Cognitive Cognit ive Spoken Englis Englishh
Study Material of NLRC Spoken English
¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃Aô‹ ( C ogni t ive Spok Spok en Engl E ngl ish)
݃Aô‹ èŸÁ‚ªè£‡´ ï‹ î£Œªñ£N¬ò 𣶂裈¶ ï‹ ï£†®™ ñŸÁ‹ Þ‰î àôèˆF™ ê£î¬ù ¹Kò ¶®‚°‹ Þ¬÷ò Ü¡¹œ÷ƒèÀ‚° âù¶ ÞQò ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃Aôˆ¬î ܘŠðE‚A«ø¡
Ü¡¹ì¡ 죂ì˜. è. ê. ªüò‚°ñ£˜, H.Þ, â‹.ªì‚, â‹.âv, Hâ„®.
N L RC S pok en Eng l i s h Spok Regd Office: Selliamman Nagar, M. Perumapalayam (PO), Salem (DT), Tamil Nadu, India - 636111
NLRC Spoken English For Graduates, Professionals and All
Head Office: 4-81/60, Selliamman Nagar, M. Perumapalayam (PO), Salem – 636111, Tamil Nadu, India. H/P: 9894854413, Phone: 0427-2912095, E-mail:
[email protected], nlrcspokenenglish@gmai l.com, Web: www.nlrc.in
Please Visit Our New Website For NLRC Spoken English
www.nlrc.in
NLRC Spoken English (For Graduates, Professionals and All)
Head Office: 4-81/60, Selliamman Nagar, M. Perumapalayam (PO), Salem – 636111, Tamil Nadu, India. H/P: 9894854413, Phone: 0427-2912095, E-mail:
[email protected] nlrcspokenenglish@gmail. com
How to Buy NLRC Spoken English Training Kit âƒèœ ðJŸC º¬øJ™ ݃Aô Þô‚èí‹ Þ™ô£ñ™ v«ð£‚è¡ ÞƒALv èŸÁˆîóŠð´Aø¶. Þ¶ âŠð® ꣈Fò‹ â¡Á cƒèœ G¬ù‚èô£‹, Ýù£™ à‡¬ñJ™ Þ¶ ꣈Fò‹. ÜFè MõóƒèÀ‚° Þ‰î ªõŠ¬ê†¬ì 𣼃èœ: http://www.scribd.com/doc/117218 http://www.scribd.com/do c/11721845/NLRC-Spo 45/NLRC-Spoken-English-T ken-English-Training-Slide raining-Slides-in-Tamil-New-Me s-in-Tamil-New-Method-for-Fluen thod-for-Fluencycyhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/4727 /doc/4727427/Spoke 427/Spoken-English-Forn-English-ForàƒèÀ‚° Cognitive Spoken English °PŠ«ð´ (http://www.scribd.com Tamils)) H®ˆF¼‰î£™ ñŸÁ‹ õ£ƒè «õ‡´‹ â¡Á cƒèœ G¬ùˆî£™, W›è‡ìõŸ¬ø Tamils H¡ðŸÁƒèœ.
NLRC Spoken English Training Kit 1.
Cognitive Spoken English - Study Material (Þ¶ 400 ð‚èƒè¬÷ ªè£‡´œ÷ A4
Ü÷¾œ÷ ¹ˆîè‹ Ý°‹. v«ð£‚è¡ ÞƒALvè£ù 1300 ºî¡¬ñò£ù õ£˜ˆ¬îè¬÷ âO¬ñò£ù º¬øJ™ M÷‚°Aø¶.) Click here For Sample
2.
Powerpoint Slides of Spoken English Training (Þ‰î ðõ˜ð£Œ‡† C¬ô´èœ v«ð£‚è¡ ÞƒALR¡ ðJŸC º¬øè¬÷ âO¬ñò£ù º¬øJ™ M÷‚°Aø¶.) Click here for Sample
3.
500 Important Tamil-to-English Situations ( Ü¡ø£ì‹ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹ 500 º‚Aòñ£ù îI› õ£‚AòƒèÀ‚° Üî¬ìò ݃Aô ªñ£Nªðò˜Š¹ ªè£´‚èŠð†´œ÷¶.) Click here for Sample
4.
24-Hour Customer support for Clearing Spoken English Doubts by Cell phone & Email (àƒèÀ¬ìò v«ð£‚è¡ ÞƒALv ê‹ð‰îñ£ù ꉫîèƒè¬÷ cƒèœ ªê™«ð£¡ ñŸÁ‹ ÞªñJ™ Íôñ£è «è†´ ªîK‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ô£‹.)
The Price of the Training Kit is : Rs. 750
Ways of of Buying NLRC Spoken Spoken English English Training Training Kit cƒèœ Þó‡´ õNº¬øèœ Íôñ£è âƒèœ v«ð£‚è¡ ÞƒALv ðJŸC °PŠ«ð´è¬÷ ªðøô£‹. ºî™ õNº¬ø: î𣙠Íôñ£è ðJŸC ªð£¼œè¬÷ ªðÁõ¶. Þó‡ì£õ¶ õNº¬ø: ï£ƒèœ «ïó®ò£è àƒèœ ÞìˆFŸ° õ‰¶ ðJŸC ªð£¼œè¬÷ àƒèOì‹ ÜOŠð¶ ñŸÁ‹ àƒèÀ‚° Þôõêñ£è 3 ñE«ïó‹ «ïó® ðJŸC ÜOŠð¶ Ý°‹. Þ °¬ø‰îð†ê‹ 10 «ð˜ âƒèÀ¬ìò v«ð£‚è¡ ÞƒALv ðJŸC °PŠ«ð´è¬÷ ªðø«õ‡´‹.
ºî™ õNº¬ø: î𣙠Íôñ£è ðJŸC ªð£¼œè¬÷ ªðÁõ¶: cƒèœ Þ‰î õNº¬øJ™ ðJŸC ªð£¼œè¬÷ ªðÁõ cƒèœ 750 Ï𣌂° DD (Demand Draft) â´ˆ¶, ܬî W›è‡ì Mô£êˆ¶‚° ðF¾ îð£L™ (Registered Post) ÜŠð «õ‡´‹. âƒèÀ‚° DD õ‰¶ «ê˜‰î¾ì¡, ï£ƒèœ àƒèÀ‚° ðJŸC ªð£¼œè¬÷ ðF¾ î𣙠Íôñ£è àƒèÀ¬ìò Mô£êˆFŸ° ÜŠH ¬õŠ«ð£‹.
NLRC Spoken English (For Graduates, Professionals and All)
Head Office: 4-81/60, Selliamman Nagar, M. Perumapalay Perumapalayam am (PO), Salem – 636111, Tamil Nadu, India. H/P: 9894854413, Phone: 0427-2912095, E-mail:
[email protected] nlrcspokenenglish@gmail .com
DD â´‚°‹ º¬ø: DD in Infavor of : K. S. Jayakumar Payable at: Salem DD Amount: Rs. 750
You send the DD, Your Contact Address and Your Bio-Data to the following Address: K. S. Jayakumar, NLRC Spoken English, 4-81/60, Selliamman Nagar, M. Perumapalayam(PO), Salem(DT), Tamil Tamil Nadu, India. India. Pin: 636111 Mob: 989 485 4413, Phone: 0427-2912 095 Email:
[email protected]
Þó‡ì£õ¶ õNº¬ø: ï£ƒèœ «ïó®ò£è àƒèœ ÞìˆFŸ° õ‰¶ ðJŸC ªð£¼œè¬÷ àƒèOì‹ ÜOŠð¶ ñŸÁ‹ àƒèÀ‚° Þôõêñ£è 3 ñE«ïó‹ «ïó® ðJŸC ÜOŠð¶ Ý°‹. Þ °¬ø‰îð†ê‹ 10 «ð˜ âƒèÀ¬ìò v«ð£‚è¡ ÞƒALv ðJŸC °PŠ«ð´è¬÷ ªðø«õ‡´‹. cƒèœ îI› ®¡ â‰î ð°FJ™ Þ¼‰¶ ܬöˆî£½‹ ( Mob: 989 485 4413, Phone: 0427-2912 095 ) ï£ƒèœ àƒèÀ‚° «ê¬õ ªêŒò îò£ó£è Þ¼‚A«ø£‹.
Contact Details Dr. K. S. Jayakumar, B.E, M.Tech (IIT-Delhi), M. S (SMA, MIT-USA), PhD (NTU-Singapore), NLRC Spoken English, Founder & Chairman, 4-81/60, Selliamman Nagar, M. Perumapalayam(PO), Salem(DT), Tamil Tamil Nadu, India. India. Pin: 636111 Mob: 989 485 4413, Phone: 0427-2912 095 Email:
[email protected] And, Recognized PhD supervisor in Anna University – Coimbatore for the faculties of Mechanical and ECE.
݃Aôˆ¬î ªîK‰¶‚ªè£‡´, ï‹ î£Œªñ£Nò£‹ îI¬ö ð£¶è£Š«ð£‹.
Copyright © NLRC Spoken English, 2008.
First Edition 2008
Cognitive Spoken Spoken English is copyright protected under the Copyright Act, 1957.
All rights reserved worldwide.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording otherwise, without prior permission, in writing, of the publisher.
º¡Â¬ó ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃Aô‹ îI› ñ‚èœ ÝƒAôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è  î¬ìJ¡P «ð²õ à¼õ£‚èŠð†®¼‚Aø¶. Þ¶ «ð²‹ ݃AôˆFŸ° à‡ì£ù 輈¶èÀ‚° ÜFè º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹ ðò¡ð´ˆî£ñ™
ªè£´ˆ¶, ݃Aô‹
݃Aô
Þô‚è투î
êó÷ñ£è
«ð²õîŸè£ù
õNº¬øè¬÷ M÷‚°Aø¶. Þ‰î °PŠ«ð†®™ Þ¼‚°‹ 輈¶è¬÷ cƒèœ ï¡ø£è ¹K‰¶‚ªè£‡ì£™, cƒèœ ݃Aô‹ ªîK‰îõ˜èOì‹ å¼ õ¼ìè£ô‹ ݃AôˆF™ à¬óò£®ò êññ£°‹. ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃AôˆF¡ º‚Aò «ï£‚è‹, àƒèÀ‚° ݃Aô‹ èŸÁ‚ªè£´ˆ¶, àƒèÀ¬ìò ¾ ñùŠð£¡¬ñ¬ò c‚A, ï‹ î£Œªñ£N¬ò ÜNò£ñ™ ð£¶è£ˆî™ Ý°‹. ݃AôˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ ¹Fò 致H®Š¹è¬÷»‹ ñŸÁ‹ ªî£N™¸†ðƒè¬÷»‹ èŸÁ àƒèÀ¬ìò Fø¬ñè¬÷ õ÷Šð´ˆF, ¹¶¬ñò£ù 致H®Š¹è¬÷ G蛈F, ï‹ Þ‰Fò ¬ì õ™ôó² ï£ì£è Ý‚°i˜èœ â¡ø ï‹H‚¬è«ò£´ Þ‰î ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃Aôˆ¬î àƒèÀ‚° êñ˜H‚A«ø¡.
Ü¡¹ì¡ è. ê. ªüò‚°ñ£˜.
ªð£¼÷ì‚è‹ ð£ì‹ 1
«ð²‹ ݃AôˆF¡ ñ«ù£îˆ¶õ‹ - ð°F 1
7
( Psychology of Spoken English - Part 1 )
ð£ì‹ 2
ñQî˜è¬÷ °P‚°‹ HóFªðò˜ ªê£Ÿèœ
27
( Pronouns of Humans )
ð£ì‹ 3
¹ô¡ ꣘‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ
37
( Cognitive Words )
ð£ì‹ 4
M ¬ù è œ
1 23
( Verbs )
ð£ì‹ 5
ð‡¹èœ ꣘‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ
29 5
( Properties Words - Adjectives )
ð£ì‹ 6
«ð²‹ ݃AôˆF¡ ñ«ù£îˆ¶õ‹ - ð°F 2
367
( Psychology of Spoken English - Part 2 )
ð£ì‹ ð£ì‹ 7
ý£L¾† ý£L¾ † ݃Aô ݃Aôˆ ˆ F¬óŠ F¬óŠðì ðìˆF ˆF¡ ¡ à¬óò à¬óò£ì £ì™è ™èœ œ ñŸÁ‹ ܬõèO¡ îIö£‚è‹
375
( Hollywood English Engl ish Movie Dialogues Dialo gues And Their Tamil Tamil Translation )
ð£ì‹ 8
«ï˜è£í½‚è£ù ñ£FK «èœMèœ ( Model Questions for Interview)
383
NLRC Spoken English
²¼‚èñ£ù õ£˜ˆ¬îèO¡ MKõ£‚è‹
Meaning
å¼ õ£˜ˆ¬îJ¡ ºî¡¬ñ ªð£¼œ Ü™ô¶ ܘˆî‹
Phrase Meaning
ªê£Ÿªø£ìK¡ ܘˆî‹
pat
õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ ( Pattern )
syn
å«ó ªð£¼¬÷ ªè£‡ì ñŸø õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ ( Synonym )
/
Ü™ô¶
sb
ò£«ó£ å¼õ˜ ( Somebody )
sth
ãî£õ¶ å¡Á ( Something )
do
M¬ù ( Verb )
doing
M¬ùJ¡ ing ܬñŠ¹ ( Verb-ing ,i.e. eating, trying... )
Vpp
M¬ùJ¡ past participle ܬñŠ¹ ( Verb-pp ,i.e. eaten, gone... )
pat: wrong for (doing) sth
â¡ø£™ ܬìŠHÂœ ( ) Þ¼‚°‹ õ£˜ˆ¬î¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆF»‹ Ü™ô¶ ðò¡ð´ˆî£ñ½‹ õ£‚Aò‹ ܬñ‚èô£‹.
pat: be able
be Ýù¶ is, are, was, were ãî£õ¶ 塬ø °P‚°‹.
