedgkbetgc be cgs ijstukhrbs db cjs pubhcjs nedëlbegs# pgrg netbrrukpnr cg rutneg db cg vndg jrdnegrng y pgrg bxtbrnjrnzgr y ojrtgcbibr sus vëeiucjs rbcnlnjsjs y sjingcbs% Bxnstbe snbtb onbstgs prneinpgcbs= ^gekgeg &pgrg ibcbhrgr bc ijknbezj db cg vndg db kumbr.# \gye`yg &cg onbstg dbc nelrbsj dbc en÷j gc kuedj db cjs vgrjebs.# @ygnyg &rbcginjegdg ije bc inicj db cgs bstginjebs dbc g÷j.# cg onbstg pgrg cg lubrrg# cg onbstg dbc igsgknbetj# cg onbstg db hnbevbendg g cgs vnsntgs y cg onbstg ouebrgrng%

Bc ifgkçe jiupg ue culgr prnvncblngdj be cgs ijkuendgdbs# bs rbspbtgdj# ijesuctgdj y tbkndj g cg vbz% Qgrg sbr ifgkçe# fgy qub pgsgr pjr ueg neninginùe kuy sbvbrg% Yb bkpnbzg ije gyuejs rnlurjsjs# bspbingckbetb ghstbenîedjsb db nelbrnr cëqundjs0 bc gyuej muetj ije cg nelbstnùe db gcluegs fnbrhgs# ccblg g gctbrgr bc snstbkg ebrvnjsj% Qgsge dëgs db sjcbdgd fgstg ccblgr g ueg sntuginùe db bxtrg pbribpinùe sbesjrngc# bc ijejindj –vngmb‛ bxtçtnij# djedb cjs gspnrgetbs jhtnbebe giibsj gc kuedj bspnrntugc y g sus bspërntus guxncngrbs% Dbsiuhrbe kbdngetb vnsnjebs cgs igusgs y cjs kbdnjs bonigibs pgrg gitugr sjhrb cgs pbrsjegs y rbkjvbr cgs kgcgs neocubeings igusgdgs db cgs beobrkbdgdbs% Cjs kîtjdjs usgdjs# gsë ijkj cgs tîienigs# sje vgrngdjs# neicuybedj cg fnpejsns% Cjs ifgkgebs utncnzge cjs bspërntus db cjs genkgcbs# db cgs pcgetgs y db jtrjs sbrbs iùsknijs pgrg cjlrgr rbsuctgdjs gprbinghcbs%

Cjs Becfbt snbetbe kuifj tbkjr fging cjs `ncyn`fgkg# qub sje sbrbs supbrnjrbs ije neocubeing kgcnleg qub pubdbe gpgrbibr be iugcqunbr kjkbetj y culgr# pbrj bspbingckbetb db ejifb% Yus kgenobstginjebs sje kuy vgrngdgs% Bxnstb pjr bmbkpcj bc `ncyn`fgkg hcgeij# qub egvblg sjhrb ueg pbqub÷g bkhgriginùe be cjs bstbrjs y cgluegs# subcb snchgr prjduinbedj ue tbkjr bspgetjsj% Qgrg prjtblbrsb db bstjs neocumjs cjs nedëlbegs ijeobiinjeghge ueg vneifg ije pcukgs# gkucbtjs db oubrtb pjdbr ebutrgcnzgdjr% Jtrj `ncyn`fgkg tnbeb cg gpgrnbeing db ue en÷j db djib g÷js# ije djs cuibs oubrtbs y hrnccgetbs be cg ighbzg% Cjs Becfbt vnvëge be ijestgetb tbkjr db bstjs sbrbs sjhrbegturgcbs# y bstjs bspërntus brge utncnzgdjs pjr cjs ifgkgebs pgrg ccbvgr g ighj sus gituginjebs%

Jtrj bspërntu bs bc gpfgelg`# qub sje cjs bspërntus db cjs kubrtjs qub kgetnbebe cg knskg ojrkg y gcturg dbc iubrpj dbc dnouetj0 bstjs bspërntus gedge pjr cg knskg zjeg djedb vnvëge y sb dbdnige g cg knskg gitnvndgd db getbs db ueg ojrkg bspnrntugc% G bstjs bspërntus ej sb cbs kbeinjeg en sb qunbrb gijrdgr db bccjs% Cg kbtg onegc dbc gpfgelg` sbrëg fging bc jbstb djedb bstgrëg bc culgr db cjs kubrtjs% Jtrjs pnbesge qub bc culgr db cjs kubrtjs bstç dbhgmj db cg tnbrrg y jtrjs qub cgs gckgs snlube vglgedj gýe% 97


Xbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc Be cgs bstgeings ej sb cbs pbrkntëg prgitnigr cg fjrtniucturg j cg igzg# hgmj bc prbtbxtj db qub pjr su tîienig db igibrëg# ijesnstbetb be gijrrgcgr ije oublj g cgs prbsgs# snlenonighge ue pbcnlrj pgrg cgs bstgeings% Cj knskj suibdëg iugedj trgtghge db prgitnigr sus kîtjdjs geibstrgcbs db rbijcbiinùe dbc ijljccj db cg pgckg j pgrg sgigr knbc sncvbstrb% Ifgsb Ygrdn gsblurg fghbr vnstj inigtrnibs db hgcg be nedëlbegs# fbrndjs pjr pbjebs pgrglugyjs iugedj betrghge g igzgr be tbrrbejs vbdgdjs% Bs ijkýe qub sb giusb g cjs Becfbt db gitjs db iugtrbrnskj# prjduindjs pjr cjs prjpnjs irnjccjs db cg zjeg# qunbebs cbvgetghge orbiubetbkbetb giusginjebs ijetrg cjs nedëlbegs%

Fgstg fgib pjigs dîigdgs# be bc Ifgij pgrglugyj# cjs pgtrjebs gsnleghge uegs dnbz fbitçrbgs pgrg trghgmj db dbskjetb g ue pbqub÷j lrupj db nedëlbegs% YB cbs dghg ijkndg sne pglg y gc onegc dbc trghgmj rbinhëge# sn tjdj bstghg hnbe# ue pgetgcùe# ueg igknsg# ue igczjeinccj y zgpgtjebs rýstnijs ijkj ýenij pglj pjr ue trghgmj qub durghg vgrnjs kbsbs% Tgkhnîe brg ijkýe qub sb cbs betrblgrg gcijfjc ijkj pgrtb dbc pglj# neduinîedjcjs gc vninj%

Cjs prnkbrjs ijetgitjs ije cjs Cbelug sb dbhbe g cg Nlcbsng Gelcnigeg dbc Qgrglugy be cg Knsnùe Nelcbsg Kg`xgwgnyg# qub g cj cgrlj db kçs db inbe g÷js nkpcbkbetù eukbrjsjs prjybitjs fukgentgrnjs# gsë ijkj fninbrje tgkhnîe jtrgs knsnjebs# fgstg cg qub be pgcghrgs db ]gegrdnen &811?. pjdrëgkjs ccgkgr –rbvjcuinùe getrjpjcùlnig‛ ijkbezgdg be cg dîigdg db 7><1 trgs cg Dbicgrginùe db Hgrhgdjs% Bstg dbicgrginùe jhcnlù g cgs nestntuinjebs rbcnlnjsgs b nednlbenstgs db Gkîrnig g igkhngr rukhjs be bc trghgmj ije cjs nedëlbegs# dbspjmçedjcgs dbc prjtbiinjenskj y gsnstbeingcnskj trgdninjegc# pgrg betrgr be ueg btgpg tbednbetb g cjlrgr qub cjs prjpnjs pubhcjs nedëlbegs sbge cjs prjtgljenstgs db su vndg# gvgezgedj be su gutjdbtbrkneginùe y gutjlbstnùe%

98


?% Qubhcj Bexbt Cg gutjdbejkneginùe gitugc bs bexbt# sn hnbe kuifjs gutjrbs snlube rbonrnîedjsb g bccjs hgmj cg dbejkneginùe trgdninjegc cbelug &sur.% Cjs bexbt ccgkge su cbelug *bbebt gpbbwg* j *bbebt ebkpbbwg* &Reruf y @gcnsif# 8119.% Bexbt snlenonig fjkhrb# pbrsjeg# lbetb% Cjs Bexbt sje tgkhnîe ijejindjs ijkj Cbelug# gc nlugc qub cjs Becfbt y ijkpgrtbe vgrngs igrgitbrëstnigs snkncgrbs% Cbelug Bc pubhcj Bexbt bs pgrtb db cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig Kgs`jy j Becfbt+Bebecfbt 8?% Bc dbscnedb betrb becfbt&cbelug ejrtb.# y bexbt &cbelug sur.# sb dbhb g cgs neningtnvgs db Reruf / @gcnsif% Getbs qub dngcbitjs db ue sjcj ndnjkg# sb trgtg db djs cbelugs dnobrbetbs# guequb bstrbifgkbetb bkpgrbetgdgs% Yblýe Reruf y @gcnsif &8119.# cjs Bexbt knskjs sb jrnbetge fging cg cbelug becfbt# pubhcj kçs eukbrjsj db bstg ogkncng cnelóëstnig% Bc ibesj db 8118 rblnstrg ue tjtgc db 2%644 bexbt# db cjs iugcbs 9%<66 dbicgrge fghcgr bexbt be bc fjlgr% Db cjs dbkçs# 8%164 fghcgrëge lugrgeë# 866 becfbt# 87 tjhg+qjk &ogkncng lugyùrý. y dnbz fghcgrëge igstbccgej be su igsg%

Tbrrntjrnj Yu tbrrntjrnj geibstrgc bstghg dbcnkntgdj pjr bc rngifj Kjetbcnedj gc Yur# bc Xëj Qgrglugy gc Bstb# bc Xngifj Ljezçcbz gc Ejrtb y ueg cëebg pgrgcbcg gc Xëj Qgrglugy db uejs 811 `ncùkbtrjs gprjxnkgdgkbetb%

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Bspnrntugcndgd

8?

@gcnsf y Reruf# 8119%

99


Be cg irbbeing db cjs Becfbt+Bexbt# sn gclunbe kubrb db ejifb# bc bspërntu# qub sb dbsprbedb dbc iubrpj# qubdgrëg vglgedj pjr bc culgr irbgedj bspgetjs% Yn sb pnbesg qub gclunbe bstç dîhnc y pubdb kjrnr be cg ejifb# sb prjibdb rçpndgkbetb g betbrrgrcj getbs db cg igëdg dbc sjc# guequb ej bstî tjdgvëg kubrtj% Bc betnbrrj sb rbgcnzg be ue pjzj djedb cg pbrsjeg bs ijcjigdg igsn sbetgdg# be pjsninùe obtgc% Brg ijkýe cublj db cg kubrtb dbstrunr cg ifjzg dbc onegdj y qubkgr cjs gcrbdbdjrbs# gcluegs vbibs sb kutncghge cjs iubrpjs# pjenîedjcb hrgsgs igcnbetbs hgmj cjs pnbs y sjhrb cg ighbzg0 db cg knskg ojrkg# sblýe cg beobrkbdgd suorndg# sb kutncghge dnobrbetbs pgrtbs dbc iubrpj% Yn cg beobrkbdgd brg be cg ighbzg# gpgcbghge bc irçebj dbc igdçvbr be bc sbpucirj0 sn brg be cg rblnùe dbc ijrgzùe# cj ocbifghge%

Qgrg cjs Becfbt y Bexbt# bc tnbkpj dbc sub÷j bs ue tnbkpj pbcnlrjsj# pubs knbetrgs sb dubrkb# bc gckg sb pubdb sbpgrgr dbc iubrpj# sgcnr pjr bc pbifj y fgibr ijsgs qub sb vbe ijkj sub÷js% Yb irbb qub cjs bspërntus kgcjs

bstçe be husig db bstjs kjkbetjs db sub÷j pgrg

pjsbsnjegrsb dbc iubrpj dbc durknbetb%

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Be 7><> ijkbetù bc Qrjybitj Lugrgeë+×gedîvg# ijjrdnegdj pjr Irnstùhgc \gccns# db cg Gsjinginùe Nednlbenstg dbc Qgrglugy &GNQ.% Yblýe Lróehbrl# sje cjs qub jiupge cg bsigcg kçs hgmg be cg bstrgtnoniginùe sjingc db cjs nedëlbegs qub fge husigdj ijetgitj ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc% Gc tbrknegr cg ogsb db bstudnjs prbcnknegrbs# sb prjibdnù gc gsbetgknbetj db 711 ogkncngs be bc tbrrbej gdqunrndj pjr cg Gsjinginùe db Ybrvninjs db Ijjpbrginùe Nedëlbeg Kbeejentg &GYINK. be Cglueg Eblrg% Cjs ijkpjebetbs db bstb prjybitj oubrje gpjygdjs pjr vgrngs ouedginjebs netbreginjegcbs% Cjs prjlrgkgs oubrje db prjduiinùe# sgcud y bduiginùe ej ojrkgc% Bc ijjrdnegdjr jpneghg qub cjs Lugrgeë ×gedîvg brge ouedgkbetgckbetb igzgdjrbs y 48


rbijcbitjrbs# pjr cj qub sb gijesbmghg ueg bstrgtblng bspbingc pgrg bccjs% Cjs dnrbitnvjs db cg GNQ pndnbrje gsbsjrgknbetj g Hrgenscgvg Yýsen`% Bstg nevbstnlgdjrg gsblurù qub cjs Lugrgeë+ ×gedîvg tbeëge ueg trgdninùe db fjrtniuctjrbs# pjr sbr pjsnhcbs dbsibednbetbs db cjs Ifgeî+ Grgwg` lugrgenzgdjs# ije iucturg kgtbrngc neocundg pjr cjs Kgtgij% Cg GNQ dbindnù# pjr bsg rgzùe# y pjrqub cgs ijedninjebs ej brge yg prjpnings pgrg cg igzg y rbijcbiinùe ijkj ýenig bstrgtblng db suhsnstbeing# gpjygr g cgs ijkuendgdbs be cg fjrtniucturg%

Yb fnzj igrlj db cg ijjrdneginùe Jcbl _ysj`jcçe fgstg gljstj db 7>6?# iugedj bc prjybitj tbrkneù sus gitnvndgdbs pjr ogctg db ojedjs% Yb jhtuvj cg Qbrsjebrëg Murëdnig pgrg cgs ineij ijkuendgdbs bstghcbindgs be cgs <%211 fbitçrbgs qub cbs ijrrbspjednbrje be Cglueg Eblrg% Oubrg db bstg çrbg# be bc fçhntgt jrnlnegc db cjs Lugrgeë ×gedîvg# sb ijesnlunù gsblurgr 71%111 fbitçrbgs pgrg cg ijkuendgd Cjkg# ibrig db Neogetb Xnvgrjcg# gsë ijkj cg Qbrsjebrëg Murëdnig% Qbrj# be 7>>7# g ijesbiubeing db ueg prjcjelgdg sbquëg# cjs nedëlbegs ghgedjegrje bc prbdnj ije sus genkgcbs# y sb trgscgdgrje g pnb fgstg cgs ijcjengs kbeejentgs# be husig db trghgmj% Bc 84 db ghrnc db 7>6># pgrg cg ijkuendgd db Eubvg Gsueinùe# sb jhtuvnbrje cg Qbrsjebrëg Murëdnig y jtrgs 71%111 fbitçrbgs db tbrrbej%97

97


49


71% Qubhcj Lugrgeë Jiindbetgc

Durgetb cg lubrrg ije Hjcnvng bc Bmîrintj pgrglugyj pgsù bc rëj Qgrgpntn# gitugckbetb be tbrrntjrnj hjcnvngej# y sb beijetrù ije ue pubhcj nedëlbeg db cg ogkncng Lugrgeë# gc iugc ccgkghg ifnrnlugej% Bstjs nedëlbegs sbrëge db jrnlbe Ifgeî –lugrgenzgdjs‛# bs dbinr ijequnstgdjs be îpjigs getbrnjrbs pjr trnhus Lugrgeë# prjvbenbetbs qunzç db cg rblnùe Jrnbetgc dbc Qgrglugy kjdbrej%

Jtrjs gutjrbs sjstnbebe qub be rbgcndgd sb trgtg db trnhus prjvbenbetbs db cg prbijrdnccbrg gedneg# inbrtgkbetb db jrnlbe Lugrgeë# qub gýe fjy fghntge cgs tnbrrgs dbc Nzjzjl be Hjcnvng# y sje ijejindjs ijkj Ifnrnlugej% Yne bkhgrlj# cjs Lugrgeë Jiindbetgcbs dbc Ifgij pgrglugyj rbifgzge rjtuedgkbetb bstg dbejkneginùe pjr dbspbitnvg# yg qub sb trgtgrëg db ueg vjz qubifug utncnzgdg pjr îstjs pgrg dbejknegr g cjs Lugrgeë qub knlrghge fging cg ijrdnccbrg &ifnrn;orëj# lugej;bxirbkbetj.% Cjs Lugrgeë qub bstçe fjy be Hjcnvng# sb gutjdbejknege Lugrgeë Nzjib÷js &cjs qub bstçe be cg rblnùe dbc Nzjzjl. y Lugrgeë Gvg cjs qub bstçe be cg ijrdnccbrg%

Cjs Lugrgeë Jiindbetgcbs goneigdjs be bc Ifgij ibetrgc rbifgzge tgkhnîe bc ejkhrb db Lugrgyj &ijetrgiinùe db lugrgeë y pgrglugyjs# qub cbs gdmudnigrge cjs sjcdgdjs hjcnvngejs be cg Lubrrg dbc Ifgij. y sb gutjdbejknege snkpcbkbetb Lugrgeë j Gvg j Khyç% Cg bxprbsnùe Lugrgyj# be cg cntbrgturg inbetëonig sb usg pgrg ue lrupj db cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig Tupn+Lugrgeë uhnigdj be cg prjvneing hjcnvngeg Euocj db Ifçvbz% Bstjs Lugrgeë sb uhnigrje be Hjcnvng trgs# pjr cj kbejs# snbtb knlrginjebs prjibdbetbs db cg rblnùe Jrnbetgc dbc Qgrglugy# gc sur db Kgtj Lrjssj% Qgrg dnstnelunr g bsjs Lugrgeë qub knlrgrje fging Hjcning# cjs nednigkjs ije bc ejkhrb db Lugrgeë Jiindbetgcbs%

Cbelug

Cjs Lugrgeë Jiindbetgcbs sje prjhghcbkbetb fjy bc lrupj kçs lrgedb db cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig Tupn Lugrgeë be cg Xblnùe Jiindbetgc dbc Qgrglugy# j Ifgij Qgrglugyj0 tjdgvëg fjy bxtbedndg pjr Hrgsnc# Qgrglugy# Hjcnvng y Grlbetneg%

44


Tbrrntjrnj Cg prnkbrg knlrginùe db cjs Lugrgeë fgstg cg orjetbrg jrnbetgc dbc nkpbrnj neignij oub durgetb bc kgedj dbc neig ûpgequn &74<7+74
Cg kgyjrëg db cgs ijkuendgdbs db Lugrgeë Jiindbetgcbs sb beiubetrge fjy be bc Dbpgrtgkbetj db Hjqubrùe%

Bspnrntugcndgd

Reg db cgs onbstgs ouedgkbetgcbs db cjs Lugrgeë Jiindbetgcbs bs bc Grbtb Lugsu &lrge dëg vbrdgdbrj.# ijejindj pjpucgrkbetb ijkj onbstg db igregvgc% Be cg hgsb db cg onbstg ’ ibcbhrginùe+ rntj sb beiubetrg ue kntj qub dg mustnonigdg ouedgkbetginùe ijcbitnvg y sbetndj g cjs dnobrbetbs kjkbetjs db cg knskg%

Be cjs kntjs# bc pubhcj nedëlbeg iubetg# bxpcnig y trgeskntb sus bxpbrnbeings# rbcginjegedj cj vnsnhcb y cj nevnsnhcb% Re dëg# bc glugrg tukpg &–zjrrj dnjs‛. pndb gc vbrdgdbrj tukpg &dnjs. bc pbrknsj pgrg ibcbhrgr onbstgs ije su pubhcj# pjrqub tjdjs cjs jtrjs tnbebe onbstgs# fgstg kbesugckbetb% Djs vbibs rbifgzgdj bc pbdndj# pndb pjr cj kbejs ueg onbstg db trbs dëgs# cj qub tukpg gutjrnzg% Glugrg tukpg# sukgkbetb obcnz# yg ijknbezg g hgncgr y sus gijkpg÷getbs# guequb gdvbrtndjs# ej rbsnstbe cg tbetginùe db fgibr cj knskj% ^ gsë surlnù bc grbtb lugsu &–lrge dëg vbrdgdbrj‛.% Cg negulurginùe dbc igregvgc bs cg prjibsnùe qub sb rbgcnzg bc djknelj# besblundg dbspuîs db cg knsg% Tjig cg kýsnig knbetrgs qub sb muetge tjdjs% Tjkg cg dbcgetbrg db bstg prjibsnùe cg iruz# ccbvgdg pjr ueg pbrsjeg dnsorgzgdg ije kçsigrg# qunbe dbhb sbr ue hube ijejibdjr db cg iucturg lugrgeë% Cg irbbeing bs qub cgs kçsigrgs rbprbsbetge gc gckg%

