Copy of Global Advanced Wordlist

GLOBAL ADVANCED WORDLIST

A 1

B

C

Part of speec Phonetics

2

Word Unit 1

3

absolutely ***

adverb

4

academic

noun

5

accuracy **

noun

6

actually ***

adverb

7

adventure **

noun

8

amateur *

noun

9

amusement *

noun

D

Definition

E

Sample Sentence

completely: used for emphasis

10 to someone’s amusement

phrase

11 annoyance

noun

12 anti‐

prefix

13 app

noun

14 appalled

adjective

15 artefact *

noun

16 astonishment *

noun

17 authoritative

adjective

18 baffled

adjective

When Shahrazad offered to see the king, her father was absolutely astonished. someone who teaches or does research at a college Wikipedia articles are written and revised by hundreds of or university thousands of unpaid volunteers, who may be academics. / ækə demɪk/ the quality of being accurate Professional experts still have a vital role to play in deciding about the accuracy and importance of facts. / ækjʊrəsi/ used when correcting what someone has said or I thought he was a student, but actually he’s the teacher. thinks, or what you yourself have said / æktʃuəli/ an exciting, unusual and sometimes dangerous I decided I was ready for an adventure after college. experience /əd ventʃə(r)/ someone who does something because they enjoy it Wikipedia articles are written and revised by hundreds of instead of as a job thousands of unpaid volunteers, who may be simply interested amateurs. / æmətə(r)/, / æmətʃʊə(r)/ a feeling of being amused Her children have always been a great source of amusement for her. /ə mju:zmənt/ Much to everyone's amusement, someone hid his clothes while making someone want to smile or laugh he was swimming. /tu sʌmwʌnz ə mju:zmənt/ a slightly angry or impatient feeling Shaking his head in annoyance, Patrick left the room. /ə nɔɪəns/ opposed to someone or something: used with some Police were brought in to ensure the public's safety at the nouns, for example antiwar, anti‐racism antiwar demonstration. / ænti/ an application: software which carries out a certain The dictionary app is now available for iPhone and iPad. function on a computer, mobile phone, etc. /æp/ offended or shocked very much by something, The citizens were appalled at the king’s brutality. because it is extremely unpleasant or bad /ə pɔːld/ an object that was made a long time ago and is You’ll find Polynesian artefacts, and probably encounter most of historically important, for example a tool or weapon Pitcairn’s residents. / ɑː(r)tɪˌfækt/ very great surprise Some ministers expressed astonishment that they could no longer travel first class. /ə stɒnɪʃmənt/ based on the best, most complete, and most reliable That means citing verifiable, authoritative sources, especially on information controversial topics and when the subject is a living person. /ɔːˈθɒrɪtətɪv/ unable to understand something, puzzled Shahrazad’s decision to see the king left her father feeling baffled. / bæf(ə)ld/

F

Page no.

/ æbsə lu tli/

www.macmillanenglish.com/global

11 6 6 6

6

11

131

7 11


A

B

C

19 balanced *

adjective

/ bælənst/

20 bemusement

noun

21 to someone’s bemusement

phrase

/bɪˈmju zmənt/ /tu sʌmwʌnz bɪˈmju zmənt/

22 bewildered

adjective

/bɪˈwɪldə(r)d/

23 bit ** 24 a bit

noun phrase

/bɪt/ /ə bɪt/

25 blog

noun

/blɒɡ/

D

confused and not certain what to do

26 blogosphere 27 blossom

noun verb

E

considering all arguments, opinions, or aspects fairly The website has an official non‐bias policy, and articles must and equally present a balanced view of a topic. confusion He had a look of bemusement the entire time he was at the conference. making someone feel confused To his bemusement, the crowd was running the wrong way. Shahrazad’s decision to see the king left her father feeling bewildered. He had bits of food stuck in between his teeth.

slightly or a little I can’t do 1.00 – can we make it a bit later? a biographical web log: a type of diary (= record of Blogs have brought about an elevation of the role of amateurs. what someone does each day) on a website that is changed regularly, to give the latest news. The page usually contains someone’s personal opinions, comments and experiences.

F

6

11

14

7

/ blɒɡəʊˌsfɪə(r)/

the imaginary place on the internet where people’s blogs go so that other people can read them and react to them to develop and become more successful

Many in the blogosphere seem suspicious of funded or ‘engineered’ content. 7 Their romance blossomed on a trip to Key West.

/ blɒs(ə)m/ something such as a line on a map that marks where Art knows no boundaries for British sculptor Jason de Caires one area of land ends and another begins Taylor.

28 boundary ** 29 push back the boundaries 30 breathtaking *

noun phrase adjective

/ baʊnd(ə)ri/ /pʊʃ bæk ðə baʊnd(ə)ri z/

129 to discover new things about something or a better way of doing it extremely impressive or beautiful

32 capsule

33 chocka

verb noun

adjective

153

the part of a space vehicle in which people travel

The unmanned Voyager spacecraft left our solar system years ago at a breathtaking 37,000 miles per hour. This has not only broadened my outlook but also enabled me to adapt easily to new environments. They were then resealed in a capsule and returned to Earth.

chocka is an informal way of saying that a place, road, etc is full of people or blocked with cars

You’ll probably be there before me because it’s pretty chocka on the motorway.

/ breθ teɪkɪŋ/ to make something include more things or people

31 broaden *

We want to make new discoveries and push back boundaries.

/ brɔːd(ə)n/ / kæpsju l/

13 16 13

/ ʧɒkə(r)/

154 a member of the public who uses a mobile phone or News organisations are crying out for ‘citizen journalists’, asking video camera to record news events on film the public to help ‘make the news’.

34 citizen journalist 35 click *

noun verb

/ sɪtɪz(ə)n /klɪk/

dʒɜː(r)nəlɪst/

7 to make a computer do something by pressing a button on the mouse


The policeman clicked the handcuffs round his wrists.


A

B

C

D

36 click on a link

phrase

/ klɪk ɒn ə

37 collective intelligence

noun

/kə lektɪv ɪn telɪdʒ(ə)ns/

38 completely ***

adverb

/kəm pli tli/

39 content ***

noun

/ kɒntent/

noun

/ kɒntrɪˈbju ʃ(ə)n/

41 controversial **

adjective

/ kɒntrə vɜː(r)ʃ(ə)l/

42 craftsmanship

noun

/ krɑːftsmənʃɪp/

43 credible *

adjective

/ kredəb(ə)l/

adverb

To apply for this position, simply click on the link below.

the combined information and knowledge shared between a group of people used for emphasis, for example: the operation was completely successful any material, such as writing, pictures, or music, that appears on a website or CD‐ROM a story or article that you have written for a newspaper, magazine, or website a controversial subject, opinion, or decision is one that people disagree about or do not approve of

With this proliferation of user‐generated content has come the notion of a collective intelligence. He was completely devastated so he ordered her execution.

the skill involved in making something beautiful or practical using your hands able to be believed or trusted

Examples of extraordinary craftsmanship and ingenuity were made available for scientific study. Many in the blogosphere seem suspicious of ‘engineered’ content – that is, researched and credible content.

at the present time a feeling of great happiness and pleasure

The exhibits are currently being stored in the cellar while the museum is being renovated. I must say she was a delight to teach.

feeling very shocked and upset

He was completely devastated so he ordered her execution.

45 delight **

noun

/dɪˈlaɪt/

46 devastated

adjective

/ devə steɪtɪd/

47 dismay

noun

/dɪs meɪ/

48 disseminate 49 distraught 50 do ***

verb adjective verb

/dɪˈsemɪneɪt/ /dɪˈstrɔːt/ /du /

51 I can’t do ...

phrase

/aɪ

52 download

verb

/ daʊn ləʊd/

53 emergent

adjective

/ɪˈmɜː(r)dʒ(ə)nt/

54 emotionally‐charged

adjective

/ɪˌməʊʃ(ə)nəli

6 11

User‐generated content may replace the contributions of experts. 6 User‐generated content may never replace the contributions of experts. All articles must strive for verifiable accuracy, especially on controversial topics.

6

7 153

7

/ kʌrəntli/

kɑːnt

F

lɪŋk/

40 contribution ***

44 currently ***

E

to press a button on the mouse to connect to another file or section, for example on a website

9

11

du /

tʃɑː(r)dʒd/

Local people expressed their dismay at the size of the pay rise. the feeling of being very worried, disappointed or sad about something surprising or shocking that has happened to make something such as information or This does not mean that we are witnessing the rise of a collective knowledge available to a lot of people intelligence that will develop and disseminate ideas across the globe. extremely worried, upset, or confused He was distraught so he ordered her execution. Maybe I’ll do some gardening. I can’t do 1.00 – can we make it a bit later? used when making plans to say that a time, day or date does not suit you, for example: I can’t do Wednesday to move information (for example a file, an image, a You can download this software for free. video) to your computer, phone, etc. from another computer, system, phone, etc. just beginning to exist or be noticed Such content should not be elevated to the grandiose status of an emergent ‘collective intelligence’. filled with a strong emotion such as excitement or Museums hold up this notion of ideas for inspection by nervousness presenting emotionally‐charged facts.


7 11 14

14

7 153


A 55 engage **

B

verb

C

D

/ɪn ɡeɪdʒ/

Museums should aim to engage people emotionally.

to arrange for something to happen, especially in a useful and skilful way

Government officials managed to engineer a meeting between the two ambassadors.

extremely angry

The king was enraged to learn of his wife’s betrayal. Museum entrance fees are becoming more and more expensive.

verb adjective

/ endʒɪˈnɪə(r)/ /ɪn reɪdʒd/

58 entrance fee

noun

/ entrəns

fi /

59 charge an entrance fee

phrase

/ tʃɑː(r)dʒ ən

60 euphoric

adjective

/ju

62 exhibition ***

noun

fɒrɪk/

a public show where art or other interesting things are put so that people can go and look at them using new ideas or methods that are not yet proved to be successful every time special skill or knowledge that you get from experience, training, or study outside or beyond something: used with some adjectives, for example extraterrestrial , extramarital

Museums perform the function of creating and engaging knowledge through experimental projects. Increasingly, collective intelligence is seen as preferable to professional expertise. While many scientists speculate that extraterrestrial life exists, so far there is no conclusive evidence to prove it.

not within the usual powers of the law

Reports of extrajudicial killings by the government were alarming to the generally peaceful country. Examples of extraordinary craftsmanship and ingenuity were made available for scientific study. Eyewitnesses describe the man as tall with brown hair.

/ eksɪˈbɪʃ(ə)n/

adjective

/ɪk sperɪˈment(ə)l/

64 expertise **

noun

/ ekspə(r) ti z/

65 extra‐

prefix

/ ekstrə/

adjective

/ ekstrədʒʊˈdɪʃ(ə)l/

67 extraordinary **

adjective

/ɪk strɔː(r)d(ə)n(ə)ri/

very unusual and surprising

69 fact ***

noun

/fækt/

someone who has seen something happen, especially a crime or an accident

used when you are adding something to what you have just said, especially something surprising 70 in (actual) fact

phrase

/ɪn

æktʃuəl

153 7

13

66 extrajudicial

/ aɪˌwɪtnəs/

9

8

63 experimental **

noun

9 11

The exhibits are currently being stored in the cellar while the museum is being renovated. Describe an interesting or unusual exhibit or temporary exhibition you have seen in a museum.

/ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/

68 eyewitness

11 9

to make members of the public pay money to visit a Most museums do not charge an entrance fee. entrəns fi / museum, art gallery, etc. feeling extremely happy, usually for a short time only The vizier was euphoric when Shahrazad’s life was spared. an object that is part of an exhibition

noun

F

8

56 engineer 57 enraged

61 exhibit

E

to attract and keep someone’s interest or attention

Professional experts still have a vital role to play in deciding about the accuracy and importance of facts. She thought I was from Spain, but in fact I’m from Mexico.

fækt/

71 fairly ***

adverb

/ feə(r)li/

72 far afield

adverb

/ fɑː(r) ə fi ld/

73 further afield

phrase

/ fɜː(r)ðə(r) ə fi ld/

153

6

6 to some degree, but not completely or extremely

His statement explains the situation fairly well.

far away, especially from where you live or are staying longer distances away, especially from home

The salon attracts clients from as far afield as Swansea.


We’re exhausting all our resources here and we need to find things further afield.

153


A

B

C

D

someone who decides whether or not something is suitable for publication on a website 74 filter **

noun

E

F

The new web world can only fulfil its true potential through more filters on the quality of the content generated.

/ fɪltə(r)/

7 My practical training in conflict mediation was followed by a theoretical exam to register at the Dutch Mediation Institute.

75 follow ***

verb

/ fɒləʊ/

76 follow a link

phrase

/ fɒləʊ ə

77 furious **

adjective

/ fjʊəriəs/

16 lɪŋk/

78 fury *

noun

/ fjʊəri/

79 glaring

adjective

/ ɡleərɪŋ/

80 great *** 81 that sounds great!

adjective phrase

/ɡreɪt/ /ðæt saʊndz

82 grotty

adjective

/ ɡrɒti/

83 groundbreaking

adjective

to connect to a different file or section, for example For more details, please follow the link below. on a website extremely angry The king was absolutely furious to learn of his wife’s betrayal. 11 a feeling of very strong anger that usually does not last very long a glaring light shines very brightly in a way that makes you feel uncomfortable

ɡreɪt/

/ ɡraʊn(d) breɪkɪŋ/

adjective

/ hændz ɒn/

85 heartbroken

adjective

/ hɑː(r)t brəʊkən/

86 historical *** 87 horrified

adjective adjective

/hɪˈstɒrɪk(ə)l/ / hɒrɪfaɪd/

88 horror **

noun

/ hɒrə(r)/

89 host **

noun

/həʊst/

91 hot spot

phrase

noun

/pleɪ

/ hɒt

The lichen survived exposure to the vacuum of space as well as the glaring ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. Wikipedia is still a great entry point for finding information.

6 used for expressing pleasure or agreement dirty or unpleasant

Dinner and a movie ‐ that sounds great! I’m going to paint the bathroom, which is getting really grotty.

using new methods, or achieving new results

Without those kind of groundbreaking explorations, we won’t discover the things that make life easier to live. The internship provided the invaluable hands‐on experience he needed to get a job as a mechanic.

həʊst tu

hands‐on experience or training involves you doing something rather than just reading about it or watching other people do it extremely sad and upset

He was completely heartbroken so he ordered her execution.

connected with history or the past

The painting depicts an actual historical event.

prefix

153

11

very shocked or frightened The citizens were utterly horrified at the king’s brutality. a strong feeling of shock or fear caused by something The full horror of last night had come rushing back. extremely unpleasant They had brought a present for their hosts. to arrange a special event and provide the area, buildings, equipment, or services needed for it

Museums play host to temporary exhibitions as well as live events.

a small area on a computer screen that you click on in order to make the computer perform an action

College students often go to the local hot spot to unwind after a long week.

sʌmθɪŋ/

11

153

spɒt/ She wore dark sunglasses after her surgery because her eyes more than usual or normal: used with some adjectives and nouns to make adjectives and nouns, were hypersensitive to light. for example hypersensitive , hyperinflation

92 hyper‐

13

154

84 hands‐on

90 play host to something

She was speechless with fury.

/ haɪpə(r)/



A

B

C

93 incensed

adjective

/ɪn senst/

94 inconsequential

adjective

/ɪn kɒnsɪˈkwenʃ(ə)l/

95 increasingly ***

adverb

/ɪn kri sɪŋli/

96 ingenuity

noun

/ ɪndʒə nju əti/

97 initiative ***

noun

/ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/

98 inter‐

prefix

/ɪn tɜː(r)/

99 interactive *

adjective

/ ɪntər æktɪv/

100 interchangeable

adjective

/ ɪntə(r) tʃeɪndʒəb(ə)l/

101 intriguing

adjective

/ɪn tri ɡɪŋ/

102 little *** 103 a little

adverb phrase

/ lɪt(ə)l/ /ə lɪt(ə)l/

104 make ***

verb

105 can we make it a bit earlier/later/soonphrase

/meɪk/ /kən wi meɪk ɪt ə bɪt ɜː(r)liə(r), leɪtə(r), su nə(r)/

106 multi‐

prefix

/mʌlti/

107 mystified

adjective

/ mɪstɪfaɪd/

108 neutral **

adjective

/ nju trəl/

109 non‐bias

noun

/ nɒn

baɪəs/

110 nowadays **

adverb

/ naʊə deɪz/

D

E

extremely angry not important

The king was incensed to learn of his wife’s betrayal. It’s billions, but it’s inconsequential to the rewards of finding out about us as the human race. more and more over a period of time And increasingly, collective intelligence is seen as preferable to professional expertise. the ability to solve problems in new and clever ways Examples of extraordinary craftsmanship and ingenuity could all be gathered together. the ability to decide in an independent way what to Working as a volunteer guide on holidays for people with a do and when to do it disability taught me how to take the initiative, and take the lead in a crisis. The internet is often celebrated for giving a voice to anybody and between: used with some nouns, verbs and everybody. adjectives, for example international , interdependence 1. an interactive computer program, video etc reacts A child's development is an interactive process. to the information and instructions that you give it 2. involving people communicating with each other and reacting to each other

F

11 153 7 153

16

6

if two things are interchangeable, you can put each The terms 'thesis' and 'dissertation' were at one time one of them in the place where the other was, or you interchangeable. can use one instead of the other, and the effect will be the same very interesting, especially because of being strange The idea of collective intelligence is intriguing. or mysterious I think it’s important to find out about the things we know little about. to a small degree Why might Rob arrive a little later? to arrange or organise something News organisations are crying out for ‘citizen journalists’, asking the public to help ‘make the news’. used to suggest an alteration to the time when I can’t do 1.00 – can we make it a bit later? making a plan

6 153 14 7

14 many or several: used with some adjectives and nouns, for example multilingual , multimillionaire

Many children today grow up in multilingual households.

if you are mystified by something, you cannot understand or explain it not supporting a particular side in an argument or disagreement absence of bias (= a special interest or ability in a particular thing, or a particular tendency) at the present time, not in the past

Shahrazad’s decision to see the king left her father feeling mystified. Wikipedia has a neutral point of view.


11 7

The website has an official non‐bias policy, and articles must present a balanced view of a topic. Sites like Wikipedia have removed the need for expert knowledge nowadays.

6 6


A

B

C

D

a young woman who is nubile is sexually attractive 111 nubile 112 orbit

113 organism **

adjective verb

noun

/ nju baɪl/ to move around a large object in space such as a planet a living thing such as a person, animal, or plant, especially an extremely small living thing

/ ɔː(r)bɪt/

noun adjective

/ aʊt kʌm/

adverb

/ əʊvə(r) welmɪŋli/

117 peer review

noun

/ pɪə(r) rɪˌvju /

118 persuasive *

adjective

/pə(r) sweɪsɪv/

119 point of view **

noun

/ pɔɪnt ɒv

120 post‐

prefix

/pəʊst/

121 post ** 122 pretty *** 123

verb adverb

/pəʊst/ / prɪti/

124 primitive **

adjective

/ prɪmətɪv/

125 professional ***

adjective

12

I was in charge of financing and overseeing the final outcomes of the projects. The vizier was overjoyed when Shahrazad’s life was spared.

/ əʊvə(r) dʒɔɪd/

116 overwhelmingly *

vju /

The only problem is that such a mission would be overwhelmingly expensive. Teachers in training benefit greatly from instructor evaluations as well as peer reviews and student feedback.

good at making people agree to do or believe what you want them to a way of judging a situation based on a particular aspect after, or later than: used with many nouns, verbs or adjectives, for example post‐impressionist, post‐ dated to put information (for example, a blog entry, comment, or photo) on the internet 1 fairly 2 very relating to a very early stage in the development of humans, animals, or plants showing a high level of skill or training

The idea of collective intelligence is persuasive.

a large number of a particular thing noun adverb

/prə lɪfə reɪʃ(ə)n/ /kwaɪt/

128 ransom 129 rather ***

noun adverb

/ ræns(ə)m/ / rɑːðə(r)/

16 11

used for emphasising the amount or strength of something the process of a writer’s peers (= someone who belongs to the same social or professional group as another person) studying or examining a situation, policy, article, or idea again in order to decide whether it is suitable or satisfactory

/prə feʃ(ə)nəl/

126 proliferation 127 quite ***

153

12

extremely pleased 115 overjoyed

F

Some organisms can survive in space without any kind of protective covering.

/ ɔː(r)ɡə nɪz(ə)m/ the final result of a process, meeting, activity, etc

114 outcome ***

E

They fled away with their daughters until there were no nubile girls left in the city. We know there are many other suns with planets orbiting them.

1 fairly but not very the amount of money that someone wants to be paid before they will let a person who they are keeping prisoner go free to a fairly large degree


12

6 Wikipedia has a neutral point of view. 7 Most businesses will not accept postdated cheques.

I can bring to the post a proven track record in successful team management. I’m pretty sure there will be museums.

16 153

Some form of life exists beyond Earth, at least in primitive form. 12 Professional experts still have a vital role to play in deciding about the accuracy of facts. With this proliferation of user‐generated content has come the notion of a collective intelligence. I quite often go to the exhibitions. Either I shall live or else I shall be a ransom for the children of the Muslims and save them from him.'

6 6 9

153 I'm feeling rather tired.


A

B

C

D

E

F

It's a huge relief to know that everyone is safe. a relaxed and happy feeling you get because something bad has not happened or a bad situation has ended to make something old look new again by repairing The exhibits are currently being stored in the cellar while the and improving it, especially a building museum is being renovated.

130 relief ***

noun

/rɪˈli f/

131 renovate

verb

/ renəveɪt/

9 silly or unreasonable and deserving to be laughed at The idea of collective intelligence is ridiculous.

132 ridiculous **

adjective

/rɪˈdɪkjʊləs/

6 1 thorough and careful

133 rigorous * 134

adjective

135 shocked *

adjective

/ rɪɡərəs/ 2 strict or severe very surprised and upset by something bad that happens unexpectedly not very much, only a little

/ʃɒkt/

136 slightly ***

adverb

/ slaɪtli/

137 somewhat *** 138 sorrow

adverb noun

/ sʌmwɒt/ / sɒrəʊ/

139 specimen **

noun

/ spesəmɪn/

140 speculate *

verb

/ spekjʊleɪt/

141 speechless

adjective

/ spi tʃləs/

142 starter *

noun

/ stɑː(r)tə(r)/

143 for starters

phrase

/ fə(r)

The new web world can surely only fulfil its true potential through more rigorous standards.

7

The citizens were shocked at the king’s brutality. 11 I feel slightly better today.

The king was somewhat surprised when Dunyazad arrived to see her sister. great sadness The king was furious and overcome with rage and sorrow. an example of something, especially of a plant or an Specimens and samples from parts of the world were made animal available for scientific study. to consider or discuss why something has happened Many scientists speculate that extraterrestrial life exists. or what might happen so surprised, upset, or angry that you cannot think of The citizens were left speechless by the king’s brutality. anything to say The pupils' own experiences can be a useful starter for discussion.

to some degree but not to a large degree

as the beginning or first stage of something stɑː(r)tə(r)z/ 1 one small part of a larger thing: used with some nouns, for example subset, subspecies 144 sub‐

prefix

/sʌb/

145 tele‐

prefix

/teli/

146 teleshopping

noun

/ teli ʃɒpɪŋ/

147 temporary ***

adjective

/ temp(ə)rəri/

148 totally ***

adverb

/ təʊt(ə)li/

149 track record

noun

/ træk

rekɔː(r)d/

over a distance: used with some nouns and adjectives, for example telescope, telegraph the practice of selling goods through special television programmes existing, done, or used for only a limited period of time completely your reputation, based on the things that you have done


The government could have used that money to help people in need for starters. The researchers dressed warmly for the subarctic temperatures.

Improved telescopes and detectors have led to the detection of dozens of new planetary systems. Teleshopping has slowly declined as more and more people switch to online shopping. Describe an interesting or unusual exhibit or temporary exhibition you have seen in a museum. Shahrazad’s decision to see the king left her father feeling totally bewildered. I can bring to the post a proven track record in successful team management.

11 153 153 13 11

153

13

8 11 16


A

B

C

D

an online social networking service 150 Twitter

noun

/ twɪtə(r)/

151 ultra‐

prefix

/ʌltrə/

152 ultramodern

adjective

/ ʌltrə mɒdə(r)n/

extremely: used with many adjectives, for example ultra‐right‐wing, ultra‐cautious extremely modern ultrasonic sounds are sounds that humans cannot hear because they have very high frequencies

153 ultrasonic

adjective

/ ʌltrə sɒnɪk/

154 unfriend

verb

/ʌn frend/

155 unicorn

noun

/ ju nɪˌkɔː(r)n/

156 update **

verb

/ʌp deɪt/

157 upload **

verb

/ ʌp ləʊd/

158 user‐generated

adjective

/ ju zə(r)

E

New words are coming into English all the time, especially on the internet (blog, Twitter, unfriend). The lichen survived exposure to the glaring ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. Her antique furniture contrasted the ultramodern design of the house. Specialised car horns use ultrasonic technology to drive away deer.

F

15 13

to remove a contact from a social networking site

dʒenəreɪtɪd/

159 utterly *** 160 valid **

adverb adjective

/ ʌtə(r)li/ / vælɪd/

161 venue ** 162 verifiable

noun adjective

/ venju / / verɪˈfaɪəb(ə)l/

163 verify

verb

/ verɪfaɪ/

164 very ***

adverb

/ veri/

165 vet

verb

/vet/

166 visit ***

verb

/ vɪzɪt/

167 vizier

noun

She was upset that her longtime friend unfriended her on the social networking site. an imaginary creature like a horse with a single long Almost every Renaissance museum had a unicorn’s horn. horn on its head 1 to add the most recent information to The database updates automatically when new information is entered. something such as a book, document, list, blog or social networking profile to send a file, video or image from your computer to High‐speed internet connections make it easy to upload and a larger system using the internet download pictures quickly. if the content of a website is user‐generated, it is created by members of the public completely: often used for emphasising how bad someone or something is reasonable and generally accepted the place where an activity or event happens

User‐generated content may replace the contributions of experts. 6 The citizens were utterly horrified by the king’s brutality.

All opinions are equally valid. More people are going to public cultural institutions these days than are going to sporting venues. able to be checked or proved All articles must strive for verifiable accuracy. to check or to prove that something is true or correct There was no way to verify his claims. completely: often used for emphasising how bad someone or something is to examine something in order to decide if it is allowed to use a website or blog

153

11 7 8 7

Their father at his death left them a very moderate fortune. 11 Articles are vetted for accuracy and appropriateness by a panel of experts on the Wikipedia Editorial Board. Today, more and more young people are visiting museums.

6 9

/vɪˈzɪə(r)/

168 weakness **

noun

/ wi knəs/

169 web‐based

adjective

/ web

an important government official in some Muslim countries in the past a fault or problem that makes something or someone less effective or attractive accessible using the internet

beɪst/

The vizier was overjoyed when Shahrazad’s life was spared. 11 Despite its weaknesses, Wikipedia is still a great entry point for finding information. The first web‐based wiki was created by Ward Cunningham in 1995 to enable computer programmers to share ideas online.

6

6



A

B

C

170 wiki

noun

/ wɪki/

171 youngster **

noun

/ jʌŋstə(r)/

D

E

a website which allows its readers to freely add and A wiki is a website that allows the easy creation and editing of web pages. edit content and to create links between different pieces of content a child or a young person Some museums have found themselves absolutely crowded with youngsters in the evening.

F

6 153

172 Unit 2

advance **

verb

175 176

Before he could advance another step, the men ran away.

frightened, for example because you feel you are in danger different from something else and able to be used instead of it something that you very much want to do, usually something that is difficult to achieve to succeed in doing something that you very much want to do

I’m afraid of the dark.

/əd vɑːns/

173 174

to help something progress and become more developed or successful

afraid ***

adjective

/ə freɪd/

alternative ***

adjective

/ɔːl tɜː(r)nətɪv/

ambition **

noun

/æm bɪʃ(ə)n/

fulfil an ambition 177

phrase

24 We are now looking for an alternative method. His ambition was to become a successful writer. He was on the verge of fulfilling his ambition when one day his mother suddenly announced that they would be leaving.

/fʊl fɪl ən æm bɪʃ(ə)n/

24 something that makes it comfortable or enjoyable to Amenities include a gym, a pool, and a jacuzzi. live or work somewhere

amenity

noun

anxious **

adjective

/ə mi nəti/

178 179 180 181 182 183 184

apprehensive

adjective

/ æprɪˈhensɪv/

arouse **

verb

/ə raʊz/

as ***

conjunction

/æz/, /əz/

phrase

/æz

as soon as ... background ** balance ***

noun

188

worried because you think something bad might happen slightly worried or nervous

I’m feeling anxious about the interview tomorrow. 24

The noise of cars whooshing by left me feeling insecure and apprehensive. to cause an emotion or attitude They can’t see anything, so their other senses are kind of aroused. used for saying that something happens at the same As the sun sinks behind the horizon, your world is instantly time as something else plunged into gloom. immediately after something has happened As soon as I saw the man coming towards me, I started running.

su n æz/

/ bæk ɡraʊnd/

noun / bæləns/

185 186 187

/ æŋkʃəs/

bang *

verb

/bæŋ/

bark *

verb

/bɑː(r)k/

23 155 20 28

the part of a picture or pattern that is behind the main people or things in it a situation in which different aspects or features are treated equally or exist in the correct relationship to each other 1 to hit something hard, making a loud noise 2 to move, making loud noises to make the short loud sound that a dog makes


What else can you see in the foreground and the background? 18 Woman with a Balance is one of Vermeer’s finest paintings. 19 I heard a door bang. 23 There were dogs playfully barking in the distance during our stroll in an imaginary park.

23


A 189

B

blind **

adjective

bound **

adjective

bound to .../bound not to ... 191

193 194 195

phrase

/ breɪn tʃaɪld/

breath ***

noun

/breθ/

phrase

/ həʊld jɔː(r)

adjective

/braɪt/

noun

/bʌz/

hold your breath bright *** 1

the buzz of conversation 2

200

/ baʊnd tu / / baʊnd nɒt tu /

noun

198 buzz 199

/blaɪnd/

brainchild

196 buzz 197

phrase verb

Police officers finally cornered and captured the dog.

difficult to deal with or achieve, but interesting and enjoyable the possibility that something will happen

It aims to evoke in the visitors extraordinary and powerful emotions that are mentally challenging. Computers allow people to link up, communicate and do business, and thus stand a chance of competing in global markets.

adjective

/ tʃælɪndʒɪŋ/

chance ***

noun

clatter

verb

/tʃɜː(r)p/

click *

verb

/klɪk/

compensate **

verb

/ kɒmpənseɪt/ / kɒmpənseɪt fə(r) sʌmθɪŋ/

compensate for something phrase

23

22

20 strɒŋ

/ klætə(r)/

204

24

He had been practising diving and holding his breath so that he, too, would be able to go through the tunnel. I was thrown from bright sunshine into complete darkness.

to get control of something

challenging

verb

to breathe in and not let the air out again for some time full of strong shining light

My head was still buzzing hours after leaving the nightclub.

/ kæptʃə(r)/

chirp

22

23

verb

phrase

21 a clever system, organisation, or plan that someone Dialogue in the Dark is the brainchild of German entrepreneur thinks of and develops Andreas Heinecke. He could feel her cool breath on his face.

1 when an insect such as a fly or bee

202

207

22

Oil is bound to run out in my lifetime.

/bʌz/

/ðeə(r)z ə ðæt/

206

F

In the summer, he can hear the constant buzz of the air

capture **

there’s a strong chance that ...

breθ/

something that is bound to happen will almost certainly happen, something that is bound not to happen will almost certainly not happen

the sound of a lot of people talking at the same time I heard the buzz of conversation.

/tʃɑːns/

205

E

It is designed to give sighted people an insight into the experience of being blind. By signing the contract, you agree to be bound by its terms.

/ðə bʌz əv kɒnvə(r) seɪʃ(ə)n/

201

203

D

unable to see

/baʊnd/

190

192

C

tʃɑːns

it is very possible that...

There’s a strong chance that thousands of species of plants and animals will soon become extinct. when a bird or an insect chirps, it makes a short high There were birds chirping during our stroll in an imaginary park. sound if a hard object clatters, or if you clatter it, it makes The sound of water clattering onto marble stones came from my left. several loud short noises as it hits against another hard object or surface to make a short sound like the sound when you press The cameras continued clicking as they drove away. a switch The airline will have to find a way to compensate the families of the victims. to change or remove the bad result of something It was as if my senses were compensating for the one I had left behind.


21 23

23

23


A

consume **

B

D

/kən sju m/ consumption **

noun

/kən sʌmpʃ(ə)n/

energy consumption 210

phrase crackle

verb

creak

verb

213

cut *** cutthroat

noun

217 218 219 220

/dɔːnt/ dazzling

adjective

/ dæzlɪŋ/

deaf **

adjective

/def/

define ***

verb

/dɪˈfaɪn/

definitely **

adverb

/ def(ə)nətli/

dependence **

noun

/dɪˈpendəns/

destroy ***

verb

223

a cutthroat activity or situation is one in which people behave in an unfair or immoral way in order to get an advantage over other people if something daunts you, it makes you worried because you think that it will be very difficult or dangerous to do a dazzling light is so bright that it makes you unable to see for a short period of time not able to hear anything, or not able to hear very well to be a feature or quality that shows exactly what someone or something is like without any doubt

I admit I'm daunted by the job, but I'm going to try my best.

I could barely see in the dazzling midday sun. She's been totally deaf since birth. No one has defined the scope of the project.

The world’s governments will definitely find ways to halt climate change in the near future. a situation in which you need someone or something Solar power could be the key to reducing our current dependence in order to live or succeed on fossil fuels. to damage something so severely that it no longer Half the world's rainforests have already been destroyed. exists or can never return to its normal state

devoid devoid of

adjective phrase

/dɪˈvɔɪd/ /dɪˈvɔɪd

ɒv/

lacking something, especially a good quality to eat or use something very fast

devour

21 20

Our guide proceeded to lead us through a world devoid of visual stimuli. Our guide proceeded to lead us through a world devoid of visual stimuli. He was already devouring detective fiction as a young child.

23 23

verb /dɪˈvaʊə(r)/

224 225

The recent graduate found it hard to get used to the cutthroat business world.

/dɪˈstrɔɪ/

221 222

20

155

verb

215

20

to make continuous short sounds like the sound of The radio began to crackle. wood burning if something creaks, especially something wooden, it The chair creaked as she sat down. makes a high noise when it moves or when you put weight on it a reduction in something Look at all the cuts they’re making in the arts at the moment.

/kʌt/

/ kʌt θrəʊt/ daunt

216

/ kræk(ə)l/

adjective

214

Where energy consumption is lower, panels are relatively inexpensive to produce and install. In just one hour the sun is capable of producing enough power to fuel the world’s current annual energy consumption.

/ enə(r)dʒi kən sʌmpʃ(ə)n/

/kri k/

212

F

20

the amount of energy that people use

211

E

to use a supply of something such as time, energy, or A huge outlay is required to install panels large enough to fuel produce all the electricity consumed by the average household.

verb

208 209

C

dim

adjective

dim light is not bright /dɪm/


In many developing countries, chores and schoolwork must be done by the dim, flickering light of a candle.

20


A

disability **

B

noun / dɪsə bɪləti/

226 227 228 229

discrete

adjective

/dɪˈskri t/

disorientation

noun

/dɪs ɔːriən teɪʃ(ə)n/

dive **

verb

/daɪv/

dizzy

adjective / dɪzi/

230 231

domestic ***

adjective

doubt ***

noun

232

there is little/no doubt that ... 233 234 235 236

phrase drift ** drown ** emission **

verb verb noun

carbon emissions 237 238

phrase exhaust emissions

phrase

zero emissions 239

phrase encompass

240 241 encounter **

verb noun

enhance **

verb

enlightenment

noun

242 243

C

/də mestɪk/

D

a condition in which someone is not able to use a part of their body or brain properly, for example because of an injury separate

E

23

My brain struggled with having to piece together discrete touch sensations in order to identify the whole. confusion about where you are or what direction you Disorientation does not begin to describe the experience of are moving in suddenly being robbed of your major sensory organ. to swim underwater, usually using special equipment He had been observing them dive through an underground so that you can breathe tunnel and come out the other side. His nose bled so badly that he turned dizzy. feeling as if you or the things around you are spinning, especially when you think you are going to fall relating to people’s homes and family life Johannes Vermeer was a Dutch painter who specialised in domestic interior scenes of middle‐class life. a feeling of not being certain about something There seems to be some doubt as to whether this is legal.

/daʊt/ it is almost certain/certain that ... /ðeə(r) ɪz lɪt(ə)l daʊt ðæt/, /ðeə(r) ɪz nəʊ daʊt ðæt/ to be pushed along very slowly by the movement of air or water /drɪft/ to sink under water and die /draʊn/ a substance, especially a gas, that goes into the air /ɪˈmɪʃ(ə)n/ carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, produced by vehicles and industrial processes / kɑː(r)bən ɪˌmɪʃ(ə)nz/ gases from a vehicle’s engine /ɪɡˈzɔːst ɪˌmɪʃ(ə)nz/ vehicles that have zero emissions do not produce substances that damage the atmosphere / zɪərəʊ ɪˌmɪʃ(ə)nz/ to include a lot of people or things /ɪn kʌmpəs/ /ɪn kaʊntə(r)/ an experience or discovery of a particular kind to improve something, or to make it more attractive or more valuable /ɪn hɑːns/ the process of explaining or understanding something clearly /ɪn laɪt(ə)nmənt/


F

How far do you think your learning institution caters to the needs of people with a disability?

23 23 24

154 18

There’s no doubt that we will have discovered new sources of oil by the middle of the century. 21 He drifted to the surface, his face turned up to the air. 24 He must go on into the blackness ahead, or he would drown. 24 It is highly likely that global temperatures will rise if we do not curb greenhouse emissions. We must all do our part to cut harmful carbon emissions.