6
«ð£¡ø¬õèO™
Cognitive Spoken English
ð£ì‹ - 1
«ð²‹ ݃AôˆF¡ ñ«ù£îˆ¶õ‹ ð°F - 1
Chapter - 1
P sycholog y of Spoken English Par t - 1
7
Cognitive Spoken English
à¼õ£‚èŠð´õîŸè£ù è£óí‹ â¡ù? ñŸÁ‹ àƒèO¡ «ð²‹ ݃AôˆF¡ ¹ô¬ñ¬ò è‡ìP»‹ «ê£î¬ù
I
Cognitive Spoken English
Cognitive Spoken English â¡ð¬î îIN™ ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î
«ð²‹ ݃Aô‹ â¡Á Ãøô£‹. ñ£íõ˜ å¼õ˜ Þ¼‚Aø£˜. Þ¼‚Aø£˜. ÜõK¡ ªñ£N îI› â¡Á ¬õˆ¶‚ ªè£œ«õ£‹. ªè£œ«õ£‹.   ÜõKì‹ îIN™ Þ¼‚°‹ 10 ð‚è è¬î¬ò ªè£´ˆ¶ “Þ‰î è¬î¬ò 𮈶 M†´ Þ¬î âù‚° ªê£™½ƒèœ ” â¡Á ÃÁA«ø¡.  Þ¬î ªê£¡ù¾ì¡ ܉î ñ£íõ˜ è¬î¬ò ð®Šð£˜. è¬î¬ò ¹K‰¶‚ ªè£‡ìŠ Hø°, 10 ð‚è è¬î¬ò ° Ü™ô¶ 䉶 GIìˆF™ â¡Qì‹ ªê£™L º®Šð£˜. ñ£íõ˜ è¬î¬ò â¡Qì‹ ªê£™½‹«ð£¶ Üõ˜ I辋 Þò™ð£è Þ ò™ð£è «ð²õ£˜. «ñ½‹, Üõ˜ â‹ ðî†ìŠðì£ñ™ «ð²õ£˜.  Ü«î ñ£íõKì‹ 10 ð‚è ݃Aô è¬î¬ò ªè£´ˆ¶ “Þ‰î è¬î¬ò 𮈶 M†´ Þ¬î âù‚° ݃AôˆF™ ªê£™½ƒèœ ” â¡Á ÃÁA«ø¡. Üõ˜ è¬î¬ò 𮈶 ï¡ø£è ¹K‰¶‚ ªè£œAø£˜ â¡Á ¬õˆ¶‚ ªè£œ«õ£‹. Üõ˜ ¹K‰¶‚ ªè£‡ì è¬î¬ò â¡Qì‹ ªê£™½‹ «ð£¶ W›è‡ì Þ¡ù™èÀ‚° à†ð´Aø£˜.
Üõ˜ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹ «ð£¶, è¬îJ™ Þ¼‚°‹ ݃Aô õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ÜŠð®«ò ðò¡ð´ˆF «ð²õ£˜.
Üõ˜ ¹K‰¶‚ ªè£‡ì è¬î¬ò ºîL™ îIN™ ªñ£N ªðò˜Šð£˜. Hø°, îI› õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ݃AôˆF™ ªñ£N ªðò˜Šð£˜.
Üõ˜ îI› õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ݃AôˆF™ ªñ£N ªðò˜‚°‹ «ð£¶, îI› õ£‚AòˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ 嚪õ£¼ õ£˜ˆ¬î‚°‹ Ü‡ì£ù ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬î¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆF ݃Aô õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñŠð£˜. Üõ˜ ñùF™ îI› õ£˜ˆ¬î‚° î°‰î ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬î àF‚èM™¬ô â¡ø£™, Üõ˜ ñùF™ ðìð승 ãŸð´‹; ÜõK¡ ° Hó½‹; ðòˆF™ Üõ¼‚° Mò˜‚°‹.
݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹ «ð£¶ ( Üî£õ¶ ݃Aô õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñ‚°‹ «ð£¶ ), â‰î conjunction-¬ò conjunction-¬ò ðò¡´ˆ¶õ¶; â‰î tense-¬ò tense-¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶; â‰î preposition¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ â¡Á «ò£CŠð£˜. Üõ˜, ÜFè «ïó‹ ݃Aô õ£‚Aòˆ¬î Þô‚èí H¬öJ¡P ܬñŠðF™ ªêôM´õ£˜.
Ýù£™, Üõ˜ îIN™ «ð²‹ «ð£¶ «ñŸªê£¡ù Þ¡ù™èÀ‚° Ý÷£õF™¬ô. ݃Aô‹ «ð²‹ «ð£¶ ñ†´‹ ã¡ Þ‰îŠ Hó„ê¬ùèœ? âƒèO¡ ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃AôˆF¡ º‚Aò «ï£‚è‹ â¡ùªõ¡ø£™, «ñŸªê£¡ù Þ¡ù™èÀ‚° ݆ðì£ñ™ å¼õ¬ó ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ðê ¬õŠð¶ Ý°‹.
«ñŸè‡ì Å›G¬ôè¬÷ ¬õˆ¶ ñ‚è¬÷ Í¡Á õ¬èò£è HK‚èô£‹. ÞF™ cƒèœ â‰î õ¬è¬ò «ê˜‰îõ˜ â¡Á ªîK‰¶ ªè£œÀƒèœ. 9
NLRC Spoken English
݃AôˆF™ ð®ˆî£™ âù‚° ï¡ø£è ¹KòM™¬ô. ( cƒèœ âƒèO¡ ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃AôŠ ðJŸCJ™ «ê˜‰¶ ðò¡ªðøô£‹.)
݃AôˆF™ ð®ˆî£™ âù‚° ï¡ø£è ¹KAø¶. Ýù£™, ݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹«ð£¶ «ñŸªê£¡ù Þ¡ù™èÀ‚° ݆ð´A«ø¡. ( cƒèœ âƒèO¡ ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃AôŠ ðJŸCJ™ «ê˜‰¶ ðò¡ªðøô£‹.)
݃AôˆF™ ð®ˆî£™ âù‚° ï¡ø£è ¹KAø¶. ݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹«ð£¶ «ñŸªê£¡ù Þ¡ù™èÀ‚° ݆ð´õF™¬ô. ( àƒèÀ‚° Þ‰î ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃AôŠ ðJŸC «î¬õJ™¬ô. Ýù£™, àƒèÀ‚° M¼Šð‹ Þ¼‰î£™ âƒèœ ðJŸCJ™ «êóô£‹.)
ò£˜ ò£˜ âƒèO¡ ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃AôŠ ðJŸCJ™ «ê˜‰¶ ðò¡ªðøô£‹? II
âƒèO¡ ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃AôŠ ðJŸCJ™ «êó cƒèœ îI› ªñ£NJ™ â¿î ñŸÁ‹ «ðê ªîK‰îõó£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ( àƒèÀ‚° îI› «ðê ñ†´‹ ªîK‰î£™, ï£ƒèœ ªè£´‚°‹ °PŠ«ð´èO¡ 輈¶è¬÷ ñŸøõ˜ õ£CŠðî¡ Íô‹ cƒèœ «è†´ ªîK‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ô£‹. )
ðœO ñ£íõ˜èœ ( îI› õN ñŸÁ‹ ݃Aô õN 蟰‹ ñ£íõ˜èœ )
è™ÖK ñ£íõ˜èœ ( ñ¼ˆ¶õ‹, ªî£N™¸†ð‹, è™M, è¬ô, ÜPMò™, Mõê£ò‹ ñŸÁ‹ Ý󣌄C ¶¬øJ™ Þ¼‚°‹ ñ£íõ˜èœ ñŸÁ‹ ÝCKò˜èœ )
Üó² ñŸÁ‹ îQò£˜ ¶¬øJ™ ðE¹Kðõ˜èœ.
ÝA«ò£˜ âƒèO¡ ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃AôŠ ðJŸCJ™ «ê˜‰¶ ðò¡ªðøô£‹. ðò¡ªðø ô£‹. º‚Aò °PŠ¹: ♫ô£¼‚°‹ å«ó ñ£FKò£ù ðJŸCèœ ªè£´‚èŠð´‹. ðJŸCJ™ â‰î õ¬èò£ù ð£°ð£´‹ A¬ìò£¶. Þ è£óí‹ â¡ùªõ¡ø£™, â¡ùªõ¡ø£ ™, ñQî˜èO¡ ͬ÷J™ Þ¼‚°‹ ðF¾ ªêŒ»‹ ªð£¼œ ( memory ) ♫ô£¼‚°‹ å«ó ñ£FKò£è Þ¼Šð Þ¶ ꣈Fòñ£Aø¶. ) (
10
Cognitive Spoken English
IV
cƒèœ ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃Aô ðJŸC¬ò º®ˆîŠ Hø°, àƒèÀ‚° ñùî÷M™ ãŸð´‹ M¬÷¾èœ ò£¬õ?
cƒèœ ݃AôŠ ðJŸC¬ò º®ˆî¾ì¡ «ñŸªê£¡ù Þ¡ù™èÀ‚° ݆ðì£ñ™ ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ð²i˜èœ. Þ¶ ñ†´ñ™ô£ñ™, W›è‡ì M¬÷¾èœ àƒèœ ñùî÷M™ ãŸð´‹.
àƒèœ ñùF™ ݃AôˆFŸè£ù Learning Nucleus à¼õ£°‹. Learning Nucleus â¡ð¶ ï‹ Í¬÷J™ Þ¼‚°‹ Physical Memory ñŸÁ‹ Semantic Memory Þ¬ì«ò H¬íŠ¬ð ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ è£óE Ý°‹. Þî¡ M¬÷õ£™, ݃AôˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ 輈¬î ¹K‰¶‚ªè£‡´ ܬî ñŸøõKì‹ ªê£™½‹«ð£¶ àƒèÀ‚° ªîK‰î ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬îè¬÷ ªè£‡´ ªè£ ‡´ Þò™ð£è «ð²i˜èœ. Þî¡ M¬÷õ£™ «ñŸªê£¡ù Þ¡ù™èÀ‚° àœ÷£èñ£†¯˜èœ.
݃Aô‹ «ð²‹«ð£¶ àƒèÀ‚° ãŸð´‹ ðò‹, ðìð승, ªõ†è‹, ¾ ñùŠð£¡¬ñ «ð£¡ø¬õèœ Mô°‹.
àƒèÀ‚° î¡ù‹H‚¬è õ÷¼‹, ݃AôˆF™ «ðCù£™î£¡ å¼õ˜ ¹ˆFê£L â¡ø â‡í‹ ñ¬ø‰¶, à‡¬ñò£ù ÜP¾‚°‹ ñŸÁ‹ à¬öŠ¹‚°‹ º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹ ªè£´Šd˜èœ ( ªè£Kò˜èœ, üŠð£Qò˜èœ «ð£ô )
â‰î Å›G¬ôJ½‹ cƒèœ G¬ùˆî 輈¶è¬÷ ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ðêô£‹
( without
any preparation ).
V
Cognitive Spoken English (
¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃Aô‹ ) â¡ø£™ â¡ù?