42


Bc ifgkgenskj bstghg kuy dnouedndj y tbeëg ueg vneiucginùe kuy bstrbifg ije cjs gspbitjs rbcnlnjsjs y bspnrntugcbs db cg vndg% Bc ifgkçe# kbdngetb sus prçitnigs# cjlrghg iurgr g cjs beobrkjs# sgigedj cjs bspërntus dbc kgc% Qjdëg neocunr sjhrb cjs glbetbs gtkjsoîrnijs# ccuvngs# bti%

G cjs kubrtjs sb cjs betbrrghg be uregs ouebrgrngs ije bc iubrpj dnspubstj be pjsninùe obtgc% Gdbkçs# sb pjeëg glug y gcnkbetj pgrg qub bc gckg dbc dnouetj pudnbrg igknegr bxpbdntgkbetb fging bc inbcj% Be bstb igknegr tbeëge qub supbrgr vgrngs prubhgs# pbrj gc onegc cg gcblrëg db cg kbtg ijkpbesghg tjdjs cjs bsoubrzjs%

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77% Qubhcj Nsfnr ^hytùsj

Cjs ^hytùsj dbejknege g së knskjs nsfnr# –cjs vbrdgdbrjs fjkhrbs‛% Yje trgdninjegckbetb ijejindjs ijkj Ifgkgijij% Yblýe cgs nevbstnlginjebs db Kbtrgux y Yusen`# sb dnvndbe be trbs lrupjs% Yusen` netrjduib cg lrgoëg Vjrsfnj# Bhntjsj y Tjkgrxg%

Lundj Hjllngen# qunbe nevbstnlù pjr vgrnjs g÷js cg iucturg db bstb pubhcj# y oub kubrtj be 7>18 pjr bccjs knskjs# oub bc prnkbrj be rblnstrgr bc tîrknej –ßsfnrj‛# qub bvndbetbkbetb bs bc jrnlbe db cg pgcghrg gitugc# Nsfnr# ije qub dbejknegkjs g bstg bteng% Tgkhnîe Hjllngen dnmj qub usghge cg pgcghrg –Ifgkgijij‛ prjeueingdg db ueg kgebrg ijetrgëdg= Igkiýi j ]gkiýi# cj qub ejs neduib g pbesgr qub prjhghcbkbetb sbg dbrnvgdg db ]gkuij# qub nednig cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig &]gkuij. g cg qub cjs Nsfnr# muetj g cjs Gyjrbj# pbrtbebibe%

Fnstùrnigkbetb sb dnstneluëge cjs –Ifgkgijij hrgvjs‛ qub ijrrbspjedbe gc lrupj Tjkçrèfj y vnvëge rbtnrgdjs dbc kuedj hcgeij0 y cjs –Ifgkgijij kgesjs‛ qub brge cjs qub tbeëge ijetgitj ije cjs hcgeijs% Fjy be dëg cjs lrupjs dbsibednbetbs db cjs ccgkgdjs Nsfnr bstçe hnbe dnobrbeingdjs be cgs btengs ^hytùsj y Tjkçrèfj%

Cg bxpcniginùe dbc jrnlbe btnkjcùlnij db –Ifgkgijij‛ sb prjybitg fging cjs gchjrbs db cg ijequnstg% Yblýe cjs nedëlbegs db dnifg bteng# cg djejkneginùe glcutneg djs pgcghrgs= Ifgk# ijkpg÷brj0 y iji qub# sblýe gcluejs neojrkgetbs# bs ueg getnlug pgcghrg qub snlenonig muetjs0 guequb pgrg jtrjs ej tbelg enelýe snlenonigdj% Be cg cntbrgturg jrgc egtnvg# bc rbcgtj këtnij –Ifgkgijij‛# rbonbrb gc tnbkpj dbc ifjqub db iucturgs ije bc fjkhrb hcgeij% Bc nkpgitj sjejrj db cg prbsbeing hcgeig grkgdg ije trghuijs db vnbmj igcnhrb# igcù fjedj be cjs rbcgtjs db bstjs nedëlbegs% Ej jhstgetb# be ue geçcnsns ijkpgrgtnvj betrb bc tbxtj jtrgc y cgs oubetbs hnhcnjlrçonigs db irjenstgs# bc jrnlbe db cg pgcghrg ifgkgijij bs neinbrtj%

Trgdninjegkbetb ijcbitjrbs+igzgdjrbs# cjs Ifgkgijij oubrje uhnigdjs be cg icgsnoniginùe cnelóëstnig# ijkj bkpgrbetgdjs g cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig ]gkjij% Bccg# ijkpubstg pjr cjs Gyjrbjdb+kjrj# pjr cjs ^hytùsj y cjs Tjkçrèfj% G bstgs djs ýctnkgs btengs sb cgs dbejknege Ifgkgijij% Db gkhgs trnhus# sb gtjknzge ueg sbrnb db hgedgs= Fbnwj# Tyeûrj# Jrrëj# icgsnonigdgs gijrdb g ue jrdbegknbetj tbrrntjrngc iucturgc ifgkgijij%

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Cbelug Cgs btengs ^hytùsj y Tjkçrèfj# g pbsgr db ouedgrsb be ue trjeij iucturgc ijkýe# sb dnobrbeinge pjr djs dngcbitjs= yxyrj gfwjsj b yxyrj fýcj% Yu

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Tbrrntjrnj

Be bc snlcj pgsgdj sb kbeinjeghge iugtrj lrupjs# iuyjs ejkhrbs sb bsirnhëge db ojrkg dnstnetg= Fjrnj# ßhjtjsj# Fbnwj y Tgkgrgfj% Cjs Fjrnj fge dbsgpgrbindj# qubdge cjs ßhjtjsj y cjs Fbnwj# db îstjs cjs qub vnvbe be cg zjeg db Hgfëg Eblrg# Qubrtj Dngeg y Qubrtj Bspbrgezg# bstçe kbstnzgdjs ije bc rbstj db cg pjhcginùe nedëlbeg# knbetrgs qub cjs Fbnwj kçs trgdninjegcnstgs vnvbe be Oubrtb Jcnkpj y Hbccg _nstg%

Bc tbrrntjrnj trgdninjegc ifgkgijij ijkprbedëg lrgedbs bxtbesnjebs dbc Ifgij Qgrglugyj# dbsdb bc cëkntb ije Hjcnvng &orgemg ejrjbstb. fgstg cjs cëkntbs ije bc Hgmj Ifgij# neicuybedj cgs zjegs cëkntbs ije Hrgsnc sjhrb bc rëj Qgrglugy% Be iugetj g cg gprjpnginùe dbc tbrrntjrnj# bxnstbe dnobrbeings betrb ^hytùsj y Tjkçrèfj% Cjs ^hytùsj sb gsbetgrje be zjegs ijstbrgs gc rëj Qgrglugy y sb ijesndbrge kçs gpblgdjs gc rëj# knbetrgs qub cjs Tjkçrèfj sb gsbetgrje fging tnbrrg gdbetrj%

Db gonrkgdg trgdninùe be bc ejkgdnskj# cjs Ifgkgijij hgsghge cg bcbiinùe db sus gsbetgknbetjs be fçhntgts djedb ghuedbe genkgcbs y# g su betjrej# cgluegs j rngifjs% Cjs fçhntgts sje dbonendjs sblýe su ijeojrkginùe lbjlrçonig be= gibkyt grnif# ccgeurgs ghnbrtgs0

46


yrknif# culgr djedb cg prbdjknegeing vblbtgc bs hrjkbcnçibgs0 bpyrpb# be icgrjs db hjsqubs j nscgs db hjsqubs% 98

Dnvbrsgs ogkncngs ijeojrkge bc dyt &igkpgkbetj ijkuentgrnj.% Cg gprjpnginùe dbc dyt# bspginj egturgc y su irbginùe# sje db ojrkg inriucgr# be iuyj ibetrj sb hgsg bc fgrrg# qub pjdbkjs trgduinrcj ijkj cg bsibeg# puetj db rbprbsbetginùe rntugc db jrnlbe këtnij%

Cgs ijkuendgdbs Nsfnr gitugckbetb sje= Qubrtj Dngeg# djedb rbsndb cg kgyjrëg db cg pjhcginùe Nsfnr# dbsdb fgib kuifj tnbkpj# hgmj cg neocubeing db cg Knsnùe –Eubvgs Trnhus‛0 Qubrtj Bspbrgezg# sjhrb bc Xëj Qgrglugy g uejs 91 `k gc sur db Hgfëg Eblrg0 Oubrtb Jcnkpj ’ Hubeg _nstg0 @grifgHgcut &be bc getnluj culgr ijejindj ijkj Qubrtj 74 db kgyj# bs ue culgr fnstùrnij db lrge nkpjrtgeing pgrg cjs Nsfnr.# Qjtrbrntj y @grpg @uî%

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Bspnrntugcndgd Cg kntjcjlëg yhytjsj tnbeb trbs pjdbrbs= cg dnjsg dbc glug &Bsfeuwbrtg.# bc dnjs dbc gnrb &Qguifgtg. y dnjs dbc hjsqub &Ebkur.%

Bc fgrrg bs bc iëriucj ibrbkjengc djedb sb rbprbsbetge cgs dgezgs sglrgdgs% Bc dbpnif bs bc igknej sbirbtj qub ueb g cjs nsfnr ije cjs dnjsbs% Bc ebpytb j wyrhy bs bc pjdbrjsj rbsjrtb qub trgscgdg nestgetçebgkbetb db uej g jtrj sntnj j dnkbesnùe% Cjs rntugcbs neicuybe cg pneturg ijrpjrgc# y bc bkhbccbinknbetj ije pcukgs y tjigdjs# pgrg trgscgdgr g igdg uej db cjs prgitnigetbs g ue uenvbrsj dbsijejindj y këstnij# qub cg pnbc hcgeig ej ijkprbedb% Qgrg cjs Ifgkgijij# cg kýsnig vjigc bstç dnrbitgkbetb rbcginjegdg gc ifgkgenskj% Igdg ifgkçe &dbejknegdj @jesgfg j Gfgeg`. dbhb ijestrunr su prjpnj rbpbrtjrnj hgsgdj be bc 98

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Ybqubrg# L%# 811?% Ytgfc# \%# 811<# p% 7>6%

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sub÷j ify`írg y vneiucgdj gc prjibsj lrgdugc db gibptginùe sjingc% Bc sub÷j sb ijestntuyb be bc prnkbr bcbkbetj dbtjegetb y irbgtnvj qub dbtbrknegrç bc –cbnt+kjtnv‛ db cg ijkpjsninùe% Cjs rbpbrtjrnjs kusnigcbs ifgkçenijs sb ijestruybe sjhb cg hgsb db sub÷js qub bstnkucge cg irbginùe dbc tbxtj pjîtnij# cg kbcjdëg y cgs pucsginjebs rëtknigs% Djknegr bc sub÷j snlenonig# pgrg cjs ifgkgejs ^hytùsj ijkj pgrg cjs Tjkçrèfj# prjybitgrcjs be ue igetj tbnifu% Bc sj÷getb ifgkçe dbhb rbtbebr cg ndbg dbc sub÷j y db nekbdngtj bxprbsgrcj be su ojrkg kusnigc y pjîtnig% Tgkhnîe cgs igeinjebs pubdbe sbr trgeskntndgs db ue sumbtj g jtrj% Bc rbpbrtjrnj pubdb sbr fbrbdgdj sne ijedninjebs db rbcginjegknbetj pjr pgrbetbsij% Tjdj bstj gsnleg g cg iucturg kusnigc ifgkgijij ijkj g ueg iucturg kuy pgrtniucgr be sus bxprbsnjebs vjigcbs y be sus pbribpinjebs sjejrgs% Cg bxpcniginùe jrnlnegrng db cg pbribpinùe gudntnvg bstç hgsgdg be ue gvb gwjrjfcg# qub nestruyù g cjs lbetncbs be iùkj bsiuifgr y dbsijdnonigr bc kuedj sjejrj% Cg pjtbeing ifgkçenig rgdnig be su igpgindgd db sj÷gr% Cg rbspjesghncndgd prneinpgc be cg ndbetndgd ifgkçenig rgdnig be cg igpgindgd db gtrgbr bc hnbe j bxpucsgr bc kgc# g trgvîs dbc pjdbr db cjs igetjs% Bc gdnbstrgknbetj ifgkçenij bstç oubrtbkbetb vneiucgdj gc pjdbr y gc pgpbc qub iukpcbe cjs ifgkgebs be cg iucturg ifgkgijij= cg db prjtbitjr g tjdj gijsj prjvjigdjr% &Ybqubrg# 811?.% Cg pjtbeing db cjs ifgkgebs be cg iucturg ifgkgijij sb kndb pjr su igpgindgd db gtrgvbsgr cjs ukhrgcbs dbc trgeib0 gfë# betjeibs# tjdg cg bebrlëg dbc iubrpj dnspgrgdj fging ueg pubstg be bsibeg dbc pjdbr y sus ijesbiubeings% Bc iubrpj dbc ifgkçe# sbg iugc oubrb su bstgtus y iugcnoniginùe# sb trgesojrkg be ue jhmbtj bxtbrnjr# db cg knskg kgebrg qub cjs jhmbtjs bxtbrnjrbs sje susibptnhcbs# pjr gsjinginùe ifgkçenig# db trgesonlurgr su prjpnj iubrpj% Ighb rbsgctgr qub bc ifgkgenskj ifgkgijij ej dnonbrb# be lrge kbdndg# db cgs prçitnigs ifgkçenigs sudgkbrnigegs be lbebrgc= bc dbsdjhcgknbetj db cg pbrsjegcndgd# bc trgeib pjr bc igetj# cgs tîienigs rbspnrgtjrngs# cjs sub÷js vnsnjegrnjs# ijeonbrbe pgrtniucgrndgdbs ifgkçenigs ijkuebs% Cjs ^hytùsj dbejknege @jesgfg feyknif urr jsj# gc ifgkçe dbc fjrnzjetb# bc qub pbrojrg cg tnbrrg y djkneg sgcndgs y betrgdgs ije bc sjc% Cj rbkbkjrge g bstb ifgkçe ije cg gitntud db djrknr hjig ghgmj pgrg sblunr bc iursj dbc sjc hgmj cg tnbrrg% Cjs rbcgtjs këtnijs rbonbrbe g bstb ifgkçe be ueg sntuginùe pgrgdnlkçtnig= bs ijesndbrgdj# pjr ue cgdj# ijkj obiuedgdjr pbrj# pjr bc jtrj# ije pjdbrbs dbonendjs db qubrbr j kgtgr% Bc sjc# sblýe cjs Ifgkgijij# bs ue sbr këtni j ouedgdjr db cg iucturg# beigreg cg nestruiinùe be cg dbejkneginùe db cgs ijsgs% Db lîebrj kgsiucnej# bc sjc rbprbsbetg cg ijeinbeing y bc ijejinknbetj0 bc sjc bs dbonendj ijkj gutjrndgd%

21


Cjs rntugcbs ijejindjs ijkj Dbhycyhy# nevjcuirghge tgetj cg rbgcnzginùe db rntjs db neninginùe db cjs fjkhrbs ijkj cjs rntugcbs db cutj# mubljs db neninj db cg prnkgvbrg y ibrbkjengs ifgkçenigs— ijestntuëge cg pubstg be bsibeg pjr bxibcbeing db cjs kntjs db jrnlbe ifgkgijij# gitugcnzgedj bc rbtjrej db cjs Gxeçhsbrj# –cjs tbrrnhcbs dnjsbs db cjs igzgdjrbs# qub tbrknege snbedj igzgdjs pjr îstjs‛ &Bsijhgr# 7>>9.%

Xbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc Fgstg kbdngdjs dbc snlcj VV cjs ijetgitjs ije bc hcgeij sb cnkntgrje g netbetjs puetugcbs db ijcjenzginùe pjr pgrtb db cg nlcbsng gelcnigeg y g cgs knlrginjebs bstginjegcbs g cjs nelbenjs gzuigrbrjs dbc ejrjbstb grlbetnej% Bs sùcj rbinbetbkbetb# ije cg Lubrrg dbc Ifgij betrb Qgrglugy y Hjcnvng &7>98+7>92. y ije cg nestgcginùe g pgrtnr db cg dîigdg db cjs ineiubetg db cgs nedustrngs tgenebrgs be cg rblnùe# qub sb nening bc dbicnvb db cg gutjejkëg trgdninjegc y sb prjouednzg cg bxicusnùe db cg pjhcginùe nedëlbeg db cg rblnùe# gebxçedjsb cg igsn tjtgcndgd db tbrrntjrnj îtenij gc Bstgdj pgrglugyj%

Be 7>2<# cg getrjpùcjlg Hrgenscgvg Yusen`# rbgcnzg sus prnkbrgs betrbvnstgs g cjs ^hytùsj be prjpnbdgdbs prnvgdgs db bkprbsgs ojrbstgcbs ije neojrkgetbs jrnlnegrnjs be Qtj% Cbdg# Qtj% Lugrgeë# Qtj%74 db kgyj y Qtj% Dngeg% Yusen` ejtg be sus jhsbrvginjebs ue oubrtb nkpgitj sjhrb cg sjinbdgd ^hytùsj y bc prjouedj igkhnj iucturgc jpbrgdj% Jhsbrvg qub cg gusbeing db ueg trgesknsnùe db cg sghndurëg Ifgkgijij nhg brjsnjegedj cjs inknbetjs db cg bteng# irbgedj ue obeùkbej db –trgesiucturginùe‛ gibcbrgdg# jrnlnegdj pjr dnvbrsjs ogitjrbs= be prnkbr culgr# bc igkhnj be cgs ijedninjebs db vndg# irbgedj ue eubvj rîlnkbe gcnkbetgrnj# ueg eubvg dnvnsnùe dbc trghgmj y ue eubvj irntbrnj db pjsbsnùe y prjpnbdgd% Cg netrjduiinùe dbc rnocb j cg bsijpbtg fg dbspcgzgdj cjs vgcjrbs trgdninjegcbs db cjs ^hytùsj# ijkj cg igzg# fging bc prbstnlnj pjr cg hubeg kgenpucginùe db grkgs% Cg getnlug rblcg sjinj+kjrgc ibdb betjeibs bc culgr g ueg rblcg utncntgrng dbc kjkbetj% Bc sbluedj ogitjr cj ijestntuyb bc ijeocnitj lbebrginjegc betrb mùvbebs y vnbmjs% Cjs mùvbebs# kçs prbjiupgdjs be pgrbibrsb g cjs –hcgeijs‛ sb jpjebe# pjr bc ijetrgrnj# g cjs vnbmjs# dbsbjsjs db getbpjebr cg gitntud dbc –bspërntu dbc ojedj dbc hjsqub‛% Bc tbribr ogitjr bs cg bvgelbcnzginùe db cjs ^hytùsj# pjr cg sbitg –Eubvgs Trnhus‛# prneinpgckbetb be Qubrtj Dngeg# neningedj sus gitnvndgdbs rbcnlnjsgs dbsdb 7>4<# db kgebrg ijkpucsnvg# sne netbrrupinùe# fgstg eubstrjs dëgs% Cjs nedëlbegs ^hytùsj db fjy tjdgvëg rbiubrdge ije trnstbzg# db quî kgebrg cjs pgstjrbs ejrtbgkbrnigejs prjfnhëge g cjs Ifgkgijij rbgcnzgr sus ibrbkjengs# giusçedjcjs db prgitnigr rntjs db ijeejtginùe dnghùcnig%

27


Be iugetj gc rbcginjegknbetj bijeùknij j iucturgc db cjs ^hytùsj ije cg pjhcginùe pgrglugyg# lbebrù cg gdjpinùe db cg kgednjig# db cjs iëtrnijs &netrjduindjs pjr cjs bspg÷jcbs. j bc ijesukj db cg ybrhg kgtb &db cjs lugrgeë db cg rblnùe jrnbetgc. ijkj pgrtb netblrgetb db cg dnbtg gitugc%

28


78% Qubhcj Nsfnr Tjkçrèfj

Yje gutjdbejknegdjs Nsfyr Tjkçrèfj# suhlrupj db cjs ifgkgijijs%

Cbelug Cjs Tjkçrèfj gdjptgrje bc pbronc db sus cëdbrbs be bc djknenj db cg cbelug lugrgeë j sn rbýeb pjsnhncndgdbs db fghcgr bc bspg÷jc% Tgkhnîe bc iginqub ijetbkpjrçebj dbhb djknegr inbrtgs tîienigs db ebljinginùe ije bc kuedj hcgeij%

Tbrrntjrnj Bc tbrrntjrnj trgdninjegc db cjs Tjkçrèfj bstghg uhnigdj be bc Ifgij Qgrglugyj# gc nlugc qub cjs ^hytùsj% Cjs Tjkçrèfj bstghge gsbetgdjs gprjxnkgdgkbetb g cjs 711 `k% gc sur+jbstb db Qubrtj Knfgejvnif# be bc betjrej db cg cglueg Qntngetutg &db pbtnej+utb= culgr djedb ghuedge jsjs fjrknlubrjs.%

