Eenadu-Spoken-English-1TO652

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

Oªô¢ª ÔÙ àŸC-Nû¦ OªÚÛª ÓÙêŸ êµL-ú‡û¦ Oªö˺ ÓÙêŸæ¨ ûµjí£±éuÙ Ñû¦o Oª þ§nô³ Ôëµjû¦ Oª ví£AòÅ¡ìª Ó÷ô¢ª ÞœªJhÙà¦õû¦o Oª ÷uÚ¨h-ÞœêŸ N÷-ô¦-öµjû¦ ÷ª¸ô Nù£óŸª Nø™x-ù£é Íô³û¦... OªÚÛª Oªô¢ªÞ¥ àµí£±p-ÚÁ-î¦L! ÏÙvšíú‡îËÂÞ¥ ÑÙè¯L! ÏÙvçµ-ú‡dÙÞ¥ àµð§pL! ÏÚÛ\è¶ ÎÙÞœxí£J-â°cìÙ Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù! ÍÙë]ªÚÛª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà ú£·ôjì ÎóŸ³ëÅ]Ù! Oª õ¤Ûu-þ§-ëÅ]-ìö˺ OªÚÛª êÁè[p-è¶Ù-ë]ª¸Ú ‘Ðû¦-è[ª–-ví£-AòÅ¡’ ôÁV Nè…# ôÁV ú£ªõòÅ¡ø˜jLö˺ þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà î¦uþ§õìª ÍÙC-þ¼hÙC. I Kavita : How did you do in yesterday's exam?

(Eìo í£K-¤Ûõª Óö° ô¦ø‹îËÂ?)

Suji :

Well, I think. How did you do ?

(ò°Þ¥û¶ ô¦ø‹-ì-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª. ìªîµyö° ô¦ø‹îËÂ?)

#ìo #ìoN êµLóŸª¸Ú #ÚÛª\õª! Spoken English Conversational English

û¶

ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. ÷ªÙ# Career ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛªû¶ Në¯u-ô¢ªn-õÙ-ë]-JÚ© Í÷-ú£-ô¢-iì Communications Skillsö˺ ÷³Üu-iì òŰޜ٠Spoken English. ÷ªÙ# ÑëÁuÞ¥ö˺x, ÚÁô¢ªqö˺x ví£î¶-ø‹-EÚ¨ Eô¢y-ÙචInterviews, group discussions, presentations, self sketches ö˺ NáóŸªÙ þ§CÅÙ-à¦õÙç¶ Spoken English Oªë] í£åªd Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. (ÕÕ-Ó-îªö˺ â°ô³ûË ڥ÷-è¯-EÚ¨ Ú¥uæËÀ ô¦ø‹ìª ÚÛë¯! íÆ£L-ê¦õ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«ú£ªhû¦o. ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]û¶ Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o) Suneetha : I wish I had appeared for CAT too. It's too late now. I think I'll

(î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙTxùà ÷«æ°x-è[ô¢ª) 3. Where is Ramesh?

(ô¢î¶ªøÉ ÓÚÛ\è[?) 4. How beautiful the Taj is!

(í£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª. ÏÙÚ¥ú£h ò°Þ¥ ô¦ú‡ ÑÙè[÷àŸªa)

do MCA. I am preparing for the courses. I may also take PG

What group are going to study in

entrance tests and do MSc

Sentence

Inter?

Computers or Electronics.

'Vijayawada'ìª,

(ÏÙå-ôÂö˺ Ô vÞœ«íà Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oîËÂ?) Kavita : MPC. What about you ?

(ÓÙíˆúˆ. ìª÷±y...!)

Suji :

Not sure yet, though dad wants me to do MPC.

Kavita :

(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔNª Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. ÷« û¦ìo ÓÙíˆúˆ Íû¶ ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª) Which college? (Ô Ú¥ö¶@?)

Suji :

No idea as yet. What's going to be your college?

(ÔNª Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª... ìª÷±y!)

Kavita : Same here. Not decided yet.

(û¶ìª ÍÙê¶. ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙ Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª.)

II

(û¶ì« ô¦ú‡ ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C. Íô³ê¶ Ïí£±pè[ª Íìª-Ú•E ÔÙ ö°òÅ¡Ù? û¶ìª ÓÙú‡Ó à¶þ§hìª. í‡> ví£î¶øŒ í£K-¤Ûõª ÚÛ«è¯ ô¦óŸ«-õE ÑÙC. Ótúˆq ÚÛÙí£²u-åôÂq ö¶ë¯ Óõ-Ú¥Z-EÚÂq Ú¥F à¶þ§h)

Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-é-õFo Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯...! ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª-ÚÁ÷è[Ù Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. Íô³ê¶ Grammar êµLú‡-ìÙêŸ ÷«vê¦ì English ò°Þ¥ ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÁ÷è[Ù ð»ô¢-ð§åª. Í÷-ú£-ô¢îµªiì ÚÛFú£ grammar êµõªú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ÷³Ùë]ªÞ¥... VOCABULARY

Well, You know I've taken the

ÍÙç¶ òÅ°ù£ö˺ ÑÙè¶ ÷«å-õ-Foì«. Í÷-ú£-ô¢-iì ÷«åõª þ§÷«ìuÙÞ¥ ëµjìÙ-Cì @N-ê¦-EÚ¨, ÚÛFú£ Í÷ú£-ô¦õÚÛª, ÏêŸô¢ªõêÁ Ñìo ú£ÙñÙ-ëůõÚÛª, ÚÁô¢ªÚÛª-û¶-î¦-æ¨Ú©, ð»Ùë¶-î¦æ¨Ú© ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ìîµj ÑÙæ°ô³. à¦ö° ÷ªÙCÚ¨ ÏÙTxùÃö˺ šíë]l-šíë]l ÷«åõª êµõªþ§hô³. Ú¥F #ìo-#ìo Nù£-óŸ«-õÚÛª ÏÙTxùà ÷«åõª, î¦æ¨ î¦è[ªÚÛ êµL-óŸªë]ª. Íö°¸Þ Listening. ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõª ÷«æ°xè¶ English Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-Þœ-õ-Þœè[Ù. DEÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ daily lifeö˺ þ§ëůô¢-éÙÞ¥ î¦è¶ ÷«åõª, î¦æ¨ Pronunciation ÚÛ«è¯ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. Ð î¦Ú¥uõª í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè….

CAT for joining in IIM. Waiting for

1. Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishna

final degree exams are over. But What next for you?

(Í÷ªtóŸªu! í£K-¤Û-öµj-ð¼-óŸ«óÀª ú£ªFê¦. êŸô¦yêŸ ÔÙ à¶þ§hîËÂ)

Suneetha : Not yet decided. What are your plans?

(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙ Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. F ú£ÙÞœê¶Ùæ¨?)

Spoken Englishö˺

the results. If I make it, I'll join one of the IIMs. Hope I shall be fortunate.

(Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ ÚÛ'ù£g Öè[ªfì ÑÙC) 2. They do not speak English

verb is, Sentence-2

õö˺

ö˺

'is'.

Spoken Englishö˺

ÖÚÛ Sentence Subject, Verb ÞœªJhÙ-àŸÞœõÞœè[Ù à¦ö° Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. î¦æ¨E ÞœªJh›úh NªÞœ-ê¦-÷Fo à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù. a) Andhra Pradesh is the biggest state in South India Vizag.

Ð ·ôÙè[ª Sentences ÖÚÛ Nù£-óŸ«Eo ൛ípN. ÍÙç¶ Statements Íìo-÷«å. c) Is AP the biggest state in South India? d) Was the Eenadu first published from Vizag? (c), (d)õª Questions

ÚÛë¯. (a), (b) õÚÛ« (c), õÚÛ« ê¶è¯ àŸ«ë¯lÙ. Englishö˺ (a), (b)õö°Ùæ¨ StatementsÚÛª, (c), (d)õö°Ùæ¨ QuestionsÚÛª ví£ëů-ìÙÞ¥ ê¶è¯ î¦ÚÛu-E-ô¦téÙ (sentence structure)ö˺ ÑÙåªÙC. (sentence structure ÍÙç¶ Ô ÷«å ÷³Ùë]ª, Ô ÷«å êŸô¦yêŸ Íû¶ Í÷ªJÚÛ.) (d)

·ôÙèÁC ÷´èÁC 'Ramesh'ìª, û¦õªÞÁC 'Taj'ìª ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-꟪û¦oô³. Ïö° Sentence M. SURESAN ൛íp Nù£-óŸ«Eo ë¯E 'Subject' ÍÙæ°Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d îµ³ë]æ¨ Sentence Subject Vijayawada, ·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject 'They'ìª,

AP

Statement :

(DE

is

the

Structure ) Subject + Verb

biggest state in south India. Question : Is

Spoken Englishö˺ Grammar

Vocabulary

Supriya : Hi, Suneetha, What a relief! The

Supriya :

entrance tests of all MCA

Sentence-1ö˺

verb 'do speak', Sentence-3, 4

b) The Eenadu was published first from

(ê¦âÉÀ-÷ª-öËÀ ÓÙêŸ ÍÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙC) šíj Sentencesö˺ ví£AD ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ Nù£-óŸ«Eo ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-êÁÙC. îµ³ë]æ¨

Kavita: Not bad. I could have done better.

Suji:

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 12 WûË 2005

AP

the biggest

Verb + Subject

state in South India!

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 1 They, ÷´èÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject Ramesh, û¦õªÞÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject The Taj. Íö°¸Þ ví£A SentenceöËºì« 'Subject'ìª ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp òŰޜ٠ÖÚÛæ¨ ÑÙåªÙ-ë]E Þœ÷ª-EÙචÑÙæ°ô¢ª. šíjì 1st sentenceö˺'.... is on the banks of the Krishna' Î Sentence subject Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ ÞœªJÙ# àµñªêÁÙC.

'She sings well'

Ð Sentenceö˺ 'She' Subject. 'Sings well' Íû¶C Subject She ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp òÅ°ÞœÙ. 'sings well'ö˺ 'sings' ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ sentence ö¶ë]ª. (She well - ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ö¶ë]ª. Sentence ö¶ë]ª). ÍÙç¶ 'She sings well' - Ð sentenceö˺ Subject 'She' êŸô¦yêŸ 'Sings' Íû¶ ÷«å SentenceÚÛª à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åû¶ 'VERB' ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. Subject, Verb êµõªú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù à¦ö°-÷³ÜuÙ. îµ³åd-îµ³ë]å Ï#aì û¦õªÞœª Sentencesö˺ Verbs àŸ«ë¯lÙ.

Statementö˺ Subject ÷³Ùë]ª, Verb êŸô¦yêŸ ÷þ¼hÙC.Questionö˺ DEÚ¨ ÷uA-¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ verb ÷³Ùë]ª subject êŸô¦yêŸ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô³. ÏC English ö˺ à¦ö° ví£ëů-ì-iì ê¶è¯. Statement : The Eenadu was published first

structure :

Subject

+ Verb

from Vizag. Question : Was the Eenadu published first

structure :

Verb + Subject

( Verb)

from Vizag?

Ð Ú¨ÙC

Statements

practice

à¶óŸªÙè….

ìª

quesitons

Statements

a) (Yes), They are students

Þ¥ ÷«Ja

Questions

-----?

b) (Yes), Rani is the leader

-----?

c) (No), I am not happy

-----?

d) (Yes), He was here last night -----? e) (No), She is not hungry ?

-----?

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 14 WûË 2005

÷ªìÙ ôÁW ÷«æ°xè¶ ÎÙÞœxÙ ú£·ôjìë¶ ÍEí‡Ù#û¦, ÚÛ«õÙÚÛù£ÙÞ¥ àŸ«›úh êŸí£±põª ñóŸªåí£è[ê¦ô³. NìoëÁ, ú£·ôjìë]E òÅ°NÙàÁ ú£ÙòÅ°ù£éö˺x Ñí£óµ«Tþ§hÙ. ÚÛ·ôÚ¥d Ú¥ë¯ ÍE Îö˺#Ù# ÷«æ°xè[Ù. Ú¥F ìõªÞœªôÁx ÷«æ°xè¶åí£±pè[ª þ§ëÅ]uiìÙêŸ ÷ªÙ# òÅ°ù£ Í÷ú£ô¢Ù. ÷ªìÚÛª êµLú‡Ùë¶ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd ÍìªÚÛªÙç¶ êµõªú£ªÚÁ÷è¯EÚ¨ íÆ£±öËÀþ§díà í£è…ìç¶d. PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢éÙ Ö¸Ú Í¤Ûô¢Ù ·ôÙè[ª ôyô¢ª øŒò°l-õÚÛª ú£Ù¸Ú-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù. Ñë¯: Car ö˺ c-ÚÛ, centre ö˺ c-ú£ ❐ Ö¸Ú øŒò°l-EÚ¨ ·ôÙè[ª ôyô¢ª ͤÛ-ô¦õª î¦è[è[Ù. Ñë¯: centre - c ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£, sentry - s ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£). ❐ English pronunciation confusion

Óö° í£õ-Ú¥L? English ÷«åö˺x ÓÚÛª\÷ õÙ-ê¦õª. ÍÙç¶ #÷-ô¢-ð»-õªxêÁ ÑÙè¶ øŒò°lõª ÓÚÛª\÷. Pen - šíûËÂ; Book- ñªÚÂ, Watch - î¦àÂ; Phone - ðƼûËÂ; Take - ç¶óÀªÚÂ. Ïö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x #÷J ð»õªxìª ð»õªxÞ¥ í£L-򬐦 ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. šíìªo, ñªÚÛª\, î¦<, ðƼìª, ç¶ÚÛª ÍìÙ. Englishö˺ ÷«æ°x-è¶-åí£±pè[ª ð»õªx #÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ ÷«åõª ð»õªxÞ¥ í£L-Ú¨-ê¶û¶ ÍÙë]Ù.

ÏC ÷³ÜuÙ! ÏÙTxùà ÷«åö˺x #÷J 'r'ìª í£õÚÛÙ. Ñë¯--ô¢é (è¯ÚÛd), car (Ú¥), for (ðƼ), paper (šíóÀªí£). Ô ÷«å #÷ô¢ 'r' Ñû¦o ë¯Eo í£õ-ÚÛ-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷Cö¶þ§hÙ.ÍÚÛ\è['r' silent. Ô ÷«åõ ÷ªëÅ]uö˺ Íô³û¦ a, e, i, o, uõö˺ ë¶E êŸô¦yêŸ 'r' ÷#aû¦ ÍC silent. ë¯Eo í£õÚÛÙ. ë¯E êŸô¦yêŸ a, e, i, o, u, õö˺ Ôëµjû¦ ÷›úh êŸí£p. Ñë¯: form (ðƧÙ); Card (Ú¥èÂ); Fur (íÆ£); sir (ú£), her (); information (ÏûËÂ-íÆ£-óÀª-ù£ûËÂ). Doctor

ÏO Í÷ú£ô¢î¶ª! Oæ¨-êÁ-ð§åª

í£õªÚÛªö˺ R ÞœõxÙ꟪! VERBS Kranthi: Was anything special in the sunday Eenadu?

(ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ‘Ðû¦-è[ª’ö˺ Ôëµjû¦ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛêŸ ÑÙë¯?)

Karuna: Yes. There was the first lesson in Spoken English.

(Í÷±ìª. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà ë]æ¨ ð§ôÈ¢Ù ÑÙC.)

Kranthi: Was anything important in it?

(ÍÙë]ªö˺ Ôiû¦ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛêŸ ÑÙë¯?)

Karuna: Yes. Very important point was there- the difference between the statement structure and question structure.

(Í÷±ìª. à¦ö° ÷³Üu-iì Nù£óŸªÙ... ›údæËÀ-ÙæËÀ ú£ZÚÛa-ôÂÚ¨ Ú•ø˜aûË ú£ZÚÛa-ôÂÚ¨ ê¶è¯ àµð§pô¢ª.)

Kranthi: Is it so important?

(ÍC ÍÙêŸ ÷³Üu÷«?)

Karuna: Very. The statement has the subject first, and the verb next. The question has verb first and the subject next.

(à¦ö°... ›údæËÀ-Ùæ˺x îµ³ë]å ú£òµbÚÛªd êŸô¦yêŸ îµôÂs ÑÙæ°ô³. Ú¥F Ú•ø˜a-ûËÂö˺ ÷³Ùë]ª îµôÂs êŸô¦yêŸ ú£òµbÚÛªd ÑÙæ°ô³.) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! ÏÙë]ªö˺ vÚ¥ÙA-÷Fo ví£øŒoõª. ÚÛô¢ª-é-÷Fo ›údæËÀ-Ùåªx. Ð î¦Ú¥uõª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…... I am here- verb: 'am' You are in class- verb: 'are' My pen is in my pocketverb: 'is'

Conversationö˺

Í÷ú£-ô¢-iì Ú•Eo ÷«åõª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. îµ³ë]å

parts of the human body- øŒKô¢ òÅ°Þ¥õÚÛª

ÏÙTxùÃ àŸ«ë¯lÙ.

šíj

sentencesö˺ 'am', 'is', 'are.

Ñìo Verbs Oæ¨ Íô¢nÙ ‘ÑÙè[è[Ù’ Íû¶ ë¯EÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ìN. Ð Ú¨ÙC êµõªÞœª ví£øŒoõª, Statements Englishö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ÓÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¢ª?

÷«åõª

head, face, eyes, ears, neck, shoulder, hand, legs, fingers ö°Ùæ¨

÷«åõ Íô¦lÄõª ÍÙë]JÚ© êµõªú£ª. thumb (ò˹åì-î¶õª), forefinger (àŸ«í£±-è[ª-î¶õª), middle finger (÷ªëÅ]uî¶õª), ring finger (ÑÙÞœô¢Ù î¶õª), little finger (#æ¨-·Úì î¶õª). toe (Ú¥L-î¶õª), big toe (Ú¥L ò˹å-ì-î¶õª), nail (ÞÁô¢ª), waist (ìè[ªÙ), wrist (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd), arm (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd ìªÙ# òÅ¡ªáÙ ÷ô¢ÚÛª), forearm (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd ìªÙ# à¶ô³ (elbow) ÷ô¢ÚÛª), back arm (elbow ìªÙ# òÅ¡ªáÙ ÷ô¢ÚÛª), buttocks (í‡ô¢ª-ë]ªõª), Knee (ڥõª). Knee ìªÙ# ð§ë]Ù ÷ô¢ÚÛª Ú¥L ÷³Ùë]ô¢ òŰޜ٠shin, Ú¥L-îµ-ìÚÛ òŰޜ٠calf (Ú¥íÆÃ), Ú¥LÚ© ð§ë¯-EÚ¨ ÷ªëÅ]u joint (Ú©õª)– ankle, ð§ë]Ù Íè[ªÞœª–Sole, í‡è…-Ú¨L– fist, Íô¢-à¶ô³– Palm, ÚÛìª-ò˹-÷ªõª– eyebrows, ìªë]ªô¢ª – forehead. cheeks - àµÚ¨\üŒ‰x, pupil - ÚÛÙæ¨-ð§í£, eyelid- ÚÛìª-·ôí£p, nostril÷³ÚÛª\ ô¢ÙvëÅ]Ù, gums - í£Ùæ¨-#-ÞœªüŒ‰x, skull-í£±v·ô, scalp- Våªd Ú¨ÙC êŸõ-šíj-òÅ°ÞœÙ.

English:

Where are you?

2. (Ïí£±pè[ª) û¶ìª Ú¥xú£ªö˺ Ñû¦oìª. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 3. (Ïí£±pè[ª) î¦üŒ‰x ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oô¢ª. ––––--––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 4. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£-ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oô¦? ––––--––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 5. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛª-û¦oô¢ª? ––––--––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 6. (Ïí£±pè[ª) î¦üŒ‰x ÷« àŸªæ°dõª. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Answers:

2. I am in class

5. ÷« êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª ôÁW 10 ìªÙ# 4 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ––––--––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 6. Oªô¢ª ôÁW Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? ––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

3. They are happy 4. Are you happy? 5. Why are you here? 6. They are our relatives

am, is, are Ïí£±pè[ª (now) ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ (present) ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. ÍÙê¶ Ú¥ë]ª– am, is, are regular Þ¥ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-è¯-

7. ٠ڥö¶@ö˺ 10 ìªÙ# 4 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙæ°Ù? ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

EÚ¨ Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª. ÍÙç¶ Ôëµjû¦ ÓÚÛ\èµjû¦ vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ÚÛ«è¯ am, is, are êµõªí£±ê¦ô³. Ú¨ÙC sentencesìª practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Oª Ú¥xú£ª-öµ-í£±pè[ª? (ví£A ôÁW – ÏC regular)

Answers: 2. When is your father at office? 3. His pen is always in his pocket. 4. When are your classes (every day)? 5. Our classes are from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. 6. When are you at college (every day)? 7. We are at college from 10 to 4 (every day)?

When are your classes every day?

ÏÚÛ\è[ 'are' ÓÙë]ªÚÛª î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ? ÏC ví£A ôÁW vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£pE Nù£óŸªÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d. ÷ªSx àŸ«è[Ùè…. 1st show Óí£±pè[ª? 1st show Óí£±pè[« Ö¸Ú çµjîªÚÛª ÑÙåªÙC ÚÛë¯? ÍÙç¶ regularÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d is î¦è[è[Ù ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.

6, 7î¦Ú¥uö˺x every day Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. (are

ÍÙç¶û¶ ÑÙè[è[Ù.)

·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥

VOCABULARY

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é

2

When is the first show?

Oª·ô-í£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª Collegeö˺ (ví£A ôÁV) ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ 'regular' Ú¥ñæ¨d, When are you at college (every day)?

ÏÚÛ\è[ every day ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-ô³û¦ íÆ£ô¢-î¦-ö¶ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ 'are' ÍÙç¶ regularÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d. Íö°¸Þ ‘û¶ìª þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ÏÙæ˺xû¶ ÑÙæ°ìª’ Íìè[Ù Óö°? 'I am at home in the evenings'. Evenings ÍÙç¶ ví£A evening- regular. Ú¥ñæ¨d regular states of being (vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£pÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[è[Ù) àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ am, is, are î¦è[è[Ù ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú¨ English àµí£pÙè…. practice à¶óŸªÙè….

1. Ð çµjîªö˺ Óí£±pè[« Oª·ôÙ-ë]ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°-J-ÚÛ\è[? (Regular ÚÛë¯?)

þ§÷«-ìu-iì Íû¦-ôÁ- M. SURESAN Þ¥uõª, î¦æ¨Ú¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì ÷«åõª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù– 1. áõªñª– Cold. 2. ë]Þœª_ Cough (Ú¥íÆÃ). 3. ꟪÷³t– Sneeze (úˆoâÉÀ– ‘âÉÀ’ sizeö˺ #÷J øŒñlÙö°Þ¥ í£õ-Ú¥L.) 4. <ë]è[Ù– blow the nose. 5. Ú¥¸ô ÷³ÚÛª\ – running nose. 6. ûË•í‡p – ache (ÓóÀªÝËÀ), ò°ëÅ] – pain, suffering; ë¶ï£° òÅ°Þ¥õ ûË•í£±põª: ÚÛè[ª-í£±-ûË•í‡p, êŸõ-ûË•í‡p, ìè[ªÙûË•í‡p Oæ¨Ú¨ Î òÅ°Þ¥õ ›íô¢ª êŸô¦yêŸ 'ache' î¦è[ªê¦Ù.pain î¦è[Ù. stomach ache- stomach pain Ú¥ë]ª. head ache, back ache etc.

áyô¢Ù (fever) ÷à¶aåªx, 'feeling feverish'.

ë]ªô¢ë] itch (ÏàÂ) ÞÁÚÛåÙ scratch (vþ§\àÂ), Þ•Ù꟪ ûË•í‡p – sore throat; ò°ëÅ]êÁ Íô¢-÷è[Ù groan; Î÷±-LÙ-àŸè[Ù yawn, î¦í£± – swelling, ÚÛÙC-ì-î¦í£± – inflammation. Ï÷Fo practice à¶ú‡ ÷«æ°x-è¶-åí£±pè[ª î¦è[Ùè…. û¦ÚÛª êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ ÑÙC. I have a head ache.

÷« Í÷ªtÚÛª áõªñª.

Answer: Why are you here at this time

every day?

2. Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª Îíƈ-ú£ªö˺ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? ––––--––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 3. î¦è… šíûË Óí£±pè[« î¦è… â¶ñªö˺ ÑÙåªÙC. ––––--––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 4. ôÁW Oª êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Óí£±pè[ª? ––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

÷#a-ìåªx 'feel' Íô³ê¶

My mother has a cold. practice

Ïö°Ù-æ¨N ÷ªJÚ•Eo

à¶óŸªÙè….

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

ÏÙTxùà Consonant ending øŒò°lõª ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ Ñìo òÅ°ù£. ÍÙç¶ ð»õªxõª #÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ øŒò°lõª ÓÚÛª\÷. #÷ô¢ ð»õªxõìª ð»õªx-õª-Þ¥û¶ í£õ-Ú¥L. Ñë¯: book, ñªÚÂ, ñªÚÛª\ Ú¥ë]ª. šíûËÂ, šíìªo Ú¥ë]ª. Tub - åòËÀ, åñªs Ú¥ë]ª. Hotel- É˹ç¶öËÀ (‘綒 ûË•ÚÛ\Ùè…). magOªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! azine- Ïö° #÷ô¢ 'ine', 'ile' ÑÙç¶ þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª ÐûËÂ, ÐöËÀö° í£õ-Ú¥L. Magazine þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, ޜ-@ûË (@, ÏÚÛ\è[ easyö˺ #÷J øŒñlÙþ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82 ö°Ù-æ¨C) Automobile- Îæ˹-îµ³-HöËÀ, #ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa. intestine (›íÞœª) ÏÙçµ-ú‡dûË etc. email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 16 WûË 2005

Ô í£ë]Ù ÓÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª Óö° í£õÚ¥ö˺ Íö° í£LÚ¨ê¶û¶ òÅ°ù£ þ»Þœú£ªÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC. êµLúˆ êµLóŸªE ví£óµ«Þ¥õª Óë]ªæ¨ î¦JE Íóµ«÷ªóŸªÙö˺ڨ ûµç¶dóŸª÷àŸªa ö¶ë¯ Nú£ªÞœª ÚÛLTÙàŸ÷àŸªa. ÷«êŸ'òÅ°ù£ Ñà¦aô¢éêÁû¶ ÎÙÞ¥xEo í£õÚÛè[Ù ÚÛ«è¯ Ú•ÙêŸ ÚÛ'êŸÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC. ÍÙë]ª¸Ú ÷ªìÙ û¶ô¢ªaÚÛªû¶ òÅ°ù£ö˺E ú£ï£°áiì í£ë]lÄ꟪õìª Íìªú£JÙàŸè[Ù Í÷ú£ô¢Ù.

the- ÓÚÛ\è[ ‘C’, Óí£±pè[ª ‘ë]’? WAS, WERE Ram:

Were you there yesterday?

(Eìo ìª÷±y ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oî¦?)

Raghav: I was there, of course.

(Í÷±ìª ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª)

Ram:

When were you there?

(Óí£±p-è[ª-û¦oîËÂ?)

Raghav: I was there exactly at 6 when the function began.

(ú£JÞ¥_ íÆ£ÙÚÛ{ûË ë]-öµjì 6 ÞœÙå-õÚÛª ÍÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦oìª)

Ram:

Who else was there yesterday?

(Eìo ÏÙÚ¥ Ó÷-ô¢ª-û¦oô¢ª?)

Raghav: Anil, and Sunil were also there.

(ÍEöËÀ, ú£ªFöËÀ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¢ª) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ram, Raghav Eìo ÍÙç¶ ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo was, wereö˺ àµí£±p-ÚÛªû¦oô¢ª. English ö˺ çµjÙìªñæ¨d Verb forms ÷«ô¢ªêŸ« ÑÙæ°ô³. Ïí£±pè[ª, Óí£±pè[ª, êŸô¢-àŸªÞ¥ ÑÙè[è¯Eo am, is, areö˺ àµñªê¦Ù. Íö°¸Þ ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ñìo î¦æ¨E Óí£±pè[« was, wereõö˺ àµñªê¦Ù. was- singular were- plural 1.

Ïí£±pè[ª û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª.

I am here 2.

Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª.

I was here yesterday 3. Oªô¢ª Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¦? ÏC Question. Ú¥ñæ¨d verb ÷³Ùë]ª ô¦î¦L Were you here yesterday? 4. Eìo î¦èµ-ÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oè[ª? (Question) Where was he yesterday? 5. òÅ°ô¢-êŸ-ë¶øŒÙ vGæ¨ùà ð§õ-ìö˺ ÑÙè¶C. India was under British rule. 6. 1947 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªì ð§õ-ÚÛªõª (rulers) Ó÷ô¢ª? Who were our rulers till 1947?

ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ çµjîª êµLóŸª-⶛ú ÷«åõª ÍÙç¶ ê¶D, ú£Ù÷êŸqô¢Ù, ûµõ, çµjîª Óí£±pè[« sentence #÷ô¢û¶

ÑÙè¯L. Eìo ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙë]ªÚÛªû¦o÷±?

7.

Why were you here yesterday?

8.

÷« ›úo-꟪è[ª ÞœêŸ ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª. My friend was here last Sunday. Ú¥ñæ¨d ÞœêŸÙ (past)ö˺ ÑÙè¶ Nù£-óŸ«õìª Óí£±pè[« was, wereõö˺ àµñªê¦Ù.

Ú¨ÙC

sentencesìª englishö˺ practice

à¶óŸªÙè…. Eìo ÏÙæ˺x Ñû¦oô¦? 2. Pranav: Í÷±ìª, ÏÙæ˺xû¶ Ñû¦oìª. 3. Praveen: Oª Íìo ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙæ˺xû¶ Ñû¦oè¯? 4. Pranav: ö¶è[ª. 5. Praveen: Eìo Oªô¢ª ÓÚÛ\è[ª-û¦oô¢ª? 6. Pranav: û¶ìª Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ Ñû¦oìª. 1. Praveen: Oªô¢ª

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é

3

7. Praveen: ví£A

ôÁW Ð çµjîªö˺ Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ ÑÙæ°ô¦? (Regular) 8. Pranav: Í÷±ìª. 9. Praveen: Oªô¢ª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÏÙæ˺x Óí£±p-è[ªÙæ°ô¢ª? 10. Pranav: þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ÏÙæ˺xû¶ ÑÙæ°ìª. Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷«vêŸÙ ÏÙæ˺x ö¶ìª. 11. Praveen: ÷ª·ô-ÚÛ\è[û¦oô¢ª? 12. Pranav: Oªæ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺ Answers: 1. Were you at home yesterday? 2. Yes, I was at home. 3. Was your brother too/also at home? 4. No, he was not at home. (ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ No, he wasn't. ÍE Λí-þ§hô¢ª) (wasn't = was not) 5. Where were you?

ví£øŒo: Had, would ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ short forms Íô³ì I had/would - I'd ÕèÂ. We had/would -We'd OèÂ, Ö¸Úö° Ñû¦oô³. I'd ö¶ë¯ We'd ìª àŸ«ú‡ ú£òµbÚÛªd êŸô¦yêŸ had ÑÙë¯, would ÑÙë¯ Óö° êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L? – ë¶÷ìx ÍEêŸ, ìª-÷ª-Ú•Ùè[ áî¦ñª: 'd ìª Oªô¢-ìoåªx had ÚÛª î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. êŸô¦yêŸ ing form ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª, Oæ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'd Óí£±pè[« had Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Do, go, come ö°Ùæ¨ would ÚÛ« î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. Íô³ê¶ ÓÚÛ\è[ had ÓÚÛ\è[ verb forms ÷³Ùë]ª, be + ing ÷³Ùë]ª 'd Óí£±pè[« would Íû¶C ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d ÷«vêŸî¶ª êµõªq-ÚÁwould Í÷±-꟪ÙC. ÞœõÙ. A) He'd gone before I saw him. ÏÚÛ\è[ He'd = He had ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ 'gone' ö°Ùæ¨ past participles ÷³Ùë]ª would Óí£±pè[« ô¦ë]ª. had ÷«vêŸî¶ª

÷ú£ªhÙC.

B) I thought he'd do it. ÏÚÛ\è[ 'd êŸô¢-î¦êŸ past participle ö¶ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d would Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ÖÚÛ Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªh-šíåªd-ÚÁ-î¦L. Past participles ÷³Ùë]ª, 'been'

Example: They'd done it. (done past participle Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = had) They'd been doing it. (ÏÚÛ\è[ been + ing ÷³Ùë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = had). She'd marry him. 'd êŸô¦yêŸ marry ÍE ÷#aÙC Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = would She'd be going. ÏÚÛ\è[ be + ing form ÷³Ùë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = would. Have been + ing ÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛ«è¯ 'd = would.

6. I was at College. 7. Are you at college at this time every day? 8. Yes, I am (at college... every day - conversationö˺ Ð òŰޜ٠÷C-ö¶-óŸª-÷àŸªa.) 9. When are you at home usually? (÷«÷´õªÞ¥ Ú¥ñæ¨d 'are') 10. I am at home in the evenings (Regular, therefore, am) but I was not (wasn't) at home last evening. (Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ, Eìo ô¦vA – last evening, last night). 11. Where else were you? (Eìo Ú¥ñæ¨d) 12. I was at a meeting. ➠ Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£éìª Oªô¢ª, Oª friendêÁÞ¥F, Oª ÏÙæ˺x Ó÷-J-êÁ-Þ¥F practice à¶óŸªÙè…. ➠ îµ³ë]å

Oªô¢ª practice à¶ú‡ êŸô¦yê¶ answers àŸ«ú£ªÚÁÙè…. ➠ Ïí£±pè[ª àŸ«ø‹ô¦? ÖÚÛ\ am, is, are, was, wereõêÁû¶ ÓÙêŸ English ÷«æ°x-è[-÷àÁa? PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ pure ÓÚÛ\èµjû¦ 'a' ͤÛô¢Ù–

sounds

ö¶÷Ù-æ°ô¢ª. ÍÙç¶

➠ bake, cake, case, date, face, game, hate, lane ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª ë¯Eo ‘ÓóÀª’Þ¥

í£õ-Ú¥L.

M. SURESAN

bake- òµóÀªÚ cake- ·ÚóÀªÚ case- ·ÚóÀªúà face- šíÆóÀªúà game- ·ÞóÀªîª hate- šï°óÀªæËÀ lane- öµóÀªûË date- èµóÀªæËÀ (I hate you-

ÍóÀª šï°óÀªæËÀ óŸ´). Íö°¸Þ NªÞœê¦ ÷«å-õö˺ Ú۫诖 tale, tail pronunciation ÖÚÛ\ç¶ – çµóÀªöËÀ. ➠ Óí£±pè[ª 'a', Óí£±pè[ª 'an' Íû¶C šíë]l ví£ø™o. 'a, e, i o, uõêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Íó¶ªu ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª, 'an' ÍE, NªÞœê¦ î¦æ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' ÍE ÍÙåªÙæ°ô¢ª. Ú¥F ÍC Óí£±pè[« ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. a university, a European ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù. Íë¶ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. 'the' E ‘C’ ÍE Óí£±pè[ª, ‘ë]’ ÍE Óí£±pè[ª í£õ-Ú¥L? Í, Î, Ï, Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Õ, Ö, ×, Ø– Ð êµõªÞœª øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Íó¶ªu English ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª 'an' î¦è¯L. Ð øŒò°lõ ÷³Ùë]ª ÷à¶a 'the'E ‘C’Þ¥ í£õÚ¥L. NªÞœê¦ øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡÷ªó¶ªu ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' î¦è¯L. Íö°¸Þ 'the'E ‘ë]’Þ¥ í£õÚ¥L. a University (‘óŸ´’êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d 'a') an example (‘Ó’êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù, Ú¥ñæ¨d 'an') the egg (ÏÚÛ\è[ ‘C’, egg, 'a'êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d) the tree (‘ë]’ væ©. ÏÚÛ\è[ ‘Í’ ìªÙ# ‘Ø’ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙè¶ øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ö¶ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d). ➠ Communications/informationÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Ð ÷«åõª àŸ«è[Ùè….

ðƼûË à¶óŸªè[Ù– phone, ringup, give a ring, call- Oå-Eo-æ¨ö˺ Ïí£±pè[ª ò°Þ¥ î¦è[ª-ÚÛö˺ Ñìo ÷«å, 'call', phone to a person, phone a person í£²JhÞ¥ ð§êŸ-ñ-è…-ð¼-óŸ«ô³. ring up, give a ring ÏÙÚ¥ î¦è[ª-ÚÛö˺ Ñû¦oô³. 1) Oªô¢ª û¦ÚÁ-þ§J ðƼûË à¶óŸªÙè…. Please call me. Please give me a ring. Please ring me up.

êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ à¶þ§hìª.

I will certainly call you. Sure, I will call you.

÷ªSx OªÚÛª ðƼûË à¶þ§hìª.

I will get back to you.

2)

û¦Ú¥ Nù£óŸªÙ ϖ-ô³öËÀ à¶óŸªÙè…. Please mail me the matter. Please mail the matter to me at [email protected]

3)

Ú•JóŸªô ë¯yô¦ í£Ùí£Ùè….

4)

÷«÷´õª ð¼úÃd ë¯yô¦ í£Ùí£Ùè….

Send it by courier.

Post it. Send it by ordinary post. Sent it by snail mail. 'snail mail' ÍÙç¶ ìêŸh-ö°Þ¥ à¦ö° îµü™x post ÍE Íô¢nÙ.

Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥

÷ªJEo ÷«åõª!

chew (àŸ«u) - ì÷ªõè[Ù swallow (þ§yö˺)- NªÙÞœè[Ù swallow in a gulp - ÖÚÛ ÞœªÚÛ\ö˺ NªÙÞœåÙ trim (væ¨îª)(mustache, beard) - (Oªú£Ù, Þœè[fÙ) ÚÛAh-JÙ# ú£Jà¶óŸªè[Ù clench (·ÚxûËÂàÂ)- GTÙ-àŸåÙ (í‡è…-Ú¨L – fist) injure (ÏûËÂáôÂ) - Þ¥óŸªí£è[è[Ù injury (ÏûËÂáK)- Þ¥óŸªÙ twist (æ¨yúÃd)the arm - à¶ô³ L-A-í£pè[Ù snap the fingers - #æ¨ÚÛ î¶óŸªè[Ù shatter (›ùåôÂ)- ñë]lõª Ú•ådè[Ù swelling (šúyLÙÞÂ)- î¦í£± inflammation (ÏûËÂíÆ£xóÀªî¶ªù£ûËÂ)- ÚÛÙCì î¦í£± fracture(vðƧÚÛa)- Ó÷³ÚÛ Nô¢-Þœè[Ù sprain(všúpóÀªûËÂ)- òµéªÚÛª itch(ÏàÂ)- ë]ªô¢ë], scratch(vþ§\àÂ)- ÞÁÚÛè[Ù abscess (ÎòËÀšúúÃ)- ÚÛªô¢ªí£± (<÷³êÁ) boil (ò°óÀªöËÀ)- Þœè[f pimple (í‡ÙíÃöËÀ)- îµ³æ¨÷ª scar (þ§\)- Þ¥óŸªÙ ÷õx ÷ªàŸa pus (í£úÃ)- <÷³ blister (Gxú£d)-í£±Ùè[ª ÷ªSx Verbs: ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ, Óí£±pè[« ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN– am, is, are. ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN– was, were. òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN– shall be, will be

¸ôí£± û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª. I shall be/will be there tomorrow.

٠ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°-ÞÂö˺ ÑÙæ°Ù.

We shall be/we will be in Vizag on Sunday.

ÍêŸè…E àŸ«è[è[Ù û¦ÚÛª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£î¶ª. I shall be happy to see him.

¸ôí£± ÍêŸìª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª.

He will be here tomorrow.

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, #ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.

þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82

email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 18 WûË 2005

êµõªÞœª î¦ÚÛu Eô¦té°Eo óŸªëǯêŸëÇ]ÙÞ¥ Íìyô³ú£«h ÎÙÞœxÙ ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù þ§ëÅ]uÙ Ú¥ë]ª. ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ î¦uÚÛô¢é°õ« í£²JhÞ¥ î¶ô¢ªî¶ô¢ª. ·ôÙè[ª òÅ°ù£õÚÛ« ÷ª¾LÚÛÙÞ¥ Ñìo ê¶è¯õª êµõªú£ªÚÛªÙç¶ êµõªÞœªêÁ ú£÷«ìÙÞ¥ ÏÙTxùÃE ú£ÙòÅ°ù‡ÙàŸè[Ù šíë]l ÚÛù£diì í£E ÚÛ«è¯ Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÙë]ªö˺ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ú¥õÙ ÞœªJÙ# àŸ«›úh ÎÙÞœxÙö˺ Ú¥ö°EÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ#ì í£ë¯õª #÷ô¢o ÷þ§hô³.

î¦ÚÛuÙ #÷¸ô Ú¥õÙ!

SHALL BE, WILL BE Kiran: Will you be here tomorrow?

¸ôí£± ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙåª-û¦oî¦?

Kranthi: What for?

ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?

Kiran:

All our friends will be here tomorrow. Will you not be (won't you be).

÷ªì ›úo-꟪-õÙ-ë]ô¢« ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-åªû¦oô¢ª. ÷ªJ ìª÷±yÙ-è[î¦?

3. Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ¸ôí£± Oª ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙ-åªÙë¯? 4. û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[ìª. 5. ÷ªÙ-ë]ô¢Ù ¸ôí£± šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ ÑÙæ°Ù. 6. Ð î¶è… ÏÙÚ¥ ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÙ-åªÙC. 7. í£C ENª-ÿ§-õÚÛª û¶ìª CÇó¶ª-å-ôÂö˺ ÑÙæ°ìª. 8. F êŸô¦yA àŸô¢u ÔNªæ¨?(next step) 9. ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ Ó÷ô¢« ÑÙè[ô¢ª. 10. Î ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›ú-í£±Ù-åªÙC?

Kranti: I shall be very happy to be with all of you. What will be the programme?

Oª ÍÙë]-J-êÁì« ÑÙè[è[Ù û¦ÚÛ« ú£ÙêÁù£î¶ª. vð¼vÞ¥îª ÔÙæ¨?

Kiran: Let's decide when we meet.

÷ªìÙ ÚÛL-ø‹ÚÛ Eô¢g-ô³ë¯lÙ. Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! ¸ôí£± ÑÙè¶ Nù£óŸ«Eo ÞœªJÙ# ÷«æ°x-è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª. will be, shall be î¦è¯ô¢ª ÚÛë¯!

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é

4

Answers:

1. He can be here in five minutes.

1. When will he be here? 2. How long will you be in Hyderabad? 3. Will the book be with you tomorrow? 4. I shall not be here for long?

2. She could be the Prime Minister.

I shall be there tomorrow.

(¸ôí£± û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª.)

She is a player. She plays.

He will be a graduate soon.

(êŸyô¢ö˺ ÍêŸè[ª vÞ¥è[ªu-ó¶ªæËÀ Í÷±-ê¦è[ª.) The train will be here in five minutes.

(ÏÙÚÁ Íô³ë]ª ENªÿ§ö˺x ·ôjõª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷ú£ªhÙC.)

shall be, will be

ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù

was an actor. 8. If it is comfortable here, I can be here for as long as possible. 9. It was very cool yesterday. Yesterday was very cool. 10. How long can you be here?

'Be' forms (ÍÙç¶ am, is, are, was, were, shall be, should be ö˺ 'be' #÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ í£ë¯õª, 'been' #÷ô¢ ÷à¶aN – have been, has been, had been, should have been ö°Ùæ¨N) ÑÙè[è[Ù Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷à¶a Verbs. ÏN Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ í£EE êµL›í ÷«åõª ÚÛ«è¯ Verbs. Ú¨Ùë] A ö˺ Ï#aì î¦æ¨E B

ö˺ Ï#aì î¦æ¨êÁ ð¼õaÙè….

A I am a teacher (Ñû¦oìª). She is a player (playerÞ¥ They are singers. B I teach (à¶þ§hìª). She plays (Îè[ªêŸªÙC). They sing (ð§è[-ê¦ô¢ª).

ÓÙêŸ-›úí£±

ÍÙç¶ òÅ¡N(A future

state of being)

êµõª-ÞœªÚÛª ÷uA-¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ 'Time words' ÍÙç¶ Ú¥ö°Eo êµLóŸª-⶛ú ÷«åõª Englishö˺ sentence #÷ô¢ ÑÙæ°ô³. eg: He will be here tomorrow. They were here yesterday. The meeting will begin at 6 this evening. Order: time, day, date, month, year eg: The meeting will be at 6 PM (Time) on Monday (day), the 28th (date) May (month) 2005 (year)

ÏC Englishö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. (÷ªSx Question order Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…–

Vb+Sub/1st Word of the Verb+Sub+the other words of the verb.)

Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E Englishö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1. ÍêŸìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°è[ª? 2. Oªô¢ª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ ÓEo-ôÁ-V-õªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!

5. We shall all be in Hyderabad tomorrow. 6. It will be hot for another two days. 7. I will be in the theatre in another 10 minutes. 8. What will be your next step? 9. Nobody will be here tomorrow. 10. How long will she be here?

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, #ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.

þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82

email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

VOCABULARY

ð§vꟖ dish (è…ùÃ), bowl (ò®öËÀ) ÏÙæ˺x ð§vêŸõª – Vessels (îµú£öËÀq), utensils (óŸ³çµ-EqöËÀq) àµÙñª – ewer (óŸ´îËÂ)

ÑÙC).

ÍêŸè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ Íô³ë]ª ENª-ÿ§ö˺x ÑÙè[-Þœ-õè[ª. Î ví£ëů-EÞ¥ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-TÙC.

3. She may be there now.

Î Ïí£±è[ª ÍÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[÷àŸªa (ÑÙë¶îµ«?).

ví£øŒo:

4. They might be happy.

ìª÷±y Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L.

ô¢N Ñë]óŸªÙ 10 ìªÙ# þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ 5 ÷ô¢ÚÛª Îíƈú£ªö˺ ÑÙè¯L. ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Ð 'be' forms (ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµL›í 'verb- M. SURESAN s'ìª àŸ«ø‹Ù. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª ÏÙTxùÃö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1. ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± ÑÙè[-Þœ-õ÷±? 2. Eìo î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª Ñû¦oô¢ª? 3. ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\è[ Ú•ÙêŸ ÏñsÙC ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa. 4. Ú¥ú£h ×ô¢ªpêÁ ÑÙè[-ö¶î¦? 5. ÍÚÛ\è[ ٠ÓEoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÑÙè¯L? 6. ÍêŸè[ª Eìoû¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-Þ¥è[ª. 7. ÓûËÂ.æ¨. ô¦÷«-ô¦÷± ÷³Üu-÷ªÙ-vAÞ¥ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-Þ¥ô¢ª ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ ÎóŸªì ìåªè[ª Ú¥ñæ¨d. 8. ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£ªÜÙÞ¥ ÑÙç¶, û¶ìª ÓÙꟛúšíjû¦ ÑÙè[-Þœõìª. 9. Eìo à¦ö° àŸõxÞ¥ ÑÙC. 10. Oªô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± ÑÙè[÷àŸªa?

Answers:

ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£±– How long? ÓÙêŸ ë]«ô¢Ù – How far? ÓEo-þ§ô¢ªx – How often? 1. How long can you be here? 2. When could they be here yesterday? 3. There may be some trouble there tomorrow. 4. Can't you be patient? (Can you not = Can't you) 5. When should we be there? 6. He could be here yesterday itself

(Eìoû¶).

The machine is out of service. The machine has out of service.

šíj î¦æ¨ö˺ ú£·ôjìC ÔC? î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ has ÷›úh Íô¢nÙ Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙC? has ô¦ÚÛð¼ê¶ Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙC?

î¦üŒ‰x ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙè… ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa (ÞœêŸÙö˺).

5. You should be here at 10 a.m.

India won the match. India has won the match. Ïö° has à¶J›úh Íô¢nÙ Óö°

6. Ravi must be in office from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.

How long will you be here?

(ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°÷±?)

Þ¥xú£ª – tumbler (åîªñx) ÷´êŸ – lid (LèÂ) šíìÙ– pan (ð§ûËÂ) ÞœÙÞ¥üŒÙ – cauldron (Ú¥öËÀ-vè[ûËÂ) ÷ªJ-TÙ-àŸè[Ù– boil (ò˺óÀªöËÀ) î¶í£±è[ª– fry (wšíÆj) Ú¥õaè[Ù (Aû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª) = bake (òµóÀªÚÂ) Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÙÚ¥ Ú•Eo 'be' forms (ÍÙç¶ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµL›í Verbs): can be - ÑÙè[ÞœõÞœè[Ù (Ïí£±pè[ª, òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺) could be - ÑÙè[ޜޜõè[Ù (ÞœêŸÙö˺) may be - ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa (Ïí£±pè[ª, òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺) might be - ÑÙè[÷àŸªa (ÞœêŸÙö˺) should be, must be = ÑÙè¯L

7. NT Ramarao could be the CM because he

÷ú£ªhÙC. B›ú›úh Óö°Ùæ¨ Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC? – Îó¶ªÿ§, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂ

áî¦ñª :

The machine is out of service. Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙ correct. The machine has out of service Íû¶C English Ú¥ë]ª. Has êŸô¢-î¦êŸ Óí£±pè[ª out ö°Ùæ¨ prepositions

ô¦÷±.

India won the match. Ð ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ ú£JÚ¥ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ ·ÞL-#ì ôÁVÞ¥F, ê¶DÞ¥F ൛íp-åxô³ê¶ won correct. India won the match last week. ÏC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ last week ÍE çµjîª àµñª-꟪û¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d. India ·ÞL-#Ùë]E, Óí£±pè[ª ·ÞL-#ÙëÁ çµjîª àµí£pÚÛªÙè¯ ÷C-ö¶›úh India has won the match Íû¶C correct. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. A. He has gone out.

Óí£±pè[ª îµRxÙD çµjîª àµí£p-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d

has + past participle correct. B. He went out this morning.

ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸª-æ¨Ú¨ îµRxÙD, this morning ÍE çµjîª àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ. Ú¥ñæ¨d past

simple tense correct. C. She has bought a car. has + past participle (çµjîª

Ú¥ñæ¨d).

àµí£pè[Ù ö¶ë]ª

D. She bought it yesterday. (bought - past simple- yesterday

çµjîª àµñª-꟪û¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d).

ÍE

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 20 WûË 2005

í£ë¯õ î¦è[ªÚÛö˺ ú£ªEoêŸîµªiì ê¶è¯ êµLóŸªÚÛ ð¼÷è[Ù ÷õx ÖÚÁ\þ§J ÷ªì ú£ÙòÅ°ù£é Íô¢nÙ ÷«¸ô ví£÷«ë]Ù ÑÙC. DEÚ¨ ÷«êŸ'òÅ°ù£ ví£òÅ°÷Ù ÚÛ«è¯ Ú¥ô¢éÙ Ú¥÷àŸªa. Ö¸Ú í£ë¯Eo ÖÚÁ\àÁå ÖÚÁ\ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ î¦è¯Lq ÑÙåªÙC. ÔC ÓÚÛ\è[ Óö° ví£óµ«TÙà¦ö˺ êµõªú£ªÚÛªÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ ÷«æ°xè¶ òÅ°ù£ Óë]ªæ¨î¦JE ÎÚÛåªdÚÛªÙåªÙC. 5) A cricketer (He/She) plays cricket Cricketers (They) play cricket

Ð ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙè¶ verbs, vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÍÙç¶ regular actionsÚÛª. Óí£±pè[« áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Oæ¨E Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ. I go to college at 10 AM (ví£A-ôÁW) My mother cooks for me (Óí£±pè[«) Ïö° Oªô¢ª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo sentences ô¦óŸªÙè…. ÷ªS} ÖÚÛ\-þ§J àŸ«è[Ùè…:

Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶ Ú¥F...! Ram:

Where is your brother?

Oª þ¼ë]-ô¢ªè[ª ÓÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª?

Raghav: He is watching the t.v. at home

ÍêŸìª ÏÙæ˺x æ©O àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª.

Ram:

ÞœªÙå«-ô¢ªÚÛª. Ð Nù£óŸªÙö˺ ÷ªìÙ ÏÙTxùÃö˺ ÷«æ°x-è¶-å-í£±pè[ª â°vÞœ-êŸh-í£-è¯L. Ú¨ÙC verbs ×þ§J àŸ«è[Ùè….

to Guntur -

A come go write take

Where does he study?

ÍêŸìª ÓÚÛ\è[ àŸë]ª÷±êŸªû¦oè[ª?

Raghav: He is a student of Learn well school

ÍêŸìª öµôÂo-îµöËÀ ú£«\öËÀ Në¯uJn

Ram:

Which class is he in?

B comes goes writes takes

ÍêŸìª ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ÓûËÁo êŸô¢-ÞœA àŸë]ª-÷±êŸª-û¦oè[ª?

Raghav: He is doing the 8th class

ÓE-NªëÁ êŸô¢-ÞœA àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oè[ª.

Ram:

What games does he play?

ÍêŸìª Ôó¶ª Îåõª Îè[-ê¦è[ª?

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é

5

Raghav: He plays cricket and hockey.

vÚ¨·ÚæËÀ, ک Îè[-ê¦è[ª. šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éìª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. verb ÍEo àÁæ°x ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñª-꟪ÙC.

is is watching, does study ( = studies), is doing, (does play = plays) plays (actions) Verbs.

Ï÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ à¶êŸ-õìª

êµL›í

sing teach speak

sings teaches speaks

Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú©, Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú© Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶. Ú¥F êÁ Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ.

A B I, We, You, They A

2) A doctor --- patients Doctors --- patients (treat) 3) A lawyer --- cases Lawyers --- cases (argue) 4) Pens --A pen --- (Write) 5) A cricketer --- cricket Cricketers --- cricket (Play) Answers: 1) Wrist watches (They) show the time M. SURESAN A Wrist Watch (It) shows the time 2) A doctor (He/She) treats patients Doctors (They) treat patients 3) A lawyer (He/She) argues cases Lawyers (They) argue cases 4) Pens (They) write A pen (It) writes

(æ©àŸô ڥxúÃö˺ ÑÙC)

He was on the playground. (Play ground

ö˺ Ñû¦oè[ª ÞœêŸÙö˺)

The teacher is teaching (Verb)

(ò˺CÅ-þ¼hÙC)

have í£ÚÛ\ì had ìª ÖÚÛ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ Ñí£-óµ«TÙ-àŸ-÷à¦a? Íö° ô¦›úh Î î¦ÚÛuÙ Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨? ÍC Ô tense Í÷±-꟪ÙC? Íö°¸Þ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ had êŸô¦yêŸ í£ÚÛ\û¶ ÷ªSx had ÷ú£ªhÙë¯? ë¯E Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨? – êŸêŸhJ ô¢î¶ªøÉÂ, ìt-Ú•Ùè[ áî¦ñª: 'have' í£ÚÛ\ì 'had'___ have had_ ÏC

He was playing

ví£øŒo: êµL›í

Verbs. A

Ú¨ÙC verbs ÑÙè[-æ°Eo êµõª-í£±-ê¦ô³. Ð à¶êŸõìª àµ›íp verbs, action words.

present perfect tense of have. present perfect verbform: have/has + past participle (pp); eg: have seen, have gone etc.

ö˺

êÁ Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E î¦è[ê¦Ù.

He, she, it B I/We/You/Andhras (they) speak Telugu My father (he) My Mother (she) speaks Telugu The book is on the table. This class (it) I/We/you/these trains (they) go there on 'table' My mother (she) My friend (he/she) goes there every day from school This train at home Fans (they) give air In the bag A Fan (it) gives air Dogs (they) bark A dog (it) barks practice þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª (Brackets verb þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, 1) Wrist watches --- the time þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82 A Wrist watch --- the time (show) #ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.

êµõª-ÞœªÚÛ«, ÚÛ« Ñìo ê¶è¯ ÏÙÚÁæ¨ Þœ÷ªEÙ-àŸÙè…. Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ç¶ñªöËÀ Oªë] ÑÙC

÷ªìÙ, ‘Oªë]’ ç¶ñªöËÀ êŸô¦yêŸ î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Oªë] Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ, ÷³Ùë]ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÍEo Nù£-óŸ«-õöËºì« ÍÙê¶. ú£«\õª ìªÙ# ÏÙæ¨ö˺ ú£Ù#ö˺

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!

email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

(Ïí£±pè[ª Ú¥xúÃö˺ Ñû¦oìª)

My friend (he/she) is in the next room friend,

(÷« –Ïí£±pè[ª)

í£ÚÛ\ ÞœCö˺ Ñû¦o-è[ª/-ÑÙC

î¦üŒ‰x) are at home (ÏÙæ˺x Ñû¦oô¢ª– Ïí£±pè[ª) Ú¥ñæ¨d am, is, are ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[åÙ My parents (they-

II. I was/he was here yesterday.

(ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦o쪖 Ñû¦oè[ª – Eìo)

My friends were in Hyderabad last week

(û¦ ›úo-꟪õª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ Ñû¦oô¢ª, ÞœêŸî¦ô¢Ù) -was, were, ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ III. Shall be/will be- future (òÅ¡N-ù£u-êÂö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ) 1. India will be a great country by 2010

(2010 ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-EÚ¨ òÅ°ô¢ê ޕí£p ë¶øŒÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC)

They have had two cups of coffee so far.

B

eg: go, come, eat, talk, run, sleep, read, dance. 1. The boys are playing 2. The girl is reading 3. These students talk in class 4. The cheetah runs fast 5. A dog barks English

I. I am in class

(÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÍEöËÀ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª)

The girl is reading

The teacher is in class.

(Actions)

ÏÚÛ\è[ am, is, are ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[åÙ, Óí£±pè[« ÑÙè[åÙ. Íö°¸Þ was, were- ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ; shall be / will be futureö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ

2. Anil will be here next week

A

(Îè[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª ÞœêŸÙö˺) B Ú¨Ùë] verbs ÍFo à¶êŸõìª

(I) am; (he, she, it) is; they (are).

}

}

ÏN Oªô¢ª í£²Jh-à¶ú£«h ö˺ Ñìo

à¶óŸªÙè… êÁ í£²Jh à¶óŸªÙè…)

÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ êµL-›íC Ïí£p-æ¨÷-ô¢ÚÛª áJ-Tì í£E. DEÚ¨ for the past, for the last, since ÷þ§hô³.

Present perfect tense

a) I have studied (have+ pp of study) here for the past two years-

·ôÙè¶üŒ‰x àŸC-î¦ìª.

û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª

b) He has worked (has + pp of work) here since 2004 = 2004

ìªÙ# Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª

ÎóŸªì ÏÚÛ\è[ í£E-à¶-ø‹è[ª. Ïí£±pè[ª û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª ÑÙC ÍE àµð§põÙ綖 I have a car ÍÙæ°Ù. ·ôÙè¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ û¦ÚÛª Ð Ú¥ô¢ª ÑÙC ÍE Íû¦õÙç¶, 'have' ÚÛª present perfect tense, ÍÙç¶ have + past participle of have (=had) î¦è¯L ÚÛë¯! Íí£±p-è¶-÷ªÙæ°Ù? I have had this car for the past two years have + had (pp of 'have'_ She has had (has + pp of 'have') this job for the last one year.

ÍÙæ°Ù. Ñû¦oìª) ÍE.

(ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¢ÙÞ¥ ÎN-è[Ú© ÑëÁuޜ٠ÑÙC)

ÚÛLT

(Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛ« ·ôÙè[ª ÚÛí£±põ Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þ¥ô¢ª) Present perfect tense ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£E, Óí£±pè[ª (Ô ôÁV, Ô ê¶D, Ô çµjÙ) áJ-TÙD àµí£p-ÚÛð¼ê¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. I have had my lunch. (û¦ òÅ˺áìÙ Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC) ★ had had- ÏC past perfect tense of 'have'. Past perfect ö˺ verb form: had + past participle Past perfect

÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ êµL-›íC: ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì ·ôÙè[ª í£ìªö˺x îµ³ë]-æ¨-í£-EE. He told me that he had passed (had + pp of pass)

ð§ú£-óŸ«u-ìE û¦êÁ àµð§pè[ª. Í÷åÙ, àµí£påÙ, ·ôÙè[« ÞœêŸÙö˺ í£ìªö¶. Í÷åÙ ÷³Ùë]ª, àµí£påÙ êŸô¦yêŸ. ÷³Ùë]ª, Í÷åÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d had passed ÍE past perî¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•ìÚÛ ÷³Ùë]ª ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ ú£«\åô ÑÙè¶C. ÏÚÛ\è[ ·ôÙè[« past actions. ú£«\åô ÑÙè[åÙ ÷³Ùë]J past action. ‘ú£«\åô ÑÙè[åÙ’ ÍÙç¶ 'have a scooter.' Ú¥ñæ¨d past perfect of have = pass pass 'pass' fect

had + past partciple of have (=had) = had had. He had had a scooter before he bought the car.

(Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¶ ÷³Ùë]ª, ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ ú£«\åô ÑÙè¶C)

★ He had had his breakfast when his friend came in. breakfast

(î¦üŒx všíÆÙè ÷à¶aåí£p-æ¨Ú¨ ÍêŸE Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC)

★ She had had the information before I told her of it.

(û¶ìª ൛íp ÷³Ùë¶ Î ë]Þœ_ô¢ Î ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ÑÙC)

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 22 WûË 2005

7. ÏÙêŸ-›úí£² ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦o÷±?

before?

Where have you been all this time?

8. Oªô¢ª ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\è[ª-û¦oô¢ª?

How long have you been here?

9. í£²á ÏÙêŸÚ¥õÙ ÓÚÛ\-è[ªÙC?

Where has Pooja been all these days?

It is an ox. etc.

Pooja: Are you happy? Durga: Certainly I am.

Ð ÏÙUxù£ª ÷«å-õêÁ tice à¶óŸªÙè….

Pooja: Why are you happy?

eg: Is he happy? Are they clever? etc.

(ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oî¦?) (Í÷±ìª)

(ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦o÷±?)

Durga: My cousin Saraswathi is here for vacation. We shall be happy in each other's company. (÷« ÚÛ>ûË ú£ô¢-ú£yA šúõ-÷±-õÚ¨ ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨

÷#aÙC. ٠ÚÛõ-÷è[Ù Ïë]l-JÚ© ÓÙêÁ ÎìÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.)

Pooja: What will be your plan?

Questions

ÚÛ«è¯

prac-

šíjì àµí‡pì ÷«å-õ-EoÙæ¨Ú¨ English ÷«åõö˺ question practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Question structure Þœªô¢ªhÙC ÚÛë¯? a) vb+Sub [Are (verb) you (sub) happy?] b) first word of the verb + sub + other words of the verb. [Has (first word of the verb) he (sub) been helping (other words of the verb) you?]

1. ÍêŸè[ª ò°Þ¥ ð»è[ªÞ¥?

(F ð§xûË ÔNªæ¨?)

Druga: Come home tomorrow. You will know.

ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ have been / has been ÚÛª à¦ö° vð§÷³ÜuÙ ÑÙC. ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÖÚÛ-í£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª Þ¥F, ÏÙÚ¥-Þ¥F Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶ Î ÑÙè[-è¯Eo I, We, you and theyêÁ Íô³ê¶ 'have been'êÁ Þ¥F he, she, it êÁ Íô³ê¶ 'has been' êÁÞ¥F ú£«#þ§hÙ. ÏÙÚÁ-N-ù£óŸªÙ... ÞœêŸ Ú•Eo ôÁV-õªÞ¥/ Ú•Eo ÞœÙå-õªÞ¥/ Ú•Eo ûµõ-õªÞ¥/ Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ ÍÙç¶ for the past (The last)... days/ ... hours/ ... months / ... years (Ý°Sö˺x ôÁVõª,

M. SURESAN

ÞœÙåõª, ûµõõª, ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õ ú£ÙÜu.)

eg: for the past (The last) 2 days / 2 hours/ 2 months / 2 years ö¶ë¯ for 2 days / hours / months / years now ÍÙæ°Ù.

íÆ£ö°û¦ ôÁV/ ÞœÙå/ ûµõ/ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ìªÙ#

(¸ôí£± ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ô¦. F¸Ú êµõª-ú£ªhÙC.) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛ믖

am, is, are; was, were; shall be, will be êŸô¦yêŸ happy, plan ö°Ùæ¨ Ô ÷«åöµjû¦ î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E ÷«æ°xè[ªêŸ« practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Blanks ìª Brackets ö˺ Ï#aì ÷«å-õêÁ

Îû¦æ¨ ìªÙ<... Ðû¦æ¨ ë¯Ú¥..!

EÙí£Ùè….

I am ________

(Oª ›íô¢ª àµí£pÙè…. Ñë¯:

I am Pavan) I am _____ He is _______ They are ________ My friends will be ______

šíjì Ï#aìN sampleÞ¥ ÷«vêŸî¶ª. ú£«dèµÙæËÀ, ú£«dèµÙæËÀq, ð»è[ªÞœª, ð»æ¨d, ö°÷±, ú£ìoÙ ú£ÙêÁ-ù£Ù-Þ¥/-ë]ªÌ-ÜÙÞ¥, ë]óŸª-Þœõ, vÚÛ«ô¢-iì, ÷ªÙ#, àµè[ª, þ¼÷ªJ, àŸªô¢ªÚÛª, ÚÁí£Ù Þœõ, ×ô¢ªp-Þœõ, êµL-îµjì, êµL-N-ö¶E, î¦Þœªè[ª, ÷³òÅ°÷Ù Þœõ, Eâ°-óŸªB Þœõ,

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é

6

Eâ°-óŸªB ö¶E, ì÷ªt-ë]Þœ_, ì÷ªt-ö¶E– Ð í£ë¯õÚÛª, ÏÙÚ¥ Oªô¢ª àµí£p-Þœõ í£ë¯õÚÛª ú£·ôjì English ÷«åõìª ô¦óŸªÙè…. am, is, are; was, were; shall be, will be í£ÚÛ\ì î¦æ¨E à¶Ja ÷«æ°x-è[Ùè…. šíj ÷«å-õÚÛª ÏÙTxùà ÷«åõª– tall, short, fat, slim, happy, sad/sorrowful, kind, cruel, good, bad, lazy, active, patient, clever/intelligent/wise, foolish, talkative, reserved, honest, dishonest, reliable, unreliable

ÏÙÚÁ ÍÙøŒÙ... öµÚÛ\-ší-ç¶d-î¦-æ¨E English ö˺ countables ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. Ñë¯: man, book, student, pen, town, village etc. singular, plural singular

Oæ¨Ú¨

ÑÙæ°ô³. Íô³ê¶ Oæ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª Óí£±pè[« 'a' Ú¥F, 'an' Ú¥F ô¦î¦-õû¶C Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.

I am a student. He is an engineer. She is a doctor. She is an eye surgeon. He is an uncle of mine.

2. Î ÍÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙë¯? 3. Î ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙë¯? (futureö˺) 4. î¦üŒ‰x Eâ°-óŸªBÞ¥ ÑÙè¶ î¦ü‹x? (past) 5. î¦ü˜xí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª?? 6. ¸ôí£± Oª·ô-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª? 7. î¦è[ª Eâ°-óŸªB Þœõî¦-è[E OªÚÛª ì÷ªtÚÛÙ ÑÙë¯? 8. ÍêŸè[ª â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ ÑÙæ°è¯? (futureö˺)? 9. Oªô¢ª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¶-î¦ü‹x? 10. ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª Î ö°÷±Þ¥ ÑÙè¶ë¯? Answers: 1) Is he very tall? 2) Is she beautiful? 3) Will she be happy? 4) Were they honest? 5) Where are they now? 6) Where will you be tomorrow? 7) Are you sure that he is honest? 8) Will he be careful? 9) Were you happy? 10) Was she fat once?

ÏÙTxùÃö˺ ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙç¶, was, were. Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙç¶ am, is, are ÞœêŸÙ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª Ú¥F, ÏÙÚ¥ Ú¥F ÑÙè[è¯Eo àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ have been, has been î¦è[ê¦Ù. I, we, you, they Íô³ê¶ have; he, she, it Íô³ê¶ has î¦è[ê¦Ù. 1. ÍêŸè[ª û¦õª¸ÞüŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª. He was here four years ago.

2. ÍêŸè[ª Ïí£±p-è…-ÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª. He is here.

3. ÍêŸè[ª û¦õª-¸Þ-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦oè[ª. He has been here for the past four years.

4. ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ò°Þ¥ ÓÙè[Þ¥ ÑÙC.

It has been very hot for the past two days.

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!

5. òÅ°ô¢ê 1947 ìªÙ# ú£yêŸÙ-vêŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙC. India has been independent since 1947 (for the past 57 years)

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª 6. ٠í£ë¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ Ñû¦oÙ. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, We have been in Hyderabad for the #ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.

þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82

email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

past ten years (since 1995)

Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ since ÍÙæ°Ù. ✫ I have been here for the past (last) two years. I have been here since 2003 ✫ She has been here for the (last) past two months. She has been here since February end.

I am a student

Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª Oæ¨Ú¨ English practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1. Oª·ôÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¢ª? 2. çµÙè[«-õ\ô ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ vÚ¨·Ú-å-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª? 3. ÎóŸªì 2001 ìªÙ# ÚÛöµ-ÚÛd-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª. (since, for the past ·ôÙè[« Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# àµí£pÙè….) 4. ÎóŸªì 2001 ìªÙ# 2003 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ æ©àŸ-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª. 5. à¦ö°-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ èÅ…Mx ÏÙè…óŸ«ÚÛª ô¦á-ëůEÞ¥ ÑÙC. 6. ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ÎóŸªì Fô¢-ú£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª. (Fô¢Ùú£Ù– Weak) 7. Oªô¢ª î¦ô¢Ù ôÁV-õªÞ¥ G@Þ¥ Ñû¦oô¦? 8. ÎóŸªì ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ áñªsêÁ Ñû¦oô¢ª? (áñªs– ill/sick)

9. ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ îµjÓúà ÷³Üu-÷ªÙvAÞ¥ Ñû¦oô¢ª? 10. Oªô¢ª à¦ö° Ú¥õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¦? Answers: 1. How long have you been here? 2. How long has Tendulkar been a cricketer? 3. He has been a collector since 2001/ for the past (last) 4 Years. 4. He was a teacher here from 2001 to 2003. 5. Delhi has been the capital of India for a long time. 6. He has been weak for two days now (for the past/ for the last two days) 7. Have you been busy for the past (last) one week? 8. How long has he been ill? 9. How long has YS been the Chief Minister? 10. Have you been here for long? šíj Sentencesö˺ have been/ has been

î¦è[ÚÛÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…. Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª Þ¥F, ÏÙÚ¥-Þ¥F ÑÙè[-è¯Eo have been/ has been êµL-óŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. Question structure Óí£±pè[« verb + subject Þ¥F, verb ö˺ ·ôÙè[ª÷´è[ª ÷«å-õªÙç¶, Ist word of the verb + Subject + other words of the verb Þ¥F ÑÙåªÙC.

ví£øŒo: áì-ô¢-öËÀÞ¥ ‘Í÷ªt-ñ-è[ªìª’ – ‘à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ªìª’ –

‘û¶JpÙ-àŸ-ñ-è[ªìª’ Íû¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x verb v3 E ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? Ñë¯--ô¢-éÚÛª– Milk 'sold' here; Job work 'done' here; 'Spoken' English Institute verb v1 v3

Ïö° ìª Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ E ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Ñí£-óµ«-Tú£ªhû¦oôÁ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª. – ¸ôÿ§t, òµõxÙí£Lx

áî¦ñª : 1.

ÍÙç¶

verb v3 past participle: done, spoken, seen etc. passive form verb 'be' form + past participle. 'Milk sold here' 'Milk is sold here' short form. verb 'is (be form) + sold (past participle of sell)' 'Job work done here' 'Job work is done here' is done, (passive) (is - be form + done - past participle). 2. past participle (p.p.)

ö˺

✫ India has been independent for the past (last) 57 years. India has been independent since 1947. Ð for the past (last)ÚÛª, since ÚÛª ê¶è¯ à¦ö°

÷³ÜuÙ. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. ë]ªô¢_ Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC. Durga was here yesterday.

ë]ªô¢_ Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC. Durga is here.

ë]ªô¢_ Eìoæ¨ ìªÙ# ÏÚÛ\è¶ ÑÙC.

Durga has been here since yesterday.

î¦üŒ‰x îµ³ìo ÓÚÛ\è[ªû¦oô¢ª?

Where were they the day before?

î¦üŒ‰} Ïí£±p-èµÚÛ\è[ªû¦oô¢ª?

Where are they?

î¦üŒ‰x îµ³ìoæ¨ ìªÙ# ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¢ª?

Where have

they been since the day

ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[

Íö°¸Þ

‘ñ趒 ÍE.

Óí£±pè[«,

Íû¶C,

ÚÛª Íô¢nÙ– Í÷ªt-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC. ÍÙç¶ ÍE Íô¢nÙ. ÍÙç¶ à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ªìª ÍE. ÚÛª ÏÙÚÁ Íô¢nÙ ‘ñè…ì’,

ÏÚÛ\è[ #Ùí£-ñ-è…ì àŸ«è[-ñè¶ ÷uÚ¨h. ÍÙç¶ Ú¥TêŸÙ. Íö°¸Þ ÷«æ°x-è[-ñè¶ ÏÙTxùà ÍE Íô¢nÙ. ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ ÷ªìÙ ôÁW ÷«æ°xè¶ êµõª-Þœªö˺ passive voice î¦è[Ù. ‘Í÷«t, ÍìoÙ ÷Ùè[-ñ-è…Ùë¯?’ ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯! Íö°¸Þ ‘#Ùí£-ñè[f Ú¥TêŸÙ’ ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ ÍìÙ. ‘#E-Tì Ú¥TêŸÙ’ ÍÙæ°Ù.

eg: The man seen here every day torn paper spoken english

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 24 WûË 2005

countable, singular). 2) I have an idea (idea - countable, singular). 3) An umbrella is useful in rain (umbrellacountable, singular). 4) A pen is for writing (pen- countable, singular) 'a' 'an'

Sudha: I meet Padmaja here everyday. I miss her today.

(ôÁW ÏÚÛ\è[ í£ë]t-áìª ÚÛõª-þ§hìª. Ð ôÁV ÚÛE-í‡Ù-àŸ-ö¶ë]ª.)

Valli:

Yes. She comes here everyday. I too see that.

(Î ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è[ÚÛª ÷ú£ªhÙC. û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ àŸ«ø‹ìª (ví£A-ôÁV))

Íö°¸Þ Ð Ú¨ÙC Íô¦nõª ÷à¶a NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ ÷«åõª àµí£pÙè…. ô¦óŸªè[Ù, Îè[è[Ù, ìè[÷è[Ù, í£ô¢ª-·Þ-êŸhè[Ù, ÷Ùè[è[Ù, v›íNªÙ-àŸè[Ù, EvCÙ-àŸè[Ù, ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸªè[Ù, Ñí£-óµ«-TÙàŸè[Ù, Þœªô¢ªhÙàŸªÚÁ÷è[Ù, ÷ªô¢#-ð¼-÷è[Ù– ÏÙÚ¥ Oªô¢ª

A, AN...

Sudha: I remember now. Today is Sunday. She does not come here on sunday.

(û¦ÚÛª Þœªô•h-þ¼hÙC. Ð ôÁV ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù. Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª ÏÚÛ\-è[ÚÛª ô¦ë]ª.)

Valli:

Óí£±pè[ª? Óí£±pè[ª? Í, Î, Ï, Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Ö, ×, Ø– Ð êµõªÞœª øŒò°lõêÁ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡÷ªó¶ªu î¦æ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'an' î¦è¯L. NªÞœê¦ ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¦L. an umbrella (ÍÙvòµö° – Ú¥ñæ¨d an) an hour (Í÷ô – an) an honour (Îìô – an) an idea (Õè…óŸ« – an) an owl (ØöËÀ –an) an egg (ÓÞ – an) Ð ú£«vêŸÙ ð§æ¨›úh a, an Nù£-óŸªÙö˺confusion ÑÙè[ë]ª.

Ú¨ÙC regular actions ìª English ö˺ àµí£pÙè…. 1. ÎÚÛª Ð vèµúà à¦ö° Ïù£dÙ.(like î¦è[Ùè…) 2. û¶ìª ôÁW ‘Ðû¦è[ª’ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª. 3. ÷« êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£C-ÞœÙ-å-õÚÛª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Í÷±-ê¦ô³. 4. ÷« Í÷ªt æ©O úˆJ-óŸªöËÀq àŸ«ú£ªhÙC. (watch - úˆJ-óŸªöËÀq, ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[è[Ù) 5. ÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª ôÁV ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ AJ-T-÷þ§hô¢ª. (return, come back; ÏÙæ¨Ú¨– 'home')

I do not know that.

(û¦ÚÛª êµL-óŸªë]ª.)

Sudha: She goes to her aunt's place every sunday. I too visit my cousin every sunday evening.

(Î ÎCî¦ô¦õª î¦üŒx ÍêŸhóŸªu ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒ‰-꟪ÙC. û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷« ÚÛ>ûË ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒ-ê¦ìª.) be forms ö°Þ¥ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµõ-í£è[Ù Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ šíj î¦Ú¥uö˺xE meet, comes, remember, does come, goes, visit í£ë¯õª í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hô³.

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é

7

í£ìª-õìª êµL›í Ð Ú¨ÙC ÷«åõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. I Regular Doing

II Regular Doing

Words

Words

A eat take give wash like sing dance go

B eats (eat+s) takes (take+s) gives (give+s) washes (Wash+es) likes (like+s) sings (Sing+s) dances (dance+s) goes (go+es)

Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª I Regular Doing Words, B Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª II Regular Doing Words ÍÙæ°Ù. I Regular Doing Words ÚÛª (A Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õÚÛª) 's' Ú¥F 'es' Ú¥F à¶J›úh II Regular doing words ÷þ§hô³. A Ú¨ÙC ÷«åõª [I Regular Doing Words (I RDWs)], I, We, you and they êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù. B Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª [II Regular Doing Words (II RDWs)] He, She, itêÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù.

'A'

I We You like milk My parents (They)

}

My father (he) My mother (she) The Cat (it)

}

šíjì àŸ«í‡ì NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ A group ÚÛª í£C group ÚÛª í£C verbs àµí£pÙè…. eg: ê¦Þœè[Ù

}

ÓEo í£ìªõ ÷«åõª àµí£p-Þœ-L-Tê¶ ÍEo-æ¨êÁ à¶óŸªÙè….

tice Answers : I We You The boys (They)

}

Hemant (he) Sarala (she) It

}

prac-

write sleep play waste walk use run remember cook forget love writes cooks uses plays loves remembers walks sleeps forgets runs wastes

(Íô¢nÙ ú£J-ð¼-ó¶ª-åªxÞ¥) Oæ¨E í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè….

a) Pens (They) write. A pen (It) writes. b) Wrist watches (They) show the time. A wrist watch (It) shows the time. c) Doctors (They) treat patients. A doctor (He/She) treats patients. d) Fans (They) give air. A fan gives air. e) Teachers (They) M. SURESAN teach. A Teacher (He/She) teaches. verbs practice

ÚÛª

à¶óŸªÙè….

Ïö° ÍEo

COUNTABLES, UNCOUNTABLES

ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\ šíç¶dN.

a) countables book, pen, teacher, boy, dog etc. b) uncountables milk, sugar, rice, water etc. singular c) countables plural book (singular) books (plural) pen (singular) pens (plural) teacher (singular) teachers (plural) boy (singular) boys (plural) d) uncountables plural milks, sugars, rices e) Very Important: countable singulars

ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\-šíådö¶EN.

ÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª (ÖÚÛæ¨), (ÖÚÛæ¨ ÚÛÙç¶ ÓÚÛª\÷) ÑÙæ°ô³.

likes milk

I He We drink coffee She You It They

ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÞœÙë]ô¢ÞÁüŒÙ?

}

Verbs, B

drinks coffee

ÚÛª ÍìÙ.

ÑÙè[ë]ª.

(ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\-šíç¶dN– ÖÚÛ-ë¯Eo, ÖÚÛJE ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª) ÷³Ùë]ª Óí£±pè[« 'a' Ú¥F 'an' Ú¥F ô¦î¦-LqÙë¶.

eg: 1) A doctor treats patients (doctor -

NªÞœê¦ øŒò°lõ ÷³Ùë]Ùê¦ a î¦è[Ùè…. countable singular ÓÚÛ\è[ ÷#aû¦ ë¯E ÷³Ùë]ª a Ú¥F an Ú¥F ÑÙè¯-LqÙë¶. Mother loves her child (wrong) A Mother (countable singular) loves her child.

÷³Ùë]ª a Ú¥F an Ú¥F Óí£±pè[« ô¦ë]ª. ÷ªSx ÖÚÛ-þ§J 1st RDW (1st Regular doing word ÍÙç¶ come, go, walk), 2nd RDW (2nd Regular doing word ÍÙç¶ comes, goes, walks) õìª í£J-Q-Lë¯lÙ. I, We, you, they Íô³ê¶ 1st RDW; he, she, it Íô³ê¶ 2nd RDW î¦è¯L. Ð ·ôÙè[ª Regular doing words vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£pÚÛªÙè¯, EêŸuÙ áJ¸Þ í£ìªõÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– ÍÙç¶ Regular actions ÚÛª. Óí£±pè[« áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Oæ¨û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. 1) û¶ìª ôÁW ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ Evë]-ö¶-þ§hìª. ÏC regular action. Ú¥ñæ¨d I get up at 6 a.m. ÏÚÛ\è[ every day ÍE àµí‡pû¦, àµí£p-ÚÛ-ð¼-ô³û¦ ÖÚÛç¶. get Íû¶ 1st RDW ö˺û¶ regular Íû¶C Íô¢n-÷ª-÷±-꟪ÙC. 2) ٠ê•NªtCÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÚÛü‹-ø‹õÚÛª ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ê¦Ù. f) Uncountable

We start for college at 9 a.m. (Regular action - start - 1st RDW)

3) ÷« ›úo-꟪õª ò°Þ¥ Îè[ê¦ô¢ª. ÏC regular action. Our friends (They) play well.

4) Oª·ô-í£±pè[« Îõú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hô¢ª. (Óí£±pè[« áJ-¸Þ-í£E). You always come late.

5) ÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª Ñë]óŸªÙ 9Ú¨ ÎíƈúÃÚÛª ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢ê¦ô¢ª (Regular- ví£A-ôÁV). My father (He) starts for office at 9 a.m. (everyday starts regular)

ÍE àµð§pLqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. ÍÙç¶û¶ 6) ÷« Í÷ªt ÷Ùè[ª-꟪ÙC (Óí£±pè[«). My mother (She) cooks for us.

7) 1st show Îô¢ªÙ-ò°-÷±ÚÛª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Í÷±-꟪ÙC (ôÁW ÚÛë¯). The 1st show (It) starts at 6.15 p.m.

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, #ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.

þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82

email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

6. ví£A-ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ ÞœÙå-›úí£± àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª. (study; for an hour, every morning)

7. ÷« Í÷ªt Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœª-꟪ÙC. (ví£A-ôÁW – Íõ-î¦åª – regular)

Answers: 1. She likes this dress. 2. I read the Eenadu (every day). 3. Our classes (They) begin / start at 10 a.m. 4. My mother (She) watches TV serials. 5. My father (He) returns / comes back home at 6 a.m. 6. I study for an hour every morning. 7. My mother (She) takes coffee (every day).

ví£øŒo: Oxford advanced dictionary ö˺

word

í£ÚÛ\ì Ïú£ªhìo pronunciationö˺ letters Ú•Eo Íè[fÙÞ¥, Ú•Eo êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥ ÑÙæ°óµªÙ-ë]ªÚÛª? Oæ¨E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L? ÍÙë]ª-¸Ú-iû¦ EóŸª-÷«-õªÙ-æ°óŸ«? Dictionary page bottom line Ú¨Ùë] ÚÛ«è¯ Ïö°¸Þ ÑÙæ°ô³. Oæ¨ ÞœªJÙ# êµL-óŸª-â¶óŸªÙè…. – ô¢÷«-ë¶îËÂ, šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂ. áî¦ñª : ÏÙTx-ùÃ-ö˺E ͤÛ-ô¦õª (alphabet), ÏÙTxùà Ñà¦a-ô¢-éö˺ ÷à¶a øŒò°l-õ-EoÙ-æ¨Ú© ú£J-ð¼÷±. ÍÙë]ª÷ö¶x pronunciationö˺ ÍÙêŸ confusion. Ñìo ͤÛ-ô¦õª ÍEo øŒò°l-õìª ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨ ú£J-ð¼÷±. Ú¥ñæ¨d êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥, Íè[fÙÞ¥ Ñìo ͤÛ-ô¦-õìª Ú•Eo øŒò°lõ ÚÁú£Ù î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. Íö° ÑÙè¶ Í¤Û-ô¦õª Ú•Eo øŒò°l-õÚÛª Þœªô¢ªhõª. 'v'E veryö˺ ‘îµ’ øŒò°l-EÚ¨ î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥ Ñìo v = ‘∧’ E but, shut, cut ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x ÷à¶a ‘Í’ øŒò°l-EÚ¨ î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. but- DE pronunciation, dictionary ö˺ Ïö° ÑÙåªÙC. b∧t; cut = k∧t etc. è…ÚÛ{-vFö˺ key to Pronunciation ö˺ àŸ«›úh Ô Þœªô¢ªh Ô øŒò°l-EÚ¨ Íû¶C N÷-ô¢ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC. î¦æ¨-êÁ-ò°åª pronunciation casettes, CDs Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-í£-è[-ê¦ô³. ví£øŒo: ‘Óí£±p-èµjû¦ ›ú-î¦J Oªë]û¶ ÏÙÚ¥ú£h òÅ°ô¢Ù í£è[ª-꟪ÙC’ ÍE àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ú£÷«-ìiì proverb ÑÙç¶ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè…. – ÓÙ. -ûËÂ-ô¦÷±, ìt-Ú•Ùè[. áî¦ñª : Oªô¢-ìo-ë¯-EÚ¨ ú£÷«-ì-iì proverb ÔD Englishö˺ ö¶ë]ª.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

Ramu: Do you know Mr. venu?

They know English.

Vasu: Of course, I know him.

They do not know English.

Ramu: How do you know him?

Do they know English? (Question Structure

(FÚÛª î¶éª êµõªþ§?)

(ÍêŸìª FÚÛª Óö° êµõªú£ª?)

Vasu:

We work in the same department. But he works in another section.

(î¶ªÙ Ö¸Ú è…ð§-ô¢ªd-Ùæ˺x ÷ôÂ\ à¶ú£ªhû¦oÙ. Ú¥F ÍêŸìª ô šúÚÛ{ûËÁx í£E-à¶-þ§hè[ª)

4. û¦ÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªú£ª. û¦ÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµL-óŸªë]ª. OªÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªþ§? 5. Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¢ª. Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅÙ-àŸô¢ª. Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¦? 6. ٠ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«þ§hÙ. ٠ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[Ù. Oªô¢ª ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«þ§hô¦? 7. ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. (îµjë]uÙ à¶óŸªè[Ù = treat) ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶þ§hô¦? 8. î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨-þ§hô¢ª. î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨Ù-àŸô¢ª. î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨-þ§hô¦?

î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµL-óŸªë]ª.

(Í÷±ìª û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª)

î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªþ§?

Þœªô¢ªhÙC ÚÛë¯ –

Óí£±pè[« ÷³Ùë]ª) ìªîµy-í£±è[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§h÷±.

(not)

You do not come late.

Vasu:

Do you always come late?

(ÍêŸìª Ô šúÚÛ{ûËÁx í£E à¶þ§hè[ª?)

ìªîµy-í£±è[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hî¦?

Why do you want to know all this?

(ìª÷±y Ð N÷-ô¦õª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Question õö˺ do, does ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô³. Oæ¨ î¦è[ÚÛÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù Englishö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. Ïö°Ù-æ¨N ö˺, ö˺ î¦è¶-å-í£±pè[ª à¦ö° â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ ÑÙè¯L. ÷ªìÚ¨ ÏÙTxùÚíj í£åªd ÑÙë¯ ö¶ë¯ Íû¶ Nù£óŸªÙ Ïö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x êµõª-ú£ªhÙC. û¶ìª ÚÛü °ø‹õÚÛª ví£A ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ ê•NªtCÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒê¦ìª. I go to college at 9 AM.

û¶ìª Ñë]óŸªÙ ê•Nªt-CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ îµüŒx쪖 Íû¦-õÙç¶ I do not (don't) go to college at 9 AM.

ví£A ôÁV î¦üŒ‰x ììªo ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª.

í£åªd êµL›í í£ë¯õª! 3.

ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. His friends help him.

ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª. His friends do not help him.

They meet me every day.

î¦üŒ‰x ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁô¢ª.

They do not meet me every day.

î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª (÷uA¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨), question Íè…¸Þåí£±pè[ª

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é

'not'

ö°Ùæ¨N)êÁ ÷ú£ªhÙC. Ú•Eo Ïö°Ùæ¨ î¦Ú¥uõª–

8

ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¦?

1st RDW (come, go 'do'

M. SURESAN

1) I go there every Sunday. a) I do not go there every Sunday. b) Do I go there every Sunday? 2) They speak Telugu. a) They do not speak Telugu. b) Do they speak Telugu?

(1) ö˺ go not êÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª 1 (a) ö˺ do go Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Question 1 (b)ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ do go Í÷±-êÁÙC. Íö°¸Þ (2)ö˺ Speak notêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª 2(a)ö˺, questionÞ¥ 2(b)ö˺ do speak Í÷±êÁÙC. 3) We like mangoes a) We do not like mangoes b) Do we like mangoes?

ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ like notêÁ Ú¥F questionö˺ Ú¥F î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª do like Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…. Ú¥ñæ¨d 1 RDW + not/?= do + 1st RDW. ÍÙç¶1st Regular Doing Words (come, go ö°Ùæ¨-N)E not êÁ questionö˺ î¦è…-ìí£±pè[ª do + 1st RDW Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Ð Ú¨ÙCî¦-æ¨Ú¨ not êÁ ÷uA-¸ôÚ¥õª, questions practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢éõª... 1. î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªú£ª.

Answers: 1. They come here daily. They do not come here daily. Do they come here daily? 2. You meet him every day. You do not meet him every day. Do you meet him everyday? 3. We sing well.

You always come late.

Ramu: Which section does he work in?

Regular doing words (1st RDW, 2nd RDW) - come, comes; go, goesnot question

'verb'

2.

ìªîµy-í£±pè[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ô¦÷±.

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 26 WûË 2005

Do his friends help him? know = do know come = do come help = do help

Í÷è[Ù šíj î¦Ú¥uö˺x Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ð Ú¨ÙC êµõªÞœª î¦Ú¥u-õìª Englishö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1. î¦Rx-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¢ª. î¦RxÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ô¦ô¢ª. î¦Rx-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¦? 2. ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°÷±. ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ÷±. ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦? 3. ٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[ê¦Ù. ٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[Ù. ٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[-ê¦÷«?

3.

î¦ü˜xö° ð§è[ê¦ô¢ª? How do they sing? (How =

Ans:

ò°Þ¥ ð§è[ê¦ô¢ª.

Óö°?)

They sing well

4.

Oª·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Óí£±pè[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hô¢ª? Why do you always come late? Ans: I miss the bus.

5.

Oªô¢ª ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸªö¶lô¢ê¦ô¢ª? (ôÁW)

When do you start for college? (every day) Ans: I start at 9 AM. 6.

ÓÙë]ªÚÛª çµjÙ î¶úÃd à¶þ§h÷±?

Why do you waste time? Ans:

û¶û¶Ù î¶úÃd à¶óŸª-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª. I do not waste time.

Ð Ú¨ÙC questions English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1. î¦üŒ‰x ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷þ§hô¢ª? 2. Oªô¢ª ÍEo ú‡E-÷«-öµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª àŸ«þ§hô¢ª? 3. Oªô¢ª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ í£±ú£h-Ú¥-öµ-ÚÛ\è[ Ú•Ùæ°ô¢ª? 4. î¦üŒ‰x Ô í£vAÚÛ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª? 5. Óí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Oª šúõ-÷±õª? 6. Oª·ôÙêŸ ú£Ùð§-C-þ§hô¢ª? 7. î¦üŒ‰x ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óí£±p-è•-þ§hô¢ª? 8. ví£A ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ìªîµy-÷-JE ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°÷±? 9. Óö°Ùæ¨ ú‡E-÷«õª FÚ¨ù£dÙ? 10. Oªô¢ª í£à¦K ú£ô¢ª-ÚÛªõª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÓÚÛ\è[ Ú•Ùæ°ô¢ª? šíj questions ÚÛª ví£A-ë¯-EÚ© ú£÷«-ëů-û¦õª ÚÛ«è¯ ô¦óŸªÙè…. Answers: 1. Why do they come here every day? Ans: They come here to see me.

2. Why do you watch so many movies? Ans: I watch them because I like them.

We do not sing well. Do we sing well? 4. I know English. I do not know English. Do you know English? 5. These teachers teach well. These teachers do not teach well. Do these teachers teach well? 6. We watch English movies. We do not watch English movies. Do you watch English movies? 7. The doctors here treat well. The doctors here do not treat well. Do the doctors here treat well? 8. They act well. They do not act well. Do they act well?

ö˺

3. Where do you buy books usually? Ans: I buy them at that stall.

4. What newspaper do they read? Ans: They read the Eenadu.

5. When do your holidays begin? Ans: They usually begin in April 3rd week.

6. How much do you earn? Ans: Why do you want to know?

(Oª·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª?) 7. When do they come here every day? Ans: They come here at 7 PM

8. Whom do you meet every sunday? Ans: I meet my friend.

9. What kind of movies do you like? Ans: I like suspense movies.

10. Where do you buy provisions usually?

English what, where, when, which, whose, whom and why questions 'wh' words questions 'wh' questions. 'wh' 'wh' questions 1 st RDW do + 1 st RDW 1. What do you know? 2. Where do you live?

Íè[ª-Þœªê¦Ù ÚÛë¯? Oæ¨E Oæ¨êÁ Íè…¸Þ ÷«å-õêÁ ÍÙç¶ êÁ Oª¸ÚÙ êµõªú£ª?

êÁ ÚÛ«è¯

÷ú£ªhÙC.

Ans: I buy them at that shop.

ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. Ð ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82

#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.

Oª·ô-ÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?

ví£øŒo: standard è…ÚÛ{vFE Óö° JíÆ£ôÂ

à¶óŸ«L? Ôëµjû¦ ÖÚÛ Word ìª êŸyô¢Þ¥ îµAÚ¨šíç¶d ø‹úˆYóŸªí£ë]lÄA êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè…. Íö°¸Þ Key to dictionary entries ÍÙç¶ ÔNªæ¨? – ø˜jõá, ÚÛKÙ-ì-Þœô áî¦ñª: Ô Standard dictionary ö˺ Íô³û¦ ÖÚÛ Word ìª îµAÚ¨-šíç¶d í£ë]lÄA ÖÚÛç¶. Íë¶ Alphabetical order ö˺ refer à¶óŸªè[Ù. ê¶LÞ¥_ refer à¶óŸ«-õÙç¶ Ð Ú¨ÙC ÍÙø‹õìª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ➻ English alphabetö˺ ͤÛô¢ vÚÛ÷ªÙ a-z ÷ô¢ÚÛª êµL-óŸ«L. ➻ îµA¸Ú í£ë]Ù Spelling ÚÛ«è¯ ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ êµLú‡ ÑÙè¯L. ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ ÷ªì šúpLxÙÞ êŸí£p-

ô³ê¶ í£ë]Ù ë•ô¢-ÚÛë]ª. Íö°Ù-å-í£±pè[ª ví£ê¦u÷«oóŸª Spellings ìª ÒÙàŸªÚ•E îµêŸÚ¥L. existence Íû¶ í£ë]Ù spelling ìª ÷ªìÙ ð»ô¢-ð§-åªÞ¥ existance ÍìªÚÛªE îµA-Ú¨ê¶ Ð í£ë]Ù Dictionary ö˺ ë•ô¢-ÚÛë]ª. Íö°Ù-å-í£±pè[ª a ñë]ªõª e ví£ê¦u-÷«oóŸªÙêÁ îµêŸ-ÚÛè[Ù êŸô¢ª-î¦A ë]øŒ. ➻ Word ìª îµA-Ú¨-šíç¶d ø‹úˆYóŸª í£ë]lÄA ÑÙC. ÷ªìÚÛª ͤÛô¢vÚÛ÷ªÙ Þœªô¢ªhÙ-è¶-ë¯Eo ñæ¨d êŸyô¢Þ¥ í£ë]Ù ë•ô¢-ÚÛè[Ù Îëů-ô¢-í£è… ÑÙåªÙC. ➻ îµ³ë]å ví£A ›í@šíjì Ñìo Lead Word àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ➻ ÏÚÛSpelling ìª ñæ¨d îµêŸ-Ú¥L. Key to dictionary entries ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ

email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

è…ÚÛ{vFö˺ Ïà¶a ÷«åÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì N÷ô¦õª. ÍN– ★ Î ÷«å Pronunciation ★ parts of speech ★ parts of speech Print Type ★ Parts of speech Noun, Verb

Ôó¶ª

ö˺, Ôó¶ª ô¢ÚÛ-iì ö˺, ͤÛ-ô¦õ ö˺ ÑÙC. ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ õª Íô³ê¶ î¦æ¨ö˺ Ô ô¢Ú¥Eo Óö° ú£«#þ¼hÙC. ★ Íë¶ ÷«åêÁ ÷à¶a IdiomÚÛª Ïà¶a Þœªô¢ªh, î¦æ¨Ú¨Synonyms, antonyms Óö° êµLð§ô¢ª. ...êŸCêŸô¦õª. Oæ¨E Key to dictionary entries N÷-J-þ§hô³. Ð NëůìÙ è…ÚÛ{vF NE-óµ«-Þ¥Eo ÍêŸuÙêŸ ú£ô¢üŒ-êŸô¢Ù à¶ú£ªhÙC.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 28 WûË 2005

He does not move out of home on sunday.

Raghu: Does your friend meet you regularly?

(Oª všíÆÙè Eìªo ·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥ ÚÛõª-þ§hè¯?) (Ô všíÆÙèÂ?) (ø™ù£ª)

Ramu: Which friend? Raghu: Seshu Ramu: Yes, he meets me regularly. But he does not meet me on sundays.

(Í÷±ìª. ·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥ ÚÛõª-þ§hè[ª Ú¥F ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ÷«vêŸÙ ÚÛõ-÷è[ª.)

Raghu: Why does he not (doesn't he) meet you on sundays?

(ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛõ-÷è[ª?)

Does Usha play well?

Ramu: He does not move out of home on sunday.

Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. 1. a) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¢ª. b) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅÙ-àŸô¢ª. c) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¦? 2. a) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. b) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª. c) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¦? 3. a) ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¢ª.

(ÍêŸìª ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù Ïõªx ÚÛë]-õè[ª.) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! 2nd RDW meets question ö˺ not êÁ does meet Í÷±-êÁÙC. Íö°¸Þ does move ÍÙç¶ moves (not êÁ ÷#aì-í£±pè[ª). Come, go, Walk ö°Ùæ¨ 1st RDWs notêÁ, (Regular Doing Words)ìª questionsö˺ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª do ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]E êµõªú£ªÚÛªû¦oÙ. eg: 1) They come here everyday. a) they do not come here every day. b) Do they come here every day? 2) You come here often. a) You do not come here often. b) Do you come here often?

Ïö°¸Þ Ïí£±pè[ª

2nd Regular Doing Wordsverbs not comes, goes, walks, talks question 'does' 2nd RDWs- he, she, it 'does' he, she, it

ö°Ùæ¨ ìª ö˺ڥF î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª êÁû¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÚÛ«è¯ êÁû¶ Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-

êÁÚ¥F, ÷ú£ªhÙC. Ú¥ñæ¨d à¦L.

1) Sunita (She) sings well. a) Sunita does not sing well. 2nd RDW

ÏÚÛ\è[

êÁ.

verb 'does sing' - not b) Does Sunita sing well? verb 'does sing' - question sings + not/? = does sing sings not question 'does sing'

ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙç¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ ìª

í£±pè[ª Í÷±êÁÙC.

ö˺.

êÁ Ú¥F, ö˺ Ú¥F î¦è…-ì-

2) Kumar (he) knows English. a) Kumar does not M. SURESAN know English. b) Does Kumar know English? knows + not/? = does know) 3) Hari likes music. a) Hari does not like music. b) Does Hari like music? 'not' questions 2nd RDWs

(Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯!

Ïö° êÁ ô¢«ð§õª àŸ«è[Ùè….

ö˺ ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo

1) works (+ not) = does not work; Q: Does (he) work? 2) takes (+ not) = does not take; Q: Does (she) take? 3) finds (+ not) = does not find;

1. a) Mr Ananda Rao teaches well. b) Mr Ananda Rao does not teach well. c) How does Mr Ananda Rao teach? 2. a) They help others. b) They do not help others. c) Do they help others? 3. a) Mr Rao comes here every day. b) Mr Rao does not come here every day. c) Does Mr Rao come here every day? 4. a) We watch the TV for an hour every

Does Óí£±pè•ú£ªhÙC?

morning. b) We do not watch TV for an hour every morning. c) When do you watch the TV every day? 5. a) The paper comes every day at 6 AM. b) The paper does not come here at

6

AM. c) When does the paper come? 5. a) We get the paper at 6 AM b) We do not get the paper at 6 AM

Does (Sunil) find? 4) goes (+ not) = does not go; Q: Does (Sita) go? Q:

Ïö° Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè….

2nd RDW

ANSWERS:

takes = does take (with not/?) comes = does come (with not/?) writes = does write (with not/?) practice 1st RDW, 2nd RDW 'do', 'does'

Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E à¶óŸªÙè…. ÏN ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨Ú© ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ìN. ÍÙç¶ Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x ÷ªJ Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è¯Lq ÑÙåªÙC. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ# eg: 1. a)

practice

à¶óŸªÙè….

û¶ìª 11 í‡.ÓÙ. Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª. I go to bed at 11 PM.

b)

û¶ìª 11 í‡.ÓÙ. Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÁìª. I do not go to bed at 11 PM.

c)

Oª·ô-EoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?

When do you go to bed?

2. a)

Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ª-꟪ÙC. Usha plays well.

b)

Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ë]ª.

c)

Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ª-꟪Ùë¯?

Usha does not play well.

9

ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ô¦ô¢ª. ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¦? ٠Ñë]óŸªÙ ÖÚÛ ÞœÙå æ©O àŸ«þ§hÙ. ٠Ñë]óŸªÙ ÖÚÛ ÞœÙå æ©O àŸ«è[Ù. Oªô¢ª ôÁW æ©O Óí£±pè[ª àŸ«þ§hô¢ª? . ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ 6 ÞœÙåõÚÛª ›íí£ô ÷ú£ªhÙC. ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ 6 ÞœÙå-õÚÛª ›íí£ô ô¦ë]ª. ôÁW ÓEoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ›íí£ô ÷ú£ªhÙC? î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ò°Þ¥ Íô¢n÷ª÷±-꟪ÙC. î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ò°Þ¥ Íô¢nÙ Ú¥ë]ª. î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ÓÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ Íô¢n÷ª÷±êŸªÙC? 7. a) Oªô¢ª ôÁW ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª. b) Oªô¢ª ôÁW ›íí£ô àŸë]-÷ô¢ª. c) Oªô¢ª ôÁW Ô ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª? 8. a) Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒ‰êŸªÙC. b) Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒxë]ª. c) Î î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÓÙêŸ êŸô¢-àŸªÞ¥ îµüŒ‰êŸªÙC? 9. a) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ Ïù£dÙ. b) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ Ïù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª. c) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙêŸ Ïù£dÙ? 10. a) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ îµüŒê¦è[ª. b) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ îµüŒxè[ª. c) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª îµüŒê¦è[ª? 11. a) ٠ڥíƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙæ°Ù. b) ٠ڥíƈ Bú£ªÚÁÙ. c) Oª¸ôÙ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª, Ú¥íÆˆóŸ« æ©óŸ«? b) c) 4. a) b) c) 5 a) b) c) 6. a) b) c)

c) When do you get the paper? 6. a) They understand his teaching well. b) They do not understand his teaching well. c) How well do they understand his teaching? 7. a) You read the paper every day. b) You do not read the paper everyday. c) What paper do you read everyday? 8. a) She goes to her friends' on Sundays. b) She does not go to her friends' on Sundays. c) How often does she go to her friends'? 9. a) She likes him. b) She does not like him. c) Why does she like him so much? 10. a) He goes to Vizag every week. b) He does not go to Vizag every week. c) Why does he go to Vizag every week? 11. a) We take coffee. b) We do not take coffee. c) What do you take, coffee or tea?

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82

NªÚÂqè çµûËÂq î¦è¯Lq ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª Óö°Ùæ¨ ví£øŒo: â°vÞœ-êŸhõª Bú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L.

#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.

ÚÛª email: pratibha@ eenadu.net ú£·ôj-ì-ë¶û¦? Íö°¸Þ 1. I know you've stolen my book. Ú¨ ú£·ôj-ì-ë¶û¦? tion ú£·ôj-ìë¶. Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦ÚÛuÙ Íë¶. Ïë¶ î¦Ú¥uEo Ïö° ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a? Ú¨ ú£·ôj-ìë¯? I Know (simple present) you've stolen 2. I knew you had stolen my book. ÷Ùæ¨ Ú¨ (present perfect). šíj î¦Ú¥uõª Ô ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ î¦è¯L. Ð ú£·ôj-ìë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª. 3. I Knew you stole my book simple past, past perfect combination Ñìo 4. I have just Know (that) you've stolen î¦Ú¥uõª ú£·ôj-ìî¦ Ú¥î¦? – óŸªÙ. ÎÚ¥Ù¤Û, 궸ôo-ÚÛöËÀ, ÚÛô¢«oõª ·ôÙè[ª, Íô³ë]ª î¦Ú¥uõª ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. û¦õªÞÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ú£·ôj-ìë¶. F÷± û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ë•ÙT-LÙ-à¦-÷E û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª. î¦Ú¥uEo Ïö° ô¦óŸª-÷àŸªa– áî¦ñª: I know you have stolen my book eg: DE Íô¢nÙ– ìª÷±y û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ë•ÙÞœ-LÙ-à¦-÷E ÏÚÛ\è[ ë•ÙT-LÙ-àŸ-è[÷´ ÞœêŸî¶ª. êµL-óŸª-è[÷´ I knew you had stolen my book. ÏÚÛ\è[ ·ôÙè[ª í£ìªõ« past ö˺ ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª, I have just noticed that he has not attendÞœêŸî¶ª. û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª. ÏÙÚÁæ¨ êŸô¦yêŸ áJ-Þ¥ô³ Ú¥ñæ¨d knew, had ed class for the past two days. ÏÙë]ªö˺ ë•ÙT-LÙ-#ÙC ÞœêŸÙö˺ Íô³û¦ êµLú‡ÙC I Knew you stole my book. have noticed, have attended ·ôÙè[« presÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d DEÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ ô¦÷-à¶a stolen î¦è¯L. Ïí£±pè[ª. Ú¥F ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶ Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ êŸí£±p. Ð Simple Present, Present perfect combina- ent perfect ö¶ ÚÛë¯! Ïö° ·ôÙè[« î¦è•àŸªa. I knew you had stolen my book. my book. 5. I know (that) you stolen my book yesterday. 6. I knew that you had stolen my book yesterday.

simple present present perfect combination simple past perfect past simple past simple past just recent actions present perfect + present perfect

I

vÚÛ

Ðû¦è[ª÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ, ඛú í£ìª-õÚÛª

1st RDW (Regular Doing Words- come, go) 2nd RDW (Regular Doing Words- comes, goes) 1st RDW 'not' question 'do', 2nd RDW 'not' question 'does' Ravi: Hello Ramana when did you return from Vizag?

ö°Ùæ¨N, ìª

î¦è…ê¶

ö°Ùæ¨N î¦è[ê¦Ù. êÁ Þ¥E, ö˺ Þ¥F î¦è…ê¶ ìª êÁÞ¥E, ö˺ޥE ÷ú£ªhÙC ÍE êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ.

(ô¢÷ªé, îµjâ°Þ ìªÙ# Óí£±pè[ª AJ-Þ•à¦aô¢ª?)

Ramana: I returned yesterday.

(Eìo AJ-Þ•-à¦aìª.)

Ravi:

(îµjâ°Þ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª îµü‹xô¢ª?)

Ramana: I went there to attend a marriage the day before.

(ÖÚÛ šíRxÚ¨ á-ô¢-ó¶ªuÙ-ë]ªÚÛª îµ³ìo ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµü‹xìª.)

Ravi:

(Past Doing Word- PDW).

ÚÛ«ôÁa-÷è[Ù, Eõñ-è[è[Ù, EvCÙ-àŸè[Ù, ÚÛõ-Þœ-ìè[Ù, Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù, Ú•ìè[Ù, ê¶÷è[Ù, ú‡ë]lÄ-í£-è[è[Ù, îµªàŸªaÚÁ÷è[Ù, û¦åuÙ à¶óŸªè[Ù, ìæ¨Ù-àŸè[Ù, Îè[è[Ù, Nvø‹ÙA Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù, í£E-à¶óŸªè[Ù, ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸªè[Ù, î¦è[è[Ù, ð§è[ª à¶óŸªè[Ù, ÚÛådè[Ù, E÷-ú‡Ù-àŸè[Ù, ñêŸÚÛè[Ù.

ÔÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ? Let's go over what we've learnt so far.

ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛ« û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛª-ìoC ×þ§J àŸ«ë¯lÙ.

am, is, are; was, were; have/has been; shall be/will be;1st Regular Doing Words (go, verbs), 2nd Regular Doing come, walk Words (goes, comes, walks verbs) 'not' question do, does

ö°Ùæ¨

Why did you go to Vizag?

How did the marriage go off?

(šíRx Óö° áJ-TÙC?)

Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 30 WûË 2005

Oæ¨êÁ êÁ, ö˺ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Ïí£±pè[ª Oæ¨E Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ó÷-J/-Ó-÷-JC = whose Ó÷-J-E/-Ó-÷-JÚ¨ = whom

ö°Ùæ¨

î¦è[è[Ù

a) Whose book is this?

Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ›í@õª. The pages of the book (book's-

ç¶ñªöËÀ Ú¥üŒ‰x.

î¦è[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª)

êŸí£±p) ÏÙæ¨ êŸõª-í£±õª– Ú¥ô¢ª-àŸ-vÚ¥õª– Ïí£±pè[ª Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«è[Ùè….

legs of the table (table's Doors of the house. Wheels of the car. Ramu: I went to my uncle's place last evening.

Ramana: Oh, it went off very well.

(šíRx à¦ö° ò°Þ¥ áJ-TÙC.) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. return

(yesterday), went (day before), went (also day before) (yesterday, day before)

Ï÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£ìªõª. áJÞ¥óµ« ÚÛ«è¯ Óí£±pè[ª ÷ªìÚÛª êµõªú£ª. past actions ÚÛª (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-T-ð¼-ô³ì í£ìª-õÚÛª Ô ôÁV, Ô ûµõ, Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ÍE ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥ êµL-ú‡-ìí£±pè[ª) î¦è¶ verb - past doing word. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. A 1) He comes here every day. regular action 2) I go to movies every sunday. regular 'go' B 1) He came here yesterday.

Íà¶êŸû¦õÚÛª of

(ví£A-ôÁW) ÏC

(Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷« ÷«÷ªóŸªu ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµü‹xìª.)

ÏC Ó÷J í£±ú£hÚÛÙ? b) Whose is this book?

Ú¥ñæ¨d

Ð í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ó÷-JC? c) ìª÷±y Ó÷-JE ÓÚÛª\÷ Ïù£d-í£-è[-ê¦÷±?A û¦, B û¦? Whom do you like more, A or B?

(ÍêŸìª Eìo ÷à¦aè[ª) ÚÛë¯, Eìo ÍÙç¶? Eìo ÍE çµjîª ÚÛ«è¯ àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d came)

(past action

Raghu: What was the matter?

(ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?)

Ramu: My cousin returned from the states the day before. He wanted to see me.

(îµ³ìoû¶ î¦üŒx-ò°sô³ Í-JÚ¥ ìªÙ# AJ-Þ•-à¦aè[ª. ÍêŸìª ììªo ÚÛõ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªû¦oè[ª.)

2) He went to a movie last night.

ÏC Eìo ô¦vA ÍÙç¶ ÞœêŸÙö˺ × íÆ£ö°û¦ çµjîªö˺ áJ-TÙ-ë]E àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d went. Ð Ú¨ÙC í£æ¨dÚÛ àŸ«è[Ùè…. d)

Regular actions

(vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ-¸ÞN)

ÏÙÚ¥– û¦; ÏC û¦ ÚÛõÙ.

II RDW (He, She & It) goes sees comes knows tells teaches writes sings keeps learns walks

û¦C.

Ð ÚÛõÙ û¦C.

÷«; ÷«C F/Oª FC/-OªC

(ÏC û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ; Fëµ-ÚÛ\è[?) his- ÍêŸ-E/-Í-êŸ-EC; her- Î óµ³ÚÛ\ hers- ÎC her ÍÙç¶ Îîµªìª ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC.

(ÞœêŸÙö˺ × çµjîªö˺ áJ-T-ìN)

This is Ramesh's shirt.

Past Doing Words went saw came knew told taught wrote sang kept learnt walked English verbs Regular Doing Words, Past Doing Words practice eg: eat (I RDW), eats (II RDW), ate

à¶óŸªÙè…. Aìè[Ù –

(Ð ôÁV ð»ë]ªlì ÚÛ«è¯ Oª ÚÁú£Ù ðƼûË à¶ø‹ìª. Ú¥F Oª î¦üŒ‰x ö¶ô¢E àµð§pô¢ª.)

ÎÚÛª Ó÷ô¢ª êµõªú£ª?

e) Whom does she know? myminea) M. SURESAN This is my pen. b) This pen is mine. our ours youryoursThis is my book; Where is yours?

Past actions, Time stated

Ïö°¸Þ Ð Ú¨ÙC Íô¦nõª ÷à¶a

ìª÷±y Ó÷-JÚ¨ ú£ï£„-óŸª-í£è[-ê¦÷±?

Raghu: I tried to get you over phone this morning; but your people told me you were out.

Whom do you help?

Regular Doing Words

I RDW (I, We, You & they) go see come know tell teach write sing keep learn walk

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 10

Ú¨,

ÏC ô¢î¶ªùà à•Ú¥\. ÍÙç¶ ô¢î¶ª-ùÃC, ô¢î¶ª-ùÃÚÛª àµÙCì ÍE êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ 's (Apostrophe- s) î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÷« û¦ìo Þ¥J ë]ªú£ªhõª. My father's cloths.

÷« Í÷ªt ìÞœõª

My mother's jewels

ÖÚÛJ ÍE Þ¥E, ÖÚÛ-JÚ¨ àµÙCì ÍE Þ¥F àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ English ö˺ 's (apostrophe- s) î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ vð§éÙ ö¶E Íà¶-êŸ-ì-iì î¦æ¨Ú¨ ‘àµÙCì’ Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ 's î¦è[Ù. ë¯E ñë]ªõª 'of' î¦è[ê¦Ù.

Ramu:

come like talk smell kill

Yes, I spent the whole of last night at my uncle's.

(Í÷±ìª. Eìo ô¦vêŸÙê¦ ÷« ÷«÷ªóŸªu î¦üŒx-êÁû¶ Ñû¦oìª.) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é í£J-Q-L›úh ÞœêŸÙö˺ î¦JÚ¨ êµL-ú‡ì ú£÷ª-óŸªÙö˺ áJ-Tì ú£ÙíÆ£ª-å-ì-õìª ÞœªJÙ# ÷«æ°x-è…ìåªx êµõª-þ¼hÙC. Î verbs: went (last evening),

-

came liked talked smelt killed

etc.

Oæ¨E çµjîª êµL-ú‡ì Ïí£±pè[ª àŸ«è[Ùè….

past actions

ÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù.

1) He comes on time everyday, but he came late yesterday.

(ví£AôÁW çµjîªÚÛª ÷þ§hè[ª, Eìo Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷à¦aè[ª – yesterday - came)

2) My mother goes to bed early (regulargoes). She went late to bed yesterday (yesterday went). 3) India became independent in 1947.

ÍE çµjîª àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d –

(òÅ°ô¢ê 1947ö˺ ú£yêŸÙvêŸ ë¶øŒÙ Íô³uÙC.)

4) The movie flopped on the first day of its release last week (flopped - last week). 5) She passed Intermediate 2 years ago. I & II Regular Doing Words past forms eg: buy/buys (regular) - bought (past-

Ð Ú¨Ùë] Ï#aì Ú¨ àµí£pÙè….

Ú•ìåÙ

áJ-T-ð¼-ô³ÙC)

sing/sings (regular) - sang (past- ð§è[è[Ù Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC) Oæ¨E vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. Aìè[Ù (Regular), Ú•ìè[Ù, ìè[-÷è[Ù, û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÁ÷è[Ù, ô¦óŸªè[Ù, ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù, Íô¢÷è[Ù, Ôè[÷è[Ù, ÚÛådè[Ù, ê¦Þœè[Ù, ÚÛë]õè[Ù, ÷«ô¢è[Ù Answers: eat/eats buy/buys walk/walks learn/ learns write/writes talk/talks shout/shouts weep/weeps build/builds drink/drinks move/moves change/changes -

ate; bought; walked; learnt; wrote; talked; shouted; wept; built; drank; moved; changed.

returned (the day before), wanted (after he came), tried (this morning), told (this morning). went, returned, wanted, tried, told past tense past verbsPast Doing Words

Oæ¨E ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨ ìª ÷ªìÙ ÍÙë¯Ù. Oæ¨E ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£ìªõª, Ô ôÁV, Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù, Ô çµjîªö˺ ÍE êµL-ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. I met him yesterday.

(Eìo û¶ìª ÍêŸè…E ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª)

They lost a lot of money last year.

(ð¼ô³ì ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x à¦ö° è[ñªs ð¼Þ•-åªdÚÛª-û¦oô¢ª) ÍÙç¶ çµjîª êµL-ú‡ì past actions ìª (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJTì í£ìª-õìª) past doing words ö˺ (past simple ö˺) êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸ«L. past doing words (past simple) Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª– go see write

-

went saw wrote

ví£øŒo: present

tense, past tense, future

õìª Ô NëÅ]ÙÞ¥, Ôó¶ª Ú¥ö°ö˺x Ñí£óµ«-TÙ-à¦ö˺ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª. – ú‡. ò°ñª, ÷³ë]l-ì«ô¢ª áî¦ñª: ÏÙTxùà ÷«æ°x-è¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª tenses ›íô¢ªx êµõªú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. Time of action (í£Eá-J¸Þ Ú¥õÙ) ñæ¨d î¦è¯-Lqì verb ô¢«í£Ù (verb form) êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙç¶ à¦õª. Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª Ð QJ{-ÚÛö˺ ÷#aì ÍÙø‹-õFo tense ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#-ìî¶. î¦æ¨E vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. ûËÁæËÀ: ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù (WûË 28ì) Q&A ö˺ ví£àŸªJÙ#ì ví£øŒoö˺E û¦õªÞÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ ú£·ôjìC Ú¥ë]ª. Î î¦ÚÛuÙ Ïö° ÑÙè¯L– tense

I have known (that) you've stolen my book.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Sridhar: Where were you last Evening?

(Eìo þ§óŸªÙêŸÙ ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦o÷±?)

Srikanth: I was at Sankar's. We spent the evening together.

(û¶ìª øŒÙÚÛô î¦RxÙæ˺x Ñû¦oìª. þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ïë]lô¢Ù ÚÛL›ú Ñû¦oÙ.)

Sridhar: Do you see him everyday?

(ôÁW ìª÷±y ÍêŸEo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦?)

à¶óŸªÙè….) ÷« ÚÛ>ûË áÞœ-Dùà ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÚÛ\è[ªÙ-æ°è[ª. ìªîµ\-ÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-æ°÷±? Ramesh: Ô û¦ÚÛª êµMë]ª. ÓÙë]ªÚÛª êµõªq-ÚÁ-î¦õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±? Naresh: Eìªo ÷« ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ í‡õ-î¦-õE (want to î¦è[Ùè…). Answer: Ramesh: Hi Naresh? How are you?

(Ð í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ-í£±õª ò°Þ¥ à¶óŸªÙè…)

Srikanth: No. He is out some evenings. He attends music classes two or three evenings a week.

(ö¶ë]ª Ú•Eo-ôÁ-Võª ÍêŸìª þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè[è[ª. î¦ô¦-EÚ¨ ·ôÙè[ª, ÷´è[ª þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ú£ÙUêŸÙ û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª.)

Sridhar: When did he start learning?

(û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù Óí£±pè[ª îµ³ë]õª šíæ°dè[ª?)

Srikanth: I don't know. I think he has been at, is for at least 6 to 7 months

Naresh:

Sridhar: How about a movie tomorrow? Will you be free?

(¸ôí£± ú‡E÷«Ú¨ îµüŒë¯÷«? ¸ôí£± ìª÷±y Ý°Só¶ªû¦?) Srikanth: I will be away tomorrow. I will be free the day after tomorrow.

(¸ôí£± û¶ìªÙ-è[ìª. ÓõªxÙè… Ý°SÞ¥ ÑÙæ°ìª.) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Timeìª ñæ¨d î¦è…ì verb forms àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª Þœë¯? Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Oª friends êÁ Ú¥F, OªêÁ ú£ï£°ÚÛ-JÙචî¦ü˜x-÷-J-êÁ-ûµjû¦ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ïí£p-æ¨-÷ô¢ÚÛª Ð Spoken English Columns ö˺ Ï#aì N÷-ô¦õª Oªô¢ª follow Íô³ ÑÙç¶, Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é OªÚÛª à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù. (Ð Ú¨ÙC ›íô¢xÚÛª ñë]ªõª OªOª friends ›íô¢xêÁ practice à¶óŸªÙè….) Ramesh: óÀª ì¸ôùà Óö° Ñû¦o÷±? Naresh: ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o, ëǯuÙÚÛ«u. ìª÷±y Óö° Ñû¦o÷±? Ramesh: û¶ìª ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o. ëǯuÙÚÛ«u. ÔÙæ¨ Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oîËÂ? Naresh: Ð í£±ú£h-Ú¥õ ÿ§í£±ö˺ ð»ë]ªlì Ú•Eo í£±ú£hÚ¥õª Ú•û¦oìª. î¦æ¨ö˺ ÖÚÛæ¨ ú£JÞ¥ ö¶ë]ª. ë¯Eo AJT Ïà¶a-óŸ«-õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙåªû¦o. Ramesh: ÔÙæ¨ Î í£±ú£h-ÚÛÙö˺ ö˺í£Ù? Naresh: Ú•Eo ›í@õª ö¶÷±. Ramesh: Ñë]óŸªÙ Ú•ìo-í£±è[ª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸ-ö¶ë¯? Naresh: Ú•ClÞ¥ ê•Ùë]-ô¢ö˺ Ñû¦o! Ramesh: FÚÛª í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª àŸCî¶ Íõ-î¦-åªÙë¯? Naresh: à¦ö° ÓÚÛª\÷ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª. àŸë]-÷åÙ û¦ÚÛª Îú£¸Úh. Ramesh: ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[î¦? Naresh: ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ àŸ«þ§hî¦? Ramesh: Î. ÚÛFú£Ù î¦ô¦-E-ÚÁ-þ§J. Naresh: ¸ôí£± ÷«ÚÛª šúõ÷± (tomorrowêÁ begin ví£øŒo:

Fine. Thank you. How are you?

,

(How is it you are here?/What brings you

(Have you/do you have the habit of reading?)

here?/How do I see you here now?-

Naresh: Yes, I read a lot. Reading interests

Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶. Ð î¦Ú¥u-õìª ò°Þ¥ à¶óŸªÙè….)

here this morning. One of them is

Íû¦o,

me/ I am interested in reading. Ramesh: Don't you (Do you not) watch movies?

(ÏÚÛ\è[ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. àŸ«þ§hî¦?

Do you watch?

êÁ í£ë¯õª Îë¯! Do you?

not in a good condition / is in a bad

àŸ«è[î¦ –

condition. I want to return it.

watch?

Ramesh: What's (=What is) wrong with the book? (What's wrong-

ÏC ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ú£ô¢y-þ§-ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥

Do you not watch / Don't you

Naresh: Do you?

ÏÚÛ\è[ Do you watch movies ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ Íû¦Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. / Do you sea a lot? Ramesh: Oh,

õ. ÍÙê¦ ÷ªì

yes.

I

Why are you in a hurry?

ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙêŸ ê•Ùë]ô¢ FÚÛª?/-ê•Ù-ë]ô¢ í£è[ª-꟪-û¦oîËÂ? hurry(J) = ê•Ùë]ô¢ Crawl (vÚ¥öËÀ) = ð§ÚÛè[Ù ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ú¥üŒ‰x ö¶E áÙ꟪-÷±õª, ÷ªK ÓÚÛª\÷ Ú¥üŒ‰xìo âµvô¢ªõª, ê¶üŒŠx ö°Ùæ¨N, ÏÙÚ¥ ìè[÷-ö¶E î¦üŒ‰x ò˺ô¦xí£è… ð§ÚÛè[Ù, í‡õxõª, û¦õªÞœª Ú¥üŒx áÙ꟪÷±õª ð§ÚÛè¯Eo creep (vÚ©íÖ-vÚ©íÃq, v·ÚíÃd) ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. Íô³ê¶ ·ôÙè[ª ÷«åõÚÛª ð¼LÚÛ à¦ö° Eë¯-ìÙÞ¥ ÚÛë]õè[Ù. Creep-ô¢ï£°-ú£uÙÞ¥, ë•ÙÞœ-êŸ-ìÙÞ¥ ÚÛë]-õè[Ù Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÑÙC. ÚÛõêŸ = worry (÷J); ê¦íˆÞ¥ ìè[-÷è[Ù =amble (ÎÙñªöËÀ) (campö˺ am ö°Þ¥ ‘ÎÙ’ í£õ-Ú¥L) ê•Ùë]-ô¢-ð§åª = haste (šï°óÀªúÃd) PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

Naresh: Tomorrow is/will be a holiday for us. My cousin Jagadish also will

2) Looked, booked, talked, pressed, jumped

once a week.

Naresh: Some pages are missing.

do. At least once a weak.

þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ à¦ö°-÷ªÙC Ú•ìè[Ù Íû¶ í£ë¯-EÚ¨, purî¦è[ªêŸªÙ-æ°ô¢ª– ÏC ð§Ùè…êŸuÙ. ÷«÷´õª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-é-ö˺ޥE, ô¢àŸ-ìö˺, buy, buys, bought etc. ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Ú•ìªÞÁõª Íû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª purchase î¦è[-÷àŸªa.

I was in a little hurry

'She has been this job

She has been in this job

for the last one year' Íû¦o Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶. ÎÚÛª Ð ÑëÁuޜ٠ÖÚÛ ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¢ÙÞ¥ ÑÙë]E îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ. ·ôÙèÁ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ– Î Ð ÑëÁu-ÞœÙö˺ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ìªÙ< ÑÙC.

Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x #÷J

E t Þ¥ í£õ-Ú¥L.

be here tomorrow. Where will you

-

be?

Looked= Lookt; talked=talkt etc.

Ramesh: I don't (do not) know. Why do you want to know?

I have a few purchases to make.

Naresh:

M. SURESAN

ÍE clipped sentences (ÚÛªCÙ-#ì î¦Ú¥uõª) î¦è[÷àŸªa. ÍÙç¶ I do= I watch.

chase(s) past doing word 'purchased'

Ú•Eo ÷ú£ªh-÷±õª Ú•ìª-ÞÁõª à¶óŸ«L. OöµjìÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª buy, buys, boughtû¶ î¦è[Ùè…. ú£ï£°áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.

hitting, betting, selling, hum-

ming, cunning ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«å-õö˺ ÷à¶a ·ôÙè[-¤Ûô¦õ« Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÖÚÛ Í¤Û-ô¢î¶ª í£õ-Ú¥L. hitting = æ¨ÙÞ betting = òµæ¨ÙÞ selling = šúLÙÞ humming = NªÙÞ cunning = ÚÛEÙÞÂ, (æ¨dÙÞÂ, òµæ¨dÙÞÂ, šúLxÙÞ etc ÍìÚÛ«è[ë]ª)

movies at least

ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ Oªô¢ª Íõ-î¦åª à¶ú£ªÚÁ-Þœ-L-T궖 Oh, yes, I

this morning when you bought it?

ö˺

1) English

week. / I watch

î¦è[ê¦ô¢ª– Íô¢nÙ: ÔÙæ¨ ð»ô¢-ð§åª?, ê¶è¯ ÔÙæ¨?, ꟛíp-÷ª-û¦oû¦?) Ramesh: Didn't you (did you not) notice it

Oªë¶ ÑÙC.

Sentence structures ÏÙÚ¥ ò°Þ¥ practice à¶óŸ«-õÙç¶ vocabulary (í£ë¯õª ÍÙç¶ ÏÙÚ•Eo ÷«åõª) êµõªú£ªÚÁ-î¦L. climb up = ÓÚÛ\è[Ù climb down = CÞœè[Ù rush = êŸyô¢êŸyô¢Þ¥ îµüŒxè[Ù/ è¯-N-è…Þ¥ îµüŒxè[Ù/urgentÞ¥ ë¶Eûµjû¦ í£Ùí£è[Ù. Hurry up, please = êŸyô¢Þ¥ Ú¥FóÀª.

one movie a

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 11

practice

VOCABULARY

watch at least

'She has had this job for the last

one year'

Oå-Eoæ¨

practice

Naresh: I bought some books in this shop

for the last one year' Ð ·ôÙè[ª î¦Ú¥uõÚÛª ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? – Ná-óŸª-õ¤¨t, Ná-óŸª-î¦è[

áî¦ñª:

Ð ÷«å ÚÛ«è¯ ò°Þ¥ î¦è[Ùè… Ramesh: Do you read a lot?

here?

'She has had this job for the last one year'

practice

Ramesh: Fine too. Thank you. Why are you

now.

(û¦ÚÛª êµLóŸªë]ª. Ú¥F θôè[ª ûµõ-õªÞ¥ ë¯E Oªë¶ Ñû¦o-è[-ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°.)

øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 2 Vöµj 2005

Naresh: I wish to/want to invite you to my place.

àŸ«ø‹ô¦. ÷ªìÙ ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Spoken English ö˺ êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªìo Ú•Cl ÍÙø‹-õ-êÁû¶ ÓÙêŸ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù‡Ù-àŸ-Þœ-

'ed'

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82

#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa. email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

÷«vêŸî¶ª's' / 'es' à¶ô¢ªþ§hÙ. Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. She has been in this ví£øŒo: ‘û¶ìª Î í£E à¶ô³-þ§h쪒. DEE ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ áî¦ñª: I got married, I was married ·ôÙè[« job Íû¦L (in ÑÙè¯L). ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íô¢nÙö˺ ÷«vêŸÙ Ú•ClÞ¥ ê¶è¯ ÑÙåªÙC. Óö° ÍÙæ°ô¢ª? I – âµ.·Ú ví£þ§ëÂ, ÚÛè[í£ got married = û¦ÚÛª šíüŒx-ô³ÙC ( Ô ôÁV, Ô ví£øŒo: Simple present tenseö˺ subject's singularö˺ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª verbÚÛª 's' Þ¥E, áî¦ñª: I will make him / her / them / you ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù êŸC-êŸô¢ N÷-ô¦õª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d clearÞ¥ ÑÙç¶). 'es'Þ¥E à¶ô¢ª-þ§hô¢ª. Subject - 'I' Ñìo- do it. í£±pè[ª verbÚÛª 's', 'es' à¶ô¢a-·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª? ví£øŒo: I got married, I was married Ð Ex: I got married (on Monday last/ last year / in 2004 / 22nd June etc.) – ÓÙ. òÅ°ìª-àŸÙ-ë]ôÂ, ÷ªCl-î¦-E-ð§öµÙ ·ôÙè[ª î¦Ú¥uõª ú£·ôj-ì-î¶û¦? Ô ú£Ùë]I was married = DE Íô¢nÙ Íí£p-æ¨¸Ú û¦ÚÛª ô¢sÄÙö˺ Óö°Ùæ¨ î¦Ú¥uEo Ñí£-óµ«-TÙáî¦ñª: Simple presentö˺ Singular subšíüŒx-ô³-ð¼-ô³Ù-ë]E. à¦L? jects ÍEoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ VerbÚÛª 's' / 'es'à¶ô¢aÙ. III – ÓöËÀ. û¦¸ÞøŒyô¢ô¦÷±, Þœªè…-î¦è[ Q: Were you married (at the time)? Person singular subjects- He, She, It ÚÛª 'She has been this job for the last one year

A: yes, I was married.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

ÑÙè[è[Ù.

Pranav: How is everybody, Praveen?

(ví£OéÉÂ! ÍÙë]ô¢« Óö° Ñû¦oô¢ª, ÚÛªøŒ-õ÷«?)

Praveen: Not bad, I suppose. How is it with you?

Pranav:

children (plural) - child (singular) child he/she

ÚÛª ñë]ªõª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÍÙæ°Ù.

(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o-÷ª-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. ìªîµyö° Ñû¦oîËÂ)

6. Do snakes lay eggs?

Fine. Thank you.

7. These hotels do good business. do good business = 8. Why do students waste time?

(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o) šíj÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙí£± ÷«åö¶. Oª všíÆÙèÂqìª, ú£Eo--꟪-õìª ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìo-í£±pè[ª Ïö° í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙí£± ÷«åõª î¦è[ª-꟪Ù-è[Ùè…. Praveen: How about practising the following exercise? (How about English exercise practice Pranav: It suits me fine.

Íû¶ ÷«å ö˺ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ°-EÚ¨ ìª êŸô¢àŸª î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. ÍÙç¶ Ð à¶ë¯l÷«? ÍE Íô¢nÙ)

ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ êŸô¢àŸª ÷ªì ú£÷ªt-AE êµL-óŸªâ¶-óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù.

þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 4 Vöµj 2005

Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯

It

(ð§÷³õª Þœªè[ªx šíè[-ê¦óŸ«?) pron: lay : (öµóÀª) = Þœªè[ªx-ö°Ù-æ¨N šíådè[Ù î¦uð§ô¢Ù ò°Þ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù

(Në¯u-ô¢ªnõª ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷'ëǯ à¶þ§hô¢ª?)

9. How well they swim!

(î¦üŒ‰x ÓÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ Ðë]ª-ê¦ôÁ!) ÏC ÎøŒa-ô¦u-ô¢nÚÛÙ (exclamation )!. question Ú¥ë]ª. 10. Do I look ill?

(û¶ìª Íû¦-ôÁ-ÞœuÙÞ¥ ÚÛE-í‡-ú£ªh-û¦oû¦?)

★ Pranav:

(Óö° ÑÙë¯

)

(Ô ÓÚÛq-ôÂ-šújâÉÀ ÞœªJÙ# ìª÷±y ÷«æ°x-è[ªêŸª-û¦o÷±?)

Pranav:

12. Do you go to movies often?

Let's (= let us) see what it is. ( Exercise -1: subject He/she/It senpractice tence eg: I know the subject well.

★

Well, how was that exercise? exercise? Praveen: Which exercise do you mean?

11. Where do they work?

(î¦üŒ‰x ÓÚÛ\è[ í£E-à¶-þ§hô¢ª? / î¦üŒx ÑëÁuޜ٠ÓÚÛ\è[?)

★

The last exercise about rewriting sentences after changing the sub-

ÔÙæ˺ àŸ«ë¯lÙ/àŸ«è[F)

Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-ö˺xE ìª, ÷«Ja, ÍÙë]ªÚÛª êŸTì ÷«ô¢ªpõª NªÞœê¦ ö˺ à¶ú‡ à¶óŸªÙè….

ô¦÷³: Î à¦ö° ò°Þ¥ Uú£ªhÙC. ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù ñ÷ªA ÚÛ«è¯ êµàŸªa-ÚÛªÙC. (get î¦è[Ùè….) ô¢íÆ£³: UóŸªè[Ù ÓÚÛ\è[ û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙC? ô¦÷³: þ»ÙêŸÙ-Þ¥û¶ û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙC. Answer: Raghu: Who drew that picture? Ramu:

a prize last week.

= ñ-÷ªA ÚÛ«è¯)

(even a prize

÷«å ÖÚÛç¶ Íô¦nõª î¶ô¢ªî¶ô¢ª! (Oªô¢ª êŸô¢àŸª ú‡E-÷«-õ-·Ú-ü‹hô¦?)

ject?

(ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]-JC. sentences ö˺ subject ÷«Ja ô¦óŸªè[Ù)

13. What do they think of this plan?

eg2: These books give a lot of information.

(Ð í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª à¦ö° ú£÷«-à¦-ô¦Eo Ïþ§hô³.) Ð sentenceö˺ subject 'These books'. 'These books' ÚÛª ñë]ªõª He/She/Ó÷J ›í·ôjû¦(Ramu/Sita) / this book/it, subject Þ¥ î¦è…ê¶ These books give a lot of information Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙ He/She/Ram/Sita/This book/ It gives a lot of information sentence subject He/She/It/Any name practice

Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ª-꟪ÙC. ö˺E Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ Ï#aì Ú•Eo ìª (Ô ÷uÚ¨h ›íô¢-ô³û¦, à¶óŸªÙè…. Ô ÷ú£ªh÷± ›íô¢-ô³û¦) šíæ¨d ú£«àŸì: 'pron' –ÍÙç¶ pronunciation ÍE. 1. I think I am right.

(û¶ìª ·ôjæËÀ Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª).

2. They help their father quite often.

(î¦üŒ‰x î¦üŒx û¦ìoÚÛª êŸô¢àŸª ú£ï£„-óŸª-í£-è[-ê¦ô¢ª.) pron: often ÎíÆ£-ûËÂ/-Î-íÆ£dûËÂ

3. My dogs often trouble my neighbours.

(û¦ ÚÛªÚÛ\õª ÷« ð»ô¢ªÞœª î¦üŒxìª êŸô¢àŸª ÏñsÙC šíè[ª-꟪Ù-æ°ô³.) ÏÚÛ\è[ subject 'My dogs' - DEo Oªô¢ª His/Her/any name šíæ¨d àµí£pÙè…. 'My dog'êÁ ÚÛ«è¯ àµí£pÙè…. 4. I go to temple on fridays. 5. Good children always obey their parents. parents

(ñªClÄ-÷ªÙ-꟪-öµjì í‡õxõª î¦üŒx ÚÛª NëŶóŸªÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª.) pron: obey ÖòµóÀª = Íé-ÚÛª-÷Þ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù, ÷«å Nìè[Ù, NëŶ-óŸªêŸ ÚÛLT

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82.

#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.

email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

She draws very well. She got even

Ramu:

Þ¥

(û¦ÚÛª Î ú£òµbÚÂd êµõªú£ª) ÏÚÛ\è… subject 'I'. I Ú¨ ñë]ªõª, He/She (ÏÚÛ\è[ it šíè…ê¶ ú£·ôjì Íô¢nÙ ô¦ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d ÷C-ö¶-óŸªÙè….) ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ Ô ›í·ôjû¦ Shravan ÍûËÁ, Anjali ÍûËÁ î¦è¯-÷ª-ìª-ÚÁÙè…. Íí£±pè[ª I know the subject well Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙ He/She/Shravan/Anjali knows the subject well. Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ª-꟪ÙC.

Lata

Raghu: Does she draw so well?

(î¦üŒ‰x Ð í£ëÇ]ÚÛÙ ÞœªJÙ# Ô÷ª-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª?)

14. What do they do in the evenings?

Praveen: It helps us to know when to use the 1st RDW- Regular Doing Words (come, go 2nd RDW (comes, goes do, does.

ö°Ùæ¨N),

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 12 (î¦üŒ‰x þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ÔÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª?)

(ÏN

15. Do you like tea? What do they prefer, coffee or tea?

(FÚÛª æ© Ïù£d÷«? î¦üŒxÚÛª ÔC ÓÚÛª\÷ Ïù£dÙ, æ©û¦ Ú¥íƈû¦?)

Answers: 1. He/She/any name thinks he/she is right. 2. He/She/any name helps their/his/her father quite often. 3. My dog/It/He/She often troubles my/ his/ her neighbours. 4. He/ She/any name goes to temple on fridays. 5. He/ She/ A good child/ It/ any name obeys his/her/its/ any name's parent. 6. Does a snake/It lay eggs? 7. This hotel/It does good business. 8. Why does a student waste his/her/any name's time? 9. How well he/she /any name/ It swims? 10. Does he/she/any name look ill? 11. Where does he/she/any name work? 12. Does he/she/any name go to movies often? 13. What does he/she/any name think of this plan? 14. What does he/she/any name do in the evenings? 15. Does he/she/any name like tea? What does he/she prefer?

Íô³ê¶)

ö°Ùæ¨N),

(áÙ꟪÷±

1st RDW, 2nd RDW, do, does

ö°Ùæ¨N êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ- M. SURESAN è¯-EÚ¨ Ñí£-óµ«Þœè[ê¦ô³) Ð Ú¨ÙC ÷«åõª vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x î¦è[ªêŸ« ÑÙè[Ùè…. turn on the tap/turn the tap on= í£Ùí£± ÷ë]-õè[Ù turn off the tap/turn the tap off= í£Ùí£± ÚÛç¶dóŸªè[Ù Ram: Turn on the tap please, I need some water.

Raghu: Where did she learn it? Ramu:

She learnt it on her own.

þ»ÙêŸÙÞ¥, on my own = û¦ î¦üŒxÙêŸå î¦ü™x, on his own = ÍêŸ-ìÙ-êŸå ÍêŸû¶) ÷ªSx draw Íû¶ ÷«åìª Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. DEÚ¨ ·ôÙè[ª Íô¦nõª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ ÚÛë¯. 3) draw = Ôëµjû¦ ÓÚÛ\-èµjû¦ regular Þ¥ supply ð»Ùë]è[Ù. û¶ìª Ð ñ«êÂ-ö˺û¶ ð§õª Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª. (on her own =

ÍÙêŸ-å- û¶û¶,

on their own =

I draw milk from this booth. People of this area draw milk from this booth. 4) draw= bank

ö˺Ù# þ»÷³t Bú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù.

He drew Rs. 5000 from the bank.

ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íì-÷àŸªa. ð»Ùë]è[Ù

withdraw 5) draw=

Freedom fighters drew inspiration from Gandhi.

þ§yêŸÙvêŸu ú£÷ª-ô¢-óµ«-ëÅ]ªõª Þ¥ÙDÅ ìªÙ# ú£«pÄJh ð»Ùë¯ô¢ª. pron: Inspiration ÏûËÂ-ú‡p-·ô-óÀª-ù£ûË = ú£«pÄJh 6) ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ð»Ùë]è[Ù = draw information The police were unable to draw information from the accused.

(ð¼M-ú£ªõª EÙC-êŸªè… ìªÙ# ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ð»Ùë]ö¶ÚÛ/ ô¦ñ-åd-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª.) accused (ÍÚÛ«uúÃd) = EÙC-꟪è[ª (àŸåd í£J-òÅ°ù£).

(Ú¥ú£h í£Ùí£± Aí£pÙè…. û¦ÚÛª FüŒ‰x Ú¥î¦L.)

Shyam: As soon as you draw enough water, please turn it off. Don't waste water.

(OªÚÛª Ú¥î¦-Lq-ìEo FüŒ‰x Bú£ªÚÛªìo êŸô¢-î¦êŸ í£Ùí£± Λí-óŸªÙè…. FüŒ‰x ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛÙè….) ÏÚÛ\è[ draw Íû¶ ÷«å àŸ«è[Ùè…. draw: 1)

FüŒ‰x ö°Ùæ¨N êÁè[è[Ù, à¶ë]è[Ù

We draw water from the tap/ the well/ the river etc.,

ÚÛª ·ôÙèÁ Íô¢nÙ ÷ªìÙ-ë]-JÚ© êµõªú£ª. ò˹÷ªtõª î¶óŸªè[Ù.

2) draw

Bapu draws beautiful pictures

(ò°í£± ÍÙë]-iì ò˹÷ªtõª Uþ§hô¢ª)

ví£øŒo: WûË 24 ‘ví£AòÅ¡’ þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ

Q&A QJ{ÚÛö˺ ÓÙ. -ûËÂ-ô¦÷±, ìt-Ú•Ùè[ ìªÙ# ‘Óí£±p-èµjû¦ ›ú-î¦J Oªë¶ ÏÙÚ¥ òÅ°ô¢Ù í£è[ª-꟪ÙC’ Íû¶ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ ú£÷«-ì-iì english proverb ÑÙç¶ àµí£p-÷ªE Íè…-Þ¥ô¢ª. ë¯EÚ¨ ú£·ôjì proverb ö¶ë]E àµð§pô¢ª. Ú¥F Íë¶ Íô¢nÙö˺ ÖÚÛ saying ÑÙC ÚÛë¯? 'All lay loads on a willing horse'

– âµ. òµEê¦ è¶NèÂ, ÚÛô¢«oõª

1st RDW= draw, 2nd RDW = draws, Past Doing Word = drew.

Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Englishö˺ vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. ô¢íÆ£³: Î ò˹÷ªt Uú‡Ù-ëµ-÷ô¢ª? ô¦÷³: õêŸ ô¢íÆ£³: Î ÍÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ Uú£ªhÙë¯?

áî¦ñª: Í÷±ìª.

Thank you very much òµEê¦ è¶NèÂ. One is never too old to learn (ÓÙêŸ ÷óŸªú£ª ôjû¦ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-Lq-ìN ÑÙæ°ô³) Íû¶C Óí£±pè[« ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Ajitha: Hi Naresh, how goes Life?

(à¦õ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙí£± ÷«åö˺x ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ ÖÚÛæ¨. Practice à¶ú‡ î¦è[Ùè…. Dìô¢nÙ, Óö° Ñû¦o÷± ÍE)

Naresh: No regrets. Getting on.

(ò°ëÅ]-ö¶Oª ö¶÷±. ÔëÁ áJ-T-ð¼-êÁÙC.)

Ajitha:

Did you go through the Eenadu this morning?

(Ð ôÁV ð»ë]ªlì ‘Ðû¦è[ª’ àŸC-î¦î¦?) Naresh: No, I didn't. What's new?

(ö¶ë]ª. Ôiû¦ Nø™ù£Ù ÑÙë¯?)

Ajitha:

Don't you (Do not you/Do you not) read the newspaper?

(ì«uúÃ-›í-í£ô àŸë]-÷î¦?)

Naresh: I do, of course. But this morning I was in a hurry. I just ran through the headlines. My sister reads the paper in detail.

(àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª. Ú¥F ð»ë]ªlì è¯-N-è…ö˺ šï°èÂ-öµjûËÂq ÷«vêŸÙ àŸCî¦. ÷« àµöµxõª ›íí£ô êŸhÙ àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪ÙC.)

Ajitha:

Does she?

(Í÷±û¦?) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ 'do, does, did' Óö° î¦è¯ôÁ àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛ«è¯ Oæ¨E N÷JÙà¦Ù. ÷ªSx ÷ªô¢#ð¼ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè….

ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 6 Vöµj 2005

î¦è[-÷àŸªa. eg: 1) Laxman: Did you meet Ram yesterday? Bharat: Yes, I did. Yes I met him Conversational 'Yes I did' 2) Divya: Does she sing well? Deepika: She does, very well. conversational She does Yes, she sings very well

÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶, Þ¥ Íô³ê¶ Þ¥ ÷«÷´õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶, ÍÙæ°Ù.

ÍÙæ°Ù. à¦õª.

ÍÙç¶ à¦õª.

3) Champa: Do you practice the game regularly? Charan: Oh, yes, I do. I practice the game regularly 'I do' 4) Prameela: Does Kranthi meet you often? Prasanthi: No, she doesn't (= does not)

ÍE îµ³êŸhÙ ÍìÍÙç¶ ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.

ÚÛªÙè¯, ÏÚÛ\è[

Ú¥ñæ¨d

ÍÙæ°Ù. ÍE í£²JhÞ¥

answer, 'no' she doesn't No, she does not meet me often

Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª.

(šíj áî¦-ñªö˺x 2 ö˺ No, she is not a good ÍE Ú¥E, 3 ö˺ No, we are not students ÍE Ú¥F í£²JhÞ¥ Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª) Ú•ÙàµÙ ›ï°üŒ-ìÞ¥ áî¦-G-÷y-è¯-EÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ Ð clipped responses- ÚÛªCÙ-#ì ú£pÙë]-ìõª– î¦è[ª-꟪Ùæ°Ù. Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«è[Ùè…. Govind: I play better than Sachin.

(û¶ìª ú£#ûË ÚÛÙç¶ ò°Þ¥ Îè[-ê¦ìª.)

Govardhan: Oh, do you? People don't know that, unfortunately

(×É˺, Íö°Þ¥?ví£á-õ-ÚÛC êµLóŸªë]ª, ë]ªô¢ë]'ù£dÙ – ÏC ›ï°üŒì)

eg: 1) Pavan:

Eìo Oª Ú¥ô¢ª-¸Ú-÷ª-ô³ÙC? (Í÷è[Ù– happen. what, who êŸô¦yêŸ Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x questionsö˺ 'do', 'does', 'did' ô¦÷±. eg: Oª·Ú-÷-J-à¦aô¢ª Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ? Who

gave you the book?) (What happened to your car yesterday?) Prakash: (It broke down yesterday.) - break down) Pavan: (Does it break down frequently?) Prakash:

ÍC ë¯Jö˺ ÎT-ð¼-ô³ÙC.

(Ú¥ô¢ª, óŸªÙvê¦õª í£E-à¶-óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù

ÍC êŸô¢àŸ« ÎT-ð¼-꟪Ù-åªÙë¯?

í£²JhÞ¥.... àµí£pÚÛ\¸ôxë]ª! 5) Sekhar: Did you talk to Kalyan yesterday? Chandra: No, I didn't (= did not) No, I did not talk to him.

í£²JhÞ¥ ö¶ë]ª.

6) Mallik:

Íû¦Lqì í£E-

Do you like cricket?

êŸô¢àŸ« áô¢-Þœë]ª. Eìo ÷«vêŸÙ ÑìoåªxÙè… ÎT-ð¼-ô³ÙC.

àµð§pLqì í£E-ö¶ë]ª.

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 13 Madhav: No, I don't (= do not)

(XE-î¦úà ò°Þ¥ ð§è[-ê¦è[ª).

(Í÷±-û¦?/-ð§-è[-ê¦è¯?) ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ does he sing so well ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ Íû¦Lqì í£E-ö¶ë]ª. 3) Vinai: She scored the highest marks in last week's exam.

(ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù í£K-¤Ûö˺ ÎÚÛª ÍÙë]J ÚÛû¦o ÓÚÛª\÷ ÷«ô¢ª\õª ÷à¦aô³.)

Varun: Did she?

(ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ Did she score... ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ Íû¦Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.) Íö°¸Þ Í÷±ìª, Ú¥ë]ª í£ë¯õÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ do, does, did

ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª. Ð Ú¨ÙC conversation í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. Do, does did ö°Þ¥û¶ am, is, are, was, were õêÁ ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ responses Ï÷y-÷àŸªa. I don't like cricket

1) Padma:

Oªô¢ª êŸNªüŒÙ ÷«æ°x-è¯-ê¦ô¦? Pratibha: ÷«æ°x-è[ª-ê¦-ìª/÷«-æ°x-è[ìª. 2) Janaki:

'Best'

î¶éªÚÛª çµEúà î¦è[Ùè…) Ïù£d-/-Ú¥ë]ª

Ïù£d÷«?

û¶ìª ÷³Üu-÷ªÙvAE Ú¥î¦õ-ìª-Ú•Ù-åªû¦oìª. ×É˺ Íö°Þ¥? ÍC à¦ö°?

Are you a teacher?

(Oªô¢ª æ©àŸô¦?) (Í÷±ìª) Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª.

Prakash: Yes I am. Yes, I am a teacher 2) Sita: Is Uma a good singer? Alivelu: No, she isn't (= is not)

(Î Ú¥ë]ª)

3) Ramesh: Are you students? Jagan & Naresh: No, we aren't/yes, we are

M. SURESAN

(like Jayanthi: 3) Shyam: Sundar: 4) Prabhat: Praveen: 5) Sukumar:

Eìo ÚÛ÷ªöËÀ ÷³Ùò°óÀª îµü‹xè[ª leave î¦è[Ùè…) Íö°Þ¥? ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?

(go /

÷« Òô¢ª ÎÙvëÅ]-ví£-ë¶øÉ êŸhÙö˺ Þ•í£pC (best î¦è[Ùè…) Suman: Íö°Þ¥? Ô Òô¢Ùè† ÍC? Sukumar: Ná-óŸª-î¦è[

ÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª First, second, next áî¦ñª: îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦ÚÛuÙ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. was Íû¶ í£ë¯õª Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-àŸ-÷à¦a? êŸô¦yêŸ, ÍÙç¶ Ô 'be' form êŸô¦yêŸ ÚÛ«è¯, do, – >.N.-X-ë¶N, Î÷ª-ë¯-õ-÷-õú£ go, come, walk ö°Ùæ¨ 1st RDW (1st Regular Doing Words) ô¦÷±. ÏÚÛ\è[ was áî¦ñª: 'First best' ÍE ÍìÙ. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶, do Íû¶C English Ú¥ë]ª. ·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ 'What 'best' ö˺û¶ first Íû¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÑÙC. next best, did he do?' ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ÏÚÛ\è[ verb: did do = did. second best, third best... Íì-÷àŸªa. Answer: He played / sang; He did not do ví£øŒo: Interrogative sentences ö˺ helping anything ö°Þ¥ ô¦÷àŸªa. verbsìª Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¶-å-í£±pè[ª was ví£øŒo: This stone was laid by somebody ö¶ë¯ did Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è¯L? Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ 'laid' ÞœªJÙ# N÷-JÙ-àŸ-ޜڨÙC î¦Ú¥uö˺x ÔC ú£·ôj-ìëÁ êµõ-í£Ùè…. õô¢ª. Íö°¸Þ lying Íû¶, lie Íû¶ verbs 1) What was he do? ÚÛª, laid Íû¶ verb ÚÛª present, past, 2) What did he do? past participle êµõ-í£Ùè…. – Xìª, òÅ¡vë¯-àŸõÙ –ÓúÃ.-îµj.·Ú., õ·Úq-æ¨d-›íå ví£øŒo:

êµMë]ª

êµõªú£ª

ÍE í£²JhÞ¥

Prasanth: Does he?

(Do you know Hindi?) Srinivas:

1) Pratima:

Þ¥ Íô³ê¶,

2) Pradeep: Sreenivas sings well.

OªJ-í£±pè[ª do, does, did, am, is, are etc... î¦è[ªêŸ« Ð Ú¨ÙC conversation English ö˺ Oª friends êÁ practice à¶óŸªÙè…: Ú¨ÙC Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. Krishna: OªÚÛª ÙD êµõªþ§? (No, I don't)/ (yes, I do).

(No, it doesn't (does not)).

êÁ ÚÛ«è¯ ÎT-ð¼-÷àŸªa. Ú•ÙàµÙ ÍÙç¶ à¦õª.

No clear No, it doesn't No it doesn't breakdown frequently

Suman:

singer

áî¦ñª: This stone was laid by somebody ÏÚÛ\è[ stone ÍÙç¶ í£±û¦-C-ô¦ô³. ÍÙç¶, Dams, GLfÙ-ÞÂq-ö°Ùæ¨ Eô¦t-é°õª vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ-à¶-åí£±pè[ª VIPõª í£±û¦-C-ô¦ô³ î¶óŸªè[Ù / øŒÙÚÛª-þ§ní£ì à¶óŸªè[Ù. The CM laid the foundation stone for the bridge.

(÷³Üu-÷ªÙvA ÷Ùêµ-ìÚÛª í£±û¦-C-ô¦ô³ î¶ø‹ô¢ª / øŒÙÚÛª-þ§n-í£ì à¶ø‹ô¢ª.) lie (present tense) (Íñë]lÄÙ àµí£pè[Ù), lied (past tense),

lie

lied

(past participle).

(present)

÷è[Ù...),

lay

(í£è[ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù, Nvø‹ÙA Bú£ª-ÚÁ(past),

laim(past participle).

(ÑÙàŸè[Ù, Þœªè[ªx-ší-ådè[Ù, øŒÙÚÛª-þ§ní£ì à¶óŸªè[Ù), laid (past), laid (past participle).

lay

(present)

ÍC Þ•í£pëÁ Ú¥ëÁ û¦ÚÛª êµMë]ª, Ú¥E one ÍE ÷«vêŸÙ êµõªú£ª.

of the hottest 6) Madan:

ìª÷±y à¦ö° ÷ªÙ#-î¦-è…ö° ÚÛE-í‡-ú£ªh-û¦o÷±. î¦è[Ùè…) Í÷±û¦? ÍC F ÷ªÙ#-êŸìÙ ÷õx

(seem; a good fellow Manoj: 7) Mukund: Murari: 8) Nelson: Neeraj: 9) Taruni: Sania: Taruni: Sania: 10) Bhaskar: Bhanu: 11) Teacher: Pupil:

î¦üŒ‰x òÅ°ô¢-B-óŸ³ö°? Ú¥ô¢ª/ Í÷±ìª.

Ð í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª Oªî¦? Í÷±ìª. Í÷Fo û¦î¶/-Ú¥÷±.

Oªô¢ª æ©O úˆJ-óŸªöËÀq àŸ«þ§hô¦? Í÷±ìª àŸ«þ§h-ìª/-àŸ«-è[ìª. ÍN Îú£Ú¨hÞ¥ ÑÙæ°óŸ«. Í÷±-ìª/-Ú¥ë]ª ('are' î¦è[Ùè…) î¦Rx-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¶-î¦ü‹x? (were î¦è[Ùè…) Í÷±-ìª/-Ú¥ë]ª (were î¦è¯L) Ð ví£øŒo ÚÛù£d÷«? Í÷±-ìª/-Ú¥ë]ª (is ô¦î¦L)

Answers: 1) Pratima: Do you speak Tamil? Pratibha: Yes, I do / No, I don't. 2) Janaki: Does Venu like Tennis? Jayanthi: Yes, he does / No, he doesn't. 3) Shyam: I want to become the CM Sundar: Oh, do you? Is that enough? 4) Prabhat: Kamal left for/went to Mumbai yesterday Praveen: Did he? Why? 5) Sukumar: Our city is the best in A.P. Suman: Oh, is it? which city is it? Sukumar: Vijayawada Suman: I don't know whether it is the best, but I know it is one of the hottest places. 6) Madan: You seem/appear to be a good fellow Manoj: Do I? That's because of your goodness. 7) Mukund: Are they Indians? Murari: No, they aren't / yes, they are 8) Nelson: Are these books your's? Neeraj: Yes, they are all mine / No,they aren't. (= are not) 9) Taruni: Do you watch TV serials? Sania: Yes, I do / No, I don't (=do not) Taruni: Are they interesting? Sania: Yes, they are / No, they aren't 10) Bhaskar: Were they here? Bhanu: Yes, they were / No, they weren't 11) Teacher: Is this question difficult? Pupil: Yes, it is / No it isn't

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

eg: 1) What gives light and heat to the world?

(ví£í£Ù-à¦-EÚ¨ îµõª-Þœªìª, î¶è…E Ïà¶aC ÔC?) 2) What happened yesterday?

(Eìo ÔÙ áJ-TÙC?) Ð ·ôÙè[ª î¦Ú¥uö˺x what êŸô¦yêŸ does give ÍE Ú¥E, did happen ÍE Ú¥F ÍìÙ. Íö°¸Þ, 'who' êŸô¦yêŸ ÚÛ«è¯.

øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 8 Vöµj 2005

ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ wèµjîË à¶þ§hî¦? (Good at driving/well ·ôÙè[« î¦è[Ùè…) Rahim: ìª÷±y àŸ«þ§hî¦ Óö° à¶þ§hûËÁ? ô¦, Ú¥ú£h ë]«ô¢Ù îµü‹lÙ. (Ú¥ô¢ª, ñúà ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ö˺x îµüŒxè[Ù – ride) Ram:

'Who

2) Who gave you the book last night?

2)

4)

(ú£¸ô, ÎóŸªì û¦êÁ ÔÙ ÷«æ°x-è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙåª-û¦oô¢ª?)

Venkat: I do not know.

(û¦ÚÛª êµL-óŸªë]ª.)

Venu: Ok, let him talk. First of all let him come in.

(ú£¸ô, ÍêŸ-è…E ÷«æ°x-è[-F-óŸªÙè…. ÷³Ùë]ª ö˺í£-LÚ¨ ô¦F-óŸªÙè….) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ let î¦è[ªÚÛ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. DEo ÷ªì ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ ú£ô¢y-þ§-ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥ î¦è[ª-꟪Ùæ°Ù. English ö˺ I RDW (Regular Doing Wordsgo, come ö°Ùæ¨ verbs)ìª notêÁ questions ö˺ î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª 'do'; II RDW (goes, comes ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) ÚÛª questionsö˺ 'not' êÁ î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª 'does'; Past Doing Words (PDW- went, came verbs) 'not' questions 'did' what, who do, does, did

ö°Ùæ¨ ÚÛª êÁ ö˺ ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]E êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Íô³ê¶ î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª êŸô¦yêŸ Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Íû¶N ô¦÷E Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦L.

(Eìo ô¦vA FÚÛª Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ó÷-Jà¦aô¢ª?– Who did give you? ÍìÙ.)

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 14

5)

Answer: Ram: What happened yesterday? Rahim: My car broke down. Ram: Does it breakdown often? Rahim: No. It doesn't usually. Only yester-

II. 'Let'

ÍÙç¶ ÏÙÚÁ Íô¢nÙ à¶óŸªE÷±y, AìE÷±y, àŸ«è[E÷±y-ö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°÷Ù (= ú£÷ªt-AÙ-àŸè[Ù) 1) î¦è…E ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ô¦FóŸªÙè…. Let him come here

2)

4)

ììªo ÷«æ°x-è[FóŸªÙè…. ÎN-è[ìª ð§è[FóŸªÙè….

Let her sing

ô¦F...ô¦F... ÷›úh ô¦F!! Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ram: Eìo ÔÙ áJ-TÙC? Rahim: û¦ Ú¥ô¢ª ð§èµjð¼ô³ ÎT-ð¼-ô³ÙC (break down î¦è[Ùè….) (break down ÍÙç¶ Ú¥ô¢ª, ö°K, ñúÃ, Ôëµjû¦ óŸªÙvêŸÙ àµè…-ð¼ô³ ÎT-ð¼÷è[Ù) Ram: êŸô¢àŸ« àµè…-ð¼ô³ ÎT-ð¼-꟪Ùë¯? Rahim: ö¶ë]ª, ö¶ë]ª. Eìo ÷«vêŸî¶ª áJ-TÙC. Ram: ë¯Eo Ó÷ô¢ª J›íô¢ª à¶ø‹ô¢ª? Rahim: ë]Þœ_-ôÁxû¶ Ñìo ڥ-EÚÂ. (nearby= ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo) Ram: ìª÷±y wèµjîË à¶þ§hî¦? Rahim: à¶þ§hìª. Ram: FÚÛª wèµj÷ô¢ªû¦oè¯? ìªî¶y wèµjîË à¶þ§hî¦? Rahim: wèµj÷ô ö¶è[ª. û¶û¶ wèµjîË à¶þ§h.

F í£åx û¶ìª ÷ªÙ#Þ¥ ÑÙåª-û¦oìª (Ïí£±pè[ª).

He is being harsh.

î¦üŒxìª îµüŒxFóŸªÙè…. Let me talk

Being voice difficult

I am being good to you.

ÏÙTxùà û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù

Let them go

ìª þ§ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥ passive ö˺ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ú¥F He is being î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ being ìª ÔN-ëÅ]ÙÞ¥ î¦è¯ôÁ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª.Actually being êŸô¦yêŸ verb past participle ö˺ ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯! being ìª Ô ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ î¦è[-ê¦ôÁ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª. – óŸªÙ. ú£ô¢pÄ-ô¦âÉÀ ìî¦âÉÀ, ÚÛô¢«oõª áî¦ñª: He is being difficult- ÍÙç¶ ÍêŸìª Ïí£±pè[ª ú£÷ªú£uÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ. ÏÚÛ\è[ 'is being' ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[è[Ù (continuous), is being êŸô¦yêŸ past participle ÑÙç¶ ÍC passive voice Í÷±-꟪ÙC. The letter is being written (ô¦óŸªñè[ªêŸ« ÑÙC I am/We are writing the letter ÚÛª passive). is being í£ÚÛ\ì difficult ö°Ùæ¨ Þœªé°õìª êµL›í ÷«å-õªÙç¶ ÍN ÑÙè¶ î¦üŒ‰xÞ¥ Ñû¦o-ô¢E Íô¢nÙ.

ví£øŒo:

ÏÙTxùÃö˺ ÷«æ°x-è[ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù

Let us (Let's) converse in English

(Ó÷ôÁ Nª÷ªtLo àŸ«è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª.) (ö˺í£-LÚ¨ ô¢÷ªt-ìÙè….)

Venu: Ok, what does he want to talk to me?

ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒë¯Ù í£ë].

Let's go home

Venkat: Someone wants to see you.

(ÎóŸª-ì OªêÁ ÷«æ°x-è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª.)

Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœªë¯Ù

Let's have Coffee

3)

Venu: Let him come in. Venkat: He wants to talk you sir.

ú‡E-÷«·ÚüŒë¯Ù í£ë].

Let's (= Let us) go to a movie

Let's (Let us) learn English.

1) Who knows the answer?

Let's go to a movie

1)

3)

eg:

(ú£÷«-ëůìÙ Ó÷-JÚ¨ êµõªú£ª? does know?' ÍìÙ.)

eg:

day. Who repaired it? A nearby mechanic. Do you drive? Oh, Yes, I do. Have you/ Do you have a driver, or do you drive it yourself? Rahim: I don't have a driver. I drive it myself. Ram: Do you drive well? / Are you good at driving? Rahim: (Do you) Want to see how I drive? Come, let's have a ride. Ram: Rahim: Ram: Rahim: Ram:

ÏÚÛ\è[ 'let' Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# àŸ«è[Ùè…. Ïö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x 'let' ÍÙç¶ Ôëµjû¦ í£E à¶ë¯lÙ ÍE ú£«#Ù-àŸè[Ù.

ÍêŸè[ª à¦ö° ÚÛJÈ-ìÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ. ví£øŒo: î¦uÚÛ-ô¢é ú£«vê¦-õìª Íìª-ú£-JÙ#

ÍÙæ°Ù. ìª Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è[ê¦ô¢ª? Ð í£ë]Ù ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª verb What will you be? ÚÛ«è¯ past participle ö˺û¶ î¦è¯ö°? Where will you be? Ñë¯--ô¢-é-õêÁ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè…. What will your plan be? – Ú¥·ô ô¢N-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂ, òÅËºÞ¥í£±ô¢Ù How will your plan be? ÍE ví£øŒo î¦Ú¥uõª ÑÙè¯L. ví£øŒoö˺ áî¦ñª: I, We, You, They Íô³ê¶ have ú£òµbÚÛªd ÷³Ùë]ª will be/ shall be/ can ÍÙæ°Ù. He, She, It Íô³ê¶ has ÍÙæ°Ù. be/ may be ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª ÚÛë¯! Ú¥F Ïæ©- a) I/We/You/My friends (they) have the ÷õ Oªô¢ª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà ÎôÁ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ book. ô¦ú‡ì ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ What will be your b) My friend (He/She) has the book. plan? ÍE ô¦ø‹ô¢ª ÍC êŸí£±p ÚÛë¯! c) The fan (It) has three blades. Öí£±p Íô³ê¶ vÞ¥÷ªô ú£«vêŸÙ êµL-óŸª-â¶- have/has ·ôÙè[ª Íô¦nõª: óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª. 1. Ôëµjû¦ ÖÚÛ-JÚ¨ ÑÙè[è[Ù (ÚÛLT ÑÙè[è[Ù). – ÍõxÙ-ô¦V ÚÛ'ù£d-U-ê¦-ô¢ªbì, Eè[-ë]-îËÁõª šíj î¦Ú¥uö˺x have Íô¢nÙ Ïë¶. áî¦ñª: What will be your plan? ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. 2. Aìè[Ù, ê¦Þœè[Ù (Îô¢Ù) Íô³ê¶ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ÚÛ«è¯ ú£·ôj-ìë¶. what êÁ a) I have coffee in the mornings. vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙචví£øŒo-õÚÛª Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x will be, (û¶ìª Ñë]óŸªÙ Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª.) shall be õª ÚÛL›ú ÷þ§hô³. ÏN 'what quesb) My mother has breakfast at 8 AM. (Í÷ªt Ñë]óŸªÙ ÓE-Nª-CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd tions' ÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª. Íô³ê¶ What will your à¶ú£ªhÙC.) plan be? Íìè[Ù ÚÛ«è¯ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ What will be your plan? having

ví£øŒo:

5)

ììªo NìFóŸªÙè….

M. SURESAN

Let me hear

III. (allow) Let 1) I don't let him come here again. 2) Don't let him waste time/ Let him not waste time. 3) Don't let him know it / Let him not know it. 4) Don't let him talk to her. 5) Don't let him stay here/ Let him not stay here. 6) We don't let children talk. let allow

ÍÙç¶ ÏÙÚÁ Íô¢nÙ ú£÷ªt-AÙ-àŸè[Ù ÷ªSx î¦è…E ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦F-óŸªìª î¦è…E çµjîª î¶úÃd à¶óŸªE÷yÚÛª DEo î¦è…Ú¨ êµLóŸª-E-÷yÚÛª

ÎN-è[êÁ î¦è…E ÷«æ°xè[E÷yÚÛª î¦è…E ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[E÷yÚÛª

٠í‡õx-õìª ÷«æ°x-è[-E÷yÙ

Ð î¦Ú¥u-õ-EoÙ-æ¨ö˺ êµõªþ¼hÙC ÚÛë¯.

ÍÙç¶

ÍE

am having, is having, are having Íû¶N Aìè[Ù, Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù Íû¶ Íô¦nE¸Ú î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. ÚÛLT ÑÙè[è[Ù Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è[ô¢ª. I am having a car ÍÙç¶ û¶ìª Ú¥ô¢ªìª AÙåªû¦o-ìû¶ Ní£-K-ê¦ô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ªÙC– Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ I have a car. û¦ ›úo-꟪-è…Ú¨ ÖÚÛ Ú•è[ªÚÛª, ÖÚÛ Ú۫꟪ô¢ª Ñû¦oô¢ª. My friend has a son and a daughter. My friend is having a son and a daughter.

ÍÙç¶ ÷à¶a Ní£-K-ê¦ô¢nÙ– ÎóŸªì î¦üŒxìª AÙåªû¦o-ô¢E ÚÛë¯! Ú¥ñæ¨d Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨àÁåx am having / is having / are having î¦è[Ù. I am having tea, because coffee is not available. am having correct.

ÏÚÛ\è[ (Ú¥íƈ ö¶ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d æ© ê¦Þœª-꟪-û¦oìª)

She is having a beautiful necklace.

ÏC ·ôjæ˺ Ú¥ëÁ àŸ«è[Ùè…. Ú¥ë]ª-ÚÛë¯. Î ûµ·ÚxúÃìª Aìë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d she has a beautiful necklace Íû¦L.having ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ# ÷ªJEo Nù£óŸ«õª ô¦òËºó¶ª î¦uþ§ö˺x àŸJaë¯lÙ.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Murali:

Hi Sravanthi, keeping well?

(vú£÷ÙB, ò°Þœª-û¦oî¦?) ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ›í. Oª conversation ö˺ î¦è[Ùè….

Sravanthi: I am, of course. How about you?

(û¶ìª-ÚÛª-ö°-þ§û¶. F ú£ÙÞœA?) (How about you?= F ú£ÙÞœA)

Murali:

Walk - not Walks - not

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 10 Vöµj 2005

êÁ/ question ö˺ do walk êÁ/ question ö˺ does walk

(For Regular actions)

Íö°¸Þ

Past Doing Words (came, walked,

ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) ÚÛª not êÁ, ö˺ 'did' ÷ú£ªhÙC. (÷ªSx Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…. çµjîª êµL-ú‡ì past action ÚÛª Past Doing Word î¦è[ê¦Ù.) talked, sang, stood question

I am OK. I saw you at the park last evening.

(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª. Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ û¶ìª Eìªo ð§ôÂ\ö˺ àŸ«ø‹ìª.)

Sravanthi: But I didn't (= did not) see you. Why didn't you (= did you not) talk to me.

(û¶ìª Eìªo àŸ«è[-ö¶ë]ª. ÷ª·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª û¦êÁ ÷«æ°x-è[-ö¶ë]ª?)

He sang well yesterday.

(Eìo ò°Þ¥ ð§è¯è[ª) Eìo ò°Þ¥ ð§è[-ö¶ë]ª (ÍÙç¶

not

êÁ)

He did not sing well yesterday.

êÁ ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Eìo ò°Þ¥ ð§è¯è¯? (ÏC question) 'did' not

Did he sing well yesterday?

ÏÚÛ\è[ question ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ àŸÙè…. Eìo Óö° ð§è¯è[ª?

'did'

ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-

ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ Óí£±pè[ª ÷à¦aô¢ª? d) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷à¦aô¢ª? e) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ô¦ö¶ë]ª? 6. a) û¶û¦-îµªìª îµ³ë]å û¦õª¸ÞüŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ (ago) ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª. b) û¶û¦-îµªìª îµ³ë]å û¦õª-¸ÞüŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁö¶ë]ª. c) ìª÷±y Îîµªìª Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦o÷±? d) Íí£±pè[ª Î FêÁ ÔÙ àµí‡pÙC? e) Íí£±pè[ª Î FêÁ Ô÷ªû¦o àµí‡pÙë¯? c)

áJTìO.. áô¢ÞœEO!

How did he sing?

Óí£±pè[ª ð§è¯è[ª?

When did he sing?

Ú¥ñæ¨d Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦-Lqì Nù£óŸªÙ– Past Doing Word ìª (past simple form) not êÁ Þ¥E, question ö˺ Þ¥F î¦è…ê¶ did + 1st Regular Doing Word Í÷±-꟪ÙC. He sang well yesterday.

How about you?

a) He did not sing well yesterday. b) Did he sing well yesterday? sang + not/? = did sing

Murali:

I had a call from home. My mother wanted me immediately. So I rushed home.

(û¦ÚÛª ÏÙæ¨ ìªÙ# ðƼûË ÷#aÙC. Í÷ªt ììªo îµÙåû¶ ô¢÷ªtÙC. è¯-÷±-è…Þ¥ ÏÙæ¨-·Ú-ü‹xìª.)

Sravanthi:

Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. eg: ÍêŸìª Eìo ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷à¦aè[ª. He came here yesterday.

I stayed at with my friend

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 15

Sudha till 7 PM.

(û¦ ›úo-꟪-ô¦õª ú£ªëÅ]êÁ ô¦vA 7 ÞœÙåõ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ð§ôÂ\-ö˺û¶ Ñû¦oìª.) Ð conversation ö˺ verbs- saw, had, wanted, rushed and stayed. Íî¶ Questions ö˺ ÷#aì-í£±pè[ª did see, did talk Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ð verbs ìª Past Doing Words ÍÙæ°Ù. ÏN ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÷ªìÚÛª êµL-ú‡ì ú£÷ª-óŸªÙö˺ (Ô ôÁV, Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù, Ô ú£÷ªóŸªÙ, Ô ûµõ êŸC-êŸô¢ N÷-ô¦õª) áJ-Tì ú£ÙíÆ£ª-åìõìª ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-ê¦ô³. î¦æ¨E ÷ªSx ÖÚÛþ§J Þœªô¢ªh-êµ-àŸªa-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. Past doing Words ÚÛª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. Regular Doing

Past Doing

Words

Words

Come, Comes

Came

Sing,

Sings

Sang

Like,

Likes

Liked

Talk,

Talks

Talked

Smell, Smells Regular Doing Words

Smelt

ÚÛª

not

êÁ

questions

÷þ§hô³. come - not êÁ/ question ö˺ do come comes - not êÁ/ question ö˺ does come do, does

ö˺

ÍêŸìª Eìo ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦ö¶ë]ª. He did not come here yesterday.

ÍêŸìª Eìo ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷à¦aè¯?

Did he come here yesterday?

Î ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Í-JÚ¥ îµRxÙC. Î ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù Í-JÚ¥ îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª. c) Î ÍJÚ¥ îµRxÙë¯? 2. a) ÍêŸìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù è…vU í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹è[ª. b) ÍêŸìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù è…vU í£²Jh à¶óŸªö¶ë]ª. c) ÍêŸìª è…vU Óí£±pè[ª í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹è[ª? 3. a) êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡÷ªóŸ«uô³. b) êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ö¶ë]ª. c) êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-÷ªóŸ«uóŸ«? 4. a) Eìo ìª÷±y ÍêŸè…E ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦o÷±. b) Eìo ìª÷±y ÍêŸ-è…E ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. c) Eìo ìª÷±y ÍêŸ-è…E ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦o÷±? 5. a) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÷à¦aô¢ª. b) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦ö¶ë]ª. 1. a)

b)

٠Eìoæ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶ø‹Ù. b) ٠Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. c) Oªô¢ª Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶ø‹ô¦? d) Oªô¢ª Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶óŸªö¶ë]ª? e) Oªô¢ª Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶ø‹ô¢ª? 8. a) û¶ìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ûµõ«x-ô¢ªö˺ àŸC-î¦ìª. b) û¶ìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ûµõ«x-ô¢ªö˺ àŸë]-÷ö¶ë]ª. c) ìª÷±y ÓÚÛ\è[ àŸC-î¦÷±? d) ìª÷±y ûµõ«x-ô¢ªö˺ àŸC-î¦î¦? 9. a) Eìo û¶ìª ú‡E÷«ÚÛª îµü‹xìª. b) Eìo û¶ìª ú‡E-÷«ÚÛª îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª. c) ìª÷±y Eìo ú‡E÷«ÚÛª îµü‹xî¦? d) Eìo û¶ìª ú‡E÷« ·Úü‹xû¦? e) Eìo ìª÷±y ú‡E-÷«ÚÛª ÓÙë]ª-·Ú-ü‹x÷±? f) Eìo û¶ìª Ô ú‡E÷«ÚÛª îµü‹xìª? 10. a) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦oè[ª. b) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•ì-ö¶ë]ª. c) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦oè¯? d) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ô Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦oè[ª?

b) They did not come here last week. c) When did they come here last week? d) Why did they come here last week? e) Why didn't they come here last week? (didn't they = did they not / did not they) 6. a) I met her first (for the first time) four years ago (back

Ú¥ë]ª).

b) I did not meet her four years ago. c) When did you meet her? d) What did she tell you / say to you then? e) Did she tell you / say anything to you? 7. a) We made all these ready yesterday. b) We did not make all these ready yesterday. c) Did you make all these ready yesterday? d) Why didn't you (did you not / did not you) make all these ready yes-

M. SURESAN

terday?

7. a)

e) Why

did

you

make all these ready yesterday? 8. a) I studied in Nellore last year. b) I did not study in Nellore last year. c) Where did you study? d) Did you study in Nellore? 9. a) I went to a movie yesterday. b) I did not go to a movie yesterday. c) Did you go to a movie yesterday? d) Did I go to a movie yesterday? e) Why did you go to a movie yesterday? f) Which movie did I go to, yesterday? 10. a) Hemant bought a car last week. b) Hemant did not buy a car last week. c) Did Hemant buy a car last week? d) Which car did Hemant buy (last week)?

Ú¥ñæ¨d past actions, time stated (çµjîª êµLú‡, ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì) î¦æ¨Ú¨ Past Doing Word (came, sang, wrote ö°Ùæ¨N) î¦è[ê¦Ù. áô¢-ÞœE î¦æ¨Ú¨ questions êÁ did + 1st Regular Doing Word î¦è[ê¦Ù.

Answers: 1. a) She went to / left for the US last Week. b) She did not go to / leave for the US last Week. c) Did she go to / leave for the US? 2. a) He completed (his) degree last year. b) He did not complete (his) degree last

ví£øŒo:

year. c) When did he complete (his) degree?

ÏÚÛ\è[

'Complete'

practice

à¶óŸªÙè….

ñë]ªõª,

'take', 'pass'

î¦è…

3. a) The classes began at 10 AM. b) The classes did not begin at 10 AM. c) Did the classes begin at 10 AM.? 4. a) You met him yesterday. b) You did not meet him yesterday. c) Why did you meet him yesterday? 5. a) They came here last week.

ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõ ðƼûË ûµÙñô ÷ªì Ívè[-úÃÞ¥ Ï›úh Ô÷ªE í‡õî¦L. – XëÅ]ôÂ, Aô¢ª-í£A

Standard English

pp number Íìè[Ù ú£J Ú¥ë]ª. ð§êŸ-ôÁVö˺x ðƼìªx à¦ö° Íô¢ª-ë]ªÞ¥ ÑÙè…, STD ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯ Trunk booking Ñìo-í£±pè[ª ðƼûË ûµÙñô¢ª Ï#a íÆ£ö°û¦ ÷uÚ¨hÚ¨ (Particular Person -PP) call ÍE àµGê¶ Î ÷u¸Úh ÷#a ÷«æ°xè¶ ÷ô¢ÚÛª θÞî¦ô¢ª. ÏêŸô¢ªõ ðƼûËÂ-ûµÙ-ñô ÷ªìE í‡õ-÷-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è…ê¶ ÍC CONTACT NUMBER- ÍÙç¶ Î ìÙñô Oªë] ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-ê¦ìª ÍE Íô¢nÙ.

áî¦ñª:

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 12 Vöµj 2005

b) To drive a car in such traffic is difficult. traffic car drive

book? 13) Raghava does not want to study.

c) To smoke is bad for health.

Scold, chide, reprimand =

(Ïö°Ùæ¨ ÚÛù£dÙ.)

ö˺

à¶óŸªè[Ù à¦ö°

(ð»Þœ íˆõaè[Ù ÎôÁ-Þ¥u-EÚ¨ E-ÚÛô¢Ù.) Ð ÷´èÁ Íô¢nÙ (ô¦óŸªè[Ù, Aìè[Ù ö°Þ¥) ÷#aì-í£±pè[ª infinitive ñë]ªõª 'ing' from (eating, smoking, etc) î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Íô¢nÙ ÷«ô¢ë]ª.

Students go to college to study Ñë¶løŒÙ

êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù.

Prasanthi: Hi Preethi, where were you yesterday?

✒

Preethi:

b) Suseela came here to join a college. (college c) He went out an hour ago to buy vegetables. ✒ Want, wish, hope, expect, desire

(víˆA, Eìo ìª÷±y ÓÚÛ\è[ª-û¦o÷±?)

I went to Ameerpet to see my cousin Prema. cousin Prema Ameerpet Prasanthi: I called you yesterday to ask you for some books. Why is Prema in Hyderabad now?

(÷«

îµü‹xìª.)

ìª àŸ«è[è¯-EÚ¨

(Ú•Eo í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª Íè[Þœ-è¯-EÚ¨ Eìo FÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ø‹ìª. v›í÷ª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°-ëÂö˺ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛªÙC?)

Preethi:

To join a software institute here. software institute

(ÏÚÛ\è[ EÚ¨)

ö˺ à¶ô¢-è¯-

Prasanthi: Which institute does she want to study in?

(Ô ÏûËÂú‡d-å«u-æËÀö˺ àŸë]-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙæ˺ÙC?)

Preethi:

I don't know. To learn software in some good place is all that she wants.

(êµMë]ª. ÎÚÛª Ú¥î¦-LqÙ-ë]ö°x ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ÷ªÙ# institute ö˺ software û¶ô¢ªaÚÁ÷è[Ù) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ to see, to ask, to join, to learn Íìo ÷«åõª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ï÷Fo Ô ô¢«í£Ùö˺ Ñû¦oô³? To êŸô¦yêŸ 1st Regular Doing Words (see, ask, join, learn) ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô³ ÚÛë¯. Oæ¨E infinitives ÍÙæ°Ù. Englishö˺ infinitive ÚÛª à¦ö° vð§÷³ÜuÙ ÑÙC. Infinitive ÚÛª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª– ✦ to ✦ to ✦ to ✦ to Infinitive

eat smoke buy sell etc.

VOCABULARY

ìª ÷´è[ª Íô¦n-õêÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù. šíj ú£ÙòÅ°ù£-éö˺ Oªô¢ª Þœ÷ª-EÙචÑÙæ°ô¢ª. Ð Ú¨ÙC Vocabulary î¦è[Ùè… 1) Ðô¢{u-í£-è[è[Ù– envy

items

Oª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x

she envies her sister.

(þ¼ë]J Oªë] Î Ðô¢{u-í£-è[ª-êÁÙC) 2) jealousy- Íú£«óŸª jealous - Íú£«-óŸªêÁ ÑÙè[è[Ù ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õ-ÚÛª-ìoN ÷ªìÚÛª ö¶ì-í£±pè[ª ÷ªìÚÛª ÚÛL¸Þ ò°ëÅ]– Ðô¢{u (envy). ÷ªì-ÚÛª-ìoC ÏêŸô¢ªõÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ÑÙè… ÷ªì vð§÷³ÜuÙ êŸT_Ùë]ìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ ÍC Íú£«óŸª (jealousy).

(purpose) a) Students go to college to study.

(àŸë]-÷-è¯-EÚ¨)

ö˺ à¶ô¢-è¯-EÚ¨)

(Ú•ì-è¯-EÚ¨)

ö°Ùæ¨ ÚÁJ-

Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª ö˺ à¶óŸªÙè…. 1) û¶ìª îµü‹xõ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª. 2) Î ð§è¯õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC. 3) ví£A Në¯uJn best college ö˺û¶ à¶ô¦-õ-ìªÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª.

ÚÁí£p-è[è[Ù, ÷ªÙë]-LÙàŸè[Ù, ¸ÚÚÛ-ö¶-óŸªè[Ù crush = ìõ-í£è[Ù, í‡Ùè[è[Ù, ìL-T-ð¼-÷è[Ù Squeeze = (ô¢ú£Ù ÚÁú£Ù) í‡Ùè[è[Ù Squeeze tooth paste/shaving cream on the brush. paste Squeeze dry =

(vñùà Oªë]

î¶óŸªè[Ù). ë]ªú£ªhõª ð»è…Þ¥ Íó¶ªuÙêŸ ÷ô¢ÚÛª í‡Ùè[è[Ù. Ïë¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ ÏÙÚÁ ÷«å wring. twist = ÷ÙàŸè[Ù, L-ší-ådè[Ù twist the arm = à¶ô³ L-ší-ådè[Ù fold = ÷ªè[êŸ, ÷ªè[êŸ šíådè[Ù Ð Ú¨ÙC ›íô¢ªx êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁÙè…. lizard - ñLx (Dinosaurs ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨E giant lizards ÍÙæ°ô¢ª) giant - òÅ°K øŒK-ô¢Ù-Þœ-õ-î¦è[ª (WWE ö˺ wrestlers ö°Þ¥). giant, gigantic

÷´è[ª Íô¦nõêÁ infinitive ÚÛõª êµL›í verbs í£ÚÛ\ì õE’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC.

infinitive

÷›úh ‘à¶óŸ«-

a) She wants to sing.

(ð§è¯-õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC.)

b) He wishes to go home.

(ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµü‹x-õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.)

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 16 c) They hope to pass. (pass d) Kamala expects to get a prize.

Íî¦yõ-E/-Í-÷±-ê¦-÷ªE ÎP-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.)

(wšíjâÉÀ ð»Ùë]ª-ê¦-ìE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC.) ✒ ô¦óŸªè[Ù, (to write), Aìè[Ù (to eat) etc Íû¶ í£ìªõìª infinitive êµL-óŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. a) To sit in the class for five hours a day is not a joke

.

(Íô³ë]ª ÞœÙåõª Ú¥xúÃö˺ ÚÛ«ôÁa÷è[Ù êŸ÷«ÿ§ Ú¥ë]ª.)

she bought the same necklace as hers.

(êŸì-ÚÛªìo ûµ·Úxúà ö°Ùæ¨ë¶ í£Ú¨\Ùæ°Nè[ Ú•ìoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ÎÚÛª Íú£«óŸª) 3) gratitude - (vÞ¥æ¨-å«uèÂ) ÚÛ'êŸ-ácêŸ. He has gratitude. He has no gratitude. 4) grateful - (v·ÞóÀª-æËÀ-íÆ£±öËÀ) ÚÛ'êŸ-ácêŸ ÚÛLTì I am grateful to you for your help. 5)

(Oª ú£ï£„-óŸ«-EÚ¨ ÚÛ'êŸ-Vc-è…E) ë¶÷±è… í£åx ÚÛ'êŸ-ác-êŸ-Þœõ – thankful

I am thankful that I have such parents.

(Íö°Ùæ¨ êŸLxë]Ùvè[ª-õª-ìoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ë¶÷±-è…Ú¨ ÚÛ'êŸ-Vc-è…E) (ëÅ]ì÷Ù-꟪-è…E àŸ«›úh ›íë] î¦è…Ú¨ Ðô¢{u ÚÛõ-Þœ-÷àŸªa) (grateful - ÷ªEù‡ í£åx ÚÛ'êŸ-ác-êŸ-Þœõ, She is jealous of her neighbour because thankful - ë¶÷±è… í£åx ÚÛ'êŸ-ácêŸ Þœõ)

A poor man may envy a rich man.

a) To sit in the class for five hours is not a joke. Sitting in the class for five hours is not a joke (to sit - sitting). b) To drive a car is difficult. Driving a car is difficult c) To smoke is bad for health. Smoking is bad for health. English practice

Ð ÷«åõª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…

4) ÖÚÛ ôÁTE àŸ«è[-è¯-EÚ¨ Eìo Îú£ªí£vAÚ¨ îµü‹xìª. 5) î¶éª àŸë]-ô¢Ùޜ٠Îè[-è¯-EÚ¨ ôÁW ú£ªò°sô¦÷± ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒê¦è[ª. 6) Ð vÞœ«íà àŸë]-÷è[Ù v›íîªڨ Ïù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª. 7) ÍÙêŸ-ë]«ô¢Ù ìè[÷è[Ù ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ë]ª. 8) î¦è[ª Eìo ú£Jd-íƇ·Úåªx êµàŸªa-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ college Ú¨ îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª. 9) Î Î <ô¢-Ú•-û¦õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺Ùë¯? 10) FÚÛª àŸë]-÷è[Ù Ïù£dÙ M. SURESAN (like ö¶ë¯? î¦è[Ùè…) 11) Î ÑëÁuޜ٠÷ú£ªhÙë]E ví£Oªõ ÎPþ¼hÙë¯?(hope, get) î¦è[Ùè…. 12) í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ú•ì-è¯-EÚ¨ Eìo ÓÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµü‹x÷±? 13) ô¦íÆ£ª-÷Ú¨ àŸë]-î¦-õE ö¶ë]ª. Answers: 1) I want to go. 2) She wishes to sing. 3) Every student wants to join the best college. 4) I went to the hospital yesterday to see a patient. 5) Venu goes to Subbarao's everyday to play chess. 6) Prem does not like to study this group. 7) To walk/walking such a distance is not easy. 8) He did not go to college yesterday to get the certificates. 9) Does she want/wish to buy the sari? 10) Don't you like (Do you not like) to study? 11) Does Pramila hope to get that job? 12) Where did you go yesterday to buy the

(áóŸªÙæËÀ, âµjÞ¥Ù-æ¨ÚÂ) Íû¦o à¦õšíë]l

size

ÍE.

His is a gigantic figure. Giant wheel tortoise chameleon dove/pigeon parrot

(òÅ°K ÎÚ¥ô¢Ù); êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯. (æ°æ¨úÃ). ê¦ò¶õª – (ÚÛOª-L-óŸªûËÂ) Òú£-ô¢-îµLx – ð§÷±ô¢Ù – #õªÚÛ – ÏüŒxö˺x šíÙàŸª-Ú•û¶ ÚÁüŒ‰x ö°Ùæ¨N – domestic fowl.

ví£øŒo: þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà í£ë]-Ú•ÙèÁ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ ô¢î¶ªøÉÂ,

ì¸ô-øÉÂõ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Î ôÁV áJ-T-ìë¶. Ñë]óŸªÙ í£²ô¢h-ô³ì í£ìª-õÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é present perfect tense ö˺ ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯. Oªô¢ª past tense ö˺ Ïà¦a¸ô-Nªæ¨? Eìo ö¶ë¯ ÞœêŸÙö˺ Óí£±p-èµjû¦ áJTì Nù£-óŸ«-õÚÛª past tense î¦è¯L ÚÛë¯. ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ bought, didn't you õÚÛª ñë]ªõªÞ¥ have bought, haven't you ö°Ùæ¨ present perfect Ñí£-óµ«-TÙàŸ ÷àŸªa ÚÛë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª. – ú‡šï°àÂ. ô¦÷ª-àŸÙ-vë]-÷´Jh, Ú¥Ú¨-û¦è[ áî¦ñª: Past actions, time known ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJTìN Ô çµjîªö˺ Ô ûµõö˺, Ô ôÁV ÍE ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥ àµí£p-Þœ-L-Tê¶ Íí£±pè[ª ÷ªìÙ past simple ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£E Óí£±pè[ª, Ô ûµõ, Ô ôÁV, Ô çµjîªö˺ ÍE àµí£pì-í£±pè[ª (ÍÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª çµjîª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄ-ìª-þ§-ô¢ÙÞ¥ êµLú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª êŸí£p) present perfect î¦è[ê¦Ù. a) He has brought a car.

(çµjîª êµL-óŸª-â¶óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª)

b) He bought the car this morning.

(çµjîª àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ)

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Bhaskar: Hi, Bhanu. What are you doing? Bhanu:

î¦èµ-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oè[ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).

(òÅ°ìª ÔÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±)

f) Are you threatening me?

Don't you see? I am preparing for an exam.

g) She is not dancing well.

(àŸ«è[è[Ù ö¶ë¯? í£K-¤ÛÚÛª v퇛í-ô¢-÷±-꟪-û¦oìª)

ììªo òµC-J-ú£ªh-û¦oî¦? (Ïí£±pè[ª). Î û¦åuÙ ò°Þ¥ à¶óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).

Bhaskar: Oh, are you? Where is your brother?

h) Am I troubling you?

Bhanu:

i) Why aren't they (are they not) coming?

(Íö°Þ¥, Oª vñë]ôÂ ÓÚÛ\è[?)

He is getting ready to go to college

(ÚÛü‹ø‹õÚÛª îµüŒx-è¯-EÚ¨ ú‡ë]lÄ-÷ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oè[ª)

Bhaskar: And What about your parents?

(÷ªJ Oª êŸLx-ë]Ù-vè[ªõ ú£ÙÞœê¶Ùæ¨?)

Bhanu:

They are watching the T.V.

(î¦üŒ‰x æ©O àŸ«ú£ªhû¦oô¢ª.) 'What about', 'How about' õìª ‘ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨?’ Íû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª î¦è[ª-꟪Ùæ°Ù. practice à¶óŸªÙè…. a) How about my money?

û¦ è[ñªs ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨?

b) What about that book?

Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨?

c) How about a movie this evening?

Ð þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ú‡E-÷«·ÚüŒë¯÷«?

Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 14 Vöµj 2005

û¶ìª Nª÷ªtLo ÏñsÙC šíè[ªêŸª-û¦oû¦? (Ïí£±pè[ª).

î¦ü˜xÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ô¦÷è[Ùö¶ë]ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).

j) You are wasting time.

ìª÷±y çµjîª ÷'ëǯ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷± (Ïí£±pè[ª). am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verbs ìª Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Aruna: óÀª Í÷ªõ! ÔÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±? Amala: Ð ví£øŒo-õÚÛª áî¦ñªõª ô¦ú£ªh-û¦oìª. Aruna: û¶ìª Eìªo disturb à¶ú£ªh-û¦oû¦? Amala: Íë¶Ù ö¶ë]ª. TV ììªo disturb à¶þ¼hÙC. Aruna: Ó÷ô¢ª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª? Amala: Í÷ªt àŸ«þ¼hÙë]ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°.

Amala: I think she is going to make tea for us. I think my brother is watching an English movie. Aruna: No. He is watching a Telugu serial.

d)

Aruna: Amala: Aruna:

Ð

ÍÙæ°ô¢ª) Ïí£±pè[ª Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. ★ 'I' êÁ am + ing, ★ he, she (Ô ›í·ôjû¦ singular ö˺), it (Ô ÷ú£ªhîµjû¦, áÙ꟪-îµjû¦– singular ö˺) Íô³ê¶ is + ing, ★ plural subjects ÍEoæ¨êÁ, you êÁ Íô³ê¶ are + ing ÷þ§hô³. M. SURESAN a) I am watching the T.V.

Amala:

Aruna:

ÚÛª÷«ô àŸë]-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).

d) What is your father doing?

Oª û¦ìoÞ¥¸ôÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).

e) Where is he going?

ví£øŒo:

quent, rarely, never, once, twice, three times etc., a day, a week, a month etc. regularity

tion).

óŸ´E-÷-Jqæ© í£C ôÁVö˺x íÆ£Lê¦õìª Nè[ª-ë]õ à¶ú£ªhÙC (Nè[ª-ë]õ = release). i) î¦üŒ‰x î¦ô¢Ùö˺ AJT ÷þ§hô¢ª. j) ¸ôí£± û¶ìª ú‡Ó-îÂªìª ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙæ°.

E ú£«#Ùච÷«å-õêÁ î¦è[è[Ù

2. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing,

h)

çµjîª êµL›úh

Answers:

Aruna: Hi, Amala, what are you doing? Amala: I am writing answers to these questions. Aruna: Am I disturbing you? Amala: Not at all. ( expression practice

a) He is coming here tomorrow. b) We are starting/leaving in half an hour. c) The Pak team is playing two matches here next week. d) Who is coming next week? e) When are you consulting the doctor? f) I am not going there next week. I am going there the week after next. g) The minister is inaugurating the bridge tomorrow. h) The University is releasing the results in ten days. i) They are returning within a week. j) I am meeting the CM tomorrow.

Ð à¶ú‡ Oª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x î¦è[Ùè…. ‘Íë¶Ù ö¶ë]ª, Ú¥û¶Ú¥ë]ª, ö¶û¶-ö¶ë]ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ) The TV is dis-

b) My mother is cooking.

÷« Í÷ªt ÷Ùå à¶þ¼hÙC (Ïí£±pè[ª).

ÚÛª î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ çµjîª ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥ êµL-ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª, áJ-¸Þ-í£E ÚÛ#aêŸ-i-ì-í£±pè[ª, am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing ÓÚÛª\÷ î¦è[ª-꟪Ùæ°ô¢ª.) Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. a) ÍêŸè[ª ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[Ú¨ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. b) ÷³ Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åö˺ ñóŸª-ö¶l-ô¢ª-꟪û¦oÙ. c) ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ð§Ú¨-þ§nûË áåªd ÏÚÛ\è[ ·ôÙè[ª ÷«uàÂõª Îè[ª-꟪ÙC. d) ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù Ó÷ô¢ª ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª? e) è¯ÚÛdôÂE Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛìqöËÀd à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±? f) ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù û¶ì-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµüŒxè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. Κíj î¦ô¢Ù îµüŒê¦ìª. (Κíj î¦ô¢Ù = week after the next). g) ÷ªÙvA vGèÂbE ¸ôí£± vð§ô¢Ù-GÅ-þ§hô¢ª (inaugura-

êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯, Regular Doing Words (go, goes, come, comes, sing, sings ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Every day, very often, fre(ÍÙç¶ Íìo÷«å.)

ú£ª÷ªÙê ÷à¶a-ûµõ Í-JÚ¥ îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oè[ª.

Sumanth is leaving for the US next month. (future will, shall

Answers:

û¶ìª æ©O àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª (Ïí£±pè[ª).

c) Kumar is not studying.

Oª brother ÚÛ«è¯ àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. î¦è[« àŸ«ú£ªhû¦oè¯? Í÷±ìª. Oª Í÷ªt Ïí£±pè[ª ÷Ùå-ÞœCÚ¨ îµüŒ‰êÁÙC. ÷ªìÚÛª æ© šíåd-è¯-EÚ¨ îµüŒ‰êÁÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°. (I think êÁ begin à¶óŸªÙè…) ÷« brother english movie àŸ«ú£ªhû¦oè[ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°. Ú¥ë]ª. english movie àŸ«è[è[Ù ö¶ë]ª. êµõªÞœª serial àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª.

î¦üŒ‰x ·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª ôÁVö˺x Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°ô¢ª. They are buying a car in two or three days.

Ð verbs Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£pE, Óí£±pè[« áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª, OªÚÛª

am am am am

studying / is studying / are studying walking / is walking / are walking singing / is singing / are singing working / is working / are working am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verb forms (present continuous / present progressive tense

c)

1. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing -

Ïí£±pè[ª... Ð ¤ÛéÙ!!

÷« ÍÚÛ\ ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷þ¼hÙC. My sister is coming here next week.

à¦ö° ÷³Üuiì Nù£óŸªÙ

û¦Ú¨-þ§h-ììo è…ìoô Nù£óŸªÙ ÔÙ à¶ø‹îËÂ? šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£éö˺ are doing, am preparing, is getting, are watching - Ð verbs Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Oæ¨ ô¢«í£Ù: am + ... ing, is + ... ing, are + ...ing. Ð formö˺ ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo verbs.

d) What about the dinner you promised me?

b)

Aruna: Amala: Aruna: Amala: Aruna:

turbing me. Who is watching the TV? I think my mother is watching the TV Your brother is also watching. Is he also watching? Yes, but your mother is going into the kitchen.

NÙåª-ìo-í£±pè[ª Ú•Eo ú£Ùë¶-õª ÚÛL-Þ¥ô³. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õšíj û¦ ú£Ùë¶--õìª Bô¢a-Þœ-õô¢ª.

All India Radio News

1. The Nationalist Congress party headed by Mr. Sarad Pawar complained that the congress is not consulting its constituent parties on important issues. 2. The BJP president Mr. Venkaiah Naidu has said that BJP will not support Congress at the centre. 3. However, Miss Umabharati contradicted the rumour that she is disobeying the party rules. 4. The PM Vajpayee said only NDA can provide stability to the country. 5. The TDP supremo Chandrababu Naidu said that only secular parties will play a major role in the elections. 6. The Municipal Commissioner Mr. Raghu Rami reddy said

áî¦ñª: Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì sentences ö˺ îµ³ë]-æ¨C '...complained that... is not consulting'

ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. OªÚÛª ÷#aì ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ú£·ôj-ìë¶. ÏÚÛ\è[ 'is' ñë]ªõª, 'was' ÑÙè¯L. Íô³ê¶ complain à¶ú‡-ì-í£±pè¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ Î êŸô¦yêŸ ÚÛ«è¯ consult à¶óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù áô¢ª-ÞœªêŸ« ÑÙç¶ Íí£±pè[ª Óö° Íû¶ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ô¦÷àŸªa. ÷«ô¦_ÙêŸô¢Ù 'complained' ñë]ªõª 'has complained' ÍE ô¦›úh, 'is not consulting' êÁ ÚÛ·ô-

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 17 ÍÙç¶ Ô çµjîª, Ô ôÁV, Ô ûµõ, Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù, ÓEo ôÁVõª, ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± Íû¶ N÷-ô¦õª êµL›úh áô¢-Þœ-òËºó¶ª í£ìª-õÚÛ« î¦è[-÷àŸªa. a) û¶ìª ¸ôí£± šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oìª (I am leaving for Hyderabad tomorrow. ÏÚÛ\è[ tomorrow ÍE àµí£pè[Ù ÷õx future action ÚÛª î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ. tomorrow ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ' I am leaving for Hyderabad' ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª îµüŒ‰êŸªû¦o ÍE Íô¢nÙ.)

immediate measures are being taken up to provide drinking water to the residents of Kurnool. News reader Indirect Speech. is not consulting was not consulting will not support would not measures are being taken up support measure were being taken up News reader Indirect Speech present continuous past continuous will + present verb would + present verb News

û¦ ú£Ùë¶---Nª-åÙç¶ àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪ìo ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ÍÙê¦ áJ-T-ð¼-ô³-ìë¶. Ú¥ñæ¨d ÏC îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ñë]ªõª ÍE, ·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ñë]ªõª ÍE, ÎôÁ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ñë]ªõª ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯. Íö° ÓÙë]ªÚÛª àŸë]-÷-ö¶ë]ª? ÷ªì vÞ¥÷ªôÂ í£±ú£h-Ú¥ö˺x EóŸª-÷«õ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ìª Þ¥, ìª Þ¥ ö˺ Íö° ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷«Ja àŸë]-÷-ö¶ëÁ Íô¢nÙ ÷«ô¦aL ÚÛë¯! Ú¥F Ú¥ö¶ë]ª. ë]óŸª-à¶ú‡ û¦ ú£Ùë¶--õìª Bô¢a-Þœ-õô¢ª. – ìª-÷ªÙ꟪, ví‡óŸ«ÙÚÛ (Þ¥ô¢x-Cûµo)

ÚÛd-ô³ì Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. Ð Ú¥ô¢éÙ ÷õx Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì Sentence No (2) ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ÏÚÛ\è[ reporting verb, 'has said' present perfect will '...Naidu said' tense 'would' correct. Sentence No. 3: '... contradicted... disobeying' 'was obeying' Uma Bharathi has contradicted present perfect tense

Ú¥ñæ¨d, ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íë¶ ÍE vð§ô¢Ù-GÅ›úh Íí£±pè[ª ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. ÑÙè¯L. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ ÍE

ÍE

ö˺

ÍE ÷«J›úh

ÚÛª ñë]ªõª), Íí£±pè[ª ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ö˺ ÖÚÛ Nù£óŸªÙ– îµõª-í£õ ÑÙè¶ ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨E ÍÙæ°Ù. ö˺í£õ ìª ÍÙæ°Ù. ÑÙè¶ ö˺ ÑÙç¶ ÚÛª ÷«Ja-ì-í£±pè[ª, ÷«ô¢a-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.

(said 'are being taken up' Direct speech inverted commas verbs- say, tell, ask, question Reporting verbs Inverted commas verbs Reported verbs Reporting verbs present tense Indirect speech Reported verbs tense a) "They play well," says Ram to Rahim.

ÏÚÛ\è[ verb

Quotations

ñóŸªå Ñìo

reporting

Ú¥ñæ¨d ö˺í£õ Ñìo reported verb tense ÷«ô¢a-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. DEÚ¨ Indirect 'says'

present

tense.

Quotations 'play'

speech-

ÑÙç¶

'is disobeying' correct. Sentence 4: '... only NDA could' '... only NDA can' Sentence 5: '... Naidu said that only secular parties will play' 'Would play' correct. Sentence 6: '... Reddy said, ... are being taken up' 'were being taken up' correct. '...Reddy has said'

êŸí£±p.

ÑÙè¯L. ÏÚÛ\è[

êŸí£±p.

ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯

ÍE

Ram says to (tells) Rahim that they play well.

Íö°-Ú¥-ÚÛªÙè¯ "They play well," said Ram to Íìo sentence ö˺ Reporting verb 'said' past tense. Ïí£±pè[ª quotations ö˺ Ñìo play Íû¶ reported verb ìª past tense ö˺ڨ êŸí£p-E-ú£-JÞ¥ ÷«ô¦aL. DEÚ¨ Indirect

Rahim

speechRam told Rahim that they played well.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Mohan: Hi, Manoj, How are you getting along? ( practice

óÀª ÷ªûËÁâÉÀ, Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?) à¶ú‡ î¦è[Ùè… ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ›í. Oª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x

Manoj: Fine. Thank you. How are you?

(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª. ìª÷±y Óö° Ñû¦o÷±?)

Mohan: Ok too. I am going to a movie. Why don't you come along?

(û¶ìª ú‡E÷«·ÚüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oìª. ìª÷±y ÚÛ«è¯ ô¦÷àŸªa ÚÛë¯!)

Manoj: Like to. But I am going for a walk now.

Regular Doing words (1st RDWs- go, walk verbs), 2nd Regular Doing Words (2nd RDWs- goes, walks verbs) am+ing/ is+ing/ are+ing a) I take coffee (take 1st RDW). Regular-

ö°Ùæ¨

ö°Ùæ¨ vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£pÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ î¦æ¨Ú¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. (û¶ìª Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª– ÍC Íõ-î¦åª)

b) I am taking coffee. (am + ing -

Ïí£±pè[ª û¶ìª

û¦oìª.)

ví£A-ôÁV

coffee

Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-

c) She goes to college at 10 AM. (goes- 2nd RDW-

Î Ñë]óŸªÙ 10 ÞœÙå-õÚÛª ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµüŒ‰êŸªÙC– ôÁW)

d) She is going to college. (is going - is ing -

+

îµüŒ‰-êÁÙC.)

Ïí£±pè[ª Î ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª

e) They come here on sundays. (come - 1st RDW Regular

÷þ§hô¢ª.)

ÏC ví£A ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù – Þ¥ áJ-¸ÞC– ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨

f) They are coming. (are + ing English

î¦üŒ‰x Ïí£±pè[ª ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.) ö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. Regular

Ð ê¶è¯

ÚÛª

Óí£±pè[« ô¦÷±. ÷›úh

ÍC êŸí£±p. ÖÚÛç¶ Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L. Regular actions ÚÛª

Regular Doing Words (come, comes, take, takes coffee

ö°Ùæ¨N) ÷þ§hô³. û¶E-í£±pè[ª æ© Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª ÏÚÛ\è[ ò°ÞœªÙ-è[ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d. a) Mr. Sen teaches English. English English lecturer/teacher

(ÎóŸª-ûµ-í£±pè[« ÎóŸªì ÑÙ-è¯-L/-Í-÷yàŸªa)

ò˺CÅ-þ§hè[ª. ÍÙç¶ Íô³-

This is the time when I go for walk every day.

(ô¦î¦-õû¶ ÑÙC. Ú¥F Ïí£±pè[ª î¦Ú¨Ù-ÞÂÚ¨ îµüŒ‰-꟪û¦o. ôÁW Ð çµjîªڨ û¶ìª î¦Ú¨ÙÞÂÚ¨ îµüŒê¦)

Mohan: Do you walk everyday along this road?

(ôÁV Ð ôÁèÂ-ö˺û¶ î¦Ú¨ÙÞ à¶þ§hî¦?)

Manoj: No. Usually I walk along the college road, but now I am walking along this road because that road is under repair.

(Ú¥ë]ª. þ§ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥ û¶ìª ÚÛü‹-ø‹õ ôÁèÂö˺ îµüŒ-ê¦ìª. Î ôÁèÂÚ¨ ÷ªô¢-÷ªt-꟪õª à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.) Mohan: So long (ÍÙç¶ bye ö°Þ¥ OèÁ\õª ÷«å) see you. (÷ªSx ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù) Manoj: Bye (òµj) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ am going, go; walk, am walking ê¶è¯õª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. ÷ªìÚÛª êµõªú£ª – 1st

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 18 b) Mr. Sen is teaching English English English c) Dogs bark.

(ÎóŸªì Ïí£±pè[ª àµñª-꟪-û¦oè[ª.) ö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. Ð ê¶è¯ (ÚÛªÚÛ\õª Óí£±pè[« îµ³ô¢ª-Þœª-ê¦ô³– ÍC î¦æ¨ ûµjáÙ.)

d) Dogs are barking.

(ÚÛªÚÛ\õª Ïí£±pè[ª îµ³ô¢ª-Þœª-꟪-û¦oô³– Ú•êŸh-î¦üÉÁx, ë•ÙÞœö˺ ÷#a ÑÙè¯L) Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. a) ÎóŸªì Óí£±pè[« punctual Þ¥ ÷þ§hè[ª. Ð ôÁV ÷«vêŸÙ Ú¥ú£h Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. b) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙè…-óŸ«-åªè¶ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª. Ð ôÁV ÷«vêŸÙ ÏÙÚÁ ÷«uÞœ-@ûË (some other

ví£øŒo: ÍêŸìª Eìo ÷#a ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª– Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ He

was not come yesterday Íì-÷à¦a? û¶ìª îµRx-ì-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸìª ÏÙæ¨ ÷ë]l ö¶ÚÛªÙèµìª– Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ He was not at home, when I went for him ÍE ÍÙæ°Ù. Íö°¸Þ û¶ìª Íè…-T-ì-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸè[ª í£EE í£²Jh à¶ú‡ ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª– ÍE àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ He was not completed the work yet

áî¦ñª: He was not come yesterday ÚÛ·ô-ÚÂd

Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Óí£±pè[«

'be' forms (am, is , are , was, were, etc.) come, go, 1st Regular Doing Words He was not come He did not

ö°Ùæ¨ Ú¥ñæ¨d

êŸô¦yêŸ

êŸí£±p.

magazine î¦è[Ùè…) àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oô¢ª. ìªîµyÙ-ë]ªÚÛª çµjîª waste à¶þ§h÷±? Ïí£±p-èµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±? d) ví£A ôÁV Ð çµjîªڨ ìª÷±y ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Ú-üŒ-ê¦÷±? ÓÚÛ\è…Ú¨ îµüŒ‰-꟪-û¦o÷±? e) Ô ì«uúà ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦÷±? Ïí£±pè[ª Ô ì«uúà ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦o÷±? f) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ô¦vA àŸð§B AÙæ°÷± ÚÛë¯? ÐôÁV ÍìoÙ (rice) AÙåª-û¦oî¶Ù? g) ÍêŸè[ª ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª všíÆÙèÂqE ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁè[ª. ÐôÁV ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª. c)

÷³Üu ú£«àŸì

Ú•Eo verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing ô¢«í£Ùö˺ î¦è[Ù. am + ing/ are + ing/ is + ing verb Ð ô¢«í£Ùö˺ Ñìoí£±pè[ª Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ Ú•Eo verbs Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ Î verbs ൛íp-í£E Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o î¦æ¨E am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms ö˺ î¦è[Ù. ÍÙë]ªÚÛª ñë]ªõª Regular Doing Words (love, loves, etc.) form ö˺û¶ àµñªê¦Ù. am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing from ö˺ î¦è[E

Ïí£±pè¶ áô¢ªÞœªêŸªû¦o...

actions am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verbs (present continuous tense)

I am taking Coffee

øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 16 Vöµj 2005

ô¦÷±.

Î Óí£±pè[ª êµõªÞœª ð§åö¶ ð§è[ª-꟪ÙC. Ïí£±pè[ª ÷«vêŸÙ ÙD ð§å ð§è[ª-êÁÙC. i) ÍêŸìª Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœè[ª. Ïí£±pè[ª ê¦Þœª-꟪-û¦oè[ª ('take' î¦è[Ùè…). j) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÍêŸìª ÎêÁ ÷«æ°x-è[è[ª. Ïí£±pè[ª ÷«æ°x-è[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª. h)

Answers: a) He comes punctually (always/usually). He is coming late only today. b) They usually read India Today, but now they are reading some other magazine. c) Why do you waste time? Why are you wasting time? d) Where do you go at this time every day? Where are you going? M. SURESAN e) What news paper do you read? What news paper are you reading? f) You usually take chapathis at night. Why are you taking rice (now)? g) He does not meet his friends on sundays, but he is meeting them today. h) She always sings Telugu songs, but she is now singing a Hindi song. i) He doesn't take (does not take) coffee. He is taking it now. j) He doesn't (does not) usually talk to her, but he is talking to her.

verbs

êµL›í

÷ªì ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«-õìª verbs-

(Ïù£d-í£-è[è[Ù) -am liking, is liking, are likî¦è[Ù. ÏN î¦è¯-Lq-ì-àÁå like, likes î¦è[ê¦Ù. Kumar likes that shirt very much ÍÙæ°Ù. ÍêŸìª Ïù£d-í£-è[è[Ù Ïí£±pèµjû¦ Kumar is liking that shirt ÍìÙ. 2) dislike (Ïù£dÙ-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù) 1) like ing

They dislike his class.

î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì Ú¥xú£ª Ïí£±pè[ª Ïù£dÙ ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ô³û¦ Ïö°¸Þ àµñªê¦Ù. are disliking, is disliking, am disliking Íìo forms ô¦÷±. ÍN-êŸí£±p. î¦æ¨ ñë]ªõª dislike, dislikes ÍE ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨N ÏÙÚ•Eo verbs, (am + ing, is + ing, are + ing) ö˺ î¦è[EN. 3) love - love, loves, (am/ is/ are loving

ñë]ªõª)

4) hate - hate, hates (am/ is/ are hating

ñë]ªõª)

5) hope - hope, hopes (am/ is/ are hoping

ñë]ªõª)

6) want - want, wants (am/ is/ are wanting

ñë]ªõª)

7) wish - wish, wishes (am/ is/ are wishing

ñë]ªõª)

8) desire - desire, desires (am/ is/ are desiring 9) envy - envy, envies(am/ is/ are envying

ñë]ªõª)

ñë]ªõª) (Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x) feel, feels, (am/ is/ ñë]ªõª).

10) feel are feeling

Íì-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ had áî¦ñª: 'since' ìª 'as' ñë]ªõª î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ð Íû¶ had + pp forms ·ôÙæ¨Ù-è…Ú© êÁè[ª because ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[-÷àŸªa. î¦è¶åí£±pè[ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo â°vÞœêŸhÞ¥ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦L. ÷´è…Ù-æ¨Ú¨ Ð ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ ‘ÍÙë]ª÷-õx/ -ÓÙ-ë]ªWhen I went for him, he was not at ÚÛÙ綒 ÍE Íô¢nÙ. home- ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Íô³ê¶ He was not complet- ví£øŒo: How long- ÍÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£±, How fared the work Íìo sentence ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. ÍÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ ë]«ô¢Ù ö°Þ¥û¶ ÖÚÛ ÷uÚ¨h ë¯EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ ö¶ë]ª. He had not completed ÓûËÁo î¦è[ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷à¶a-ö°Þ¥ Óö° Íû¦L. Íö°¸Þ She had not completed ô¦óŸ«L? Íû¦L. êŸô¦yêŸ î¦uþ§ö˺x DE ÞœªJÙ# ÷ªJÙêŸ Ñë¯: òÅ°ô¢-êŸ-ë¶øŒ ví£ëůì ÷ªÙv꟪ö˺x N÷-ô¢é ÑÙåªÙC. come Íû¦L. ÷ªûËÁt--ûËÂ-ú‡ÙÞ ÓûËÁo-î¦è[ª? Î AE ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª, Î ÷#a ÑÙè[ö¶ë]ª ví£øŒo: Leave letter ô¦›ú-å-í£±pè[ª As I am – è…. ÚÛª÷«-ô¢-þ§yNª, ìõx-Þ•Ùè[ (û¶ìª àŸ«ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª). suffering from fever î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ as Ú¨ áî¦ñª: Ð ví£øŒoÚÛª ú£·ôjì î¦ÚÛuÙ ÍÙ綖 ÏÚÛ\è[ û¶ìª àŸ«ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª When I looked ñë]ªõª since î¦è[-÷à¦a? ÓûËÁo Íìo ví£øŒoÚÛª ú£·ôjì ÷«å English ö˺ for him/her Íìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ She had not eaten; – ÚÛOÙ-ë]ôÂ, ÷ªè…-Ú•Ùè[, ÷ô¢Ù-ÞœöËÀ ö¶ë]ª. ÍE àµí£p-÷à¦a?Î AE ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª. Î ÷#a ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª (û¶ìª àŸ«ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª). ÍêŸìª Î í£E í£²Jh à¶ú‡ ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª (û¶ìª îµRx-ì-í£±pè[ª). Ïö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°î¦-õìª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Óö° àµð§pL. – ÓúÃ. ë¯ì-Ú¨-øÉÁôÂ, ÚÛô¢«oõª when I ask him

She had not come

eaten, had come

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Durga: Look at Leela's dress. Isn't it (= Is it not) really wonderful?

(Mõ vèµúÃ àŸ«è[ª, à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC ÚÛë¯!)

Valli:

Ok I like it really. In fact, I wish now to buy one such dress for myself.

(û¦ÚÛª à¦ö° ì#aÙC. Ïí£±pè¶ Íö°Ùæ¨ vèµúà ڕû¶óŸ«õE ÑÙC.)

Durga: Renuka too likes it. I desire one like that too. I feel like buying it, but I haven't (= do not have) the money.

(¸ôéªÚÛ ÚÛ«è¯ Î vèµúà ÍÙç¶ Ïù£d-í£-è[ªêÁÙC. û¦ÚÛ« Ú•û¦-õE ÑÙC. Ïí£±pè¶ Ú•û¶óŸ«-õEí‡þ¼hÙC. Ú¥F è[ñªs ö¶ë]ª.) feel like +...ing = Ôëµjû¦ à¶óŸ«-õ-E-í‡Ù-àŸè[Ù. feel like going to bed = Evë] ð¼î¦õEí‡þ¼hÙC)

Valli:

I really envy Leela for the dress.

(û¦ÚÛª Mõ vèµúà ÍÙç¶ Ðô¢{uÞ¥ ÑÙC. Envy = Ðô¢{u/-Ðô¢{u í£è[è[Ù) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ like, wish, desire, have, envy, feel - Ð verbs ÍFo Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo Nù£óŸ«õû¶ àµñªêŸª-û¦oô³. Ïí£±pè[ª áJ¸Þ Nù£-óŸ«õìª êµL›í verbs Óí£±pè[« am + ing, is + ing, are + ing form (present continuous) ö˺ ÑÙè¯õE êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© šíj ú£ÙòÅ°ù£é-ö˺E

ing

Words (like, likes, wish, wishes, desire, desires, envy, envies) verbs dislike, love, hate, hope, want, appreciate admire

(J{Ù-àŸè[Ù),

ô¦sÄö˺x feel, (feel ÍÙç¶ × Íìª-òÅ¡«-AE, ú£pô¢zìª êµLóŸª-â¶-ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª) prefer Oæ¨ûµí£±pè[« ÷ªìÙ am + ing, is + ing, are + ing ö˺ î¦è[Ù Íû¶ Nù£óŸªÙ ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥ Þœªô¢ªh-ší-åªd-ÚÁ-î¦L. a) Î ÍêŸè…E v›íNª-þ¼hÙC. She loves him. (She is loving him

Ú¥ë]ª. v›íNªÙ-àŸè[Ù Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o ú£¸ô.) b) î¦üŒ‰x ð§ú£-÷±-ê¦-÷ªE ÎP-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª. They hope to pass. (They are hoping to pass

Ú¥ë]ª. î¦üŒ‰x ÎPÙàŸè[Ù Ïí£±pè¶ Íô³û¦) šíj list ö˺ NªÞœê¦ verbs ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Ïë¶ rule. Actions of the mind (Îö˺-àŸ-ì-õÚÛª, ñªClÄÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ-#ì àŸô¢uõìª) êµL›í verbs ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ am + ing, is + ing, are + ing form ö¶ë]ª. ÍN– 1) know = êµL-óŸªè[Ù 2) understand = Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù 3) remember = â°cí£ÚÛÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù 4) forget = ÷ªô¢-#-ð¼-÷è[Ù 5) decide = Eô¢g-ô³Ù-àŸè[Ù 6) doubt = ú£Ùë¶-Ù-àŸè[Ù 7) think = Îö˺-#Ù-àŸè[Ù 8) suppose = Íìª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù 9) believe = ì÷ªtè[Ù

Þ¥û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨

(îµªàŸªaÚÁ÷è[Ù) Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-

10) imagine =

ÒÙ-àŸè[Ù

(à¦ö°-÷ª-åªÚÛª ô¦ë]ª)

am/ is/ are am + ing, is + ing, are

ö˺ ë¶Fo ö˺ î¦è[Ù. î¦üŒ‰x û¦ ÷«åõª Íô¢lÄÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª. ÍÙç¶ Ð

verbs + ing form

They understand my words. (They are understanding my words am/ is/ are understanding

Ú¥ë]ª)

ô¦ë]ª. ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ÏÙÚ¥ û¦ ›íô¢ª Þœªô¢ªhÙC.

He still remembers my name. (He is still remembering my name

ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯) Íö°¸Þ šíj list ö˺ Ñìo NªÞœê¦ verbs ìª ÚÛ«è¯ am

ví£øŒo: Simple present tense ö˺

noun í£ÚÛ\ì ÚÛª s ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯. Ñë¯: Rama sells mangoes. God bless you ÍÙæ°ô¢ª, God blesses you Íû¦L ÚÛë¯! – û¦÷« ú£ÙêÁ-ùÃ-ö°öËÀ, Íè[y-¸ÚæËÀ, Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ áî¦ñª: simple present ö˺ verb ÚÛª 's' à¶ô¦aL. ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Íô³ê¶ "God bless you" Íû¶ sentence statement Ú¥ë]ª. ÍC 'May God bless you' Íû¶ Dîµì. Íö° DNÙ-à¶-å-í£±pè[ª 'May God bless you' ö˺ 'May' ÷C-ö¶ú‡ 'God bless you' ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù. ÍÙë]ª-÷õx ÏÚÛ\è[ 'blesses' ô¦ë]ª. ví£øŒo: Not bad ÍÙç¶ very good ÍE àŸCî¦Ù. Oªô¢ª not bad ÍÙç¶ í£ô¢-î¦-ö¶ë]ª ÍE ô¦ø‹ô¢ª. Ð ·ôÙè…Ù-æ¨ö˺ ÔC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. – è….ÎôÂ., áT-ê¦uõ áî¦ñª: 'Not bad' ÍÙç¶ í£ô¢î¦-ö¶ë]ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ Ú¥ë]ª. Very good Íû¶. ví£øŒo: The E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L. à¦ö° ÷ªÙC ‘ë]’ ÍE í£õª-ÚÛª-ê¦ô¢ª. ‘C’ Íì-ÚÛ«-è[ë¯? – ·Ú.N. ô¢÷ªé, áóŸª-í£±ô¢Ù, ÖJþ§q áî¦ñª: ÏÙêŸÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª DE ÞœªJÙ# WûË 16ì ví£àŸª-JÙ-#ì ÷´èÁ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ N÷JÙà¦Ù. Í, Î, Ï, Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Õ, Ö, ×, Ø– Ð êµõªÞœª øŒò°lõêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Íó¶ªu English ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª 'the' E ‘C’ Þ¥ í£õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù. NªÞœê¦ ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª ‘ë]’ ÍÙæ°Ù. The (C) apple, ant, egg, air, owl, umbrel-

+ ing, is + ing, are + ing form a)

ö˺ î¦è[Ù. û¦ Qö°û¶o ú£Ùë¶--ú£ªhû¦oî¦? DEo English ö˺ Óö° àµñªê¦Ù? ÏÚÛ\è[ 'doubt' î¦è¯L ÚÛë¯.

verb

la etc. The

î¦è[Ù. Íö°¸Þ Óí£±pè[« ô¦ë]ª. Ïö°¸Þ NªÞœ-ê¦-î¦æ¨ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing forms ö˺ î¦è[E ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo verbs Ñû¦oô³. ÍN êµõª-ú£ª-Ú•û¶ ÷³Ùë]ª, Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1. ÍêŸìª ð§ôȦEo àŸÚÛ\Þ¥ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª. 2. î¦è… ÞœªJÙ# î¦è[ª Ô÷ªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª? (think î¦è[Ùè…) 3. ìª÷±y Ð ·ôþ§d-·ôÙæËÀö˺ Ú¥íƈ Ïù£dí£è[ªêŸª-û¦oî¦? 4. ÍêŸè… ›íô¢ª û¦ÚÛª Þœªô¢ªh ô¦÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª. (remem÷àŸªa.

Am/ is/ are + knowing am/ is/ are understanding

= Í÷ªtÚÛÙ = ò¶ô¢Ù, ò¶ô¢Ù à¶óŸªè[Ù

sale bargain (A good bargain, a bad bargain best bargain etc.) good/ bad at bargaining =

ò°Þ¥ ò¶ô¢Ù à¶óŸªÞœõÞœè[Ù/ ò°Þ¥ ò¶ô¢Ù à¶óŸªö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù bargain- pronunciation – ò°ÞœûËÂ)

ÍEoàÁæ°x ô¦ë]ª!!

verbs- like, wish ö°Ùæ¨N ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª, òÅ°î¦õÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì verbs ö˺ Ú•Eo Ú¥ñæ¨d, Íö°Ùæ¨ verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing ô¢«í£Ùö˺ î¦è[Ù. Íö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Regular Doing

÷ªJ-Ú•Eo–

þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 18 Vöµj 2005

(ë]) tree, book, shop, college etc.

M. SURESAN

am doubting/ is 'doubt' doubting/ are doubting question do sentence-

ö˺ î¦è¯L. ÍÙç¶

ÍìÙ. ô¦î¦L. Ú¥ñæ¨d

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 19 Do you doubt my character ? (Are you doubting my character

b)

OªÚÛª ÙD êµõªþ§?

Ú¥ë]ª.)

Do you know Hindi? (Are you knowing

c)

Ú¥ë]ª.) î¦è[ª ììoô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª.

ÍìÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ Ú¥ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d. ÷ª¸ô-÷ªÙæ°Ù?

He is not understanding me am/ is/ are + understanding English He does not understand (= understand + not) me. d) What do you think? (What are you thinking

ìªî¶y-÷ª-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?

ÍìÙ.)

šíjì àµí‡pì

÷³Üu Nù£óŸªÙ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺

verbs thinking, understanding etc.

liking, loving, 'ing' forms

ìª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d î¦è[-÷àŸªa. î¦è[-ÚÛ«-è[-EC: Ð 'ing' forms ÷³Ùë]ª, am, is, are à¶ô¢aè[Ù. knowing - ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d î¦è[-

ber) î¦è[Ùè…. 5. ÔÙæ¨ö° ÍEo Nù£óŸ«õª ÷ªJað¼êŸªû¦o÷±? (why êÁ vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ-àŸÙè…) 6. ÍêŸ-è…E ìª÷±y ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Íìª-÷«-E-ú£ªh-û¦o÷±? 7. û¦ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸë]-î¦-õEí‡ÙàŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. (feel like = ÍE-í‡Ù-àŸè[Ù) 8. î¦è[ª ììªo ú£JÞ¥ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª. 9. Î Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµü‹xõE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺Ùë¯? (think î¦è[Ùè…). 10. ÍêŸ-ìÙ-ë]-J-ÚÛÙç¶ Þ•í£pî¦è…E Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè¯? (suppose Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-àŸÙè….) 11. F ví£÷-ô¢hì ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ìàŸaè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. (dislike î¦è[Ùè….) 12. û¦ ÷«åõª ìª÷±y ì÷ªtè[Ù ö¶ë¯? (believe/ doubt) î¦è[Ùè…) 13. ìª÷±y æ© ÚÛû¦o Ú¥íƈû¶ ÓÙë]ªÚ¨ù£dí£-è[ª-꟪-û¦o÷±? (prefer î¦è[Ùè…) 14. FÚÛª F í£Jú‡nA êµLóŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª (know Ñí£-óµ«TÙ-àŸÙè….) 15. Ïô¦-Ú©õª Í-J-ÚÛ-ìxìª ë¶yù‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô¦?

Answers: 1. He understands the lesson well. 2. What does he think of himself? ( is thinking 3. Do you like (are you liking the coffee in this restaurant? 4. I don't (= do not) remember (am not + remembering his name. 5. Why do you forget (are you forgetting things like this? 6. Why do you doubt him? 7. I do not feel like studying here. 8. He does not understand me properly. 9. Does she think of going home now? 10. Does he suppose that he is the greatest of all? 11. He doesn't (= does not) like your behaviour. 12. Don't you (Do you not/ Do not you) believe my words/ Do you doubt my words? 13. Why do you prefer coffee to tea? (prefer 'to' 14. You do not know your position. 15. Do Iraquis hate Americans?

ô¦ë]ª ÚÛë¯!)

ÍìÙ)

êŸí£±p)

êŸô¦yêŸ

÷ú£ªhÙC).

VOCABULARY

ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì ÷«åõª: êµL-ú‡ì ÷«åö¶.

Shopping buy, sell

Ú¥ë]ª)

Look at Leela's dress. Isn't it really wonderful? purchase = Ú•ìè[Ù (Ð Íô¢nÙêÁ purchase Íìè[Ù ÚÛû¦o ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC). purchase = Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh÷±

'buy'

Íìè[Ù

My important purchase this week is the TV. TV) return = exchange = replace =

(Ð î¦ô¢Ù û¶ìª Ú•ìo ÷³Üu-iì ÷ú£ªh÷± Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh÷± AJT Ï÷yè[Ù Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh÷± ÿ§íÃö˺ ÷«ô¢ªa-ÚÁ÷è[Ù Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh-÷±ö˺ ëÁù£Ù ÑÙç¶ ë¯EÚ¨ ñë]ªõª ÿ§í£± î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙÚ•-ÚÛæ¨ ÷ªìÚÛª Ï÷yè[Ù refund = ÿ§í£± î¦üŒ‰x è[ñªs î¦í£úà Ï÷yè[Ù durable = (÷ú£ªh-÷±ÚÛª) ÷ªEoÚÛ Ñìo, ÷ªEo-ÚÛ-Þœõ allow a discount = êŸT_Ù# Í÷ªtè[Ù; expensive = ÜKëµjì cheap = à½ÚÛ Íô³ì moderate (price) = ú£ô¢-ú£-iì (ëÅ]ô¢) cost = ÜKë]ª, ÜK-ë]-÷è[Ù

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Ravi: Hi Pavan, what do I see in that glass there? It appears to be some juice.

(í£÷ûË ΠޥxúÃö˺ ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-ìo-ë¶-Nªæ¨? ÔëÁ WuúÃö° ÑÙC.)

Pavan: Yea. The glass contains fresh lemon juice.

(Í÷±ìª ÍÙë]ªö˺ ê¦â° E÷ªt-ô¢ú£Ù ÑÙC.) contain = ÖÚÛ ë¯ûËÁx Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙè[è[Ù the jug contains milk = Î áÞÂö˺ ð§õª Ñû¦oô³ Ravi: A new bike is parked outside. Whose is it?

(ñóŸªå × Ú•êŸh òµjÚ ð§ôÂ\ à¶ú‡ ÑÙC. Ó÷-J-ë]C?)

Pavan: It belongs to Mahesh. He bought it the day before.

(ÍC ÷ª›ï°-ùÃC. Eìo-Ú•-û¦oè[ª.) Belong = àµÙë]è[Ù

The house belongs to my uncle.

Î Ïõªx ÷« ÷«÷ª-óŸªuC (ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª àµÙCÙC).

belongs, comprises, needs, seems, consists of, live verbs am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing form

Oæ¨E- ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª ÷ªìÙ ö°Þ¥ àŸ«ú‡ì ö˺ î¦è[Ù (ÍN êµLóŸª-⶛ú í£ìªõª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìoC Ïí£±pèµjû¦). šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é ÷ªôÁ-þ§J vøŒë]lÄÞ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè….

ÔÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ?

÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-⶛ú

★

verbs (verbs expressing feelings and emotions).

★ ÷ªì

ñªClÄÚ¨, Îö˺-àŸ-ì-õÚÛª ú£ñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«õª êµL›í verbs (verbs expressing actions of the mind) Óí£±pè[« am + ing, is + ing, are + ing forms ö˺ ô¦÷±. î¦æ¨E Íö° î¦è¯-Lq-ìí£±pè[ª, Regular Doing Words (like, likes, think, thinks) form ö˺û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. ★ ·ôÙè[ª ô¢Ú¥õ verbs êÁ ð§åª šíjì àµí‡pì verbs (appear, belong, comprise, consist of, contain, live, need, seem) am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing form Regular Doing Words sentences 'not' question do, does

ÚÛ«è¯ ö˺ ô¦÷±. Íö°

Ravi: What's that fat book on the table?

(Î ç¶ñªöËÀ Oªë] Ñìo Î šíë]l í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÔNªæ¨?)

î¦è¯Lq ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª Þ¥û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð Ú¨ÙC ö˺ î¦æ¨ Ú¥F, î¦è[Ú¥Eo Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ú¥F Íô³ê¶ ÷þ§h-óŸªE êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯?

1)

2)

î¦è[ª ÷ªÙ#î¦è…ö° ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. He appears (is appearing Ú¥ë]ª)

to be a

Ð GLfÙÞÂq î¦üŒx-N- Ú¥÷± (= î¦üŒxÚÛª àµÙC-ìN Ú¥÷±). These buildings do not belong to them (are not belonging to them

Pavan: It contains a lot of information about the latest versions in computers. It comprises ten chapters.

3)

ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯?) ò°öËÀ-ší-ûËÂö˺ Ô÷³Ù-åªÙC?

(ÚÛÙí£²u-å-ôÂqÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì ê¦â° îµô¢{ìx Íê¦u-ëÅ]ª-EÚÛ ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ÍÙë]ªö˺ ÑÙC. ÍÙë]ªö˺ í£C Íëůu-óŸ«õª Ñû¦oô³.) comprises = include = à¶J ÑÙè[è[Ù

Ravi: Coming to the bike, does Mahesh really need a bike now? He does not go about much. (

òµjÚ Nù£-óŸ«-E-Ú•ë¯lÙ. ÷ª›ï°-ùÃ-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª òµjÚ EáÙÞ¥ Í÷-ú£-ô¢÷«? ÓÚÛª\÷ Aô¢-Þœ-è[ªÞœë¯?)

Pavan: Yes, he needs it very much now. He has a new job. Marketing. He has to move about a lot.

(Ïí£±pè[ª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ òµjÚ à¦ö° Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. ÷«·ô\-æ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺ Ú•êŸh ÑëÁuޜ٠÷#aÙC. à¦ö° Aô¢-Þ¥Lq ÑÙåªÙC.)

Ravi: The bike seems very stylish, doesn't it? ( Pavan: It comes with a package. The package consists of a CD Player and a set of CDs.

òµjÚ à¦ö° ÎÚÛ-ô¢{-é©-óŸªÙÞ¥ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯!)

(Î òµjÚ ڕÙç¶ ÖÚÛ ð§u¸ÚâÉÀ ÷ú£ªhÙC. ÍÙë]ªö˺ ÖÚÛ ú‡è… ›íxóŸªôÂ, Ú•Eo úˆè†õª ÑÙæ°ô³.) consists of = ÚÛL-T-ÑÙ-è[è[Ù

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 20 What does a ball pen consist of? (What is a ball pen consisting of

5)

ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯). Î ÚÛNª-æ©ö˺ ìõªÞœªô¢ª ú£òÅ¡ªu-õª-û¦oô¢ª.

The committee comprises four members/Four members comprise the committee. (The committee is comprising...; Four members are comprising...

ÍìÙ. êµõª-ú£ªÚÛë¯?) 6) ÍêŸìª ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª? (E÷-ú‡-þ§hè[ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ). Where does he live? (Where is he living

7) 8)

Ú¥ë]ª). î¦Rxí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙåª-û¦oô¢ª (E÷-ú‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª). They live here (They are living here Ú¥ë]ª). î¦Rx-í£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª. They do not live here any more (They are not living

9)

ÍìÙ). û¦ÚÛª Ïí£±pè[ª F ú£ï£„óŸªÙ Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù.

I need your help now (am needing 10)

î¦üŒx-Ú¨í£±pè[ª ÏC Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.

Ú¥ë]ª).

They do not need it now (They are not needing

The fan consists of three blades and a motor.

(ðƧuûËÂÚÛª ÷´è[ª ò¶xèÂõª, ÖÚÛ îµ«æ°ô ÑÙæ°ô³.)

Ú¥ë]ª).

Î Þ¥xúÃö˺ Ô÷³ÙC?

What does the glass contain? (What is the glass containing

4)

11)

Ravi: By the way, where does Ganesh live?

Ú¥ë]ª). ÍC ÎÚÛª Ïí£±pè[ª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù?

Why does she need it now? (Why is she needing it

(÷ªJ Þœé¶ùà ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª?) (By the way - Ð ÷«åìª topic ÷«ô¢a-è¯-EÚ¨ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ î¦è[ê¦Ù. êµõª-Þœªö˺ ÷ªJ, Í÷±ìª ÍE ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ topic ÷«¸ôa÷³Ùë]ª î¦è¶ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥.)

12)

Ú¥ë]ª). î¦è[ª ë]ªô¦t-ô¢ª_-è…ö° ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. He seems (is seeming ô¦ë]ª) to be a bad

Pavan: He lives quite nearby.

13)

ÍêŸè[ª ë¯Ùæ˺x Îú£-Ú¨hÞ¥ ö¶è[ª.

(ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ë]Þœ_-ôÁxû¶ ÑÙæ°è[ª.) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ verbs- see, appears, contains,

ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÷´è[ª-ô¢-Ú¥õ verbs, am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing ö˺ î¦è[-EN àŸ«ø‹Ù. ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo verbs ÚÛ«è¯ Ñû¦oô³. ÍN- êµ-õª-ú£ª-Ú•û¶ ÷³Ùë]ª Ð Ú¨ÙC sentences ìª english ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1) ví£A-î¦üŒŠx Î ú‡E-÷«ìª Ïù£d-í£-è[ª-꟪-û¦oô¢ª. 2) î¦è…Ú¨ Ð Ú¥xú£ªõÙç¶ Ïù£dÙ ÑÙè[-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª (dislike î¦è[Ùè…). 3) ÍêŸè…E Î v›íNª-þ¼hÙë¯? ÍC û¦ÚÛª êµLóŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. ÍêŸè[ª ÷«vêŸÙ Îîµªìª v›íNª-ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. ÎÚÛª Î Nù£óŸªÙ êµõªþ§?

Answers: 1) Every one likes that movie (is liking 2) He does not like these classes (is not liking 3) Does she love him? I don't (do not) know that. But he loves her. Does she know that? Who knows? 4) What do you say?/ What are you saying? Why don't you (do you not) understand me?

Ú¥ë]ª).

Ú¥ë]ª).

... Íö° ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯ !

good fellow.

By the way, where does Ganesh live?

ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 20 Vöµj 2005

fellow.

He does not seem to be interested in it (is not seeming

ô¦ë]ª).

Ó÷-JÚ¨ êµõªú£ª? 4) ÔÙ àµñªêŸª-û¦oîË ìª÷±y? ìª÷±y ìûµoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª? û¶ìª Eìªo ò°Þ¥û¶ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. û¶ìª FÚÛª íÆ£²öËÀ-ö°Þ¥ ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh(appear û¦oû¦? î¦è[Ùè…). ìª÷±y û¦ ð§ô³ÙæËÀ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-ìoåªx ÚÛEí‡ÙàŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª (seem î¦è[Ùè…). Íö°Þœ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o÷±? (think...so M. SURESAN î¦è[Ùè…. so= Íö°Þœ) û¦ÚÛö° ÍEí‡-þ¼hÙC (feel î¦è[Ùè…) ìª÷±y ììªo Íð§ô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±. F ÷«åõª û¶ìª vøŒë]lÄÞ¥ NÙåª-û¦oìª (Íð§ô¢nÙ= misunderstand). F Oªë] û¦ Þ½ô¢-î¦Eo øŒÙÚ¨ú£ªh-û¦oî¦? (doubt....my respect for you î¦è[Ùè…). 5) î¦üŒ‰x ÓÚÛ\è[ªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª? (live î¦è[Ùè…). î¦üŒ‰x æ®ûËÂöËÀ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª (live î¦è[Ùè…). î¦üŒ‰x Oª ÏÙæ¨ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙè[-è[Ù-ö¶ë¯? î¦ü˜x-í£±pèÁ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷«J-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª (Óí£±pèÁ= long ago, Ïõªx ÷«ô¢è[Ù= move). Ïí£±p-è[ªìo Ïõªx î¦üŒx-ë¶û¦? (ÍÙç¶ þ»ÙêŸ÷«? Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ–own/ belong î¦è[Ùè…). 6) û¦ÚÛª Ú•ÙêŸ è[ñªs-Ú¥-î¦L (need/want î¦è[Ùè…). ÓÙêŸ Ú¥î¦L? (How much êÁ vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙàŸÙè…). ÚÛFú£Ù îµô³u ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª Ú¥î¦L. (í£²Jh î¦ÚÛuÙ àµí£pÙè…). ÍÙêµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Ú¥î¦L FÚÛª? FÚ¨-î¦y-õE ÑÙë¯, ö¶ë¯? (want î¦è[Ùè…). ÍÙêŸ šíë]l-îµ³êŸhÙ û¦Ú¨-î¦y-õE ö¶ë]ª. (ÍÙêŸ šíë]l îµ³êŸhÙ– such a big amount/ sum/ that kind

I understand you well. Do I appear (to be) a fool to you?' You don't (do not) seem to understand my point. Why do you think so? I feel so. You misunderstand me. I am listening to you carefully. Do you doubt my respect for you? 5) Where do they live? They live near the townhall. Don't they (do they not) live near your place? They moved long ago. Do they own the house?/ Does the house belong to them? (am/ is/ are owning 6) I want/ need some money. How much do you need? I need at at least a thousand rupees. Why do you need such a big amount/ so much/ such a big sum/ that kind of money? Do you want to give or not? I don't want to give/ feel like giving such a big amount. 7) When did you buy the book? No, I didn't (did not) buy it. I borrowed it from Mahesh yesterday. Are you reading it (now)? Why are you asking that question? I want to read it. But I don't want to give/ lend it to you. Why do you feel so/ think so? Because you don't give books to me.

Ú¥ë]ª).

of money).

7) Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Óí£±pè[ª Ú•û¦o÷±? Ú•ì-ö¶ë]ª. Eìo ÷ª›ï°ùà ë]Þœ_ô¢ ìªÙ# êµàŸªaÚÛªû¦oìª (í£±ú£hÚÛÙ, è[ñªs, ÏÙÚ•-ÚÛJ ë]Þœ_ô¢ êµàŸªaÚÁåÙ– borrow from). ìªNy-í£±pè[ª ë¯Eo àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oî¦? ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Íè[ªÞœªêŸªû¦o÷± Î ví£øŒo? û¶ìª àŸë]-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª. Ú¥F û¶ìª FÚÛª Ïî¦yõìª-ÚÁ÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª (í£±ú£hÚ¥Eo Ï÷yè[Ù= lend). ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Íö° Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±? ìª÷±y í£±ú£hÚ¥õª û¦Ú¨-÷y÷± Ú¥ñæ¨d.

ví£øŒo: ÖÚÛ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ He wants to talk you,

ÍE àŸC-î¦ìª. Ú¥F He wants to ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯! – ¸ôÿ§t ô¦âÉÀ, Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ áî¦ñª: 'talk' êŸô¦yêŸ 'to' Ú¥F 'with' Ú¥F êŸí£pÚÛ ÑÙè¯L. 'talk you, Sir' êŸí£±p. talk to you, Sir ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Sir. talk to you, Sir

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 22 Vöµj 2005

ÑÙC. Î Íô¢nÙêÁ am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing î¦è[è[Ù ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. ÚÛõª-ú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪-ìo-åx-ô³ê¶– She is seeing the CM today.

Î ú‡Ó-îªE ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC.

I am not seeing the Governor today.

I really don't see how he is able to stand still for so long? Sudha:

What are you looking at so steadily?

(ÔNªæ©, êŸë¶-ÚÛÙÞ¥ Íåª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?)

Madhuri: I see an interesting sight over there.

(ÍÚÛ\èÁ Îú£-Ú¨h-ÚÛ-ô¢-iì ë]'øŒuÙ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC.)

Sudha: What is it you see there? I do not see any thing. Saritha, do you see any thing?

(ÔÙ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙ-ë]-ÚÛ\è[? û¦¸ÚÙ ÚÛEí‡ÙàŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. ú£Jê¦, F¸Ú-iû¦ ÚÛEí‡þ¼hÙë¯?)

Saritha: No. Nothing unusual.

(ö¶ë]ª. ÍÙê¦ ÷«÷´õªÞ¥û¶ ÑÙC.) unusual = ÷«÷´õª Ú¥EC, Ú•êŸh Nù£óŸªÙ

Sudha:

Do you hear Madhuri? Saritha sees nothing unusual. Come on, What attracts you there?

(÷«ëÅ]ªK NEí‡Ù-#Ùë¯? ú£J-êŸÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Ú•êŸhë¶Oª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. ÍÚÛ\è[ ÔÙ ÎÚÛ-J{Ù-#ÙC Eìªo.)

Madhuri: Don't you observe that man there? All made up like Gandhi, and standing still like a statue?

(ÍÚÛ\è[ Î ÷ªE-ù‡E Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë¯ ìª÷±y? Þ¥ÙDÅö° ÚÛíà î¶ú£ª-Ú•E, NvޜÙ-ö°Þ¥ Eõñè… Ñû¦oè[ª.) Made up = û¦åÚ¥ö˺x ÚÛíà à¶ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù still = àŸõìÙ ö¶E

Sudha and Saritha: Yes, We see now Saritha. I really don't see how he is able to stand still for so long?

(ÍÙêŸ-›úí£± ÚÛë]-LÚÛ ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯ Óö° Eõ-ñè… ÑÙè[ÞœõªÞœª-꟪û¦oèÁ Íô¢nÙ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙC.) See = understand.

Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[ª, Ó÷-ô¢û¦o Ôë]û¦o àµGê¶ ÍÙæ°Ù. ë¯ìô¢nÙ ‘Íô¢lÄ-÷ª-÷±-êÁÙC’ ÍE.

"I see"

Sudha: But don't you hear some thing too?

(OªÚÛª ÔOª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë¯?)

àŸ«ø‹ô¦? Do not see/ does not see; do not hear/ does not hear, do not observe/ does not observe

ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d ÷ªìÙ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-î¦-LqÙC– Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ì am/ is/ are + ing forms ö˺ î¦è[E verbs êÁð§åª, see, hear, observe ö°Ùæ¨ verbs ìª ÚÛ«è¯ am/ is/ are + ing forms ö˺ Ñí£-óµ«-TÙàŸÙ. Íö° î¦è¯-Lq-ì-í£±pè[ª see, sees, hear, hears, observe, observes not question do/ does see, do/ does hear, do/ does observe a) I see a picture on the wall.

ÍE,

êÁ

ö˺ Íô³ê¶

ÍE î¦è[ê¦Ù.

Î ÞÁè[ OªC ò˹÷ªt û¦ÚÛª ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC. î¦è[ª à¶ú£ªh-ìoC ÎÚÛª ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC.

c) They are standing on the balcony. They see the Sunrise.

î¦üŒ‰x ò°õ\-Fö˺ Eõñ-è¯fô¢ª. ú£«ôÁu-ë]óŸªÙ î¦üŒxÚÛª ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC. am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing ÚÛª ñë]ªõª,

ÚÛª ñë]ªõª,

î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ú¨, Ú© ê¶è¯ Ñìoç¶x, ÚÛª ÚÛª Íô¢nÙ ê¶è¯ ÑÙC. 'hear' ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÚÛª Nì-í£M. SURESAN è¶C. 'listen to' ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ (ví£óŸªêŸoÙ) à¶ú‡ Nìè[Ù. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ Nìª. Íè[ª-Þœªõ àŸí£±pè[ª NEí‡-ú£ªhÙC (FÚÛª). ÷ªìÙ Ú¥xúÃö˺ ÔÙ à¶þ§hÙ? Do we hear the teacher or Do we listen to the students teacher? listen to the teacher.

OªÚÛª êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯ ÷ªÙ# Óí£±pè[« (ÍÙç¶ æ©àŸô¢ª ൛ípC î¦üŒ‰x vøŒë]lÄ šíæ¨dNÙæ°ô¢ª).

am looking at/ is looking at/ are looking at see look at

î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ú¥F Ú¨ ÚÛª Íô¢nÙö˺ ê¶è¯ ÑÙC. see = ÷ªìÚÛª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù look at = ÷ªìÙ (ví£óŸªêŸoÙ à¶ú‡) àŸ«è[è[Ù I see the picture on the wall.

Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè…

a) As we walk along the road, we hear the noise of the traffic.

ôÁè[ªf Oªë] ìè[ª-ú£ªh-ìo-í£±pè[ª væ°íƇÚÂ îµ«êŸ NEí‡ú£ªhÙC.

b) We switch on the CD player/ the two-inone to listen to music.

ÞÁè[ Oªë] ò˹÷ªt ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC.

(÷ªìÙ ú£ÙUêŸÙ Nìè¯-EÚ¨ ú‡è… ›íxóŸªôÂ/ åªÏ-ûËÂ÷ûË ÎûË à¶þ§hÙ) c) û¶ìª ൛ípC FÚÛª NEí‡-þ¼hÙë¯?

I am looking at the picture on the wall.

ÞÁè[ Oªë] ò˹÷ªtìª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª.

Look at the sky, you see the stars.

Do you hear me?

û¶ìª ඛípC ìª÷±y NÙåª-û¦oî¦?

.

(Î Íò°sô³ Îè…-ú£ªhìo Î ÚÁA Ú¨àŸ-Ú¨-àŸõª NE-í‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë¯?) gibber - pronunciation : >ñ performing = à¶óŸªè[Ù, ví£ë]-JzÙ-àŸè[Ù

Madhuri and Saritha: What's new about it?

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é ÎÚ¥øŒÙ îµjí£± àŸ«è[Ùè…

21

ì¤Û-vê¦õª ÚÛEí‡-þ§hô³

(look). (see). When you look up, you see the blue sky.

(ÔÙå÷«t ÍÙë]ªö˺ NÙêŸ?) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ see, hear, observe î¦è[ÚÛÙ Þœ÷ªEÙ-àŸÙè…. ÏÚÛ\è[ see, hear, observe Ð verb ìª Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù, Ïí£±pè[ª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù, Ïí£±pè[ª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸè[Ù Íû¶ Íô¦n-õêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© am/ is/

šíjÚ¨ àŸ«›úh Fö°-Ú¥øŒÙ ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªhÙC. ÍêŸè[ª Îîµªìª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª.

are seeing; am/ is/ are hearing, am/ is/ are am/ is/ are seeing, observing am/ is/ are hearing, am/ is/ are observing see, hear, observe

The teacher is watching you. (am/ is/ are observing 'see' any one is there?' see

ÚÛª Íû¶ ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª ÚÛë¯ ñë]ªõª ÷«ëÅ]ªJ, ú£ªëÅ], ú£JêŸ. Íö°¸Þ Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª/ Ïí£±pè[ª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª/ Ïí£±pè[ª Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª Íû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª am not/ is not/ are not seeing/ hearing/ observing ÍE Íìè[Ù ö¶ë]ª

Answers: 1) Look at those two pictures. Do you see any difference (between the two) (Are you seeing 2) Look there! Don't (= do not) you see a deer?

ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯?).

>ÙÚÛ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙë¯?

Do you see a deer?

>ÙÚÛ ÚÛìí£-è[è[Ù ö¶ë¯?

Don't (Do not) you see a deer? Are you not seeing? Don't you see? 3) What do you see there? (What are you seeing You are looking so much at the tree. 4) Don't look now. I see someone coming for you. 5) Whom do I see there? (Whom am I seeing? Isn't (is it not) Michael Jackson? (Michael Jackson It is Michael Jackson) 6) We hear some sweet music from some

ñë]ªõª,

ô¦ë]ª)

ô¦ë]ª)

ÚÛë¯ =

ÚÛEí‡Ù-à¶N... ví£óŸªAoÙ# àŸ«›úN...

Sudha: The gibber of the monkey there It's performing to the boy's commands.

Íìè[Ù ö¶ë]ª.

am hearing/ is hearing/ are hearing am listening to/ is listening to/ are listening to see look at hear listen to

Listen carefully. You hear footsteps.

b) She sees what he is doing.

Madhuri & Saritha: What is it?

(ÔNªæ¨ ÍC?)

(û¶ìª Ð ôÁV Þœ÷-ô¢o-ôÂìª ÚÛõª-ú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª.) Am hearing/ is hearing/ are hearing ö¶ë]ª ÚÛë¯. Íô³ê¶ 'see' Ú¨ ñë]ªõª 'look' am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing form ö˺ î¦è…-ìç¶x,

9) ÷ªì-¸ÚëÁ Ú•Eo NÙêŸ (strange) ë]'ø‹uõª ÚÛEí‡ú£ªh-û¦oô³. Ú•Eo NÙêŸ øŒò°lõª NEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô³. 10) ÷ªì-¸ÚëÁ Ú•Eo NÙêŸ ë]'ø‹uõª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]«, Ú•Eo NÙêŸ øŒò°lõª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]«?

He is looking at her. (He is seeing her

ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯?) æ©àŸô Eìªo Þœ÷ª-E-þ¼hÙC.

ÍìÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d.) î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. 'See if Íô³ê¶, ‘àŸ«è[ª’ Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ Ú¥ñæ¨d ÚÛª, look ÚÛª ê¶è¯ ÑÙC.

ÏC ÷³ÜuÙ!

see

ÍÙç¶ ÚÛõª-ú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù

(meet)

Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÚÛ«è¯

where. 7) He never listens to good advice. He doesn't (does not) like advice. never= Advice plural singular. Advice a/an 8) Hello! I hear some noises over the phone. Do you hear me What I say ? I don't (do not)/am not able to hear what you say. 9) We see some strange sights and we hear some strange sounds. 10) Don't (do not) we see some strange sights and hear some strange sounds?

Óìo-æ¨Ú© Ú¥ë]ª/-ö¶ë]ª. ÚÛª ö¶ë]ª. Óí£±pè[« ÷³Ùë]ª î¦è[Ù.

Are you listening? English

Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1) Î ·ôÙè[ª ò˹÷ªtõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. Ôiû¦ ê¶è¯ ÚÛEí‡þ¼hÙë¯? 2) ÍÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè…. ÖÚÛ >ÙÚÛ ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]«? (deer - >ÙÚÛ) 3) ÍÚÛ\è[ FÚÛª ÔÙ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC? Î àµåªd îµj›í àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦o÷±. 4) Ïí£±pè¶ àŸ«è[ÚÛª. F ÚÁú£Ù Ó÷ôÁ ô¦÷è[Ù ÚÛEí‡þ¼hÙC û¦ÚÛª (û¶ìª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª). 5) Ó÷ô¢-ÚÛ\è[ û¦ÚÛª ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC? (whom...see î¦è[Ùè…). i¸ÚöËÀâ°ÚÛqûË ڥë]ª ÚÛë¯? 6) ÓÚÛ\è…ìªÙàÁ ÷ªëÅ]ª-ô¢-iì ú£ÙUêŸÙ NEí‡-þ¼hÙC (we êÁ vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ#, some where î¦è[Ùè…). 7) î¦èµ-í£±pè[« ÷ªÙ# ú£õ-õª Nìè[ª. î¦è…Ú¨ Ïù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª. 8) ö˺, ðƼûËÁx ÔîËÁ øŒò°lõª NEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô³. û¶ìª ൛ípC FÚÛª NEí‡-þ¼hÙë¯? ìª÷±y ൛ípC û¦¸ÚÙ NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª.

ví£øŒo: Housewife ñë]ªõª

Homemaker ÍE î¦è[-÷à¦a? My mother is housewife Íìè[Ù ÚÛÙç¶ My mother is homemaker ÍÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC ÚÛë¯? – ÎôÂ. ÚÛ'ÿ§g-ô¦÷±, Ú¨è…Nª, XÚ¥-ÚÛª-üŒÙ->ö°x áî¦ñª: 'Housewife' Íû¶ ÷«å ð§êŸ-ñ-è…-ð¼ô³ÙC. Homemaker Íû¶C ò°Þ¥ î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺ڨ ÷þ¼hÙC. Ð ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ÚÛÙç¶ Ïí£±p-è…-í£±pè¶ î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺ڨ ÷ú£ªh-ìo-÷«å (÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Í-J-Ú¥ö˺) Houseworker. ÍC ÷ªìÚÛª ÍÙêŸ ìàŸa-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷àŸªa Þ¥F î¦üŒ‰x Ð í£ë¯û¶o ÓÚÛª\÷ Ñí£-óµ«-T-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Lakshmi: Hi, Ajitha, how are you?

(óÀª Í>êŸ, Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?)

Ajitha:

Fine, thank you. How are you?

(ò°Þœªû¦o, ìªîµyö° Ñû¦o÷±?)

Lakshmi: OK. thank you. Do I smell something sweet?

(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o, ÔëÁ ú£ªî¦-ú£ì ÷ú£ªhìoåªxÙC ÚÛë]«?)

Ajitha:

That's right. You smell the jasmine spray I use.

Lakshmi: Don't worry. It is only an ant.

(òÅ¡óŸª-í£-è[ÚÛª... ÍC <ö¶!) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ smell, taste, feel- verbs î¦è[ÚÛÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. see, hear, smell, taste, feel Ï÷Fo ò°›ï°uÙ-vC-óŸ«-õÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ìN. Hear and see- Ð ·ôÙè[ª verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms ö˺ î¦è[Ù. Íö°¸Þ Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x smell, taste, feel ÚÛ«è¯ am + ing/ are + ing form ö˺ î¦è[Ù.

(Eá! û¶ìª î¦è…ì â°ú‡tûË v›úp î¦ú£ì ÍC.)

Ú•EoàÁåx Ú•Eo ׸Ú!

Lakshmi: Well, why have you brought me here?

(ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ìûµoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Bú£ª-Ú•-à¦a÷±?)

Ajitha:

The coffee here tastes fine and fresh.

ÍÙç¶ ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ïú£ªhìo î¦ú£ì Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª am smelling/ is smelling/ are smelling form ö˺ î¦è[Ù.

a) smell

The rose smells sweet.

(Þœªö°G ú£ªî¦-ú£ììª Ïú£ªhÙC.)

The rose is smelling sweet ÍìÙ. Íë¶ ÷ªìÙ ë¶ûµjoû¦ Ïí£±pè[ª î¦ú£ì àŸ«ú£ªhìo Nù£óŸªÙ àµð§p-õÙç¶ am smelling/ is smelling/ are smelling î¦è[ê¦Ù.

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 22 Well, why have you brought me here?

(ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú¥íƈ à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC.) Lakshmi: O, thank you (After a sip) I am tasting real good coffee for the first time in weeks.

((Ú•ÙàµÙ Ú¥íƈ ê¦T) Ú•Eo î¦ô¦õ êŸô¦yêŸ îµ³ë]æ¨þ§JÞ¥ ÷ªÙ# Ú¥íƈ ô¢ª# àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª.)

Ajitha: Wait a minute. I feel some thing creeping up my arm.

(ÑÙè[ª. ÔëÁ û¦ à¶A Oªë] ð§ÚÛª-꟪ìoåªd ÍEí‡-þ¼hÙC.)

ví£øŒo: Give ÍÙç¶ Ï÷yè[Ù.

Given ÍÙç¶ Ï÷y-ñè[è[Ù. I have given ÍÙç¶ ‘û¦ÚÛª Ïà¦aô¢ª’ ÍE Íô¢nÙ ÚÛë¯ (û¶ìª Ï÷y-ñ-è¯fìª ÍE). Ú¥F à¦ö°àÁåx ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõ ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª 'He has given' ÍE ‘ÍêŸìª Ïà¦aè[ª’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è[ª-꟪-û¦oô¢ª. ÏC êŸí£±p ÚÛë¯? ‘ÍêŸìª Ï÷yñ-è¯fè[ª’ ÍE ÚÛë¯ Íô¢nÙ? –ô¦ëů-ÚÛ'ù£g, šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë áî¦ñª: English ÚÛª, êµõªÞœªÚÛª Ñìo ê¶è¯õ ÷õx, `given' ö°Ùæ¨ past participles ÷ªìÚÛª Ú•ÙàµÙ confusing Þ¥û¶ ÑÙæ°ô³. `Given' Íû¶C past participle. ÍÙç¶ ë¯ìô¢nÙ ‘Ï÷y-ñ-è…ì’ ÍE. (‘Ï÷y-ñ-è[è[Ù’ Ú¥ë]ª)

She is smelling the flower in her hand.

(Î à¶A-ö˺E í£±÷±yìª î¦ú£ì àŸ«þ¼hÙC.) ÏC ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Ú¥ñæ¨d ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± ÖÚÛ î¦ú£ì Ïú£ªhÙC Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ is smelling/ are smelling ô¦ë]ª. The spray smells fine. spray The spray is smelling fine They are smelling the spray.

Î Íô³ê¶.

÷ªÙ# î¦ú£ì Ïú£ªhÙC Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ Ú¥ë]ª.

î¦üŒ‰x Î v›úpìª î¦ú£ì àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª. ÏC ÚÛ·ô¸Úd – ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ î¦ú£ì àŸ«è[è[Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d. ÷³Ùë]ª had given, have/ ÷›úh NNëÅ] ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x– Ïà¦aìª, Ïà¦a÷³, Ïà¦aô¢ª, Ïà¦aè[ª, Ïà¦a÷± Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC.have/has+ participle- ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£E Ô çµjîªö˺ áJ-TÙC êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÷ú£ªhÙC. Past participles has/ had

I have given the book.

c) The book torn by the child.

(Î Gè[f à¶êŸ #Ùí£-ñ-è…ì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ)

d) The movie released yesterday.

(Eìo Nè[ª-ë]õ à¶óŸª-ñ-è…ì ú‡E÷«) Íô³ê¶ êµõª-Þœªö˺ Íö° ÍìÙ. a) ÍêŸEÚ¨ Ï#aì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ. b) school ë]Þœ_ô¢ àŸ«ú‡ì/ ÚÛEí‡Ù-#ì ÷uÚ¨h. c) Gè[f #Ùí‡ì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ. d) Eìo Nè[ª-ë]õ à¶ú‡ì ú‡E÷« ÍÙæ°Ù.

Biriyani serves here tastes fine.

(ÏÚÛ\è[ Gô¦uF ÷ªÙ# ô¢ª#E-þ¼hÙC – The biriyani is tasting fine Ú¥ë]ª.) Íë¶ ÷ªìÙ- ë¶-ûµjoû¦ ô¢ª#àŸ«-ú£ªh-ìo-í£±pè[ª– am tasting, is tasting, are tasting I am tasting the biriyani.

ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.

M. SURESAN

(û¶ìª Gô¦uFE ô¢ª# àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª.) ÏÚÛ\è[ am tasting ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. She is tasting the dish to see how good it is.

(Î ÷ÙåÚÛÙ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙëÁ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ ë¯Eo Î ô¢ª# àŸ«þ¼hÙC). c) 'feel' Nù£óŸªÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶. ÷ªìÚÛª Íìª-òÅ¡«A, òÅ°÷Ù Ôëµjû¦ ÚÛL-T-ì-í£±pè[ª feel/ feels ÷«vêŸî¶ª. am feeling/ is feeling/ are feeling ÍìÙ. i) I feel the cold wind blowing on my face.

(û¦ OªtCÚ¨ Oú£ªhìo àŸõxE Þ¥LE Íìª-òÅ¡-Nú£ªh-û¦oìª.) ii) She feels (is feeling Ú¥ë]ª) strange in this new place.

ÍFo be- forms.) ÷›úh Íí£±pè[ª ÷«vêŸî¶ª à¶óŸª-ñ-è…ÙC, Ï÷y-ñ-è¯fè[ª, etc. passive voice forms ÷þ§hô³. êµõªÞœª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ passive voice à¦ö° Íô¢ªë]ª. He is seen here every day.

ví£A-ôÁV ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[-ñ-è[-ê¦è[ª. ÍêŸìª ví£A ûµö° îµ³ë]æ¨ ê¶D @êŸÙ Ï÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦è[ª. He has given a lecture.

ÍêŸìª Ñí£-û¦uú£Ù Ïà¦aè[ª.

ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ Ï÷y-ñ-è…ì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ.

(ÏÚÛ\è[ Íô¢nÙ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÚÛª Íô¢nÙ ‘... àŸ«è[-ñ-è…ì ÷uÚ¨h ÍE. ñè…ì’ ÍE Íú£Ù-í£²-JhÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.)

Nù£óŸªÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶. ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ð NëÅ]-iì ô¢ª#E Ïú£ªhÙC Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ taste, tastes Íû¶ ÍÙæ°Ù. am tasting/ is tasting/are tasting ÍE ÍìÙ.

b) 'taste'

He is given salary on the first of every month.

a) The book given to him. b) The man seen near the school. seen past participle school Past participle

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 24 Vöµj 2005

û¶ìª í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ïà¦aìª. (past- Óí£±pè[ª, Ô ôÁV, Ôçµjîªö˺ Ï#aÙC àµí£pè[Ù ö¶ë]ª– Ï÷yè[Ù ÷«vêŸÙ áJ-TÙC.) I, we you, they - have given. he, she, it - has given. He has given.

ÍêŸìª Ïà¦aè[ª (Ï÷yè[Ù Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC – past, çµjîª êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª). 'given' ö°Ùæ¨ past participles ÷³Ùë]ª 'be' forms(am, is, are, was, were, shall be, will be, have been, has been be, been verbs

– #÷ô¢

÷à¶a

He is given Rs. 10000 every month. ÍêŸìª ví£A ûµö° ô¢«. 10000 Ï÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦è[ª (ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ Ïþ§hô¢ª). They are given. î¦üŒ‰x Ï÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦ô¢ª. Children are given milk everyday. ôÁW í‡õxõª ð§L-÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦ô¢ª. ví£øŒo: I give more prefer coffee than tea Íû¦L. Ú¥F I give more prefer coffee to tea ÍE ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÍÙæ°ô¢ª? I am suffering from fever ÍÙæ°ô¢ª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? I am suffering with fever ÍìÚÛ«-è[ë¯? – ·Ú ûËÂ, ÚÛ'ù£g, Þœìo-÷ô¢Ù áî¦ñª: I give more prefer coffee... Ð sentence ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. I prefer coffee to tea Íû¦L ö¶ë¯ I give preference to coffee over tea Íû¦L. 1) prefer êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« 'to' ÷ú£ªhÙC. 'than' ô¦ë]ª. 2) 'more preference' Íû¶ î¦è[ªÚÛ ö¶ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶

(Ð Ú•êŸh ví£ë¶-øŒÙö˺ ÎÚÛª ÔëÁ NÙêŸÞ¥ ÍEí‡þ¼hÙC.) iii) They feel quite at home in the new place. (They are feeling

Ú¥ë]ª) (Ð Ú•êŸh ví£ë¶øŒÙ î¦üŒxÚÛª ÔOª Ú•êŸhÞ¥ ÍEí‡ÙàŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª.) Íô³ê¶ How are you feeling? Íû¶C î¦è[ª-ÚÛö˺ ÑÙC– Óö° Ñû¦o÷±? Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ. ò°›ï°uÙvCóŸ«õ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ Þœ÷ª-E-Ùà¦-Lqì ÷³Ý°uÙ-ø‹õª i) am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing î¦è[Ù (ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ) am hearing/ is hearing/ are hearing ö¶ë]ª.Ð ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ am/ is/ are looking/ listening î¦è[ê¦Ù. ii) ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ïú£ªhìo î¦ú£ì Íô³ê¶ is smelling/ are smeling ö¶ë]ª. smell/ smells ÷«vêŸî¶ª. ÷ªìÙ î¦ú£ì àŸ«ú£ªh-ìo-í£±p-èµjê¶ am smelling/ is smelling/ are smelling correct. taste/ tastes is/ are tasting iv) 'feel' feel/ feels am/ is/ are feeling

iii)

ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ïà¶a ô¢ª# Íô³ê¶ ÍÙæ°Ù. ÍìÙ. Nù£-óŸªÙö˺– Íìª-òÅ¡÷Ù, Íìª-òÅ¡«A Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ö¶ë]ª. êŸè…Nª àŸ«è[è[Ù– Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ am/ is/ are feeling î¦è[-÷àŸªa. ö˺û¶

Íû¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÑÙC. êµõªÞœª, English î¦è[ª-ÚÛõª ð¼õa-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ô òÅ°ù£õª ÚÛë¯. êµõª-Þœªö˺ ÖÚÛJ Oªë] ÚÁí£Ù ÷ú£ªhÙC. Englishö˺ angry with (a person) ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨ Nù£-óŸ«ö˺x î¦è[ª-ÚÛìª ñæ¨d ð¼î¦L. ÍC ÓÙêŸ ÓÚÛª\÷ English àŸC-Nê¶ ÍÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ ÷ú£ªhÙC. ví£øŒo: I am going to go Ú¨ I am going Ú¨ ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? – ÷ªûËÁ-ô¢Ù-áE, Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ áî¦ñª: 'I am going to go' ÍÙç¶ îµüŒx-ò˺-꟪-û¦oìª ÍE, 'I am going' ÍÙç¶ îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oìª ÍE. Ôëµjì í£E-à¶-óŸª-ò˺-꟪-ìo-í£±pè[ª going to do/ sing/ teach etc. î¦è[ê¦Ù. ví£øŒo: 1. û¶ìª ðÆ»æ˺ Bô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L/ Bô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÛªû¦oìª 2. íÆ£ö°û¦ ÓÙvæ© û¦ ú£KyúÃ í£±ú£h-ÚÛÙö˺ ô¦ô³Ù-à¦L (ö¶ë¯ ÓÙåô à¶ô³Ù-à¦L/ ô¦ô³Ùà¦ìª). Ð î¦Ú¥u-õìª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Óö° àµð§pL. – ·Ú. ô¦¸ÚøÉÂàŸÙë]ª, áÙÞ¥-·ôè…fÞœ«èµÙ preference 'more' 'Suffering from' correct

áî¦ñª: 1. I should/ have to get/ have myself photographed./ I got/ had myself photographed. 2. I have to get the entry made/ recorded in my service register (I got the entry made/ recorded in my service register).