ºîL™ ñQî¡ âŠð® Þ‰î àôèˆF™ Þòƒ°Aø£¡ Ü™ô¶ ªêò™ð´Aø£¡ â¡Á 𣘫ð£‹. ñQîQ¡ 䋹ô¡èœ, ͬ÷, ¬è ñŸÁ‹ è£™èœ ÝAò¬õ Üõ¡ ªêò™ð´õ º‚Aòñ£è ܬñAø¶. ªð£¶õ£è ñQî¡, ºîL™ î¡ ä‹¹ô¡èœ Íôñ£è àôèˆF™ àœ÷ 11
NLRC Spoken English
ªð£¼†èœ ñŸÁ‹ ªêò™è¬÷ àœõ£ƒA ªè£œAø£¡. ñQîQ¡ ͬ÷ò£ù¶ Þ‰î àœõ£ƒèŠð†ì ªð£¼†èœ ñŸÁ‹ ªêò™è¬÷ ªè£‡´ Cô º‚Aòñ£ù º®¾è¬÷ â´‚°‹ . Þ¬î  C‰Fˆî™ Ü™ô¶ «ò£Cˆî™ (decision making) â¡Á‚ Ãøô£‹. Hø°, ñQîQ¡ ¬è‚è£™èœ Í¬÷J¡ º®¾èÀ‚° î°‰îõ£Á ªêò™è¬÷ à¼õ£‚°‹. å¼ ñQîù£è†´‹ Ü™ô¶ Hø‰î °ö‰¬îò£è†´‹, Üõ˜èO¡ 䋹ô¡èO¡ àîM»ì¡ ñ†´‹î£¡ Þ‰î àô般î ðŸP Üõ˜èœ ªîK‰¶‚ ªè£œAø£˜èœ. ïñ¶ 䋹ô¡èœ ï¡ø£è «õ¬ô ªêŒòM™¬ô â¡ø£™  Þ‰î àôèˆF™ õ£›õ Iè è®ùñ£è Þ¼‚°‹. Þó‡´ õò¶ °ö‰¬î‚°  îI› ªñ£N¬ò èŸÁ‚ªè£´‚°‹ «ð£¶ ºîL™ ªðò˜ªê£™L™ ( noun ) Þ¼‰¶ Ýó‹HŠ«ð£‹. Üî£õ¶, å¼ è¼Šð£ù ðø¬õ¬ò 裇Hˆ¶ Þ¶ “è£è‹” â¡Á ÃÁ«õ£‹. ¬èJ™ àí¬õ â´ˆ¶ õ£J™«ð£†´ ªñ¡Á º¿ƒ°õ¬î 裇Hˆ¶ “꣊H´” â¡Á ÃÁ«õ£‹. Þšõ£Á ï‹ ä‹¹ô¡èœ Íôñ£è îI› îI › ªñ£N¬ò èŸÁˆ î¼õ “¹ô‹ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ îI›” â¡Á ÃøŠð´‹. Þ«î «ð£¡Á ï‹ ä‹¹ô¡èœ Íôñ£è ݃Aô ªñ£N¬ò èŸÁˆî¼õ “¹ô‹ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃Aô‹” âù‚ ÃøŠð´‹. «ñ«ô ÃPò 輈¬î ޡ‹ âOî£è W›è‡ìõ£Á ªê£™ôô£‹.  °ö‰¬îò£è Hø‰¶ õ÷¼‹ «ð£¶, ï‹ ä‹¹ô¡èœ Íôñ£è Þ‰î àôèˆ¬î ªîK‰¶‚ ªè£œA«ø£‹. ñ ²ŸP Þ¼Šðõ˜èœ ܬùõ¼‹ îIN™ «ð²õ ‹ îIN™ êó÷ñ£è «ð²A«ø£‹. «ð²A «ø£‹. cƒèœ îI› ®™ Þ¼‰¶ º‹¬ð ªê™Al˜èœ ñŸÁ‹ àƒèÀ‚° U‰F ªîKò£¶ â¡Á ¬õˆ¶‚ªè£œ«õ£‹. º‹¬ðJ™ å¼ õ¼ì‹ õC‚Al˜èœ. ܉î å¼ õ¼ì è£ôˆF™ cƒèœ U‰F¬ò cƒèœ êó÷ñ£è «ð²i˜èœ. cƒèœ U‰F¬ò êó÷ñ£è «ð²õ è£óí‹ àƒè¬÷ ²ŸP Þ¼Šðõ˜èœ ªð¼‹ð£ô£«ù£˜ U‰FJ™ «ð²õ¶ Ý°‹. Ü«î ñ£FK, ñ ²ŸP Þ¼Šðõ˜èœ ܬùõ¼‹ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹«ð£¶ ‹ ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ð²«õ£‹. Ýù£™, ï‹ îI› ®™ ݃Aô‹ «ð²ðõ˜èOì‹ ï£‹ à¬óò£´õ¶ â¡ð¶ ð£¬îò Å›G¬ôJ™ å¼ ÜKî£ù è£Kò‹ Ý°‹. ãªù¡ø£™ ñ ²ŸP»œ÷õ˜èÀ‚° ݃Aô‹ ªîK‰F¼‰î£™ Ãì îIN™î£¡ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ à¬óò£´Aø£˜èœ. Þ‰î Hó„ê¬ù¬ò «ð£‚°õˆî£¡ ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃Aô‹ à¼õ£‚èŠð†´œ÷¶. ï£ƒèœ î¼‹ Þ‰î °PŠ«ð†¬ì cƒèœ ¹K‰¶‚ ªè£‡ì£™, cƒèœ ݃Aô‹ ªîK‰îõ˜èOì‹ ªîK‰îõ˜èOì ‹ å¼ õ¼ìè£ô‹ à¬óò£®ò êññ£°‹. ï£ƒèœ ï숶‹ ݃AôŠ ðJŸC Þƒ° °PŠH†ìœ÷ 輈¬î ¬ñòñ£è ¬õˆ¶ à¼õ£‚èŠð†ì‹. à¼õ£‚èŠð†ìî £°‹. Þîù£™î£¡ cƒèœ ݃Aô‹ âOî£è èŸÁ‚ ªè£œ÷º®Aø¶. VI
îI› ñ£íõ˜èœ Ü™ô¶ îI› ñ‚èœ ÝƒAôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ðê º®ò£ñ™ Þ¼Šð º†´è†¬ìò£è Þ¼‚°‹ Hó„ê¬ùèœ ò£¬õ? ÜõŸ¬ø «ð£‚°õîŸè£ù õNèœ ò£¬õ?
ð¡Qªó‡´ õ¬èò£ù Hó„ê¬ùèœ îI› ñ‚èœ ÝƒAôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ð²õ º†´‚膬ìò£è Þ¼‚Aø¶. ÞîÂì¡ ÞŠHó„ê¬ùè¬÷ «ð£‚°õõ£ù õNº¬øèÀ‹ MõK‚èŠð†´œ÷¶. âƒèœ õN º¬øJ™ 蟰‹ cƒèœ 臮Šð£è Þƒ° MõK‚èŠð†´œ÷ °PŠ¹è¬÷ ï¡ø£è ¹K‰¶ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. Þ¬î cƒèœ ï¡ø£è ¹K‰¶‚ ªè£œ÷£M®™, cƒèœ ݃Aô‹ èŸHˆî½‚° ªêôM†ì à¬öŠ¹ ií£õ G¬øò õ£ŒŠ¹èœ àœ÷¶. 12
Cognitive Spoken English
Hó„ê¬ù : 1 ݃Aô‹ «ð²õ cƒèœ à¬óï¬ì ݃AôˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ Üî£õ¶ complex sentence-¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ Ý°‹. M÷‚è‹ :
ðô êñòƒèO™, cƒèœ ݃AôˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ 輈¶è¬÷ ªîK‰¶ªè£œ÷ ¹ˆîèƒèœ, ªêŒF î£œèœ «ð£¡ø¬õè¬÷ ð®‚Al˜èœ. Þî¡ M¬÷õ£™ cƒèœ ݃Aô‹ «ð²‹ «ð£¶ ¹ˆîèˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶Al˜èœ.
Cô˜ ݃AôˆF™ 𮂰‹ «ð£¶ Üî¡ õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ï¡ø£è ¹K‰¶ªè£œõ£˜èœ. Ýù£™ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹ «ð£¶ ðî†ìˆFŸ° à†ð´Aø£˜èœ. Þ º‚Aò è£óí‹, Üõ˜èœ ݃Aô‹ «ð²‹ «ð£¶ ¹ˆîèˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ÜŠð®«ò ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶î£¡.
Cô˜ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹«ð£¶ ¹K‰¶‚ªè£‡ì 輈¬î ºîL™ îIN™ ªñ£N ªðò˜Šð£˜èœ. Hø°, îI› õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ݃AôˆF™ ªñ£N ªðò˜Šð£˜èœ. å¼õ˜ îI› õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ݃AôˆF™ ªñ£N ªðò˜‚°‹«ð£¶, îI› õ£‚AòˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ Þ ¼‚°‹ 嚪õ£¼ õ£˜ˆ¬î‚°‹ Ü‡ì£ù ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬î¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆF ݃Aô õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñŠð£˜. Üõ˜ ñùF™ îI› õ£˜ˆ¬î‚° î°‰î ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬î àF‚èM™¬ô â¡ø£™, Üõ˜ ñùF™ ðìð승 ãŸð´‹ ; ÜõK¡ ° Hó½‹; ðòˆF™ Üõ¼‚° Mò˜‚°‹.
å¼õ˜ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹«ð£¶ ( Üî£õ¶ ݃Aô õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñ‚°‹«ð£¶ ) â‰î conjunction- ¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ ; â‰î tense-¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ ; â‰î preposition- ¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ â¡Á «ò£CŠð£˜. Üõ˜, ÜFè «ïó‹ ݃Aô à¬óï¬ì õ£‚Aòˆ¬î Þô‚èí H¬öJ¡P ܬñŠðF™ ªêôM´õ£˜.
Hó„ê¬ù : 1 ¬ò «ð£‚°‹ õNº¬øèœ :
݃AôˆF™ Í¡Á õ¬èò£ù õ£‚Aòƒèœ Þ¼‚Aø¶. Üî£õ¶
simple sentences, compound
sentences, and complex sentences.
cƒèœ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²õ simple sentences ñŸÁ‹ compound sentencesè¬÷ ñ†´‹î£¡ ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. Compound sentences â¡ð¶ simple sentences ¾ì¡ coordinating conjunction (i.e, and, so, but, then, etc) «ð£¡ø¬õè¬÷ Þ¬íŠð¶ Ý°‹.
cƒèœ ݃Aô‹ 蟰‹ Ýó‹ð è£ôˆF™ W›è‡ì °PŠ¹è¬÷ è†ì£ò‹ ë£ðèˆF™ ¬õ‚辋.
݃AôˆF™ «ð²õ simple sentences è¬÷ ñ†´‹ ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹.
cƒèœ â‰î õ¬èò£ù conjuntion è¬÷»‹ ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡ì£‹.
Cô êñòƒèO™ â‰î preposition - ¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ â¡ø ꉫîè‹ Þ¼‰î£™, ܬî ðò¡ð´ˆî£ñ™ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²ƒèœ.
Cô êñòƒèO™ a, an, the «ð£¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬îèO™ â¬î ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ â¡Á °öŠð‹ ãŸð´‹. àƒèÀ‚° ꉫîè‹ Þ¼‰î£™ Þ‰î Í¡P™ ãî£õ¶ 塬ø ðò¡ð´ˆ¶ƒèœ. 13
NLRC Spoken English
Þ¶ cƒèœ ݃Aô‹ «ð²õ I芪ðKò º†´‚膬ìò£è Þ¼‚Aø¶.
Hó„ê¬ù :12¬ò «ð£‚°‹ õNº¬øèœ :
âƒèœ ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î «ð²‹ ݃AôŠ ðJŸCJ™ ݃Aô Þô‚èíˆFŸ° º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹ îó£ñ™ ðJŸC õ°Š¹èœ ïìˆîŠð´Aø¶. ޡ‹ ªê£™ôŠ«ð£ù£™, âƒèœ ðJŸC õ°Š¹èO™ ݃Aô Þô‚èí«ñ A¬ìò£¶.
VII
ͬ÷J¡ ðF¾ ªð£¼œèœ (Brain Memories)
ͬ÷J™ Þ¼ õ¬èò£ù memories Þ¼‚Aø¶. å¡Á physical memory, ñŸªø£¡Á semantic memory. memory. Physical memoryJ™ 䋹ô¡èO¡ ܬôèÀ‹ (signals) ñŸÁ‹ ï‹ à혾èÀ‹ (feelings) Þ¼‚°‹. 䋹ô¡èO™, ï‹ è‡èœ Íôñ£è ªðøŠð´‹ åO ܬôèœ physical memory J™ º‚Aò ðƒ° õA‚Aø¶. è‡èœ Íôñ£è àôèˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ ªð£¼œèœ ñŸÁ‹ ªêò™è¬÷ physical memory J™ àœõ£ƒèŠð´Aø¶. «ò£Cˆî™, «ò£Cˆî ™, èŸð¬ù ªêŒî™ «ð£¡ø ªêò™è¬÷  ªêŒõ physical memory ðò¡ð´Aø¶. Semantic memoryò£ù¶
 «ò£Cˆ¶ ¬õˆ¶œ÷ 輈¶èœ ñŸÁ‹ ¹K‰¶‚ªè£‡ì 輈¶è¬÷ ñŸøõ˜èÀ‚° ñŸøõ˜èÀ ‚° ãî£õ¶ å¼ ªñ£N Íô‹ ªê£™õ Þ¶ ðò¡ð´Aø¶. semantic memory J™ å¼ °PŠH†ì ªñ£NJ¡ õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ ñŸÁ‹ Üî¡ Þô‚èí‹ Þô‚ èí‹ Þ¼‚°‹. ïñ‚° Þó‡´ ªñ£Nèœ ( îI›, ݃Aô‹ ) ªîK‰F¼‰î£™ ï‹ Í¬÷J™ Þó‡´ semantic memeoryèœ à¼õ£°‹. Üî£õ¶, îI¿‚° å¼ semantic memeory ñŸÁ‹ ݃Aôˆ¶‚° å¼ semantic memory. W›è‡ì ðìˆF™ ͬ÷J¡ memory è¬÷ è£íô£‹.
