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Course Name
Capacity Planning
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Foreword
Capacity planning is very important of network QoS.
Good planning reduce further RNO work and capacity expansion.
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Contents 1. Traffic Prediction 2. TCH Capacity Planning 3. SDCCH Capacity Planning 4. Capacity Enhancement Technology
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Traffic and Erlang
A is offered traffic, BHC is busy hour call times, tm is user mean hold time, T is 1Hr (3600s).
A=
BHC * tm T
200 users call in busy hr, average holding time 180s, the traffic is:
A=
200 *180s = 10 Erl 3600 s
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Traffic Prediction
In traffic prediction, we should consider many factors:
Population
Family income
Subscription ratio of fixed phone
National economy development
City construction
Future policy of fee
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The network construction requires the consideration of economic feasibility and rationality. Therefore, a reasonable investment decision must be based on the prediction of the network capacity of the early and late stage.
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TCH Traffic Model Example Traffic Model
Item
Shenyang
Dalian
Anshan
0.028
0.026
0.022
61
57
48
43
Busy Hr Call Times
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
Successful First Paging Ratio
80%
80%
80%
80%
Busy Hr Location Update Times
1.21
2.61
1.91
1.01
Second Paging Ratio
20%
20%
20%
20%
Average Handovers per Call
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.4
Busy Hr Short Message Receiving per User
4.6
3.2
2.0
1.5
Busy Hr Short Message Sending per User
4.2
3
1.5
1.4
10%/ 10%
10%/ 10%
10%/ 10%
10%/ 10%
Busy Hr Average Traffic per User Average Holding Time (s)
Roaming User In/Out Ratio Subscriber Active Ratio
Call Proportion
Others 0.02
100%
100%
100%
100%
Mobile-Mobile
40%
40%
40%
30%
Fix-Mobile
36%
36%
36%
38%
Mobile-Fix
24%
24%
24%
32%
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Traffic Prediction
After predicting the total network traffic, then predict the subscriber distribution.
Generally, base stations are constructed in urban areas, suburban areas, and transport arteries. Traffic for specific area
At first, the subscribers in cities contribute most traffic. With the development, the subscribers in suburban areas grows fast. Consider future expansion
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In busy hr, the traffic of each subscriber is 0.025 Erl in urban areas and 0.020 Erl in suburban areas.
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Considerations
For important areas, consider back up stations and TRX.
The dynamic factors, such as roaming ratio, subscriber mobility should be considered.
For the areas of burst traffic, such as the play ground and seasonal tourism spots, you must prepare backup equipments (such as carriers and micro cells).
Prepare the some carriers, micro base stations for emergency and future optimization.
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Example
Capacity needs expansion. According to the service development, population growth and mobile popularity, the subscribers in this area are expected to reach 100,000 in 2 years.
Roaming factor = 10%.
Mobile factor (moves within the local network) = 10%.
Dynamic factor (with burst traffic considered) = 15%.
The network capacity = 100000 * (1 + 10% + 10% + 15%) = 135,000.
However, consider the congestion, the max traffic taken by the 85% of the value by Erl B table.
The network capacity = 135, 000/85% = 158,800, about 160,000.
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Contents 1. Traffic Prediction 2. TCH Capacity Planning 3. SDCCH Capacity Planning 4. Capacity Enhancement Technology
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Overview
According to different situation, we have two method for planning: Fixed Site Location and Fixed Frequency Reuse.
By Frequency Reuse:
The type of frequency reuse is given.
By Max Coverage:
The max coverage of cell is given.
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By Frequency Reuse: The type of frequency reuse is given. It decides max TRX number of every cell. By traffic prediction, calculate max user number per cell. According to the total traffic and user number, Obtain site and cell number.
By Max Coverage: By coverage planning, obtain the max coverage of one cell. By the total area of whole network, calculate the required cell number. By traffic prediction, obtain the traffic of every cell, then calculate the TRX number.
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Estimate Number of BTS Needed
Given: amount of subscriber, bandwidth available, reused density, traffic model
total operator’s bandwidth/planned freq. reuse rate
==>number of TRX per cell
==>channel per cell
==>subscriber per cell
==>number of BTS needed for traffic reasons
VERY rough initial estimation!