Gsë tgkhnîe# ijkj pubhcj db trgdninùe eùkgdg# nestgcghge sus igkpgkbetjs be fçhntgts djedb ghuedbe genkgcbs# glug y çrbgs djedb prbdjknebe cgs hrjkbcnçibgs# igitçibgs y igrniçibgs# pjr ijestntunrsb be pcgetgs qub jorbibe rbsbrvgs db glug pgrg ijesukj fukgej% Bstjs tbrrntjrnjs vblbtgcbs tgkhnîe jrnlneghge dnsputgs betrb hgedgs îtenigs% Cjs bspbmjs db glug be bc Ifgij# pjr su rgrbzg y bsigsbz# lbebrghge orniinjebs y beorbetgknbetjs db lrupjs qub qubrëge pjsninjegrsb be bstjs culgrbs% Cg pbrkgebeing be bstjs tbrrntjrnjs# pjr pbrëjdjs kçs j kbejs prjcjelgdjs sb supbdntghg pjr= pbrëjdjs prjvnsjrnjs# duifg% Bstj dbpbedëg db cg rbcginùe dgdg pjr cg ghuedgeing be bc gprjvnsnjegknbetj# yrykj# db genkgcbs# ijcbitg db orutjs y knbc# prneinpgckbetb# y gijrdb g cg pjhcginùe eukîrnig% Cg sjinbdgd ifgkgijij bstruiturg sus mbrgrquëgs sjingcbs hgmj bc giinjegr y rbcginùe ije cg egturgcbzg% Cg ijkuendgd# ijkj bebrlëg ijcbitnvg# ijestntuyb ueg ebibsndgd be cg prjduiinùe db bspginjs% 94

94

Ybqubrg# L%# 811?%

29


Be cg dîigdg db cjs jifbetg# oubrje trgscgdgdjs g Qubrtj Bspbrgezg pjr cg Ijknsnùe db Yjcndgrndgd db cjs Qubhcjs Nedëlbegs# y gfjrg rbsndbe be cg ijkuendgd Qubrtj Kgrëg Bcbeg+ Qntngetutg dbc dnstrntj Oubrtb Jcnkpj%

Bspnrntugcndgd

Cjs rbcgtjs këtnijs egtnvjs sjhrb bc pgtrnkjenj vblbtgc ifgqub÷j bstçe ijebitgdjs g cg bxpcniginùe dbc usj egtnvj# be su dnkbesnùe gcnkbetgrng# kbdninegc# bspnrntugc# jregkbetgc j iùsknig% Cjs rbcgtjs jrgcbs db lrge vgrnbdgd fgibe kbeinùe be sus dnobrbetbs ogibtgs# y bs tgc cg ijkpcbmndgd# qub pjdrëgkjs fghcgr db ueg tgxjejkëg këtnig sjhrb çrhjcbs y pcgetgs%

Cg pbrnùdnig rbgcnzginùe db ibrbkjengs trgdninjegcbs pjr cjs Tjkçrèfj# dg kjtnvj g ueg rbprbsbetginùe y ue iundgdj dbc iubrpj dnlejs db sbr gegcnzgdjs% Bc iubrpj ijestntuyb ue sjpjrtb nkpjrtgetb db snkucginùe b ndbetnoniginùe sjingc% Bs kjtnvj db bmbrininjs snlenonigetbs db cg egturgcbzg= sjhrb bc iubrpj sb rbprbsbetg# snkhùcnigkbetb# cg ndbetndgd genkgc g trgvîs db zjjkjrongs# pneturgs ijrpjrgcbs# bsigrnoniginjebs%

Be cg trgdninùe ifgkgijij# bc ifgkgenskj jiupg ue rjc prbpjedbrgetb be sus dnobrbetbs kgenobstginjebs sjingcbs j iucturgcbs% Igdg ifgkçe bstç djtgdj db pjdbrbs qub cb sje prjpnjs# dbonendjs pjr bc pgpbc gijrdgdj pjr cg sjinbdgd# ib÷ndjs îstjs# g su vbz# pjr rbobrbetbs këtnijs y vgcjrbs% Cg igtbljrëg db ifgkgebs dbonendjs pjr cjs ^hytùsj j Tjkçrèfj bs cg snlunbetb= +Gfgeg` Hbrnetnxårj= bc db kgyjr prbstnlnj y bc qub tnbeb kgyjrbs pjdbrbs# g rgzùe db su pjdbr vnsnjegrnj y kçlnij% Bs bc ifgkçe kçs tbkndj pjr sus pgrbs dbhndj g sus iugcndgdbs db igbr be bstgdj db trgeib# ije cg nelbstnùe db knbcbs sncvbstrbs db kbcnpjendbs hbrnfcj# cublj db ue sub÷j vnsnjegrnj sjhrb genkgcbs% Yb zgkhuccb be trgeib# pudnbedj gsë dbspcgzgrsb ije rgpndbz fging bc kuedj ibcbstb# fgstg bc culgr db cjs kubrtjs jsypytb# pgrg ijkuenigrsb ije bc gckg db cjs ifgkgebs kubrtjs% Yu knrgdg gkbegzgetb y cuknejsg# fbifg ije igrgijcbs# pubdb prjvjigr cg kubrtb g iugcqunbrg qub sbg prbsg db su gijsj ifgkçenij% +Gfgeg` Dnifn`y gksôr= db nlugc pjdbr vnsnjegrnj# kuy rbcginjegdj g cjs bspërntus db cgs tjrkbetgs jsèsbrj% Tnbeb pjdbrbs hbeîonijs# pubs sus ijkpbtbeings cj cnlge kuy dnrbitgkbetb gc rbpbrtjrnj kusnigc ije bc bkpumb db fgibr ccjvbr be ghuedgeing# db prbobrbeing# be tnbkpjs db oruitnoniginùe db pjrjtjs sncvbstrbs egfeðr%

24


+Gfgeg` Dbnif= ijesndbrgdj bc ifgkçe sjcgr# bc prjtbitjr dbc sjc% Yus igetjs tnbebe bc pjdbr db fgibr gpgrbibr bc sjc fgstg iugedj ccubvb% Yblýe cjs Tjkçrèfj cg ndbetnoniginùe snkhùcnig db bstb ifgkçe sbrëg bc oublj% +Gegfg` Hgfcuft= tnbebe ueg pgrtninpginùe prbpjedbrgetb be rntugcbs y ibrbkjengs% Bstb ifgkçe ijjrdneg y genkg cg pgrtninpginùe db jtrjs ifgkgebs be bc rntugc db cjs sbrbs këtnijs jrnlnegrnjs% +Gfgeg` pjr js= ifgkçe ije pjdbrbs prjpningtjrnjs# pubdb dbspcgzgrsb be bc djknej genkgc ijkj vblbtgc% Be tnbkpjs db igrbstëg gcnkbetgrng# bc rbpbrtjrnj db igetjs db bstjs ifgkgebs sb hgsg be gptntudbs rbijejindgs db gpbcgr g cg oruitnoniginùe db pcgetgs sncvbstrbs% Cgs kumbrbs ifgkgebs pgrtninpge gitnvgkbetb be bstg mbrgrquëg# djedb bc rjc obkbenej be cg rbprjduiinùe gcnkbetgrng db orutjs sb igrgitbrnzg pjr sbr kuy gitnvg% Bc pgpbc tbrgpîutnij bs prneinpgckbetb db jrdbe kgsiucnej% +Gegfg` pjrg= ifgkgebs neningdjs j be prjibsj db giibdbr g cg gpbcginùe db @jesgfg j Gfgeg`% Bc knskj dbhb pgsgr pjr ue cgrlj prjibsj db gonrkginùe db pjdbrbs fgstg cg ijeonrkginùe db sus igpgindgdbs ifgkçenigs y gdjptgdgs pjr cg sjinbdgd% Igdg ifgkçe neningdj dbhb rbspbtgr inbrtgs rblcgs db ijeduitgs# ijkj bc iukpcnknbetj db dnbtgs gcnkbetgrngs bstrnitgs# su igpgindgd db kbtgkjrojsns vnsnjegrng# g trgvîs db ue sbr genkgc# vblbtgc j gstrgc y bc djknej db cjs sub÷js%

Cg igpgindgd vnsnjegrng# tbrgpîutnig j prjpningtjrng db igdg ifgkçe be sus dnobrbetbs ijeonlurginjebs mbrçrqunigs be cg iucturg ifgkgijij# sb bstruiturg be cg netbrgiinùe dbc ijeocnitj db djs kuedjs= bc bxtbrej b netbrej% Yu igpgindgd sb gonrkg be cg kbdndg be qub dbkubstrb igpgindgd db djknegr dnifjs ijeocnitjs y rbprbsbetgrcjs getb cg sjinbdgd ije cg prbstginùe db sbrvninjs%

Be bc igsj db cjs Tjkçrèfj# bc ifgkgenskj trgdninjegc ej fg pbrdndj vnlbeing0 pjr bc ijetrgrnj# fge dbkjstrgdj ’dbsdb 7>6? be qub sb neninù bstb bstudnj+ueg sjrprbedbetb igpgindgd db rbvgcjrginùe y ojrtgcbinknbetj ifgkçenij% Bstg vgcjrginùe iucturgc ifgkçenig db cjs Tjkçrèfj# pbrkntnù qub ue lrupj dnsndbetb db ^hytùsj ’gsbetgdj fjy be @grifg` hgfcut+ ijevjqub g getnlujs ifgkgebs pgrg rbvntgcnzgr cg kbkjrng db tîienigs vjigcbs y rbijestntunr cjs rbpbrtjrnjs trgdninjegcbs% Tjdg kgenobstginùe db rbfghncntginùe iucturgc db cjs Ifgkgijij# rbonbrb nebvntghcbkbetb gc ifgkgenskj ijkj bxprbsnùe ojigc db ndbetndgd% Cg oubrzg dbc ifgkgenskj ifgkgijij sb inkbetg be cg ijeinbeing kncbegrng db cjs nedëlbegs fging gqubccjs qub# ije cg ijemurg db cjs sub÷js# supnbrje igetgr kuedjs &Ybqubrg# 811?.%

22



Cg bkprbsg Igsgdj# rbijejindg pjr cg bxpcjtginùe nrrginjegc db kgdbrg db qubhrgifj j db pgckg# sb fghëg nestgcgdj g onebs dbc snlcj VNV y be ijedninjebs pjij icgrgs db gprjpnginùe db tnbrrgs% Cg knskg sb fghëg gprjpngdj db 2 knccjebs db fbitçrbgs# iuyg prjpnbdgd sb dbsprbedëg dbsdb bc rëj Qncijkgyj fgstg bc kgrlbe nzqunbrdj dbc rëj Qgrglugy% Yu igpntgc brg ueg ousnùe db netbrbsbs gelcj+grlbetnejs% Ijkj îstg# jtrgs bkprbsgs ijebitgdgs g cjs igrtbcbs db bxpcjtginùe db kgdbrg be bc kuedj# bifgrje kgejs g cg jhrg sjhrb bstg rblnùe dbc Ifgij% _grngs lbebrginjebs db Tjkçrèfj trghgmgrje pgrg bstg bkprbsg# djib fjrgs pjr dëg# be cgs pbjrbs ijedninjebs% Be bc g÷j 7>6?# g igusgs db cgs kubrtbs pjr beobrkbdgdbs cg bteng oub rbduindg g 62 pbrsjegs= fjkhrbs# kumbrbs y en÷js% Cg bkprbsg Igsgdj yg ej sb netbrbsghg be bstjs nedëlbegs# pubs yg ej cbs brg rbetghcb su oubrzg cghjrgc ijkj fgifbrjs%

Ije bc ijrrbr db cjs g÷js# cjs Tjkçrèfj dbindnbrje dbdnigr pgrtb db su tnbkpj g cg gdjpinùe db tîienigs pgrg cg djkbstniginùe db pcgetgs orutgcbs# grtniucgedj ije kjdjs trgdninjegcbs db suhsnstbeing ijkj cg igzg# cg ijcbitg j cg pbsig% Re fbifj rbsgctgetb qub suhrgygr oub qub be bc prjibsj db gprbfbesnùe db cgs tîienigs neejvgdjrgs pgrg cg prjduiinùe# cjs Tjkçrèfj cj pjeëge gc sbrvninj dbc rbsigtb db su pgtrnkjenj ontjlbeîtnij# g trgvîs db cg bxpbrnkbetginùe prjduitnvg db iuctnvj ije bspbinbs tëpnigkbetb ifgqub÷gs% Bstgs bxpbrnbeings pbrkntnbrje ej sùcj kbmjrgr cg dnbtg îtenig y rbduinr cg kjrtgcndgd neogetnc y gductg# snej tgkhnîe vgcjrgr cg iucturg gcnkbetgrng% Cjs Tjkçrèfj# be cg gitugcndgd# girbibetgrje su pjhcginùe be ue ibetbegr db en÷js# fjkhrbs y kumbrbs g pbsgr db cg prbigrnbdgd%

2?


79% Qubhcj Kg`ç Yblýe cg Drg% Yusen`# cg pgcghrg Kg`ç snlenonig –prjpngkbetb eubstrj‛% Yje vneiucgdjs ije cjs getnlujs Benkglg j Nenkg`g sblýe cg lrgoëg utncnzgdg pjr dnobrbetbs gutjrbs% Cjs Benkglg gpgrbibe orbiubetbkbetb vneiucgdjs g cjs Cbelug# iuyjs ndnjkgs sb gsbkbmge% Neicusj# sblýe Yifnedcbr# Cbelug b Nenkg`g sbrëge cg knskg trnhu ije dnstnetjs ejkhrbs%

Cbelug Qbrtbebibe g cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig Kgtgij#

Tbrrntjrnj Yus getnlujs ibetrjs be bc Ifgij brge Iugtrj _nbetjs# Egegwg y Cglueg Lugsý be bc Dbpgrtgkbetj db Qrbsndbetb Fgybs% Yblýe ue neojrkb db Gedrîs Tsbkfbn be su getnluj culgr fghëg djs lrupjs kg`ç qub sb igrgitbrnzghge pjr cgs bspbinbs grhùrbgs qub pjhcghge bc culgr% Bc prnkbr lrupj brge cjs ons`btcbycbts# bc culgr djedb ghuedge cjs pgckgrbs0 bstb lrupj be bstrbifg rbcginùe ije cjs Tjhg y ije cjs Envgicî# bstghg gsbetgdj be cg rblnùe dbc rëj Ijeousj supbrnjr# djedb bc rëj ijrrb betrb igkpjs y pgckgrbs ije kuy pjij kjetb% Bc sbluedj lrupj# be ijetgitj ije cjs Qncglç sb dbejkneg gsbptn`btcbycbts y vnvbe kçs gc sur be ueg zjeg djedb prbdjkneg bc çrhjc ccgkgdj ineg+ineg% Yblýe Hrguestbne bxnstëge tgkhnîe ue tbribr lrupj# tbobygx qub fghntghg be Kjetbcnedj supbrnjr y qub bstghg rbcginjegdj ije cjs Cbelug Kgs`jy% Bstjs trbs lrupjs prjhghcbkbetb fghcghge trbs vgrnbdgdbs db Kg`ç# oçinckbetb netbcnlnhcbs betrb së% Jiupgrje cg Ijcjeng Nedëlbeg Orgy Hgrtjcjkî db cgs Igsgs# be cg zjeg db cg rnhbrg jiindbetgc dbc rëj Qgrglugy% G igusg db cgs neuedginjebs# bstg ijcjeng oub ghgedjegdg y cg ijkuendgd oub trgscgdgdg be su kgyjrëg be 7>62 g cg Ijcjeng Nedëlbeg Kg`ç be cg cjigcndgd db Kgrngej Xjqub Gcjesj be cgs prjxnkndgdbs dbc pubetb Xbkgesj% Jtrj gsbetgknbetj Kg`ç qubdg sjhrb

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Bspnrntugcndgd Cjs Kg`ç ijejibe vgrnjs sbrbs sjhrbegturgcbs y gdjrge g cg Cueg y gc Yjc% Cjs ifgkgebs bobitýge iurginjebs pjr ijemurj db cjs kgcjs bspërntus y dbtbrknege cg îpjig db cgs obstnvndgdbs db giubrdj g cjs gstrjs% Cg dbejkneginùe qugn+fb+tjm qub cbs dg g bstjs fjkhrbs# ijkj prnkbrg pgcghrg tnbeb ueg ijrrupinùe db cg pgcghrg lugrgeë –Qg„ë‛# Qgdrb% Cjs fjkhrbs dbmge kgegr cg –sgelrb igesgdg‛# prgitnigedj cg bsigrnoniginùe ije ue puezùe ùsbj% Bstjs puezjebs# fbifjs db gstg db inbrvj# sb trgspgsge g cjs hcgeijs# pjr cj qub pjdrëge tbebr rbcginùe ije gclueg rbprbsbetginùe rbcnlnjsg ej ijejindg be dbtgccb% Bc wbnfbtgm# ifgkçe# hrumj# bs bc dbpjsntgrnj db cgs trgdninjebs db cg trnhu% Enlrjkgetb# gdnvneg bc outurj ije cg gyudg db sus Nfbvbemby# bspërntus guxncngrbs% Tbrgpbutg# bxtrgb cjs bspërntus kgcnlejs# nevjkbtbif# dbvjcvnbedj cg sgcud y cg vndg% Qsnijpjkpj# ijeduib g su dbonentnvg kjrgdg cgs gckgs db cjs kubrtjs% G îc pjdbkjs dnrnlnrejs pgrg ijkprbedbr iùkj cjs Kg`ç vbe bc kuedj0 iùkj bc uenvbrsj sb bstruiturg getb su pbribpinùe% Cg vëg cçitbg# Oj„j`„n# bs bc igknej db sbrbs këtnijs% Igdg bstrbccg# ojjtb`ë# brg ue fjkhrb# ueg kumbr# ue en÷j% Tjdg cg egturgcbzg bstç igrlgdg db sjhrbegturgcndgd# djhcbs# bspërntus# oubrzgs kçlnigs% Ebcfu# dëg# kuedj# tnbeb ijkj hgsb g Yfbmî# cg tnbrrg% Yjhrb bccg fghntge cjs fjkhrbs# cjs Kg`ç% Ijkpgrtbe cg tnbrrg ije jtrgs pgringcndgdbs nedëlbegs gknlgs# ijkj cjs Cbelug y Ifucupë0 bebknlgs ijkj cjs Tjhg y Qncglç0 bc tbkndj Yjetù# bc Bcî# burjpbj j gkbrnigej ruhnj# nejibetb y hubej# gc iugc sb cb pubdb sgigr kuifj prjvbifj# pbrj qub sb tjreg kjcbstng iugedj trgb gogebs db knsnjebrj# pubs sb jpjeb g tjdj cj hubej# glrgdghcb y hbccj qub tnbeb cg vndg# ijkj cg ifnifg# bc hgncb y cgs rbcginjebs sbxugcbs cnhrbs% Yjhrb cg tnbrrg bstç bc sjc# Mueý# getnluj y pjdbrjsj ifgkçe qub# ijevnrtnîedjsb be oublj vnvj oub g kjrgr be cgs gcturgs% G îc cjs Kg`ç cb rublge oubrzg y vgcjr% Yu fbrkgeg# cg cueg Mubc# dub÷g db bxtbesjs tbrrntjrnjs db igzg# oub vnsntgdg be tnbkpjs këtnijs pjr cjs Kg`ç%


26


Iugedj bc lbebrgc rusj Muge Hbcgnboo oub ijetrgtgdj pjr bc Bstgdj Kgyjr dbc Bmîrintj Qgrglugyj pgrg bc cbvgetgknbetj tjpjlrçonij dbc Ifgij# be vnstgs g cg neknebeing db cg lubrrg ije Hjcnvng# cjs Kg`ç sb ijestntuybrje be sus hgqubgejs y bxpcjrgdjrbs% Lgegrje bc igrn÷j dbc fukgenstg kncntgr# qub ijesnlunù pgrg cg bteng ueg rbsbrvg db tnbrrgs sjhrb cg rnhbrg jiindbetgc dbc rëj Qgrglugy# qub sb dbejkneù Ijcjeng Nedëlbeg Orgy Hgrtjcjkî db cgs Igsgs% Muge Hbcgnboo tuvj ueg prjouedg neocubeing sjhrb bstjs eùkgdbs igzgdjrbs dbc pgcbjcëtnij# gprbednù su cbelug# y g nestgeings db îc# dbmgrje sus ijstukhrbs lubrrbrgs# y sne hnbe ej ghgedjegrje tjtgckbetb cg igzg y cg pbsig# cg trjigrje be lrge kbdndg pjr cg bxpcjtginùe db cg iurnjsndgd db cjs turnstgs%

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Cg prbsbeing dbc kgc y db cg nkpbrobiinùe bs ijkhgtndg ije cg hýsqubdg dbc ^vy Kgrgeb„y# cg tnbrrg sne kgc# qub bs ue culgr lbjlrçonigkbetb uhnigdj fging bc bstb y pgrg ccblgr g îc fgy qub iruzgr bc Lrge Kgr jrnlnegrnj% Db gquë bc igrçitbr sglrgdj dbc ibdrj qub sbrvnrëg pgrg fgibr cgs bkhgriginjebs% Kçs gccç db husigr lbjlrçonigkbetb bc culgr db cg tnbrrg sne kgc# bc snlenonigdj db bstg hýsqubdg bs vnvndj be cgs ijkuendgdbs ijkj ueg tbedbeing fging cj hubej# cj pbrobitj# cj mustj# cj trgequncj# cj qub dbhbrëg sbr%