21

Car manufacturers hope to reduce exhaust emissions by 30% within the next three years. It is likely that all vehicle manufacturers will make at least one zero emissions vehicle within the decade. The student debates will encompass a range of subjects. The only way to learn is through encounter. The measures taken should considerably enhance the residents' quality of life.

22

She travelled to India in search of enlightenment. 19


A 244 245 246 247

B

enrich

verb

/ɪn rɪtʃ/

evoke

verb

/ɪˈvəʊk/

faint **

adjective

/feɪnt/

foreground foreseeable

noun

/ fɔː(r) ɡraʊnd/

249

phrase fossil fuel

/ɪn ðə fɔː(r) si əb(ə)l fju tʃə(r)/

/ fɒs(ə)l frankly *

adverb

fju əl/

252 253 frightened *

fumble *

phrase adjective

154 What else can you see in the foreground and the background? 18

at a future time that is not very distant, and that can There is unlikely to be a major nuclear accident in the foreseeable be at least partly guessed from present conditions future. 21 a fuel such as coal or oil, made from decayed material from animals or plants that lived many thousands of years ago

Solar power could be the key to reducing our current dependence on fossil fuels. 20

/ kwaɪt fræŋkli/ / fraɪt(ə)nd/

used for emphasizing that what you are about to say Quite frankly, I don't think there’s any point in studying art. is your honest opinion, even though the person you are talking to might not like it feeling or showing fear, especially suddenly I’m frightened of the dark. to try to hold, move, or find something using your We had to fumble for our wallets in the pitch‐black bar. hands in a way that is not skilful or graceful

/ fʌmb(ə)l/ gang up

phrasal verb

/ ɡæŋ

gasp *

verb

/ɡɑːsp/

generate ***

verb

/ dʒenəreɪt/

go off

phrasal verb

/ ɡəʊ ɒf/ / ɡri dɪli/ / hɑː(r)d əv

258 259 greedily 260 hard of hearing

262

22

/ fræŋkli/

verb

254

261

It aims to evoke in the visitors powerful emotions that are mentally challenging. The light produces a faint reflection in the mirror.

She talks frankly about her unhappy childhood.

quite frankly

257

to bring a particular emotion, idea, or memory into your mind a faint light, sight, sound, smell, or taste is not strong or clear the front part of a scene or picture

F

The increased demand for organic produce was not foreseeable ten years ago.

noun

250

256

E

Doing volunteer work has enriched my life.

/fɔː(r) si əb(ə)l/ in the foreseeable future

255

D

to make something better or more enjoyable

adjective

248

251

C

adverb adjective verb

/ hɑː(r)nɪs/

harsh **

adjective

/hɑː(r)ʃ/

honk

verb

/hɒŋk/ / hɒrə(r)/

263 264 horror **

noun

23 to join together in a group to hurt, frighten, or fight It was as if my senses were ganging up to compensate for the one someone I had left behind. to make a violent effort to breathe because you need He was gasping like a fish. more air to produce power This time next year we will be installing solar panels to generate energy. to explode, or to be fired The gun went off while he was cleaning it.

ʌp/

harness

24

hɪərɪŋ/

eating, drinking or using more than you need unable to hear well to get control of something in order to use it for a particular purpose harsh colours or lights are not pleasant because they are very bright to make a loud noise using a horn, especially the horn of a car

She greedily grabbed two big pieces of cake. He is hard of hearing , so please speak a bit louder. The power of the sun is harnessed by means of photovoltaic solar panels. Ilie remembers the harsh living conditions in Romania.

24 21

20

The car horns honking left me feeling insecure and apprehensive. I love old horror movies, like Dracula or Frankenstein .


23

23 27


A 265 266

have a horror of (doing) something

B

phrase

house ***

verb

household ***

noun

humanities, the

/ðə hju humankind

noun

illuminating

adjective

273

adjective

/ɪˈmɜː(r)st/

inconceivable

adjective

/ ɪnkən si vəb(ə)l/

inevitable ***

adjective

/ɪn evɪtəb(ə)l/

informative *

adjective

noun

275

278 279 280

/ ɪnstə leɪʃ(ə)n/

interior **

noun

/ɪn tɪəriə(r)/

intimidated

adjective

/ɪn tɪmɪˌdeɪtɪd/

jump ***

verb

/dʒʌmp/

phrase

/tʊ

kerosene

noun

/ kerəsi n/

latitudes

plural noun

to make someone jump

What is the value of studying the humanities? 26

In the long term, humankind will probably need to emigrate to a different planet. We had a very illuminating discussion, but in the cold light of day providing new or useful information, so that something becomes clearer and easier to understand I reject his arguments.

21

19 if you are immersed in something, you spend most of I was having smell illusions while immersed in this world of your time doing it or thinking about it darkness. impossible to think about or imagine It is inconceivable that global temperatures will rise if we do not curb greenhouse emissions. impossible to avoid or prevent It is inevitable that global temperatures will rise if we do not curb greenhouse emissions. giving a lot of information in a helpful way I learned a lot from the entertaining and informative documentary on the benefits of exercise. a piece of art that consists of several different objects or pictures arranged to produce a particular effect the inside part of something, especially a building or vehicle feeling nervous or frightened of someone or something

23 21 21

Olafur Eliasson is famous for his sculptures and installations that make use of water, air and light. 18 Johannes Vermeer specialised in domestic interior scenes of middle‐class life. I’m feeling intimidated by the amount of work that needs doing.

light ***

noun

18 24

You'll have to jump if you want to catch it.

meɪk sʌmwʌn

to give someone a shock which makes them suddenly Loud noises make me jump. dʒʌmp/ move their body slightly a clear oil with a strong smell that is used for fuel In many developing countries, chores and schoolwork must be done by the light of a kerosene lamp. a place or region at a particular latitude (= the The power of the sun is a safe source of energy in sunny latitudes. distance of a point on the Earth from the equator)

/ lætɪˌtju dz/

281 282

22

/ɪn fɔː(r)mətɪv/ installation **

277

/ hju mən kaɪnd/

immersed

274

276

mænətiz/

F

20 subjects such as history, literature, and philosophy that are based on the study of human culture and ideas people in general

/ɪˈlu mɪˌneɪtɪŋ/

270

272

E

He had a horror of being in a confined space.

to be the place where something is kept, or where an Dialogue in the Dark is an exhibition, housed in different centres activity is carried out around the world. the people who live in a house or flat when they are A huge outlay is required to install panels large enough to considered as a single unit produce all the electricity consumed by the average household.

/haʊz/

plural noun

268

271

D

du ɪŋ to be very frightened of (doing) something

/ haʊs həʊld/

267

269

C

/hæv ə hɒrə(r) əv sʌmθɪŋ/

24 20

20 Olafur Eliasson is famous for his sculptures and installations that make use of water, air and light.

/laɪt/


18


A 283

by the light of something

B

C

D

using the light given by something phrase

/baɪ ðə

laɪt əv

sʌmθɪŋ/

in the cold light of day 284 285 286 287 288

phrase in the light of something the light at the end of the tunnel come to light give the green light to something

290

/ɪn ðə

phrase

/ðə laɪt ət ði tʌn(ə)l/

phrase

/ kʌm tə

phrase

/ ɡɪv ðə ɡri n sʌmθɪŋ/

291

phrase shed light on something

phrase

light up

phrasal verb

likelihood *

noun

there is a likelihood/little likelihood th 293

295 296

phrase likely *** likely/highly likely to ... ... unlikely/highly unlikely to ... ... memento

adjective phrase phrase noun

297

modest **

adjective

mood ***

noun

298

299 300

laɪt əv

deɪ/

laɪt ɒn

/ laɪt

to think of someone in a bad/new/different etc way

His behaviour has led me to see him in a different light.

to help someone understand something better

Scientists hope the discovery of this gene will shed light on the disease. When midnight struck, the whole sky was lit up by the firework display. There's a strong likelihood that he will run for president next year.

laɪt/ laɪt tə

ʌp/

19 19 19 19

/si sʌmwʌn ɪn ə bæd, nju , dɪfrənt laɪt/ /ʃed

to approve something

something that makes you think that a difficult situation will improve If facts come to light, people discover them.

19

19 In the light of the latest revelations, the government has decided not to renew their contract. The project has already taken six months, but I can see the light at the end of the tunnel. New facts have come to light which suggest that our earlier hypothesis was wrong. The government has given the green light to the proposal.

sʌmθɪŋ/ end əv ðə

F

19

sʌmθɪŋ/ to make a place brighter by giving it light

19 19

/ laɪklihʊd/

292

294

kəʊld laɪt əv

phrase

see someone in a bad/new/different e 289

/ɪn ðə

used for saying how people feel about emotional matters when they think about them later in a calmer way because of a particular fact

E

We could just make out the outline of the house by the light of the moon. We had a very illuminating discussion, but in the cold light of day I reject his arguments.

muffled

adjective

/ðeə(r) ɪz ə laɪklihʊd ðæt/, there is a good chance/hardly any chance that /ðeə(r) ɪz lɪt(ə)l laɪklihʊd something might happen ðæt/

There’s little likelihood that we will have discovered new sources of oil by the middle of the century. 21 The most likely cause of the fire was a cigarette.

/ laɪkli/ probably/very probably going to happen, or / laɪkli/, / haɪli laɪkli tu / probably/very probably true /ʌn laɪkli/, / haɪli ʌn laɪkli probably/very probably not going to happen, or probably/very probably not true tu / something that you keep to remind you of a particular person, place, or experience /mə mentəʊ/ fairly small, especially when compared with other things of the same type / mɒdɪst/ a quality that something such as a place, film, or piece of art or music has that makes you have a particular feeling /mu d/ a muffled sound is not easy to hear because it is blocked by something / mʌf(ə)ld/


Oil is likely to run out in my lifetime. 21 There is unlikely to be a major nuclear accident in the foreseeable future. We wrote a text on a Braille typewriter and took it home as a memento of the exploration.

21

23 His income was modest compared with that of other chief executives. The mood of gentle serenity is created by light streaming into a dimly‐lit room from an external source. 154 We couldn't really say what the muffled sound was. 155


A

nervous **

301 302 noise *** 303 the noise of something 304 305 306 307 308 309

nuclear *** nuclear energy nuclear power nuclear power station nuclear waste nuclear weapon nurture

B

adjective noun phrase adjective

D

feeling excited and worried, or slightly afraid / nɜː(r)vəs/ /nɔɪz/ /ðə nɔɪz əv

sʌmθɪŋ /

a loud or unpleasant sound the sound that something makes

/ nju kliə(r)/

phrase

/ nju kliə(r)

phrase phrase

/ nju kliə(r) paʊə(r)/ /nju kliə(r) paʊə(r) steɪʃ(ə)n/

phrase

/ nju kliə(r)

weɪst/

phrase

/ nju kliə(r)

wepən/

enə(r)dʒi/

energy that is produced when the structure of the central part of an atom is changed power, usually in the form of electricity, that is produced by nuclear energy a large building that contains machines which produce nuclear power dangerous substances that remain after nuclear energy has been produced a powerful bomb or other weapon that uses nuclear energy to help someone or something to develop

E

Amidst nervous giggling, our guide proceeded to lead us through a world devoid of visual stimuli. She found it hard to identify the location of noises. I can hear the noise of a baby crying. There is unlikely to be a major nuclear accident in the foreseeable future. Nuclear energy provides a quarter of the country's electricity. Unfortunately, it seems very unlikely that nuclear power will ever be completely safe. In 2030 the government will build ten new nuclear power stations. There’s no way we will ever be able to dispose of nuclear waste safely. The threat of nuclear weapons is ever present in today's world.

F

23 22 23 21

135 21 21

The magazine had a reputation for nurturing young writers.

verb / nɜː(r)tʃə(r)/

310

paradoxically

used for saying that something is strange because it Paradoxically, it is their differences that bring them closer to each is the opposite of what you expect other.

adverb / pærə dɒksɪkli/

311

personally **

What personally surprised me the most was the smell illusions I was having while immersed in this world of darkness.

adverb / pɜː(r)s(ə)nəli/

312 313

C

personally, I feel ...

phrase

/ pɜː(r)s(ə)nəli aɪ

23 fi l/

used for emphasising that you are giving your own opinion

Personally, I feel we should stick with our original plan. You can call it brave or foolish, depending on your perspective.

perspective **

noun

314 315

a change of perspective

phrase

from someone’s perspective 316 317 318

phrase petrified

adjective

phobia **

noun

piece together 319 320 point ***

phrasal verb noun

/pə(r) spektɪv/ /ə tʃeɪndʒ əv pə(r) spektɪv/ /frəm sʌmwʌnz pə(r) spektɪv/ / petrɪfaɪd/ / fəʊbiə/

a change in the way someone thinks about something according to the way someone thinks about something

The exhibition is designed to provoke a change of perspective.

extremely frightened, especially so that you cannot move or decide what to do a very strong feeling of disliking or being afraid of someone or something to learn the truth about something by considering all the separate bits of information you have

I’m petrified of heights.

/ pi s tə ɡeðə(r)/ /pɔɪnt/

22 From the perspective of anyone with children, it looks rather irrelevant.

24 I have a phobia about snakes. 24 My brain struggled with the unfamiliar task of having to piece together discrete touch sensations. There’s no point in studying an arts subject at university.


23 26


A 321

be on the point of doing something pop**

B

phrase

324

D

pɔɪnt əv

I grabbed my mobile phone and was on the point of dialling the emergency number. if something such as a balloon pops, or if you pop it, Champagne corks were popping. it bursts and makes a sudden loud noise

possibility ***

noun

power

verb

predictably *

adverb

probably ***

the chance that something might happen or be true / pɒsə bɪləti/ to give a machine or vehicle power

probably not prohibitively

phrase

/ prɒbəbli

nɒt/

adverb

noun /ri æləti

renewable energy

tʃek/

noun /rɪˌnju əb(ə)l

330

non‐renewable energy 331

phrase

enə(r)dʒi/

/nɒn rɪˌnju əb(ə)l enə(r)dʒi/

In the long term, humankind will probably need to emigrate to a different planet. used for saying that you think something is unlikely Global warming will probably not become more of a problem in the near future. something which is prohibitively expensive prevents Insurance for dangerous sports can be prohibitively expensive. people from buying it because it costs too much

21 21

verb

/rɪŋ/

rounded

adjective

/ raʊndɪd/

noun

/ rʌmb(ə)l/

verb

/ rʌmb(ə)l/ /skeə(r)d/ / skeə(r)d stɪf/

rumble

2

rumble

335 336 scared ** 337 scared stiff

scratch *

adjective phrase verb

My senses were compensating for the one I had left behind, with if you tell someone that they need a reality check, you want them to consider the true situation instead no regard for a reality check. of the way they want it to be If the world’s governments can switch to renewable energy forms of energy for providing electricity which replace themselves by natural processes, so that they sources, it may be possible to reverse the massive climate change. are never completely used up, for example from the sun or wind non‐renewable types of energy, for example fossil fuels, exist in limited amounts, and when these are all used there will be none left

23

20

Should we continue to consume vast quantities of non‐renewable sources of energy?

1 if a bell rings, it produces a sound

ring ***

1

338

The opposition, predictably, accused the Government of incompetence.

used for saying that you think something is likely

/ prɒbəbli/

329

334

21

/prəʊˈhɪbɪtɪvli/ reality check

333

There’s a possibility that we will have discovered new sources of oil by the middle of the century. The new vehicle is powered by fuel cells.

/ paʊə(r)/

adverb

328

332

28

/prɪˈdɪktəbli/

325

327

F

/pɒp/

happening in the way that you would expect

326

E

du ɪŋ to be about to do something

verb

322 323

C

/bi ɒn ðə sʌmθɪŋ/

/skrætʃ/

The bicycle bells ringing left me feeling insecure and apprehensive. combining different aspects to produce a result that The humanities make you into a fully rounded human being. is complete or well developed a continuous deep sound, for example the sound I heard the rumble of thunder. made by thunder to make a continuous deep sound Lorries rumble past their homes. frightened or worried I’m scared of the dark. extremely frightened or worried I'm scared stiff of heights. to move something sharp against a hard surface and We began to hear kind of scratches against the desk. make a noise


23 155 23

24 24 155


A 339 340 341 342 343 344

B

sensory organ

noun

/ sensəri

sighted

adjective

/ saɪtɪd/

partially sighted

/ pɑː(r)ʃəli

simulation *

noun

/ sɪmjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/

slimy

adjective

/ slaɪmi/

solar ***

adjective

solar eclipse

phrase

/ səʊlə(r)

enə(r)dʒi/

phrase

/ səʊlə(r)

pæn(ə)l/

phrase

/ səʊlə(r)

paʊə(r)/

phrase

/ səʊlə(r)

sɪstəm/

adverb

/ su nə(r)/

phrase noun

/nəʊ su nə(r) ðæn/ /saʊnd/

squeak

verb

/skwi k/

stabilise

verb

/ steɪbəlaɪz/

startle

verb

solar power solar system

350 351

sooner * no sooner ... than ...

352 353 sound * 354 355

357 358

struggle ** stumble *

verb verb

F

23 22

23

20

a short period when all or part of the Sun becomes dark, because of the positions of the Sun, moon, and Earth in relation to each other substances and radiation from the Sun All the planetary bodies within our solar system are receiving some strange, never seen before solar emissions. energy that uses the power of the Sun’s light and heat to produce electricity a piece of equipment that uses energy from the Sun to create power for a building power, usually in the form of electricity, that is produced by nuclear energy a star and the planets that go round it, especially the Sun and the group of planets that includes the Earth

Solar energy could be the key to reducing our current dependence on fossil fuels. The power of the sun is harnessed by means of photovoltaic solar panels. Solar power could be the key to reducing our current dependence on fossil fuels. Space programmes throughout the world continue to search for planets in other solar systems.

20 20 20

My prediction has come true sooner than I thought.

/ stɑː(r)t(ə)l/

356

people who are not completely blind are partially sighted something that produces the features of a situation We were led into a simulation of a busy street. in a way that seems real but is not covered with a thick wet unpleasant substance The roof felt slimy as well as sharp.

/ səʊlə(r)/

/ səʊlə(r) ɪˈmɪʃ(ə)nz/

solar panel

E

Disorientation does not describe the experience of suddenly being robbed of your major sensory organ. It is designed to give sighted people an insight into the experience of being blind. The school was created for the partially sighted.

24

phrase solar energy

D

part of your body relating to the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch someone who is sighted is not blind

The power of the sun is harnessed by means of photovoltaic solar panels. I can't wait to use my new telescope to view the solar eclipse.

/ səʊlə(r) ɪˈklɪps/

solar emissions

349

saɪtɪd/

phrase

346

348

ɔː(r)ɡən/

phrase

345

347

C

/ strʌɡ(ə)l/

used for saying that something happens immediately I had no sooner arrived at the pub than the man stepped in. after something else something that you can hear I can hear the sound of a baby crying. to make a short, high noise The door squeaked open. to make something reach a state where there are no longer any major changes or problems to make a person or animal feel suddenly frightened or surprised by doing something that they do not expect to use your strength to fight against someone or something to fall or almost fall while you are walking or running

/ stʌmb(ə)l/


28 23

Oil prices have stabilised for now. Loud noises startle me. 24 My brain struggled to piece together discrete touch sensations. 23 We stumbled about as our guide proceeded to lead us through a world devoid of visual stimuli.

23


A 359 360 361 362 363

swear ** I could have sworn that ... swell * term ***

verb

/sweə(r)/

phrase

/aɪ

verb

/swel/

/ɪn ðə

phrase adjective

/ɪn ðə ʃɔː(r)t / terəfaɪd/

thunder *

noun

/ θʌndə(r)/

trap **

verb

/træp/ /tred/

367 368 tread *

tremble **

verb

372 373

lɒŋ

tɜː(r)m/ tɜː(r)m/

verb

E

F

I could have sworn that I'd paid that bill. His head was swelling, his lungs cracking. 24

School started in a few days’ time and she did not want him to begin the term in a state of agitation. not immediately but at some time in the future In the long term, humankind will probably need to emigrate to a different planet. during the period of time that is not very far into the There’s little likelihood that we will need to reduce our energy future consumption in the short term. extremely frightened I’m terrified of heights. the loud noise that you sometimes hear in the sky I heard the rumble of thunder. during a storm to prevent someone from leaving a place, especially Suppose he died there, trapped? a dangerous place to walk or step on something Tread softly because you tread on my dreams. if your body or part of your body trembles, it shakes, Adam's hands began to tremble as he opened the letter. usually because you are nervous, afraid, or excited

25 21 21 24 23 24 19

/ tremb(ə)l/

369

371

used for saying that you are sure that something swɔː(r)n ðæt/ happened to become larger than normal, usually because of liquid collecting inside

kəd həv

phrase

in the long term

D

I've never seen him before – I swear!

/tɜː(r)m/

in the short term

370

C

noun

364 365 terrified 366

B

view ***

noun

/vju /

phrase

/ɪn

wheelchair

noun

/ wi l tʃeə(r)/

whoosh

verb

/wʊʃ/

in my view ...

maɪ

vju /

a personal opinion, belief, or attitude about a Did listening to the description change your view of the picture at particular situation or subject all? used to express a personal opinion, belief, or attitude What does the tunnel represent, in your view? about a particular situation or subject a chair with large wheels that someone who cannot The building is not wheelchair accessible. walk uses for moving around to move very quickly somewhere, often making a The noise of cars whooshing by left me feeling insecure. sound like the wind when it blows

18 24

23

374 Unit 3

375 action figure

376 activist * 377 amply *

noun

noun adverb

/ ækʃ(ə)n

fɪɡə(r)/

/ æktɪvɪst/

a toy model of a person or imaginary being, especially a character in a film or a television programme someone who takes part in activities that are intended to achieve political or social change, especially someone who is a member of an organisation

Did you collect action figures as a child?

done enough, and often more than you need

There is already a sum of money amply sufficient for your suitable education and maintenance. Well‐known applications include the field of surgery, where it has reduced the impact of major operations.

/ æmpli/ a particular use that something has

378 application ***

noun

/ æplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/


35 Arundhati Roy is an activist who focuses on issues related to social justice and economic inequality. 37 31 40


A

379 area ***

B

noun

C

to give reasons why you believe that something is right or true a climb upwards, especially up a hill or mountain

Those girls are always arguing!

/ ɑː(r)ɡju/

381 ascent * 382 awkward *

noun adjective

/ə sent/ / ɔːkwə(r)d/

383 feel awkward

phrase

/ fi l

ɔːkwə(r)d/

/ən ɔːkwə(r)d saɪləns/ / bæk ɡraʊnd/

One of Junko Tabei’s many great achievements was her solo ascent of Mount Everest. Estha’s silence was never awkward. to feel uncomfortable, tense, or lacking in confidence His parents felt awkward at first about what he did at home.

387 bargain *

phrase

verb

/ blend ɪntʊ ðə bæk ɡraʊnd/

noun adverb

/bə zɑː(r)/ /bɪˈfɔː(r)/

390 as never before

phrase

/əz

verb

37 He never bargained.

a market, especially in the Middle East and South Asia

Vendors in the bazaar, sitting behind pyramids of oiled, shining vegetables, grew to recognise him and would attend to him amidst the clamouring of their other customers.

37

37

/bɪˈli v/

phrase

/aɪ

393 benefactor

noun

/ benɪˌfæktə(r)/

394 beneficial **

adjective

/ benɪˈfɪʃ(ə)l/

noun

I'd met him once before. They attracted people and industry as never before.

nevə(r) bɪˈfɔː(r)/

392 I personally believe

395 blacksmith

I could hear a TV in the background. Over time he had acquired the ability to blend into the background wherever he was – into bookshelves, gardens, curtains, doorways, streets – to appear inanimate.

to try to persuade someone to give you a better price or make an agreement that suits you better

in a way that has/had never happened previously

391 believe ***

After he spoke there was an awkward silence.

/ bɑː(r)ɡɪn/

388 bazaar 389 before ***

pɜː(r)s(ə)nəli bɪˈli v/

33 to have an opinion about what is true or what might happen, although there is no proof used for emphasising that you are giving your own opinion someone who helps a person or organisation by giving them money something that is beneficial has a good effect or influence on someone or something someone whose job is to make things out of metal

The author believes that Indian English will continue to develop. 39 I personally believe we should stick with our original plan. The name of the person who is your liberal benefactor remains a profound secret. Most of the applications of laser technology are beneficial.

noun

/ bɔː(r)d

397 bonding

noun

/ bɒndɪŋ/

ɡeɪm/

31 40

Pip works for his brother‐in‐law, Joe the blacksmith.

/ blæk smɪθ/

396 board game

33 37 36

a silence that is difficult to deal with and embarrassing to be in a place or situation in which people do not notice you

386 blend into the background

F

33

verb

phrase noun

E

It would take too long to see such a large area.

/ eəriə/

380 argue ***

384 an awkward silence 385 background ***

D

the amount of space that the surface of a place or shape covers, expressed in square units, such as square kilometres or square miles

31 an indoor game played on a board, often with pieces She still enjoys playing board games every now and then. that are moved around it the development of a special close relationship The best part was all that family bonding time. between people


32


A

B

C

398 cards *** 399 a pack of cards

plural noun phrase

/kɑː(r)dz/ /ə pæk əv

400 chain ***

noun

/tʃeɪn/

401 challenge *** 402 charity shop

403 chess piece

noun noun

noun

/ tʃes

E

Did you collect cards as a child?

a set of 52 playing cards a series of things of the same type that form a connected line something that needs a lot of skill, energy, and determination to deal with or achieve, especially something you have never done before and will enjoy doing

The magician used a pack of cards for some of his tricks. The Great Lakes is a chain of lakes in east‐central North America.

a shop belonging to a charity that sells things that people have given to it one of the pieces used for playing chess (= a game for two people, played on a board with black and white squares, using different shaped pieces, including two kings)

She donated all of her old suits to the local charity shop.

F

35 kɑː(r)dz/

/ tʃælɪndʒ/ / tʃærəti

D

the activity of playing games with a set of 52 cards

ʃɒp/

pi s/

156 They’ll just be able to go on the internet pretty quickly, read the solution and solve it, so, there’ll be no challenge. 156

The player thought long and hard before moving the chess piece.

the process of taking control of another country by They played a central role in the European colonisation and going to live there or by sending people to live there development of North America. 404 colonisation

noun

/ kɒlənaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

405 connoisseur

noun

/ kɒnə sɜː(r)/

406 conservation ***

noun

/ kɒnsə(r) veɪʃ(ə)n/

407 conversation ***

noun

408 run out of conversation

phrase

/ kɒnvə(r) seɪʃ(ə)n/ / rʌn aʊt əv kɒnvə(r) seɪʃ(ə)n/

409 convict

noun

/ kɒnvɪkt/

410 courteous

adjective

/ kɜː(r)tiəs/

411 creativity *

noun

/ kri eɪˈtɪvəti/

412 decimal

noun

/ desɪm(ə)l/

413 defensive **

adjective

/dɪˈfensɪv/

156 someone who knows a lot about a particular thing and enjoys it a lot the management of land and water in ways that prevent it from being damaged or destroyed

Is a yo‐yo with a ball‐bearing system that comes back automatically cheating for yo‐yo connoisseurs? The majority is closed to tourists for conservation reasons.

156

33 a talk between two or more people, usually a private Listen to the conversation. and informal one to not have anything more to talk about He had simply run out of conversation and had nothing left to say. someone who is in prison because they have The man is a convict who has escaped from a prison ship. committed a crime polite, especially in a formal way This was my first encounter with courteous drivers in cities and towns. the ability to create new ideas or things using your I just see nowadays that modern LEGO® hasn’t really got the imagination creativity. a number in a counting system based on the number Students were asked to round up decimals to whole numbers in the answers. ten that consists of numbers on either side of a decimal point intended or used for protecting a place during an Nearly 3,000 kilometres of the Great Wall of China consist of attack trenches and natural defensive barriers such as hills or rivers.

38 37 30 32 156

156 used for saying that something happens even though Despite its potential for misuse, it is possible that in the future, something else might have prevented it lasers could be used for beneficial endeavours.

414 despite ***

preposition

/dɪˈspaɪt/

40



A

B

C

415 dormancy

noun

/ dɔː(r)mənsi/

416 downright

adverb

/ daʊn raɪt/

D

noun

/ dɪnəsti/

418 endow

verb

/ɪn daʊ/

419 be endowed with something

phrase

/bi ɪn daʊd wɪð

verb

sʌmθɪŋ/

421 expectation ***

noun

/ ekspek teɪʃ(ə)n/

422 eye ***

noun

/aɪ/

phrase

/ði ʌn treɪnd

424 fair *** 425 that’s not fair!

adjective phrase

/feə(r)/ /ðæts nɒt

426 fancy 427 feature ***

noun noun

/ fænsi/ / fi tʃə(r)/

428 natural feature

noun

/ nætʃ(ə)rəl

429 fraction **

noun

/ frækʃ(ə)n/

37

aɪ/

feə(r)/

fi tʃə(r)/

156

31 to gradually change and develop over a period of time the belief that something will happen

/ɪˈvɒlv/

423 the untrained eye

F

32 a family whose members rule a country or region for The section of the Great Wall in Badaling was built during the a long period of time Ming Dynasty. The family is raising money to endow the scholarship in their son's name. to have something such as a good ability or quality You must know that, although I have used the term ‘expectations’ more than once, you are not endowed with expectations only.

417 dynasty

420 evolve **

E

a state where something is not active or developing His silence was a type of evasion, a dormancy. now, but it may become active or develop in the future completely or extremely: used for emphasising how This was my first encounter with courteous – no, downright bad someone or something is friendly – drivers.

I think the yo‐yo’s probably evolved. 156 I let my parents down because they had high expectations for me. Close your eyes and go to sleep.

He had acquired the ability to appear almost invisible to the used as a way of referring to someone with little knowledge or experience of a particular activity or untrained eye. subject if a situation is fair, everyone is treated equally and in Life is not always fair. a reasonable way that is not reasonable Her piece of cake is bigger ‐ that’s not fair! imagination, or something that you imagine or My wild fancy was surpassed by sober reality. dream about Each room has its own distinctive features. something impressive that is not man‐made, for This is one of the great natural features of the North American example a network of caves or a waterfall continent and of the planet itself. a division or part of a whole number, for example ½ His investment is now worth only a fraction of its original value. or ¾

31

37

31

156

a border between two countries, especially one with The frontier between Canada and the United States was official points where people or vehicles cross stabilised by a boundary‐waters treaty in 1909. 430 frontier **

noun

/frʌn tɪə(r)/, / frʌntɪə(r)/

156 making you feel annoyed and impatient because you It was really frustrating at first because there’s so many different are prevented from achieving something ways to get all the different colours on the different faces.

431 frustrating *

adjective

/ frʌˌstreɪtɪnɡ/

156 an annoyed or impatient feeling that you get when you are prevented from doing what you want

432 frustration *

noun

/frʌˈstreɪʃ(ə)n/

Just when you think you’ve solved it there’s one colour out and, it just drove you mad with frustration. 156



A

B

C

D

E

F

Donkey rides are £3 a go. 433 go **

noun

/ɡəʊ/

434 all in one go

phrase

/ ɔːl ɪn

435 can I have a go?

phrase

/kən aɪ

436 great ***

adjective

/ɡreɪt/

437 greatness

noun

wʌn ɡəʊ/ hæv ə

ɡəʊ/

all at once, without any pauses or divisions

Many people think it was built all in one go, but this isn’t true.

used to ask for your chance to play in a game or to take part in an activity 1 bigger or more than is usual

That looks like fun ‐ can I have a go?

a position of power, success, or respect

Some achieve greatness and some have greatness thrust upon them. You will please consider me your guardian.

155

30

/ ɡreɪtnəs/

someone who is legally responsible for another person such as a child whose parents have died 438 guardian

noun

Can you think of examples of people who have become great?

/ ɡɑː(r)diən/

30

31 It was Alfred Nobel’s guilty conscience about having developed dynamite which led him to create Nobel Prizes.

439 guilty ***

adjective

/ ɡɪlti/

40

440 feel guilty 441 idyllic 442 inanimate

phrase adjective adjective

/ fi l ɡɪlti/ /ɪˈdɪlɪk/ /ɪn ænɪmət/

443 indulge *

verb

/ɪn dʌldʒ/

444 indulge in something

phrase

/ɪn dʌldʒ ɪn

445 intrusive 446 irrationality

adjective noun

/ɪn tru sɪv/ /ɪˌræʃə næləti/

447 joke **

verb

/dʒəʊk/

448 you’re joking!

phrase

/ jɔː(r)

449 kite *

noun

/kaɪt/

450 lane **

noun

/leɪn/

451 lead * 452 let ***

noun verb

/li d/ /let/

sʌmθɪŋ/

dʒəʊkɪŋ/

to feel ashamed and sorry because you have done, or you think you have done, something wrong

He has to steal these things from his sister and her husband Joe, which makes him feel very guilty.

extremely beautiful and peaceful not alive

Switzerland has mile upon mile of idyllic countryside. He had acquired the ability to appear inanimate. He loves his wife and indulges his sons.

to allow yourself to have or do something that you enjoy interrupting a peaceful situation

If you had the money to indulge in a collection, what would you collect? I found their question quite intrusive.

the absence of clear or sensible reasons

In love, as in collecting, irrationality reigns supreme. I thought he was joking when he said he'd resigned.

Your boss just gave you the day off tomorrow ‐ you’re joking! used for saying that you cannot believe that someone really means what they have just said because it seems so surprising or so silly a toy that flies in the air while you hold it by a long Tom was very happily flying this kite. string This was my first encounter with wide bike lanes. one of the parts that a wide road or motorway is divided into, marked by painted lines and intended for one line of traffic a soft heavy grey metal used especially in the past for The government found traces of lead in the toy soldiers and took making pipes, covering roofs, and in paint them all off the shelves. Emily let Alastair run up the hill.


30 32 37

35

35

156

32

35 38


A 453 let go (of someone/something) 454 liberal **

B

phrase adjective

/let ɡəʊ əv sʌmθɪŋ/

C

D

sʌmwʌn,

He’ll let go of the kite.

a liberal amount is large and generous

The name of the person who is your liberal benefactor remains a profound secret. Little progress has been made on finding a solution to the problem.

/ lɪb(ə)rəl/

1

determiner

/ lɪt(ə)l/

2

pronoun

/ lɪt(ə)l/

456 little ***

F

156

used for referring to an extremely small amount of something 455 little ***

E

to stop holding someone or something

31

They have very little, but what they have, they share. used to ask for a small quantity of something

457 just a little, please 458 little by little

phrase phrase

/ dʒʌst ə lɪt(ə)l pli z/ / lɪt(ə)l baɪ lɪt(ə)l/

459 little does someone know

phrase

/ lɪt(ə)l dəz nəʊ/

460 maintenance ** 461 map *

noun verb

/ meɪntənəns/ /mæp/

462 marbles

plural noun

/ mɑː(r)b(ə)lz/

sʌmwʌn

I'd like some tea – but just a little, please.

very gradually Don’t worry. We’ll get there little by little . used for saying that someone does not know/realise Little did I know I would one day be in charge of the office. that something is true the process of continuing something or keeping it in existence to make a map of an area a game played by children in which they roll small coloured glass balls called marbles on the ground

There is already a sum of money amply sufficient for your suitable education and maintenance. The entire reef area is still being mapped. Did you collect any marbles as a child?

34

31 33

35

463 me *** 464 it wasn’t me!

pronoun phrase

/mi /, /mi/ /ɪt wɒz(ə)nt

465 memorable

adjective

/ mem(ə)rəb(ə)l/

466 misuse

noun

/mɪs ju s/

467 nevertheless ***

adverb

/ nevə(r)ðə les/

468 nightmare **

noun

/ naɪt meə(r)/

469 objection **

noun

/əb dʒekʃ(ə)n/

mi /

Mr. Jaggers was throwing his finger at me sideways as he spoke to me. used for saying that you did not do something I swear it wasn’t me! worth remembering or easy to remember, because He is most remembered for creating vivid and memorable of being special in some way characters in his classic novels. the use of something in the wrong way or for the Despite its potential for misuse, it is possible that in future lasers wrong purpose could be used for beneficial endeavours. despite a fact or idea that you have just mentioned: Alexander II was an obscure but nevertheless interesting Scottish used as a way of showing how a sentence, phrase, or king. word is related to what has already been said an extremely difficult or frightening situation

31

31 40

The journey to work was a nightmare. If you have any objection to it, this is the time to mention it.

470 have no objection

phrase

/ hæv nəʊ əb dʒekʃ(ə)n/

471 obsolete 472 orphan

adjective noun

/ ɒbsəli t/, / ɒbsə li t/ / ɔː(r)f(ə)n/

473 outweigh *

verb

/ aʊt weɪ/

40 to agree with a plan, or have no reason to disagree with it no longer used because of being replaced by something newer and more effective a child whose parents have died to be more important, useful, or valuable than something else


I could scarcely stammer I had no objection. 31 It doesn’t matter if these things are obsolete or ungainly or ugly. The orphan Philip Pirrip lives with his older sister. Its benefits outweigh its disadvantages.

35 31 40


A

B

C

D

E

F

an amount or rate that is equal to a particular part of 14% of land is privately owned, which is a very small percentage. a total that you have divided by 100 474 percentage **

noun

/pə(r) sentɪdʒ/

475 phase **

noun

/feɪz/

It seemed that Estha’s silence was not just a passing phase.