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

Ú¥ë]ª) a lot of work. ÚÛª÷«-ôÂÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñë]óŸªÙ 8 ìªÙ# þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ 6 ÷ô¢ÚÛª è[«uæ© ÑÙC. Kumar has (is having Ú¥ë]ª) duty here from

Raghu: Hi Pavan, you look dull. What's the matter?

I have (am having b)

Pavan: I have a headache. I don't have (do not have) at home the tablets I usually take.

4.

(óÀª í£÷ûËÂ, ÔÙæ¨ è[öËÀÞ¥ Ñû¦o÷±?)

(êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ ÑÙC. ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ û¶ìª î¶ú£ª-ÚÛªû¶ ÷«vêŸõª ÏÙæ˺x ö¶÷±.)

8 AM - 6 PM.

Pavan: Sorry. I don't have it. Prakash took it from me yesterday. He has it now. (

þ§K, ÍC û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ö¶ë]ª. ví£Ú¥ùà Eìo Bú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oè[ª. ÍC ÍêŸè… ë]Þœ_¸ô ÑÙC.)

Raghu: I have no work today. So I want to spend time reading the book.

(û¦ÚÛª Ð ôÁâ¶Ù í£E-ö¶ë]ª. í£±ú£hÚÛÙ àŸë]ª÷±êŸ« Þœè…-›íë¯lÙ Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª.)

Pavan: Go ahead. My brother has another book with him. Take it.

(Íô³ê¶ Ú¥EóÀª. ÷« vñë]ô ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÏÙÚÁ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÑÙC. ÍC Bú£ªÚÁ.)

òÅ°î¦õª, Íìª-òÅ¡«-꟪õª ൛íp-åí£±pè[ª am/ is/ ô¦ë]ª. ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ Þ¥èÅ[iì v›í÷ª. Ú¥ë]ª) deep love for

are having a) She has (is having him. b) I have (am having be selected.

Raghu: Sorry to know that. Do you have that novel with you? I mean the novel you bought last week. (

þ§K, Ú¨Ùë]-æ¨-î¦ô¢Ù ìª÷±y Ú•ìo ì÷õ F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙë¯?)

÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 26 Vöµj 2005

šúöµÚÂd Í÷±-ê¦-ìû¶ ÎøŒ û¦ÚÛª ÑÙC. Ú¥ë]ª) the hope I will

÷ªìÚÛª Ñìo ô¢ªÞœtêŸö°xÙæ¨ î¦æ¨E êµLóŸª-â¶-›ú-åí£±pè[ª am/ is/ are having ô¦ë]ª. have/ has ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÷ú£ªhÙC. a) û¦ÚÛª êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ ÑÙC. I have a headache (am having Ú¥ë]ª.) b) ÎÚÛª ڥô¢ªx. She has jaundice (is having Ú¥ë]ª). c) ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ ò°Þ¥ áõªñª à¶ú‡ÙC. He has (is having Ú¥ë]ª) a bad cold. ÏÚÛð¼ê¶ am having/ is having/ are having î¦è[ë]-Tì ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥– ★ Aìè[Ù, ê¦Þœè[Ù ö°Ùæ¨N–

5.

b) My friend is having a son and a daughter.

(ÍÙ綖 Î všíÆÙè êŸì Ú•è[ªÚÛªìª, Ú۫꟪JE AÙåª-û¦o-è[û¦? ÍC Ú¥ë]ª ÚÛë¯?– My friend

has a son and a daughter.) c) Saritha is having a wonderful pair of ear rings.

(ÍÙç¶ – ú£JêŸ à¦ö° ÍÙë]-iì àµN ÎòÅ¡-ô¢-é°õª AÙæ˺Ù-ë]û¦? Ú¥ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d She has a wonderful pair of ear rings.)

Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª practice à¶óŸªÙè…. (ÍEoÙæ¨Ú¨ have- correct form î¦è[Ùè…). 1) û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÚÛ«è¯ Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÑÙC. F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙë¯? 2) FÚÛª Ïí£±pè¶îµªiû¦ Ú¥xúà ÑÙë¯?

‘û¶ìª ú£«\å-ôÂE AÙåª-û¦o쪒 1) û¶E-í£±pè[ª Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª (ê¦Þœª-꟪û¦oìª).

Raghu: Where is he?

(ÍêŸìª ÓÚÛ\è[?)

I am having coffee.

Pavan: He is having breakfast. Wait for a few minutes.

(î¦è[ª vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd à¶ú£ªhû¦oè[ª. Ú¥›úí£± ÎÞœª)

Raghu: Aren't (Are you not) having any?

(ìª÷±y ÔOª Aìî¦?)

Pavan: I don't feel like, with this head ache.

(Ð êŸõ-ûË•í‡p ÷õx Aû¦-õE ö¶ë]ª) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ ÷ªìÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¶-ë¶-Nªæ¨? Ú•EoàÁåx Ïí£±pè[ª áJ¸Þ í£E-·Újû¦ have/ has î¦è[è[Ù, Ú•Eo-àÁåx am having/ is having/ are having î¦è[è[Ù. 'am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing' form ö˺ î¦è[E verbs ö˺ have ÚÛ«è¯ ÑÙC. Íô³ê¶ am having/ is having/ are having form Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x Íô¦n-Eo-ñæ¨d î¦è[ê¦Ù. 1. have/ has ÚÛª Ñìo ÷³Üu-iì Íô¢nÙ– ÚÛLT ÑÙè[è[Ù. I, we, you, they Íô³ê¶ have. He, she, it Íô³ê¶ 'has'.

2) î¦Rx-í£±pè[ª òÅ˺áìÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª. They are having meals now.

3) ÍêŸìª ú‡T-·ôæËÀ ê¦Þœª-꟪-û¦oè[ª.

He is having a smoke. (He is smoking ★ am having/ is having/ are having- `bath'

ñë]ªõª)

î¦è[-÷àŸªa.

ÚÛª

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 23

I have a scooter.

û¦ÚÛª ú£«\åô ÑÙC. She has a lot of jewellry.

ÎÚÛª à¦ö° ìÞœõª Ñû¦oô³. My friends (they) have bikes.

÷« všíÆÙèÂqÚÛª òµjÚÂq Ñû¦oô³. ÚÛLT ÑÙè[è[Ù Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ am having/ is having/ are having ô¦÷±. a) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÍÙë]iì ÏõªxÙC. They have a beautiful house. (They are having a beautiful house b) This coffee has a fine taste. (is having c) This city has wide roads. (This city is having... 2. am/ is/ are having Have/ has

Ú¥ë]ª)

Ð Ú¥íƈڨ ÷ªÙ# ô¢ª# ÑÙC. Ú¥ë]ª) Ð ìÞœ-ô¢Ùö˺ îµè[-õp-ô³ì ôÁè[ªx-û¦oô³.

Ú¥ë]ª) ÷ªìª-ù£ªõÚÛª, áÙ꟪-÷±õÚÛª Ñìo Þœªé°õª ൛íp-åô¦ë]ª. í£±pè[ª ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÷ú£ªhÙC.

a) She has patience. ( is having b) The wife and husband have (are having a good understanding for each other.

ÎÚÛª ×ô¢ªp ÑÙC.)

Ú¥ë]ª.

Ú¥ë]ª)

(Î òÅ°ô¦u-òÅ¡-ô¢hõ ÷ªëÅ]u ÷ªÙ# Í÷-Þ¥-ì ÑÙC.) 3. ÷ªì-ÚÛªìo í£E ÞœªJÙ# ൛ípÙ-ë]ªÚÛª am/ is/ are having î¦è[Ù. a) û¦ÚÛª à¦ö° í£ìªÙC.

3) ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±. ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ìª÷±y æ© ê¦Þœª-ê¦÷± ÚÛë¯? 4) (ðƼûËÁx) ‘× ìªî¦y? û¶ìª õÙà Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o! Ú¥ú£h îµô³-æËÀ-àµóÀª’ ‘û¦ÚÛª ÷ª›ï°ùà ðƼûË ûµÙñô ڥî¦L. F ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙë¯?’ ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ö¶ë]ª. ô¢î¶ªùà ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙC.’ ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ô¢î¶ªùà ðƼûË ûµÙñô ÚÛ«è¯ ö¶ë]ª.’ 5) ‘Î <ô¢ à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC ÚÛë¯?’ ‘Íô³ê¶ Bþ¼\’ ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ Ïí£±pè[ª è[ñªs-ö¶ë]ª.’ ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ è[ñªs ÑÙC Ú¥F, û¦ÚÛª Î <ô¢ ìàŸaö¶ë]ª. 6) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ð»ë]ªlì vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd ÔÙ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°÷±?’

She has a lot of jewellry a)

÷« û¦ìoÞ¥ô¢ª þ§oìÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª. Ú¥ú£h ÎÞœÙè….

My father is having a bath. Please wait. b) She is having a shower. am/ is/ are having from

Î ù£÷ô ò°ê à¶þ¼hÙC.

Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…– ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Aìè[Ù, ê¦Þœè[Ù Íû¶ Íô¦n-õ¸Ú í£J-NªêŸÙ. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE am having/ is having/ are having NªÞœê¦ ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è…ê¶ Ní£-K-ê¦ô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. eg: a) I am having a scooter. sentence

(Ð ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÷à¶a Íô¢nÙ, ‘û¶ìª ú£«\å-ôÂE AÙåª-û¦o쪒 ÍE ÚÛë¯. ÍÙêŸ-øŒÚ¨h ÷«ì-÷±-è…-Ú¨ÙÚ¥ ô¦ö¶ë]ª, Ú¥ñæ¨d ÏÚÛ\è[ àµð§pLqÙC– I have a scooter.)

‘ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ Ïè†x Bú£ªÚÛªÙæ°’ ‘÷ªJ Ïí£±p-èµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ëÁøŒ AÙåª-û¦o÷±?’ ‘Ð ·ôþ§d-·ôÙæËÀö˺ Ïè†xõª ò°ÞœªÙ-è[÷±. ëÁøŒõª ò°ÞœªÙ-æ°ô³.’ ‘û¦ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è… ·ôþ§d-·ôÙæËÀq ÞœªJÙ# ÍÙêŸÞ¥ êµLóŸªë]ª.’ ‘Ïí£±pè[ª ìª÷±y ÚÛ«è¯ ëÁøŒ AÙåª-û¦o÷± ÚÛë¯. Óö° ÑÙC?’ 7) ô¦÷³: ÍÚÛ\è[ªìo ÚÛªÚÛ\-í‡õx Óö° ÑÙC? (ÚÛªÚÛ\-í‡õx= Pup) ô¢íÆ£³: û¦ÚÛª ÏÙæ˺x ÚÛªÚÛ\-í‡õx ÑÙC. ÍC DEÚÛû¦o šíë]lC. ô¦÷³: ë¯EÚ¨ ›íô¢ªÙë¯? ô¢íÆ£³: ë¯EÚ¨ ÍÙë]-iì ›íô¢ªÙC. ô¢«H. ìª÷±y ÏÙæ˺x Ô áÙ꟪÷±ûµjû¦ šíÙàŸª-꟪-û¦oî¦? ô¦÷³: ö¶ë]ª. 8) ú£ªFöËÀ: Ð òÅ¡÷-û¦-EÚ¨ à¦ö° ÍÙë]-iì appearance ÑÙC ÚÛë¯? ú£ªÚÛª-÷«ôÂ: Î Nù£óŸªÙö˺ û¦¸ÚÙ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ö¶ë]ª. ú£ªFöËÀ: ë¯EÚ¨ ÖÚÛ ÍÙë]-iì ð¼JdÚÁ, ò°õ\F, šíë]l Ú¨æ¨-Ú©õª, ÖÚÛ šíë]l õª Ñû¦oô³. ú£ªÚÛª-÷«ôÂ: û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ è[ñªs ÑÙç¶, Ð Ïõªx Ú•û¦-õE ÑÙC. (have, wish î¦è[Ùè…). 9) ÿ§LE: ú£ªFêŸ ÓÚÛ\è[? ø‹ÙA: þ§oìÙ à¶þ¼hÙC ÿ§LE: ú£ªF-êŸÚÛª ·ôjö¶y ñªÚ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺ všíÆÙèÂq Ó÷·ôjû¦ Ñû¦oô¦?

ø‹ÙA: Ñû¦oô¢ª. ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? ÿ§LE: û¦ÚÛª ÓõªxÙè… òµÙÞœª-üŒŠ-ô¢ªö˺ ÏÙåô¢«yu ÑÙC. Já-¸ôy-ù£ûË ÚÛù£dÙÞ¥/ú£÷ª-ú£uÞ¥ ÑÙC.

Answers:

1. I also have that book. Have you?/Do you have it. 2. Have you/Do you have any class now. 3. Why are you having coffee now? You usually have tea. 4. (Over phone) Is it you? I am having lunch. Please wait. I want Mahesh's phone no. Do you have it? I don't (do not) have it. Ramesh has it. I don't (do not) have Ramesh's phone number either. (not sentence 'also' 'either.') 5. Isn't that sari nice/beautiful? Then have it. I do not (don't) have/I haven't (have not) the money now. I have the money but I don't (do not) like that sari. 6. What do you have for breakfast usually. I have mostly idles. M. SURESAN Why are you having dosa now? This restaurant doesn't (does not) have a good name for idles. It has a good name for dosas. I don't have (do not have)/ haven't (have not) much knowledge of the restaurants here. You are having a dosa now. How is it? 7. Ramu: How is that pup there? Raghu: I have a pup at home. That's bigger than this. Ramu: Has it/Does it have a name? Raghu: Yes. It has a beautiful name. Ruby. Have you/Do you have any pets at home? Ramu: No. 8. Suneel: Hasn't (has not) this building/ Doesn't (does not) this building have a beautiful/ grand appearance. Sukumar: I don't have/I haven't any doubt about it. Suneel: It has a beautiful portico, a balcony, big windows and a large/spacious hall. Sukumar: If I have the money, I wish to buy this house. 9) Shalini: Where is Suneeta? Santhi: She is having a bath. Shalini: Has Suneeta/ Does Suneeta have any friends in railway booking? Santhi: She has, but why? Shalini: I have an interview in Bangalore the day after tomorrow. I am having a problem/difficulty about reservation. problem, difficulty am having/is having/ are having

Ñìo

ö˺

ô¦ë]ª. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE

ö°Ùæ¨- î¦-æ¨êÁ

î¦è[÷àŸªa.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Krishna: Hi Nikhila, How are you?

(óÀª E"õ, Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?)

Nikhila: Fine, thank you, How go your studies?

(ò°Þœª-û¦oìª. ìª÷±y Óö° àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦o÷±?)

Krishna: Studying well. My brother was come yesterday. Nikhila: Was come? Look here, Krishna, we never use verb forms like was come. That isn't English. (was come

vÚ¨óŸª ô¢«ð§Eo ÷ªìÙ Ñí£óµ«-TÙàŸÙ. ÍC ÏÙTxùà ڥë]ª.) Krishna: ë¯ûËÁx ꟛíp-÷³ÙC? Nikhila: Oª vñë]ô Eìo ÷à¦a-è[E ÚÛ믖 ìª÷yÙ-åªû¦o÷±. ÏÚÛ\è[ was come ÍE verb î¦è¯÷±. ÍC êŸí£±p. English ö˺ verb ÚÛª

Ð be forms ÍEo-Ùæ¨Ú© #÷ô¢ àŸÙè….

'be'

Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 28 Vöµj 2005

ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-

have been, has been, had been, shall have been, should have been, will have been, would have been, may have been, might have been, can have been, could have been, must have been, need have been, ought have been, dare have been

Ð be forms #÷-ô¢-õ-EoÙ-æ¨Ú© been ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…. šíj÷Fo 'be' forms. Oå-Eo-æ¨Ú© Íô¢nÙ ‘ÑÙè[è[Ù’ Íû¶ ë¯EÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ# ÑÙåªÙC. Oæ¨ö˺x Ú•Eoæ¨ î¦è[ÚÛÙ ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ø‹Ù. šíj î¦æ¨-ì-EoÙæ¨F ÷ªìÙ àµð§p-õ-ìªÚÛªû¶ Íô¦nEo ñæ¨d independent Þ¥ î¦è[-÷àŸªa. He is here.

can sing- verb - can + sing (1st RDW)

Íö° Oæ¨ö˺x ë¶E í£ÚÛ\-ûµjû¦ 1st RDW î¦è…ê¶ verb Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Þœ÷ª-EÚÛ: 'shall, will, should, would, etc 'be' forms Ú¥÷±. shall, should, will, would, etc.,

Íú£õª ú£ÙÞœA Î ÎJÙæ¨ö˺û¶! Îô¢ª ô¢«ð§õª Ñû¦oô³. Îô¢ª ô¢«ð§ö˺x ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ô¢«í£Ùö˺ verb ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶, ÍC English Ú¥ë]ª.

(à¦ö° ÷ªÙC ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªõª, was come, has going, ö°Ùæ¨ verbs ÚÛ·ôÚ¥d, Ú¥ë¯ ÍE ÍE Íè[ª-Þœª-꟪ìo ví£øŒoõ-Eo-æ¨Ú© Ð lesson Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-í£-è[ª-꟪ÙC. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ àŸë]-÷Ùè…, Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…, practice à¶óŸªÙè…, Oª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ î¦è[Ùè….)

÷ªìÚÛª Spoken English ÚÛù£d÷ª-E-í‡Ù-à¶C, êŸí£±põª ඛúD verb Nù£-óŸªÙ-ö˺û¶. verb ÍÙç¶ êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯? subject ÑÙè¶ ú‡nAE

They could be here yesterday itself. She might be dangerous, etc.

II form (verb ·ôÙèÁ

ô¢«í£Ù)

ÍÙç¶

Ôëµjû¦

'be' form+ ...ing form verb, 'be' form '...ing' form (going, coming, singing, dancing etc., Kumar is writing. verb: is (be form) + writing (ing form)] She has been singing for the past one hour. verb- has been singing has been ('be' form) + singing (ing)form verb sentences 'be' form + ing form

êŸô¦yêŸ Ôëµjû¦

ö°Ùæ¨-N)êÁ ÷ú£ªhÙC.

ÏÚÛ\è[

šíj ö˺, ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯. Íö°¸Þ–

They could be going there. could be (be form) + going (ing form).

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 24 III form (verb Doing Words

ÚÛë¯.

Oæ¨E ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-Ú•E Ñû¦oÙ

1st Regular

2nd Regular

Past

Doing word

Doing word

Doing Word

come sing do talk like smell

Fine, thank you, How go your studies? (state of being ÍÙç¶ ÑÙè[è[Ù) Ú¥F, subject ඛú í£EE (action) Ú¥F êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. Eg: He is here.

ÏÚÛ\è[

ÍêŸ-E-ÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª. verb 'is' ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµõªí£±-꟪ÙC. Sunitha works hard.

ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛë¯!

ú£ªFêŸ ÚÛù£dí£è… í£E-à¶-ú£ªhÙC. verb 'works' í£EE (action) êµõªí£±-êÁÙC

ö˺ verb ÚÛª Îô¢ª ÚÛ#aêŸ-iì ô¢«ð§õª Ñû¦oô³. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…. Oªô¢ª Oª sentence ö˺ î¦è¶ verb ÷ªìÙ àŸ«è[-òËºó¶ª Îô¢ª ô¢«ð§ö˺x (six forms) ö˺ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙè[-ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ Oª sentence correct Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÚÛ àŸ«è[Ùè…. English

I form of the verb (verb îµ³ë]æ¨ ô¢«í£Ù) 'be' forms

am, is, are, was, were, shall be, should be, will be, would be, can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought be, dare be, need be

÷´èÁ ô¢«í£Ù)

comes sings does talks likes smells

came sang did talked liked smelt

Þœªô¢ªh à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù!

vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ í£ìªÍô³ê¶ Íô³ê¶ Oæ¨êÁ Ú¥F, ö˺ Þ¥F êÁ êÁ ÏN ÷ªìÚÛª êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯. Íö°¸Þ ìª ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ô çµjîªö˺ áJ-TÙëÁ êµLÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íåª-÷Ùæ¨ E êÁ Ú¥F, êÁ Ú¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC. ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ OªÚÛª êµõªú£ª.

Regular actionsI, we, you, they 1st Regular Doing 2nd RDW word (1st RDW); He, She, It not Questions 1st RDW 'do', 2nd RDW 'does' Past Doing Word actions Past Doing Word not Questions did

õÚÛª

î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. ú‡- ÑÙç¶ î¦è…ê¶

IV form (verb

û¦õªÞÁ ô¢«í£Ù)

shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, might, must, need, ought, dare

}

+ 1st RDW

I shall go there tomorrow.

ÏÚÛ\è[

DE ô¢«í£Ù–

verb- shall go. shall + go (1st Regular Doing Word) Srinu will help me. verb: will help- will + help (1st RDW) They can sing.

í£ÚÛ\ì 'be' Ñìo-í£±pè¶ ÍN 'be' forms Íìo Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L. V form (verb Íô³ëÁ ô¢«í£Ù) have, has, had, shall have, should have, will have, would have, can have, could have, may have, might have, must have, ought have, dare have need have be forms 'been' 'be' form shall have been 'be' form. shall have 'be' form Past Participle (PP) (PP) go went gone see saw seen do did done like liked liked talk talked talked

}

+ past participle

ÏN ÚÛ«è¯ Ú¥÷±. Oæ¨ö˺x ë¶E í£ÚÛ\-ûµjû¦ Ñìo-í£±pè¶ ÍC Í÷±-꟪ÙC. ÏC ÏC Ú¥ë]ª. ÍÙç¶ êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯?

ö˺ šíjì àŸ«í‡Ù-#ì

verb, V form have, has, had, shall have, should have, etc., past participle combinationverb eg: He has seen me. verb: has seen - has + past participle (PP) She will have gone by then. verb: will have gone- will have + gone (PP) They should have done it. should have done - should have + done (PP)

í£ÚÛ\ì Í÷±-꟪ÙC.

à¶J›úh Î

ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨

Ïö° NªÞœê¦ î¦æ¨êÁ ÚÛ«è¯. VI form (verb

ÎôÁ ô¢«í£Ù)

'be' form + past participle 'be' form past participle verb (PP) a) He was seen there yesterday. verb: was seen- was (be form) + seen (PP). b) The snake has been killed. verb: has been killed, has been (be form) + killed (PP). c) It can be done. verb: can be done- can be (be form) + done (PP) d) He had been killed before he was thrown on the railway track. verbs: had been killed - had been (be form) + killed (PP); was thrown- was (be form) + thrown (PP). VI form of verb verb form- 'be form + past participle'. verb PASSIVE VOICE verb- English passive voice

ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ÷›úh ÍC

í£ÚÛ\ì Ôëµjû¦ Í÷±-꟪ÙC.

Ð

ÚÛª ÖÚÛ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛêŸ ÑÙC. Ð Ð Óí£±pè[« ô¢«í£Ùö˺ Ñìo ö˺ ÑÙåªÙC. ö˺ ö˺ Ñìoí£±pè[ª êµõª-Þœªö˺ ‘ñè[ª’ ÍE Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. a) He was seen here yesterday.

(ÍêŸìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Eìo àŸ«è[ñè¯fè[ª). b) All kinds of books are sold here. (verb - passive

ñ-è[-ê¦ô³).

ÏÚÛ\è[ ÍEo ô¢Ú¥õ í£±ú£hÚ¥õª Í÷ªt-

c) The film will be released next week. (verb- passive

ú‡E÷« ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù Nè[ª-ë]õ à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC). ÖÚÛ\ VI form of the verb ÷«vêŸî¶ª passive. NªÞœê¦ forms ÍFo active voice. êµõª-Þœªö˺ ÷ªìÙ passive voice ë¯ë¯í£± î¦è[Ù ÚÛë¯! ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ ÏÙæ˺x ‘Í÷«t’ ÍìoÙ ÷Ùè[ñè…Ùë¯ ÍìÙ. Ú•åªdÚÛª îµRx Ð í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ Í÷ªt-ñ-è[ª-꟪Ùë¯ ÍìÙ. spoken telugu ö˺ passive voice î¦è[Ù. English ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ ÓÙêŸ êŸÚÛª\÷Þ¥ î¦è…ê¶ ÷ªì òÅ°ù£ ÍÙêŸ simple Þ¥ ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC. conversational ease ÑÙåªÙC. àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯ English verb Óí£±pè[« šíj singular forms ö˺ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙè¯L. ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ Oªô¢ª ÷«æ°x-è¶C sentence Ú¥ë]ª. Íö° ÷«æ°x-è…ê¶ êŸí£±p. Ïí£±pè[ª àŸ«è[Ùè…– He was come. verb was come - (was (be form) + come (1st RDW) be form + 1st RDWsix forms of verb form He was come- sentence was come = was (be form) + come (past participle) be form + past participle passive voice verb

ÏÚÛ\è[

Ô÷ª-î¦yL?

ö˺, Ð

ö¶ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d Ú¥ë]ª.

ÏC Í÷àŸªa ÚÛë¯ Íû¶ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù OªÚÛª ô¦÷àŸªa. ÏÚÛ\è[ ÷³Üu-iì Nù£óŸªÙ come, go, walk, sit ö°Ùæ¨ verbs M. SURESAN ÚÛª passive voice ÑÙè[ë]ª. verb ÚÛª Ó÷-JE, ë¶EE ÍE ví£øŒo-î¶-óŸªÙè… Answer ÷›úh passive ÑÙåªÙC. Answer ô¦ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ passive ÑÙè[ë]ª. They came yesterday. verb came.

ÏÚÛ\è[ DE Íô¢nÙ– ‘÷à¦aô¢ª’ ÍE. Ó÷JE ÷à¦aô¢ª? ë¶EE ÷à¦aô¢ª? Íû¶ ví£øŒo-õÚÛª 'Answer' ô¦ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d Oæ¨Ú¨ passive ÑÙè[ë]ª. Íë¶ He writes books ö˺ 'writes' verb. ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ‘ô¦þ§hè[ª’ ÍE. ë¶EE ô¦þ§hè[ª? ÍÙç¶ ‘í£±ú£hÚ¥õª’ Íû¶ answer ÷ú£ªhÙC. DEÚ¨ passive êŸí£pÚÛ ÑÙåªÙC. Books are written by him ÍE passive àµí£p-÷àŸªa.

ví£øŒo: Were you there then yesterday?

Eìo Oªô¢ª Íí£±pè[ª ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¦? Ïö° ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a? – N. û¦ô¦-óŸª-é-·ôè…f, Të]l-õ«ô¢ª áî¦ñª: ô¦óŸª-÷àŸªa. ví£øŒo: ÖÚÛ î¦ô¦h-í£-vA-ÚÛö˺ ÷ªï‡°-ü‹-¸ÞóŸª ô¢àŸô³êŸE poet ÍE ú£Ùò˺-CÅÙ-à¦ô¢ª. poetess Íû¦L ÚÛë¯. – ·Ú. û¦Þœ-àµj-êŸìu, ð§óŸª-ÚÛ-ô¦÷±›íå áî¦ñª: English ö˺ ô¦ì« ô¦ì« gender difference (LÙÞœ-òŶë]Ù) ð§æ¨Ù-àŸè[Ù êŸT_-ð¼-êÁÙC. poet ÚÛ÷ô³v꟪õÚÛ« î¦è[è[Ù þ§ëů-ô¢-é-÷ª-÷±-êÁÙC. êŸí£±p ö¶ë]ª ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Sasank: Where is your brother, Radha?

(ô¦ëů, Oª vñë]ô ÓÚÛ\è[?)

Radha: He coming slowly. I seen him a few minutes ago.

(ÍêŸìª Eë¯-ìÙÞ¥ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. Ú•Cl ENªÿ§õ Ú¨Ùë]å ÍêŸè…E àŸ«ø‹)

Sasank: Look here, Radha. Your words, 'He coming slowly', and 'I seen him a few minutes ago' are not sentences because there are no verbs in them, they don't have complete meaning. 'he coming slowly', 'I seen him a few minutes ago' verbs

(F ÷«åö˺x

î¦Ú¥uõª Ú¥÷±. î¦æ¨ö˺x ö¶÷±. î¦æ¨Ú¨ Íô¢nÙ í£²Jh Ú¥ö¶ë]ª ÚÛë¯)

Radha: But 'coming' and 'seen' are verbs. Why to doubt that? (coming, seen verbs

÷«ìÙ ë¶EÚ¨?)

ÚÛë¯?, Íìª-

Sasank: 'coming' is only an 'ing' form, and 'seen' is just a past participle. In our last article, we have seen the six forms of verbs.

øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 30 Vöµj 2005

4. (C) 5. (W) Correct form: The snake has been/had been/will have been (any such 'be' form) + killed. 6. (W) Correct form: The book is/ was/ has/ been (any be form) + stolen 7. (W) Correct form: The class is/ was/ will be going on. 8. (W) Correct form: We have/ had/ will have etc. + known him 9. (C) - Past Doing Word 10. (C) - has been + killed (PP) - Passive voice

õìª êµL›í

vÚÛ÷ªÙ-êŸ-í£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo Ú¥F àµñªê¦ô³. am- I êÁ; he, she, it- is êÁ; you, we, they- are êÁ ÷þ§hô³. II) was, were ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³. III) shall be, will be òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³. IV) have been (I, We, You, TheyêÁ), has been (he, she, itêÁ) ÞœêŸÙö˺ Óí£pæ¨ ìªÙàÁ, Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛªÞ¥E, ÏÙÚ¥-Þ¥F ÑÙè[è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³. šíj÷Fo ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛íp 'be' forms.

ÚÛ·ô-ÚÂdÞ¥ form à¶ú‡-ì-í£±pè¶ ÷ªì senÚÛ·ô-ÚÛd-÷±-ê¦ô³ ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛ« ÷ªìÙ û¶ô¢ªaÚÛªìo-ë¶Ùæ¨? a) subject - sentence ë¶EE ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-êÁÙëÁ ÍC. b) Verb - sentence ö˺ subject êŸô¦yêŸ Ô ÷«-å/-÷«-åõª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ sentence ÑÙè[ëÁ ÍC/-ÍN verb.

verbs tences

verbs - like, love etc.)

II) verbs expressing actions of the mind.

(÷ªì ñªClÄÚ¨, Îö˺-àŸ-ìõÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì verbs - know, understand etc.)

III) certain other verbs like appear, belong etc.

Íô¢nÙ ÍÙê¦ ÍÙë]ªö˺û¶! a) 'be' form + ing form is a verb b) 'be' form/ have/ has/ will have/ shall have etc + past participle is a verb. (coming 'ing' form, + past participle- ing seen 'be' form verb form + past participle 'be' form have/ has/ had/ shall have verb

Íû¶C ¸Ú÷õÙ Íû¶C ÷³Ùë]ª ÑÙç¶ Í÷±÷³Ùë]ª ꟪ÙC. Ú¥F ÷Ùæ¨N ÑÙç¶ Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Ï÷Fo ÷ªìÙ Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ î¦uú£Ùö˺ àŸ«ø‹Ù.)

ö˺ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ form ö˺ ÑÙè¯L. d) English ö˺ statement ÚÛª (ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ Nù£óŸªÙ ൛íp sentence) , question ÚÛª order of words ö˺ à¦ö° ê¶è¯ ÑÙåªÙC. c) English verb six forms

i) Statement structure: subject + verb ii) Question structure: 1) verb + subject

Sasank: That's right

(Í÷±ìª) Ú¨ÙCî¦æ¨ö˺x correct verbs ìª ÞœªJhÙ-àŸÙè…. verb correct Íô³ê¶ brackets ö˺ (c) ô¦óŸªÙè…. êŸí£p-ô³ê¶ (w) šíådÙè…. verb form correct Ú¥ÚÛð¼ê¶, correct verb formô¦óŸªÙè…. verb correct Íô³ê¶ ÍC Ô form verb Í÷±-꟪ÙëÁ ô¦óŸªÙè…. eg: 1) He was do it (W) He was doing it (C) He did it. 2) She looking at it (W) She is/was/any be form looking at it. (C) 3) They have seen me (C) (have + past participle) Exercise: 1. They know me. 2. She seen him. 3. They are take coffee. 4. She will help him. 5. The snake been killed. 6. The book stolen. 7. The class going on. 8. We known him. 9. They saw him yesterday. 10. The snake has been killed.

Answers: 1. (C) I Regular Doing Word. 2. (W) Correct form: She has/ will have/ would have + seen him 3. (W) Correct form: They are taking coffee.

ö°Ùæ¨

Oæ¨E êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù) vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ Regular Actions ÚÛª Ñí£óµ«-Tþ§hÙ.

There are no verbs in your sentences

i) 1st Regular Doing Word Question not do M. SURESAN ii) 2nd Regular Doing Word Question not does g) Past Doing Words (came, went, took, sat verbs)

ìª

Radha: So, you say a sentence in English must have a verb- one of the six forms we saw in last article. English sentence correct

(ÍÙç¶ Þ¥ ÑÙè¯-õÙç¶ ÞœêŸ î¦uú£Ùö˺ N÷-JÙ-#ìåªxÞ¥ verb Îô¢ªô¢«ð§ö˺x ÖÚÛæ¨Þ¥ ÑÙè¯L.)

ඛú í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸª-⶛ú î¦æ¨E ÍÙæ°Ù. Oæ¨ö˺x ö°Ùæ¨ êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù),

f) subject action words 1st Regular Doing Words (come, go, take, sit verbs - I, we, you, they 2nd Regular Doing Words (comes, goes, takes, sits verbs He, She, It

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 25 2) 1st word of the verb + subject + other words of the verb. (verb

·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª ÷«å-õªÙç¶...) Questions ·ôÙè[ª ô¢Ú¥õª:

ö˺

ö˺ Þ¥E, êÁÞ¥F î¦è…ê¶ ÷ú£ªhÙC. î¦è…ê¶

êÁ

2) Non 'wh' questions- what, when etc subject verb verb subject, verb

ö¶EN. Ô ô¢ÚÛ-iû¦ ÷³Ùë]ª Ú¥E, îµ³ë]-æ¨-÷«å Ú¥F ÑÙè… Î êŸô¦yêŸ NªÞœê¦ êŸô¦yêŸ ÷«åõª ÷þ§hô³. e) verbs ö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛íp verbs ìª 'be' forms ÍÙæ°Ù. I) am, is, are - ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo Ú¥E,

÷ú£ªhÙC.

ö˺ޥE,

êÁÞ¥F

ö°Ùæ¨ ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ôçµj-îªö˺ áJ-TÙD êµL›úh Íåª-÷Ùæ¨ í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Past Doing Word ìª not êÁÞ¥E, Question êÁÞ¥F î¦è…ê¶ did ÷ú£ªhÙC.

1) 'Wh' questions- what, when, etc.,

vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡÷ªó¶ªuN.

ìª

h) am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing form (be form + ing form) verbs

Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õìª àµí£pè¯E·Újû¦, Ú•Eo ô¢Ú¥õ verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing form ö˺ î¦è[Ù. ÍN–

I) verbs expressing feelings and emotions.

(òÅ°î¦-õìª, ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«-

ví£øŒo: 1) The match is to start. 2) The match is going to start. 3) The match is about to start.

Oæ¨ ÷ªëÅ]u ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? Oæ¨E êµõªÞœªö˺ Óö° àµð§pL. – Ú•í£±põ ô¢N-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂ, ÷ô¢Ù-ÞœöËÀ

áî¦ñª:

DE Íô¢nÙ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡ÙÚ¥î¦L/ Í÷±-꟪ÙC Ú¥›úqí£æ˺x ÍE. ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Í÷-ö¶ë]ª ÍE. 2) The match is about to start- Ú•Cl ¤Ûé°ö˺x match vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-÷ª-÷±êÁÙC ÍE. 1) The match is to startmatch

3) The match is going to start- match

vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ìªÙC. ·ôÙèÁî¦ÚÛuÙ about to start ö˺ ÷u÷CÅ à¦ö° êŸÚÛª\÷. ÷´èÁî¦ÚÛuÙö˺ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ò˺-êÁÙC. ·ôÙèÁ

of

sense

perception.

(ò°›ï°uÙvCóŸ«õ í£ìª-õÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ# am/ is/ are ing ÑÙè[÷±. am/ is/ are looking, listening î¦è[-÷àŸªa.) V) have ÚÛª Aìè[Ù/ ê¦Þœè[Ù Íô¢nÙ Íô³ê¶ am having/ is having/ are having î¦è[÷àŸªa. NªÞœê¦ Íô¦n-õêÁ am/ is/ are having î¦è[Ù. Bath ÚÛª am/ is/ are having î¦è[ê¦Ù. i) English verbs six forms ö˺ ÑÙæ°ô³. Î six forms ö˺ ö¶E î¦æ¨E verbs ÍìÙ. šíjì àµí‡pìî¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ Ú•Eo vocabulary items ÚÛ«è¯ êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. ÷ªìÙ ëµjìÙ-Cì @N-êŸÙö˺ î¦è¶ ÷ú£ªh-÷±õÚÛª, ÷ªì ÏÙæ¨Ú¨, Cì-àŸ-ô¢uõÚÛª, ÷ªìÚÛª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÷à¶a áñªs-õÚÛª, ÏêŸô¢ ò°ëÅ]-õÚÛª, ÷ªìÚÛ-ë]-L-ÚÛõÚÛª English ÷«åõª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. DE-êÁ-ò°åª Ú•Eo principles of pronunciation (English Ñà¦a-ô¢é ú£«vê¦õª) ÚÛ«è¯ êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ.

î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ÷´èÁ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ÚÛÙç¶ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡÷ªó¶ªu ÷u÷CÅ êŸÚÛª\÷. ví£øŒo: One word substitutions ÍÙç¶ ÔNªæ¨? Oæ¨E Óö° Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hôÁ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª. might E ÓEo ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? – è…. ô¢OÙ-ë]ô ·ôè…f, áìÞ¥Ù áî¦ñª: Ú•Eo ÷«åõ ÚÛ«ô¢ªp Ïà¶a Íô¦nEo êµLóŸªâ¶›ú ÖÚÛ ÷«åìª one word substitute (one word substitution Ú¥ë]ª) ÍÙæ°Ù. eg: one who does not believe that god exists.

(ë¶÷±-è[ª-û¦o-è[E ì÷ªtE î¦è[ª – û¦ú‡hÚÛªè[ª) Ð ÷«åõ îµ³êŸhÙ Íô¦nEo êµL›í Ö¸Ú ÷«å – atheist (ÓóÀª-CÇ-ô³úÃd). Ú¥ñæ¨d ÏÚÛ\è[ 'atheist' Íû¶C one word substitute.

IV) verbs

a)

ví£ú£ªhêŸÙö˺ ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÑÙå« òÅ¡N-ù£u-êÂö˺ ö¶E ú£Ùë¶-Eo ÷uÚÛhí£J-à¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª 'might' î¦è[ê¦Ù.

eg: Hari might help you.

(J FÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸª-÷àŸªa/ à¶þ§hè¶îµ«– ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù)

They might leave tomorrow.

(î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí£± îµü‹h-¸ô/ îµüŒx-÷àŸªa – ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù). Past ö˺ ú£Ùë¶-Eo ÷uÚÛh-í£-ô¢-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨, 'might' î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E ð¼õaÙè…– a) I think he may help me.

(î¦è[ª û¦ÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶þ§h-è¶--ìE/ àµóŸªu-÷-àŸaE û¶ì-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o.)

b) I thought he might help me.

(î¦è[ª û¦ÚÛª ú£ï£„-óŸªÙ- à¶-þ§h-è¶--ìE/ àµóŸªu-÷-àŸaE Íìª-ÚÛªû¦o past).

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÍêŸè…E û¶ìª ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª.

Radha: Hi Roja, how are you? long since we met. (

past participle (pp) a) I have met (have + pp) him.

Roja: Fine thank you. How are you?

ÏÚÛ\è[ ÞœêŸÙö˺, Ô çµjÙö˺ (Ô ôÁV, ûµõ, î¦ô¢Ù, etc.) ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìoD êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù ÷õx have met- have + pp î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ.

óÀª ôÁâ° Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ? ÷ªìÙ ÚÛLú‡ à¦ö° ôÁV-öµjÙC.)

(û¶ìª ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª. ìªîµyö° Ñû¦o÷±?)

Radha: Fine to. Thanks. How about going to the movie Black?

(ò°Þœªû¦o! ò°xÚ ú‡E÷«Ú¨ îµüŒ-ë¯÷«?)

Roja:

I've (I have) seen it. Think of some other movie.

(û¶ìC àŸ«ø‹ìª. ÏÙÚÁ ú‡E÷« Ôëµjû¦ àµí£±p) Radha: I haven't (I have not) seen it so far. so far=

(Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª û¶ìC àŸ«è[-ö¶ë]ª. Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª)

Roja: That's surprising. It has run for three weeks now, and you haven't seen it!

(ÎøŒaô¢uÙÞ¥ ÑÙë¶! ÍC ÷´è[ª î¦ô¦-õªÞ¥ Îè[ª-êÁÙC. ìª÷±y àŸ«è[-ö¶ë¯?)

Radha: How about some coffee before going to a movie?

(ú‡E-÷«·Úü™x ÷³Ùë]ª Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœª-ë¯÷«?)

þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 1 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

b) I met him yesterday. yesterday Past Doing Word c) He has gone out. time - has + pp d) He went out an hour ago. ( went- Past Doing Word) e) She has bought a car.

ÏÚÛ\è[ ÷õx

ÍE çµjÙ êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ)

êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d has gone

ÞœÙå vÚ¨êŸÙ ÍE çµjÙ êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù ÷õx (Î Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•ìoC.)

f) She bought it last week.

(Î ë¯EE Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ î¦ô¢Ù Ú•ìoC) Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛ믖 ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ çµjÙ êµLóŸªâ¶óŸªE Past Actions

(for the past / for the last ten years = ÞœêŸ í£ë¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÍÙç¶ í£ë¶üŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª) 2) ÎóŸªì û¦õª-¸Þ-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÙTxùà ò˺CÅÙà¦ô¢ª. (Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª) He has taught English for the past/ for the last four years

. 3) Î Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª 100 #vê¦ö˺x ìæ¨Ù-#ÙC.

III) have + pp/ has + pp, just, just now

í£±pè¶ í£²ô¢h-ô³ì í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. a) Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè¶ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-iÙC.

Ïí£±p-è…-

The class has just begun. b)

î¦Rx-í£±pè¶ ÷à¦aô¢ª.

They have just arrived.

She has acted in 100 movies so far.

4) ÍêŸìª ÏÙÚ¥ ô¦ö¶ë]ª. He has not come yet/ so far.

çµjÙ êµõªþ§ êµLóŸªë¯..?

Roja: I have just had coffee. I don't feel like drink any more.

(Ïí£±pè¶ ê¦Þ¥ìª. ÷ªSx ê¦Þ¥-õE ö¶ë]ª.) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦-Lqì Nù£óŸªÙ–

have + past participle (have + pp) / has + pp I, We, You and They have + pp He, She, It has + pp present perfect tense form verb

Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ. Íô³ê¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. DEo ÍÙæ°Ù. Ð ÚÛª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª– a) My father (he) has gone out.

(÷« û¦ìoÞ¥ô¢ª ñóŸªåÚÛª îµü‹xô¢ª)

b) My mother has bought a saree for my sister.

(ÞœêŸÙö˺ í£ìª-õª)ìª have/ has + pp ö˺ àµñªê¦Ù. ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJT çµjÙ êµL›í Past Actions ÚÛª Past Doing Words î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d have + pp/ has + pp îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]æ¨ Ñí£óµ«ÞœÙ – Past actions, time not stated (çµjÙ êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªE, ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì) í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. eg: 1) ìªî¦y ú‡E-÷«- àŸ«-ø‹î¦? Have you seen the movie?

2) î¦è[ª ÷à¦aè¯?

Has he come?

3) FÚÛª í‡õªí£± ÷#aÙë¯?

(÷« Í÷ªt ÷« ú‡ú£d-ôÂÚÛª <ô¢ Ú•ìoC.)

c) My friends (they) have left for Hyderabad. ( d) Tendulkar has scored thirty five centuries so far.

a) He has been a teacher of English for the past two years.

÷« všíÆÙèÂq šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü‹xô¢ª.)

(çµÙè[«-õ\ô ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª 35 šúÙàŸ-Kõª Ú•æ°dè[ª.)

e) The class has just begun.

(Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè¶ vð§ô¢ÙòšiÙC)

Have you received the invitation?

4) Î ÓÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµRxÙC?

(٠Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª Jð¼ôÂd àŸë]-÷-ö¶ë]ª) Ïí£±pè[ª â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ Þœ÷ªEÙ-àŸÙè…– I) ÏÙêŸÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ past actions, time stated (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJT, çµjÙ êµL›í í£ìª-õÚÛª) Past Doing Words (came, sang, liked, knew verbs)

ö°Ùæ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. 1) ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJT çµjÙ êµL-óŸªE, êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªE í£ìªõÚÛª have + past participle (pp)/ has +

5) ÍêŸìª Ïí£pæ¨¸Ú ·ôÙè[ª Ú¥ô¢ªx ÷«ô¦aè[ª. He has already (Ïí£p-樸Ú) changed two cars. II) have + pp/ has + pp

·ôÙèÁ Ñí£óµ«ÞœÙ– ÞœêŸÙö˺ vð§ô¢Ùòši Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª áJ-Tì/ ÏÙÚ¥ áô¢ª-ÞœªêŸªìo í£ìªõÚÛª (Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[«) have + pp/ has + pp î¦è[ê¦Ù. 1) û¶ìª ÏÚÛ\è[ í£ë¶üŒ‰xÞ¥ Ñû¦oìª. I have lived here for the past/ for the last ten years.

(ÎóŸªì ·ôÙè¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÙTxùà ò˺CÅÙ-à¦ô¢ª– Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª.)

c) He has been an English teacher.

ÏC æ©àŸ-ôÂÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù. (ÏC action) English for the

d) He has taught past two years.

teacher here from 2001 to 2003'

ÍE ô¦ø‹ô¢ª. êµõª-Þœªö˺ verb- presö˺ past tense ÏC ÚÛ·ô-¸Údû¦ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè…. ÖÚÛ ÷uÚ¨h ñAÚ¨ ÑÙè[Þ¥ ÍêŸè… ÷'Ah ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª Ô Ú¥õÙö˺ Íô³û¦ be form verb Óö° Ñí£-óµ«TÙ-à¦L? Question tag ö˺ Am I/ Are I, Amn't I/ Aren't I õö˺ ÔC Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¦L? – X÷ªA ô¢êŸo-ví£-þ§-ë]-ô¦÷±, ÚÛõ-øŒ-ð§è[ª áî¦ñª: êµõª-Þœªö˺ Óí£±pè[ª Ñû¦o– Ñû¦oè[ª, ÑÙC ÍÙæ°Ù. ÍC past Ú¥E, present ent tense, English

sentences

Ö¸Ú òÅ°î¦Eo ·ôÙè[ª Nëů-

(ÑÙè[è[Ù)Þ¥, (í£E)Þ¥ êµL-óŸª-â¶-ú£ªh-û¦oô³.

state of being action

ví£øŒo: ÞœêŸ î¦uþ§ö˺x ‘ÍêŸè[ª 2001 ìªÙ# Ú¥E. Íô³ê¶ 2003 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ æ©àŸ-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª’ Íû¶ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ 'He was a

M. SURESAN

b) He has taught English for the past two years.

šíj·ôÙè[ª õªÞ¥–

English ö˺ ÷«vêŸÙ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[è[Ù, Óí£±pè[« ÑÙè[è¯Eo àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ am, is, are; ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ñìoåªx àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨– was, were Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ. 2001 ìªÙ# 2003 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÞœêŸÙ (past) Ú¥ñæ¨d, He was a teacher here from 2001 to 2003 ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ÏÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÖÚÛ ÷uÚ¨h ñAÚ¨ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸè… ÷'Ah past Íô³ê¶ was, present Íô³ê¶ is, future ö˺ Íô³ê¶ will be/ shall be Ñí£óµ«-TÙ-à¦L.

êÁ Íô³ê¶ Aren't I î¦è¯L. ví£øŒo: þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ active voice Ú¨ passive voice Ú¨ ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? – Ó. šíÙàŸ-õóŸªu, ô¦áÙ-›íå Am I- not

áî¦ñª: verb 'be' form + past participte Íô³ê¶ ÍC passive voice. NªÞœê¦ forms ö˺ ÍC active. Passive voice ö˺ verb ÑÙç¶ ‘ñè[ª’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ êµõª-Þœªö˺ ÷ú£ªhÙC. (PP)

Shops are closed on sundays.

Manmohan Singh was a Finance

(verb- are closed- are (beform) + closed

Minister

(PP), verb- passive) -

(ÞœêŸÙö˺)

Manmohan Singh is Prime Minister

(ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ)

Manmohan Singh will be the PM for some time to come (future)

How about going to the movie Black? c)

(ÎóŸªì ·ôÙè¶üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÙTxùà æ©àŸôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª.)

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 26 Where has she gone?

f) We haven't (have not) read the report yet.

(Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ÍêŸìª ô¦ö¶ë]ª– ô¦ÚÛ-ð¼÷è[Ù Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª áJ-TÙC). (yet = ÏÙÚ¥; so far = Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª) ÏÚÛ\è[ ÖÚÛæ¨ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. have been/ has been- ÏN forms. ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Íí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙè[-è¯Eo 'have been/ has been'ö˺ êµL-óŸª-â¶þ§hÙ. Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè….

ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª shops ÷´óŸª-ñ-è[-ê¦ô³. êµõª-Þœªö˺ passive ë¯ë¯í£± î¦è[Ù. English ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ ÓÙêŸ êŸÚÛª\÷ î¦è…ê¶ ÷ªì òÅ°ù£ ÍÙêŸ simple Þ¥ ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.

Î ENªù£Ù vÚ¨êŸî¶ª ñóŸªåÚÛª îµRxÙC. She has gone out just a minute ago.

Ð

ö˺

ö¶ë]-ìª-ÚÁÙè…. Íí£±pè[ª Í÷±-꟪ÙC.

sentences just past action time not stated They have just gone.

î¦Rx-í£±pè¶ îµü‹xô¢ª.

They have gone.

î¦üŒ‰x îµü‹xô¢ª. Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1) çµÙè[«-õ\ôÂ ÞœêŸ 15 ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ vÚ¨·ÚæËÀ Îè¯è[ª. 2) î¦Rx-ÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ í£E-à¶-ø‹ô¢ª? ( How long î¦è[Ùè…) 3) Î Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª æ© ê¦Þœ-ö¶ë]ª. 4) î¦üŒ‰x û¦õªÞœª ûµõ-õªÞ¥ û¦ÚÛª ÑêŸhô¢Ù ô¦óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. 5) ú‡E÷« Ïí£±pè¶ vð§ô¢ÙòšiÙC. 6) î¦üŒ‰x Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ àŸC-î¦ô¦? 7) ìªîµy-í£±p-è[û¦o û¦ÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶ø‹î¦? 8) ٠÷« ú£«\õª ôÁVõ ìªÙ# ÚÛLú‡ àŸë]ª-÷±ÚÛªû¦oÙ. (since our school days î¦è[Ùè…). 9) ÓÙêŸÚ¥õÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ í£E à¶ø‹÷±? 10) î¦RxÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª ô¦ö¶ë]ª. Answers: 1) Tendulkar has played cricket for the past fifteen years. 2) How long have they worked here? 3) She has not taken/ has not had tea so far. 4) They haven't (have not) written a letter to me for the past four months. 5) The movie has just begun. 6) Have they read the book? 7) Have you ever helped me? 8) We have studied together since our school days (since = 9) How long have you worked here? 10) They have not come so far.

ìªÙ#).

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Hari:

Hi Hema, What's new?

(óÀª ›ï°÷ª, ÔÙæ¨ Nø™-ÿ§õª?)

Hema: Every thing OK. Thank you. How is the world with you?

(ÍÙê¦ ò°Þ¥û¶ ÑÙC. ìªîµyö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?)

Hari: Good so far, Thanks.

(Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ò°Þ¥û¶ ÑÙC.)

Hema: I've (I have) been waiting here for the bus for the past twenty minutes. It hasn't turned up. By the way, Where are you coming from?

(ñúà ÚÁú£Ù 20 ENª-ÿ§-õªÞ¥ Óë]ªô¢ª àŸ«ú£ªhû¦oìª. ÍC Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ô¦ö¶ë]ª. ú£¸ô-Ú¥F, ìªîµy-ÚÛ\è… ìªÙ# ÷ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?) turn up = ô¦÷è[Ù, áô¢÷è[Ù by the way- topic ÷«ô¢a-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è¶ ÷«å

Hari: From college. I have been going round the college for my certificates for the past three days. They haven't (have not) made them ready yet. The clerk hasn't (has not) been attending college since the college reopened last week.

(÷´è[ª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ú£Jd-íƇ-·Úåx ÚÁú£Ù ÚÛü‹-ø‹õ àŸªå«d Aô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o. î¦RxÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª î¦æ¨E ·ôè† à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ î¦ô¢Ù ÚÛü‹-ø‹õ êµJ#-ì-í£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Î ÚÛxôÂ\ ô¦÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª)

Hema: I understand your trouble.

šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺

have been waiting, have been going, has been attending verbs form- have been + ing/ has been + ing. I, We, You and They have been+ ing; He, She, It has been + ing form verb present perfect continuous tense lesson verb formhave + PP/has + PP - Present Perfect tense) have been + ing/has been + ing sentences have + PP, has + PP

Íû¶

Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯. Oæ¨ OªÚÛª êµL-ú‡Ùë¶ ÚÛë¯? Íô³ê¶ Íô³ê¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð ö˺ ìª ÍÙæ°Ù. ö˺ ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ì (Ú¨Ùë]æ¨

õaÙè….

êÁ ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. î¦æ¨-êÁ-ð§åª Ï#aì êÁ Ñìo î¦Ú¥u-õìª ú£J-ð¼-

has played (has + past participle) =

÷ô¢ÚÛª Îè¯è[ª.

ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 3 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Ïí£pæ¨

ÏÙÚ¥ Îè[ªêŸª-û¦oè[ª. Íö°¸Þ 2(a) She has been working here since

has been playing (has been + ing) =

the opening of the office. verb- has been working = (has been + ing)

ÏÚÛ\è[ ÏÚÛ\è[ Îíƈúà vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ-#-ì-í£pæ¨ ìªÙ< ÏÚÛ\è[ í£Eà¶þ¼hÙC. (Íí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢¸Ú Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÏÙÚ¥ ÚÛ«è¯). Íë¶ 2 (b) Íô³ê¶ verb has + pp - ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª í£Eà¶-ú‡ÙC ÍE. for

ÚÛª,

since

ÚÛª ê¶è¯

ÏEo ÞœÙå-õªÞ¥, ÏEo ôÁV-õªÞ¥, Ïû¶o-üŒ‰xÞ¥ Íô³ê¶ for the past (so many) hours/ days/ years ÍÙæ°Ù. b) íÆ£ö°û¦ çµjÙ ìªÙ#, íÆ£ö°û¦ ôÁV ìªÙ#, íÆ£ö°û¦ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ìªÙ# Íô³ê¶ since ÍÙæ°Ù. (since = ÞœêŸÙö˺ × ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ìªÙ#) a)

(ðƼûË à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨= to call; ðƼûË BóŸªè[Ù= lift) ô¢÷ªé: ñø‹ î¦üŒxÙ-ë]ô¢« ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Újû¦ îµü‹x¸ô? (ñø‹= perhaps) 5) ví£þ§ëÂ: íÆ£é¨ Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åÞ¥ Î í£E à¶ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. ÏÙÚ¥ í£²Jh à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. ví£Ú¥ùÃ: ·ôÙvèÁ-V-õªÞ¥ ÍêŸ-è…êÁ × Nù£óŸªÙ ÷«æ°x-è¯f-EÚ¨ ví£óŸª-Ao-ú£ªh-û¦oìª. ÏÙêŸ-÷ô¢ÚÛª çµjÙ ë•ô¢-ÚÛ-ö¶ë]ª. ví£þ§ëÂ: Ð í£û¶ ÍêŸè…E øŒE-î¦ô¢Ù ìªÙ# G@Þ¥

Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯...!

He has worked/ has been working here for the past 2 years/ since 2003 (2005-

ÑÙàŸª-êÁÙC. è¯ÚÛdôÂìª ÚÛõ-÷-è¯-EÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ çµjÙ ë•ô¢-ÚÛ-ö¶ë]ª. (çµjÙ ë•ô¢-ÚÛÚÛð¼÷è[Ù = not find the time; ÚÛ«è¯= even) ví£Ú¥ùÃ: ÔNªæ¨ ÍêŸè… ú£÷ªú£u? ví£þ§ëÂ: ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ î¦ô¢ÙÞ¥ áõª-ñªÞ¥, êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ ÑÙC.

2=2003) for the past 50 years - since 1955 (200550=1955)

Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….

Shyam: What have you been doing since this morning?

(ð»ë]ªlæ¨ìªÙ# ÔÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?– Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯)

Ramu: I have been studying for exam tomorrow.

(¸ôí£æ¨ í£K¤Û ÚÁú£Ù àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oìª – Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯) Shyam: How many chapters have you covered?

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 27

(Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ÓEo à¦í£dô¢ªx í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹÷±?)

Ramu: I have finished nine chapters so far.

(ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ê•NªtC à¦í£dô¢ªx í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹ìª)

Shyam: How long have you been using your scooter?

(ìª÷±y ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ F ú£«\å-ôÂìª Ñí£óµ«-T-ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?)

Ramu: It has been serving me well for the last two years. It hasn't given me any trouble.

Tendulkar has been playing cricket ... 1. a) Tendulkar has been playing cricket for the past fifteen years. (since 1989/1990) b) Tendulkar has played cricket for the past fifteen years (since 1989/1990). 2. a) She has been working here since the opening of the office. b) She has worked here since the opening of the office. 1 (b), 2 (b) 1(b) (for) / 198990 (since) sentence verb- has+ PP. 1(a) 1(a) Tendulkar has been playing cricket for the past fifteen years/ since 1989-90 1(a) verb- has been + playing (has been + ing). cricket

Íô¢nÙ OªÚÛª êµõªú£ª– çµÙè[«-õ\ôÂ ÞœêŸ í£C-›ï°-û¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ìªÙ# vÚ¨·ÚæËÀ Îè¯è[ª (Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª). ö˺ Ð DEE êÁ ð¼õaÙè….

ö˺ DE Íô¢nÙ çµÙè[«-õ\ôÂ ÞœêŸ í£C-›ï°-û¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ Îè[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª (ÏÙÚ¥). (1989–90 ìªÙ#)

(·ôÙè¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÍC û¦ÚÛª Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-í£-è[ª-êÁÙC. ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÔÙ våñªöËÀ Ï÷y-ö¶ë]ª.) ... Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! 1) have + pp/ has + pp - Ú•ÙêŸÚ¥õÙ vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª áJ-Tì í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. 2) have been + ing/ has been + ing - Ú•ÙêŸ Ú¥õÙ vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# ÏÙÚ¥ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. 3) þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ so far, for the past, for the last, since õìª have + pp/has + pp; have been + ing/ has been + ing- verb õêÁ î¦è[ªêŸªÙæ°Ù. Oæ¨êÁð§åª have + pp/has + pp êÁ already (Ïí£p-樸Ú), yet (ÏÙÚ¥... ö¶ë]ª) Íû¶ ÷«åõª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ú£ªhÙ-æ°ô³. Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1) ÓÙêŸÚ¥õÙÞ¥ Oªô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è[ í£E à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª? 2) Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª Oªô¢ª Ð ûµõö˺ ÓEo ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª? 3) û¶ìª í£ë¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ Ð ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oìª/ Ð ›íí£ô ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛª-è…Þ¥ Ñû¦oìª (reader î¦è[Ùè…). 4) ô¢÷ªé: ÍøÉÁÚ ÷à¦aè¯? ô¢N: ÏÙÚ¥ ô¦ö¶ë]ª. ÍêŸE ÚÁú£Ù Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åÞ¥ àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª (wait î¦è[Ùè…). ô¢÷ªé: ìª÷±y ÍêŸè…Ú¨ ðƼûË à¶ø‹î¦? ô¢N: ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ðƼûË à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åÞ¥ ví£óŸªAo-ú£ªh-û¦oìª. î¦RxÙæ˺x Ó÷ô¢« ðƼûË BóŸªö¶ë]ª.

áóŸªÙêÂ: Ð ôÁV ›íí£ô àŸC-î¦î¦? áóŸª-ÚÛôÂ: ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷«ÚÛª ›íí£ô ô¦ö¶ë]ª. Ð ÷ªëÅ]u ÷«ÚÛª ›íí£ô à¦ö° Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ¼hÙC (get î¦è[Ùè…). áóŸªÙêÂ: ÔâµÙ-æËÀÚÛª complain à¶óŸª-ö¶ë¯? áóŸª-ÚÛôÂ: ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ìªÙ# complain à¶ú£ªhû¦o. Ú¥F ÍêŸè[ª í£æ¨dÙ-àŸªÚÁ÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª. Î ôÁV ìªÙ# ÷«ÚÛª ›íí£ô Ôè[ª-ìo-ô¢ÚÛª ÷þ¼hÙC. ÔNªæ¨ ›íí£ôÁx Nø™ù£Ù? (í£æ¨dÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù = not care). áóŸªÙêÂ: Ú¥QtôÁx ÖÚÛ çµvô¢-Jú£ªd ë¯è… ÞœªJÙ# ›íí£ô Jð¼ôÂd à¶ú‡ÙC. áóŸª-ÚÛôÂ: ÓÙêŸ-÷ªÙC àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«-¸ô-Nªæ¨? áóŸªÙêÂ: ÓE-Nª-C-÷ªÙC. ví£òÅ¡ª-ê¦y-ú£ª-í£vAE çµvô¢-Jú£ªdõª êŸÞœ-õ-òµ-æ°dô¢ª. (êŸÞœ-õ-òµ-ådè[Ù = set fire)

6)

Answers: 1) How long have you been working here? 2) How many movies have you seen so far this month? 3) I have been reading/ I have been a reader of this paper for the past ten years. 4) Ramana: Has Ashok come? Ravi: No. I've (have) been waiting for him for the past half an hour. Ramana: Have you phoned him?/ Have you called him? Ravi: I have been trying to phone him/ ring him up/ call him for the past half an hour. No one in his place has lifted the phone. Ramana: Perhaps they have all gone somewhere. 5) Prasad: Phani has been doing that work for the past half an hour. He hasn't (has not) yet completed it.

Prakash: I've (I have) been trying to talk to/ discuss with him something. I haven't (have not) found the time. Prasad: This work has been keeping him busy since saturday. He hasn't found the time even to see the doctor. Prakash: What's (What is) his problem? Prasad: For the past (one) week he has been having a bad cold and headache. 6) Jayanth: Have you read (gone through) today's paper? Jayakar: We haven't received/ got the paper yet/ so far. Of late we have been getting the paper late. (of late = lately = Jayanth: Haven't you (have you not) complained to the agent? Jayakar: I have been complaining since sunday. He hasn't cared. Since M. SURESAN sunday we've (have) been getting the paper at 7:30 AM. What's the news in the paper? Jayanth: The paper has reported a terrorist attack in Kashmir Jayakar: How many have died? Jayanth: Eight. The terrorists have set fire the Government Hospital.

Ð ÷ªëÅ]u)

ví£øŒo: How do you do? ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨?

DEÚ¨ ú£÷«-ëůìÙ Óö° àµð§pL? – þ§ëÅ]ªõ ví£òÅ°-ÚÛôÂ, ÚÛKÙ-ì-Þœô áî¦ñª: How do you do? ÍÙç¶ ÚÛªøŒõ÷«?/ò°Þœª-û¦oô¦?/Óö°-Ñ-û¦oô¢ª? Íô³ê¶ Ð expressionìª ÷ªìÚÛª Ó÷-ô¢o-ô³û¦ îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]-æ¨þ§J í£J-àŸóŸªÙ à¶ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª ÍÙæ°Ù. î¦üŒxìª ÷ªìÚÛª í£J-àŸóŸªÙ à¶óŸª-Þ¥û¶ 'How do you do?' ÍE í£õÚÛ-Jþ§hÙ. ÍÙë]ªÚÛª Í÷-êŸL î¦üŒx ú£pÙë]ì ÚÛ«è¯ How do you do?û¶. êŸô¦yA ìªÙ# How are you ÏêŸô¢ ÷«åõª î¦è[ê¦Ù.

ví£øŒo: I have finished my work. Have I finished my work. I haven't finished my work. DEÚ¨ interrogative- have In't finished my work? ÏC ú£·ôj-ìë¯ Ú¥ë¯?

– Ó. ô¢íÆ£³-í£A, û¦óŸ³-è[ª-›íå Íû¶C ‘û¶ìªû¦ í£E í£²Jh à¶óŸª-ö¶ë¯?’ (ÍÙ綖 û¶ìª í£Eí£²Jh à¶ø‹ìª Þœë¯?) Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íö°¸Þ I haven't finished my work Íû¶C, Have you finished your work? Íû¶ question ÚÛª answerÞ¥ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. šíj î¦uú£Ùö˺ present perfect continuous tenseìª ÞœªJÙ# N÷-ô¢é ÑÙC. àŸ«è[Ùè….

áî¦ñª:

'Haven't I finished my work?

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Sukumar: My bike has been giving trouble since monday. I haven't been able to find a good mechanic.

(þ¼÷ª-î¦ô¢Ù ìªÙ# û¦ òµjÚ våñªöËÀ Ïþ¼hÙC. ÷ªÙ# ڥ-EÚ Ó÷ô¢« ë•ô¢-ÚÛç¶xë]ª)

Sudheer: Why don't you try my mechanic? He has been attending to my bike for a long time now, and he has done a good job of it so far.

(û¦ ڥ-E-ÚÂÚÛª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª àŸ«í‡ÙàŸ-ÚÛ«è[ë]ª? û¦ òµjÚ ÍêŸû¶ àŸ«ú£ªhÙ-æ°è[ª. Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ò°Þ¥û¶ àŸ«ø‹è[ª).

Sukumar: I haven't thought of it. Thank you. Let's take my bike to him.

(û¶û¦ Nù£óŸªÙ ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Îö˺-#Ù-àŸö¶ë]ª. û¦ òµjÚ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒë¯Ù.)

have + pp/ has + pp Ñí£-óµ«-TÙà¶

øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 5 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄõª

1) (÷«÷´-õªÞ¥) çµjÙ êµLóŸªE past actions. 2) Íí£p-æ¨-ìªÙ# Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª (Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[ª) ÏÙÚ¥ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª (actions from then till now/ (sometimes) even now;

3) just ö°Ùæ¨N î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª Ïí£±pè¶ Íô³-ð¼-ô³ì í£ìª-õÚÛª (actions just completed). Have been + ing/ has been + ing: ÞœêŸÙö˺ Óí£pæ¨-ìªÙ-àµjû¦ vð§ô¢Ùòši, ÏÙÚ¥ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª. Ram: How long have you been waiting here?

(ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£pæ¨ìªÙ# îµô³æËÀ à¶ú£ªhû¦o÷±?)

Raghu: I have been waiting for you for ten minutes now.

(í£C ENª-ÿ§-õªÞ¥ F ÚÁú£Ù îµô³æËÀ à¶ú£ªhû¦o). ÏÚÛ\è… situation Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….

Sudheer: He hasn't opened shop yet. 10 o' clock will be OK.

Ú¥ë]ª). ٠àµûµjo îµü‹xÙ (ÍE AJT ÷#aì êŸô¦yêŸ àµGê¶). We have been to Chennai. (We have gone to Chennai I, We 'have gone'

êÁ î¦è[-÷àŸªa.

Ú¥ë]ª) î¦è[Ù. NªÞœê¦ subjects êÁ

îµü°xô¦... îµRx ÷à¦aô¦? 'I have been waiting for you for the past ten

(ÍêŸ-EÙÚ¥ ÿ§íà êµô¢-÷-ö¶ë]ª. 10 ÞœÙåõÚÛª îµRê¶ ú£J-ð¼-꟪ÙC). Sukumar: OK then. I haven't (have not) had my bath and breakfast yet. I will be at your place by 9.30.

(û¶ìª ÏÙÚ¥ þ§oìÙ à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd ÏÙÚ¥ Í÷-ö¶ë]ª. Oª ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ û¶ìª 9.30 ÚÛö°x ÷þ§h). Sudheer: OK (ú£¸ô) have + pp/ has + pp, have been + ing/ has been + ing

Ñí£-óµ«Þ¥õìª ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ

àŸ«ø‹Ù.

I we you they

}

have+pp

He has+pp She has been+ ing It

}

minutes (for ten minutes now) ÍE ô¢íÆ£³ Ó÷JêÁ ÍÙåª-û¦oè[ª? ô¦îªêÁ. Óí£±pè[ª? ô¦îª ÷#aì êŸô¦yêŸ... ÍÙç¶ ô¦îª ÷#a Ñû¦oè[ª Ú¥ñæ¨d waiting í£²ô¢hô³ìç¶x ÚÛë¯. Íô³û¦ have been waiting ÍE ô¢íÆ£³ ÍÙåª-û¦oè[ª. I have waited for you for ten minutes now Íìö¶ë]ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ have been waiting/ have waited ·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. ÍÙç¶ Ð ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨Ú© ÷«÷´õª î¦è[ªÚÛö˺ šíë]l ê¶è¯ ö¶ë]ª. Íô³ê¶ ÏÙÚ¥ continue Í÷±-êÁÙC continuity Ú¨ ÍE vð§÷³ÜuÙ Ïî¦yLq ÷›úh

a)

M. SURESAN

÷« êŸLx-ë]Ù-vè[ªõª šïj°ë]-ô¦ò°ë îµü‹xô¢ª.

b)

My parents have gone to Hyderabad.

ÏÚÛ\è[ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….

ÍÙç¶ î¦üŒ‰x îµü‹x-ô¢E ÚÛë¯. ÍÙç¶ î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙÚ¥ AJT ô¦ö¶ë]ª. îµü™x ë¯Jö˺ Íô³û¦ ÑÙè•àŸªa, ö¶ë¯ îµü‹x-õ-ìª-ÚÛªìo àÁåªö˺ Íô³û¦ ÑÙè•àŸªa ÍE. Íö°¸Þ– b) My parents have gone to Hyderabad ÍÙç¶ î¦üŒ‰x šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü™x-ë¯-Jö˺ Íô³û¦ ÑÙè¯L, ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë à¶J Íô³û¦ ÑÙè¯L ÍE. Ïí£±pè[ª ÏC àŸ«è[Ùè…– a) They have gone

Ð î¦Ú¥uö˺x ÔN ú£·ôj-ìN? ÚÛë¯! ÷ªJ 'God Íû¦L Ú¥F 'God bless ÍE ÍÙæ°ô¢ª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? ‘FÚÛª êµõªþ§?’ Íû¶ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ÍE ô¦þ§hÙ. ‘ FÚÛª êµL-óŸªë¯?’ Íû¶ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Óö° ô¦óŸ«L? – ÎôÂ. P÷, ·ôjö¶y-ÚÁ-è[«ô¢ª áî¦ñª: Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì î¦Ú¥uö˺x Ð Ú¨ÙCN 5) 'God' third person blesses you' you' 6) 'Do you know?'

Correct. 1) Will she have played? 2) He never uses pencil 3) What is your native place? 4) At what time does the Bangalore express reach Bangalore? 5) 'God bless you' 'May God bless you' 'May' 'God bless you' 6) Don't you (Do you not) konw?

í£²Jh-ô¢«í£Ù Íû¶ ÎQú£ªq. ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù.

êµMë¯?)

÷C-ö¶ú‡ (FÚÛª

Íú£õª)

(at all = I went there last saturday.

(ð¼ô³ì øŒE-î¦ô¢Ù îµü‹xìª – I/we êÁ went î¦è[÷àŸªa.) Ð sentences English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1) ÚÛKÙ: ô¢O, Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ìªNyÙæ˺x ö¶÷±. ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Ú-ü‹x÷±? ô¢N: Eìo ÷« ÍÚÛ\óŸªu í£±æ¨dì ôÁV. î¦RxÙ-æ¨Ú¨ îµü‹xìª.

Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè… î¦üŒ‰x Í-JÚ¥ îµü‹xô¢ª.

a)

They have gone to the US/ They have left for the US. b)

÷« ÍìoóŸªu èÅ…Mx îµü‹xè[ª.

My brother has left for/ My brother has gone to Delhi.

٠šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµRx ÷à¦aÙ.

c)

We have been to Hyderabad. d)

û¶ìª òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª îµRx-÷-à¦aìª.

I have been to Bangalore.

î¦üŒ‰x ñóŸª-æ¨Ú¨ îµü‹xô¢ª.

They have gone out.

Will she has played? 2) He never uses pencil. He never use pencil. 3) Which is your native place? What is your native place? 4) At what time does Bangalore express reach Bangalore? At what time Bangalore express reaches Bangalore?

Suneel:

have been + ing/ has been + ing better.

have been+ing

ví£øŒo: 1) Will she have played?

Óí£±p-èµ-ü‹x÷±?)

û¶ìª ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµRx- ÷-à¦aìª. I have been to Mumbai (I have gone to Mumbai

I have gone to Hyderabad.

Dìô¢nÙ– û¶ìª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü‹xìª ÍE ÍìªÚÛªÙç¶ û¶ìª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü™x ë¯Jö˺ޥF (on the way to Hyderabad) , šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë à¶JÞ¥F ÑÙè¯L ÍE ÚÛë¯. Íö° ÍE û¶ìª Ó÷-JêÁ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª? êÁæ¨ ví£óŸ«-é¨-ÚÛªè… (fellow passenger) êÁ Íì-ö¶ìª ÚÛë¯. šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë à¶Jì êŸô¦yêŸ I have gone to Hyderabad ÍE Íì-ö¶ìª. ÏÚÛ\è[ Ö¸Ú í£J-ú‡nA. û¶ìª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë ìªÙ# AJT ÷#aì êŸô¦yêŸ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµRx-÷-à¦a-ìE àµí£pÞœõÞœè[Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d English ö˺ ÏC àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ I have gone to Hyderabad ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª ÚÛë¯. We (Ù)êÁ ÚÛ«è¯ Ïë¶ ú£÷ªú£u.

÷³Üu-iì ÍÙøŒÙ

êÁ 'have gone' verb ô¦ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ û¶ìª Ú¥F ٠ڥF ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Újû¦ îµRx ÷#aì êŸô¦yê¶ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµü‹xÙ Íì-ÞœõÙ. ë¯EÚ¨ English- 'have gone' Ú¥ë]ª. I/ We

Saritha: Sudha, where have you been?

(ú£ªëů, ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦o÷± ÏÙêŸ-›úí£²?)

Sudha: I have been to college.

(û¶ìª ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµRx ÷à¦aìª). ÏÚÛ\è[ I have gone to college ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ÔÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC? û¶ìª ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµü‹xìª (ÍÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦oìª) ÍE. ÍÚÛ\è¶ ÑÙç¶ ú£J-êŸêÁ ÷«æ°xè¶ Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ö¶ë]ª.

Sudha, where have you been?

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 28 û¶ìª/ ٠iú£«ô îµRx-÷-à¦aìª/îµRx-÷à¦aÙ. I/ We have been to Mysore.

ÍÙç¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ Íô¢nÙ, û¶ìª Î ÷²JÚ¨ îµü‹xìû¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ Î ÒJ ÞœªJÙ# û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª ÍE ÚÛ«è¯. a) Smitha: Do you know Mumbai well?

(FÚÛª ÷³Ùò°ô³ ò°Þ¥ êµõªþ§?)

b) Sridhar: Oh, Yes. I have been there a number of times.

(Î Òô¢ª û¦ÚÛª ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª. û¶ì-ÚÛ\è…Ú¨ à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xìª.) Ð ‘êµõªú£ª’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ NªÞœê¦ subjects ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Mithun: How familiar is he with Chennai? familiar= Mittal: He has been there a number of times.

(ÎóŸªìÚÛª àµûµjo ÓÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª? êµLú‡ ÑÙè[è[Ù/ í£J-àŸóŸªÙ ÑÙè[è[Ù)

(ÎóŸªì ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xè[ª– ÍÙç¶ ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª Î Òô¢ª ÞœªJÙ# ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª ÍE)

Mithun: Have you ever been to Chennai?

(ìªîµy-í£±p-èµjû¦ àµûµjo îµü‹xî¦?– ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ Have you gone ÚÛÙç¶ Have you been î¦è[è[Ù ÷ªÙ#C.)

Mittal: I haven't (have not) been there so far

. (û¶ìª ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª.) 'have gone'/ 'has gone'- îµRx-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÷ú£ªhÙC. îµRx AJ-T-÷-#aì í£J-ú‡nA ÞœªJÙ# àµí£pë]ª. Suneel: I returned from Delhi the day before. ( ) Sumanth: Why did you go there at all? When did you go there?

û¶ìª èÅ…Mx ìªÙ# îµ³ìo AJT ÷à¦aìª.

(Íú£õª ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª îµü‹x÷±?

ÚÛKÙ: ìª÷±y Ð ÷ªëÅ]u áóŸª-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂìª Ôiû¦ ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oî¦? ô¢N: ö¶ë]ª. î¦è…-í£±pè[ª ÷³Ùò°ô³ö˺ Ñû¦oè[ª. ÚÛKÙ: ìªîµy-í£±p-è[-ô³û¦ ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµü‹xî¦? ô¢N: à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xìª. ÷ªJ ìª÷±y? ÚÛKÙ: ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª. Íú£õª û¶ìª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë¶ îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª. 2) ú£ª÷ªÙêÂ: Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥-·ô-ÚÛ\è[? ú£ªFöËÀ: ñóŸª-æ¨-·Ú-ü‹xô¢ª. ú£ª÷ªÙêÂ: ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Ú-ü‹xô¢ª? ú£ªFöËÀ: î¦üŒx všíÆÙè ÏÙæ¨Ú¨. ú£ª÷ªÙêÂ: ÓÙêŸ-›ú-í£-ô³ÙC ñóŸª-æ¨-·ÚRx? (has been ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[Ùè…) ú£ªFöËÀ: Íô¢-ÞœÙå Answers: 1) Karim: Ravi, you were not at home yesterday. Where did you go? Ravi: Yesterday was my sister's birthday. I went to her place. Karim: Have you met Jayakumar, of late? Ravi: No. He is in Mumbai Karim: Have you ever been to Mumbai? (ever Ravi: I have been there a number of times. What about you? Karim: I haven't (have not) been there so far. I haven't been even to Hyderabad. (even 2) Sumanth: Where's (where is) your father? Sunil: He has gone out. Sumanth: Where did he go? Sunil: He went to his friend's. (friend's= friend's house friend's home friend's best) Sumanth: How long has he been out? Sunil: He has been out for half an hour now.

= Óí£±p-èµjû¦)

= ÚÛ«è¯)

ÍìÙ. ÍÙç¶

všíÆÙè ÏÙæ¨Ú¨. íÆ£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

(û¶ìª Ú¥ú£h Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§h. û¦ ÚÁú£Ù îµô³-æËÀàµô³u.)

Gowtham: Hi Jagadeesh, it's you! How long have you been here?

(áÞœ-DùÃ, ìªî¦y? ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦o÷±? – ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ›í. ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Íìª-ÚÁ-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷ªìÚÛª ÷ªìî¦ü˜x÷·ôjû¦ ÚÛEí‡Ù-#-ì-í£±pè[ª Ñí£óµ«-TÙ-àŸ-÷àŸªa.)

Jagadeesh: I've (have) been here since the day before. I joined an I-CET coaching centre here yesterday.

(îµ³ìoæ¨ ìªÙ# ÏÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦o. ÏÚÛ\è[ û¶ìª Õ–šúæËÀ ÚÁ#ÙÞ šúÙå-ôÂö˺ à¶ô¦ìª.)

Gowtham: How long will your course last?

(Oª ÚÁôÂq ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ ÑÙåªÙC? last = ÑÙè[è[Ù)

Jagadeesh: It's a forty day course, so it will continue for another forty days.

(ÍC ìõòŵj ôÁVõ ÚÁô¢ªq. ÏÙÚÁ 40 ôÁVõª ÚÛÙæ¨ì«u Í÷±-꟪ÙC.)

Gowtham: Shall we meet this evening?

(Ð ôÁV þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÚÛõª-ë¯l÷«?)

Jagadeesh: Certainly. Where shall we meet?

(êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯. ÓÚÛ\è[ ÚÛõªë¯lÙ?)

Gowtham: I will return home at 5 PM. We will meet then at my home.

(û¶ìª Íô³ë]ª ÞœÙå-õÚÛª ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÷þ§h. Íí£±pè[ª ÷« ÏÙæ˺x ÚÛõªë¯lÙ.)

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 7 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Sumeet: I'll (I will) be there till 7.30. Don't worry.

(û¶ìª 7.30 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙæ°. ÷vK Í÷ÚÛª.) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ 'shall be', 'will be'- be forms Ú¥ñæ¨d ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³. Íë¶ shall + 1st RDW/will + 1st RDW - shall come, will go, shall see, will meet - Ïö°Ùæ¨ verbs òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ áô¢-Þœ-òËºó¶ª í£ìªõìª àµñªê¦ô³. a) I shall be there tomorrow.

û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª.

b) I shall go (shall + 1st RDW) there tomorrow. (shall go = action)

û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµüŒê¦ìª. Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. a) î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª.

They will be here tomorrow. b) (action).

î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷þ§hô¢ª

I, We êÁ shall î¦è…ê¶ future ö˺ ÑÙè[è[ÙÞ¥E, í£E áô¢-Þœè[ÙÞ¥F ÍÙêŸ ÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ª (indefinite). 1. I/We shall be there tomorrow.

(û¶ìª/٠¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª/ÑÙæ°Ù. ÑÙè[è[Ù (indefinite) ÍÙêŸ ÚÛ#aêŸÙÚ¥ë]ª)

2. I/We shall meet you there.

(û¶ìª/٠Eìªo ÍÚÛ\è[ ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙæ°/ ÚÛõª-ú£ªÚÛªÙæ°Ù– ÚÛ#aêŸÙÚ¥ë]ª áJ-Tê¶ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ ö¶ë]ª.)

ÓÚÛ\è[ will, Óí£±pè[ª shall? They will come here tomorrow (will + come - action) c)

٠÷ªSx ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°Ù.

We shall be here again tomorrow. d)

٠¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ AJ-T-÷þ§hÙ.

We shall return here tomorrow. shall be, will beshall + 1st RDW/ will + 1st Regular Doing Word (RDW) = (action)

òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù

òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ í£E-Í-÷è[Ù Íô³ê¶ shall Óí£±pè[ª, will Óí£±pè[ª? ÍN î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄ-ö¶N? â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….

Pradeep: I shall buy a car soon.

(û¶ìª êŸyô¢ö˺ Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°ìª)

Pratap: When will you buy it?

(Óí£±pè[ª Ú•Ùæ°÷±?)

Ú¥ñæ¨d I/ We êÁ shall ÷›úh future ö˺ ÍÙêŸ ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥E state of being (ÑÙè[-è[Ù)-Þ¥E, í£E (action) Þ¥E Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Íö°¸Þ you, he, she, it and they êÁ will î¦è…ê¶, ÍC-ÚÛ«è¯ ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥E (indefinite) òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hìª êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. ÑÙè[è[Ù Íô³û¦ ú£¸ô, í£E Íô³û¦ ú£¸ô. 3. My friends (they) will be here next week.

÷« všíÆÙèÂq ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. (ÑÙè[è[Ù ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥ë]ª)

4. She will help you.

Î FÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶ú£ªhÙC ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥ë]ª)

(indefinite =

5. You will know it soon.

(FÚÛC êŸyô¢-ö˺û¶ êµõª-ú£ªhÙC–

indefinite)

3) ¸ôí£± û¶ìª ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµüŒ-ê¦ìª. ÍÚÛ\è[ í£C ôÁVõª ÑÙæ°ìª. ûµö°-Ü-ô¢ªÚÛª AJT ÷þ§hìª. 4) áóŸªÙêÂ: Oª·ô-í£±p-è•-þ§hô¢ª? áú£yÙêÂ: ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ÷þ§hìª. (í£²Jh î¦ÚÛuÙ practice à¶óŸªÙè…) áóŸªÙêÂ: Î ú£Jd-íƇ-·ÚæËÀq ÍFo êµþ§hô¦? áú£yÙêÂ: ÍFo Bú£ª-ÚÛª-ô¦ìª. ÷³Üu-i-ìî¶ êµþ§h. áóŸªÙêÂ: Oª è…vU ú£Jd-íƇ-·ÚæËÀ êµþ§hô¦? áú£yÙêÂ: ÍC Í÷-ú£-ô¢÷«? (necessary î¦è[Ùè…) áóŸªÙêÂ: ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù Óí£±pè[ª ÷þ§hô¢ª? áú£yÙêÂ: ÷à¶a Þœªô¢ª-î¦ô¢Ù ÷þ§hìª. Answers: 1) We shall meet again tomorrow. 2) When will you start for college tomorrow? 3) I shall go to Mumbai tomorrow. I shall be there for 10 days. I shall return by the month end. 4) Jayanth: When will you come? Jaswanth: I shall come next week. Jayanth: Will you bring all the certificates? Jaswanth: I shall not bring all of them. I shall bring only the important ones. Jayanth: Will you bring the degree certificate? Jaswanth: Is it necessary/ Will it be necessary? Jayanth: When will you come next week? Jaswanth: I shall come next Thursday.

6. It will happen.

(ÍC áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC–

When will you be free? Jagadeesh: I will make it then. Bye.

(û¶ìª êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷þ§h. òµj) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-é-ö˺E verbs ìª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. have been - Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµLóŸª-â¶þ¼hÙC. (since = íÆ£ö°-û¦çµjÙ ìªÙ#– ÞœêŸÙö˺) joined (yesterday) - Past Doing Word - past action time known

ÚÛª î¦è¯Ù. Ï÷Fo ÷ªìÚÛª êµL-ú‡ìî¶. Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Ú•êŸh

verbs: 1) will last (will + last - 1st Regular Doing Word) 2) will continue (will + continue - 1st Regular Doing Word) 3) shall meet (shall + meet - 1st Regular Doing Word) 4) will return (will + return - 1st Regular Doing Word) 5) will make (will + make - 1st Regular Doing Word) 6) will meet (will + meet - 1st Regular Doing Word) shall/ will + 1st Regular Doing Word (I RDW) form six forms of verb V form (shall be/ will be- 'be' forms. future

ÍÙç¶ Ï÷Fo

ö˺, ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ì ö˺ ÏN ÚÛë¯. ÍÙç¶ ÏN ·ôÙè[« (òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪h)ö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³ ÚÛë¯)

Sumant: Where will you be at 7 this evening?

(þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ôè[ª ÞœÙåõÚÛª ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°÷±?) Sumeet: I will be at home. (ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙæ°)

Sumant: I shall be a little late. Please wait for me.

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 29 Pradeep: Depends. I expect some money next week. Once I get it, I will buy it.

(÷à¶aî¦ô¢Ù Ú•ÙêŸ è[ñªs ô¦î¦L. ÍC ÍÙCê¶ Ú•Ùæ°.) Depends = ÷ªìÙ Ôëµjû¦ ÷ªì ÚÛÙvæ˺-öËÀö˺ ö¶E ÏêŸô¢ Nù£-óŸ«õ Oªë] Îëů-ô¢-í£-è…ì ÍÙø‹-õìª ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª It all depends/ depends ÍÙæ°Ù. ÏC conversational bit. Practice à¶ú‡ Oª ú£ÙòÅ°ù£-éö˺ î¦è[Ùè…. ÷ªôÁ Ñë¯--ô¢é: Prameela: Will you help me with a little money?

(û¦ÚÛª Ú•ClÞ¥ è[ñªs þ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hî¦?)

Pramoda: It all depends, I expect some money tomorrow. If I get it, I will give it. (It all depends/ depends =

Ïí£±pè¶Ù àµí£p-ö¶ìª. û¦ÚÛª ¸ôí£± è[ñªs ÷›úh FÚ¨-þ§hìª. û¶E-÷yè[Ù, û¦ÚÛª ô¦î¦-Lqì è[ñªsšíj Îëů-ô¢-í£è… ÑÙC) ví£Díà ë]å, 'I shall buy' M. SURESAN ÍE, êŸô¦yêŸ 'I will buy' ÍÙåª-û¦oè[ª. ví£ê¦íà '...will you buy it?' ÍE Íè[ª-Þœª-꟪-û¦oè[ª ÚÛë¯? Ð Ú¨ÙC ê¶è¯õª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. I and we + shall (I, We êÁ shall); you, he, she, it, they + will (you, he, she, it, they êÁ will) î¦è…ê¶ ÍÙêŸÞ¥ ÚÛ#aêŸÙÚ¥E òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hìª êµL-óŸª-â¶þ§hô³. Future ö˺ ÚÛ#aêŸ÷«, Ú¥ë¯ Íû¶ ë¯Eo ñæ¨d shall, will î¦è[ê¦Ù.

Indefinite)

7. Kiran (He) will return soon. Indefinite)

(Ú¨ô¢éÉ êŸyô¢-ö˺û¶ AJ-T-÷-þ§hè[ª–

8. Kamala (She) will shop for saris tomorrow. Indefinite) Questions I and we will you, he, she, it and they shall Questions I and we shall; you, he, she, it and they will Preethi: I want to see you about those books. When shall I see you?

(ÚÛ÷ªõ ¸ôí£± <ô¢õª Ú•ÙåªÙC– Íô³ê¶ þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ Íè…-¸Þ-å-í£±pè[ª êÁ Þ¥E, êÁ Þ¥E ô¦÷±. ö˺ ë¯ë¯í£± êÁ Ó-í£±pè[« êÁ ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[ê¦Ù.

(Î í£±ú£h-Ú¥õ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ Eìªo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁî¦-õìªÚÛªÙåªû¦o. Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛõ-÷ìª?)

Prema: When will you be free?

(F·Ú-í£±pè[ª BJÚÛ?)

Preethi: When will you be free? Shall I see you tomorrow?

(FÚÛª BJ-·Ú-í£±pè[ª? Eìªo ¸ôí£± ÚÛõªú£ªÚÁû¦?) That's OK. (ú£¸ô)

Prema: Preethi: Will the books (they) be with you tomorrow?

(¸ôí£± Î í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙ-æ°óŸ«?)

Prema: Will your father (he) get new books this evening?

(Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª Ú•êŸh í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª Ð þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ êµþ§hô¦?) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ questions ÍEoÙ-æ¨ö˺ I/we Íô³ê¶ shall; you, he, she, it, they Íô³ê¶ will ô¦÷è[Ù àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯. Ïí£±pè[ª Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1) ÷ªSx ÷ªìÙ ¸ôí£± ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. 2) ¸ôí£± ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢-ê¦÷±? (start for î¦è[Ùè…)

ví£øŒo: They cut forests- ö˺cut ìª V1 Þ¥ òÅ°NÙà¦ö°? V2 Þ¥ òÅ°NÙ-à¦ö°? Ð î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ passive form-

Forests are cut by them/ were cut by them

Forests

Ð ·ôÙè…Ù-æ¨ö˺ ÔC

ÚÛ·ôÚÂd? – ô¦üŒx-ñÙè… ú£ÙÞœÙû¦óŸ³è[ª, ûµLx-÷ªô¢x áî¦ñª: They cut forests- ÏÚÛ\è[ 'cut' V1 (ÍÙç¶ past simple). V2 Óí£±pè[« verb Ú¥ë]ª. Óí£±p-èµjû¦ V2 (Past Participle) ÷³Ùë]ª 'be' form Ú¥F, have, has, had etc Ú¥F ÷#a-ì-í£±pè¶ verb. ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d forests are cut, forests were cut ·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. ví£øŒo: ÖÚÛ í£ë¯-EÚ¨ ing form à¶ô¢aè[Ù ÷õx ÍC noun Í÷±-꟪Ùë¯? verb Í÷±-꟪Ùë¯? êµõªú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù Óö°? walking, eating, giving ÷Ùæ¨ í£ë¯õª verb forms Í÷±-ê¦óŸ«? noun forms Í÷±-ê¦óŸ«? – Þœªvô¢Ù øŒÙÚÛôÂ, ¸ÚøŒ-÷-í£åoÙ áî¦ñª: 'ing' form à¶J›úh noun Í÷±-꟪ÙC. 'ing' form ÷³Ùë]ª 'be' form ÑÙç¶û¶ verb Í÷±êŸªÙë]E ÏÙêŸÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª ÖÚÛ-þ§J êµL-óŸª-â¶ø‹Ù. ví£øŒo: He is Ravi Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ subject ÔC? He Íû¦o, Ravi Íû¦o ÖÚÛç¶ ÚÛë¯! – ÞœÙÞ¥-ëÅ]ôÂ, Þœá-í£-A-ì-Þœô¢Ù áî¦ñª: He is Ravi î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ subject he. Sentence- 'He'E ÞœªJÙ# àµñªêÁÙC Ú¥ñæ¨d Íë¶ subject.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Pranav: Mom, I will go to the first show today.

(Í÷«t, û¶ìª ÐôÁV íÆ£úÃd-ÿ¼ÚÛª îµüŒ-ê¦ìª.)

Narmada: You shall finish your home work first.

(ìª÷±y îµ³ë]å É˺Ù÷ôÂ\ í£²Jhà¶óŸ«L.)

Pranav: Tapan, my friend, will be here in a few minutes. We will finish our homework together.

(û¦ všíÆÙè êŸí£ûË ڕCl ENª-ÿ§ö˺x ÏÚÛ\-è…-Ú•þ§hè[ª. ٠Ïë]lô¢Ù ÚÛLú‡ É˺Ù÷ôÂ\ à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙæ°Ù)

Narmada: Look here, Pranav, You shall see the next movie only a month later. I will not allow you to waste your time.

(÷ªSx ûµõ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ìª÷±y ú‡E÷« Nù£óŸªÙ ÓêŸh-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¶ìª Eìªo îµüŒxE-÷yìª.)

Ú¥ñæ¨d

Eô¢g-óŸ«Eo êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. 2) I/We êÁ will ÷«æ°x-è¶-î¦J Ñë¶l-ø‹Eo (intention) êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. I/We + will

a) SriRam: What do you want to Shravan? Shravan: I will be (will become) a doctor.

(û¶ìª è¯ÚÛd-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÑÙæ°/ è¯ÚÛd-ô¢ª-ì-÷±ê¦ (Ñë¶løŒÙ) – will be/ become Ñë¶løŒÙ (intention)).

b) Praneetha: My friend Pratibha will be here in a few minutes. Prasanna: We will take her home, then.

(Íô³ê¶ Îîµªìª ÷ªìÙ ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ Bú£ª·ÚüŒë¯Ù – Ñë¶løŒÙ (intention))

Praneetha: Later, I will take you and her to a movie. We will have some time together.

(êŸô¦yêŸ Eìªo, Îîµªìª ú‡E-÷«ÚÛª Bú£ª·Ú-üŒ-ê¦ìª. ÷ªìÙ Ú•ÙêŸ çµjÙ ÚÛLú£ªÙë¯Ù – we will have (inten-

Pranav: But if my friends invite?

(÷« všíÆÙèÂq í‡L›úh?)

Narmada: I will tell them they shall not invite. You shall study well, and get good marks. Dad and I will allow you to watch movies only then.

(Eìªo í‡õîË•ë]lE û¶ìª î¦üŒxêÁ àµñªê¦. ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ àŸCN ÷ªÙ# ÷«ô¢ª\õª êµàŸªa-ÚÁ-î¦L. Íí£±pè¶ ìª÷±y ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[è¯-EÚ¨ û¶ìª, û¦ìo Íìª-÷ª-Aþ§hÙ.) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ verbs Óö° Ñû¦oóµ« Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…. Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ lessonö˺ ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ìî¦æ¨Ú¨ GÅìoÙÞ¥ I, and We êÁ will; you, he, she, it and they êÁ shall ÷à¦aô³ ÚÛë¯. ÖÚÛ-þ§J Þœªô¢ªh-êµ-àŸªa-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. I/WeêÁ shall; you, he, she, it and they êÁ will ÚÛ#a-êŸÙ-Ú¥E òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hìª êµL-óŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. shall be, will be Íô³ê¶ òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo, shall + 1st Regular Doing Word (1st RDW), will + 1st RDW Íô³ê¶ òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸªâ¶þ§hô³. Ïí£±pè[ª I/WeêÁ will; you, he, she, it and theyêÁ shall ë¶EE êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hóµ« àŸ«ë¯lÙ. 1) I/We êÁ will ÷«æ°x-è[ª-꟪-ìo-î¦üŒx Eô¢g-óŸ«Eo êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC.

tion))

êÁ

3) I/we will (Promise).

î¦è…ê¶ ÷ªìÙ ÷«å Ï#a-ìåªx

a) Surekha: Teacher, I have some doubts in English.

(æ©àŸôÂ, ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ û¦ÚÛª Ú•Eo ú£Ùë¶ï£„õª Ñû¦oô³.)

Teacher: I will clear all your doubts. Don't worry.

(F ú£Ùë¶--õFo û¶ìª Bô¢ª-þ§h쪖 ÏC

teacher's promise) b) Prasanth: Dad, the course costs Rs. 20,000/- a year. Dad: Don't you worry son. I will give you

û¶ìª ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ êŸyô¢ö˺ Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°ìª– ÏC Eô¢góŸªÙ. Íë¶ I shall buy a car soon.

a) Teacher: You will get a prize only if you score more than 90% marks.

(90 ø‹êŸÙ ÚÛû¦o ÓÚÛª\÷ ÷«ô¢ª\õª êµàŸªa-Ú•Ùç¶û¶ FÚÛª wšíjâÉÀ ÷ú£ªhÙC).

Ramana:

OK Teacher, I will work hard. I will do my best to get the more than 90%

(û¶ìª ÚÛù£d-í£è… àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª. 90% ÚÛû¦o ÓÚÛª\÷ êµàŸªaÚÁè¯-EÚ¨ ví£óŸªAo-þ§h쪖 I will - Eô¢góŸªÙ)

Teacher: Will you and Mohan come to me tomorrow? I will clear your doubts.

(¸ôí£± ìª÷±y, ûË û¦ ë]Þœ_-JÚ¨ ÷þ§hô¦? ú£Ùë¶-ö¶îµªiû¦ ÑÙç¶ Bô¢ª-þ§h쪖 I will - Eô¢góŸªÙ)

b) Rahim: Will you buy that car?

(Î Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°î¦?)

Rasheed: I will buy it whatever the price. I will -

(ÓÙêŸ ÜK-ëµjû¦ Ú•Ùæ°ìª. Eô¢góŸªÙ)

c) Teacher: Will you all come for the picnic on sunday?

(Oªô¢Ùê¦ ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù í‡Ú¨oÚÂÚÛª ÷þ§hô¦?)

Pupils: We will come, teacher. we will d) Kumar: Won't you see that movie? Won't you= will you not) Peter and John: We will see it, of course.

(÷þ§hÙ æ©àŸô–

Eô¢góŸªÙ)

(Î ú‡E÷« àŸ«è[î¦?

(ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ àŸ«þ§hÙ. ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ö¶ë]ª)

7) Nù£ªg: û¶ìª ÷³Ùò°ô³ à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xìª. ÐøŒyôÂ: û¶ìª ÖÚÛ-þ§J ÷«vêŸî¶ª îµü‹xìª. Nù£ªg: vñtÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµü‹xè¯? ÐøŒyôÂ: ÍêŸìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛæ¨ ·ôÙè[ª-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xè[ª. 8) ví£ø‹ÙA: ìª÷±y ÷« ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ô¦î¦? (won't you î¦è[Ùè….) ø‹ÙAX: ìª÷±y ¸ôí£± ÏÙæ˺x Óí£±pè[ª ÑÙæ°÷±? ví£ø‹ÙA: ¸ôí£Ùê¦ ÏÙæ˺xû¶ ÑÙæ°. ø‹ÙAX: ÷ªJ-¸ôí£± û¶ìª ÞœªÙå«ô¢ª îµüŒê¦.

tomorrow? Prasanthi: I am/ shall be at home all the day tomorrow. Santhisri: But I shall go to Guntur tomorrow. Prasanthi: When will be back?/ When will you return? Santhisri: I shall go to Chennai in a week and from there return. Prasanthi: I shall buy a cell phone tomorrow. Santhisri: Will you be in touch with me

÷«å Ïî¦yõÙç¶...!

I will buy a car soon.

ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ– û¶ìª Ú¥ô¢ªÚ•ìè[Ù– ÍÙêŸ ÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ª.

÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 9 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 30 all the money you want. Just study well and come out with success. I will give; I will - promise -

(FÚÛª Ú¥î¦Lq-ìÙêŸ è[ñªs û¶Eþ§h – êÁ ÷«å Ï÷yè[Ù)

c) Vijay: I want to contest in the coming municipal elections.

(÷à¶a ÷³Eq-í£öËÀ ÓEo-ÚÛö˺x ð¼æ©-à¶-óŸ«-õìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o.)

Vinai and Vikram: Go ahead. We will support you.

(Íö°¸Þ. ٠Eìªo ú£ð¼ôÂd à¶þ§hÙ – We will support - promise)

Vijay: I will file my nomination then.

(Íô³ê¶ û¦Nª-û¶-ù£ûË î¶þ§h – Eô¢góŸªÙ)

Vinai and Vikram: We will help you with money also. Promise)

(è[ñªs þ§óŸªÙ ÚÛ«è¯ à¶þ§hÙ – Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõìª English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1) û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ àµûµjo îµüŒê¦ìª. 2) î¦üŒxìª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦E÷yÙ. 3) û¶ìª FÚÛª Ô í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ú¥î¦-Lqû¦ Ïþ§hìª. 4) ٠¸ôí£± êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ú‡Ó-îÂªìª ÚÛõªþ§hÙ. 5) Ïö°Ùæ¨N ٠áô¢-Þœ-E÷yÙ (such things, allow î¦è[Ùè…). 6) òÅ¡ô¢êÂ: û¶E-í£±pè[ª îµüŒxû¦? òÅ°ô¢_îËÂ: ÓÚÛ\è…Ú¨ îµüŒ-ê¦÷±? òÅ¡ô¢êÂ: ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµüŒ-ê¦ìª. òÅ°ô¢_îËÂ: Oª všíÆÙèÂq Óí£±p-è•-þ§hô¢ª? òÅ¡ô¢êÂ: ¸ôí£± ٠îµü™x í‡Ú¨o-ÚÂÚÛª ìª÷±y ô¦î¦?

ví£ø‹ÙA: ÷ªSx Óí£±p-è•-þ§h÷±? ø‹ÙAX: î¦ô¢Ù êŸô¦yêŸ àµûµjo îµRx ÍÚÛ\è… ìªÙ# AJT ÷þ§h. ví£ø‹ÙA: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± šúöËÀ-ðƼûË ڕÙæ°ìª. ø‹ÙAX: Íô³ê¶ ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ# û¦êÁ åàÂö˺ ÑÙæ°î¦? 9) êŸô¢ªéÉÂ: óÀª ÷ô¢ªéÉÂ, ÚÛªö°-þ§û¦? ÷ô¢ªéÉÂ: Î, ÚÛªö°-þ§û¶... ìªîµyö° Ñû¦o÷±? êŸô¢ªéÉÂ: ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª. ÓÙG-Óö˺ à¶ô¦î¦? ÷ô¢ªéÉÂ: ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙ Eô¢gô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. êŸô¢ªéÉÂ: û¶ìª ÓÙú‡Óö˺ à¶ô¦ìª. Eìoû¶ M. SURESAN ÏûËÂ-ú‡d-å«u-æËÀö˺ à¶ô¦ìª. ÷ô¢ªéÉÂ: ÷« û¦ìoÞ¥ô¢ª û¦õªÞœª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ÒüÉÁx ö¶ô¢ª. û¶ìª ÎóŸªì ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª. ÎóŸªì ÷#aì êŸô¦yêŸ Eô¢góŸªÙ Bú£ªÚÛªÙæ°Ù.

from tomorrow ? 9) Tarun: Hi Varun, How are you? Varun: Fine. Thank you. How are you? Tarun: Fine. Have you joined MBA? Varun: I haven't (have not) decided yet. Tarun: I have joined MCA. I joined the institute yesterday. Varun: My father has been out of town for the past four days. I am waiting for him. Decision is possible only after he comes back.

ví£øŒo: a) The meeting will be held on tomor-

Íû¶ sentence Ô tense Ú¨ àµÙë]ª-꟪ÙC? Ð tense voice ÔNªæ¨? b) Definite article 'the'E ÓÚÛ\è[ Ñí£-óµ«TÙ-à¦L. The French, The whip ÍE ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a? – æ¨.ÓöËÀ. ví‡óŸ«ÙÚÛ, Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ row evening

Answers: 1) I will go to Chennai tomorrow. 2) We will not let them come here. 3) I will give you whatever book you want. 4) We will meet the CM tomorrow. 5) We will not allow such things. 6) Bharat:

Shall I go now?

Bhargav: Where will you go? Bharat:

To college

Bhargav: When will your friends come? Bharat:

Won't you (will you not) join us for the picnic tomorrow?

7) Vishnu: I have been to Mumbai quite a number of times. Eshwar: I have been there too; just once. Vishnu: Has Brahmam too been to Mumbai? Eshwar: He has been to Mumbai just once or twice.

a) 'will be held tomorrow evening' verb(on tomorrow evening will be held. Tense: future simple/ indefinite. Voice: passive. b) The French French french 'The'

áî¦ñª:

ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª). ÏÚÛ\è[

ÍÙç¶ vðƧûËÂq ë¶øŒ-ú£ªnõª. òÅ°ù£. î¦è[ÚÛÙ îµ³êŸhÙ N÷-ô¢é êŸyô¢ö˺ ÷ú£ªhÙC. ví£øŒo: šíô¢ªÞœª Íû¶ í£ë¯Eo curd Íû¦ö°? curds Íû¦ö°? – ·Ú. íÆ£ª-÷«õ, Íø‹y-í£±ô¢Ù áî¦ñª: 'Curd', 'curds' ·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íô³ê¶ curd êŸô¦yêŸ singular verb, curds êŸô¦yêŸ plural verb ô¦î¦L. The curd is tasty. ÍÙç¶

The curds are tasty.

ví£øŒo: 'Obey the parents' Íû¶ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ sive

8 )Prasanthi : Won't you come home to me?/ Won't you come to our place? Santhisri: When will you be at home

áî¦ñª:

ÔNªæ¨?

– ÓÙ. øŒÙÚÛôÂ, Íø‹y-í£±ô¢Ù

Let the parents be obeyed. sentences passive

Ïö°Ùæ¨ ÑÙåªÙC.

pas-

Ú¨

à¦ö° ÚÛ'êŸ-ÚÛÙÞ¥

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Sumathi: Hi, Vimala, well met. When shall we sit to plan our holiday?

(óÀª N÷ªõ! ÷ªìÙ ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù ÷ªÙ#-ëµjÙC. Mè¶ ð§xûË à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«ô¢ªaÙë¯Ù?) Holiday = ÷«÷´õª Íô¢nÙ šúõ÷±. ÏÙÚÁ Íô¢nÙ ÷ªìÙ ÓÚÛ\è…·Újû¦ ú£ô¢-ë¯Þ¥ îµRx ޜ腛í ôÁVõª ÍE.

êÁ (ÚÛ#a-êŸÙ-Ú¥E) Ïí£±pè[ª šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ êÁ î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª– îµ³ë]å Ï#aì ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ 1) ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ future ö˺ áô¢ª-Þœª-ê¦-óŸª-ìª-ÚÛªìo Nù£óŸ«õª.

★ You, he, she, it and they will Indefinite future. you, he, she, it and they shall

a) It shall be this evening.

Ð þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÍC ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙ-C/-Í-÷±êŸªÙC, ÑÙè¯-L/-Í-î¦yL.

Vimala: Why not this evening? I shall be away from tomorrow onwards.

(Ð þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛ«ôÁaÚÛ«-è[ë]ª? û¶ìª ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ# G@Þ¥ ÑÙæ°.) why not = ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛ«è[ë]ª?

b) She shall come.

Î êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷ú£ªhÙ-C/-ô¦-î¦L. êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷ªìêÁ ÷þ§h-è[ª/-ô¦-î¦L.

d) They shall not.

(Íô³ê¶ ÐôÁV þ§óŸªÙvêŸî¶ª ÚÛ«ô¢ªaÙë¯Ù. Ôè…Ù-æ¨Ú¨ ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L.)

î¦üŒ‰x ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª/ô¦ô¢ª

e) You shall be here.

ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L.

(Î êŸí£pÚÛ ÷ú£ªhÙC. ÷þ§h-ìE ÷«å Ï#aÙC.)

Vimala: What about Sudhakar, Your cousin?

(Oª ÚÛ>ûË ú£ªëů-ÚÛô ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨?)

Sumathi: He shall join us too.

(Fô¢âÉÀ, ÚÛü‹uéÉ ô¦÷è[Ù ö¶ë¯?)

Sumathi: Why they? They shall not. I don't like them.

(î¦ü˜xÙ-ë]ªÚÛª? î¦üŒ‰x ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¦Ú¨ù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ you, he, she, it and theyêÁ shall ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. It shall be; She shall come; He shall join; They shall (not); You shall be

šúdûËÁ Oª ÍÙë]-J-ÚÛÙç¶ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙåªÙC. û¶ìª à¦ö° öµåô¢ªx è…¸ÚdæËÀ à¶óŸ«L. ¸ôí£± Ñë]-óŸ«-E-ÚÛö°x Î êŸí£p-E-

Officer: You shall be here till 7 in the evening.

(ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ôè…Ù-æ¨-÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙè¯L– Îác)

Manoj: Why so long, Sir?

(ÍÙêŸ-›úí£± ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙè†?)

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 31

(ìª÷±y Ð í£E í£²Jh à¶ú‡ îµü‹xL.) (øŒ‰vÚÛ-î¦ô¢Ù û¦ÚÛª šúõ÷± Ú¥î¦L.)

(þ¼÷ª-î¦ô¢Ù ÷ô¢ÚÛª šúõ÷± šíådÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¶ìª M. SURESAN ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± Ú¥î¦õÙç¶ ÍÙêŸ-›úí£± ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯-LqÙë¶.)

ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ

ìª÷±y í£²Jh à¶óŸ«L (Îác–

ìª÷±y šúõ÷± šíåd-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª (Îác–

Î í£E ÍêŸè[ª à¶ú‡-ìç¶d ÑÙC Ôëµjû¦ áJ-T-ìåªx ÍE-í‡Ù-#ÙC).

ö˺

ii) They appear to have killed the tiger. (Tiger -past

àŸE-ð¼-ô³ÙC-- ö˺ î¦ü‹x í£E à¶ú‡ìç¶x Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.)

iii) I like to have gone with them.

(î¦üŒxêÁ îµRx ÑÙè[-è¯-EÚ¨ Ïù£dí£è[ªêŸªû¦o쪖 ÍÙç¶ î¦üŒ‰x îµRx-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª. û¶ìª Ïí£±pè[ª ÷«æ°x-è[ªêŸªû¦oìª.)

(Î ÞœêŸÙö˺– ð§è… ÑÙè¯-õE ÍìªÚÛªÙæ˺ÙC) c) To í£ÚÛ\ì be Þ¥F being î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª êŸí£±pö¶ë]ª. i) I like to be here for sometime.

(û¶ìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú¥›úí£± ÍìªÚÛªÙåª-û¦oìª.)

ÑÙè¯õE

ii) I object to being treated as a stranger.

(ììªo Ú•êŸhî¦è…Þ¥ àŸ«è[è¯EÚ¨ û¶ìª ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù àµñª-꟪-û¦oìª.)

ví£øŒo: Oªô¢ª ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é ÷´èÁ-òÅ°-ÞœÙö˺ Ï#aì

I was there exactly at 6 when the function began 'I had been there exactly at 6 when the function began'

Íû¶

î¦Ú¥uEo

ÍE ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a?

command)

command) c) You shall not go on leave. command) d) You shall stay.

(NªÞœê¦ ú‡ñsÙC ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ù-åÙè†?)

to have gone, to have killed, to have done etc. i) He seems to have done it. ( (past

She likes to have sung

ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L (Îác–

b) You shall finish.

Officer: They shall stay too. They shall not apply for leave either, till Monday. My

ÔNªæ¨? í£ÚÛ\ì being ö¶ë¯ be î¦è…ê¶ ë¯E Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨? – í‡. ÐøŒy-ô¢-ô¦÷±, ÞœªÙå«ô¢ª áî¦ñª: a) Infinitives ìª ÞœªJÙ# ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª ÷#aì ð§ôȦö˺x N÷-JÙà¦Ù ÍC àŸ«è[Ùè…. b) to have + V3 - V3 ÍÙç¶ past participle. To have + V3 Ú¨ Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª:

(Î ð§è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC)

a) You shall be here.

Manoj: What about the others Sir?

c) to

She likes to sing.

ú£-JÞ¥ î¦æ¨ ví‡Ùå-÷±åªx Bú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ÏÙÚÁ ·ôÙè[ª ö¶ë¯ ÓÚÛª\÷ ôÁVõª þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ôè…Ùæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª Îíƈúà í£E-à¶óŸ«L.) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Officer, you, he, she it and they êÁ shall î¦è[è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Íö° î¦è[è[Ù ÎóŸªì Îácõª (commands) Ï÷y-è¯-EÚ¨. ÍÙç¶ you, he, she, it and they êÁ shall Îác-õìª (commands) êµLóŸªâ¶ú£ªhÙC.

Officer: You shall not go on leave till Monday. You shall stay here as long as I want you to.

ví£øŒo: a) Infinitives ÍÙç¶ ÔNªæ¨? b) 'to + have +V3'

î¦üŒŠx ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L. (Îác–

û¦ šúdûËÁ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L (Îác–

Î ví‡Ùå-÷±åªx êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ BóŸ«L (Îác– command)

h) The office (it) shall work. command) you, he, she, it and they shall (Commands/ orders)

Îíƈúà í£E-à¶-óŸ«L (Îác– – êµõª-þ¼hÙC ÚÛë¯ î¦è… Îácõª ÏÙÚ¥ àŸ«è[Ùè….

êÁ Ï÷yàŸªa.

i) You shall not smoke here.

Officer: You shall finish all this work and then only go. Manoj: I want leave on Friday Sir.

ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙC ÖÚÛþ§J Þœªô¢ªh-à¶-ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù. 1) I/We êÁ shall; you, he, she, it and they êÁ will ÚÛ#a-êŸÙ-Ú¥E òÅ¡N-ù£u꟪h (Indefinite future) ìª êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. 2) I/We êÁ will ÷ªì Eô¢g-óŸ«-õìª (decisions), Ñë¶l-ø‹õìª (intentions) êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. 3) I/We êÁ will ÷ªìÙ promise à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÷ªìÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«õª ú£ÙvÞœ-ÙÞ¥– ★ I/WeêÁ shall - Indefinite future ★ I/WeêÁ will determination (Eô¢góŸªÙ)

ìª÷±y ÑÙè¯L (Îác–

command) e) They shall stay too. command) f) My steno shall stay. command) g) She shall take print outs.

à¶óŸ«L... êŸí£pë]ª!

(û¶ûµÙ-êŸ-›úí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯õÙè†?)

(þ¿ô¢òÅ¡ ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨? Î ÷ªìêÁ ô¦ë¯?)

(ÍêŸì« êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷þ§hè[ª.)

(î¦üŒŠx êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. þ¼÷ª-î¦ô¢Ù ÷ô¢ÚÛª î¦üŒ‰x ÚÛ«è¯ MîË Íè[ÞœÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¦

Manoj: How long am I to be here, Sir?

Sumathi: She shall come, ofcourse. She has promised me.

Vimala: Won't Neeraj and Kalyan come?

steno shall stay longer than all of you. I have a lot of letters to dictate, and she shall take out their print outs before tomorrow morning. For two more days the office shall work till 7PM.

c) He shall join.

Sumathi: It shall be this evening then. You shall be here at 7 PM.

Vimala: How about Sourabha? Won't she (will not she) join us?

Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 11 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

– #ìªo, ûµõ«xô¢ª

a) I was there exactly at 6 when the function began. function begin Function begin

áî¦ñª:

DE Íô¢nÙ Íô³-ì-í£±pè[ª û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ·ôÚÂdÞ¥ ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ Ñû¦oìª ÍE. Í÷è[Ù ÎJÙ-樸Ú, û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÑìoC ÚÛ«è¯ ÎJÙ-æ¨¸Ú ÍE. b) I had been there exactly at 6 when the function began-

ÏC ÍÙêŸ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª.

DEo

'I had been there when the function began exactly at 6', sentence sentence (a) (b) function

ÍE ÷«J›úh ÚÛª ú£·ôjì Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. Íô³ê¶ Ú¨ Íô¢nÙö˺ ê¶è¯ DEÚ¨ šíjì î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ ÚÛ·ô÷ú£ªhÙC. ÚÂdÞ¥ ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vð§ô¢ÙòšiÙC. ÍÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª ìªÙචû¶ìª ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª ÍE. ví£øŒo: a) Would E Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? b) Let you write ÍÙç¶ êŸð§p? Öð§p? ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? – ñÙè… P÷-ví£-þ§ëÂ, ÚÛå«\ôÂ

áî¦ñª:

Ñí£óµ«Þ¥Eo êŸyô¢-ö˺û¶ N÷Jþ§hÙ. b) Let you write - ÏC êŸí£±p. Let Ñí£óµ«ÞœÙ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª î¦uþ§ö˺x N÷JÙà¦Ù. þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ Letìª 'you'êÁ î¦è[è[Ù ÑÙè[ë]ª. ÖÚÁ\-þ§J î¦è[-÷àŸªa. a) 'would'

You let yourself into the room, when he opens the door.

(ÍêŸìª êŸõªí£± êµô¢-÷-Þ¥û¶, ìª÷y ví£î¶-PÙàŸª– ÍE Íô¢nÙ. Íô³ê¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ yourself Íû¶ reflexive î¦è[ÚÛÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…) Let you write Íô¢nÙ– ìª÷±y ô¦ô³. Íô³ê¶ 'write' ÍÙç¶ ú£Jð¼êŸªÙC ÚÛë¯.

j)

ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ þ¼tÚ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. Oª public, university exams answer books ö˺ instructions ÍFo shall î¦è[ÚÛÙêÁ ÑÙæ°ô³.

i) No candidate (he/she) shall bring any slips of paper into the exam hall.

(í£K¤Û öËÀ-ö˺ڨ Ó÷ô¢« Ú¥TêŸÙ ú‡xí£±põª Bú£ª-ÚÛªô¦-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. - order)

ii) Absolute silence shall be observed. order) you, he, she, it, they shall Court orders orders you, he, she, it and they (official) (unofficial) 'shall' English practice shall, will

(í£²Jh EøŒzñlÙ ð§æ¨Ù-à¦L– ví£òÅ¡ªêŸy í£vê¦õª, EñÙ-ëÅ]ìõª ÍEoæ˺x êÁ Îác-õÚÛª î¦è[è[Ù Oªô¢ª ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶. Þœ÷ªEÙàŸ÷àŸªa. â°K à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ êÁ ÍCÅ-Ú¥-J-ÚÛÙÞ¥ Íô³û¦, Íì-CÅ-Ú¥-JÚÛÙÞ¥ Íô³û¦ î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. ö˺ à¶óŸªÙè…. ú£Ùë]Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª ·ôÙè[« î¦è[Ùè…. ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d 1) Íåª-÷Ù-æ¨-ë¶Oª ìª÷±y à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª (such= Íåª÷Ùæ¨). 2) ìª÷±y ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ Ôè…Ù-æ¨Ú¨ ô¦ (order). 3) ¸ôí£± þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦-E-ÚÛö°x í£E í£²Jh-à¶-óŸ«L. 4) Ram: ÷ªSx û¶ìª Óí£±pè[ªô¦ìª ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨? Raghu: ìª÷±y ÷ªSx ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. Ram: ìª÷yö° ÷«æ°x-è[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. Raghu: ìª÷±y í£E í£²Jh-à¶-óŸ«L. Î êŸô¦yê¶ ììªo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. Ram: û¶ìª Ð þ§óŸªÙ-vêŸî¶ª ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ í£E í£²Jh-à¶þ§hìª. Raghu: Íô³ê¶ þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦-EÚ¨ ìª÷±y í£E í£²Jhà¶-óŸ«L. Answers: 1) You shall do no such thing/ You shall not

do any such thing. 2) You shall be/ shall come here at 7 tomorrow. 3) You/He/She/They shall finish/ complete the work by tomorrow. 4) Ram: When shall I come here again? Raghu: You shall not (shan't) come here again. Ram: You shall not (shan't) talk like that. Raghu: You shall finish the work. Then only you shall see/ meet me. Ram: I'll (I will) finish the work by this evening. Raghu: You shall (finish), then.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Bhaskar: Good morning, sir. Will you give me the books I've asked you for, sir?

Father: You have wasted a lot of money,

(í∫’-ú˛-´÷-Joçí˚ Ææ®˝. ؈-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ -É≤ƒh®√?)

É°æp-öÀÍé î√™« úø•’s ´%ü∑∆-îË-¨»´¤. Éçéπ îËߪ’èπ◊. Å®Ωn-´’-®·çü∆? ÉC £«îªa-Jéπ (Warning)

Teacher: Yes, Bhaskar, they shall be with you this afternoon. Don't worry.

already. you shall not waste any more money, understand.

Son:

(ÅN Ñ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’ç-ö«®·, ÆæÍ®Ø√?)

Bhaskar: Moreover, I need your notes too, sir, for the next week's exam. exam

(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, ´îËa-¢√®Ωç èπ◊ O’ ØÓö¸q èπÿú≈ 鬢√L. Moreover=Éçé¬; notes- plural;

note- singular) Teacher: You shall have them, what more? (notes Bhaskar: My sister wants you to help her out with some of the lessons. sister lessons

FéÀ-≤ƒh†’. ÉçÍéç 鬢√L?)

(´÷ èπ◊ éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ O’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√L.)

Teacher: She shall have my help. Let her not worry, but she shall see me only in forenoon. I am busy the next of the day.

(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Öçô’çC. é¬F ††’o §Òü¿’lØËo éπ©-¢√L. N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ busy)

Bhaskar: She shall see you in the forenoon only, sir, I assure you. sister sir) Teacher: One of the books is rare. It shall not be lost or damaged.

(´÷ N’´’tLo §Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹õ‰ éπ©’-Ææ’hçC, (¢√öÀ™x äéπ °æ¤Ææhéπç î√© Å®Ω’-üÁjçC, ÅC §Úèπ◊çú≈,-*-J-T-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ú≈L.

Bhaskar: It shall not be, Sir. 'shall'

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úøéπç °æJ-Q-Lç-îªçúÕ. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o will, shall Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç. i) I/WeûÓ shall- you, he, she, it and theyûÓ will- indefinite future (ÅE-Paûª ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h)†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. ii) I/ WeûÓ will ûÁL-Ê°C: a) Determination (E®Ωgߪ’ç) b) Intention (ÖüËl¨¡ç) c) Promise (´÷ô É´yôç) iii) You, he, she, it and theyûÓ shall ûÁL-Ê°C. a) commands/orders (Çïc©’) b) Definite future (¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h™  éπ*aûªçí¬ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ßË’N) É°æ¤púø’ Bhaskar, teacher ´’üµ¿u conversation í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Shall ¢√úÕ† ¢√é¬u©’: You, he, she, it and theyûÓ shall ¢√úøéπç Éçé¬:

I do, dad. It shall not happen again.

(Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. ÅC ´’Sx ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ Ø√†oí¬®Ω÷ – ÉC £æ…O’ Assurance) Father: You shall keep an account of every paise you spend.

(†’´¤y ê®Ω’a-°õ‰d v°æA °j≤ƒ ™„éπ\-®√-ߪ÷L)

2) She shall have my help=

Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûª°æpéπ Öçô’çC. ÉC èπÿú≈ £æ…O’ (Assurance)

3) She shall see me only in the forenoons =

§Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ç¢Á’ ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√L. (Çïc)

4) She shall see you only in the forenoons =

Ç¢Á’ §Òü¿’l†°æ‹ô N’´’tLo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. (Assurance)

5) It shall not be lost or damaged.

(ÅC §Úèπÿ-úøü¿’, *†-í∫-èπÿ-úøü¿’– £«îªa-Jéπ)

Warning -

6) It shall not be, sir =

Å-™« Å´-ü¿çúÕ.

six sentences

(Assurance)

™ shall †’ you, he, she, it, they ûÓ £æ…O’-L-´y-ú≈-EéÀ, £«îªa-Jéπ É´y-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√ú≈ç. °j

Father: You shall have the money. How much do you want?

Son: I will, dad.

(Ç úø•’s Fèπ◊ ´Ææ’hçC. (؈’ Fèπ◊ Ç úø•’s É≤ƒh†’= I will give you the money. You shall have - ÉC promise) áçûª 鬢√L?)

ûÓ will-E®Ωgߪ’ç –Ééπ\úø Assurance) 鬕öÀd you, he, she, it and theyûÓ shall (I

1) Orders/ commands 3) Assurances

2) Warnings

Parvathi: About Rs 10000/-

†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

Prem: I am going to contest in the next elections

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æC-¢Ë©’)

Father: You shall have more than that. Don't worry. Worry

3) Samuel:

É™«çöÀ ´’ç* üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·? ¢√úøçúÕ)

novels

áéπ\úø

(Available

Samson: Read well book stores =at).

™. (™ Åéπ\úø O’èπ◊ à •’é˙ 鬢√-LqØ√ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC (get, whatever book ¢√úøçúÕ) Samuel: á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç Åéπ\-úÕéÀ? Samson: Saturday ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’´¤y ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√. ؈’ E†’o ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡û√.

shall, will éπ-ü∑¿ -áç-ûÓ -Öç-C!

(؈’ ´îËa áEo-éπ™x §Úöà îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

Ram and Swaroop: Go ahead. You shall have our total support. support

(Å™«-Íí-é¬F, ´÷ Öçô’çC)

Fèπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬

You shall have even our financial support. ( financial support

´÷ èπÿú≈ Fèπ◊ ûª°æpéπ Öçô’çC) Ééπ\úø you shall have our support ÅØËC ´÷´‚©’ £æ…O’-éπØ√o Éçé¬ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-úøç – Åçõ‰ Promise éπ*aûª-¢Á’i† ´÷ô É´yúøç)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 32 O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçCéπü∆.I/WeûÓ will ¢√úÕ ´÷ô É≤ƒhç. (Promise) Å™«Íí you, he, she it and theyûÓ shall ¢√úÕ promise îËߪ’-´îª’a. Parvathi: Dad, I want to take coaching of CAT. I need some money. CAT exam coaching

(-Ø√-Ø√o, ؈’ èπ◊ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. úø•’s 鬢√L)

1) They shall be with you this afternoon =

ÅN Ñ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ F ü¿í∫_®Ω Öçö«®·. -ØË-†’ ¢√öÀE ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ Fèπ◊ É≤ƒh-†’/°æç-°æ¤-û√†’) – ÉC £æ…O’ (Assurance)

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 13 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

v°æ¨¡o:

1)

Åçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë É≤ƒh.

☛

they

Å´ü¿’l.

Answers:

You, he, she and shall

ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

1) We will attend the function.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ

1)Orders/commands 2)Warnings 3)Assurances 4)Promise

2) Gopi:

Shall I take/ have/ borrow your bike for an hour?

Govind: You shall not.

M. SURESAN

éÀçC

¢√uêu-©†’ ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. (Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd will, shall È®çúø÷ ¢√úøçúÕ. N’í∫û√ verb forms É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†oN èπÿú≈ ¢√ú≈Lq ®√´îª’a). 1) ¢Ë’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ functionèπ◊ ´≤ƒhç. (attend ¢√úøçúÕ) 2) Gopi: ã í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ F bike BÆæ’-éÓØ√? Govind: BÆæ’-éÓ-´ü¿’l. (°æ‹Jh sentence ®√ߪ’çúÕ.) Gopi: ÅC ´’Sx F ü¿í∫_®Ω í∫çô™ ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ Öçô’çC. (ItûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ, back èπÿú≈ ¢√úøçúÕ) Govind: ØËE-´y†’. ††’o vô•’™¸ îÁßÁ·uü¿’l. (will/shall ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøçúÕ) English

O’®Ω’ The Egg (C áí˚) ÅØ√-©E îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. an egg ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’? 2) The E á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈™, á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøüÓ N°æ¤-©çí¬ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 3) I had been watching the TVéÀ, I have been watching the TVéÀ ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – Ææ®Ω-ÆæyA, °∂‘™¸-ë«Ø√ ï¢√•’: 1) 'an egg' ¢√ú≈™«, 'the egg' ¢√ú≈™« ÅØËC Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo-•öÀd Öçô’çC. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ äéπ egg, àüÓ äéπ egg ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ Å®·ûË 'an egg' Åçö«ç. eg: There is an egg on the plate. (Plate™ (ã) í∫’úø’f ÖçC. Ééπ\úø àüÓ äéπ í∫’úø’f ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd an egg. °∂晫-† í∫’úø’f ÅE îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ the egg Åçö«ç. He ate the egg on the plate. Ééπ\úø plate™E egg †’ (à egg? ÅØË questionèπ◊ - the egg on the plate ÅØË answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd) the egg Åçö«ç. The egg on the plate is for Ramesh. (Plate™E egg ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇèπ◊). eg: An umbrella is useful in rain (íÌúø’í∫’ – àüÁj-

Gopi:

It shall be back with you in just an hour.

Govind: I will not give it (I won't give it). You shall not trouble me any more. 3) Samuel: Where are such good novels available?/ Where do we get such good novels? Samson: At Readwell Book Stores. You shall get there whatever book you want. (you get

ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a)

Samuel: When shall we go there? Samson: You come home to me/ come to my place on Saturday evening. I will take you to the shop.

Ø√-ÆæÍ® ÆæÍ® ´®Ω{ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. The umbrella in that corner is mine Ééπ\úø °∂晫-† íÌúø’í∫’ (Ç ´‚© Ö†o íÌúø’í∫’) Åçô’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd 'The umbrella' Åçö«ç. (à íÌúø’í∫’? à °æ¤Ææhéπç? ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊E Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´ÊÆh, The ¢√úøû√ç) 2) 'The' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’Jç* ûªy®Ω™  N°æ¤-©çí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«ç. 3) Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lesson™ have been†’ í∫’Jç* N´-Jçî√ç îª÷úøçúÕ. I have been watching the TV Åçõ‰ éÌçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-öÀ-†’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ/ Éçé¬ öÃO îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’, ÅE. éÌçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤í¬ TV îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ ÅE. I had been watching the TV Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç (past)™ È®çúø’ °æ†’©™ äéπ °æE ´·çü¿Í® v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å®· È®çúÓ-°æ-E-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-TÖçõ‰ Å°æ¤úø’had been + ing¢√úøû√ç. I had been watching the TV when he came in =Åûª†’ ´îËa°æpöÀéÀ ؈’TV îª÷Ææ÷h ÖØ√o†’. Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ ´îËa ´·çü¿’ ؈’ -öÃ-O îª÷úøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* Åûª†’ ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ îª÷Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o ÅE. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ È®çúÓ °æEE í∫’Jç* îÁ°æp-†-°æ¤púø’ had been watching (had been + ing) verb from†’ ¢√úøç.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I PRONUNCIATION GUIDE ★ Countable singulars

î¦è¯L.

÷³Ùë]ª êŸí£pÚÛ

Îõú£uÙ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[-è¯-EÚ¨ ví£óŸªAo-þ§hìª. Chandra: ìªîµy-í£±pè[« Îõ-ú£u. ¸ôí£± Íô³û¦ ú£÷ª-óŸ«-EÚ¨ ô¦. Tara: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ô¦û¶-ô¦ìª. ÷ªìÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ ìªÙ# Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸªõª-ë¶-ô¢ê¦Ù? Chandra: Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙæ¨Ú¨ (êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯) ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢ê¦Ù. 2) Basheer: ÿ§ô¢«Ú ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±p-è[ªÙæ°è[ª? Roshan: Ñë]óŸªÙ í£D-í£-CÚ¨ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª. Basheer: ù£«æ¨ÙÞ Ñë]óŸªÙ í£ë]-Ú•Ù-è…Ù-æ¨ÚÛö°x vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥î¦L. Roshan: êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡÷ª÷±-꟪ÙC. Basheer: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± Ú¥ú£h Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hû¶îµ«. ìª÷±y ÷«vêŸÙ Ñë]óŸªÙ 10.30 Ú¨ ÍÙê¦ ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶óŸ«L.

þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 15 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Tara:

article

'a' a book, a pen, etc.

ÏÚÛ\è[ 'a' pronunciation- ‘Ó’ Ú¥ë]ª. Ó ñªÚÂ, Ó šíûË – ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ article 'a'ìª pronounce à¶óŸ«-Lqì NëÅ]Ù êµLóŸªâ¶›ú Þœªô¢ªh ' '. ÏC ë¯ë¯í£± êµõªÞœª ‘Í’ êÁ ú£÷«-ì-÷ª-÷±-꟪ÙC. Ú¥ñæ¨d 'a book' = Í ñªÚ 'a pen' = Í šíûË etc. Íö°¸Þ about, above - ë¯ë¯í£± ab- combinations êÁ ÷à¶a ÷«å-õ-Eo-æ¨ö˺ 'a' E ' ' (êµõªÞœª– Í) øŒñlÙêÁ í£õª-ÚÛª-ê¦ô¢ª. about = Íò®æËÀ (ò®– ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L) Óò˺æËÀ– Ú¥ë]ª. above = Íò®îË (ò®– ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L) Óò˺– Ú¥ë]ª.

áìE: ìª÷±y êŸí£pÚÛ ô¦î¦L. ÍD Îõú£uÙ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯. (ÍD = That too) ví‡óŸª: ìª÷±y êŸí£p-ë]Ùç¶ û¶ìª ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hìª. Oªæ¨ÙÞ çµjîªڨ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-÷ª÷±-꟪Ùë¯? (ìª÷±y êŸí£p-ë]Ùç¶ = if you insist, insist = ÖÚÛ Nù£óŸªÙ Oªë] í£åªd-ë]-õÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù. Ïí£±pè¶

Basheer: I shall be a little late. But you shall make every thing ready by 10.30 AM indefinite I shall be) Roshan: What about refreshments for them? Basheer: Ameer shall take care of them. 3) Karim: You shall attend Namaz on Friday.

(ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù –

– Ú¥ñæ¨d

e

e

ÏÙUxùà ڥë]ª... ÏÙTxùÃ!

Roshan: Basheer: 3) Karim: Kowser:

Íô³ê¶ ÷à¶aî¦üŒxÚÛª JvšíÆ-ùÃ-ÙæËÀq (æ¨íƇûËÂ) ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨? î¦æ¨ Nù£óŸªÙ ÎOªôÂ àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÛªÙæ°è[ª. (take care î¦è[Ùè…) ìª÷±y øŒ‰vÚÛ-î¦ô¢Ù ì÷«-âÉÀÚÛª ô¦î¦L. û¶F ÒJÚ¨ Ú•êŸh. Ô ÷ªúˆëÂÚ¨ îµüŒê¦Ù? (÷ªúˆëÂ=Masjid or

îµü‹x-õE í£åªd-ñ-è[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª –

He insists on

going now)

áìE: þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ 4.15Ú¨ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥î¦L. ví‡óŸª: ú£¸ô.

Mosque)

ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ë]Þœ_-ô¢-ö˺û¶ ÖÚÛ ÷ªúˆë ÑÙC. ë¯E·ÚüŒê¦Ù. ÷ªëůuoÙ 12.30Ú¨ ìªNy-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦î¦L. Îõú£uÙ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«è[ë]ª. Kowser: û¶ìª Îõú£uÙ à¶óŸªìª. û¦ všíÆÙèÂìª ÚÛ«è¯ Bú£ª-ÚÛªô¦û¦? Karim: Î ÷«vêŸÙ êµMë¯? ܪô¦ûË ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÓÙêŸ÷ªÙCE Oõô³ê¶ ÍÙêŸ÷ªÙ-CE Bú£ª-ÚÛª- M. SURESAN ô¦-î¦L. (ܪô¦ûË ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù = According to

Karim:

What shall we discuss at the meeting?

ÖÚÛ-÷«-åö˺ ÑÙè¶ øŒò°l-õìª syllables ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. Íû¶ í£ë]Ùö˺'sen' ÖÚÛ syllable, tence ÷ªôÁ Í÷±-꟪ÙC. ÍÙç¶ sentence Íû¶C ÚÛõ-ô³ÚÛ Íìo÷«å. (ÏÙTxùÖ ÏÙUxùà ڥë]ª) òÅ°ù£ö˺ êµõª-Þœªö˺ö°Þ¥ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÖÚÛ ÷«å í£L¸Úå-í£±pè[ª Î ÷«åö˺E ÖÚÛ syllableìª NªÞœê¦ syllables ÚÛÙç¶ ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ ûË•Ú¨\-í£-õª-ÚÛª-ê¦ô¢ª. Ð í£õÚÛè¯Eo stress ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. DEo dictionaryö˺ ' Þœªô¢ªh ë¯yô¦ àŸ«í‡þ§hô¢ª. ' eg. English- English – ÍÙç¶ ‘Ï’ øŒò°lEo ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥-õ-ìo-÷«å. a'bove - ÏÚÛ\è[ b êÁ ÑÙè¶ syllable ìª ÓÚÛª\÷ stress à¶ú‡ ë¯Eo ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L. Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 1) Chandra: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ (êŸí£pÚÛ) ÑÙæ°ìª. ÷« vñë]ôÂÚÛ«è¯ (êŸí£pÚÛ) ÑÙæ°è[ª. Tara: Íô³ê¶ ¸ôí£± Eûµo-í£±pè[ª ÚÛõ-÷-Þœ-õìª? Chandra: F·ÚÙêŸ êŸyô¢Þ¥ Oõ-ô³ê¶ ÍÙêŸ êŸyô¢Þ¥ ô¦î¦L. Oª Íìo ÚÛ«è¯ ô¦î¦L. ìª÷±y Îõú£uÙ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«è[ë]ª. ★

sentence syllable two syllables English

the Koran)

4)

ví‡óŸª: ÷ªìÙ Oªæ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺ ÔÙ àŸJaë¯lÙ? (àŸJaÙ-àŸè[Ù = discuss, meeting ö˺ = at the meeting) áìE: ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù college day Ôô¦påªx àŸJaë¯lÙ. (college day Ôô¦påªx = arrangement for the college day)

ví‡óŸª: ììªo ô¢÷ªtÙ-æ°î¦?

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 33 Answers:

4) Priya:

1) Chandra: I will be (I'll be) here tomorrow. My brother shall also be here. Tara: When shall I see you (meet you) tomorrow, then? Chandra: You shall come as early as possible. Your brother shall come too. You shall not be late. Tara: I'll (I will) try my best not to be late. Chandra: You are always late. Come early tomorrow at least. Tara: I will not be (won't be) late, I assure you. When shall we start from here? Chandra: We will start at 10 AM.

– ÷ªÙVõ, ÎëÁE áî¦ñª: English-Telugu dictionary ÓÙêŸ Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-ÚÛô¢îµ« Telugu-English dictionary ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶ Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-ÚÛô¢Ù. Îî¦õª, NªJóŸ«õª ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«å-õÚÛª English Ú¥î¦-õÙç¶ ê¶LÞ¥_ ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛ-ê¦ô³. English ÷«æ°x-è¶-å-í£±pè[ª ú£ï£„-óŸª-í£-è[ª-꟪ÙC. ví£øŒo: You, He, She Íû¶N singular forms. Singulars ìª êµL-óŸª-⶛ú ÷³Ùë]ª verb singularö˺ ÑÙè¯L. Ú¥F ÷ªìÙ ôÁW ÷«æ°xè¶ òÅ°ù£ö˺ How are you, Are you fine? ÍÙæ°Ù. Oæ¨ö˺ are ÓÙë]ªÚÛª î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª? – ô¢N, Ná-óŸª-ì-Þœô¢Ù áî¦ñª: Englishö˺ singular form of the verb î¦è¯-LqÙC ÍEo singular subjects ÚÛª Ú¥ë]ª. III person- singular subjectsÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª singular verbs î¦è[ê¦Ù. ·ôÙèÁ

What shall we discuss at the meeting? Janani: We shall/ We will/ Let us discuss the arrangements for the college day next week. Priya: Do you want me to come?/ Shall I come? Janani: You shall come. That too, on time/ without being late. Priya: If you insist, I will come. Will the meeting being on time. Janani: It shall at 4.15 PM. Priya: OK.

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,

2) Basheer: When will Sharook be here? Roshan: He shall be here at 10.10AM. Basheer: The shooting shall begin at 11 AM. Roshan: It shall (begin).

ví£øŒo: êµõªÞœª–ÏÙTxùà è…ÚÛ{vFõª î¦è¯-Lqì Í÷- Nù£óŸªÙ English ö˺ you, singular (ìª÷±y), êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õìª) ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-꟪ìo ú£ô¢Ù ÔNªæ¨?

Kowser: I am new to this place/I am a stranger here. Which Masjid (Mosque) shall we go to? Karim: There is one nearby. We shall go to it. You shall come here at 12.30 PM. You shall not be late. Kowser: I won't (will not) be late. Shall I bring along my friend? Karim: Don't you know that much? According to the Koran you shall bring to prayer as many as possible.

(Oªô¢ª). Íô³ê¶ verb Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ you êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« plural verb ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è¯L. 'How are you?' ÍÙç¶ (you ÚÛª Óí£±pè[« plural verb) áî¦ñª– 'I am fine' Íìè[Ù î¦è[ª¸Ú. Íô³ê¶ Oªô¢ª ÚÛªøŒ-õ÷« Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ 'Are you fine?' ÍìÙ. 'How are you?', 'Are you OK?' ÷Ùæ¨ ÷«åõª î¦è[ê¦Ù. ví£øŒo: Present Perfect Tense ô¦›ú-å-í£±pè[ª EJl-ù£dÙÞ¥ time/ period àµí£pô¢ª ÚÛë¯! Oªô¢ª plural

I have coffee in the morning. My mother has breakfast at 8 AM.

ÍE ô¦ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛ·ô-¸Údû¦? – >. ø™yêŸ, ÎC-ö°-ò°ëÂ

áî¦ñª: I have coffee in the morning. My mother has breakfast at 8 AM. sentences past actions

Ð ö˺ ÷ªìÙ (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£ìª-õìª) ÞœªJÙ# Ú¥ë]ª-ÚÛë¯ ÷«æ°xè[ªêÁÙC. Regular actions (vÚÛ÷ªÙ

ÏN.

sentences Past actions Past Doing Word Regular actions forms

Íí£±pè[ª î¦Ú¥uõª ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.

ÚÛª çµjîª àµGê¶ ÷ú£ªhÙC. šíj Ú¥ñæ¨d verb

ví£øŒo: See, Watch õ ÷ªëÅ]u ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? I see movie. I watch movie

– ÍÙæ°Ù. ÔC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd?Eg. ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨? Eg., Ex. õö˺ ÔC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. – ÖÚÛ ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªè[ª, ÷«àŸô¢x

áî¦ñª:

I see movies, I watch movies

·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íô³ê¶ am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing î¦è[Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d, ë¯E ñë]ªõª am watching/ is watching/ are watching

î¦è¯L. e.g.- ÏC for example (Ñë¯--ô¢-éÚÛª) Íû¶ë¯EÚ¨ abbreviation. e.g.- Íû¶C ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ex ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. ÍC exercise Ú¨ abbreviation.

þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82

#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa. email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

ví£øŒo:

I wish I had joined the Army. I wish I joined Army.

šíj ·ôÙè[ª î¦Ú¥uö˺x ÔC Ô ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ î¦è¯L? ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ ÷ªëÅ]u ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? – Þœí£²ôÂ, õ·Úq-æ¨d-›íå áî¦ñª: 'I wish I joined the army' ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª û¶ìª Armyö˺ à¶Jê¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙåªÙC– ÍE. 'I wish I had joined the army! ÍÙç¶ ÞœêŸÙö˺ û¶ìª Army ö˺ à¶J ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C– ÍE.

ví£øŒo: Have been, has been, had been

Íû¶ í£ë¯-õìª î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ Óö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? Have, has, had õìª Ô tenseö˺x î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª? – ÓÙ. ÎÙá-û¶-óŸ³õª, ·Ú. û¦¸Þ-øŒy-ô¢-ô¦÷±, îµ³õ-Þœ-÷Lx áî¦ñª: þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ ÞœêŸ Lessons ö˺ have been, has been, have, has Ñí£-óµ«Þ¥õª N÷JÙà¦Ù. àŸ«è[Ùè….

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Prasad: Pranav, When shall I see you again?

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 17 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

disappointed if you don't get a seat in medicine. (Fèπ◊ medicine ™ seat ®√éπ-§ÚûË

(-v°æ-ù-¢˛, ´’Sx EØÁo-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’?)

Pranav: Will you meet me tomorrow at 4?

¢Ë’ç E®√-¨¡-°æ-úø-û√ç)

Sumanth: My teachers (they) will be sad too if I don't make it to medicine . (؈’ medicine™ îË®Ω-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ´÷ teachers èπÿú≈ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’) Dad: You will be happy to know that I am going to buy a bike for you. (FéÌéπ bike éÌçô’Ø√o†E ûÁLÊÆh †’´¤y

(Í®°æ¤ Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)

Prasad: Where shall I meet you ?

(áéπ\úø éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’?)

Pranav: Will you come to LB Park? I will meet you there. (LB Park èπ◊ ´≤ƒh¢√ ? Åéπ\úø E†’o

؈’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.)

Prasad: Will Pratap come with you too

ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√´¤)

Sumanth: Really, dad? I shall be grateful to you for this. (Eïç-í¬Ø√? ؈’ î√™« éπ%ûª-Vc-úÕE) °j† îª÷úøçúÕ: Happy, sad, disappointed, grateful - É™«çöÀ feelings ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-î √-©çõ‰, I/WeûÓ shall; you, he, she, it, and, they ûÓ

(v°æû√°ˇ èπÿú≈ FûÓ ´≤ƒhú≈?)

Pranav : Of course, will you bring along your friends too? (-´≤ƒh-úø’, O’ friends †’ èπÿú≈

BÆæ’éÌ≤ƒh¢√) (bring along = BÆæ’èπ◊-®√´-úøç)

Anjali: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Fèπ◊ -Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç (you ûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ)

Sukumar: Å®·ûË

Öçô’çC.

†ØËoç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢Ó îÁ°æ¤p. -Uߪ÷L. U≤ƒh¢√? Uߪ’-úøç = draw)

Ankita: †’-´¤yÑ ¶Ô´’t©’ (you ¢√úøçúÕ. ¶Ô´’t Anjali: á°æ¤púø’ Uߪ’†’?

We shall be disappointed I shall be happy to meet them. Will they come? Will your sister come too? (¢√∞¡Ÿx -´≤ƒh®√? O’ sister èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®√) Prasad: Of course. I'll (I will) bring them along.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 34 will -¢√-úø¿-û√ç. (Åçõ‰ I/We ûÓ Will í¬-F, you, he, she, it and they ûÓ shall í¬-F, ¶µ«¢√©’, ņ’-¶µº÷-

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, ¢√∞¡x†’ ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´≤ƒh). °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆ Questions™ shall and will -¢√-úøéπç. Questions™ á°æ¤p-úø÷ I/WeûÓ shall; you, he, she, it and they ûÓ will ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. (Åçõ‰ I/ We ûÓ will í¬-F, you, he, she, it and they ûÓ shall í¬-F ®√´¤).

ûª’©’, ´’-ØÓ-Æœn-ûª’©’ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøç) éÀçC °æöÀdéπ îª÷úøçúÕ: (will and shall Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ Éçé¬ éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. ´·êuçí¬ formal, informal spoken English ™ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N. ÅN -ûª®√y-ûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.)

eg: a) When shall I see you? b) Will you meet me? c) Where shall I meet you? d) Will you come? e) Will Pratap (he) come? f) Will they come? g) Will your sister (she) come?

Subjects

Shall

I / We ûÓ shall; you, he, she, it and they ûÓ will ¢√-úøû√ç. Dad: Sumanth, this time I expect you to score better than last time.

1. Determination

(E®Ωgߪ’ç)

(ÅE-Paûª ¶µºN-≠æuûª’h)

(¶µ«¢√©÷, ņ’-¶µº÷-ûª’©’, ´’ØÓ-Æœn-ûª’©’) 3. Questions (v°æ¨¡o©’)

You, he, she, it and they

1. Definite happens

Speaker

(-ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈. -´ç-ü¿-¨»-ûªç -´÷®Ω’\--©’ ´-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ -Ø√ -¨»-ߪ’-¨¡èπ◊h-™« éπ%-≠œ-îË≤ƒh.)

É°æ¤púø’ éÀçC¢√öÀE English ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. O-™„j-†çûª´®Ωèπ◊ shall/ will ¢√úøçúÕ. 1) Anjali: ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-´÷--? Ankita: Å®·ûË Ø√ assignment á°æ¤púø’ complete îËߪ’†’ ؈’? Anjali: †’´¤y ´≤ƒh¢√? ®√¢√? Ankita: Å®·ûË Ø√ assignment complete îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-û√¢√?

Sumanth: Sure, dad. I will do my best to get 100%

I shall be happy to see you get it.

(†’´y™« ûÁa-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææç-ûÓ-≠æ-¢Ë’)

Sumanth: Why you alone dad? Mother (she) will be happy too.

(O’®Ì-éπ\Í®é¬ü¿’ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω÷, Å´’t èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC)

We (your mother and I) shall be

(´÷ö«x-úË-¢√®Ω’ ÉîËa)

1) All the glitters is not gold Åç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. E-ñ«-EéÀ All the glitters are not gold -Å-Ø√L éπü∆? 2) Sweet are the uses of adversity. DE™ Sweet is the uses of adversity ÅE Öçú≈L

éπü∆.

3) Taking a stick, he beat the dog. Having taken a stick he beat the dog.

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

4) §˘®Ó-£œ«-ûªuç ÅØË -´%AhE Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 5) He has been appointed by DEO He is appointed by DEO

Ñ È®ç-úø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’ö îÁ°æp-í∫-©-®Ω’. – °œ.-áÆˇ.®√-´¤, °œ®∏√°æ¤®Ωç

ï¢√•’:

1)

´’†ç sentence-™ ¢√úË verb subject †’ •öÀd éπü∆ Öçô’çC? Sentence No.1 ™ 'all' Åçõ‰ everything, every one of - v°æAD ÅØË Å®Ωnç

2. Intention 3. Promise

(ÖüËl¨¡ç)

(´÷ô É´y-úøç) 1. Indefinite future

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷©’) 2. Orders & Commands (Çïc©’) 3. Warnings (£«îªa-J-éπ©’) 4. Assurances (£æ…O’©’) 5. Promises (´÷ô É´y-úøç)

(Ñ≤ƒJ -Éç-ûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ -≤Ú\®˝ -îË≤ƒh-´-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

v°æ¨¡o:

Will

2. Feelings & emotions

ô-°æ¤púø’

Dad:

Answers:

´’†ç 12 í∫ç-ô©èπ◊ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆l´÷? Anjali: Å®·ûË lunch á°æ¤púø’ îËü∆lç? Ankita: ´÷´‚-©’í¬ F lunch á°æ¤púø’? ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 2 M. SURESAN Å®·ûË ´’K late Å´¤-ûª ’ç-ü∆?(´’K late = too late ) 2) Sukumar: ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’ç-úø¢√ Ééπ\úø? Sunil: àç îË≤ƒh-E-éπ\úø È®çúø’ ®ÓV©’?

1. Indefinite future I, We

☛ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ¶µ«¢√©’, ´’-ØÓÆœn-AE -ûÁ-LÊ°

Dad:

Åçû√ ¶«©’, ¶«•’ îËߪ÷L. †’´¤y ¢√∞¡x†’ supervise îËߪ÷L.

Ankita:

(¢√∞¡x†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ).

(ÅE-Paûª ¶µºN-≠æuûª’h)

2. Feelings & emotions

(¶µ«¢√©÷, ņ’-¶µº÷-ûª’©’ ´’ØÓ-Æœn-ûª’©’) (v°æ¨¡o©’)

3. Questions

Sukumar:

-Ééπ\úÕ Nçûª©’ îª÷≤ƒhç. (ã v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Nçûª©’, ü¿%¨»u©÷ îª÷úøôç = sight seeing, go sightseeing ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.) Sunil: Ø√éπ-Fo -É°æp-öÀÍé -îª÷°œç-î √-´¤ éπ-ü∆! Sukumar: †’´¤y îª÷ú≈-Lq-†Nçé¬ -È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ v°æüË-¨»-©’-Ø√o®·. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ -¢Á-∞¡-ü∆ç. Sunil: äéπ®ÓV î√©ü∆?

éπü∆? Everyone, subject Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ ÅC singular éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE verb èπÿú≈ singular í¬ Öçú≈L. Åçü¿’-´©x All that glitters is not gold ™ is éπÈ®é˙d. 2) Sweet are the uses of the adversity- Ñ sentence éπÈ®é˙d. Word order™ 'The uses of adversity are sweet' Å´¤-ûª’çC. (Sweet are these fruits ÅE poetic í¬ éπN-ûªyç™ Åçö«ç. ´÷´‚©’ prose order/ conversation ™ Å®·ûË, These fruits are sweet Åçö«ç éπü∆). Å™«Íí The uses of adversities are sweet ņo°æ¤púø’ subject àC? The uses éπü∆? ÅC plural, Åçü¿’éπE verb are. 3) Taking a stick, he beat the dog - éπv®Ω BÆæ’éÌE èπ◊éπ\†’ éÌö«d-úø’ -ÅE. Having taken a stick, he beat the dog Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç– éπv®Ω-°æ¤-a-èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈, èπ◊éπ\†’ éÌö«dúø’– Åçõ‰ Ñ sentence Åçûª éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’. ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’ (§Ú©açúÕ: Having gone to Hyderabad, he could

ÉçéÓ®Ó-ï-Ø√o Öçö«¢√?

3) Bhanu: ؈’ Í®°œ-éπ\úø á°æ¤p-úø’ç-úø†’? Bhaskar: †’´¤y Í®°œ-éπ\úø °æCç-öÀ-éπ-™«x Öçú≈L. late Å´-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Bhanu: 10 ´’K ´·çü¿®Ω é¬ü∆? Bhaskar: Meeting °æü¿-éÌç-úÕç-öÀéπ-™«x begin 鬢√L. ü∆EéÀ arrangements

1) Anjali: Shall we go to a movie this evening? Ankita: When shall I complete my assignment? Anjali: Will you come, or won't you? Ankita: Then will you help me to complete my assignment? Anjali: Certainly, you shall have my help. What do you want me to do? / What shall I do for you? Ankita: You shall draw these pictures. Will you? Anjali: When shall I draw them? Ankita: Shall we begin at 12 noon? Anjali: When shall we have lunch, then? Ankita: When is your lunch, usually? will 2 O' clock be too late for you? 2) Sukumar: Won't you (will you not) stay here for another two days? Sunil: What shall I do here for two more days? Sukumar: We shall/ will go sightseeing here. Sunil: You have already shown me all the sights here. Sukumar: There are still two or three more places to be seen. We shall go there. Sunil: Won't one day (will not one day) be enough? Sukumar: Will you then stay here for atleast oneday? 3) Bhanu: When shall I be here tomorrow? Bhaskar: You shall be here at 10. You shall not be late. Bhanu: Won't 10 be (will not 10 be) too early? Bhaskar: The meeting shall begin at 11 AM Sharp. (Sharp= éπÈ®-é˙dí¬) Balu and Babu shall make all arrangements. You shall supervise them.

not meet the CM. £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢ÁRx èπÿú≈ CM†’ îª÷úø™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’). 4) '§˘®Ó-£œ«ûªuç— ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ priesthood ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË §˘®Ó-£œ«ûªuç, priesthood °æ‹Jhí¬ äÍé -Å®√n-Eo -É-´y-´¤. §˘®Ó£œ«-ûªuç -¶«-üµ¿u-ûª-©÷, priesthood -¶«-üµ¿u-ûª-©÷ -äéπ-öÀ é¬-´¤ é¬-•-öÀd. 5)a) He has been appointed by the DEO- DEO îËûª Åûª†’ -E-ߪ’-N’ç-îª-•-ú≈f-úø’– Åçõ‰ DEO ÅûªúÕ-E appoint îË-ߪ’-úøç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. Ééπ\úø has been appointed ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† °æEE ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰Ææ’hç-C. b) He is appointed by the DEO- Ééπ\úø verb, 'is appointed' – -É-C regular action, passive voice -™  – -ÅûªúÕ-E (Åçõ‰ Ç Job ™ °æE-îËÊÆ ÅûªúÕ-E) DEO appoint îË≤ƒhúø’. ´÷´‚©’í¬ -Å-E /-á-°æ¤p-úø’ -Å-E. (§Ú©açúÕ: A lecturer is appointed by the committee Åçõ‰ lecturer †’ committee ¢√∞¡Ÿx appoint îË≤ƒh®Ω’– ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ÅE/-á-°æ¤púø÷ ÅE.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Namitha: Hi Namrata, What brings you here?

(£æ…-ß˝’ -†-v´’-û√, àçöÀ É™« ´î√a¢˛) ÉC °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤– O’ conversation™ ¢√úøçúÕ

Namratha: I want a book from you, and advice from your father

(Ø√èπ◊ F ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ã °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√L. O’ Ø√†o-í¬J Ææ©£æ… é¬¢√L)

Namitha: What book? Namratha: The book, 'How to face Interviews'. I am attending an interview the day after. (How to face Interviews ÅØË

°æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√L Ø√èπ◊. á©’xçúÕ ØËØÓ

Interview attend Å¢√yL) Namitha: And what do you want my dad's advice?

(´÷ Ø√†o-í¬J Ææ©£æ… áçü¿’èπ◊?)

Namratha: I have got interview calls for admission in MBA in two collegesPotti Sreeramulu College, and Prakasam School of Management. I want to know from your dad which is the better (MBA ™ îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’ colleges †’ç* interview letters

a/an

Ö†oN

ÅE ™„éπ\-°-ôd-í∫-L-T-†N.

book - one book, three books etc. friend - one friend, two friends etc. hour - one hour, three hours etc. meeting - one meeting, two meetings, etc. °j´Fo countables. Ééπ uncountables. Åçõ‰ ™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰-EN. eg: Water - one water, two waters - ņç éπü∆. Å™«Íí, sugar, rice, milk, etc. É´Fo ´’†ç numbers ™ îÁ°æpç. 鬕öÀd ÉN uncountables.

(á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’?)

Namitha: In an hour perhaps.

(•£æ›¨¡ ã í∫çôèπ◊)

Namratha: I have work at home. Will he be at home this evening?

(Ø√éÀçöx °æ†’çC. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Çߪ’† Éçöx Öçö«®√?)

Namitha: He has a meeting to attend. (Çߪ’-†èπ◊ meeting ÖçC). Namratha: Then I will see him tomorrow morning

(Å®·ûË ØËØ√-ߪ’Eo Í®°æ¤ -Ö-ü¿-ߪ’ç éπ©’≤ƒh). °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ underlined words îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? ¢√öÀ™x éÌEoç-öÀ-´·çü¿’ 'a' or 'an' ÖØ√o®·. -´’-JéÌEo-çöÀ´·çü¿’ ™‰´¤-éπü∆.

v°æ¨¡o: Weak verbs, Strong verbs Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? OöÀE ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç ûª°æp-E-Ææ®√? Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©†’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – 鬴u, ņ÷≠æo, £æ«†t-éÌçúø ï¢√•’: '-ed', '-d', '-t' îË®Ωaúøç ´©x past tense, past participle à®ΩpúË verbs†’ weak verbs Åçö«ç. OöÀØË Regular verbs ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç.

eg: Present - Past - Past Participle 1. talk - talked - talked 2. love - loved - loved 3. smell - smelt - smelt ûÁL-ÆœçC éπü∆ °j verbs™«çöÀ verbs ÅEoç-öÀE Åçõ‰ '-ed', '-d' or '-t' îË®Ωaúøç ü∆y®√ past tense, past participle form Å®·ûË ÅN weak/ regular verbs. Strong verbs†’ irregular verbs ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’. ÉN past tense, past participle, weak verbs ™«í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, verb form™ØË ´÷®Ω’pûÓ à®Ωp-

úø-û√®·.

eg: Present - Past - Past Participle 1. Sing - sang - sung 2. Know - knew - known 3. do - did - done É™«çöÀ verbs strong verbs.

4) 'A'

á°æ¤púø’? 'An' á°æ¤púø’? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Lesson ™ N´-Jç-*-†-ô’xí¬ Å, Ç É, Ñ, Ö, Ü, á, à, â, ä, ã, å ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u English ´÷ô-©-´·çü¿’ 'An' ¢√úøû√ç. N’í∫û√ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ 'a' ¢√úøû√ç. Éçé¬ Ant (Ééπ\úø 'a' Ææ÷*çîË ¨¡•lç ´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈ 'an') a) An Ant, An abode (Å);

2. Anil: O’ Éçöx TV Amar: ÅüËç v°æ¨¡o?

Öçü∆? Ñ ®ÓV™x TV ™‰E É©xçô÷ Öçü∆? (Ñ ®ÓV™x – nowadays) Anil: v°æï-©ç-ü¿-Jéà TV Öçô’ç-ü¿ç-ö«¢√? (... you mean ¢√úøçúÕ) Amar: Ø√ ÖüËl¨¡ç ÅC-é¬ü¿’. ´’üµ¿u-ûª-®Ω-í∫A ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÀ TV Öçô’çC.

A, An ®√-¢√-Lqç-üË!

Namitha: Congrats. All the best. But my dad is out on business. He's (=He has) gone out to call on a friend.

(call called on the President yesterday). Namratha: When will he be back?

™‰EN

a book advice an interview business a friend work an hour a meeting Ééπ\úø a/an ¢√úÕ† ´÷ô©’– book, interview, friends, hour, meeting- OöÀE countables Åçö«ç. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç äéπöÀ, È®çúø’, ´‚úø’, 10, 20

´î√a®·. àC ´’ç*üÓ O’ Ø√†o -í¬-J-E -Å-úÕT ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E).

(´÷ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ °æE-O’ü¿ •ßª’-öèπ◊ ¢Á∞«}®Ω’, Çߪ’† friend †’ éπ©-´ -ú≈-EéÀ). on= äéπ ´uéÀhE éπ©-´ôç– The PM

a/an

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 19 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 35 éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-E î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ follow Å´çúÕ. 1) English™ countables èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ plurals Öçö«®·. (äéπöÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å®·ûË – singular, äéπöÀ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Å®·ûË plural) Singular Plural book books pen pens man men child children sheep (íÌvÈ®) sheep (íÌvÈ®©’) 2) uncountables –™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰-EN. OöÀéÀ plural Öçúøü¿’.

(milks, golds, silvers ņç éπü∆. Åçõ‰ milk, gold, silver ÉN uncountables 鬕öÀd OöÀéÀ plural Öçúøü¿’. 3) Very very important: English™ countable singular áéπ\úø ¢√úÕØ√ ü∆E-´·çü¿’ éπ*aûªçí¬ 'a' é¬F 'an' é¬F ®√¢√L. a) A cow (cow - countable singular) gives milk (Ç´¤ §ƒ©’ ÉÆæ’hçC) b) An umbrella (umbrella- countable singular) is in that corner ( Ç ´‚© ã

íÌúø’í∫’ ÖçC)

c) A watch (watch - countable singular) shows the time (Watch Time †’ îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC) îª÷¨»®√, áéπ\úø Countable singular ´*aØ√ ü∆E-´·çü¿’ ûª°æpéπ 'a' 'an' ®√´-©-

ÆœçüË. ®√éπ-§ÚûË ûª°æ¤p.

d) A doctor treats patients

(ú≈éπd®˝ ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îË≤ƒhúø’ Treat ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’úøç Treatment - ¢Ájü¿uç) A / an Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'äéπ— ÅE éπü∆ Å®Ωnç. Å®·ûË English ™ A / an ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ¢√úøç éπü∆. English ™ A cow gives milk Åçõ‰ØË éπÈ®é˙d. ü∆ØËo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç, 'Ç´¤-§ƒ-L-Ææ’hçC— Åçö«ç é¬F, 'äéπ Ç´¤ §ƒL-Ææ’hçC— ņç éπü∆. Å™« Åçõ‰ N’í∫û√ Ç´¤-L-´y-´Ø√? 'íÌúø’í∫’ ´®Ω{ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC— Åçö«ç é¬F, äéπ íÌúø’í∫’ ´®Ω{ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC ņç éπü∆. ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Countable Singulars èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ a / an omit îËÆæ’hçö«ç. ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ´’S} í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. English ™ Countable Singulars èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ a / an ¢√úøû√ç. ¢√ú≈L. ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ûª°æ¤p

an arm, an egg(á); An Indian (Éç); An ox, an idea (â) etc. an honour (Ç); an hour (Å) etc b) a Tree, a Book etc University - (ߪ‚) – 鬕öÀd a University M. SURESAN European - (ߪ‚) 鬕öÀd a European ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: A ¢√ú≈™«, An ¢√ú≈™« ÅØËC Countable Singular ´·çü¿’ ´îËa ´÷ô†’ •öÀd

èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC.

eg: a question - an important question a story - an uninteresting story an idea - a useless idea a boy - an honest boy 5) Uncountables ´·çü¿’ A/an á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç. a Water, a milk ņç éπü∆! ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌE English ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’

í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: a) countables èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ singular, plural Öçö«®· b) countable singular ´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√¢√LqçüË c) Uncountables èπ◊ Plural Öçúøü¿’ d) Uncountable èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√ü¿’. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† important points:

äéπ ´÷ô Uncountable Å®·ûË, ü∆EéÀ plural Öçúøü¿’, ü∆E-´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√ü¿’. (Dictionary ™ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’†o ´÷ô °æéπ\† (C) é¬F, (U) é¬F Öçô’çC. (C) Åçõ‰ countable, (U) Åçõ‰ uncountable. ü∆Eo•öÀd ´’†ç E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ¢√L. Ç ´÷ô´·çü¿’ 'A/ an' ´Ææ’hçü∆, ®√ü∆ ÅE) éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ English™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. eg:

Ram:

Fan àç îËÆæ’hçC? (What does a fan do?)

Ramana:

í¬L-E-Ææ’hçC.

(It gives air)

Ram:

Å®·ûË Ééπ\-úÌéπ fan °ôdçúÕ. (Please fix a fan here). 1. Suman: ØËØÓ ´’ç* doctor †’ îª÷ú≈-©-†’éÌç-ô’-Ø√o†’.

Suresh: Ééπ\-úÌéπ ´’ç* doctor Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Suman: ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´ fees BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«ú≈? (fees ™«çöÀN BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç = charge) Suresh: Å´¤†’ áèπ◊\¢Ë BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. Suman: áçûª BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’? Suresh: ´çü¿-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ. Suman: î√©’. ؈’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o. Ø√èπ◊ doctor Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.

3. Kumar:

Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™  àüÁjØ√ school Öçü∆? Karim: Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ schools ÖØ√o®·. Kumar: ´÷ Ŷ«s®· éÓÆæç ã ´’ç* school 鬢√L. Karim: È®çúø’ schools èπÿú≈ ´’ç*¢Ë. Kumar: O’®Ω’ -à school suggest (Ææ÷*ç-îªúøç) îË≤ƒh®Ω’?

Answers:

1. Suman: I want to see a good doctor. Suresh: I know a good doctor (around) here. (here ÅE ņúøç éπÈ®Íéd. Around here Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™ – ÉC conversational. Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™x

¢√úøçúÕ.)

Suman: Does he charge high?/ Does he charge a high fee?/ Does he charge high fees?/ Are his fees high?/ Is his fee high?/ Is he expensive? Suresh: Yes. He does. (He charges high) Suman: How much does he charge? Suresh: A hundred rupees the first time. (hundred, thousand, lakh, crore, million, etc - É´Fo èπÿú≈ countable singulars. 鬕öÀd OöÀ-´·çü¿’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ 'a' ®√¢√L. 132 = A hundred and thirty two. 1500= A thousand and five hundred. Å®·ûË bank notes ™ ´÷vûªç 'A' •ü¿’©’ one ®√≤ƒhç) Suman: OK. That's enough. I am all right. I don't need a doctor now/ any more. 2) Anil: Have you a TV at home? Amar: What a question! Is there a home without a TV nowadays? Anil: Do you mean that all people have TVs? (Do you mean, - ÉC ¢√úøôç practice

îËߪ’çúÕ. Å®Ωnç– F ÖüËl-¨¡´÷?/ Å®Ωn´÷? ÅE. What do you mean? - F Å®Ωnç, F ÖüËl¨¡ç àN’öÀ?) Amar: I do not mean that. All middle class people have TVs. 3) Kumar: Is there a school near/ around here? Karim: There are two schools. Kumar: I want a good school for my son? Karim: Both the schools are equally good. Kumar: Which school do you suggest?

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ (Éçûª-´-®Ω π◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊çC: Countable èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ A/ an ¢√úøû√ç. Uncountablesèπ◊ plural Öçúøü¿’. ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ A/an ®√ü¿’).

Singulars

Gowtham: Hi Gowri, What news? Gowri:

Certainly I have news for you

(FéÓ ¢√®Ωh îÁ§ƒpL) Gowtham: Out with it please

(Å®·ûË îÁ°æ¤p) ÅüËüÓ îÁÊ°pß˝’. ÉC O’ conversations ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ Out with it.

Gowri:

I have information. Tomorrow's exam has been put off until next Thursday)

(Í®°æöÀ exam ´îËa í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢√®·-ü∆°æ-úÕ-†ô’x Ø√èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCçC) Put off = ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’úøç. Gowtham: That's good news. Thank you

(ÅC ´’ç* ¢√®Ωh).

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 21 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

Krishna:

Å´¤†’. FÍé-´’Ø√o 鬢√™«? Ê°°æ®˝ 鬢√L. äéπ ü¿≤ƒh (Quire) Krishna: ûÁ≤ƒh™‰. 3) Brahmam: Ç ´·Ææ-™«--Núø î√™« ≤ƒ-´’--vT BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC. ÇN-úøèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËü∆lç °æü¿. Vishnu: OK ûªy®Ωí¬ §Úü∆ç °æü¿. Å´-ûª© Ø√èπ◊ urgent °æ†’©’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ÖØ√o®·. Kesav:

ANSWERS: 1) Purnima: I want/ need advice

a) Advice. a piece of advice ņ-´îª’a. A few

(an adviceé¬ü¿’).

pieces of advice ÅEèπÿú≈

Preethi: What about?

Eg: 1) Let me give you advice/ Let me

Purnima: I want to do business

2) I want a piece of advice from you. 3) He had two or three pieces of advice for students in his speech. b) bread.

Uncountable.

ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ ÅE

'breads'

é¬ü¿’).

plural

Åçõ‰ ™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç

a lot of.. some Gowri:

That's from the horse's mouth,

Gowtham: OK. I have work. I am off. (ÆæÍ®

Ø√èπ◊ °æ†’çC. ØË´≤ƒh.) I'm (I am) off= ØË¢Á-∞¡ŸhØ√o. Conversation™ ¢√úøçúÕ. Ééπ\úø îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. news, information, work ´·çü¿’ A/ An ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç, Åçõ‰ news, information, work™«çöÀN English™ uncountables. Åçõ‰ OöÀéÀ plurals Öçúø´¤. OöÀ-´·çü¿’ A/ An ®√ü¿’. é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ: ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç °j ¢√öÀE countablesí¬ ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆– news (¢√®Ωh/ ¢√®Ωh©’) information (Ææ´÷-î√-®√©’ Åçô’çö«ç); work (°æE/ °æ†’©’). í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. News, information, work- uncountables. ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ A/ An ¢√úø-éπçúÕ. ¢√öÀéÀ plurals ¢√úø-éπçúÕ. É™«Íí ÉçéÌEo uncountables... advice, bread, business, furniture, luggage, paper, soap. News, information, workûÓ§ƒô’

É´Fo èπÿú≈ Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ A/ An ®√ü¿’. OöÀéÀ plurals™‰´¤. ´’J conversations™ OöÀE uncountablesí¬ ¢√úøúøç Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. a) FéÓ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh = good news for you/ uncountables-

I have good news for you (A good news/ I have a good news for you é¬ü¿’) Ç letter™ î√© ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÖçC. = The letters has important information. (... has an important information é¬-ü¿’) c) Ø√èπ◊ ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE ÖçC =

b)

I have urgent work. (I have an urgent work

é¬ü¿’). éÀçC¢√öÀE English™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. 1) Purnima : Ø√èπ◊ Ææ©£æ… é¬¢√L. Preethi : üËE í∫’Jç*? Purnima: ØËØÓ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ ÷-©-† ’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o. Preethi: àç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç? 2) Krishna: Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ÷-©E -Öç-C. Ææ•’s 鬢√L. Kesav: †’´¤y -•-ߪ’-ôèπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o¢√?

éÌØËC.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 36 Preethi: What business? 2) Krishna: I want to have a bath/ I feel like having a bath. I want soap. (a soap é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) Kesav: Are you going out? Krishna: Yes, Do you want anything? Kesav: I want paper. A Quire (Papers ņç éπü∆?) Krishna: I'll (= I will) get it. 3) Brahmam: That old woman is carrying a lot of luggage. Let us help her. (a Luggage/ many luggages ™‰´¤). Vishnu: OK. Let's hurry up. I have two or three urgent jobs attend to. (a work/ works ¢√úøç éπü∆?) í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. °j¢√-öÀéÀ ¢ËöÀéà Plural ®√™‰ü¿’. A/ An ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ English usage™ Å´Fo èπÿú≈ uncountables. Uncountables ™ ÉçéÓöÀ-– hair (Vô’d). hairs ÅØË °æü¿ç (¢Áçvô’-éπ©’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) English ™ ™‰ü¿’

™ loaf

of bread. (A loaf of bread

or

three

M. SURESAN

loaves of milk

™«í¬ –

a litre/ 2 or 3 litres of

milk) bread

†’

slices

™ Açö«ç

Govind: What did you have for breakfast? (Break Fast

àç AØ√o´¤)

Gopal: I had two slices of bread and omlet c) Business -

È®çúø’Å®√n©’– 1) °æE 2) ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç, È®çúø’ Å®√n-™ x†÷ Business uncountable. (Åçõ‰ A business/ businesses ™‰ü¿’)

Seenu: Hi, long since we met. what are you and where are you?

(£æ…ß˝’ Q†’, îª÷Æœ î√™«-鬩´’®·çC. àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤ (ÖüÓuí∫ç)? áéπ\úø ÖØ√o´¤?) Srikanth: I am doing business

(¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËÆæ’hØ√o) Seenu:

She has fine dark / luxuriant hair.

What Business?

(àç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç?)

Ç¢Á’ Vô’d †©xí¬ §Òúø’í¬_ †’†’-°æ¤í¬ Öçô’çC.

Srikanth: I have two or three lines (È®çúø’

´‚úø’ ¢√u§ƒ-®√©’ Åçõ‰ †’ Ææçêuí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, lines of business Åçö«ç. ÅçûË-é¬F Businesses ņç) Business

îª÷¨»ç-éπü∆. (ÉEo ÅE)

îÁÊ°p Å´-é¬-¨»-©’-Ø√o®·. Advice, advise ..

business.

àC éπÈ®é˙d?

Advice, advise ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d ÅØË v°æ¨¡o î√™«-´’çC Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Advice Åçõ‰ Ææ©£æ…. He gives advice - Çߪ’† ´’ç* Ææ©£æ… É≤ƒh®Ω’. Her advice is always good - Ç¢Á’ Ææ©£æ… á°æ¤púø÷ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Advise= Åçõ‰ Ææ©£æ… É´yúøç – ÉC verb Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ؈’ Fèπ◊ Ææ©£æ… ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’= I advise you to take rest.

ú≈éπd®Ω’x Ç¢Á’†’ Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lqç-Cí¬ Ææ©£æ… ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ =

O’üËç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç? = What's your

business? what is your

line?

Å®·ûË business èπ◊ shop/ company ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Å°æ¤p-úøC countable. a) Åûª-úÕéÀ stationary shop ÖçC. He has a stationary business. b) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊

•ôd© éπç°F ÖçC.

They have a cloth business. (very important:

°j† îÁ°œp†´Fo spoken ´·êu-¢Á’i† Åçûª-®√s¥-í¬©’. °j ´÷ô-©†’ ¢√úË B®Ω’-†’-•öÀd ´’†èπ◊ English´î√a, ®√ü∆ ÅØËC ûË©a-´îª’a). °j† îÁ°œp† uncountable ÅEoçöÀéÃ, ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ a lot of, éÌçûª ņú≈-EéÀ some ņ-´îª’a. A lot of/ some advice, bread, business, information, news etc.

bread.

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´’ç* Vô’d ÖçC. She has black smooth hair. (A Hair/ Hairs ņç) É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ éÌEo Uncountables ¢√öÀ™ éÌEoç-öÀéÀ éÌçûª Specific í¬

èπ◊ î√™« ¢√u§ƒ-®√-©’-Ø√o®·.

English™

bakery

you know [ÅC (Ñ ¢√®Ωh) ÅÆæ-© ’-¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω-† ’ç* ´*açC.Horse's mouth = Ææ´÷-î√-®Ωç-™«ç-öÀC îÁ°æp-í∫-L-T† ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁÊ°h. Municipal polls date ´·êu-´’çvA v°æéπ-öÀÊÆh ÅC, from the horse's mouth; collegeéÀ ÂÆ©´¤ Principal v°æéπ-öÀÊÆh ÅC from horse's mouth].

Tatas

The Tatas have a number of lines of

give you a piece of advice.

(üËE í∫’Jç*, üËE N≠æߪ’ç?) 'What about' èπÿú≈ spoken English™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË expression. Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’éÓçúÕ. (a business

ņ-´îª’a.

Doctors advise her to take rest. DEéÀ English îÁ°æpçúÕ: ؈’ á´-Jéà Ææ©£æ… É´y†’ Ans: a) I don't give advice to anybody b) I don't advise anybody °j È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-E -§Ú©açúÕ -¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ -¢√éπuç a) ™ advice= Ææ©£æ… È®ç-úÓ -¢√éπuç b) ™ advise = Ææ©£æ… É´yúøç. Advise: present tense - advise; past tense and past participle = advised. He, She it subjects ûÓ advises.

Now practice the following conversation in English: a) Sandhya:

F Vô’d áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ! Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçC. (Ñ®Ω{u-°æ-úøúøç=envy) Swathi: ؈’ soap ¢√úø†’. 'Darksilk' shampoo ¢√úø-û√†’. ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* Vô’d °®Ω-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’ûª’çC. Sandhya: ؈’ ÅEo Ææ•’s©÷ ¢√úÕ îª÷¨»†’. °∂æLûªç ™‰ü¿’. Swathi: Ææ•’s©’ ü¿çúøí∫ b) Pramod: Hi Prasanth, ¢√®Ωh-™‰-´ ’-®·Ø√ ÖØ√oߪ÷? Prasanth: ؈’ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-¶-ûª’Ø√o†’. Pramod: àç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç? (Line ¢√úøçúÕ) Prasanth: Éçé¬ à ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω¢Á÷ E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ™‰ü¿’. C) Vikram: Breakfast àç BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤? Vikranth: v¶„ú˛, í∫’úø’x Vikram: v¶„ú˛ áçûª BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤? Vikranth: È®çúø’ slices, ñ«ç.

v°æ¨¡o: Princess

Apostrophe 's'

ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ E îË®√a-©çõ‰ à

Nüµ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ÷L? Princess's ring ÅE ®√ߪ’-´î√a? ví¬´’®˝ ®Ω÷™¸qE N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. – áç.Å-E-®Ω’üµ˛, Ũ»y-°æ¤®Ωç, ê´’tç >™«x.

ï¢√•’:

PrincesséÀ Apostrophe s = Princess's. Princess's ring éπÈ®Íéd. Éçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿’ lesson™ ûÁL§ƒç. 'ßÁ·éπ\— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Apostrophe s v§ƒùç Ö†o ¢√öÀéÀ,

¶µ«¢√-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. v§ƒùç-™‰E ÅîËûª-†-¢Á’i† ¢√öÀéÀ ¢√úøç. ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ of °úøû√ç. Eg: The Pages of the book.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Vinod: When did you get the letter? What's the news?

(™„ô®˝ á°æ¤-úÌ-*açC? àçöÀ Ææçí∫-ûª’©’?)

Vijai: Important news. My uncle is moving into his new home by the month end. He has given me an important job to do.

(´·êu-¢Á’i† ¢√Í®h. ´÷ ¶«¶«®· Ñ ØÁ™«ê-JéÀ éÌûªh ÉçöÀéÀ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Ø√éÓ ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE Å°æp-ñ„-§ƒpúø’.) Vinod: What is it? (àçôC?) Vijai: I have to buy furniture here and send it to him.

(Ééπ\úø °∂æJo-˝ éÌE Çߪ’-†èπ◊ °æç°œç-î√L.)

Vinod: How much? - furniture uncountable) Vijai: It's a tall order. At least 8 to 9 items.

(áçûª?

(î√™« áèπ◊\¢Ë. éπFÆæç áE-N’C, ûÌN’tC ´Ææ’h-´¤©’) (tall order= áèπ◊\´. á´-È®jØ√ ´’†èπ◊ °æ¤®Ω-´÷-®·ç*† °æE áèπ◊\¢Ë ņ-ú≈-EéÀ a tall order Åçö«ç. O’ conversation ™ DEo practice îËߪ’çúÕ.) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù†’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. furniture uncountable ÅE Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç í∫ü∆? Å®·ûË furniture †’ specificí¬ Ææçêu™ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ an item/ items of; a piece/ pieces of furniture ņ-´îª’a. An item/ items of furniture ÅØËC shops ™, official language ™ ¢√úøû√ç. ´÷´‚©’ ´’† ¢√úø’é𠶵«≠æ™ conversational í¬ Å®·ûË a piece of/ pieces of furniture Åçö«ç. Customer: I want some furniture. Shop keeper: What are the items, Sir, and how many? Customer: Just a few items business language item

Ééπ\úø (= ´Ææ’h´¤) ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç.

鬕öÀd

Ramana: Look at that sofa there and the dining table.

(Ç ≤Ú§∂ƒ, úÁjEçí˚ õ‰•’™¸ îª÷úø’)

Raghav: Yes, what about them?

(îª÷¨»†’, àN’öÀ?)

Ramana: Those two pieces of furniture have been with us for the past twenty years.

(Ç È®çúø÷ ´÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω 20 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ ÖØ√o®·.) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù business/ official é¬èπ◊çú≈ informal 鬕öÀd Åçü¿’™ a piece of / pieces of furniture Åçö«ç. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Vijai à´’Ø√oúø’? He has given me an important job to do

ÅE éπü∆. 'work' uncountable. Åçü¿’-éπE ûÁ©’í∫’™ ™«í¬ °æE/ °æ†’©’ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ job/ jobs ¢√úø-´îª’a. (Job Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ÖüÓuí∫ç. job Åçõ‰ °æE = work ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. 'work' uncountable; 'job' countable.)

Vittal: Why are you in such a hurry?

(àçôçûª £æ«ú≈-´¤úÕ?)

Vikram: I have two or three urgent jobs to do before 3 in the afternoon.

(؈’ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´‚úø’™í¬ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ†’©’ îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC.)

Vittal: I have a job to do too. Mom wants me to take her shopping.

(Ø√èπ◊ äéπ °æE ÖçC. ´÷ Å´’t ≥ƒ°œçí˚éÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x´’çöçC.) Soap èπÿú≈ uncountable. Å®·ûË ü∆Eoèπÿú≈ Ææçêu™ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷®√_-©’-Ø√o®·.

Kiran: How much soap do you use a month?

Practice the following aloud in English:

؈’ -Fèπ◊ ´çü¿-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-L-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’, ÅC î√™«?

(ØÁ©èπ◊ O’®Ω’ áçûª Ææ•’s ¢√úø-û√®Ω’?)

I am giving you a hundred rupees. Will that do?

Kashyap: Depends. In summer at least 5 to 6 cakes of soap. In winter, two or three.

ÅC î√©ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë 鬢√L.

That will not (won't) do. I need more than that.

(¢ËÆæ-N™ Å®·-ü∆®Ω’ Ææ•’s G∞¡x©’, Qû√-鬩ç È®çúø’´‚úø’.)

1) Madan:

Ø√èπ◊

Ææ•’s 鬢√-©´÷t? ¢√úøçúÕ) Mother: È®çvúÓ-V© éÀçüË éÌûªh Ææ•’s BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o´¤. ÅC ¢√úË-¨»¢√? Madan: Åü¿-®·-§Ú-®·çC. É°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ•’s 鬢√L. (Mom

a piece of/ pieces.. Hemanth: You waste a lot of paper.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 37 ™ éÌØËC.

let me have soap/ a piece of soap/ some soap (pronunciation- cake news, information a piece of good/ bad news; a piece of information/ some pieces of information a) He has leaked out an important piece of information.

Éçöx Ø√èπ◊ ≤Ú°ˇ 鬢√L ņ-ú≈-EéÀ–

Åçö«ç. Ééπ

= Èéß˝’é˙) N≠æߪ’ç.

¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC.

(´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç •ßª’-ô-°-ö«dúø’.)

b) A piece of news is missing in this letter.

(Ø√èπ◊ Ê°°æ®˝ 鬢√L. F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çü∆?) (Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω È®çúø’ ≠‘ô’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®·.)

Hari: One sheet will do for me.

(Ø√èπ◊ äéπ ≠‘ö¸ î√©’.) will do = î√©’. ÉC èπÿú≈ conversational. O’ spoken English ™ 'î√©’— ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøçúÕ.

Ñ ¢√éπuç èπÿú≈ ûªÊ°p éπü∆! ÅE ®√ߪ÷L éπü∆? – áØ˛. ¶µ«Ææ\-®Ω-®√´¤, Çîªçô

ï¢√•’: 1) Suneetha is like her sister,

Suneetha looks like her sister correct. Suneetha is like her sister.

¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Å®√n-©ûÓ Ñ È®çúø÷

Suneetha looks like her sister.

D†®Ωnç äéπ\ §ÚL-éπ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ (îª÷úø-ú≈-EéÀ).

2) Ramu and his brother are alike in their appearance are verb

™‰éπ-§ÚûË

He went out an hour ago.

went use Went (Past doing word) She has gone out just a minute ago. has gone

Ééπ\úø Æ洒ߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰¨»®Ω’ 鬕öÀd O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷©E í∫ûªç™ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. 鬕öÀd. ´’J–

Ñ ¢√éπuç™†÷ Æ洒ߪ’ç ûÁLߪ’ñ‰-¨»®Ω’. é¬F

Åçö«ç. É´Fo ™ ñ«ví∫-ûªh-°æ-ú≈-Lq† *†o-*†o Å稻©’. ¢√úø’ É°æp-öÀÍé Ø√©’í∫’ é¬T-û√©’ ´%ü∑∆ î˨»úø’.

He has written his address on a slip of paper and given it to me.

ØË© î√™« ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ ÖçC. äéπ\ é¬Tûªç ´·éπ\ èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’. The floor is clean, not a piece of paper anywhere.

ÅE O’Í® ´î√a?

E

(Past Participle) use

î˨»®Ω’. Å™« îËߪ’-– áç. Xé¬çû˝, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ï¢√•’: She has gone out just a minute ago. Ééπ\úø just a minute ago Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púË ÅØË Å®Ωnç BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-™‰-í¬F, õ„jç îÁ°œp-†ô’x é¬ü¿’. just ¢√úøúøç ´©x Ç Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË American usage ™ É°æ¤p-úÕ-°æ¤púË complete Å®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Past Doing Word (past simple) ¢√úøû√®Ω’. He has gone out just a minute ago. just has gone outbetter, British usage time past action Past Doing Word correct. 'could' 'mould'

Ééπ\úø

Ææ’Fûª Ç¢Á’ ÆœÆd®æ ˝™«Íí ÖçC– Åçõ‰ §ÚL-éπ™, í∫’ù«™x, †úø-´-úÕ™ ÅE.

ÅØËC éπÈ®é˙d. ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’.

sheets of paper; a slip of/ slips of paper; a piece of paper/ pieces of paper Spoken English

¢√úø’ ûª† ÅvúøÆˇ äéπ é¬Tûªç ´·éπ\ O’ü¿ ®√Æœ-î√aúø’.

Hemanth: I have only two sheets.

ÅØ√L éπü∆!

(Ç ≠‘ö¸ É´¤y. ؈’ M. SURESAN ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o.) ®√ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ, printing èπ◊ ¢√úË paper á°æ¤púø÷ uncountable. Åçõ‰ Ñ Å®Ωnç™ papers ÅE-í¬F, a paper ÅE-í¬F ņç. Ææçë«u-¢√-îªéπçûÓ ÅØ√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰– a sheet of/

He has already wasted four sheets of paper.

(Ñ ™„ô-®˝™ äéπ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.)

Hari: I want paper. Have you any?

Suneetha looks like her sister 2) Ramu and his brother alike in appearance Ramu and his brother are alike in appearance

(†’´¤y Ê°°æ®˝ ¶«í¬ ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒh´¤.)

Hari: Let me have just one sheet. I am in a hurry

shop a cake/ cakes of soap

Åçõ‰ ´’†ç

v°æ¨¡o: 1) Suneetha is like her sister ņúøç ûª°æ¤p éπü∆?

v°æ¨¡o:

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 23 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç 鬕öÀd v°æ鬮Ωç. îÁ°œp† äéπöÀ´÷vûªç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úø-úø¢Ë’ v°æ¨¡o: ÉçTx≠ˇ™ E 'èπ◊ú˛— ÅE, E '´’¯™¸f— ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ °æ©’-èπ◊-û√®Ω’? ÉC ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ™°æ´÷? – öÀ. ÆæB-≠ˇ-È®úÕf, Né¬-®√-¶«ü˛ ï¢√•’: English pronunciation system ™ Ö†o üÓ≠æç ´©x É™«çöÀ ÆæçüË-£æ…©’ ´≤ƒh®·. English ™ äéπ ´÷ô pronunciation ü∆E origin †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ ü∆E ´‚™«-Eo-•öÀd. ÅC Åîªaç English ´÷ö«, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢ËÍ® ¶µ«≠憒ç* ´*a† ´÷ö« ÅØË ü∆Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd Dictionery E ¢√úÕ pronunciation ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç äéπõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç. áçü¿’-éÀ™«? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’.

Mother:

Ææ•’s ´’K áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. Ωtç §ÒúÕí¬ Å´¤-ûª’çC ñ«ví∫ûªh! Madan: ؈’ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ Ææ•’s ¢√úø-û√†’. Mother: ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC. Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV™x äéπ Ææ•’s Å´-íÌ-õ‰d-¨»´¤. 2) Prasanth: †’´¤y ´÷´‚-©’í¬ áEoç-öÀéÀ °æúø’èπ◊ç-ö«´¤?(when ... go to bed ¢√úøçúÕ). Pramod: ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ®√vA 10éÀ. é¬F Ñ ®ÓV Ç©Ææuç Å´¤ûª’çü¿†’èπ◊çô’Ø√o. Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æ†’-©’-Ø√o®·. ÅN îËÆœ† ûª®√yûË °æúø’-èπ◊çö«. Prasanth: Å®·ûË ØË¢Á-∞¡xØ√? Ø√èπÿ Éçöx ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE ÖçC? ؈’ éÌçûª Ê°°æ®˝ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. áÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’çö¸ äéπöÀ ®√ߪ÷L. äéπ Ø√©’í∫’ é¬Tû√©’ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. Pramod: ÅN î√™«? Answers:

1) Madan: I want soap/ some soap, mom. Mother: You took a new cake of soap just two days ago. Have you done with it? (have done with = conversational. 'Have you used it up?' bookish. 'Have you used it up?' spoken form- Have you done with it?/ Are you done with it. Madan: Yes, mom. I am done with it. I want soap now. Mother: You are using too much of soap, boy. It dries up your skin, be careful. Madan: I use very little soap. Mother: I know. That's why you have used up a whole cake in just four days. 2) Prasanth: When do you go to bed usually? sleep = (go to bed =

äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤†’ ¢√úËߪ’úøç – ÉC ņ-´îª’a. é¬F ÅC éÌçîÁç ¢√u´£æ…-J-éπçí¬ ÅØË ü∆EéÀ

Evü¿èπ◊ Ö°ævéπ-N’-çîªúøç, EvCç-îªúøç – È®çúø÷ äéπöÀ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆!)

Pramod: Usually at 10. I shall be late today. I have two or three jobs to do. I will go to bed only after finishing them. Prasanth: Shall I go then? I have important work at home too. Shall I take some paper? I have an assignment to do. I am taking four sheets. Pramod: Will that (they) do?

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Jagadeesh: I came for you yesterday. You were out.

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 25 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

Åçõ‰ verbsèπ◊ verb form: was + ing / Were + ing.

(E†o ؈’ FéÓÆæç ´î√a†’. †’Nyçöx ™‰´¤) You were out = †’´¤y Éçöx ™‰´¤. Were you in? = †’Nyçöx -ÖØ√o¢√? îª÷úøçúÕ. Ñ in, out, be forms ™«çöÀ *†o´÷ô©ûÓØË áçûÓ conversation †úø-°æ-´îª’a. *†o*†o Ææ®Ω-∞¡-¢Á’i† ´÷ô-©ûÓ spoken english ´÷ö«x-úÕûËØË ÅC Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC. *†o ´÷ô-©-èπ◊çúË ÅEo ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç conversation èπ◊ î√™« ´·êuç. Jayanth: I was at Sekhar's. I was playing chess with him.

Singular subjects (I, he, she, it, they)©èπ◊ was + ing

¢√úøû√ç. Plural subjects (we, you, Å®·ûË were + ing Å´¤-ûª’çC. (English ™ you = †’´¤y / O’®Ω’; à Å®Ωnç™ Å®·Ø√ ÅC plural verb ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç) Was + ing / were + ing form™ verb, past continuous tense ™ Öçô’çC. éÀçC sentences îª÷úøçúÕ. a) Åûª†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ °æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿’-´¤ûª’Ø√o = I was reading a book when he they)

came in. b) ¢Ë’´·

•ßª’-ôèπ◊ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ áçúø-í¬ØË ÖçC =

The sun was shining when we went out.

(؈’ ¨Ïê®˝ ¢√Rxçöx ÖØ√o†’. ¨Ïê-®˝ûÓ îÁÆˇ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’)

While the teacher was teaching the

Pradeep: Ç¢Á’ TV

îª÷≤ÚhçC. Åûª†’ ´Ææ’hØ√oúøE O’Èé-´-Jéà ûÁLߪ’ü∆? Pradeep: Åûª†’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-úøE ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F ÅûªEûÓ§ƒô’ úø•’s BÆæ’-éÌ-Ææ’h-†oô’x ´÷èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

pupils were talking

Pratap:

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ teacher teach îËߪ’úøç, °œ©x©’ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Öçúøúøç– È®çúø’ Continuous past actions éπü∆! Åçü¿’-éπE was + ing / were + ing.

You were out

ANSWERS: a) I saw her when she was going out. b) He was studying while she was cooking. c) Venkat: What were you doing when all this happen? Vinai: I was reading the newspaper.

Sekhar's

Åçõ‰ î√©’; Sekhar's Sekhar's place ÅØ√Lq† °æE-™‰ü¿’

home,

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 38

Jagadeesh: On my way home I saw your father and his friend. They were taking a walk.

c) Warden

™°æL-éÌ*a†°æ¤púø’ °œ©x©’ (pupils) îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ = The pupils were studying when the Warden came in.

d)

(Ø√éÓÆæç áçü¿’-éÌ-î√a´¤?) Jagadeesh: I was just going this way. I

e)

(†’´¤y ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ brother, sister Éçöx ™‰®√?) call = °œ©-´úøç, call at = äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç. ؈’ E†o O’ ÉçöÀ-éÌî√a = I called at your place

uncle

ûª®Ωîª÷

ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’

Jagadeesh: They were, of course. They were watching the T.V.

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Verbs

°j ¢√öÀ™x– Åûª†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ °æ¤Ææhéπç îª-ü¿’´¤ûª÷ç-úøúøç continuing past action 鬕öÀd ¢Ë’´· •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ áçúøí¬ Öçúøúøç continuing action in the past, 鬕öÀd was shining (was + ing)

c) warden

He often calls at his uncle's =Åûª†’

™°æ-L-éÌ-*a-†-°æ¤púø’ °œ©x©’ (pupils) îªü¿’-´¤-ûª÷ç-úøúøç - a continuous past action - 鬕öÀd were studying (were + ing) d) ´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω´úøç E†oçû√ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª÷ØË ÖçC – a continuing past action 鬕öÀd – was raining (was +ing)

Forms

ØË-†’ ¶µçîË-Ææ’hç-úø-úøç a continuing past action 鬕öÀd was having (was + ing) ÉC-èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. Teacher §ƒ®∏Ωç îÁ°æ¤ h-†-°æ¤púø’ °œ©x©’ ´÷ö«x-úø’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ e)

1. Was playing - was +...ing 2. Were taking - were+... ing 3. Was going - was+... ing 4. Were watching - were+...ing

(Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø’-ûª’-†o°æ¤púø’ Ç¢Á’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ dance îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’)

Venkat: He stole the watch while you

M. SURESAN

v°æ¨¡o: 1) I am having lunch

What were you doing when he knocked

v°æ¨¡o:

Present perfect tense, present perfect

They have lived here for 10 years. ûËú≈

having a lesson éπÈ®é˙d better.

é¬ü¿’. 'He has a les-

bringing money. Important:

≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Ñ éÀçC verbs†’ was + ing/ were + ing form™ ¢√úøúøç Å®Ω’ü¿’. Åçõ‰ Ñ éÀçC verbs ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√úøç. Was see-

(Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ÅEo verb forms ¢√úøçúÕ) a) Ç¢Á ’ •ßª ’ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª ’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ØËØ√-¢Á ’†’ îª÷¨»†’. b) ¢√úø’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ´çô îË≤ÚhçC. c) Venkat: Éü¿çû√ ïJ-T-†-°æpúø’ †’¢Ëyç îËÆæ’hØ√o´¤? Vinai: ؈’ news paper îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Venkat: Table O’ü¿’†o watch E í∫´’-Eç-‰ü∆? Vinai: îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆ ؈’ news paper îªü¿’´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’ Venkat: †’´¤y news paper îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-†o°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’ watch üÌçT-Lç-î√úø’. (üÌçT-Lç-îªúøç = steal) d) Pradeep: ؈ ’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô ’-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx Çúø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Pratap: O’ Å´’t-í¬Í®ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?

They have been living here for 10 years,

a bath éπÈ®é˙d. 'He is having a lesson' ™ is

Pradeep: We knew that he was coming, but we didn't know he was

4) He is having a lesson

having lunch, are having juice, is having

Didn't (Did not) any of you know that he was coming?

(•Ææ’q ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’ ü¿÷Íé-¨»úø’)

3) She is having a bath

OöÀ™ àN éπÈ®é˙d, àN é¬ü¿’. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – öÀ.N.-®Ω-´’-ù- π◊-´÷®˝, ï´’t-©-´’-úø’í∫’, éπúø°æ >™«x ï¢√•’: O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u-©™ am

Pratap:

The boy jumped from the bus while it

continuous tense

ņúøç

playing

was moving

2) They are having juice

son'

were reading the newspaper. d) Pradeep: I was studying while they were

Now, Practice the following in English

îÁ§ƒhç.

was reading (was + ing) b)

I've (I have) told you/ I told you, I was reading the newspaper.

Pradeep: She was watching the TV

/ were + ing form™

spoken english expression.

ÉC èπÿú≈

Vinai:

(¢√úø’ ûª©’°æ¤ ûªöÀd-†-°æ¤púø’ †’¢Ëyç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Ééπ\úø îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤ ņúøç continuous past action éπü∆ – 鬕öÀd 'were you doing?'

actions over a duration in the past) was + ing

yesterday. practiceîËߪ’çúÕ.

table?

students

°ü¿l ¨¡•lç NE-°œç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ¶µçîË-Ææ’hØ√o =

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– °j ¢√é¬u™x í∫ûªç™ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ Ö†o °æ†’-©†’ (Continuous actions in the past-

a)

not)

Pratap: What was your mother doing?

noise.

called?

you

at the door?

special.

and sister at home when you

¢√∞¡x

E†oçû√ ´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω’Ææ÷hØË ÖçC = It was rainI was having my meal when I heard that

Jayanth: Weren't (were not) my brother

her

(Did

ing the whole of yesterday.

thought of seeing you. Nothing

(Ñ ü∆JØË ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. E†’o îª÷ü∆l-´’-†’èπ◊Ø√o. à v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ é¬ü¿’)

She was singing while

you

observe the watch on the

were dancing

(؈’ ÉçöÀ-Èé∞Ïx ü∆J™ O’ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’, Çߪ’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úŒo îª÷¨»†’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’) Jayanth: Why did you come for me?

Venkat: Didn't

Éô’-´ç-öÀ-îÓôx á°æ¤púø÷ 'while' ¢√úøû√ç.

© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

N´Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – ®√∞¡x-•çúÕ Ææçí∫ç-Ø√-ߪ·úø’, ï®Ω-ñ«-°æ¤-Ê°ô, Nï-ߪ’-†-í∫®Ωç >™«x ï¢√•’: a) Present Perfect tense †’ éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Present Perfect Continuous Tense †’ éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

ing/ were seeing; was noticing/ were noticing; (´Ææ’h-´¤©

¢√Ææ† í∫’Jç*)was smelling/ were

smelling; was believing/ were believing; was knowing/ were knowing; was understanding/ were understanding; was wanting/ were wanting; was loving/ were loving; was hating/ were hating; was containing/ were containing; was consisting/ were consisting; was possessing/ were possessing etc.

•ü¿’©’ ¢√öÀ-¢√öÀ

Oô-EoçöÀ

past doing words¢√úøû√ç.

eg: He loved her. (He was loving her

é¬ü¿’)

She understood his point. (She was understanding his point

é¬ü¿’) N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.

(ûËú≈ Ææ÷éπ~ tçí¬ Present perfect - É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊, Present á°æp-ô’oçîÓ Éçé¬). Å®·ûË OöÀ È®çöÀéÀ î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈-™‰-ü¿ØË îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Éçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons™ OöÀ í∫’Jç* îªJaç--èπ◊Ø√oç.

perfect continuous -

b) They have been living here for 10 years 10 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ Ééπ\úø Öçô’-Ø√o®Ω’ – É°æp-öÀéà Éçé¬ Ééπ\úË ÖØ√o®Ω’ They have lived here for 10 years 10

à∞¡Ÿxí¬ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o®Ω’. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ÖØ√o®Ω’. É°æ¤p-úø’-Ø√o®√, ™‰ü∆ ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç Ñ Sentence -îÁ°æpü¿’.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Bharat:

You were reading a book yesterday. Whose book was that?

(E†o †’¢Óy °æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. ÅC á´J °æ¤Ææhéπç?)

Bhargav: My book of course. I lent you a book last week. I want it back this evening. If your assignment is complete, let me have it. It is not mine.

(Ø√ °æ¤Ææh-éπ¢Ë’. ¢√®Ωç-éÀçü¿ FéÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√a†’. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√éπC 鬢√L. ü∆EûÓ F °æE Å®·-§ÚûË ÉîÁaß˝’. ÅC Ø√C é¬ü¿’) (Lent - Lend èπ◊ Past doing word. LendÅ®Ω’-N-´yúøç)

Bharat:

Not yours? Whose is it then?

(FC é¬ü∆? âûË ´’È®-´-JC?)

Bhargav: I got it from Ramu. It is his book. This note book is his too.

Bharat:

11. ours 12. their 13. theirs

´÷C ¢√J, ¢√∞¡x ¢√JC, ¢√∞¡xC, ¢√JN, ¢√∞¡xN °j ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ äéπ-JéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√-öÀE (Possessions) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. ´’† English ´·êuçí¬ spoken english simple í¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçúø-ú≈-EéÀ OöÀ ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç î√™« ´·êuç.

Prakash: Whose idea is this? (ÉC á´J idea?) Prasad: My idea. Why? Is it not so good as your idea? (Ø√ idea. àç? F idea Åçûª ¶«í¬ ™‰ü∆?) Prakash: It is certainly better than my idea. Only, I thought it was your dad's (his) idea. (™‰ü¿’. Ø√ idea éπØ√o ÅüË ¶«í∫’çC. Å®·ûË ØˆC O’ Ø√†o-í¬J idea ņ’-

èπ◊Ø√o)

Prakash: No. My mom thinks better than

(؈C ®√´· ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* BÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o†’. ÅC ÅûªE °æ¤Ææh-éπ¢Ë’. Ñ note book èπÿú≈ Åûª-EüË)

I attended your sister's dance programme the other day. It was really good. Who is her dance teacher? (Ç®ÓV O’ sister Ø√ôu v°æü¿-®Ωz† îª÷¨»†’. î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. Ç¢Á’ dance teacher á´®Ω’?) Bhargav: Our family friend Mrs. Nrityasri. The Choreography was completely hers. The Singer is also a friend of ours. (ÇNúø ´÷ family friend. Ç †%ûªu ü¿®Ωz-éπûªyç (Choreography) (Pronunciation éÌJ-ßÁ÷-ví∫°∂‘) èπÿú≈ ÇN-úøüË. §ƒúÕ-Ø√-Núø èπÿú≈ ´÷ friend) Bharat: Does Mrs. Nrityasri run a school?

(Å´¤†’. Ç¢Á’, Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®Ωh †úø’-°æ¤ -ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ê°®Ω’†o school. ÆœE-´÷-™xE íÌ°æp dancers ™ éÌçûª-´’çC ¢√∞¡x Nü∆u-®Ω’n™‰) famous – °∂-ß˝’´’Æˇ =Ê°®Ω’†o, v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-í∫© dancers - ú≈†qñ¸ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ underline îËÆœ† ´÷ô-©†’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´÷ô Å®Ωnç 1. Whose (book)? á´J (°æ¤Ææhéπç)? / á´-JC? 2. My (book) Ø√ (°æ¤Ææhéπç) 3. Mine Ø√C 4. Your (book) O’ / F (°æ¤Ææhéπç) 5. Yours O’C / FC 6. his (book) ÅûªúÕ (°æ¤Ææhéπç) 7. his Åûª-úÕC 8. her Ç¢Á’ (ßÁ·éπ\ dance teacher) 9. hers Ç¢Á’C 10. our ´÷ (family friend)

a)

ÉC á´J °æ¤Ææhéπç? = whose book is this? ÉüË ÉçéÓ-N-üµ¿çí¬, Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç á´-JC? = Whose is this book? b) I) ÅC Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç= That is my book ii) Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Ø√C = That book is mine c) i) ÉC F Ææ©£æ… = This is your advice ii) Ñ Ææ©£æ… Fü∆? = Is this advice yours?

Kasim:

Åûªúø’ F bike BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xú≈? Ø√C é¬ü¿’. ÅC ÅûªúÕ bike. Ø√D, ¢√úÕD äÍ陫 Öçö«®·. Å®·ûË Ø√C éÌçûª §ƒûªC. 3) Avinash: áçü¿’èπ◊ É©’x ë«S îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? ÉC O’C é¬ü∆? Alankar: ´÷C é¬ü¿’. Krishna: ÅC

Whose is it? d) i)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 39 my dad. It is her idea.

(é¬ü¿’. ´÷ Ø√†oéπçõ‰ ´÷ Å´’t ¶«í¬ Ç™-*-Ææ’hçC. ÉC Ç¢Á’ idea)

Prasad: Any way, it is for our good. Their interest is our success.

(àüË-´’-®·Ø√, ÅC ´’† ´’ç* éÓÆæ¢Ë’. ¢√∞¡x-é¬\-´-©-ÆœçC ´’† Nï-ߪ’¢Ë’)

(Ç¢Á’ Ææ÷\©’ †úø’-°æ¤-ûÓçü∆?)

run †úø-°æúøç/E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªúøç Bhargav: Yes, She and her husband. Their school is famous. Some of great movie dancers were students of theirs.

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 28 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

Prakash: OK, then. When shall we begin?

(Å®·ûË, á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç?)

Prasad: Depends on money. Its availability is everything.

(Åçû√ úø•’s O’üË Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ ÖçC. ü∆E availability (©¶µºuç)ßË’ Åçû√) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E possessives †’ éÀçC¢√-öÀ-™ îª÷°œ† possessives ûÓ §Ú©açúÕ. 1. Whose? (á´J?) – Whose? (á´-JC? / á´-JN?) 2. my (Ø√) – mine (Ø√C / Ø√N) 3. your (F / O’) – yours (FC, O’C / FN, O’N) 4. his (ÅûªúÕ) – his (Åûª-úÕC / Åûª-úÕN) 5. her Ç¢Á’ (ßÁ·éπ\) – hers (Ç¢Á’C / Ç¢Á’N) 6. our (´÷ / ´’†) -– ours (´’†C / ´’†N, ´÷C / ´÷N) 7. their (¢√∞¡x, ¢√öÀ) theirs (¢√∞¡xN, ¢√öÀC / ¢√∞¡xN, ¢√öÀN) 8. its (ü∆E) – its (ü∆EC / ü∆EN)

v°æ¨¡o: -ØË-†’ -Ñ-´’-üµ¿u -spoken

english spoken english

-ØË®Ω’aèπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†’. -¶«í¬

-Éç-ü¿’-™ tenses -´·-êu-´÷? ®√-¢√-©ç-õ‰ -àç -îË-ߪ÷-L? – Èé.Æœ.-Ö-¢Ë’-¨¸-îªçvü¿, éπ®Ω÷o©’ ï¢√•’: Tenses ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç î√™« ´·êuç. ¢√öÀ-ûÓ-¶«ô’ vocabulary (´÷ô©÷, ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’, ÅN ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç Å´-Ææ®Ωç). ®ÓW English Newspaper Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√, é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ îªü¿-´çúÕ. Å™« v§ƒéÃdÆæ’ îËߪ’-úøç-´©x °∂æLûªç Öçô’çC. Ñ ´’üµ¿u lessons™ simple present, N’í∫û√ tense†’ N¨¡-ü¿çí¬ N´-Jçî√ç. îªü¿-´çúÕ. v°æ¨¡o: éÀç-C ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ÅØ√™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. O’ †™«x •çü˛ Å®·çü∆? 2. Åûª-úÕE 鬙‰-@™ îËJpç-î√†’ 3. Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ߪ·©’ °œ©x-©ûÓ í∫ü¿’©’ ÜúÕ-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ 4. ؈’ E†’o ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-§Ú-û√†’ 5. Åûª-úÕéÀ ÂÆjéÀ™¸ ûÌéπ\úøç ØËJpç-î√†’ 6. Åûª-úÕE °æúø’-éÓ-¶„-ö«d†’

Avinash:

ÉC Ç¢Á’ (ßÁ·éπ\) <®Ω? = Is this her

Å®·ûË á´-JC? ´÷ Uncle C Avinash: áçûªé¬-©çí¬ ÉC ¢√∞¡xC? Alankar: ¢√∞¡x Grand father's time †’ç* ¢√∞¡xüË. 4) Prameela: E†o á´J necklace §Ú®·çC? O’ ö«d©’ ´î√a-®Ω’-éπü∆? ¢√∞¡xü∆? (ö«d©’: relatives) Laxmi: ÅC ¢√∞¡x-C-é¬ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x †í∫-©Fo ¶µºvü¿çí¬ ÖØ√o®·. Alankar:

sari? ii) Ñ <®Ω Ç¢Á’C é¬ü¿’ = This sari is not hers e) i) Ç¢Á’ ´÷ teacher = She is our teacher ii) Ñ ûª°æ¤p ´÷C ᙫ M. SURESAN Å´¤-ûª’çC? = How is this fault ours? f) i) ÉC ÅûªúÕ watch = This is his watch ii) Ñ watch Åûª-úÕC é¬ü∆? = Isn't (Is not) this watch his? g) i) ÉC ¢√∞¡x ÇÆœh = This is their property ii) ÉC ¢√∞¡x ÇÆœh ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’çC? = How is this property theirs? h) i) Ç É©’x.. Ç °æJ-Ææ-®√©’ Ø√éÀ≠dç æ = I like the house and its surroundings ii) Ñ îªv鬩’ ü∆EN =The wheels are its. Very important: ü∆E, ü∆EE ņ-ú≈Eo its Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø S ´·çü¿’ apostrophe (') ¢√úøç. Apostrophe ûÓ It's Åçõ‰ It is ÅE. Apostrophe (') äéπ ´÷ô™ äéπ ¨¡•lç ™°œç-îª-

ANSWERS: 1) Is this your car? / Is this car yours? where are its keys? 2) Kasim: Who came yesterday? / Who was it that came yesterday? Krishna: My friend / A friend of mine (Ñ È®çúÓ expression conversation™ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’) Kasim: Did he take your bike? Krishna: That was not mine. That was his bike. Mine and his look the same / look alike only, mine is

ú≈Eo îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC)

Eg: 1) This car and its wheels=

slightly older than his.

鬮Ω÷, ü∆E

îªv鬩’. 2) It's my car = It is my car. (ÅC Ø√ 鬮Ω’)

Now practice the following aloud in English: (ÆæÈ®j† possessive †’ ¢√úøçúÕ)

1) Ñ é¬®Ω’ FüËØ√? ü∆E û√∞«-™‰N? 2) Kasim: E†o ´*aç-üÁ-´®Ω’? Krishna: Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ (my, mine È®çúø÷ ¢√úøçúÕ)

7. ††’o Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ §Ú™Ôaü¿’l 8.Sir, Madam ÅE E®Ω-éπ~-®√-Ææ’u-©†’ èπÿú≈ °œ©-¢Ìî√a? 9. S.C., S.T. ©†’ ≥ƒ®˝d-§∂ƒ-¢˛’™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L? – >. N¨»™¸, ¢Á’ö¸-°æLx

ï¢√•’: 1. Is your tap off? / Have you turned off your tap?

/ Has your tap been turned off? 2. I have admitted him in college 3. The teachers are making the students sweep the class rooms / The teachers are getting the students to sweep the rooms / The teachers have the students sweep the rooms. 4. I will take you to the movie 5. I taught him cycling 6. I put him to bed 7. Don't compare me with others / Don't compare me to others- Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd 8. á´-J-ØÁjØ√ Sir / Madam ÅE °œ©-¢Ìa. 9. S.C.s and S.T.s

¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– ÉC the ÅØË ü∆EéÀ short farm- DE Å®Ωnç– 'äéπ\ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ / äéπ-õ‰-N’ôçõ‰—– simpleí¬ 'Å®·ûË— ÅE. slightly= éÌClí¬. Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ conversational bits. Ééπ\úø

'only'

only things

3) Avinash: Why are you vacating the house? Is it not yours? / Don't you own it? (Vacate pronunciation:

´Èé-ß˝’ö¸ / ¢Áß˝’-Èé-ß˝’ö¸ – Èé ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-é¬L– Å®Ωnç– ë«SîË-ߪ’úøç (É©’x ™«çöÀN) Alankar: No, it's (it is) not ours. Avinash: Whose is it, then? Alankar: Our uncle's Avinash: How long has it been theirs? Alankar: (It has been theirs) since their grandfather's time. 4) Prameela: Whose necklace was lost / was

missing

yesterday?

You had relatives yesterday, was it theirs? Laxmi: No, not theirs; their ornaments / jewels are all safe.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Srilekha: Did you meet them yesterday?

(E†o †’´¤y ¢√∞¡x†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?) Surekha: Whom do you mean?

(†’´y-ØËC á´J í∫’Jç*?) Srilekha: Savithri and her husband

(≤ƒNvA, Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®Ωh í∫’Jç*) Surekha: I met her, but not him

(Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬E Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’) Srilekha: Did you show her the letter?

(Ç¢Á’èπ◊

letter

îª÷°œç-î√¢√?)

Surekha: Yes, I Showed it to her. She will show it to him today.

(ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊ îª÷°œç-î√†’. Ç¢Á’ É¢√∞¡ Åûª-úÕéÀ îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC) Srilekha: Did she enquire about me?

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 30 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

Supriya:

†’´¤y èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕéÀ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çö«¢√? Åûª-úÕE †’´¤y É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√¢√? Suchithra: O’èπÿ v•ü¿®˝ ÖØ√o-úø’-éπü∆! Åûª-úÕE É≠æd°æ-úø-¢√? (Åûª-úøçõ‰ FéÀ-≠d´æ ÷ Åçö«ç éπü∆ ´÷´‚-©’í¬) Supriya: Brother, sister äéπ-J-ØÌ-éπ®Ω’ É≠æd-°æúøúøç™ NçûËç ™‰ü¿’ Suchithra: âûË ´÷ v•ü¿-®˝èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤-O’ü¿ v¨¡ü¿l¥ ™‰ü¿’. ÅüË ††’o worry îË≤ÚhçC. (neglect ¢√úøçúÕ) Supriya: ´÷ v•ü¿®˝ Ø√èπ◊ Åô’-´çöÀ trouble É´yúø’. ´÷ Å´’tèπÿ Ø√†oèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’ûª’ç-ö«úø’. ¢√∞¡x-†’ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ -îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. ´÷èπ◊ àC 鬢√-©Ø√o BÆæ’-éÌ-≤ƒhúø’. ñé˙qûÓ ´’´’tLo ¶«í¬

鬕öÀd

much. He gives him

(¢√úÕéÀ)

whatever he wants. only, he asks him to study well (him=¢√úÕE) Supriya: By the by, our teacher gave us an

Å - ®√n© - ’û - L -Á Æ Ê .h .. -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

asked me to give you her best wishes. She wants us to visit her

40

soon. She likes to give us a dinner.

(Ç¢Á’ E†’o îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC. E†o-úÕT-†ô’x îÁ°æp-´’çC. ´’†Lo ¢√Rxç-öÀ-éÓ-≤ƒJ ®Ω´’tçC. ´’†èπ◊ dinner É¢√y-©-†’-èπ◊çöçC.) Srilekha: That's fine. Let's go to them tomorrow in my car. I will show them my new car.

(¶«í∫’çC. ´’†ç Í®°æ¤ Ø√ 鬮Ω’™ ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. Ø√ éÌûªh 鬮Ω’†’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îª÷°œ-≤ƒh†’.) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ them, whom, her, him, you, us, me ´÷ô©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´’† English conversation natural í¬, simple í¬ ≤ƒí¬-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ OöÀ Å®Ωnç, OöÀE áEo ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úËC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç áçûÓ ´·êuç. *†o-*†o ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Ö†o ¢√úø’-éπ-™E Å®√n©Fo áçûªí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Åçûª simple í¬ conversation áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·Ø√ †úø-°æ-´îª’a. Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ¢√úË ´÷ô© í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. I = ؈’ me = ††’o; Ø√èπ◊ we = ¢Ë’´· us = ´’´·t-©†’, ´÷èπ◊/ ´’†-©†’, ´’†èπ◊ you = †’´¤y / O’®Ω’ you = E†’o, N’´·t-©-†’ / Fèπ◊, O’èπ◊ he = Åûªúø’ him = Åûª-úÕE, Åûª-úÕéÀ she = Ç¢Á’ her = Ç¢Á’†’, Ç¢Á’èπ◊ (Ç¢Á’ ßÁ·éπ\) it = ÅC it = ü∆EE, ü∆EéÀ they = ¢√∞¡Ÿx, ÅN them = ¢√∞¡x†’, ¢√öÀE/ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊, ¢√öÀéÀ who = á´®Ω’ whom = á´-JE/ á´-JéÀ. Ñ Å®√n-©†’ ´’†-Ææ’™ °ô’d-èπ◊E ¢Á·ü¿ô É*a† Surekha, Srilekha dialogue Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îªü¿-´çúÕ. Practice the following aloud in English. Suchithra: ´÷ brother

Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒhúø’. ††’o î√™« É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√úø’. (like ¢√úøçúÕ)

(Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆– ™ topic ´÷Í®a-ô°æ¤púø’ 'by the by'- ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'ÅC-ÆæÍ®— Åçô’çö«ç. us = ´’†èπ◊). When did he ask us (´’†Lo) to complete

†Ny-≤ƒhúø’. Suchithra: ´÷ brother èπÿú≈ ´÷èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-û√úø’. E†o ´÷ Å´’tèπ◊ ïy®Ωçí¬ Öçõ‰ Ç¢Á’†’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«}úø’. ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ´÷ v•ü¿®˝ Åçõ‰ î√™« É≠ædç. ¢√úÕ-ÍéC 鬢√-©Ø√o É≤ƒh®Ω’.-¶«í¬ îªü¿-¢√-©E ´÷vûªç Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Supriya: ÅC-ÆæÍ®, E†o öÃ˝ ´’†éÓ assignment Éî√a®Ω’ éπü∆. á°æ¤úø’ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-´’Ø√o®Ω’ ´’†Lo? Suchithra: ´îËa ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Å®·ûË ´’†-é¬-®ÓV ÂÆ©´¤ éπü∆? Supriya: á´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ Å™« ÅE? á´-®Ωo-úÕ-í¬´¤ †’´¤y?

conver-

Answers: Suchithra: My brother helps me a lot (Ø√èπ◊) He likes me very much Supriya: Do you help him too? Do you like

Suchithra: You have a brother too. also

éπØ√o

too better.)

Don't you (=Do you not) like him?

(ÅûªúÕo)

Supriya: Nothing surprising a brother and a sister liking each other. Suchithra: But my brother neglects studies. That worries me.

(††’o)

Supriya: My brother doesn't (does not) give me that kind of trouble/ such trouble. (such=that kind=Å™«çöÀ) He helps my parents too a lot. He takes

But

good

care

of

them.

(Them=¢√∞¡x†’) He gets us what we want

(´÷èπ◊).

He makes us laugh with his jokes Suchithra: My brother helps us too. My mother had a fever yesterday and he took her to doctor. (English™

fever, countable,

É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù îª÷úøçúÕ Hari: (over phone) Hello, who is it please?

Supriya: Who told you so?/ Who told you that? Whom did you ask?

[[[[[ a) †’´¤y E†o á´-JE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤? = Whom did you meet yesterday? ÅØË ÅØ√L. áçü¿’éπçõ‰ á´Jo = whom. Å®·ûË ®√†’-®√†’ spoken English ™ whom •ü¿’©’ who ¢√úË-Ææ’hØ√o®Ω’. ÅC ¢√úøôç éπÈ®é˙d spoken English. Who did you meet yesterday?

ÉC §ƒçúÕûªuç– formal (®√ûª™ Åçûª ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’).

written English

ÉC spoken form, conversational. b) †’´¤y E†o á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛? (Spoken) Who (Whom é¬ü¿’) Were you talking to yesterday?

í¬ Å®·ûË, To whom ÅE ®√ߪ’çúÕ.) Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: Preposition 'to'- sentence èπ◊ ´·çü¿®Ω ®√´úøç. ´’†ç sentence †’ 'to' ûÓ begin îËÊÆh whom ¢√ú≈L. (®Ωîª-†™, î√™«

(á´®Ω÷?)

´’†èπ◊)

formal

were you talking yesterday?

-v°æ-¨¡o:

(ØËØË,

Ê£«´’ç-û˝†’) Hari: That's nice, hearing your voice... after a long time.

(î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç, î√™« 鬩ç ûª®√yûª F íÌçûª’ N†úøç) Hemanth: Was that your brother who appeared in the TV serial yesterday? (E†o TV serial ™ éπE-°œç-*çC O’ brother éπü∆?) Hari: Yes, it's (= it is) him (Å´¤†’, ¢√úË) and the little girl he was walking with... do you know who she is? (¢√úÕûÓ †úø’-Ææ’h†o

*†o-§ƒ°æ á´®Ó Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Hemanth: Wasn't it (was it not) your youngest sister? Hari: Yes, it's her. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: It's me, it's him, It's her. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, It is I, It is he, It is she ÅØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊çö«ç. é¬F spoken English™ It's me, It's her, It's him ņ-úø¢Ë’

éπÈ®é˙d.

1. Shop closed

-Ñ ¢√éπuç Negative. ÆæJ-Å-®·-†ü∆? 3. Not shop closed Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç? 4. School going children. DEE Negativeí¬ à Nüµ∆-†ç™ îËߪ÷L? 5. World's largest selling Newspaper. DEE Negative -ᙫ îËߪ÷-™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – °œ. ¶«©’, £j«-ü¿®√¶«ü˛ 2. Shop n't closed

-ï-¢√-•’: 1, 2, 3

Shop closed - DEéÀ shop not closed. Shopn't closed - n't Éô’-´çöÀ îÓôx ¢√úøç. an, is, are... ¢√öÀéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úø’û√ç. Not shop closed ÆæÈ®j† English é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø shop not closed ÅØË •ü¿’©’ 'shop open' Åçõ‰ better éπü∆. 4. Non school going children ÅØËC school going childrenèπ◊ negative. 5. The world's largest selling News paper èπ◊ negative - not the world's largest selling newspaper ņ-´îª’a. form

(´’´’tLo)

Who are you talking about? (whom é¬ü¿’) d) á´-JûÓ ¢√úø’ §Úö«x-úÕçC? Who did he quarrel with? e) á´-JE îª÷¨»´¤ E†o? Who (Whom é¬ü¿’) did you see yesterday. f) Ç¢Á’ á´Jo °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊çüÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’ I do not know who she married (É™«çöÀ sentences ™ èπÿú≈ whom ¢√úøúøç ™‰ü¿’. Who ¢√úøúøç î√™« common, spoken English™)

Hemanth: It's (it is) me, Hemanth

Who did you meet yesterday?

him too?

(Åûª-úÕéÀ; Åûª-úÕE: Do you also help him? éπØ√o Do you help him too- áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’ Spoken English™) (Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îÁ°œp-†ô’x

M. SURESAN

á´-JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

isn't it (= is it not) a holiday for us? (us =

formal writ-

Who are you writing (letters) to ? c)

Suchithra: The coming think.

ÅD

á´Jo îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? é¬ü¿’) do you want to see? á´-JéÀ Öûªh-®√©’ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?

it.? Saturday, I

writing™,

ing™ØË Å™« ®√≤ƒhç. Spoken form ™ ´÷vûªç, 'to' - sentence *´®Ω ´Ææ’hçC. sentence †’ 'whom'ûÓ •ü¿’©’, who ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. 'who' ûÓ (whom ¢√ú≈-Lq† îÓô™«x) questions v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-úø¢Ë’ spoken English ™ éπÈ®é˙d. Who (whom

sation

Surekha: She wishes to see you. She

Å®·ûË ÅC

My father likes my brother very

assignment yesterday.

(Ç¢Á’ Ø√ í∫’Jç* ÅúÕTçü∆?)

(to whom were you talking?)

'a fever', her=Ç¢Á’†’)

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Bhaskar: What are you looking at, Bhanu? Bhanu: At the little boy there; He is sitting on the arms of the chair. He may fall down any moment.

(Ç *†o-°œ-™«xúÕo. ¢√úø’ èπ◊Ka îËûª’-©-O’ü¿ èπÿ®Ω’aE ÖØ√oúø’. à éπ~ù«-ØÁj oØ√ éÀçü¿-°æ-úø´îª’a)

Bhaskar: He is in real trouble. let's go to him and put him down.

(¢√úø’ Eïçí¬ É•sç-C™ ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ¢ÁRx éÀçü¿èπ◊ Cçü∆ç °æü¿)

Bhanu: That will save him from trouble.

(¢√úÕE É•sçC †’ç* 鬧ƒ-úø’-ûª’çC.)

Bhaskar: Surprising, no body to take care of the child

(Ç Gúøf†’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ¢√Rxéπ\úø ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç Ǩ¡a®Ωuçí¬ØË ÖçC) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´÷ô-©†’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ÅN... at, on, of, in, to, from. ´’†™ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ É™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©†’ prepositions Åçö«ç. English ™ prepositions èπ◊ Ö†o v§ƒüµ∆†uç î√™« áèπ◊\´. Ñ prepositions Ææçí∫A, ´·êuçí¬ ¢√öÀ ¢√úøéπç î√™« Nçûªí¬ Öçô’çC. preposition èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ææ´÷-†¢Á’i†N N¶µºéÀh v°æûªu-ߪ÷©’. Prepositions ¢√úø-éπç™ Ææ´’-Ææu©èπ◊ 鬮Ωùç, ü∆EéÀ ã Ê£«ûª’-•ü¿l¥¢Á’i† N´-®Ωù ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. à ´÷ô ´·çü¿’ à preposition, ûª®√yûª à preposition áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√¢√L ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé ¢√öÀ-¢√-úøéπç English ´÷ûª%-¶µ«≠æ é¬E-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ûª©-ØÌ°œp. English ¶«í¬ îªC-N-ûËØË é¬F ÅN Å©¢√ô’鬴¤. ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ü∆y®√ éÌçûª Å´-í¬£æ«† à®Ωp-®Ω--éÓ-´îª’a. English ™ prepositions †’ ´’†ç N¶µºéÀh v°æûªu-ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ´îËa v°æûªu-ߪ÷-©-Fo English ™ ´÷ôèπ◊ ´·çü¿’-´-≤ƒh®·. Sundar: He has come from Vijayawada.

(Çߪ’† Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç* ´î√aúø’) îª÷¨»®√, ´’†ç Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç* Åçö«ç. English ™ from Vijayawada -Å-E Öçô’çC. He will be here till 5'o clock. (till 5'o clock = 5 ´®Ωèπ◊) Sukumar: When will he go back to Vijayawada?

(Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøèπ◊ = to Vijayawada) Sundar: He hasn't (has not) yet told me of it. (of it = ü∆E í∫’Jç* Ø√éÀçé¬ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’)

v°æ¨¡o: ûª®√yûª

prepositions Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’í∫’, ©™ èπ◊-úÕ, áúø´’í¬ Öçö«®·. èπ◊úÕ áúø¢Á’iûË Ééπ\úø §Ò®Ω-§ƒõ‰. prepositions -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úøç í∫’Jç* éÌEo general principles -ûÁ-©’Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç î√™«-´·êuç. Spoken English Correct í¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ ÅN áç-ûÓ -Å-´Ææ®Ωç.

鬕öÀd

English

(üËEo îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛ ¶µ«†’?)

1. Discuss

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

About

®√ü∆?

Explain

îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’ Çߪ’† Fèπ◊ à´’-´¤-û√úø’? (Eg: ´÷´’, Å©’xúø’) DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’ 3. '؈’ O’èπ◊ äé𠧃ô NE-°œ≤ƒh†’— – DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ÅØ√L? 4. 'Just' ÅØË °æü¿ç usage ™ ü∆E ´÷®Ω’p©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 5. 'Åûªúø’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u ††’o úø•’s©’ Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ ÆæçéÓ*-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’— – DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? – >.¢Áç-éπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, éπ†÷o®˝, éπKç-†-í∫®˝ >™«x 2.

ï¢√•’:

1. Discuss, describe, mention, explain, state, remark- OöÀ ûª®√yûª about ®√ü¿’. 2. What is he to you?/ How is he related to you? 3. I will give you a song/ Let me sing a song to you. 4. Just= É°æ¤púË, just= only, ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 5. Of late he has been hesitating to ask me for money.

1) Pavan: I wrote a letter to my sister yesterday (´÷ sister èπ◊ E†o letter ®√¨») Ravikanth: Did you tell her about the book exhibition here?

Suneetha: Is your home the one behind the post office? (O’ É©’x Post office ¢Á†-éπØ√?) Supriya: No, it is by the Post office.

side of it (beside it/ by it/ near to it) there is a book shop. What books do you want to buy at the shop?

èπ◊-úÕ -á-úø-¢Á’i-ûË -§Ò®Ω-§ƒ--õ‰! (Ééπ\úÕ °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† í∫’Jç* Ç¢Á’èπ◊ îÁ§ƒp¢√?)

Pavan: Yes, I did. I wrote to her to start by the 9 AM train which arrives here at 5 PM. (îÁ§ƒp†’. ûÌN’tC í∫çô© train ™

•ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lqç-Cí¬ ®√¨»†’. Ééπ\-úÕ-éπC 5 í∫çô-©èπ◊ îË®Ω’-ûª’çC) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ to my sister, about the

book exhibition, by the 9 AM train, arrives here at 5 PM - Ñ expressions ™ to, about, by, here ÅØË prepositions ÅFo-èπÿú≈ sentence

™ Ö†o ´÷ô© Ææç•ç-üµ∆Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷ sister èπ◊ (to my sister), °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† í∫’Jç* (about the book exhibition), 9 í∫çô© train ™ (by the 9 AM train), 5 í∫çô-©èπ◊ (at 5 PM) ÅFo ´’† N¶µºéÀh v°æûªu-ߪ÷©’ îËÊÆ °æØË îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ÉC prepositions èπ◊ Ö†o ´·êu¢Á’i† §ƒvûª. Sentence ™ ´÷ôèπÿ ´÷ôèπ◊ ´’üµ¿u Ææç•çüµ¿ç îª÷°æúøç. á´-JéÀ? to my sister; üËE í∫’Jç*?: about the book exhibition; à train ™?: by 9 AM train; áEoç-öÀéÀ : at 5 PM. É´Fo ´’†ç English NÆæh %-ûªçí¬ îªü¿-´úøç, N†úøç ´©x Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·. Prepositions ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ áéπ\úø Öçö«®·? 2) Ramana: These flowers are nice. Are they from your garden?

(Ñ °æ‹©’ î√™« ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. O’ ûÓ-ô-™¢√?) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – from- garden èπ◊ ´·çü¿’. ÅüË ûÁ©’-í∫’-™-ØÁjûË 'ûÓô™— Åçö«ç. '™—– ûÓô ûª®√yûª ´îËaC. Rahul: No. They were in the basket on the table. I took them from the basket. (é¬ü¿’, Table O’ü¿’†o •’ôd™ 

ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ ü∆ØÓxç* BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o) Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? from, in, on Ñ prepositions ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ ®√´úøç. 3) Prathibha: Where are the flowers?

(Ç °æ‹©’ áéπ\úø ÖØ√o®·?)

Prabha: They are in the basket. The basket is on the table. I bought the flowers at the flower stall, beside my uncle's place near the Post office. (in the basket= •’ôd™ , on the table= table O’ü¿; at the flower stall= °æ‹©-éÌ-ô’d™ ; beside my uncle's place= ´÷ ´÷´’-¢√-RxçöÀ °æéπ\†; near the Post office= Post office ü¿í∫_®Ω) É´-Fo-èπÿú≈– in, on, at, beside, near- v°æü˨»Eo ûÁLÊ° prepositions. °∂晫Ø√-îÓô ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈EéÀ OöÀE ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆? positions ûÁLÊ° ÉçéÌEo prepositions îª÷ü∆lç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 41 (é¬ü¿’. °æéπ\†) It is between the Post office and the Income Tax office (Post

office,

Income Tax office

M. SURESAN

´’üµ¿u) °j† îÁ°œp† prepositions ÅEo-èπÿú≈, v°æüË-¨»©†’ Ææ÷*çîËNí¬ØÓ, positions ûÁL-Ê°-N-í¬ØÓ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆? Practice the following aloud in English: a) Karim: Ñ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™  áéπ\-úø-®·Ø√ Book shop

Öçü∆? OCµ *´®Ω ã ´’çü¿’© ≥ƒ°æ¤ ÖçC. ü∆EE dž’-èπ◊ØË ã book shop ÖçC. Ç book shop ™ àç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? Karim: Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo computer books 鬢√L. ÅN ´÷ Ü∞x üÌ®Ω-éπ-úøç-™‰ü¿’. Kamesh: Å®·ûË, Fèπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† •’é˙q Ç cinema hall ¢Á†éπ Ö†o book stall ™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. ü∆E ü¿í∫_Í® ÉçéÓ book stall ÖçC. Åéπ\úø èπÿú≈ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. b) Pranav: E†o †’¢Áyéπ\úø’Ø√o´¤? Pratap: ´÷ friend ûª®Ω’ù˝ Éçöx Pranav: ÅûªúÕ É™„x-éπ\úø? Pratap: ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ î√™« ü¿í∫_®Ω. ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ´’üµ¿u ´‚úø’ buildings ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®·. ¢√RxçöÀ ´·çüÓ Â°ü¿l îÁô’d èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Pranav: ÅûªúÕçöÀ °æéπ\† ã bank ÖçC éπü∆? Pratap: Å´¤†’. c) Sravanthi: Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç E†o Ç table O’ü¿ ÖçC. É¢√∞¡ F bag ™ ÖçüËçöÀ? Swarna: Å´¤†’. ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Åçü¿’™ éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Ø√èπ◊ 鬢√Lq ´*açC. Sravanthi: F bag †’ table éÀçü¿ °ö«d-¢Áçü¿’èπ◊? Swarna: Table O’ü¿ îÓô’-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd Kamesh: Ñ

ANSWERS:

Karim: I want some Computer books. They are not available in our town. Kamesh: Then you get the books you want at the book stall behind the theatre. Near that there is another book stall too. You get there the books you want. (b) Pranav: Where were you yesterday? Pratap: At my friend Tarun's Pranav: Where is his home? Pratap: Very near mine. Only three buildings are there between mine and his. There is a big tree in front of it. Pranav: Isn't there a bank beside his home? Pratap: Yes. (c) Sravanthi: My book was on the table yesterday. Why / How is it in your bag today? Swarna: Yes, I took it. I wanted some information in it. Sravanthi: Why did you keep your bag under the table? Swarna: Because there was no room on the table. (English ™ îÓô’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Éô’-´çöÀ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ place/ space ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô-é¬ü¿’. Room

¢√ú≈L.

Bus™ ´·Â°jp¥ ´’çCéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÓô’çC. There is room in the bus only for 30 passengers) É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ position †’ ûÁLÊ° preposition

éÌEoç-öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. áéπ\úø? ÅE v°æ¨¡o-¢ËÊÆh É¢√y-Lq† Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-EéÀ Ñ prepositions ¢√úøû√ç. positions †’ ûÁLÊ° ´’JéÌEo prepositions: Sukumar: Why has the train stopped? (Train áçü¿’èπ◊ ÇTçC) Suman: There is flood water over the bridge (Bridge O’ü¿ ´®Ωü¿ F®Ω’ ÖçC) The whole area on either side of the track is under water. (Bridge èπ◊ È®çúø’-¢Áj-°æ¤© Ö†o v°æüË-¨¡´’çû√ ´·E-T-§Ú-®·çC= under water =F∞¡x éÀçü¿) Sukumar: Thank God, All the passengers in the train are safe (§ÚF™‰ train ™E v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊-

©çû√ Íé~´’çí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’)

(a) Karim: Is there a book shop anywhere near here? Kamesh: At the end of the street there is a medical shop. Just by the

Above, below, inside, outside, beyond èπÿú≈ positions ûÁLÊ° prepositions. OöÀE

ÉN O’ ¢√é¬u™x ¢√úÕ îª÷úøçúÕ.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Sukanya: Hi Sumithra? I saw you at Sell All Super Market yesterday. Busy buying things? (E†’o ؈’ E†o Sell All Super Market ü¿í∫_®Ω

îª÷¨»†’. àç î√™« éÌØË-¨»¢√?)

Sumithra: Mom was inside. She was buying provisions. I was waiting outside. By the by, you know we have moved. We now live in Gandhi Nagar.

(Å´’t™°æ©’çC éÀ®√ù« Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’ éÌçô÷. ؈’ •ßª’ô wait îËÆæ’hØ√o. Ç... ņoô’d, ¢Ë’ç É©’x ´÷®√ç. É°æ¤púø’ í¬çDµ-†-í∫-®˝™ Öçô’Ø√oç.) ´÷´‚-©’í¬ É©’x, Ü®Ω’ ´÷®Ω-ú≈Eo shift Åçô’çö«ç. move ņ-úøç éπÈ®é˙d. ¢Ë’ç Í®°æ¤ É©’x ´÷®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç We are moving to a new house tomorrow

Shift Sukanya: My uncle is in Gandhi Nagar too. Where exactly is your home there? (´÷ uncle ¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ í¬çDµ-†-í∫-®˝-™ ØË Öçö«®Ω’. O’ É©’x correct í¬ áéπ\úø?) Sumithra: At 12-14-16 on Nehru Street. It is to the right of make Money Bank Ltd., if you stand in front of it. We live on the ground floor. (Nehru Street ™ Door No. 12-14-16 ™. Make Money Bank ´·ç-ü¿’ E-©’çõ‰ ü∆E

èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤).

Sukanya: Hei, your place is just under my uncle's. He lives on the first floor. (O’®Ω’ç-úËC ´÷ uncle ¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀ éÀçüË. O’C ground floor, ¢√∞¡xC I floor). Sumithra: Happy to know that they are on the 1st floor just above us. Just across the road is an ice cream shop. I think it was your uncle's son sitting at the back of the shop and enjoying an ice cream.

(¢√∞¡x-éπ\úø ´÷ °j -§Ú®Ω{-Ø˛-™ Öçúø-úøç ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ®Óú˛ Å´ûª©üËüÓ ice cream shop ÖçC. O’ uncle í¬J Ŷ«sßË’ ņ’èπ◊çö«, ice cream shop ¢Á†’éπ èπÿ®ÌaE ice cream Açô’-Ø√oúø’) Ééπ\úø prepositions †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: éÌEo≤ƒ®Ω’x ã preposition ™ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ ´÷ô©’ èπÿú≈ Öçö«®·. Eg: at the back of. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ conversation ™ prepositions:

at, inside, outside, in, to the right of, on, under, above, across, at the back of. -O-öÀ-E position (-Åç-õ‰ ã ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ

ÖçúË îÓô’) -ûÁ-©°æ-ú≈EéÀ ¢√-úø-û√-´’-E -É-C-´®Ω-™ -ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. -É°æ¤p-úø’ ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’: at: éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ äéπ îÓô. in = äéπ îÓöÀ™  1. I saw you at the Super Market Super Market ü¿í∫_®Ω– Åçõ‰ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ Super Market ü¿í∫_-®Ω (™). In the Super Market = Super Market ™ I was at the Super Market from 5 p.m. to 6 p.m. The goods in the Super Market are expensive. °j ¢√é¬u™x at èπ◊, in èπ◊ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ؈’ 5 †’ç* 6 ´®Ωèπ◊ Super Market ™

ÖØ√o, ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éÌçô÷.

Goods in the Super Market Super Market ™E ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. °œ©x©’ School ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’ The children are at school. °œ©x©’ ¢√∞¡x Class ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’ The children are in class.

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

There are four hundred pupils in the school Ç school -™ -Ø√--©’í∫’´çü¿© ´’çC °œ©x-©’-Ø√o®Ω’. 2. inside ÅØ√o in ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË inside Åçõ‰ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç-™ -°æ© ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. in Åçõ‰ ™ ÅE Å®Ωnç. Pranav: Where are your friends? Prabhat: They are in the car. Look inside and you will see them. They were outside the car till ten minutes ago. (Car ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ™°æ© îª÷úø’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx

éπ-E°œ≤ƒh®Ω’.°æC EN’-≥ƒ© éÀç-ü¿-öÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’ •ßª’ô -ÖØ√o®Ω’) 3. above = °j†.

The government has the duty to see that every person has a roof above their head.

v°æA-¢√J°jØ√ äéπ éπ°æ¤p ÖçúËô’x îª÷úøôç v°æ¶µº’ûªyç NCµ (v°æA-¢√-JéÀ E¢√Ææç éπLpç-îª-úøç)

≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Â°j† éπ°æ¤p†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√™x ņ-ú≈-EéÀ, ¢√-úøû√ç. a) O’®Ω’ 鬮Óx ´î√a®√?

'by'

Did you come by car? b) ¢√úø’ bus ™ -´-î √a-úø’. He came by bus Å™«Íí by train, by plane, by ship c) Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’ ™«K™ ´î√a®·

é¬-ü¿’.. move The goods came by lorry. Top (éπ°æ¤p) ™‰E

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 42 The fan is just above you Fan correct í¬ - -F °jØË ÖçC. 'above' Åçõ‰ ã ´Ææ’h-´¤èπ◊/ ´’E-≠œ above your head Åç-õ‰ ûª©èπ◊, fan èπ◊

°j†. fan éÌçûª ë«S

Öçü¿E. äéπ-ü∆-E°j éÌç-ûª ë«S Öçõ‰ ÅC 'above'. Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ-ü∆-E-°j äéπöÀ dž’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰, ÅC 'on'.

Pen, table O’ü¿ ÖçC the pen is on the table. Table O’ü¿ lamp ÖçC There is a lamp above the table. (Åçõ‰ table O’ü¿ light °æúË-ô’xí¬ lamp table

°j† ÖçC). 'On' í∫’Jç* ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. ´’†ç ûÁ©’í∫’™ Ææ÷n©çí¬ Â°j†, O’ü¿ -Å-ØË ¢√-ôEoç-öÀéÀ 'on' ¢√-úø-û√ç. ™, ™°æ© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'in' ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Å®·ûË English ¢√úø’-éπ™– ™, ™°æ© Å--E ûÁ©’í∫’™ ÅØË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'on' ´Ææ’hçC.

eg: a) ؈’ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ÅûªEo train ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ I first met him on a train. (In a train é¬ü¿’) b) ñ«G-û√™ Åûª-úÕÊ°®Ω’ ™‰ü¿’ His name is not on the list. c) ¢√úø’ team ™ ÖØ√oú≈? Is he on the team? d) Ç É©’x ´’çô™x ÖçC The house is on fire. e) Plane ™ 50 ´’çC v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊-©’-Ø√o®Ω’ There are fifty passengers on the plane. f) ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ £æ…ï®Ω’ °æöÃd™  ™‰ü¿’ = His name is not on the row. ÉN spoken English ™ ñ«ví∫ûªh °æú≈-Lq†N.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

Have form

¢√£æ«-Ø√© ´·ç-ü¿’ 'on' ´Ææ’hçC.

on cycle, on scooter, on bike, on camel, on elephant on horseback. 4. under, below:

M. SURESAN

Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç™ éÌçûª ûËú≈ ÖçC. ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁô’d éÀçü¿ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√o®Ω’ They sat under a tree.

(Åçõ‰ îÁô’d éÌ´’t©’ ¢√∞¡x-°jéÀ ÖØ√o®·)

From the helicopter, the minister saw below him the areas under water Helicopter †’ç* ´’çvA- éÀçü¿èπ◊ îª÷ÊÆh F∞¡x-éÀçC

v°æüË-¨»©’ éπ-E°œç-î√®·. Correct í¬ äéπ ü∆E-éÀçü¿ ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ Öçõ‰ under. äéπ-ü∆E éÀçü¿ ÉçÈé-éπ\-úø-®·Ø√ Öçõ‰ below.

From the window of the II Floor, he saw below a man or the road. Road ™ E-©’†o Çߪ’† Correct í¬ éÀöÀéà éÀçü¿ Öçúø-úø’ éπü∆. éÀ-öÀéÃéÀ ûªèπ◊\´ level ™ é¬Ææh

ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçö«úø’. ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ:

The ground floor is under the first floor. (ground floor ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ÅçûªÆæ’h éÀç-ü¿ Öçô’çC) 5. Across = Å´-ûª-L-¢Ë°æ¤. My home is across the road from the bank Bank †’ç* road èπ◊ Å´-ûª-L-¢Ë°æ¤ ´÷ -É©’x. †C-éÀ -Å´-ûªL -¢Áj°æ¤ = across the river.

Çé¬-¨¡ç™ äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤ = across the sky.

éÀ ing form ÖçC éπü∆. Has éÀ ing áçü¿’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’? – ú≈éπd®˝ °æ®Ω’-îª÷J íÓ§ƒ-©-éπ%≠æg, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ -ï-¢√--•’: Has ÅØËC He, She, It ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç (éπL-T-Öç-úøúøç, A†úøç, û√í∫úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). Have ÅØËC Verb form. ü∆EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ing ´Ææ’hçC. Has éÀ ®√ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ He, She, It ûÓ Speak ÅØË verb – speaks Å´¤ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ ing form speak éÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Speaks éÀ ¢√úÕ speaking ņç éπü∆. Å™«Íí Have éÀ •ü¿’©’ He, She, It ûÓ has ¢√úøû√ç. Speaks éÀ ing îË®Ωa-†ô’d has èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ing îË®Ωaç. Å™«Íí talk. Talk- He, She, It ûÓ talks Å´¤-ûª’çC. ing form talk éÀ îË®Ω’≤ƒhçí¬F talks éÀ îË®Ωaç éπü∆.

-v°æ-¨¡o: -ï-¢√--•’:

The plane flew at great speed across the sky plane Çé¬-¨¡ç™ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç*

ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á-R}çC.

6. at the back of = ¢Á†-éπ-¢Áj°æ¤ (back side é¬-ü¿’, backside

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç °œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’,

ÅE) Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤p-úø÷

class ™ ¢Á†éπ¢Áj°æ¤ èπÿ®Ω’aç-ö«úø’ He always sits at the back of the class. Bus ¢Á†é𶵫í∫ç™ èπÿ®Ω’a†o v°æߪ ÷- ùÀèπ◊©’

Íé~´’çí¬ -Ö-Ø√o®Ω’.

The passenger at the back of the bus were safe. at the back of the room = í∫C™ ¢Á-†éπ behind the room = í∫CéÀ ¢Á†éπ some one at the back of the hall was shouting Hall ™ ¢Á-†éπ á´®Ó Å®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. There is a tap behind the hall Hall ¢Á-†éπ ã °æç°æ¤ ÖçC. (Åçõ‰ Hall •ßª’ô) Practice the following aloud in English. a) Stella: O’®Ω’ E†o Í®≠æØ˛ Card B-Ææ’éÓ™‰ü∆? Nikhila: E†o ؈’ Ü-∞ } ™‰†’. £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ 

ÖØ√o†’.

Stella: O’È®-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’? Nikhila: í∫´-®Ωo-®˝-Ê°-ô™, ÇM-¶‰í˚ O-Cµ™ . Stella: O’ ÉçöÀéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ road èπ◊ Å´-ûª-L-¢Áj°æ¤ -School ÖçC-éπü∆? Nikhila: Å´¤†’. ü∆E áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ØË ´÷ É©’x. Stella: Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ Ñ application O’ü¿ Ææçûªéπç °ôdçúÕ. Yours faithfully ÅØË ü∆E-éÀçü¿. Application èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤. ANSWERS: Stella: Didn't you (Did you not) take your ration card yesterday? Nikhila: I was out of town yesterday (Out of station é¬ü¿’). I was in Hyderabad. Stella: Where do you live? Nikhila: In Governorpeta; in / on Alibaig Street (Road ´·çü¿’, Street ´·çü¿’ in, on àüÁjØ√) Stella: Isn't there a School across the road from your place? Nikhila: Yes. My home is just opposite the school. Stella: Please sign on this application, below the 'yours faithfully' line. on the right side.

'Over', 'above'

© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ àC ¢√ú≈L? – -áÆˇ.-öÀ.£«-î˝ -v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛, Æœ-ü∆l¥ç-ûªç, °æ-Pa-´’íÓ-ü∆-´-J ->-™«x Prepositions í¬ Over, above - Ñ È®çöÀF °j† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

1) Our class room is above / over your class room. b) My father wants to have two roomed portion above / over the first floor. Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx above, over ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ii) He is over 35 years of age but looks younger.

(Çߪ’† ´ßª’Ææ’q 35 à∞¡}-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-®·Ø√, *†oí¬ éπ-E°œ≤ƒhúø’.) Ééπ\úø over ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Above é¬ü¿’. iii) éπü¿-Léπ™  °jéÀ ņo-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Over Åçö«ç. He jumped over the wall. (íÓúø O’CéÀ Èíçû√úø’. Ééπ\úø above ®√ü¿’) iv) Ææçêu©’, úø•’s, time èπÿú≈ éÌçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ over ¢√úøû√ç. The book costs over Rs. 300 = Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç êKü¿’ ®Ω÷. 300éπØ√o áèπ◊\´. He waited over three hours = ´‚úø’í∫çô-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë wait î˨»úø’. There are over 30 students = 30 students éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë ÖØ√o®Ω’.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Rama Rao: What are your College hours? College Prakash: Our College works from 9 to 3.30. We go for lunch between 12.30 and 1.30 College 9

(O’

°æE-¢Ë-∞¡©’ àçöÀ?)

(´÷ †’ç* 3.30 ´®Ωèπ◊ °æE-îË-Ææ’hçC. ¢Ë’´· 12.30, 1.30 ´’üµ¿u ¶µçîË≤ƒhç)

Rama Rao: When do you usually start for college? college

(O’®Ω’ ÉçöÀ †’ç* á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-û√®Ω’?)

èπ◊

Prakash: Because our Classes begin at 9.00 in the morning, I usually start about 8.30, as it takes around half an hour for me to reach college. I am at college by 8.55. But why are you asking me all the these questions? (Classes 9

èπ◊ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-û√®· 鬕öÀd, ؈’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ 8.30 v§ƒçûªç™ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-û√†’. College îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω Å®Ω-í∫çô °æúø’ûª’çC. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ؈’ 8.55 éπ™«xcollege ™ Öçö«†’. âØ√ Ñ v°æ¨¡o-©Fo áçü¿’èπ◊ Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?)

Rama Rao: I am from the RTC. We are gathering information to plan our bus services to suit students needs. When does the college usually reopen after summer vacation? RTC

(؈’ †’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Å´-Ææ-®√-©èπ◊ ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Bus services †úø-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ Ñ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπ-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. ¢ËÆæN ÂÆ©´¤© ûª®√yûªCollege 鬙‰ñ ¸ á°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’?

Prabhakar: Usually in June, on the 3rd Monday June

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç)

™, ´‚úÓ

Rama Rao: For howmany days does the college work in a year? College

(ã Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™, ®ÓV©’ °æE-îË-Ææ’hçC?)

áEo

Paul: For about 180 days, without counting exam days (exams

®ÓV©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Å®·ûË ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 180 ®ÓV©’) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Prepositions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

from, to, between, about, around, by, at after, in, on, for. Prepositions Time Prepositions Time

O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’ °j ÅFo èπÿú≈ (Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ) Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ÅE. °j´Fo èπÿú≈ – Æ洒ߪ’ç, ®ÓV, ØÁ©, Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç, ´u´Cµ – ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆! at (9.00 in the morning), about (8.30), around (half an hour), after (summer vacation), in (June), on (the 3rd Monday), in (a year), for (howmany days) brackets time expressions prepositions of place and position -

Ééπ\úø éπü∆! Åçü¿’-éπE Oô-

™ Ö†oN Eoç-öÀE

v°æ¨¡o: what does he think of himself? ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. about himself

ņ-èπÿ-úøü∆?

ï¢√•’:

Åçõ‰ v°æüË-¨»-©†’ ´’E≠œ/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Ö†o-îÓôx†’ ûÁLÊ°N Åçö«ç. ´’J-éÌEo prepositions of time îª÷ü∆lç. Naresh: what is the last date for the submission of application? (Application submit

îËߪ÷-Lq† *´-J-

ûËC àC?)

Narayana: On or before the 15th of next month. we issue applications upto the 28th of this month. Applications will be available even after that date till the 30th of this month, but we charge a late fee of Rs 5 per day. We have been selling applications

since the 5th. Our Office is open from 10 AM to 5 PM, and applications are issued during that time. Prepositions of time before (the 15th), upto (the 28th of this month), till (the 30th), Since (the 5th), during (that time). Prepositions of time

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E

(Eïç-í¬ØË. last week exam ™ first mark ´*açC. Ñ -à-ú≈-C ÉØÁo-èπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ®√´úøç ÉüË ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ)

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç

1. at: Our classes begin at 9 classes

(9èπ◊ ´÷ v§ƒ®Ω綵º´’´¤-û√®·) éπ*a-ûªçí¬ °∂晫† õ„jç ÅE îÁ•’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ç time ´·çü¿’ at ´Ææ’hçC. Our College closes for the day at 4

(Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ college Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC.) Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. §Òü¿’l†, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç °∂晫† time ÅE Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ spoken English, ´÷´‚©’ Conversation ™ AM, PM ¢√úøç. ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ in the morning, in the evening etc., Åçö«ç. Purely official spoken/ written form ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ AM, PM¢√úøû√ç.

At 4 PM, at 9.30, at half past ten (10.30), etc. days 2. on: On dates

á°æ¤púø÷, ®ÓV) ´·çü¿’, ¢√úøû√ç.

(¢√®√© Ê°®Ω’x, °∂晫† (ûËD©) ´·çü¿÷

´u´Cµ

™

äéπ ´u´Cµ °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 43 There are 30/ 31 days in a month.

(ØÁ©™ 30/ ®ÓV©’çö«®·)

™ 28/ 29 ®ÓV©’ Öçö«®·.)

preposition

í∫’Jç* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’ – N.°æ-´-Ø˛- π◊-´÷®˝ ®√V, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

He agreed to stay for another day

ÉçéÓ ®ÓVç-úø-ú≈-EéÀ ä°æ¤p-éÌ-Ø√oúø’. She agreed to the proposal

Ç v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿†é¬¢Á’ ä°æ¤p-éÌçC. I agree with you that he is the best player

ÅE ÅçU-éπ-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’/ FûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.

¢√úø’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ (°æC EN’-≥ƒ-©™ é¬ü¿’) AJT ´î√aúø’. It'll be ready in a week's time.

M. SURESAN

™)

The Government came to power in 2004.

™)

There are 12 months in a year 'in'

The police were able to catch the killer in a day

(ØË®Ω-Ææ’h-úÕE §ÚM-Ææ’©’ äéπ\-®Ó-V™ °æô’d-éÓ-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’.)

™ Öçö«)

(Teacher ¢Á·ûªhç chapter †’ ¢√®Ωç™ °æ‹Jhî˨»®Ω’) ´u´-CµØË ´’®Ó Nüµ¿çí¬, Åçõ‰ éÌçûª-é¬©ç ™°æ© ïJÍí Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†í¬ Ê°®Ì\ØË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x– Manoj: Why are you so happy, Mohan?

(àçöÀ, Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o´¤ ¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛?) Mohan: Why not? I got the first mark in last week's exam. The first time I scored so high in a year.

iv) Join a college/ a group/ a course join preposition v) attend = attend college/ class/ marriage etc. attend to = My Father is attending to the repairs of our house.

Éô’-´çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x

à

ûª®√yûª

®√ü¿’. £æ…ï-®Ω-´úøç – àüÁjØ√ ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬ îËߪ’úøç.

(Çߪ’† Ç °æE îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’) attend on = ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊, ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ îËߪ’úøç

a) Please attend on the guests (Gusets b) When I was ill my sister attend on me. sister Letter writing "Thanking you" Thank you

†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ)

v°æ¨¡o:

Important: every, next, last, that, this in on Shops are closed every Sunday (on every Sunday He comes here next Monday (on next Monday He was here last Saturday (on last Saturday I'll begin it this Monday (On this Monday He didn't see her that day (on that day in The tournaments will begin next June (in next June ) She met him last December (in last December They go to Kashmir every May (in every May Vocabulary (Pronunciation) 1) Charming =

´·çü¿’

é¬F,

é¬F ¢√úøç.

é¬ü¿’)

é¬ü¿’)

é¬ü¿’)

é¬ü¿’)

Å™«Íí èπÿú≈ ®√ü¿’.

just a week

(Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’), ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC.

ÅC ¢√®√-EéÀ (¢√®Ωç ®ÓV©’ °æúø’ûª’çC) ûªßª÷È®j Öçô’çC.

é¬ü¿’)

(Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ 12 ØÁ©-©’ç-ö«®·) ´u´Cµ(Period of time) Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

(áçûª-鬩ç, áEo-®Ó-V©’?) what does he think

He came back in ten minutes.

My sister was born in 1999. (1999 (2004

Kumar: (Over to phone) Where are you Krishna? I am waiting for you Krishna: Sorry, I'll be with you in five minutes. (sorry,

31

There are only 28/ 29 days in February. (February

IN

âü¿’ EN’≥ƒ©èπ◊, Åçõ‰ âü¿’ EN’-≥ƒ©’ ü∆öÀ† ûª®√yûª F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çö«)

The teacher finished the whole chapter in

Suseela: When are you leaving for Hyderabad? Suguna: On Sunday, that is, on the 4th. Suseela: When is the interview? Suguna: On Monday. I will be back here on the 6th, that is, on Tuesday 3. in: Months years (duration) IN Pranav: I will be in Kashmir in June. (June Kashmir Paul: For how long?

(ØÁ©©’),

(´÷ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ™ ´≤ƒhúø’. ™ AJ-T-´≤ƒhç) Éü¿l®Ωç éπ©Æœ

–

É°æ¤púø’ Ñ îª÷ü∆l´÷?

î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x of, about äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ äéπöÀ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Think of, think about È®çúø÷ correct. ii) Prepositions í∫’Jç* N´-JÆæ’h-Ø√oç. iii) agree with = ´uéÀhûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªúøç. agree to = üËE-ÈéjØ√ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç

best player

Pranav: My friend will join me there in July. Together we will return in August. friend July August

AM, PM -á°æ¤p-úø’?..

i)

Åûªúø’

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 6 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

(Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çC) ™ *´®Ω Åçö«®Ω’. ÅC È®jõ‰Ø√, ™‰éπ ÅØ√™«– N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – N.éπ%-≠æg-´‚Jh, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ï¢√•’: ÆæÈ®j† correspondence ™, letter *´®Ω thanking you/ Thank you ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. é¬E î√™«´’çC É™« ®√Ææ’hç-úø-úøçûÓ ÅC ¢√úø’-éπí¬ ´÷J§Ú®·çC. British correspondence™ Thanking you Å®Ω’ü¿’.

é¬ü¿’

é¬ü¿’)

é¬ü¿’) Ñ éÀçC îª÷úøçúÕ. É´Fo í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁL-Ê°N. î√N’çí˚ = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ÉC Çé¬-®Ωç™ 鬴a; v°æ´-®Ωh†™ 鬴a; ´’E-≠œéÀ, ´Ææ’h-´¤èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a. a) She is very Charming in that dress. dress b) He was Charming towards us

(Ç¢Á’ Ç

™ î√© Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖçC)

(Åûªúø’ ´÷ûÓ î√™« Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’) (îÁß˝’ñ¸) = ¢Áçô-•úÕ ûª®Ω-´’úøç.

2) Chase a) The tiger chased the deer.

(°æ¤L >çéπ ¢Áçô-•-úÕçC)

b) The police were chasing the thief.

(-§Ú-MÆæ’-©’ üÌçí∫-¢Áç-•úÕ °æú≈f®Ω’) (vú≈í˚ – Ééπ\úø 'vú≈—, Bank™ ba ™«í¬ °æ©-é¬L)= ™«í∫úøç

3) Drag

i) He dragged the boy into the room

(í∫C-™éÀ ™«í¬úø’)

ii) She dragged him into the quarrel

Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕE §Òö«xô™éÀ ™«TçC.

iii) The movie dragged on

Ç ÆœE´÷ ≤ƒí∫-D-¨»®Ω’

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Ravi: Hi Rahul, going somewhere? (

£æ…-ß˝’ ®√£æ›-™ ¸, -áéπ\-úÕÈéj-Ø√ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’-Ø√o-¢√?)

Rahul: I am on my way to class. (Class Ravi: So early? ( Rahul: Yes. Our Classes are in the morning from 7. Classes Ravi: But I saw you at the temple on the morning of the 15th. (15

èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o†’)

Éçûª §Òü¿’l-ØËoØ√?) (´÷

Öü¿ßª’ç àúÕç-öÀéÀ)

´ û√Kê’ §Òü¿’l† E†’o í∫’úÕ™ îª÷¨»†’ ´’J)

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 8 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

a) We have classes in the morning everyday except on the morning of Sunday. b) The accident took place in the evening, it was on the evening of last Saturday, the 29th. Kumar: How do I go to Learnwell College from here? Learnwell College

(Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ᙫ ¢Á∞«}L?

éÀ

Kamala: You have been here for the past 15 days. Strange that you don't know the way yet. 15

(†’´¤y ®ÓV-©’í¬ Ééπ\úø’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆? ü∆J ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç N*-vûª¢Ë’)

c) During this period he has changed a lot Officer:

When did you take your degree?

®Ó-V-© -´·ç-ü¿’ in.. on

Rahul: Yes. The 15th was a Saturday. We did not have classes on the morning of Saturday. (15 classes Ravi: You were planning to go home, when are you leaving?

Officer:

(ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«}-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆, á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Rahul: Yes, on the evening of the 25th

(Å´¤†’, 25 ≤ƒßª’çvûªç) Ravi:

How do you spend your evenings?

(F´¤ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√©’ àç îËÆæ’hçö«´¤?) Rahul: Usually I go for a long walk in the evening

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ ¢√éÀç-í˚èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’ç-ö«†’) Ééπ\úÕ Prepositions í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. in (the morning), on (the morning of saturday), in (the evening), on the (the evening of the 25th) etc. lesson Prepositions of time. 1) at, time 2) on, days and dates

éÀçü¿öÀ

™ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊éπ*aûªçí¬ °∂晫Ø√ ÅE ûÁLÊ° †oC.. ´·çü¿’, ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’; 3) in, months and years ´·çü¿’ ÅE. 4) in, ´u´Cµ (a period of time) †’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. 'In' °æ‹ô© (Parts of the day) ´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. In the morning, in the evening, in the after noon, in the night or at night. Krishna: When do you get up?

(F´¤ á°æ¤púø’ Evü¿ ™‰≤ƒh´¤?) Kesav: At 5 in the morning

(Öü¿ßª’ç âCç-öÀéÀ) Krishna: When do you usually have lunch? (Lunch Kesav: In the afternoon between 1.00 and 1.30

á°æ¤púø’ îË≤ƒh´¤?)

(´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 1, 1.30èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. °æ‹ô© (Parts of the day) ´·çü¿’ in ¢√úø-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, morning, evening etc., ´·çü¿’ 'the' ûª°æpéπ ´Ææ’hçC. (In the morning, in the evening etc.) lesson conversation a) In the morning; On the morning of Saturday b) In the evening; on the evening of the 25th. morning, evening parts of the day in morning, evening on

Ñ

™

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

Åçõ‰, ÅØË ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË °∂晫Ø√ ®ÓV °∂晫Ø√ ûËD ņo°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC.

Software Programmer.

(´’J Ñ âü¿’-®Ó-V™x †’´¤y îËÆœçüËN’öÀ?)

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™

®ÓV-©’í¬ †’ç* Ñ âü¿’ ®ÓV™x äéπ ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. (°æC ®ÓV-©’í¬) ÅüË Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* ÅE. †’ç*) a) India has been independent for the past 58 years. b) India has been independent since 1947 a) b) a)

¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË– ¶µ«®Ωû˝ áØËo-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Ææyûªçvûª-üË-¨¡çí¬ Ö†oüÓ îÁ•’-ûÓçC. b) ¶µ«®Ωû˝ á°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Ö†oüÓ îÁ•’-ûÓçC éπü∆. Period of time èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ 'for', point of time (°∂晫Ø√ í∫çô †’ç*/ ®ÓV †’ç*/ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç †’ç*) ņo-°æ¤púø’ ‘since’ ¢√ú≈L. Since the vedic times (¢Ëü∆© é¬©ç †’ç*) à∞¡Ÿxí¬)

*´-®Ωí¬

b)

(2002 ´®Ωèπ◊ È®çúË-∞¡x-§ƒô’ teacher í¬ ÖØ√o†’. Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Software Programmer í¬ ÖØ√o†’ (É°æp-öÀ -´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬) During your period as Software

-ï-†-´-J-™ 

a) I have not met him for the past/ the last four years and ten months

-Ø√-©’Íí∞¡x °æCØÁ©-©’í¬ Øˆ’ Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.

b) I have not met him since January 2000 January 2000

†’ç* ؈-ûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.

Ç¢Á’ 2002 ´®Ωèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °æE-îË-ÆœçC.

teacher

í¬

She worked as a teacher for about/ around two years till 2002. c) We reached home (at) about 1.30

¢Ë’´· ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 1.30 éÀ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®√ç. õ„jç expression- 6 O' Clock, 5.30, 2.00 (AM/ PM)- OöÀ-´·çü¿’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Ç time èπ◊ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ at about Åçö«®Ω’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ at ´C-™‰Æœ Íé´©ç about èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. ã period of time ´·çü¿’ 'over' ´ÊÆh °jí¬ ÅE Å®Ωnç. Bhaskar: How long were you there yester-

Programmer what computer

day?

skills have you used?

(E†o †’´¤y Åéπ\úø áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o´¤?)

(Software Programmer

í¬ Ö†o 鬩ç™, à computer skills O’®Ω’ ¢√ú≈®Ω’?) É™« for, since, during ÅØË prepositions of time †’ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´·êuçí¬ since ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈ verb, have been/ has

Bhavan: For over an hour (= for more than an hour =

í∫çô-èπ◊-°jí¬).

Bhaskar: When did he come?

(Åûªúø’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√aúø’?) Bhavan: It was over five when he came.

been; have + past participle/ has + Past par-

(Åûªúø’ ´îËa-Ææ-JéÀ 5 ü∆öÀçC.)

ticiple form

™ØË Öçö«®·. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ °∂晫Ø√ õ„jç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ω-èπ◊-í¬F, Éçé¬ ÅEí¬F Å®Ωnç 鬕öÀd. a) Delhi has been the capital of India since the time of the Pandavas

Corrections: : Spoken English 43
Column line prepositions of place and position-

(§ƒçúø-´¤© é¬©ç †’ç* ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ úµÕMx ®√ï-üµ∆-Eí¬ ÖçC– Åçõ‰ Éçé¬ ÅE èπÿú≈.) b) India was under the British rule during the

(¢√úø’ ††’o îª÷Æœ-†-°æpöÀ†’ç*).

(؈’ Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.)

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç 6.30, Ç v§ƒçûªç™)

-

Since then I have been a

Kumar: During these five days I have been busy buying books, clothes etc. prepositions of time: for, since, during. for the past 15 days - 15 Since last Sunday - last sunday During these 5 days 'for' period of time for an hour, for a day, for 10 days . since since 1999 (1999 since he last saw me

for the past last five thousand years (5000 I met him last in 2000 Jan 2000

What have you been doing

upto 2002.

Kamala: And what have you been doing during the 5 days?

Å®·çC?)

I was there for about half an hour.

™)

(Å°æpöÀ †’ç*– Since then O’Í®ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?)