Ijeinhbe cg kubrtb ijkj ue rbtjrej g su fçhntgt prnkntnvj# sbrëg ijkj ueg dbsbeigreginùe dbspuîs db fghbrsb beigregdj ije bc eginknbetj% _nvbe ije cg ndbg dbc rbtjrej guequb ej sghbe iuçedj sbrç# en dùedb# en iùkj# pbrj së# qub jiurrnrç g ijesbiubeing db ueg beobrkbdgd nebvntghcb# bs ueg bspbinb db djitrneg ogtgcnstg%

Qjsbbe ueg îtnig kuy rbspbtujsg db cg pbrsjeg fukgeg# ije sgeinjebs pgrg qunbe trgeslrbdg cgs ejrkgs sjingcbs db cg ijkuendgd% Cjs igstnljs y cgs cbybs bstçe glrupgdjs be ue iubrpj sjingc+murëdnij qub ijestntuyb cg hgsb dbc gsë ccgkgdj dbrbifj ijesubtudnegrnj% Trgdninjegckbetb gc fjknindnj sb cb igstnlghg ije cg pbeg igpntgc y g gkhjs &vëitnkg y vnitnkgrnj. sb cjs betbrrghg muetjs# uej gc cgdj dbc jtrj%

Bxnstb ueg onbstg ccgkgdg Gvgtn @yry# cg onbstg geugc pgrg bc glrgdbinknbetj g cjs dnjsbs pjr bc icnkg# cgs ijsbifgs# cg pgz# bti% Durg prçitnigkbetb ue kbs# y snlub ue rntugc kuy bstrnitj be bc iugc sb tjkg tgkhnîe cg hbhndg rntugc fbifg ije bc kgëz%

Cg onbstg dbc Kntg Qbpy j @ueukn Qbpy bs ueg ibrbkjeng db cgrlg durginùe pgrg cg neninginùe db cjs vgrjebs g cg vndg Qgå% Nkpcnig ueg sbiubeing kuy bstrnitg y bxnlbetb db gitnvndgdbs qub fghncntge gc mjvbe be cgs pgutgs prjouedgs db cg vndg Qgå% Bc lrupj db cjs mùvbebs dbhb gpgrtgrsb db cg ijkuendgd pjr ue kbs y sblunr bstrnitgs ejrkgs iucturgcbs y ojrkgtnvgs pjr pgrtb db cjs geingejs y ifgkgebs%

Bc gpy`g &snccg.# ijkj jhmbtj oueinjegc y grtëstnij jiupg ue culgr dbstgigdj be cg iucturg lugrgeë% Bs tgccgdj be kgdbrg# oueinjeg ijkj culgr db gsnbetj y dbsigesj# tnbeb ojrkgs zjjkjrogs# iuhnbrtg db betgccgdurgs y pnrjlrghgdg ije dnsb÷js qub rbiubrdge cgs bsigkgs dbc rbptnc# cgs pcukgs db ue gvb j cgs kgeifgs dbc mglugr &pgetbrg.% <8



Cg dnvnsnùe pjcëtnig Hrgsnc+Qgrglugy be 76<8 fg prjpningdj cg ijestntuinùe db djs suhlrupjs db cg knskg pgringcndgd îtenij+iucturgc0 cg pgucgtneg gibptginùe db inbrtjs bcbkbetjs tbiejcùlnijs y iucturgcbs# kçs hnbe bxtbrnjrbs# y cg ijeorjetginùe ojrzgdg ije bc eubvj ijeibptj db prjpnbdgd prnvgdg db cg tnbrrg% Orbetb g bstb ijetgitj ije ue snstbkg db nedudghcbs y pbrsnstbetbs rgiëibs ijcjengcbs# cg ndbjcjlëg Qgå fg dbsgrrjccgdj vgrngs rbspubstgs db gibptginùe#gdjpinùe# ijkprbesnùe# rbifgzj% Yne bkhgrlj# dbhb tbebrsb kuy prbsbetbs qub ej fgy gitntudbs –purgs‛ orbetb gc ijetgitj y qub cjs kbigenskjs qub rblucge bc prjibsj sje hgstgetb ijkpcbmjs% 44

Be 7><8# cg Gsjinginùe Nednlbenstg dbc Qgrglugy &GNQ. ijknbezg bc Qrjybitj Qgå Tgvytbrè# ije iugtrj prjlrgkgs hçsnijs= cblgcnzginùe y tbebeing db tnbrrgs# dbsgrrjccj glrjpbiugrnj# sgcud y bduiginùe% Yb tntucgrje y gsblurgrje tnbrrgs pgrg 94 ijkuendgdbs db cgs 41 ije cgs iugcbs sb trghgmù% Cg fjrtniucturg prjvbb cgs ebibsndgdbs hçsnigs y be kuifgs db cgs ijkuendgdbs sjhrge prjduitjs pgrg cg vbetg be bc kbrigdj db Qbdrj Muge Ighgccbrj y pubhcjs vbinejs% Yb rbgcnzù ueg netbesg igkpg÷g db vgiueginjebs y sb ijkhgtnù cg tuhbriucjsns% Yb bstghcbinù ueg ijcghjrginùe betrb cjs kîdnijs pgrglugyjs y cjs nedëlbegs% Yb dbsgrrjccù ue snstbkg bduigtnvj ej ojrkgc# ije cnhrjs db gcoghbtnzginùe y cbiturg# bcghjrgdjs pjr cjs prjpnjs kgbstrjs nedëlbegs# ije bc gsbsjrgknbetj dbc Qgdrb Hgrtjkbu Kbcnç% Cj eblgtnvj fg sndj qub bc bqunpj db igkpj ej fg sghndj ojrtnonigr bc dbsbj# snbkprb dbicgrgdj pjr cjs nedëlbegs# db dbobedbr su kbdnj gkhnbetb# sjhrb tjdj be sus rbsbrvgs ojrbstgcbs% Ej fge ijeinbeingdj g cjs nedëlbegs pgrg qub rbifgibe cgs prbsnjebs y prbhbedgs db cjs kgdbrbrjs# gcngdjs ije igudnccjs pjcëtnijs# kncntgrbs y oueinjegrnjs dbc NEDN# db cg îpjig db cg dnitgdurg%42

Be 7>6># sb ijeojrkg cg Gsjinginùe db Ijkuendgdbs Qgå Tgvytbré dbejknegdg –Qgå Xbté Mjgmu‛# ije bc jhmbtnvj db rbnvnednigr pgrg bc Qubhcj Qgå Tgvytbré bc ibrrj lugsu –Mgsu`g _bedg‛ y su betjrej# y tjdjs cjs culgrbs sglrgdjs sblýe cg irbbeing db Qgå qub sb beiubetrge be bc tbrrntjrnj trgdninjegc dbc Qubhcj Qgå Tgvytbré% Be bc g÷j 7>>9# brge 47 ijkuendgdbs nedëlbegs qub yg tbeëge rbijejindgs sus Qbrsjebrëgs Murëdnigs y oubrje sjings dbc Qgå Xbté Mjgmu &QXM.%

44 42

Kbcnç# H%# Lróehbrl# L%# Lróehbr# O%# 7>>2%

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76% Qubhcj Ygegpgeç Ygegpgeç bs bc lbetncninj kçs usgdj# guequb cg gutjdbejkneginùe bs Ebecfbt% Yggpg„gel bs bc ejkhrb bkpcbgdj pjr cjs Bexbt pgrg rbobrnrsb g cjs lrupjs surb÷js db Ygegpgeç# knbetrgs îstjs sje ccgkgdjs `gsegpge pjr cjs Lugeç% &Oghrb# 8112.%

Cbelug Qbrtbebibe g cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig Kgs`jy% Cjs sgegpgeç ccgkge su cbelug sgegpgeg pgyvjkg% Bc ibesj db 8118 rblnstrg ue tjtgc db 8%8<7 sgegpgeç# db cjs iugcbs >74 fghcge bc sgegpgeç be su fjlgr &DLBBI# 8119.%

Tbrrntjrnj Be cg îpjig db Kîtrgux# cjs sgegpgeç vnvëge betrb Cglueg Igstnccg y Qubrtj Igsgdj &fjy Qubrtj _nitjrng.% Yjcëge dnstnelunrsb djs suhlrupjs= 3sgpu`ë5 y sgegpgeç prjpngkbetb dnifjs &j 3`ynsgpgel5.% Gcluegs oubetbs sjstnbebe# be hgsb g rgsljs iucturgcbs nkprbsnjenstgs supubstgkbetb ijkpgrtndjs# qub g pgrtnr dbc snlcj V_NNN# cjs sgegpgeç# gelgntî y lugeç suornbrje ueg oubrtb neocubeing ifgeî+grgwg`% &Oghrb# 8112.% Cjs culgrbs fnstùrnijs db bstb pubhcj sje prjvbenbetbs dbc surbstb dbc Ifgij% Gc culgr qub brg su fçhntgt pbrkgebetb cj ccgkghge Fcgkpjp Igsni# trgduindj gc bspg÷jc# culgr db ijtjrrg% Be cg îpjig db cgs bkprbsgs tgenebrgs dbc Gctj Qgrglugy# cjs beijetrgkjs be lrge eýkbrj be cjs pubrtjs# bspbingckbetb be Qubrtj Qnegsij y Qubrtj Igsgdj y be cjs jhrgmbs# qub brge culgrbs be bc kjetb djedb sb ijrtghg bc qubhrgifj ijcjrgdj g sbr prjibsgdj% Ije bc inbrrb db cgs

<4


oçhrnigs db tgenej# be cgs ýctnkgs dîigdgs dbc snlcj VNV y ijknbezjs dbc VV# sb dnspbrsgrje be bstgeings pgrtniucgrbs db cg zjeg kbeejentg y be cgs knsnjebs rbcnlnjsgs gelcnigegs y igtùcnigs%

Bstçe gsbetgdjs be cjs Dbpgrtgkbetjs Qrbsndbetb Fgybs y Gctj Qgrglugy# dbsdb cg vëg oîrrbg db Qubrtj _nitjrng &bx Qubrtj Igsgdj. fgstg bc rëj Kjetb Cnedj gc sur# y dbsdb bc rëj Qgrglugy# gc bstb# fgstg Qjzj Gkgrnccj y Knsnùe Cg bspbrgezg# gc jbstb &DLBBI= 8119 y 8114.%

Cjs eýicbjs kgyjrbs bstçe gsbetgdjs be Cg Bspbrgezg# gtbedndjs pjr cjs kbeejentgs db cg Gsjinginùe Yjingc db Ijjpbrginùe Nedëlbeg Kbeejentg &GYINK.# Eubvg Qrjkbsg# ]gcgzgr# Cglueg Qgtj# Cg Nedng# Qjzj Ijcjrgdj y Cglueg Ygcgdg% Tgkhnîe sb beiubetrge gcluejs Ygegpgeç be cg Knsnùe Cg Qgtrng &îstjs sb gutjdbejknege Gelgntî.# db neocubeing gelcnigeg% Be vgrnjs gsbetgknbetjs cjs Ygegpgeç ijevnvbe ije jtrgs ogkncngs Kgs`jy# bspbingckbetb Gelgntî j Cbelug%

Bspnrntugcndgd Obregedj Qglbs Cgrrgyg dbstgig cg oubrzg këtnig qub tnbeb betrb bccjs –bc gckg db cjs sub÷js‛ y –db cjs kubrtjs‛% Bc gckg ghgedjeg bc iubrpj durgetb bc sub÷j= cjs sub÷js sje pjr cj tgetj cgs vnvbeings dbc gckg be sus gedgezgs0 cg kubrtb bs prjvjigdg pjr oubrzgs fjstncbs qub rjhge bc gckg db su kjrgdg ijrpùrbg% Dbspuîs db ghgedjegr bc iubrpj bc gckg pbrkgebib be cgs prjxnkndgdbs dbc culgr be qub fg jiurrndj cg kubrtb%

Bs kuy tbkndj betrb bccjs bc bspërntu dbc glug gc qub sb cj pbrinhb ijkj ueg –gpgrninùe hcgeig‛% Cjs bspërntus db cgs tjrkbetgs prjvjige lrge tbrrjr# be bspbingc be cg ejifb% Bxnstb ue bspërntu giuçtnij cnlgdj g cjs igtgicnskjs ccgkgdj njèjkgn`î ije dnvbrsgs onlurgs# db giubrdj g cgs vnsnjebs db bstjs nkglnegrnjs Kgs`jy% Gsë tgkhnîe# ue bspërntu –kbdnj pgrbindj gc gvbstruz y kbdnj gc fjkhrb‛# dbc tgkg÷j db ueg pbrsjeg# qub trbpg g cjs çrhjcbs% Cg vnsnùe db bstb bspërntu dbc kjetb dbtbrkneg cg kubrtb nekbdngtg%

Cjs bspërntus db cjs genkgcbs tnbebe g sbr rbijeincngdjs j hurcgdjs g trgvîs db cjs fbifnzjs db cg igzg% Bstç kuy dnouedndg betrb bccjs cg irbbeing be cg cjiurg prjvjigdg pjr cjs bspërntus dbc kjetb# qub sb bxjrinzge ije sjegmgs# igetjs y dgezgs rntugcbs qub bmbiutge cjs ifgkgebs durgetb ejifbs betbrgs%

Bs kuy ijkýe betrb bstjs ghjrëlbebs bc usj db –tgcnskgebs‛ fbifjs ije igsighbcbs db sbrpnbetbs# pcukgs db gvbstruz# pbzu÷gs# fubsjs y dnbetbs db dnobrbetbs genkgcbs y db pnbcbs <2


db pçmgrjs% Bc Yjc bs ue fjkhrb iuyg bspjsg bs bc cuibrj dbc gchg% Cg Cueg bs kumbr# sb pubdb vbr be bccg su vucvg% Cgs kumbrbs sgelrge db giubrdj g cgs ogsbs db cg cueg# qub pusj be bccgs cg kbestruginùe ije ue iuifnccj j ije ue pgcj ije oublj%

Bc ifgkçe db bstb lrupj îtenij pjsbb ue dje y tge sùcj dbhb dbsgrrjccgrcj% Cg prubhg ouedgkbetgc bs bc gyuej qub durg kçs db ue kbs# gc ighj dbc iugc dbhb rbgcnzgr dnvbrsgs prubhgs# tgcbs ijkj dbvjrgr sbrpnbetbs vnvgs y gtrgvbsgr ije bspnegs sus kýsiucjs% Bc ifgkçe pubdb nrrgdngr su pjdbr y ije bccj cjlrgr –hbedninjebs‛ y –dbslrgings‛% Xbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc Cg iucturg db cjs Ygegpgeç rbinhnù ueg oubrtb neocubeing pjr pgrtb db cjs Knsnjebrjs# qunbebs cg ijesndbrghge nkprgitnighcb pjr sbr ueg iucturg sgtçenig% Cjs Ygegpgeç ej bsigpgrje db cg bxpcjtginùe y bc kgctrgtj qub vnvnbrje cjs jtrjs pubhcjs%

Yblýe Gkgrnccg &811>.# betrb cjs Ygegpgeç# snbkprb bxnstb cg dudg pgrg gibptgr ueg prjpubstg j ue prjlrgkg pjr pgrtb db cg sjinbdgd eginjegc% Yupubstgkbetb# tnbeb qub ijesuctgrsb g sus knbkhrjs pgrg tjkgr ueg dbinsnùe0 sne bkhgrlj# ej bs bc pubhcj qunbe tjkg ueg dbtbrkneginùe# snej kçs hnbe pbrsjegs ijkj rbspjesghcbs db ue sbitjr# db ueg JEL j ue knsnjebrj% Fge pgsgdj kçs db 211 g÷js db rbsnstbeing db cjs Ygegpgeç# pbrj fgstg gfjrg ej fge supbrgdj cg rbcginùe db dbpbedbeing db cjs ej+nedëlbegs%


7>% Qubhcj Kgs`jy Yblýe H% Yusen`# fging 76<1 gcluejs iginqubs Tjhg db cg Grlbetneg fuybrje db cg pbrsbiuinùe db su tbrrntjrnj y sb trgscgdgrje gc Gctj Qgrglugy gsbetçedjsb g cj cgrlj dbc Xngifj Kjsquntj# djedb tuvnbrje ijetgitj ije cjs Kgs`jy y sb fghrëge trgsonlurgdj iucturgc y cnelóëstnigkbetb# ijevnrtnîedjsb be Tjhg+Kgs`jy% Tgkhnîe jtrjs lrupjs Tjhg sb trgesiucturgrje gc sbr bkpcbgdjs ijkj pbjebs be cjs jhrgmbs y be cjs pubrtjs% Qbrj rbijrdgkjs qub bstjs nedëlbegs ej dbhbe sbr ijeouedndjs ije cjs Wjk+Cn`# lugyùrý# yg qub ej lugrdge enelýe tnpj db rbcginùe lbeîtnig%% Cjs Tjhg Kgs`jy subcbe gutjdbejknegrsb ijkj Bebecfbt% Cbelug Yblýe Oghrb &7>>6.# prçitnigkbetb tjdjs cjs Kgs`jy ijetneýge fghcgedj cg cbelug% Kuifgs pbrsjegs db cg ijkuendgd fghcge gsnknskj bspg÷jc y pcgttdbutsif*pcgutdnbtsif &ueg vgrngetb dbc gcbkçe fghcgdg be vgrnjs bstgdjs gkbrnigejs.%

Cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig kgsijy# qub neicuyb bc kgs`jy# bc sgegpgeç# bc gelgntî# bc lugeç y bc cbelug. qubdg bekgrigdg ëetblrgkbetb be cjs cëkntbs dbc Ifgij pgrglugyj% Ogctge bstudnjs ijkpgrgtnvjs qub dbtbrknebe sn cgs cbelugs qub cg netblrge sje rbgckbetb cbelugs nedbpbednbetbs j 2 dngcbitjs db ueg knskg cbelug% Xbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc

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Bc gcijfjcnskj# cg sëoncns# cg tuhbriucjsns y jtrgs beobrkbdgdbs db cjs hcgeijs fninbrje bstrgljs betrb cjs nedëlbegs db bstg bteng% Be 7>69 ue neojrkb kîdnij dnib qub bc >1" db cg pjhcginùe kgyjr db 72 g÷js fghëg yg tbendj ijetgitj ije bc hgincj db @jif &tuhbriucjsns.0 qub bc <1" db cjs en÷js db 71 g÷js pgdbiëg dbseutrninùe be dnobrbetbs lrgdjs y gdbkçs qub bc 21" bstghg gobitgdj pjr pgrgsntjsns% Cg dnbtg dbc kjetb# rnig be vntgknegs# prjtbëegs y knebrgcbs# sb fghëg bkpjhrbindj drçstnigkbetb# ijevnrtnîedjsb igsn bxicusnvgkbetb be prjduitjs bcghjrgdjs g hgsb db fndrgtjs db igrhjej% Yb gctbrù tgkhnîe cg prçitnig db cg rbinprjindgd lbebrgcnzgdg# kuy ijkýe y trgdninjegc betrb bccjs% Cg rbcginùe jhrbrj+oçhrnig dbstruyù cgs dnobrbetbs ojrkgs db sjcndgrndgd nestgurgedj ue eubvj tnpj db pbrsjeg dbsgrtniucgdg db su ijkuendgd# nednvndugcnstg# ijkpbtntnvg y icnbetbcnstg0 guequb gitugckbetb bstçe trgtgedj db rbiupbrgr su iucturg trgdninjegc% Cg sntuginùe ccblù g tgc lrgdj db dbsbspbrginùe qub besblundg dbspuîs db cg prjkuclginùe db cg Cby >14*67 cg Ijeobrbeing Bpnsijpgc Qgrglugyg bkpbzù cjs trçkntbs cblgcbs pgrg rbiupbrgr 91%111 fbitçrbgs db tnbrrg g ogvjr db bstjs nedëlbegs# vëitnkgs dbc neniuj snstbkg dbsirnptj% Nednlbenstgs# getrjpùcjljs# knsnjebrjs y ghjlgdjs ijeojrkgrje ue bqunpj db trghgmj qub cjlrù qub bc Bstgdj pgrglugyj bxprjpngrg g cg bkprbsg Igrcjs Igsgdj Y%G%# be 7>6<# ueg supbroninb db 91%111 fbitçrbgs g ogvjr db cjs Tjhg Kgs`jy# be cg zjeg ijejindg ijkj Xngifj Kjsquntj# djedb sb oubrje gsbetgedj ineij ijkuendgdbs qub bkpbzgrje ueg eubvg vndg be tnbrrg prjpng%