476 a passing phase

phrase

/ə

36

pɑːsɪŋ

a particular period of time during the development of something/someone which does not last for long

It seemed that Estha’s silence was not just a passing phase.

a truck with an open back and low sides

I myself was somewhat of an oddity, having never driven a pickup truck (or actually, any vehicle). You're soaking wet ‐ poor little thing! You're soaking wet ‐ poor little thing!

feɪz/

477 pickup truck 478 poor ***

noun adjective

/ pɪkʌp trʌk/ /pɔː(r)/, /pʊə(r)/

479 poor little thing!

phrase

/pɔː(r)

480 potential *** 481 problematic

noun adjective

/pə tenʃ(ə)l/ / prɒblə mætɪk/

482 profound **

adjective

/prə faʊnd/

483 promise ***

noun

/ prɒmɪs/

484 show promise 485 purpose *** 486 serve a purpose

phrase noun phrase

/ ʃəʊ prɒmɪs/ / pɜː(r)pəs/ / sɜː(r)v ə pɜː(r)pəs/

487 pursue **

verb

/pə(r) sju /

36

used for showing that you feel sorry for someone

488 puzzle * 1

489 quiet ***

lɪt(ə)l

noun

/ pʌz(ə)l/

adjective

/ kwaɪət/

θɪŋ/

to show signs that someone or something is likely to Their team showed great promise for the final. be successful in the future They serve absolutely no practical purpose whatsoever. to achieve an aim They serve absolutely no practical purpose whatsoever. to follow a course of activity ‘Now, Mr. Pip,’ pursued the lawyer, ‘I address the rest of what I have to say, to you.' someone or something that you cannot understand This puzzle wasn’t easy to solve.

phrase phrase

492 have a quiet word with someone

phrase noun

/ kwaɪət/

used for saying that you will let someone do what they want in order to avoid an argument to not tell anyone about something to speak to someone in an informal way about a problem

phrase

/ɒn ðə

kwaɪət/ a calm situation in which you are not annoyed by noise or other people

495 peace and quiet 496 ranch

phrase noun

/ pi s ənd /rɑːntʃ/

31

31 35 35 31

37

He would do anything for a quiet life. I’ll tell you, but please keep it quiet. Maybe I should have a quiet word with Tom's teacher?

37

Can we have some quiet, please? without telling anyone

494 on the quiet

40 36

35

490 anything for a quiet life 491 keep something quiet

2

the possibility to develop or achieve something in the Despite its potential for misuse, it is possible that in future lasers future could be used for beneficial endeavours. involving or causing problems Estha’s silence was problematic. very great The name of the person who is your liberal benefactor remains a profound secret. Audrey remembered her promise to her father that she would work harder.

Estha had always been a quiet child.

/ eni θɪŋ fə(r) ə kwaɪət laɪf / /ki p sʌmθɪŋ kwaɪət/ / hæv ə kwaɪət wɜː(r)d wɪð sʌmwʌn/

493 quiet

32

Just between you and me, he’s been doing some other work on the quiet. It's not the holiday to choose if you're looking for peace and quiet.

kwaɪət/

37

37 a very large farm in the western US or Canada, where I took a job on a guest ranch in Montana one summer. cows, horses, or sheep are kept


32


A

B

C

D

497 ratio ***

noun

/ reɪʃiəʊ/

498 reef *

noun

/ri f/

499 reign ** 500 reign supreme

verb phrase

/reɪn/ / reɪn sʊˈpri m/

501 reinvent 502 relief ***

verb noun

/ ri ɪn vent/ /rɪˈli f/

503 what a relief!

phrase

/ wɒt ə rɪˈli f/

504 remember ***

verb

/rɪˈmembə(r)/

to be the best or the most important In love, as in collecting, irrationality reigns supreme. to change something that already exists and give it a I don’t know if a toy can reinvent itself further to appeal to kids in different form or purpose the future. It's a huge relief to know that everyone is safe. used to express the relaxed happy feeling that you We didn't lose the keys ‐ what a relief! get because something bad has not happened or a bad situation has ended to keep a particular fact in your mind because it is He remains very popular today and is most remembered for relevant to what is being discussed creating vivid and memorable characters in his classic novels.

noun verb

/ raʊnd /seɪ/

phrase

/bɪˌkɒz aɪ

508 have nothing left to say

phrase

/həv

509 scenery *

noun

/ si nəri/

510 scope **

noun

/skəʊp/

511 screenplay

noun

/ skri n pleɪ/

513 see ***

noun verb

seɪ səʊ/

nʌθɪŋ

/ sku bə

used to emphasise an order, usually by an adult speaking to a child to have no more to add to a discussion

left tə

daɪvɪŋ/

seɪ/

156

phrase

/ wi l

515 segment **

noun

/ seɡmənt/

I address the rest of what I have to say, to you. Just do it ‐ because I say so!

31

37 32 32 37

the activity of swimming under water with a container of air on your back and a tube for breathing through

/si /

514 we’ll see

Snorkelling and scuba diving are absolutely the principal things to do. 156 I got to see some of the most breathtaking scenery I have found to this day. We’ll see if you can go to the party after you clean your room.

32

si / a separate part of anything

noun

35

Just tell me what it will cost in round numbers.

He had simply run out of conversation and had nothing left to say. natural things such as trees, hills, and lakes that you I got to see some of the most breathtaking scenery I have found can see in a particular place to this day. the opportunity or freedom that is needed to do or I came to understand a little bit more of the incredible scope of develop something landscapes that makes up the United States. a story someone writes for a film She has written two screenplays and several collections of essays.

used for saying that you will decide later

516 shackle

33

nʌmbə(r)/

507 because I say so

512 scuba diving

F

31 a number that ends in 0, such as 40, 450, or 4000

505 round number 506 say ***

E

a relationship between the sizes of two numbers or The school has a teacher‐student ratio of 1:20. amounts a long line of rock or coral in the sea, with its top just Tours visit only a small part of the reef. below or just above the surface Sampras reigned as the number one tennis player in the country.

/ ʃæk(ə)l/

one of a pair of connected metal rings that can be locked onto the wrists or legs of a prisoner


Various segments were built at different times by different dynasties. He wants Pip to steal food and a tool he can take off his leg shackles with.

155 30


A

B

C

D

E

F

We had lunch at a little coffee shop. 517 shop *** 518 close shop

noun phrase

/ʃɒp/ / kləʊz

519 side ***

noun

/saɪd/

ʃɒp/

to stop any activity

a morally bad, dangerous, or frightening aspect 520 a dark side

phrase

/ə

dɑː(r)k

521 silent ***

adjective

/ saɪlənt/

saɪd/

It had been a gradual winding down and closing shop. 'Oh Mummy, can I run up this hill and I’ll meet you on the other side?’ It is undeniable that the laser has a ‘dark side’, namely, in the military industry. Everyone was totally silent as the president spoke.

37 156 40

behaviour that involves not speaking to someone as You’ve been giving me the silent treatment all day. a way of showing that you do not approve of them 522 the silent treatment 523 the right to remain silent 524 fall silent

phrase

/ðə

phrase

/ðə raɪt tʊ rɪˌmeɪn saɪlənt/

phrase

saɪlənt

/ fɔːl

tri tmənt/

37 someone’s right not to say anything when they are arrested to stop talking or making a noise

noun adjective

37

/ skaɪˌskreɪpə(r)/ /smɔːl/

527 it’s a small world

phrase

/ɪts ə

528 the small hours

phrase

/ðə

smɔːl

aʊə(r)z/

529 the small print

phrase

/ðə

smɔːl

prɪnt/

530 feel small

phrase

37 Everyone fell silent when the head teacher entered the room.

saɪlənt/ a very tall building containing offices or flats

525 skyscraper 526 small ***

You have the right to remain silent.

smɔːl

/ fi l

wɜː(r)ld/

used for showing that you are surprised when you meet someone who you know unexpectedly, or when you discover that someone knows the same people as you do or has been to the same places as you have the time when it is very early in the morning, soon after midnight the details of something such as a contract that are printed in very small letters and often contain conditions that limit your rights to feel ashamed or unimportant, especially because of something that someone has said or done

Instead of cabs I found cows, and instead of skyscrapers there was ...sky. Tours visit only a small part of the reef. New York is a big city, but it's a small world and you never know who you might bump into.

The anxious mother waited until the small hours for her teenage daughter to come home. That’s because you didn’t read the small print. 34 It just makes me feel small when you do that.

smɔːl/

34

531 snorkelling 532 sober *

noun adjective

/ snɔː(r)k(ə)lɪŋ/ / səʊbə(r)/

533 solely **

adverb

/ səʊli/

534 sphere **

noun

/sfɪə(r)/

535 spite **

noun

/spaɪt/

536 in spite of something

phrase

/ɪn

spaɪt əv

32 32

sʌmθɪŋ/

the activity of swimming under water using a snorkel We are very keen on water sports and are ideally looking for a good place to go snorkelling. plain and not brightly coloured My wild fancy was surpassed by sober reality. involving nothing except the person or thing The secret is solely held by that person and by me. mentioned a particular area of interest, activity, work etc that is The present possessor of the property desires that he be one of many parts of life removed from his present sphere of life. The candidate was motivated by political spite. used for referring to a fact that makes something else surprising


In spite of its recent development, laser technology is now widespread.

156 31 31 31

40


A

537 stammer 538 surpass

539 surroundings **

B

verb verb

plural noun

C

D

to keep repeating a sound and have difficulty in saying certain words because of a speech problem, nervousness, excitement etc to be even better than what was expected or hoped for all the things that are present in a place and that form the experience of being there

/ stæmə(r)/ /sə(r) pɑːs/

E

F

My heart was beating so fast, I could scarcely stammer I had no objection. 31 My wild fancy was surpassed by sober reality. 31 Our new surroundings are a lot more friendly than we expected.

/sə raʊndɪŋz/ an occasion when someone, usually a child, suddenly I think Tom probably had a tantrum. behaves in a very angry and unreasonable way, often screaming, crying, or refusing to obey someone

540 tantrum 541 tell off

noun phrasal verb

/ tæntrəm/

156 to criticize someone angrily for doing something wrong

ɒf/

/ tel

That was something I constantly got told off for. 156 Did you get a good mark in your physics test?

542 test ***

noun

/test/

543 stand the test of time

phrase

/ stænd ðə

544 trace **

noun

/treɪs/

to continue to be effective, successful, or popular for I just think it’s something that’s really stood the test of time. taɪm/ a long time a very small amount of a substance, especially when The government found traces of lead in the toy soldiers and took it is too small to see clearly or measure accurately them all off the shelves.

test əv

35 someone you are on a journey with

545 travelling companion

noun

/ træv(ə)lɪŋ kəm pænjən/

546 treaty **

noun

/ tri ti/

547 true ***

adjective

/tru /

548 it’s simply not true

phrase

/ɪts

549 truth ***

noun

550 there is some truth in something 551 undeniable

phrase adjective

/tru θ/ /ðə(r) ɪz səm tru θ ɪn sʌmθɪŋ/ / ʌndɪˈnaɪəb(ə)l/

552 undoubtedly **

adverb

/ʌn daʊtɪdli/

553 it is undoubtedly the case

phrase

/ɪt ɪz ʌn daʊtɪdli ðə

554 ungainly

adverb

/ʌn ɡeɪnli/

555 vendor 556 wind down

noun phrasal verb

sɪmpli nɒt

/ vendə(r)/ / waɪnd daʊn/

156

tru /

Her best friend has always been a good travelling companion.

an official written agreement between two or more The frontier between Canada and the United States was stabilised countries by a boundary‐waters treaty in 1909. Write two true sentences, using the word great in a different way each time. used to strongly deny something It's simply not true that the president has done nothing to help the poor. The truth may never be known. used to say that something is at least partly true

There is, I suppose, some truth to his story.

certainly correct or true

It is undeniable that the laser has a ‘dark side’. The next few days will undoubtedly prove crucial.

156 33

40

used for saying that something is certainly true or is It is undoubtedly the case that the news from the war is depressing. keɪs/ accepted by everyone not moving in an attractive or graceful way It doesn’t matter if these things are obsolete or ungainly or ugly. 35 someone who sells something, but not in a shop

Vendors in the bazaar grew to recognise him.

to end, or to finish something gradually

It had been a gradual winding down and closing shop.


37 37


A

B

C

D

E

F

557 Unit 4 558

accomplished

adjective

adaptation *

noun

alienation

noun

article of faith

noun

561 562 563 564 565 566

attainable

571

574 575 576 577

feɪθ/

noun

/ beɪsɪs/

phrase

/ɒn ðə

noun phrase noun

/beə(r)/ / bi laɪk ə beə(r) wɪð ə sɔː(r) hed/ /bet/

phrase

/həv ə

phrase

/ wɪn ə

phrase

/ lu z ə

bear **

have a bet on something win a bet lose a bet

beɪsɪs əv

bet ɒn

bet/

noun

boast *

verb

/bəʊst/

box office

noun

/ bɒks

budget ***

noun

/ bʌdʒɪt/

phrase

/ɒn ə

noun

/ keɪb(ə)l/

/ blu

cable **

prɪnt/

ɒfɪs/

ləʊ

45

43 Any movement or immobility attainable in the hand is permitted.

bʌdʒɪt/

the state of being boring because there is nothing new, original, or unusual

She tried skydiving in an attempt to escape the banality of her life. Tickets will be sold on a first‐come, first‐served basis.

used for giving the reason why something is done

Training at El Sistema is not offered on the basis of musical ability. The campers were warned not to leave food out so as not to attract bears to the campsite. I’m like a bear with a sore head if I don’t get enough sleep.

sʌmθɪŋ/

sʌmθɪŋ/

bet/

blueprint

on a low budget

Temporal and geographical alienation are forbidden (that is to say that the film takes place here and now). The idea that men and women ‘speak different languages’ has become a dogma treated as an unquestioned article of faith.

45

basis *** on the basis of something

the feeling that you do not belong in a particular society, place, or group something that people who support a particular religion or idea believe completely, although it has not been proved possible to achieve, reach, or get

/ə teɪnəb(ə)l/ /bə næləti/

572 573

/ ɑː(r)tɪk(ə)l əv

noun

be like a bear with a sore head

570

adjective

/ eɪliə neɪʃ(ə)n/

banality

567 568 bet * 569

47

/ ædæp teɪʃ(ə)n/

559 560

good at doing something that needs a lot of skill, for Its aim is not primarily to produce accomplished musicians. example in art, music, or sport a film, TV programme etc that has been made from a The television adaptation of the stage play was very successful. book or play

/ə kʌmplɪʃt/

to be in a bad mood, getting annoyed very easily

Higgins wins his bet and marries Eliza. to enter into an agreement in which you bet money I’ve a sort of bet on that I’ll pass her as a duchess in six months. on what will happen to win money because you correctly guessed what He passed his driving test, so I won my bet. would happen to lose money because you failed to guess what He didn't pass his driving test, so I lost my bet. would happen Their aim was to provide a blueprint for film‐makers working on a a detailed plan for doing something new, or something that is a model for how something should low budget. be done to have something good, often an attractive feature The larger núcleos generally boast multiple orchestras of varying that other people admire levels of ability. 1 the place in a theatre where you buy It took £20 million at the box office. tickets the amount of money a person or organisation has Try to work out a monthly budget and stick to it. to spend on something not having much money to spend Their aim was to provide a blueprint for film‐makers working on a low budget. thick wire covered with plastic that is used for You have to plug the cable into the back of the TV. carrying electricity or electronic signals


46

49 49 49

45 47

45 45 50


A

B

C

D

all the performers in a film, play etc cast * 578 579 celebrated * 580 581

adjective

/ tʃælɪndʒ/

chastity

noun

/ tʃæstəti/

chimney *

noun

/ tʃɪmni/ / sməʊk laɪk ə tʃɪmni/ / sɪnəmə tɒɡrəfi/

phrase noun noun

/ kɒkni/

585 586 587 588

collective **

adjective

/kə lektɪv/

compelling

adjective

/kəm pelɪŋ/

conflict *

noun

/ kɒnflɪkt/ /bi ɪn kɒnflɪkt ə baʊt sʌmθɪŋ/ / kredɪt/

be in conflict about something

589 590 credit *

phrase verb

591

593 594 595 596 597

598

phrase debunk *

famous and praised by many people I have so longed to meet your celebrated son. to question whether something is true, accurate, or She challenges the received wisdom that men and women are legal from different planets. a way of life that does not include any sexual activity, The Vow of Chastity was the name for the rules outlining Dogme especially for religious reasons 95’s return to a more pure form of film. The chimney in the old house had to be cleaned before a fire could be lit. to smoke very heavily My boss smokes like a chimney. the job or skill of making films The movie is sure to win awards for its cinematography. a type of informal English spoken by someone born The story concerns Eliza Doolittle, a Cockney who takes speech lessons from Professor Henry Higgins, a phoneticist. in the east end (=eastern central part) of London, especially a working‐class person involving all the members of a group What are the benefits of collective and individual practice, in your opinion? interesting or exciting enough to keep your attention This is a compelling film. completely angry disagreement between people or groups People tend to describe genuine conflicts as communication problems. to angrily disagree about something They were never in conflict about whose job came first.

to say or believe that someone is responsible for a particular achievement

credit someone with something

592

/kɑːst/ / selə breɪtɪd/

verb

Cockney

F

noun

challenge ***

582 583 smoke like a chimney 584 cinematography

E

An all‐star cast includes Michael Douglas as the US President.

verb

/di

bʌŋk/

verb

/dɪˈpɪkt/

depression **

noun

/dɪˈpreʃ(ə)n/

digitally **

adverb

/ dɪdʒət(ə)li/

disruptive

adjective

/dɪs rʌptɪv/

adjective

dogma

noun

42 45

49

49 46 53 42 157 45

/ kredɪt sʌmwʌn wɪθ sʌmθɪŋ/

depict **

divergent

The director must not be credited. Clinton credited Mike Boorda with bringing peace to Bosnia.

157

/daɪˈvɜː(r)dʒ(ə)nt/

to prove that something such as an idea or belief is false and silly to describe someone or something using words or pictures a large mass of air at low pressure that usually brings colder weather and rain storing information such as sound or pictures as numbers or electronic signals causing difficulties that interrupt something or prevent it from continuing things that are divergent are different from each other a belief or set of beliefs that people are expected to accept without asking questions about them

/ dɒɡmə/

Research debunks the myth that women talk more than men. 43 The film is part of a wave of movies that depict the recent history of the British monarchy. The shallow depression in the west of these islands is likely to move slowly in an easterly direction. The police were able to identify the thief from digitally enhanced CCTV images. So are you saying that he’s disruptive?

52 157

158 The program has been subsidised by ten politically divergent governments. The idea that men and women ‘speak different languages’ has become a dogma.

47

43



A 599

B

downside

noun

duchess

noun

C

eke out

/ daʊn saɪd/

/ i k

605 606 607

eliminate **

verb

/ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/

emancipation

noun

/ɪˌmænsɪˈpeɪʃ(ə)n/

engage **

verb

/ɪn ɡeɪdʒ/ /ɪn ɡeɪdʒ sʌmwʌn ɪn kɒnvə(r) seɪʃ(ə)n/

enrol

phrase

Yes, exactly No, I’m not saying that exactly

611 612 excuse ** 613 excuse me 614 Excuse me?

exposure **

/ɪn rəʊl/

phrase adverb

/ɪn rəʊl ɪn sʌmθɪŋ/ /ɪɡˈzæk(t)li/

phrase

/ jes ɪɡˈzæk(t)li/ / nəʊ aɪm nɒt seɪɪŋ ðæt ɪɡˈzæk(t)li/ /ɪk skju z/ /ɪk skju z mi / /ɪk skju z mi /

phrase verb phrase phrase noun

the process of giving freedom and rights to someone Strangely, the strict set of rules we set ourselves have turned out to be emancipation almost. Research shows that both sexes engage in both kinds of talk.

expound 616 617 fact ***

verb noun

in fact phrase

I know this is true, but I want to engage you in conversation. 48

Around 5,000 students are expected to enrol at the university this year. if you enrol in a course or programme, you put your When students enrol in one of the 180 núcleos based around name on the official list of its students or members Venezuela, they are assigned to groups from day one. What exactly is El Sistema? used as a reply for saying that you completely agree "The bus service runs every ten minutes, doesn't it?" " Yes, with someone exactly!" used as a reply for saying that someone has not No, I’m not saying that exactly but I think we need to help those understood you well less fortunate than us. Please excuse my untidy handwriting. used for politely getting someone’s attention Excuse me, would you open the door for me, please? used for asking someone to repeat something Excuse me, what did you say? the amount of time that you allow light to reach the If there is too little light for exposure the scene must be cut. film in a camera when taking a photograph

47 46

139

45 to explain something or to express your opinion about it in detail

It will be an opportunity to expound the ideas he has been developing.

used for saying what is really true, when this is surprising or different from what people think

Men talk more about things and facts. King George VI’s brave performance had in fact greatly encouraged the British during the Second World War.

/ɪk spaʊnd/ /fækt/

/ ɪn

44 43

to start having a conversation with someone

/ɪk spəʊʒə(r)/

615

618

to get rid of something that is not wanted or needed Many infectious diseases have been virtually eliminated.

verb

enrol in something

The family barely manages to eke out an existence from their small farm.

aʊt ən ɪɡˌzɪst(ə)ns/

/ i k

608 609 exactly *** 610

aʊt/

phrase

engage someone in conversation

44

48

to get just enough money or food to be able to continue to exist

eke out an existence 602

F

Their meagre supplies have to be eked out throughout the winter.

phrasal verb

601

604

E

What do you think would be the merits and downsides of making a film according to the guidelines? a woman who has the same social position as a duke Henry is trying to teach Eliza to talk and act like a duchess. (= a man with a very high social position, just below that of a prince) , or who is married to a duke

/ dʌtʃɪs/

600

603

D

the disadvantage or negative aspect of something

fækt/

43

52



A 619 620

fairytale a fairytale ending filter **

B

noun

/ feəri teɪl/

phrase

/ə

623 624

fish *** a fish out of water flag up focused

foul‐mouthed frustrated *

noun

/fɪʃ/

phrase

/ə

phrasal verb

630

to feel frustrated with something generalisation * genre *

ʌp/

phrase noun

/frʌˈstreɪtɪd/ /tə fi l frʌˈstreɪtɪd wɪθ sʌmθɪŋ/

E

How the couple met could be described as a modern‐day fairytale. a happy and often impossibly perfect ending to a Her boyfriend's proposal to her was a fairytale ending to a story romantic weekend in Paris. a glass or plastic object that you put on a camera to The film includes the use of coloured filters during many of the song sequences. change the colour or amount of light that passes through the lens Kenny keeps tropical fish. someone who is in a situation that they know nothing about or are not used to to mention something so that people know about it

He changed the time of footie practice on Thursday. He is playing a foul‐mouthed lawyer in the new film.

feel annoyed and impatient because you are prevented from achieving something a statement that is true in most situations

Frustrated with the technical wizardry of modern cinema, a group of independent Danish directors set out a manifesto, called Dogme 95. After feeling frustrated with her job for many years, she finally decided to resign . According to Cameron, this claim is a sweeping generalisation.

158 158 157

45

42 a particular style used in cinema, writing, or art, which can be recognised by certain features

Genre movies are not acceptable.

a situation in which life is very difficult, usually because you do not have enough money

Many students are facing financial hardship.

/ ʒɒnrə/ hardship

44

49 I’m just kind of flagging up that his concentration is not quite as good as Ellie’s. She's a bit more focused about getting on with her tasks.

/ dʒen(ə)rəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/

noun

F

I felt like a fish out of water on my first day at school.

concentrating on a particular aim and not wasting time or energy on other things the game of football using a lot of swear words

adjective

45

noun / hɑː(r)dʃɪp/

632

harmony ** 633 634 hilarious

hinder

635 636 house ***

get on like a house on fire hypothesis *

638

/ flæɡ

wɔːtə(r)/

/ fəʊkəst/ noun, informal / fʊti/ / faʊl maʊðd/, / faʊl adjective maʊθt/

631

637

fɪʃ aʊt əv

adjective

628 629

feəri teɪl endɪŋ/

/ fɪltə(r)/

625 626 footie 627

D

noun

621 622

C

noun adjective verb noun phrase

/ hɑː(r)məni/ /hɪˈleəriəs/ / hɪndə(r)/ /haʊs/ /ɡet ɒn laɪk ə faɪə(r)/

noun

haʊs ɒn

a situation in which people live and work well with Women’s use of language is cooperative, reflecting their preference for equality and harmony. other people, or in a way that does not damage things around them extremely funny This is a hilarious film. to stop someone or something from making progress The strictness of the rules have not hindered, but on the contrary, or developing have encouraged my imagination. Give directions on how to get to your house. to become good friends very quickly and have a lot She’s getting on like a house on fire. to talk to each other about an idea that attempts to explain something but has The idea that men and women ‘speak different languages’ is not not yet been tested or proved to be correct treated not as a hypothesis to be investigated.

/haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/

43 53 44 50 49

43



A 639

immobility impoverished

B

noun

ingrained

adjective

642

input **

noun

643

647

issue ***

noun

/ ɪʃu /, / ɪsju / /teɪk ɪʃu , ɪsju wɪθ sʌmwʌn, sʌmθɪŋ/

phrase

juvenile delinquency

noun

keep to

phrasal verb

lapse

noun

leaf ***

noun

shake like a leaf

655 656

47

43

47 information that is put into a computer or a piece of Then you’re going to need to take the television and put it to electronic equipment using another machine such as ‘Input 1’. a keyboard or microphone showing a very good understanding of a person or a This is an insightful film. complicated situation It's a website devoted to environmental issues.

to disagree with someone, or to disagree about something a crime or many crimes committed by a young / dʒu vənaɪl dɪˈlɪŋkwənsi/ person to follow an agreement or a rule, by doing what you should do or what you said you would do / ki p tu / a crime or many crimes committed by a young person /læps/

She takes issue with the received wisdom that men and women are from different planets. It has been linked with a marked reduction in juvenile delinquency. She’s to keep to two subjects: the weather and everybody’s health.

157 43

42 47

157 Lapses one day can be corrected before they become ingrained bad habits in the days after. A light breeze stirred the leaves of the tall oak tree outside her window.

47

/li f/

651 652 learning curve

654

/ ɪnpʊt/ / ɪnsaɪtf(ə)l/

650

653

45

/ɪn ɡreɪnd/

adjective

take issue with someone/something

F

an ingrained attitude, belief, or habit has existed for Lapses one day can be corrected before they become ingrained a long time and cannot easily be changed bad habits in the days after.

insightful

648 649

The program has offered free musical training to over 800,000 children and young people, 90% of them from impoverished backgrounds. Choose two or three of the lines and improvise conversations around the sentences in the exercise.

/ ɪmprəvaɪz/

641

646

very poor

if a performer in a play or a group of musicians improvises, they invent words or musical notes without preparing them or learning them before

verb

E

Any movement or immobility attainable in the hand is permitted.

/ɪm pɒvərɪʃt/

improvise

645

/ ɪməʊˈbɪləti/

D

a total lack of movement

adjective

640

644

C

life‐affirming

phrase noun

/ ʃeɪk laɪk ə li f/ / lɜː(r)nɪŋ kɜː(r)v/

adjective

/ laɪf əfɜːrmɪŋ/

limitation **

noun

/ lɪmɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n/

location ***

noun

/ləʊˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/

on location

phrase

/ ɒn ləʊˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/

to shake a lot, for example because you are cold, nervous, or afraid the rate at which you learn something making you feel happy and positive about life a disadvantage or weak point that makes someone or something less effective

I was shaking like a leaf when I took my driving test. Each individual has a different learning curve. The life‐affirming vitality of its orchestral performances can be traced to the principles at the heart of its training. Communication can break down because of the limitations of language. A location must be chosen where this prop is to be found.

49 47 47 42 45

in the place where a film or TV programme is made, Filming must be done on location. away from a studio


45


A 657 658

log ** sleep like a log manifesto

B

noun

/lɒɡ/

phrase

/ sli p laɪk ə

661 662 663

666 667 668 669

noun

/meɪt/

memory ***

noun

/ mem(ə)ri/

phrase

merit **

noun

mesmerised

adjective

674 675

/ hæv ə sɪv/

45

mem(ə)ri laɪk ə

mileage there’s some mileage yet in ...

noun phrase

/ merɪt/

maɪlɪdʒ

jet

misunderstanding **

noun

/ mɪsʌndə(r) stændɪŋ/

mixed ability

adjective

/ mɪkst ə bɪləti/ / mɒnə(r)ki/ / mʌðə(r) tʌŋ/

adjective

/ mʌlti fæsətɪd/

muted

adjective

/ mju tɪd/

negotiation **

noun

/nɪˌɡəʊʃi eɪʃ(ə)n/ /bi ʌp fə(r) nɪˌɡəʊʃi eɪʃ(ə)n/

nominate * 676 677 optical *

phrase verb adjective

used to say that there is still some advantage or opportunity to be got out of something to understand or explain something wrongly

/ mɪsɪn tɜː(r)prɪt/

multifaceted

be up for negotiation

The memory of that night is still clear in his mind. I have a memory like a sieve when it comes to remembering dates. What do you think would be the merits and downsides of making a film according to the guidelines? The orchestral performances has mesmerised audiences around the world.

49 44

47

/ maɪlɪdʒ/ /ðə(r)z səm ɪn/

verb

noun

He's over there, talking to his mates.

My annual mileage is about 10,000 miles.

misinterpret

noun

to have an extremely bad memory an advantage or good quality that someone or something has so attracted by or interested in something that you do not notice or pay attention to anything else around you

/ mezməraɪzd/

monarchy *

673

49

used for talking in a friendly way to someone, especially a man the ability to remember things

mate **

have a memory like a sieve

F

a formal statement expressing the aims and plans of A group of independent Danish directors set out a manifesto, a group or organisation, especially a political party called Dogme 95. / mænɪˈfestəʊ/

670 671 mother tongue 672

E

The children went out to collect logs for the fire while their parents unpacked. I always sleep like a log after I’ve been working out at the gym.

lɒɡ/

noun

664 665

D

to sleep very well

659 660

C

/ nɒmɪneɪt/ / ɒptɪk(ə)l/

a failure to understand someone or something correctly including or designed for students with different levels of educational ability a type of government in which a country is ruled by a king or queen the main language that you learn as a child containing many different aspects, features, or qualities not as bright or colourful as usual

There’s some mileage yet in the Dogme franchise. 128 These differences routinely lead to each sex misinterpreting the other’s intentions. It is not true that misunderstandings between the sexes are very common. Students normally practise in mixed ability groups.

The film is part of a wave of movies that depict the recent history of the British monarchy. Use of the mother tongue is forbidden. Firth gives an outstanding performance as Bertie, who comes across as a complex and multifaceted figure. Danish director Lone Scherfig uses natural lighting, muted cinematography and a partially improvised script. The footballer hired a lawyer to help with his contract negotiations with the new team. to be able to be changed or agreed upon after For many couples today, pretty much everything is up for discussion negotiation. to officially suggest that someone should be given a Each team has to nominate a leader. job, or that someone or something should receive a prize connected with sight or light Optical work and filters are forbidden.


43 42 46 52 45 52 130

157

45


A 678 679

outset * from the outset paradigm

680 681 pardon *

B

C

noun

/ aʊt set/

phrase

/ frɒm ði

D

right from the start of something aʊt set/ a set of ideas that are used for understanding or explaining something, especially in a particular subject

noun interjection

/ pærədaɪm/ / pɑː(r)d(ə)n/

used for politely asking someone to repeat something you did not hear or did not understand

pardon? 682

phrase

a more formal way of politely asking someone to repeat something you did not hear or did not understand phrase

F

47

47 Pardon, what did you say? I don't really like your new jacket!' 'Pardon?'

/ pɑː(r)d(ə)n/

I beg your pardon? 683

E

Developers started construction on the homes in the rural outsets of the city. Children acquire habits of discipline and perseverance from the outset. This emphasis on collective music‐making represents a complete inversion of the established music training paradigm.

/aɪ

beɡ jɔː(r)

Are you ready to leave?' 'I beg your pardon?' 'I was just asking if you're ready to leave.'

pɑː(r)d(ə)n/ The protest march passed off without any serious trouble.

pass off

phrasal verb

ɒf/

684

/ pɑːs

pass someone / something off as some 685 phrase

/pɑːs sʌmwʌn, sʌmθɪŋ ɒf əz sʌmθɪŋ/

686 687 688 689 690

patently permit *

adverb verb

692 693 694

49

/ peɪt(ə)ntli/

156

/pə(r) mɪt/

noun

/ pɜː(r)sɪˈvɪərəns/

phenomenon **

noun

/fə nɒmɪnən/

phoneticist

noun

/fəʊˈnetɪsɪst/

plug in/into

phrasal verb / plʌɡ

ɪn,

portray *

verb

/pɔː(r) treɪ/

portrayal

noun

/pɔː(r) treɪəl/

practice ***

noun

/ præktɪs/

to allow someone to do something, or to allow something to happen a determined attitude that makes you continue trying to achieve something difficult an event or situation that can be seen to happen or exist someone who studies phonetics (= the study of the sounds used in speech) to connect a piece of equipment to an electricity supply or to another piece of equipment

phrase

/ ɪn

Any movement or immobility attainable in the hand is permitted. 45 Children acquire habits of discipline and perseverance from the outset. El Sistema is hailed as ‘the most extraordinary social phenomenon of our times’. Eliza Doolittle takes speech lessons from Professor Henry Higgins, a phoneticist. You have to plug the cable into the back of the TV.

ɪntu /

47 47 49

50 if an actor portrays a person, they play the part of that person in a film, play etc the way that something or someone is portrayed

used for talking about what really happens as opposed to what you think will or should happen

in practice 695

I’ve a sort of bet on that I’ll pass her off as a duchess in six months.

in a way that is so obvious that no one could disagree That is a patently ridiculous claim.

perseverance

691

to make people believe that a person or thing is something else

præktɪs/

The book portrays Caribbean society against a background of the French Revolution. The King's Speech is a moving portrayal of the struggle of King George VI to overcome a speech defect. What are the benefits of collective and individual practice, in your opinion? She argues that research shows that, in practice, men and women are very similar.

52 46

42



A

premise

B

production ***

700

/prə dʌkʃ(ə)n/ proficiency

noun

a film, play, television or radio programme, CD etc, especially when you are talking about the way it is created and performed a high degree of ability or skill in something

/prə fɪʃ(ə)nsi/

prohibit *

verb

/prəʊˈhɪbɪt/

prop

noun

/prɒp/

proposition **

noun

/ kwestʃ(ə)n/

703

/rɪˌsi vd prə nʌnsi eɪʃ(ə)n/, /ɑː(r) pi /

Received Pronunciation (RP)

707

noun

received wisdom

noun

/rɪˌsi vd

recount *

verb

/rɪˈkaʊnt/

refute

verb

/rɪˈfju t/

release ***

noun

/rɪˈli s/

remote

noun

710

renowned

adjective

/rɪˈnaʊnd/

rewarding

adjective

/rɪˈwɔː(r)dɪŋ/

safety net

711 712 score ***

scrutiny ** 713

noun noun

/ seɪfti net/ /skɔː(r)/

44 45

A man is being questioned by detectives in connection with the murder of a young girl.

a way of speaking British English that is considered to Eliza was trying to learn standard British English pronunciation be the standard pronunciation in the UK (also known as RP, or received pronunciation). 49 beliefs or opinions that most people accept to be correct to say what happened

She challenges the received wisdom that men and women are from different planets. The film recounts the struggle of King George VI to overcome a speech defect. to say that a statement is not true or accurate In The Myth of Mars and Venus , Cameron refutes the theory that without giving proof men and women communicate differently. a feeling of freedom that you have after a difficult or Strangely, the strict set of rules we set ourselves have turned out emotional experience to be a release. remote control: a piece of equipment that you use To get a picture, click on the button that says 'Input' on the remote. for controlling a machine such as a television or stereo system from a short distance away

/rɪˈməʊt/

708 709

wɪzdəm/

47

43

verb

702

706

45 No one is ever turned away because of lack of financial resources or proficiency. Adding a musical score was suddenly prohibited.

to officially stop something from being done, especially by making it illegal a piece of furniture or small object used in a play or Props and sets must not be brought in. film a statement that people can examine in order to The myth is the proposition that men and women differ decide whether it is true fundamentally in the way they use language to communicate. to have or express doubts about something

705

The rule was relaxed to allow low‐budget productions.

/ prɒpə zɪʃ(ə)n/ question ***

F

42

noun

701

704

E

/ premɪs/

697

699

D

a principle or statement that you consider to be true, Her basic premise is that there are more similarities than that you base other ideas and actions on differences between the two sexes.

noun

696

698

C

42 53 42 44

50 famous and admired for a special skill or achievement giving you satisfaction, pleasure, or profit a plan or system that is designed to protect people or prevent serious problems the music written for a film, play etc

noun / skru tɪni/


It has produced internationally renowned performers and conductors, Which skill would you personally find most rewarding or frustrating to learn? They form a bond and a network that is both a safety net and a new reason to live. Adding a musical score was suddenly prohibited. Council services are subject to close scrutiny to ensure their efficiency.

47 46 130 44


A 714 715

not stand up to scrutiny

B

phrase

self‐help book

noun

sequel

noun

1

set *** set ***

verb

shoot ***

verb

719 720 shot

small talk

noun

snigger

verb

sorry ** (I’m) sorry?

a stage or other place where a film or television programme is made or where a play is performed

Strangely, the strict set of rules we set ourselves have turned out to be a release.

to write or produce a play, book, film etc that happens in a particular time or place to take photographs, or to make a film or video

Strangely, the strict set of rules we set ourselves have turned out to be a release. We were ordered not to shoot until he gave the signal.

tɔːk/

informal conversation about things that are not important to laugh quietly, especially at something that is rude or at something unpleasant that has happened to someone

Films must be shot in colour. In what other sorts of situations do you normally engage in ‘ small talk’? The crowd couldn't help but snigger when the two dancers tripped over each other.