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How Many Subscribers should a Cell Support?
Given: Number of subscribers in area, Traffic load per subscriber, Coverage area, radius Total traffic volume
==> traffic per sq.km
==> traffic per cell
==> number of TRX needed per BTS
Allow extra capacity for roamer and busy hour traffic
Transmission should not be the bottleneck of the system
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Basic Flow - By Frequency Reuse Frequency Reuse Pattern Max TRX Number of Cell Max Channel Number of Cell Erlang B Table Max Traffic (Erl) of Cell Traffic Distribution Max User No. and Coverage by One Cell Total user No. and traffic Site, Cell Number Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
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By Frequency Reuse (Cont.)
According to the bandwidth and allowed interference level, get the acceptable reuse mode.
Obtain the max number of TRX in one cell, then one Site.
Each TRX has 8 channels. Obtain the voice channel numbers by detracting the SDCCH required. Typically use 7.2 TCH per TRX.
By number of voice channels and call loss ratio (generally 2% dense traffic areas), you can obtain the maximum traffic of one base station by Erlang B table.
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By Frequency Reuse
Dividing the Erl number by the average busy-hour traffic per subscribers (for example, 25/20 mErl in urban/suburban), obtain the max number of subscriber of one base station.
According to subscriber density, obtain the coverage area of the base station.
Calculate the number of base stations by total user number or total traffic of the area.
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Erlang B Table
Erlang B table give the relationship between Channel Number , Call Block Rate (QoS) and Traffic. Block Rate
Channel Number
0.5
1.0
2
5
10
6
1.622
1.909
2.276
2.960
3.758
7
2.158
2.501
2.935
3.738
4.666
14
6.663
7.532
8.200
9.730
11.47
21
11.86
12.84
14.04
16.19
18.65
29
18.22
19.49
21.04
23.83
27.05
36
24.01
25.51
27.34
30.66
34.50
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Er l ang B
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Basic Flow – By Max Coverage Coverage Planning Max Coverage per Cell Total Coverage of The Network Cell Number Traffic Distribution Traffic and User No. per Cell Erlang B Table Channel Number of Cell TRX Number of Cell Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
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By Max Coverage
By Coverage Planning, obtain the maximum coverage range per cell.
By total area of the whole network, calculate cell number.
According to Traffic Prediction, decide how many user and traffic in each cell.
With Erlang B table, decide the channel number required in each cell.
Calculate the TRX number required in each cell.
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Calculate the Coverage 3 – Sectors site
Omni site
Site Coverage Radius: R
Site Coverage Radius: R
Site distance: D=1.5R
Site distance: D=1.732R
Site Coverage Area=1.949R2
Coverage Area=2.598R2
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Erlang B Table
Erlang B table give the relationship between Channel Number , Call Block Rate (QoS) and Traffic. Block Rate
Channel Number
0.5
1.0
2
5
10
6
1.622
1.909
2.276
2.960
3.758
7
2.158
2.501
2.935
3.738
4.666
14
6.663
7.532
8.200
9.730
11.47
21
11.86
12.84
14.04
16.19
18.65
29
18.22
19.49
21.04
23.83
27.05
36
24.01
25.51
27.34
30.66
34.50
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Er l ang B
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Practice
Suppose 100000 subscriber in city, 80% urban, 20% suburban. Busy Hr traffic is 25/20mErl per user.
Frequency 10-50 is available.
Use3-sector site.
If by Frequency Reuse, BCCH use 4*3, TCH use 2*3. How many TRX, cell, site is needed?
If by Max Coverage, max radius 1 km, total 300km2. How many TRX, cell, site is needed?
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Practice
Suppose 100000 subscriber in city, 80% urban, 20% suburban. Busy Hr traffic is 25/20mErl per user.
Frequency 10-50 is available.
Use3-sector site.
If by Frequency Reuse, BCCH use 4*3, TCH use 1*3. HR is used here.1X3 and all the TRX can work in HR mode. How many TRX, cell, site is needed?