îI› ï¡ø£è «ðê ªîK‰îõ˜èÀ‚° îI› semantic memory ‚°‹ physical memory ‚°‹ ï™ô H¬íŠ¹ Þ¼‚°‹. Þ‰î H¬íŠ¬ð learning nucleus â¡Á Ãøô£‹. îI› ñ£íõ˜èÀ‚° Þ¼‚°‹ Hó„ê¬ù â¡ùªõ¡ø£™ ݃Aô semantic memory ‚°‹ physical memory ‚°‹ ï™ô H¬íŠ¹ Þ™ô£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶ Ý°‹. Þ‰î H¬íŠ¹ Þ™ô£ñ™ Þ¼Šð, cƒèœ ݃Aô‹ «ð²‹ «ð£¶ îIN™ ªñ£N ªðò˜ˆ¶ «ð²Al˜èœ. 22
Cognitive Spoken English
ð£ì‹ - 2
ñQî˜è¬÷ °P‚°‹ HóFªðò˜ ªê£Ÿèœ Chapter - 2
Pronouns of Hum ans
27
NLRC Spoken English
1. I Meaning 1: Þ¶ subject Ýè ñ†´‹ õ¼‹. Üî£õ¶ verb‚° º¡¹ õ¼‹. Þî¡ ªð£¼œèœ:
, âù‚°, â¡Qì‹.
 ïì‚A«ø¡.
a.
I wa l k -
b.
I wa want mo money -
âù‚° ðí‹ «î¬õŠð´Aø¶.
â¡Qì‹ è£˜ Þ¼‚Aø¶ Ü™ô¶  裘 ¬õˆF¼‚A«ø¡. ( °PŠ¹: å¼õ˜ îù‚° ªê£‰îñ£ù å¼ ªð£¼¬÷ ¬õˆF¼Šð¬î Ãø has / have ðò¡ð´Aø¶. å¼ ÞìˆF™ å¼ ªð£¼œ Þ¼‚Aø¶ âù‚ Ãø is ðò¡ð´Aø¶)
c . I have car -
2. My Meaning 1: â¡Â¬ìò, Þ¶ ªðò˜ªê£™½‚° ( noun ) º¡¹ ñ†´‹ õ¼‹. a.
Thiis is my ca Th carr -
Þ¶ â¡Â¬ìò 裘 Ý°‹.
b. My ca carr pr pric ice e is 6 la lacs cs -
â¡Â¬ìò è£K¡ M¬ô 6 ô†êƒèœ Ý°‹. 3. Mine
Meaning 1: â¡Â¬ìò¶ a.
The Th e car is mi mine ne -
裘 â¡Â¬ìò¶ Ý°‹.
b.
Mine Mi ne is re red d ca carr -
â¡Â¬ìò¶ C芹Gø 裘 Ý°‹.
c.
Your boo book k is is big. big. Mi Mine ne is sma small ll -
àƒèÀ¬ìò ¹ˆîè‹ ªðKò¶. â¡Â¬ìò¶ CPò¶ Ý°‹. 4. Me
Meaning 1: ⡬ù, âù‚° ( me / to me / for me ), â¡Qì‹, â¡Âì¡ ( with me ) a. You do don’ n’tt hur hurtt me me -
cƒèœ ⡬ù è£òŠð´ˆî£b˜èœ Ü™ô¶ ¹‡ð´ˆî£b˜èœ.
b. You gi give ve me th the e boo book k - cƒèœ c. You co come me wi with th me -
âù‚° Ü™ô¶ â¡Qì‹ ¹ˆîè‹ ªè£´ƒèœ.
cƒèœ â¡Âì¡ õ£¼ƒèœ.
Phrase Meaning 1: It’s me / this is me / that’s me Phrase Meaning 2: me too d. I am am hun hungr gry y. Me Me too too -
޶  / ޶  / ܶ .
âù‚°‹ Ü«î G¬ô¬ñ.
âù‚° ðC‚Aø¶. âù‚°‹ Ü«î G¬ô¬ñ. 5. Myself
Meaning 1: ï£ù£è«õ, ù Ü™ô¶  îQò£è ( l myself ), ⡬ù«ò, a.
I hur hurtt my mysel elff - 
⡬ù«ò è£òŠð´ˆF ªè£œA«ø¡.
b. l mys mysel elff wal walke ked d lon long g - 
îQò£è ÜFè Éó‹ ïì‰«î¡ Ü™ô¶ ù ÜFè Éó‹ ï쉫î¡.
Phrase Meaning 1: ( all ) by myself -
îQò£è
c. I do do the the wo work rk al alll by by mys mysel elff - 
«õ¬ô¬ò îQò£è ªêŒA«ø¡.
( syn: alone ).
30
Cognitive Spoken English
ð£ì‹ - 3
¹ô¡ ꣘‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ Chapter - 3
C ogni t ive Wor Wor ds
37
Cognitive Spoken English
1. About Meaning 1: ðŸP ðŸP,, å¼ ªêò¬ô Ü™ô¶ ªð£¼¬÷ ðŸP °PŠH´õ¶ Ý°‹. ( syn: on / concerning / focus focus )) a.
The bo book is is ab about po politics -
b.
H e l i e s ab ou t hi s a ge -
¹ˆîè‹ ÜóCò¬ôŠ ðŸP Þ¼‚Aø¶ Ü™ô¶ MõK‚Aø¶.
Üõ¡ Üõ¬ìò õò¬îŠ ðŸP ªð£Œ ªê£™Aø£¡.
Meaning 2: ãøˆî£ö. ( syn: approximately / roughly ) roughly )
 ãøˆî£ö 10 ¬ñ™èÀ‚° ܊𣙠õC‚A«ø¡.
c.
I live about 10 miles away -
d.
I le leave th the ho home ab about 10 10 PM PM -  ãøˆî£ö ñ£¬ô 10.30 ñE‚° i†¬ì M†´ A÷‹¹A«ø¡.
Meaning 3: å¼ ªêò¬ô ªêŒò îò£ó£è Þ¼. ( syn: approximately / roughly ) e.
I am about to leave ( syn: about to + verb ) -
 A÷‹¹õ Ü™ô¶ ¹øŠð´õ îò£ó£è
Þ¼‚A«ø¡. Phrase Meaning 1: how / what about sth / sb - cƒèœ
ñŸÁ‹ àƒèœ ñ¬ùM Þ¼õ¼‹ àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ i†®Ÿ° õ¼õî£è ÜõKì‹ ªê£™Al˜èœ. àƒèœ ñ¬ùM‚° àì™ ïô‹ êKJ™¬ô. Ýîô£™, cƒèœ ñ†´‹ àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ i†®Ÿ° ªê™Al˜èœ. ÜŠ«ð£¶, ÜŠ«ð£¶ , àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ «è†Aø£˜, “ã¡ àƒèœ ñ¬ùM õóM™¬ô, Üõ¼‚° â¡ù ÝJŸÁ? ”. Þ ݃AôˆF™ how about your wife / what about your wife â¡Á ܘˆî‹. Phrase Meaning 1a: cƒèœ
ñŸÁ‹ àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ Þ¼õ¼‹ «ðC‚ªè£‡®¼‚Al˜èœ. ÜŠ«ð£¶ àƒèÀ‚° ðC‚Aø¶. ÜŠ«ð£¶ àƒèœ ï‡ðKì‹ cƒèœ, “àƒèÀ‚°‹ ðC‚Aøî£?” â¡Á «è†ð how about you / what about you Ý°‹. f.
I am am fe feel eliing hun ungr gry y, wh what abo bout ut you - âù‚°
g.
I buy buy the hou ouse se,, wha whatt ab abou outt yo you? - 
ðC‚Aø¶. àƒèÀ‚°?
i´ õ£ƒ°A«ø¡. cƒèÀñ£?
Phrase Meaning 1b: cƒèœ
ñŸÁ‹ àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ Þ¼õ¼‹ «ðC‚ªè£‡®¼‚A «ðC‚ªè£‡®¼‚Al˜èœ. l˜èœ. ÜŠ«ð£¶ àƒèœ Þ¼õ¼‚°‹ êLŠ¹ ãŸð´Aø¶. ÜŠ«ð£¶ àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ àƒèOì‹ ï£‹ «õÁ ãî£õ¶ ªêŒòô£‹ â¡Aø£˜. Ü cƒèœ,  CQñ£õ‚° «ð£èô£«ñ â¡Á ªê£™Al˜èœ. Þ ݃AôˆF™ how about movie / what about movie â¡Á ܘˆî‹. Phrase Meaning 2: that’s about it / that’s about abou t all / that’s it - cƒèœ
°ö‰¬îèÀ‚° è¬î ªê£™Al˜èœ. è¬î º®‰î î¼íˆF™ “è¬î Üšõ÷¾  / è¬î º®‰¶ M†ì¶” â¡d˜èœ. Þ ݃AôˆF™ that’s it â¡Á ܘˆî‹. 2. Above Meaning 1: «ñ«ô «ñ«ô,, å¼ ªð£¼œ Þ¡ªù£¼ ªð£¼À‚° àò«ó Þ¼Šð¶ Ý°‹. Ýù£™ Þ¼
ªð£¼œèÀ‹ 塬øªò£¡Á ªî£ì‚Ã죶. å¼ ªð£¼O¡ M¬ô å¼ ñFŠ¹‚° «ñ«ô Þ¼Šð¶.
I¡MCP «ñ¬ü‚° «ñ«ô Þ¼‚Aø¶.
a.
The fan is above the table -
b.
The price is above Rs 5 -
c.
You wr writ ite e th the e na name me ab abov ove e th the e ad addr dres ess s -
M¬ô 5 ¼ð£Œ‚° «ñ«ô Þ¼‚Aø¶. cƒèœ ªðò¬ó ºèõK‚° «ñ«ô ⿶ƒèœ. 39
NLRC Spoken English
¹ˆîèƒèO™ ÜFèñ£è õ¼‹. Meaning 2: «ñŸªê£¡ùð® Ü™ô¶ «ñ«ô °PŠH†ì. Þ¶ è¬î ¹ˆîèƒèO™ d.
As I men menti tion oned ed ab abov ove, e, th ther ere e is is a bi big g roo room m in in the the ho hous use e - 
«ñ«ô °PŠH†ì ñ£FK, i†®™
ªðKò ܬø Þ¼‚Aø¶. e.
Writ Wr ite e to to the the ab abov ove e add addre ress ss fo forr fur furth ther er in info form rmat atio ion n -
ÜFèñ£ù îèõ½‚° «ñ«ô °PŠH†ì
ºèõK‚° â¿î¾‹. Meaning 3: Þ¶ ðîMJ¡ õK¬ê¬ò °P‚Aø¶. Üî£õ¶ ܉î ðîM Þ‰î ðîM‚° «ñ«ô
Þ¼‚Aø¶. f.
 «ñ«ùü˜ ðîM‚° «ñ«ô Þ¼‚A«ø¡. Üî£õ¶, â¡Â¬ìò ðîM «ñ«ùü˜ ðîM‚° «ñ«ô Þ¼‚Aø¶. I am above the manager -
Phrase Meaning 1: above all - â™ô£õŸPŸ°‹
«ñô£è, Iè º‚Aòñ£è. ïñ‚° ° ªð£¼œèœ H®ˆF¼‚Aø¶. ÜF™ Iè º‚Aòñ£ù¬î Ãø Þ¶ ðò¡ð´Aø¶. ( syn: most of all / most importantly / particularly / primarily ) primarily ) g.
I lik like e app apple le,, ora orang nge e and and ab abov ove e all all ic ice e cre cream am - âù‚°
ÝŠHœ, Ýó…² H®‚°‹, â™ô£õŸPŸ°‹
«ñô£è ävAK‹ H®‚°‹. h.
Abo bove ve al all, l, I ea eatt mor more e ve vege geta tabl bles es -
â™ô£õŸPŸ°‹ «ñô£è,  ÜFè 裌èPè¬÷
꣊H´A«ø¡. 3. According to Meaning 1: å¼õ¬ó ªð£Áˆîõ¬ó. a.
Acco Ac cord rdin ing g to po poli lice ce,, he is a th thie ieff ( pat: according to sb ) sb ) -
«ð£L¬ú ªð£Áˆîõ¬ó, Üõ¡ å¼
F¼ì¡. Meaning 2: 塬ø ªð£Áˆ¶. ( pat: according to sth ) b.
The Th e st stud uden ents ts ar are e gr grou oupe ped d ac acco cord rdin ing g to ag age e -
ñ£íõ˜èœ õò¬î ªð£Áˆ¶ °¿‚è÷£è
HK‚èŠð´Aø£˜èœ. c.
I pl play ay th the e cr cric icke kett ac acco cord rdin ing g to ru rule les s - 
MFº¬øè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆ¶ Ü™ô¶ H¡ðŸP AK‚ªè†
M¬÷ò£´A«ø¡. Phrase Meaning 1: according to plan - å¼ d.
ªêò™  G¬ùˆîŠð® Ü™ô¶ ï‹ F†ìŠð® ïì‚Aø¶.
All we went ac according to to pl plan - â™ô£‹
 G¬ùˆîŠð® ïì‚Aø¶. 4. Across
Meaning 1: °Á‚«è, å¼ ð‚èˆF™ Þ¼‰¶ Ü´ˆî ð‚èˆFŸ°. â‰îŠ ªð£¼œèÀ‚° ð‚è‹
Þ¼‚Aø«î£ Þ¼‚Aø«î£ ܬõèÀ‚° across õ¼‹. â´ˆ¶‚裆´‚° «ó£´, , ªî¼, ÝÁ «ð£¡ø¬õè¬÷ Ãøô£‹. a.