44

45 48

I'm sorry I behaved in such a childish way.

phrase

/aɪm

sɒri/

noun / saʊnd baɪt/

spatial awareness

noun

/ speɪʃ(ə)l ə weə(r)nəs/

speech defect

noun

/ spi tʃ

star ***

verb

di fekt/

used for politely asking someone to repeat something that they have said a short comment by a politician or other famous person that is taken from a longer conversation or speech and broadcast alone because it is very interesting or effective

Sorry, could you repeat that, please? 50 If these points were acknowledged, the science soundbites would be headed ‘Men and women pretty similar, research finds’.

someone’s ability to understand size, shape, position, Men have better spatial awareness than women. and depth a fault in the way someone speaks The King's Speech is a moving portrayal of the struggle of King George VI to overcome a speech defect. if a film, play, television programme etc stars Sarah has missed her chance of starring in the school play. someone, they are the main actor or performer in it

43 42 52

/stɑː(r)/ studio ***

noun

subtitle

noun

/ stju diəʊ/

a room or rooms where music or a film, television Filmed in black and white in Pinewood Studios, this classic thriller show, or radio show is recorded was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. a translation of what people are saying in a foreign If I have free time, I tend to watch movies without subtitles. language film or television programme, that appears at the bottom of the screen

/ sʌb taɪt(ə)l/

730 731

/ smɔːl

/ sɒri/

728 729

/set/

adjective

725

727

42

44

/ snɪɡə(r)/

soundbite

726

F

42 a self‐help book is designed to help you to solve your Does she generally agree or disagree with the claims of the self‐ own problems help books? a book, film, play etc that continues the story of an She has written a sequel to Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice'. earlier one

/ʃu t/ the past tense /ʃɒt/

722

724

bʊk/

E

According to Cameron, this claim does not stand up to scrutiny.

/set/ 2

723

help

noun

717

721

/self

D

to be found to have defects if carefully examined

/ si kwəl/

716

718

C

/nɒt stænd ʌp tə skru tɪni/

superficial *

adjective

/ su pə(r) fɪʃ(ə)l/

44

158 affecting or involving only the surface or outside part The film must not contain superficial action. of something


45


A 732 733

B

adjective

/ swi pɪŋ/

systematically *

adverb

/ sɪstə mætɪkli/

taboo

adjective

739

teamwork

noun

telepathy

noun

theory *** in theory thought‐provoking

adjective

phrase

/ ɪn

/ʌn ɔː(r)θədɒks/

upper‐class

adjective

/ ʌpə(r)

utterance *

noun

vitality

noun

water ***

noun

43 45 42

53

43

adjective

adjective

43

a trite remark is not interesting or original because it We need to reject trite formulas about male and female language is what people usually say in that situation use.

unorthodox

klɑːs/

not following the usual rules or beliefs of your Bertie overcame his stammer with the help of an unorthodox religion, society etc speech therapist. relating to people who have the highest social status Eliza was trying to lose her regional Cockney accent so that she could sound more like an upper‐class person. a statement Gray seems to suggest that men hear utterances such as ‘Could you empty the trash?’ as purely hypothetical questions.

/ ʌt(ə)rəns/

52 49

156 original and showing a lot of imagination

/ vɪʒən(ə)ri/ energy, or enthusiasm /vaɪˈtæləti/

El Sistema is a unique programme by the visionary former economist José Abreu. The life‐affirming vitality of its orchestral performances has mesmerised audiences around the world. Soldiers were able to get food and water across the border.

47 47

/ wɔːtə(r)/ hold water

phrase

water off a duck’s back 749 750

θɪəri/

adjective

747 748

There is potential for communication to go awry, simply because language is not telepathy. Temporal and geographical alienation are forbidden. In The Myth of Mars and Venus , Cameron refutes the theory that men and women communicate differently. used for saying that something is believed to be true, In theory, anything could happen. although it may not be true interesting in a way that makes you think of new This is a thought‐provoking film. ideas or that changes your attitude to something

/traɪt/

visionary

43

46 the ability of people to communicate directly with each other’s minds, without using words relating to time

adjective

744

746

El Sistema is innovative because of its emphasis on teamwork.

/ θɔːt prə vəʊkɪŋ/ trite

745

work that you do together with other people

F

48

/tə lepəθi/ / temp(ə)rəl/ / θɪəri/

741

743

if something is taboo, people do not do it or talk about it because it is offensive or shocking

/ ti m wɜː(r)k/

noun

740

742

E

We need to reject trite formulas and sweeping claims about male and female language use. Research debunks the myth that men and women systematically misunderstand one another. When you first meet someone in your country, are any topics of conversation taboo?

/tə bu /

736 737 temporal 738

D

not based on specific facts or details and therefore not completely accurate or fair according to a careful plan and in a thorough way

sweeping

734 735

C

phrase way ***

noun

/ həʊld

if an explanation or argument holds water, it is true

According to Cameron, this claim does not hold water.

used for saying that things such as criticisms or insults do not affect someone because they have dealt with a lot of them before

He takes no notice if you tell him off – it’s like water off a duck’s back.

wɔːtə(r)/

/ wɔːtə(r) ɒf ə bæk/

dʌks

42

49 There are no significant differences in the way men and women use language.

/weɪ/


42


A 751

in a way whereas ***

B

phrase

754 755

D

from one point of view

/ ɪn ə

E

F

In a way, I agree with you.

weɪ/

conjunction /weər æz/

752 753

C

widescreen

adjective

/ waɪd skri n/

widespread **

adjective

/ waɪd spred/

wizardry

noun

/ wɪzə(r)dri/

abandon **

verb

/ə bændən/

acquit

verb

/ə kwɪt/

affiliation

noun

/ə fɪli eɪʃ(ə)n/

aid worker

noun

used for comparing two things, people, situations etc Men talk more about things and facts, whereas women talk more about people, relationships and feelings. and showing that there is an important difference between them made to be shown on a screen that gives a wider The final picture must be transferred to Academy 35 mm film, view than a normal screen gives that is, not widescreen. happening or existing in many places, or affecting It is a myth in the everyday sense: a widespread but false belief. many people something created using a high level of skill Films today are full of special effects and technical wizardry.

43 45 43 44

756 Unit 5 757 758 759

/ eɪd

760 761 762

765 766

noun

/ ɑː(r)md

arson

noun

/ ɑː(r)s(ə)n/

ASEAN

noun

rɒbəri/

/ eɪsi æn/ assault **

noun

/ə sɔːlt/

badly‐behaved

adjective

/ bædli bɪˈheɪvd/

beside ***

preposition

beside yourself (with anger/excitemen 767

phrase betray **

768

wɜː(r)kə(r)/

armed robbery

763 764

to stop believing or supporting an idea

His mother abandoned him when he was five days old.

to state officially that someone is not guilty of the His sentence was later overturned and he was acquitted. crime they were accused of connection with an organisation, especially a political You should stand up for the rights of all people, regardless of or religious one their religious affiliation. The aid worker risked her life to bring refugees safely across the someone who works for an international border. organisation giving help in a place where people need it the crime of taking money or property illegally, He was arrested and charged with armed robbery. involving the use of weapons the illegal use of fire to destroy a house, building, or The fire investigators said there was no indication of arson. property ASEAN members held their annual meeting in July. Association of Southeast Asian Nations: an organisation of countries for increasing trade and development in Southeast Asia a physical attack on someone, or the crime of He was charged with assault. physically attacking someone a badly‐behaved child or animal behaves in a way The badly‐behaved toddlers disrupted everyone's dinner at the that is rude or rough and upsets people restaurant. I knelt down beside the bed.

58 55

/bɪˈsaɪd/ /bɪˌsaɪd jə(r) self wɪð æŋɡə(r), ɪk saɪtmənt, wʌri, et set(ə)rə/

unable to think clearly because you are very angry, excited, worried, etc.

I have a wife who is expecting a baby and rightly she is beside herself with worry. 158

if you betray your country, or if you betray someone A hero is someone who never betrays friends, family or nation. who needs your support, you deliberately do something that harms them or helps their opponents

verb /bɪˈtreɪ/

54



A

blackmail

B

noun / blæk meɪl/

769 770 771

blasphemy

noun

/ blæsfəmi/

bleak *

adjective

/bli k/

bribery *

BRIC

noun /brɪk/

775 776

brutal *

adjective noun

/ bɜː(r)ɡləri

cell ***

noun

/sel/

56 the crime of entering a building illegally in order to steal things a small room where a prisoner is kept a temporary union of different political parties that agree to form a government together

noun

Burglaries are on the increase in the area. The rebellion crushed, the guards then set up a ‘privilege cell’ system. He is grateful for the protection of the coalition warships.

/ kəʊə lɪʃ(ə)n/

777

communal *

adjective

778

community worker

noun

compromise *

verb

61

58 owned or used by everyone in a group, especially a group of people who live in the same building

/ kɒmjʊn(ə)l/, /kə mju n(ə)l/ /kə mju nəti

F

The church considered the movie blasphemy and encouraged its members to boycott it. Never give up hope, however bleak a situation may appear.

/ bru t(ə)l/

burglary *

coalition **

E

Someone was trying to blackmail him with pictures of him and his mistress.

55

/ braɪb(ə)ri/

773

D

the crime of making someone give you money or do what you want by threatening to tell people embarrassing information about them something that is considered offensive to God or someone’s religious beliefs without any reasons to feel happy or hopeful

the crime of giving money or presents to someone so He is appearing in court on charges of bribery and tax evasion. that they will help you by doing something dishonest or illegal BRIC countries have all recently experienced rapid economic Brazil, Russia, India and China: countries whose economic development is at more or less the same growth. stage extremely violent The recent brutal genocide has resulted in widespread migration.

noun

772

774

C

I live in a block of flats, and it’s very friendly and communal. 159

someone who works giving help to people in the wɜː(r)kə(r)/ village, urban district etc where they live

He owes his life to the community workers who kept him away from a life of drugs and violence.

779

/ kɒmprəmaɪz/

780 781

to solve a problem or end an argument by accepting Her refusal to compromise infuriated her colleagues. that you cannot have everything that you want

concession **

noun

He said there could be no concessions to the terrorists. /kən seʃ(ə)n/ to give or allow something to someone in order to reach an agreement

make a concession phrase

/ meɪk ə kən seʃ(ə)n/

confront **

verb

/kən frʌnt/

convict **

verb

/kən vɪkt/

conviction **

noun

/kən vɪkʃ(ə)n/

782 783 784 785

You have to be prepared to make concessions in a relationship.

to deal with a difficult situation

Gilgamesh and Enkidu are about to confront the monster Humbaba. to prove in a court of law that someone is guilty of a Ned Kelly was convicted in his absence of the attempted murder crime of a policeman. a strong belief or opinion about something She has a conviction for dangerous driving.


54 58


A

convoy

B

noun / kɒnvɔɪ/

786 787

corrupt *

adjective

corruption **

noun

courage **

noun / kʌrɪdʒ/

789

courageous

adjective

crush **

verb

793 794 795 796

cyclone

noun

59

the ability to do something that you know is right or Gilgamesh said, ‘Courage, dear brother, this is no time to give in to fear.' good, even though it is dangerous, frightening, or very difficult very brave and determined Frank fought a courageous battle against cancer.

noun

/det/

defend ***

verb

dehumanise

verb

penəlti/

158 legal punishment by death, usually for a serious She received the death penalty, but her sentence was commuted crime such as murder to transportation to Australia. a situation in which you owe money to other people $1.3 billion of debt has been written off by the IMF. There has been a decline in tourism.

/dɪˈklaɪn/ /dɪˈfend/

hju mənaɪz/

verb

65 1 to protect someone or something from You should defend the rights of all people. attack They went to great lengths to dehumanise their enemies. to make people stop feeling and behaving like normal people, especially by treating them very badly to show clearly that something is true or that it exists It demonstrates that by far the most urgent problem affecting all children is lack of access to sanitation facilities.

/ demənstreɪt/ devastate *

verb

disorientate

verb

displacement

noun

800

58 57

a reduction in the amount or quality of something

/ di demonstrate ***

I’m now more afraid of piracy than storms and cyclones.

/ saɪˌkləʊn/

debt ***

noun

61 a severe storm in which the wind spins in a circle

/ deɵ

decline ***

55

to completely defeat someone who is opposing you, The guards crushed the rebellion and then set up a ‘privilege cell’ especially by using force or violence system.

noun

798

801

F

/kə reɪdʒəs/

death penalty

797

799

E

/krʌʃ/

791 792

/kə rʌpt/

D

a group of vehicles or ships travelling together, often Coalition ships provide convoys to escort ships across the seas. with other vehicles or ships providing protection for them doing dishonest, illegal, or immoral things in order to The new police chief vowed to prosecute corrupt police officers. gain money or power dishonest or illegal behaviour by officials or people in The bank was closed down amid allegations of corruption and fraud. positions of power, especially when they accept money in exchange for doing things for someone

/kə rʌpʃ(ə)n/

788

790

C

/ devəsteɪt/

55

64 to seriously damage or completely destroy something to make someone unable to think clearly or make sensible decisions

There are stories of heroism of people who go out and care for families that have been devastated by disease. The sudden drop in altitude disorientated the young pilot.

813

/dɪs ɔːriənteɪt/ a situation in which a person is forced to leave their The recent brutal genocide has resulted in the displacement of own country and go somewhere else to live whole populations on a massive scale. /dɪs pleɪsmənt/

56



A

distress call

B

804 805 806 807

/dɪˈstres

drought

noun

/draʊt/

emergency ***

noun

/ɪˈmɜː(r)dʒ(ə)nsi/

epic

noun

/ epɪk/

epidemic

noun

/ epɪˈdemɪk/

escort1

noun

fake

811 812 fame **

famine *

verb adjective verb noun

/es kɔː(r)t/ / i v(ə)l/ /feɪk/ /feɪm/

/ fæmɪn/ firm ***

adjective

phrase flick knife

817

/rɪˌmeɪn

/ flɪk flog flooding

818 819 fluctuate

fɜː(r)m/

noun

816

verb

to go somewhere with a person, vehicle, ship etc in order to protect them or to prevent them from escaping an evil person does very bad or cruel things to pretend to have a feeling that you do not have

65 56 158 54 56

59

Coalition ships provide convoys to escort ships across the seas.

The nature of evil: can good people do bad things? The traveller was detained for using a fake passport.

It is best to remain firm in an argument, however convincing your to continue to show that you are in control of a opponent’s arguments may be. situation and will not be easily forced to do something a knife whose blade is hidden inside the handle and It wasn’t a flick knife, of course, it was two metal objects. comes out very quickly when you push a button

naɪf/

/flɒg/

noun verb

a long period of time when there is little or no rain and crops die an unexpected situation involving danger in which When an emergency strikes in most places in the world, we are immediate action is necessary working there already. a long poem that tells a story about ancient people This epic poem was lost for centuries, and then discovered in and gods 1844. Experts fear the recent outbreak of TB could develop into a major a situation in which a disease spreads very quickly and infects many people epidemic. a person or a group of people, vehicles, ships etc that Coalition ships provide an escort for ships in the area. go somewhere with another person, vehicle, ship etc in order to protect them or to prevent them from escaping

59 61

54

/fɜː(r)m/

remain firm 815

From 2005 to 2010, there was a dramatic fall in the incidence of malaria. Due to the recent lack of rainfall, there is a severe drought.

the state of being famous Heroism leads to fame and glory. a serious lack of food that continues for a long time Aid workers were shocked to see the degree of famine in the and causes many people in a country to become ill or country. die No firm evidence links pollution with asthma.

noun

813 814

/drə mætɪk/

/ eskɔː(r)t/

809 810 evil **

F

158 sudden and surprising or easy to notice

adjective

escort2

E

kɔːl/

dramatic ***

808

D

a message by phone, radio etc from a ship, aircraft A lot of the time they don’t respond to distress calls and, anyway, etc which is in great danger and likely to sink or crash the pirates are so quick.

noun

802 803

C

/ flʌdɪŋ/ / flʌkʧueɪt/

55

159 to hit someone very hard with a stick or whip as a punishment a situation in which water from a river or from rain covers large areas of land

The livelihoods of people in the world’s poorest regions are continually threatened by natural disasters such as flooding.

to change frequently

Between 2000 and 2010 unemployment fluctuated.


He was flogged for stealing timber from a government yard. 58

56 65


A

forge *

B

822

D

/fɔː(r)ʤ/ fraud **

noun

/frɔːd/

game ***

noun

/ɡeɪm/

823

genocide

Monopoly is a game for all the family.

827

831 832 833 834

phrase

/ ɡɪv

weɪ tʊ/

give in

phrasal verb

/ ɡɪv

ɪn/

glory **

noun noun

/ ɡlɔːri/ /ɡraʊnd/

phrase

/ stænd jə(r)

stand your ground guilty *** find someone guilty of something halt * call a halt to something handcuffs

adjective phrase

hang ***

/ ɡɪlti/

ɡɪlti əv

the murder of large numbers of people belonging to The recent brutal genocide has resulted in the displacement of a particular race whole populations on a massive scale. The volunteers were given their roles. to agree to something that someone else wants You should never give way on your principles. instead of what you want to stop competing or arguing and accept that you Governments should never give in to terrorists. cannot win admiration and praise that you get because you have Heroism leads to fame and glory. done something impressive His feet were rooted to the ground. to refuse to change your opinions, beliefs, or It is best to stand your ground in an argument. decisions despite pressure to change them There goes a man with a guilty secret. to officially decide that someone has committed a crime

phrase

/ kɔːl ə

hɔːlt tə

plural noun

/hæŋ/

verb

hardship

55 55 54 55 55

Warren Kerr was found guilty of stealing boot‐tops. 58

to end something, often by a formal or official sʌmɵɪŋ/ decision metal rings that a police officer puts round a prisoner’s wrists to stop them from using their hands or arms to kill someone by putting a rope around their neck and making them fall to keep annoying or upsetting someone, for example by criticising them, attacking them, or treating them in a way that is offensive to them

They decided to call a halt to the process. 61 He was surprised to see his neighbour hauled off in handcuffs.

He was finally hanged in 1880. 58 They put the ringleaders in solitary confinement, while harassing the others.

/ hærəs/, /hə ræs/

837

56 60

He has appealed for a halt to the fighting. /hɔːlt/

verb

158

ɡraʊnd/

/ hæn(d) kʌfs/

harass

838

ʌp/

/faɪnd sʌmwʌn sʌmɵɪŋ/

noun

835 836

ɡeɪm ɪz

/ ʤenəsaɪd/ /ɡɪv/

828 829 ground *** 830

noun

/ðə

verb

give way (to)

The whole research programme was an elaborate fraud.

used for saying that the truth has been discovered, When they attack you – and so far the Ellivita has been lucky – especially when someone has been doing something the game is up quickly. wrong and will have to stop phrase

824 825 give ***

F

58 the crime of obtaining money from someone by tricking them

the game is up

826

E

to illegally copy documents, paper money, or works Thomas Briggs was sentenced to death for forging cheques in of art with the intention of cheating people 1829.

verb

820 821

C

61 a situation in which life is very difficult, usually because you do not have enough money

noun / hɑː(r)dʃɪp/

It's just extraordinary to hear someone putting the needs of others before their own needs at a time of real hardship. 158



A 839 840

B

haunt *

verb

/hɔːnt/

health care **

noun

/ helθ

hero **

heroine

845

keə(r)/ someone who has done something brave, for example saving a person’s life or risking their own life

E

F

Caroline was haunted by a fear of cancer. The quality of life of people in developing countries would be improved by increased access to health care. A hero is someone who faces dangers and trials without fear.

/ hɪərəʊ/

56

54 Madonna was her heroine. a woman who has done something brave, for example saving a person’s life or risking their own life

noun / herəʊɪn/

842

844

D

to make someone feel worried and upset for a long time the services that look after people’s health

noun

841

843

C

hijack

verb

/ haɪdʒæk/

hope ***

noun

/həʊp/

phrase

/ ɡɪv ʌp

give up hope hostage *

həʊp/

noun / hɒstɪdʒ/

846

however ***

adverb /haʊˈevə(r)/

847

to illegally take control of a vehicle, especially a plane, using violence or threats

These days they hijack ships, take the entire crew hostage and demand huge ransoms. These young people have no hope for the future.

to stop believing that something you want to happen might be possible a person who is the prisoner of someone who threatens to kill them if they do not get what they want used for saying that it makes no difference how good, bad, difficult etc something is or how much there is of something

Never give up hope, however bleak a situation may appear.

158

55 Nowadays the pirates are starting to attack and shoot their hostages. 58 Never give up hope, however bleak a situation may appear. 55 Two of the hostages were released on humanitarian grounds.

humanitarian

adjective /hju

848

humanitarian disaster 849

phrase humanitarian relief

850 851

phrase humble

adjective

humility

noun

hurricane

noun

852

853

idealise 854

verb

mænɪˈteəriən/

/hju mænɪˈteəriən dɪˌzɑːstə(r)/

a war, flood, earthquake etc which results in people This earthquake is the worst humanitarian disaster in the living in very bad conditions and suffering country's history.

efforts to help people who are living in very bad conditions and are suffering because of a war, flood, /hju mænɪˈteəriən rɪˌli f/ earthquake etc not proud and not thinking that you are better than other people / hʌmb(ə)l/ a way of behaving that shows that you do not think that you are better or more important than other people /hju mɪləti/ a violent storm with extremely strong winds and heavy rain / hʌrɪkən/, / hʌrɪkeɪn/ to believe or suggest that someone or something is perfect or better than they really are /aɪˈdɪəlaɪz/


We work through humanitarian emergency relief. 158 He was a genuinely humble man. He was impressed by the young boy's honesty and humility.

The livelihoods of people in the world’s poorest regions are continually threatened by natural disasters such as hurricanes. 56 Others idealised them as heroes. 59


A 855

illiteracy

IMF

B

noun

noun

inequality *

noun

860 861

inmate

864

adjective noun

insecticide

noun

integrity **

noun

862 863 irrespective

irrespective of legal representation

adverb

867 868 869 870 871

leniency

/ aɪ em ef/ /ɪm prɪz(ə)nmənt/

/ ɪnɪˈkwɒləti/ / ɪnfəməs/ / ɪn meɪt/ /ɪn sektɪsaɪd/

/ɪn teɡrəti/ / ɪrɪˈspektɪv/

/ li ɡ(ə)l reprɪzen teɪʃ(ə)n/

ɒv/

the punishment of being put into prison a situation in which people are not equal because some groups have more opportunities, power, money etc than others well known for something bad someone who is kept in a prison, mental hospital, or other institution a chemical for killing insects, especially those that damage plants or crops the quality of always behaving according to the moral principles that you believe in, so that people respect and trust you

/ laɪb(ə)l/

life‐threatening disease

noun

/ laɪf

livelihood

noun

/ laɪvlihʊd/

lock out

phrasal verb

/ lɒk

loyal **

adjective

/ lɔɪəl/

loyalty **

noun

57 58

Nobody could forget his infamous criminal past. He told fellow inmates that there really was no escape. 61 She started buying organic fruit after learning of the harmful insecticides sprayed on the crops. She had a reputation for honesty and personal integrity.

He carried on with his plan irrespective. Parents should not stand in the way of their children’s ambitions, irrespective of their views. a lawyer (or group of lawyers) who speaks, acts, or is The quality of life of people in developing countries would be present for a person, group, or organisation improved by increased access to legal representation.

55 55

56

/ li niənsi/

noun

They were sentenced to six months’ imprisonment. There are great inequalities in health care across the country.

despite a particular fact, situation, or quality

a punishment that is not as severe as it could be

libel

the illegal act of writing things about someone that are not true a disease that is likely to cause someone to die

Annoyed at what they saw as the leniency of their night‐shift colleagues, the guards took action. The company sued the newspaper for libel.

61

She displayed great courage in battling a life‐threatening disease.

θret(ə)nɪŋ dɪˈzi z/

aʊt/

/ lɔɪəlti/ malnutrition

873

65

noun

872

F

$1.3 billion of debt has been written off by the IMF. the International Monetary Fund: an international organisation that works to balance and manage the world’s economy and to help countries with weak economies to develop

/ ɪrɪˈspektɪv

noun

E

Lack of access to education has resulted in high levels of illiteracy.

/ɪˈlɪtərəsi/

phrase

865 866

D

the inability to read or write

noun

856 857 imprisonment **

858 859 infamous

C

noun / mælnjʊˈtrɪʃ(ə)n/

something such as your work that provides the The livelihoods of people in the world’s poorest regions are money that you need to live continually threatened by natural disasters. She locked him out of the house after an argument. to prevent someone from coming into a room or building by locking the door willing to support, work for, or be a friend to Always be loyal to your friends and family, whatever they may someone, even in difficult times have done. She inspires great loyalty among her staff. support that you always give to someone or something because of your feelings of duty and love towards them Five million people have been suffering from severe malnutrition. a medical condition in which you are weak or ill because you do not eat enough or do not eat enough of the right foods


56

55

57


A 874 875

B

noun

/ mæn slɔːtə(r)/

marked **

adjective

/mɑː(r)kt/

matter **

noun

no matter how/where/what etc ... phrase adjective

/ mɪstʃɪvəs/

mission **

noun

/ mɪʃ(ə)n/

mockup

noun

From 2005 to 2010, there was a marked fall in the incidence of malaria. The greater deprivation in rural areas is a matter of concern given that the majority of children in Bangladesh live there.

used for saying that something is not important or will not have an effect

You should always stand up to bullies, no matter how much they may threaten you.

a mischievous person, especially a child, enjoys having fun by causing trouble an aim that is very important to a person or organisation a model of something that is the same size as or very similar to the real thing, used especially for research

There were always mischievous boys around.

65

55

A hero is someone who has strong beliefs and a sense of mission. 54 The company presented a mockup of their new, futuristic car at the exposition. Heart disease and diabetes are among the most common causes of mortality in later life.

noun /mɔː(r) tæləti/

881

infant mortality mortality rate murder ***

phrase

/ ɪnfənt mɔː(r) tæləti/

phrase

/mɔː(r) tæləti

noun

/ mɜː(r)də(r)/ / nærəʊ/

884 885 narrow **

verb

NATO

noun

reɪt/

the number of deaths of babies and very young children the number of deaths within a particular area, group etc the crime of killing someone deliberately to become or make something narrower North Atlantic Treaty Organisation: an organisation of North American and European countries that provides military support for its members

Infant mortality has been reduced by one third and we expect these numbers to get better. Two years ago this region suffered from one of the world’s highest mortality rates due to malaria. Ned Kelly was convicted in his absence of the attempted murder of a policeman. The gap between rich and poor has narrowed by 10%. Ten thousand NATO troops were sent to the war‐torn country to assist local forces.

57 57 58 57

/ neɪtəʊ/

886

natural disaster

noun / nætʃ(ə)rəl dɪˈzɑːstə(r)/

887

NGO 888 889 notorious *

obstruct 890

F

/ mɒkʌp/ mortality **

883

E

He pleaded guilty to two counts of manslaughter.

64

/nəʊ mætə(r) haʊ, weə(r), wɒt et set(ə)rə/

mischievous

880

882

the crime of causing someone’s death illegally but without intending to clear and noticeable

/ mætə(r)/

877

879

D

manslaughter

876

878

C

noun adjective

/ en dʒi əʊ/ /nəʊˈtɔːriəs/

verb /əb strʌkt/

something that happens in nature and causes a lot of The livelihoods of people in the world’s poorest regions are damage or kills a lot of people, for example a flood or continually threatened by natural disasters. an earthquake non‐governmental organisation: an organisation that She volunteers for an NGO, working to bring clean water and is not owned by the government, but may work with sanitation to some of the poorest areas in the world. government departments famous for something bad to take action in order to prevent someone from doing something or to prevent something from happening


56

The city is notorious for its traffic jams. Parents should not obstruct their children’s ambitions, irrespective of their views. 55


A

OPEC

B

893 894 895

/ əʊpek/ orphan

verb

/ ɔː(r)f(ə)n/

outbreak *

noun

/ aʊt breɪk/

patrol *

verb

/pə trəʊl/

peak

verb

/pi k/

perseverance

noun

898 899

piracy

noun

pirate

noun

plummet

verb

pocket

902 903

/ paɪrət/ / plʌmɪt/

preventable

adjective

/prɪˈventəb(ə)l/

prosecute *

verb

/ prɒsɪˌkju t/

raid

verb

/reɪd/

ransom

noun / ræns(ə)m/

rat on someone

phrasal verb

refugee camp

noun

/ ræt ɒn

sʌmwʌn/

/ refjʊˈdʒi

906

regardless **

kæmp/

adverb

F

57 56 59 65

Piracy is alive and well in some parts of the world. 59 The crew are powerless if the pirates board the boat. 58 In 2010 the GDP plummeted. 65 Senior government figures have pocketed millions of dollars in aid donations.

Every day 2,000 children less are dying of preventable diseases than they were this time last year. to officially accuse someone of a crime and ask a There is no international legal system for prosecuting people court of law to judge them accused of piracy. to suddenly attack a place, cause a lot of damage and Stede Bonnet raided ships off the Virginia coast. steal things Pirates board the vessels, take the crew hostage and demand the amount of money that someone wants to be ransom payments. paid before they will let a person who they are keeping prisoner go free to tell someone in authority about something that The guards created the impression they had ratted on their someone you know has done wrong friends . a place with tents or other shelters for people who Five million people migrated earlier in the year to refugee camps. leave their country, especially during a war or other threatening event It seemed an impossible task at times, but we carried on, regardless.

56 158 59 58

59 61

57

/rɪˈɡɑː(r)dləs/

907 908

the crime of stealing things from ships while they are sailing someone who attacks ships while they are sailing in order to steal things from them if something such as an amount, rate, or value plummets, it suddenly becomes much lower to take money for yourself that does not belong to you, especially when you are responsible for looking after it a preventable disease is capable of being prevented

/ paɪrəsi/

/ pɒkɪt/

904 905

Homes have been found for over 500 children orphaned in the recent inter‐tribal conflict. Experts fear the recent outbreak of TB could develop into a major epidemic . to move regularly around a place in order to prevent Ships from an international coalition force regularly patrol the trouble or crime area. to reach the highest amount or level, before In 2010 the GDP peaked. becoming lower a determined attitude that makes you continue Excellent marks are a result of hard work and perseverance. trying to achieve something difficult

verb

900 901

E

Analysts were awaiting the decision from OPEC.

/ pɜː(r)sɪˈvɪərəns/

896 897

D

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries: an organisation that controls the supply and price of oil in the world market to make a child an orphan (= a child whose parents have died) the sudden start of war, disease, violence etc

noun

891 892

C

regardless of

phrase

/rɪˈɡɑː(r)dləs

ɒv/

without being affected or influenced by anything else A hero is someone who keeps going regardless of obstacles or that happens or exists discouragement.


54


A

relief ***

B

noun /rɪˈli f/

909 910 911

rife

adjective

/raɪf/

rocket

verb

/ rɒkɪt/

roll call

noun / rəʊl

912 913

salutary

adjective

sanitation

noun

916 917 918 919 920

adjective

/ si

security alert

noun

/sɪˈkjʊərəti ə lɜː(r)t/

self‐confidence

noun

/ self

kɒnfɪd(ə)ns/

self‐confident

adjective

/ self

kɒnfɪd(ə)nt/

selfless

adjective

/ selfləs/

selflessness

noun

/ selfləsnəs/

self‐sacrifice

noun

self‐sacrificing

adjective

sentence1 ***

noun

925

commute a sentence overturn a sentence sentence2 **

926

feərɪŋ/

/ self

sækrɪfaɪs/

/ self

sækrɪfaɪsɪŋ/

D

E

food, clothes, and money given to people who are in Local volunteers were the unsung heroes of the flood relief. urgent need of help, for example because of a war or other bad situation if something bad or unpleasant is rife, there is a lot of Tribal conflict is rife in the area. it if something such as a price or quantity rockets, it In 2010 the GDP rose rocketed. suddenly increases a lot the process of reading out an official list of people’s Some students struggled to take a roll call at 2.30am seriously. names to check who is present, usually in a school or in the armed forces a salutary experience or warning is one that has a The Stanford Prison Experiment remains a salutary lesson in what good effect although it is unpleasant can happen within institutions. conditions and processes relating to people’s health, The quality of life of people in developing countries would be improved by increased access to sanitation. especially the systems that supply water and deal with human waste working or travelling regularly on the sea I come from a seafaring family, my father and brother are both merchant seamen. a warning that an attack, bombing, robbery etc has The cutlery in my rucksack set off a big security alert. happened or is going to happen the feeling that you can do things well and that She lacks the self‐confidence to get ahead in the business world. people respect you feeling that you can do things well and that people He's a lot more self‐confident since he met Anna. respect you caring about other people’s needs and problems The social worker was rewarded at the banquet for her 20 years more than your own of selfless service to the community. the quality of caring about other people’s needs and She thanked her parents for their continued selflessness. problems more than your own the behaviour of someone who chooses not to have The movie recounts stories of self‐sacrifice by ordinary citizens or to do something that they want in order to help during the war. other people choosing not to have or to do something that you He is a self‐sacrificing hero in my eyes. want in order to help other people a punishment given by a judge, usually involving a She received the maximum sentence of ten years. period of time that a person must spend in prison

F

56 56 65

61 61

56 158 159

/ sentəns/

923 924

/ sæljʊt(ə)ri/

seafaring

921 922

kɔːl/

/ sænɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n/

914 915

C

phrase phrase

/kə mju t ə sentəns/ / əʊvə(r) tɜː(r)n ə sentəns/

verb

to change a punishment to one that is less severe

Her sentence was commuted to transportation to Australia.

to say officially that a punishment is wrong and change it when a judge sentences someone, they officially state what someone’s punishment will be

His sentence was later overturned and he was acquitted.

58

/ sentəns/

58 Thomas Briggs was sentenced to death for forging cheques in 1829. 58



A

927

adjective

sharp ***

928 929 930

B

significant *** simulate

adjective verb

sinful

adjective

single‐minded

adjective

931 932 933 934

C

/ʃɑː(r)p/ a significant change is very large or noticeable /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ / sɪmjʊleɪt/

/ sɪŋɡ(ə)l

maɪndɪd/ maɪndɪdnəs/

noun

/ sɪŋɡ(ə)l

slight ***

adjective

/slaɪt/

noun

solidarity

noun

solitary confinement

936 937 spell **

noun

/slʌm/

stable **

/ sɒlət(ə)ri kən faɪnmənt/ /spel/

phrase

/ breɪk ə

945

She's always been very single‐minded in pursuing her career.

the behaviour of someone whose attention is fixed on only one thing a slight change is small in size, amount, or degree

The party questioned the single‐mindedness of the opposition's plans. From 2005 to 2010, there was a slight fall in the incidence of malaria. The Clean Hands education programme was launched in the city’s slum areas. The guards tried to break down the solidarity between inmates.

65 64 61

65 57

spel/

a punishment in which a prisoner is kept alone, separate from other prisoners

They rounded up the ringleaders and put them in solitary confinement. He was not the first man to fall under her spell. to bring to an end a powerful influence on someone, Her vehement protests broke the spell. usually an influence that makes them admire or obey another person People have become accustomed to a stable economic situation.

61

61

adjective / steɪb(ə)l/

remain stable

phrase

stamp **

verb

941

944

with your attention fixed on only one thing

F

61

noun

939

943

It's sinful how you waste money.

a poor area of a town where the houses are in very bad condition the support that people in a group give each other because they have the same opinions or aims

break a spell 938

942

to produce the features of something in a way that seems real but is not morally wrong or bad

/ sɒlɪˈdærəti/

935

940

E

From 2005 to 2010, there was a sharp fall in the incidence of malaria. There has been a significant fall in population growth over the last few decades. The aim was to simulate the disorientating processes.

/ sɪnf(ə)l/

single‐mindedness

slum

D

a sharp change is sudden and very big

be stamped on your memory/mind stand *** stand by someone stand in the way of something

phrase verb

/rɪˌmeɪn

steɪb(ə)l/

/stæmp/ /bi stæmpt ɒn jə(r) mem(ə)ri, maɪnd/

to not change or to not be likely to suddenly become Between 2000 and 2010 unemployment remained stable. worse They didn't bother to stamp my passport this time.

to be impossible to forget

65

We will stamp our fame on men’s minds forever. 55 The film must not take place where the camera is standing.

/stænd/

phrase

/ stænd baɪ

phrase

/ stænd ɪn ðə sʌmθɪŋ/

45 to be loyal to someone who is in a difficult situation

Always stand by your friends and family.

to try to prevent something from happening

Parents should not stand in the way of their children’s ambitions.

sʌmwʌn/ weɪ əv

55 55



A 946 947

stand up for someone/something stand up to someone steadily ***

948 949 rise steadily

B

phrase phrase adverb phrase

noun

/θeft/

tireless

adjective verb

/ taɪə(r)ləs/ /təʊ/

phrase

/ təʊ ðə

tooth ***

955 956 bare your teeth

transportation *

noun phrase

E

55 You should always stand up to bullies. 55

The growth rate of the Bangladeshi economy has increased steadily. to increase slowly and gradually Between 2000 and 2010 unemployment rose steadily. Sustainable development is one of the biggest issues facing the the development of a country or region that does not use more natural resources than can be replaced country right now. and so does not harm the environment the crime of stealing

There have been a lot of thefts recently.

working very hard without stopping

Through the tireless work of the overseas volunteers, school enrolments increased by 10%. The player toed the football down the field. The guards rewarded prisoners who toed the line.

64 65

57

61 It's important to brush your teeth at least twice a day.

/tu θ/ / beə(r) jə(r)

ti θ/

to show your teeth in a threatening way the activity of moving people or things from one place to another, or the system used for doing this

He bared his teeth and let out a deafening roar. Her sentence was commuted to transportation to Australia.

the crime of helping your country’s enemies or of trying to destroy your country’s government

The military considered the soldier's actions as treason.

to make something happen

He told fellow inmates that there really was no escape, which triggered genuine fear among them. The livelihoods of people in the world’s poorest regions are continually threatened by natural disasters such as tsunamis.