Officer:

begin

(á°æ¤púø’ ´·T-ÆœçC?) Koushik: Around 8. (8, Ç v§ƒçûªç™) About, Around, ÅØË Ñ prepositions of time, ü∆ü∆°æ¤, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ time †’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô-©´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. a) ؈’ Åéπ\úø ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®Ω-í∫çô ÖØ√o†’

Candidate: I was a teacher for two years

(ÅüËçé¬ü¿’. ؈’ Ééπ\úø §Ú®·† M. SURESAN ÇC-¢√®Ωç †’çîË éπü∆ Ö†oC. Åçõ‰ 5 ®ÓV™‰)

á°æ¤púø’

Kushal: When did it end?

since then?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 44 Kumar: No, not 15 days. I have been here only since last Sunday. Only 5 days.

(Meeting

Koushik: (At) about 6.30 in the evening

(O’®Ω’ úÕvU á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’?)

Candidate: In April 2000 (April 2000

´ ûËD ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç. -Ç®Ó-V §Òü¿’l† ´÷èπ◊ ™‰´¤)

Kushal: When did the meeting begin?

(Ñ Ø√©’Íí-∞¡x-™ Åûªúø’ î√™« ´÷J-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’)

18th, 19th and part of the 20th Centuries




(18, 19

¨¡û√-¶«l©’, 20´ ¨¡û√•lç™ éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ British §ƒ©-†™ ÖçC. Ééπ-§ÚûË about, around, prepositions of time í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖØ√o®·.




(6.9.2005 Ææç-*éπ)™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ *´®Ω, *´J ™ ''Oô-EoçöÀF Åçõ‰ v°æüË-¨»-©†’ ´’E≠œ/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Ö†o îÓôx†’ ûÁL-Ê°N Åçö«ç—— ÅE ´*açC. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ''Oô-Eoç-öÀE Prepositions of time—— ÅE îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-¢√L. Last Column 5´ ™„jØ˛™ – Kumar: (Over to Phone) •ü¿’©’ (Over Phone) ÅE Öçú≈L. Ñ éÀçC Vocabulary îª÷úøçúÕ Å†o Line éÀçü¿ ''É´Fo í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁL-Ê°N—— ÅØË •ü¿’©’ ''OöÀ™ No. 1) í∫’ù«Eo, No. 2) and 3) °æ†’-©†’ ûÁLÊ°N—— ÅE îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-¢√L.

v°æ¨¡o: Ø√èπ◊ Active Voice, Passive éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç* äéπ doubt ÖçC. I shall do my home work passive Passive voice

®Ω÷°æç Öçô’çC. é¬E I shall go to market.. ™«çöÀ Öçúøü¿’. 鬮Ωùç àN’öÀ? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – N.íı-ûªN’, û√öÀ-°æLx, éπKç-†-í∫®˝ >™«x ï¢√•’: I shall go to market- É™«çöÀ verbs (go - Ééπ\úø shall go) èπ◊ passive Öçúøü¿’. verb èπ◊ á´-JE, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´îËa Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ passive Öçô’çC. Shall go- Ééπ\úø go Åçõ‰ ¢Á∞¡}úøç– á´-JE ¢Á∞¡}úøç, üËEE ¢Á∞¡}úøç ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√ü¿’. 鬕öÀd passive Öçúøü¿’. 'do' Åçõ‰ üËEE îËߪ’úøç Åçõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ÖçC – 鬕öÀd ü∆EéÀ passive Öçô’çC. v°æ¨¡o: ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ õ„j¢˛’ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ O' clock ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ Åçö«®Ω’. ´öÀd Clock ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ņ-´-a-éπü∆! – Ƒ£«î˝.´’™‰x¨¡ç, ÆœCl-Ê°ô ï¢√•’: O' Clock Åçõ‰ of the clock. Of the clock E èπ◊Cç* îÁ°æpúøç, ®√ߪ’-úø¢Ë’ O' clock. Ééπ\úÕ apostrophe (') ´C-™‰ÊÆ ¨¡¶«lEo Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. ´öÀd clock Åçõ‰ Ç Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. °æ‹®Ωh-®·† í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ O' clock ¢√úøû√ç. 7.25 O' clock ņç. èπ◊

¢√é¬u-©èπ◊

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Subhash: Hi pranav, How are you getting along? Pranav:

O fine. How is it with you?

Subhash: Fine too, thanks. Where in the work have you been? Ages since we met.

(Éçûª-鬩ç áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤. ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’éÌE ߪ·í¬-©-®·-†-ô’xçC). -É´Fo èπÿú≈ èπ◊¨¡© v°æ¨¡o©’. Pranav: I was in Bangalore for a month from Aug. 1st to/ till Aug 31st, and then in Chennai from Sept. 1st to/ till Sept 6 th, and since then here. (Bangalore

™ äéπ-ØÁ©, Chennai ™ Sept. 6 th ´®Ωèπ◊. Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Ééπ\úø)

Subhash: Happy you are back, and in a good shape too. You remember

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 11 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

Pratibha: When is he here everyday? Prabha: He is here from morning 9 till evening 5. Pratibha: Is he here upto 5? (5 ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçö«ú≈?) Prabha: He is here until 5 everyday.

(v°æA-®ÓW 5 ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçö«-úÕ-éπ\úø) '´®Ωèπ◊— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ to, upto, till, until ÅFo äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË spoken English ™ to, till ¢√úøéπç áèπ◊\´. Sriram: Raghu, for how long has your sister been here? Raghu: for the past five days, since the 4th of this month. from èπ◊, since èπÿ ûËú≈: 'from' ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬

°∂™æ «† Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* °∂™æ «† Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπ◊, ÅØË expressions ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË since

´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ prepositions position and time ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

ANSWERS:

of place,

a) Our office is on the 2nd floor. It is just

Now practice the following sentences/ conversation aloud in English. a) ´÷ Office È®çúÓ Åçûª-Ææ’h™  ÖçC. ÅC ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Åçûª-Ææ’h-™E fancy shop °j† ÖçC.

above the fancy shop on the first floor. b) Sunil: Where is the book? Anil: In the shelf. Sunil: I thought it was in the box. I

my cousin Harsha? He is here now. He has been here since the last Saturday. He will be here upto the end of this month.

(†’´¤y Ç®Óí∫uçûÓ AJT ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. -´÷ éπ->-Ø˛ £æ«®Ω{ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o-ú≈? -Å-ûª-E°æ¤p-úø’ -Ééπ\-úË -Ö-Ø√o-úø’ -§Ú®·-† -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç -†’ç-*. -Ñ -ØÁ-™«-ê®Ω’ -´®Ωèπ◊ -Öç-ö«-úø’)

till.. until.. searched inside the box. b) Sunil:

Pranav: What does he do here until then?

(Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úøûªØËç îË≤ƒhúø’?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 45

Subhash: He is attending coaching classes for ICET.

(Ééπ\úø Åûªúø’ ICET Coaching BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’) Ñ Conversation ™E prepositions: of, from, to, since, till, until, upto.

´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’– from Åçõ‰ '†’ç*—– °∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* ÅF, to Åçõ‰ °∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπÿ ÅE. 'from-to' ïûªí¬ ´Ææ’hç-ö«-®·-éπü∆– Ñ ïûªèπ◊ Å®Ωnç: °∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ ®ÓV/ ¢√®Ωç/ ØÁ©/ Ææç´ûªq®Ωç †’ç* (from) °∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ ®ÓV/ ¢√®Ωç/ ØÁ©/ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ (to) ÅE. Sukanya:

What are your college hours?

(O’

College

¢Ë∞¡-™‰-N’-öÀ?)

Ramakanth: Our College works from 9 am

He was teacher here from 2003 to 2004 (È®çúø÷ past) b) Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈-Lq† period 2004 †’ç* 2006

´®Ωèπ◊.

to 4 pm.

(´÷ College 9 †’ç* °æE-îË-Ææ’hçC) Sukanya:

Å™«-é¬ü¿’. í∫ûçª ™ °∂™æ «† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ û√Kê’/ ¢√®Ωç/ ØÁ©/ Ææç´-ûqª ®Ωç †’ç* É°æpö- ´-À ®- Ωèπ◊, Éçé¬ ÅØË Å®Ωçn ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. í∫ûçª ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* í∫ûçª ™- ØË ÉçéÓ Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπ◊ Å®·Ø√, í∫ûçª ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* present (v°Ææ æ’hû- çª )™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωé- π®- ·Ø√, í∫ûçª ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* future ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®ΩÈ- éØj √, future ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* ÉçéÓ Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®ΩÈ- éØj √ from ´÷vû¢ª ’Ë ¢√úøû√ç to ûÓ. a) Çߪ’† 2003†’ç* 2004´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úø teacher í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

4

´®Ωèπÿ

Do you have classes upto?

(-O’èπ◊ Ø√©’í∫’´®Ωèπ◊ Öçö«ßª÷?)

Classes

Ramakanth: Except on Saturdays when the College works until 2 pm.

(äéπ\ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωçûª°æp – Ç®ÓV 2´®ΩÍé) îª÷¨»-®Ω’-éπü∆: from Åçõ‰ °∂晫† time/ day/ week/ years etc., -†’ç-* -Å-E. To Åçõ‰ °∂晫† time/ day/ week/ years etc., -´®Ωèπ◊ ÅE. Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ to èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, till èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç, ´®Ωèπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

Her period/ tenure here is from 2004 to 2006. (from the past to the future) c) Cricket matches 2005 December †’ç* 2006 January ´®Ωèπ◊. The Cricket matches are from Dec 2005 to January 2006. (Both future) Since: Past™ ã time †’ç* (from some time - ´-À ®- Ωèπ◊ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√ú≈in the past) É°æpö LqçC Since ´÷vû¢ª ’Ë . from ¢√-úçø . My sister has been here since 2004 February. (2004 February †’ç* ´÷ sister Ééπ\úË ÖçC) ´÷´‚-©’í¬ She has been here from 2004

ņç.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. O’®Ω’

A, An í∫’Jç* É*a† N´-®Ωù °æ‹Jhí¬ ™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ éÌ-Eo Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x capital letters ´*a-†-°æpöÀéà a ¢√úø-û√ç. Öü∆: A Union, A European, A

One-way traffic etc., 2. ‘Mother loves her child’ wrong widest sense article beautiful All Roses rose

ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬E ™ ®√ü¿’. Öü∆: Rose is ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅE Å®Ωnç. A rose Åçõ‰ äÍé Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆! -Å°æ¤p-úø’ ÅEo Roses Åçü¿-¢Á’i-†N ÅE Å®Ωnç-®√ü¿’. DE í∫’Jç* °æ‹Jh N´-®Ωù -É-´yí∫-©®Ω’. 3. Water uncountable éπ†’éπ plural - ‘s’ ®√ü¿’ ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬E ´Ææ’hçC. Deep waters, Troubled waters ÅE Åçö«ç éπü∆! N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 4. I get up at 6 a.m. ņo-°æ¤púø’ Everyday ÅE ®√ߪ’éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ÅC habitual éπ†’éπ everyday ÅE ®√ߪ’èπÿ-úøü¿’. N´--Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – -N.-N.-Ç®˝.Èé.®√-´¤, -N-¨»-ê°æ-ôoç

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø’çC? Anil: Ç shelf ™ Sunil: ؈’ Ç Â°õ„d™  Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. ™°æ-©çû√ ¢Á-Aé¬. M. SURESAN Anil: Ç shelf ™ F note book O’ü¿ ÖçC. Sunil: ؈’ E†o-öÀ-†’ç* ü∆E-éÓÆæç ¢Á-Aé¬. c) Prabhat: Ç match áéπ\úø ïJ-TçC? Prakash: ´÷ college play grounds ™ Prabhat: á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC? Prakash: E†o §Òü¿’l† àúÕç-öÀéÀ ¢Á·ü¿™„j ûÌN’tCç-öÀéÀ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. Prabhat: Sunday morning èπÿú≈ Match ÖçúÕçü∆? Prakash: Matches ÅFo mornings ïJ-í¬®·. Sunday morning ïJ-T† match î√© interesting í¬ ÖçC. d) Suseela: ØËE-éπ\úø 2003 †’ç* ÖØ√o. äéπ\≤ƒJ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Charminar °jéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. éÀçü¿èπ◊ CT ´îËa-ô°æ¤púø’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Sucharita: F ¢Á†’é¬, F ´·çü¿÷ á´®Ω÷ ™‰®√ EØ√o-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ? Suseela: Ææ ’v°œßª ’ áéπ\úÓ Â°j† ÖçC. Sulekha Ø√éπçõ‰ î√© éÀçü¿ ÖçC. ØËØË á™«íÓ control îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o. Sucharita: ÉüÁ-°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC? Suseela: ã January ≤ƒßª ’çvûªç. ã ÇC-¢√®Ωç.

-ï-¢√-•’: 1. A, An í∫’Jç* -N-´-Jç-*-† Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ áéπ\ú≈ Capital letters

´·çü¿’ a/ an ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿Eí¬-F, ¢√úøç ÅEí¬F ™‰ü¿’éπü∆. 2. countable, singular áéπ\úø ÖØ√o ü∆E´·çü¿’ a/ ané¬F, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd 'The' é¬F ¢√úø-´-©-ÆœçüË. Mother loves her Child ûªÊ°péπü∆. 'mother' countable singular éπ†’éπ. A/ anèπ◊ 'äéπ— ÅØË Å®Ωn¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, 'any' ÅE, 'all' ÅF èπÿú≈ Å®√n©’Ø√o®· éπü∆. Generalise îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ A mother loves her child Åçö«ç. ü∆E Å®Ωnç every mother ÅE, ™‰-ü∆ 'any mother' ÅE. ÅçûË-é¬F äéπ mother ÅE é¬ü¿’. 'A dog is a faithful animal' ņo-°æ¤púø’ A dog = all animals of the species (Ç ñ«AéÀ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC). O’®Ω-†oô’x, Countable singular, Widest sence ™ A/ an ®√EC äéπ\ 'Man' N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ ØË. eg: Man is mortal: Man proposes, God disposes. N’í∫û√îÓôx éπ*aûªçí¬ àüÓ äéπ article ®√¢√-LqçüË éπü∆. 'Rose' is beautiful ņ-úøç ûªÊ°p. A rose (any rose/ every rose) is beautiful ņ-úøç correct. 'A/

(search for =

¢Áü¿-éπôç)

I looked for it inside the box. Anil: It is on the notebook in the shelf. Sunil: I have searched for it since yesterday. c) Prabhat: Where did the match take place? (take place =

ï®Ω-í∫-úøç)

Prakash: On our college playgrounds. Prabhat: When? Prakash: It began at 7 in the morning yesterday and was over by 9 Prabhat: Was there a match on Sunday morning too? Prakash: All matches were in the morning. But the match on Sunday morning was very interesting. d) Suseela: I have been here since 2003 but

I

have

been

up

the

Charminar only once. While coming down I almost fell. (almost =

ü∆ü∆°æ¤)

Sucharita: Was there none before you and behind you to stop you? Suseela: Supriya was far above me, and sulekha far below me. I controlled myself somehow. (far =

(Ééπ\úø) î√©)

Sucharita: When did this happen? Suseela:

On a January evening, on a Sunday.

an' The rose (all flowers of the rose species) is beautiful 'Rose' is beautiful Rose Oxford/ longman's/ Collins Dictionary/ any standard grammar book. plural form 3. Waters (Eg: The waters of the Krishna (river). Water Water dissolves salt. Waters uncountable. 4. I get up at 6 AM every day

é¬éπ-§ÚûË,

ÅØÁjØ√ ÅØ√L. éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’ Å-ØË-C -Å´÷t®· Ê°È®jûË ûª°æp. (îª÷úøçúÕ.

ÅØË èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπ †C-/ Ææ´·-vü¿ç-™E F∞¡Ÿx ÅE. ´÷´‚©’ F∞¡} í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅØË Åçö«ç. É™«ç-ô°æ¤p-úø’ ņç éπü∆. ÅC Å°æ¤púø’ ņo-°æ¤púø’ ņ-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. éπÈ®é˙d. é¬F ņ-úøç ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. 'How often do you go there?' ņo v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ v°æA-®ÓW ¢Á∞«h†’ ÅE Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç. I go there every day. Ééπ\úø everyday ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. I go to bed at 10 every night. Ééπ\úø every night ņ-´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’é¬E, ûª°æ¤pé¬ü¿’.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Janaki: Jamuna, Who are you looking at?

(ï´·Ø√, á´-JE/ á´-J-¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Jamuna: The man walking across the road and turning towards the bank building. He is going into the bank now. (Road ü∆ô’ûª÷ bank building ¢Áj°æ¤ †úø’-Ææ’h†o Åûª-úÕE. Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’ bank

™éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’) Janaki: He is turning to the left in the bank now. Is that the man? Why are you interested in him?

(É°æ¤p-úø-ûªúø’ ¶«uçèπ◊™ áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úËØ√? ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* áçü¿’-éπçûª ÇÆæéÀh?) Jamuna: Don't you remember? The other day he jumped into the river to save my drowning cousin, that five year old Ramesh

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√-®Ωç 13 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

Jumping into the river Walk into my place at midnight and I shall be happy to invite you with a cup of coffee or tea

†C-™éÀ ü¿÷éπúøç =

†’´¤y Å®Ωl¥-®√-vûª-®·Ø√ ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÀ®√. ã éπ°æ¤p 鬰∂‘-ûÓí¬F öÃûÓ-í¬F Fèπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç °æ©’-èπ◊û√! á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ´’†ç £æ«%ü¿-ߪ’-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ ''F´¤ ´÷ ÉçöÀÈé-°æ¤-úø-®·Ø√ EÆæqç-éÓ-îªçí¬ ®√´îª’a—— ņú≈-EéÀ É™« Åçö«ç. Into - àüÁjØ√ ®Ωçí∫ç™ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ú≈Eo èπÿú≈ Ææ÷*Ææ’hçC. ÉC Ñ´’üµ¿u ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´≤ÚhçC. He is into business

ÅûªØËüÓ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’ Ç¢Á’ software (computers)™ °æE-îË-≤ÚhçC She is into software.

éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Åûªúø’ §ƒ© ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµçî√úø’. É°æ¤púËç îËÆæ’hØ√oúÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ He was into dairy last year. No idea what he is now. into èπ◊ opposite. 4. Out of: ÉC

üËE™†’ç·Ø√ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ®√´úøç.

ÅØË prepositions ¢√ú≈ç-éπü∆. past Åçõ‰ äéπ ´uéÀh-E-í¬E, äéπ v°æüË-¨»Eoí¬E ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞¡}úøç, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æéπ\†’ç*/ Åô’-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ¢Á∞¡}úøç. Åûªúø’ post office ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’ Ééπ\úø

past, off

He is now past the post office.

Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púË Ø√ °æéπ\-†’ç*/ ††’o ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’ He has just walked past me.

take off your... (í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü∆? Ç®ÓV Ø√ cousin, âüË∞¡x èπ◊v®√úø’ ®Ω¢Ë’¨¸ ´·E-T-§Ú-ûª’çõ‰ †C-™éÀ ü¿÷éÀ ®ΩéÀ~ç-î√úø’)

('Ø√ ´·çü¿’-†’ç*— ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 46

Janaki: Yes, I remember. Really brave

(Ç í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Eïçí¬ üµÁj®Ωu-Ææ’húË)

Jamuna: I wish to go to him and thank him (ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-ÈéR} thanks îÁ§ƒp-©-†’çC) Janaki: He is out of the bank now and walking away very fast. (Åûªúø’ bank •ßª’-ô-éÌ*a, î√™« ûªy®Ωí¬

¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’)

Janaki: He is already past the 'tiffin centre'. We shall not be able to reach him. It is too late. And walking through this crowd will delay us. (É°æp-öÀÍé öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre ü∆öÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-

ߪ÷úø’. Åûª-úÕE ´’†ç îË®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç éπ≠dçæ . É°æp-öÀÍé Ç©Ææuç Å®·çC. Ñ ï†ç-™ç* †úø-´úøç Éçé¬ Ç©Ææuç Å´¤-ûª’çC) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E prepositions: at, across,

towards, into, to, outof, past, through Ñ prepositions ÅEoç-öÀF prepositions of direction Åçö«ç. Åçõ‰ OöÀE directions

(Cèπ◊\©’) îª÷°œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. 1. across:

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ across the road ™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'across' Åçõ‰ Å´-ûª©, Å´-ûª-L¢Áj°æ¤ ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø across Åçõ‰ (walking across ņo-°æ¤púø’) Åúøfçí¬ ÅE. ®Óúø’f†’ ü∆ô’ûª÷ Öçõ‰, Åûª-úÕE ™«K úµŒéÌçC While he was walking across the road, a lorry knocked him down (while crossing the road ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a) Sailing across the sea in a rudderless boat is foolish

(é¬\E ™‰E Ø√´™ Ææ´·-vü∆Eo ü∆ôúøç ÅN-¢Ëéπç) (rudder = é¬\E) 2. Towards/ to: Ç police Ø√¢ÁjÊ°

´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’, Ø√ÍéüÓ ¶µºßª’çí¬

ÖçC

The policeman is coming towards to me. I'm (I am) afraid Ééπ\úø to = towards = äéπJ/ äéπ v°æü˨¡ç ¢Áj°æ¤ Walk across the sands towards the shore, you will find the blue water of the sea

ÉÆæéπ ü∆öÀ B®Ωç-¢Áj°æ¤ ¢ÁRûË Fèπ◊ Ææ´·-vü¿ç™E FL-F∞¡Ÿx éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®·. The arrow points to the north

Ç ¶«ùç í∫’®Ω’h Öûªh®Ωç Cèπ◊\èπ◊ îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC. 3. Into: Into - Åçõ‰ ™EéÀ. Åûªúø’ Bank ™éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’ He is walking into the bank.

Ramesh: Have you seen Manyam?

(´’ùuç à´’Ø√o éπE-°œç-î√ú≈ Fèπ◊?)

Naresh: I saw him coming out of the home and getting into an auto. Perhaps he has gone to the doctor. (Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀ †’ç* •ßª’ôèπ◊ ´*a Auto ™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç îª÷¨»†’. •£æ›¨¡ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊

¢Á∞«x-úË¢Á÷?

Ramesh: Why doctor? (Doctor ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊?) Naresh: Don't you know? He isn't (is not) yet out of his fever. Add to that his boss is troubling him a lot.

(O’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆? Åûª-úÕçé¬ ïy®Ωç †’ç* •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. ü∆EéÀûÓúø’ (Add to that) ¢√∞¡x boss Åûª-úÕE î√™« É•sçC °úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’)

Ramesh: Why doesn't he get out of the job? (Ç job †’ç* •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿÷/ ´C-

L-°-ôd-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?) ÉN 'out of' Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-´‚†’. 5. Past - ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞¡}úøç.

Anwar: I saw you hurrying past our shop this morning. Where were you going?

(-†’-´¤y §Òü¿’l† £æ«ú≈-N-úÕí¬ ´÷ ≥ƒ°ˇ ´·çü¿’ †’ç* /shop ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞¡}úøç îª÷¨»†’. áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?)

Aswin: My uncle was coming by the 7 AM train- I was rushing to the station to receive him. (´÷ uncle 7 AM train ™ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Çߪ’†’o receive îËÆæ’-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ station èπ◊

£æ«ú≈-N-úÕí¬ ¢Á∞«}†’)

Anwar: Is he here now?

(Çߪ’† É°æ¤púÕéπ\úø’-Ø√o®√?)

Aswin: No, he got off the train, and drove to the college. He is delivering a lecture there. (Çߪ’† train CT Ééπ\úÕ college éÀ ¢ÁR}§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. -Åéπ\-ú≈-ߪ’† àüÓ lecture ÉÆæ’h-

Ø√oúø’)

Anwar: You are still on your bike. Get off it and have some tea with me. (-†’-´¤y Éçé¬ bike O’ü¿ØË ÖØ√o´¤. CT Ø√ûÓ é¬Ææh tea û√í∫’)

By the time he joined us, we were past our school

¢√úø’ ´÷ûÓ éπL-ÊÆ-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ ´÷ school ü∆öÀ ¢ÁR}§Úߪ÷ç. 6. Off: Ñ preposition M. SURESAN Å®Ωnç äéπ-îÓöÀ †’ç* éπCL ¢ÁR}-§Ú-´úøç. Sankar: (On the bus = bus™) Hi Sanjeev, where are you going? Sanjeev: To Nampalli station, where are you going? Sankar: I am getting off the bus at Abids. I am going my aunt's, half a kilometre off Tilak Road.

(؈’ ÇG-ú˛q™ CT-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. Åéπ\-úÕ†’ç* Tilak Road èπ◊ Å®ΩéÀ™-O’-ô®˝ ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†o ´÷ Aunt ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.) (off Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø away from ÅE).

Sanjeev: Your top shirt button has come off your shirt. (F shirt button, shirt †’ç* ÜúÕ

´îËa-ÆœçC)

Off uses Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. a) Take off your feet from on the table Table O’ü¿-†’ç* F §ƒü∆©’ (é¬∞¡Ÿx) BÊÆ®·. b) Police ÅûªúÕ driving license BÊÆ-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oúø’ The police have taken off his driving license. c) õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ É°æ¤púø’ team ™ ™‰úø’ Tendulkar is off the team. d) ÆœE-´÷™x Åûªúø’ villain §ƒvûª©’ ¢ËÆ œØ√, •ßª’ô

î√™« ´’ç*-¢√úø’

Though he acts the roles of villain on the screen, he is a fine gentleman off the screen

e)

•ßª’ô Ç-¢Á’ à´’çûª Åçü¿çí¬ Öçúøü¿’

Off the screen she is not so glamourous, I mean off her make up (Make up ™‰èπ◊çú≈) Éô’-´çöÀ îÓôxçû√ off = away from (äéπ îÓô-

†’ç* ü¿÷®Ωçí¬) ÅE.

7. Through: ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç 'í∫’çú≈— a) Bhaskar: Where is the manager's room, please? Receptionist: Please pass through the door on the left and then turn left (áúø-´’-¢Ë°æ¤ ü∆y®Ωç í∫’çú≈ ¢ÁRx ´’Sx left A®Ω-í∫çúÕ)

b) As the train went through the tunnel, it became suddenly dark Train ≤Ò®Ωçí∫ç í∫’çú≈/™ç* ¢Á∞Ïx-°æ¤púø’, Åçû√

äéπ\-≤ƒ-Jí¬ <éπ-õ„j-§Ú-®·çC.

c) Chandan: Did you get your favourite hero's autograph yesterday? (--E-†o O’ ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’úÕ autograph BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?) Chandra: No, It was impossible to push my way through the crowd to get to him

(ï†ç™ç* ûÓÆæ’-èπ◊E Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-úøç ≤ƒüµ¿uç 鬙‰ü¿’)

d) Please pass the thread through the eye of the needle.

(Ç Ææ÷C-™éÀ ü∆®Ωç áéÀ\ç-îªçúÕ. Eye of the needle= Ææ÷C- éπçûª)

e) Bhagavan: When am I getting the money?

(Ø√èπ◊ úø¶„s-°æ¤p-úø’ -´-Ææ’hçC?)

Brahman: Tomorrow. I will send it through Vishnu.

(Í®°æ¤ N≠æflg ü∆y®√ °æç°œ-≤ƒh†’)

Bhagwan: Why through Vishnu? You yourself give if to me.

(N≠æflg ü∆y®√/ -ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊?†’¢Ëy É´¤y)

Now practice the following in English: Prabhakar: áéπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? Pramod: É°æ¤púË train Cí¬†’. Chennai †’ç*

´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.

Prabhakar: v°æߪ÷ùç ᙫ ÖçC? Pramod: ®√vûªçû√ ¢√†-™ ØË v°æߪ÷ùç.

v°æߪ÷ùç™ Åçû√ Evü¿-§Ú-ߪ÷-†-†’éÓ. Evü¿ ™‰îËÆæ-JéÀ train ûÁØ√L ü∆öÀçC.

Answers: Prabhakar: Where are you coming from? Pramod: I have got off the train just now; from Chennai. Prabhakar: How was the journey? Pramod: The Journey the whole night was through rain. I slept through the journey. The train was past Tenali When I got up.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Says

Rakhi, designer, "since I was walking on footpath the offender could not get too close to me. So he caught hold of my duppatta and almost choked me. The incident left an ugly scar on my neck. eve teasers English daily since example sentence

Ñ ¢√®Ωh í∫’Jç* ™ ´*a-çC. Éçü¿’™ ¢√úøéπç Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îÁ°æpçúÕ. Å™«Íí äéπ É´yçúÕ. – -áÆˇ.®√-ñ‰-¨¸, -¶µº’-´-†-T-J, -†-™Ô_ç-úø ->-™«x

-ï-¢√-•’:

i) Ééπ\úø since Åçõ‰ because (Åçü¿’-´©x). since I was walking on the foot path - ؈’ foot path O’ü¿ †úø’-Ææ’h†oç-ü¿’-´©x ÅE. (Since it is raining, I want an umbrella- ´®Ω{ç- ´-Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’-

´©x Ø√èπ◊ íÌúø’í∫’ 鬢√L.) èπ◊ É®Ω’-¢Áj-°æ¤© ÖçúËN foot path, platform é¬ü¿’. ÅC ÆæÈ®j† English é¬ü¿’. Road èπ◊ É®Ω’ -¢Áj-°æ¤™« ÖçúËN Pavements. American English ™ sidewalk. iii) Eve teasers ÅØË-´÷ô èπÿú≈ English ™ ™‰ü¿’. ii) Road

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Murali: Hi! Manoj, what brings you to this

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 15 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

Doesn't he (does he not) appear to be

office again?

above 40?

(£æ…-ß˝’ -´’-ØÓ-ñ ¸, àçöÀ ´’Sx -´-î√a´¤?)

office

èπ◊

c)

Manoj: I've (I have) come for my service cer-

35 à∞¡x éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√∞¡Ÿx Government jobs èπ◊ Å®Ω’|-©’-鬮Ω’ Those above 35 years of age are not

tificate.

qualified for govt. jobs

(Ø√ service certificate éÓÆæç ´î√a.)

Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Murali: How long did you work here?

(†’¢Áyçûªé¬©ç °æE-îË-¨»-N-éπ\úø?) Manoj: I joined here at the

age of 20 and

above

•ü¿’©’

over

èπÿú≈

Those above 35 = Those over 35 3.

left at the age of 23. That means 3 years. To be exact it is a little over three years.

äéπ ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ Å®·ûË = below i) È®çúË∞¡xéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ -´-ߪ ’Ææ ’-†o °œ©x-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ñ ´’çü¿’ É≤ƒhç We give this medicine only to children

(ØËE-éπ\úø 20´ àô îË®√†’. 23´ àô ¢Á-R}§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Åçõ‰ ´‚úË∞¡Ÿx. correct í¬ Å®·ûË ´‚úË∞¡xèπ◊ éÌClí¬ Â°jØË)

below the age two. ii) Åûª-úÕ

(Sorry, Ñ §Úöà âü¿’, ûÌN’t-üË∞¡x ´ßª’Ææ’qçúÕ, I Class †’ç* V Class îªC¢Ë ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’) îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆! Prepositions of age: a) at the age of/ at a young age/ at an old

´ßª’Ææ’q 20 à∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë

age/ at the proper age

He is below 20

b) Jagdeesh: FéÃ

§ÚöÙ §ƒ™Ô_ØË Å®Ω|ûª Öçü∆? (Å®Ω|ûª Öçúøôç = eligible, §ƒ™Ô_-†ôç = participate/ take part, §Úöà = competition/ contest) Suma: 20, 30 à∞¡x ´’üµ¿u ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÅC. Jagadeesh: Å®·ûË Fèπ◊ Å®Ω|ûª ÖçC éπü∆?

Murali: Murthy has also left us. isn't he (is he not) the same age as you?

He left school at..

(´‚Jh èπÿú≈ Ñ office ´CL ¢ÁRx§Úߪ÷úø’. Åûª†’ èπÿú≈ F ´ßª’ÊÆ éπü∆?) Manoj: No, I am 23 now, and he is above 24. He is atleast a year older than I. What about you?

(é¬ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ É®Ω-¢Áj-´‚úË∞¡Ÿx. Åûª-úÕéÀ É®Ω-¢Áj -Ø√-©’-Íí∞¡x éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë. F Ææçí∫ûË-N’-öÀ?)

iii) Åûª-úÕ

-´-ߪ’Ææ’q 20 à∞¡x-™Ê°

Murali: I am under twenty one. I am slight-

business

Suma:

-v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-*-†-°æ¤púø’

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 47

He was below twenty (years of age)

ly, that is, just a few months over 20.

when he started his business.

(É®Ω-¢Áj-ä-Íé\-∞¡x-éπçõ‰ éÌçîÁç ûªèπ◊\´. 20 à∞¡x éπçõ‰ éÌEo ØÁ©©’ áèπ◊\´) Ééπ\úÕ prepositions îª÷úøçúÕ: at (the age of), above (24), under (20), over (20) -í∫-´’-Eç-î √®Ω’ éπü∆. Ñ prepositions ÅFo-èπÿú≈ ´ßª’-Ææ’qèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈ç. 鬕öÀd OöÀE prepositions of Age Åçü∆ç.

iv)

Ééπ\úø below •ü¿’©’ under ¢√úø-´îª’a. (below = under Ééπ\úø) v) 14 à∞¡xéπç-õ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ -´-ߪ’Ææ’ °œ©x-©†’ °æ†’-™ x°-ô’d-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿’. 4.

È®çúø’ ´ßª’-Ææ’© ´’üµ¿u =

M. SURESAN

between

ANSWERS

Parent: Will you let my daughter participate in the competition

ņ-´îª’a). c) below/ under

äéπ ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ ™•úÕ. é¬ü¿’) d) between = È®çúø’ ´ßª’-Ææ’q-© ´’üµ¿u. (Less than/ lower than

(§ÚöÙ ´÷ Å´÷t®·E §ƒ-™Ô_†E-≤ƒh®√?)

NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:

she in?

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ 22´ àô °-∞¡}-®·çC. she got married at 22/ at the age of 22

(´-ߪ’ÂÆçûª? à

class

a) Pavan: †’´¤y

™ ÖçC?)

at a young age/ at an old age/ at the proper age 2. äéπ

´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ °j•úÕ Öçõ‰ = above a) 60 à∞¡x °j•-úÕ-†- -¢√--∞¡Ÿx senior citizens people above 60 years of age are senior citizens.

class.

(°æüË-∞¡x-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´. -Ç®Ó -ûª®Ωí∫-A îª-ü¿’-´¤-ûÓç-C) (above ten/ over ten/ ten plus) Teacher: I'm sorry. This competition is nine years of age, that is, for pupils of I class to V class.

-™‰-ü¿÷?

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) I' asked him not to Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?Sentence *´®Ω not to à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úøû√®Ω’? 2) What the postman must do is provide the address-

Åç-õ‰ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’N’-öÀ? do ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª is à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ´Ææ’hçC? – -G.®√-ñ‰ç-ü¿®˝, -N’®√u-©í∫÷-úø, -†-™Ô_ç-úø ->-™«x -ï-¢√-•’: 1) 'I asked him not to' Åçõ‰ á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ îË≤ƒh-´’E Åçõ‰, ´ü¿’l ÅE Å®Ωnç. A: He said he would complain to the police. B: I asked him/ told him not to. (Åçõ‰ Police complaint É´y-´-ü¿lE îÁ§ƒp†’, ÅE) 2) What the postman must do is Åçõ‰ Postman àç îËߪ÷-©çõ‰ ÅE Å®Ωnç. What the Postman must do is provide the address = Postman îËߪ÷-Lqç-üËç-ôçõ‰ address É´y-úøç. ÉD D†®Ωnç. Ñ éÀçC Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ do is ´Ææ’hçC. What you must do (now) is, study well and get good marks †’Ny-°æ¤p-úø’ îËߪ÷-Lqç-ü¿™«x ¶«í¬ îªCN marks ûÁa-éÓ-´-úøç.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

Ravikanth: To my uncle. Pavan: Your uncle? He appears to be below 25 years. Is he older than you by two or three years only?

´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤

Ravikanth: Don't be silly. I am 20 years

´÷´’-ߪ’uûÓ Pavan: O’ ´÷´’ߪ÷u? 25 à∞¡x-™ °æ¤ -¢√-úÕ-™« éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-úø’. Féπçõ‰ È®çúø’ ´‚úË∞ÏxØ√ °ü¿l? Ravikanth: °œ*a-°œ-*aí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. Ø√Íé¢Á÷ É®Ω¢Áj. Çߪ’†èπ◊ 35 -éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë. Pavan: Åçûª-´-ߪ’-Ææ’-†oô’x éπ†-°æ-úøúË. Ravikanth: *†o-´-ߪ’-Ææ’-™ ØË Çߪ’† foreign ¢Á∞«xúø’. Last week AJ-íÌ-î√aúø’.

Pavan: He doesn't (does not) look his

á´-JûÓ

Old. He is above 35.

Ravikanth: ´÷

for children between five and

40 à∞¡x-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√-úø’í¬ éπ-E°œç-îª-úøç

a) Pavan: Who were you talking to?

(Éçü∆éπ)

Parent: She is ten plus. she is in VI

°ü¿l/- Ææ-È®j† ´ßª’Ææ’™

b) Åûª-úø’

age

°∂晫--† ´-ߪ’-Ææ’qèπ◊ °j•úÕ (Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx more than so many years

Teacher: How old is she? which class is

at 16 years of age.

c) *†o/

b) above/ over a certain

boys or girls under 14

He left school at 16/ at the age of 16/ b)

°∂晫† ´ßª’-Ææ’q-™/ èπ◊, *†o/ -°-ü¿l/ -Ææ-È®j† ´ßª’-Ææ’™.

Nobody shall appoint for any work

1. at (the age of)

°∂晫-† ´ßª’-Ææ’q-èπ◊/ -°∂æ-™«-† ´ßª’-Ææ-°æ¤púø’/ ÉØÓo-à-ô/É-ØËo-∞¡x-°æ¤púø’ – OöÀ-™ àC îÁ§ƒp-©Ø√o ¢√öÀ ´·ç-ü¿’ at ¢√úøû√ç. a) ¢√úø’ 16 à∞¡xèπ◊ school ´C-L-°-ö«dúø’.

15 à∞¡x™°æ¤ °œ©x-©èπ◊ é¬D ÆœE´÷ This movie is not for those below 15

Ø√èπ◊ 30 à∞¡Ÿx ü∆öÀç-ü¿E îÁ°œpç-î√-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®√? Jagadeesh: Sorry, F´¤ 30 à∞¡x-™ Ê° ņ’èπ◊Ø√o. c) Naresh: Hi, Ajitha, Åçü¿®Ω÷ èπ◊™«-≤ƒØ√? Ajitha: ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿ ´÷ û√ûª-í¬®Ω’ §Úߪ÷®Ω’. Naresh: ÅßÁ÷u! Çߪ’† ´ßª’-ÂÆqçûª? Ajitha: °ü¿l-´-ߪ’-Ææ’-™ ØË îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Å®·ûË Çߪ’† ™‰E ™ô’ ™õ‰. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ 78 à∞¡Ÿx. ؈’ °æ¤öÀd-†-°æp-öÀÍé Çߪ’-†èπ◊ 55 à∞¡x°jØË. ´÷ Å´’t-´’tèπ◊ 50 ™°æ¤. Naresh: Åçûª ´ßª’-Ææ’-™ †÷ Çߪ’† î√™« èπ◊™«-≤ƒ-í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆!

age Ravikanth: He went abroad at a very young age. He returned only last week. b) Jagadeesh: Are you eligible to participate in the competition? Suma: It is only for those between 20 and 30 (years of age) Jagadeesh: Then you are eligible

I Know her (A.V.) She is Known by me (P.V.) She is known to me (P.V.) A.V. P.V.

Suma: Do you want to make me say that I am above 30

or

°j ¢√éπu-ç-™ E ™éÀ -´÷-JÊÆh à ¢√éπuç áçü¿’-èπ◊?-N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬ –

Jagadeesh: Sorry, I thought you were Correct?

The Water fills the tank (A.V.) The tank is filled by the water (P.V.) (or) The tank is filled with the water (P.V.) P.V. Correct?

™ à ¢√éπuç

-– ü¿-´·t -¢Áçéπ-ô -Å-§ƒp®√-´¤, -´·-†í∫-§ƒéπ, -N-¨»-ê°æ-ôoç ->-™«x -ï-¢√-•’: Passive ™, know -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™-†÷, fill -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™-†÷ by ®√-ü¿’. is known to, is filled with ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. 'fill' N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ á´®Ω’ fill î˨»®Ω’ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ by ´Ææ’hçC. The tank is filled with water by Ram.

under thirty. c) Naresh: Hi Ajitha, how is every body? Ajitha: My grandfather died a week ago (Week back

é¬ü¿’)

Naresh: Sorry to hear that. What was his age? / How old was he? Ajitha: He died at an old age. We do miss him, of course. He was 78. When I was born he was above/ over 55. Grand mother was below/ under 50. Naresh: Even at such an age he was healthy.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Kranthi: Hi Karuna, How are you? Karuna: Fine. Thank you. How are you? Kranthi: Fine too. How is your new job? (F éÌûªh job ᙫ ÖçC?) Karuna: Absolutely no complaints. None above me. I am the boss.

(¶«üµ¿™‰ç ™‰´¤. °æ‹Jhí¬ ¶«í∫’çC. Ø√°j† á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. boss †’ ØËØË.) absolute = °æ‹Jhí¬

Kranthi: How many are there in all? (O’ office ™ ¢Á·ûªhç áçûª´’çC?) (in all = ¢Á·ûªhç) Karuna: There are five under me. My position is below that of the Area Manager.

(Ø√ éÀçü¿ âü¿’-í∫’-®Ω’- °æ-E-îËÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’. ؈’ Area Manager -ûª®√y-ûª ≤ƒn®·-™  ÖØ√o†’)

Kranthi: How many branches has your Company?

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 18 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

2. Between: È®çúø’ £æ«Ùü∆© ´’üµ¿u a) MROèπ◊ Collectorèπ◊ ´’üµ¿u™ Sub-collector

Öçö«®Ω’.

The Sub collector is between the MRO and the collector in rank and power. Ñ prepositions í∫’-Jç-* Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬: a) above/ over= °j†/ áèπ◊\-´-®·†/ N’ç*† –

£æ«Ùü∆™/ Ææçêu™ éÀçü¿/ ûªèπ◊\-´-®·† / ûªT_† – £æ«Ùü∆™/ Ææçêu™ c) between = ´’üµ¿u (£æ«Ùü∆™/ Ææçêu™) b) below/ under =

NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING: 1) Bharani: Hi Dharani, ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? Dharani: èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË, Éçûªéà ¢Á·†o F birthday party éÀ -áç-ûª´’çC ´î√a®Ω’? Bharani: ؈’ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ ™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰ü¿’. 35, 40 Dharani:

´’üµ¿u -´-*a-†-ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’. éÌçûª ´’çC Officers èπÿú≈ ´*a-†ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’?

Dharani: Some Officers were also there, I think. Bharani: They are all my dad's colleagues. Two or three of them are above the rank of marketing Managers. Dharani: Are they above your dad? Bharani: Most of them are below/ under

The pen is mine Karuna: Between 12 and 14. (12, 14 ´’üµ¿u. branches – Ææçêu) Kranthi: Is the work heavy? (î√-™« °æ†’ç-ô’çü∆) heavy– áèπ◊\-´í¬ (Ééπ\úø) Karuna: No. Not above 15 files a day. On Saturday it is even below 7 or 8. (®ÓVèπ◊ 15 files éπçõ‰ Öçúø´¤. Saturday Å®·ûË 7, 8 éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\¢Ë) Kranthi: How Hours at office?

(®ÓVèπ◊ áEo í∫çô©’?)

Karuna: Not so rigid. We are there between 10 AM and 6 PM for above six to six and a half hours.

(Åçõ‰ éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’ ™‰´¤. °æCçöÀéÀ ÇJç-öÀéÀ ´’üµ¿u 6, 6 1/2 í∫çô© §ƒô’ Öçö«ç) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E prepositions í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆:

above, below, under, between. 1. 'Above' èπ◊ -Ö†o éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ Éçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’ lesson™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø 'above' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç -îª÷ü∆lç. Karuna: None above me. I am the boss. Åçõ‰ ´÷ office™ Ø√°j† á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’.

ØËØË ÅCµ-é¬-JE. ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™, £æ«Ùü∆™ äéπ-J-°j† ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ Öçúø-ö«Eo 'above' Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí 'there are five under me' – Ééπ\úø under Åçõ‰ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™, £æ«Ùü∆™ éÀçü¿ Öçúøôç. Home Minister £æ«Ùü∆ Chief Minister £æ«Ùü∆ éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ The rank of the Home Minister is below that of the Chief minister. The Home Minister under the Chief Minister in power and rank.

(Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† Å稡ç. äéπ £æ«Ùü∆ éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\-´/ -ä-éπJ éÀçü¿= below. äéπJ éÀçü¿= under Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË 'Officers

below/ under the rank of the district collector – É™«çöÀ sentences ™ below, under È®çúø÷

¢√úø-´îª’a) a) VEO £æ«Ùü∆ °j† Ö†o officers èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ jeep -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îË Å®Ω|ûª Öçô’çC. Those /

officers above the rank of the VEO are eligible for jeeps. (eligible= Å®Ω|ûª éπL-T†) b) Collector £æ«Ùü∆èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ñ

ÅCµ-鬮Ωç ™‰ü¿’

Those below/ under the rank/ position of the Collector do not have this power. c) v°æA °æC´’çC-°j† ã Supervisor Öçö«úø’ Ñ Office™ There is a supervisor over/ above every ten workers. Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx rank èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, position, level, designation -Å-Eèπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. '£æ«Ùü∆—- Å®Ωnç™.

Bharani:

¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷Ø√†o Colleagues

(Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuí∫’©’). ¢√∞¡x™  Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 48

Marketing Manager

éπçõ‰ °j M. SURESAN ¢√∞¡Ÿx. Dharani: O’ Ø√†oí¬J éπçõ‰ °j¢√∞«x? Bharani: î√™«-´’çC ´÷Ø√†oí¬J-éπçõ‰ éÀçC¢√∞Ïx. äéπ-J-ü¿l®Ω’ ´÷Ø√†oéπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ £æ«Ùü∆™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx. 2) Chandra: Hi Surya, come in. E†o áéπ\-úø’Ø√o´¤? Surya: ؈÷, Ø√ Classmates Picnic èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xç. -ü∆-ü∆°æ¤ °æC´’çC-N’. Chandra: ¶«í¬ í∫úÕ§ƒ®√? Surya: Ç, E†o î√™« Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. Ö≥Úg-ví∫ûª 25 úÕvU© éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\¢Ë. xí¬ £æ…®·í¬ ÖçC. ¢Ë’-´’éπ\úø Ç®Ω’í∫çô© °jØË í∫úÕ-§ƒ´·. ´÷™ äéπ®Ω’ äéπ Cake ûÁî√a®Ω’. È®ç-úø’ éÀ™© éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ •®Ω’´¤ç-C. Chandra: äéÌ\-éπ\-JéÀ áçûª -ê®Ωa-®·çC? Surya: 250, 300 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© ´’üµ¿u. ANSWERS 1) Bharani: Hi Dharani, how are you? Dharani: Fine, By the by, how many attended your birthday party the day before (yesterday)? Bharani: I didn't count exactly. There were between 35 and 40 (The people present were between 35 and 40)

my dad. one or two of them are above my dad. 2) Chandra: Hi, Surya, come in. Where were you yesterday. Surya : My classmates and I went for a picnic. We were about ten. Chandra: Did you enjoy yourselves?/ Did you enjoy the day (Picnic)? / Had a good time? Surya: Yesterday was very pleasant. The temperature was below 20 degrees. cool and pleasant. We were there for over six hours. one of us brought a Cake. It was above 2 Kgs. Chandra: How much did each spend? Surya: Between Rs 250 and 300 each.











Dharmendra: We are all going on a Picnic. Won’t you join us? (¢Ë’´’çû√ Picnic ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. Damodar:

†’´¤y ®√èπÿ-úøü¿÷?)

When is the Picnic? (Picnic á°æ¤púø÷?) Dharmendra: On Sunday. It is a nice spot. (Sunday ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. Ç °œéÀoé˙ ¢Á∞Ïx Damodar:

v°æü˨¡ç èπÿú≈ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.)

Where is the spot?

(Ç îÓô’ áéπ\úø?)

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Where did you go?

Where have you went? 2) It is time we left It is high time we left.

O-öÀ-´’-üµ¿u -ûË-ú≈ -N-´-J-ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

3) No, ifs and buts, young man, you must speak out your mind.

Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

4) I want to ask him for help

؈’ Åûª-úÕE Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í¬-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. ؈’ Åûª-úÕE Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í¬-©E ņ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úÕo (í∫ûªç™). -D-E-E English ™ -á-™« -Å-Ø√-L? – -ñ„.®Ω-¢Ë’-¨¸, -ñ„-.-Å-E-™¸, -´-úøx-´‚®Ω’, -ûª÷®Ω’píÓ-ü∆-´-J ->-™«x.

Dharmendra: It is on the riverside. Far off from the town. A lonely spot. It is an ideal spot for a picnic.

(†C äúø’f† ÜJéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬. î√™« Åçü¿-¢Á’i† îÓô’. Picnic èπ◊ ņ’¢Áj† îÓô’). -Éç-ü¿’-™ a, an, the Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç. -É-C´®Ω-™ a/ an Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. 1) Countable singulars (™„éπ\-°õ‰d ¢√-öÀ-™  äéπü∆Eo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤p-úø’) ´·çü¿’ A/ An ´Ææ’hçC. (ûÁ©’í∫’ ¨¡¶«l©’, Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, à, â, ä, ã, å ©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u English ´÷ô©´·çü¿’ An, N’í∫û√ ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ A ÅE îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.) 2) Uncountables (™„éπ\-°-ôdE ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ A/ An ®√ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ 'The' ¢√úøéπç îª÷ü∆lç. A) ¢Á·ü¿ô 'The' pronunciation: ûÁ©’í∫’ ¨¡¶«l©’ 'Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, à, â., ä, ã, å— ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u English ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’, 'C— -¢√-úø-û√-ç. The order (C Çúø), The egg (C áí˚), The industry (C ÉçúøÆ )‘Z , The Owl (C 噸), The honour (C dž) etc. a †’ bank, ant ™ ™«í¬ °æL-éÀ-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ 'C— Åçö«ç. The ant (C ant), the (C) hour, etc. N’í∫û√ ¨¡¶«l-©èπ◊ ´·çü¿’, 'ü¿— °æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç. The (ü¿) book, the (ü¿) tree, the (ü¿)

University etc. B) Countables, uncountables, singulars, plurals- OöÀE í∫ ’- Jç-* °∂æ-™«-Ø√ ÅE v°æûËu-éπçí¬ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ 'The' ¢√úøû√ç. A book is there. (Åéπ\úÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC). The book is my borther's (ÅC ´÷ brotherC). Ééπ\úø A, the ¢√úøéπç §Ú©açúÕ. ¢Á·ü¿ô àüÓ/ ã ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'A' ¢√ú≈ç. È®çúÓ sentence ™ Ç (Åçõ‰ °∂晫Ø√) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'The' ¢√ú≈ç. 鬕öÀd °∂晫Ø√ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ countables (singular & plural), uncountables (singular and plural) ´·çü¿’ the ¢√úøû√ç, ¢√ú≈L.

(´·êu-¢Á’†i Å稡ç: éÌEoîÓôx ûª°æp Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo, Å®√nFo•öÀd English™ A é¬F, An é¬F, the é¬F nouns ™ éÌEo ûÁí∫© ´·çü¿’ ¢√ú≈-LqçüË) ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: äéπöÀ/ àüÓ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å®·ûË A/ An ¢√úøû√ç. °∂晫-Ø√ Å®·ûË 'The' ¢√úøû√ç. a) A pen is for writing (pen ®√ߪ’-ú≈EéÀ) (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ A/ Anèπ◊ ûªí∫_ô’d ¢√úøéπç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.)

b) The pen in your pocket is mine. (F ñ‰•’™ Ö†o pen -Ø√-C). Ééπ\úø The ¢√úø-ö«-EéÀ äéπ rule. à-C? ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√éπ-§ÚûË, A/ An ¢√úøû√ç. Ææ-´÷--üµ∆†ç ´ÊÆh 'The' ¢√úøû√ç.

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Where did you go?

Åçõ‰ – †’¢Áy-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x´¤? ÅE.

Where did you went? Correct é¬ü¿’. Did ûª®√yûª go ´Ææ’hçC; went ®√ü¿’. 2) It is time we left. It is high time we left-

OöÀ È®çöÀéà ŮΩnç äéπõ‰ – ´’†ç á°æ¤púÓ ¢Á-∞¡Ÿ}ç-ú≈-LqçC, ÅE. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ¢Á∞«}-Lq† Time ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿E. 3) -Ñ -¢√é¬u-EéÀ -Å®Ωnç – Å®·-ûË, T®·-ûË ÅE Ü£œ«ç--éÓ--´-úøç -´ü¿’l, F ´’†-Ææ’™ à´·çüÓ îÁ°æ¤p – ÅE. ´’†ç @N-ûªç™ î√-™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ÅüË ïJT Öçõ‰/-ï-JT Öçúøéπ-§ÚûË à´’-ßË’uüÓ ÅE Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç. Å™«Íí Å™« ïJ-T-ûË/- ï-®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË à´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ 'ifs and buts' Åçö«ç. If Åçõ‰– Å®·ûË; but Åçõ‰– Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ. If Gandhi had been alive... í¬ç-Dµ •AéÀ Öçõ‰... but he is not... Å®·ûË, Çߪ’† ™‰úø’í¬... no ifs and buts Åç-õ‰ É™«çöÀN Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´-úøç E®Ω-®Ωnéπç ÅE. 4) I used to think of asking him for help

Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í¬-©E ņ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úÕo. (I used to feel like asking him for help)

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Gowtham: Hi Gambhir, I saw a bike in front of the bank by your home. (O’ ÉçöÀ °æéπ\ bank ´·çü¿’ ã bike†’ -îª÷-¨»-†’) Gambhir: Wasn't it (was it not) yesterday? I saw the bike too. Really stunning. (E†o éπü∆? ؈÷ îª÷-¨»†’ bike †’.

î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. Stunning = Ǩ¡a®Ωuç íÌLÊ° (Åçü¿ç)

Gowtham: (Do you) know the owner?

3) Robert: Where is Vijayawada?

(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø áéπ\-úø’çC)

Guide: About 300 kms to the South East of Hyderabad. On the banks of the Krishna. (Hyderabad èπ◊ ØÁj®Ω’A -C-¨¡-™ , ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 300 kms ü¿÷®Ωç™ éπ%≠æg

äúø’f† -Öç-C)

Robert: I have heard of Rajahmundry. Where is it?

(ÅüÁ-´-JüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

conversations ™ Åçõ‰ spoken form ™ (Do you) ™«çöÀN ´C-™‰Æ œ know him? ™«çöÀ questions ¢ËÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Gambhir: Yes. It is the bank manager's (ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅC Ç bank manager C) Gowtham: Perhaps you have an account with the bank. A big account, (Ç bank ™ Fèπ◊ account Öçü¿-†’-

èπ◊çö«. °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªh-¢Ë’-Ø√?)

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 20 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

(®√ï-´’çvúÕ í∫’-Jç-* ÅüÁ-éπ\úø -Öç-ô’ç-C?)

NØ√o†’.

Guide: A little distance from Vijayawada. It is on the Godavari. Where are you coming from?

(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úøèπ◊ éÌçûª-ü¿÷-®Ωç™. íÓü∆-´J äúø’f†. O’È®-éπ\-úÕ-†’ç-* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?)

Robert: From Goa. The beaches of the Arabian sea are really grand. How

2) Pranav: Where is Vijayawada? Prakash: About 40 kms off the sea coast. (Ééπ\úø about = ü∆ü∆°æ¤, off = ü¿÷®√† ÅØË prepositions ¢√úøéπç

í∫÷ú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)

Pranav: Is the Krishna a big river? Prakash: Yes. It is a very big river. One of the twelve major rivers in India.






rate.. at, price.. for 1) ´’†ç last lesson™ 'The' E èπ◊-†o-C: äéπ ´÷ô´·çü¿’ 'The'

far is Vijayawada from the Bay of Bengal?

í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’¢√ú≈™«, -´-ü∆l Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊– Ç ´÷ôèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ 'à-?—/ which? ņo question -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-E -ü∆-EéÀ Ææ´÷üµ∆†ç ´ÊÆh The ¢√ú≈--L.

a) He bought a book yesterday.

E†oÅûª-úø’ °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌ-Ø√o-úø’. à °æ¤Ææhéπç– which book? (éÌØ√oúø’) ÅØË question èπ◊, no answer. So 'a book' in the sentence. b) The book there is mine. Åéπ\-úø’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç -Ø√-C. 'à °æ¤Ææhéπç/ which book?' ÅØË question èπ◊, The book there – Åéπ\-úø’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅE answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd. 2) Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†o-°æ¤úø’ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æߪ’ç ´·çü¿’ The ´Ææ’hçC. °j Ææ綵«≠æ-ù™ îª÷úøçúÕ. The bank by your home, the bike, the owner, the bank manager. Ééπ\úø Oô-EoçöÀ´·çü¿’ 'The' ´≤ÚhçC. áç-ü¿’éπF?É-´-Fo

èπÿú≈

´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o 鬕öÀd. v°æ≤ƒh-´†çû√ èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷™‰– Åçü¿’-éπE.

Gowtham, Gambhir Éü¿l-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ Bank, bike, owner, bank manager

Pavan: Where are the books? Ravi:

(Ç °æ¤-Ææh-é¬-™„-éπ\úø?)

Can't you see? They are on the table. (éπ-E°œç-îª-úøç ™‰ü¿÷? Ç table O’ü¿’-Ø√o®·.) Pavan: And where's (where is) the pen? Ravi: There too. On the table. (Åéπ\úË. Ç table O’üË) Pavan: Where is the paper for me to write (®√ߪ’-ú≈EéÀ paper àC?) Ravi: You find a lot of paper in the shelf there. (Ç shelf ™ 鬴-©-Æœ-†ç-ûª paper ÖçC) Ééπ\úø The books, The table, The pen, The shelf Åçô’Ø√oç. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ravi, Pavan v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h†o books, table, pen, shelf ¢√Rx-ü¿l-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢Ë. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\-úøçû√ 'The' -¢√-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 49

(íÓ¢√ †’ç*. Åéπ\úÕ ÅÍ®-Gߪ÷ Ææ´·-vü¿ -B®√-©’ -áç-ûÓ -Åç-ü¿çí¬ M. SURESAN -Ö-Ø√o®·. Nï-ߪ’¢√úø Bay of Bengal †’ç* áçûªü¿÷®Ωç?)

Guide: About 40 kms Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'The' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷úøçúÕ: To the Southeast, The Krishna, The Godavari, The Arabia Sea, The Bay of Bengal. Åçõ‰ †ü¿’© Ê°®Ωx´·çü¿’, Ææ-´·-vü∆-© Ê°®Ωx´·ç-ü¿’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ the ¢√ú≈-LqçüË. Å™«Íí Cèπ◊\©-†’ Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈EéÀ èπÿú≈ (to the southeast) ¢√úøû√ç. NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING: 1) Ram: Ééπ\úø library áéπ\úø? Raghu: éÌClí¬ Öûªh®Ωç -¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á-R}, áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ. library éπ-E°œÆæ’hçC. Ram: -Ç library °ü¿l-üËØ√? (Is ûÓ begin

îËߪ÷L) Raghu: GLfçí˚ *†oüË. °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ´÷vûªç ¶™„úø’-Ø√o®·. 2) Pranav: Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø áéπ\úø? Prakash: Ææ´·vü¿B®√-EéÀ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 40 km ü¿÷®√† ÖçC. Pranav: éπ%-≠æg °-ü¿l -†-üË-Ø√? Prakash: î√-™« °ü¿l †C. ¶µ«®Ω-û˝-™ E 12 °ü¿l †ü¿’™x ÅC äéπöÀ. ANSWERS: 1) Ram: Where is the library here? Raghu: Walk a little to the north and turn (to the) left. You see the library. Ram: Is the library big/ a big one? Raghu: The building is small, but the books are many.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) O’®Ω’ Q&A QJ{-éπ™

-ã v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-†-N’Ææ÷h... í¬ ™‰ü∆ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ïJÍí †’ ™ îÁ§ƒh-®Ω-Ø√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ Öü∆-£æ«-

''regular actions present passive ''A lecturer is appointed by the committee" text book regular actions present passive simple future passive "In every business enterprise, the accounts will be classified on the basis of one key factor. That key factor is debit and credit. Debit, Credit accounts are classified

®Ω-ùí¬ Å-ØË ¢√é¬uEo -îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’. é¬F äéπ í¬ ™‰ü∆ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ïJÍí ™ í¬éπ ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’. Öü∆:

™ †’

îª÷¨»-®Ω’í¬ ¢√é¬uEo. ' ë«û√-©†’ Å稻© Çüµ∆-®Ωç-í¬ØË ´K_-éπ-J-≤ƒh®Ω’— . ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ ïJÍí °æØË éπü∆. ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’? ÆæçüË£æ«ç B®Ωa-í∫-©®Ω’.

2)

Khalid: The mangoes are good. How much did you buy them for?

(Ñ ´÷N’úÕ°æ-ç-úø’x ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. ᙫ éÌØ√o¢˛?)

Kesav: At Rs. 80 a dozen. I bought all these for Rs. 160/-. There was a better variety, but the price I felt was too high. I was not prepared to buy them at that price. (Dozen 80 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-© -îÌ°æ¤p-† éÌ-Ø√o.-

O-öÀéÀ 160 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-®·çC. Éçûª-éπØ√o ´’ç*-®Ωéπç ÖçC. é¬F Ø√èπ◊ üµ¿®Ω ´’K áèπ◊\´ -ÅE-°œç-*çC. Åçûª üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ éÌØËçü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ™‰†’) Ééπ\úø 'at' 'for' prepositions Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. Rate ´·çü¿’ ã dozen üµ¿®Ó, ã éÀ™ üµ¿®Ó, ã O’ô®Ω’ üµ¿®Ó Å®·ûË at ¢√úøû√ç. 1) Ñ Gߪ’uç éÀ™  20 ®Ω÷. -îÌ°æ¤p-† éÌØ√o I bought this rice at Rs 20 a Kg. 2) She bought her dress material at Rs. 300 a metre.

(-Ç-¢Á’ -vúÁÆˇ -¢Á’-öÃ-J-ߪ’-™¸ O’ô®˝ 300 ®Ω÷. îÌ°æ¤p† éÌ-†oC)

When we say we bought mangoes at Rs.80 a dozen, (´’†ç dozen 80®Ω÷. v°æ鬮Ωç éÌØ√oç) Åçõ‰, ÅC Rate. 鬕öÀd ü∆E-´·çü¿’ at. Ñ

N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ûªhç áEo °æ∞¡Ÿx éÌØ√oç, ¢Á·ûªhç üµ¿®Ω áçûª Å®·çD -ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

He bought these mangoes for Rs.200

Ñ °æç-úø’x ¢Á·ûªhç ®Ω÷.200 °öÀd-éÌ-Ø√o†’. (ÉC price; rate é¬ü¿’, 鬕öÀd for) Ñ •≤ƒh Gߪ’uç 1600 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-®·çC

I bought this bag of rice for Rs. 1600/-

éÀçC situation ™ ¢√é¬u-Eo present passive ™ Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç--î√-™«, perfect passive ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç--î√-™«? -à-C éπÈ®é˙d?

Input:- "A computer accepts data which is provided by means of a input device like mouse, or key board" (Input device "input" 'data' "A computer accepts data which has been provided by means of input device like a mouse or key board"

-™„j-† éö®Ω’f, ´’¯Æˇ-©ûÓ éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ü¿û√hç-¨»-Eo Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îª-ú≈Eo Åçö«®Ω’). ûÁ©’í∫’ v°æ鬮Ωç ¢√éπuç-™E Å®Ωnç îª÷ÊÆh ' éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ O’èπ◊ †’ ÅçCç-*† ûª®√y-ûË éπü∆ ÅC Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îËC. 鬕öÀd ¢√öÀ-™-

-ï-¢√-•’:

ÅE îÁ°æp-´î√a? – Ç®˝.-á-Æˇ.-´’-Ê£«≠ˇ, ņç-ûª-°æ¤®Ωç

1) Ééπ\úø

ņ--úø¢Ë’

The accounts are classified correct, will be classified ÅØËC

(ÉC èπÿú≈ price, rate é¬ü¿’. unit ߪ‚Eö¸ üµ¿®Ω ´÷vûª¢Ë’.)

Rate

á°æ¤púø÷ äéπ

PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING: Vinai: Ñ É©’x O’ ≤Òçûª-¢Ë’Ø√? (Do ûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ) Vijai: Å´¤†’. ´÷ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ È®çúË∞¡x

éÀçü¿-ô 11 ©éπ~-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o®Ω’. Vinai: Éçöx curtains ÅFo ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. Ç curtain í∫’úøf áçûªèπ◊ éÌØ√o®Ω’? ÅFo äéπ í∫’úøf´·éπ\™‰Ø√? Vijai: Å´¤†’. O’ô®Ω’ ®Ω÷.320 v°æ鬮Ωç éÌØ√oç. ¢Á·ûªhç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 4500 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Å®·çC. Vinai: Ñ chairs ? Vijai: Ñ chairs, Ç sofa, Ç table ÅFo-éπ-L°œ 12000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Å®·çC.

ANSWER: Vinai: Do you own this house ? Vijai: Yes. My father bought it for Rs.11 lakh two years ago. Vinai: The curtains are really nice. How much did you buy the curtain cloth for? Are all of them the pieces of the same cloth? Vijai: Yes. We bought it at Rs.320 a metre. We bought the whole cloth for about Rs.4500 (The whole thing cost us about Rs.4500) Vinai: What about these chairs? Vijai: These (the) chairs, that (the) sofa, that (the) table - we bought all of them together for Rs.12000/- (All these cost us Rs.12000/-) É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Vocabulary items îª÷úøçúÕ. 1) ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞¡}-úøç = go to a movie/ film/ picture. 2) ¶µï-†ç-™«çöÀN ´úÕfç-îª-úøç serve a meal/ food/ lunch/ dinner 3) öé’, 鬰∂‘-©-™«çöÀN ÉçöÀéÀ ´*a† ¢√∞¡x-éÀ-´y-úøç offer tea/ coffee/ a drink/ a seat 4)

(èπÿîÓ-´’E -îÁ°æp-úøç) Åûª†’ coffee Éî√aúø’ é¬E ؈’ BÆæ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’

He offered me coffee but I didn't take it.

5)

ØË-†ûª-EéÀ coffee É*aØ√ Ø√ O’ü¿ éÓ°æç ´©x BÆæ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’

I offered him coffee, but because he was angry with me, he refused it/ to take it. refuse= A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç-îª-úøç, ä°æ¤p-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç 6) Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îª-úøç = accept

ØËE-*a† 鬆’éπ Åûª†’ BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’ He did not accept my gift

´÷´‚-©’í¬ Åûª†’ 鬆’-éπ©’ Æ‘yéπ-Jçîªúø’ (BÆæ’éÓúø’)

He doesn't (does not) accept gifts. not accept = reject He rejected my gift = He did not accept my gift.

future ™ ïJÍí °æEE Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. 2) Which is provided ÅØËC correct. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púø÷ ïJ-Íí-üËçöÀ..? Mouse, keyboard ™«çöÀ input devices data †’ ÅçC-≤ƒh®·. ü∆EE computer BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’çC. O’J-*a† sentence †’ È®çúø’í¬

Núø-íÌ-ôdçúÕ. Å°æ¤úË´’´¤-ûª’çC?

1) An input device like a mouse or keyboard provides the data. 2) The computer accepts it. É°æ¤púø’ sentence no.1 passive í¬ ´÷Ja È®çúÕç-öÀ-E éπL°œûË is provides éπÈ®é˙d ÅE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. äéπ ´÷ô. data, ´÷´‚-©’í¬ plural. Computer °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ™ ´÷vûªç singular í¬ØË ¢√úøû√®Ω’.

Ðû¦è[ª-

I Ganesh: Hi Harish, pleasure seeing you here. Welcome. Do come in.

(óÀª, KùÃ! Eìªo ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[è[Ù/ ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦÷è[Ù à¦ö° ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙC. ö˺í£-LÚ¨ ô¦!) Do come in = ö˺í£LÚ¨ ô¦ ÍE Þœæ¨dÞ¥ àµí£pè[Ù. Oª conversation ö˺ practise à¶óŸªÙè….

Harish: Pleasure is equally mine/ Pleasure is mine too. So this is your new home. Really splendid. The furniture is elegant too.

(û¦ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ú£ÙêÁù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙC. Ïë]-ìo÷«å Oª Ú•êŸh Ïõªx. à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC. Oª íÆ£Jo-àŸô ÚÛ«è¯ à¦ö° û¦W-ÚÛªÞ¥ ÑÙC.) Ð 'pleasure' -expressions ÍFo conversational bits. Oª conversationö˺ î¦è[ªêŸ« ÑÙè[Ùè…. Splendid = excellent Elegant =

û¦W-·Újì

Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 22 šúšídÙñô¢ª 2005

šíj ú£Ù-òÅ°-ù£-éö˺ made (make) êÁ ÷#aì prepositions Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…– made of, made from, made out of. 1) All the furniture is made of teak.

íÆ£Jo-àŸô ÍÙê¦ ç¶ÚÛªêÁ à¶ø‹ô¢ª. ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± ë¶EêÁ Íô³û¦ à¶óŸª-è¯Eo ÍÙæ°Ù. `of' ÏÚÛ\è[ êŸí£p-E-ú£J.

made of

We make tables of wood.

(÷ªìÙ tables (çµóÀª-ñªöËÀq)ìª àµÚÛ\êÁ à¶þ§hÙ.) a) Ð ôÁVö˺x ÷ªìÙ Eô¦t-é°-÷-ú£-ô¦-õÚÛª Ïìª÷³, ÑÚÛª\êÁ à¶ú‡ì šíjí£±-õÚÛª ñë]ªõª Þœæ¨d ð§xú‡d-ÚÂêÁ à¶ú‡ì šíjí£±-õû¶ î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ. Nowadays we are using pipes made of (pipes of) hard plastic instead of pipes made of iron and steel for construction purposes. (finished product) made of

êŸóŸ«-·ôjì ÷ú£ªh÷± ë¶EêÁ êŸóŸ«·ôjìëÁ ÚÛEí‡ú£«h ÑÙç¶ Íí£±pè[ª ÍÙæ°Ù. This Table is made of wood- Íìo-í£±pè[ª àµÚÛ\

pieces.

(Î <ô¢õ ÷³ÚÛ\-õêÁ Î

à¶ú‡ÙC.)

curtain b) She made a beautiful figure out of the pieces of coloured paper.

(Î ô¢ÙÞœª Ú¥T-ê¦õ ÷³ÚÛ\-õêÁ ò˹÷ªt êŸóŸ«ô¢ª à¶ú‡ÙC). ÏD made of, made from, made out of ÷ªëÅ]uê¶è¯.

ò°ÞœªÙë¯? ÏÙêŸ ÓÙè[ö˺ í£åªd vèµúà Óö° î¶ú£ªÚÛªÙæ°÷±? àµ÷ªå í£åd-è[Ù-ö¶ë¯? sweat- àµ÷ªå – šúyæËÀ Suseela: ö¶ë]ª. û¶ìª ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÷« Óú‡ ÎíƈúÃö˺û¶ ÑÙæ°Þ¥? Suguna:

Answers:

1. Raghu: What do you want, sir?

of... from... out of ÚÛEí‡-ú£«hû¶ ÑÙåªÙC. Ú¥ñæ¨d

made of. 2) The sweet is made from flour and milk.

(Î úˆyæËÀ í‡Ùè…, ð§õêÁ à¶þ§hô¢ª (à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC)). ÏÚÛ\è[ made êŸô¦yêŸ from ÷þ¼hÙC ÚÛë¯! í‡Ùè…, ð§õêÁ(from flour and milk) Íìo-í£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ êŸóŸ«-·ôjì ÷ú£ªh÷± (finished product) Ô í£ë¯-ô¦n-

Your drink is good. How did you make it? Ganesh: Thank you. The furniture is all made of teak. Dad got the wood specially from Bhadrachalam forests. How about having this sweet? It's vilakand. Mom's (Mom has) made it.

(íÆ£Jo-àŸô ÍÙê¦ ç¶ÚÛªêÁ à¶ú‡Ùë¶. ÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª òÅ¡vë¯-àŸõÙ Íè[÷±õ ìªÙ# êµí‡pÙ-à¦ô¢ª. Ð úˆyæËÀ Bú£ªÚÁ. ÍC Nö°ÚÛÙèÂ. Í÷ªt à¶ú‡ÙC.)

Harish: (After taking a bite) It's delicious! What's the stuff it is made of?

((Ú•ÙêŸ AE) à¦ö° ô¢ª#Þ¥ ÑÙC. ë¶EêÁ à¶þ§hô¢ª DEo?) stuff = í£ë¯ô¢nÙ

Ganesh: It's a new variety. It is made from a mix of rice and wheat flour, milk, ghee etc.

(GóŸªu-í‡pÙè…, ÞÁëÅ]ª-÷ª-í‡Ùè…, ð§õª, ûµô³u ÚÛLí‡ à¶þ§hô¢ª.) ûËÁæËÀ: Nö°-ÚÛÙè úˆyæËÀ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é ÚÁú£Ù ÚÛLpÙ#ìC ÷«vêŸî¶ª. êŸóŸ«-ô¢ªà¶›úÙë]ªÚÛª ví£óŸª-AoÙ-àŸ-ÚÛÙè…. (flour = í‡Ùè…, pronunciation- íÆ£xÍ, flour, flower - ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨Ú© Ö¸Ú pronunciation) Harish: That flower vase stand over there, that particularly attracts me. Is it very expensive?

(ÍÚÛ\è… íÆ£xÍ î¦âÉÀ þ§dÙè à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC. ÍC à¦ö° ÜKë¯?) flower vase= í£²õªÙචޥV/ åöËÀð§vêŸ vase- pronunciation- British - î¦âÉÀ, American - îµóÀª-úÃ/-îµ-óÀªâÉÀ)

Ganesh: No. Our carpenter made it out of the wooden pieces left over.

(ö¶ë]ª. NªT-L-ð¼-ô³ì àµÚÛ\÷³-ÚÛ\-õêÁ ÷« ÷vè[ÙT ë¯Eo à¶ø‹è[ª.) left over = NªT-L-ð¼-ô³-ÙC.

eg. She gave the left overs to the beggar.

(Î NªT-L-ð¼-ô³ì î¦æ¨E GàŸa-Þ¥-è…Ú¨ Ï#aÙC.)

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 50 õêÁ (raw material - ÷³è…-ú£-ô¢ªÚÛª/ ú£ô¢ª-ÚÛªõª) êŸóŸ«·ôjÙëÁ ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d made from. Made of ÚÛª, made from ÚÛª ê¶è¯ Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…. ÍÙê¶-Ú¥-ÚÛªÙè¯ ·ôÙè[ª, ÷´è[ª ÷ú£ªh-÷±õ ÚÛõ-ô³-ÚÛêÁ êŸóŸ«-·ôj-ì-í£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯ from Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¦L. a) Ú¥T-ê¦Eo àµêŸhêÁ (ìªÙ#) êŸóŸ«ô¢ª à¶þ§hô¢ª. Paper is made from waste material. Paper `from'. b) The doctor made this medicine from some herbs. herbs) 3) Our carpenter made it out of the wooden pieces.

ö˺ àµêŸh ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d è¯ÚÛdô Р÷ªÙë]ª Ú•Eo ÷´L-ÚÛ-õêÁ à¶ø‹ô¢ª.

(÷´L-ÚÛõª=

(÷« ÷vè[ÙT DEo NªT-L-ð¼-ô³ì àµÚÛ\-÷³-ÚÛ\-õêÁ êŸóŸ«-ô¢ª-à¶-ø‹è[ª.) ÏÚÛ\è[ out of î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ. Ú•Eo ÷ú£ªh-÷±-õ쪖 ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ Ö¸Ú ô¢Ú¥EN Íô³ìí£±pè[ª `make out of' ÍÙæ°Ù. a) She made the curtain out of the sari

Now practise the following aloud in English. 1) Raghu: Ram:

ÔÙ Ú¥î¦-õÙè† OªÚÛª? ñõxõª, ÚÛªKaõª ÷ªÙ#-î¶-÷ªû¦o Ñû¦oó¶ªîµ« àŸ«ú£ªhû¦o. Raghu: Ð ñõxõª, ÚÛªKaõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. Ram: ÍN ð§xú‡d-ÚÂêÁ à¶ú‡ìN ÚÛë¯. û¦ÚÛª ÷ªÙ# ç¶ÚÛªêÁ à¶ú‡ìN Ú¥î¦L. Raghu: ÍN ÍÚÛ\-è[ªû¦oô³. ÷ªÙ# ç¶ÚÛªêÁ, NNëÅ] M. SURESAN ô¢Ú¥õè…âµj-ìxö˺. Ram: ÏN ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oô³. û¦ÚÛª Ú•Eo í£ô¢ª-í£±õª, CÙè[ªx Ú¥î¦L. Raghu: ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô³ àŸ«è[Ùè…. î¶ú£-Nö˺ ÏñsÙC ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙæ°ô³. ÑêŸh þ§pÙâÉÀêÁ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ sponge, rubberized íˆàŸªêÁ êŸóŸ«-·ôj-ìN. (íˆàŸª= coir) Ram: ÍC ú£¸ô. ëÅ]ô¢õª Óæ°x Ñû¦oô³? 2) Suguna: ìªNy-#aì vè…ÙÚ à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC. Óö° à¶ø‹÷±? Suseela: v믤Ûô¢ú£Ù, ÚÛ÷ª-ö°-ô¢ú£Ù, Ú•ClÞ¥ ÍõxÙô¢ú£Ù, ë¯ÙêÁ-ð§åª í£ÙàŸ-ë¯ô¢, NªJ-óŸ«õ-ð»è… ÚÛL-í‡ì NªvøŒ-÷ªÙêÁ. (Þœ÷ª-EÚÛ: ÏC Ð î¦uú£Ù ÚÁú£Ù ô¦ú‡Ùë¶. ví£óŸªêŸoÙ à¶óŸª-ÚÛÙè….) Suguna: à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC. Ïë¶Ùæ¨ Ð vèµúÃ? Suseela: îµ³êŸhÙ í£åªdêÁ êŸóŸ«ô¢ª à¶ú‡ÙC

ví£øŒo: An awareness programme will be held at kurnool on saturday. Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ ö˺ ÑÙë]E êµõªú£ª. Íô³ê¶ Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ àŸ«è[Ùè….

future tense a) An amount of Rs. 104 crores would be paid in Rajampet constituency of Cuddapah district on Saturday. Indirect Speech past tense refer

·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ ö˺ ÑÙë¯? ö¶ë¯ ¸Ú÷õÙ ìª à¶ú£ªhÙë¯? û¶ìª ›íí£ôÁx ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù àŸ«›ú-û¦-æ¨Ú¨ è[ñªs í£Ùí‡é© áJ-Tìæ°x ö¶ë¯ áô¢Þœìæ°x? b) 'Dr YSR is sure that availability of funds would not be a hindrance'- Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ Indirect Speech Íìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ YSR was sure ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯! Ú¥F ÓÙë]ªÚÛª News paper ö˺ is sure ÍE î¦è¯ô¢ª? ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ is sure ÍE î¦è¯Lq ÷›úh will be hindrance ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯! N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª. – ÓúÃN FL÷ª, ò˹õx-÷ô¢Ù

I am looking for good tables and chairs. Raghu: How about these tables and chairs, sir? Ram: They are made of plastic. I want tables and chairs made of good teak. Raghu: There they are sir. Of good teak and in a variety of designs. Ram: They're (they are) OK. I need some mattresses and pillows too. mattress bed = Raghu: Here are they sir. Made from Sponge, rubberized coir- no problem in summer as they are not made only of sponge. Ram: That's OK. How much are they? 2) Suguna: Your drink is good. How did you make it? Suseela: From a mix of grape juice, orange juice, ginger extract, sugar, and a little pepper powder. (ginger = extract = Suguna: Really fine. How about this dress of yours? Suseela: It is made of pure silk. Is it good? Suguna: How are you able to wear it in such hot sun? Don't you sweat? Suseela: No. I am most of the time in our air conditioned office. Ram:

= í£ô¢ªí£± í£ô¢ª-í£±êÁ Ñìo ÷ªÙàŸÙ

ÍõxÙ,

Bú‡ì ô¢ú£Ù)

Íí£±pè[ª Oª sentence DEÚ¨ continuation Íô³ê¶ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íö° Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ an amount of Rs. 104 Crore would be paid... Íû¶C independent sentence Íô³ê¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ would be paid ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯Lqì verb will be paid. Íë¶ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Oªô¢ª ›íí£ô àŸC-î¶-û¦-æ¨Ú¨ í£Ùí‡é© áô¢-Þœ-ìç¶x. Future ö˺ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC ÍE Íô¢nÙ. b) Dr YSR is sure that the availability of funds would not be a hindrancemain clause verb sub-ordinate clause verb Dr YSR is sure report will not be sentence correct form. Dr report YSR was sure YSR report was) would not be- correct.

÷ªìÙ Óí£±pè[ª

ìª ñæ¨d ìª ú£÷-JÙ-à¦L. ÍE à¶ú£ªhÏÚÛ\è[ Íû¶ ô¦î¦L. Íë¶ Ð ì-í£±pè[ª áî¦ñª: a) An amount of Rs. 104 ñæ¨d ÷«vêŸî¶ª àµí£p-ÞœõÙ. ÍÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛª ÖÚÛ î¶üŒ crores would be paid in Rajampet con- î¦ÚÛuÙ Ïö° ÑÙë]-ìª-ÚÁÙè…– The Minister ÍE ඛúh (ÓÙë]ªsaid that money would be disbursed to stituency of Cuddapah district on ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ñìo ú‡nAE Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛÙç¶ Saturday- Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ Indirect Speech ö˺ the deserving (Íô¢ª|-öµjì î¦JÚ¨ è[ñªs Ï÷yà¶ú£ªhû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d ÑÙë¯ ö¶ë¯ Íû¶C, ÍÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª î¦Ú¥uEo ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC.) Ð sentence ÑÙë]ìªÚÛªÙç¶

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Radhika: Hi Rama, (are you) in a hurry? Rama:

ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o¢√?

You bet I am. I am on my way to class. I'm afraid I shall be late. It's already 7.50 and the class is at 8 (O' clock) you bet I am bet

éπ-*a-ûªçí¬. ( ؈’ é¬ßª’ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o-†E †’´¤y ´îª’a. Åçõ‰ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅE éπü∆.) class èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. Late Å´¤-û√-ØË¢Á÷. É°æp-öÀÍé 7.50 Å®·çC. é¬xÆæ’ 8 éÀ)

Radhika: Shall I see you in the evening then? Rama:

Å®·ûË E†’o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓØ√? I'm afraid it's a bit early. Make it quarter past five. Past that will be too late again.

British English etc.,

™ Quarter past, half past áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’ èπÿ-ú≈ É™« îÁ°æp-´îª’a. 02.10- Ten minutes past two

(´÷´‚-©’í¬

Two ten),

02.50- Ten (minutes) to three

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ Two fifty) ™ past Å®Ωnç: 'ü∆öÀ— ÅE. (Past - pronunciation = §ƒÆˇd) Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç, Ææn™«Eo ü∆öÀ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøçèπÿú≈ past. He is past the building. äéπ ´ßª’Ææ’ ü∆ô-úøç = Past the age. °j

expressions

Kapil Dev is past the age of playing cricket. cricket

ÇúË ´ßª’Ææ’ ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC. ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

Saikiran:

Hi Lakshman, where are you coming from?

Lakshman: (I am) returning from a party. Saikiran:

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 51

Where?

Lakshman: At the wine n' dine Hotel. Saikiran:

Where is it? the Krishna Studio.

Saikiran:

6) Before 'of' phrases, if 'of' comes after a plural (plural form of phrases plural form The 7) Before the names of famous buildings, of historical buildings, of big hotels, of monuments, etc. Pavithra: Hi, Puneetha, did you see the professor?

ûª®√yûª ´ÊÆh Ç ´·çü¿’ ¢√-úø-û√ç).

v§Ò°∂-Ææ-®˝†’ îª÷¨»¢√?

Lakshman: Don't you know? It's near the

ÅC éÌçîÁç ûÌçü¿®Ω Å´¤ûª’çüË¢Á÷. (Ééπ\úø I'm afraid = I am afraid Åçõ‰ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁ-©°æ-úøç; üËØÁj oØ√ ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ ™‰ü¿-†-úøç.

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 25 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

A nice place, isn't it? What about the Shelton Hotel near the Charminar?

Puneetha: No, she left for the US yesterday. No idea when she will be back. On her way back she is going to spend a week in the UK. She will return home by the UAE. Pavithra: I think she is the first in her department to be invited to so many countries.

India.. The US.. eg: I'm afraid it is not possible for me to give it =

ÅC É´y--™‰-ØË-¢Á÷ – É´y†’ ÅE ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ îÁ°æp-úøç.) 5-15 èπ◊ ®√. (Make it ¢√úø’éπ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 5.15èπ◊ ´îËaô’d îª÷ú≈-©E) Å-C ü∆-öÀ-ûË ´’Sx Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. Radhika: That suits me fine. ok conversation lessons dialogues Spoken English forms. practise conversation time expressions 7.50, 8 (O' clock), half past five, quarter past 5, past that.

(Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ØË ÅE) ™ ¢√úøçúÕ ÉC èπÿú≈ ™ ¢√úÕ† É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ ÅFo èπÿú≈ NNüµ¿ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úË OöÀE Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ îËÊÆh Åçûª ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫éπLÆœ áçûª Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ Çéπ-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’çC ©®Ω’. O’ †’ í∫´’°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Eç-îªçúÕ. É-C-´®Ω-™ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç éπü∆: °∂晫-Ø√ õ„jçèπ◊ ÅE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫-L-T-†-°æ¤púø’ at ¢√úøû√ç. Æ洒ߪ’ç ´·çü¿’ At 3 pm, at 4.15 etc. English ™ ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ AM, PM (AM = Ante Meridian, PM = Post Meridian) formal conversation

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√úøç. ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’í¬F, í¬ v°æéπ-ô† ÉîËa-ô-°æ¤púø’í¬F ¢√úøû√ç. ´’†ç îËÆæ’h†o°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd §Òü¿’lØ√, ´’üµ∆u-£æ«o´÷ ÅØËC ûÁ-©’-Ææ÷hØË Öçô’çC éπü∆. Åçûªí¬ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ -ûÁ-©-§ƒLq ´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ in the morning, in the evening etc Åçö«ç. °æ‹®Ωh-®·† í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ O' clock Åçö«ç. O' clock = of the clock. Éçü¿’™ f the omit îË≤ƒhç 鬕öÀd O °æéπ\† apostrophe (') °úøû√ç. N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° Nüµ¿ç: 10.00 AM/ PM - 10 O' clock - Ten O' Clock 10.40 AM/ PM - Ten forty 04.20 - four twenty

äéπ í∫ç-ô™ 15´ EN’≠æç, 30´ EN’≠æç, 45´ EN’≠æç È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç. 02.15 - Two fifteen/ Quarter past two (Quarter = 1/4 hour) 02.30 - Two thirty/ Half past two 02.45 - Two forty five/ Quarter to three

î√™«

¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆? ü¿í∫_®Ω Shelton Hotel ᙫ Öçô’çC? Charminar

Laxman: Don't know much about it. By the by I am leaving for Delhi tonight. I am going to stop for two days at Agra to see my uncle

-ü∆-E í∫’-Jç-* -Ø√èπ◊ Åçûªí¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ÅC ÆæÍ® é¬F, -Ñ-¢√-∞¡ ®√vA úµÕMx ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’Ø√o. ü∆J™ È®çvúÓ-V©’ Çví¬™ ´÷ uncle Éçöx Öçö«

Saikiran: You will sure see the Taj, Won't you?

û√ñ¸-´’-£æ«™¸ ûª°æpéπ îª÷≤ƒh´¤ í∫ü∆?

Laxman: And also the Rashtrapathi Bhavan in New Delhi.

úµÕMx™ ®√≠æ-Z°æA ¶µº´Ø˛ èπÿú≈ îª÷≤ƒh. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'The' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:

The Wine n' Dine Hotel, The Krishna Studio, The Charminar, The Taj, The Rashtrapathi Bhavan. hotels (monuments/ memorials) The Hotel Hotels The At the Centurian, at the Krishna Oberoi at the Hotel Sheraton At the Sheraton Hotel

éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h-©’í¬ îÁÊ°p v°æÆœü¿l¥ ¶µº´-Ø√© ´·çü¿’, íÌ°æp íÌ°æp ´·çü¿’, î√J-vûªéπ éπôdú≈©÷ ñ«c°æéπ *£æ…o-© ´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ ®√ü¿’– Åçö«ç. é¬F ņç. éπÈ®é˙d. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. The ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’. 1) °∂晫-Ø√ ÅE ûÁL-Æ œ† ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ ( à?/ which Å-ØË questions èπ◊ answer ´îËa îÓôx) 2) ´÷ö«x-úø’èπ◊ç-ô’†o ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁL-Æ œ† N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´·çü¿’ 3) †ü¿’©’, Ææ®Ω-Ææ’q©’, Ææ´·-vü∆©’, ´’£æ… Ææ´·-vü∆© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ 4) °æ®Ωyûª °æçèπ◊h© (mountain ranges) Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’, (äÍé °æ®Ωyûªç ´·çü¿’ The ®√ü¿’) 5) Before the names of groups of islands but not before the name of a single island The

(D´¤© Ææ´‚-£æ…© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’)

(äÍé

Dy°æç Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’

®√ü¿’)

The Professor, The US, The UK, The UAE. (designations), 'The' The District Collector, The Prime Minister of India, etc. (a) The Prime Minister of India, Mr Manmohan Singh (b) Mr Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India.

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™:

Åçõ‰ -v°æ-üË-¨»-©’, £æ«Ùü∆-©’ °æü¿-´¤© ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC.

Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ £æ«Ùü∆, M. SURESAN °æü¿N ´ÊÆh -Ç £æ«Ùü∆/ -°æ-ü¿N ´·çü¿’ 'The' ´Ææ’hçC (a) ™- ´-™„. ´·ç-ü¿’ ´uéÀh Ê°®Ω÷, ûª®√yûª £æ«Ùü∆/ -°æ-ü¿N´ÊÆh ü∆E´·çü¿’ 'The' ®√ü¿’ (b) ™ -´-™„. ÉC î√™« ´·êuç. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ £æ«Ùü∆, °æü¿N (designation, office - office Åçõ‰ Ééπ\-úø 鬮√u-©ßª’ç é¬ü¿’, °æü¿N -Å-E Å®Ωnç) ´·çü¿’ The ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. éÌEo ®√≥ƒZ© éπ©-®·éπûÓ à®Ωpúøf ü˨»© ´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈ 'the' ¢√úøû√ç. îª÷¨»-®Ω’-éπü∆: The US (The United states of America - ÉC éÌEo ®√≥ƒZ© éπ©®·éπ), the UK (The United Kingdom England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland The UAE (The United Arab Emirates Gulf countries Dubai Abudabhi, Sharja The India

éπLÆœ à®Ωpúøf Ææ´÷êu), ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ÅF, ÅF, ÅE Åçô’çö«ç). ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ èπÿú≈ ®√≥ƒZ™‰ éπü∆, ´’J ņç. ´’†ç äÍé ü˨¡çí¬ Ö†o ü∆Eo ®√≥ƒZ-©’í¬ N¶µº->çî√ç. ÅüË The US, The UK N≠æ-ߪ÷™x, Çߪ÷ ®√≥ƒZ©÷, v°æüË-¨»©÷ äÍé ü˨¡çí¬ à®Ωp-ú≈f®·. India N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈, Indian Union ÅE ´u´-£æ«-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ The Indian Union Åçö«ç. Prabhat: What movie did you go to, Yesterday? Prakash: The Ten Commandments. An Old one Prabhat: Isn’t it an episode from the Bible? Bible Episode

ÅC

™E

éπü∆

Prakash: Yes. From the old testament in the Bible. Bible old testament Prabhat: Just as Maya Bazar is an episode from the Mahabharatam

™E

™-EC

´’£æ…-¶µ«-®Ω-ûªç-™--E -ã -¶µ«-í¬-Eo ´÷ߪ÷ •-ñ«®˝ ÆœE´÷ -BÆœ-†-ô’x

Prakash: But I Doubt if Maya Bazar is from the Original Mahabharatam

Å®·ûË ´’£æ…-¶µ«-®Ωûªç ´‚©ç™ -´÷-ߪ÷•-ñ«®˝ -Öç-ü∆ -Å-E -Ø√ -Å-†’-´÷-†ç. îª÷¨»-®Ω’-éπü∆, íÌ°æp íÌ°æp ví∫çü∑∆©, °æNvûª ví∫çü∑∆© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ 'the' ûª°æpéπ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. This is the Telugu translation of the koran.

ÉC èπ◊®√Ø˛ ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç. Å™«Íí the Grandhsahib etc. Å®·ûË ®Ωîª-®·ûª© Ê°®Ωx ûª®√yûª ví∫çü∑∆© Ê°®Ω’x îÁ°œûË 'the' ®√ü¿’. Valmiki's Ramayanam, Vyasa's Maha bharatam etc. Practise the following aloud in English. Karuna: Hi Kranthi,

É¢√-Rd ÑØ√úø’ îª÷¨»¢√? E®Ω’-üÓu-í∫’-©èπ◊ ´·êu-´’ç-vA éÌûªh °æü∑¿-é¬Eo v°æéπ-öÀç-î√®Ω’. Kranthi: àçö« °æü∑¿éπç? Karuna: 22†’ç* 32´’üµ¿u ´ßª ’-Ææ ’\-©ç-ü¿-JéÀ E®Ω’-üÓuí∫ -¶µº%A É≤ƒh®Ω’ (éπLpûªç – ÉC Íé-´-©ç -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ùÍé) Kranthi: Å™«í¬? Å¢Á’-Jé¬ (US) ™, Britain (UK) ™ Ñ °æü∑¿éπç î√-™«-é¬-©çí¬ Å´’™x ÖçC éπü∆? Karuna: Å´¤†’. ´’†-¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™«-´’çC Ééπ\úø ÖüÓu-í¬-´-é¬-¨»©’ ™‰éπ UAE, US, UK ©èπ◊ ¢ÁRx §Úûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¶µ«®Ωûª ®√-≠Z°æ æ-A -Å-•’l-™¸ éπ-™«ç Ñ ¢Ë’üµ∆-N-´-©Ææ (brain drain) í∫’-Jç-* ¢Á·†o ã Ö°æ-¢√u-Ææç™ -î√-™« ÇçüÓ-∞¡† ´uéπh-°æ-J-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Kranthi: ´÷ ņoߪ’u èπÿú≈ Maldives ™ Lecturer Post èπ◊ Apply î˨»úø’. ´ÊÆh ¢ÁRx-§Ú-û√úø’. Ç Job ´ÊÆh £œ«´÷-©-ߪ÷©’ áéÀ\-†çûª ÆæçûÓ≠æç Åçô’-Ø√oúø’. Answer: Karuna: Did you see/ go through the Eenadu Today ? The Chief Minister has announced a new scheme for the benefit of the unemployed people. Kranthi: What's (What is) the scheme? Karuna: All the unemployed persons between the age of 22 and 32 will get unemployment allowance Kranthi: Is it so? This has been in force in the US and the UK in force Karuna: Yes. A good number of our people are leaving for the UAE, the US and the UK. All because of there are no employment opportunities. The President of India, Mr Abdul Kalam expressed concern over this brain drain in his speech the day before yesterday. Kranthi: My brother too has applied for a lecturer’s job in the maldives. If he gets it he will go. He says getting a job will make him as happy as if he had climbed up the Himalayas.

(

Å´’™x)

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Deepak: Hi Dheeraj, do come in.

Pavan: Who was the boy with you yesterday?

Dheeraj: You had a book with you yesterday. What was it?

Ravi: The boy with a bundle of books?

(E†o F ü¿í∫_®Ω ã °æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC éπü∆. àç °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅC?)

Pavan: Yes, he had also with him a cell

(°æ¤Ææh-鬩 éπôdûÓ Ö†oûªØËØ√?) (Åûª-EûÓ (ü¿í∫_®Ω) ã Cell phone èπÿú≈ ÖçC)

phone.

Deepak: You mean the book with the green cover? (Green cover

ûÓ Ö†o í∫’-Jç-î√ F´-úÕ-ÍíC?)

book

†’

Ravi: That's my cousin Raghu. He has come down with his mother to spend a few days with us.

Dheeraj: Yes, Isn't it a novel?

(ÅC

novel

(éÌCl-®Ó-V©’ ´÷ûÓ í∫úø-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ -Å-ûª-úø’ ¢√∞¡x-´’tûÓ ´î√aúø’) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ with †’ 'ûÓ— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓØË ¢√ú≈ç.

éπü∆?)

Deepak: Yes, it is. (Do) you want it?

(Å´¤†’. Fèπ◊ 鬢√™«?) Dheeraj: Yes, I am leaving this afternoon for Mumbai. I want to take it with me, to read it during the journey.

(-Å-´¤-†’. -Ñ -´’-üµ∆u£æ«oç -ØË-†’ -´·ç-¶«®·éÀ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-†’. Ø√ûÓ BÆæ’Èé-∞«}-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†’. v°æߪ÷-ùç™ îªü¿’´¤-éÓ-¢√-©E)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Here are

52

Bhaskar: Here is a mango. Very tempting.

(Ééπ\úø ´÷N’úÕ°æçúø’ ÖçC. ØÓ®Ω÷-J≤ÚhçC)

Deepak: First let's have some hot idlis

(¢Á·ü¿ô ÉúŒx Açü∆ç ®√.)

Bhanu:

Let's eat it. Cut it with this knife.

they and here's the spoon to eat them with

ü¿’èπ◊

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 27 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

Bhaskar: Let's have some forks also to eat

spoon). Have some ghee

°æÆœ-í∫-ôd-í∫© °æÆœ-í∫-ôd-úøç).

èπ◊éπ\©’.

(Ñ î√èπ◊ûÓ éÌ®·u) (ÉNíÓ ÉúŒx©’. ¢√öÀE AØËç-

Ravali: I am busy with the exams. Ramya: Are you studying alone, or with some one else? Ravali: Alone. Ramya: Your dress is nice. Where did you buy it? Ravali: At Wear n' See. A hot pack is free with it. b) Krishna: How were the police able to catch the thieves so quickly? Karim: With the help of their sniffer dogs (sniffer dogssniffKrishna: Were they able to find the stolen money with the thieves?

it with.

a)

¶µ«®Ωû˝ v°æ°æç-îªç™E v°æñ«-≤ƒy-´÷u-©Eoç-öÀ-™†÷ ÅA °ü¿lC

India is the largest democracy in the world. (largest - superlative) b) AP Andhra Pradesh is the biggest state in the South India. c) Mt Everest. Mt Everest (Mt= mount = is the highest peak in the world. Superlatives 'the' first, second, third, fourth, etc. ordinals 'the' 1) Class first mark His is the first mark in the class.

ü¿éÀ~-ù«C ®√≥ƒZ™x

ÅA °ü¿lC

v°æ°æç-îªç™ Åûª’u-†oûª °æ®Ωy-ûªPê®Ωç °æ®Ωyûªç) (Pê®Ωç) ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤p-úø÷ ¢√úøôç Å´Ææ®Ωç. Å™«Íí OöÀE Åçö«®Ω’, OöÀ-´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. ™ Åûª-EüË

also. Ghees goes well with idlis, doesn't it? (é¬Ææh ØÁ®·u ¢Ë≤Ú\, ÉúŒx-©ûÓ ØÁ®·u ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆.) (go well with = suit Å´-úøç) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Preposition- 'with' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. with èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’-™ 'ûÓ— ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. The book with you = FûÓ Ö†o °æ¤Ææhéπç – F ü¿í∫_®Ω’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç; the book with the green cover = green cover ûÓ Ö†o- °æ¤-Ææhéπç. with me = Ø√ûÓ; a spoon to eat with = AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ spoon. goes well with = äéπü∆EûÓ ÉçéÓöÀ éπLÆœ ¶«í∫’çõ‰. 鬕öÀd with Åçõ‰ '-ûÓ— ÅE.

I am with you.. forksBhanu: I bought these mangoes with the money my uncle had given me. uncle 'with' instruments, tools, weapons with a knife, with a pen, with a gun, etc. 1) He beat the snake with a stick 2) Pen He wrote/ noted down my address with his pen. 3) The killer killed the girl with a gun gun 4) Post office Naxals bomb They blasted the post office with a bomb. With troubles I am with you in your troubles. She is competing with her sister sister Practise the following: a) Ramya: Hi Ravali,

(éÌEo

(´÷ Åçõ‰ †’ ´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç.

´·∞¡x-îÁç-î√©’ –èπÿú≈ °ævö«)

-v°æ-¨¡o:

a) If I have money, I wish to buy this car. b) If I had money. I would have spent It. had, have

-Ééπ\-úø äÍé Å®Ωnç ´îËa™« ÖØ√o®·.- O-öÀ -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’-ö N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. – °œ.-á.≤ƒy-N’, -N-ï-ߪ’-†í∫®Ωç -ï-¢√-•’: have Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ àüÁj-Ø√ Öçúø-úøç. I have a Car

(É°æ¤púø’) Ø√èπ◊ Car ÖçC. had Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ´’†-Íé-üÁjØ√ Öç-úø-úøç I had a car. äéπ-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ Car ÖçúËC. If I had money. I would have spent it - Ñ sentence correct é¬ü¿’. a) If I had money, I would spend it -Å-Ø√-L, -™‰-ü∆ (b) If I had had money, I would have spent it ÅØ√L. Å®·ûË È®ç-úÕç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ ÖçC. a) éÀ Å®Ωnç, Ø√ ü¿-í∫_®Ω É°æ¤púø’ -úø-•’s™‰ü¿’, Öçõ‰ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√†’. ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ê®Ω’a °ôd†’. (ÉC present situation) ÉC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’. b) éÀ Å®Ωnç í∫ûªç™ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, ê®Ω’a-°öÀd ÖçúË-¢√-úÕØË. Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø-•÷s ™‰ü¿’, ê®Ω’a °ôd-†÷ -™‰ü¿’. c) If he studied well, he would pass. É-°æp-öÀ Ææçí∫A ÉC. ¢√úø’ îªü¿-´-úø’; îªü¿-´-úø-´’çô÷ ïJ-TûË §ƒÆæ-´¤-û√úø’. (Ñ È®çúø÷ present ™ ï®Ω-í∫-EN.) d) If he had studied well, he would have passed

¢√úø’ ¶«í¬ îªCN -Öçõ‰ (í∫ûªç™), ¢√úø’ pass Å®· ÖçúË¢√úø’ (îªü¿-´-™‰ü¿’, fail Åߪ÷uúø’).

ûÓ ®√Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oúø’

ûÓ îªç§ƒúø’ †’

ûÓ Ê°™‰a-¨»®Ω’

Åçõ‰ ÇÆæ®√: ™ Fèπ◊ -ÇÆæ®√í¬ ÖØ√o-†’

F

Ç¢Á’

No. One of them escaped with the hot stuff. ) (hot stuff =

üÌçí∫-≤Òûª’h




É*a† úø•’s™h éÌØ√o)

Åûªúø’ §ƒ-´·†’ éπv®ΩûÓ éÌö«dúø’ Ø√ ÅvúøÆˇ ÅûªE

Karim:

ûÓ §ÚöÃ °æúø’-ûÓçC.

Manoj:

Ravali: Exams Ramya:

ûÓ busy í¬ ÖØ√o. †’¢Ìy-éπ\-ü∆-E¢Ë îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? ÉçÈé´-J-ûÓ-†-®·Ø√ éπLÆœ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? Ravali: ؈’ äéπ\-ü∆ØËo îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Ramya: F dress î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. áéπ\-úøéÌ-Ø√o´¤? Ravali: Wear n' See shop ™. DçûÓ-§ƒô’ ã hot pack free. b) Krishna: àçöÀ? üÌçí∫-©-†’ -§Ú-MÆæ’-©’ Åçûª Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®√? Karim: ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√∞¡x èπ◊éπ\© ≤ƒßª ’çûÓ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ Krishna: üÌçí∫-©-ûÓ-§ƒô’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx üÌçT-Lç-*† úø•’s èπÿú≈ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®√? Karim: ™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x™  äéπúø’ Ç úø•’sûÓ ûª°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ANSWERS: a) Ramya: Hi, Ravali, not to be seen at all (these days)?










Hi Mallesh, how goes life?

Mallesh: Getting on, Thanks; What's new? Manoj: (Do you) know this, Chandra's selection as the best cadet of the country? best cadet (NCC)

(îªçv-ü¿

í¬

M. SURESAN

áç°œéπ´-úøç ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Mallesh: That's the happiest news I've had in a month.

(Ñ ØÁ©™ ؈’ N†o

happiest news

ÅC.)

Manoj: Some thing more for you. Ours is the first college in the state to win this

àçôÆæ©’ éπ-E°œç-îª-úø-¢Ë’

™‰ü¿’?




kind of award.

(ÉçéÓöÀ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? ®√≠æZç ¢Á·ûªhç™ Éô’-´çöÀ °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç ûÁa-èπ◊†o ¢Á·ü¿öÀ College ´’†C) Ééπ\úø 'The' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. The (best), the (happiest), the (first) etc. Åçõ‰ superlative degree of the adjective ´·çü¿-®Ωçû√ 'the' ¢√úøû√ç; Å™«Íí, first, second, third, etc., ™«çöÀ ordinals ´·çü¿-®Ωçû√ ®√¢√L. Superlative degree Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆: Öü∆: Largest, greatest, richest, tallest, most beautiful etc.

-™‰-ü∆ + st í¬F, adjective ´·çü¿’ most ÅEí¬F ´ÊÆh ÅC superlative degree. (Adjective - äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤/ ´’-E≠œ í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’; tall boy ᙫçöÀ boy ©ØË question èπ◊ tall ÅØË answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd, tall Ééπ\úø adjective). ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç 'Åûªuçûª— ÅE. Superlative degree of the adjective ´·çü¿’ 'the' ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰

adjective

*´®Ω

+ est

2) He is the fourth Prime Minister of India

Çߪ’† ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ -Ø√-©’íÓ v°æüµ∆E (O’ Ø√†o-í¬-JéÀ †’´¤y á†o´ èπ◊´÷-®Ω’-úÕN?, Dr ´’ØÓt-£æ«-Ø˛-Æœçí˚ ¶µ«®Ωûªü˨»-EéÀ á†o´ v°æüµ∆E, ™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u--™x 'á†o´— ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ English ™ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. éÌçûª-´’çC What is the ordinal of Dr Manmohan Singh as PM? ÅØË expression ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’. Ç ´÷ô Åçü¿Jéà ŮΩn-´’¢√yL éπü∆?) ûª®√yûª ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. Pranav: Who is that friend of yours that was with you yesterday. Prakash: He was my school mate. He was one of my best friends at school. We used to compete with each other in the exams, and we have always on top at school. Pranav: Of you two, who was not better better comparative degree. +er, 'r' adjectives more adjectives comparative degree Eg: Taller (tall+er), braver (brave+r), more beautiful (more + beautiful). comparative than He is taller than his brother. brother Comparative than comparative the comparative than comparative 'the'

Ééπ\úø -Å-ØËC ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ *´®Ω ´îËa ´·çü¿-®Ω-´îËa é¬F ™ Öçö«®·. ´÷´‚-©’í¬

ûª®√yûª

éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ §Òúø´¤. ™ ´ÊÆh, ´·çü¿’ ®√-ü¿’. Å®·ûË ®√éπ-§ÚûË, ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC.

é¬F,

´Ææ’hçC.

ÅûªE

ûª®√yûª ûª°æpéπ

a) Suman is taller than Suseel Suman b) Of Suman and Suseel, Suman is the taller. a) Comparative, taller than Comparative 'the' b) Comparative taller than Comparative taller 'the'

(Ææ’Q™¸ éπØ√o

§Ò-úø’í∫’)

™ îª÷úøçúÕ – ûª®√yûª ÖçC. 鬕öÀd ´·çü¿’ ™‰ü¿’. ™, ûª®√yûª Åçõ‰ ûª®√yûª ™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd, ´·çü¿’ ´≤ÚhçC.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Ram:

Raghu, how tall are you?

Salesperson: The price has gone up by Rs. 3000/-

(®Ω°∂æ·, †’¢Áyçûª §Òúø’í∫’?) Raghu: I am 5'9". (؈’ 5'9")

Does it mean you are taller than me by an inch? (Does it mean) inch Raghu: of course, and I weigh less than you by 5 Kgs 5 Kg

(üµ¿®Ω ´‚úø’¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ °J-TçC. à ¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ – by Rs.

Ram:

(Åçõ‰ = §Òúø¢√?) äéπ

Ram:

†’´¤y Ø√éπØ√o

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ´’Sx FéπØ√o ؈’ •®Ω’´¤ ûªèπ◊\´)

©

But the length of my shirt is more than yours by atleast 4 Cms. shirt shirt 4 Cms

(Å®·ûË Ø√ §Òúø-¢Á-èπ◊\´)

-F

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 29 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

éπçõ‰

3000/-)

Practise the following in English: 1. Priya: Sekhar: Priya: Sekhar: Priya: Sekhar: Priya:

Ø√éπçõ‰ †’´¤y °ü¿l-¢√-úÕ¢√? Å´¤†’. éπFÆæç È®çúË∞¡Ÿx (by ¢√úøçúÕ). Åçü¿’-éπØ√ E†’o ´·çü¿’ °œL-î√®Ω’ Interview éÀ. áçûª-´·çüËN’öÀ? 10 EN’-≥ƒ-™‰í¬. Sreekanth á°æ¤p-úÌ-î √a-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ? Ø√ éπçõ‰ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’. Å®·ûË ÅûªEo Féπçõ‰ §ƒ´¤-í∫çô late í¬ °œL-î√®Ω’ éπü∆.

2. Santosh:

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 53 Raghu: That's because you are fatter than me by 3 Cms 3 Cms 'by' by

(†’´¤y Ø√éπØ√o ™«´¤-é¬-•öÀd) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ´’üµ¿u à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ûËú≈ ÖçC ÅØËC ü∆y®√ ûÁ©’°æ¤û√ç.

¢√öÀ üµ¿®Ω™ x ûËú≈ éπFÆæç 50 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’. Sunil: ¢√öÀ È®çúÕöx àC áèπ◊\´ •®Ω’´¤? áEo éÀ™©’? Santosh: Ç Â°ü¿lC, *†o-ü∆-E-éπØ√o 4 Kg©’ •®Ω’¢Á-èπ◊\´. Sunil: ÉC ü∆E-éπçõ‰ 50 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ûªèπ◊\´. ANSWERS 1. Priya: Are you older than I/ me? Sekhar: Yes, atleast by 2 years.

The Indian is not so hardworking as the Japanese. (the Indians) (the Japanese) The cheetah ( all cheetahs is the fastest of all animals.

¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’

ï§ƒØ˛ ¢√∞¡xçûª éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’®Ω’. *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L)

äéπ Åçí∫’∞¡ç ûËú≈

b) I weigh less than you by 5 kgs 5 Kg c) by atleast 4 cms 4 Cms d) fatter than I/ me by 3 cms = 3 Cms Prakash: Congrats, Lakshman. That was a marvellous game you played yesterday (Lakshman, congrats How many points did you win the match by? I know you were winning and left before the end of the match

FéπØ√o ؈’ éπFÆæç

ûªèπ◊\´ •®Ω’´¤

¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ áèπ◊\´

© ûËú≈.

E†o î√-™« ¶«í¬ Çú≈´¤).

(áEo §ƒ®·çôx ûËú≈ûÓ

Èí-L-î√´¤?).

(†’´¤y Èí©’-≤ƒh-´E ûÁLÆœ ´·çüË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷†’). Lakshman: By nine points (9 points ûËú≈/ ÇCµ-éπu-ûªûÓ) Prakash:

At the half time itself you were leading by 4 points. (Half time 4 points That's a good lead.

Å°æ¤p-úË †’´¤y ÇCµ-éπu-ûª-ûÓ/ -ûË-ú≈ûÓ ´·çü¿’-Ø√o´¤) (´’ç* ÇCµ-éπuûË) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ûËú≈/-Ç-Cµ-éπuûª ÅØËC 'by'ûÓ îª÷°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oç éπü∆. a) Ç¢Á’ Ç¢Á’ îÁLx-éπçõ‰ È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °ü¿lC She is her sister's elder/ older than her sister by two years. b) necklace necklace

Ñ éπçõ‰ Ç ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„-èπ◊\´.

È®çúø’¢Ë©

This necklace is costlier than that by Rs. 2000/Salesperson: What do you want, please? Customer: How much is this wrist watch? watch Salesperson: It's Rs. 2000/-

(Ñ

Customer:

êK-üÁçûª?) (È®çúø’ ¢Ë©

®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’)

But it was Rs 1700/- last week.

(í∫ûª-¢√®Ωç 1700 ÅØË

ÅØ√o®Ω’)

Is that why they called you earlier for the interview? Sekhar: How much earlier? Just by 10 minutes. Priya: When did Sreekanth come here? Sekhar: Half an hour earlier than I/ me (Earlier than I by half an hour) Priya: But they called him later than you by just 15 minutes. 2. Santosh: They differ in their prices by Rs 50/Sunil: Which of the two is the heavier, and by how many kgs? Santosh: The bigger one is heavier than the smaller by 4 kgs. Sunil: It costs less than that by Rs 50/-

The lotus is a lovely flower

û√´’®Ω °æ¤´¤y Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC (ÅEo û√´’®Ω °æ‹´¤©’ ÅE). äçõ„ áú≈-J™ ãúø ™«çöÀC The camel is the ship of the desert. Kuntala: Your friend Kamala has failed again friend fail

(O’ Å®·çC)

éπ´’© ´’S}

Karuna: She is lazy. The lazy never succeed

(Ç¢Á’ ≤Ú´’J. ≤Ú´’®Ω’x Nïߪ’ç

Priya:

♦

♦

♦

♦

♦

Anjan: Hi Arun, which is your most favourite wild animal?

(ÅúøN ´’%í¬-©™ FÈé-èπ◊\´ É≠æd-¢Á’i-†-üËC?) (°æ¤L)

Arun: The tiger, of course Anjan: Doesn't the lion look more majestic than the tiger? Amar:

(°æ¤L-éπØ√o Æœç£æ«ç™ áèπ◊\´ ®√ïÆæç éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-ô’çC éπü∆?) The elephant is my favourite (Ø√ favourite à†’í∫’). It looks grand and is not at all ferocious like the tiger or the lion. grand

(î√-™« í¬ éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. °æ¤L, Æœç£æ«ç-™«í¬ vèπÿ®Ω-¢Á’içC é¬ü¿’) Ééπ\úø, 'the' ¢√úøéπç îª÷úøçúÕ. The E Ééπ\úø

countable singulars... lion, tiger, elephant The tiger, the lion, the elephant. The tiger is my favourite the tiger the lion, the elephant =

´·çü¿’ ¢√ú≈ç.

Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ Ç ñ«AéÀ îÁçC† ïçûª’-´¤©Fo ÅE. Å™«Íí Æœç£æ…©’, à†’-í∫’©÷ ÅE. The dog is a faithful animal

èπ◊éπ\ (ÅEo èπ◊éπ\©÷) N¨»y-Ææç-éπ© ïçûª’´¤(©’) äéπ ñ«AE ¢Á·ûªhç í∫’-Jç-* îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ countable singular ´·çü¿’ the ¢√úÕûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.

2. Pramod: Prasad: Pramod:

(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤-©’©’ ÅEo ïçûª’-´¤-©-éπØ√o ¢Ëí∫ç éπ©N)

By nine points.. a) you are taller than (I)/ me by an inch

Sasikanth:

§Òçü¿®Ω’).

she not

She is rich of course, so does care.

(¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ¶«í¬ úø•’sçC, Åçü¿’-éπE °ü¿lí¬ °æöÀdç-éÓü¿’)

Kuntala: But not all the rich are like that.

í∫´÷uEo ü¿%≠œd™ Öç-éÌ-E éπ≠d-°æ æ-úË -¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ Nïߪ’ç ûªü∑¿uç

>çéπ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æJ-Èí-úø’-ûª’çC éπü∆? *®Ω’ûª°æ¤L (Cheetah) >çéπ éπçõ‰ ¢Ëí∫ç. -v°æéπ%-A-™ ≤ƒüµ¿’ v§ƒù’-©Íé -áèπ◊\-´ £æ…E ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ô’çC (≤ƒüµ¿’ v§ƒ-ù’©’ = Meek creatures). üË´¤-úø’ ≤ƒüµ¿’ v§ƒù’©†’ ®ΩéÀ~ç-îª-úËç-ö? ANSWERS

Sasikanth: Have you finished the assignment? Srikanth: No. I will begin it in the evening. Sasikanth: The lazy always postpone Srikanth: Do the industrious always succeed? Sasikanth: The industrious with a clear idea of their goals always succeed. 2. Pramod: Doesn't (Does not) the deer run very fast? Prasad: The cheetah is faster than the deer. Pramod: The meek always are harmed/ always suffer in nature. Wonder why God doesn't protect the meek (Wonder = I wonder -

Å®Ωnç 鬴--úøç-™‰-ü¿E/ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁ-©°æ-úøç)

from the ferocious. ♦

♦

♦

♦

♦

í∫´’-Eéπ: Comparative degree ™ adjective Öçõ‰ than ûª®√yûª me or I? him or he? her or she? them or they? - -à-C -¢√-ú≈-©-ØË ÆæçüË£æ«ç ´Ææ’hçô’çC éπü∆. M. SURESAN

(Åçü¿®Ω’ üµ¿†´ç-ûª’©÷ Å™« Öçúø®Ω’ éπü∆)

Karuna: That's right. Among the hardworking, there are many who are rich.

(ÅC Eï¢Ë’. éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡x™, î√™«-´’çC üµ¿E-èπ◊©’ ÖØ√o®Ω’) Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ: The rich, the lazy, the hardworking. rich (úø•’s†o, üµ¿E-èπ◊-™„j†), lazy (≤Ú´’J Å®·-†), hardworking (industrious) = éπ≠d-°æ æúË – Oô-Eoç-öÀF adjectives Åçö«ç – Åçõ‰ í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° °æü∆-©†o ´÷ô. ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ the ¢√úÕûË Ç í∫’ùç í∫©-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË ÅC plural. Tall = §Òúø-¢Áj†, the tall = §Òúø-í∫®Ω’x (plural); Fat = ™«¢Áj†, the fat = ™«´¤í¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx; poor = Hü¿, the poor = Hü¿-¢√∞¡Ÿx. 1) §Òúø-í∫®Ω’x §ÒöÀd-¢√∞¡x éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ Çúø-û√®Ω’

Suman is taller than me/ taller than I. correct? Grammatical taller than I correct. modern usage taller/ stronger/ cleverer than me/ him/ her/ them/ us better. taller than I

Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öx àC ÅØËüË v°æ鬮Ωç

í¬

Å®·ûË

¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™éÀ ´îËa™«çöÀC ÆœçC. ÉüË ¢√úø-úøç é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç. É°æ¤púø’ Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø’éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË Ñ éÀçC ¢√é¬u©’ îª÷úøçúÕ. a) My friend likes the mango better than I b) My friend likes the mango better than me. Correct, a) mango mango b) mango clear (a) My friend likes the mango better than I do do extra

Ééπ\úø È®çúø÷ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Å®√n-©ûÓ. èπ◊ Å®Ωnç. Ø√èπ◊ É≠ædç. Ç¢Á’èπÿ É≠ædç. Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç. Ø√éπçõ‰ èπ◊ Å®Ωnç. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ؈çõ‰ É≠ædç. Å®·ûË Ç¢Á’èπ◊ °æôx Ö†oçûª É≠ædç Ø√°æôx ™‰ü¿’– ÅE. í¬ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ™ ÉC ÅE °æ-ü∆--Eo í¬ îË®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’.

The tall play better than the short.

2)

üµ¿E-èπ◊©’ Hü¿-¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷L.

The rich should help the poor. 3)

üµ¿E-èπ◊©’ áèπ◊\´ üµ¿E-èπ◊-©-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Hü¿-¢√∞¡Ÿx Éçé¬ Hü¿-¢√-∞¡x-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’

The rich are getting richer, the poor are getting poorer. 4)

≤Ú´’®Ω’x °jéÀ-®√®Ω’

The lazy never prosper Practise the following in English: 1. Sasikanth: Assignment Sreekanth: Sasikanth: Sreekanth:

°æ‹Jh-îË-¨»-¢√? ™‰ü¿’. ®√vA v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒh. ≤Ú´’È®x°æ¤púø÷ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’. éπ≠d-°æ æ-úË-¢√-∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿’ûª’ç-ö«®√?

-v°æ- ¨¡o:

Did not he play cricket? Interrogative negative ‘not’ he

-Ñ -¢√éπuç-™ - ™ èπ◊ -´·ç-ü¿’ -´-*aç-C. é¬-E éÌ-Eo Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x °æ-vAéπ-™x, -•’é˙q-™ ‘not’ he èπ◊ -ûª®√y-ûª -´Ææ’hç-C. -ûË-ú≈ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. -Ö-ü∆: Did he not speak the truth? – -áç.Ææ’Í®ç-vü¿-Ø√-ü∑˛, -üµ¿-´-∞Ï-¨¡y®Ωç -ï-¢√--•’: (a) Did not he play cricket? ÅØ√o, (b) Did he not play Cricket? ÅØ√o äéπõ‰. (b) áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖçC. Å®·ûË, contracted form ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, (a) ´Ææ’hçC. Didn't (Did not he) he play cricket? ÉC spoken english ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√®Ω’.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Ram:

Hi Shyam and Prem, well met You are talking about the college day perhaps. College Day - well met conversation practise Shyam: Yea, about the item we want to present.

at: 'at'

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬--©’ -Éç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ î√™« ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆. É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷ü∆lç.

(éπ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç ¨¡Ÿ¶µºç).

(O’®Ω’ †’ í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«x= éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓúø’-ûª’-†o-ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’? ™ ´-úøç ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC. îËߪ’çúÕ)

Ram:

(Å´¤†’. Ç®ÓV ¢Ë’ç v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-¶ßË’ Å稡ç í∫’Jç*) And what's that going to be? (àç v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?)

Prem: We are yet to take a decision about it. Ram:

(ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* Éçé¬ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éÓ¢√Lq ÖçC)

OK. O, that reminds me. There will be a talk on 'Decision Making' by Prof. Nischai tomorrow at 6 at college. Are you coming? reminds me =

(Ç, Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìhí∫’®Ìh*a ´÷ö«x*açC. – úË-ô°æ¤p-úø’ -Åç-ô’ç-ö«ç-éπü∆ – 'ņoô’d í∫’®Ìh*açC—, ÅE – ü∆E-éÀC English. O’ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. Í®°æ¤ ÇJç-öÀéÀ 'E®Ωgߪ’-véπ´’ç— Å稡ç í∫’-Jç-* Prof. E¨¡a-ß˝’´÷ö«x-úø-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ college ™. -O’®Ω’´Ææ’h-Ø√o®√?)

Sekhar: How good are you at Telugu?

(O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ áçûª -¶«í¬ ´îª’a?)

Sanjeev: Just give me some time. I will be as good at it as you are. time

(Ø√é¬\Ææh É´¤y. ؈’ èπÿú≈ F Åçûª ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√†’) I am poor at Hindi (Ø√èπ◊ £œ«çC ®√ü¿’)

Sekhar: Sanjeev: I am quick at picking up languages

(¶µ«≠æ-©’ Ø√èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ ´≤ƒh®·) ´’†ç ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ îª÷¨»ç-éπü∆.

a) He is good at giving such talks. b) Our Principal is good at picking such experts. good at – Poor at Maths – Maths Quick at understanding

àüÁjØ√ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ¶«í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-úøç. ®√ü¿’.

ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©í∫-úøç. É™«çöÀ îÓôxçû√ Ç í∫’ù«©’, Ωu© ûª®√yûª 'at' ¢√úøû√ç. a) Åûª-úø’ °æ†’-©’-îËÊÆ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«°æuç îË≤ƒhúø’ He is slow at doing things.

(ÅüÁ™« Å´¤û√ç. Åô’-´çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç-O’ü¿ î√™« ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøû√úø’)

Just as our Principal is good at picking such experts. Principal Shyam: That's true. Prem: You are right. prepositions– about, on, at

(Å™«çöÀ E°æ¤-ù’-©†’ áç°œéπ îËߪ’-úøç™ ´’† -™«í∫)

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†™ î√-™«´’ç-CéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’, about Åçõ‰ í∫’Jç* ÅE. About the book = Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo í∫’Jç*. a) ¢Ë’ç E†o Åûª-úÕ í∫’-Jç-* paper ™ îªC¢√ç We read about him in the paper. b) school days

¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√-∞¡x -èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’

í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’

They talked about their school days. c)

ü∆E í∫’-J-ç-* Ø√Íéç í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’

I do not remember any thing about it. on: on He is going to talk on decision making

éÌçîÁç °ü¿l, ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’-J-ç-* ÅØË-ô°æ¤p-úø’ ¢√úøû√ç.

a)

E®Ωgߪ’ v°ævéÀߪ’ í∫’-J-ç-*. ´’† v°æñ«-≤ƒy--´÷u-Eo í∫’-J-ç-* ®√Æœ† ¢√uÆæç ÅC It is essay on our democracy.

b)

È®jûª’© Çûªt-£æ«-ûªu-© í∫’-J-ç-* E¢Ë-Céπ ÅC

It is a report on farmers suicides.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Direct †’ç-*

Indirect speech Interoggative sentence if whether if whether Synthesis of sentences (sothat/ neither nor, not only but also)

ô°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü∆ ¢√ú≈L? -ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.

™éÀ ´÷Í®a-©-™ ´Ææ’hçC. é¬E á°æ¤púø’ á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈-™ ûÁL-ߪ’

Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-îË °æ-ü¿l¥-ûª’-©’ -N-´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – ᙸ.-ü¿’-®√_-v°æ-≤ƒü˛, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø -ï-¢√-•’: Direct †’ç* Indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷Ja-†-°æ¤púø’, (Interrogative sentences ™) if Å®·Ø√, whether Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰. Synthesis of sentences í∫ ’-Jç-* N´-J≤ƒhç.

conversaSushma: Doesn't matter. tions I am at pronunleisure. (at leisure – ciation: measure pleasure What do you want? Sumana: You are good at English, Please explain this lesson. Sushma: I am good at English, but I am not so good at explaining.

(ÉD O’ ™ ¢√úø’-ûª÷ç-úøçúÕ-) ë«-S; -™„ï. ï – ™ ™«í¬, ™ ™«í¬).

the temple supervising some repairs.

(¢√úø’ í∫’úÕ-éÀ -¢Á-∞«}-úø’. Ñ ®ÓV ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç éπü∆. v°æA ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç ¢Á∞«húø’. ¢√∞¡x Engineer friend èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’.)

Dad: Your mother needs some medicines. Perhaps the shop is open now. Shop

(Å´’tèπ◊ ´’çü¿’©’ 鬢√L. Öçô’ç-üË¢Á÷?)

ûÁJîË

Amar: That shop is my friend’s. He opens shop quite early. I think it is open

talking about..

Shyam and Prem: Oh, sure. No missing it. Prof. Nischai is very good at giving such talks. We will certainly make it. miss

Ram:

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 2 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 54 Maths He is hopeless at Maths. c) grammar He is bad at grammar. d) She is the best of all of us at singing. Now practise the following aloud in English: Sushma: Hi, Sumana, Sumana: busy Sushma: b)

Åûª-úø’

Åûª-úÕéÀ

èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ °æE-éÀ-®√úø’ ®√ü¿’

Ç¢Á’ §ƒô™ ´÷ Åç-ü¿-J™ Côd

àçöÀ™« ´î√a´¤? †’¢Áyçûª í¬ ÖØ√o-N-°æ¤púø’? °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. -ë«S-í¬ØË ÖØ√o, àç 鬢√L îÁ°æ¤p? Sumana: Fèπ◊ English ¶«í¬-´îª’a éπü∆. Ñ lesson é¬Ææh explain -îË®·. Sushma: Ø√èπ◊ English ¶«í¬ØË -´-a. é¬-E Explain îËߪ’-úøç-™  ؈çûª íÌ°æp-é¬ü¿’. Sumana: Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ--´-úøç-™  ؈’ é¬Ææh slow. ´÷ teacher î√-™« fast í¬ îÁ°æ¤hçC. ´÷ classmates î√-™«-´’çC ûªy®Ωí¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫-©®Ω’. Sushma: OK. ؈’ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. îª÷ü∆lç ØËØÁçûª ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©ØÓ. b) Pavan: Ç ´‚O í∫’-Jç-* FÍéç ûÁ©’Ææ’? Prakash: à movie í∫’-Jç-* †’´yúø-í∫-úøç? Pavan: †´-®Ωç-í˚™  É°æ¤p-úø’ -Ç-úø’-ûª’†o movie í∫’Jç* Prakash: ÅC ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷-©™ ÅN-F-AE í∫’Jç* ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Pavan: Ç É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. E†o paper ™ Ñ Å稻Eo í∫’-J-ç-* ØËØÓ Â°ü¿l ¢√uÆæç îªC¢√. Åçü¿’™ éÌEo lines Ñ *vû√Eo í∫’-J-ç-* èπÿú≈ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Prakash: ؈÷ îªC¢√ Ç ¢√uÆæç. ü∆E ®Ωîª-®·ûª Éô’-´çöÀ N¨Ïx-≠æ-ù™ î√-™« ûÁL-N-í∫-©¢√úø’. (N¨Ïx-≠æù – analysis) Pavan: ¢√u≤ƒ© N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh, Ç °ævAéπ centre page articles ÅFo ¶«í¬ØË Öçö«®·. Å®·ûË ÅFo ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷-©-†’í∫’-Jç-îË Öçö«®·. Answers Sushma: Hi Sumana, What brings you here? conversational expression. conversation

(ÉC ÉC O’ ¢√úøçúÕ)

Sumana: How busy are you now?

™

Sumana: I am a little slow at understanding things. Our teacher is fast. Many of my classmates are quick at M. SURESAN learning. Sushma: OK I'll try. Let us see how good I am at it. b) Pavan: What do you know about the movie? Prakash: What movie are you talking about? Pavan: The one showing at Navrang. (Showing – The movie is now showing at the theatre. 'run' The movie ran for a hundred days) Prakash: I think it’s (it is) a movie about corruption in politics. Pavan: Yes, that reminds me. I read an article in the paper on the same topic yesterday. magazines articles There were some lines in it about this movie. Prakash: I read it too. The writer is very clever at this kind of analysis. Pavan: Talking about articles, talking about/ coming to) all the centre page articles in the paper are good. The trouble is, all of them are on politics.

Çúø-úøç.

äéπ ÅE èπÿú≈

ÆœE´÷ Çúø-úøç Åçö«ç.

(°ævA-éπ-©™, ™ ¢√u≤ƒ-©†’ Åçö«®Ω’)

(N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-

éÌÊÆh –
















Amar: Dad, I am starting for college. When will you be there? college

(؈’ Åéπ\úø?)

éÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. O’È®-°æ¤p-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’

Dad: You mean, at the college? college You know, mother is going to hospital. I am taking her there; after coming back from the hospital I will see you at the college. hospital Hospital college Where is Arun? Amar: He has gone to temple. You know today is friday. Every friday he goes to temple. His engineer friend is at

(†’´y-†-úøç,

™Ø√?)

(Å´’t èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûÓç-C éπü∆. †’ç* ؈’ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o†’. èπ◊-´≤ƒh†’.) ´*a-† ûª®√yûª (Å®Ω’ù˝ áéπ\úø?)

now.

(Ç shop ´÷ friend C. ¢√úø’ ûªy®Ωí¬-ØË B≤ƒhúø’. É°æ¤púø’ ûÁJîË Öçô’çü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-*çC– äÍé ´÷ô ´·çü¿’, äéπ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ 'the' ¢√úø-úøç, ÉçéÓ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ 'the' ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç. Ñ °æJ-ÆœnA ´·êuçí¬ v°æüË-¨»© ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. éÌEo v°æüË-¨»©’ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©Íé °æJ-N’-ûªçí¬ Öçö«®·. School, college, institution ™«çöÀN Nü∆u-¶µ«u-≤ƒ-EéÀ, Nü∆u ¶üµ¿-†èπ◊ (learning and teaching) °æJ-N’ûªç, v°æûËuéπç. Å™«Íí hospital, clinic, nursing home ™«çöÀN ¢Ájü¿uç §Òçü¿-ú≈EéÀ, ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ v°æûËuéπç. Ééπ temples, churches, mosques (masjids)

™«çöÀN °æ‹ï-©èπÿ, Ç®√-üµ¿-†èπ◊, v§ƒ®Ωn-†-©èπ◊ v°æûËuéπ v°æüË-¨»©’. Ñ v°æüË-¨»©/ Ææn™«© v°æûËuéπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ 'the' ®√ü¿’. I

A Students/ lecturers/ professors...

go to are at

B school, college, university etc.

A éÀçü¿ îÁ°œp† ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ B éÀçü¿ îÁ°œp† îÓôxèπ◊ ¢√öÀ v°æûËuéπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç éÓÆæç ¢Á∞«h®Ω’ 鬕öÀd, school, college, etc ´·çü¿’ 'the' ®√ü¿’. N’í∫-û√¢√∞¡Ÿx, Åçõ‰ schools, colleges, etc Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫çûÓ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰E¢√∞¡Ÿx, go to/ are at the school/

college etc. A student goes to college/ their parents go to the college. (to meet the principal, pay the fees, etc) II (devotees), They go to temple/ to church/ to mosque, etc. the engineer is at the temple to supervise some repairs .

¶µºèπ◊h©’ -¢Á-∞¡-û√®Ω’.

°æ‹ñ«-®Ω’©’ -v§ƒ®Ωn-† Ææ-n™«-©èπ◊

Éçü∆-éπöÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™,

-Å-Ø√oç (-Åéπ\úø Çߪ’† °æ‹ïéÓÆæç ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆)

III Doctors, nurses, patients go to hospital. hospital hospital 'the' Amar's father, after returning from the hospital patient doctor A patient is at hospital. Their friends and relatives go to the hospital to see. business persons open shop, close shop, are at shop. go to the shop, are at the shop. Karun: What's your brother, Kesav? brother Keshav: He goes to college. college student 'He goes to college'

O∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÀ ´·çü¿’

ûÓ °æE 鬕öÀd, ®√ü¿’. Éçü∆-éπöÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™

ÅØ√oúø’ éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Çߪ’† Åéπ\-úÕéÀ í¬ØÓ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç-™‰-ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆. -É™«Íí

í¬ØÓ,

-N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ Éûª-®Ω’-™„j-ûË

(O’

àç îËÆæ’hç-ö«úø’ Íé-¨¡-¢˛?)

(Åçõ‰– Åûª-úø’ ´÷ô. D-E-ØË -Å-E ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æp-úøç).

ņo-

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Aravind: When are you starting for college? (College

èπ◊ -á°æ¤p-úø’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’-

ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Bhanu: Why, as usual at 9.

(àç? ´÷´‚-©’í¬ØË ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀéÀ) Aravind: But yesterday you left even at 8.

(é¬E E†o †’´¤y áE-N’-CçöÀÍé •ßª’-™‰l®√´¤ éπü∆. Even at 8= at 8 itself = áE-N’-Cç-öÀÍé) Bhanu: No, I started at 8, but it was not for college. I went to Suman's and from there, we two set out for college at 8.45.

Praphul: Too many visitors for you

(FéÓÆæç ´îËa-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’K -áèπ◊\-´) 3) For •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç, ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç, ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-úøç (prepare), ûªßª÷-®Ω’í¬ Öçúø-úøç (ready) ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE ûÁ-LÊ° verbs °æéπ\† ´Ææ’hçC. °j Ææ綵«≠æ-ù™– a) start for, leave for, set out for (ÅEo-öÀéà ŮΩnç •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç Å-ØË) Delhi éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç / -¢Á-∞¡xúøç leave for Delhi (setout for Delhi) b) prepare for the match; be ready for the

Aravind: Have you sent for Bharat yet?

(¶µº®Ωû˝ éÓÆæç/ ¶µº®Ωû˝èπ◊ éπ•’®Ω’ °ö«d¢√?)

b) The names of things unique of their kind

match; practise for the match 4) Famous, well known, known,

(Ê°®Ω’-§Òç-C†/ v°æÆœ-Cl¥-îÁç-C†, etc) ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ 'for' -´Ææ’hç-C.

(

áE-N’-Cç-öÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-JçC, college éÀ é¬ü¿’. Ææ’´’Ø˛ ÉçöÀéÀ. Åéπ\-úÕoç* éπLÆœ college éÀ •ßª’-™‰l®√ç) set out= •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç– conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ.

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 4 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005

Notorious for.

àÈéj-éπ – äéπ ñ«AéÀ îÁçC† ´Ææ’h´¤ äéπõ‰ äéπ-ô-®·ûË)

c) The names of rivers, seas, oceans, ranges of mountains, groups of islands,

Practise the following: Subha: (over phone) Hi Sobha,

î√-™« thanks

Sobha:

áçü¿’èπ◊ (for ¢√úøçúÕ) Subha: †’´¤y ´÷N’úÕ °æç-úø’x °æç°œ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊. áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ÅN?

countries formed by groups of states. [Imp: No 'the' before the name of a single mountain/ single island] d) Designations and offices (No 'the' before

What for?.. Bhanu : What for? for what Aravind : Have you forgotten? We have got to practise for the match next week. Match practise Bhanu : He is in Chennai for his cousin's wedding. I'll (I will) call him today and tell him that we should prepare for the match.

designations

(áçü¿’èπ◊?– ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ÅE ņ®Ω’)

(´’-®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷-¢√? ´îËa-¢√®Ωç éÀ îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L éπü∆?)

(¢√∞¡x cousin °R}éÀ îÁØÁj o -¢Á-∞«}úø’. Ñ¢√∞¡ phone îËÆœ match éÀ ready Å¢√Lq Öçü¿E îÁ§ƒh) Aravind: Tell him to start early. He is known for his game but notorious for his lack of time sense.

(ûªy®Ωí¬ ®Ω´’t†’. Game ¶«í¬ Ç-úøû√úøE Ê°®Ω’çC. -Å-™«Íí Time sense = punctuality = Ææ´ ’-ߪ ’-§ƒ-©† ™‰ü¿F Ê°®Ω’çC.) Notorious=ØÌ-öÔJ-ߪ’Æˇ– öÔ ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-é¬L = îÁ-úø’ °æ†xèπ◊, îÁúø’ í∫’ù«-©èπ◊ Ê°®Ω’ §Òçü¿-úøç. a notorious murderer= Ê°®Ω’ §ÒçC† £æ«çûª-èπ◊úø’. Famous actor = v°æÆœ-ü¿l¥ †ô’úø’) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ for ¢√úøéπç îª÷úøçúÕ. 1) Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç– äéπ ´u´Cµ (period of time) ´·çü¿’ for ´Ææ’hçC– for 10 minutes (10 E-N’-≥ƒ©’í¬), for an hour (í∫çôí¬), for 3 years (´‚úË-∞¡Ÿxí¬) etc. 2) 'for' ´·êuçí¬ ¢√-úø-úøç– éÓÆæç, ÖüËl-Pç-*† ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ a) Send for Bharat = ¶µº®Ω-û˝-èπ◊ /-¶µº-®Ωû˝ éÓÆæç b) what for? = áçü¿’-èπ◊ /- áç-ü¿’éÓÆæç c) for the match = match éÓÆæç/match éÀ (ÖüËl¨¡ç)

Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç*. Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø v°æÆœ-Cl¥-éπü∆ ®Ω≤ƒ©÷, •çT-†-°æLx ®Ωé¬-©èπ◊ (®Ω鬩’ – varieties)

Delhi Dad bought this dress for me in Delhi.

f)

éÓÆæç/ -Ø√èπ◊ ÖüËl-Pç-*†) Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇèπ◊ =

™ éÌØ√o®Ω’ = (Ø√

This book is for

Ramesh. g) Praphul: some one has come for you.

(-F -éÓÆæç á´®Ó ´î√a®Ω’.) Prasanth: for me? at this hour?

(Ø√éÓ-Ææ´÷? Ñ -õ„iç™Ø√?)

thereafter the name of the person)

Å®·ûË Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ -á-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? (Start ¢√úøçúÕ.) Sobha: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛? áçü¿’èπ◊? Subha: Ø√ûÓ È®çvúÓ-V-©’ç-úø-ú≈EéÀ. Sobha: ´÷Ø√†o Ñ ®√vA ´·ç•®· ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o®Ω’. Çߪ’† AJ-íÌ-*aç-ûª-®√yûË Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Ææçí∫A Ç™-*-≤ƒh†’. (Leave ¢√úøçúÕ). Å´’t äçô-Jí¬ Öçô’çC éπü∆. Subha: †’´¤y í∫†éπ ´ÊÆh éπFÆæç ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV-©’ Öç-ú≈-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ.

M. SURESAN

lowed by 'then'.

É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøç-úÕ: Manohar: Good morning Mahesh, why are you up so early?

(àçôçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿ ™‰î√´¤? Up Ééπ\úø Evü¿-™‰-´-úøç. îª÷úøçúÕ áçûª simpleí¬ ÖçüÓ. Conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ). Mahesh: I get up (am up) by this time every day. I go for a morning walk

(ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø’ Ñ timeÍé ™‰* †úø’-≤ƒh†’).

Answer: Shubha: (over phone) Hi Sobha, Thanks a

Manohar: Walking is good. The longer you walk the stronger you are.

lot. Shubha: For sending me mangoes. Where

Mahesh: That's true. But my classmate Sudheer walks 6 kms every morn-

are they from? Sobha: From

(áçûª

ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh Åçûª •©ç)

Sobha: What for?

Vijayawada.

You

know

Vijayawada is famous for the two varieties.

Rasaalu

and

Banginapalli. Shubha: Then when are you starting for Hyderabad? Sobha: Hyderabad, what for? Subha: To spend a few days with me/ Sobha: Dad is leaving for Mumbai tonight.

walk, the more active you are. d)

áûª’h áéÀ\-†-éÌDl îªL áèπ◊\´ =

´÷ classmate Sudheer ®ÓW 6 Kms †úø’-≤ƒhúø’. Åûªúø’ ´÷ College ÅN’-û√¶¸) Manohar: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?) Mahesh: He is as tall as Amitab (ÅN’-û√¶¸ Åçûª §Òúø’í∫’) our College. (

No.2:

´uèπ◊h© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’, °∂晫-Ø√ ´Ææ’h´¤, °∂晫Ø√ îÓô, Ê°®Ωx (proper nouns) ´·çü¿’, the ®√ü¿’. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø The Amitab, The Sharook Khan áçü¿’-éπØ√oç – ¢√∞¡x-™E ´·êu-¢Á’i† í∫’ù«©’ ÉçéÌ-éπJ™ Öçõ‰, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ç Ê°Jx*a, ü∆E ´·çü¿’ 'the' °úøû√ç. 1) Ñߪ’† 21´ ¨¡û√-•l°æ¤ í¬çDµ –

É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊áéπ\úø’Ø√o´¤? ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ Hollywood ™«çöÀ-îÓô. Krishna: Åçõ‰ Mumbai ™Ø√? Kumar: Å´¤†’. Åéπ\úø Ö-†oéÌ--Dl Éçé¬ Öçú≈-©E-°œç-*çC. áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ Mumbai. Krishna: v°æéπ%A ≤˘çü¿®Ωuç (Beauty of Nature) 鬢√-©çõ‰ é¬QtÍ®. ÅC ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ Switzerland ™«çöÀC. Åéπ\úø Dal Ææ®ΩÆæ’q™ Boat trip î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Åéπ\úø èπÿú≈ áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤Ø√o Éçé¬ -Öç-ú≈©-E°œ-Ææ’hçC. b) Prabhat: Hi Prakash, àçöÀ Å™« Cí∫’-©’í¬ ÖØ√o´¤? Prakash: ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ´î√aúø’. ´÷ family™ Çߪ’† ¨¡èπ◊E ™«çöÀ-¢√úø’. Prabhat: àç Åçûª ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_ú≈? Prakash: Å™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡x†’ í∫’-Jç-* áçûª -ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª ´’ç*C. ANSWERS: a) krishna: Hi Kumar, Where have you been? Kumar: I was in the Hollywood of india Krishna: You mean Mumbai? Kumar: Yes, the more I stayed there, the more/ the longer I wanted to stay. How beautiful Mumbai is. Krishna: If you talk of the beauty of nature,

Manohar: And who is the Sharook Khan of

nothing to beat Kashmir (Kashmir

your class?

(O’

class Sharook Khan

†’ éÌöÀdçC ™‰ü¿’.

á´®Ω’?)

Subha: If you come I want you to be here for a week.

Mahesh: I haven't (have not) thought of it

of India. The boat trip in the Dal

z

z

(ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* -ØËØ√-™-*ç-îª-™‰ü¿’) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù™ éÌ-Eo-îÓôx 'The' ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆! Khan.

z

z

z

z

-É°æp-öÀ-´®Ωèπ◊ éÌEo lessons ™ 'the' ¢√úøéπç í∫’-Jç-* ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬: We use ‘the’ before a) The names of great and holy books (The Ramayanam, etc.)

lake is very pleasant. There too the more you stay, the more you

The longer you walk, The stronger you are. The Amitab of the College; The Sharook

Sobha: Ok.

No. 1:

áçûª îËÊÆh Åçûª ´’ç*C. É™«çöÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u-©†’ English ™ îÁÊ°p-°æ¤púø’ Comparatives ¢√úøû√ç. -¢√-öÀ -´·ç-ü¿’ 'the' ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√L. a) Ç ÆœE´÷ -Fèπ◊ îª÷Æœ† éÌDl îª÷ú≈-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. The more you see it, the more you wish to see it.

Nothing to beat

Kashmir). That is the Switzerland

Only after he returns, do I think of Hyderabad.

The higher

you climb, the colder it.

ing. And really he is the Amitab of

for spending a few days with me.

The more you

Kumar:

g) the comparative degree, when it is not fol-

Sobha: OK.

†úÕ-*-†-éÌDl ®Ω’í¬_ Öçö«´¤ =

a) Krishna: Hi Kumar

singular, to talk of the whole class

c)

Now Practise the Following:

of the adjective,

Subha:

d) for his cousin's marriage = cousin

°Rx-éÓ-Ææç/- °-RxéÀ e) ´÷ Ø√†o Ñ vúÁÆˇ Ø√èπ◊

and

f) the superlative degree

The more we eat,

He is the Gandhi of the 20th C.

e) before a countable Sobha:

A†o-éÌDl ™«¢Á-èπ◊\û√ç = the fatter we become.

(Åçõ‰ í¬çDµ-í¬J í∫’ù«™x Ñߪ’-†èπ◊ î√™« ÖØ√o®·. í¬çDµE ûª©-°œç-°æ-ñ‰-≤ƒh-úø’ ÅE) 2) He is the Bhima of class - ¢√úø’ -Ç class Hµ´·úø’.

offices if you mention

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 55

b)

(Unique =

want to stay. b) Prabhat: Hi Prakash, you look sad Prakash:

My Uncle has come he is the Sakuni of our Family

Prabhat:

Is he so bad?

Prakash:

The less we talk about such people, the better for us.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Charan: Hi Chandra, how are you? Chandra: Fine Thanks, how are you? Charan: Same here. Thanks. Congrats. (Congrats = Congratulations

éπç-ví¬ô’u-™„-ß˝’-≠æ-Ø˛q – -™„-ß˝’ -ØÌéÀ\ °æ-©éπç-úÕ = -Å-Gµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’) Chandra: What on? (áçü¿’èπ◊?) Charan: On your fine performance in the play yesterday.

(†’´¤y E†o Ø√ô-éπç™ î√™« ¶«í¬ îËÆœ†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ – †öÀç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊) Performance - °æ-§∂ƒ-´’-Ø˛q – -§∂ƒ ØÌéÀ\°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç = à °æØÁjØ√, ´·êuçí¬ éÌçîÁç ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îËߪ’-úøç Performance in a play/ movie/ game/ as a leader = performance play=

Ø√ô-éπç™/ ÆœE´÷™/ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕí¬ äéπJ ¢√J E®Ωy-£æ«ù/ °æE-B®Ω’. °xß˝’ = Çúø-úøç ´÷-´‚-©’í¬; Ø√ôéπç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿ-ú≈ ÖçC.

a)

F´¤ ´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-èπ◊†oçü¿’èπ◊ ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿†©’ = congratulations/ congrats on your

good marks. Congratulations =

á´-È®jØ√ -à-üÁj-Ø√ ≤ƒ-Cµç-*-†°æ¤p-úø’ -îÁÊ°p-C. -ü∆-EéÀ -•-ü¿’-©’í¬ thanks îÁ§ƒhç. b) †’´¤y áEo-Èéj-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Congrats

Congrats on your election. congrats Congrats on your excellent action/ performance. d) Congress congrats. Congrats to congress on its excellent performance in the elections. (Performance 2) Comment on: Comment Comment 'on'. a) He always on comments on others. make comments/ pass comments c)

î√™« ¶«í¬ †öÀç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊

î√™« ¶«í¬ ÈíL*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊

¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) Åçõ‰ ¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’-úøç/-Å-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ¢ÁL-•’-îªa-úøç. ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ á°æ¤púø÷ Éûª-®Ω’-©-†’ í∫’-Jç-* àüÓ äéπöÀ Åçô’çö«úø’= ÅE èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç ¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’-úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

Chandra: Thank you. Charan: Every one was commenting on your action only. They were all praise for you Chandra: Oh, that's (that was nothing). Thanks any way. How's your practice of cricket going? Hope you will be on the college team for the finals. ( thanks. cricket practice College finals team

-Åç-ûËç-™‰-ü¿’-™‰.

F ÖçC? †’´¤yç--ö«-´E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o)

(ÂÆ©-´¤™x àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Charan: (I am going to) spend some time on bowling practice. (I) need to improve my bowling. bowling practice bowling

(éÌçûª îËߪ÷L. Ø√ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-®Ω-éÓ-¢√Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC)

Chandra: Ok, then. Good luck, bye.

(ÆæÍ®, F Åü¿%≠ædç ¶«í∫’ç-ú≈-©E éÓJéπ, ´≤ƒh-´’J) Charan: Bye

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ preposition– 'on' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) Ωù˝ Congratulations îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, îªçvü¿: What on? Ωù˝: On your fine performance. 2) 3) 4) 5)

commenting on on the college team depends on spend time on preposition 'on' 1) Congratulations (Congrats On.

¢√úË éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’. ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’) ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 56 b)

-Å-ûª-ØÁ-°æ¤p-úø÷ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’-Jç-* ¢√uë«u-Eç-îª-úø’

He never comments/ makes comments/ passes comments on others. c) performance

Éûª-®Ω’© í∫’-Jç-* ¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’úøç Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’. é¬-E ÅüË ´’†ç -Ç °æ-E áçûª´-®Ωèπ◊ îË≤ƒhç ÅØË-C v°æ¨¡o.

It's (It is) easy to comment/ pass comments/ make comments on others' performance but how well we do a thing is the question. 3) On the team. team (in English on on the list; on the rolls, on the premises; on the campus, etc. a) team We do not take you on the team. b) His name is first on the list. c) I do not allow such things on my premises. d) College It did not happen on the campus. 4) Depend on = common. depend =

™. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’Å®ΩnçûÓ) ¢√úË Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '™— ™ ´Ææ’hçC. ñ«G-û√™ î√™«-îÓ-ôx £æ…ï®˝ °æöÃd™ = = Ç´-®Ω-ù™= Nü∆u-©ßª’ Ç´®Ω-ù™ = E†’o ™ îË®Ω’aéÓç ñ«G-û√™ -Å-ûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC

Ø√ Ç´-®Ω-ù™ ØËE-™«ç-öÀN Ææ´’t-Aç-’ Ç´-®Ωù™ ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’

ÉC î√™« î√™«Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-úøç. ûÁ©’´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ í∫’™ èπÿú≈ äéπü∆E/ äéπJO’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-úøç Åçö«ç éπü∆. English ™†÷ ÅçûË. Depend ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ 'on'.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Home, House, Residence - Ñ ´‚úø’ Home, house °æü∆© Å®√n™x ¶µ‰ü∆-™‰-N’öÀ? OöÀE á°æ¤p-úÁ°æ¤púø’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – -¢√C Ææ’v•-£æ«tùuç, ´’*-M-°æôoç -ï-¢√--•’: I. Home- ´’†ç, ´’† èπ◊ô’ç•Æ涵º’u-©ûÓ E´ÆœçîË É©’x home. á´-È®jØ√ ¢√J ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©ûÓ, ņo-ü¿-´·t©ûÓ, Åéπ\-îÁ-™„x-∞¡xûÓ ÖçúËC– home. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ home ´·çü¿’ î√-™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x my, your, his, her, etc. ¢√úø-†-éπ\-®Ω™‰ü¿’.

I am going home (to my home He went home an hour ago (His home

ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’.

í∫çô véÀûªç ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«xúø’.

ņç)

-à-N’-öÀ ûË-ú≈?

á´J ÉçöÀE í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ ¢√∞¡x É©’x,

home. Home My home is Nellore. He left his books at home books 3) Home = His home is England. 4) Home = Minister for home affairs.

Åçõ‰ ÆæyÆæn©ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿ-ú≈ ÖçC. ´÷ ÆæyÆæn©ç ØÁ©÷x®Ω’.

¢√úø’ ¢√úÕ

†’ (¢√úÕ) -Éçöx ´C-™‰-¨»úø’. ü˨¡ç. üËQߪ’. (üËQߪ’– Åçûª-®Ω_ûª ´u´-£æ…®√© ´’çvA) 5) at home and abroad = ÆæyüË-¨¡ç™, NüË-¨»™x. 6) Old age Home, Home for the blind- É™«çöÀ îÓôx 'Çv¨¡ßª’ç—. II. House = à Éç-öÀØÁjØ√ house Åçö«ç. He bought a house last year

Å-†éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’)

¢√úø’ v°æA-ü∆-Eéà ¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-û√úø’ He depends on his sister for every thing.

b)

°æçô©’ ´®√{Eo •öÀd Öçö«®·

Crops depend on rains. c)

ÅFo úø•’s†’-•-õ‰d éπü∆?

Everything depends on money. d)

Nïߪ’ç v¨¡´’†’ •öÀd -Öç-ô’ç-C

Success depends on hard work.

5) Spend on:

ÅC

ÉO

a)

Mohan:

´÷´‚-©’í¬ Çúø-¢√∞¡Ÿx •ôd© O’ü¿ áèπ◊\´ úø•’s, Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ time ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’hçö«®Ω’. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ time Å©ç-éπ-®Ωù™.

Girija and Sailaja: b) Lakshman: Madhu:

†’´¤y ´÷ O’ü¿ comments îËÆæ’h-†oô’d. á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’ü∆ç? Åçû√ F O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ -ÖçC. †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ ready Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púË.

on the campus..

é¬E ᙫ ™

Charan: Not so bad. Every thing depends on my game in the first two matches. Chandra: And what are you going to do during the vacation?

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 9 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005

í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç É©’x éÌØ√oúø’.

Lakshman:

ÉC î√™«

´·êuç. Spend =

ê®Ω’a-°-ôd-úøç. í∫úø-°æ-úøç (®ÓV©÷, Æ洒ߪ’ç Å®·ûË) a) ¢√ú≈ ÉçöÀ-O’ü¿ î√™« ê®Ω’a °ö«dúø’

M. SURESAN

He has spent a lot (of money) on the house. b)

؈’ ®ÓW È®çúø’í∫çô©’ ¢√uߪ÷´’ç îË≤ƒh†’ I spend two hours (every day) on exercise.

c)

§Ú®·†¢√®Ωç Åçû√

practice

™ØË í∫úÕ-§ƒúø’

He spent the whole of last week on practice. d)

ÅE™¸ á°æ¤púø÷ •ôd-©èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√úø’ Anil spends a lot (of money) on clothes.

Spend on. e) TV

ûª®√yûª

îª÷Ææ÷h

on

™«í¬ØË,

time

waste

ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈

´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’

He wastes time on the TV/watching the TV. f)

î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤

friends

ûÓ

time

´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’

He wastes time/ a lot of time on friends. Now practise the following in English: a) Girija:

dress áçûª °öÀd éÌØ√o¢˛? ¢√úøçúÕ) Sailaja: 2500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’. Åü¿çûª îËÆæ’hçC éπü∆? Girija: éπFÆæç 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ü∆E O’ü¿ ´%ü∑∆ ņ’-èπ◊çö«. ؈-®·ûË 2000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©éπçõ‰ °ôd†’. Sailaja: éπFÆæç È®çúø’ í∫çô©’ °æöÀdçC selection èπ◊. (spend, I ûÓ ¢√úøçúÕ)

†’´¤y Ç (Spend

She has two houses in Hyderabad, and one in Vijayawada = But She lives in Guntur. Her home there is very close to the station = Guntur House business house, The House of Tatas-

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ È®çúÕ∞¡⁄x, Nïߪ’-¢√-úø™ äéπ É©÷x -ÖØ√o®·.

Ç¢Á’ ÖçúËC ´÷vûªç ™. Ç¢Á’ É©’x †’, (E¢√Ææç) í∫’çô÷®Óx. ™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√u§ƒ®Ω E©ßª’ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. III. Residence: ÉC éÌç-îÁç formal. Phone numbers, address ©’ ´’† ÉçöÀN îÁÊ°p--ô°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç. Residence phone no; Residential address (office phone no; office address èπ◊ Gµ†oçí¬). Ééπ\úøèπÿ-ú≈ home phone no.,/ address ņ-´îª’a. éÌçîÁç £æ«Ùü∆-í∫© ´uèπ◊h© E¢√-≤ƒ-©ØË Residence ņúøç Ææ••’– The Prime Minister's residence, The governor's residence, etc.

éÌçûª late Å®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´’† Ê°®Ω’x ñ«G-û√™ *´®Ω éπü∆ ÖØ√o®·. ´’† Ê°®Ω’x °œL-îË-ô°æp-öÀéÀ ´’†ç îË®Ω’èπ◊çö«ç. Madhu: ´’†ç é¬éπ Éçé¬ öÃç™ îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ á´-®Ì-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? Lakshman: F áç°œéπ -éπ*aûªç. ü∆EéÀ congrats. ´’J -Ø√ Ææçí∫Açé¬ ûÁMü¿’. Lakshmi: Ñ selections áéπ\úø ï®Ω-í∫-† ’Ø√o®·? Lakshman: ´÷ College campus ™ØË. Answers: a) Girija: How much did you spend on the dress? Sailaja: I spent Rs. 2500/- on it. Isn't (is not) it worth so much? (worth = is worth =

N©’´; N©’´ Öçúø-úøç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª N©’´ îËߪ’-úøç / -îË-ߪ’-éπ§Ú-´úøç = Worth/ not worth. The movie

is not worth half the price of the ticket =

Ç ÆœE´÷ ticket èπ◊ °öÀd† úø•’s-™ Ææí∫-´’çûª èπÿú≈ îËߪ’ü¿’. Waste.

Girija: I think you wasted at least Rs. 400. I won't (will not) spend more than Rs. 2000/- on it. Sailaja: I spent at least two hours on that selection. Mohan: Generally women waste a lot (of money), a lot more of time, on dresses, and still more on make up (still = Girija and Sailaja: Just as you are commenting on us. b) Lakshman: When shall we start? Madhu: (Everything) depends on you, whenever you are ready. Lakshman: Doesn't matter if we are late. Doesn't (does not) matter = Conversation practise Our names are the last on the list. We shall be able to reach by the time our turn comes. Madhu: Who else is coming to be on the team? Lakshman: Your selection is definite Congrats on that. I don't know about my position (position = Lakshmi: Where are the selections? Lakshman: On our college campus.

Éçé¬).

™

°∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. îËߪ’çúÕ.

(ÉçÈé-´®Ω’)

(éπ*aûªç).

°æJ-Æœn-A/ -Ææç-í∫A)

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Sheriff: Peter, Who are you waiting for?

His parents are waiting for their daugh-

á´J éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?

ter's marriage. Once that is over, they will

Peter: For sagar. I've (I have) asked him for some information and a few books.

marry him off. d)

≤ƒí∫®˝ éÓÆæç. ¢√úÕo ؈’ àüÓ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç, éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÅúÕ-í¬†’. Sheriff: You have waited for an hour now. He hasn't even phoned you.

†’´¤y ÅûªE éÓÆæç í∫çôí¬ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆. Fèπ◊ Phone èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ ´’J. Peter: I am sure he will come. Any way, let's hope for the best. I need the books badly.

¢√úø’ ´≤ƒh-úøØË Ø√ †´’téπç. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ´’çîË ÇPü∆lç. Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç. (need badly = î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç)

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 11 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005

Ø√èπ◊ Çéπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC. ÉçÈéçûªÊÆ§Ú ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ wait îËߪ’-™‰†’. I'm (I am) very hungry. I am not able to wait for the meal any more. Wait for = await.

Å®·ûË await éÌçîÁç ví¬çC∑éπç. conversation ™ wait for ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. 2) Ask for: á´-J-ØÁjØ√ àüÁjØ√ Åúø-í∫úøç a) ¢√úÕo Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅúÕ-í¬†’. ¢√úø’ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

a) I am looking for a good book on Spoken

I asked (him) for his help. But he did not

Spoken English O’ü¿ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ¢Áü¿’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o†’.

help me. b)

ÅûªúÕo Ç¢Á’ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÅúÕ-TçC

b) What are you looking for?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 57

ÉçÈéç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ îª÷≤ƒh´¤? É°æp-öÀÍé ¶µï† Æ洒ߪ’ç Å®·çC éπü∆?

üËE-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛/ ¢Áü¿’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛? c) Åûª-úÕ-éÓÆæç Ééπ\úø îª÷úøúøç E®Ω’°æßÁ÷í∫ç. ÉC Åûªúø’ College èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ï} time No use looking for him here. It's the time for his college.

Have you a pen? Practise the following: Peter: I told him to be here for dinner. So I'm sure he will come in a few minutes. Ah, look, here he comes. Hi, Sagar, why the delay?

¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’ ¢√úÕE. 鬕öÀd é¬ÊÆq°æ-öÀ™ ´îËa-≤ƒh-úøØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC. ÅCíÓ ´÷ô-™xØË ´îËa-¨»úø’. àçöÀ ≤ƒí∫®˝, áçü¿’-é¬-©Ææuç? Sagar: Looking for an auto took all my time.

Çö éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’-´©x Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ preposition 'for' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’Eç-îªçúÕ.1) Waiting for 2) asked for 3) hope for 4) time for 5) look for. -É-C-´®Ω-™  for èπ◊ -Ö†o Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©÷ éÌEo îª÷¨»ç. English áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøéπç Ö†o prepositions ™ for äéπöÀ. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆E Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ÆæJí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊E conversation ™ ¢√úÕûË ´’† conversation effective í¬ Öçô’çC. 1. Wait for: äéπJ éÓÆæç, äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤, Ææç°∂æ’-ô† éÓÆæç ¢Ë* îª÷úøúøç. Wait for me, please

She asked her friend to wait

M. SURESAN

é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçúø-´’E ÅúÕ-TçC. They asked me why I was there

؈-éπ\úø áçü¿’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†E ¢√∞¡Ÿx ††o-úÕ-í¬®Ω’. °j Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ask ûª®√yûª for ®√ü¿’. 3) hope for: üËE-ØÁj-Ø√ ÇPç-îª-úøç. hope ûª®√yûª for Å´-Ææ®Ωç. a) ´’ç* ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿ØË ÇPü∆lç. let's (let us) hope for the best.

b) They hope for an early appointment.

ûªy®Ω™ ã ÖüÓuí∫ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË hope ûª®√yûª 'that' ûÓ begin ÅßË’u ´÷ô©’ ´ÊÆh for ®√ü¿’. 4) time for:

ņ--ú≈-EéÀ

We are waiting for the train

c)

éÌEo v°æ¨¡o©’ ÅúÕ-í¬†’.

c) He hopes that he will get the job

é¬Ææh Ø√éÓÆæç îª÷úø¢√? a) Train éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç b) Exams

questions

Common.

üËE-ÈéjØ√

time for

time

´îËa-ÆœçC/Å®·çC Åçö«ç. ÉC î√™«

a) It's time for dinner (Dinner time

Å®·§ÚßË’ ´®Ωèπ◊ îª÷ü∆lç

Å®·çC)

Let's wait for the exams to be over

b) Time has come for us to leave

(Let's wait till the exams are over)

´’†ç •ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lq† time Å®·çC Å™«Íí time for breakfast, for dinner, etc. 5) Look for: ¢Áü¿-éπ-úøç

¢√úÕ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ¢√∞¡x-´÷t®· °Rx éÓÆæç é¬îª’éÌE ÖØ√o®Ω’. Å®·-§ÚûË ¢√úÕéà îËÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Below, beneath © ÆæJ-ßÁi’† Å®√n-©†’ ûÁL°œ,

¢√öÀE ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’; -Å-™«Íí Famous, Popular © ÆæJ-ßÁi’† Å®√n-©†’ ûÁL°œ, ¢√öÀE ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – Èé.´ç-Q-éπ%≠æg, °æ®Ω-鬩, ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ ->-™«x -ï-¢√-•’: Below, beneath © ûËú≈ -ûªy®Ω-™ N´-J≤ƒhç. Famous Åçõ‰ v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-Èé-éÀ\†, v°æë«uA îÁçC†. Åçõ‰ v°æñ«-F-éπç™ î√-™«´’çCéÀ ûÁL-Æœ†, î√-™«-´’çC NE Ö†o ÅE. Abdul Kalam is a famous scientist = Çߪ’† v°æÆ œCl¥ îÁçC† ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh – î√-™«´’ç-CéÀ, ¨»ÆæYçûÓ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰E ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ èπÿ-ú≈ -Ç-ߪ’-†- í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’Ææ’– Çߪ’† í∫’-Jç-* NE ÖØ√o®Ω’ ÅE.

á´-J-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? Suresh: College bus éÓÆæç. Suman: ؈’ N≠æflg éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Åûªúø’ ††’oéÌçûª úø•’s ÅúÕ-í¬úø’. Suresh: ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø Öçú≈-Lq† time Å®·çC. ´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊. Suman: ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV™x °æçÊ° úø•’s éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. (Wait ¢√úøçúÕ) Suresh: ¢√úËüÓ job èπ◊ apply îËÆ œ-†-ô’d-Ø√oúø’. Next week orders ´≤ƒh-ߪ’E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√oúø’. Answer: Suman: Who are you waiting for?

Charan: Assignment? Chakri: Charan:

Å´¤†’. Physics ™ ã chapter O’ü¿. Ø√èπÿ\ú≈ pen Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Ééπ\úø à shop ™ ØÁjØ√ refill ûÁa-éÓ-´-a/ -üÌ-®Ω’-èπ◊ûª’çC. Ç Ææ©-£æ…èπ◊ thanks.

Answers: a) Sarat: Have you read the book on the table? Samrat: What's the book on? Sarat:

It's (It is) on an important event/ episode in World War II. This is one of the best books on the subject.

Samrat: Who is the Writer? Sarat:

He was also a soldier. Name, John stall.

Samrat: Is it such a great book? Sarat:

The more you read it, the more you feel like reading it. Reading it is a

Suresh: For the college bus. Suman: I am waiting for Vishnu. He has asked me for some money. Suresh: (It is) time for him to be here. Perhaps he will be here in a few minutes. Suman: He is waiting for the money his dad will send him in two or three days. Suresh: He has applied for a job. He hopes for the orders next week. 2)

Ñ éÀçCN a/ an, the éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N. Practise îËߪ’çúÕ. a) Sarat: Ç table O’ü¿ Ö†o °æ¤Ææhéπç îªC-¢√¢√? Samrat: üËEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅC? Sarat: È®çúÓ v°æ°æçîª ßª·ü¿l¥ç-™ E ã ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææç°∂æ’-ô† í∫’Jç*. Ç Å稡ç O’ü¿ °æ¤Ææhé¬-©™ ÉC best.

Famous.. Popular..

John stall.

Eïçí¬ Åçûª íÌ°æp °æ¤Ææhéπ´÷? Sarat: FéπC îªC-N-†-éÌDl îªü¿-¢√-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ü∆Eo îªü¿-´-úøç -ã Å®Ω’-üÁj† ņ’-¶µº´ç (Å®Ω’-üÁj† = rare) b) Chakri: F ü¿í∫_®Ω pen Öçü∆? Charan: ÖçC. Fèπ◊ 鬢√™«? Chakri: Ø√ pen refill Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. Assignment complete îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ ؈’.

Chakri:

Suman:

Å®·ûË v°æ¨¡o©’ Åúø-í∫úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, äéπ °æE îËߪ’´’ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ask ûª®√yûª for ®√ü¿’. -Ö-ü∆: I asked him a few

Sarat:

®Ωîª-®·ûª á´®Ω’? (®Ωîª-®·ûª = author/ writer) Åûª-úø’ èπÿú≈ ã ÂÆjE-èπ◊úË. Åûª-úÕ Ê°®Ω’

Samrat:

She asked him for some books.

Sheriff: How long more are you going to wait? It's already time for dinner.

Samrat:

English

-Åç-õ‰?

popular Åçõ‰ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç éπ© ÅE. famous ņo°æ¤púø’ ûÁLÆœ, NE Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç ûªèπ◊\´. 'popular' ™ äéπ ®Ωçí∫ç™ ®√ùÀç-*-†-¢√-JE Ç ´®√_-EéÀ Ææç•çCµç-*† v°æï©’ ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îª-úøç, É≠æd-°æ-úø-úøç. v°æÆœ-Cl-Èé-éÀ\-†¢√∞¡x/ ¢√öÀ °æôx ´’†èπ◊ É≥ƒd-E-éπçõ‰, ¢Á’°æ¤p, íı®Ω´ç áèπ◊\´. Popular Å®·† ´uèπ◊h-©†’ ´’†ç É≠æd-°æ-úøû√ç, ¢√∞¡x-†’ í∫’-Jç-* Éûª®Ω ®Ωçí¬© ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a– A famous movie star - v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-Èé-éÀ\† ÆœE-´÷-û√®Ω– ÆœE´÷-©-†’ í∫’-Jç-* Åçûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’E/ interest ™‰E ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Åûª-úÕ/- Ç-¢Á’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’Ææ’.

rare experience. b) Chakri: Have you a pen? Charan: I have. Do you want it? Chakri: My refill is/ has gone dry (has run out of ink - is dry/ has gone dry -

ü∆ØÓx

ink

Å®·-§Ú-®·çC =

run out of

ink). I have not (haven't) completed my assignment. Charan: Assignment? Chakri: Yes. It's on a chapter in Physics. Charan: I need the pen too. You get a refill in any of the shops here. (Refills are available in any of the shops here.) Chakri: Thank you for the advice.

A popular movie star- v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç §ÒçC† û√®Ω– ÆœE-´÷-©†’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡⁄x, ÆœE-´÷©’ ¶«í¬ îª÷ÊÆ¢√∞¡Ÿx É≠æd-°æúË û√®Ω©’. ã cinema star, famous, popular È®çúø÷ 鬴a. °æ®Ω-¶µ«≥ƒ *vû√© íÌ°æp actor ©†’ í∫’-Jç-* ´’†èπ◊ ûÁLÊÆh ¢√∞¡Ÿx famous. ´’† ¶µ«≥ƒ *vû√© íÌ°æp-û√-®Ω©’, ´’†ç ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx popular stars. A famous song - Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-éÌØË §ƒô. A popular song- Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË, Åçõ‰ éÌClí¬ 'mass' song ÅE. Tendulkar is a famous cricketer- Ééπ\úø popular ņç éπü∆.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Anil:

Hi, Trishal, where were you last evening?

(E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?) Trishal: Most of the time at home.

(E†o áèπ◊\´ÊÆ°æ¤ ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o) Why, what's the matter? But Sunil told me he had seen you going somewhere

(Å®·ûË îª÷¨»†E

†’-¢Áy-éπ\-úÕéÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’)

Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ: b) By the time I reached the station, the train had left. station train Train station the train had left.

؈’ îËÍ®-Ææ-JéÀ, ¢ÁR}§Ú¢Á-R}-§Ú-´-úøç ´·çü¿÷, ؈’ ®·çC. îË®Ω-úøç ûª®√yûª, 鬕öÀd

c) My uncle too had waited for me for ten minutes -

(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) Anil:

¢Á∞¡Ÿhç-úø-úøç-

Sunil

Trishal: He seen me on my way to the station to receive my uncle. But by the time I reached the station the train had left. My uncle too had waited for me for 10 minutes. Seeing that I had not come, he started for home on his own.

(؈’ ´÷ uncle éÓÆæç station èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh†o-°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»úø’. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ station èπ◊ -¢Á-∞Ï}Ææ-JÍé train -´-*a -¢Á-R}-§Ú®·ç-C. ´÷ uncle èπÿú≈ Ø√ éÓÆæç 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ îª÷Æœ ÉçöÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’)

Ø√ éÓÆæç 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ îª÷Æœ, ûª®√yûª ÉçöÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’, had waited - had + pp d) Seeing that I had not come– ؈’ ®√™‰-ü¿E îª÷Æœ, he started for home. ؈’ ®√éπ-§Ú-´-úøç, earlier past action, 鬕öÀd had come - had + past participle.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ´·çü¿®Ω †’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤Úhç-C éπü∆.ïJ-T† Ééπ\-úø ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊†o ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç:

had + past participle always expresses the earlier of two past actions.

I wanted that book on computers from you.

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰C-°æ¤púø’, È®çvúÓ-V©’ Öçèπ◊E ¢Á·†oØË library ™ -ÉîËa¨».) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E verbs: had seen, had left, had waited, had come, had kept É´Fo èπÿú≈ had + past participle form ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ form of verb †’ ´’†ç Ñ lessons ™ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Ñ verb form: had + past participle. DØËo past perfect tense Åçö«®Ω’. DE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç- îª÷ü∆lç: a) Sunil told me he had seen you. Ééπ\úø two past actions (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’--©’– äéπöÀ Sunil E†’o îª÷úø-úøç, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æp-úøç) ÖØ√o®·. Ççü¿’™ äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’, ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûªéπü∆. Sunil, Trishal †’ îª÷-úø-úøç ´·çü¿’, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Anil ûÓ îÁ°æpúøç ûª®√yûª éπü∆. Ééπ\úø ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† °æE Sunil, Trishal †’ îª÷úø-úøç, had seen – had + past participle form ™ Öçúø-úøç í∫´’-Eç-î √L ´’†ç. Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ past actions ™ äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’, ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûª ïJ-TûË, ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† past action á°æ¤púø÷ had + past participle form ™ Öçô’çC.

¢√-Jéπç-õ„ -´·ç-ü¿’ -¢Á·í∫-©’-©’ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ §ƒLç-î√®Ω’.

ÖçúË ´·çü¿’, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ, Ñ

§ƒ©-†™ §ƒ©-†™ ÖçúËC). ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊†o

verbs: had been (be form -

computer book

Trishal: I am sorry, I don't have it. I had kept it for only two days till the day before when I returned it to the library.

a) The Moghuls had ruled India before the British ruled it (British had ruled, ruled). b) India had been under Moghul rule before it was under British rule (British Moghul lesson

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 58 a)

¢√úø’

pass

Åߪ÷u-úøE Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’.

He told me that he had passed. (pass

Å´-úøç ´·çü¿÷, îÁ°æp-úøç ûª®√yûª éπü∆. 鬕öÀd ´·çü¿J past action, had + passed (had + pp)

í∫ûªç™ Ö†o È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©™ ´·çü¿®Ω Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îÁ°æ¤ hçC), had + pp (action - í∫ûªç™ ïJT† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x ¢Á·ü¿öÀ °æEE ûÁ-LÊ°ç- M. SURESAN ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç) a) ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îË-´·çü¿’ Çߪ’† teacher í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ = He had been a teacher before

éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† 'be' form had been. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆, 'be' form á°æ¤púø÷ Öçúø-ú≈-Eo ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ñ éÀçC È®ç-úø÷ §Ú©açúÕ:

he started business. b) Lawyer practice railways He had worked/ He had been in the railways before he started practising as a lawyer. c) sisters unmarried He had been unmarried until his sisters got married.

a) NTR had acted in movies before he

Now practise the following in English.

b)

Ç¢Á’ °R}éÀ ´·çü¿’

teacher

í¬ °æE-îË-ÆœçC.

She had worked as teacher before she got married. had + pp

entered politics (politics

-™  v°æ¢Ë-PçîË ´·çü¿’, ÆœE-´÷™x †öÀç-î√úø’. †öÀç-îª-úøç – -ÉC action (Ωu). ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† past action 鬕öÀd, had acted - had + past participle) b) NTR had been an actor before he was a CM (CM

í¬ ÖçúË ´·çü¿’, actor í¬ ÖØ√oúø’). Ééπ\-úø verbs – had been, was. Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ 'be' forms ü∆. Åçü¿’-éπØË, he was a CM (äéπ-°æ¤púø’) CM í¬ ÖçúË¢√®Ω’ (É°æ¤púø’ -™‰®Ω’). Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ actor - 鬕öÀd had been an actor.

í¬ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îË -´·çü¿’ ™ °æEî˨»®Ω’ = (ÖØ√o®Ω’)

¢√∞¡x °R} ÅßË’uç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’ =

a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha

á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤? O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ؈’ E†o phone îËÊÆh O’ Å´’t †’Nyçé¬ ®√™‰-ü¿E îÁ°œpçC. Ajitha: Å´¤†’. †’´¤y phone îËÆœ† Å®Ω-í∫çô ûª®√yûª ؈’ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®√†’. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? Lakshmi: M© ´·ç¶„j †’ç* éÌEo <®Ω©’ ûÁî √a†E îÁ°œpçC E†o. ´’†ç ¢ÁRx îª÷ü∆l´÷? Ajitha: É°æp-öÀÍé î√-™« ÉîËa-¨»-†E ¢Á·†oØË îÁ°œpçC Ø√ûÓ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Would you come please?

tense

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? would - past tense of will éπ-ü∆. Ééπ\úø would, could áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’?

2) Could

2) Sell this vehicle off (Active Voice), What does she want (Active Voice).

-O-öÀE Passive Voice ™ à N-üµ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ÷™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 3) The function went off well Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰Ææ÷h, went off ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ áéπ\úø, ᙫçöÀ °æ¤Ææh-é¬--™-x -Öç-ö«-ßÁ÷ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. – ÅçûªöÀ °çîª-©ßª’u, ®√ïç-Ê°ô.

-ï-¢√-•’:

í∫’-Jç-* ûªy®Ω™ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. could ÅØËC, 'would you come please' éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ´’®√uü¿ Ææ÷*çîË request. Å®·ûË would you come,

Pratap: Pramod:

á´-JéÀ? ¢√úÕ §ƒûª

exchange

bike †’ éÌûªh bike ûÓ îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.

Answers: a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha, when did you return? When I phoned yesterday your mother told me you had not returned yet. Ajitha: That's right. I arrived half an hour after you had phone. What's the matter? Lakshmi: Leela told me yesterday she had brought some sarees from Mumbai. How about seeing them? Ajitha: She told me the day before she had given away most of them. Lakshmi: Still some more are there. Let's go and see. b) Pratap: Prasanth told me that you had bought a bike. I think, the day before (yesterday). Pramod: Not yet. I think of buying one. Pratap: (Are you) buying your cousin's bike? Pramod: No. Only yesterday I came to know he had sold it off. Pratap: Who to? Pramod: He told me he had exchanged his old bike for a new one.

-v°æ-¨¡o: English Newspapers ™ Headlines Å-Fo simple present

Could you come please?

1) would, should, could you come please?

Éçé¬ éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. ´’†ç ¢Á-R} îª÷ü∆lç °æü¿. b) Pratap: Hi Pramod, †’´¤y bike éÌØ√o-´E Prasanth îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√ûÓ, ¢Á·†o-†’èπ◊çö«. Pramod: Éçé¬ é̆-™‰ü¿’. éÌØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Pratap: O’ cousin bike éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√? Pramod: ™‰ü¿’. E†oØË ûÁL-Æ œçC, ¢√úøC Ţ˒t-¨»-úøE.

He had been an actor

But why did you want to see me?

(F ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* Ç BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o)

Lakshmi:

Ñ éÀçC È®çúø÷ §Ú©açúÕ:

e) I had kept it for two days... when I returned it to the library. had kept – had + past participle (pp) past action

(Å®·ûË †’´¤y †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o´¤?) Anil:

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 16 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005

please

? ÅØËC more formal (áèπ◊\´ ™«ç-†-v§ƒßª’ç, could éπçõ‰). Åçõ‰ ´’†-éπç-ûªí¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E, ´’†ç íı®Ω-NçîË ´uèπ◊h-©†’ îËÊÆ request. 2) sell this vehicle off. DEéÀ passive voice – Let this vehicle be sold off. What does she want

èπ◊ passive – what is wanted by her. éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x-ØË ûª°æp Éô’-´çöÀ sentences active ™ Öçõ‰ØË natural í¬ Öçô’çC. 3) went off well - Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ïJ-TçC ÅE. Éô’-´çöÀ phrases èπ◊ Å®Ωnç oxford/ longman's ™«çöÀ ´’ç* dictionaries ™, 'go' éÀçü¿ îª÷úøçúÕ.

-ï-¢√-•’: 1)

™ ®√≤ƒhÈ®çü¿’-éπE?Å-´-Fo ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ éπü∆! éÀ would éÀ difference -à-N’-öÀ? -¢√-öÀ-E -à-ßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x use îËߪ’-´îª’a? – °œ.í∫-ù‰-¨¸, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø.

î√-™« -´’ç-* question. English èπ◊ -Ö†o v°æûËuéπ ©éπ~ùç, historic present. Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-†-¢√-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ present tense (simple) ¢√úø-úøç. ÉC newspaper headlines ™ áèπ◊\´.

Prime Minister Inaugurates the conference.

Ééπ\úø Inaugurates Åçõ‰ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-®ΩF é¬ü¿÷, îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-®ΩF é¬ü¿’. îËÊÆ-¨»-®ΩE. ÉC English ™ ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. Here was I already late to the station. Just then my brother comes with the news that I have forgotten my ticket. comes

ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. effect éÓÆæç ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. 2) could, would í∫’-Jç-* ÆæN-´-®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

Ééπ\úø

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ c) His mother told me that some one had

Sivaram: Hi Unni, what's new?

(°æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô -É-C.

Practice it in

your conversation) Unni:

Have you seen Kiran of late?

éÀ®Ω-ù˝†’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u à´’Ø√o îª÷¨»¢√? (of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u) Sivaram: No, yesterday I did go to Kiran's. But by the time I reached there, he had gone out. I missed him by minutes.

™‰ü¿’. E†o ¢√R}ç-öÀÍé ¢Á∞«}†’. é¬F ؈’ ¢Á∞Ï}-ô°æp-öÀéÀ Åûª-úø’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢ÁR}§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Åûª-úÕ-E éÌ-Eo -E-N’-≥ƒ-© ûË-ú≈-ûÓ miss Åߪ÷u†’. Unni:

stolen them.

üÌçT-Lç-îª-úøç ´·çü¿’, îÁ°æp-úøç ûª®√yûª– 鬕öÀd had stolen (had + pp) d) She was sure that they had gone for good.

ÅN §Ú´--úø-¢Ë’í¬-F -Éçéπ -üÌ®Ωéπ-úø-´’ç-ô÷ -Öç--úø-ü¿-E Ç¢Á’ †´’t-éπçí¬ ÖçC. §Ú´-úøç ´·çü¿’, 鬕öÀd had gone (had + pp) had + pp

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† ´·ê-u¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ È®çúø’-Ø√o®·.

Why did you want to see him?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 59

áçü¿’-Èé-∞«}´¤ ¢√-R}ç-öÀéÀ? Sivaram: He had promised to lend me the CDs of some latest movies. So I went to him to get them.

Ø√éÌ\Eo ÆœE-´÷© CDs É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. ÅN ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E ¢Á∞«x†’. Unni:

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 18 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005

Let's go now and get them now.

É°æ¤p-úÁR} ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ¢√öÀE?

a) had + pp

¢√úË Å´-鬨¡ç, Å´-Ææ®Ωç – í∫ûªç™ È®çúø’ °æ†’©’ ïJT, ¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’, ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûª ïJ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. b) í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† äÍé °æEE v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ had + pp Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçúøü¿’.

Krishna: That means you applied for it last

Gopal:

á´y®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á-R}-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Krishna: Åéπ\úø watchman ™‰ú≈? Gopal: Åûª-úË îÁ§ƒpúø’ Principal ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç classes ÅFo cancel î˨»-®ΩF, Åçü¿’éπØË Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢ÁR}§Ú-ߪ÷-®ΩE. Krishna: †’´¤y TC (Transfer certificate) éÀ apply îËÆ œç-üÁ-°æ¤púø’? Gopal: Apply îËߪ ’-´ ’E †’´¤y îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ ´·çüË î˨»†’. Krishna: Åçõ‰ †’´¤y last saturday ØË apply î˨»-´-†o-´÷ô.

Saturday b) Sarat: Who are the police searching for? (Police

¢√∞¡Ÿx (Plural). äéπ Police = a í¬ Policemen/ Police persons èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa.)

Police man. Plural

Karim: For the chitfund company director Sarat: What happened? Karim: He had collected money from all and disappeared/ left town Sarat: When did people know he had disappeared? Karim: Just Yesterday. He had run the company for two years when he ran

They had gone for..

away. He had collected by then Rs. 2 crore. Sarat: When do people learn? A number of chitfund companies had closed shops even before this (happened). Practise the following also:

Sivaram: No chance. His mom told me yesterday that some one had stolen the suit case with the CDs in it. It was to the police that he had gone when I went there. He wanted to report it to the police. CDs suit case

Ç Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. Ç Ö†o á´®Ó üÌçT-Lç-î √-®ΩE E†o ¢√∞¡x´’t Ø√ûÓ îÁ°œpçC. ØËEo†o Åéπ\úÕéÀ ¢ÁR}-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’ ¢ÁR}çC police report É´y--ú≈EÍé.

Unni:

Does he hope to get them back?

ÅN üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√-ߪ’ØË Ç¨¡ Éçé¬ Öçü∆ Åûª-úÕéÀ? Sivaram: I don't know. His mother was however sure that they had gone for good.

à¢Á÷ ´’J. ¢√∞¡x´’t ´÷vûªç Éçéπ üÌ®Ωéπ-ü¿ØË †´’t-éπç™ ÖçC. (For good = permanently = °æ‹Jhí¬/ ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬. Practise it in your conversation) Unni:

Really unfortunate.

Anil: I saw the movie, 'Nenodda Neeku?' on the TV last night.

(E†o ®√vA 'ØËØÌü∆l Fèπ◊?— ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»)

TV

™,

Krishna: I have seen it too. What a bore!

(؈÷ îª÷¨»ØËx. áçûª NÆæ’íÓ!) I saw it last Saturday, I think. Anil Ç ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»úø’ E†o-®√vA – ÉC

b) Sarat:

á´JéÓÆæç ¢Áü¿’èπ◊ûª’Ø√o®Ω’ police ¢√∞¡Ÿx? Karim: Chit Company director éÓÆæç. Sarat: àç ïJ-TçC? Karim: Åçü¿J ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s BÆæ’-éÌE §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ (§ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’= disappeared/ left town) Sarat:

past action, time known saw (past doing word) Krishna

Åçü¿’-éπE

èπÿú≈ Ç ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»--†Ø√oúø’ – ÉC past action, time not known - Åçü¿’-éπE M. SURESAN Ééπ\úø have + pp. ´’S} last Saturday ÅE time îÁ°æ¤ h-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd saw. îª÷úøçúÕ– Ñ independent, single past actions èπ◊ ¢ËöÀE èπÿú≈, had+pp ™ îÁ°æp-úøç ™‰ü¿’. õ„jç ûÁL-Æœ† past actions - past doing word; time îÁ°æpE past action have+ pp/ has + pp. Å®·ûË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd È®çúø’ related past actions, È®çúø’ NúÕ sentences ™ îÁÊ°h Å°æ¤púø’ had + pp ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Åûª-úø’ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøE á°æ¤púø’ ûÁLÆœçC? Karim: E†oØË. §ƒJ-§Ú-ßË’-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ company È®çúË∞¡Ÿx †úÕ-§ƒúø’. Å°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’ éÓôx ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ collect î˨»úø’. (Collect= ´Ææ÷©’) Sarat: á°æ¤púø’ í∫’ù-§ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ ï†ç? DEéÀ ´·çü¿’ î√™« Chit Fund Companies ´‚ûª-°æ-ú≈f®· éπü∆. ANSWERS:

one there when you went there? None. People (Every one) had left the place. Krishna: Wasn't (was not) the watchman there? Gopal:

He told me that the principal had

Eïçí¬ ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† verbs sets îª÷úøçúÕ: a) reached- had gone out; b) had

I went there at 4 PM. He had already gone.

cancelled all afternoon classes. That was why all of them had gone

promised- went; c) told- had stolen; d) had

؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ≤ƒ-ߪ’ç-vûªç -Ø√-©’í∫’ í∫ç-ô-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé Åûª-úø’ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Practise the following aloud in English:

Krishna: When did you apply for the TC?

a) Krishna:

Gopal:

gone, went; d) was- had gone.

°j verbs v°æA ïçô™ éÀçü¿öÀ lesson™ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† had + participle form ™ Ö†o verbs ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. a) had gone out, b) had promised, c) had stolen, d) had gone.

´’†ç éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– had + past ™ Ö†o verb á°æ¤púø÷, the earlier of two past actions (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®ç-úø’ °æ-†’-™x ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† ü∆Eo) îÁ°æ¤hç-ü¿E. É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´’J-éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’: participle (PP) form

a) By the time I reached his place he had gone out.

؈’ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ îËÍ®-Ææ-JéÀ Åûª-úø’ -¢Á-R}-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. b) He had promised the CDs and I went there to get them. CD©’ É≤ƒh-†-†-úøç ´·çü¿’, ؈’ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç ûª®√yûª– 鬕öÀd had promised.

E†o †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ á´È®jØ√ ÖØ√o®√?

¢Á-∞Ï}-ô°æp-öÀÍé

É°æ¤pú≈ •çúÕ áéπ\-úø’çC? (•çúÕ= Vehicle) Kumar: éÀ®Ωù˝ ü∆Eo ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞«}úø’. Prasad: Mechanic - ü∆-Eo- á°æ¤p-úø’ °æ‹Jhí¬ repair î˨»úø’? Kumar: E†o repairs °æ‹Jh î˨»úø’. É°æ¤púø’ ´’ç* condition ™ØË ÖçC. Prasad: á´®Ω’ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ ü∆Eo-°æ¤púø’? Kumar: éÀ®Ωù˝ ¢√∞¡x†o. Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢Á·†oØË salesman í¬ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´*açC. Prasad: Çߪ’† Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ àç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’? Kumar: Student. Åûª-úÕéÀ job ´îËa time èπ◊ îªü¿’´¤ °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’. Answer: Prasad: Where is the vehicle (now)? Kumar: Kiran has taken it home.

a) Krishna: Was there any one/ Was any Gopal:

Prasad:

away. I had applied for it before you told me to.

Prasad: When did the mechanic complete the repairs? Kumar: Yesterday. It is now in good condition. Prasad: Who is using it now? Kumar: Kiran's elder brother. He got the job of a salesman just the day before (yesterday). Prasad: What was he before that? Kumar: He was a student. But he had not completed his studies when he got the job.

-v°æ-¨¡o: "General" - DE pronunciation -ï†-®Ω™¸ Dictionary™ É*a† Phonetic symbols †’ •öÀd, ®√ùÀç-îªôç – make a mark / distinguish éπü∆! ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ "G" ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª "e" ÅØË Åéπ~®Ωç TV English News Caste †’ îª÷Æœ, NE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ(oneself). ´ÊÆh ü∆EE ' ñ„— í¬-ØË °æ©-é¬-©çö«®Ω’. -´’-J ´-©-ÆœçüË. -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) She goes to her friend's on sundays "Get" pronunciation -†’ -Å-™«í¬éπ ' Èíö¸—— -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) "Would" †’ Present ™, Past ™ 2) She goes her friends on sundays. Åçö«®Ω’ áçü¿’èπ◊? Future ™†÷ ¢√úø-û√-®Ωô éπü∆. Ñ ´‚úø’ - Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-™ -à-C ÆæÈ®j-†-C? – °œ. Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝, *†o-´’-™«x-È®úÕf, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 鬙«-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* usage †’ °æ‹Jhí¬ -v°æ-¨¡o-© Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x -When, Why, What, ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. -ï-¢√-•’: How ©-†’ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úø-¢Á’-™«? 'g' ûª®√yûª 'e' ´ÊÆh 'ï—í¬ °æ©-é¬-©E 2) ǧƒu-ߪ’ûª, ņ’-®√í∫ç, ņ’-•çüµ¿ç– Ñ ´‚úø’ – -´’-ØÓ-ñ¸, ´÷Ωx rule àO’ ™‰ü¿’. English °æü∆-©†’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ' ®√ùÀç-îªôç—— ï-¢√-•’: ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ ÆæJ-ßÁi’† Éç-Tx-≠ˇ °æü¿ç àC? Pronunciation ™ á°æ¤púø÷ Ñ È®ç--úø’ -¢√é¬u-™x 1- ) Correct; 2) Wrong. §ƒöÀç-îª-í∫© rules î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. – Èé.Ææ’v•-´’ùuç, ´·†-í¬©§ƒúø’ English™ È®çúø’®Ω鬩Questions: i) 'Wh' words G ûª®√yûª e ´ÊÆh 'ï— í¬ °æ©-鬙«, ï-¢√-•’: (What, When, Where, etc.,)ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u 'í∫— í¬ °æ©-鬙« ÅØËC, Ç ´÷ô à 1) Would Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûªy®Ω-™ ØË -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. v°æ¨¡o©÷, ii) ÅN ™‰E v°æ¨¡o©’. 'Wh' ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u ¶µ«≠æ-†’ç* English™éÀ ´*aç-ü¿-ØË2) ǧƒu-ߪ’ûª – Warmth/ affection; v°æ¨¡o™x 'Wh' word ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L. ü∆Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. ņ’-®√í∫ç– affection; ņ’-•çüµ¿ç– attachment.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Pavan: How long can we be here? Ravi:

´’†ç áçûª-ÊÆ-°œ-éπ\úø Öçúø-í∫©ç?

Why? There's no hurry. We can be here as long as we like. What's the matter?

àç? ´’†ç áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ é¬¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçúø-í∫©ç. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?

Pavan: Then let's listen to this man. He is saying some thing in Tamil. Can you understand what he says?

Ravi:

Å®·ûË Éûª†’ îÁ°æ¤h-†oC Nçü∆ç. ûªN’∞¡ç™ àüÓ îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√oúø’. Åûª†’ îÁÊ°pC †’´¤y Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©¢√? I can, but only a little. He says he is a palmist. He can read our palms and tell us of our future.

àüÓ éÌçûª (Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©†’). Åûª†’ Palmist - £æ«Ææh-≤ƒ-´·-vCéπç-– îË®· îª÷Æœ

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 20 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005

Mohan: He says you will soon be a minister Ravi: I, A minister!! It's sheer nonsense. How can I be a Minister

؈’ ´’çvAØ√!! Åçûª-éπçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÓöÀ Öçúøü¿’. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ look at the expressions- can

be, can understand, can read, can't (Cannot) speak, cannot follow, can translate etc. can verbs two forms 1) can bebe form 2) can understand, can read, can speak, etc. can + 1st Regular Doing Word (1st RDW) form. (Actions) 1. Can: (ability) verb. (present) (Future) can a) He can be here in ten minutes.

É´Fo èπÿú≈ ûÓ èπÿúÕ† éπü∆. ÉN (È®çúø’ ®Ω÷§ƒ-©)™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆? ÉC Öçúø-ú≈Eo ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC. É´Fo

ÉN °æ†’-©†’ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®·. -É-C ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁLÊ° v°æÆæ’hûªç ™ é¬F, ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ ™ é¬F Öçúø-í∫-©í∫úøç, îËߪ’-í∫¢√úøû√ç. ©í∫úøç ÅE îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª†’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ--™x Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-©úø’. (can be - be form éπü∆ – Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç -ûÁ-©’°æ¤ûª’ç-C)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 60

e)

Prabha:

Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úÕéÀ°æ¤púø’ ®√™‰ü¿’

She can't (cannot) come here now. f)

Éçûª *†o N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰¢√?

Can't you (can you not) understand this simple thing? Practise the following in English: Prabha: CM (become

؈’ †’ é¬í∫-L-T-ûË...¢√úøçúÕ) Prasanthi: Çí¬í∫’. †’´¤y CM ᙫ Å´-í∫-©´¤? Prabha: ؈’ Å´-™‰-†Ø√ F †´’téπç?

I can speak..

Come, Prasanthi, how can you be so harsh/ unkind to me? Prasanthi: How can you talk so much nonsense? day to day situations ulary/ expressions practise Pronunciation)

Ñ éÀçC

™ ¢√úË vocabîËߪ’çúÕ: (Prn:

1. get up -

Evü¿-™‰-´-úøç ÅØÌa – é¬F ÅC é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç) ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’úøç. ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’úøç, Ææ´·vü¿ ≤ƒo†ç – Ñ ´÷ô Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà DØÁo-´®Ω÷ É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøúøç ™‰ü¿’. §ƒûª-•-úÕ† ¢√úø’éπ – Ææ´·-vü¿-≤ƒo†ç – a swim in

(wakeup 2. have/ take a bath (bathe -

the sea) 3. have/ take breakfast (Prn:

-v¶„é˙-°∂æÆˇd) – §Òü¿’-löÀ

°∂æ-™«-£æ…®Ωç. ñÆæuç îÁÊ°p-¢√úø’. ´’† £æ«Ææhͮ꩒ îª÷Æœ ´’† ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ îÁ°æp-í∫-©-†çô’-Ø√o--úø’. (Read the palm – ͮ꩒ îª÷úøôç– £æ«Ææh-Í®-ê©’)

Pavan: But how can we understand him? He can't (can not) speak Telugu and we can't follow his Tamil.

Ravi:

Åûª-úÕ -´÷-ô-©’ ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊-ØË-C? ÅûªúËË¢Á÷ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰úø’. ´’†ç ÅûªE Tamil Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰ç. ᙫí¬? Ah, here comes Mohan. He can speak Tamil. Mohan Tamil

´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úø’

´÷ö«x-úø-

í∫-©úø’.

Mohan: What's going on? Ravi: Here's a Tamil Palmist. Can you translate his tamil for us? Tamil palmist. Tamil

(àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC?)

Éûª†’ -Ñ-ߪ’-† ™ îÁÊ°pC ´÷èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ îÁ°æp-í∫-©¢√?

Mohan: That's OK. Go on then. (The Palmist studies Ravi's palm and says some thing in Tamil Tamil

Åûª†’

™ àüÓ îÁ§ƒhúø’)

b)

FÈéç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ é¬¢√-©çõ‰ Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ØËE-éπ\úø Öçúøí∫-©†’

I can be here as long as you like/ want. c)

He cannot be (can't be) here for more than an hour. d) President

¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ §˘®Ω’úÁ´-®Ω-®·Ø√ í∫-©úø’

í¬ Öçúø-

Any Indian citizen can be the president. e)

(ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å®Ω’|úø’) F ï†t™ †’´¤y CMí¬ Öçúø-™‰´¤

You cannot (can't) be a CM for your life

É´Fo èπÿú≈ (can be) be forms- Öçúø-í∫-©í∫ú≈Eo ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰≤ƒh®·. 2. can + 1st RDW - action. a) I can speak Hindi well. b) Tendulkar Can he play like Tendulkar? c) subjects What subjects can you teach? d) English How well can you speak English?

؈’ £œ«çC ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©†’ Åûª†’

O’Í®

™« Çúø-í∫-©ú≈?

¶Cµç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’?

O’È®çûª ¶«í¬

modal verbs ûÓ éÌEo ®Ω鬩 ¢√é¬u©’ Aéπ-´’éπ °úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·. -Ñ -¢√é¬u-™x -ûË-ú≈-©’ -N-´-Jç--îªí∫-©®Ω’. 1) a) They have to have gone there b) They should have gone there 2) a) They have to have been there b) They should have been there 3) a) The book was to have been sent to Madras b) The book should been sent to Madras 4) a) You have to have your car painted green b) You should have painted your car green 5) a) She was to have taken that bus b) She must/ should have taken that bus

´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’?

´÷vûªç î√™« ´÷ö«xúø-í∫-©´¤. Prabha: †’´¤y Ø√ M. SURESAN N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Åçûª éπJ∏†çí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-©¢Ë? (harsh/ unkind - éπJ∏-†-¢Á’i†) Prasanthi: Å®·ûË †’´yçûª nonsense ᙫ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©¢˛?

Answer: Prabha: If I can become the C.M.. Prasanthi: Wait. How can you become the CM? Prabha: Are you sure (that) I can't (cannot) be the CM? Prasanthi: I don't (do not) know if you can become the CM or not; but you can certainly talk a lot of nonsense.

3 a) Book, Madras

èπ◊ °æç°œç-î√-Lqç-üË. (é¬F °æç°œç-î√®Ó ™‰üÓ-ûÁLߪ’ü¿’) ÉC clear í¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’ Ñ sentence ™. b) -™  should been sent •ü¿’©’, should have been sent Å®·-ûËØË correct. Å°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç. °æ¤Ææhéπç °æç°æ-•-ú≈-LqçüË é¬F °æç°æ-•-úø-™‰ü¿’. 4 a) O’ car †’ green í¬ paint îË®·ç* Öçú≈-LqçC. (Å™« îË®·ç-î√®Ó ™‰üÓ, Ñ sentence clear í¬ ûÁ-©°æü¿’) b) O’ car †’ green í¬ paint îËÆ œ Öçú≈-LqçC. (Å™« îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’, O’®Ω’. ÉçéÓ colour ûÓ paint î˨»®Ω’)

. – áÆˇ.-®√-ï-¨Ï-ê®˝, éπ®Ω÷o©’

1 a) They have to have gone there

¢√∞¡xéπ\úÕéÀ ¢ÁR} Öçú≈-LqçC, ¢Á∞«}®Ó ™‰üÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’.

b) They should have gone there

¢√∞¡x-éπ\-úÕéÀ -¢Á-∞«}-LqçC, é¬F ¢Á∞¡}-™‰ü¿’. Åçûª ´’ç* é¬ü¿’. ™«çöÀ ™ î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ Åçõ‰ í¬ ÅüË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. DEéà Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-†-¢Ë’ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Ñ •ü¿’-©’ Åçõ‰ í¬ í¬ Å®Ωnç ¢√Rx-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC (í∫ûªç™). Öçô’çC. Ñ í¬ (é¬F ÖØ√o®Ó ™‰üÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’). DEo Ñ îÁ°æpü¿’. b) -D-†®Ωnç: ¢√Rx-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC, é¬F ™‰®Ω’.

Sentence 1) a construction have to have gone expressions, usage They had to go there simple 2 a) 1a) sentence They had to be there, simpler direct sentence sentence clear

5 a)

Ç¢Á’ Ç bus áéÀ\ Öçú≈-LqçC. (áéÀ\çüÓ ™‰üÓ, Ñ sentence ´©x

¶«ß˝’™¸) ´’J-Tç-îª-úøç/-´’-®Ω-í∫úøç ¢Ë®·ç-îªúøç, ¢Ë°æ¤úø’ èπÿ®Ω ¶„ß˝’é˙) †÷ØÁ-™«ç-öÀN ™‰èπ◊çú≈ E°æ¤p© O’ü¿ 鬩aúøç. Bread Å™«Íí îË≤ƒh®Ω’ 鬕öÀd Bread îËÊÆ îÓô’: Bakery (¶„ß˝’-éπ-J) Snacks/ refreshments/ eats - ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ -Å-ØË öÀ°∂œ-Ø˛èπ◊ correct English ´÷ô©’. öÀ°∂œØ˛ English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. 7. pastime: 鬩-Íé ~-§ƒ-EéÀ NØÓü¿ç. 8. lunch: °æí∫-öÀ/ -´’-üµ∆u£æ«oç ¶µï†ç. 9. Dinner: (´’†èπ◊) ®√vA ¶µï†ç. (prn: úÕ†– 'úÕ— E ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç.) äéπ ®ÓV™ ´’†ç îËÊÆ ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¶µï†ç. ´’† ü˨¡ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Dinner ®√vA ¶µï-†¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. îªL-üË-¨»™x ´’üµ∆u£æ«o ¶µï†ç 鬴a. 10. Supper: (prn: Ææ°æ– Ææ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) – ®ÓV™ *´J ¶µï†ç – v°æA-®ÓW Öçú≈-©E ™‰ü¿’. Åçûª ´·êuç é¬ü¿’.
breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper - ´’†ç ®ÓW îËÊÆ¢ÁjûË OöÀ ´·çü¿’, A/ An, The ®√´¤.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™ commands, orders ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ (™‰ü∆) Conditions

NCµç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Should ™‰ü∆ must ©†’ ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆. é¬F ØËØÌéπ text book ™ îª÷ÊÆh be forms Å®·† is, are ©†’ ¢√ú≈®Ω’. áçü¿’-éπ™«? 1) äéπ Çü∆ߪ’ç ´u´-≤ƒßª’ Çü∆ߪ’ç. ÅC ¶µº÷N’ †’ç* -Öçú≈L – ÅØË ≠æ®Ω-ûª’-©†’ text book ™ To be an agricultural income... The revenue is derived from land ÅE ≠æ®Ω-ûª’í¬ Ê°®Ì\-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«-é¬éπ The revenue should be derived.. ÅE ¢√úÌa éπü∆. 2) Å™«Íí äéπ vôÆæ’d Çü∆ߪ’ç °æ†’o †’ç-* N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤ §Òçü∆-©çõ‰ ÅC ÉØ˛-éπç-ö«èπ◊q éπ-N’≠æ-†®˝îË †¢Á÷üÁj -Öçú≈L ÅØË ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’; äéπ text book ™ The trust should be registered with the commissioner of I.T ÅE ¢√úøí¬, ´’®Ìéπ text ™ The trust is registered with commissioner of I.T as per the provision of 12A ÅE ÖçC. ´’J Ééπ\-úø is registered éÀ should be registered éÀ ´’üµ¿u í∫© ûËú≈ àçöÀ? È®çúÕç-öÀ™ à ¢√éπuç áô’-´çöÀ Å®√nEo ÉÆæ’hçC? ™‰ü∆ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u©’ äéπ-õ‰Ø√? –Ê≠é˙ Å°∂æb™¸ ë«Ø˛, ´·çîÁ´·†-í¬©§ƒúø’

-ï-¢√-•’: clear

b) She must have taken that bus. bus

1) 'The revenue should be derived'

í¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’)

Ç¢Á’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ç ØË áéÀ\ Öçô’çC. (ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’, áéÀ\çC) She should have taken that bus. bus bus

Ç¢Á’ Ç (ÉçÍé-üÓ

4. boil: (prn: 5. fry: 6. bake: (prn:

†’´¤y CM é¬í∫-©¢Ó, ™‰üÓ é¬F, nonsense

¢√úÕ-éπ\úø í∫çô-éπçõ‰ Öçúø-™‰úø’

-v°æ-¨¡o: Infinitive ûÓ,

-ï-¢√-•’:

Prasanthi:

áé¬\Lq ÖçúÕçC, é¬F áéπ\-™‰ü¿’. áéÀ\çC).

Åçõ‰-ØË correct, O’®Ωç-ô’-†oô’x. 2) ÉC èπÿú≈, The trust should be registered Åçõ‰ØË correct. O’®Ω’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-ô’xí¬, is derived, is registered Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ïJ-ÍíC ÉüË ÅE. Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ rule í¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ should be derived, should be registered ÅØË¢Ë correct.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Mahesh: Hi Ramesh, you can sing, can't you?

àçöÀ problem? ´÷ cousins Ñ weekend Ééπ\úø Ramesh: Of course I can. Why, what's the matÖçö«®Ω’. ter? Kishore: ¢√∞¡x†’ èπÿú≈ ´’†ûÓ ®Ω´’t†’. Å´¤†’. áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Kumar: ¢√∞¡Ÿx ®√™‰®Ω’. ¢√Rx-éπ\-úÕéÀ -ã interview -éÓÆæç Mahesh: You can participate in the singing -´Ææ’hØ√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-é¬-¢Ë∞¡ interview ÖçC. competition at college next week. Kishore: -†’-´¤y -™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ -ØË-Ø√ picnic enjoy -îË-ߪ’´îËa-¢√®Ωç §ƒô-© -§Ú-öÙ §ƒ™Ô_-†-´îª’a. ™‰-†’. -†’-¢Áy-™«Èíj-Ø√ ®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ -v°æ-ߪ’-Aoç-. Ramesh: Oh, no. I can sing but not in a com- Kumar: ´÷ cousins Ééπ\-úø’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ᙫ ®√í∫©†’? îª÷ü∆lç. ¢√∞¡Ÿx Í®§Ú, á©’xçúÓ petition. phone îË≤ƒh®Ω’. correctí¬ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒh®Ó? Åçûª ™‰ü¿’. àüÓ §ƒúø-í∫-©†’ é¬F §ÚöÙx ü∆Eo-•öÀd Fèπ◊ îÁ§ƒh†’. ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. Mahesh: O come Ramesh. Tell yourself you Kishore: †’´¤y ††’o E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ω-îª-´ØË (disappoint) ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. †’´¤y ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æpéπ can, and you will. ®√í∫-©´¤. ´’†-Ææ’çõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç Öçô’çC éπü∆. ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ, Ø√ ´÷ô N†’. †’´¤y §ƒúø-í∫-©-´E Kumar: §ÚF picnic postpone îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-¢√? Fèπ◊ †’¢Ëy îÁ°æ¤péÓ, §ƒúË-ߪ’-í∫-©´¤. Picnic miss Å´-úøç Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. Ramesh: I am not so sure. (Åçûª- †-´’téπç Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’) ®Ω-¢Ë’-¨¸, †’´¤y §ƒúø-í∫-©´¤ éπü∆?

Kishore: Kumar:

Mahesh: You can try at least, Keep telling yourself you can, and you will be able to do it.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 61

؈’ §ƒúø-í∫-©†’, §ƒúø-í∫-©†’, ÅE îÁ°æ¤pèπ◊çô÷ (ņ’-èπ◊çô÷) Öçúø’. †’´¤y §ƒúøí∫-©’í∫’-û√´¤. (keep telling - îÁ°æ‹h-Öç--úø-úøç – continue äéπ °æE îËÆæ÷h

Öçúøôç)

v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ûÓ Ö†o †’ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊†o Å®ΩnçûÓØË Ééπ\úø †’ ¢√ú≈ç. Åçõ‰ 'í∫©— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ – ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ®Ω-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈ç. Ñ îª÷úøçúÕ. ™ Å-ØË èπ◊ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’ ÅØË Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç É´y--ú≈-EéÀ ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ Å†èπ◊çú≈, Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË Åçö«ç. °æ‹Jh ņç.

(Å™«í¬?)

Åçõ‰

èπ◊ F íÌ°æp-ûª†ç ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿ç-ö«¢√?

¢√∞¡x®Ωnç îË≤ÚéÓ-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ Çúø-í∫-©†’, é¬E Çúø†’. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Spoken English ™ can, can't (can not) -ûÓ äéπJ ability (≤ƒ´’-®Ωn uç) í∫’-Jç-* áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·Ø√ Ææ綵«-≠æù ï®Ω-°æ-´îª’a.

Now, Practise the following aloud in English. a) Kumar: Hi Kishore, Kishore: picnic weekend Kumar:

àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? Ñ ¢√®√çûªç èπ◊ ´≤ƒh¢√? Ñ ã °æC-´’ç-CN’ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. Ñ ¢√®√ç-ûª´÷? ®√™‰-ØË¢Á÷.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

Kishore:

Å-Eo -à®√p-ô’x -îËÊÆ-¨»ç. -Éçéπ -á-™« postpone -îË-ߪ’-´’ç-ö«--´¤? Kumar: Ok. äéπ\-®ÓV Çí∫’. Í®°æ¤ îÁ§ƒh à N≠æߪ’ç. Kishore: †’´¤y ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. b) Bhavan: Hi, congrats Bhaskar. Bhaskar: Bhavan: prize

üËEéÀ? FÍéüÓ ´*aç-ü¿E ¨Ïê®˝ E†o Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’. Bhaskar: Åü∆. ÅüË-´’çûª °ü¿l N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’. ´÷ college §ÚöÙ x Åûª ’u-ûªh´ ’ ¢√u≤ƒ-EéÀ prize ´*açC. Bhavan: †’´yçûª ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-©-´E Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË Fèπ◊ prize ´*a† N≠æߪ’ç -¨Ï-ê®˝ îÁÊ°p-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’™‰ü¿’. îÁ°æ¤hØ√o éπü∆. ؈’ F Åçûª ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰†’. ´’®Ó≤ƒ-J ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. Bhaskar: †’´¤y ††’o ´’K §ÒT-úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Thank you. F cricket practice ᙫ ÖçC? Bhavan: í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV-©’í¬ practice îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ééπ tournaments èπ◊ Ø√-©’í∫’ -®Ó-V™‰í¬ ÖçC. Ø√ fielding éÌçûª ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-ú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC. ´÷ team finals ü∆é¬ ®√í∫©-ü¿ØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC. Bhaskar: £j«vü∆-¶«-ü˛™  éπü∆ Ñ tournaments. O’È®-°æ¤púø’çö«®Ω’ Åéπ\úø 1st matchéÀ? Bhavan: 22´ û√K-ê’†. ´÷ 1st match ê´’tç team ûÓ. Bhaskar: OK. ´’J Ø√èπ◊ time Å®·çC. -¢Á-∞«}-L. All the best. Bhavan: Thank you.

1) Rajani has to work along with Ravi Rajani is to work along with Ravi 2) They have to hold the programme They are to hold the programme 3) The SP, Naveen Chand who was to attend as a chief guest in this programme was not / had not/ did not come yesterday. is/ has to, how to/ are to, was/ had

°j ¢√é¬u-™xE -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?-N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – Å•’l™¸ ´·Ø√°∂ˇ, †çC-éÌ-ô÷\®Ω’

not

-ï-¢√-•’:

1) Rajani has to work along with Ravi Rajani has to –

Answers: a) Kumar: Hi Kishore, What news? Kishore: How about coming for a picnic / joining a picnic this weekend? will you come for/ will you join a picnic this weekend? Ten of us are going. Kumar: This weekend? I'm (I am) afraid I can't (cannot) come. Kishore: What's (What is) the problem? Kumar: My cousins will be here this weekend. Kishore: Ask them to join us too.

b) Bhavan: Hi Bhaskar, Congrats. Bhaskar: What on? Bhavan: Sekhar told me yesterday (that) you had got/ won a prize. Bhaskar: O, That's nothing. I got that prize for the best essay in the essay writing competition. Bhavan: I Know you can write very well/ I know you are very / quiet good at writing. But I didn't know that you had got/ won the prize until sekhar told me. let

How can we..

telling. keep doing something / continue to do some thing -

Ramesh: Ok, I'll try. can verbs lesson can (ability) can response (reply) Ramesh: Of course, I can. conversation can you do something? question I can do it, I can I can't (cannot) sentence Bhaskar: I can play cricket very well. In fact I can play better than some of the players in the Indian team. Bhavan: Oh, can you? Bhaskar: You think I can't (cannot) ? Bhavan: (Do) You mean the selectors don't know your greatness? selectors Bhaskar: They can't. Moreover, I can, but I don't play.

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005

Åçõ‰ – ®ΩïE ®ΩNûÓ °æE-îË-ߪ÷-L/-°æE °æE îËߪ÷L. á´-JûÓ?– Ç¢Á’-éÀîËߪ÷Lq Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø *a† Çïc-´©x/ Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-´©x/ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© v§Úü¿s-©ç-´©x– Ñ é¬®Ω-ù«-©™ üËE-´-©x-ØÁjØ√ Ç¢Á’ ®ΩNûÓ °æE-îË-ߪ÷-L/ -îË-ߪ÷Lq ´Ææ’hçC ÅE. has to †’ he, she, it ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. have to †’ I, We, You and they ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

Kumar: They can't (can not). They are coming here for an interview. They have an interview that day. Kishore: I can't (can not) M. SURESAN enjoy the picnic without you. Do try to come/ try to come. (Do try -

í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ Å-™«

Åçö«ç)

Kumar: How can I come when my cousins are here? Let's (let us) see. They will phone/ call / ring me tomorrow or the day after, when they will be/ will come here exactly. Depending on that I'll (I will) let you know. Kishore: I'm (I am) sure you will not disappoint me. If you want you can come. Where there is a will there is a way, you know. (you know Kumar: Why don't you postpone your picnic? Kishore: We have made all arrangements. How can we postpone it? Kumar: Wait for a day I'll let you know tomorrow. Kishore: You are coming definitely. (Definitely) certainly -

éπü∆-)

me tell you. I can't (cannot) write so well as you. congrats again. Bhaskar: O, You're praising me too much/ that's praising too much. How is your cricket practice?/ How is your cricket practice going on? (That's praising too much- spoken English Bhavan: We have been practising for the past one week. only four days are left for the tournament. My Fielding needs some improvement. I am sure our team will make it/ reach the finals. (make it Bhaskar: Isn't' (Is not) the tourney (tournament in Hyderabad?/ the tourney is in hyderabad, isn't it? when will you be there for the first match? Bhavan: On the 22nd. Our first match is with the khammam team/ the team from khammam. Bhaskar: Ok It's time for me to leave. All the best. Bhavan: Thank you. Vocabulary / Expressions: (Prn- Pronunciation) 1. Attend (Prn: attend/ school/ college/ place of work

™ áèπ◊\´)

(N’TL ÖØ√o®·)

(àüÁjØ√) îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫-úøç)

èπ◊ ÉçéÓ-´÷ô)

Åõ„çú˛– õ„ç ØÌ-éÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) -– £æ…ï®Ω-´-úøç– (´’†ç ´%Ah/ NCµ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË îÓôxèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}-úøç/ We have to start now to meet him - Åûª-úÕ-E éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ £æ…ï-®Ω-´-úø-ç)/ Marriage/ meeting/ dinner/ party/ •ßª’-©’-üË-®√L– ÉC ´’† Å´-Ææ-®√Eo/ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© -äAh-úÕE Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. celebrations etc. Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ £æ…ï-®Ω-´-úøç, She has to stay at office from 10 to 4. ®√´-úøç, ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ come, go, be Ç¢Á’ Office ™ 10 †’ç* 4 ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçú≈L– NCµ. present •ü¿’©’ attend áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. She has to take care of her child, so she is unable to come. a) E†o-¢√úø’ School èπ◊ ®√-™‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á’ °æJ-ÆœnA (Gúøf†’ îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç) Ç¢Á’†’ ®√E-´y-ü¿’.He didn't (did not) attend school yesterday. You have to be here at 10 – O’J-éπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈L– ÉC Çïc. b) O’®Ω’ °-R}-Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’? 2) Rajani is to work along with Ravi – Rajani Ravi ûÓ éπ-LÆœ °æE-îË-ߪ÷-L/ didn't you (did you not) attend the mar-îË-ߪ’-¶-ûª’ç-C/ -îË-Ææ’hçC– Ééπ\úø ÉC ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ßË’-ü∆Eo í∫’-Jç-* -îÁ-•’-ûª’ç-C. ÉC Why riage? ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ éπ*aûªç. Åçõ‰ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îËÆæ’èπ◊†o à®√p-ô’-´©xé¬F, Ç Rajani, Ravi ©èπ◊ ´*a† Çïc´©xé¬E ¢√∞¡Ÿx -éπ-LÆœ °æEîËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’/ îË≤ƒh®Ω’ c) Æ涵ºèπ◊ î√-™«-´’çC ´î√a®Ω’. ÅE. have to/ has to Åçõ‰ îËߪ÷L– îË≤ƒh®Ó, ™‰üÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. am to/ is to/ A large number (of people) attended the meeting. are to/ was to/ were to N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Å®·ûË îËߪ÷L, îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç î√™« d) Í®°æ¤ dinner éÌÆæ’h-Ø√o®√? áèπ◊\´, îËߪ’-úøç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. Will you/ are you going to, attend the dinner 3) ´·êu-Å-AC∑ †O-Ø˛-îªçü˛ ®√´-©-Æ œçC/ ®√-¢√-Lq-†-¢√úø’, é¬F Çߪ’† ®√™‰ü¿’, ÅE DE ¶µ«´ç. Ñ Å®Ωnç correct í¬ ´îËa-ôô’x îÁÊ°p sentence- The SP, Navin tomorrow? / Are you attending the dinner éπ*a-ûªçí¬).

Chand who was to have attended as the chief guest did not come yesterday. was not comeEnglish had not come

ÆæÈ®j†

é¬ü¿’.

Ééπ\úø ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

tomorrow?

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Sridhar: Hi Neeraj, just how busy are you? busy busy

Tarun:

-F®Ω-ñ ¸, †’´¤y Ø√?/ áçûª í¬ ÖØ√o´¤? (Ééπ\úø just = ÅÆæ©’. conversation ™ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '´’J— -™«í¬ just ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.)

Not at all. What's the matter?

-Å-üËç -™‰-ü¿’. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?

Sridhar: I am in a hurry to get home. Can you drive me home on your bike? bike

ÉçöÀéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL. F Éç-öÀéÀ -BÆæ’Èé-∞¡-û√-¢√?

Tarun:

O’ü¿ †-†’o -

Drive you home? O no. You can take my bike if you want. I am tired of driving for the day.

EEoç-öÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-úø-´÷? Ø√´©x -é¬ü¿’. Å©Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. 鬢√-©ç-õ‰ Ø√ bike BÆæ’éÓ-.

Ééπ\-úø can -†’ question form ™, permission Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ (ņ’-´’-A- §Òç-ü¿-ú≈-EéÀ) ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. a) ´’-S} á°æ¤púø’ éπ©-´-´’ç-ö«®Ω’ N’´’tLo? When can I see you again? (asking for permission)

b)

ØËEéπ ¢Á∞¡xØ√?

Can I go now? (asking for permission) c) Can I use your pen? pen (permission) 3. Question form permission can statement form permission

O’

¢√úø’-éÓØ√? ™ ¢√úÕ-†õ‰x, †’ É´y-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ

™

a) You can keep the bike till 5'o clock. bike (giving permission) b) You can take my bike. bike (giving permission) c) You can go now. (giving permission) d)

†’´¤y Ø√

†’ Å®·-Cç-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Öç-éÓ-´îª’a.

BÆæ’éÓ´-a/ -BÆæ’éÓ.

†’Nyéπ ¢Á-∞Ô}a. -

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 62

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 27 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005

†’´¤y ´çü¿-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-©-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a °ôd-ú≈EéÀ -O-™‰x-ü¿’.

b) Question form

™

I/ we

ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

c) Statement form

™

ûÓ

permission

request, permission

Åúø-í∫É´y-

ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

d) Statement form

™ possibility éÀ (≤ƒüµ¿u¢Ë’ Å´¤ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊†o -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ) ¢√úøû√ç.

Practise the following aloud in English: Kareem:

؈’ O’ûÓ é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ (a few minutes) ´÷ö«xúø-´î√a? (see/ speak ¢√úøçúÕ) Kasyap: üËE N≠æߪ’ç?

You can talk now you cannot spend more than Rs. 100/-. (you can spend = you have permission to spend upto Rs. 100/-)

Sridhar: How long can I have it? Tarun:

áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤ç--éÓ†’?

Will three hours do?

´‚úø’ í∫çô©ÊÆ°æ¤ î√™«? î√©’.

(will do = An income of Rs 10000/- a day will do for me. I don't want more.

®ÓVèπ◊ °æC-¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© Çü∆ߪ’ç î√©’ Ø√èπ◊. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´ü¿’l)

Sridhar: O that's fine. Thank you. Tarun: You can keep the bike till 5 o'clock. Go by the other road. The traffic along this road at this hour can be heavy. Driving in such traffic can be dangerous.

鬢√-©çõ‰ 5 í∫çô© ü∆é¬ -ÖçéÓ. Ç ®Ó-úø’f í∫’ç-ú≈ ¢Á-∞¡Ÿ}. Ñ road ´ü¿’l. Ñ time ™ Ñ road ™ traffic ®ΩDl áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçúÌa. Driving Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ éÌçîÁç v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω¢Ë’ Ŵa. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ can ûÓ Ö†o verbs îª÷úøçúÕ.

1) Can you drive me home?

ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-í∫-©¢√?

2) You can take my bike – 3) How long can I have it?

Ø√

bike

BÆæ’Èé-∞¡Ÿ}.

áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤ç--éÓ-´’ç-ö«´¤?

4) You can keep the bike till 5'o clock. 5) The traffic at this hour can be heavy. 6) Driving in such traffic can be dangerous. can can ability

í∫’Jç* ´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oN: (≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo) ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E éπü∆. Åçõ‰– 'í∫©— – Öçúø-í∫-©í∫-úøç, îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫-úøç ™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ can èπ◊ -Ö†o ´’J-éÌEo Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷ü∆lç: 1. Can you drive me home? Ééπ\úø can drive, ability é¬ü¿’ í∫ü∆! Ééπ\úø Tarun †’ request îËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ Sudheer can ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆ (ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞Ï}-ü∆?ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). Åçõ‰ can †’ request (Nïc°œh) îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úø-´îª’a, question form ™. 1) é¬Ææh -F pen -É≤ƒh-¢√? Can you give me your pen? / Can I have your pen?

2)

O’ûÓ È®çúø’ EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a?

Can I speak to you/ see you for a few minutes? 3) Can you lend me some money?

é¬Ææh Å°œp-≤ƒh®√? -Ééπ\-úø can †’ question form ™ requests èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*-†-ô’x -ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C éπ-ü∆! Åçõ‰ can †’ question form ™ ´·êuçí¬ you ûÓ, I/ we ûÓ requests èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

2. How long can I have it? bike

áçûªÊÆ°æ¤ -؈’ F

Öç-éÓ-´îª’a?

Kareem:

é¬Ææh ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. Kasyap: É°æ¤púø’ ´÷ö«x4. Ææ’Dµ®˝: úøçúÕ. ؈’ BJa) Driving in such traffic can be dangerous. í¬_ØË ÖØ√o†’. É™«çöÀ traffic ™ drive îËߪ’-úøç v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç Kareem: O’ friend com鬴a/ í¬ Öçô’çC. pany ™ typist Ééπ\úø can, possibility (≤ƒüµ¿u-¢Ë’¢Á÷ ņ’-èπ◊-ØËjobs ë«Sí¬ M. SURESAN ü∆-E-E) ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC éπü∆. ÅC can èπ◊ ÉçéÓ ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. èπÿú≈ apply î˨»†’. ´÷ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ O’ûÓ b) <éπöx ¢Á∞ Ô}ü¿’l. §ƒ´·-©’ç-ö«®·. ´÷ö«x -úø-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ø√é¬ job ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ O’®Ω’ Don't go out in the dark. There can be ≤ƒßª ’ ° æ-úø-û√®√? snakes. (possibility) Kasyap: O’ Ø√†o-í¬-È®-´®Ω’? c) Ç v°æߪ÷ùç î√™« Å©-Ææ-ô éπ-L-Tç-îª-´-a. Kareem: Syed Mustafa. (Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC) Kasyap: Ø√é¬-ߪ’† ¶«í¬ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ø√ friend O’ Ø√†oThe journey can be very tiresome/ tiring. í¬-JéÀ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Çߪ’ØË ´÷ö«x-úø-´îª’a d) He can give you trouble. Be careful. éπü∆. ñ«ví∫ûªh. ¢√úø’ Fèπ◊ trouble É≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷/ É´y-í∫-©úø’ Kareem: O’®Ω-®·ûË áèπ◊\´ influence îËߪ’-í∫-©-®ΩE. (possibility / ability). ÉO can èπ◊ -Ö†o Éûª®Ω uses. Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ 'can' †’– Kasyap: Í®°æ¤ †’Ny-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√í∫-©¢√? a) Question form ™ ´·êuçí¬, I/ we ûÓ Kareem: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. ͮ°-°æ¤púø’ ®√†’? REQUESTS èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Kasyap: ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ñ õ„jçèπ◊ ®√.

v°æ¨¡o: O’®Ω’ Spoken English QJ{-éπ™ ' ¢√é¬u-©†’ Practice

îËߪ’çúÕ—— ÅE noun form ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ ' practise îËߪ’çúÕ— ÅE verb form Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªúøç ÆæÈ®j-†-C éπü∆! – §Úûª’© XE-¢√Ææ’, ¢Ëí¬-ߪ’´’tÊ°ô, ûª÷.íÓ.->™«x -ï-¢√-•’: Practice, Practise èπ◊ -ÖçúË ûËú≈ advice èπ◊, advise èπ◊ -ÖçúË ûËú≈ äéπõ‰. Practice Ŷµ«uÆæç; practise- Ŷµºu-Æ œç-îª-úøç. a) I have the practice - Ø√èπ◊ Ŷµ«u-Ææç/Å-©-¢√ô’ ÖçC. Practice makes us perfect - Ŷµ«uÆæç ´©x °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωgûª ´Ææ’hçC. b) We practise the game everyday - ¢Ë’ç ®ÓW Çô†’ Ŷµºu-Æœ≤ƒhç (Çúøû√ç). Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø practise Ŷµ«uÆæç îËߪ’çúÕ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√¢√-©çõ‰ practice îËߪ’çúÕ ÅØ√L éπü∆.

v°æ¨¡o: 1) Seventh class English Reader (Mother tongue) page No 52

When evening changes into night, and when 'Trees' Poem a moon floats on the sky. They hum a drowsy lullaby. the moon a moon 2) Are you studying in Seventh Class?

™

Ééπ\úø áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-ú≈®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. DEéÀ ï¢√-¶„-™« -îÁ°æp-´-a? –í∫’-v®Ωç -¨¡çéπ®˝, Íé-¨¡-´°æ-ôoç -ï-¢√-•’: 1) 'a moon' Ñ line ™ Åa ûª°æ¤p (printer's error). The moon ÅØË îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-¢√L. Öç-ú≈-L éπ-ü∆.

2) Yes, I am.

v°æ¨¡o: How about you? What about you Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ Å®·ûË Ñ È®çúø÷ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úøç™ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ´’†ç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´î√a? ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. I haven't money / I have no money Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√, é¬-†-ôx®·-ûË ¢√öÀE ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – ´çQ, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

Answer: Kareem: Can I see you/ speak to you for a few minutes? kasyap: What about? Kareem: It's a bit important. kasyap: You can talk now. I am at leisure. Kareem: There are a few vacancies for typists jobs in your friend's company. I've (have) applied for one of them. Can you help me to get the job? My father told me to talk to you. Kasyap: Who is your father? Kareem: Syed Mustafa. kasyap: O, I know him well. Your father knows my friend too. Your father can talk to him. Kareem: You can influence him better. Kasyap: Can you come here tomorrow? Kareem: Certainly- when shall I come? Kasyap: (At) this time tomorrow. Vocabulary/ Expressions (prn=pronunciation) tnap = (After lunch, he usually has a nap) tCut it out =

é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Evü¿/ Evü¿-§Ú-´-úøç; ´·êuçí¬ ´’üµ∆u£æ«o ¶µï†ç ûª®√yûª

Ééπ Ç°æ¤. Åü¿çû√ éπöÀd-°ô’d (á´-È®jØ√ ņ-´-Ææ®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-ûÓ NÆœ-TÊÆh cut it out, come to the point Åçö«ç) tClass áíÌ_-ôdúøç = bunk; tï•’s †öÀç*, class, °æE áíÌ_-ôdúøç = malinger (prn: ´’Lçí∫; 'Lç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç), •úÕ üÌçí∫ = malingerer. tÇö/ Jé~¬/ ö«éÃq ™«çöÀN îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç (-áéπ\-úøç, -¢Á-∞¡}-úøç) = take an auto/ rickshaw/ taxi, etc. You take bus no.7 to go to the station. (7 number bus t soiled clothes His clothes are soiled. trags = The beggar is in rags

´ áéπ\çúÕ) ´·JéÀ •ôd©’ = ÅûªE •ôd©’ ´·J-éπ-ߪ÷u®·– °‘L-éπ©’. Ç ´·≠œd-¢√úø’ *J-T† í∫’úøf™x ÖØ√oúø’.

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) What about you? ÅØËC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ How about you? ûÓ Ææ´÷-†¢Ë’. °ü¿l ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. àC ¢√ú≈L ÅØËC á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. 2) I haven't money ÅE ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Å†ç. I haven't any money ÅEí¬F, I haven't the money ÅE-í¬E Åçö«ç. I have no money éÀ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-†C I haven't any money. I haven't the money éÀ Å®Ωnç, ü∆EéÀ (àüÓ °∂晫--Ø√-ü∆-EéÀ) 鬴-©-Æ œ† úø•’s Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’ ÅE. 'Are you buying a car?/ Why don't you buy a car?' 'I'd like to, but I haven't the money/ but I don't have the money.' (the money = car

v°æ¨¡o: May èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ can ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. May I help you éÀ •ü¿’-©’í¬ can I éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ úø•’s)

help you may

ÅE ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Can ÅØËC Natural ability éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-çü¿®·-ûË •ü¿’©’ can áçü¿’èπ◊ use îËߪ÷L? can E Natural ability ™ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éçé¬ áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ use îËߪ’-´îª’a. – °œ.-í∫-ù‰-¨¸, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø -ï-¢√-•’: Can, natural ability E ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC, correct í¬ 'í∫©— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. He can do it, Åçõ‰ ¢√úø’ ÅC îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’. Å®·ûË can èπ◊ -Ö-†o ´’J-éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©™ offer äéπöÀ. Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ Åúø-èπ◊\çú≈ ´’†ç ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ àüÁjØ√ É´y--úøç/-îË-ߪ’-úøç. ü∆EéÀ can question form ™ ¢√úøû√ç, may ™«í¬. May I help you? = O’èπ◊ Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√-™«?/- ØË-ØË-´’Ø√o O’èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-í∫-©-Ø√? – ÉC offer. Å®·ûË ÉC éÌçîÁç formal - Åçõ‰ Åçûª °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’† offer. Can I help you? D†®Ωnç èπÿú≈ O’èπ◊/ -Fèπ◊ Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√-™«?/ -O’-èπ◊/ -Fèπ◊ ØËØË Nüµ¿çí¬ Å®·Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©Ø√? ÅE informal í¬, Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îËÊÆ offer. May I help you? - formal offer. Can I help you? - less formal/ informal offer.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Pooja: Hi Raasi, what a surprise! you, here!

àçöÀ ®√Q, †’-Ny-éπ\úø! àçöÃ Nçûª?

Raasi: I am on my way to the spoken English Institution near here. You know it. The 4th building from your place. spoken English Institution

Ééπ\úø ü¿í∫_®Óx èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬. O’ ÉçöÀ-†’ç* Ø√-©’íÓ building. (I am on my way to – ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o†’. On the way – ü∆J™)

Pooja: Come, Raasi, you go there everyday, and you can't find the time to drop in at my place.

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’, canûÓ ´îËa Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç-îª÷-Æœ-†¢Ë éπü∆.

verbs

1. You can't (cannot) find the time

F´¤ BJ-éπ- -îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ -Ö-Ø√o-´¤.

(ability)

2. Can you do me a favour?

ã ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©¢√?

(Can - request)

3. Can you let me spend...

O’ Éçöx ؈’ç-úøØ√?

(Permission/ request)

4. I can neither go home...

ØËEç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x†÷ ™‰†’, Öçúø†÷ ™‰†’ (ability) †’´¤yçúÌa, ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ®ÓW Åéπ\úÕ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤, ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√´--ú≈-EéÀ (can – permission/ request) ´÷vûªç -B-Jéπ îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰éπ§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆! 6. I can't (cannot) give – É´y-™‰†’. (ability) Raasi: I joined there only a week ago. I had 5. You can, by all means–

been thinking of seeing you and we met. Can you do me a favour?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 63

؈-éπ\úø îËJ ¢√®Ω-¢Ë’ -Å-®·çC. O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’, ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ã *†o ≤ƒ-ߪ’ç îËÆœ-°-ôd-í∫-©-¢√ Ø√èπ◊? (Do a favour – ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-úøç) Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-úøç Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’. àçöÀ îÁ°æ¤p.

؈’ O’ Éçöx í∫úø-§Òî√a. ´÷èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u™ ã í∫çô Öçô’çC. ÉçöÀéà ¢Á∞¡x†÷ ™‰†’, Åçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-éπ\úø Öçúø-†÷ ™‰†’.

Pooja: You can, by all means. Only I can't be there at the time. I am sorry I can't give you company. I go for my dance classes at the time. Don't worry. You can have my sister Pallavi's company. time company time dance

ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, Å®·ûË, Ç ™ Ø√éÀçöx Öçúø-úøç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. Fèπ◊ É´y-™‰†’. ÅüË ™ ؈’ é¬xÆæ’-©-Èé-∞«h†’.°∂æ®Ω-¢√™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´÷ îÁLx °æ©xN Fèπ◊ ûÓúø’ç-úø-í∫-©ü¿’. F鬢Á’ company Öçô’çC. (By all means – ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, ÅEoNüµ∆™«)

Raasi: Thank you.

Bhavani:

ûª°æp-èπ◊ç-ú≈®√. b) Prakash: Sekhar †’ í∫’-Jç-* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç àN’öÀ? Vinai: áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Prakash: Åûª†’ ´’ç* player Å®·ûË ´’† team ™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E.

Öçô’çC. Possibility– Å´-鬨¡ç. É´Foèπÿú≈ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-†o 'can' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.

7. You can have–

Now Practise the following aloud in English. (Use all that you have learnt so far) a) Bhavani:

Í®°æ¤ Ø√ birthday. O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ ûª°æpéπ ´≤ƒh®Ω’ éπü∆? Sucharitha: O’ Éçöx á°æ¤púø’çúø´’ç-ö«´¤ ´’´’tLo? Chandra: Cake á°æ¤púø’ éÓ≤ƒh´¤? Bhavani: Correct í¬ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5.30éÀ. Sucharitha: àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’,. âCç-öÀÍé ؈-éπ\úø Öçö«. Chandra: Ø√èπ◊ Í®°æ¤ 5 ´®Ωèπ◊ class ÖçC. 5.30éÀ ØË®√-™‰†’. äéπ Å®Ω-í∫çô late í¬ ´≤ƒh.

Vinai:

Åûª†’ î√™« ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-©úø’. E©-éπ-úøí¬ Concentration ûÓ Çúø-û√úø’. Prakash: Å®·ûË ´’†ç ÅûªEo BÆæ’éӴa éπü∆. M. SURESAN Vinai: Å®·ûË ØË-†’ Åûª-Eéà N≠æߪ’ç îÁ-°æpØ√? ´’† match á°æpúø’ éπÈ®é˙dí¬? Prakash: Fèπ◊ ûÁMü∆. ´îËa Sunday ØË éπü∆? Å´-ûªL team ™ î√-™«´’ç* players ÖØ√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-L-T† ¢√∞Ïx. Vinai: Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ¢√∞¡xûÓ È®çúø’ matches Çú≈ç. äéπöÀ ´’†ç, ÉçéÓöÀ ¢√∞¡⁄x Èí-L-î√®Ω’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: ' Ç <®Ω î√™« ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆?—— ÅØË ¢√é¬uEo O’®Ω’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™ ''Isn't ÅØ√o®Ω’. ûÁ©’í∫’¢√éπuç™ ØÁí∫-öÀ¢˛ÂÆØ˛q ™‰ü¿’ é¬E Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ´îËaÆæJéÀ ØÁí∫-öÀ-¢˛ÂÆØ˛q™ ÖçC. Ç ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬uEo ''Is that sari nice/ beautiful?" ņ-èπÿ-úøü∆? – -Ê≠é˙ -†-@®Ω’-Fo≤ƒ, -Å-´’%-ûª-©÷®Ω’ -ï-¢√-•’: A very good question. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ negative sense ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô ™‰èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, 'éπü∆— ÅØË ´÷ô™ negative tone ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. Is that sari beautiful Åçõ‰ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Ç <®Ω ¶«í∫’çü∆? ÅE éπü∆. 'Ç <®Ω ¶«í∫’çü∆?— Å-†-ú≈-EéÀ, 'Ç <®Ω ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆?— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ûËú≈ English ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, 'Isn't that sari beautiful?' ÅE-é¬F, 'That sari is beautiful, isn't it?' ÅE-é¬F Åçõ‰ ûª°æp, ûÁ©’-í∫’-™ E ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆? ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. -v°æ-¨¡o: Ñ -´‚-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ English Translation îÁ°æpí∫-©®Ω’. 1. ؈’ Í®°æ¤ áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«h-†E O’®Ω’ ņ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? 2. Ç¢Á’ Ø√ í∫’Jç* à´’†’éÌçöç-ü¿E O’®Ω’ ņ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? 3. Åûª†’ ††’o NÆæ’-èπ◊\ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. – -vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -A®Ω’°æ-A 1. Where, do you think, I am going/ I will go tomorrow? 2. What do you think she thinks of me? 3. He feels vexed with me. Man of the match ''to be given'' ''to be solemnised by (some body)'' to be will be To be + PP ''I could have found the way all right''.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. véÀÈé-ö¸™

ÉîËa-ô-°æ¤púø’ Åçö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí °R} 鬮Ω’f-©™ ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. Ø√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç– •ü¿’©’ ¢√úÌa éπü∆! á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’?

2.

üË-E í∫’-Jç-* îªJa-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ O’®Ω’? Rajeev: ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’°æúø-í∫-©ú≈, ™‰-ú≈ ÅE. (Whether -ûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ) Manoj: àçô-Ææ©’ N≠æߪ’ç? Raghav: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™  Cricket Match éÀ tickets 鬢√L ´÷èπ◊. ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇèπ◊ cricket board ™

ÅE

ÅE

Ñ ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ÉC à õ„Ø˛q™ Öç-C? – -áÆˇ.-ñ-≠œ, -äçíÓ-©’ -ï-¢√-•’: To be given, to be seen ™«çöÀN passive infinitives. 1) To be given Åçõ‰ É´y-•-úø-ôç/ -É-´y-•-úø-ö«-EéÀ/ É´y-•-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊– ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®·ûË É´y-úøç, É´y--ú≈-EéÀ, ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçö«ç éπü∆. Man of the match award to be given to Åçõ‰ Man of the match °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç x îËûª y éÀ É´y-•-úø-¶-ûª’çC ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC;

Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’-éπE Åûª-ØË´’Ø√o ûÁ°œpç-îª-í∫-©-úË-¢Á÷-†E. Manoj: ¢√úø’ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’ é¬F îËߪ’úø’. Åûª-ØÁ°æ¤púø÷ á´-JéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’úø’. Ø√éÀç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ à Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’. Rajeev: ÉC î√™« E®√--¨¡ éπ-L-Tç-îË -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç. Raghav: àç worry Å´èπ◊. -ØË-†’ ûÁ°œpç-îª-í∫-©-†’-™‰ ᙫíÓ äéπ™«. d) Nagaraj: †’Ny-°æp-öÀÍé Ø√ time î√™« waste î˨»´¤ ††’o ¢Á∞¡}F. Prahlad: ´’S} ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’. E†’o? Nagaraj: Í®°æ¤ à time ™-ØÁj-Ø√. Prahlad: Í®°æ¤ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰†’. Ø√èπ◊ examÖçC. Ç N≠æߪ’ç Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆. Nagaraj: á©’xçúÕ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√í∫-©¢√? Prahlad: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈.

-v°æ-¨¡o: I saw a devil, I happend to see a devil – Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’

that sari nice/ beautiful"?

-ï-¢√-•’:

c) Manoj:

I can't give..

Pooja: Doing you a favour! That will be a real pleasure for me. What's it?

Raasi: Can you let me spend the lunch break in your home? We have two sessions with a break of an hour in between. I can neither go home nor stay at the institution. lunch break classes break

-≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 31 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005

x, y Will be given Man of the match award to be given (wedding) to be solemnized by x (by somebody), somebody (x), to solemnize the wedding To be solemnized correct is to be solemnized is, omit to be solemnized Will be solemnized

´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ éÀ É´y-†’-Ø√o-®ΩE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË ¢√úø’-éπ™ áèπ◊\´. ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °æNvûª Åçõ‰ -´÷´‚©’ 鬮Ωuç E®Ωy-£œ«ç-°æ-•-úø-¶-ûª’-†oC (Ñ °æNvûª ûÁ©’-í∫’™ í¬ é¬®√uEo E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-†’-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE). ÅE ÅØ√L. îËÆœ Å®·ûË ÅØËC ¢√úø’éπ. ÅE èπÿú≈ Å-†´îª’a ¢√éπu E®√t-ù«Eo •öÀd. b) To be + past participle ´·êuçí¬ passive construction. He is

to do it (active) - It is to be done by him. - to be done - to be + pp) I am to take them home (active) - They are to be taken (to be + pp) home by me. 2) I could have found the way all right - Past tense. Parts of speech Preposition The Tenses, direct & indirect speech

(îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆

؈’ ü∆J ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-LÍí ¢√úÕØË (é¬E, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’) -v°æ-¨¡o: ™ †’ áéπ\úø ᙫ ¢√ú≈™, †’ èπÿú≈ áéπ\úø ¢√ú≈™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. OöÀûÓ§ƒô’ í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – -öÀ.Ææç-ûÓ-≠ˇ π◊-´÷®˝, -ߪ÷®√-úø -ï-¢√-•’: Parts of speech ™ prepositions †’ í∫’-Jç-* lessons ™ N´-JÆæ’h-Ø√oç. Å™«Íí tenses í∫’Jç* -Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N´Jçî√ç, Å®·ûË tenses Ê°®Ω’x îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈. English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ tenses + Ê°®Ω’x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. verb form ´·êuç– ÅC N´-Jçî√ç. §ƒûª papers îª÷úøçúÕ.

Å®Ωnç, ü¿ßª÷uEo îª÷¨»†’. é¬E verbs ™ Ç ´÷®Ω’p áçü¿’èπ◊ ´*açC. Model auxiliary verbs °æéπ\† have been ´ÊÆh ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç à´’E ´Ææ’hçC?Å™«Íí could be E áEo ®Ω鬩 Å®√n-©’ ´îËa-ôô’x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – XE-¢√-Ææ-®√´¤, ´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’ -ï-¢√-•’: I saw a devil- ؈’ devil †’ îª÷¨»†’/devil éπ†-•-úÕçC. I happend to see a devil- ؈’ devil †’ îª÷úøôç ûªô-Æ œnç*çC/ devil Ø√èπ◊ éπ†-°æ-úøôç ûªô-Æœnç-*çC. I happened to ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈/ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøE Ææç°∂æ’-ô-††’ í∫’-Jç-* É™« îÁ§ƒhç. I bought it in that shop – ؈C Ç shop ™ éÌØ√o†’. I happened to buy it in that shop – ؈C Ç shop ™ é̆ôç ïJ-TçC (Ç shop -™ éÌçö«-†E ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ é¬F Åéπ\úË éÌØ√o†’). -v°æ-¨¡o: àéπ-é¬-©ç™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o È®çúø’ Ωu-©†’ É™« îÁ§Òpî√a? He is thinking by walking (-†-úø’Ææ÷h -Ç-™-*Ææ’h-Ø√-o-úø’). Gita is singing by working (§ƒúø’ûª÷ °æE-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ç--öçC). – §Úûª’© XE-¢√Ææ’, ¢Ëí¬-ߪ’-´’t-Ê°ô, ûª÷.íÓ.->™«x. -ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† È®çúø÷ ÆæÈ®j-†-N é¬-´¤. Ist sentence: D-E-™ È®çúø÷ àéπ-鬩 Ωu-©’– É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-´-†’éÓç-úÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ (is thinking correct é¬ü¿’). He thinks as he is walking/ He thinks and is walking at the same time, ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË Ñ È®çúø’ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh ᶄs-ô’dí¬ éπEp-Ææ’hØ√o®· 鬕öÀd, He thinks as he walks ņ-úøç better. äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J I/ II regular doing word †’ É°æp¤úø’ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd. He thinks as he walks ÅØË sentence èπ◊ ¢√-úÁ°æ¤p-úø÷ îËÊÆ °æE ÅC (¢√-úÁ°æ¤p-úø÷ †úø’Ææ÷h Ç™-*-≤ƒhúø’/ Ç™-*ç-îË-ô°æ¤p-úø’ †úø’-≤ƒhúø’) ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. 2nd sentence: Gita is singing and working at the same time

Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπü∆ (Ç¢Á’ Ç °æ†’©’ îËÆæ’h-†oC É°æ¤púø-®·ûË). Ç¢Á’ °æE îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤p-úøçû√ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC ÅØ√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Gita sings as/while she works ņ-´îª’a éπü∆.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Kalyan:

Hi Sasikanth, good to see you though after a long time. Where are you and what are you?

î√©-®Ó-V© ûª®√yûª®·Ø√ îª÷úø-úøç î√© ÆæçûÓ≠æç. áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤? àçîË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? Good to see you – °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô; (practise îËߪ’çúÕ conversation™) Sasikanth: Equally

glad

to

see

you.

I am here very much. I am with a tyre company now. I have had a better offer from one of the leading telecom company. I am leaving this company.

Ø√èπÿ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖçC. ØËE-éπ\úË ÖØ√o†’. ã -õ„i®Ωx company ™ °æE-îË-Ææ’hØ√o†’. Ê°®Ω’†o telecom company ™ Ø√éÀç-ûª-éπØ√o ´’ç* Å´-鬨¡ç ´*açC. Ñ job ´C-™‰-Ææ’hØ√o. Kalyan:

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 3 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

1) When are you going to resign? 2) The company is going to open its branch here. 3) I am going to be the first branch manager. 4) Is your salary going to be any the better? 5) There's going to be a difference. 6) I am going to buy a flat. am going to, is going to, are going to expressions

´’†ç àüÁjØ√ °æ-E-E, îË-ߪ’-¶-ûª’†o °æEE ™«çöÀ ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çö«ç.

™

1) When are you going to resign?

á°æ¤púø’ ®√@-Ø√´÷ îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

2) The company is going to open its branch here. Company

Ç ¶-ûª’-†oC.

When are you going to resign this Job?

d)

؈’ éÌûªh ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ îË®Ω-¶-ûª’Ø√o.

áèπ◊\´ éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’ °æ † ’© †’ ûÁ © ’°æ ¤ û √®·. ûª† ¨»ê†’ Ééπ\úø v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªÅ®·ûË Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ éπü∆? ÅN ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü∆? ¢√úø-´îª’a. ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË, will/ shall ؈’ CM -†’ É¢√∞Ï éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†’/ -éπ-©’-Ææ’éÓ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ am/ is/ are going to ņo-°æ¤púø’, °æE ï®Ω- -¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’– í∫-¶-´-úøç éπ*aûªç, ü∆EE í∫’-Jç-* E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´úøç I am going to meet the CM today. Å®·-§Ú-®·çD, Ééπ ï®Ω-í∫-úø¢Ë’ ûª®Ω’-¢√-®· -Å-ØË Å®Ωnç Ç¢Á’ party ™ §ƒúø-†’çC – is/ are going to ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅC é¬Ææh She is going to sing at the party. -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 64 ûª´Ææy®Ω’íhç¬C.ïJÍam/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx debate ™ §ƒ™Ô_-†-†’-Ø√o®Ω’ – í Ææ÷îª-†©’ áèπ◊\´. I am going to take a new job. will/ shall future

He is going to.. Sasikanth: In a week's time at the most. The Telecom company is going to open its branch here and I am going to be the first branch manager. Kalyan: Glad to hear that. Congrats. Is your salary going to be any the better? congrats.

ÆæçûÓ≠æç. @ûªç à´’Ø√o áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çü∆?

Sasikanth: There's going to be a difference of atleast Rs. 2000/Kalyan:

3) I am going to be the first branch manager. first manager 4) Is your salary going to be any the better?

Ç ¨»êèπ◊ ؈’

í¬ Öçúø-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’.

F @ûªç ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Öçúø-¶-ûÓçü∆? 5) There's going to be a difference.

àüÓ éÌçûª ûËú≈ Öçúø-¶-ûÓçC. 6) I am going to buy a flat. flat

é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-†’. future ™ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’†o °æ†’©’, ´’†ç ´·çü¿Í® éπFÆæç 2000 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’© ûËú≈ Öçô’ç-C. ņ’èπ◊-E éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’-©èπ◊ am going to/ Very glad then. Hope you will call me before you join. By the by, I am going to buy a flat soon, that too, in a week. I will move in soon after. Here's the new address. Phone

؈’

regular word (am going to/ is going to/ are going to sing, talk, etc)

is going to/ are going to + 1st regular doing word

¢√úøû√ç. a) She is going to buy a new dress.

a) I will buy a car soon. car

؈’ ûªy®Ω™  éÌçö«†’. (E¨¡a-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o†’)

b) I am going to a buy a car. car

؈’ é̆-¶-ûª’Ø√o (O©-®·-†çûª ûªy®Ω™). (ÉC °j-ü∆-EéπØ√o áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç)

M. SURESAN

c) He will join duty soon. duty d) He is going to join duty soon. duty will join

¢√úø’ ûªy®Ω-™ØË

™ îË®Ω-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

They are going to participate in the debate. Now practise the following aloud in English: Sasikanth: (Hurry

àçöÀ Åçûª £æ«ú≈-N-úÕí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤? ¢√úøçúÕ) Ravikanth: °æ´Ø˛ bike é̆-¶-ûª ’-Ø√oúø’. ††’o Selection èπ◊ ®Ω´’t-Ø√oúø’. Sasikanth: É¢√∞Ï é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√oú≈? Ravikanth: Å´¤†’. ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç-* ¢√úÕéÀ DD ®√¶-ûª’çC. ÅC BÆæ’èπ◊-E shop ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ´≤ƒhúø’. ؈-ûªEo shop ™ éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√o. Sasikanth: †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ bike †’? Ravikanth: Bike Ø√ status èπ◊ ´’K ûªèπ◊\´. Helicopter é̆-¶-ûª’Ø√o. Answer: Sasikanth: Why are you in a hurry? Ravikanth: Pavan is going to buy a bike. He wanted me to help him in the selection. Sasikanth: Is he going to buy it today? Ravikanth: Yes. He is going to get the DD from his dad today. He will take it and come to the shop. I am going to meet him at the shop. Sasikanth: When are you going to buy a bike? Ravikanth: A bike is too low for my status. I am going to buy a helicopter.

Ç¢Á’ éÌûªh dress é̆-¶-ûÓçC. (éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ E¨¡a¢√úø’ ûªy®Ω™ ™ îË®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ ®·çî ª ’ è π ◊ çC. Ééπ é̆ú ø ¢ Ë ’ ûª ® Ω ’ ¢ √®·) éπ Ø √o áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç) (ÉC éÌûªh éπç°-F™ îËÍ®-´·çü¿’ Ø√èπ◊ b) ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ¢√®Ωç-§ƒ-ô’ classes attend Å´-¶-ûª’- ÅC ûªy®Ω™  ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’çC. †’¢Ëyç Cí∫’-©’-°æ-úøèπ◊. îË≤ƒh-´-E -Ç-PÆæ’h-Ø√o. ņoô’x îÁ°æpôç It is going to happen. Don't you worry. Ø√oúø’. ´’Jî√ (by the by) éÌûªh flat é̆-¶(î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x 'you don't worry' éÀ •ü¿’©’ 'Don't you He is going to attend classes here for a week. ûª’Ø√o, ã ¢√®Ωç-™ØË. ¢ÁçôØË îË®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oworry' ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’). Ñ bank ™ç* ¢Á · ûª h ç úø • ’s†’ BÊÆß ª ’ ¶ û ª ’ Ø √o®Ω ’ . c) †ç-ü¿’-™. ÉD éÌûªh address. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç: will/ shall They are going to withdraw all the money Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ am going to, is going to, are éπØ√o am going to/ is going to/ are going to + 1st from this bank. going to ©ûÓ ¢√úÕ† expressions îª÷úøçúÕ: -v°æ-¨¡o: Present Continuous tense ™– -This land belongs -v°æ-¨¡o: Having †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h A.Voice, P.Voice ™ éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) House Åçõ‰ ÅüÁl-èπ◊-†o- É©’x, Home Åçõ‰ ≤Òçûªç É©’x-éπü∆! to him (Correct). é¬E This land is belonging to 2) Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤úø’ House wife ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L. ÅÆæ©’ Home wife ÅE L´y-ç-úÕ. Having †’ à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç? to have †’ him ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√-ߪ’èπÿ-úø-ü¿’? 鬮Ωùç ûÁ-©’°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp®Ω’?ØË-†’ -Ñ Ææç-üË£æ…-Eo -ã -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -™„éπa®Ω®˝ -ü¿%-≠œdéÀ -B-Ææ’Èé-R-ûË ÅÆæ©’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-L-´yí∫-©®Ω’. – -á.--vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’ – éπçü¿í∫ôx ®√Íé≠ˇ π◊´÷®˝, áv®Ω-¶„-Lx-í∫÷úÁç -ï-¢√-•’: Having AV ™ØË ´Ææ’hçC. Passive ™ ®√ü¿’éπü∆. Passive Homewife ņo-°æü¿ç ™‰ü¿’ ÅØ√o®Ω’. Homewife ÅE °œ©-´-éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç -ï-¢√-•’: éÌEo verbs, am+ing, is+ing, are+ing forms ™ àN’öÀ? ™ á°æ¤púø÷ past participle, ü∆E´·çü¿’ 'be' form ´≤ƒh®·. ®√´¤. ¢√öÀ™x belong äéπöÀ. áçü¿’èπ◊ am House wife ÅØË áçü¿’èπ◊ °œ©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Having ®√ü¿’. Active voice ™ having ûÓ áØÁj oØ√ senbelonging/ is belonging/ are belonging ®√ü¿’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©-®Ω’. tences ´≤ƒh®·. I am having coffee; My father is havÅçõ‰ Åçü¿’èπ◊ rule àç ™‰ü¿’. ÅC English ¶µ«≠æ 3) Communication skills °ç-éÓ-´-ú≈ing a bath,etc. To have ûÓ– eg: I am happy to have a ©éπ~ùç. É™«çöÀ verbs †’ í∫’-Jç-* î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ EéÀ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫-éπ®Ω-¢Á’i-† ã ´’ç* car. To have a car like this makes me happy. É™« Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿J lessons ™ îªJaçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. °æ¤Ææh-éπç Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°æpçúÕ. áØÁj oØ√ ´≤ƒh®·. – -áç.-á-™¸.-áÆˇ.®√-ߪ·-úø’, éπ®Ω÷o-©’ -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) I have to attend meeting 3) I ought to obey the order: Çïc §ƒöÀç-îª-úøç Ø√NCµ. leave this place 2) I must Ought to ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ äéπ °æE-îË-ߪ÷L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. -ï-¢√-•’: House Åçõ‰ ÅüÁl É©’x é¬ü¿’. à ÉçöÀ-ØÁjØ√, Åçü¿’Ø√ ´’†’-≠æfl©’ E´-Æœç-îª-í∫© 3) I ought to obey the order Å®·ûË ´·êuçí¬ DEo FA v°æ鬮Ωç, ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿u-ûª†’ í∫’-Jç-* ü∆-E-E (any building for people to live in) house Åçö«ç, ≤Òçûª, ÅüÁl ÅØË The underlined words give same meaning. So ûÁ L ß ª ’ ñ ‰ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. v°æÆæéÀh ™‰èπ◊çú≈.Home Åçõ‰ ≤Òçûª É©’x 鬆-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ÅüÁl É©x-®·Ø√, ´’† kindly explain, is there any difference in meanYou ought to respect elders – °ü¿l¢√∞¡x†’ íı®Ω-Nç-î √L. èπ◊ô’ç-•-Ææ-¶µº’u-©ûÓ ´’†ç ÖçúË É©’x, home. O’èπ◊ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ ≤Òçûª É©’x ing? In what context those words are to used?°ü¿ l ¢ √∞¡ x † ’ íı®Ω -Nç-îª-úøç ÅØËC ã E•ç-üµ¿ØÓ, îªôd¢Á÷, -Ç-ñ c ÖçúÕ, éπ®Ω÷o™x ÅüÁl Éçöx O’J-°æ¤úø’ E¢√Ææç Öçô’çõ‰, éπ®Ω÷o™x O’®Ω’ç-ô’†o-C – -úÕ.Ææ’-¶«s-®√-´¤, é¬V-©÷®Ω’, ûª÷.íÓ. >™«x é¬ü¿’í∫ü∆. ØÁjA-éπçí¬, FA v°æ鬮Ωç ´’†ç íı®Ω-Nç-î√L. É©’x, O’ home. Hyderabad ™ ≤Òçûª É©’x-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, O’®Ω-éπ\úø E¢√Ææç -ï-¢√-•’: 1) I have to attend the meeting ؈’ meeting èπ◊ É™«çöÀîÓôx ought to Åçö«ç. -Öç-úø-úø癉ü¿’ 鬕öÀd you have a house in Hyderabad. Your home éπ®Ω÷o™x, ¢Á∞«}L – Ééπ\úø ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç-™ Ø√ Å-´-Ææ®Ωç áèπ◊\´. a) She ought not to speak so rudely. O’®Ω’ç-ô’†o É©’x ≤Òçûª-üÁj-Ø√, ÅüÁl-üÁjØ√. Éûª-®Ω’© order ´©x 鬴a– é¬F Ø√ Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÀ Åçûª ü¿’®Ω’-Ææ’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫÷-úøü¿’. 2) Homewife ÅØË ´÷ô ¢√úø’-éπ™  ™‰ü¿’. Housewife ÅØËüË correct. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v§ƒ´·êuç – ¢Á-∞¡}-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√èπ◊ †≠ædç. b) You ought not to waste money. Housewife ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ home maker éÌûªhí¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™ éÀ ´Ææ’h†o´÷ô. DE-éπçõ‰ 2) I must leave the place - Ééπ\úø Éûª-®Ω’© order ´©x ؈’ Åçûª úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Éçé¬ éÌûªh ´÷ô ´·êuçí¬ American usage™, houseworker (=housewife/ ¢Á-R}-§Ú-¢√Lq ÖçC ÅØË ¶µ«´ç, Ø√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´©x ؈’ É´Fo †úø-´-úÕéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N, îªö«d-©ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰EN. home maker). ¢Á-R}-§Ú-¢√L ÅØË ¶µ«´ç éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ææ’p¥J-Ææ’hçC. You ought to have helped her 3) Communication skills °ç-éÓ--ú≈-EéÀ ´’ç* English newspaper v°æA-®ÓW ã I must do this. ØËEC îËߪ÷L, order ´©x 鬴a, -Ø√ Ç¢Á ’ èπ ◊ Ææ £ æ … ߪ ’ç îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC. Å´-Ææ®Ωç 鬴a – îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√èπ◊ éπ≠dçæ 鬴a. must í∫çô-§ƒô’ îªü¿-´çúÕ. TV newscasts N†çúÕ. English story books *†o-*†o É™«çöÀ îÓôx should, must, have to/ has to ®√´¤. ÅØËC have to/ has to éπØ√o é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ powerful. ¢√öÀ-ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* °ü¿lN îªü¿-´çúÕ.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Bhavan: I am going to apply for the job. What about you? job apply

؈’ èπ◊ ´÷õ‰çöÀ?

îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’. F

Chalam: I have filled in the application. I will post it as soon as I get my certificates. Application certificates ready post Bhavan: Haven't you got them yet?

°æ‹Jh î˨»†’. Ø√ Å´-í¬ØË îË≤ƒh†’.

-¢√-öÀ-Eçé¬ -ûÁ-aéÓ-™‰-ü∆?

Chalam: I am going to collect them from college tomorrow. Nagaraj is going to apply too. college certificates Nagaraj apply

Í®°æ¤ ؈’ -ûÁa-éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√o. îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

†’ç*

èπÿú≈

Bhavan: Why? Isn't he happy with his present job? job Chalam: They are going to transfer him to Tamilnadu. His father is against it. So once he gets this job he will resign the present job. But if he doesn't get the transfer he will continue in it. future actions future will/ shall am going to/ is going to/ are going to + 1st Regular doing word Shall/ Will, am going to/ is going to/ are going to forms future

áçü¿’èπ◊? É°æ¤p-úø’†o

Åûª-EéÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü∆?

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ ≤ƒ-TçC éπü∆? éÌEoÆæç-ü¿-®√s¥™x ´’J-éÌEoîÓôx

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 6 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

e) They are going to transfer him. transfer will transfer are going to transfer f) Once he gets this job, he will resign the present job. job job 'will' resign job

¢√∞¡x-ûªEo îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. E®Ωgߪ’ç -BÆæ’èπ◊èπ◊ Ø√o®Ω’. îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Åçûª éπ*aûªç™‰ü¿’.

Ñ ®√í¬ØË, É°æpöÀ ´÷ØË-≤ƒhúø’. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ; Åûª-úø’ Ééπ\úø îËߪ’-úø-´’-ØË-C ´’®Ó ®√´-úøç O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ ÖçC. °æ‹Jhí¬ Åûª-úÕ- îËûª’™x ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø will.

g) If he doesn't get the transfer he will continue. transfer will. will/ shall am going to/ is going to/ are going to + 1st RDW spoken english If, unless, suppose, in case sentences am going to/ is going to/ are (If = in case = suppose = going to unless– when = am/ is/ are going to

Åûª-úø’ éÌ-†≤ƒí∫-úø-´÷ -™‰-ü∆ -Å-ØË-C Å´-úøç, é¬éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈-Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC éπü∆– Åçü¿’-éπE ÉO èπÿ èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈. Ñ ûËú≈ ™ î√-™« í∫´’-Eç* ´÷ö«x-úø-úøç ´·êuç. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Ö†o ™ ®√ü¿’. Å®·ûË, Å®·ûË ûª°æp;) Å™«çÇ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x; ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈, ®√´¤.

Venkat:

Akhil:

Venkat:

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 65

†’ í∫’-Jç-îË -ûÁ-©°æ-ú≈-EéÀ

Í®°æ¤ ´’ç*®ÓïE ´÷ Å´’t îÁ°œpçC. Í®°æ¤ îË≤ƒh. -§ƒÆˇ-§Ú®Ω’dèπ◊ application, D.D. ÅFo Í®°æ¤ BÆæ’èπ◊çö«. é¬Ææh procedure à-N’ö îÁ°æp¢√? (´’ç*-®ÓV = Auspicious day) ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Å®·ûË ã Å®Ω-í∫ç-ô™ ´÷ friend äéπúø’ ††’o éπ©-´-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√-†’. Åü¿-®·ç-ûª-®√yûª ´’†ç BJí¬_ èπÿ®Ω’a-E ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÓ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË á°æ¤púø’ free í¬ Öçö«´¤? ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ ®√Ø√? (Ñ È®çúø’ exercises ™ Shall/ Will èπÿ am/ is/ are going to èπ◊ ûËú≈©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)

Sankar: We will, if we get a good price. Tarun: How long are you going to keep it vacant? Sankar: We are not in a hurry. We are going to let it out. Whenever we get a good price we will sell it (off)/ dispose it of. Tarun: I will ask my father if he is interested. The other day he was talking of buying a house. Sankar: No hurry at all. Find out from your father if he is interested. We will reduce the price if it is for you. Tarun: I will let you know tomorrow.

¢√ú≈ç-éπü∆?

È®çúÕç-öÀF ûÁ©°æ-ú≈-EÍé ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ¢√öÀéÀ ûËú≈ ÖçC. Ç ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç î√-™« ´·êuç. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. shall, will ´’† control ™ ™‰E future ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·.

When will you be free?

Am going to/ is going to/ are going to forms

Éçü¿’èπ◊ éÌç-îÁç ûËú≈í¬ ´’† E®Ωgߪ’ç O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ ´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’°æ¤-û√®·. îª÷úøçúÕ a) I am going to apply for the job; apply job

èπ◊ îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’. îËߪ’-úøç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ éπ*aûªç. E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç ïJ-TçC.

b) I will post it as soon as I get my certificates. certificates post application post certificates Certificates apply condition will post I am going to post c) I am going to collect them from college college tomorrow.

®√í¬ØË Øˆ’ îË≤ƒh†’. Ééπ\úø †’ îËߪ’-úøç ûÁa-éÓ´-úøç O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ ÖçC. ®√´-úøç îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø ؈’ Åçô’Ø√oç. É™«çöÀîÓôx ņç.

؈’ Í®°æ¤ ¢√öÀE †’ç* ûÁaèπ◊çö«-†’. -¢Á-R} -ûÁ-a-éÓ-´-úø-¢Ë’ ûª®Ω’-¢√®·. ÉC ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª’çC. DEéÀ conditions à--O’™‰´¤ 鬕öÀd am going to collect. will collect ¢√úø-´îª’aí¬F Ñ Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. d) Nagaraj is going to apply too. Ø√í∫-®√ñ¸ èπÿú≈ apply îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. îË≤ƒhúø’. He will apply too èπ◊ Ñ force ™‰-ü¿’. will apply -Å-ØË-C is going to apply Åçûª éπ*aûªçé¬ü¿’.

Now practise the following aloud in English: 1) Sankar: Tarun: Sankar:

¢Ë’-´· Í®°æ¤ éÌûªh ÉçöxéÀ ´÷®Ω-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. É°æ¤púø’†o É©’x Ţ˒t-Ææ’h-Ø√o®√? ´’ç*üµ¿®Ω ´ÊÆh Ţ˒t-≤ƒh-†ç--ô’Ø√oúø’ ´÷ Ø√†o. Tarun: áçûª-鬩ç Ç ÉçöÀE ë«Sí¬ Öçîª-¶-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’? (ë«S = vacant) Sankar: ´÷Íéç Åçûª ûÌçü¿®Ω ™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ ü∆Eo ÅüÁl-éÀ-´y-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. á°æ¤púø’ ´’ç* -üµ¿-®Ω ´ÊÆh Å°æ¤p-úø-¢Ë’t≤ƒhç. (ÅüÁléÀ´y-úøç– let out. ûÌçü¿®Ω – in a hurry) Tarun: ´÷ Ø√†o-†’ Åúø’-í∫’-û√†’, Çߪ’†Íé´’Ø√o ÇÆæéÀh ÖçüË-¢Á÷-†E. ¢Á·-ØÁo-°æ¤púÓ É©’x éÌ-†-úøç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-ú≈®Ω’. Sankar: ûÌçü¿Í®ç™‰ü¿’. O’ Ø√†oí¬J-Íé-´’Ø√o Interest ÖçüË¢Á÷ éπ†’éÓ\. O’Íé Å´·tû√ç. éÌçûª üµ¿®Ω èπÿú≈ ûªT_≤ƒhç. Tarun: Í®°æ¤ îÁ§ƒhØË N≠æߪ’ç. 2) Akhil: Hi Venkat, àçöÀ-™«-´-î √a´¤? Venkat: Passport èπ◊ apply îËߪ’-¶-ûª’Ø√o. é¬Ææh F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√L. Akhil: á°æ¤púø’ apply îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

-v°æ-¨¡o: Contrary sense & positive sense Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-ö N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Contrary sense

™ -Ö†o Ñ -¢√é¬u-©’ -ûª°æ¤p -Å-E éÌEo ví¬´’®˝ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™x Ê°®Ì\Ø√o®Ω’. -É-N áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. He should not have gone - -Ñ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç ™‰ü¿’ ÅE ®√-¨»®Ω’. 2. He might not have gone - -Ñ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç ™‰ü¿’. 3. He must not have gone - -Ñ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç ™‰ü¿’. Mood and model verbs, subjunctive í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. subjunctive usage, perfect subjunctive verbs í∫’Jç* -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. – Èé-.-†-Jqç£æ…È®-úÕf, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: Positive sense Åçõ‰ - '™‰ü¿’, é¬ü¿’— ÅE Å®Ωnç ®√èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-úøç. Contrary sense - ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ®√´-úøç 1) He should not have gone.