I walk across the road -
 «ó£†®¡ °Á‚«è ïì‚A«ø¡.
b.
I see across the valley -
 ðœ÷A¡ °Á‚«è 𣘂A«ø¡.
c.
The here re is a crac ack k ac acro ross ss th the e roa oad d -
«ó£†®¡ °Á‚«è MKê™ Þ¼‚Aø¶. 40
Cognitive Spoken English ( °PŠ¹: over â¡ø
õ£˜ˆ¬î‚°‹ °Á‚«è â¡Á ªð£¼œ. over ñŸÁ‹ across Þó‡´‚°‹ â¡ù MˆFò£ê‹ â¡ø£™ over ‚° å¼ ð‚èˆF™ Þ¼‰¶ Ü´ˆî ð‚èˆFŸ° ªî£ì£ñ™ ªê™õ¶ Ý°‹. I jump over the road â¡ø£™,  «ó£†®Ÿ° °Á‚«è ´A«ø¡ â¡Á ܘˆî‹. Üî£õ¶ «ó£†®¡ å¼ ð‚èˆF™ Þ¼‰¶ Ü´ˆî ð‚èˆFŸ° ªî£ì£ñ™ ªê™A«ø¡. ) Meaning 2: âF˜ð‚èˆF™ ( syn: on the other side / opposite ) opposite ) , â™ô£ð°FèO½‹ ( syn: throughout / all over / everywhere in )
â¡Â¬ìò ï‡ð¡ «ó£†®¡ âF˜ ð‚èˆF™ õC‚Aø£¡.
d.
My fri rien end d liv ive es ac acro ros ss th the e ro road ad -
e.
We co cond nduc uctt th the e el elec ecti tion on ac acro ross ss th the e co coun untr try y - èœ
®¡ â™ô£ ð°FèO½‹ õ£‚ªè´Š¹
ï숶A«ø£‹. Phrase Meaning 1: across the board - ♫ô£¼‚°‹,
å¼ ªêò™ i†®™ Ü™ô¶ ®™ Þ¼‚°‹
ܬùõ¬ó»‹ ð£FŠð¬î Þ¶ °P‚Aø¶. f.
Acro Ac ross ss th the e bo boar ard, d, th ther ere e is 10 10% % pa pay y in incr crea ease se -
♫ô£¼‚°‹ 10 êîMî ê‹ð÷ àò˜¾ Þ¼‚Aø¶.
5. After Meaning 1: Hø°, H¡¹, Ü´ˆîî£è.
Þó¾ ꣊𣆴‚° Hø°  Éƒè ªê™A«ø¡.
a.
After th the e di dinn nner er,, I go to bed -
b.
Afte Af terr leav leavin ing g the the scho school ol,, he wo work rks s in in the the rest restau aura rant nt ( pat: after doing sth, sent1 ) -
ðœO M†ìŠ
H¡¹, Üõ¡ àí¾ M´FJ™ «õ¬ô ªêŒAø£¡. 10 GIìˆFŸ° Hø°  è™ÖK ªê™A«ø¡.
c.
Afte terr 10 10 mi minu nute tes, s, I go go to to co colle lege ge -
d.
You wr writ ite e the the ad addr dres ess s af afte terr the the na name me - cƒèœ
ºèõK¬ò ªðò¼‚° Hø° Ü™ô¶ ªðò¼‚°
Ü´ˆîî£è â¿î¾‹. e.
I go go to to Sal Salem em.. Af Afte terr (th (that at)) I go go to to Tri Trich chy y ( pat: sent1, After (that) sent2 ) sent2 ) - 
«êô‹ ªê™A«ø¡.
Hø°  F¼„C ªê™A«ø¡. Meaning 2: å¼õ˜ ñŸªø£¼õ¬ó «î´õ‹, ñŸÁ‹ å¼õ˜ ñŸªø£¼õ¬ó H¡ªî£ì˜õ¬î»‹
Þ¶ °P‚Aø¶. f.
The police is after me ( syn: look for / search for ) -
«ð£Lv ⡬ù H¡ªî£ì˜‰¶ «î®
õ¼Aø¶. g.
He goe goes s af afte terr he her / He fol folllow ows s her her - Üõ¡
Üõ¬÷ H¡ªî£ì˜‰¶ ªê™Aø£¡.
Phrase Meaning 1: one after another / one after the other / one by one - å¡ø¡ h.
I dri drink nk fi five ve gl glas asse ses s of of wat water er on one e aft after er an anot othe herr - 
H¡ å¡ø£è, Ü´ˆî´ˆ¶.
䉶 ì‹÷˜ c¬ó Ü´ˆî´ˆ¶ °®‚A«ø¡.
å¼ ªêò¬ô ºîL™ cƒèœ ªêŒ»ƒèœ. Hø°  ªêŒA«ø¡. Üî£õ¶, cƒèœ ¬ðŠH™ î‡a˜ H®‚è ªê™Al˜èœ. Ü«î êñòˆF™ ê ñòˆF™ Þ¡ªù£¼õ¼‹ î‡a˜ H®‚è õ¼Aø£˜. Þ¼õ¼‹ å«ó êñòˆF™ °ìˆ¬î ¬õ‚Al˜èœ. ÜŠ«ð£¶ cƒèœ, “ºîL™ céèœ î‡a˜ H®»ƒèœ. Hø°  H®‚A«ø¡” â¡ð¬î after you âù‚ Ãøô£‹. Phrase Meaning 2: after you -
41
NLRC Spoken English
198. Somewhere Meaning 1: âƒè«ò£, âƒèò£õ¶, Þƒ° âƒèò£õ¶ a.
My purs purse e shoul should d be arou around nd here here som somewh ewhere ere / My purs purse e shoul should d be some somewhe where re arou around nd here here -â¡Â¬ìò
𘲠ރ° âƒèò£õ¶ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. b.
Ther Th ere e mus mustt be be som somew ewhe here re yo you u can can bu buy y thi thing ngs s che cheap aply ly - Þƒ°
âƒèò£õ¶ 臮Šð£è cƒèœ
ñLõ£è ªð£¼œè¬÷ õ£ƒè º®»‹. 199. Soon Meaning 1: M¬óM™, «õèñ£è, Y‚Aó‹. ( syn: quickly / fastly ) a.
He ate the food soon - Üõ¡
M¬óM™ Ü™ô¶ «õèñ£è àí¾ ê£ŠH†ì£¡.
b.
How soon you fifinish th the re report? - âšõ÷¾
M¬óM™ Ü™ô¶ âšõ÷¾ Y‚Aó‹ ÝŒõP‚¬è¬ò
º®Šd˜èœ? Phrase Meaning 1: as soon as ( pat : sent1, as soon as, sent2 ) - àì«ù. c.
The Th e bel belll rin rings gs as so soon on as he en ente ters rs th the e roo room m -Üõ¡
ܬøJ™ ¸¬ö‰î àì«ù ñE Ü®‚Aø¶.
( syn: The bell rings. At the same time, he enters the room ) room ) Phrase Meaning 2: the sooner ... the better... ( syn: as soon as possible ) -
å¼ ªêò¬ô âšõ÷¾
Y‚Aóñ£è ªêŒAø«ñ£ Üšõ÷¾‚° ï™ô¶. d.
The Th e soo soone nerr you you go to th the e air airpo port rt th the e bet bette terr ( itit is is ) - âšõ÷¾
Y‚Aóñ£è cƒèœ 㘫𣘆
ªê™Al˜è«÷£ Üšõ÷¾‚° ï™ô¶. e.
You fi fini nish sh th the e wor work, k, th the e soo soone nerr the the be bett tter er - «õ¬ô¬ò
º®»ƒèœ. âšõ÷¾ Y‚Aóñ£è
º®‚Al˜è«÷£ Üšõ÷¾‚° ï™ô¶. 200. Still Meaning 1: ޡ‹ ( °PŠ¹: yet-â¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬î‚°‹ “ޡ‹” â¡Á ªð£¼œ. ãŸèù«õ
ªî£ìƒèŠð†ì å¼ ªêò¬ô ðŸP‚ Ãø still ðò¡ð´Aø¶. ðò¡ð´Aø¶. å¼ ªêò™ ޡ‹ Ýó‹H‚èM™¬ô Ü™ô¶ å¼õ˜ Þƒ° ޡ‹ õóM™¬ô â¡Á‚ Ãø yet ðò¡ð´Aø¶. ) a.
I still wr write th the es essay - 
ޡ‹ 膴¬ó ⿶A«ø¡.
b.
I have haven’ n’tt stil stilll fini finish shed ed the the wor work k / I hav haven en’t ’t fin finis ished hed the wo work rk yet yet - 
«õ¬ô¬ò ޡ‹ º®‚èM™¬ô. âF˜ñ¬ø õ£‚AòƒèO™ still ñŸÁ‹ yet å«ó ªð£¼O™ õ¼‹. 201. Such
Meaning 1: ܉î ñ£FK, ܉î ñ£FKò£ù Ü™ô¶ Ü«î ñ£FKò£ù a.
Such behavior is not good - ܉î
ñ£FKò£ù ªêò™ð£´ ï™ô¶ Ü™ô.
b.
Every Ev ery rai rainy ny seas season, on, we get get lots lots of of proble problems ms.. What What shou should ld we we do in in such such a situa situatio tion? n? - 嚪õ£¼
ñ¬ö ªðŒ»‹ êñòˆF½‹, ïñ‚° G¬øò Hó„C¬ùèœ õ¼Aø¶. ܉î ñ£FK Å›G¬ôJ™  â¡ù ªêŒò «õ‡´‹? c.
Peop Pe ople le ar are e awa aware re of pr prob oble lems ms su such ch as th thes ese e (pat: ( pat: noun such as this or these ) these ) - ñ‚èœ
Hó„C¬ùè¬÷ ðŸP ÜP‰F¼‚Aø£˜èœ. d.
܉î ñ£FK
( syn: People are aware of such problems ) problems )
Birt Bi rth h is is a nat natur ural al pro proce cess ss an and d it is tr trea eate ted d as su such ch (pat: ( pat: as such ) such ) - HøŠ¹
â¡ð¶ å¼ ÞòŸ¬èò£ù ªêò™ Ý°‹. ܬî ܉î ñ£FK«ò ( ÞòŸ¬èò£è ) ïìˆî Ü™ô¶ G¬ù‚è «õ‡´‹. 106
Cognitive Spoken English Meaning 2: ܉î Ü÷¾‚° Ü™ô¶ I辋. e.
He is is such a nice person - Üõ˜
܉î Ü÷¾‚° ï™ô ñQî˜ Ýõ£˜ Ü™ô¶ Üõ˜ I辋
ï™ô ñQî˜ Ýõ£˜. f.
It is such a long way from here - ܶ
ÞƒA¼‰¶ ܉î Ü÷¾‚° ÜFè ªî£¬ô¾ Ý°‹.
Meaning 3: å¼ ªêò™ ªêŒò º®ò£î Ü÷¾‚° Þ¡ªù£¼ ªêò™ Þ¼‚Aø¶. g.
It is su such ch a sma small ll ho hous use e tha thatt I ca can’ n’tt go go ins insid ide e ((pat: pat: such a noun ...that sent1 ) -
 àœ«÷ «ð£è
º®ò£î Ü÷¾‚° i´ CPòî£è Þ¼‚Aø¶. h.
She Sh e driv drives es a car at such such a spee speed d that that she she is is unabl unable e to con contol tol the ca carr - Üõœ
裬ó 膴Šð´ˆî
º®ò£î Ü÷¾‚° Üõœ 裬ó «õèñ£è 憴Aø£œ. i.
He si sing ngs s a so song ng in su such ch a way way th that at no on one e can can he hear ar ( pat: in such a way that sent1 ) - 򣼋
«è†è
º®ò£î Ü÷¾‚° Üõ¡ ð£ì¬ô ð£´Aø£¡. Phrase Meaning 1: there is no such a thing / man - ܉î
ñ£FK ªð£¼œ Ü™ô¶ ñQî˜ â¶¾‹ /
ò£¼‹ Þ™¬ô. Phrase Meaning 1: such as - «ð£¡ø j.
ªð£¼œèœ Ü™ô¶ «ð£¡ø¬õèœ.
I hav ave e bo book oks s suc uch h as mat aths hs an and d phy hys sics - 
èí‚° ñŸÁ‹ ÞòŸHò™ «ð£¡ø ¹ˆîèƒèœ
¬õˆF¼‚A«ø¡. 202. Sure Meaning 1: àÁFò£è ªîK»‹ Ü™ô¶ G„Còñ£è ªîK»‹. ( syn: certain ) a.
Thi his s is is a go good od car ar.. Are you you sur ure? e? - Þ¶
ï™ô 裘 â¡Á àƒèÀ‚° G„Còñ£è ªîK»ñ£?
b.
I am not sure - âù‚°
c.
I am am not not su sure re wh whet ethe herr he he wil willl com come e her here e-
àÁFò£è ªîKòM™¬ô. Üõ¡ Þƒ° õ¼õ£ù Þ™¬ôò£ â¡Á âù‚°
àÁFò£è ªîKòM™¬ô. d.
She is sure of / about that - ÜõÀ‚°
Ü¬îŠ ðŸP àÁFò£è ªîK»‹.
Phrase Meaning 1: make sure - àÁFð´ˆF e.