/ trænspɔː(r) teɪʃ(ə)n/ treason

F

You should stand up for the rights of all people.

laɪn/

noun

noun

55

58

/ tri z(ə)n/

958

trigger ** tsunami

verb

UN

/tsu

nɑːmi/

/ ju

en/

noun

961

UNESCO

/ trɪɡə(r)/

noun

960

/ju unfold

verb

a very large wave or series of waves caused when something such as an earthquake moves a large quantity of water in the sea The problem will continue to increase until there is an the United Nations: an international organisation that encourages countries to work together in order international court, backed by the UN. to solve world problems such as war, disease, and poverty

The site has been a UNESCO world heritage site since 2004. the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation: an international organisation that provides support in education, science, and culture, especially for poorer countries

noun

962 963

/sə steɪnəb(ə)l dɪˈveləpmənt/

to defend someone or something that is being criticised or attacked to not allow yourself to be treated badly, especially by someone in authority

to accept rules and to obey people in authority

957

959

sʌmwʌn/

/ stedɪli/ / raɪz stedɪli/

theft ***

toe the line

D

ʌp tə

noun

952 953 toe 954

/ stænd

sustainable development 950 951

C

/ stænd ʌp fə(r) sʌmwʌn, sʌmθɪŋ/

neskəʊ/ 1 to happen, or to develop

/ʌn fəʊld/


We stood and watched the drama unfold.

61

56

59


A

UNICEF

B

E

F

/ ju nɪsef/ unsung

965 966 vehement

adjective adjective

villain *

noun

volcanic eruption

noun

968

WB

/ʌn sʌŋ/ / vi əmənt/ / vɪlən/

/vɒl kænɪk ɪˈrʌpʃ(ə)n/

noun / dʌb(ə)lju

969

whatever ***

bi /

conjunction /wɒt evə(r)/

970

whenever **

conjunction

not famous, praised, or admired, although deserving Local volunteers were the unsung heroes of the flood relief. to be involving extremely strong feelings or beliefs Her vehement protests broke the spell. an evil person, or a criminal People are very ready to speak of language users as heroes and villains. when a volcano explodes inside and flames, rocks, The livelihoods of people in the world’s poorest regions are and lava come out of the top continually threatened by natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions. the World Bank: an international organisation that Reducing poverty is the primary mission of the WB. lends money to countries that are members of the United Nations used for saying that what happens or what is true is Always stand by your friends and family, whatever they may have not important, because it makes no difference to the done. situation used for saying that you do not care when something Whenever I hear that song, I think of you. happens, because all times are equally convenient

56 61 63

56

55

/wen evə(r)/

971

wherever **

conjunction /wer evə(r)/

972

WHO

noun /hu /

973

whoever **

conjunction /hu

974 975

D

The class had a bake sale to raise money for UNICEF. United Nations Children’s Fund: an international organisation that helps children in poor countries, for example by providing them with food and medicine

noun

964

967

C

wicked *

adjective

write off

phrasal verb

/ wɪkɪd/

/ raɪt

976

WTO

evə(r)/

ɒf/

noun / dʌb(ə)lju

977

ti

used for saying that you do not care where something happens, because all the places are equally good the World Health Organisation: an international organisation that is part of the United Nations and helps poorer countries by giving them information and medicine

Wherever he went, he took his dog with him.

used for saying that it does not matter who is involved in something because the result or the situation will be the same morally wrong and deliberately intending to hurt people to decide that someone or something will not succeed and so to stop giving them your attention and energy the World Trade Organisation: an international organisation that controls trade between countries

Whoever wins the election, it won't make any difference to me.

Her dream job is to work as a doctor with the WHO, preferably in a French‐speaking country.

I knew that it was a wicked thing to do. $1.3 billion of debt has been written off by the IMF. 57 The WTO is responsible for more than just removing obstacles to trade.

əʊ/

978 Unit 6 979

abolition

noun

the official end to a law, system, practice etc / æbə lɪʃ(ə)n/

The Long Song is set around the time of the abolition of slavery. 69



A 980 981 982

B

accrue

verb

/ə kru /

alchemist

noun

/ ælkəmɪst/

algebra

noun

alleviate

verb

appreciate **

verb

/ə pri ʃi eɪt/

985

artisan

noun

/ ɑː(r)tɪˈzæn/

986

astronomy *

noun

/ə strɒnəmi/

attach **

verb

bandit

noun

barter1

noun

barter

2

benefit ***

verb

/ bændɪt/

/ bɑː(r)tə(r)/

noun / benɪfɪt/

991 992

if something appreciates, its value increases gradually a worker who has special skill and training, especially one who makes things the scientific study of the stars, planets, and other objects in the universe to send something such as a document or piece of extra information with a letter, email etc

I appreciate you helping me revise for the exam.

F

160 72

Important intellectual developments such as algebra and astronomy all originated in the East. The doctor has prescribed some drugs to alleviate the pain.

160

Talented artisans have been inspired by gold and worked it to make objects of eternal beauty. Important intellectual developments such as algebra and astronomy all originated in the East. I have attached a visa application form for you to complete.

bet *

noun

bond **

a thief who attacks travellers, usually with other They face the ever present threat of bandits. thieves The earliest trade probably consisted of forms of barter. 1 the system of paying for goods or services with other goods or services instead of using money to exchange goods or services for other goods or Many of these goods were bartered for others along the way. services instead of using money The benefits include medical insurance and a company car. money or other help that the government gives people who need financial help, for example because they do not have a job He passed his driving test, so I won my bet. something that is likely to happen, or someone or something that is likely to be successful

phrase

160

66

67 160

/bet/

a safe bet 993

73

76

/ bɑː(r)tə(r)/

989 990

E

It’s a combination of the fine for going into overdraft and also the interest that accrued as a result. The author views bankers as modern alchemists.

/ə tætʃ/

987 988

/ ældʒɪbrə/

D

if money accrues or is accrued, it gradually increases in amount someone who tried to change ordinary metals into gold, especially in the Middle Ages a type of mathematics that uses letters and symbols in place of numbers to make something less painful, severe, or serious

/ə li vieɪt/

983 984

C

/ə

seɪf

Madrid is a safe bet for hot weather at this time of year.

bet/ a document given to someone who invests money in The experience formed a close bond between us. a government or company, promising to pay back the money with interest

noun /bɒnd/

994

She refused to budge from his office until she got an answer. budge

verb /bʌdʒ/

995 996

not budge

phrase

/ nɒt

bʌdʒ/

to refuse to change your opinion or decision about something


You won’t budge on that at all? 74


A 997

bump *

B

verb

bump someone off a flight 998 999

phrase captivating

adjective

chains ***

plural noun

change ***

verb

/ bʌmp flaɪt/

sʌmwʌn ɒf ə

/ kæptɪˌveɪtɪŋ/

1005

1008 1009 1010

/ tʃeɪndʒ

collectable

noun

/kə lektəb(ə)l/

commerce **

noun

/ kɒmɜː(r)s/

commission ***

noun

68 When alloyed with other elements gold's density changes.

sʌbdʒɪkt/ an object that is valuable because people want to own it the activity of buying and selling goods and services

She kept all her old dolls, which are now valuable collectables. The city has always been a centre of commerce.

an extra amount of money that you earn in your job I hope he got fantastic commission? every time you sell a product or get a new customer /kə mɪʃ(ə)n/

commodity **

noun

/kə mɒdəti/

congenial

adjective

/kən dʒi niəl/

controlling

adjective

/kən trəʊlɪŋ/

cosmopolitan

adjective

/ kɒzmə pɒlɪt(ə)n/

cover ***

noun / kʌvə(r)/

deal ***

71

ɡɪə(r)/

/ tʃeɪndʒ ðə

1012 1013 it’s a deal

1015

160 You could call the captivating city of Bangalore, India's best city for business. To be free is not merely to cast off one’s chains.

73

phrase

1011

1014

But you do acknowledge that it’s not my fault that I’m being bumped off this flight?

to deliberately start talking about something else to Can we change the subject, please? avoid an argument or embarrassing situation

1006 1007

to tell someone who has bought a ticket for a plane seat that they cannot fly because the airline has sold too many tickets very interesting or attractive in a way that takes all your attention conditions that limit your freedom, especially unpleasant responsibilities or bad conditions that you live in to leave one plane, train, bus etc to get on another

/tʃeɪndʒ/

change the subject

1004

F

to start using a different gear when you are driving a With business concluded, the convention changes gear and car or riding a bicycle becomes like a huge party. phrase

1003

E

/bʌmp/

change gear 1002

D

Be careful not to bump your head.

/tʃeɪnz/

1000 1001

C

noun phrase

/di l/ /ɪts ə

di l/

defiant

adjective

/dɪˈfaɪənt/

depreciate

verb

/dɪˈpri ʃieɪt/

161 something that can be bought and sold, especially a As the name suggests, silk was the main commodity that was basic food product or fuel traded on the Silk Road. friendly and enjoying the company of others You could call the congenial city of Bangalore, India's best city for business. making people behave in the way that you want She couldn't wait to go to university and get away from her them to behave controlling mother. used about a place where people from many You could call the cosmopolitan city of Bangalore, India's best city different countries and cultures live for business. We can throw in some cover if you’d like, but that’s the best price an agreement by an insurance company to pay we can offer. money in a particular situation or for a particular event, person, or thing We think there was a deal between the CIA and the FBI. used for saying that you agree with something refusing to obey a person or rule

Fantastic, it’s a deal. Mr Lally remains defiant, insisting that he will not give in.

to become less valuable than before

Fine wine will appreciate in value, while a car depreciates very quickly.


159 71

71

160

74


A

diminish **

1016 1017 do *** 1018

will do

B

verb

C

D

to become less

verb

/dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/ /du /

phrase

/ wɪl

used for saying that something is enough or is suitable for a particular purpose

du /

E

By the end of the 14th century, its importance had greatly diminished. I’m afraid that’s absolutely the best we can do. It will have to do I suppose.

F

67 74 74

In those days, fuel economy was a central factor in car design. economy ***

noun /ɪˈkɒnəmi/

1019

the economy 1020

phrase elixir

emancipation

1025

73 the process of giving freedom and rights to someone The history of men’s opposition to women’s emancipation is more interesting than emancipation itself.

noun

68 to make someone a slave

enslave

verb

/ɪn sleɪv/

exacerbate

verb

/ɪɡˈzæsə(r)beɪt/

exchange ***

verb

/ɪks tʃeɪndʒ/

phrase

/ɪks tʃeɪndʒ

kɒntrækts/

phrase

/ɪks tʃeɪndʒ

vju z/

verb noun

/ɪks pɔː(r)t/ /aɪ/

phrase

/ kætʃ

exchange contracts exchange views export **

1028 1029 eye *** 1030

catch someone’s eye look someone in the eye

1031 1032 1033 1034

In their pursuit of gold, what they were also pursuing was the ‘elixir of life’.

/ɪˌmænsɪˈpeɪʃ(ə)n/

1026 1027

a liquid that people believe has magic powers, for example the ability to make you live for ever /ɪˈlɪksə(r)/

1022

1024

Between 1982 and 1988 the economy grew at an average of about 3 per cent per year.

/ði ɪˈkɒnəmi/

noun

1021

1023

the whole of a country’s business, industry, and trade, and the money that they produce

phrase

/ lʊk

sʌmwʌnz

aɪ/

sʌmwʌn ɪn ði

facilitate *

verb

/fə sɪləteɪt/

fetters

plural noun

/ fetə(r)z/

forestry

noun

/ fɒrɪstri/

Increasing higher education costs continues to enslave young adults into a life of debt. to make a problem become worse More has to be done immediately to make sure the problem isn’t exacerbated any further. to give someone something in return for something Silk was by no means the only commodity exchanged by traders. that they give you The buyer and seller of the house celebrated after exchanging if the people buying and selling a house exchange contracts, they each sign a contract so that the sale is contracts. officially complete to say something to someone and then listen to what Team meetings are an opportunity to exchange ideas. they say to send a product to another country so that it can So they’re re‐exporting outsourcing work to places with cheaper be sold there labour. In the eyes of the mouse, the cat is a lion. to get someone’s attention by looking at them He tried to catch the waiter’s eye.

71 160

160 79 69

to look at someone when you are talking to them, especially to show that what you are saying is true

He refused to look her in the eye.

to make it possible or easier for something to happen 1 chains for a prisoner’s feet, used especially in the past the science of caring for forests, and the trees and other plants that grow in them

Later, currency was introduced to facilitate a wider exchange of goods and services. The moment the slave resolves that he will no longer be a slave, his fetters fall. His passion for the outdoors led him to a career in forestry.

aɪ/

69


67 68


A

former ***

B

1037 1038

the former

pronoun

/ðə

frown upon

phrasal verb

/ fraʊn ə pɒn/

further ***

adverb

gambler

noun

gaze **

verb

get back to

1046

/ɡet get rid of

phrasal verb

1051

/ɡet

bæk rɪd

tu / ɒv /

noun

/ dʒɪndʒə(r)/

glance ***

verb

/ɡlɑːns/

glimpse *

noun

globalisation

noun

/ɡlɪmps/

to phone, write, or speak to someone at a later time because you were busy or could not answer their question earlier to take action that stops something annoying, unpleasant, or not wanted from affecting you a thick light brown root with a strong flavour that is used as a spice in cooking to look somewhere quickly and then look away

71 Some of the most valuable spices, like ginger, were actually worth more than their weight in gold. Charles glanced at his watch.

phrase

160 69

an occasion when you see someone or something for The crowd were anxious for a glimpse of the President. a moment only In its heyday, the Silk Road was an early example of what we the idea that the world is developing a single know today as globalisation. economy and culture as a result of improved technology and communications and the influence of very large multinational companies 160

/ɡəʊld/

a gold medal or gold jewellery is made of gold

People are investing in gold jewellery.

/ ɡəʊld(ə)n/ / ɡəʊld(ə)n ænɪˈvɜː(r)s(ə)ri/

a golden beach or golden hair is bright yellow in He has lovely golden hair. colour the day when people celebrate 50 years of marriage The couple took a well‐deserved cruise for their golden anniversary.

/ɡəʊld/

adjective

golden anniversary

73

74

Gold is popular now, but it always has been for many reasons.

noun

adjective

71

For companies, getting rid of these tasks means lower costs.

a valuable yellow metal used for making jewellery

2

golden ***

69

I’m going to have to think about it and get back to you.

/ ɡləʊbəlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ 1

gold ***

76

69

ginger

1049 gold * 1050

/ ɡæmblə(r)/

phrasal verb

1047 1048

F

76 someone who is ready to take risks in order to be In uncertain times it is gold that the hardheaded financial more successful gamblers invest in. to look at someone or something for a long time, for David sat gazing at the bill in disbelief, and frowning. example because they are attractive or interesting, or because you are thinking of something else

/ɡeɪz/

1042

1045

/ fɜː(r)ðə(r)/

used for referring to the first of two people or things Of the two apartments, Villa Gemma and Villa Maria, the former that you have mentioned is not available for the period you mention. to not approve of someone/something She frowned upon Godfrey, then looked to July for some explanation of his behaviour. More has to be done immediately to make sure the problem isn’t exacerbated any further. Further to our phone call, I can confirm that Villa Maria is fəʊn used to show that you are referring to a previous conversation/letter, etc reserved for you from 19–26 July.

phrase

1041

1044

fɔː(r)mə(r)/

/ fɜː(r)ðə(r) tʊ aʊə(r) kɔːl, maɪ letə(r) et set(ə)rə/

further to our phone call/my letter etc

1043

E

The ceremony honoured all the former presidents who are still living. / fɔː(r)mə(r)/

1039 1040

D

pronoun

1035 1036

C

72


72 72


A 1052

golden girl

B

phrase

/ ɡəʊld(ə)n

ɡɜː(r)l/

phrase

/ ɡəʊld(ə)n

hæn(d) ʃeɪk/

phrase

/ ɡəʊld(ə)n

əʊldi/

golden handshake 1053 1054 1055

golden oldie golden opportunity golden rule

1056 1057 golden years

grimace

phrase

/ ɡəʊld(ə)n ɒpə(r) tju nəti/

phrase phrase

/ ɡəʊld(ə)n / ɡəʊld(ə)n

noun

1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070

guarantee **

verb

guard **

verb

closely guarded secret

phrase

ru l/ jɪə(r)z/

/ ɡrɪməs/, /ɡrɪˈmeɪs/ / ɡærən ti /

noun

/ ɡʌn paʊdə(r)/

hefty

adjective

/ hefti/

heyday

noun

/ heɪdeɪ/

hospitable

adjective

/hɒˈspɪtəb(ə)l/

imitation *

noun

impel

verb

import **

verb

income ***

noun

inflation ***

noun

D

E

a successful woman that a lot of people like and She’s the company’s golden girl at the moment. admire a large amount of money given to a senior manager The senior manager of the company got a golden handshake in a company when they leave their job when he left his job. something such as a song or film that is old but still popular a very good chance to do or achieve something

F

72

They danced the night away to a selection of golden oldies.

This job could be the golden opportunity you have been looking for. an important basic principle that you should always The golden rule to doing well in an exam is to get a good night's obey when doing a particular activity sleep the night before. very happy or successful years They were the golden years of jazz. to make an ugly expression by twisting your face, for July was silent – her mouth fixed with a grimace of a child in the thrill of a game. example because you are in pain or do not like something to promise that something will happen If you can get it down to 45, then I can guarantee we’d do at least four stores for you. if you guard information, you do not tell it to anyone The palace entrance is guarded round the clock.

72

69 161

/ɡɑː(r)d/ / kləʊsli ɡɑː(r)dɪd si krət/

gunpowder

infrastructure * 1071

C

/ ɪmɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ /ɪm pel/ /ɪm pɔː(r)t/ / ɪnkʌm/ /ɪn fleɪʃ(ə)n/

noun

a piece of information that has not been told to anyone a substance that is used for causing explosions or for making fireworks a hefty amount of money is a large and impressive amount the period of time when a person, idea, or object is most successful or popular generous towards visitors and guests something that is a copy of something else, usually not as good as the original thing if someone impels you to do something, they force you to do it to buy a product from another country and bring it to your country money that someone gets from working or from investing money an economic process in which prices increase so that money becomes less valuable the set of systems within a place or organisation that affect how well it operates, for example the telephone and transport systems in a country

/ ɪnfrə strʌktʃə(r)/

The silk‐making process was a closely guarded secret for centuries. Many important scientific and technological innovations such as gunpowder originated in the East. Surely those few hours shouldn’t have incurred such a hefty fine?

160 160 74

In its heyday, the Silk Road was an early example of what we know today as globalisation. Kenyans are generally known for being hospitable and being nice to people. It is important to distinguish real gold from imitations.

160 161 72

The pressure of the pain impelled her to kneel in front of him. 69 What items or commodities does your country import? 66 Which are the main sources of income in your city or area? 70 Your pension is protected against inflation. Infrastructure in these areas has not been able to keep pace with growth. 71



A

interchange

B

noun

1072

intractable latter‐day

linen * look after

adjective verb noun

/ lætə(r) /li v/

look away

phrasal verb

look back on

phrasal verb

existing now as a modern example of someone or something from the past to not do something light cloth made from a plant called flax

Investment bankers were latter‐day alchemists, making fantastical promises. I'll leave it, thanks. The Chinese imported such commodities as wool and linen.

to take care of someone or something and make certain that they have everything they need

It's hard work looking after three children all day.

F

160

look forward to

phrasal verb

look into

phrasal verb

look on

phrasal verb

deɪ/

160

ɑːftə(r)/ to turn your head away from someone or something She looked away, feeling suddenly shy and embarrassed.

fɔː(r)wə(r)d tu /

/ lʊk

ɪntu /

1082

/ lʊk

ɒn/

1083

/ lʊk ɒn sʌmwʌn, sʌmθɪŋ æz/

look out for

phrase

look round

phrasal verb

look up

phrasal verb

/ lʊk

aʊt fɔː(r)/

/ lʊk

raʊnd/

/ lʊk

1086

look up to

1087 1088 lucrative

major ***

phrasal verb adjective adjective

Most people look back on their school days with fondness.

to feel happy and excited about something that is going to happen

He had worked hard and was looking forward to his retirement.

1 to look inside something

I wrote a letter of complaint, and the airline have promised to look into the matter. to watch an activity or event without taking part in it Phil looked on in disbelief as Maggie got up on the table and started to dance. to think of someone or something in a particular way We're not related but I look on him as a brother. 1 to look carefully at people or things around you in We were told to look out for a blue van. order to try to find a particular person or thing

phrasal verb

1084

to think about a time or event in the past bæk ɒn/

/ lʊk

look on someone/something as ...

73 74

/ lʊk ə weɪ/

/ lʊk

1080

1089

The new prime minister promised to tackle the intractable problem of prison over‐crowding.

/ lɪnɪn/

/ lʊk

1079

1085

very difficult or impossible to deal with

/ ɪntə(r) tʃeɪndʒ/

phrasal verb

1077

1081

E

There was so much cultural interchange that it is now often difficult to identify the origins of numerous traditions.

/ɪn træktəb(ə)l/

1074 1075 leave ***

1078

D

an exchange of things such as ideas or information

adjective

1073

1076

C

1 to turn your head

Do you want to look round the school?

1 to raise your head or eyes

I didn't know what 'loquacious' meant and had to look it up in a dictionary.

to admire and respect someone

He's a role model for other players to look up to.

bringing a lot of money a major problem is a serious one

There was a lucrative trade in spices from east to west. Major domestic firms such as Infosys and Wipro established headquarters in the city.

ʌp/

/ lʊk ʌp tu / / lu krətɪv/ / meɪdʒə(r)/


160 71


A 1090

/ meɪk

malleable

adjective

/ mæliəb(ə)l/ / mænjʊˈfæktʃə(r)/

verb

manufacturing *

noun

melting pot

noun

merchant *

mining *

noun

missionary

noun

Caravanserai were used not only by traders and merchants, but also by city dwellers.

/ maɪnɪŋ/

noun

Mining is one of the country's main industries. Caravanserai were used by missionaries. 66 The price of gold is rising, both mocking and relieving the gloom and turmoil of a worldwide recession. 73 Yasmin Alibhai‐Brown writes on issues relating to race, immigration and multiculturalism.

/ mʌlti kʌltʃərə lɪz(ə)m/ NAFTA

nomad

noun

73 North American Free Trade Agreement

/ næftə(r)/ someone who belongs to a group of people who move from place to place in order to find food and water for their animals or themselves

noun

NAFTA was established to promote trade between member countries. Caravanserai were used not only by traders and merchants, but also by nomads.

/ nəʊmæd/

1102

offer *** is that your final offer?

noun phrase

160

73 the process of getting coal or metal from under the ground someone who has been sent to a place by a religious organisation to teach the people there about a particular religion to make someone or something look stupid by laughing at them, copying them, or saying something that is not kind the belief and practice of giving equal importance to each of the different cultures in a society

/mɒk/ multiculturalism

73 160

66

verb

1100

69

used for emphasising the importance or influence of What this mere metal represents is meanings far beyond high something, although it seems like only a small thing price tags.

/ mɪʃ(ə)n(ə)ri/ mock *

F

160 a person or business that buys and sells goods, especially one that trades with other countries

/mɪə(r)/

1099

1106

pɒt/

adjective

1098

1105

E

to see, hear, or understand someone or something She could just make out a figure standing next to the fridge. with difficulty a malleable metal or substance is easy to press into Gold is soft and malleable. different shapes to make goods in large quantities in a factory Silk was manufactured in China. the business of making goods in large quantities in a It gives companies the chance to focus on their core business, factory such as manufacturing. a situation in which there are many different types of The caravanserai became a rich melting pot of ideas. people, ideas, religions etc existing together

/ mɜː(r)tʃ(ə)nt/ mere **

1104

/ mænjʊˈfæktʃə(r)ɪŋ/

noun

1096

1103

aʊt/

/ meltɪŋ

1095

1101

D

phrasal verb

1094

1097

C

make out

1091 1092 manufacture ** 1093

B

66 We've accepted an offer of £250,000.

/ ɒfə(r)/ /ɪz ðæt jɔː(r) ɒfə(r)/

oppressed

adjective

/ə prest/

oppressor

noun

/ə presə(r)/

67

faɪn(ə)l

used in bargaining to try for the last time to get a better deal suffering from unfair and cruel treatment by a more powerful person or government a powerful leader or government that treats people in an unfair or cruel way


I can take 20% off the asking price.' 'Is that your final offer?' Governments need armies to protect them against their enslaved and oppressed subjects. Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor.

68 68


A

outsourcing

B

pace **

1114 1115 1116 1117

keep pace (with)

phrase

peɪs wɪð/

verb

perfume *

noun

/ pɜː(r)fju m/

pilgrim

noun

/ pɪlɡrɪm/

plague

noun

/pleɪɡ/

porcelain

noun

/ pɔː(r)s(ə)lɪn/

pose ** pose a problem

verb

/pəʊz/

phrase

/ pəʊz ə

to develop or progress at the same rate as something Infrastructure in these areas has not been able to keep pace with else growth. to look very carefully, especially because something is difficult to see She was peering through the window.

a liquid with a pleasant smell that you put on your skin someone who travels to a holy place that is important in their religion any serious disease that spreads quickly to a lot of people and usually ends in death a hard shiny white substance used for making expensive dishes, cups, decorations etc

to create a difficult situation

precision engineering

noun

/prɪˌsɪʒ(ə)n

pressing

adjective

/ presɪŋ/ /praɪzd/

profit ***

adjective

prɒbləm/ endʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ/

noun

71

engineering which requires very accurate measurements and detailed design if a problem is pressing it is very important and urgent considered to be very important or valuable money that you make by selling something or from your business, especially the money that remains after you have paid all your business costs

Perfumes, precious stones and metals, and foodstuffs were exchanged in both directions. Caravanserai were used not only by traders and merchants, but also by pilgrims. They faced the ever present threat of bandits, not to mention wars and plagues. Europeans were eager to import teas and porcelain from China.

160 66 66 160

We are being told that the accident poses no threat to the environment. The fact that child poverty still poses a huge problem in some European countries is a scandal. You can call Bangalore, with its precision engineering, India’s best city for business. The safety of the hostages is a matter of pressing concern. Silk was highly prized and in great demand in the west. Profits rose 31% to £144 million.

71 71

159‐160

/ prɒfɪt/

1120

push *** push it

1122 1123 push up the cost

rancid 1124

/ ki p

/pɪə(r)/

1118 1119 prized

1121

70 The pace of technological change increased steadily during the 20th century.

noun

1110

1113

F

/peɪs/

peer **

1112

E

How has increased demand ultimately affected India’s outsourcing business?

/ aʊt sɔː(r)sɪŋ/

1108

1111

D

an arrangement in which work is done by people from outside your company, usually by a company that is expert in that type of work

noun

1107

1109

C

The strong sunshine had pushed temperatures into the nineties.

verb

/pʊʃ/

phrase phrase

/ pʊʃ / pʊʃ

ɪt/ ʌp ðə

adjective

kɒst/

to take a big risk by doing something that is likely to cause you trouble to cause an increase in the cost of something rancid food contains fats or oils that are no longer fresh and have an unpleasant taste and smell

/ rænsɪd/

Ok, 45 is pushing it, but I need at least five to make that viable. This has kept pushing up the cost of salaries. In the west, people had to keep meat for a long time until it turned rancid.

161 71

160



A 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129

B

adjective

/ rændəm/

recognition ***

noun

/ rekəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/

recompense

noun

/ rekəmpens/

return ***

noun

/rɪˈtɜː(r)n/

risky *

adjective

/ rɪski/

root ***

noun

1132

be at the root of something

phrase

salubrious

adjective

service industry

noun

sewage

phrasal verb

sigh **

verb

1136 1137 sight *** 1138

catch sight of someone/something silk **

noun phrase

/ru t/ / bi ət ðə sʌmθɪŋ/

ru t əv

It would be risky to invest all your money in the project.

to be the main cause of something

It’s at the root of the nation’s troubles.

a salubrious place is one that is pleasant and comfortable to live in an industry that provides services instead of producing goods, for example banks, hospitals, and hotels waste substances, especially waste from people’s bodies, removed from houses and other buildings by a system of large underground pipes called sewers

You could call the salubrious city of Bangalore, India's best city for business. She has a lengthy and successful career in the service industry.

71

/sə lu briəs/

/ ʃu t

ɪndəstri/

ʌp/

/saɪ/ /saɪt/ / kætʃ saɪt əv sʌmθɪŋ/

noun

slave **

noun /sleɪv/

1140

slavery

1141 1142 smog

noun noun

/ sleɪvəri/ /smɒɡ/

71

Maybe it will be a disaster: slums, sewage, shopping malls.

71 if a price shoots up, it increases quickly by a large amount to breathe out slowly making a long soft sound, especially because you are disappointed, tired, annoyed, or relaxed

The world market price of gold is shooting up faster and more than most other commodities. After the missus threatened to punish him, Godfrey sighed and walked past her into the hall. He could never resist the sight of gold. James caught sight of her standing in the doorway.

sʌmwʌn, to see someone or something for a moment or not completely thin smooth cloth made from the fibres produced by Silk was ideal for overland travel as it was light, easy to carry and an insect called a silkworm took up little space.

/sɪlk/

1139

161 71

/ su ɪdʒ/ shoot up

F

The review describes it as an unusual film with an ingenious idea at its root.

noun

1134 1135

E

payment that you give to someone who has suffered The airline offered recompense to the passengers in the form of injury or loss because of you seat upgrades or vouchers. a profit on money that you have invested We were able to get a return of 10% on our investment. involving the possibility of danger, harm, or failure

/ sɜː(r)vɪs

1133

D

chosen or happening without any particular method, It was just a really random sort of experience. pattern, or purpose agreement that something is true or important I think what is vital is recognition that it’s a problem.

random **

1130 1131

C

73

69 73 69

66 someone who belongs by law to another person as their property and has to obey them and work for them 1 the system of owning people as slaves

The moment the slave resolves that he will no longer be a slave, his fetters fall.

polluted air that is a mixture of smoke and fog

The entire city is masked in smoke and smog.


68 Freedom and slavery are mental states . 68 71


A

social security *

B

noun

1145

solve ***

verb

/sɒlv/

spice *

noun

/spaɪs/

stock ***

noun

submissive

adjective

supply and demand

noun

/səb mɪsɪv/

/sə plaɪ ən dɪˈmɑːnd/

1148 1149

swap *

verb

phrase

/ swɒp

switch ***

verb

/swɪtʃ/

tackle **

verb

1152 1153 take ***

verb

/ tæk(ə)l/ /teɪk/

phrase

/aɪl

tariff ***

noun

/ tærɪf/

timid

adjective

/ tɪmɪd/

tolerable

adjective

/ tɒl(ə)rəb(ə)l/

toxic *

adjective

/ tɒksɪk/

1150

1154 1155 1156 1157 1158

I’ll take it

1

1159

trade *** 2

1160

if you solve a problem, you find a solution to something that is causing difficulties a substance made from plants and added to food to give it a particular flavour one of the equal parts into which the value of a company is divided

But it’s difficult to see how it can be solved or even tackled in some way. Spices were very useful for disguising the flavour of rancid meat.

F

71 160

Their stocks of ammunition were running dangerously low.

trade ***

noun verb

teɪk

willing to do what other people tell you to do His mother was a meek and submissive woman. without arguing the relationship between how much of a particular The value of art is dependent on supply and demand. product is available and how much of it people want, and especially the way that this affects the level of prices 1 to give something in exchange for something else 1 to move to the place where someone else is sitting or standing, so that they can move to where you were sitting or standing

/swɒp/

swap places (with)

1151

E

The new prime minister promises to expand access to social security for the disabled.

/stɒk/

1146 1147

D

1 the system by which the government regularly pays money to people who do not have a job, or who are too ill or old to work / səʊʃ(ə)l sɪˈkjʊərəti/

1143 1144

C

Do you want to swap seats? I'd never want to swap places with the Royal Family!

pleɪsɪz wɪð/

ɪt/

to change from one thing to another, or to make You want to persuade a retailer to switch their custom to you. something do this But it’s difficult to see how it can be solved or even tackled in to make an organised and determined attempt to deal with a problem, often a social problem such as some way. crime or unemployment Everything but one thing can be taken from a man. used when bargaining to say that you will buy Great price ‐ I'll take it. something a tax that a government charges on goods that enter Tariffs are usually imposed on imports. or leave their country shy and nervous She gave me a timid smile. used to describe something you can tolerate, such as weather that is not too hot poisonous and harmful to people, animals, or the environment the activities of buying and selling goods or services

/treɪd/ to buy or sell goods or services /treɪd/

Pleasant winters and tolerable summers make it a popular place of residence. Gold contains small quantities of toxic material.

74

71 68

67

71 72

Trade has been conducted between different groups or societies since prehistoric times. Think of two or three commonly traded items or commodities.

67 67



A

trade bloc

1161 1162 tricky 1163

turmoil upgrade *

B

noun adjective noun noun

1164

urban dweller

1165 1166 value ***

hold its/their value

1167 1168 viable * 1169

victim ***

noun

1171 1172 1173 1174

/ʌp ɡreɪd/

/ həʊld ɪts, ðeə(r) / vaɪəb(ə)l/

noun

/ vɪktɪm/

noun

/weɪ/

phrase

/ weɪ

noun

/wɪns/

noun

/ ækəleɪd/

acknowledge **

verb

/ək nɒlɪdʒ/

advisable

adjective

attentiveness

1181 1182 be ***

/əd vaɪzəb(ə)l/ /ə ɡri /

phrase

/ɪt ɪz ðæt/

if I were you ...

noun

if something holds its value, it is worth the same vælju / amount of money over a long period capable of producing a profit

əʊn

if you are a victim of your own success, the things you have achieved create new problems

67

73

verb phrase

/ ɪf aɪ

wɜː(r)

I’m afraid that wouldn’t be viable for me. The police withheld the names of the victims until their families could be notified. India has become a victim of its own success.

ju /

66 73

74

71 160 68 71 69

an expression of praise and admiration This accolade belongs to the clam. to accept or admit that something exists, is true, or is He never acknowledges his mistakes. real if something is advisable, it is a good idea to do it, It is advisable to keep your belongings with you at all times. especially in order to avoid problems

78

to have the same opinion as someone else used to introduce an accepted point

Do you agree with the advice given? It is generally agreed that we should eat less fat and more vegetables.

81

the act of listening to or watching something carefully

This attentiveness and quietness can lead to the deeper and transformational quality of the process. Just to sit and ‘be’ is not that easy. If I were you, I’d see a doctor.

dʒen(ə)rəli ə ɡri d

/ə tentɪvnəs/ /bi /, /bi/

Caravanserai were used not only by traders and merchants, but also by urban dwellers. Its value depends on how much people believe in it. Stocks aren't going to hold their value.

to choose to officially ignore a rule, right, or claim or I do have to charge the interest, but I could actually waive the not to charge a fee penalty fee. To be free is to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others. a method of solving a problem, or of avoiding a There have been some attempts to find a way round these issues. difficult situation a sudden expression on your face that shows you are His grip was so tight that the missus’s face contorted into a wince. embarrassed or feel pain

raʊnd/

verb

it is generally agreed that ... 1180

dwelə(r)/

/ vɪktɪm əv jɔː(r) sək ses/

way ***

F

160 someone who lives in a city or large town

phrase adjective

/weɪv/

wince

E

Trade blocs may regulate international trade by means of quotas and restrictions. Finding the answer proved to be a little bit tricky. The price of gold is rising, relieving the gloom and turmoil of a worldwide recession. What I can do is I can offer you an upgrade on the 5.30 flight.

the fact of being given a plane seat or hotel room that is better than the one that you have paid for

verb

way round

D

a group of countries with a special agreement about trading with each other difficult to do or deal with a state of excitement or uncontrolled activity

/ tɜː(r)mɔɪl/

waive

1178 1179 agree ***

1183

blɒk/

/ ɜː(r)bən / vælju /

phrase

1175 Unit 7 1176 accolade 1177

/ treɪd / trɪki/

noun

victim of your own success 1170

C

used when giving someone advice about what they should do


83 83 144


A

beat ***

B

/bi t/ biochemical

adjective

adjective

brain ***

noun

/breɪn/

phrase

/ ræk jə(r)

1190

bring up bring someone up to do something broken‐hearted

1191 1192 bud *

phrasal verb phrase adjective noun

/ brɪŋ /brɪŋ du

phrase catchy

1194 1195 chug along

claim ***

1196 1197 clam 1198 1199 1200

adjective phrasal verb verb noun

1203

ʌp/

/ nɪp

to teach a child to behave in a particular way or to have particular beliefs extremely sad

/kleɪm/ /klæm/ /klɒk/

cold‐hearted

adjective

/ kəʊld

commonly **

adverb

/ kɒmənli/

condition

verb

Juliet, broken‐hearted at Romeo’s death, also took her own life. 80

hɑː(r)tɪd/

The rose buds will soon blossom into beautiful flowers. Learning how to recognise when a low mood is starting means we can ‘nip it in the bud’ much earlier than before.

bʌd/

83 if a tune or phrase is catchy it attracts your attention and is easy to remember to move slowly making low sounds to say that something is true, even though there is no definite proof a small shellfish that can be eaten to measure or record the speed at which a person or vehicle is travelling with no sympathy for other people

That song is so catchy.

The whale chugs along for the best part of a century. Some people claim that the secret to staying young is to work less and have more fun. At rest, a clam’s heart beats just twice per minute. The heart of the Etruscan shrew has been clocked at a record‐ breaking high of 1,511 beats per minute. All the neighbours thought him to be a cold‐hearted man who never even smiled. usually or frequently It is also commonly suggested that special diets or preventive medicine are the key to staying healthy. if someone is conditioned by their experiences or by We are conditioned by the media to believe that our country’s another person, they are influenced by them so that way of life is the best. they think or behave in a particular way

/kən dɪʃ(ə)n/ consent ** couch potato

noun noun

83

Our parents brought us up to believe in our own abilities.

hɑː(r)tɪd/

/ kætʃi/ / tʃʌɡ ə lɒŋ/

verb

84

84

sʌmθɪŋ ɪn ðə

clock ***

1201 1202

breɪnz/

to stop a bad situation from becoming worse by taking action at an early stage of its development

nip something in the bud 1193

78 the organ inside your head that allows you to think What are the best ways to help a baby’s brain develop? and feel, and controls your body to try very hard to remember something or to solve a I’ve been racking my brains for a good present for Stephanie. problem to look after a child until he or she becomes an adult What advice do you think she will give on how to bring up babies?

sʌmwʌn ʌp tə sʌmθɪŋ/

/ brəʊkən /bʌd/

78

Due to their underlying biochemical and biophysical processes, our bodies all wear out at roughly the same rate.