Åûª†’ ¢ÁR} Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ (¢Á-∞¡Ÿ}ç-ú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’) – é¬F ¢Á-∞«}úø’. Ééπ\úø 'He should not have gone' ÅØË-ü∆EéÀ '¢Á∞«}úø’— ÅE ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ´≤ÚhçC, 鬕öÀd ÉC contrary sense - ÉC ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’ ÉC à mar book™ îª÷¨»®Ó ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

gram-

Akhil: 3) Manoj: Hi Fareed, Fareed: bike

ã Å™«Íí.

Manoj: Fareed: Manoj: Fareed: Manoj: Fareed:

áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? Ø√ é¬Ææh trouble ÉÊÆh, mechanic èπ◊ -É-*a ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡ŸhØ√o. F bike ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ trouble ÉÆæ’hç-üËçöÀ? II hand bike é̆-úøç -ØË-† ’ îËÆ œ† §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’. áçûª-é¬-©çí¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ ü∆Eo? È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬. Ñ È®çúË-∞¡x™ repairs Íé ü∆ü∆°æ¤ È®çúø’¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ °ö«d. á´J ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌØ√o´¤ ü∆Eo? ´÷ ü¿÷®Ω°æ¤ ôdç †’ç*. Çߪ’†üËç ûª°æ¤p ™‰ü¿’. Ç bike é̆--´ü¿lF îÁ§ƒpúø’. ØËØË foolish í¬ éÌØ√o, ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®ΩéÌÆæ’hçC éπü∆ -ÅE. Ţ˒t--ßÁ·îª’a éπü∆?

Manoj: Answers: Sankar: We are moving into the new home tomorrow. Tarun: Are you selling away/ going to sell the house you are in?

2) He might not have gone -

¢Á∞¡Ÿ}ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a (¢Á∞¡Ÿ}ç-úø-´îª’a èπÿú≈) ™‰ü¿’ – ÆæçüË£æ«ç. They might have seen you - E†’o ¢√∞¡Ÿx îª÷Ææ’ç-úÌa (îª÷úø-éπ-§Ú®‚ Öç-úÌa) – No contrary sense - doubt. 3) He must not have gone - Éü¿ç-ûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. Ééπ\úø contrary sense ®√´-úøç éÓÆæç, Ñ sentence ûª°æ¤p. (D†®Ωnç– ¢ÁR} Öçúøúø’– éπ*aûªç– ¢Á∞¡}-™‰ü¿’) Ééπ\úø Ñ È®çúø÷ §Ú©açúÕ. a) He should not have gone - ¢Á∞«}úø’ (contrary sense) - correct b) He must not have gone - éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢ÁR} Öçúøúø’ – ¢Á∞¡}-™‰ü¿’ (ÉC contrary sense - ´uAÍ®-鬮Ωnç ®√ü¿’) – positive sense ´Ææ’hçC. -´’®Ó È®ç-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -§Ú-La -îª÷-úøç-úÕ: a) He should have gone - ¢Á∞¡Ÿ}ç-ú≈-LqçC – ¢Á∞¡}™‰ü¿’ – contrary sense. b) He must have gone - ¢Á∞Ï} Öçö«úø’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ – ¢Á∞«}úø’ Positive sense. -´’®Ó -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù: Ééπ\úø

contrary sense

He must have passed the exam. Otherwise he would not have applied

They should not have talked like that.

for the job.

Å™« ´÷ö«x-ú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F Å™« ´÷ö«x-ú≈®Ω’) - contrary sense.

-Å-ûªúø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ pass Å®· Öçö«úø’. (pass Åߪ÷uúø’– positive sense) ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ job èπ◊ apply îËÆœ Öçúøúø’ (î˨»úø’– contrary sense). Subjunctive usage, etc., ûªy®Ω™  N´-J≤ƒhç-.

They should have done that.

¢√-∞¡x-C îËÆæ’ç-ú≈-LqçC (é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’)

- contrary sense.

2) Akhil: Hi Venkat, What brings you here? Venkat: I am going to apply for a passport. I need your help. M. SURESAN Akhil: When are you going to apply? Venkat: Mom says/ has said that tomorrow is an auspicious day. I will take the pass port application, DD, etc., tomorrow. won't you (will you not) let me know the procedure? Akhil: Sure. But in half an hour my friend/ a friend of mine is going to meet me. I am going to take him to doctor. Once that's over we can sit over your passport business at leisure. Venkat: When will you be free then? Shall I see you at 4 this evening? Akhil: That's OK 3) Manoj: Hi Fareed, where are you coming from? Fareed: My bike has had/ had some trouble. I have left it at the mechanic's and am on my way home/ am going home. Manoj: Why does your bike give trouble so often? Fareed: Buying a used bike (modern word for II hand) is the mistake I made/ I made a mistake - buying a used bike. Manoj: How long have you been using it? Fareed: For two years now/ For the past two years. I have spent Rs 2000/- on repairs so far. Manoj: Who did you buy it from? Fareed: From a distant relative of ours. I can't (cannot) blame him. He told me not to buy it/ He advised me/ warned me against buying it. I bought it foolishly because I got it cheap. Manoj: Why don't you sell it (off)?

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Kapil: Hi Subhash, Well met. Any idea of how many of us are going on the picnic next weekend?

éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC(well met). ´îËa¢√®Ωç picnic èπ◊ áçûª´’çCN’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç? Suhas: About 15 of us. ã °æC-Ê£«-†’-´’ç-ü¿-´îª’a. Kapil: Does Rahul know about it?

®√£æ›™¸èπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Suhas: He does. I told him of it yesterday.

ûÁ©’Ææ’. ØË-†’ E†o Åûª-úÕ-éÀ -îÁ-§ƒp†’. Kapil: What did he say? Is he joining us?

à´’-Ø√oúø’. ´Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈? Suhas: He said that he was not sure.

®√´-úøç éÌçûª ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’ ÅØ√oúø’. Kapil: Didn't he (Did not he) tell you why he

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 8 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æߪ’ç – say éÀ, tell éà î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ – îÁ°æp-úøç, ņ-úøç ÅE. Å®·ûË OöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. °j Ææ綵«≠æù™ØË îª÷ü∆lç. A (tell) i) I told him of it B (say) i) What did he say? ii) He said that he was not sure. iii) All that he said was ... tell

The teacher told the students to sit down

π◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† -´’-JéÌ-Eo...

ii) Didn't he tell you

and to note down the points.

Why he was doubtful?

É™«çöÀ îÓôx say ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. (The teacher said é¬ü¿’.) d) say ûª®√yûª thanks, good bye, hello, sorry, a

iii) ... tell him to come

to the pupils to sit down

was doubtful? Has he any other pro-

few words, a little/ little (about something/

gramme that day?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 66

®√´-úøç áçü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Á÷ FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰-ü∆?Ç®Ó-V -¢ËÍ® °æ-ØË-¢Á’i-Ø√ -Öç-ü∆?

some one) e) Tell He

ÅE ¢√úø-´îª’a. É™«çöÀîÓôx tell ®√ü¿’. ¢Áç•úË to ¢√úøç. He told to me to go/ told to her that he liked cricket ™«çöÀ

What did he say? Suhas: I don't know. All that he said was he was doubtful about coming. I was in a hurry. I had no time to ask him.

Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ûª†’ îÁ°œpçü¿-™«x ûª†’ ®√´-úøç ÆæçüË-£æ«-´’E. ؈’ éÌçîÁç ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o. Åçü¿’-éπE Åûª-Eoç-ÍéO’ Åúø-í∫-™‰ü¿’. Kapil: OK. I'll call him and tell him to come without fail. Without him the picnic can't be fun.

ÆæÍ®™‰! ؈’ Phone îËÆœ ûª°æpéπ ®Ω´’tç-ö«†’. Åûª†’ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË picnic èπ◊ ¢ÁR}-†õ‰d Öçúøü¿’. Suhas: That's true. Tell him not to disappoint us. He makes jokes and tell stories too. He is good at these. You had better call him now itself. Correct.

´’†Lo E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ωa-´-ü¿lE îÁ°æ¤p. ¢√úø’ ¢Ëߪ’-í∫-©úø’, éπü∑¿©’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©úø’. †’´¤y ¢√úÕ-éÀ-°æ¤púË §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’úøç ´’ç*C. {Had better do (some thing) = îËߪ’úøç ´’ç*C. Ééπ\úø had Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà ÉC Present N≠æ-ߪ÷ØËo îÁ°æ¤ hçC. You have better buy that book = †’¢√y °æ¤Ææhéπç é̆-úøç ´’ç*C} -Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ say, tell ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Jokes

(Say - past tense and past participle - said; tell - past tense and past participle - told)

v°æ-¨¡o: Ø√èπ◊

iv) ... tell him not to disappoint us. v) tell stories A tell sentences B say sentences 1) tell Sentence V

sentences ¢√úøç. áçü¿’éπçõ‰ Ééπ\úø tell °æéπ\ØË to éÀçü¿ ûÓ †’, éÀçü¿ ûÓ Ö†o ®√ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. †’ §Ú©açúÕ. -É-°æp-öÀÍé í∫´’-Eç* Öçö«®Ω’. f) ÉN îª÷úøçúÕ: a) He told ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ÅØËC éπ*aûªçí¬ me why he was happy. ™ ûª°æp) – ÅüË 'say' ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆ ( b) He said to me why °æéπ\† á´JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ®√´--úøç-™‰ü¿’. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ûËú≈, he was happy. Ééπ\úø M. SURESAN tell èπÿ, say èπÿ. tell ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD sentence (a) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éπ*aûªçí¬ ®√¢√-LqçüË. say ûª®√yûª Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. say correct. (b) ™ ™«í∫ said á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç. Åçõ‰ ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ûÁ©-§ƒ-©çõ‰ to ¢√úøû√ç. 'wh' words ûÓ begin ÅßË’u clause (verbûÓ Ö†o a) He told her that he was busy, ´÷ô© Ææ´‚£æ«ç)- Tell ûª®√yûª ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. b) He said to her that he was busy. ÅC èπÿú≈ á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-J-ÊÆhØË. (a) ´’Sx Å®·ûË -Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-™ (b) éπØ√o (a) áèπ◊\-´í¬ îª÷úøçúÕ: ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îÁ°œpçC á´-JûÓ ÅE He told me why he was... (me ´·çü¿’, Ç îÁ°æ¤h-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x 'tell' better. 2) äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† ´÷ô-©†’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°œp-†-ô’xí¬, repeat ûª®√yûª why ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’ßË’u clause ´Ææ’hçC). îËÆœ-†-°æ¤p-úø÷, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô-©†’ report îËÆœ-†- Pranav: Did he attend class yesterday? °æ¤púø’, say ¢√úøû√ç. Praveen: No, he didn't. a) 'sit down', said the teacher/ the teacher said. b) He said that he was happy. sentences c) 'sit down', said the teacher to the pupils. 'Note down the points'. teacher repeat said told report

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j ™ á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úøç ™‰ü¿’.

ÉC ´÷ô-©†’ ߪ’-ü∑∆-ûª-ü∑¿çí¬ îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ééπ\úø •ü¿’©’ ®√ü¿’. ÅüË Ñ ´÷ô-©†’ îËߪ÷-©-†’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’–

Indirect Speech

í∫’-Jç-* éÌçûª ÅÆæp-≠ædûª -Öç-C. Ñ ¢√é¬u©’ °æ-J-Q-Lç-* Ææç-üË£æ…-©’ -B®Ωaí∫-©®Ω’. 1) "An amount of Rs.104 Crores would be paid in Rajampet constituency of Cuddappah District on Saturday. Indirect Speech news paper Fact (will be paid would paid

Ñ ¢√é¬u-Eo ؈’ ™ -Öç-ü∆?

Ê°°æ-®Ω’™ îª÷¨». Ñ ¢√éπuç ¢√®Ω’ Íé´©ç Ç †’ (™‰ü∆) †’ í¬) îÁ°æ¤p-ûª’-Ø√o®√? Éçûªéà ؈’ Ê°°æ®Ω’ îª÷Æœ†Ø√öÀéÀ Ç úø•’s °æç°œ-ùÀ/ -îÁ-Lxç°æ¤ ïJ-T-†ö«x? ™‰ü∆?

2) As the Offense was not cognisable a Magistrate would carry out a investigation. would carry out

Ñ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† -äéπ®Ó-V ïJ-TûË -Ç ´’®Ω’Ææ-öÀ®Ó-V Ê°°æ-®Ω’™ ´*açC. -Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ÅE -Öç-C. -Ç v°æ鬮Ωç ü¿®√u°æ¤h ïJ-T-§Ú-®·-†ö«d? ï®Ω-í∫-´-©Æœ -Öç-ü∆? – -áÆˇ. FL´’, ¶Ô-©x-´®Ωç -ï-¢√-•’: Sentence No 1 - ÉC indirect speech™ Öçü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC ü∆E ´·çü¿®Ω ¢√é¬uEo •öÀd ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. ÅC Mr x said ÅE ÖçúÕ, Ñ sentence ü∆E continuation Å®·ûË, ÅC indirect speech Å®·ûË, would correct. Ñ sentence †’ independent í¬ BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ Ééπ\úø would ûª°æ¤p; will correct Å´¤-ûª’çC. Sentence No 2 - Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °j rule ´Jh-Ææ’hçC. Independent sentence í¬ BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ will carry out, better. Å®·ûË indirect speech ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ would carry out ņo-°æ¤púø’ ü¿®√u°æ¤h ï®Ω-í∫-´-©Æœ Ö†oõ‰x.

Pranav: Why? Praveen: He did not tell me why he was absent yesterday.

Ééπ\úø He did not say to me why... ®√ü¿’. He never tells me where he goes, what he does, when he studies or how he studies.

(Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ´÷´‚-©’í¬

say

®√ü¿’).

-v°æ-¨¡o: - Please clarify the difference between simple present and present perfect tenses used in these sentences. 1) We are inside. We have been inside. What's the difference? 2) We are behind them. We have been behind them. 3) She is in town. She has been in town. 4) I am uneasy about the situation. I have been uneasy about the situation. As per tense rule, I know the difference of above each sentence which are in simple present as well as in present perfect tense. But, what is/ may the meaning of above sentences whether they are used in simple present or present perfect? Please explain it in detail.

-O-öÀ Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) We are inside = we are inside NOW.

– -Ê≠é˙ -¢Á·£œ«-†’-Cl-Ø˛, éπ®Ω÷o-©’

É°æ¤úø’ ¢Ë’ç ™°æ© ÖØ√oç. We have been inside.

é¬ÊÆ-°æöÀ†’ç* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Ë’ç ™°æ© ÖØ√oç.

Tell me why you have done it. (say to me why you have done it g) Tell Story Please tell a story. old fashioned. Tell, Say Practice Practise the following aloud in English: a) Raghu: Ram: Raghu: Ram: Raghu: Ram: time Raghu: avoid

é¬ü¿’). á´-JéÀîÁ°œpçDûÁ©’-°æ-èπ◊çú≈ †’ éÀ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ÉC ÉO èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† N´-®√©’. É´Fo -ûÓ, îªü¿´-úøç ´©x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a. èπÿú≈

®ΩN FûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√´--úøç-™‰üÓ îÁ§ƒpú≈? ™‰ü¿’ ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøçí∫’-Jç-* à´’Ø√o îÁ§ƒpú≈? -Å-D -îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿’. -ØË-Eéπ\-úø’-Ø√o-†-E -îÁ-§ƒp-¢√-? îÁ§ƒp†’. ¢√úÕo-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’ èπÿú≈. ÆæÍ® -Ø√-ûÓ -îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿’. ÅØ√oúø’. ¢√úÌîËa -†-ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úÓ -†’-¢Ëy-´’®·-Ø√ îÁ-°æp-í∫-©-¢√? b) Pavan: Hi Ravi, EØÁo-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y? Ravi: ØËØ√ N≠æߪ’ç É°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æp-™‰†’ Pavan: àçôçûª ®Ω£æ«Ææuç? Ravi: ûª®√yûª îÁ§ƒh àçöÀ Åçûª ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ÅE Pavan: O’Ø√-†o-í¬-Í®-´’Ø√o îÁ§ƒp®√ FûÓ? Ravi: üËEo-í∫÷Ja? Pavan: ؈C îÁ°æp†’ Fèπ◊. †’´¤y ´·çü¿’ F ®Ω£æ«Ææuç îÁ°æ¤p. ûª®√yûª ØËç îÁ§ƒh Answers: Raghu: Has Ravi told you why he is not coming? Ram: No. Raghu: Did he say anything about meeting me? Ram: Not that either. Raghu: Have you told him (that) I am here? Ram: I did. I told him to come here too. He said yes. He did not tell me the time of his coming here Raghu: Can you say why he is avoiding me? b) Pavan: Hi Ravi, Where were you yesterday? Ravi: I cannot tell you now about it. / I Can't say anything about it now. Pavan: What is so secret about it? Ravi: I'll tell you later what the secret about it is. Pavan: Did your father tell you anything? Ravi: What about? Pavan: I will not tell you that. First you tell me of your secret. Then I will tell you of mine.

we were here some time ago, say 10 minutes ago/ an hour ago, and since then, we have continued to be here till now/ we are here even now.

¢Ë’ç Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’®·, É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-Tç-C/ -Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC, ÅE. Abdul Kalam is our President (Çߪ’† ´’† president ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o N≠æߪ’ç) Abdul Kalam has been our president for the past two and a half years= president

È®çúø’-†o-Í®-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Çߪ’† ´’† í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. (È®çúø’-†o-Í®∞¡x véÀûªç †’ç* É°æpöÀ ´®Ω-èπ◊/-Éçé¬) Å™«Íí N’í∫û√ sentences èπÿú≈: 2) i) We are behind them = ¢√∞¡x ¢Á†’éπ ¢Ë’ç ÖØ√oç (É°æ¤púø’) ii) We have been behind them.

éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ ¢√∞¡x ¢Á†’éπ ¢Ë’ç ÖØ√oç. Ç--¢Á’ Ü∞x ÖçC (É°æ¤úø’) éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ Ç¢Á’ Ü∞x ÖçöçC.

3) She is in town = She has been in town = 4) I am uneasy about the situation.

°æJ-ÆœnA Ø√èπ◊ É•sç-Cí¬ ÖçC É°æ¤púø’.

I have been uneasy about the situation.

éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ °æJ-ÆœnA É•sç-Cí¬ ÖçöçC.

Please refer to the earlier lessons on 'be' forms for more information.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Preethi: Mom, can I have some more milk?

Å´÷t, Éçé¬Ææh §ƒ©’ 鬢√L Ø√èπ◊. Laxmi: Sorry child. You can't have anymore. There is some milk left, of course, but we need it for the payasam this evening.

Éçéπ-™‰-´´÷t. éÌEo §ƒ©’-Ø√o-®·-í¬F, ÅN ≤ƒßª’çvûªç §ƒßª’≤ƒ-EéÀ 鬢√L. Preethi: Can I have something to eat? I am hungry.

AØËçü¿’Íé¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? Ø√èπ◊ Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC. Laxmi: There are plenty of biscuits in the fridge. Have as many as you want. There is bread too. Eat it if you like. Fridge

™ 鬴-©-Æœ-†Eo / î√™« biscuits ÖØ√o®·. Fé¬\-´©Æœ†Eo A†’. bread èπÿú≈ ÖçC. É≠ædç Öçõ‰ A†’.

Preethi: I'll (I will) have bread then. Can I have some jam or butter go with it?

Å®·ûË bread Açö«ØËx. ü∆EéÀ jam é¬F ¢Á†o-é¬F à¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? (go with= äéπ ǣ慮Ω °æü∆®Ωnç ÉçéÓ Ç£æ…®Ω °æü∆®ΩnçûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç.Idli goes well with sambar ÉúŒxûÓ ≤ƒç¶«®Ω’ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. We have only chapathis, no kurma to go with it. ƒ-B©’ ´÷vûªç ÖØ√o®·. ü∆EûÓ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ èπ◊®√t ™‰ü¿’)

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ some, any Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ.OöÀ Å®√n©’ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? Some= éÌçûª, éÌEo. Åçõ‰ some †’ Countables ûÓ†÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a, uncountablesûÓ†÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Some milk = éÌCl-§ƒ©’, Some books = éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. Any = àüÁjØ√, à¢ÁjØ√. DEo èπÿú≈ Countables ûÓ, Uncountables ûÓ È®çúÕç-öÀûÓ†÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Any book = à °æ¤Ææh-éπ-¢Á’iØ√; any milk = à¢ÁjØ√ §ƒ©’. Some, any Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç English ™ î√™« áèπ◊\´. áçûª éπÈ®é˙dí¬ ¢√úÕûË conversation Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Å™«Íí plenty = áèπ◊\´ – countables, uncountables ûÓ È®çúÕç-öÀûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Plenty of milk = Ææ´’%-Cl¥í¬ §ƒ©’; plenty of time; plenty of money, etc. Plenty of books = î√™« °æ¤Ææh-鬩’; plenty of runs - î√™« °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’; plen-

ty of eggs, plenty of biscuits etc. expressions 1) You can't have any more. 2) There's some milk left. 3) Can I have something to eat? 4) Can I have some jam or butter...? 5) No butter any more.

°j Ææ綵«-≠æù™

îª÷úøçúÕ

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 67

Laxmi: No butter any more for you. You put on weight. Have jam. Butter

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 10 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

Pranav: Can you lend me some money? Can you lend me any money? not Prakash: I'm afraid, I haven't any. I am afraid Pranav: Haven't you any. really?

Ratnakar: Venkat:

á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. Fèπ◊ ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ? äé¬-ߪ’† ÖØ√oúø’. Å®·ûË Çߪ’† Ü∞x™‰®Ω’. Ratnakar: Sumanèπ◊ Ç éπç°-F™ á´®Ó friend ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª†’ Suman èπ◊ à information Å®·Ø√ É´y-í∫-©úø’. Eïçí¬ ™‰ü∆? 2) Manoj: Ø√èπ◊ Botany O’ü¿ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ (Ééπ\úø not ÖçC 鬕öÀd any) 鬢√L. O’ ü¿í∫_-Í®-´’Ø√o ÖØ√oߪ÷? Prakash: I Have some money of course, but I Shopkeeper: ´÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌEo ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’need it for paying fees. I shan't (shall Ø√o®·.Botany O’ü¿ à ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-éπnot) have any left after that. ´’Ø√o îÁ°æpçúÕ. ÅC ´÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌçûª ÖçC. é¬F ÅC fees éπôd-ú≈-EéÀ Öçô’çC. 鬢√L. ÅC éπõ‰dÆœ† ûª®√yûª àç N’í∫-©ü¿’. Manoj: O’ ü¿ í ∫ _ ® Ω’†o ¢√öÀ™ x éÌEoç-öÀE îÁ°æpçúÕ. Not ™‰E-îÓô some ´≤ÚhçC. Not Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ any Shopkeeper: éÌØË o áçü¿’èπ◊? Ñ list îª÷úøçúÕ. ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. ÉC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ¢√L. ÅEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩 Ê°®Ω÷x Åçü¿’™ 2) No any ÅE á°æ¤púø÷ ņç. ÖØ√o®·. Åéπ\-úø’†o ¢√öÀ™ x àüÁjØ√ No ÅØÁjØ√ Åçö«ç. not any, contracted form´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-éπ¢Ë’. n't any ÅØÁjØ√Åçö«ç. ÅçûË-é¬F no any ®√ü¿’. -™‰-ü∆ éÌç-îÁç -Å°œp-´yí∫-©-¢√? (-Ééπ\-úø -™‰-ü¿’) Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’. Nî√®Ωç ´uéπhç îËߪ’úøç) (

Have you any?

àç ´ü¿’l. ™«¢Á-èπ◊\-û√´¤.

Preethi: What about you? You haven't had anything since morning. Why don't you have something to eat?

´’J O’ Ææçí∫-ûË-N’öÀ? §Òü¿’l-†’oç* àç A†™‰ü¿’. àüÁjØ√ A†-èπÿ-úøü∆? Laxmi: We are fasting today. You know today is Karthika Somavaram.

¢Ë’O’®ÓV Ö°æ-¢√Ææç. é¬Khéπ ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç éπü∆. Ö°æ-¢√Ææç/ Ç®Óí∫u 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ AçúÕ ´÷ØËߪ’úøç, starve = AçúÕéÀ ™‰éπ °æÆæ’hç-úøúøç. ¶«í¬ Çéπ™‰-≤Úhç-ü¿E £æ…Ææuçí¬ îÁ°æpúøç– I am starving. Let

(fast =

me have something to eat) Preethi: Don't you eat anything then?

O’Í®ç A†®√ ´’J? Laxmi: Not until after the pooja after sunset.

<éπöÀ°æúøf ûª®√yûª °æ‹ï-ßË’uç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç A†ç. Preethi: Why do people fast on Kartheeka Somavaram?

é¬Khéπ ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-¢√Ææç Öçö«®Ω’? Laxmi: Good question. But I haven't the time now to tell you.

´’ç* v°æ¨¡o. é¬F Ø√éÀ-°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ ™‰ü¿’.

time

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ؈’ E†o Ø√ £«®·®˝ éπöÀçí˚ îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o†’.

I got/ had my hair cut yesterday. 2)

؈’ Í®°æ¤ -Ø√ £«®·®˝ éπöÀçí˚ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.

I will get my hair cut tomorrow 3)

¢Ë’´· E†o ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ Ææ’†oç ¢Ë®·çî√ç.

we had/ got our house white wash yesterday 4) we will get our house white wash tomorrow. had

¢Ë’´· Í®°æ¤ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ Ææ’†oç ¢Ë®·≤ƒhç

-Å®√n-Eo -N-´-JÆæ÷h, éπÈ®éÓd é¬--¢Ó -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. – -áÆˇ.-´ç-Qéπ%-≠æg, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: Hair-cut (äÍé-´÷-ô) = -éπ~-´®Ωç

6) You haven't had anything since the morning. 7) Don't you eat anything then?

-Ñ -´÷-ô-™x -àç -ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C? i) not ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x any ´≤ÚhçC. Not ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ some ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? ÉC important point. ii) Questions ™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. ™‰ü¿’ (not) ÅØË answer †’ repeat îËÆ œ-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ question ™ any ´Ææ’hçC.

a) He has some money. 'not' b) He hasn't any money. not He hasn't any money = He has no money. conversation He hasn't any money more common. Have you any money answer No, I haven't any money (repeat No, I haven't Questions 'not' some any Not some, any

éÌçûª ÖçC (Ééπ\úø

™‰ü¿’)

(ÅÆæ©’) ™‰ü¿’ (Ééπ\úø

ûÓ)

Å®·ûË ™ ÅØËC ÅC áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ņo-°æ¤púø’ í¬ ÅE ´C-™‰Æœ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈). Åçö«®Ω’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, ÅE èπÿú≈ Å-†-´-a. ™ èπÿú≈ -Ö-†o-°æ¤púø’, ®√ü¿’, ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË È®çúø÷ ®√´îª’a. E†o ؈’ èπ◊-Ø√o†’.

(barber

îËûª)

éπ~´®Ωç

Got, had2) I will get my hair cut tomorrow (Barber (hair cut

ÉçéÌ-éπJîË ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

Í®°æ¤ ؈’ éπ~´®Ωç îËûª) îË®·ç--èπ◊çö«†’. ¢ËÍ®, ¢ËÍ®)– D†®Ωnç O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊†oô’d îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬ü¿’.

3) We had/ got our house white washed (white wash correct

Ééπ\úø é¬ü¿’) ¢Ë’ç ÉçöÀéÀ Ææ’†oç ¢Ë®·ç-î√´·.

4) We will have/ get our house white washed. (White wash tomorrow.

é¬ü¿’) Í®°æ¤ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á©x ¢Ë®·≤ƒhç. ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

I have a hair-cut once a month-

I will wash my clothes tomorrow.

؈’ ØÁ©-éÓ-≤ƒJ éπ~´®√-EéÀ ¢Á∞«h†’. (äÍé´÷ô) yesterday E†o Åûª†’ éπ~´-®√-EéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’.

Í®°æ¤ ؈’ Öûª’-èπ◊\ç-ö«†’.

He had a hair-cut

1) I got/ had my hair cut yesterday. hair cut

Ééπ\úø

¢ËÍ® ´÷ö«,

¢ËÍ® ´÷ô.

îË®·ç--

I will have/ get my clothes washed tomorrow. have/ get past participle .

Ø√ •ôd©’ Í®°æ¤ ÖA-éÀ-≤ƒh†’. ûª®√yûª á°æ¤úø÷

´Ææ’hçC

3) Suseela: I have nothing to do today. (I

Answers:

Have you any novel that I can

1) Ratnakar: Have you / Have You had / Do you have any news from suman?

read?

Ñ®Óñ‰ç °æE-™‰ü¿’. F ü¿í∫_-Í®-´’Ø√o †´© Öçõ‰ É´y¢√?

Chandana: There are some here. Take any of them. Suseela:

Ééπ\úø éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. àüÁjØ√ BÆæ’éÓ.

Let me have some novel that I can finish in a day. novel

äéπ\®ÓV™ °æ‹JhîËߪ’-í∫© Öçõ‰ É´¤y.

àüÁjØ√

Chandana: I'm afraid that there aren't any such. All of them are lengthy. Suseela:

Manoj: Thank you.

haven't any thing to do today).

Venkat:

†´-™‰x-´’Ø√o ÖØ√oߪ÷? Ééπ\úø °æ‹Jhí¬ àüÁjØ√ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË ¢√ú≈ç. 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø ™‰èπ◊Ø√o ´Ææ’hçC. à Å®·-Ø√/-à-üÁjØ√ novel. ®√Æœ† †´-™‰-üÁjØ√? àüÁjØ√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ ¢√∞Îx-´È®jØ√ ÖØ√o®√? Any one/ anybody who can help me? Some

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: àüÓ äéπ / á´®Ó äéπ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.

Some book was lying on the table. table I came here with the hope that some teacher will help me. teacher

O’ü¿ -à-üÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC / °æúÕ ÖçC.

No. (I don't have / haven't had any.) What about?

Ratnakar: Don't you remember? We asked him for some information about a job. Venkat:

I haven't had any phone call from him (No Phone call from him so

Å™«çöÀ¢ËO’ ™‰´¤. ÅFo °ü¿l †´-©™‰.

Any by Chase? Chase any not any i) Any novel = novel ii) Any by Chase = Chase iii) Some novel = novel.

M. SURESAN

far).

Isn't there anyone else who

can give us this information? (Anyone=

á´-®ΩØ√o,

Anyone else=

ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o) Ratnakar: None. (Do) you know anyone? Venkat:

I know some one, but he is not in town/ out of town (out of station

é¬ü¿’) Ratnakar: Suman has some friend in the company. He can give suman any information he wants. 2) Manoj: I want some good books on Botany. Do you have/ Have you any? Shopkeeper: We do have some good books.

Å®·Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç

Name any good book on botany,

Now practise the following aloud in English:

Manoj: Please let me know some of the good

1) Ratnakar:

Shopkeeper: Why only some? Please see go

á´®Ó äéπ / à îË≤ƒh-®ΩØË Ç¨¡ûÓ ´î√a.

FÍé-´’Ø√o news ´*açü∆ Suman †’ç*? Venkat: ™‰ü¿’. üËE-í∫’-Jç*? Ratnakar: í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü∆? ÅûªEo ´’†ç äéπ\ job í∫’Jç* éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç ÅúÕí¬ç éπü∆. Venkat: ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπÿ à phone call ®√™‰ü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç îÁÊ°p-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ ™‰®√?

and we have them. books you have. through this list. It has all the titles. Any book on the list is a good book (go through= titles = Manoj: Thank you.

îªü¿-´úøç °æ¤Ææh-鬩 Ê°®Ω’x – Ééπ\úø)

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Prabha: Hi Vineela, how was the movie yesterday? I am sure you enjoyed it. movie enjoy Vineela: What a bore! I thought it would be fun watching the movie, but it was thoroughly disappointing. bore.

-N-F-™«, E†o ᙫ ÖçC? ¶«í¬ î˨»-´-†’-èπ◊çö«.

Å•s î√™« áçûÓ NØÓ-ü¿çí¬ Öçô’çü¿-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. é¬F î√™« E®√¨¡°æJ-*çC.

Prabha: Thank god, I didn't go with you. I thought I would, but fortunately my music class came in the way.

•AéÀ§Úߪ÷†’. F-ûÓ ®√éπ-§Ú-´-úøç ´’ç*-ü¿®·uçC. Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Ø√ music class ÅúÌf-*açC. (Thank God - àüÁjØ√ v°æ´÷ü¿ç ™«çöÀC ûª°œp-§Ú-ûË 'Thank God' Åçö«ç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '•A-éÀ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’— ņ’-éÓ-´îª’a)

- Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

English usage there are two kinds of future: a) Future from the present b) Future from the past 1. Important: i) will, shall future from the present

Åçõ‰

v°æ鬮Ωç,

á°æ¤púø÷

†’

îÁ§ƒh®·.

ii) WOULD, SHOULD future from the past 2. Future from the present will future from the past would, future from the present shall future from the past should would verbs sentences 3. a) He says (that) he will buy the book this evening.

á°æ¤púø÷

†’ îÁ§ƒh®·.

èπ◊ ¢√úËîÓô, èπ◊ èπ◊ ¢√úË-îÓô èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E ûÓ Ö†o í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Ñ §Ú©açúÕ. éÀçC

Ø√èπ◊ Å°æ¤púË ûÁ©’Ææ’ †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-¶-´F, tickets cancel îË≤ƒh-´E, úø•’s †≠æd-§Ú-û√-´-F†’. Kumar: Rajkot ™ -´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ÖØ√oúø’ 鬕öÀd ¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Å®·ûË match N≠æߪ’ç à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? Indians Èí©’-≤ƒh-®ΩE ûÁ©’Ææ’é¬F, Sri Lanka Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌçö«-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’– ÉC Krishna: ÅEo NÈé-ô-x ûËú≈ûÓ ãúÕ-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’. É°æ¤púø’ – present ™ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’... Kumar: Tendulkar ´’®Ó Century éÌ-úø-û√-úø-E ≤ƒßª’çvûªç – future ™ éÌçö«-†E. ÉC preséπ * aû ª ç í¬ Å†’èπ◊Ø√o. (sure ¢√úøçúÕ) ent †’ç* future 鬕öÀd will buy. Krishna: Sri Lanka C î√™« low score. í∫çHµ®˝, b) He told me yesterday that he would buy -õ„ç-úø÷-©\®˝ Éü¿l®Ω÷ éπ©Æœ (together) Ç the book soon. score ≤ƒCµ-≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 68

Krishna:

He would buy me a... Vineela: You are right. When you told me you would not come I felt sorry you were going to miss a lot. But now I know I am wrong. right. miss

†’´¤y †’´¤y ®√†-†o-°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y Å´¤-û√-´E ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f. ´’ç* ÆœE´÷ é¬E §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ôE É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC.

Prabha: Did Smitha accompany you?

past told future future, past buy.

ÉC–

– – E†o îÁ§ƒpúø’ – ûªy®Ω™ – – éÌçö«-†E – 鬕öÀd would buy – Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úÕ †’ç* future 鬕öÀd would 4.

´’S} §Ú©açúÕ:

a) I think (that) he will help me. b) I thought (that) he would help me. [(a) (b) ] would verbs

Å®Ωnç – ¢√úø’ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o†’. Å®Ωnç – ¢√úø’ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-úøE ؈-†’èπ◊-Ø√o†’ Vineela: No. Smitha said she would accompa- É°æ¤úø’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Ö†o ûÓöÀ ny me to the movie if her cousin came í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: v°æ¶µº, NF™« E†oöÀ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* along. ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-®ΩE í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. ®√-™‰-ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x cousin ´ÊÆhØË ûª†’ ´≤ƒh-†E 1) I thought (that) it would be fun: NØÓ-ü¿çí¬ îÁ°œpçC Ø√ûÓ. Öçô’ç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. (ņ’-éÓ-´-úøç ÆœE´÷èπ◊ -¢Á-∞Ï}Prabha: By the way, what is your programme ´·ç-ü¿’ - past ™ - îª÷úø-¶ßË’ ÆœE´÷ í∫’-Jç-* Æœtûª FûÓ ´*açü∆? (accompany = éπ©Æœ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç– á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√)

this evening? Vineela: My dad told me that he would buy me a new dress for my birthday next week. So I will go shopping. Next week birthday dress shopping Prabha: All the best then. Bye. would verbs 1) I thought (that) it would be fun. 2) I thought (that) I would 3) You told me you would not come 4) Smitha said (that) she would accompany me. 5) Dad told me (that) he would buy me a new dress. 1) November Novemberpresent. December - future

Ø√ éÀ Ø√†o éÌûªh éÌE-≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. 鬕öÀd Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.

future) would be - 'be' form 2) I thought (that) I would (go to the movie) would go - (future from the past) 3) You told me you would not come -

Öçúø-úøç

¢Á∞«l-´’E

†’´¤y ®√¶-´-úøç ™‰ü¿E ÅØ√o´¤.

4) Smitha said that she would accompany me. Sunitha 5) Dad told me that he would buy a new dress. dress 'would' past future

Kumar:

-Ø√èπ◊ N¨»y-Ææç-í¬ØË ÖçúÕçC – äéπ\ Wicket §Úèπ◊çú≈ Èí©’-≤ƒh-®ΩE. Krishna: Yuvraj Åçûª-¶«í¬ Ç-úø-û√-úø-E †’´y†’èπ◊Ø√o¢√? M. SURESAN Kumar: Yuvraj éπçõ‰ Kaif áèπ◊\´ runs éÌ-úøû√-úø-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. R.P. Singh Åçûª ¶«í¬ bowl îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. 2) Dayakar: E†o O’ ÉçöÀ-éÌ-î √a-ØËo†’. †’Nyçöx Öçö«-´-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Prabhakar: †’´¤y ´≤ƒh-´E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ ’-ü¿’. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Phone îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Dayakar: †’¢√y time ™ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«h-´-†’-éÓ™‰ü¿’. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Ç time ™ ÉçöxØË Öçö«-´¤í¬? Prabhakar: Eï-¢Ë’-†-†’éÓ. é¬E E†o ´÷ -Å-´’t -ûª-†-†’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®ΩéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-´’ç-C. Ç time ™ †’´¤y- ´-≤ƒh-´E ؈-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Sorry.

ÆæÍ®-é¬F, Ææ’´’ç-ûË-´’Ø√o bike éÌçö«-†E Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ûÓ ´*a† í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. îÁ§ƒp-ú≈ -FûÓ? Ø√èπ◊ éÌûªh éÌçö«-†E ´÷ Ø√†o îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Prabhakar: àç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. éÌçô’-Ø√oú≈? Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Åçõ‰ †’ç* ÉD Dayakar: Ñ ¢√®Ωç™ éÌçö«--†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. ¢√∞¡x îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ø√†o úø•’s °æç°œ-≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒp-úøô. a) would be - be form - Öçúøúøç Prabhakar: Eïçí¬ Åü¿%-≠æd-´ç-ûª ’úË. ´÷ Ø√†o b) would + 1st Regular Doing Word (would go, ´÷vûªç îÁÊ°p-¨»úø’ E†o éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ÉçéÓ would come, would see, etc) - action (°æEE Ææç´-ûªq®Ωçü∆é¬ Ø√èπ◊ bike é̆-†E. ûÁ © ’°æ ¤ û ª ’ çC) Ñ ØÁ© . v°æÆæ’hûªç– (¶µºN-≠æuûª’h) éπü∆. a i) ¢√úø-éπ\úø Öçö«-úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o– Answers: I think he will be there ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: 1) Krishna: Didn't you (Did you not) go to ii) ¢√úø-éπ\úø Öçö«-úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o – November †’ç*, Åçõ‰ present †’ç*, Rajkot to see the cricket match? I thought he would be there. December future. É™«çöÀ future †’ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ Kumar: I thought I would, but dropped the will, shall ¢√úøû√ç. [will, shall ©-†’ future îÁ°æp- b i) Ø√èπ◊ I Class ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o – idea. We would enjoy it better viewing I think I will get a first class. ú≈-EéÀ -á-™« -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh-¢Á÷ Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lesit on the TV than watching it live. ii) Ø√èπ ◊ I Class ´Ææ ’ h ç ü ¿ E ņ’è π ◊ Ø√o – sons ™ î√-™« N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç] (Ééπ\úø live = ™„j¢˛ – v°æûªu-éπ~çí¬) I thought that I would get a I class. 2) August 2005 - ÉC í∫ûªç - Past. Krishna: I told you, there wouldn't (would not) September 2005 - ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç - past. Now practise the following aloud in english: be the replays, the slow motion views. Å®·ûË August 2005 †’ç* September 2005 1) Krishna: Å®·ûË †’´¤y Rajkot èπ◊ ¢Á-∞¡}-™‰-ü∆, Kumar: You are right. My brother told me that à´’-´¤-ûª’çC? Future (¶µºN-≠æuûª’h) éπü∆? Å®·ûË Cricket match îª÷-úø-ö«-EéÀ? he would cancel the train tickets yesá°æp-öÀ-†’ç* – August (past) †’ç* September Kumar: ¢Á∞«l-´’ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, é¬E ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o. terday itself. 2005 future. Åçõ‰ August 2005 †’ç*, Åçõ‰ v°æûªu-éπ~çí¬ îª÷-úø-úøçéπ-Ø√o, TV ™ îª÷ÊÆhØË Krishna: I knew that you wouldn't be going, past †’ç* September 2005 future Å´¤-ûª’çC. ¶«í¬ enjoy îËߪ’-í∫©ç éπü∆ ÅE. that you would cancel the tickets and 鬕öÀd – ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çC: Krishna: ØË-†’ îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆ – TV ™ ™«í¬ replays, a) November 2005 †’ç* December 2005 that you would lose money. slow motion view Öçúø´¤ ÅE, -†’-´¤y Present †’ç* future. Kumar: You know my uncle is in Rajkot. So I N†-™‰ü¿’. b) August 2005 †’ç* September 2005 - Kumar: †’´¤y right. Train tickets E†o ≤ƒßª’çthought I would go. So what do you past †’ç* future. vûª¢Ë’ cancel îË≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’, ´÷ ûª-´·túø’. think of the match? Ø√ûÓ ´≤ƒh-†E -Åç-C.

Krishna: I knew India would win but didn't think/ never thought that Sri Lanka would lose by so many wickets. Kumar: I was sure that Tendulkar would score another century. Krishna: Sri Lanka's was a low score. I thought Gambhir and Tendulkar together would score all the runs needed for the victory. Kumar: I was confident too that they would win without losing a single wicket. Krishna: Did you think Yuvraj would play so well? Kumar: I thought Kaif would score more runs than Yuvraj. I didn't think that RP Singh would bowl so well/ I didn't expect RP Singh to bowl so well. 2) Dayakar: I came to your place / for you yesterday. Prabhakar: I didn't know you would come. Why didn't you call me before coming? Dayakar: I didn't think you would go out at that time/ I didn't expect you to be out at that time. Aren't you usually at home at that time? Prabhakar: That's true. But my mother wanted me to take her to the doctor. I didn't think you would come. / I didn't expect you at that time. sorry. Dayakar: That's Ok. Did Sumanth tell you that he would buy a bike? Prabhakar: No. Is he buying one? Dayakar: Yes. He said that he would be buying it this week. His father told him that he would send the money shortly. Prabhakar: Luck fellow. Dad told me yesterday very strongly / Dad made it clear yesterday that he would not buy me a bike for another year.

Dayakar:

v°æ-¨¡o: To be ÅØË Phrase -†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h Ñ vÊ°∂ñ¸ áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçüÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. happened + to + verb1;

sub+V2

®Ω÷-§ƒ-™x-†÷ éÌEo ¢√é¬u©’ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. – ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, -ü¿-Jz -ï-¢√-•’: To be phrase È®çúø’ Nüµ∆©’: 1) to be + ing form; 2) To be + Past participle.

OöÀûÓ áEo ¢√é¬u-©-®·Ø√ îËߪ’-´îª’a. -™..

1) to be + ing form a) We expect him to be studying now b) We found to be sleeping soundly, etc. 2) to be + pp a) We ordered the work to be finished in an hour b) He wanted them to be seen there. 'to be...' phrases subject sentences a) I wanted to see him (sub + vb2) b) She tried to meet him (sub + v2) c) They wished to succeed (sub + v2)

-™..

Ñ

†’

®√ߪ’çúÕ.

í¬

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

Spken English

÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 15 ì÷Ùñô¢ª 2005

ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm Dinesh: Hi Saleem, Welcom. Good to see you though after a long time. Have a seat. How about some Coffee?

(óÀª ú£Mîª! à¦ö°-ôÁ-V-öµjÙC ÚÛLú‡. Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦?)

Saleem: No Coffee for me, Dinesh. Thanks all the same.

(Ú¥íƈ ÷ë]ªl ëǯÙÚÂq.) Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© (ÍÙç¶ Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÁ-ÚÛð¼-ô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú©). all the same =

Dinesh: Would you fancy tea then?

(Íô³ê¶ æ© Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦?)

ê¦Þœª-ê¦ô¢ª. ÎóŸªû¶ Ú¥íƈ TÙáõª í£æ¨dÙ#, ð»è… à¶ô³Ù# Ú¥íƈ ÎóŸªû¶ à¶ú£ªÚÛª-û¶-î¦ô¢ª.) Ground - ÏC grindÚ¨ past tense. grind = ð»è…/ í‡Ùè… à¶óŸªè[Ù. grinder= í‡Ùè…/ ð»è… machine ÍC grind à¶ú£ªhÙC. ground coffee = ð»è… à¶óŸªè[Ù. Coffee seeds/ Coffee beans =Ú¥íƈ TÙáõª. fresh = ê¦â°. šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ wouldêÁ ÷#aì verbs Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…. 1. Would you fancy? 2. Would you mind waiting for a while? 3. Would you move aside a little? 4. He would drink. 5. My dad would never drink.

please. Thanks. (Ïí£±pè¶ ê¦Þ¥ìª. ÏÚÛ-÷ë]ªl. ëǯÙÚÂq.) b) Ï#aì offer, accept ඛúåxô³ê¶– English î¦üŒx í£ë]lÄA ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù Ï#aì offer ìª Bú£ªÚÁî¦-õE Ñìoí£±pè[ª, -÷«-åí£è¶å-í£±pè[ª responsesi) I don't mind (a little coffee/ tea), thanks.

(÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª ö¶ì-í£±pè[ª ÷« vñë]ôÂ àŸ«ú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª. c) Mind your (own) business.

(F í£E ìª÷±y àŸ«ú£ªÚÁ.)

Don't poke your nose in others' affairs.

(ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõ ÷u÷--ô¢Ùö˺ êŸõ-ë]«-ô¢aÚÛª.) ÷ªìÙ êŸõ-ë]«-ô¢ª-ú£ªhÙæ°Ù. English î¦üŒ‰x ÷³ÚÛª\

Ú¥ú£h... Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙæ°ô¦?

6. He would have the coffee ground. lessons 'would' usewould expresses future from the past past future would

Ú¨Ùë]æ¨

ÍÙç¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù.

ö˺ êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªìo

ìªÙ#

൛ípÙ-ë]ªÚÛª

ÍE,

Ramana: He wrote to me that he would see me last weekend. But he did not turn up.

(ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°-ìE öµåô ô¦ø‹è[ª. Ú¥F ô¦ö¶ë]ª.)

Would you care for some coffee? Ïù£d-í£-è[è[Ù. ÏÚÛ\è[ fancy ñë]ªõª, like/ î¦è[-÷àŸªa. ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÷#aì î¦üŒxìª ‘Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¦, æ© Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¦?’ ÍE Íè[-Þœè[Ù, ÷ªì í£ë]lÄ-꟪õ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ú£JÞ¥ ÷ªô¦uë] à¶óŸªè[Ù Ú¥ë]ª-ÚÛë¯? Ú¥íƈ, æ© Bú£ªÚ•#a ÷#a-ì-î¦-üŒxìª Bú£ªÚÁ-÷ªÙæ°Ù. Íô³ê¶ English í£ë]lÄ-꟪õ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù Coffee/Tea Bú£ªÚÛªÙæ°ô¦ ÍE Íè[-Þœè[Ù êŸí£±p-Ú¥ë]ª. ÍA-ëÇ]ªõª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìö°Þ¥ Gè…-óŸª-í£-è[-ÚÛªÙè¯ ‘Bú£ªÚÛªô¦’ ÍE ö¶ë¯ ‘ÑÙç¶ Ú¥î¦L’ ÍE Íè…T Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª. fancy = prefer

Saleem: I don't mind tea. ( Mind = Dinesh: Would you mind/ Mind waiting for a while? I'll make the tea in no time.

æ© û¦ÚÛª ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.) ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù.

(Ú¥›úí£± ÎÞœª-ê¦÷± ÚÛë¯? #æ¨-·Úö˺ à¶þ§h.) ¤ÛéÙö˺/ #æ¨-·Úö˺)

In no time = Saleem: Take your (own) time. No hurry.

(BJÞ¥_ àµô³u. ê•Ùë]-¸ôÙ-ö¶ë]ª.) F Ïù£dÙ ÷#aìÙꟛúí£±

take your (own) time =

Bú£ªÚÁ.

Dinesh: Would you move aside a little? The tea tin is in the shelf behind you.

(Ú¥ú£h í£ÚÛ\ÚÛª áô¢ª-Þœª-ê¦î¦? æ© è[ò°s FîµìªÚÛ Ñìo šùöËÀpÄö˺ ÑÙC.)

Saleem: Not at all.

(ÔÙ í£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª.)

Dinesh: So you like tea more than coffee.

(FÚÛª Ú¥íƈ-ÚÛÙç¶ æ© Ïù£dÙ Íìo-÷«å)

Saleem: That's right. I think I got it from my grandad. He would drink a lot of tea, my dad often says.

(Í÷±ìª. ÷«ê¦-êŸ-Þ¥J ìªÙ# û¦Ú•-#aÙ-ë]C. ÷« ê¦êŸ à¦ö° æ© ê¦¸Þ-î¦-ô¢E ÷«û¦ìo ÍÙåªÙ-æ°-·ô-í£±pè[«.)

Dinesh: My dad would never drink tea. He would always prefer coffee. He would have the coffee ground fresh, and make coffee for himself.

(÷« û¦ìo Óí£±pè[« æ© ê¦Þœô¢ª. Ú¥íƈ

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 69 öµåô ô¦óŸªè[Ù. ô¦÷è[Ù/ á-ô¢-÷è[Ù.

Write = turn up = Kesav: He called me yesterday to tell me that he would be very busy till next week, so he wouldn't be able to come until after next week.

(÷à¶a-î¦-ô¢Ù-ë¯Ú¥ G@Þ¥ ÑÙæ°-ìE û¦ÚÛª Eìo ðƼûË à¶ø‹è[ª. ÍÙë]ª-÷õx ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù êŸô¦y-êŸ-Þ¥F ô¦ö¶-ì-û¦oè[ª.) ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè…. would ìª past ìªÙ# future ÚÛª î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ ÚÛë¯. ÍÙç¶ past ìªÙ#, ÏÚÛ ÷³Ùë]ª áJ¸Þ future ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ would î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ïí£±pè[ª vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡Ùö˺E ú£ÙòÅ°ù£éö˺ would ÚÛª Ñìo ÷ªJ Ú•Eo Ñí£-óµ«-Þ¥õª àŸ«ë¯lÙ. Would you fancy = FÚÛª Ïù£dû¦? ìª÷±y Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦? Dû¶o ô NëÅ]ÙÞ¥– Would you mind/ Would you like/ Would you like to take/ Would you take/ Would you care for some coffee?

ÍEoÙ-æ¨Ú© Ö¸Ú Íô¢nÙ. Oªô¢ª Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¦/ Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÁÙè… ÍE. ÍÙç¶ would ìª you êÁ question form ö˺ offerÚÛª (ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÷#aì î¦üŒxÚÛª, friends ÚÛª Ôëµjû¦ coffee ö°Ùæ¨N offer à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨) î¦è[ê¦Ù. Would you like a little tea? How about a little tea? What about some tea? offer would offer (present offer responses offer

Ï÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ à¶óŸªè[Ù. ÍÙç¶ ÚÛª ·ôÙèÁ ö˺). Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ ÚÛª àŸ«ë¯lÙ. ÍÙç¶ Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨ à¶›úh, Ú¥î¦L– ÷ë]ªl Ú¥íƈ/ æ© ö°Ùæ¨N Ó÷·ôjû¦ Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è¶ ÷«åõª. a) Offer ÷ë]ªl Íû¦-õÙ綖 i) No, thanks ii) Not now, please. Thanks all the same.

(Ïí£±pè¶Oª Bú£ªÚÁö¶ìª. ëǯÙÚÂq.)

iii) I have had some just now. No more

(Î... Ï÷yÙè… íÆ£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª.)

ë]«ô¢ªþ§hô¢ìo-÷«å.

ii) That'd (that would) be welcome, thanks. iii) That'd (that would) certainly be a pleasure, thank you. iv) That's kind of you, thanks. would offers. ★ Would Present requests

Ïö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x ìª î¦è[ê¦Ù.

Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ ö˺ ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯

Kumar: Can I see your father? Bhaskar: Please come in. Have a seat. Would you mind waiting some time?/ Would you wait M. SURESAN for some time? Kumar: Not at all. I don't mind waiting. 'would' question from you request a) Would you accompany me? b) Would you let me sit here for a while? would Mind: Mind 1) Mind questions a) Do you mind waiting for some time? wait wait request.) Do you mind Would you mind? would you mind? polite and formal

ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè… ìª ÚÛª î¦è[è[Ù– ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ êÁ Oªô¢ª Ú¥ú£h û¦êÁ-÷-þ§hô¦!

ö˺

ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú¥›úí£± ÚÛ«ôÁa-÷à¦a!

d) Mind you. Don't make any mistake.

(â°vÞœêŸh ð»ô¢-ð§åªx à¶óŸªÚÛª.)

Now practise the following in English. Kishore:

óÀª ú£yô¢«íÃ, ìª÷±y ·ôè†û¦? çµjîª Íô³uÙC ÚÛë¯! Swaroop: Ú¥›úí£± îµô³æËÀ à¶þ§hî¦? û¶ìª ٠ÚÛè[ª-Ú•\E ÷þ§hìª. Kishore: F ðƼûË ڥú£h î¦è[ª-ÚÁ-E-þ§hî¦? ÚÛª÷«ôÂÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ú‡ î¦è…E ÚÛ«è¯ ô¢÷ªtÙæ°. Swaroop: êŸyô¢Þ¥ Ú¥F. î¦è…E ·ôè†Þ¥ ÑÙè[-÷ªìª. ë¯Jö˺ î¦è…E í‡ÚÛíà à¶ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. Kishore: Íö°¸Þ. Answer Kishore: Hi Swaroop, Are you ready? It's time. Swaroop: Would you wait for minutes? I will wash my face and come. Kishore: Mind my using your phone? I would call Kumar and ask him to come. Swaroop: Be quick. Tell him to be ready. We can pick him up on our way. Kishore: Ok

ÏC ÚÛª ÏÙÚÁ Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ. ÚÛª Íô¦nõª ·ôÙè[ª– ÍÙç¶ ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù šíådè[Ù, ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ ö˺ î¦è[ê¦Ù.

(Ú¥›úí£± à¶óŸªè[Ù Oª¸Ú-÷ªû¦o ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸ-ô¢÷«? à¶þ§hô¦? ÍE Ú¥›úí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ Íû¦o Íû¦o ÖÚÛç¶. Íô³ê¶ Íû¶C – ÍÙç¶ ÍÙêŸ í£J-àŸóŸªÙ ÓÚÛª\÷ ö¶E î¦üŒxêÁ.

b) (Would you/ Do you) mind my sitting here? conversation Do you/ Would you c) Mind my using your pen/ Mind if I use your pen? pen mind mind 'ing' form mind if d) Mind of I accompany you?

êŸyô¢Þ¥ ÷«æ°xè¶ ö˺ ÷C-ö¶-ú£ªhÙæ°Ù. ÏD ò°Þ¥û¶ ÑÙåªÙC. (Oª

î¦è•à¦a.) î¦è¶ Bô¢ª: êŸô¦yêŸ Ú¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC.

Þ¥F/

(OªêÁ û¶ìª ô¦÷à¦a?)

Mind my accompanying you? Mind conversation practice 2) Mind manage

Ïö° ö˺ ÚÛª ·ôÙèÁ Íô¢lÄÙ ÷u÷--ô¦Eo àŸ«ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù.

à¶óŸªÙè…. à¶óŸªè[Ù, Ôëµjû¦

a) Who minds the office here?

(Ð ÎíƈúÃ àŸ«›ú-ëµ-÷ô¢ª?

b) My brother minds the office when my father is away.

ví£øŒo:

Oæ¨E Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£óµ«-TÙ-à¦L?c ͤÛ-ô¦Eo Ú•Eo-þ§ô¢ªx ú‡ ÍE Ú•Eo-þ§ô¢ªx ·Ú ÍE Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ ÚÛë¯. Óö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ Ô Í¤Û-ô¦Eo ÑàŸa-JÙà¦L? – ô¢N-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂ, Ú¥Ú¨-û¦è[ tell, say...

áî¦ñª: Usually

when the letter 'c' is fol-

lowed by 'e', or i, it is pronounced as s, as certificate, or as in cinema. In most other cases it is pronounced as k. So rule about it. only the dictionary can help us.

ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨? ‘û¶ìª ÷« Í÷«t-ô³E Oª ð§ôÈ¢-ø‹-õÚÛª í£Ùí£ö¶ìª’ Íû¦-õÙç¶ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Ô÷ª-û¦L? – ÚÛOÙ-ë]ôÂ, ÷ô¢Ù-ÞœöËÀ áî¦ñª: îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ– Oªô¢ª ë¯Eo Ú•û¦õE ö¶ë]ª/ Oªô¢ª ë¯Eo Ú•û¦õE û¶ìª ÍìªÚÁè[Ùö¶ë]ª. ·ôÙèÁ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Ïö° Íì-÷àŸªa–

ví£øŒo:

I don't think you should buy it

I cannot send my daughter to your school.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Anand: Janaki, how about giving us a song?

-ñ«-†éÃ, ã §ƒô §ƒúø¢√? (give a song = §ƒô §ƒúøôç)

Janaki: Me? giving a song? Are you Joking? Joke Bhanu: Oh. Can Janaki sing? This is news to me.

ØËØ√? §ƒ--úø-ô´÷?

îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢√?

Åçõ‰, ñ«†éÀ §ƒúø-í∫-©ü∆? ÉC Ø√èπ◊ éÌûªh N≠æߪ’ç. (news to me = Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-E -N-≠æߪ’ç É°æ¤púø’ ûÁLÊÆh, This is news to me Åçö«ç. conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ)

Anand: O, She would sing for hours when we were at school. That too very well. School

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 17 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

´÷ teacher time Ö†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x °æE-í∫-ô’d-èπ◊E NØËC. Ñ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'would' ã past habit/ habitual action in the past †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆? Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ véπ´’ç-ûª-°æpE °æEéÀ èπÿú≈ would ¢√úøû√ç. d) ¢√úø’ *†o-°æ¤púø’ ®√v-A°æ‹-ô ûÁí∫ àúËa-¢√úø’. As a child he would cry a lot at night.

e)

î√™«-ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ-îË-¢√úø’.

He would walk for long distances. 'would' English Would Do begin tions would begin would mal.

ÉO ´’J-éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. -¢√u´-£æ…-J¢√úø-éπç™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éπçí¬ ´Ææ’hç-ô’çC. ûÓ ÅßË’u î√™« quesE ûÓ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’ôç ¢√úø’Íé. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x éÌçîÁç forÅ®·ûË ´’J-éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ -ûª®√y-ûª îª÷ü∆lç!

¢Ë’-´· ™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ í∫çô© ûª®Ω-•úÕ §ƒúËC, Å-D -î√-™« -¶«í¬. Now Practise the following aloud in English: (That too = ÅC èπÿú≈) (O©-®·-†EoîÓôx 'would' ¢√úøçúÕ) a) Jayanthi: Function èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o. F Necklace é¬Ææh É≤ƒh¢√? (lend = Å®Ω’-N-´yôç) Suguna: ÅC ´÷ Å´’tC. ´÷ Å´’t ä°æ¤p-éÓü¿’. -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 70 鬢√-©çõ‰ Fèπ◊ Ø√ chain É≤ƒh. É≠æd-¢Ë’Ø√?

Suguna: It is my mother's. She wouldn't (would not) let me lend it. If you want I can lend you my chain. Would you like it? / Do you like it? Jayanthi: That'd be (That would be) fine. Thank you. When shall I take it? Suguna: When is the function? Isn't it the day after (tomorrow)? I'd very much like to give you the chain. You look beautiful/ splendid/ gorgeous with it around your neck. Jayanthi: Really I don't / wouldn't like to borrow it. All my Jewels are in the bank locker. The keys are with my father. He'll

Wouldn't you sing? Bhanu: Janaki, wouldn't you sing for us now? just one song.

ÅD ¶«í¬ØË Öçô’çC. Thanks. á°æ¤púø’ B≤Ú\†’? -ñ«-†éÃ, -´÷éÓÆæç §ƒô §ƒúø¢√? äéπ\-≤ƒJ. Suguna: á°æ¤púø’ function? á©’xçúÕ éπü∆? Í®°æ¤ Janaki: Would you stop bothering me, please? ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀéÌ≤ƒh¢√? FéÀ-´yôç é¬Ææh ††’o trouble îËߪ’ôç Ç°æ¤-û√®√? Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’. Ç chain ™ Anand: She would sing on. I mean, at school †’´¤y î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Öçö«´¤. even if none were there to listen to her. Jayanthi: Eïçí¬ B≤Ú\ôç É≠ædç-™‰üË. Ø√ †-í∫-©Fo My English teacher would, when she ´÷ bank locker ™ ÖØ√o®·. ´÷ Ø√†ohad the time make it a point to listen to á©’x çúÕéÀí¬E ®√®Ω’. locker û√∞«©’ Çߪ’† her sweet songs. ü¿ í ∫ _ ® Ω’-Ø√o®·. äéπ\ †í∫ èπÿú≈ Éçöx ÖçúøNØË-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω÷ ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Å™«Íí §ƒúø’-ûª’çö«E éÀ p-éÓ®Ω’ Ø√†o-. úËC. Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ English Teacher °æE- Suguna: Ééπ Ç°æä°æ¤-û¤√¢√? ÉEo ´÷ô-©-´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? í∫-ô’d-èπ◊E Janaki §ƒô NØËC. ØË † ’ É≠æ d ç í ¬ØË ÉÆæ ’ hØ√o éπü∆. Í®°æ¤ ®√. Janaki: Ok. I am going to sing just to please Jayanthi: Thank you.

you.

b) Brahmam: Sekhar

Å™«Íí O’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-éÓÆæç §ƒúø-¶-ûª’Ø√o. Ééπ\úø would ûÓ ´*a† verbs í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË´·çü¿’, would †’ í∫’-Jç-* Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ îª÷ü∆lç.

1) 'I thought he would help me' -

Ø√èπ◊- ¢√úø’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Ééπ\úø 'would help' - future from the past †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC.

2) Would you like some tea? tea 'would' offer you question form 3) Would you wait for a while? wait you question form request lesson 'would' a) She would sing for hours when we were at School. School b) She would sing on = c) My English teacher would, when she had the time, make it a point...

é¬Ææh BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√? èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç– É™«çöÀîÓôx ™.

ûÓ

é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ îË≤ƒh®√? ûÓ ™ Ééπ\úø ´·êuçí¬ èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™E Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷

Jayanthi:

®ÓV™x í∫çô© ûª®Ω-•úÕ §ƒúËC. Å™«Íí §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-úËC.

-v°æ-¨¡o: -ØË-†’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™

O’öÀç-í˚èπ◊ Öçô’-Ø√oú≈? (Öçô’-Ø√oú≈ = Stay on) Damodar: FûÓ àç îÁ§ƒpúø’? í∫çô™ meeting begin Å´¤-ûª’çC. é¬Ææh Ç chairs †’ Ñ stage O’ü¿ °-úø-û√¢√? (°ôdúøç= put/ place/ keep) Brahmam: ؈’ ¢√úøo-úÕ-í¬†’ é¬E ¢√úËç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Damodar: Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúË ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ Öçö«-†E. Ñ table é¬Ææh stage O’ü¿ °ôd-ú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh¢√? Brahmam: ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬. Å®·ûË ¨Ïê®˝ N≠æߪ’ç é¬Ææh clear í¬ îÁ°æp¢√? ¢√úÕûÓ Ø√é¬\-Ææh-°æE ÖçC. Damodar: ¢√úøç-ûªí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-úøE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ Fèπ◊? *†o-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË -¢√úø’. áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. á°æ¤púø÷ äçô-Jí¬ èπÿ®Ω’aE àüÓ Ç™-*Ææ÷h ÖçúË-¢√úø’. Éûª®Ω’-©ûÓ Çô™x éπL-ÊÆ-¢√úø’é¬ü¿’. Brahmam: ¢√úÕ îªJvûª îÁ°æpôç Ç°æ¤-û√¢√? §ÚF ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ îÁ§ƒh¢√? Damodar: Sorry, Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. Answers: a) Jayanthi: I am attending a function. Would you lend me your necklace?

Grammatical mistakes -™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈´÷-ö«x-úø-™‰-†’. Spoken English, Grammar -ØËÍ®p Institutes -áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o®·? -•’é˙q -™‰-ü∆ Æ‘-úŒ-©’, é¬uÂÆ-ô’x -Åç-ü¿’-¶«-ô’-™- -Ö-Ø√o-ߪ÷? – -áç.-Å°æ‹®˝y, -îª-©÷x®Ω’ -ï-¢√-•’: Spoken English Institutes î√-™« Öç-ô’Ø√o®· v°æA -°ü¿l-Ü®Óx. -áéπ\-úø áçûª ¶«í¬ îÁ§ƒh-®Ω-ØËC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-L. CD, Casettes - Spoken English èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. CIEFL- Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages ¢√J casettes, CDs °ü¿l Ü∞¡x™  üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. Oô-Eo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ O’®Ω’ TV English news channels regular í¬ watch îËߪ’çúÕ. O’ îÁNéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’éÓçúÕ.

be back only the day after (tomorrow). He wouldn't/ doesn't allow us to keep even a single ornaM. SURESAN ment at home. Suguna: Would you stop it? No more words please. I am giving it to you willingly. Come tomorrow and take it. Jayanthi: Thank you. b) Brahmam: Is Sekhar staying on for the meeting? / Would Sekhar stay on for the meeting? (Is Sekhar staying on...? better, would Sekhar? Damodar: What did he tell you? The meeting will begin in an hour. Would you put those chairs on the stage / dais? Brahmam: I asked him but he wouldn't say anything / didn't say anything. (Wouldn't

éπçõ‰)

Åçõ‰ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’ ÅØË -¶µ«´† ´Ææ’hçC– îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ É≠æd癉éπ îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿E)

Damodar: He told me he would stay on. Would you help me place the table on the stage? Brahmam: With pleasure / that'd be a pleasure. Would you mind telling me more clearly about Sekhar? I have some work with him. Damodar: You know he doesn't talk much. Even as a boy he was like that. He wouldn't talk much. He would always sit alone and think of something. He would not join others at play.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 'Do' -E -N-E-ßÁ÷-TÆæ’h-†o°æ¤p-úø’ 1st person example -í¬

I know English, We watch English movies questions 2nd person (you) 1st person For example: Do I know English? Do we watch English movies Do I go there every sunday?, Do we sing well?

-¢√-ú≈®Ω’. -Åç-õ‰

-Å-E -É-î√a®Ω’. é¬-E -™ -´÷-vûªç ûª-†-†’ -û√-†’ -v°æ-Po-ç-éÓèπÿ-úø-ü∆?

-Å-†èπÿ-úø-ü∆? -O’Í® éÌ-Eo-îÓ-ôx Å--E -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. -à-C éπÈ®éÓd -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.

-ï-¢√-•’: Å™«

– -¢Á÷-£æ«-Ø˛ π◊-´÷®˝, -vQé¬ π◊-∞¡ç ™ äéπ®Ω’ ûª´’†’ -û√-´· v°æPoç--éÓ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË English ™ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷-ØË 'Do I know English?' ÅE Åúø-í∫ôç áçûª Ææ£æ«ïç?Do we watch English movies? ņôç ûª°æ¤pé¬ØËé¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç English movies îª÷≤ƒh´÷? ÅE ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç expect îËÊÆ Answer àN’öÀ? -Å£æ…, îª÷úø®Ω’ ÅE, éπü∆. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´îª’a. Ist person

Brahmam: Would you stop telling me of his history? Would you atleast tell me where he is? Damodar: I don't know. Practise the following: Mounika: Sarika: Mounika:

áØ√o-∞¡Ÿxí¬ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o-N-éπ\úø? âüË-∞¡Ÿxí¬. Åçõ‰ †’´¤y Ñ company v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç †’ç* Ééπ\úË -ÖØ√o¢√? (Do you mean/ Does it mean ¢√úøçúÕ) Sarika: v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç†’ç-* é¬ü¿’. v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å®·† éÌEo ®ÓV©†’ç*. Ç.. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç -†’ç-îË Å†-´îª’a. Å®·ûË É´Fo O’È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -Å-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’? Mounika: Ø√ friend †´u éÌEo®ÓV-L-éπ\úø °æEîË-ÆœçC. FÍé-´’Ø√o ûÁ©’-ÊÆ-¢Á÷-†E. Sarika: †¢√u? Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Mounika: É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úø’çC? ûª††’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ´‚úË-∞¡x-®·çC. Sarika: ûª†èπ◊ °∞¡x-®·ç-ü¿E -O’èπ◊ û-Á-L-ߪ’ü∆? Last September ™. É°æ¤púø’ India ™ ™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x husband ûÓ states èπ◊ ¢Á-R}§Ú-®·çC. Mounika: ؈’ ´îËa ØÁ© ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. O’ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ç¢Á’ address í¬F, phone number í¬F Öçü∆. Öçõ‰ é¬Ææh É≤ƒh®√? Sarika: ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬. Answer: Mounika: How long have you worked/ have you been working here? Sarika: For the past five years/ for the last five years/ for five years now. Mounika: (Do) you mean/ Does it mean that you have been here since the beginning of the company? Sarika: Not right from the beginning. A few days after the beginning. You can say, almost from the beginning. But why do you ask? / Why are you asking all this? (Almost = Mounika: My friend Navya worked here for some time. I was wondering if you knew her. wondering 'I was wondering'

ü∆ü∆°æ¤)

Sarika:

(Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø’-éπ™ Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√ ïJ-Tç-üË¢Á÷ ÅE ÆæçüË£æ«çí¬ Å†’-éÓ-´ôç)

(Do) you mean Navya? I know her very well, of course. Mounika: Where is she now? It is three years since I met her/ I met her last three years ago. Sarika:

(ûª††’ ´‚úË∞¡xvéÀûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o)

Don't you know she has been / is married? She got married last September. She has with her husband for the states. Mounika: I am going to the states too, next month. Do you have / have you her address or phone no.? would you mind giving them to me if you have them? Sarika: With pleasure.

¢- ÷Á ú- ™-ø ¸ éÌy¨- a¡ Ø- q˛ ï- †- ®Ω™- ¸ á- G- L- ö- À ï-¢√-•’-©’ 1.c 2.a 3.c 4.a 11.b 12.d 13.b 19.c 20.a 21.c 27.c 28.c 29.b 35.b 36.a 37.c 43.a 44.a 45.b 51.c 52.b 53.b 59.b 60.c 61.a

5.a 6.b 7.d 8.a 9.b 14.b 15.b 16.a 17.d 22.d 23.c 24.a 25.a 30.b 31.d 32.a 33.b 38.a 39.a 40.b 41.d 46.c 47.a 48.a 49.d 54.d 55.a 56.d 57.c 62.b 63.b 64.c 65.d.

10.c 18.a 26.b 34.c 42.c 50.b 58.d

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Sukumar: Hi Bhaskar, am I late?

-¶µ«-Ææ \®˝, -ØË-ØË-´’-Ø√o Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√aØ√? Bhaskar: You are, of Course. But (that/ it) doesn't matter. The function hasn't yet begun. late function Sukumar: Where is Shekhar? He always claims that he is punctual. punctual

†’´¤y

é¬F °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰, Éçé¬ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´-™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆.

¨Ïê®˝ àúÕ? ûªØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ÅE Åçô’ç-ö«úø’. (punctual = time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ ®√´ôç)

Shekhar: I am here. I was here exactly at 4.30

-Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o-†’. Ææ-Jí¬_ 4.30 éπ-™«x -´-îËa-¨»-†’. Sukumar: I am just a few minutes late. A few minutes' delay makes no difference.

؈’ éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ™‰ Ç©Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u-†’. éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ© Ç©Ææuç àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Bhaskar: It makes little difference whether you are a few minutes late or half an hour late. You are late. That's the point.

†’´¤y éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææu-´÷, Å®Ω-í∫çô Ç©-Ææu-´÷ ÅØËC é¬ü¿’ ´·êuç. †’´¤y Ç©Ææuç ÅØËüË -Åç-¨¡ç. Shekhar: Let's not talk any more of it. What are there for the dinner after the function? Function dinner Sukumar: As for me so long as things are good to eat, it makes no difference to me what I eat.

English Conversation ™ -É´Fo èπÿú≈ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË expressions. °j¢√-ô-Eo-öÀéà ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®Ωnç, ´’†ç ´÷´‚©’ Conversation ™ ¢√úË '°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰/ àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’/ °ü¿l §Ú®·ç-üËç-™‰ü¿’— ÅØË ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç. ´’†ç àü¿Ø√o °ü¿lí¬ -°æ-öÀdç--éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË Doesn't matter = It does'nt matter Åçö«ç. a) Bhavan: Did he come here or did you go to him?

¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aú≈, †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x¢√?

Bhaskar: So long as the things are tasty, I never mind what I eat.

A†-ú≈-EéÀ ®Ω’*í¬ Öçõ‰ Ø√Íé-üÁjØ√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’ Shekhar: I'd have none of the hot stuff.

Ø√èπ◊ 鬮Ωç ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ É≠æd癉ü¿’/ BÆæ’éÓ-†’ Bhaskar: Never mind. You have a variety of things to eat.

Doesn't (Does not matter) Makes no difference Makes little difference Never mind.

Krishna: Never mind how I got it. I have it.

(ᙫ ´*açüÓ Å†-´-Ææ®Ωç. Ø√ ü¿í∫_J°æ¤p-úø’ úø•’sçC. ÅD ´·êuç) c) It makes little difference/ It makes no difference whether you come at 10.30 or 11.00 when you do not come at 10.

a) What does it matter?

b) It matters little/ It matters nothing/ It doesn't matter much c) What difference does it make?/ It doesn't make any difference/ It makes no/ Little difference

ÅØË expressions èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í¬-©÷†’. OöÀE Conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. -î√-™« natural í¬ effective í¬ Öçô’çC.

d) Never mind

-v°æ- ¨¡o:

1) How to express the Telugu word in English. 2) What can I do to get 'American Accent' 3) Why do we use the word 'spoken' in "spoken English"?

''Üûª-°æü¿ç——

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Üûª-°æü¿ç = catch word.

– ®√-ñ‰-¨¸ Ƒ£«-î˝, -Ø√í¬-ߪ’-©çéπ

2) You can get American accent by listening to CNN news channels and also with the help of Webster's dictionary. Other English dictionaries also give American spelling, pronunciation and accent. Watching Hollywood movies will help. 3) 'spoken' is past participle and not past tense. Past participle spoken english English English

Ééπ\úø

èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ '•úø’-ûª’-†o,— '•úÕ†— ÅØË Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·. Åçõ‰ ´÷ö«x-úø-•-úË/ -•-úø’-ûª’†o ÅE Å®Ωnç. Åçö«ç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®·ûË ´÷ö«xúË 'The boy bitten by the snake,' Åçõ‰ – §ƒ´·îËûª éπ®Ω-´-•úøf Ŷ«s®·. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™« ņç éπü∆. §ƒ´· éπJ-*† Ŷ«s®· Åçö«ç.

Rekha: Never mind where I bought it. Is it really good? Shriya: How much is it? Rekha: It doesn't matter how much it is. Is it good or not? Shriya: It is really marvellous. I want to buy it (one like that) too. Where did you buy it? Rekha: At Vasthra Sagar. You can also get a gift worth Rs. 200/3) Jagan: Will you be at home tomorrow at this time? Suman: What's the matter? Jagan: I have some doubts in Physics. I feel you can clear them. Suman: Just what makes you think I can clear them? Jagan: Because you are better at Physics correct) than me (Than I Suman: OK. I'll try. But don't be/ get disappointed if I cannot.

èπÿú≈

It doesn't matter

(†’´¤y °æCç-öÀéÀ ®√†-°æ¤púø’, Ç ûª®√yûª á°æ¤p-úÌ-*aØ√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’/ °æC-†o-®Ω-éÌ-*aØ√ äéπõ‰, °æü¿-éÌç-úø’-éÌ-*aØ√ àç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’-Ø√o®· äéπõ‰.) AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. í∫ ´ ’-Eç-î√®√? -É-´-Fo.. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Ñ expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Shriya:

Eïçí¬ î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. ؈’ èπÿú≈ Sumanth: What does it matter? We met. é̆’-èπ◊\çö«. áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤? That's important. Rekha: ´ÆæY-≤ƒ-í∫-®˝™ . Fèπ◊ gift èπÿú≈ É≤ƒh®Ω’, ®Ω÷. (It doesn't matter/ Doesn't matter 200/– N©’´ îËÊÆC. whether he came here or I went to 3) Jagan: Í®°æ¤ †’Oy time ™ Éçöx -Öçö«¢√? him. we met) Suman: àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? ÅC ´·êu´÷ É°æ¤púø’?/ ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´- Jagan: Ø√èπ◊ Physics ™ éÌEo doubts ÖØ√o®·. ô´÷, ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-ô´÷ ÅØËC é¬ü¿’, ¢√öÀØË´’Ø√o Clear îËߪ’-í∫-©-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E? ´·êuç. ¢Ë’ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÅD Suman: ؈’ Fèπ◊ îÁ°æp-í∫-©-†E †’¢Áyç-ü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¶«s? ´·êuç. Jagan: †’´¤y Physics ™ Ø√éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫-E. b) Santan: Have you the money? Suman: ÆæÍ®, v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ´÷vûªç †’´¤y (F ü¿í∫_®Ω úø-•’sçü∆?) disappoint Å´èπ◊. Krishna: Yes. I have it. (ÖçC) Jagan: Ø√èπ ◊ disappoint Å´-†ØË †´’téπç ÖçC. Santan: How did you get it? (ᙫ ´*açC?) Suman: Å™« Å®·ûË OK. Best of luck. 4) Pramod: Hi Venkat, Éçûªéà College ™ îË®√¢√? Venkat: Éçé¬-™‰ü¿’. ´÷Ø√†o -Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’. Çߪ’† Í®§Ò-≤ƒh®Ω’. à College ™ îË®√™ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 71 Çߪ’†ûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ îË®√h†’.

Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´C-™‰-ߪ’çúÕ. ûª®√yûª èπ◊ -à´·-Ø√o®·?

A†-ú≈-EéÀ ®Ω’*í¬ Öçõ‰ àç ÖØ√o®· A†-ú≈-EéÀ -Å-ØË-C Åçûª- ´·êuçé¬ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊.

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 20 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

Now practise the following aloud in English: 1) Mukund: Shankar: Phone Mukund: Phone

؈’ ®√Ø√ ´ü∆l Station èπ◊? àüÁjØ√ °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. †´¤y ´îËa-ôd-®·ûË îË®·. îËߪ’ôç Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’é¬F ´’Ja-§Ú-û√-†E. Shankar: §ÚF™‰. ØË-†’ ¢ÁR} džç-ü¿’†’ receive îËÆæ’èπ◊çö«. †’´¤y ¢√úÕE ûª®√yûª éπ©’-Ææ’-éӴa. Mukund: -DEéÀ ††’o ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ü¿-lE -¢√-úÕéÀ îÁ°æ¤p. ¢√úÕ-E -ØË-†’ ûª®√yûª ûª°æpéπ éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çö«. Shankar: àç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ؈’ ¢√úÕéÀ îÁ§ƒh †’¢Áyçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰-ü¿-E. 2) Shriya: Hi Rekha, áéπ\-úø -éÌ-Ø√o´¤ F dress? áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ? Rekha: áéπ\úø éÌØ√o-†ØË N≠æߪ’ç Åô’ç. Eïçí¬ ¶«í∫’çü∆? Shriya: áçûª-®·uçüË? Rekha: üµ¿®Ω N≠æߪ’ç ´·êuç é¬ü¿’. îÁ°æ¤p. ¶«í∫’çü∆, ™‰ü∆?

Pramod: Venkat:

à group BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ØËØË¢Á÷ MPC îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ´÷vûªç ؈’ BiPC îËߪ÷-©E ÖçC. ´÷ family ™ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ doctors ™‰®Ω’. ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ؈’ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ doctor Å¢√-©E ÖçC. Pramod: Ç °æØË îÁ®·u-´’J. Venkat: é¬F Ø√èπ◊ Åçûª interest ™‰ü¿’.Biology ™ î√™« Ê°®Ω’x ñ«c°æéπç Öç-éÓ-¢√L. •öÀd-°æ-ôdôç Ø√èπ◊ îËûª-é¬ü¿’. Pramod: ÅC éπÈ®é˙d. Biology éÀ ´’ç* ñ«c°æ-éπ-¨¡éÀh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Å®·ûË O’ Ø√†oèπ◊ -á-™« †îªa îÁ°æp-í∫-©´¤? Venkat: ᙫ †îªaîÁ°æp-í∫-©†’? ÅüË Ç™-*-Ææ’hØ√o. 5) Mohan: Ø√éÓ È®çvúÓ-V™« °æ¤Ææhéπç É´y-í∫-©¢√? John: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, BÆæ’éÓ. ¨¡E-¢√-®√-EéÀ AJT´yôç ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊. Mohan: Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ÉîËa-≤ƒhØËx. Å®·ûË äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Åúø-í∫Ø√ E†’o? †’¢Ëy-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË. John: àçôC? Mohan: †’´¤y v°æA °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌçö«´¤. ¢√öÀ™ x áEo §ÒíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤? John: Åü¿-´-Ææ-®Ω´÷ É°æ¤púø’? °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√™« ´ü∆l Fèπ◊? Answers: 1) Mukund: Shall I go to the station with you or not? Shankar: It makes no difference/ Little difference (Whether you go with me or not). If you are coming just call me. Mukund: I don't mind giving a call. But I'm afraid I will forget. Shankar: Doesn't matter. I will receive Anand at the station. You can meet him later. Mukund: Tell him not to misunderstand me. I will meet him later, certainly. Shankar: Never mind. I will tell him why you aren't able to come. 2) Shriya: Hi Rekha, where did you buy your (the/ this) dress. It's really fine/ fantastic/ gorgeous.

Jagan: I am sure I shan't (shall not) be disappointed. Suman: Then it's OK. Best of luck. 4) Pramod: Hi Venkat, M. SURESAN have you joined any college? Venkat: Not yet. Dad is not in town. He will come back tomorrow. I will talk to dad what college I am going to join. Pramod: What group are you going to take? Venkat: I want to do MPC. But dad wants me to do BiPC. There hasn't been a doctor in our family so far (No doctor so far in my family). Dad wants me to be the first doctor in the family. Pramod: Go ahead then. Venkat: But I am not so interested. A lot of names to remember in biology. I am poor at mugging. (mugging =

•öÃd °æôdôç)

Pramod: That's right. Biology needs good memory. Then how can you convince your dad? (convince =

†îªaîÁ°æpôç)

Venkat: Yes, how can I? That's what I think of. 5) Mohan: Can you/ would you lend me the book for two days? John:

Certainly. Take it. Don't forget to return it by saturday.

Mohan: I will return it even before that. Shall I ask you one thing if you don't mind? (don't mind = John:

-à-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË)

What is it?

Mohan: You buy every book. How many of them do you lose? John:

Is that important now? Do you want the book or not?

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Sandhya: Where are you going so early,

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

I hope I'll (I will) get a class. I hope that I will get a class.

Shyam?

´’†ç ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç– English ™ Question structure èπÿ, statement structure èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈: would go to Ram's today. I have Statement ™ á°æ¤púø÷ subject ¢Á·ü¿ô, ü∆E some difficulty with Physics, and he ûª®√yûª verb -´Ææ’hç-C. said (that) he would help me. E†o îÁ§ƒp-éπ-ü¿´÷t, ®√ç ¢√-R}ç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«h- -¢√-úø’ -´-î√aúø’ = He has come (sub + verb) †E. Ø√èπ◊ Physics éÌçûª éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC. ÅüË question Å®·ûË: 1) verb + subject ¢√úø’ ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. Is he here? Sandhya: But Dad said (that) he would take 2) Å®·ûË verb ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’çõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’ you to the eye specialist today. You áéπ\úÕéÀçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤ -¨»uç?

Shyam:

Mom, I told you yesterday (that) I

were

complaining

of

frequent

headaches.

Ø√†o E†’o doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’Èé∞«h†Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. †’´¤y ´÷öÀ, ´÷öÀéÀ ûª©-ØÌ-°æpç-ô’ç-ö«´¤. Shyam:

Not today. I have the Physics exam tomorrow. I told dad (that) I would not be able to go to the doctor today.

question structure: 1st word of the verb + subject + other word(s) of the verb Is he coming? verb, Is coming-

(Ééπ\úÕ éπü∆?)

Éçü¿’™ È®çúø’ ´÷ô©’

3) 'wh' words begin questions 'wh' word + verb + sub. where is he? 4) 'wh' question verb

ûÓ

ÅßË’u

™

i)

¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úø’? = Where does he live? ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Do you know where he lives?

(Ééπ\úø ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Do you know ´÷vûª¢Ë’ question - È®çúÓ ¶µ«í∫ç, ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úÓ question é¬ü¿’ statement) Now practise the following aloud in English:

Ñ ´÷ô©’ îª÷úøçúÕ: O’ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ áéπ\úø? 1) amuse = (Å´‚uñ¸ – ´‚u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, ñ¸ Å®·, ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ajitha: Çߪ’† •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«}®Ω’. size ™ z ™«í¬) †´¤y °æ¤öÀdç-îªôç, NØÓü¿ç é-π-LNaresh: áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«}®Ω’? ´÷ô-©’çõ‰: Tç-îªôç. 'wh' word + 1st word of the verb + subject + Ajitha: Çߪ’-ØÁ-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞Ï-}-C Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æp®Ω’. á°æ¤púø’ He amuses us with his jokes. other words of the verb. AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. (Jokes ûÓ †Ny-≤ƒhúø’) where is he going? The boy in the girl's dress amused us. Naresh: ØË-†’ -E-†o Çߪ’† éÓÆæç ´î√a-†E îÁ§ƒp¢√? Å´÷t®· dress ™ Ŷ«s®· ´÷èπ◊ †´¤y -ûÁ°œpç-î√-úø’. An amusing movie/ situation - NØÓü¿ç éπ-LTç-îË/- £æ…-Ææu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ÆœE-´÷/- °æ-J-ÆœnA. 2) annoy = (ÅØÌß˝’ – 'ØÌ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-éπçúÕ) NÆœ-Tç-îªôç; éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªôç. Å®·ûË

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 72

1) Naresh: Hi Ajitha,

He said that.. Ñ¢√∞¡ é¬ü¿’™‰. Í®°æ¤ Ø√èπ◊ physics exam ÖçC éπü∆. Ø√†oûÓ îÁ§ƒp™‰ Ñ®Ó-V ú≈éπd®Ω’ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†E.

Ñ°j N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o-®·-éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ sentence îª÷úøçúÕ:

a) The way he talks annoys me

¢√úø’ ´÷ö«xúË B®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.

Ajitha:

Ç. îÁ§ƒp†’. O’È®ç-ü¿’-éÌ-î√a®Ó -ÅúÕT ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. I know where he is Naresh: FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰-†’™‰, Í®§Ò-≤ƒh†’. ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Sandhya: That's OK. Would you promise me 2) Omkar: Hi Srikar, †’-´¤y -á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’- ü訽Մ sentence statement. Question é¬ü¿’. (that) you would go tomorrow? No ûª’-Ø√o-´¤? 'where' ÅØË 'wh' ´÷ô more postponement, understand? I Srikar: ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-û√ØÓ -Ø√Íé -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. Öçúø-ôç-´©x Ñ senwarn you (that) it will worsen if you Åçû√ Venkat ´îËa-ü∆-E-O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úÕtence question à¢Á÷ neglect. ÖçC. ÅE ÅE°œç-îª-´îª’a. é¬F ÆæÍ®. Í®°æ¤ ¢Á∞«h-†E ´÷öÀ-≤ƒh¢√? Éçéπ Omkar: ¢√úÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ-îËaC Fèπ◊ phone îËߪ’-™‰ü∆? é¬ü¿’. ÉC ¢Á·ûªhç state¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’èπ◊. †’´¤y ü∆Eo ÖÊ°-éÀ~çSrikar: àç ïJ-TçüÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ¢√úÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ phone ment. Åçü¿’-éπE state*†éÌDl áèπ◊\´´¤ûª’çC. îËߪ’-™‰üÓ èπÿú≈ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ôç ™‰ü¿’. ment structure (sub(worsen- éÃ~ùÀç-îªôç) Omkar: ¢√úÕéÀ O’ train time ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü∆? ject ´·çü¿÷, verb °jÆæç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ that ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Srikar: ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒp†’. ûª®√yûª ´≤ƒh®·) 1) I told you yesterday that I would go... Omkar: ÅCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Worry Å´èπ◊. ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçô’çC. M. SURESAN 2) he said that he would... Srikar: à´’-®·çC ¢Áçéπö¸? Éçûª late àçöÀ? É™«çöÀ sentences ™. 3) I told Dad that I wouldn't be... Venkat: Traffic î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC. Ø√ auto E†o áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰-ü¿E ¢√-úÕ-E ÅúÕ-í¬†’ 4) Would you promise me that you would... ´’üµ¿u™ ÇT-§Ú-®·çC. I asked him why he was absent yesterday. 5) I warn you that it will worsen. Srikar: Åéπ\úø ü¿í∫_-È®-éπ\ú≈ phone ™‰ü∆? (why was he absent é¬ü¿’éπü∆?) Ñ sentences ™ that èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 'ÅE— ÅE. ã a) Where can I get some good tea? Venkat: Ø√Íéç éπ-E°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Ç auto ¢√úÕéÀ èπÿú≈ N≠æߪ’ç á´-®ΩØ√o îÁÊ°h, Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´·çü¿’ 'that' phone áéπ\-úø’çüÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-™‰-ü¿’. (´’ç* tea áéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC?) ´Ææ’hçC.

≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√oúø’.

b) Tell me where I can get some good tea. tea sentence (a) question, can I get sentence (b) statement; question where I can get c) where does he go every evening?

؈’ ¢Á∞¡}™‰-†E Ø√†oûÓ îÁ§ƒp.

d) Ask him where he goes every evening.

He told me that he would go.

¢√úø’ ¢Á∞«h-†E Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒp-úø’/- Å-Ø√oúø’.

a) I told you yesterday that I would go

Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«h-†E E†o FûÓ ÅØ√o.

b) He said that he would help me c) I told dad that I wouldn't be... (would not be) d) Would you promise me that you would go tomorrow? e) I warn you that it would worsen

(´’ç*

I told you I would go. I told you that I would go. He said he would help me. He said (that) he would help me. She says she can't sing any more. she says that she can't sing any more.

Éé𠧃úø-™‰-†E ÅçöçC.

áéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çüÓ îÁ°æ¤p) Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆ØÓx

Åçö«ç.

é¬ü¿’–

Åçü¿’-éπE

Åçö«ç.

(v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áéπ\úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«húø’?)

(v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«húÓ ¢√-úÕ-†-úø’í∫’) 鬕öÀd where does

sentence (c) question he go? sentence (d) statement goes. English

Í®°æ¤ ¢Á∞«h-†E ´÷öÀ-≤ƒh¢√?

£«îªa-J-Ææ’hØ√o– ÅC áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E. 鬕öÀd °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ that Åçõ‰ 'ÅE—. Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ conversations ™, writing ™ èπÿú≈ 'that' ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. ¢√úø’éπ. ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. °j sentenses that ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ņçúÕ– Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ àç Öçúøü¿’.

Srikar: What happened / What has happened Venkat? Why are you so late? Venkat: The traffic was very heavy and the auto broke down on the way. Srikar: Didn't you find a phone any where there? Venkat: I didn't. Even the auto driver did not know where a phone was.

鬕öÀd where he ÉC ™ î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ûËú≈. e) ¢√úÁ-éπ\úø éÌØ√oúø’ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç?

Where did he buy the book? f) He did not tell me where he had bought the book

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éÌØ√oúÓ Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. (°æ¤Ææhéπç é̆ôç ´·çü¿’, îÁ°æpôç ûª®√yûª – 鬕öÀd had bought)

g)

= Where has he gone? (Question - So, has he gone?) h) No one knows where he has gone

¢√úÁ-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«}úø’?

¢√úÁ-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«}úÓ á´-Jéà ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.

(Statement; so - he has gone.

b) His silly jokes annoys us silly jokes c) Don't be annoyed =

¢√úÕ

´’´’tLo NÆœ-T-≤ƒh®·. éÓ°æp-úø-èπ◊/ -éÓ-°æp-úø-éπçúÕ. 3) bitter= (Gô – 'G— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) îËü¿’

Coffee/ Tea without milk and sugar is bitter.

§ƒ©’, °æçîª-ü∆®Ω éπ©-°æE 鬰∂‘/ öà îËü¿’. éÓ°æç: He is bitter that he did not get the promotion. Promotion bitter pill =

®√™‰-ü¿ØË ¶«üµ¿ûÓ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. îËü¿’-´÷vûª. 4) Chair (îµËÅ) – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç èπ◊Ka. é¬F I want him to chair the meeting ÅØË sentence ™ chair Åçõ‰ Åüµ¿u-éπ~ûª ´£œ«ç-îªôç (Çߪ’† Æ涵ºèπ◊ Åüµ¿u-éπ~ûª ´£œ«ç-î√-©E Ø√ éÓJ-éπ/ -Å-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) 5) Chase = îµÁß˝’b – ¢Áçô-•úÕ ûª®Ω-´’ôç. The tiger chased the deer - °æ¤L >çéπ ¢Áçô•-úÕçC. – ¢Ëô, ¢Ëö«-úøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

Answers:

1) Naresh: Hi Ajitha, where is your father? Ajitha: He has gone out. Naresh: Where has he gone? Ajitha: He doesn't tell me / He never tells me where he goes. I do not know when he will return / he will be back. Naresh: Did you tell him / Have you told him that I came for him yesterday? Ajitha: I did / I have. He told me / wanted me to find out why you had come. Naresh: I can't tell you (of it). I'll (will) come tomorrow. 2) Omkar: Hi Srikar, when are you starting? do not know when I am Srikar: I myself going to start. (It) depends on when Venkat comes here. / On venkat's coming here. Omkar: Has'nt he phoned you when he is coming. Srikar: I don't know what has happened. I don't know either (not either) why he has'nt phoned. Omkar: Doesn't he know the time of your train. Srikar: He does / He knows. I told him too. Omkar: There he is. Don't worry.

(Ø√Íé)

ûÓ èπÿú≈ =

-v°æ-¨¡o: I

am poor at spellings. Please, give information about pronunciation casettes and CDs.

-ï-¢√-•’: A Number of Pronunciation casettes – -öÀ-.-ñÂÆ°∂ˇÈ®-úÕf, -´®Ωçí∫-™¸

and CDs are available in leading Book Shops. Pronunciation and spelling casettes and CDs prepared by Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages are also available in Hyderabad. A number of foreign books on Conversation, pronunciation and spelling carry casettes and CDs with them. Enquire for them in the market.

-v°æ-¨¡o: -ØË-†’ -Å-¨é¬ -ô÷u-≠æ-Ø˛ ÂÆç-ô-®˝ °--ö«d-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’Tutorials, tution centre, tuition centre Asoka's tutorials, Asoka tutorial's

Ø√o-†’. -î√-™«-´’ç-C

-Å-E ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. -à-C éπÈ®èπ◊d? -ØË-†’ – -à-C ®√-ߪ÷-L? – -áç.-N.-ï-ߪ’ π◊-´÷®˝, -†-Kq°æ-ôoç -ï-¢√-•’: Tuition ÅØËC Correct spelling. Asoka Tutorials correct. Ñ È®çúø’ -°æü∆™x üË-Eéà Apostrope (') s ('s) ®√ü¿’.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

spoken english

-í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 24 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm Raghav: Good morning Doctor Doctor: Good morning. Come in. Name and other things please. Raghav: I am Raghav, aged 19, doing my 3rd year degree. rd year degree Doctor: Your complaint? Raghav: I have had a fever since yesterday and a headache since last night. I feel rather weak too.

Doctor:

4) Doctor (patient ): examination. A doctor examines a patient. 5) Tests: Blood test, urine test, motion test, sputum test, etc. 6) Diagnosis

E®Ωy-£œ«çîË °æKéπ~

èπ◊

®Óí∫¢Ë’çö ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ îËÊÆ °æK-éπ~©’. (´‚vûª) (´’©) (éπ ∞ Î x ) Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ ®√°∂æ’¢˛, 19 à∞¡Ÿx, 3 (úøߪ’-íÓo-ÆœÆˇ) – 'íÓo— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊ü∆ç = îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ®Óí∫ E®Ω g ß ª ’ ç = ¢√uCµ °∂晫Ø√C ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-îªúøç. (-F -¶«-üµË-N’-öÀ?) 7) °j† îÁ°œp† tests ÅFo èπÿú≈ diagnostic tests. (Åçõ‰ ¢√uCµ -à-N’-ö E®Ωg-®·ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊îËÊÆ °æK-éπ~©’) 8) Prescription - Doctor ´’çü¿’©’ ®√ÆœîËa é¬Tûªç. - v°œvÆœ\-°æ{Ø˛ 'vÆœ\— ØÌé¬\L) E†oöÀ †’ç* ïy®Ωç, ®√vA †’ç* ûª©-ØÌ-°œpí¬ 9) (pronunciation Prescribe: Doctor Ñ ´’çü¿’©’, Ñ ¢Ájü¿uç ÖçC. éÌçûª F®ΩÆæçí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC. BÆæ’éÓç-úøE îÁ°æpôç. Doctor ´’çü¿’©’ ®√Æœ-´yôç. (rather - é¬Ææh áèπ◊\-´í¬) (Prescribe - v°œwÂÆj \¶¸ – 'wÂÆj \— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) You have a temperature of above 100. 10) treat - ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’ôç/ *éÀûªq îËߪ’ôç Well, take these tablets and have 11) treatment - ¢Ájü¿uç/- *-éÀûªq complete rest. Avoid solids today. 12) A course of tablets/ injections - ´÷vûª©, Only liquids. That's my prescription. Ææçêu – Doctor EÍ®l-¨»-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç. 100 úÕvU©Â°jí¬ temperature ÖçC. 13) injections ¢Á j ü ¿ u ç §Òçü¿ ’ûª’çúøôç = to be under treat-Ñ®Ó-V solids - °∂æ’†-°æ-ü∆-®√n©’ – ņoç ment, to undergo treatment, to take treat™«çöÀN ´ü¿’l. vü¿´ °æü∆®√n™‰ BÆæ’éÓ. ment. ( temperature - pronunciation - õ„çv°æµ 'õ„ç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Prescription - Doctor ®√ÆœîËa ´’çü¿’©’)

Raghav: What's the dosage doctor?

é¬ü¿’ éπü∆,

?

ØË-††’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Å´-éπçúÕ. ´÷´‚©’ ïy®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Í®°æ-öÀéÀ ûªí∫_-éπ-§ÚûË éÌEo °æK-éπ~©’ îË®·ü∆lç. àç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’. (ïy®Ωç, temperature ™«çöÀN ûªí∫_ôç = come down)

°j Ææ綵«-≠æù™– ï•’s-©èπ◊, patients èπ◊, doctors èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*† expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) Complaint = Patient (®ÓT) ¶«üµ¿, Ææ´’Ææu. 2) English™ fever, headache, temperature ÅFo countables. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀéÀ singular, plural numbers Öçö«®·. Singular ´·çü¿’ a/ an ´≤ƒh®·. Åçü¿’Íé a fever, a temperature, a headache. 3) Weak = (Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’) F®ΩÆæçí¬ Öçúøôç. F®ΩÆæç é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’çúÕ •©-£‘«-†-ûªí¬ Öçõ‰ = debility (EÆæq-ûª’h´)

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Cheer (n&v), cheerful (adj) and yacht (n) pronunciation 2) 2X5 = 10. two, five

-™

-ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. -D-Eo '-ñ«u— ten -Å-E -îª-ü¿-¢√-©ç-ö«®Ω’. -E-ï-¢Ë’-Ø√? 3) Retired èπ◊ Retd. -™‰-ü∆ Rtd.-©-™ ÆæÈ®j-† abbreviation -à-C? – -öÀ.-P-´, -†ç-CéÌ-ô÷\®Ω’ -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Cheer- *µßª’ (Jߪ’-™ ¸™ Jߪ’-™«í∫). cheerful: *µßª’-°∂ˇ™ ¸; yacht=ߪ’ö¸/-ߪ÷ö¸. (ߪ’ö¸ ņo°æ¤púø®·ûË, °ü¿-´¤-©†’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp Ø√©’éπ éÌçîÁç ™°æ-LéÀ §ÚE-´yçúÕ; ߪ÷ö¸ ņo-°æ¤úø’ Ø√©’éπ flat í¬ Â°ôdçúÕ) 2) 2$5=10†’ two five 'ñ«u— ten ņôç ûª°æ¤p. DEo îªü¿-¢√-LqçC, Two fives are ten ÅE. Pronunciation: ô’ °∂j¢√b-õ„Ø˛ ÅE; Ééπ\-úø '-ï— -´ûª’h size ™ z ™«í∫ °æ©-éπçúÕ. Are E 'Ç— í¬ °æ©-éπçúÕ; *´J 'r' silent. (Tu faivza : ten) - ÉC English pronunciation. 3) Retd correct.

ÅØËC

Doctor: Ramesh: Doctor: O.K.

ï©’-•’çü∆? Ç. îªLí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC. b) ؈’ E†o-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æü∑¿u°æ¤ Ç£æ…-®Ωç BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o†’ Ñ ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’éÓçúÕ. ÅN †ßª’ç îË≤ƒh®·. I was on diet till yesterday. c) Öûªh-§ƒ©’, bread ´÷vûª¢Ë’ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ Ramesh: °æü∑¿uç à´’Ø√o -§ƒ-öÀç-î √-™« doctor? He has been on diet of milk and bread for Doctor: §ƒ©’, bread ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Barley the past four days/ BÆæ’éÓçúÕ. He has been taking only bread and milk for 2) Ramana: Hi Ravi, àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? Ravi: éÌçîÁçbad news. ©éπ~ t-ù˝Íéç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. the past four days. ÉO doctors èπÿ, medicines èπÿ, patients èπÿ Ramana: ÅÈ®. Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. áEo Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† conversational expressions. ÉC ®ÓV-©’í¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’? èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Ravi: Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ temperature 4) He is suffering from a feverÖçúÕçC. Ñ®Ó-V Doctor îÁ§ƒpúø’ ÉC common í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. ÉC éÌç-îÁç typhoid ©éπ~-ù«-©E. 3 ¢√®√©’ ¢Ájü¿uç, §ƒçúÕûªuç. conversational í¬ (spoken form) rest BÆæ’éÓ-´’-Ø√oúø’. Å®·ûË– Ramana: ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊çü∆ç. (éÓ©’-éÓ-´ôç = recover) a) He has a fever/ He is down with a fever. b) She has been down with 'flu for the past 2 days. 'flu

È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ Ç¢Á’èπ◊

í¬ ÖçC.

Answers: 1) Doctor: How long have you had this fever? Ramesh: For the past/ last two days.

He has a fever

¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-N ®ÓVèπ◊ ´‚úø’ – àüÁjØ√ ǣ慮Ωç BÆæ’-èπ◊†o ûª®√y-ûË. È®çúÓC ®√vA °æúø’-éÓ¶-ßË’-´·çü¿’ äéπöÀ. Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´’S} ®ΩçúÕ. àç

v°æé¬≠ˇ °æü∑¿uç BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’

Prakash is on diet.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 73

à ´÷vûª©’ áØÁoEo á°æ¤púø’ -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L?

Doctor: The first one, three times a day, after taking in something. The second one at bed time. See me again tomorrow evening.

Raghav: Hope it isn't any thing serious, doctor? serious Doctor Doctor: I don't think so. Don't Worry. It's just an ordinary fever. If it doesn't come down by tomorrow, let's have some tests done. Nothing to worry about. Take complete rest. Worry

3 a)

14) diet: 15) symptoms =

5) Doctor The doctor's (the doctor has) advised her complete rest (for a week/ ten days, etc.) 6) illness/ ailment/ disease. countables. plurals – illnesses, ailments, diseases singular a/ an a) He is very weak because of an illness/ an ailment/ a disease.

°æ‹Jh Nv¨»çA BÆæ’éÓ-´’çõ‰–

ǣ慮Ωç/ °æü∑¿uç ¢√uCµ ©éπ~-ù«©’

Look at the following : (Read it aloud two or three times) a) He had had a fever and (a) headache since yesterday. The doctor examined him this morning and prescribed some tablets. He took the prescription to the medical shop and bought the medicines. The doctor advised him complete rest. The doctor put him on a liquid diet. (Put this passage in Telugu)

ï•’s = èπÿú≈

Çߪ’† àüÓ ï•’s-´©x F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.

b) The doctor is unable to diagnose their diseases

Practise the following:

¢√∞¡x ¢√uüµ¿’-™‰-N’ö Çߪ’† E®√l¥-Jç-îª-™‰-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

1 a) This doctor is treating my friend/ the patient doctor friend/ b) My friend/ the patient is taking treatment from this doctor friend/ doctor

Ñ

Ø√

®ÓTéÀ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.

´÷ ®ÓT Ñ ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

c) He has serious ailments 7)

Oô-Eo-öÀéà äÍé Å®Ωnç. •ü¿’©’

†’ ¢√úÕ Â°j ™ (í∫ûªç™, îËߪ’çúÕ (Åçõ‰

É™« °j†

†’

îÁ°œp† ÅEo-®Ω-鬩 îËߪ’çúÕ.

2) We take treatment from a doctor for a disease. a) He is taking treatment from Dr. Sankar for Jaundice (Jaundice= b) She is undergoing treatment for typhoid (Typhoid c) He has been under treatment for a week now.

鬢Á’®Ω’x)

èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îË®·ç--éÌç-öçC)

(¢√®Ωçí¬ Çߪ’† *éÀ-ûªq -§Òç-ü¿’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’)

Çߪ’-†èπ◊ Bv´-¢Á’i† ï•’s©’ ÖØ√o®·. ¢√uCµ E¢√-®Ωù = cure = †ßª’ç îËߪ’ôç a) Doctor ÅûªE ï•’s†’ †ßª’ç î˨»úø’

The doctor has cured his disease/ cured him. b) The medicine is a good cure

ü¿í∫_®Ω *éÀûªq §Òçü¿’-

c) My friend/ the patient is under this doctor's treatment My friend/ the patient is undergoing treatment. My friend, patient I, we, you, he, she, they, any name, any relationship (brother, cousin, uncle, etc) sentences times of action future practice different tenses Just one example: Ramesh took/ has taken/ has been taking/ will take treatment from this doctorsentences practice

†’ N’í∫û√ ™) Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, ™).

Ñ ´‚úø÷ OöÀéÀ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖØ√o®·. OöÀE í¬ ¢√úÕûË ûª°æpéπ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç.

Doctor: Why didn't you come earlier? (early = earlier =

´·çü¿’,

Åçûª-

éπçõ‰/ Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’)

Ramesh: I took some medicine to bring down the temperature. Doctor: Did it cure you? Ramesh: No. That's why I am here/ I came to you. Doctor: O.K. What are your complaints? Ramesh: Temperature, headache and body ache/ pains all over the body. Doctor:

(Cold =

c) The medicine has cured him of his illness

ÅûªE ï•’s†’ Ç ´’çü¿’ †ßª’ç îËÆœçC. ï•’sí¬ Öçúøôç = ill. Åûª-EéÀ ï•’sí¬ ÖçC/- Å-ûª†’ ï•’s-°æ-ú≈fúø’ He is ill. ÉC î√-™« simple expression. He has been ill for a week

-Å-ûª-úø’ -¢√®Ωçí¬ ï•’sûÓ ÖØ√oúø’

He has been ailing for a week. These are symptoms of Malaria

´’™‰-Jߪ÷ ©éπ~-ù«©’. Now Practise the following in English. 1) Doctor: Ramesh: Doctor: Ramesh:

Ñ ïy®Ωç FÈéçûª 鬩çí¬ ÖçC? í∫ûª È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ ´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’? ØËØË àüÓ ´’çü¿’-¢√-ú≈†’, temperature ûªÍí_ç-ü¿’èπ◊. Doctor: Fèπ◊ ü∆E-´©x †ßª’-´’-®·çü∆? Ramesh: ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé O’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌ-î √a†’. Doctor: ÆæÍ®, O’¶«üµ¿-™‰çö îÁ°æpçúÕ.(complaint) Ramesh: Temperature, headache, -ä∞¡Ÿx ØÌ°æ¤p©’.

Have you/ Do you have a cold too?

Ñ ´’çü¿’ ´’ç*C.

8)

M. SURESAN

ï©’•’ –

countable)

Ramesh: Yes. And I fell very cold. (feel cold Doctor:

îªLí¬ Öçúøôç)

O.K. Take these medicines. They will cure you.

Ramesh: What about the diet? Doctor:

Just bread and milk. You can take barley.

2) Ramana: Hi Ravi, what news? Ravi:

A bit of bad news. Lakshman isn't well/ Lakshman is ailing.

Ramana: I'm (I am) really sorry. How long has he been suffering?/ How long has he been down? Ravi:

He has had a temperature for the past four days. The doctor told him that it is typhoid. He advised him rest and treatment for three weeks.

Ramana: Let's wish him a speedy recovery.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Bhaskar: Hi Krishna, When are you leaving for Delhi? Delhi Charan: On Sunday, by the AP Express. AP Express Next Sunday 'The' Sunday next sunday The Trains 'The

éπ%-≥ƒg,

á°æ¤p-úÁ-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?

´îËa ÇC-¢√®Ωç, í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ¢√úøç; Å®·ûË ´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. ´Ææ’hçC.

™. ´·çü¿’ ņo-°æ¤púø’ Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’

Bhaskar: Have you booked the ticket? / reserve your ticket? ticket reserve (Ticket = Charan: yes, yesterday. I am travelling II sleeper class. There was no accommodation in the AC classes. II sleeper AC Classes Accommodation =

-F -îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o-¢√? öÀéÀö¸ – 'öÀ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)

Charan: It arrives at 10 and departs at 10.10. It reaches the destination next morning at 9. 10 Destination (= Delhi)

éÀ ´Ææ’hçC, 10–10éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’hçC. í∫´’uç/ îË®Ω-´-©-Æœ† îÓô’, Ééπ\úø ûª®√yA §Òü¿’l†o 9 í∫çô-©èπ◊ îË®Ω’hçC.

Bhaskar: Have you booked your return journey? Reserve Charan: I am not sure when I return. Depends on what my uncle says.

A®Ω’í∫’ v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ

îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o¢√?

á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhØÓ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. ´÷ uncle îÁÊ°p ü∆Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC.

Bhaskar: OK then, see you tomorrow at station. Station Charan: Bye!

™ Ø√ v°æߪ÷ùç. Í®°æ¤ ™ éπ©’ü∆lç. ™ îÓô’-™‰ü¿’. Å鬴’úÁ-ß˝’-≠æØ˛ – 'úÁß˝’— Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´*a† v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ( ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. ´·çü¿’-†o '-Å— ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æ©éπç. ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç. Å®Ωnç = îÓô’, ´ÆæA) 1) Leaving - leave = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç. ¢Á∞¡xôç.

Bhaskar: Why didn't you go earlier?

(´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á-∞¡}™‰ü¿’?)

I leave for college at 9 every day. (leave - left - left) leave for a place. a) Delhi He left Chennai for Delhi yesterday. b)

äéπ îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç/ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç

Çߪ’† îÁØÁj o †’ç*

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 74

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 27 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

éÀ E†o -¢Á-∞«xúø’

Ç¢Á’ E†o Ééπ\úø †’ç* ¢ÁRxçC. áéπ\-úÕéÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.

High on the waitlist (wait list low on the wait list (wait list 8) Make do with = a)

™ ´·çü¿’ç-úøôç) ™ éÀçü¿ Öçúøôç) ÆæJ-°æ¤-a-éÓ-´ôç/ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç. Fèπ◊ ؈’ ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ É´y-í∫-©†’. ü∆çûÓ Ææ®Ω’léÓ. I can give you only Rs 100/-. Make do with it.

b)

†’NyîËaü∆çûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.

I'll make do with whatever you give. 9) Catering service

(Èéß˝’-ô-Jçí˚ ÆæNÆˇ) = ´çô,

´úøf†.

Cater =

´çúÕ ´úÕfç-îªôç, ´·êuçí¬ parties èπÿ, °Rx∞¡⁄x ´Èíj-®√-©èπ◊ (cater = Èéß˝’-ô®˝) catering = Èéß˝’-ô-Jçí˚ – -Ñ -Å-Eo °æ-ü∆-©-™  'Èé— ØÌéÀ\ °æ-©é¬-L. caterers = Èéß˝’-ô®Ω-ñ ¸ = ´çúÕ, ´úÕfçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx (company/ restaurant, etc)

ÅüË癉ü¿’. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Íé ÅFo EçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷-ߪ’E îÁ§ƒpúø’. 鬢√-©çõ‰ ™ 34 üÌ®Ω’èπ◊-ûª’ç-ü¿-Ø√o-úø’.

Bhaskar: That's risky. You can't be sure of accommodation when you are so low on the wait(ing) list. Waiting list Charan: That's why I preferred II sleeper. And I got the berth of my choice. II Sleeper berth berth pronunciation 'ber', 'bird' 'bir' 'r' silent. (of my choice = of your choice = Bhaskar: What about your food on the journey? I suggest you take it from home. The food on the train is expensive and not so good.

™ 34 Å®·ûË Æ‘ô’ üÌ®Ω-éπôç éπ-≠d-¢æ Ë’.

Åçü¿’Íé ©-Æœ†

(

áç-èπ◊Ø√o. Ø√é¬\-´üÌJ-éÀçC. ™ ™«í¬

Ø√é¬\-´-©-Æœ†.

Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ†)

Charan:

She left here yesterday. No idea where for. practice (No Idea 2) Train /bus /plane by train, by bus, by plane. AP express By the AP express 3) Tickets reserve book tickets. (book journey. buy tickets Reservation buy tickets in advance) Advance booking current booking [current = ] 4) class travel a class. II sleeper a) He always travels II class sleeper b) I class She is travelling I class (by/ on/ in first class 5) Accommodation = Train (seat/ berth) 6) Wait (ing) list = Berths/ seats wait

™

É™«-¢√-úøôç îËߪ’çúÕ) ™ ™ = ™ =

îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ôç/ -éÌ-†’-éÓ\-´ôç =

ņ-´îª’a.

Å®·ûË

(´·çü¿’í¬ éÌE Öç-éÓ-´ôç) (á°æpöÀéπ°æ¤púø’ é̆’-éÓ\-´ôç) ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o/ v°æÆæ’h-ûª ã ™ v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-îªôç = Åûª†’ á°æ¤púø÷ ™ v°æߪ÷ùç îË≤ƒhúø’ Ç¢Á’

™ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-≤ÚhçC

é¬ü¿’)

´ÆæA.

™ Å®·ûË îÓô’

éÓÆæç îËÊÆ v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊© ñ«Gû√. á´-È®jØ√ v°æߪ÷ùç ´÷†’èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x Æ‘ô’x ´®Ω’Ææ véπ´’ç™ wait(ing) list™ Ö†o ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ É≤ƒh®Ω’. v°æߪ÷-ùç™ ǣ慮Ωç Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ? †’´¤y 7) Wait(ing) list™ Ö†o ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ seat/ berth ë«ßª’´’-´ôç - confirmed. ÉçöÀ †’ç* BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-ô-¢Ë’ ´’ç*C. ÅüË My tickets/ accommodation has been conØ√ Ææ©£æ…. Train ™ Ţ˒t-C üµ¿È®-èπ◊\-¢Ë firmed. é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’. Ø√èπ ◊ îÓô’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ - berth/ seat - ÖçC – ë«ßª’Mom is not in town. I am going to ´’® ·uçC. make do with the food on the train. I've (I have) heard that the catering service on the AP Express isn't so bad. Train AP Express

îËJéπ; Departure = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç. -´’®Ó ®Ωéπçí¬ – ®√éπ (arrival), §Úéπ (departure) 13) Destination = í∫´’uç, îËÍ®/ -îË-®Ω-´-©-Æ œ† îÓô’.

The destination of the AP express from Hyderabad is New Delhi. AP Express New Delhi. 14) On the train/ on board the train = train on the journey = (during the journey on travel = while on travel = travel = Comfort = Travel in comfort with less luggage luggage

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ †’ç* •ßª’-™‰lÍ®

í∫´’uç ™,

v°æߪ÷ùç™ ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç)

-v°æ-ߪ÷-ùç-™ v°æߪ÷ùç, v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-îªôç (vö«´™¸); Ææ’êç/ -≤˘-éπ®Ωuç

ûªèπ◊\´

ûÓ Ææ’êçí¬ v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-îªçúÕ.

Now practise the following in English. Gowtham: Sekhar: Gowtham: Sekhar: train

O’ v°æߪ÷ùç ᙫ ïJ-TçC? î√-™« Ææ’êç-í¬ØË ïJ-TçC. Ééπ\úÕéÀ á°æ¤púø’ îË®√®Ω’? îË®√-Lq† time 10.35 é¬E 15 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC. Gowtham: ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ á°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒh®Ω’? Sekhar: Í®°æ¤, á©’xç-úŒ ؈’ busy. Ç ûª®√yûª ®ÓV university ™ °æ†’çC. Ç ®ÓV 10) See off = send off = time Öçõ‰ ´≤ƒh. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ îÁ°æpôç OúÓ\-©’/-O-úÓ\©’ éπ≠d¢æ Ë’. É´yôç Gowtham: Ç ûª®√yûª ®ÓV ®√´îª’a éπü∆? a) ؈’ ´÷ friend †’ Sekhar: Ç®ÓV ؈’ AJT ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. °æç°œç-îª-ö«-EéÀ Gowtham: Ç ®ÓV O’ train á°æ¤púø’? ≤ƒßª’çvûªç (OúÓ\©’ É´y-ö«-EéÀ – éπü∆, ´÷ Éçöx lunch èπ◊ ®ΩçúÕ. ÉC ûÁ©’-í∫’™ éÌçîÁç Sekhar: Ç®ÓV ´÷ ÇNúø shopping ¢Á∞«x§ƒçúÕûªuç, ´÷´‚©’ M. SURESAN ©çö çC. ´÷ô™x ¢√úøç Gowtham: Ç®ÓV O’ tickets book Åߪ÷uߪ÷? éπü∆?) station èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ûª®√yA ®ÓV ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. I am going to the station to see my friend Sekhar: Ç. -Åߪ÷u®·. ûª®√yûª ´‚úø’ ®ÓV© off (to Delhi)/ to send off my friend (to ´®Ω è π ◊ à train ™ ë«S ™‰ü¿’. O©-®·Delhi) †çûª ´®Ω èπÿ Ç ®ÓV O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√´-ö«b) ؈’ stationèπ◊ ®√Ø√ †’¢Áy-∞Ïx-ô°æ¤p-úø’? EéÀ v°æ ß ª’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. ®√éπ-§ÚûË à´’-†’-éÓshall I see you off at the station. ´ü¿’l. -Ñ≤ƒJ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ c) Çߪ ’† Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ’ î√-™«´’çC Çߪ ’-†èπ◊ ´≤ƒh†’. OúÓ\-L-î√a®Ω’ (station ™) Gowtham: ††’o E®√¨¡ °æ®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. (disappoint) A numbers of his students saw him off at OK. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ Ç®ÓV station èπ◊ the station. ´≤ƒh†’ O’èπ◊ O-úÓ\-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ. O’èπ◊ 11) See off X receive Receive Åçõ‰ á´È®j oØ√ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç station train ™ AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ food èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÌèπ◊ í¬E, bus stand èπ◊ í¬F ¢ÁRx. ≤ƒh†’. a) She has gone to the station to receive Sekhar: Station èπ◊ ®ΩçúÕ. é¬E food ´ü¿’l. train her father ™ food ûÓ í∫-úÕÊ°≤ƒhç -™„çúÕ. ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o-†’ BÆæ’èπ◊-®√-´-ö«-EéÀ station èπ◊ Gowtham: ††’o BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-E-´yç-úÕ. Ø√éπüÓ -¢Á-R}ç-C. ÆæçûÓ≠æç.

How was your journey? Charan: The booking clerk told me that by last sunday itself the AC classes were full. If I wanted AC, I would be 34 on the wait list. sunday AC classes clerk wait (waiting list)

12) arrival =

b) There was none to receive him at the station

Sekhar:

OK.

Çߪ’† éÓÆæç á´®Ω÷ ®√™‰ü¿’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Key words Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? -O-öÀ-E Ê°®√-ví¬°∂æ¤-™ -à -N-üµ¿çí¬ í∫’-Jhç-î√-L?

È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ -´÷-ô-™-ûÓ -Öç-úÕ, verb ™«í¬ °æEE ûÁ-LÊ° expression, phrasal Ééπ\úø put out ÅØËC Phrasal verb, ÇÍ®p-¨»úø’ ÅØË ÉC èπÿú≈ phrasal verb. Å®ΩnçûÓ. Ö†o verb. 'Buy' (é̆ôç) – DEéÀ object ÖçC – (á´Jo), üËEo é̆ôç Åçõ‰ – àüÓ äéπ-ü∆Eo é̆ôç ÅØË answer ´Ææ’hçC– 鬕öÀd ÉC transitive. Å™«Íí 'see' (îª÷úøôç) á´Jo (üËEE îª÷úøôç Åçõ‰, äéπJo/ äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ îª÷úøôç ÅØË answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd ÅC transitive verb. ii) Intransitive verb: á´Jo, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ answer ™‰EC. He goes The important task before any government is to provide the to Hyderabad every week. go = ¢Á∞¡xôç – á´Jo/ üËEE ¢Á∞¡xôç Åçõ‰ Delhi? people with the minimum level of education. Ñ sentence ™ answer ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, ÉC intransitive. ؈’ Fèπ◊ OúÓ\©’ É´y-ö«-EéÀ Station èπ◊ key word - 'education' ÅE ûÁ©’-≤Úhç-C -éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Ñ sentence 3. She will be award - Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø be form ûª®√yûª ®√´--©ÆœçC past par´≤ƒh. Train ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ© times àçöÀ? ÖçúË Passage Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷ØËo îªJa-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. ticiple – awarded. It will be seen Åçö«ç é¬F, It will be see ņç éπü∆. Delhi á°æ¤púø’ îË®√h´¤? 2. Phrasal verbs verb ™«í∫ ¢√úø í ∫ L T † ´÷ô© èπ ÿ ®Ω ’ p†’ Phrasal verb Åçö«ç. v°æ A¶µº lessons ™ six forms of the verb ´’®Ó´÷®Ω’ îª÷úøçúÕ. (see off = send off = OúÓ\-©’/-O-úÓ\©’ É´yôç)

í∫’-Jç-* -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. i) Transitive, ii) intransitive -†’ -á-™« í∫’-Jhç-î√-L? ´÷ Å´’t Ü∞x-™‰ü¿’. ™ AçúÕ-ûÓØË -D-E-E She will be award -Å-ØÌ-î√a? ¢√∞¡x ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. – -Åçéπç Ææ’-üµ∆éπ®˝, °-ü¿l-´’-™«xÈ®-úÕf, -Gµ πÿo®˝ ǣ慮Ωç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿ØË NØ√o. ï ¢ √• ’: 1. Key words Åçõ‰ äéπ passage à N≠æ-ߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* îªJa-Ææ’hçüÓ ûÁLÊ° Bhaskar: I wish to see you off at the station. ´÷ô©’. Paragraph/ Passage †’ îªC-¢Ë-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.¢√öÀE What are its times of arrival and í∫’Jhç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† °æü¿l¥-ûªçô÷ à-D-™‰-ü¿’. ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. departure? When do you reach

spoken english

2. 'Phrasal verbs' verbs 3. She will be awarded.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

verb. He put out the light take care of i) Transitive verb - object

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Prahlad: Hi Nagaraj, where were you yesterday? you didn't turn up for the meeting.(E-†o -áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤? meeting èπ◊ ®√™‰üËç?) turn up £æ…ï-®Ω-´-úøç; turn up is always followed by 'for' Nagaraj: I was home all the day. I was busy tidying up the place. I had thought it doing two days before, but didn't find the time (®Óïçû√ ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o. É©’x Ææ®Ω’l-

ûª’Ø√o.È®ç-úø’ ®Ó-V© éÀçü¿ Ææ®Ω’l-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F time üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’.)

Prahlad: Why? was it so untidy?

(Åçûª *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ Öçü∆?)

Nagaraj: It was. The whole place was in a mess. I had neglected for two weeks. Nothing was in its proper place

(-É-™xç-û√ í∫ç-ü¿®ΩíÓ-∞¡çí¬- Öç-C. È®ç-úø’ -¢√®√-©’ éÌç--îªç -ÖÊ°éÀ~ç-î√...-Åç-ûË àD Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ™‰ü¿’)

Prahlad: I'm afraid you are too worried about tidiness (†’´¤y É©’x Å´’-Jéπ í∫’-Jç-* ´’K

°æöÀdç--èπ◊ç-ö«-´-†’-èπ◊çö«)

Nagaraj: No. My table was untidy, with a lot of

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 75

îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ç-ô’ç-D N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-†Eo)

Nagaraj: I like the work. I can't bear to see a thing out of place. I want the home

(Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ´Ææ’h´¤ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Ø√èπ◊ ûÓîªü¿’. bear to see = (îª÷Ææ÷h) ¶µºJçîªúøç.) I didn't leave out even the attics (Åô-éπ©’ èπÿú≈ ´ü¿-™‰xü¿’) What a lot of dust! (áçûª ü¿’¢Á÷t) I had to throw away a number of useless things. (Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ §ƒÍ®¨») I bundled

up all the newspapers. I will dispose them of today. (§ƒûª news papers Å-Fo éπôd©’ éπö«d†’. ¢√öÀF Ñ ®ÓV Ţ˒t-≤ƒh†’.Bundle = éπôd; éπôdúøç. dispose of = Ţ˒t-ߪ’úøç) Prahlad: You appear to be a stickler for cleanliness (¨¡Ÿv¶µºûª Åçõ‰ î√-™« °æöÀdç-°æ¤í¬ Ö†oô’dçC, Fèπ◊.stickler= àüÁjØ√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫öÀdí¬ °æöÀdç--èπ◊ØË ¢√®Ω’ stickler for punctuality = Ææ´’-ߪ’-§ƒ-©† °æöÀdç°æ¤çúË ¢√úø’) Nagaraj: You can say that. By the time I was through it was 6 in the evening you know mom will be pleasantly surprised to see the glittering stove, and the utensils. ´÷ Å´’t ûª∞¡-ûª∞¡ ¢Á’JÊÆ stove©†’ §ƒvûª-©†÷ îª÷Æœ ÆæçûÓ≠æçûÓ Ç¨¡a-®Ωu°æúø’ûª’çC.utensils = vessels =

home paper and books piled up or lying all over. The front room was a chatter of furniture. The TV stand-well, let me not talk about all that. Now that I tided up every thing I feel relieved. (°æ¤Ææhé¬-©’

, é¬-T-û√-©-ûÓ -Ø√ -õ‰-•’-™¸ -Åç-û√ -*ç-ü¿®Ω-´çü¿®Ωí¬ -Öç-C.Piled up = üÌçûª-®Ωí¬ Öçúøôç Chatter = furniture ™«çöÀC *çü¿®Ω ´çü¿®Ωí¬ Öçúøôç.

Prahlad: Was there none else at home to help you?

(Éçöx ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’-Èé-´®Ω÷ -™‰®√?)

Nagaraj: Mom and sister are out of town. Dad is too old. I gave the toilet a good wash. I cleaned up the cupboards and reset all things. (Å´’t, îÁLx -Ü-∞ x™‰®Ω’. Ø√†o °ü∆l-ߪ’†. Toilet ¶«í¬ éπúÕT, cupboards ™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©Fo ÆæÍ®l-¨»†’) Prahlad: What a job! (áçûª °æE-îË-¨»´¤!) Nagaraj: That wasn't all. I cleaned the cobwebs. I cleaned the kitchen, I made up the beds. I washed the dishes.

(ÅçûË-é¬ü¿’. •÷V ü¿’L°œ ´çöÀ-©xçû√ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îËÆœ §ƒvûª-©-Fo éπúÕ-í¬†’. °æéπ\-©-Fo Ææ®√l†’)

Prahlad: My elder sister takes care of all these things at home. (´÷ Éçöx ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u

-v°æ-¨¡o -: -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù–7-™ -Ç-¢Á’èπ◊ -Ñ -vúÁÆˇ -î√-™« -É-≠ædç. -Å-ØË-¢√é¬u-Eo... She likes this dress Å--E -Å-Ø√o®Ω’.-Éç-ü¿’-™ -î√-™« -É-≠ædç -Å-ØË -¶µ«-´ç Ææ’p¥-Jç-îª-úøç -™‰-ü¿’ éπ-ü∆! -Å-™«ÍíÇçí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù –8-™ -†’--¢Áy°æ¤p-úø÷ -Ç-©Ææ-uçí¬ ®√-´¤ -Å-ØË¢√é¬u-Eo You do not come late -Å-E -É-î√a®Ω’.Éç-ü¿’™- á°æ¤p-úø÷ -Å-ØË-¶µ«-´ç Ææp-≠ædçí¬ -™‰-ü¿’. -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – Èé.-Ç®˝. -v°œ-ߪ’-ü¿-Jz-E, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø -ï-¢√-•’: -She likes this dress -Å-ØË -¢√éπuç -•-ü¿’-©’í¬ She likes this dress a lot \very much Å--E -Öçú≈-L.-You do not come late •-ü¿’-©’í¬You never come late -Å-E -Öç-ú≈--Lqç-C.-- O’®Ω’ -Éç-ûª -ñ«-ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫-´’-Eç--*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’. We appreciate it. Keep it up.

Spoken English

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 29 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

8) give a good wash = ¶«í¬ éπúø-í∫úøç 9) reset = Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ´’Sx °ôdúøç 10) cobwebs = ≤ƒ™„-í∫÷∞¡Ÿx, •÷V 11) make up bed = °æéπ\ Ææ®Ωlúøç 12) dirt = ´·JéÀ, dust = ü¿’´·t 13) attic = ÅöÀé˙ = Åôéπ 14) I was through = °æE °æ‹Jh î˨»†’. a) He is through with his homework = Homework °æ‹Jh î˨»úø’. b) Are you through? = F °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·çü∆? 15) Vessels = dishes = utensils = ´çô, ´úøf-†èπ◊

¢√úË §ƒvûª©’

16) pan/ frying pan = °†ç/ ´‚èπ◊úø’ 17) ewer (Ñ´) = îÁç•’ 18) front room = Éçöx ´·çü¿’ í∫C – ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’, visitors †’ èπÿ®Óa-¶„õ‰d room ÅüË Å®·-ûË ÅC drawing room Å´¤-ûª’çC.

•ü¿’©’ place

19) Portico = °ü¿l É∞¡x™ x, •çí¬x™ x Æœç£æ«-ü∆y®Ωç °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ÉçöÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’ -ÖØ√o®· ´·çü¿’†o Covered area 20) Balcony = ¢Ë’úø -O’-ü¿ éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE îªJaü∆lç. †’ç* îª÷úø-ö«-E-èπ◊çúË 1) Home = ´’†ç ´’† ¢√∞¡}ûÓ (members of our ë«S Ææn©ç family) ÖçúË É©’x ÅüÁl-üÁjØ√ 鬴a, ≤Òçûª-¢Á’iØ√ 21) Ceiling = ÉçöÀ-™ -°æL M. SURESAN Ŵa). ´’† ÉçöÀ-éÀ-´-*a† guest ûÓ à´’çö«ç? = éπ°æ¤p, roof =°jéπ°æ¤p. Please feel at home. (O’ É™‰x ņ’-éÓçúÕ Åçö«ç.) 2) Place = éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x home (´’†ç Öçô’†o 22) Tiles = °çèπ◊; (Mosaic/ Floor tile) É©’x) •ü¿’©’ place Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ my 23) bolt = ûª©’-°æ¤- í∫úÕߪ’, í∫úÕ-ߪ’-°-ôdúøç.(latch ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’) home/our home ÅE, I am going to my/our home /it is at my/our home ÅE ņç. Å°æ¤púø’ my place. 24) Cupboard = -îÁéπ\-ûª-©’-°æ¤© Å™«t®√. ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®ΩçúÕ = come (down) to my place: 25) Oven = (Å-¢˛Ø˛) §Ò®·u. oven fresh = Å°æ¤p-úø°æ¤púË ûªßª÷È®j† ´çô (oven fresh Dosa) come to my home ÅE ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Å†®Ω’. 26) Stale= ÂÆdß˝’™¸– E-©y ÖçúÕ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·† (ǣ慮Ω 3) tidy = (É©’x, í∫C, Office, etc) Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô °æü∆-®√n-™«xç-öÀN) Stale food, Stale bread. ´Ææ’h´¤-©’ Å´’-J-éπí¬ Öçúøôç. (Stale joke èπÿú≈) His home is very tidy = É©’x î√™« Å´’-J-éπí¬ Now practise the following: Öçô’çC. Tidy x untidy. 4) untidy = ´Ææ’h-´¤-©Fo ã order ™ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ -*ç-ü¿®Ω- Koumudi: Hi Priya, àçöà éπ†-°æ-úøúøç ™‰ü¿’? Priya : ¢Á·†oØË éπü∆ ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. E†o ؈’ ´ç-ü¿®Ωí¬ Öçúøúøç. ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ÉçöÀ-Èé∞«x. ¢√∞¡xçû√ É©’x Ææ®Ω’lThe place is untidy= Ç v°æü˨¡ç / É©’x î√™« *çü¿èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰ ؈÷ ≤ƒßª’-ç -îË-¨»-†’. ®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ ÖçC. Koumudi : ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Å´’-®Ωa-úøç™ †’´¤y Eïçí¬ (*çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ Ö†o Vô’d =untidy hair íÌ°æp ü∆E¢Ë. £æ…®·í¬ interior í∫>-G->í¬ Ö†o ®√ûª = untidy writing) Decoration (É∞¡x ™°æL Å©ç-éπ-®Ωù) He has a tidy appearance =neat í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. course îÁ®·u. ¶«í¬ Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-´îª’a. 5) tidy = Å´’-J-éπí¬ É©’x-™«ç-öÀN Ææ®Ωlúøç = áéπ\úø Öçú≈Priya : ÅÆæ©’ Ø√éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC... É©xçû√ *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿Lq† ´Ææ’h´¤ -Åéπ\-úø neat í¬ Öçîªôç. ®Ωí¬ á™« Öç-èπ◊ç-ö«-®Ó -ÅE. ´÷ Éçöx ã a) Let me tidy up the home first = ¢Á·ü¿ô É©’x èπ◊Ka éÌçîÁç éπC-LØ√ Ø√èπ◊ *é¬í¬_ Öçô’çC. Ææ®ΩlF. (*é¬èπ◊ – upset) b) He tidied up the room yesterday = E†o í∫ü¿çû√ Koumudi : Ø√èπÿ tidy í¬ Öç-éÓ-´úøç É≠æd-¢Ë’-é¬E, Ææ®√lúø’. Åçûª °æöÀdç°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’. †’-´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\-´™‰! c) We must keep our homes neat and tidy = Priya : à´’Ø√o ņ’éÓ. äéπ ü¿’´·t-éπùç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ É∞¡x†’ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ (tidy) Öç-éÓ-¢√L. éÓ°æç ûÁ°œp-Ææ’hçC.Speck of dust = ü¿’´·t6) Feel relived = •®Ω’´¤ CT-†-ôx-†’-éÓ-´úøç when I éπùç) heard that I had passed I felt relieved = pass Koumudi : FC éÌçûª Å≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωù ´’†-Ææh-ûªy¢Ë’. Åߪ÷u-†E N†-í¬ØË N´·éÀh ™«çöÀ ¶µ«´† éπL-Tç-C. Once the exams are over, students feel relived Priya: †’´y™« ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o Ø√Íéç ¶«üµ¿-™‰ü¿’. = It is a great relief = Exams Å®·-§Ú-´úøç ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Koumudi: ´’K O’ °æE °œ©x Vô’d *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ ÖØ√o ¶µºJ-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢Ëç? N´·éÀh. 7) chatter = *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿®Ω (furniture - chairs, sofas Priya: Ç Å´÷t-®·éÀ ††’o ®ÓW ïúË-ߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√? Å°æ¤p-ú≈´÷t®·éÀ ؈’ servant Å´¤û√. ™«çöÀN *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ Öçõ‰,) dishes = §ƒvûª©’ – ´çôèπ◊ glitter = ûª∞¡-ûª∞¡ ™«úøôç)

´úøf-†èπ◊ -¢√úËN

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

Answers: Koumudi: Hi Priya, You are not to be seen. Priya: We met just the day (before). I went to my uncle's yesterday. They were tidying up their home. I lent a hand. (lend a hand = ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úøúøç) Koumudi: You are good at tidying up and keeping things neat. You had better do a course in interior decoration. You can earn a lot (of money). Priya: I just wonder how people can keep their places untidy. Even a chair out of place at home upsets me. Koumudi: I like tidiness, but I am not very particular about it ( be particular = °æöÀdç-°æ¤í¬ Öçúøúøç) You overdo things. Priya: Call it what you like\ say whatever you like. I am upset when I see even a speck of dust. Koumudi: Yours appears to be abnormal psychology. Priya: I don't mind your saying so. (I don't mind = Ø√èπ◊ °æ®√y-™‰ü¿’) Koumudi: How are you able to tolerate your servant girl's untidy hair? Priya: (Do) you want me to comb her hair (intoplait= ïúø). Then I shall be her servant.

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù–74-™ -É-*a-† -ûÁ-©’í∫’ Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù π◊ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ- -¢Á®Ω{-Ø˛ Gowtham: How was your journey? Sekhar: Very comfortable/quite comfortable Gowtham: When did you arrive here? Sekhar: The arrival times / time of arrival of the train is 10.35. But it was late by 15 minutes. Gowtham: when are you visiting me?/ when are you calling at my place?/ when are you coming to my place?/ when can I have the formal.) pleasure of your visit? ( Sekhar: I am busy with my work tomorrow and the day after, the next day I have some work at the university. If I have any time left that day, I will go to your place. Otherwise, it is difficult to say (If I can visit you or not) Gowtham: You can come the day after that. Sekhar: That's the day of my return (journey) Gowtham: What is the time of departure of your train that day? isn't it in the evening? you can have lunch with us. Sekhar: My wife wants to go shopping/ do some shopping that day Gowtham: Have you booked tickets for that day? Sekhar: Yes. All trains are full the next three days. I'll try my best to go to your place that day. If I am not able to, don't misunderstand me. When I come here next, I will certainly come to your place. Gowtham: You disappoint me / that's very disappointing. I will come to the station that day to see you off. I'll get you some food to eat on the train. Sekhar: Do come to the station, but don't bother about the food. I'll manage (make do) with the food on the train. Gowtham: Let me get it. It is my pleasure. Sekhar: OK

*´-JC

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ðû¦è[ª-

I

Spoken English

Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 1 è…šúÙñô¢ª 2005

ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm Bhanu: Ravi, you are late. But what's the matter? You appear to be in a shock.

(ô¢N, ìª÷±y Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷à¦a÷±. ÔÙæ¨ ú£ÙÞœA? ÔëÁ ÿ§ÚÂö˺ Ñìo-åªx-û¦oîËÂ!)

Ravi: You can say that. Some thing terrible happened.

(Í÷±ìª. íÆ£ªËºô¢Ù áJ-T-ð¼-ô³ÙC.) terrible = òÅ¡óŸªÙ-ÚÛ-ô¢-iì, íÆ£ªËºô¢-iì

Bhanu: But what happened Ravi?

(ÔÙ áJ-TÙC?)

Ravi: Just wait. Let me recover.

(Ú¥ú£h ÎÞœª. ììªo ê¶ô¢ª-ÚÁF) recover = ê¶ô¢ªÚÁ÷è[Ù, ÚÁõªÚÁ÷è[Ù

óµ«ÞœÙ àŸ«ë¯lÙ.

Traffic accident ÚÛª 1)

èņڕ-ìè[Ù =

ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ#ì ÷«åõª

hit, crash into, ram a) The lorry hit the cyclist.

(ö°K šújÚ¨xúÃdìª èņڕÙC.)

b) The truck crashed into the bus.

(våÚ Óë]ª-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhìo/ Ñìo ñúÃìª èņڕÙC.) ÚÛª ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Óë]ª-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhìo î¦ï£°û¦Eo èņڕìè[Ù ÍE Íô¢nÙ. crash

c) The truck rammed the bus.

(ñúÃìª våÚ à¦ö° Þœæ¨dÞ¥ èņڕÙC.)

d) With severe injuries he joined a hospital.

(Bv÷-iì Þ¥óŸ«-õêÁ Îú£p-vAö˺ à¶ô¦è[ª.)

e) severe injury = major injury (major ' x minor injury.

óÀªá)

Þ¥óŸªÙ ÷õx àŸEð¼÷è[Ù ô¢ÚÛhÙ #Ùë]è[Ù ô¢ÚÛhÙ Ú¥ô¢è[Ù

6) die of an injury = 7) spilling of blood = 8) bleed =

íÆ£ªËºô¢Ù áJTð¼ô³ÙC...! Recover from fever.

áyô¢Ù ìªÙ# ÚÁõªÚÁ÷è[Ù.

ú£yú£nêŸ

recovery = Wish you a speedy recovery.

(ìª÷±y/ Oªô¢ª êŸyô¢Þ¥ ÚÁõª-ÚÁ-î¦-õE û¦/ ÷« ÚÁJÚÛ) Bhanu: OK OK. Take your time. Calm down.

(ú£¸ô. BJ-Þ¥_û¶ àµí£±p. ÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛªë]ª-å-í£è[ª.)

d) The truck ran into the bus from behind/ rammed the bus from behind.

(ñúÃìª våÚ îµìªÚÛ ìªÙ# èņڕÙC.)

e) The car crashed into a tree.

(Ú¥ô¢ª àµåªdÚÛª èņڕÙC.)

f) The vehicle ran over the boy.

(Î î¦ï£°ìÙ ÚÛªvô¦è… Oªë] ìªÙ# îµRxÙC.)

Ravi: (After a few minutes) I was on my way here on my bike. Just as I took the turn at the last cross roads, I heard a loud noise. I stopped and turned round to see what it was. Oh, God! a lorry had hit a boy on his cycle. Believe me, the boy and his cycle flew into the air and landed on the road. The boy hit the ground head on. Blood spilled all over. In no time a large crowd gathered. The boy in no more. Spot dead, I am sure.

(û¦ òµjÚ Oªë] ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú•ú£ªhû¦o. Î vÚ¥úÃ-ôÁèÂq ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÷ªõªí£± Aô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o. šíë]l øŒñlÙ. ÎT AJT àŸ«ø‹. šújÚ¨öËÀ Oªë] Ñìo ÚÛªvô¦è…E ö°K èņڕÙC. ì÷³t... ì÷ªt-ÚÛð¼ šújÚ¨öËÀêÁ ú£ï£„ Î ÚÛªvô¦è[ª šíjÚ¨ ÓTJ Ú¨Ùë]-í£-è¯fè[ª êŸõ ôÁè[ªfÚ¨ êŸTö¶ö°. ÍÙê¦ ô¢ÚÛhÙ #ÙCÙC. áìÙ ÍÙê¦ ð¼Þœ-óŸ«uô¢ª. ÚÛªvô¦è[ª ÍÚÛ\-è…-ÚÛ-ÚÛ\è¶ àŸEð¼óŸ«è[ª.) spill = #Ùë]è[Ù/ Öõ-ÚÛè[Ù. All over = Î àŸªå«d In no time= ¤ÛéÙö˺ No more = àŸE-ð¼÷è[Ù spot dead = ÍÚÛ\-è…-ÚÛ-ÚÛ\è¶, Íí£p-æ¨-ÚÛ-í£±pè¶ spot= àÁåª flew= ÓT-ô¦è[ª (past tense of fly) Head on= êŸõ êŸTö¶ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ (Óë]ª-·ô-ë]ªô¢ªÞ¥ – ÏêŸô¢ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x)

Bhanu: How shocking!

(ÓÙêŸ òÅ¡óŸªÙ-ÚÛô¢Ù!)

Ravi: The body is lying there in a pool of blood. I was unable to bear the sight any longer. I came away. Poor boy.

(ÍêŸè… ë¶ï£°Ù ô¢ÚÛhÙ ÷ªè[ªÞœªö˺ í£è… ÑÙC. û¶ìª àŸ«è[-ö¶ÚÛ ÷à¶aø‹. ð§í£Ù!) pool = ÷ªè[ªÞœª (÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶ FüŒx ÞœªÙåõª) bear = òÅ¡JÙàŸè[Ù any longer = ÏÙÚÛ Ô÷«vêŸÙ.

Bhanu: Let's go and see. Where exactly is it?

(îµRx àŸ«ë¯lÙ í£ë]. ÓÚÛ\è[ áJ-TÙC?)

Ravi: I told you. At the cross roads. You go. I am still in a shock. I can't bear to see it again.

(àµð§pìª ÚÛë¯. Î vÚ¥úÃ-ôÁ-èÂqö˺. ìªîµyüŒ‰x. û¶EÙÚ¥ ÿ§ÚÂ-ö˺û¶ Ñû¦o. ÷ªSx àŸ«è[-ö¶ìª) ÏÚÛ\è… ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é traffic, traffic accidents ÞœªJÙචÚÛë¯. î¦æ¨Ú¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ#ì ÷«åõª, î¦æ¨ Ñí£-

bleeding injuries =

Ú¥-ô¢ªêŸªìo Þ¥óŸ«õª

ô¢ÚÛhÙ-

uncontrollable bleeding = Bleed- bled (past)- bled (past participle) They admitted him into hospital with bleeding injuries.

Îí£-ö¶E ô¢ÚÛh-vþ§÷Ù

(Þ¥óŸ«-õêÁ ô¢ÚÛhÙ Ú¥ô¢ª-꟪ìo M. SURESAN ÍêŸè…E î¦üŒ‰x Îú£p-vAö˺ à¶JpÙ-à¦ô¢ª.) Hospitalise = Îú£pvAö˺ à¶JpÙàŸè[Ù

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 76 ÍêŸuÙêŸ ô¢DlÞ¥ Ñìo væ°íƇÚ û¦õªÞœª OëÅ]ªõ ÚÛ«è[L ÷³Ùë]ªìo î¦ï£°-û¦Eo ë¯æ¨-îµ-üŒxè[Ù î¦ï£°-û¦-EÚ¨ Óë]ª-ô¢ªîµüŒxè[Ù

9) peak traffic = 10 cross roads = 11) overtake = 12) cross = overtake x cross (opposites)

)

Oh, God! a lorry had hit a boy on his cycle run over =

Oªë] ìªÙ# îµüŒxè[Ù (passiveö˺ ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ î¦è[ê¦ô¢ª).

The man was ran over by the car.

(ÍêŸè… Oªë] ìªÙ# Ú¥ô¢ª îµRxÙC.) ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦ô¢ª.

g) knock down The lorry knocked down the man.

(ö°K ÍêŸè…E Ú•ç¶d-ú‡ÙC.) ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ àŸEð¼÷è[Ù ÷ªô¢-é°-EÚ¨ Ú¥ô¢-é-÷ªó¶ªu ÷ªô¢-é°-EÚ¨ ë¯J-B›ú ví£÷«ë]Ù

2) die in an accident = 3) fatal = fatal accident = A fatal road accident- three died in a fatal road accident.

(÷ªô¢-é°-EÚ¨ Ú¥ô¢-é-iì ví£÷«ë]Ù – íÆ£ªËºô¢ví£÷«ë]Ùö˺ ÷³Þœª_ô¢ª àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª.) ' óÀª-æËÀöËÀ (‘šíÆóÀª’ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L) fatal - šíÆ ' áJ – ‘ÏÙ’ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õÚ¥L) = Þ¥óŸªÙ 4) injury (ÏÙ ' 5) injure (ÏÙ á – ‘ÏÙ’ ûË•Ú¨\í£õÚ¥L) = Þ¥óŸªí£ô¢àŸè[Ù a) People have/ suffer/ sustain injuries in an accident.

(ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ ví£áõª Þ¥óŸª-í£-è[-ê¦ô¢ª)

b) The accident killed one and injured at least five.

(ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ ÖÚÛô¢ª àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª, ÚÛFú£Ù Íô³-ë]ª-Þœªô¢ª Þ¥óŸª-í£-è¯fô¢ª.) c) severe (ú‡' NóŸª)/serious injury = Bv÷-iì Þ¥óŸªÙ

Now practise the following in English

Ð ö°K, Îæ˺ wèµj÷ô¢ªx Óí£p-æ¨Ú© êµõª-ú£ª ÚÁô¢ª! Venu: ÔÙæ¨ ú£ÙÞœA? Kiran: Ð ì«uúà ›íí£ôÂ àŸ«è[ª. ·ôÙè[ª ví£÷«ë¯õª. ÖÚÛ-ë¯Ùæ˺x Óë]ª-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhìo ñúÃE èņڕìo ö°K. í£C-÷ªÙC Þ¥óŸª-í£è¯fô¢ª. ÏÙÚÁ ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ ÷ªEù‡ Oªë] ìªÙ# ö°K îµRxÙC. Þ¥óŸªí£è…ì ÍêŸ-è…E Îú£p-vAÚ¨ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒ‰-꟪Ùç¶ ÷ªëÅ]uö˺û¶ àŸEð¼-óŸ«è[ª. Venu: îµ³ìo Îæ˺ èņ Ú•ì-è[ÙêÁ ÖÚÛ-JÚ¨ Bv÷ÙÞ¥ Þ¥óŸ«öµj ô¢ÚÛhÙ Ú¥ô¢è[Ù àŸ«ø‹. ÍêŸè[ª væ°íƇÚ ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª ôÁè ë¯åªêŸªÙç¶ Îæ˺ èņڕÙC. Kiran: àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«è¯? Venu: û¦ÚÛª êµMë]ª. Ú¥F ÍêŸè… Þ¥óŸ«õª ÷«vêŸÙ à¦ö° Bv÷-i-ìî¶. êŸõÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ Þ¥óŸªîµªiÙC. ÍÙêŸ-šíë]l ëµñs-õêÁ ñêŸ-ÚÛè[Ù ÚÛù£d. Kiran: væ°íƇÚ ví£÷«-ë¯ö˺x àŸE-ð¼-ó¶ª-î¦J ú£ÙÜu à¦ö° ë¶ø‹ö˺x ÚÛÙç¶ ÷ªì-ë¶-øŒÙö˺ ÓÚÛª\î¶. 1) Kiran:

Answers 1) Kiran: These lorry, auto drivers never learn. Venu: What is the matter? Kiran: See this newspaper. Two accidents. In one of the accidents, a

lorry hit/ crashed. In another accident a lorry ran over a man, while they were taking him to hospital, with severe injuries, he died on the way. Venu: The other day I saw a man bleeding from injuries. An auto hit him. While he was crossing the road in peak traffic, the auto knocked him down. Kiran: Did he die? (Hope he did not die) Venu: I don't know. But his injuries were serious. It is difficult for any one to survive such injuries. (survive =

ë¶E ìªÙ# Íô³û¦ ñóŸª-åí£è… ñêŸÚÛè[Ù)

Kiran: The number of people dying in traffic accidents is more in our country than in many other countries.

ví£øŒo:

1. Where do we keep Quotation marks at the end of the sentence? after full stop or before full stop) 2. Kindly give a Pronunciation Guide’ for all the typical words which we use in regular English. 3. Tatas and Birlas are tycoons. Is this correct to say the above sentence as Both the Tatas and Birlas are Tycoons 4. Kindly give some examples with the operators must, need, dare, used to, ought to (Positive statement, Negative, Yes-No Q, wh-Q) 5. Is it correct to say passive forms for present perfect continuous, future continuous and future perfect continuous tenses.

(

‘

‘‘

.’’

– ÓúÃ. ô¦@, ꟪E

áî¦ñª: 1. If the whole sentence is to be placed in quotations, they are placed after the full stop\ question mark\ exclamation. She said, I am no longer interested in it He said, How can you do that? The tourist said, How beautiful the Taj is If a word or group of words is to be placed in quotation the full stop comes after the question. The Minister wants this to be, Indiraraj 2. We will do it, in fact we are doing it. 3. Correct sentences: a) The Tatas and the Birlas are tycoons. b) Both the Tatas and the Birlas are tycoons. (a) is better than (b) 'Both’ is unnecessary here as even without it the meaning is clear. 4. We are going to discuss all these in the coming lessons. please wait. 5. It is bookish. The best thing is to avoid them totally.

‘

‘‘

‘

’

.’’ !’

‘‘

’’.

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Ramu: Hi Raghu, how was the debate yesterday? debate ? Raghu: Very exciting. We missed you very much. Why didn't you come?

E†o (úÕ¶„-ß˝’ö¸– ¶„ß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ᙫ ≤ƒTçC î√-™« Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ≤ƒTçC. †’´¤y ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úø¢Ë’ ´÷èπ◊ ¢ÁL-Aí¬ ÅE°œç-*çC. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’?

Ramu: I had important work, but thought I could finish it and be in time for the debate. But there was some delay and I couldn't be free until late in the evening.

î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE, Å®·Ø√ ÅC °æ‹Jh îËÆæ’èπ◊E debate v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’-ßË’u-™ í¬ ®√í∫©††’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC. Åçûª´-®Ωèπ◊ free é¬-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.

Raghu: We know that you had work, but thought you could make it. We knew too you could understand the importance of the debate.

Raghav: The first two prizes went to the teams from other colleges. Our college was able to get the III prize. The speech of one of the judges at the end of the debate was interesting. It seems he could debate and win prizes even as a school boy. prizes colleges college III prize Debate judge speech interesting. debates prizes

¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®çúø’ Éûª®Ω èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢Á∞«x®·. ´’† ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Tç-C. *´®Ω î√-™« *†o ´ßª’-Ææ’™ §ƒ™Ô_E ™ØË Çߪ’† ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úøô. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ could ûÓ Ö†o verbs í∫´’-Eü∆lç.

1) could finish 2) couldn't be free 3) could make it 4) could understand 5) couldnot have (the benefit of) 6) could debate.

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç 'can' Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? can í∫’-Jç-* ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC. 1) can Åçõ‰ 'í∫©— ÅE ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’çC - in the present or in the future. 2) permissions 3) requests 4) possibilities in the present or in the future.

Åçõ‰ 'could' †’ í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁ-©°æ-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. a) I can walk 6 kmph: ؈’ í∫çôèπ◊ 6 km †úø-´í∫-©†’ (present or future)

1) 'could' is the past form of can.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 77

She could do it = - past, She couldn't (She could not) do it - past

Ç¢Á’ îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíC

Ç¢Á’ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC

3) I thought you could make it

†’´¤y ®√í∫-©’-í∫’-û√-´E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o

- past

4) You could understand its importance

ü∆E v§ƒ´·êuç †’´¤y Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’éÓí∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕ-N– past §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. (past) 6) Could debate = debate ™ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úø’.
¶µ«®Ωû˝ cricket series Èí©-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC

5) Could not have =

India could not win the series.

èπÿ ¢√--úø-û√ç – ÉN

èπÿú≈

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 4 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005


Sachin could not play well


Ææ*Ø˛ ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. ؈’ boyhood (¶«©uç)™ ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE I could play well in my boyhood.

you could make it Fèπ◊ °æE Öçü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ’, Å®·ûË ¢Ë’´’çû√ †’´¤y ®√í-∫-©’í∫’-û√-´-ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ü∆E v§ƒ´·êuç èπÿú≈ †’´¤y Å®Ωnç -îËÆæ’éÓí∫-©’í∫’û√-´-ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

Ramu: It was some thing I couldn't help. I feel sorry that I could not have the benefit of such a good debate.

-Ç -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ -ØË-†’ -EÆæq£æ…-ߪ·-úÕ-ØÁj-§Ú-ߪ÷-†’. Å™«çöÀ debate §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC.

-v°æ-¨¡o: -¢√éπuç-™

might have been able to + p.v., must have been able to + p.v., have been able to + p.v. construction

6 km I could walk 6 kmph: (in the past Compare A and B below: A) I can play cricket cricket now B) My father could play cricket when he was a boy cricket past A) She can do any job now or in the future B) She could do any job in the past A) She can be here in an hour

؈’ í∫çôèπ◊ í∫ûªç™)

í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE ؈’

†úø-´-

Çúø-í∫-©†’ –

-´÷- Ø√-†o *†o°æ¤p-úø’-

Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úø’-–

Ç¢Á’ à °æØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-©ü¿’–

Ç¢Á’ à °æØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíC –

éπü∆?




Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Å´-鬨¡ç Öçõ‰ îËߪ’í∫-LÍí-üË.

She could do it if she had the chance.
I could understand Hindi well those days, but now I cannot. I have forgotten it

Ç®Ó-V™x £œ«çD -¶«í¬ M. SURESAN Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-LÍí¢√-úÕØË, é¬F É°æ¤púø’é¬ü¿’. ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. Now practise the following in English:

F text book áéπ\úø, Sudheer? ûË™‰ü¿’, Sir, -ûË-´-ôç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-™‰-éπ§Ú-ߪ÷†’. 1) I have been able to get their permission B) She could be here in Teacher: F home work ´’J? ÅüÁjØ√ î˨»¢√? 2) Haseena must have been able to perÉéπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-L-TçC - past Sudheer: îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’, Sir, E†oçû√ Ø√ suade him îª÷¨»ç éπü∆ – can, could - È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ ≤ƒ´’èπ◊úÕ îË®· -ØÌ°œp. 3) Miss Savithri might have ®√n uEo (ability) ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·. Å®·ûË can, ability Teacher: ņo-¢Á’iØ√ A†-í∫-Lí¬¢√? been able to solve Mr. Uma in the present or in the future ûÁ-L°œûË could Sudheer: ÅC ´÷vûªç îËߪ’-í-∫Lí¬-†çúÕ. Rao's problem. -Ñ -´‚-úø’-¢√é¬uability in the past †’ ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC. Teacher: ÅC îËߪ’-í∫-L-T†-°æ¤púø’, ÉüÁ™« îËߪ’-™‰-éπ©-†’ -á-™«ç-öÀ Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ -á-™«ç-öÀ could - 'be' form - Öçúø-í∫-©í∫úøç (past) §Ú-ߪ÷´¤? -Å®Ωnç -ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-úÌ-a? could + 1st RDW - could do, could sing, etc,. Sudheer: Açõ‰ ØÌ°œp ûªT_, homework îËߪ’– §ƒ®∏Ω- π◊úø’, éπ®Ω÷o©’ >™«x action - °æE îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫ôç. í∫-©’í∫’û√-†-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Compare a) and b) Teacher: A†-í∫-Lí¬´¤, é¬F îªü¿-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤. -ï-¢√-•’: a) I can be the CM if I want *vûª¢Ë’. Í®°æ¤ É™«çöÀ ≤ƒèπ◊©’ îÁ°æpèπ◊. Have been able to + p.v., might have been ؈’ ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Chief Minister é¬-í∫-©†’. èπÿ®Óa. able to + p.v., must have been able to + p.v. (now/ in the future) 2) Pramod: Cricket Çúø-í∫-©¢√?Pradeep? Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’ é¬F, Å™«-®√ü¿’. have been able to/ b) I could be the CM if I wanted Pradeep: Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE, É°æ¤p-úø’-é¬ü¿’. might have been able to/ must have been to ؈’ ņ’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰ chief minister -Å®·u -Öç-úËPramod: É°æ¤púø’ Çúø-™‰¢√? + 1st RDW (go, solve, persuade etc.) ¢√-úÕ-E. (past) ´≤ƒh®·. Have been able to/ might have been °jÈ®çúø÷ (can be, could be) 'be' form. 鬕öÀd able to/ must have been able to ûª®√yûª pas'Öçúø-í∫©— ÅE Å®Ωnç. sive voice ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª go, solve a) I can sing better than any movie singer etc., plain infinitives ´≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç: ؈’ -à movie singer éπ-Ø√o -¶«í¬ -§ƒ-úøí∫-©-†’ – ߪ‚E-ߪ’Ø˛ °æGxé˙ ÆæKyÆˇ éπN’-≠æØ˛ ¢Ë’ 14, 2006† 1) I have been able to get their permission Now / in the future ÆœN™¸ ÆæKyÂÆ-Æˇ (-v°œ-L-N’-†K) °æK-éπ~†’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-†’çC. ¢√∞¡x ņ’-´’A ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-Lí¬†’. b) I could sing better than Ghantasala 2) Haseena must have been able to per؈’ °∂æ’çô-≤ƒ© éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø-í∫-LÍí¢√-úÕE. (past) Å®Ω|-ûª©’: ÉD 1st use of could - Åçõ‰ past ability ûÁ-L-ߪ’ suade him = £æ«Æ‘Ø√ Åûª-úÕ-E ä°œpç-îª-í∫-L-T Çí∫Ææ’d 1, 2006 Ø√öÀéÀ -´-ߪ’Ææ’q 21 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©èπ◊Öçú≈L (í∫ûªç™) – Åçõ‰ ä°œpç-îª-í∫-L-TçC ÅE. °æ®Ω-îª-ôç. ûªèπ◊\-´ -Öç-úøèπÿ-úø-ü¿’. 30 à-∞¡Ÿx -ü∆-ôèπÿ-úø-ü¿’. áÆ‘q, áÆ‘d, 3) Miss Savithri might have been able to ¢Á·ü¿ô É*a† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'could verbs' îª÷ü∆lç. -É-ûª®Ω’-©èπ◊ -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©-¢Ë’®Ω N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤ Öçô’çC. solve Mr. Uma Rao's problem 1) I thought I could finish it úÕvU ™‰ü∆ ûªûªq-´÷† éÓ®Ω’q îËÆœ†¢√®Ω’ Å®Ω’|©’. ≤ƒN-vA-í¬®Ω’ Ö´÷-®√´¤í¬J Ææ´’-Ææu†’ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îªØˆ’ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-©-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o (past) Å°œx-Íé-≠æØ˛ §∂ƒ®Ω熒 ®Ω÷.20 îÁLxç* -EÍ®l-P-ûª §Ú≤ƒdí∫-LÍí¢√-Í®¢Á÷. (ÆæçüË£æ«ç– °æJ-≠æ \-Jç* ÖçúÌa/ 2) I couldn't (could not) be free °∂ ‘ Æ æ’© †’ç* §Òçü¿-´îª’a. Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úøa). -ë«-S Å´-™‰éπ§Úߪ÷†’.

-Ö-†o°æ¤p-úø’ -¢√-öÀéÀ -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -Å®Ωnç -á-™« -Ü£œ«ç-éÓ-´-a?

Ç¢Á’ ã í∫çô-™í¬ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’. an hour äéπ í∫çôèπ◊ - future éπü∆?

1) Teacher: Sudheer:

Æœ-N-™¸ Ææ-KyÂÆÆˇ 2006

Spoken English

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

Pradeep: No,

Å°æ¤p-úø-®·ûË regular í¬ practice îËߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√-úÕE. É°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Úûª’Ø√o, Office ™ §Òü¿’l† 8 †’ç* ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5 ´®Ωèπ◊ busy 鬕öÀd. Pramod: àüÁjØ√ °ü¿l matches ™ Çúø-í∫-Lí¬¢√? Pradeep: áçü¿’-é¬-úø-™‰ü¿’? ´÷ college team ™, Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ school team ™ î√™«≤ƒ®Ω’x Çúø-í∫-Lí¬†’. Pramod: F job ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰¢√? Practice èπ◊ õ„jç èπ◊C-Í®-ô-ô’dçúË job îª÷Ææ’éÓ ™‰¢√? Pradeep: É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿’. •£æ›¨¡, ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç.

Answers: 1) Teacher: Where is your text book, Sudheer? Sudheer: (I) didn't get/ bring it, sir. I could not (couldn't) remember to get it. Teacher: What about your home work? Did you do atleast that? Sudheer: I couldn't (could not) do it, Sir, My right hand ached the whole of yesterday. Teacher: Could you eat atleast? Sudheer: I could (eat), sir. Teacher: When you could eat, Why couldn't you (could you not) do your home work? Sudheer: I thought if I ate I would have less pain and then I could do the home work. Teacher: You could eat, but couldn't study. Strange. Don't give me these excuses tomorrow. Sit down excuse). 2) Pramod: Pradeep, Can you play cricket? Pradeep: I could (play cricket), but no longer (conversation I could I could play cricket No longer = Pramod: Can't you play (now)? Pradeep: Not any more Conversational. Those days I could practise regularly. Now I cannot/ am not able to, because I am busy in office from 8 morning to 5 evening/morning 8 to evening 5. Pramod: Could you play in any big matches? Pradeep: Why not? I could for my college team and before that for my school team a number of times. Pramod: Why can't you (can you not) change your job. Why can't you look for a job which gives you time for practice. Pradeep: Not now. Next year perhaps.

(≤ƒèπ◊=

™

Åçõ‰ î√©’, ņ-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Ééπ/-É-°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’).

(ÉC èπÿú≈ É°æ¤p-úø’/ -Ééπ- ™‰ü¿’).

®Ω÷.50 °∂‘V†’ ÂÆçvô™¸ Jvèπÿ-ö¸-¢Á’çö¸ °∂‘ ≤ƒdç°æ¤ ü∆y®√ îÁLxç-î√L. Å°œx-Íé-≠憒x îË®√-Lq† *´J ûËC: ï†-´J 2, 2006. *®Ω’-Ø√´÷: Secretary, Union Public Service Commission, Dholpur House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi 110069

Æœ-©-•Æˇ, °æ-Kéπ~ -N-üµ∆-†ç, Íéç--vü∆-©’, -´÷®Ω_-ü¿®Ωzé¬-©’, -É-ûª®Ω °æ‹Jh N´-®√-© éÓÆæç úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ ´‚úÓ ûËD Ø√öÀ á秃x-ß˝’-¢Á’çö¸ †÷uÆˇ -™‰-ü∆ ®Óñ¸-í¬®˝ Ææ´÷-î√®˝ îª÷úøçúÕ. website: http://www.upsc.gov.in

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Snehitha: Hi Aneesha, when did you reach home last night?

E†o áEoç-öÀéÀ îË®√-Nç-öÀéÀ?

Aneesha: I couldn't reach home (could not reach home) till 10

10´®Ωèπ◊ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®Ω’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’

Snehitha: O my! Aneesha, never be out so late at night. It could be very dangerous for girls to be out to be alone so late out. Any thing could happen.

Å¢Á÷t! Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ®√vA-°æ‹ô äçô-Jí¬ Öçúøèπ◊. Çúø-°œ-©x-©ç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ •ßª’ô Öçúøôç î√™« v°æ´÷ü¿ç.

Aneesha: But I have a cell, you know. So I was in touch with home. My brother met me half way on my way home. A cell could be helpful that way. Cell Phone Cell

é¬E Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ÖçCí¬. ÉçöÀéÀ îËÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√o. ´÷ v•ü¿®˝ Ææí∫ç Ç ü¿÷®Ωç ´*a éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Nüµ¿çí¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. could – í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

-Ñ sentences ™ can, could È®çúø÷ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Possibility (ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC – ï®Ω’í∫’-ûª’çü∆, ™‰ü∆ ņo N≠æ-ߪ’çûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ can, could, È®çúø÷ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å®·ûË éÌClí¬ ûËú≈ ÖçC. could éπØ√o èπÿú≈ can èπ◊ Possibility – Åçõ‰ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. a) It can be dangerous to weather

b) It could be dangerous to go out in such weather (a) can, could

Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË Sentence (a) éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Possibility Åçõ‰ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç áèπ◊\´ ÅE Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ could èπ◊ È®çúø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷¨»ç. DE Å®Ωnç,

1) Ability in the Past, as the past form of can 2) Possibility or probability

(She can sing-) c) When could you reach home?

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ äéπ-®Ìo-éπ®Ω’ Mr. ÅE Ææç¶-Cµç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡x Ææç•çüµ¿ç éÌçîÁç formal. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Vinai Åçûª BJ-éπ-™‰E expert. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x could †’ request èπ◊ ¢√úøôç î√™« polite í¬ Öçô’çC. ÉC present ™ØË.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 78

1) Could you help me get a seat, (please) seat 2) Could you recommend my case to the CM? CM could

Uday, Vinai

a) Could you have a look at the plan?

(î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿í¬) §ƒxØ˛ ã≤ƒJ îª÷≤ƒh®√?

b) Could you also visit? (site please c) Could you call tomorrow? phone request) d) Could you make it at 10?

ã≤ƒJ (®ΩçúÕ,

É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ.

Åûªúø’ 25 à∞¡x°æ¤púø’ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úø-´-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’

Ç¢Á’ ûª† ≤ƒöÀ í¬ßª’-èπ◊™x î√™«-´’ç-C-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø-í∫-L-ÍíC

go out in such

Éô’-´çöÀ ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ùç™ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç v°æ´÷ü¿ç 鬴a.

a) He could walk very fast when he was twenty five years old. (Compare: He can walk fast) b) She could sing better than most other singers of her day.

-´’ç-í∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 6 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

èπ◊) ®√í∫-©®√? ÅE)

Í®§Ú-≤ƒJ îË≤ƒh®√? (îËߪ’çúÕ. ÅE °æCç-öÀéÀ ®√í∫-©®√?

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh®√?

í¬JûÓ Ø√ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh®√? È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. ÉD ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©ûÓ, can, will, would, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.

could

could would will can least formal least polite

veryformal and polite slightly formal and polite

Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd ÉN ¢√úÕûË O’ effective í¬ Öçô’çC.

politest and formal

communication

Could you call tomorrow?

E†o áEoç-öÀéÀ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®Ω-í∫-L-í¬´¤?

(When can you reach home?) d) Couldn't you get better marks than that. Can you get-

O’È®çûª

鬕öÀd could ¢√úø-éπç™ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†C – í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁ©-°æôç. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ÅüË îª÷¨»ç. 1) I couldn't reach home

؈’ É©’x îË®Ω’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. 2) When could you reach home last night?

F´¤ ®√-vA á°æ¤púø’ É©’x îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫-L-í¬´¤? É´Fo ability in the past É°æ¤p-úø’ Could èπ◊ Ö†o È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Ñ sentence í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) It could be dangerous for girls

Çúø-°œ-©x-©èπ◊ ÅC v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç é¬í∫-©ü¿’. 2) A cell could be helpful that way Cell

Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-í∫-©ü¿’. °j È®çúø’ sentences ™ 'could' èπ◊ ã N≠æߪ’ç ≤ƒüµ¿uç, Å´-í∫-©ü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Possibility é¬F Probability é¬F ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. ï®Ωí∫-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC ÅE îÁ°æ¤hçC – Present ™ 1) ´’Sx ´®Ω-ü¿©’ ®√´îª’a, ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√©’ ´·E-T§Ú-´îª’a. There could be floods again, and the low lying areas could be submerged. (low lying areas = Submerge = Present or future.

™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√©’,

´·E-T-§Ú-´ôç) –

2) He could help you

Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’ – Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. (é¬F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a– áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ F °æJ-ÆœnA Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁL-ߪ÷L. ÉC èπÿú≈ Present)

3) It could take weeks for the work to be finished.

Ç °æE °æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ ¢√®√©’ °æúø’-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷?

É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'can' èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√-´’E Éçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆! 1) Ç °œLx ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xèπ◊. ÅC ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷. Don't go near the cat. It can get frightened/ it could get frightened.

2)

´’†èπ◊ úø•’s ´îËa-Ææ-JéÀ ØÁ©©’ °æôd-´îª’a

It can take/ could take months for us to get the money.

3)

¢√∞¡xûÓ °æJ-îª-ߪ÷©’ ™«¶µº-ü∆-ߪ’-éπçí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©´¤.

Some connections can be / could be useful.

Spoken English

Udai: Just how busy are you Mr.Vinai? busy Vinai: Why, What's the matter? Udai: I want a favour from you, Mr.Vinai.

(make it = He made it to the top

àüÁjØ√ °æE îËߪ’ôç)

É°æ¤púø’?

(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?)

(O’®Ω’ Ø√éÓ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ÷L) Vinai: What's it, Mr Udai? (àçö îÁ°æpçúÕ)

Udai: Could you have a look at the plan of the house I want to built? You are an expert in these matters and I want your suggestions and advice. Plan

؈’ éπôd-¶-ûª’†o É©’x ã≤ƒJ îª÷úø-í∫-©®√. Éô’´çöÀN O’èπ◊ î√™« ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆. O’ Ææ÷îª-†©’, Ææ©-£æ…©’ Ø√èπ◊ 鬢√L. {expert (áé˙q-°æö¸ – °æö¸, bird ™ bir ™ ir ™«í¬ °æ©-é¬L, 'á— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-é¬L) = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ v§ƒOùuç Ö†o ¢√∞¡Ÿx. Site = É©’x éπô’d-èπ◊ØË Ææn©ç / House site}

Vinai: Certainly. But today I am busy. I can do it tomorrow. I am free. Udai: Could you also visit the site, please?

ÉçöÀ Ææn™«Eo èπÿú≈ ã≤ƒJ îª÷úø-í∫-©®√?

Vinai: No Problem. Could you call me tomorrow morning at 8? I'll let you know when we can see the plan and also the site. phone Plan, site

O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ Í®°æ¤ Öü¿ßª’ç 8éÀ îËߪ’çúÕ. È®çúø÷ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøí∫-©ØÓ îÁ§ƒh†’.

Udai: Could you make it at 10? Vinai: That Shouldn't be a problem. Please do call me at 8, and we can fix at. Phone

Ææ´’ÊÆuç Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. áE-N’-Cç-öÀéÀ îËߪ’çúÕ. ´’†ç à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’– ÅEo-îÓö«x question form ™ ®√´ôç.

could

a) Could you have a look at the plan...? b) Could you also visit...? c) Could you call tomorrow? d) Could you make it at 10?

Sentences (a), (b), (c) lessons Sentence (d) 'Could'

´‚úø÷ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ™ îª÷¨»ç – Å´Fo èπÿú≈ requests. ûÓ èπÿú≈ – request ØË ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆. Å®·ûË the interesting thing is, Ñ Ø√©’-Tç-öÀ™  v°æA-ü∆-EéÃ, N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéà ûËú≈-©’Ø√o®·. ÅN î√™« Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i† ûËú≈©’ - subtle

(distinctions) a) Can you lend me your bike? request polite, informal. form of request. 1) Can you buy the tickets for me? tickets 2) Can you give me a lift? question form request, can b) Will polite, formal.

Ñ

N’í∫û√ ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓí∫-L-T† ¢√∞¡xûÓ ¢√úË Ø√èπ◊

éÌçö«¢√?

ûÓ ™ îËÊÆ éπØ√o éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ é¬Ææh ´’†ç Åçûªí¬ îÌ®Ω´ BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E, éÌçîÁç ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√-∞¡xûÓ îËÊÆ request. 1) Will you help me in the matter?

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh®√?

2) Will you drop me at college on your way? college drop c) 'would' request formal.

ü∆J™ ü¿í∫_®Ω ††’o îË≤ƒh®√? ûÓ îËÊÆ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’†-éπçõ‰ °j ≤ƒn®·™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´’†ç ÅÆæ©’ ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓE-¢√-∞¡xûÓ îËÊÆ request - would. 1) Would you visit me once?

ã≤ƒJ ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÌ-≤ƒh®√?

°j Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ÅEoöx èπÿú≈, could, you ûÓ questions form ™ ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? É™« could †’ present ™ formal, polite requests èπ◊, Åçõ‰ î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬, ´’†ç ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E ¢√∞¡xûÓ (formal) àüÁjØ√ request îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√úøû√ç.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

Åûª’u-†oûª ≤ƒn®·éÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. í¬ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, î√™« (´’®√u-ü¿)í¬ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ.

Formal polite request could Compare: a) Can you lend me your bike? b) Will you lend me your bike? c) Would you lend me your bike? d) Could you lend me your bike?

2) Would you give us the pleasure of a song?

O’ §ƒô NØË Å´-é¬--¨¡-N’≤ƒh®√? ûÓ îËÊÆ requests ÅEo forms ™ Åûªuçûª ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†C (Politest form of request), éÌçûª formal èπÿú≈. ´’®√u-ü¿èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´.

d) Could

Now practise the following: Amar:

-O’®Ω’ Ø√éÓ ≤ƒ-ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©®√? Bhanu: àçôC? Amar: È®ç-úø’®Ó-V©’ -O’ ®Ω÷ç™ ††’oç-úø- M. SURESAN F-ߪ’®√? Bhanu: ؈’ Ø√ roommate †’ Åúø’-í∫’û√. Åûª-EÍéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç Öçúø-ü¿ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. àçô-Ææ©’ Ææ´’Ææu? Amar: ´÷ ®Ω÷ç ô÷d Ö†o mechanic sheds/ garages ´©x î√™« íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC. Room ´÷®√a-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Bhanu: Ok. Å®·ûË Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ã≤ƒJ ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®√? ´÷ ®Ω÷ç™ Åçûª îÓõ‰ç ™‰ü¿’. ≤ƒ´÷†’x éÌEo ûªT_ç--éÌE ®√í∫-©®√? Amar: Ø√èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ≤ƒ´÷ØËxç ™‰´¤. Books, clothes and bed ûª°æp. Bhanu: Í®°æ¤-ü¿ßª’ç ü∆é¬ wait îËߪ’-í∫-©®√? -O’®Ω’ ´îËa-™-°æ© Room éÌçûª Ææ®Ω’lû√. Answer: Amar: Could you help me? / Could you do me a favour? Bhanu: What is it? Amar: Could you let me stay in your room for two days? Bhanu: I will talk to my room mate. I don't think he will have any objection. What's the matter? Amar: The garages around my room make a lot of noise. I want to move. Bhanu: OK. Could you meet me this evening? Not much room in our place. Could you make do with less luggage? Amar: I don't have much luggage except my books, clothes and bed. Bhanu: Could you wait till tomorrow morning? I'll tidy up the room before you move in.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Charan:

Could I speak to you for a few minutes?

O’ûÓ È®çúø’ EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a?

Damodar: What about? Go ahead.

üËE í∫’Jç*? ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ. é¬E-´yçúÕ É´y-ö«-EéÀ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, Åçõ‰ ¢√úË v§Úûªq-£œ«ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç)

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 8 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

3) Could we be disturbing you? disturbance disturb 4) Could I know? 5) Could we go ahead then?

(O’Íé-´’Ø√o ¢Ë’ç N’´’tLo

Å´¤-ûª’çü∆?/ îËߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?) (ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?)

(Go ahead = - permission expression; encourage

(Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç °ô’d-éÓ-´îª’a éπü¿çúŒ (meeting?) O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’ °j Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Åçû√ could, I/ We ûÓ question form ™ Öçúøôç. Charan: A few of us want to have a short É™« could I/ We ûÓ question form ™ ´ÊÆh meeting this evening. Could we î√™« polite í¬ ÅúÕÍí permissions/ (ņ’-´’A) have it on your terrace? Å´¤ û ª ’ çC. 3) How could he get the prize? ¢Ë’ç éÌç-ü¿®Ωç ã *†o meeting °ô’d- ´Fo èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ– polite í¬ permission Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ uses of could in conversation: How was he able to get the prize? éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. O’ ú≈¶« O’ü¿ °j 1. As the past form of can, to express a past Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’†o ¢√é¬u™‰. Åûª úø’ prize ᙫ §Òçü¿-í∫-L-í¬úø’? °ô’d-éÓ-´î√a? ability. a) ´’Sx N’´’t-™„o-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? (Terrace - pronunciation - õ„JÆˇ; 'õ„— ØÌéÀ\ Question ™ could, was/ were able éπØ√o 2. To express a possibility in the present. When could I see you again? °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç; ú≈¶«-í¬E, ÉçöÀE dž’-é̆o Ç®Ω’áèπ◊\´ common. How could he come so 3. Expressing the politest form of request in the •-ߪ’ô v°æü˨¡çí¬E. coffee ™«çöÀN û√í∫’ûª÷, b) Could we wait for you here, in case you are early? ÅØËüË, How was he able to come so present. coming back? èπÿ®Ω’aE BJí¬_ éπ•’®Ω’x îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ É™«çöÀ early éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª ’ç-ö«®Ω÷, áèπ◊\´ 4. To ask for permissions in a very polite and a O’®Ω’ AJT ´îËa-ôx-®·ûË -´’-´’t-Lo Ééπ\úø wait îËߪ’v°æüË-¨»-©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. India ™ Å®·ûË N†°æ-úø’-ûª’çC èπÿú≈. very formal manner. ´’ç-ö«®√?/ ¢Ë’ç Ééπ\úø wait îËߪ’´÷? áèπ◊\´ ú≈¶« ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç) 4 (a) Could they win the match? Compare sentences (a) and (b) below: c) Ç order copy BÆæ’-éÓ-´î√a? Damodar: Oh, no problem. When exactly is it? (b) Were they able to win the match? (a) I could play very well when I was young. Could I take a copy of the order with me?/ (b) I was able to play well when I was young. °ô’d-éÓçúÕ. éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ á°æ¤púø’? (Match Èí©-´-í∫-Lí¬®√?) Could I take a copy of the order? Éô’´ çöÀ îÓôx èπÿú≈, (b) éπçõ‰ (a) more common. Meaning of (a): ؈’ young í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ (´·êuçí¬ superior status ™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡x permis- Çúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕE. (Çúø-í∫-L-T† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Öç-úËC, Çú≈†’ ÉO could èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©÷. sion ÅúÕ-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø’) Now practice the following in English. ÅE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) d) Could you let me sit here for a while Meaning of (b): ؈’ young í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ Ramarao: °æ¤Ææhéπç ã≤ƒJ îª÷úø-E-≤ƒh®√? †Eo-éπ\úø é¬Ææh èπÿ®Óa-E-≤ƒh®√?/ ØËE-éπ\úø èπÿ®ÓaØ√? Çúø-í∫-L-í¬†’. (Çúøí- L-∫ T- † ≤ƒ´’®Ωnuç Öç-úCË , Çú≈†’ èπÿú≈) Govind: é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ wait îË≤ƒh®√? °æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 79 ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ Ê°@-©’-Ø√o®·. Ramarao: O’ phone ã≤ƒJ ¢√úø’-éÓØ√? ã important call îËߪ÷L. Govind: E®Ω-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωçí¬. é¬F é¬Ææh low voice ™ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√®√? Ramarao: N’´’tLo disturb îËߪ’-†’-™„çúÕ. Govind: -ØË-E°æ¤púË °æ¤Ææhéπç O’éÀ-ÊÆh, ´’Sx Ø√èπ◊ Í®§ÒîËa-Ææ’hç-ü∆çúÕ? Charan: About 5. Could we be disturbing îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, could, I/ We ûÓ question form ™ Åçõ‰ (a) ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ´÷vûªç Ramarao: ÉçéÌ-éπ\-®ÓV wait îËߪ’-í∫-©®√? Åçõ‰ you? It won't be for more than hour. ´ÊÆh î√™« polite í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC; Ç ≤ƒ´’-®Ωn uçûÓ Øˆ’ á©’xçúÕéÀ´y-í∫-©†’. (5, Ç v§ƒçûªç™. O’Íéç disturbance °æE ïJ-Tç-üÓ -™‰-üÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Govind: OK. Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆?) Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç, can, shall †’ èπÿú≈ I/ We ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Answers: Damodar: No disturbance at all. Could I know ûÓ question form ™ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ (b) Ç ≤ƒ´’-®Ωn uçûÓ °æE Ramarao: Could you let me have a look at the how many are attending the meet¢√úøû√ç ÅE. Å®·ûË can, shall, could, I/ We ≤ƒCµç-îªôç – ïJ-TçC. book? ing? Just to tell my servant to place ©ûÓ question form ™ permission èπ◊ Å®·ûË Ñ could èπÿ, was Govind: Could you wait a little? Two more chairs there and keep some drinking ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ OöÀ™x v°æA-ü∆-EéÀ N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéÀ î√™« able to èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ ®√†’, M. SURESAN pages and I shall be through. water ready. Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i† (subtle) ûËú≈©’ ÖØ√o®·. Ramarao: Could I use your phone once? I have ®√†÷ Ææ ´ ’Æ œ § Úû ÓçC. ÅüËç °ææ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. áçûª-´’çC ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ Look at the following diagram: important call. ´·êuçí¬ 'not' ûÓ, 'question' ™ Ñ ûËú≈ ÅÆæ©’ meeting èπ◊? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ´÷ °æE Govind: Go ahead, But could you speak low? For permission in the question form with I/ We: éπE-°œç-îªü¿’. èπ◊v®√-úÕûÓ îÁ°œp éÌEo chairs ¢Ë®·ç*, û√í∫Ramarao: Oh sure, I won't disturb you/ No dis1) He could not play well could ö«-EéÀ F-∞¡Ÿx -à-®√pô’ îËü∆l-´’E. turbing you.

When could I see you?

Charan:

Thank you, but don't bother. We will arrange all those things ourselves. Could we go ahead then?

Å¢Ëç Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’™„çúÕ. -¢Ë’ç îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çö«ç. ¢Ë’ç meeting Å®·ûË Â°ô’d-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆. (Don't bother = Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´C-™‰-ߪ’çúÕ – °æöÀdç--éÓ-éπçúÕ. bother = ¶«üµ¿ = äéπJE NÆœ-Tç-îªôç. Ééπ\úø don't bother, don't bother (your self) ÅE. Åçõ‰ °æöÀdç--éÓ-´-ü¿lE)

Damodar: Please do.

(é¬E-´yçúÕ. Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’)

Charan: Thanks a lot. Damodar: You are welcome.

Éçûª-´-®Ω π◊ ´’†ç 'could'†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊-†oN: 1) 'Could' is the past form of can, and expresses ability in the past.

(í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç

ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC) canèπ◊ past form í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç)

express =

´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç,

3) 'Could' with you in the question form express a very polite and formal request. (you could question form request observe the use of could in the opening conversation: 1) Could I speak to you for a few minutes?

ûÓ ™ ¢√úÕûË î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC)

(é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ O’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a?)

(O’

O’ü¿ °ô’d-éÓ-´î√a?)

Spoken English

He was not able to play well.

Formal

polite

Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç™ à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’, Å™«Íí–

Informal

and

and

and casual

polite

very formal

Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC. È®çúø’ äéπõ‰. ™ èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅçûË.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Cast -ûÓ éÀç-C phrasal verbs -á-™« -¢√-ú≈-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. 1) cast in eye -

éÌç-îÁç -¢Á’-©x (-Ç-¢Á’èπ◊ éÌç-îÁç -¢Á’-©x. -Å-ûª-úÕéÀ -¢Á’-©x éπ-†’oç-C)2) cast of features - Ç鬮Ω Ææy®Ω÷°æç. -K-A, -©éπ~-ùç. 3) cast of mind - -´÷-†Æœéπ -üµÓ®Ω-ùÀ. – -á-Ø˛.-´®Ω-v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛, -ØÁ-©÷x®Ω’ -ï-¢√-•’: 1) cast in the eye - ¢Á’©x ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ correct. é¬F Ñ ´÷ô Old Fashion. É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ™‰ü¿’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ¢Á’©x-éπ†’o ņ-ú≈-EéÀ É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-ûª’†o ´÷ô – squint. Å®·ûË cast in the eye ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷´‚©’í¬ØË, DEéÀ

modern - She has a squint/ She is squint eye.

He is born with a squint. 2) Cast of feautres- a) She has a wondeful/ beautiful/ fine cast of features b) Her cast of features is attractive/ Charming.

Ç鬮Ω Ææy®Ω÷°æç – éπ†’o, ´·èπ◊\-B®Ω’ –

3)

°j È®çöÀéà ŮΩnç Ç¢Á’ ´’ç* Åçü¿ç éπ©C/ Åçü¿-¢Á’i-†C – Ç¢Á’ éπ†’o ´·èπ◊\B®Ω’ Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC. Cast of mind - ´÷†-Æ œéπ üµÓ®ΩùÀ – He has a gentle cast of mind - ØÁ´’t-ü¿-Ææ’húø’. Éô’-´çöÀ Å®√n-©’ éÌEo N’í∫û√ Parts of the body éÀ èπÿú≈ -´≤ƒh®·. a) I like the beautiful cast of her nose - Ç¢Á’ ´·èπ◊\ Ç鬮Ωç Ø√éÀ≠dç æ. Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. (Cast of the mouth/ eyes etc.)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

Govind:

2) She could not sing well She was not able to sing well. forms Questions

She/ he has a cast in the/ her eye.

(v°æÆæ’hûªç äéπ-°æE / °æJ-ÆœnA ≤ƒüµ¿u-ûª†’ – ïJÍí Å´-é¬-¨»Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC)

2) Could we have it on your terrace? terrace

very

can

2) 'Could' expresses a possibility in the present

îËÊÆ É°æ¤púø’

shall

If/ suppose I give you the book now When could I have it back? Could I have it back tomorrow? Ramarao: Could you wait for one more day, that is till the day after (tomorrow)? Govind: OK.

4) Cast (noun) - The group of actors in a drama or in a movie -

Ø√ôéπç/ ÆœE´÷ û√®√-í∫ùç.

The cast of the movie includes several great actors.

(î√™«-´’çC íÌ°æp †ô’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’ Ç ÆœE-´÷™) ´‚Ææ, Åa (Mould). NØ√-ߪ’éπîªNA ®ÓV •çéπ-´’öÀdûÓ ´‚Ææ™ §ÚÆœ† NØ√-ߪ’-èπ◊úÕ ¶Ô´’tèπ◊ °æ‹ï îË≤ƒhç. ü∆ØËo´’ØÌa? A clay cast of Lord Vinayaka. Cast - Ç §Úûª™  §ÚÊÆ Åa. Plaster of Paris cast: á´·-éπ©’, éÃ∞¡Ÿx NJ-TûË (fracture Å®·ûË), ¢√öÀéÀ ¢ËÊÆ bandage.

5) Cast (noun) -

He is moving about with a plaster of paris cast around his elbow. Pop cast 6) Cast of a net. A Single cast brought in a hundreds of fish -

¢Á÷îËA ô÷d ¢Ë≤Ò\E A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. îË°æ© ´© NÆæ’-®Ω’úø’ –

äéπ-≤ƒJ NÆœ-J† ´©™ ´çü¿-™«C îË°æ©’ °æú≈f®·. Cast of an eye - îª÷°æ¤ NÆæ-®Ωôç

A cast of her evil eye would make many shiver in fear -

Ç¢Á’ äéπ\ îÁúø’-îª÷-°æ¤ûÓ v°æï©’ ¶µºßª’çûÓ ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-û√®Ω’. Cast (verb) = NÆæ-®Ωôç – transitive - üËØÁj o-Ø√ NÆæ-®Ωôç Cast a look = îª÷°æ¤ NÆæ-®Ωôç Cast an eye over/ some thing = üË-E-¢Áj°æ-Ø√o îª÷úøôç Cast a spell = ´’çvûª-´·-í∫’l¥Lo îËߪ’úøç Cast a vote = ãô’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç.Cast light = ¢Á©’í∫’ v°æÆæ-Jç-°æ-îË-ߪ’ôç. (áèπ◊\-´í¬) Å®Ωnç-é¬E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo N´-Jç-îªôç... Éçé¬ Cast ûÓ É™«çöÀ Phrasal verbs î√™« ÖØ√o®·.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Govind: Hi Venkat, when did you return from Tirupati?

(A®Ω’-°æA †’ç* á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a¢˛?)

Venkat: How do you know I had been to Tirupati?

Venkat: We visited Srikalahasti. We had the rare opportunity of watching Mahabhishekam to lord Shiva. We watched too offerings being made to the god.

(؈’ A®Ω’-°æAÈé∞«x-†E FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’?)

(Xé¬-∞¡-£æ«ÆœhÈé∞«xç. ´’£æ…-Gµ-Ê≠éπç îª÷ÊÆ Å®Ω’-üÁj† Å´-鬨¡ç éπ-L-TçC. üË´¤-úÕéÀ ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç °ôdôç èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç)

Govind: You can't hide your tonsured head, can you?

(F í∫’çúø’ ûª© ü∆-éÓ-™‰´¤ éπü∆?) 'ö«Ø˛-≠æú˛— ('ö«— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)

(Tonsured = Venkat: You are right. I returned last night. correct. Govind: How was the pilgrimage? Pilgrimage =

(†’´¤y

Govind: Didn't you go to Tiruchanur to have a darsanam of goddess Padmavathi, Lord Venkateswara's consort?

E†o ®√vûË AJ-íÌ-î√a†’)

(F ߪ÷vûª ᙫ ≤ƒTçC? B®Ωn-ߪ÷vûª)

Venkat: Not so bad, we had the help of a temple official, so we didn't wait long to have the darshanam. Govind: How was the rush of pilgrims? Was the crowd very big?

(ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© û√éÀúÁ™« ÖçC? ï†ç áèπ◊\-´í¬ØË ÖØ√o®√?)

(¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ ¶µ«®Ωu °æü∆t-´A Å´’t¢√-JE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ A®Ω’-î√-†÷®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü∆?)

Venkat: We did, of course. I forgot to tell you of it.

(¢Á∞«xç. îÁ°æpôç ´’Jî√) °j Ææ綵«-≠æù Åçû√ ߪ÷vûª-©èπ◊ °æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊ Ææç•çCµç* ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆. ´’† ´÷´‚©’ conversation™ É´Fo èπÿú≈ °æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊ ߪ÷vûª©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† vocabulary; ´’†ç ûª®Ω--¢√úË, ¢√úøí∫© ´÷ô©’. ÉN ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûªúø’-´·-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç English ™ ߪ÷vûª© í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æp-´îª’a.

Venkat: O it was certainly a big crowd. Some had to wait for 72 hours to get the darshanam. But I told you, thanks to a temple official, we had it easy.

(ï†ç ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\¢Ë. éÌçûª-´’ç-ü¿-®·ûË 72 í∫çô©’ ¢Ë* Öçú≈Lq ´*açC ü¿®Ωz-Ø√-EéÀ. îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆. Temple ÅCµ-é¬J Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ ´÷éπçû√ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®·uçC)

Govind: Did you have a dip in the Pushkarini Dip =

(°æ¤≠æ \-JùÀ™ ≤ƒo†ç î˨»¢√? †ü¿’™x ´·†-í∫ôç)

°æNvûª

Venkat: I very much wished to, but that day no one was allowed to have the dip.

(ÅØË Å†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬F Ç®ÓV á´-J-F ņ’-´’-Aç-îª-™‰ü¿’)

Govind: So it all went off very well.

(Å®·ûË ÅFo ¶«í¬ØË ïJ-í¬-ߪ’-†o-´÷ô)

Venkat: Yea. We finished our ablutions the temple by 9 and were out by 11. Again thanks to the temple official.

(≤ƒoØ√-C-é¬-©Fo áE-N’-Cç-öÀ-éπ-®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. í∫’úÕ-™éÀ ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«xç. °æü¿-éÌç-úÕç-öÀéπçû√ •ßª’-öÀ-éÌ-îËa¨»ç, Ç temple ÅCµ-é¬J ü¿ßª’-´©x)

Govind: Did you go to any other place on the way or way back?

-¢Á-∞Ï}°æ¤p-úø’í¬-F, ´îËa-°æ¤púø’í¬F ÉçÈé-éπ\-úÕ-éπ-®·Ø√ ¢Á∞«x®√? -v°æ-¨¡o: How did the marriage go off Åçõ‰– marriage ᙫ ïJ-TçC– ÅE -O’®Ω’ ®√-¨»®Ω’. é¬-E ã °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ The gun went off by itself ÅE -Öç-C. Å®Ωnç ´’®Ó™« ´Ææ’hçC. Go off ᙫçöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈-™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – -†Í®-¨¸, Æœ-JÆœ-©x

-ï-¢√-•’:

1) Go off = How did the marriage go off? 2) Go off = explode

ᙫ ïJ-TçC – ÉC äéπ

Å®Ωnç – ™ ™«í¬.

(Ê°©ôç) ÅØËC

ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç.

The gun went off by itself.

-v°æ-¨¡o: ¢√úø’ ´’ç*-¢√-úÕ™« éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ ü∆†ç-ûªô ÅüË Ê°LçC.

O’®Ω’ He appears to be a good fellow ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. é¬F He is appears to be a good fellow ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’? – -á-Ø˛-.-Å-E-™¸, -¢Á-©’íÓ-úø’

-ï-¢√-•’:

Thank you very much for your appreciation. He is appears to be a good fellow. sentence is appears, verb verb form English verb spoken English old lessons 6 forms of the English verb is appears form is + appears = 'be' form + II Regular doing word – verb

Ñ Å†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Å™«çöÀ ™‰ü¿’-éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ™ É™«çöÀ Öçúøü¿’. ™ í∫’-Jç-* N´-®√©’Ø√o®·. îª÷úøçúÕ. Åçü¿’™ Öçúøü¿’. É™«çöÀ Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆. ™

Spoken English

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 11 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 80

5.

°æ¤ùu-Íé~-vûªç-™E üË´¤-úø’/- üË-´ûª

Deity/ Presiding Deity. Goddess Kanaka Durga is the presiding deity of Vijayawada.

Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø™E üË´-ûª/- Å-´’t¢√®Ω’ éπ†-éπ-ü¿’®Ω_.

Aiyyappa is the deity at Sabarimala. Aiyyappa is the god at Sabarimala. God: God (Capital G; no 'a/ the' before God.)

üË´¤úø’ äéπ\úË Å†o ¶µ«´çûÓ üË´¤úÕ í∫’-Jç-* Åçö«ç. ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ®√Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ NNüµ¿ üË´¤∞¡⁄x, üË´-ûª©†’ í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd A/ the god, A/ the goddess Åçö«ç – É™«ç-ô-°æ¤úø’ 'g' – small 'g' ØË, capital 'G' é¬ü¿’.

c) He believes his worship of SriSai gives him peace of mind.

X≤ƒ®· Ç®√-üµ¿† ´’†-¨»zç-A-E-Ææ’hç-ü¿E -Ç-ߪ’-† †´’téπç. 10. Nví∫£æ«ç=Idol/ Image (Idol: âúø™ ¸; 'â— ØÌèπ◊\û√ç. Image = ÉN’ñ¸ –'É— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) a) The temple has a gold idol (image of Vishnu).

í∫’úÕ™ •çí¬®Ω’ Nví∫£æ«ç (N≠æflg-´‚JhC) ÖçC. Nví∫-£æ…-®√-üµ¿† =

11. Idol worship = Idolatry Christianity and Islam are against idol worship.

véÀÆœd-ߪ÷-EöÃ, É≤ƒxç-©™ Nví∫-£æ…-®√-üµ¿† E≠œü¿l¥ç.

Idolatry is prohibited in christianity and Islam

a) The goddess at Basara is Saraswathi. The deity at Basara is Saraswathi.

(Ñ È®çúø’ ´’û√™x Nví∫-£æ…-®√-üµ¿† èπÿúøü¿’) Idolatry = (âú≈-©vöÀ – ú≈ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)

How was the pilgrimage? 1. Pilgrimage (pron:

°œw-L_-N’ñ¸– °œ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) °æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊ üÁj´-ü¿-®Ωz-Ø√®Ωnç îËÊÆ ßª÷vûª. B®Ωn-ߪ÷vûª. a) Ø√ é¬Q-ߪ÷vûª î√--™« Ææçûª%°œh éπL-Tç-*çC/ °∂æ©-v°æ-ü¿-¢Á’içC. My pilgrimage to Kasi was very fulfilling.

(B®Ωn-ߪ÷vûª ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’x ´’†èπ◊ ûª%°œhí¬ ïJ-TûË = fulfilling) b) §ƒûª-®Ó-V™x é¬Q-ߪ÷vûª é¬L-†-úø-éπ† ïJ-ÍíC. A pilgrimage to Kasi in the older days used to be on foot.

c)

¨¡•-J-´’-©/- A-®Ω’-°æA ߪ÷vûª

Pilgrimage to Sabarimala/ Tirupati. wish Wish you a very fulfilling pilgrimage. d) He makes a pilgrimage to Kasi every year

B®Ωn-ߪ÷-vûª-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√-∞¡x†’

îËߪ’ôç =

-Ç-ߪ’-† v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç é¬Q ¢Á∞«húø’. ߪ÷vA-èπ◊úø’ (°æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊) ¨¡•-J-´’© ߪ÷vA-èπ◊©’ †©x-•-ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

2. Pilgrim = a) Pilgrims to Sabarimala wear black clothes. b) Pilgrims returning from Haj are called 'Hajis'.

£æ«ñ¸ †’ç* AJT ´îËa ߪ÷vA-èπ◊-©†’ '£æ…->—©çö«®Ω’. 'pilgrimage' -¢√-úË -B®Ω’:

b) The god at Srikalahasti is Lord Shiva. c) Lord Subrahmanya is a god in Hindu Mythology. Subrahmanya Swamy

(£œ«çü¿÷ °æ¤®√-ù«©™ äéπ üË´¤úø’) (Mythology = N’ü∑∆-©>, 'ü∑∆— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) d) Lakshmi is also a goddess. (äéπ üË´ûª)

e) Saraswathi is the goddess of knowledge.

(Ææ®Ω-ÆæyA îªü¿’-´¤© üË´ûª)

Compare (a) and (b) (a) She felt that God was unkind to her.

üË´¤úø’ ûª†-°æôx *†o-îª÷°æ¤ îª÷¨»-úøE ÇN-úø-†’-èπ◊çC. (Ééπ\úø üË´¤-úÌ-éπ\úË ÅØË ¶µ«´ç)

(b) She felt that all gods were against her.

(üË´¤-∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ÖØ√o-®Ω-†’èπ◊çC. Ééπ\úø NNüµ¿ üË´-ûª-©ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬•öÀd

'gods') 6. consort = wife of a god/ husband of a goddess. English wife and husband consort a) Padmavati is the consort of Lord Venkateswara. b) Mallikarjuna is the consort of Bhramaramba. 7. Dip/ bath = a) A dip in the Ganga washes away all our sins. b) A dip in the Krishna is an important part of a pilgrimage to Kanakadurga.

(íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡x Åçõ‰ ®√V©, ®√ù’©, üË´¤∞¡x, üË´ûª© ¶µ«®Ωu-©†’, ¶µº®Ωh-©†’ ™ -Å-†®Ω’. -Åç-ö«®Ω’.)

12.

worship = offer worship. (The CM offered worship at the temple, and inaugurated the Mandapam) 13. Tonsure =

Ç®√-Cµç-îªôç =

ûª© í∫’çúø’ M. SURESAN îËߪ’ôç. (ö«†{– ö« O’ü¿ stress – ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)

a) The barbers at kalyanakatta at Tirumala tonsure us.

éπ-™«u-ù-éπ-ôd™ èπ~◊®Ω-èπ◊©’ ´’†èπ◊ í∫’çúø’ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. b) He had himself/ his head tonsured.

Åûª†’ í∫’çúø’ îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. c) With tonsured heads pilgrims enter the temple. Tonsured head clean shaven head

ߪ÷vA-èπ◊©’ í∫’çúø’ûÓ í∫’∞xéÀ ¢Á∞«h®Ω’. •ü¿’©’ ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. The pilgrims with the shaven heads = The pilgrims with the tonsured heads Now practice the following aloud in English: Sudheer: Eshwar:

O’ Ø√†o- -ÖØ√o®√? ™‰®ΩçúŒ. E†oØË é¬Q-ߪ÷-vûªèπ◊ •ßª’-™‰lJ c) A pilgrim is one who makes a pilgrimage/ °æ¤ùu †ü¿’™x ≤ƒo†ç. ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. who is on a pilgrimage í∫çí¬ ≤ƒo†çûÓ §ƒ§ƒ©’ §Úû√®· Sudheer: á°æ¤-úÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’ ´’Sx. B®Ωn-ߪ÷-vûª©’ îËÊÆ-¢√®Ω’ ߪ÷vA-èπ◊©’. Eshwar: Åçûª éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. £æ«J-ü∆y®˝, d) My father is on a pilgrimage. ®Ω’≠‘-Íé-¨¸-©™ èπÿú≈ í∫çí¬ ≤ƒo†ç îËÆœ, ´÷ Ø√†o- B®Ωn-ߪ÷-vûª™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. AJT ´≤ƒh-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. He is making a pilgrimage. Sudheer: éÀ ç-ü¿-öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’ éπü∆? e) On my pilgrimage to Sabarimala, I visited ü¿’®√_-ߪ÷vûª™ éπ%≥ƒg ≤ƒo†ç ´·êu¢Á’içC. Eshwar: Jõ„ j-®Ω-ߪ÷u®Ω’ éπü¿çúÕ. 鬴--©Æœ†çûª BJéπ. Guruvayuru. c) ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’ôç = have a dip/ take a dip. ؈’ ¨¡•-J-´’© ߪ÷vûª™ í∫’®Ω’-¢√-ߪ‚®Ω’ ¢Á∞«x†’. ߪ ÷ vûª-©™ time í∫úø-§ƒ-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. d) He has a dip in the Ganga once a year 3. Rush of pilgrims = ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© ®ΩDl/- û√-éÀúÕ. Sudheer: éÀ ç ü ¿ -öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç é¬∞¡-£æ«-Æœh™ èπÿú≈ àüÓ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-E-éÓ-≤ƒJ Çߪ’† í∫çí¬-≤ƒo†ç îË≤ƒhúø’. a) The rush of pilgrims at Tirupati makes it °æ ‹ ï©’ î˨»®Ω’ éπü∆? 8. Ablutions = ≤ƒoØ√-C-鬩’, 鬩-éπ%-û√u©’ – ´·êuçí¬ impossible to see the lord even for a few Eshwar: Å´¤ † ’. Åéπ\úø ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© û√éÀ-úÕ™ Çߪ’† ≤ƒo†ç (®ÓWîËÆœ °æ‹ï îË≤ƒhç) seconds Å´Ææ n ° æ ú ≈f®Ω’ èπÿú≈. é¬Q †’ç* AJ-íÌ-î√aéπ, ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© û√éÀúÕ ´©x éÌEo ÂÆéπ†x éπØ√o áèπ◊\-´- 9. Worship = Ç®√-üµ¿†; Ç®√-Cµç-îªôç; ´’üµ ¿ ’ ® Ω è π ◊ ¢Á∞«h-†ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. O’Ø√éÀ~ Å´’t°æ‹ï, °æ‹>ç-îªôç. ÊÆ°æ¤ ü¿®Ωz†ç ÅÆæç-¶µº´ç. ¢√J Nví∫ £ æ«ç ´·êuçí¬ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’a) We worship God/ b) There is always a huge rush of pilgrims at PILGRIMS to Sabarimala take a dip in the Ø√o®Ω ’ . Tirupati for the Brahmotsavams. Pamba before worshipping lord Aiyyappa. Sudheer: A®Ω’-°æAÍé´’Ø√o ¢Á∞«x®√ Ñ ´’üµ¿u? v•£æ«Ùt-ûªq-¢√-©èπ◊ A®Ω’-°æ-A™ ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© ®ΩDl b) I begin any work only after my worship. áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC. Eshwar: ¢Á∞ Ôx-î √a-®Ω’í¬. Å®·ûË í∫’çúø’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. °æ‹ï ûª®√yûªØË àüÁjØ√. 4. °æ¤ùu-Íé ~-vûªç- = pilgrim centre.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Venu: Hello Ratan, how is it I see you daily at this time here? time

(àçöÀ v°æA-®ÓW †’´¤y Ñ éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-´¤?)

èπ◊ -Ééπ\úø

Don't believe his pious talk

¶µºéÀhí¬ N†-°æúË ÅûªE ´÷ô©’ †¢Á·tü¿’l. ÅC †ôØË. ¶µºéÀh-í∫© ¶µºéÀh. Ñ Å®Ωnç Éçûªèπ◊´·çüË îª÷¨»ç. DEéÀ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – äéπ-J-°æ-ôx-í¬E, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç°æôx í¬-E v¨¡ü¿l¥, vÊ°´’-™«çöÀN éπLT Öçúøôç. Devotion to duty = NCµ/ NCµ E®Ωy-£æ«ù °æôx v¨¡ü¿l¥

Devout = 3) Devotion =

Ratan: It just happens that way. I am here at this time on my way to the temple near here and you come out in the evening at this time. time time

a) His devotion to duty leaves him little time for his family.

(Åü¿™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC. -ØË-†’ Ñ èπ◊ Ééπ\úø ™ ü¿í∫_®Óx Ö†o í∫’úÕ-éÀ ®√´ôç, †’´yüË ÉçöÀ†’ç* •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´úøç.)

NCµ °æôx Åûª-úÕ-èπ◊†o v¨¡ü¿l¥ ´©x -ûª-† èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ time Íéö«-®·ç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. èπ◊ô’ç• N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ BJ-èπ◊ç-úøôç ™‰ü¿’.

Venu: Why this piety all of a sudden? It is only a week since I have been meeting you on your way to temple. sudden

b) Her devotion to the service of the poor is really great.

Ê°ü¿© °æôx Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o v¨¡ü¿l¥, vÊ°´’ î√™« íÌ°æpN.

(àçöÀçûª í¬ Ñ ¶µºéÀh? EØÓo ¢√®Ωç -®Ó-V-©’í¬ ØËE-éπ\úø îª÷Ææ’hØ√o)

c) Gandhi's devotion to the cause of Indian independence.

Ratan: It's all mother's doing. She's a devotee of Sri Sai. Her devotion has impressed me too.

Venu:

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 13 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

¶µ«®Ωûª ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç °æôx í¬çDµ@ v¨¡ü¿l¥. 4) Devote: ´’†- ¨¡éÀh, v¨¡ü¿l¥, 鬩ç äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æôx îª÷°œç-îªôç. (Åçû√ ´÷ Å´’t ´©x. Ç¢Á’ ≤ƒ®·-¶µº-èπ◊h-®√©’. a) The doctor devotes most of his time to his Ç¢Á’ ¶µºéÀh -Ø√°j -v°æ-¶µ«-´ç -îª÷°œç-C.) patients. That's very good indeed. Do you do ®Óí∫’© éÓÆæ¢Ë’ áèπ◊\´ Æ洒ߪ’ç Íéö«-®·-≤ƒhúø’. pooja at home? b) Though very busy, he devotes a lot of time (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. Éçöx °æ‹ï -îË-≤ƒh¢√?) to his family. BJé𠙉èπ◊Ø√o èπÿú≈ èπ◊ô’ç-¶ç-ûÓ î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√úø’. c) Freedom fighters devoted their whole life to the cause of freedom.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 81

≤ƒyûªçvûªuç éÓÆæç @N-ûª-´’çû√ í∫úÕ-Ê°-¨»®Ω’.

13) Wick. 14) halo =

´Ah =

15)

°æ-ö«-™x, ¶Ô´’t-™x üË´¤∞¡x, ´’£æ…-ûª’t© P®Ω-Ææ’q© ô÷d ÖçúË é¬çA ´©ßª’ç. hallowed = °æ¤F-ûª-¢Á’i†. Tirumala is the hallowed place of Lord Venkateshwara.

¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ ´©x A®Ω’-´’© °æ¤F-ûª-¢Á’içC. °æN-vûªûª.

16) Sanctity = a) Smoking and alcohol are banned in holy places to preserve their sanctity.

°æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«© °æN-vûª-ûª†’ 鬧ƒ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åéπ\úø -§Òí∫-û√í∫-úøç, ´’ü¿u-ç E-Ê≠-Cµ-≤ƒh®Ω’. (Preserve = îÁúÕ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈, §ƒúø-´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçîªôç) b) The Hindus attach great sanctity to the Ganga

£œ«çü¿’-´¤©’ í∫çí¬-†-CE î√-™« °æN-vûª-¢Á’iç-Cí¬ ¶µ«N-≤ƒh®Ω’.

She is very devout Ratan: No, mother does it. She is very devout. Sun or rain she has a cold bath early in the morning and sits for pooja.

(´÷ Å´’t îËÆæ’hçC. Ç¢Á’ î√-™« ¶µºéÀh-éπ-©C. áçúÁjØ√ ¢√ØÁjØ√ §Òü¿’lØËo îªFo∞¡x ≤ƒo†ç îËÆœ °æ‹ïèπ◊ èπÿ®Ω’aç-ô’çC)

5) Devotee = a) devotees of Sri Venkateshwara. b) Devotees can offer worship from 6 a.m. 12.00 noon and from 4 p.m. - 8 p.m. =

¶µºèπ◊h-úø’/ -¶µº-èπ◊h-®√©’ X -¢Ëçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω ≤ƒy-N’ ¶µºèπ◊h©’.

Venu: What about your father?

(O’ Ø√†o-í¬J Ææçí∫A?)

Ratan: He is not particular. He is devoted to his job. His devotion to duty doesn't let him devote any time to worship.

(Çߪ’-†-éπçûª °æöÀdç°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ NCµ E®Ωy-£æ«-ù-°æõ‰x v¨¡ü∆l¥ Æ洒ߪ’ç ¢Á*a-≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçü¿’´©x Çߪ’-†èπ◊ Å®Ωa-†èπ◊, Ç®√-üµ¿-†èπÿ time Öçúøü¿’.)

6)

¶µºèπ◊h©’ Öü¿ßª’ç 6 †’ç* 12 ´®Ωèπ◊, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 4 †’ç* 8 ´®Ωèπ◊ ü¿®Ωz†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a/ Ç®√Cµç-îª-´îª’a. Devout = pious = ¶µºéÀhí∫-© O’®Ω’ î√™« ¶µºéÀhí∫©-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË you are very devout. The devout old man spends most of his time in the temple.

¶µºéÀhí∫-© Ç Â°ü∆l-ߪ’† áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ í∫’úÕ-™ØË Öçö«úø’. Venu: Do you go to the Sai temple near our 7) ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç °ôdúøç = offer, ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç = offering. 8) éπ®Ω÷p®Ωç = Camphor (é¬ç°∂æ – é¬ç, Cat ™ college too? '鬗 ™«í¬) (´’† college ü¿í∫_®Ω í∫’úÕéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞«h¢√?) 9) ≤ƒçv¶«ùÀ = Incense Ratan: Rarely, devotees prefer this to that. (Incense Åçõ‰ éÓ°æç éπL-Tç-îªôç ÅE èπÿú≈). (Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬. ¶µºèπ◊h-©ç-ü¿®Ω’, Ç í∫’úÕ éπçõ‰ Ñ 10) Åí∫-®Ω’-´-ûª’h©’ = Incense sticks. í∫’úÕØË É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’) éÀçü¿öÀ lesson continuation í¬ Â°j Ææ綵«-≠æù 11) (´’çvû√©’, ¢Ëü∆©’ etc.) °æJ∏ç-îªôç/ ´Lxç-îªôç = Chant - chanting of mantras, vedas, etc. èπÿú≈ ¶µºéÀhéÀ, °æ‹ñ« °æ¤†-≤ƒ\-®√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*ç-ü¿E 12) v°æN’ü¿ = Censer (ÂƆq – 'ÂÆ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç), ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Ñ ´÷ö©’ ´’†ç conversation Censer Åçõ‰ ≤ƒçv¶«ùÀ üµ¿÷°æç ¢ËÊÆ ¶µºJù ÅE ™ ûª®Ω ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. èπÿú≈. 1) Piety = °æߪ’öÀ ('°æ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊-û√ç) = ¶µºéÀh = devotion (úÕ¢Ó-≠æØ˛) – 'úÕ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç. a) My mother is a woman of piety. v°æ¨¡o: ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'á†o´—- -™‰-ü∆ '-á-ØÓo--— Å-ØË °æ-ü∆-EéÀ ´÷ Å´’t ¶µºéÀh-éπ-©C. -É-ç-T-x≠ˇ-™ ÆæÈ®j-† °æ-ü¿ç -à-N’-öÀ? N´-®Ω-çí¬ b) O’®√ éπ%≠æflg-úÕ-°æôx î√-™« ¶µºéÀh-éπ-©C -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. Meera had great piety for Lord Krishna. – ¢Ë’J- π◊-´÷J, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø 2) pious = °æߪ’Æˇ = ¶µºéÀhí∫© ï ¢ √•’: Ñ v°æ¨¡o î√-™« -é¬-©çí¬ a) She is a pious woman = Ç¢Á’ ¶µºéÀh éπ©C. î√™«-´’çC Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. b) He is not so pious as his wife. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ûª† ¶µ«®Ωuçûª ¶µºéÀh ™‰ü¿’. 'á†o´— ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ English ™ '¶µºéÀh— Åçõ‰ 'devotion' ÅE- èπÿú≈. ÆæÈ®j† °æü¿ç ™‰ü¿’. 'O’ ņo-ü¿c) Thyagaraja and Bhaktha Ramadas had ´·t™x O’È®-ØÓo¢√®Ω’?— ÅØË great devotion to Lord Rama. v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ English èπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ®√´·-úÕ-°æôx ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JéÀ î√-™« ¶µºéÀh ÖçúËC. 'where do you come among äéπ\ N≠æߪ’ç pious Åçõ‰ ¶µºéÀhí∫© ÅØË Å®Ωnç. your brothers and sisters?' devotional = ¶µºéÀhíÌLÊ°, ¶µºéÀhéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†. ÅE ņ-´îª’a. ÉC èπÿú≈ Ææçü¿devotional songs = ¶µºéÀh-U-û√-©’/- üË-´¤úÕ §ƒô©’. ®√s¥Eo•öÀd ´÷vûª¢Ë’, O’È®-ØÓo¢√®Ω’? Å®·ûË pious Åçõ‰ Eïçí¬ ¶µºéÀh-™‰E, ¶µºéÀh †öÀçîË ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ÅE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

Spoken English

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

(string = String of beads=

´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç = ü∆®Ωç. Beads = °æ‹Ææ©’. °æ‹Ææ© ´÷©. Beads ÅØ√o- èπÿú≈ °æ‹Ææ©´÷© ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. counting beads = °æ‹Ææ-©-ü¿ç-úøûÓ ï°æç îËߪ’úøç)

Prasad: Yes, Sukumar: Howmany times have you been there so far? By bus or on foot? Prasad: This is my fifth time. Walking. Sukumar: I feel like coming too. How about taking me/ will you take me next time? Prasad: With pleasure. Why not now? Sukumar: Not now. I Think you are very pious/ devout. Prasad: So are you. You make frequent pilgrimages to Shirdi. Every friday you have a dip in the Krishna. You have been to the Ganga twice I think, and taken a dip there.

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææç-*éπ-™ -Å-¶µ«u≤ƒ-EéÀ Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-†ç:

´’Sx ¨¡•-J-´’-©é¬? ´’Sx †©x-•-ôd™x, ¢Á’úø™ ´÷©ûÓ éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-´¤. M. SURESAN Prasad: Å´¤†’. Sukumar: O’È®Eo≤ƒ®Ω’x ¢Á∞«x-Jç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊? é¬L-†-úøéπ-Ø√, Bus ™Ø√? Prasad: ÉC 5´ ≤ƒJ, é¬L-†-úø-éπØË. Sukumar: Ø√èπÿ ®√¢√-©ØËÖçC. ´îËa-≤ƒJBÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x¢√? Prasad: ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬. É°æ¤púË ®√´îª’a éπü∆? Sukumar: -É°æ¤p-úø’ é¬-ü¿’. †’´¤y î√-™« ¶µºéÀh-í∫-©-¢√-úø´-†’-èπ◊çö«. Prasad: †’´¤y èπÿú≈ éπü∆? î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ≠œKf ߪ÷vûª îË≤ƒh´¤. ≤ƒ-®·-¶«-¶«†’ éÌ©’-Ææ’hç-ö«´¤. v°æA ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç éπ%≥ƒg †C™ ≤ƒo†ç îË≤ƒh´¤. È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x í∫çí∫™  ´·EíÌ*a†ô’d-Ø√o-´¤-èπÿú≈ éπü∆. Answer: Sukumar: Hello, Prasad, Sabarimala (Going to Sabarimala) again. I see you once more/ once again in black clothes and with a string of beads/ beads around your neck.

Sudheer: Is your father in? / at home? Eshwar: No, He left yesterday on a pilgrimage for/ to Kasi. Sudheer: When will he be back?/ When will he return?/ When is he returning?/ When will he come back? Eshwar: (I am) not sure. He said he would have a dip in the Ganga at Haridwar and Rishikesh and return. Sudheer: Didn't he go last year too?/ He went last year too, didn't he? Eshwar: He is now retired you know. He has plenty of/ a lot of leisure. He wants to spend the rest of his life on pilgrimages. Sudheer: I think even last year he offered worship/ performed pooja at Srikalahasti. Eshwar: Yes. He had trouble because of the rush of pilgrims there. After returning from Kasi, he wants to go to Madhurai. He is particular about the image / idol of goddess Meenakshi. Sudheer: Has be been to Tirupathi of late? Eshwar: Yes last month. But he didn't have his head tonsured/ he didn't have a tonsure.

a) Where is Dr. Manmohan Singh among/ on the list of the PMs of India? -

v°æ¨¡o: éÀçC ¢√é¬u--™x àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’?

Practise the following: Sukumar: Hello, prasad,

ÉC 'á†o´—

ÅØË ü∆EéÀ ÅA ü¿í∫_®Ω. b) What is the ordinal of Dr. Manmohan Singh among the PMs of Inida?' (ordinal= 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc) (a) (b)

ÅE ņ-´îª’a, é¬E ÉC §ƒçúÕûªuç. èπÿú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•õ‰d ´’† ¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª’çC. E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-LÍí-¢√-∞¡Ÿx ûªèπ◊\´. v°æ¨¡o: One and half year Åçõ‰ éπÈ®é¬d? ™‰éπ one and half years ÅØ√™«? ÉC singular í¬ Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√™«? ™‰éπ plural í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™«? – Èé-.-Ç®˝.-v°œ-ߪ’-ü¿-Jz-E, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø -ï-¢√-•’: One and a half years ņôç correct. DE ¢Áç-ô ´îËa verb ´÷vûªç singular. One and a half years is a long period.

Today all trains are running lately. Today all trains are running by late. Today all trains are running as late.

-ï-¢√-•’: O’ ´‚úø’

– ®ÓùçéÀ Ææ’¨¡%ûª, -éÓô-¶Ô-´÷tR sentences ™ àD éπÈ®é˙d

Correct sentence: Today all trains are running late. 1) Lately late

é¬ü¿’. éÀ,

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ áéπ\ú≈ Ææç•çüµ¿ç

™‰ü¿’. a) Lately recently/ of late I haven't seen him lately/ of late

Åçõ‰

Åçõ‰ Ñ ´’üµ¿u.

Ñ ´’üµ¿u ؈’ ¢√úÕE îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬, Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i† ÅE. Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√aúø’.

b) late – He has come late =

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Sekhar: Hello Mahesh... any idea where Jagadish is.

(£æ«™ ´’Ê£«¨¸, ïí∫-D¨¸ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Mahesh: He may be at home.

(Éçöx ÖçúÌa) Sekhar: May we expect him on time?

(Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÆæJí¬_ ´≤ƒhúøE ņ’-éÓ-´î√a?) Mahesh: I don’t know. He said he would come, but when, exactly, he was not clear.

(ûÁLߪ’ü¿’. ´≤ƒh†Ø√oúø’, é¬F á°æ¤púÓ éπ*aûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.) Sekhar: Until he comes we cannot start our work.

(Åûªúø’ ´îËa ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç‰ç ´’J.) Mahesh: How many charts are we going to make for the exhibition?

(´’†ç áTb-G-≠æØ˛èπ◊ áEo °æöÀd-éπ©’ îËÆæ’hØ√oç?) Sekhar: Jagadish knows. They may be six or seven.

Kousik: We may not meet each other then, because this weekend I may leave for Chennai. My sister is going abroad. She may need my help in packing, etc.

(Å®·ûË ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, áçü¿’éπçõ‰ ؈’ Ñ ¢√®√çûªç™ îÁØÁj o ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a, ´÷ ÆœÆd®æ ˝ §∂ƒJØ˛ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ §ƒuéÀçí˚™ Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç 鬴a.) ÅFo Ŵa, 鬴a, Å´-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅE Å®√n©’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ´’† @N-ûªç™ àC ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC, ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅE îÁ°æp™‰ç 鬕öÀd, Åçõ‰ because life is full of uncertainties 鬕öÀd, may, may not ¢√úøéπç î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC. ´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ. Prasanth: How much money may you need?

(áçûª úø•’s Å´-Ææ®Ωç 鬴a?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 82

(ïí∫D¨¸èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. •£æ›¨» Ç®Ó àúÓ Öçúø-´îª’a.)

Sekhar: He knows it. He may not delay. Yes. Here is he calling. He says he may be here in 15 minutes.

(Åûªúø’ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Ç... ÉCíÓ ÅûªúÕ †’ç* §∂ÚØ˛. °æC-Ê£«†’ EN’≥ƒ™x Ééπ\úø ÖçúÌa Åçô’Ø√oúø’.) Mahesh: OK then. He may also bring the necessary material.

(Åûªúø’ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ≤ƒ´’vT èπÿú≈ û˴a). í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Ééπ\úø underline îËÆœ† verbs ÅFo mayûÓ ´Ææ’hØ√o®·.

✒ may be

✒ may not delay

(®ÓVèπ◊ Å®·ü¿’ ¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’™‰. Åçûªéπçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.) 鬕öÀd ‘May’ expresses probability in

´’†™ î√™«-´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ‘may’, present ™í¬E, future ™ í¬E àüÁjØ√ ÖçúË/ ïJÍí Å´-é¬-¨»Eo ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC– Åçõ‰ probability

b) She may know this.

Suguna will buy this perhaps.

Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ é¬F, Ééπ-´·çü¿’ é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a (éπ*aûªç é¬ü¿’) ņ’-èπ◊ØË °æEE (ï®Ωí∫éπ §Ú´îª’a èπÿú≈) ûÁLߪ’ñ‰-Ææ’hçC. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ‘May be’ Åçõ‰ Öçúø-´îª’a, •£æ›¨» Öçö«®Ω’/ Öçô’çC, Öçö«úø’– É°æ¤púø’ é¬F Ééπ´·çü¿’ é¬E ÅØË Å®Ωnç™. Å™«Íí May + 1st RDW - May go - ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a – •£æ›¨» ¢Á∞«h-®Ω’/¢Á-∞¡Ÿhç-C/-¢Á-∞«húø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

Kousik: When may you be here again?

(O’®Ω’ ´’Sx Ééπ\úø á°æ¤púø’ Öçúø´îª’a/ O’®Ω’ ´’Sx Ééπ\úø ÖçúË Å´-鬨¡ç á°æ¤púø’?) Mohan: I may come here again this weekend.

ANSWERS:

¢√úø-´îª’a.

May be it will succeed.

(≤ƒßª’ç-鬩ç Åûªúø’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈?) Sasank: He may come, I am not sure.

(®√´îª’a. ؈’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰†’). Mahendra: Why do you doubt it?

(ÅC Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç 鬴a.) b) Sachin may score another century in this series.

(Ææ*Ø˛ Ñ ÆœK-Æˇ™ ØË ÉçéÓ ÂÆçîªK îËߪ’-´îª’a.)

Mahendra: Then let’s start. If we do not start now the teacher may go away.

May be Sachin will score another century in this series. c) He may be coming

1. He has worked in Chennai since 1990 (present perfect) Åçõ‰ 1990 †’ç* É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ î˨»úø’ ÅE ´Ææ’hçü∆? ™‰ü∆ Éçé¬ continue Å´¤-ûª’çü∆? 2. Çߪ’† ®ÓV Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ -Å-†-ú≈-Eo He is coming here daily -™‰-ü∆ He comes here daily Éçü¿’™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? 3. a) you shall finish all this work and then only go b) you must finish all this work and then go

Éçü¿’™ àC éπÈ®é˙d?

– Èé. XE-¢√Æˇ ®√´¤, -¢Á-ü¿’-∞¡x-°æLx. He has worked in

.

Perhaps he is coming

.

May be he is coming. Åûªúø’ ´Ææ÷h Öçúø-´îª’a. Probably he is coming. Knows?’

Éô’-´ç-öÀ-îÓôx ‘Who (á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’/ á´®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’?)

Gowtham: You said you M. SURESAN would be buying car. When may you buy it? Sunil:

Sunil:

Sunil:

Perhaps it will happen; Who knows? Now practise the following:

Sunil:

鬮Ω’ éÌçô’-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆? á°æ¤púø’ éÌç-ô’Ø√o®Ω’? äéπöÀ È®çúø’ ¢√®√™x. O’È®-°æ¤púø’ éÌç-ô’Ø√o®Ω’.

Chennai since 1990 ņo-°æ¤púø’ Éçûª-´-®Ω’èπÿ î˨»úø’ ÅØË Å®√n-EÍé áèπ◊\´ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. Å®·ûË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Éçé¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úøØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. 'I have worked in this company since 2000’ ÉC á´®ΩØ√o ÅüË company™ îËÆæ’h†o´uéÀhûÓ Å†o-°æ¤púø’, Éçé¬ Åéπ\úË continue Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-†ØË éπü∆? have worked èπÿ, have been workingèπÿ ûËú≈ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´.Å®·ûË continuity éÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç É´y-´-©Æœ ´ÊÆh have been + ing better 2.a) He is coming here daily - correct b) He comes here daily - correct a)

Ñ sentence modern English Usage ™ ¢Á’©x¢Á’-©xí¬ accept îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ –®ÓW Ééπ\-úøèπ◊ ´Ææ’hØ√o-úøØË Å®ΩnçûÓ

I have just one worry. I am afraid petrol and diesel prices may go up.

Gowtham: If you go on delaying /if you delay further, you may not use a car at low petrol prices. By the time you buy the car, you may drive it at higher prices.

May be it will happen; Who knows?

Gowtham:

May be in a week or two. when may you buy? What about you?

Gowtham: I may not buy at all. I have no plans as yet

d) It may happen; Who knows?

b) She may get the prize.

ï-¢√-•’–

may be

a) It may succeed.

èπÿú≈ ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC. Mahendra: Will he come this evening?

He will probably help you.

2) May + 1st Regular Doing Word (May go, May come, May play etc.)- expresses a probable/ likely action in the present or in the future. May + 1st RDW,

ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆ-Ææ’hØ√o®Ω’. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV™x O’èπ◊ loan ®√´îª’a.

c) Suguna may buy this.

(Ç¢Á’ é̆-´îª’a) may •ü¿’©’ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ 3) Åçõ‰ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo

(Å®·ûË ´’†ç •ßª’-™‰l®√lç. É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰lin the present, or in the future. ®Ω-éπ-§ÚûË öÃ˝ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´îª’a) May be - ‘be’ form- expresses a probable °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ may ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo Ææ÷*state of being in the present or in the ≤ÚhçC. future. í∫´’-Eéπ: 1) ‘May’ Åçõ‰ØË probably 鬕öÀd, may, É°æ¤p-úø’-í¬F ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h-™-í¬F ÖçúË Å´-é¬-¨»Eo probably °æéπ\-°æ-éπ\† ¢√úøç. Å™«çöÀ ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC. °æC EN’-≥ƒ™x ¢√Rx-éπ\úø ÖçúøîÓôx will ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´îª’a. a) He may help you. They may be here in ten minutes.

ØËE°æ¤púø’ é̆-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Ç Ç™-îª-†- ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. She will probably not like this. Sunil: °vö©’, úŒ>™¸ üµ¿®Ω©’ °®Ω-í∫-´-îËa¢Á÷ (Ç¢Á’ ü∆Eo É≠æd-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.) ÅØËC äéπ\õ‰ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† Ø√èπ◊. 2) Å™«Íí may •ü¿’©’ perhaps + will ¢√úø- Gowtham: O’®Ω’ Ç©Ææuç îËÊÆ éÌDl üµ¿®Ω©’ °®Ω’-í∫’´îª’a. ûª÷ØË Öçö«®·. O’®Ω’ 鬮Ω’ éÌØË-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ a) ¢√úÌ-≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷! Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ -üµ¿®Ω- °®Ωí∫-´-a. He may come. Sunil: O’®Ω’ îÁ°œpçD Eï¢Ë’. Ñ®Óñ‰ 鬮Ω’ Perhaps he will come. ™Ø˛èπ◊ Å°kx îË≤ƒh. É°æ¤púø’ îËÊÆh ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¨»çéπ{Ø˛ îËÊÆ ÆæJéÀ ¢√®Ωç °æôd-´îª’a. He will come perhaps. Gowtham: Åçûª °æôd-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ™„çúÕ. É°æ¤púø’ î√™« He will perhaps come. (perhaps = •£æ›¨»)

the present or in the future. It expresses doubt too-

(¢√∞¡x-éπ\ߪ’u ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡û√-†E Åçô’Ø√oúø’.)

✒ may bring

Gowtham:

She perhaps knows this.

Sasank: He was talking about going to his sister’s place.

✒ may have

1)

Dasarath: Just 5000 rupees a day. I may not need more than that.

(áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ’´÷†ç?)

✒ may we expect him?

She will probably get the prize. c) She may not like this.

...WHO KNOWS?

Mahesh: So many? Then we had better begin. We do not have much time. We may have at the most three or four days.

(î√™« ÖØ√oßË’! Å®·ûË ´’†èπ◊ õ„j¢˛’ áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’. ´‚úø’, Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.)

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 16 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

You are right. Today itself I will apply for a Car loan. If I do it now, it may be a week before they process it and sanction the loan./ they may take a week to process it and sanction the loan.

Gowtham: They may not take so long. Now a days they are very quick. You may get the loan in two or three days.

b)

Ñ sentence -Åûª†’ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ v°æA-®ÓV Ééπ\-úøèπ◊ ´≤ƒh-úøE. éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ sentence (b) is better than sentence (a)

3. È®çúø÷ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË shall,order -†’ Ææ÷-*-Ææ’hçC.Must Shall éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ force ûÓ order ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, éÌçûª Å´-Ææ-®√Eo èπÿú≈ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.you must have money if you want to buy a Car -Ééπ\úø must, Å´-Ææ-®√Eo (order é¬ü¿’) Ææ÷*-≤ÚhçC éπü∆! †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ´·çü¿’ °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ sentence (b) èπ◊ ÖçC. sentence (a) °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ ÷L ÅØË order -† ’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª’çC. Å®·ûË Ñ ûËú≈ Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ-†-éπ\®Ω-™‰ü¿’.

(؈’ Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ Ééπ\úÕéÀ ®√´îª’a.)

Spoken English

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

Surekha: Hi Deepthi, come in. What a sight you

Deepthi: I had been on my daily morning walk

are! What's (what has) happened?

when this happened.

Why those mud splashes on your

؈’ morning ïJ-TçC.

dress?

walk

-îËÆæ’h-†o°æ¤p-úø’ -É-C

-D°œh, ®√, àçöÀü¿çû√, É™« ÖØ√o´¤? (What a sight you are) ᙫ- éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-¢Ó, àç ïJ-TçC? F dress O’ü¿çû√ Ç •’®Ω-ü¿F-∞ÏxçöÀ?

Surekha: But why a walk at all? It rained all

Deepthi: Sure, I'm in a terrible mess. I was

Deepthi: It's quite sultry. Please turn on the fan.

walking down the road. A car driving over a puddle splashed the mud on me. I felt terribly embarrassed with the mud on my dress. Took an auto immediately and came down here. This is the nearest I could think of.

Eï¢Ë’ ؈’ ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†/ -ü∆-®Ω’-ù-¢Á’i† °æJÆœn-A™ ÖØ√o†’. ؈’ road ¢Áç•úÕ †úø’Ææ’hçõ‰ ¢√†-í∫’ç-ô-O’ü¿ car ¢Á∞¡x-ôçûÓ Ç •’®Ωü¿ F∞¡xçû√ Ø√O’ü¿ *-´÷t®·. ¢ÁçôØË auto -BÆæ’èπ◊-E Ééπ\-úÕ-éÀ-´î√a, Åéπ\-úÕéÀ -É-C ÅA ü¿í∫_®Ω 鬕öÀd) (Terrible = ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† (°æJ-ÆœnA) mess = í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞¡ç, *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿®Ω, Ééπ\úø trouble. Puddle = Road splash =

O’ü¿ ÖçúË ¢√† F∞¡x-í∫’çô. F∞¡x-™«ç-öÀN *´’tôç.. Å™«- *-N’t-†-°æ¤púø’

°æúË- F∞¡Ÿx.

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 19 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

through the night.

ÅÆæ©’ ®√vûªçû√ ´®Ω{ç èπ◊JÊÆh É°æ¤púø’ †úø-´ôç üËEéÃ? Öéπ\-§Ú-ûªí¬ ÖçC. é¬Ææh

fan

¢Ëߪ’¢√?

Surekha: It is sultry - that means it is going to


sweat = ÂÆyö¸

=- îª-´’ô, ’-ô-°æ-ôdôç.

Suman:

°ü¿l ´®Ω{¢Ë’ ´îËaô’xçC. Éçé¬ 24 í∫çô©’ ´®Ω{ Ææ÷ Ö†o-ô’xçC éπü∆? a) we are sweating a lot here; let's sit out. Eïç-í¬ØË îª´’-ôí¬ ÖçC. Åçõ‰ ´’-S} Ééπ\úø î√-™« ’-ô-§Ú-Ææ’hçC, •ßª’ô èπÿ®Ω’açü∆ç. Kalyan: éπÈ®Íéd††’-éÓçúÕ. Å®·ûË íÌúø’í∫’ ´’-®Ω-*-§Ú-û√-ØË¢√ØÌ-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. ¢Á÷-†-E. É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’ íÌúø’-í∫’©’ -§ÚíÌ-ô’db) He is sweating all over ´®√{-Eéà ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’ èπ◊Ø√o. Åûª-EéÀ ä∞¡xçû√ ’-ô- §Ú-≤ÚhçC. ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. Suman: E†oçû√ ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.T.V. ™ èπÿú≈
’--öúÕa Ææ秃-Cç-îªôç = sweat it out îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. é¬E E†oçû√ î√-™« Öéπ\-§Ú-ûªí¬ a) Chiranjeevi has sweated it out to become a ÖçC. ü∆E-ûÓ-§ƒ-ô’ éÌçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ éπÈ®çô’ èπÿú≈ top star éπ-≠d° æ æ-úÕ (’-öúÕa) Öûªh´’ †ô’úø’ߪ÷uúø’. (sweat ûª®√yûª it í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) ™‰ü¿’. -ä-∞¡xç-û√ äéπõ‰ -îª-´’-ô. b) He sweated it out to educate his daughter Kalyan: ’-öí¬ØË ÖçC. Å®·ûË Ç鬨¡ç Åçû√ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 84 ´’¶‰sÊÆ ÖçC. èπÿûª’Jo éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-Nç-î√úø’. rain again.

I feel very sultry

embarrass =

á綫-®ΩÆˇ. ¶« ØÌ-éÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç, Æœí∫’_°æ-úËô’x É•sçC éπL_ç-îªôç, embarrassed = É•sç-Cí¬ feel Å´ôç. •’®Ω-ü¿-F∞¡x ´’®Ω-éπ-©’†o dress ûÓ éπ†-°æ-úøôç Deepthi éÀ É•sçC (embarrassing í¬ Öçô’çC) éπü∆! The Son-in-law's behaviour embarrassed the minister.

Å©’xúÕ v°æ´-®Ωh† ´’çvAéÀ é¬Ææh É•sçC éπL-Tç-*çC. É®Ω’-èπ◊† °æúË-ÆœçC. embarrassing = á綫-®Ω-Æ œçí˚ – '¶«— bank ™ ba ™«í¬) Surekha: Sorry dear, come. Wash your face and have a change of clothes. Here you are. Take this dress of mine. I'll have yours washed and sent home to you in the evening.

î√--™« ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. ¢Á·£æ«ç éπúø’-èπ◊\E •ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’aéÓ. ÉCíÓ (ÉC) BÆæ’éÓ = Here you are. -ØË-†’ -F dress †’ ÖA-éÀç* ≤ƒßª’çvûªç O’ ÉçöÀéÀ °æç°æ¤-û√†’. Deepthi: Thank you. Surekha: But why were you out so early in the morning? It is not even 7 now.

Å®·Ø√ Åçûª §Òü¿’lØËo •ßª’-öÀÈéç-ü¿’éÌ-î√a´¤? É°æ¤p-úÕçé¬ 7 èπÿú≈ é¬-™‰ü¿’.


puddle = roads

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Thanks îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ à ´ßª’Ææ’q ¢√JéÀ ᙫ AJT ï¢√-G-¢√yL? 2)

Å™«Íí "sorry" îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ AJT à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†-N’-¢√yL (°ü¿l-©èπ◊, °œ©x-©èπ◊, Ææ´’-´-ߪ’-Ææ’\-©èπ◊)?

3) Good heavens, Adit! You must have your shoes polished. Good heavens, Adit! You must have polished your shoes.

ÉN à Nüµ¿çí¬ È®çúø’ ¢Ë®Ω’ ¢Ë®Ω’ Å®√n-©-E-≤ƒh®·. É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? phonetics í∫’-Jç-< -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – -áç.-á-™¸.°æ®Ω-¢Ë’-¨¡y®Ω®√-´¤, -•’-*-aÈ®-úÕf-§ƒ-™„ç, -ØÁ-©÷x®Ω’ ->-™«x -ï-¢√-•’: 1) à ´ßª’Ææ’q¢√®Ω’ thanks îÁ°œpØ√ AJT ÉîËa ï¢√•’ äéπõ‰, you are welcome/ welcome. é¬Ææh °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x®·ûË, sir îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. 2) Sorry éÀ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË– It's all right, doesn't matter, Åçö«ç. °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË sir, îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. 3) a) Good heavens, Adit! you must have your shoes polished =

¶«¶ß˝’! F shoes polish îË®·ç-î√L †’´¤y. (Åçõ‰, F shoes èπ◊ §ƒL≠ˇ ™‰éπ dirty í¬ ÖØ√o-ߪ’E)

Spoken English

c) How can you get any thing free? you sweat

Suman:

§Ú®·† ¢√®Ω´’çû√ ¢√ØË éπü∆. †ü¿’-©çû√ Ö*-ûªçí¬ àüÁjØ√ ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? üËE-ÈéjØ√ éπ≠d-°æ æ-ú≈L. §ÒçT-§Ò-®Ω-©’-ûª’
sweat = ¶µºßª’çûÓ îª´’-ô-§Ú-ߪ’ôç. Ø√o®·. -§ƒ°æç a) He splashed water over my face a) The sight of the police made him sweat. È®j-ûª’-©èπ◊ Ø√ ¢Á·£æ«ç O’ü¿ F∞¡Ÿx éÌö«dúø’. police ©†’ îª÷úø-í¬ØË Åûª-EéÀ îÁ´’-ô-°æ-öÀdçC. M. SURESAN °æçôçû√ b) splash of water = *N’t† F∞¡Ÿx b) She sweats and shivers at his sight. †≠æd¢Ë’. c) a splash of water made him conscious ÅûªEo îª÷úø-í¬ØË Ç¢Á’ ’-ô-°æöÀd ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-®·çC. Kalyan: Å®·ûË éÌEoîÓôx ´÷vûªç È®jûª’©’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçF∞¡Ÿx éÌôd-í¬ØË ûÁLN ´*aç-ü¿-ûª-EéÀ (shiver = ≠œ-´ = ´-ù-éπôç) í¬ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπØË äéπ-JéÀ -ê‰ü¿ç, äéπ-JéÀ d) Blood splashed all over the place as the Vighnesh: Have you heard the news? We are ¢Á÷ü¿ç ÅØ√o®Ω’. lorry hit him. in for another cyclone. ™«K úµŒ é̆-ôçûÓ Åéπ\-úøçû√ ®Ωéπhç *N’tçC. NØ√o¢√, ´’Sx -ûª’-§ƒ-†’-†’ -á-ü¿’-®Ó\-¢√Lq Answer:
Sultry = (¢√û√-´-®Ωùç) Öéπ\-§Ú-ûª-í¬/ -îÁ-´’-ôí¬ ´≤ÚhçC. (We are in = ņ-¶µº-Nçîª- Suman: Take/ Carry an umbrella. It is raining. Öçúøôç ¶´ôç. He is in for trouble = Åûª-EéÀ Kalyan: It's only a drizzle/ It is just drizzling. An a) I feel very sultry; could you turn on the fan? umbrella is not necessary. trouble ®√¶-ûÓçC.) î√-™« -îª-´’-ôí¬ ÖçC. é¬Ææh fan ¢Áߪ’u®√? Suman: It looks like heavy rain./ It appears to Mahesh: Yea. Cyclone is forecast for another sultry = stuffy. (-Å®·-ûË stuffy -äéπ -v°æ-üË-¨»-EéÀ rain heavily./ Heavy rain appears likely./ 24 hours. -¢√-úø-û√ç. It may rain heavily. Rain is forecast for ®√í∫© 24 í∫çô™x cyclone -´-îËa Ææ÷îª-†/b) The room is very stuffy. Please open the another 24 hours. Å-´-鬨¡ç. (forecast = ´·çü¿’ ïJÍí Ææç°∂æ’- Kalyan: You may be right, but I may forget the windows. ô-†© ÅçîªØ√) ®Ω÷ç î√© ¢ËúÕí¬ -Öç-C. (í¬L ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC) umbrella somewhere. I have already éÀöÀéà ûª©’-°æ¤©’ Bߪ’çúÕ. Now, practise the following aloud in English: lost two umbrellas. When the room is stuffy, you sweat Suman: íÌúø’í∫’ BÂÆ\-∞¡xçúÕ. ´®Ω{ç-´-≤ÚhçC. Suman: The whole of yesterday I expected rain/ room ™ í¬™«-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ îª-´’ô§ÚÆæ’hçC. I thought it would rain the whole of yesKalyan: ûª’ç°æÍ® éπü∆. íÌúø’-í∫-éπ\-Í®x-ü¿’-™„çúÕ. O’ü¿ ÖçúË ´®Ω{°æ¤ F∞¡x-í∫’çô Å™«çöÀ F∞¡Ÿx •’®Ωü¿, •’®Ω-ü¿í¬ Ö†o F∞¡Ÿx (à vü¿´-°æ-ü∆-®Ωn-¢Á’iØ√) *çü¿ôç

puddle water =
mud = muddy =
splash =

for it

terday. Even TV forecast it. But it was

b) Good heavens, Adit! you must have polished your shoes

F shoes ¶«í¬ polish îËÆœ Öçú≈L †’´¤y (Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ polish î˨»´¤. Eí∫-E-í∫-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·) Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø 'good heavens' ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Hi, Å-ØÓ, It's great ÅØÓ Åçö«ç éπü∆. 'Good heavens' àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ ïJ-T-†-°æ¤úø’. ´îËa éÌEo Ææç*-éπ™x phonetics N´-®Ωù Öçô’çC. -v°æ-¨¡o: Accused ÅØË ´÷ô†’ ÅèπÿuÆˇd ÅE Pro. îË-ߪ÷-©-Ø√o®Ω’. Dictionaries ™ accuse ÅØË ´÷ô Åèπÿu-ñ¸í¬ Pro. Å®·uçC. Åçü¿’-´-©x accused ÅØË ´÷ô Åèπÿu-ñ¸fí¬ pronounce é¬ü∆? similarly, "learned" ÅØË ´÷ô ©Joú˛ (l3:nid) í¬ pronounce Å®·çC. ©Jo-ö¸í¬ Å´-™‰ü¿’. 'ed' ûÓ end Å-ßË’u verb ©’– (for e.g., looked ©’é˙dí¬, booked •’é˙dí¬ pronouce Å®·-†°æ¤púø’)– 't' ûÓ end Å´¤-û√-ߪ’ØË Ææ÷vûªç ÅEo-îÓö«x apply é¬ü∆? – -áç.Ææ’-¶«s®√-´¤, -à-©÷®Ω’ -ï-¢√-•’: Past tense form éÓÆæç '-ed' îËJÊÆh ÅC p, k, s (z sound ûÓ) © ûª®√yûª ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 't' Å´¤-ûª’çC. looked (lookt), peeped (peept), chased (chaset) etc. ÅEo îÓö«x ÅC apply é¬ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

sultry/ The whole day was sultry. further/ Besides there was no power for some time. we were sweating a lot. Kalyan: It was sultry/ stuffy; true. But the sky was cloudy. Suman: We had rain all through last week. All the rivers are in floods/ spate. (All the rivers are flooded.) Poor farmers! It has caused damage to crops. Kalyan: But the farmers in some areas are happy. That's why they say, 'One man's meat is another man's poison'.

-ë‰-ü¿ç, äéπ-JéÀ ¢Á÷ü¿ç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊

(äéπ-JéÀ English

proverb.) The whole day

•ü¿’©’ All day, All through the day ņôç practise îËߪ’çúÕ.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

Anil: Hi Hari, we couldn't meet each other the whole of yesterday.

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ weather (¢√û√-´-®Ωùç) èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*† -´÷-ô-©ûÓ ÖçC éπü∆. ÅEo-öÀF äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.

E†o ´’†ç éπ©-´-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷ç.

Hari: Meet? In such a downpour? I didn't feel like going out in such rain. No let up at all till late in the night.

éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ô´÷? Åçûª ¢√†-™Ø√? •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x©-E-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. ®√vA ¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l-§ÚßË’´®Ωèπ◊ ûªí∫_-ØË™‰ü¿’. Downpour Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆– Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i î√-™«ÊÆ°æ¤ èπ◊JÊÆ ñ®Ω’-¢√†. feel like í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ÅE-°œç-îªôç. I feel like going to a movie =

Downpour; let up; knee-deep; drains; wade wind; blew off; hoardings; looks like rain;



drought; withered; on and off. Down pour knee deep wade; drain.

– î√© °ü¿l-¢√†. ¢Á÷é¬-L-™ûª’.

a) Areena: Why don't you get me some chips to eat?

(é¬Ææh

chips

ûÁ*a-°-ôd´‹?)

Amar: (Do you) want me go out in this downpour for your chips? I'll get drenched.

ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«x-©-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.

I don't feel like tea now =

öà û√í¬-©-E-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰-C-°æ¤púø’. Let up = ûªí∫_ôç, ûªí∫’_-´·êç °æôdôç; àüÁjØ√ v°æߪ’ûªoç ûªT_ç-îªôç. ÉC ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. There is no let up in her fever =

(Éçûª ¢√†™ -†-†’o •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-´’-Ø√ F Å®Ωnç. ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Ú-û√†’). The roads are under kneedeep water. (Roads °j ¢Á÷鬙xûª’-† F-∞¡ŸxØ√o®·). I don't want to wade through the water mixed with the water from the drains. (-´·-JéÀ 鬩-´© F∞¡Ÿx éπ©-Æœ† Ç F∞¡x™ †úø-´ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’). ¶«í¬ °æE áèπ◊\-´í¬ ´¤çúÕ, î√©-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æõ‰d-ôd-®·ûË ü∆Eo èπÿú≈ wade through Åçö«ç.

Ç¢Á’ ïy®Ωç ûªí∫_-ôç-™‰ü¿’.

We are not going to let up our efforts

´÷ v°æߪ’-û√o©÷, v¨¡´’ ûªT_çîË °æØË-™‰ü¿’.

b) The officer wades through a lot of files

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 85

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 21 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

Ç officer ®ÓW î√-™« Å´ü¿’.

files

îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’, áçûªèπÿ

b)

Now practise the following aloud in English:

ØË-†’ ®√†’. ´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’dçC. ï©’•’ îËÊÆh ؈’ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰†’.

Sathya:

Ñ ¢√† ûªí∫_ü∆? ¢√úøçúÕ) Vijaya: ¢√®Ωç-®Ó-V-©’í¬ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´®Ω{ç °æúø’-ûª÷ØË ÖçC. stand a cold (withstand = ûªô’d-éÓ-´ôç, ¶µºJç-îªôç) ÅD ¶µ«Kí¬, í∫ûª 3, 4 à∞¡x™ Éçûª ¢√† c) Though it is just 3 o' clock in the afternoon, it ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. is dark. The sky is cloudy. It is very likely to Sathya: É°æp-öÀÍé ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√-©Fo ï©-´’-ߪ’rain. ´’-ߪ÷u®·. TV™ îª÷¨» ´’†’-≠æfl©’ ¢Á÷é¬-L´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´‚úË Å®·Ø√, <éπ-öÀí¬ ÖçC. Ç鬨¡ç ™ûª’ F∞¡x™ é¬Sx-úø’a-èπ◊çô÷ †úø-´úøç. ¢√† ´’¶‰s-ÆœçC. ´®Ω{ç ´îËaõ‰x -Öç-C. (´îËa Ææ÷îª-†©’ F∞¡Ÿ} É∞¡}-™éÀ èπÿú≈ ´îËa-¨»®·. áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖØ√o®·). Vijaya: v°æ¶µº’ûªyç î√™«- ´’ç-CE Ææ’®Ω-éÀ~ûª v°æüË-¨»-©èπ◊
drought: ´®√{-¶µ«´ç, ÅØ√-´%-≠œd – -´-®√{©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ûª®Ω-Lç-*çC. Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ Ωu©’ èπÿú≈ wither = (îÁô’x ™«çöÀN) áçúÕ-§Ú-´ôç îË°æ-öÀdçC. When there is a drought the crops wither. Sathya: ¢Á·†o ®√vA O*† •©-¢Á’i† í¬LéÀ î√™« îÁô’x ´®√{©’ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ °æçô©’ áçúÕ-§Ú-û√®·. èπÿL-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. ´÷ -ÉçöÀéÀ éÌçîÁç ü¿÷®√† -Ö†o §ƒûª Shed éπ°æ¤p áT-J-§Ú-®·çC. Vijaya: á´-J-ÈéjØ√ í¬ßª÷-©-ߪ÷uߪ÷? Sathya: ™‰ü¿’, Åü¿%-≠d-´ æ -¨»ûª’h. I won't come. It looks like rain. I cannot with-

There was no let up

(let up

Answer: Sathya: Will there be no let up in the rain?

Anil: Even in such rain, I went out for some medicine for dad. My god! there was knee-deep water on most roads, and I waded through. The drains were overflowing.

c) We waded through a lot of portion for the last week's examination.

èπ◊ ¢Ë’ç î√-™« portion îª-C¢√ç. (áçûª time °æöÀdçüÓ ÅE) Åçûª ¢√†-™†÷ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ´’çü¿’-éÓÆæç •ßª’-
blow: í¬L Oߪ’ôç, blow (present)- blew (past) blown (past participle) ôèπ◊ -¢Á-∞«}-†’. Ŷs! î√-™« roads ™ ¢Á÷é¬-L™ûª’ F∞¡Ÿx. Ç F∞¡x™ é¬Sx-úø’a-èπ◊çô÷ †úÕ-î√†’. a) Strong winds blew as it rained cats and dogs Knee deep = ¢Á÷é¬-L-™ ûª’. knee = ¢Á÷鬩’. èπ◊çúø-§Úûª ´®Ω{ç, ü∆E-ûÓ-¶«ô’ •©-¢Á’i† í¬©’©’ kneecap = ¢Á÷é¬-L-*°æp. wade = F∞¡x™  é¬Sx-úø’aOî√®·. èπ◊çô÷ †úø-´ôç. b) Though it isn't raining much, the wind is

Hari: Yes, it was that heavy.

Vijaya: It has been raining off and on since last a)

Last week exam

Å´¤†’ Åçûª-°-ü¿l -¢√-ØË.

í¬L èπÿú≈ î√-™« •©çí¬ O*çC. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ hoardings, éÌEo sheds éπ°æ¤p©÷, ™‰*-§Ú-ߪ÷®· Ç í¬LéÀ. ؈’ éπFÆæç È®çúø’ hoardings road O’-ü¿ F∞¡x™ °æúÕ Öçúøôç îª÷¨». Blew off= (í¬L) ™‰Ê°-Æ œçC. Hoardings = shops O’ü¿, road sides ™ ÖçúË v°æéπ-ô† (advertisement) boards. Rooftops = éπ°æ¤p °j¶µ«í¬©’.

Lakshmi: It's seven now cloudy, and a cot wind is blowing. It looks like rain again any moment.

3 or 4 years.

ing

because

drought/

Sathya: Already the low lying areas are under

of

water. I saw on the TV, people wading

The crops

are withering because

M. SURESAN

it hasn't rained. b)

c) The wind blew off several trees

Ñ ´®√{-¶µ«´ç ´’®Ó ¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçõ‰ °æçô-™„ç-úÕ§Ú-´ôç ûªü∑¿uç. week, the crops are sure to wither/ will sure-

too. terday) blew off/ down/ uprooted a number of trees; They blews off as well

ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ = ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéÀ. Åûª†’ Ø√ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-éÓÆæç ûª®Ωîª÷ ´Ææ’hç-ö«úø’.

He comes to me on and off for help.

the roof of an old shed some distance

trouble

from my home.

îËߪ’-èπ◊/-N-Æœ-Tç-îªèπ◊.

Vijaya: Was anyone injured? Sathya: No, fortunately.

CM

ûª®Ωîª÷ Ø√ Ææ©£æ… éÓÆæç °œ©’-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’/ phone îË≤ƒh®Ω’.

í¬L D§ƒ-Ø√o-Í®p-ÆœçC. D°æç -Ç-J-§Ú®·ç-C.

f) The wind blew off the wooden structure.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Pending ÅØË véÀߪ’†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Ñ verb simple, past, past participle 2) Who wrote Ramayana? Who did write Ramayana?

®Ω÷-§ƒ©’

ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-© í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – Ø√u©-°æLx °çôߪ’u, -ÅL-ߪ÷-¶«ü¿’ b) F v°æߪ’-û√o© Bv´ûª ûªT_ç-îªèπ◊ -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Pending - ÉC verb é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ü∆EéÀ, past, past participle ÖçúË v°æ¨¡o-™‰ü¿’. Don't let up the seriousness of your Pending, preposition Å®·Ø√ Å´¤attempts. ûª ’çC– àüÁjØ√ °æ‹®Ωh-´-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÅØ√-´%-≠œd/ ´®√{-¶µ«-´ç -´©x c) There has been no let up in the government's ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË adjective Å®·Ø√ relief efforts, said the CM °æçô-©Fo áçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÅAÅ´¤ û ª’çC– àüÁjØ√ °æ‹®Ωh-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´’†ç v°æ¶µº’ûªy Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ Ωu™x -á-™«ç-öÀ -™°æç -Öç--úø-ü¿-E ´%≠œd. °æçô-©Fo ï©-´’ߪ’ç. ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√wait îËÆæ’h†o– ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ©Fo F∞¡xûÓ EçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. ´·êu-´’ç-vA -Å-Ø√o®Ω’. a) Preposition: He is suspended pending Drought = ´®√{-¶µ«´ç;
´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’xçC = It looks like rain = enquiry. on and off = ûª®Ω = often/ frequently. It may rain = It is very likely to rain. Nî√®Ωù °æ‹-Jh é¬-†ç-ü¿’-† (Nî√-®Ωù Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’low lying areas = ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√©’. ûÓçC é¬-•-öÀd) Çߪ’-†-†’ suspend î˨»®Ω’. Ééπ\úø a) As we started out it looked like rain Lakshmi: Hope this would end with today. pending preposition. ¢Ë ’ ç •ßª ’ ™ ‰ l Í ® ô ° æ ¤ p úø ’ ´®Ω { ç ´îË a ô ô ’x ç C. Ñ ®ÓVûÓ ÉC Çí∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o.

Spoken English

safety. It has taken up relief measures

a)

c) The CM calls for my advice on and off.

í¬L Ç îÁéπ\ èπÿ®Ω’p†’ èπÿ™‰a-ÆœçC. g) blew off the board = board í¬™x áT-J-§Ú-®·çC. Éçé¬ ´’-¶‰sÊÆ ÖçC, îªL í¬-L O≤ÚhçC. à
let up ûªí∫_-ôç/-ûª-T_ç-îªôç. éπ~ù«-ØÁj oØ√ ´’Sx ´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’xçC. Looks like rain = It may rain = ´®Ω{ç ®√´îª’a. a) Ç í¬L àç ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’

Anil: We had severe drought last season. The crops withered. This season we have too much of rain on and off. The crops are under water and the low lying areas are all flooded.

number of people to safe places/

c) On and off =

´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéÀ ††’o

d) The wind blew off the lamp

water has entered houses too.

Sathya: The strong winds the day before (yes-

ly wither.

b) Don't trouble me on and off.

î√-™« îÁôx†’ í¬L ™‰Ê°-ÆœçC (í¬LéÀ îÁô’x èπÿL-§Ú-ߪ÷®·)

through kneedeep water. The rain Vijaya: The government has moved a large

If the drought continues for/ lasts one more

´®Ω{ç Åçûª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, í¬L ´÷vûªç -î√-™« •©çí¬ O≤ÚhçC. blow off = í¬L-´©x àüÁjØ√ ™‰*-§Ú-´ôç. áT-J-§Ú´ôç, éÀçü¿-éÀ -°æ-úÕ-§Ú-´ôç, (D°æç ™«çöÀN) ÇJ-§Ú´ôç, ¢√öÀE ÇÍ®p-ߪ’ôç.

e) The lamp blew off.

now. I haven't seen such rain in the last

The crops are wither-

blowing strongly.

Anil: The wind was strong too. It blew off two or three hoardings and the roof tops of some sheds. I saw atleast two of the hoardings lying in the water on the road.

week/ during the past week/ for a week

¢√†©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´©x °æçô©’ áçúÕ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o®·.

There was no let up in the wind.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

b) Adjective: An enquiry is pending against him.

ÅûªE O’ü¿ Nî√-®Ωù °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’. °æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ wait îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ééπ\úø 'pending' adjective. 2) a) Who wrote Ramayana? b) Who did write Ramayana? 1) Ramayanam 'The' 2) The Ramayanam sentence (a) correct, sentence (b) wrong.

™«çöÀ ´’£æ…-é¬-¢√u© ´·çü¿’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ®√¢√L. ÅE Öçõ‰,

Question form Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ, not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË who ûª®√yûª 'do' 'does', 'did' ®√´¤. ÉC äéπ\ who N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ØË, ÅD 'á´®Ω’?— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. á´-JE Å-†o Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ 'who' ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. 'Who did he meet?' ™«çöÀ sentences ™. Å°æ¤púø’ who °æéπ\† do, does, did ´≤ƒh®·.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

Kavitha: Hi Lakshmi, (It's) rather a cold evening. How about munching something to keep ourselves warm?

Lakshmi: I am not going to have even a bite of the bujji from that place.

Lakshmi: That's right. Let's have some hot chips and then hot coffee. That's make us comfy. Hot chips, hot coffee

Munching; have; sipping; snack; crisp and crunchy; hot; gulp & suck; chewing; swallowed; have a bite.
daily situation conversation

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 23 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

Éçéπ ´’Sx Ç •@b Åçô÷ A††’. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç î√™« îªLí¬ ÖçC. àüÁjØ√ é¬Ææh Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù Åçû√ A†ôç, û√í∫-ö«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç†N’™‰h ¢Áîªaí¬ Öçô’ç-üË¢Á÷. *ç-ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆! Ééπ\úÕ ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç.

BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ü∆çûÓ

£æ…®·í¬ Öçô’çC. (comfy = comfortable ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ ÉC èπ◊Cç°æ¤. Å®Ωnç = £æ…®·í¬ Öçô’†o)

A†ôç û√í∫ôç: ´÷´‚©’ ™E ™ àüÁjØ√ A†ôç ÅE é¬F, û√í∫ôç ÅE é¬F ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’, have, take, eat. Have ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

Jeevan: I find you chewing killis all the time. It is bad for your health and teeth.

Éçûª îªLí¬ Ö†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç coffee æp-JÆæ÷h û√í∫ú≈EéÀ éπØ√o à´·çC? Kavitha: Nothing like sipping a hot cup of cofàçöÀ, á°æ¤púø÷ éÀSx †´·-©’ûª÷ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh´¤. ÅC
sip = æp-JÆæ÷h, ¢Á’©x-¢Á’-©xí¬ û√í∫ôç. fee on a cold evening like this. Anil: What do you usually have for breakfast? Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÃ, °æ∞¡xèπÿ ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’. a) It's very hot. Let's sip some soft drink? É™«çöÀ îªL ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢Ë∞¡ ¢ËúÕ é¬°∂‘ û√í∫ôç Breakfast èπ◊ †’¢Ëyç BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤/ Açö«´¤ Jagadish: I know that to chewing killis is not î√™« áçúøí¬/ ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçC. àüÁjØ√ soft drink sip ´çöÀ Ææ’êç ÉçéÓöÀ Öçúøü¿’. ´÷´·-©’í¬? good. I will try to give it up. îËü∆l´÷? Lakshmi: Ok, then; here you are. Here's the Unni: Most of the days we have idli at home. ´’ç*-C-é¬-ü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ’, ´÷†-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. Soft drink = ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’†ç cool drink ÅØËsnack you are after. áèπ◊\-´í¬ ´÷ Éçöx ÉúÕx BÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç/ Açö«ç.
chew = †´’-©ôç, †´·-©’ûª÷ A†ôç. (îª÷u) ü∆Eo éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ soft drink ÅØ√L. a) Doctors tell us to chew food well Å™«Íí. ÉCíÓ †’´¤y 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o A†’-•çHard drinks, Åçõ‰ alcoholic drinks (beer, Ç£æ…-®√Eo ¶«í¬ †N’L AØ√-©Edoctors îÁ§ƒh®Ω’. ú≈®Ωç. whisky, etc) b) The dog is trying to bite and chew the bone (snack = A†’-•ç-ú≈®Ωç! ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ b) They are sipping coffee sitting in their garÇ èπ◊éπ\ Ç á´·-éπ†’ éÌJéÀ †´’-™«-©E v°æߪ’-AoöÀ°∂œØ˛ Åçô’çö«ç. You are after = †’´¤y den. Ç çí∫ x ¶ µ « ≠ æ ù 86 ≤ÚhçC. 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o/ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊†o) ûÓô™ èπÿ®Ω’aE 鬰∂‘ sip îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Kavitha: Oh, these chips are crisp and crunchy. chips Lakshmi: So do I find them too. Let's buy one more packet. packet

Ñ

éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·

Å´¤†’, Ø√èπÿ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. ÉçéÓ éÌçü∆ç.

Kavitha: The other day Trishal bought some mirchi bajjis for us. They were terribly hot. We had to gulp down glasses of water because of it.

They swallowed public money Anil: We take idlis only one day a week. Each day we take something different. I don't like to eat idli everyday. I like to eat dosa very much. I have coffee every morning and tea every evening.

¢Á·†o ã ®ÓV vA≥ƒ™¸ N’®Ω-°æ-é¬ßª’ •@b©’ ûÁî√aúø’. ÅN áçûª-é¬-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√oßÁ÷! ü∆çûÓ ¶™„úø’ ´’ç*-F∞¡Ÿ} û√í¬Lq ´*açC.

¢Ë’´· ¢√®Ωç™ äéπ-®ÓV ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÉúÕx BÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç. v°æA-®ÓV ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Açô’çö«ç. ®ÓW ÉúÕx A†ôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. üÓ¨¡ A†ôç É≠ædç. Lakshmi: I was there that day. Don't you §Òü¿’l† 鬰∂‘, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç tea BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ç. remember? Thank God, we had îª ÷ ¨»®Ω’-éπü∆? áèπ◊\-´í¬ have, take, eat, A†ôç some chocolates near by to snack û√í∫ ô ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Drink û√í∫ôç ÅØË and feel relieved. Å®Ω n ç Ö†o°æp-öÀéÃ, ü∆E •ü¿’©’ have/ take áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ç ®Óï-éπ\úø ؈÷ ÖØ√o, í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü∆. Åéπ\úø chocolates æp-Jç* Ç é¬®Ωç ûªT_ç-- ¢√úøû√ç. Eat, drink Ñ È®çúø’ °æü∆©÷, A†ôç, èπ◊Ø√oç. û√í∫ôç ÅØË v°ævéÀߪ’-©èπ◊ áèπ◊\´. (Thank God •A-éÀ-§Úߪ÷ç) a) Eating too much is bad áèπ◊\´ A†ôç, ´’ç*-CKavitha: Trishal kept chewing something get é¬ü¿’. rid of the heat of the chilly, later he Ééπ\-úø eating •ü¿’©’ having ÅüË Å®√nEo É´y-ü¿’had a stomach trouble too. He swaléπü∆. lowed some tablets to be relieved of it. Trishal

b) Drinking coffee so often upsets your health

Åçûª ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ coffee û√í∫ôç Ç®Ó-í¬uEo §ƒúø’-îËÅ®·ûË Ç é¬®Ωç ûªí∫_-ö«-EéÀ àüÓ †´·Ææ’hçC. ©’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oúø’. ûª®√yûª Åûª-EéÀ éπúø’-°æ¤™ Ééπ\úø having, taking ¢√úø-´îª’a, é¬F drinking àüÓ trouble èπÿú≈ ÖçúÕçC. à¢Ó ´÷vûª©’ ¢√úøôç ´©x áèπ◊\´ clarity Öçô’çC. N’çí¬úø’. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ûª°æp ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË have/ take v°æ¨¡o: Wedding card, marriage day áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. -Åç-ö«È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? -ûË-ú≈ -Öç-ü∆? Karim: Here is coffee please have it. – Ææߪ’uü˛ VLp¥-éπ®˝ ÅM, éπ©’-¢√®· ÉCíÓ, 鬰∂‘ BÆæ’éÓ

ï¢√•’:

Ravi: I have had two cups of coffee already. I

a) Wedding èπ◊, marriage èπ◊ éÌClí¬ ûËú≈ ÖçC. ´’ûª Ææçv°æ-ü∆-ߪ÷© v°æ鬮Ωç ïJÍí °Rx Å®·ûË wedding. Marriage Åçõ‰ à ®Ωéπ¢Á’i† °∞¡x-®·Ø√ – Åçõ‰ Registered marriage ™«çöÀN 鬴a. India™ Ææçv°æ-ü∆ߪ’ç v°æ鬮Ωç ïJÍí °RxE èπÿú≈ marriage Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË America, Britain ™ wedding áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, ´’ûª ≤ƒçv°æ-ü∆-ߪ÷© v°æ鬮Ωç ïJ-TûË. b) Wedding Åçõ‰ °RxéÀ ´÷vûªç °æJ-N’ûªç. Marriage Åçõ‰ °∞Ïx-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, °Rx ûª®Ω’-¢√A ¢Áj¢√£œ«éπ @Nûªç èπÿú≈. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: i) It was a happy wedding

°Rx ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ïJ-TçC.

ii) Theirs has been a happy marriage

¢√∞¡x °Rx/ ¢Áj¢√-£œ«éπ @Nûªç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ≤ƒí∫’-ûÓçC.

Spoken English

don't wish to have any more.

c) He is chewing gum. (chewing) gum 3) Prakash: Why don't you eat slowly? You are swallowing food in a hurry.

Åûª†’

†´·-©’ûª’Ø√oúø’.