ªè£œ
Ple leas ase e mak make e sur sure e tha thatt the the do door or is lo lock cked ed - èî¾
̆®J¼‚Aøî£ â¡Á îò¾ªêŒ¶ àÁFð´ˆF
ªè£œÀƒèœ. Phrase Meaning 2: å¼õ˜
àƒèOì‹ ãî£õ¶ àîM «è†°‹«ð£¶  àÁFò£è ªêŒA«ø¡
â¡Á ÃÁõ¶ Ý°‹. f.
Plea eas se give me your pen. Oh sure (  )
àÁFò£è î¼A«ø¡.
Phrase Meaning 3: surely not -  g.
îò¾ªêŒ¶ âù‚° àƒèÀ¬ìò «ðù£¬õ ªè£´ƒèœ. æ
ï‹ðñ£†«ì¡.
He fai failled in the the exa xam. m. Sur ure ely no not -
Üõ¡ «î˜M™ ªðJô£A Ü™ô¶ îõP M†ì£¡. 
Þ¬î ï‹ð ñ£†«ì¡. 203. That Meaning 1: that-¡ ð¡¬ñ õ®õ‹ those Ý°‹. that - ܶ, ܉î. those - ܬõèœ, ܉î a.
That is not true -
ܶ à‡¬ñ Þ™¬ô. 107
NLRC Spoken English b.
Mix the sugar with water - c¼ì¡
ꘂè¬ó¬ò èô‚辋.
c.
The Th e ma man n wi with th re red d sh shir irtt is my br brot othe herr -
C芹 ꆬì»ì¡ Þ¼‚°‹ ïð˜ â¡ î‹H Ýõ£˜.
Phrase Meaning 1: be with you / me - å¼õ˜
ãî£õ¶ ªê£™õ¶ àƒèÀ‚° ¹KAø¶ â¡ð‹.
d.
I am with you - âù‚°
cƒèœ ªê£™õ¶ ¹KAø¶.
e.
Are you with me? - àƒèÀ‚°  ( me )
ªê£™õ¶ ¹KAøî£?
251. Within Meaning 1: å¼ °PŠH†ì è£ôˆFŸ°œ, å¼ °PŠH†ì Ü÷MŸ°œ ( Éó‹, Üèô‹,... ) a.
I re reac ach h th the hi hill withi hin n 2 ho hour urs s - 
Þó‡´ ñE «ïóˆFŸ°œ ñ¬ô¬ò ܬ쉫î¡.
b.
Ther Th ere e man many y sho shops ps wi with thin in on one e kil kilom omet eter er - å¼
A«ô£e†ì¼‚°œ G¬øò è¬ìèœ Þ¼‚Aø¶.
252. Without Phrase Meaning 1: without sth - sth Þ™ô£ñ™ a.
I go to salem without him- 
b.
I tr tra avel da dail ily y wi witho hout ut the car - 
c.
He we went th ther ere e wit witho hout ut pe perm rmis iss sion - Üõ¡
å¼ ªêò¬ô ªêŒõ¶ Ý°‹
Üõ¡ Þ™ô£ñ™ «êô‹ «ð£A«ø¡. 裘 Þ™ô£‹ Fùº‹ ðòí‹ ªêŒA«ø¡. ܃«è ÜÂñF Þ™ô£ñ™ ªê¡ø£¡.
253. Yes Meaning 1: Ý‹ Ü™ô¶ êK, å¼ «èœM‚° ðF™ ªê£™ô Þ¶ ðò¡ð´Aø¶. a.
Did yo you u to touc uch h the the but utto ton? n? yes - cƒèœ
ªð£ˆî£¬ù ªî£†¯˜è÷£? Ý‹. Ü™ô¶ Ýñ£‹.
254. Yesterday Meaning 1: «ïŸÁ a.
I co come / cam came e to to Sa Sale lem m ye yeste terd rda ay - 
«ïŸÁ «êô‹ õ‰«î¡. 255. Yet
Meaning 1: Þ¶ å¼ ªêò™ ޡ‹ ïì‰îî£ Þ™¬ôò£ â¡Á Ãø ðò¡ð´Aø¶. Þ¶ ªð¼‹ð£½‹
«èœM ñŸÁ‹ âF˜ñ¬ø õ£‚AòƒèO™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶. a.
Has he come yet? - Üõ˜
õ‰î£†ì£ó£? Ü™ô¶ Üõ˜ ޡ‹ õóM™¬ôò£?
b.
Has Ha s the the bu bus s lef leftt (to (to)) the the Sa Sale lem? m? no nott yet yet - ðv
c.
I hav haven’ en’tt told told the new news s yet yet / I sti still ll hav haven’ en’tt told told the new news s - 
«êôˆFŸ° A÷‹H M†ìî£? ޡ‹ Þ™¬ô. ޡ‹ ªêŒF¬ò ªê£™ôM™¬ô.
â¡ø ªêò¬ô ÞQ«ñ™î£¡ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. Üîõ£¶ â¡ø ªêò¬ô ޡ‹ ªêŒòM™¬ô. Phrase Meaning 1: yet to do sth - do
d.
I am ye yet to to wr write the letter - 
e.
He ha has s yet yet to re rece ceiv ive e the the of offe ferr let lette terr - Üõ¡
do
ÞQ«ñ™î£¡ è®î‹ â¿î «õ‡´‹.
«õ¬ô õ£ŒŠ¹ è®îˆ¬î ÞQ«ñ™î£¡ ªðø «õ‡´‹. Üî£õ¶ Üõ¡ ޡ‹ «õ¬ô õ£ŒŠ¹ è®îˆ¬î ªðøM™¬ô.
122
Cognitive Spoken English
ð£ì‹ - 4
M¬ùèœ
Chapter - 4 Verbs
123
Cognitive Spoken English
1. Abandon Forms: abandon ( present presen t ) - abandoned ( past ) - abandoned ( past participle particip le ) -abandoning ( ing form) Meaning 1: å¼õ˜ å¼ ªð£¼¬÷ ¬èM´õ‹, å¼õ˜ Þ¡ªù£¼õ¬ó M†´ Gó‰îóñ£è
HKõ‹, å¼ ªêò¬ô ð£FJ«ô«ò ¬èMìŠð´õ‹, å¼õ˜ îù¶ ï‹H‚¬è¬ò ï‹H‚¬è¬ò ¬èM´õ‹ «ð£¡ø ªð£¼œèÀì¡ Þ¶ õ¼Aø¶. a.
She ab abondoned he her hu husband (syn: ( syn: leave / walk out / desert / divorce ) divorce ) - Üõœ ÜõÀ¬ìò èíõ¬ù
M†´ Gó‰îóñ£è HK‰î£œ. b.
He abandoned his car ( syn: leave / desert ) - Üõ¡ Üõ¬ìò 裬ó ¬èM†ì£¡.
c.
The Th e gam game e is is aba aband ndon oned ed du due e to to bad bad we weat athe herr (syn: ( syn: give up / quit / drop / stop / cancel ) cancel ) - M¬÷ò£†´
«ñ£êñ£ù õ£Q¬ôò£™ ¬èMìŠð´Aø¶. d.
He abandons his hope ( syn: give up / lose heart / despair ) - Üõ¡ Üõ¬ìò ï‹H‚¬è¬ò
¬èM´Aø£¡.
2. Absorb Forms: absorb - absorbed - absorbed - absorbing Meaning 1: àP‰¶‚ªè£œÀ™ Ü™ô¶ àP…²î™, àœõ£ƒA ªè£œÀî™. Üî£õ¶, ñóˆF¡
«õ˜ c¬ó àP…²õ‹, å¼ è¼‹ðô¬è åO¬ò Ü™ô¶ ªõŠðˆ¬î àœõ£ƒA ªè£œõ¬î»‹ °P‚°‹. a.
P la la nt nt s a bs bs or or b n ut ut ri ri en en ts ts fr fr om om th t h e s oi oi l ( pat: sth1 absorb sth2 from sth3 ) - î£õóƒèœ
Šªð£¼œè¬÷ ñ‡ Íôñ£è àP…²Aø¶. b.
Wate terr is is ab abso sorb rbed ed int nto o spo spon nge ( pat: be absorbed into sth ) sth ) - c˜ vð£…CJù£™ àPòŠð´Aø¶. ( °PŠ¹: õ£J¡ Íôñ£è ñŸø‹ v†ó£ ¬õˆ¶ c¬ó àP…²õ suck â¡Á ܘˆî‹ )
Meaning 2: å¼ ¹¶ MCòˆ¬î «õèñ£è ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œÀ‹ Fø¡, å¼õ˜ å¼ ªêòL™ ÜFè
ݘõˆ¶ì¡ Ü™ô¶ Ý›‰¶ Þ¼Šð¶, c.
He abs absor orbs bs the in info forrma mati tio on qui quick ckly ly ( syn: understand/ digest ) - Üõ˜ MCòˆ¬î «õèñ£è
¹K‰¶‚ªè£œAø£˜. d.
He is ab abso sorb rbed ed in in the the boo book k / He He is is int inter eres este ted d in in the the book book - Üõ˜ ¹ˆîèˆF™ ݘõñ£è Ü™ô¶
Ý›‰¶ Þ¼‚Aø£˜. Meaning 3: å¼ Ü¬ñŠH™ ªð£¼¬÷«ò£ Ü™ô¶ ñ‚è¬÷«ò£ «ê˜ˆ¶‚ªè£œõ¶ Ý°‹. e.
Aust Au stra rali lia a abso absorb rbs s educ educat ated ed imm immig igra rant nts s - ÝvF«óLò£ ð®ˆî °®«òPè¬÷ «ê˜ˆ¶‚ªè «ê˜ˆ¶‚ªè£œAø¶. £œAø¶.
f.
Boei Bo eing ng 747 747 is is abso absorb rbed ed int into o air air forc force e ( pat: pat: be be abso absorb rbed ed int into o sth sth ) - «ð£Jƒ 747 㘫ð£˜C™
«ê˜ˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷Šð´Aø¶. ( syn: include ) include )
3. Accept Forms: accept - accepted - accepted - accepting Meaning 1: ãŸÁ‚ªè£œÀî™ a.
He ac acce cept pts s her her of offe ferr of of tea tea / He He acc accep epts ts he herr tea tea - Üõ¡ ÜõÀ¬ìò ¯ M¼‰«î£‹ð¬ô
ãŸÁ‚ªè£œAø£¡ Ü™ô¶ Üõ¡ ÜõÀ¬ìò ¯¬ò ãŸÁ‚ªè£œAø£¡. b.
Please accept the job - îò¾ ªêŒ¶ «õ¬ô¬ò ãŸÁ‚ªè£œÀƒèœ.
c.
He ac accepted th the wa water fr from me me ( pat: accept sth from sb ) - Üõ¡ â¡QìI¼‰¶ c¬ó
ãŸÁ‚ªè£‡ì£¡ Ü™ô¶ ªðŸÁ‚ªè£‡ì£¡. 125
NLRC Spoken English d.
I accept him as a manager (pat: ( pat: accept sb as sth ) sth ) -  Üõ¬ó «ñ«ùüó£è ãŸÁ‚ªè£œA«ø¡.
e.
I acc accep eptt the the re resp spon onsi sibi bili lity ty fo forr kil killi ling ngs s ( pat: accept the responsibility for sth ) -  ïì‰î
ªè£¬ôèÀ‚° ªð£ÁŠ«ðŸÁ‚ ªè£œA«ø¡. f.
I accept his idea -  Üõ¬ìò 輈¬î ãŸÁ‚ªè£œA«ø¡ ãŸÁ‚ªè£œA«ø¡..
Meaning 2: ê † ì g F ò £ è è † C , è ‹ ð Q , è ™ Ö K « ð £ ¡ ø ¬ õ è ¬ ÷ Ü ƒ A è K Š ð ¶ Ü ™ ô ¶
ãŸÁ‚ªè£œõ¶ Ý°‹. g.
Peo eopl ple e acc acce ept pts s the the ba ban n on on sm smok okiing - ñ‚èœ ¹¬è H®ŠðîŸè£ù î¬ì¬ò ãŸÁ‚ªè£œAø£˜èœ.
h.
US ac acce cept pts s Ira Iraq q as as an an dem democ ocra rati tic c cou count ntry ry ( syn: acknowledge / recognize ) recognize ) - ܪñK‚è£ ß󣂬è
üùï£òè ï£ì£è ãŸÁ‚ªè£œAø¶ Ü™ô¶ ܃AèK‚Aø¶.
4. Acknowledge Forms: acknowledge - acknowledged - acknowledged - acknowledging Meaning 1: 塬ø ðŸP åO¾ ñ¬øM¡P ªõOŠð¬ìò£è Ãøõ¶ Ý°‹. ( syn: admit / accept ) a.
He ac ackn know owle ledg dges es th that at he ha has s bad bad te temp mper er - Üõ¡ “Üõ‚° º¡ «è£ð‹ Þ¼‚Aø¶” â¡Á
ªõOŠð¬ìò£è ªê£¡ù£¡. b.