/ baɪəʊˈfɪzɪk(ə)l/

rack your brains

F

78 relating to biological processes using the laws of physics

biophysical 1186

1189

E

/ baɪəʊˈkemɪk(ə)l/

1185

1188

D

if someone’s heart beats, it makes the same sound Life on this planet beats out a tune. and movements again and again as it pumps blood around their body relating to the chemical substances and processes in Due to their underlying biochemical and biophysical processes, living things our bodies all wear out at roughly the same rate.

verb

1184

1187

C

89 78 78

88

84 permission to do something

/kən sent/ / kaʊtʃ pə teɪtəʊ/

83 78

someone who spends a lot of time sitting at home watching television


The two teenagers married without their parents’ knowledge or consent. The metabolism of couch potatoes slows down little by little.

80 88


A

daydream

B

verb

1204 1205 deteriorate *

verb

determine **

verb

1206

disperse *

1207 1208 distracted 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217

verb adjective

/ deɪˌdri m/ /dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt/

to spread, or to make things spread, in different directions over a wide area not able to concentrate on something a feeling that you have when you are very unhappy, worried, or upset sad and feeling that things will not get better

/dɪˈspɜː(r)s/ /dɪˈstræktɪd/

noun

/dɪˈstres/

downhearted

adjective

/ daʊn hɑː(r)tɪd/

downward *

adjective

/ daʊnwə(r)d/

elusive

adjective

/ɪˈlu sɪv/

emulate

verb

/ emjʊleɪt/

energise

verb

/ enə(r) dʒaɪz/

escalation

noun

/ eskə leɪʃ(ə)n/

evidence ***

noun

/ evɪd(ə)ns/

feign

verb

/feɪn/

flit

E

to move quickly from one place to another without stopping long

Their bone density had gradually deteriorated. What determines our behaviour more – our genetic make‐up or the environment around us? Soldiers fired tear gas to disperse the crowds.

Juliet feigned death in order to avoid an arranged marriage with a relative. The monkey mind is the internal chaos that keeps us flitting back and forwards, obsessing about the minutiae of life.

/flɪt/ food chain

/ fu d verb

furious **

adjective

82 88 84

82 85

83 83 78 161 83

80

83 the natural process in which one living thing is eaten Shrews are low in the food chain. by another, which is then eaten by another, etc

noun

formulate *

F

When I get distracted, I sometimes daydream.

When I get distracted I sometimes daydream. The baby depends on an attentive care‐giver to help him deal with his distress. The home team fans all looked downhearted as their team lost for the fifth time in a row. going towards a lower place or level The mode of mind dominated by critical thinking is likely to provoke and accelerate downward mood spirals. an elusive person or animal is difficult or impossible Learning to tame what the Buddhists call our ‘monkey mind’can to find or catch be frustrating and elusive. to try to be like someone or something else, usually This is not a record that one should aim to emulate. because you admire them to make someone feel full of energy or enthusiasm The stress response is about triggering off a response to stress that energises and focuses an individual. an increase, especially at a fast rate that causes Mindfulness helps to halt the escalation of negative thoughts. problems facts or physical signs that might prove something There is some evidence that the economy is improving. to pretend to have a particular feeling

verb

1219

tʃeɪn/

/ fɔː(r)mjʊleɪt/

78 to develop a plan, system, or proposal carefully, thinking about all of its details

Attachment theory is a widely‐accepted theory of human development, initially formulated by John Bowlby. Judge Roberts' comments provoked a furious public response.

used about situations in which a lot of different things happen very fast, one after the other

Living fast and furious is clearly the strategy of choice to ensure that you leave your mark.

85

/ fjʊəriəs/

1221

fast and furious 1222

D

to spend time thinking about something pleasant, especially when you should be doing something more serious to become worse to control what something will be

/dɪˈtɜː(r)mɪn/

distress **

1218

1220

C

phrase

/ fɑːst ən

fjʊəriəs/

78



A

gene ** 1223 1224 in the genes

generally ***

B

noun phrase

1227 1228 1229 1230 1231

genetic make‐up

noun

/dʒə netɪk

genetically

adverb

/dʒə netɪkli/ / hɑːf

halt *

verb

/hɔːlt/

hamper

verb

/ hæmpə(r)/

hand ***

noun

/hænd/

phrase

1238

1242

It must be in the genes. Government analysts generally believe that the recession is over.

161 84

heart ***

noun

/hɑː(r)t/

noun noun

What determines our behaviour more – our genetic make‐up or the environment around us? Criminal behaviour is culturally, rather than genetically determined. The celebrations were rather half‐hearted.

adjective

/aɪˈkɒnɪk/

idea ***

noun

/aɪˈdɪə/

noun

if you halt something, or if it halts, it does not Mindfulness helps to halt the escalation of negative thoughts. continue or develop any further to prevent something from happening or progressing It has a very toxic effect on the pre‐frontal cortex, and so it normally actually hampers growth of the pathways there. It is nor hand, nor foot, nor arm, nor face, nor any other part belonging to a man. used for giving two different opinions about On the one hand, expansion would be good, but on the other hand it would be sad to lose the family atmosphere. ɒn something

the organ in your chest that makes blood flow around your body the movement or sound of your heart as it makes blood flow round your body the speed at which the heart beats very famous and well known, and believed to represent a particular idea a thought that you have about how to do something or how to deal with something a quality that makes you feel as though something is happening now and that you are involved in it

innate

adjective

intuition

noun

83 161 81

A whale’s heart is ten million times the size of that of a shrew. 78 You have a quota of around one billion heartbeats. How is a person’s heart rate calculated? Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is one of the most iconic love stories of all time. Compare your ideas with a partner.

/ɪn herɪt/ / ɪˈneɪt/

/ ɪntju ɪʃ(ə)n/

78 78 80 81

Their minds are focused on the immediacy of the situation.

/ɪˈmi diəsi/ verb

84

hɑː(r)tɪd/

/ hɑː(r)t bi t/ / hɑː(r)t reɪt/

iconic

inherit **

84

not able to feel sympathy or other positive emotions She's not quite as hard‐hearted as they say. / hɑː(r)d

immediacy

1241

/ ɒn ðə wʌn hænd, ði ʌðə(r) hænd/

adjective

1239 1240

F

hɑː(r)tɪd/

hard‐hearted

heartbeat

the individual genes that combine to form the qualities of a living thing relating to genes done with no real interest or enthusiasm

adjective

1235 1236 heart rate 1237

meɪk ʌp/

half‐hearted

on the one hand ... on the other hand

1234

dʒi nz/

E

Genes don’t determine our lives in any automatic sense.

/ dʒen(ə)rəli/

1232 1233

/dʒi n/ / ɪn ðə

D

a pattern of chemicals within a cell that carries information about the qualities passed to a living thing from its parents passed through the genes by most people, or in most instances

adverb

1225 1226

C

83 to be born with the same appearance or character as one of your parents an innate quality or ability is one that you have always had an ability to know or understand something through your feelings, rather than by considering facts or evidence


She’s inherited my mother’s fair skin, whereas I tan easily. 84 My sister seems to have an innate ability to get on with other people. Mindfulness is a mental faculty, like intuition or musical ability.

84

83


A 1243 kind‐hearted 1244 1245 1246

laid‐back

B

/ kaɪnd

adjective

/ leɪd

/ leθə(r)dʒi/

lifespan **

noun

/ laɪf spæn/

1252

phrase

/ lʌv ət

meditation

noun

/ medɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n/

metabolism

noun

milestone 1

1255

mind ***

fɜː(r)st

saɪt/

noun

/ maɪl stəʊn/

noun

/maɪnd/

phrase

/ɡreɪt

phrase

/ sʌmwʌnz maɪnd ɪz, ɡəʊz blæŋk/

phrase

/bi

phrase phrase

/bi aʊt əv jə(r) maɪnd wɪθ wʌri, dʒeləsi, bɔː(r)dəm, et set(ə)rə/ / tʃeɪndʒ jə(r) maɪnd/

phrase

/ kʌm tə

someone’s mind is/goes blank 1257

be out of your mind to be out of your mind with worry, jea

1259 1260 change your mind 1261 1262

But love is blind, and lovers cannot see. when you love someone from the first time you see The two teenagers fell in love at first sight. them quiet thought that helps you to relax or that is Beginners to meditation will notice their mind regularly intended as a spiritual or religious exercise wandering. all the chemical processes by which cells produce the The metabolism of couch potatoes slows down little by little. energy and substances necessary for life

come to mind cross someone’s mind

phrase

84 87 80 83

Learning to cope with loss is another important developmental milestone. How easy do you find it to sit in silence and completely empty your mind? We almost always come up with the same solution because great minds think alike.

85 82

maɪndz θɪŋk ə laɪk/

aʊt əv jə(r)

/krɒs

87

88 an event or achievement that marks an important stage in a process the part of you that thinks, knows, remembers, and feels things used for saying that you are both very clever when you and another person have the same idea

great minds think alike 1256

1258

to not resemble someone or something in any way

If you look in the unabridged Oxford English Dictionary , you’ll find over 2,000 words which have their first recorded use in Shakespeare. I look nothing like my sister.

78

/mə tæbə lɪz(ə)m/

1253 1254

The program takes a light‐hearted look at the week's events.

78

hɑː(r)tɪd/

phrase noun

love at first sight

The record for lethargy , however, goes to an altogether different class of organism. Their lifespans also differ dramatically.

F

78

/lʊk/ /lʊk nʌθɪŋ laɪk sʌmwʌn, sʌmθɪŋ/ /lʌv/

look nothing like someone/something

the feeling of lacking energy and not wanting to do anything the length of time that a person or animal lives or is expected to live 1 funny and not intended to be serious

verb

1248 1249 1250 love ***

He was a kind‐hearted teacher who will surely be missed. There may have been some laid‐back shrews out there once.

adjective / laɪt

look ***

E

kind and generous calm and relaxed

bæk/

noun

light‐hearted

D

hɑː(r)tɪd/

lethargy

1247

1251

C

adjective

to be crazy or confused

You must be out of your mind to want to see him again.

to be extremely worried, jealous, bored, etc

I’ve been out of my mind with worry.

to change a decision or an opinion if something comes to mind, suddenly you remember it or start to think about it if something crosses your mind, it occurs to you

But that was yesterday – I’ve changed my mind! I’m afraid nothing comes to mind, though.

maɪnd/

maɪnd/

sʌmwʌnz

used for saying that someone is/becomes unable to When he asked me for my number, my mind went completely remember or think anything blank.

maɪnd/

83 83 83

It never crossed my mind that it might rain. 83



A 1263

B

get someone/something out of your m phrase have someone/something in mind

1264

phrase have it in mind to do something

1265 1266 1267 1268

phrase set your mind to something slip your mind take your mind off something 2

1269

mind ***

phrase phrase phrase verb

mind your own business 1270 1271

phrase mind your head

1272 nature *** 1273

phrase noun

nurture

noun

personality ***

noun

predation

noun

1274

predator **

noun

predisposition

noun

prerogative

noun

preventive medicine

noun

/hæv ɪt ɪn maɪnd tə sʌmθɪŋ/ /set jə(r) maɪnd tə sʌmθɪŋ/

profligate

adjective

F

What kind of house did you have in mind?

to intend or want to do something

We had it in mind to take legal proceedings against them.

to be determined to have or achieve something

You can do it if you set your mind to it.

if something slips your mind, you forget to do it

Sorry, your birthday completely slipped my mind.

du

/ slɪp jə(r) maɪnd/ /teɪk jə(r) maɪnd ɒf sʌmθɪŋ/

83 83 to make you stop thinking or worrying about A good night out will help you take your mind off exams. something to feel annoyed, upset, or unhappy about something Mind how you use your quota of heartbeats.

/maɪnd/

78

a rude way of telling someone not to ask questions He should mind his own business. about something that you do not want them to know / maɪnd jɔː(r) əʊn bɪznəs/ about used to tell someone to be careful not to hit their Mind your head in the rooms with the low ceilings. head / maɪnd jə(r) hed/ the basic character of a person or an animal Personality differences are down to nature, not nurture. / neɪtʃə(r)/ the care and attention given to something or Personality differences are down to nature, not nurture. someone in order to help them to develop / nɜː(r)tʃə(r)/ He has a very outgoing personality and makes friends very easily. the part of a person that makes them behave in a particular way in social situations, for example in a friendly or unfriendly way, or in a confident or shy way / pɜː(r)sə næləti/ the relationship between two groups of animals in which one species hunts, kills, and eats the other

83

84 84

Living fast and furious ensures shrews leave their mark, before succumbing to the pressures of predation. 78

an animal that kills and eats other animals

/ predətə(r)/

/prɪˈrɒɡətɪv/

/prɪˌventɪv

1279 1280

/hæv sʌmwʌn, maɪnd/

E

It’s driving me mad – I just can’t get it out of my mind. 83

to know the type of person or thing that you want sʌmθɪŋ ɪn for a particular purpose

/ pri dɪspə zɪʃ(ə)n/

1277 1278

D

to stop thinking about someone or something

/prɪˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/

1275 1276

C

/ɡet sʌmwʌn, sʌmθɪŋ aʊt əv jə(r) maɪnd/

/ prɒflɪɡət/

med(ə)s(ə)n/

Hunters stealthily stalk their quarry while on guard for predators that might be stalking them. the fact that someone is likely to think or behave in a We have all sorts of genetic predispositions which may or may not get realised in actual life. particular way, or likely to develop a particular medical condition a right that a particular person or group has Use them fast, or use them slow; that is the prerogative of each genus or species. It is also commonly suggested that special diets or preventive medical examinations, treatments, advice etc medicine are the key to staying healthy. intended to prevent illness or discover it before it becomes serious wasting money or other things The shrew is dead within a year, having been profligate with its lifetime ration of heartbeats.


83

161 78

88 78


A 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286

B

pulse **

noun

/pʌls/

quota **

noun

/ kwəʊtə/

regret **

verb

/rɪˈɡret/

retain **

verb

/rɪˈteɪn/

ruminate

verb

/ ru mɪneɪt/

run ***

verb

/rʌn/

1287

1289 1290

phrase scales *** tip the scales at ...

/skeɪlz/

phrase

/ tɪp ðə

sedentary

adjective

service ***

noun

shrew

noun

1296 1297

noun

/ su ðɪŋ/

spitting image

noun

/ spɪtɪŋ

stalk

verb

/stɔːk/

stealthily

adverb

/ stelθɪli/

stress ***

noun

78 78 85 81 83

He weighed himself on the bathroom scales. The blue whale tips the scales at an alarming 100,000 kilograms.

a sedentary lifestyle involves a lot of sitting and not much exercise an occasion when a vehicle or machine is examined to check that it works correctly and to make repairs

The sedentary lifestyle of most people nowadays is a major cause of ill health. The car’s in for a service and I’m not entirely sure I’d be able to get back in time.

a small animal that looks like a mouse with a pointed nose sleep making you feel more calm and more relaxed and less nervous, worried, or upset someone who looks exactly like another person

A shrew has a quota of around one billion heartbeats.

78

verb

phrase

88

161

ɪmɪdʒ/

Mindfulness is an inner force that lifts you from slumber. The emotion systems are the stress response, or soothing response, and the pre‐frontal area of the brain. People say I’m the spitting image of my brother.

78 83 161 84

to hunt a person or animal by following them Hunters stealthily stalk their quarry while on guard for predators without being seen that might be stalking them. quietly and secretly so that no‐one sees or hears you Hunters stealthily stalk their quarry while on guard for predators that might be stalking them. a worried or nervous feeling that stops you relaxing, A large number of illnesses are related to stress. caused, for example, by pressure at work or financial or personal problems First they said no, but eventually they succumbed.

/stres/ succumb

F

84 a piece of equipment used for weighing people or things to weigh a particular amount

skeɪlz æt/

/ʃru / / slʌmbə(r)/

adjective

succumb to someone/something 1300

fæm(ə)li/

/ sed(ə)nt(ə)ri/

soothing

1298 1299

E

/ sɜː(r)vɪs/

1292 1293 slumber

1295

/ rʌn ɪn ðə

plural noun

1291

1294

D

the regular movement of blood as the heart pumps it Can you locate your pulse? round the body an amount of something that someone is officially You have a quota of around one billion heartbeats. allowed to have or do to feel sorry or sad about something that you have I regret to tell you that she has fallen significantly behind her said or done peers in her coursework. to keep someone or something Were he not called Romeo, he would retain that dear perfection which he owes without that title. to think about something very carefully We end up over‐thinking, brooding, ruminating, living in our heads. You'll have to run if you want to catch the bus. if something such as a quality or disease runs in Red hair runs in the family. someone’s family, a lot of people in the family have it

run in the family

1288

C

83 83

88

/sə kʌm/ /sə kʌm tə sʌmθɪŋ/

sʌmwʌn,

Shrews try to leave their mark before succumbing to the to lose your ability to fight against someone or something, and to allow them to control or persuade pressures of predation. you


78


A 1301

suggest ***

verb

surely ***

adverb

1302 1303 swear ** 1304

B

take after temperament

verb phrasal verb

tempo tenet

noun

to make a promise to do something to look or behave like an older relative

Swear that you love me, and I’ll stop being a Capulet. I take after my father – neither of us is any good at sports.

trigger off

phrasal verb

/ trɪɡə(r) /tru /

ɒf/

adjective phrase

/ðæt meɪ

wel bi

unrequited

adjective

/ ʌnrɪˈkwaɪtɪd/

upbringing *

noun

/ ʌp brɪŋɪŋ/

wander **

verb

adjective

1317 1318 weigh in

weigh in at ... whale **

161 the speed at which something happens

The tempo of life varies both within the life of an individual and amongst individuals across the animal kingdom.

a principle, or a belief

Its main tenet is that, in order to develop emotionally, a baby needs a ‘secure base’. Never tickle the nose of a sleeping bear.

to move your fingers gently on someone’s skin in order to give them a pleasant feeling or to make them laugh the state of existing, happening, or staying somewhere for a short period of time only to make something happen

tru /

/ wɒndə(r)/ / wɔː(r)m hɑː(r)tɪd/

phrasal verb

/ wɔːrɪŋ/ / weɪ ɪn/

phrase

/ weɪ ɪn

noun

80 84

/ tenɪt/

/ trænziəns/

warring

88

78

noun

that may well be true ...

F

someone’s temperament is their basic character, for Do you think a baby’s temperament is due mainly to nature or to example their tendency to be happy, angry etc nurture?

transience

adjective

1320

ɑːftə(r)/

verb

1315 1316 warm‐hearted

1319

/ teɪk

/ tɪk(ə)l/

1310 1311 true ***

1314

/ ʃɔː(r)li/, / ʃʊə(r)li/ /sweə(r)/

/ tempəʊ/

tickle

1313

/sə dʒest/

noun

1308

1312

E

It is suggested that special diets or preventive medicine are the key to staying healthy. used for showing that you believe something is very Surely you realised we were in when you saw the lights on? likely

/ temprəmənt/

1306

1309

D

to say that something is likely to exist or to be true

noun

1305

1307

C

/weɪl/

79 You must allow for the transience of each thought, like bubbles, forming in a pot of water. Different environments and circumstances trigger off a genetic expression of a particular gene. Complete the sentences so that they are true for you. That may well be true, but there are still shortages of teachers.

used for agreeing with someone and then introducing a conflicting point if your love for someone is unrequited, they do not He is suffering from unrequited love. love you even though you love them the way that parents look after their children and I put it down to her strict upbringing. teach them to behave As soon as I try to work my mind starts wandering. if your mind or thoughts wander, you stop concentrating and start thinking about other things, especially because you are bored or worried friendly, kind, and generous arguing or fighting with each other

to weigh a particular amount æt/ a very large sea animal that breathes air through a hole on the top of its head


85

Her family is just as warm‐hearted as she is. It tells the tale of two teenagers from warring families who fell in love. Boxers weigh in a few hours before their match. Weighing in at 2 grams, the Etruscan pygmy shrew is one of the lightest among mammals. The blue whale tips the scales at an alarming 100,000 kilograms.

83 161 82

81 84

80

78 78


A

wholehearted

B

adjective

D

E

wholehearted support, agreement, effort etc is enthusiastic and complete

We would like to express our wholehearted support for the campaign.

1 by a lot of people, or in a lot of places

William Shakespeare was widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language.

F

/ həʊl hɑː(r)tɪd/

1321 1322

C

widely ***

adverb

/ waɪdli/

81

1323 Unit 8

abstract **

adjective / æbstrækt/

1324

accentuate

1325 1326 acclaim

verb noun

/æk sentʃueɪt/ /ə kleɪm/

phrase

/tʊ

to critical acclaim 1327

acutely

1328 1329 ado

without further ado

1330 1331 airy

albeit *

adverb noun phrase adjective conjunction

1332

allege ** anchor *

verb

/ æŋkə(r)/

anthropologist

noun

/ ænθrə pɒlədʒɪst/ /ə plɔːd/

1338

verb

arbitrary *

adjective

/ ɑː(r)bɪtrəri/

average ***

noun

/ æv(ə)rɪdʒ/

phrase

/ ɒn

on average 1339 1340

awe‐inspiring

adjective

without any delay

They took down the abstract wall hangings in the courtrooms. 95 Its proximity to the Parliament House accentuates the architectural aspects of The Beehive that many disliked. It gained instant critical acclaim on its opening in 1977. The building opened to critical acclaim.

95

So without further ado, I’ll hand over to Grant. So without further ado, I’ll hand over to Grant.

with a lot of fresh air and space It was so, so airy and spartan, apart from the artworks. used for introducing a comment that slightly changes Pattern is believed to be everywhere, albeit hidden from plain or reduces the effect of what you said before it view.

92 162 162 162

97 to say that something is true or that someone has done something wrong or illegal, even though this has not been proved to fix something firmly somewhere

It is alleged that the opposition party belongs to a terrorist organisation. 97

He could imagine her life, a proper life anchored solid to the ground. someone who studies human societies, customs, and The professor had talked about joining a group of young beliefs anthropologists to conduct research in Nepal. to praise a decision, action, idea etc Some applauded the futuristic design of the NCPA. not based on any particular plan, or not done for any It is reassuring for it promises a world that is meaningful rather particular reason than arbitrary. the amount, level, standard etc that is typical of a Incomes here are nowhere near the national average. group of people or things used for talking about what is usually true, although It is a consequence of the fact that on average you are usually in it may not be true in every individual situation the slow queue!

æv(ə)rɪdʒ/

/ ɔː ɪn spaɪərɪŋ/

95 95

I’d probably feel acutely embarrassed.

/ɔːl bi ɪt/

/ə ledʒ/

1335 1336 applaud 1337

/ə kju tli/ /ə du / /wɪð aʊt fɜː(r)ðə(r) ə du / / eəri/

verb

1333 1334

krɪtɪk(ə)l ə kleɪm/

1 abstract ideas exist as thoughts in the mind, and are not related to physical objects or real events and actions to emphasise something, or to make it more noticeable public praise for someone or something publicly praised by critics (= people whose job is to write or broadcast their opinions about things such as books, films, or plays) used for emphasising that a feeling, often an unpleasant one, is very strong

162 100 95 97

90 making you feel great respect and admiration, and sometimes fear


It was awe‐inspiring to hear the stories of survival from the refugees.


A

bang *

1344 1345

bear with me beauty *** beauty is in the eye of the beholder bias *

/bæŋ/ / beə(r)

wɪð/

phrase

/ beə(r)

wɪð mi/

noun phrase

1349 1350

chance *** any chance of ...? by any chance

verb

/bʌmp/

noun

/tʃɑːns/

phrase

/ eni

1352 1353 1354

(the) chances are a fifty‐fifty/an even chance stand a (good) chance of ... 2

1355 1356

phrase

/baɪ

phrase

/ɒn ði

phrase phrase verb

chance

adjective

change of direction

noun

classic **

adjective

eni

tʃɑːns/

ɒf

tʃɑːns/

1359

/ðə tʃɑːnsɪz ɑː(r)/ /ə fɪfti fɪfti, ən i v(ə)n tʃɑːns/ / stænd ə ɡʊd tʃɑːns əv/

clean ***

adjective

closeness

noun

91 91

used for saying that different people have different opinions about what is beautiful an attitude that you have that makes you treat someone in a way that is unfair or different from the way you treat other people to accidentally hit part of your body against something, making it hurt the possibility that something will happen

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and what may be horrendous to one is a symbol of style to another. This type of self‐selection is a type of bias.

Harley and Douglas bump into each other at the beginning of the novel. The chance of a coin flip coming up heads or tails is invariably fifty‐ fifty. used for asking someone to give you something or do Any chance of some help? something for you used when you are asking questions to find out Could you lend me ten euros by any chance? whether something is true if you do something on the off chance, you do it even You could phone, on the off‐chance. though you think it is unlikely to succeed

95

90 93 91 90 90

90 used for saying that something is likely to happen but The chances are that you’ll be wrong. is not certain a situation in which the chances of something You have a fifty‐fifty chance. happening or not happening are equal to be (very) likely to achieve something You stand a good chance of winning.

90 90 90

not planned or expected /tʃɑːns/ / tʃeɪndʒ əv dɪˈrekʃ(ə)n, daɪˈrekʃ(ə)n/

/ klæsɪk/

1357 1358

aɪ əv ðə

tʃɑːns əv/

on the off chance 1351

F

/ bju ti/ / bju ti ɪz ɪn ði bɪˈhəʊldə(r)/

/ baɪəs/ bump *

E

If you’ll bear with me, I'll try to explain. used as a polite way of asking someone to be patient If you’ll bear with me, I'll try to explain. while you do or finish something the quality of being beautiful or very good to look at He was impressed by her beauty and charm.

noun

1

1348

D

to knock a part of your body against something when She banged into the table and hurt her knee. you are moving, especially because you are not looking where you are going

phrasal verb

1346 1347

C

verb

1341 1342 bear with 1343

B

/kli n/

The extract describes a chance encounter between Douglas and Harley a few moments later. a situation in which someone starts doing something He was looking for a complete change of direction. completely new or different a classic style of clothes, furniture, architecture etc is She was displaying classic symptoms of shock. beautiful in a very simple way and will always be fashionable clean shapes, lines, or movements are smooth, The High Court in Chandigarh attracted praise for its clean regular, or tidy sculptural lines. how near something is to another thing, especially in Given the closeness of the school, you should be able to walk distance or time there.

/ kləʊsnəs/


92

95


A

clumsy *

B

coherent *

adjective

coincidence *

noun

collide * comprehend

verb

97

90

/kə laɪd/

162 to understand something

How could you possibly comprehend the difficulties of my situation?

relating to ideas and principles

This section provides a conceptual framework for the tasks.

adjective /kən septʃuəl/

conclude ***

verb

/kən klu d/

consequence ***

noun

/ kɒnsɪkwəns/

conspiracy theorist

noun /kən spɪrəsi

1368

conspiracy theory

noun

conspirator

noun

/kən spɪrəsi

to end or to end something, especially by someone saying or doing something a result or effect of something

He concludes by stressing that website design is a complex process. It is a consequence of the fact that on average you are usually in the slow queue! someone who believes that a group of people In the conspiracy theorist’s world, there is no chance and secretly worked together to cause a particular event coincidence.

θɪərɪst/ θɪəri/

/kən spɪrətə(r)/

1370

convincing **

adjective

98 90

96 the idea that a group of people secretly worked together to cause a particular event someone who secretly makes a plan with another person or group to do something bad or illegal, especially in politics something that is convincing makes you believe that it is true or persuades you to do something

Conspiracy theories were frequently discussed at the end of the second millennium. Appearances are deceptive because conspirators wish to deceive.

97

97 He will demand convincing evidence before he adopts a new theory

/kən vɪnsɪŋ/

1371

cover up

phrasal verb / kʌvə(r)

1372

crack **

verb /kræk/

1373

crush **

verb /krʌʃ/

1374 1375

At its most extreme the result is a ‘fantasy [world] … far more coherent than the real world’. We are impressed by coincidences without pausing to recall all non‐coincidences we never bothered to keep a note of.

if people or things collide, they crash into each other When they collided, he staggered backwards and nearly fell.

verb

1365

1369

F

/ kɒmprɪˈhend/ conceptual

1367

in which all the different parts fit together in a sensible or pleasing way a situation in which separate things happen by chance at the same time or in the same way

/kəʊˈhɪərənt/

/kəʊˈɪnsɪd(ə)ns/

1364

1366

E

/ klʌmzi/

1362 1363

D

a clumsy person moves in a way that is not careful or She apologised for being so clumsy after knocking over the vase. graceful, and breaks things or knocks against them

adjective

1360 1361

C

deceptive

adjective

/dɪˈseptɪv/

ʌp/

The discovery was subsequently covered up. to hide the truth about something by not telling what you know or by preventing other people from telling what they know to damage something so that a line or long narrow If I accidentally knocked over a vase in a shop and it cracked, I hole appears on its surface, but it does not break into definitely wouldn’t pay for it. pieces to hit or press something so hard that you damage it Were I to sit on someone’s hat by mistake, and crush it, I’d severely or destroy it, especially by making its shape probably feel acutely embarrassed. flatter something that is deceptive seems very different Appearances are deceptive because conspirators wish to deceive. from the way it really is


96

92

92 97


A 1376 1377

decisive

B

adjective

dent

verb

design ***

noun

distinguishing 1379 1380 domain name

noun

dreary

adjective

elaborate

verb

1383

1384 1385 enriching 1386 expand

1390 1391 1392

expand on/upon something

phrasal verb adjective verb phrase

92

95

/dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃɪŋ/ /dəʊˈmeɪn neɪm/ / drɪəri/

/ɪˈlæb(ə)rət ɒn

a distinguishing feature, mark etc makes someone or Its distinguishing feature is that all of its piping, elevators, and so something clearly different from other similar people on, are on the exterior. or things an address on the internet A domain name is the name given to your website. making you feel bored or unhappy We decided to stay in and watch a film because of the dreary weather. The police refused to elaborate on the circumstances of the arrest.

95 162

sʌmθɪŋ/

/ɪn ɡeɪdʒ ɪn/ /ɪn rɪtʃɪŋ/ /ɪk spænd/ /ɪk spænd ɒn, ə pɒn sʌmθɪŋ/

far‐reaching

adjective

/ fɑː(r)

fervent

adjective

/ fɜː(r)v(ə)nt/

flail

verb

/fleɪl/

flatten

verb

/ flæt(ə)n/

flip

verb

ri tʃɪŋ/

The conspiracy theorist must engage in a constant process of to take part in a particular activity, especially one that involves competing with other people or talking mapping hidden connections. to them making something better or more enjoyable It proved to be an enriching experience. Could you possibly expand on that? to talk or write more about something, adding more I refuse to expand any further on my earlier statement. details or information affecting a lot of people or things in an important This type of self‐selection is a type of bias that can have far‐ way reaching consequences in science. very enthusiastic and sincere, especially about Many people hate it, but it also has its share of fervent admirers. something you believe in or support to move your arms and legs about in an uncontrolled He flailed out to steady himself, hitting her on the shoulder. way 1 if something flattens, or if you flatten it, Were I to sit on someone’s hat by mistake, and flatten it, I’d it becomes flat or flatter probably feel acutely embarrassed. 2 to destroy something completely if you flip a coin you throw it into the air, making it If you flip a coin five times and get heads each time, do you stand turn over quickly, in order to decide about an issue a higher chance of getting tails than before?

/flɪp/

1393

forward‐thinking

/ fɔː(r)wə(r)d foundations

plural noun

97 101 98

90 95 162 92

91 a forward‐thinking person or company is inventive, making progress and development a priority

adjective

1394 1395

100

If I were to reverse into a car while I was parking, and dent the bonnet, I might leave a note. the way that something is made so that it works in a The building proved decidedly less popular, both in terms of certain way or has a certain appearance design and functionality.

/dent/

F

to give more details or information about something The police refused to elaborate on the circumstances of the arrest. phrase

engage in

1389

E

That visit proved to be a decisive turning point in my life.

/ɪˈlæb(ə)rət/ elaborate on something

1388

/dɪˈsaɪsɪv/

adjective

1382

1387

D

making the final result of a situation completely certain to push or knock a surface inwards

/dɪˈzaɪn/

1378

1381

C

The building, with its brightly coloured steel tubes, is forward‐ thinking.

θɪŋkɪŋ/

/faʊn deɪʃ(ə)nz/

162 the part of a structure of a building that is below the The foundations move when there’s an earthquake. ground and supports the rest of it


99


A 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400

B

functionality

noun

/ fʌŋkʃə nælɪti/

futuristic

adjective

/ fju tʃə rɪstɪk/

gossip

verb

/ ɡɒsɪp/

greet **

verb

/ɡri t/

grotesque handout

adjective

1403 1404 1405

to talk about other people or about things that are not important to react to an action or news in a particular way

/ɡrəʊˈtesk/ a piece of paper with information on it that is given to everyone in a group, especially a class of students

noun

/ hɑː(r)məni/

hear of

phrasal verb

/ hɪə(r)

phrase

/həv

have heard of something hence ***

adverb

heritage museum

noun

hideous

adjective

The new design of the building was greeted with outrage. The Pompidou Cultural Centre has been called grotesque, monstrous or just plain ugly. There's a handout going round, I hope I’ve made enough.

hɜː(r)d əv

95

162

sʌmθɪŋ/

/hens/

zi əm/

The NCPA was felt by many to be out of harmony with the Forbidden City's imperial architecture. I was shocked to hear of his death.

to know about the existence of someone or something used for introducing something that is a result of the fact that has just been stated a museum that features the art, traditions, and beliefs that a society considers important to its history and culture very ugly or frightening in appearance

Have you heard of these theories?

94

96 Hence the conspiracy theorist must engage in a constant process of mapping hidden connections. Harley Savage accepts an invitation to set up a heritage museum in Karakarook.

97

93 The corpse had a hideous grin on its face.

/ hɪdiəs/ With the benefit of hindsight, it's easy to say it was the wrong decision.

noun / haɪn(d) saɪt/

with hindsight phrase

/ wɪθ

horrendous

adjective

/hɒˈrendəs/

hysteria

noun

1409

impressive **

haɪn(d) saɪt/

given the opportunity to judge or understand past events using knowledge that you have gained since then extremely bad or shocking a state of uncontrolled excitement or extreme fear

With hindsight, say the scientists, it's clear that the experiment was doomed to fail. What may be horrendous to one is a symbol of style and modernism to another. The man had a look of hysteria around the corners of his mouth.

/hɪˈstɪəriə/

162

/ɪm presɪv/ inform ***

verb

95

if something is impressive, you admire it, for example One of the New Zealand government buildings is the impressive because it is very good, large, or shows great skill building known as ‘The Beehive’.

adjective

1412 1413

95

I don't want people gossiping about me.

the attractive effect that is created when objects, colours etc combine together well

ɒv/

/ herɪtɪdʒ mju

1408

1411

F

95 extremely ugly and strange

harmony **

hindsight

1410

E

/ hændaʊt/

1406 1407

D

practicality; the quality of achieving the purpose for The building proved decidedly less popular, both in terms of which something was designed design and functionality. so modern that it seems to belong to the future Some applauded the futuristic design of the NCPA.

noun

1401 1402

C

/ɪn fɔː(r)m/

95 to influence something such as an opinion, attitude, John D Barrow examines how maths informs everyday situations. or style


90


A 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428

B

1431 1432 1433 1434

D

innovative *

adjective

/ ɪnəveɪtɪv/, / ɪnəvətɪv/

inside out *

adverb

/ ɪn saɪd

intention *** the best (of) intentions keeping

/ɪn tenʃ(ə)n/

phrase

/ðə

noun

in keeping/out of keeping with someth phrase

new, original, and advanced

E

with the inside part facing out

The new office building is one of the most well‐designed, innovative buildings in the area. The industrial look is sort of that kind of inside out unique style.

a plan in your mind to do something

What is your intention?

aʊt/

noun

best əv ɪn tenʃ(ə)nz/

/ ki pɪŋ/ / ɪn ki pɪŋ, aʊt əv ki pɪŋ wɪθ sʌmθɪŋ/

life‐enhancing

adjective

/ laɪf ɪn hɑːnsɪŋ/

likeness

noun

/ laɪknəs/

look back

phrasal verb

/ lʊk

F

162

plans to do something good, which often do not turn Even with top architects and the best of intentions, it’s still out as well as expected possible to get a building’s design horribly wrong. Many felt that the NCPA was out of keeping with the Forbidden City's imperial architecture. in the same manner or style/not in the same manner Many felt that the NCPA was out of keeping with the Forbidden or style as something else City's imperial architecture. something which is life‐enhancing makes someone’s It proved to be a life‐enhancing experience. life better or more enjoyable the quality of being similar to someone or something I don't think she bears a likeness to her father. else to think about a time or event in the past Look back at the places you talked about briefly in the Warm up.

bæk/

95 95 95 101

99

minimise *

verb

/ mɪnɪmaɪz/

modern *

adjective

/ mɒdə(r)n/

modernism

noun

/ mɒdə(r) nɪz(ə)m/

monstrous

adjective

/ mɒnstrəs/

national treasure

noun

/ næʃ(ə)nəl

nickname

verb

/ nɪk neɪm/

odds **

plural noun

treʒər/

to make something seem much less important than it We must minimise the damage to innocent civilians. really is using new styles that are very different from the This building looks very modern, almost futuristic. styles of the past a style of art, literature etc that developed in the What may be horrendous to one is a symbol of style and early part of the 20th century modernism to another. very large and often ugly or frightening The Pompidou Cultural Centre has been called grotesque, monstrous or just plain ugly. a building, artefact, area etc that is important to a What building in your country would you describe as a national country’s history or culture treasure? to give someone/something an informal name Nicknamed ‘the egg’, the NCPA divided opinion even before its opening concert in 2007. the chances of something happening The odds of getting hit by a falling satellite are very small.