Å´÷t, ã É´y-èπÿF´¤ ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ A†-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊? ûÌçü¿-®Ω™  úøü∆ Ø√èπ◊? N’çÍí-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Leela: É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’ Pranav: I am in a hurry. No time to chew and cups û√í¬´¤ swallow. éπü∆? ÉçÈéçûª M. SURESAN †N’L N’çí∫-ö«-EéÀ time ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ î√™« 鬢√L Fèπ◊? ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o. Namrata: Ø√èπ◊ î√™« EvüÌ-≤ÚhçC. ͮʰ¢Á÷ exam. Swallow = N’çí∫ôç. é¬Ææh 鬰∂‘ û√TûË ¢Á’©-èπ◊-´í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E. a) Lord Siva swallowed poison, so his throat is Leela: Å®·ûË öà û√í∫’. black. Namrata: àüÁjØ√ AØËç-ü¿’-éÀ-´y¢√? P´¤úø’ í∫®Ω-∞«Eo N’çí¬úø’. Åçü¿’-éπE Çߪ’† éπç®∏Ωç Leela: ïçA-éπ-L-´yØ√? (ïçA-éπ-©èπ◊ english ™‰ü¿’. †©’°æ¤. Å™«Íí ņçúÕ) b) The Tablets are bitter, so I swallow them. Namrata: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïçA-é𙉠éπü∆ †N’-™«†’ Ç tablets îËü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√öÀE N’çÍí-≤ƒh†’. Leela: Coffee Åçö«´¤, tea Åçö«´¤. Ç ö«¶„xö¸q c) He swallowed a lot of water ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√ †’´¤y? î√™« F∞¡Ÿx N’çí¬úø’. Namrata: ؈Eo tablets N’çí∫-™‰†’. Ø√ ´©x é¬ü¿’. d) The minister swallowed a lot of public money Leela: §ÚF, Ç ´’çü¿®·Ø√ û√í∫’. ´’çvA î√™« v°æñ«-üµ¿-Ø√Eo N’çÍí-¨»úø’. Namrata: ÅD îËüË. àüÓ ã í∫’éπ\™ û√Íí≤ƒh. äü¿’l™‰ 4) srikanth: I am very thirsty. Can I have some Ç tablets ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çö«. ¢√öÀE N’çí∫ôç water, Ramesh? Ææ’©¶µºç. î√™« ü∆£æ«çí¬ ÖçC. ´’ç* FRx-´y¢√? Answer: Ramesh: It's quite hot, isn't it? Here, take it.

î√™« ¢ËúÕí¬/ áçúøí¬ ÖçC éπü∆. ÉCíÓ BÆæ’éÓ. Srikanth: One glass won't do (will not do). I can gulp down a whole jug of water. glass jug

ã F∞¡Ÿx î√©´¤. äéπ F∞¡Ÿx û√Íí-ߪ’í∫ © E ° æ ¤ p úø ’ . Åçûª ü∆£æ « çí¬ ÖçC. É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’ éπ°æ¤p©’ 鬰∂‘ û√í¬†’. Ééπ (won't do = will not do = î√©ü¿’; will do = î√©’. û√í∫ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. Rs 20000/- a day will do for me. Karim: Have some milk then. (§ƒ©’ BÆæ’éÓ) ®ÓVèπ◊ ®Ω÷ 20000/– î√©’ Ø√èπ◊. Ravi: I never take milk. (؈’ §ƒ©-Ææ©’ û√í∫†’). gulp = í∫’éπ\, gulp down = í∫’éπ\™ N’çÍí-ߪ’ôç. Ééπ\úø take •ü¿’©’ drink ¢√úø-´îª’a. Have ®√ü¿’
a) He drank it in one gulp éπü∆? äéπ\ í∫’éπ\™ û√Íí¨»úø’. I never have milk Åçõ‰ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω á°æ¤púø÷ b) When the medicine is bitter we gulp it down §ƒ©’çúø´¤ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd. our throat So, have, take, eat and drink – OöÀE ´’çü¿’ îËü¿’í¬ Ö†o°æ¤púø’, íÌçûª’™ §ÚÆæ’-èπ◊E äéπ\ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ A†ôç, û√í∫ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ í∫’éπ\™ N’çÍí≤ƒhç. áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. 5) Sita: How about some hot Coffee, Poorna? 2) Å®·ûË A†ôç, û√í∫-ôç™ èπÿú≈ ®Ωé¬-©’-Ø√o®· Poorna: Nothing like sipping hot coffee on a éπü∆. ¢√öÀ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç. cold evening like this.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

Now practise the following aloud in english: Namrata: cup coffee

Namrata: Mom, why don't you give me a cup of coffee? Leela: You have already had two cups of coffee. How much more do you want? Namrata: I feel very sleepy. A little coffee will keep me awake. Leela: Then take tea. Namrata: Won't you give me something to eat? Leela: Shall I give you Jantikalu? Namrata: I have been chewing/ munching only jantikalu till now. Leela: You talk of coffee and tea, but are you taking the tablets? Namrata: I cannot swallow so many tablets. Leela: Atleast take the medicine/ syrup syrup Namrata: That's bitter too. I just gulp it down/ take it in a gulp. No, I'll take the tablets. Swallowing them is easier than taking the syrup.

(û√Íí ´’çü¿’†’

Åçö«®Ω’ – Æœ®Ω°ˇ)

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

Sravanthi: Come Pratibha, just munching zantikalu isn't going to help us. Let's think of solving the problem.

(ïçA-éπ©’ †´’-©ôç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆. Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç Ç™-*ü∆lç)

Chandra: I enjoy it. Why don't you munch some too.

(Ø√ÈéçûÓ ¶«í∫’çC É™« †´’-©ôç. †’´¤y èπÿú≈ é¬ÆœEo †´·©’) Bhaskar: Go on. Munch till your teeth ache.

Pratibha: (I) can't help it Sravanthi. They are so crunchy and delicious. You have them too. Here help yourself to some.

You don't know how you irritate me. Munch on and become fat.

(-A-†÷, -A-†÷, F °æ∞¡Ÿx ØÌ°œp °æ¤õ‰dçûª ´®Ωèπÿ †´·©’. F †´’-©ôç Ø√Èéçûª *é¬-èπ◊í¬ ÖçüÓ! (ØËØËç îËߪ’†’-– Å´çûª éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ ®Ω’*í¬ ¶«í¬ ™«´ßË’u ´®Ωèπ◊ †´·-©’-ûª÷ Öçúø’) Öçõ‰? †’´‹y A†’. ®√. é¬Ææh BÆæ’éÓ) irritate = ÉJ-õ„-ß˝’ö¸ – 'É— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =I can't help it = -Ç -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™  -ØË-ØËç -îË-ߪ’-™‰-†’. *é¬èπ◊, éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªôç. (-ûª°æp-ü¿’) É°æ ¤úø’ Å®Ωnç Å®·çC éπü∆ – munch Åçõ‰ †´’Help yourself = (AØË-C/- û√-Íí-üË-üÁjØ√) B≤Ú\çúÕ. ©ôç. Å®·ûË chew -ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ †´’-©ôç Sravanthi: I'd rather have crisp potato chips ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Chew Åçõ‰ éÌJéÀ (°æéπ\, ´·çü¿®Ω than those zantikalu. (Ñ ïçA-éπ© éπçõ‰ éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«úË potato chips °æ∞¡xûÓ) †´’-©ôç, Åçü¿’™ ®Ω’* ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îªôç. AØ√-©-†’çC) a) ¢√úø’ îÁ®Ωèπ◊ ´·éπ\ †´·-©’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ Pratibha: Here are some but they have gone soft.

He is chewing a bit/ piece of cane. b)

Ç¢Á’

toffee

E †´·--©’-ûÓçC.

She is chewing a toffee.

(Ééπ\úø éÌEo ÖØ√o®·, é¬E ÅN ¢Á’ûªh-•-úÕ§Ú-ߪ÷®·)

(toffee =

°œ°æp-®Ω-¢Á’çô’ G∞¡x-™«ç-öÀC) ™ Öûªh †´’-©-ô¢Ë’. lick = Ø√éπôç Munch




-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 87

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 25 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

a) He is licking a cone of ice cream

Åûª†’

ice cream cone

†’ Ø√èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

b) She committed suicide by consuming poi-

Vamsi:

Å™«çöÀN áØÁj oØ√ Açö«†’. ñ«´’-é¬-ߪ’©’– ´·êuçí¬ üÓ®Ωí¬ ÖçúËN Ø√ favourites. -Ç-¢Á’ -N-≠æç û√T Çûªt-£æ«ûªu îËÆæ’-èπ◊çC. Dinesh: Doctors èπÿú≈ ñ«´’-é¬ßª’ A†ôç ´’ç*c) Bhima consumed all the food that was meant ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’. Åçü¿’™ C Vitamin áèπ◊\´. for Bakasura. Vamsi: Ñ ®ÓV ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÀ ®√. ´÷ç* •é¬-Ææ’-®Ω’úÕ éÓÆæç -ûÁ-*a-† ǣ慮Ωç Åçû√ Hµ´·úø’ éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«úË potato chips AØÌa. ü∆EéÀ AØË-¨»úø’. ´·çü¿’ °æÆæç-üÁj† í∫’™«-¶¸ñ«ç AØÌa. ´÷ d) He consumed a kilo of cake in 10 minutes Å´’t -îË-≤Úhç-C-°æ¤púø’. ã éÀ™ cake (Èéß˝’é˙) 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x AØË-¨»úø’. Dinesh: ¢Á·ü¿ô ´÷ ÉçöÀ-Èé∞«lç °æü¿. ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u Å®·ûË consume ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ §Òü¿’l† Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †’ç* biscuits î√-™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç. (American English- cookies) °æô’dÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ îªôd, ¢Ájü¿u (legal and medical) éÌ-î√aúø’. áçûª éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oßÁ÷! é¬Ææh °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ-™ØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Ice cream èπÿú≈ AØÌa. a) Doctors advised him against consuming fatty Vamsi: Chewing gum èπÿú≈ ûÁî √aú≈? substance Dinesh: î√-™«. ÅN áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ †N’-LØ√, Éçé¬ †´’-™«-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Vamsi: ÂÆ©´¤ ®ÓV† ´’ç*- °æ-ØË îËÆæ’hØ√oç. °æü¿. son.

She is biting a crisp apple

Answers: Dinesh: This guava is crisp. How about a bite?/ Why don't you have/ take a bite? Vamsi: I will eat any number of them (any

Sravanthi: In that case I'd (I would) like to have an ice cream or some soft drink. ice cream soft drink) soft drink = cola, orange bottled drinks cool drink correct name soft drink; hard drink (beer, whisky

(Å™« Å®·ûË àüÓ

AØ√-©-†’çC ™‰èπ◊çõ‰

™«çöÀ ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûª°æ¤pí¬ Åçô’çö«ç, ¢√öÀéÀ Åçõ‰ ™«çöÀN) èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç.

Pratibha: Don't you remember the warning against consuming soft drinks? They contain pesticides.

(¢√öÀE -û√í∫èπÿ-úø-ü¿†o £«îªa-Jéπ ´’J*§Úߪ÷¢√? ¢√öÀ™ °æ¤®Ω’-í∫’© ´’çü¿’ç-ô’ç-C.)

Sravanthi: But who cares? Moreover, haven't you seen the recent ads that they are safe?

(Ç.. á´®Ω’ °æöÀdç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? ÅN v°æ´÷ü¿¢Ë’-O’ é¬ü¿E Ñ ´’üµ¿u v°æéπ-ô-†©’ îª÷úø-™‰ü∆ †’´¤y?) (recent = Ñ´’üµ¿u, ad = advertisement = v°æéπ-ô†)

b) The cow is licking its calf

Ç´¤ ü¿÷úø†’ Ø√èπ◊-ûÓçC (calf = ü¿÷úø) (鬰∂ˇ) ÉO A†-ôç™, û√í∫-ö«™x ®Ω鬩’. É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ N’í∫û√ ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç.
Crunchy (véπç* – 'éπ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) crisp = éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ fresh (û√ñ«)í¬ Ö†o. crunchy/ crisp biscuits = éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ û√ñ«í¬ Ö†o biscuits. ´úÕ-ߪ÷©’, Å°æp-ú≈©’ ´’†ç AØ√-©E É≠æd-°æ-úËüÁ-°æ¤púø’? ÅN crunchy í¬ØÓ crisp í¬ØÓ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ éπü∆? crunchy/ crisp appadalu or vadiyalu. (OöÀéÀ English ´÷ô©’ ™‰´¤) Currency notes ™«çöÀN éÌûªh-í¬ ÖçúÕ, îËAéÀ éπ®Ω-éπ®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ ûªT-LûË ÅN èπÿú≈ crisp. Potato chips èπ◊ ÉçéÓ ´÷ô crisps. Apple ™«çöÀ °æ∞¡Ÿx û√ñ«í¬, juicy í¬ (®ΩÆæç ¶«í¬ Öçúøôç) Öçõ‰, ÅN èπÿú≈ crisp.  Sudha is biting a crisp apple

Ææ’-üµ¿ û√ñ«í¬ Ö†o

apple

†’ éÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûÓç-C.

 Here is a crisp guava; have a bite

Pratibha: OK then. No drinks now. Have the ice cream and enjoy licking it. drinks Ice cream enjoy licking = lesson continuation lesson

number=

áØÁj oØ√).

éÌ´¤y °æü∆-®√n©’ ¢√úø-´-ü¿lE ú≈éπd®Ω’x Ææ©£æ… Éî√a®Ω’. b) The

post

showed

favourites.

mortem that

Dinesh: Even doctors recommend consuming/

the

eating of guavas, They contain a lot of

deceased had consumed alcohol

Vitamin C.

M. SURESAN

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

You can eat crisp/ crunchy potato chips. Before that you can have/ enjoy delicious gulab jam. My mother is making them now.

c) People who consume tobacco may get can-

Dinesh: Let's go to my place first. My uncle

cer

(§Òí¬èπ◊ AØË-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ cancer ®√´îª’a.) ÉüË ´÷´‚©’ ¶µ«≠æ™ Å®·ûË, people who chew tobacco Åçö«ç. Ñ ´÷ô©’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd O’ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. -î√-™« effective í¬ Öçô’çC.

brought biscuits/ cookies from America this morning. How crunchy/ crisp they are! You can also eat/ lick some icecream. Vamsi: Did he bring/ get chewing gum too? Dinesh: A lot of it. The more you chew it, the

Now practise the following aloud in English:

ÉCíÓ, Ñ ñ«´’-é¬ßª’ ¶«í¬ üÓ®Ωí¬ ÖçC. Açö«¢√? (bite ¢√úøçúÕ)

üÓ®Ω ñ«´’ °æçúÕ-CíÓ, éÌJéÀ îª÷úø’. Guava = í¬y´, í¬y ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, ñ«´’ é¬ßª’/(ÆæÍ®™‰. É°æ¤púø’ ™‰´¤. °æçúø’ -v°æ-¨¡o: a) 'Shopping' ÅØË °æü¿ç ᙫ îË®·.) Ø√éπ-ôç.
delicious= ®Ω’*í¬ Ö†o, °æÆæç-üÁj†. ÇN-®Ωs¥-Nç-*çC? éÀç-ü¿-öÀ í¬ Ñ ™ a) ´÷N’úÕ °æçúø’ î√-™« ®Ω’*í¬ -Öç-ô’ç-C. b) Miss, Mister, Mrs. èπÿú≈ A†ôç, û√í∫-ôç™ ®Ωé¬-©†’ í∫’-Jç-* The Mango is very delicious. °æü∆-©èπ◊ plural îÁ°æpçúÕ. -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç. Last lesson ™– have/ take (BÆæ’éÓ-´ôç)/ eat (A†ôç)/ drink (û√í∫ôç); b) Ç £æ«Ùô™x ´’ç* ®Ω’*éπ®Ω-¢Á’i-† -¶µ-ï-†ç -´úÕf-≤ƒh®Ω’. c) Come, Come on °æü∆© The restaurant serves a very delicious food. chew = †´’-©ôç; swallow = N’çí∫ôç (úø•’s©’ Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? èπÿú≈), gulp = í∫’éπ\, sip = æp-JÆæ÷h û√í∫ôç– c) ´÷ Å´’t î√™« ®Ω’*í¬ ´çúø’-ûª’çC. Ñ ´÷ô©èπ◊ Éç-Tx≠ˇ™ °æü∆©’ My mother cooks very deliciously. í∫’-J-ç-* -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. îÁ ° æ p çúÕ . 1.´®Ωü¿ ¶«Cµ-ûª’©’, É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´÷ô©’: Munch; delicious- úÕL-≠æÆˇ (L ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç). 2. §˘®Ω g N ’, 3.Å´÷¢ √Ææ u , 4.£æ › çúÕ , 5.£œ«çü¿÷ °æ‹ñ«J,
consume = (éπØ˛-Ææ÷u¢˛’– Ææ÷u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) crunch; delicious; crisp; consume; lick. (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç – NE-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªôç– ´’†ç ´÷´‚- 6.áçTL, 7.°æçîª-¶µº÷-û√©’, 8.Æ洒ߪ’Ææ÷p¥Jh.
Munch: ´’çî˝– ('´’ç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = – >.v°æ-¨»çû˝, Ø√í¬-®Ω’b-†-≤ƒ-í∫®˝©’í¬ Nçô÷çôç– consumer's court- NE-ßÁ÷-í∫†´’-©ôç. Åçõ‰ éÌçîÁç ¨¡•lç ´îËa-ô’xí¬. -ï-¢√-•’: a) Shopping. English ™ àüÁjØ√ °æü∆-EéÀ ü∆-®Ω’© éÓ®Ω’d) Bhaskar: Could you stop munching those '-ing' îËJÊÆh Ç îª®Ωu ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ground nuts? If you like to, keep the Å®·ûË consume Åçõ‰ A†ôç, û√í∫ôç ÅE Å®Ωnç noise low. ÉC Íé-´-©ç 'shop' °æ-ü∆-EÍé -v°æ-ûËuéπç é¬-ü¿’. èπÿú≈ ÖçC. (Ç ¢Ë®Ω’-¨¡-†í∫©’ †´’-©ôç Ç°æ¤-û√¢√? †´’-™«- a) He consumes a lot of alcohol House, housing; book, booking, etc., ©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ç ¨¡•lç ûªT_ç) Åûª†’ ûÁí∫-û√-í∫’-û√úø’. ™«í¬-ØË ÉC èπÿú≈.

Spoken English

Vamsi: You come to my home this evening.

îªE-§Ú-®·†ûª†’ ´’ûª’h -§ƒ-F-ߪ÷-©†’ û√T-†ô’x ¨¡´-°æ-K-éπ~™ ûËLçC. (Post mortem - §ÚÆˇd ´÷ô¢˛’ = ¨¡´-°æ-Kéπ~.)

Dinesh:

Guavas, especially

the crisp ones/ crisp guavas are my

more you feel like chewing it. Vamsi: That's a good way of spending a holiday. Let's go.

b) Miss

èπ◊ plural èπ◊ plural ™‰-ü¿’. OöÀE í∫’Jç* ´’JEo N´-®√©’ ®√†’†o lessons ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. c) Come Åçõ‰ ®Ω´’tE, come on Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ®Ω´’tØË, Å®·ûË éÌçîÁç -í∫-öÀdí¬ °œ©-´ôç. -°æ-ü∆-©’: 1) ´®Ω-ü¿-¶«-Cµ-ûª’©’ = flood victims 2) §˘®Ωg-N’ = fool moon; 3) Å´÷-¢√Ææu = new moon 4) English ™‰ü¿’ – Coin box ņ-´îª’a. 5) £œ«çü¿÷-°æ‹-ñ«J – Correct English ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. priest/ purohit ¢√úø-´îª’a é¬F ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç-®√ü¿’. 6) áçTL = Ö´·t Å®·ûË spittle; á´-È®jØ√ A-†o áçTL Å®·ûË left over. 7) °æçîª ¶µº÷û√©’: ´’†èπ◊ ÅN âü¿’, English ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ø√©’Íí= The èπ◊

plural, misses, mister

messrs, Mrs

(four) elements (earth, air, fire and water) 8)

Ææ´’-ߪ’-Ææ÷p¥Jh =

resourcefulness.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

Ganesh: Would you have another idli?

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 27 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

Krishna: Fancy some more upma/ another dosa?

(ÉçéÓ ÉúŒx 鬢√™«?) Harish: No, I am full.

(Éçé¬Ææh Ö§ƒt/ ÉçéÓ üÓ¨¡ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√?) Laxman: Sorry. I am full.

(Ééπ A†-™‰†’. éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC) Ganesh: Just two idlis and you say you've (you

(ÉçÍéç A†-™‰†’. éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC) Manoj:

have) had enough.

(-A-†oN È®ç-úË ÉúŒx©’. Å°æ¤púË î√©ç-ô’Ø√o´¤)

Don't force us when we are full please.

(´’´’tLo •©-´çûªç îËߪ’èπ◊, ´÷ éπúø’°æ¤©’ EçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·) îª÷úøçúÕ conversation ™ full ™«çöÀ simple that too with sambar. I can't eat word ûÓ áçûª ´÷ö«x-úø-´îÓa. another thing. Krishna: Atleast some more tea? (é¬Ææh öÃ?) (†’´¤y -îÁÊ°p-C ûª°æ¤p. ؈’ Ø√©’í∫’ ÉúŒx©’, Laxman: Why the hell don't you listen? We ÅD ≤ƒç¶«®Ω’ûÓ AØ√o. ÉçÍéç A†-™‰†’.) have had enough. (That too = ÅC èπÿú≈) (N†¢ËçöÀ?¢Ë’ç A†oC î√©’. Ééπ A†™‰ç) Ganesh: Perhaps you are afraid you may put (why the hell = NÆæ’-í∫’™, éÓ°æç™ ¢√úË-´÷ô. on weight. Idlis or no idlis you gain °ü¿l¢√-∞¡xûÓ, ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ ´÷ö«-ú≈-Lq† ¢√∞¡xûÓ ¢√úøweight if you don't have any exercise. èπÿ-úøü¿’) I do eat a lot, but you can't say I am Harish: You are wrong. I've taken four idlis,

OöÀûÓ §ƒô’, ™«´¤èπ◊ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† ´÷ô©’; fat, stout, plump. d) e)

f)

fat.

(-†’-´¤y ™«¢Á-èπ◊\-û√-†E ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. ÆæÈ®j† exercise ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉúŒx©’ AØ√o A†-éπ§Ú-®·Ø√, ™«¢Á-èπ◊\-û√--´¤. ؈’ áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË Açö«, é¬E ††’o ™«´E ņ™‰´¤) (put on weight = •®Ω’´¤ °®Ω-í∫ôç = ™«´-´ôç) stomach.

another thing.

poor eater. I enjoy seeing Jayaram

(Ø√èπÿ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC. ÉçÍé-´÷vûªç A†-™‰†’) É´Fo èπÿú≈ 'éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ† ¢√∞¡Ÿx— ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. O’®Ω’ -Ñ *†o *†o expressions conversation™ practise îËߪ’çúÕ.

eat.

Harish: You are not a big eater either. You have eaten only four like me.


When you are on a full stomach, you nibble.

(O’èπ◊ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ-§ÚûË nibble îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçõ‰ °j°j† éÌCl-éÌ-Clí¬ éÌ®Ω’-èπ◊ûª÷ áèπ◊\´ A†-èπ◊çú≈ Öçö«®Ω’)

(†’´¤y èπÿú≈ áçûª °ü¿l AØË-¢√-úÕ¢Ëç é¬ü¿’.
You nibble when you are not hungry. ÇéπL ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ nibble îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçõ‰ àüÓ áçTL -†’-´‹y -Ø√-™«Íí -Ø√-©’í∫’ ÉúŒx™‰ éπü∆ A†oC) °æ úø-û√®Ω’. 鬕öÀd nibble = Å®·-≠dçæ í¬ A†ôç/ Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ áçTL °æúøôç. ™«í¬ØË AçúÕéÀ, A†-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*ç-ü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπ-ü∆. ´’†™ éÌçûª-´’çC ¶«í¬ AØË- [Suppose you eat too much, you may put on ¢√-∞¡Ÿxç-ö«®Ω’, éÌçûª-´’çC ÅÆ晉ç A†E ¢√∞¡Ÿxç-ö«®Ω’ weight = áèπ◊\´ AØ√o-®Ω-†’-éÓçúÕ, O’®Ω’ ™«´-´îª’a. éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ AØË Å©-¢√--ôxèπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† suppose = ņ’-éÓçúÕ. expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. a) éÌ´¤y °æü∆-®√n©’ AE ™«´-´ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. 1. I am full;

2. I have had enough;

put on weight. b)

b)

c)

Ñ ´’üµ¿u Åûª-úø’ î√-™« ™«´-ߪ÷uúø’. of late he has put on a lot of weight.

c)

Åûª-úø’ ™«´¤ =

He is over weight.

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÌ-Eo verbs -ûª®√y-ûª off, away, up ´ç-öÀ °æ-ü∆-©’ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ç-ú≈-L?-Ö-ü∆: go

-Åç-õ‰ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ} -Å-E -Å®Ωnç. -Ç-¢Á’ -¢Á-R}ç-C -Å-†-ö«-EéÀ she went -Åç-õ‰ Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-C éπ-ü∆. -Å-™«é¬éπ she went away -Å-E -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-ú≈-L?- -Å-™«Íí peel -Åç-õ‰ -BÆœ-¢Ë-ߪ’-ôç, -ûÌ-©-Tç-îª-ôç -Å-E -Å®Ωnç éπ-ü∆. é¬-F -Ñ verbs -ûª®√y-ûª off -Å-ØË °æ-ü¿ç -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-ú≈-Lq´Ææ’hç-C? "I will peel off you, if you do it again. Be careful" - -¢√éπuç-™ peel verb -ûª®√y-ûª 'off' -¢√-úø-ôç -ûª°æp-EÆæ®√? Å-™«Íí 'flung' verb -ûª®√y-ûª away -Å-ØË °æ-ü¿ç -áç-ü¿’èπ◊? -¢Á-R}ç-C -Å-†-ö«-EéÀ went, -ä-©’≤ƒh-†’ -Å-†-ö«-EéÀ will peel -Å-E, -§ƒ-ͮƜç-C -Å-†-ö«-EéÀ flung -Å-ØË °æ-ü∆-©’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -Å®√n-Eo -ü¿%-≠œd-™ °-ô’dèπ◊ç-õ‰ éπÈ®Íédéπ-ü∆?-Å-™«ç-öÀ verbs -ûª®√y-ûª off, up, away -´ç-öÀ °æ-ü∆-© -¢√-úøéπç -áç-ü¿’éÓ N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – Èé-.-C-´u, -•-†-¢√Æœ -ï-¢√-•’: î√-™« ´’ç* v°æ¨¡o. ´’†ç äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. á°æ¤púø÷, à ¶µ«≠æ-™-ØÁj-Ø√ ´÷ô-©-èπ◊çúË Å®Ωnç äéπ ®Ωéπçí¬ Öçô’ç-C. ¢√öÀ ¢√úø’éπ éÌçîÁç ûËú≈í¬ Öçô’çC.
She went ņo-°æ¤púø’ 'Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRxçC— ÅØË Å®Ωnç clear í¬ØË ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË ¢√úø’-éπ™ (usage) she went away ņo-°æ¤púø’ éÌçîÁç force áèπ◊\´.

Spoken English

Now practise the following aloud in English:

]

É°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ Çéπ-Lí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç.
ÇéπL = hunger, Çéπ-Lí¬ Ö†o = hungry. Ñ ´÷ô©’ ´’†ç-ü¿Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. a) Åûª-úÕéÀ î√™« Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC He is very hungry (He is hunger ÅE Å-†ç.) b) Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC = I am starving. Starve Åçõ‰ ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç = AçúÕéÀ ™‰éπ °æÆæ’hçúøôç ÅE, Å®·ûË ¶«í¬ Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ Starve ¢√úøû√ç, Conversation ™. a) °œ©x©’ Çéπ-LûÓ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ´·çü¿’ ؈’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´çú≈L.

I don't like to eat fatty substances and gain/

3. Can't eat another thing.

Ñ expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ-§Ú®·, Ééπ à ´÷vûªç A†-™‰E °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç.

She is not so fat; She is plump

(ïy®Ωç´©x î√-™« ûªèπ◊\´ Açô’-Ø√oúø’. ïy®Ωç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Åûª†’ °ü¿lí¬ AØË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’) Ravikanth:

Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Çéπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC. Hotel ÈéRx àüÁjØ√ Açü∆´÷? Prashanth: Ø√Íéç AØ√-©-E°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’. -§Ò-ü¿’l†

Krishna: I am on a full stomach too. I can't eat

finish off atleast 6 to 7 idlis. You are a

(ïߪ’-®√¢Ë’ Ééπ\-úø’çõ‰ É°æp-öÀéÀ ÇÍ®úø’ ÉúŒx©’ ™«Tç-îË-ÊÆ-¢√úø’. †’´¤y ™«¶µºç ™‰ü¿’. ïߪ’®√ç Aç-ô’ç-õ‰ îª÷úøôç Ø√èπ◊ ´·îªa-õ‰Ææ’hçC)

Hµ´·úø’ -¶µ-ï-† v°œßª·úø’ (AçúÕ-§ÚûË é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a) b) Perhaps because of his fever he eats only a little now. Even otherwise he is a poor eater.

She is plump

any more only because I am on a full

Ganesh: If only Jayaram were here he would

¶µï†ç ™«çöÀN É≠ædçí¬ AØË-¢√úø’ ÆæJí¬ ¶µçîË-ߪ’-™‰-E-¢√úø’.


A poor eater = a) Bhima was a big eater.

Åûª-úø’ ™«´¤ = He is stout. Fat Åçõ‰ ™«´¤ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, stout Åçõ‰ ™«´¤ûÓ §ƒô’ é¬Ææh §ÒöÀd èπÿú≈. Ç¢Á’ Åçûª ™«´¤ é¬ü¿’, é¬Ææh ¶Ôü¿’lí¬ Öçô’çC.

´’Sx ǣ慮Ωç N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌü∆lç. éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ Çéπ-™‰x-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 88

Harish: O stop lecturing. I don't want to eat

(Ééπ Ç Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç Ç°æ¤. éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC 鬕öÀd ؈’ ÉçÍéç A†-™‰†’)

Ç û√®Ω ¶«í¬ ™«´-®·çC. She has became very fat.


A big eater =




AØ√o. §Òü¿’l-Eoç* àç A†-™‰ü¿’ ؈’. àüÓ äéπ°æE. BJ-éπ- M. SURESAN ™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC. Prashanth: FûÓ Hotel èπ◊ ®√´-ö«-EÍéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ é¬E Ø√ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC. ØËØËç -A-†-™‰-Eçéπ. Ravikanth: F company É´¤y, î√©’. A†ôç ؈’ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊çö«. The Children are starving. I must cook some Prashanth: àç-öÃ, î√-™« Çéπ-Lí¬ Ö†o-ô’xçC Fèπ◊? thing for them first. Ravikanth: îÁ §ƒp-†’í¬. §Òü¿’l-Eoç* éπúø’°æ¤ ë«S. (Ééπ\úø – °œ©x©’ î√-™« Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖØ√o-®ΩE -Å®Ωnç. (Ææ ÷ îª † : Éçûª èπ◊´·çü¿’ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. Hotel°æÆæ’h-Ø√o-®ΩE é¬ü¿’) (£æ « Ùõ „ ™ ¸– õ „ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Åçõ‰ lodgeÅ´÷t, î√-™« Çéπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. ņoç-°ô’d. ≤˘éπ ® √u© û Ó Ç £æ …®ΩçÅ-¢Ë’t -îÓ-ô’. lodge Mom, I am starving. Serve the food/ let me ≤˘éπ ® Ω u ç ™‰ è π ◊ çú≈ Í é ´ © ç Ç£æ…-®Ω-°æ-ü∆-®√n©’, §ƒFhave the food/ Give me something to eat. Restaurant - È®≤ƒZ-Ø˛-ö¸ – È® ߪ ÷ ©’ ©Gµ ç î Ë î Óô’ àüÁjØ√ AØ√-©-E°œ≤ÚhçC. -ØÌéÀ\ °æ-©’èπ◊-û√ç.) I feel like eating some thing. Answer: é¬Ææh àüÁjØ√ °ô’d . Let me have some thing to eat.

O’®Ω-†oô’d peel Åçõ‰ ´©-´ôç (Ωtç ™«çöÀN). Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ peel Åçõ‰ ´L-îË-ߪ’ôç (DEéÃ, ´©-´ôç ÅØË ü∆EéÀ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ´L-îËߪ’ôç Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpúøç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC éπü∆.)
¢√úø’éπ (usage) ÅØËC Dictionary Å®√n-E-éπØ√o, grammar rules éπØ√o èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\´ ¨¡éÀh-´’çûªç. ´’†ç °æü∆-©†’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ¢√úÕ-¢√úÕ, ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†oçûª force ü∆E™ Öçúø-ü¿ØË ¶µ«´çûÓ went away, peel off, flung away (flung- NÆœ-Í®-¨»®Ω’, flung away- NÆœ-J-§ƒ-Í®-¨»®Ω’– ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.) ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©†’ verbs *´®Ω îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. ÉN ¢√úø’-éπ-´©x v§ƒ´÷-ùÀéπç (standard) Å®·-§Ú®·, ÅN ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Nçûªí¬ éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C.
éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©™ up, away ™«çöÀN îË®Ωa-ôç-´©x, Å®Ωn¢Ë’ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC--. He has gone. He has gone up – ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈– Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRxçC – ņ-ú≈-EéÀ, Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ûËú≈ ÖçC. -Å-ûª-úÕ-E *ûª-éÌ\-ö«d®Ω’, -Å-ûª-úÕ-E *ûª-éÌ\-õ‰d-¨»®Ω’– OöÀéÀ ûËú≈ ÖçC. *ûª-éÌ\-õ‰d-¨»®Ω’– Åçõ‰ éÌçîÁç force áèπ◊\´ – ¶µ«´ç™. English èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. They beat him. (¢√∞¡Ÿx -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éÌö«d®Ω’) They beat him up. (¢√∞¡Ÿx -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éÌõ‰d-¨»®Ω’). off

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

Heavy breakfast Ravikanth:

Ravikanth: I am very hungry/ am starving. How about eating something in a restaurant? restaurants eateries/ fast food joints Prashanth: I don't feel like eating anything/ I am full/ I am on a full stomach. (I) had a heavy breakfast this morning. Ravikanth: I haven't had anything to eat since morning/ I have been on an empty stomach since morning. Something or the other kept me busy. Prashanth: I don't mind going to the restaurant with you. But I cannot eat a thing. Ravikanth: Just give your company. I'll take care of the eating part. Prashanth: You appear to be starving. Ravikanth: I told you. (I have) been on an empty stomach since morning.

(Ñ ´’üµ¿u †’ ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’)

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

Naresh: Hi Ajitha, have you finished reading the book?




(°æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿-´ôç °æ‹Jhî˨»¢√?)

Ajitha: Yes, here it is.

(Ç... -îª-C-¢Ë-¨». -ÉCíÓ, BÆæ’éÓ)

Naresh: (It's) interesting, isn't it? (Interesting Ajitha: Quite. You buy such books quite often, don't you? books

í¬ ÖçCéπü∆?)

(°æ‹Jhí¬. Å™«çöÀ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éÌçô’çö«´¤ éπü∆?) Quite = °æ‹Jhí¬. Conversation ™ É™«çöÀ one word responses, Åçõ‰ ¢Á·ûªhç sentence ûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ ´÷ôûÓ reply É´yôç î√-™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-öÀN practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Naresh: That's right. I find them a good source of general knowledge. You found this book so, didn't you? General Knowledge

(éπÈ®Íéd. ÅN Ní¬ Öçö«®·. Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç èπÿú≈ Öçúøôç îª÷¨»´¤, éπü∆?) source, àüÁjØ√ üÌJÍé îÓô’

ÉîËa-Å-™«

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 89

-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 29 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

Eg:

ûÁ©’í∫’™ É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ææ´’ÊÆu ™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ à ¢√é¬u-E-ÈéjØ√ ´îËa v°æ¨¡o éπü∆? é¬ü∆? åØ√? ™‰ü∆? ÅØË ¢√öÀ-™ àüÓ äéπöÀ´-Ææ’hçC. àüÌ*aØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. é¬F english ™ ÉC éÌçîÁç Ææ´’ÊÆu.
sentence *´®Ω ´îËa Ñ *†o *†o Questions †’ Question tags Åçö«ç -– ÉC ´’†™ î√™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ question tags ¢√úË Å´-鬨¡ç î√-™« frequent ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ´·Tç-°æ¤-E-Ææ’hçC.
English ™ Question tags correct í¬ form îËÊÆh conversation èπ◊ î√-™« Ææ£æ«-ïûªyç a) ... isn't it? b) ... is it? c) ... doesn't he? d) ... did she? e) ... don't you? f) ... can't I? ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· ´Ææ’hçC. éπü∆. ÉC ´’†ç á°æ¤púø÷ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. ´’†™
Question èπÿ Question tag èπÿ ûËú≈:î√™«´’çC à sentence éπ®·Ø√... is it? ÅØË quesQuestion Åçõ‰ ÅC ¢Á·ûªhç ã sentence í¬ tion tag îË®Ω’-Ææ’hçö«ç. ÅC ÆæJ-é¬-ü¿E É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’Öçô’çC. èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? Are you very busy?
É°æ¤púø’ question tag form îËߪ’ôç ᙫØÓ (O’®Ω’ î√© busy í¬ ÖØ√o®√?) îª÷ü∆lç: – îª÷¨»®√ ÉC ¢Á·ûªhç äéπ sentence. ´’†ç question tag form îËߪ÷Lq† ¢√éπuç,
Question tag Åçõ‰, äéπ sentence *´®Ω Hyderabad is a beautiful city - ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ´îËa sentence ¶µ«í∫ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Sentence Ñ ¶µ«í¬Eo stem Åçö«ç. ™ N’í∫û√ ¶µ«í∫ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, question tag èπ◊ DE-E question tag form ®Ω÷°æç-™ ®√-ߪ÷-©ç-õ‰... Å®Ωnç Öçúøü¿’.

Eg: You are busy, aren't you? busy Aren't you? Question tag. sentence question tag Aren't you?

(O’®Ω’ Ééπ\úø

í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’, éπü∆?)

N’í∫û√

™‰èπ◊çú≈ Å®·† èπ◊ Å®Ωnç Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆?

1) Add a comma at the end of the stem: Hyderabad is a beautiful city, 2) Note the verb. verb, 'is' comma

Ééπ\úø ®√≤ƒhç:

éπü∆? ü∆Eo

ûª®√yûª

You like coffee, don't you? Ajitha: Sure. It gives a lot of information. You don't usually lend your books to others, do you? information (Correct.

Éçü¿’™ î√™« ÖçC. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ F °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Éûª®Ω’-™„-´yJéà ɴy´¤, éπü∆?)

Naresh: I don't. I gave one to you because I know you are prompt in returning. Once you lend a book you are not sure

îËߪ’ôç ᙫ? ûÁ©’-í∫’™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ (éπü∆? éπü∆E åØ√? ™‰ü∆? OöÀ™x àüÁjØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’) english ™ Question tag, v°æA sentence èπÿ ü∆E verb †’ •öÀd ´÷®Ω’ûª÷ç-ô’çC. ÅC form îËߪ’ôç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’, éÌEo question tags examples îª÷ü∆lç.

a) India is a large democracy, isn't it?

(ÉçúÕߪ÷ °ü¿l v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u -üË-¨¡ç, éπü∆?) b) English isn't difficult to learn, is it?

whether you get it back, are you?

(É´y†’. †’´¤y -îÁ°œp-† time èπ◊ AJT≤ƒh´¤ 鬕öÀd Fèπ◊ ´÷vûªç Éî√a†’. äéπ-≤ƒJ °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉÊÆh ÅC AJT ´Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’, éπü∆?) prompt = time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ Ajitha: You haven't lost books by lending,

English

ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç éπ≠dçæ é¬ü¿’, éπü∆/ -åØ√?)

c) He knows English, doesn't he? English d) She didn't sing well yesterday, did she?

(Åûª-EéÀ

ûÁ©’Ææ’, éπü∆?)

(Ç¢Á’ E†o ÆæJí¬ §ƒúø-™‰ü¿’, éπü∆?)

e) You like coffee, don't you?

(Fèπ◊ 鬰∂‘ É≠ædç éπü∆?)

have you?

(†’´¤y É*a† §ÚíÌô’déÓ™‰ü¿’, éπü∆?)


Question tag form

°æ¤Ææh-é¬-Lç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊

Naresh: I make sure that I get them back, if at all I lend.

(AJ-íÌ-îËaô’d îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«†’, É´yôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË.) If at all = àüÁj-Ø√ ï®Ω-í∫ôç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ – ï®Ω-éπ\-§ÚßË’ Å´-鬨¡ç áèπ◊\´. If at all I go = ØË¢Á-∞¡xôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË. conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Ajitha: You appear to be busy. I am not keeping you from your work, am I?

(†’¢ËyüÓ busy í¬ Ö†o-ô’d-Ø√o´¤. ؈’ O’ °æØËç Ç°æôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?)
îª÷úøçúÕ, °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ *†o, *†o v°æ¨¡o©ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u sentence ûÓ Öçúøôç í∫´’EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ¢√öÀéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u© *´-®Ω-™ 'éπü∆— ÅE v°æ¨¡o- ®√-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆?
É™« 'éπü∆?— 'é¬ü∆?— 'åØ√!— '™‰ü∆?— ÅE *†o v°æ¨¡o©’ ´’† conversation ™, ûÁ©’í∫’ é¬E´yçúÕ, english é¬E-´yç-úÕ, ®√´ôç Ææ£æ«-ïç, ≤ƒüµ∆®Ω-ùç.

Spoken English

f) I can bat as well as Tendulkar, Can't I? bat
examples English Sentence question tag

(؈’ õ„çúø÷-©\-®˝™« îËߪ’-í∫-©†’ éπü∆?) °j í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÅEoöÀéà éπü∆? ÅE ´ÊÆh, ™ v°æA *´®Ω ûËú≈, ûËú≈í¬...

v°æ¨¡o:

a)

Hyderabad is a beautiful city, is Sentence stem 3) not

Ñ ™ ¶µ«í∫ç™ ÖçüÓ ™‰üÓ í∫´’-Eç-îªôç î√™«´·êuç: áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ stem™ not M. SURESAN Öçõ‰, question tag ™ not ®√ü¿’, stem ¶µ«í∫ç™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË tag ™ not éπ*a-ûªçí¬ contracted form (èπ◊Cç-*† ®Ω÷°æç)™ Åçõ‰ n't í¬ ´Ææ’hçC. Hyderabad is a beautiful city. Éçü¿’™ not ™‰ü¿’é¬-•öÀd, Hyderabad is a beautiful city, is n't í¬ ®√≤ƒhç. 4) *´-Jí¬ Hyderabad •ü¿’©’ 'it' ÅØËC îË®√aL. ü∆E ûª®√yûª question mark °ö«dL. Å°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh Sentence: Hyderabad is a beautiful city, isn't it?

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ Åçü¿-¢Á’i† †í∫®Ωç, éπü∆?)


Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai. stem Question tag

Ñ

èπ◊

ᙫ îË®Ω’≤ƒhç?

™

鬕öÀd, ü∆Eo

ûª®√yûª

®√≤ƒhç:

Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai, is not tag not 3) Stem 4) tag question mark Sentence: Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai, is it?

™ Öç-C 鬕öÀd, *´-Jí¬ ûª®√yûª Å°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ûªhç

™

®√ü¿’. °-úø-û√ç.

Å´¤-ûª’çC. (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ´·ç•®· éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’, éπü∆?) Now practise the following aloud in English: Sankar: Tarun: Sankar:

õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ íÌ°æp batsman, éπü∆? é¬E Dravid Åçûª steady é¬ü¿’, éπü∆? î√-™« *†o-´-ߪ’Ææ’™ØË test player í¬ ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆? Tarun: Åûª-E-™«ç-öÀ-¢√úø’ Bharat team ™ Öçúøôç, í∫®Ωy-é¬-®Ω-ù¢Ë’ éπü∆? Sankar: ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. Tests ™ highest number of centuries éÌöÀd† ¢√∞¡x™  ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Éü¿l®Ω’ Indians, éπü∆? Tarun: Kapil Dev and Srinath èπÿú≈ íÌ°æp bowlers í¬ ÖçúË¢√∞¡Ÿx éπü∆. XØ√ü∑˛ Åçûª íÌ°æp batsman é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? éπ°œ-™¸-üË¢˛ èπÿú≈ bowler í¬ éπçõ‰ batsman í¬ ÅçûªíÌ°æp é¬ü¿’, éπü∆? Answer: Sankar: Tendulkar is a great batsman, isn't he? Tarun: But he is not as steady as Dravid is he? Sankar: He was a test player at a very young age, wasn't he? Tarun: A Player like him on the Indian team is a matter of pride for India, isn't it? Sankar: One more thing. The first two among those who have scored the highest number of test centuries are Indians, aren't they? Tarun: KapilDev and Srinath were great bowlers, weren't they? Srinath wasn't a great batsman, was he? Even Kapil Dev wasn't as great a batsman as he was a bowler, was he?

ÅC ûª°æp ÉçÍéO’é¬ü¿’.

ÉC ¢Á÷Ææç ûª°æp ÉçÍé-O’é¬ü¿’. Å®Ωnç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅE. Åçõ‰ á´-È®jØ√ ņo N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ´’†ç ÅçU-éπ-J-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç. 'Isn't the movie good?' (ÆœE´÷ ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆.) 'Ofcourse it is' (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC/ Å´¤†’) 3) 'Ofcourse not' - Åçõ‰ 'ÅC é¬ü¿’— ÅE. 2) Ofcourse

O’È®EoçöÀéÀ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?

period sleep. a) Sleep for 7 hours a day.

When do you sleep?

EvCçîË

°j ¢√é¬u©’ ÆæÈ®j-†¢√, 鬢√? – Èé.Ææûªuç, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ï¢√•’: °æúø’-éÓ-´ôç (Evü¿èπ◊) = go to bed a) I go to bed at 11 PM = 11 èπ◊ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. b) I do not go to bed at 11 PM. c) When/ At what time do you go to bed? go to bed sleep

Éçûªèπ◊´·çüÓ-≤ƒJ èπ◊, èπ◊ ûËú≈ N´-Jçî√ç. English™ sleep Åçõ‰ EvCç-îªôç ÅE. English ™ sleep ûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ point of time Åçõ‰ °∂晫-Ø√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Evü¿èπ◊ Ö°æ-véπ-N’ç-îªôç, °∂晫-Ø√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷EéÀ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç Å-E-®√ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

°-úø-û√ç:

1) Nothing but = This is nothing but cheating.

؈’ 11 °œ.áç.éÀ °æúø’-éÓ†’

I do not sleep at 11 PM c)

*´®Ω,

ï¢√•’:

؈’ 11 °œ.áç.éÀ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. I sleep at 11 PM

b)

1) Stem (Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai) comma Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai, 2) Verb, stem is comma

èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’

؈’ 7 í∫çô©’ EvC-≤ƒh†’ = Evü¿™ Öçö«†’. EvCç-îª-ö«-EéÀ °æúø’-éÓ-´ôç sleep. ÅC go to bed. Evü¿-™‰-´ôç = get up (from bed)

b) I go to bed at 11 and get up at 6. I sleep at 11 I sleep from 11 PM to 6 AM

(Ééπ\úø

®√ü¿’.

Å-ØÌa.)

v°æ¨¡o: 'Nothing but'- 'of course'- 'ofcourse not" -

OöÀ Å®√n©’ àN’öÀ? OöÀE ¢√é¬u-©™ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? -N-´-Jç--îªí∫-©®Ω’. – ´·éπ®Ωç, ≥ƒ£œ«ü˛, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

A: Is India a rich country?

(¶µ«®Ωû˝ üµ¿Eéπ ü˨¡´÷?)

B: 'Ofcourse not. It is infact a developing country.

(Å™«Ííç é¬ü¿’. Å-Gµ´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿’-ûª’†o ü˨¡ç) Of Course not - Å™«ç-öÀ-üËç-™‰ü¿’. (Åçõ‰ O’éÀC ûÁLÊÆ Öçú≈™‰ ņo-ô’xí¬).

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

Varun: Hi Anand, you are ready, aren't you?

(†’´¤y Æœü¿l¥ç-í¬ØË ÖØ√o´¤, éπü∆?)

Anand: I am ready, but you are not in a hurry, are you? ready

(؈’ ØË. é¬E †’¢Ëyç Åçûª- ûÌç-ü¿-®Ω™ ™‰´¤, éπü∆?) (hurry= ûÌçü¿®Ω)

Varun: Not that I am in a hurry, but (I am) just making sure we can start at any time. Not that I want to trouble you, but can you get me a ticket for the match

(؈’ ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o†E é¬ü¿’. ´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ωí∫©ç ÅE Å®Ωnç. -E-†’o -vô-•’-™¸ -îË-ߪ÷-©-E é¬-ü¿’. é¬Ææh -´÷u-î˝éÀ Ø√éÓ ticket ûÁ*a°úø-û√¢√?) Not that = Å-™« -Å-E é¬ü¿’.- -É-C -ûª®Ω-îª÷ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™  èπÿ-ú≈ -¢√-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«ç éπ-ü∆.

Anand: Once we start here we can reach there in twenty minutes, Can't we?

They were here last night, weren't they? tag

¢Á·ü¿ô É*a† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Question Ö†o Sentences †’ È®çúÕç-öÀE îª÷ü∆lç.

ûÓ

1) You are ready, are n't you? (Comma + Verb (are) + n't (no not in stem) + subject (you) + question mark) 2) You are not in a hurry, are you? (Comma+Verb (are) (no n't in the tag here because there is 'not' in the stem) + Subject (you) + Question Mark)
Stem

™ Verbs †’ •öÀd Question tags ´÷®Ω’ûª’ç-ö«®·. éÀçC stem èπ◊ Question tag îª÷ü∆lç. David is coming. Ééπ\úø Verb 'is coming' - É™« am, is, are, was, were, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, ought, have, has, had combinations Verbs tag tag

ûÓ Ö†o ´ÊÆh OöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ™éÀ BÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç. OöÀ ûª®√yûª ´îËa ´÷ô/ ´÷ô©’ ™ ®√´¤.

a) Madhu cannot ( = can't) sing, can he? b) Bhaskar will not (= won't) come, will he? c) Sheela shall not (=shan't) sing, shall she? I regular doing words (come, go,
Stem sing, etc), II regular doing words (come, go, sing etc.), past doing words (came, went, song etc.) question tags form

Varun: Even earlier than that. But where is Arun? He said he would be coming too, didn't he? Arun Anand: He did of course. But we need not wait for him, need we? wait

(ÅØ√o-úø-†’éÓ. é¬F Åûª-E-éÓÆæç ´’†ç îËߪ’-éπ\-Í®xü¿’, éπü∆?)

Chitra sings well, doesn't she? Stem ™ not Öçü¿-†’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ does she ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Chitra does not act, does she?

™

Now practise the following aloud in English. Ravi:

≤˘®Ω-¶µ¸-í∫ç-í∫÷L next test ™ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’, éπü∆? îËߪ÷L. Aswini: *´®Ωèπ◊ ᙫíÓ ≤ƒn†ç §Òçü∆úø’ ´’J. [´’†ç Ist lessons spoken english ™ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†oC É°æ¤úø’ í∫’®Ω’h-èπ◊ -ûÁ-a-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ravi: Åçü¿’-´©x Kaif †’ BÊÆ-¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? a) Ist regular doing word †’ not ûÓ é¬F ques(BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç = drop. remove ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a) tion ™ é¬F ¢√úÕûË, do + I regular doing Aswini: Kaif èπÿú≈ î√™« ¶«í¬ Çú≈úø’. ÅûªEo word Å´¤-ûª’çC. go (+ not / ?) = do (not) go BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç ÅØ√uߪ’ç éπü∆? î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬

(´’†ç Ééπ\úø •ßª’-™‰l-J† 20 EN’-≥ƒ-©-éπ-éπ\úø îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫©ç éπü∆?)

(Åçûªèπ◊´·çüË îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫©ç. é¬F àúŒ? ûª†’ èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’, éπü∆?)

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 31 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 90

You are ready, are n't you?

Varun: Let's go then, shall we?

(Å®·ûË ´’†ç ¢Á∞«l´÷?) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç*-éπ™ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† Question tags ûÓ èπÿúÕ† Ææ綵«-≠æù‰ éπü∆? Question tag ᙫ form îËߪ÷-©-ØËC ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç.

David is coming Combination

Ééπ\úø verb is coming. (Is ûÓ Ö†o verb ÉC. tag ™ is ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.) a) David is coming, is n't he? (David •ü¿’©’ 'he') b) Geetha and sita are playing. Ñ stem ™ 1) They are here, are n't they? verb: are coming: tag ™ are ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC (¢√Rx-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o®Ω’, éπü∆?) éπü∆? 鬕öÀd question tag. °j Sentence ™ 'They are here'- Ñ ¶µ«í¬Eo Geetha and Sita are playing, aren't they? stem Åçö«ç; aren't they? (= éπü∆?) ÅØË (Geetha and Sita (¢√∞¡Ÿx) •ü¿’©’ they) ¶µ«í¬Eo Question tag Åçö«ç. 2) Question tag form îËÊÆ-°æ¤púø’, stem °æéπ\†
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ E sentence: comma °úøû√ç. We can reach there in twenty minutes, can't 3) Stem ™ Verb àüÓ í∫´’-Eç*, ü∆Eo comma we? (cannot èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, can't) Ééπ\úø verb can °æéπ\† ®√≤ƒhç. reach, so tag ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. 4) Stem ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, tag ™ Verb èπ◊ n't ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ: éπ©’-°æ¤û√ç. Öçõ‰ n't ®√ü¿’. Many heroes cannot sing. 5) Stem ™ Subject •ü¿’©’ ´îËa-´÷ô -I/ we/ you/ ÉC question tag ûÓ– he/ she/ it/ they *´-®Ω- °-úø-û√ç; Many heroes cannot sing, can they? 6) Question mark (?) îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. (stem ™ not ÖçC, tag ™ not ®√ü¿’. Verb can Example. sing - tag ™ can ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC) They were here last night, - ÉC stem Å®·ûË
Éçé¬ í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq-†N. DEéÀ Question tag: Stem ™ will + Öç-úÕ, not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, question tag 1) Comma: They were here, ™ won't (will + not) ´Ææ’hçC. (¢ÓØ˛d) 2) Comma ûª®√yûª Verb- Ééπ\úø stem ™ Verb,

b) 2nd Regular Doing word not Question does + 1st Regular Doing Word goes (+ not \ ?) = does (not) go. not question c) Past doing word did + Ist regular doing word went (+ not / ?) = did (not) go 1) Sehwag and Dravid play well. verb play (1st regular doing word). not question do play Sehwag and Dravid play well play = do play. question tag do n't don't Sehwag and Dravid they sentence Sehwag and Dravid play well, don't they? Stem not tag do they Laxman and Dravid don't (do not) bowl, do they?

†’ ûÓ é¬F ™ é¬F ¢√úÕûË, Å´¤-ûª’çC. †’

ûÓ é¬-F

é¬F ¢√úÕûË ûª’çC.

]

Ééπ\úø ÉC ûÓ/

Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆. ™ 鬕öÀd ™, ´Ææ’hçC. ü∆EéÀ éπL°œ, ¢√úøû√ç, ü∆E ûª®√yûª •ü¿’©’, Åçö«ç. 鬕öÀd ¢Á·ûªhç É™« Öçô’çC éπü∆?




Å™«Íí

sleeps Stem

™

II regular doing word (comes, goes, does not does n't doesn't

™«çöÀN) ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆? ™ ™‰ é π § ÚûË èπ ◊ éπL°œ a) Ganguly will play in Pak series, won't he? 'were' - They were here, were Åçö«ç. ÅçûË é π ü ∆? b) Tarun will come with us, won't he? 3) Stem, 'they were here'™ not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, tag (°j sentences ™ ™«Íí áéπ\-úÁjØ√ will ûÓ not a) Chitra sings well. Ééπ\úø verb... sings (2nd ™ verb èπ◊ n't (not) éπ-©’°æ¤û√ç. regular doing word). ÉC not ûÓ/ question ™ ¢√ú≈-Lq -´ÊÆh won't Å´¤-ûª’çC) They were here weren't does sing Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆. ü∆EéÀ n't éπL°œ doesÅ™«Í í shall ûÓ not ®√¢√L q´ÊÆh , shan't 4) Stem ™ Subject, Ééπ\úø 'they' tag *´-®Ωn't (úøïØ˛d– ï size ™ ñ¸ ™«í∫) ¢√úøû√ç, ü∆E Å´¤-ûª’çC, (≥ƒØ˛d) °-úø-û√ç: they were here, weren't they ûª®√yûª Chitra •ü¿’©’, she Åçö«ç. Å°æ¤púø’ 5) Question mark îË®Ω’≤ƒhç: Å°æ¤úø’ Question tag
can, will, shall ûÓ stem ™ not Öçõ‰ tag ™ ¢Á ·ûªhç sentence É™« Öçô’çC éπü∆? can, will, shall not ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´≤ƒh®·. ûÓ Sentence É™« Öçô’çC éπü∆:

-v°æ-¨¡o: Continuous tense -†’ -passive voice ™éÀ ´÷-Í®a-ô°æ¤p-úø’ -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ b- eing Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ω-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’. é¬-E -Ççí∫x°æ-vAéπ-™x °æ-©’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. B- eing -à-ßË’ Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ó -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. – -vQ-E-¢√Ææ®√-´¤, -´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’ -ï-¢√-•’: Active Voice ™E verb 'ing' form ™ Öçõ‰ passive voice ™ being + past participle ´Ææ’hçC. eg: Active Voice: am/ is/ are + ing form ûÓ verb (É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æEE ûÁ-LÊ°N) I

am

He/ She

teaching is

a lesson/ lessons

They are

Spoken English

Passive Voice: A lesson is

Ééπ\úø being + past participle ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. OöÀéÀ

being taught by me

Lessons are

him/

A lesson is Lessons are

her/ them Active Voice: I/he/she was

teaching a lesson

OöÀ Å®Ωnç: ؈’ ....... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ §ƒ®∏√Eo Åûªúø’ ..... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ §ƒ®∏√-©†’ Ç¢Á’ ....... ¶Cµ-≤ÚhçC †’´¤y ...... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ O’®Ω’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx ..... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ ¢Ë’´·/-´’†ç .... ¶Cµ-Ææ’hØ√oç

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

me him/ her/ you/ us/ them

Å®Ωnç: §ƒ®∏Ωç §ƒ®∏√©’

We/you/they were

-É°æ¤p-úø’

Passive:

being taught by

Ø√ îË ¶Cµç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·. ÅûªúÕ/Ç¢Á’ F/O’/´÷/¢√∞¡x (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™«çöÀ passive v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ ¶µºJç-‰ç éπü∆)  Å™«Íí was teaching, were teaching ™«çöÀ active forms èπ◊ was being/ were being + taught ´≤ƒh®·. I/ he/ she was We/ you/ they were

teaching

´’J Laxman Ææçí∫A í∫ûªç™? Aswini: Å´¤†’. Selection com-

™ Å´¤-

™

™ ´*aç-ü¿-†’-éÓçúÕ, Å°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.

Ravi:

a lesson lessons

mittee Laxman

†’ èπÿú≈ î√-™« bad í¬ treat îËÆœçC éπü∆? Ravi:

Selectors merit

M. SURESAN

èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç É´y®Ω’

éπü∆? Answer: Ravi:

Sourabh is playing in the next test, isn't he?

Aswini: Finally (at last) he has got a place on the team. Ravi:

Because of that they have dropped Kaif, haven't they?

Aswini: Kaif plays well too, doesn't he? Removing/ dropping him is unjust, isn't it? Ravi:

What about Laxman in the past?

Aswini: Yes, the selection committee has treat Laxman badly, hasn't it? (verb- has treated, tag Ravi:

鬕öÀd

has

´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC,

™) The selection do not give importance to merit, do they?

؈’ – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ ¢√úø’ – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ Ç¢Á’ – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ÷hç-úÕçC †’´¤y – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ O’®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx – í∫ûªç™– ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ ¢Ë’´·/ ´’†ç – í∫ûªç™– ¶Cµ-Ææ’hØ√oç OöÀéÀ passive: A lesson was Lessons were

being taught by

§ƒ®∏√Eo §ƒ®∏√-©†’

me/ us/ him/ her/ you/ them

=

Ø√îË/ ´÷îË/ ´’´·t-©îË/ ÅûªúÕ/ Ç¢Á’/ O’/ ¢√∞¡xîË §ƒ®∏Ωç ¶Cµç-îª-•-úø’-ûª÷ç-úÕçC/ §ƒ®∏√©’ ¶Cµç-îª-•-úø’ûª’-Ø√o®· (í∫ûªç™) É™«çöÀ îÓôx being + PP form ´Ææ’hçC.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

Anu:

Hi Suma, Wish a very Happy New Year of better communication. English

(†’´¤y -Ñ Ææç-´-ûªq®Ωç-™ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫©-´-E ؈’ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o).

Suma: Same to you, Anu. We are going to have a party on the occasion, aren't we? party Anu:

(´’†ç Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆?)

-îËÆæ’éÓ-¶-

Pavani said so yesterday, didn't she? ( Suma: I am giving the party, aren't I? party Anu: Yes, it is your turn this time. turn= Suma: I am giving the party alright, but I am not making the arrangements, am I? party

-§ƒ-´-E -E-†o -Å-™« -Åç-C. éπü∆?

(؈’ éπü∆

É´y-¶-ûª’-†oC?)

(Å´¤†’ Ñ≤ƒJ F´çûª’...

´çûª’)

(؈’ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. à®√pô’x -ØË-†’ îË-ߪ’ôç -™‰-ü¿’ éπü∆?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 91

lesson question tags sentences 1. aren't we? 2. didn't she? 3. aren't I? 4. am I? 5. aren't you? 6. doesn't it, etc. aren't we? didn't she? aren't you? etc., question tags form question tags.... 1. aren't I? 2. am I? sentences: 1) I am giving the party, aren't I? rule stem 'I am giving the party' verb, am giving question tag am, n't (stem not I question tag, amn't I? aren't I I?) I begin sentence verb, am+ not question tag aren't I? amn't I? question tag English stem not question tag am I? ( I am not making the arrangements, am I? stem not

É°æ¤úø’ Ñ

Ö†o

- ≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 2 -ï-†-´-J 2006

v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™E Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™... í∫´’-Eü∆lç.

OöÀ™x Ñ -´’†èπ◊ éÌûËhO’é¬ü¿’.ÉN ᙫ îËߪ÷™ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. É°æ¤úø’ ´’†èπ◊ éÌûªhí¬ ´*a† ÉN Ö†o

´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o v°æ鬮Ωç ™ Ééπ\úø 鬕öÀd, ™ ü∆E ûª®√yûª ™ ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd), ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´*a, Å¢√L éπü∆. ¢Á·ûªhç (ÇØ˛d ÅE ´≤ÚhçC. ÉC é¬E Ééπ\úø ÅßË’u î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. ûÓ ™ í¬ ÖçúÕ, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, á°æ¤púø÷ í¬ØË Öçô’çC. ÅØË ™ ™‰ü¿’. ÅüË ™ Öçõ‰, Å°æ¤úø’ ´’Sx Ééπ\úø

™

ÖçC)

f) might..., - mightn't? g) have..., - haven't...? has..., hasn't...? h) had..., - hadn't...? i) need..., needn't...? (pron: j) should..., shouldn't ...? k) would..., wouldn't...?
stem not verbs subject example 1) a) Sachin could play well, couldn't he? b) Sachin could not play well, could he? 2) a) Ramesh will help you, won't he? b) Sudha will not / won't help you, will she?

(¢Á’iõ„Ø˛d) – î√© Å®Ω’ü¿’.

FØ˛d) (≠æflØ˛d...?) (ÖØ˛d?) ™ Öçõ‰ Ææ´’ÊÆu ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? ™ îÁ§ƒhç. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô îÁ°œp, îª÷ü∆lç.

Ah here comes Bhargavi. Hi Bhargavi, We are talking about the party. You are making all the arrangements, aren't you? party

(ÉCíÓ ¶µ«®Ω_N. ¶µ«®Ω_O, ¢Ë’ç í∫’-Jç-* ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. à®√p-ôxFo †’´¤y îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?)

Bhargavi: I am. I am getting the money from Suma, aren't I? suma Suma:

(îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ¢√L éπü∆?)

ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s©’ BÆæ’éÓ-

examples a) I am Andhra, aren't I? (stem not b) I am not an American, am I? (stem not 2) a) I am getting good marks, aren't I? (No not in the stem) b) I am not troubling you, am I? (Not in the stem) 3) a) I am an Indian like you, aren't I?

îª÷ü∆lç.

´’J-éÌEo

™

™

™‰ü¿’)

ÖçC)

É™« N’í∫-û√-N ¶«í¬ practice îËÊÆhØË M. SURESAN question tags éπÈ®èπ◊dí¬ form îËߪ’-í∫©ç. Question tags ™‰E Ææ綵«-≠æù î√-™« EKb-´çí¬ Öçô’çC.

(No not in the stem) b) I am not a fool, am I?

Now practice the following in English:

(ØËE-´y-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥ç. é¬F †’´¤y BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?)

(ØËØËç ´‚®Ω’^-úÕo é¬ü¿’, éπü∆? (not in the stem) 鬕öÀd 'I' N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC– a) Stem™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, question tag aren't I? (verb, 'am+' Å®·ûË) b) stem ™ not ÖçúÕ, verb 'am+' Å®·ûË

(؈’ úø•’s ê®Ω’a °ôd-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °∂æ®Ω-¢√™‰-ü¿’-™‰) as long as- so long as = ÅC ïJ-Íí-´-®Ωèπ◊, Ç °æü¿l¥-A™.so long as ´÷´‚-©’í¬ 'not' Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√-úøû√ç. As long as á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

´’Sx éÌEo Éûª®Ω verb farms éÌîËa question tags Ééπ\úø ÉÆæ’hØ√oç. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. É´Fo èπÿú≈ stem™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púø’.

Bhargavi: That doesn't matter as long as I don't spend.

Suma & Anu: Thank you.

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù í∫-ûªç-™- -´-*a-† È®çúø’ lessons ™ (question tags °j -´-*aç--C) -™«í¬-ØË -Öç-C éπ-ü∆. äéπ\-≤ƒJ ´’Sx, don't, doesn't, didn'tûÓ ´îËa question tag N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç.

Bhushan: You get up quite early, don't you? Dhiraj:

(†’´¤y î√™« °çü¿-™«úË Evü¿-™‰-≤ƒh´¤, éπü∆)

That's right, do you, don't you?

(†’´¤y èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆?)

Bhushan: Your college begins at 10, doesn't it? so you can get up late, can't you? college Dhiraj:

(O’ 10éÀ éπü∆, †’´¤y Ç©-Ææuçí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´îª’a, éπü∆?) But our school started at 7.30, didn't it? so I got used to getting up early. school 7.30

(´’† èπ◊çúËC éπü∆? Åçü¿’éπE Å©-¢√-ô-®·-§Ú-®·çC.) Get used to = Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç. I have got used to the hot weather here = (Ééπ\úÕ ¢ËúÕéÀ ؈-©-¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’). ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç 1) 'Get up' ÅØË Regular doing word verb Å®· not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Question tag, 'don't you?' 2) 'Begins' ÅØË second regular doing word verb Å®· not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, question tag, 'doesn't it?' 3) 'started' ÅØË past doing word verb Å®·, not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, question tag, 'didn't it?' (Didn't pronunciation - úÕØ˛d)

Spoken English

3) a) Ameet has scored good marks, hasn't he? b) Ameet hasn't (has not) passed, has he?

؈÷ O’™«í∫ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-úÕØË éπü∆?

I am ready. Thank you for making all the arrangements. You are taking trouble. aren't you? trouble

question tag, 'am I?'

a) Shall..., - shan't...? b) will.., - won't..? c) can..., _can't...? d) could..., couldn't...? (couldn't - pronunciation e) may..., - mayn't?

(èπ◊Ø˛d)

(¢Á’ß˝’Ø˛d?)

1) Ganesh: Hi Mahesh,

-ï-¢√-•’:

Revathi: Jyothi: Santhi:

Ñ´’üµ¿u innerwear ÅØË word èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´≤ÚhçC. Innerwear correct Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà (usage ™éÀ ´≤ÚhçC), î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωnçé¬éπ-§Ú´îª’a. áèπ◊\-´-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u-´÷ô under-

ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ™x éÌçîÁç ´’ç*N.

Underwear Innerwear

(-Åç-úø®˝-¢Ë®˝) -Åç--ö«®Ω’. (-É-†o®˝-¢Ë®˝) -Å-E -á-ç-ü¿’éπ-†®Ω’?2) •Ææ’q -áÍé\-ô°æ¤p-úø’, Æœ-E-´÷£æ…-∞¡x -ü¿í∫_®Ω -öÀÈé\-ôxèπ◊ ´®ΩÆæ-véπ-´’ç-™ ®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ 'Q' '°æ-ü¿l¥-A -§ƒ-öÀç-îªç-úÕ Å-E -¶®Ω’f-©’ç-ö«®·. Íé-´-©ç Q -Åéπ~®Ωç ´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ Ê°®Ì\ç-ö«®Ω’. -´®ΩÆæ-véπ-´÷-EéÀ, -Ñ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -Åéπ~®√EéÀ Ææç-•ç-üµ¿ç -à-N’-öÀ? – -vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -N’®√u-©í∫÷-úø

-ï-¢√-•’:

1) Underwear - (Underware

é¬ü¿’)– ™ü¿’-Ææ’h©’– ´’†ç •ßª’-öÀéÀ éπ†-°æúË ü¿’Ææ’h©- éÀç-ü¿ üµ¿JçîË ü¿’Ææ’h©’ é¬-•-öÀd Underwear Åçö«®Ω’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

1)

1) Spoken English

™ î√™«

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ -™--ü¿’Ææ’h-©-†’ -É-ç-Tx-≠ˇ-™

Answers: Ganesh: Hi, Mahesh, you went to a movie last night, didn't you. Mahesh: I told you (that) I would (go), didn't I? Ganesh: You told me, yes. But I didn't think you'd go. Mahesh: When I say something, I am serious, aren't I? Ganesh: But I am not serious about movie matters, am I? Mahesh: I feel happy when I go to a movie with my friends, don't I ? Why didn't you come? Ganesh: I was very busy yesterday. I am the fan of the hero of the movie. Yesterday aren't I? I am sorry I missed the movie. Santhi: Hey, you are joking at me, aren't you? Revathi: I am not at all talking, am I, Jyothi? Jyothi: I am reading the novel, aren't I? Santhi: I am mistaken, aren't I? You are good people. Revathi: I am the serious type, aren't I ? I don't like jokes at all. Jyothi: I am interested only in studies, aren't I ? I don't know how to joke, do I? Santhi: You never joke at others? do you? Revathi: I don't know about Jyothi, but I am always serious.

-ï-¢√-•’:

English èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-* -´’ç-* -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. – -P-K-≠æ, -ïçí¬È®-úÕfí∫÷-úÁç

Spoken English books market English conversation by Grant Taylor; Spoken English for you by G.Radhakrishna Pillai and K.Rajeevan.

O’®Ω’ Ø√ O’ü¿ jokes ¢ËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’, éπü∆? ؈-Ææ©’ ´÷-ö«xúøôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆, Jyothi? ØËØË¢Á÷ Ñ †´© îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’. åØ√? ØËØË §Ò®Ω-°æ-ú≈f†’, éπü∆? O’®Ω’ ´’ç*-¢√∞¡Ÿx §ƒ°æç. ØËØË serious type éπü∆? Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ jokes †îªa´¤. ؈’ studies ™ØË interested, éπü∆? Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ joke îËߪ’ôç ®√ü¿’, éπü∆? O’®Ω-Ææ©’ Éûª-®Ω’© O’ü¿ jokes ¢Áߪ’u®Ω’, éπü∆? Jyothi N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ؈’ ´÷vûªç á°æ¤púø÷ serious.

E†o ®√vA †’´¤y ÆœE´÷èπ◊ 2) -¢Á-∞«}´¤ éπü∆? Mahesh: Å´¤†’, ¢Á∞«h-†E îÁ§ƒp†’. åØ√? Ganesh: îÁ§ƒp-´¤™‰. é¬F †’´¤y ¢Á∞«h-´-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Mahesh: ØËØË-ü¿-®·Ø√ -îÁ-G-ûË serious í¬ØË Öçö«†’, éπü∆? Ganesh: cinema N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ ´÷vûªç serious 鬆’, éπü∆? Mahesh: ؈’ Ø√ friends ûÓ ÆœE-´÷-Èé∞Ïh ÆæçûÓ-≠œ≤ƒh†’ éπü∆? E†o †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ ®√™‰üËç? Ganesh: E†o î√-™« busy í¬ ÖØ√o. †’-´¤y ¢Á-Rx-† cinema hero fan éπü∆ ؈’? ؈’ ®√™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Spoken books

Santhi:

Revathi:

do you, don't you? Anu:

2) Santhi: Revathi: Jyothi:

wear.

2)

´®Ω-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ E©-•úÕ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ English Åéπ~®Ωç Q é¬ü¿’ – Q Ü®Ω-éπØË Å™« ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, Thank you ™ You èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Thank U ¢√úÕ-†ô’x. ´®Ω-Ææ -véπ-´’ç™ Å®Ωnç ´îËa English word Queue. Please queue up ÅØË -•-ü¿’©’, Please Q up Åçö«®Ω’, fancy í¬. People queued for the tickets.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Spoken english èπ◊,

written english èπ◊ -ûË-ú≈-©-†’ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 2) having been -à Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ -´Ææ’hç-C? 3) Spelling mistakes Ææ-J-îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ-©£æ… -É-´yí∫-©®Ω’. – °œ.-á-Ø˛.-†Í®-¨¸, °æ-J-T

î√™« simple í¬, Å®Ωl¥-´’-´-ú≈EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öç-úø-úøç. °æ‹Jh sentences Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Written English ÉçéÌçîÁç °æü¿l¥-Aí¬, °æ‹Jhí¬ grammatical í¬, éÌClí¬ éÀx≠d-¢æ Á’i† ´÷ô©’, ¢√é¬u-©ûÓ Öç-úÌa. 2) Having been = Å®· Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x Having been deceived by him once, I don't trust him any more

äéπ-≤ƒJ ؈-ûª-E-îËûª ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-îª-•úÕ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x ÅûªEo ؈’ ´’Sx †´’t†’. Having been selected he is happy select

Å®· Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. 3) Spelling mistakes ûªí¬_-©çõ‰ ´÷ô-©†’ syllables í¬ N¶µº->ç* spelling Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ. ûªí∫’_û√®·. Syllable Åçõ‰ ÅaûÓ Ö†o °æü¿-¶µ«í∫ç. Construction. DØÓx con, struc, tion -Å-ØË -´‚úø’ syllables ÖØ√o®·. É™« devide îËÆæ’èπ◊E spelling Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ. ûª°æ¤p©’ ûªí∫’_-û√®·.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ðû¦è[ª-

II Sunil: Hi Ramesh, the Megastar phoned me last night and asked for a few tips on acting.

(óÀª ô¢î¶ªøÉ Eìo-ô¦vA ޥ-þ§dô û¦ÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ìåì ÞœªJÙ# Ú•Eo ú£«àŸ-ìõª Íè…-Þ¥è[ª.)

Ramesh: Oh, did he?

(Íö°Þ¥?)

Sunil: And what is more, he wanted to see me about a future movie of his. Unfortunately I am very busy you know. So I couldn't give him an appointment.

(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙæ˺ êµõªþ§, ÍêŸè[ª ìæ¨Ù-àŸ-ò˺꟪ìo Ú•êŸh ú‡E÷« ÞœªJÙ# ììªo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁî¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o-ìE Íû¦oè[ª. Ú¥F ë]ªô¢-ë]'ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh û¶ìª à¦ö° G@ ÚÛë¯? ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª

ú£ô¢Ù. Íö°¸Þ question tags Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯, Ð lesson ö˺E Ramesh responses ö˺E short questions - Oæ¨E response questions ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨N ÚÛ«è¯ conversation ÚÛª ú£ï£°-á-ê¦y-Eo-þ§hô³. Question tags ö°¸Þ ÏN-ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª sentenceìª ñæ¨d ÷ú£ªhÙ-æ°ô³. î¦æ¨-E-ñç¶d Oæ¨Ú¨ Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙ-åªÙC. Íô³ê¶ êµõª-Þœªö˺ Oå-Eo-æ¨Ú© Ö¸Ú Íô¢nÙ– Íö°Þ¥? ÍE. ÏN ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ ÖÚÛô¢ª àµí‡pì Nù£óŸªÙ ÷ªìÙ ì÷ªt-ö¶-E-CÞ¥ Ñìoí£±pè[ªÞ¥E, ÷ªìÚÛª ÎøŒaô¢uÙ/Îú£Ú¨h ÚÛL-TÙචNù£-óŸª-i-ì-í£±p-è[ª-Þ¥E î¦è[ê¦Ù. šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Ramesh ú response questions ÍFo ÍêŸìª ì÷ªt-ö¶E Nù£-óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶ú£ªh-û¦oô³ ÚÛë¯! Sunil ÚÛª Megastar phone à¶óŸªè[Ù, ú£«àŸ-ì-õ-è[-Þœè[Ù ö°Ùæ¨N. Ïö°Ùæ¨ responses Oªô¢« practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Íô³ê¶ Ð

ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 4 áì÷J 2006

(ÍJÚ¥ö˺ ÚÛí£±p Ú¥íƈ ÖÚÛ è¯õôÂ. ÍÙç¶ ë¯ë¯í£± 50 ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª.)

Í÷±û¦... Íö°Þ¥!?

û¶ìª Íð§-ô³Ù-æËÀ-ÙæËÀ Ï÷y-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼-óŸ«ìª.) Appointment ÷«÷´õª Íô¢nÙ ÑëÁuÞœÙ. Ú¥F appointment ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ î¦è…ì NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ Íô¢nÙ = ÚÛõªú£ªÚÁè¯-EÚ¨ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ, àÁåª Eô¢g-ô³Ù-àŸè[Ù. Ramesh: Oh! Is that so? I didn't know (I haven't known) that you are so great.

ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª sentence ö˺E ìª ñæ¨d form à¶þ§hÙ.

responses subject

ìª ñæ¨d,

verb

Pramod: Two or three ministers consult me whenever they have problems.

(Ïë]lô¢ª ö¶ë¯ ÷³Þœª_ô¢ª ÷ªÙv꟪õª ú£÷ª-

Preethi: Does it?

(Í÷±û¦?)

ÏÚÛ\è[

(ÎÚÛª ÎôÁÞœuÙ ò°ÞÁ-ö¶-ÚÛð¼-ô³û¦ Î òÅ¡ô¢h ÔÙ ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸªè[ª.)

Sujana:

(ø‹uîª-ú£ûË ð§vêŸ î¶ú‡ì ìåªè[ª Eá-iì ú‡ÙÙêÁ ð¼æ°x-è¯è[ª, êµõªþ§) Sudheer: Did he? (Í÷±û¦?) šíj sentence ö˺ verb 'fought'. ÏC Past Doing word Ú¥ñæ¨d, did ÷ú£ªhÙC. Subject 'actor' ñë]ªõª 'he' ÷ú£ªhÙC. Ïö°¸Þ Am, is, are, was, were,

(Íö°Þ¥? ÏC û¦ÚÛª Ú•êŸh Nù£óŸªÙ. Íô³ê¶ û¦ÚÁ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ÑÙC.) 'That's news to me = ÍC û¦Ú¨Ù-êŸ- ÷ô¢ÚÛª êµLóŸªE Nù£óŸªÙ. conversation ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Sunil: What's it?

(ÔÙåC?)

Ramesh: Are you mentally sound?

Ramesh: Should I? (Do) you want me to be another fool like you? Come on. Cut all that stuff about his calling you and taking your suggestions. You look a real fool.

(Íö°Þ¥? Fö°¸Þ û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷´ô¢ª^è[E-í‡Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-÷ªÙ-æ°î¦? ÏÚÛ Îí£±. ޥþ§dô FÚÛª ðƼûË à¶óŸªè[Ù, F ú£«àŸ-ìõª Bú£ª-ÚÁ-è[Ù-ö°Ùæ¨ í‡#a î¦Þœªè[ª ÚÛæ¨dšíåªd. ìª÷±y EáÙÞ¥ íÆ£²öËÀ-ö°¸Þ Ñû¦o÷±.) Cut = Îí£±, ÚÛæ¨d-šíåªd , stuff = þ¼C, î¦Þœªè[ª. Sunil: Do I? (Íö°Þ¥?) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ îµ³ë]æ¨ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ Sunil ÷«å-õÚÛª Ramesh responses Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. ★ Did he? ★ Is that so? I didn't know (I haven't known) ★ Does he? ★ Should I?

ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ question tags Óö° form à¶óŸ«L, conversation ö˺ î¦æ¨ ð§vêŸ ÞœªJÙ# êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Conversation lively Þ¥, effective Þ¥ ÑÙè¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ question tags î¦è[ÚÛÙ à¦ö° Í÷-

he?

Ú¥ñæ¨d

ö˺

Ramesh: Does he? That's news to me. But I have a doubt, my dear Sunil.

(Íë¯ F ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù. Íô³ê¶ ޥ-þ§d-ôÂ¸Ú ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÚÛìªÚÁ\)

Doesn't

verb does (not) help response 'does. Kumar: The actor who played Samson fought with a real lion, you know?

(ޥ-þ§d-ôÂ¸Ú û¦ Þ•í£p-ë]ìÙ

Sunil: Is that your doubt? Call the Megastar and ask him himself.

O,

(à¶óŸªè¯?)

Sunil: Only the megastar knows my greatness.

(FÚÛª ÷ªA-ú‡n-Nª-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙë¯ ÍE.) mentally sound = ÷ªA-ú‡n-NªêŸÙêÁ ÑÙè[è[Ù mentally unsound = í‡#a

ÍÙç¶

Prema: Though she is not healthy, her husband does not help her.

(Íö°Þ¥, ìª÷yÙêŸ Þ•í£p-î¦-è…÷E û¦ÚÛª ÏÙêŸ ÷ô¢ÚÛª êµLóŸªë]ª).

êµõªú£ª)

Ú¥ñæ¨d ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE

costs II Regular Doing Word response 'does', coffee 'it' 'Does it?'

ú£uö¶îµjû¦ ÷›úh ììªo ú£Ùví£-C-þ§hô¢ª.) Prasad: O, do they?

(Í÷±û¦, Íö°Þ¥? – ì÷ªt-øŒÚÛuÙ Ú¥ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a response) Pramod sentence ö˺E verb 'consult'. ÏC 1st Regular Doing Word- Ú¥ñæ¨d responseö˺ 'do' ÷ú£ªhÙC (MinistersÚÛª ñë]ªõª 'they'êÁ). ÏÚÛ\è[

shall, will, can, could, may, might, must, have, has, had etc. combinations verbs responses

ÑÙæ°ô³.

ÍEoÙ-æ¨ö˺ Ïî¶

ö˺ö°Þ¥ not ÑÙç¶ tag ö˺ not ô¦÷ÚÛð¼÷è[Ù-ö°Ùæ¨C ÔOª ÑÙè[ë]ª.

question tags

Pramod: Most ministers are my friends.

(÷ªÙv꟪ö˺x à¦ö°-÷ªÙC û¦ ›úo-꟪õª.) ÏÚÛ\è[ verb 'are'. Ú¥ñæ¨d ministers ñë]ªõª they . Prasad: O, are they?

(Íö°Þ¥– ÎøŒa-ô¢u-ÚÛ-ô¢-iì Nù£óŸªÙ Íô³û¦ response Ïö°û¶ ÷ú£ªhÙC.)

Suraj: In the US, a cup of coffee costs a dollar, that is, about Rs. 50/-

Spoken English

ÚÛª

Charan: I can bat better than Tendulkar.

Answers: Tarun: It was very cold the whole of yesterday in Hyderabad./ Hyderabad was very cold the whole of yesterday. Kumar: Was it? It wasn't so cold here. Tarun: I went about in sweater the whole day. Kumar: Did you? It was cold here too, but it wasn't so bad. Tarun: Even in such cold,/ Though it was so cold, I had a cold water bath/ a cold bath. Kumar: Did you?/ Had you? But why? Tarun: I ran out of gas/ The cylinder was empty/ The gas was exhausted. When I called the gas company, they said it would take two days/ I had to wait for two days. Kumar: Don't you have a geiger? Tarun: Do you?/ Have you? Kumar: This place is not so cold./ It is not so cold here, is it? So we don't need a geiger, do we? Tarun: I am going to buy a flat soon. A modern construction with all amenities. Kumar: Are you? What's the price?/ What is the price likely to be? Tarun: Around Rs. 20 lac.

(çµÙè[«-õ\ô ÚÛû¦o ò°Þ¥ ò°uæ¨ÙÞ à¶óŸª-Þœ-õìª.)

Sravan: O, can you? Can't you bowl better than Pathan?

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 92

êÁ ÷à¶a

ÑÙC Ú¥F ÍÙêŸ-ö¶ë]ª. ÍÙêŸ àŸL-öËºì« àŸFoüŒxêÁ þ§oìÙ à¶ø‹. Íö°Þ¥? ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛE? û¦ ô¢«Ùö˺ Þ¥uúà Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC. ðƼûË ඛúh ·ôÙè[ª-ôÁ-Võª í£è[ªêŸªÙ-ë]-û¦oô¢ª. Kumar: F ô¢«Ùö˺ Uáô ö¶ë¯? Tarun: FÚÛªÙë¯? Kumar: ÏC ÍÙêŸ àŸL-ví£-ë¶øŒÙ Ú¥ë]ª ÚÛë¯? ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE Uáô Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. Tarun: ÍEo ÎëÅ]ª-EÚÛ ÷ú£-꟪-õêÁ Ñìo ðƧxæËÀìª û¶ìª êŸyô¢ö˺ Ú•ì-ò˺-꟪-û¦oìª. Kumar: Í÷±û¦? ëÅ]ô¢ ÓÙêŸ ÑÙè•àŸªa. Tarun: ë¯ë¯í£± 20 õ¤Ûõ ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª. Tarun: Kumar: Tarun:

M. SURESAN

(Íö°Þ¥?÷ªJ í£ôȦûË ÚÛû¦o ò°Þ¥ ò®öËÀ à¶óŸª-ö¶î¦?) Ïö°Ùæ¨ responses ò°Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ú•ÙàµÙ vøŒë]lÄÞ¥ Þœ÷ª-E›úh Ð responses question tags ö°Þ¥ à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù. Ú•ÙàµÙ practice êÁ Oªô¢ª ú£ªõ-òÅ¡ÙÞ¥ form à¶óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª. ví£óŸª-AoÙ-àŸÙè…. Now practise the following in English

EìoÙê¦ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ à¦ö° àŸLÞ¥ ÑÙC. Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÏÚÛ\-è[ÙêŸ ö¶ë¶. Tarun: EìoÙê¦ šúyåô î¶ú£ªÚÛªû¶ AJÞ¥. Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÏÚÛ\è[ ÖÚÛ îµ«ú£hô¢ª àŸLÞ¥

Tarun:

ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

ví£øŒo:

Ú¨ î¦æ¨ ÏæËÀq-û¦æËÀ/ ÏæËÀ ÐâµûËÂd Þ¥ í£õ-ÚÛ-÷à¦a? ÏæËÀ ÐâÉÀ û¦æËÀ Þ¥û¶ í£õÚ¥ö°? Short forms writing ö˺û¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ spelling Ú¨ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷Jh-þ§hóŸ«? ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ spellingÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷Jh›úh I would- short It is not short form it's not/ it isn't. pronunciation

form I'd. He has - He's, I have - I've

îµ³ë]-öµj-ì-î¦-æ¨E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L? – Nî¶ÚÂ, ìö˹_Ùè[ áî¦ñª: It's not = ÏæËÀq not; It isn't = ÏæËÀ ÐáûËÂd– Ïö°¸Þ í£õ-Ú¥L. Ïö° í£õªÚÛªê¦Ù Ú¥ñç¶d writingö˺ î¦æ¨-ìö° ô¦þ§hô¢ª. NªÞœê¦ contracted forms (short forms) Nù£-óŸªÙ-öËºì« Ïö°¸Þ ÑàŸa-J-þ§hô¢ª. I'd = ÕèÂ; He has = he's =âÉÀ I've = ÕîËÂ. ÍEo contractions îµ³ë]å spoken forms Ú¥ñæ¨d writing ö˺ Íö° Í÷±-꟪ÙC.

II

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

Laxman: Hi Ramu, may the new year bring you all happiness.

(éÌûªh Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ûÁ*a °ö«d-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) Ramu:

So may it to you, Laxman.

(Fèπÿ Å™«Íí ï®Ω-í¬-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ) Laxman: Thank you. Lessons

Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ™ May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ éÌEoç-öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπ∫ü∆. Ñ Â°j Sentences ™ May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷úøçúÕ. ÉN Wishes èπÿ, Greetings (ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’) èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç. Éçü¿’™ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆, Laxman, Ramu †’ wish îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’, Ramu, Laxman †’ wish îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ May ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x May á°æ¤púø÷ Sentence ´·çü¿’ç-ô’çC, Åçõ‰ Sentence May ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-ûª’çC. May ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u É™«çöÀ sentences, blessings èπ◊ èπÿú≈, Åçõ‰ ÇQ-®Ωy-îª-Ø√-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 93

Ravi:

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 6 -ï-†-´-J 2006

Please go ahead. What is the matter?

(àçö îÁ°æpçúÕ) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'May' ņ’-´’A – Permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’†-éπçõ‰ °j≤ƒn®· ¢√∞¡x permission í¬E, ´’†ç î√-™« íı®Ω-NçîË ¢√∞¡x permission í¬F Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’, May, question form ™ I/ we ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

1) May I sit here?

permission 2) May I use your phone? phone permission 3) May I know your name? / May I know who you are?

(ØËE-éπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-´î√a?) (O’

¢√-úø’éÓ´î√a?)

4) 'May' in statement forms some times is used and formal way.

(O’ Ê°-Í®ç-ö/ -O’-È®-´®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?) ÉC °æ‹Jhí¬ Å°æ-J-*-ûª’-©ûÓ.

5) May in the beginning of a statement is used

4) How long may I keep this book?

for expressing wishes and blessings.

(ØËF °æ¤Ææhéπç áEo ®ÓV-©’ç--éÓ-´îª’a?) May official/ formal í¬ permission É´y-ú≈-E-éÀ statement form ™ (you ûÓ ´·êuçí¬) ¢√úøû√ç. Superior status ™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿ} éÀçC ¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª, O’Jéπ ¢Á∞¡x´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ May ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

Now practice the following in English. a) Anil: Good morning, Sir.

Murthy:

1) You may go now.

O’Jéπ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a.

(permission

É´yôç)

O’®Ω’ ´÷èπ◊ high school ™ teacher, Sir. -N’-´’t-Lo äéπ-≤ƒJ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ ´î√a†’. -†’-´¤y -Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o-´¤ -Å-E-™¸. -î√-™«é¬-©ç -ûª®√y-ûª -E-†’o éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-ôç Ææç-ûÓ-≠æç.É°æ¤p-úËç -îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´¤?

When may I know the result? Keshav: Hi Jagan, when are you starting for Delhi? (Delhi Jagan: In a few hours from now. The train is at 3.30 Train 3.30 Keshav: I am going home now. I may not be able to come to station to see you off. May you have a very happy journey!

éÀ á°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’ûª’Ø√o´¤?)

(Ééπ éÌCl í∫çô-©èπ◊.

Jagan:

éÀ)

(ØËEç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oE°æ¤púø’. Fèπ◊ OúÓ\-L-´y-ö«EéÀ station èπ◊ ®√™‰éπ§Ú´îª’a. F v°æߪ÷ùç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ≤ƒí¬-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ.)

May you have a happy time in your new course! When do your classes begins? course classes ) Keshav: They begin the day after tomorrow.

(F éÌûªh Öçú≈L. O’ û√®·.

™ †’´¤y ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ á°æ¤púø’ -¢Á·-ü¿-©-´¤-

(á©’xçúÕ) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'May' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u sentences ÅFo wishes †’ ûÁ-©°æ-ôç í∫´’-Eç-î √®Ω’ éπü∆. -É-N îª÷úøçúÕ..

u May you live long!

O’®Ω’ î√-™«é¬©ç @Nç-î√-©E. (*®Ωç-@´! ÅØË ûÁ©’í∫’ ÇQ-Ææ’qèπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç)

u May your business prosper!

O’ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü∆L! (éÓJéπ, ÇQÆæ’q)

u May you celebrate many more birth days like this!

2) You may use my phone if you want.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Bí∫ ´çTçC, 鬩’ NJ-TçC,

É™«çöÀ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV©’ î√™« î√-™« -îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-E! ´çüË∞¡Ÿx @Nç-î√L.

u May God bless you!

üË´¤úø’ E†’o ÇQ-®Ωy-Cç--í¬éπ! F 'May' È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÉC. Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Lessons ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. May, probability E ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC, ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh°æ®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E éπü∆! Åçõ‰ Ŵa, Å´-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. u 'May' ´‚úÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. Srinath: May I come in? (؈’ ™EéÀ ®√´î√a?) Ravi: Please do. Srinath: May I have a few minutes of your time?

(O’ Æ洒ߪ’ç é¬Ææh BÆæ’éÓ-´î√a)

Spoken English

Anil:

°j îªü¿’-´¤-©èπ◊ (O’®Ω’, 鬴-LÊÆh Ø√ phone -¢√-úø’éÓ-´îª’a) Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿhpermission É´yôç. Sir. Ø√o†’, Å™«Íí éÌçîÁç ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ (Åçûª E≠æ \-®Ω{í¬ ¢Á·†oØË visa é¬èπ◊çú≈) orders É´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ statement ´*açC. O’ ÇQform ™ May ¢√úøû√ç. Ææ’q© éÓÆæç ´î√a†’. 1) You may not leave office before 5 M. SURESAN (âü¿’í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ O’®Ω’ Ç°∂‘Ææ’†’ç* ¢Á-∞Ô}-ü¿’l) Murthy: Fèπ◊ Ø√ ÇQ-Ææ’q™„-°æ¤púø÷ Öçö«®·. F v°æߪ÷ùç Ææ’êçí¬ order ïJT, †’´yéπ\-úø ¶«í¬ îªCN °jéÀ ®√¢√-©E 2) You may not smoke here Ø√ ÇQ-Ææ’q©’ (May ¢√úøçúÕ). (O’J-éπ\úø smoke îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’) – order. Anil: Ñ®ÓV Ø√ birthday èπÿú≈. Sir. 3) You may leave office only after five. Murthy: î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç. †’´¤y î√-™«-鬩ç Çߪ·-®√(O’®Ω’ âü¿’ ûª®√yûªØË •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á-∞¡x-´îª’a) – order ®Ó-í¬u-©ûÓ Öçú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. (May (Åçõ‰ Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ¢Á∞¡xèπÿúø-ü¿E order). ¢√úøçúÕ). É´-Fo May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’: äéπ-≤ƒJ Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ Anil: î√-™« thanks, Sir. îª÷ü∆lç. Murthy: ´’ç*C. 1) 'May' expresses probability (ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç) b) Sravan: ؈’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®√´-î √açúŒ? 2) 'May' expresses doubt (ÆæçüË£æ«ç) Bhavan: ®ΩçúÕ. èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ. Sravan: ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ interview attend Å´-ú≈-EéÀ 3) May in the question form, especially with I/ ´î√a†’. Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ Sravan. Ø√èπ◊ interWe is used for asking for permission in a very view á°æ¤p-úø’ç-úÌa? formal and polite manner. Bhavan: îÁ§ƒh-†’ç-úøçúÕ. Ç... O’èπ◊ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 'May' for permission is used to ask for perÈ®çúø’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ interview Öçô’çC. mission in a more polite and formal manner Sravan: É°æ¤púË äçöÀ í∫çô-†o®Ω Å®·çC éπü¿çúÕ. than 'can' and 'shall', with I/ We, and 'will', Ø√ interview É°æ¤púË ÖçúÌî√a? (May and 'would' with you (in the question form) ¢√úøçúÕ).

u May you live to be a hundred.

-ï-¢√-•’:

<´’ ´·E-TçC, °æ¤Ææhéπç *J-TçC.. -É-™«ç-öÀ -¢√--öÀ-E -ߪ’-ü∑∆-ûª-ü∑¿çí¬ (--´ç-îª-•-úÕç-C,´·-†í∫-•-úÕç-C, -Å-E é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈) -Ççí∫xç-™éÀ -á-™« -Å-†’-´Cç-î√-™ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. – ®√°∂æ’-´, -´÷®√\°æ¤®Ωç-

i) ii) iii) iv)

Bí∫ ´çTçC = the wire bent 鬩’ NJ-TçC = the leg broke <´’ ´·E-TçC = The ant drowned. °æ¤Ææhéπç *J-TçC = The book got torn.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

Bhavan:

in place of 'shall' to express orders in a polite

-v°æ-¨¡o: Idioms, usage í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. -ï-¢√-•’:

Idioms

– ®Ω£æ…-Ø√-¶‰í∫ç, éπ-©÷x®Ω’

ÅØ√o usage ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†o ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ö†o Å®√n-EéÃ, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p™ Ö†o äéÌ\éπ\ ´÷ô Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p idiom Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÅüË ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd ÅC usage Å´¤-ûª’çC. use Åçõ‰ ¢√úøéπç. Åçõ‰ äéπ word †’ sentence ™ use îËߪ’ôç. O’®Ω’ vocabulary, idioms, improve îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ Vocabulary O’ü¿ books (Norman Lewis's Word Power Made Easy ™«çöÀN) éÌçûª-´-®ΩÍé Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫°æ-úø-û√®·. Idioms O’ active use ™éÀ ®√¢√-©çõ‰

Sravan: Bhavan:

-•£æ›-¨» -Öç-úÌ-a. ؈’ ´’Sx °œ©’≤ƒh-†’. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ •ßª’ô wait îËߪ’-´îª’a O’®Ω’. O’®Ω’ front room ™ èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ. Interview Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’ âü¿’í∫çô© ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’. result á°æ¤úø’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-´îª’a? Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´®Ωèπ◊ O’®Ω’ expect îËߪ’-éπçúÕ.

Answers: Anil: Good morning sir. You were our teacher in the high school. I have come to see you. Murthy: I remember you, Anil. (I am) happy to see/ meet you, though after a long time. What are you (now)? Anil: (I am) going to the states for higher studies. I got the visa the day before (yesterday). I've come for your blessings. Murthy: You have my blessings always. May you have a happy journey and may you study well and prosper there! Anil: Today is my birthday too, sir. Murthy: I am very happy. May you live long in health and happiness! Anil: Thank You, sir. Murthy: You are welcome. (May you have a happy journey = Wish you a happy journey; may you live long = Wish you a long and healthy life)

(°jéÀ

®√´-ôç)

b) Sravan: May I come in (sir)? Bhavan: Please do/ do come in. Have a seat/ Please sit down. Sravan: I have come to attend an interview here. I am Sravan. When may I have the interview?/ When may be my interview? Bhavan: Wait a minute. Let me see... Yes. Your interview is at 2 in the afternoon. 1.30 sir. May I Sravan: It's already have the interview now itself ? Bhavan: That may be possible. I'll call you again. Till then you may wait outside. You may sit in the front room. You may not leave here till 5, even after the interview. Sravan: When may I know the result? Bhavan: Well, you may not expect it before tomorrow evening.

(É°æ¤púË)

Öûªh´’´÷®Ω_ç English Newspapers, The Hindu ™«çöÀN, *†o *†o story books ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* °ü¿l novels îªü¿-´ôç, ´·êuçí¬ English news magazines îªü¿-´ôç. Vocab books ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ´©x words, their meanings ûÁ©’-≤ƒh®·, but we don't know how to use them. So read, read and read- that's the best way to improve. idioms, words language dictionary Commercials/ Ads Modern expression English

Åçû√ îªü¿-Nç-ûª-®√yûª Åv°æ-ߪ’-ûªoçí¬ O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h†o O’ ™ ¢√úË-≤ƒh®Ω’. îªC-¢Ë-Æœç-ûª-®√yûª Å®Ωnç-é¬E ´÷ô™‰´Ø√o Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ. èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´çúÕ– ´Ææ’hçC. O©’-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x ™ ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

Brahmam: Hi Vishnu, any idea where Siva might be? Vishnu:

(P´ áéπ\-úø’ç-úÌîÓa à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ)?

Not in the least. You call Ganesh. He might know. Ganesh phone

(ÅÆæ©’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. èπ◊ îË®·. Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-´îª’a.) Not in the least= ÅÆæ©’ ™‰ü¿’. Öçü∆.

É´¤y)

(™‰ü¿’. ÅC ñ‰•’™ °ô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ èπ◊, ü∆EoNçõ‰ îÁNéÀ üÁ•s ÅE ÅûªE ¶µºßª’ç)

Brahmam: So how do I get at him now?

Brahmam: Any idea who else might know Siva's whereabouts now? I want him urgently. Siva

(§ÚF É°æ¤-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ îÁ°æp-í∫-©¢√∞¡Ÿx ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ÖØ√o®√?ÅûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-´ôç î√-™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç).

Try his home. Here's the number. But they might all be out. phone

(¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ îÁß˝’. -É-CíÓ -†ç-•®˝. Å®·ûË ¢√∞Îx-´®Ω÷ Éçöx ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a). (Try= v°æߪ’-Aoç* îª÷úø’. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆: out: Éçöx ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç; In = Éçöx Öçúøôç) É´Fo might combination ûÓ Ö†o verbs Ö†o sentences éπü∆. I mean, °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ -EN. Might combination ûÓ verbs English ™ ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ¢√-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE might combination ûÓ ´îËa verbs †’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ´·êuç/ -Ö-°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç.

Might Combination Verbs: a) Might be ('be' form); b) Might+ 1st Regular doing word - might know, might come, might like, etc. 1) Might, present future expresses doubt and uncertainty

™é¬F, ™é¬F, Åçõ‰ É°æ¤úø’é¬F, Ééπ-´·çü¿’é¬F, (ÆæçüË£æ«ç) (Ææç-Cí∫l¥-ûª). Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Öçúø-´îª’a, ®√´îª’a ÅE '´îª’a— °æü∆©èπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç. a) Might be - ÉC 'be' form; Å®Ωnç: Öçúø-´îª’a.

-v°æ-¨¡o: -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -¶«í¬ -´÷-ö«x-ú≈-©ç-õ‰ -àç -îË-ߪ÷-™ Ææ-©£æ… -É-´yí∫-©®Ω’. – -áç.-¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®ΩÈ®-úÕf, -<®√-©

-ï-¢√-•’:

Spoken English exercises regular practice English paper English story

v°æA-¶µº™ ÉÆæ’h†o

í¬

îËߪ’çúÕ. îªü¿-´ôç îËߪ’çúÕ. *†o *†o èπÿú≈ îªü¿-´çúÕ. ûª°æpéπ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’– üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh. -v°æ-¨¡o: i) -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™... consist, collapse, cultivation... -O-öÀ-E -á-™« °æ-©é¬-L? continue books

îª÷úø-´îª’a (ÆæçüË£æ«ç), ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a, Might come = ®√´îª’a. ´’† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ sentence äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.

a) Any idea where Siva might be?

P´ áéπ\-úø’ç-úÌîÓa à´’Ø√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ? í∫ù‰-≠ˇèπ◊

phone

ii) A. How do you go to home? B. I go home by rickshaw.

îÁß˝’. Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-´îª’a.

c) He fears it might affect his heart...

í∫’çúÁ üÁ•s A†-´-îªaE... ÅûªE ¶µºßª’ç. d) You might be able to contact him there

Féπ-ûª†’ Åéπ\úø üÌ®Ωéπ-´-a/ -ûª-í∫-™Ôa. e) But they might all be out

Åçü¿®Ω÷ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa. 鬕öÀd îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, might, present ™, future ™ Åçûª éπ*a-ûªç-é¬E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’ç-ü¿E– Might be/ Might + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word)

He might be at office now Ringup his office. You might be able to contact him. office Phone

(Åûª-E°æ¤púø’ ™ Öçúø-´îª’a. Åéπ\îÁß˝’. †’´y-ûªEo Åéπ\úø úÕéÀ °æô’d-éÓ-´îª’a). Contact: Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç/- ä-éπ-JûÓ communication Öçúøôç

Vishnu:

come, etc) Might see = Might go =

≤ƒüµ¿u-¢Á’i, ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

(´’J ÅûªEo °æô’d-éÓ-´ôç ᙫ?) Get at = îË®Ω’-éÓ-´-ôç/- °æ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç

Vishnu:

b) Might + 1st Regular doing word (see, go,

b) You call Ganesh. He might know

Brahmam: Has he a cell? Let me have the number cell Number Vishnu: He hasn't a cell/ He has no cell. He fears it might affect his heart if he carries it in his pocket, and his ear, if he hears from it- because of radiation. heart

(Åûª-EéÀ

ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaØË

N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo




Might a) You might try his office phone number if you are unable to get his home. Phone Office phone try

èπ◊ ´’®Ó Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç:

Åûª-EçöÀ îËߪ’çúÕ.

b) You might call the helpline case of trouble. trouble, help line

O’Íé-´’Ø√o îËߪ’çúÕ.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 94

Manager: Supdt.:

üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË,

Öçõ‰,

in

èπ◊

phone Supdt.:

Å®·ûË, helpline= äéπ ÆæçÆæn ´©x Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ îËߪ÷-Lq† phone) Ñ È®çúø’ Sentences ™ ™«í¬ might †’ Ææ÷-©’/- Ææ-©-£æ…©’ É´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç– ´·êuçí¬ ´’†-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊, ´’†éπçõ‰ °j≤ƒn®· ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ææ÷îª-†-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬.

؈÷ ÅüË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Å®·ûË î√-™« ê®Ω’a Ŵa éπü∆ ÅE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. é¬E, O’Í®-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, ´’†èπ◊ ü∆E-´©x business áèπ◊\´´¤ûª’çC, sir. áèπ◊\´ customers ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç Öçô’çC éπü∆, sir.

Manager:

In case of=

Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç budget ™ adjust îËߪ’-´-îªaç-ö«®√? ؈’ budget prepare îËÊÆ-¨»†’. O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ ÅC -îª÷Æœ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éӴa, sir.

Answers: a) Prabhu: We are playing the match today, aren't we?

You might call the helpline Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Might èπÿ, Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o May èπ◊ î√™« §ÚLéπ Ö†oô’x ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Might, may éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ May -¢√-úÕ-†°æ¤p-úø’ áèπ◊\´ ≤ƒüµ¿u´’ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç -Öç-ô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷-ô. 1 a) Sunil may come this evening

Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ææ’F™¸ ®√´îª’a. b) Sunil might come this evening Sunil ®√´-îËa¢Á÷. ™éπØ√o (b) ™ ÆæçüË£æ«ç áèπ◊\´. Sunil may come ņo-°æ¤úø’ Ææ’F™¸ ´îËa Ææ÷©’ áèπ◊\´, Sunil might come ņo-°æp-öÀ-éπØ√o. 2 a) It may rain (´®Ω{ç ®√´îª’a) – doubtful

Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç

Sentence (a)

b) It might rain (Highly doubtful)


´’†ç

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o might ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç. It expresses possibility/ uncertain-

ty/ doubt in the present or in the future. (A) India might win the coming cricket series with Pakistan, atleast Inzamam says so

ï®Ω-í∫-†’†o cricket series ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Èí©--¢Ìa. Éçï-´÷¢˛’ Å™« Åçô’-Ø√oúø’. India may win Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ÈíLîË chances Éçé¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ņo-´÷ô.

Rajasekhar (Senior Manager): Manmohan, the power bills are going up. Can't we make do with two air conditioners instead of four? bills (Manmohan, 3 AC machines

éπÈ®çö¸ Ø√o®·. Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆?

¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´®·§Úûª’•ü¿’©’ È®ç-úÕçöÀûÓ

Manmohan (Manager): That might not be much use, sir. Power bills may be less, but the staff might not work so efficiently. current sir) Manager, Sr Manager Might 'What do you think of this method?'

(Åü¿ç-ûª Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. ü∆E´©x ê®Ω’a ûªí∫’_-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷ é¬E, Æœ•sçC Åçûª Ææ´’-®Ωn-ªçí¬ °æE-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. éÀîËa ¢√úÕ. ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ÷ – (Ñ °æü¿l¥-A í∫’-Jç-* O’Í®-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?) 'It might not increase our profits, sir'

(ÅC ´’† ™«¶µ«-©†’ °çîª-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a). Now practise the following in English: a) Prabhu: Varma: Prabhu: Varma: Prabhu: Varma: Prabhu: Varma: Pitch

´’†ç Ñ®Ó-V match -Çúø’-ûª’Ø√oç, éπü∆? Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’hç-üË¢Á÷? ´®Ω{ç ´ÊÆh á°æ¤p-úø’ -ÇúÌa ´’†ç? Ñ ¢√®√çûªç Ŵa. iii) Seminar Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x how can we intro´’†ç ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»-™‰çö? duce ourselves? ´’†ç... Èí©-´-îËa¢Á÷? – -áÆˇ.-ûªéÀs-ߪ÷, -´’-*-M°æ-ôoç àçöÀ ÆæçüË£æ«ç? ´’† Players èπ◊ help îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-ï-¢√-•’: îËa-¢Á÷-†E! i) consist = éπØ˛-Æ œÆˇd – Æœ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç Prabhu: ´’† bowlers ™ Gopala Rao †’ O’®Ω’ collapse = éπ ™«°ˇq – ™« ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç try îËߪ’-´îª’a. Åûª-Eéà pitch ņ’-èπÿcultivation = éπLd-¢Á-ß˝’-≠æØ˛ – ¢Áß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç Lç-îª-´îª’a. ii) A. How do you go to home ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– How do you go home? - correct. Home 'to' B. I go home by rickshaw, ... iii) Good morning, every body, I am... (name) presenting this paper on... (subject). My name is..., presenting this paper on...

´·çü¿’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬

®√ü¿’.

éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?

Spoken English

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 8 -ï-†-´-J 2006

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

b) Manager:

Ñ §ƒûª furniture Åçû√ BÊÆÆœ éÌûªh furniture Å´’-®√a-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Superintendent: ÅC ´’ç* idea, sir. ´’† Office èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ´’ç* ®Ω÷°æç ´Ææ’hçC. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Éçé¬, sir, ´’† íÓúø-©-Eoç-öÀéà paint -¢Ë®·ç-îªôç èπÿú≈ ´’ç*üË¢Á÷, sir.

Varma: Yes. But (I'm afraid) it might rain. Prabhu: In case/ If it rains when might the match we? Varma: (It) might be this M. SURESAN weekend. Prabhu: What might be our chances of winning? Varma: Ah... we might win... Prabhu: What's the doubt?/ Why the doubt? Varma: The pitch might not help our players. Prabhu: You might try Gopala Rao among our bowlers. The pitch might favour him. b) Manager: I want to get rid of all the furniture in the office and get a new set in its place./ I want to replace all the old furniture by a new set. simple, better.) Superintendent: That might be a good idea. It might be good to have the walls painted too, sir. (That might not be a bad idea, after all. sentence

(È®çúÓC

Ñ áèπ◊\´ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπç–- ´·-êuçí¬ éÌçîÁç °ü¿l¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷õ‰x-ô-°æ¤úø’, í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆:

not bad= very good.) Manager: That's what I think too. But it might cost a lot. Supdt.: If I might say so, We shall have more business, sir. We might have more customers, sir. Manager: Can we adjust this in this year's budget?/ You feel we can adjust it in this year's budget? Supdt.: I've prepared the budget, sir. You might just look at it and decide.

(O’Í®O’ ņ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ûË-

†çúŒ)

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

Charan: Hi Dheeraj, long time, no see. How's every body?

(î√™«-é¬-©-´’-®·çC, ÖØ√o®Ωçü¿®Ω÷?)

îª÷Æœ.

ᙫ

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 10 -ï-†-´-J 2006

2) I thought (that) you might be interested in them.

¢√öÀ™ Fèπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh Öçúø-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o –

Past

3) I expected (that) it might go on -

Dheeraj: Fine. Thank you. How's life? (èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. †’¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?) Charan: Getting along. (àüÓ ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC.) Well, what brings you here? (àçöÀ™«

Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÇPçî√. Past Åçõ‰ might past †’ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC – àüÁjØ√ Past ™ ÖçúÌ-îªaF, ï®Ω-íÌ-îªaF Å®ΩnçûÓ. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, Might, may éÀ past form. Compare. a) I think he may help me

´î√a´¤?) Question English ™ î√™« common. bad manners é¬ü¿’. Dheeraj: I thought I might see you at the book fair yesterday, but I didn't (E†o book fair- °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz†™ †’´¤y

Ñ

(-Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úøE ØË-††’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o– Present/ Future)

Charan: I was out of town yesterday. In fact I had been away for 3 days. I returned only this morning.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 95

© ´’üµ¿u Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ö†o ûËú≈-©-†’ -Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ N´-Jçî√ç. É°æ¤púø’ ´’Sx N´-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. Might ûÓ éπL°œ. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ, í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.

I feared/ was afraid that he might come here.

For asking for permission with I/ we in the Might (Å®Ω’ü¿’) R question form. A May R Most E very Shall formal L Y Can slightly formal & U least formal formal & very polite S E & least polite & polite polite D

†’´¤y ††’o movie éÀ BÂÆ\-∞«h-¢Ë-¢Á÷†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Priya: Ç movie FéÀ≠dçæ Öçúø-üË-¢Á÷-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Ç hero, heroine ©’ F favourites 鬮Ω’. Namrata: ؈’ F phone éÓÆæç wait îËÆæ’hØ√o, ´÷ îÁ™„x©’ †’´¤y phone îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE îÁ°œpØ√ èπÿú≈. Priya: Åçûª ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. ÅüË-´’çûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. Ø√Íé bore éÌöÀdçC.

ÉC might 2nd use. It is used as the past form

Now practise the following in English:

Answers:

Mallesh: F¢Á-Ø√o-∞¡Ÿxç-úÌ-*a-éπ\úø?

Mallesh: How long might you be here?

(-Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úË-¢Á÷-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o– Past)

ÅE present N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æ¤h-†-o°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’hçC. b) ™ I thought ÅE past N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ-LÊ°-ô-°æ¤púø’ might ÅE past form (May èπ◊) ´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆. c) -Å-ûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒh-úË-¢Á÷-†E ¶µºßª’-°æú≈f. a)

éπ†-°æ-úø-´-îªa-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F ®√™‰ü¿’)

b)

Can, shall, may

b) I thought he might help me

™

I think

may

of May.

Namrata: E†o

Jagan:

days. I might stay for two or three

Might I come in?

days more after that. Mallesh: Then you might stay at our place for two days. My brother might come in a few days. Jagan:

a) I went there because you told me that he

(E†o Ü∞} ™‰†’. ÅÆæ©’ ´‚úø’®ÓV-©’í¬ ™‰†’. É¢√∞¡ Öü¿-ߪ’¢Ë’ AJ-íÌî√a.) Dheeraj: I bought some books at the fair yesterday. Look. Here they are. I thought you might be interested in them.

(E†o éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√o. É¢Ë. Fèπ◊ ¢√öÀ™ interest Öçúø-´-îªaE BÆæ’-éÌî√a) Charan: When is the fair closing?

(á°æ¤púø’ ´·í∫’-≤ÚhçC?) Dheeraj: It closed yesterday.

(E†o Å®·-§Ú-®·çC) Charan: I expected it might go on for a few more days.

(ÉçéÌEo ®ÓV-©-®·Ø√ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ÇPç-î√†’.) Dheeraj: So did I.

(-ØË-†÷ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o) Charan: One of the salesmen told me that it might go on for a few days after the date. (- ´ ’-JéÌ-Eo ®Ó-V-©’ §ÒúÕ-Tç-îª-´-îªaE äéπ salesman Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’) Dheeraj: I thought of visiting it the first day itself. But feared that there might be too much of crowd. Yesterday there was no crowd, and not many books either.

(¢Á·ü¿öÀ®Óñ‰ ¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o é¬F ï†ç áèπ◊\´í¬ Öçö«-®ΩE ¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈f†’. E†o ï†ç -™‰®Ω÷, áèπ◊\´ °æ¤Ææh-鬩÷ ™‰´¤) °j Ææ綵«-≠æù™ might combination ûÓ Ö†o Verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Might Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC – Might, Present ™í¬F, future ™í¬F uncertainty E/ doubt E ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hç-ü¿E. a) He might pass = ¢√úø’ pass Ŵa. (Doubt) b) They might agree to it = ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a. -Ñ È®ç-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©’ future. c) She might be at college now Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púø’ college ™ Öçúø-´îª’a. – Present. É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æù™ might combination ™ verb Ö†o sentences îª÷ü∆lç. 1) I thought (that) I might see you at the fair. fair ™ -†’-´¤y éπ†-°æ-úø-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o – Past

Spoken English

might be there.

†’´¤y -Å-ûªúø-éπ\úø ÖçúÌ-îªaE îÁ°œp†çü¿’-´-©x -ØË-†-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. (Past) b) He feared that they might reveal his secret

ûª† ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo ¢√∞¡Ÿx •ßª’-ô-°--úø-û√Í®-¢Á÷-†E Åûª†’ ¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈fúø’ (Past) 3) May ™«í¬ØË, Might èπÿú≈ î√-™« -´’-®√u-ü¿í¬, formal í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Might I come in? (More formal than 'May I come in?') 'May I come in?' - ÉüË î√-™« formal í¬, Polite í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç-éπü∆? 'Might I come in?' - ÉC Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ formal í¬, polite í¬ Öçô’çC, permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ. 'Might I use your phone?' O’ phone äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢√úø-´î√a? 'Might I come a little late tomorrow?' Í®°æ¤ ؈’ é¬Ææh late í¬ ®√´î√a? Å®·ûË permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. áèπ◊\´ May ü¿í∫_Í® ÇT-§Úû√ç. ´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆? Can, Shall, May, are used with I/ We in the question form for asking for permission. É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç– 'Might' too is used with I/ we in the question form for asking for permission. But there are differences among them.

Jagan:

Ø√ Course 15 ®ÓV-©’ç-úø-´îª’a. ؈’ ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’ç-ö«ØË¢Á÷ Ç ûª®√yûª. Mallesh: Å°æ¤púø’ -†’´¤y ´÷ Éçöx È®çvúÓM. SURESAN V-©’ç-úø-´îª’a éπü∆! ´÷ ņoߪ’u èπÿú≈ ÉçéÌ-Cl-®Ó-V™x ´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷. Jagan: Åü¿çû√ course Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûË ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’-´¤-ûª’çü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. Course period ™ training center ™ØË Öçúø-´’-†-´îª’a ´÷ directors. Mallesh: ®ÓW classes Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª àç îË≤ƒh´¤? Jagan: ÅÆæ©’ programme àçö course begin Å®·çûª®√y-ûªØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. Å°æ¤-úø-®·ûË Øˆ’ Fèπ◊ clear í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Mallesh: OK. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ phone ™ touch ™ Öçü∆ç. Jagan: O’ ņoߪ’u á°æ¤púø’ ®√´îª’a? Mallesh: ؈’ E†oØË ´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷ ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F phone îËÆ œ îÁ§ƒpúø’. -É-çé¬ È®çvúÓ-V©ü∆é¬ ®√-ØË-¢Á÷-†-E. Jagan: ؈’ î√™« expect î˨», O’ Éü¿l-JE Ñ ®ÓV éπ©-´-îªaE.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Get, got Åçõ‰ í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. Rama has come to Guntur.

-Ñ -¢√éπuç -à tense? -Åç-õ‰ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ? has come -Å-E éπ-ü∆-! I shall have written a letter -Åç-õ‰ I shall write a letter -ÅE éπ-ü∆-! -É-™«ç-ô°æ¤p-úø’ -õ„iç í∫’-Jç-* -îÁ-§ƒp--Lqç-üË-Ø√? I shall be going -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? – -áç.-¢Ë-ù’, -ûÁ-Ø√-L -ï-¢√-•’:
get Åçõ‰ §Òçü¿ôç, ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç, äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç, é̆ôç, ûË´ôç, etc. got, get èπ◊ past tense and past participle.
He got going - É™«çöÀîÓôx get Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ véÀߪ’ Ŵa. (Å®·Ø√ English ´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÃ, ®√ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ àC à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i-† véÀߪ’ ÅE ûÁ-L-ߪ÷-Lq-† -Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.)
Rama has come. Has come Ééπ\úø present tense. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x ÅC past action, time not stated (í∫ûªç™ ïJT, à time, day, year ûÁ©’-°æ-éπ-§Ú-ûË) †’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. Bus is come

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

My course may last/ may go on for 15

It might be possible only after the course. Our directors might ask us to stay in the Training Center during the course.

Mallesh: What will you do/ are you going to do after classes every day? Jagan:

We shall know the exact programme only after classes begin. I might then be able to tell you clearly about it.

Mallesh: OK. Till then let's be in touch over phone. Jagan:

When might your brother come?

Mallesh: I thought he might come yesterday itself. But he called to say that he might not come for another two days. Jagan:

I expected very much that I might meet both of you.

b) Namrata: I thought you might take me to the movie yesterday. Priya:

I thought that you might not like the movie. The hero and the heroine are not your favourites.

Namrata: I was expecting your call though my sister told me you might not call. Priya:

Don't worry. The movie wasn't good. It bored even me.


The bus is come = Bus come. The bus is come
I shall have written a letter = (Future letter I shall write a letter = (Future

´*a ÖçC ÅE; é¬F DE-éπØ√o better, the bus has ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. ™ àüÓ time èπ◊ í¬F Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’®√ÊÆÆœ Öçö«-†E. í¬F) ™; á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’) letter ®√≤ƒh†’. È®ç-úÕç-öÀ -´’-üµ¿u -î√-™« -ûË-ú≈ Öçü¿E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
Shall be doing it = Future ™ îËÆæ÷h Öçö«†’(´·)/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx, O’®Ω’, Åûª†’/ Ç¢Á’ îËÆæ÷h Öçú≈L.

-v°æ-¨¡o: I want to see a doctor, He wants to meet a doctor, consult a doctor-

It is better to

-O-öÀ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ?

-ï-¢√-•’:

–- -úÕ.Ææ’-¶«s®√-´¤, -Q-™«é¬-V-©÷®Ω’


It is better to consult a doctor = Doctor Consult =

†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç ¢Ë’©’.

Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç


I want to see a doctor =

؈’


He wants to meet a doctor =

Doctor

Åûª†’

†’ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. †’ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

doctor

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

2

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Ramana: Excuse me, how do I go from here Livewell Hospital? Livewell Hospital

(Ééπ\-úÕoç* èπ◊ ᙫ ¢Á∞«x-©çúÕ?) Strangers Åçõ‰ éÌûªh ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-Jç-îË-ô°æ¤p-úø’, Excuse me ņúøç good manners ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡x ü¿%≠œdE ÇéπJ{ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. 'Excuse me' ¢√úË Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’: Åúøfçí¬ Ö†o¢√-∞¡x†’ é¬Ææh ûª°æ¤p-éÓ-´’-ØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, éÌûªh ¢√∞¡x °æéπ\† restaurants ™, ÉçÈé-éπ\-úÁjØ√ èπÿ®Óa-¢√Lq ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, etc.)

Manohar: Are you a stranger here?

(O’J-éπ\-úÕéÀ éÌûªh-¢√∞«x?) stranger = éÌûªh-¢√úø’

(ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh)

Manohar: Where exactly do you want to go?

(O’®Ω’ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«xL?)

Ramana: To Vantage Company somewhere around the Hospital. Hospital Vantage Company Manohar: Don't worry. A number of buses go to thatway: 125K, 15M, 62, etc. Take 15M; that takes you directly to the Hospital. Facing the hospital is this Vantage Company. bus 125K, 15M, 62.. 15M Hospital Hospital Vantage Company). Ramana: (Do) you suggest I take an auto. (Auto

èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o

éÀ)

(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Åô’ ¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞Ïx ©’ î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. áéπ\çúÕ. ÅC A†oí¬ èπ◊ -áü¿’-®Ω’-í¬ØË ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC.

BÆæ’éÓ-´’ç-ö«®√? (Çö™ ¢Á∞¡x´’ç-ö«®√?)

Manohar: That'd be very expensive. Don't worry. Buses on this route, especially 15M is very frequent.

(ÅC î√--™« áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√™‰ü¿’. Ñ route ™ buses frequency áèπ◊\¢Ë.) frequency = ûª®Ω, áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x ®√´ôç ÅØËC

Ramana: OK. Thank you. I see 15M coming. I'll take it. (15M

´≤ÚhçC. ؈-üÁ-èπ◊\-û√†’). Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ ´’†èπ◊ éÌûªh v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ü∆J ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ûÁL-ߪ’-E-¢√-JéÀ ü∆JîÁ°æpôç í∫’Jç* ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆? Ç expressions îª÷ü∆lç É°æ¤púø’.

1) How do I go to Livewell Hospital? 2) somewhere around 3) buses go that way 4) Take the bus 15M 5) facing the Hospital 6) take an auto. simplest expression: How do I go? simplest question. could you let me know/ please tell me how to go/ how to get there?

°∂晫-Ø√ îÓöÀ-È陫 ¢Á∞«xL ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÉC Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i†, ÉC é¬éπ-§ÚûË,

OöÀ Å®Ωnç Åéπ\-úÕ-È陫 ¢Á∞«x™ é¬Ææh îÁ•’-û√®√? ÅE ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Åúø-í∫ôç.

-v°æ-¨¡o: My

brother was come-

-Å-ØË-

¢√éπuç -ûª°æ¤p -Å-Ø√o®Ω’. é¬-E VIth -™ beform+pp Å-E -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. -Ç -v°æ鬮Ωç -Ñ ¢√éπuç éπÈ®Íéd éπ-ü∆! – -á-Ø˛.°æ%-D∑y, ®√-V-§ƒ-™„ç

form of verb

-ï-¢√-•’:

My brother was comewas come was + past participle passive voice sentence beform + pp - verb form, subject verbs verbs) Lessons explain He is come/ He is gonesentences correct,

Ééπ\úø †’ ÅE BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ Å´¤-ûª’çC– Å®Ωnç – Åûªúø’ ®√•-ú≈fúø’– DEéÀ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd ÅC Å´ü¿’ éπü∆? ÅD é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË (Åçõ‰ á´-JE, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ï¢√•’ ´îËa èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçô’çC– ÉC Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ™ î˨»ç– îª÷úøçúÕ. Å®·ûË Ñ é¬F Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’.

Spoken English

ÅE

èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.

Can you/ Could you direct me/ guide me.. conversation a) Nizam college How do we go to/ get to Nizam College, please?/ Could you tell us/ let us know how to go to/ to get to/ We can go to Nizam college, please? b) What's the best way to get to Nizam college, please?

É-ü¿çû√ éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç, ´÷´‚©’ ™ ®√ü¿’. ¢Ë’ç èπ◊ -á-™« ¢Á∞«x-©çúŒ?

c)

Ramana: I am totally new to this place.

(Ç

How do I go there/ get there please?

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 12 -ï-†-´-J 2006

d)

ÅE èπÿ-ú≈ ņ-´îª’a. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ü∆®Ω’-©’ -Öç--úø´-îªaE -¶µ«-Nç-*-†°æ¤p-úø’. Bus áéπ\úøç. Get into the bus, bus Cí∫úøç = get down from/ get off the bus. Ééπ\-úÕoç* bus/ auto ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Take a bus/ an auto. number bus

°∂晫-Ø√ BÆæ’éÓçúÕ.

™/Çö™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ/

Auto

Take/ Get into bus no./ Take an auto. Train Take a train.

™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ =

Raghu: I can manage. Thank you. I'll be back in an hour and a half or two. Where can I find you? Manage =

To the left/ right; on the left/ on the right. verbs to the left/ Turn/ go to the right on the right/ on the left He is on my right.

Subash: Let's meet for lunch at Eatwell's. Food is good there. Take bus no. 22A, get down at Samir plaza stop. Walk along for a few yards and there you find the eatery. I'll be waiting for you there. lunch eatwell restaurant food 22 A bus samir plaza stop eatery (restaurant)

(Ø√ èπ◊úÕ -¢Áj°æ¤-Ø√oúø’).

(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©-†’™‰. à °æØÁjØ√ îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©-í∫ôç. ؈’ í∫çô-†o®√, È®çúø’ í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´îËa-≤ƒh†’. -ØË-†’ -E-ØÁoéπ\-úø éπ©’Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-†’ (-Å°æp-öÀéÀ -F-¢Áéπ\-úø’ç-ö«-´-E?)

(-´’-†ç

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 96

éÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç, ™. Åéπ\úø ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. áèπ◊\, ü¿í∫_®Ω CT éÌCl ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh Ñ éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C.)

™«çöÀ °æéπ\† Å®·ûË Åçö«ç. äéπ ´uéÀh, É©’x ™«çöÀN -Öçúøôç Å®·ûË Åçö«ç.

The school is on the left of the shop. (Shop School practice

áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ ÖçC) ÉN ü∆J îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. ¶«í¬ îËߪ’çúÕ.

Practise the following in English: Tej:

´’Lxé˙ ÉçöÀéÀ ᙫ ¢Á∞¡xôç? Ééπ\-úÕoç* áçûª ü¿÷®Ωç? Nikhil: Ŷs î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. †’´¤y È®çúø’ bus ©’ ´÷J ´’Sx é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-¢√L.

How do I get there ? Éçé¬ É™« èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. go by bus/ go by ™/ auto ™/ train ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Å®·ûË ÅEoçöxéÀ simplest: Take. 11.30 train ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Í®°æ¤- -Öü¿ßª’ç -Ç®Ω’ í∫ç-ô-©éπ-™«x Åéπ\úø Öçö«®Ω’

Éü¿çû√ directions É´yôç í∫’-Jç-* éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ü∆J îÁ°æpôç. expressions ¢√úÕ†N îª÷úøçúÕ; O’®Ω÷ ¢√úÕ practice îËߪ’çúÕ:

auto/ go by train (Bus

take the 11.30 train; you will be there by 6 tomorrow morning. (at 6= by 6

ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ; = ÇJç-öÀ-éπ-™«x = ÇJç-öÀ-éÀí¬F Ç™-°æ™‰í¬F) catch ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a– ¢Á∞¡Ÿx/- ¢Á-∞¡xçúÕ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, é¬F ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ take ÅØËC best.

Raghu: Is Ramesh's very far off/ a long way off from here?

1 a) walk down/ walk along/ walk up the road = Road b) Turn to the left/ to the right. take a turn to the left/ to the right. turn left/ turn right.

¢Áç•úË †úø-´çúÕ. áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤/ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ= ™‰éπ-§ÚûË

ÅD é¬éπ-§ÚûË A†oí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ= go straight/ walk straight d) Ç post office ü∆é¬ †úø-´çúÕ: walk on upto the c)

post office. e) Walk on upto the post office and then turn

left. Post office ü∆é¬ †úÕ* áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ. Cèπ◊\© Ê°®Ω’x Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x.. (É¢√∞¡ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√ ÅûªEo?) a) ûª÷®Ω’pí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Go east/ Walk to (towards)

(®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ¢√∞¡x É©’x Ééπ\-úÕéÀ î√-™« ü¿÷®Ω´÷?)

Subash: (Do) you want to see him today?

2.

Raghu: Yea, because I am leaving tomorrow.

(Å´¤†’. ؈’ Í®°æ¤ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’ éπü∆?)

the east. b)

Subash: Sorry I can't take you there today. Let's go tomorrow.

(É¢√∞¡ E-†o-éπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’. Í®°æ¤ -¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-ç)

Raghu: I'll be busy tomorrow. Just tell me how to get/ go there. I can go on my own. busy on my own = Subash: OK. Walk down the street. Turn to the left and wait for Bus No. 4. It's quite frequent. Get off at Head Post Office stop. Walk along in the direction as the bus goes, turn to the right and then left. The fourth house on the right is Ramesh's. You can't miss it. Just opposite the place is Golconda super market. street Bus Post Office stop Bus road you can't miss it = super market

(Í®°æ¤ ؈’ î√-™« í¬ Öçö«†’. ᙫ ¢Á∞«x™ îÁ°æ¤p. ؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©†’. Ø√ Åçûªô ØËØË)

(Ñ ¢Áç•úË †úø÷. áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. -Ø√-©’íÓ -†ç-•®˝ áèπ◊\. ü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫’. ¢Á∞Ïx ¢ÁjÊ° é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ*, èπ◊úÕ™ ¢Áj°æ¤ AJT ´’Sx áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Ç èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ -Ø√-©’íÓ É™‰x ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇC. ÅC éπ†-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Åçô÷ Öçúøü¿’. áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ íÓ™Ô\çúø Öçô’çC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

à Cèπ◊\-¢Áj-°æØ√o, A®Ω-í∫ôç= north, etc. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

Turn (to the) South/ Turn to the South =

turn South. c) Road

ü¿éÀ~ùç -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC=

The road turns

(to the) South d) Road

´’©’°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC=

The road takes a

bend. e) Road

´’©’°æ¤ ü¿í∫_Í® Ç

building=

The building is at the bend of the road= You find the building

Ææ’hçC)

(Fé¬

building

éπE-°œ-

at the point where the road takes a

bend.

™ Ö†o äéπîÓô’= a point. Ñ îÓöÀ†’ç* Åéπ\-úÕéÀ 2 éÀ.O’.

f) Road g)

It is 2 km from the point.

´’†ç directions îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h©’= land marks . a)

Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_J éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h the nearest land mark to the place.

b) Hyderabad central is a famous land mark 'Hyderabd Central'

Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h.

c) How do I find your home? Any land mark?

O’ É©’x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌ-ØË-üÁ™«? àüÁjØ√ éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’hçü∆?

Tej:

†’´¤y BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-í∫©¢√? Nikhil: -Ñ®Ó-V ØË-†’ -î √-™« busy í¬ ÖØ√o. ü¿÷®Ω-¢Ë’-í¬E É©’x éπ†’éÓ\-´ôç ûËLÍé. Tej: éÌEo éÌçúø-í∫’-®Ω’h©’ îÁ°æ¤p. ؈’ éπ†’- M. SURESAN èπ◊\çö«. Nikhil: ü¿éÀ~ùç -¢Áj°æ¤ †úÕÊÆh Bus stop ´Ææ’hçC, éπü∆? 13 ´ number bus áèπ◊\. Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 6 ´ stop ™ Cí∫’. -ü∆-E-E Gulab Restaurant Stop Åçö«®Ω’. Åéπ\úø 27 bus áèπ◊\. Urdu School stop ü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫’. Urdu School ü∆é¬ †úÕ*, Åçõ‰ ûª÷®Ω’p -¢Áj°æ¤, Åéπ\úÕoç* ü¿éÀ~ùç ¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Åéπ\úø Fèπ◊ éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h– £æ«†’-´÷Ø˛ ǩߪ’ç. Ç Ç©ßª’ç †’ç* ´‚úÓ É™‰x ´’†-¢√-úÕC. Tej: áçûªÊÆ°æ¤ °æúø’-ûª’çC?Nikhil: éπFÆæç 45 E-N’-≥ƒ-©’. Answer: Tej: How to go to/ how do I go to Malliks?/ Malliks place? Nikhil: O, it's a long way off. You need to walk some distance after changing two buses. Tej: Can you take me there? Nikhil: I am very busy today. The place is distant but is easy to find. Tej: Give me/ Let me have some land marks. I'll manage. Nikhil: Walk South and you get the bus stop, don't you? Take bus no. 13. Get off / get down at the 6th stop from here. That is the Gulab Restaurant stop. Catch Bus no. 27 there. Get off at Urdu School stop. Walk up to Urdu School, that is, walk (to the) east, and then turn South. There you have a land mark- Hanuman Temple. The third from the temple is our friend's. Tej: How long will it take? Nikhil: At least 45 minutes.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Ranjan: Hi Sajjan, what brings you here so early in the day?

(àçöÀ, Éçûª °ç-ü¿-®√∞Ï É™« ´î√a´¤?)

Ranjan: Ok, I'll give you another route. Drive along, take the 3rd right, proceed till you see a Ganesh temple with a large

Sajjan: Just to see you, Ranjan, long since we met you know.

neem tree behind it. Go on further

(Ç, E†’o îª÷úø-ö«-EÍé, ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-E -î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·ç-C-éπü∆?)

sales Tax Office there. You can't miss

Ranjan: That's right/ so it is, of course. What's (what has) happened to you all these days? You forgot me. Didn't you?

(éπÈ®Íéd™‰. ÉEo®ÓV-™‰-´’-ߪ÷u´¤ †’´¤y?/ à´’®·çC Fèπ◊? ††’o ´’Ja-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤, éπü∆?) Sajjan: I could say the same about you, couldn't I?

(E†’o í∫’-Jç-* èπÿú≈ ؈üË Å†-´îª’a éπü∆?) Ranjan: Ok, Ok, let's not quarrel. Happy we've met atleast now, aren't we?

(ÆæÍ®x, íÌ-úø-¢Ì-ü¿’l. É°æpöÀÈéjØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oçü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπü∆?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 97

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 14 -ï-†-´-J 2006

along. Then turn left. You find the it because in front of it there is an STD booth. The 2nd house from it is Bhushan's. So, distant perhaps, but easy to locate, isn't it?

(ÉçéÓ

5) Close by = near by = close to = near =

route

îÁ§ƒh. É™« ¢Á∞¡Ÿx, ´‚úÓ- èπ◊úÕ road -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Å™«Íí ¢Á∞¡Ÿx í∫ù‰¨»-©-ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπ◊. ǩߪ’ç ¢Á†’éπ °ü¿l ¢Ë°æ îÁô’dçô’çC. Éçé¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç-¢Á∞¡Ÿx, áúø-´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Åéπ\úø sales tax office Öçô’çC. ÅC miss Å´-™‰´¤ †’´¤y. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ü∆E ´·çüË ã STD booth Öç-C. Åéπ\-úÕ-Eç-* È®çúÓ É™‰x Bhushan C.) éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ ™«Íí Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ ü∆J Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÃ, ü∆J îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Ææ綵«-≠æù‰ éπü∆? Ééπ\úø ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç: cross roads, behind, in front of, proceed, go further along.

Now Practise the following aloud in English: Pavan: Arjun,

(Åéπ\-úÕéÀ) ü¿í∫_-®Ω™, Ç ü¿J-ü∆-°æ¤™x a) You know the collectorate, don't you? The electricity office is close by/ nearby/ close to it/ near it = collectorate Collector, Director, Commissioner ' - ate' electricity office 6) Proceed = a) road proceed straight along this road. b) Proceed to the east = c) If you proceed for a KM, you will see the place =

Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆? ™«çöÀ ( îËJÊÆh ¢√J 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-©ØË Å®Ωnç °æü∆-©èπ◊ ü∆EéÀ ü¿í∫_Í®. ´Ææ’hçC.) Ç Å™«Íí ¢Á∞¡xôç/ -¢Á-∞¡x-ôç. Ñ ¢Áç•õ‰ A†oí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ ûª÷®Ω’p -¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ

Å™«Íí ã éÀ-™-O’-ô®Ω’ ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞Ïh Ç îÓô’ O’èπ◊ éπE°œ-Ææ’hçC.

Need not walk further

O’ ÉçöÀéÀ -dž’-èπ◊†o Building àçöÀ? Ææçí∫û√ -†’-´y-úÕ-ÍíC? Pavan: Net Centre O’ ÉçöÀéÀ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤. ؈-úÕ-ÍíC áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ Building Ææçí∫A. Arjun: ÅC Telephone Engineering Company ¢√∞¡xC. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ •ßª’ô °æE áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ ´‚ÊÆ Öçô’çC. Pavan: -Ç -ã-†®˝ -áéπ\-úø’ç-ö«-úø’? Arjun: Çߪ’-†’çúËC X®√ç-†-í∫-®˝™ . †’Ny-éπ\-úÕoç* ¢Á∞«x-©çõ‰ ûÌN’t-üÓ-†ç-•®˝ Bus áèπ◊\. Pavan: Ø√èπ◊ bike ÖçC. Arjun: Ñ ®Óú˛ ¢Áç•úË ¢ÁRx, èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ AJ-TûË éÌçûªü¿÷®Ωç ûª®√yûª §ƒ© booth éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. ü∆E ¢Á†-éπØË Çߪ’-E©’x. Çߪ’EçöÀ °æéπ\ building †’ Åü∆l© ¢Ë’úø Åçö«®Ω’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_Í® ´’† Maths lecturer É©’x. Arjun: Net Centre

Pavan: OK Thank you. Answer: Pavan: Arjun, What's in the building beside/

Sajjan: You can very well say that. How about disturbing Bhushan now? correct. Bhushan

1) Cross Roads/ road junction = X roads

Ø√©’í∫’ ®Óúøx ÅE -èπÿú≈ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. -èπÿ-úøL = DEo (†’´y-ØËC ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ áèπ◊\´í¬ center ÅF, î¯é˙ ÅF- Åçô’çö«ç. ¢Á∞«l´÷?) chowk £œ«çD- ´÷ô. center ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. you can say that/ you can very well say that 2) behind = ¢Á†éπ. DE •ü¿’©’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ î√-™«= †’´y-ØËC correct. ´’çC backside/ at the back side Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Disturbing Bhushan Åç-õ‰ – ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«l´÷? é¬E english ™ backside = buttocks ÅØË é¬F ÅûªEo trouble îËߪ’-ö«-E-éπE é¬ü¿’) (°œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’). Åçûªí¬ back ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, at the Ranjan: (I) Like to, but I'm not for going so far back of Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. off now?

(É≠æd¢Ë’ é¬E, -É°æ¤p-úø’ Åçûªü¿÷®Ωç ´îËa °æJ-ÆœnA™ ™‰†’)

Sajjan: far off? His place is/ He lives close by, doesn't he?

(ü¿÷®Ωç Åçô’-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ? Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_Í® éπü∆ ¢√Rx-©’x?/-É-éπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω™ØË Öçö«úø’ éπü∆?)

Ranjan: That was till 2 months ago. He moved to surendranagar.

(Å-C È®ç-úø’-ØÁ-©-© éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææçí∫-A. -¢√-úø’ Surendra nagar èπ◊ É©’x ´÷®√-úø’.) -É-©’x -´÷®Ωôç-= move; shift Åçûª- Ææ-J-é¬ü¿’. Å™«Íí 2 months ago, correct, 2 months back ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’)

Sajjan: That's news. The fellow didn't even call to tell me of it. I wish to see him urgently about something important. How do I go to him?

(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Ç N≠æߪ’ç phone îËÆæ-®·Ø√ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.¢√ùÀo-°æ¤púø’ ´·êu¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. ᙫ?)

Ranjan: I'll tell you. Listen carefully. You have a bike, haven't you. Drive straight along the road. At the next cross roads, turn left. Take the third right turn again. bike road Drive = Motor Centre

(îÁÊ°pC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ N†’. F ÖçC, éπü∆?Ñ ¢Áç•úË ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. ( ¢√£æ«-†ç™ ¢Á∞¡xôç.) Ç ûª®√yûª ´îËa ™ áúø´’-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. ´’Sx ´‚úÓèπ◊úÕ- ¢Áj°æ¤ -BÆæ’éÓ)

Sajjan: You are confusing me. Why don't you come along too. confuse

(†’´¤y ††’o ®√-èπÿ-úøü∆?

îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. †’-´‹y-

Spoken English

a) The car is behind/ at back of the bus. (At the backside of the bus 3) In front of = space behind/ at the back of opposite. before Before Time space The School comes before the cloth shop Correct, cloth shop building

é¬ü¿’.) ´·ç-ü¿’ -Å-E ( Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™). èπ◊ DE ÉC áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. •ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ Åçõ‰ '´·çü¿’— ÅØË Å®Ωnç, é¬E ÅC ™ ´·çü¿’ ÅE ™ é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø à Å®ΩnçûÓ? Ç èπ◊ É´-ûª™‰ èπ◊ ´·çü¿®Ω ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÅçûËé¬F äéπ ÅE é¬ü¿’. a) ´÷ ÉçöÀ´·ç-ü¿’ -ã éÌ•sJ-îÁ-ô’dçC. There is a

Coconut tree in front of our home. b) Post Office Their place is/ comes before the post office. 4) Beside = The Collectorate is beside the swaraj Maidan. Collectorate = Collector's office. Collector, director, Commissioner, etc, 'ate'

¢√∞¡x É©’x

É´-ûª™‰ =

°æéπ\† –

(Ææy®√ñ¸ ¢Á’iü∆Ø˛ °æéπ\ØË èπ◊

îËJÊÆh ¢√∞¡x

鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-©ØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC). a) The Cloth shop is beside the Post Office beside 'next to' better,

Å®·ûË áèπ◊\´.

éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈

b) The cloth shop is next to the jewellery on the left of/ on the right of it = shop shop, (Beside, besides. beside = by the side of =

°æéπ\ØË Ç •ôd©

Ç †í∫© èπ◊úÕ -¢Áj°æ¤/-á-úø´’ ¢Áj°æ¤

7) farther, further: farther, far Comparative; far:

next to yours?

èπ◊ ü¿÷®Ωç. i) farther: áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç. Mumbai is farther from Vijayawada, than from Hyderabad.

Arjun: Are you talking of the Net Centre? Pavan: The Net Centre is on the right of your place. I am asking you about the building on the left of your place. Arjun: That

M. SURESAN

´·ç¶„j £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ éπç-õ‰ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø- †’ç* áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç. ii) further: Éçé¬. I can't walk any further: ÉçÈé-èπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç (Éçéπ) ؈’ †úø-´-™‰†’. (Ééπ\úø farther= further éπü∆?) b) Don't talk any further: ÉçÍéç ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. c) Walk further (farther) along:

Å™«Íí Éçé¬ †úø-´çúÕ. ¢Áç•úÕ Éçé¬-ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´çúÕ.

Ç Nví∫£æ«ç ü∆öÀ †úø-´-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Lesson No 96 ´÷ô©÷, Ñ Lesson ´÷ô©÷, ü∆J ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ôç™, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ü∆J îÁ°æp-ôç™ ¢√úøôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ--üµ∆®Ωùç. O’ conversation ™ Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Main verbs (tell, drinks), -¢√-öÀéÀ -´·ç-ü¿’-´-îËa

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

(•ßª’ô). That's why it (ü∆ü∆°æ¤) always closed.

Pavan: Where does the owner live? Do you know? Arjun: He lives in Sriram Nagar. If you are going from here take bus No.9 Arjun: Drive along this road, turn right and go on for some distance; you find a milk booth. The house behind it is his. The building next to his is called Addala meda. Our Maths lecturer's place is closeby. Pavan: OK. Thank you.

I didn't tell him=

؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ ؈-ûª-E-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. (never = á°æ¤púø÷ ™‰ü¿’/ é¬ü¿’)

eg. I didn't tell, I never told I might tell, I might have told I did not tell, I have not told.

I might tell him:

-™ -Ö-†o°æp-öÀéà Ȯç-úÕç-öÀ- Å®Ωnç -äéπ\-õ‰-Ø√?

؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-´îª’a (îÁ§ƒh-ØË¢Á÷)–

(future)

I might have told him =

– Èé.-A®Ω’°æ-A, ®√-´÷-ߪ’çÊ°-ô

Helping verbs helping verb main verbs tense, helping verb tense

¢√úËîÓôx,

ûª®√yA †’•õ‰d

eg: He does not know this: 'does' present tense verb 'does know' present tense. I did not tell him - 'did' past tense; so verb did tell- past tense.

Ééπ\úø

Telephone

work is outdoors is almost

I never told him =

-©’- -¢ËÍ®y®Ω’

Öçô’çC.

°æéπ\†– ´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æéπ\† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-´÷ô. Besides = also, èπÿú≈, ü∆E-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. I lost my pen besides my book. Book ûÓ §ƒô’ pen èπÿú≈ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊Ø√o)

a

Engineering Company. Most of their

helping verbs (do, did) tenses (present tense, past tense)

-ï-¢√-•’:

to

Pavan: I have my bike.

d) Go further down the street: road e) You need not walk further than the statue

Ç

belongs

鬕öÀd,

؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°œp Öçúø-´îª’a (îÁ§ƒp-ØË¢Á÷– past) îª÷úøçúÕ: 'tell' ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçC èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒpL. 'say' and 'tell' èπ◊ ûËú≈ -É-C-´®Ω-™ N´-Jç-î√ç. I did not tell him =

؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ (í∫ûªç™, ÅE îÁ°æpúøç ïJ-TûË– äéπ week, etc) I have not told him =

time, time, date, year,

Åçõ‰ á°æ¤púø’

ØËEçûª´®Ωèπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Varun: Hi Tarun, Congrats on scoring a hundred percent in Maths.

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 17 -ï-†-´-J 2006

Tarun: I want to do a PG course in IISC, Bangalore.

(†÷öÀéÀ †÷®Ω’ ´÷®Ω’\©’ Maths ™ ´*a-†çü¿’èπ◊ congratulations. Cent percent É°æ¤púø’ §ƒûª-•úÕ §Ú®·çC. A / One hundred percent ÅØËC É°æp-öÀ- ¢√-úø’éπ.) Tarun: Thank you. Congrats to you too. You scored the highest in English, didn't you?

(ÉüÁjçûªª®√yûª

Bangalore

™

IISC

îË®√-©E)

PG course= Post graduate. (MA, M.Sc

™«çöÀ Master courses †’ PG courses Åçö«®Ω’. BA, B.Sc, ™«çöÀ B ûÓ Courses= Bachelor/

Åçö«ç. graduate

degree/

Post =

graduate

ûª®√y-ûª.

courses

Post graduate =

ûª®√y-ûª.

(Fèπÿ Congrats. Fèπ◊ English ™ Åçü¿-Jéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´î√a®· éπü∆?)

Varun: That's a good idea. You are good at

Varun: I am happy about it. My marks in Maths

(Fèπ◊ Sciences ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hç-C é¬-•-öÀd ÅC ´’ç* idea ØË.)

aren't bad either, though didn't get a hundred percent. When I joined the course a few months I was not that confident about Maths. My hard work has paid off. The marks in this exam have given me confidence.

(Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖçC. Maths ™ èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* Marks ´î√a®· †÷öÀ-éÀ -†÷®Ω’ 鬧Ú-®·Ø√. course ™ join Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ Åçûª- †-´’téπç ™‰ü¿’ Maths N≠æ-ߪ’ç™. Ñ exam ™ marks Ø√™ †´’téπç éπ-L-Tç-î √®·. Aren't bad either = ÅC èπÿú≈ -îÁúËç é¬ü¿’ ¶«í¬ØË ´*açC. English ™ not ûÓ also ®√ü¿’. either ´Ææ’hçC. Confidence = †´’téπç; paid off= ´’ç* îËÆ œçC/ ™«¶µºç éπL-Tç-*çC.

Shankar: May I Know what you are?

Sciences.

Tarun: I think the time has come for us to apply for the entrance exams of these cours-

Shankar: Studying...?

(´’†ç Ñ entrance exams – v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~©èπ◊ apply îËߪ÷-Lq† time ´*aç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ Ñ entrance exams ÅFo èπÿú≈ December ™ Öçö«®·.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 98

college in the degree course/ I am in the 10th Class/ I am doing my X class.

™ îË®Ωôç= Join a School/ college - join in é¬ü¿’. b) äéπ course îªü¿-´ôç = studying a course. äéÓ\-°æ¤púø’ taking a course.

How come you don't know this? Varun: Dad wasn't happy with any of those colleges, so he admitted me into / to this college.

(´÷ Ø√†oéπ¢Ë-O’ †îªa-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø îËJpç-î√®Ω’.) Tarun: Where did you do your schooling?

(†’´¤y à

School

Varun: Yesterday's papers carried the ads about the entrance exams. The last date for sending in the filled in applica-

™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?)

Varun: Upto the 7th Class in Teachwell School

(E†oöÀ papers ™ Ñ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ °æK-éπ~© ads ´î√a®·. °æ‹-Jh-îËÆœ-† applications °æ秃-Lq† *´--J-ûËC ´îËa ØÁ© 12) Tarun: Then we had better get ready. Ok, then, see you.

(Å®·ûË ´’†ç ready Å´ôç ´’ç*C. -´’-S} éπ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç) Varun: Bye.

Students, Studies, courses èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† Ææ綵«-≠æù éπü∆ ÉC? éÌEo expressions (7´ class ´®Ωèπ◊ Teachwell School ™, 8th °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç. †’ç* 10th ´®Ωèπ◊ Learnwell School ™) students ņ-í¬ØË marks, pass, fail, score Tarun: How do you like being a hosteller? É™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’, fees, study, ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ (Hostel ™ Öçúøôç ᙫ -ÖçC Fèπ◊?) í∫’®Ìh-≤ƒh-®·-éπü∆? î√-™« simple í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúË Hosteller = resident = Hostel ™ ÖçúÕ ´÷ô© B®Ω’ É™« Öçô’çC. îªü¿’´¤èπ◊ØË¢√úø’. Being= Öçúøôç, Being a 1 a) †’¢Áy-éπ\úø îªü¿’´¤ûª’Ø√o´¤? hosteller = Hosteller í¬ Öçúøôç. Where are you studying?/ Which School/ and from the 8h to the 10th in Learnwell

3 a) She is taking lessons in music/ dance, etc: Music, dance She is learning music/ dance = She is doing taking a course in music/ dance. took, learned, etc b) I want to take this software course software course 4 i) study well/ do well at studies. a) 'How is he studying?/ Is he good at studies? 'O, he is doing very well at studies/ He is studying very well; he is hardworking.'

™ Péπ~ù §Òçü¿’-ûÓçC/ ØË®Ω’a-éÌç-

ÅC í∫ûªç™ Å®·ûË

ØËF ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´ôç=

School.

Varun: O, I do like it. That's a kind of experience. Valuable in its own way. The only problem is food. Where did you do Intermediate?

(Ø√éÀ≠d¢æ Ë’. ÅüÓ Å†’-¶µº-´ç–- ü∆E N©’´ ü∆Eèπ◊çC. (valuable= N©’-¢Áj†) ǣ慮Ωç äéπõ‰ Ææ´’Ææu. †’-´¤y -Éç-ô®˝ áéπ\úø îªC-¢√´¤?) Tarun: Here itself. Why didn't you go for Engineering after Inter?

(Ééπ\úË. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Engineering îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?) Ééπ\úË Å†-ö«-EéÀ Here only ÅE Åçô’çö«ç – Éü¿çûª ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– Here itself ÆæÈ®j† expression. Varun: I am not interested. Moreover I want to be an MBA. Why didn't you?

(Ø√èπ◊

interest

™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Ø√èπ◊ MBA Å¢√-©E -Öç-C. ´’J †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Engineering îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?)

Spoken English

îªü¿’-´¤-ûÓçC.

öçC =

tions is the 12th of next month.

FéÀC ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§Ú-´ôç àçöÀ?

îÓôxçû√ Éçé¬

èπÿú≈ ûªÊ°p. É™«çöÀ ¢√úÕûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.

I am taking the exams

place?

O’ Ü∞x á-ØÓo College ©’ -Öçúøí¬, Ééπ\úø -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ join Åߪ÷u--´¤? How come= áçü¿’èπ◊, purely conversational expression. O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ: How come you are here? = -àçöÀ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o¢˛?

Å™«Íí

c) She is taking a course in Software Software course

®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-

(say either, 'Take an exam' or 'sit an exam'.) am appearing/ is appearing/ are appearing for an exam taking Do an exam She is going her final year B.Tech exam at the end of this year.

2 a) School/ College

Tarun: How come you joined this college, when

Inter exams

Ñ É°æ¤p-úøçûª ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ a) give an exam, b) write an exam ÅE î√-™« ´’çC Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’ – OöÀ™x àC-èπÿú≈ correct é¬ü¿’.

(àç îªü¿’´¤ûª’Ø√o®Ω’) Dinakar: I am doing my II year Inter/ I am at

year.

؈’ Ñ -àú≈C *´®Ω Ø√o†’

(I am taking/ will take the Inter exams at the end of this year/ I am sitting the Inter exams at the end of this year/ I sit the exam. Appear for an exam expression

Dinakar: I am a student

es which are usually in December every

you have so many colleges in your

b)

(O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-î√a?/ O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’?)

College are you studying in?/ Which School/

ii)

¢√úøû√ç.

îªü¿-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

(éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªü¿-´ôç) ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´ôç = be good at studies, clever/ bright at studies (¶«í¬, ûÁL-Ní¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√®Ω’.)

b) She is good at maths, but rather poor at Physics = Physics poor. college 5 Class attend class (es)/ attend college. 6 Poor at studies = dull at studies. 7 exam (examination exam exam test a) exam: (qualification) - X class certificates Inter, B.Tech, Msc degrees

-Ç -Å-´÷t®·éÀ ™„éπ\©’ ¶«í¬ØË -´-a, é¬F ™ é¬Ææh èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç/ éÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç

°æKéπ~ = ´·êuçí¬ ®√ûª-™ØË ¢√úøôç Ææ••’); ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’ b) F¢Ë class? = what class are you in?/ Which èπÿ, èπÿ ûËú≈: class are you studying? what class are you äéπ Nü∆u-®Ω|ûª ™«çöÀ é¬F, doing? é¬F §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´·êu-¢Á’i† OöÀéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’. Iam studying in... School/ °æKéπ~. College. I am in the I year Inter/ II year b) Test: ã exam èπ◊ •ü¿’©’í¬í¬F, Åü¿-†çí¬í¬F degree, etc. Studying •ü¿’©’, doing áèπ◊\´ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ à subject áçûª´®Ωèπ◊ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç. Ø√o®Ω ’, áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡xé¬ subject ´îª’a ÅE E®Ωga) ؈’ I year Engineering îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’ ®·çî ª-ö«-EéÀ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË °æKéπ~ test. Test Æ洒ߪ’ç, I am doing my I year Engineering. exam Æ洒ߪ’ç éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë Öçúø-´îª’a. Ææçü¿b) Which year of medicine are you in? are ®√s¥Eo •öÀd test ™ marks èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª™ Åçûªyou studying/ which year? ´·-êuçí¬ í∫’Jhç-°æ¤ -Öç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. (ÉC Éçûªèπ◊´·çüË medicine ÅE ûÁLÊÆh)/ 8 °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç: Take an exam/ sit an exam. Which year are you doing? a) ؈’ Í®°æ¤ °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’ Medicine à Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? I am taking an exam tomorrow. College are you a student of?

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

8

Ç¢Á’ Ñ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ B.tech *´J Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °æKéπ~ ®√Ææ’hçC. °æK-éπ~™x ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁaéÓ-´ôç get/ score/ secure. OöÀ™ x secure éÌClí¬ §ƒçúÕûªuç – ¢√úøéπ-§Ú-´ôç ´’ç*C.

M. SURESAN

Rama Rao: How much/ How many marks did you get/ score in last week's exam?

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç °æK-éπ~™  áçûª/ -áEo ´÷®Ω’\©’ -ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?/ ´î√a®· Fèπ◊?) Bharadwaj: Dad, I can't say I got/ scored very high marks.

(--´÷®Ω’\-©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁa-èπ◊-†o-ô’d/- ´-*a†ô’d îÁ°æp-™‰†’) Rama Rao: Why isn't your score high? Why aren't your marks high?

(áèπ◊\´ marks áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-ü¿’/®√-™‰ü¿’?) OR Why Couldn't you score high? Why couldn't you get high marks?

(áçü¿’èπ◊ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷¢˛?) OR Why did you score low? Why did you get such low marks.

(Åçûª- ûª-èπ◊\-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o-´¤/ Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ Marks ᙫ ´î√aß˝’?) Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Marks ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ§Ú-ߪ÷¢Ëç? Why could n't you score better?/ Why couldn't you get better marks than this?.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Neeraj: Hi Suraj, ages since we met; what's wrong?

(´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC. àçöÀ 鬮Ωùç?)

b) exams busy taking/ attending exams (Busy writing exams english writing an exam/ exams lesson c) exams exams are fast approaching = exams (Approach -

®√Ææ÷hç-úøôç ´©x BJé𠙉éπ-§Úôç –

´÷vûªç-é¬ü¿’, ™ ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ ü ¿’ – éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Suraj: I was very busy till yesterday with my ™ ûÁ © ’Æ æ ’ è π ◊ Ø√oç í∫ ü ∆?) exams. Thank God, its all over. What a ´îËaÆæ’hØ√o®· = relief! No more exam nerves ÆæO’-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· = (E†oöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ exams ´©x î√-™« busy í¬ Åv§Úî˝ – v§Ú ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = ÖØ√o. Å´’tߪ’u Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. áçûª Ææ O ’° œ ç î ª ô ç = ü¿ í ∫ _ ® Ω è π ◊ ®√´úø ç/ ¢Á∞¡xúøç) £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ! °æK-éπ~© -¶-„ü¿’®Ω’ Ééπ-™‰ü¿’.)
exam nerves = °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ éÌçûª-´’çCéÀ -Öç-úË Relief = (°ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ ØÁAh O’ü¿ †’ç* Cç*-†ô’d) ¶„ü¿’®Ω’, éπçí¬®Ω’, °æK-éπ~-© -¶µºßª’ç. Núø’-ü¿©. exam nerves °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ -¶„ü¿’®Ω’) °æK-éπ~© ¶µºßª’ç †’ç* •ßª’-ô-•-úøôç– get over Neeraj: Happy to hear that. How did you do in exam nerves, get over = ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îªôç. the exams?
How did you do in the exam? (ÆæçûÓ≠æç! ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ exams?) exam ᙫ ®√¨»-´¤? – ÉC ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î √L Suraj: Well, I hope (¶«í¬ØË ÅE ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’) ´’†ç – english ™ ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ exam ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Neeraj: What were your marks in the earlier 'write' ü∆E Éûª®Ω forms ®√ØË-®√´¤. î√-™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ exams? ¢√úË ´÷ô, 'do' ü∆E Éûª®Ω forms (Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ exams ™ marks ᙫa) ؈’ E†o °æK-éπ~©’ ¶«í¬ ®√¨»†’ ´-î√a®·?) I did well in the exam yesterday. b) ؈ç-ûª-Ææ-Jí¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’ I didn't do so well/ I haven't done so well

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 99

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 19 -ï-†-´-J 2006

(Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd) ؈-†’-èπ◊-†o ü∆E-éπØ√o ¶«í¬ ®√¨»†’

c)

I did much better than I had expected.

Vinod: You know, Vikas topped the school with his one hundred percent each in Maths and Science.

Meghana: I'm surprised. She usually does very well. She never scored below 85% in the previous exams.

(Ææ÷\™x Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ Maths Science ™ 100])

(Eïçí¬ Ç¨¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçüË, §ƒ°æç. ´·†’°æöÀ (previous - v°œN-ߪ’Æˇ) °æK-éπ~™x á°æ¤púø÷ 85]èπ◊ ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’.) É™«çöÀîÓôx less than 85% -Åç-ô÷ ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ ¢√úË-C– -Åç-ûª-Ææ-J-é¬ü¿’) Exam fail Å´ôç, pass Å´ôç = He/ she

Pramod: That's brilliant/ really brilliant.

Vinod:

(î√™« íÌ°æp-í¬/- E-ïçí¬ íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC, Åûª-úø’ °æKéπ~ ®√Æœ† B®Ω’) Every teacher likes him for his performance in the exams. teachers

(°æK-éπ~-™x -Å-ûª-úÕ B®Ω’-´©x -Åç-ü¿-Jéà Åûª-†çõ‰ É≠ædç.) äéπ N≠æߪ’ç: do, fare, perform - -Ñ -´‚-úÕç-öÀ-EÍé-´-©ç °æKéπ~© N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπJ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç •ßª’-ô-°æúË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-Eoç-öÀ-™†÷ ¢√úøû√ç.

How did you do in the exam? Suraj: In most of them just above sixty percent. In one or two others I scored quite high - above 90%

(î√-™«¢√öÀ™x 60] éπçõ‰ éÌClí¬ áèπ◊\´. äéπöÀ È®çúø’ papers ™ ´÷vûªç 90% éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ -´÷®Ω’\-©’ ´-î√a®·.)

Neeraj: Why just above 60% in most of the papers? Weren't you saying you had done well in all the exams?

(î√-™«-¢√öÀ™x 60] éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ áçü¿’-éÌ-*açC? î√™« ¶«í¬ ®√¨»-†E Åçô’çúË-¢√-úÕN éπü∆?)

Suraj: I thought so, but when I saw the marks I understood I had fared badly in them. One can never be sure in these matters, you know? marks

(ØË-†÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púË ÆæJí¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰-ü¿E Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. Å®·Ø√ Éô’´çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x á´®Ω÷ à-D í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰®Ω’, éπü∆)

Neeraj: What about your performance this time?

(Ñ≤ƒJ ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?/´’J Ñ≤ƒJ Ææçí∫A?)

Suraj: I think I fared very well. I am satisfied with my performance.

(¶«í¬ ®√¨»-†ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ ûª%°œhí¬ØË ÖçC)

Neeraj: Well, wish you all the best. How about a movie this evening then?

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?)

Suraj: That's be a real pleasure.

(ã, ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úÕ† expressions í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. É´Fo èπÿú≈ exams èπÿ, studies èπÿ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†¢Ë – OöÀ™ ´’†ç ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿®√s¥©’ î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçö«®·. 鬕öÀd, Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úÕ, practice îËߪ’çúÕ.


Busy with exams
exam nerves
How did you do in the exam?
I did well
What were your marks?
above 60% above 90%
you had done well
I had fared badly
..your performance this time?
a)Busy with exams, busy preparing for exams, busy studying for exams exams exams

Oô-Eo-öÀéà ûÓ ûª©-´·-†-éπ-©’í¬ (BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈) Å®Ωnç, èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷. Öçúøôç- – ´·êuçí¬

Spoken English

d)

a) How is YSR doing/ faring/ performing as the CM? YSR CM

ÅûªØËç ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰-ü¿’

He didn't do well at all.

e)

Åûª†’ paper îÁúÕ-Ê°-¨»úø’ (¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-ØË-™‰ü¿’ -Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

He did poorly/ very poorly in the exam. He did badly in the exam. do

É™« ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË ¢√úøû√ç, °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË ¶µ«¢√-EéÀ. ÉüË O’®Ω’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-Eç-îª-´-©-Æœ† Å稡ç. '®√ߪ’ôç— ´*a† îÓô™«x 'do' ü∆E Éûª®Ω ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC ¶«í¬ practice îÁߪ’uçúÕ. Å®·ûË Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ fare èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. ...I had fared badly... I had done badly

í¬ -á-™« ÖØ√o®Ω’? (Ææ´’-®Ωn-ç-í¬Ø√ é¬ü∆?)

b) The Sri Lankans did/ fared/ performed very M. SURESAN badly/ poorly in the last cricket series. Sri Lankans poor c) Her performance in the movie was disappointing

î√-™«

í¬ Çú≈®Ω’.

Ç *vûªç-™ Ç¢Á’ †ô† E®√¨¡°æJ-*çC.

d) He did/ fared/ performed well in the movie

How did you fare in the exam yesterday? I fared well b) Prakash: How did you fare in the exams?

¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’ =

(ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?)

Akash: Well, I think. I got 97% Prakash: Oh, you didn't fare badly after all. Congrats.

(v•£æ…tçúøç, î√-™« ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»-´-†o-´÷ô. í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓçúÕ = not bad = very

good) c) Hold the exam any time you like, he is sure to fare well

O’ É≠ædç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ °ô’d-éÓçúÕ °æKéπ~, ¢√úø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ ®√≤ƒhúø’. °æKéπ~ °ôdúøç = Hold an exam/ exams -É-C îª÷úøçúÕ:

e) He is doing very well as a teacher Teacher Do/ fare/ perform 'do' f) I hope to do well in the exam exam expressions. Marks a) What are your marks?/ What marks did you get? What is your score?/ How many marks did you get/ score? b) marks Your score is/ your marks are, not satisfactory. c) With such a low score/ such low marks, you can't get a seat in that college. college seat

í¬ Åûª†’ î√-™« ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. – OöÀ™x Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬, áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË-´÷ô,

؈’ ¶«í¬ ®√≤ƒh-†ØË ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. -É°æ¤p-úø’ -É-çéÌ-Eo O’ àçöÀ?/-áEo?

F

àç ûª%°œh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ™‰´¤

Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ Fé¬ ®√ü¿’.

™

Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ performance èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ÉC é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç. a) ᙫ ®√¨»®Ω’ E†oöÀ exam?

Meghana: Congrats Sumana, on your high Score in Physics. marks (Physics congrats.) Sumana: You didn't fare badly either. You got just one mark below mine. So my congrats to you. Poor Jamuna! she got below 50%.

™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª†’ î√™« ¶«í¬ v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†, é¬çA--´’ç-ûª®√≤ƒhúø’. ¢Á’i† (vG©uçö¸ – 'vG— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç)

(Fèπÿ àç ûªèπ◊\´ ®√™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. äéπ\ Mark ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éπü∆ Ø√éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ -Fèπ◊ -Ø√ -Å-Gµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’. §ƒ°æç ï´·† – 50-¨»-ûªç éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ´-î√a®·) (Above - áèπ◊\-´/-£«-aí¬; below=ûªèπ◊\´)

i) what about your performance this time ii) I am satisfied with my performance.

How was your exam yesterday? b) His performance in exams is usually brilliant exams brilliant =

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

™ ´*a†ç-ü¿’èπ◊

Now practise the following in English: Subodh: Hi Pranav, exams

èπ◊ ᙫ prepare Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Pranav: °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ Ø√Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ¶„ü¿’Í®, Å®·-§Ú-ßË’çûª ´®Ωèπ◊. Subodh: é¬-F FÈé-°æ¤púø÷ ´’ç* marks ´≤ƒh-®·éπü∆? Pranav: Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* marks ´≤ƒh®·, é¬F Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ marks ûÁa-éÓ-¢√-©E -Ø√ éÓJéπ. Subodh: á´-J-èπ◊ç-úøü¿’ Ç éÓJéπ? Pranav: O’ class ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æK-éπ~-™„-°æ¤púø’? Subodh: E†oØË Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. Pranav: ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ †’´¤y? Subodh: ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’, é¬F äéπ Chemistry paper ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁúø-íÌ-ö«d† ’. N’í∫û√ papers ™ 80 éÀ °jØË-®√-´îª’a. Chemistry ™ ´÷vûªç 60 ü∆é¬- ®√-´îª’a. Pranav: O’ cousin Sucharita ᙫ- ®√-Æ œçC? Subodh: ¶«í¬ØË ®√Æœç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. -Éçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿’ exams ™ Ç¢Á’ -î √-™« -¶«í¬ ®√Æœç-C. ÅEoöx 100 èπ◊ äéπöÀ, È®çúø’ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûªèπ◊\´. Pranav: é¬F íÌ°æp performance. Girls, ´’†-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«. Subodh: îÁ°æp-™‰ç™‰. Answer:

Åûª†’ Ç *vûªç™ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’.

¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. îÁûªhí¬ ®√¨»†’. a) ᙫ-®√-¨»´¤ E†oöÀ exam?

failed the exam/ passed the exam.

ÉO exams èπÿ, marks èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’:

Fèπ◊ ´’ç*

Subodh: Hi Pranav, how are you preparing for the exams? Pranav: I always have/ suffer from exam nerves, until they are over. Subodh: But you always get good marks/ score high. Pranav: I do, but I wish to score even better marks. (Even = Subodh: Who doesn't wish it?/ Who doesn't have the wish? Pranav: When are the exams for your class?/ When are you people taking the exams? Subodh: They were over yesterday./ Yesterday was the last of them. Pranav: How did you do? Subodh: (I) did very well, but I did poorly/ fared badly in chemistry. In the other papers I may get/ score above 80%. In chemistry I may get about 60. Pranav: How did your cousin Sucharita do? Subodh: (I) think she did well. In the earlier exams, however, her performance was very good. In all the papers, she got just one or two marks below 100. Pranav: That's good performance. I suppose girls study better than we, boys. Subodh: We can't say./ Difficult to say.

Éçé¬)

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 21 -ï-†-´-J 2006

100

W

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù W (Eïçí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Ø√éÌ-*a† English Ø√Íé ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-LT, ®√ߪ’-í∫-LTûË Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçô’çC. Anand:

ÉçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ OöÀE question form ™ èπÿú≈, not ûÓ†÷, not ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈†÷ èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a éπü∆? eg: Am I a doctor? Am I not a teacher? etc.

É™«Íí N’í∫û√ 'be' forms ûÓ áEo sentences, ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions èπÿú≈, not ™‰èπ◊çú≈, not ûÓ Å†-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ. Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ O’ friend ûÓØÓ, O’ûÓ cooperate îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡x-ûÓØÓ Å†çúÕ. Questions ™ èπÿú≈, È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 questions. 1) 'Wh' words (what, when, who, etc.,)ûÓ ´îËaN.

We can be good speakers of English if we have regular practice. (Regular practice English

statements

Öçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úË¢√∞¡xç Å´¤û√ç)

Santosh: Yes, we frequently read so in these Spoken English lessons. English lessons

(Ñ ™ ÅüË ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ îª÷Ææ÷hçö«ç/ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çö«ç) ÉC 100 ´ lesson éπü∆. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ for a change (*†o-´÷-®Ω’p-í¬/ -é¬Ææh ûËú≈í¬) ã *†o Language game Çúøü∆ç. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ E sentences îª÷úøçúÕ:

eg. Why are you happy? What is your brother? When was he a teacher? 2) 'Wh' words

I am happy today.

(ØËF-®Ó-V ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o) Santosh: Why?/ Why are you happy?

(áçü¿’èπ◊?) Anand:

Because this is the hundredth lesson in spoken English. You are happy too, aren't you? spoken English 100 lesson

(ÉC ™ ´ 鬕öÀd. Fèπÿ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC, éπü∆?)

Santosh: Ofcourse I am, but I am not satisfied. There's a lot more english to learn.

(Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’, Å®·ûË ûª%°œhí¬ ™‰ü¿’. ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-Lqç-C -Éçé¬ î√™« ÖçC) Anand:

I too am anxious to learn more.

(Ø√èπÿ Éçé¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©ØË -Ç-ûª%ûªí¬ ÖçC) Santosh: My sister appears very serious about learning more English, and so is my cousin Harsha. ( sister english serious cousin

´÷

ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©E î√™« í¬ ÖçC, ´÷ £æ«®Ω{-

èπÿú≈) Anand:

Deepti and Divya were my school mates. They were eager to learn English. They would be ever ready to read English newspapers and books, speak english, listen to others speak english, and so on. They are fluent in English now. Whenever they had an opportunity, they used to speak English. schoolmates. English English newspaper, books English English

(D°œh, C´u Ø√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©E áçûÓ Ç--ûª%-ûª-ûÓ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. á°æ¤púø÷ îªü¿-´ôç, ´÷ö«x´÷ö«x-úË-°æ¤púø’ úøôç, Éûª-®Ω’©’ N†ô癫çöÀN îËߪ’-ö«-E-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ Æœ-ü¿l¥ç. Åçü¿’Íé ¢√∞¡Ÿx É°æ¤púø’ English üµ∆®√-∞¡çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’. Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx) Santosh: To tell you frankly, I am not at all pleased with my English. I shall be happy if I am able to speak and write better.

Spoken English

™«çöÀ-N.

questions.

eg. Are you happy? Is she your sister? Can he be a leader?

I a) I am happy; I am not satisfied; I too am anxious to learn more; I am not at all pleased; I am able to speak; I shall be happy. Anand:

™‰E

´’S} OöÀE

not

ûÓ,

™«çöÀ-N.

eg: Are you not happy?

Were they not students?

™«çöÀN.

a) He is happy to meet me (To meet me

– áçü¿’-éπ-ûª†’

happy

ÅØËC -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-

ûª’ç-C éπü∆) b) They were not satisfied with their salaries. (with their salaries

áçü¿’-´©x

– ¢√∞¡x @û√-©ûÓ ÅØËC ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅØËC ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC)

not satisfied

c) Will they be pleased if I give them the books? (If I give them the books -

؈’ ¢√∞¡xé¬ °æ¤Ææh-é¬LÊÆh – ÅØËC ¢√∞¡Ÿx ᙫ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈h-®Ω-ØËC ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC éπü∆) É™« O’®Ω’ 'be' forms ûÓ -´-îËa sentences †’ §ÒúÕ-Tç--èπ◊çô÷ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç ´÷vûªç correct í¬ ´îËaô’x îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´ôç î√-™« ´·êuç. III Ééπ Ñ game ™ ´‚úÓ-¶µ«í∫ç: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ O’®Ω’ practice îËÆœ† sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ verb, 'be' form éπü∆. Ñ 'be' form •ü¿’©’ 'action words' áéπ\-úÁ-éπ\úø meanings ´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ, Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’:

I am happy today b) Why are you happy? You are happy too; So is my cousin Harsha; They are fluent. c) Deepti and Divya were my school mates; They were eager to learn English. d) They would be ever ready to... e) We can be

Ñ sentences ™ ´’†ç í∫´’-EçîË N≠æߪ’ç – OöÀ™x verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'be' forms ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éπü∆? îª÷úøçúÕ, Íé-´-©ç 'be' forms ûÓ áçûª Ææ綵«-≠æù ≤ƒTçüÓ? É°æ¤púø’ ´’† game. Ééπ\úÕ sentences ™ 'be' forms (am, is, are, were, shall be, can be, would be, etc,) °æéπ\† Ö†o 'happy' ™«çöÀ ´÷ô© •ü¿’©’ O’®Ω’ ¢√úøí∫LT† ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀE ¢√úÕ sentences practice îËߪ’çúÕ. äéπ statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ questions, exclamations èπÿú≈ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Not, never (á°æ¤púø÷ é¬ü¿’/- ™‰ü¿’) ûÓ èπÿú≈ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ. I am happy- Ééπ\úø Ö†o 'be' form 'am' °æéπ\† Ö†o happy •ü¿’©’, ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ O’èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† ´÷ô©’ ¢√úøçúÕ. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊, happy •ü¿’©’, a) sad, sorry, proud, tall, short ™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©†÷ ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’ (Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬) áØÁj oØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Éçé¬ b) àüÁjØ√ ´%ûª’h©’, °æ†’©’ ™«çöÀN îËÊÆ¢√∞¡xØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ ÖçúË ´÷ô©÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆?–

É™«ç-öÀN áEo senO’®Ω’ ņ-í∫-©®Ó ™„éÀ\ç--éÓçúÕ. áéπ\úø O’®Ω’ questions ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ Åéπ\úø ¢√öÀéÀ Answers èπÿú≈ îÁ°æ¤péÓçúÕ. Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ éπLÆœ Ñ game M. SURESAN Çúø’-éÓçúÕ. O’®Ω’ áEo sentences îËߪ’-í∫-L-í¬®Ó îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. O’Íé Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ¢ËÆæ’hçC. '´’†ç ÉEo sentences ņ-í∫-L-í¬¢Ë’— ÅE. O’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç: 'be' forms °æéπ\† ¢√úøí∫LÍí ´÷ô©’ Ñ éÀçC ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Öçö«®·. 1) í∫’ù«©’, (proud, good, bad, wicked) ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’. 2) ¶µ«¢√©’ (feelings) ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ (happy, sad, tences

jealous, etc). 3)

©éπ~-ù«©’

(tall, short, fat, etc,)

ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’.

4) Past participle forms (satisfied, pleased, trained) 5)

äéπ ´%ûÓh, °æØÓ îËÊÆ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô©’ (Actor, doctor, teacher, cook, lawyer, speaker, etc). Ñ ®Ωéπç ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, singular ´·çü¿®Ω a/ an ®√¢√-©E ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ countable singular ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ 'a/ an' ®√¢√L éπü∆.

6) '-ing' forms (going, singing, walking)

°j ®Ω鬩 ´÷ô-©Fo ¢√úøçúÕ. ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊†oô’x ÆæJí¬ ´≤ÚhçüÓ, ™‰üÓ îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC O’È®çûª English ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ó. I am a teacher/ an actor/ a cricketer/ an ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úø™‰-´’ØË Å§Ú£æ« Öçúøü¿’. employee/ a landlord/ a doctor, etc. II An extension of the game, Ñ game é¬Ææh ´’Sx OöÀ™x not/ never èπÿú≈ éπL°œ ¢√úø-´îª’a °çîª-´îª’a– Ñ sentences ´’J-éÌEo ´÷ô©’ éπL°œ: éπü∆? eg: He is happy. Ñ sentence †’ É™« I am not happy; I am not a teacher, etc ™«í¬. §ÒúÕ-Tça éπü∆?

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

a) They were all happy.

Ééπ\úø 'be' form 'were' •ü¿’©’ feel ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆. Å®·ûË, 'be' form í∫û√Eo ûÁ-LÊ° -´÷ô 鬕öÀd, feel èπ◊ èπÿú≈ í∫û√Eo -ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷õ‰ ¢√ú≈L éπü∆. 鬕öÀd, felt ´Ææ’hçC. Å°æ¤púø’, They all felt happy (They were all happy)

b) She can be here in 10 minutes.

Ééπ\úø 'can be' ÅØË 'be' form -ûÓ ´îËa Å®Ωnç – Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ Öçúø-í∫©ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ îË®Ω-í∫-©ü¿’ ÅE – Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îÁ°æp-í∫© sentence ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ– She can reach here in ten minutes. c) They shall be here for an hour.

¢√Rx-éπ\úø ã í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçú≈L. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'shall be' ÅØË 'be form •ü¿’©’, ´’†ç 'shall stay' ÅEé¬F, shall remain ÅE -é¬-F Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’. Å°æ¤púø’ sentence– They shall stay/ remain here for an hour. d) He could be helpful for us:

Ééπ\úø be form Å®Ωnç– Åûªúø’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-é¬Jí¬ Öçúøí∫-©-úË¢Á÷. Could be ÅØË 'be' form •ü¿’©’ action word ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ help ¢√úÌa éπü∆. ü∆çûÓ sentence É™« ´÷®Ωa-´îª’aí∫ü∆?– could be

He could help us.

É™« O’®Ω’ áEo sentences îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x. Å´-鬨¡ç ®√éπ-§ÚûË éπLpç--éÌE É™«çöÀ sentences frame îËߪ’çúÕ– ´’J-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ – statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions (È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’ – 'wh' questions, non 'wh' questions èπÿú≈), Negatives (not, never) Ææ£æ… practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

§

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Damodar: Hi, Krupakar, I couldn't see you the whole of yesterday. What were you doing? (

éπ%-§ƒéπ-®˝, E†oçû√ †’´¤y éπ-E°œç-îª-™‰-ü¿’, àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?)

Krupakar: Busy playing the game - making as many sentences as we could - with my sister and prabhakar. ( Sister, prabhakar Game Sentences Form Busy

´÷

ûÓ éπLÆœ

-Ç-úø’-ûª÷ áEo O©-®·ûË ÅEo îËÆæ÷h ÖçúÕ-§Úߪ÷) Damodar: What game was that? (àç

í¬

Game?) Krupakar: You find the game in the hundredth lesson of spoken english. It's a simple game - forming sentences, as many as we can by adding suitable words after 'be' forms and action words - sentences to be not only statements but also questions, both types, 'wh' and 'non wh' questions, with not and never too...

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

4) How well Rupa sings that song! 5) The teacher never made a joke

É™« áEo Sentences îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ. ûª®√yûª ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô©’ îËJa Sentences extend îËߪ’çúÕ.

eg: 1) Vineet bought a book at the college stores. 2) When did Naresh meet you to give you the book. 3) She does not like me because I do not like her. 4) How well Rupa sings that song from the movie, nuvvu naaku nachau. 5) The teacher never made a joke while teaching.

É™«çöÀ sentences O’®Ω’ O’ friends etc., ûÓ îËߪ’çúÕ. I, We, You, he, she, it and ûÓ èπÿú≈ sentences îËߪ’çúÕ.

practice they

u

u

u

Renuka: Urmila, why don't you lend me the book. I have to prepare for the exam the day after tomorrow. exam prepare Urmila: Sorry Renuka, Bhoomika has taken it away. She has to prepare for the exam as well. You are a little late.

(Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç é¬Ææh É≤ƒh-¢√? á©’xçúÕ Å¢√Lq ÖçC.)

101

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 23 -ï-†-´-J 2006

èπ◊

'be' forms. Have to be, has to be,

OöÀ

must be, should be. (Have to be/ has to be - I, we, you and

´Ææ’hçC. He, ûÓ has to be ´Ææ’hçC.) -O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç – Öçú≈L – ÅE. ÅC äéπJ Çïc (command) é¬´îª ’a, NCµ (duty) é¬´îª ’a, necessity (Å´-Ææ®Ωç) 鬴a.

they subjects

ûÓ

have to be

(éπFÆæç Í®°æ-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ -Å-ûª-úø’ -Åéπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Å´-鬨¡ç éÓ™p-û√úø’. – necessity.) ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Pramod: I am happy to have got the job, Sir.

she and it subjects

When have I to be here to report for duty, Sir? (Job

´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC. îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ/ Duty™ Join Å´-ö«-EéÀ á°æ¤-púø’ ®√-¢√-©çúŒ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ?) (Have to be Ééπ\úø duty E ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.) Report

Have to be, has to be, should be, must be =

Öçú≈L,

present

™í¬F,

future

™í¬E.

Vinod: Let me go. I have to be at home in ten

Prasanth: You have to be here by 9.30 every-

minutes. Dad will be angry if I am late.

day.

(††’o ¢Á∞¡xF. ؈’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x Éçöx Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçC)

(9.30 éπ-™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-L- †’´¤y.

You have to be here till 5.30 in the evening. (

È®çúø÷

I have to prepare

5.30 ´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈L– Ñ

commands.) Your colleague

too, has to be here at the same time.

(F Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Ééπ\úø command.)

has to be

Pramod: I will start work now itself sir,

(î√-™« Simple game ÅC. sub + verbverb 'be' form Ŵa, action word Ŵa, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´÷ô©’ îË®Ω’a-èπ◊çô÷ §Ú-´ôç– Sentences statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Questions, Exclamations èπÿú≈. Questions È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 Questions – 'wh' words ûÓ 'non wh' words ûÓ èπÿú≈. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, not ûÓ never ûÓ èπÿú≈)

Damodar: Was that so? O I missed the game. How many sentences were you able to frame? game miss Sentences

(Å™«í¬? Å®·ûË Øˆ’ Åߪ÷u†’. O’È®Eo í¬®Ω’?)

îËߪ’-í∫-L-

Krupakar: We didn't count, but we were able to make a good number. We have understood that we can improve our english by this kind of practice more than by reading books on spoken english.

(™„éπ\°ôd-™‰ü¿’ é¬F î√™«ØË î˨»ç. Spoken english O’ü¿ books îªü¿-´ôç éπçõ‰ É™«çöÀ practice ü∆y®√ØË English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oô’d, practice ´©x confidence °®Ω-í∫-ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, English Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-ûª’çC. v°æA-®ÓW Friends ûÓ Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Ñ Lesson ™ éÌClí¬ ûËú≈ûÓ É™«çöÀ game ÉçéÓöÀ îª÷ü∆lç. O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– verbs ™ È®çúø’®Ω鬩’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC 'love' ™«çöÀN. OöÀéÀ á´-JE, üËEE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x†’ ÅØÓ, ü∆EE ÅØÓ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´Ææ’hçC. È®çúÓ ®Ωé¬--E-N - walk (†-úø-´ôç) ™«çöÀN. á´-JE †úø-´ôç, üËE-E †úø-´ôç Åçõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ game ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ®Ωéπç verbs ûÓ sentences îËߪ’çúÕ. statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions, exclamations ûÓ Ææ£æ…, Not/ never ûÓ èπÿú≈ O’èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†Eo verbs ûÓ á†o-®·ûË ÅEo. eg: 1) Vineet bought a book 2) When did Naresh meet you? 3) She doesnot like me (at all)

Spoken English

(Sorry, exam prepare Renuka: I thought of buying the book yesterday, but I had to take mom to hospital, so I didn't find the time. I must get the book somehow. Otherwise I'll be doing very badly in the exam. book hospital

¶µº÷N’éπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’Èé-R}ç-C. ûª†’èπ◊ Å¢√y-©E.) èπÿú≈

(E†oØË éÌØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬E èπ◊ BÆæ’Èé∞«}Lq ´÷ Å´’t†’ ´*açC. é̆-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷. ᙫíÓ äéπ-™«í¬ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L ؈’. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË á©’xçúÕ exam -¶«í¬ ®√-ߪ’-™‰éπ-§Ú-û√--†’-.)

Urmila: I must pay the fees today. Today is the last date. I should go to the bank and get the money. fees Bank Renuka: That's true. We must submit exam applications by tomorrow. That's the rule. Exam applications submit rule.) Urmila: The applications should have the signature of the parent or the guardian, shouldn't it? (Application parent/ guardian

(É¢√∞¡ ®ÓV.

éπ-ö«dL ؈’. -É-¢√-∞Ï -*-´-J èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL, úø•’s ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L.)

(Eï¢Ë’.

Í®°æöÀ ™°æ©

îÁߪ÷uL. ÅüË

™ Ææçûªéπç Öçú≈L, éπü∆?)

Renuka: Yes, that's the rule. Further we must mention the amount paid, and enclose the fee receipt. clear fee receipt Urmila: OK then. Bye. I must hurry.

(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, áçûª úø•’s éπöÀdçD í¬ ü∆-E-ûÓ ïûª-°æ®Ω-î√L.) ûÁ-©-§ƒ-L,

(´≤ƒh Å®·ûË. ؈’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L.) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù™E sentences †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) I have to prepare 2) She has to prepare 3) I had to take 4) I must get 5) I must pay 6) We must submit 7) The application should have the signature 8) We must mention. sentences verbs: have to + 1st RDW; has to + 1st RDW; had to + 1st RDW; must + 1st RDW; should + 1st RDW

°j

™E

.

Have to/ has to, had to, must, should rule

É´Fo èπÿú≈ NCµí¬, v°æ鬮Ωç, ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

because I have to be thorough with

Suman: Hari too has to be at home in ten minutes. He doesn't like to miss the serial. Isn't it so, Hari?

my job.

(£æ«J èπÿú≈ 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ Éçöx M. SURESAN Öçú≈L. Åûª-úÕéÀ serial miss Å´ôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË éπü∆ £æ«J?) Hari:

That's right. I have to hurry now. Bye. (

Eï¢Ë’. ؈’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L)

Suman: Don't forget tomorrow's exam time. You have to be at the centre by 9.45

(Í®°æ¤ exam time ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ. O’®Ω-éπ\úø 9.45 éπ-™«x Öçú≈L) Ééπ\úø îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Present ™í¬F, future ™í¬F 'Öçú≈L— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ have to be/ has to be ¢√ú≈ç. äéπ Order / Command ´©x, NCµ ´©x (Åçõ‰ Duty), ™‰éπ§ÚûË Å´-Ææ®Ωç (Necessity) ´©x Öçú≈Lq´ÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ Have to be/ has to be ¢√úøû√ç. a) O’®Ω’ 10éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L. You have to be at office by 10 (Command) b)

(؈’ É°æ¤púË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒh†’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ø√ °æE ؈’ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’éÓ-¢√L éπü∆ (Ééπ\úø have to be - necessity). I understand I have to be at office for atleast 6 hours. (éπFÆæç 6 í∫çô©ÊÆ°æ-®·Ø√ office ™ Öçú≈-©E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø have to be NCµE ûÁ©’°æ¤ûÓçC éπü∆.) Now practice the following in English: Kranthi:

†’´¤y éπFÆæç ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø’ í∫çô© ´®Ω-ÈéjØ√ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L, Å®Ωn-´’-®·çü∆? Shanthi: Yes, Madam. Ñ®Ó-ñ‰é¬-ü¿’, Í®°æ¤ -èπÿú≈ ÉüË ¢Ë∞¡™x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-©E ûÁ©’Ææ’ madam. Kranthi: Watchman ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p, Åûª-Eç-é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L ÅE; pass Ö†o¢√∞¡’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ™°æ© Öçú≈-©-F. Shanthi: Ok, Madam. Åûª-E-éπ\úø 8 í∫çô©´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈-©E èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒh†’. Kranthi: OK. ñ«ví∫ûªh. Ø√èπ◊ meeting ÖçC. Åéπ\úø ؈’ 1.30 éπçû√ Öçú≈L. ØËØÌîËa ÆæJéÀ files ÅFo ready Å®·-Öç-ú≈L. ûÁL-Æœçü∆? Shanthi: Readyí¬ Öçö«®·, madam.

v°æA ÖüÓuT 10 †’ç* 5´®Ωèπ◊ Office ™ Öçú≈L

Answer:

Every employee has to be in the office

Kranthi: You have to be here till atleast 2 in the

from 10 to 5 (Command)

afternoon, understand?

c) I have to be at office by 10.

؈’ 10éπ-™«x

office

™ Öçú≈L.

Shanthi: Yes, Madam. I Understand too, that (Duty =

NCµ)

d) She has to be at office for a minimum of Six hours.

(-Ç-¢Á’ éπFÆæç 6 í∫çô-©-ÊÆ-°jØ√ Office ™ Öçú≈L = Duty/ NCµ) e) I have to be at the station at 2 or I shall miss the train.

؈’

station

-™ È®çúÕçöÀéÀ Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Å´¤-û√†’. (ÉC necessity, Åçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆) train miss

f) He has to be here atleast by tomorrow.

not only today, but also tomorrow I have to be here during the same time. Kranthi: Tell the watchman that he has to be a little more careful, that only those who have passes have to be here. Shanthi: Ok, Madam. I will tell him too that he has to be here till 8 o'clock. Kranthi: Ok. Be careful. I have a meeting. I have to be there by 1.30. By the time I return all the files must be ready. Shanthi: They shall be, madam.

Otherwise he will miss the chance.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Hitesh: Hi Mallesh, I coludn't see you the whole of yesterday. What happened?

(E†oçû√ éπ-E°œç-‰ü¿’. àç ïJTçC?)

Mallesh: (I was) Busy at home. I had to be at home attending to some repairs for the house. Dad was out of town. busy repairs

d) Action word: have to + 1st Regular Doing Word, has to + 1st Regular Doing Word. (Have to go, have to do, has to go, has to do etc,

¢Á∞«}L, îËߪ÷L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Éçé¬ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC– a) ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© ´©x Öçúø-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’, (Éçöx í¬ ÖØ√o. ÉçöÀ îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’– have to be/ has to be; îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ÉçöxØË Öçú≈Lq ´*açC. have to + 1st RDW/ has to + 1st RDW. Ø√†o- Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’.) eg: a) Attend = College/ School/ Class ™«çöÀ 1) I have to be at home by 8. ¢√öÀéÀ, functions/ meetings/ marriages ؈’ 8 éπ-™«x Éçöx Öçú≈L. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷ Ø√-†o™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç. éÓ°æ p-úøû√®Ω’) b) attend to = äéπ °æE îË°æ-ôd-ôç / ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬ 2) He has to be here by 10. Otherwise we îËߪ’ôç; 'I am attending to the repairs'. can't start. c) Attend on = ÅA--ü∑¿’-©èπ◊, ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ (Åûª-E-éπ\úø 10éπ-™«x Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω™‰ç) îËߪ’ôç,

When I was ill, my sister, attended on me. Hitesh: You remember we have to go to Naresh's for his birthday party. It's already 5. Shall we start? (Naresh birthday party

Èé∞«x-©E í∫’®Ω’hç-Céπü∆? É°æp-öÀÍé 5 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. •ßª’-©’üË®Ω-ü∆-´÷?)

3) They have to see the doctor today. The appointment is for today. doctor appointment 'have to' has to

(É¢√∞¡ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«xL. Çߪ’† Ñ Éî√aúø’)– Ééπ\úø ®ÓVèπ◊ (Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈) ´’†ç ´·çü¿’ E®Ωg-®·ç-èπ◊†o °æEéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí–

éÌØ√-L-éπü∆?)

(ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L ´’J.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

í∫ûªç™ Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, E•ç-üµ¿-†© ´©xí¬F ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/ Öçú≈-Lq†°æ¤púø’ πÿú≈ had to ¢√úøû√ç. 1) Lord Rama had to go to forests to honour his father's word.

¢√∞¡x-Ø√†o ´÷ô E©-¶„-ôd-ö«-EéÀ X®√-´·úø’ Åúø-´¤©èπ◊ -¢Á∞«x-Lq- ´-*açC. 2) He had to live in the forest for 12 years

°æØÁoç-úË∞¡x ´†-¢√Ææç îËߪ÷Lq ´*açC. 3) He had to pay a fine of Rs. 250/- for driving the wrong way.

102

4) Pramila had to submit the application the day before yesterday. She submitted it yesterday, so she had to pay a late fee of Rs. 10/-.

c) Before you build a house, you should submit the plan for approval. plan submit ´ Should past form 'had to' have to/ has to sentences

(É©’x éπõ‰d ´·çü¿’, ÉçöÀ Ç¢Á÷-ü∆-EéÀ îËߪ÷L) èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ØË, ©èπ◊ ™«í¬. Ñ éÀçC †’ §Ú©açúÕ.

a) The Players should be at the field by 9 AM field present/ future b) The players had to be at the field by 9 AM. Players field Past. have to/ should has to, should have to/ has to powerful.

ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀ-éπ-™«x véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ ™ Öçú≈L. Ŵa. ÉC

9 éÀ ™ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC– ÉC ´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-© π◊ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, éπçõ‰ á π◊\´

Å´-èπÿ-úøü¿’.)

You have to do it

(Éçûªéà †Í®≠ˇ ´ßª’Ææ’q áçûª’ç-úÌ--îªaç-ö«´¤? ÉC ÅûªE áØÓo birthday?– DEéÀ English ™‰ü¿’.)

Hitesh: He must be 18 now. I think it is his 18th birth anniversary. birthday AnniversaryMallesh: We are all the same age then, give or take a few months.

(18 à∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈L. ÉC ÅûªE 18´ ņ’-èπ◊çö«. ¢√J{-éÓûªq-´ç)

4) He has to return my book today. He said he would.

(Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ -Ñ®Ó--V °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉîËa-ߪ÷L. É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’.) b) Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, àüÁjØ√ E•ç-üµ¿-†© (Å®·ûË ´’†-´’çû√ ØÁ©© ûËú≈ûÓ äÍé ´©-xí¬F (Rules) ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/ Öçú≈Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç. ´ßª’Ææ’q™ ÖØ√o´’-†o-´÷ô.)

Hitesh: Ok. Let's start. Mallesh: We must get back home early. Don't forget our exams from the day after tomorrow. Because of the change in the exam hours, we must be at college 10 minutes before nine.

(´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ´îËa-ߪ÷L. á©’xçúÕ †’ç* ´’†èπ◊ exams ÅE ´’®Ω-*§Úèπ◊. ´÷J† ¢Ë∞¡© v°æ鬮Ωç College ™ 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ûªèπ◊\´ 9 éπ-™«x -Öçú≈-L-.) éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ have to be/ has to be Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç. a) I, We, You, They subjects Å®·ûË have to. b) He, She, It Å®·ûË has to. c) be form: have to be/ has to be (Öçú≈L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ).

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1)

¢√£æ«-Ø√© ¢Á†éπ ®√ÊÆ 'please Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 2) ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ö«EéÀ Ææ´÷† Å®Ωnç ´îËa ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü¿ç à¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? – >™«E, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø sound horn'

-ï-¢√-•’:

b)

(Åûª†’ wrong direction ™ drive îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ 250 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’© -ï-J-´÷-Ø√ éπö«dLq ´*açC.)

Mallesh: But we should buy some gift for him. gift Hitesh: We must hurry then. We shouldn't be late. late Mallesh: What, do you think, is Naresh's age now?

(àüÓ

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 25 -ï-†-´-J 2006

1) Please sound horn

Åçõ‰ horn ¢Á÷Tç-îªçúÕ ÅE Å®Ωnç. äéπ ¢√£æ«†ç ¢Á†-éπ-´¤†o ¢√£æ«†ç, ´·çü¿J ¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo ü∆öÀ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, horn ¢Á÷TÊÆh, ´·çü¿J ¢√£æ«†ç, ¢Á†éπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ ü∆JÆæ’hçü¿E îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Å™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. 2) '¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç— Å†o-´÷-ôèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Å†-í∫-L-TçC 'unassertive'. 'assertive' Åçõ‰ E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ Öçúøôç, 鬕öÀd, 'unassertive' Åçõ‰ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç í∫© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Spoken English

1) You have to show the ticket on demand. Keep it safe until the journey is over. [ Ticket

ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’ (öÀÈéö¸– öÀ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) îª÷§ƒL. v°æߪ÷ùç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’-u´-®Ωèπ◊ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öç-. On demand = ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’-]

2) Kumar has to pay the fees tomorrow. (kumar

Í®°æ¤

fees

éπö«dL.)

3) The boss has asked us to be at office half an hour earlier than usual. We have to be at office at 9. (Boss ´’†Lo ã Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ office èπ◊ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç 9 éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L.) Have to/ has to á°æ¤púø÷ present/ future situations èπ◊ ´Jh-≤ƒh®·. ÅüË past ™ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ had to ¢√úøû√ç. lesson v§ƒ®Ω綵º Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Mallesh -à-´’-Ø√oúø’?I had to be at home (Yesterday - past) ÅE. Åçõ‰ ØËEçöx Öçú≈Lq ´*açC. 鬕öÀd í∫ûªç™– a) --à-üÁj-Ø√ °æJÆœn-ûª’©´©x-í¬E, E•ç-üµ¿-†©´©x-í¬E, Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´ç-ûªç-´©xí¬E áéπ\-úÁjØ√ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, had to be, àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-´ÊÆh had to + 1st Regular Doing Word (RDW) ¢√úøû√ç. 1. He had to be at station by 8, as his friend was coming. (Station friend

™ Åûª†’ 8 éÀ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC, ¢√∞¡x á´®Ó ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀd)

(v°æO’© ¢Á·†oØË application submit îËߪ÷-LqçC – é¬F E-†o îËÆœçC, Åçü¿’-éπE 10 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ late fee îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC.) ´’Sx lesson ¢Á·ü¿öx Ö†o Ææ綵«-≠æù ã≤ƒJ îª÷úøçúÕ: Mallesh: We should buy some gift for him. Hitesh: .... We shouldn't (should not) be late.

Ééπ\úø

'should'

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. ÉC èπÿú≈ have to/ has to èπ◊ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ Öçô’çC. DEéÀ 'be' form should be = Öçú≈L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ;

b) He should understand that we are his well wishers.

c) You should refer to the dictionary when you are in doubt.

Now practise the following in English: Prema:

Prema: OK.

Prema: When have we to start? / When should we start? Preethi: In an hour from now. We have to be at

FÍé-üÁjØ√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ Dictionary îª÷ú≈L. (îª÷úøôç ÆæÈ®j† °æE) E•ç-üµ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç ÆæÈ®j†D, é¬E-D ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’ π◊ πÿú≈ should ¢√úø-´îª’a.

the airport by 9. We have to have our

a) You should not drive at more than 20 kmph

Prema: We have to have / should have three

along this road.

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ¨»çA Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø, °RxéÀ ¢Á∞«}Lq ´*açC.)

b) Passengers should be at the airport half

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

M. SURESAN

Answer:

´’†ç ÅûªE v¨ÏßÁ÷-Gµ-™«-≠æfl©-´’ØË N≠æߪ’ç Åûª†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.

2. Santhi had to go to Vijayawada last Sunday to attend a marriage.

(N¨»™¸ E†o fees îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC. ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ØË-†’ -Å®Ω’-´¤ -É¢√yLq ´*açC.)

O’JC îËߪ÷L = You Ééπ\úø you have to do it èπ◊, you should do it éπØ√o force áèπ◊\´, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌç-îÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç.

should do it.

´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ -•-ߪ’-©’-üË®√-L? Preethi: ÉçéÓ í∫çô™/ 9 í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´’†ç airport Action word, should + 1st RDW (should go, ™ Öçú≈L. Passport, visa, Éûª®Ω docushould know, should do, etc.) = ¢Á∞ «xL, ments Åçû√ ready í¬ Öç-éÓ-¢√L. ¢√-∞¡Ÿx ûÁL-ߪ÷L/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, îËߪ÷L, etc. Å®√n-©ûÓ) -Å-úøí∫ç-í¬ØË îª÷°œç-îª-í∫-©í¬L. should á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†ç Öçú≈-Lq† ÆæÈ®j† B®Ω’†’ Prema: ´‚úø’ Ø√©’í∫’ ´çü¿-© *©x-®Ω èπÿ-ú≈ Öçí∫’-Jç-*, ÆæJí¬ îËߪ÷Lq† °æEE í∫’-Jç-* éÓ-¢√L éπü∆. àüÁjØ√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ®√´îª’a. ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC. Preethi: Airport entrance ticket é̆’-éÓ\-¢√-©-E O’ a) You should be here at 10 everyday. friends ûÓ îÁ§ƒpL †’´¤y. ¢√∞¡Ÿx lounge †’´¤y ®ÓW °æ-Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø -Öç-ú≈-L. ™ØË èπÿ®Óa-¢√L.

(Ñ road ™ O’®Ω’ 20 éÀ-™O’-ô®Ωx ¢Ëí¬-Eo -N’ç-* -†-úø°æ®√-ü¿’.)

3. Vishal had to pay the fees yesterday; he had no money, so I had to lend him the amount.

You have to do it =

(Kmph = KPH = Kilometres per hour) an hour before the flight departure.

(N´÷†ç •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-ö«-EéÀ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊©’ airport ™ Öçú≈L.) flight = N´÷-†-ߪ÷†ç/ °æéÀ~ áí∫-®Ωôç, Departure = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç

passport, visa and other documents ready. We should be able to show them when they ask for it. hundred to four hundred rupees in change in case of need. Preethi: You should tell your friends that they have to buy the airport entrance ticket. They have to sit all the time in the lounge. Prema: OK.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vipula: Hi Klupta, what's new?

(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?– ÉC É°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™éÀ ´Ææ’h†o °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô) Klupta: O nothing. Just getting on.

(àç ™‰´¤. àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC) Vipula: Is your application for the job ready? (job Application ready Klupta: What's the hurry, Vipula? We have plenty of time, haven't we? time Plenty of = Vipula: What are you talking? Only four days are left, you know. You must hurry.

èπ◊ °æ秃-Lq† í¬ Öçü∆?) î˨»¢√?/

Æœü¿l¥ç

(àçöÀ ûÌçü¿®Ω? é¬-¢√-Lq-†çûª î√™«) éπü∆?

ÖçC,

(àçöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Ééπ Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV™‰í¬ ÖçC?ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L) left = N’T-LçC Klupta: Dad's going to fill it in tonight and it will be ready by tomorrow afternoon. application ready

(´÷ Ø√†o É¢√∞¡ ®√vA îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-E-éπ™«x Öçô’çC.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

°æ‹Jh í¬

must 1) The application must be in the candidate's own handwriting = 2) No column must be blank =

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™

¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ îª÷úøçúÕ Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-J™ Öçú≈L

ë«Sí¬ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ´’†ç ®√ߪ÷L. ïûª-°æ-®√aL. îË®√L. ´’†™ î√-™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – must Åçõ‰ ûª°æpEÆæJÅE. Must be - be form = Öçú≈L; 3) We must write = 4) You must enclose = 5) must reach =

Must + 1st RDW - Action word (Must go, must write, etc,) = etc.) Lesson have to/ has to, should must must (must be) / (must + 1st RDW)

¢Á∞«xL, ®√ߪ÷L, ™ èπ◊ èπÿ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç ÖçC – Å®Ωnç™, †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ N°æ¤© E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Åçõ‰ ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ Öçú≈-Lq-†O îËߪ÷-Lq-†O ¢√úøôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. éÀçCN èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. éÀçü¿öÀ

a) Voters must show their ID cards to the polling Officers = Voters polling officers cards (ID cards = Identity cards) b) Students must get their own geometry box to the exam = Geometry box

èπ◊ ûª´’ í∫’Jhç°æ¤ îª÷§ƒL. (E•ç-üµ¿†)

103

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 27 -ï-†-´-J 2006

°æK-éπ~èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ¢√∞¡x ≤Òçûª ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L. (E•ç-üµ¿†)

Karthik:

´’†ç lab ™ 9 éπ™«x Öçú≈L. àN’öÀ Ç©Ææuç? úø•’s ready í¬ØË ÖçC-éπü∆? Sravan: Éçöx á´-®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’. ´÷ Å´’t ´îËa-ü∆é¬ Çí¬L ؈’. ûª†’ ´îËaü∆é¬ Öçúø-´’E ´’K í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œpçC. Karthik: ´’-†ç 9 éπ™«x lab ™ Öçú≈L, éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ؈’ ¢Á∞¡xØ√? Sravan: Åçûª -éπç-í¬-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? °æéπ\ØË ÖØ√oúø’í¬ ÅPyE. ¢√úÕ bike O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«lç. b) police officer: time ? Shopkeeper: 10.30 Police officer: 10.30 shop

É°æ¤púø’

Shopkeeper:

áçûª ü∆öÀçC. éπ™«x ´‚ÂÆ-ߪ÷u-©E -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü∆? ´‚ÂÆ-ߪ÷u-L- O’-J-°æ¤púø’. •ßª’ô showcase ÖçC. ü∆Eo -™°æ©Â°ö«dL.

You must finish the work Vipula: Klupta, don't talk like a child. Don't you know that the application must be in the candidate's own hand writing? It must be complete in with all particulars. No column must be blank. If a column does not apply to us, we must write in it, Does not apply / Not applicable' No dashes either. fill Application

(*†o-°œ-©x™« ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. O’ Ø√†o îËߪ’ôç (Eç°æôç) àN’öÀ? ŶµºuJn Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-JûÓ Öçú≈L. ÅEo N´-®√-©ûÓ °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçú≈L. à column èπÿú≈ ë«Sí¬ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ ´Jhç-îªE column àüÁj-Ø√ Öçõ‰ Does not apply/ Not applicable ÅE ®√ߪ÷L. Dash ©’ ™«çöÀN èπÿú≈ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.) Candidate (é¬uEf-úÁ-ß˝’ö¸ – é¬u, bank ™ b ™«í¬ é¬u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = ŶµºuJn particulars (°æöÀèπ◊u-©ñ¸ öÀ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, r silent, *´J ñ¸, size ™ z ™«í∫) = N´-®√©’. blank = -ë«-S. Does not apply/ Not applicable = ´Jhç-îªü¿’. No... either = 'no' -ûÓ é¬F, not ûÓ é¬F also ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, No/ not either Åçö«ç. Column = 鬩ç = Application ™ ÅúÕÍí Å稻©’ – Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç ®√ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ÖüËl-Pç-*† ë«S Ææn©ç)

Klupta: I don't know how to fill in properly.

(´’J- Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ Eç°æôç ®√ü¿’. Properly = v§ƒ°æ-L = ÆæJí¬_) Vipula: Take your dad's help. Remember too that you must enclose all the certificates. The application must reach the office on or before the 31st January. fill certificates Application, office st Jan Certificate -

(O’ Ø√†o ≤ƒßª’çûÓ îÁß˝’. ÅEo ïûª-°æ-®√aL. Ç èπ◊, ™‰ü∆ Åç-ûªèπ◊´·çü¿’í¬-F îË®√L. 31 ÆæöÀ-°∂œ-Èé-ß˝’ö¸ – Èé ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Klupta: I must hurry up. (Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ûªy®Ω°æ-ú≈L)

Spoken English

Varun: When will you be back, Kuber?

Police Officer: Even if the Governor comes, you must close shop by 10.30. Don't forget. game practice Infinitive lesto + Ist Regular Doing sons Word. eg: to go, to come, to know, etc,

É°æ¤púø’ Ñ *†o îËߪ’çúÕ. Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ™ N´-Jçî√ç– OöÀE ´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. 1) ¢Á∞¡xôç, ®√´ôç, ûÁ-L-ߪ’ôç/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. To go now will be the right thing

É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç ÆæÈ®jç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC. ¢Á∞«x-©E, ®√¢√-©E, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ I want to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. 3) ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ, ®√´-ö«-EéÀ, ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 2)

a) He is getting ready to go

¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’

she is going out to buy a book

°æ¤Ææhéπç é̆-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞hçC. game. É™«çöÀ infinitives Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* sentences form îËߪ’ôç – áEo îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË ÅEo, áEo varieties Å®·ûË ÅEo – statements & É°æ¤púø’

questions, negative sentences (no/ not/ never dialogue form eg: 1) She wants to sing 2) To smoke is not good for health. ( smoke 3) She has came to borrow a book from me

ûÓ, O©-®·ûË

™.

§ƒú≈-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC

Police officer:

(èπ◊¶‰®˝, á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢˛?) Kuber: Only after 5. Till then I must be M. SURESAN at office. I must close the accounts before I leave office. office Office accounts close kuber, must duties (office

(5 í∫çô© ûª®√yûË. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ™ØË ´C-™‰-´·çü¿’, Öçú≈L. èπÿú≈ îËߪ÷L) †’ ûª† Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆? ™ Öçú≈Lq† Æ洒ߪ’ç, îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’©’ – É™«çöÀ Nüµ¿’©’/ duties) ÉN must èπ◊ -Ö†o È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç –

Must expresses duties. Udaya: May I go now Madam? Sandhya: No. You must stay here for another hour; understand? You must finish the work I have given you and then only leave.

(¢Á-∞Ôx-î√açúŒ?)

(™‰ü¿’. ÉçéÓ í∫çô Öçú≈L †’Ny-éπ\úø. ØËE-*a† °æE °æ‹JhîËÆœ† ûª®√yûË ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. -ûÁ-LÆœçü∆?) Ééπ\úø Sandhya ´÷ô©Fo commands/ orders = Çïc©’. Åçõ‰ ÇïcL-´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ must ¢√úøû√ç. É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o must uses: 1) Rules (E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊) 2) duties (Nüµ¿’-©èπ◊) 3) commands/ orders (Çïc-©èπ◊) Now practice the following in English: a) Karthik: Sravan:

†’´¤y ready Ø√? •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ü∆´÷? é¬Ææh Çí∫’. ؈’ Ñ®Ó-V °∂‘V-éπ-ö«dL. Åçü¿’-éπE úø•’s ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. Karthik: Í®°æ¤ éπôd-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? Sravan: Í®°æöÀ†’ç* ®ÓVèπ◊ Rs 10/- ïJ-´÷† éπö«dLq Öçô’çC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

؈’ ´’Sx O’ shop 10.30 ûª®√yûª ûÁ®Ω* Öçúøôç îª÷úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’, ûÁL-Æœçü∆? Shopkeeper: ÉçéÓ police officer à¢Ó- éÌ-†-ú≈-EéÀ ´î√a®Ω’. ÅC é̆ôç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-ü∆é¬ shop ûÁJ-* -Öç-îª-´’E Çïc Éî√a®Ω’, sir. Police officer: Governor shop

´*aØ√ ®√vA 10.30èπ◊ éπõ„d-ߪ÷uL. ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊.

Answers: a) Karthik: Are you ready? Shall we start? Sravan: Wait I must pay the fees today. Let me get the money. Karthik: Why can't you pay tomorrow? Sravan: From tomorrow, we must pay a fine of Rs.10/- per day. Karthik: We must be at the lab by 9. What's the delay? You have the money. Sravan: No one is at home. I must/ have to wait till mother comes back. She has told me that I must wait till she is back. Karthik: We must be at the lab at 9. Shall I go? Sravan: Why are you so worried? Aswini is here. We can go on his bike. b) Police officer: What is the time now? Shopkeeper: Past 10.30 Police officer: Don't you know that you must close shop by 10.30? you must close it now. Shopkeeper: The showcase is outside. I must keep it in. Police officer: I must not see the shop open after 10.30 again; understand? Shopkeeper: Some other Police Officer came here to buy something. He ordered me to keep the shop open until his purchases are complete, sir. (Purchases =

é̆’-íÓ©’)

îËߪ’ôç Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ ´’ç*Cé¬ü¿’)

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ´*açC)

4) Where do you want to go now?

É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?

5) Vasanth: Which college do you want to join? Hemanth: I have come to consult you. Vasanth: To join our college will be the best. Hemanth: But to join your college will be expensive, won't it? game practice

É™«ç-öÀN Ñ

™

îËߪ’çúÕ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: †’-´¤y -´’®Ω-*-§Ú-û√-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†-E í∫’®Ω’h -îË-¨»-†’. 'Lest you should forget that I have reminded you' Lest should

Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†®√¢√-L -éπü∆? üËØ√? ´ÊÆ h i) ¢√úÕûÓ Øˆ’ îÁ§ƒpE îÁ°æ¤p Fèπ◊ Ç °æE-îËÆ œ °úø-û√úø’.ii) †’´¤y Å™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-´E Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’Ææ’. -O-öÀ-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? iii) old boy Åçõ‰ close friend ÅØË Å®Ωnç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? – ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, ü¿Jz -ï-¢√-•’: 1. †’´¤y ´’Ja-§Ú-û√-¢Ë¢Á÷†E í∫’®Ω’h î˨»†’ – DEéÀ correct English - I have reminded you lest you (should) forget. 'That I have reminded you; 2. Start early lest you should be late

ûª°æ¤p

Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’.

3. He carried an umbrella lest he (should) get drenched

ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ íÌúø’í∫’ BÂÆ\-∞«xúø’. ™ îËߪ’-´îª’a. ™ èπÿú≈ BÊÆÆœ, ņ-´îª’a.

No 1, No 3 sentences should omit No. 2 should lest you be late Lest = so that not. i) Tell him it is from me. He will do it. (It is from me = ii) I knew that you would think so. iii) Close friend old boy correct,

؈’ îÁ§ƒp-†E îÁ°æ¤p)

†’,

ņôç

Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Subodh: Pramod, we must travel by some morning train to avoid hot sun. So let's have our tickets booked by an early morning train.

(´’†ç Öü¿-ߪ’ç-°æ‹ô train ™ ¢Á∞«xL, áçúø ûªí∫-©-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç §Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô train èπ◊ tickets book îË®·ç-èπ◊çü∆ç.)

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 29 -ï-†-´-J 2006

b) We must carry enough cash. cash

î√L-†çûª BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL ´’†ç, (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ É•sçC °æúøû√ç)

c) If I want to avoid the queue, I must be there atleast by 8. (Q

™ E©-´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ؈-éπ\úø 8 éπ™«x Öçú≈L)

d) I must check up with him and see that every thing is ready.

Pramod: And as it's going to be a long journey, we must carry enough cash with us as well. We must be careful about spending too, not at every place can we find an ATM of our bank.

(î√™« ü¿÷®Ω v°æߪ÷ùç 鬕öÀd ûªT-†çûª úø•’s èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. ÅC èπÿú≈ ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ ê®Ω’a °ö«dL. ÅEo-îÓö«x ´’† bank ATM Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a) (ATM = Automatic Teller Machine - Bank card

ûÓ úø•’s §Òçü¿-í∫© à®√pô’)

Subodh: We must carry food too. The food on the train is very expensive and not at

(ÅFo Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oßÁ÷ ™‰üÓ ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L) °j ¢√é¬u-©-Eoçöx èπÿú≈ must, necessity (Å´-Ææ®√Eo – Åçõ‰ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© v§Úü¿s©ç´©x ´’†èπ◊ 鬴-©Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷©-†’, ´’†ç îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ-†N) ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª’çC. ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC: Have to/ has to, should, must-

Ñ ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬™x î√™« ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀF èπÿú≈ ´’†ç, Rules, duty, commands, necessity ©†’ express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

all good.

(´’†ç A†-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ à¢Á’iØ√ BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL. Train ™ ǣ慮Ωç êKüË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¶«í∫’çúøü¿’ èπÿú≈) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ must ûÓ ´*a† expressions îª÷ü∆lç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

1) Must expresses rules.

have to/ has to expresses command,

duty, necessity, etc., more powerfully than

á°æ¤púø÷ î√™« †í∫-©ûÓ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ü∆¢Á’. ¶«í¬ Ö†o ¢√∞Îkx Öçú≈L.

2) I see prasanth's name on the book. It should be his.

should. Must

Ñ ´‚úÕçöx ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æ¤hçC, commands é¬F, duty é¬F, necessity é¬F, rules é¬F. 'Must' is stronger than have to/ has to or

-Ç •’é˙ O’ü¿ v°æ¨»çû˝ Ê°®Ω’çC. ÅC Åûª-EüÁj Öçú≈L. practice the following in English Kesav:

èπ◊´÷-®˝E ¢ÁçôØË Øˆ’ éπ©-¢√L. ÅûªúÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç äéπ-ô’çC. I should goGangadhar: Éçöx Öçú≈L°æ¤púø-ûª†’ ´’J. Å®Ω-í∫çô ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL; éÀçü¿õ‰ ؈’ phone îËÊÆh îÁ§ƒpúø’ ûªØÁ-éπ\-úÕéà ¢Á∞¡xôç ™‰ü¿E DØËo ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I have to goKesav: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞«xL. †’´‹y ´≤ƒh¢√? Éçé¬ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I must go. Gangadhar: ´÷ ÇNúø ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéÓ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡xÉO should, have to/ has to, must èπ◊ ÖçúË ´’çC. ØË¢Á-∞«xL ¢ÁçôØË. ÇNúø Ø√éÓÆæç ûËú≈©’. wait îËÆæ÷h Öçô’çC ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. should.

We must be careful

Must travel, must carry, must be careful.

-É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o

104

鬕öÀd

must Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. (E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-

ûª’çC) Candidates must report for the interview at 9 AM on 2nd Feb 2006. (2nd Feb 2006

®ÓV Ŷµºu-®Ω’n-©’

interview

£æ…ï®Ω’ 鬢√L) 2) Must expresses commands must

(Çïc-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ

¢√úøû√ç)

(O’JC ´’Sx îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’) 3) Must expresses duty. I must be at office until 5.

(âCçöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ؈’ office ™ Öçú≈L) ´’Sx °j Ææ綵«-≠æù îªCN must Ö†o expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. a) We must carry enough cash. cash

a) You should be punctual punctual b) He should not talk like that

train

í¬ Öçú≈L– Öçúøôç ´’ç*C).

(Åûª-†™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’– Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ´’ç*C) should éπØ√o, have to/ has to, force áèπ◊\´. éÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ command É´y-ö«-EéÀ, Nüµ∆-ߪ’éπç ÅE îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÃ, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ éÌçîÁç force ûÓ ûÁ©-°æö«-EéÀ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç. a) I have to take my sister to the hospital (more powerful than, 'I should take')... b) He has to do whatever I want him to do

BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç

BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL ´’†ç

b) We must travel by some morning train.

´’†ç §Òü¿’l†

should

should

(†’´¤y

You must not do it again.

î√L-†çûª

Oô-Eoç-öÀ™ mild (ûªèπ◊\´ force). ´·êuçí¬ àC îËÊÆh ÆæJ, àC é¬ü¿’ ņ-ö«EéÀ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË

èπ◊

™ ¢Á∞«xL.

c) We must be careful.

ØËØËC ¢√úÕo îÁߪ’u-´’ç--ö«ØÓ ¢√úøC îÁߪ÷u-LqçüË.

´’†ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. °j ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x must, necessity (Å´-Ææ-®√Eo) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ´’†ç É•sçC °æúø-èπ◊çú≈, ´’†èπ◊ îÁúø’ ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ ´’† Å´-Ææ-®√Eo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ must ¢√úøû√ç. a) We must hurry or we'll miss the beginning of the movie.

´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ning miss Å´¤û√ç.

movie begin-

c) They have to finish the work by the evening

(≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-E-éπ™«x ¢√-∞«} °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷-LqçüË). b), c) ™ should ¢√úø-´îª’a have to/ has to èπ◊ •ü¿’©’. Å®·ûË have to/ has to Åçûª force ®√ü¿’. d) He has made mistakes and has to face the consequences.

(ûª°æ¤p©’ î˨»úø’ 鬕öÀd °∂æLûªç ņ’-¶µº-Nç-î√-LqçüË).

-v°æ-¨¡o: Learn èπ◊ past ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ È®çúø’ learned, learnt ÅE ÖØ√o®·. Å™«Íí past èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË she learnt english ÅØ√™«? She learned english ÅØ√™«? Å™«Íí passive voice ™ English was learned ņ-´î√a? English was learnt ÅØË ÅØ√™«? Å™«Íí burnt, burned, dreamt, dreamed © í∫’-Jç-< N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – á. éπ%≠æg-U-û√-®Ω’b†, Eúø-ü¿-¢Ó©’ -ï-¢√-•’: Learned, learnt- past tense éπ®·Ø√, past participle éπ®·Ø√ OöÀ È®çúÕöx àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a – ÅFo äéπõ‰, passive ™ èπÿú≈. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬, burned, burnt, dreamt, dreamed N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ àüÁjØ√, à voice ™ØÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË learned E ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ† (àüÁjØ√ subject) ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤úø’, learned (pronunciation - ™„Eú˛ – ™„ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.

For commands, duties, necessity and rules. must have to/ has to should stronger strongest least than form strong should Commands, rules must Must

Å®·ûË ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. ¶µ«®Ωu© N≠æߪ÷™x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L ´’†ç. Gangadhar: †’´¤y ņ’-¶µº´çûÓ îÁ•’ûª’-ç-ú≈-L (´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: ™«çöÀN áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úÕûË Åçûª Kesav: Ok. Ok. ؈’ M. SURESAN îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. ´’K í∫öÀdí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, ´’çü¿-Lç´’ç*C. îªôç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†ç àüÓ ´’† ÇCµ-éπu-ûª†’, Answer: ÅCµ-é¬-®√Eo îª÷°œç--èπ◊-†oô’d Å´¤-ûª’çC. ≤ƒ´÷- Kesav: I must / have to meet kumar urgently. †uçí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç There is an important matter I have to Å®·ûË shall, should ©ûÓ ÇT-§Ú-´ôç good talk to him about./ I have to talk to him manners. Must, manners ûÁL-Æ œ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx Çïc-©èπ◊ about something important. î√--™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Duty, necessity ûÁ©-°æ- Gangadhar: He must be at home now. A shortö«-EéÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a). while ago I called him and he told Should, must-

-Ñ È®ç-úÕ-ç-öÀ-F ´’†ç éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ ÉN perhaps (•£æ›-¨¡) èπ◊ opposite. Pramod: Any idea where Praful is?

(v°æ°∂椙¸ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Manoj:

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

He must be at home. He is expecting some guests. guests

(ÉçöxØË Öçú≈L ´’J. á´®Ó éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’) Pramod: Who are the guests? (á´®Ω’ guests?) Manoj:

participles

Spoken English

Kesav:

His cousins from the states on a short visit to India. cousins - India

(Å¢Á’-J-鬙 Ö†o -ÅûªE -´î√a®Ω’. éÌCl ®ÓV--©’ç-ö«®Ω’)

èπ◊

Pramod: That should keep him busy for another two days then.

(Åçü¿’-´©x Åûªúø’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ busy í¬ Öçö«úø’) Ééπ\úø

must be at home, should keep him

busy-

É´Fo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-C/ -Öç-ô’çC ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊. ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ must, should ¢√úøû√ç. 1) See her always with a lot of jewellry on. She must be quite rich.

me he wouldn't be going anywhere. Kesav: Then I must rush. Are you coming with me? Gangadhar: My wife wanted me to take her somewhere. I must go home at once, she must be waiting for me. Kesav: Then go. We must be careful about things connected with them. Gangadhar: You must be speaking from experience. Kesav: Ok. Ok. I'm going.

Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ. éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ É*a† game ™ infinitive practice î˨»-®Ω’-í∫ü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ sentence ™ verb èπ◊, infinitive èπÿ ´’üµ¿u me, us, you, him, her, it, them °öÀd practice îËߪ’çúÕ. eg: a) I want you to go; b) She wants him to sing c) What do you want me to do? d) Dad doesn't want me to waste time. practice sentences

É™«ç-öÀN îËÆœ áEo îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sravan: Hi Pavan, how was the movie yesterday? ( movie Pavan: Not very good, but not so bad either.

E†o

ᙫ ÖçC?)

(Åçûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’, Åçûª îÁúø’í¬ ™‰ü¿’)

Sravan: (Do) you suggest that I see it? suggest = Pavan: I leave it to you. leave it to you =

One of all time greats: All time great -

Ñ ´÷ô á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp-¢√-∞¡Ÿx-í¬ / -íÌ-°æp-Ní¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îË¢√∞¡Ÿx/ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îËN ÅE Å®Ωnç. a) Sankarabharanam is an all time great. b) Tendulkar is an all time great. all time great meaning and use. hall Was showing:

ÅD

(îª÷úø-´’ç-ö«¢√?

Ææ÷*ç-îªôç)

(ÅC F É≠ædç Ææ’hØ√o. F É≠ædç)

FéÌ-C-™‰-

Sravan: The other day, I happened to watch an old English movie. 'The ten commandments' on the TV. A real good movie - one of the all time greats. TV English movie, 'The ten commandments movie.

(¢Á·ØÁo-°æ¤púÓ äéπ ®ÓV†

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 31 -ï-†-´-J 2006

™ §ƒûª

îª÷¨»†’. Eïçí¬ íÌ°æp á°æp-öÀéà íÌ°æp¢Ë ņ’-èπ◊ØË ¢√öÀ™x -Å-üÌéπöÀ. (All time great - á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp)

Pavan: Why didn't you tell me?

(Ø√Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’?)

Sravan: I didn't know myself that it was showing. I just turned on HBO channel and there it was. HBO channel movie Pavan: Was it very good?

Kranthi:

*vûªç -äéπ (í∫ûªç™)

™ -Çúø’-ûª÷çC

The movie is excellent. You must see it. I feel like seeing it a second time. Prasanth: Where is it showing? Kranthi:

(Ç *vûªç™ ÅC Öûªh´’ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç)

(ÅC áéπ\úø Çúø’-ûÓçC?)

It is showing in Chitramahal.

(ÅC *vûª-´’-£æ«-™¸™ Çúø’-ûÓçC) ™ Çúøôç =

theatre showing Last week it was showing in Chitradarsini. I don't know where it is showing now. Some other movie is showing in Chitradarsini.

*vûªç -äéπ

best sequence in the movie .

(í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç ÅC *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ Ç-úÕç-C.É°æ¤úø’ áéπ\úø Çúø’-ûª’çüÓ ûÁMü¿’. *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ ÉçÍéüÓ movie Çúø’-ûÓç-C-°æ¤púø’)

b) Most of the shots in the movie were shot in Kashmir ( ✓ Role= = part. a) SV Rangarao could act any role with ease (SV (with ease) b) His is the most important role in the movie ( act a role = do a role = take on a role ( a) Nageswara Rao acted the role of Narada in Bhukailas \ Nageswara Rao did the role of Narada .

Ç *vûªç™ î√-™« ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»©’ é¬Qt-®˝™ B¨»®Ω’ -§ƒ--vûª ®Ωçí¬-®√´¤ à §ƒvûª-ØÁjØ√ Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ †öÀçîª-LÍí-¢√úø’)

Ç *vûªç™ Åûª-EC ÅA ´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª) äé𠧃vûª™ †öÀç-îªôç)

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’ ÅC -´-≤Úhç-ü¿-E Ü-JÍé A§ƒp†’. Ñ éπE-°œç-*çC)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(î√™« ¶«í∫’çü∆?)

105

(Ø√Íí-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤ Ø√®Ωü¿’úÕ §ƒvûª ¢Ë¨»®Ω’)

Answers: Sruthi: Hi Laya, weren't you (were you not) at home yesterday? Laya: No, I went to a movie. I had not going better to do. (I went to a movie, having - nothing better to do.) Sruthi: Which movie, and where is it showing? Laya: Premaku Kallu Levu. At Chitrajyothi. Sruthi: Was it good? Laya: My God! What a bore (it was)! Sruthi: Who were the actors? \ What was the cast? Laya: The movie featured a big cast./ The actors were all great./ The cast included all great actors. Sruthi: How did they act?/ How did they do?/ How did they perform?/ How was their

Sravan: You can say that again and again.

(´’Sx-´’Sx -îÁ§Òpa. Ç ´÷ô.)

It ran to packed houses for weeks together those days Houseful

(Ç ®ÓV™x ¢√®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ †úÕ-*çC)

Tendulkar is an all time great

í¬

Pavan: Who were the cast?

(û√®Ω-™„-´®Ω’?)

Sravan: The movie features Charlton Heston as Moses and Yul Brynner as the Pharaoh. Charlton Heston, Pharaoh (Moses Yul Brynner MosesPharaoh Egyptian-

í¬

í¬ ¢Á÷ñ‰Æˇ; ´Jh)

†öÀç-î√®Ω’. §∂ƒ®Ó

îªvéπ-

Pavan: Any special feature of it? movie Sravan: The cleavage of the sea. It's a grand shot. I have yet to see such a shot in any movie. It looked as though the sea really parted by a path. That's the highlight of the movie. Shot

(Ç

™ àçöÀ -v°æ-ûËuéπ-ûª?)

(Ææ´·vü¿ç <©ôç – Å™«çöÀ †’ ؈’ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ à ÆœE-´÷-™†÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Eïç-í¬ØË Ææ´·vü¿ç È®çúø’-§ƒ--ߪ’© ´’üµ¿u ü∆Í®-®ΩpúÕ†ô’d îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’. Ç movie-™ v°æ-üµ∆-† Çéπ-®Ω{ù ÅüË.)

Pavan: can we get a CD of it? CD Sravan: Definitely

(ü∆E

üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çü∆?) (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) Ñ Ææ綵«≠æù©çû√ ÆœE´÷ í∫’JçîË éπü∆. Ñ lesson™ movie èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† vocabulary (°æü¿-ñ«©ç) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ? -´·ç-ü¿’ -Ñ ´÷ô©’ îª÷úøçúÕ; movie, TVéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N.

1. Movie 2. Watch a movie on the TV 3. One of all time greats 4. Was showing 5. turned on 6. ran to packed houses 7. cast 8. featured 9. shot 10. highlight English movie. Cinema English cinema hall, hall The cinema English film That cinema is good hall

´÷´‚-©’í¬ îª©-†-*vûªç -Åç-õ‰ ™ Åçõ‰ ™ Ç ™ Åçõ‰ -†-*vûª°æJÇúË *vûªç é¬ü¿’. ™ ÅE èπÿú≈ ņv¨¡´’. -†-*-vû√Eo Åçõ‰ Ç ÆœE´÷ ´îª’a. ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿ØË é¬F, Åçü¿’™ Çúø’-ûª’†o *vûªç ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿E é¬ü¿’. See / watch a movie = movie îª÷úøôç. (Å®·ûË am seeing / is seeing / are seeing a movie ņç. Am+ing / is+ing / are + ing ¢√ú≈Lq ´ÊÆh am watching / is watching / are watching a movie ņôç correct) TV™ = on the TV. We are watching an interesting programme on the TV. (in the TV é¬ü¿’)

Spoken English

Ran to packed houses: Houseful Packed house = houseful Run to packed houses = houseful ✓ movie run ✓ movie The movie has run for the past four weeks.

í¬ ÇúÕçC.

b) He acted the role well ( ✓ Live a role = ✓ Do justice to a role = ✓ Comic role = ✓ Tragic role = ✓ Perform = ✓ He performed well = His performance as Sri Rama deserves all praise.

performance?

Ç §ƒvûª™ Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’) Laya: They couldn't §ƒvûª ™  @Nçî ª ô ç act well./They í¬ †úø-´úøç. §ƒvûª è π ◊ Ø√uߪ ’ ç îË è π ÿ ® Ω a ôç didn't do well. Çúø-ö«Eo ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. £æ … Ææ u §ƒvûª , Sruthi: So I need not Ç É°æpöÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ 4 ¢√®√©’ ÇúÕçC. ü¿’”ê-§ƒvûª see it. E®Ωy£œ«ç-îª-úøç Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ. M. SURESAN ✓ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ 100 ®ÓV©’ Çúø’-ûª’çC = Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’. I know what to do. It will certainly run for a hundred days. ✓ movie Åçü¿Ko Çéπ-J{ç-îË-ü¿-®·ûË– (ØËØËç îËߪ÷™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’) Ééπ\úø O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-LqçIt's a big draw. ü¿ ™«x ÉüË †´‚-Ø√™ O’®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-L_-†Eo sentences (X®√-´·-úÕí¬ Çߪ’† †ô† ¢Á’a-éÓ-ûª-í∫_C.) a) This movie will be a big draw îÁ ° æp-í∫-©_úøç. Variety èπÿú≈ Öçú≈L. Åçõ‰, no ûÓ†÷, ✓ (Deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç. (Ñ movie Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-ú≈h®Ω’/ ÅC Åçü¿Ko questions, dialogue form èπÿú≈ ®√¢√L. Å®Ωnç corHe deserves an award Çéπ-J{-Ææ’hçC.) rect í¬ Öçú≈L. (Çߪ’† •£æ›-´’-AéÀ Å®Ω’|úø’) (It will run to packed houses) eg: a) Hema forgot how to open the box ✓ Comedy = Ææ’ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i-†/-£æ…-Ææu-v°æ-üµ∆-†-¢Á’i-† éπü∑¿ b) *vûªç™ àüÁjØ√ ã ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç î√-™« -íÌ-°æp-ü¿-®·ûË, ÅC (box ᙫ ûÁ®Ω-¢√™ Ê£«´’ ´’Ja-§Ú-®·çC) /movie / Ø√ôéπç èπÿú≈ big draw ØË. b) She did not know where to sit ✓ Tragedy = ü¿’”ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i† Ø√ô-éπç/-*-vûªç/-éπü∑¿ The chariot race in Benhur is a big draw (áéπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-¢√™ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁM-™‰ü¿’) a) Missamma is a comedy (Benhur ™ ®Ωü∑∆© °æçüÁç ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç ´·êu Çéπ-®Ω{ù.) c) Do you know when to start? b) Devadasu is a tragedy ✓ Movie™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç = sequence (Æ‘ÈéyØ˛q) Big (á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Comic role = £æ…Ææu §ƒvûª; draw, high light ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπ©-N = ´·êuÑ sentence pattern í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Tragic role = ü¿’”ê-°æ‹-J- §ƒvûª Ç-éπ-®Ω{ù. a) Brahmanandam is known for his comic roles Sub. ûª®√yûª verb, Ç ûª®√yûª 'Wh' Word, Ç ûª®√yûª ✓ caste = û√®√-í∫ùç, movie /drama™. (£æ…Ææu-§ƒ-vûª-©èπ◊ -v•£æ…t-†ç-ü¿ç v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-§Òç-ü∆úø’) infinitive éπü∆. Ñ dialogue èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. a) 'Danaveera Sura karna' casts Rama Rao in the roles of Duryodhana, Krishna and Karna.

(ü∆†-O-®Ω-¨¡⁄-®Ω-éπ-®Ωg™ ®√´÷-®√´¤ -ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†, éπ%-≠æ-g, éπ®Ω’gúÕí¬ ´‚úø’ §ƒvûª-™x †öÀç-î√úø’)

b) He is cast as a villain in the movie ( movie villain c) The cast of the movie has chitrakumar as hero and chitrasri as the heroine (

Ç

™ ÅûªEC

(N©Ø˛) §ƒvûª)

Ç *vûªç-™ -*-vûªèπ◊-´÷®˝ £‘«®Óí¬, -*-vûª-vQ -£‘«®Ó®·-Ø˛í¬ -†-öÀç-î√®Ω’) d) Feature ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅüË.

b) Some artists are suitable for tragic roles ( comedian

éÌçü¿®Ω’ †ô’©’ ü¿’”ê-§ƒ-vûª©’ ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.) £æ…Ææu-†-ô’úø’ = (éπO’-úÕ-ߪ’-Ø˛–'-O’—-ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç Relangi was a great comedian comedienne

£æ…Ææu-†öÀ = (éπN’-úŒ-ߪ’Ø˛), úŒ, O’ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-é¬L.

Practice the following in English. Sruthi: Hi Laya,

†’´¤y E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Éçöx

™‰¢√? ™‰†’. àçîË-ߪ÷™ ûÓîªéπ Movie Èé∞«x†’ à áéπ\-ú≈-úø’-ûÓçC? vÊ°´’èπ ◊ éπ ∞ ¡ Ÿx ™‰´¤. *vûª-ñ u-A™. 'E†’o ؈’ °∞«x-ú≈†’— *vûªç™ †õ‰≠ˇ, ÅGµ-ØËvA ¶«í∫ ’ çü∆? v°æüµ∆†§ƒvûª, v°æüµ∆† §ƒvûªüµ∆®Ω’©’. áçûª bore éÌöÀdçüÓ? ™ é¬F Ø√ô-éπç™ é¬E.) †ô’-™„-´®Ω’? íÌ°æp-†-ô’™‰ ÖØ√o®Ω’. é¬F movie àç ¶«í¬Ç *vûªç™ û√®Ω-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ íÌ°æp-¢√∞Ïx.) ™‰ü¿’. Åûª†’ Ç ™ ã *†o-§ƒ-vûª™ éπEp-≤ƒhúø’.) Sruthi: ¢√∞Îx™« î˨»®Ω’? Laya: ¢√∞¡⁄x à´’çûª íÌ°æpí¬ †öÀç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. *vûªç™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç = Sruthi: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ îª÷úø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿-†o-´÷ô.

a) The movie, Ninnu Nenu Pelladanu features Natesh and Abhinetri in the lead roles ( Lead role = movie b) The movie features all great actors ( c) The movie features him in a minor role ( movie ✓ Shot = sequence. a) That's the best shot in the movie=That's the

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

Laya = Sruthi: movie, Laya: Sruthi: Laya: My God, Sruthi: Laya:

Prem: Do you remember when to start?

(á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ñ«c°æéπç Öçü∆?)

Syam: I do, but you did not tell me where to go.

(ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x™ †’´¤y îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.) É™« Ñ game practice îËÆœ áEo sentences ®√ߪ’í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ. 'I PROMiSE TO PAY THE BEARER THE SUM OF TWENTY RUPEES'

-v°æ-¨¡o-: éπÈ®-Fq -ØÓ-ôx-O’-ü¿ -

Å-E -Öç-ô’ç-C.-D-E -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ? -áÆˇ.-á-¢˛’.-úÕ. -É®√p¥-Ø˛, -†ç-ü∆u©- -ï-¢√-•’.- Currency notes O’ü¿ Ç sentence ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÅC à N©’-´-™‰E ´÷´‚©’ é¬Tûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Currency notes ñ«K-îË-ÊÆC Reserve Bank of India. ü∆E ÅCµ-é¬J Governor of Reserve Bank of India. Ç ÅCµ-é¬J ´’†-éÀîËa £æ…O’ßË’ Ç sentence - Ñ é¬Tûªç- Ö-†o á´-J-ÈéjØ√ (bearer) ؈’ ®Ω÷. 20/– (™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉçÈéç-ûª-®·Ø√) îÁLx-≤ƒh-†E.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Priya: Hi Divya, We really enjoyed the movie yesterday, didn't we? movie enjoy Divya: Certainly. Chitrasri's performance as the heroine was really superb. Heroine Heroine Superb: Priya: The movie will be a runaway success.

(E†o

Eïçí¬

î˨»ç, éπü∆?)

(Eïç-í¬ØË í¬ *vûªX †ô† Åü¿’s¥ûªç) £«®Ó-®·Ø˛– £« ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç Ææ÷u°æ¶¸ – °æ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. (Ñ *vûªç ¶«í¬ Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç Å´¤-ûª’çC)

Divya: It can't be otherwise with that kind of story line, brilliant action and clever direction

(Å™«çöÀ éπü∑¿, ´’ç* †ô†, ûÁL¢Áj† ü¿®Ωz-éπûªyçûÓ ÅC ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ™‰ü¿’)

Priya: The main characters brought out the talent of the lead pair.

(´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª©’ v°æüµ∆† ïçô v°æA-¶µº†’ ¢ÁL-éÀ-ûÁ-î√a®·) Character: é¬u®Ωéπd – é¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç; é¬, ¶«uçé˙™ ¶«u ™«í¬ = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – Q©ç/ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©’/ Ææy¶µ«´ç. é¬F Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç– ã éπü∑¿™, Ø√ô-éπç™ ÆœE-´÷™ §ƒvûª. Lead Pair = v°æ´·ê ïçô – ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ éπü∑¿™/ Ø√ô-éπç™/ *vûªç™ Ø√ߪ’-é¬-Ø√-®·-éπ©’.

Divya: They have been a hit pair - chitrakumar and chitrasri. Their combination has been successful. hero, heroine hit.

(¢√R}-ü¿lJ – *vûª-èπ◊-´÷®˝, *vûªX ïçô – í¬ Â°ü¿l ¢√∞¡xC Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† ïçô Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊)

Priya: They are teaming up again in the next movie 'premikulugane vundam'

(®√¶-ûª’†o *vûªç 'vÊ°N’-èπ◊-©’-í¬ØË Öçü∆ç—™ èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡Ÿx éπLÆœ †öÀÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’)

Divya: They show themselves at their best when they are cast opposite each other

(¢√∞¡Ÿx ïçôí¬ / Ø√ߪ’-é¬-Ø√-®·-éπ-©’í¬ †öÀÊÆh ¢√∞¡x v°æA¶µº î√™« ¶«í¬ îª÷°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’)

c) No one has the formula to make a movie a runaway success -

ã *vû√Eo ņ÷-£æ«u-K-A™ ÅA ûªy®Ωí¬ Nï-ߪ’´çûªç îËߪ’-í∫© Ææ÷vû√©’ á´-J-´ü∆l ™‰´¤. Formula Ææ÷vûªç. Flop, Runaway success èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç.

3) Story line

éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆†ç – ã *vûªç éπü∑¿†’ ü¿®Ωz-èπ◊úø’ îª÷°œçîË B®Ω’. DEÍé ÉçéÓ-´÷ô Plot

a) His movies have the same basic story but the story line differs

ÉC Çߪ’† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ flop à¢Á÷? Åûª-úÕ-éÀ -É*a† §ƒvûªèπ◊ Åûªúø’ suit Å´-úøE Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç. team up. b) The movie failed because of its weak story Srikanth: Çߪ’† à §ƒvûª-ÈéjØ√ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√úø’, à The three boys teamed up to decorate the line §ƒvûª®·Ø√ Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’. room éπü∑¿™/ éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆-†ç™ °æô’d™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøç -´-™‰x Ç í∫CE Å©ç-éπ-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´·í∫’_®Ω’ äéπ ïô’dí¬ b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, E†o ؈’ TV™ 'àN’öà ÅC N°∂æ-©-¢Á’içC. N*vûªç— îª÷¨»†’. áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ! à®Ωp-ú≈f®Ω’. c) Weak story line is the cause of most 8) Cast opposite: äéπ †öÀ (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ heroine) Sunitha: ؈C á°æ¤púÓ îª÷¨»†’. §Ú®·† ØÁ© failures ņ’-èπ◊çö«, ¢Ájñ«-í˚™. äéπ †ô’úÕ (hero) Ææ®Ω-Ææ† †öÀÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ they are î√™« *vû√©’ °æô’-d™‰E éπü∑¿ ´©x üÁ•s-Aç-ô’Vinitha: î√™« ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆. Åçü¿’™ hero, cast opposite each other Åçö«ç. Ø√o®·. heroine © Ê°Í®xçöÀ? ¢√Rx-ü¿l-Jéà ¢Á·ü¿öÀ a) Vikram is cast opposite Sada/ Sada is cast *vûªç ņ’-èπ◊çö«. opposite Vikram/ Vikram and Sada are Sunitha: Å´¤†’. ¢√∞¡x ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™ ØË ´’ç* cast opposite each other in Aparichitudu v°æA¶µº éπ†-•-®Ω-î√®Ω’. Å°æ-J-*-ûª’-úÕ™ Vikram, Ææü∆ Ææ®Ω-Ææ†/ Ææü∆, Vinitha: É°æ ¤púø’ ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ *vû√™x Nvéπ¢˛’ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† / Nvéπ¢˛’, Ææü∆ äéπJ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† äéπ®Ω’ ´·êu ïçôí¬ -†-öÀÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 106 †öÀç-î√®Ω’. ÅûªúÕ *vû√© ´‚©-éπü∑¿ äéπõ‰, é¬F éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆†¢Ë’ ûËú≈

d) The movie flopped/ flopped at the box office/ The movie was a flop, because of its thin story line

ü∆E •©-£‘«† éπü∑¿/ éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆†ç ´©x Ç *vûªç üÁ•s-AçC. Thin èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç weak ÅE. ü∆E ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– Ææ†oE/ °æ©aE. 4) Character: éπü∑¿™ / Ø√ô-éπç™/ *vûªç™ §ƒvûª. Ç¢Á’ ÆœF-®Ωçí∫ç v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç FéÓ-Ææ¢Ë’ *vûªçûÓØË o ´’†ç role ÅE-í¬F part ÅE-í¬F ņ-´îª’a. ņ’-èπ◊çö«, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ à *vûªç èπÿú≈ N°∂æ-©- a)DØËNTR played the character/ role/ part of ´’-´y-™‰ü¿’) Karna in the drama Her action in "Aunantara, Kadantara?" is Ç Ø√ô-éπç™ NTR éπ®Ω’gúÕ §ƒvûª ¢Ë¨»úø’/ †öÀç-î√úø’. really memorable b) One of the main characters in the movie is (å†ç-ö«®√, é¬ü¿ç-ö«®√? *vûªç™ Ç¢Á’ †ô† Lord Venkateshwara played by Suman ´’®Ω-°æ¤-®√-EC) Ç *vûªç™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª™x äéπöÀ Suman Divya: Ok. I must be going Priya. Meet you †öÀç*† ¢Ëçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ §ƒvûª. tomorrow. Bye c) He played his part well (ØË ¢Á∞«xL. Í®°æ¤ éπ©’-≤ƒh†’. Bye) ÅûªúÕ §ƒvûª†’ Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’. Priya: Bye Play ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Çúøôç, Ééπ\úø †öÀç-îªúøç. éÀçü¿öÀ Lesson ™ -†-*-vû√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’ î√™« îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo 5) lead pair= ´·êu-ïçô– Ø√ߪ’é¬ Ø√®·-éπ©’. (the hero and the heroine) îª÷ü∆lç. É´Fo ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ a) NTR and Anjali Devi are the lead pair in ¢√úø’-ûª÷çõ‰ Conversational English î√™« Lavakusa ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. ÉN îª÷úøçúÕ. ©´-èπ◊¨¡ *vûªç™ ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JD ´·êu-¢Á’i† ïçô 1. Superb 2. A runaway success 3. storyline Åü¿’s¥ûªç/ Å¢Á÷°∂æ’ç = àüÁj-Ø√-ÆæÍ® – 鬴a, ã íÌ°æp °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬴a, äéπJ †ô†/ véÃúø/ äéπ®Ω’ ≤ƒCµç-*çC – É¢Ë-¢ÁjØ√ ÆæÍ® Åü¿’s¥-ûªçí¬ Öçõ‰ Superb Åçö«ç. a) It is a superb hattrick by Irfan Pathan = hattrick. Hattrick

É®√p¥Ø˛ °æ®∏√-Ø˛C Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ – ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´®Ω-Ææí¬ Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµÊÆh, ´·êuçí¬ véÃúø™x, ÅD äÍé Player Å®·ûË, hat-trick Åçö«ç.

b) The movie is superb=

c) Tendulkar's was a superb century Century 2) A runaway success

ÅûªúÕ

®Ωï-F-é¬çû˝, ñuAéπ Ç *vûªç™ v°æüµ∆† §ƒvûªüµ∆-®Ω’©’, ïçôí¬.

c) They have proved a hit pair

Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† ïçô.

6) Hit pair

*vû√-EéÀ Nïߪ’ç îËèπÿÍ®a/ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†/ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊© ÅGµ-´÷†ç §ÒçC† ïçô (´÷´‚-©’í¬ hero, heroine §ƒvûª™ x)

a) They make a hit pair

ïûª éπ©-´ôç, ïçôí¬ †öÀç-îªúøç– ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬

ûªyJ-ûª-¢Á’i† Nïߪ’ç

a) The movie was a runaway success.

Ç *vûªç Núø’-ü¿-™„j† ¢ÁçôØË Nïߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’içC.

b) Missamma was a runaway success.

hero, heroine. a) They are teaming up again in the next movie

®√†’†o *vûªç™ ´’Sx ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω’ éπLÆœ †öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

N’Ææq´’t ÅA ûªy®Ωí¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’içC Ü£œ«ç-îªE KA™.

b) Surya and Asin are cast opposite each other

¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπJ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† äéπ®Ω’ †öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. 9) Debut: ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-Jí¬ ÆæGµ-èπ◊© ´·çü¿’ Ø√ôuç îËߪ’úøç/ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ- M. SURESAN ≤ƒ-Jí¬ *vû√™x †öÀçîªôç/ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ®Ωçí∫-v°æ-¢Ë¨¡ç (¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ †%ûªu Ææçv°æü∆-ߪ’ç™ DEo Ç®Ωç-Íívôç Åçö«ç) Debut- pronunciation - úÁß˝’•÷u – úÁ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ®Ωçí∫-v°æ-¢Ë¨¡ç îËߪ’ôç

Make a debut/ Have a debut. a) She made her debut in this movie.

-É-C Ç¢Á’ ûÌL-*vûªç. Ñ *vûªç™ Ç¢Á’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-Jí¬ †öÀç-*çC.

b) His debut wasn't very successful

ÅûªúÕ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †ô† Åçûª Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç 鬙‰ü¿’. ´·êuçí¬ Ø√ôuç, Ø√ôéπç ™«çöÀ éπ∞¡© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ N’í∫û√ ®Ωçí¬-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.


Debut


He made his debut in politics in 1999 1999

™ Çߪ’† ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-®Ωçí∫ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç î˨»®Ω’.

Now Practise the following in English:

7) Teaming up

Åü¿’s¥ûªç.

Spoken English

(Hero, heroine). b) The lead pair in the movie is Rajanikanth and Jyothika

¢√Rx-ü¿l-JD Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† ïçô. Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx †öÀç-*† *vû√-©Fo hits ÅE.

Ç *vûªç î√™« íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC.

Team up: äéπ movie N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, à °æE îËߪ’-ö«-E-ÈéjØ√ éÌçûª-´’çC éπLÊÆh, They

Yasvanth:

He made his debut in..

Priya: I think she made her debut in nee kosame. She hasn't had a failure in her career (

4. characters 5. lead pair 6. hit pair 7. teaming up 8. cast opposite 9. debut 1) superb= Movie

-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 2 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

b) They have teamed up again

´’Sx ¢√∞Ïx éπLÆœ †öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

a) Yasvanth: Hi Srikanth, heroine

F favourite hero, © ïçô Ñ≤ƒJ Åçûª Nïߪ’-´çûªç 鬙‰üËç? Srikanth: Ç éπü∑¿™  °æô ’d-™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶«í¬ØË †öÀç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? Yasvanth: †’´¤y ¢√∞¡x ÅGµ-´÷-EN éπü∆. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ à´’ç-ö«´¤? Srikanth: †’¢Ëy- ¢Á ’iØ√ îÁ°æ¤p, ¢√-R}-ü¿l®Ω’ éπ-LÆœ †öÀç-î√®Ω’ 鬕öÀd Ç ´÷vûª-¢Á’iØ√ ÖçC Ç *vûªç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æ‹Jhí¬ üÁ•s-A-ØËüË. Yasvanth: ¢√∞¡x †ô† ´™‰x *vûªç üÁ•s-Aç-ü¿-E -Åç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Srikanth: ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÓ†’. ¢√-∞¡x-C Nï-ߪ ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á ’i† ïçô. ¢√∞¡x í∫ûª *vûªç ņ÷-£æ«u-¢Á’i† Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµç-*çCéπü∆? Ç hero ®Ωçí∫-v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀ-†’ç* flop ÅØËC ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?

Sunitha:

´·êuçí¬ Ç heroine ´’ç* †öÀí¬ í∫’Jhç°æ¤ ûÁa-èπ◊çC.

Answers: a) Yasvanth: Your favourite lead pair has not been very successful this time, has it? Srikanth: The movie has a weak story line. They have acted well. Yasvanth: You are their fan. What else can you say? Srikanth: Whatever you say- the movie is atleast that good because they have acted in it. Otherwise it would have been an utter flop. (utter = Yasvanth: The movie is a flop because of their action. That's what people say. Srikanth: I don't agree. They are a hit pair. Their last movie was a runaway success. The hero hasn't had a failure since his debut. Yasvanth: This might be his first flop. I feel that he doesn't suit the role/ the character. Srikanth: He suits any role. He can do any role with ease. b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, yesterday I watched the movie, 'Emitivichitram' on the TV. What a movie it is! / How good it is! Sunitha: I saw it long ago. I think it was last month, in Vizag. Vinitha: Isn't it good? What are the names of the lead pair, I think they made their debut in the movie. Sunitha: Yes. Even in their debut they displayed their talent. (Display = Vinitha: They are acting as the lead pair in two or three movies. Sunitha: The heroine especially has won recognition as a good actor/actress.

°æ‹Jh)

v°æü¿-Jzç-îªôç)

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Hemanth: Hi Vasanth, I didn't see you the whole of yesterday. What was wrong?

We celebrate Deepavali every year in the month of Kartheekam.

Vasanth: The Deepavali effect you know. We enjoyed the festival the day before Yesterday. We were so tired yesterday. We were resting almost the whole of yesterday.Fortunately yesterday was a Sunday.

Charlie (over phone from the US): Hello Sampath, this is Charlie from the states. How are you? ( ,

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 4 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

v°æ-A Ææç-´-ûªq®Ωç é¬-K-héπ-´÷Ææç-™ -D-§ƒ-´-S -ï®Ω’°æ¤èπ◊ç-ö«ç. àçöÀ E†oçû√ †’´¤y éπ†°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. àçöÀ Festival†’ enjoy èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç – We enjoy a fesN≠æߪ’ç? tival.

Éü¿çû√ D§ƒ-´R v°æ¶µ«´ç. ¢Á·†oçû√ °æç-úøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÌ-ØË-Ææ-JéÀ E†oçû√ ÅL-Æœ§Úߪ÷ç. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ E†oçû√ °æúø’-èπ◊ØË ÖØ√oç. Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h E†o ÇC-¢√®Ωç.

Hemanth: So you celebrated it with all enthusiasm. We did too, but we were off the fireworks by about 10. We were in bed by 10.30pm

Åçûª Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ω-†o-´÷ô. ¢Ë’´‚ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊Ø√oç. é¬F ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’ 鬩aúøç 10 í∫çô-©Íé ÇÊ°¨»ç. 10.30 éπ-™«x °æúø’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Enthusiasm - ÉØ˛ü∑¿÷uÆœ-ߪ÷ï¢˛’. ü∑¿÷u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. *´®Ω 'ï— size ™ z™«í¬, = Öû√q£æ«ç. fireworks = ¶«-ùÆæçî√/ ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’

Vasanth: We were enjoying the fireworks till almost eleven. Dad was liberal this time. We let off Rs. 800/-work of crackers sparklers this time. 11

´®Ωèπÿ 鬩’-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç. ´÷ Ø√†o Ñ≤ƒJ úø•’s©’ ¶«í¬ØË Éî√a®Ω’. 800 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’© ¶«ù-Ææçî√ 鬙«aç worth - ´û˝ (bird ™«í¬)= -N-©’´ Ö†o. crackers = vé¬éπñ ¸ = Ê°™‰ ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’, sparklers = ≤ƒpéπxñ ¸ = ¢ÁL-ÍíN (´’û√-•’©’, é¬éπ®Ω °æ¤¢Ìy-ûª’h©’ etc) let off = ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’ 鬩aôç = Let off fire

works) Hemanth: So it was a grand affair after all. Some how I feel spending so much on fire works is a waste

¢Á·ûªhç-O’ü¿ î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ .affair, Å°∂–°∂ ØÌèπ◊\û√ç = N≠æߪ’ç.

Vasanth: It's just once a year. A few hundred rupees shouldn't matter much.

Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ äéπ-≤ƒJ éπü∆. ã È®çúø’ ´‚úÌç-ü¿©’ Åçûª Ææ´’Ææu èπÿú≈ é¬üË)

£æ«-™ Ææç-°æ-û˝ ؈’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †’ç* îµ√M ´÷-ö«xúø’-ûª’Ø√o. -á-™« -Ö-Ø√o-´¤?)

Sampath: Fine, Charlie, thank you, how are you? ( Charlie: Same here, thank you. Can we have a chat over the net ? Matter of 20 to 30 minutes ( 20, 30 Sampath: Sorry, Charlie. It is morning here you know. I am very busy celebrating Sri Ramanavami. (

Lord Rama.

°æ‹ï îËÆœ X®√-´·úÕo éÌ©’≤ƒhç. É∞¡x™x, í∫’∞¡x™x, Oüµ¿’-©-èπÿ-úø-∞¡x™x èπÿú≈. -v°æ-ûËuéπ -´ç-¶«í∫’-Ø√o-†’ -îµ√-M.- -üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’. -F-´¤ -á-™« -Ö-Ø√o-´¤? ) ôé¬-©-ûÓ -¶µ-ï-†ç -îË≤ƒhç.´-úø°æ°æ¤p, -§ƒ-†éπç -X®√-´·-úÕéÀ -ØÁj-¢Ë-ü¿uç °--úø-û√ç. Pandal = °æçCJ Éç-ô®˝-ØÁ-ö¸™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç- putup = à®√pô’ îËߪ’-ôç/-E-Jtç-îªôç as well = èπÿú≈ EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æôd-´îª’a.) ü∆´÷? (Green gram = °Ææ©’/°Ææ-®Ω-°æ°æ¤p (´úø-°æ°æ¤p) jaggery = ¶„©xç offering = ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç ≤ƒ-K..X®√-´’-†-´N’ ÂÆ-©-v¶‰-ö¸ - feast = Nçü¿’ / °æç-úøí∫ ¶µï†ç

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

107

îËÆæ’èπ◊çô÷ ؈’ î√™« -G-@í¬ ÖØ√o É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø Öü¿ßª’ç.)

Charlie: What's Sri Ramanavami, sampy? What's its significance?

Deepavali, Chavithi, Christmas vals.

Vinayaka Ramzon, festi-

É´Fo

In a mood to celebrate = in a celebration mood = Pakistan was in a mood to celebrate = Pakistan was in a celebration mood

¢Ëúø’-éπí¬ -ï-JÊ° ´’†-ÆœnA.

§ƒéÀ-≤ƒhØ˛ ¢Ëúø’-éπ (¢√∞¡x Nï-ߪ÷Eo) ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊ØË ™ ÖçC.

mood ❏ Let's not stop him. He is in a celebration mood

Vasanth: Well, we all had new clothes. Told you, dad was quite liberal this time. He was in a mood to celebrate. He let us buy whatever clothes we liked, and sister had the greatest luck. She had a pair of ear rings.

-Å-ûª-úø’ Ææç•-®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úÕE ǧÒü¿’l. Ê°©aôç = -ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’© ´Ah = ´Ah ¢ÁL-Tç-îªôç) Ê°©ôç =

Sparklers, crackers Let off fireworks fuse ( Light the fuse = explode / blow/ go of = (with a loud sound/noise) Explode blow = 'go off' = Feast = Dishes = Chat over the net = significance = Significance of a festival = festivities a) The festivities of Dasara last for 9 days

Åçü¿®Ωç éÌûªh •ôd©’ é̆’-èπ◊\Ø√oç. îÁ§ƒp†’í¬ ´÷Ø√†o î√™« Öü∆-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ¢Ë’ç -É-≠d°æ æ-úÕ-† -•-ôd-©-Fo -BÆæ’éÌ-î√a®Ω’. °æçúøí∫ mood ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ´÷ îÁLx Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-®√©’. éπ´’t© ïûª ´*açC ûª†èπ◊.

°ü¿l-°ü¿l Ê°©’-∞¡xèπ◊ ¢√-úøû√ç. Ê°©’∞¡ x ´©x ÅßË’u üµ¿yçÆæç. êuç -à-N’-öÀ?) ô§ƒé¬-ߪ’-©èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Sampath: It's an important festival for us in Nçü¿’ (≤ƒ´‚-£œ«-éπçí¬) °æç-úøí∫ Nçü¿’ India. We celebrate the birth of lord ´çô-鬩’/ §ƒvûª©’ SriRama on the occasion. ØÁ-ö¸ Ææ綵«-≠æù Hemanth: We had new clothes too and of (ÉçúÕ-ߪ÷™ ÉC î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ÆœTo-°∂œ-ÈéØ˛q v§ƒ´·êuç = course the feast too. Mom prepared °æçúøí∫. X®√-´·úÕ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV†’ °æç-úøí∫ v§ƒ´·êuç. wonderful dishes and delicious °æçúøí∫í¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊çö«ç) °æ ç úø í ∫ Ææ ç •® √©’ = sweets. Occasion = ÅÍé-ß˝’-ïØ˛–Íé ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©é¬-L. ¢Ë’´‚ éÌûªh •ôd©’ ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√oç. °æçúøí∫ -ï, vision ™ ïØ˛-™«í∫ = Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç. ü¿Ææ®√ Ææç•-®√©’ 9 ®ÓV©’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·. ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ ´÷ Å´’t ´’ç* ´çô-鬩’, Charlie: How do you celebrate it? b) The Festivities are keeping us busy ᙫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-û√®Ω’? ®Ω’*-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Æ‘y-ö¸q èπÿú≈ îËÆœçC. °æçúøí∫ ¢Ëúø’-éπ-©’ -´’-†-Lo -G-@í¬ -Öç--û√®·. Feast °æçúøí∫ ¶µï†ç/ Nçü¿’. Sampath: We offer worship to Lord Sri Rama °æçúøí∫ Öû√q£æ«ç = The enthusiasm for a fesdishes = úÕ≠œñ ¸ (ñ¸–size ™- z ™«) by performing Pooja. We do it at

a festival.

í∫ûª àú≈C ÅC •’üµ¿-¢√®Ωç ´*açC.

Now Practise the following:

a) Sunil: Anil:

áéπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤, ÅE™¸? X®√-´’-†-´N’ °æçCJ †’ç*. Åéπ\úø üË´¤úÕ Å©éπ®Ω-ù î√© ¶«í∫’çC. Sunil: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ èπÿú≈ ¢ÁR} îª÷úøØ√? Anil: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? Sunil: Éçöx °æ‹ï É°æ¤úË Å®·çC. é¬Ææh ´úø-°æ°æ¤p, Charlie: Well, have a happy time, then call you §ƒ†éπç BÆæ’\ç-ü¿’´¤ ®√. later. Anil: ÆæÍ®. Ç ûª®√yûª †’´¤y °æçCJ †’ç* ÉçöÀ(Å®·ûË ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úø’°æ¤.´’Sx -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îË≤ƒh.) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ °æçúøí∫© í∫’-Jç-îË -éπü∆. DEéÀ Ææç•ç- Sunil: Èé-ã∞ÏÍéx°.æ¤úø’ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ®√. Cµç-*† éÌEo expressions í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. b) °æçúøí∫ = festival

(-X®√-´’-†-´-N’ -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? -ü∆-E -v§ƒ--´·- °æçúøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç = celebrate a festival. We enjoy a festival=´’†ç °æç-úø-í∫†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤- M. SURESAN èπ◊çö«ç. ¶«-ù-Ææçî√=fireworks. Ê°™‰ ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’ = crackers; ¢ÁLÍí ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’= sparklers

á´J ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ¢√∞¡xN. N’í∫û√ N≠æߪ÷© Ææçí∫A àçöÃ? Opinion- ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç. differ - ¶µ‰C-≤ƒh®·.

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù °æçúøí∫ í∫’-Jç-* éπü∆. °æç-úø-í∫© Ææçü¿®Ωs¥çí¬ ¢√úË expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ≤ƒJ. Festival = °æçúøí∫, °æçúøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç = celebrate

b) Last year it fell on a Wednesday

Have a happy time...

Hemanth: Opinions differ. Well what about the other things?

Vasanth: That's good.

Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °æç-úøí∫ ÇC¢√ç Å´¤-ûª’çC/ÇC-¢√®Ωç ®ÓV†.

home and in temples too. We do it special pandals put up at street corners as well.Then we eat a good feast too with special dishes. Greengram soaked in water and jaggery water are the offerings to

tival

❏ We celebrated Deepavali with enthusiasm

¢Ë’ç D§ƒ-´R Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤-èπ◊Ø√oç. ❏ °æçúøí∫ äéπ ®ÓV-®√-´úøç

The festival is / falls on a day. a) This year the festival falls on a Sunday/ is on a Sunday.

Prem: Syam:

àçöÀ? F îÁ®·u-Íé-´’-®·çC? E†o ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’ Ê°™‰a-ô-°æ¤úø’ äéπöÀ Ø√ îËA™ØË Ê°LçC. ü∆E ´Ah î√© §ÒöÀdí¬ ÖçC. Prem: îË®· ¶«í¬ é¬Lçü∆? Syam: Å®Ω-îË®·, È®çúø’ ¢Ë∞¡Ÿx -¶«í¬ é¬-™«®·. -ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé∞Ïh éπô’d éπö«dúø’. Prem: ¶«í¬ ¶«üµ¿í¬ Öçü∆? Syam: Åç-ûªí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Prem: èπ◊úÕ îË®· éπü∆. °æçúøí∫ Nçü¿’ à™« AØ√o´¤? Syam: Ç ¶«üµ¿™  Å´-Fo ´’Ja-§Úߪ÷.ÉçöÀ-éÌ-îËa-ÆæJéÀ ®√vA 12 Å®·çC. Answers:

a) Sunil: Where are you coming from Anil? Anil: From the Sri Ramanavami pandal. The decorations are really beautiful. Sunil: Shall I go and see too. Anil: What have you been doing so far? Sunil: We have just finished the puja at home, come in and have some vadapappu and panakam. Anil: Ok. On your way back from the pandal come to my home. Sunil: Ok b) Prem: Hi Syam, What is wrong with your hand? Syam: While letting off crackers yesterday, one of them went off in my hand. It had a short fuse. Prem: Are the burns very bad? (burns =

é¬L†

í¬ßª÷©’)

Syam: The palm and two fingures. Doctor bandaged / dressed the injuries. Prem: Is it paining a lot? Syam: Not so bad now. Prem: It's your right hand. How could you eat? Syam: I forgot all that in the pain by the time I came back home it was 12 midnight.

≤Úpéπ-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.- URL: http://www.eenadu.net/ spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Navya: Hi Sreya, any idea when we are starting for the picnic spot tomorrow?

(Í®°æ¤ ´’† Picnic îÓô’-Èé-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ à´’Ø√o idea Öçü∆?) Spot = îÓô’ Sreya: None, dear. Divya must be able to tell us. She is making the arrangements.

(ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. C´u ´’†èπ◊ îÁ°æp-í∫-©ü¿’. ûªØË à®√pô’x îË≤ÚhçC éπü∆) Navya: I called her home. Her mom told me she was out. Must be busy with arrangements.

(¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀéÀ Phone î˨»†’. •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-Rxç-ü¿E ¢√∞¡x´’t îÁ°œpçC. ¶«í¬ busyí¬ Öçúø’ç-ú≈L ´’J) Sreya: Let's ring up Kavya. Divya is taking kavya's help. So Kavya should be knowing about Divya. She should be able to tell us where Divya is. Phone

(´’†ç 鬴uèπ◊ îËü∆lç. C´u, 鬴u Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. 鬕öÀd C´u í∫’Jç* 鬴uèπ◊ ûÁLÆæ’ç-úÌa. C´u í∫’Jç* é¬-¢Ëu îÁ°æp-í∫-©í¬L.)

2) Kashmir must be quite cold now

É°æ¤púø’ é¬Qt®˝ ¶«í¬ îªLí¬ Öçú≈L. (ÉC èπÿú≈ Bhavan éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æߪ’ç) 3) He should be on the way

-Å-ûªúø’ ü∆J™ Öçú≈L. (ÉC éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æߪ’ç.) É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x must, should ¢√úøû√ç. Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x have to/ has to ¢√úøç. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ lesson ™E ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ dialogue ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷úøçúÕ. Åçü¿’™ must ûÓ, should ûÓ Ö†o expressions.

ÅßË’u

time

(°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ †ØËoç-îË-ߪ’-´’ç-ö«´¤?)