The Th e fam famil ily y ack ackno nowl wled edge ges s tha thatt he he is is a sm smal alll boy boy - °´‹ð‹ “Üõ¡ å¼ C¡ùŠ ¬ðò¡ “ â¡Á
ªõOŠð¬ìò£è ªê£™Aø¶. Meaning 2: ܃AèKˆî™, ï¡P ªê£™ - Üî£õ¶ «ñ¬ìJ™ ♫ô£¼‚°‹ º¡ù£™ å¼õ˜
ñŸøõ¼‚° ï¡P ªê£™½î™ Ý°‹. c.
I ac ack kno now wle ledg dge e him as a lea eade derr ( pat: acknowledge sb as sth ) -  Üõ¬ó å¼ î¬ôõó£è
܃AèK‚A«ø¡. d.
The Th e fil film m fes festi tiva vall is is ack ackno nowl wled edge ged d as as the the be best st of al alll (pat: ( pat: be acknowledged as sth ) sth ) - CQñ£ Mö£ Iè
Cø‰îî£è ( ñŸø Mö£¬õ‚ 裆®½‹ ) ܃AèK‚èŠð´Aø¶. ( syn: recognize / accept accept )) e.
We wi wish sh to ac ackn know owle ledg dge e the the su supp ppor ortt of of the the co coll lleg ege e (syn: ( syn: thank ) thank ) - ï£ƒèœ è™ÖK àîM ªêŒî
ï¡P ªê£™ô M¼‹¹A«ø£‹. Meaning 3: cƒèœ å¼õ¼‚° è®î‹ ÜŠ¹Al˜èœ. ܶ «ð£Œ «ê˜‰îî£ Þ™¬ôò£ â¡Á
ªîK‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ ðFF™ è®î‹ â¿î ªê£™i˜èœ. Þ acknowledge â¡Á ܘˆî‹. f.
I woul would d be grat gratefu efull to to you you ifif you you woul would d ackno acknowle wledge dge the rec receip eiptt of the let letter ter -cƒèœ è®î‹ A¬ìˆî¬î ( receipt of the letter ) ªîKò𴈶i˜èœ ( acknowledge ) â¡ø£™  àƒèÀ‚° ï¡P ªê£™ô
èì¬ñðŸÁœ«÷¡ ( I would be grateful to you )
5. Accuse Forms: accuse - accused - accused - accusing Meaning 1: å¼õ˜ Þ¡ªù£¼õ˜ e¶ °Ÿø‹ ²ñˆ¶õ¶ Ý°‹. ( °PŠ¹: charge â¡ø£™ «ð£Lv
å¼õ˜ e¶ °Ÿø‹ ²ñŸP Üõ¬ó ¬è¶ ªêŒõ¶ Ý°‹ ) a.
I accuse him for robbery ( pat: accuse sb for sth / accuse sb for doing sth ) -  Üõ¬ù
ªè£œ¬÷ò®ˆîî£è ªè£œ¬÷ò ®ˆîî£è °Ÿø‹ ²ñˆ¶A«ø¡. b.
I accuse him -  Üõ¡ e¶ °Ÿø‹ ²ñˆ¶A«ø¡.
c.
I accuse him of lying ( pat: accuse of doing ) doing ) - Üõ¡ ªð£Œ ªê£¡ùîŸè£è  Üõ¡ e¶
°Ÿø‹ ²ñˆ¶A«ø¡. 126
Cognitive Spoken English
452. Pretend Forms: pretend - pretended - pretended - pretending Meaning 1: å¼ ªêò¬ô ªêŒõ¶ «ð£™ ï® Ü™ô¶ ð£ê£ƒ° ªêŒ. a.
You don’t pretend - cƒèœ ð£ê£ƒ° ªêŒò£b˜èœ.
b.
He pre prete tend nds s to to sl slee eep p in in th the bed bed - Üõ¡ 𴂬èJ™ Ƀ°õ¶ «ð£™ ð£ê£ƒ° ªêŒAø£¡.
453. Prevent Forms: prevent - prevented - prevented - preventing Meaning 1: å¼ ªêò¬ô ªêŒòñ£™ î´. a.
The ru rule les s pr prev even entt th the ac acci cid den ents ts - MFº¬øèœ Mðˆ¶è¬÷ î´‚Aø¶.
b.
She Sh e pre preve vent nts s him him fr from om st stay ayin ing g in in the the ho hous use e ( pat: prevent sb from doing sth ) - Üõœ Üõ¬ù
i†®™ õ î´‚Aø£œ.
454. Prick Forms: prick - pricked - pricked - pricking Meaning 1: å¼ ªð£¼¬÷ áC «ð£¡ø ªð£¼œè¬÷ ªè£‡´ °ˆ¶. a.
I pricked my finger -  â¡Â¬ìò Mó¬ô áCò£™ °ˆF‚ªè£‡«ì¡.
b.
You pr prick the ba balloon - cƒèœ ðÖ¬ù áCò£™ °ˆ¶ƒèœ.
455. Print Forms: print - printed - printed - printing Meaning 1: Ü„C´ a.
The com ompa pany ny pri rin nts the boo ook k - è‹ðQ ¹ˆî般î Ü„C´Aø¶.
b.
Print th the na name in in th the sh shirt - ꆬìJ™ ªðò¬ó Ü„C쾋.
456. Produce Forms: produce - produced - produced - producing Meaning 1: 塬ø ãŸð´ˆ¶Aø¶, à¼õ£‚° Ü™ô¶ îò£K, å¼ ªð£¼¬÷ 裇H, CQñ£,
ï£ìè‹ îò£K. a.
The Th e clim climat atic ic cha chang nge e prod produc uces es the the hig highe herr temp temper erat atur ure e - î†ðG¬ô ñ£Ÿø‹ ÜFè ªõŠðˆ¬î
ãŸð´ˆ¶Aø¶ Ü™ô¶ à¼õ£‚°Aø¶. b.
The co comp mpan any y pro produ duce ces s th the e car cars s - è‹ðQ 裘è¬÷ îò£K‚Aø¶.
c.
Produce yo your ce certificates - àƒèÀ¬ìò ꣡Pî›è¬÷ 裇H‚辋.
d.
AVM pr prod oduc uce ed Siva vajji mov oviie - ãMâ‹ Cõ£T CQñ£ ð숬î îò£Kˆî¶.
457. Promise Forms: promise - promised - promised - promising Meaning 1: êˆFò‹ ªêŒ, õ£‚°ÁF ªè£´. a.
Don’t promise - õ£‚°ÁF ªè£´‚裫î Ü™ô¶ êˆFò‹ ªêŒò£«î. 241
NLRC Spoken English
681. Worry Forms: worry - worried - worried - worrying Meaning 1: èõ¬ôð´, èõ¬ôðì¬õ a.
I worry about him -  Üõ¬ù ðŸP èõ¬ôð´A«ø¡.
b.
Don’t worry - èõ¬ôð죫î.
c.
The ac accident wo worries me me - Mðˆ¶ â¡¬ù èõ¬ôŠðì ¬õ‚Aø¶.
PhraseMeaning 1: what worries me is sth / the thing that worries me is sth - sthÝù¶ ⡬ù èõ¬ôŠðì
¬õ‚Aø¶. d.
What worries m me e is is tth he wo work - «õ¬ô ⡬ù èõ¬ôðì ¬õ‚Aø¶. Üî£õ¶ ⶠ⡬ù
èõ¬ôðì ¬õ‚Aø¶ â¡ø£™ ܶ «õ¬ô.
682. Write Forms: write - wrote - written - writing Meaning 1: ¹ˆîè‹, è®î‹ «ð£¡ø¬õè¬÷ ⿶, 塬ø ¬èò£™ ⿶. a.
I write the book -  ¹ˆîè‹ â¿¶A«ø¡.
b.
You writ rite the lett etter to him him - cƒèœ Üõ‚° è®î‹ ⿶ƒèœ.
c.
I write well -  ï¡ø£è ⿶A«ø¡.
PhraseMeaning 1: You write it down do wn - cƒèœ Þ¬î «ðŠðK™ ⿶ƒèœ.
683. Yell Forms: yell - yelled - yelled - yelling Meaning 1: å¼õKì‹ èˆF Ü™ô¶ êˆî‹ «ð£†´ «ð². a.
Don’t yell at me - â¡Qì‹ êˆî‹ «ð£†´ «ð꣫î.
b.
He yel yelle led d at at hi him to to sto stop p the the ma mac chine hine ( pat: yell at sb to do sth ) sth ) - Þò‰Fóˆ¬î GÁˆ¶ñ£Á ÜõKì‹
Üõ˜ èˆFù£˜. PhraseMeaning 1: He yell out in pain / happieness... - Üõ˜ õLò£™ / ꉫî£êˆF™ 舶Aø£˜.
684. Yield Forms: yield - yielded - yielded - yielding Meaning 1: à ¼ õ £ ‚ ° A ø ¶ , M ¬ ÷ „ ê ™ , ô £ ð ‹ « ð £ ¡ ø ¬ õ è œ A ¬ ì ˆ F ¼ ‚ A ø ¶ Ü ™ ô ¶
߆®J¼‚Aø¶. a.
The The res resea earc rch h yie yield lded ed the the goo good d res resul ultt - Ý󣌄C ï™ô b˜¬õ à¼õ£‚Aò¶.
b.
The com ompa pany ny yield elded more ore pro profi fitt - è‹ðQ ÜFè ô£ðˆ¬î ߆®ò¶. Üî£õ¶ è‹ðQ‚° ÜFè
ô£ð‹ A¬ìˆF¼‚Aø¶.
294
Cognitive Spoken English
ð£ì‹ - 5
ð‡¹èœ ꣘‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ Chapter - 5 P r o p e r t i e s Wo Wo r d s ( A d j ec e c t i v es es )
295
Cognitive Spoken English
1. Able PhraseMeaning PhraseMeaning 1: subj be able to do sth ( syn: can do sth ) sth ) - do â¡ø ªêò¬ô ªêŒò º®»‹. a.
I am ab able to to sw swin / I ca can sw swim - â¡ù£™ c‰î º®»‹.
2. Absent Meaning 1: ðœO, Ã†ì‹ «ð£¡ø¬õèÀ‚° å¼õ˜ õóM™¬ô Ü™ô¶ Ýüó£èM™¬ô Ü™ô¶
èô‰¶‚ªè£œ÷M™¬ô. a.
He is abse absent nt fro from the school hool ( pat: be absent from sth ) sth ) - Üõ˜ ðœO‚° õóM™¬ô.
3. Acceptable Meaning 1: ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ îò a.
The The mac machi hine ne is not not in in acc accep epta tabl ble e sta stand ndar ard d - Þò‰Fó‹ ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ îò îóˆF™ Þ™¬ô.
PhraseMeaning 1: It is acceptable ( for sb ) to do sth - do â¡ø ªêò¬ô ªêŒõ¶ sb‚° ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷
îò MCò‹ Ý°‹. b.
It is acce accept ptab able le for for me me to to wea wearr the the chai chain n - ªêJ¬ù ÜEõ¶ âù‚° ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ îò
MCòñ£è Þ¼‚Aø¶.
4. Active Meaning 1: å¡P™ Ü™ô¶ å¼ ªêòL™ ²Á²ÁŠð£è Þ¼‚è îò Ü™ô¶ I°‰î ݘõˆ¶ì¡
Þ¼‚è îò. a.
He is active - Üõ˜ ²Á²ÁŠð£è Þ¼‚è îòõ˜ Ýõ£˜.
b.
He is acti activ ve in readi eadin ng book books s ( pat: be active in doing sth ) - Üõ˜ ¹ˆîè‹ ð®ŠðF™ I°‰î
ݘõˆ¶ì¡ Þ¼‚Aø£˜. c.
He take take an acti active ve inte interes restt in the the game game / He take take an acti active ve part part / role role in in the the game game - Üõ˜ «ð£†®J™
I°‰î ݘõˆ¶ì¡ Ü™ô¶ º¿ñù¶ì¡ èô‰¶ ªè£œAø£˜. PhraseMeaning PhraseMeaning 1: sth is active - sth ªêò™ð´Aø¶ Ü™ô¶ «õ¬ô ªêŒAø¶. d.
The The vir virus us is acti active ve at low low tem tempe pera ratu ture re - ¬õóv °¬ø‰î ªõŠðG¬ôJ™ ªêò™ð´Aø¶.
5. Actual Meaning 1: à‡¬ñò£ù / Güñ£ù / êKò£ù ( pat: actual noun ) a.
The actual price is Rs 20 - à‡¬ñò£ù Ü™ô¶ êKò£ù M¬ô 20 ¼ð£Œ Ý°‹.
PhraseMeaning PhraseMeaning 1: In ( actual ) fact, sent1 - à‡¬ñJ™, sent1¡ ªð£¼œ. ( syn: actually / really ) really ) b.
In actua actuall fact fact / In In fact fact / Actua Actually lly,, I don don’t ’t know know anyt anythin hing g - à‡¬ñJ™, âù‚° ⶾ‹ ªîKò£¶.
6. Additional Meaning 1: ޡ‹ ÜFèñ£ù Ü™ô¶ Þ¡ªù£¼ ªð£¼œ ( syn: extra ) a.
You giv give add addiitio tional nal / ex extra bed bed - cƒèœ âù‚° Þ¡ªù£¼ ð´‚¬è ªè£´ƒèœ.
b.