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Contents 1. Traffic Prediction 2. TCH Capacity Planning 3. SDCCH Capacity Planning 4. Capacity Enhancement Technology
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SDCCH Traffic Source
Location Update
Normal/Periodical 3.5 s/ times
Power Off/On
IMSI Detach/Attach 2.9/3.5 s/times
Call
Original/Destination 2.7/2.9 s/times
Short Message
Sending/Receiving 6.2 s/times
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SDCCH Traffic Model (Cont.) Times in busy hour Event
Normal Cell
Internal
Boundary
Unit
Normal Location Update
0.4
0
1.2
Times/ Busy Hr
Periodic Location Update
2
2
2
/
IMSI Attach/Detach
0.2
0.2
0.2
/
Call Establish (O/D)
0.8/0.8
0.8/0.8
0.8/0.8
/
Point to Point Short Message (O/D)
2/2
2/2
2/2
/
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SDCCH Traffic Model Event
Normal Cell
Internal
Boundary
Unit
Normal Location Update
0.4
0
1.2
mErl/user
Periodic Location Update
1.8
1.8
1.8
mErl/user
IMSI Attach/Detach
0.16
0.16
0.16
mErl/user
Call Establish
1.24
1.24
1.24
mErl/user
Point to Point Short Message
6.9
6.9
6.9
mErl/user
Sum
10.5
10.1
11.3
mErl/user
Redundancy( 20%)
12.6
12.1
13.6
mErl/user
SDCCH/TCH
50%
48%
52%
Consider TCH Traffic 25mErl/user
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Other Considerations
The following steps is similar to TCH planning.
The traffic analysis of SDCCH is very difficult, normally not accurate.
Commonly used configuration is 1SDCCH per 2TRX, a value by experience.
Now we use the Dynamic SDCCH, which largely expand the flexibility of SDCCH configuration.
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TCH to SDCCH Conversion Conversion Trigger: Idle SDCCH < Idle SD Thrsh. SD Dynamic Allowed Yes/No Yes
Resource Check Ongoing?
No
SDCCH + 8 < Cell SD Maximum?
No Yes
Yes
System Busy? No No
Yes
SDCCH conversion allowed?
IS Idle TCH/F + idle (TCH/H)/2 ≤ 4 AND Idle TCH/F + idle (TCH/H)/2 ≤ No of TRX?
Yes Yes
Other SDCCH conversion ongoing? No
No
Stop
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Select suitable TCH/F
Page28
After the SDCCH dynamic adjustment process is triggered, dynamic adjustment can be started under the following conditions:
There should not be a resource check ongoing (usually at night during low traffic hour).
The BSC internal flow control level should be less than 0 (i.e. the BSC is not in overload).
“SD Dynamic Allocation Allowed” should be “Yes” (feature enabled).
The number of the SDCCHs +8 should be less than “Cell SD Maximum”.
Dynamic adjustment of other SDCCH in the cell should not be in progress (one conversion at a time).
IF the number of the cell idle TCH/F + (the number of the cell idle TCH/H)/2 ≤ 4 AND ≤ the number of the TRXs in the cell THEN the dynamic SDCCH adjustment is not allowed. ELSE allowed. Then a suitable TCH/F should be selected for conversion.
Parameter: Cell SD Maximum
Range:0~255
Default: Configured SDCCHs + 8 (i.e single dynamic)
Description: The maximum number of SDCCHs in the cell.
Parameter: SD Dynamic Allocation Allowed
Range: Yes, No Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission Default: Yes
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Contents 1. Traffic Prediction 2. TCH Capacity Planning 3. SDCCH Capacity Planning 4. Capacity Enhancement Technology
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Tight Frequency Reuse (Cont.)
2*3 or 1*3 or 1*1
With the same frequency band, Tight Frequency Reuse increase the TRX number per cell, which decides the capacity of the cell.
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Half Rate
Half rate voice coding uses new coding algorithm to reduce the coding rate to half that of full rate. Thus, one physical channel that can only support one call now can support two calls by half rate.
If the half rate service is used, the voice capacity expands twice without adding TRX.
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The Function of HR
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
S
T
S
T T
T
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T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
I
S
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Estimation of the Number TCHF
Some situations, need to estimate the number of TCHFs and TCHHs available in a cell.
With the estimated proportion between the TCHFs and TCHHs you can set the TCH Traffic Busy Threshold more accurately.