1) Divya must be able to tell us. 2) Must be busy with arrangements.

Meghana: I want to apologize to him. Won't you come with me?

3) Should be knowing. 4) Should be able to tell us.

OöÀ™x (1), (2) ´’†ç éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·. (3), (4) äéπ®Ω’çúË °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’™x ¢√∞¡x †’ç* ´’†ç ÇPçîË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ÉD must èπ◊,should èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.

Navya: Kavya should know at least the time of starting. (Start

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 6 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 108

Å®·Ø√ 鬴uèπ◊ ûÁL-Ææ’ç-

ú≈L)

(ØËØ√-ߪ’-†èπ◊ éπ~´÷-°æù îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o†’. †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ ®√¢√? Apologize = ŧÒ-©-ñ„jñ ¸– §Ò ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. *´®Ω 'ñ¸— size ™ Z ™«í∫ – Å®Ωnç– éπ~´÷-°æù éÓ®Ωôç Apology = ŧÚ-©> = éπ~´÷-°æù) Maithri:

(Sympathy = Sympathize with = size Z =

Æœç°æA. 'Æœç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = Æœç°æ-ûÁjñ ¸– ñ¸ ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷A. ™ ™«í∫. ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷A îª÷°æôç. innocent Ɇ-Ææçö¸– É ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊-™„j†).

c) You ought not to talk to your father like that

O’ Ø√†oûÓ Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ †’´¤y (ÆæÈ®j† v°æ´-®Ωh† é¬ü¿’) NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH: Prabha: Hi Subha, file no. 10

áéπ\-úø’çC? ¨Ïê-®Ωo-úø’í∫’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁL-ߪ÷L. E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÅC Çߪ’† table O’ü¿ ÖçC. Prabha: ¨Ïê®˝ áéπ\úø? (ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿. ؈’ ´’Sx ¢ÁçôØË Subha: 5 EN’-≥ƒ© véÀûªç Manager í∫C-™éÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’. ¢Á†éÀ\ ®√¢√L, ´÷ Å´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËçÅéπ \úË Öçú≈L ´’J. ü¿’èπ◊– Ç¢Á’ äçöx ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿’.)

Let's hurry then. I ought to be back soon. None to attend on my sick mother.

Subha:

Sreya: That's right. Let's ring her up.

(éπÈ®Íéd

Phone

îËü∆lç Öçúø’)

Navya: Let's wait. They will call us and tell us. We must be there for the picnic after all.

(é¬Ææh Çí∫’ü∆ç. ¢√∞Ïx ´’†èπ◊ Phone îËÆœ îÁ§ƒh®Ω’. picnic ïJ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç Öçú≈L éπü∆.)

We ought toers respect elda) Bharat: Why did India lose the match? (India

Sreya: OK. I must be going. Bye.

(ØË ¢Á∞«xL ´’J.

áçü¿’èπ◊ ãúÕ-§Ú-®·çC?)

Lakshman: Ask Dravid about it. He is the captain. He must know.

Bye)

Navya: Bye

í∫ûª éÌEo lessons ™ must, should Å®√n©’, Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆. ¢√öÀE ã≤ƒJ Ææçví∫£æ«çí¬ í∫´’-Eü∆lç. Must, have to/ has to, should1)

Ñ ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úø’-éπ™ î√™« ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ Öçö«®·. 2) ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ commands (Çïc©’), duty (NCµ), necessity (Å´-Ææ®Ωç), Obligation †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. warnings (£«îªa-Jéπ)©†’ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. 3) Must, should ´’†ç éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o, ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. Bhavan: Hi Sravan, When are you leaving for Kashmir?

(F¢Á-°æ¤púø’ é¬Qt-®Ω’èπ◊ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Sravan: The coming Friday.

(´îËa ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç) Bhavan: That's just two days off. You must be busy making arrangements because you are going to be there for a few weeks. Kashmir must be quite cold now. Carry enough warm clothing. Pavan is also joining you, isn't he?

(Éçéπ È®çúø’-®Ó-V™‰. à®√pôxûÓ î√™« busy í¬ Öçúø’ç-ö«´¤ éπ*a-ûªçí¬; éÌEo ¢√®√-©’ç-úø¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. é¬Qt®Ω’ ¶«í¬ îªLí¬ Öçú≈-L°æ¤púø’. Pavan èπÿú≈ FûÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆?) (Carry enough warm clothing = î√L†Eo ¢ÁîªaöÀ •ôd©’ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿx.)

(Ç N≠æߪ’ç vü∆N-ú˛†’ Åúø’í∫’. Çߪ’† captain éπü∆. Çߪ’-†Íé ûÁL-ߪ÷L.) Åçõ‰ Dravid, captain 鬕öÀd, ãôN’éÀ 鬮Ωù«©’ Çߪ’-†’oç* ÇPç-îªúøç Kumar: How is the financial position of India?

(¶µ«®Ωû˝ financial position = ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnA ᙫ Öçü¿ç-ö«´¤?) Saradhi: How do I know? The finance minister should be able to tell you.

(Ø√Íéç ûÁ©’Ææ’. -Fèπ◊ Ç N≠æߪ’ç Finance îÁ°æp-í∫-©-úø’) É™«çöÀ uses have to/ has to èπ◊ ™‰´¤. Minister

Maithri:

Hi Meghana, what brings you here?

(àçöÀ-™«-´-î√a´¤?) (F ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√L.) Regarding? (üËE N≠æߪ’ç)

Meghana: I wasn't very polite to our lecturer yesterday. I am sure my words hurt him

(E†o ´’† lecturer °æôx ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ v°æ´Jhç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ´÷ô©’ Çߪ’Eo éπ*aûªçí¬ í¬ßª’-°æ-J-î√-ߪ’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. hurt = í¬ßª’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç. Maithri:

Prabha:

ü∆ØÓx §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç Å´’t-鬩 N´-®√©’Ø√o®· éπü∆? Subha: Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ÷L ÅC. Å´’t-鬩 N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ îª÷ÊÆC †’¢Ëy éπü∆? Prabha: àçöÀ Åçûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖØ√o´¤? Subha: Office °æF, ÉçöÀ °æF ¶«í¬ Å©-Ææô éπL-T-Ææ’hØ√o®·. M. SURESAN Prabha: î√™« Weak í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ¢ÁçôØË a) ought to be ('be' form) = Öçú≈L doctor E îª÷ú≈L †’´¤y. F Ç®Óí∫uç b) ought to go, ought to respect, ought to N≠æߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆? O’ know- ought to + 1st RDW- action word= Çߪ’† ÉçöÀ °æE™ éÌçûª ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷L ¢Á∞«xL, íı®Ω-Nç-î√L, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, etc. éπü∆? Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ must, should, have to/ has to ©èπ◊ Subha: Çߪ’-†èπ◊ office °æØË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. ought to Ææ´÷-†¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ought to ņo-°æ¤púø’ Prabha: Doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éπ-®·Ø√ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xL éπü∆? Çïc©’, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Nüµ¿’©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-©-´©x é¬èπ◊çú≈ Subha: É¢√∞¡ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«h-†-Ø√o®Ω’. ´’†ç FA v°æ鬮Ωç Öçúø-´-©-Æœ† ÆœnA, îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ† °æ†’©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Åçõ‰ ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿u-ûª©’ (Moral ANSWER:

obligations).

Meghana: I need your help. Maithri:

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ought to ¢√ú≈ç-éπü∆. Ought to ÅØ√o èπÿú≈, must, should ™«í¬ØË, Öçú≈L, îËߪ÷L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Å®·ûË éÌçûª ûËú≈– î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ûËú≈ ÖçC. ´·çü¿’ Å®Ωnç îª÷ü∆lç–

Meghana, not the first time for you to be rude to elders.

(°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x-°æôx Å´’-®√u-ü¿í¬ Öçúøôç FéÀüËç ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆.) You ought to know manners. (Fèπ◊ manners ûÁL-ߪ÷L/ †’´¤y manners ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L.)

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™

ought to

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* îª÷úøçúÕ:

1) You ought to know manners

†’´¤y manners ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. (ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË ´’†-™„o-´®Ω÷ PéÀ~ç-Ω’– é¬F ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-´ôç ´’† ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿uûª.) 2) I ought to be careful how I talk to elders

°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. (v°æ´-®ΩhØ√ ¶«üµ¿uûª) 3) We ought to remember who we are talking to

á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. (v°æ´-®ΩhØ√ ¶«üµ¿uûª) 4) I ought to be back early to attend on my sick mother

ï•’sûÓ Ö†o ´÷ Å´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬ AJT ®√¢√L. (Ø√ ØÁjAéπ NCµ/ ¶«üµ¿uûª) Meghana: Yes, I ought to be careful how I talk Sravan: Yes, He should be on the way because ÉC ought to èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç, ´’Sx to elders. I ought to respect elders. he has to be here this evening. îª ÷úøçúÕ. (Å´¤†’. °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ (Å´¤†’. Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√Eéπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L ؈’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’ íı®Ω- a) °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’ íı®Ω-Nç-î√L 鬕öÀd Åûªúø’ ü∆J™ Öçúø’ç-ú≈L.) You ought to respect elders. Nç-î√L.) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Must be, should be ûÓ b) Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊-©†’ ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷-AûÓ îª÷ú≈L. Maithri: We ought to remember who we talk Expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. You ought to sympathize with innocent peoto when we talk to elders. So what 1) You must be busy = †’´¤y busyí¬ Öçú≈L. do you want me to do now? ple.) (Bhavan éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æߪ’ç)

Spoken English

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

Prabha: Hi Subha, any idea where file no. 10 is?/ Do you know where file no. 10 is?/ Where is file no 10?

Subha: Ask Sekhar about it. He should know / must know. The file was on his table last evening. Prabha: Where is Sekhar? Subha: He went to the manager's room 5 minutes ago. He must be there now. Prabha: Why are you so weak? Subha: The work at office and at home is very tiring/ is tiring me. Prabha: You look very weak/ run down. You ought to see a doctor immediately. You ought to take care of your health. Your husband ought to help you in the work at home. Subha: His office work takes his whole time. Prabha: He ought to take you atleast to the doctor. Subha: He said he would take me today.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dinakar:

Where did you buy those fruits yes-

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 8 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

b) She doesn't need any body's help

terday? They were quite fresh and

Ç¢Á’Èé´J ≤ƒßª’ç Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’

sweet.

X She needs every body's help

(E†o Ç °æçúø’x áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤? î√™« û√ñ«í¬ Bߪ’í¬ ÖØ√o®· ÅN) Fresh - û√ñ«. (Opp: Stale/ rotten stale. E©y Ö†o (´·êuçí¬ ´çúÕ-†N); rotten - ´·J-T-§Ú®·†, èπ◊Rx-§Ú-®·†. stale - ÂÆdß˝’™¸, rotten ®√-ô-Ø˛ – Aô’d-°æü¿ç èπÿú≈. These rotten movies (îÁûªh movies)/ rotten fellow ´’E-≠œE Aôdúøç, NENE NÆœ-T-§Ú-®·† jokes - stale jokes.

Ç¢Á’-éπç-ü¿J (v°æA-¢√J) ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç (鬢√L) c) Animals need oxygen

ïçûª’-´¤-©èπ◊

oxyzen

Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

d) He doesn't (does not) need any more money e)

Åûª-E-éπç-ûª-éπçõ‰ úø•’s Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á’Íéç Å´-Ææ®Ωç (àç 鬢√L?) What does she need?

f)

Rs.100/-

a) She has to be there X She need not be there

Padma:

ûª† ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ã ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Å´-Ææ®Ωç (鬢√L) Ø√èπ◊. îÁ°æ¤p, ûª†èπ◊ ؈’ (؈C ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L) X †’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ Phone îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC. fruits now? Oô-Eo-öÀ™ verb, need/ needs éπü∆? c) Have I to go? X You need not go Kamala: †’´¤ y worry 鬆-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ûª† Phone Ñ sentences ™ need Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ, °j con(áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? É°æ¤púË´’Ø√o (¢Á ∞ «x ™ « X Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’) number èπÿú≈ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’, Ç¢Á’ °æéπ\ versation ™ç* BÆœ† sentences (3) and (4) ™ °æçúø’x Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷ Fèπ◊?) [a) You must go - †’´¤y ¢Á∞«xL. í∫ C ™ ØË ÖçC. ¢ÁRx ´÷ö«xúø’. need ¢√úø-é¬-EéÀ ûËú≈ îª÷ü∆lç. Dinakar: Yea. I need some to present to my b) You must not go - †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’ b) Krupakar: ¢√úÕ-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√L ´’J. 3) You need not go that far uncle. You bought them at Sarvam c) You need not go - ¢Á-∞¡}-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\Í®xü¿’. Dayakar: ¢√úø-Ææ©’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ Super Market, didn't you? b) éÀ, c) éÀ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬ should èπÿ, 4) You need not spend so much Krupakar: áçü¿’-éπE? (Å´¤†’. ´÷ uncle èπ◊ °æçúø’x present have to/ has to èπÿ èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.] Åçûª ê®Ω ’ a °ôd é π \ Í ® x ü ¿ ’ . Dayakar: ؈’ ¢√úÕo éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ûÁ´’t-Ø√o†’. Ç îËü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ÅN †’´¤y 'Ææ®Ωyç— Need í∫’Jç* ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o points. °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-éπ\úø ÖØ√oß˝’. ÅN èπÿú≈ Super Market ™ éÌØ√o´¤ éπü∆? 1) Need †’ independent í¬ äéπ\-öÀí¬ ¢√úÕûË é¬¢√L É°æ¤púøçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. Madhukar: No. That's very far off. You need ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅØË ¶µ«´ç ´Ææ’hçC. Krupakar: ÅN Ø√èπ◊ Å´-Ææ®Ωç. îª÷°œç. ¢√öÀ-E not go that far. If fruits are what you 2) Need + 1 st RDW (´÷´‚-©’í¬ not ûÓ)– ØË † ’ îª ÷ú≈L. need, there's a good fruit shop -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 109 Ç I RDW ûÓ îÁÊ°p-°æE îËߪ’-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ ÅE Å®Ωnç. nearby. I bought them there. Dayakar: †’¢Ëyç îª÷úø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-C°æ¤púø’. Í®°æ¤ îª÷úø’. Madhukar: Why are you asking? Do you need

¢√úÕéÀ

éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.

He doesnot need more than Rs. 100/-

b) I must know it X You need not know it

ANSWERS:

You need not spend so much Dinakar:

How costly are they? Perhaps you

3)

bought them at Rs.70 a dozen.

(¢√öÀ êKüÁçûª? dozen 70 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© v°æ鬮Ωç éÌØ√o¢Ë¢Á÷ éπü∆?) Madhukar: No. You need not spend so much. They are quite cheap there.

(Åçûª °ôd-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. ÅN î√™« éπ Ç shop ™) Dinakar:

Will you show me the shop?

(Ç

shop

îª÷°œ-≤ƒh¢√?)

Madhukar: You don't need my help, old boy.

™

verb need go need + 1st regular doing word

3) She need not go

verb need spend need + 1st regular doing word

4) Need + 1 st RDW (not

not go

•ü¿’©’ – ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Need + 1st regular DW M. SURESAN not verb I RDW (Need not go =

(´÷´‚©’í¬ ûÓØË Å®·ûË, †’ •öÀd Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC) ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-Í®xü¿’) Öçô’çC. Need not spend = ê®Ω’a °ôd-éπ\-Í®xü¿’

You find 'Sufala' fruit shop. That's it.

(Ééπ\úø verb - need be - ÉC be form Öçúø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ (not ûÓ) ÉC need èπ◊ È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC – need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úÌa. È®çúÓC– need + 1st RDW (´÷´‚©’í¬ not ûÓ).

OK, bye

[ You need not go =

Madhukar: OK.

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù™ Åçû√ need ûÓ Ö†o expressions áèπ◊\´ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Need Å®√n©÷, ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ lesson ™.

You don't need to go [ She need not sing =

ņ-´îª’a.

She does not need to sing

ņ-´îª’a.

ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç:

1. Do you need fruits now?

Karuna: Must you go now?

2. I need some

(†’´¤y ¢Á∞«}™«? É°æ¤púø’?)

3. You need not go that far.

Aruna: I need not go. It's enough if I call

4. You need not spend so much

(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.

5. You don't need my help

Phone

îËÊÆh î√©’.

Karuna: You should go tomorrow at least

´’†çü¿Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. need Åçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å-E, 鬢√L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅE.

(éπFÆæç ͮ°jØ√ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y) Sumana: No, she need not go tomorrow either

1. Do you need fruits now?

(Í®°æ¤ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞¡x-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’) FéÀ°æ¤púø’ °æçúø’x Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? (鬢√™«?)

Karuna: She has to be there at least the day after (tomorrow)

2. I need some

Sumana: No, I tell you, she need not be there on any day.

Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ 鬢√L 3. You don't need my help

Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Féπ-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’/ Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ °j Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©-Eoç-öÀ™ need Åçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ 鬢√L, Åçõ‰ 'Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’—èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ a) I need your help

F ≤ƒßª’ç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç (鬢√L)

Spoken English

sentences

(á°æ¤púø÷ Åéπ\úø Öçúø-éπ\-Í®xü¿’) Ñ conversation ™ must/ should/ has to Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç– àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷L/ Öçú≈L Å-E. Need not be -Å-†o°æ¤p-úø’ opposite meaning ´≤ÚhçCéπü∆ îËߪ’-†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ. ÉC ´·êuç.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

™

phone number. I must/ I need to talk to her urgently. Kamala: What about? need

don't/ doesn't need to go

Need + infinitive (to + 1 st RDW)

You need not be here

Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Éô’--¢Áj°æ¤ ¢ÁR} èπ◊úÕ°æéπ\èπ◊ A®Ω’í∫’. Ç shop éπ†-°æ-úø’ûª’çC)

™«çöÀ

ûÓ) have to/ has to èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç

Walk along this way and turn right. (

Dinakar:

4)

™

a) Padma: Hi Kamala, let me have Karuna's

must/ should/

Padma: You need not know it./ You don't need to know it. Kamala: Why do you need her number? Padma: I need some important information from her. Tell me (her number). I need to phone to her.

èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) You don't need to go now

Kamala: You needn't worry. You don't need her phone number either, she is in the

É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«}-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç -™‰-ü¿’. b) She needs to be there at least for an hour

éπFÆæç ã í∫çõ„jØ√ Ç¢Á’ Åéπ\úø Öçúøôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç. c) I need to go home now

ØË-†’ ¢Á∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.

next room. Go talk to her. b) Krupakar: He must start now, mustn't he? Dayakar: He need not go. Krupakar: Why? Dayakar: I told him to get some books. They

NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH: a) Padma: Hi Kamala,

é¬Ææh Karuna Phone Number É≤ƒh¢√? ûª†ûÓ urgent í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC Ø√èπ◊. Kamala: üËE í∫’Jç*? Padma: †’´¤y ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’™‰ Kamala: FÈéç-ü¿’éπ´-Ææ®Ωç ûª† number?

are (available) here. I don't need them even now either. Krupakar: I need them. Let me see them. I must see them. Dayakar: You need not see them now. See them tomorrow.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

É¢Ë OöÀéÀ Ö†o Å®√n-©Fo. 1) ®√´·úø’ Ç °æEE îËÆ œ Öçúø-´îª’a

Rama could have done that work Rama could haven't done that work

Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀéÀ áEo Å®√n-©’-Ø√oßÁ÷ ûÁ©°æçúÕ. Would, could Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ÅFo ®√ߪ’çúÕ. He might have done the work – Åçõ‰ àO’ îÁߪ’u-™‰-ü¿Ø√? îËÆœ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaØ√? He may have done éÀ might / would éÀ may ≤ƒn†ç™ à Å®√n-©’-Ø√oßÁ÷ ûÁ-©°æçúÕ. – áÆˇ. ®√´·, ûÁØ√L

ï-¢√-•’:

Rama might have done that work.

DE Å®Ωnç, Ç °æEE îËÆœ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. é¬E î˨»úø’ ÅE.

§

®√´·úø’ Ç °æE î˨»úø’ Rama has done that work.

2)

îËÆœ Öçúøúø’, (é¬F î˨»úø’) Rama wouldn't have done it.

-

îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’, é¬F î˨»úø’ He shouldn't have done it.

§

-Ç °æEE îËÆœÖçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË é¬F îËߪ’™‰ü¿’.

DEéÀ

®√´·úø’ Ç °æE îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬E îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) Rama should have done that work.

§

1. Rama could have done that work Rama 2. Rama could haven't done that work correct form, Rama couldn't have done that work. Rama

§

-

îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ Rama could not do it.

§ He may have/ might have done

îËÆœ Öçúø-´îª’a.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ranjit: Sanjai, we need to be careful.

You don't need it any more.

(´’†ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.) Sanjai: What about?

(üËE í∫’Jç*?) Ranjit: About the way we are spending money.

(´’†ç úø•’s ê®Ω’a îËÆæ’h†o N≠æߪ’ç.) We have to manage with this money till the month end.

(Ñ úø•’sûÓ ØÁ™«-ê®Ω’ ´®Ωèπÿ í∫úø-§ƒL.) We need an extra Rs. 500/- for the book I need.

(FéπCçéπ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù need í∫’JçîË éπü∆? ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ need Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. Need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úøû√ç; Éûª®Ω verbs ûÓ éπL°‘ ¢√úøû√ç.I. Need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úÕûË, Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öç-úø-ôç, Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-´ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC, éπü∆? 1) We need an extra Rs. 500/-

c) They will need it when they are there.

´’†èπ◊ Åü¿-†çí¬ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-´¤û√®· (鬢√L)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 10 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

2) You do not need it any more.

110

Fèπ◊ -ÅCçéπ Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.

¢√∞¡x-éπ\-úø’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡x-éπC Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å´¤-ûª’çC.

d) Kumar needed some money yesterday.

Kumar èπ◊ -E-†o éÌç-ûª -úø-•’s Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’içC. Ñ sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ need †’ Éûª®Ω verbs combination ™‰èπ◊çú≈ independent í¬ ¢√ú≈ç.

àüÁjØ√ E•ç-üµ¿-†í¬, Çñ«c-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç, NCµí¬, îËߪ’ôç ´’ç*C ÅE îËߪ÷Lq -´ÊÆh/ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, must/ should, have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆. DEéÀ ´uA-Í®éπçí¬ îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’/ Öçúø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ ņo-°æ¤púø’, need not ¢√úøû√ç. a) You must do it

(†’´¤y ÅC îËߪ÷L) You need not do it.

Need I go there now?

(†’´¤y ÅC îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’) b) She has to be here at 10.

(10éÀ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈L) She need not be here

(Ø√ éπ´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-EéÀ Åü¿-†çí¬ Rs. 500 Å´-Ææ®Ωç).

Sanjai: That's true. But you need not worry. I called Dad yesterday and told him to send us Rs. 1000. He is sending it. We'll get it in a day or two. worry phone

(Eï¢Ë’, é¬E †’´¤y Å´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. îËÆœ ã ¢Á®·u ®Ω÷§ƒE†oØË Ø√†oèπ◊ ߪ’©’ °æç°æ-´’Ø√o. äéπ-öÀ È®ç-úø’ ®Ó-V-™x (-úø-•’s) ´Ææ’hçC.)

Ranjit: I have to pay for the tuition I am taking. tuition fees

(؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o éπö«dL éπü∆?)

èπ◊ èπÿú≈

Sanjai: Do you need (to) continue the tuition? (Tuition continue Ranjit: I need not continue.

îËߪ’ôç Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?)

II. Need verbs

†’ ´’†ç Éûª®Ω ûÓ éπL°œ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ç verbs ûÁLÊ° °æE-îË-ߪ’-†-´Ææ-®Ωç-™‰-ü¿E Å®Ωnç. Ñ use áèπ◊\´ not ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC, ™‰-ü∆ question form ™ Öçô’çC.

É°æ¤púø’ Ñ

(Å®·ûË Ç°®·u. É™« èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡⁄h Öçúø-ü¿E Å®Ωnç Öçõ‰ Fèπ◊ îªü¿-´-ö«-EéÀ îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L (îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq-† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC).

(verb: need send;

M. SURESAN

(verb - need + be)

Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púËç úø•’s °æç-§ƒØˆ’ Åûª-úÕ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’éÓ

™ need Éûª®Ω verbs ûÓ comûÓ ´≤ÚhçC, ´·êuçí¬ not ûÓ. èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh®·.

c) Need I go there now? look at the following sentences: a) I need your help

F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç b) She needs some dresses.

Å´-Ææ®Ωç

îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

a) He should do it b) He should not do it c) He need not do it

ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆, (a), (b) Commands. (c) opposite of (a). Å®·ûË have to/ has to N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh ûËú≈. Have to/ has to èπ◊ not îËJÊÆh need not meaning ´Ææ’hçC.

(É°æ¤púø’ -ØË-†’ ¢Á-∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆?verb need go.) b) Need you take so much trouble?

She has to be here

†’´yçûª trouble BÆæ’éÓ¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆? – verb- need take.) III. Need not ņôç, must, should, have to/ has to èπ◊ opposite ÅE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈L. She doesn't have to be here She need not be here

Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.

àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH Varun: ؈’ ´’Lx-é˙†’ ¢ÁçôØË éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC. Tarun: áçü¿’èπ◊? Sudheer: Worry Å´--†-´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’™‰. ØË-†’ éπ†’-éÌ\E Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’ Varun: Åûª-úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* éÌçûª information Å´-Ææ®Ωç Ø√èπ◊. îÁ§ƒh. ؈’ Phone îË≤ƒh™‰. Tarun: üËE í∫’Jç*? Sumanth: F´¤ îËߪ’-éπ\-Í®x-ü¿’™‰. ØËØË îË≤ƒh. Varun: ¢Ë’ç ´îËa¢√®Ωç A®Ω’-°æA ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. Åéπ\úø ü¿®Ωz†ç N≠æߪ’ç™ ANSWERS: Åûª-úÕ help 鬢√L. Tarun: ü∆E-Èéj-ûË †’´¤y ´’Lxé˙ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡x-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´÷ ¶«¶«®· Åéπ\úø 1) Tarun: Hi Varun, What news? °æE-îË-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. ؈’ -Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©†’. Varun: I need to meet Mallik immediately. Varun: Çߪ’†’o ᙫ éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√-L ؈’? (immediately = ¢ÁçôØË) Tarun: †’¢Ëyç worry é¬-†éπ\®Ω-™‰-ü¿’. Åéπ\úø Çߪ’† Fèπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Tarun: Why? Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åçû√ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Varun: I need some information from him. Varun: Å®·ûË ´’Lxé˙ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ØËØËç Introduction letter Tarun: What about? BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Varun: We are going to Tirupathi next week. We need his help Tarun: Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé-Rxç-ûª-®√yûª Çߪ’† E†’o áéπ\-úÕéÀ á°æ¤púø’ in the matter of darsanam. ®Ω´’tçõ‰ Åéπ\-úøèπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. Çߪ’† éÌClí¬ éÓ°œ≠œd. Tarun: If it is for that you need not go to Mallik. My uncle works Varun: ÅüËç °æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Å™«Íí. there. I can help you. (2) Sumanth: Hi Sudheer, F Ææ©£æ… Å´-Ææ®Ωç Ø√èπ◊. FéÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊Varun: How do I meet him? ûª’Ø√o. †’-¢Ëy éπE-°œç-î√´¤. Tarun: You need not worry at all. He will give you all help you Sudheer: üËE í∫’Jç*? Ø√ Ææ©£æ… Fèπ◊ Eïçí¬ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË, ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ need. É≤ƒh. Varun: So I need not take any introduction letter from Mallik. Sumanth: ؈’ bike é̆’-éÓ\-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Bike Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Å´Ææ®Ωç É°æ¤púø’. second hand é̆’-éÓ\Ø√, éÌûªhC é̆’-éÓ\Ø√? Tarun: No need. Once you go there you should be and you should go wherever and whenever he wants you to. He Sudheer: ÅC F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s†’•öÀd Öçô’çC éπü∆? †’´¤y -¶µº-Jç-îªí∫is a bit short tempered. L-TûË, éÌûªhüË better éπü∆. (Short tempered = ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ°æpúË Ææy¶µ«´ç) Sumanth: Ø√èπ◊ bank loan Å´-Ææ®Ωç, éÌûªhC éÌØ√-©çõ‰. Loan ûÁaéÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ F ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Varun: Don't you worry. OK.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

Coffee

†’´¤y ´÷èπ◊ Coffee îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. éÀ éÀ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: b) èπÿú≈, a) ™«í¬ èπ◊ opposite éπü∆. ÉüË èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC.

a) Need I go there now?

(verb - need come)

îËߪ÷L.

b) c) Command. c) Command should

-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’) Ñ

Ç¢Á’ ®√†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.

†’´¤y ´÷èπ◊

Lq-† -Å-´Ææ-®Ωç -™‰ü¿’.) (verb: need take-

Coffee

c) You need not make Coffee for us.

c) I need not take advice from him

sentences bination Questions

b) She need not come

(1) Tarun: Varun,

Spoken English

†’´¤y ´÷èπ◊

b) You must not make Coffee for us

b) She need not send any money now.

Åéπ\úø -É°æ¤p-úø’ ؈’ç-úø-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.

dresses

a) You must make Coffee for us

†’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.)

a) I need not be there now

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÌEo

†’ îª÷úøçúÕ:

a) You need not go now. (verb: need go; =

؈-éπ\úÕéÀ -É°æ¤p-úø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?

(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’)

Sanjai: Then stop it. You need to understand that if you continue to attend tuitions, you don't have the time to study. tuitions time

sentences

(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-†-éπ\®Ω™‰ü¿’.) ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

2) Sumanth: Sudheer, I need your advice. I have been looking for you, I see you here now. Sudheer: What's it about? If you really need my advice, you have it/ I will give it. Sumanth: I want to buy a bike. I need a bike very badly now. (need badly =

î√-™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç).

Shall I buy a second hand one or a new one? Sudheer: Depends on the money you have. If you can afford it, have a new one. (afford =

Å°∂æú˛ = °ô’d-éÓ-í∫-©í∫-úøç/- ≤Úh-´’ûª)

Sumanth: If I want to buy a new one, I have to take a bank loan. I need your help for that too. Sudheer: Don't worry/ No need to worry. I will find out and call you this evening. Sumanth: You need not. I'll call you.

Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ: He gave me advice sentence subjects different verbs frame logue form

Ñ

ûÓ,

†´‚-Ø√í¬ îËÆæ’èπ◊E áEo sentences, different ûÓ, not ûÓ, question form ™, dia™ áEo îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË ÅEo îËߪ’çúÕ.

eg: a) Saritha showed me her chain. b) Sunil did not give me the book c) Why did they offer him the job? d) Mukesh: Are you paying me the money now? Ganesh: I am not promising you anything. I will try. Mukesh: Send me the money tomorrow atleast.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Harihar:

Hi Subhakar, do you know Murthy?

(Fèπ◊ ´‚Jh ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Subhakar: Of course. We Went to school together. We were the same class. We used to sit on the same bench too. We were together for three years at school.

(ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-ô-¢Ë’çöÀ? ¢Ë’ç äÍé school ™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊Ø√oç. Classmates. äÍé bench O’ü¿ èπÿ-ØË-¢√∞¡xç èπÿú≈) Harihar:

Subhakar: That's right too. We cant' do two things at the same time. We have to choose between the two.

(ÅD Eï¢Ë’. äÍé-≤ƒJ È®çúø’ °æ†’©’ îËߪ’™‰ç éπü∆. àüÓ äéπöÀ ᆒo-éÓ-¢√L.) Harihar:

Bye then. Time for me to go for my Physics tuition class. (Physics tuition

¢Á∞«xL ؈’, ´≤ƒh.

Subhakar: Bye

I happened to meet him on train. He told me about you.

Ñ dialogue ™ Ñ îª÷úøçúÕ.

expressions

(؈-ûª-úÕE train ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. F í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒpúø’.)

2) We used to be close

1) We used to sit on the same bench.

Subhakar: We are still in touch with each other. He joined a college in Hyderabad, and I stayed on here.

É™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ – used to ¢√úøû√ç. °j dialogue ™ èπÿú≈ É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀÍé used to ¢√úøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) He used to help me

3) He used to help me

(É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢Ë’ç äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ωç touch ™ ÖØ√oç. ¢√úË¢Á÷ Hyderabad college ™ îË®√úø’, ØËE-éπ\úË ÖçúÕ-§Úߪ÷) Harihar:

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 12 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’

4) He used to be very good at studies.

2) We used to be close

5) You used to be the opener

3) He used to be good at studies

6) I used to play

¢Ë’ç ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡xç îªü¿’-´¤™ ¶«í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ (¶«í¬ îªC-¢Ë-¢√úø’ – ÉüË ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ – He used to study well )

Quite a nice fellow, isn't he?

4) You used to be the opener

(î√™« ´’ç* ¢√úø’, éπü∆?) Subhakar: Certainly. We used to be close. He used to help me in studies, especially in maths. He used to be very good at studies

(Eï¢Ë’. ¢Ë’ç î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖçúË¢√∞¡xç. Ø√èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤™ ´·êuçí¬ maths ™ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’. ¶«í¬ îªC-¢Ë-¢√úø’) Harihar:

He told me you used to play cricket very well. It seems you used to be the opener for your school team

(†’´¤y cricket î√™« ¶«í¬ ÇúË-¢√-úÕ-´E îÁ§ƒpúø’. O’ school team èπ◊ †’´¤y opener í¬ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕ-´ô éπü∆?) Subhakar: Yes. I used to play, but not as well as Murthy has told you.

(Eï¢Ë’, ØËØ√-úË-¢√úËo, Å®·ûË ´‚Jh îÁ°œp-†çûª ¶«í¬ é¬ü¿’) Harihar:

Why aren't you playing now?

Subhakar: I used to find a lot of time to play at school. Now my concentration is on EAMCET. No time for games now. (school ™ î√™« time ÖçúË-C Ø√èπ◊. É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ EAMCET O’ü¿ concentrate îËÆæ ’hØ√o. Games èπ◊ time üÌ®Ω-éπôç ™‰ü¿’) I used to play shuttle regularly, but I gave it up after I joined college. Dad wont' let me play any game now. shuttle college

ÇúË-¢√-úÕE. é¬F ´÷Ø˨», ™ îËJ† ûª®√yûª ´÷ Ø√†o ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’)

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ¢- Á·-ü¿-öÀ®Ó-V Office èπ◊ ¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-úø’ -Å-†-ú≈-Eo

'He is going to office for the first time' correct

- Å-E Å-îª-C-¢√-†’. -Å-C ´¤-ûª’ç-ü∆? -D-Eo- ´’®Ó N-üµ¿çí¬ -á-™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’? 2 ) ''Phonetics'' ØË®Ω’aèπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ -äéπ -´’ç-* °æ¤Ææhéπç Ææ÷-*ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – á. -¢Ë-ù’íÓ-§ƒ-™¸, -Å-Mx°æ‹®˝

is going to office for the first time = office This is the first time he is going to office 2) Oxford, longman's Dictionaries

¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJí¬ (®ÓV é¬ü¿’) èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’. ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x,

í¬ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕN.

°j ™ ques™ ûÓ, ûÓ ¢√úøôç îª÷úøçúÕ. É™« èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’ used to ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´’J-éÌEo îª÷úøçúÕ. a) Å-ûªúÁ-°æ¤púø÷ punctual í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’ He never used to be punctual? b)

ÅûªúÕ ≤ƒßª’ç †’´¤y ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕ¢√? Did you use to take his help often?

(N’í∫û√ verbs èπ◊ ™«í¬ØË used to question -ûÓ é¬F not ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕûË did use Å´¤-ûª’çC. -Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l ≤ƒßª’ç àO’ îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’ He didn't use to help me much. [Used to present/ future actions of being ]

èπÿ

states

èπÿ ®√ü¿’

She used to sing well 7) I used to find a lot of time.

Ñ expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ used to èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†¢Ë éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ used to Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. used to èπ◊ be form used to be; Action word: used to + 1st Regular Doing word e.g: used to play, used to sing, etc.,

í∫ûªç™ Å©-¢√-ô’í¬, véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o ÆœnAE é¬F, Ωu (action)†’ é¬F ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ñ used to èπ◊, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úË use èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Subhakar ´÷ô we used to sit on the same bench

äÍé bench O’ü¿ èπÿØË ¢√∞¡xç (A regular action of the past)

6) I used to find a lot of time

Ø√èπ◊ î√™« time üÌJ-ÍéC 鬕öÀd 'used to' expresses a habitual state of being or action.

Pramod: Your teacher at M. SURESAN school was at our place this afternoon. She's dad's cousin

O’ School teacher ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ´*açC ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç. ÇNúø ´÷ Ø√†o cousin. Cousin éπ>Ø˛ – 'éπ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, > size ™ z ™«í¬. Å®Ωnç = ®Ωéπh Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E ü¿í∫_®Ω ö«d-©ç-ü¿®Ω’ English™ cousins. Children of your parents (

brothers and sisters are all your cousins.

ûÁ©’-í∫’™: Å°æ¤-úø™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úËC (It used to be so);

Åçõ‰ O’ ´÷´’ߪ’u éÌúø’-èπ◊©÷, èπÿûª’-∞¡Ÿx -Åç-ü¿®Ω÷ O’ cousins - cousin sister, cousin brother ÅØË ´÷ô©’ English ™ ™‰´¤. ÅN ¢√úøç)

¢√úø’ ®ÓW ÇúË-¢√úø’ (He used to play every day);

Prasanth: She used to like me a lot she was a very good teacher.

Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ §ƒúËC They used to quarrel with each other.

-v°æ-¨¡o: -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù °æ‹-Jhí¬ -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ’-´÷®Ω’ 275 -¢√éπu -†-´‚-Ø√-©’ (patterns or structures) -î√-©-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -¢√uéπ®Ω-ù °æç-úÕ-ûª’-© -Å-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’ç. -Ç 275 -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -vö«-Ø˛q™‰-≠æ-Ø˛- Ææ£æ… -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. – Èé.®√-´÷®√--´¤, -N-ï-ߪ’-¢√-úø ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω-†oC correct. Å®·ûË ´·ç-ü¿’í¬ fundamentals ¶«í¬ ûÁLÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îÁ°œp† ¢√éπu †´‚-Ø√©’ (sentence patterns) practice îËߪ’-´îª’a. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ûªT† vocabulary èπÿú≈ °çîª ’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆, slots fill îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊. Thanks for the suggestion.

î√©’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH Ananth: Sumanth:

Ananth: Sumanth:

Ananth: Sumanth: Ananth: Sumanth: Ananth:

Prasanth: Didn't she use to say, 'understand?' at the end of her every sentence?

(v°æA sentence *´®√ (Ç¢Á’ teach îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, 'understand?' ÅØË-C-éπü∆?) Pramod:

That she used to. I observed too. Most teachers, I think say that.

(Å´¤†’ Å™« Åçô’ç-úËC. ؈÷ í∫´’Eçî√†’. Teachers î√™«-´’çC Å™« Åçö«-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«.) Prasanth: I never used to find our Maths teacher say that. He used to say, 'Isn't it?' quite often.

(´÷ Maths teacher Å™« ņôç ØËØÁ°æ¤púø÷ NØË-¢√-úÕE 鬆’. Çߪ’† á°æ¤púø÷, 'Isn't it?' ÅØË-¢√úø’.

É¢√-∞ÏçöÀ Éçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-î√´¤? Ñ ´’üµ¿u ؈’ ûªy®Ω-í¬ØË ™‰Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ´‚úø’ ØÁ©© éÀçü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ late í¬ ™‰îË¢√-úÕE – college hours áE-N’C †’ç* äçöÀí∫çô ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷Í®a´®Ωèπ◊ áçü¿’-éπçûª Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË-¢√-úÕN? ®√vA î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ îªC¢Ë ¢√úÕE. Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °æúø’-èπ◊ØË ¢√úÕE. Åçü¿’-éπE Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË¢√-úÕE. ´’ü¿u ™‰îË-ô-°æp-öÀ-éÀ-Èéçûª time ÅßË’uC ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω 8 ÅßË’uC. áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçúËüÓ Øˆ’ -´÷vûªç Ç®Ω’Íé ™‰îË-¢√-úÕE. É°æ¤púø’ âCç-öÀÍé ™‰Ææ’hØ√o. àüÁjØ√ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . Hi Sumanth, why are you up so early? How is it you are up so early? How is it you got up so early?

Pramod: Though I was n't her student, I used to go to her for tuition.

(ØËØ√¢Á’ student Å´éπ§Ú-®·Ø√, Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_-®ΩéÀ tuition -¢Á∞Ïx-¢√-úÕE.)

Hi Sumanth,

ANSWER:

(؈çõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æ-úËC/ ÅGµ-´÷†ç ÇNúø î√™« ´’ç* teacher)

(¢√∞¡Ÿx -äéπ-J-ûÓ äéπ®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÌ-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx)–

ņ-´îª’a.

Spoken English

opener

؈’ ÇúË-¢√-úÕE

(she used to sing well);

(؈’

ï-¢√-•’: 1) He

111

Used to

(É°æ¤púø’ áçü¿’é¬-úøôç ™‰ü¿’?)

Harihar:

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

†’´¤y

5) I used to play

Used to conversation tion not never

get up = How is it = be up. 'be up' natural)

àçöÀ?

=

Evü¿-™‰-´ôç ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ simple,

Sumanth: Of late I have been getting up early. I used to get up late till 3 months ago- till the college hours were changed from 8 AM to 1 PM Ananth:

Why did you use to get up so late?

Sumanth: I used to study till late in the night. So I used to get up/to be up late. Ananth:

what used to be the time when you got up/when you were up?

Sumanth: It used to be nearly 8. How happy I was!/ How I enjoyed it! Ananth:

I used to get up at 6. Now I get up at 5 itself.

Sumanth: What ever you may say. I like getting up late.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ii I Himakar: Who do I see here? Dinakar? Oh what a surprise! When did you come?

Ñ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

™ éÀçC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

expressions

I used to find ... I used to eat out He used to be quite active here. He used to get up quite late I am used to it. I could not get used to the food He was used to keeping awake late He will be used to it. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson™ ´’†ç used to Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’

(àß˝’, á´®Ω÷? C†-éπ®√? Ǩ¡a®Ωuçí¬- -Öç-C! á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√a´¤?)

Dinakar: Yesterday. The first thing I thought I would do was see you and here I am

(E†o, ®√í¬ØË ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô îª÷ú≈©†’èπ◊Ø√o. ´îËa¨»)

conversation

E†’o

Himakar: Real pleasure seeing you. So how's Bangalore?

(E†’o îª÷úøôç Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. í∫ûªç™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúøf Bangalore ᙫ ÖçC?) Æœnûª’-©èπÿ, Ωu-©èπÿ (Habitual status of being/habitDinakar: A beautiful city. I went there in the winual actions in the past) ¢√-úø-û√ç -Å-E °j† exprester. I used to find the cold difficult to sions from 1 to 4 ü∆EéÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ éπü∆. bear, but now I am used to it. 1. I used to find the cold difficult to bear (Åçü¿-¢Á’i† †í∫®Ωç. ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ îªL-é¬-©ç™ Ç îªL ûªô’d-éÓôç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÅE-°œç-îËC. ¢Á∞«x. Ç îªL ûªô’d-éÓ-´úøç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçúËC. 2. I used to eat out é¬-F É°æ¤púø’ Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úÕ-§Úߪ÷) •ßª’ô AØË-¢√úÕo. Himakar: What about the food? (-ǣ慮Ωç -´÷-õ‰ç-öÀ?) Dinakar: No trouble now. I cook for myself. I used to eat out in the beginning but I could not get used to the food. I started cooking, and I am happy now.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(É°æ¤púËç É•sçC ™‰ü¿’. ØËØË ´çúø’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o†’. ¢Á·ü¿öx £æ«Ùô™x AØË-¢√-úÕE. é¬-F -Å-©¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷. ´çúø’-éÓôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°ö«d. É°æ¤púË É•sçD ™‰ü¿’. (Eat out = Restaurants ™ A†ôç)

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 14 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

112

No. 5 to 8 îª÷úøçúÕ. ¢Á·ü¿ô 5, 7 and 8 îª÷úøçúÕ 5. I am used to it 7. He was used to keeping awake late 8. He will be used to it 5, 7 and 8 expressions ™ used to ´·çü¿’ be forms (am, was, will be) Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈, used to ûª®√yûª 'be' form é¬F, Regular doing word é¬F ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. Used to, ûª®√yûª, It é¬F, ing form é¬F ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. Åçõ‰ 5, 7 and 8™ ´’†ç ¢√úÕçC. 'be' form (am/was/willbe) + it/...ing form (Expressions 1, 2, 3, 4™ ¢√úÕçC. (Used to + be / Ist Regular Doing Word) Used to + be/1st RDW

í∫ûªç™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o ÆœnA/ ïJ-T† °æE. É-D É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC.

3. He used to be quite active here

É°æ¤úø’ 'be' form + used + it/ ...ing form (expressions, 5, 7 and 8 ™ ÖçC) –

Ééπ\úø î√™« ®Ω’í¬_ ÖçúË-¢√úø’.

4. He used to get up quite late

ÉC äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúøôç –any time – past, 1) Past ™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o Æœnûª’-©èπÿ, ïJ-T† present or future †’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’Himakar: He is OK. except for his odd hours of °æ†’-©èπÿ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Present, futureèπ◊ ñ‰Ææ’hç-C. duty. He has to work late night shifts. M. SURESAN á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç. (í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆, used to + It's troubling him a bit. 2) Used to ûª®√yûª 'be' é¬F, Ist Regular Doing be/ 1st RDW - past Íé (-Ç-úø÷u-öà -¢Ë-∞¡-©’ ûª°æp ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. Words (used to + go / Walk) Sleep, etc) é¬F °æJ-N’ûªç) ®√-vA -¢Ë-∞¡-™x °æ-E-îË-ߪ’-úøç -Å-ûª-Eo -É-•sç-C ´≤ƒh®·. ÉC ´’†ç last lesson™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. a) Kesav: How do you find Delhi in Summer? °-úø’-ûÓç-C) ´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ. (¢ËÆæN™ Delhi ᙫ ÖçC?) Dinakar: He was used to keeping awake late at 1) ´÷éπ-°æ¤púø’ ¢√®√-EéÀ 5 ®ÓV™‰ ÖçúË-C Eswar: Quite hot. But I have been used to Used to

night here. He used to get up quite late here. what's the problem?

(é¬F -Åéπ\úø ´’K Ç©Ææuç.®√vA 12 ûª®√yûË duty Å®· Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, Åçü¿’-´©x Öü¿ßª’ç 9, 10 ûª®√yûË Evü¿ ™‰´ôç, ÉD ÅûªE Ææ´’Ææu. 鬩-véπ-¢Ë’ù« Å©¢√ô’ °æúø-û√-†E ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’)

Dinakar: Best of luck for him

We used to have school only for 5 days a week.

2)

ûª®Ωîª÷ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ´Ææ’hç-úË-¢√úø’.

He used to visit me frequently 3)

Ç¢Á’ Åûª-ØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËC é¬ü¿’ She never used to like him

4)

EØÁo-°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ É•sçC °õ‰d¢√úÕØ√ ؈’?

Did I ever used to trouble you? 5)

¢√úø’ °æí∫©çû√ Ééπ\úË í∫úÕ-Ê°-¢√úø’

He used to spend the whole of day being here. 6)

¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-çí¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’

6)

Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúËC

She used to be beautiful used to ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? conversation expressions...

É°æ¤púø’ °j

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C °æ-ü∆-© π◊ ÆæÈ®j-† Pronunciation -ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’? Bear, Owl, yacht, Menace, Cheer (v), Cheers (n), Cop, Cheerful (adj), tyrant, martyr, Chaos, Career .

–-öÀ. -P-´, -†ç-CéÌ-ô÷\®Ω’ -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Bear=¶„-Å; 2) Owl=ñ˜™¸ -(Å--Ö™¸), 3) yacht=ߪ÷ö¸ 4) Menace=¢Á’†Æˇ ('¢Á’—ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 5) Cheer=*µßª’; Cheers=*µßª’ñ¸.('ñ¸— size™ z™«) 6) Cop=鬰ˇ (鬖°-ü¿-´¤©’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp, Ø√©’éπ ´çéπ-®Ω-°-ôdçúÕ) 8) Cheerful='-*µßª’-°∂ˇ™ ¸ – '*µ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 9) tyrant=õ„j®Ω-Ø˛ö¸ ('õ„j ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 1) 10) martyr=´÷ô ('´÷— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç)11) Chaos=Èéߪ’Æˇ ('Èé— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 12) Career=éπJߪ’ ('JØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

the heat for past three years.

(áçúøí¬ØË Öçô’çC. é¬F í∫ûª ´‚úË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ ØËØ√ áçúøéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈f. É°æ¤púø’ ÅC Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿’).

(have been (be form) + used + to the heat (noun) (üËE-ÈéjØ√ ´’†ç ÉîËa Ê°®Ω’ noun. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ it / that / this etc. ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-´îª’a) b) Åûª-úÕéÀ night shifts (®√vA-¢Ë-∞¡©’ – duties) Å©-¢√õ‰ – He is used to night shifts. c) É™«çöÀ v¨¡´’ Åûª-úÕéÀ éÌûªh. éÌçûª é¬-™«-EéÀ

Å©-¢√ô’ °æúøû√úø’

He used to be very helpful to me

-†’ç* BÆœ†

Spoken English

(†úøéπ, †úø-´ôç Å-ûª-úÕéÀ Å©-¢√ô’.)

c) Ram: Your boss seems to be an angry man. (O’ boss éÓ°œ-≠œd™« éπ-EpÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?) Rahim: I just don't bother. I am used to his anger.

(ØËØËç ™„éπ\-îË-ߪ’†’. Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úÕ-§Úߪ÷

Çߪ’† éÓ§ƒ-EéÀ.)(am used to - his anger) d) Bhavan: His wife appears to be the nagging type.

¶«í¬ Ç©Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË-¢√úø’.

(ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? Ééπ\úø Åûª†’ î√™« ®Ω’í¬_ ÖçúË-¢√úø’)

Himakar: But there he has to get off duty too late, after 12 mid night, and so he can get up only after 9 or 10 in the morning. This is his problem. He hopes he will be used to it in a course of time

®√´ôç í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ)

b) He is used to long walks / taking long walks in the morning

She used to be beautiful

Himakar: You know our friend Bhaskar, don't you? He works in a Call Centre there. (Fèπ◊ ¶µ«Ææ \®˝ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬. ¢√úø-éπ\úø Call Centre ™ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’) Dinakar: How is he? He used to be quite active here

(Ééπ\úø á°æ¤púø÷ ®√vA î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™\´ôç Å©-¢√õ‰ éπü∆ Åûª-EéÀ. Ç©Ææuçí¬ØË Evü¿™‰îË¢√úø’ éπü∆?)

future, past™ üËE-ÈéjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. a) I am used to coffee in the morning (Coffee - noun) (Ø√èπ◊ §Òü¿’l† coffee Å©-¢√ô’) I am used to taking coffee in the morning Ø√èπ◊ §Òü¿’lØË coffee B≤Ú\-´ôç Å©-¢√ô’. (Ééπ\úø am used to ûª®√yûª, taking, ... ing form

This kind of hard work is new to him, but he will be used to the work in course of time. d) ¢√úÕ boss Å´-´÷-Ø√©’ Åûª-úÕéÀ Å©-¢√õ‰ He is used to the insults from his boss. e) Pratap: How are you able to carry such a load?

(Åçûª •®Ω’¢Á™« ¢Á÷ߪ’-í∫©’_ûª’Ø√o´¤?)

Sekhar: What a question? Weren't we (were we not) used to carrying heavier loads of books at school? (àç -v°æ-¨¡o -Å-C? School™ ´’†èπ◊ Éçûª-

éπØ√o •®Ω’-´¤†o °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢Á÷ߪ’ôç Å©--¢√-õ‰ éπü∆?) 鬕öÀd be used to Åçõ‰ Å©-¢√ô’ Öçúøôç, éÌûªh é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç. be used to ûª®√yûª noun form (this food, the heat, the insults etc) é¬F, '... ing' form é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. be used to Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo- •öÀd, present,

(†Ææ-°õ‰d ®Ωéπç-™« ÖçC ¢√úÕ ¶µ«®Ωu .)

Sravan: He is so used to her nagging that without it he feels he misses something.

(Ç †Ææ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË àüÓ ¢Á-L-Aí¬ Ö†oô’d ¶«üµ¿°æ-úø-û√úø’ ¢√úø’. Ç †Ææ-éπçûª Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈fúø’)

(is used to -nagging)

Now practise the following:Sekhar:

†’´¤y *†o-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ °æJ-Èí-ûËh-¢√-úÕN éπü∆? É°æ¤p-úËçöÀ ÅÆæ©’ éÌçûª ü¿÷®Ωç èπÿú≈ †úø-´-™‰éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Pramod: Ñ office™ join Å®·-†-ûª-®√yûª Ø√èπ◊ ¢√£æ«†ç ÖçC éπü∆. *†o *†o ü¿÷®√-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ bike O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç Å©-¢√--õ„i-§Ú-´-úøç ´©x, †úøéπ ûªT_çC. Sekhar: Å°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ slim í¬ ÖçúË ¢√úÕN èπÿú≈. Pramod: Ñ Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† @N-û√Eéπ©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç ´©x weight èπÿú≈ °J-TçC. Eï¢Ë’. Sekhar: Bike ¢√úøôç ´÷ØËÆ œ urgent é¬E °æ†’-©èπ◊ †úø’. Pramod: †úø-¢√-©-E°œçîªü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. é¬F v°æߪ’-Aoç-î √L. à´·ç-C™‰, È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ †úÕÊÆh Å©¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-û√†’. Å´¤†÷, †’´¤y Delhi ™ Öçô’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?Åéπ\úø AçúÕ Fèπ◊ °æúø’ûÓçü∆? Sekhar: Ææ´’ÊÆu ™‰ü¿’. Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-ú≈f†’. b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, àçöÀ ´’K Sundays èπÿú≈ busy í¬ Öçô’-Ø√o´¤? Bharat: àç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«´¤? Busy life éπ©-¢√-ô’-°æú≈f†’. É°æ¤púø’ °æE-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË àç ûÓîªü¿’. Dishyant: Í®°æ¤ promotion ´ÊÆh ¶«í¬ BJéπ Öçô’çC éπü∆? Å°æ¤púËç îË≤ƒh´¤? Bharat: Å°æ¤púø’ ü∆EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-û√†’. àüÁjØ√ ´÷®Ω’p éÌEo ®ÓV™‰ Ææ´’Ææu. Ç ûª®√yûª ü∆EéÀ Å©¢√-ô’-°æ-úøû√ç. Dushyant: Å´¤†’. Correct ´÷ ņo†’ ´÷ Å´÷t, Ø√†o î√™« Ææ’êçí¬ Â°çî√®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úø’. business™ ®ÓW 8 í∫çô-©-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Balaram: Hi Damodar, how's your new bike? bike Damodar: I have used it for just a few days. I feel it is heavy for a man my size. So I find it a bit difficult to handle it. ( Size handle

(F éÌûªh

ᙫ ÖçC?)

éÌCl-®Ó-V-©’-í¬ØË éπü∆ ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√o éπC éÌçîÁç •®Ω’¢Ë ÅEpü∆Eo. Ø√ îÁߪ’uôç ≤ÚhçC. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆Eo é¬Ææh éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC)

Balaram: Could it be a wrong choice? selection)

1) I will get used to 2) You will get used to handling it 3) He has got used to holding its weight 4) I got used to it Lessons be used to be used to be used to noun '...ing' form 1) She is used to the rudeness of her mother-inlaw.

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ™ ¢√ú≈ç Åçõ‰ Å©-¢√ô’ éπü∆. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ °æúøôç ÅE, é¬F, é¬F ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E.

Ç¢Á’ Åûªh-í¬J ü¿’®Ω’-Ææ’-ûª-Ø√-EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú®·çC. (Ééπ\úø rudeness, noun)

(F áç°œéπ (Åç-ûª ÆæÈ®jçC é¬üË¢Á÷ ņ’èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)

2) They are used to working for low wages.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

ûªèπ◊\´ @û√-©èπ◊ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç ¢√∞¡x-éπ-©-¢√õ‰. (Åçõ‰ éÌûËhO’ é¬ü¿’. ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿’™ éÌûªhí¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈Lqç-üËO’ ™‰ü¿’)

113

b) Having been poor till now, he is yet to be used/ yet to get used to/ yet to become used to, the comforts of rich life

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Hü¿-¢√-úø’í¬ Öçúø-ôç-´©x, üµ¿Eéπ @Nûª Ææ’ë«-©-éÀçé¬ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’/ ÅN Åûª-EéÀçé¬ éÌûªh/ -Å-ûª-EéÀ ÅN É•sç-Cí¬ ÖØ√o®·.

I got used to it Damodar: (I) Can't say anything now. I think I will get used to it as days pass.

(É°æ¤púËç îÁ°æp-™‰†’. ®ÓV©’ í∫úÕîËéÌDl Å©-¢√ô’°æúø-í∫-©-†-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

3) This street boy is used to the cold of the winter.

Ñ OCµ-¶«-©’úø’ Qû√-é¬-©°æ¤ îªL-éπ-©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøf-¢√úË. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, noun •ü¿’©’, is èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. M. SURESAN °j conversation ™ get used to èπÿ, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† be used to èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ áçûÓ ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. 'be used to' èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd ÆæÈ®j† tense form ûÓ get used to ¢√úÌa:

Balaram: I think so too.

(؈÷ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

Damodar: Once it begins to move I feel very comfortable riding it. Only when I have to stand it do I feel the weight

(éπü¿-©ôç ¢Á·ü¿-™„jûË î√™« £æ…®·í¬ Öçô’çC. ü∆Eo Stand ¢Ëߪ÷Lq ´*a-†°æ¤púË •®Ω’-´-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC). But I enjoy the ride.

(Å®·ûË ü∆EO’ü¿ Ææ-¢√-K î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ Öçô’çC)

Balaram: Don't worry. You will get used to handling it. Look at Arjun. He is Shorter than you and his bike heavier than yours. I See him handling it with ease. He has got used to holding its weight.

(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. †’´¤y ûªy®Ω-í¬ØË ü∆E •®Ω’´¤èπ◊ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-û√´¤. Å®Ω’b-Ø˛†’ îª÷úø’ ¢√úø’ F éπçõ‰ §ÒöÀd, ¢√úÕ bike F ü∆Eéπçõ‰ •®Ω’´¤. é¬E ü∆Eo ¢√úø’ î√™« Ææ’©’´¤í¬ handle îË≤ƒhúø’. ¢√úø’ Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈fúø’)

Damodar: Yes That was my Experience of my cycle too, when I had my First Cycle, I Was just 7 or 8 years old and the cycle felt heavy , but I got used to it. Cycle Cycle

(Å´¤†’ Ø√ ûÓ Å†’-¶µº´ç èπÿú≈ ÅüË. ؈’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJí¬ é̆o°æ¤púø’, Ø√èπ◊ àúË∞x áE-N’-üË∞x Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ Cycle •®Ω’-´-E°œç-îËC. é¬F Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈f ü∆E •®Ω’-´¤éÀ.

Balaram: I ride a bike well, but I have yet to get used to the traffic of Hyderabad. I think it will be a few more weeks before I can drive comfortably in such traffic. Traffic drive

(Ø√éÀçé¬ Ñ Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ™ îËߪ’ôç Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰ü¿’. ÉçéÌEo ¢√®√©-èπ◊-í¬E Ææ’êçí¬ drive îËߪ’-™‰-†-†’-èπ◊çö«)

OK. I must be going. Bye (Oh, Bye) Damodar: Bye Conversations Get used to expressions Lessons be used to

ØËEéπ ¢Á∞«xL

Ñ

™ ûÓ Ö†o í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ™ Åçû√ èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Get used to ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:

Spoken English

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 16 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

a)

b)

ÉO be used to, got used to, became used to Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. ´’Sx Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬... 1) be (get/ become) used to ûª®√yûª noun é¬F, ...ing form é¬F ´≤ƒh®·. Ist RDW ®√ü¿’. Å®Ωnç – Å©-¢√-ô-´ôç, éÌûªh-é¬-éπ-§Ú-´ôç, É•sçC éπ©-í∫-éπ§Ú-´ôç. 2) be (get/ become) used to à tense ™ØÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a, Öçúøôç, Ωu ïJÍí 鬙«-Eo-•öÀd. PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH: Sneha: Hi Maithri:

¢Á’ivB, ᙫ ÖçC Ééπ\úÕ éÌûªh @Nûªç? Ø√Íéç éÌûªh ÅE°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Å©-¢√-õ„j-§Ú®·çC. ô÷d F™«çöÀ friends Öçúø-ôç-´©x Sneha: ´’J O’ Çߪ’† Ææçí∫A? In the beginning I could not adjust to the Maithri: Çߪ’-†Íé é¬Ææh Ææ´’-Ææuí¬ ÖçC. Çߪ’-†C hostel food, but I got used to it as time went marketing job éπü∆? Ééπ\úÕ market B®Ω’on/but I am now used to it ûÁ-†’o-©-éÀçé¬ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰-ü∆-ߪ’†. Ééπ\úÕ ¢Á·ü¿ô hostel food °æúËC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ®ÓV©’ market Çߪ’-†èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh. í∫úÕ-îË-éÌCl Å©-¢√-õ„j-§Ú-®·çC; É°æ¤úø’ ؈’ ü∆EéÀ Sneha: Åçü¿’™ ¶µ«≠æ èπÿú≈ ûËú≈ éπü∆? é¬Ææh time °æôd-´îª’a Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-ö«-EéÀ. Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-ú≈f†’. Maithri: ÉçTx ≠ˇ ûÁL-Æœ†îÓôx Çߪ’-†-ÍéO’ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. How long did it take for you to get used to Çߪ ’ -†èπ◊ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Ææ綵«-≠æù Å©-¢√õ‰. the climate of Kashmir? ≤ƒnEé𠶵«≠æ Å®·-ûËØË Ææ´’Ææu. é¬Qt®˝ ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úø-ö«-E-Èéçûª time Sneha: ´’£æ… Å®·ûË ÉçéÓ ØÁ© °æôd-´-a™‰. Ç °æöÀdçC Fèπ◊? ûª®√yûª Å©-¢√õ„j §Úûª’çC.

c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working for long hours here unlike in his previous job

Ééπ\úø áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úÕçé¬ Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úø-™‰-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«, ¢√úÕç-ûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o job ™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈.

d) People in government jobs find it difficult to get used to working in private organisations. private

v°æ¶µº’ûªy 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷™x °æE-îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ÆæçÆæn™x °æEîËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ Å©¢√ô’ °æúøôç éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’çC. °j (b), (c), (d) ™x `be used to' èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

b) How long did it take for you to get used to...? = How long did take for you to be used to....? c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working = I think he hasn't been used to working d) People in government jobs find it difficult to get used to working- People in government jobs find it difficult to be used to working in...

become ´ be used to, get used to used to a) I've got used/ I've become used to/ I've been used to this kind of treatment from the Boss Boss (treatment=

¢√úË îÓôx

èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa.

†Eo™« îª÷úøôç ¢Ájü¿uç, ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. Ééπ\-úø Å®Ωnç äéπ®Ω’ ÉçéÌ-éπJo îª÷úøôç, Åçõ‰ íı®Ω-Nç-îªôç, ©-éπ-†í¬ îª÷úøôç, üËy≠æç Öçúøôç, ™„éπ\-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ™«çöÀN: Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ boss ††’o îª÷úøôç (treat îËߪ’ôç) Ø√èπ◊ éÌûËhO’ é¬ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

ANSWER: Sneha: How is the new life here, Maithri? Maithri: I don't find it new/ different any more; especially with friends like you around. Sneha: What about your husband/ hubby? Maithri: He finds it a little problem/ He has some trouble. Hence a marketing job, isn't it? He hasn't yet got used to/ He has yet to get used to the trends of the market here. The market here is entirely/ completely/ totally new to him.

Sneha: Moreover the language here is different, so he may take (some) time to get used to it. Maithri: Where English is known/ Where people know English, he hasn't any problem. He is used to communicating in English. The problem is with the local language. Sneha: At the most he may take a month to get used to the circumstances/ situation here. That's all.

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç-Ø√-öÀ -Å-¶µ«u≤ƒ-© Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©’:

a) Sekhar: You used to be good at running/used to run well/used to be a good runner when you were young. Why aren't you able to walk even a short distance? Pramod: After I joined this office, I got a vehicle. I am used to going on the bike even for short distances. So I walk less now. Sekhar: You used to be very slim. Pramod: True. Because I am used to this kind of life and my weight has increased too/ has gone up too/ I have put on weight. Sekhar: Stop using the bike. Walk for things not urgent. Pramod: I don't feel like. But I must try. That's nothing, of course. If I walk for 2 or 3 days, I will be used to walking you are in Delhi now. Are you used to the food there? Sekhar: No problem. I am used to it. / I have got used to it. b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, you are busy on Sundays too/ even on Sundays, what's the matter? Bharat: What can I do. I am used to this busy life. I feel bad/ out of sorts if I don't have enough work. Dushyant: If you get promotion, you will have a lot of leisure. What will you do then? Bharat: I will be used to it then change a problem for only a few days. After that we are used to it. Dushyant: Yes, that's right. My parents brought up my brother in all comfort. But look now. In his business, he now works for more than eight hours.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Leave letter ®√Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, (Head mas- -v°æ-¨¡o: Am, is, are + V3 = ï®Ω-í∫-•úÕ Öçúøôç ™‰ü∆ ter †’ address îËÆæ÷h ï®Ω-í∫-•-úøúøç (™‰ü∆) È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Ææç-ü¿-®√s¥-†’Teachers) Kindly grant me, ≤ƒ-®Ωçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™«? -á-™« ¢√ú≈-L? ÅE ®√ߪ’úøç ûª§ƒp, may I – -áÆˇ.-ü¿’®√_®√-´¤, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø request you ÅE ®√ߪ’úøç cor- -ï-¢√-•’: am/ is / are + v3 (past participle) Ñ rect Å´¤-ûª’çü∆, ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. combination ™ Ö†o verb passive voice ™ Öçô’çC. Å®Ωnç '•úø’— ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. 2.Respected Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a, Yours sincerely / Yours 1) The poem is written by John = John îËûª Ç faithfully -à-C -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-L? poem ®√ߪ’-•-úÕçC Å-E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L. The poem has been written/ was written by – -G-.-vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, éÌ-´‹y®Ω’ John ÅØËC Éçûª-éπçõ‰ better form. -ï-¢√-•’: 1. È®çúø÷ correct. May I request you ÅØËC am/ is/ are + pp (past participle - v3) - ÉC habité¬Ææh formal. 2. Respected Sir, ņôç correct é¬ü¿’. Sir, ÅE ual action èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈L. Å®·-§Ú-®·† action Ææç¶-CµÊÆh î√©’. Respected sir ÆæÈ®j† English Å®·ûË, has been + pp/ was/ were + pp ¢√úøôç é¬ü¿’. Leave letter ´’†-éπçõ‰ °j ÅCµ-é¬-JéÀ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’, time state îË-¨»-´÷, ™‰ü∆ Å-ØËü∆Eo •öÀd. address îËÆ œ-†-°æ¤púø’ yours faithfully, ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ. 2) He is gone ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖçC– He has gone ÅØË Yours sincerely ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Å®Ωnç-ûÓ. -É-ç-ü¿’™ ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Jagan: Mohan, when did you last meet kumar?

Jagan: I see him the other day when he was talking to someone.

(èπ◊´÷®˝†’ á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o´¤, *´-®Ωí¬?) Mohan: Just yesterday. He was going home from office. office

(E†oØË. ¢√úø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh†o°æ¤púø’)

†’ç* ÉçöÀéÀ

Jagan: Do you meet frequently?

(O’®Ω’ ûª®Ωîª÷ éπ©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√?) Mohan: We used to. Of late, however, we haven’t been seeing each other that frequently. His writing stories for the magazine keeps him busy.

(í∫ûªç™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË¢√∞¡xç. Ñ ´’üµ¿u Åçûª ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éπ©-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. °ævA-éπèπ◊ éπü∑¿©’ ®√ߪ’ôç™ Åûªúø’ busy í¬ Öçö«úø’) Of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u = recently. of late/ lately éÀ, late èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ – late = Ç©Ææuç

(-¢Á·-ØÁo°æ¤p-úÓ Åûªúø’ á´-J-ûÓØÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª’çõ‰ ؈ûªEo îª÷¨») Mohan: He has a number of admirers.

(Åûª-úÕE ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™«´’çC ÖØ√o®Ω’.) admirers = ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx = fans. Admire = äéπJ v°æA-¶µº†’ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç Jagan: He deserves verbs including habits, facts of science, universal truths 1st column verbs I RDW, II column verbs II Regular Doing Words

Ñ

(Åûªúø’ ü∆EéÀ Å®Ω’|úË) deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Mohan: He writes well. He has written about 40 stories and short stories so far.

™

†’

†’

2)

(É°æ¤púË °æ‹®Ωh-®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊, -´÷-ô-©-†’ ¢√úøû√ç) (îªC-¢√†’ –

îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’)

c) They have just gone out -

¢√∞¡Ÿx á°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒh®Ω’ ®ÓW Ééπ\-úÕéÀ?

-¢√--∞¡Ÿx -É°æ¤p-úË •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«x®Ω’.

IV He has been writing for long. have been + ing / has present been + ing. perfect continuous tense

Do you meet him frequently?

(Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ØË ®√≤ƒhúø’. É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 40 éπü∑¿©÷, éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’ ®√¨»úø’)

ûª† 50-´ †´©†’ Çߪ’† ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °æ‹Jh îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«.

Jagan: Has he been writing for long?

(Åûª†’ î√™«é¬©çí¬ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈?) Mohan: He started writing at the age of 18 itself. He had written for the school and college magazines before he took to serious writing

(18 à∞¡xÍé ®√ߪ’ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-úø-ûª†’. ®√ߪ’ôç serious í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË´·çü¿’ school, college magazines èπ◊ ®√¨»úø’) Jagan: Any idea of bring out a collection of all his stories?

(ÅEo éπü∑¿©’ äéπ Ææç°æ¤-öÀí¬ -ûÁ-îËa Ç™-îªØË-´’Ø√o Öçü∆?) Bringing out = v°æ-Jç-îªôç, collection = (®Ω N≠æ-ߪ’ç™) Ææç°æ¤öÀ Mohan: A publishing company will soon publish it. It will be out this June, I think.

(ã v°æ-®Ω-ù«-©ßª’ç ûªy®Ω-™ØË Ç Ææç°æ¤öÀE v°æ-J-Ææ’hçC. Ñ June ™ v°æ-J-≤ƒh-®Ω-†’èπ◊çö«)

Jagan: My best wishes to him. tenses lesson

(î√™«´’çC §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úø-ôçûÓ Ñ îËÆæ’hØ√ç, í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) Ééπ\úø

situation. 3. Being it is one of the finest products of Wipro, today it is known to every customer/ consumer. 4. Being she was disgraceful in public by him, she has decided not to talk Ravi from now on. 5. Been/ Being beaten by his master Ravi didnot come to class today. 6. Been our companion for 6 months, she is not coming to us as she has became a famous TV anchor today. 7. Miss Savithri Been practising the violin since 6 months, now she has improved.

¢√úøû√ç.

É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’-©èπ◊ Ñ a) I am reading the paper - É°æ¤púø’ b) She is singing - É°æ¤púø’ c) They are walking - É°æ¤púø’

– v¨»´ùÀ, †çü∆u©

year and a half

-à-ú≈-C-†o®Ωí¬

AP

E é¬çvÈíÆˇ §ƒL-≤ÚhçC.

PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH: Prabha:

Ææ’ï† ††’o ûª®Ω disturb îËÆæ’hçC. †ØÁo-°æ¤púø’ disturb îËߪ’ü¿’. Prabha: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ -Ø√--©’í∫’≤ƒ®Ω’x phone îËÆœçC. Subha: Ø√éÀç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Prabha: Ǣ˒üÓ é¬®Ω’-éÌ-Eç-ü¿ô. Ç N≠æߪ’ç É°æp-öÀéÀ Ø√èπ◊ °æ-C≤ƒ®Ω’x phone îËÆœçC. Subha:

ANSWER: Prabha: Sujana disturbs me often. Subha: She never disturbs me. Prabha: She has phoned four times so far

ÉC

DE-E–

(í∫ûªç™ ïJT,

Åçö«ç– í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ω綵º-¢Á’i Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

¢√úøû√ç.

III. have (for, I, we, you and they) + past participle/ has (for, he, she, it) present perfect tense. 1) for past actions, time not stated time 2) for action going on from then till now,

today. Subha: She hasn’t called me so far. Prabha: She has bought a car. She has phoned about it to me 10 times.

ûÁL-ߪ’E °æ†’-©èπ◊)

(Å°æpöÀ†’ç* – É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æ†’-©èπ◊) Ééπ O’

sentences-

-¢√-öÀéÀ

corrections.

1) Being their faithful servant, he cheated them -

ÉC ûª°æ¤p. Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† ÊÆ´-èπ◊-úø-´ôç ´©x ¢Á÷Ææç î˨»úø’– ÉC ûª°æ¤p éπü∆. †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† servant í¬ Öçô÷ØË – Åçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’, Inspite of being their faithful servant.... Åçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j-† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. 2) Being she is very intelligent - ÉC Wrong construction. Being ï¢√•’: i) a) Being ÅØ√o having been ÅØ√o Å®Ωnç– Öçúøôç, ûÓ verb ÖçúË group of words ®√-´¤. (Ñ group ™ is ÅØË verb Öçúøôç ´©x, ÖçúÕ-†ç-ü¿’-´©x (í∫ûªç™, ´·êuçí¬ having ÖçC éπü∆) – Ééπ\úø correctionbeen ņo-°æ¤púø’). Öûªh been ®√ü¿’. Being very intelligent, she succeeded.... b) being/ having been ûª®√yûª verb ûÓ Ö†o group of words ®√´¤. 3) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, °j sentence ™ ™«í¬ØË, i) Being : We don’t like his being here

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø Öçúøôç ´÷éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. (being = Öçúøôç) ii) Having been: His having been a collector was helpful to us. (Åûªúø’ collector í¬ Öçúøôç ´÷èπ◊ ¢Ë’©-®·uçC– í∫ûªç™) Ñ È®çúø’ sentences ™ being Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ Öçúøôç, Having been Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ Öçúøôç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC éπü∆? Being / Having been = Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x / Å®·†çü¿’´©x a) Being weak, he is unable to walk

8. Been/ Being it was very hot sunny they didnot attend the

Spoken English

ÅØ√o äéπõ‰,

É™«çöÀ verb forms †’ present simple/ present indefinite tense Åçö«®Ω’.- Ñ verbs ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ column ™ Ö†o verbs †’ I, we, you and they ûÓ, È®çúÓ column ™E verbs- sings, writes, etc -†’ he, she, it ûÓ -¢√-úø-û√ç. Question ™, not ûÓ 1st column ™ ÖçúË verbs èπ◊ ‘do’ ´Ææ’hçC. II column ™ ÖçúË verbs èπ◊ does ´Ææ’hçC.

2. Being she is very intelligent, she succeeded in dealing the

É™« ᙫçöÀ ÈéjØ√

-D-E-E

Congress has been ruling AP for the past

îË≤ƒhúø’.

Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ

ÅØ√o äéπ\õ‰.

1. Being their faithful servant, finally he cheated them.

Åûªúø’

É-C

Do you meet him frequently? verb - do meet. do meet meet meet, meets, sing sings write writes come comes watch watches

-v°æ-¨¡o: ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Being, Been °æü∆©’ passive voice ™ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éçé¬ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√ßÁ÷ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Öü∆: éÀçC ¢√é¬u-™-x ¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ ؈’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† Been, Being °æü∆© v°æßÁ÷í∫ç ÆæJí¬_ ÖçüÓ, ™‰üÓ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

meeting yesterday.

í∫’Jç* ´’Sx ´’Sx ™ tenses revise

smoke He smokes (Habit) 4) The sun rises in the east - universal truth. Regular Regular actions Doing Words M. SURESAN present simple Tense. 5) Writing for the magazine keeps him busy. II. am + ...ing / is + ...ing / are + ...ing for actions taking place now. This tense is present continuous tense. tense 3)

Å-ØË

a) I have read some of his novels, Time b) He has studied here for the past one year

When do they come here everyday?

Mohan: He will be completing his fiftieth novel next year

just, just now

(äéπ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωçí¬ Çߪ’† Ééπ\úø îªC-¢√úø’)

He comes here everyday.

114

3) for actions just completed.

véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊–

èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. ™ Åçö«ç. 1) ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®ÓW ´≤ƒhúø’

Jagan: I have read some of his stories. They are quite good.

(؈’ ÅûªúÕ éπü∑¿©’ éÌEo îªC¢√. ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o®·)

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 18 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

•©-£‘«-†çí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x, †úø-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. b) Having been weak, he was unable to walk

•©-£‘«-†çí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x †úø-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ (í∫ûªç).

Being one of the finest products of Wipro, it is known today.... 4) Being disgraced in public by him, she has decided not to talk to him. 5) Having been beaten by his master, Ravi did not come to class action past having been Being today. beaten

-Ééπ\-úø é¬-•-öÀd, ®√-ü¿’. 6) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, though / inspite of ¢√ú≈L.

-´Ææ’hç-C.

Inspite of having been our companian for 6 months, she .... today. ( ‘been’

Öûªh

®√ü¿’)

7) Having been practising the violin for the past six months,... 8) It being a hot / sunny day.....

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Sravan: Hi Bhavan, when do you start for your class? class Bhavan: Usually at 10. Today I am a little late.

´÷´‚-©’í¬ á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤ûª’çC?)

™ èπÿú≈ The boys (they) are coming ™ D†®Ωnç ¢√∞¡Ÿx É°æ¤úø’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o action †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Å™«Íí Hemanth is playing cricket - DØÓx verb is playing - is + ...ing É°æ¤púø’ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’, ÅE É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o action †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC. 鬕öÀd am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing - they talk

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ 10.30 éÀ)

Ñ

(O’

èπ◊ †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-û√´¤?)

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ 10 éÀ. É¢√∞¡ é¬Ææh Ç©Ææuç Åߪ÷u)

Sravan: And when does the class begin? (Class Bhavan: Usually at 10.30.

Sravan: Perhaps you donot have the class on Sundays. (Sunday classes Bhavan: That’s true. The teacher does not hold classes on Saturday either. teacher classes Sravan: Does he teach only for five days a week?

™‰¢Ë¢Á÷ éπü∆?)

(Eï¢Ë’. ´÷ °ôd®Ω’)

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 20 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

II (b)

verb - are + coming - are + ...ing.

about actions going on now. am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms of verb

- present continuous tense. Are you coming? - verb, are coming -

†’´¤y

´Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√ (É°æ¤púø’)?

¨¡E-¢√-®√©’ èπÿú≈

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

a) I am leaving for Guntur tomorrow

b) My sister is coming here next week next week time is comfuture action ing c) My Parents (they) are starting for Kasi tomorrow

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

115

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING

؈’ Í®°æ¤ í∫’çô÷®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. (Tomorrow, future (´·çü¿’ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓç-ü¿E) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆?) ÅE

îÁ°æpôç ´©x, †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC.

When does the class begin? (Åçõ‰ Çߪ’† ¢√®√-EéÀ 5 ®ÓV™‰Ø√ class îÁÊ°pC?)

Who is singing? - verb, is singing -

Am I talking toomuch - verb - am talking - am + ing -

Bhavan: Yes, we like it that way too.

áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oØ√ (É°æ¤púø’)? (´·çü¿’ ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’) èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç, time í∫†éπ îÁÊ°h. Åçõ‰ Past action, time known (í∫ûªç™ ïJT à time™ – °∂晫Ø√ ®ÓW, Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç, Æ洒ߪ’ç ûÁLÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç Å™«çöÀ actionsèπ◊) Past doing word ¢√úøû√ç a) He has gone out (has gone- has + pp; •ßª’-öÀÈé-∞«xúø’– No time mentioned) b) He went out an hour ago (í∫çô éÀçü¿ô ÅE time îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç 鬕öÀd - went - past doing word. u am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing, future actions

(´÷èπÿ ÅüË É≠ædç)

M. SURESAN Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) When do you start for college? 2) When does the class begin? 3) You do not have classes on Sundays. 4) The teacher does not hold classes. 5) Does he teach only for 5 days a week? lesson I Regular Doing Words (come, go, sing I, we, you and they II Regular Doing Words (comes, goes, sings he, she, it regular actionsnot question I Regular Doing Word (I RDW) - do + Ist RDW II Regular Doing Word (II RDW) does + Ist RDW conversation pick up sentences 1) When do you start? - verb - do start (Question start (in a statement) 2) When does the class begin? - verb - does begin (in a question) = begins (statement 3) You do not have classes on Sundays - verb do have (not have (not 4) The teacher does not hold classes - verb does hold (not holds (not 5) Does he teach only for ... ? - verb - does teach (question teaches (statement II Compare the following pairs of sentences: (compare = pairs = I (a) I go to college at 10 b) I am going to college II (a) The boys come here in the evenings b) The boys are coming. III (a) Hemanth plays cricket b) Hemanth is playing

éÀçü¿öÀ

™ ´’†ç– ™«çöÀN, ûÓ ¢√úËN), ™«çöÀN, ûÓ ¢√úËN) í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. OöÀE véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Éçé¬ OöÀE ûÓ, ™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’

Å´¤-ûª’çC, É¢Ë Â°j

Å´¤-ûª’çC. ™ ™ ÖØ√o®· îª÷úøçúÕ:

îËÆœ†

鬕öÀd) =

a) I have bought the book b) I bought it yesterday

™ time ™‰ü¿’ – 鬕öÀd have bought - have + PP. (b) ™ yesterday ÅE time îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç, 鬕öÀd - bought - past doing word] [ (a)

Past doing word - came, went, walked, cooked, liked, loved

™«çöÀN not ûÓ é¬F, ques™ é¬E did + 1st Regular Doing Word Å´¤-û√®· éπü∆? tion

a) He came yesterday X He did not come yesterday (Not

™‰éπ-§ÚûË)

ûÓ) =

™‰èπ◊çú≈)

鬕öÀd) =

§Ú©açúÕ,

™)

ïûª©’)

sentences (I (a), II (a), III (a)) verbs, I RDW and II RDW regular actions I (b) verb - am going - am + ...ing college action

°j

™

éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ÅN

†’ îÁ§ƒh®·.

™

ÉC èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o†’, ÅE É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

Spoken English

ÖçC 鬕öÀd

did come)

Question: Did he come yesterday? (Question-

™)

ûÓ) =

á´®Ω’ §ƒúø’-

ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ (É°æ¤púø’)?

did come)

ÅE time îÁ°æpôç, are coming èπÿú≈ †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓç-ü¿E Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. u éÌEo verbs †’ am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing form ™ ¢√úøç éπü∆: ÅN a) ´’†-Ææ’èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*† love, hate, like, dislike, feel ™«çöÀN b) ´’† mind èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† know, understand, remember, forget, think ™«çöÀN; c) appear, Tomorrow future action

belong, comprise, contain, consist of, need, am + ing/ is seem + ing/ are + ing forms

™«çöÀN. OöÀ™x ¢ËöÀéÀ èπÿú≈ ™‰´¤.

u have + past participle/ has + participle present perfect formpast action, time not stated a) They have seen the movie (verb - have seen movie - have + pp

DEo DEéÀ äéπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç, éπü∆?

Åçö«ç.

¢√∞¡Ÿx ûÁLߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’)

îª÷¨»®Ω’– á°æ¤p-úø-ØËC

They saw the movie yesterday verb saw past doing word. simple past tense

(¢√∞¡Ÿx E†o îª÷¨»®Ω’– Ñ ¢√é¬uEo Åçö«ç)

ÉC

-ï-¢√-•’:

– ®Ω-´’-ù, -ߪ÷-Ø√ç

†’Oy ´’üµ¿u ¨¡çûª-Ø˛-ØË-´’Ø√o éπL-¨»¢√? á°æ¤púÓ ¢√®Ωç-éÀçü¿ éπE-°œç-î√úø’. ¢√úø’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞Ïx N≠æߪ’ç FûÓ à´’Ø√o îÁ§ƒpú≈ Ç®ÓV? Suman: ¢√úø’ next monday •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Pavan: ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-î √aúø’. ¢√öÀE AJTîËaߪ÷©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ¢√úø’ ††’o ¢√®Ωçí¬ éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. Suman: Åûª†’ EFo-®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«. Pavan: FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’? Suman: ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿ éπL-¨»†’ éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’. ANSWER Pavan: Have you met Santhan recently/ of late? Suman: I saw him about a week ago Pavan: Did he tell you/ talk to you that day about his going to the US Suman: He is leaving next monday. Pavan: He has given me some books. I want to return them. He hasn’t (has not) met me for a week. Suman: I think he is meeting/ is seeing/ will see you today. Pavan: How do you know? Suman: I met him a week ago, didn’t I? He told me then.

Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ Suneetha gave the book to me.

(Ææ’Fûª Ø√ π◊ °æ¤Ææhéπç É*açC) ¢ËÍ® subjects, ¢ËÍ® verbs ûÓ ™, ûÓ, dialogue form ™ áEo ®√ߪ’-í∫-©’-í∫’-û√®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.

sentences question not

É™«çöÀ

b) I saw him last night X I did not see him last did see) night (not c) They bought a car a year ago X They did not buy a car a year ago. (not did buy) did + 1st RDW: Questions Did you see him last night? Did they buy a car a year ago?

eg: a) They distribute sweets to children b) Harish did not show his book to me c) Does he tell his secrets to you? Raghu: Has he written any letter to you? Ramana: I wrote one to him yesterday. Raghu: He made a call to me yesterday. He gave his address to me. Do you want it? Ramana: Give it to me.

3) None of the sentences is correct. The correct sentence is: If you have two pens, please give me one/ please give one to me.

-v°æ-¨¡o: ؈’ ûÁ©’í∫’ O’úÕߪ’ç Nü∆u-JnE-E. 鬙¸ ÂÆçô®˝ ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ English spell îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Pronunciation Audio Casettes , Foreign Accent èπ◊ Ææç•çCµç* Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË cassettes í∫’Jç* ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. •’é˙q à¢Á’iØ√ ´÷È®\öx -Öç-ö«ßª÷? – Èé.--´’-ߪ‚-J, é¬--@Ê°-ô -ï-¢√-•’:

ÖçC 鬕öÀd

ÖçC 鬕öÀd

™ èπÿú≈

-v°æ-¨¡o:

Where we have to use ‘to’ 1. I) Naveen told Ramana. II) Naveen told to Ramana. Which is correct ? 2. I) After the meeting, please come to me. II) After the meeting, please come me. 3. I) If you have two pens please give me. II) If you have two pens please give to me. Which is correct? Please tell me proper usage of ‘to’. Generally we use ‘off’ as switch off, Turn off, power off like that in order to stop some thing. In your article you had told that ‘how did the marriage go off’. Tell me the usage of ‘off’ also. 1) Naveen told Ramana is correct. ‘Tell’ is not followed by to. 2) Please come to me - is correct, come is followed by to before a place/ person.

Pavan: Suman: Pavan:

The uses of to: It has a number of uses. We use ‘to’ before a place, a person, after a number of verbs. Please refer to the earlier lessons of spoken English on prepositions, for the correct uses of to, off, etc. ‘How did the marriage go off?’ In this sentence ‘go off’ is a phrasal verb, and ‘off’ is a part of it. ‘Go off’- the set of words here, as a whole means, ‘take place’.

1) Pronunciation Audio Casettes, CIEFL (Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages) Casettes book shops BBC, CNN TV Channels Newscasts 2) Books Oxford/ Langman’s Dictionary pronunciation follow British/ AmericanPronunciation

¢√∞¡x û√®·. °ü¿l ´·êuçí¬ N†çúÕ. N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh

O’èπ◊°æßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·.

Å´çúÕ– È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩

¢√öÀ™ x

É≤ƒh®Ω’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Dinesh: Hi Ramesh, I hear (that) you have bought a new bike. bike

(†’´¤y éÌûªh ûÁL-ÆœçC)

éÌØ√o-´E NØ√o†’/

Ramesh: Yes, I bought it the day before yesterday. I took it to the temple yesterday, and had the pooja done.

(Å´¤†’, ¢Á·†o éÌØ√o†’. E†o í∫’úÕéÀ BÆæ’-ÈéR} °æ‹ï îË®·ç-î√†’) Had the pooja done = °æ‹-ï îË®·ç-î √†’ Dinesh: Wish you a happy ride on the new bike ride = bike, scooter ride

Ramesh: My brother hasn’t seen my new bike yet. He has been away in Chennai for the past four days. We expect him tomorrow. brother new bike

(´÷ Éçé¬ Ø√ îª÷∞Ïxü¿’. Çߪ’† Ø√©’-í∫’-®Ó-V-©’í¬ îÁØÁj o™ ÖØ√oúø’. Í®§Ò-≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç.)

Dinesh: Have you shown it to our friend Kapil?

(éπ°œ-™¸èπ◊ îª÷°œç-î√¢√?) Ramesh: Yes. I showed it to him yesterday itself. He liked the colour very much.

(´÷´‚-©’í¬) ≤ƒyK, ™«çöÀ ¢√£æ«-Ø√© O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç èπÿú≈

(E†oØË îª÷°œç-î√†’. ®Ωçí∫’ Åûª-EéÀ î√™« †*açC). Dinesh: Do come down this evening. Let me have a ride on it.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

116

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 22 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√. ã≤ƒJ ††’o -†-úø°æF ü∆Eo.) Ramesh: Oh, certainly. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈).

a) I bought it the day before yesterday.

(¢Á·†o éÌØ√o†’ – 鬕öÀd

bought - past doing

word) b) I took it to temple yesterday and had the

(O’ ÉçöÀéÀ E†o ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x î˨»†’, é¬E á´®Ω÷ áûªh-™‰ü¿’. Fèπ◊ îª÷°œ-ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) Response = Ææpçü¿†. Phone ™«çöÀN á´-È®jØ√ îËÊÆh °æ©-éπúøç response

Dinesh: We were at my cousin’s to attend a function cousin function Ramesh: Any idea of buying a new bike? bike

(´÷

Éçöx

(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o éÌûªh Ø√o¢√?)

èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xç)

éÌçü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-

Dinesh: I have used my bike for only two years. I haven’t had any trouble with it, so I don’t find a reason to change it. bike trouble

(Ø√ †’ È®çúË∞Ïx ¢√ú≈-E-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊. É´y-™‰ü¿’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅC Ø√Íéç ´÷®Ωa-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íéç 鬮Ωùç éπE-°œç-îª-ô癉ü¿’) PRACTISE

Interviewer: Candidate Interviewer:

O’ Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª©’ àN’öÀ? (ŶµºuJn): ؈’ B.Tech î˨»†’. O’®Ω’ B.Tech degree á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’? Candidate: ؈’ B.Tech exam June 2004 ™ ®√¨»†’. Result Aug 2004 ™ ´*açC. Interviewer: Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ O’Í®çîË-¨»®Ω’? Candidate: ؈’ ã software company ™ Programmer í¬ ÖØ√o†’. Interviewer: É°æp-öÀéÀ O’èπ◊ áØËo∞¡x experience? Candidate: ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç-†o®Ω. Interviewer: îª÷úøçúÕ, O’È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπç°F ´÷®√©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Candidate: O’ éπç°-F™ job îËߪ÷-©ØË éÓJéπ Ø√èπ◊ î√™«-é¬-©çí¬ ÖçC. Interviewer: That’s OK. O’ certificates ûÁî√a®√? Candidate: ûÁî √a†’. Interviewer: ††’o îª÷úø-E-´yçúÕ.

Spoken English

Dinesh: Bye then, see you this evening.

(Å™«Íí, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’ü∆lç). éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç ´’†ç– have +

Phone

î˨»

+ past participle (PP)_

(DEo present perfect Åçö«ç)– past action time not stated èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ èπÿú≈ Å™«çöÀ ¢√úøéπç îª÷úøçúÕ. You have bought a new bike = †’´¤y éÌûªh bike éÌØ√o´¤. é̆ôç past, Å®·ûË á°æ¤p-úø-ØËC îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’. Verb: have bought = have + PP ÅD past action, time stated (í∫ûªç™ ïJT, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçD time ûÁL-§ƒ-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ)– Å°æ¤púø’ past indefinite / past simple tense ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ Past doing word (came, went, sang, danced ™«çöÀ verbs ¢√úøû√ç). Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ü∆E Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ. tense

THE

Past past

a) I have seen the movie; I saw it yesterday.

M. SURESAN

FOLLOW-

ANSWER: Interviewer: What are your qualifications? Candidate: I have done B.Tech. Interviewer: When did you take the B.Tech Degree? Candidate: I took the B.Tech exam in June 2004. The result came in Aug 2004. Interviewer: What have you done since then? Candidate: I have been a programmer in a software company. Interviewer: Howmany years of experience have you had so far? Candidate: About a year and a half. Interviewer: Look here, Why do you want to change your company? Candidate: I have had the wish/ desire of doing a job in your company. Interviewer: That’s OK. Have you brought your certificates? Candidate: Yes, I have. Interviewer: Let me see them.

(È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬– Åçõ‰ È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿öÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ´-®Ωèπ◊– Ø√ bike ¢√ú≈†’. Åçõ‰ action from then. Å°æpöÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æE.)

c) I called your home three times yesterday

؈’ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ E†o ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x

†’ á°æ¤púÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i É°æpèπÿ ¢√úøû√ç. °j conîª÷úøçúÕ.

a) I have used my bike for only two years

E†o í∫’úÕéÀ BÆæ’-ÈéR} °æ‹ï îË®·çî√

°j ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x†÷ time ûÁL-Æœ† actions 鬕öÀd bought, took, called ÅØË doings words ¢√ú≈ç.

past participle/ has

öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ïJ-T† ™ Ñ

pooja done

I haven’t had any trouble Ramesh: Thank you. I have called your home three times yesterday, but there was no response. I wanted to show the bike to you. phone bike

u have + pp/ has + pp actions versation sentences

b) I haven’t had (have not had) any trouble with it so far trouble (Till now) action have + not + pp (haven’t had) c) My brother hasn’t seen my new bike yet. (yet= brother bike verb - has + not + seen) d) Have you shown your bike to Kapil? bike Have shown) e) He has been away in Chennai for the past four days

(ü∆E-´©x Ø√éÀ-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç ™‰ü¿’) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† èπ◊ ¢√ú≈ç.

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. (F

Ø√ éÌûªh

éπ°œ-™¸èπ◊ îª÷§ƒ¢√ (Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊–

(Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬– Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV© éÀçü¿öÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Çߪ’† îÁØÁj o™ ÖØ√oúø’. has been - ‘be’ form - state of being -ÖØ√oúø’ – ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) doing word. u So, have + pp/ has + pp- Ñ verb form†’ éÀçC b) We have finished our breakfast; We finished Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úøû√ç. 1) Past action, time not stated (í∫ûªç™ ïJT, it an hour ago. time îÁ°æpE °æEéÀ) (¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¶µ«í∫ç™ time îÁ°æpô癉ü¿’, 鬕öÀd have finished. È®çúÓ ¶µ«í∫ç™ ‘an hour ago’, ÅE 2) Action from then till now (Å°æpöÀ†’ç* É°æp-öÀ´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æEéÀ) time îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç, 鬕öÀd finished. c) The police have arrested him; They arrested u have + pp/ has + pp (pp- Åçõ‰ past participle)just, just now, ÅØË ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕûË É°æ¤púË °æ‹®Ωhhim last week. °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a. (Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ have arrested (time not stated); a) ®·† ¢√úÕ-°æ¤púË •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’= ¢Á·ü¿ô time îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷ÆœçC. Åçü¿’-´©x have seen (have + pp). È®çúÓ ¶µ«í∫ç™ yesterday ÅE îÁ°æp-ôç-´©x, saw - past

arrested (past doing word because time is stated)

Ñ difference English ™ very important. So ´’†ç have + pp/ has + pp èπ◊, Past doing èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈ î√™« careful í¬ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L.

Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ I know that he has gone.

He has just gone out b) Train The train has just arrived. c) They have just had their meals.

É°æ¤púË ´*açC=

¢√Rx-°æ¤púË ¶µçîË-¨»®Ω’=

É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-LqçC.

I know that he has gonesentence model sentences Model: sub + Vb + that clause I Know that he has gone examples: She says that she knows Telugu. He does (not) know that it is mine. a) questions b) dialogues practice

í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊E áEo

Ñ Å®·ûË ÅEo ņôç

Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’J-éÌEo That he has gone= ¢Á∞«x-úøE (that èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç = ÅE.) That he has passed = Åûªúø’ pass Åߪ÷uúø’ èπÿú≈ É™« English ™ that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u ´÷ô™x OöÀ™x îËߪ’-´îª’a. verb (6 forms of verb í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆?) Öçõ‰ a) Does she think that I am a fool? ü∆Eo ‘that clause’ Åçö«ç. Kumar: Do you know that Ganesh is here? Ééπ\úø ... that he has gone- that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u b) Kesav: I don’t. How do you Know that he is Ñ ´÷ô™x has gone ÅØË verb ÖçC. 鬕öÀd, ÉC, here. ‘that clause’.

Kumar: Your sister has said that he is here.

-v°æ-¨¡o: He is a student of learn well school ÅE -O’®Ω’ ®√¨»®Ω’. He is a student at learn well school ÅE Öçú≈L éπü∆. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – -üµ¿-†, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: A Student of, Student at- Ñ È®çúø÷ correct. Å®·ûË A Student at Learn well School éÌçîÁç formal. -¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ student of a School/ College/ University ÅØËüË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖçC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Gunavanth: Where have you been since the morning?

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 24 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

îËü∆lç. Let's go ¢Á ∞ «l ç °æ ü ¿ . Let Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE îËߪ’F (Öü¿ßª’ç †’ç* áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?) ÅE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Yashwanth: I have been working on the comLet him come = ÅûªúÕE ®√F. puter in the next room. Let me go = ††’o ¢Á∞¡xF... É™«í∫.) (°æéπ\ í∫C™ computer °j ´®˝\ îËÆæ’°j Conversation ™ Ñ sentences îª÷úøçúÕ: èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Gunavanth: I have been trying to get you since the morning.

(§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç* FûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©E v°æߪ’Ao-Ææ’hØ√o.) Yashwanth: Why didn't you call my cell? cell phone Gunavanth: That's what I did. But I've been getting the response, 'switched off'

(Ø√

Èéçü¿’èπ◊

îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?)

(Let us ring him up = phone

=

a) I have been working on the computer since the morning. b) I have been trying to get you since the morning.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬, Ééπ\úÕ

c) I have been getting the response...

3rd use- (Action

starting in the past and going on till now)

d) He has been staying at his cousin's.

have been + ing/ has been + ing use- Action

e) I have been thinking of meeting him.

starting in the past and going on even now

(ÅüË Øˆ’ îËÆœçC. áEo≤ƒ®Ω’x îËÆœØ√ 'switched off' ÅØË ´-≤ÚhçC.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Yashwanth: Well, what's so urgent?

(-àçôçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç?)

èπÿ èπÿ

î√™« §ÚLéπ ÖçC éπü∆? ÅC correct. a) í∫ûªç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Å®·ûË: have + PP / 117

has + PP

I have been enquiring Gunavanth: Ravi is in town for some course in software. He has been staying at his cousin's for the past two days. He wants to meet us. software course cousin

(®ΩN Ü∞x ÖØ√oúø’. àüÓ èπ◊. È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ ¢√∞¡x Éçöx •Ææ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. ´’†-Lo-ü¿lJo éπ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.)

Yashwanth: In fact I've been thinking of meeting him. I want some books from him.

(ØËØË Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’oç* Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ 鬢√L.)

Gunavanth: Why do you need them?

(-Å-N FÈéç-ü¿’-é¬\-¢√L?)

Yashwanth: You know, I've been doing a special course in computers for the past two weeks. The course has almost come to an end. I've to take an exam in it next week. That's why I need them.

(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆, È®çúø’ ¢√®√-©’í¬ computers ™ ØËØÓ special course îËÆæ’h-†oô’x. ÅC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´îËa ¢√®Ωç °æKéπ~. Åçü¿’Íé °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ 鬢√L.)

Gunavanth: Perhaps that's why he has wanted to meet us

(•£æ›¨¡ Åçü¿’-éπØË Åûªúø’ ´’†Lo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-úË¢Á÷.)

Yashwanth: I have been enquiring all book shops here for the books. They aren't available. book shops

(-Ç °æ¤Ææhé¬-©éÓÆæç ØËE-éπ\úø ÅEo ™ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’Ø√o. ÅN üÌ®Ω-éπôç ™‰ü¿’.)

Gunavanth: Are you sure Ravi has them?

Yashwanth: I bought them here a year ago and sent them to him.

(àú≈C éÀçü¿ ØËØË ¢√öÀE éÌE Åûª-úÕéÀ °æ秃.)

Gunavanth: That's O.K. Then let's ring him up and ask him to see us. phone

Spoken English

special

course

b)

in

îËÆœ

í∫ûªç †’ç* Éçé¬ Å®·ûË

have been + ...ing/

has been + ...ing.

computers.

a) Tendulkar has played cricket for since his

g) I have been enquir-

Oô-Eoöx

verb

have been + ... ing/ has been + ... ing form

M. SURESAN

É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† action †’ îÁ•’-ûª’çC. É°æ¤p-úÕçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçü∆, ™‰ü∆ ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ü∆E-´©x ûÁL-ߪ’´¤. b) Tendulkar has been playing cricket since his 19th year.

Ééπ\úÕ verb, has been + ...ing Åçõ‰ 19´ àöÀ †’ç* Éçé¬ Çúø’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o-úøE. Continue Å´¤ûÓçC. 鬕öÀd 1) have + PP/ has + PP - É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ii) have been + ...ing/ has been + ...ing - Éçé¬ (Å®·ûË ã ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç. Ñ ûËú≈ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´÷´‚©’ usage ™ Spoken/ Written form ™ OöÀ È®çöÀéÃ Ñ ûËú≈ °ü¿lí¬ §ƒöÀç-Ω’. Éçé¬ ØÌéÀ\ îÁ§ƒp-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ have been + ...ing/ has been + ...ing, better) a) I have worked here for ten years now. b) I have been working here for ten years now.

nineteenth year

ing.

(19´ àöÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ Çú≈úø’). Çúøôç Å®·-§Ú-®·çü∆? – -ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. Ñ sentence v°æ鬮Ωç Çúøôç é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûÓç-ü∆?– ÅD ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

a), b)

áèπ◊\´

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπ©N. Å®·ûË éÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç.

b)

™

continuity

™ ÖçC éπü∆. Have been + ... ing/ has been + ... ing form verb Present Perfect Continuous Tense

™

Öçõ‰ ÅC Å´¤-ûª’çC.

I have been trying to get you since the morning.

§Òü¿’löÀ†’ç* F éÓÆæç v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hØ√o (Phone -™¿). Ñ sentence ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’çúË action èπ◊ have been + ing ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. (§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç*, Éçé¬). O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, I, we, you and they Å®·ûË, have been + ... ing Åçö«ç, He, she, it Å®·ûË has been + ... ing Åçö«ç. (This is for an action starting in the past and continuing even now.) The congress party has been ruling AP for the year and a half (AP past

E Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç-†o-®Ωí¬ ™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i §ƒL-≤Úhç-C. -à-ú≈-C-†o®Ω éÀçü¿ô, Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûÓçC §ƒ©†.) °j conversation ™ç* BÆœ† sentences ™ Present Perfect Continuous Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. c) I have been getting the response... (... response

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING Govind:

†’¢Áy-éπ\úø îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Ææ’Nü∆u 鬙‰-@™ Govind: áçûª-鬩çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-´-éπ\úø? Krishna: í∫ûª È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Govind: F marks ᙫ ÖØ√o®·? Krishna: ÅEo subjects ™ 80] éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë score îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. Maths ™ Å®·ûË ØËEçûª´®Ωèπ◊ 90]èπ◊ ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’. Govind: Ééπ\úø †’´¤y O’ ûªLxü¿çvúø’©ûÓ Öçô’-Ø√o¢√? Krishna: ™‰ü¿’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀoç* hostel ™ØË Öçô’Ø√o. (Stay ¢√úøçúÕ) Govind: Ø√ friend Ravi èπÿú≈ ã Ææç´ûªq®Ωçí¬ hostel ™ØË Öçô’-Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Krishna: ûÁ©’Ææ’. -¢Ë’-´· È®çúø’ ØÁ©-©’í¬ äÍé teacher ü¿í∫_-JéÀ tuition èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç. Govind: ؈-ûª-úÕE éπ©-´-ö«-EéÀ Åûªúø’ îËJ-†-°æpöÀ †’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. †ØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü∆? Krishna: ™‰ü¿’. ¢Ë’ç ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ blocks ™ Öçö«ç. Krishna:

ANSWER Govind: Where are you studying? Krishna: In Suvidya College Govind: How long have you been studying there? Krishna: For the past/ last two years/ for two years now. Govind: How are your marks? Krishna: I have been scoring more than 80% in all subjects. In Maths, I haven't scored less than 90% so far. Govind: Do you live with your parents here? Krishna: No. From the beginning I have been staying in the hostel. Govind: My friend Ravi too has been staying in the hostel for the past one year. Do you now him? Krishna: Yes. I know him (I do). We have been going to the same teacher for tuition Govind: I have been visiting him frequently since he joined there. Haven't you ever seen me? (ever Krishna: No. We live in different blocks.

á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√)

ÅØË éÌçûª é¬©ç †’ç*, (§Òü¿’lEoç* Éçé¬) ´≤ÚhçC.)

d) He has been staying at his cousin's. cousin Past

(¢√∞¡x Éçöx •Ææ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’– v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, Éçé¬.)

™

e) I have been thinking of meeting him

(®ΩN ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅN ÖØ√oߪ’E éπ-*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

(ÆæÍ®– Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’çü∆ç.)

f) I have been doing a

Have + PP/ has + PP

(Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’ – Éçé¬) f) I have been enquiring

(Nî√-JÆæ÷h ÖØ√o†’ – á°æp-öÀ-†’çîÓ... Éçé¬) (éÀç-ü¿-ô lesson ™ have + PP (Past Participle)/ has + PP use îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ÅC üËEéÀ ¢√úøû√ç? 1) Past action, time not stated. 2) Action just completed. 3) Action starting in the past and going on till now.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Pronunciation èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Å稻©-†’ ≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ÅçCç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. ¶µ«≠æ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-úøç™ ´·çü¿’í¬ Öî√a®Ωù ´·êuç. à °æü∆Eo à Nüµ¿çí¬ °æ©-鬙 ûÁ-©’Ææ’hçC. -≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx≠ˇèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Æ‘úŒ-©’-í¬F, é¬uÂÆ-ô’x-í¬F üÌ-JÍé Åvúø-Æˇ-©†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. – Èé.-áÆˇ.éπ%-≠æg, -¢Á’-ö¸°æ-Lx -ï-¢√-•’: 1) éÌûªh ´÷-ô àüÁjØ√ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E pronunciation Ææ÷*-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç éπü∆. ´·çü¿’-´·çü¿’ lessons -™ N´-®Ωù éÌçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC. 2) Spoken English èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† CDs, Casettes °ü¿l °ü¿l bookshops ™ üÌ®Ω’èπ◊-û√®·. Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL) ¢√∞¡x Pronunciation Casettes, CDs -N-†ç-úÕ.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Kasturi: Hi Mayuri what's new?

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 26 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

Mayuri: You know what happened to me yesterday? I went home from Charitha,

(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’) Mayuri: I met Charitha yesterday. She had a piece of good news. She told me she had bought a new apartment.

(E†o ؈’ îªJ-ûª†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. ã ÆæçûÓ-≠æéπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œpçC. éÌûªh apartment éÌØ√o-†çC.) News - uncountable. A news ņç. Å®·ûË News á°æ¤púø’ singular í¬ØË ¢√úøû√ç. A good/ a bad news ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Good news/ bad news Åçö«ç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ a piece of good news/ a piece of bad news ņ-´îª’a. Kasturi: That's good really.

and by then my husband had left for office. He had not taken the lunch box. He had forgotten it in his hurry.

(E†o Ø√Íéç ïJ-TçüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? ؈’ îªJûª ü¿í∫_-J-†’ç* ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé ´÷ Çߪ’† Office èπ◊ ¢ÁRx§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Lunch box BÆæ’-èπ◊¢Á-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.) Look at these sentences picked up from the conversation above:

1) She told me

a) She told me she had bought a new apartment

Mayuri: She told me (that) she had got bank loan for buying the apartment. The bank released the loan three days ago.

b) She told me she had got a bank loan

(ûª†èπ◊ É©’x é̆-ú≈-EéÀ bank ®Ω’ùç É*aç-ü¿E îÁ°œpçC. È®çvúÓ-V© éÀçü¿õ‰ ®Ω’ùç Núø’-ü¿© î˨»®Ω’.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Kasturi: Where are you coming from now?

There are two past actions in sentence (a):

118

Had + PP is always used for the earlier of two past actions-

´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC: (Ø√ûÓ îÁ°œpçC)

2) That she had bought an apartment (apartment

é̆o-ü¿E). Ñ È®çúø÷ past actions. Å®·ûË é̆ôç ´·çü¿’, (éÌØ√o-†E) îÁ°æpôç ûª®√yûª ïJ-í¬®·. ´·çü¿’ ïJT† action had bought (had + PP form) ™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰ had + PP form, È®çúø’ past actions™ ´·çü¿®Ω ïJ-T† past action èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ/ ´·çü¿J °æEéÀ had + PP ¢√úøû√ç. a) The teacher knew that he had not done the home work

Åûªúø’ home work îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿E teacher èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC. (îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç– earlier/ first past action) b) Where had you worked before you joined here?

(†’´¤y É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\úÕ†’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Mayuri: I went to the station to book tickets to Tirupati. But by the time I reached the reservation counter, they had closed. I was late by only five minutes.

؈’ A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ tickets reserve îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´’E station èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. é¬E ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ, reservation counter ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’. 5 EN’≥ƒ™‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ¢Á∞«x†’. Kasturi: Why didn't you start early enough? Mayuri: I had some work, and when I finally went there it was 2 o' clock. You know that on sundays reservation closes by 2.30. I started on my scooter, but on the way I found it had run out of petrol. I had it filled and then went to the station. That delayed me.

àüÓ °æ†’ç-úÕçC. Ç ûª®√yûª •ßª’-™‰l-Í®-Ææ-JéÀ õ„jç È®çúÁjçC. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆. ÇC-¢√-®√©’, Reservations 2.30Íé éπõ‰d-≤ƒh-®ΩE. Scooter O’ü¿ •ßª’-™‰l®√. ü∆J™ ü∆çöx petrol Å®·§Ú-®·ç-ü¿E îª÷¨». Petrol §Ú®·ç* ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ Ç©Ææuç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. out

of

(petrol/

money

etc.)

=

Å®·-§Ú-´ôç.Have it filled = §Ú®·ç-îªôç, Ééπ\úø Kasturi: A similar thing happened to me yesterday. The train had left before I reached the station. So I called my office and told them I was not coming. My delay was due to traffic jam.

(--E-†o Ø√èπÿ Å™«ç-öÀüË ïJ-TçC. ؈’ station èπ◊ îËÍ®-™ Ê° train ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC. ´÷ office èπ◊ Phone îËÆ œ ؈’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E îÁ§ƒp†’. Ø√èπ◊ traffic jam ´©x Ç©Ææuç Å®·çC.)

-v°æ-¨¡o: 5-15 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ´ßª’-Ææ’q†o °œ©x-©èπ◊ ‘Spoken English’™ °æô’d ≤ƒCµçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ àßË’ areas ™ focus îËߪ÷L. ü∆EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Books,

Cassettes,

C.D.s

áéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·? – Æœ.-áç.-áÆˇ.®√-V, È®j-™‰yéÓ-úø÷®Ω’ -ï-¢√-•’: NCERT ¢√∞¡x- (Central schools/ central syllabus follow ÅßË’ schools ™ ¢√úË) books î√-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç. 5 – 15 à∞¡x-™ °æ¤¢√∞¡Ÿx concentrate îËߪ÷-Lq† areas: spellings, sentence structures, Conversational Skills. NCERT books

É´Fo èπÿú≈ ™ -Öç-ö«®·.

Spoken English

c) By the time I reached the reservation counter they had closed. d) I had had some work and when I finally... e) I found it had run out of petrol.

(éÌçîÁç ´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰ü¿’?)

Run

I had had some work sentence (b)

™

Å™«Íí èπÿú≈.

(Ééπ\úø îËÍ®-´·çü¿’ O’È®-éπ\úø °æE-îË-¨»®Ω’.) Ééπ\úø îË®Ωôç – past - Åçûª-èπ◊ -´·çü¿’ Ææçí∫-A -é¬-•öÀd had worked)

She told me

(that) she had got a bank loan - loan

c) I had not known him till you introduced him to me.

h) ... he had not taken the lunch box

´*açü¿E îÁ°œpçC. loan ®√´ôç ´·çü¿J past action 鬕öÀd had got.

i) He had forgotten it.

Sentence c) By the time I reached the reser-

In all the sentences above look at the verbs:

vation counter, they had closed. (؈’ îËÍ®-ô-°æpöÀÍé ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’). ´‚ÊÆ-ߪ’ôç ´·çü¿’ 鬕öÀd

1) He gave me yesterday what I asked for

had closed.

2) He gave me yesterday what I had asked for.

f) The train had left before I reached the station. g) ... by then my husband had left for office

a) had bought (had + Past participle (PP) of buy) b) had got (had + PP of get)

M. SURESAN

d) I had had some work and when I finally went

c) had closed (had+ PP of close)

there it was 2 o' clock.

d) had had (had + PP of have)

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °æE ÖçúÕçC ´·çü¿®Ω, ¢Á∞¡xôç ûª®√yûª 鬕öÀd had had (had + PP)

e) had run (had + PP of run) f) had left (had + PP of leave)

e) I found it had run out of petrol

Petrol Å®·-§Ú®· Öçúøôç (´·çü¿J action) îª÷¨»†’ – 鬕öÀd had run (had + PP) f) ؈’ platform îË®Ω’-éÌØËÆæJéÀ train ¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·çC. – i) had forgotten (had + PP) ÉC ´·çü¿’, 鬕öÀd had left (had + PP) °j verb form í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆: had + Past g) Éçü¿’™ èπÿú≈ 'ØËEç-öÀ-Èé-∞Ï}-Ææ-JéÀ, Çߪ’† Participle (had + PP)-verb- Ñ form ™ Öçõ‰ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. (Had left- ÉC ´·çü¿’) ÅC past perfect tense Å´¤-ûª’çC. É°æ¤púø’ DE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. h) He had not taken the lunch box - Lunch box BÂÆ\-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ – ÉC ´·çü¿’ – 鬕öÀd had (not) a) She told me (yesterday) that she had bought g) had left ( had + PP of leave ) h) had (not) taken (had + PP)

a new apartment

éÌûªh apartment éÌØ√o-†E îÁ°œpçC E†o. ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Angad: Hi Vaali.

Åûªúø’ Chennai ¢Á∞«x-úøE †’´¤y E†o Ø√ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ§ƒp´¤? (Å•ü¿l¥ç – lie ¢√úøçúÕ) Vaali: ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡-û√†E Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. FûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÕç-ûª-®√yûª Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-ü¿E ûÁL-ÆœçC. Åûªúø’ programme ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√o†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. Angad: ØËØË¢Á÷ Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-úøE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Åçü¿’-éπE ÅûªúÕé¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç ûª®√yûª É´ya™‰ ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. ØËØ√°æ¤Ææhéπç É´y-™‰-ü¿E Ø√O’ü¿ î√™« éÓ°æp-ú≈fúø’. Vaali: I am sorry. Åûªúø’ -FûÓ Programme ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. 鬕öÀd Fèπ◊ Phone îËߪ’™‰ü¿’ ؈’. Angad: Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’Ææ’.

taken i) He had forgotten action

鬕öÀd

ÉC èπÿú≈ ´·çü¿J

past

Angad: Vaali:

Sentence 1

Å®Ωnç: ؈-úÕ-TçC ÅûªúÕî√aúø’. Ééπ\úø ؈-úø-í∫ôç, Åûªúø’ É´yôç ¢Áçô ¢ÁçôØË, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé-≤ƒJ ïJ-T-†ô’x Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. È®çúø÷ E†oØË. Sentence 2 Å®Ωnç: ؈ç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤úÓ ÅúÕ-TçC Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ E†o Éî√aúø’. (É´y-ô¢Ë’ E†o, Åúø-í∫ôç Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púÓ) Sentence (1) èπÿ, (2) èπÿ áçûª ûËú≈ØÓ í∫´’-Eçî√®Ω’ éπü∆. ÅD had + PP Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ. a) He had not slept for two days. When I know that I felt pity for him

È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ Åûªúø’ Evü¿-§Ú-™‰ü¿’. ÅC ûÁL-Æœ† ؈’ ñ«L-°æ-ú≈f†’. b) Who had opened this before I saw it?

؈’ îª÷ÊÆ-´·çüË á´®Ω’ ûÁJ-î√®Ω’ DEo?

had forgotten - had + PP

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING Vaali:

O’®Ω’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÊÆ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Çߪ’† Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ÅC éπLT, ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ÆæJí¬ Öçúøü¿’. In English, had + PP is very important. confusion communication Look at the following.

Åûªúø’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’? Åûªúø’ wait îËÆæ’h†o Phone call ®√™‰-ü¿ô. OK. ØË¢Á-∞«xL. ´≤ƒh.

Angad: I thought that he had gone. So I thought I could give him the book later. He was/ felt angry that I had not returned his book. Vaali:

Angad: Bye. ANSWER Angad: Hi. Vaali, why did you lie to me that he had left for Chennai yesterday? Vaali:

I am sorry. I thought he would tell you about his change of programme. Because I had thought so, I didn't call you (So -

Å™«)

Angad: I had known that he would not go. Vaali:

No. I didn't lie. He had told me that he

Why didn't he go? (Why did he not go?)

only after I had talked to you. He told

Angad: He didn't get the phone call he had waited for.

me that he had changed his pro-

Vaali:

gramme.

Angad: Bye.

would go. I knew that he had not gone

OK. I must be going. Bye.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Soundarya: Hi What a fine dress you've bought? Where did you buy it and how much did it cost you?

Aiswarya:

(Ŷs -î√-™«- ¶«í∫’ç-C - F vúøÆˇ áéπ\úøéÌØ√o´¤? áçûª?)

Thank you for the compliment. I bought it at Vastraloka for Rs. 3000/-

(-ü∑∆uçé˙q -´‚-úø’ -¢Ë-© ®Ω÷-§ƒ-©-ߪ’-©’ °öÀd ´ÆæY-™éπ™ éÌØ√o.) Soundarya: Certainly worth it. I wish I had one like it.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åçûª îËÆæ’hçC. Ø√èπÿ\ú≈ Å™«ç-öÀC Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿-E °œ-≤ÚhçC.) I wish I had one like that. ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’†o°æ¤púø’ B®ΩE éÓJéπ©èπ◊ É™« Åçö«ç. She wishes

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 28 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

verbs sentenceses 1) I had been thinking of buying it for a longtime. I had the opportunity yesterday. 2) She had been working as a teacher when she got married. 3) We had been studying in the same college until we completed the degree. 4) She had been staying with us until she got the job. Last two lessons had + past participle ( past perfect tense ) uses

Ö†o Ñ

†’ îª÷úøçúÕ.

™ ´’†ç

(°∞¡xßË’ ´®Ωèπÿ/ °∞¡x-ßË’u-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬ °æEîËÆæ÷h ÖçC.) Ééπ\-úø verb had been+ing. (a) ™ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† °æ†’™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’, È®çúÓC ✔ Had Past participle is used for the earlier of ûª®√yûª, éπü∆? - (had + pp) two past actions. (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ü∆ØÁo-°æ¤p (b) ™ í∫ûªç™ äéπ °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i È®çúÓ °æE ´®Ωèπ◊ continue Å®·uçC 鬕öÀd had been + ing. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆!

Let us recall it once again.

a) He had been driving at 100 kmph when he hit a lorry. 100

she had a car (

ûª†èπ◊ 鬮Ω’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’ØÓ Å†’èπ◊ç-öçC.) Ééπ\úø had, past Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ É°æpöÀ éÓJéπ†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª’çC.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

119

(Åûªúø’ ™«KE úµŒéÌ-õ‰d-°æp-öÀéÀ vúÁj-¢˛ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.)

-éÀ.-O’. ¢Ëí∫çûÓ -

-

b) The British had been ruling India for over

Aiswarya: Time you bought one, Soundarya.

(É°æp-öÀÍé éÌØ√-LqçC †’´¤y) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bought - past form Time you bought = á°æ¤púÓ éÌE Öçú≈-LqçC.

Time you learnt manners . manners manners

(†’´¤y ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L) (Éçé¬ Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’; á°æ¤púÓ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-LqçC.)

had + PP form

úø÷

Aiswarya: Yesterday. I had been thinking of buying it for a long time. I had the opportunity yesterday when dad gave me the money. I got it for my birthday the day after tomorrow. Soundarya: Who is the other dress for?

(Ç ÉçéÓ vúøÆˇ á´-JéÀ?)

™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç.)

e.g. a) He was unhappy that his friend had gone.

(¢√∞¡x -v°∂ç-ú˛ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøE Åûª†’ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈fúø’)

b) She had worked as a teacher before she got married.

(°RxéÀ ´·çü¿’ -öÃ-˝í¬ °æE îËÆœçC)

c) We know that he had passed. ( Had + PP had been + ing Past Perfect Continuous tense) ✔ continue had been + ing form

-§ƒÆˇ Åߪ÷u-úøE ´÷èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC) ÉO Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’. É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E (Åçõ‰ (ÅC ´÷ éπ->-Ø˛ -≤˘-ï-†uèπ◊. ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. ÅC 鬆’-éπí¬ É´y-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’.) í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ-†’-™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’ v§ƒ®ΩçSoundarya: Has she returned from the states? ¶µº¢Á’i È®çúÓ °æE ïJÍíü∆é¬ Å®·ûË ( ÊÆd-ö¸q †’ç* AJ-íÌ-*açü∆?) Å°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Aiswarya: Yes, last weekend. ™ îÁ§ƒhç. (Å´¤†’. í∫ûª ¢√®√çûªç-™) Compare the following sentences. Aiswarya: That's for my cousin Sowjanya. I am going to present it to her.

Soundarya: Wasn't she a teacher here?

(Ééπ\úø Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬ ÖçúËC éπü∆?) Aiswarya: Yes. She had been working as a teacher when she got married. She then joined her husband in the U.S.

(°∞¡x-ßË’u-°æp-öÀéÀ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø öÃ-˝ í¬ °æE îËÆæ’hç-úËC. Ç ûª®√yûª ¢√∞«x-ߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC.) Soundarya: We had been studying in the same college until we completed the degree. Later she took a job and I went for M.Sc.

(¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç -úÕ-vU °æ‹-Jh ÅßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ äÍé é¬-™‰-ñ ¸™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-ØË¢√∞¡xç. ûª®√yûª Ç¢Á’ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ îËJçC. ؈’ áç.áÆˇ.Æœ.éÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Aiswarya: She had been staying with us until, she got the job. Her father who had been working else where, had a transfer here, and she went back home. (

-Ö-üÓuí∫ç ´îËa ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷ ü¿í∫_Í® ÖçC. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÉçÈé-éπ\úÓ °æE îËÆæ’h†o ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ -Ééπ\-úÕéÀ vö«-Ø˛q°∂æ®˝ ÅßË’uÆæ-JéÀ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC.)

Soundarya: She is quite nice.

(-ûª-†’ ´’ç* Å´÷t®·) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ had been combinations ûÓ -

Spoken English

a) had been walking... felt the pain. b) hadn't been having any pain till this morning. a) b) had been + ing

Ø√èπ◊ ØÌ°œp éπL-T-†-°æ¤úø’ †úø’Ææ÷h ÖØ√o†’. §Òü¿’l-† -´-®Ωèπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ ØÌ°œp ÅØË-üË™‰ü¿’. á°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç鬕öÀd

We had been studying...

Soundarya: When did you buy it?

(á°æ¤púø’ éÌØ√o´¤?)

(Å´¤†’. Å-°æ¤púø’ O’Í®-¢Á÷ -´÷-vûª-©’ Éî√a®Ω’. È®çvúÓV© ûª®√yûª ûªT_-§Ú-®·çC. Å°æp-öÀ†’ç* Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç ´®Ωèπ◊ Ø√Íé Ææ´’≤ƒu ™‰ü¿’ ) Ééπ\úø πÿú≈ ....

two centuries until it became independent in 1947 (1947

™ ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç §ÒçüË-´-®Ωèπ◊ -vG-öÃ-≠æ®Ω’x ¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ È®çúø’ ¨¡û√-¶«l-© †’ç-* §ƒL-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)

Ééπ\-

b) She had been working as a teacher untilwhen she got married.

M. SURESAN

Doctor: What's your complaint? Subash: I have a pain in the side, doctor. I have had the pain since this morning. I had been taking my morning walk when I suddenly felt it.

(§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç* úÌéπ\™ ØÌ°œpí¬ ÖçC. ؈’ §Òü¿’l† †úø’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ ØÌ°œp -´-*açC) Doctor:

a) She had worked as a teacher before she got married.

(°RxéÀ ´·çü¿’ Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬ °æE îËÆœçC.) úø verb- had + PP

¶µº-¢Á’i† two actions ™ first action, 2nd action ´®Ωèπ◊ continue Å®·ûË ü∆Eo had been + ing ûÓ îÁ°æ¤û√ç. ÉC 'be' form ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. (Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ È®çúÓ °æE ïJÍí ´®Ωèπ◊ Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo -Ê°®Ì\-†-úøç)

Subash:

I remember that you came to me last month with a similar complaint.

a) He had been here till his father called him.

(¢√∞¡x Ø√†o °œLîË ´®Ωèπ◊ Åûª-E-éπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’.) (Öçúøôç had been - í∫ûªç™, ûª®√yûª his father called- °œ©-´ôç) b) Abdul Kalam had been a space scientist until he took over as President (

®√-≠æZ°æ-Aí¬ ¶«üµ¿uûª©’ Æ‘yéπ-JçîË ´®Ωèπ◊ éπ-™«ç ÊÆpÆˇ ÂÆjç-öÀÆˇdí¬ (ÖØ√o®Ω’)

c) I thought till this morning that he had been here.

(§Òü¿’l† ´®Ωèπ◊ Åûª-E-éπ\úË ÖØ√o-úøE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o) had been, had been + ing ¢√ú≈-Lq† B®Ω’. ûÁ©’ÉD (O’®Ω’ í∫-ûª ØÁ© ÉüË éπç°æx®·ç-ö¸-ûÓ ´*aí∫ ’ ™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, English ™ time of action, time †ô’d Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h) of state of being †’ •öÀd ´’†ç ¢√úË verb forms Yes, doctor. You gave me some éπ*aûªçí¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ö«®·. Å™« correct í¬ Å®·† tablets and I felt all right after two verb forms †’ ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË Â°úø-®√n-©èπ◊, -Aéπ-´’éπ©èπ◊ ü∆Jdays. Since then I hadn't been having B≤ƒh®·. any problem till this morning.

-´®Ω’-ù˝ , î√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC E†’o îª÷Æœ, áéπ\- PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING úø’-Ø√o´¤? àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? Tarun: Best of Luck. Varun: v°æÆæ’hûªç ؈’ -´·ç-¶-®·™ ÖØ√o. ´·ç-¶Answers ®· ™ Å´-鬨¡ç ´îËa-°æp-öÀéÀ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ Tarun: Hi Varun, long since I saw you. Where °æE-îË-Ææ’hØ√o. are you and what are you? Tarun: -´·ç-¶-®·éÀ ´÷Í®-´-®Ωèπ◊ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ™ áçûªVarun: I am at present in Mumbai. I had been é¬©ç °æE-îË-¨»´¤. working in Hyderabad when I got the Varun: v§Ú-ví¬-´ ’®˝í¬ °æE-îËÆæ ÷h Ñ Å´-鬨¡ç opportunity in Mumbai. §Òçü∆†’. Tarun: How long had you been working in Tarun: £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ ´·çüÁ-éπ\úÓ ÖØ√o´¤ éπü∆? Hyderabad when you got the opportuVarun: Å´¤†’. îÁØÁj o™ ÖØ√o 6 ØÁ©©’. nity in Mumbai? Tarun: É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úÕéÀ? Varun: I had been working as a programmer Varun: ؈’ Ø√ -v°∂ç-ú˛-ûÓ, ( í∫-ûª ØÁ© ņ’-èπ◊çö«) when I got the opportunity. ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’çõ‰, ÅûªúÕ -v°∂ç-ú˛ ´î√aúø’. ã í∫çô ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊-ØË-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ Ñ È®çúÓ -v°∂ç- Tarun: Hadn't you (had you not) been some where before you were in Hyderabad? ú˛èπ◊ -äéπ -Ç-™-îª-† ´*açC. ¢Ë’ç ´·í∫’_®Ωç éπLÆœ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«--ü˛™ ã -≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ éπç°-F Varun: Yes. In Chennai for six months. Tarun: Where now? °ö«d-©-E. Varun: When I was talking to my friend, I think Tarun: ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. it was last month, his friend came. As Varun: È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©™x. Tarun:

friend got an idea that we start a software company in Hyderabad. Tarun: It's good. When are you starting it? Varun: In two or three months. Tarun: Best of luck. game sentence sentences Not Question Dialogue form

Ñ ÇúøçúÕ. Ñ éÀçC †´‚Ø√™ O™„j-†Eo ®√ߪ’çúÕ. ®√Æœ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ îªü¿´çúÕ, ûÓ†÷, í¬†÷, ™†÷ ®√ߪ’çúÕ. They laughed at him Ééπ\úø †´‚Ø√. sub verb Preposition Noun or pronoun a) She looked at me. b) They did not come for him c) Why do you stare at her? (Starea) Prem: Why do you look at your watch (so often) Karim: I must talk to my uncle immediately Prem: You wait for a few minutes. Karim: I have waited for half an hour already

ÅüË °æEí¬ îª÷úøúøç)

?

we had been talking for an hour, this

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Pramod: Hi Prasanth, when are you starting for Bangalore?

(á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)

Pramod: It's for him and for his dad to settle. Meet you at the station tomorrow. Bye.

Prasanth: Tomorrow by the evening train.It arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç Train™. ÅC-éπ\-úÕéÀ ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ´*a, 6.10éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’çC.) Pramod: I'll be at the station even before 6 to see you off.

(Fèπ◊ OúÓ\-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ ÇJç-öÀéÀ ´·çüË station ™ Öçö«) See off= OúÓ\-L-´yôç Prasanth: O that's good of you. Thank you.

(î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. ü∑∆çé˙ ߪ‚. á´-È®j-Ø√ ´’†èπ◊ ´’ç*-í¬F, ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-TçîËCí¬F îËÊÆh, that's (that is) good of you, That's Kind of you Åçö«ç. good/ Kind ´·çü¿’ very îË®Ωa-´îª’a) Pramod: You remember our friend vinod is there too. He is into software.

(´’† v°∂çú˛ NØÓü˛ èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’. Åûªúø’ èπÿú≈ ≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ (éπç°æ‹uô®˝q)™ ÖØ√oúø’. 'into' Ñ ´’üµ¿u Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. He was into business for some time

Åûªúø’ éÌçûª-é¬©ç ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’/ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç î˨»úø’)

(ÅC ¢√úø÷, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Í®°æ¤ E†’o station ™ éπ©’≤ƒh. ´≤ƒh-´’J) Prasanth: Bye. Conversation expressions.

Ñ

™,

look at the following

1) starting for Bangalore

At home, at college, at school, at that place, at the village, at 6.00 pm, at 12 noon, at a stage/ a certain stage/ at that stage, (stage =

2) by the evening train

13) Outside the family circle 14) The reason for

b) Goods arrived by lorry =

4) before six 5) good of you 6) into software 7) close to 8) talked to him over phone 9) the day before sivarathri 10) his father is angry with him at his postponing his marriage. 11) differs with his father over who he should marry. 12) Particular about

to his. I talked to him over phone this morning, He said he would be at the station to receive me' (Bangalore

™ Ø√ office ÅûªúÕ Ç°∂‘Æˇèπ◊ ü¿í∫_Í®. ؈-ûª-úÕûÓ Ñ®ÓV Phone ™ ´÷ö«x-ú≈†’. Ø√éÓÆæç station èπ◊ ´≤ƒh†Ø√oúø’.) Pramod: He was here the day before sivarathri it seems his father is angry with him at his postponing his marriage.

(¢Á·†o P´-®√vAéÀ ´·çü¿’-®ÓV Ééπ\-úø’Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ °Rx-¢√-®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úøE ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æçí¬ Ö†o-ô’dçC) It seems- Å™« ÅE-°œç-îªôç/ éπE-°œç-îªôç

≤ƒ´÷†’x ™«K™ ´î√a®·. c) He travelled by train = Train

Words like for, by, at, before, of, into, to, over, with, about, outside etc. are prepositions.

™ v°æߪ÷ùç î˨»úø’. 5) Top ™‰E (scooter, bike, cycle, horse) ™«çöÀ´-®·ûË on. prepositions í∫’Jç* Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. a) He goes to college on bike.

Prasanth: He differs with his father over who he should marry. His father insists that he marry his uncle's daughter. He is particular about marrying a girl outside the family circle. That's the reason for his coming rarely.

(Åûª-úÕéÀ, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊, ÅûªúÁ´JE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©ØË N≠æߪ’ç™ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’-¶µ‰-ü∆-©’Ø√o®·. ¢√∞¡x Ø√-ØËo¢Á÷ ÅûªúÕ ´÷´’ߪ’u èπÿûª’-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’Ø√oúø’. ÉûªúË¢Á÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω ö«d-©-¢√-∞Îx-´-JE îËÆæ’-éÓ-†E °æô’d-ü¿-©í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´ôç Åçü¿’Íé Å®Ω’ü¿’)

Spoken English

The correct use of prepositions is just a matter of practice.

Sobha: Yesterday, by the morning train. Subha: While going you went by car. I thought you would return by car again. Sobha: The car was under repair. I came back because I had to come back urgently. Subha: I am very angry with you Sobha: What for? Subha: You have been at home and haven't called me even once. Sobha: By the time I came back, the house was dirty. I was busy cleaning it. Sorry.

b) She moves about on a scooter -

Ç¢Á’

scooter

O’ü¿ A®Ω’í∫’ûª’çô’çC.

c) Travel was on horseback in the olden days = 6)

§ƒûª ®ÓV™x v°æߪ÷-ù«©’ í∫’v®√© O’ü¿. äéπ îÓöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç = go to a place; Å®·ûË äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç = leave for a place, depart for a place; be bound for a place.

a) He is going to Delhi tonight. b) She has left for Kolkata c) This train is bound for Chennai

(îÁØÁj o ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC) d) The train is ready to depart for Lucknow.

7) äéπJéÓÆæç, äéπ N≠æߪ’çéÓÆæç = for ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†oéÌDl, îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’†oéÌDl a) This book is for Ramesh = prepositions Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ´’†ç Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ éÓÆæç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçô÷çö«ç: ¢√úÕ O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç. b) I am taking a lot of trouble for you = Ééπ\úø éÓ°æç ´·çü¿’ 'O’ü¿— áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L ÅØË O’ éÓÆæç ØËEçûª trouble BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ ï¢√-•’ç-úøü¿’ éπü∆. Ç ¶µ«≠æ ©éπ~ùç, ¢√úø’éπ ÅçûË. English ™ preposition ¢√úø’éπ èπÿú≈ 8) a) Angry with = äéπ ´uéÀh O’ü¿ éÓ°æç b) Angry at/about = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ éÓ°æç. ÅçûË. à ´÷ô´·çü¿’ à preposition, ûª®√yûª à i) My father is angry with me = Ø√ O’ü¿ éÓ°æç. preposition ÅØËC éÌçîÁç éπç®∏ΩÆæhç îËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈ ´’ç*üË. äÍé-´÷ô ûª®√yûª ¢√úË preposition ™ ii) My father is angry at/about my low marks. ûËú≈´ÊÆh Å®Ωnçèπÿú≈ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE (Ø√éÌ*a† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC) prepositions N≠æߪ’ç-™  î√™« ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. 9) Particular about = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç™ °æô’d-ü¿-©í¬ Å®·ûË éÌEoîÓôx Åçûª confusion ®√ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hç-Öçúøôç. éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: ûÁ©’-í∫’™, English ™, ´·çü¿’ Many members of TRS are particular about ¢Á†’éπ Å´¤-ûª’ç-ö«®·. KCR's resignation = Eg: To Mumbai = ´·ç¶„jéÀ KCR ®√@-Ø√´÷ N≠æߪ’ç™ î√™« ´’çC TRS 1) äéπ-îÓô, äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™, äéπ time èπÿ, äéπ ü¿¨¡™  – Æ涵º’u©’ °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. É™«çöÀ Å®√n©’ ´îËa preposition, at. É™«çöÀN îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ í∫´’-EÆæ÷h îªü¿-´çúÕ. English

ANSWER

Subha: Hi Sobha, when did you come back?

15) It's for him and for his dad to settle.

≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ prepositions ´’†’-≠æfl©, ´Ææ’h-´¤©, ïçûª’-´¤© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ Ææn©ç, ÆœnA, time, °æü¿l¥A ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç ÅE -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´÷ô© M. SURESAN ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ prepositions ´≤ƒh®·. î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. à preposition áéπ\úø ¢√ú≈-©ØË rule à-O’™‰ü¿’. ´÷ö«x-úøôç, îªü¿-´ôç ´™‰x Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-ûª’çC.

Subha:

ü¿¨¡)

By the evening train Prasanth: Yea. My office in Bangalore is close

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING

àçöÀ ¨¶µ«, Vizag †’ç* á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a-´¤? Sobha: E†o, §Òü¿’l-öÀ train ™ at the theatre, at the station etc. Subha: ¢Á ∞Ï-xô-°æ¤púø’ car ™ -¢Á-∞«}-´¤í∫-ü∆, 鬮ÓxØË ´≤ƒh2) to = äéπîÓöÀéÀ, äéπ-JéÀ, äéπîÓô’¢Áj°æ¤ - to ´†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Hyderabad, to Vijayawada, to Tirupathi to my Sobha: Car repair ™ ÖçC. ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁçôØË father, to the CM, etc. ®√¢√Lq ´îËa-¨»†’. 3) äéπJ†’ç*, äéπ v°æü˨¡ç†’ç* = from. from Subha: F O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC. Hyderabad, order from the CM, etc. 4) By- éπ°æ¤p Ö†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©-®·ûË - by bus, by car, Sobha: áçü¿’èπ◊? by train, by ship, by lorry, etc - D†®Ωnç Ñ ¢√£æ«- Subha: E†oöÀ†’ç* Éçöx ÖçúÕ äéπ\-≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ phone îËߪ’-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√™x ÅE. Sobha: ؈’ ´îËa-Ææ-JéÀ É©xçû√ ´·JéÀ. É™xçû√ a) I go to school by bus = clean îËÆæ÷h busy í¬ Ö-Ø√o. Sorry. School èπ◊ bus ™ ¢Á∞«h†’.

3) arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10

16) At the station

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 120

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 2 -´÷-Ja 2006

v°æ¨¡o: Spoken

English, Grammar ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ú≈-EéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh鬩 N´-®√©’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. – >. Í騡-´¤©’, §ƒ´·- π◊çô -ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω’ Ö†oC *†o °æ™„xô÷®Ω®·-†ç-ü¿’-´©x O’èπ◊ English ´îËa Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅØË ¶µºßª’ç Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. *†o °æ™„x-ô÷-®Ωx-†’ç-* ´îËa-¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ v•£æ…tç-úøçí¬ English ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’, O’®Ω’ èπÿú≈ ´÷ö«xúø-í∫-©®Ω’ ÆæÈ®j† serious practice îËÊÆh. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-®Ωù ÖçúË spoken English books ™ Rapidex, English in 30 days ™«çöÀ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îª÷úøçúÕ. ¢Á’-©xí¬ English news paper îªü¿-´ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-GµçîªçúÕ. Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, interest ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ îªü¿-´çúÕ. ´’ç* dictionary (English to Telugu) ü¿í∫_®Ω ÖçéÌE àüÁjØ√ °æü¿ç O’èπ◊ Å®Ωnç é¬èπ◊ç-õ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. *†o *†o story books, *†o classes English nondetailed books TV English news English Spoken English practice

îªü¿-´çúÕ. Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ N†ç-úÕ. O’èπ◊ ûÓ*-†N ®√Æœ ûÁL-Æœ† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îª÷°œç-îªçúÕ. é¬Ææh OöÀûÓ§ƒô’ ´÷ îªü¿-´ôç îËߪ’ôç ´©x O’èπ◊ ã ØÁ© ®ÓV™x î√-™« ûËú≈ éπE°œÆæ’hçC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Yamini: Hi Salini, when exactly do you expect Malini?

(´÷LE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ á°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o´¤?) expect = ÉÈéqpé˙d– 'Èéqp— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = ÇPç-îªôç/ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç/ ņ’-éÓ-´ôç Salini: At 11.30. I am sure she will be here atleast by 12.30 (11.30

éÀ. éπFÆæç 12.30 éπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ô’çü¿E éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) sure = ≠æ‡uÅ = éπ*a-ûªçí¬

I a) at 11.30

II a) by 12.30

b) at the age of 22

b) by then

c) at breakfast

c) by chance

d) at a distance of

d) by your watch

e) at 50 to 60 KMPH

e) fast by/ slow by 5 min.

f) good at calculations f) by 11.45

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Éûª®Ω

prepositions:

a) from the US

b) leave for

c) age of

d) in a short time

I) At

áéπ\-úÁ-éπ\úø ¢√ú≈¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ. Yamini: So she is returning from the US. When a) at 11.30. éπ*a-ûªçí¬ °∂晫Ø√ time èπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ did she actually leave for the states? at ¢√úøû√ç. (Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ US †’ç* AJ-íÌ-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. i) I show 6.15 èπ◊ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’çC. ÅÆæ-™„-°æ¤p-úÁ-RxçC Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊?) Salini: She left at the age of twenty two, two years ago. By then she had completed her software training here.

(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ 22 à∞¡x-°æ¤púø’, È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô. Å°æp-öÀ鬢Á’ Ééπ\úø ûª† software training °æ‹Jh-îËÆœçC). Yamini: I was at breakfast when you called to tell me that she wanted to see me. I am surprised that Malini still remembers me and told you to phone me.

(Ç¢Á’ ††’o îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ F´¤ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ v¶‰é˙-§∂ƒÆˇd îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ´÷LE É°æp-öÀéà ††’o í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ÷-©E Fèπ◊ îÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC)

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 4 -´÷-Ja 2006

The first show begins at 6.15

ii)

´÷

classes 4.30

Ç

time

Ñ ®ÓV™x í∫çôèπ◊ 700 ¢Á’i∞¡Ÿx ü∆öÀ v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’-í∫-©´¤. Planes today can travel/ fly at more than 700 miles per hour.

good at/ clever at/ bright at Maths

èπ◊ Ø√éà Ææçí∫A ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’

ii) English

I did not know this at that time. iv)

iii)

At what time do you expect him?

(Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø

At what time

•ü¿’©’,

¶«í¬ ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç=

poor at/ bad at English

¢√úÁ°æ¤púø’ ´≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?

ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç Ç©-Ææuçí¬/ Eü∆-†çí¬= slow at learning-

when,

ii)

iv)

better)

ûªy®Ωí¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç=

´÷ ÉçöÀ-éπØ√o ´÷ °æéÀ\©’x 10 Åúø’-í∫’©’ áûª’h=

Our next building is taller than ours by 10 feet. iii)

ü∆EéÀ DEéÀ ûËú≈ 10 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’= This differs from that by Rs 10/- (This is costlier than that by Rs 10/-)

f) Good at calculations

™„éπ\©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç i) Maths ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫ôç=

éÀ Å®·§Úû√®·.

Our classes end/ close at 4.30 iii)

ii) Planes

iv) He is taller than his brother by 4 cms brother éπØ√o Åûªúø’ 4 cms §Òúø´¤. © Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. É°æ¤púø’– 1) From: -D-E-E– '†’ç*— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

¢√∞¡x

ÉO

at, by

Kumar: Srikanth is coming from Chennai today Kesav: How do you know?

(FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’) Kumar: I had it from his brother. (Ñ ¢√®Ωh Ø√èπ◊ ÅûªúÕ brother †’ç* ûÁL-ÆœçC) Kesav: You know, Srikanth and I are from Nellore.

quick at learning. II) Now let us look at by

(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ, Xé¬çû˝, ؈÷ Éü¿l®Ωç ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’). Ééπ\úø From †’ à ÜJéÀ îÁçC† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 121 Sankar: Where are you from? (O’üË Ü®Ω’?) Sukumar: I am from Vizag (´÷C Vizag) Ééπ\úø Sentence ™ from Å®Ωnç îª÷úøçúÕ. O’üË Ü®Ω’? ÅE Å®Ωnç= Ñ Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË Where do you come from? Åçö«ç– Åçõ‰ O’È®-éπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’hØ√o®Ω’ ÅE é¬ü¿’, O’üË-´‹®Ω’ ÅE. I come from Hyderabad Åçõ‰ ´÷C Hyderabad ÅE. (Å®·ûË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd äéÓ\-≤ƒJ– O’È®-éπ\-úÕoç* ´≤ƒh®Ω’ v°æA ®ÓW – ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, where do you b) at the age of come from? ņ-´îª’a. Where are you comi) ؈’ 6.30 éπ™«x Åéπ\úø Öçö«†’= äéπ-JéÀ °∂晫Ø√ ´ßª’-Ææing from Åçõ‰ ´÷vûªç, O’®Ω’ É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\-úÕoç* I will be there by 6.30 (I will be there at °æ¤púø’– ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? ÅE.) 6.30= 6.30 èπ◊ correctí¬, by 6.30= 6.30 èπ◊ i) Children in India are PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH: í¬F, Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-í¬-F) put to school at the ii) 20 à∞¡xÍé Tendulkar tests Çúøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç- Sasikanth: ´÷´‚©’í¬ †’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úø’ç-ö«-N-éπ\úø? age of 3. Ravikanth: 9.30 éπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«†’. Éçöx correct î√úø’= ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ °œ©xLo ´‚úÓ M. SURESAN í¬ 8.45 èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-û√†’. Tendulkar began playing tests by his twenàôØË School èπ◊ Sasikanth: 8.45èπ ◊ ؈’ breakfast ™ Öçö«†’. tieth year °æç°æ¤-û√®Ω’. Ravikanth: Ç time èπ◊ ؈’ ≤ƒo†ç, breakfast iii) 2003 èπ◊ Åûª†’ ©é~¬-Cµ-é¬J Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’= ii) Åûª-úø’ 11´ àôØË Chess grand master Åçû√ °æ ‹ Jh îË≤ƒh. He became a lakhier by 2003. Åߪ÷uúø’ Sasikanth: ᙫ ´≤ƒh´¤ †’´¤y? b) By then= Å°æp-öÀÍé He became a Chess grand master even at Ravikanth: Bus™, ´÷ Office ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ 10 éÀ.O’ i) I went there at 11.30. By then the match the age of 11/ even at 11 ü¿÷®Ωç. Åçü¿’-éπE 45E. ´·ç-ü¿’ •ßª’-™‰lhad begun= ®Ω’û√. c) at break fast = breakfast îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’. É™«Íí ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ 11.30èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé match Sasikanth: ؈’ bike ™ ´≤ƒh. Traffic jam ™‰éπat lunch; at dinner; at bath, etc... Çߪ÷ Ææ´’v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC. ߪ÷™x ÅE. §ÚûË 40-50 kmph ¢Ëí∫çûÓ ´ÊÆh ØËE-éπ\ii) ؈’ ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ ÅûªEo ¢√∞¡Ÿx B-Ææ’Èé-∞«}®Ω’= úÕéÀ correct í¬ 9.30éÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊çö«. i) ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶µçîË-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ jokes ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. By the time I reach there, they had taken Ravikanth: E†o ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Xé¬çû˝ éπL-¨»úø’. They had jokes at their meals/ lunch/ dinÅûª†’ lift Éî√aúø’. ´÷´‚-©’-éπØ√o 10 him away. ner etc... EN’≥ƒ©’ ´·çü¿-®Ω’Ø√o. c) By chance= ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈= by accident. ii) Åûªúø’ ≤ƒo†ç îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ phone ¢Á÷TçC. Sasikanth: Xé¬çû˝ ¶«í¬ drive îË≤ƒhúø’. i) ¢Ë’´· ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç= We met He heard the phone ringing when he was a) By 12.30= 12.30

éπ™«x= 12.30 ü∆ô-èπ◊çú≈= 12.30èπ◊ í¬F, Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-í¬E. ÉC time Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈, date èπ◊, month èπÿ year èπÿ à time ™ Å®·Ø√ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC.

I will be there by 6.30 Salini: She is that type. She never loses friendship.

(ûª†™«çöÀüË.

friendship

´ü¿’-©’-éÓü¿’).

Yamini: We met only once, that too by chance, a year ago. After that we have met just once or twice. Good of her to remember me.

(á°æ¤púÓ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éÀçü¿ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ. Ç ûª®√yûª äéπöÀ È®çúø’-≤ƒ-®Ωx-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Eïçí¬ ´’ç*üË– ††’o éπ©-¢√-©-†’-éÓ-´ôç) Salini: What's the time by your watch? ( watch time

F

áçûª?)

Yamini: It is 11.15 Salini: Mine shows 11.20. My watch is fast by five minutes or your watch is slow by 5 minutes. Doesn't matter. She will be here in a short time.

(Ø√ watch 11.20 îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ø√ watch 5 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´·çüÁjØ√ †úø’-Ææ’hç-ú≈L, ™‰ü∆ F watch 5 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ †úø’-Ææ’hç-ú≈L. °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. éÌCl-ÊÆ-°æöx ûªE-éπ\-úø’ç-ô’çC.) Yamini: How is she coming? Salini: She is driving. When she last called me she was at a distance of 80 Kms. Suppose she is driving at 50 to 60 KMPH, she will be here by 11.45 at the most.

(Ç¢Á’ Car ™ ´≤ÚhçC. Ç¢Á’ Ø√èπ◊ Phone îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ 80 Kms ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçC. í∫çôèπ◊ 50/ 60 Km ¢Ëí∫çûÓ ´≤Úhç-ü¿-†’éÓ. 11.45éπ™«x Ééπ\úø Öçô’çC.) Yamini: You are good at calculations.

´’†ç last lesson ™ prepositions discuss (îªJaç-îªôç) î˨»ç éπü∆. Let's (let us) know something more. (´’J-éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç). °j Conversation ™ We have used the two

prepositions 'at' and 'by'. Let's look where we have used them:

Spoken English

by chance/ by accident (accidentally).

at bath.

É™«Íí - at that height = Ç áûª’h™ ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. d) at a distance of = ... ü¿÷®Ωç™ i) Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ 300 Km ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçC Vijayawada is at a distance of 300 Km from Hyderabad. ii)

Åçûªü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçúø-ôç-´©x Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ ®√™‰úø’ Being at such a distance (= so far off) he cannot come here frequently.

e) at 50 to 60 KMPH 50/ 60 Km at

¢Ëí∫çûÓ. ¢Ëí∫ç í∫çôéÓ, EN’-≥ƒ-EéÓ îÁÊ°pô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç. i) í∫çôèπ◊ 70 Km = at 70 KMPH; Second èπ◊ 1230 Åúø’-í∫’© ¢Ëí∫çûÓ = at 1230 feet per second etc.

Å™«Íí

by mistake=

§Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’†.

ii) By mistake I posted the letter to him instead of to his sister=

§Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’† ¢√∞¡x îÁ™„x-LéÀ •ü¿’©’, Ç Öûªh®Ωç ÅûªúÕéÀ post î˨»†’. iii) Åûªúø’ àüÓ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ´©x ÅC î˨»úø’= He did it by mistake. d) By your watch=

O’

watch

v°æ鬮Ωç. i) Ø√ watch ™ time 8 Å®·çC. It's 8 by my watch.

ii)

O’

watch

™

time

áçûª?=

What's the time by your watch? e) Fast/ slow by=

Éô’-´ç-öÀ-îÓôx by 'áçûª¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊— ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. i) ´÷ ņo Ø√éπØ√o È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °ü¿l= My brother is my elder by two years.

ANSWER

Sasikanth: When/ At what time are you here usually? Ravikanth: By 9.30. I start at home at 8.45 Sasikanth: I am at breakfast at 8.45 Ravikanth: By then I finish my both, breakfast, etc. Sasikanth: How do you come? Ravikanth: By bus. My home is at a distance of 10 km from office. So I start 45 minutes earlier. Sasikanth: I come on bike. If there is no traffic jam, I reach here exactly at 9.30, driving at 40 to 50 kmph. Ravikanth: I met Srikanth by chance yesterday. He gave me a lift on his bike. So I was here earlier than usual by 10 minutes. Sasikanth: He is good at driving.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Vighnesh: Hi Manikanth you appear very happy today.

(Ñ ®ÓV †’´¤y î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ éπE-°œÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤)

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 6 -´÷-Ja 2006

a) India became independent on the 15th August 1947. b) The college closed preparation holidays on the 2nd March.

Manikanth: You are right. Dad called home this morning. He is coming on the 10th, that is, the day after tomorrow.

c) India became a republic on Jan 26th 1950. Sentence date month (January)

Vighnesh: So he will be here on saturday. That's good. Will he go back to the states again?

Raghu: He came here in February.

°j

™ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´·çü¿’ îÁ°œp ûª®√yûª ûËC îÁ§ƒpç éπü∆. (§Òü¿’l† ´÷ Ø√†o §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»®Ω’. Åçü¿’éπØË on Jan 26th ÅØ√oç. Months (ØÁ©©’), á©’xçúÕ Åçõ‰ 10´ ûËC† ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’) Ææç´-ûªq-®√© (years) ´·çü¿çû√ in. a) Ramu:

When did Saran come here? (February

[every October / November

™ ´î√aúø’)

(Åçõ‰ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†o-´÷ô. ´’Sx states èπ◊ ¢Á∞«h®√?)

Ramu: When is he going to complete his research project?

Manikanth: Yes, he will be leaving again in a month. He has to be back there in April.

(Åûªúø’ ûª† -KÂÆ®˝a -v§ƒ-ñ„é˙d-†’ á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’?)

(Å´¤†’. äéπ ØÁ© ûª®√yûª ¢ÁRx-§Ú-û√®Ω’. àv°œ-™¸™ Çߪ’† Åéπ\úø Öçú≈L.) Vighnesh: Will he settle down there? Manikanth: No, but he will be there for quite a longtime.

✓ Ramu: When did he begin it?

(Ø√èπ◊ -O≤ƒ Éç-ô®Ω÷yu -´÷-Ja 18-† Öç-C. Å¢Á’-J-鬙-E ߪ‚E-´-Kq-öÀ™ áç.G.à. Æ‘ö¸ ´*açC. éÓ®Ω’q -¢Ë’ 7-† v§ƒ®Ω綵º´’´¤-ûª’çC. ؈’ -àv°œ™ ¸ Ø√-™_ ¢√®Ωç-™ ¢Á∞¡-û√†’.)

b) There are only 28 days in February, except once in four years.

Look at the following expressions from the conversation at the beginning of this lesson: a) This morning b) on the 10th c) on saturday d) in a month e) for quite a longtime f) on the 4th of April g) on the 10th of April h) on 18th March /the 7 th May i) in the 4th week j) during your stay Days (sunday, monday,etc.) on dates (the 10th, the 18th April) months and years in

èπ◊ ´·çü¿’, ®√´-ú≈Eo í∫´’-Eç* Öçö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí ´·çü¿’ ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆?

Spoken English

August 2005

™ °æ¤öÀdçC

DE Å®Ωnç í∫ûªç™ äéπ time †’ç* ÅE. Åçõ‰ °∂晫-† time †’ç*, °∂晫-† ®ÓV †’ç*, °∂晫E ØÁ© /Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç / Ææç°∂æ’ô† †’ç* ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ since ¢√úøû√ç.

- in August)

February

(Ø√©’-Íí-∞¡xèπ◊ äéπ-≤ƒJ ûª°æp Öçö«®·.)

(

í∫ûª àú≈C ´®√{©’ ¶«í¬ °æú≈f®·.) ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’.

✓ Last year

b) There was an earthquake that year

™ 28 ®ÓV™‰ (Ç Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ¶µº÷éπç°æç ´*açC.) ✓ That year ´·çü¿’ – in ™‰ü¿’) c) He will return next year

çí∫x-¶x-¶µ«µ«-≠-≠æ-ùæ-ù 122 -Ç-Ççí∫

i) India has been independent since 1947 (1947

(¢√úø’ ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’) ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’)

✓ next year

d) He goes to Ooty every year

†’ç*)

ii) I have not met him since last January

(í∫ûª

January

†’ç* ؈-ûªEo éπ©’q-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)

Compare the following: a) India has been a republic since 1950. b) India has been a republic for the past/ for the last 55 years. ✓ a)

™ 1950 †’ç* Republic í¬ ÖçC Åçô’Ø√oç. Åçõ‰ since, point of time ´·ç-ü¿’ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. ✓ b) ™ 55 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ (Period of time) ÅE ´u´Cµ 鬕öÀd for ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. a) He has not seen a movie since January b) He has not seen a movie for the past / for the last two months.

During the training period... c) There are 12 months in a year. (

(v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Å-ûª-úø’ ÜöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’) ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’. ✓ Å™«Íí This week, that week, next week, every week, last week ´·çü¿’ in ®√ü¿’. (Week ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ in)

Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ 12 ØÁ©-©’ç-ö«®·)

✓ (Every year

d) He was born on 10th September 1984.

¢√úø’ 10th September ™ °æ¤ö«dúø’.)

( 1984

Imp...

a) I saw him here three times last week

M. SURESAN

i) On – before dates and days; ✓

-ûË-D-©èπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púø’

'the'

(§Ú®·† ¢√®Ωç ؈-ûªEoéπ\úø ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨») (Last week ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’) For

®√¢√L.

On the 10th June; on the 15th of August, etc. ✓

c) Salaries are paid on the first of every month. [on the first on]

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç... (for Åçõ‰ Éçûª-鬩çí¬ ÅE.)

™

January

Dheeraj: Neeraj: Dheeraj:

¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ¢√®Ωç ÖØ√oúø’.)

3. a) Deepavali comes in October or November. October November month in

Dheeraj:

E†o FéÓÆæç È®çúø’ í∫çô©’ îª÷¨» iii) Any degree course is for three years

✓

(à degree Course Å®·Ø√ ´‚úË-∞¡x-§ƒô’ Öçô’çC.) 鬩-´u-´Cµ (Period of time) ´·çü¿’ for ¢√úøû√ç.

a) He has been here for the past two days

b)

™ È®çúø’ ØÁ©-©’í¬

Neeraj:

ØËFo-éπØ√o °ü¿l-¢√--úÕ-†-E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o´¤? †’´¤y July™ °æ¤ö«d´¤, ؈’ September™ °æ¤ö«d†’ é¬-•-öÀd. é¬F -´’-† -É-ü¿l®Ωç school™ June 12 † îË®√ç. §Ú®·†¢√®Ωç ü∆é¬ ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç äÍé ´ßª’-Æ憒-èπ◊Ø√o ؈’. F date of birth áéπ\úÓ îª÷¨». Å°æ¤púø’ ûÁL-ÆœçC. Ñ ØÁ© 12 Ø√ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV †’´¤y ûª°æpéπ ®√. 2002 †’ç* Ø√ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ®√. Ñ ≤ƒJ ؈’ ®√™‰-ØË¢Á÷. Ø√ éÓÆæç Ü∞x Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u áü¿’-®Ω’îª÷-≤ÚhçC. ´’Sx ؈’ ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√-®Ω¢Ë’ ®√í∫-©†’. ANSWERS

(È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ Çߪ’-E-éπ\úø Öçô’-Ø√oúø’) b) The train stops here only for 5 minutes

( È®j©’ Ééπ\úø 5 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Çí∫’-ûª’çC. (†’´¤y Ö†o 鬩ç™) äéπ ´u´Cµ ™°æ© ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’dí¬ Å®·ûË during ¢√úøû√ç.

f) During your stay = ✓

i) During his visit here, he did not meet me

(Åûª-†’ -ûª-† °æ®Ωu-ô-†-™ ††’o éπ©’q-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.) ii) During the training period, you do not get any salary

(Péπ~ù« 鬩ç™ Fèπ◊ @ûªç ®√ü¿’) (v°æA ØÁ™« ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ûËC† @û√©’ îÁLx-≤ƒh®Ω’) Ééπ\úø every 1st 鬕öÀd on ™‰ü¿’.

Neeraj:

(

ii) (I waited for two hours for you yesterday.)

†’ç*

Now practise the following

i) (He was here for a week.)

d) Salaries are paid every 1st. iii) During the show there was some disturbance

(Ç v°æü¿-®Ωz†

time

™ àüÓ Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç éπL-TçC.)

™ é¬F ®√´-ú≈Eo

iv) During his tenure as President, he visited many foreign countries.

b) Deepavali comes every October/November.

(Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ Çߪ’† °æü¿-O-é¬-©ç™ î√™« Nü˨»©’ îª÷¨»úø’. Tenure - õ„†÷uÅ = °æü¿-O -鬩ç)

(D§ƒ-´R ™ é¬F ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC). Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

a)

e) For quite a long time:

in – before months and years.

Å®·ûË dates, days, months, years èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ Next (´îËa), last (§Ú®·†), every (v°æA) this Manikanth: Best of luck for you. During your (Ñ), that (Ç) ÅE-´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ dates and days stay there you can meet dad. He èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ on é¬F, months and years ´·çü¿’ will be happy to be of help to you. in é¬F ®√´¤. (Best of luck) 1. a) He will be here on Sunday. (Åûª†’ ÇC-¢√®Ωç (†’´y-éπ\úø Ö†o-°æ¤úø’ ´÷ Ø√†o í¬Jo Ééπ\úø Öçö«úø’.) Sunday ´·çü¿’ on ®√´-ú≈Eo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Çߪ’† Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) à ≤ƒßª’ç Å®·Ø√ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. b) He will be here next Sunday (´îËa (next) Vighnesh: Thank you. As soon as I go there, I Sunday ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ´¤çö«úø’ - next Sunday shall get in touch with him. 鬕öÀd on ¢√úøç] (ü∑∆çèπÿu. Åéπ\-úøéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-í¬ØË Çߪ’-†ûÓ 2. a) I met him on the 26th Feb. touch ™ Öçö«†’.) (؈’ ÅûªúÕo °∂œv•-´J 26† éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o). ûËC© ✓ At, by time èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† prepositions. Å™«Íí ´·çü¿’ On ®√´-ú≈Eo í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. in, on, during, for, from, to/till, since èπÿú≈ b) I met him last 26th. (§Ú®·† 26† éπ©’q-èπ◊Ø√o) timeèπ◊ Åçõ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† preps. last Öçúøôç ´©x 'on' ®√ü¿’) (prepositions)

✓ Since =

a) We had heavy rains last year

(O’®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷ Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«h®Ω’?)

Vighnesh: I have my visa interview on 18th March. I have got admission into MBA in one of the universities in the US. The course will begin on the 7th May. I propose to leave in the 4th week of April.

®√ü¿’]

(§Ú®·† August™ °æ¤öÀdçC–last ÖçC 鬕öÀd in ™‰ü¿’) Å™«Íí Last year, next year, that year, this year, every year ´·çü¿’ in ®√ü¿’

(ÉçéÓ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-E-éπ-†’-èπ◊çö«, Åçõ‰ 2007™)

Vighnesh: When will you people join him?

(´÷ Åéπ\ °Rx àv°œ™¸ 4† ÅE îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆. °Rx-éÌ-úø’èπ◊ Åéπ\úø ≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ Éç>F®˝. Ç¢Á’ 10† ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’çC. -ûª®√y-ûª ¢√®Ωç ®Ó-V-©èπ◊ -Ø√-†oí¬®Ω’ -¢Á-∞«h®Ω’.؈’, Å´’t ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ø√ îªü¿’´¤ °æ‹®Ωh®·† ûª®√yûª ¢Á∞«hç.)

(Gúøf

Raghu: I think in another year; that is in 2007.

(é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË éÌ-Ø√o-∞¡x-§ƒ-ô’ Åéπ\úË Öçö«®Ω’) Manikanth: I have told you my sister is getting married on the 4th of April. The bridegroom is a software engineer there. So she will be leaving on the 10th or so of April. Dad will leave a week after that.Mother and I will join him next year, after I finish my studies.

on

d) The child was born last August

Raghu: In 2005

(Åéπ\úË Æœn®Ω°æúøû√®√?)

鬕öÀd

c) The child was born in August 2005.

Dheeraj: Why do you think I am older than you? Neeraj: You were born in July and I was born in September. Dheeraj: But we joined school on 12th June. Neeraj: Till last week I had thought we were the same age. I then saw your date of birth some where I knew it then. Dheeraj: My birth day is on the 12th this month. Do attend it. You have been attending (coming for) my birth day since 2002. Don't fail this time. Neeraj: I'm afraid I may not come/ I doubt if I can come - My sister has been waiting for me for the past four days at my village. I can come back only next Monday.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Viswanath: When does the temple near your place open?

(O’ ÉçöÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω temple á°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’?) Lokanath: In the morning or in the evening?

Viswanath: A few days ago our friend Trinath met me. You know he had been away for long. He said he would meet me the next evening, but he did not come.

(§Òü¿’lØ√o, ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª´÷?)

(´’† v°∂çú˛ vAØ√ü∑˛, éÌCl®ÓV©éÀçü¿ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ´’®Ω’-ÆæöÀ®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†-Ø√oúø’. é¬E ®√™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ î√™« é¬©ç †’ç* Ééπ\úø ™‰úø’.)

Viswanath: In the morning.

(§Òü¿’lØËo) Lokanath: It opens at 5 in the morning and closes at 12 noon.

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 8 -´÷-Ja 2006

Lokanath: Trinath is unreliable. iv) She is at leisure in the evenings

(§Òü¿’l† 5 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’. ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12èπ◊ ´‚≤ƒh®Ω’.) Viswanath: In the evening?

(vAØ√ü∑˛ Åçûª ´÷ô E©’-°æ¤-éÌØË¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. Unreliable = Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-ü¿-í∫-E) Viswanath: Well then. Meet you again.

(´’ç*C. ´’Sx éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«.)

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç?) Lokanath: The temple is open from 4 in the evening till 8 in the evening.

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√©’í∫’ †’ç* 8 ´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁJîË Öçô’çC.)

Lokanath: Bye.

´’†ç timeèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† prepositions îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆ éÌEo lessons †’ç*. This les-

The Sun is exactly above our heads at noon.

son too deals with prepositions of time.

ii)

Viswanath: I thought it opened from three in the afternoon.

Ramana: Well, let me see; that is the 4th Feb,

≤ƒßª’ç-vû√©’ Ç¢Á’ BJ-éπí¬ Öçô’çC. (leisure = ™„ï®˝ – measure ™ su ™«í∫ – '™„— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) b) at noon: ÆæJí¬_ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12 í∫çô©’ noon. DEéÀ Åçõ‰ noon èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´÷vûªç at noon, the ®√ü¿’. i) ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12èπ◊ Ææ÷®Ω’uúø’ ´’† ØÁAh O’ü¿ Öçö«úø’

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 123

of the 4th Feb I left for Guntur. So I didn't take the walk that morning.

(Åçõ‰... Ç®ÓV Ø√©’íÓ ûËD éπü∆. éπÈ®Íéd. Ø√©’íÓ ûËC Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ í∫’çô÷®Ω’ ¢Á∞«x.) Bhanu: When did you return?

´’üµ∆u£æ«oç °æØÁoç-úÕç-öÀéÀ Åûª†’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’

He went out at 12 noon/at noon. c) In the night or at night -

(´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´‚úÕçöÀ †’ç* ûÁJ* Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.)

isn't it? That's right. On the morning

Ñ È®ç-úÕ-çöÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË, the ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

(á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤) Ramana: I returned on the evening of the 5th

in

(Å®·üÓ ûËD ≤ƒßª’çvûªç).

ûª®√yûª

She is very busy in the mornings

The morning, the evening, the afternoon

´·çü¿’ in ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË Â°j conversation ™ ™«í¬ °∂晫-†-®ÓV, °∂晫† ûËC morning, afternoon, evening Å®·ûË on ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) on the morning of the 4th 2) on the evening of the 5th 3) on the after noon of Sunday. We met him on a Sunday afternoon

Lokanath: On festive days it is open till 2 in the afternoon. For example it was open at one on the afternoon of Sivarathri and closed late at night.

(°æçúøí∫ ®ÓV™x ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø’ ´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁJîË Öçô’çC. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ P´-®√vA ®ÓV ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç äçöÀ-í∫ç-ôèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ûÁJ* Öç-*, ®√vA î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´‚¨»®Ω’.) Viswanath: I visited the temple on the morning of Saturday. I went to your place

îªJaç-îªôç/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷Ææ’-éÓôç

i)

etc.

ii)

Look at the following

(؈’ í∫’úÕéÀ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Öü¿ßª’ç ¢Á∞«x†’. Å™«Íí O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ´î√a†’. †’´¤y •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x´¤.) Lokanath: On the morning of Saturday? Yea, I went to my sister's. She was planing to go to Delhi on the evening of Sunday. I was there to help her in packing.

§Òü¿’lØ√o? Å´¤†’. ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. ÇC-¢√®Ωç Ç¢Á’ úµÕMxéÀ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-úø-ôçûÓ Ææ®Ωl-ôç™ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-ú≈-©E

Viswanath: Do you go to your sister's frequently?

(O’ Åéπ\ߪ’u ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢Á∞«h¢√?) Lokanath: Almost every evening. They live very close to our place.

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç.)

M. SURESAN

b) at 12 noon c) till 8 in the evening

e) on the afternoon of Sivarathri f) at night g) on the morning of Saturday h) every evening

j) the next evening

Lokanath: Yea, I was at home last evening. My sister was away shopping.

(E†o ؈’ ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u shopping èπ◊ ¢ÁRxçC.)

Spoken English

≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ áèπ◊\´.

in the night

éπØ√o

at night

¢√úø’éπ

°æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô. i) ®√vA-éπØ√o °æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô îªü¿-´ôç ¢Ë’©’ night. (during =

Ç ´u´-Cµ™)

ņç) i) ØËF-®ÓV ®√vA Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o 2) Programme

3)

iii) He worked day and night to educate his chil-

night

´·çü¿’ in ´Ææ’hçC; Å™«Íí noon, mid day, ´·çü¿’ at ´Ææ’hçC.

Bhanu: You come here in the mornings; why?

(Ééπ\-úÕéÀ §Òü¿’lØËo áçü¿’-éÌ-≤ƒh´¤?) Ramana: You see me on my morning walk up to the river bank

(†C äúø’f ü∆é¬ §Òü¿’l† †úÕ-îË-ô°æ¤púø’ ؈’ Fèπ◊ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh†’.

(Today morning é¬ü¿’.) Ñ®ÓV ´’üµ∆u-£æ«o¢Ë’ ؈-ûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o I met him only this afternoon

at night

°æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô áèπ◊\´ A®Ω’-í∫’û√ç ®√vA-éπçõ‰.

Ñ®ÓV §Òü¿’l† ¢Á·ü¿-™„jçC

The programme began this morning.

ii) We move about more during/ in the day than

night, mid night

§Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ BJ-èπ◊ç-úøü¿’.

(this night, today night

It is better to study in/ during the day than at

i) My mother gets up at 5 in the morning

iii) She is very busy in the mornings.

ņç). Ñ®ÓV ®√vA = tonight

I am leaving for Vijayawada tonight

d) in the day =

The morning, the evening, the afternoon, the

؈’ ¢√úÕE E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áE-N’-Cç-öÀéÀ îª÷¨»-†’. í∫´’-Eéπ: English ™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ®√vA °æúø’-èπ◊ØË´®Ωèπ◊, ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ evening ÅØË Åçö«®Ω’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 9 ´®Ωèπ◊ evening ÅØË Åçö«ç.

evening

He came home very late at night/in the night.

a) In the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon

ii) I saw him in the park at 8 in the evening.

(today morning/ today afternoon, today

Åûªúø’ ®√vA î√™« §Òü¿’l-§Ú-ߪ÷éπ ÉçöÀéÀ ´î√aúø’.

Ééπ\úø îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆: Åçû√ morning, evening, dren night, noon ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√ú≈ç. É´Fo ûª† °œ©x-©†’ îªC-Nç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ®√vAç-•-´-∞¡Ÿx/ -®√-vûª-†éπ °æ‹ô©’ (parts of the day) °æí∫-©-†éπ °æE-îË-¨»úø’. °∂晫-†-°æ‹ô – morning, evening etc. Ééπ \ úø day and night ´·çü¿’ à preposition ¢√úøç. ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, Ç °æ‹ô (part of the day) ´·çü¿’, the °öÀd, ü∆E ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púø÷ e) At midnight = ®√vA 12 í∫çô-©èπ◊. i) You can wake me up even at midnight if you 'in' ¢√úøû√ç. want my help = Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç éÓÆæç ´’üµ¿u-®√-vûª-®·Ø√ é¬-™‰-ñ ¸ §Òü¿’l† 8éÀ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’çC ††’o ™‰°æ-´îª’a. The college starts at 8 in the morning. ii) The train arrive here at midnight 鬙‰ñ ¸ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC. Train Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√vA 12èπ◊ ´Ææ’hçC. The college closes at 2 in the afternoon

´÷ Å´’t Öü¿ßª’ç Å®·CçöÀéÀ ™‰Ææ’hçC.

(Å®·ûË E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’Nyçöx Öçúøôç îª÷¨»†’.)

iii)

i) last evening

Viswanath: But I saw you at home last evening.

This morning, this afternoon, this evening.

®√vA Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™Ô\E Öçúøôç éπ≠dçæ It's difficult to be awake/keep awake so late in the night/so late at night.

expressions in the conversation above: a) In the morning or in the evening.

Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç, Ñ®ÓV ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç, Ñ®ÓV ≤ƒßª’çvûªç

Åûªúø’ ®√vA Ç©-Ææuçí¬ Evü¿-§Ú-û√úø’ He goes to bed late in the night/late at night.

d) in the afternoon

too. You were out.

(¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Åéπ\ߪ’u ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ≤ƒ´÷†’x ¢Á∞«x†’.)

deal with =

4)

(Today afternoon é¬ü¿’) Ñ®ÓV ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢√∞Ôx-≤ƒh®Ω’ They will come this evening (Today evening é¬ü¿’) Å™«Íí, E†o-®√vA = last night, E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç = last evening. (yesterday night, yesterday evening

ņç).

That, this, every, last, next

OöÀ™x à¢ÁjØ√ morn´·çü¿-®Ω-¢√-úÕûË in,

ing, evening, afternoon, night on

àO-®√´¤.

1) He came to me that morning (on 2) I sent it to him that afternoon (on

®√ü¿’) ®√ü¿’)

3) The doctor checks him up every morning (

v°æA-®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç ®√ü¿’)

doctor

Åûª-úÕE °æK-éÀ~-≤ƒhúø’.)

(on/in

4) He left for Bangalore that night (on

®√ü¿’)

5) He goes out 9 every night and comes back at 11.

(v°æA-®√vA ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀéÀ •ßª’-öÀ-éÀ-¢ÁRx 11 í∫ç-ô-©èπ◊ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’) (In/ on/ at àO-®√´¤) 6) I wanted to meet him the next morning but I was busy. (On the next morning

é¬ü¿’)

Bhanu: But I didn't see you on the morning of Saturday.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Karthik: Kousik, have you seen Mallik?

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 10 -´÷-Ja 2006

2) If I don't submit it tomorrow - verb, do submit submit (= submit) =

(

Í®°æ¤ ؈’

´’Lxé˙†’ îª÷¨»¢√?)

Kousik: I haven't met him since the day before yesterday. Well, What's the matter? (

¢Á·†oöÀ†’ç* éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?)

Karthik: If you happen to see him, tell him to call me or meet me. I need to see him urgently.

(¢√úÕE †’´¤y îª÷ÊÆh ††’o éπ©-´´’ØÁjØ√ îÁ°æ¤p. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ §∂ÚØ˛ Å®·Ø√ îËߪ’-´’†’. ¢√úÕE ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË éπ©-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC) Kousik: What is so urgent about it?

(àçôçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç?) Karthik: He has two books of mine with him. I need the books for my assignment. If I don't submit the assignment tomorrow, I lose marks.

(Ø√ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ È®çúø’ ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω’Ø√o®·. Ø√ assignment èπ◊ ÅN Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Í®°æöÀ ™°æ© submit îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË, ´÷®Ω’\©’ §Úû√®·.)

؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË. 4) If I see him - verb, see = 5) If I go to his place - verb, go=

Kousik: If see him I'll definitely tell him about the books.

؈’ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ

¢ÁRûË 6) If I go now - verb - go,

É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ¢Á∞Ïh

7) If he sends me the books- verb, sends books

Ø√èπ◊

¢√úø’

É™«çöÀ verb Ö†o group of words †’ Åçö«ç. (ÉC î√™« ´·êuç. í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓçúÕ. Ééπ\úÕ†’ç* ´’†ç clauses ûÓ deal îËÆæ’hçö«ç) So a CLAUSE is a group of words with a verb. Some more examples of clauses (Clauses

´’J-éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 124

(؈-ØËD ÅüË. ÉçéÓ ´·§ƒp´¤ í∫çô îª÷Æœ, ¢√úÕç-öÀ-Èé-∞«x-´çõ‰ ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a. ¢√úø’ books °æç°œÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç)

d) You get the books when you pay the money

°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ °æç°œûË,

(úø•’s îÁLxç-*-†-°æ¤púË Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™Ô-≤ƒh®·. úø•’s îÁLxç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ – when you pay the money -

I shall be happy -

IMP: clause

7)

؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æú≈h ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-üÁ-°æ¤púø’– If he sends me the books, Åçõ‰ ¢√úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ °æç°œûË – 鬕öÀd Ø√ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒ-EéÀ ≠æ®Ωûª’ (condition) ¢√úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ °æç°æôç. If clauses á°æ¤púø÷ É™«çöÀ conditions †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. É™« conditions †’ ûÁLÊ° clauses †’ conditional clauses Åçö«ç. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ conversation ™E clauses (1) to (7) ÅFo èπÿú≈ conditional clauses. Ééπ\úÕ conditional clauses ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'if' ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’Ø√o®·éπü∆. conditional clauses, if ûÓØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©-ûÓ†÷ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬴a.

1) Though she likes music (verb - likes, though -

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ)

2) When he was here (verb- was) 3) He knows that... (verb- knows) 4) After he had done it.. (verb - had done) verb clauses

É™«

1) If you happen to see him -

†’´¤y ¢√úÕE îª÷úøôç ïJ-TûË Tell him to call me -

Ø√èπ◊

Phone

îË-ߪ÷-©-E îÁ°æ¤p

a) Unless he pays the money, I will not give him the book

(¢√úø’ úø•’s îÁLxÊÆh ûª°æp, ؈’ ¢√úÕéÀ °æ¤Ææhéπç É´y†’. Unless - Å®·ûË ûª°æp, Unless you study well =

M. SURESAN

†’´¤y ¶«í¬ îªC-NûË ûª°æp...

conditional

Spoken English

conditions es - conditional clauses.

†’ ûÁLÊ°

claus-

If I see him - Ñ conditional clause – ؈-ûª-úÕE éπLÊÆh – Éçé¬ éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. éπ©-¢√L – Åçõ‰ ÉC future (¶µºN-≠æuûª’h)†’ ûÁLÊ° clause. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ verb - 'see' future tense é¬ü¿’. Present tense ÅØËC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰ àçöÀ? Conditional Clause Future †’ ûÁLÊ°üÁjØ√, Åçü¿’-™ E verb future tense ™ Öçúøü¿’. Åçõ‰ conditional clause ™ shall/ will ®√´¤.

clause

Vidur: Hi Sasir,

´’S} îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç. conditional clause, future N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îÁ°œpØ√ èπÿú≈, Åçü¿’™ verb future tense Öçúøü¿’. Åçõ‰ conditional clause ™ shall/ will ®√´¤. °j† îÁ°œp† ™«çöÀ conditions ™ present tense verbs ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. a) Doctor E†’o °æK-éÀ~ç-*† ûª®√yûª ´’çü¿’-L-≤ƒhúø’ – The doctor will give you medicines, after he examines you (will examine b)

admission

c)

(úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’ Fèπ◊ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç ®√ü¿’. úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’ – úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-èπ◊çõ‰ – Before you pay the money - conditional clause) c) You come here, - only after you get the per-

®√ü¿’) ÉçöÀéÀ ¢ÁR}† ûª®√yûª Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’ =

I will take rest after I go home (I will go home

b) Before you pay the money, you cannot get

é¬ü¿’) ¢√úÕ-éÀC ûÁLÊÆh ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√úø’ – If he knows this, (if he will know this will be happy.

d)

Ø√èπ◊

prize

é¬ü¿’), he

´ÊÆh, ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√†’ =

If I get the prize (If I will get the prize é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) I shall be glad. (Permission - ņ’-´’A §ÒçC† ûª®√yûË Ø√ ü¿í∫_Imp: Ñ will/ shall ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç conditional claus®Ωèπ◊ ®√. ņ’-´’A §ÒçC† ûª®√y-ûªØË – Only after es Íé, sentences ™ N’í∫û√ clauses èπ◊ ´Jhç-îªü¿’.

mission

you get the permission - conditional clause)

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤ †’´¤y? PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH shops ¢ÁA-鬆’. Ø√èπ◊ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. ØË † ’ î√™« (¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊ Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Åçü¿’-û√®·) Sasir: ÉCíÓ úø•’s. ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπLook at the following expressions from Sasir: ØËEC Books 'n Books ™ éÌØ√o†’. Åéπ\úø §ÚûË, Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææhéπç üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§Ú-´îª’a. èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\´ copies ™‰´¤. ¢ÁçôØË ¢ÁRûË é̆the conversation above. Vidur: Bye. í∫-©´¤. 1) If you happen to see him ANSWER Vidur: †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ Å°œpÊÆh ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞«h. ØËEç-öÀéÀ 2) If I don't submit it tomorrow ¢ÁR} úø•’s ûÁa-éÌ-ØË-Ææ-JéÀ Ç©Ææuç Å¢Ìya. Vidur: Hi Sasir, where did you buy the book? I 3) If I do not go now have searched/ enquired at a number of Sasir: ؈’ úøGsîËa ´·çü¿’ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æ¤p. -Ø√ 4) If I see him shops, but I could not get/ find it. ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†oü¿çû√ Rs. 200/-. †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5) If I go to his place AJ--TîËa-ôx-®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ FéÀ≤ƒh. Sasir: I bought it at Books 'n Books. There 6) If I go now Vidur: Book é̆’-èπ◊\E ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-í¬ØË, ´÷ Ø√†o-†’ aren't (are not) many copies either. If 7) If he sends me the books -ÅúÕT BÆæ’-éÌ*a FéÀ≤ƒh. you go now/ at once/ immediately you °j expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ groups of words Sasir: °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, ü∆çûÓ §ƒô’ ÉîËa gift can buy it. (´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p©’) éπü∆. °j groups of words coupon ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊. Vidur: If you lend me the money, I will buy it. If v°æA ¢√öÀ™x verb Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I go home now, get the money and go, it Vidur: Gift Coupon BÆæ’-éÓ-éπ§ÚûË à´’-´¤-ûª’çC? 1) If you happen to see him -Ééπ\úø verb, happen might be too late. (By the time I go Sasir: †’¢√y gift coupon BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp Fèπ◊ II (To see = to+1st Regular doing word- DEo home, take the money and go to the Part of the book ®√ü¿’ free í¬. infinitive Åçö«ç. ÉC verb é¬ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆) shop, it might be too late) – Å®Ωnç, Åûª-úÕE †’´¤y îª÷ÊÆh. (If - Å®·-†-ôx-®·ûË). Vidur: Thank you. Kousik: Don't you worry. You will get them.

conditional clause)

É™«çöÀ¢Ë´-®·Ø√ ÆæÍ®,

If you happen to see him

Ö†o group of words ÅEoç-öÀE Åçö«ç. (¢√úÕE îª÷ÊÆh books N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh) É™« ´’†ç conversation (at the beginning of Karthik: If you go to his place, you can see this lesson) ™ç* BÆœ† clauses †’ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç. him. Clauses ÅFo èπÿú≈ if ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· (†’´¤y ¢√úÕç-öÀéÀ -¢Á-∞Ïh ¢√úÕE †’´¤y éπ©-´- 1) Ñ éπ ü ∆– É™« if ûÓ begin ÅßË’u clauses †’, if í∫-©´¤) clauses Åçö«ç. Kousik: If I go now, how can I meet him? He 2) If Åçõ‰ 'Å®·-†-ôx-®·ûË— ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆. will be back only an hour later. (É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞Ïh ᙫ éπ©-´-í∫-©†’ ¢√úø’ í∫çô- 3) °j† ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† 7 clauses èπÿú≈ if clauses. If clauses á°æ¤púø÷ ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤ƒh®·. Åçõ‰ ÊÆ-°æöÀ ûª®√yûË éπü∆ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’) Condition †’. Karthik: That's what I mean too. If you wait for another 45 minutes, and go to his place, you will find him. If he sends me the books, I shall be happy.

7) If he sends me the books -

°æç°œûË

(¢√úÕéÀ phone Å®·Ø√ îÁ®·u, ™‰ü¿çõ‰ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ})

(È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x §∂ÚØ˛ î˨». ¢√úø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé∞«xúø’. í∫çôûª®√yûª AJT ´≤ƒh-úøE ¢√∞¡x´’t îÁ°œpçC. ØËEç-öÀéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL. ´÷ Å´’t†’ hospital èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ. É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË Å´’t É•sçC °æúø’-ûª’çC.)

؈’ Åûª-úÕE

îª÷ÊÆh/éπLÊÆh

Kousik: Phone him or go to his place.

Karthik: I've called his home twice already. He is out. He will be back in an hour, his mother told me. I have to go home now urgently to take mother to hospital. If I do not go now, mother will be in trouble.

îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË. É°æ¤púø’

3) If I do not go now - Verb, do go (=go)

Sasir: Before I give/ lend you the money, let me tell you one thing. All the money I have is Rs.200/- If you (can) return it by the evening, I will give it to you. Vidur: As soon as I buy the book, I will go home, take the money from dad and repay you. Sasir: When you buy the book, don't forget to take/ collect the gift coupon. Vidur: What happens if I don't take the gift coupon? Sasir: Unless you take the gift coupon, you cannot get the II part of the book free. Vidur: Thank you. Sasir: Here is the money. Hurry up. If you don't go now/ unless you go now, you may not get the book. Vidur: Bye.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Neeraj: Shall we start? Unless we start now, we cannot reach college on time.

(´’†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ü∆´÷? É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’üË-JûËûª°æp college éÀ time èπ◊ îË®Ω’-éÓ™‰ç) Suraj: Have you taken the money? Before you pay the fees they won't allow you to attend classes.

(úø•’s BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’ E†’o classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-F-ߪ’®Ω’)

I will pay the advance provided you begin the work

†’´¤y °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-ÊÆhØË Øˆ’ advance É≤ƒh. If, unless Ææç•çüµ¿ç If = unless... not; unless = if ... not

Åçõ‰ if Ö†o clause †’, unless clause í¬ ´÷®Ωa´îª’a; ᙫ? If Ö†o sentence ™ not °öÀd. eg. a) If you work hard, you will pass

(éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-NûË, †’´¤y §ƒÆæ-´¤-û√´¤)

Neeraj: I have the money ready.

(úø•’s

I Clause:

b) Unless you work hard, you will not pass

ready)

(†’´¤y éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-NûË ûª°æp, pass 鬴¤) Suraj: Have you all your certificates? They a) ™ if clause Ö†o sentence ™ not ™‰ü¿’. will grant you admission after they b) ™ ÅüË Å®Ωnç, unless clause Ö†o sentence not check up your certificates. ´©x ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? (certificates ÅFo ÖØ√oߪ÷? F certifiÅ™«Íí unless clause Ö†o sentence ™ not cates ÅFo °æJ-Q-Lç-*† ûª®√y-ûªØË ¢√∞¡Ÿx admission É≤ƒh®Ω’) ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ if clause Ö†o sentence ™ not omit îËÆ œ îÁ§Òpa. Neeraj: The certificates are all ready, but I have yet to fill in some columns in the application.

a) Unless we start now, we cannot catch the train =

´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË ûª°æp Åçü¿’-éÓ™‰ç.

train

b) If we start now we can catch the train

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 125

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 12 -´÷-Ja 2006

´’†ç É°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË, train Åçü¿’-éÓ-í∫©ç. É™«çöÀ if, sentences if, unless äéπ-ü∆Eo äéπ-öÀí¬ ´÷Ja practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

1) He was an LIC agent when I last met him.

Before you pay the fees = Fees

îÁLxç-îË-´·çü¿’;

Ééπ\úø

Subordinate clause - when I last met

Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jh-é¬-™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd ÉC subordinate clause.

him.

II Clause:

Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ *´-Jí¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’...

They will not allow you to attend classes =

E†’o classes èπ◊ ®√E-´y®Ω’ – DEéÀ Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC, 鬕öÀd ÉC main clause. Exercise 1 Now,

¢Á·ü¿öÀ conversation ™E éÀçC sentences ™ main clauses, subordinate clauses í∫’Jhç-îªçúÕ.

1) They will grant you admission after they check up your certificates.

(mean-

ing not complete).

He was an LIC agent. LIC agent (complete meaning)

Åûª†’

í¬ ÖØ√oúø’.

Main clause

2) I know where he is hiding. subordinate clause - where he is hiding

Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\úø ü∆éÌ\E ÖØ√oúÓ,

(incomplete mean-

ing)

Main clause - I know

Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ –

2) They will accept the application after you fill it completely.

Exercise 2

3) I will complete it if you help me.

Sriram:

complete meaning.

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH

†’´¤y Kumar -†’ -*-´-Jí¬ -á°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»´¤? äéπ ¢√®Ωç éÀç-ü¿-ô. Sriram: ¢√úË-´’Ø√o ††’o éπ-©’Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E îÁ§ƒpú≈? Raghu: È®çvúÓ-V©’ Ü∞x Öçúø-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ÉçÍéç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Sriram: ¢√úø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ´≤ƒh-úøE Ç-PÆæ’hØ√o. Raghu: àçöÀ -Ææç-í∫A? Sriram: ´’† film hero ü¿í∫_-JéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’. ¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç Çߪ’† fans í∫ü∆? Raghu: ü∆E-éπçûª ûÌçü¿-Í®çöÀ? Sriram: next month †’ç* Çߪ’† busy, É°æ¤púø’ éπ©-´-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ûª®√yûª Çߪ’Eo éπ©-´™‰ç. Raghu:

If you work hard, you will pass (certificates

Æœü¿l¥ç. é¬F application ™ éÌEo columns 鬩çñ¸ – ï size ™ z ™«í¬, Éçé¬ °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC) Suraj: They will accept the application after you fill it completely.

(†’´¤y °æ‹Jhí¬ Eç°œ† ûª®√yûË F tion BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’)

applica-

Neeraj: I will complete it if you help me.

4) If I go on helping you, your dependence on me will increase.

4) Conditional clauses

™ shall/ will ®√´¤. (Åçõ‰ future tense Öçúø-ü¿’ conditional future

5) I may make mistakes if I do it on my own. Answer:

clause

ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ.)

ÉO conditional clauses í∫’Jç* ´’†ç last lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC.

Main clause

M. SURESAN

Very Important:

(†’´¤y ≤ƒßª’ç-îËÊÆh °æ‹Jh-îË≤ƒh)

Main clause:

Å®Ωnç°æ‹®Ωh-®·† clause. Suraj: Fill it yourself. If I go on helping you, Subordinate clause = Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jh-é¬E clause, your dependence on me will increase. Conditional clause. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ-†-´Fo You will never be independent. subordinate clauses éπü∆? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç (†’¢Ëy fill îÁ®·u. ؈’ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç-îËÆæ÷h complete é¬-ü¿’ é¬-•-öÀd. Öçõ‰, Ø√ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. If he comes - ¢√úø’ ´ÊÆh - (conditional clause) †’´¤y Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Öçúø-™‰´¤.) Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ÉC subordinate clause. go on doing something = äéπ °æE îËÆæ÷h Look at the following sentences from the Öçúøôç = continue conversation above: Neeraj: I may make mistake if I do it on my own. That's my fear.

(≤Òçûªçí¬ îËÊÆh ûª°æ¤p©’ îËßÁ·îª’a ؈’, ÅüË Ø√ ¶µºßª’ç) Suraj: Don't worry. Complete the application and show it to me. Hurry up.

(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Application °æ‹Jh-îËÆœ Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç. ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬F) In the last lesson, ´’†ç conditional clauses í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC– 1) A group of words with a verb is a clause. (Verb clause)

Ö†o ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p

2) A clause stating a condition is a CONDITIONAL CLAUSE: clause, conditional clause.

≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁLÊ°

3) Conditional clauses begin with if, unless, before, after, when, where, provided, etc. (Conditional clauses

°j ´÷ô-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-

Gµç-îª-´îª’a) Provided = if =

Å®·ûË

Spoken English

i) Unless we start now, we cannot reach college on time.

Éçü¿’™ áEo clauses ÖØ√o®·? í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. äéπ sentence ™ the number of clauses = The number of verbs in it. Åçõ‰ sentence ™ áEo verbs Öçõ‰ ÅEo clauses. In the sentence above, there are two verbs. 1) Start

2) Can reach.

So there are two clauses. 1) Unless we start now = - conditional clause, so subordinate clause.

´’†ç É°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-©’-

üË-JûË é¬E

2) We cannot reach college = ´’†ç college îË®Ω’-éÓ™‰ç – Ñ clause èπ◊ meaning °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC éπü∆. 鬕öÀd ÉC main clause. ii) Before you pay the fees, they won't allow (will not allow) you to attend classes. Here again, there are two verbs = pay, will allow. sentences two (to attend - infinitive; verb clauses

鬕öÀd Ñ Öçö«®·.

é¬ü¿’)

™ èπÿú≈

Answer:

Sub clause

(complete meaning) (incomplete meaning) 1. They will grant you after they checkup your admission. verb, certificates... Verb checkup certificates will grant. admission 2. They will accept after you fill it completethe application. ly... Verb - fill verb - will accept. application

(F (¢√∞¡Ÿx Fèπ◊ É≤ƒh®Ω’). °æJ-Q-Lç-*† ûª®√yûª..)

(°æ‹Jh îËÆœ†

ûª®√yûª..)

(¢√∞¡Ÿx BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’).

3. I will complete it. if you help me... verb verb - will com- help plete.

(†’´¤y Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç (؈’ °æ‹Jh îËÊÆh...) îË≤ƒh†’).

4. your dependence If I go on helping you ... on me increases. verb - go (helping verb - increase; 'ing' from - verb

Íé-´-©ç (Ø√O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç é¬ü¿’) (Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç- îËÆæ÷h áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC). Öçõ‰...)

5. I may make mis- If I do it on my own... takes. verb - may verb - do. make.

(؈’ ûª°æ¤p©’ (-Ø√ -Åçûªô ؈’ îËÊÆh...) îËߪ’-´îª’a).

í∫´’-Eéπ: °j† ´*a†

subordinates al clauses. clauses sentences

ÖçúË

ÅFo conditionÉûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 subordinates èπÿú≈ î√-™« ÖØ√o®·. äÍé clause èπÿú≈ Öçö«®·.

I saw him yesterday . This sentence has only one verb - saw. So it is a sentence with just one clause, and it is the main clause and it is the sentence.

Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 subordinate clauses éÀçC tences ™ îª÷úøçúÕ:

sen-

Sriram: When did you see Kumar last? Raghu: A week ago. (a week back

é¬ü¿’)

Sriram: Did he tell you (that) he would meet me? Raghu: He just told me (that) he would be out of town for 2 days. He didn't tell me anything more. Sriram: I hope (that) he will come soon. Raghu: What's the matter? Sriram: He said (that) he would take me to our hero. We two are his fans, you know. Raghu: What's the hurry? Sriram: He will be busy from next month. If we can't (can not) see him now, we cannot see him afterwards.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Not

only did He..... But also .... subject

èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ verb ´ÊÆh v°æ¨¡o Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? – Ø√u©-°æLx °çôߪ’u, ÅL-ߪ÷-¶«ü¿’ -ï-¢√-•’: Sentence not only ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh, question é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ verb ´·çü¿®Ω ®√¢√L. a) Not only did he insult me, but also hit me. b) Not once has he helped me.

äéπ-≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ðû¦è[ª-

II Prabodh: Hi Subodh, (do) you know where we can get good mangoes?

(óÀª ú£ªò˺ëÅÂ! ÷ªÙ# ÷«Nªè… í£üŒ‰x ÓÚÛ\è[ ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-ê¦ó¶ª êµõªþ§?)

Subodh: Where else? At rythu bazaar. Every one says that the quality is good, and the prices moderate.

(ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è[? ·ôj꟪ ñâ°ôÁx. û¦éuêŸ ò°ÞœªÙåªÙë]E, ëÅ]ô¢õª ú£ô¢-ú£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°óŸªE ví£Aî¦üŒ‰x ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.) else = ÏÙÚÛ (Ô ÏêŸô¢ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ). where else = ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è[ who else = ÏÙ·Ú-÷ô¢ª? when else = ÏÙ·Ú-í£±pè[ª how else = ÏÙ¸Ú-N-ëÅ]ÙÞ¥/ ÏÙ·Úö°?)

÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 14 ÷«Ja 2006

pretext = ví‡çµÚÂd q–‘çµ’ ûË•Ú¨\-í£-õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù = þ§ÚÛª put on weight = ñô¢ª-îµ-ÚÛ\è[Ù/ ö°÷÷è[Ù Subodh: Tell your wife that you are not a diabetie. Let her know that eating mangoes within limits wouldn't harm you.

(ìª÷±y ÷ªëÅ]ª---î¦uCÅ íˆè…-꟪-è…N Ú¥÷E Oª ÎNè[êÁ àµí£±p. í£J-Nª-êŸÙÞ¥ ÷«Nªè… í£Ùè[ªx Aìè[Ù ÷õx ví£÷«-ë]Oª ö¶ë]E àµí£±p).

Diabetie = a person suffering from diabetes/sugar complaint harm = E Prabodh: I keep telling her that but she doesn't listen.

He thinks he is great. d) ÍêŸè[ª ÑëÁuޜ٠÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]E ÎPÙ-àŸ-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª. He does not hope (that) he will get the job. e) ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ÷« þ§óŸªÙ Ú¥î¦õE ٠Íìª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù

ÍìªÚÛªû¦o.. ÎPÙ#û¦.. Íìª÷«EÙ#û¦..!

Prabodh: How about Sakala Supermarket?

(÷ªJ ú£ÚÛõ ú£«í£ô ÷«·ô\æ˺x?)

Subodh: The quality may be good there, but the prices are prohibitive. I am sure (that) it is not the place if you want reasonable prices.

Why? What's the matter? (ÍÚÛ\è[ í£Ùè[x û¦éuêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-è•àŸªa Ú¥F ëÅ]ô¢õª ÷«vêŸÙ ÷ªìÙ òÅ¡JÙ-àŸ-ö¶-EN. ú£·ôjì ëÅ]ô¢õª Ú¥î¦-õÙç¶ ÍC ú£·ôjì àÁåª-Ú¥-ë]E ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª.) prohibitive = (ëÅ]ô¢õª) Íè[ªf-ÚÛªû¶. prohibitive = Ú•ì-è¯-EÚ¨ Íè[ªfí£-è¶ÙêŸ ëÅ]ô¢õª. Prabodh: Perhaps you are right. I expect some guests tomorrow. I thought (that) I would serve them mangoes.

(ÍóŸ³uÙ-è•àŸªa. ¸ôí£± ÷« ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÍAëÇ]ªõª ÷þ§h-ô¢-ìª-ÚÛªÙåªû¦o. î¦üŒxÚÛª ÷«Nªè… í£Ùè[ªx šíè[ë¯-÷ªE Íìª-ÚÛªû¦o.)

Subodh: Go ahead. They will know that you are a good host.

(Ú¥F ÷ªJ. ìª÷±y ÷ªÙ# ÎAëÇ]uÙ Ïà¶a-î¦è…-÷E êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª.) host = ÎAëÇ]uÙ Ïà¶a-î¦è[ª

Prabodh: It just gives me a pretext to enjoy mangoes. Otherwise my wife wouldn't let me. She fears that I may put on weight if I eat mangoes.

(û¶ìª ÷«Nªè… í£üŒ‰x Aû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª ÍA-ëÇ]ªõª ÖÚÛ þ§ÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª. ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÷« ÎNè[ ììªo ÷«Nªè… í£üŒ‰x Aì-F-óŸªë]ª. û¶ìª ö°îµj-ð¼-ê¦-ìE ÎNè[ òÅ¡óŸªÙ.)

(û¶ìª àµñªêŸ«û¶ ÑÙæ°. Ú¥F Î Nìë]ª.)

Subodh: Wish you a sweet time with the

ö¶ë]ª.

Nù£-óŸ«õª Ïö°/ Íö° ÍE ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù ÚÛë¯. situation conversationö˺ ÏC êŸô¢-àŸªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhÙ-åªÙC. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE say, know, think, hope, expect, suspect, doubt, (be) sure, assure, admit, deny, allow, agree (ÏN Ú•Eo. Ïö°Ùæ¨N à¦ö° Ñû¦oô³.)êÁ ÷à¶a Main ClausesÚÛª That clauses join à¶óŸªè[Ù practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Now practise the following in English: Vimal: ú£ªÚÛª-÷«-ôÂìª Ïî¦ü™÷ªû¦o ÚÛõª-þ§hî¦ ìª÷±y? Kamal: ÔÙ? ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? Vimal: î¦è…êÁ àµí£±p, ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ÷«uà ÑÙë]E. Kamal: ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÷«uà ÑÙë]E ìª÷±y î¦è…êÁ

àµí£p-ö¶ë¯? Eìoû¶ ê¶D êµL-ú‡ÙC. ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ# ÷ªìÙ vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸ«-õE ÚÛ«è¯ àµí£±p. (ìª÷±y AóŸªuæ¨ ÷«Nª-è…í£Ùè[ªx Aû¦-õE Kamal: î¦è… Ú ¨ êµõª-ú£E û¶ìªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. Eìo ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. òµj) ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 126 ·ôÙè[ª-÷´è[ª þ§ô¢ªx Ïí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ú¥ú£h advanced level conversation ë¯E ÞœªJÙචpractice à¶ë¯lÙ. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ follow Í÷Ùè…. Last We do not think (that) he needs our help. ÷«æ°x è ¯è[ ª . ÷ªìÙ lesson ö˺ the things we have learnt. f) ìª÷±y êµL-N-Þœõ î¦è…ìE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oî¦? · Þ LචÍ÷Ú ¥-ø‹õª ★ A clause is a group of words with a verb. Do you think (that) you are clever? ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o-óŸªE ★ A main clause has complete meaning. Ïí£±pè[ª look at the table - subordinate clauses Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª. ★ A subordinate clause doesn't have comin the conversation at the beginning of the Vimal: î¦è[ ö° ÍìªÚÁ÷è[Ù plete meaning. lessonû¦ÚÛ ª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ★ The number of clauses in a sentence = ÑÙC. The number of verbs in it. M. SURESAN û¶ìª MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE ★ That êÁ begin Íó¶ªu ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìÙ ·Þõª-þ§h-÷ªE Þœæ¨dÞ¥ clauses- that clauses. ÎP-ú£ªhû¦o. 1) Do you know Where we can get good mangoes. Ïö°Ùæ¨ that clauses ö˺that Kamal: ›ï°÷ªÙê ú£÷ª-óŸ«-EÚ¨ (FÚÛª êµõªþ§?) (÷ªÙ# ÷«Nªè… í£Ùèµx-ÚÛ\è[ ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-ê¦óµ«?) ÚÛª meaning ‘ÍE’ ÍE. ÒJÚ¨ AJ-Þ•-þ§h-è[ÙConversation ö˺ ÓÚÛª\÷ î¦è¶ 2) Every one says a) That the quality is good. æ°î¦? clauses ö˺ that clause ÖÚÛæ¨ (ví£A-î¦üŒŠx ÍÙæ°ô¢ª) (û¦éuêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-åª-ë]E) Vimal: î¦è[ ª ¸ô›í ÷à¶a-þ§h-ìÍE Íô¢nÙ Í÷±-꟫û¶ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯. b) (that) the prices are moderate. û¦oè[ª û¦êÁ. ÖÚÛ-¸ôëÁ Íö°/ Ïö° ÍE (ëÅ]ô¢õª ú£ô¢-ú£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°-óŸªE) Kamal: î¦è[ª ÑÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ àµñªê¦ô¢ª/ àµð§p-ô¢ª/àµñªêŸªÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ ·Þõª3) I am sure a) That is not the place. û¦oô¢ª ÍE ÷ªìÙ Íìo-í£±pè[ö°x, þ§h ÷ ªìªÚÁ÷ àŸ ª a. (û¦ÚÛ ª êµ õ ªú£ ª ) (ÍC ú£ · ô j ì àÁåª Ú¥ë] E ) ÖÚÛô¢ª/ û¶ìª/ ÷³ etc. Íö°/ ÷þ§h! b) if you want reasonable prices. Ïö° ÍE Íìª-ÚÛªû¦o, ÎPÙ-#û¦, Answer: (FÚÛª ú£·ôjì ëÅ]ô¢õª Ú¥î¦-õÙç¶) Íìª-÷«-EÙ-#û¦, êµL-ú‡û¦, ÷ªìÙ Vimal: Are you meeting/ î¦è¯-LqÙC that clause 4) I thought That I would serve them mangoes. Will you meet ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÚÛë¯. (Íìª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª) (î¦üŒxÚÛª ÷«Nª-è…í£Ùè[ªx šíæ°d-õE) Sukumar today? a) ÍêŸè[ª ÷þ§hè[ª ÍE, û¦ÚÛª 5) They will know That you are a good host. Kamal: Why? What's the êµõªú£ª. (î¦üŒ ‰ x êµ õ ªú £ ª Ú Û ª Ùæ °ô¢ ª ) (ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ ÎAëÇ]uÙ Ïà¶aî¦è…÷E) matter? I know that he will come. Vimal: Tell him (that) we ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè…. î¦è[ª-÷-þ§hè[ª 6) She fears That I may put on weight. have the match = he will come (Î òÅ¡óŸªí£è[ªêÁÙC) (û¶ìª ö°÷-÷±-ê¦-ìE) next week/ That the î¦è[ª ÷þ§h-è[E =that he will 7) Tell your wife That you are not a diabetie match is next week. come. (Oª ÎNè[êÁ àµí£±p) (ìª÷±y ÷ªëÅ]ª---î¦uCÅ íˆè…-꟪-è…N Ú¥ë]E) Kamal: Have n't you (= û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª =I know. Have you not) told 8) Let her know That eating mangoes within limits wouldn't b) ÷«Nªè… í£Ùè[ª Î-Ú¨-ù£d-÷ªE him (that) the ÍÙæ˺ÙC. harm you. match is next ÷«Nªè… í£Ùè[ª Î-Ú¨-ù£dÙ/-Î (Îîµªìª Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÁE) (í£J-Nª-êŸÙÞ¥ ÷«Nª-è…-í£Ùè[ªx Aìå٠E à¶óŸª-ë]E) week? Ïù£d-í£-è[ª-êÁÙC. She likes the mango. Vimal: I knew the date, only yesterday you Oªô¢ª ç¶ñªöËÀö˺ Þœ÷ª-EÙචÑÙæ°ô¢ª. ÖÚÛ sen÷«Nªè… í£Ùè[ª Î Ïù£d-í£-è[ª-êÁÙ-ë]E tell him too (that) we have to practise tenceö˺ ·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª sub. clauses ÑÙè[è[Ù. that she likes the mango. from tomorrow. Íö°¸ Þ main clauses Óûµjoû¦ ÑÙè•àŸªa. ÍÙæ˺ÙC = she says/ is saying. Kamal: I think he knows the date. He šíj sentences ÍEoÙ-æ¨ö˺ main clause ÷³Ùë]ª, She says that she likes the mango. referred to it/ talked about it two or subordinate clause êŸô¦yêŸ ÷à¦aô³. Íö° ô¦î¦c) î¦è[-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª î¦è[ª Þ•í£p ÍE. three times yesterday. He thinks õE rule ö¶ë]ª. ÔC ÷³Ùë]ª, ÔC îµì-·Újû¦ íÆ£ô¦yö¶ë]ª. î¦è[ª-Þ•í£p = he is great; (that) we have good chances of winEvery body knows that he plays well. î¦è[ª Þ•í£p ÍE = that he is great. ning. That he plays well, every body knows. He thinks that he is great. (refer = (ÏÚÛ\è[) ví£þ§h-NÙ-àŸè[Ù) Íô³ê¶ conversation ö˺ that ÷C-ö¶-óŸª-÷àŸªa. ÷ªìÙ daily conversation ö˺ ÖÚÛô¢ª ൛íp, ÍìªVimal: I am glad (that) he thinks. I strongly He thinks that he is great. ÚÛªû¶, ÎPÙà¶, Îö˺-#Ùà¶, ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¶ (be sure) hope too that we will win. Vimal: û¦ÚÛª

mangoes. Bye.

Spoken English

ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Kamal: Do you say (that) Hemanth will return in time for the match? Vimal: He has told me (that) he will come back tomorrow itself. Kamal: If he is there we can be sure (that) we will win the match. Bye.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Brahmam: (Do) you know when the train arrives here? (Train Vishnu:

Ééπ\-úÕ-Èé-°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’hçüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

I do not know exactly when, but I am sure that it arrives between 8.30 and 9.00 in the morning.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ á°æ¤púÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, é¬E §Òü¿’l† 8.30, 9.00 ´’üµ¿u ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-ØËC ´÷vûªç éπ*aûªç) Brahmam: That suits us fine then. Find out where Eswar is. Ask him whether he is coming with us or not. Tell him we have to reserve tickets.

(ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. Ѩ¡y®˝ áéπ\úø’-Ø√oúÓ îª÷úø’. ¢√úø’ ´’†ûÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ™‰üÓ éπ†’éÓ\. ´’†ç tickets reserve îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E îÁ°æ¤p.) Vishnu:

(I have) no idea how I can meet him. I called his home twice but there was no response. He hasn't/he doesn't have a cell phone.

(Åûª-ØÁo™« éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√™ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’. È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x ¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀéÀ phone î˨», é¬E á´®Ω÷ áûªh-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕéÀ cell phone ™‰ü¿’.) Brahmam: How can we know how many berths we have to reserve? Vishnu:

Hi... I remember. He and his people are away in Eluru. They will be back tomorrow.

(Ç... É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Åûª†’, ¢√∞¡x ¢√∞¡Ÿx à©÷®Ω’ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. Í®°æ¤ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’.) Brahmam: I now understand why he hasn't met us.

(¢√úø’ ´’†-™„oç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰üÓ É°æ¤púø’ Ø√éπ®Ωnç Å´¤-ûÓçC). I think I have his cell number in my pocket book. Let met see.

(ÅûªE cell no. Ø√ pocket book ™ Öçü¿-†’-éÌçö«. îª÷úøF.) Vishnu:

I am telling you he doesn't have a cell.

(¢√úÕéÀ

cell

™‰ü¿E îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√o†’ éπü∆?)

Brahmam: Then whose is this cell no. here?

(Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø Ñ Vishnu:

cell no.

á´-JC?)

I do not know whose number it is, but I am sure he has no cell.

(ÅC á´J †ç•®Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, é¬E ¢√úÕéÀ cell ™‰ü¿-ØËC ´÷vûªç éπ*aûªç) In our earlier lesson we have seen the uses of that clauses. There are some more subordinate clauses. daily conversation frequent Real life situations main clauses join

¢√öÀE ´’†ç ™ í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. ™ OöÀ ¢√úøéπç î√™« áèπ◊\¢Ë. ¢√öÀE ûÓ îËÆœ ᙫ ¢√ú≈-©-ØËC É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç: Let us look at the subordinate clauses in the conversation between Brahmam and Vishnu:

1. When the train arrives (Train á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçüÓ). 2. Where Eswar is (Eswar áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ.) 3. Whether he is coming or not (Åûª†’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ™‰üÓ). 4. How I can meet him (؈-ûªEo ᙫ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©ØÓ). 5. (that) We have to reserve tickets (´’†ç tickets reserve îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E). 6. How many berths we have to reserve (´’†ç áEo berths reserve îËߪ÷™). 7. Why he hasn't met us (´’†Lo áçü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰üÓ).

Spoken English

8. (that) He doesn't have a cell (¢√úÕéÀ cell ™‰ü¿E). 9. Whose number it is (ÅC á´J †ç•®Ó). 10. (that) he has no cell (¢√úÕéÀ cell ™‰ü¿E). OöÀ™x subordinate clauses no. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 and 9 îª÷úøçúÕ. É´Fo 'Wh' words (When, Where, How, How many, Why and Whose)ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª ’-Ø√o®· éπü∆? É´Fo When, Where, How ™«çöÀ 'Wh' wordsûÓ begin Å®·†-°æp-öÀéÃ, questions 鬴¤. ´’† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ lessons ™ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-†oC í∫’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆. Question Å®·ûË 'Wh' word ûª®√yûª verb ´·çü¿÷, ûª®√yûª subject ´≤ƒh®·. Clauses No. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 and 9™ 'Wh' word ûª®√yûª subject ´·çü¿÷, verb ûª®√yû√ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’-éπE É´Fo (sub + verb) form ™ ÖçúË subordinate clauses. ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: questions ™«í¬ ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 127

a)

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 16 -´÷-Ja 2006

¢√úÁ-éπ\úø îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ = I do not know where he studies.

b) c)

¢√úÁç-ü¿’èπ◊

time waste

îË≤ƒhúÓ Ø√éπ-®Ωnç-é¬-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’

lesson beginning conversation clauses 5, 8 and 10 that clauses.

Ééπ

™E

™ ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç*

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆.

I do not understand why he wastes time

EXERCISE:

¢√úÕéπçûª úø•’s ᙫ ´≤ÚhçüÓ á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ –

NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH.

No body knows how he gets/ is getting all that money.

Hi Durga, Lakshmi áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁR}çüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Please tell us when he will come/ comes/ is Durga: ûª†ûÓ Fèπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Ë’çö îÁ°æ¤p, ´·çü¿’. coming. Vani: ûª† †’ç* Ø√èπ◊ úø•’s Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’E îÁ§ƒp†’ e) function á´®Ω’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒh®Ó ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ = éπü∆? They do not know who will inaugurate the Durga: Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’sçüÓ ™‰üÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ Fèπ◊? function. d)

Vani:

¢√úÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ ´÷èπ◊ îÁ°æpçúÕ.

Whether he is coming or not Look at the difference between 'wh' subordinate clauses and 'wh' questions. Question

Subordinate Clause (With Wh words)

(With Wh words)

1) ... when the train arrives (train

1) When does the train arrive? (Train

á°æ¤p-úÌÆæ’hçüÓ... sub clause No. 1) Not a question.

2) ... Where Eswar is(

Ѩ¡y®˝ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ–

subordinate clause No. 2) - not a question. 3) ... How I can meet him- (

Åûª-ØÁo™« éπ©’Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©ØÓ) – subor-

dinate clause No. 4 4) ... how many berths we have to reserve ( berths

´’†ç áEo îËߪ÷™) –

reserve subordinate clause no.6

5) Why he hasn't met us

(´’†-™„oç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰üÓ)–

Subordinate Clause No.7

á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçC?)– question 2) Where is Eswar?

(Ѩ¡y®˝ Ø√oúø’?)–

áéπ\-úø’question

3) How can I meet him?

(؈-ûªEo ᙫ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’?)–

question 4) ... how many berths have we to reserve (

´’†ç áEo

berths

reserve

îËߪ÷L?)- Question 5) Why hasn't he met us?

(´’†-™„oç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’?)-–

She does not know whether/ if he has gone or not. b)

ÅC á´J †ç•®Ó) –

Subordinate clause No. 9.

6) Whose number is numit? ber? - Question

ÅßË’u èπÿ, ûÓ ÅßË’u èπÿ ÖçúË ûËú≈. Ñ ûËú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. ´÷ö«x-úÕûË ´’†èπ◊ ®√†õ‰x èπÿú≈. Ñ †’ ™ îËÊÆh ´’†èπ◊ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.

Ç¢Á’

fees

Vani:

what you are talking. Durga: She may have money, but how do you know/ how are you sure whether she

éπöÀdçüÓ ™‰üÓ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ –

We do not know whether/ if she has paid the fees (or not)

(ÅC á´J

wh words begin subordinate clause wh word begin Question English wh word subordinate clause main clause join sentence form

Åûª-EüËÜ®Ó Åûª†’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ =

©éÀ~ t ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉçÈé-´-Jü¿-í∫_-®Ω’ç-ô’çC? †’¢Ëyç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Fèπ◊ He hasn't told them ûÁL-ߪ’-ôç-™‰ü¿’. where he is from. Durga: Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’sç-úÌa. é¬F FéÀ-Ææ’hçüÓ ™‰üÓ g) ÅC ¢Ë’¢Á’™« îËߪ÷™ FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’? ´÷èπ◊ teacher explain Vani: ؈’ ûª†E éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ E†o ņ’-èπ◊çö«– îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ = É≤ƒh-†E promise îËÆœçC. M. SURESAN Our teacher hasn't Durga: FÈéçûª 鬢√™ îÁ§ƒp¢√ Ç¢Á’èπ◊? explained to us how we should do have to do Vani: Féà N´-®√-©Fo áçü¿’éÓ Øˆ’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a? it. Durga: Sorry. Ø√èπ◊ áéπ\úÕéÀ ¢ÁR}çD ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. h) ÅC á´-J™x á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ – áéπ\-úø’çüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. á°æ¤p-úÕç-öÀéÀ ´Ææ’hçüÓ Whose house it is no one knows. ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. í∫´’-Eéπ: Ééπ\úø where, when ûÓ begin ÅßË’u Vani: ûª†’ AJ-íÌÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ îÁ§ƒh¢√? clauses conditional clauses 鬴¤ éπü∆– Å¢Ëç condition †’ ûÁ©-°æ-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE will/ shall Durga: OK. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ¢√úøû√ç. ANSWER: É™«çöÀ clauses O’ conversation ™ ¶«í¬ Vani: Hi Durga, (Do) you know where practice îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. Lakshmi has gone? É°æ¤púø’ Ñ lesson beginning ™E clauses E îª÷úøçúÕ – Whether he is coming or not = Durga: Tell me first why do you need her? Åûª†’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ™‰üÓ.. ask him - ÅûªEo Åúø’í∫’. Vani: I've told you that I need money from ´’†-éÌéπ N≠æߪ’ç Å´¤ØÓ é¬üÓ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπher. §ÚûË, Å°æ¤púø’ whether é¬F, if é¬F ¢√úøû√ç. if Durga: Do you know whether/ if she has money Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø conditional clause if (Å®·ûË ÅØË or not? Å®Ωnç) é¬ü¿’. Vani: If Lakshmi doesn't have/ has no money, a) Åûª†’ ¢Á∞«xúÓ ™‰üÓ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ = who else has? You do not understand

Question

6) Whose number it is (

ÉD

f)

will give it to you or not? Vani:

c) Chief Guest

ÅÆæ©’ ´î√aú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’ =

No one is able to say whether/ if the Chief guest has arrived (or not)

ûÓ

d)

ÅC êK-üÁj-†ü∆, -Èéj-†ü∆ ÅØËC Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? – Do you know whether/ if it is expensive or cheap? whether/ if life situations

¢√ú≈-Lq† B®Ω’. ÉC èπÿú≈ real ™ ´’†èπ◊ conversation ™ î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

ÉC

When I met her- I think it was yesterday, she promised to give it.

Durga: Did you tell her how much you need? Vani:

May I know why you need all these details?

Durga: Sorry. I do not know where she has gone, where she is and when she will return home/ will be back home. Vani:

Will you let me know when she returns?

Durga: OK

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Sridhar: Who do I see here? Giridhar! what a surprise! (I have) been thinking you are still in Dubai. What brings you here so suddenly?

(á´®Ω÷? TJ-üµ¿®√ Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçüË! †’Nyçé¬ ü¿’¶«-ß˝’™ ÖØ√o´-†’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o. Ö†oô’xçúÕ É™« ÜúÕ°æ-úø-ö«-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’çöÀ?) Giridhar: Because dad wanted me here urgently for my sisters wedding engagement. Though he wanted me yesterday morning itself, I could be here only last night. I tried my best, but I could not get the ticket for the earlier flight. sister

(´÷ EPa-û√-®√n-EéÀ ´÷ Ø√†o ††’o ¢ÁçôØË ®Ω´’t-Ø√oúø’. Çߪ’† ††’o E†o §Òü¿’lØËo Ééπ\-úø’ç-úø-´’-†o-°æp-öÀéÀ, E†o ®√vAéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ééπ\-úø’ç-úø-í∫-L-í¬†’. Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ flight èπ◊ áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç*Ø√ ticket üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 128

Giridhar: You and I have known him since our College days. He was our junior at college by two years. He is Eswar. He is a software man in the US. As he has to be back in the states by the month end, he is in a hurry. Sridhar: It is Eswar. Is it? A good choice. A nice young man. Giridhar: Since my sister too a B.Tech, he hasn't demanded any dowry. yet the marriage is going to cost us a lot, as they want the marriage to be a grand affair, sister B.Tech

(´÷ èπÿú≈ 鬕öÀd, éπôoç àç Åúø-í∫-™‰ü¿’. é¬E °RxéÀ ´÷èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË ê®Ωa-´-¶-ûª’çC, ¢√∞¡Ÿx °Rx °∂æ’†çí¬ îËߪ÷©-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀd) A Grand affair = íÌ°æp N≠æ-ߪ’ç/- °∂æ’†çí¬ ïJÍí N≠æߪ’ç. Affair: ÅÊ°∂Å – Ê°∂ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = N≠æߪ’ç.

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 18 -´÷-Ja 2006

Clause 7: as they want the marriage to be a grand affair

¢√∞¡Ÿx °Rx °∂æ’†çí¬ ï®Ω-§ƒ-©-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀd. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. É´Fo 鬮Ω-ù«©’ ûÁLÊ° clauses éπü∆. Oô-Eoç-öÀE, because/ as/ since ûÓ ¢ËöÀ-ûÓØÁjØ√ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-´îª’a. Oô-EoöÀ Å®Ωnç Å®·-†ç-ü¿’-´-©x/-áç-ü¿’-îË-ûª-†ç-õ‰/-é¬-•öÀd ÅE. 1) áçúøí¬ Öçúøôç ´©x •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡}™‰ü¿’.

Because dad wanted... engagement sentence clause conversation clause writing because clause begin main clause Wedding engagement = flight =

ÉC

é¬ü¿’ éπü∆, ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ™ Éô’-´çöÀ ¢√úø-´îª’a, ™ ûÓ îËÆœ, ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøç. °Rx -E-Pa-û√-®Ωnç/N´÷†ç. û√ç-•÷-™«©’ °æ¤îª’a-éÓ-´ôç. (°æéÀ~ áí∫-®Ωôç èπÿú≈)

Sridhar: When is the engagement? (Engagement Giridhar: The day after tomorrow. Dad has none to help him, so he asked me here urgently.

á°æ¤púø’?)

(á©’xçúÕ Ø√†oèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’, Åçü¿’-éπE †Eo-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁçôØË ®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’) Sridhar: Happy to hear that she is getting engaged. Congrats to her. But why this hurry? sister

O’ EPa-û√®Ωnç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ø√ ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«é¬ç-éπ~©’. Å®·ûË Éçûª £æ«ú≈-N-úËçöÀ?)

And you haven't told me who the bride groom is, what he is, where he is from, and whether he is in India or abroad

(°Rx-éÌ-úø’-Èé-´®Ó, àç îËÆæ’hç-ö«úÓ, à Ü®Ó, India ™ Öçö«ú≈, NüË-¨»™x Öçö«ú≈ †’´¤y Éçûª-´-®ΩÍéç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ ) Giridhar: O you are too impatient. It is not even minutes since we met, you shoot question after question. Will you let me talk?

(Fèπ◊ ã®Ω’p-™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E EN’-≥ƒ-©-®·Ø√ Å´-™‰ü¿’. v°æ¨¡o© ¢Áçô v°æ¨¡o -èπ◊-J-°œç-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ††’o ´÷ö«x-úøE-≤ƒh¢√?) Sridhar: Ok, Go ahead. (

ÆæÍ®...é¬F)

Spoken English

ÉO

í∫’Jç-*† N≠æߪ’ç.

PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH Vasanth: Hemanth:

àçöÀ †’´¤y E†o ®√™‰ü¿’? ®√¢√-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-*-†-°æpöÀéà ®√™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷†’. ´÷ ´÷´’-ߪ’u-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´Ææ’hç-úøôç I haven't gone out because it is hot (as it is ´©x ÉçöxØË ÖçúÕ-§Ú-¢√Lq ´*açC. hot/ since it is hot) Vasanth: Phone îËÆ œ ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿E îÁ°æp-™‰üËç? Sridhar: When is the marriage? 2) As he did not start on time, he missed the Hemanth: ؈’ î˨»†’, é¬F †’¢Áy-ûªh-™‰ü¿’. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Giridhar: The 17th this month. only 12 days bus îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’? left. (Ñ ØÁ© 17†. 12 ®ÓV™‰ N’T-©’-Ø√o®·) Time èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd bus Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Vasanth: Ø√ cell out of order Å®·-†ç-ü¿’-´©x (Ééπ\úø, as •ü¿’©’, because/ since ¢√úø-´îª’a) îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷. E†o §Òü¿’l† éÀçü¿ °æúÕ-†Last Lesson ™ wh words ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u sub°æpöÀ †’ç* ÅC ÆæJí¬ °æE îËߪ’-õ‰xü¿’. 3) Since/ as/ because he knows English well he ordinate clause îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Éûª-®Ω -®Ω-鬩 subHemanth: Land phone †’ç* áçü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’? is successful ordinate clauses É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. Vasanth: ¢Ë’ç bill îÁLxç-îª-†ç-ü¿’-´©x ÅC disconnect Å®·çC. Hemanth: Öü¿ßª’ç ´’≤ƒ© üÓÂÆ A†o-°æp-öÀoç*, Ø√èπ◊ ´’ûª’hí¬ ÖçC. ÉçöÀ-ÈéRx Evü¿-§Úû√. Bye.

Although Ganguly ry...scored a centuí∫´’-Eéπ:

Since/ Ever since he came here, he has been good to me. because/ as/ since clauses, since clausPractice them thores oughly.

Study the following subordinate clauses from the conversation above: 1) Because dad wanted me here urgently 2) Though he wanted me M. SURESAN here yesterday itself. 3) What he is, where he is from and whether he is in India or abroad clauses; wh suborwhether clause. dinate clauses, last lesson 4) since we met 5) as he has to be back in the states by the month end. 6) since my sister too is a B.Tech 7) as they want the marriage to be a grand affair. subordinate clauses daily real life situation

(ÉN ´‚úø’

í∫’Jç*

¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®çúø÷ *´-JC OöÀE ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆)

Ñ

ÅFo èπÿú≈ ™ Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆. ÉN ï®Ω-í∫ôç ´©x, Åü¿™« Å®·†-°æp-öÀéÀ, °∂晫† N≠æ-ߪ’ç/-Ææç-°∂æ’ô† ïJT†°æpöÀ †’ç*, Åü¿™« Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ É™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√©ûÓ Ö†o Ñ clauses †’ ´’†ç Eûªuç conversation ™ ¢√ú≈-Lq† °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ áØÓo. Åçü¿’-éπE practice them well and fill your conversation with ideas. Look at the clauses No 1, 5, 6 and 7 Observe that they begin with because, as, and since. clauses because/ as/ since clauses because = as = since =

É™«çöÀ

Åçõ‰,

™

Å®·-†ç-ü¿’-

´©x.

Clause 1: Because dad wanted me here urgently urgent Clause 5: as he has to be back in the states by the month end. states (America)

Ø√†o ††’o

í¬ Ééπ\úø 鬢√-©-†oç-ü¿’-´©x.

Åûª†’ AJT Öçú≈-Lq-†ç-ü¿’-´©x

™ ØÁ™«-ê-®Ω’éÀ

´÷

鬕öÀd.

Clause 6: Since my sister too is a B.Tech sister B.Tech

èπÿú≈

English ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ é¬•öÀd, Åûª†’ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

Now look at clause 2: Though he wanted me here yesterday itself

E†o ØËEéπ\úø Öçú≈-©E Çߪ’† ņ’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ. Though = although = even though Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ, ÉC èπÿú≈ conversation™ common. a) Åûªúø’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °æúø’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéà ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-≤ƒhúø’

Though/ although/ even though he goes to bed late, he gets up early. bus b) Though he ran, he could not catch the bus. c) Although/ though/ even though Ganguly scored a century, his team lost the match century team

Åûªúø’ °æ-®Ω’-Èí-Ah-†-°æp-öÀéÃ,

í∫çí∫÷M §Ú-®·çC.

Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’

éÌöÀd-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Çߪ’†

ãúÕ-

Look at clause no. 4 now. since Since we met since

ANSWER

Vasanth: Why didn't you come yesterday? Hemanth: Though I tried to come, I could not (come). I had to be/ to stay at home since / as/ because my uncle was coming. Vasanth: Why didn't you phone me (that) you were not coming? Hemanth: I called you, but you didn't respond. Why didn't you phone? Vasanth: Because/ as/ since my phone is out of order. Ever since/ since it fell down yesterday morning it hasn't been working well. Hemanth: Why didn't you phone from/ use your land phone? Vasanth: As/ since/ because we had not paid the bill they disconnected it. Hemanth: Since/ Ever since I ate masala dosa in the morning I've been drowsy. I'd go home and sleep. Bye.

Ñ èπ◊ Å®Ωnç as/ because ÅE é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, í∫ûªç™ ã Ææç°∂æ’ô† ïJ-T-†-°æpöÀ †’ç*, í∫ûªç™ °∂晫Ø√ time †’ç* ÅE. Since we met = ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æpöÀ†’ç*

v°æ¨¡o: 1) -O’®Ω’ -äéπ

ņôç) ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀ-†’ç*/ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E EN’-≥ƒ©Ø√o Å´-™‰ü¿’.

-ï-¢√-•’:

Lesson The Wife and husband have a good understanding for each other grammatical Man and Wife 2) Yours faithfully

a) If not even minute since we met (Giridhar

b) Since India became independent 58 years have passed

¶µ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨»-EéÀ ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç ´*a 58 à∞¡Ÿx í∫úÕ-î√®·.

c) Hi Arun, it is ages since we met

(°æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô) ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀoç*/ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ߪ·í¬©’ (ages) Åߪ÷u®·.

d) Since the time he came here, he has been troubling me

¢√úÕ-éπ\úÕéÀ ´*a-†-°æpöÀ †’ç< Ø√èπ◊ É•sçC éπLT-Ææ’hØ√oúø’. Å®·ûË since Åçõ‰ because/ as Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøôç ´©x confusion Öçô’çC 鬕öÀd, since (Å°æpöÀ †’ç* ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ever since ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.

™

ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬F í¬ ÅØ√-L-éπü∆! ™„ô®˝™ *´®Ω ÅE ®√≤ƒhç-éπü∆! DE Å®Ωnç N´JçîªçúÕ. –¢ÁØ√o *-ôd-¶«s®·, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø

1) Husband and wife/ wife and husband accepted usage Man and wife correct, formal. husband and wife. 2) Yours faithfully; expression, formal letters (Dear) Sir/ Madam formal letters I am/ I remain. Your faithful servant xxx. servant faithfully yours, (faithful) faithfully yours, faithyours faithfully fully yours faithfully

ņôç, Éçü¿’™ ûªÊ°p癉ü¿’. èπÿú≈ Å®·ûË -É-C éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†oC Ñ Ê°®Ω’ûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈, ÅE Ææç¶CµçîË î√-™« ™ ´·Tç-°æ¤í¬ ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆. DEéÀ §ƒûª ®Ω÷°æç: v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u v°æ¶µ«´ç ´©x, ÅØËC §Ú®·, O’ N¨»yÆ槃vûª’-úÁj†/ O’èπ◊ ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Ö†o-ü¿’-†o-ô’xí¬ ûÁ©’p-èπ◊ç-ô’†o O’¢√úø’– ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÖçúËC. É°æ¤úø’ í¬ ´÷JçC. éÌçûª´’çC ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø ņôç ®√Æœ†N Eï¢Ë’ ÅE ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Shantan: Hi Vineet, Sunil was here yesterday. He suggested we see a movie but dropped the idea. He suddenly remembered he had to take his mother to temple.

(Ææ’F™¸ E†o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’. ´’†ç ÆœE´÷-Èé-∞«l-´’-Ø√oúø’ é¬F -Ç Ç™- ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√oúø’. ¢√∞¡}-´’t†’ í∫’úÕéÀ BÂÆ\-∞«x-©E ¢√úÕéÀ Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ í∫’®Ìh-*açC) Vineet:

Though I wanted to see you both, I could not come. My bike had troubled, so I took it to the mechanic. He took an hour to repair it.

™„j†ô’´çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ), He has agreed to what I have said. 3) Whether / if clauses (

Å´¤Ø√/é¬ü∆ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

I don't know whether/ if he has come

(¢√úÌ-î√aúÓ ™‰üÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’) 4) Because/ as/ since clauses

(Åçü¿’-´©x/鬕öÀd

ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) As the book is expensive, I cannot buy it.

(°æ¤Ææhéπç êK-üÁj†C Å´ôç ´©x ؈’ é̆-™‰†’) 5) though/although/even though clauses Though it is raining he has gone out

(´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω’-Ææ’h-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«xúø’) (E†o N’´’tLo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o é¬F 6) Since / ever since clauses ®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ø√ ¶„jé˙èπ◊ -àüÓ Ææ-´’Ææu (Å°æ p öÀ †’ç* ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ´*açC.Åçü¿’-éπE -¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’Èé-∞«x. Ever since he came here, he has had health -JÊ°®˝ -îË-ߪ’-ú≈--EéÀ -Å-ûª-úø’ í∫çô Ææ-´’-ߪ’ç problems BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) (Ééπ \-úÕéÀ ´*a-†-°æpöÀ †’ç--< ¢√úø’ èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰úø’) Shantan: How much did it cost you? (áçûª-®·çC) Vineet:

He billed me Rs.200/- But I offered him only Rs. 150/-. He accepted it.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 129

(¢√úø’ ®Ω÷.200 ÅúÕ-í¬úø’/È®çúÌç-ü¿©’ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© G™¸ ¢Ë¨»úø’. ؈’ †÷ô ߪ÷¶µ„j Éî√a†’. BÆæ’\-Ø√oúø’)

That's true, but my mechanic is n't that type.

É´Fo í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√oß˝’ éπü∆. OöÀE Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀdstraight í¬ main clause ûÓ join îËÊÆh O’ conversation î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Practise îËߪ’çúÕ.

(éπÈ®Íéd. é¬-F ´÷- ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’)

Now look at the following clauses from the conversation at the beginning of this lesson.

(v°æA ¢√úø’ ûª† ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ í∫’-Jç-* Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’) Vineet:

OK. Will Sunil be coming here today?

Shantan: He hasn't even called me since he left me yesterday. I don't know if he will come. As I am going back to College tomorrow, how about a movie this evening?

5) ... but my mechanic isn't that type. 6) ... Since he left me yesterday. 7)

As I am going back to college tomorrow.

( 4, 6 , 7

✓ Clause No.4

That's a good idea. When are you starting for your Engineering College in Anantapur?

Sailesh:

(¶«í¬ØË

Ramesh:

ÖçC.

ņç-ûª-°æ‹®˝-™ -E Engineering College Èé°æ¤p-úÁ-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤) Shantan: Tomorrow After noon

Sailesh:

(Í®°æ¤ -´’--üµ∆u£æ«oç -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-†’) Vineet:

Let's call Sunil then (Sunil

èπ◊ §∂Ú-Ø˛ îËü∆lç)

Shantan: Let's go to his place -

Ramesh:

(¢√úÕç-öÀ-Èé∞«lç) Vineet:

Sailesh:

OK

´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ω π◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊†o

Subordinate

Clauses. Ramesh:

1) That clauses (He says that he saw you yesterday) (

Sailesh:

ÅE ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

2) Wh clauses

(á°æ¤púø’ ïJTçüÓ, à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ó, ¢Á·ü¿-

Spoken English

•ü¿’©’

so

¢√úÕ îª÷ü∆l´÷?

Clause 4: ✓ They demand what is more than right because we bargain for less. ✓ We bargain for less, so they demand what is more than right. Clause 7:

✒ Though / Although / Even though he suggested the movie he dropped the idea.

As I am going back to College tomorrow.

✒ Though / Although / Even though He is weak, he works hard

✒ As I am going... tomorrow, how about a movie this evening?

clause

Ñ

™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ö†o- -¢√é¬u-Eo °æ-J-Q-L-ü∆lç...

✒ I am going back to college tomorrow, So how about a movie tonight.

(or) ✒ He is Weak, but works hard.

✓

É™«

✒ Though he is rich, he is not proud

Though / Although / Even though

®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ, ؈’ ¶«í¬ØË ®√ÆœØ√ °æ-Kéπ~-™x Ø√èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’\-©’ ÆæJí¬ ®√™‰-üËçöÀ? F -îË-A®√ûª ¶«í∫’ç-úøéπ§Ú´úøç ´©xØË Fèπ◊ ´÷®Ω’\-©’ ÆæJí¬ ®√´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ Ææ÷\-™¸™ -ñ«®·-Ø˛ Å®·-†-°æpöÀ †’ç* Ø√ -îË-A®√-ûª É™«Íí ÖçöçC. Ææ÷\-™¸ ™ Ø√èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’\-©’ ¶«í¬ØË ´î√a®·. ´’J é¬--™‰-ñ ¸-™ ®√´-ôç-™‰-üËçöÀ? †’´¤y -™„éπa®Ω®˝qûÓ ã≤ƒJ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü∆? Ç °æE îË≤ƒh. -´÷u--ü∑˛q -™„éπa®Ω®˝q†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ¢√-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’ E†o, é¬F Çߪ’† üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’† tuitionsûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ busy. Åçü¿’éπE Çߪ’†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç éπ≠dçæ . Çߪ’† ´’† Answer books AJT É*a-†°æpöÀ †’ç* Çߪ’†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E v°æߪ’-

Clauses But Clause Though Clause

†’

✓

(or)

✓

✓

, But í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a.

Clauses

†’

Because / As / Since Clauses 'So' Clauses So Clause Because Clause

Å™«Íí,

✒ He is rich, but he is not proud

(Ç Ç™- N®Ω-N’ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) 2) ... So I took it to the mechanic. 3) ... but I offered him only Rs.150.

´’†èπ◊ ûÁLÆ- †œ clauses éπü∆. 鬮Ω-ù«Eo ûÁ™‰pC. ✓ clause No. 6 °∂ 晫Ø√ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† †’ç* ÅE îÁÊ°pC. (E†o †ØÌo-CL ¢ÁRx†°æpöÀ †’ç* Ø√èπ◊ ✓ Clause No. 7 èπ ÿú≈ 鬮Ω-ù«Eo ûÁ™‰p-C §∂Ú-Ø˛ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ ™‰üÓ É°æ ¤ p úø ’ look at Clause NO. 1 ûÁMü¿’. Í®°æ¤ ؈’ é¬-™‰-ñ ¸èπ◊ ¢ÁR}§Úûª’-Ø√o†’ ... but (he) dropped the idea 鬕öÀd Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?)

Vineet:

DØÓx but BÊÆÆœ though ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆. (áçü¿’éπçõ‰ though (Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ), but È®ç-úÕç-öÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, sentence structure ´÷®Ω’ûª’çC)

1) ... but (he) dropped the idea.

4) ... because we bargain for less.

(ÆæÍ®. Ææ’F™¸ Ñ¢√∞¡ ´≤ƒhú≈)

™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ö†o- -¢√é¬u-Eo °æ-J-Q-L-ü∆lç

Let's go to his place...

(O∞¡Ÿx î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx. ÆæÈ®j† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-úø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’. ´’†ç ᙫí∫÷ ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊ ¶‰®Ωç îË≤ƒhç 鬕öÀd) Smart = ûÁL-¢Áj†/ ´’ç* •ôd-©ûÓ îªéπ\í¬ éπE°œçîË bargain = ¶«í∫Ø˛= -¶‰®Ωç/ ¶‰®Ωç îËߪ’ôç

Shantan: Every one thinks so about their mechanics

Clause

Ñ

✒ He suggested that we see a movie but dropped the idea.

(•©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖØ√o éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’.)

Shantan: These mechanics are smart guys . They demand more than What is right because we bargain for less.

Vineet:

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 20 -´÷-Ja 2006

†’

,

í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a éπü∆. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. (Å-ûª-úø’ -üµ¿-†-´ç-ûª’-úÁj†-°æpöÀéÃ, Åûª-úÕéÀ í∫®Ωyç- -™‰-ü¿’) M. SURESAN ✓ Though Clause †’ But Clause í¬ ´÷Í®a-ô°æ¤púø’ though ™‰E clause -èπ◊ but °úøû√ç. Clause No.3 ™ èπÿú≈ but •ü¿’©’ though / ✓ Because / as / since clauses †’, so clause í¬ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’ because / as /since ™‰E clause although / even though ûÓ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ´·çü¿’ so ´Ææ’hçC. Clause No.2, ... so, I took it to the Though she is beautiful, she is not proud

mechanic

Ñ

clause

✒ My bike had trouble, so, I took it to the mechanic.

Ééπ\úø 'so •ü¿’©’ ´îª’a éπü∆.

because / as / since

¢√úø-

✒ My bike had trouble. So I took it to the mechanic.

™ èπÿú≈

She is beautiful but she is not proud (

-Ç-¢Á’ -Åç--ü¿çí¬ -Ö-†o°æp-öÀéà -Ç-¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç -™‰-ü¿’) Ö†o Clause í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)

(Though, but

Because She is good, every one likes her

✒ Because / Since / as my bike had trouble I took it to the mechanic.

as / since / because

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING Ramesh:

(or)

™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ö†o- -¢√é¬u-Eo °æ-J-Q-L-ü∆lç

✓ Clauses 4, 7

†’

Aoç-*Ø√ èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-ô癉ü¿’. Don't worry. Çߪ’-†çûª busy Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ, Çߪ’Eo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫© ´÷®Ω_ç Fèπ◊ îÁ§ƒh.

Sailesh: Thank you

Answers: Sailesh: Ramesh, I did well in the exam. But I got low marks. Why? Ramesh: You are not getting good marks because your hand writing is bad. Sailesh: My handwriting has been like this

(or) She is good, so every one likes her. (

-Ç-¢Á’ -´’ç-* -´uéÀh é¬-•-öÀd -Åç-ü¿®Ω÷ Ç-¢Á’-†’ -Å-Gµ-´÷-E≤ƒh®Ω’) once?

Sailesh: I will do that. I tried to meet the Maths Lecturer Yesterday. But he was not available. Ramesh: He is always busy with tuitions. So it is difficult to meet him. Sailesh: Ever since he returned our answer books, I have been trying to meet him, but could not. Ramesh: Don't worry. Though he is busy, I will tell you a way to meet him. Sailesh: Thank you. (In the sentence above, change but into

since I joined School.. But I got/used

although/though/even

to get good marks at school. How is

as/since/because into so, and vice versa.

though,

it I don't get such marks in College? Ramesh: Why don't you talk to the lecturers

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

and

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Anand: Before you start, check up your luggage.

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 22 -´÷-Ja 2006

3) Whether/ If clauses -

Å´¤ØÓ, é¬üÓ ÅØË ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo, v°æ¨»o-®Ωn-é¬Eo ûÁL-Ê°N.

(•ßª’-™‰lÍ® ´·çü¿’ ≤ƒ´÷†’ ÆæJ-îª÷-Ææ’éÓ) Achyut: I will do that after I complete packing.

(؈C Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´úøç °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª îË≤ƒh) Anand: OK, then, I am leaving. I will collect from the shop on my way those books you need. I will be at the station twenty minutes before the train arrives. I will have the lunch packed for you at the station.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 130

4) Because/ as/ since clauses -

鬮Ω-ù«© clauses- OöÀE ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a.

so clauses

í¬

5) Though / although / even though clauses-

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁLÊ° clauses - OöÀE but, yet, still clauses í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a. (But = yet = still = é¬F/ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) 6) Since (°∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† †’ç* ÅE ûÁLÊ° clauses. Since •ü¿’©’ ever since ¢√úø-´îª’a. from the time ÅE èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. É¢Ëé¬èπ◊çú≈ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o conditional clauses. (if/ unless/ before etc. ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i will/ shall ¢√úø-EN)

3) ... before the train arrives

c)

train

´îËa ´·çü¿’ ÉN ´’†ç conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË es éπü∆.

claus-

Achyut: Thank you. Call me as soon as you

time to breathe.

≤ƒyûªçvûªuç §Òçü¿-éπ-´·çü¿’ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ vGöÀ≠ˇ §ƒ©-†™ ÖçC.

c)

at the beginning of this lesson. 2) after I complete pack-

M. SURESAN

time

áèπ◊\´

5) By then I shall be on my way to the station

ǧƒ-öÀéÀ / Ç Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ / Å°æp-öÀéÀ ؈’ station èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-ü∆-J™ Öçö«.

´*açC

a) By then he had finished his lunch

Å°æp-öÀéÀ Åûªúø’

´®Ω{ç ÇT† ûª®√yûª ¢√∞¡Ÿx Çô ´’Sx ¢Á·ü¿©’°ö«d®Ω’

´’Sx v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√®Ω’) d) ¢√úø’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√éπ-´·çü¿’ ¢√úÕÍéç Job ™‰ü¿’

4) .... as soon as you reach the station 6) ... for there isn't much time left.

c) for clause:

You must hurry for there isn't much time

What were you, before you became a lec-

time

turer?

a) He can play well for he is tall

ANSWER

Spoken English

Eswar: Hi Govind, did you meet Sriram before you started? Govind: No. He called me after I (had) started. Eswar: I have to meet him. I need some information urgently from him. Govind: He told me (that) he would be coming here, but when exactly, he did not say. Eswar: Sekhar too is coming here. I have to take to Sriram before Sekhar comes here. Govind: If Sekhar comes here before Sriram comes I will take him away. You can then talk to Sriram. Eswar: I appreciate you for you too are smart/ clever. Govind: That's because of my friendship with you.

left

áèπ◊\´ ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´©x †’´¤y ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L.

Åûª†’ §Òúø’í¬_ Öçúøôç´©x ¶«í¬ Çúøí∫-©úø’. b) Let's stand in the shade of the tree for it is very hot here

Ééπ\úø ¶«í¬ áçúøí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x ´’†ç îÁô’d Fúø† E©’açü∆ç. c) I need water for I am thirsty

Ø√èπ◊ ü∆£æ«çí¬ ÖçC 鬕öÀd F∞¡Ÿx 鬢√L.

O’®Ω’ next lesson ÆæJí¬_ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ éÀçC table ¶«í¬ study îËÆœ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING †’´¤y •ßª’-™‰l-Í®-´·çü¿’ Sriram -†’ -à´’Ø√o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? Govind: ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ •ßª’-™‰lJ† ûª®√yûª ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛î˨»úø’. Eswar: ¢√úÕE ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË éπ©-¢√L, ¢√úÕ †’ç* Ø√èπ◊ éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç urgent í¬ é¬¢√L. Govind: ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕÍé ´Ææ’hØ√o†Ø√oúø’ é¬F á°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒhúÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Eswar: Sekhar èπÿú≈ Ééπ\-úÕ-éÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. ¢√úø’ ´îËa-´·çüË Øˆ’ Sriram ûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L. Govind: ¨Ïê®˝, X®√ç éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’´ÊÆh ؈-ûªEo •ßª’-ôèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«h†’. Å°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y X®√çûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´îª’a. Eswar: Fèπÿ ûÁL-N-ûË-ô-©’-Ø√o®·, Åçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’aèπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Govind: F friendship ´™‰x Ø√éà ûÁL-N-ûË-ô©’ ´î√a®·.

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç Åçü¿’-´©x, 鬕öÀd ÅE– ™«í¬.

O’Í®ç îËÊÆ-¢√®Ω’. Lecturer é¬éπ-´·çü¿’? (Åçõ‰ àç ÖüÓu-í∫-´’E)

Ñ ´‚úø÷ èπÿú≈ What were you (í∫ûªç™) O’ ÖüÓuí∫ç àN’öÀ? before, after ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆. OöÀE ÉO before, after clauses. Ñ before, after (´≤ƒh. ÊÆd≠æØ˛™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç) before, after clauses Åçü∆ç. É¢ËçöÃ? äéπöÀ clauses †’ î√™« ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Anand: Bye time èπÿ, Ææç°∂æ’-ô†èπÿ, ´·çü¿’, ¢Á†é¬ ïJÍí 4) As soon as clauses É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o subordinate ¢√öÀE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË DE Å®Ωnç ¢ÁçôØË ÅE. clauses, ¢√öÀ Ææy¶µ«´ç èπ◊x°æhçí¬... ÖçC éπ ü ∆. a) Call me as soon as you reach the station 1) That clause : 'ÅE— ÅE ûÁL-Ê°C station îËJ† ¢ÁçôØË/ îË®Ω-í¬ØË Ø√èπ◊ Phone 2) 'Wh' clause: What, When, Where, Who, 1) Before you start †’´¤y •ßª’™‰lÍ® ´·çü¿’ îÁ®·u. Whom, Which, Why and how ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºb) ¢√úø’ ®√í¬ØË ´’†ç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç ´’-ßË’uN– ã ´uéÀh, Ææç°∂æ’-ô††’ í∫’Jç-*† N´-®√©’ 2) After I complete packing ûÁL-Ê°N. We will begin as soon as he comes. Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç °æ‹®Ωh-ߪ÷uéπ

Eswar: Hi Govind,

for

Ééπ\úø

because/ since/ as

Take clauses 1, 2 and 3.

Achyut: Bye. See you at the station

°æ‹Jh-îË-¨»-úø’/- A-ØË-¨»úø’.

Ç Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

came here. e)

lunch

b) By then he had gone

He had no job/ He was jobless before he

ing

5) ... by then I shall be on my way to the station

(ûªy®Ωí¬ ûÁ´’-™«L †’´¤y. ™‰ü¿’)

train

§ÚMÆæ’©†’ îª÷úø-í¬ØË Åûª†’ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

stopped (resumed -

3) ... before the train arrives

time left?

èπ◊ ¢ÁRx† ûª®√yûª

away

They resumed the game after the rain (had)

1) Before you start

ing in ten minutes.

station

Åçü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈)

d) As soon as he saw the police, he ran

station

in the conversation

be on my way to the station. My pack-

Anand: You must hurry for there isn't much

؈’

(even =

The train arrived after I (had) reached the

lowing clauses used

reach the station. I think by then I shall ing is almost complete. I will be start-

enters class; he doesn't give us even the

independent

b)

Now look at the fol-

He begins the lesson as soon as he

a) India was under British before it became

As soon as he saw the police.. (ØË ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. ü∆J™ Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† °æ¤Ææh鬩’ Shop™ BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«. Train ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ É®Ω¢Áj EN’-≥ƒ© ´·çü¿’ Station éÌ≤ƒh. Fèπ◊ lunch èπÿú≈ pack îË®·≤ƒh.

Çߪ’† class èπ◊ ®√í¬ØË §ƒ®∏Ωç ¢Á·ü¿©’ °úø-û√úø’. Ü°œJ °‘©’a-èπ◊ØË Æ洒ߪ’ç èπÿú≈ É´yúø’

TENSE PRESENT

VERB FORMS a) am, is, are b) am, is, are

ûÓ

I RDW

a) have, has

may

II RDW

b) have

can

do

´îËa-´Fo.

ûÓ, has ûÓ ´îËa-´Fo

does PAST

a) was, were b) was, were

a) Past doing b) did

´îËa-´Fo. FUTURE

word

ûÓ

a) had b) had

might

ûÓ ´îËa-´-Fo

could

-´÷-´‚-©’í¬

a) Shall/ Will b) Shall/ Will

ûÓ ´îËa-´Fo

I RDW = Ist Regular Doing Word (come, go, eat, etc) II RDW = IInd Regular Doing Word (comes, goes, eats, etc) Past Doing Word = came, ate, went, etc.

Ñ Table ™ îª÷°œ† verbs Ç tenses ™ Öçö«®·. ÉC O’®Ω’ correct í¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ ÅFo Ææ’©¶µºç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ v°æAD confusing í¬ Öçô’çC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Sugandhi: I thought (that) you were not in town.

Now look at the clauses in the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. Subordinate clause

(†’´¤y Ü∞x ™‰´-†’-èπ◊Ø√o) Supushpa: True; I phoned you yesterday that we were going to our village, but we dropped the idea because we had relatives coming suddenly.

(Eï¢Ë’. E†o Fèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ† ´÷ô ¢√Ææh-´¢Ë’– ¢Ë’ç ´÷ ÜJéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-´’E, é¬F ´÷ØË-ߪ÷Lq ´*açC, sudden í¬ ´÷ ö«d©’ ®√´ôç ´©x). Sugandhi: In fact surekha was about to start for your place yesterday. I told her (that) you were away and she stopped. She said (that) she did not know about your plan to go to your village.

(ÅÆæ©’ E†o Ææ’Í®ê O’ ÉçöÀÍé •ßª’-™‰lJçC. O’®Ω’ ™‰®ΩE ؈’ îÁGûË ÇT-§Ú®·çC. O’®Ω’ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh†o Ææçí∫A ûª†èπÿ ûÁLߪ’ü¿çC). Supushpa: We were sorry (that) we missed a few days of quiet at our village.

(v°æߪ÷ùç ÇT-§Ú-ßË’-Ææ-JéÀ, éÌCl-®Ó-V© °æ™„x-ô÷J v°æ¨»ç-ûªûª éÓ™p-ߪ÷-´’E ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈fç.) (quiet = v°æ¨»ç-ûªûª) Sugandhi: Why didn't you tell your relatives that you would be away?

(O’®Ω’ç-úø-®ΩE O’ •çüµ¿’-´¤-©ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’?) Supushpa: They were coming with an alliance for my elder sister. The boy is a bank officer.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷ Åéπ\-éÓÆæç Ææç•çüµ¿ç BÆæ’-éÌÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç Å¶«s®· ¶«uçé˙ Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝) Alliance = Å©-ߪ’Ø˛q = (marriage alliance) = °Rx Ææç•çüµ¿ç; political alliance = ®√ï-éÃߪ ’ èπÿôN’/ Ææç•çüµ¿ç. Eg: UPA (v°æÆæ’hûªç Íéçvü¿ç™ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o èπÿôN’) = (United People's Alliance.) Sugandhi: Then of course you must welcome

1. (that) you were not in town 2. (that) We were going to our village

PRESENT TENSE a) am is are

d) have, has

b) am is are combinations

c) I RDW II RDW

e) have, has combinations

f) can could

-ûÓ-

PAST TENSE a) was were b) was were combinations

-ûÓ-

d) had

c) past doing word

f) could would e) had combinations FUTURE TENSE

ûÓ

shall, will forms

(¢Ë’ç ´÷ ÜÈ®-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-´’E)

But we dropped

coming.

éπü∆.

the idea.

ö«d-™Ô-Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’-´©x 4. (that) you were away

O’®Ω’ Ü∞x ™‰®ΩE 5. (that) you would be away

O’®Ω’ç-úø-®ΩE

Ç Ç™- ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√oç I told her

؈’ -Ç-¢Á’-ûÓ îÁ§ƒp†’ Why didn't you tell them?

¢√∞¡xûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’?

6. (that) he would talk to the boy's father

Ŷ«s®· ûªçvúÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-†E

í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o®·

(Main clause - meaning complete; sub-

ordinate clause - meaning incomplete).

Spoken English

III. a)

†’´¤y ÉçúÕߪ÷ Èí©-´-í∫-©-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?

Do you think (that) India can win the match ? (b) b) India Did you think (that) India could win the match? IV. a) I think (that) he may not help me. b)

†’´¤y

éÀçü¿ îª÷úøçúÕ. Èí©-´-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?

ÉO ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-´-©-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. ´’† practice †’ •öÀd Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·.

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING Ravikanth: Sreekanth:

Féπ®Ωnç Å´¤-ûÓçü∆ ÅûªØËç ÅØ√oúÓ? ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC. ûª†’ E†o Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√™‰-ü¿E -Å-ûª-úø’ -îÁ-§ƒp-úø’. Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’çîËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o Ravikanth: Å®·ûË †’´y-ØËC Åûª-E-éπ\úø E†o ÖØ√o-úøØ√? Sreekanth: Åûª-úÕ-E E†o Ééπ\úø îª÷Æœ-†-ô’xí¬ Ø√èπ◊ Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. ¶«í¬ í∫’®Ω’h. Ravikanth: ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒhç. ¢√∞¡xèπÿ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC Åûª†’ E†o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o-úøE. é¬E Åûª†’ ´÷vûªç í∫çô éÀçü¿ô -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 131 ÅØ√oúø’ ûªE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√™‰-ü¿E. Sreekanth: O.K. Å®·ûË á´®Ω’ †´·t-û√®Ω’?

Father told them

Ø√†o- ¢√∞¡xûÓ ÅØ√o®Ω’.

He knows (that) she has come É°æ¤púø’ î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: °j sentences ™ Main Clause Verb, Subordinate Clause Verb í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Main Clause Verb past tense Å®·ûË, subordinate Clause Verb èπÿú≈ past tense éπü∆. îª÷úøçúÕ: Main Clause Verb Sentence 1

Sentence 2

Sentence 3 Sentence 4 Sentence 5 Sentence 6

Thought

were

- Past tense

- past tense

Phoned

were going

- Past tense

- past tense

dropped

had

- Past tense

- past tense

told

were

- Past tense

- past tense

did tell (told)

I thought (that) he might not help me. V. a)

would be -Past

- Past tense told

(future from the past) would talk - Past

- Past tense

(future from the past)

In all the sentences above, the main clause verb is in the past tense, so the subordinate clause verb too is in the past tense. That is the rule we have to follow in conversation. If the main clause verb is in the past tense, the subordinate clause verb too must be in the past tense. past tense verb 2) Main clause subordinate clause will, shall, can, may would, should, could, might conversation

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆:

™ ¢√ú≈-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ: ™ Å°æ¤púø’ èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉC ™ §ƒöÀç-î√Lq† Å稡ç. I. a) Åûªúø’ ´’®Ω’-Ææ-öÀ-®ÓV ´≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’ He said (that) he would come the next day. (b) b) He says (that) he will come tomorrow. II. a) Does he know (that) they will come (b) b) Did he know (that) they would come.

DEo éÀçü¿ ûÓ §Ú©açúÕ: Åûª†’ Í®§Ò-≤ƒh-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’

-É°æ¤p-úø’ ûÓ §Ú©açúÕ: ¢√∞Ôx-≤ƒh-®ΩE Åûª-E-éÀç-ûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ûÁ©’≤ƒ?

ANSWER Ravikanth: Do you understand what he has said?

¢√úø’ §ƒ-ÂÆj-ûË Øˆ’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh-†ç-ô’Ø√o

Sreekanth: It is clear - he says that he did not come here yesterday.

I say (that) I shall be happy if he passes

Sub Clause Verb

¢√∞Ôx-≤ƒh-®ΩE Åûª-E-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?

-Å-Fo

Main clause, subordinate clauses

(؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o) I phoned you

3. because we had relatives

address.

(´÷ Ø√†o ¢√∞¡x address BÆæ’-èπ◊E Ŷ«s®· Ø√†oûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøû√-´’-Ø√o®Ω’). Sugandhi: That's good news (¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh)
Last lesson *´®Ω É*a† tense table í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

I thought

Fèπ◊ phone î˨»†’.

Supushpa: Father told them that he would talk to the boy's father and took their

Main clause

(†’´¤y Ü∞x-™‰-´E)

them.

(Å™« Å®·ûË ¢√∞¡x†’ ≤ƒyí∫-Aç-î√-LqçüË)

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 24 -´÷-Ja 2006

b)

¢√úø’ §ƒÂÆjûË Øˆ’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√o†’

M. SURESAN

I said (that) I should be happy if he passed. Main Clause said, knew, thought past tense verbs subordinate clause would, should, could, might Main clause verb past tense subordinate clause verb past tense I a) He knew (that) she had come. b) He knows (that) she has come. II a) She thinks (that) she is beautiful b) She thought (that) she was beautiful. III a) I hope (that) he doesn't know about it. b) I hoped (that) he did not know about it. So, remember: If the main clause verb is in past tense, the subordinate clause verb is also in the past tense. Main clause verb future tense present tense subordinate clause tense

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? ™«çöÀ

™

´*a†°æ¤púø’

™

®√´ôç.

Ö†o

Å™«Íí -îÓ-ô™«x

èπÿú≈

™ØË Öçô’çC. Ç¢Á’ ´*aç-ü¿E Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (í∫ûªç™) Ç¢Á’ ´*aç-ü¿E Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ É°æ¤púø’ Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh ÅE ņ’-éÌç-öçC

Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh ÅE ņ’-éÌ-ØËC (í∫ûªç™)

¢√úÕéà N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿E ÇPç-î√†’ = ¢√úÕéà N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿E ÇPç-î√†’.

í¬F

a)

í¬F Å®·ûË, (Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈) à

Å®·Ø√ ÖçúÌa. Åûªúø’ E†o ´î√a-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ = I know that he came yesterday

b)

O’®Ω’ E†o éÌûªh 鬮Ω’ éÌØ√o-®ΩE Åûª-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ =

He says that you bought a new car yesterday. absent c) I will tell your father that you were absent yesterday. a) b) Main clause - present, subordinate clause - past c) Main clause - future, subordinate clause - past.

E†o †’´¤y îª÷úøçúÕ

ÅE O’ Ø√†oûÓ îÁ§ƒh†’

™,

™

™

Ravikanth: (Do) you mean he was here yesterday. Sreekanth: I remember well that I saw him here yesterday. Ravikanth: Let us tell others too. They will know that he was here yesterday. But he told me an hour ago that he had not come here yesterday. Sreekanth: OK, but who will believe it?

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? Ç¢Á’ á´-JéÀ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’?, -F-´¤ á´J ´ü¿lèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√´¤?, Ç¢Á’ F ´ü¿lèπ◊ ´Ææ’hçü∆?, -Ç-¢Á’ á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ´Ææ’hç-C?, Ç¢Á’ á´J °æéπ\† E-©’-çC?, Åûªúø’ E†’o áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-´-ü¿lE ÅØ√oúø’?– OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

2. I alone can do it. I can do it alone.

Ñ È®çöÀéà ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

3. She was tired with riding. She was tired of riding.

ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. – - >. Ææ÷®Ωu-ûËï, ®√´’-îªç-vü∆-°æ¤®Ωç 1. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? = Who (whom) does she know? (whom É°æ¤púø’ Åçûªí¬ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’). Ç¢Á’ á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ = Who knows her? F´¤ á´J ´ü¿lèπ◊ ¢Á∞«h´¤? = Who do you go to?/ Who will you go to? (É™«çöÀîÓôx èπÿú≈ conversational English ™ whom ¢√úøéπç ûªT_§Ú-ûÓçC). Does/ Will she come to you? (does ´÷´‚-©’í¬/ will future ™). Who

does/ will she come to? Who did she stand by?/ Stand next to?/ Whose side did she stand by?/ Who did she stand beside? Why did he tell you not to go? 2. I alone can do it = I can do it alone =

؈’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’. (ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ îËߪ’-™‰®Ω’) ؈C äçô-Jí¬ (Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) îËߪ’-í∫-©†’.

3. She was tired of riding, correct.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Madhav: Hi Mahesh, come in. Have a seat. I called your home twice yesterday, but you were out.

(®√ èπÿ®Óa, E†o È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x O’ ÉçöÀéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨», †’´¤y ™‰´¤)

2. If the main clause verb is in the present or the future tense, the subordinate clause verb can be in any tense. rules Last lesson

™ °j †’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Éçé¬ ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç. Main clause verb past tense ™ -Öçõ‰ subordinate clause ™ will, shall, can, may ®√´¤. ¢√öÀ-•-ü¿’©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ would, should, could, might ´≤ƒh®·. °j points ÅFo conversation ™ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ §ƒöÀç-î√L. (É™« í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊E practice îËÆœ-†-éÌDl Å©-¢√-ô-®·-§Ú®· ´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË correct í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ÆœnAéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊çö«ç)

Mahesh: I was away at college to apply for my certificates. apply (Certificates

èπ◊

îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ 鬙‰-ñ ¸èπ◊

¢Á∞«x.) Madhav: When are you going to get them.

(á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒh®·?) Mahesh: The clerk told me that they would be ready in two days. ready

(È®çúø’®ÓV™x í∫’´÷≤ƒh îÁ§ƒp®Ω’.)

í¬ Öçö«-ߪ’E

Look at the following sentence in the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) I called your home twice yesterday, but you past tense) were out. (Called, were 2) a) The clerk told me that they would be ready told past tense in 2 days. (Main clause sub-ordinate clause verbsentence would be) - sentence

È®çúø÷

™

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 132

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 26 -´÷-Ja 2006

éπü∆, 鬕öÀd

™

†’ éÀçC

ûÓ

§Ú©açúÕ.

d)

Åûªúø’ v°æA-®ÓV ¢√uߪ÷´’ç îËÊÆ-¢√-úøE ¢√∞¡x-Ø√o®Ω’ They said that he did exercise everyday.

e)

Ç ®ÓV ؈-éπ\-úø’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’ He was not happy that I was there yesterday.

鬕öÀd English ´÷ö«x-úË-°æ¤púø’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’h°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. Main clause verb past tense Å®·ûË, sub ordinate clause ™ ¢√úø-EN. will, shall, may , can, Ist RDW, IInd RDW, have, has, do and does. Would, should, might, could, past doing word, had and did.

OöÀ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úËN:

a) He tells me that he sees her here everyday. - Main clause verb tells - present tense; Sub clause verb sees - present tense.

Å®Ωnç: Ç¢Á’-E-éπ\úø v°æA-®ÓW îª÷≤ƒh-†E Åçô’-Ø√oúø’. b) He tells me that he saw her here yesterday Main Clause Verb - Tells- Present tense Subordinate clause Verb - Saw- past tense

Å®Ωnç: Ç¢Á’-E-éπ\úø E†o îª÷¨»-†E Åûª-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo •öÀd MC (Main Clause) ™ Present tense Öçõ‰, SC (Subordinate Clause) ™ à tense Å®·Ø√ Öçúø´îª’a. Å™«Íí, future tense èπ◊ èπÿú≈. I will tell him that you are present

I called ..., but you were out

(†’´¤y ´î√a-´E Åûª-EûÓ îÁ§ƒh†’. MC Verb - will tell - future tense, SC verb - are - present tense.) I will tell him that you were here yesterday

(†’´¤y E†o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o-´E Åûª-EûÓ îÁ§ƒh†’. Clerk - Pron. (bird Madhav: And when is your interview?

é¬xé˙

b) The clerk tells me that they will be ready in 2 days

™ '•—™«)

Éçô®Ω÷yu á°æ¤púø’? Mahesh: On the 22nd. I received the call letter yesterday. Call letter Call let(22 ter - Interview, exam

†. E†oØË

´*açC. ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ ´îËa

°œ©’°æ¤) Madhav: I met Madhu yesterday. I told him about your interview. He knows about the company. He says it is a good company and pays its staff well.

(E†o Ø√èπ◊ ´’üµ¿’ éπE°œç-î√úø’. F Éçô®Ω÷yu Ææçí∫A îÁ§ƒp†’. Åûª-Eé¬ éπç°F í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅC ´’ç* Company ÅE, ´’ç* @û√-L-≤ƒh-®ΩE Åçö«úø’) Mahesh: Happy to hear that. Dad doesn't bother what pay I will get. He first wants me to join the company, as experience in the company will be of great value for my career.

(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. @ûªç áçûªØË N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ Ø√-†o °ü¿lí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ--´ôç-™‰ü¿’). Ç Company ™ experience ÅØËC Ø√ ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’hèπ◊ î√™« N©’-¢ÁjçC 鬕öÀd ü∆çöx ÖüÓuí∫ç ´ÊÆh î√©’.) Madhav: You will certainly be lucky if you get the job. People do talk lot about the company. Wish you all luck.

(Fé¬ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´ÊÆh Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-úÕ¢Ë. Ç company íÌ°æp-ü¿ØË Åçö«®Ω’.) Mahesh: Thank you. Any tips you wish to give me?

(FNîËa Ææ©-£æ…-©’/- Ææ÷-îª-†©÷ à¢Á’iØ√ ÖØ√oߪ÷?)

(interview)

èπ◊

Madhav: Let's meet this evening, when I am at leisure

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’ü∆lç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ BJéπ) Mahesh: Bye. In the last few lessons we have been discussing clauses. We have seen the following. 1. If the main clause verb is in the past tense, the subordinate clause verb should also be in the past.

Spoken English

¶ Main clause present tense, future tense sub ordinate clause tense

™ à ™ Å®·Ø√ Öçõ‰ Öçúø-´îª’a– Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈, Å®√n-Eo-•öÀd.

b) main clause verb, tellspresent tense sub clause

îª÷¨»®√–

™

Subhash: Vinod,

؈’ éπ†’-èπ◊\ç-ö«†’. E†o ¢√úÕ-éπ\Åçü¿’-éπE M. SURESAN úÕéÀ ´î√aú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE. ™ verb will be Vinod: Ø√èπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. E†o ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø a) Å®Ωnç– È®çvúÓ-V-©èπ◊ ready Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E clerk ÖØ√o-úøE. îÁ§ƒpúø’. ÉC past (í∫ûªç) Subhash: Å®·ûË †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©-´-™‰üÓ Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωnç b) Å®Ωnç – È®çvúÓ-V-©èπ◊ ready Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E clerk 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Vinod: E†’o Ñ ®Óñ Í®§Ú éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E Åçô’-Ø√oúø’– ÉC É°æ¤púø’ (present) ÅØ√oúø’. 2) He says that it is a good company, and pays Subhash: ؈’ ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿õ‰ ÅØ√o†’ ¢√úÕûÓ. its staff well. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5–7 ´’üµ¿u †ØÁo-°æ¤p-úøØ√o éπ©’Ééπ\úø main clause verb, says- present tensÆæ’-éÓ-´-îªaE. es, subordinate clause verbs, 1) is 2) pays. Vinod: E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’-ûªoç-™ØË ÖØ√o-†E, (Company ´’ç*-ü¿F, Æœ•sç-CéÀ @û√©’ ¶«í¬ FéÀ-¢√y-Lq† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ É¢√y-©E v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hÉ≤ƒh-®ΩE Åçô’-Ø√oúø’– É°æ¤púø’– present ™) †oô’x èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√ûÓ. 3) Dad doesn't bother about what pay I will get Subhash: Phone îËü∆l-´’çõ‰ Ééπ\úø Åûª-EéÀ Phone Main clause- Dad doesn't bother about. Verb ™‰ü¿’. does bother- present time, so subordinate Vinod: ؈’ É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ§ƒp-†-ûª-úÕûÓ clause - will get. †’´¤y Åûª-úÕE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´E. °j sentence™E verb in the Main clause, Subhash: Í®°æ-®·Ø√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-úøE ÇPü∆lç. past tenseèπ◊ (Åçõ‰ didn't bother ÅE ´÷®√a´’-†’-éÓçúÕ) Å°æ¤púø’ sentence à´’-´¤-ûª’çC? v°æ¨¡o: 1) Inurn - -á-™« °æ-©é¬-L? Dad didn't bother about what pay I would get. 2) To be Form à tense ™ - didn't (main clause), would get - subordinate Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? clause.