162 95 95 94 95

/ɒdz/

1429 1430

C

opinion *** opinion is divided

noun

/ə pɪnjən/

phrase

/ə pɪnjən ɪz dɪˈvaɪdɪd/

outrage *

noun

/ aʊt reɪdʒ/

over the top

adjective

/ əʊvə(r) ðə

parasol

noun

/ pærəsɒl/

the attitude you have towards something, especially Do you agree with the opinions of the speakers? your thoughts about how good it is used to say that some people like something or Opinion was divided over the new wing of the museum. approve of it, but other people do not a strong feeling of anger and shock at something that The centre is in one of the oldest neighbourhoods in Paris, which you feel is wrong or unfair added to many local residents’ outrage. more than what is considered normal or suitable It strikes me as being rather over the top.

tɒp/

94 95 95 96

a type of umbrella designed to provide protection from the sun


They parked their cars defiantly on the pedestrian walkways under the parasol roof.

95


A 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440

B

pattern ***

noun

/ pætə(r)n/

pedestrian *

noun

/pə destriən/

piping

noun

/ paɪpɪŋ/

plausible

adjective

/ plɔːzəb(ə)l/

probability **

noun

/ prɒbə bɪləti/

profusely

adverb

prove ***

verb

1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449

provide *** provided (that) ..., providing (that) ...

1453 1454 1455

E

verb phrase

97

95

likely to be true

Its distinguishing feature is that all of its piping, elevators, and so on, are on the exterior. A bomb was the only plausible explanation for the crash.

a measure of how likely something is to happen

The probability of rain on the next similar day will be 80/100.

if you apologise profusely, you tell someone that you are sorry many times if something proves to have a particular quality, things happen that show it has that quality

If I happened to trip and spill coffee over someone, I’d apologise profusely. The building proved decidedly less popular with the high court judges.

92

95 Our office can provide information on the local area.

/prə vaɪd/ /prə vaɪdɪd ðæt, prə vaɪdɪŋ ðæt/

only if a particular thing happens or is done

Providing that we stay in this queue, we might be OK. 91

to cause a reaction, especially an angry one

verb

/prə vəʊk/

proximity

noun

/prɒk sɪməti/

put ***

verb

/pʊt/

The following four buildings all provoked strong reactions when they were first built. how near something is to another thing, especially in Part of its problem was its proximity to the neighbouring distance or time Edwardian neo‐classical Parliament House. to say or write something in a particular way Put them into three groups: neutral, positive and negative.

95 95 95

radical **

adjective

/ rædɪk(ə)l/

randomness

noun

/ rændəmnəs/

recap

verb

/ ri

recover ***

verb noun

/rɪˈkʌvə(r)/ /rɪˈɡret/

phrase

/hæv

reverse **

verb

/rɪˈvɜː(r)s/

rip **

verb

/rɪp/

rocket science

noun

/ rɒkɪt

have no regrets

F

Because the conspiracists’ world has no room for accident, pattern is believed to be everywhere. The area is open to cyclists and pedestrians.

91

/prə fju sli/

provoke **

1450 1451 regret * 1452

D

a series of actions or events that together show how things normally happen or are done someone who is walking, especially in a town or city, instead of driving or riding a system of long tubes, especially in a building

/pru v/

1441 1442

C

kæp/, / ri

nəʊ rɪˈɡrets/

saɪəns/

kæp/

a radical change or way of doing something is new This invitation marked a radical change in direction that would and very different from the usual way continue for years to come. absence of any particular method, pattern, or A conspiracist worldview implies a universe governed by design purpose rather than by randomness. to describe what has already been done or decided, We'll just recap briefly on what we did. without repeating the details to get something again that you lost or that someone In 1947, a UFO was recovered at Roswell air base, New Mexico by stole from you the American army. What regrets, if any, do you have, and why? to have no feelings of sadness about something that I have no regrets about getting married at a young age. you have said or done to go backwards in a vehicle, or to make a vehicle do If I were to reverse into a car while I was parking, and dent the this bonnet, I might leave a note. to make a hole in something using force Jodie ripped the letter open. a difficult activity that you need to be intelligent to do or understand


I hope I’ve demonstrated that designing a website is not rocket science.

100 97

96 101

92

162


A

it’s not rocket science

1456 1457 rumoured 1458 1459 1460 1461

salt ** the salt of the earth sceptical * sceptical about scrape *

B

phrase adjective

/ɪts nɒt rɒkɪt / ru mə(r)d/

noun

/sɔːlt/

phrase

/ðə

adjective

/ skeptɪk(ə)l/

phrase

1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469

1472 1473 1474 1475 1476

saɪəns/

ɜː(r)θ/

/ skeptɪk(ə)l ə baʊt/

E

used to show that you do not think an activity is difficult at all reported but not definitely true

I hope I’ve demonstrated that designing a website is not rocket science. The head of state is rumoured to be dead. Add a pinch of salt.

an ordinary person who is respected because they are honest and good

Douglas stood with the curtain in his hand, watching her, a salt of the earth type. Although critics were sceptical at first, the film proved to be very popular. How trusting or sceptical are you about the results of scientific data in articles or on websites? You'll have to scrape the walls before you paint them.

having doubts about something that other people think is true or right to injure a part of your body or damage something by rubbing it against a rough surface

F

162 97

162 95 90

/skreɪp/ 1 to damage a surface by marking it with something sharp or rough obvious, and therefore not needing any explanation

scratch *

verb

/skrætʃ/

self‐evident

adjective

/ self

shadowy

adjective

/ ʃædəʊi/

shatter *

verb

/ ʃætə(r)/

sleepy *

adjective

/ sli pi/

slip ***

verb

/slɪp/

smash **

verb

/smæʃ/

spark *

verb

evɪd(ə)nt/

If I were to reverse into a car while I was parking, and scratch the bonnet, I might leave a note. The term conspiracy has often been left undefined, as though its meaning were self‐evident. mysterious and secret, or not understood The American president, John F Kennedy was assassinated by a shadowy organisation. to break something suddenly into a lot of small If I accidentally knocked over a vase in a shop and it shattered , I pieces definitely wouldn’t pay for it. a sleepy place is very quiet and does not have much Harley Savage sets up a heritage museum in Karakarook, a sleepy activity town in the Australian outback. if you slip, your feet slide accidentally and you lose If I happened to slip and spill coffee over someone, I’d apologise your balance or fall over profusely. to break something noisily into many pieces by If I accidentally knocked over a vase in a shop and smashed it , I dropping or hitting it with a lot of force definitely wouldn’t pay for it. to make something happen, especially something The cost of the building – like many other major architectural involving violence or angry feelings projects – also sparked debate.

/spɑː(r)k/

1470 1471

sɔːlt əv ði

D

verb

1462 1463

C

squash

verb

stone ***

noun

be a stone’s throw (away) from somet strike *** strike someone as something stumble *

phrase verb phrase verb

/skwɒʃ/

92 97 96 92 93 92 92

95 to damage something by pressing or crushing it and Were I to sit on someone’s hat by mistake, and squash it, I’d making it lose its normal shape probably feel acutely embarrassed. Children threw stones at him.

92

/stəʊn/ /bi ə stəʊnz θrəʊ ə weɪ frəm sʌmθɪŋ/

to be very close to something

The titanium and glass dome set in an artificial lake is just a stone’s throw from the ancient Forbidden City. It was then that the thought struck her.

95

/straɪk/ / straɪk sʌmwʌn əz sʌmθɪŋ/ / stʌmb(ə)l/

to make someone have a particular opinion or It strikes me as being completely ridiculous. feeling to fall or almost fall while you are walking or running If I happened to stumble and spill coffee over someone, I’d apologise profusely.


96 92


A 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482

suppose *** suppose/supposing (that) ...

B

verb phrase

/sə pəʊz, sə pəʊzɪŋ ðæt/

/tred/

trip **

verb

/trɪp/

turn to

phrasal verb

/ tɜː(r)n

turning point

noun

ventilation

E

1 used for introducing a possible situation Supposing that we get in that queue, will it be quicker? or action and the results of it 2 used for suggesting something Tutilo kept his eyes on the cobbles, treading carefully. to walk or step on something

tu /

/ tɜː(r)nɪŋ pɔɪnt/ /ju ni k/

If I happened to trip and spill coffee over someone, I’d apologise profusely. to start doing something new or different from what Let's turn now to the features of a good website. you were doing before a time when an important change takes place in a That visit proved to be a decisive turning point in my life. situation, especially one that makes it better not the same as anything or anyone else the movement of fresh air around a room or building, or a system that allows this to happen

I thought that they were all quite unique. There wasn’t ventilation or artificial lighting.

a loss of balance, or a feeling that things around you are spinning, often because you are in a very high place a path that has been built for people to walk along, especially one that is above ground level and connects two buildings to make something happen by wishing for it very strongly a part of a building that sticks out from the main part, especially one with a particular purpose

He notices smoke coming from the room and, overcoming his vertigo, he climbs in to rescue the quilt.

/ ventɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ vertigo

noun / vɜː(r)tɪɡəʊ/

1486

walkway

noun

will **

verb

/ wɔːk weɪ/

1487

wing ***

91

to hit your foot on something and fall down

noun

1485

F

/sə pəʊz/

verb

adjective

D

I suppose she must be delighted about getting the job.

tread *

1483 1484 unique ***

1488

C

/wɪl/

verb

92 162

100 162

99

93 They parked their cars defiantly on the pedestrian walkways under the parasol roof. 95 Anything that happens occurs because it has been willed. 97 I'll have to wing it if I can't find my notes.

/wɪŋ/

1489 1490 Unit 9

noun

accordingly *

adverb

/ə kɔː(r)dɪŋli/

1493

activate *

verb

/ æktɪveɪt/

1494

alienate

verb

/ eɪliəneɪt/

1495

assembly line

noun

The bee’s body, especially the abdomen, wags vigorously from side to side during the straight‐line course of the dance.

/ æbdəmən/

1491 1492

the back part of the three parts into which an insect’s body is divided

abdomen

163 as a result of something

/ə sembli

laɪn/

No formal complaint was made; accordingly, the police took no action. to make a piece of equipment or a process start Ants find their way to food and back to their nests by storing and working activating memory images. to make someone dislike you, or not want to help or Their campaign has alienated the public. support you a system for making products in a factory in which At the beginning of the last century, the tractor and the assembly each worker or machine is responsible for adding or line revolutionised the American economy. checking a particular part


128

105


A 1496

assertive automobile

1500

adjective noun mainly A

/ bæk ənd

bad form

noun

/ bæd

bee **

noun

bounce along

noun / kɑː(r)

1510 1511

pu l

chaos **

noun

/ keɪɒs/

childcare

noun verb

/ tʃaɪld keə(r)/ /kɔɪl/

phrase

/kɔɪl ə raʊnd

1505 1506 coil

1509

fɔː(r)m/

/ baʊns ə lɒŋ/ car pool scheme

1508

fɔː(r)θ/

phrasal verb

1503

coil around something collide *

verb

/kə laɪd/

colony **

noun

/ kɒləni/

commute

noun

/kə mju t/

conceive **

verb

/kən si v/

congestion

noun

congestion charge 1513

consequently **

noun

/kən dʒestʃ(ə)n

adverb

/ kɒnsɪkwəntli/

F

163 Before the dust kicked up by the bicycles had even settled, the whole order was toppled again by the automobile.

ski m/

He's broken his back, but he's still alive. moving first in one direction and then in the opposite Switching back and forth from one activity to another is direction many times uncomfortable. behaviour that people do not like because it breaks a It’s very bad form to leave the office before the boss does. social rule A flying insect that has black and yellow bands and The bees poured out, rushing up all of a sudden in spirals of chaos can sting you. Bees make honey, and bees that are and noise. not wild live in hives. The sound a bee makes is written as buzz. August bent over the hive, inspecting the frames, the half moon if a person, object or vehicle bounces along or is shape of her helmet bouncing along. bounced along, they move up and down as if they are on springs a system where a group of car owners agree to travel She doesn't drive every day because she takes part in her together to work, college etc so that only one car is company's car pool scheme. used each time a situation in which everything is confused and in a The bees poured out, rushing up all of a sudden in spirals of chaos mess and noise. the job of looking after children, especially while There is virtually no childcare provision for working mothers. their parents are working A column of smoke was coiling slowly up into the air. to move in a curve tightly around something My breath came faster and something coiled around my chest.

sʌmθɪŋ/

163 105

108

109

108 105

109 if people or things collide, they crash into each other A bee flew straight at my forehead, collided with the net and bumped against my skin. a group of animals or birds of the same type that live When a bee returns to the colony with nectar or pollen, she in the same area performs a dance on the surface of the honeycomb. the journey to and from work every day Lee makes a two‐hour commute into Seoul to start work at 8.30am. to think of something such as a new idea, plan, or In the West, time is typically conceived of as linear, moving design forward relentlessly. a situation in which a place is crowded with people Congestion in Lhasa is just as bad as that in Caracas. or vehicles, so that it is difficult to move around

/kən dʒestʃ(ə)n/

1512

1514

E

You need to be a bit more assertive, you know.

106

/bi /

1502

1507

/ə sɜː(r)tɪv/

phrase

back and forth

D

behaving in a confident way in which you are quick to express your opinions and feelings a car

/ ɔːtəmə bi l/ /bæk/

1501

1504

C

noun

1497 1498 back *** 1499

B

108 163 105 163

107 a payment that drivers make each day for the right to drive into a city centre, introduced as a way of tʃɑː(r)dʒ/ reducing traffic as a result


There is a fine for not paying the daily congestion charge within 24 hours. Consequently, cyclists’ chance of injury, especially on poorly‐lit streets, is greatly increased.

112


A

consider **

1515 1516 considerably ** 1517 1518 1519 1520

B

verb adverb verb

/ kɒnstɪˌtju t/

constrict

verb

/kən strɪkt/

contrivance

noun

/kən traɪv(ə)ns/

creep *

verb

/kri p/

crucial ***

adjective

cyclical

adjective

debut

verb

desirable **

adjective

1527 1528

/ sɪklɪk(ə)l/

used for saying that you would like something to happen a developing country is poor and does not have many industries

/dɪˈzaɪrəb(ə)l/

diplomacy

noun

/dɪˈpləʊməsi/

discover ***

verb

/dɪˈskʌvə(r)/

distracting

adjective

/dɪˈstræktɪŋ/

distribute **

verb

/dɪˈveləpɪŋ

drudgery

noun

dust **

noun

105 107 109 164 106

113 In traditional agricultural societies, time is often experienced as cyclical, or spiral. When the first electric car debuted in mid‐nineteenth‐century England, the speed limit was hastily set at 4 miles per hour.

163

Do you think a four‐hour day is feasible, or desirable? 104 A considerable number of short‐hours workers in developing and transition countries may be underemployed. 105

the ability to deal with people in a sensitive way that Well, that all sounds very good, multitasking and diplomacy and does not upset or offend them tact. to find out something that you did not know before The two men decided to discover the truth for themselves. Switching back and forth from one activity to another is wasteful and distracting. to give something such as food, clothes, or money to After the dance she often distributes food to the bees following her. a group of people, especially so that each person gets an equal share boring and unpleasant work that you have to do The computer has opened glorious opportunities for a further reduction of our drudgery. very small pieces of dirt that cover surfaces inside Before the dust kicked up by the bicycles had even settled, the buildings like a powder whole order was toppled again by the automobile.

163

preventing you from concentrating on something

/ drʌdʒəri/

/dʌst/ let the dust settle / let ðə

163

163 105

106 to allow a situation to become calm or normal again Let's just let the dust settle before we decide what to do. after something exciting or unusual has happened

phrase

F

It is crucial that this should be done.

kʌntri/

/dɪˈstrɪbju t/

1531

1532

E

If you thought you worked long hours, consider 39‐year‐old Lee from South Korea. Cars are considerably faster than they used to be. In essence, the dances constitute a language that ‘tells’ other workers where the food source is. I think it was constricting me, holding me back from what I could really achieve. A newfangled contrivance came along that upset the fragile balance of traffic: the bicycle. I crept downstairs when everyone was asleep.

106

noun

1529 1530

a complicated machine or piece of equipment designed for a particular purpose if something such as fire, the sun, or fog creeps somewhere, it moves slowly something that is crucial is extremely important because it has a major effect on the result of something cyclical events happen again and again in the same order or at the same times to perform or be performed in public for the first time

/ kru ʃ(ə)l/

developing country 1525 1526

to have a particular opinion about someone or something a lot if something constitutes something else, it is considered to be that thing to limit what someone is able or allowed to do

/ deɪbju /

1523 1524

D

/kən sɪdə(r)/ /kən sɪd(ə)rəbli/

constitute **

1521 1522

C

dʌst

set(ə)l/



A

B

C

D

to make a sound emit

verb /ɪˈmɪt/

1533 1534 1535 1536 1537

employment *** casual employment end *** make ends meet

1540 1541

essence ** in essence eye ***

/ɪm plɔɪmənt/

phrase

/ kæʒuəl ɪm plɔɪmənt/

noun

/end/

phrase

/ meɪk endz mi t/

phrase

/θrəʊ sʌmwʌn di p end/

noun

/ es(ə)ns/

phrase

/ ɪn

noun

/aɪ/

1544 1545

by far..., far and away ... fatality

/ hæv jɔː(r) sʌmwʌn/ /fɑː(r)/

phrase

/ baɪ fɑː(r), ə weɪ/

feedback **

noun

figure of eight

1550 1551 1552

aɪ ɒn

fɑː(r) ənd

/fə tæləti/

/ fi dbæk/

1547 1548 find out

noun phrasal verb

work that you are paid regularly to do for a person or There are plenty of employment opportunities in the IT sector. company work that is not regular or permanent He supported himself through casual employment while travelling during his gap year. The woman will hear the outcome of the interview at the end of the day. to have just enough money to buy the things that One in five workers around the world is working more than 48 you need hours a week, often merely to make ends meet. to make someone deal with something difficult We wouldn’t throw you completely in at the deep end, we’d like without preparing them for it you to become familiar with the main tasks and duties.

105

110 105

164

noun

1546

1549

ɪn ət ðə

es(ə)ns/

phrase adverb

have your eye on someone 1542 1543 far ***

F

163

noun

throw someone in at the deep end 1538 1539

E

This vibration of the body produces a tail‐wagging motion, and at the same time, the bee emits a buzzing sound.

/ fɪɡə(r) əv eɪt/ / faɪnd aʊt/

fine‐tune

verb

/ faɪn

forage

verb

/ fɒrɪdʒ/

forehead **

noun

/ fɒrɪd/, / fɔː(r) hed/

frame **

noun

/freɪm/

tju n/

The essence of their argument is that life cannot be explained by science. In essence, the dances constitute a language that ‘tells’ other used for emphasising what is the most important feature of something workers where the food source is. I usually get a rash if I eat them and symptoms similar to a cold, like watery eyes and a runny nose. to be watching someone carefully, especially because When they bump your forehead, they’re saying I’ ve got my eye you think they are going to do something wrong on you, so you be careful. a long distance used for saying that something has much more of a particular quality than anything else a death caused by an accident, war, violence, or disease comments about how well or how badly someone is doing something, which are intended to help them do it better the shape of the number 8 to discover a fact or piece of information to make small changes to something in order to make it as good or as effective as possible to search in a wide area for something, especially food the upper part of your face between your eyes and your hair a structure that forms part of an object and gives it its strength and shape


Cars are a lot faster than they used to be. Motorways are by far the worst roads in terms of traffic fatalities.

109 164

109 107 107

Motorways are by far the worst roads in terms of traffic fatalities. 107 Will I receive feedback from this interview? 110 The waggle dancer makes a semi‐circle in the opposite direction to complete a full figure of eight circuit. I’m trying to find out where that wasp went. Bats' ears and brain cells are fine‐tuned to hear minimal differences in sound. Birds that forage for food in flocks are less likely to migrate, as are birds that live in all‐year climates. A bee flew straight at my forehead, collided with the net and bumped against my skin. August pulled out the brood frames, not even wearing her gloves.

163 109 131 131 108 109


A 1553 1554

B

frenetic

adjective

/frə netɪk/

fritter away

phrasal verb

/ frɪtə(r) ə weɪ/

funnel

noun / fʌn(ə)l/

1555

gasoline

1556 1557 get ***

get annoyed/bored/stressed, etc

1558 1559 get something done 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568

get to do something get someone to do something get to school/work, etc

noun American / ɡæsəli n/ /ɡet/ verb / ɡet ə nɔɪd, bɔː(r)d, strest, et set(ə)rə/ phrase /ɡet sʌmθɪŋ dʌn/ phrase phrase phrase phrase

1571 1572 1573

/ ɡet tə du sʌmθɪŋ/ /ɡet sʌmwʌn tə du sʌmθɪŋ/ / ɡet tə sku l, wɜː(r)k, et set(ə)rə/

glorious *

adjective

/ ɡlɔːriəs/

grow up

phrasal verb

/ ɡrəʊ

hardly ***

adverb

/ hɑː(r)dli/

headlong ***

adverb

/ hed lɒŋ/

helipad

noun

/ heli pæd/

highway

noun American / haɪˌweɪ/

hitchhiker

noun

ʌp/

D

done very fast and with a lot of energy, often by someone who is in a hurry to waste time or money on things that are not necessary or important a tube that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, used for pouring liquid or powder into a container petrol (= a liquid used as fuel for cars and other vehicles) to start to be annoyed, bored, stressed, etc

E

The pace of life in polychromic societies is typically less frenetic and more relaxed. Over the next year he frittered away all his winnings.

hive

noun

hold back

phrasal verb

/ həʊld

hone

verb

/həʊn/

honey *

noun

/ hʌni/

F

163

I watched the funnel of bees form different shadows on the ground. 109 How far can you go on a tankful of gasoline? Lee gets just three days of vacation a year. I find it a little bit difficult I suppose if people get very aggressive.

to do something, or to have it done for you In your household, who gets things organised? to have the opportunity or be able to do something In your job, do you ever get to travel abroad?

105 163 104 104

to make someone do something, or to persuade them to do it to arrive at school/work, etc

Does your boss ever get you to work overtime? 104 The majority of commuters use the train to get to work. 149

a glorious opportunity is an excellent one

The computer has opened glorious opportunities for a further reduction of our drudgery. to change from being a baby or young child to being When I was growing up, I loved to collect creepy crawlies. an older child or adult used for saying that something is almost not true or There is hardly any room on the roads here for more traffic. almost does not happen at all very quickly and without looking where you are going Modern life remains a headlong rush into long commutes, two‐ income families, and late nights at work. a flat area for helicopters to land on and take off In São Paulo, the wealthy shuttle between the city’s more than from, often on top of a building three hundred helipads. a wide road built for fast travel between towns and He was charged with obstructing the public highway. cities someone who travels by asking other people to take Desperate Indonesians work as ‘car jockeys’, hitchhikers who are paid to help drivers meet the passenger quota. them in their car, by standing at the side of a road and holding out their thumb or a sign

/ hɪtʃˌhaɪkə(r)/

1569 1570

C

105 109 149 105 107

107 a container in which bees live and make honey

Remember: don’t take off the veil when you’re near the hive.

to stop someone from being as successful as they should to improve a skill or talent that is already well developed a sweet, sticky yellow or brown food made by bees

I think it was constricting me, holding me back from what I could really achieve. I think that a job like this would hone my skills a bit, you know, be a good place to start. She never puts on gloves when she collects honey.

/haɪv/

109 bæk/

164 163 109



A

honeycomb

1574 1575 hop 1576 hour * 1577

long hours idle

B

noun verb noun

/ hʌni kəʊm/ /hɒp/ / aʊə(r)/

phrase

/ lɒŋ

1579 1580 infinitely

inflect

verb adverb

1585

verb

/ɪn vent/

item ***

noun

/ aɪtəm/

job security

noun

/ dʒɒb sɪˌkjʊərəti/

juggle

verb

/ dʒʌɡ(ə)l/

license plate

noun American / laɪs(ə)ns

light ***

1590 1591

verb adjective adjective

/ lɪniə(r)/

location ***

noun

/ləʊˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/

magnetic field

noun

/mæɡˌnetɪk

make up

phrasal verb / meɪk

1594

manners *** good/bad manners

pleɪt/

/laɪt/ /lɪmp/

linear *

1592 1593

/ ɪndɪkeɪt/ / ɪnfɪnətli/

invent **

1587 1588 limp

F

163 109 102 105

107

/ɪn flekt/

1586

1589

aʊə(r)z/

verb

1581

1584

E

/ aɪd(ə)l/ indicate ***

1583

D

a structure with a lot of holes, that honeybees make The dances are performed by a worker bee that has returned to to store honey in the honeycomb with pollen or nectar. to move forward by jumping on one foot Kangaroos don’t walk, they hop. How many hours a week do you work? a long working day, starting early and finishing late If you thought you worked long hours, consider 39‐year‐old Lee from South Korea. if an engine idles, it runs slowly and does not The old images of Russians waiting in line have been replaced by produce any movement images of idling cars stuck in heavy congestion.

verb

1578

1582

C

fi ld/

ʌp/

plural noun

/ mænə(r)/

phrase

/ ɡʊd,

bæd

to show that something will happen, is true, or exists The orientation of the dancing bee indicates to the other bees where the food source is, relative to the Sun. very, or very much Cars are infinitely faster than they used to be. Traffic has become a universal condition, inflected with regional to change the sound of your voice when you are accents. speaking, for example to emphasise a particular word to make up a story, excuse etc that is not true Can you think of or invent new words or expressions in your language by combining words with ‐ing? an individual thing, usually one of several things in a The dancer ‘spells out’ two items of information. group or on a list the knowledge that your job is permanent as long as Young adults are frustrated with the lack of job security you want it to be nowadays. to try to do several important things at the same When you’re a mum, you have to also juggle a lot of things. time, especially when this is difficult Witnesses wrote down the license plate number of the hit and an official sign on the front and back of a motor run driver. vehicle, with numbers and letters on it that show who it belongs to if a bird, insect, or other flying creature lights on The bees began to light on my shoulders the way birds sit on something, it flies onto it and stops there telephone wires. not firm, stiff, or strong I felt myself go limp. involving ideas or events that are directly connected In the West, time is typically conceived of as linear, moving and follow one after the other forward relentlessly. the place or position where someone or something is She may repeat the round dance several times at the same or where something happens location. an area that the power of a magnet affects Mature salmon find their way back to their birth stream using their ability to detect the Earth’s magnetic field. to invent a story, or an explanation for something, In essence, the dances make up a language that ‘tells’ other workers where the food source is. especially in order to avoid being punished or embarrassed traditionally accepted ways of behaving that show a Children learn manners by observing their parents. polite respect for other people the right/wrong way to behave It's bad manners to interrupt someone.

mænə(r)z/


109 107

107 111 109

163

109 109 163 109 131

109


A

maternity leave

B

/mə tɜː(r)nəti mentor1 mentor

verb

migrate *

verb

motion *** multitasking

noun

/ mʌlti tɑːskɪŋ/ nav system

noun

/ næv

nectar

noun

/ nektə(r)/ / nɒv(ə)l/

1602 1603 novel **

1605 1606

adjective

/nju

orientation

noun

/ ɔːriən teɪʃ(ə)n/

oversee

verb

/ əʊvə(r) si /

overwork

verb

/ əʊvə(r) wɜː(r)k/ / pærəmaʊnt/ /əv pærəmaʊnt ɪm pɔː(r)t(ə)ns/

of paramount importance park and ride scheme

1610 1611 1612

parking lot paternity leave pollen

1613

adjective

sɪstəm/

nutritious

1607 1608 paramount 1609

105

adjective phrase

110 to help someone who has less experience than you, especially in their job if a bird or animal migrates, it travels to another part of the world for warmer weather at a particular time of the year the process or action of moving

I've been mentoring teenagers at a community centre and have found it to be very rewarding. Birds migrate to other countries in order to find a plentiful and reliable food supply. 131 This vibration of the body produces a tail‐wagging motion.

/ məʊʃ(ə)n/

noun

1600

1604

/ mentɔː(r)/

/maɪˈɡreɪt/

1598

F

an experienced person who helps someone who has When I first start, will I be given a mentor to oversee my less experience, especially in their job development? / mentɔː(r)/

2

1601

E

Most women take maternity leave.

li v/

noun

1596

1599

D

time before and after the birth of a baby when a woman is allowed to be away from her job

noun

1595

1597

C

trɪʃəs/

163 the activity of doing more than one thing at the same I’m quite good at multitasking, and I’m good at dealing with people. time, such as talking on the phone while you are working on a computer navigation system: a system for finding the best way Professional road guides, will jump into one’s car and provide directions – a human ‘nav system.’ to a place a sweet liquid that some flowers make and that The dances are performed by a worker bee that has returned to insects and birds drink the honeycomb with nectar. new, or unusual The bicycle was a a novel and controversial machine. nutritious foods provide the substances that people The bee performs a dance when she returns with nectar or pollen need in order to be healthy that is sufficiently nutritious. the position of an object, or the direction in which it The orientation of the dancing bee is significant because it is pointing represents the angle of the Sun. to watch something in order to check that it works or When I first start, will I be given a mentor to oversee my happens in the way that it should development? to make someone work harder than is reasonable Staff complained that they were being overworked.

more important than all other things

163 107 163 106 163 109 110

The interests of the child are paramount. It is of paramount importance that this should be done. 113

a transport system in which drivers leave their cars in Most people in town take advantage of the park and ride scheme a place outside a town and travel by train or bus into to get to work in the centre. noun / pɑː(r)k ən raɪd ski m/ the town an area or a building where people can leave their The parking lot at the supermarket was full when we went, so we noun American cars for a short time had to park on the street. / pɑː(r)kɪŋ lɒt/ a period of time when a father is allowed to be away Few men take paternity leave to look after their children. noun from work after the birth of his child /pə tɜː(r)nəti li v/ The dances are performed by a worker bee that has returned to a powder produced by flowers which is carried by the wind or insects to other flowers so that they can the honeycomb with pollen. noun produce new seeds. / pɒlən/


105

163


A 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619

problematic

B

adjective

/prɒˈsperəti/

punctuality

noun

/ pʌŋktʃu æləti/

put on

phrasal verb

/ pʊt

ɒn/

put up with

phrasal verb

/ pʊt

ʌp wɪð/

quantifiable

adjective

/ kwɒntɪˌfaɪəb(ə)l/

noun / ræt

recreation *

1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629

E

The more roads we build, the more problematic congestion will become. The view of time as linear is the dominant paradigm in times of economic prosperity and national confidence. This student's attendance and punctuality have not been good.

the situation of being successful and having a lot of money the act of arriving or happening at the time agreed on to cover a part of your body with a piece of clothing I put on my helmet as August lifted the lid. or jewellery so that you are wearing it to accept someone or something unpleasant in a I can’t put up with insects in the house, especially flies. patient way capable of being measured or described as a quantity In a monochronic view, time is quantifiable.

reflective

adjective

/rɪˈflektɪv/

reincarnation

noun

/ ri ɪnkɑː(r) neɪʃ(ə)n/

relative ***

adjective

/ relətɪv/

relative to relatively ***

phrase adverb

/ relətɪv

F

107 163

109 109 163

an activity, job, or situation in which there is a lot of What is it about our collective personality that drives us into this endless rat race? competition and people are too busy to relax or enjoy themselves things that you do to enjoy yourself Modern life remains a headlong rush into long commutes, late nights at work, and exhausting recreation.

/ rekri eɪʃ(ə)n/

105

105 a reflective vest or jacket reflects light so that the wearer can be seen more easily the belief that after you die you can be born again as a different person, animal, or thing

There is no legislation on the use of reflective vests or lights, and so very few cyclists in the city use them. The experience of time as cyclical is reflected in the Buddhist and Hindu concept of reincarnation. There was relative calm after the violence of the previous night.

compared with, or in relation to

This indicates to the other bees where the food source is, relative to the Sun. Cars are relatively faster than they used to be.

112 163 163

tu / in comparison with someone or something similar

/ relətɪvli/

109 107

determinedly, without stopping

relentlessly

adverb

/rɪˈlentləsli/

remove ***

verb

/rɪˈmu v/

represent ***

verb

/ reprɪˈzent/

retirement *

noun

In the West, time is typically conceived of as linear, moving forward relentlessly. to take off clothing Sally looked down at her sleeve and removed a small speck of dirt. if something represents another thing, it is that thing The orientation of the dancing bee is significant because it represents the angle of the Sun. the time when you stop working, especially because She said her retirement from politics was premature. you have reached the age when you are officially too old to work, or the act of doing this

163

109

/rɪˈtaɪə(r)mənt/

1630

reverse **

verb /rɪˈvɜː(r)s/

1631 1632

reɪs/

noun

1621

1623

/ prɒblə mætɪk/

noun

rat race

D

involving or causing problems

prosperity *

1620

1622

C

revolutionise

verb

/ revə lu ʃə naɪz/

to change the order or development of events, a process, or a situation to be the opposite of what it was to completely change the way that something is done, thought about, or made


The bee first runs around in narrow circles and then suddenly reverses direction to her original course. 163 At the beginning of the last century, the tractor and the assembly line revolutionised the American economy.

105


A 1633 1634 1635 1636

B

phrasal verb

/ rʌn ə raʊnd/

rush **

verb

/rʌʃ/

rutted

adjective

/ rʌtɪd/

scarcely **

adverb

/ skeə(r)sli/

self‐employed

adjective

self‐employment

noun

semicircle

noun

1641 1642 1643 1644

/ self ɪm plɔɪmənt/

verb

sidewalk

noun American / saɪd wɔːk/

significant ***

adjective

/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/

slither

verb

/ slɪðə(r)/

speckle

verb

/ spek(ə)l/

spectacle **

noun

spell out

/ ʃædəʊ/

phrasal verb verb

spiral *

noun

/ spel /spɪn/

spook

verb

The dancer ‘spells out’ two items of information.

to turn round and round quickly a shape that looks like a set of circles inside each other, made by one line curving inside itself

The dancers were spinning in circles. The bees poured out, rushing up all of a sudden in spirals of chaos and noise.

to make someone suddenly feel frightened or nervous if you squander something such as money, time, or an opportunity, you do not use it in a sensible way

Bicycles were too fast, they spooked horses and they caused accidents. If you squander or fritter away time, you waste it.

a level of quality or achievement used for judging someone or something

What do you think the international standard on working time is?

aʊt/

squander

verb

/spu k/

standard ***

noun

/ stændə(r)d/

108 106 109

105 105

164

109 128 109

109

108

/ skwɒndə(r)/

1650

163

109 to say or explain something very clearly because someone has not understood something

/ spaɪrəl/

1648

F

163 to follow someone in their job to try and learn from It would be very helpful if you could come in and work with her, them shadow her, for a week. a path with a hard surface beside a road Tourists stood on the sidewalk looking at the shop window displays. very important The orientation of the dancing bee is significant because it represents the angle of the Sun. to move along the ground like a snake Snakes manage to slither quite quickly by using their muscles and their scales to push off the ground. to make a number of small spots or marks on a They sat along my arms, speckled the bee veil so I could scarcely surface see through it. an unusual, exciting, or impressive event or sight My mind became unnaturally calm, as if my body was sitting on a tree watching the spectacle from a safe distance.

/ spektək(ə)l/

1646 1647 spin **

1651

/ self ɪm plɔɪd/

shadow *

1645

1649

E

The bee first runs around in narrow circles and then suddenly reverses direction to her original course. to hurry in order to get somewhere very quickly The bees poured out, rushing up all of a sudden in spirals of chaos and noise. a rutted surface has deep narrow marks in it made Visitors to the ruins of Pompeii, for example, will see rutted by vehicles streets marked by the tracks of chariot wheels. almost not, or almost none They sat along my arms, speckled the bee veil so I could scarcely see through it. working for yourself instead of for an employer and Some 30 per cent or more of all self‐employed workers work more than 49 hours a week. paid directly by the people who you provide a product or service to the state of working for yourself instead of for an About three‐fifths of the informal economy is self‐employment. employer a group of people or things arranged in a curved line A bee performing a waggle dance runs straight ahead for a short as if they were around the edge of half a circle distance and then returns in a semi‐circle to the starting point.

/ semi sɜː(r)k(ə)l/

1639 1640

D

to be very busy doing a lot of different things

run around

1637 1638

C

106

102


104


A 1652 1653

B

1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662

adjective

/ streɪt fɔː(r)wə(r)d/

stranded

adjective

/ strændɪd/

subsidise

verb

sufficiently

adverb

swell up

phrasal verb

1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671

to pay some of the cost of goods or services so that they can be sold to other people at a lower price

They could subsidise the purchase of such equipment.

as much as is needed

The bee performs a dance when she returns with nectar or pollen that is sufficiently nutritious. A bee stung me and my face swelled up like a balloon.