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The estimation of the number of TCHFs and TCHHs in a cell paves the way for the proper configuration of the TCHFs and TCHHs in the cell. Also, with the estimated proportion between the TCHFs and TCHHs you can set the TCH Traffic Busy Threshold more accurately.
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Estimation of the Number TCHF
Providing the traffic volume (1 Erl) and the allowed call loss rate (B%), the number of channels required in the cell (n) can be calculated according to the Erlang B table.
Suppose that a cell has two TRXs and the cell is configured with one BCCH and two SDCCHs.
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Examples
According to the Erlang B table, when the traffic volume is X the number of channels required in the cell is 10.
The number of channels that can be configured as TCHs in the cell is 13 (2 x 8 - 3).
Because 13 > 10, all the channels in the cell can be configured as TCHFs. TCH Traffic Busy Threshold can be set to 100.
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Examples
According to the Erlang B table, when the traffic volume in the cell is Y the number of channels required in the cell is 17 and the number of TCHs required is 13.
Because 13 x 2 > 17 > 13, the number of TCHFs to be configured in the cell is 9 (2 x 13 - 17) and other channels should be configured as TCHHs.
TCH Traffic Busy Threshold is set to 70 (100 x [2 x 13 17]/13)
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Examples
Based on ERLANG B, if the traffic volume in the cell is Z, the number of configured channels is 28 and the number of channels that can be used as TCHs in the cell is 13.
Because 28 > 13 x2, all the channels in the cell should be configured as TCHHs. At the same time, Huawei recommends that a user should perform an expansion.
The TCH Traffic Busy Threshold is set to 0.
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Exercise
If cell A has 12 TCHs, traffic volume is 8.3 erl, the required block rate is 1% ,so the TCH Traffic Busy Threshold is set to ( ? )
If cell B has 10 TCHs, traffic volume is 16.2 erl, the required block rate is 2% ,so the TCH Traffic Busy Threshold is set to ( ? )
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Concentric Cell (Co-BCCH) What is Co-BCCH cell?
In the same cell,there are 900M carriers and 1800M carriers, just one BCCH channel, only a CGI. Co-BCCH cell should be configured as concentric cell
Normal dual band cells- cells-TWO BCCH
COBCCH- COBCCH-only one BCCH
1800M - TCH 1800M - BCCH
1800M - TCH
900M - TCH
900M - TCH
900M - BCCH
900M - BCCH
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Overlaid subcell
Underlaid subcell
HUAWEI Confidential
Co-BCCH cell, also has some other names:
1、Co-Cell
2、Multiband Cell
3 、900/1800 mix cell
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Concentric Cell (Co-BCCH) Dual BCCH cell: S3+S3
CoBCCH cell: S3+3
900M
1800M
TRX Dual BCCH CoBCCH
900M: 3 1800M: 3 UL: 3 OL: 3
BCCH
SDCCH
PDCH
Available TCH
Erl
1 1 1 0
2 2 4 0
1 1 2 0
20 20 17 24 41
13.2 13.2 10.7 16.6
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Total Erl
Trunking Gain
26.4 27.3 31.9
3.4% 20.08%
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Assignment
GSM900M/DCS1800M Co-cell assignment must conform to the policies of concentric cell. As the MS may be a non-dual-band one, the band supporting capability of the MS must be judged before the channel assignment. Type Assignment
Not get the MS ability or MS just support single band
Imm-assignment
Underlaid
Assignment
Underlaid
Intra-BSC HO
Underlaid
Incoming-to-BSC HO
Underlaid
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MS supports dual band
Underlaid Depend on “assign optimum layer” Depend on “Prefer subcell in HO of intra BSC” Underlaid
Page41
When the MS supports the frequencies of both the overlay and underlay cells, assign the channel according to the channel assignment policy of the concentric cell. Otherwise, assign the channel in the overlay cell only.
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Configuration When adding a new cell,it should be configured as GMS900&DCS1800
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Configuration
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Configuration
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Others
Dual Band Network
900MHz -> 900MHz/1800MHz
DTX (Discontinuous Transmission)
Frequency hopping
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Summary
In this course, we have learned:
Traffic analysis and prediction
How to do TCH channel dimensioning
How to do SDCCH channel dimensioning
Capacity Enhancement Technology
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N-47
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Erl Table
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