ANSWER: Subhash: Vinod, I will find out whether he came here yesterday or not. Vinod: I know surely that he was here yesterday. Subhash: Then I do not understand why he did not meet me. Vinod: He said he would meet you today or tomorrow. Subhash: I told him a week ago that he could meet me (on) any day between 5 and 7 in the evening. Vinod: He told me too, that he was trying to meet you and give you the books he had to give you. Subhash: He doesn't have a phone, even if I want to phone him. Vinod: I have already told him twice that you have been wishing to see him Subhash: Let's hope we will meet him atleast tomorrow. 1.

ordinate clause

™

Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’

will, shall, can, may

sub

®√´¤– ûÓ

would, should, could, might

sentences practice

îËߪ’çúÕ.

¶ Main clause verb past tense

Å®·ûË, subordi™– 1) am, is ¢√úøç, ¢√öÀ •ü¿’©’ was ¢√úøû√ç 2) are ¢√úøç, ü∆E •ü¿’©’ were ¢√úøû√ç 3) have, has ¢√úøç, ¢√öÀ •ßª’©’ had ¢√úøû√ç 4) do, does ¢√úøç ¢√öÀ-•-ü¿’©’ did ¢√úøû√ç. a) E†o ¢√úø-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ nate clause

I knew that he was there yesterday.

†’¢Áy-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o¢Ó Ø√Èé-´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ No one told me where you were.

c) She was proud that she had so much of gold

(-ûª-†èπ◊ î√™« •çí¬®Ωç ÖçúË-ü¿E Ç¢Á’ í∫®Ωy-°æ-úËC)

ÅØË Å®√n©’ ¨¡çéπ-®Ω-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù úÕéπ{-†-K™ ÖØ√o®·. I as apple ÅØÌî√a? As E áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a? – Èé. ÅE-™¸- π◊-´÷®˝, °æçîª-©-´®Ωç -ï-¢√-•’: 1) ‘Inurn’ ÅØË ´÷ô Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ü∆E Öî√a-®Ωù N≠æߪ’ç out of the question. 2) ‘To be’ form ÅØËC form of the verb. ‘to be’/ ‘be’ forms am, is, are, was, were, shall be etc., ‘be’ form, am, is, are ‘Tense’ ‘Be forms’ Spoken English lessons explain ‘to be’ infinitive. tense present Past To be = 3) As want, intentioned Dictionary As

™«í¬ î√™« ÖØ√o®·. à ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x àD ÅØË-ü∆Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. †’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ™ î˨»ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. Å®·ûË DEéÀ Íé-´-©ç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Öçúøôç. èπ◊ -Ö†o Å®√n™x ÅØËN ™ ÆæJí¬ ™‰´¤. O’®Ω’ ¨¡çéπ-®Ω-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù îª÷Ææ’ç-úø®Ω’. èπ◊ -Ö†o Å®√n©’:

´™„, ™«í¬:

a) He works as hard as his father (father b) talks as his father does.

™« éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE îË≤ƒhúø’.)

3) As = want, As = intentioned

¶ Main clause verb past tense

b)

É™« Ñ ¢√úø-é¬Eo í∫’®Ω’h °ô’d-èπ◊E O’ ™ îËߪ’çúÕ.

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING

éπü∆–

¢√öÀéÀ ´÷®Ω’í¬

MC Verb - will tell - future; SC Verb - were past tense) conversation practice

(¢√∞¡x Ø√†o™«í¬ØË ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’) (鬕öÀd)

2. as because/ since a) As he is tall he can bowl well = bowl b) As it is hot, I don’t want to go out =

Åçõ‰

Åûª†’ §Òúø’í¬_ -Öç-úø-ôç´©x ¶«í¬

îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’. áçúøí¬ Öç-C 鬕öÀd, •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. 3. As Åçõ‰ 'í¬— – a) As a doctor, I advise you to eat less Doctor b) As a player, Ram has no equal = Ram 4. As 1) He is not as good as you think =

í¬ E†’o ؈’ ûªT_ç* A†-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.

véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’-úÕí¬, Åçõ‰ Åçûª:

èπ◊ Ææ-´÷-†’©’ ™‰®Ω’.

-Å-ûª-†’ †’´y-†’-èπ◊-†oçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. Ñ Å®√n©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®· ‘As’ èπ◊. DEo•öÀd N’í∫-û√N follow Å´¤-û√®·. I as pen, I as apple- Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Look at sentence 1.

Jagan: I met our schoolmate Prasad yesterday.

(E†o, ´’† Ææ÷\-™¸-¢Ë’-ö¸ -v°æ-≤ƒ-ü˛ -†’ éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√o.) Sekhar: Did you? Long since we saw him. How is he? What did he say?

(Å´¤Ø√? î√©-鬩-¢Á’içC Åûª-úÕE îª÷Æœ. ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? à´’-Ø√oúø’?) Jagan: He said he is doing Engineering in Hyderabad.

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™  Éç>-F-Jçí˚ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.) Sekhar: I think he is in his second year.

(ÂÆéπçú˛ Éߪ’®˝ ņ’-èπ◊çö«.) Jagan: No. He said he is in his 3rd year.

(é¬ü¿’. ÅûªØË îÁ§ƒpúø’, -ü∑¿®˝f -É-ߪ’®˝ ÅE) Sekhar: Remember? At school the teacher once said that truth wins, he then picked up an argument with her. He told her that was correct in the olden days, and that truth had no place in the modern world.

(í∫’®Ω’hçü∆? Ææ÷\™¸™ ´’† öÃ˝ Ææûªu¢Ë’ Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈-¢Á’ûÓ ¢√ü∆-EéÀ

He said (that) he is doing Engineering. Main Clause, He said; verb - said past tense. yesterday

Ééπ\úø

(ÉC

ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æù) Engineering - ÉC

(that) he is doing Subordinate Clause - Verb - is doing - present tense.

So, in this sentence the Main Clause verb is in the past tense and the Subordinate Clause is in the present tense. Rule rule (present

v°æ鬮Ωç É™« Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ éπü∆. é¬F Ééπ\úø ´Jhç-îªü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ É°æ¤p-úÕçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o ™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o) N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo E†o -v°æ≤ƒü˛ -ïí∫-Ø˛èπ◊ îÁ§ƒpúø’. îÁ°œpçC past. é¬E N≠æߪ’ç Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC– Åçü¿’-éπE MC verb past Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà SC verb É™«çöÀ îÓôx present tense ™ØË Öçô’çC.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 133

v°æ鬮Ωç SC Verb past tense ™ Öçî√-´’†’-éÓçúÕ; He said he was doing Engineering ÅE sentence Å´¤-ûª’çC– Å®Ωnç? Åûª†’ Engineering îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†E was doing = í∫ûªç™ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC, Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿E éπü∆? é¬F Åûª-úø’ É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Engineering îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúøE éπü∆ ¶µ«´ç! Åçü¿’-éπE verb present tense Sentence No. 2 èπÿú≈ ÅçûË: He said (yesterday) that he is in his 3rd year.

(Å´¤†’. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ é¬* «x-Ja† F∞¡x™ ¶«uéÃd-Jߪ÷ Öçúø-ü¿E îªC-N-†-°æpöÀ †’ç* Å¢Ë û√í∫ôç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ í∫’Í®h.)

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ MC verb past tense 鬕öÀd, SC èπÿú≈ past tense ™ Öçú≈-©ØË rule ´Jhçîªü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ rule v°æ鬮Ωç sentence †’ ´÷®√a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ: Å°æ¤púø’ sentence:

(N*-vûª-¢Á’i† ®Ωéπç éπü∆ Åûªúø’?) °èπÿu-Lߪ’ – 'èπÿu— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’èπ◊û√ç = ´÷´‚-©’-éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Ö†o)

(Peculiar =

Jagan: Yes. He doesn't believe others easily.

(Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ †´’túø’.) ´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC– Main Clause (MC), Subordinate Clause (SC)©†’ í∫’Jç*: 1) MC verb, past tense Å®·ûË, SC verb èπÿú≈

(äéπ-≤ƒJ Éçü¿’™

teacher

îÁ°œpçC Ææûªuç ï®·-Ææ’hç-ü¿E).

MC verb - said - past tense

MC Verb - said, Past tense; SC verb - is present tense. verb

He said (yesterday) that he was in his 3rd year 3rd year (was),

Å´¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, Åûª†’ ™ é¬F, É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿ØË Öçúøôç, í∫ûªç™ ´Ææ’hçC. é¬F îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púË (E†o) é¬èπ◊çú≈ É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ III year éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø 'he is in his

SC verb - wins present tense Rule

èπÿú≈

Å®·ûË Â°j† îÁ°œp† rule no. 1, MC - past tense, SC also past tense ÅØË rule éÌEo éÌEo Ææçü¿®√s¥™x ´Jhç-îªü¿’. Å¢Ë-N’ö É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç: Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above: 1) He said (that) he is doing Engineering. 2) He said (that) he is in his 3rd year. 3) The teacher once said that truth wins. 4) ..... from the day he read that boiled water is free from bacteria.

Spoken English

He read that boiled water is free from bacteria. MC- He read - read

(È®ú˛) –

past tense

SC - that boiled water is free from bacteria Verb is present tense. SC verb present tense (MC verb past tense

Éçü¿’™

™ Öçúøôç, ™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’) ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’– ÆæÈ®j-†üË. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ îªC-N-†-°æ¤púË é¬èπ◊çú≈ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ÆæÍ® ´’J-T† F∞¡x™ véÀ´·-©’çúø´¤. ÉC fact of science. Åçõ‰ ¨»ÆæY v°æ´÷-ù¢Á’i† Ææûªuç. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ MC verb

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà SC verb present ™ØË Öçô’çC. EûªuÆæû√u-© (universal truths) N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈. MC verb, past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC Verb present tense ™ØË Öçô’çC.

SC verb past tense

(won) ®√¢√L. Å™« ´÷®√a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ– The teacher once said that truth won

Å´¤- M. SURESAN ûª’çC– Å®Ωnç: Eïç í∫ûªç™ ÈíL-îËC (Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ Èí©-´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E) -Å-ØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC é¬ü¿’ éπ-ü∆ ¶µ«´ç? ÅÆæ©’ ¶µ«´ç Ææûªuç á°æ¤púø÷ Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E. Å™« Å®Ωnç ®√¢√-©çõ‰ Truth wins ÅE present tense ™ØË ¢√úøû√ç. 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø SC verb present tense ™ØË ÖçC. MC Verb past Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà 'Truth wins', 'Goodness is rewarded'

eg: Galileo discovered that the earth goes round the sun.

(¶µº÷N’, Ææ÷®Ω’uúÕ îª’ô÷d A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÈíM-LßÁ÷ éπE-°-ö«dúø’) Subordinate clause- universal truth ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC 鬕öÀd, MC verb past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ. SC verb present tense. MC verb past tense Å®·ûË, SC verb èπÿú≈ past tense Öçú≈-©ØË rule ´Jhç-îªE îÓô’x: If the subordinate cluase states 1) a universal truth

(Eûªu Ææûªuç) science (¨»ÆæY v°æ鬮Ωç ûÁL-Æ œ†

2) a fact of (´’ç*éÀ °∂æLûªç Öçô’çC), Justice prevails N≠æߪ’ç) (Ø√uߪ÷-EüË Â°jîË®· – É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u-©†’ gener3) a generalisation (Truth wins, etc) and alisations Åçö«ç. 4) a regular/repeated action continuing N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, MC verb past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC into the future Verb prsent tense ™ØË Öçô’çC. Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ èπÿú≈ Ñ rule èπ◊ N’†-£æ…-®·ç-°æ¤©’. MC Verb past Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC verb present

Practise the following in English

Answer: Sasikanth: Do you know, Vinai now is a big officer in a bank? Yashwant: I knew it long ago. Isn't it I who told you last week

Sasikanth:

Å®·ûË,

™ ÖçúË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’J-éÌEo. Sentence No. 4 îª÷úøçúÕ.

past tense tense

v°æ鬮Ωç

past tense 2) MC verb, present or future tense SC verb, any tense.

tense

can't achieve anything without hardwork

Jagan: Yes, I do. I remember too his drinking only boiled cooled water from the day he read that boiled water is free from bacteria.

Sekhar: He is a peculiar type, isn't he?

3rd year' ÅØËüË correct. 鬕öÀd É™«çöÀ îÓôx, Å®Ωnç éπÈ®é˙dí¬ ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ MC verb past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC verb present tense ™ Öçô’çC. MC verb past tense ™ Öçõ‰ SC verb èπÿú≈ past tense™ØË Öçú≈-©ØË rule ´Jhç-îªE Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’JéÌEo ÖØ√o®·. Sentence No. 3 îª÷úøçúÕ: The teacher once said that truth wins.

(Rule

Cí¬úø’. Ææûªuç Èí©-´ôç §ƒûª ®ÓV™x ÅE, v°æÆæ’hûª v°æ°æç-îªç™ Ææû√u-EéÀ û√´¤ ™‰ü¿E.)

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 28 -´÷-Ja 2006

Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ. N†ß˝’ É°æ¤púÓ Â°ü¿l bank officer ÅE? Yaswanth: Ø√Èé-°æ¤púÓ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ØËØË éπü∆ Fèπ◊ îÁ°œpçC. §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç, ¢√úø’ Ç -¶«uçé˙-™ ´’ç* -§Ò->-≠æ-Ø˛-™ Mumbai ™ ÖØ√oúøE? Sasikanth: Å´¤†’. í∫’®Ìh-*açC. ؈’ E†oÊ°°æ®˝-™  èπÿú≈ îªC¢√. Åûªú≈ bank èπ◊ ¢ÁjÆˇ v°Ɯ-úÁçö¸ ÅE. Yaswanth: ¢√úŒ ®ÓV Ç-- §Ò->-≠æ-Ø˛ position ™ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø’ î√™« v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈fúø’. á°æ¤púø÷ Åçô÷ç-úË-¢√úø’. éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-E-üË àD ≤ƒCµçîª-™‰-´’E. î√™« éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æK-éπ~©’ §ƒÆˇ Åߪ÷uúø’. °jéÌ-î√aúø’. Sasikanth: Å´¤†’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, àC îªC-NØ√ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ö«EéÀ îªC¢Ë-¢√úø’. äéπ-≤ƒJ ÅEo ´Ææ’h-´¤©÷ ¶µº÷O’t-ü¿éÀ äÍé ¢Ëí∫çûÓ °æúøû√-ߪ’E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ äéπ •’é˙, Â°Ø˛ éÀçü¿ °æúË-¨»úø’. Yashwant: Éçé¬ Â°jéÌ-≤ƒhúø’ ¢√úø’.

that he is in a good position in a bank? Sasikanth: Yes, it is you; I remember. I read in the papers too, Yesterday, that he is the vice president of the bank. Yashwant: You know that he worked very hard to be in that position now. He always used to say that we can't achieve anything without hardwork. He worked hard and passed exams, and he came up that way. Sasikanth: That's right. Moreover, he always studied things to understand them. Once, to understand all objects fall to the ground at the same speed, he let fall a book and a pen on the ground. Yashwant: He will come up further.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Akhilesh: (Do) you know when the matches begin? (Matches

Let us now study the SCs having who, whom, which, whose and that, and the MCs (Main Clauses) they are joined to.

á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Avinash: Hemanth is the man who can give the information.

(Fé¬ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´y-í∫-L-TçC

Hemanth)

Akhilesh: I wish to know the date of the match which they play here.

(Ééπ\úø ÇúË match date ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ÖçC). I am not interested in the matches at the other venues. (Éûª-®ΩîÓôx matches ™ Ø√èπ◊ interest ™‰ü¿’) Avinash: Hemanth is out of town now.

éÀçC v°æA SC E ü∆Eo join îËÆœ† MC ûÓ éπL°œ îªü¿-´çúÕ– ÅN Ö†o sentences Å®Ωnç easy í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. (î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x English ™ MC, SC, order, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ reverse (´uA-Í®éπç) Å´¤-ûª’çC– ´·çü¿’C ¢Á†éπ, ¢Á†-éπC ´·çü¿’í¬..) SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

(Ê£«´’çû˝ É°æ¤púø’ Ü∞x ™‰úø’) about it?

the imformation.

which they play here

Avinash: Here is the phone number which you can call for the information

(Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç éÓÆæç §∂ÚØ˛ îÁߪ÷u-Lq† number ÉCíÓ) Akhilesh: Why don't you call?

(†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’?) Avinash: Cricket is a game which does not interest me interest

îËߪ’E (-ÇÆæéÀh éπ-L-Tç-îª-E) game cricket = Ø√èπ◊ cricket ™ interest ™‰ü¿’)

¢√Rx-éπ\úø ÇúË

match

I wish to know

؈’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. á´®Ω’?

4 ..the phone number which you Here is. can call for the information =

ÉCíÓ

be

Åçü¿’™ ÇÆæ-éÀh-™‰E äÍé ´uéÀh

†’¢Ìy-éπ\-úÕ-™«Íí ÖØ√o´¤

7 ... people who show interest in

I think =

cricket =

8. a) ... the one whose voice is She is =

Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ† Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç éÓÆæç phone îËߪ÷-Lq† †ç•®Ω’ 5 ... a game which does not Cricket interest me Cricket

Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-îªE

interested in it =

™ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°œç-îË-¢√-∞¡x†’ Ø√éπ-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC ... When I see = ؈’ îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ... (that) they are mad = ¢√∞¡Ÿx °œ*a-¢√-∞¡xE (3 SCS Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)

..... ü∆E í∫’Jç* îÁ°æp-í∫-©-´uéÀh

=

MAIN CLAUSE

Cricket

ûËC

3 ..... the person that can tell us Who is? about it =

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

6 ... the only one who is not You seem to

Ê£«´’çû˝

Fé¬ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´y-í∫© ´uéÀh

2 ..... the date of the match =

(´’†èπ◊ ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* îÁ°æp-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-È®-´®Ω’?

MAIN CLAUSE

1 ..... the man who can give you Hemanth is = ....

Akhilesh: Who is the person that can tell us

(††’o

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 30 -´÷-Ja 2006

good is

game

=

Ç¢Á’

íÌçûª’ ¶«í¬ Ö†o äéπ®Ω’

b) ... the hero whom I like He is =

؈’ É≠æd-°æúË

hero

Åûª†’

NOW SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING:

(éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ who, whom, which, etc., ûÓ ´îËa clauses †’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ simple í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ.)

eg: The book which I bought yesterday is here = I bought this book yesterday. 1) He is the man who tore the book. 2) They are the people whose houses look beautiful. 3) We are the students whom they admitted. 4) These are the books which are interesting but expensive. 5) Those who play cricket think they are great. 6) This is a problem which is easy enough to solve. 7) Can you show me a man who dislikes cricket? 8) This is a question to which no one knows the answer. 9) A man who is poor should not waste money. 10) These are all sentences which we can simplify.

Akhilesh: You seem to be the only one who is not interested in it.

(Åçü¿’™ interest ™‰E-¢√-úÕN †’¢Ìy-éπ\-úÕ™«Íí ÖØ√o´¤).

Cricket...does not interest me

Avinash: When I see people who show interest in cricket, I think they are mad. (cricket

™ interest Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x†’ îª÷Æœ†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ø√èπ◊ °œîÓa-∞¡x-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 134

Akhilesh: OK, OK. Tastes differ.

(ÆæÍ®, ÆæÍ®, äéÌ\-éπ\-JéÀ äéÓ\ ÅGµ-®Ω’*). Let's not argue about it. (ü∆Eí∫’Jç* ¢√Cç-îÌü¿’l ´’†ç). ´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ î√™« ®Ω鬩 sub ordinate clauses í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Ñ conversation ™ ¢√úÕ† subordinate clauses îª÷úøçúÕ. Ñ conversation ™ Ö†o sub ordinate clauses ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ we can carry on conversation. O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ sub ordinate clauses †’ ¢√úø-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C. Å®·ûË ÉC ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç, Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡Ÿx OöÀE ¢√úÕ-†°æ¤úø’ ´’†-éπ®Ωn-´’-¢√yL éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE OöÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Åûªuçûª Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púË ¢√úøü∆ç. ¶«í¬ study îËü∆lç: Look at these following SCs (Subordinate clauses) in the conversation: 1) ... the man who can give the information 2) ... the match which they play here 3) ... the person that can give the information 4) The phone number which you can call

ÉD

Ñ

®Ωéπç

Subordinate Clauses

†÷, ÅN éπLÆœ ÖçúË Main Clauses †÷ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N-üµ∆-†ç. (É™«çöÀ Clauses èπ◊ M. SURESAN Å®Ωnç àN’-ôE î√™«´’çC §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ ´÷èπ◊ ®√Æœ† questions ÅEoç-öÀéà Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ÉüË). ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çü∆ç: O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ É™«çöÀ SCs †’ ´’† conversation ™ ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ´’† conversation, simple í¬, direct í¬, interesting í¬ Öçô’çC. é¬E OöÀE ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç – Éûª-®Ω’© conversation correct í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ. ÉN ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈, ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´îËa *†o *†o sentences ¢√úøôç É™«: 1) Hemanth is the man who can give you the

5) ... a game which doesn't interest me. 6) .... the only one who is not interested in it

information =

7) .... people who show interest in cricket.

Hemanth can give you the information.

°j SCs ÅEoç-öÀ™ who, which, that ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. OöÀF îª÷úøçúÕ. 8) a) She is the one whose voice is good. b) He is the hero whom I like. a), b)

™

2) I wish to know the date of the match they play here = I wish to know the date of the match here. 3) Who is the person that can tell us about it? =

SCs a) the one whose voice is good

b) ... the hero whom I like

Who can tell us about it? 4) Here is the phone number which you can call

whose, whom

for the information =

SCs

You can call this phone number for the infor-

ûÓ èπÿú≈, who, which, that Ö†o (Subordinate Clauses) †’ îËߪ’-´îª’a

mation.

éπü∆?

Spoken English

5) Cricket is a game which does not interest me = Cricket/ The game cricket does not interest me. 6) You seem to be the only one who is not interested = You seem to be the only one not interested = You alone seem to be not interested/ uninterested (alone = only = you only you alone, better.) 7) People who show interest in cricket = People interested in cricket. 8) She is the one whose voice is good = Her voice is good. 9) He is the hero whom I like = I like that hero. Who, Whom, Whose, Which, that clauses (simple) direct conversation simple direct natural

´÷vûª¢Ë’. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ

éπçõ‰

Ééπ\úø

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆?

†’ ᙫ Ææ®Ω∞¡ç í¬, í¬ îËߪ’-´îÓa! ´’† á°æ¤púø÷ í¬, í¬ Öçõ‰ (Ææ£æ«ïç) í¬ Öçô’çC. -v°æ-¨¡o: ought be, dare be, need be ©†’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-L? – Èé.†Jqç£æ…È®úÕf, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü.˛ -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Ought be - ought be

implies an obligation - it more or less means, 'must be'. But 'ought' always expresses a moral obligation - some thing a person is expected to do as a moral obligation. eg: a) you ought to be respectful to elders. (Morals require that you should be respectful) b) Humans ought to be kind to animals c) A youngster like you ought not talk like that to elders. 2) Dare: Meaning and use no.1. Be brave enough to do something. He doesn't dare (to) talk to another woman in his wife's presence = He isn't brave enough to do it. In this sense, 'dare' is usually used with 'not'. He dare not do it = He doesn't dare to do it. 'He dare not do it' is more common.

ANSWERS: 1) He took the book. 2) Their houses look beautiful. 3) They admitted us

(ÉC

conversation

™

´÷vûª¢Ë’) 4) Those books are interesting but expensive. 5) Cricket players/ cricketers think they are great. 6) This problem is enough to solve. 7) Can you show me a hater of cricket? hater = 'who' clause sentence

( üËy≠œ– äéπ-°æ¤púø’– î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ É*a† ¢√úøôç ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ Ŵa. é¬F O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´’ç*C.)

8) No one knows the answer to this question. 9) A poor man should not waste money. 10) We can simplify all these sentences.

Meaning and use no.2. Used to warn some one against doing some thing/ tell someone strongly not to do something. Eg: a) Don't you dare talk to me like that again! (= I warn you not to talk to me like that again.) b) How dare you to talk like that to me? Meaning and use no.3: To persuade someone to do some thing. Eg: They dared him to climb up the mountain = They persuaded him to climb up the mountain. Imp: 'Dare' is used mostly with 'not' if it is used with the meaning of 'be brave enough' 3) Need be: 1) 'Need' is used as a 'main' verb, as well as a 'model'. eg: a) I need some money - here 'need' with the meaning of 'being in need' is a main verb. b) He needs her help - needs is a main verb. 2) Followed by not, it is used in the following manner. a) You need not go now. (It is not necessary) b) He need not come here again (It is not necessary)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Susanth: Here's good news for you. Vishal has achieved what he set out to achieve. He has got the 5th rank in the entrance exam

(FéÓ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh. N¨»™¸ ņ’-èπ◊†oC ≤ƒCµç-î√úø’. áçvôØ˛q áí¬b-¢˛’™ 5th rank ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)

Susanth: Thanks for the encouragement. I am on my way to college. See you.

(F v§Úû√q-£æ…-EéÀ ü∑∆uçé˙q. ؈’ 鬙‰ñ ¸Èé∞¡ŸhØ√o, ´’Sx éπ©’ü∆lç) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™E Ñ ´÷ô©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) Vishal has achieved 2) Vishal's is an achievement indeed

Prasanth: That's news to me. I haven't known it. Vishal's is an achievement indeed. I am eager to see him and congratulate him.

3) I am eager to see him

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y îÁGûË ûÁL-ÆœçC. N¨»™¸C íÌ°æp Nï-ߪ’¢Ë’. ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE congrats îÁ§ƒp-©E Ç--ûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC)

7) He was a bit ashamed

Susanth: I met him accidentally this morning. He told me of it then. He was accompanying his dad to some place. His dad was very happy.

(Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ Åûª-úÕE ņ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Å°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒp-úø-ûª†’. ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oûÓ éπLÆœ áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’. Çߪ’† èπÿú≈ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’)

4) I met him accidentally 5) He was accompanying his father

Kiran: The great cricketer is coming to town. I am eager to see him and take his autograph.

6) I admire the way he worked hard. 8) What's your target. 9) I can't afford it.

™ high frequency (ÅA ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË ´÷ô™x) ÉN éÌEo. OöÀ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. 1) achieve - Å'<¢˛—, '<— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç: ≤ƒCµç-îªôç – DEéÀ past tense, past parEnglish conversation words

ticiple - achieved. a) Our freedom fighters Independence for us:

achieved

´’† ≤ƒyûªç-vûªu-ßÁ÷-üµ¿’©’ ´’†èπ◊ ≤ƒyûªç-vû√uEo ≤ƒCµç-î√®Ω’. b) People who work hard achieve success

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 135

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 1 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµ-≤ƒh®Ω’. c) Tendulkar achieved the highest number of test centuries

b) My target is to be a computer professional

Ø√ ©éπ~uç computer professional Å´ôç. ©éπ~uç -EÍ®l-Pç-éÓ-´ôç = Set a target ©éπ~uç ≤ƒCµç-îªôç = achieve the target/

íÌ°æp véÀÈé-ô®˝ Ü∞x-éÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕE îª÷Æœ, Çö-ví¬°∂ˇBÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E Ç-ûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC. 4) accidentally = by accident = ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ a) Newton discovered the law of gravitation accidentally/ by accident =

†÷uôØ˛ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¶µº÷´÷u-éπ-®Ω{ù Æœü∆l¥çûªç éπE-°-ö«dúø’.

b) As I raised my hand, it hit him accidentally =

؈’ îÁßÁ’u-ûËh-Ææ-JéÀ, ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÅC Åûª-úÕéÀ ûªT-LçC.

clear the target/ hit the target.

´’†ç í∫’J-îª÷ÊÆ ©éπ~uç èπÿú≈ target ™) 9) Afford = àüÁjØ√ é̆-í∫©/ §Òçü¿-í∫© ≤Ún´’ûª. a) I cannot afford a car = 鬮Ω’-éÌØË ≤Ún´’ûª Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. (shooting

b) He can afford a number of such build-

c) I stepped on his shoes accidentally =

ings =

ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÅûªúÕ ≠æ‡Æˇ O’ü¿ ؈-úø’-í∫’°-ö«d†’. ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, ´’†ç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍíN 鬕õ‰d Road v°æ´÷-ü∆©’, °æúøôç ™«çöÀ v°æ´÷-ü∆-©†’ accident Åçö«ç.

Å™«çöÀ É∞¡Ÿx áØÁj oØ√ é̆í∫© ≤Ún´’ûª Åûª-úÕèπ◊çC. c) With the exam tomorrow you can't afford to go to bed so early =

Í®°æ¤ °æK-éπ~-°-ô’d-éÌE Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-§ÚßË’ Å´-鬨¡ç Fèπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. ÉO Ñ ´÷ô© N´-®√©’. ´’† daily conversation ™ OöÀE ¢√úË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ áèπ◊\´. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

People who work hard achieve success

EXERCISE Ram:

Prasanth: Which father won't be? I admire the way Vishal worked hard to get such a good rank.

(à ûªçvúÕ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøúø’? N¨»™¸ Å™«çöÀ rank ûÁa-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ °æúøf v¨¡´’†’ ؈’ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) Susanth: Vishal himself wasn't happy. He was a bit ashamed of not getting one of the 1st three ranks. (Vishal

´÷vûªç Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰úø’. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úø’ ®√uçèπ◊™x àD ®√™‰-ü¿E Æœí∫’_-°æ-ú≈fúø’)

Tendulkar test centuries

5) Accompany = (past tense, past participle - accompanied) a) The President's wife accompanied him on the tour =

Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰

á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ éπL-Æœ-¢Á-∞¡xôç.

áèπ◊\´ ≤ƒCµç-î√úø’.

2) Achievement:

á´-È®jØ√ ≤ƒCµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç. a) Åûªúø’ ≤ƒCµç*çC íÌ°æp N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ His achievement is really great.

Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úÕ °æ®Ωu-ô-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ¶µ«®Ωu Çߪ’†ûÓ ¢ÁRxçC.

M. SURESAN

b) Anand's achievement makes India proud

džçü˛ (Chess ™) ≤ƒCµç-*† °∂æ’†ûª ´’†èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC. Prasanth: What about you then? You are going ii) Indeed: ÉØ˛-úŒú˛– 'úŒ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. DE Å®Ωnç– Eïç-í¬ØË ÅE: Å®·ûË äé𠶵«¢√Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-†oto take the exam next year, aren't °æ¤púø’, ü∆Eo Éçé¬ ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æp-ö«-EéÀ indeed you? What is your target? ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC conversation ™ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ (F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ ´’J? ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Öçô’çC. †’´¤y èπÿú≈ áçvôØ˛q áí¬b¢˛’ ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’Bhavan: Do you like it? Ø√o´¤ éπü∆! F ©éπ~uç àçöÀ?) (FéπC †*açü∆?) Susanth: My target is one of the first ten ranks. But I am not sure. Our college isn't as good as Vishal's

(¢Á·ü¿öÀ 10 ®√uçèπ◊™x Öçú≈-©ØËC Ø√ ©éπ~uç. é¬F Åçûª †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. ´÷ 鬙‰ñ ¸ N¨»™¸ ¢√∞¡x 鬙‰ñ ¸™« Åçûª ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’) Prasanth: Why didn't you join that college, then?

(´’J Ç é¬™‰-ñ ¸™ áçü¿’èπ◊ îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?) Susanth: The fees there are too high. I can't afford that.

(î√™« †*açC– ÅE ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. I like it ´C-™‰Æ œ îÁ°æ¤ hç-ö«®Ω’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬.) Indeed ÉçéÓ ¢√úøéπç, ´’†ç †´’t-™‰EüËüÁjØ√ á´È®jØ√ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, †´’t-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-îÁ-°æpôç (Eïç-í¬Ø√? Å´¤Ø√? ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ ´’† Å°æ†-´’téπç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ÊÆ Å®ΩnçûÓ Indeed ¢√úøû√ç) Praveen: I met the CM today and talked to him for an hour.

(؈’ Ñ®ÓV ´·êu-´’çvAE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ´÷ö«x-ú≈†’) Prakash: Indeed?

(Åéπ\úø fees î√™« áèπ◊\´. ؈’ Åçûª ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’) Prasanth: I understand. Do try your best. You will get it.

(Eïç-í¬Ø√?)– Å°æ-†-´’téπç (disbelief) ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç. 3) Eager: Ç-ûª%-ûª (-Çvûªçí¬ Öçúøôç) Kiran: I am not coming to college today.

(Å®Ωnç Å®·uçC. F ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl v°æߪ’Aoç. ®√uçé˙ ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤)

Spoken English

Sravan: (I like it) verymuch indeed

(ØËF-®ÓV 鬙‰-ñ ¸èπ◊ ®√´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.) Kishore: Why?

b) His dog always accompanies him =

ÅûªúÕ èπ◊éπ\ á°æ¤púø÷ Åûª-úÕûÓ ¢Á∞¡ŸhçC.

c) The client accompanied the lawyer to the court = client court lawyer

ûÓ èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’. äéπ ÆæçU-ûª-¢√ü¿uç, ÉçéÓ ÆæçU-ûª-¢√ü¿uç éπL°œ ¢√®·ç-*Ø√, äéπ®Ω’ §ƒúø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ã ¢√ü¿uç ņ’-Ææ-Jç-*Ø√, ÅC accompany Å´¤-ûª’çC. The fluit accompanied him =

ÅûªE §ƒôèπ◊ ¢Ëù’´¤ ûÓúø-®·çC. 6) admire = ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç. (äéπJ íÌ°æpü¿Ø√Eo, achievement †’, ÅGµ-´÷-†çûÓ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç) a) I admire MS Subbulakshmi's voice MS Subbulakshmi

íÌçûª’-†’

鬮Ω’ á°æ¤púø’ éÌçô’-Ø√o´¤? éÌØË ≤Ún´’ûË ™‰ü¿’. Éçéπ é¬È®-éπ\úø é̆†’? Ram: Å™«í¬?/ Eïç-í¬Ø√? O’ Ø√†o °ü¿l Shopping Complex owner éπü∆? Shyam: ÅC Çߪ’† complex. Ø√C é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? ؈’ Ææ秃-Cç-îª-í∫-L-TçüË Ø√ úø•’s. ü∆çûÓ car é̆-ô¢Ë’ Ø√ ©éπ~uç. Ram: O’ Ø√†o úø•’sûÓ é̆-´-a-éπü∆? Shyam: ÅC ؈’ ≤ƒCµç-*çC é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? ´÷ Ø√†o ≤ƒCµç-*çC. Ram: E†o ؈’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Venu †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ Ø√†o ¢√úÕéÀ bike éÌE-î√a-úøE îÁ§ƒpúø’. Shyam: ´÷ Ø√†o úø•’s-©ûÓ ´îËa car †’ ņ’-¶µº-Nçî√-©ØË Çûª%ûª Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. Ram: F °æü¿l¥A ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Shyam: Bike

ANSWER Ram:

؈’

Hi shyam, when are you buying a car?

Shyam: I can't afford even a bike. How can I buy a car?

¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.

b) Everyone admires Tendulkar's great achievement = Tendulkar

≤ƒCµç-*† °∂æ’†-ûª†’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. 7) ashamed = Æœí∫’_-°æ-úøôç.

Ram:

ûª† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ ÅûªØÁçûÓ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úø’ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

b) The father is ashamed of his son's behaviour

éÌúø’èπ◊ v°æ´-®Ωh-†èπ◊ ûªçvúÕ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Åçõ‰ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úøôç éπü∆? DEéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç– í∫Jyç-îªôç– to be proud of. 8) Target = ©éπ~uç. (Pronunciation= ö«Tö¸) To be Ashamed of

a) The company has set a target of 20% increase in sales = company

©éπ~uç Å´’t-é¬-©™ 20]

Indeed? Isn't your father the owner of a big shopping complex?/ Doesn't he own a big shopping complex?

Shyam: That is/ belong to dad. What I earn is my money. My target is to buy a car

a) He is ashamed of his low marks

Ç Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿©)

Hi Shyam,

with my money. Ram:

You can buy it with your father's money, can't you?

Shyam: That is not what I have achieved. It's dad's achievement. Ram:

I met Venu Yesterday by accident/ accidentally. He told me his father had bought him a bike.

Shyam: I am not eager to enjoy a car bought with dad's money. Ram:

I admire your policy.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Ramesh: Hi Naresh, you are late by half an

3. Would have missed

hour. I have been waiting and waiting.

4. Would have been

(†’´¤y Å®Ω-í∫çô Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a´¤. FéÓÆæç é¬îª’-éÌE ÖØ√o†’)

5. Would have brought

Naresh: I would have been here on time, but

6. Would have won 7. Would have watched

my train was late.

Verbs no. 1 and 4 are would have been.

(ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ õ„j¢˛’èπ◊ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕØË, é¬E Ø√ train Ç©Ææuç Å®·çC)

form.

Ramesh: I would have gone away, but I thought I would wait for another half an hour. That's why I am here. Otherwise you would have missed

N’í∫û√

verbs form

ÉC 'be'

îª÷úøçúÕ.

2. Would have gone - would have + past participle (of go) 3. Would have missed - would have + past par-

me.

Naresh: That's good of you. Thank you. I wouldn't have been late but for the train.

¢Á∞¡ŸxçúË¢√-úÕØË (é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’)

I a) Would have been b) Would not have been -

ÖçúËüË é¬F Öçúø-™‰ü¿’. ÖçúË-C-é¬ü¿’ é¬E


India would have last the match=

ticiple (of bring) 6. Would have won - would have + past partici-

India

ãúÕ-§Ú-ßË’üË (é¬F ãúÕ-§Ú-™‰ü¿’, ÈíL-*çC)

ÖçC. II) a) would have + pp -


She would not have attended the marriage=

ple (of win) 7. Would have watched - would have + past

verbs 1 and 4 - be forms.

Åçõ‰ ÉN Öçúø-ö«Eo †’ ûÁLÊ°N éπü∆. Verbs 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 ÅFo èπÿú≈ à form ™ ÖØ√o®·? Would have + past participle. ÉN action words éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ÉN °æ†’-©†’ ûÁLÊ° verbs.

(He would have gone=

¢√∞¡Ÿx ÈíL* ÖçúË¢√∞Ïx (é¬E Èí©-´-™‰ü¿’).
؈-éπ\úø È®çúÕç-öÀÍé ÖçúË-¢√-úÕE= I would have been there at 2. (é¬F ™‰†’)
But for = Åçü¿’-´©x é¬èπ◊çõ‰

You would have missed me

¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úË-¢√úË,

¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’). b) wouldn't have + pp=

Åûªúø’ ††’o îª÷Ææ’ç-úË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. (é¬F îª÷¨»úø’)
They would have won=

äéπ °æE ïJT ÖçúËüË é¬E

ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’.

Ç¢Á’ °RxéÀ ´*a ÖçúË-C-é¬ü¿’. (é¬F ´*açC)
He wouldn't have seen me=

participle (of watch)

(state of being)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 136

í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çü∆ç

Next, would have + past participle
I would have gone =

ticiple (of miss) 5. Would have brought - would have + past par-

(؈’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’-¢√-úÕØË. é¬F ÉçéÓ Å®Ω-í∫çô îª÷ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Åçü¿’-éπØË Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ †’´¤y ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ÖçúË-¢√-úÕN é¬ü¿’)

-≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 3 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

äéπ °æE ïJ-ÍíCé¬ü¿’

é¬F ïJ-TçC. He wouldn't have gone=

Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’, é¬F ¢Á∞«xúø’. ÉO imaginary past forms. Eûªu @N-ûªç™ ÉN ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ î√™« áèπ◊\´ éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE ¶«í¬ practice îËü∆lç.

Ñ Vocabulary practice îËߪ’çúÕ affect:

Å°∂é˙d – °∂ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç– v°æ¶µ«´ç éπL-Tç-îªôç, v°æ¶µ«´ç éπLT Öçúøôç.

a) Rain or the lack of it affects crops=

´®Ω{ç, ÅC-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç °æçô© O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç éπLT Öçô’çC.

b) Climate affects our health

ÅC ´’ç* °æØË. Thank you. Train ´™‰xûª°æp ØËØ√-©Ææuç ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕ-E-鬆’) Ramesh: Where is Jagadish?

(ïí∫-D≠ˇ áéπ\úø?) Naresh: I would have brought him along, but

(¢√úÕE BÆæ’-èπ◊-´-îËa-¢√-úÕØË é¬F ¢√úø’ í¬ ÖØ√oúø’)

busy

Ramesh: OK. By the way what happened to the cricket match?

(ÅC ÆæÍ®. Cricket match à¢Á’içC?) Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ N≠æߪ’ç ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË ´÷ô)

(by the way =

Naresh: Don't you know? India won the match by four wickets. It would not have won the match but for Suresh Raina and Dhoni.

(ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆. 4 NÈéôx ûËú≈ûÓ ÉçúÕߪ÷ ÈíL*çC. Suresh Raina, Dhoni ™‰éπ-§ÚûË India ÈíL-îËC é¬ü¿’) Ramesh: Happy to hear that. I would have watched the match yesterday, but I had important work.

(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. E†o ؈’ match îª÷ÊÆ¢√úÕØË é¬F î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE ÖçúÕçC) Now, look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) I would have been here on time. 2) I would have gone away. 3) You would have missed me 4) I wouldn't (would not) have been late 5) I would have brought him along. 6) It wouldn't have won the match. 7) I would have watched the match. The verbs in the sentences above are: 2. Would have gone

Spoken English


But for my help, he would not have

have been, 2) would ticiple) conversation

Ø√ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-´©x é¬èπ◊çõ‰, ¢√úø’ pass ÅßË’u¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. (Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÖçúÕçD, ¢√úø’ pass Åߪ÷uúø’.)
British §ƒ©-†-™‰-èπ◊çõ‰, India áçûÓ °æ¤®Ó-Gµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçC ÖçúËC=

¢√û√-´-®Ωùç ´’† Ç®Óí∫uç O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´çîª÷°œÆæ’hç-C.

passed=

have + pp (past par-

he was busy.

1. Would have been

É™«çöÀ verbs î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç* Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ñ verbs 1) would M. SURESAN

™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. ®ÓV î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ÖçúÕ ÖçúËC, é¬F ™‰ü¿’. (í∫ûªç™) äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’, é¬E ÖçúÕçC, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ïJT ÖçúËC, é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ïJT ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ïJ-TçC ÅØË É™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©ûÓ ´’†ç ®ÓW áØÓo-≤ƒ®Ω’x ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Å™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√©†’ ûÁL-Ê°¢Ë Ñ would have been, would

But for the British rule, India would have progressed a lot.

™E Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ imaginary past (Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË – Eïç-é¬E í∫ûªç) Åçö«ç. ÉC Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´-ô¢Ë’ éπü∆ – Å™« ïJT Öçúøü¿’, É™« ïJT ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’, Å™« ÖçúÕ ÖçúËC, É™« ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’... É™« ņ’-éÓ-´ôç. É™«çöÀ

sentences

EXERCISE

have + pp verbs.

Damodar: Hi Sudhakar,

Look at sentence No. 1:

Sudhakar: College

Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ áéπ\úø’Ø√o´¤? †’ç* ´Ææ’hØ√o. Å®Ω-í∫çô éÀçü¿ô ´îËa-¢√-úÕØË. é¬F ´’† Maths I would have been on time lecturer éπE-°œç-îË-Ææ-JéÀ Çߪ’-†ûÓ ´÷ö«x؈’ time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕØË. (é¬E ™‰†’) úø ’ûª÷ ÖçúÕ-§Úߪ÷. Sentence No. 4: Damodar: Çߪ’† ûª´·túø’, ´’† v°∂çú˛ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oI wouldn't (would not) have been late úÕ-°æ¤púø’? ؈’ Ç©Ææuç ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕ-E-鬆’ (é¬E Åߪ÷u†’) ´’®Ó example: ≤ÚE-ߪ÷-í¬çDµ prime minister Sudhakar: Ééπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’. US èπ◊ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’-¢√úË. é¬F Visa ®√™‰ü¿’. Visa áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰í¬ ÖçúËC (é¬E ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆) ü¿E ÅúÕ-í∫’ç-úË-¢√-úÕE é¬F Éçûª-™ØË Sonia Gandhi would have been the prime minister. Çߪ’† topic ´÷®√aúø’. îª÷¨»®√, would have been èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – ÖçúËD/ Damodar: Çߪ’† î√™« ´’ç* lecturer. Çߪ’† ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬E ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’ (ÉC í∫ûª N≠æߪ’ç) ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Maths paper Åçûª ¶«í¬ Wouldn't (would not) have been = ÖçúËC answer îËÊÆ-¢√-úÕ-E-é¬ü¿’. é¬ü¿’/ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’ (é¬E ÖØ√oúø’) – í∫ûªç™ Sudhakar: Çߪ’† Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Çߪ’† She wouldn't have been here ûª´·túø’ èπÿú≈ Åçûª-´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\©’ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC) ûÁa-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. He would have been the CM Damodar: †’´¤y é¬Ææh ´·çüÌ-≤ƒh-´-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. ´’†ç Åûªúø’ CM í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úË (é¬F ™‰úø’) ÆœE´÷Èé∞¡Ÿxç-úË-¢√∞¡xç. ÉD would have been/ wouldn't have been Sudhakar: É°æ¤púø’ time Å®·-§Ú-®·çC éπü∆. Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. II show èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç.

c) Our parent's opinion affects our decisions=

d)

´’† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ´’† E®Ωg-ߪ÷-©O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç -îª÷°æ¤-û√®·. ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-B®Ω’ ´’†-O’ü¿ Éûª-®Ω’-©-èπ◊†o ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©†’ v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËÆæ’hçC=

The way we talk affects other's opinion of us. Affect simple

Åçõ‰ v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫ôç – Åçõ‰ í¬ ´÷®Ω’p ûË´ôç, ´÷®Ωa-í∫-©-í∫ôç ÅE. ´’† Ç£æ…-®Ω-°æ¤-ô-©-¢√ô’x ´’† Ç®Ó-í¬uEo ´÷®Ωa-í∫-©´¤.

Our food habits can affect our health.

ANSWER Damodar: Hi Sudhakar, where have you been all along? Sudhakar: I'm returning from college. I would have come half an hour ago, but I met our Maths lecturer. I was talking to him. Damodar: Where is his brother, our friend? Sudhakar: He is here. He would have left for/ gone to the US. But he hasn't got his visa. I would have asked him why he hasn't got the visa, but he changed the topic. Damodar: He is a great lecturer. But for him I wouldn't have answered the Maths paper so well. Sudhakar: But for his help his brother wouldn't have got such high marks either. Damodar: I thought you would come a little earlier. We would have gone to a movie. Sudhakar: It is too late now, isn't it? Let's go the 2nd show.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Karuna: Sumana, where were you yesterday? I couldn't see you anywhere.

(Ææ’´’Ø√, E†o áéπ\úø ÖØ√o´¤? áéπ\ú≈ éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’) Sumana: I was at Valli's. You would have met me if you had come there.

(؈’ ´Lx ¢√Rxçöx ÖØ√o. †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´îª’açõ‰ ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-ü∆-EN) Karuna: I would have taken you to a movie if we had met.

(´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ E†’o ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ï}-ü∆Eo)

4) If I had thought of it earlier, I would have called you. 5) If I had got you over the phone, we would have seen the movie. sentences 1) Would have + PP Verb main clause, 2) if clause would have + PP In all the sentences above, observe the form of the verb in the 'if' clause: Sentence 1: ... if you had come. verb - had come (had + PP)

ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j ÖØ√o®·. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

Sumana: Which movie did you think of? movie Karuna: Neetone Unta

(à

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 137

éÀ ¢Á∞«x©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-Nç-ûªèπÿ?)

Å®·ç-üËç-

(Ææ’í∫’ù îª÷ÆœçC. ÅC ü∆®Ω’-ùçí¬ Öçü¿E îÁ°œpçC.) awful = ü∆®Ω’ùç/ ¶µºßª’ç-éπ®Ωç Karuna: That's OK, Then. lesson Would have been, 2) Would have + Past Participle (Would have gone, Would have seen, etc) verbs

™ ´’†ç 1)

ÅØË í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? 1) a) Would have been = ÉC 'be' form ÖçúËüË/ ÖçúË-¢√úË (é¬E ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’) i) He would have been here = ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ÖçúË-¢√úË (é¬F Öçúø-™‰ü¿’) (í∫ûªç™ ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬E Å°æ¤púø’ ™‰úø’) ii) She would have been here yesterday = iii) He would not have been the Prime Minister PM

Ç¢Á’ E†o Ééπ\úø ÖçúËüË (é¬F ™‰ü¿’)

(Åûª†’ – é¬F ÖØ√oúø’)

í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’

b) Would have + Past Participle (PP)

– DE Å®Ωnç – í∫ûªç™ ã °æE ïJ-ÍíüË é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰-ü¿E; DçûÓ not ´ÊÆh – äéπ °æE ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ïJ-TçC ÅE. i) I would have met him =

؈-ûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕØË; é¬F éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. ii) He wouldn't (would not) have passed Pass would have been, would have + PP, verbs last lessons

ÅßË’u-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’, é¬F Åߪ÷uúø’. °j Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’– èπ◊ ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™E conversation ™ Ñ sentences í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: 1) You would have met me, if you had come there. 2) I would have taken you to a movie, if we had met 3) If you had told me earlier, I would have waited for you.

Spoken English

èπÿ-úøü¿’ – Å°æ¤púË

´÷®ΩÅ´¤-ûª’çC.

؈-éπ\úø Öçúø’çõ‰, ÅC ï®Ω-í∫-E-îËa-¢√úÕEé¬ü¿’.

If I had been there, I would not allowed it.

(؈-éπ\-úø-™‰†’, ÅC ïJ-TçC)

3. If you had told me.

(If clause verb - had been; main clause verb -

verb - had told (had +

would have + pp).

PP)

(If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb would have + pp) 3)

¢√úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰, ¢√∞¡x èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úø’-é¬ü¿’.

friend

†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-

If he had not gone there, he would not have met his friend

4. If I had thought of it.

prize

(had + PP)

M. SURESAN

°j 'If clauses' ÅEoç-öÀ™, verb form îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: had + PP 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø would have been/ would have + PP main clause í¬ Öçõ‰, if clause ™ had + PP verb ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: Å°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç É™« Öçô’çC. If clause ™ îÁ°œpçC ïJT Ö†o-ôx-®·ûË, Main clause ™ N≠æߪ’ç ïJT ÖçúËC ÅE. (Main clause, if clause à order ™ Å®·Ø√ ®√´îª’a. äéπöÀ ´·çü¿÷, äéπöÀ ûª®√yûª) If clause (had been/ had + pp)

If clause (had been/ had + pp)

1. If you had come you would have met me. [ there [ ].

´îª’açõ‰ ®√™‰ü¿’)]

††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ (†’´¤y ü∆EN (éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)

2. If we had met = I would have taken [ you to a movie. [ moive ] ]

´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E E†’o Öçõ‰ (é¬F éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-ü∆Eo (é¬F BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’) ™‰ü¿’)

3. If you had told me I would have waited [ earlier [ ]

†’´¤y ´·çüË Øˆ’ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-ÊÆ-ü∆Eo îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ (é¬F îÁ°æp- (é¬F Å™« îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) ™‰ü¿’)]

4. If I had thought of it I would have called earlier [ you. [phone ] ].

´·çüË Å†’îËÊÆü∆Eo èπ◊E Öçõ‰ (é¬F ņ’-éÓ- (é¬E îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) ™‰ü¿’)

5. If I had got you over We would have seen phone [phone the movie. [

™ ´’†ç †’´¤y üÌJ-èπ◊çõ‰ (é¬F ÆœE´÷ îª÷ÊÆ-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’ (é¬E üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’)]. îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’)]. OöÀE îª÷úøçúÕ: If clause ™ N≠æߪ’ç ïJT Öçõ‰ Main clause ™ N≠æߪ’ç ïJT ÖçúËC. Åçõ‰ If clause N≠æߪ’ç ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE main clause N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’, ÅE.

(Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’,

friend

†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.)

(If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb would have + pp).

É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©-Eoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈, If clause verb:

2) If he had participated, he would have got the

verb - had got (had + PP)

(°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´’†ç °ü¿l ™‰ü¿’)

™ ™

2. ... if we had met. verb - had met (had + PP)

5. If I had got you over phone.

Sumana: Don't worry. We didn't miss much. miss Suguna has seen it and says it is awful.

Important: If clause verb- had been/ had + pp, Main clause verb- would have been/ would have + pp combination sentence right Some more examples: 1)

If you had told me earlier.. verb - had thought

(FûÓØË Öçö«)

éÀçü¿öÀ

Ææçí∫A

Ñ

(Åçõ‰ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o-†-†o´÷ô. †’´¤y ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ F éÓÆæç Éçöx áü¿’®Ω’îª÷ÊÆ-ü∆Eo.)

(´·çüË Å†’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰ Fèπ◊ îËÊÆü∆ØËo. Ø√èπ◊ ÆœE´÷ âCç-öÀéÀ ´*açC. °æØËç-™‰ü¿’. ÆœE´÷ îª÷ú≈-©-E-°œç*çC. †’´¤y Phone ™ üÌJ-èπ◊çõ‰ ÆœE-´÷Èé-∞Ïx-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’.

ÅEoç-öÀ™,

ÖçúË

Sumana: So I have missed a movie. If you had told me earlier I would have waited for you at home. movie chance

Karuna: If I had thought of it earlier, I would have called you. I got the idea about 5 in the evening. I had nothing else to do. So I felt like seeing a movie. If I had got you over the phone, we would have seen the movie. Phone idea

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 5 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

had been/ had + pp, main clause verb: would have been/ would have + pp. combination of verbs

ÉC î√™«

¢√úø’ §ƒ™Ô_E Öçõ‰, ¢√úÕéÀ prize ´îËaüË. (Åçõ‰ §ƒ™Ô_-†-™‰ü¿’, prize ®√™‰ü¿’).

´·êuç. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ñ ´÷®Ωü¿’.

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING Yamuna:

Ñ chain á°æ¤púø’ éÌØ√o´¤? Kanchana: éÌE î√™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC. Yamuna: Å®·ûË Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’ ؈’. Kanchana: Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤p-úø-®·Ø√ ؈’ ¢ËÆæ’-é̆’çõ‰ †’´¤y îª÷ÊÆ-ü∆-EN. ÉüË ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. Yamuna: ØÁ© éÀçü¿ †í∫© show room ™ É™«çöÀ chain ØË îª÷¨». úø•’sçõ‰ éÌØË-ÊÆ-ü∆ØËo. ¢ÁçôØË ¢ËÆæ’-éÌ-ØË-ü∆Eo. Kanchana: ؈’ é̆o°æ¤púË ¢ËÆæ’-éÌ-ØË-ü∆Eo, Ø√ birthday éÓÆæç Çí∫-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰. Yamuna: Å®·ûË É¢√∞¡ F birthday ņo-´÷ô. Many happy returns of the day. Ñ Ææçí∫A ´·çüË ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰ àüÓ é¬†’éπ ûÁîËa-ü∆-Eo-í∫üË. Kanchana: Åçü¿’-éπØË îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ 鬆’-éπ©’ BÆæ’éÓ-´ôç É≠ædç-™‰üË. Yamuna: Å®·ûË party Å®·Ø√ É≤ƒh¢√? Kanchana: éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Åçü¿’Íé °œ©-´-ö«-E-éÌî√a.

ANSWER Yamuna: When did you buy this chain? Kanchana: Long since I bought it. Yamuna: I haven't seen it before. Kanchana: If I had worn it earlier, you would have seen it. I am wearing it for the first time now. Yamuna: I saw a chain like this a month ago in a jewellry show room. If I had had / If I had got the money, I would have bought it. I would have worn it immediately. Kanchana: If I had not waited till my birthday, I would have worn it too when I bought it/ soon after I bought it. Yamuna: Oh, today is your birthday. Many happy returns of the day. If I had known it, I would have brought you a present. Kanchana: That's why I didn't tell you. I don't like gifts. Yamuna: Would you give/ throw at least a party? Kanchana: Sure. I came to invite you.

-v°æ-¨¡o: äéπ sentence ™ ´îËa °æü∆©’ (words) à -ï-¢√-•’: î√-™« parts of speech (sentence meaning

¢Á’™«? ™‰èπ◊çú≈)

èπ◊ îÁçü∆ßÁ÷ í∫’Jhç-îª-úøûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç

Beauty (root word) Parts of Speech beautiful (adj), beauteous (adj), beautifully (adv), beautify (vt), beautification (abs.n) beautician (n). ly adverb part of speech

Öü∆:

à °æü∆-E-ÈéjØ√ *´®Ω ´ÊÆh ÅC Å´¤-ûª’çü∆? -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ N’í∫û√¢√öÀE í∫’®Ω’h°æ-ö«d-©çõ‰ à¢ÁjØ√ °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’Ø√oߪ÷?

– °œ.éπ%≥ƒgÈ®úÕf, -îÁ-ØËo éÌûªh-°æLx (-Å-†ç-ûª°æ¤®Ωç ->-™«x)

°æü∆© parts of speech Å®√nEo •öÀd ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Å™« ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË O’®Ω-†oô’x word endings †’ •öÀd, suffices †’ •öÀdèπÿú≈ parts of speech ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. O’J-*a† Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-™xØË, ful ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô©Fo èπÿú≈ adjectives; - ious, eous, *´®Ω ´îËaN èπÿú≈ adjectives; ‘-ly’ *´®Ω ´îËa °æü∆©’ 90 ¨»ûªç adverbs, costly ™«çöÀ N’†-£æ…-®·ç-°æ¤©ûÓ. ‘-fy’, ‘-ise’ ™«çöÀ suffices (*´®Ω ´îËa ¨¡¶«l©’) ÅFo verbs. ‘-sion’, ‘-ssion’, ‘-tion’, ‘ation’, ‘-ment’, ‘-ness’, ‘-ty’, ‘-th’ *´®Ω ´îËa´Fo nouns. à ´’ç* grammar °æ¤Ææh-éπ-ç-™-ØÁj-Ø√ Ñ N´-®√©’ç-ö«®·. English fluent í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøí∫-©-í∫-ö«-EéÀ parts of speech Åçûª thorough í¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤úø’ Ñ lessons ™ parts of speech í∫’®Ω’h-°æõ‰d °æü¿l¥A N´-J≤ƒhç.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Gagan: Why was your little daughter crying so

c) If he had not been careful, he would have

long this morning?

lost the money

(O’ Å´÷t®· §Òü¿’l† Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ àúø’-≤ÚhçüËçöÀ?)

ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, úø•’s §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úË. (ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, úø•’s §Ú™‰ü¿’)

Jagan: Her mother did not give her the sweet it

d) If he had not met her at the party, he would not have fallen in love with her.

wanted.

(ÅC ÅúÕ-T†

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 7 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

sweet

(Ç party ™ Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, Ç¢Á’†’ vÊ°N’ç-îË-¢√-úø’-é¬úø’– éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’– vÊ°N’ç-î√úø’)

¢√∞¡x´’t É´y™‰ü¿’)

Gagan: She should have given it. Then you should not have let the child cry so long.

Very important: If clause: had been / had + pp Main Clause: would have been /

(Å®·ûË Éaç-ú≈-LqçC. Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ç -§ƒ°æ-†’ would have + pp àúÕ-°œç-î√-LqçC é¬ü¿’.) Ñ combination î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L.

Jagan: If the doctor had not advised us against

Now, look at these sentences in the conver-

it, we would have given it.

sation at the beginning of the lesson:

(Doctor

1) Then she should have given it.

É¢Ìy-ü¿lE Ææ©£æ… É´y-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰, ÉîËa-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’)

2) You should have seen the doctor much earlier.

Gagan: Why, has she been ill?

Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F ™‰ü¿’) ÖçúËüË (é¬F-™‰ü¿’) 3) should not have been = Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’ (é¬E ÖçC). 4) would not have been = ÖçúË-C-é¬ü¿’ (é¬E ÖçC) Ñ conversation ™ N’í∫û√ verbs should have + pp, should not have + pp form ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. 2) would have been =

She should have bought the sari =

<®Ω-éÌ-†’ç-ú≈-LqçC, é̆-™‰ü¿’. (´’ç* Å´-鬨¡ç §Ú®·çC.) ÉO should have been, should have + pp N´-®√©’. PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING Hiranya: Hi Rajitha,

†’´¤y E†o ´÷ûÓ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ ´îª’açú≈-LqçC. Eïçí¬ ´’ç* ÆœE´÷ Ç¢Á’ É*a Öçú≈-LqçC/ É¢√y-LqçC (í∫ûªç™) (é¬F miss Åߪ÷u´¤. É´y-™‰ü¿’) Rajitha: ´îËa-ü∆ØËo, ´÷ cousin ®√éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰. 2) You should have seen the doctor much earÇ¢Á’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ èπÿ®Ω’aØ√o. lier Hiranya: Ç¢Á’†’ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-¢√-LqçC. Doctor †’ ´·çüË îª÷ú≈-LqçC. (îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’) 1) She should have given it

(àçöÀ, §ƒ°æèπ◊ ï•’sí¬ Öçü∆?) Jagan: Yea, she has been ill for a few days now. Only yesterday I took her to doc-

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 138

tor.

(éÌCl-®Ó-V-©’í¬ äçöx ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. E†oØË doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé∞«x.) Gagan: You should have been more careful.

1) should have been =

He would have done it

You should have taken her to the doctor as soon as she fell ill. You should not have neglected it.

(ï•’s-°æúøf ¢ÁçôØË O’®Ω’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’Èé-∞«}-LqçC.ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î√-LqçC é¬ü¿’)

3) You should have taken her to the doctor as

is much better than she was yesterday.

3) You should have taken

soon as she fell ill.

Jagan: True, but she has improved. Today she

4) You should not have neglected it.

doctor

ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«}LqçC (BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’).-

5) You should have been more careful.

(Eï¢Ë’ ņ’éÓ. é¬E §ƒ°æ °æJ-ÆœnA ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫Ñ ®·çC. E†oöÀéπØ√o Ñ®ÓV ¶«í∫’çC) Gagan: If the doctor had seen her earlier, she

sentences

™

verbs

îª÷ü∆lç.

ticiple (of give)]

(´·çüË doctor îª÷Ææ’çõ‰, ´·çüË éÓ©’éÌ-ØËC éπü∆) Jagan: That's true. (Eï¢Ë’)

2) should have seen [should have + past participle (of see)] 3) should have taken [should have + past participle (of take)]

Gagan: Wish her a speedy recovery.

4) have neglected [should have + past partici(ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) ple (of neglect)] Spoken English 137 ™, Åçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿÷, Ñ 5) should have been. N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç: Ñ≤ƒJ, verb forms °j† îª÷°œ-†ô’x, a) Would have been Åçõ‰ äéπ ´uéÀh, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç a) should have been b) should have + pp. í∫ûªç™ ÖçúË-¢√úø’/ ÖçúËüË é¬F ™‰úø’/ ™‰ü¿’ ÅE. a) should have been ÅØËC 'be' form éπü∆. Wouldn't (would not) have been Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ DE Å®Ωnç: äéπ ´uéÀh/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬úø’/ ÖçúËC i) Öçúø-´-©-Æœ† ´uéÀh/ N≠æߪ’ç ™‰úø’/ ™‰ü¿’ ÅE. é¬ü¿’ é¬E ÖØ√oúø’/ ÖçC ÅE. ii) not (should not have been) Å®·ûË, Öçúø-èπÿ-úøE b) Would have + past participle (PP) Åçõ‰ ´uéÀh/ N≠æߪ’ç Öçü¿E. í∫ûªç™ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ïJ-ÍíüË é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’ ÅE. i) Å®Ω-í∫çô éÀçü¿õ‰ †’Ny-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F ™‰´¤) wouldn't (would not) have + past participle (PP)

Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’, é¬E ïJ-TçC ÅE. 2) Ñ would have been/ would have + PP ÅØË main clause èπ◊ combination, If clause ™ had been/ had + Past Participle verbs ®√´ôç.

ÉçéÌéπ\ question 100] ´îËaüË. (Ç 100] ®√™‰ü¿’)

answer

ii)

Spoken English

ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î √-LqçC é¬ü¿’ M. SURESAN (ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î√´¤). ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: 1) Karuna: †’Oy E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË´·çü¿’, O’ Ø√†oûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-LqçC. (Before taking the decision, you should have consulted your father) Kavya:

Karuna:

Ç¢Á’ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÖçúËüË (é¬F-™‰ü¿’). ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

Should have been, would have been

Rajitha: If my cousin had not visited me

؈’ wait îËÊÆ-ü∆ØËo, é¬E Å°æp-öÀÍé ´’K Å®·-§Ú-ßË’C.

Åûªúø’ Ç

car

late

é̆’ç-ú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’

îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ† ã °æE îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË= îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøE °æE-îËÊÆh= you should not have done it.

éÃ, should have been, should have + pp éà ûËú≈ îª÷ü∆lç.

Would have been, would have + pp 1) He would have done it =

Åûªúø’ îËÊÆ-¢√úË (îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) He should have done it =

Åûªúø’ îËߪ÷-LqçC (NCµí¬/ Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Á’i, Éûª-®Ω’© Çïc §ƒöÀçîË Ææçü¿®√s¥™x) (îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’). 2) She would have bought the sari =

<®Ω-éÌ-ØËüË, é̆-™‰ü¿’.

(éπ*a-

come. I spent time talking to

her. Hiranya: You should have brought her along.

You should have done it. b)

with us to the movie. Really you

ûªçí¬)

He should not have bought the car.

iii) I should have been there at that time, I

Hiranya: Hi Rajitha, you should have come

(come), I would have definitely

been too late by then.)

a)

ANSWERS

Çߪ’† AJ-íÌ-*aç-ü∆é¬ Çí∫’çú≈-LqçC.

(I would have waited, but it would have

They should not have been there yesterday.

Hiranya: Bye.

been in town).

returned.) Kavya:

ÅC ¢Á∞«xL, ¢Á∞«xL ÅE ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, Éü¿l®Ωç éπLÆœ ´îËa-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’. Hiranya: †’´¤yçõ‰ Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ enjoy îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’. Å®·ûË E†o holiday é¬èπ◊çõ‰ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√∞¡xç é¬ü¿’. O’ cousin ¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·çü∆? Rajitha: E†oØË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC. ûªEçéÓ È®çúø’ ®ÓV©’ç-ú≈-LqçC. N’´’tLo Åçû√ °æJîªßª’ç îËÊÆ-ü∆Eo. ÆæÍ®. ؈’ ´≤ƒh. Time Å®·çC.

missed a good movie.

(You should have waited until he

2)

would have taught him a lesson

´÷ Ø√†o Ü∞x Öçõ‰ ´÷ö«x-úË-ü∆ØËo. (I would have consulted him, if he had

¢√∞¡Ÿx E†o Åéπ\úø Öçú≈Lq† ¢√∞¡Ÿx鬮Ω’ (é¬F ÖØ√o®Ω’)

b) She would have been more careful

îËÆœ Öçõ‰, ¢√úÕéÀ question ´C-™‰-¨»úø’, ¢√úÕéÀ

neglected it

you should have been here half an hour ago.

Ç time èπ◊ ؈-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC; ¢√úÕéÀ •’Cl¥ îÁÊ°pa) If she had been here, I would have consulted ¢√-úÕE. her É°æ ¤ p úø’ sentence (a), sentence (b) §Ú©açúÕ: Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, ØËØ√-¢Á’†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îË-¢√-úÕØË. a) She should have been more careful (Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ™‰ü¿’– ØËØ√-¢Á’†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-™‰ü¿’) Ç¢Á’ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F-™‰ü¿’). b) If he had answered one more question, he would have got 100%

4) You should not have

1) should have given [should have + past par-

would have recovered earlier.

Rajitha:

her to doctor

Rajitha: If she had not been in a hurry, I would have brought her along. Hiranya: If you had come we would have enjoyed still more. But if yesterday had not been a holiday we would not have gone to the movie. Has your cousin gone/ left ? Rajitha: She left yesterday itself. She should have been here/ should have stayed here for another two days. I would have introduced her to you all. OK. Time is up. I must be going, bye. Hiranya: Bye. Spoken English 137 Column Table column column) heading If clause (had been/ had + PP). column column) heading– Main clause (would have been/ would have + PP)

™ È®ç-úÓ ™E ™ – ¢Á·ü¿öÀ (Åçõ‰ áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ È®ç-úÓ(èπ◊úÕ

ÅE Öçú≈L.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Surendra: We missed you at the picnic last weekend.

(§Ú®·† ¢√®√çûªç picnic ™ †’´¤y ™‰E ™ô’ éπE-°œç-*çC ´÷èπ◊) Mahendra: So did I miss the fun too. I now feel I should have joined you. I shouldn't (should not) have stayed back for the meeting. What a bore it was! But for the dinner at the end of the meeting, it would have been unbearable.

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o

Imaginary

past forms:

I a) Would have been

(ÖçúË-¢√úË/ ÖçúËüË é¬E ™‰úø’/ ™‰ü¿’) b) Would have + Past participle (PP) eg: Would have gone, Would have seen, etc)

(ã °æE ïJ-ÍíüË é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’ ÅE. Not ûÓ Å®·ûË ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’, é¬E ïJ-TçC ÅE) II a) Should have been= Öçú≈-LqçC/ Öçú≈-Lq† (؈’ èπÿú≈ Ç Ææ®Ωü∆ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢√úø’– é¬F ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’) O’ûÓ ´îª’aç-ú≈-Lqç-ü¿E É°æ¤púø†’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o. Meeting éÓÆæç Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ b) Should have + Past Participle (PP) §Ú¢√-Lqç-C-é¬ü¿’. Ŷs áçûª bore (eg: should have gone, should have seen, éÌöÀdçüÓ! Meeting ûª®√yûª dinner ™‰éπetc.) §Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, ü∆Eo ¶µºJç-îª-ûª-®Ω-´’-ßË’u-C(ã °æE) îËÆæ’ç-ú≈-LqçC é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. é¬ü¿’.) Not ûÓ– (ã °æE) îË-ߪ’éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ú≈-Lqç-C, é¬F fun (Ééπ\úø) = Ææ®Ωü∆; But for Åçõ‰– ÅüË ™‰éπî˨»-´¤/ -îË-¨»-†’/ -îË-¨»®Ω’) §ÚûË. unbearable = ¶µºJç-°æ-¨¡éπuç é¬E.

Surendra: I thought of pressing you. But I thought that it was an important meeting. So I didn't force you.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 139

(E†’o •©-´ç-ûª-°-úø-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬F ÅüËüÓ ´·êu-¢Á’i† meeting ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o†’. Åçü¿’-éπE •©-´çûªç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.) press = äAhúÕ ûË´ôç, •©-´ç-ûª-°-ôdúøç = force Mahendra: But you should have told me earlier. The time you gave me was short. If you told me earlier of it, I would have thought of an excuse to skip the meeting. I would have been happy.

(†’´¤y (picnic í∫’Jç*) é¬Ææh ´·çü¿’ îÁ§ƒp-LqçC. †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´’K ûªèπ◊\´ time Éî√a´¤. é¬Ææh ´·çü¿’í¬ îÁ°œp Öçõ‰, meeting áíÌ_-ôd-ú≈-EéÀ àüÓ ≤ƒèπ◊ Ç™-*ç-îË-¢√-úÕE. ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçúË¢√-úÕE) Excuse = ≤ƒèπ◊. Lame excuse = èπ◊çöÀ-≤ƒèπ◊. Lame = èπ◊çöÀ Surendra: You were out of town for me to tell you earlier. So I couldn't. Mahendra: OK. That's past. How about a movie this evening? (OK,

ÅC Å®·-§Ú-®·çC í∫ü∆. É¢√y∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?) Surendra: I am game for it.

2. I shouldn't have stayed back 4. But you should have told me earlier. 5. I would have thought of an excuse

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ ÅßË’u

d) If clauses. Rules: 1) Main clause verb past tense, subordinate clause verb - also past tense.

1. should have joined -

(N’†-£æ…-®·ç-°æ¤©’ – °j rule èπ◊) subordinate clause ™ universal truths, facts of

éπ©¢√LqçC (†’´¤y). é¬E éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. 2. I shouldn't have stayed back -

Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ-§Ú-¢√-Lqç-C-é¬ü¿’ – é¬F ÖØ√o†’ 3. Would have been unbearable -

¶µºJç-°æ-¨¡éπuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËC – é¬E ¨¡éπu-´’-®·çC (Dinner ´©x)

Look at the verbs in the clauses above:

3. Would have been (unbearable)

îÁ§ƒp-LqçC – îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’

5. Would have thought 6. Would have been.

ÅFo èπÿú≈ Imaginary past situa™ ¢√úË-´E ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. í∫ûª 4, 5 lesOöÀ í∫’JçîË éπü∆. ÉN conversation ™ Ææ®Ωy ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÀ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ correct í¬ ¢√úø-í∫-©-í∫ôç éÌçîÁç éπ≠d¢æ Ë’. áçûª áèπ◊\´ Practice îËÊÆh Åçûª ¶«í¬ Å©-¢√õ„j, correct í¬ ¢√úø-í∫©ç. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ lesson èπÿú≈ Imaginary past forms †’ í∫’JçîË..

repeated

OöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ main clause verb past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ sub clause verb, present tense ™ Öçú≈L. 2) Main clause verb, present/ future tense, sub

°j

5. would have thought -

points

ÅFo á°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ O’

con-

versation and communication, perfect

Ç™-*ç-îË-¢√-úÕØË é¬F Ç™-*ç-îª-™‰ü¿’. 6. would have been happy -

(O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’hØ√oç):

Öçô’çC.

Sub. clause: If you had told me of it earlier.

¶«í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊E îËߪ’çúÕ. í∫ûª ™ É*a† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ é¬Ææh éπ≠dçæ 鬕öÀd éÀçC N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ O’èπ◊ ´’S} í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’hØ√oç. IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER µ Clause - A group of words with a verb µ Main clause has complete meaning. µ Subordinate clause has no complete meaning. Examples of subordinate clauses.

í¬

Practise, practise and practise.

v°æ¨¡o: Past tense ™

sentence regular verbs 2nd form simple past 3rd form past participle regular verbs simple past tense 3 forms of verb past form, P.P. form confusion P.P form Past modification, prepassive voice modification

®√ÊÆh, ÅD-èπÿú≈ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÊÆh ´’†èπ◊ àC Å®·† Å´¤-ûª’çC, Å™«Íí Å®·† ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC? Å™«Íí Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç™ îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬ ©™ Å®·ûË, ´’†-èπ◊†o í¬ ÖØ√o®·. î√™« °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™x -Å®·-ûË ™ í¬ à®Ωp-úø-û√®· ÅE ®√-¨»®Ω’. ÉN éÌçîÁç N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. – >.N.Ææûªuç, N¨»-ê-°æôoç

Main clause verbs- would have been, would have + pp subordinate clause verbs- had been, had + pp.

This lesson is a revision of the points of the earlier lessons: practice 5, 6 lessons

4. Should have told

generalisations,

clause verb - any tense.

4. You should have told me -

(†’´¤y ü∆E í∫’Jç* ´·çüË îÁ°æ¤pçõ‰ – verb- had told - had + pp)

2. Shouldn't have stayed back

science,

actions of the present continuing into future-

áíÌ_-ôd-ú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒèπ◊ Ç™-*ç-îË-

1. Should have joined

M. SURESAN

Exceptions:

¢√-úÕE.

6. I would have been happy.

Spoken English

c) before.., after.., soon after, as soon as, since, because, though, although, even though begin clauses.

Main clause: I would have thought of some excuse to skip the meeting (meeting verb: would have thought - would have + pp)

3. ... it would have been unbearable

Ñ

b) 'that' clauses.

If you had told me earlier of it, I would have thought of some excuse to skip the meeting.

1. ... I should have joined you

EXERCISE

a) who, whom, whose, where, when, which, why and how.

Å®·ûË

Look at the following clauses in the conversation above:

Verbs tions sons

Let's look at the verbs of imaginary past situations above.

Reminding you -

˜ ˜ ˜

All clauses beginning with

Govind: Sir, assignment submit Lecturer:

Ø√èπ◊ ´’®Ó È®çvúÓ-V©’ time É´yçúÕ, îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊. È®çvúÓ-V™«? †’´¤y ¢Á·†oØË submit îËߪ÷LqçC. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç™í¬ submit îË®·. Govind: ¢Á·†o Ø√èπ◊ ïy®Ωç ®√éπ-§ÚûË E†oØË îËÊÆ¢√-úÕE, Sir, Lecturer: †’´¤y E†o submit îËÆæ’çõ‰, marks list ѧƒ-öÀéÀ ؈’ office ™ ÉîËa-ÊÆ-¢√-úÕE. ÅÆæ©’ marks lists ÅFo ¢Á·†oØË submit îËߪ÷-LqçC ؈’. F äéπ\úÕ ´©x Åçû√ Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC. Govind: Ø√èπ◊ äéπ\-®ÓV time É´yçúÕ sir. Lecturer: Í®°‘ time èπ◊ submit îË®·.

I would have been happy

ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçúË ¢√úÕØË é¬F ™‰†’.

(؈’ ready ØË.) game for = Æœü¿l¥ç

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 9 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

-ï-¢√--•’: Regular verbs past tense,

past participle, past tense, ple

äÍ陫 Öçö«®·. Å®·ûË á°æ¤úø’ past particiá°æ¤-úøC ÅE ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, Ç verb form èπ◊, á´-JE, üËEE ÅE question ¢Ë≤Ú\çúÕ. Answer ´ÊÆh ÅC past simple. Answer ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÅC past participle. eg: ‘like’ BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç. DEéÀ past

tense, past participle - liked. She liked the sari. liked what? like answer sari liked, past simple. The teacher liked all over the college, liked what like / liked whom? like answer

Ééπ\úø

Åçõ‰

(üËEE îËÆœçC?) ÅE ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø Ééπ\úø

(üËEE îËÆœçC?) (á´-JE îËÆœçC?) Åçõ‰ ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø liked past participle.

ANSWER Govind: Sir, please give me two days time to submit the assignment. Lecturer: Two more days? You should have submitted it the day before (yesterday). Submit it by the evening. Govind: If I had not had a fever/ had not been down with a fever, I would have submitted it yesterday itself. Lecturer: If you had submitted it yesterday, I would have given the marks lists to the office yesterday. I should have submitted them the day before (yesterday). The whole delay is because of you. Govind: Give me just a day's time, sir. Lecturer: Submit tomorrow by this time. ‘The teacher liked all over the college’

Åçõ‰ ¢Á·ûªhçîË ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’†o ÅE Å®Ωnç. é¬F °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’ é¬-ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ÉC ÉçéÓ college teacher... sentence example: a) He repaired the car. b) The car repaired yesterday..

Å®Ωnç,

a) repairedrepair Car b) The car repaired... - car repair answer ‘The car repaired yesterrepair day...’ car, ... sentence Past participle

™

üËEo

î˨»úø’? †’. üËEo ®√ü¿’ éπü∆.

îËÆœçC? Åçõ‰ 鬕öÀd Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, E†o îËߪ’-•ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÅÆæç-°æ‹-Jhí¬ úÕ† Å´ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hçÖçúøôç ´©x èπ◊ -á°æ¤p-úø÷ -éÓçúÕ. '•úË— ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

The paper bought by millions =

©éπ~-™«C v°æï-©îË é̆-•úË °ævAéπ – (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ©éπ~-™ v°æï©’ éÌØË °ævAéπ Åçö«ç.) The book read by millions = ©éπ~-™«C v°æï-©îË îªü¿´-•úË °æ¤Ææhéπç (©éπ~-™ -´’ç-C îªC¢Ë °æ¤Ææhéπç) àüÁjØ√ ‘be’ form °æéπ\† past participle ´ÊÆh Å°æ¤úø’ verb, passive. The book is liked by all- verb, is (be form) + liked (pp) -

°æ¤Ææhéπç ÅGµ-´÷Eç-úø’-ûª’çC. (•úø’-ûª÷çC). á°æ¤p-úø÷ ‘be’ form °æéπ\† past simple ®√ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Rama Rao : Why do you keep so much money at home, son? It isn't safe.

Kumar

(Åçûª úø•’s áçü¿’-éÀçöx Öçîªôç? Åü¿çûª Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?)

: I know it isn't safe, dad, but I haven't found the time to put it in the bank. Moreover such a lot of money in my account in the bank... That's worrying me.

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ Ø√†o ÅC Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿E. é¬E úø•’s bank ™ ¢Ëߪ’ö«-EéÀ õ„j¢˛’ üÌ®Ω-éπôç ™‰ü¿’. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ Ø√ äéπ\úÕ ë«û√™... ÅD Ø√ worry).

Rama Rao : Let's put a part of the money in term deposit. That gets us a higher interest. term deposit

(éÌçûª úø•’s áèπ◊\´ ´úŒf ´Ææ’hçC.)

Kumar

™ ¢Ëü∆lç.

: How about investing in shares? (Shares invest = Rama Rao : I am not for it. It is risky. Risk Kumar : O.K. Dad, as you say.

™ °úø-ü∆´÷? °ô’d-•úÕ Â°ôdôç)

(Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’.

ÖçC ü∆ØÓx.)

(ÆæÍ®.. F É≠ædç )

You see the whole conversation above is about money and banks. Most words used are banking words. bank

Rama Rao : I have the time, so let me deposit it then. I'll (I will) open an account, and let's have an account opened in mother's name too. Then you can put the money in three different accounts. That'll solve your problem. time

(Ø√èπ◊

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 11 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E ´÷ô©’ î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N éπü∆. ¢√öÀE í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. 1) Bank ™ ë«û√ ûÁ®Ω-´-ôç/-v§ƒ-®Ωç-Gµç-îªôç = Open an account. Account†’ A/c ÅE ®√Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’ èπÿú≈. 2) Bank ™ úø•’s ¢Ëߪ’-ôç/-ï-´’-îË-ߪ’-ôç/-E-©y-îËߪ’ôç = put money in/credit money

ÖçC éπü∆, ؈’ ï´’

into/deposit money in, the bank. deposit 3) Bank He is quite rich. He has a lot of bank deposits.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 140

™ ´’† E©y =

Now practise the following: ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç BÆæ’-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úËC. ´’† balance ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Siva: £æ…ß˝’ ¢√Ææ’ àçöÀ Ææçí∫A? ™‰èπ◊çú≈, éÌçûª °æJ-N’A ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ úø•’s §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ Vasu: E†o ´÷ °æéÀ\çöx üÌçí∫-ûª†ç ïJ-TçC. ¢√R}çöx ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ üÌçí∫©’ ñÔ®Ω-•úÕ- úø-•’s Advance í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úËC. DEéÀ éÌçûª ¨»ûªç á-ûª’hÈé-∞«x®Ω’. ØÁ©-ØÁ™« ´úŒf, service charges °æúø-´îª’a. Siva: áçûË-N’öÀ? DD= Demand Draft= ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’-©-éÀ-¢√y-Lq† Vasu: ©éπ~ °jéπç, bank ™ éπöÀd Ç ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ DD BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ç, Ç DD E ´’†ç á´-JéÀ úø•’s éπö«d™ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æç°œûË, Siva: ü∆Eo Çߪ’† ¶«uçé˙ ™ -¢ËÆœ -Öçú≈-LqçC. ¢√∞¡x-éπ\úø Ç bank ¨»ê™ úø•’sí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. DD Vasu: §ƒ°æç -¢ËÊÆ¢√úË. E†o sudden í¬ áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞«xLq ´*a -¶«uçé˙ èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. E ¢√∞¡x A/c ™ credit îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. (Cheques, DDs, crossed, uncrossed ÅE È®çúø’ Siva: ¶«í¬ Ö†o-¢√-úËØ√? Nüµ∆©’– Cheque/DD éÀ áúø-´’-¢Áj-°æ¤† °j† È®çúø’ Vasu: Ç ¢Á·†oØË á´-JéÓ îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*a ã ©éπ~ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© DD B¨»úø’. -™‰éπ-§Ú-ûË ÅC èπÿú≈ Uûª©’ UÆœØ√ Account Payee ÅE ®√ÆœØ√ ÅC §ÚßË’üË. á°æ¤púø÷ bank ™ úø•’s ¢Ëߪ’-ô¢Ë’ crossed cheque / crossed DD - Crossed é¬F Bߪ’ôç Öçúøü¿’. Å®·ûË †í∫ü¿’ îÁLxç-Ω’– Cheque / DD §ÒçC-†-¢√∞¡x A/c ™ ï´’ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. uncrossed Å®·ûË †í∫ü¿’ Siva: Å®·ûË É°æ¤púËç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’? Vasu: ¢Á·†oØË á´-JéÓ cheque Éî√aúø’. ÅC Åûªúø’ bank ™ ¢ËÊÆ ™°æ© Ñ úø•’s éπõ‰dÊÆh, cheque èπ◊ ûªT† ≤Ò´·tç-ô’ç-ü¿F, AJT °æç°æ®ΩE Ñ ®ÓV ï´’ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. É°æ¤púø’ balance ™‰ü¿’-éπü∆, ÅC AJT °æç°æ¤-û√®Ω’. Siva: †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-™‰¢√? F bank E©y-™ xç* BÆœ Çߪ’-†-éÀ´¤y. Vasu: ØËØ√! ØËØËç èπ◊¶‰-®Ω’-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√? Ø√èπ◊†o éÌCl îÁLxç°æ¤ Öçô’çC.) úø•’s ÅFo term deposits ™ ÖØ√o®·. On line transfer = DD/Cheque ´©x éπLÍí Ç©Ææuç, †’´¤y É´¤y. ؈’í¬u®Ωç-öà Öçö«. Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, computer, electronics ߪ·í∫ç™ Siva: ØËØËüÓ Ææ®Ω-ü∆éÀ ÅØ√o†’™‰. ´’†-èπ◊†o °ü¿l ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç™ áéπ\úÕÈ- éØj √ Answer á´-JÈ- éØj √, áçûª¢- ·Á û- hª¢- Á’Øi √ (éÌEo Ççéπ~©- ûÓ) éπ~ù«™x Siva: Hi Vasu, What's new? ÅçüËô’x °æç°æí- ©∫ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. úø•’s §ÒçüË¢- √∞¡x A/c Vasu: There was a theft/burglary in my neighnumber ™ ´’†ç áéπ\úø ï´’-îÆ -Ë Øœ √, éπ~ù«™x ÅC bour's. When they were out, thieves ¢√∞¡x A/c ™ ¢√∞¡Ÿçx úËîÓô Ç bank branch ™ ï´’ entered the house and took away cash Å´¤û- ª’çC. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ÁçôØË withdraw îËÆæ’é- Ó-´îª’a. (theft = ´÷´‚©’ üÌçí∫ª-ûª†ç. burglary = Å®·ûË Ñ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç ÅEo bank ™,x ÅEo ¨»ê™x ™‰ü¿’. û√∞«©’ ™«çöÀN °æí∫’-©-íÌöÀd, éπØ√o©’ ¢ËÆœ Éçöx Term deposit/Fixed deposit: á°æ¤púø’ 鬢√ñÔ®Ω-•úÕ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËߪ’ôç. Burglar ©çõ‰Å°æ¤púø’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, äéπ EKgûª 鬩ç (fixed term) Å™«çöÀ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’) (´‚úø’ ØÁ©© †’ç* áEo Ææç´-ûªq®√™„jØ√) bank ™ Siva: How much? úø•’s ÖçîË-ߪ’ôç – withdraw îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈– DEéÀ Vasu: One lakh bank ÉîËa ´úŒf, SB A/c O’ü¿ ´úŒf éπØ√o áèπ◊\´. Siva: Why didn't he put/deposit it in the bank. 鬩ç °J-T† éÌDl -´-úŒf áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. Vasu: He would have deposited but they had Current Account: ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn-©èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç to go suddenly somewhere, and could ®ÓVèπ◊ áEo≤ƒ®Ωx-®·† BÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ -Öç-ô’ç-C. not go to bank. – ´úŒf Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Siva: Is he rich/well to do? Interest = ´úŒf (well to do = ¶«í¬ úø•’s-†o-¢√úø’) Payee = úø•’s §ÒçüË-¢√úø’ Vasu: Yea. He bought a DD the other day, for Debit = ´’†ç withdraw îËÊÆ úø•’s, ´’†ç a lakh rupees to make some payment/to Cheque/DD ü∆y®√ ÉîËa úø• ’s†’, ´’† pay someone. Otherwise he would have Account ™ ê®Ω’a ®√ߪ’ôç (BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç) lost it/that amount too. He always

2) Credit Card:

He deposited... He would would have deposited... bank account open account

™– Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ûÓ äéπ îË≤ƒh†’, Å´’t Ê°®Ω èπÿú≈ äéπ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç. Å°æ¤pú≈ úø•’s ´‚úø’ accounts ™ éÌçûª éÌçûª-¢Ë-ßÁ·îª’a. F Ææ´’Ææu BJ-§Úûª’çC.)

îË≤ƒh†’

Kumar

: That's an idea. You apply for the ATM cards too. You need not go to the bank every time you want to withdraw money. idea. ATM Cards apply

(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC Ñ O’®Ω’ èπ◊ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’çúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ úø•’s BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x bank èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.

Åûªúø’ üµ¿E-èπ◊úø’. ¶«í¬ E©y-©’-Ø√o®·. 4) ¢Ëߪ’ôç, Bߪ’ôç ûª®√yûª, Account ™ Ö†o E©y = balance. 5) Bank ™ úø•’s BÆæ’-éÓ´ôç = withdraw

Bank

He withdrew Rs. 10,000/- yesterday=

E†o ®Ω÷. 10,000 B¨»úø’.

☛ You credit money into the bank and withdraw money from the bank. withdraw draw ☛

äéÓ\-≤ƒJ Åçö«ç.

Rama Rao : But we have to use cheques till we get the cards. cheques (Cards

•ü¿’©’

ÅE-èπ◊ú≈

I don't draw money on Fridays and Tuesdays.

´îËaç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊

Kumar

M. SURESAN

(¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç, ´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç úø•’s©’ Bߪ’†’.) ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn©, v°æ¶µº’ûªyç EN’ûªhç -™‰èπ◊ç--ú≈ ´uéÀh-í∫-ûªçí¬ úø•’s ü∆-èπ◊ØË ë«û√. Bank transactions = Bank ™«¢√-üË-O©’. (úø•’s BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ôç/-¢Ë-ߪ’ôç ™«çöÀN) úø•’s withdraw/draw îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ EçÊ°-°ævûªç =

¢√úøü∆ç.)

☛ SB Account = Savings bank A/c =

(éÌçûª úø•’s Ø√ ë«û√™ ï´’-îÁ®·u. F Ê°®Ω, Å´’t Ê°®Ω SB Accounts v§ƒ®ΩçGµü∆lç. ؈’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææçûªéπç °úøû√. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.)

☛

: Credit some of the money into my account. Open SB accounts in your name and mother's name. I'll sign as the introducer. Let's go.

Rama Rao : What about the Rs. 45000/- brother Ramu wants for the bike? We'll take a D.D. and send it to him. (Bike 45000/D.D. Kumar : D.D. means delay. We have to send it by post and even then he can't have it immediately. Our bank has online transfer facility. Let us send it that way. post (DD

é̆’-éÓ\-´-ö«-EéÀ ûª´·túø’ ®√´·Å-úø’í∫’-ûª’-†o ®Ω÷. ´÷õ‰-N’öÀ. Ç ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ BÆœ °æç°œü∆lç.)

Åçõ‰ Ç©-Ææu¢Ë’. ´’†ç ™ °æ秃L. Å°æp-öÀéà ¢ÁçôØË ¢√úø’ BÆæ’-éÓ™‰úø’. ´’† bank ™ online transfer ≤˘éπ®Ωuç ÖçC. ´’†ç online -™ °æç°œü∆lç. facility = ≤˘éπ®Ωuç)

Spoken English

withdrawal form ☛

úø•’s ï´’-îË-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË °ævûªç =

credit chal-

lan.

☛

úø•’s withdraw îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ cheque èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. ´’† A/c O’ü¿ ´’†èπ◊ cheque book Öçõ‰, pay self ÅE ®√Æœ ´’†ç úø•’s withdraw îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. ☛ äéπ®Ω’ ÉçéÓ-éπ-JéÀ É¢√y-Lq† úø•’s†’ cheque ®√Æœ ¢√∞¡x-éÀÊÆh, ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç cheque †’ ¢√∞¡x A/c èπ◊ credit -îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. cheque Ç bank O’ü¿ é¬éπ-§ÚûË cheque úø•’s credit Å´-ö«-EéÀ Ç©Ææuç Å´¤ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢ËÍ® bank O’C cheques †’ ´uéÀh-í∫ûª ™«¢√-üË-O-©èπ◊ í¬F, °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰E ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* BÆæ’-éÓ®Ω’. ®Ìéπ\ç É´y-´’ç-ö«®Ω’. ☛ ATM= Automatic Teller Machine = Bankèπ◊ ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, Bank business hours ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, Bank Card ü∆y®√, úø•’s §ÒçüË Ææü¿’-§ƒßª’ç. Ñ Cards È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’. 1) Debit Card: ´’† Account ™ Ö†o balance

The Cheque amount has been debited = cheque balance

O’J-*a† ¢Á·ûªhç O’ ™ BÊÆߪ’ôç ïJ-TçC. ´’†-Èé-´-È®jØ√ É*a† cheque †’ ´’†ç credit îËÊÆh í¬F, ÅC uncrossed cheque Å®·, ≤Ò´·t BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ Ç bank ™ É´yôç pre-

Siva: Vasu:

senting the cehque.

äéπJ Account ™ Ö†o Balance éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ cheque ®√ÆœÊÆh, Ç cheque †’ bank ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûªT-†çûª balance ™‰ü¿E, return -îËÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ Cheque bounce Å-´¤-ûª’ç-C. Cheque bounce Å®·ûË ÅC cheque ®√Æœ-*a† ¢√∞¡x-ØË®Ωç. Å™« ®√Æœ*a† ¢√∞¡x O’ü¿ case °öÔda. Péπ~ áèπ◊\¢Ë. Bounce Å®·† cheque †’, dishonour Å®·çC Åçö«®Ω’. ÉO ´’†ç ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ bank transactions -™ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’.

Siva: Vasu:

Siva:

deposits money into the banks and never withdraws. What's he going to do? He gave/issued a cheque to some one. He wanted to credit this amount into bank, so that even if he presented the cheque there would be enough balance, and the cheque would not be returned/dishonoured/bounce. Now there isn't enough balance. So he is worried that the bank might dishonour/return the cheque. Can't you help him? you draw from your deposits and give him the money. Me? (Do) you think I am Kubera. The little money I have is in term deposits you give him; I'll stand guarantee. I just joked. Don't worry.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Praveen: Congrats on your high score. Keep it up.

áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ éπçví¬ö¸q.

≤ƒCµç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊

Naveen: Thank you. But I left out two questions. If had answered them, I could have scored still higher. questions answer

È®çúø’

´C-™‰-¨»†’. ¢√öÀE îËÆæ’çõ‰, ØËEçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-LÍí¢√úÕE.

Praveen: Don't worry. Your marks are high enough. Better luck next time. Worry

Å´èπ◊. F ´÷®Ω’\©’ É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\´-í¬ØË ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. ´îËa-≤ƒJ F Åü¿%≠ædç ¶«í∫’ç-ú≈L ÅE Ø√éÓ-Jéπ.

Naveen: Thank you. But for your help I couldn't (could not) have scored so high. Thank you for all your help.

ü∑∆uçé˙q.. F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ؈çûª áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁaéÓí∫LÍí¢√úÕE 鬆’. Score = marks. Score high = áèπ◊\´ marks ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç. High score = áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1) I could have scored still higher marks. 2) I couldn't (could not) have scored so high 3) Many couldn't have passed 4) The college wouldn't have become so famous 5) He would have put you in some other college 6) You would have faced problems 7) I should have been at college by 10 Look at the underline verbs in the sentences above: 1) Could have scored 2) couldn't have scored, 3) couldn't have passed 4) wouldn't have become 5) would have put 6) would have faced 7) should have been. We know the uses of verbs No. 4, 5, 6 and 7. Now let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, and 3. We see that the verb form is could have + past participle. Could have been / could have + PP are two more imaginary past forms.

Praveen: You are welcome. It is your hard work more than my help that got you these marks.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 141

Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’çéπØ√o F éπ%Ê≠ FéπEo ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁ*a-°-öÀdçC.

Naveen: The college is a good college too. The teaching is good. Had it not been for the teachers, many could not have passed. Teaching College Teachers pass

èπÿú≈ ´’ç*üË. ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Ééπ\úø íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡Ÿx -Å-ßË’u¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬éπ-§ÚûË î√™«-´’çC é¬ü¿’.

Praveen: True. The college can be proud of its Lecturers. The college wouldn't have become so famous without them. college Lecturers College fame Naveen: If I had not advised your father, he would have put you in some other college and you would have faced problems.

Eï¢Ë’. Ñ éÀ í∫®Ωyé¬-®Ωùç. ¢√∞¡x-´©x é¬éπ-§ÚûË, èπ◊Åçûª ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC)

؈’ O’ Ø√†o-èπ◊ Ææ©£æ… Éaç-úø-éπ-§ÚûË O’ Ø√†o- EEoçéÓ College ™ îËÍ®a-¢√®Ω’. Å°æ¤púø’ -†’-´¤-y éπ≥ƒd-™„-ü¿’-®Ó\-¢√-™Ôq-îËaC.

Praveen: O.K. I must be leaving. I should have been at college by 10 for the certificates. I am late. Bye. College certificates 10

ØË-†’ ¢Á-∞«xL. ™ BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ í∫çô-©èπ◊ Öçú≈-LqçC. Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. ´≤ƒh.

Naveen: Bye. µ In the last few lessons we studied the uses of Would have been, Would have + Past Participle, should have been, should have + pp. a) would have been = would have + pp = wouldn't (would not) have been =

ÖçúË ¢√úË/ ÖçúËüË (™‰ü¿’) ïJ-ÍíüË é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC)/ ÖçúË¢√úø’é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖØ√oúø’) Wouldn't have + pp = (ã °æE) ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ïJ-TçC) b) should have been = Öçú≈-LqçC (NCµí¬)/ Öçú≈-Lq† ¢√úø’ (NCµí¬) é¬E ™‰ü¿’/-™‰úø’ shouldn't (should not) have been =

Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC) / Öçú≈-Lq-†-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’- (é¬E ÖØ√oúø’) should have done =

îËߪ÷-LqçC (NCµí¬) é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

should n't (should not have done)

îË-ߪ÷-Lqç-C é¬-ü¿’ -é¬-F îË-¨»®Ω’. ÉD Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ ´’†ç imaginary past forms †’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’.

Spoken English

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 13 - -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

2) I couldn't have scored so high

If he had been there, he could have got a share. (If clause verb - had been; Main clause verb could have got)=

Åçûª áèπ◊\´ marks ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√-úÕE (é¬F ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-í¬-†’/ -ûÁ-a-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) 3) Many couldn't have passed

î√-™«-´’çC pass 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√Í® (é¬E Å-ߪ÷u®Ω’) Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. But for my help, he couldn't have got the job.

Ø√ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’¢Ë’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Åûªú≈ ÖüÓuí∫ç §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ§Ú-ßË’-¢√úË. (Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ´©x §Òçü¿-í∫-L-í¬úø’). But for the timely rains, we couldn't have had such a harvest=

Ææ鬩ç-™ ´®√{©’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†-N’çûª ´’ç* °æçô©’ §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞¡xç (Ææ鬩 ´®√{© -´-©x – °æçô ¶«í¬ §Òçü¿-í∫-Lí¬ç) (Harvest = £æ…¢ÁÆˇd = °æçô éÓûª/- °æçô)

¢√úø-éπ\úø Ö†o-ôx-®·ûË, ¢√úÓ ¶µ«í∫ç §Òçü¿-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË. (™‰úø’, §Òçü¿-™‰-ü¿’) a) †’¢Ìyéπ\ EN’≠æç ´·çü¿’ ´îª’açõ‰, Fèπ◊ ®Ω÷. 1000 é¬ü¿’, ®Ω÷. 10000 É´y-í∫-LÍí¢√úÕØË = If you had come a minute earlier, I could have given you not just Rs 1000, but even Rs 10000.

(†’¢Ìyéπ\ EN’≠æç Ç©Ææuç Åߪ÷u´¤, ØËØËO’ É´y-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.) b) British §ƒ©† ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ î√™« ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿-í∫-L-ÍíüË– India could have progressed a lot if the British had not ruled it.

c)

††oߪ’ îªE-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û√Eo °æ‹Jh îËߪ’í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË=

She could have been the PM could have been =

Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-C/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí¢√úË

(é¬E ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’)

a) She could have been the Prime Minister=

ÇNúø v°æüµ∆-†-´’çvAí¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíüË (é¬E ™‰ü¿’) [could Åçõ‰ past ability E ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆– Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ Öçúø-í∫-©í∫ôç/ îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫-ö«Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC– í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆]

b) Mrs Sonia Gandhi could have been the PM if she had wanted = PM PM c) I could have been there even at 10if the train hadn't been late. train Train d) How could she have been here?=

Ç¢Á’ ņ’-èπ◊-†o-ôd-®·ûË, í¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíüË. (ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’, í¬ ™‰ü¿’) Åéπ\úø ؈’ °æCç-öÀÍé Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË, Ç©Ææuç Å´-èπ◊çú≈Öçõ‰. (

´©x – ™‰†’)

Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ᙫ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC? (Åçõ‰ ™‰ü¿E éπü∆)

Krishna: She should have been here at 10.

(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈-LqçC) (é¬F ™‰ü¿’)

Would have been/ would have + PP, main

Å®·ûË if clause verb, had been/ had + PP Öçú≈-©E Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç, í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. Could have been/ could have + PP, main clause very Å®·ûË èπÿú≈ ü∆EéÀ clause verb

°j´Fo ¢√úÕ† É°æ¤púø’ Éûª®Ω

™E

ûÓ Ö†o

îª÷ü∆lç.

Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË (ûÁaéÓ-™‰éπ§Úߪ÷) Åçõ‰ could have + past participle Å®Ωnç, äéπ °æE á´-È®jØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√∞Ïx, Å®·ûË îËߪ’-™‰-éπ§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ ÅE. Å™«Íí couldn't (could not) have + past participle Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç– (á´-È®jØ√) äéπ °æE-îËߪ’™‰éπ§Ú-ßË’-¢√Í® é¬E îËߪ’-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’ ÅE.

¢√∞¡Ÿx car ™ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çõ‰ ü¿®Ωz†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’= If they had not taken the car, they could not have had the darsanam. (Could not have + pp of have - had)

e)

´çô éπ~ùç™ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíü∆ØËo gas î√L-†çûª Öçõ‰= I could have completed cooking in a jiffy, if there had been enough gas

-had + PP

in a jiffy =

éπ~ùç™

could have been/ could have + pp, meaning and use

ÉD

a) would have been, would have + pp b) should have been, should have + pp

combination, If clause verb - had been/ had

c) could have been, could have + pp

+ PP

°j

ØË.

verbs

ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ¢√úøôç î√™« ´·êuç.

IMAGINARY PAST FORMS

(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Öçõ‰, ᙫ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC?) (Åçü¿’-éπE ™‰ü¿’)

؈’ É´y-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø èπ◊ Öçúøí∫-L-ÍíC é¬ü¿’– Éî√a†’, Ç¢Á’ Öçúø-í∫-L-TçC, ÖçC) ≤ÚEߪ÷ í¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ -Åç-Uéπ-Jç-ç-õ‰, í¬ Öçúø-í∫-LÍí¢√úø’é¬ü¿’.

d)

ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ ï¢√•’©’ ®√Ææ’çõ‰ †÷öÀéÀ †÷®Ω’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË. (Two questions ´C-™‰¨»†’– 100 èπ◊ 100 ûÁa-éÓ- M. SURESAN ™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.) °j sentence ™ If clause verb had answered

Vishnu: How could she have been here when she had a class. class

e) If I had not given her a lift, she couldn't have been here on time = lift time lift f) PM Manmohan Singh, PM If Sonia Gandhi had agreed to be the PM, Manmohan Singh couldn't have been the PM. could have been/ couldn't have been sentences. conversation could have verbs 1) I could have scored still higher marks=

If Nannaya had not died he could have completed the Mahabharatam.

If I had answered two more questions, I could have got 100%=

VERB FORMS

been Would have Past participle

been Should have

(NC桪)

Past participle

been Could have (Ability)

Past participle

MAIN CLAUSE

ÖçúË-üË/ -Öç-úË-¢√∞Ïx é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰®Ω’. not ûÓ ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’/ -Öç-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’ é¬F ÖçC/ -Ö-Ø√o®Ω’ äéπ °æE ïJ-Íí-C/- ä-éπ®Ω’ -äéπ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√®Ω’ é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰-ü¿’/- îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Not ûÓ äéπ °æE ïJ-ÍíCé¬ü¿’/ -ä-éπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE îËÊÆ¢√®Ω’é¬ü¿’ é¬E ïJ-Tç-C/- îË-¨»®Ω’. Öçú≈-LqçC é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰úø’ Not ûÓ Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ÖçúÕçC/ Ö-Ø√o®Ω’ äéπ °æE ï®Ω-í¬-Lqç-C/ äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE îËߪ÷-LqçC é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰-ü¿’/ -îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’ Not ûÓ ï®Ω-í∫-èπÿ-úø-E-C/ -îË-ߪ’-èπÿ-úø-EC ïJ-Tç-C/- îË-¨»®Ω’. Öçúø-í∫-LÍíüË/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úË é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰úø’ not ûÓ Öçúø-í∫-LÍíC é¬ü¿’/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí¢√úø’é¬ü¿’, é¬E Öçúø-í∫-L-Tç-C/ -Öç-úø-í∫-Lí¬®Ω’ Å´-í∫-LÍíüË/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√∞Ïx, é¬EÅ´-™‰-ü¿’/-îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’ Not ûÓ Å´-í∫-LÍíCé¬ü¿’/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√∞¡Ÿxé¬ü¿’/ -é¬F Å®·ç-C/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-Lí¬®Ω’.

IF CLAUSE (verb-forms)

Had been Had + pp

-

Had been Had + pp

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Pramod: Prakash didn't attend our party yesterday. What might have been the reason?

(v°æ鬨¸ E†o ´’† §ƒKdéÀ ®√™‰ü¿’. 鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’¢Á’i ÖçúÌa?) Prabhat: He might have been out of town or he might have forgotten. When did you last tell him of the party?

(Åûªúø’ Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§Ú®· ÖçúÌa. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË §ƒKd N≠æߪ’ç ´’J-*-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. Åûª-úÕéÀ †’´¤y §ƒKd N≠æߪ’ç *´-Jí¬ á°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒp´¤?) Pramod: I think last saturday

Prabhat: Wait for an hour. The bank might not have been open by now. It is only 9.

(í∫çö«í∫’. Bank É°æ¤púË ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. É°æ¤púø’ ûÌN’tüË.)

Time

Pramod: O.K. We have seen so far the three imaginary past forms: 1) would have been/ would have ticiple (PP),

+

past par-

2) should have been/ should have + pp, and 3) could have been / could have + pp.

ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’/ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Should have been =

1) He would have gone

Would have been =

ÖçúËüË / ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬F

Would have + pp =

(§Ú®·† ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊çö«)

(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Ç ûª®√yûª †’´y-ûª-úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h îËߪ÷-LqçC. Åçü¿’-éπE Åûªúø’ ´’Ja-§Ú®· Öçö«úø’.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 142

Might have been =

Öçúø’ç-úÌ-a/- Öç-úË-üË¢Á÷– ÆæçüË£æ«ç. Öçúø†÷´îª’a/ -™‰-éπ-§Ú†÷´îª’a – ÆæçüË£æ«ç. Might have + pp = (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç) ï-JT ÖçúÌ-a/ï-®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa– ÆæçüË£æ«ç. Ñ ûËú≈©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.

™‰ü¿’/ -™‰úø’.

Prabhat: That's it. He is very busy. You should have reminded him of it after that. So, he might have forgotten.

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 15 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

ïJ-ÍíüË / îËÊÆ-¢√úË é¬F

Öçú≈-LqçC é¬F ™‰ü¿’ Should have + pp = îËߪ÷-LqçC (îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) Could have been = Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC/ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ (™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC/ ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) Could have + pp = îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË/ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. °j -¢√-öÀéÀ not îËJÊÆh, ü∆EéÀ opposite Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-E í∫ûª ´‚úø’, Ø√©’í∫’ lessons ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.

¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úË (é¬F ¢Á∞¡x™‰ü¿’) 2) He should have gone

Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-LqçD (é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’) 3) He could have gone =

¢Á∞¡x-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË (é¬E ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) 4) He might have gone = ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa – Åçõ‰ Åçûª éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ô癉ü¿’ – ¢Á∞«xú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE.

He might have gone Pramod: I myself have been very busy this week. Otherwise I might have reminded him.

(؈’ èπÿú≈ Ñ ¢√®Ω-´’çû√ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hîËÊÆ-¢√-úÕE.)

busy

í¬ ÖØ√o.

In this lesson we the fourth imaginary past form:

Prabhat: He was talking to me of going to Mumbai. So my other doubt is he might have left for Mumbai.

Might

(Ø√ûÓ àüÓ ´·ç-¶«®· ¢Á∞¡xôç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’. 鬕öÀd Ø√éÓ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ´·ç-¶«®· ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌ-îªaE.)

Would

Pramod: I now feel that we might not have missed him if we had reminded him of it.

(´’†ç äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢√úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’çõ‰ ´’†ç ¢√úÕE miss ÅßË’u-¢√∞¡xç 鬢˒¢Á÷ ÅE É°æ¤púø’ Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.) Prabhat: Any way, past is past. What do people say about the party? (Å®·-§Ú-®·ç-üËüÓ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’† party í∫’Jç* Åçü¿®Ω÷ à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?) Pramod: They are all happy. A good number still feel that the party might have been a greater success if Prasad had been there to entertain us with his jokes.

(Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. Å®·ûË ûª† jokes ûÓ ´’†èπ◊ NØÓü¿ç éπL-Tç-îª-ö«-EéÀ Prasad èπÿú≈ Öçúø’çõ‰ party Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª¢Á’i ÖçúË-üË¢Á÷ -Å-E -î√-™«-´’ç-C -¶µ«-NÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.) Prabhat: What about the expenses? Pramod: We have yet to get the bill. It might have come to around Rs. 10,000/-. We have paid an advance of Rs. 5000/-. It might have cost us more if it had been any other hotel. Prabhat: True. It might have gone beyond our estimation.

(Eï¢Ë’ ´’† Åçîª-Ø√-©èπ◊ N’ç*-§Ú-ߪ·çúÌa.) Pramod: Let's settle the bill at once.

Spoken English

have

been;

Might have + past participle (PP)

}

M. SURESAN

have been, have + pp states of being actions

Oô-Eoç-öÀéÀ ÅN Ææ ÷ *çîË èπÿ, Should èπ ÿ ´uAÍ ® é ¬®Ω n ç ´Ææ ’ h ç C. Could é¬F might have been, might have + pp èπ◊ Å™« ®√ü¿’. ÉC ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. °j Ææ綵«≠æ-ù™ might have been, might have + pp verbs Ö†o sentences äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.

1)

2) He might have been out of town 3) So he might have forgotten

Åûªúø’ ´’Ja-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. 4) I might have reminded him =

؈’ Åûª-úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’ç-úÌa. 5) He might have left for Mumbai =

Åûªúø’ ´·ç-¶«®· ¢ÁRx ÖçúÌa. 6) We might not have missed him =

Åûª-úÕE ´’†ç

miss

E†o £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ î√™« áçúøí¬ ÖçC, Nï-ߪ’¢√-úø™  èπÿú≈ î√™« áçúøí¬ Öç-úø’ç-úÌa (ÖçüË¢Á÷) It was very hot in Hyderabad; so might it have been in Vijayawada (Vijayawada too might have been hot)

(鬮Ωùç à¢Á’i Öç-úø’çúÌa?) (Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa).

2)

Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÆæ’ç-úÌa (Åûª-úÕE †’´y-úÕT Öçõ‰)=He might have helped you (if you had asked him) (îËÊÆ¢√úË¢Á÷).

3) She might have become the PM

Ç¢Á’

PM

Åߪ·uç-úÌ-îËa¢Á÷.

4) They might not have seen him

¢√∞¡xûª-úÕE îª÷Ææ’ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Imp: Might have been, Might have + pp, main clause verbs 'if clause' combination verbs - had been, had + pp.

Å®·ûË, DE

Åߪ·uçúË ¢√∞¡xç 鬢˒¢Á÷.

7) ... the party might have been a greater success =

-Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç Å®· ÖçúË-üË-¢Á÷/Å-ߪ·uç-úÌa. 8) It might have come to around Rs 10000/-

´’†-éÀçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a Åߪ·uç-úÌa. 10) It might have gone beyond our estimation

´’† Åçîª-Ø√-©†’ N’ç*-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. 11) The Bank might not have opened by now = Bank

ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.

Now Practise the following, using all the four imaginary past forms you have learnt so far. Rahul:

†’´¤y E†o £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxçõ‰, ¨Ïê-®˝†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕN. Kousik: Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. E†o Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRxØ√ Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. Rahul: áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´™«? Kousik: Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ ØË Öçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÊÆ¢√úË. Ø√Íéç §∂ÚØ˛®√™‰-ü¿-ûª-úÕ†’ç*. Rahul: †’´¤y §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’ç-ú≈-Lqç-ü¿ûªúÕéÀ. Kousik: Åûª-†-éπ\úø éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÖØ√o-úøE ûÁLÊÆh îËÊÆ¢√úÕo. Åûª†’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ ¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l-§Úߪ÷éπ îË®Ω’ç-úÌ-îªaE Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç. Rahul: äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’çõ‰ àç §ÚßË’C Fèπ◊? ¢√úø’-Ø√oú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓí∫L-Íí-¢√-úÕN. Kousik: ††o-ûªúø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË Æ洒ߪ’ç èπÿú≈ Öçúø’ç-úø-üË-¢Á÷? Rahul: ´’Sx á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-îªaØË N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ ûÁL-Ææ’çúËC éπü∆? Kousik: ÅC Eï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ´÷ cousin ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa. §∂ÚØ˛îËÆœ éπ†’-èπ◊\çö«. Rahul: Åü¿çû√ áçü¿’èπ◊? †’¢Ëy sekhar èπ◊ phone îÁ®·u. Kousik: Ok. ANSWER Rahul: If you had gone to Hyderabad yesterday, you could have met Sekhar. Kousik: I doubt. Even if I had gone there I might not have met him. (Even =

Å®·Ø√)

Rahul: Why do you think so? Kousik: If he had been in Hyderabad, he would have called me. I didn't have any call from him. Rahul: You should have phoned. Kousik: If I had known definitely that he was there, I would have phoned him. But my opinion is that he might have reached Hyderabad late in the night. Rahul: What might you have lost, If you had

a) If you had taken his book, he might have been very angry

phoned? You could have known if he

†’¢Ëy ÅûªúÕ °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ Åûªúø’ î√™« éÓ°æp-úø’ç-úÌa.

Kousik: He might not have had the time to

b) He might have made her very happy if she had married him

Rahul: At least you would have known/ found

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ®Ω÷. 10000 Åߪ·uçúÌa. 9) It might have cost us more =

úø•’s-´©x é¬éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, üË-E-´©x ®√éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ö«úø-ûª†’? ÉD, might have been, might have + PP N´-®√©’.

have been, might have + past participle.

1) What might have been the reason?

Party

(ê®Ω’a© Ææçí∫-ûË-N’öÀ?)

îª÷úøçúÕ, °j sentences from No 1 to No 11 ÅFo èπÿú≈ ÆæçüË-£æ…ØËo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆, 1) Öçúø’ç-úÌa, 2) ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa, 3) ´’Ja-§Úߪ·ç-úÌa, 4) í∫’®Ω’hîËÆæ’ç-úÌa, 5) ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa, 6) Miss Å´-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa, 7) Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª¢Á’i ÖçúÌa, 8) Åߪ·uç-úÌa, 9) áèπ◊\´ ê®Ωa®· ÖçúÌa, 10) Åçîª-Ø√-©†’ N’çç-úÌa, 11) ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. 鬕öÀd í∫ûªç™ Ö†o/ ïJ-T† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ (ÖçúÕ ÖçúÌ-îËa¢Á÷/ ïJ-Tç-üË¢Á÷ ™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ) ÆæçüË-£æ…Ææp-ü¿¢Á’i í∫ûªç™ ÖçüÓ, ™‰üÓ, ïJ-TçüÓ, ï®Ωí∫-™‰üÓ Ææp-≠d-çæ í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË verb forms - might

are going to study

d) If it had not been money, what might have stopped him from coming

Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕE °∞«x-úø’çõ‰, Åûªúø’ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ°-ô’dç-úÌa. (°õ‰d-¢√-úË-ØË¢Á÷). c) If the mob had not become violent the police might not have opened fire =

ï†ç üˆ®Ω†b uç îËߪ’éπ§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, police 鬩’p©’ ïJ°œ Öçúøéπ-§Ú-´îª’a. (ÆæçüË£æ«ç – üˆ®Ωb†uç é¬éπ§Ú-®·Ø√ 鬩’p©’ ïJT ÖçúÌa.)

was there or not. meet me. out when you might meet him again. Kousik: That's true. But my cousin might have gone. I'll ring up and find out. Rahul: Why all that? you call sekhar Kousik: Ok.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Mrinal: Hi Kripal, how did you do in the exam yesterday?

(E†o Kripal:

exam

2) Would have got (would have + PP) 3) Could have done (could have + PP) 4) Should have thought (should have + PP)

ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?)

Well, Of course, but I could have

5) Could have prepared (could have + pp)

done better.

1) I could have done better.

(¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’. é¬F Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕØË.)

¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË, é¬E ®√ߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. could ÅØËC áèπ◊\-´í¬ past ability (í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç)†’ -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’ç-C. Å™«Íí,

Mrinal: Why? What was wrong?

2) Could have prepared better.

-(à¢Á’içC?) Kripal: The noise from a workshop nearby the exam centre disturbed me a lot. I couldn't concentrate. (exam centre

ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o workshop íÌúø´ ††’o ¶«í¬ disturb îËÆœçC. concentrate îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.)

Mrinal: Sorry to hear that. Sorry that you couldn't get a better centre.

(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* centre- †’ †’´¤y §Òçü¿™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Nî√-J-Ææ’hØ√o) Kripal: If I had chosen some other town, I would have got a better centre. I could

pp ¢√úÕûË Å®Ωnç Öçúøü¿’. Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ prepare ÅßË’u-¢√úÕØË, 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷.Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ prepare Å´-í∫LT b) without my recommendation, he couldn't (≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ÖçúÕ) èπÿú≈ prepare 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. have got the job. ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Could have been/could (Ø√ recommendation ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Åûª-úø’ Job §Òçü¿-í∫-Lhave + PP ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, Öçúø-í∫LÍí ™‰ü∆ îËߪ’- Íí-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. (§Òçü¿-í∫-L-T† ability Ø√ ´©x). í∫LÍí ≤ƒ´’®√n uEéÀ (ability) v§ƒüµ∆†uç Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø wouldn't have got èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ÅüË I would have got a better centre Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç éÌClí¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. §ÒçüË-¢√úø’ ņo-°æ¤púø’... Åçõ‰ would have + pp ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿’, §Òçü∆úø’ ÅE. Ééπ\úø ïJ-T† Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. O’®Ω’ regular í¬ English ´÷ö«x-úøôç, ®√ߪ’ôç îËÆæ÷h Öçõ‰ O’Íé Å®Ωn¢Á’i§Ú-ûª’çC. à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 143

have done certainly much better.

(ÉçÍé ÜÈ®jØ√ ؈’ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’èπ◊E Öçõ‰ Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* centre ´îËaüË. Å°æ¤púø’ ؈’ Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’í∫LÍí ¢√úÕE) Mrinal: You should have thought of it before indicating the centre.

(°æKé~¬ Íéçvü∆Eo áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’, Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Ç™-*ç-î√-LqçC) (indicate= ÉçúÕ-Èé-ß˝’ö¸ – 'É— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’èπ◊û√ç = Ææ÷*ç-îªôç) Kripal:

That's true. I chose the place

(ÅC Eï¢Ë’. ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u Ææ©£æ… ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ Ñ Íéçvü∆Eo áç°œéπ -îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o.) Mrinal: What about your cousin? She took the

≤ƒ´’-®√n u-E (ability)éÀ v§ƒ´·êuç Öçúøü¿’. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ïJ-Tçü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅØË-ü∆EÍé Ééπ\úø v§ƒüµ∆†uç. Ééπ\úø verb, would have + pp Å®Ωnç - PM ÅßË’u-¢√úË é¬E é¬-™‰ü¿’. (ability v°æÆæéÀh ™‰C-éπ\úø) b) The train would have run over the boy.

exam too, didn't she?

did very well and is sure of selection. If

(Ç èπ◊v®√úÕ O’ü¿’í¬ train ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’üË, é¬F ¢Á∞¡x™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø Could have+ pp †’ -¢√-úÕ-ûË, ÆæÈ®j† meaning ®√ü¿’. áçü¿’éπçõ‰ ability v°æÆæéÀh Ééπ\úø ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd.

I had taken help, I could have pre-

2 a) He would have escaped.

pared much better.

ûª°œpç--èπ◊ØË ¢√úË (Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç– ûª°œpç-éÓ-™‰ü¿’– °æô’d-•-ú≈fúø’)

cousin

´÷õ‰-N’öÀ? ûª†’ èπÿú≈ Ñ exam ®√ÆœçC éπü∆?) Kripal: She is very good at the subject. She

(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ subject ¶«í¬ ´îª’a. î√™« ¶«í¬ ®√ÆœçC, éπ*a-ûªçí¬ select Å´¤ûª’çC. ؈’ Ç¢Á’ ≤ƒßª’ç BÆæ’èπ◊E Öçõ‰ Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ prepare ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕØË.) Mrinal: OK. All the best then. Don't worry. You'll get the Job

(Fèπ◊

Job

´Ææ’hçC.

Worry

Å´èπ◊).

Kripal: OK. Hope so. Thank you.

(Å™«Íí ÇPü∆lç.

Thanks)

Would have been/would have + past participle (PP)

èπ◊, could have been / could have + PP èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈†’ N´-Jç-îª-´’E î√™« ´’çC §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ éÓ®Ω-úøçûÓ ´’Sx ÉÆæ’hØ√oç. ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’Eç-îªçúÕ. Look the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) I could have done better 3) I could have done certainly much better 4) You should have thought of it 5) I could have prepared much better. 1) Could have done .. Could have + past par-

Spoken English

ûª°œpç-éÓí∫-L-Íí-¢√úË, ûª°œpç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’, °æô’d•-ú≈fúø’– ability ÖçúÕ èπÿú≈ *éÀ\-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. ✓ would have been/would have + PPèπ◊, could have been/could have + PP èπ◊ °∂æLûªç äéπ\õ‰. ÅC ņ’-èπ◊-†oC -ï®Ωí∫éπ-§Ú-´ôç. notûÓ Å®·ûË Å†’-éÓ-EC ï®Ω-í∫ôç. ✓ would have been/would have + pp ¢√úÕ-†°æ¤púø’ ability v°æÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’. Could have been/could have + PP ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ abilityèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ! ✓ He couldn't have done it without my help.

(Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË -Å-ûª-úø’ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ´©x) Ééπ\úø wouldn't have done it Åçõ‰...Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’ Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. a) Without the boss's orders he wouldn't have

Look at the verbs in the sentences above: ticiple ( PP)

b) He could have escaped -

✓ He was able to do it.

2) I would have got a better centre

could have been / could have + PP, should have been/should have+PP

Kavya:

á´-®Ω-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-®ΩC ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E? Å´¤ØËx. ÅC áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøç-C -éπü∆. Kavya: Éçé¬ éÌç-îÁç áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈ûÓ Èí©’açõ‰ ´÷ coach ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îËüË. Lasya: Åçü¿-®Ω÷†÷. †’¢Áy-°æ¤púÓ Car †’ prize í¬ §Òçü¿-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆-EN. Kavya: ÆæÍ®. better luck next time Lasya:

Answer: Lasya: Hi kavya, you are again in the news, congrats. Kavya: I don't think much of it/I don't think it's a

¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©’-

great

achievement.

If

I

had

won/defeated my rival with a greater

He would have escaped... 1 a) He would have become the PM.

because my uncle advised it.

(O’

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 17 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

done it . (Boss orders

Ééπ\úø

ability

™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√úøC îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. v°æÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’.) 鬕öÀd could have+

margin (If I had had greater lead over

Ææ’hçC.

§Ú†’-§Ú†÷, correct í¬ ¢√úøôç, Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË Å©¢√õ„j §Úûª’çC. 鬕öÀd O™„j†Eo sentences

my rival) I would have been happier. (Rival =

Lasya: If You had played more carefully you could

practice

îËߪ’çúÕ. Öçúøü¿’.

Ææ´’Ææu

v°æûªuJn) have

won

by

a

greater

margin/lead.

M. SURESAN

Kavya: If I hadn't had a pulled muscle in my leg, I could have played well. Oh my! It

practise the following

Lasya: Hi Kavya,

´’Sx ¢√®Ωh™ xéÀ ´î√a´¤.

Congrats.

pained me a lot. That affected my game. (affect =

Kavya:

ÅüË-´’çûª íÌ°æpE ؈-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ v°æûªu-Jn-°j† ÉçéÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈ûÓ ÈíLçõ‰ Éçé¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-ü∆Eo. Lasya: †’´¤y Éçé¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÇúÕ Öçõ‰, áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈ûÓ Èí©-´-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆-E¢Ë. *´-J EN’-≥ƒ™x Éçé¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÇúÕ Öçú≈-LqçC. Kavya: Ø√ é¬L-éπç-úø®Ωç °æô’dèπ◊E Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË, ÆæJí¬_ Çúø-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆ØËo. é¬F äéπõ‰ ØÌ°œp. Åçü¿’-´©x Çô üÁ•s-AçC. Lasya: †’´¤y ´·çüË îÁ°œp-Öçõ‰ Coach Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ-üË-éπü∆. v°æ¨¡o: Åûªúø’ E†o ®√™‰ü¿’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ

He did not yesterday

=

v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æúøç pulled muscle éπçúø-®√©’ °æô’d-éÓ-´-ôç/-G-í∫’-Ææ’-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç)

Lasya: If you had told the coach of it earlier, she would have helped you. Kavya: Who expected it? Lasya: True, It is unexpected. Kavya: If I had won by a wider margin, my coach would have been happy. Lasya: Every one, of course you could have then won a car too as a prize. Kavya: O.K.Hope for better luck next time

ii) was (‘be’ form)+ ‘come’ (Past Participle of ‘come’) verb, beform + Past participle verb form correct. was/were past forms

Åçõ‰ Ñ í¬ B Ææ ’ èπ ◊ ç-õ‰, DE ¢√úøéπç î√© Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí Åûªúø’ E†o ™«çöÀ ™ Å®Ω ’ ü¿ ’ . Åçü¿ ’ ™ ´*a Öçúø-™‰ü¿’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ He î√™« Å®Ω ’ ü¿ ’ . áçü¿ ’ é π ç õ‰ Ææ ç ü¿ ® √s¥ E o •öÀ d í¬E ü∆EéÀ was not come here yesterÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. Ééπ OöÀéÀ not îËJa was not day ÅØÌî√a? – áÆˇ.ü∆†-éÀ-¨®˝,©éÀ~t-°æ¤®Ωç come/were not come ÅØËC ´’K Å®Ω’ü¿’. Å®Ωnç ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿’. É™«çöÀ îÓôx, had come ¢√úøôç betHe was not come yesterter, clarity èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Öçô’çC. Had come day - Ñ sentence ™ verb: ¢√úøôç correct èπÿú≈†’. Was come - ÉC Ñ éÀçC È®çúø’ ®Ω鬙x àüÓ äéπ-öÀí¬ I went there at 3 yesterday. He had not come by then. ؈éπ\-úÕéÀ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀ-éÀ-ûª-†’-®√Öçú≈L. ™‰ ü¿’ (´*a Öçúø-™‰ü¿’) was come/were come; i) was (‘be’ form) + ‘come’ (1st Regular Doing am/is/are come ™«çöÀ verbs -¢√-úøèπ◊ç-ú≈ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’ word). - ÉC ûª°æ¤p – É™«çöÀ verb form English ™ ™‰ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ‘be’ form °æéπ\†, 1st Regular ´’ç*C. Å®Ωnç clear í¬ Öçúøü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Doing word á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’. come

here

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Vipula: Hi Charitha, have you seen Archana anywhere?

(îªJû√, †’´¤y Å®Ωa-†-ØË-´’Ø√o îª÷¨»¢√?) Charitha: Yes, she was here till 20 minutes ago. She was getting ready to go home. She must have gone.

(Ç. É®Ω¢Áj EN’-≥ƒ-©-éÀç-ü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úË ÖçC. ÉçöÀÈé∞Ï}ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-¢Á’içC. É°æp-öÀéÀ ¢ÁR}-§ÚßË’ Öçô’çC) Vipula: (Are) you sure?

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Charitha: Yes. I saw her about to leave 20 minutes ago. It hardly takes her 10 minutes to walk home. So she must have reached home by now.

(Å´¤†’. 20 EN’-≥ƒ© éÀçü¿ô •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-¶ûª’ç-úøí¬ Øˆ’ îª÷¨»†’. ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ †úø-´-ö«-EéÀ 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ èπÿú≈ °æôdü¿’. 鬕öÀd ѧƒ-öÀéÀ îËÍ® Öçô’çC)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 144

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 19 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

4) She must have been very angry with me

(Ø√O’ü¿ î√™« éÓ°æç ÖçúË Öçô’çC) 5) She must have told you of it

(FûÓ îÁÊ°p Öçô’çC) You must have seen that the verbs in the sentences above are: 1) Must have gone (Must have + past participle (pp) of go.) 2) Must have reached (must have + pp of reach) 3) Must have waited (must have + pp of wait) 4) Must have been (be form) 5) Must have told (must have + pp of tell) So the verb forms in the conversation are: Must have been/ must have + past participle (pp) Must have been/ must have + PP is also an imaginary past form like the other four imaginary past forms we have seen in the lessons past: [1. Would have been/ Would have + PP 2. Should have been/ Should have + PP 3. Could have been/ Could have + PP 4. Might have been/ Might have + PP]

í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆! Imaginary past forms, 1, 2 and 3 éÀ opposite meanings ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. Imaginary past form 4 èπ◊ doubtful ņo Å®Ωnç. Imaginary past form 5 (Must have been/ must have + PP)

í∫ûªç™ éπ*aûªçí¬ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ÖçúË Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ØËü∆Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC. a) Mohan: Did Madan pass?

(´’ü¿Ø˛

pass

(¢√úÕéÀ ´÷üµ¿¢˛ ´©x ûÁL-Ææ’ç-ô’çü∆ N≠æߪ’ç. Madhav ¢√úÕéÀ phone î˨»úŒ Öü¿ßª’ç. ¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æúÕ Öçö«úø’). Kumar: Yes. He was

Åߪ÷uú≈?)

Manoj: He must have passed. Otherwise he would not have applied for the job pass erwise) job pass

(¢√úø’

Pavan: He must have got the news from Madhav. Madhav called him this morning. He must have been happy about it.

ÅßË’u Öçö«úø’. ™‰èπ-§Ú-ûË (othèπ◊ apply îËÆæ’ç-úË-¢√-úø’-é¬ü¿’. Åߪ÷uúø’ 鬕öÀd apply î˨»úø’).

(Å´¤†’) ÉD must have Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.

been, must have + PP

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING Manasa: Congrats

™«©≤ƒ, Fèπ◊ prize ´*aç-ü¿ôí¬? Lalasa: á´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ Fèπ◊? Manasa: Ü£œ«ç-éÓ îª÷ü∆lç. Lalasa: ™«Ææu îÁ°æ¤pç-ô’çC. Manasa: ؈’ ™«Ææu†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰, F Ü£æ« correct ÅßË’uüË. ÉçéÌçîÁç ¶«í¬ Ç™-*ç-çú≈-LqçC †’´¤y. Mohan: Did he tell you so? ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, would (FûÓ Å™« îÁ § ƒpú≈?) Lalasa: Å®·ûË, Ç... ûÁ©’Ææ’. †’´yC College have, should have, notice board ™ îª÷Ææ’ç-ö«´¤. could have ûÓ ´îËa Manoj: He would have told me if we had met. imaginary past forms Manasa: ؈-Ææ©’ È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ College éÀ (¢Ë’ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ îÁÊ°p-¢√úø’). ÅEoç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç, ´uA-Í®®√™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. Mohan: Who told you then? éπçí¬ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E. Lalasa: †’´¤y ´÷ îÁ™„x-LéÀ phone î˨»-´-ôí¬ (Å®·ûË FÈé´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’?) Might have been/ M. SURESAN Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’. ûª†’ îÁ°æ¤pç-ô’çC Manoj: My brother told me. Madan must have might have + PP Fèπ◊. N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´ÊÆh, ÅC ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC– told my brother. Manasa: Correct. ´·çüË E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ FéπçÅC ïJ-Tç-üË¢Á÷, äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE-îË-Ææ’ç-úÌa. (´÷ brother îÁ§ƒpúø’. Madan ´÷ brothûª-èπ◊-´·çüË Congrats ûÁLÊ°ü∆Eo. Now, the imaginary past form we are er èπ◊ îÁ°æ¤pç-ö«úø’). going to study in this lesson is: Lalasa: Thanks again. §Òü¿’l† ®√¢√-LqçC †’´¤y. b) ®√vA ´®Ω{ç èπ◊JÊÆ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ roads §ÒúÕí¬ ´’ç* breakfast miss Åߪ·uç-úË-ü∆-E-Na) Must have been (be form) ÖçúË ¢ Ë . é¬-ü¿’. b) Must have + past participle (action) It must have rained last night. Otherwise the a) Must have been= Manasa: Don't worry. Fèπ◊ Prize ®√´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√èπ◊ roads would have been dry. (í∫ûªç™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬) ÖçúË Öçô’çC/ ÖçúË treat (Nçü¿’). Öçö«úø’/ ÖçúË Öçö«®Ω’ c) Something must have gone wrong, otherANSWER

She must have told you of it Vipula: I told her I would meet her here at 4.00. There was a traffic jam because of a procession. So I couldn't be here on time. She must have waited long for me. She must have been very angry with me at the delay. She must have told you of it.

(؈’ ûª†-E-éπ\úø Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E îÁ§ƒp†’. àüÓ ÜÍ®Tç°æ¤ ´©x traffic ÇT§Ú®· Ø√èπ◊ Ç©Ææu-¢Á’içC. Åçü¿’-´©x time èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ûª†èπ◊ î√™« éÓ°æç ´îª’aç-ú≈L. FûÓ èπÿú≈ îÁÊ°p Öçô’çC.) Charitha: She did tell me that she was waiting for you, but she didn't appear angry. She said she would call you after reaching home.

(FéÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E îÁ°œpçC. é¬F Åçûª éÓ°æçí¬ àç éπ†-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. É©’x îËJç-ûª-®√yûª Fèπ◊ Phone îË≤ƒh-†çC). Vipula: Yes, my cell is ringing. It must be her.

(Å´¤†’. Ø√ cell ¢Á÷í∫’-ûÓçC. ûªØË Å®·-´¤ç-ú≈L)














É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† Imaginary past forms: 1) Would have been, would have + pp 2) Should have been, should have + pp

b) Must have + past participle=

wise he could have been here an hour ago=

(í∫ûªç™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬) äéπ °æE ïJÍí Öçô’çC/ äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE-îËÊÆ Öçö«®Ω’. Must ûÓ ´îËa Imaginary past forms èπÿ, N’í∫û√ Imaginary past forms èπÿ ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-´ôç î√™« ´·êuç. Ç ûËú≈ àN’ö îª÷ü∆lç: Verb 'go' èπ◊ different Imaginary past forms ™ ´îËa different meanings °æöÀd-éπ™ îª÷úøçúÕ:

àüÓ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ïJÍí Öçô’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ í∫çô éÀçü¿õ‰ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’. d) Kumar: Kesav was talking about your foreign trip.

(Í騡¢˛ Éçü∆éπ F ûª’-Ø√oúø’)

No.

4) Might have been, might have + pp.

¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ Opposite meanings ´≤ƒhߪ’E èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. verb No. 4, might have been, might have + pp, ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁL-ߪ’°æ-®Ω’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Éü¿çû√ ´’†ç last lessons ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Let's now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson:

Sentence

Verb form

1 a) He would have been there

would have been

b) He would have gone

would have + PP

2 a) He should have been there should have been b) He should have gone 3 a) He could have been the CM b) He could have gone

should have + PP could have been could have + PP

4 a) He might have been there might have been

Meaning

Åûª-úø-éπ\úË ÖçúË-¢√úË Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úË Åûª†’ Åéπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-LqçC Åûª-úø’ CM í¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË Åûªúø’ Åéπ\úø Öçúø’ç-úÌa

Nature

é¬E ™‰úø’ (Opposite) ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opposite) ™‰úø’ (opposite) ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opposite) é¬F ™‰úø’ (opp.) é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opp.) Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa (doubt)

1) She must have gone. b) He might have gone

might have + PP

(¢ÁR}-§ÚßË’ Öçô’çC)

¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa (doubt)

2) She must have reached home by now. 5 a) He must have been there

must have been

(ѧƒöÀéÀ É©’x îËÍ® Öçô’çC) 3) She must have waited long for me b) He must have gone

(Ø√éÓÆæç î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ áü¿’®Ω’îª÷ÊÆ Öçô’çC)

Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞ÔxçúÌa

must have + PP

Lalasa: Who told you? Manasa: Just guess Lalasa: Lasya must have told you.

í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-

Verb: Go

3) Could have been, could have + pp

Spoken English

foreign trip

Manasa: Congrats Lalasa. It seems you have got a prize.

Åûª-úøéπ\úø éπ*aûªçí¬ ÖçúË ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’ Öçö«úø’ (í∫ûªç™) Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞Ïx Öçö«úø’ (í∫ûªç™) ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’.

Manasa: Your guess would have been correct if I had met Lasya. You should have thought better/ guessed better. Lalasa: Then... ah... I know. You must have seen it on our college notice board. Manasa: I haven't attended college for the past two days. Lalasa: You phoned my sister this morning when I was away, didn't you? She must have told you. Manasa: Correct. If I had met you I would have congratulated you earlier. Lalasa: Thanks again. You should have come to my place this morning, you would not have missed a good breakfast. Manasa: Don't worry. Your getting the prize is itself a treat.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Udai: These books are really wonderful. Where are they sold?

(Ñ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Eïçí¬ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. áéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√-ߪ’N?) Vijai: Where else? At Books, Books 'n Books. Name the book you need, and it is found there.

(ÉçÈé-éπ\úø?Books, Books 'n Books ™. Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† °æ¤Ææhéπç îÁ°æ¤p, ÅC Féπ-éπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC) Udai: Yes. Now I remember. Certain varieties of books were offered by them last month at discount of 15% to 50%.

(Å´¤†’. í∫’®Ìh-*açC. §Ú®·†ØÁ© ¢√∞¡Ÿx éÌEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩 O’ü¿ 15% †’ç* 50% ´®Ωèπ◊ discount Éî√a®Ω’) Vijai: Such discounts will be given next month too. They have all varieties of books. Infact all books in our college library have been supplied by them.

(Å™«çöÀ discounts ´îËa ØÁ© èπÿú≈ É´y¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh鬩÷ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. ÅÆæ©’ ´’† college library ™ Ö†o books ÅFo ¢√∞¡Ÿx supply îËÆ œ-†¢Ë)

No.

verb

verb form

5. have been supplied

Vijai: OK, let's start for college now. (college

have been (be form) + PP of supply

6. is going to be held

is going to be (be form) + PP of hold

7. is closed

is (be form) + PP of close

8. has been declared

has been (be form) + PP of declare

í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆, °j verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'be' form + past participle (PP) í¬ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. (be forms Åçõ‰ í∫ ’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆. ´’®Ó≤ƒ-J í∫ ’®Ω’h -îË-Ææ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç. am, is, are, was, were; *´®Ω 'be' ´îËa shall be, should be, will be, would be, can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, been have been, has been, had been, will have been, would have been, shall have been, should have been, can have been, could have been, may have been, might have been, must have been 'be' forms.

*´®Ω

´îËa

™«çöÀN– É´Fo

)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 145

Udai: A book exhibition is going to be held in town next month. A wide variety of books will be on display and sold at discount.

(´îËa ØÁ© °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† Öçô’çC ´’† Ü∞x. î√™« ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, discount èπÿú≈ É≤ƒh®Ω’)

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 21 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

1) Where are the books sold?

áéπ\úø Å´’t-•-úø-û√®·? 2) ... It is found there Åéπ\úø îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûª’çC. 3) Certain varieties of books were offered at discounts Discount

éÌEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f®·.

O’ü¿

offer

4) Such discounts will be given next month too

´îËa ØÁ© èπÿú≈ Å™«çöÀ

Discounts

É´y-•-úø-û√®·.

5) ...all books in our college have been supplied by them

ÅEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢√∞¡x-îËûª Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f®·. 6) A book exhibition is going to be held

°æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’çC.

(Future)

í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: Verb, 'be' form + pp Å®·ûË ÅC Passive voice. ´’†ç, Ñ Spoken English course ™ -¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC – English ™ Verb èπ◊ 6 Forms Öçö«-ߪ’E, ¢√öÀ™ x 'be' from + pp, passive voice ÅE, N’í∫û√ 5 forms active voice ÅE. English ™ Passive voice ¢√úøéπç áèπ◊\¢Ë 鬕öÀd ü∆E í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç áçûª-®·Ø√ ÖçC. English ™ passive voice ´·êuçí¬ newspapers reports ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ passive voice ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC 鬕õ‰d, Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™ E conversation ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’¢√ü¿ç active voice ™ îª÷°œçî√ç.) English ™ passive voice, äéπ °æE á´®Ω’ îËÆœçD ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø÷, îÁ°æpôç É≠æd癉†-°æ¤púø÷ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

When was this road laid?

éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’ü∆ç °æü∆.)

Udai: Vijai, what are you talking? Don't you know that college is closed today?

(àç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? É¢√∞¡ ™‰ü¿E ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆ Fèπ◊?)

college

Vijai: Really I don't know. But what for?

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. áçü¿’èπ◊?) Udai: The college cricket team has won the finals of the cricket tournament, and our classmate Vinai has been declared Man of the Match. college team cricket tournament finals friend Vinai Man of the Match

(´’†

†’

™ ÈíL-*çC. ´’† í¬ v°æéπ-öÀç-

î√®Ω’.) Vijai: So no classes today. How happy I am! May our college win many more matches.

(Å®·ûË É¢√∞¡ classes ™‰´-†o-´÷ô. áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçüÓ! É™«Íí ´’† college î√™« matches Èí©¢√L.)

All the verbs above are 'be' form + past participle.

7) The College is closed =

Important: Verb, 'be' form + past participle

8) Vinai has been declared the man of the match

Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’ ÅC PASSIVE VOICE ™ Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ °j† list ™E 8 verbs èπÿú≈ passive voice ™ Ö†o-õ‰x-éπü∆? (English ™ î√™« verbs èπ◊ past tense, past participle äéπõ‰ éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x be form °æéπ\† Ö†oC past tense ™ Öçü∆, past participle Å´¤-ûª’çü∆ ÅØË ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a. äéπõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. English ™ be form °æéπ\† -á°æ¤p-úø÷ èπÿú≈ past tense form ®√ü¿’. 鬕öÀd be form °æéπ\† ´îËa-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ past participle ´÷vûª¢Ë’.) Verb passive voice ™ Öçõ‰, Åçõ‰ verb be form + pp Å®·ûË ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç '•úø’— ÅE ´Ææ÷hç-ô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ:

1) The college has been closed college

´‚ߪ’-•-úÕçC

Man of the match

í¬

v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-ú≈fúø’. M. SURESAN ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. Å®·ûË ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´·êuçí¬ ™ ¢√úøç. ûÁ©’í∫’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ñ Road á°æ¤p-úË-¨»®Ω’? Åçö«ç é¬F Ñ Road á°æ¤púø’ ¢Ëߪ’-•-úÕçC ņç éπü∆? Å™«Íí ´’† Éçöx, ņoç ´çúø-•-úÕçü∆? ÅE Åúøí∫ç éπü∆? Å®·ûË English ™ ÅC î√™« Common.

English Passive voice Conversations Passive voice

i) When was this road laid?

´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’ (English - college ´‚ߪ’•-úÕçC. á´®Ω’ ´‚¨»®Ó îÁ°æp™‰ç é¬-•-öÀd)

2) The man was killed yesterday (Passive)

Åûªúø’ E†o îªç°æ-•-ú≈fúø’. (á´®Ω’ îªç°œçC ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, So passive) 3) He was elected MP

ᆒo-éÓ-•-ú≈fúø’ (á´-È®-†’o-èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ω-ØËC ´·êuç é¬ü¿’) 4) Students will be given bus passes

èπ◊ bus passes É´y-•-úø-û√®·. (á´-J-≤ƒh®Ω’ ÅØËC ´·êuç é¬ü¿’) Active voice ™ verb ûÁLÊ° °æE á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC ÅØË-ü∆Eo •öÀd tense (verb form) ´÷J-†ô’x, passive voice ™ èπÿú≈ verb form ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ô’çC. Students

ii) Has the food been cooked.

t t t t t

Ñ lesson †’ç* ´’†ç English conversation ™ éÌûªh N≠æߪ’ç îª÷úø-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úÕ †’ç* é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. °j conversation ™ Ñ sentences îª÷úøçúÕ: 1) Where are they sold? 2) ... and it is found there. 3) Certain varieties of books were offered by them...

EXERCISE

Ñ éÀçC sentences ™ passive voice verbs, active voice verbs, identify îËߪ’çúÕ / í∫’®Ω’h-°-ôdçúÕ; passive voice verbs èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ. Tarun: When was your college closed?

(O’

college

á°æ¤púø’ ´‚¨»®Ω’)

4) Such discounts will be given next month too.

Varun: On 15th March

5) ... all books in our college have been supplied by them.

Tarun: And when will it be reopened?

6) A book exhibition is going to be held in town.

Varun: In the 3rd week of June

7) ... the college is closed today?

Tarun: So no classes will be held till then. When will the admissions start?

8) ... our classmate Vinai has been declared the Man of the Match. Look at the verbs in the sentences above. No. 1.

verb are sold

verb form are (be form) + past participle (PP) of sell

2.

is found

is (be form) + PP of find

3. were offered

were (be form) + PP of offer

4. will be given

will be (be form) + PP of give

Spoken English

(á°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’?)

(Åçõ‰ Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ classes Öçúø-´-†o´÷ô. Admissions á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç?) Varun: As soon as the college reopens. (college

ûÁJ-*† ¢ÁçôØË.)

Tarun: Any idea when the results will be declared?

(°∂æL-û√©’ v°æéπöÀçîËüÁ-°æ¤úÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Varun: Only the Inter Board and the University can say that. They are usually declared in the 1st week of May. This time too, they can be expected about the same time. (Inter board, University ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁ°æp-í∫©´¤. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË May ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç™ ÅN ¢Á©’-´-úø-û√®·. Ñ≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ÅüË Time ™ ¢Á©’-´-úø-û√-ߪ’E ÇPç-îª-´îª’a) Tarun: Seats in your college are said to be in demand

(O’ college ™ seats èπ◊ T®√éà áèπ◊\-´ç-ö«®Ω’) Varun: That's why they are offered on merit, so only merited students are admitted into the college.

(Åçü¿’-éπØË v°æA¶µº Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬ seats É≤ƒh®Ω’, 鬕öÀd v°æA-¶µº-í∫© Nü∆u-®Ω’n™‰o îË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’) Tarun: My cousin wants to join

(´÷

cousin

îË®√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’)

Varun: Well, let him apply (apply

îËߪ’-´’†’)

ANSWER Active

passive

Telugu Translation

was closed?

´‚ߪ’-•-úÕçC? will be reopened? ûÁ®Ω’-´-•-úø’ûª’çC? will be held E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø-û√®·? will start Ç®Ω綵º-´’´¤-û√®· college reopens AJT v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’´¤-ûª’çC will be declared v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-úø-û√®· can say îÁ°æp-í∫-©´¤ are declared v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-úø-û√®· can be expected ÇPç-îª-•-úø-´îª’a (possibility) are said to be

îÁ°æp-•-úø-û√®· É´y-•-úø-û√®· are admitted îË®Ω’a-éÓ-•-úøû√®Ω’ wants éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ let him apply apply îËߪ’F Passive voice ûÁ©’-í∫’™ (ņ’-¢√-ü¿ç™) áçûª ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, äéÓ\-≤ƒJ Å®Ωnç鬴ôç -áç-ûª éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’çüÓ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. are offered

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Laxman: Now that the building has been painted it looks beautiful. (Paint

building

¢Ëߪ’ôç ´©x Åçü¿çí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC.)

î√™«

sation above. 1) has been painted (has been - be form + past 2) is painted (is - be from + PP of paint)

(véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ë≤ƒh®Ω’)

3) was painted (was - be form + PP of paint)

Laxman: When was it last painted? paint

Now let's study the verbs in the conver-

participle (PP) of paint)

Bharat: It is painted regularly.

(*´-Jí¬ á°æ¤púø’

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

(This is in a question)

î˨»®Ω’?)

Bharat: I think two years ago. The painting is done once every two years.

(È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô ņ’-èπ◊çö«. È®çúË-∞¡x-éÓ-≤ƒJ ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC) Laxman: So it will be painted again two years from now.

(Åçõ‰ ´’Sx È®çúË-∞¡xèπ◊ ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ë≤ƒh-®Ω-†o-´÷ô) Bharat: Certainly. The house was built decades ago. Still it looks new because it has been maintained well. Every care has been taken to keep it in good condition.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Ñ É©’x ü¿¨»-¶«l© éÀçü¿ éπöÀdçC. Å®·Ø√ éÌûªh-Cí¬ éπEp-Ææ’hçC áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ü∆Eo ¶«í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ 鬕öÀd. Ç ¶µº´-Ø√Eo ´’ç* ÆœnA™ Öçîª-ö«-EéÀ ÅEo ñ«ví∫-ûªh©÷ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 146

4) is done (is - be form + PP of do) 5) will be painted (will be - be form + PP of

2) They play the game twice a week (I RDW -

paint) 6) owns - II RDW (Active Voice)

active - Regular action) = Weekly tests are held (are held - passive voice - Regular

charge)

11) will take - will + I RDW (Active Voice) Verbs No. 6, 7, 10 and 11 are in active voice. The rest of the verbs are all be form + PP

™

regular actions

îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ am + pp / is + pp / are + pp ¢√ú≈L ´’†ç. Active ™ time ûÁ©-°æE past actions èπÿ, éÌçûªé¬©çí¬ ïJ-T† action èπ◊, É°æ¤púË complete Å®·† action èπ◊ have + pp / has + pp ¢√úøû√ç. OöÀE passive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ have been + pp / has been + pp ´≤ƒh®·.

10) think - I RDW (Active Voice)

Åçõ‰ passive voice ™ ÖØ√o-ߪ’-†o-´÷ô. Åçõ‰ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™ éÀ translate îËÊÆh '•úø’— ÅØË ´÷ô combination ûÓ Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®· ¢√ô-Eo-öÀéÀ. Important: Active voice ™ Ö†o v°æA verb èπÿ passive form Öçô’çC.

I RDW (see, take, etc) and II RDW (sees, takes, etc) regular active voice verbs actions regular actions passive voice verbs I RDW / II RDW am + past participle, is + past participle, are + past participle.

1) The building has been painted (has been + pp) - Passive (îËߪ’-•-úÕçC) = They have painted the building. (Active) (î˨»®Ω’)

= ü¿¨»•lç) Laxman: Who owns the building?

(á´-JC

èπ◊ ¢√úË

†’ ûÁLÊ° èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-†N,

Åçõ‰

build-

ing?)

Bharat: My cousin's. M. He is an engineer in the states.

-É-N ´’†ç éπü∆. Å™«Íí

SURESAN

Verb No 2: The building is painted regularly

(Ø√ cousin C. Çߪ’† US ™ Engineer) Laxman: But who takes care of it here?

(Ééπ\úø ü∆Eo á´®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?) Bharat: His father. He was also an engineer very famous. Unfortunately he is not in good health now. Only a few days ago he was discharged from hospital. He had been treated for knee trouble.

(¢√∞¡x Ø√†o. Çߪ’Ø√ engineer í¬ ÖçúË¢√úø’. î√™« Ê°®Ω’çC. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Çߪ’† Ç®Óí∫uç É°æ¤púø’ ÆæJ-í¬-™‰ü¿’. éÌCl ®ÓV© éÀçü¿-õ‰ ¢Á÷é¬LéÀ *éÀûªq îË®·ç--èπ◊E ÇÆæpvA †’ç* ´î√a®Ω’.) Laxman: A nice piece of work, this building. I think I'll take it for my office.

(GLfç-í˚†’ î√™« ¶«í¬-éπ-ö«d®Ω’. Ø√ éÓÆæç DEo ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.)

office

§ § § §

í∫’®Ω’hûÁa-éÓçúÕ: Verb, 'be' form + participle Å®·ûË, PASSIVE VOICE Å´¤-ûª’çC. O’®Ω’ í∫´’EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. °j conversation ™ î√™« verbs, passive voice ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. (é¬F ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç passive ™ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ passive voice î√™« ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, ņ-´-Ææ®Ω §ƒçúÕ-ûªuç-™« Öçô’çC 鬕öÀd ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ûÁ©’Íí ¢√-ú≈ç.)

Spoken English

Ñ éÀçü¿ îª÷úøçúÕ. (Regular

í¬ ïJÍí action, passive form ™ ᙫ îÁ°æ¤hØ√o¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ – is + PP ûÓ. (Building paint îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC– véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) Verb No 4: The painting is done once every two years.

(®Ωçí∫’-™‰-ߪ’ôç v°æA È®çúË-∞¡xèπÿ îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC– ÉC èπÿú≈ is + PPûÓ regular action éπü∆?) Regular actions Passive ™ Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ– ÅN am + PP / is + PP / are + PP ™ ´Ææ’hçC. 1) I am seen here every evening -

May

™ E®Ωy-£œ«-≤ƒh®Ω’ (•úø-û√®·)

Time

ûÁL-Æœ†

past actions

Passive

èπ◊ ¢√úË

verb = was + pp / were + pp 1) YSR

§Ú®·† Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç áEo-éπ™x éπ-ߪ÷u®Ω’

CM

í¬ áEo-

YSR was elected CM in the elections last

(ᆒo-éÓ-•-ú≈f®Ω’) (was + pp) 2) í∫ûª ØÁ© ÅTov°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ ¢Ë-© É∞¡Ÿx üµ¿yçÆæç Åߪ÷u®· . Thousands of houses were destroyed in the fire last month (were + pp).

Pavan: Hyderabad

Ñ news paper áéπ\úÕ †’ç* ¢Á©’-´-úø’ûª’çC? (Publish ¢√úøçúÕ) Pavan: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ †’ç*. Arjun: ÉçÈééπ\úø print Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿C? Pavan: Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø, N¨»-ê-°æôoç. Arjun: ®ÓW áEo copies Å´·t-úø-´¤-û√®· ? Pavan: éÌEo ©éπ~©’? Arjun: á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î √®Ω’ ü∆Eo? Pavan: 1980 ™ Arjun: Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ éÌClí¬ late deliver Å´¤-ûÓçC éπü∆? Pavan: Å´¤†’. ¢√∞¡x ߪ’çvûªç™ àüÓ Ææ´’Ææu. Arjun: Newspapers ™ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™‰ áèπ◊\´ v§ƒüµ∆†uç §Òçü¿’-û√®·. Pavan: Eï¢Ë’! ´’†ç éÌØËC Åçü¿’-Íéí¬!

Arjun:

Arjun: Where else is it printed? Pavan: Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam. Arjun: How many copies are sold every day? Pavan: Some lakhs. Arjun: When was it started? Pavan: In 1980 Arjun: It has been delivered a little late for the past four days, hasn't it? Pavan: Yes. Some problem with their machinery. Arjun: Politics get a lot of importance in papers/ politics are given a lot of importance. Pavan: Correct. We read them only for that.

v°æ¨¡o: ÖüÓuT •CM Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ ÉîËa has/ has been relieved

Relieving Certificate ™ éÌçü¿®Ω’ is/ was/ ÅE ®Ωéπ-®Ω-é¬-©’í¬ ®√Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. ¢√öÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d?

ᙫ? N´JçîªçúÕ.

everyday

– °æ¤†-®ΩyÆæ’, ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ ™ ÅE Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’)

-ï-¢√-•’: a) ÖüÓuT °∂晫Ø√ ûËC †’ç* (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ DEE

(v°æA®ÓW ©éπ~-™ copies Å´’t-•-úø-û√®· = Å´·t-úø-´¤-û√®·) 鬕öÀd Regular actions passive ™ Å®·ûË, am + pp / is + pp / are + pp ¢√úøû√ç– ÅüË active voice ™ Å®·ûË I RDW / II RDW ¢√úøû√ç.

official language with effect from such and such a date relieve Mr X has been relieved of his duties in this office with effect from 4th April 2006.

Å®·-†ô’x ®√ߪ÷-Lq-´ÊÆh –

b)

ÖüÓuT °∂晫Ø√ ûËD†

relieve

Åߪ÷uúø’ ÅE Å®·ûË –

Mr X was relieved of his duties here on 4th April 2006.

1) The doctor checks me once in two months

Regular).

°æK-éπ~©’

The exams will be held in May.

Arjun: Where is this paper published from?

3) Lakhs of copies of the Eenadu are sold

îËûª ؈’ °æK-éÀ~ç-°æ-•-úø-û√†’ –

ii)

Practise the following in English, using passive forms where necessary.

v°æA®ÓW °æ‹ï îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC (°æ‹ï îË≤ƒh®Ω’).

(Doctor

Hall tickets will be issued from tomorrow.

ANSWER

ØËE-éπ\úø v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç îª÷úø-•-úø-û√†’.

two months by the doctor.

Å™«Íí future actions èπ◊ passive ™ will be + ¢√úøû√ç. i) Hall tickets Í®°æöÀ †’ç* É≤ƒh®Ω’ (É´y-•-úø-û√®·) pp

EXERCISE

2) Pooja is done every day

(II RDW - Active) = I am checked once in

ÅûªúÕ îË®· é¬LçC =

year.

Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊

úÕÈé-ß˝’ú˛

3)

His hand has been burnt

Passive voice

of treat)

É´y-•-ú≈f®· =

ets to students.

action)

9) had been treated - (had been - be form + PP

Hall tickets

(passive) = The college has issued hall tick-

3) The school holds weekly tests (II RDW -

8) was discharged - (was - be form + PP of dis-

Nü∆u-®Ω’n©èπ◊

Hall tickets have been issued to students

week (is + pp - passive - regular)

7) takes - II RDW (Active Voice)

I am seen here every evening.. (Decade =

2)

active) = The game is played twice every

c)

ûËD©’, ®ÓV©’, Å™«çöÀN àç îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å®·ûË

is relieved, has been relieved

He is relieved of/ He has been relieved of his duties here. has been relieved, better.

ņ-´îª’a. DE Å®Ωnç Çߪ’† relieve Å´ôç

ïJ-Tç-ü¿E. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Damodar: Hi Divakar, you know my favourite hero was awarded Padmabhushan.

(Ø√ ÅGµ´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ °æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ G®Ω’ü¿’ ´*açC.) was awarded (passive) = É´y-•-ú≈fúø’. Award= Å¢√-ú˛–'¢√— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç = (G®Ω’ü¿’©’, •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√-©’ -™«ç-öÀN) v°æü∆†ç îËߪ’-ôç/-É-´yôç. Award = •£æ›-´’A, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç, G®Ω’ü¿’ ÅØË Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®·. Divakar: The title was conferred on many others too.

(Éçé¬ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Ç G®Ω’ü¿’ Éî√a®Ω’.) Title = õ„jöÀ™ ¸ = G®Ω’ü¿’. Confer = äéπ-JE G®Ω’-ü¿’ûÓ, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®ΩçûÓ Ææûª\-Jç-îªôç. They conferred on him the title = Åûª-

Çߪ’-†èπ◊ v°æA¶µº ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd.) Prabhakar: Will you stop it. You and your heroes. You are both silly

[

(Éçéπ Ç°æ¤-û√®√? O’®Ω’, O’ heroes. O’®Ω’ î√™« °œ©x-ûª-®Ω-£æ…í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.) [ [

You must have observed that most of the verbs in the conversation above are in the passive voice because every one of them is a 'be' form + past participle (PP) The verbs are: 1. was awarded (was + pp of award) 2. was conferred (was + pp of confer) 3. were awarded (were + pp of award) 4. was (not even) considered (was + pp of consider) 5. were given (were + pp of give) 6. will be honoured (will be + pp of honour)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 147

7. are given (are + pp of give) In the last lesson we have seen that we use the passive verbs am + pp/is+pp /are+pp for regular actions

úÕE ¢√∞«x G®Ω’-ü¿’ûÓ Ææûª\-Jç-î√®Ω’. Was conferred (passive) = É´y-•-ú≈fúø’. Damodar: I am happy that only deserving people were awarded the title.

(Å®Ω|ûª éπL-T-†-¢√∞Ïx Ç Ææû√\-®√Eo §Òçü¿úøç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπL-T-Ææ’hçC. Deserving = úÕï-Nçí˚ = Å®Ω|ûª éπL-T†. Deserve =úÕï¢˛ = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç. He deserves the award = Ç award BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Åûª-úÕéÀ Å®Ω|ûª ÖçC.) Divakar: You say all this because your favourite hero got it.

(F ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ ´*açC 鬕öÀd É™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤.)

í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆!

why you talk like that.

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

1st Regular Doing Word (give, take, like, etc)

am+pp/is+pp/ are+pp

He

am given/taken/liked etc.,

Padmabhushan-

2nd Regular Doing Word (gives, takes, likes. etc)

is given/taken/liked etc., are given/taken/liked etc.

The verbs (in the conversation above) from verbs No. 1 to 5 are: was+past participle

3) ... people were awarded

(Ç •£æ›-´’-ûËüÓ F éÌ*a-†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o´¤. were given (passive)= É´y-•ú≈f´¤.) Damodar: Yes, I do feel so. Divakar: Just wait and see. My favourite hero will

be

honoured

with

Padmavibhushan next year.

(îª÷Ææ÷h Öçúø’. ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´÷ ÅGµ´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ °æü¿t-N-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ ´Ææ’hçC.) will be honoured (passive) = Ææûª\-Jç-îª-•úø-û√úø’. Damodar: Such honours are given only to the talented.

4) ... hero was (not even) considered.

°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îª-•-úø-™‰ü¿’. (†’´¤y) É´y•-ú≈f´¤. Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. Active ™

past doing word (gave, took, liked, talked, etc)

†’ í∫ûªç™ Å®·-§Ú-®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç – ´·êuçí¬ time ûÁLÊÆh. 1) She took the book yesterday

E†o Ç¢Á’ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-èπ◊çC. 2) He liked the movie (last night)

Ç *vûªç Åûª-úÕéÀ †*açC. 3) They gave us the information (last week)

(v°æA¶µº Ö†o-¢√-JÍé Ç Ææû√\®Ωç ©GµÆæ’hçC. are given (passive) = É´y-•-úø’ûª’çC.) Divakar: True. Your hero will not get it, because he lacks talent.

(Eï¢Ë’. ÅC O’ £‘«®Óèπ◊ ®√ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰

Spoken English

î√™«-´’çC É´y-•-ú≈f®Ω’. 5) ... you were given

(Å´¤†’ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)

English. Spandana : Hi Chandana,

Ç fan É°æ¤púø’ ready ßË’Ø√? Chandana : Ç... E†oØË ÅC repair Å®·uçC. Spandana : ®Ωçí∫’ èπÿú≈ ¢Ë¨»®√? Chandana : Ç... ¢Á·ûªhç E†o ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh®·çC. Spandana : E†oØË Lights ÅFo Å´’-®√a®√? Chandana : ÅC èπÿú≈ °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC E†oØË. workers Åçü¿Ko °æç°œçîËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈

REGULAR ACTION

(F ÅGµ-´÷†- †-ô’-úÕ-E Ç °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√-EéÀ (was+pp) / were+pp. éπ-FÆæç °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd †’´y™« í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† (time ûÁL-Æœ†) actions †’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. passive ™ was + pp / were + pp ™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç. Consider = 'éπEqúø— = °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªôç 1) ... hero was awarded Padmabhushan was not considered (passive) = °æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ É´y-•-ú≈fúø’. °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îª-•-úø-™‰ü¿’.) 2) ... the title was conferred Divakar: You feel as if you were given the G®Ω’ü¿’ v°æü∆†ç îËߪ’-•-úÕç-C/-É-´y-•-úÕçC. award.

Exercise: Practise the following aloud in

Åûªúø’ °æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ É´y•-ú≈fúø’. (á´-J-îËûª – ÉC îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ – Åçü¿’-éπE passive. Government îËûª ÅE îÁ§Òpa. é¬E Åü¿çûª v§ƒ´·êuç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. English ™ èπÿú≈ O™„j-†çûª ´®Ωèπÿ passive ¢√úøèπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç î√™« ´’ç*C. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’ – Spoken English 144 lessons ´®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç áéπ\ú≈ passive voice ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ passive ¢√úË Å´-Ææ®Ωç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿-†o´÷ô. passive voice (English ™ èπÿú≈) ûª°æpEÆæJ Å®·ûË ûª°æp ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öç-úøôç ´’ç*C. Å°æ¤púø’ ´’† English conversation simple í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC.

The title was conferred

Damodar: Your favourite hero was not even considered for the award. That's

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 25 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ: was

Å®·çC. awarded

Padmabhushan.

Answer: Spandana : Hi Chandana, is the fan ready? Chandana : It was repaired yesterday.

M. SURESAN

ÉC èπÿú≈ Simple í¬ -™‰ü¿÷, He was awarded Padmabhushan éπçõ‰? Å™«Íí was + PP/ were + PP ¢√úÕ† N’í∫û√ Sentences †’ èπÿú≈ îª÷ü∆lç. 2) The title was conferred on many others too = Many others got the title too / Many others received the title too/ Many others had the honour/ Distinction.

É™« îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆.

1) He was awarded Padmabhushan

Spandana : Was it painted too? Chandana : Yes. Everything was completed Yesterday. Spandana : Were

the

lights

also

fixed

Yesterday? Chandana : That was completed too. The Workers were sent away too. Even the payments were made. Spandana : Good

3) Were awarded (Passive) = got the award (active)

1. Sachin is to play the cricket.

4) ... Hero was not even considered = They did

2. Sachin has to play cricket.

not even consider him for an award.

3. Sachin was to play cricket.

They

(Ééπ\úø

Åçõ‰ á´®Ó ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’ 鬕öÀd passive ¢√úÌa) 5) ... you were given an award = Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ you got an award, simple éπü∆? passive avoid îÁ-ߪ’-´-a. 6) Will be honoured = will receive the honour

ÅØÌa.

passive avoid

îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊–

7) ... honours are given to the talented (PV) = Only the talented get such honours (Active Expression)

鬕öÀd

past doing word active

Å®·ûË ü∆EéÀ

passive equivalent was + past participle/ were past participle. Past actions at a time Known.

´÷é¬ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ¢√Rx-î√a®Ω’. É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË passive ™ ûÁ©-§ƒ-©çõ‰ was + PP or were + PP ¢√úøû√ç. ´·êuçí¬ Ç °æEE îËÆœçüÁ´®Ó -ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§Ú®·-Ø√, îÁ°æpôç éπ≠d-¢æ Á’iØ√, Åçûª ´·êuç é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Å°æ¤púø’ passive ¢√úøû√ç.

èπÿú≈ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.

Spandana : Very good.

-D-Eo Active Voice ™ É™« simple í¬ îÁ§Òpa. He got

Payment

ACTIVE Past word gave, etc.,)

PASSIVE

Doing Was+PP/ Were+PP (took, Was taken/ Were taken liked Was given/ Were given Was liked/ Were liked etc.

4. Sachin had to play cricket.

°j ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 1,2 – 3,4 ¢√é¬u©’ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπL-T ÖØ√oߪ÷ ûÁLߪ’-îË-ߪ’çúÕ. – N†-ß˝’- π◊-´÷®˝, E®Ωt™¸ 1) Sachin is to play cricket =

Ææ*Ø˛ Çú≈Lq ÖçC, NCµí¬/-ûª-°æp-éπ/-Å-†’-èπ◊†o v°æé¬-®Ωç/îË-Ææ’èπ◊-†o ä°æpç-ü¿ç/-à-®√pôx v°æ鬮Ωç– Ç-úø-û√úø’ èπÿú≈. 2) Sachin has to play cricket = Çú≈L. äéπJ Çïc ´©x/duty/ÅûªE Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´©x-é¬E– Çúøû√úÓ ™‰üÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. 3) Sachin was to play cricket - í∫ûªç™ Çú≈Lq ÖçúÕçC. Çú≈úø’. Dhoni was to score 66 not out. (üµÓE 66 éÌúø-û√úø’ Ç ûª®√yûª – Åçõ‰ éÌö«dúø’ ÅE). Rama was to go to forest - Åúø-NéÀ ¢Á∞«húø’– í∫ûªç™ äéπ ü¿¨¡™, Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* ïJT† °æE. 4) Sachin had to play - Çú≈Lq Öç--úÕçC– Çú≈úÓ ™‰üÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Ram: You are late again. You are expected to be here by 10, and it is now 10.20.

(O’®Ω’ ´’Sx Ç©Ææuçí¬ -´-î√a®Ω’. O’J-éπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈L. É°æ¤púø’ 10.20 Å®·çC.) Sita: Sorry sir. The bus was late. The bus is supposed to pick us up at 9.45. It was 10 minutes late. Some trouble on the way. (Bus late

Å®·çC. 9.45 èπ◊ ´’´’Lo áéÀ\ç-éÓ-¢√-Lq† bus 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. ü∆J™ ü∆E-ÍéüÓ trouble ´*açC.)

Ram: OK, OK. Let's get down to work. Only a few files were cleared yesterday. Many more have to be cleared today. We are required to clear at least 15 files a day.

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 27 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

1. You are expected to be here by 10.

(O’J-éπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-ö«. Ééπ\úø are (ņ’-éÓ-•-úø-û√®Ω’) ÅØËC must èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ éÌçîÁç ûªèπ◊\´ B-v´ûªûÓ, é¬Ææh -Ææ’-Eoûªçí¬ üµ¿yEç-îËô’d ¢√úË expression. English language ™ manners èπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE Çñ«c-°œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ must î√-™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’, Å™« ¢√úÕûË ´’-K E®Ωç-èπ◊-¨¡çí¬, bossy í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E. Must ¢√ú≈-Lq† ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å-Eo-îÓ-ö«x É™« expect, suppose, require ™«çöÀ verbs passive forms ¢√úøû√®Ω’. expected

(ÆæÍ®, ÆæÍ®, °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç. E†o- éÌEo files ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æ‹Jh î˨»ç. -É¢√∞¡ î√-™« files clear îËߪ÷L. ®ÓVèπ◊ éπFÆæç 15 files Å®·Ø√ °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 148

(iii) Trespassers will be prosecuted =

I.

£æ«ü¿’l-O’-J†

¢√®Ω’ Pé~¬-®Ω’|©’ (PéÀ~ç-°æ-•-úø-û√®Ω’) É™«çöÀ E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, E≠œ-ü∆l¥©’ ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ passive voice ¢√úøû√®Ω’. N’í∫û√ sentences (conversation ™) îª÷ü∆lç. 3) Only a few files were cleared (by us) = éÌEo files ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æ‹Jhî˨»ç = We cleared only a few files.

Verb: Give ACTIONS

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

Regular

1st RDW (give)

Actions

2nd RDW (gives) is+PP=is given

Past actions

Past doing

was+pp=was given

time known

word-gave

were+pp=were given

am+PP=am given are+PP=are given

II. Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must 1st RDW form verb - (shall give, should give, will give, would give, can give, could give, may give, might give, must give, etc) passive form shall, should, etc, be past participle passive

– OöÀûÓ

You are expected to be here.. Sita: When

are

we

1) You are expected to be here by 10. (passive) The superiors ( expect you to be here by 10 (Active) = you must be here by 10. (Must avoid

expected to com-

ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’)

plete them, sir?

†’ É™«çöÀîÓôx

(¢√-ô-Eoç-öÀF ´’†ç °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-Lqç-üÁ°æ¤púø’, sir.)

îË≤ƒh®Ω’.)

2) The bus is supposed to pick us up by 9.45 (passive) = We (office staff = suppose the bus to pick us up by 9.45 (active) = The bus must pick us up by 9.45 = must avoid

Æœ•sçC)

Ram: They should have M. SURESAN been sent last week itself. But we have been given some more time because we did not have the necessary information.

(í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç °æç°œ-ç-î√-LqçC. é¬E ´’† ü¿í∫_®Ω information ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´©x, ´’†-èπ◊ -é¬Ææh time Éî√a®Ω’.) Sita: That's ok, sir. I won't take much time. The files will all be on your table a little after lunch break.

´’´’tLo 9.45 éπ-™«x áéÀ\ç--éÓ-¢√L. Ééπ\-úø èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç.

5) We are required to clear files (passive) = The require us superiors to clear files (active) = we must clear files. must avoid

(ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’)

(Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

(Åúø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’)

îË≤ƒh®Ω’).

6) When are we expected to complete them (passive) = When do our superiors expect us to complete them? (active) = When must we complete them? sentence must

(Ñ ™ èπÿú≈ (ÆæÍ® sir, -ØË-ØÁèπ◊\´ time -BÆæ’éÓ†’. Lunch time ¢√úø®Ω’) Å®·† é¬ÊÆq°æ-öÀéÀ Ç files ÅFo O’ table O’ü¿ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’JéÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. Öçö«®·.) (i) Smoking °æ‹Jhí¬ E≠œü¿l¥ç. Smoking is strictly Ram: Go ahead. When you say something, I prohibited (passive)

know it will be done.

(O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ à´’-Ø√o -Å-Ø√o-®Ωçõ‰, ÅC ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª’ç-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.)

(ii) Strict silence should be maintained in the library (passive). (You should maintain strict silence in the library) = Library

™ E¨¡z•lç

Let's continue our study of the passive forms. The sentences with verbs in passive voice in the dialogue are: 1) You are expected to be here by 10. 2) The bus is supposed to pick us up.

§ƒöÀç-î√L. Now practise the following in English use passive forms where necessary

(conversation O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ passive ™‰èπ◊çú≈ 3) Only a few files were cleared yesterday. practise îËߪ’çúÕ.) 4) Many more have to be cleared today. Venkat: Hi Prabhas, †’´y-ô’--¢Áj°æ¤ F ≤ƒ´÷†’x 5) We are required to clear. °ôd-èπÿ-úøü¿’. 6) When are we expected to complete them? Prabhas: ´’È®éπ\úø °ö«dL? 7) They should have been sent. Venkat: Åéπ\úøûª°æp ÉçÈé-éπ\-úøØ√o. Åéπ\úø boss ûª† 8) We have been given. ≤ƒ´÷†’x °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. 9) ... it will be done. Prabhas: †’¢Áyçûª´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈-L-éπ\úø? Let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, 5 and 6: Venkat: ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5 ´®Ωèπÿ. ´’Sx Í®°æ¤ 10éÀ Ééπ\úø are expected, is supposed, are required, Öçú≈L. are expected. Ñ verbs ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ passive ™ official and Prabhas: Í®°æ¤ °æE °æ‹®Ωh-´-í∫-©ü∆? formal Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Official lan- Venkat: Åçûª °æE ͮ°™« Å´¤-ûª’çC? á©’xçúÕ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷? guage ™ passive voice ¢√úøéπç ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ -Ééπ-´·ç-ü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«ç. Prabhas: ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË, ؈’ ready.

Spoken English

4) Many more have to be cleared today (by us) = We have to clear many more files today =

Éçé¬ î√™«

files clear

îËߪ÷L.

7) They should have been sent (by us) = we should have sent them =

´’†ç °æ秃-LqçC

(á°æ¤púÓ) 8) We have been given (by the superiors) = They have given us =

´’†èπ◊

time

Éî√a®Ω’.

9) It will be done (by you) = You will do it =

†’´¤y îË≤ƒh´¤. Éçé¬ passive voice Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ î√™« ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ Ñ éÀçC active verbs èπ◊ - passive equivalents îª÷úøçúÕ. Active †’ç* passive èπ◊, passive †’ç* active èπ◊ ´÷®Ωaôç äéπ exercise (Ŷµ«u-Ææç) í¬ practice îËߪ’-éπçúÕ. Å™« îËÊÆh O’®Ω’ English (spoken form) free í¬, fluent í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰®Ω’. Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Úí¬ O’èπ◊ ™‰E§ÚE doubts èπÿú≈ ´*a ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú--û√®Ω’. ûª°æpE °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x impersonal (´uèπ◊h-©ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E) occasions (Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x) ´÷vûªç ¢√úøçúÕ. Å®·ûË passive forms ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ´÷vûªç Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡Ÿx Passive ¢√úÕûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-©-í¬-L-éπü∆?

©’ éπ-L°œûË

ÅßË’u

èπ◊ ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ °æéπ\† îËJÊÆh ÅC

鬢√-©çõ‰, îËJa Å´¤-ûª’çC.

eg: They will give the book [verb- will givewill + 1st RDW- active]= The book will be given (by them) [verb- will be- be form+given (Past participle)- Passive] verb, can do- can + 1st He can give it RDW passive can + be + pp of give = can be given. should give - active passive- should + be + given (PP of give)

Ééπ\úø éπü∆– 鬕öÀd

à´’-¢√yL– Å™«Íí

DEéÀ

鬕öÀd °j† îÁ°œp† verbs ÅEo-öÀéà passive form, Ç shall, should, etc... ¢√ô-Eo-öÀ °æéπ\Ø√ be °öÀd ü∆E-°æ-éπ\† past participle îËJÊÆh ÅC passive Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆. They may give it - (active) It may be given (by them) - (passive) III. have + pp

end active verbs have past participle been passive

ûÓ

ÅßË’u

èπÿ

ÅEo-öÀéÃ, °úÕûË

èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u

Å´¤-ûª’çC.

They have given the books - verb have given (active)passive have given been have been given.

èπÿ ´’üµ¿u™

DEéÀ °ôd-ô¢Ë’–

èπÿ,

They have given the books (Active) The books have been given (by them) (Passive).

ANSWER Venkat: Hi Prabhas, you are not supposed to keep your things there. Prabhas: Where else should I keep then? Venkat: Anywhere else except there. The boss keeps his things there. Prabhas: How long are you expected to be here? Venkat: Till 5 in the evening. Again at 10 tomorrow morning. Prabhas: Can the work be completed tomorrow? Venkat: How can the whole work be completed tomorrow? It might be completed by the evening of the day after. Prabhas: If help is needed, I am ready.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. ؈’ ®ÓW ôé˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’ (™‰ü∆) ؈’ ®ÓW ÉØ˛-≠æ®˝d îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. 2. Féπçõ‰ ؈’ Å®·ü¿’ Íé@© •®Ω’-¢Á-èπ◊\´. Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. – Æœ.¨Ïyûª, È®j™‰y-éÓ-úø÷®˝

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. I tuck my shirt in. In shirt English

ÅØË ´÷ô

™ ¢√úø®Ω’.

2. I am heavier than you by 5 Kgs/ I weigh 5 Kgs more than you/ I weigh more than you by 5 Kgs.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 29 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ravikanth: Hi Prakash, who is this book meant

-I

Now let's take a look at the verbs in the

for? I found it here.

passive form, used in the conversation

(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç á´J éÓÆæç? Ø√éÀ-éπ\úø éπ-E°œç-*ç-C.)

at the beginning of the lesson. 1) who is this meant for? (verb- is meant- passive)

Prakash: It was left here by someone. I don't remember.

2) It was left here..

(-ü∆-Eo á´®Ó Ééπ\úø ´CL ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-®√-´ô癉ü¿’ ´’J)

3) No name is written..

(verb- was left- was + pp -passive)

(verb- is written- is + pp -passive)

Ravikanth: Who does it belong to?

4) I was asked..

(ÅC á´-JC?)

(verb- was asked- was + pp -passive)

Prakash: No name is written on the book. Only the bill of the book is found in the

5) Was invited... (verb- was invited- was + pp -passive)

book. No name in the bill either.

Last lesson ™ îÁ°œp-†ô’x ã °æE á´-J-´©x ïJ-TçüÓ îÁ°æpôç É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·Ø√, ü∆E-éπçûª v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Passive Voice Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ active always preferable.

Passive voice questions practice

îËü∆lç:

1) Who is it meant for?

(°æ¤Ææhéπç O’ü¿ à Ê°®Ω÷ ®√Æœ™‰ü¿’. °æ¤Ææhéπç é̆o-ô’dí¬ Bill ÖçC. ü∆E™ èπÿú≈ Ê°®Ω’™‰ü¿’.)

(ÉC á´JéÓÆæç ÖüËl-Pç-îª-•-úÕçC? –

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 149

Ravikanth: Ok. Let's no more worry about the book. Were you, by any chance, in

Old usage -

for whom is it meant?)

2) Where are these shirts sold?

Let's remember once again: 1) Passive voice to be used only when absolutely necessary. 2) Question structure to be followed in passive voice too. 3) In most cases where whom was used in the past, we now use 'Who'.

(ÉN áéπ\úø Å´’t-•-úø-û√®·?)

college last evening?

When was the letter posted?

(ÆæÍ®, Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç í∫’Jç* ´C-™‰ü∆lç. E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’-¢Ëy-´’Ø√o college ™ ÖØ√o¢√?) Prakash: I was asked to be there for the selections for the debate team. Someone was invited to select the college

(verb- have been picked - have been + pp -

reserve member.

passive)

(college debate team selections

èπ◊ ††o-éπ\-úøèπ◊ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’. College team †’ select îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ á´-JØÓ °œL-î √®Ω’. ††’o reserve member í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.) Debate = ´éπh %ûªyç. Pick up = choose. áç°œ-éπ-îË-ߪ’ôç.

7) When will the contest be held? (verb- will be held- will be + pp -passive) 8) you should be included (verb- should be included- should be + pp passive)

°j °æöÀd-éπ™ É*a† transformation principles èπ◊ Ñ 8 verbs in passive ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆?Åçõ‰ a) Active ™ RDWs Öçõ‰, passive, am/ is/

Ravikanth: Where will the contest be held?

(§Úöà áéπ\úø?) (Contest = éπçõ„Æˇd = §ÚöÃ)

are + past participle.

Prakash: It is going to be held this month end at Rajamundry.

b) Active

™

PDW

Öçõ‰,

passive, was/ were

+ past participle.

(®√ï-´’ç-vúÕ™ Ñ ØÁ™«-ê®Óx Öçô’çC)

c) shall/ should/ will/ would, etc + 1st RDW

Ravikanth: Wish you should be include in the

active

final team. (final team

3) How was he killed?

6) I have been picked up

team. I have been picked up as a

Å®·ûË, OöÀ™ shall/ should, etc èπ◊ îËJa, past participle îËJaûË passive.

be

™ †’´¤yçú≈-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ)

etc + 1st RDW active lllll

™

á´-JîË îª÷úø-•-ú≈f´¤? á´®Ω’ îª÷¨»®Ω’ -E†’o?)

M. SURESAN

5) What were you told? = 6) When was the letter posted? = post Post Active voice passive tion verb subject Helping verb main verb subject

†’¢Ëyç îÁ°æp-•-ú≈f´¤? (FÍéç -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’?) Öûªh®Ωç á°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’-•-úÕçC? (á°æ¤púø’ î˨»®Ω’?) ™ ™«ØË, ™ èπÿú≈ ques™ ´·çü¿÷, ûª®√yûª ´≤ƒh®·. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ èπ◊, èπÿ ´’üµ¿u™ ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC î√-™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eçî√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.

Å®·ûË,

principles of changing verbs

-Ñ -Ø√-©’í∫’ -î√-™« easy.

patterns

í∫’®Ω’hç-èπ◊ç-õ‰

ANSWER

(am given, is given, are given etc)

2. Past Doing Word

2. Was+pp/ Were+pp

(gave, took etc)

(was given / were given) can/

could/ may/ might/ must etc + 1st

3.

É™«çöÀ verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ shall/ should/ will/ would... °æéπ\† be °öÀd, ü∆EéÀ Past Participle îË®Ωaôç.

RDW

shall be taken (shall + be + past participle) / will

(shall take, will take, would take etc)

be taken, etc.

Shall have/ should have/ will have/ would have/ can have, etc + past

É™«çöÀ

verbs

will have, etc

participle (would have taken, could

ple

have taken etc)

been taken, etc)

Spoken English

îË®Ω’≤ƒhç.

Lavanya:

(would have been taken, could have

1. am + pp / is + pp / are + pp.

gives, takes, etc)

Now practise the following in English use passive forms only where necessary:

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ shall have/ should have/ °æéπ\† been °öÀd, ü∆EéÀ past partici-

PASSIVE

1. 1st RDW/ 2nd RDW (give, take, etc/

2) Four were killed and ten injured in the accident yesterday. 3) Dowry has been abolished. 4) Four new rail lines were laid last year. 5) Candidates will soon be informed of the date of interview.

-áçÂÆ-ö¸ -ví¬ç-ú˛-õ„Æˇd

passive

°æ†çû√ °æ‹®Ωh-®·çü∆? Bhramara: Éçé¬ ™‰ü¿’. Éçé¬ éÌçûª N’TL ÖçC. Lavanya: ÅC èπÿú≈ á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’çC? Bhramara: Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ °æ‹-Jh鬴a. Lavanya: Invitations ÅFo post Å-ߪ÷uߪ÷? Bhramara: Yes î√-™« ´’ô’èπ◊. Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ addresses ®√ߪ÷-Lq-†N éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀE O’È®-°æ¤púø’ °æ‹JhîËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’? Lavanya: éÌEo addresses Éçé¬ ®√¢√L. ÅN ®√í¬ØË ®√ÊÆ-≤ƒh†’. Bhramara: ÅN O’®Ω’ °æ‹JhîËÊÆh ÅFo éπL°œ post îËߪ’-´îª’a.

ACTIVE

ANSWERS 1) He has been elected the new president.

-™

shall be/

passive.

îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Ææ÷n©çí¬ ´’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. -Ñ °æ-öÀdéπ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ.

éÀçC¢√öÀéÀ passive forms ®√ߪ’çúÕ: 1) Åûª-úø’ †÷ûª† Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ áEo-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’. 2) E†oöÀ accident ™ -†-©’í∫’®Ω’ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. °æ-C ´’çC í¬ßª’-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. 3) ´®Ω-éπôoç EÊ≠-Cµç-î √®Ω’. 4) í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç -Ø√-©’í∫’ éÌûªh È®j™‰y -™„j†’x ¢Ë¨»®Ω’. 5) Date of Interview ûªy®Ω-™ ØË Å¶µºu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’ôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

-ØË-öÀ

should be/ can be, etc + past participle -

from active to passive

3. shall/ should/ will/ would/

4) Who were you seen by? (By Whom were you seen - old use =

d) shall be/ should be/ will be/ would be,

Prakash: Thank you.

Last lesson

EXERCISE

(ᙫ îªç°æ-•-ú≈fúø’?= ᙫ îªç§ƒ-®Ω-ûªEo?)

Lavanya: Has the work been completed?

Bhramara: Not yet. some more work is left. Lavanya: When will it be completed too? Bhramara: It may be completed by tomorrow afternoon. Lavanya: Have all the invitations been posted? Bhramara: Yes, most of them. But then there are invitations for which the addresses have to be written by you/ you have to write the addresses. When can you complete it? Lavanya: Some addresses are yet to be received, once they are received, I will write the addresses. Bhramara: If you complete them, all of them may be posted together/ we may post all of them together.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-I-I

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Pranav: Hi Prabhat, you look quite smart in your clothes today. Are they new?

(v°æ¶µ«û˝, -Ñ •ôd™x -F-´¤ î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ ÖØ√o´¤. ÅN éÌûªh¢√?)

Prabhat: They are, of course. But I'm afraid I don't look smarter than you, in spite of my new clothes. Any way, I thank you for the compliment.

(ÅN éÌûªh¢Ë. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Féπçõ‰ ØËØËç smarter Åçü¿çí¬/ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ éπE-°œçîªúøç ™‰ü¿’™‰. àüÁj-ûËØËç, F´¤ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ thanks.)

Pranav: Mine are sincere compliments, prabhat. They aren't mere flattery.

(؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË ´’†-Ææ÷p¥-Jh-í¬ØË E†’o ¢Á’aèπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Å-¢Ëç ¢Á’®Ω-¢Á’a ´÷ô©’/ §Òí∫úøh é¬ü¿’)

Prabhat: I have no doubt about that. But really I don't like these clothes very much. Dad bought me them from Hyderabad. I wear them because I don't want to offend him.

(-Ç N≠æߪ’ç-™ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. Eïçí¬ Ñ •ôd©’ Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ´÷ Ø√†o OöÀE £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü¿’ †’ç* ûÁî√a®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊. -Çߪ’† ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√-Í®-¢Á÷-†E ¢ËÆæ’éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 150

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 1 -¢Ë’ 2006

äé𠶵«≠æ™ ÖçúË ´÷ô-©-Eo-öÀF Ç ¶µ«≠æ vocabuÅçö«ç. É°æ¤púø’ °j sentences ™E îËÆœ† ´÷ô-©Fo ´’† appearance (éπE-°œçîË B®Ω’) èπÿ, ´’† •ôd-©èπÿ (´·êuçí¬ ´’í∫¢√∞¡x •ôd-©èπ◊) Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†´E ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆? Ñ ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ ´’† daily life situation ™ spoken english ™ ¢√úË ´÷ô™‰ 鬕öÀd practice îËߪ’çúÕ. lary Underline

1) You look quite smart in your clothes. Look

Åçõ‰ ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ – éπE-°œç-îªôç/ Åí∫’-°œçîªôç. smart = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬, Åçü¿çí¬ Öçúøôç/ éπE-°œç-îªôç. ´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ suit Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart. tip top í¬ Öçúøôç ÅØ√o smart.

b) Sulochana: Are you coming for the picnic? Picnic Sunayana: I'am afraid I can't because dad isn't well

(†’¢Ìy-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√

èπ◊?)

a) The army officer is really smart in his uniform. Army officer, Uniform

(Ø√†oèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í∫’-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ؈’ ®√™‰-†E, ¶«üµ¿í¬ îÁ°æpôç) I'm afraid/ we're afraid ™«çöÀ expressions b) The students were all smartly dressed for the O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω ¢√úøçúÕ. college anniversary = College ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç 3) In spite of: Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ. (though/ although/ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ü¿’Ææ’h™x even though/ but/ yet ûÓ Ææ´÷†ç. Å®·ûË ¢√úø’ÖØ√o®Ω’. éπ™ OöÀ-éÌ-éπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπ-öÀéÀ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE Dress and clothes: Dress ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËC Çúø-¢√∞Ïx. ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ÷L. ´’í∫-¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËN clothes. Åçõ‰ ´’í∫-¢√∞¡x •ôd- a) In spite of her greatness, she is not conceit©†’ dress/ dresses ņç. Å®·ûË He is ed (Ç¢Á’èπ◊ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÀ, Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç always dressed in good clothes ™«çöÀ sen™‰ü¿’. Conceit= í∫®Ωyç) tences ™ dress Åçõ‰ •ôd©’ ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ = Though/ Although/ Even though she is •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. -Å-C great, she is not conceited (Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp-ü¿-®·Ø√, ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’) ´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ î√™« Neat í¬ Å´’-J-éπí¬ = She is great, but/ yet she is not conceited Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart. = Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æpC, é¬E Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’/ í∫Jy-é¬ü¿’) c) She smarted up for the interview b) Inspite of his fever, he is able to walk= ïy®Ωç Ö†oInterview èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ îªéπ\í¬ ´·≤ƒh-•®·çC. °æp-öÀéà (ïy®ΩçûÓ èπÿú≈) Å-ûª-úø’ †úø-´-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Ç Ç Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.

™ î√™«

I don't want to offend him

7) Offend= a) I don't want to offend him=

(´’†Ææ’q, ¶µ«¢√©’) ØÌ°œpç-îªôç.

Çߪ’†’o ØÌ°œpç-îªôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’.

b) The book has been banned because it offends the sentiments of the minority community =

¢Á’iØ√-JöÀ ´®√_© ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ØÌ°œpç-îËCí¬ ÖçC 鬕öÀd Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo EÊ≠-Cµç-î√®Ω’.

c) You offend me if you talk badly about my favourite hero=

Ø√ ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’úÕo í∫’Jç* îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË ††’o ØÌ°œp-ç-*-†-õ‰x. 8) tire= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, Å©-Ææô éπL-Tç-îªôç/ Å©-Æ œ§Ú-´ôç. Å®·ûË, bore éÌôdôç/ NÆœ-Tç-îªôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÉC É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC. a) The movie is tiring= Ç ÆœE´÷ NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-*çC. b) I don't want to go to him. He tires me by talking of his greatness =

¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúÕ NÆœ-T-≤ƒhúø’.

Now practise the following in English Nimisha: Hi Lipta,

Lipta:

àçöÀ éÌûªh-•-ôd™«? áçûª Çéπ-®Ω{ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√o¢Ó! áéπ\-úø-éÌ-Ø√o´¤? áçûª? F¢Á’-°æ¤pèπ◊ thanks. Eïçí¬ ¶«´¤çü∆ -Ñ combination?

Nimisha:

´’†-Ææ÷p¥Jhí¬ îÁ°æ¤p-Ø√oØË. †´’t¢√? àüÓ §Òí∫-úøh-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†’™‰. Nimisha: Å®·ûË áéπ\úø, áçûª-éÌ\-Ø√o¢Ó îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Lipta: é̆-™‰üË. ÅüÁ-™«íÓ ´*açC Ø√èπ◊. Åü¿çû√ îÁ°œp E†’o NÆœ-Tç-îªôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. Nimisha: Åçõ‰ ؈ ’ èπÿú≈ é̆’-èπ◊\ç-ö«-†E ÅÆæ÷ߪ÷? Lipta: áçü¿’Íé Ç ´÷ô©’? †ØÁoç-ûª- ØÌ-°œp-Ææ’hØ√o¢Ó Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Ø√éπ-üËüÓ gift í¬ ´*açC ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈. Nimisha: ÅüË îÁ§Òp--aí¬. Åçü¿’™ NÆœ-Tç-îËüË-´·çC? Lipta:

Pranav: I don't see why you think they aren't good. They really suit you well.

(ÅN ¶«í¬™‰-´E †’´¤y áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç鬴ô癉ü¿’. ÅN Fèπ◊ î√™« ¶«í¬ †§ƒp®·.)

Prabhat: Do they, really? Then I am happy.

(Eïç-í¬Ø√. Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’)

Pranav: You are always well dressed. I don't have the patience to choose what clothes I wear.

(F¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ •ôd©’ ¶«í¬ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. •ôd© áç°œ-éπ-éπçûª ã°œéπ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊)

Prabhat: Still you look stylish. There is some charm about you that makes your appearance attractive. stylish

(Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y é¬Ææh í¬ØË éπE-°œ≤ƒh´¤. F™ àüÓ Çéπ-®Ω{ù ÖçC. ÅC E†’o Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ îËÆæ’hçC)

Pranav: Enough. You are tiring. Let's talk of something else.

(Ééπ î√©’. NÆœ-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ÉçÍé N≠æ-ߪ’¢Á’iØ√ ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç)

v v v v v Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) you look quite smart in your clothes 2) .... I'm afraid I don't look smarter than you, in spite of my new clothes 3) Anyway I thank you for the compliment. 4) Mine are sincere compliments. They aren't mere flattery 5) ... because I don't want to offend him. 6) I don't see why you think... 7) ... you are always well dressed 8) still you look stylish 9) Enough. You are tiring. In the lesson, lets learn a few items of vocabulary. Vocabulary simple

Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. í¬ ü∆†®Ωnç ´÷ô©’ °æü∆©’ ÅE éπü∆?

Spoken English

Though/ Although/ Even though he has a fever, he is able to walk. = He has a fever, but/ yet he is able to walk. 4) Compliment =

Smart èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† Éûª®Ω °æü∆©’; Stylish, trendy. Å®·ûË Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷ô™x éÌClí¬ fashion v°æ¶µ«´ç áèπ◊\´. •ôd©’ neat í¬, Å´’-J-éπí¬ Öçúø-ôç-ûÓ§ƒô’, é¬Ææh fashionable í¬ Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úøN,

=

M. SURESAN

stylish, trendy. Smart a) The boy is smart. You can't cheat him= (Clever).

Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç ûÁL-¢Áj†, ®Ω’-Èéj†.

Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√úø’ ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰´¤.

†’´¤y ¢√úÕo

b) It was smart of her to give such an answer

Ç Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç Ç¢Á’ ûÁL-N-í¬ØË É*açC. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x smart Åçõ‰ î√™« ûÁL-Ní¬ ûªy®Ωí¬ Ç™-*ç-îª-í∫© ¨¡éÀh Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

c) Don't try to be smart with me=

Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω F ûÁLN îª÷°æèπ◊.

A smart restaurant = a fashionable restaurant= Food prices are high at this smart restaurant. fashionable 2) I'm afraid= I am afraid. Afraid

(Ñ

£æ«Ùô™x A†’-•ç-ú≈-®√© üµ¿®Ω áèπ◊\´). èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ¶µºßª’-°æ-úøôç/ ¶µºßª’çûÓ Öçúøôç. é¬F Ñ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ I'm afraid Åçõ‰ ؈’ *çA-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. I'm afraid I am not smarter than you= smart

FéπØ√o ؈’ í¬ ™‰ØË-¢Á÷-†E *çA-Ææ’hØ√o. Åçõ‰ ´’†-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç é¬Ææh ¶«üµ¿ûÓ îÁ°æpö«-EéÀ I'm afraid ÅE ¢√úøû√ç/ I'm afraid ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.

a) Nishant: Has Prashanth passed? pass Susanth: I'm afraid, no. Pass

(v°æ¨»çû˝

Åߪ÷uú≈?)

(v°æ¨»çû˝ Å´-™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿í¬/ Å®·-≠dçæ í¬ îÁ°æpôç)

¢Á’°æ¤p-´÷ô, ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿†/ ¢Á’aéÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç. á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ´’†ç ¢Á’aéÌØË ´÷ô-©’-í¬F, á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ´’†ç ûÁLÊ° ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’-í¬F compliments. á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç, to com-

pliment. a) My compliments to you on your high marks in the exam= marks

°æK-éπ~™ F´¤ ûÁa-èπ◊†o íÌ°æp ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. compliment ûª®√yûª on ´Ææ’hçC.

èπ◊ Ø√

b) He sent his compliments to the actor on his action in the movie=

Ç †ô’úÕ íÌ°æp †ô-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ûª† ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’ °æ秃úø’.

c) Everyone complimented Dhoni on his wonderful play = d) He complimented her on her taste in the choice of her dress = Dress

üµÓE Çô†’ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. áç°œ-éπ™ Ç¢Á’

ÅGµ-®Ω’-*E Åûª-úø’ éÌE-ߪ÷-ú≈úø’. èπ◊ é¬Ææh Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o ´’®Ó-´÷ô ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ¢Á’Ê°p, é¬E flattery Åçõ‰ Éûª-®Ω’-©îË °æE-îË-®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÓ, ¢√∞¡x-´©x àüÁjØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÓ îËÊÆ §Òí∫úøh. §Òí∫-úøh©’ flattery.

Lipta:

ANSWER Nimisha: Hi Lipta, new dress? How smart you look in the dress! Where did you buy it and how much is it? Lipta:

Lipta:

v°æ°æç-îªç™ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x §Òí∫-úøhèπ◊ ™ÔçÍí-¢√∞Ïx. 6) sincere= ´’†-Ææ÷p¥JhßÁi’†, *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫©.

a) I am sincere in my wish to help you =

Fèπ◊ ؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË (´’†-Ææ÷p¥-JhûÓ) Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç--ô’-Ø√o.

b) No politician is sincere about servicing people. = politicians c) She is sincere student=

èπ◊ -v°ææñ«-ÊÆ-´™ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-™‰ü¿’. -Ç-¢Á’ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫© Nü∆uJn-E

I thought you were flattering me/ I thought it was flattery/ I took it for flattery.

Nimisha: But you haven't told me where and how much you bought it for. Lipta:

´’çvA Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç, Çߪ’Eo §Òí∫-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’.

b) Everyone in the world falls for flattery =

Thank you for your compliment. Is the combination really good?

Nimisha: I am sincere in my compliments. Don't you believe me?

5) Compliment flattery. Flattery

a) He flatters the minister to get his help.

O.K.

I didn't buy it. I got it some how. I don't want to tire you by telling you of it.

Nimisha: (Are) you jealous that I too will buy it? Lipta:

Why such words? You don't know how much you offend me. I got it as a gift unexpectedly.

Nimisha: You could have told me so. What is there in to tire me? Lipta:

That's OK.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Devanath: I bought this shirt for Rs 350/-. A good bargain, isn't it?

(Ñ shirt ؈’ 350 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o. ´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?) Raghunath: I'm afraid that it is too much for it. I have a similar shirt. It cost me just around Rs 250/-

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 3 -¢Ë’ 2006

Ñ Sentences ™E passive verb forms É°æp-öÀ´®Ωèπ◊ îª÷Æœ† verb forms (passive) èπ◊ Åü¿†ç. 1) ... I have been cheated =

¢Á÷ÆæTç-°æ-•-ú≈f†’ = ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ´Ææ÷©’ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f´¤ = F ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ´Ææ÷©’ î˨»®Ω’.

2) Were charged = 3) is called =

(†’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ °ö«d-´-†’-èπ◊çö«. Ø√éÀ-™«çöÀ shirt ÖçC. ü∆Eo ؈’ 250 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o.) Devanath: You mean I have been cheated?

°œ©-´-•-úø’-ûª’çC/ °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’. 4) Wouldn't have been cheated =

¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úË-

¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’ = ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’

؈’ ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úË-¢√-úÕo-é¬ü¿’. Ñ verb, ÉüË list ™ °j† verb No 1 äÍé class éπü∆-– have/ has/ had/ would have, etc + PP - Passive, DEéÀ active ᙫ Öçô’çC? ´’üµ¿u™ been BÊÆ-ߪ’çúÕ.

5) ... had been asked =

(Åçõ‰ ؈’ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷-†Ø√?) Cheat = ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’ôç/ ¢Á÷Ææ-í¬úø’ Cheater ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’

Åúø-í∫-•úÕ Öçõ‰/ ††o-úÕT Öçõ‰. 6) a) can be returned/ exchanged =

Raghunath: If its price is Rs 350/-, you were charged Rs 100 more. Where did you buy it?

(†’´y-†oô’x ÅC 350 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„jûË, 100 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ áèπ◊\´ °ö«d´¤. áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤?) Devanath: At the Fitwell readymade shop. Raghunath: It is often called the cheatwell shop. Didn't you know that?

(ü∆Eo cheatwell Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆?)

shop

Åçö«®Ωçü¿®Ω÷.

AJT É´y-•-úø-í∫©/ ´÷®Ωa-•-úø-í∫© = AJT ÉîËaߪ’/ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫© b) has been used =

Devanath: How can it be, after it has been used?

(ᙫ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç, ¢√úË-¨»†’ éπü∆?) Raghunath: Then stop worrying about it. Be careful in future.

(Å®·ûË Éçéπ-ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. Future ™ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúø’) Devanath: The shop fellow should be taught a lesson.

(Ç

shop

¢√úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ •’Cl¥ îÁ§ƒpL.)

Raghunath: In that attempt, don't be cheated once more.

(Ç v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ ´’Sx ¢Á÷Ææ-§Úèπ◊) Devanath: No; I will take you this time. You act smart in these matters.

(Ñ≤ƒJ E†’o BÆæ’-Èé∞«h. †’Oy N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úÕN) Raghunath: It will be taken care of, don't worry.

(؈’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊) Observe the use of passive forms in the conversation above: 1) You mean I have been cheated?

¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úøèπ◊/ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Úèπ◊ 9) will be taken care of =

6) Verb b)

鬢√-©çõ‰ ÖçC. ÉC BÊÆ-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 151

(°j ņ’-¢√-ü¿ç™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀC passive translation ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ü∆E °æéπ\† Ö†oC normal (´÷´‚©’) ûÁ©’-í∫’™) All the verbs above, you notice, are in the be form + past participle (pp), so they are all in the passive voice.

í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ îÁ°œp† Ñ points:

passive voice

ticiple, form

™ Ö†o

7) Verbs no 6 (a) can be returned, No. 7 should be taught, No. 9 will be taken.

Practise the following in English. Express the passive equivalents of the following: a)

Xé¬∞¡-£æ«-ÆœhE ü¿éÀ~ù é¬Qí¬ °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’. b) D§ƒ-´R ®ÓV† buildings †’ D§ƒ-©ûÓ Å©ç-éπJ-≤ƒh®Ω’. c) ´’†ç *†o °œ©x-©†’ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-ôdí∫©ç. (passive ™ îÁ§ƒpL). d) Ñ road Ææí∫¢Ë’ repair î˨»-Jç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊.

e)

Verb No. 6 (a) can be returned/ exchanged

؈’ select Å®· ÖçúË-¢√úÕo 鬆’, time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ Ø√ application ¢√∞¡}èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰. f) Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç X Class èπ◊ text book í¬ prescribe 鬴a. g) ÉC ¢ÁçôØË îËߪ÷L. h) Åûªúø’ select 鬢√LqçC i) Ñ road á°æ¤púÓ ¢Ëߪ÷-LqçC. j) ÉC î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ îËߪ’-´îª’a.

(by me)/ Passive - I can return/ exchange it

ANSWERS

ÉN ´‚úø’

shall/ should/ can/ could/ may/ might/ must etc + 1st RDW passive form

èπÿú≈

M. SURESAN

èπ◊

éπü∆.

have/ has/ had/ shall have/ etc + past paractive voice verbs

èπ◊

Passive form: have/ has/ had/ shall have,

(Active)

etc

Verb No. 7: Should be taught (by us) -

èπ◊, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´îËa ´’üµ¿u™ been °ôd-úø¢Ë’.

past participle

DEéÀ activeÅ´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? =

a) Srikalahasti is called Dakshina Kasi/ The

ÉC

passive - We should teach him (the shop fel-

1) (Do) you mean I have been cheated. passive.

èπ◊ ÉC

have/ has cheated

low)- Active.

(Do) you mean that the shop fellow has

˜

cheated me?

Kasi of the south. b) Buildings are decorated with lamps on the day of Deepavali/ on the Deepavali

Verb No.9: Will be taken care of (by me) Passive - I will take care of it (Active) ˜

˜

day/ on the occasion of Deepavali. c) Children can be made happy easily d) Only half of the road has been repaired.

In the case of the verbs above, we have

e) I would not have been selected, if my

(Do) you mean the shop fellows have cheat-

seen the active equivalents of passive

application had not reached in time. (This

ed me?

forms.

is imaginary past, isn't it?)

ÅüË shop people (≥ƒ°æ¤-¢√∞¡Ÿx) ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø pas-

3) It is often called the cheatwell shop =

ü∆Eo

7) The shop fellow should be taught a lesson

ÉC èπÿú≈ ™ ™

by whom (á´J îËûª) ÅØËC Ééπ\úø ûÁL-ߪ’-ô癉ü¿’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†Íéç ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC– FîËûª = by you ÅE. 鬕öÀd Active- You ûÓ begin Å®·u, If you had asked me Å´¤-ûª’çC. É™«Íí passive ™ by whom/ by what (á´J îËûª/ üËE îËûª) ÅØËC ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√L. Passive ÆæJí¬ ¢√úÕ-†-îÓôx, by so and so, °∂晫-Ø√¢√∞¡x îËûª ÅØËC omit îËÆæ’hçö«ç. ÉC í∫´’-Eç* practice îËÊÆh, passive ™ èπÿú≈ ´’† conversation effective í¬ Öçô’çC.

... I have been cheated?

6) How can it be (returned/ exchanged) after it has been used.

îª÷úøçúÕ:

™«í¬ØË,

The shop fellow charged you Rs 100/- more.

5) ... if I had been asked.

Spoken English

has been used. verb No. 1, verb No. 4 Passive active has been used been It has been used (by me)= I have used it (active)

DEéÀ active- past doing word éπü∆? -Å°æ¤p-úø’ sentence, active ™ à´’-´¤-ûª’çC?

4) I wouldn't have been cheated.

9) It will be taken care of

(by you) = (Passive) = If you had asked me (Active)

ñ«--ví∫-ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-•-úø’-ûª’çC/ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«.

sive, were + pp.

3) It is often called the cheatwell shop.

8) ... don't be cheated once more

ÉC èπÿú≈ verb No 4, verb No 1 ™«Íí ÖçC, passive ™. DEéÀ active- had been asked ™, ´’üµ¿u been BÊÆ-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’. If I had been asked

2) you were charged Rs 100/- more:

2) You were charged Rs 100/- more

5) If I had been asked -

§ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®Ωp-•-ú≈L = §ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®√pL. 8) don't be cheated =

(†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË îÁ°æ¤pç-ú≈-LqçC. ¢Á÷Ææ§Ú-ßË’-¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’.)

(††o-úÕ-í∫’çõ‰, †’¢√y shop èπ◊ ¢Á∞«h´E ûÁLÊÆh ؈’ îÁÊ°p-¢√-úÕØË. ü∆Eo°æ¤púø’ AJ-T -É´y-ö«-E-éÀ-í¬F ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬F ™‰ü∆?)

I wouldn't have been cheated = He/ they (the shop fellow/ the shop fellows) would not have cheated me.

Ñ form of the verb Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† Imaginary past form éπü∆.

¢√úø-•-úÕçC/ ¢√ú≈ç. 7) should be taught a lesson =

Devanath: You should have told me of it earlier. Then I wouldn't have been cheated.

Raghunath: I would have, if I had been asked, and if I had known that you were going to that shop. Can't it be returned or exchanged now?

4) I wouldn't have been cheated =

cheatwell shop

Åçö«®Ω’ (v°æï©’). Ééπ\úø Passive- is called, 鬕öÀd DEéÀ Active, I RDW/ II RDW éπü∆? (Past lessons ™E tables îª÷úøçúÕ) É°æ¤púø’ DEéÀ active - people call it the cheatwell shop.

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Passive sentences ™, °j† ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† sentences ™ 'äéπ °æE á´-J-îËûª îËߪ’-•-úÕçC?— ÅØËC ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? eg: I have been cheated (¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’) á´-J-îËûª ÅØËC clear í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’. Å™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ´’†ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√L. Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, Shop fellow ÅE Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´îª’a. Å°æ¤púø’, Passive †’ç* active èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ shop fellow ûÓ sentence begin îË≤ƒhç. Å™« î˨»ç éπü∆ Ééπ\úø? Å™«Íí If I had been asked - passive ™ ÖçC.

f) The book may be prescribed as a text book for X class. g) This should be/ must be/ has to be done at once. h) He should have been selected (Imaginary past) i) This road should have been laid long ago (Imaginary past) j) This can be done easily.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Spandana: Oh, Chandana, what a relief? I'm off. I'll be seeing you only after 10 days. (Chandana,

áçûª relief í¬ ÖçüÓ! ؈’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. ´’Sx 10 ®ÓV© ûª®√yûª E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«.) relief= N´·éÀh / ØÁAh-O’-ü¿-†’ç* °ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ Cç*-†-ô’xç-úøôç Chandana: What are you so excited about? (Are you) on a holiday or what?

(üËE í∫’Jç* Åçûª Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ÖØ√o´¤? ÂÆ©´¤-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢√ à´’Ø√o?) On a holiday= ÂÆ©´¤-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç Spandana: Happy that I am (on a holiday). I am going home, sweet home. All these days I have been dying to be back home, and I've the chance now. I've packed up and am leaving.

(ÂÆ©-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-†E ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡ŸhØ√o. ÉçöÀ-Èé-°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«h´÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰, É°æ¤p-úÌ-*açü∆ Å´-鬨¡ç. ≤ƒ´÷-†xEo Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’.)

Look at the following words and expressions from the dialogue between Spandana and Chandana. 1) What a relief! I'm off; 2) excited; 3) on a holiday; 4) I've been dying to be back home; 5) I've packed up; 6) I am eager; 7) envy; 8) anxious; 9) can't wait; 10) how impatient you are!; 11) laze about; 12) the nine month grind; 13) get even with you. Learn and practise these expressions when you speak. Your English will be very effective. 1) relief:

DE Å®Ωnç ´’†™ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’– (¶«üµ¿ †’ç* Å®·ûË) Ö°æ-¨¡-´’†ç. (¶«üµ¿u-ûª©’, •®Ω’´¤© †’ç* Å®·ûË) Núø’-ü¿©, Åçü¿’-´©x ´îËa £æ…®·. What a relief!. Å•s, áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ! äéπ éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·ûË, äé𠶫üµ¿uûª †’ç* N´·éÀh §ÒçCûË, ´’†-éπ-E-°œçîË £æ…®·, relief. (Also,

He is dying to become a minister=

´’çvA 鬢√©E ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ He is very eager to become a minister= He is anxious to become a minister= He can't wait to become a minister= He is impatient to become a minister.

É´Fo äÍé Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒh®·. Çߪ’† ´’çvûª-´-ö«-EéÀ áçûÓ Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖØ√oúøE/ ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøE. Ñ ´÷ô-© π◊ Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®√n©’ îª÷ü∆lç. relief from headache, fever, etc.) i) Dying - Éü¿ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ – î√´-¶-ûª’†o ü¿¨¡™  I'm off= I am off= I am going= ؈’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o†’– ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†o-°æ¤púø÷, ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË-´÷ô– Öçúøôç. Dying to do something= ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø-ôç. èπ◊x°æhçí¬ áèπ◊\´ Å®√nEo îÁ°æ¤hçC. He's off. If you want to tell him anything, hurry up=

¢√úø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. àü¿Ø√o îÁ§ƒp-©-†’èπ◊çõ‰ ¢ÁçôØË îÁ°æ¤p.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 152

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 6 -¢Ë’ 2006

2) excited= you are excited when some thing good happens to you/ when you are very happy about something.

The child is dying to see its mother=

ûªLxE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Gúøf ûª£æ«-ûª£æ«™«úø’-ûÓçC. ii) eager= Çûª%-ûªí¬ Öçúøôç= anxious. a) The hero is eager to see/ anxious to see his son also as an actor= hero actor

èπÿú≈

Ç èπ◊ ûª† éÌúø’-èπ◊†’ í¬ îª÷ú≈-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC.

5) I've packed up=

≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç– v°æߪ÷-ù«EéÀ, É©’x ´÷®Ω-ö«-EéÀ, etc. a) Pack up and get out= ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-éÌE ¢ÁRx§Ú. b) He was packed up and is about to leave=

≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊E ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. c) Time for us to pack up=

´‚ö«--´·™„x Ææ®Ω’l-éÌØË time ´*açC. 7) envy= áEy– 'á— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ñ®Ω{u, äéπ-J-èπ◊†o ´Ææ’h´¤ ´’†èπ◊ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ´îËa ¶«üµ¿– °æéπ\-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ 鬮Ω’çC, ´’†èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’– Å°æ¤púø’ We envy them. (¢√∞¡xçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ Ñ®Ω{u). a) She envies her sister because she has more jewellery= sister

Ç¢Á’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçC.

b) I envy your health=

Fèπ◊ Ç®Óí∫uç ÖçC, Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’– Åçü¿’-´©x Ñ®Ω{u. 11) Laze (about)=

à °æF îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈

What a relief! I'm off Chandana: I am eager to go home too, but I can't get leave until next month. How I envy you!

(Ø√èπÿ ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«x-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçüË, é¬E ´îËa ØÁ©-ü∆é¬ ÂÆ©´¤ üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’. E†’o-îª÷ÊÆh áçûª Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçüÓ!) Spandana: I called mom and told her. She is anxious to see me back. So is dad. Still two hours for the train and I feel it's too long. I can't wait any longer.

(Å´’tèπ◊ phone îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ††’o îª÷ú≈-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC. Ø√†oèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Train ®√´-ö«-EéÀ Éçé¬ È®çúø’ í∫çô-©’çC. áçûª-ÊƧÚ!) Chandana: I see how impatient you are! So would anyone be when they have a chance. How are you going to spend the days?

´’ç* ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ éπLÍí ÆæçûÓ≠æç, Öû√q£æ«ç. a) They were excited when their favourite hero talked to them=

¢√∞¡x ÅGµ-´÷† hero ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ M. SURESAN ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. b) He felt excited when he got the prize=

¢√úÕéÀ prize ´*a-†°æ¤p-úø’ î√™« Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. c) The movie is exciting/ It's an exciting movie= movie.

î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀhE ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπL-TçîË

d) Nothing exciting about the movie. It's dull=

Ç movie ™ Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’iç-üË-D-™‰ü¿’. î√™« ÅØ√Ææ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. (Dull= unexciting) e) Exciting news= ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω N≠æߪ’ç.

b) The patient is eager/ anxious to see the doctor=

®ÓT doctor †’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Çûª%ûª °æúø’-ûÓçC. Å®·ûË eager èπ◊ ™‰E Å®Ωnç, anxious èπ◊ Ö†o ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç– ´÷†-Æœ-éπçí¬ ÇçüÓ-∞¡†-îÁç-ü¿-ôç.

(àO’ îËߪ’†’. îËߪ÷-©E ņ’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Ñ ûÌN’tC ØÁ©© °æE Ø√ v§ƒù«Lo ûÓúËÆœçC, Nv¨»çA ÅØËC ™‰èπ◊çú≈. NÆœ-T-§Úߪ÷†’. A†ôç, Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, TV îª÷úøôç, ÆœE-´÷-©-Èé-∞¡xôç– ÉD ؈’ îËߪ’-¶-ßË’C.) Chandana: Next month I am likely to get my break. I'll get even with you then. Bye then. See you.

(´îËa ØÁ© Ø√èπÿ ´Ææ’hçC break. Å°æ¤púø’ FûÓ Ææ´÷-†-´’-´¤û√. ¢ÁRx®√ Å®·ûË)

Spoken English

b) I haven't been on a holiday for the past one year=

àú≈-Cí¬ Nv¨»çA/ N®√´’ç á®Ω-í∫†’. Expression No 4: I've been dying, No. 6: I am eager, No.8: Anxious, No. 9: Can't wait, and No. 10: How impatient you are.

Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰ – Çûª%ûª °æúøôç, Çûª%-ûªûÓ áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷úøôç, ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úøôç, ûªy®Ω-°æ-úøôç. Dying= Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs ¥ç™ Dying èπÿ, ü∆E ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ´’®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø dying Åçõ‰ ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úøôç.

lazy

(≤Ú´’-J)í¬ Öçúøôç.

a) I like to laze about on the weekend=

¢√®√çûªç °æE-îË-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ í∫úø-°æôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . b) He wastes money and time. He Lazes about: Time,

úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’. ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ Öçö«úø’.

c) Don't laze about. Do some work =

≤Ú´’-Jí¬ Öçúøèπ◊, àüÓ °æE-îÁß˝’. 12) The nine month grind: grind

Åçõ‰– °œçúÕ-îË-ߪ’ôç ÅØËC ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç.

c) The mother is anxious about the child's condition

a) We grind wheat into fine powder (flour) for making chapathis =

Ç ûªLx ûª† Gúøf °æJ-ÆœnA (Ç®Óí∫uç) í∫’Jç* ÇçüÓ-∞¡†-îÁç-ü¿’-ûÓçC. Ééπ\úø anxious èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ eager ¢√úøç. Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ Å´ü¿’. anxious èπ◊, worried ¢√úÌa.

íÓüµ¿’-´’†’ ´’†ç ƒ-B© éÓÆæç °œçúÕ îË≤ƒhç. grind èπ◊ past tense, past participle- ground.

d) The MD (Managing Director) is anxious about the loss in the profits of the company. Company ™«¶µ«© ûªí∫’_-ü¿© í∫’Jç* MD ÇçüÓ-∞¡† îÁçü¿’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’= Çü¿’®√l °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Anxiety= ÇçüÓ-∞¡† (´÷†-Æ œéπç) e) She wants to see a psychiatrist about her anxiety=

ûª† ´÷†-Æœéπ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* Ç¢Á’ ´÷†-Æœéπ ¢Ájü¿’uúÕo Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC. 3) On a holiday= You are on a holiday, if you (áçûª ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Å®Ωnç iii) Can't wait= ¢Ë* îª÷ÊÆ ã®Ω’p ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. have break from your work for a few days. îËÆæ’éÓí∫©†’. á´-È®jØ√ ÅçûË™‰ Å´-鬨¡ç îË Ê Æ °æ E †’ç* éÌEo ®ÓV© § ƒô’ Nv¨»çA í¬, (wait ´÷´‚-©®Ωnç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç) ´ÊÆh. àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ Ñ 10 NØÓü ¿ ç í¬ í∫ ú Õ ° œ û Ë , You are on a holiday. a) He can't wait to go to the US= ®ÓV©÷?/ ᙫ í∫úø-°æ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Holiday= ÂÆ©´¤, Holidays= ÂÆ©´¤©’– ´·êuçí¬ Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊ á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«l´÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. Spandana: Just laze about. I don't want to do Nü∆u-®Ω’n© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ anything. This nine month grind b) He can't wait to meet his lover= ûª† v°œßª·-®√Lo has taken the life out of me. No a) They are on a holiday/ they have gone on a á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ÅE ÖØ√oúø’. holiday= (éÌEo®ÓV©§ƒô’) °æE †’ç* N®√´’ç/ leisure. I am fed up with work. Just impatient= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ã®Ω’p ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç, Nv¨»çA §Òçü¿ôç. Ü∞¡Ÿx A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ NØÓ-ü¿çí¬ iv) ÅÆæ eat, sleep, watch the TV and go to -£æ«-†çí¬ Öçúøôç (opposite of patient) í∫úø-°æôç. movies. That's what I am going to do.

èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ †í∫©’çúøôç

a) He doesn't want to wait. He is impatient to go=

Åûª-úø’ Çí∫ô癉ü¿’/ Çí¬-©E ™‰ü¿-ûª-úÕéÀ – ¢ÁRx-§Ú-¢√-©E ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

b) He ground the wheat into flour =

íÓüµ¿’-´’-©†’ °œçúÕ î˨»úø’ (´’®Ω™) ™« îËߪ÷L– °∂æx-Å= °œçúÕ. íÓüµ¿’´’ °œçúÕ. é¬E Ééπ\úø grind èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – v¨¡´’, éπ%≠œ. Nine month grind - ûÌN’tC ØÁ©© v¨¡´’ flour = flower pronounce wheat flour =

c) I need at least a week's break after this grind

Éçûª v¨¡´’°æúÕçûª®√yûª -Ø√èπ◊ éπFÆæç ¢√®Ωç Nv¨»çA Å´-Ææ®Ωç. d) Put him through the grind =

¢√úÕo éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’F. e) Every trainee has to go through daily grind of six hour =

v°æA trainee (Péπ~ù §ÒçüË-¢√úø’) ®ÓVèπ◊ Ç®Ω’í∫ç-ô© v¨¡´’ îËߪ÷Lq Öçô’çC. 13) get even = °æí∫ B®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç/ ÆæJ-Ææ-´÷†´’´ôç. a) In most Indian movies the hero gets even with the villain =

î√™« Indian movies ™ *´-®Ωèπ◊ O’ü¿ °æí∫ B®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.

b) In the 1st match India defeated Pak; but in the next match, Pak got even with India.

b) He was impatient at my replies=

Ø√ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©-éπ-ûª-úø’ ã®Ω’p éÓ™p-ߪ÷úø’/ ÅÆæ-£æ«†ç v°æü¿-Jzç-î√úø’. ÉO Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ expressions NNüµ¿ Å®√n©’, ¢√úø’éπ. OöÀE O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬ Öçô’çC. Ééπ N’í∫û√ ´÷ô© Ææçí∫A îª÷ü∆lç.

hero, villain

¢Á·ü¿öÀ India

match ™ ãúÕ† ûÓ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’içC.

Pak,

È®çúÓ

match

™

c) Next month when I go on a holiday, I get even with you =

´îËa ØÁ© Ø√èπ◊ holiday ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ FûÓ ÆæJÆæ-´÷-†-´’-´¤-û√†’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 8 -¢Ë’ 2006

Vikranth: Any idea when Vijai is coming?

éπE î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ. (Nïß˝’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

Prasanth: Not in the least. I don't know where he is now.

1) Any idea when Vijai is coming?

(ÅÆæ©’ ûÁMü¿’. ÅûªúÁéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ èπÿú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) Vikranth: I do not know what he wants from me. He suddenly rang up yesterday to tell me he was coming. He didn't make clear why he would see me.

¢√úÕéÀ Ø√†’ç* àç 鬢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLߪ’-úø癉ü¿’. Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ E†o Phone îËÆœ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Ææp≠ædçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ Prasanth: I don't see why you didn't ask him

2) Not in the least. I don't know where he is now. 3) I do not know what he wants from me. 4) He didn't make clear why he would see me. 5) I don't see why you didn't ask him when exactly he wanted to come.

¢Á∞«x™ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. N’í∫û√ 'wh' words ™«çöÀC é¬ü¿’ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô)

(Whether choice express

6) We do not know whether to wait for him here or go about our work. 7) I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his

8)

meeting.

9)

9) Did you at least ask him how he would be coming.

10)

We have work now. We don't know

(ûª†’ correct í¬ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ †’¢Áyçü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫-™‰üÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. ´’†-Íé¢Á÷ °æ†’ç--C. ¢√úÕ éÓÆæç ´’†N’éπ\úø wait îËߪ÷™ ´’† °æE O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«x™ ûÁMúøç ™‰ü¿’) Vikranth: I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his meeting, but he would-

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 153

èπÿ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ:

Ñ È®çúø’

11) I didn't know which phone he was calling from =

sentences

†÷ éπL°œ ņçúÕ:

b) I want to know why he went there. a)

I don't see how you could be so indifferent =

Åçûª E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴úøç-™‰ü¿’

whether to wait for him here or to go

sentence

1 a) why did he go there? I want to know

Did you atleast ask him how he would be coming =

ᙫ ´≤ƒhúÓ ÅØÁjØ√ ÅúÕ-í¬¢√?

when exactly he wanted to come.

Åûª-ØÁ°æ¤púÌÆæ’h-Ø√oúÓ FÈé-´-®ΩØ√o îÁ§ƒp®√? = Has any one told you when he will be coming?

Å™«Íí Ñ éÀçC 2

áçü¿’éÓ ûÁMü¿’

8) I don't know why

about our work.

I don't know why =

d)

sentence question 鬕öÀd why Åçö«ç. b) È®çúø’ sentences éπL°œ Åçô’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd I want to know why he went there Åçö«ç.

™E ¢Á·ü¿öÀ did he go?

2 a) where did he buy it? I wish to know

Who knows what he has in his mind?

n't. I don't know why. Prasanth: Did you atleast ask him how he would becoming?

(éπFÆæç ᙫ ´≤ƒhúÓ ÅúÕ-í¬¢√?) Vikranth: No.

10) I don't see how you could be so indifferent 11) I didn't know which phone he was calling from. 12) I am not able to say whose fault it is.

indifferent. you could have fixed a

ÖçúË Åçö«ç éπü∆.)

could not ask him all that. I was about to. But then he disconnected.

'wh' clauses very common.

´’† daily conversation ™ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ áçü¿’èπ◊, á´-JûÓ, áçûÓ, á´-JüÓ, ᙫíÓ, ÅØË -¢√öÀ-E sentences ™ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆. ÅC English ™ ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø÷ Öçô’çC. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωùèπ◊ °j ¢√öÀ™x I don't know where he is now ÅØËC BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç = ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. Where he is Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúÓ. Ñ

(Åü¿çû√ Åúø-í∫-™‰Íéç é¬ü¿’. Åúøí∫¶ßË’™í¬ Phone °õ‰d-¨»úø’.) Prasanth: Why didn't you call him again?

îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?)

Vikranth: I didn't know which Phone he was calling from. I saw the number on my cell and called. He called from a public Phone.

(à Phone ™ç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Cell ™ Ç number îª÷Æœ phone î˨»†’. ÅC Public Phone) Prasanth: I am not able to say whose fault it

†’

In most sentences above, they are clauses beginning with 'wh' words (why, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, and how)

Vikranth: Look here, Prasanth. Not that I

let us take the clauses which begin with 'wh' words in the other sentences: 1) Any idea when vijai is coming =

Nïß˝’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ FÍé-´’Ø√o 3)

idea

Öçü∆?

I do not know what he wants from me =

question structure (wh+verb+subject/wh word + Helping verb + Sub +Main verb) 'wh' word statement statement structure. statement subject verb wh word clauses wh word sub+verb structure

™ ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i™‰´¤, Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ÉN ™ ¶µ«í¬™‰ éπü∆ Åçü¿’-éπE †-°æpöÀéÃ, ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ûª®Ω¢√ûª ´≤ƒh®·. ´·çü¿’í¬ ûÓ ´îËa Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ÅEoç-öÀ™ ûª®Ω¢√ûª ™ Öçú≈L. eg: Åûªúø’ É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. O’éÃ-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ûÁLÊÆ Öçô’çC. english™ word order °æü∆© Å´’-Jéπ sentence™ ûÁ©’í∫’ word order èπ◊ î√™«-´-®Ωèπ◊ oppositeí¬ Öçô’çC. èπ◊úÕ áúø´’ Å´¤ûª’çC. 鬕-öÀd °j sentence ᙫ begin îË≤ƒhç? I dont know ûÓ I dont know when he will be here. (when will he be here

¢√úÕéÀ Ø√†’ç* àç 鬢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’.

is.

(ÅC á´J §Ò®Ω-§ƒö ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’)

4) 5)

have to do now.

(É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç àç îËߪ÷™ ûË©’a-éÓ-™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oç) Vikranth: Ah here he is! He has come.

(Ç.. ´î√aúËx) Prasanth: What a relief!

He didn't make clear why he would see me

a) I don't see why you didn't ask him =

†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫-™‰üÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. îª÷úøôç, éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ´ôç) b).... when exactly he wanted to come = á°æ¤púø’ correct í¬ ®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúÓ to go about our work =

´’†ç ÅûªúÕ éÓÆæç îª÷ú≈™ ™‰ü∆ ´’† °æE-O’ü¿

é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. á´-J-E °œ©’-≤ƒh-úø-ØËC ¢√úÕéÀ Ææç•çCµç*† N≠æߪ’ç = who he is going to invite (whom - old fashioned) is his business.

b)

¢√úÕ ´’†-Ææ’™ à´·çüÓ á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’? who knows what he has in his mind?

(see =

6) We do not know whether to wait him for or

(Å•s ´î√aúø’ éπü∆!) Ñ≤ƒJ †’ç* é¬Ææh advanced level of conversational skills îª÷ü∆lç. Åçü¿’-

a)

¢√úø’- †-ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Ææp≠ædç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

We are unable to decide what we

Spoken English

ÅC á´J ûª§Úp ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. °j† underline îËÆœ† M. SURESAN clause ©Fo èπÿú≈ 'wh' word clauses. Å®·ûË äéπ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç ÉN 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤-ûª’Ø√o, questions 鬴¤ ÅE í∫´’-Eç-î √L. Åçü¿’-éπØË ÅN

A clause is a group of words with a verb. (verb group of words clause

time for his meeting us.

(Åçûª E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬¢Ó Å®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ ´’†Lo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌØË time Å®·Ø√ E®Ωg-®·ç* ÖçúÌa éπü∆?)

Phone

whose fault it is =

´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ clauses †’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

Prasanth: I don't see how you could be so

(´’Sx †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊

à phone †’ç* îËÆæ’hØ√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁM-™‰ü¿’. 12) I am not able to say

who knows question mark.)

(Ééπ\úø

c)

¶µ«í∫ç

question.

Åçü¿’-éπE

Ç °æ¤-Ææhéπç áéπ\-úø’çüÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? = Do you know where the book is?

(´’Sx í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ where the book is = °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø ÖçC? ÅE é¬ü¿’ Å®Ωnç. '°æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø ÖçüÓ— ÅE

Ñ È®çúø’ sentence†÷ éπL°œ äéπ sentencesí¬ Åçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úË-´’-´¤-ûª’çC? I wish to know where he brought it Åçö«ç. É™«ç-öÀC ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ÷L ´’† conversation ¶«í¬ freeí¬, fluentí¬ Öçú≈©çõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√LqçC 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒç¶µº-´’-ßË’uN á°æ¤púø÷ questions Å´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿F, wh word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’ßË’u clauses statement structure™ èπÿú≈ Öçö«-ߪ’E. exercise: practise the following in English Vilas:

†’¢Áy-°æ¤úø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ correctí¬ îÁ°æp™‰ü¿’. Kailas: á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé correct idea ™‰ü¿’ Vilas: kumar FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü∆ Ç°æ-EéÀ áçûª time °æúø’ûª’çüÓ †E? Kailas: ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. ¢√úË Ø√èπ◊ phone îË≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊ phone îËߪ’-™‰üÓ Å®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Vilas: ÆæÍ®. ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËÆ œ ´’Sx †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ ®√í∫©¢Ó Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p. ´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ E®Ωg-®·ç-î√¢√? Kailas: ØËØÁ™« E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-í∫-©†’ ØËØÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË? Vilas: Å®·ûË kumar èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË phone îËÆ œ decide îÁ®·u. Answer: Vilas: you haven't (have not) told me correctly when you will return. Kailas: I dont my self/ I myself have a correct idea when I will return Vilas: Hasn't kumar told you how much time it will take? Kailas: I want to call him. I don't know where he is. He said he would call me. I don't see why he hasn't phoned me. Vilas: OK. Phone him and tell me when you can come back again. Have you decided when we should return. Kailas: when I don't know myself when I will return Vilas: Then phone kumar and decide.

(Ø√Íé)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Saran: Congrats Varun. I really felt very happy when I heard that our team had won the match yesterday. I shall be delighted if I hear more such news.

(´’† team E†o ÈíL-*ç-ü¿E N†-í¬ØË, î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æú≈f†’. É™«çöÀ ¢√®Ωh©’ Éçé¬ Nçõ‰ ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’.) Varun: Thank you, sir. We are glad that we always have your encouragement.

(O’ v§Úû√q£æ«ç ´÷èπ◊ç-úøôç ´÷Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’) Saran: Boys, I was telling you all along that you should not lose confidence.

Clause Åçõ‰– Verb Ö†o group of words. ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’† sentences ™ O™„j-†çûª´®Ωèπÿ clauses ûªT_ç--èπ◊çõ‰ sentences Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ Åçü¿-Jéà ŮΩnç ÅßË’u-ô’xç-ö«®·. Å®·ûË é¬xV©’ ᙫ ´C-Lç--éÓ-´ôç? Infinitives ¢√úÕ. Infinitive Åçõ‰? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jç-î√ç -éπü∆? ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’hØ√oç. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Infinitive Åçõ‰, to + Ist RDW (Regular Doing Word)- to go, to come, to walk, to learn, etc. infinitives.

É´Fo

Infinitive

(´’Sx thanks. ÅÆæ©’ ¢Ë’ç Èí©’-≤ƒh-´’-†’-éÓ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË ´÷ ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl Çú≈ç, Å´-ûªL team §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x ´÷èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»®·.)

2) I shall be delighted if I hear more such news = (delighted

= ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøôç)

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç-– 1) °∂晫† °æE-îÁ-ߪ÷u-©E (to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E) (O’èπ◊ ؈’ îÁ•’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’ éπü∆, Çûªt- 2) °∂晫† °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç (to go = ¢Á∞¡xôç) N-¨»yÆæç éÓ™p-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E.) 3) °∂晫† °æE-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ (to go = ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ)

Varun: Thank you again sir. In fact we didn't expect that we would win. But we played to our capacity. The other team's mistakes helped us.

3) We are glad that we always have your encouragement = We are glad to have your encouragement 4) I was telling you all along that you should not lose confidence =

a) I want to go =

Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©E ÖçC.

I was telling you not to lose confidence

b) To go now is not safe =

5) We didn't expect that we would win the match =

É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’. c) He stood up to go -

4)

É™«çöÀ P©pç îª÷Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ °æ¤©-éÀçûªí¬ ÖçC. I am thrilled that I have seen such a beautiful statue = I am really thrilled to have seen...

É™«çöÀ examples †’ O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Infinitive ´©xØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ÉçÍé Nüµ¿çí¬ØÁjØ√ sentences †’ Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’-ö«Eo practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

... expect to win

¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ™‰* E©’--Ø√oúø’. î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x °ü¿l-°ü¿l clause ©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, Infinitive ¢√úÕ Ææç-¶µ«-≠æù Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’-´îª’a.

6) I warned you that you shouldn't take things lightly and that you should be aggressive = I warned not to take things lightly and to be aggressive.

How we can do it is the matter of this lesson.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 154

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 1 -¢Ë’ 2006

Let's now look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

7) We.. that we have such encouragement and advice from you =

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English. Use only infinitives. Komal: Syamal:

We are glad to have your.. Saran: I warned you too that you should not take things lightly, and you should be aggressive.

Varun: True sir. We are delighted that we have

3) We are glad that we

you. We are thrilled that we have won

(Eï-´’çúÕ. Å™«çöÀ v§Úû√q£æ«ç, Ææ©£æ… O’®Ω’ ´÷éÀ-Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√-™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. Éçûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† match ÈíL-î√-´’E °æ¤©-éÀç-ûªí¬ ÖçC.) Saran: My only desire is that I should not hear about the defeat of our college team in any match. Varun: You can be sure that we will always do

(¨»ßª’-¨¡-èπ◊h™« ¢Ë’ç v°æߪ’ûªoç îË≤ƒh´’E O’®Ω’ †¢Á·ta) Saran: I was a bit hurt when I heard some of the lecturers talking low of our team.

(´’† lecturers ™ éÌçü¿®Ω’ ´’† team í∫’Jç* ûªèπ◊\-´ -îËÆœ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-®ΩE ¶«üµ¿°æ-ú≈f†’). Varun: Let them sir. They will be surprised when they hear our team too can win matches.

´÷ö«x-úø-E-´yçúÕ, sir, ´’† team èπÿú≈ Èí©-´-í∫-©-ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-û√®Ω’). Saran: OK boy, keep it up. ( Å™«-Íí-é¬F). English conversation, simple í¬, direct í¬ Öçõ‰ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-†’ç* îÁ°æ‹hØË ÖØ√oç. Ñ lesson ™ ÉC ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.

Spoken English

Syamal: Komal:

We are thrilled to have won this difficult

hear more such news.

match

M. SURESAN

always have your encouragement. 4) I was telling you all along that you should not

9) My only desire is that I should not hear about the defeat of our college team =

match. 6) I warned you that you should not take things lightly and that you should be aggressive 7) ... We are delighted that we have such encouragement and advice from you

10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of our lecturers talking low ... to hear some of our lecturers ...

Komal:

11) They will be surprised when they hear our team... = They will be surprised to hear...

Komal:

So, you have seen how an infinitive can make your speech shorter, simpler and direct.

8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult match

10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of the lecturers talking low... 11) They will be surprised when they hear our team too can win matches. All the parts of sentences underlined above are clauses, aren't they? We are now going to simplify them by using infinitives in their places. clauses

≤ƒn†ç™ infinitives ¢√úÕ sentences †’ É™« Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’çúÕ.

°j† ´’†ç infinitive ûÓ replace îËÆœ† ¢√öÀ™x áèπ◊\´ that clauses. (that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u clauses éπü∆) OöÀE ´·êuçí¬ infinitive ûÓ replace îËÆ œ, short îËߪ’-´îª’a. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. 1) †’´¤y exam ™ fail Åߪ÷u-´E Nçõ‰ ؈’ ¶«üµ¿°æ-úø-û√†’ = I shall be sorry if I hear that you have failed the exam =

îª÷úøçúÕ áçûª simple Å®·-§Ú-®·çüÓ ûÓ infinitive ´©x.

to hear

ANSWER

Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xLq ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ î√™« ¶«üµ¿°æ-ú≈f†’ = I was sorry that I had to leave so early = I was sorry to leave so early

3)

É™«çöÀ v°æ¨»çûª v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Ø√éÓ É©’xçõ‰ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ°æ-úø-û√†’ =

I am very happy to hear that you are going abroad/ about your travel abroad.

Syamal: I am happy too that to know that you too are coming. Komal:

Mom and dad will be sorry to know about my trials. It will be difficult for them to be without me.

Syamal: Mom didn't like to hear it first, but I convinced her. Komal:

I will promise to mom and dad to return early. Soon they will get used to it.

I shall be sorry to hear that you have... 2)

1) I really felt happy when I heard our team had won the match. I really felt happy to hear that our team had won the match... to hear about our team's success.

Syamal:

My only desire is not to hear the ... of our college teams

5) ...We didn't expect that we would win the

9) My only desire is that I should not hear about the defeat of our college team

our best sir.

(

8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult match =

lose confidence.

this difficult match.

matches

...to have your encouragement and advice.

team had won the match. 2) I shall be delighted if I

such encouragement and advice from

We are delighted to have such encouragement and advice from you =

1) I really felt happy when I heard that our

(-N’-´’t-Lo £«îªa-Jç-î√†’ èπÿú≈, üËFo ûËLéπí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úø-ü¿F, ü¿÷èπ◊-úø’í¬ Öçú≈-©F.) aggressive= ü¿÷èπ◊-úø’í¬, îÌ®Ω-´í¬ Öçúøôç

Komal:

†’´¤y foreign ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-´E NE Ø√èπ◊ î√™« džçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. †’´¤y èπÿú≈ ûªy®Ω™ØË Åéπ\-úÕ-éÌ-Ææ’hØ√o-´E ûÁLÆœ ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hØ√o†’. ØËØ√ v°æߪ’ûªoç O’ü¿ ÖØ√o-†E ûÁLÊÆh ´÷ Å´÷t, Ø√Ø√o Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ؈’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç éπ≠ædçí¬ Öçô’çC. ††’o ¢Á∞¡x-E-´yôç ´÷ Å´’tèπÿ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F ØËØË †îªa-ñ„§ƒp†’. ´÷ Å´’t ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ AJT ´îËa-≤ƒh-†E ´÷ô É≤ƒh. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûªy®Ω™ ÅC Å©-¢√-õ„j§Ú-ûª’çC. Å®·ûË ´÷ Ø√†o ´÷vûªç î√™« Ö§Òpç-T-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ Ø√éà Ŵ-鬨¡ç ´*aç-ü¿E N†-ö«-EéÀ. ؈÷ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh.

( get used = be used =

Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç) Syamal: Dad was happy to hear that I got this opportunity. Komal:

I'll try too.

I'd (I would) love it if I had a house in such a peaceful place = I'd (I would) love to have a house in...

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Sampurna: Here is the book you asked for yesterday

(E†o †’´y-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉCíÓ)

Prapurna: Happy it's here. Where did you find it?

É°æpöÀ (present day) ¢√úøéπç (usage) ™ whom ¢√ú≈-Lq†îÓô who ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Who? = á´®Ω’?; whom? = á´-JE? a) Who did this? = ÉC á´®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’? b) Who sees such movies? =

(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. Fèπ◊ áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-*çC?)

Sampurna: It was among the books you kept in the shelf. (shelf

Å™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷©’ á´®Ω’ îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’? O’Èé-´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’?

c) Whom do you know? = d) With whom did you come?=

– Å™«t-®√™ †’´¤y °öÀd† °æ¤Ææh鬙x ÖçC.)

†’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´î√a´¤?

So we know the difference between who and whom, don't we? Modern English who correct

Prapurna: Oh I forgot to look for it there. Nirmala wanted it.

(Åéπ\úø ¢Áü¿-éπôç ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. E®Ωt-©èπ◊ ÅC 鬢√Lq ´*açC.)

Sampurna: Which Nirmala? Prapurna: The girl I introduced to you, the other day, on our way to the shop. shop

(´’†ç ¢Á·ØÓo®ÓV† Èé∞¡Ÿh-†o-°æ¤púø’ Fèπ◊ ؈’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ† Å´÷t®·.) The other day = ¢Á·ØÓo-®Ó-V†

Sampurna: Isn't that the girl you call the college beauty? college beauty

(†’´¤y Å´÷tßË’ éπü∆?)

ÅØËC Ç

™ á´®Ω’? á´-JE? ÅØË È®çúø’ ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ÅüË

Å®√n-©-ûÓ†÷ èπÿú≈. Study (°æJ-Q-Lç-îªçúÕ) the following: 1. O’J-éπ\úø á´-JE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?

a) Whom do you want to meet here? (Old fashioned and incorrect. b) Who do you want to meet here? (Modern usage and correct. right). 2. a) Whom do you know here. (old fashioned and wrong)

§ƒûª ¢√úø’éπ – ûª°æ¤p)

É°æp-öÀ-¢√-úø’éπ –

O’éÀ-éπ\úø á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? =

Prapurna: That she is. But that's also one you find to be very simple and humble too.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 155

(Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË ÅüË Å´÷t®· î√™« simple, Eí∫Jy èπÿú≈.) humble= í∫®Ωyç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç

Sampurna: She is the one who all like, you said.

(Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-éÌ-ØËC Ç Å´÷t-®·ØË ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆ †’´¤y?)

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 13 -¢Ë’ 2006

b) He is a doctor. He charges high fees. fees

Çߪ’ØÓ ¢Ájü¿’uúø’. Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\´ éπ©-°æçúÕ:

BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.

He is a doctor who charges high fees. c) She is a great doctor. Everyone likes her. doctor.

Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp éπ©-°æçúÕ:

v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x Ç¢Á’E É≠æd°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.

She is a great doctor whom everyone likes. 'whom' correct, whom who She is a great doctor who everyone likes. d) He is the person who I consult before taking a decision. consult whom who correct.) whom who

Ééπ\úø •ü¿’©’

äéπ-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç.

É°æ¤púø’

-E®Ωg-ߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ ؈’ îËÊÆC Çߪ’ØËo. (Ééπ\úø §ƒûª-•-úÕ-

§Ú-®·çC. Å®·ûË ã ´·êu¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àD ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷í∫uç.

(The books which you kept - old usage) = shelf 3) The girl I introduced to you

†’´¤y

™ °öÀd† °æ¤Ææh-鬙x Öçü¿C.

؈’ Fèπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ† Å´÷t®·

(The girl whom (wrong)/ Who (right) I introduced to you) 4) ... the girl you call college beauty? = college beauty the girl whom (wrong) / who (right) you call college beauty?) 5) ... but that (she) is also one you find to be very simple and humble = simple (she is also the girl whom (wrong)/ who (right) you find simple and humble) 6) She is the one who all like =

†’´¤y (

ÅØË Å´÷t®·

í¬ Eí∫-Jyí¬ éπE-°œçîË Å´÷t®· èπÿú≈ ûªØË

Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æúË Å´÷t®· =

She is the one all like (who

Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’,

whom

ûª°æ¤p)

Who do you know here?

Prapurna: She is getting married. Who do you think she is going to marry?

(ûªy®Ω-™ØË Â°Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûÓçC. á´-JE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?)

Sampurna: Who do you take me for? Am I an astrologer? How do I know unless you tell me?

(ØËØÁ-´-®Ωo-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ñÆæ’u-úÕØ√ àN’öÀ? †’´¤y îÁ°æp-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√È陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’hçC?)

Prapurna: My cousin Sravan. Sampurna: Do I know him?

(Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Prapurna: Yea. You met him last summer. Software engineer in the US. He is the guy we sent pickles to, last month. Don't you remember? summer

(ûÁ©’Ææ’. §Ú®·† †’´y-ûª-úÕE îª÷¨»´¤. í∫’®Ω’hçü∆, éÀçü¿-öÀ-ØÁ© ÅûªúÕéÀ ´’†ç pickles = Ü®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ °æ秃ç)

Sampurna: I remember him. ´ ´ ´

English conversation ™ whom, which Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ î√™« interesting í¬ Öçö«®·. ´·êuçí¬ questions. OöÀûÓ questions ÅúÕÍí N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™« ´÷®Ìp-*açC. ´’† conversation, modern í¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ OöÀE áéπ\úø ¢√úøèπÿ-úøüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« ´·êuç. I. Whom = á´-JE, á´-JéÀ (to ûÓ) – ÉC ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. 1. Whom do you want to meet here? =

O’J-éπ\úø á´-JE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?

2. Whom do you know here? =

O’éÀ-éπ\úø á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’?

3. Whom did she consult? =

Ç¢Á’ á´-JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-*çC? °j questions ™ ´’†Íéç N*vûªç ÅE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’-éπü∆? Å´Fo questions. á´-JE ņ-ú≈-EéÀ English ™ whom ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË Â°j Nüµ¿çí¬ whom ûÓ questions Åúø-í∫ôç/ begin îËߪ’ôç °æ‹Jhí¬ old fashioned. English ÆæJí¬_ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª’-†o-¢√-È®-´®Ω÷ Å™«çöÀ questions Åúø-í∫®Ω’. á´-È®jØ√ Å™«çöÀ questions ÅúÕ-TûË Nçûªí¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC speakers of modern English èπ◊.

Spoken English

b) Who do you know here? (Modern and correct) 3.

a)

Ç¢Á’ á´JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-*çC?

a) Whom did she consult? (Old fashioned and wrong) b) Who did she consult? (Modern and correct) Now observe the following: 1. Who did you go to the movie with? (Old form and incorrect with whom did you go to the movie?) 2. Who did you get the information from? (From whom did you get the information? wrong -old usage) 3. Who are you talking about? (Old form and incorrect: About whom are you talking?/ Whom are you talking about?) English conversation questions whom who correct. a) Who were you talking to yesterday? (with/ to whom were you talking b) Who is he marrying? (Whom is he marrying? c) Who are you helping? (Whom are you helping II. Who, whose, whom and whichquessentions tences sentence

îª÷¨»®√? Ééπ\úø ´·çü¿’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. ÉD

b)

7) Who, do you think, she is going to marry? =

doctor

She is a doctor everyone likes. everywho/ one whom present usage.

O’®Ω’ ÆœE´÷èπ◊ á´-JûÓ ¢Á∞«}®Ω’?

O’èπ◊ Ç Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç á´J †’ç* ´*açC?

v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x É≠æd-°æúË Ç¢Á’.

Ç¢Á’ á´-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûÓç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? (á´-JE ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ whom ®√ü¿’)

8) Who do you take me for? =

ØËØÁ-´-®ΩoE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ®√ü¿’ – 'á´Jo— ņo-°æp-öÀéÃ)

M. SURESAN

E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ ؈’ Ææçv°æ-CçîË ´uéÀh Çߪ’†.

He is the person I consult before taking a decision. (the person who/ whom I consult who c) Secretary student He is the student they have elected secretary (student who/ whom who d) teacher He is the teacher I admire. (who/ whom who III. Which Which sentences

(whom 9) He is the one we sent pickles to = (to whom

´’†ç Ü®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ °æç°œ-†-ûª†’.

®√ü¿’)

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English Vasanth: Hemanth: Vasanth:

E†o †’´¤y ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-üÁ-´-JûÓ? †’´¤y ¢Á·†o chess ÇúÕ† ¨¡P-®˝ûÓ Å†-ôç-™‰-C-°æ¤púø’. ¢√úÕûË ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’) ´’ç* game Çúø-û√úø’. ؈’ ¢Á’a-éÌØË í¬ ¢√∞Îx-†’o-èπ◊-†oC Ç ØË. ¢√∞¡x™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’. †’´¤y á´-JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛? Hemanth: î√™« ®Ω’èπ◊. Åûª†’ ÇúË game Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’) ¢√úÌa. îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« éπ≠dçæ . Å™«çöÀ game ؈’ ÅGµ´÷EçîË Çߪ’† Çúø-û√-úø-ûª†’. Vasanth: †’´¤y î√™« ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫© ¢√∞¡x™  Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’. ÉC î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø-´îª’a.) ؈’ î√™« É≠æd-°æ-úË-¢√-∞¡x™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’. ™. á´-JE ÅE ÅúÕ-Íí-ôN≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ÉçûË. èπÿú≈ Hemanth: ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ͮ°-∞«l´÷? °æ¤púø’ ™‰†õ‰x. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøôç È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ äéπ-öÀí¬ éπ©-°æú≈EéÀ Vasanth: ÅûªE ´÷´’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË íÌ°æp ¢√úøû√ç. lawyer. Çߪ’† Í®§Ò-Ææ’hØ√oúø’. ´’†ç E†o †’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? eg: He bought a car. It is blue. á©’xçúÕ ¢Á∞«lç. Çߪ’† car éÌØ√oúø’. ÅC blue é¬ü¿’) The car which he bought is blue. ANSWER Åûªúø’ á´-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? b) I gave you a book. It is my sister's. Vasanth: Who were you talking to, yesterday? (FéÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√a†’. ÅC ´÷ sister C) é¬ü¿’) Hemanth: Sasir, you played chess with the day The book which I gave you is my sister's. †’¢Áy-´-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? before. Modern conversation ™ °j sentences ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x whom ™«í¬, which èπÿú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´C-™‰- Vasanth: He plays a good game. He is among é¬ü¿’) those I admire. Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. OöÀE Hemanth: Quite smart/ sharp. Difficult to a) The car which he bought is blue = Åúø-í∫-ö«-EÍé é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ understand the game he plays. He car he bought is blue. †’ äéπ í¬ éπ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ b) The plays such a game. The book I gave you is my sister's ¢√úøû√ç. É™«çöÀ sentences ØË Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ Vasanth: He is one you can learn a lot from, a) I saw a man. He was taller than six feet. and I like a lot. Ææç°æ‹-®Ωgèπ◊, v°æ°æ‹-®Ωgèπ◊ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ îª÷úøçúÕ. ØËØÌéπ ´’E-≠œE îª÷¨»†’. Åûªúø’ Ç®Ωúø’-í∫’-©-éπçõ‰ Hemanth: Shall we go to him tomorrow? 1) Here is the book you asked for yesterday áûª’h (í¬ ÖØ√oúø’). Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ äéπVasanth: His uncle is a lawyer everyone prais(The book which you asked for - old usage) öÀí¬ îËü∆lç. es. He is coming tomorrow. We will = †’´¤y E†o-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉCíÓ. I saw a man who was taller than six feet go the day after. (Ç®Ω-úø-í∫’-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ áûªh-®·† ´’E-≠œE ؈’ îª÷¨»†’) 2) It was among the books you kept in the shelf.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Tarun: No bus is coming. No auto (is) in sight. So what are we going to do? (Bus àD ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’. Auto Å®·Ø√ éπE-°œçîªôç ™‰ü¿’. àç îËü∆l-´’ç-ö«´¤?) Kiran: Let's start walking. If we chance upon an auto on the way we'll take it, or else I don't mind walking the whole distance.

(Å®·ûË †úø’ü∆lç. ´’üµ¿u™ Auto üÌJ-éÀûË ü∆E™ ¢Á∞«lç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢Á·ûªhç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-ö«Eéà Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.) On the way = ü∆J™ Chance upon = ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπE-°œç-îªúøç Tarun:You talking of walking! That's surprising since when did you start liking walking, buddy?

(†’´¤y †úø’-ü∆l-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√! Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’! á°æp-öÀ†’ç* †úøéπ O’ü¿ É≠ædç éπL-TçC Fèπ◊?) buddy = v°œßª’ N’vûª’-úÕE Ææç¶-CµçîË Nüµ∆†ç (American)

Kiran: Stop it. I've always liked walking. I avoid walking only in hot sun or when I don't have the time.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 156

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 15 -¢Ë’ 2006

eg. a) To walk

(†úø-´ôç) is good for health (Ç®Ó-í∫u-éπ®Ωç) = walking (†úø-´ôç) is good

for health

b) To get up so early is not easy = getting up so early is not easy =

Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’. c) I hate to get up late =

Ç©-Ææuçí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç ØËE-≠d-°æ æ-úø†’ = I hate getting up late. d) He likes to swim in cold water =

îªFo-∞¡x™ Ñü¿ôç Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ = He likes swimming in cold water.

í∫´’-Eçî√ç éπü∆ – Infinitive ¢√úË îÓôx '-ing'. °j sentences ™ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-E≤ƒhç. sentences a), b) ™x Infinitive †÷, '-ing' form †÷ independent í¬ Åçõ‰ sentence èπ◊ subject í¬ ¢√ú≈ç. ÅüË, c), d) ™x Infinitive †÷, '-ing' form †÷ hate, like ™«çöÀ verbs ûª®√yûª ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆. a), b) ™x ™«í¬ independent í¬ ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ infinitive †’ '-ing' form †÷ äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa.

6) I shall appreciate your walking =

2) I don't mind walking - verb mind walking, '-ing' form. Mind

ü∆E ûª®√yûª Åçõ‰ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç

îÁ°æpôç.

She will appreciate your help =

I don't mind walking =

F Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷Eo Ç¢Á’ £æ«J{-Ææ’hçC.

†úø-´ôç Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. Mind ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' form ´Ææ’hçC. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË noun ´Ææ’hçC.

appreciate + help (noun) Appreciate

Ç ê®Ω’a Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ / ê®Ω’a N≠æߪ’ç ؈’ °æöÀdç--éÓ†’. Expenditure, noun éπü∆. '-ing' form ûÓ: I don't mind spending the

money =

Ç úø•’s ê®Ω’a-°-ôdôç Ø√Íéç ¶«üµ¿-é¬ü¿’. Mind °æéπ\† 'if' clause ´Ææ’hçC.

b) To walk alone/ walking alone at midnight is not always safe =

He doesn't mind if I use his bike =

Tarun:Ok. Let's stop arguing. Come, let's enjoy walking. As you said I shall appreciate your walking the whole distance.

(ÆæÍ®x. ´’†ç ¢√Cç-îªúøç Ç°œ †úøéπ†’ enjoy îËü∆lç. †’´y-†oô’d Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω´‚ †úÕÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’/ E†’o ¢Á’a-èπ◊çö«.) Appreciate = ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îªôç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç Kiran: Come on. Let's start. I hate backing out.

(°æü¿, •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωü∆ç. ¢Á†éÀ\ ûªí∫_ôç Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ É≠ædç Öçúøü¿’.) Tarun:You waste time talking. Show it in action. Start walking

(´÷ô-©ûÓ time ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. Ωu™ îª÷°œç. †úøéπ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç) Kiran: Ok. I am off. Whoever first stops walking shall stand the other a drink, ok?

(ÉCíÓ •ßª’-™‰l-®√†’. †úøéπ á´®Ω’ Ç°æ¤-û√®Ó ¢√∞¡Ÿx Å´-ûª-L-¢√-JéÀ drink É°œpç-î√L, ÆæÍ®Ø√?) stand a drink/ a dinner/ party, etc. = drink, dinner, party, etc

É°œpç-îªúøç)

Tarun:I am game for it.

(؈ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’.) J

J

J

verbs English lesson clauses simple natural verbs conversation, bookish

Å®Ωl¥-®√-vA-°æ‹ô äçô-Jí¬ †úø-´ôç Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË (c), (d) © ™«çöÀ sentences ™ éÌEo verbs °æéπ\ØË

Spoken English

a), b)

™x

appreciate + 'if' clause.

7) I hate backing out -

؈’ ¢√úø’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅûªØËç ņ’-éÓúø’.

8) You waste time talking waste 'ing' form

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ waste ûª®√yûª àC îË≤ƒh¢Á÷ ü∆Eo îÁ°œp, Ç ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC.

a) He wastes time talking about others =

Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ îË≤ƒhúø’.

time waste

b) He wastes money indulging in luxuries =

'mind'

clause

N™«-≤ƒ™x §ƒ™Ô_çô÷ üµ¿†ç ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’. Ééπ\úø infinitive ®√ü¿’. Practise the following aloud in English Laxman: Hi Arjun,

àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©÷? àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. F îËA™ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç àçöÀ? infinitive, '-ing' form a) I avoid walking ('-'ing' form) = Laxman: àüÓ detective novel. Åô’-´ç-öÀN îªü¿´÷Ja ¢√úø-í∫©ç. éÌEo ´ôç FéÀ-≠dçæ -™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆? ؈’ †úø-´ôç ´÷†’-èπ◊çö«. Éûª®Ω verbs, expres- M. SURESAN b) He avoids Govind because he owes him Arjun: Correct. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å™«ç-öÀN îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷ sions °æéπ\† Infinitive time waste îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤? ¢√öÀ-éπçõ‰ money. †’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬F, '-ing' form †’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬E ´’ç* novels î√™« ÖØ√o®· éπü∆? (Åûªúø’ Govind èπ◊ Å°æ¤p-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø-í∫©ç. éÀçC verbs °æéπ\† È®çúø÷ ¢√úø-í∫©ç. Laxman: Eï¢Ë’. é¬F OöÀE îªü¿-´-ö«-EÍé ؈’ áèπ◊\´ ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) 1) Start 2) begin 3) like 4) dislike 5) love É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’. Serious novels îªü¿-´ôç Ééπ\úø avoid = äéπ-JE îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ / éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ6) hate 7) remember 8) forget 9) propose, etc. ؈’ avoid îË≤ƒh†’. Åçûª concentrate èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. 1) He started to sing/ started singing îËߪ’-™‰†’ ؈’. Why are you avoiding me? = §ƒúøôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’ Arjun: Åçû√ Å©-¢√-ô’†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. îªü¿áçü¿’èπ◊ ††’o îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o´¤? ´ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç. ¢√öÀE É≠æd-°æ-úøôç ¢Á·ü¿2) She began to run = she began running = Ééπ\úø avoid ûª®√yûª Govind ÅØËC noun éπü∆. ©-´¤-ûª’çC. °æ®Ω’í∫’ ¢Á·ü¿™„-öÀdçC Avoid ûª®√yûª '-ing form'/ noun ´≤ƒh®·. infiniLaxman: ÅD v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’. é¬E É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú3) She likes to dance = She likes dancing = tive ¢√úøç. ߪ ÷ †’. Ø√ôuç îËߪ’ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dçæ c) she always avoids classes (noun) in the Arjun: ´’S} v°æߪ’-Aoç. 4) She loves to cook = She loves cooking = after noon = ´çô îËߪ’ôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç Ç¢Á’ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’-©èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’. ANSWER Å™«Íí N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀûÓ èπÿú≈ Åçõ‰ 4) dislike Sentence 4) Stop arguing - stop ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ Laxman: Hi Arjun, what news? / what's new? 6) hate 7) remember 8) forget and 9) pronoun/ ing form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. infinitive ®√ü¿’. Arjun: Just getting on. What's that book in pose (v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-îªôç). Ç verbs °æéπ\† infinia) He stopped singing - §ƒúøôç ÇÊ°-¨»úø’ your hand? tive, '-ing' form È®çúø÷ ´≤ƒhßË’¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ. stopped + singing ('-ing' form) Laxman: Some detective novel. (Some= àüÓ). Now look at the following sentences from the conversation between Tarun and Kiran at the beginning of the lesson.

™ ÅEo ¢√úøéπç äÍ陫 Öçúøü¿’. ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– Infinitive ¢√úÕ 1) Let's start walking. †’ ´C-Lç--èπ◊çõ‰ ´’† conversation 2) I don't mind walking... î√™« í¬, í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E. Å™«Íí 3) I avoid walking ûª®√yûª '-ing' form ¢√úÕûË 4) Let's stop arguing éÌEo éÌEo (ví¬çC∑-éπç)í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈ 5) Let's enjoy walking ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ N†-≤Òç-°æ¤í¬ Öçô’çC. 6) ... I shall appreciate your walking éÌEo éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x infinitive •ü¿’©’ '-ing 7) I hate backing out form (going, coming, walking ™«çöÀN) ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ÉN èπÿú≈ sentence §ÒöÀd îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ 8) You waste time talking Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·. Infinitive (to + 1st RDW) èπ◊ Look at sentence No 1. The verb 'start' has 'ing' Ö†o Å®√n™x äéπöÀ ®√ߪ’ôç, A†ôç, ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç after it. (to write, to eat, to learn) éπü∆. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'start' ûª®√yûª infinitive Å®·Ø√, '-ing' form Å®·Ø√ '-ing' form ¢√úÌa. ¢√úÌa ÅE îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.

éÀçü¿öÀ

b) I shall appreciate if you help me.

ûª®√yûª È®çúø÷, Åçõ‰ ¢√úø-´îª’a—

°æéπ\† '-ing' form / noun/ 'if' ´≤ƒh®·. infinitive ´÷vûªç ®√ü¿’. Sentence No 3 ™ 'avoid' ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ 'ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. infinitive ®√ü¿’. [avoid = (àüÁjØ√ °æE) îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç] 鬕öÀd

èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

I hate to back out (hate + infinitive). hate Infinitive, '-ing' form

She likes dancing (Ééπ Ç°æ¤. Ø√èπ◊ †úø-éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd¢Ë’. ¶«í¬ áçúøí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, Ø√èπ◊ time ™‰†-°æ¤úø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ †úøéπ ´÷†-û√†’.) Avoid = ´÷†ôç!/ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç

'If' clause

¢Á†-éπ-úø’í∫’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’ =

a) To waste time/ wasting time is never good

bike

ûª®√yûª

a) I shall appreciate if you walk

eg: I don't mind the expenditure =

ÅûªúÕ

†’´¤y †úø-´ôç ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’/ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. appreciate + your walking ('-ing' form)

Arjun:

b) He stopped the song in the middle =

You don't like reading such books, do you? / You don't like to read such books, do you?

§ƒô ´’üµ¿u™ ÇÊ°-¨»úø’ stopped + the song (noun)

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

'stop'

ûª®√yûª

infinitive

®√ü¿’.

Arjun:

Sentence No. 5 'Enjoy' too is followed either by the '-ing' form or a noun, but not by the infinitive. Let's enjoy walking - enjoy + walking ('-ing' form) a) I enjoy music =

؈’ ÆæçU-û√Eo

enjoy

îË≤ƒh†’

enjoy + music (noun)

Laxman: True. But I love reading / I love to read these. I avoid reading serious novels. I cannot concentrate so much. Arjun:

b) She enjoys reading books =

°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îªü¿-´ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dçæ enjoy + reading ('-ing' form). enjoy infinitive

Correct. Why do you waste time reading them? Aren't there better books than they?

It's all a matter of habit. Begin reading them/ Begin to read them. You begin liking them./ You begin to like them.

Laxman: I tried but I could not like them.

ûª®√yûª

Arjun:

Try once again.

®√ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Raghav: Hi Madhav, how are you? You appear much better than last week. There is surely some improvement in your health.

2) ... and I gave up smoking.

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. éπ*aûªçí¬ F Ç®Óí∫uç °æ¤çVèπ◊-†o-ô’dçC)

5) ... I couldn't help feeling...

Madhav: You can say that. I feel much better now.

(Eï¢Ë’. É°æ¤púø’ î√™« ¶«í∫’-Ø√o†’, Éçûª-èπ◊´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰) You can say that = Å™« †’´¤y îÁ§Òpa = †’´¤y éπ®ΩÍéd Raghav: What's that due to? I don't recollect seeing you earlier as fit as you are today.

(àçöÀ 鬮Ωùç? É¢√∞¡ éπ†p-úø’-ûª’†oçûª Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’.) recollect = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç.fit = Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Öçúøôç Madhav: Thanks to my doctor. He insisted on my giving up smoking, and I gave up smoking, though I found it difficult in the beginning.

(Åçû√ ´÷ ú≈éπd®˝ ´©x. ؈’ smoking ´÷ØË-ߪ÷-©E °æô’d-•-ö«dúø’. ¢Á·ü¿öx éÌçîÁç éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéà ´÷Ø˨».) Thanks to my doctor = ´÷ doctor ´©x. '´©x— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Thanks to ¢√úÌa, ´’ç* ïJ-TØ√, îÁúø’ ïJ-TØ√. He died, thanks to the doctor's negligence - ¢√úø’ îªE-§Úߪ÷úø’, doctor -E®Ωxéπ~uç ´©x Raghav: So (do) you deny smoking anymore?

(Å®·ûË, †’´¤y smoking îËߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿ç-ô’Ø√o¢√?) deny - é¬ü¿-†ôç/ ™‰ü¿-†ôç Madhav: Do you think I'm a fool to go on doing something that costs my life?

(Ø√ v§ƒù«-EÍé £æ…E éπL-TçîË °æE îËÆæ÷hç-úøö«-EéÀ ØËØË-´’Ø√o ´‚®Ω’^-úÕØ√?) I don't

fear death but I don't like dying of cancer. ( cancer

؈’ î√´¤èπ◊ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø†’, é¬E ûÓ î√´ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’)

Raghav: Happy to hear that. Whenever I saw lighting a cigarette I couldn't help feeling you were burning out your life

(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ cigarette ´·öÀdç-îªúøç îª÷ÆœØ√, †’´¤y F v§ƒù«Lo ûªí∫-©-¶„-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´ØË ¶µ«´ç Ø√™ ûªÊ°p-C-é¬ü¿’) Madhav: I now practise swimming too. Every morning I go swimming.

(É°æ¤púø’ Ñûª èπÿú≈ ®ÓW ÑûªÈé∞¡ŸhØ√o)

practise

îËÆæ’hØ√o.

Raghav: Good. Though late you've given up smoking. Better late than never.

(¶«í∫’çC. Ç©Ææuçí¬ØÁjØ√ smoking ´÷†’èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. ÅÆæ©’ ´÷†-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç éπØ√o Ç©Ææuçí¬ ´÷†ôç †ßª’ç éπü∆.) Better late than never = ÉC English™ ≤ƒüµ∆®Ωùçí¬ Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Å®Ωnç: äéπ °æE ÅÆæ©’ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË-éπØ√o Ç©Ææuçí¬ îËߪ’ôç ´’ç*C éπü∆ ÅE. [[[ í∫ûª È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ lessons ™ ´’†ç infinitives, '-ing' forms í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. We have seen how certain verbs are always followed by an Infinitive/ -ing form /noun/ an if clause, or just by an '-ing' form.

Now let's see some more verbs followed by the '-ing' form/ noun. Look at these following sentences from the conversation between Raghav and Madhav. 1) I don't recollect seeing you earlier as fit as you are now.

3) So (do) you deny smoking any more? 4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing some thing... 6) I now practise swimming too.

O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. °j sentences ™E verbs ÅEoçöÀ °æéπ\Ø√ '-ing' form ®√´ôç. ÉC conversation ™ ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 ¶µ«¢√-©†’ simple í¬ express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. 1) I don't recollect seeing you = E†o™« îª÷úøôç Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’.(Remember = ´’†èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√´ôç. Recollect/ recall = ´’†ç v°æߪ’Aoç* í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç.) a) I remember seeing him somewhere = Åûª-úÕ-E ØËØÁ-éπ\úÓ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC. (´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç ™‰ü¿’) b) Let me recollect where I saw him = áéπ\úø îª÷¨»ØÓ í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓF (´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç). c) He recalled later that she owed him money =

ûª†-鬢Á’ ¶«éà ֆoô’x Çߪ’† í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ (Çߪ’† v°æߪ’ûªoç)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 157

b) Dushyanta denied seeing Sakuntala or loving her =

ü¿’≠æuç-ûª’úø’ ¨¡èπ◊ç-ûª-©†’ îª÷úøôç é¬F, vÊ°N’ç-îªôç é¬F îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-Ø√oúø’. denied + seeing or loving - '-ing' forms.

c) She denied the truth in his statement =

Ç¢Á’

b) She cannot help spending this money, if she wants to learn music = (Spending '-ing' form). c) They cannot help the trip if they want to have a darsanam = (cannot help + the trip (noun)) d) They cannot help going on the trip if they want a darsanam = (cannot help + going on the trip (-ing form)) Practise 6) Practise noun/ '... ing' form I practise swimming = practise (practise + swimming - '-ing' form) a) She practises running everyday = practise (practises + running - '-ing' form)

Ç¢Á’ ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√ê®Ω’a©çõ‰ ê®Ω’a-°-ôdúøç ûª°æpü¿’. °-ôdúøç – ü¿®Ωz†ç 鬢√-©çõ‰ ¢√∞¡xéà v°æߪ÷ùç

ÅûªE ´÷ô™x Eïç ™‰ü¿çC. denied + truth - noun.