/ swel

tact

noun

/tækt/

take off

phrasal verb

/ teɪk

ɒf/

noun

/ tendən/

time ***

noun

/taɪm/

phrase

/ kɪl

phrase

/ teɪk,

phrase

/ pɑːs ðə taɪm/ /spend taɪm du ɪŋ sʌmθɪŋ/

make/spare (the) time

spend time doing something take up a lot of time take your time (over something) time‐consuming

phrase

to become larger than normal, usually because of liquid collecting inside a careful way of speaking or behaving that avoids upsetting other people to remove something, especially a piece of clothing

ʌp/

tendon

kill time

phrase adjective

timetable

verb

tolerate *

verb

toll *

noun

topple

verb

163

163 109

taɪm/ speə(r) ðə

163

109 Well, that all sounds very good, multitasking and diplomacy and tact. Remember: don’t take off the veil when you’re near the hive.

taɪm/

one of the parts of your body that connects a muscle Kangaroos have strong elastic tendons in the legs which mean to a bone they move like a spring. Can you think of times when time has gone particularly slowly, or quickly, for you? to make time seem to pass more quickly by doing If you kill time, you fill time with something you are not really something instead of just waiting interested in. to make some of your time available for a particular If you make time to do something, you make sure you do it, as it purpose is important. to prevent yourself from becoming bored by doing If you pass the time, you fill time with something you are not something, often something that you are not really really interested in. interested in If you spend time doing something, you use it to do an activity. to use your time in order to do an activity

128 102 102 102

102 102

to need a lot of time

phrase

F

112

/sə fɪʃ(ə)ntli/

pass the time

1665

E

The representation of distance in the waggle dance is relatively straightforward. left somewhere with no way of going anywhere else Hundreds of passengers were left stranded at the airport.

/ sʌbsɪdaɪz/

1663 1664

D

not complicated or difficult to understand

straightforward **

1654 1655

C

/ teɪk ʌp ə lɒt əv taɪm/ / teɪk jɔː(r) taɪm əʊvə(r) to do something slowly and carefully sʌmθɪŋ/ something that is time‐consuming takes a long time to do / taɪm kən sju mɪŋ/ to plan when something will happen / taɪm teɪb(ə)l/ to accept something unpleasant without becoming impatient or angry / tɒləreɪt/ an amount of money that you pay to use a bridge or a road /təʊl/ to stop being steady and fall, or to make someone or something do this / tɒp(ə)l/


If something takes up a lot of time, it is time‐consuming. 102 If you take your time over something, you do it slowly. 102 If something takes up a lot of time, it is time‐consuming. 102 Teachers met during the break to timetable for the next semester. Rude behaviour will no longer be tolerated. The trip took a little longer, but we avoided paying any tolls. The whole order was toppled again by the automobile. 106


A 1672

B

trailer *

noun

transition country

noun

1675 1676

1679 1680 1681

underpaid

adjective

/ ʌndə(r) peɪd/

unemployment ***

noun

/ ʌnɪm plɔɪmənt/

noun

veil *

noun

/veɪl/

virtually ***

adverb

/ vɜː(r)tʃʊəli/

vital ***

adjective

/ vaɪt(ə)l/

wag

verb

/wæɡ/

waggle

verb

not earning enough money for work that you do a situation in which some people do not have work and do not have an income the process by which towns and cities grow bigger and more and more people go to live in them

The road was closed for many hours after a truck overturned and spilled fruit all over the road. Usually the professions that most benefit society are the ones that are underpaid. A lot of unemployment is due to the global economic situation. 105 The 18th century was a period of rapid urbanisation.

/ ɜː(r)bənaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ a piece of cloth worn over someone’s head

/ wæɡ(ə)l/ warrant

verb

They sat along my arms, speckled the bee veil so I could scarcely see through it. used for emphasising that a statement is almost There is virtually no state childcare provision for working completely true mothers. very important, necessary, or essential It is vital that more should be done in order to make Beijing a safer and more pleasant city for cyclists. if a dog wags its tail, it moves its tail from one side to The bee’s body wags vigorously from side to side during the the other several times straight‐line course of the dance. to move up and down or from side to side with short Roger waggled his eyebrows suggestively. quick movements, or to make something move that way to make an action seem reasonable or necessary The bee performs a dance when she returns with nectar or pollen that is sufficiently nutritious to warrant a return to the source.

/ wɒrənt/ whirlwind

109 105 112 163

163 a very powerful dangerous wind that spins extremely The bees had flown out of my bedroom walls, stranding me at the fast, carrying away anything in its path centre of a bee whirlwind.

noun / wɜː(r)l wɪnd/

1684

F

105 a large road vehicle used for carrying goods

urbanisation

E

The driver was forced to pull over after the trailer door swung open. A considerable number of short‐hours workers in developing and transition countries may be underemployed.

kʌntri/

/trʌk/

1683

1686

a country which is changing from a centralised economy to a free market

noun

1682

1685

/ treɪlə(r)/

truck **

1677 1678

D

1 American a caravan pulled by a car

/træn zɪʃ(ə)n

1673 1674

C

windshield

noun American

/ wɪn(d) ʃi ld/

workforce *

noun

/ wɜː(r)k fɔː(r)s/

verb

/ ækses/

109 the large glass window at the front of a vehicle

A large tree fell on the parked car and smashed the windshield.

the total number of people who work in a particular The Government is encouraging women back into the workforce. company, industry, or area

1687 Unit 10 1688 1689

access add ***

verb

to get information, especially from a computer

/æd/

to say something more that is related to what has been said already


A USB memory stick is a gadget that you can use to store and access electronic files on the move. Does anyone have anything else to add?

121 122


A

additive

B

/ ædətɪv/ adopted advocate *

noun

agreement ***

noun

are we in agreement on this?

allergy

phrase

/ ædvəkeɪt/

/ə ɡri mənt/

/ ɑː(r) wi ɒn ðɪs/

ɪn ə ɡri mənt

used in a meeting to ask whether everyone agrees So are we in agreement on this then? with what has been discussed a medical condition in which you become sick or your I eat most fruits, but not strawberries because I’ve got an allergy skin becomes covered with red marks as a reaction to them. to something you eat, breathe, or touch

/ ælə(r)dʒi/

almanac

165

164 a book published every year that tells you about the According to the almanac, it should be a full moon tonight. movements of the planets, the times of the tides, and the dates of important events

noun / ɔːlmə næk/

1696

alternative medicine

noun

altitude *

noun

appliance *

noun

1697

medical treatment using methods that are different After traditional treatments yielded no results, she turned to alternative medicine for help. from the usual Western scientific methods, for example homeopathy and acupuncture

/ɔːl tɜː(r)nətɪv med(ə)s(ə)n/

aspic

the height of a place or thing above sea level

The Rocky Mountains are lower in altitude than the Himalayas.

a machine or piece of equipment that you have in your home, for example a washing machine or refrigerator a clear slightly brown jelly that you put fish or meat into and allow to become cold before eating

A robot vacuum cleaner is an appliance that can be programmed to remove dirt and dust all over your home.

/ æltɪˌtju d/

/ə plaɪəns/

1699

noun

121 Oxford is an untypical city, its centre preserved in aspic for tourists.

/ æspɪk/

1700

astrology

115

noun /ə strɒlədʒi/

1701

bar code reader

noun / bɑː(r) kəʊd

1702 1703

119 someone who strongly and publicly supports The child advocate campaigned tirelessly for better child someone or something protection. an arrangement or decision about what to do, made Our agreement was that you would pay by the first of the month. by two or more people, groups, or organisations

noun

1695

F

117

/ə dɒptɪd/

1693

1698

E

Should food additives be completely banned?

someone’s adopted country is the country they have These players and managers become heroes in their adopted chosen to live in and not the one they were born in countries.

adjective

1691

1694

D

a substance that is added in small amounts to something, especially food, in order to make it last longer, look more attractive, or improve it in some way

noun

1690

1692

C

barometer

noun

/bə rɒmɪtə(r)/

ri də(r)/

the study of the movement of the stars and planets and how some people think they influence people’s characters and lives a device that scans the set of printed lines on a product’s label that tells a computer information about it such as its price 1 a piece of equipment that shows you what kind of weather to expect


The fifth part shall be an introduction, in which you can learn most of the general theory of astrology. 121 A bar code reader is a tool that can scan visual representations of data such as prices. 121 It is this place that is a barometer of the health of the nation. 115


A 1704

B

base ***

noun

bingo hall

noun

boast * boost **

1707 1708 branch * 1709

verb verb verb

bumpy

adjective

calculate **

verb

car alarm

1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722

/bəʊst/

to have something good, often an attractive feature that other people admire to help something to increase, improve, or become more successful to divide into two or more parts a bumpy road has a lot of rough or raised parts on it

The village boasts four magnificent churches.

a piece of electrical equipment that makes a loud noise if someone attempts to steal your car

A car alarm is a device which is used in order to discourage thieves.

124

Winning the World Cup is not only good for a country’s self‐ esteem, but it also boosts its economy. The wind rustled the bare branches of the trees. Driving on the bumpy, dirt road felt much like going on a roller coaster. to discover a number or amount using mathematics We'll need to calculate the overall costs. or with a piece of equipment such as a calculator

/bu st/ /brɑːntʃ/ / bʌmpi/

cardinal point

noun

/ kɑː(r)dɪn(ə)l

cater for

phrasal verb

/ keɪtə(r)

pɔɪnt/

119

121 one of the four main points on a compass (= a piece Our tour guide showed us how to identify the cardinal points on of equipment that shows direction) the compass. to provide people with everything they want or need Sporting activities are well catered for.

fɔː(r)/

125 closed‐circuit television: a system that allows someone to watch on a television screen what is happening in different parts of a building, town, etc

noun / si

1714

1716

F

hɔːl/

/ kɑː(r) ə lɑː(r)m/

CCTV

1715

/beɪs/

noun

1711

1713

E

/ kælkjʊleɪt/

1710

1712

D

a place from which an activity can be planned, The statue stands on a large round base. started, or carried out The new shopping centre boasts a 500‐seated bingo hall. a public place where people go to play bingo (= a game in which players try to match numbers on their cards with numbers that are called out)

/ bɪŋɡəʊ

1705 1706

C

si

ti

CCTV is an instrument that is used to monitor activity in public places.

vi /

121 in or relating to the sky, heaven, or space

celestial

adjective

/sə lestiəl/

checkout

noun

/ tʃekaʊt/

climb ***

verb

/klaɪm/

coastal **

adjective

/ kəʊst(ə)l/

communication ***

noun

/kə mju nɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/

concentration ***

noun

/ kɒns(ə)n treɪʃ(ə)n/

congested **

adjective

/kən dʒestɪd/

control ***

verb

/kən trəʊl/

The fourth part contains a theory to explain the movements of the celestial bodies and their causes. the place where you pay in a supermarket or other Uncounted costs of this long journey are not paid for at the large shop checkout. if a road or path climbs, it leads upwards gradually to He climbed onto the roof to check the TV aerial. a higher place a coastal road travels along the land beside a sea People in coastal areas were forced to evacuate before the impending hurricane. the process of giving information or of making There was a breakdown in communication. emotions or ideas known to someone a large number of people or things in one area or a It took all his concentration to stay awake. large amount of a particular thing a congested road has so many vehicles that it is Many of Europe's major airports are heavily congested. difficult to drive along it to make a machine, system, vehicle etc move or Most of the news media were controlled by the central operate in the way that you want it to government.


121 117


A

convenience food

B

1725 1726 1727 1728

/kən vi niəns

1729

coordinate

noun

/kəʊˈɔː(r)dɪnət/

cross ***

verb

/krɒs/

cross‐pollination

noun

/ krɒs

date ***

noun

/deɪt/

phrase

/ set ə

set a date daybreak

noun

decode

verb

1732 1733 1734 1735

1738 1739 1740 1741 1742

pɒlə neɪʃ(ə)n/

deɪt/

demonstration **

noun

/ demən streɪʃ(ə)n/

determine **

verb

/dɪˈtɜː(r)mɪn/

device ***

noun

/dɪˈvaɪs/

dirt road

noun

/ dɜː(r)t

discourage *

verb

rəʊd/

/dɪs kʌrɪdʒ/ display ***

verb

/dɪˈspleɪ/

dispose of

phrasal verb

/dɪˈspəʊz

diversity **

noun

/daɪˈvɜː(r)səti/

doorstep

noun

/ dɔː(r) step/

phrase

/ ɒn jɔː(r)

noun

Football shows in a very tangible way the benefits of cross‐ pollination between peoples and countries. The date on the report is 24 October, 2005.

164

Can we set a date for the next meeting? 122 They arrived home just after daybreak from their night out.

121

/ demən streɪt/

drain *

F

I don't know the exact coordinates to the house, but I could give you the address. Wait until there is no traffic and it's safe to cross.

kəʊd/

verb

on your doorstep

to choose the particular day, month, or year when something happens the time when light first appears in the morning

E

If you want a healthy diet, you shouldn't have convenience food.

to change digital electronic signals into a picture and An mp3 player is a gadget that is used to decode and play back sound on your television, mp3 player etc audio files.

demonstrate ***

1736 1737

fu d/

food that is quick and easy to prepare such as food that has already been cooked and only needs to be heated one of a set of numbers that give the exact position of something on a map or graph to go from one side of something such as a road or river to the other fertilisation of the flowers of one plant using the pollen of another

/ deɪˌbreɪk/

/di

1730 1731

D

noun

1723 1724

C

ɒv/

to protest about something with other people in a Various techniques will be demonstrated. public place an occasion when a large group of people protest This is a powerful demonstration of what can be achieved with about something new technology. to calculate something, or to discover it by examining A GPS navigation is a device that is used to determine your evidence position, wherever you are in the world. a machine or piece of equipment that does a A GPS navigation is a device that is used to determine your particular thing position, wherever you are in the world. a road or track with a rough or loose surface Driving on the bumpy, dirt road felt much like going on a roller coaster. A car alarm is a device which is used in order to discourage to try to prevent someone from doing something, especially because you do not approve of it or think thieves. it is wrong to show information on a computer screen I never buy chocolate or coffee, bananas, anything that doesn’t display a Fair Trade logo. to get rid of something that you no longer need or Please dispose of your litter thoughtfully. want the fact that very different people or things exist Much of the change and diversity in the city has been within a group or place concentrated into a small area. We're in a rush, so do you mind waiting outside on the doorstep? very close to where you live

121 121 121

121 164

115

All of them are right on his doorstep, in his local neighbourhood.

dɔː(r) step/

115 Now, one could talk about this as a drain on the talent and resources.

/dreɪn/


164


A

drain on

1746 1747 1748

1752

ear thermometer

noun

economic ***

adjective

/ ɪə(r) θə(r) mɒmɪtə(r)/ / i kə nɒmɪk/, / ekə nɒmɪk/

encode *

verb

/ɪn kəʊd/

encourage ***

verb

/ɪn kʌrɪdʒ/

endorse **

verb noun

/ɪn dɔː(r)s/ / envi/

phrase

/bi

estate agent

noun

/ɪˈsteɪt

evaluate **

verb

be green with envy

fair trade

1760 1761

E

Now, one could talk about this as a drain on the talent and resources. Prices were dramatically reduced for the holiday sales. An ear thermometer is a tool that can measure the body’s temperature and show it on a small screen. I am sure people in Shanghai also got more materialised because of the economic development. He encoded the highly sensitive documents for added security.

F

164

121 165

We encourage student participation in our classes. Actually, I would like to endorse what Nigel has just said about health and safety as well. He was sure that other drivers looked at him with envy. Kofi Annan, said the World Cup made the UN ‘green with envy'.

to feel very unhappy because you wish you had something that someone else has someone whose job is to help people buy and sell or The estate agent said that now was a good time to buy a house. rent property to think carefully about something before making a The performance of each employee is evaluated once a year. judgment about its value, importance, or quality

165

164

the principle of charging a price for goods that does I never buy chocolate or coffee, bananas, anything that doesn’t not put producers in developing countries (= poorer display a Fair Trade logo. countries with less industry) at a disadvantage treɪd/

fait accompli

noun

/ feɪt ə kɒmpli /

fanatic

noun

/fə nætɪk/

fast‐food outlet

1759

eɪdʒ(ə)nt/

/ feə(r)

noun /fɑːst

1757 1758

envi/

noun

1754

1756

ɡri n wɪð

something that uses a lot of something such as money or supplies suddenly and surprisingly or easily noticed a piece of equipment that you put in your ear to measure your body temperature relating to the economy of a particular country or region to change information or instructions into a form that a computer can use to suggest that someone does something that you believe would be good to express support for someone or something, especially in public

/ɪˈvæljueɪt/

1753

1755

D

/ dreɪn ɒn/ /drə mætɪkli/

1749 1750 envy 1751

C

phrase adverb

1743 1744 dramatically 1745

B

fu d

florist

noun

/ flɒrɪst/

fore

noun

/fɔː(r)/

to the fore fork

phrase verb

/ tu

164 something that has already been done and cannot be What proposals can we give to the council to counter what seems changed like a fait accompli that they close the pool? someone who likes a sport or activity very much Ask George, he's a film fanatic. a place which prepares and sells food that is made and served very quickly, especially food such as a burger that you can take away with you

Fast‐food outlets are among the businesses that line Cowley Road.

1 someone whose job is to arrange and sell flowers

I let the florist pick out an arrangement she thought would be suitable for the occasion. Then again that’s health and safety issues come to the fore.

into a position of importance

Then again that’s health and safety issues come to the fore.

if a road, path, or river forks, it divides into two separate parts

The road forked about two hundred yards in front of her.

aʊt let/

165

115

165 ðə

/fɔː(r)k/

fɔː(r)/

165



A

fundraiser

B

gadget

noun

genetically modified

adjective

global ***

adjective

globally

adverb

grocer

noun

halal

noun

have a go at (doing) something have had enough of something have high hopes for someone/someth

1774 1775 have no idea if ... 1776

have no intention of doing something

verb phrase phrase phrase phrase phrase

herbalist

noun

homeless

adjective

1777 1778

the idea that the world is developing a single economy and culture as a result of improved technology and communications and the influence of very large multinational companies

A USB memory stick is a gadget that you can use to store and access electronic documents and files on the move. I have high hopes for genetically modified food.

pi

es/

/ ɡrəʊsə(r)/

/hə lɑːl/, / hælæl/ /hæv/, /əv/, /həv/ / hæv ə ɡəʊ ət du ɪŋ sʌmθɪŋ/

121

116 In the book Isolarion: A Different Oxford Journey , James Attlee decides to go on a journey of global exploration. Football is probably the most positive symbol of globalisation in the 21st century.

115

164 all over the world

/ ɡləʊb(ə)li/

/ dʒi

1770 1771 have ***

1773

/ ɡləʊb(ə)l/

noun

1768

F

165 a small tool or piece of modern equipment that does something useful or impressive a genetically modified plant or animal has had its genetic structure changed in order to make it more suitable for a particular purpose including or affecting the whole world

/ ɡləʊbəlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

GPS

1772

mɒdɪfaɪd/

noun

1766

1769

/ ɡædʒɪt/

/dʒə netɪkli

globalisation

1767

E

/ fʌnd reɪzə(r)/

1764 1765

D

a social event organised to make money for a specific What about, just thinking about sort of income, perhaps we could purpose, especially for a charity or a political party have like a fundraiser?

noun

1762 1763

C

global positioning system: a system for finding exactly where you are anywhere in the world using satellites (=objects that go around the earth high in the sky)

It's new investment that will enable the company to compete globally. A GPS navigation is a device that is used to determine your position, wherever you are in the world. 121

someone whose job is to sell food and other goods There are numerous grocers within walking distance of my house. for the home in a small shop Butchers, halal and otherwise, are among the businesses that line halal meat can be eaten by Muslims because it is from an animal that has been killed according to the Cowley Road. religious laws of Islam What is the most recent meal you have had today? to attempt to do something I had a go at baking bread once and it was a total disaster.

115 116 116

to not want to experience any more of something /həv hæd ɪˈnʌf əv sʌmθɪŋ/ because it is annoying or boring to hope and expect that someone/something will be /hæv haɪ həʊps fə(r) very successful sʌmwʌn, sʌmθɪŋ/ /hæv nəʊ aɪˈdɪə ɪf/ to not know at all if ... /hæv nəʊ ɪn tenʃ(ə)n əv to be determined not to do something du ɪŋ sʌmθɪŋ/ someone who grows, sells, or prepares herbs for use in medicine or who treats ill people with herbal medicines / hɜː(r)bəlɪst/ without a place to live / həʊmləs/


I’ve had enough of frozen food. 116 I have high hopes for genetically modified food. I have no idea if butter’s good for you or not. I have no intention of eating meat ever again.

116 116 116

Herbalists are among the businesses that line Cowley Road. 115 Some supermarkets give surplus food to homeless and needy people.

117


A

host **

B

1781

1784

noun

/hʌʃ/

hyperactive

adjective

/ haɪpər æktɪv/

inordinate

adjective

/ ɪnstɪˈtju ʃ(ə)n(ə)l/

instrument ***

noun

/ ɪnstrʊmənt/

investment ***

noun

verb

noun / lɪb(ə)rəlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

lobby local ***

longitude 1791 1792 magnet

a magnet for someone majority ***

verb adjective

noun

115 164 121

121 if something such as a road, river, or door leads in a The movement of players and coaches between countries leads to an improvement in the quality of the game. particular direction or to a particular place, or if it leads you there, it goes in that direction or to that place

/li d/ liberalisation

117

164

/ lætɪˌtju d/

1788

165

the distance of a point on the Earth from the equator The third part contains various tables of longitudes and latitudes (= the imaginary line around the middle of the Earth), of fixed stars for the astrolabe. measured in degrees north or south

noun

1787

1794

OK, thank you, thanks for this bit of hush, thanks everyone for coming today. very active and finding it difficult to concentrate or Data show that up to 5% of children in the UK are hyperactive relax and that food additives play a role. much more than you would usually expect: used for Oxford University still owns an inordinate number of its buildings emphasising how large something is or how much of in Oxford. something there is relating to the institutions on which society is based FIFA's institutional rule allows small countries to capture some of the benefits of today’s higher‐quality game. a tool or piece of equipment used in science, CCTV is an instrument that is used to monitor activity in public medicine, or technology places. the process of spending money in order to improve Let me now move on to the benefits in terms of investment in a something or make it more successful country that has hosted the World Cup.

/ɪn ves(t)mənt/

lead ***

1793

/ɪn ɔː(r)dɪnət/

adjective

1786

1790

119

institutional **

latitude

F

a sudden silence

hush

1785

1789

E

A country can only host the World Cup by paying huge amounts of money to FIFA.

/həʊst/

1782 1783

D

to arrange a special event and provide the area, buildings, equipment, or services needed for it

verb

1779 1780

C

/ lɒbi/ / ləʊk(ə)l/

noun

/ lɒndʒɪˌtju d/, / lɒŋɡɪˌtju d/ / mæɡnɪt/

phrase

/ə

noun

/mə dʒɒrəti/

mæɡnɪt fə(r)

the liberalisation of trade is a result of making laws or rules less strict so that people have more freedom in how they trade to try to influence politicians or people in authority on a particular subject in or related to the area that you live in, or to the particular area that you are talking about the distance east or west of the Greenwich meridian (= an imaginary line from the top of the Earth to the bottom), measured in degrees and minutes

118

A group of students held a demonstration outside the town hall, calling for social liberalisation. Your country is lobbying FIFA to be the host of the World Cup. 119 All of them are right on his doorstep, in his local neighbourhood. 115 The third part contains various tables of longitudes and latitudes of fixed stars for the astrolabe. 121

someone or something that attracts and interests sʌmwʌn/ many people very strongly most of the people or things in a group


The town has now become a real tourist magnet. Cowley Works has been a magnet for immigrant workers since the 1920s. What is eaten by the great majority of North Americans comes from a global everywhere.

115 117


A

measure ***

B

memory stick

/mə rɪdiən/ mirror monoculture

verb

mosque *

1801 move *** 1802 on the move 1803 move on

move on to something

mp3 player

navigation

/mɒsk/

noun phrase phrasal verb

/mu v/ / ɒn ðə mu v/ / mu v ɒn/

phrase

/ mu v

ɒn tə

sʌmθɪŋ/

/ em pi

θri

pleɪə(r)/

travelling from place to place

noun

114 Uncounted costs of this long distance journey, such as large‐scale monoculture, are not paid for at the checkout.

noun

needy never *** never again never in my life nibble

1811 1812 nibble on something

adjective

/ ni di/

adverb

/ nevə(r)/

phrase

/ nevə(r) ə ɡen/

phrase

/ nevə(r) ɪn maɪ

verb

/ nɪb(ə)l/ / nɪb(ə)l ɒn

phrase

laɪf/

Two mosques are among other houses of worships and businesses that line Cowley Road. The traffic was barely moving. I’ll eat on the move. They stayed for only a few days before moving on. Could we move on to item 2 on the agenda?

to stop discussing or doing something and begin discussing or doing something different a piece of equipment used for playing MP3 files (= a An mp3 player is a gadget that is used to decode and play back file produced by the method of reducing the size of a audio files. computer file that contains sound, especially music, so that it can be sent quickly by email or over the Internet)

115 116

122

121 the skill of choosing a path so that a ship, plane, or car can go in a particular direction, especially by using maps or instruments a needy person does not have enough money, food, clothing etc at no time in the past or in the future

/ nævɪˈɡeɪʃ(ə)n/

1810

The Cowley Road mirrors the changing state of the nation.

117 a building in which Muslims worship

noun

1806

1809

/ mɪrə(r)/

noun

1805

121

121 to match or express the qualities, features, or feelings of someone or something the practice of growing only one crop in an area

/ mɒnəʊˌkʌltʃə(r)/

1808

stɪk/

noun

1799

1807

a small disk drive that can store information for use A USB memory stick is a gadget that you can use to store and in electronic equipment and that you carry around access electronic documents and files on the move. with you one of the imaginary lines that goes around the Earth The third part has tables to find the meridian altitude and other notable conclusions from calendars. from the North Pole to the South Pole. These are used for measuring position, time etc.

noun

1797

F

121

/ mem(ə)ri

meridian

1804

E

An ear thermometer is a tool that can measure the body’s temperature and show it on a small screen.

/ meʒə(r)/

1796

1800

D

to find the exact size, amount, speed etc of something using a special tool or special equipment

verb

1795

1798

C

A GPS navigation is a device that is used to determine your position, wherever you are in the world. 121

Some supermarkets give surplus food to homeless and needy people. We should never allow countries to spend so much money on a sporting event again. 1 used for emphasising that something did Never again will there be such a good opportunity to buy not or will not happen again property in this area. at no in time your past or future experience. Used Never in my life have I seen such a beautiful sunset. for emphasis. I do get some fruit, you know, just to nibble on between lectures.

117 119 150

164 sʌmθɪŋ/

to eat something by taking a lot of small bites


She was nibbling on some nuts before dinner.


A 1813 1814

C

notable **

adjective

/ nəʊtəb(ə)l/

offal

noun

/ ɒf(ə)l/

adverb

/ əʊnli/

phrase

/ nɒt

1815

B

only ***

D

The third part has tables to find the meridian altitude and other notable conclusions from calendars. I eat most things, you know, like dairy and meat, but definitely no offal. Asian countries have only recently joined the top teams of football. used for emphasising that, although something is Not only did they win the tournament, but they also became true, something else is also true or is more important league champions.

not only ... but also ... 1816 1817

organic *

adjective

pawn shop

noun

1819 1820

adjective

/ pɪki/

pilgrimage

noun

/ pɪlɡrɪmɪdʒ/

portable *

adjective

proportion ***

noun

/prə pɔː(r)ʃ(ə)n/

provide for

phrasal verb

/prə vaɪd / reə(r)li/

rash

adverb noun

/ræʃ/

1825

rear *

verb /rɪə(r)/

1826

regional ***

adjective

/ ri dʒ(ə)nəl/

rejuvenate

verb

/rɪˈdʒu vəneɪt/ /rɪˈlʌktəns/

1828 1829 reluctance 1830

fɔː(r)/

remove ***

noun verb

F

121 164 119

150 organic food or drink is produced using only a small One group says it’s better to eat organic, another says local. number of artificial chemicals a shop where a pawnbroker works. A pawnbroker is Pawn shops are among the businesses that line Cowley Road. someone whose job is to lend money to people in exchange for a valuable object that they can sell if the person does not return the money.

117

115 a picky eater is someone who only likes specific foods I’m not particularly picky about food. and is not easily pleased 1 a journey that a religious person makes One aim of my pilgrimage will be to connect me to the to a holy place neighbourhood in which I live. something that is portable is easy to carry or move, The second part teaches practical uses of previous facts, as much so that you can use it in different places as possible for such a small portable instrument.

/ pɔː(r)təb(ə)l/

1823 1824 rarely ***

1827

ɔːlsəʊ/

ʃɒp/

picky

1821 1822

bət

/ɔː(r) ɡænɪk/

/ pɔːn

1818

əʊnli,

E

unusual or interesting enough to be mentioned or noticed the organs of animals that are eaten as food, for example the kidneys or liver

164 115

121 the relationship between two or more quantities or parts of a whole to make it possible for something to happen in the future not often an area of small red spots on your skin, caused by an illness or an allergic reaction to something that you have touched, eaten etc to look after a child or young animal until it is fully grown. Animals which are reared for food are killed and sold as meat once they are fully grown or reach a certain age. relating to or typical of a particular area of a country or the world to make someone feel or look younger or have more energy unwillingness to do something to take something or someone away from a place

/rɪˈmu v/


I see some evidence that you have the ability to learn science, number and proportions. Sporting activities are also well provided for in Mirabello. We rarely find out how decisions are made by FIFA. I usually get a rash if I eat them and symptoms similar to a cold, like watery eyes and a runny nose.

121 124 119

164 Most farmers in the area rear sheep.

Le Canard serves superb French regional cooking. The face cream promises to rejuvenate your skin, making you look ten years younger. Julia's reluctance to join the party was a mystery. A robot vacuum cleaner is an appliance that can be programmed to remove dirt and dust all over your home.

121


A 1831 1832

B

riot

verb

/ raɪət/

robot

noun

/ rəʊbɒt/

sari

noun / sɑːri/

1833

scan **

1834 1835 scenario * 1836

worst‐case scenario self‐esteem *

verb noun phrase noun

1837

self‐sufficiency

noun

sidetrack

verb

1838 1839

get sidetracked by something 1840 1841

phrase standardise

verb

start ***

verb

1842 1843 get started 1844

phrase

stock up (on/with)

phrasal verb

sufferer

noun

surplus *

adjective

tangible

adjective

taste buds

plural noun

tattoo parlour

noun

1845 1846 1847 1848

1849

C

D

E

to protest violently about something

Whole districts were rioting in protest at mass unemployment.

a machine that can do work by itself, often work that humans do a very long wide piece of cloth, especially silk, that women in India wrap around their bodies to make a type of long dress to use a piece of equipment to read and store information in digital form

A robot vacuum cleaner is an appliance that can be programmed to remove dirt and dust all over your home. Sari shops are among the businesses that line Cowley Road.

A bar code reader is a tool that can scan visual representations of data such as prices. /skæn/ /sə nɑːriəʊ/ The most likely scenario is that Brooks will resign. a situation that is the worst one that you can imagine The worst‐case scenario is that my throat swells up if it’s really bad and I have trouble breathing. / wɜː(r)st keɪs sə nɑːriəʊ/ the feeling that you are as important as other people Winning the World Cup is not only good for a country’s self‐ and that you deserve to be treated well esteem, but it also boosts its economy. / self ɪˈsti m/ the ability to provide everything that you need by His parents hope that he will need them less and less and one day yourself, without help from other people be able to achieve self‐sufficiency. / self sə fɪʃ(ə)nsi/ I don’t think we should get too sidetracked by the whole demonstration thing. / saɪd træk/ I don’t think we should get too sidetracked by the whole make less progress in something than you should demonstration thing. because you have wasted time on something else /ɡet saɪd trækt baɪ that is unimportant sʌmθɪŋ/ to make all the things of a particular type have the The government standardises exam papers across the country so same features or level of quality they are fair. / stændə(r)daɪz/ For that reason alone, it seems as good a place as any from which to start a journey. /stɑː(r)t/ / ɡet stɑː(r)tɪd/ to begin doing something We couldn't wait to get started on the next job. to obtain a large number of things that you will need Stock up on easy stuff really, ready meals and processed food, and store them you know, pizza, lasagne and stuff. / stɒk ʌp ɒn, wɪð/ someone who has a particular problem or disease, This spring has been particularly difficult for allergy sufferers. for example an allergy sufferer has a problem with one or more allergies / sʌfərə(r)/ more than is needed Some supermarkets give surplus food to homeless and needy people. / sɜː(r)pləs/ important and noticeable Football shows in a very tangible way the benefits of cross‐ pollination between peoples and countries. / tænʤəb(ə)l/ the areas of your tongue that recognise the flavours This globalisation of the food supply has serious consequences for of food and drinks our tastebuds. / teɪst bʌdz/ a place where you go to get a tattoo (= a permanent Tattoo parlours are among the businesses that line Cowley Road. picture that is drawn on a part of your body by putting ink into your skin with a needle) /tæ tu pɑː(r)lə(r)/


F

121

115 121

164

119

165

165

115

164

117 164 117

115


A 1850 1851

time *** at no time tool ***

B

noun

/taɪm/

phrase

/ət

1854

toy with

phrasal verb

/ tɔɪ

twilight

noun

/ twaɪˌlaɪt/

undermine **

verb

understanding ***

noun

USB

noun

vegan 1858 1859 venture *

noun noun

/ ʌndə(r) stændɪŋ/

es

/ vi ɡən/ / venʧə(r)/ / waɪndɪŋ/

worship *

noun adjective

/ wɜː(r)ʃɪp/ /wɜː(r)ɵ/

phrase

/bi wɜː(r)ɵ sʌmθɪŋ/

be worth doing something wrap up

phrasal verb

F

115 150

121 164

knowledge about a particular subject, process, or The course will help you develop a deeper understanding of situation yourself. A USB memory stick is a gadget that you can use to store and universal serial bus: a way of connecting a printer, access electronic files on the move. keyboard, or other piece of equipment to a computer using a special cable and without having to turn the computer off and on again 121 Vegans don’t wear wool from sheep. someone who chooses not to eat anything made from animals or fish, including eggs, milk, and cheese

adjective

1863

E

At the same time, perhaps my journey will offer clues to a wider reality. used for emphasising that you did not do something At no time must the children be left unsupervised. or that it did not happen An ear thermometer is a tool that can measure the body’s a piece of equipment, usually one that you hold in your hand, that is designed to do a particular type of temperature and show it on a small screen. work to consider an idea in a way that is not serious or I, at one point, toyed with the idea of not wearing any animal definite products. the time in the evening when the sky is beginning to I love walking along the beach at twilight. get dark to make something or someone become gradually Britain was accused of undermining international efforts to less effective, confident, or successful reduce pollution.

bi /

winding

1861 1862 worth ***

1864

wɪð/

D

/ ʌndə(r) maɪn/

/ ju

1857

1860

taɪm/

/tu l/

1855 1856

nəʊ

noun

1852 1853

C

/ ræp

ʌp/

a new business or activity a winding road, river etc has a lot of bends in it

du ɪŋ

The author’s journey is a personal venture. We enjoyed driving along the winding roads of the beautiful mountains. the activity of showing respect and love for a god, for The building has been a place of worship since the eighth century. example by singing or praying How much do you reckon the house is worth? used for saying that there is a good enough reason It is worth visiting for its annual music festival. for doing something, because it is important, enjoyable, useful etc to finish something OK, well, that wraps it up for today and see you all again on Wednesday at six.


117 114

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1223 1224

1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231

1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238

1239 1240 1241

1242



G 1243 1244 1245 1246

1247

1248 1249 1250 1251 1252

1253 1254 1255

1256

1257 1258

1259 1260 1261 1262



G 1263

1264

1265 1266 1267 1268 1269

1270 1271 1272 1273

1274

1275 1276

1277 1278

1279 1280



G 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286

1287 1288 1289 1290

1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297

1298 1299

1300



G 1301

1302 1303 1304

1305

1306 1307

1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314

1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320



G

1321 1322 1323

1324 1325 1326

1327 1328 1329 1330 1331

1332

1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338

1339 1340



G

1341 1342 1343 1344 1345

1346 1347 1348 1349 1350

1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356

1357 1358

1359



G

1360 1361

1362 1363

1364

1365 1366 1367

1368 1369

1370

1371

1372

1373

1374 1375



G 1376 1377

1378

1379 1380 1381

1382

1383

1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392

1393

1394 1395



G 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400

1401 1402 1403 1404 1405

1406 1407

1408

1409 1410 1411

1412 1413



G 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428

1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434



G 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440

1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455



G 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461

1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469

1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476



G 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482

1483 1484

1485

1486

1487 1488

1489 1490

1491 1492 1493 1494

1495



G 1496

1497 1498 1499 1500

1501

1502

1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511

1512

1513 1514



G 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520

1521 1522

1523 1524

1525 1526 1527 1528

1529 1530

1531

1532



G

1533 1534 1535 1536 1537

1538 1539 1540 1541

1542 1543 1544 1545

1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552



G 1553 1554

1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568

1569 1570 1571 1572 1573



G 1574 1575 1576 1577

1578 1579 1580

1581 1582 1583 1584 1585

1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591

1592 1593 1594



G

1595

1596 1597

1598 1599

1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609

1610 1611 1612

1613



G 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619

1620

1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629

1630

1631 1632



G 1633 1634 1635 1636

1637 1638

1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644

1645

1646 1647

1648 1649

1650 1651



G 1652 1653

1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662

1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671



G 1672

1673 1674 1675 1676

1677 1678 1679 1680 1681

1682

1683

1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689



G

1690

1691 1692

1693 1694

1695

1696

1697 1698

1699

1700

1701

1702 1703



G 1704

1705 1706 1707 1708 1709

1710

1711 1712 1713

1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722



G

1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729

1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735

1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742



G 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752

1753

1754 1755 1756

1757 1758 1759 1760 1761



G

1762 1763

1764 1765

1766 1767

1768 1769

1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776

1777 1778



G

1779 1780 1781

1782 1783 1784

1785

1786

1787

1788 1789 1790

1791 1792 1793 1794



G

1795

1796

1797 1798

1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804

1805

1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812



G 1813 1814 1815

1816 1817

1818 1819 1820

1821 1822 1823 1824

1825

1826 1827 1828 1829 1830



G 1831 1832

1833 1834 1835 1836

1837

1838 1839

1840 1841 1842 1843 1844

1845 1846 1847 1848

1849



G 1850 1851

1852 1853 1854

1855 1856

1857

1858 1859 1860 1861 1862

1863 1864


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