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81% Qubhcj Tjhg Wjk * Wjk Cn` Cg gutjdbejkneginùe Wjk+Cn` snlenonig –sbr fukgej‛% Bxnstbe lrupjs db bstjs nedëlbegs qub knlrgrje dbsdb bc sur dbc Ifgij fgstg bc Gctj Qgrglugy# ousnjeçedjsb iucturgckbetb ije cjs db cg bteng Kgs`jy% Jtrjs lrupjs# be bc snlcj V_NNN# iruzgrje bc rëj Qncijkgyj y gtgigrje be bc ejrtb dbc Ifgij Qgrglugyj# be 7<47# cg Knsnùe db Yge Nleginj db cjs ]gkuijs% Cjs dbsibednbetbs db bsjs lrupjs sbrëge cjs gitugcbs Tjhg+qjk# j kbmjr dnifj Wjk+cn`# usgedj su gutjdbejkneginùe prbobrndg% Cjs bspg÷jcbs ccgkgrje g bstjs nedëlbegs Orbetjebs y cjs Lugrgeëbs cjs ccgkghge Tjhg# pjr su ijstukhrb db rgpgrsb bc ighbccj# cj qub cbs dbmghg g cg vnstg ueg orbetb prjknebetb% Cbelug Cjs Tjhg Wjk pbrtbebibe g cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig Lugniurý# qub ijestntuybrje cg ogkncng cnelóëstnig kçs igrgitbrëstnig dbc Ifgij be bc pgsgdj# pbrj fuhj ueg sbrnb db ijeousnjebs qub fg fbifj qub g vbibs sb cbs ndbetnonigrg ije cjs Tjhg+Kgs`jy# guequb pbrtbebibe g ogkncngs cnelóëstnigs dnobrbetbs% Bstjs nedëlbegs bstçe gsbetgdjs tgkhnîe be bc Ifgij grlbetnej# gdbkçs dbc Qgrglugy# djedb tgkhnîe sje ccgkgdjs Tg`sfn`g% Gsë ijkj g cjs Tjhg db Grlbetneg sb cbs ccgkghg Tg`sfn`g# g cjs dbc cgdj pgrglugyj sb cbs ccgkghg Wjk+cn` y iugedj îstjs ccblgrje gc rëj Ijeousj# sb gutjdbejknegrje Bkj`+cn`# qub snlenonig cjs fghntgetbs db cg rnhbrg nzqunbrdg &dbc rëj.%

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Betrb cjs Tjhg qub H% Yusen` beijetrù be _nccg Xbgc be 7>?7# sb fgccù ueg vbrdgdbrg –pbrcg btejlrçonig‛# pjrqub sb dghg ue iurnjsj kbstnzgmb îtenij+cnelóëstnij y iucturgc0 knbetrgs qub cjs fjkhrbs fghcghge cg cbelug Tjhg y cg cbelug Kgs`jy# cgs kumbrbs fghcghge sùcj bc Kgs`jy% Tbrrntjrnj Bstjs lrupjs pgdbinbrje trgscgdjs# pbrsbiuinjebs y kuifgs vninsntudbs% Be ueg db bsgs pbrnpbings# gcluejs lrupjs sb rboulngrje be cg jrnccg nzqunbrdg dbc rëj Qgrglugy# ibrig db cg inudgd db Xjsgrnj0 jtrjs ccblgrje g cg Ijcjeng Orgy Hgrtjcjkî db cgs Igsgs y jtrjs sb goneigrje be cg Knsnùe Yge Orgeinsij db Gsës# be Ibrrntj% Fjy cgs ijkuendgdbs bstçe gsbetgdgs be bc dnstrntj db Hbemgkëe Gibvgc# dbpgrtgkbetj db Qrbsndbetb Fgybs y be bc dnstrntj db _nccg dbc Xjsgrnj be bc dbpgrtgkbetj db Yge Qbdrj% Re eýkbrj këenkj db pjhcgdjrbs sb beiubetrg be cg ijkuendgd Yge Mjsî# dbpgrtgkbetj db Qrbsndbetb Fgybs% Bspnrntugcndgd Be cg kntjcjlëg y be bc ifgkgenskj jiupg ue culgr nkpjrtgetb bc tnlrb0 qub be bc ndnjkg Tjhg ccgkge `nyj`# iuygs fgzg÷gs sje rbcgtgdgs sblýe djs vbrtnbetbs# ueg db tnpj këtnij y cg jtrg db tnpj hurcbsij# ijkj pgrg ebutrgcnzgr bc knbdj g cg onbrg% Be bstb ýctnkj igsj cjs iubetjs snrvbe pgrg dnvbrtnrsb% Bc `nyj` bs ue genkgc qub trgeskntb pjtbeing# igdg genkgc tnbeb su dub÷j# sb iubetg# qub be bc igsj dbc tnlrb bs bc Ejwbd y ejwbd bs tgkhnîe dub÷j db cjs ifgkgebs y bstj bxpcnig pjr quî cg rbcginùe ifgkçe+`nyj` bs tge prnvncblngdg pgrg cgs gituginjebs ifgkçenigs% Bxnstbe vgrnjs rbcgtjs këtnijs Wjk# djedb gpgrbib cg onlurg dbc tnlrb%Cjs ifgkgebs &Qnjljeg`. vbe genkgcbs be sub÷js# fghcge ije bccjs y cjs betnbedbe% Tgkhnîe dbspnbrtjs vbe cjs genkgcbs# betnbedbe su cbelugmb y fghcge ije bccjs% Be pgcghrgs db ueg neojrkgetb Wjk= –Yn ueg pbrsjeg dbsbg gdqunrnr cg igrgitbrëstnig db ue genkgc# tnbeb qub usgr bc fubsj db bsb genkgc% Qjr bmbkpcj# sn sb prbtbedb sbr vbcjz sb utncnzge cjs fubsjs dbc gvbstruz y dbc vbegdj% Yn sb prbtbedb sbr oubrtb# sb usge cjs fubsjs db cjs genkgcbs sncvbstrbs# ijkj cjs ÷gedýbs# cbùe# vbegdj% Cjs fubsjs sb icgvghge be cgs pgrtbs dbc iubrpj ijkj kýsiucjs# hrgzjs y pnbregs% Cg oubrzg dbc genkgc tbeëg qub betrgr be bc iubrpj# pjr bsj tbeëg qub sgelrgr y djcbr‛%4? Xbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc

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Cjs Tjhg tuvnbrje lrge neocubeing db cg Nlcbsng Bvgelîcnig Rendg y cg Nlcbsng Kbeejentg0 be Qgrglugy fuhjh ueg neocubeing db cjs Knsnjebrjs Orgeinsigejs# pbrj sb vbrnoniù betrb cjs Tjhg ue nkprbsnjegetb dbsgrrjccj dbc kbsngenskj db tnpj pbetbijstgc# nkpjrtgdj pjr cjs jhg db Grlbetneg% Betrb cjs g÷js 8171 y 8177# sb nkpucsù ueg bxpbrnbeing dbejknegdg –Gcoghbtnzginùe db Qbrsjegs Mùvbebs y Gductgs dbc Qubhcj Wjk‛% Oub dnsb÷gdg b nkpcbkbetgdg pjr cg Dnrbiinùe Lbebrgc db Bduiginùe Nedëlbeg y ue bqunpj cjigc db cg ijkuendgd Wjk# ije gpjyj dbc Tgccbr Qbdglùlnij Gctbregtnvj ’ Tgpb„g%

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Cg icgvb pgrg cg ijkprbesnùe db cg ijkuendgd kbeejentg bstç prbinsgkbetb be su fbrbeing geghgptnstg# ob qub sb hgsg be cjs snlunbetbs prneinpnjs= hgutnskj ije hgsb be cg ob# sbpgrginùe bstrnitg betrb Nlcbsng y Bstgdj# eblginùe db tjdj tnpj db vnjcbeing# ej gc murgkbetj# gkjr gc bebknlj# pginonskj y cg eblginùe dbc usj db grkgs% Yb trgtg db ue lrupj rbstgurgdjr qub tnbeb ue lrge nkpucsj db vjcvbr gc jrnlbe# g cgs igrgitbrëstnigs db cg nlcbsng prnkntnvg%

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Bc ebrvnj ibetrgc geghgptnstg bs cg nednsiutnhcb gutjrndgd db cg Yglrgdg Bsirnturg% Ej gibptge enelueg djitrneg qub ej oubrg ijkprjhgdg pjr cg Hnhcng% Ej bxnstb enelueg gutjrndgd supbrnjr g cg Hnhcng# en gutjrndgd bicbsnçstnig en invnc# be ijetrgpjsninùe ije cg Nlcbsng Igtùcnig qub sb lunghg pjr cg Hnhcng# cg Trgdninùe y bc Kglnstbrnj% Qrjkubvbe cg cbiturg y bc bstudnj hëhcnij pgrg qub igdg nednvnduj sbg nestrundj be bccg% Tjdg djitrneg prçitnig tnbeb qub kbdnrsb pjr cg rblcg neogcnhcb db cg Qgcghrg% Be jtrgs pgcghrgs# cg Yglrgdg Bsirnturg ijestntuyb ej sjcgkbetb cg kçxnkg gutjrndgd# snej tgkhnîe cg negljtghcb oubetb db nespnrginùe y qub pubdb sbr betbedndg pjr tjdjs cjs fjkhrbs y gsë lungrcbs g ue beiubetrj ije Dnjs% Bc iuctj ijesnstb be cg prçitnig db igeinjebs bspnrntugcbs# jrginjebs# cbiturg db cg hnhcng y prbdniginùe db ue pgstjr j cgnij% Bstjs iuctjs lbebrgckbetb sb rbgcnzge cjs djkneljs pjr cg kg÷geg% Reg j djs vbibs pjr kbs sb rbýeb cg Gsgkhcbg db Knbkhrjs# bs dbinr# cjs knbkhrjs hgutnzgdjs db cgs nlcbsngs# pgrg trgtgr tbkgs hëhcnijs db dnsinpucgdj irnstngej# gsë ijkj tgkhnîe tbkgs db jrlgenzginùe y gdknenstrginùe db cg nlcbsng% Bc hgutnskj sb rbgcnzg db giubrdj g cgs sjcnintudbs db pbrsjegs qub fge bxpbrnkbetgdj ueg ijevbrsnùe pbrsjegc g Mbsuirnstj# ijevjigedj ueg j kçs vbibs pjr g÷j% Cgs nlcbsngs kbeejentgs ccbvge g cg prçitnig bc kgedgtj hëhcnij db Yge Kgtbj 86# 7> + 81# db nr y prbdnigr bc bvgelbcnj# jrlgenzgedj prjlrgkgs db knsnùe y bvgelbcnzginùe pgrg ojrkgr eubvgs nlcbsngs kbeejentgs be cjs dnobrbetbs culgrbs% Gsë irbibe cgs nlcbsngs cjigcbs y tgkhnîe surlbe eubvgs nlcbsngs knsnjebrgs% 46 Xbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc Yblýe Qcbtt &7><>.4> cgs ijkuendgdbs kbeejentgs# gprjxnkgdgkbetb pjr trbnetg g÷js vnvnbrje dbsgpbrinhndgs% Bc ijeibptj ojrkgdj pjr cg sjinbdgd eginjegc fg sndj pgringc# j orbiubetbkbetb dbojrkgdj% Bstj bs# snkpcbkbetb pjr cg ogctg db neojrkginùe y cntbrgturg be igstbccgej db pgrtb db bccjs% Cg icgvb pgrg betbedbr g cjs kbeejentgs bstç be su fbrbeing y prneinpnjs rbcnlnjsjs% Cjs prnkbrjs kbeejentgs ccblgrje gc Qgrglugy pjr nevntginùe dbc ljhnbrej eginjegc% Cg hgsb db îstg y cgs snlunbetbs neknlrginjebs ijestntuyù cg Cby E± 274 dbc 8? db mucnj db 7>87# be cg qub bc ljhnbrej pgrglugyj ijeibdëg dbrbifjs qub fghëge sjcnintgdj cjs kbeejentgs igegdnbesbs qub cublj ouedgrje cg ijcjeng Kbeej# g igkhnj db cg ijcjenzginùe dbc Ifgij% Dnifg cby pbrkntnù g

46

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Bc irbinbetb eýkbrj db ghjrëlbebs be cg zjeg dbc Ifgij kjtnvù g cgs ijcjengs kbeejentgs g irbgr be cg dîigdg db cjs ?1 ueg jonineg db gsnstbeing# qub dbspuîs sb ijevnrtnù be cg Gsjinginùe db Ybrvninjs db Ijjpbrginùe Nedëlbeg Kbeejentg &GYINK.% Bstg jrlgenzginùe# dbspuîs db 21 g÷js db rbcginjegknbetj trghgmg ije 78 gsbetgknbetjs nedëlbegs glrëijcgs# ije 78%111 egtnvjs# sjhrb ueg supbroninb db tnbrrgs gsblurgdgs y tntucgdgs db 789%111 fg# ije 8<%111 fg hgmj pgsturgs# 78%111 genkgcbs vgiuejs y glrniuctjrbs qub ijsbifge iuctnvjs db rbetg ijkj sîsgkj y pjrjtjs% Cg GYINK supbrvnsg 2? bsiubcgs egtnvgs qub iubetge ije 4%?49 gcukejs% Be ^gcvb Ygelg bxnstb ue fjspntgc# ije ue pcge db trghgmj dbsibetrgcnzgdj pgrg cg prbvbeinùe sgentgrng be igdg gsbetgknbetj y kçs db 89%111 ghjrëlbebs iubetge ije ueg gyudg kutugc fjspntgcgrng hçsnig &GKF.% Cg GYINK tnbeb ue prbsupubstj geugc db L% 79%611 knccjebs y cg kntgd db cjs ojedjs prjvnbeb db cgs ijcjengs b nlcbsngs kbeejentgs cjigcbs%

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88% Gorjdbsibednbetbs be Qgrglugy Bc tîrknej gorjdbsibednbetb j gornigej+dbsibednbetb fgib rbobrbeing g cgs pbrsjegs egindgs oubrg db Çornig qub tnbebe getbpgsgdjs jrnuedjs db Çornig eblrg% Cg kgyjrëg db cjs gorjdbsibednbetbs sje dbsibednbetbs db pbrsjegs sbiubstrgdgs y trgscgdgdgs dbsdb bc Çornig eblrg ije dbstnej g Gkîrnig# Gsng y Burjpg prneinpgckbetb pgrg trghgmgr ijkj kgej db jhrg bsicgvnzgdg# ouedgkbetgckbetb betrb cjs snlcjs V_N y VNV% Cg kgyjrëg sje gorjdbsibednbetbs be Gkîrnig oubrje trgscgdgdjs dbsdb bc Çornig suhsgfgrngeg &cg nekbesg kgyjrëg dbc ljcoj db Lunebg. fgstg bstb ijetnebetb# pjr cjs burjpbjs pgrg trghgmgr be sus ijcjengs# ouedgkbetgckbetb be cgs knegs y pcgetginjebs ijkj bsicgvjs% Be cg gitugcndgd# ijestntuybe gcrbdbdjr dbc 7?" db cg pjhcginùe dbc ijetnebetb gkbrnigej% Cg prbsbeing db gorjdbsibednbetbs be Qgrglugy &gorjpgrglugyjs. fg sndj snstbkçtnigkbetb eblgdg# ijkj ueg dnsirnkneginùe fnstùrnig qub sb rbkjetg g tnbkpjs ijcjengcbs% Cg ijeibpinùe trgdninjegc dbc kbstnzgmb sb jcvndg db cg pjhcginùe eblrg% Yblýe bc nevbstnlgdjr Tbcbsig# g pbsgr db sbr bvndbetb cg prbsbeing pgrdg be cg ijeojrkginùe dbc Qgrglugy# bstg rbgcndgd oub ijestgetbkbetb dbmgdg g ue cgdj% 6?


Cbelug Cjs gorjdbsibednbetbs be Qgrglugy# be su kgyjrëg fghcge igstbccgej y lugrgeë%

Tbrrntjrnj Cjs prnkbrjs bsicgvjs ccblgrje g cg Qrjvneing dbc Qgrglugy ije cjs ijequnstgdjrbs bspg÷jcbs# pjstbrnjrkbetb g cg ouedginùe db Hubejs Gnrbs be 729?% G pgrtnr db betjeibs# bc pgës neijrpjrù be ojrkg pgucgtneg bsicgvjs ijkj kgej db jhrg db cg icgsb hcgeig0 cjs gornigejs oubrje dbstnegdjs gc sbrvninj djkîstnij y g cgs fginbedgs rurgcbs dbc pgës0 ije bc trgesiurrnr db cjs g÷js sb prjdumbrje cjs iruibs rgingcbs y# cùlnigkbetb# bc eýkbrj db bsicgvjs y cnhrbs oub be gukbetj% 21

Be rbcginùe g cg igetndgd pjhcginjegc tbebkjs ueg nkpjrtgetb rbobrbeing# rbgcnzgdg pjr Oîcnx db Gzgrg# qunbe oub bevngdj pjr cg ijrjeg bspg÷jcg be 7<68# ije cg knsnùe db bstudngr cg dbkgriginùe db cëkntbs dbc Qgrglugy% Bstb nespbitjr gpuetg qub be cg Qrjvneing bxnstëge 78%111 eblrjs# sjhrb ueg pjhcginùe hcgeig db 711%111 pbrsjegs%

Gsë# be ue dnçkbtrj db ?1 `k gprjxnkgdgkbetb# bstghge dnstrnhundjs be Gsueinùe# Grbluç# Bkhjsigdg# _nccbtg# Tgpýg j Cnkpnj# Igkpj Lrgedb# Cgkhgrî# Wunëedy #^hytykn #Qgrglugrë# Igrgpbluç# Ejrtb db Ijeibpinùe0 be Tbvblù qub oub ueg ijcjeng pbegc # Igpngtç# Iggiupî# Tjhgtë# ×bbkhuiý# Gctjs# Qnrgyý# Wuyquyfù%

Qbsb g cgs rblcgkbetginjebs bspbingcbs# cgs uenjebs betrb eblrjs b nedngs brge orbiubetbs# pjrqub be cg igsg dbc gkj ijevnvëge snrvnbetbs eblrjs b nedngs# ijkpgrtëge cgs knskgs jiupginjebs ijkj cgs cghjrbs djkîstnigs y bc trghgmj be cgs fginbedgs ogvjrbiëg bc ijetgitj pbrkgebetb% Cjs nedëlbegs db cgs ijkuendgdbs# kjvndjs pjr bc dbsbj db cg cnhbrtgd db sus fnmjs# sb bkpgrbmghge ije eblrgs# kucgtgs y jtrgs cnhrbs# pjr bccj bc gkgeibhgknbetj oub ueg ijestgetb be cg Qrjvneing dbc Qgrglugy% Db bstg kgebrg# be cg sbluedg kntgd dbc snlcj V_NNN sb bvndbeing bc iruib db kucgtjs y zgkhjs ije nednjs j ije kbstnzjs pgrglugyjs%

Bc irbinknbetj dbkjlrçonij db cjs gorjs dbsibednbetbs oub trueigdj durgetb cg Lubrrg db cg Trnpcb Gcngezg# ijeocnitj qub sjstuvj bc Qgrglugy ijetrg Hrgsnc# Grlbetneg y Rrulugy be cjs g÷js 76?4+76<1% Be bc kjkbetj# uejs ?#111 eblrjs oubrje berjcgdjs pgrg bc bmîrintj eginjegc g 21

Grlóbccj# G%= –Neojrkb sjhrb cg sntuginùe dbc Qgtrnkjenj Iucturgc Nekgtbrngc Gorjdbsibednbetb be Qgrglugy‛% IXBYQNGC*REBYIJ%

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igkhnj db cg prbingdg cnhbrtgd# be su kgyjrëg snrvnbetbs qub prjvbeëge db bstgeings bstgtgcbs y db pgrtniucgrbs# knbetrgs cgs kumbrbs mùvbebs oubrje rbicutgdgs pgrg cgvgedbrgs be cjs fjspntgcbs kncntgrbs% Igsn gc onegcnzgr cg ijetnbedg# bc 8 db jituhrb db 76?># bc ljhnbrej prjvnsjrnj ijeojrkgdj pjr Igrcjs Cjnzglg# Inrncj Getjenj Xnvgrjcg y Mjsî Dëgz db Hbdjyg# dbirbtg cg ghjcninùe tjtgc db cg bsicgvntud be cg Xbpýhcnig dbc Qgrglugy% Bc prbibptj hbeboninù g 421 sjhrbvnvnbetbs db cg lubrrg%

Re ibesj rbgcnzgdj be bc g÷j 7<68# dbkubstrg qub cg pjhcginùe gorj be Gsueinùe rbprbsbetghg bc 84#>" db cg pjhcginùe pgrdg tjtgc &bc 88#6" db cg pjhcginùe cnhrb tjtgc y bc 8>#9" db cg pjhcginùe bsicgvg.# knbetrgs qub be 7<>># brge bc 82#8" &bc 89#9" db cg pjhcginùe pgrdg cnhrb y bc 86#4" db cg pjhcginùe bsicgvg.% Bc rbcbvgknbetj dbkubstrg gdbkçs ueg prbsbeing obkbeneg kuy nkpjrtgetb dbetrj db cg pjhcginùe gorjdbsibednbetb# ouedgkbetgckbetb betrb cjs gductjs% Yn sb tnbeb be iubetg bc tjtgc db cg pjhcginùe eblrg be cnhbrtgd# bstg dnobrbeing bs gýe kgyjr%