You pay the ad additi ditio onal nal amo amoun untt - cƒèœ ޡ‹ ÜFèñ£ù ªî£¬è¬ò ªê½ˆ¶ƒèœ. 297
NLRC Spoken English
489. Wide Meaning 1: Üèôñ£ù, ðôîóŠð†ì a.
The road is wide - «ó£´ Üèôñ£è Þ¼‚Aø¶.
b.
The road is 10 meter wide - «ó£´ 10 e†ì˜ Üèôñ£è Þ¼‚Aø¶.
c.
The The mov movie ie attr attrac acts ts wide wide / wid wider er audi audien ence ce - ðì‹ ðôîóŠð†ì 𣘬õò£÷˜è¬÷ èõ¼Aø¶.
490. Wild õC‚èîò ( °PŠ¹: domestic â¡ø£™ i†®™ õC‚èîò â¡Á ܘˆî‹ ) Meaning 1: 裆®™ õC‚èîò a.
The tiger is a wild animal - ¹L 裆®™ õC‚èîò Môƒ° Ý°‹.
PhraseMeaning 1: He went wild - Üõ¡ ºó†´ˆîùñ£è ï쉶‚ªè£‡ì£¡.
491. Wise Meaning 1: ÜP¾œ÷ / ¹ˆFê£Lò£ù a.
He is a wise man - Üõ˜ ÜP¾œ÷ ñQî˜ Ýõ£˜.
b.
It is wise to eat here ( pat: It is wise to do sth ) sth ) - Þƒ° ꣊H´õ¶ ¹ˆFê£Lîùñ£ù ªêò™
Ý°‹. Ü™ô¶, Þƒ° ꣊H´õ¶ ¹ˆFê£Lîùñ£ù¶ Ý°‹.
492. Worthwhile Meaning 1: ñ î¼Aø / ðòÂœ÷ / Iè º‚Aòñ£ù a.
It is worthwhile job - Þ¶ Iè º‚Aòñ£ù Ü™ô¶ ðòÂœ÷ «õ¬ô Ý°‹.
b.
It is is wor worth thw whil hile to to st study udy civ civiil ( pat: It is worthwhile to do sth / It is worthwhile doing sth ) sth ) - 膴ñ£ù‹
ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì 𮊬ð ð®Šð¶ ñ îó‚îò¶ Ý°‹.
493. Wrong Meaning 1: îõø£ù a.
This is wrong answer - Þ¶ îõø£ù M¬ì Ý°‹.
b.
It is wrong to slap him ( pat: It is wrong to do sth ) sth ) - Üõ¬ù è¡ùˆF™ ܬøõ¶ îõø£ù¶ Ý°‹.
PhraseMeaning PhraseMeaning 1: You are wrong wron g - cƒèœ ªêŒî¶ îõÁ / cƒèœ îõø£ùõ˜. PhraseMeaning PhraseMeaning 2: There is something wrong / Something is wrong - ã«î£ Hó„ê¬ù Þ¼‚Aø¶. PhraseMeaning PhraseMeaning 3: What is wrong with sb ? - sb‚° â¡ù Hó„ê¬ù? PhraseMeaning 4: sb1 / sth1 got something wrong with sb2 / sth2 - sb1 / sth1‚°
sb2 / sth2Ý™
Hó„ê¬ù Þ¼‚Aø¶. c.
I got got some someth thin ing g wro wrong ng with with the the sho shoe e - âù‚° è£ôEJù£™ ã«î£ Hó„ê¬ù Þ¼‚Aø¶ Ü™ô¶
õ¼Aø¶. PhraseMeaning 5: There is nothing wrong - ⶾ‹ Hó„ê¬ù Þ™¬ô.
366
Cognitive Spoken English
ð£ì‹ - 6
«ð²‹ ݃AôˆF¡ ñ«ù£îˆ¶õ‹ ð°F 2 Chapter - 6
P sychol ogy of Spoken English Pa r t 2
367
Cognitive Spoken English
ð£ì‹ - 7
ý£L¾† ݃Aôˆ F¬óŠðìˆF¡ à¬óò£ì™èœ ñŸÁ‹
ܬõèO¡ îIö£‚è‹ Chapter - 7
Holl yw ood English English Movie Dialogues Dialogues And
Their Tam T am il Translat T ranslat ion
375
Cognitive Spoken English
º‚Aò °PŠ¹ Þƒ° °PŠH†´œ÷ ݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒèœ ý£L¾† F¬óðìˆF¡ à¬óò£ì™èœ Ý°‹. Þ¬õè¬÷ cƒèœ èõQˆb˜è÷£ù£™, «ð²õîŸè£ù ݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒèœ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ ê£î£óí õ£‚Aòƒèœ Ý°‹. cƒèÀ‹ ݃Aô‹ «ð²õ ê£î£óí õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷«ò ðò¡ð´ˆ¶ƒèœ. Þƒ° º‚Aòñ£è Þ¡ªù£¼ CøŠ¹ â¡ùªõ¡ø£™, ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù õ£‚Aòƒèœ Present TenseTense™ Þ¼‚Aø¶. cƒèœ «ï˜ºè «î˜¾‚° õ¼‹«ð£¶ Þ¶ñ£FK °¬ø‰î¶ ý£L¾† F¬óðìˆF¡ 50 à¬óò£ì™èÀ‚° (50 õ£‚AòƒèÀ‚° ) ªñ£Nªðò˜Š¹ ªêŒ¶ õó«õ‡´‹. ÞîŸè£è ñŸøõ¬ó 𣘈¶ â¿î£b˜èœ. cƒè«÷ ²òñ£è îò£˜ ªêŒ»ƒèœ. àƒèÀ‚° ꉫîè‹ õ‰î£™ âƒè¬÷ Ü™ô¶ àƒèœ ï‡ð˜è¬÷ ܵ°ƒèœ. 1.
Hey Billy, Look here - ý£Œ H™L, Þƒ«è 𣘠ܙô¶ Þƒ«è èõQ.
2.
Are you all right, Billy? - cƒèœ ïôñ£è Þ¼‚Al˜è÷£, H™L?
3.
Careful there - ܃«è èõùñ£è Þ¼ƒèœ.
4.
You ar are e goi going ng to kn knoc ock k som someb ebod ody y ove overr - cƒèœ ò£¬óò£õ¶ W«ö îœO Mì «ð£Al˜èœ
Ü™ô¶ Þ®‚è «ð£Al˜èœ. 5.
Hey He y, yo you u kno know w wh what at,, I am sa sayi ying ng st stop op - ý£Œ, àƒèÀ‚° ªîK»î£ â¡ù,  G™½¡Â
ªê£™A«ø¡, 6.
This Th is is yo your ur ro room om,, Com Come e on. on. I don don’t ’t li like ke it it,, Why Why no not? t? - Þ¶ à¡Â¬ìò ܬø. õ£, âù‚° Þ¬î
H®‚èM™¬ô. âîù£™ H®‚èM™¬ô? 7.
Smell the walls - ²õ˜è¬÷ ºè˜‰¶ ð£˜.
8.
You kno know w wha what? t? Th They ey ju just st ne need ed a fr fres esh h coa coatt of pa pain intt - àù‚° ªîKò£î£ â¡ù? ܬõèÀ‚°
¹¶¬ñò£ù ªðJ‡† «î¬õð´Aø¶. 9.
You can pick the color - cƒèœ èô¬ó «î˜‰ªî´ƒèœ.
10.. 10
I don don’t ’t wa want nt to go to sc scho hool ol,, mom mom - Ü‹ñ£,  ðœO‚° ªê™ô M¼‹ðM™¬ô.
11.
I am goin going g to be be the the new new kid. kid. It It is the the wors worstt thing thing eve everr -   ðœOJ™ ¹¶ ñ£íõó£è
Þ¼Š«ð¡. Þ¼‚Aøî«ô«ò Þ¶  I辋 «ñ£êñ£ù å¡Á Ý°‹. 12.. 12
How Ho w wil willl I ev even en kn know ow wh wher ere e to to go? go? - âƒ«è ªê™õ¶ â¡Á âù‚° Ãì âŠð® ªîK»‹? ªîK» ‹?
13.
I wan wantt to to mee meett you yourr tea teach cher er -  àƒèÀ¬ìò ÝCKò¬ó ê‰F‚è M¼‹¹A«ø¡.
14.. 14
And I want want to see see your your class class room room and and just just make make sure sure that that everyt everything hing is OK OK -  à¡Â¬ìò
õ°Šð¬ø¬ò 𣘂è M¼‹¹A«ø¡, â™ô£‹ ï™ôð®ò£è Þ¼‚Aøî£ â¡Á àÁF ªêŒ¶ ªè£œõîŸè£è . 15.. 15
Don’tt put anyth Don’ anything ing in in my lunch lunch bag bag like like a little little note, note, Don’t Don’t worry worry.. I won’t won’t - â¡Â¬ìò ñFò àí¾
¬ðJ™ CÁ °PŠ¹ «ð£ô â¬î»‹ ¬õ‚è£b˜èœ. èõ¬ôð죫î,  Ü¬î ªêŒòñ£†«ì¡. 16.. 16
Once Onc e you you get get sett settle led d in and get al alll your your toys toys out - cƒèœ Þò™¹ G¬ô‚° õ‰î¾ì¡, àƒèÀ¬ìò
ªð£‹¬ñè¬÷ ªõO«ò É‚A «ð£´ƒèœ. 17.
Loo ook, k, the here re is a new ki kid d - ð£˜, ¹¶ °ö‰¬î Ü™ô¶ ñ£íõ˜.
377
Cognitive Spoken English
ð£ì‹ - 8
«ï˜è£í½‚è£ù ñ£FK «èœMèœ Chapter - 8
Model Quest Quest ions for f or Int er view
383
Cognitive Spoken English
cƒèœ âƒèO¡ ðJŸC õ°Š¹èÀ‚° õ¼õ º¡ ï£ƒèœ î¼‹ °PŠ«ð†¬ì ï¡ø£è ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. àƒèO¡ ¹K‰¶‚ªè£‡ì Fø¬ù «ê£F‚è cƒèœ «ï˜è£í™ «î˜¾‚° à†ð´ˆîŠð´Al˜èœ. «ï˜è£íL™ ï£ƒèœ «è†°‹ «èœMèÀ‚° cƒèœ ¹ˆî舫î 𣘈«î ðF™ Ãøô£‹. Ýîô£™ cƒèœ â¬î»‹ ñùŠðì‹ ªêŒò«õ‡´‹ â¡ø ÜõCò‹ Þ™¬ô. «ï˜è£í™ «î˜¾ ãøˆî£ö 20 L¼‰¶ - 30 GIìƒèœ õ¬ó ïì‚°‹. cƒèœ ï¡ø£è «ï˜è£í™ «î˜¬õ ªêŒî£™ àƒèÀ¬ìò «ï˜è£í™ «î˜¾ 10 GIìˆF™ Ãì º®òô£‹. àƒèO¡ «ï˜è£µ½‚è£ù ñ£FK «èœMèœ W«ö ªè£´‚èŠð†ì¶ ñ£FK Þ¼‚èô£‹: 1. cƒèœ cƒèœ i†®L¼ i†®L¼‰¶ ‰¶ àƒèÀ àƒèÀ¬ìò ¬ìò ܽõôè‹ Ü½õôè‹ «ð£Œ« «ð£Œ«ê¼‹ 꼋 õ¬ó õ¬ó ïì‰î ïì‰î G蛾è¬÷ ݃AôˆF™ MõK»ƒèœ. 2. cƒèœ cƒèœ ð®ˆî ð®ˆî ãî£õ¶ ãî£õ¶ å¼ è¬î¬ò è¬î¬ò ðŸP ݃AôˆF™ ݃AôˆF™ ÃÁƒèœ. ÃÁƒèœ. 3. cƒèœ cƒèœ 𣘈î 𣘈î CQñ£ CQñ£ ð숬î ð숬îŠðŸ ŠðŸP P ݃AôˆF ݃AôˆF™ ™ ÃÁƒèœ. ÃÁƒèœ. 4. cƒèœ cƒèœ àƒèœ àƒèœ ªðŸ«ø£˜è ªðŸ«ø£˜èOì‹ Oì‹ «ðCò¬ «ðCò¬î î ݃AôˆF™ ݃AôˆF™ ÃÁƒèœ. ÃÁƒèœ. 5. Þ‰î õ¬óð숬 õ¬óð숬î î 𣘈¶ 𣘈¶ ܬî ܬî ݃AôˆF ݃AôˆF™ ™ ªê£™½ƒè ªê£™½ƒèœ. œ. «ñ«ô °PŠHìŠð†ì «èœMèœ «ð£ô àƒèÀ‚° «è†èŠð´‹. cƒèœ ï£ƒèœ î¼‹ °PŠ«ð†¬ì ï¡° ¹K‰¶‚ªè£‡ì£™ «ñ«ô «è†ì «èœMèÀ‚° cƒèœ âOî£è ðFôO‚èô£‹. cƒèœ «ï˜è£íL™ «î£™M ܬì‰î£™, 2 Ü™ô¶ 3 õ£óƒèœ èNˆ¶ ñÁð®»‹ 臮Šð£è «î˜¾‚° õó«õ‡´‹.
cƒèœ ªõŸP ªðÁ‹ õ¬ó àƒèÀ‚° «î˜¾ ªî£ì¼‹. 385