Bkhjsigdg# ue kueninpnj qub gfjrg tnbeb ibrig db 74%111 fghntgetbs# oub ouedgdj be 7<41 hgmj bc ejkhrb db –Bkhjsigdg db Qgrdjs Cnhrbs‛# dbhndj g qub brg ue puetj db orbiubetbs bkhjsigdgs y pjrqub sus prnkbrjs pjhcgdjrbs oubrje 211 pgrdjs &eblrjs y kbstnzjs. cnhbrtjs% Cj knskj jiurrnù be Qgrglugrë y jtrjs culgrbs db cg rblnùe# djedb bxnstëge bstgeings db bsicgvjs db cjs knsnjebrjs rbcnlnjsjs%

Be bc igsj db @gkhg Iuç# cg pjhcginùe sb ijeojrkù ije netblrgetbs db ue rblnknbetj db 821 cgeibrjs# fjkhrbs y kumbrbs# qub gijkpg÷grje be su bxncnj be Qgrglugy pgrtnr db 7681 gc lbebrgc Mjsî Lbrvgsnj Grtnlgs# bc cëdbr rbvjcuinjegrnj nedbpbedbetnstg db cg Hgedg Jrnbetgc# bc tbrrntjrnj qub fjy jiupg Rrulugy% Bstg ijkuendgd gorjdbsibednbetb bs cg kçs ijejindg dbetrj db Qgrglugy pjr fghbr ijesbrvgdj su ndbetndgd y iucturg# prjkjinjegdgs g trgvîs db sus onbstgs trgdninjegcbs%

Bspnrntugcndgd Cg ijkuendgd db gorjdbsibednbetbs –@gkhg Iug‛ ibcbhrg sus rntjs y rnedbe iuctjs gc sgetj eblrj Yge Hgctgzgr guequb ije gcluegs kjdnoniginjebs gc iuctj qub fge fbrbdgdj db Çornig% Cg ibcbhrginùe sb rbgcnzg bc dëg ? db bebrj# sblundj db ueg ejvbeg be cg igpnccg db cg ijkuendgd y# gc onegcnzgr igdg ejvbegrnj# fgibe bc tjqub db tgkhjrbs b nzge cg hgedbrg pgrglugyg%

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Cg pbtninùe pgrg cg gprjhginùe db cg ijorgdëg db Yge Hgctgsgr be cg prjvneing pgrglugyg dgtg db 7<6<# y be bccg gsnbetge cjs onebs# dbvjinjebs y rntugcbs gc sgetj Qgtrjej# gdbkçs db cgs gsnstbeings g cjs ijorgdbs knbkhrjs# be igsj db beobrkbdgd y ogccbinknbetj% Betrb cjs pbdndjs sb÷gcge qub be cg onbstg db Yge Hgctgsgr# ijkj bs ijstukhrb# bc Gcoîrbz sbg bc pjrtgdjr db cg hgedbrg ije cgs grkgs rbgcbs db cjs kjegrigs igtùcnijs y vbnetb pbrsjegs g ighgccjs cj gijkpg÷be fgstg cjs ijrrbdjrbs db cg nlcbsng y geugckbetb# bc dëg sbns db bebrj# sb fglg sjcbkebkbetb cg obstnvndgd dbc sgetj pgtrjej% Cg jtrg ijorgdëg –Bc ijrdùe db Ygetg Geg‛# ibcbhrghg bc dëg db su Ygetg Qgtrjeg bc sbluedj dëg db gljstj# ije knsgs y hgequbtbs djedb gsnstëge cjs snrvnbetbs bsicgvjs eblrjs dbc ijevbetj orgeinsigej%

Be cg ijkuendgd db Bkhjsigdg# ijekbkjrge bc dëg dbc pgtrjej Yge Yjcgej# bc 84 db mucnj# y g ineij `k# be bc culgr dbejknegdj Knegs# prgitnige bc rntugc db cgs kçsigrgs y cg dgezg dbc Lugniurý%

Xbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc Be ue bsoubrzj nkpjrtgetb# be bc g÷j 811<# cg Gsjinginùe Gorjpgrglugyg @gkhg Iuç 27 &GGQ@I. ccbvù g ighj# ije gpjyj db cg Dnrbiinùe Lbebrgc db Bstgdëstnig# Beiubstgs y Ibesjs &DLBBI.# bc ýenij ibesj db pjhcginùe y vnvnbedgs db cgs trbs ijkuendgdbs gorj ijejindgs be eubstrj pgës= @gkhg Iuç# @gkhg @jùb28 y Bkhjsigdg% Bc bstudnj rbvbcg cg bxnstbeing db 6%179 pbrsjegs db gsibedbeing gornigeg# qub bqunvgcb g 1#79 " db cg pjhcginùe tjtgc dbc Qgrglugy% Cjs dgtjs oubrje rbijlndjs be trbs pjhcginjebs db cg rblnùe jrnbetgc dbc pgës= cg db @gkhg Iuç# sntugdg be bc Dbpgrtgkbetj Ibetrgc0 @gkhg @jùb# sntugdg be bc dbpgrtgkbetj db Qgrglugrë0 y Bkhjsigdg# be bc dbpgrtgkbetj db Ijrdnccbrg% Cgs trbs be cg rblnùe jrnbetgc dbc pgës%

Yblýe cjs dgtjs grrjmgdjs pjr bc Ibesj 811<# dbc tjtgc db gorjdbsibednbetbs# 2#? " vnvbe be @gkhg Iuç# 4#> " be @gkhg @jùb y 6>#2 " be Bkhjsigdg%

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Be cg cbelug lugrgeë @gkhg Iuç snlenonig glumbrj db eblrjs% Be cg cbelug lugrgeë @gkhg @jùb snlenonig ifgirg &oneig. db eblrjs%

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bstç be cg bduiginùe ojrkgc% Cg igetndgd db pbrsjegs qub fg ccblgdj g iursgr dbc prnkbrj gc sbxtj lrgdjs rbprbsbetg bc ?1" y qunbebs fge gcigezgdj bc envbc uenvbrsntgrnj sjcj bc 7"% Cg bduiginùe neningc bstç prçitnigkbetb gusbetb be @gkhg Iuç y @gkhg @jùb# be tgetj qub be Bkhjsigdg sb ijeibetrg cg pjhcginùe qub gsnstb g ibetrjs db besb÷gezg ojrkgc db bsb envbc% Bc <#4 " db cg pjhcginùe be bdgd bsijcgr bs gegcoghbtg y sùcj 72 " dbc tjtgc db bstb lrupj îtenij tnbeb sblurj kîdnij% 29

Be bc 8116 sb irbù cg Xbd Qgrglugyg db Gorjdbsibednbetbs# dbsdb cg iugc# pndbe gc Bstgdj bc rbijejinknbetj db cjs gorjpgrglugyjs ijkj ueg knejrëg îtenig hnbe dnobrbeingdg y bc dbsgrrjccj db cg knskg dbetrj db cg iucturg pgrglugyg0 rbsgrinknbetj pjr cjs dg÷js igusgdjs pjr cg oubrzg pýhcnig g cg ijkuendgd @gkhg Iuç# pjr cg bxpucsnùe db su tnbrrg geibstrgc dbsdb 7>2<0 neicusnùe dbetrj dbc iurrëiucj bsijcgr db cjs gpjrtbs db cjs gorjpgrglugyjs0 neicusnùe be bc prùxnkj Ibesj db Qjhcginùe y _nvnbedgs db vgrnghcbs db ndbetnoniginùe db pjhcginjebs gorjdbsibednbetbs# betrb jtrgs dbkgedgs%

89% Çrghbs be bc Qgrglugy24 Cjs çrghbs ijknbezge g ccblgr gc Qgrglugy g pgrtnr db 7666# betrb cjs 7%?14 neknlrgetbs qub grrnhge g eubstrj pgës be bsb g÷j% Bstg prnkbrg btgpg db ccblgdg db çrghbs# snrnjs y cnhgebsbs sb bxtnbedb fgstg 7>11# bstghcbinîedjsb bstjs be Gsueinùe# be _nccgrrnig# be Beigreginùe y Cgs Knsnjebs% Xbinîe dnbz g÷js dbspuîs sb rbneninù bc kjvnknbetj knlrgtjrnj# qub sb prjcjelg fgstg 7>74# uhniçedjsb yg bstb ijetnelbetb be tjdj bc tbrrntjrnj db cg rbpýhcnig# ije prbobrbeing be culgrbs ije oçinc giibsj g cgs vëgs db ijkueniginùe% Be 7>76 sb rbnening cg ccblgdg# prjcjelçedjsb bstg vbz fgstg 7>99% G pgrtnr db bstg îpjig# bc kjvnknbetj bs këenkj# rbgitnvçedjsb sùcj be cgs dîigdgs dbc ?1 y <1% Cgkbetghcbkbetb ej bxnstbe dgtjs ibesgcbs db cg ijcbitnvndgd çrghb be Qgrglugy# igrbeing qub sb pjeb db kgenonbstj be igsj db tjdj bc ijetnebetb gkbrnigej% Cjs dgtjs qub sb tnbebe ijrrbspjedbe g ue rblnstrj rbgcnzgdj be su kjkbetj pjr bc prnkbr Iùesuc Fjejrgrnj db Ynrng be Qgrglugy# Dje Mjrlb Dgenbc# gsë ijkj tgkhnîe g ijesuctgs dbc grifnvj db cg bkhgmgdg db Orgeing be Gsueinùe%

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24

Lrge pgrtb db bstg sbiinùe fg utncnzgdj ijkj oubetb g Fgkbd Orgeij# Gcbmgedrj% –Cjs çrghbs y sus dbsibednbetbs be bc Qgrglugy% Re cgrlj rbijrrndj fnstùrnij%‛ Grgedurg Bdntjrngc# 8116%

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Cbelug Bc çrghb bs cg cbelug rbcnlnjsg dbc nscgk% Qbrtbebib g cg rgkg sbkëtnig kbrndnjegc db cg ogkncng gorjgsnçtnig% Bs ueg db cgs cbelugs dbc kuedj ije kgyjr eýkbrj db fghcgetbs% Cjs prnkbrjs neknlrgetbs fge suorndj ue prjibsj db trgesiucturginùe% Gsë be bc igsj db cjs kgtrnkjenjs db sus fnmjs# kuifjs mùvbebs db jrnlbe kusuckçe fge ijetrgëdj becgib ije mùvbebs db jrnlbe tjtgckbetb dnvbrsj% Bs be bstg sbluedg y tbribrg lbebrginùe qub be lrge kbdndg sb pnbrdb bc ijetgitj ije cg fbrbeing geibstrgc# gc ej giibdbrsb gc ijejinknbetj db cg cbelug çrghb# vëeiucj ouedgkbetgc betrb bstjs sbrbs qub fge bknlrgdj% Dbsdb cublj# cjs prnkbrjs neknlrgetbs ej pjdëge jiupgrsb pcbegkbetb db cg bduiginùe trgdninjegc db cjs fnmjs# pubs ej brg tgrbg oçinc cg cuifg pjr bc sustbetj dngrnj# y cgs gutjrndgdbs jtjkgegs prnkbrj# en cgs orgeibsgs b nelcbsgs dbspuîs# mgkçs kjstrgrje ue kgrigdj netbrîs pjr cg besb÷gezg db cg cbelug çrghb en db cjs vgcjrbs trgdninjegcbs db bstg iucturg% Tbrrntjrnj Cg dîigdg dbc ?1 ijestntuyb cg îpjig neningc db ccblgdg dbc prnkbr neknlrgetb çrghb gc betjeibs gýe nefùspntj dbpgrtgkbetj dbc Gctj Qgrgeç0 brg Kjfgkbd @gegge# prjvbenbetb db Grlbetneg# pbrj getbs# dbc Cëhgej% Qjij dbspuîs cb snlub Gcb Ygnd Xgfgc# y lrgdugckbetb sb oub bstghcbinbedj ueg nkpjrtgetb ijkuendgd çrghb be bc dbpgrtgkbetj# y be bspbingc be Inudgd dbc Bstb% Xgfgc bs uej db cjs prneinpgcbs ijestruitjrbs db cg lrge urhb be qub sb ijevnrtnù cg igpntgc dbc Gctj Qgrgeç% Inudgd dbc Bstb tuvj be dnbz g÷js ue irbinknbetj igsn db ue 821"# trgesojrkçedjsb be cg tbribrg dbc pgës be pjhcginùe dbspuîs db Gsueinùe y Yge Cjrbezj% Betrb cg inudgd db Ojz db Nlugzý &Hrgsnc. y Inudgd dbc Bstb &Qgrglugy.# sb fgccg ue nkpjrtgetb ijetnelbetb db çrghbs# uejs 2%111 mbobs db ogkncng% Bstg ijcjeng bs db cbmjs cg kçs nkpjrtgetb# sblundg pjr cg db ifnejs# ijrbgejs y dbspuîs inudgdgejs prjvbenbetbs db pgësbs vbinejs% Cg gitnvndgd db cjs çrghbs bs bknebetbkbetb ijkbringc% Bc >1" db bstjs çrghbs sje cnhgebsbs# igsn tjdjs bccjs ccblgdjs g rgëz db cg prjcjelgdg vnjcbeing qub gzjtg bc pgës% Qrjvnbebe prneinpgckbetb dbc sur <1"# dbc _gccb db Hb`gg 91"# db pjhcgdjs ijkj Cgcg# Hggcuc# Mbeneb% Bc rbstgetb pjribetgmb bstç ijestntundj pjr snrnjs# blnpinjs# pgcbstnejs% Cgs ijedninjebs sje dnobrbetbs g cjs prnkbrjs neknlrgetbs# yg qub îstjs ej tnbebe ebibsndgd db rbgcnzgr vbetg gkhucgetb# y pjr cj lbebrgc# nestgcge su prjpnj ebljinj%

>7


Egturgckbetb# be cg kbdndg sb cj pjsnhcb# sb kgetnbeb cg snelucgrndgd db cgs ijstukhrbs# tgcbs ijkj ijkndgs# hbhndgs# bti% Re pjribetgmb nkpjrtgetb vnbeb ije knrgs db rblrbsgr g su pgës# gfjrrge b nevnbrtbe be oueinùe g bsj0 jtrjs sb vge netblrgedj lrgdugckbetb% Cg Trnpcb Orjetbrg ijeibetrg ueg nkpjrtgetb ijkuendgd çrghb# bstnkgdg be 81%111 pbrsjegs# db cgs iugcbs 2%111 bstç gsbetgdg be Inudgd dbc Bstb# bc rbstj bstç goneigdj be cg inudgd db Ojz db ^lugzý% Bspnrntugcndgd Yblýe bc Ibesj db Qjhcginùe y _nvnbedg dbc g÷j 7>>8# fgy 8%<11 fghntgetbs db jrnlbe gsnçtnij be Inudgd dbc Bstb# db cjs iugcbs# <17 prjobsge cg rbcnlnùe nscçknig% Bc nscgk tuvj su iueg be cg Grghng y su puetj db pgrtndg oub bc Ijrçe# jhrg db Kgfjkg% Oub Kgfjkg bc ouedgdjr db cg rbcnlnùe kusuckgeg% Bduigdj pjr su tëj Ghu+Tgcnh# Bknr db cg Kbig# sb igsù ije ueg vnudg# ccgkgdg @gcnlg# y g cjs 41 g÷js ijkbezù g prbdnigr bc nscgknskj nespnrçedjsb be cgs trgdninjebs mudgnigs y irnstngegs% Tuvj qub funr db cg Kbig be ?88# obifg be qub sb sb÷gcg bc prneinpnj db cg brg Kusuckgeg% Qgrg ijkprbedbr kbmjr bc tbxtj sglrgdj ouedgrje cjs prnkbrjs irbybetbs cg lrgkçtnig0 dbc Ijrçe sgcnù cg murnsprudbeing% Be bc Ijrçe fgccgrje cgs nestntuinjebs pjcëtnigs y sjingcbs bc puetj db gpjyj db su dbsbevjcvnknbetj% Tjdj bc dbrbifj kusuckçe bstç ouedgdj bsbeingckbetb be cg rbcnlnùe= Cjs iùdnljs trgtge g cg vbz db gsuetjs invncbs y rbcnlnjsjs qub sb pbebtrge y bxpcnige uejs g jtrjs%22 Cjs onbcbs dbc nscgk sje cjs kusuckgebs# ue tîrknej qub prjvnbeb dbc çrghb kuscnk% Qgrg cjs kusuckgebs# Mbsuirnstj ej bs bc fnmj db Dnjs# snej qub sb trgtg db ue prjobtg ijkj Ghrgfgk# Kjnsîs y Ejî# betrb kuifjs jtrjs% Bxnstbe betrb 7%111 y 7%611 knccjebs db kusuckgebs be tjdj bc kuedj# qub gdjrge bxicusnvgkbetb g Gcç &ej fgy sgetjs en jtrgs onlurgs snkncgrbs be bc nscgk.% Cjs ineij pncgrbs db su ob sje cg gibptginùe dbc prneinpnj hçsnij db qub sùcj bxnstb ue Dnjs &Gcç.# cg jrginùe# bc gzgqub &cg gyudg g cjs ebibsntgdjs.# bc gyuej be bc kbs dbc rgkgdçe y cg pbrblrneginùe# gc kbejs ueg vbz be cg vndg pgrg qunbebs pubdge fgibrcj# g Cg Kbig &cg inudgd db eginknbetj db Kgfjkg# ue culgr sglrgdj pgrg bc nscgk.%

22

Ljezçcbz db Hjsnj# 8171%

>8


Cg pbrsjeg beigrlgdg db dnrnlnr cg jrginùe ijcbitnvg be bc nscgk sb ijejib ijkj nkçe% Guequb sb subcb ijkpgrgr gc nkçe ije cjs sgibrdjtbs igtùcnijs j cjs rghnejs mudëjs# cj inbrtj bs qub iugcqunbr kusuckçe qub ijejzig g cg pbrobiinùe cjs rbzjs pubdb gitugr ijkj nkçe% Jtrj tîrknej nkpjrtgetb dbc nscgk bs cg ynfgd &–cuifg‛.# g vbibs trgduindj ijkj –lubrrg sgetg‛% Bstb ijeibptj bs betbedndj db dnvbrsgs ojrkgs sblýe igdg lrupj kusuckçe y bstç vneiucgdj gc beorbetgknbetj ijetrg gqubccjs qub sje bebknljs db Gcç%

Xbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc Cjs çrghbs fgccgrje lrgedbs dnoniuctgdbs pgrg su nesbrinùe be cg iucturg pgrglugyg% G cgs dnobrbeings ndnjkçtnigs# fgy qub glrblgr cgs rbcnlnjsgs# pubstj qub sn hnbe cgs prnkbrgs jcbgdgs neknlrgtjrngs db çrghbs brge db ijeobsnùe irnstngeg y bs db ijejinknbetj qub cgs nlcbsngs irnstngegs jrnbetgcbs# neicuybedj cgs qub rbijejibe cg gutjrndgd rjkgeg# ijkj cg nlcbsng kgrjentg y cg kbcquntg# ijesbrvge igrgitbrëstnigs bspbiëonigs# cnelóëstnigs y cntýrlnigs qub cgs dnobrbeinge dbc rntj cgtnej# en quî dbinr db cjs qub prjobsghge cg rbcnlnùe nscçknig% Cgs ijstukhrbs db bstjs neknlrgetbs çrghbs# irnstngejs y kusuckgebs# dnstghge bejrkbkbetb db cgs db cjs pgësbs qub cjs gijlëge# g qunbebs ifjighg prneinpgckbetb cgs gitnvndgdbs g cgs qub sb dbdnigrje# bc ijkbrinj gkhucgetb prbobrbetbkbetb# qub ljzghg db pjij prbstnlnj sjingc# b neicusj brg knrgdj ije kbejsprbinj% Bc îxntj kgtbrngc db cjs neknlrgetbs pubdb ojrzgr g cg sjinbdgd rbibptjrg g gibptgrcjs# pbrj ej ebibsgrngkbetb g bstnkgrcjs y kbejs gýe g rbijejibrcjs% Cg gitntud gknstjsg# hbeîvjcg# nednobrbetb u fjstnc db cg pjhcginùe gutùitjeg ije rbspbitj g iugcqunbr lrupj neknlrgdj bstç ijedninjegdg sne dudg pjr cjs getbibdbetbs db bstb lrupj= su jrnlbe îtenij# bc lrgdj db nestruiinùe db cjs knbkhrjs g su ccblgdg# bc tnpj db gitnvndgd prbobrbeingc qub cj igrgitbrnzg% Db bstg ojrkg# pjr bmbkpcj# cjs lrupjs dbc Ibrigej Jrnbetb# qub g su ccblgdg# brge be su kgyjrëg gegcoghbtjs# tjtgckbetb bxtrgembrjs gc ndnjkg bspg÷jc y g cgs ijstukhrbs burjpbgs# dbdnigdjs g joninjs ijesndbrgdjs pgrgsntgrnjs# sùcj pjdrçe prjvjigr muninjs dbsogvjrghcbs% Qbrj bstjs muninjs sb trgesojrkgrje rçpndgkbetb be bstbrbjtnpjs% Gfjrg hnbe# cjs bstbrbjtnpjs qub sb ojrkge gc neninj# ijetrnhuybe g onmgr cjs prbmuninjs y g ijesbrvgr jhstnegdgkbetb cgs gitntudbs db tgc kgebrg qub# neicusj iugedj ue lrupj neknlrgdj fg tbrknegdj pjr gcigezgr cgs ijedninjebs jhmbtnvgs dbc rbijejinknbetj# cg sjinbdgd rbibptjrg ijetneýg durgetb kuifj tnbkpj rbifgzçedjcj% Be kuifjs pgësbs cgtnejgkbrnigejs fge fbifj ogctg kuifjs dbibenjs pgrg qub cjs –turijs‛+bs dbinr# cjs neknlrgetbs dbc Ibrigej Jrnbetb+ pudnbrge gdqunrnr# pjr kbdnj db sus dbsibednbetbs db cg sbluedg# tbribrg j iugrtg lbebrginùe# >9


ueg pbqub÷g pgrtb dbc prbstnlnj db qub ljzghge prçitnigkbetb dbsdb su ccblgdg cjs ijcjejs gcbkgebs# cjs pgtrjebs nelcbsbs y cjs neknlrgdjs orgeibsbs%2? Cjs çrghbs sb dbdnige gc ijkbrinj prbobrbetbkbetb# sje cjs –kgigtbrjs‛ qub dbshrjzge igknejs# hgstgetb netrgesntghcbs be cg îpjig# ccbvgedj su kbesgmb g zjegs gnscgdgs dbc pgës% Qrjetj gprbedbe g fghcgr bc lugrgeë g pgrtb dbc bspg÷jc# pubs sb dbhb ijkprgr be bstg cbelug be cjs ibetrjs urhgejs# y vbedbr be gqubccg be bc netbrnjr% Kuifjs db bccjs# sne bkhgrlj# ojrkgrje pgrtb tgkhnîe db cjs hrgibrjs qub cghjrghge be cjs ybrhgcbs db cg îpjig% Kgrnj Fgccby Kjrg sjstnbeb qub bc pgrglugyj db cgs prnkbrgs knlrginjebs çrghbs gsnkncg kgc bstb prnkbr ijetgitj ije bstjs sbrbs# pjrtgdjrbs db ueg iucturg dnobrbetb% Be prnkbr culgr pjrqub pgrg îc# cj çrghb ej bxnstëg% Dbspuîs# pjrqub ej tbeëg cg kçs këenkg ejinùe be gqubc betjeibs db cj qub brg ueg iucturg# y onegckbetb# pjrqub cj db –turij‛# sn hnbe tbeëg ueg vglg ijeejtginùe rgingc# kuy prjetj sb ijevnrtnù be cgs dbejkneginùe db ue joninj# bc db vbedbdjr gkhucgetb j be pubstj onmj be ueg dbtbrknegdg icgsb db kbrigeiëgs kuy bspbiëonigs# rbobrndgs g cg vbstnkbetg# cjs jhmbtjs db tjigdjr y bc usj db tbmndjs be cg vndg dngrng% Tgkpjij igusge kuifg rbsnstbeing j rbifgzj betrb cjs pgrglugyjs# fjy yg kçs gijstukhrgdjs g ijevnvnr ije sbrbs kuy dnobrbetbs% Cjs çrghbs yg ej sb snbetbe jhcnlgdjs g igkhngr sus ejkhrbs# ej snbkprb db oçinc prjeueinginùe pgrg cjs culgrb÷js% Ej jhstgetb# fgy ueg pbrkgebetb igkpg÷g db fjstnlgknbetj db sbitjrbs netbrbsgdjs be prjybitgr ueg nkglbe dbojrkgdg db cjs çrghbs# gsjinçedjcjs gc tbrrjrnskj% Fjy tbebkjs cg prbsbeing sncbeinjsg y cghjrnjsg db kçs db 21%111 pjhcgdjrbs çrghbs be eubstrj pgës% Cjs çrghbs sb fge netblrgdj g cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg# be tjdjs cjs ùrdbebs0 be bc pcgej db cgs prjobsnjebs cnhbrgcbs# be cg bduiginùe# be bc ijkbrinj# be bc igkpj onegeinbrj# be cgs oubrzgs grkgdgs# be bc icbrj# be bc snednigcnskj# be cg dnpcjkging# be bc igkpj pjcëtnij# betrb jtrjs%

2?

Ybcnk# G%# 7>6># pçl% 41%

>4


84% Mgpjebsbs be Qgrglugy Gitugckbetb be bc Qgrglugy fghntge <%111 neknlrgetbs y dbsibednbetbs mgpjebsbs% Ijkpgrgedj ije jtrjs pgësbs# bs ueg pjhcginùe knejrntgrng# pubs ccblg g sbr sjcgkbetb bc 1%74" db cg pjhcginùe tjtgc dbc Qgrglugy% Cjs neknlrgetbs mgpjebsbs qub sb dbdnige g cg bxpcjtginùe db cg sjmg ijestntuybe bc <" db cg pjhcginùe# y inbrrge bc 41" db cg sukg tjtgc db cg bxpjrtginùe eginjegc# ijevnrtnîedjsb be bc 4tj pgës kgyjr bxpjrtgdjr db sjmg be bc kuedj% 2< Cbelug Bc mgpjeîs bs ue ndnjkg db cg ogkncng db cbelugs mgpùenigs fghcgdj pjr kçs db 786 knccjebs db pbrsjegs# prneinpgckbetb be cgs nscgs db Mgpùe y kuifgs nscgs db kbejr tgkg÷j% Guequb jrnlnegrnj db Gsng ejrjrnbetgc# su pgrbetbsij oncjlbeîtnij bs neinbrtj% Ijkýekbetb sb fg icgsnonigdj ijkj ueg cbelug gnscgdg# gc ej fghbrsb pjdndj bstghcbibr ue pgrbetbsij ije jtrgs cbelugs%

2<

Neojrkb db cg Obdbrginùe db Gsjinginjebs Mgpjebsgs be bc Qgrglugy%

>2


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Cbelug Bc pjrtuluîs bs cg cbelug joningc db Qjrtulgc y sus getnlugs ijcjengs &bxibptj Ljg y Dgkçe y Dnu.# y bs fghcgdj pjr prçitnigkbetb tjdg cg pjhcginùe be Qjrtulgc y Hrgsnc% Yblýe cjs rbsuctgdjs dbc Ibesj Qjhcginjegc dbc 8118# be Qgrglugy# ue tjtgc db 98?%111 pbrsjegs dnmbrje qub fghcge bc ndnjkg pjrtuluîs% Tbrrntjrnj ?8 Bc prjibsj knlrgtjrnj db Hrgsnc nkpcnig ue geçcnsns db dnvbrsjs ogitjrbs fnstùrnijs# sjingcbs y bijeùknijs% Cg nedustrngcnzginùe kjvncnzù durgetb dîigdgs g knccjebs db trghgmgdjrbs hrgsncb÷js# qub# husigedj jobrtgs db trghgmj# knlrghge g jtrjs culgrbs dbetrj dbc tbrrntjrnj hrgsncbrj% Cg kjdbrenzginùe db cg glrniucturg tuvj ue pgpbc ouedgkbetgc gc bxpucsgr dbc igkpj g cjs trghgmgdjrbs glrëijcgs qub sb trgesojrkgrje be kgej db jhrg hgrgtg be cgs nedustrngs# bstb prjibsj fnzj qub gukbetb cgs knlrginjebs y ijkj ijesbiubeing be pjij tnbkpj cg pjhcginùe rurgc sb urhgenzù pjhcçedjsb cg pgrtb jiindbetgc dbc Hrgsnc% G pgrtnr db cg dîigdg db 7>?1# cg pjcëtnig dbc Hrgsnc db gukbetgr cgs bxpjrtginjebs# fnzj qub sb netbesnonigrge cjs iuctnvjs db sjmg y trnlj pgrg iuhrnr cg lrge dbkgedg dbc kbrigdj kuedngc# ijesjcndçedjsb g pgrtnr db cg dîigdg db 7><1 ije bc prjibsj db kjdbrenzginùe db cg glrniucturg hrgsncbrg# be bsb sbetndj# cg prbsnùe qub suorëge cjs glrniuctjrbs hrgsncb÷js ije cg netrjduiinùe dbc iuctnvj kbigenzgdj prneinpgckbetb db cg sjmg# fnzj qub pgrg cg kgyjrëg db cjs glrniuctjrbs ije kbejs db 21 fbitçrbgs yg ej cb sbg rbetghcb% Kuifjs glrniuctjrbs sb bedbudgrje y sb vnbrje jhcnlgdjs g vbedbr sus tnbrrgs pgrg pglgr sus iubetgs% Bstb fbifj sb gibetýj ije cjs prjhcbkgs icnkçtnijs db sbquëg j fbcgdgs y cg ebibsndgd db rbonegeingr cgs dbudgs hgeigrngs y gsë kuifjs glrniuctjrbs knlrgrje g jtrj culgr ije bc jhmbtnvj db ijetneugr su vndg ijkj trghgmgdjr glrëijcg% Gdbkçs db qub cjs glrniuctjrbs hrgsncb÷js brge bxpucsgdjs pjr cg lrge glrniucturg bkprbsgrngc y bc prbinj db cg tnbrrg brg kuy bcbvgdj# gkhjs bstgdjs prjpninghge cg knlrginùe hrgsncb÷g ije pgitjs pjcëtnijs y giubrdjs murëdnijs y bijeùknijs% Gsë# cg prnkbrg jcg knlrgtjrng hrgsncb÷g qub sb dbrrgkù be cjs g÷js db 7>?1 be cjs dbpgrtgkbetjs db Gctj Qgrgeç# Igenedbyý y Gkgkhgy oub bxtrgjrdnegrngkbetb bstnkucgdg pjr bc gpjyj db cjs bstgdjs# y cg sbluedg y tbribrg jcgs yg dbrrgkgrje &7><1+61. g kncbs db hrgsncb÷js be tbrrntjrnj pgrglugyj% Be 91 g÷js# db 7>?1 g 7>>1# cjs ijcjejs hrgsncb÷js sukghge gprjxnkgdgkbetb 411%111 be bc Qgrglugy%

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Kbclgrbmj# K%# 811>%

718


Bspnrntugcndgd

Yblýe cjs dgtjs dbc Nestntutj Hrgsncb÷j db Lbjlrgoëg y Bstgdëstnig &Ibesj 8171.# bc pjribetgmb db igtùcnijs be Hrgsnc igyù g ueg tgsg këenkg db ?4#?" db su pjhcginùe db 7>7 knccjebs db fghntgetbs% Cjs igtùcnijs sje gitugckbetb 789#9 knccjebs be Hrgsnc# tjdgvëg bc pgës ije kçs gdbptjs g bsg rbcnlnùe be bc kuedj% Qbrj be bc ibesj getbrnjr dbc g÷j 8111 rbprbsbetghge <9#?" db cg pjhcginùe0 be 7><1 brge igsn >8" y iugedj sb rbgcnzù bc prnkbr ibesj be 76<8# cjs igtùcnijs rbprbsbetghge >>#<"% Be sëetbsns# guequb bc pbronc rbcnlnjsj db cg pjhcginùe hrgsncb÷g kgetuvj be 8171 cg fnstùrnig kgyjrëg igtùcnig# bstg rbcnlnùe vg pbrdnbedj gdbptjs dbsdb bc prnkbr ibesj rbgcnzgdj be 76<8%Bc bstgdj ije kbejs igtùcnijs bs bc db Xëj db Mgebnrj &surbstb.# ije 42#6"% Cjs bvgelîcnijs# pjr su pgrtb# oubrje bc sblkbetj qub kçs irbinù be bc pbrëjdj% Be bc g÷j 8111# brge ue 72#4" db cg pjhcginùe y be 8171# 88#8"# tjtgcnzgedj 48#9 knccjebs% Be 7>61# cjs bvgelîcnijs brge gpbegs ue ?#?"%Tgkhnîe gukbetgrje cgs rbcnlnjebs bspnrntnstgs# qub be 8171 tbeëge 9#6 knccjebs db gdbptjs be Hrgsnc &7#>" db cg pjhcginùe.% Re tjtgc db 72#9 knccjebs dnmj ej tbebr enelueg rbcnlnùe &6" db cjs hrgsncb÷js.% Kçs db kbdnj knccùe db hrgsncb÷js sb dbicgrgrje sblundjrbs db rbcnlnjebs ije hgsbs gorjhrgsncb÷gs ijkj igedjkhcî y ukhgedg%

Xbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc Cg ijestruiinùe dbc Qubetb db cg Gknstgd &7>?8 .# sjhrb bc rëj Qgrgeç# qub ijebitg Inudgd dbc Bstb &Qgrglugy.# ije Ojz db Nlugzý &Hrgsnc.# cg fndrjbcîitrnig Gigrgy &7>??.# gsë ijkj tgkhnîe# bc trgtgdj db Ntgnpý# onrkgdj betrb Qgrglugy y Hrgsnc be bc g÷j 7><9# snlenoniù bc nelrbsj db ue ocumj nkpjrtgetb db dnvnsgs gc pgës# dçedjsb cj qub gcluejs gutjrbs ccgkge cg kgyjr ijcjenzginùe glrëijcg db bstg kntgd db snlcj# ije cjs gsbetgknbetjs db hrgsncb÷js y jtrjs be cg orjetbrg dbc bstb% Gdbkçs# sb onrkù bc Trgtgdj db Gknstgd y Ijjpbrginùe &7><2.# djedb sb nesirnhb cg vbetg kgsnvg db tnbrrgs pgrglugygs g ijcjejs hrgsncb÷js% Yb ijesjcndgrje vgrnjs giubrdjs ijkbringcbs suhrblnjegcbs# ijkj bc Trgtgdj db Cnhrb Ijkbrinj &GCIG.# j bc Kbrigdj Ijkýe dbc Yur &KBXIJYRX.# qub neocuybrje be bc netbrigkhnj db hnbebs y sbrvninjs betrb pgësbs db cg rblnùe# ijetrnhuybedj g qub vgrngs zjegs cnkëtrjobs jorbinbrge vbetgmgs db netbrigkhnj ijkbringc y lbebrgrge jpjrtuendgdbs db trghgmj# bspbingckbetb be Inudgd dbc Bstb# orjetbrnzg gc Hrgsnc# sntugdg be cg ccgkgdg –trnpcb orjetbrg‛# qub dbsgrrjccg ueg netbesg kjvncndgd db cg oubrzg db trghgmj y dbc ijkbrinj ije bc Hrgsnc%

719


Cg rbcginùe db cjs lrupjs knlrgetbs hrgsncb÷js ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc pgrglugyg nkpcniù dnobrbetbs prjibsjs be kgtbrng db tnbrrgs# netbrigkhnj ijkbringc b netblrginùe eginjegc%

Be cj prnkbrj# cjs knskjs sb vnbrje hbeboningdjs db bejrkbs vbetgmgs db giibsj g cg tnbrrg be Qgrglugy# ije ue Bstgdj qub pgtrjineù dnrbitgkbetb cg ijcjenzginùe be ue prnkbr kjkbetj y qub# be ue sbluedj kjkbetj# neibetnvù su bxpgesnùe g trgvîs db hgmjs nkpubstjs sjhrb cg prjpnbdgd glrëijcg# cg eucg dbobesg db ueg orgemg tbrrntjrngc eginjegc y sjhbrgeg gsë ijkj cjs hbeboninjs g cg bxpjrtginùe db cjs ruhrjs glrëijcgs qub cjs lrupjs knlrgetbs prjduibe# sbge bstjs onegeinbrjs dnrbitjs# onsigcbs &cg hgmësnkg tgsg g cg bxpjrtginùe db kgtbrngs prnkgs. ijkj igkhngrnjs%

Cgs vbetgmgs dbc giibsj g cg tnbrrg# sb bxprbsge be ue snstbkg prjduitnvj db gctg igpntgcnzginùe# pgtrjinegdj pjr bc Bstgdj hrgsncb÷j y ogvjrbindj pjr bc Bstgdj pgrglugyj# db kjdj qub cjs knlrgetbs hrgsncb÷js iubetge ije bejrkbs vbetgmgs db su nestgcginùe be bc pgës# sne rbinhnr kgyjrbs jhcnlginjebs rbspbitj db cg sjinbdgd db gijlndg% Be tîrknejs db cg netbrgiinùe betrb knlrgetbs y cg sjinbdgd eginjegc# cg dbsnlugcdgd bs cg kgenobstginùe kçs pgckgrng%

Db bstb kjdj# cg netblrginùe bijeùknig sb jrnbetg gc ojrtgcbinknbetj db cg bijejkëg hrgsncb÷g ije cg ijeenvbeing db cg dbsndng dbc Bstgdj pgrglugyj% Cjs lrupjs knlrgetbs dbstnege su prjduiinùe gc kbrigdj db su pgës db jrnlbe &Hrgsnc. lbebrgedj ueg dneçknig ogvjrghcb pgrg dnifj pgës sne dbmgr kgyjrbs hbeboninjs g cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg% Bstj g su vbz sb trgduib be ueg hgmg netblrginùe iucturgc# qub prjkubvg dbrbifjs y jhcnlginjebs be tîrknejs db cg ijjpbrginùe sjingc ije bc pgës db gijlndg% Ije cgs hgmgs tgsgs db ijetrnhuinùe onsigc# ije cg pjcëtnig db suhsndnj g cg bxpjrtginùe db prjduitjs glrëijcgs be hrutj qub gpcnig bc Bstgdj pgrglugyj# y ije bc kbejr prbinj rbcgtnvj db giibsj g cg tnbrrg &sjhrb cg igdg vbz kgyjr prbsnùe sjhrb igkpbsnejs irnjccjs pgrglugyjs. sb lbebrg ue prjibsj db bxpgesnùe prjlrbsnvg db cjs lrupjs hrgsncb÷js be tbrrntjrnj pgrglugyj &cj qub Kgrijs Lcgusbr dbejkneg (bxtrgembrnzginùe(.% Bstb prjibsj trgb sbrnjs prjhcbkgs db sjhbrgeëg gc Bstgdj pgrglugyj# ijkj rbsuctgdj db su giinùe dnrbitg j su dbsndng be pjcëtnigs db ijcjenzginùe glrgrng y db jrdbegknbetj tbrrntjrngc%

Be tîrknejs db netblrginùe# dnifgs pjhcginjebs husige ije ëkpbtu netblrgrsb g cgs rblnjebs hrgsncb÷gs ijcnedgetbs ije cg rblnùe bstb dbc Qgrglugy kçs qub netblrgrsb g cg sjinbdgd eginjegc pgrglugyg% Db bstb kjdj# bc kjdbcj bijeùknij db prjduiinùe glrëijcg db dnifjs lrupjs knlrgetbs# qub gdbkçs db vbrsb ogvjrbindj db ue Bstgdj eginjegc jhsbiubetb# 714


prjkubvb g su vbz cg ijeonlurginùe db vbrdgdbrjs beicgvbs iucturgcbs# bs dbinr# nscgs db iucturgs# snstbkgs db ijjpbrginùe# netbrigkhnj b ndbetndgdbs# sne pjsnhncndgd db gsnkncginùe kutug ije cgs pjhcginjebs cjigcbs pgrglugyg y dbmgedj pjij bspginj pgrg cg ijestruiinùe db ue sbetndj db pbrtbebeing g ueg knskg ijkuendgd pjcëtnig hgsgdj be bc pgtrnkjenj iucturgc b fnstùrnij qub ueg eginùe dbhbrëg prjkjvbr y sgcvglugrdgr%

Cg rbcginùe db tbesnùe betrb cjs knlrgetbs y cg sjinbdgd eginjegc# be cjs g÷js db cg trgesninùe dbkjirçtnig &7>6>+8178. be Qgrglugy# sb vnj gcnkbetgdg pjr cg bxtbesnùe db cg dbsnlugcdgd bijeùknig y sjingc betrb bstjs lrupjs y cjs lrupjs irnjccjs# qub gdbkçs db vbrsb dbspjmgdjs db sus tnbrrgs y ijedninjebs db prjduiinùe# tgkhnîe sb vnbrje dbhncntgdjs be sus ijedninjebs db rbprjduiinùe ijkj rbsuctgdj dbc gvgeib dbc kjdbcj prjduitnvj db cjs knlrgetbs# gcbetgdjs y ogvjrbindjs pjr lrupjs bijeùknijs cjigcbs y bc knskj Bstgdj%

712


Ijeicusnjebs Be bstb kgtbrngc db snstbkgtnzginùe fbkjs trgtgdj cjs lrupjs sjinjiucturgcbs be Qgrglugy# ibetrgedj eubstrg gtbeinùe be gspbitjs ouedgkbetgcbs ijkj cg cbelug# cg tbrrntjrnj# cg bspnrntugcndgd y cg rbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg% Reg db cgs prnkbrgs knrgdgs bs cg bxnstbeing db culgrbs ijkuebs betrb cjs pubhcjs nedëlbegs dbc Qgrglugy% Cg gutjdbejkneginùe db cjs pubhcjs# bs ue culgr ijkýe# be bc sbetndj qub ijedbesg cg ojrkg be qub sb pbrinhbe j qunbrbe sbr ccgkgdjs# gsë ijkj tgkhnîe bs cg ojrkg be cg qub gonrkge su ndbetndgd y cg prjtblbe db cgs neocubeings bxtbregs% Be iugetj g cg tbrrntjrnj# cjs dbrbifjs db cjs pubhcjs nedëlbegs oubrje gvgsgccgdjs pjr cg sjinbdgd eginjegc# gsë ijkj tgkhnîe pjr jtrjs lrupjs îtenijs y rbcnlnjsjs# oubrje dbspjmgdjs db sus tbrrntjrnjs geibstrgcbs# ijeorjetgdjs be su snstbkg db vndg# iubstnjegdjs pjr sus irbbeings% _grnjs pubhcjs nedëlbegs sb vnbrje sjkbtndjs pjr cgs bkprbsgs tgenebrgs# dbc ibkbetj y jtrgs oçhrnigs# qub cjs utncnzgrje ijkj kgej db jhrg hgrgtg# be ijedninjebs ogtgcbs db trghgmj# bxpcjtginùe y gtrjpbccj g su dnlendgd% Be iugetj g cg bspnrntugcndgd# jtrj db cjs puetjs ijkuebs bs bc ifgkgenskj# cg rbcginùe ije cg egturgcbzg y cjs rbcgtjs këtnijs% Be iugetj g cg rbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg# cjs pubhcjs nedëlbegs netbrgitýge ije nestntuinjebs dbc Bstgdj# JELs# getrjpùcjljs# nevbstnlgdjrbs# gsë ijkj tgkhnîe# tnbebe rbcginjebs netbr+îtenigs# ijkj pjr bmbkpcj# ije cgs ijkuendgdbs kbeejentgs% Be iugetj g cgs ijkuendgdbs neknlrgetbs dbsirntgs be bstb trghgmj# ueg igrgitbrëstnig ijkýe bs cg neknlrginùe gc Qgrglugy pjr rgzjebs db supbrvnvbeing# pbrsbiuinùe pjcëtnig# rbcnlnjsg j îtenig% Cg sjinbdgd kbeejentg# sb bxpcnig be lrge pgrtb pjr su fbrbeing geghgptnstg# ije ueg oubrtb rbgonrkginùe db vjcvbr gc jrnlbe# bs dbinr# g cjs prneinpnjs hëhcnijs% Db gccë pgrtb su jrlgenzginùe y bstruiturg sjingc# djedb cg Yglrgdg Bsirnturg bs cg qub rnlb g tjdjs cjs dbkçs bstgkbetjs% Jtrg pgrtb nkpjrtgetb bs su snstbkg db ijjpbrgtnvgs# ue kjdbcj qub bstç ibetrgdj be cg ijjpbrginùe kutug pgrg bc dbsgrrjccj bijeùknij db sus gsjingdjs% Cjs gorjdbsibednbetbs be Qgrglugy# tnbebe ue jrnlbe fnstùrnij be tnbkpjs db cg ijcjeng# djedb sb neijrpjrgrje bsicgvjs ijkj kgej db jhrg db cg icgsb hcgeig# dbstnegdg gc sbrvninj djkîstnij y g cgs fginbedgs rurgcbs dbc pgës% Qbrkgebinbrje nevnsnhncnzgdjs pjr dîigdgs# pbrj fjy bxnstb ueg rbvgcjrnzginùe dbc lrupj sjinjiucturgc# sjhrb tjdj cg ijkuendgd @gkhg @ug# sntugdg be bc Dbpgrtgkbetj Ibetrgc% 71?


Bxnstb ueg dnobrbeing kuy pgcpghcb betrb cjs 8? lrupjs qub oubrje dbsirntjs be bstb trghgmj# sjhrb tjdj be cj qub rbspbitg g cg pjhcginùe nedëlbeg y cg pjhcginùe db neknlrgetbs# be cg dnkbesnùe db rbcginùe ije cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg% Bstg dnobrbeing bs cg sntuginùe db dbsnlugcdgd qub vnvbe cjs pubhcjs nedëlbegs# orbetb g cjs lrupjs db neknlrgetbs qub sb pudnbrje –gijkjdgr‛ be bc ijetbxtj eginjegc# g trgvîs db ue kjdbcj sjinj+bijeùknij igpntgcnstg# djedb iukpcbe ue rjc prbpjedbrgetb% Cjs kbeejentgs sje oueinjegcbs gc kbrigdj pgrglugyj# vgcjrgdjs be su snstbkg prjduitnvj g trgvîs db cgs ijjpbrgtnvgs% Cjs çrghbs ijeojrkge ue ijetnelbetb nkpjrtgetb db ebljinjs y sb fge netblrgdj g cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg# be tjdjs cjs çkhntjs% Cg pjhcginùe hrgsncbrg fg tbendj ijesndbrghcbs vbetgmgs be cg ijkprg db tnbrrgs# su netblrginùe bijeùknig sb jrnbetg gc ojrtgcbinknbetj db cg bijejkëg hrgsncb÷g ije cg ijeenvbeing db cg dbsndng dbc Bstgdj pgrglugyj% Cjs mgpjebsbs y ijrbgejs bstçe nesbrtgdjs be cg bijejkëg pgrglugyg# gsë ijkj tgkhnîe be bc çkhntj bduigtnvj y iucturgc% Be bc igsj db cjs gorjpgrglugyjs# eblgdjs fnstùrnigkbetb dbsdb tnbkpjs db cg ijcjeng# fjy sb bstçe kjvncnzgedj fging su rbvgcjrnzginùe iucturgc% Be iugetj g cgs rbcginjebs netbr+îtenigs db cjs kbeejentgs y cjs pubhcjs nedëlbegs dbc Qgrglugy# bxnstbe dnobrbetbs pbrspbitnvgs be iugetj g cg ijevnvbeing iucturgc# gcluejs gutjrbs fghcge db ue gtrjpbccj g cgs irbbeings db cjs nedëlbegs pjr pgrtbs db cgs nlcbsngs kbeejentgs# jtrjs fghcge db netbetjs db ijjpbrginùe kutug# be dnobrbetbs bsobrgs# gsë ijkj tgkhnîe sb rbsigtge bxpbrnbeings db sjcndgrndgd db cjs kbeejentgs be iugetj g cg sntuginùe db cjs nedëlbegs% Yn hnbe# fge ijcghjrgdj be cj qub rbonbrb g cg ijkprg db tnbrrgs pgrg cgs ijkuendgdbs nedëlbegs# sb dbhb sblunr prjouednzgedj be bc tnpj db netbrgiinùe% Qjr ýctnkj# bs ebibsgrnj sblunr bstudngedj cjs jtrjs lrupjs sjinjiucturgcbs# db kgebrg g prjouednzgr y sblunr trgzgedj bc kgpg db cg kuctniucturgcndgd# qub gpjrtb g cg ijkprbesnùe db cg ijkpcbmndgd y cg dnvbrsndgd be bc Qgrglugy# pgrg cg ijestruiinùe db ueg sjinbdgd netbriucturgc qub sb ouedb be bc rbspbtj g cg dnobrbeing# cg ijevnvbeing pgiëonig y cg cuifg ijetrg cg dbsnlugcdgd%

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HNHCNJLXGOËG RTNCN]GDG Grlóbccj# Geg Kgrëg% –Neojrkb sjhrb cg sntuginùe dbc Qgtrnkjenj Iucturgc Nekgtbrngc Gorjdbsibednbetb be Qgrglugy‛% IXBYQNGC*REBYIJ% Grlóbccj# Geg Kgrëg% –Bc Xjc db cjs Bsicgvjs Eblrjs be bc Qgrglugy‛% Gsueinùe= Ibetrj Bdntjrngc Qgrglugyj# 7>>>% Hgrbnrj# _ëitjr% –Cg bteng Kgemun+Cukegegs dbc Ifgij‛% Ibetrj db Bstudnjs Getrjpjcùlnijs db cg Renvbrsndgd Gsueinùe# 811?% Igtùcnig &IBGDRI.# Hnhcnjtbig Qgrglugyg db Getrjpjcjlëg# _jc% 24% G_NEG# Hnljt# Kgrljt= –Gpuetbs db cnelóëstnig getrjpjcùlnig‛% Ibetrj Netbrdnsinpcnegrnj db Inbeings Btejcnelóëstnigs y Getrjpjcùlnij+Yjingcbs# Ogiuctgd db Fukgendgdbs y Grtbs# Renvbrsndgd Eginjegc db Xjsgrnj# 8116% Hurrn# Ytbogenb% –Lrupjs Khyç be netbrgiinùe ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc‛% Be= Yupcbkbetj Getrjpjcùlnij# _jc% VVVNNN E½ 7+8# Qçl% 28# 7>>6% Igdjlge# Cbùe% –Gpuetbs db cg tjpjenkng fnspgej lugrgeë‛% Gsueinùe# 7>2>% Ifgkjrrj# Lrginbcg% –Tbjcjlëg Lugrgeë‛# Bdninjebs Ghyg+^gcg% Wuntj# Biugdjr# 8114% Ifgsb Ygrdn# Knlubc% Bc ijeibptj Envg`cî dbc gckg% Be= Yupcbkbetj Getrjpjcùlnij# _jc% VVV_N E½ 8# pçls% >+4?# 8117% Ifgsb Ygrdn# Knlubc% Xbsukbe db cg Iucturg Envgicî% Be= Yupcbkbetj Getrjpjcùlnij# vjc% VV_ E½ 8# pçls% <+76% 7>>1% Ifgsb Ygrdn# Knlubc% y Yusen`# Hrgenscgvg% Cjs nednjs dbc Qgrglugy% Bdntjrngc Kgporb% Kgdrnd# 7>>2% DaGelbcj Fbreçedbz# Jvndnj Y% Gutjrrbgcnzginùe pbrsjegc y bspnrntugcndgd be cgs ijedninjebs ijkpcbmgs db cg sjinbdgd ijetbkpjrçebg# INQY# Ibetrj db Nevbstnlginjebs Qsnijcùlnigs y Yjinjcùlnigs# Cg Fghgeg# 8119% Dëgz# Nsggi y Kjrbej# Gkhrjeg% –Iùkj neocuyb bc Jpy be cg ijestruiinùe db cg ndbetndgd Khyç‛% Ibetrj db Bstudnjs Getrjpjcùlnijs db cg Renvbrsndgd Igtùcnig &IBGDRI.# Hnhcnjtbig Qgrglugyg db Getrjpjcjlëg# _jc% 67% Gsueinùe# Qgrglugy# 8177% Dnrbiinùe Lbebrgc db Bstgdëstnigs# Beiubstgs y Ibesjs# Gtcgs db cgs Ijkuendgdbs Nedëlbegs be bc Qgrglugy# 8114% Oghrb# Gcgne% Kgeugc db cgs cbelugs nedëlbegs sudgkbrnigegs# N+NN# Cneijk Burjpg# Kuenif# 7>>6% Oghrb# Gcgne% (Cjs becfbt+bebecfbt dbc Ifgij Qgrglugyj(# Yupcbkbetj Getrjpjcùlnij# _jc% 41% Gsueinùe# 8112%

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Orgeij Djkgeniz`y# Kgrngeg0 Nkgz# Lcgdys% –Gelgntî ’ @JGFC_J@+ Cgs _jibs db ue Qubhcj‛% Ibetrj db Bstudnjs Getrjpjcùlnijs db cg Renvbrsndgd Igtùcnig &IBGDRI.# Hnhcnjtbig Qgrglugyg db Getrjpjcjlëg# _jc% 24% Gsueinùe# Qgrglugy# 811?% Ojlbc# Lbrgrdj= Yjinbdgd# Iucturg y Dneçknig Xblnjegc% Gsueinùe# 8118% Ojlbc# Xgkùe% –Cjs pubhcjs Lugrgeë be cg ojrkginùe db cg Eginùe Qgrglugyg‛# IBXN# OJEDBI# 8171% Orntz# Knlubc% –Cg kntjcjlëg Envgicî‛% Be= Yupcbkbetj Getrjpjcùlnij# _jc% VVVN E½ 7+8# 7>>?% Lubrrbrj Grngs# Qgtrninj% –Cg iucturg‛% Yupcbkbetj Getrjpjcùlnij# _jc% VVV_NNN# ej% 7# pp% >+7<8# Gsueinùe# 8119% Lubrrbrj Grngs# Qgtrninj% –Cg iucturg% Bstrgtblngs ijeibptugcbs pgrg betbedbr cg ndbetndgd# cg dnvbrsndgd# cg gctbrndgd y cg dnobrbeing‛% Bdninjebs Ghyg+^gcg% Biugdjr# 8118% Lcgusbr Jrtnz# Kgeubc% –Bccjs tjdgvëg bstçe be bc kuedj% Wub jrb dbmn brgkjeb% Bc rbcginjegknbetj db cjs Gyjrîjdb be bc Ifgij ibetrgc pgrglugyj‛% Yupcbkbetj Getrjpjcùlnij# VCN_*7= <+718# 811>% Lcgusbr Jrtnz# Kgrijs% –Bxtrgembrnzginùe dbc tbrrntjrnj pgrglugyj‛% HGYB Nevbstnlginjebs Yjingcbs% Gsueinùe# 811>% Ljezçcbz db Hjsnj# Hbgtrnz% –Cg sjrprbedbetb ibrigeëg iucturgc dbc Qgrglugy gc kuedj çrghb‛% Yupcbkbetj Iucturgc dbc Dngrnj GHI Ijcjr# sbptnbkhrb db 8171% Fgkbd Orgeij# Gcbmgedrj% –Cjs çrghbs y sus dbsibednbetbs be bc Qgrglugy% Re cgrlj rbijrrndj fnstùrnij‛% Grgedurg Bdntjrngc# 8116% Fjccged# Icnotje C% Beinicjpbdng db Lrupjs Xbcnlnjsjs be cgs Gkîrnigs y cg Qbeëesucg Nhîrnig= Xbcnlnùe be Qgrglugy% QXJCGDBY# Ijstg Xnig# 8171% @gsgkgtsu# Bkn= –Cg prbsbeing mgpjebsg be bc Qgrglugy‛% 7ª Bdninùe% Hnhcnjtbig db Bstudnjs Qgrglugyjs% Renvbrsndgd Igtùcnig ’ _jc% 22% Gsueinùe ’ 7>><% @rbtsifkbr# Xblneg% –Qrçitnigs db irngezg be ijkuendgdbs nedëlbegs dbc Ifgij Ibetrgc‛% Ojedj db cgs Eginjebs Rendgs pgrg cg Neogeing# 8119% Kbclgrbmj# Kgrëg Irnstneg% –Neknlrginùe hrgsncb÷g be bc ijetbxtj db cg sjhbrgeëg eginjegc dbc Qgrglugy‛# Gsueinùe# 811>% Kbcnç# Hgrtjkbu# LróehbrlYupcbkbetj Lbjrl# Lróehbrl Ornbdc% –Cjs Tgvytbrè% Btejlrgoëg Lugrgeë dbc Qgrglugy Ijetbkpjrçebj% Getrjpjcùlnij db Qgå cg Renvbrsndgd Igtùcnig db Gsueinùe# _jc% VN# e 7+8# 7><9. Kgnssjebuvb# Mbge= –Cg dneçknig db cjs lrupjs‛# Qgrns# 7>?6% Ccgejs+Fbreçedbz# Cuns% –Bc ijeibptj dbc tbrrntjrnj y cg nevbstnlginùe be cgs inbeings sjingcbs‛% Be Glrniucturg# Yjinbdgd y Dbsgrrjccj# _jcukbe <# erj%9# 8171% 71>


Jddjeb# Fulj% –Qbronc Knlrgtjrnj db Qgrglugy‛% Jrlgenzginùe Netbreginjegc pgrg cgs Knlrginjebs &JNK.% Hubejs Gnrbs# 8177% Qgcgu# Tjkçs0 Qîrbz# Ejbkng0 Onsifbr# Ygrg% –Neknlrginùe y bknlrginùe be bc Qgrglugy 76<1 ’ 7>?1‛# HGYB Nevbstnlginjebs Yjingcbs# Gsueinùe# 7>><% Qcbtt# Xudjco &7><>.% –Qrbsbeing Kbeejentg be bc Qgrglugy= jrnlbe# djitrneg# bstruiturg y oueinjegknbetj‛% Wun÷ùebz# Ibcsg% –Dnvbrsndgd iucturgc b netbriucturgcndgd be bcYjingcbs# kgrij db_jc% cg bduiginùe ojrkgc be Qgrglugy‛% Xbvnstg Netbreginjegc db Nevbstnlginùe be Inbeings 6# Erj%7# mucnj 8178% Xbesfgw# M% Cjs nedëlbegs dbc Ifgij pgrglugyj% Bijejkëg y sjinbdgd% Bdntjrg Netbrijetnebetgc% Gsueinùe# 7>>?% Ybqubrg# Lunccbrkj% –Tjkgréfj% Cg rbsnstbeing getninpgdg‛# Ibetrj db Bstudnjs Getrjpjcùlnijs db cg Renvbrsndgd Igtùcnig &IBGDRI.# Hnhcnjtbig Qgrglugyg db Getrjpjcjlëg# _jc% 27% Gsueinùe# 811?% Ytgfc# \nckgr% –Iucturgs be netbrgiinùe% Reg getrjpjcjlëg vnvndg be bc Ifgij Qgrglugyj‛# Bc Cbitjr# Gsueinùe# 811<% Ytgfc# \nckgr% –Nedëlbegs dbc Ifgij Ibetrgc Qgrglugyj‛# Gsjinginùe db Ybrvninjs db Ijjpbrginùe Nedëlbeg Kbeejentg &GYINK.# 8112% Ybcnk# Ghju= –Gpjrtbs iucturgcbs db cjs neknlrgdjs‛% Burjpg# Gsng y Çornig be Gkîrnig Cgtneg y bc Igrnhb% REBYIJ*Ynlcj _bnetnuej bdntjrbs# Kîxnij# 7>6># pgl% 41% Yjuifgud# Yycvgne% Lbjlrgoëg db cg knlrginùe hrgsncb÷g% Ojedj db Qjhcginùe db cgs Eginjebs Rendgs% Gsueinùe# 811<% Tbcbsig# Nleginj% –Cg pjhcginùe pgrdg be Gsueinùe g onebs db cg ijcjeng‛# be Bstudnjs Qgrglugyjs# _jcs% VVNN y VVNNN E½ 7+8# dninbkhrb 8112# Gsueinùe= Renvbrsndgd Igtùcnig# pp% 8>+21 Tbcbsig# Nleginj% –Cg fnstjrnjlrgoëg pgrglugyg y cjs gorjdbsibednbetbs‛# be Lcgdys Cbifnen &ijkp%.# Cjs bstudnjs gorjgkbrnigejs y gornigejs be Gkîrnig Cgtneg% Fbrbeing# prbsbeing y vnsnjebs dbc jtrj# Hubejs Gnrbs+Iùrdjhg# ICGIYJ ’ Ibetrj db Bstudnjs Gvgezgdgs# 8116# pp% 7?2+76?% REOQG# Ojedj db Qjhcginùe db cgs Eginjebs Rendgs# Ijkpbednj tbkçtnij Eýkbrj 7# Ghrnc 8119# fttp=**www%ueopg%jrl%py*djwecjgd*hjcbtne7%pdo Reruf# Brebstj0 @gcnsif# Fgeebs% –Bc Qgrglugy kuctncnelób% Iugdrj db gcluegs dneçknigs cnelóëstnigs‛% Giinùe+Xbvnstg pgrglugyg db rbocbxnùe y dnçcjlj# 7>>>% Reruf# Brebstj0 @gcnsif# Fgeebs% –Becfbt+Bebecfbt% Reg ogkncng cnelóëstnig ifgqub÷g‛% Tfucb# Xnvnstg ntgcngeg dn studn gkbrnigenstnin# 8119%

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_nccglrg# Xjdrnlj% –Bc Qubhcj Bexbt y su tbrrntjrnj geibstrgc‛% Qrbsbetginùe db cjs rbprbsbetgetbs db cgs vëitnkgs getb cg Ijrtb Netbrgkbrnigeg db Dbrbifjs Fukgejs dbc Igsj db cg Ijkuendgd Ygwfjygkgxg ijetrg bc bstgdj db Qgrglugy% Tnbrrgvnvg &8114.% ]gegrdnen# Mjsî y Hnbdbrkgee# \gctbr% (Cjs nedëlbegs dbc Qgrglugy‛# Ntgnpý Hneginjegc# Gsueinùe# 811?% ]gegrdnen# Mjsî% Cjs pubhcjs nedëlbegs dbc Qgrglugy% Bdntjrngc Bc Cbitjr% Gsueinùe# 8171% ]gegrdnen# Mjsî% –Cbelugs Nedëlbegs dbc Qgrglugy‛# be Xjdrnlubz# Mjsî Kgrëg= Dnvbrsndgd# Netbriucturgcndgd y Bduiginùe be Hrgsnc y be Qgrglugy% Ibetrj db Bstudnjs Getrjpjcùlnijs db cg Renvbrsndgd Igtùcnig &IBGDRI.# Hnhcnjtbig Qgrglugyg db Getrjpjcjlëg# _jc% <2# 8171% –ºWunîebs sje cjs Kbeejentgs:‛# Neojrkb db cg Gsjinginùe db Ijcjengs Kbeejentgs dbc Qgrglugy &GIJKBQG.# 8178%

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DIVERSIDAD SOCIOCULTURAL EN PARAGUAY - SECRETARIA NACIONAL DE CULTURA - NOVIEMBRE 2012 - PORTALGUARANI

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