ûª°æpü¿’.

d) The minister denies his statement =

´’çvA ûª† ´÷ô©†’ é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ (ņ-™‰-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’).

e) The minister denies the media reports =

O’úÕߪ÷ ¢√®Ωh©†’ ´’çvA é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. denied + the reports (noun) 4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing something... =

ÅC îËÆæ÷h Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ؈’ ´‚®Ω’^-úøo-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? to go on = (ã °æE) îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç. go on ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈, îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ '–ing form' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.

ü¿®Ωz†ç 鬢√-©çõ‰ v°æߪ÷ùç

îËߪ’ôç ûª°æpü¿’.

èπÿú≈ ÅçûË: DE ûª®√yûªèπÿú≈

Åçõ‰ Ŷµºu-Æœç-îªôç. ´Ææ’hçC. Ñûª îË≤ƒh†’. Ç¢Á’ ®ÓW

°æ®Ω’í∫’

îËÆæ’hçC.

Let me recollect where I.. Å®·ûË 'Try to remember' ņôç ¢√úø’éπ, í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç, ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ Å°æ¤p-úø°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç èπÿú≈ ÉC ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆? Try as I might, I am unable to remember if he came here that day =

áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ ñ«c°æéπç ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o, Åûª-Ø√-®ÓV Ééπ\-úÕ-éÌî√aú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE. Recollect ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. '-ing' form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈. I recollected the events of the day =Ç ®ÓV Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’ ؈’ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√o. events = Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’ - Noun. 2) ... and I gave up smoking = ؈’ smoking ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o. give up = ´÷ØË-ߪ’ôç/ ´ü¿-©’-éÓ-´ôç (°æü¿-´¤©’, Å©-¢√-ôx-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE) give up ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F ¢√úøû√ç. (noun Åçõ‰ ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç.. à Ê°È®jØ√ noun.) a) I gave up smoking = smoking ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. smoking '-ing' form b) I gave up cigarettes = cigarettes cigarettes - noun.

´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o.-

c) Harischandra gave up his throne for the sake of truth :

£æ«J-¨¡aç-vü¿’úø’ Ææûªuç éÓÆæç Æœç£æ…-Ææ-Ø√Eo

´C-™‰-¨»úø’. Throne =

Æœç£æ…-Ææ†ç

- Noun.

d) He was a fool to give up the job = job Job - noun.

Ç

´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’ – ´‚®Ω’^úø’.

3) (Do) you deny smoking anymore? =

†’´¤y Ééπ

smoke

îËߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿ç-ö«¢√?

deny + smoking. '-ing' form. deny = ing' form

é¬ü¿-†ôç/ ™‰ü¿-†ôç. DE ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ 'é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. That clause èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. a) He denied stealing the pen = ûª†’ Ç pen üÌçT-Lç-îª-™‰-ü¿-Ø√oúø’. denied + stealing - stealing '-ing' form.

b) She practises music = (practises + music - noun)

a) Though defeated, he goes on arguing

§Ú-®·Ø√, Öçö«-ú≈-ߪ’†.

ÆæçUûªç Ŷµºu-Æœ-Ææ’hçC.

ãúÕ¢√C-Ææ÷hØË

So,

É™«çöÀ

verbs

ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬

practice

îËߪ’çúÕ.

EXERCISE

b) In spite of the doctor's advice, he goes on smoking = Doctor smoke

Practise the following aloud in English: Mithun:

Åûª-EûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√´¤? Åûª†’ á´®Ω’ îÁ°œpØ√ N†úø’. M. SURESAN Sachin: Ø√èπ◊ ûª°æpü¿’. ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ø√ books c) He goes on talking, whether others listen to ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√úÕûÓ friendly him or not = Åûª†’ îÁÊ°pC Éûª-®Ω’©’ Nçô’Ø√o í¬ØË Öçú≈L. N†-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«úø’. Mithun: Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√-úøE ûÁLÆœ èπÿú≈ †’´¤y ¢√úÕéÀ a) goes on + arguing ('-ing' form) °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™„ç-ü¿’-éÀÆæ÷h Öçö«´¤? b) goes on + smoking ('-ing' form) Sachin: °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ AJ-T-´y-úøØË ´÷ô é¬ü¿c) goes on + talking ('-ing' form) †ôç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F ¢√∞¡x†o Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* friend. d) They went on shouting and throwing stones Mithun: †’´¤y ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´÷†’-èπ◊çõ‰ °æ¤Ææhat the police = ¢√∞¡Ÿx Å®Ω’-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o®Ω’, Police é¬-L-´y-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’í¬. (give up ¢√úøçúÕ) © O’ü¿ ®√∞¡Ÿx ®Ω’´¤y-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. (Past) Sachin: ¢√∞¡x†o BÆæ’-èπ◊†o °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-´y-ôç™ Éçûª Went on (past of go on) + shouting and Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’ôç Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’. throwing ('-ing' forms) Mithun: Éü¿l-Jéà §ÚL-Íé-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË go on ûª®√yûª 'with' ¢√úÕûË noun ´Ææ’hçC. ´ü¿lØ√o, Åûª†’ îËÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’.

a) She went on with her studies in spite of disturbances = Disturbances

Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà ûª†

ANSWER

îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-*çC.

Mithun: Why do you talk to him? He never listen to anyone.

à §Ú-û√®Ω’.

Sachin: I can't help talking to him. He has my books. Until I get them back, I have to be friendly with him.

b) They go on with their work whatever the trouble = trouble

ÖØ√o ¢√∞¡x °æE ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-

a) Went on with + studies (noun) b) go on with their work [with + work (n)] 5) I could not help feeling... = expression I cannot help going now = help cannot help

ņ’-éÓ-´ôç ûª°æpé¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ™‰ü¿’. Ñ É°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xéπ èπÿ, Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅØË ûª°æpü¿’. (Ééπ\úø ¢√úÕ† éπL°œ Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’– Ééπ\úø ¢√úøû√ç– Å®Ωnç – 'ûª°æpü¿’— ÅE). I could not help feeling = ņ’-éÓ-´ôç ûª°æp-™‰ü¿’. Ñ cannot help °æéπ\† èπÿú≈ '-ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.

a) She cannot help the expenditure if she wants to learn music = (expenditure = noun).

ê®Ω’a ûª°æpü¿’.

Spoken English

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 17 -¢Ë’ 2006

Mithun: Why do you go on giving him books, when you know that he is that type? Sachin: I don't deny his not returning the books he takes, but his brother is a good friend of mine. (I don't deny that he does not return the books he takes...) Mithun: If you give up talking to him you need not lend him books. Sachin: I don't remember his brother delaying the return of books. Mithun: They are very unlike each other.

ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ Ç¢Á’éà ê®Ω’a –

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Pranuthi: Hi Sumathi, (it's a) pleasure seeing you, though after a long time. How's everybody?

(î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª®·Ø√ E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. Åçû√ èπ◊¨¡-©-¢Ë’Ø√?) Sumathi: Everybody is OK. (It's) nice seeing you too.

(Åçû√ Íé~´’ç. E†’o îª÷úøôç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ džçü¿çí¬ ÖçC) Pranuthi: What's (What has) kept you away so long?

(†’Ny-Eo-®Ó-V©’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ††’o éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’/ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’/ à¢Á’içCEo ®ÓV©’?) Sumathi: You know I'd been very busy preparing for the civils. I sat the last exam the day before (yesterday). It's off my mind now. Oh, what a relief!

(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬ Øˆ’ civils (= IAS, IPS, ûÓ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’. ¢Á·†o *´J exam ®√¨»†’. Å®·§Ú-®·çC. áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ!) etc., exams)

Pranuthi: I think you delayed taking the exams. You should have attempted them last year itself.

(†’´¤y Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤. †’´¤y §Ú®·† Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω¢Ë’ ®√Ææ’ç-ú≈-LqçC.) (last year itself = í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω¢Ë’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 158

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 19 -¢Ë’ 2006

We have been discussing the use of the '-ing' form for some time now, haven't we? We have seen so far the verbs which are followed by the '-ing' forms. verbs sions

´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, éÌEo Éûª®Ω expresûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' forms ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÉC ´’† conversations ÆæçéÀ~-°æhçí¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. Ç expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

äéπ

Now, Look at the following sentences from the dialogue between Pranuthi and Sumathi above. 1. (It's a) pleasure seeing you, though after a long time. 2. (It's) nice seeing you too 3. I've been very busy preparing for the civils 4. I think you delayed taking the exams 5. It's not easy preparing for the exam 6. ... there is no knowing what happens.. 7. Civils are always worth trying 8. ... candidates have difficulty making it to the top. 9. Sometimes the results are long coming. 1. It's a pleasure seeing you, though after a long time. 2. It's nice seeing you too. pleasure/ nice '-ing' form

Ééπ\úø °æéπ\† ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆, pleasure meeting you, nice meeting you

°æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ M. SURESAN

´÷ô-©E.

a) He delayed taking a decision = taking - '-ing' form b) They delayed coming to an agreement =

E®Ωgߪ’ç

b) She had a lot of difficulty understanding what he had said =

Åûª†’ îÁ°œpçC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC. É™« difficulty ûª®√yûª '-ing' form ´Ææ’hçC. ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ôç™ ñ«°æuç î˨»®Ω’. (äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ difficulty + in + ing form èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç™ îª÷¨»ç, delay ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌ-îªaE. ´Ææ’hçC. é¬F É°æ¤p-úÕC Å®Ω’ü¿’, 'in' ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’) c) The government delayed the project = 9) ... the results are long coming = v°æ¶µº’ûªyç project †’ Ç©Ææuç îËÆœçC. long + coming ('-ing' form) = Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-û√®·. d) They delayed the completion of the bridge = a) He was long/ He took long buying a house = Bridge °æ‹-Jh-îË-ߪ’-ö«-Eo ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç©Ææuç î˨»®Ω’. É©’x é̆ôç ñ«°æuç î˨»úø’. (c), (d) ©™ delayed ûª®√yûª, project, comb) I won't be long coming = ؈’ ®√´ôç Ç©Ææuç pletion, È®çúø÷ nouns éπü∆. îËߪ’†’. (long + coming -ing form) 5. It's not easy preparing for the civils = c) He took long deciding what to do àç îËߪ÷™ civils èπ◊ prepare Å´ôç Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’. E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ î√™« time BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Preparing- 'ing' form) ÉC modern English conversation ™ î√™« a) It is easy convincing mother = Å´’tèπ◊ †îªacommon. îÁ-°æpôç Ææ’©¶µºç= It is easy to convince moth- d) She wasn't long/ didn't take long marrying er Åçõ‰ easy ûª®√yûª '-ing' form Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa, the young man she loved. ûª†’ vÊ°N’ç-*-†-ûª-úÕ-E infinitive Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa. °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ôç™ Ç¢Á’ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. b) It wasn't easy operating the machine = Ñ expressions ÅEoçöÀ °æéπ\† '-ing' form Ç machine †’ †úø-°æôç Ææ’©¶µºç ÅE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’ = ¢√úøôç É°æpöÀ ¢√úø’éπ. ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç™ ñ«°æuç î˨»úø’.

It wasn't easy to operate the machine.

EXERCISE Pranav: Hi Ramana,

It's a pleasure seeing you Sumathi: True. But I felt I needed time. It's not easy preparing for that kind of exams, is it?

Sumathi: To my satisfaction of course. But then there is no knowing what happens until the results are out.

É™« °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x pleasure, nice ™«çöÀ ´÷ô© ûª®√yûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ glad ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form ¢√úøôç í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Glad meeting/ seeing you. (°æJ-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’, Åçõ‰ introduction Å°æ¤púø’) Glad knowing you - (ÉC-èπÿú≈ introduction Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË expression. (Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô-©-EoöÀ ûª®√yûª, °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤, °æJ-îªßª’ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ '-ing' form •ü¿’©’, infinitive èπÿú≈ ¢√úø´îª’a.

(Ø√ ûª%°œh ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ®√¨»†’. Å®·Ø√ °∂æL-û√©’ ¢Á©’-´-úË-´-®Ωèπ◊ àO’ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ îÁ°æp™‰ç)

Pleasure/ nice/ glad seeing you/ knowing you/ meeting you = pleasure/ nice/ glad to see/ to know/ to meet you.

(Eï¢Ë’. é¬F Éçé¬Ææh time 鬢√-©-E-°œç*çC Ø√èπ◊. / é¬-F time î√©-ü¿-E-°œç-*çC. Å™«çöÀ exams èπ◊ prepare 鬴ôç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’-éπü∆.) Pranuthi: So how did you in the exams?

Pranuthi: Happy that you leave fared well. Civils are always worth trying.

(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ ®√Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. civils á°æ¤púø÷ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-í∫_¢Ë.) (worth trying = v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-T†) Sumathi: They are, undoubtedly. But they are quite tough. Even brilliant candidates have difficulty making it to the top ranks.

؈’ civils èπ◊ prepare Å´¤ûª÷ busy í¬ ÖØ√o/ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. Ééπ\úø busy °æéπ\†, à 鬮Ωùç ´©x busy ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅC '-ing' form ™ ¢√úøû√ç. a) She is busy making arrangements for the dinner = dinner

à®√p-ôxûÓ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Å®·ûË Ñ exams î√™« éπ≠dçæ . î√™« ûÁL-N-í∫© Ŷµºu-®Ω’n©’ èπÿú≈ °j ranks ûÁa-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠d-° æ æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.) tough = éπ≠dç æ (exams N≠æߪ’ç.) quite = °æ‹Jhí¬/ ¶«í¬. brilliant = î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj†. (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç = î√™« v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†)

b) They are busy inviting people to their daughter's marriage = busy

Pranuthi: Still there is nothing wrong in hoping for the best, you see. Sometimes the results are long coming.

a) I was busy with the arrangements for the busy meeting. (meeting arrangements - noun.)

(Å®·Ø√ ´’ç*E ÇPç-îª-ôç™ ûªÊ°pç-™‰ü¿’. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ results ®√´-ö«-EéÀ time °æúø’-ûª’çC)

b) She is busy with the exams = [busy with + the exams (noun)]

J J J J

Spoken English

¢√∞¡x-´÷t®· °Rx-°œ-©’-°æ¤-©ûÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx

í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

c) I was busy the whole of last week moving to our new home.

í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç Åçû√ É©’x ´÷®Ω-ôçûÓ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o/ É©’x ´÷®Ω-ôçûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-®·çC. Å®·ûË busy with ûª®√yûª noun ´Ææ’hçC. à®√p-ôxûÓ

í¬ ÖØ√o–

°æK-éπ~-©ûÓ BJ-éπ-

™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC.

4. delayed taking the exams. Exams

èπÿ®Óa-´ôç Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤.

Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úÕo ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’ôç á°æ¤púø÷ Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ cheating •ü¿’©’, to cheat ¢√úÌa.

6. There's no knowing what happens.

àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çüÓ á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ ûÁLÊÆ O©’-™‰ü¿’.

There is no knowingEnglish conversation frequent There is no knowing = No one knows/ No one can know. a) That will happen, no doubt, but there is no knowing when =

ÉC í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.

™ î√™«

ÅC ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC, ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. é¬E á°æ¤púø-ØËC á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰®Ω’.

b) There was no knowing why he did it at all =

ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úøC áçü¿’èπ◊ î˨»-úø-ØËC á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

3) I'd been busy preparing for the civils =

Ç¢Á’

c) It's always easy cheating an innocent man =

èπ◊

c) Ram: When is Laxman coming? Syam: There's no knowing when he will come. 7. Civils are worth trying= civils worth = worth '-ing' form noun

(ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’)

v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-í∫_¢Ë. îËߪ’-ü¿-T†/ N©’´í∫©/ N©’´ îËߪ’ôç. ûª®√yûª é¬F, é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. a) The movie is worth watching = ÆœE´÷ îª÷úø-ü¿-í∫_üË (watching - ing form)

b) It is not worth spending so much time = time c) This second hand car is not worth Rs. 1 lakh second hand car (Rs 1 lakh = Noun) d) The book is worth its weight in gold =

Åçûª

Ñ îËߪ’ü¿’.

¢Á*aç-îËçûª N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿C.

©éπ~ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© N©’´

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆E •®Ω’-´çûª •çí¬®Ωç N©’-´-í∫-©C.

(worth its weight - noun) 8. Candidates have difficulty making it to the top rank

ûÁL-¢Áj† Ŷµºu-®Ω’n©’ èπÿú≈ Ö†oûª ö«-EéÀ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-û√®Ω’.

©’ §Òçü¿-

difficulty + making ('-ing' form) a) I had difficulty finding the address = address

Ç

á°æ¤púø÷ àüÓ îËÆæ÷h BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ Öçö«´¤ Ramana: àç îËߪ’†’? ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®ÓW á´®Ó äéπ®Ω’ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©’í¬ ´≤ƒh®Ω’. ¢√∞¡}-é¬\-¢√-Lq† à®√p-ôxûÓ Ø√ time Åçû√ Å®·-§Ú-ûÓçC. Pranav: Å®·ûË îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ time á°æ¤púø’ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çüÓ? Ramana: ÅüË Ø√ Ææ´’Ææu. îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ äéπ\ EN’≠æç time üÌ®Ω-éπôç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçöçC. Pranav: É¢√Ld guests á°æ¤-úÁ-∞«h®Ω’?. Ramana: ÅC á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’– ¢√∞Îx-°æ¤p-úÁ-∞«h®Ó? Pranav: Exams ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ¢√öÀéÀ prepare Å´ôç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’éπü∆? Ramana: é¬Ææh ÉçöÀéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ room BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«. Å°æ¤púŒ íÌúø´ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿-¢Ìa. Pranav: ´’ç* idea. ÅC îËߪ’-ü¿-í∫_üË. Ramana: ´÷ Ø√†o ÜJ-†’ç* AJT ®√í¬ØË Ç °æE îË≤ƒh. ´÷ Ø√†o Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh-úøØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o. ANSWER Pranav: Hi Ramana, you appear busy doing something or the other. Ramana: What can I do? We have some guests or the other everyday. I spend the whole time attending on them. I am busy arranging for their stay. Pranav: When do you find the time for study? Ramana: That's my problem. I have difficulty finding a minute's time for study. Pranav: When do today's guests go away? Ramana: There's no knowing when they go away. Pranav: Exams are fast approaching. It's not easy preparing for them. Ramana: I want to take room some distance from home. I'll then be free from the disturbance. Pranav: A good idea. worth trying. Ramana: I'll do that after my father comes back. Hope he won't be/ take long coming.

ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Chandan: Have you seen Pradhan, by any chance?

(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o

Pradhan

†’ îª÷¨»¢√? By any chance = à¢Á’i-Ø√/- à-´’Ø√o îª÷úøôç ûªô-Æœnç-*çü∆ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Nandan: I think yes. I saw him driving some where an hour ago. I could have stopped him, but I didn't like to.

(Å´¤-†-†’-èπ◊çö«. í∫çô éÀçü¿ô car ™ áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡xôç îª÷¨»†’. ÅûªúÕE Ç°œ ÖçúÌ-a -é¬F É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC.) (driving = car ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç)

1) I saw him driving an hour ago =

í∫çô éÀçü¿ô Åûªúø’ car ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç ؈’ îª÷¨»†’. 2) In fact I see him drive down the road at this time every day=

ÅÆæ©’ v°æA ®ÓW ÉüË time èπ◊ Ñ ®ÓúÓx ¢Á∞¡xôç ؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’.

Nandan: Not just today. In fact I see him drive down our road everyday at that time.

4) ... that's why. I find Pradhan becoming more and more active nowadays=

ÅD. É°æ¤púø’ v°æüµ∆Ø˛ E-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.

6) I have noticed you having a dig at him=

†’´y-ûª-úÕE Çô °æöÀdç-îªúøç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Look at the verbs in the sentences above: 1 & 2. saw 3. heard 4. find 5. observed 6. have noticed.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j† verbs ÅFo πÿú≈ îª÷úøôç/ éπE°œç-îªôç, N†ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªôç, °æJ-Q-Lçîªôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆.

Nandan: O... perhaps that's why I find him becoming more and more active nowadays.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 159

(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Åçü¿’-éπØË Åûªúø’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u active 鬴ôç í∫´’-E-Ææ’hØ√o.)

nephew (= son of a brother or a sister) yoga classes

Åçõ‰ É´Fo éπ∞¡Ÿx, îÁ´¤©’ ™«çöÀ ñ«cØËçvCߪ÷-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N. OöÀ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' form é¬F, 1st Regular doing word (go, come, etc) é¬F, that clause é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. àüÓ °æE-îË-Ææ’hç-úøôç/ îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬ îª÷úøúøç, í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç, °æJ-Q-Lç-îªúøç ïJ-Tç-ü¿ØÓ, àüÓ Åçô’ç-úøí¬/ Åçô’-çúøôç N†ôç ïJ-Tç-ü¿-ØÓ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. (Ñ see, hear, find, observe, notice- Oö-EoçöÀE verbs of sense perception Åçö«ç.) (´’† ñ«cØËçvCߪ÷©’– sense organs- eyes, nose, ear, tongue, skin – OöÀéÀ Ææç•çCµç-*-†N.)

èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç ûª®√yûª •®Ω’´¤ ûªí∫_ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. Åûª-†-†’èπ◊-Ø√oúø’, '؈÷ áçü¿’èπ◊ ûªí∫_-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?— ÅE. Yoga classes ™ îË®√úø’. é¬F ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-*ç-ü¿-ûª†’ •®Ω’´¤ °®Ω-í∫ôç. †’´y-†oô’d ®Ω’í¬_ Å®·ûË Åߪ÷uúø’ é¬F, •®Ω’-¢Ë-´’Ø√o ûªí¬_-úøç-ö«¢√?) Nandan: Come now Chandan; Yoga might not have slimmed down, but he hasn't certainly put on weight. Be fair to him.

Nandan: No, certainly not. I have noticed you having a dig at him whenever you find a chance.

(-à-´÷-vûªç -™‰-ü¿’. Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ÅûªúÕE Çô-°æ-öÀd-≤ƒh-´E ØËØÁ-°æ¤púÓ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.) have a dig at= Çô °æöÀdç-îª-úøç/- ÍíL îËߪ’ôç Chandan: Nothing of the sort. I like him a lot.

(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úøçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç.) Nothing of the sort = ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’ '-ing' forms ¢√ú≈-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x, ´’J-éÌEo verbs ÖØ√o®·. Ñ verbs °æéπ\† á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' forms é¬F, 1st RDW (go, come, walk, etc) é¬F ´≤ƒh®·. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation between Chandan and Nandan:

Spoken English

4) find: a) The teacher found him working hard =

Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç (îªü¿-´ôç) îª÷¨»úø’.

teacher

b) We always find him sleeping =

¢Ë’ç á°æ¤púø÷ Åûªúø’ Evü¿-§Ú-ûª’ç-úøí¬ îª÷≤ƒhç. c) The engineer has found the machine going out of order often=

ûª®Ωîª÷ Ç machine îÁúÕ§Ú-´ôç Ç engineer îª÷¨»úø’. Ñ find °æéπ\† 1st RDW ®√ü¿’. That clause ®√´îª’a. 5) observe: a) The invigilator has observed the student taking/ take a slip out of his pocket=

Åûªúø’ ñ‰•’-™ç* slip •ßª’-ôèπ◊ Bߪ’úøç invigilator í∫´’-Eç-î √úø’.

M. SURESAN

É™« Ñ see, hear, find, observe, notice, watch ™«çöÀ verbs °æéπ\-†-™«x '-ing' form/ 1st RDW/ that clauses (éÌEoîÓôx) ´≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË OöÀ ûª®√yûª ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'that' clause ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç better. '-ing form'/ I RDW effective í¬ Öçô’çC. NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH: Namratha:

Ææ’F-ûÁ-°æ¤púø÷ äÍé-®Ωéπç •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’. ûª† •ôd© fashion ™ ´÷Í®pç Öçúøü¿’. Charitha: ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. ûª†’ ûËú≈í¬ ÖçúË •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ؈’ äéπöÀ È®çúø’≤ƒ®Ω’x í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Namratha: OK, ûª† N≠æߪ’ç áçü¿’-èπ◊™‰. †’¢Áy-°æ¤-úøØ√o Ææ’v°œßª’ §ƒúøí¬ NØ√o¢√? Charitha: áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

I noticed her humming

(ÅûªúÕ

(Å®·ûË ¢√úø’ ™«´´™‰ü¿ç-ö«¢√?) put on weight= ™«´¤/ -•-®Ω’-¢Á-éπ\ôç

í¬ Öçúøôç í∫´’-

(ÅûªúÕ nephew •®Ω’´¤ ûªí∫_ôç Åûªúø’ í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’)

(†’´¤y îÁ°œpçC Eï¢Ë’. v°æA-®ÓW Ç time èπ◊ ßÁ÷í¬ ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√-†E Åûªúø’ îÁ°æpí¬ NØ√o†’.)

Chandan: Do you mean he hasn't put on weight?

active

5) He observed his nephew losing weight...

Chandan: You are right. I heard Pradhan say that he would go at that time everyday to attend yoga classes.

(Chandan, Ééπ Ç°æ¤. ßÁ÷í¬ ÅûªúÕE ûªT_çîª-™‰-üË¢Á÷ é¬F, ™«´¤ ´÷vûªç °®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. ÅûªúÕ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Öçúø’.) come now = Informal conversation ™ come now= Ééπ Ç°æ¤. fair= äéπ-J-°æôx Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç

™

ûª†’ ÅüË time èπ◊ Å™« ¢Á∞«h-†E Pradhan îÁ°æpí¬ NØ√o†’.

(Ñ ®Óñ‰ é¬ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ v°æA-®ÓW ÅüË time èπ◊ car ™ ÅüË ¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞¡⁄h éπE-°œ-≤ƒhúø’ Ø√èπ◊/ car ™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç îª÷≤ƒh†’ ؈’.)

Chandan: He observed his nephew losing weight after attending the yoga classes. So he thought, 'why shouldn't I as well?' and joined the classes. But I notice him gaining weight. He is more active as you have said, but has he lost any weight?

car

3) I heard Pradhan say that he would go at that time every day... =

Chandan: Is that so? He said he would see me today.

(Å™«í¬? †Fo-®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†-Ø√oúø’.)

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 21 -¢Ë’ 2006

1&2) saw: a) I see him always watching / watch the TV / I see that he always watch the TV =

Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ TV îª÷úøôç/ îª÷Ææ’hç-úøí¬ îª÷≤ƒh-ØËo†’/ Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ TV îª÷Ææ÷h éπE-°œç-îË-¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊. b) Åûªúø’ 11 í∫çô© Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´ôç/ police ©’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»®Ω’/ Åûªúø’ 11 í∫çô© Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ •ßª’-ôéÀ ´Ææ÷h éπE-°œç-î√úø’ police ©èπ◊= The police saw him coming out/ come out at 11 a number of times. A number of times the police saw that he was coming out at 11. c)

Ç restaurant Åçõ‰ Åûª-E-éÀ-≠dçæ í¬ Ö†o-ô’xçC. Åéπ\úø A†ôç î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»†’= He seems to like the restaurant a lot. I saw him eat/ eating there quite often.

Å™«Íí hear ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form / I RDW ´≤ƒh®·. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ that clause ®√´îª’a. 3) heard: a) I heard her sing / singing =

Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-úøôç ؈’ NØ√o†’. b) We heard them quarrelling / quarrel about something-

¢√∞¡Ÿx üËE N≠æ-ߪ’¢Á÷ §Úö«x-úø’-éÓ-´ôç ¢Ë’ç NØ√oç. c) She heard him say / saying that he was going to buy a house =

É©’x é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-†E îÁ°æ¤hç-úøôç / îÁ°æ¤hç-úøí¬ Ç¢Á’ N†oC.

(Invigilator= °æKéπ~ rooms ™ 鬰‘-™«ç-öÀN ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ÊÆ teachers) Observe ûª®√yûª 'that' clause ´Ææ’hçC=

Namratha:

î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC. í∫ûª ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç cinema music director Ç¢Á’ §ƒúøôç í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÆœE-´÷™x §ƒúË Å´-鬨¡ç ®√´îª’a. The invigilator observed that the student Charitha: ûª †’ èπÿE-®√-í¬©’ §ƒúøôç ؈’ í∫´’-Eçwas taking out a slip from his pocket. î√†’. é¬F Åçûª íÌ°æp í¬ßª’-èπ◊-®√-©-†’-éÓb) I have observed him bunk/ bunking classes ™‰ ü ¿ ’ . quite often: ûª®Ωîª÷ Åûªúø’ classes áíÌ_-ôdúøç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Namratha: Ç¢Á’ ÆœE-´÷-©èπ◊ §ƒúøôç ûªy®Ω-™ ØË Nçö«ç. c) She observed him looking/look at her = Charitha: ûª †’ ¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ ÆæçUûªç CD ©’ N†ôç Åûªúø’ ûª†-¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷úøôç Ç¢Á’ í∫´’-Eç-*çC. ØË † ’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. (watch ¢√úøçúÕ) 6) notice: í∫´’-Eç-îª-úøç/- ü¿%-≠œd™  °æúøôç Namratha: ûª † èπ◊ Åü¿%≠ædç éπ-LÆœ ®√¢√-©-E ÇPü∆lç. a) Suddenly I noticed them going/ go out together=

¢√∞¡Ÿx éπLÆœ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç -Ø√ -éπçô °æúÕçC. b) I often notice her talking / talk to him=

Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ؈’ ûª®Ωîª÷ í∫´’-E-≤ƒh†’./ Ç¢Á’ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åûª-EûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Ø√ éπçô °æúÕçC. c) The police have noticed him visiting/ visit one house in the old town at midnight=

Ç ´uéÀh Å®Ωl¥-®√vA¢Ë∞¡ old town ™ äéπ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡x éπçô-°æ-úÕçC. É™«çöÀ verb ÉçéÓöÀ 'watch' (í∫´’-Eç-îªôç) a) She watched him water / watering the garden patiently =

Åûªúø’ ã°œí¬_ ûÓôèπ◊ F®Ω’-°-ôdúøç Ç¢Á’ í∫´’-Eç-*çC. b) They have watched her dancing/ dance for an hour=

ANSWER Namratha: I see Sunitha wear/ wearing the same style of dress/ dress of the same cut always. No change in the fashion of her clothes. Charitha: No. I have observed her wear dresses of different style once or twice. Namratha: OK. Why talk of her now?/ Let's not talk of her now. Have you ever heard Sunitha sing/ singing? Charitha: Why do you ask? Namratha: She sings very well. A film music director observed her sing/ singing. Very soon she may get an opportunity to sing for movies. Charitha: I noticed her hum/ humming

(èπÿE-

but I didn't think that she was a good singer.

®√-í¬©’/ ûª†-™-ûªØË §ƒúø’-éÓôç)

Ç¢Á’ í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ø√ôuç îËߪ’ôç ¢√∞¡Ÿx A©-éÀç-î√®Ω’. c) The thief watched the inmates of the house going out/ go out, waited for some time, broke the lock and entered the house =

Ç üÌçí∫ Éçöx-¢√∞¡Ÿx (inmates) •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. é¬ÊÆ-§ƒT û√∞¡ç •ü¿l-©’-éÌöÀd ™EéÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-î√úø’.

Namratha: We can soon hear her sing/ singing for movies. Charitha: I've watched her listening/ listen to classical music CD's. Namratha: Let's wish her best of luck.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Anand: Hi Milind, congrats on your new bike. How much is it? bike congrats. Milind: The on road cost is Rs. 47250/-. How do you find it? (Road

Anand: I feel happy with the one I have. My impression is that the new ones are a bit difficult to handle, because of their pickup. bike bikes

Anand: I find it quite sleek. Congrats on your choice of colour. She is gleaming and is a real beauty. What do you feel about its performance? colour

Milind: Nothing of the sort. Ride one and feel for yourself. You'll get rid of your bike, I'm sure. bike drive bike

(éÌûªh

é̆oç-ü¿’èπ◊

áçûª-®·çC?)

O’C-éÌ-îËa-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ 47,250 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„jçC. ᙫ ÖçC?)

(î√™« †’†oí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-≤ÚhçC. F áç°œ-éπèπ◊ ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. ÅC î√™« v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûªçí¬, Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. °æ-E-B®Ω’ -á-™« -Å-E°œ-≤Úh-ç-C?) Sleek = †’†’-°æ¤í¬, polish îËÆ œ-†ô’x Öçúøôç = sleek. ´·êuçí¬ vehicles èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. A sleek bike/ a sleek car, etc. Vô’d Åçü¿çí¬ Eí∫-E-í∫-™«úø’ûª÷ †’†’-°æ¤í¬ ü¿’Ny Öçõ‰ ÅC èπÿú≈ sleek hair. English ™ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©†’ 'she' Åçö«®Ω’. 'I

bought the car last week. Isn't she a real beauty? =

ØËØ√ 鬮Ω’†’ §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç éÌØ√o†’. Eïçí¬ ÅC Åçü¿çí¬ ™‰ü¿÷?

Milind: I feel it is a good buy. It gives 75 kmph, and carries a two year warranty. What do you think? Litre 75 km. warranty

(´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. ´Ææ’hçC. ü∆E-ûÓ-¶«ô’ È®çúË∞¡x èπÿú≈ ÖçC. à´’ç-ö«´¤?)

èπ◊

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 160

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 24 -¢Ë’ 2006

(Ø√èπ◊†o Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. É°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’h†o ¢Ëí∫ç ûªy®Ωí¬ °æ¤çVéÓ-´úøç ´©x éÌûªh ¢√öÀE Eߪ’ç-vAç-îªúøç éπ≠d-´æ ’E Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç)

(ÅüËç-™‰ü¿’. äéπ †’ îËÆœ îª÷úø’, †’ ņ’-¶µº-´çûÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ. F §ƒûª ´C-Lç--èπ◊ç-ö«´¤) Nothing of the sort = ÅüËç-/ Å™«ç-öÀüËç ™‰ü¿’. get rid of = ´ü¿-Lç--éÓ-´ôç – Å©-¢√-ôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒhç English ™ äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁLÊ° °æü¿l¥-A™ Ææ’Eoûªç áèπ◊\´. ؈-†’-éÌçö«, à¢Á÷ îÁ°æp-™‰†’, †’¢Ëy-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? É™«çöÀ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ´÷ô©’ î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue between Anand and Milind 1) How do you find it? 2) I find it quite sleek 3) What do you feel about its performance? 4) What do you say? 5) Can't say 6) ... I have a feeling ... 7) I think you are right 8) My impression is that... M. SURESAN 9) I'm sure.

ii) I am unable to find out where he has gone

Åûªúø’ áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«xúÓ Øˆ’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. iii) Find out where she was hidden the money

(Ç¢Á’ úø•’s áéπ\úø ü∆*çüÓ éπ†’éÓ\) Be careful, you find her difficult to deal with

ñ«ví∫ûªh. ÇNúøûÓ deal îËߪ’ôç Fèπ◊ éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÅE-°œç-îª-´îª’a). ÉD find èπÿ, find out èπÿ ûËú≈. Let's come back to 'find'.

2) I find it quite sleek =

î√™« polished í¬ Åçü¿çí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. a) -Ç movie Ø√Íé-´’çûª ûª%°œhí¬ -™‰-ü¿’ = I don't find it satisfactory (ûª%°œhí¬ ÅE-°œçîªúø癉ü¿’.) b) That's OK for me, but my friend doesn't find it acceptable=

Ø√éπC ûª%°œh-í¬ØË ÖçC/ †*açC. ´÷ friend èπ◊ ´÷vûªç Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷-í∫uçí¬ ÅE-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’. ÉD find ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©÷, B®Ω÷. 3) What do you feel about its performance? =

ü∆E °æE-B®Ω’ ᙫ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC? find = feel about = ÅE-°œç-îªôç/ éπE-°œç-îªôç.

´’†ç àüÁjØ√ Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îª-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’, èπ◊çúø-•-ü¿l©’ éÌöÀd-†ô’x Eïç îÁ°æpôç ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç ´©x É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Å´-ûª-L-¢√-∞¡x†’ ØÌ°œpç-îªôç É≠ædç-™‰-éπ§Ú-®·Ø√ °j expressions ¢√úøû√ç. 1) How do you find it? ÉC üËE í∫’Jç-îÁjØ√ äéπJ ÅGµv§ƒßª’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅúÕÍí ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o. (îÁ°æp-™‰†’. ؈’ éÌE î√™« 鬩-´’What do you think of/ about it? / what's your ®·çC. Ñ´’üµ¿u ´*a† ®Ω鬩 í∫’Jç* Ø√éπçopinion? éπçõ‰ How do you find it? ÅØËüË ûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. é¬F †’¢Ëy´’†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, ü¿í∫_®Ω áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ü¿í∫_®Ω ®Ω÷.50,000 é¬Ææháèπ◊\¢Ë ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Can't say - ´’†ç àD îÁ°æp-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’/ à Yamuna: You went to the movie yesterday. How did you find it? = ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô. E†o †’´¤y îª÷Æœ† movie ᙫ ÅE-°œç-*çC Fèπ◊? I have a feeling = I feel = Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC, (Éçûª-éπçõ‰ simple, how was the movie yesrather on the high side = é¬Ææh áèπ◊\¢Ë. On the high side = áèπ◊\¢Ë. rather = ´’†-éÀ≠dç æ ™‰EN terday? ÅØÌa, é¬F How did you find? ÅØËüË é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´, ņ-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. The movie is ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.) rather dull = Ç ÆœE´÷ é¬Ææh NÆæ’Íí. She is Ganga: I found it very good/ very exciting. rather short = Ç¢Á’ é¬Ææh §Òõ‰d. rather costly (î√™« ¶«í∫’-†oô’d, Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ωç-í¬†÷ ÅE-°œç-*çC. = é¬Ææh êKüË. (Ø√ ņ’-¶µº´ç) ´’ç*-¢√-öÀF ´’†-éÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’i† ¢√öÀF, °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’, ¶«í¬ØË Mom to saw it. She finds it good too. ÖçC ņ-ö«-EéÀ, fairly ¢√úøû√ç. (´÷ Å´’t èπÿú≈ îª÷ÆœçC. Ç¢Á’ èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ØË The movie is fairly good. Ç ÆœE´÷ °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’. Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC) ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. The movie is rather dull. She is Ééπ\úÕ 'find' èπ◊ éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç ÅØË Å®√n-Eéà fairly tall. (°∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. §Òúø’Íí). She is rather Ææ ç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Find out= éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’short (é¬Ææh §Òõ‰d). éÓ´ôç.'Find' èπ◊ ÅE-°œç-îª-ôç-ûÓ-¶«ô’ éπE-°œç-îª-ôç/Milind: You can't get any other brand at that üÌ®Ω-éπôç ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. price for that mileage. a) Where did you find the book? = (Åçûª ¢Á’i™‰@ ÉîËa à Éûª®Ω v¶«çú˛ èπÿú≈ Ç üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ ®√ü¿’) Fé¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-*çC?

Kundan: What do you feel about the food in the hostel? (Hostel food Madan: I feel/ find it OK. Can get on.

ᙫ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC?/ ᙫ ÖçC?)

Spoken English

ûª††’ ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø-™‰-ü¿ØË ¶µ«´ç Åûª-E™ ÖçC. °j´Fo ´’†-éπ-E-°œç-*-†N, ´’†-Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ, îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. (´’†ç éπ*aûªçí¬ É™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´’E îÁÊ°pçü¿’èπ◊, I am/ he is/ they are sure/ certain Åçö«ç ÅE ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’) äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω‰ç; ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç ´©x 鬴a, ã N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´’†èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ Å´-í¬-£æ«† ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ôç-´™«x 鬴a. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, I can't say Åçö«ç.

5) I can't say. Kumar: What do you feel about Mallik? (Do you) think he is good?

(´’Lx-é˙†’ í∫’Jç* à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ¢√úø’ ´’ç*-¢√-úËØ√?)

Kesav: Can't say. I've known him for just two days

b) Murali: Do you think he can do the job?

(¢√ú≈ °æE îËߪ’-í∫-©-úøç-ö«¢√?)

Pramod: Difficult to say. He hasn't done this type of job before.

(îÁ°æpúøç éπ≠dçæ / îÁ°æp™‰ç. É™«çöÀ °æE Éçûª-èπ◊´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’.) So, can't say, difficult to say- Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿-†o-´÷ô.

Now practise the following aloud in English Mahesh: Hi Ganesh, Ganesh: Mahesh: (feel/ find

´·ç¶„j †’ç* á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤? E†oØË. I feel it/ find it OK= I feel (that) it is OK/ I find Åéπ\úø áçúø-™„™« ÖØ√oß˝’? (that) it is OK. ¢√úøçúÕ.) 4) What do you say? = †’¢Ëy-´’ç-ö«´¤?/ O’Í®-´’ç- Ganesh: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™  éπçõ‰ Åüµ∆y-†oçí¬ ÅE-°œçö«®Ω’? ÉC äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ *çC. Ø√ ¶µ«´†, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ áçúø-™„-èπ◊\¢√úË Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o. ´-®·Ø√ îÁ´’ô °æôdü¿’. ®√vûª’∞¡Ÿ} xí¬ ÅEWhat do you say / does your father say? °œ-Ææ’hçC. – ÉC î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Nçô’çö«ç éπü∆? Mahesh: Åéπ\úø Nü∆u-´-Ææ-ûª’©’ Ééπ\-úÕ-éπçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ö«ßª÷? What do the students say / feel about/ How Ganesh: îÁ°æp-™‰†’, ØËF N≠æߪ’ç Åçûª °æJ-Q-Lç-îªdo the students find the new teacher? ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ¶µ«´† Ééπ\úË ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E. = éÌûªh teacher í∫’Jç* students ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Mahesh: áçü¿’-éÌ-*açC Fé¬ ÅGµv§ƒßª’ç? àN’öÀ? à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Ganesh: ؈’†o ®ÓV™x Åéπ\úø Ø√èπ◊ ûªT-L† ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ (6) & (8): I have a feeling/ My impression that: business ûª°æp ÉçéÓöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰ü¿’. Education 6) I have a feeling = Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. èπ◊ Åçûª v§ƒüµ∆†uç É´y-†-ôd-E-°œç-*çC. (°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´îª’a = ¶«üµËç-™‰ü¿’)

I have a feeling that Rs. 50,000 is too high for a two wheeler =

Cyîªvéπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ 50000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„-èπ◊\-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.

a) She had a feeling that the doctor wasn't treating her properly =

ú≈éπd®Ω’ ûª††’ ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø-ôç-™‰-ü¿E Ç¢Á’-éÓ-¶µ«´ç ÖçúËC/ ÅE-°œç-*çC.

b) Why do you have the feeling we don't like you?

†’´yçõ‰ ´÷èπ◊ É≠ædç-™‰-ü¿E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ÉN What's you feeling? ÅØË question èπ◊ I had been searching for it. I couldn't find it= answers Å´¤-û√®·. ü∆E-éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπE-°œç-îª8) My impression is that... Ø√èπ◊†o/ Ø√Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ™‰ü¿’/ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç... ÅE Å®Ωnç. (†’´¤y ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ- b) Find out= éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. ûª®Ω i) The police have find out important information a) Dhiraj: Well, you have seen the arrangeߪ÷©’ é¬-©ç -îÁ-Lx-†N. †’´¤y ments. What do you feel? ´÷®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ö«´¤ FÍé ûÁL-ߪ÷L.) about the thief= (à®√p-ôxFo îª÷¨»-´¤í¬) à´’-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC? Milind: Why don't you go for a new bike? For üÌçí∫†’ í∫’Jç* police î√™« ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Niraj: OK. But my impression is that you have one like mine? éπ †’-íÌ-Ø√o®Ω’/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. taken too much trouble. (éÌûªh bike äéπöÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿÷ Ø√™«ç-öÀüË?) Anand: I Think you're right. My opinion is outdated. You change bikes often. You must know. correct bikes

c) His impression is that he was not treated properly.

(îÁ°æp-™‰†’/ ᙫ îÁ°æp†’? Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’-í¬ØË ûÁ©’Ææ’).

How do you find it? Anand: Can't say. Long since I bought a bike. I don't know much about the recent brands. But, if you don't mind, I have a feeling that nearly Rs. 50,000/- is rather on the high side for a two wheeler. bike

(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬F †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ trouble BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-´-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ Ø√Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ trouble BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E.

Answer Mahesh: Hi Ganesh, When did you return from Mumbai? Ganesh: The day before (yesterday). Mahesh: How did you find/ feel the summer/ heat there? Ganesh: I found it worse than in Hyderabad. My feeling is that though Hyderabad is hot, we don't sweat here. We feel the nights are cool. Mahesh: Did you find educational facilities better there than here? Ganesh: (I) can't say/ difficult to say. I didn't pay attention to it I have a feel that they are better here. Mahesh: Why did you/ do you feel so? Ganesh: All those I met there during my stay talked only of business. My impression was that they didn't give importance to studies.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Prasanth: Meena, You remember Sekhar. don't you?

Fèπ◊ Sekhar í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆? (sentence *´®Óx don't you? ÅØËC question tag. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? î√™«-鬩ç éÀçü¿õ‰ ´’†ç Ñ columns ™ OöÀE í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. éπü∆? é¬ü∆? åØ√? ™‰ü∆? ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC.) Meena:

Of course. Isn't he that police officer? He helped us a lot when we had an accident last year?

í∫’®Ω’h ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ô-¢Ë’çöÀ? (= ofcourse). Ç police officer éπü∆? ´’†èπ◊ í∫ûª Ææç´ûªq®Ωç accident Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ î√™« Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»úø’. Prasanth: That's he. My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He has phoned me Mr. Sekhar has come here. So I went and invited him. cousin Govind friend. Sekhar Phone

´÷

Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’ç* Ééπ\úÕéÀ ´î√a-®ΩE î˨»úø’. ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx dinner èπ◊ °œL-î√†’.

Meena:

You've done a good thing. Mr.Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately, because of Mr.Sekhar. Mr.Sekhar had been a stranger to us till then. Surprising he took such an interest in us.

î√™« ´’ç* °æE î˨»®Ω’. ¨Ïê®˝èπ◊ hospital ™ ã doctor friend ÖØ√oúø’. ¨Ïê®˝ ´©x Çߪ’† ´’†èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Ájü¿uç î˨»úø’. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, ¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´’†-¢Á’´®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ´’† -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ Çߪ’† Åçûª interest BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’. Prasanth: Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He saved our lives. But for him there is no knowing what would have happened to us.

Ç®ÓV ´’†èπ◊ ¨Ïê®˝ üË´¤úË °æç°œ-†ô’x ´î√a®Ω’. ´’† v§ƒù«Lo 鬧ƒ-ú≈®Ω’. Çߪ’ØË ™‰éπ-§Ú®· Öçõ‰ ´’†-Íé-´’-ߪ·uç-úËüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Meena:

My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes from his garden. We will serve Mr.Sekhar those mangoes. We will serve him to Jangri. I made it yesterday.

´÷ ņoߪ’u/ ûª´·túø’ É°æ¤púË ûÓô™ †’ç* ´÷N’-úÕ-°æç-úø’x °æç°œç-î√úø’. ¢√öÀE ¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´úÕfü∆lç. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ñ«çvT èπÿú≈ ´úÕfü∆lç. E†oØË î˨». Prasanth: He deserves all hospitality. He saved our lives. Let's do our best to satisfy him.

Çߪ’† áçûª-öÀ ÇA--ü∑∆u-E-ÈéjØ√ Å®Ω’|úË. ´’† v§ƒù«©’ 鬧ƒ-ú≈úø’. Çߪ’Eo ûª%°œh-°æ-®Ω-îª-ö«EéÀ ÅEo v°æߪ’-û√o©’ îËü∆lç. Meena:

OK then. I will be on the job.

ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË– ØËØ√ °æE O’üË Öçö«. J

J

J

O™„j-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ conversation simple í¬ easy í¬ Öçúøôç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅGµ-©-≠æ-ùÃ-ߪ’¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ÅC ÅEo≤ƒ®Ω÷x ≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a éπü∆. ÅDé¬èπ◊çú≈ Å´-ûªL¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬Ææh éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† sentences ´÷ö«x-úÕûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í¬L éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ≤ƒJ †’ç* conversation ™ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh extended sentences ¢√úøôç practice îËü∆lç. Åçõ‰ É°æpöÀ-†’ç* ´’†ç advanced level conversation/ Spoken English practice îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´’-†o-´÷ô.

Spoken English

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 26 -¢Ë’ 2006

Clause with a verb.

Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? A group of words È®çúø’ sentences *†o *†oN NúÕ NúÕí¬ ¢√úË •ü¿’©’ äÍé sentence é¬Ææh °ü¿lC ¢√úÕ conversation effective í¬ îËÆæ’-éÓ´ôç ´’ç*C. îª÷úøçúÕ: He is the same teacher. He taught

us this lesson. He taught us it interestingly.

Ñ sentences îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ *†o-Ní¬, Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ÖØ√o®·. é¬F ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéà He, repeat Å´ôç ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ™‰ü¿÷. ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x éÀçC sentence îª÷úøçúÕ. He is the same teacher who taught us this lesson interestingly.

(Ñ §ƒ®∏Ωç interesting í¬ îÁ°œpçC ÅüË teacher). °j sentence ™ àç î˨»ç? Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o ´‚úø’ sentences †÷, 'who' ûÓ éπL-Ê°≤ƒç. É°æ¤púø’ äÍé sentence Å®·uçC. so, éÌçîÁç advanced level conversation ™, who, which, that, whose ©ûÓ, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ 'whom' ûÓ éπ©-°æ-´îª’a. ᙫíÓ îª÷ü∆l´÷?

His brother who came here yesterday has

E†o ´*a† ÅûªúÕ

brother

É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’.

c) This is the book. I gave it to him yesterday.

ÉC °æ¤Ææhéπç. ÅC ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ E†o Éî√a†’ – ÉC áçûª ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ÖçC? Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©†’ äéπ-öÀí¬ 'which' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. (a) , (b) ™x ´’†’-≠æfl©’ 鬕öÀd who ¢√ú≈ç. °æ¤Ææhéπç ´Ææ’h´¤ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE which ¢√ú≈L.

sentence groups

™

1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot when we had an accident last year. Isn't he the police officer who

éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç:

helped us a lot when ... 2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He has phoned me Sekhar is here =

This is the book which I gave him yester-

My cousin Govind who is a good friend of his

day=

has phoned me ...

E†o ؈-ûª-úÕ-éÀ-*a† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC. d) Here is the dog. It tried to bite me.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 161

Conversation 1st group

™ç* BÆœ† îª÷ü∆lç.

just left.

Ç èπ◊éπ\ Ééπ\-úø’çC. ÅC ††’o éπ®Ω´ú≈EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-*çC. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ 'which' join îËߪ’çúÕ.

3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately.

éπL-°œûË,

Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend who

attended on us immediately at the hospital.

This is . the book which I Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot when we had an accident last year. 2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He has phoned me Sekhar is here. 3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately because of Mr. Sekhar. 4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He saved our lives that day. 5) My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes from his garden. We will serve them to Mr. Sekhar. Let's try to reduce the length of the each group of sentences above. We can do so by joining them with who, whose, which and that. But before that

OöÀ Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç:

a) The man who wrote the book is my friend.

á´®√ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√¨»®Ó Åûªúø’ Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – Ñ Å®Ωnç ÆæÈ®j-†üË. é¬F ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™« ņçéπü∆. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’: Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√Æœ-†-ûªúø’ Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – -Å-E -Åç-ö«ç. DEo È®çúø’ sentences éπ©-®·-éπí¬ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a: The man wrote the book. He is my friend - ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆? ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ The man who wrote the book is my friend, ÅØËC Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆? The man wrote the book. He is my friend

ÉC éÌçîÁç Nçûª-í¬ØË ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Åçü¿’-éπE The man who wrote the book is my friend - ÉC £æ›çü∆í¬ NE°œ-Ææ’hçC. b) His brother came here yesterday. He has just left.

ÅûªúÕ brother E†o ´î√aúø’. Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’ Ñ 2 sentences •ü¿’©’, É™« ņçúÕ.

Here is the dog which tried to bite me. e) This is Hari. His parents are here.

Éûªúø’ £æ«J. ÅûªE ûªLxM. SURESAN ü¿ç-vúø’-L-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o®Ω’. éπ©-°æçúÕ. This is Hari whose parents are here. Ééπ\úø ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©’-†o-ûª†’ £æ«J. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ who/ which •ü¿’©’ that èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Now practise the following aloud in English

(OôEoöÀ™ who, whose, which and that ûÓ éπL-°œ† sentences ¢√úøçúÕ.) Pramila: †’´¤y EØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁî√a´¤. ÅC àC? Pratyusha: Åçõ‰ ØËEoØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æ´-Réπ ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ûÁî√a†’, ü∆Eo í∫’JçîËØ√ †’´y-úÕ-ÍíC? Pramila: v°æ´-Réπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æÆæ÷† ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ûÁ*açC. ÅC FéÀ-*açC. Pratyusha: v°æÆæ÷† Åçõ‰ Ç English novels ûÁí∫ îªC¢Ë Å´÷t-ßË’Ø√? Pramila: Å´¤†’. Ç Å´÷t-®·Íé Ñ ´’üµ¿u English essay writing ™ Ist prize ´*açC.

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) Future perfect tense †’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-î√L?ii) Vocabulary & word power †’ ᙫ °ç-éÓ-¢√L?iii) Helping verb ûª®√yûª to infinitive Öçú≈™«? ™‰ü∆ plain (bare) infinitive Öçú≈™« ? – ñ„.®√V, ñ„j†÷®˝, -Ç-C™«-¶«ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: i) Future ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh®· Öçô’ç-ü¿ØË °æEéÀ future perfect ¢√úøû√ç. shall have + past participle/ will have + past participle

a) In an hour from now, he will/ have reached home =

äéπ í∫çô Ææ´’-ߪ÷-E-éÀ/- í∫çô í∫úÕ-îË-™°æ¤

4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He saved our lives that day. Mr. Sekhar who was really God sent helped us that day. 5) My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes. We will serve them to Mr. Sekhar. Join the sentences: My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes which we will served to Mr. Sekhar.

É™« who, whom, whose, which and that ûÓ éπLÊ° sentences N´-®√©’ î√™« ÖØ√o®·. ANSWER Where is the book which/ that you brought yesterday? Pratyusha: Are you talking of the book which/ that I brought from Pravalika. Pravalika gave you the book which Pramila: she borrowed that book) from Prasuna. Pratyusha: Is Pravalika the girl who always reads English novels? Pramila: Yea. That's the girl who got the Ist prize in English essay writing competition. Pramila:

(Å®Ω’´¤ ûÁ*açC)

(

¢√úø’ É©’x îËJ Öçö«úø’ – Åçõ‰ í∫çô-™-°æ™‰ ¢√úÕ©’x îË®Ωôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC. b) They will have come back by this time tomorrow = time

Í®°‘-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx AJ-íÌ-açèπ◊ – Í®°æ¤ – ´·çüË ö«®Ω’. (Åçõ‰ Ñ AJ-T-®√-´ôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC)

ii) You can improve your vocabulary by regular reading - of English newspapers, books, etc. That's the only way. iii) Help -

ûª®√yûª to infinitive/Plain infinitive àüÁjØ√ correct.

a) He helped me to get the tickets = He helped me get the tickets - both right.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Kedar: Isn't it Nikhil who called? Nikhil Phone Kailas: Yes. Our mechanic repaired my bike last week, you know. Nikhil wants him. bike mechanic repair Nikhil

îËÆœçC

éπü∆?

Å´¤†’. §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç †’ ´’† î˨»úø’ í∫ü∆. èπ◊ ûª†’ 鬢√-©ô.

Kedar: Why? (Is) something wrong with his bike? bike Kailas: Obviously. But my surprise is he got it repaired it only the day before. It has trouble now again. Few mechanics are honest. Few know their job well.

áçü¿’èπ◊? ÅûªúÕ

èπ◊ à´’Ø√o JÊ°®√?

ÅçûË-éπü∆. é¬F Ǩ¡a®Ωuç àN’ôçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ü∆Eo ¢Á·†oØË repair îË®·çî√úø’. ´’Sx É°æ¤púø’ ü∆EéÀ trouble. Eñ«-ߪ’B Ö†o mechanics ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’. °æE ûÁL-Æ œ† mechanics èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’. Obviously - evidently = clearly = ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË/ éπE°œ-Ææ÷hØË/ îª÷ÊÆhØË Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u™« ÖçC. Few = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’/ ™‰ü¿’ A few - à éÌCl-´’çüÓ/ à éÌØÓo. ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. Few Mechanics are honest, fewer (mechanics) still know their job..

(È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ fewer ûª®√yûª mechanics îÁ°æpéπ\-®Ω™‰ü¿’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ à mechanic èπÿ Eñ«-ߪ’B ™‰ü¿’. Åçûª-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ (Fewer) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æE ûÁ©’Ææ’. É™«çöÀ expression ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ for effective conversation.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 162

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 28 -¢Ë’ 2006

Kailas: He is certainly a good one. His boys too are well trained. mechanic.

Åûªúø’ Eïçí¬ ´’ç* ÅûªúÕ èπ◊v®√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Péπ~ù Ö†o¢√∞Ïx.

Kedar: I have a number of friends. He has repaired their bikes. They are all happy. He repaired my cousin's bike six months ago. It has not given him any trouble since then. friends bikes repair cousin bike repair trouble sentences effective sentence practice Who, whom, whose, which and that practice conversation sentences repetition

Ø√ î√™«-´’çC Éûª-úø’ îËÊÆh Ææç-ûª%°œh -îÁç-ü∆®Ω’. ´÷ Ç®Ω’ î˨»úø’. Å°æpöÀ†’ç* ÅüËç ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ É´y-™‰ü¿’. †’ éπL°œ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ í¬ ´÷®Ωaúøç îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆ ûÓ éπL°œ. ÉC áçûª áèπ◊\´ îËÊÆh ™ ´’K *†o *†o ûÓ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ é¬Ææh £æ›çü∆í¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’Íé É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç advanced level of conversation ™ ÖØ√oç ÅE í∫’®Ω’hîËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ.

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) Isn't it Nikhil who called? 2) Our mechanic repaired my bike last week. Nikhil wants him. 3) He got it repaired the day before. It has trouble now. 4) His shop is next to the fast food joint. It is very close to his rooms. 5) ... he is out with another customer. He is buying a bike. He wanted this mechanM. SURESAN ic's opinion.

3) He got repaired the day before. It has trouble now.

¢√úø’ ü∆Eo ¢Á·†o repair îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. É°æ¤p-úøC trouble É≤ÚhçC. Ééπ\úø Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ üËEûÓ éπ©-§ƒL? ´Ææ’h´¤ 鬕öÀd 'which'. îª÷úøçúÕ. The bike (it) which he got repaired the day before has trouble now.

¢Á·†o trouble

repair

îË®·ç--èπ◊†o

bike

èπ◊ É°æ¤púø’

ÖçC.

Kedar: But What happened to his mechanic? His shop is next to the fast food joint. It is very close to his rooms. mechanic centre Shop. Nikhil rooms Rooms = Bachelors rooms Room Singular Kailas: It seems he is out with another customer. He is buying a bike. He wanted this mechanic's opinion. customer bike mechanic

é¬F ÅûªúÕ à´’-ߪ÷uúø’? Ç °æéπ\ØË ÅûªúÕ öÀ°∂œØ˛ ¢√∞¡x èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω. ™«çöÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅüÁlèπ◊ ( Åçö«®Ω’. ÅE BÆæ’èπ◊E ÖçúË í∫CE ™ ¢√úø®Ω’ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ)

Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ ûÓ •ßª’-öÀéÀ éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Ñ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Åûª-ØËüÓ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕE BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xúø’.

Kedar: So what are you going to do?

Å®·ûË †’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

Kailas: I've already called our mechanic and told him of it. He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike to the shop. The mechanic will attend to it. mechanic Phone

Ø√ èπ◊ îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp†’. ¢√∞¡x èπ◊v®√-úÕE °æ秃úø’. Åûªúø’ •çúÕ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´ÊÆh mechanic ü∆Eo repair îË≤ƒhúø’.

Kedar: Our mechanic does his job well. His knowledge of mechanism is sound. mechanic Mechanism

´’†

¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’. °æôx Åûª-úÕéÀ Ö†o Å´-í¬-£æ«†

´’ç*üË.

Sound = good; Sound Health sound knowledge knowledge sound sleep sound financial position -

´’ç* Ç®Óí∫uç

´’ç* ´’ç* Evü¿

´’ç* ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnA.

Spoken English

Oô--Eoç-öÀF ´’†ç ûÓ éπL°œ *†o

í¬ ´÷®Ω’ü∆lç.

1) Isn't it Nikhil who/ that called?

ÉC ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ conversation ™ ¢√ú≈-Lq†/ ´’†èπ◊ NE-°œçîË expression E"™¸ é¬ü∆ °œL-*çC? ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ E"™¸ éπü∆ °œL-*çC? = Is it Nikhil who/ that called? È®çúÕç-öÀéà not ûËú≈. Ééπ\úø who/ that È®ç-úÕçöÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa. Å®·ûË v§ƒùç-™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ who ®√ü¿’, that ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Which èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.

ÅûªúÕ shop, Ç öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre èπ◊ ü¿í∫_Í®. ÅC ÅûªúÕ í∫CéÀ ü¿í∫_Í®. fast food joint - ÉC correct English, öÀ°∂œØ˛ English é¬ü¿’ ÅE Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ éπ©-°æçúÕ, °j È®ç-úÕçöÀF. which éπü∆, ´Ææ’h´¤ 鬕öÀd. His shop is next to the fast food joint which is close to his rooms.

ÅûªúÕ í∫CéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o fast food joint °æéπ\ØË Ç shop.

eg. Isn't it the book that / which you want?

(Fèπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC é¬ü∆?) Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø who, which etc ûÓ join îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. 2) Our mechanic repaired my bike. Nikhil wants him

´’† mechanic §Ú®·† ¢√®Ωç Ø√ bike repair î˨»úø’, Nikhil èπ◊ ûª†’ 鬢√L. Ééπ\úø who/ that ¢√úÕ Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ éπ©-°æ-´-a-éπü∆, É™« îª÷úøçúÕ. áçûª effective í¬ Öçô’çüÓ. Nikhil wants our mechanic who/ that repaired my bike last week.

Ø√ bike †’ èπ◊ 鬢√L.

repair

îËÆœ† ´’†

mechanic Nikhil

5) He is out with another customer. He is buying a bike. He wanted this mechanic's opinion.

Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ customer ûÓ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Ç customer bike éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç 鬢√L. Combine the above. Use 'who' - ´’†’-≠æfl©’ 鬕öÀd. He is out with another customer who is buying a bike and wanted his opinion.

ÅûªúÕ ÅGµBike éÌçô’†o ÉçéÓ customer v§ƒßª’ç 鬢√-©-†-úøçûÓ ûª†’ (¢Á’é¬-Eé˙) Åûª-úÕûÓ ¢Á∞«xúø’. EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English. who, which, whose, that Preethi: Hi Prema, Prema: practice doctor

(éÀçC ¢√öÀ™x

ûª† èπ◊v®√-úÕE °æç°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ bike †’ BÆæ’éÌ-≤ƒhúø’. Fetch= äéπîÓôèπ◊ ¢ÁRx BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç bring = ´’†ç Ö†o îÓô’ †’ç* BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç = He is sending his boy who will fetch the bike. 7) Our Mechanic does his job well. His knowledge of mechanism is sound. mechanic Mechanism

´’†

4) His shop is next to the fast food joint. It is close to his rooms.

He is sending his boy who will .. 6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike to the shop. The mechanic will attend to it. 7) Our mechanic does his job well. His knowledge of mechanism is sound. 8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their bikes. They are all happy. 9) He repaired my cousin's bike. It hasn't given him any trouble since then. who, which, whose and that sentences

6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike.

¢√úøçúÕ) O’ ûª´·t-úÁ™« ÖØ√oúø’? ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. í∫’úÕ °æéπ\† îËÊÆ ü¿í∫_-®ΩÍé BÆæ’-Èé-∞«x†’. Çߪ’† É*a† ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-¨»®·. É°æ¤úø’ é¬Ææh èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. Preethi: ´÷Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÊÆ ú≈éπd®Ω’ Çߪ’ØË. Çߪ’† prescribe îËÊÆ ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-≤ƒh®·. ¢√uCµ E®Ωgߪ’ç (diagnosis) ûª°æ¤p-§ÚE doctors ™ Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπúø’ (whose ¢√úøçúÕ) Prema: ´÷ ûª´·túÕo E†oöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ treat îËߪ’E doctor Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπ\úË. Ñ area ™ N’í∫û√ Doctors Åçü¿®Ω÷ ´÷ ûª´·t-úÕE îª÷Æœ-†¢√∞Ïx. Preethi: ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç °æôx Éçé¬ v¨¡ü¿l¥ ´£œ«ç-î √L O’®Ω’. Prema: ÅüË ´÷¶«üµ¿.

¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ™ ´’ç* ñ«c†ç ÖçC. Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ éπ©-§Òa 'who', 'whose' ¢√úÕ. a) Our Mechanic who does his job well has a sound knowledge of...

¶«í¬ îËÊÆ ´’† Mechanic èπ◊ ñ«c†ç ¶«í¬ ÖçC.

Mechanism

b) Our Mechanic whose knowledge of mechanism is sound does his job well = Mechanism Mechanic

´’†

™ ´’ç* knowledge Ö†o ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒhúø’.

8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their bikes. They are happy.

Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ´’çC friends ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åûªúø’ ¢√∞¡x bikes repair î˨»úø’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. 'Whose' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. Å®Ωnç, á´J bikes Å®·ûË Åûªúø’ repair î˨»úÓ... ņo-ô’xí¬ ´Ææ’hçC. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å™« ņç. I have a number of friends whose bikes he has repaired, and they are all happy. 9) He repaired my cousin's bike six months ago, it hasn't given him trouble ever since.

éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç – Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ éπü∆?

which

ûÓ éπ©’-§Ò-a-

My cousin's bike which he repaired six months ago hasn't given him any trouble ever since.

Åûªúø’ Ç®Ω’ ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ repair îËÆœ† ´÷ Å°æpöÀ†’ç* à trouble É´y-™‰ü¿’. Ever since = Å°æpöÀ†’ç* ÉN ´÷ô™x ¶«í¬ practice -îË-ߪ’çúÕ.

cousin

bike

ANSWER Preethi: Hi Prema, how's your brother? Prema: OK. I took him to the doctor who practises by the temple. The medicines which he gave had a good effect. He is better now. Preethi: He is the doctor who treats all of us. The medicines which he prescribes work. He is one of those whose diagnosis does not go wrong. Prema: He was the only one who did not treat my brother till yesterday in this area. The others in the area have all treated my brother. Preethi: You must take still greater care of him. Prema: That's our worry.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Neeraj: What's wrong Suraj? Your head looks rather odd. Let me see. Ah... it's your haircut.

(àçöÀ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’? F ûª™‰üÓ N*vûªçí¬ éπ†°æ-úø’-ûÓçC. îª÷úøF.. Ç Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC... †’´¤y îË®·ç--èπ◊†o hair cut) æ -™‰E N≠æߪ’ç éÌClí¬ (rather - ´’†-éÀ-≠dç áèπ◊\´ ÅEpç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ rather Åçö«ç. Éçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ DFo îªJaçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. Odd-´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®/ N*-vûª¢Á’i† (Ééπ\úÕ Å®√n©’) Odd Number = ¶‰Æœ Ææçêu Rs. Two thousand odd = È®çúø’ ¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© *©x®Ω (üµ¿®Ω, ê®Ω’a ™«çöÀN ¢√úË°æ¤púø’)

Suraj: You are talking about my hair cut! My barber is an expert hair stylist. He always gives me the latest in hair cut. Any thing looks odd if it is the latest hair cut barber latest hair cut

(†’´¤y Ø√ †’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’î√™« E°æ¤-ù’úø’. Ø√ÈéØ√o¢√? ´÷ îË≤ƒhúø’. éÌûªhüËüÁj† °æ¤púø÷ ¢Á·ü¿ô Nçûªí¬ØË éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.)

Hair stylist - barber Neeraj: It does perhaps. But I still feel you should have gone to my barber. Every one likes him a lot. His shop is just across the road from your man's barber

(Å´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷. Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y ´÷ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-Lqç--C -Å-E -Å-†’-èπ◊ç--ô’Ø√o.)

Suraj: Look here My barber gave me this hair cut. I am satisfied with it. I don't know your hair stylist.Why should I go to him at all? barber

(îª÷úø÷. ´÷ É™« î˨»úø’. Ø√èπ◊ Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ ÖçC. O’¢√úÁ-´®Ó Ø√éπÆæ©’

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 30 -¢Ë’ 2006

ߪ’†ç îËÆæ’hçC.)

deal with/deals with (Present) dealt with (Past tense & past participle) Neeraj: There are two or three books here. I find them interesting. Shall I take them? I promise to return them promptly within ten days.

(Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-TçîË-Ní¬ ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ ¢√öÀE BÆæ’-éÓØ√?10 ®ÓV™x ûª°æpéπ AJT ÉîËa≤ƒh†E ´÷öÀ-Ææ’hØ√o.)

Suraj: Who's (who is) stopping you?

E-ØÁo´®Ω’ Ç°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?(Åçõ‰ BÆæ’éÓ ÅE. ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ é¬F éÓ°æçí¬ é¬F, E-ØÁo´®Ω’ Ç°æõ‰xü¿’. àç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Ó îË®·, ÅE) O’ conversation™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Neeraj: Thank you. lesson what, whom, whose

™ ´’†ç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o who, ûÓ, N†-ö«-EéÀ é¬Ææh ᶄs-ôdE-°œçîË §ÒöÀd §ÒöÀd Sentences äéπ Sentence í¬ éπ-©°æ-úøç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’ É°æ¤púø’... éÀçü¿öÀ

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) My barber is an expert hairstylist. He always gives me the latest in hair cut barber Hair cut latest fashion 2) You should have gone to my barber. Everyone likes him. hair dresser

(£«®·®˝ éπöÀçí˚™ ´÷ ™

î√™« E°æ¤-ù’úø’. îË≤ƒhúø’.)

(´÷ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-LqçC. v°æA äéπ\®Ω÷ ÇûªEo É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.)

He is just across the road from your man's shop.) 3) My barber gave me a hair cut. I am satisfied with it.

(O’ ¶«®Ωs®˝ áü¿’-®Ω’-í¬ØË ÅûªúÕ

Sentence group No. 7: This book is different. It deals with the future of Kashmir= This book which deals with the future of Kashmir is different. Sentence groups who (whom Who) lessons

N’í∫û√ ©’í¬ èπ◊Ø√oç.

†’ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩE í∫ûª

•ü¿’™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-

2) You should have gone to my barber. Everyone likes him. barber

(v°æA¢√∞¡Ÿx á´-JE É≠æd°æúøû√®Ó Ç ü¿í∫_-JéÀ †’¢Áy-∞«x-LqçC. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ DEéÀ •ü¿’©’– v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x É≠æd-°æúË ´÷ barber ü¿í∫_-JéÀ... ÅE Åçö«ç. Å°æ¤púø’ á´-JE ņ-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ whom •ü¿’©’ who É™« ¢√-úø’û√ç.)

You should have gone to my barber who everyone likes. 3) My barber gave me a hair cut. I am satisfied with it. My barber gave me a hair cut which I am satisfied with.

É™«çöÀ

Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x èπÿú≈ ´C-™‰ßª’ôç ¢√úø’-Èéj-§Ú-®·çC. which

M. SURESAN

The author is a great historian who...

show me - You didn't show me the books you bought yesterday. last sentence which correct 6) These are the books I bought them at a discount of 30% to 40% each. = These are the books which I bought at a discount of 30% to 40% each = These are the books I bought at a discount of 30% to 40% each. sentences which drop

(Ñ

™ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ).

*´J Å®·Ø√ éπÈ®Íéd.

èπÿú≈ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç

™–

î˨»ç.

8) The author is a great historian. All scholars respect = The author is a great historian who all scholars respect= The author is a great historian all scholars respect. last sentence correct) (who 9) There are two or three books here. - I find them interesting = There are two or three books here which I find interesting = There are two or three books here I find correct). interesting. (which

èπÿú≈ ™‰èπ◊Ø√o

™‰èπ◊Ø√o É°æ¤p-úø’ ´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ. 1) ؈’ †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† ´uéÀh-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ = (؈’ á´-J-ØÁjûË †´’t-í∫-©ØÓ Å™«çöÀ ´uéÀh-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) =

I am looking for a person who (whom I can trust (trust = I am looking for a person I can trust. she wants is 2) The man who (whom here = The man she wants is here =

•ü¿’©’) =

†´’túøç).

•ü¿’©’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 163 ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ?)

Neeraj: Come, Suraj. Don't be cross with me. There are more interesting things to talk about, aren't there? You bought some books yester day.You didn't show them to me at all.

(Ææ÷®Ωñ ¸ éÓ°æp-úÌü¿’l. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©’-Ø√o®· éπü∆? E†o †’´¤y é̆o °æ¤Ææh鬩†’ Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îªØË ™‰ü¿’)

Suraj: These are the books. I bought at a discount of 30% to 40% each at the book fare. They are interesting books.

(Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-LN. v°æ-B-C 30 †’ç* 40 ¨»ûªç ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω™ éÌØ√o†’)

Neeraj: What are they about? ( Suraj: All of them are fiction. But this book is different. It deals with the future of Kashmir. It's interesting. The author is a great historian. Great Scholars respect him fictions Fiction Kashmir deal with = subject/ etc. Eg: Zoology deals with animals =

ÅN üËE í∫’Jç*?)

(Å´Fo éπü∑∆ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. éπü∑¿©’. éπLpûªç. (éπLpç-*-†N 鬕öÀd) Å®·ûË ÉC ´÷vûªç ûËú≈. ÅC ¶µºN≠æuûª’h†’ îªJa-Ææ’hçC. äéπ ã Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç/ã Ö°æ°æ¤Ææhéπç/ äéπ îªJaç-îªôç.) Ø√u-Ææ-èπ◊úø’ (ïçûª’¨»ÆæYç ïçûª’-´¤-©†’ í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hçC/ Åüµ¿u-

Spoken English

(Ø√ barber Ø√èπ◊ îËÆœ† éπöÀçí˚ Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ ÖçC.)

4) I don't know your hairstylist. Why should I go to him at all? hair dresser

(F (ÉC èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç) Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ØËØÁç-ü¿’-Èé-∞«xL Åûª-E-ü¿-í∫_®Ωèπ◊?)

5) You bought some books yesterday. You didn't show them to me.

(E†o †’´¤y éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√o´¤. ¢√öÀE Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.)

6) These are the books. I bought them at discount of 30% to 40% each.

(ÉO Ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. OöÀE ؈’ äéÓ\-ü∆Eo 30 †’ç* 40 ¨»ûªç ´®Ωèπÿ Discount ™ éÌØ√o†’)

7) This book is different. It deals with the future of Kashmir. Kashmir

(-Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç -v°æ-ûËuéπ-¢Á’i-†-C. ÉC ûª†’ -N-¨Ïx-≠œç-*ç-C.)

¶µºN-

8) The author is a great historian. All scholars respect him.

(®Ωîª-®·ûª íÌ°æp îªJvûªé¬®Ω’úø’. °æçúÕ-ûª’-©-ûª-úÕE íı®Ω-N-≤ƒh®Ω’.)

9) There are two or three books here. I find them interesting.

(OöÀ™E È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®·.) Sentence groups No 1, and No 9 ©†’ äéπöÀí¬ éπ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ, who and which ©†’ ûª°æp-E-ÆæJí¬ ¢√ú≈-LqçüË.

Sentence group No 1 My barber is an expert hairstylist. He always gives me the latest in hair cut= My barber is an expert hair stylist who gives me...

îª÷úøçúÕ!

★ My barber gave me a haircut I am satisfied

with. it (with 4) I don't know your hair stylist why should I go to him at all. Why should I go to your hair stylist who (whom I don't know at all? Why should I go to a hair stylwho ist I don't know at all-

ûª®√yûª ´’Sx ®√ü¿’). éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç:

é¬ü¿’) (ÉC §Ú©açúÕ.

Ééπ\úø

èπÿú≈ ´C-™‰-

ߪ’ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ).

5) You bought some books. You didn't show them to me = You bought some books which you didn't

3)

Ǣ˒ 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o -Åûª†’ Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√oúø’. Fèπ◊ ؈’ E†o É*a† pen áéπ\úø?=

Where is the pen which I gave you yesterday? = Where's the pen I gave you yesterday?

4) ؈’ ¢Áûª’èπ◊-ûª’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉüË =

This is the book which I've been searching for= This is the book I've been searching for. practice who (whom), which sentences join conversation modern

鬕öÀd ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ¢√úø-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË Å™« îËÊÆh ´’† í¬ Öçô’çC.

îËÊÆh

îËߪ’-´îª’a. î√™« Åçü¿çí¬,

EXERCISE

Answer:

Practise the following aloud in English.

Saran: Who was the man I saw you with yeswho terday? (whom

Saran:

E†o FûÓ Ö†o ÅûªØÁ-´®Ω’? Varun: Åûªúø’ Ø√ friend Tarun. Majority students support îËÊÆ student leader Åûªúø’. Saran: ؈’ àüÓ °ævA-éπ™  Åûªúø’ ®√Æœ† ¢√uÆæç îªC¢√†’ Åéπ\úø ؈-ûªúÕ photo îª÷¨». Åçü¿’-éπE ÅúÕí¬. Varun: Åûªúø’ ®√ÊÆ ¢√u≤ƒ©’ î√™« interesting í¬, Ç™- Í®Èé-Ahç-îË-Ní¬ Öçö«®·. Saran: ÅC ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î √†’. Åûªúø’ Lecturers èπÿú≈ É≠æd-°æúË student ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Varun: ÆæçüË-£æ«´÷? ´’ç* book reader. Åûªúø’ îªC¢Ë books î√™« serious books. Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç Åûªúø’ îªü¿-´-´’E Ææ©£æ… É*açüË. Saran: Å™«çöÀ students †’ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ îª÷≤ƒhç éπü∆?

•ü¿’©’ ¢√úË

™‰èπ◊çú≈).

Varun: My friend Tarun. He is a student leader majority of students support. in Saran: I read his article some paper. I saw his photo in it. That's why I am asking.

(°ævA-éπ™x ®√ÊÆ ¢√uÆæç)

Varun: The articles he writes are interesting and thought provoking. (Thought provoking =

Ç™-îª-†©’ Í®Èé-AhçîË)

Saran: I've observed that. I think he is a student the lecturers like too. Varun: Why doubt? He is a book reader too. The books he reads are serious ones. This is a book he has advised me to read. Saran: Such students are rare, aren't they?

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes from is closed. What shall we do now.

(´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ cakes éÌØË ´‚Æœ ÖçC. àç îËü∆lç?)

bakery

Likhita: I'm afraid. We have to make do with the cakes we have at home.

(´’†ç Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË) Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends we are going to have for the party?

4) The time I told our friends to come at is 5.30

؈’ ´’†

friends

†’ ®Ω´’t†o

time 5.30

5) The time we are left with is rather short

(´’†èπ◊ N’T-L†

time

î√™« ûªèπ◊\´)

6) Two of the guests we have invited have called...

´’†ç °œL-*†

guests

™ Éü¿l®Ω’

phone

î˨»®Ω’.

7) ... The two girls you like so much.

(†’¢ÁyçûÓ É≠æd-°æúË -É-ü¿l®Ω-´÷t®·-©’) îª÷úøçúÕ, °j sentences ÅEoçöÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¶µ«í∫ç/ clause (English ™ *´J clause) Å®Ωnç Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end ᙫ ´Ææ’hçüÓ: of the street is open. 1) ´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery = (´’†ç à bakery (OCµéÀ Ñ *´®Ω Ö†o bakery ûÁJ* ™ cakes éÌçö«¢Á÷ ÅC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) = ÖçüË¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç) The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is from which we buy cakes ÅE ÅÆæ©’ clause 5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are é¬F modern English spoken form ™ É™« left with is rather short. Let's hurry. ņúøç ™‰ü¿’.) É™«çöÀ îÓôx from which ™«çöÀ (´’† friends †’ ؈’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30 expressions ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.) É°æp-öÀÍé 4.30 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†èπ◊ 2) ´’† Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ = N’T-L† time áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ °æü¿) With the cakes we have at home (é¬F party éÌîËa ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷?)

friends

Åçü¿-Jéà ÅN

Likhita: Two of the guests we've invited have called to tell me they aren't coming.

(modern for with the cakes which we have at home - which present day English

™ ¢√úøôç

Rajita:

(´’†ç °œL-*† ¢√∞¡x™ Éü¿l®Ω’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E Phone î˨»®Ω’.) Who are they? (¢√∞Îx-´®Ω’)

Likhita: Hasya and Lasya, the two girls you like so much. One is down with a fever and the other doesn't like to come alone.

(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æúË Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’ £æ…Ææu, ™«Ææu. äéπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ ïy®Ωç, ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ äçôJí¬ ®√´ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’) Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more cake do we need?

(ÅC E®√-¨»-éπ®Ωç. ´’†-éÀç-Èéçûª 鬢√L?)

cake

™‰ü¿’/ NE-°œç-îªü¿’) 3) ... The friends we are going to have = friends (modern for 'the friends who/ that (whom = we are going to have Spoken English who/ that drop whom

´’†èπ◊ ®√¶-ûª’†o

É°æpöÀ ™ îËߪ’ôç °æJ-§ƒöÀ. ÅÆæ©’ NE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’)

Likhita: They aren't good at making cakes cakes here.

(Ééπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡Ÿx

ÆæJí¬_ îËߪ’®Ω’)

Rajita: We have to buy here for now. No helping it.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 164 friends time = The time I told our friends to come at (the time at which I told them to come - at which expressions old fashioned The time I told our friends to come at

†’ ®Ω´’t†o

™«çöÀ 鬕öÀd Å™« ņç. ÅØË

Åçö«ç.)

5) Two of the guests we have invited have called = guests phone (Two of the guests who/ that (whom we invited have called - who/ that old fashioned -

´’†ç °œL-*†

™ Éü¿l®Ω’

î˨»®Ω’. •ü¿’©’) Ééπ\úø

(Ééπ\úø É¢√-RdéÀ éÌØ√LqçüË. ûª°æpü¿’) í∫ûª éÌEo lessons í¬ who (whom •ü¿’-©’í¬) É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’) which ûÓ short sentence éπ©-°æôç practice 7) ... †’´¤y Åçûª É≠æd-°æúË Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’ îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆. = The two girls you like so much (The two ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x who (whom girls who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) you like so •ü¿’©’) & which ûÓ sentences join îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ much- old fashioned. Who/ that É°æ¤úø’ drop who (whom) and which E ´C-™‰Æ œ èπÿú≈ join îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.) îÁßÁ·-uîªaE îª÷¨»ç– í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? ÉC ´’†-Ææ’™ °j† ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-*† N≠æߪ’ç – È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Öç-éÌE °j conversation ™ Ñ sentences short sentences †’ äéπ-öÀí¬ îËJa ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø’ modern spoken form ™ whom èπ◊ ≤ƒn†ç ™‰ü¿’. †’ study îËߪ’çúÕ. ÅC ûª°æpéπ ¢√ú≈-Lq-´ÊÆh who/ that ¢√úøû√ç. 1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed a) Police ņ’´÷-Eç-îËC Åûª-úÕE= (´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery ´‚ÊÆÆœ ÖçC) He is the man who/ that the police suspect. 2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we Å®·ûË É™« ņúøç Éçé¬ better. have at home.

(´’† Éçöx Ö†o

He is the man the police suspect. (who/ that

cakes

ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË)

3) ... are they enough for all the friends we are going to have for the party? =

´’† party éÀ ®√¶-ûª’†o ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷?

friends

Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅN

Spoken English

c)

É™« O™„j-†Eo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úËô-°æ¤púø’, whom ¢√úøéπç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ á´-JE ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ 'who' ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈-– 'that' ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ drop This is the channel I watched the proîËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. gramme on. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-îª-ü¿í∫_ N≠æߪ’ç, preposition 'on' ´C-™‰-ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Whom •ü¿’©’ who , that èπÿ-ú≈ ¢√úøôç ™‰C-°æ¤púø’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’. ÉN d) Ñ room ™ØË Åûªúø’ £æ«ûªuèπ◊ í∫’È®jçC. = ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË, we can join two/ more sentences This is the room in which he was murdered into one ÅE °j examples ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. (in which- old fashioned) a) v°æA ¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úø-ûª†’= Modern: This is the room he was murdered in. ('In' sentence *´®Ω ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) He is the leader every one admires. e) †’´¤y °æ∞¡Ÿx éÓÆœ† éπAh °æü¿’-ØÁjçC= (Who everyone admires é¬ü¿’). The knife with which b) v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x îª÷úø-ü¿í∫_ *vûª-´’C= Ñ

Channel

™ØË ØËØ√

programme

îª÷ÆœçC=

This is the channel on which I saw the programme. (old fashioned). On which

you cut the fruits is sharp. (with which old fashioned)

That is a movie every one must see. (Which every one must see c)

Modern: The knife you cut the fruits with is sharp. ('with' fruits

ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ).

Åûªúø’ v°æߪ÷-ùÀçîË

car

é¬ü¿’) î√™« êK-üÁjçC=

The car he travels by is expensive. (The car by which he travels,- old fashioned)

M. SURESAN

Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø 'by' ÅØË preposition ´ü¿-©-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπØË, the car he travels by ÅE by ¢√úøû√ç.

This is the pen I like a lot

(ÅC ´’†ç ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-éÌØË Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’© Ææçêu†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. Ø√ ÅçîªØ√ éπFÆæç 4) ؈’ ´’† 40, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ éÀ™ 鬢√L) (Ç... Å´’tߪ÷u. Ñ bakery ûÁJîË ÖçC.) Thank god = •AéÀ-§Úߪ÷ç = üË´¤-úÕéÀ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’

Åçü¿-JéÃ

•ü¿’©’)

Likhita: (It) depends on the number of guests we expect. My estimate is atleast 40. That means we need at least a Kg more.

Rajita: Ah... here we are. Thank god. This bakery is open.

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 -W-Ø˛ 2006

èπÿú≈ drop îËÊÆ-Ææ’hØ√oç). É™«Íí which èπÿú≈. b) ؈’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ É≠æd-°æúË pen ÉC=

This is the pen which I like a lot (old fashioned). Which spoken English = This is the pen I like a lot (which

É°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬ ™ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’.

™‰èπ◊çú≈)

EXERCISE

ANSWER

Practise the following aloud in English

Praneeth: The fish I ate yesterday wasn't tasty.

Praneeth:

E†o ؈’ A†o fish Åçûª ®Ω’*í¬ ™‰ü¿’. Vineeth: áéπ\úø AØ√o´¤. Praneeth: †’´¤y ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢Á∞Ïx, †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ ´÷ö«xúË restaurant ™. Vineeth: Åéπ\úø complain îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íéç éπEpç-îª-™‰üË? Praneeth: ؈’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»†’. E†o ؈’ E†’oèπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xLqçC. Å°æ¤úø’ †’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-úË-¢√-úÕN ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´úÕfçîË Ç£æ…®Ωç íÌ°æp. Vineeth: Ñ®ÓV BÂÆ\∞¡Ÿx. îª÷ü∆lç. Praneeth: É¢√∞¡ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s î√©ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ á´J úø•’s-†’¢√úÕ †’´¤y ®Ω’V´¤ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤. Vineeth: †’¢Ëy-í∫ü∆ complain îËÆ œçC. Praneeth: Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Ç restaurant èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç ´÷ØË-≤ƒh†’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) The uses of adversity are sweet. ii)

âØ˛-Æ‘dØ˛ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’. -Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ subject, object, verb ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. (ûÁ©’í∫’, ÉçTx-≠ˇ™x)

iii) simple, complex, compound

í∫’Jç* ´’Jçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCç-îªí∫©®Ω’. – ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇ-¶«•’, π◊´’-®Ω-üË-´®Ωç

-ï-¢√-•’:

i) The uses of adversity are sweet.

Éçü¿’™

subject - the uses of adversity.

Vineeth: Where did you eat? Praneeth: The restaurant you frequently go to, and talk so much about. Vineeth: I haven't found anything to complain about there. Praneeth: I made a mistake. I should have taken you there yesterday. You would then have known the quality of food they serve. Vineeth: Take me today and let's see. Praneeth: The money I have today isn't enough. Whose money do you wish to use to prove your point. Vineeth: It's you who complained. Praneeth: I'd rather stop going to the restaurant.

verb - are

Ñ

sentence

Verb, 'be', form 'be' form.

Å®·ûË

™

object

object

™‰ü¿’. Öçúøü¿’ - 'are',

ii) Einstein propounded the theory of relativity a) subject - Einstein b) verb- propounded c) object - the theory of relativity

ûÁ©’í∫’ - subject - Einstein, verb - v°æA§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’, object - ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥çûªç. iii) Simple, compound, complex sentence †’ Ç Ê°®Ω’x ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ N´-J-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç, clause ™ N´-Jç-*-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x – ¢√öÀE îª÷úøçúÕ.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Pranai: Are you going to meet Sekhar today?

Ééπ\úÕ È®çúø’

(†’´¤y Ñ ®ÓV ¨Ïê-®˝†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?)

clauses:

1) If he comes here=

Vinai: If he is in town, I will meet him.

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 3 -W-Ø˛ 2006

Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ´ÊÆh (If clause)

2) They will discuss the matter with him =

(Åûªúø’ Ü∞x Öçõ‰, ؈’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’) Pranai: He is in town, ofcourse. He has been here since yesterday.

Ç N≠æߪ’ç ¢√∞¡x-ûª-úÕûÓ îªJa-≤ƒh®Ω’.

(Main clause)

b) If he walks fast, he will reach on time.

(Åûªúø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕÊÆh, Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’) Éçü¿’™E È®çúø’ clauses. 1) If he walks fast Åûªúø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕÊÆh –

(Åûªúø’ Ü∞xØË ÖØ√oúø’. E†oöÀ †’ç* Ééπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’) Vinai: If I had known it, I would have met him yesterday itself.

('If' clause)

(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰ E†oØË éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕE)

2) He will reach on time =

Pranai: If you want to go, I will tell him you want to see him.

Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’ – (main clause) °j È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, main clause verbs: will discuss, will reach - Åçõ‰ ÉN

(†’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, Åûª-úÕûÓ †’´¤y éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´E îÁ•’û√.) Vinai: If you do that, I will be happy.

(†’´yC îËÊÆh ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’) Pranai: I'll ofcourse. But if I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.

(ØËØ√-°æE îË≤ƒh†’. é¬F F ≤ƒn†ç™ ؈’çõ‰ -Å-ûªúÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-’.) Vinai: Why wouldn't you? (áçü¿’èπ◊?) Pranai: You are very hopeful of his help, but I am afraid he is not the helping type.

(ÅûªúÕ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç †’´¤y î√™« Ǩ¡ûÓ ÖØ√o´¤, é¬F Åûªúø’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ ®Ωéπç é¬ü¿’) Vinai: If I had his power, I would help everyone that came to me.

7) If I could, I would.

(îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË, îË≤ƒh†’ =

îËߪ’-™‰†’, îËߪ’†’)

future tense. 'If clause verbs - comes, walks - present tense.

8) If you take me to him, I shall be grateful.

É™«çöÀ verb combination Ö†o sentence îÁÊ°p N≠æߪ’ç ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. (probable) Sentence No.1 ™ Åûªúø’ ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçD, ¢√∞¡x-ûª-úÕûÓ îªJaçîË Å´-é¬-¨¡´‚ ÖçC. Sentence No. 2 ™ Åûªúø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úø-´-†÷´îª÷a, Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ îË®Ω’-éÓ-†÷-´îª’a. É™« ïJ-ÍíC Ææ綵º´ç (probable) 鬕öÀd °j È®çúø’ sentences ™E

9) If my boss grants me leave, I will take you.

Åçö«ç. ÉC Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

Now, look at the sentences No 4, 5, 6 and 7 and notice the verbs in the 'if' clauses and the main clauses in them.

situation, present

(Ø√éπ-ûªúÕèπ◊†oçûª ¨¡éÀh Öçõ‰ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌîËa v°æA¢√-∞¡xèπÿ ØË-†’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh†’.)

6) If only today were a holiday, I would take you to him.

probable

M. SURESAN

(†’´y-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ††’o BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-RûË, ؈’ éπ%ûª-Vc-úÕE) (´÷ boss Ø√èπ◊ leave ÉÊÆh, E†’o BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡-û√) Ééπ\úø Sentences No 1, 3, 8 and 9 É´Fo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷Æœ† 'probable present' situations- Åçõ‰ Ç sentences ûÁLÊ° N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Sentence No 2 ™ situation, Imaginary past - DEo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç. ÉC Å®·-§Ú-®·† N≠æߪ’ç, ´÷®Ωa™‰ç, ÜJÍé ņ’èπ◊çö«ç. É™«çöÀ sentences èπÿú≈ ´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ îª÷Æœ ÖØ√oç.

If I could, I would

Verb Combination: If clause - were/ past doing word. Main clause, would/ should/ could/ might. a) If I were the CM, I would make you the Finance Minister.

(؈’ É°æ¤púø’ CM Å®·ûË, (鬆’) E†’o Finance Minister îË≤ƒh†’. (îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’) b) If he were here, I would consult him.

¢√úÕ-éπ\úø É°æ¤púø’ ™‰úø’, Öçõ‰ (îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’)

consult

îË≤ƒh†’.

Look at sentence No 5: If I had his power, I would help every one

(ÅûªúÕ ¨¡éÀh Ø√èπ◊ -Öçõ‰ – É°æ¤púø’ – Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’; Öçõ‰, Åçü¿-Jéà ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh. If clause verb - had - past

tense, main clause verb - would help.)

eg: If he consulted me, I could advise him

(Åûªúø’ †Eo-°æ¤púø’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªúøç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (–ÅC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’) ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ Ææ©£æ… É´y-í∫-©†’. = Åûª†’ ††’o Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªúø÷, ؈’ Ææ©£æ… É´y†÷ ™‰†’.) Sentence No 6 If today were a holiday - É-¢√y-∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ ®Óï-®·ûË (é¬E É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ é¬ü¿’.) I would take you to him (ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√.) = É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´‹ é¬ü¿’, ؈’ E†o-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx Å´-é¬-¨¡´‚ ™‰ü¿’. Sentence No 7

4) If I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.

É™« îÁÊ°p

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 165 Pranai: If I didn't know him so well, I wouldn't tell you all this.

(ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË, FéÀ-ü¿çû√ îÁ°æp†’) Vinai: Thank you. Then I won't go to him. But unfortunately he is the only man who can help me.

(Ø√éÀçéÓ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úø’-Ø√oúø’. Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫©-¢√úø’. É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ ®Óï-®·ûË E†’o ؈-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-¢√-úÕØË. Í®°æöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ Çí∫-™‰¢√?) Vinai: If I could, I would, but the matter is urgent. If you take me to him today, I shall be grateful.

(ÇÍí °æJ-ÆœnûË Öçõ‰/- Ç-í∫-í∫-L-TûË Çí∫’-û√†’. é¬F î√™« urgent. †’Oy-®ÓV ††o-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’èπ◊¢ÁRûË, ؈’ Fèπ◊ éπ%ûª-Vc-úÕí¬ Öçö«.)

™

verb combination.

ÉC v°æÆæ’hûªç Ææ綵º´ç Ŵa. 鬕öÀd DEE probable present Åçö«ç. Look at the following: a) If he had studied well, he would have passed. b) If he had come here, I would have told him of it a)

b)

Å®Ωnç: ¢√úø’ ¶«í¬ îªCN Öçõ‰, (îªü¿-´-™‰ü¿’), pass ÅßË’u-¢√úË (pass Å´-™‰ü¿’) Ñ situation, í∫û√-EC (past) ïJ-TçC. ïJ-T-§Ú®·çC. ÅC Éçéπ ´÷®Ωü¿’, ´’†ç ÜJÍé ņ’èπ◊çö«ç– Å™« Å®· Öçõ‰, É™« Å®· -Öç-ô’ç-ü¿E. Å®Ωnç: Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*a Öçõ‰, ØËF N≠æߪ’ç ÅûªúÕéÀ îÁÊ°p-¢√-úÕE (Åûªúø’ ®√™‰ü¿’, ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’)– ÉC èπÿú≈ past. ´’†ç ´÷®Ωa-™‰-EC. Ñ È®çúø’ situations, ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË í∫ûªç– Imaginary past Åçö«ç. Ñ È®çúø’ (probable present, imaginary past) situations ûÁLÊ° sentences †’ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ N¨¡-ü¿çí¬ N´-Jçî√ç éπü∆.

Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue between Pranai and Vinai: 1) If he is in town, I will meet him. (Probable present)

Pranai: Ok. Let me see. If my boss grants me leave, I will take you.

2) If I had known it, I would have met him yesterday itself

(Å®·ûË îª÷≤ƒh. ´÷ boss Ø√èπ◊ leave ÉÊÆh, E†’o BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√.) éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿ô ´’†ç Conditional Clauses îªJaçî√ç, í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. àüÁjØ√ ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁLÊ° clause conditional clause éπü∆. ´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 conditional clauses îª÷¨»ç. ¢√öÀ examples.

(ÅC ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰, E†oØË éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË¢√úÕo– Imaginary

a) If he comes here, they will discuss the matter with him.

(Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´ÊÆh, ¢√-∞«xN≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úÕûÓ îªJa-≤ƒh®Ω’.)

Spoken English

5) If I had his power, I would help every one.

Main clause - will/ shall/ can/ may

(Å®·ûË Øˆ-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x†’. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’çîËߪ’-í∫-©-¢√úø’ ûªØÌ-éπ\úË.) Pranai: I know another friend of mine who can help you. If only today were a holiday, I would take you to him. Can't you wait till tomorrow.

sentences

If clause - Present tense,

(ØË-ØË †’´y-®·ûË, Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’†’)

past)

3) If you want to go, I will tell him you want to see him.

(†’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úÕûÓ îÁ§ƒh– Probable present)

4) If I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.

(؈’ †’´y-®·ûË, Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’Aoç-’) 5) If I had his power, I would help every one.

ÅûªúÕ ¨¡éÀh Ø√èπ◊çõ‰, ؈ç-ü¿-Jéà ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh†’. 6) If only today were a holiday, I would take you to him.

(É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ ®Óï-®·ûË, ؈’ E†o-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-¢√-úÕØË) 7) If I could, I would- îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË, îË≤ƒh†’. °j Ø√©’í∫’ sentences èπÿú≈ v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ sentences ™E situation †’, improbable present (ï®Ω-í∫E v°æÆæ’hûªç) Åçö«ç. ÉC ûÁ©’í∫’™ Å®Ω’ü¿’. Åçü¿’éπE ûªy®Ωí¬ English conversation ™éÀ ®√ü¿’. é¬F English ™ î√™« frequent í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE Spoken English éÀC -î√™« ´·êuç. ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. Ñ sentences ™ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ É°æ¤púø’ (present ™) ï®Ω-í∫-EN. Sentence 4: If I were you = ؈’ †’´y-®·ûË (É°æ¤púø’)– ؈’ †’´y-´úøç ï®Ω-í∫-ü¿’-í∫ü∆– ؈’ †’´y®·† °æJ-Æœn-A™, I wouldn't try to meet him = Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’†’. 1) ÉC present situation Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà 'If' clause ™ were ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 2) 'I' singular Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, plural verb were ¢√úøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (N’í∫û√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x I was Åçö«ç) v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E °æEE îÁÊ°p-ô°æ¤púø’ á°æ¤púø÷, 'If' clause™, were é¬F, past doing word (came, went, sang, tried ™«çöÀ verbs) ´≤ƒh®·. eg: a) If I were CM = ØËE-°æ¤púø’ CM Å®·ûË, (ØËE-°æ¤púø’ CM ÅßË’u Å´-é¬-¨¡¢Ë’ ™‰ü¿’) b) If she were here. (Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø ™‰ü¿’/ ÖçúË O-™‰xü¿’) c) If I bought a car = (ØËE-°æ¤púø’ car éÌçõ‰– éÌØË °æJ-ÆœnA é¬ü¿’.) ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. É™«çöÀ situations ™– N≠æߪ’ç v°æÆæ’hûªç (present) Å®·Ø√, If clause ™, past doing ¢√úøû√ç/ subject, singular Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈, were ¢√úøû√ç.

If I could, I would. ؈’ îËߪ’í∫-L-TûË (é¬F îËߪ’™‰†’), I would (îË≤ƒh†’– é¬E îËߪ’-™‰†’ 鬕öÀd îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ É°æpöÀ °æJ-ÆœnA (present situation) í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, 'if' clause ™ 'could' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí main clause ™ would ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: É°æ¤púø’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ: Improbable Present: 'If' clause - verb - were/ Past Doing Word, Main clause verb - would/ should/ could/ might. Now Practise the following aloud in English Raghu:

©éπ~ tù‰ í∫†éπ É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø Öçõ‰ ´’†ç ÅûªúÕE Ææçv°æ-C≤ƒhç. Ram: Å´¤†’. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁLÊÆh ¢ÁçôØË ´≤ƒh-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ. Raghu: Å®·ûË Åûª-úÕéÀ F cellûÓ phone îÁ®·u. Ram: Ø√èπ◊ cell Öçõ‰, F ü¿í∫_-®Ω-èπ◊- ®√†’éπü∆? Raghu: F cell à¢Á’içC? Ram: ÅC §Ú®·çC. Raghu: ÉC ´‚úÓ cell †’´¤y §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç. †’´¤y ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçõ‰, cells §Ú´¤ éπü∆? Ram: v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. Answer Raghu: If Laxman were here, we would consult him. Ram:

If he knew about this, he would immediately come here.

Raghu: Call him over your cell then. Ram:

If I had my cell, I wouldn't come to you.

Raghu: What's happened to your cell? Ram:

I have lost it.

Raghu: This is the third cell you have lost. If you were careful, you wouldn't lose them. Ram:

I will try.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Ramesh: Look at the car parked there. How nice the car is, but how poorly kept! car car,

(Åéπ\-ú≈-°œ† îª÷úø’. áçûª ´’ç* é¬E áçûª ÅÆæ-£æ«uçí¬ Öç-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ó! poorly kept = badly maintained =

ÆæJí¬ Öç-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’) Naresh: That's right. It's a very expensive car. The owner doesn't seen to care a bit about its upkeep. car. owner car

(Å´¤†’. î√™« êK-ü¿éÌç-îÁç èπÿú≈ †’ ®·† ü∆E í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç--èπ◊-†oô’x ™‰úø’)

Jagdeesh: If I were the owner, I would keep it cleaner than I would keep my own home. You wouldn't see even a speck of dust on it. car

(ØËØË Ç ßª’ï´÷-E-ØÁjûË, ü∆Eo Ø√ ÉçöÀéπçõ‰ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öç-èπ◊çö«. äéπ ü¿’´·t éπùç èπÿú≈ ü∆EO’ü¿ éπE-°œç-îªü¿’ O’èπ◊) (speck of dust = ü¿’´·t-éπùç)

Ramesh: If I had enough money, I would first buy such a car. car

(Ø√Íé î√L-†çûª úø•’sçõ‰, ¢Á·ü¿ô Å™«çöÀ éÌçö«)

Jagdeesh: Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they had the money? car

(úø•’sçõ‰ Å™«çöÀ

á´®Ω’ é̆®Ω’?)

Naresh: OK. Leave the car alone. Are you attending Mahesh's birthday party this weekend? car Mahesh birthday party leave alone =

(ÆæÍ® Ñ ¢√®√çûªç O’®Ì-Ææ’h-Ø√o®√? Åô’ç-îªçúÕ)

N≠æߪ’ç Åô’ç. éÀ Ç Ææçí∫A

Ramesh: I hear it's going to be a grand affair. But I'm afraid I can't make it. I am taking mom to Hyderabad that day. grand

(î√™« í¬ Öçúø-¶-ûª’ç-ü¿E NØ√o†’. é¬F ؈’ ®√™‰†’. Ç®ÓV ´÷ Å´’t†’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’)

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 5 -W-Ø˛ 2006

Main clause verb: would/ should/ could/ might. 'If' clause verb: were/ past doing word (went, sung, took, gave, etc.)

Ééπ\úø ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ È®çúø’: 1. Subject singular Å®·ûË, verb, were 2. Sentence ´÷ö«x-úËC É°æpöÀ N≠æ-ߪ ’-¢Á ’iØ√, verb, 'if' clause ™ past doing word. Ñ È®çúø’ points, á°æ¤púø÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. ÅçûËé¬-èπ◊çú≈, main clause ™ would, should, could, might.

ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË ÉC îÁ°æ¤hçC. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†éà ¢√úø’é𠙉ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ÉEo ñ«ví∫-ûªh©’)

É°æ¤púø’ O’ Ø√†o Ééπ\úø -E-†’o îª÷úøôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË, Çߪ’† à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’?– (Çߪ’† îª÷ÊÆ Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™‰ü¿’) (saw.. would) a) If you ate that kind of food, you would ask for e) †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ ´·êu-´’ç-vAí¬ Öçõ‰, ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô àç it again and again = †’´y-™«çöÀ ¶µï†ç É°æ¤púø’ îË≤ƒh´¤? = If you were the CM, what would A†ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (AØË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’), ´’Sx you do first? ´’Sx ÅüË é¬¢√-©ç-ö«´¤. (†’´¤y A†-ô´‚ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ f) Thank God he isn't here. If he were here, he – ´’Sx ´’Sx 鬢√-©-†-ô´‚ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’) would know our secret = ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç Ñ sentence ™ 'if clause' verb 'ate' past ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC, Öçõ‰ ´’† ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ¢√úÕéÀ ûÁ©’tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ɰæpöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷ØËo îÁ°æ¤ hçC. Ææ’hçC. (were.. would know) b) If I were a mouse, the cat would eat me. = If I were you - ØËØË †’´y-®·ûË – ÉC î√™« com؈’ á©’éπ-ØÁjûË É°æ¤púø’ (ØËØÁ-©’éπ Å´†’ í∫ü∆?) °œLx mon í¬ ¢√úË expres††’o Açô’çC. (Note the use of were with the sion - O’®Ω’ Éûª-®Ω’© singular subject 'I') conversation ™ í∫´’c) If he were here, I could consult him.Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’ EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Öçõ‰, ؈-ûªEo Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-í∫-©†’/ ´îª’a. ÉO, improbable pres(Åûª-E-éπ\úø É°æ¤púø’ ™‰úø’) ent express îËÊÆ senNow look at the following sentences from tences. N’í∫-û√-È®çúø’ i) the dialogue between Ramesh, Naresh and Jagdeesh:

probable present, ii) imaginary past.

M. SURESAN

2) If you had told me earlier, I would have brought enough money =

O’®Ω’ ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰, î√L-†çûª úø•’s ûÁîËa-¢√-úÕØË. (È®çúø÷ ï®Ω-í∫™‰ü¿’ – í∫ûªç™). Ñ situation á°æ¤púø÷ past. Éçü¿’™ verb combination îª÷úøçúÕ. Main clause - would have been/ should have been/ could have been/ might have been OR would have + pp (past participle)/ should have + pp/ could have + pp/ might have + pp

a) If she had been here yesterday, he would have talked to her =

Ç¢Á’ EEo-éπ\úø Ö†o-ôx-®·ûË, Åûª†’ Ç¢Á’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√úË (È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç™ ï®Ω-í∫™‰ü¿’)

b) If they had taken him to the doctor, he would have been alive.

(¢√∞¡x-ûªEo doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆœ-Èé-Rx-†-ôx-®·ûË, Åûª†’ •AéÀ ÖçúË-¢√úø’)

If you were the CM...

Naresh: What about you, Jagdeesh? Jagdeesh: If I didn't attend, he would be disappointed.

(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË Åûª†’ E®√-¨¡-

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 166

°æ-úø-û√úø’) Ramesh: If he had told me earlier, I would have postponed mother's journey.

(Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ ؈’ ´÷ Å´’t v°æߪ÷ù«Eo ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÊÆ-¢√úÕo.) What are you going to do Naresh? (†’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’Ø√o´¤, †Í®≠ˇ)

1) If I were the owner, I would keep it cleaner than ..., you wouldn't see a speck of dust on it. owner

(ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ØÁjûË, ü∆Eo ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éπçõ‰ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öçû√– †’´¤y ü∆E-O’ü¿ äéπ ü¿’´·t éπùçèπÿú≈ îª÷úø´¤. é¬F ؈’ ü∆E owner †’ 鬆’.)

Naresh: No idea as yet. If I have my interview on saturday, I will come to the party on sunday. interview

2) If I had enough money, I would buy such a car = car

Jagdeesh: If we present him something, he will be happy. Let's buy the present now.

3) Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they had enough money? = car

(Éçé¬ àç îÁ°æp-™‰†’. Ø√èπ◊ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Öçõ‰, ؈’ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´≤ƒh†’)

(´’†ç àüÁjØ√ 鬆’-éÀÊÆh Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√úø’. É°æ¤púË àüÁjØ√ éÌØËü∆lç.)

Naresh: That's right. Let's go. If we start now, we will be able to finish off before it gets late in the evening.

Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω É°æ¤púø’ î√L-†çûª úø•’sçõ‰ (é¬E Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-™‰ü¿’), ؈’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å™«çöÀ éÌçö«.

Åçûª úø•’s Öçõ‰ (É°æ¤púø’ é̆®Ω’? 4) If I didn't attend, he would be unhappy = ؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË (¢Á∞«h†’) Åûª†’ E®√-¨¡-°æ-ú≈húø’. (í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – ÉC future - Å®·Ø√, if clause ™‰ü¿’) á´-®Ω-™«çöÀ

verb - did attend = past tense)

ÅFo èπÿú≈ improbable presÅçõ‰ ¢√öÀ-™xE 'if' clauses ™ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷-™‰O èπÿú≈ v°æÆæ’hûªç (In the present) ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. If clause N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ïJ-TûË, Ramesh: If you had told me earlier, I would éπLÍí °æ®Ωu-´-≤ƒ-†¢Ë’, Main clause ™ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. have brought enough money. I don't ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ. have the money now. (O’®Ω’ ´·çüË îÁ°æ¤pçõ‰ úø•’s ûÁîËa-¢√-úÕE.. É°æ¤púø’ Ø√ a) If wishes were horses, beggars would ride = éÓJ-é𙉠í∫’v®√-™„jûË, ´·≠œd-¢√∞¡Ÿx ≤ƒyK îË≤ƒh®Ω’ – éÓJ-éπ©’ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰ü¿’.) í∫’v®√-©ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. (were.. would ride) Jagdeesh: Don't worry. We have enough. You b) ¢√úø’ îªü¿-´ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (é¬E îªü¿-´úø’), éπ*acan pay later. (°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´÷ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’ûªçí¬ pass Å´¤-û√úø’ = If he studied well, he Ø√o®·. †’´¤y ûª®√yûª É¢Ìya.) would pass. (studied.. would pass) All: Ok. Let's go. (¢Á∞«lç °æü¿çúÕ) c) Åçü¿ ®Ω÷ °æ†’o©’ Æævéπ-´’çí¬ îÁLxÊÆh (ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ éπü∆?) éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ Improbable present Åçõ‰ ¶µ « ®Ω û ª-ü˨¡ç Ææç°æ-†oçí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’. v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îÁÊ°p clauses ™ If everyone paid taxes properly, India could verbs ᙫ Öçö«ßÁ÷ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Improbable be rich (paid.. could be) present situation ûÁLÊ° sentences If clause, d) What would your father think, if he saw you main clause verb combinations ÖçúË Nüµ¿ç last here? = lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ´’S} äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. (Å´¤†’. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿çúÕ. ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË ®√vA Ç©Ææuç ÅßË’u ™°æ© °æE ´·Tç--éÓ-´îª’a.)

Spoken English

sentences ent situations -

Ñ Â°j

OöÀE í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N¨¡-ü¿çí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπ∫ü∆. Å®·Ø√ ´’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç. Probable present: v°æÆæ’hûªç ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç Ö†o Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ îÁ°æ¤-ûª’çC. Look at the following sentences from the dialogue at the beginning of the lesson. 1) If I have my interview on saturday, I will come. interview party

(Ø√ í∫-†’éπ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Å®·ûË Øˆ’ éÀ ´≤ƒh†’.) ÉC ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Interview ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Öçúø-´îª’a, Å°æ¤púø’ ؈’ sunday party éÀ ®√´îª’a.

ÉO Ñ ´‚úø’

situations.

a) If he studies well, he will pass = pass Probable present.

¶«í¬ îªC-NûË Å´¤-û√úø’ (ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC) 鬕öÀd

b) If he studied well, he would pass = pass Improbable present.

îªü¿-´ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË, É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫´¤ 鬕öÀd)

¢√úø’ É°æ¤púø’ Å´¤-û√úø’. (È®çúø÷

c) If he had studied well, he would have passed pass Imaginary past.

(í∫ûªç™) ¢√úø’ ¶«í¬ îªC-´¤çõ‰, ¢√úø’.(È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç™ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’) 鬕öÀd

Åߪ·uç-úË-

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH

®Ω´’: Hi Suma, E†o ؈’ ÆœE-´÷-Èé∞«x. †’´¤y Éçöx 2) If we present him something, he will be Öçúø’çõ‰ E†’o BÆæ’Èé∞Ïxü∆ØËo. happy ´’†ç 鬆’-Íé-üÁjØ√ ÉÊÆh ¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’. Ææ’-´’: E†o ؈’ Å´’tûÓ shopping èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. ¢Á∞¡x-éπÉC ≤ƒüµ¿u¢Ë’ 鬴a. §ÚûË, ؈’ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ´*a E†’o BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-ü∆Eo. Ñ 2 sentences talk of a situation probable Éçûªéà á´-JûÓ ¢Á∞«x´¤? (ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a) in the present or in the near ®Ω ´ ’: ´÷ ņoûÓ. †’´¤y ´ÊÆh Ñ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ØËØ√ future. Æ œ E ´÷ ´’Sx îª÷≤ƒh. a) If he knows this, he will feel happy = ÉC ÅûªÆæ ’ ´ ’: Ø√èπ ◊ °æ K-éπ~-©’-Ø√o®·. °æK-éπ~©’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ úÕéÀ ûÁLÊÆh, Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’. Æœ ü ¿ l ¥ ¢ Ë ’ . b) If you walk a little faster, you can catch the train = é¬Ææh ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕÊÆh train Åçü¿’-éÓ-í∫-©´¤. ®Ω´’: Å®·ûË à N≠æ-ߪ’´‚ phone -îÁ®·u. Ææ’-´’: Phone Ø√èπ◊ç-õ‰í¬ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ. Ø√ cell (probable = ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a) §Ú®·çC. ´÷ land phone out of order. In the sentences above, Main clause verb ®Ω´’: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«™‰. will/ shall/ can/ may. If clause verb - am/ is/ are/ RDWs (go, goes, etc) and other present forms.

a) If he talks to us, we shall be happy b) If she comes here, I can help her c) If they write to him, they may get some information =

Åûª-EéÀ ®√ÊÆh (Öûªh®Ωç) ¢√∞Ïx-Íé-üÁjØ√ Ææ´÷î√®Ωç ®√´îª’a. É´Fo probable present. II. É°æ¤púø’ Imaginary past ûÁLÊ° Ñ sentences from the dialogue îª÷úøçúÕ. 1) If he had told me earlier, I would have postponed my journey =

Åûª†’ ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ v°æߪ÷ùç ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕØË. (È®çúø÷ ï®Ω-í∫™‰ü¿’ – past ™)

ANSWER Rama: I went to a movie yesterday. If you had been at home I would have taken you. Suma: I went shopping with mom. If I had not gone, I would have come to your place and taken you to the movie. Who did you go with? Rama: With my brother. If you are coming, I will see it again this saturday. Suma: I have exams. If I had no exams, I would be ready to come. Rama: Phone me and let me know. Suma: If I were on Phone, I would call you. I've lost my cell. Our land phone is out of order Rama: I will meet you then.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ðû¦è[ª-

II Pratap: The top hero on the telugu screen and our favourite is in town for the celebration to honour him and we have this rotten class to attend. I wish I were at the theatre.

(êŸì ú£ê¦\-ôÁ-êŸq-÷Ùö˺ ð§ö˹_-ì-è¯-EÚ¨ êµõªÞœª êµô¢ ÑêŸh-÷ª-ì-åªè[ª, ÷ªì ÍGÅ-÷«-ì-ì-åªè[« ÒüÉÁx Ñû¦oè[ª. ÷ªì Ïí£±pè[ª Ð í£EÚ¨ ÷«Lì Ú¥xúÃÚ¨ îµü‹xL. û¦¸Ú Î CÇó¶ª-å-ôÂö˺ ÑÙè¯-õ-E-í‡-þ¼hÙC.) Rotten = ÷³J-T-ð¼-ô³ì Ð í£ë¯Eo Óí£±pè[« Aådè¯EÚ¨ Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª. Sundeep: I wish too, we didn't have this class now. I'd rather we were in his presence than in this boring class.

ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 7 WûË 2006

àŸ«ø‹Ù– Íí£±pè[ª ÷ªìÙ ÔÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦o-÷ªÙ綖 ö˺ were/ Past Doing Words î¦è…ê¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ áô¢-ÞœE (Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù) Nù£óŸ«õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. ÷ªì conversation correct Þ¥ ÑÙè[è¯-EÚ¨ ÏC à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. e.g.-

★ 'If clauses'

1) If he were here, he wouldn't allow this.

ÍêŸû¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙç¶ (ÍêŸ-E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶è[ª) ÏC áô¢Þœ-E-÷yè[ª (ÍêŸ-E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶è[ª Ú¥ñæ¨d ÏC áô¢ª-Þœª-êÁÙC). - 'If Clause'ö˺ he- singular,

verb- were- plural. 2) If I were the Chief Minister, I would appoint you the finance minister.

û¶û¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÷³Üu-÷ªÙ-vAÞ¥ (Ïí£±pè[ª ÷³Üu-÷ªÙvA Ú¥ë]ª) ÑÙç¶, Eìªo ÎJnÚÛ ÷ªÙvAÞ¥ EóŸª-Nª-þ§hìª.

3) If he came here now, his mother would be happy.

1) Compare sentences (a) and (c): a) I wish to be in the US.

û¶ìª Í-J-Ú¥ö˺ ÑÙè¯-õE ÚÁJÚÛ. (ÏC û¦ ÚÁJÚÛ – ÏC áô¢-Þœ-÷àŸªa)– ÏÚÛ\è[ wishes êŸô¦yêŸ 'to be'.

ÐôÁV šúõîµjê¶ ÓÙêŸò°ÞœªÙè¶C! (û¦ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Ð Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ò°ÞœªÙåªÙë]E-í‡-þ¼hÙC. Ð Nú£ªÞœª í£±æ¨dÙà¶

Ú¥xúà ÚÛû¦o ΠôÁ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙëÁ?)

Pratap: This is the second time for us to miss the chance of meeting him. When he came here last october for the silver jubilee of his movie we had exams. How I wish we hadn't had those exams. We could have seen him at least then.

c) I wish (that) I were in the US.

î¦è[ª Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÷›úh (î¦è[ª Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ÚÛª ô¦è[ª), î¦üŒx÷ªt ú£ÙêÁ-ù‡-ú£ªhÙC. (î¦è[ªô¦è[ª– î¦üŒx÷ªt ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ö¶ë]ª). 4) If she were here I could tell her of this.

Î ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙç¶ (Î Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ö¶ë]ª), û¶F Nù£óŸªÙ ÎÚÛª àµí‡p ÑÙè[÷àŸªa (Î ö¶ë]ª, ÎÚÛª û¶ìª àµí£p-ö¶ìª).

(ÍêŸEo àŸ«›ú Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ÚÁö˺p-÷è[Ù ÷ªìÚÛª ÏC ·ôÙèÁ-þ§J. ÞœêŸ ÍÚÁd-ñ-ôÂö˺ ÎóŸªì #vêŸÙ ô¢á-êÁ-êŸq÷Ù áJ-T-ì-í£±pè[ª ÷ªìÚÛª í£K¤Ûõª. í£K-¤Ûõª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C. Íí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯ ÎóŸª-ììª àŸ«è[-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼óŸ«Ù.)

Sundeep: We should have thought of all this before joining this college.

(Ï÷Fo ÷ªìÙ Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ à¶ô¢ÚÛ ÷³Ùë¶ Îö˺-#Ù-à¦L.)

Pratap: OK. OK. Now let's hope that our hero will be here in the evening. I only wish his programme were delayed. We could then see him towards the end of his celebrations.

(÷ªì ôÁ þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙæ°-è[E ÎPë¯lÙ. Ú¥ô¢u-vÚÛ÷ªÙ Îõú£uÙ Íô³ê¶ ò°ÞœªÙè[ª. #÷ôÁx Íô³û¦ ÎóŸªEo àŸ«›ú Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ÑÙåªÙC.)

Sundeep: Let's hope so. I wish I were rather at the function than here. But there is no helping being in the class.

(Íö°¸Þ ÎPë¯lÙ. ÏÚÛ\-è…-ÚÛû¦o Î íÆ£ÙÚÛ{ûËÂö˺ ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. Ú¥F Ú¥xúÃö˺ ÑÙè[ÚÛ êŸí£pë]ª.) No helping = êŸí£pë]ª ÞœêŸ ·ôÙè[ª lessons ö˺ 'If clauses'ö˺ were (Singular SubjectsêÁ ÚÛ«è¯)/ Past Doing Words (came, gave, took, etc) î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª

ÍêŸè[ª ÚÛöµ-ÚÛdôÂÞ¥ ÑÙè¯L/ Íî¦y-õE ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛª-åªû¦oè[ª. áJ¸Þ Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ÑÙC (áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪Ù-ë]E àµí£pö¶Ù). – ÏÚÛ\è[ wishes êŸô¦yêŸ 'to be'.

They wish (that) today were a holiday. Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[ª I wish ñë]ªõª, 'Oh'êÁ ÚÛ«è¯ begin

à¶óŸª-÷àŸªa.

I wish I were at home now! Oh, I were at home now!

Ïí£±pè[ª û¶ìª ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè¯-LqÙC/ ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙåªÙC. (Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\èÁ Ñû¦oìª. ÍÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-è[è[Ù Ïù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª) Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue at the beginning of the lesson. 1) I wish I were at the theatre.

û¶ìª Ïí£±pè[ª CÇó¶ª-å-ôÂö˺ ÑÙç¶ ï£„ô³Þ¥ ÑÙåªÙC (Ú¥xúÃö˺ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯).

2) I wish we didn't have (past tense) the class now.

Ð Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C (÷ªìÙ CÇó¶ª-åôÂÚÛª îµü™x-î¦üŒxÙ)

3) I wish we hadn't had the exams. ÷ªìÚÛª Íí£±pè[ª (in the past) í£K-¤Ûõª ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯

ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C– ÏC M. SURESAN ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ïí£pè[ª Ú¥ë]ª. Íô³ð¼-ô³ì Nù£óŸªÙ– ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE had + past participle.

4) How I wish today were a holiday.

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 167 ÍêŸè[ª Ïí£p-æ¨-ÚÛ-í£±pè[ª, Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺ ÚÛöµ-ÚÛd-ôÂÞ¥ ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙåªÙëÁ (Ô æ©àŸôÂÞ¥ûËÁ, ÏÙÚÁ Ô í£ë]Nö˺ûËÁÚ¥-ÚÛªÙè¯). Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸè[ª ÚÛöµ-ÚÛdô Í÷è[Ù Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù. – ÏÚÛ\è[ wishes êŸô¦yêŸ he were. (c), (d) ö˺x were î¦è[è[Ù ÷ªì Bô¢E ÚÁJÚÛ êµLóŸªâ¶-›ú-åªxÞ¥ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯.

(ÍÙê¦ Ð Ú¥ö¶@ ÷ö¶x! í£K-¤Ûõª, áô¢ªö°Ùæ¨ Nù£-óŸ«ö˺x OüŒ‰x à¦ö° ÚÛJÈìÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. ÖÚÛ\ Ú¥xúà ÓÞ•_-åd-è¯-EÚ¨ ö¶ë]ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ à¶ô¢-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶ëÁ! ÷« û¦ìo ÞœªJÙ# Ú¥ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ û¶ìª ÏÚÛ\è[ මôî¦-è…E Ú¥ë]ª.)

(ÐôÁV šúõîµjê¶ ÓÙêŸ-ò°-ÞœªÙè¶C. Ð Ú¥ö¶@ö˺ šúõ-÷±õª ÷ªK êŸÚÛª\÷. öµÚÛa-ô¢ô¢ªx à¦ö° Íô¢ª-ë]ªÞ¥ šúõ÷± šíè[-ê¦ô¢ª. ÖÚÛ\ Ú¥xúà ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ë]-õô¢ª.)

2) Compare sentences (b) and (d). b) He wishes to be a collector.

d) He wishes (that) he were a collector.

Sundeep: All this because of this college. It's very strict about exams and attendance. We can't cut even a single class. I wish I hadn't joined this college. But for my father, I wouldn't have joined here.

Pratap: How I wish today were a holiday! Too few holidays in this college. Lecturers rarely go on leave here. No class is let free.

û¶ìª Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª (Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺) Í-J-Ú¥ö˺ ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. (Ïí£p-æ¨-ÚÛ-í£±pè[ª ‘û¶ìª’ ÍJÚ¥ö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù ÚÛë¯) – ÏÚÛ\è[ wish êŸô¦yêŸ 'I were'.

today.

î¦üŒ‰x Ð ôÁV šúõîµjê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦oô¢ª.

Have you seen Suma's dress today? Ïí£±pè[ª Ïö° 'If clause' ö˺ were (singular subjects êÁ ÚÛ«è¯)/ Past Doing Words î¦è[åÙ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ú£ÙòÅ¡÷Ù Ú¥E (present improbable) Nù£óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. Ð were (singular subjects êÁ)/ Past Doing Words (gave, wrote etc) ìª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Î ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x (If clause ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯ ÚÛ«è¯) ÍN ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ áô¢-ÞœE Nù£-óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hô³. Oæ¨E àŸ«è[Ùè…: a) I wish to be in the US.

(û¶ìª Í-J-Ú¥ö˺ ÑÙè¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª/ ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛªÙåª-û¦oìª.)

b) He wishes to be a collector.

(ÍêŸìª ÚÛöµ-ÚÛd-ôÂÞ¥ ÑÙè¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª/ ÚÁô¢ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.)

Compare the sentences above with the following: c) I wish (that) I were in the US. d) He wishes (that) he were a collector. sentences (c), (d) õö˺ I, he, singular Íô³-ì-í£pæ¨Ú© 'were' ô¦÷åÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…– Ð ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺

ÏC êŸí£±p Ú¥ë]ª.

Spoken English

Jayaram: What a beautiful building this is! Who lives in it?

(ÓÙêŸ ÍÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙëÁ Ð GLfÙÞÂ! Ó÷ô¢ªÙæ°ô¢ª ÏÙë]ªö˺?)

Janakiram: The forest officer.

(Íå-O-ø‹Ü ÍCÅ-Ú¥J)

Jayaram: How I wish I were a forest officer!

(û¶ìª Íå-O-ø‹Ü ÍCÅ-Ú¥J Íô³ê¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙåªÙëÁ– Íí£±pè[ª û¶ì« Ïö°Ùæ¨ òÅ¡÷ÙAö˺ ÑÙæ°ìª ÚÛë¯ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ– Ïí£±pè[ª áóŸª-ô¦îª Íå-O-ø‹Ü ÍCÅ-Ú¥J Í÷è[ª ÚÛë¯!) ÏD Singulars êÁ 'were' î¦è¶ ÏÙÚÁ ú£Ùë]ô¢sÄÙ. Ïö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙ-ö˺û¶ Past Doing Word ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. a) I wish to travel in such a car.

Íö°Ùæ¨ Ú¥ô¢ªö˺ ví£óŸ«éÙ à¶óŸ«-õE û¦ ÚÁJÚÛ. – ÏÚÛ\è[ wish êŸô¦yêŸ to travel.

b) I wish (that) I travelled is such a car. - travelled (Past Doing Word)

(Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª) û¶ì-ö°Ùæ¨ Ú¥ô¢ªö˺ ví£óŸ«éÙ à¶ú£ªhÙè¯-õE û¦ ÚÁJÚÛ/ ví£óŸ«é٠ඛúh ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙåªÙC! (Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù).

c) He wishes (that) he owned such a house.

Íö°Ùæ¨ Ïõªx êŸìÚ© ÑÙç¶ (Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª) ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC– ÍE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.

d) They wish (that) that they had a holiday

ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

ÐôÁV šúõ÷± Íô³ê¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC!

5) I only wish his programme were delayed.

ÍêŸè… Ú¥ô¢u-vÚÛ÷ªÙ Îõú£uiê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC (Ú¥xúà Íô³ì êŸô¦yêŸ ÷ªìÙ îµüÉ•xàŸªa).

6) I wish I were rather at the function than here.

ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛû¦o Î íÆ£ÙÚÛ{-ûËÂö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù Ïù£dÙ û¦ÚÛª.

Very important:

Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺ Bô¢E ÚÁJ-ÚÛìª êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Ïö° ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù: a) I/we/you/they wish I/we/you/they were... OR I/we/you/they + Past Doing Word (went, came, etc). b) He/She wishes he/she were... OR He/she + Past Doing Word. (ÏÚÛ\è[ ÍEo àÁæ°x wish ñë]ªõª 'oh'... ÍE vð§ô¢Ù-

GÅÙ-àŸ-÷àŸªa.)

Practise the following aloud in English Prema: ÐôÁV ú£ª÷ª vèµúÃ àŸ«ø‹î¦? û¦ÚÛ« Íö°Ù-

æ¨C ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ-ò°-ÞœªÙ-åªÙëÁ! ...! Íö°Ù-æ¨C îµ³ìo û¶ûË•ÚÛ ÿ§íÃö˺ àŸ«ø‹. û¦ÚÛª ÍC ÍÙêŸÞ¥ ìàŸa-ö¶ë]ª. Prema: û¦ v赚úúà ÍFo ÷« Ít šúöµÚÂd à¶ú£ªhÙC. û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ú£h ú£yêŸÙvêŸÙ Ï›úh ò°ÞœªÙåªÙC. Hema: ìª÷yC Öí£±p-ÚÁ-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. Prema: ÷« Í÷ªt-ÚÛC Íô¢niê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. ììªo šúöµÚÂd à¶ú£ªÚÁ-E›úh ÓÚÛª\÷ è[ñªsõª šíè[ê¦ìE Î òÅ¡óŸªÙ. Hema:

Answer: Prema: Have you seen Suma's dress today? How nice it is/ I wish/ How I wish/ Oh, I had a dress like that! Hema: I saw the same kind of dress in some shop. I didn't like it much. Prema: The trouble is mom selects all my dresses. How I wish/ I wish/ Oh, she gave me the freedom to select my dresses. Hema: I wish you didn't agree to it. Prema: I wish my mother understood it. Her fear is that if I selected my dresses I would spend more money.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 9 -W-Ø˛ 2006

Sharmila: I bought this book on Physics Yesterday.

(E†o ؈’ Ñ Physics book éÌØ√o†’.) Urmila:

1) I wish I were not here =

Oh, this one! I wish you hadn't bought

it.

(Éü∆? -†’-´y-C é̆-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’çúËC) Sharmila: Why? (àç?) Urmila:

I have bought it too and I find it utterly useless. It is very badly written.

(Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo ؈÷ éÌØ√o†’. ÅüËç ¶«í∫™‰ü¿’. ¶«í∫-®√-ߪ’™‰ü¿’.) utterly = totally, °æ‹Jhí¬ Sharmila: Oh, I wish you had told me earlier of it. I wouldn't have bought it.

(†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’çúËC éπü∆/ ´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo é̆’çúË ü∆Eo é¬ü¿’.)

Urmila:

úøû√¢Á÷ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆ (í∫ûª È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ lessons ™). (ØËE°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿-E°œ-≤ÚhçC/ Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC) ✓ É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø ÖØ√o†’ 2) He wishes he were consulted =

(ûª††’ É°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææçv°æ-CÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ / Ææçv°æ-CÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) ✓ ûª††’ É°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’ 3) She wishes she bought such a necklace=

(ûª†’ É°æ¤púø™«çöÀ necklace é̆’-èπ◊\çõ‰ ¶«í∫’çô’ç-ü¿-†’-éÌç-öçC) ✓ É°æ¤púø’ é̆’-éÓ\-´-úøç ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ éÀçC ¢√öÀ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

a) were/past doing word (came, went, etc)

É≤ÚhçC. á´-È®jØ√ E°æ¤-ù’úÕ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’èπ◊-E- Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿E ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’). ✓ é̆o-°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’.

- present b) had been / had + past participle - past Now look at the use of had been, and had +

Sentence (a)

Sentence (b)

1) He is buying

He has bought

Sharmila and Urmila.

(éÌØ√oúø’–past)

1) I wish you hadn't bought it - verb

(éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’) 2) He took

He had taken

past participle in the dialogue between

had+past

participle

She wishes to buy such a necklace

É°æ¤púø’ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ é̆o-°æ¤púø’ Ææ©£æ… (PP) - past (Å™«çöÀ necklace é̆’é Ó\¢ √© † ’è π ◊ çö çC) (É°æ ¤ p úø ’ BÆæ ’ éÓ´ ô ç ™‰ ü ¿ ’ ) BÆæ ’èπ◊-†’çõ‰ (past)) When I showed it to our lecturer she (†’´¤y- éÌ-†-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ✓ é̆’-éÓ\-´îª’a – Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC lÉçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’E/ ï®Ω-í∫E °æ†’-©†’ said I had made a mistake in buying ¶«í∫’ç-úË-C/-éÌ-†’ç-ú≈-LqçC í∫’-Jç-* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ were/ past doing word ¢√ú≈She wishes she bought such a necklace = this book. I wish I had known you é¬ü¿†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) . were going to buy it. I would have told (Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Å™«çöÀ necklace é̆’-èπ◊\çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç- ©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Sentence (a) lÅüË í∫ûªç™ ï®Ω-í∫E °æ†’©’ ïJT Öçõ‰/ ïJ-T† 2) I wish you had told me you not to. Can you return it and get ü¿E°œ≤ÚhçC.) of it earlier - had+pp°æ†’©’ ï®Ω-í∫èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ÅE îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ had been/ the money back? M. SURESAN ✓ é¬F éÌØË °æJ-Æ œnA ™‰ü¿’/ Ç Å´-鬨¡ç É°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’. past- Éçûª-èπ◊ ´·çüË had + PP (Sentence (b) ) ¢√-úøû√ç. (؈’ DEo ´’† lecturer èπ◊ îª÷°œçî√†’. a) She wishes to have such a necklace îÁ°æ¤pç-ú≈-LqçC. 3) I wish I had known you were going to buy it

She bought such a necklace Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌE ؈’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»-†E Ç¢Á’ ÅçC. †’´¤y é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´E -ûÁLÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-úËC. éÌØÌ-ü¿lE îÁÊ°p-ü∆Eo. ÅC AJ-T-îËaÆœ úø•’s ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-©¢√?) Sharmila: I wish I could. But no shop would agree. At the most they may agree to an exchange.

(Å™« °æ¤Ææhéπç AJ-T*a úø•’s ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-T-ûË ÆæçûÓ≠æ¢Ë’. é¬F à

shop

(Å™«çöÀ necklace ûª†-èπ◊ç-ú≈-©E éÓ®Ω-èπ◊ç-öçC– Ç¢Á’ é̆’-èπ◊\ØË Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC) b) She wishes she had such a necklace -

Åçü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÓü¿’ éπü∆? ´’£æ… Å®·ûË Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç •ü¿’©’ ÉçÍéüÁjØ√ °æ¤Ææhéπç É´y-ö«EéÀ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a) (At the most = ´’£æ… Å®·ûË) Urmila: The author doesn't appear to know how to write a book useful for the students. I think the poor sales would

1) The mother wishes that her son were here.

(

ûª†é¬ necklace Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çüÓ Å†’éÌç-öçC– É°æ¤p-ú≈-¢Á’-éπ-™«çöÀ necklace ™‰ü¿’.) l(ÉC ÉEo≤ƒ®Ω’x repeat îËߪ’ö«EéÀ 鬮Ωùç... I wish I were, She wishes she were ™«çöÀ expression correct meaning and use §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©èπ◊ ûÁL-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊.) É°æ¤púø’ ´’®Ó éÌûªh N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Observe carefully.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 168

Study the following:

Compare the sentences (a) and (b) below: a) He is buying car. I wish he took an expert's

2) He wishes that he were selected(É°æ¤púø’ -Å-ûª-úø’ áç°œÈéj Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’/ áç°œ-ÈéjûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ÅûªE éÓJéπ.) 3) She wishes she did not see

advice.

(鬮Ω’ éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. á´-È®jØ√ E°æ¤-ùÀúÕ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C) Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’.

(ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊ É°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ûªLx ņ’-èπ◊çöçC.) (É°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø ™‰úø’)

him.

(expert) (

b) He has bought a car and it is giving him

Åûª-†-éπ\úø éπ†-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-©E Ç¢Á’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. É°æ¤púø’– éπ†°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’)

´·çüË (past ™) ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC – ´ü¿lE îÁÊ°p ü∆Eo. 4) I wish I could - AJT ÉîËaߪ’í∫-L-TûË (É°æ¤púø’) ¶«í∫’ç--ô’ç-C...(past ™ Å®·ûË could have +pp) 5)... poor

sales

would

make him wish he

son had been present at the

had not written the

function last night.

book = í∫ûª-®√vA ïJ-T† function ™ ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊ ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿-†’-éÌ- (-Åç-ûª û- èª π◊\-´ Å- ´- ’té¬-©’ öçC ÅûªE ûªLx – past) Å-ûØ-ª √ °æ¤Æhæ éπç ®√-ߪ’éπ§- Ú®·çHe wishes that he had been õ‰ ¶ - «í∫’ç-ú- ¢-Ë ÷Á Å- E- °œ≤ƒh®·) selected °j´Fo past èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç( ûª-†’ (í∫-ûªç-™ ) -áç°œ-Èéj -Öç-õ‰ *†N 鬕öÀd, had + past ¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o--úø’) participle form. (

(had been selected)

She wishes she had not seen

DEoÅçõ‰, I/ we / you / they

him last monday.

wish /He / she / it wishes + were/past doing word -

(í∫ûª ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç Åûªúø’ éπ†-°æ-úø-éπ§Ú®· Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E / éπ†-°æúø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-Lqç-ü¿E ņ’-éÌçöçC)

That's the difference between the use of

advice.

were/ the past doing word, and the use of trouble

(

The mother wishes that her

trouble. He wishes he had taken an experts

(Åûª†’ 鬮Ω’ é̆’-èπ◊\-Ø√oúø’, ÅC

- had known - had+pp-

had been / had + past participle-

present

had

èπÿ,

been/had+past participle - past

èπÿ. OöÀE ¶«í¬ practice îËÆœ O’ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. ÉN ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ î√™« Öçö«®·.

make him wish that he had not written Prabha:

the book.

(Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫-°æ-úË™« °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√ߪ’ôç Ç ®Ωîª-®·-ûªèπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†ô’x ™‰ü¿’. Å´’t鬩’ ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçõ‰... °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√ߪ’èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úË-üÁ-¢Á÷ -Å-E Åûª-úÕéÀ -Å-E-°œÆæ’hç-C) Sharmila: So what do I do now?

(Å®·ûË Øˆ’ àç îËߪ’†’?) Urmila: Exchange it for

Prof Bhoutik's

Manual of Physics. (

DEo ÉîËaÆœ

Prof Bhoutik

Manual of Physics

®√Æœ†

ûÁaéÓ) lÉ°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ 'If clause' ™ were/ past doing word ᙫ ¢√-

Spoken English

Ñ¢√∞¡ ÂÆ©¢ÁjûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC? Ñ §ƒúø’ college ™ holidays Öçúø´¤. ØËE-éπ\úø student í¬ Öç-úøéπ-§Ú-ûË ¶«í∫’çô’çC. Prabha: F ´™‰x ØËF college ™ îË®√†’. E†’o ņ’-Ææ-Jç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC. Subha: †’´¤y ´÷Ø√†o†’ Ææ©£æ… Åúø-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC. Prabha: college N≠æߪ’ç °æéπ\-†-°ô’d. Ø√éà hostel ™ Öçú≈-©-E°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’. Hosteller í¬ Öçúø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E Ø√ éÓJéπ. Subha: ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ free í¬ Öçú≈-©E éÓJéπ. É°æp-öÀÍé î√-™« ÆœE-´÷©’ miss Åߪ÷uç. Å´Fo îª÷Ææ’ç-ú≈-Lqç-ü¿E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-

Practise the following aloud in English

Subha:

(ÉC

past

鬕öÀd –

had+pp)

ô’Ø√o. Prabha: ÉC ´’†èπ◊ ûª°æpü¿’. ÉçéÓ È®çúË∞¡Ÿx Ééπ\úË Öçú≈L.

Subha: I wish you hadn't asked for my dad's

Answer:

Prabha: Let alone this College. I don't feel like

Prabha: (How) I wish today were a holiday Subha: No holidays at all in this rotten college - rotten =

¢√-úø-û√®Ω’).

´·J-T-§Ú-®·†, Aô’dèπ◊ áèπ◊\-´í¬ I wish I were not a student

here. Prabha: I joined this college because of you. I wish I hadn't (had not) followed you

advice.

(ÉC

past

鬕öÀd

had+pp)

being in the hostel. (feel like =

-îªôç)

Å-E°œç

Oh, I were not a hosteller!

Subha: I wish to be free to see movies. We have already missed a number of movies. I only wish we had seen all of them. Prabha: (There is) no helping it

(ûª°æpü¿’)

we

have to be here for two years more.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 12 -W-Ø˛ 2006

Nandan: Santan, I'm afraid that something is

(áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh Åçûª- ´’ç-*C.)

seriously wrong with me. I'm unable

,

to concentrate on studies.

(Ø√ÍéüÓ Å´¤-ûª’-†o-ôd-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. îªü¿’´¤ O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd °ôd-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC.(I'm afraid.) (Ééπ\úø ¶µºßª’ç ÅE Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’.) concentrate = ÍéçvD-éπ-Jç-îª-ôç/-v¨¡-ü¿l¥-îª÷-°æôç. Santan: I've observed that. Of late you haven't been as serious about studies as you were in the past. Your scores too have been low. Something wrong with your health, perhaps.

,

,

Look at the sentences (a) and (b) below. a) It's time for him to start for college. The time has come for him to start for college.

Åûªúø’ college éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lq† time ÉC./-´-*açC. b) It's (high) time (that) he started for college = Time he started for college Subhash: Time I repaid the money. I borrowed

(It's, high, that

ÖØ√o äéπõ‰, ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ äéπõ‰) College éÀ á°æ¤púÓ •ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lqç-ü¿-ûª†’. (Éçé¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ ÅE Å®Ωnç) He should have started for college before

(؈’ í∫-´’Eç-î√†’ ÅC. îªü¿’´¤ O’ü¿ Fèπ◊ Éç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’†o v¨¡ü¿l¥ Ñ ´’üµ¿u éπ-E°œç-îª-ô癉ü¿’.-´÷®Ω’\-©’ èπÿú≈ ûªí¬_®·. F Ç®Óí∫uç à´’Ø√o ¶«í∫ø-™‰-üË¢Á÷.) Of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u. OöÀéÀ late = 'Ç©Ææu-¢Á’i†—èπ◊ àç Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.

now =

Åûª†’

college

Èé∞Ïx

time

ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC. Sentences (a) (b) © π◊ áçûª ûËú≈ ÖçüÓ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

(†’´¤y °æK-éπ~-©èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-ö«-EéÀ Ñ éπ©-ûª© †’ç* á°æ¤púÓ •ßª’ô°æúÕ Öçú≈Lqç-C.) (verb - were) Ñ sentences ™E Ñ construction ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. O’ Spoken English, natural í¬ Öçô’çC. Exercise: Practise the following aloud in English

from you already. How can I borrow again? Prabhas: Don't make me angry. Tell me how much you want. Subhash: Rs. 10000/Prabhas: Have it. come home to me.

Nandan, Varun conversa-àçöÀ î√-™« -G-@í¬ ÖØ√o´¤? tion ™E Ñ sentences †’ home. Subhash: àç îËߪ’†’. Å´’tèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Éçöx Öçú≈Lq-† -õ„i-¢˛’ ÉC./Éçöx Öçú≈-Lq† -õ„i-¢˛’ Prabhas: †’´¤y ú≈éπd®˝éÀ -á°æ¤p-úÓ îª÷°œç-î √-LqçC. Nandan: My health is OK. I eat well and sleep 'Shall I do that then?' (shall ´*açC. Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤.well. No illness at all. Had there been I see the doctor then?) d) (It's) time (that) he were at home. Subhash: Ç °æE O’üË -G-@í¬ ÖØ√o. Ç -ÇÆæ’°æ-vA™ anything wrong, I would have know. îµ√-Kb-©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´.úø•’s éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hØ√o. 'You had better do it! = Åûª†’ Éçöx Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üË/-á-°æ¤púÓ Öçú≈-LqçC, (Ø√ Ç®Ó-í¬u-EÍéç..¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. ¶«í¬ (ÅC îËߪ’ôç better.) Éçé¬-™‰úø’. Prabhas: îª÷-úø’ Subhash .. Ééπ\úø Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Açô’Ø√o, Evü¿-¶-ûª’Ø√o, ﶉsç-™‰ü¿’. àüÁjØ√ †’´yC îËߪ’ôç ´’ç*C ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ you had better do it Åçô’çö«ç. c) It's time/the time has come for him to be at

Prabhas:

éÓ°æç áèπ◊\-¢Áj†-éÌDl ûªèπ◊\´ Ç™-*≤ƒhç! Sentences (b), (d)

Öçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ÊÆC éπü∆?) Santan: Still we can't say. It's time (that) you saw a doctor.

verbs

©™ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

Verb in sentence (b) = started - past doing word Verb in sentence (d) = were - plural verb,

(Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç àç îÁ°æp™‰ç. †’Nyç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çüË -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC.) Nandan: Shall I do that then?

though the subject 'he' is singular. sentences ™ v°æûËu-éπûª – were, past ¢√úøéπç. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. e) Åûª†’ á°æ¤púÓ Â°Rx îËÆæ’éÌ-E -Öç-ú≈-LqçC.

ÉD É™«çöÀ

doing word

(Å®·ûË Å™« îËߪ’Ø√?) Santan: You had better. Exams are round the corner, time we started serious preparation.

(It's) (high) time he got married/he were married

(Åçõ‰ Éçé¬ îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-üËçöÀ ÅE)

He should have been married before now. f) Time he learnt manners.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 169

Éçé¬ Åûª†’ manners ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰-ü¿’/-Éç-ûª-°ü¿l ¢√úÁj-†°æp-öÀéà -Å-ûªúÕéÀ manners ûÁMü¿’. g) Time (It's high time that) he consulted a doctor.

(ÅüË ´’ç*C. °æK-éπ~©’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌ-îËa-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. ´’†ç -v°œ°æÍ®-≠æ-Ø˛ á°æ¤púÓ ¢Á·ü¿©’ °ö«dLqçC.) Nandan: It is time my father were here. He told me a week ago that he would come here in two or three days. If he were here now, he could take me to a doc.

(´÷Ø√†o É°æp-öÀéà ™‰úÕ-éπ\úø, á°æ¤púÓ -Öçú≈Lq-Ø√-ߪ’†. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©èπ◊ ´≤ƒh-†E ¢√®Ωç éÀç-ü¿-ô îÁ§ƒpúø’. Çߪ’E°æ¤-úø’ -Öç-úÕ Öçõ‰ -†-†’o -ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-¢√úø’.) Doc = present day English ™ short form for doctor.) Time you were free from all worries to

(Ñ éπ©-ûª© †’ç* á°æ¤púÓ •ßª’-ô-°æúÕ °æ-Kéπ~©èπ◊ -v°œÊ°®˝ Å´¤-ûª÷ -Öç-ú≈-LqçC †’´¤y)

1) It's time you saw a doctor.

†’´¤y Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC/ Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤.

Prabhas: Time you took her to a doctor.

am looking for money. Prabhas: Look here, Subhash. Time you knew you have a friend who can help you. Subhash: Just don't worry. I will get it some

you had better do it

ÅØË-üË

better.

He had better not go there now.

think .

éÓ°æç áèπ◊\-¢Áj†-éÌDl, ûªèπ◊\´ Ç™-*≤ƒhç. b) The hotter the sun is, the more tired one is.

áçúø áèπ◊\--¢Áj† éÌDl, Å©-Ææô áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC/ áèπ◊\´ Å©-Æœ-§Ú-û√®Ω’. Ñ éÀçC sentences English™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. 1) °ü¿l ¢√∞¡x-®·-†-éÌDl, ņ’-¶µº´ç °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. 2) áçûª Ç -vúÕçé˙ û√TûË, Åçûª Éçé¬ û√í¬-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ANSWERS: 1) The older you are/ you grow, the more is your experience.

how. Prabhas: Time you stopped hiding things from

2) The more you drink it, the more you feel like drinking it.

me.

(Verb - saw - past doing word) 2) Time we started serious preparation.

°æ-Kéπ~-©èπ◊ Æ‘-J-ߪ’Æˇí¬ -v°œÊ°®˝ 鬴ôç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ°æ¤púÓ Ç®Ωç-Gµç-î√-Lqç-C/-Ç-©Ææuç Å®·çC. ´÷ Ø√†o á°æ¤púÓ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-Lqç-C/-Ç-©Ææuç Å®·çC (Verb - were) 4) Time you were free from all worries to pre-

Spoken English

well.

charges in the hospital are high. I

3) It's time my father were here.

Santan: The earlier, the better.

Subhash: What shall I do? Mom is not at all

He should have consulted a doctor much

(Verb - started - past doing word)

prepare for the exams.

(¢ÁçôØË îË≤ƒh†’.)

Prabhas: What makes you so busy?

-v°æ-¨¡o:

Santan: Call him and tell him of your problem.

Nandan: I'll do it immediately then.

ANSWER:

Subhash: That's what I am busy doing. The

earlier.

é¬F

ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.

Åûª-†-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡}éπ §Ú´ôç ´’ç*C. îËߪ’-í∫© ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úø’ ÖØ√o-úøE á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ©’- Ñ sentences èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-ú≈-LqçC -†’-´¤y. ؈’-Ø√o-†’í¬. áçûª Nandan: I'll do it immediately then. Santan: The earlier, the better. 鬢√L? The earlier, the better= áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh Åçûª Subhash: ´ü¿’l™‰. ᙫíÓ ûÁa-èπ◊çö«. ´’ç*C. Prabhas: Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü∆îªôç ǧƒ-Lq† -õ„i-¢˛’ ´*açC. Ñ type of sentences èπÿú≈ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’èπ◊. -îÁ°æ¤p -áçûª 鬢√™? Subhash: ØËEç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ F ü¿í∫_®Ω BÆæ’èπ◊†o úø¶‰s áçûª §Òúø’-í∫-®·ûË, Åçûª ¶«í¬ bowl îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. á°æ¤púÓ AJ-T-¢√y-LqçC. ´’Sx ᙫ = The taller a person is, the better can they bowl. BÆæ’éÓ†’? É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC. Prabhas: Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªèπ◊. áçûª 鬢√™ 1) The use of the comparative. îÁ§Òpa éπü∆? 2) The inversion of the verb. Subhash: °æ-C-¢Ë-© ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-©’ a) The more angry you are, the less do you Prabhas: B≤Ú\. ®√ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ.

á°æ¤púÓ -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC, Éçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ îËߪ’™‰ü¿’. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation between Nandan and Santan

It is better for you to do that

M. SURESAN

pare for the exams.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

What is the difference between "found" and "discovery"?

– ņ’-´÷©¨ÎöÀd éÀ≥Ú®˝, ®√-N-†÷-ûª-© -ï-¢√-•’: 'Found' means to establish (≤ƒn°œç-îªôç). NTR founded the TDP. (NTR TDP E ≤ƒn°œç-î √®Ω’.) 2) Found is the past tense of 'find'. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªôç, îª÷úøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. I found him working very hard = Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç í∫´’-Eçî√†’. 3) Discovery - the act of finding or learning about something for the first time Åçõ‰ à N≠æ-ߪ÷-ØÁj oØ√ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç, ÅE. Newton's discovery of the laws of gravitation changed out understanding of nature. †÷u-ô-Ø˛ í∫’®Ω’-û√y-éπ-®Ω{ù ¨¡éÀhE éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç (Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o ´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ´ôç /Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç) v°æéπ%-AE í∫’Jç* ´’† Å´-í¬-£æ«-†™ ´÷®Ω’p ûÁ*açC. Find out Åçõ‰ discover ÅØË Å®Ωnç-´-Ææ’hçC.-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II I. Prasad: Your clothes look nice. Are they new?

(F •ôd©’ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. ÅN éÌûªh¢√?) Pramod: Yes. They are. (Å´¤†’) Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot.

Madan: But it doesn't to me.

(Ø√éπ™« àO’ ÅE-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’) ☯

☯

☯

VI. Balu: I must start at once, or I'll be late for office. ( office

-ØË-†’ -¢ÁçôØË •ßª’-™‰l-®√L. ™‰èπ-§Ú-ûË èπ◊ Ç©Ææu-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-C.)

(ÅN ¶«í¬ êK-üÁj-†-´-†’-èπ◊çö«) Pramod: Yes. They did. Prasad: You look quite smart in them.

(†’¢√y •ôd™x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤) Pramod: Do I? Thanks for the compliment.

(Å´¤Ø√? F §Òí∫-úøhèπ◊

Giri: So must I. I've to reserve tickets for my journey. tickets reserve

(؈÷ ¢Á∞«xL. v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L)

Balu: Have you the key to lock the room? Giri: I have.

thanks)

Prasad: Then shall we start?

Balu: Will you lock the room then?

Pramod: We shall.

Giri: I will. Don't worry.

☯

☯

☯

☯

Ravinder: Yes. I have. Srikanth: Do you know where he is? Ravinder: No, I don't. Srikanth: Will you meet him again? Ravinder: No, I won't. I've important work. Srikanth: Do you expect him here today?

(Ñ®ÓV ´≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?) (®√úø-†’-èπ◊çö«)

Ravinder: I'm afraid no. ☯

☯

☯

☯

°j short conversations îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? ¢√öÀ™ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ daily conversation ™ informal situations ™ ´’†ç ¢ËÊÆ questions, Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´îËa answers °j´-Fo†÷.

II. Srikanth: Have you met suman?

☯

☯

Carefully observe the questions and the replies in the dialogues above. you find the responses (replies) very brief and expressed in a word or two.

(°j passage ™E ï¢√-•’-©Fo èπÿú≈ î√™« èπ◊x°æhçí¬ äéπöÀ È®çúø’ -´÷-ô© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)

III. Naresh: The shop hasn't yet opened today.

(Ñ®ÓV

shop

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 14 -W-Ø˛ 2006

1) Ramu: Do you take coffee?

English speech practice

Å´’-J-†-ô’xç-ú≈-©çõ‰ ÉN ¶«í¬ îËÆœ ûªúø’-´·-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøí∫LT Öçú≈L. ÉN ᙫ îËߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç: ¢Á·ü¿-ôí¬ study the short responses in the short

2) John: Does she sing well?

1. Prasad: ... Are they new?

3) Sarala: Did he meet you yesterday?

O’

conversations at the beginning of this lesson. Pramod: Yes, they are.

Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot.

Prasad: Shall we start?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 170

(

´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ñ time èπ◊ ûÁJ-ç-ô’çC)

Pramod: We shall. (short response) (We shall start

é¬ü¿’)

(Å´¤†’. Ñ®ÓV à¢Á’içüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’) Mahesh: There they are coming to open. But I think it will be some time before they start selling. I can't wait.

(ÅCíÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûÁ®Ω-´-ö«-EéÀ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Å´’tôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-ö«-EéÀ éÌçûª time °æúø’-ûª’çC. ؈’ wait îËߪ’-™‰†’.)

☯

☯

☯

IV. Bhaskar: Why did you come so late yesterday?

(E†o áçü¿’èπ◊ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a¢˛?) Bhavani: Did I? I was here on time.

(-ØËØ√? ØËE-éπ\úø

time

Bhaskar: But you weren't. I noted the time. It was 8.15. Bhavani: But it wasn't 8.15. It was only 8.05.

(Å°æ¤púø’ 8.15 é¬ü¿’. 8.05 ´÷vûª¢Ë’) Bhaskar: Even that makes you late.

☯

☯

V. Chetan: Madan, we have been here before.

(´’ü¿Ø˛, ´’†ç Ééπ\-úÕéÀ Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÌî√aç.) Madan: But we haven't. You are mistaken.

(´’†ç ®√™‰ü¿’. †’¢ËyüÓ §Ò®Ω-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤) Chetan: But I'm not. Some how the place seems familiar to me.

(ØËØËç §Ò®Ω-•-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπØÓ Ñ v°æü˨¡ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷Æœ†ô’d ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC)

Spoken English

É™«çöÀ

Passage II

Ææ£æ«-ï-û√y-Eo-≤ƒh®·.

a) Yes, I have (met b) No. I don't (Know c) No I won't (meet d) I'm afraid no expect

èπ◊

Spoken English questions non 'wh' word quesM. SURESAN tions what, when, why, where, who, whose questions) responses

™ èπ◊, ´·êuçí¬

(Åçõ‰

™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç é¬E èπ◊ î√™« èπ◊x°æhçí¬ Öçö«®·. °j conversation passages äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ ´‚úø’, Ø√©’-í∫’-≤ƒ®Ω’x Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ îªCN practice îËߪ’çúÕ. short responses ᙫ Öçö«ßÁ÷ O’èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤ûª’çC. Look at the following exchanges. I. Balaram: May I come in?

Ééπ\úø come in ÅE é¬F, please come in ÅE é¬F reply ™ ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. II. Ramana: Australians play well. Kamala: Yes, they do/ No, they don't. yes, they play well/ No, they don't' play well play English natural practice.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

Eç-îªçúÕ. ÉD

¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç í∫´’-

™

III. Teacher: Can you sing, Radha? Radha: Yes, I can, Maam/ No I can't/ I'm afraid I can't. dialogue repeat

™E response ™ èπÿú≈ sing é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. (I'm afraid; Ééπ\úø afraid èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ¶µºßª’ç ÅE é¬ü¿’. à N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f/ É≠æd癉-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ I'm afraid Åçö«ç.) É™«çöÀ short responses ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´’† spoken English èπ◊ Ææ£æ«-ï-û√yEo´yí∫-©´¤. É™«çöÀ short responses ™‰E conversation bookish í¬, ÅA-éÀç-*-†ô’x Öçô’çC. Ñ

™

short responses

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

™‰ü¿’)

ÅE,

(Å°æ¤púø®·Ø√ †’´¤y Ç©-Ææu-¢Ë’-éπü∆?) Bhavani: So it does. (Å´¤-ØÁxçúÕ) ☯

short responses English conversation/ spoken English

Rajaram: Please do. (Have a seat)

èπ◊ ÖØ√o†’.)

a) Kavya: Will you buy the book? Navya: Yes, I will/ No, I won't (will not) Shyam: Yes, he can/ No, he can't. c) Ram: could you understand that? Das: Yes, I could/ No, I couldn't. 4) Have, has, had sentences es

™ ´ÊÆh

respons-

™ èπÿú≈ Å¢Ë ´≤ƒh®·.

May I come in? - Please do. Naresh: So it is. But I don't know what's happened today.

Å™«Íí sentence ™ shall, will, can, could, may, might, need ´ÊÆh, responses ™ èπÿú≈ Å¢Ë repeat Å´¤-û√®·, Yes, Å®·ûË not ™‰èπ◊çú≈, No Å®·ûË, not îËJa. b) Kiran: Can he walk?

ûÓ Ç°æôç é¬F, é¬F é¬ü¿’)

Mahesh: Yes, it hasn't. It is usually open by this time.

Eddy: Yes, she does/ No, she doesn't (does not) Vanaja: Yes, he did/ No he didn't (did not)

(Ééπ\úÕ response, î√™«-´’çC ÅØËô’x, yes, ÅEé¬E, yes, they are new ÅEé¬F ņ®Ω’. correct conversation ™ ÆæÈ®j† response: Yes, they are. Answer é¬ü¿’ Å®·ûË, No, they aren't. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, No ûÓ Ç°æ-ôç-é¬F, No, they are not new ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ Ç°æôç ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’, standard spoken English ™. Å™«Íí– Pramod: Yes, they did. (Yes Yes, they cost me a lot

Éçé¬ ûÁ®Ω-´-™‰ü¿’)

Somu: Yes, I do/ No, I don't (do not)

™‰ü¿’) (Ééπ\úø

™‰ü¿’) v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË ™‰ü¿’)

Passage III: a) Yes, it hasn't. (opened b) So it is. (open c) Nor can I (wait

™‰ü¿’) ™‰ü¿’) ™‰ü¿’) Passage IV: a) Did I? (Did I come late ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?) b) But you weren't (here ™‰ü¿’) c) So, it does (So it makes me late é¬ü¿’) Passage V: a) But we haven't (been îË®Ωa-™‰ü¿’) b) But I'm not. (mistaken îË®Ωa-™‰ü¿’) c) But it doesn't seem, to me (familiar repeat Å´ôç ™‰ü¿’) Passage VI: a) So must I ('Start' repeat 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’) b) I have ('the key' repeat 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’) c) I will (lock it ņôç ™‰ü¿’) °j passages ÅFo Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ 3, 4 ≤ƒ®Ω’x practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Short responses Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·. Short responses ¢Áçô ¢ÁçôØË ÅçCç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ÅC form îËߪ’ôç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ç Ææ÷vû√-LN: a) Are they students? DEéÀ short response ¢√∞¡Ÿx students Å®·ûË, Yes, they are students ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ ÅØË •ü¿’©’, yes, they are ûÓ ÇÊ°≤ƒhç. é¬éπ-§ÚûË, No, they aren't (are not) Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø easy short response ÉîËa-ô°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ü¿ô sentence ™ verb îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. ü∆Eo-•öÀd ´’† response Öçô’çC. sentence ™ 'Are' ÖçC 鬕öÀd, So they are ÅE response.

Ramu: Yes, I have/ No, I haven't/ I'm afraid I haven't. b) Balu: Has he come? Somu: Yes, he has/ No, he hasn't/ I'm afraid he hasn't. 5) Kesav: He had seen me before he went out. Kumar: Yes, he had/ No, he hadn't. EXERCISE Now practise short responses for the following aloud. Srinath:

E†o †’´¤y ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? (¶«üµ¿í¬) ™‰ü¿’. Srinath: Ñ®Ó-ñ„jØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√? Srikar: éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’, Ø√èπ◊ °æ†’çC. Srinath: ¢√úÕéÀ phone Å®·Ø√ îË≤ƒh¢√? Srikar: îË≤ƒh†’. é¬F ¢√úø’ Ü∞x ÖØ√oú≈ ÅØËC ņ’-´÷†ç Ø√èπ◊. Srinath: †’´¤y ¢√úÕE last time éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ †’Oy N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-´-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Srikar: îÁ§ƒp†’. Ç N≠æߪ’ç Fèπ◊ îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆, í∫’®Ω’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. Srinath: í∫’®Ω’hçC. äéπ-≤ƒJ ü∆Eo ´’Sx îÁ°æpôç FÍéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Srikar: ÅüËç-™‰ü¿’. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ§ƒh. Srikar:

ANSWER Srinath: Did you meet him yesterday? Srikar: No, I didn't/ I'm afraid I didn't. Srinath: Will you meet him at least today? Srikar: I won't. I have work. Srinath: Will you at least call him?

b) Ramarao: Are you a student? Balaram: Yes, I am/ No I'm not. Sentence verb, Are, response verb 'am' tense

™E

™E äÍé ™ Öçú≈L. c) Sentence ™ 1st Regular Doing Word (go, come, sing..), 2nd Regular Doing Word (goes, comes, sings..) and 3rd Regular Doing Word (went, came, sang..) do, does and did

´*a-†-

°æ¤púø’, ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ¢√úøû√ç.

a) Venu: Have you understood it?

Srikar: I will, of course. But I doubt if he is in town. Srinath: When you met him last, I think you told him of it. Srikar: I did. I told you that I had told him of it too. Hope you remember it. Srinath: I do. But would you mind repeating it? Srikar: No, certainly not.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Bhanu: Hi Sarat, how do you feel now?

Question tags

É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.

(¨¡®Ωû˝, É°æ¤p-úÁ™« ÖçC?) Sarat: Certainly much better, though not allright.

ᙫ

form

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 16 -W-Ø˛ 2006

îËߪ÷™

She was here.

DEéÀ Question tag form îËߪ÷L. (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ÖçC, °æ‹Jhí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-éπ- 1) ¢Á·ü¿ô verb ®√ߪ÷L sentence *´®Ω (she §Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) was here, was ...) Bhanu: You still feel week, don't you? 2) sentence ™ not ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd verb ûª®√yûª not (Éçé¬ F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖçC, éπü¿÷?) †’ verb ûÓ éπL°œ n't í¬ ®√ߪ÷L. Sarat: Yes, I do. I look week, don't I?

She was here, wasn't ...?

(؈’ F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπ-E-°œÆæ’h-Ø√o†’, éπü∆?) Bhanu: That you do. The Doctor has treated you well, hasn't he?

(Å´¤†’. Doctor E†’o ¶«í¬ØË îª÷¨»úø’ éπü∆?) Sarat: Yes, he has, certainly. Otherwise I couldn't have recovered so quickly, could I?

3)

sentence subject, 'she' Question mark wasn't she?

ûª®√yûª

°ö«dL. Å°æ¤púø’

sentence

¢Á·ûªhç, question tag ûÓ – she was

here, wasn't she?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 171

Bhanu: You will resume duty next Monday, won't you?

Sarat: Bye, then. Bhanu: Bye. ☯

☯

☯

☯

éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ English ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ¢√úË short responses îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Ñ short responses í∫’Jç* ´’J-éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ Question Tags í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. ÉC-´-®Ω™  ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-ü∆Eo ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œp, ü∆E *´®Ω, éπü∆, é¬ü∆, åØ√, ™‰ü∆ Åçô’çö«ç éπü∆? Å™« English ™ ÅØË ´÷ô-©ØË question tags Åçö«ç. eg: He is a great actor, isn't he? =

Åûª†’ íÌ°æp †ô’úø’, éπü∆? Sentence *´®Ω Ö†o 'isn't he?' ØË question tag Åçö«ç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ à sentence *´-È®jØ√, ´’†ç ¢√úË question tag, éπü∆? é¬ü∆? åØ√? ™‰ü∆? – Ñ Ø√©’-Tç-öÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úøû√ç. ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË English ™ question tag, sentence subject †’ •öÀd, verb †’ •öÃd sentence, sentence èπÿ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’ç-ô’çC. eg: 1) she is here, isn't she?

(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ÖçC éπü∆?)

™°æ© not Öçõ‰ tag ™ not (n't) ®√ü¿’. eg: She wasn't here, was she? sentence not tag not

is. Question tag: isn't she?

™ Öçúøôç ´©x, ™ ™‰ü¿’.)

Sarat: Yes, I do. hasn't he?

M. SURESAN

Kedar: You have to, ... at least for the present.

(Å´¤†’, ÅçûË. v°æÆæ’h-û√-E-éπçûË) îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? ´’† Ü£æ…-¨¡-éÀhE •öÀd Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬ áEo Short responses É´y-´îÓa, ´’†ç áçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ Short responses ûÓ Ææ綵«-≠æù îËߪ’-í∫L-TûË English O’ü¿ Åçûª-°æ-ô’d-†oô’x. Madhukar: Subhakar: Madhukar: Subhakar: Madhukar:

Sarat: Yes, he has, certainly

؈’ °œL-ÊÆh-¢√úø’ ®√úøçö«¢√? Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. ؈çõ‰ ¢√úÕéÀ íı®Ω´ç ÖçC éπü∆? ü∆EéÀ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË ¢√úø’ ®√´ôç ÆæçüË-£æ«-´’E áçü¿’éπç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ¢√úÕ N≠æߪ’ç Fèπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?

3) Bhanu: You will resume duty next week, won't you?

Subhakar: Madhukar: Subhakar:

Kedar: I did. But I doubt whether I could have got it for a lower price.

Madhukar: No. I can't.

f) He could pass, couldn't he?

Å´¤†’. ¢√úÕéÀ †’´y †îªaîÁ-°æp-™‰¢√? îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’. é¬F ... †’´¤y Åûª-EûÓ Sarat: I hope I will ´÷ö«x-úø-´-©-Æœç-üËØ√? 4) Sarat: You are going straight to office, Å®·ûË, Madhukar: Å´¤†’ aren't you? ™ èπ◊), èπ◊) Subhakar: †’¢Ëy ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω Èé∞Ôx-a-éπü∆? Bhanu: Yes, I am ´≤ƒh®·. Madhukar: ¢Á∞¡x-™‰†’. à sentence éπ ® ·Ø√ ´îË a short response, Ç a) They study (I RDW) well, don't they? sentence ™E verb form †÷, tense †÷ •öÀd Subhakar: F ´’®√u-ü¿èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\-´-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? (They do not study well, do they?) ÖçC ÅE í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆! Ñ Short respons- Madhukar: é¬ü¿’. Åéπ\úø ¢√∞¡x†o Öçö«úø’. b) She sings (II RDW) well, doesn't she?) es ™, I'm afraid ..., I wonder ..., of course ..., Subhakar: Åûª-†çõ‰ FéÀ≠dç æ ™‰ü∆? (She does not sing well, does she?) certainly, I doubt whether ..., ÅE èπÿú≈ Madhukar: ÅçûË. äéπ-≤ƒJ v°æߪ’ûªoç îÁ®·u. c) They came (PDW) yesterday, didn't they? ÅØÌa; äéπ\ I ûÓØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, we, you, they, he, Subhakar: OK. Å™«Íí. she, it èπÿú≈ ®√´îª’a. Look at the following: (They did not come yesterday, did they?) ANSWER Kesav: Did you have enough money to buy the Madhukar: Do you think he wouldn't come if I Ñ regular doing words, (I RDW, II RDW) book? (Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª called him? past doing words èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ É™« ¢Ëꨒ do, úø•’sç-úÕçü∆?) Subhakar: I doubt/ I'm afraid, so. does, did Question tags ™ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉN Of course, I had. Madhukar: He respects me, doesn't he? éÌçîÁç Ü£æ«ûÓ practice îËߪ÷L. N’í∫û√ verbs Kedar: Kesav: You seen to have got it cheap. (FéπC Subhakar: Ofcourse, he does. Åçõ‰ will, would, shall, should, can, could, î¯éπí¬ ´*a-†-ô’xçC) Madhukar: Then why do you doubt his commay might, must èπ◊ Å¢Ë verbs question tags Kedar: No, certainly not. (é¬ØË-é¬ü¿’) ing? Do you know him well? ™ repeat Å´¤-û√®·. Kesav: Why? Did it cost you a lot? Subhakar: Yes, I do. a) She will come, won't she? (won't = will not) (î√-™« êK-ü¿-®·çü∆,) Madhukar: Can't you persuade him? b) They would help me, wouldn't they? Kedar: Of course, it did. (ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’ç ™‰ü¿’) Subhakar: Yes, I can, but must you talk to him? c) I shall go, shan't I? (shan't = shall not) Kesav: You should have bargained. (¶‰®Ωç îËߪ÷LqçC) You would have got it for a lower Madhukar: Yes, I must d) He should know this, shouldn't he? Subhakar: Then you can as well go to him. price. (Féπç-ûª-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ ´îËaC) e) She can sing, can't she? (can't = cannot)

rare) i) He must go, mustn't he?

Pramada: Is your knowledge of English good?

Spoken English

(Å®·ûË ØËF ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æ¤Ææhéπç ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√™«?)

™E

Sentence verb, 1st Regular doing word (come, go, sing, etc), 2nd Regular doing word (comes, goes, sings, etc), Past doing word (came, went, sang, etc) question tag do (I RDW does (II RDW did (Past doing word)

´Ææ’hçC)

鬕öÀd

(Ééπ\úø ™

Kesav: Then have I to go without such an important book?

She wasn't here, was she?

Study the following:

™

(ÅØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o (îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøôç– I'm afraid.) éπFÆæç Ç shop ™)

EXERCISE

2) Bhanu: The doctor has treated you well,

subject - He, verb - comes. Question tag - doesn't he? verb comes, II RDW question tag 'does'

Sentence 2

learnt at school. (†’´¤y school ™ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-†oC ´’J-*-§Ú-™‰-ü¿-†o-´÷ô) Narmada: No, I haven't (™‰ü¿’) îª÷úøçúÕ: -Ñ responses ™ áéπ\ú≈ èπÿú≈ yes, no ©ûÓ Ç°æ-èπ◊çú≈, yes, I can; yes, it is; No, I haven't ÅE sentences ™ Ö†o helping verbs †’ repeat îËߪ’ôç í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’.

1) Bhanu: You still feel week, don't you?

h) The people might like it, mightn't they? (very

(Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒhúø’ éπü∆?) îª÷úøçúÕ: Sentence 1 ™, subject - she. verb -

Pramada: So you haven't forgotten what you

the lesson.

g) They may help you, mayn't they? (very rare)

2) He comes here, doesn't he?

Kedar: I'm afraid so ... at least in that shop.

(Å´¤†’)

from the conversation at the beginning of

(Sentence

(ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’éÓ. (Get well soon - ÉC ï•’s-°æ-úøf-¢√-∞¡x†’ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√-©E Éûª-®Ω’©’ éÓÍ®C.) Å®·ûË ØË ¢Á∞¡-û√†’. FéÀçÍéç Å´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?) Bhanu: Yes, I am.

Narmada: Yes, it is

Now observe the following short responses

Bhanu: Get well soon. I'll make a move then. You don't need anything more, do you?

Sarat: No. Thank you. You are going straight to office, aren't you?

question tag

¢Á·ûªhç ...

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ØËEçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-éÓí∫-L-í∫’ç-úË-¢√-úÕE 鬆’ éπü∆?) (†’´¤y ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç ´’Sx office éÌ≤ƒh´¤ éπü∆?) (resume = ´’Sx v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªôç. Resume pronunciation È®Wu¢˛’ (Wu – size ™ z ™«í∫). ÅüË spelling ûÓ È®Vu¢Á’ (Vu – size ™ z ™«í∫) ÅE pronounce îËÊÆh biodata/ cv ÅE Å®Ωnç. Job applications ûÓ ïûª-°æ-®Ω-îËC) Sarat: I hope I well (Å™«ØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o)

îË®√aL. ûª®√yûª

Pramada: Can you speak English? Narmada: I can, of course.

(´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©†’)

Kesav: I need two copies of the book, one for me and another for my cousin. Can I get them? copies cousin

(Ø√èπ◊ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√L– äéπöÀ Ø√èπ◊, ÉçéÓöÀ ´÷ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√ߪ÷?) Kedar: I wonder. (ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’)

È®çúø’ èπ◊.

Kesav: You mean you got the last copy?

Subhakar: You feel it lowering yourself, don't you? Madhukar: No. I don't. But his brother will be there. Subhakar: Don't you like him? Madhukar: No. I don't. Just try once to get him here. Subhakar: OK. So I will.

(Åçõ‰ †’´y-†ôç, †’´¤y ûÁa-èπ◊-†oC, Åéπ\úÕ *´J copy ÅØ√?)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Gowtham: How was the movie yesterday?

(E†o ÆœE´÷ ᙫ ÖçC?) Uttham: I didn't like it one bit at all. You saw it the day before. How did you find it?

(ÅÆæ©’ (äéπ\ °œÆæ-È®jØ√) †îªa-™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. †’´¤y ¢Á·†o îª÷¨»´¤. FÈ陫 ÅE-°œç-*çC?) Gowtham: I didn't like it either. It had too much of violence and sex.

(-Ø√èπÿ †îªa-™‰ü¿’. ü∆çöx N’A-O’-J† £œ«çÆæ, ¨¡%çí¬®Ωç ÖçC.)

Uttham: So have most movies nowadays. But unfortunately there are people who see them. No wonder that only such movies are produced. (

ÅEoçöx ÅçûË. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-¢æ Ë’N’-ôçõ‰ Å™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷-©†’ îª÷ÊÆ-¢√∞¡⁄x ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE Å™«çöÀ ÆœE´÷©’ ®√´ôç (EJtç-îª-úøç)™ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’ç ™‰ü¿’.

Gowtham: The story line is very thin and dances and fights are a plenty in all of them. ( dances, fights

¢√ô-Eoçöx éπü∑¿ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´, áèπ◊\´)

´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ È®çúø’ lessons ™†÷ short ᙫ É¢√y™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç í∫ü∆. Ñ ™ èπÿú≈ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† ´÷ôèπ◊ ´’†ç 冒 ÅØËç-ü¿’èπÿ, é¬ü¿’ (no) ÅØËç-ü¿’èπÿ, ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

responses lesson (yes) spoken form

a) Prakash: He appears to be worried. Vikas: Yes, he does. 1st sentence verb appears Vikas's response, 'yes, he does' appears (2nd RDW) = does + appear. he does 'yes'

Ééπ\úø

™

鬕öÀd, ÅE ´Ææ’hçC

– áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø, ûª®√yûª.

Åçö«ç,

b) Sunil: You see movies quite often, don't you? Kiran: Yes, I do. Sunil verb, see. see (1st RDW) = do + see. response, Yes, I do. negative response Kiran's response No, I don't. (do + not)

Ééπ\úø

´÷ô™x Åçü¿’-éπE

ÅüË

ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’, ᙫ Öçô’çC?

c) Ganesh: You went to a movie yesterday, didn't you?

(†’´¤y E†o ÆœE´÷ Èé∞«x´¤,

Uttham: So they are.

éπü∆?) Mahesh: Yes, I did/ No, I didn't.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 172

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 18 -W-Ø˛ 2006

(Å´¤†’, ¢Á∞«x†’/ ™‰ü¿’, ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’) Ganesh's sentence ™ verb, went (Past doing word) = did + go. Åçü¿’-éπE response, yes Å®·ûË, Yes, I did. no Å®·ûË No, I didn't.

He/ she/ it Yes/ ofcourse, he/ she/ it must/ should/ has to No response response needn't. must/ should/ have to/ has to opposite- needn't (needn't = need not) you must do it you need not (needn't) do it Ramesh: Has he to start the work now?

Å®·ûË

Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË, ™ (í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ– èπ◊ (†’´y-C-îË-ߪ÷L $ (†’´yC îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’)

ÅE

(Åûª-E-°æ¤púË °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√™«?)

Naresh: Yes, he has to/ yes, I'm afraid he has to/ ofcourse, he has to/ so, he has to (OR) Oh, no, he needn't. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1) I didn't like it either! 2) So have most movies nowadays! 3) So they are! 4) So they do! 5) No, it doesn't.

Prakash: So what? So is mine.

(Å®·ûË àçöÀ? Ø√C èπÿú≈ foreign watch) °j È®çúø’ dialogues îª÷úøçúÕ. Dialogue (a) ™ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, Klupta response, I am also happy ÅE Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí dialogue (b) ™ Mine is also a foreign watch ÅE Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F spoken form ™ Å™«-®√ü¿’. So ûÓØË response Ç®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-ûª’çC – also ®√-ØË®√-ü¿’. a) Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’, ÅûªúÕ Å†o èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’= He studies well, so does his brother.

ņ®Ω’ - His brothÅØÌa. Å®·ûË Åçûª com-

(His brother too studies well er studies well too mon b)

é¬ü¿’) ¢√úø’ Ç school ™ îË®√úø’, ¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ߪ’u ÅüË School ™ îËJçC.

He joined that school, and so did his sister. II a) Akash: Sunil doesn't study well.

I am not going - Nor am I

(Ææ’F™¸ ÆæJí¬ îªü¿-´úø’) Eswar: Nor does his brother/ Neither does his brother/ His brother doesn't either.

(ÅûªúÕ

Gowtham: Our heroes and heroines just dance in the movies. They act little. ( heroes and heroines dance

´’† ÆœE-´÷™x îË≤ƒh®ΩçûË. ¢√∞¡Ÿx †öÀç-îªôç ÅØËC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’)

Uttham: So they do! The weak story line offers them no scope for action. (

Å´¤†’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËÊÆ-ü¿üË. éπü∑¿™x •©ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûª´’ †ô† îª÷°œçîË Ç≤ƒ\-®Ω¢Ë’ ™‰ü¿’)

Gowtham: No it doesn't. Nor do most of the audiences seem to expect anything other than that. (

Å´¤†’ Ç éπü∑¿-©çûË. vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊™x î√™«-´’çC Åçûª-éπçõ‰ àç éÓ®Ω’èπ◊-ØËô’x ™‰®Ω’)

Uttham: What do you think of Hindi movies?

(£œ«çC ÆœE-´÷-™„™« ÖØ√o-ߪ’ç-ö«´¤?) Gowtham: (Do) you think they are better? All Indian movies are alike. Perhaps the music in them is better. (

Å¢Ë-´’†o ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ *vû√©Fo äÍé-B®Ω’. •£æ›¨» £œ«çD ÆœE-´÷™x ÆæçUûªç é¬Ææh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-üË¢Á÷?)

èπÿú≈ ÆæJí¬_ îªü¿-´úø’) èπ◊ negative Spoken English ™ also (èπÿú≈) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Â°j Nüµ¿çí¬ Öçô’çC. ´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ. Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩF, ü∆E •ü¿’©’ too/ as well b) Sasi: 'The mother didn't come' (Ç ûªLx ®√™‰ü¿’) ¢√úø-û√-®ΩF, not ûÓ ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úø-®ΩE Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Anil: (°œ©x©’ èπÿú≈ ®√™‰ü¿’) lessons ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

Sentences (b), (c)

©™ question tags ÖØ√o®·, (Don't you? and didn't you). Åçü¿’éπE Ééπ\úø response É´y-ö«-EéÀ, ¢√öÀ-™ xØË ´’†èπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† help-

ing verbs (do, did)

M. SURESAN

ÖØ√o®·. Verbs 1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc), 2nd Regular Doing Word (comes, goes, sings, etc), Past Doing Word (came, went, sang, etc) responses do, does and did

Å®·ûË, ™ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉC ´’†ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. Ééπ N’í∫û√ verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ (will, shall, would, could, etc ...) ÅN éπE-°œ-Ææ÷hØË Öçö«®·. 鬕öÀd, short responses ™ ¢√öÀØË ¢√úøû√ç. Now look at the following. d) Srikanth: The milk is too hot to drink. Vikranth: Yes, it is.

eg: a) He knows English; he knows Telugu too/ he knows Telugu as well. ( He also ..., spoken form not also not either (n't either)

Ééπ\úø ™ Å®Ω’ü¿’.) ÅüË ¢√ú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, ¢√úøû√ç.

ûÓ

He doesn't know Telugu; he doesn't know Tamil either.

(Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ®√ü¿’, Tamil èπÿú≈ ®√ü¿’) I didn't like it ÅE Gowtham Åçõ‰,Uttam èπÿú≈ Ø√èπÿ †îªa-™‰ü¿’, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ - I didn't like it either ņúøç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. N’í∫-û√-´Fo èπÿú≈: So have most movies nowadays! so they are! So they do! No, it doesn't

èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.

2) So have most movies nowadays.

(Å´¤†’, ÅüË, Ñ ®ÓV™x î√™« ÆœE-´÷™x ÅçûË ÅE ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç) Yes, it is ÅØËC Ééπ\úø ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´îËa short response. Å®·ûË Ç milk ´’†èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL- 3) So they are (-ØË-†’ èπÿ-ú≈) Uttham: We don't hear people saying that a TçîË Åçûª ¢ËúÕ (Å´¤ØË, ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçüË! ÅØË Å®Ωnç (ÉC yes, so are they éÀ •ü¿’©’) ÉC èπÿú≈ hero's action in a movie is good. All that ´îËaô’x) Å®·ûË, Å°æ¤púø’ response: Yes, so it is! (Å´¤ †’, ÅçûË– ÅüË Øˆ÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’, ÅØË we hear them say is that the hero has e) Vinai: Isn't he more than 6 feet tall? Å®Ω n ç ûÓ) danced well in the movie and that his Vijai: Yes, so he is!/ ofcourse he is! 4) So they do (yes, so do they) - so they do Åçõ‰ steps are good. (ÆœE-´÷™ hero action (ofcourse = ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆) ´’†ç Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ ä°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’-†oô’x – Å´¤†’, ÅüË ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿E vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©-†ôç ´’†ç N†ç. ´’†ç f) Jayanth: Is he paying us today? Ø√éπ-E-°œç-îË-D†÷ – ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x. NØËü¿çû√ Ç hero ¶«í¬ dance î˨»-úøF, (Ñ®ÓV Åûª ú ø ’ úø • ’s îÁ L x Æ æ ’ h Ø √oú≈?) 5) No, it doesn't – ÉC ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Çߪ’† 'steps' ¶«í∫’-Ø√o-ߪ’E.) ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o short response. Ananth: No, I'm afraid he isn't. Gowtham: That's true. All that they care about t t t t g) Ram: Must I take the exam? is the hero's ability to dance. (Eï¢Ë’ Now look at the following. (ØË † ’ exam ®√ߪ ÷ L qçü Ë Ø √?) ¢√∞¡Ÿx îª÷ÊÆ-ü¿çû√ dance ™ hero v°æA¶µº I a) Santhi: I am happy about the results. (°∂æLRaghu: Yes, you must./ Oh no, you needn't. ´÷vûª¢Ë’) û√© N≠æ ߪ’ç™ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o) Must, should, have to/ has to N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh Uttham: So they do! OK. Let's hope for better Klupta: So am I. ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Response, 'yes' Å®·ûË Ææ´’days for our movies. (ÅçûË ¢√∞¡Ÿx-îË-ÊÆC. Ææu-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç, Yes/ b) Prabhat: Mine is an imported watch. ´’† *vû√-©èπ◊ ´’ç* ®ÓV-™ Ô-≤ƒh-ߪ’E (Ø√C imported/ foreign watch). ofcourse you must/ should/ have to Åçö«ç. ÇPü∆lç.)

Spoken English

brother

Negative Sentences response

É™«çöÀ

Nor did the children/ neither did the children/ The children didn't either. (The children also did not come Not also

ņç.

ûÓ

®√ØË-®√ü¿’).

III a) Ramana: I didn't like the movie.

(Ø√é¬-Æœ-E´÷ †îªa-™‰ü¿’) (é¬F Ø√èπ◊ †*açC) b) Raghav: He has passed. (Åûªúø’ pass Åߪ÷uúø’) Sumana: But I did.

Sekhar: But I'm afraid his brother hasn't. brother pass

(é¬F ÅûªúÕ Å´-™‰ü¿’) îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. äéπ sentence ™ îÁ°œpç-ü∆-EéÀ ´uAÍ®-éπ-¢Á’i† response É¢√y-©çõ‰ 'But' ûÓ begin îË≤ƒhç. Ñ three types of response ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç. I. Both positive Prem: My watch shows the correct time.

(Ø√

watch correct time

Syam: So does mine.

îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC) (Ø√C èπÿú≈)

II. Both negative: Radha: I am not going

(ØË¢Á-∞¡xúøç ™‰ü¿’)

Sneha: Nor am I/ neither am I/ I'm not either. III. Statement & response opposite each other. Hitesh: He is quite happy.

(Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’) Nitesh: But his brother isn't.

´’†ç Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC So, nor, neither, ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u responses ™ verb ´·çü¿÷, subject ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç. eg: So do I, nor do I, neither do I. ÉC ´·êuç. Ñ order ´÷JûË response ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Archana: You were late to class yesterday. Rachana: But I wasn't

(yes, it is

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 20 -W-Ø˛ 2006

ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’)

b) Sailaja: Bhramara's necklace must have cost her a lot.

Archana: The day before? Rachana: The day before? yes, I was. But so were you too.

(¢Á·†oØ√? Å´¤†’ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. Å®·ûË Fèπÿ\-ú≈ éπü∆!) Archana: I am not usually late. You are rarely on time.

(؈’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ç©Ææuçí¬ ®√-†’. †’´¤y Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-E-éÌ-≤ƒh´¤) Rachana: So would you be if you had to come from a long way off and depend on city busses.

( O’ É©’x ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ -Öç-úÕ city bus O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω°æú≈Lq-´ÊÆh †’-´‹u ÅçûË-™‰´÷t) Archana: But I wouldn't. I would start early enough to avoid being late.

(ÅüËç é¬ü¿’. Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´·çüË •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-û√†’) Rachana: You can't do it (†’´¤y îËߪ’-™‰´¤) Archana: But I can (îËߪ’-í∫-©†’) Rachana: You often tell me that you don't get

(v¶µº´’®Ω necklace î√™« êKüÁj Öçú≈-L/ê-K-üÁjç-Cí¬ Öç-C.) Viraja: Yes it must have/ So it must have

(Å´¤†’, î√™« êKüÁj Öçú≈L) C) Rahul: One of your shirt buttons has come off. Sasir: Yes, it has/so it has. a) b)

™ Jalaja's response: yes it is/ so it is ™ Viraja's response: yes, it musthave/ so it must have

c)

™ sasir's response: yes, it has/ so it has Oô-Eo-öÀ™ yes ûÓ begin ÅßË’u response äéπöÃ, so ûÓ begin ÅßË’u response äéπöà ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆! È®çúø÷ correct Å®·ûË, so ûÓ bigin ÅßË’u responses, ( so it must have/so it is), yes ûÓ begin ÅßË’u responses éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç, éÌçûª Ǩ¡a-®√uEo èπÿú≈ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-≤ƒh®·. (Å´¤ØË, éπÈ®ÍédØË ÅØË Å®Ωnç üµ¿yEç-îËô’x) 鬕öÀd ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç áèπ◊\´ Å®·†°æ¤púø’ so ûÓ begin ÅßË’u response better.

Passages a), b) and c)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 173

(°j† É*a-†N) ™ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp-†-ü∆-EéÀ, 'Å´¤†’— ÅØË responses îª÷¨»ç. ´’J-éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ îª÷úøçúÕ. d) Lasya: Divya speaks English well.

(C´u

English

¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC)

Priya: Yes, she does/ so she does.

®√™‰ü¿’) Vinod: But I've been.

Suresh: a)

Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤ØË î√™« °ü¿lüË.

Yes, it is/so it is!

b) ÅüËç °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’ But it isn't (ØËØÌ-î√a†’) É™« opposite responses 'but' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Do the following examples: ÉN í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. 1) Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç î√™« bore É°æ¤púø’ opposite responses ™, neither, nor, a) Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤ØË, bore! b) ÅüËç é¬ü¿’ n't either (not either) èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. 2) Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-û√úø’: ( English ™ not ´ÊÆh also ÅüË sentence ™ a) Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤†’, Eïç-í¬ØË Çúø-û√úø’: ®√ü¿E éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç –- (Not only, b) àç Çúøúø’: but also Éçü¿’èπ◊ N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤) 3) ؈’ î√™« Å©-Ææ-ôí¬ feel Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’: a) Lakshmi: Snakes don't fly a) Å´¤†’ Å™«Íí éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o-´¤/- Å-´¤ØË, Å™«Íí (§ƒ´·©’ áí∫®Ω´¤) éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤: Lalasa: Neither do cats/Nor do cats/cats b) ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’, †’´¤y fresh í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ don't (do not) either. (°œ©’x©÷ áí∫-®Ω´¤) 4) ¢√úø’ î√™« éÓ°æçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’: b) Manasa: Suseela wasn't late a) Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤ØË, Å™«Íí éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’: (Ææ’Q© Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ®√™‰ü¿’) b) ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’ Rajita: Nor was I/ Neither was I/ I wasn't 5) Fèπ◊ Coffee É≠ædç-™‰-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’: either. (؈÷ late é¬üË) a) Å´¤†’, É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’: b) Ø√éÀ-≠d¢ æ Ë’: 6) E†o ؈’ E†’o îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’: a) ؈’ îª÷¨»†’: b) ؈÷ E†’o îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’: 7) E†o †’´¤y áçü¿’èπ◊ Ç©Ææuçí¬ ´î√a´¤: a) Å´¤†’, Ç©-Ææuç-í¬ØË ´î√a†’: b) ØËØËç Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ®√™‰ü¿’: 8) ´†ï °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌçC: ÉC ´’†ç last lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. a) Å´¤†’ éÌEçC. b) ؈÷ éÌØ√o†’: î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç– not c) ؈’ é̆-™‰ü¿’: ûÓ also ®√ü¿’. 9) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ teacher Åçõ‰ ¶µºßª’ç ™‰ü¿’: Summary: É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ a) Ø√èπ◊çC: b) Ø√èπÿ ™‰ü¿’: the points we have 10) ؈’ FéπØ√o î√™« ´·çü¿’í¬ Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o: learnt a) Å´¤†’: b) àç é¬ü¿’: a) Questions é¬èπ◊çú≈ Answers: ´÷´‚©’ state1) This book is a big bore †’ ´’†ç ments a) Yes it is/so it is, b) But it isn't ä°æ¤pèπ◊ØËôôx®·ûË

Yes, it has/so it has up before 6 in the morning. Its possible for you to start early?

Lasya: In fact she speaks better than most of us

(Ø√ûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ Åçô’ç-ö«´¤, ÇJç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ´·çüË ™‰´-†E, ᙫ ≤ƒüµ¿uç Fèπ◊ ûÌçü¿®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç)

(ÅÆæ©’ ´’†™ áèπ◊\-´-´’çC éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC.)

Archana: But I would, if I had to start early

(´·ç-üË •ßª’-™‰l-®√Lq ´ÊÆh -ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰≤ƒh†’) Rachana: You sleep like a log, and you want me to believe that you'd get up early.

Priya: Yes/of course she does/so she does

(Å´¤†’, ÆæçüË-£æ«-¢Ë’çöÀ?) e) Prem: Australia has the best cricket team in the world.

(v°æ°æç-îªç™ Australia èπ◊ Öûªh´’ cricket team ÖçC) (†’´¤y ü¿’éπ\-™«í¬ Evü¿-§Ú-û√´¤. ††’o †´’tSyam: Yes, it has/so it has (Å´¤†’) ´’ç-ö«´¤... †’´¤y ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰≤ƒh-†çõ‰) Yes, it is/so it is. M. SURESAN °j dialogues ™ responses ÅFoäéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC Archana: My policy is sleep while you sleep, (Ééπ \ úø is èπ ◊ •ü¿ ’ ©’ subÅçU-éπJçîË responses. äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC é¬ü¿-†-ö«-EéÀ work while you work. Åçõ‰ negative responses ᙫ Öçö«ßË’ ject †’•öÃd, time of action of the verb †’ •öÃd (Evü¿-§Ú-¢√-Lq-†-°æ¤úø’ Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, °æE-îËverb ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. îª ÷ü∆lç. ߪ÷Lq†°æ¤úø’ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç, Ø√ °æ-ü¿l¥-A) So it is, ÅØË response, yes, it is éπØ√o èπÿú≈ éÌçîÁç a) Bhanu: You know Tamil well. Can you Rachana: You can say all this, but action is difstress áèπ◊\´ (ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æp-ôç/-éÌçûª Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ´uéπh-°æ-®Ωexplain this? ferent. îª (Fèπ◊ Tamil ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. ÉC N´-Jç) ôç – Å´¤ØË! ņoô’x) (-É-´-Fo ´÷ô™‰, °æE-îË-ߪ÷Lq†°æ¤púø’ °æE-éÀb) äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpç-ü∆-EéÀ ´’†ç negative response Suman: But I don't. ®√´¤) ÉÆæ’h†oôx®·ûË ´’†ç ÅC 'but' ûÓ begin îË≤ƒhç. (é¬F Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ lessons ™ questions èπÿ, a) Keval: She appears fat b) Kesav: You go there everyday. Why don't question tag Ö†o sentences èπÿ ´’†ç short Kesav: But she doesn't you take me there today? responses ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆, ÅüËçöÀ? b) Kumar: She is not beautiful (†’´¤y ®ÓW Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«h´¤. É¢√y∞¡ a) Answer, yes Å®·ûË, short response, Krishna: But she is †Ø Á o çü ¿ ’ èπ ◊ BÆæ ’ È é ∞ ¡ x è π ÿ ú ø ü ¿ ÷ ?) i) yes,I/ we/ you/ they do/ did/ have/ can/ could/ c) äéπ®Ω’ îÁÊ°p negative statements èπ◊ ´’† negKedar: But I don't may, etc. ative responses ™ Neither, nor, n't either ؈’ (®ÓW) ¢Á∞¡xØË. (Åçõ‰ Ñ ®ÓV-؈’ ii) yes, he/ she/ it does/ did/ has/ can/ could/ ¢√úø ü∆ç. ¢Á ∞ ¡ x é π § Ú´ îª ’ a) may, etc Anand: I'm not hungry. Dialogues a), b) ©™ responses äéπ®Ω’ b) Answer, no Å®·ûË short response, îÁ°œp-†ü∆Eo ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ é¬ü¿-†ôç. Ééπ\úø negative Vikram: Neither am I / Nor am I/ I'm not either. i) No, I/ we/ you/ they don't/ didn't/ haven't/ response, 'but' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´ôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’- (Neither, nor ûÓ begin îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, verb ´·çü¿’, can't/ could't/ may it etc. subject ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ii) No, he/ she/ it doesn't/ didn't/ hasn't/ can't/ c) Madhav: You can't understand this, I'm sure.

couldn't/ mayn't etc.

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç practise îËÆœ, conversation ™ ¢√úø-¶-ûª’†o short responses, äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp-† ü∆-EéÀ (Question é¬èπ◊çú≈) Å´¤-†-†-ôç/-é¬-ü¿-†ôç ᙫ ÅE. ÉC éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç. É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌçûª N´-®Ωçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç. a) Vanaja: Sujana's dress is good. Jalaja: So it is

Spoken English

(†’NyC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-´E Ø√ †´’téπç) Mahesh: But I can/But I'm sure I can.

(é¬F ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’/ é¬F ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©-†ØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC) d) Anand: I haven't been here before.

(Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ

Exercise: Now, practise the following aloud in English, using short responses

2) He plays well

a) Yes, he does/so he does, b) But he doesn't 3) I feel very tired a) Yes, you look so/you do look so b) But you don't look so/But you look fresh 4) He looks very angry a) Yes, he does/so he does b) But he doesn't 5) I know you don't like coffee: a) Yes, I don't/so I don't, b) But I like coffee 6) I didn't see you yesterday a) But I did b) Neither did I see you/Nor did I see you/ I didn't see you either 7) Why did you come late yesterday? a) Yes I did/So I did, b) But I didn't 8) Vanaja has bought the book a) Yes, she has/so she has. b) So have I c) But I haven't 9) They are not afraid of the teacher

Translate each statement into English, and give the response, both positive and negative.

a) But I am

Example:

10) I have been here long before you

Ramesh:

Ñ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù v°æ鬮Ωç îËߪ’çúÕ. Ñ Table î√™« °ü¿lC. DEéÀ ¢Á·ü¿ô English îÁ°æpçúÕ:

b) Neither am I/nor am I/I'm not either a) Yes, you have/so you have b) But you haven't

This table is very big.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Himesh: Hi Mahesh, congrats. Mahesh: What on?

(áçü¿’èπÿ?)

Himesh: I hear that your score is better than all the others' scores in the class. (class score

™ Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ F-¢Á-èπ◊\´ NØ√o†’)

-îË-¨»-´E

Mahesh: Thanks a lot. But I feel happy that I've got very good marks, and not because my score is better than the others. I don't like comparisons. thanks. marks

(î√™«

Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* ´*a-†ç-ü¿’Íé ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-í¬F, Éûª-®Ω’© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ §ÚL-éπ©’ É≠ædç Öçúø´¤). (Comparison = §ÚLéπ, compare §Ú©aôç)

-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 22 -W-Ø˛ 2006

Mahesh: OK. OK. We've had enough argument. Let's talk of something different.

(ÆæÍ®, ÆæÍ®, Ééπ Ñ ¢√ü¿ç î√™‰x. -´’Í®ü∆-E í∫’Jç-îÁjØ√ ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç) ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, ´’†’-≠æfl-©†÷, v°æüË-¨»-©†’, ïçûª’-´¤-©†’ §ÚLa ¢√öÀ™x/ ¢√∞¡x™x ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©’ îª÷úøôç ´’†èπ◊ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† üµÓ®ΩùÀ éπü∆!

The minute we see two or more things/ people of the same nature, we compare them. Comparisons are very common. We usually compare the qualities of people and things.

Degrees of comparison ã grammar exercise Åçõ‰ ´’†’-≠æfl©, ´Ææ’h-´¤© í∫’ù«-©†’, í¬ practice îËߪ’-ôç-´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçúøü¿’. ©éπ~-ù«-©†÷ §Ú©’≤ƒhç. ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – í∫’ù«¢√öÀ N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊E Å´-Ææ®Ω¢Á’i†-°æ¤púø’, ©†’, ©éπ~-ù«-©†÷ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’ 'Adjectives' precision (éπ*a-ûªûªyç) éÓÆæç Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x ÅE. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Å®·†, Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ, éπ©, éπL¢√úø-ö«-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çü∆ç. T-†-ô’-´çöÀ ÅE Å®Ωnç ´îËa ´÷ô©’, adjectives. Himesh: They say you are the cleverest in the ´·êu¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: Comparison Ñ adjectives Íé Öçö«®·. class. Doesn't it make you happy? 1) ´÷´‚©’í¬ à adjective Å®·Ø√ positive ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'ᙫçöÀ—, 'áô’-´çöÀ?— ÅØË v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ (Åçü¿®Ω÷ E†’o class ™ -Å-ûªuç-ûª ûÁL¢Áj† degree ™ Öçô’çC. tall (§Òúø’í∫’), short adjective. ï¢√•’ ´îË a °æ ü ¿ ç , ¢√úøç-ö«®Ω’. ÅC E†’o ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-®Ω-îªü∆?) (§ÒöÀ d ) high (áûÁkh†), large (°ü¿l-üÁj†), etc. èπ ◊ ´÷®˝ §Òúø ’ í∫ ’ . a) Kumar is tall = Mahesh: I am certainly happy to get a high èπ ◊ ´÷®˝ ᙫçö À ¢ √úø ’ ? – É™«çöÀ ´ Fo positive degree. Ñ positive score, even a higher score than I've Answer: §Òúø-¢Áj-†-¢√úø’ (tall) 鬕öÀd, tall, adjective. degree äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ í∫’ù«Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. got this time. But I don't care whether b) Tendulkar is a great cricketer = DEE §ÚLéπ ÖØ√o, ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ¢√úøû√ç. my marks are better than those or õ„ç-úø÷-©\®˝ íÌ°æp cricketer. others or not. (Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* marks a) Chandra is tall (positive degree - §Ú©a-ôç-™‰ü¿’) ®√´ôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’. É°æ¤p-úÌ-*a† marks áô’-´çöÀ cricketer? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, great cricketer b) Surya is not so/ as tall as Chandra (positive éπçõ‰ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ®√´ôç èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ≠æÅE answer 鬕öÀd, 'great' Ééπ\úø adjective. degree - §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – îªçvü¿†’, Ææ÷®Ωu†’) ¢Ë’. Å®·ûË Éûª-®Ω’© éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢√, ûªèπ◊\¢√ Positive degree ™E adjectives èπ◊, + er/ + r ÅØËC -Ø√èπ◊ -Å-†-´-Ææ®Ωç). îË®Ωa-ôç-´©x, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ more îË®Ωa-ôç-´©x Himesh: But Mahesh, comparisons are quite comparative degree Å´¤-û√®· (Éûª-®Ω’-©ÅN common, aren't they? When we talk éπ ç õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç™). Ç çí∫ x ¶ µ « ≠ æ ù 174 of two or more things or people having

2) Your score is better than all the others' scores = marks marks (Better - good comparative. Best, - good superlative) 3) I am happy to get a higher score. (higher - comparative) 4) ... whether my marks are better than those of others marks

F ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·.

Mahesh: So they are. But I don't see why I should feel happy when my marks are higher than the others' marks. I am happy If I get marks that I deserve. I don't like to be compared with others. marks

(Eï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË É-ûª®Ω’-©-éπçõ‰ Ø√Èéèπ◊\´ ´ÊÆh ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ°æ-ú≈™ Ø√éπ®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ω|-ûª -Ö†o marks ´ÊÆhØË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç)

Himesh: Then why do we have competitive exams? Why ranking in exams? Isn't the purpose of competitive exams, choosing the best candidates? What is it if not comparison? competitive exams–

(Éûª-®Ω’©

Spoken English

éπçõ‰ Ø√N ¢Á’®Ω’í¬, é¬ü∆ ÅØËC...)

5) ... my marks are higher than others' marks marks higher comparative)

(Éûª-®Ω’©

äÍé ¶µ«¢√Eo

éπçõ‰ Ø√N áèπ◊\´.

positive, comparative, superla-

tive degrees

™ ᙫ îÁ§ÒpîÌa îª÷ü∆lç.

AP is the biggest state in South India. superlative. AP (The biggest - superlative 'The').

ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™

®√≠æZç.

ÉC Åûªuçûª °ü¿l ´·çü¿’

AP is bigger than any other state/ all other states in South India - bigger - comparative.

ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç-™E à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æZç/ ÅEo Éûª®Ω ®√≥ƒZ© éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC.

He works harder than... c) It is a foreign car. eign car 'foreign'

-Å-üÁ-™«ç-öÀ car? Answer: 鬕öÀd ÅØËC adjective.

for-

d) Dravid is the Captain of the Indian team = Dravid Captain. Indian - adjective.

¶µ«®Ωûª (¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’) ïô’dèπ◊

e) A dark room = room? Answer: dark room; so dark - adjective.

(<éπöÀ í∫C). áô’-´çöÀ

f) A clever student:

ᙫçöÀ

student?

Answer- clever, so clever - adjective. tall, great, foreign, Indian, dark, clever - adjectives verb

°j´Fo –

(í∫’ù«-©†’, ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’). Å™«Íí °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆– Ç °æ†’©’ ᙫ ïJ-í¬®·/ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®· ÅE ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô ADVERB. a) He walks slowly - verb - walks = †úø’-≤ƒhúø’. Mahesh: Oh, Himesh, you are talking about ᙫ †úø’-≤ƒhúø’ – Answer - slowly. some thing entirely different. All that I 鬕öÀd – slowly, adverb. say is my marks make me happy and b) She sings well - verb: sings = §ƒúø’-ûª’çC. not my being better than others. ᙫ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC? Answer - well (¶«í¬) – (†’¢Ëyçö ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. ؈-ØË-üË-N’so, well - adverb. ôçõ‰, Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒ-Eo-îËaN Ø√ marks Ñ adjectives ûÁLÊ° í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†÷, adverbs ´÷vûª-¢Ë’-é¬F, Éûª-®Ω’-©-éπØ√o ؈’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í¬_ ûÁLÊ° °æE Nüµ∆-Ø√-©†÷ §Ú©’-Ææ’hçö«ç. ÖØ√o†ØË N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’) a) Kumar is taller than Kesav= Í騡¢˛ éπçõ‰ èπ◊´÷®˝ Himesh: But you said you were against comparisons. How can you escape com§Òúø’í∫’. Ééπ\úø Í騡¢˛, èπ◊´÷®˝© §Òúø’í∫’ parisons? When you buy something, §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – ÉC Comparison of an adjective for example, a shirt, don't you com(í∫’ùç §ÚLéπ). pare a number of shirts, their quality, b) He works harder than Karim = éπKç éπçõ‰ ¢√úø’ their price etc. before you settle for áèπ◊\´ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-û√úø’ – ÉC ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ îËÊÆ °æE the 'cheapest and the best'? (§ÚL-éπ©èπ◊ §ÚLéπ – Åçõ‰ comparison of an adverb. ´uA-Í®-éπ-´’E †’¢Ëy ÅØ√o-´¤í¬. §Ú©aôç ´’† daily conversation ™ comparison (§ÚLa †’ç* ûª°œpç--éÓ-í∫-©´÷ @N-ûªç™? àüÁjØ√ îª ÷úøôç) î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. 鬕öÀd ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, ã shirt ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç, degrees of comparison (í∫’ù-í∫-ù«™x, °æ†’©’ two shirts †’, ¢√öÀ Ø√ùu-ûª†’, ¢√öÀ ïJÍ í Nüµ ¿ ç ™ ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©’) ¢√úøôç ûª°æpü¿’. üµ¿®Ω-©†’ §Ú™‰a-éπü∆, 'ÅA í¬_ ÅA ´’ç*— ¢√öÀE correct í¬ ¢√úø-í∫-L-í¬-´’çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’† shirt é̆-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úø-û√´¤? conversation èπ◊ precision (éπ*a-ûªûªyç) ÖçúÕ (settle for = àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç/ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«´ç correct í¬ îÁ°æp-í∫©ç. áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç) (´’J §Úöà °æK-éπ~©’ áçü¿’-èπ◊-†oô’x? Ŷµºu-®Ω’n™x Öûªh-´·-©†’ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü∆? ÅC §Ú©aôç é¬éπ-§ÚûË ´’Í®çöÀ?)

éπçõ‰

èπ◊

same similarity we compare them. Comparisons are only natural.

(Å®·ûË, ´’Ê£«≠ˇ, §Ú©aôç ÅØËC Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωù-¢Á’i-† N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ éπü∆? È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-™xí¬F, ´uèπ◊h-™x-í¬F àüÁjØ√ ≤ƒ®Ω÷°æuç éπ†-°æ-úÕûË §Ú©aôç Ææ£æ«-ï¢Ë’ éπü∆?)

Éûª-®Ω’-©ç-ü¿J èπ◊

Comparative Comparative than any other + singular/ than all other + plural

a) Chandra is taller than Surya (Surya Chandra (tall + er comparative degree of tall)

™ îÁ§ƒp-Lq†°æ¤púø’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç. ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo Positive, Åçõ‰, 'big' ¢√úÕ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. N≠æߪ’ç –

éπçõ‰

§Òúø’í∫’)

No other state in South India is as/ so big as AP. AP

b) Surya is braver than Chandra M. SURESAN brave + r - comparative degree of brave =

(îªçvü¿ éπçõ‰ Ææ÷®Ωu üµÁj®Ωu-Ææ’húø’ –

üµÁj®Ωuç-í∫©)

c) Kashmir is more beautiful than any other state in India.

(à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æçZ -éπØ√o é¬Qt®˝ Åçü¿-¢Á’içC)

µ

(more + beautiful - comparative of beautiful)

Å™«Íí adjective *´®Ω + est/ st îËJaØ√, ü∆E-´·çü¿’ most îËJaØ√ superlative degree Å´¤-ûª’çC.

a) Chandra is the tallest in the class. Chandra (Class tall + est - superlative of tall) b) Surya is the bravest in the class. (Class brave + st - superlative of brave)

™

µ

Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o §Òúø’í∫’–

™ Ææ÷®Ωu Åûªuçûª üµÁj®Ωu-Ææ’húø’ –

c) Kashmir is the most beautiful state in India (Kashmir

Åûªuçûª Ææ’çü¿-®Ω-¢Á’i† ®√≠æZç.

most + beautiful - superlative of beautiful)

´’†ç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’/ ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø÷ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd äé𠶵«¢√Eo, positive, comparative, superlative degree ™x üËE-™-ØÁjØ√ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Look at these sentences from the conversation between Himesh and Mahesh. 1) ... you are the cleverest boy in the class. cleverest adjective. est superlative degree. superlative the

Ééπ\úÕ ÖçC 鬕öÀd ÉC í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈L.

DE *´®Ω + á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿’,

(ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æZç èπÿú≈ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’.) Positive ™ í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: 1) No other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Positive degree big ´·çü¿’, so é¬F, as é¬F, ü∆E ûª®√yûª, as ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√L. Ææ’´’çû˝ class ™ Åçü¿-J™ §Òúø’í∫’ – ÉC Superlative degree ™ -îÁ-•’-ü∆ç. §Òúø’-í∫’èπ◊ superlative - tallest. ü∆E-´·çü¿’ 'the' ®√¢√L éπü∆.Sumanth is the tallest (boy) in the class. °æèπ~◊-™x ØÁ´’L Åçü¿-¢Á’içC. ÉC Comparative ™ -îÁ-•’-ü∆ç. Åçü¿-¢Á’i† - comparative - more beautiful. Comparative ûª®√yûÁ°æ¤púø÷ than, any other singular/ all other plural ®√¢√L éπü∆– (than any other bird/ than all other birds). The peacock is more beautiful than any other bird (singular)/ than all other birds (plural).

µ

à Éûª®Ω Dictionary èπÿú≈ Ñ dictionary Åçûª Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. DEo positive ™ -îÁ-•’-ü∆ç. Å°æ¤púËç îËߪ÷L? No other dictionary ûÓ begin îËߪ÷L. Positive degree 'useful' ´·çü¿÷, ¢Á†’éπ, so/ as ... as ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ sentence, No other dictionary is so/ as useful as this.

Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬: 1) Superlative degree

´·çü¿’, the. ûª®√yûª

2) Comparative degree than any other + singular/ than all other + plural. 3) Positive degree: Positive degree

v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç – no other ûÓ. ´·çü¿’, so/ as, ûª®√yûª as.

The Eenadu is the largest circulated Telugu Daily. (The + Largest - superlative)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Pavan: Why all this excitement about football? What's there in it?

Suman: I wish there were more encourage-

(Ñ football í∫’Jç* -Éçûª Öû√q£æ«¢Á’ç-ü¿’èπ◊? -Éçü¿’™ à-´·çC?)

ball is a mega event and India is no

Suman: You know, it's the most popular game in the world. Yes, people watch this game more than any other game.

tion India is not able to have eleven

ment for football. The world cup footwhere in it. With such a vast populaplayers. (football

èπ◊ éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ v§Úû√q£æ«ç Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Éçûª v•£æ…tç-úø-¢Á’i† world cup matches ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çõ‰, ¶µ«®Ωûªü˨»-EéÀ ≤ƒn†ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ §Ú®·çC. Éçûª ïØ√¶µ« Ö†o ´’†èπ◊ °æü¿-éÌç-úø’-´’çC Çôí¬∞¡Ÿx éπ®Ω´-ߪ÷u®Ω’.)

(v°æ°æç-îªç™ î√™« áèπ◊\-´-´’çC ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË véÃúø -ÉüË. N’í∫û√ Çô-©-éπØ√o Ñ ÇôØË áèπ◊\-´- ´’çC îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’) Pavan: But we don't see many playing the game in India. I often see more people playing cricket than football in India.

(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™  áèπ◊\-´-´’çC football éπçõ‰ cricket Ç-úø-ô¢Ë’ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C.) Suman: That's true. No other game is played so much as cricket in India. But it is surprising that in a poor country like India people are more interested in cricket than in football. Cricket is a costlier game than football. Football is much cheaper than cricket. All that it needs is a football. It is not so expensive as cricket- cricket equipment costs a lot more than football.

Pavan: OK. Let's watch this evening's match. Bye.

(Ñ¢√∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç match îª÷ü∆lç. Bye) éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ degrees of comparison í∫’Jç* éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? -´’-JéÌ-EoØË-®Ω’aèπ◊-ØË-´·ç-ü¿’ Å-N ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ ÆæçéÀ~-°æhçí¬: 1) Three degrees: positive, comparative and superlative. 2) Degrees

of

comparison

-

adjectives

Ææ®Ωç-ñ«´÷ äéπ

éπØ√o

êK-üÁ-èπ◊\´ –

h) There are more football fans than cricket fans in Bengal =

¶„çí¬™x cricket ÅGµ-´÷-†’-©-éπØ√o football ÅGµ-´÷-†’-™„-èπ◊\´ – comparative degree i) Cricketers are the richest sportsmen in India

véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’™x Åûªuçûª üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’©’ véÀÈé-ô®Ω’x. - superlative degree j) Indian cricket control board is the richest in the world =

-¶µ«®Ω-ûª véÀÈéö¸ éπçvö™¸ ¶®˝f v°æ°æç-îªç™ Åûªuçûª üµ¿E-éπ-¢Á’içC – superlative degree

a) formation of comparative: By adding + er/

k) ... but they are not so highly paid (as cricketers are) = (cricketers Hockey players

adverbs

èπÿ Öçö«®·.

er to, or more + b) formation

of

superlative:

By

adding, + est / + st to

(Eï¢Ë’ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ cricket ÇúÕ-†ç-ûªí¬ N’í∫û√ à game Çúø®Ω’. NçûË-N’-ôçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝-™«çöÀ Ê°ü¿üË-¨¡ç™ v°æï©’ football éπçõ‰ cricket ™ áèπ◊\´ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°œç-îªôç. Football éπØ√o cricket êKüÁj† véÃúø. Football, cricket éπçõ‰ ê®Ω’a ûªèπ◊\´ game. 鬢√-Lqç-ü¿-™«x ã football. -D-EéÀ cricket Åçûª ê®Ω’a-é¬ü¿’. Cricket Ææ®Ωç-ñ«´÷ football éπçõ‰ êKü¿’ îËÆæ’hçC)

g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than a football. cricket football comparative degree.

,

before the adjective

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 175

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 24 -W-Ø˛ 2006

the

adjective/

adverb or most + before the adjec-

M. SURESAN

tive/ adverb Some irregular formations: Good better best well

}

bad worse worst ill

}

èπ◊ Åçûª èπ◊ îÁLxç-îËçûª) îÁLxç-Ω’. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd à degree ¢√ú≈-©-ØËC, practice ´©x ÅüË ´’†èπ◊ ´Ææ’hçC. îÁ§ƒp©†o ¶µ«-¢√Eo •öÀd, ´’†ç degree select îËÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ç. English ™ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o, Éü¿l-J-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE/ ´’çCE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ sentence constructions èπÿ, È®çúÕç-öÀE/ Éü¿l-JF ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa†-°æ¤púø’ sentence construction èπÿ ûËú≈ Öçô’çC. ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç: È®çúÕç-öÀE/ Éü¿l-JE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, superlative Öçúøü¿’.

Cricket is a costlier game than football

Now look at the following sentences: a) Suman is not so/ as tall as Pavan.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Éü¿l-JØË §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Å®·ûË Ñ sentence ™ adjective 'tall' - positive degree ™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Positive degree ™ sentence: A is not so/ as (adjective... tall, short, etc.,) as B. b) India is not as/ so rich as America- Positive (America is richer than India)- comparative posi-

(¶µ«®Ωû˝, America Åçûª Ææç°æ†oç é¬ü¿’– tive/ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ éπçõ‰ America Ææç°æ-†o-¢Á’iç-C)

c) Kedar does not play as (so) well as Kesav (Kedar,

Í騡¢˛ Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúøúø’)

d) Bhavan is as tall as Sravan-

(¶µº´Ø˛ v¨¡´ù˝ Åçûª §Òúø’í∫’)–

Positive degree.

e) Sravan is not taller than Bhavan (Sravan

¶µº´Ø˛ éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í∫’ é¬ü¿’) ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπç comparative îª÷úøçúÕ. (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© §ÚLéπ).

Of Bangalore and Hyderabad, Bangalore is the cooler. (Bangalore, Hyderabad ™x Bangalore áèπ◊\´ xí¬ Öçô’çC) (Imp: °j sentence ™ comparative ûª®√yûª than ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, comparative ´·çü¿’ 'the' ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.) Of the two, this is the better. comparative.

(Ç È®çúÕç-öÀ™x ÉC ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u©’ O’ conversation †’ î√™« effective í¬ ÖçúËô’x îË≤ƒh®·. Å™«Íí This is good, but not so (as) good as the other. (Positive)- ÉC ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC, é¬F ü∆†çûª ¶«í¬™‰ü¿’. This is the best of the lot- superlative. (comparison of more than 2

Pavan: In Bengal football is more popular than cricket. Most of our great footballers are from Bengal, particularly Kolkata. There are more football fans than cricket fans in Bengal.

3) a) Superlative degree

´·çü¿’,

'the'

éπ*a-ûªçí¬

¢√ú≈L b) comparative than any other + singular/ than all other + plural

ûª®√yûª

®√¢√L. c) positive, no other ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’çC. (¶„çí¬-™¸™ cricket éπçõ‰ football Åçõ‰ØË 4) Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd à degree ¢√ú≈™ E®Ωg-®·ç-ÅGµ-´÷†ç áèπ◊\´. ´’† íÌ°æp football véÃú≈èπ◊çö«ç. ÅçûË-é¬F ÅüË-°æ-Eí¬ äéπ degree †’ç* é¬-®Ω’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ¶„çí¬-M™‰, ´·êuçí¬ éÓ™¸-éπ-û√ ÉçéÓ degree ´÷Í®a exercise ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. ¢√∞¡Ÿx. Bengal ™ cricket ÅGµ-´÷-†’-©-éπçõ‰ Now, look at the following sentences from the football ÅGµ-´÷-†’-™„-èπ◊\´.) conversation at the beginning of the lesson: fan = ÅGµ-´÷E a) It's the most popular game in the world. Suman: Cricketers are the richest of Indian v°æ°æç-îªç™ Åûªu-Cµéπ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç Ö†o véÃúø. sportsmen. The players of other games do not earn as much. And our cricket control board is the richest in the world.

(¶µ«®Ωûª véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’™x cricketers Åûªuçûª üµ¿Eèπ◊©’. Éûª®Ω véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ Åçûª Ææ秃-Cç-îª-úø癉ü¿’. ¶µ«®Ωûª cricket control board v°æ°æç-îªç™E ÅEo cricket boards éπçõ‰ üµ¿E-éπ-¢Á’içC.) Pavan: That's true. Hockey is our national game, but hockey players are not so highly paid, unfortunately.

(Å´¤†’. ´’† ñ«Bߪ’véÃúø hockey. é¬F ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h ¢√∞¡x-éπçûª úø•’s îÁLxç-Ω’.)

Spoken English

(superlative degree)

Look at sentences (c), (e), (f), (g) and (h). comparison cricket, football. superlative

OöÀ™x

È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’– Åçü¿’-éπE OöÀéÀ

h) There are more cricket fans than football fans in India

c) I often see more people playing cricket than football.

È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’. °j ¢√é¬u-©Eo èπÿú≈ comparative™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

e) ... people are more interested in cricket than in football - comparative degree. f) Cricket is a costlier game than football = football

éπçõ‰

cricket

êK-üÁj† Çô

Football is much cheaper than cricket. Comparative degree.

Ö†o ¢√öÀ™x ÉC

practice

îËߪ’çúÕ.

Practise the following aloud in English Pranav:

àçöÀ! Ç È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ Åçûªí¬ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛? Öçúøü¿’. Vinai: Ç È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC ¢Á’®Ω’í¬ ÅE Ç™-*-Ææ’hØ√o. c) I often see more people playing cricket than Pranav: áv®Ω coverûÓ -Ö-†o -Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç îª÷úø’. ÅC, football = Ç éÓ´èπ ◊ îÁçC† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©-Eoç-öÀ-™ †÷ football ÇúË-¢√-∞¡x-éπçõ‰ cricket ÇúË-¢√∞Ïx áèπ◊\´ Öûª h ´ ’ç. éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’. Vinai: F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆? e) People are more interested in cricket than in Pranav: îÁ§ƒp-†’í¬. ÅEoç-öÀ™  ÉC íÌ°æp-ü¿E. football. Vinai: ؈’ ´’† lecturer †’ Åúø’í∫’û√. f) Cricket is a costlier game than football. Pranav: Åçõ‰ Ø√ éπçõ‰ Çߪ’-ØÁo-èπ◊\´ †´·t-û√¢√? g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than footVinai: ÅçûË ´’J. ball.

b) People watch this game more than any other game - comparative degree

d) No other game is played so much as cricket in India - much - positive degree

Åûª’u-ûªh´’ç) É™«çöÀ sentences ØË®Ω’a-éÌE

Cricket is more popular than football in India.

È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, comparative ûª®√yûª than, ü∆E ûª®√yûª È®çúÓ N≠æߪ’ç (foot ball) ®√´ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (... than any other/ all other ®√ü¿’.) N’í∫û√ sentences ™ èπÿú≈ (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’) than ûª®√yûª È®çúÓ N≠æߪ’ç ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ (than any other/ all other é¬èπ◊çú≈).

Answer Pranav: Why are you looking at those two books? Vinai:

I am just wandering which of the two is the better.

Pranav: Look at that book... the one with the red cover; that is the best of all/ the best of the books in its class/ category. Vinai:

Is it as good as the one you have?

Pranav: I told you. That's the best of the lot. Vinai:

I'll consult our lecturer.

Pranav: (Do) you trust him more than me? Vinai:

Ofcourse.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Rupa: Hi Hema, did you meet your classmate yesterday? classmate

(£æ…ß˝’ Ê£«´÷, E†o †’´¤y O’ †’ éπL-¨»¢√?)

Hema: I did. We met yesterday after nearly five years. She looked a little older than she is.

(éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Å®·üË∞¡x ûª®√yûª E†oØË ¢Ë’ç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. ûª†’ ´ßª’Ææ’ éπØ√o °ü¿l-C™« éπE-°œç-*çC.)

Hema: Long since I saw him.

(îª÷Æœ î√™« ®ÓV©®·çC)

Rupa: Perhaps you saw him prior to his leaving for the states. states

(•£æ›¨¡ †’´y-ûªEo îª÷¨»-¢Ë¢Á÷?)

èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-´·çü¿’

Hema: Yes.

È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ lessons ™ ´’†ç degrees of comparison N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. Ñ Rupa: Are you the same age? lesson ™ ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’ îª÷ü∆lç. (O’Jü¿lJC äÍé ´ßª’≤ƒ?) éÌEo éÌEo ≤ƒ®Ω’x comparative, positive Hema: No, I am slightly older than her (she). degrees ™ I, we, he, she, they ¢√ú≈™«, me, But now she looks older than me (I). us, him, her, them ¢√ú≈™« ÅØË confusion ´Ææ÷h Öçô’çC. Look at the following: (ØËØË éÌçîÁç °ü¿l. Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ûªØË Ø√éπçõ‰ a) Åûª†’ Ø√éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í∫’ (Comparative): °ü¿lí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) He is taller than I/ me (?)

Rupa: What is she?

b)

(Ç¢Á’ ÖüÓuí∫ç à´’Ø√o îË≤Úhçü∆?)

Hema: She is a government officer. Rupa: That's it. She looks older than you because of her responsibilities. (Officer )

(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Ç¢Á’ ¶«üµ¿u-ûª© ´©x Féπçõ‰ é¬Ææh °ü¿l-Cí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC)

í¬

Hema: I have responsibilities as well, as the President of the local women's club. women's club president

(≤ƒnEé𠶫üµ¿u-ûª-©’-Ø√o®·.)

í¬ Ø√èπÿ

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 176

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 26 -W-Ø˛ 2006

Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ *†o =

He is younger than she/ her (?) c) clever They aren't cleverer than us/ we (?) d) He is older than she/ her (?) In the sentences above, sentence (a) I (b) she her us we (d) she

¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†-éπçõ‰

é¬ü¿’ =

Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ °ü¿l =

*´-®Ωx™ ™ ¢√ú≈™«, me ´’†-éÌîËa ÆæçüË-£æ…©’: ¢√ú≈™«, ™ ¢√ú≈™«, ¢√ú≈™«, (c) ™ ¢√ú≈™«, ¢√ú≈™«, ™ ¢√ú≈™«, her ¢√ú≈™« ÅE. Correct í¬ Å®·ûË sentence Å®Ωnç v°æ鬮Ωç, (a) taller than I, (b) ™ younger than she, (c) cleverer than we, and (d) ™ older than she ÅØË ®√¢√L.

a) My sister likes my younger brother more than I. sister

´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ ØËE-≠d-°æ æúË ü∆E-éπØ√o ´÷ áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC (´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ sister èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç).

b) My sister likes my younger more than me = sister

´÷ èπ◊ Ø√éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç.

c) He likes the mango more than she = mango

Éü¿l-Jéà Åçõ‰ É≠ædç. é¬F Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª-E-éÀ -á-èπ◊\´ É≠ædç.

d) He likes the mango more than her =

Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈, ´÷N’úÕ °æçúøç-õ‰ØË Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ . 鬕öÀd É™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Positive™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.

a) I don't like my brother as much as she = brother b) I don't like my brother as much as I like her. brother Positive Comparative Superlative Old Older Oldest Elder Eldest

Ç¢Á’ É≠æd-°æ-úøfçûªí¬ ؈’ ´÷ ´÷

†’ É≠æd°æ-úø†’.

éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ØË Ø√éÀ≠dçæ .

He was junior to me... Rupa: But your responsibilities are not as serious, are they?

(Å®·ûË F ¶«üµ¿uûª©’ Ç¢Á’ ¶«üµ¿u-ûª-©çûª Bv´¢Á’i-†N é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?)

Hema: I wish I were in such a position.

(ûª†’†o ÆœnA™ ؈’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’†’ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC)

Rupa: Why so? Hema: A government officer's position is certainly superior to that of a home maker, isn't it? position government officer position Rupa: But I prefer being a home maker to being a job holder. A home maker is in no way inferior to an officer.

(´÷´‚©’ í∫%£œ«ùÀ

éπØ√o íÌ°æpC éπü∆.)

(é¬E Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç ÖüÓu-Tí¬ Öçúøôç éπçõ‰ í∫%£œ«-ùÀí¬ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’ É≠ædç. í∫%£œ«ùÀ officer éπØ√o àç ûªèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’.) Hema: Let's not talk of superior and inferior any more. Everyone is great in their own way.

(áèπ◊\´ ûªèπ◊\-´© í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúøôç ÇÊ°ü∆lç. á´J íÌ°æp ¢√∞¡xüË.) Rupa: Ramu is coming this evening. Hema: Who? Your brother? Rupa: Yes. He returned from the states a few days ago. He is coming to stay with me for a few days. (States

†’ç* È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV© éÀçü¿ô AJ-íÌ-î√aúø’. È®çvúÓ-V©’ Ø√ûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.)

Hema: I've often wondered is he older or younger than you?

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æߪ’ç– ®√´· Féπçõ‰ *Ø√o, °ü∆l?) Rupa: He is my elder. Doesn't he look so?

(Åûª†’ Ø√éπØ√o °ü¿l/ ´÷ ņo. Å™« éπE-°œç-îªú≈?)

Spoken English

a) Imported cars are superior to Indian cars

¶µ«®Ωûª 鬮Ωx éπØ√o NüËQ 鬮Ω’x ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’

b) A Collector is inferior to a Chief Secretary Collector c) He is senior to the others in the group

´·êu 鬮Ωu-ü¿Jz éπØ√o

ûªèπ◊\´ (£æ«Ùü∆™)

Ç •%çü¿ç™ Åûª†’ ´ßª’-Ææ’q™/ ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ °ü¿l.

d) He was junior to me at College = College Class e) Even prior to his marriage he knew the girl.

™ Åûª†’ Ø√ éÀçC

™ ÖçúË-¢√úø’.

(Åûª-EéÀ °R}éÀ °æ‹®Ωy¢Ë’ Ç Å´÷t®· ûÁ©’Ææ’) Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷™‰ conversation at the beginning of the lesson ™ èπÿú≈ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

a) I am slightly older than She/ her b) A government officer's position is certainly superior to that of a home maker. c) A home maker is no way inferior to an official d) He is my elder American English elder older brother brother

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç: •ü¿’©’ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.

™ ûª®Ω-í¬

EXERCISE

Pratibha: a) He is taller than I (am) =

Old has two comparatives and two superlatives Old Older, Oldest

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆:

(؈’ §Òúø’í¬_ Ö†o-ü∆-Eéπçõ‰ Åûª-†’†o §Òúø’-Èíèπ◊\´ ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC English ™.) Å™«Íí (b), (c), (d) ©™ èπÿú≈:

b) He is younger than she (is) c) They aren't cleverer than we (are)

èπ◊ È®çúø-®√n©’ éπü∆? ´ßª’ÂÆèπ◊\-´-®·†/ ´ßª’ÂÆèπ◊\´ §ƒûªü¿®·†. 鬕öÀd ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπÿ, §ƒûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´Ææ’h´¤©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç.

M. SURESAN

d) He is older than she (is)brackets verbs (a)- am, (b)- is, (c)- are, (d)- is omit

É™« ´≤ƒh®·.

≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬

™ ÖçúË †’ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. Å®·ûË spoken English ™ É™«çöÀ sentences ™ comparative ™ than ûª®√yûª me, us, him, her, them ¢√úøôç É°æ¤púø’ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-§Ú®·çC. ÉC °ü¿l ûª°æ¤pí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. ´·êuçí¬, comparative ™ than ûª®√yûª both, all ™«çöÀN ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, we, they ©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ us, them áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ö«®·.

a) He is cleverer than all of us/ all of them. b) He is cleverer than both of us/ both of them. they, we

É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx

1) a) Janaki is older than Lalitha (Lalitha b) Rama Rao is the oldest man in the village.

éπØ√o ñ«†éÀ °ü¿lC)

èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-ü¿’-í∫ü∆? ™ èπÿú≈ ûª®√yûª,

Positive degree as I, we, he, she, they me, us, him, her, them-

(®√´· Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.)

´’J-éÌEo comparatives ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª than ®√ü¿’. to ´Ææ’hçC. Å™«çöÀ comparatives, Superior (íÌ°æp), Inferior (ûªèπ◊\´), Senior (´ßª’Ææ’™, ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ °ü¿l), Junior (´ßª’-Ææ’™ ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ *†o), Prior (time ™ ´·çü¿’) OôEoöÀ ûª®√yûª 'to' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. than ¢√úøç.

•ü¿’©’ É¢Ë áèπ◊\´ NE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. OöÀE á´®Ω÷ ûª°æ¤pí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. a) He is as tall as I am/ He is as tall as me (both are correct) b) She is as old as he/ She is as old as him. (both are correct) c) They are as clever as we/ they are as clever as us.

(Ééπ\úø ´÷vûªç as clever as us éÌçûª Å®Ω’üË) Å®·ûË éÌEo éÌEo îÓôx than I/ we/ he/ she/ they èπ◊, than me/ us/ him/ her/ them èπÿ Å®√n©’ ûËú≈í¬ Öçö«®·. Å°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd àC ¢√ú≈™ ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√L.

(Ç ví¬´’ç™ ®√´÷-®√´¤ Åçü¿-J™ °ü¿l) °j È®çúø’ ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’ í∫’Jç*)

c) This house is older than yours =

F ÉçöÀ éπØ√o Ñ É©’x §ƒûªC

d) This is the oldest building in the town buildings (c), (d) 2. Old Comparative, Elder; Superlative eldest.

Ñ Ü®ÓxE ÅEoç-öÀ™ ÉC §ƒûªC. ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ í∫’Jç* èπ◊ ÉçéÓ ÉçéÓ OöÀ Å®Ωnç ´ßª’-Ææ’™ °ü¿l ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ ´÷ô-©†÷, ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊ (Å°æ¤-úø-°æ¤úø’ ïçûª’-´¤-©èπ◊) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. ÅC èπÿú≈ äéπ èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçC† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) Sri Rama was the eldest of the sons of Dasaratha. Same family

°ü¿l –

ü¿¨¡-®Ω-ü∑¿’E éÌúø’èπ◊™x X ®√´·-úøç-ü¿-J™ ÅØËC îª÷úøçúÕ.

b) Dharmaraja was the eldest of the Pandavas.

§ƒçúø-´¤-©ç-ü¿J™ üµ¿®Ωt-®√V °ü¿l Elder ¢√úøéπç: Important: Elder ûª®√yûª than é¬F, to é¬F ¢√úøç. Comparative Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úøû√ç. a) X®√-´·úø’ ©éπ~ t-ù’úÕ éπØ√o °ü¿l – Sri Rama was Lakshmana's elder. (Elder than/ to Lakshmana b) My uncle is my mother's elder -

é¬ü¿’)

´÷ ´÷´’ ´÷ Å´’t éπçõ‰ °ü¿l.

c) My brother is my elder by two years brother elder

´÷ ÉD

(ņo) Ø√ éπØ√o È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °ü¿l. ¢√úË Nüµ¿ç.

O’ Éü¿l-J™ á´®Ω’ §Òúø’-í∫ç-ö«´¤, †’¢√y ÅEû√? Pratima: ÅÆæ-©-®·ûË ÅEûË §Òúø’í∫’ Ø√éπçõ‰. é¬F ûª†’ Ø√ éπçõ‰ ™«´-´ôç ´©x ؈’ ûª†éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í¬_ éπE-°œ≤ƒh. Pratibha: ´’E-ü¿l-J™ á´®Ω’ §Òúø’-í∫ç-ö«´¤? Pratima: ÅüËç question? †’´¤y Ø√éπçõ‰ §Òúø’-í∫’éπü∆! Pratibha: ÅEûª àüÓ Slimming machine é̆o-ô’xçC îª÷¨»¢√? Pratima: îª÷¨»†’. é¬F Åü¿çûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. Ææ’Fûª ü¿í∫_®Ω’†o machine ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-ÈíjçC. Pratibha: †’´‹y Ææ’Fûª î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«ûªçí¬ Öçö«®Ω’. O’®Ω’ classmates ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Pratima: é¬ü¿’. ؈’ ü∆E-éπØ√o äéπ class áèπ◊\´. ´ßª’-Ææ’q™ èπÿú≈ äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °ü¿l ؈’. Pratibha: Å™«í¬. Å®·ûË Ñ Ü®Ω’ Féπçõ‰ ûª†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ´’J. Pratima: ؈’ ®√éπ-´·çüË ûªE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*açC. ANSWER Pratibha: Who is the taller of you two? You or Anitha? Pratima: Actually she is taller than me (I), but because she is fatter than me, I look taller than her (she). Pratibha: Who is the taller of us two? Pratima: What question is that? You certainly are taller than me (I) Pratibha: Anita seems to have bought a slimming machine. Have you seen it? Pratima: Yes, I have. But it isn't that good. Sunita's machine is superior to it. Pratibha: You and Sunitha are close. Were you classmates at College. Pratima: No. I was senior to her by a year. I am senior to her in age too by a year. Pratibha: She knows this place better than you. Pratima: She came here prior to my coming here.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Sekhar: You are up so early. What's the matter?

(àçôçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰î√¢˛?) ¢Ë’™\-´ôç/ ™‰´ôç)

(be up =

Venkat: Yes, I am. Infact I got up earlier than you by half an hour.

(Å´¤†’, ™‰î√†’. Féπçõ‰ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ ™‰î√-E-¢√∞¡) Sekhar: But, why? (áçü¿’èπ◊?) Venkat: Our lecturer is holding a special class today. He insisted that everyone of us turned up for the class.

(É¢√∞¡ ´÷ lecturer special class °úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. v°æA äéπ\®Ω÷ ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√-©E í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒpúø’.) Insist = ÉEqÆˇd – 'Eq— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °æô’d-•-ôdúøç/ ã N≠æߪ’ç™ í∫öÀdí¬ Öçúøôç Sekhar: I don't know about you. But I am fedup with these extra classes.

(F Ææçí∫A Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿’-í¬F, Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç Ñ extra classes Åçõ‰ NÆæ’í∫’ °æ¤úø’ûÓçC.) be fed up = NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-îªôç Venkat: Why so?

Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– a group of words Ö†o ´÷ô© Ææ´‚£æ«ç). DEo í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç î√™« ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. É°æ¤púø’ verb ™‰E group of words í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Clause with a verb. (verb

A group of words without a verb is a PHRASE.

Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: Ñ éÀçCN verbs 鬴¤. i) Infinitive (to + 1st RDW - to go, to come, to sing, to walk, etc) ii) '-ing form' (walking, singing, going, coming, etc.) (- ing form 'be' form be form + ing form verb am coming, was going, will be dancing, etc.)

´·çü¿’ éπLÆœ

Öçõ‰, Å´¤-ûª’çC.

iii) past participle (done, sung, seen, etc.) verbs be form + past participle combination, verb (passive voice) have/ has/ had/ will have/ shall have + past participle verb

ÉN-

鬴¤. Å®·ûË

èπÿú≈

Å´¤-

ûª’çC. Å™«Íí

èπÿú≈

Å´¤-ûª’çC. English ™ î√™« phrasal verbs, verbs ûª®√yûª prepositions îË®Ωaôç ´©x à®Ωp-úø-û√®·: sit on a

chair, get into a bus; put on shirt, put off an event, etc.

Sekhar: They rob us of our leisure.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 177

(؈’ Ç N≠æߪ’ç ÅçU-éπ-Jç-’. ÅN î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Ø√éÀ≠dçæ .) (àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ´’† ´÷Ø√† ´’†Lo äü¿-™Ô-aí¬.) Venkat: Who is forcing you? I find our lecturer's classes interesting. Infact everyone does. They feel the classes worth attending.

(Å™« ÅE ØËØËç ņ-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ îÁÊ°p-ü¿™«x extra classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç ´©x ´’†ç §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÌ-ØË-üËç-™‰-ü¿E.) Sekhar: OK. OK. Have a good time in your class. Do by all means attend all classes and get good marks. I shall be happy.

(ÆæÍ®. ÆæÍ®. ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ¢ÁR}®√ class èπ◊. ÅEo classes èπÿ îªéπ\í¬ ¢ÁRx ´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁaéÓ. ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ≤ƒh.) Venkat: Don't be cross with me, buddy, I just like to attend the class, and you don't. That's all.

(éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊ N’vûª´÷; Ø√Íé¢Á÷ class èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç É≠ædç, FéÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË.) (buddy = friend) Sekhar: OK. Venkat: I am off

É™«çöÀ

phrasal verbs

Now look at the following expressions from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.

1) I got up earlier than you 2) You are up so early 3) I am fed up with these extra classes 4) They rob us of our leisure 5) I am not with you 6) Why don't these lecturers leave us alone? 7) You are left with little time 8) I am off The word groups underlined are all phrasal verbs: 1) I got up earlier than you = get up get up wake up

Féπçõ‰ ؈’ ´·çü¿’ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç ÅØË ™‰î√†’. Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. ¢Ë’™\-´ôç -Å-ØË éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®ΩnçûÓ, When do you wake up everyday éπçõ‰, When do you get up everyday áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.

5) I am not with you there =

(ØË ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o),

Bye.

Spoken English

There are some other expressions in the conversation between Sekhar and Venkat. They are not phrasal verbs, but useful expressions. Learn them as well.

¶«©u N¢√-£æ…-©-†’ ÅJéπõ‰d N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo Ææ´’-Jn-≤ƒh†’.

°æô’d-•-ôdúøç – Know how to use it. Insist ûª®√yûª on ´ÊÆh, ü∆E ûª®√yûª noun é¬F '...ing' form é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.

b) He is totally with his friend on that issue =

a) The teacher insists on silence in the class

Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Åûª†’ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÅûªE ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úÕûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-N-≤ƒhúø’.

é¬xÆæ’™ E¨¡z•lç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ teacher °æô’d-ü¿©í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. (Insist + on + silence (n)

a) I am with the government in ending child marriages =

c) He is with her upto the point of marrying her, but not without his parents consent

Ç¢Á’†’ °Rx-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç-´-®Ωèπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’Ø√oúø’ é¬E, ÅûªE ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© Ææ´’tA ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. Leave alone ÅØËC English conversation ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË ´÷ô. Å®Ωnç = ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç, disturb îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç, á´J ´÷Ø√† ¢√∞¡x†’ ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç ÅE.

1) Insist =

b) I insist on starting immediately

¢ÁçôØË •ßª’-©’-üË-®√-©ØËüË Ø√ °æô’d-ü¿© (Insist + on + starting (ing form) Insist form

¢√úø-ôç™ °j È®çúø÷ (Nouns/ ...ing) é¬éπ-§ÚûË, that clause ¢√úÌa.

c) The teacher insists that the students remain silent. Students silent (... that the students remain silent - that clause

í¬ Öçú≈-©E

Çߪ’† °æô’d-ü¿©.

éπü∆?)

I am not with you there

È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’: (EØÁo-´®Ω’ •©-´ç-ûª-°-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’? ´÷ lec- 1) Phrasal verbs ™ Ö†o verb, ü∆E ûª®√y-ûª turer classes Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ preposition ´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËN. (sit on a chair, Öçö«®·. Ø√Íé-é¬ü¿’, ´÷ é¬xÆˇ™ Åçü¿-Jéà jump over the wall etc.) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) 2) verb + preposition ´©x à®Ωp-úÕ† phrasal verb Sekhar: When you attend special classes like Å®√n-EéÃ, Åçü¿’™E verb, preposition Å®√n-Eéà this, you are left with little time to study. áéπ\ú≈ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËN. (É™« †’´¤y special classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡⁄hçõ‰ eg: He put off his trip. Fèπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ time N’í∫-©ü¿’) (-Å-ûª-úø’ ûª† v°æߪ÷-ù«Eo ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.) Venkat: You talk as though you didn't waste Ééπ\úÕ phrasal verb - put off. îª÷úøçúÕ. put Å®√ntime at all. EéÃ, off Å®√n-EéÃ, ¢√öÀE éπL°œ put off ÅE ¢√úÕ-†°æ¤púø’ ü∆E Å®√n-EéÀ (¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’ôç) áéπ\ú≈ (†’¢Ëy-üÓ time waste îËߪ’-†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úøÆæç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. É™«çöÀ phrasal verbs Å®√n-©’ û√-¢ËçöÀ?) practice ´©x, Åçõ‰ ¶µ«≠æûÓ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Sekhar: Don't talk as if you were a sincere stu°ç-éÓ-´ôç ´©xØË ûÁ©’-≤ƒh®·. ÅN ´’†ç dent. spoken English ™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ¶µ«≠æ î√™« (†’¢ËyüÓ •’Cl¥í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ØË Nü∆u-Jn™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. ¢√öÀ™ éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊.) Venkat: Far from that. All I wish to say is we lose nothing if we attend extra classes.

ÉC î√™« simple and useful expression. be with some one = äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp-†-ü∆-EûÓ àéöµºNç-îªôç/ äéπJo Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç. (äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç èπÿú≈)

6) Why don't these lecturers leave us alone?

(ÅN ´’†èπ◊ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ îË≤ƒh®·.) Venkat: I am not with you there. They are useful. I like them.

Sekhar: Not me, any way. Why don't these lecturers leave us alone?

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 28 -W-Ø˛ 2006

Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ FûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-’.

a) Please leave me alone. I am studying. =

d) He insists that we follow his orders. He insists on our following his orders. ÅûªE Çïc©’ ´’†ç §ƒöÀç-î√-©E °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. (He insists + that clause = He insists on + ing form í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)

†ØÌo-C-™„ß˝’. ؈’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

(Don't disturb me.)

b) Leave movies alone. Get going with your studies

2) As though/ as if =

M. SURESAN

ÆœE´÷© N≠æߪ’ç ´C-™‰ß˝’ (á°æ¤púø÷ ÅüËØ√?) îªü¿’´¤ Ææçí∫A îª÷Ææ’éÓ. c) Leave alone which party is good. Let's talk of something else - à §ƒKd ´’ç*-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç ´C-™„ß˝’. ÉçÍé N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç. 7) be left with/ leave with: N’í∫-©ôç (time, money, food, etc. ™«çöÀN) a) There is a little milk left in the glass = glass

™ é¬Ææh §ƒ©’ N’T-™«®·. b) His work at office leaves him (with) little time for his family

ÅûªE

time

office °æE èπ◊ô’ç-•çûÓ í∫úø-°æ-ö«-EéÀ é¬Ææh èπÿú≈ N’í∫-©aü¿’.

c) Hurry up. We are left with just an hour to finish this whole work =

ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬F. ¢Á·ûªhç°æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô ´÷vûª¢Ë’ N’T-LçC.

d) That leaves you with the only option of going =

¢Á∞Ï} äÍé E®Ωg-ߪ’¢Ë’ Fèπ◊ N’T-LçC. 8) I am off = ؈’ ¢ÁR}§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. Phrase= to be off.

´’†ç ¢Á∞¡xôç éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i†°æ¤púø’, Éçéπ ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’-†o°æ¤púø’ Åçô’çö«ç. I am off. ؈’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢ÁRx-§Úߪ÷†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. É´Fo conversation ™ daily life ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œçîË expressions. ÉN ¶«í¬ practice îËÆœ O©-®·-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úøçúÕ. ÉN î√™« simple expressions. éπ≠dç æ é¬èπÿ-úøü¿’. It shouldn't be difficult.

DE Å®Ωnç, Å®·-†ô’x, é¬F é¬ü¿’. You talk as if you didn't waste time at all = time waste time waste

†’¢ËyüÓ ÅÆæ©’ ¢ËçöÀ? (†’´¤y Ééπ\úø 'as if' clause ™

îËߪ’-†õ‰x ´÷ö«x-úø-û√îË≤ƒh´¤) verb í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. – did waste (didn't waste) - past tense éπü∆. ÅD important. ÉC-°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫-ôç-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, past tense ´Ææ’hçC. singular subject ûÓ èπÿú≈ were ´Ææ’hçC. a) He feels as if I were responsible for his troubles -

ÅûªE éπ≥ƒd-©èπ◊ ØËØËüÓ é¬®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-†ô’x (é¬F é¬ü¿’) ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

b) He behaves as though he could not get on without servants servants

™‰éπ-§ÚûË •ûª-éπ-™‰-†-†oô’x v°æ´-Jh-≤ƒhúø’.

c) She talks as though she were born rich =

°æ¤ôd-úø¢Ë’ üµ¿E-èπ◊-®√-Lí¬ °æ¤öÀd-†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC. ÉC èπÿú≈ î√™« common expresDE Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ îÁÊ°pC correct é¬ü¿E.

3) Far from it: sion.

Pranav: Is he a good player? (

-Å-ûªúø’ ´’ç* -Ç-ôí¬-ú≈?) (é¬ØË é¬ü¿’) (Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°æ¤h-†oC, é¬ØË é¬ü¿’ ņ-ö«-EéÀ from it Åçö«ç.

Prabhat: Far from it.

far

'Is Vijayawada a cool place?

(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø xöÀ v°æüË-¨¡´÷?) far from it. (é¬ØË é¬ü¿’) Ñ expressions ¶«í¬ practice îËÆœ O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. î√™« simple í¬ effective í¬ Öçô’çC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Navya: I'm afraid I can't stay here any longer.

(ØËEçéπ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-™‰-†-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.)

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 30 -W-Ø˛ 2006

Now look at the following phrasal verbs in the conversation between Divya and Navya. 1) The food here doesn't agree with me.

Divya: Why? What happened?

2) I threw up all the food I had eaten.

(áçü¿’èπ◊? à¢Á’içC?) Navya: The food here doesn't agree with me.

(Ééπ\úÕ Ç£æ…®Ωç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJ-°æ-úøôç ™‰ü¿’) Divya: Anything again? (´’S} à´’Ø√o Å®·uçü∆?) Navya: Yea. Last night as I reached our rooms, I threw up all the food I had eaten. The food in the restaurant upset me.

(Å´¤†’. E†o-®√vA ´’† room èπ◊ AJT ®√í¬ØË, Ç restaurant ™ A†oü¿çû√ ¢√çûª-®·-§Ú®·çC. Åéπ\úÕ AçúÕ Ø√èπ◊ éπúø’°æ¤ AÊ°p-ÆœçC) Divya: So you want to pack up

3) So you want to pack up. 4) I can't get on any more. 5) Does it mean you want to give up your job? 6) You can't be so silly as to throw a good job up ... 7) There's no use keep on telling me. 8) If only you went through what I have been through. 9) You have made up your mind.

°j† underline îËÆœ† ´Fo phrasal verbs. Let's

now know their meanings and uses.

1) The food here doesn't agree with me.

(鬕öÀd ¢ÁR}-§Ú-û√-†ç-ö«¢√?) Navya: Yes. I can't get on any more with this kind of food. I am afraid of permanent damage to my health.

(Å´¤†’. É™«çöÀ food ûÓ Øˆ’ í∫úø-°æôç éπ≠dçæ . Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬ üÁ•s-Aç-ô’çüË-¢Á÷-†E ¶µºßª’çí¬ ÖçC.)

(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC, Ææ´’-Ææu™‰ç ™‰´¤/ ÖüÓuí∫ç ¶«í¬ØË îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’Ø√o.)

b) Sudheer: How are you, Sumant? Long time since we met.

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E î√™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC)

The phrasal verb here is agree with. we know the usual meaning of 'agree with'.

D†®Ωnç, äéπJûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªôç/ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îªôç. (The father doesn't agree with his son on the type of house they want to buy -

ᙫçöÀ É©’x éÌØ√©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ àé¬-Gµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿’) Å®·ûË, Ééπ\úÕ expression: The food doesn't agree with me - Ééπ\úø agree with èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 'ÆæJ°æ-úøôç ™‰ü¿’— (does not suit) ÅE. a) The climate here doesn't agree with me -

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 178

Prakash: (I'm) getting on well. No problem.

Ééπ\úÕ ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç Ø√èπ◊ °æúø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. b) Hot stuff doesn't agree with her

Sumant: Just getting on

(àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC.) c) Stop talking and get on with the work.

´÷ô-™«°œ °æE é̆≤ƒ-Tç-îªçúÕ. 5) Does it mean you want to give up your job. Phrasal verb - give up =

´÷ØË-ߪ’ôç, ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç, ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´ôç, ÇÊ°-ߪ’ôç. a) She wants to give up her job and start business =

ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰Æœ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ÷-©-†’-éÌç-öçC.

a) Pratap: I had a lot of difficulty getting the MRO's certificate. (MRO ü¿í∫_®Ω certificate ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç Ø√èπ◊ î√™« éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC.) Pramod: I have been through all that/ I have gone through all that =

؈-´Fo ņ’-¶µº-Nç-î√†’. I know how difficult it is =

ÅC áçûª éπ≠d¢æ Á÷ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. b) He is going through a difficult period in his life =

Åûª†’ î√™« éπ≠dæ Æ洒ߪ’ç ņ’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. c) I don't want my son to go through the difficult I have gone through =

؈-†’-¶µº-Nç-*† éπ≥ƒd©’ ´÷ Ŷ«s®· ņ’-¶µº-Nçîªôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË go through Åçõ‰ îªü¿-´ôç ÅE èπÿú≈ ÖçC. a) Did you go through the paper today?

The food here doesn't agree with me Divya: Does it mean you want to give up your job, just because the food here is not to your liking? Come now, Navya, you can't be so silly as to throw a good job up as yours and go away.

(Ééπ\úÕ AçúÕ ÆæJ-°æ-úø-†çûª ´÷vû√† ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰Æœ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-û√-†ç-ö«¢√? Fèπ◊†o Åçûª-´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰Æœ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ßË’çûª ûÁL-N-ûª-èπ◊\´ °æ-E-îË-ߪ’èπ◊) Navya: There's no use your keeping as telling me to adjust with the food here. I've had enough of it. I have to go.

(Ééπ\úÕ AçúÕûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊§Ú ÅE †’´¤y ´÷öÀ´÷-öÀéà ņôç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ î√©’. ØË¢Á-Rx-§Ú-¢√-LqçüË) Divya: I still don't understand why you wish to leave.

(†’´¤y ¢ÁR}-§Ú-¢√-©E áçü¿’éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢Ó Éçé¬ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’) Navya: If only you went through, what I have been through, you wouldn't be here for a minute, job or no job.

(Ø√ ņ’-¶µº-´¢Ë’ Fèπ◊çõ‰ †’¢Ìy-éπ\-éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ Ééπ\úø Öçúø´¤) Divya: So you have made up your mind to leave.

áèπ◊\´ 鬮Ω°æ¤ ´Ææ’h´¤©’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ °æúø´¤. °j expressions ÅEoçöÀ™ not agree with ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. °æúøü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË ÉN áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. 2) I threw up all the food I had eaten =

b) He hasn't given up smoking in spite of his doctor's advice = Doctor

c) He gave up his rights to the property =

ÇÆœh°j ûª† £æ«èπ◊\©’ ´ü¿’-©’-éÌ-Ø√oúø’. d) He gave up his attempts =

M. SURESAN

A†o-ü¿çû√ ¢√çA îËÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Ééπ\úÕ phrasal verb: throw up = ¢√çA îËÆæ’-éÓ´ôç = vomit. Å®·ûË vomit éπØ√o throw up ÅØËC better, vomit é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç. throw up ÅØËC ¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç. Spoken English ™ throw up ÅØËüË ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. a) She was sick after eating the cake. she threw up = cake

A†-í¬ØË Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¢Áí∫ô’ °æ¤öÀdçC. ¢ÁçôØË ¢√çA îËÆæ’-èπ◊çC. (sick = 'ï•’s— ÅE ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. Sick Åçõ‰ ¢Áí∫ô’/ ¢√çA éπLÍí feeling ÅE èπÿú≈ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç)

b) The child is throwing up the milk=

§ƒ©†’ éπÍé\-≤ÚhçC. 3) So you want to pack up = verb, to pack up.

Ééπ\úÕ phrasal D†®Ωnç v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ/ ¢ÁR}§Ú´ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç. (°õ‰d ¶‰ú≈ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç)

(Å®·ûË ¢Á∞¡}-ú≈EÍé E¨¡a-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o-´-†o´÷ô) Navya: That's it. (ÅçûË)

a) He has packed up =

Divya: You can cook for yourself and avoid eating out.

b) When are you packing up? =

(†’´¤y ´çúø’-éÓ-´-a-éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ •ßª’ô A†ôç ´÷ØË-ßÁ·îª’a) Navya: That's impossible for me. (Ø√ ´©x é¬ü¿’) Divya: Ok

´’†ç phrasal verbs í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆ Ñ Phrasal verbs Å®Ωnç, ¢√úøéπç practice ´™«x, îªü¿´ôç ´™«x ´Ææ’hçC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* dictionary ™ àüÁjØ√ ´÷ôèπ◊/ ´·êuçí¬ verb èπ◊ Å®Ωnç îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E-éÀçü¿ Ç verb, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´îËa preposition èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.

Spoken English

´ü¿l-†o-°æp-öÀéà Åûª†’ smoking ´÷†-™‰ü¿’.

¢ÁR}-§Ú-ßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. †’´¤y á°æ¤p-úÁ-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤? c) We are waiting for him to pack up =

Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«hú≈ ÅE îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç. 4) I can't get on any more = phrasal verb- to get on =

≤ƒT-§Ú-´ôç/ é̆-≤ƒí∫ôç/ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç/ ïJ-T-§Ú-´ôç – É™«çöÀ Å®√n©ûÓ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd 'get on' ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.

I can't get on any more =

Éçéπ É™« é̆-≤ƒ-í∫-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. a) Pranav: How is your new job?

(F éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ᙫ ÖçC?)

v°æߪ’-û√o©’ ÇÊ°-¨»úø’. 6) You want to throw a good job up phrasal verb - throw a job up = job throw up

– Ééπ\úø ´ü¿’-©’Åçõ‰ ¢√çA îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç. (Éçü∆éπ éÓ-´ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ÖüÓuí∫ç/ Å´-鬨¡ç ™«çöÀN ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´ôç èπÿú≈ throw up.)

a) Who will throw up such a good job? =

Åçûª ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç á´®Ω’ ´÷†’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?/ ´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?

É¢√Rd

paper

îªC-¢√¢√?

b) The CM has to go through the committee's report.

éπN’-öÃ

report CM

Éçé¬ îªü¿-¢√Lq ÖçC.

9) You have made up your mind.

†’´¤y E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. Ééπ\úø verb - make E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´ôç

up ones mind -

a) Please make up your mind whether to go or not =

¢Á∞«}™ ´üÓl E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓçúÕ.

b) I have made up my mind to buy that car = car

Ç éÌØËç-ü¿’Íé E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ É*a† phrasal verbs, Ñ lesson ™ É*a† phrasal verbs, spoken English ™ î√™« common í¬ NE-°œç-îË¢Ë. OöÀE ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Åçü¿’-´©x *†o-*†o sentences ûÓ O’ conversation Åçü¿çí¬, Å®Ωn´ç-ûªçí¬ Öçô’çC. EXERCISE

Practise the following aloud in English. Mahesh:

؈’ wash basin ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞Ï}-Ææ-JéÀ, §ƒ°æç Åûª†’ ¢√çA îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. b) He threw up a good job and a good family Naresh: á´®Ω’? and took to drinking. = ÉçÈé-´®Ω’, Ramesh. E†oöÀ †’ç* Ø√éà ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç, Ææç≤ƒ®Ωç ÅFo ´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊E Mahesh: AçúÕ -°æ-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’ ÅE complain îËÆæ÷hØË û√í∫’úø’ ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’. ÖØ√oúø’-í∫ü∆? 7) There's no use keeping on telling me to Naresh: ´’†ç ¶«í¬ØË Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆? adjust with the food = Åûª†’ áèπ◊\´ coffee û√í∫’-û√úø’. Åçü¿’üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’†o AçúÕûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ò-´’tE îÁ•’ûª÷ Mahesh: ´©x éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ AØ√o ¢Áí∫-ô-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Öçúøôç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’. Naresh: ÅüËçö Ç é¬°∂‘ Å™« û√í∫’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«úø’. Keep on doing something = ÅC ÇÊ°-ü∆é¬, ÅûªE °æJ-Æœn-AçûË. äéπ °æE-E ÅüË-°æ-Eí¬ îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç. a) He keeps on smoking though his health is bad =

Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í¬-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, smoke îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«úø’. b) Though the teacher punished him, he keeps on talking = Teacher

¢√úÕE PéÀ~ç-*Ø√, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØË

Öçö«úø’. Å®·ûË present day English ™ keep ûª®√yûª on Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. He keeps on talking (= He continues to talk) = He keeps talking.

c) Don't keep asking me silly questions =

°œ*a °œ*a v°æ¨¡o©’ Åúø’-í∫’ûª÷ Öçúøèπ◊ 8) If only you went through, what I have been through. phrasal verbs, 1) to go through, 2) to be through.

D†®Ωnç, ؈-†’-¶µº-Nç-*† éπ≥ƒd©’, †’´y-†’-¶µº-NÊÆh ÅE. Ééπ\úø,

ANSWER

Mahesh: When I went to the wash basin the poor fellow was throwing up.

(§ƒ°æç Åûª†’ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ)

Naresh: Who? Mahesh: Who else? Ramesh. He has been complaining since yesterday that this food doesn't agree with him. Naresh: But we are able to get on with the food. Mahesh: He takes too much of coffee. That's why even if he eats a little too much, he feels sick. Naresh: He keeps as drinking coffee. Until he gives it up, his condition will be like this.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Sharath: Hi Vasanth, I look forward to the study tour we are going on, this weekend.

(Ñ¢√®Ωç *´®Ω ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’†o study á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤pú≈ ÅE áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’hØ√o.)

tour

Vasanth: So do I, but am a bit worried about mother. She has taken ill suddenly. Dad is away on camp and will be back only this weekend.

(Ø√èπÿ Ææ®Ω-ü∆-í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬E ´÷ Å´’tèπ◊ Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ ï•’s îËÆœçC. ´÷ Ø√†o camp †’ç* ¢√®√ç-ûª¢Ë’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’) Sharath: So you are worried who will look after her if we start before your father comes, aren't you?

(´’†ç O’ father ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ ´·çüË •ßª’©’-üË-JûË O’ Å´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ á´®Ω÷ Öçúø-®ΩE éπü∆ F ¶«üµ¿?) Vasanth: Exactly. But I've called my elder sister and told her of the situation. I told her to come here two days before our departure.

In this lesson too, we continue our study of phrasal verbs. We have in the last two lessons seen some of them commonly used in conversation. Let us now look at some more of them. Now look at the following expressions at the beginning of the lesson between Sharath and Vasanth. 1) I look forward to the study tour. 2) She has taken ill suddenly.

°œ©x©’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©†’ §ÚL Öçö«®Ω’.

5) I am happy you are making it after all.

He came up with the idea that we could get

b) In features she takes after her mother, but in traits she takes after her father. =

6) He can be a handful.

the accommodation by bribing the TC=

7 a) He takes after your sister, doesn't he?

TC

b) In traits he takes after his dad. 8) Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday. 9) He put up at his uncle's place.

(؈’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oØËx. Å®·ûË ´÷ Åéπ\ éÌúø’Íé Ææ´’Ææu. ¢√úø’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. éÌçîÁç Å©x-È®-èπ◊\´.) Sharath: I've seen him. He takes after your sister, doesn't he?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 179

Look

forward

to=

ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ/ Çûª%-ûªûÓ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç. Look forward to ûª®√yûª noun é¬F, ...ing form é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.

M. SURESAN

a) He is looking forward to the match=

Match

™ á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ §ƒ™Ô_ç-ü∆´÷ ÅE áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Participating- 'ing' form. (Look forward to ûª®√yûª 1st RDW ®√ü¿’. He is looking forward to meet you – ûª°æ¤p) 2) She has taken ill suddenly.

Sharath: So he did. My cousin and he are room mates.

(Å´¤†’ ´÷

cousin,

Åûª†’

mates.)

Spoken English

room

seats,

´ÆæA.

a) He made it to the IAS=

™ îË®Ω-í∫-L-í¬úø’/ îË®√úø’.

§Òúø’-í∫’™, ¢√∞¡x û√ûª†’ §ÚL ÖØ√oúø’/ §Òúø’-í∫’™ ¢√∞¡x û√ûË Åûªúø’. 8) Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday.

NØÓü˛ Ö†o-ô’xçúÕ E†o v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-ߪ÷uúø’/ éπE-°œç-î√úø’. a) After weeks of absence, she showed up yesterday=

¢√®√© ûª®√yûª, E†o éπE-°œç-*ç-ü∆¢Á’.

èπ◊ îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫-L-TçC/

b) Kumar shows up at the least expected moment =

c) I doubt if he can make it to the place on time=

´’†èπ◊ éπ†-°æ-úø-û√-úøE ņ’-éÓE Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ èπ◊´÷®˝ v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-´¤-û√úø’.

To take ill= to fall ill=

ï•’s-°æ-úøôç (Ç¢Á’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ï•’s °æúÕçC)

a) He took ill after eating the food on the train=

È®j™x ǣ慮Ωç A†oç-ü¿’-´©x Åûª-EéÀ ï•’s îËÆœçC. b) If you go out in the cold you may take ill=

îªL™ AJ-TûË ï•’s îËߪ’-´îª’a. 3) Who will look after her ...? To look after= to take care of= to care for=

(®Óí∫’-©èπ◊, °œ©x-©èπ◊, ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ îËߪ’ôç/ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç

team finals

¢√úø’ time èπ◊ Åéπ\úø îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç Ø√éπ-†’-´÷-†¢Ë’. d) Election ™ Èí©-´-í∫-L-í¬úø’= He made it to the seat. 6) He can be a handful =

Åûª†’ Ææ´’Ææu é¬í∫-©úø’. á´-È®jØ√, ´·êuçí¬ °œ©x©’ ûªLxü¿ç-vúø’-©èπ◊ Ææ´’Ææu Å®·ûË, he/ she is a handful Åçö«ç. Handful í¬ Ö†o °œ©x-©†’ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© Åü¿’§ƒ-ïc™x Öçîªôç éπ≠dçæ . To be a handful=

a) Purnima: Can't your sister lend a hand with the cooking?

O’

sister

Fèπ◊ ´çô™ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-™‰ü∆? ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’ôç.

(lend a hand =

He lent me a hand with tidying up the home=

etc)

Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’

a) When I fell ill, my sister looked after me=

(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Åûª-†-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo®Ó-V©’ ¢√∞¡x ´÷´’ߪ’u Éçöx ÖØ√oúø’. ûªy®Ω™ rooms îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊E ´÷®Ω-û√-†-Ø√oúø’)

©™

(†’´¤y ®√í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç) To make it to= Ñ expression î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù¢Á’i-†C. Å®Ωnç à °æØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫ôç. IAS

Ç Å´÷t®· ®Ω÷°æç™ ûªLxE, í∫’ù«™x ûªçvúÕE §ÚL ÖçC. c) In being tall, he takes after his grand father

Accommodation= 1) Train/ bus

àüÁj-ûËØËç, îË®Ω’-èπ◊çC.

b) He is looking forward to participating in the match.

Vasanth: Yea. I know. I met him when I went to Hyderabad. He put up at his uncle's for a few days. He said he would be taking rooms, and moving into them.)

üÌ®Ω-éπ-´-a-†ØË

b) The team made it to the finals, after all=

1) I look forward to the study tour.

Vasanth: Only in features. In traits he takes after his dad. Quite mischievous.

(ņoô’x E†o Ö†o-ô’xçúÕ Vinod éπE-°œçî√úø’. ¢√úø’ civils èπ◊ prepare Å´¤-ûª’Ø√oúø’. Ç®Ω’-ØÁ-©-©’í¬ Hyderabad ™ØË ÖØ√oúø’)

seats

He can be a handful

Åûª†’ match á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤pú≈ ÅE áü¿’-®Ω’îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Match - noun.

Sharath: By the way, you know, Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday. He is preparing for the civils exam this year. He has been in Hyderabad for six months now.

îËA™ àüÁjØ√ °úÕûË Ç™- Åûª-E-î√aúø’.

5) I am happy you are making it after all.

(؈’ ¢√úÕo îª÷¨»ØËx. Åîªaç O’ Åéπ\ §ÚLÍé éπü∆?) (Ç鬮Ωç, ®Ω÷°æ¤ Í®ê-™xØË. ©éπ~-ù«-©Fo ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o¢Ë. Å©x-È®-èπ◊\´.) features = ´·ê éπ´-R-éπ©’, ®Ω÷°æ¤ ͮ꩒. traits = ©éπ~-ù«©’, í∫’ù«©’

É´yôç.

berths; 2)

´ ´ ´ ´ ´

Sharath: I am happy you are making it, after all. I was afraid you might not come.

Vasanth: I am coming, of course. But the trouble is my sister's son. He goes to school. He can be a handful.

a) Children usually take after their parents =

á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ Ç™-

îËÊÆh Çߪ’-†-éÌ-

(§ÚF™‰, àüË-¢Á’iØ√ †’¢Ìy-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. †’´¤y ®√¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f)

To come up with=

4) I called dad and he came up with the idea.

Vasanth: I called dad and he came up with the idea. phone

4) I called dad and he came up with the idea.

3) ... who will look after her if we ...

(Å´¤†’. ´÷ Åéπ\èπ◊ Phone îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp†’. ´’†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ö«-EéÀ È®çúø’ ®ÓV©’ ´·çü¿’-®Ω-´’tE.) Sharath: That's a good idea. (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC) (´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ؈’ *açD idea)

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 2 -V-™„j 2006

Ø√èπ◊ Ææ’Æ‘hí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ sister îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çC. (Ææ°æ®Ωu©’ îËÆœçC) b) There is none to look after the child=

Gúøf†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ á´-®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’. c) He is an important guest. Look after him well=

É©’x ÆæJl Å´’-®Ωa-ôç™ Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç î˨»úø’.) Chitra: She can't. Her two children are a handful for her.

but he hasn't showed up so far =

éÀçü¿öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç Ééπ\úø Öçö«-††o Sekhar, É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’Sx éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’/ Åçûª’-™‰úø’. d) He hasn't showed up for the class.

Åûª†’

class

èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’.

9) He put up at his uncle's place (for a few days).

¢√∞¡x

uncle

Éçöx û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. To put up = (à éÌCl ®ÓV-©éÓ) •Ææ îËߪ’ôç, Hotel, lodge ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ x. a) They put up at the nearest lodge, after getting off the train = Train lodge

Cí∫-í¬ØË, station èπ◊ ÅA ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o ™ •Ææ-îË-¨»®Ω’/ Cí¬®Ω’.

b) As she had nobody known to her in the city, she put up at a hotel.

îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á’ Éü¿l®Ω’ °œ©x-©ûÓ ¢Ëí∫-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûÓçC b) The boy is a handful for the teacher =

Ç teacher èπ◊ Ç °œ™«xúø’ °ü¿l Ææ´’Ææu. ÇN-úøèπ◊ ¢√úÕûÓ ¢Ëí∫ôç éπ≠dçæ . [Handful = 1) éÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’/ éÌCl-´’çC ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 2) îËA-Eçú≈ – Ñ È®çúø’ Å®√n©’Ø√o®·.

†í∫-®Ωç™ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω÷ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ Ç¢Á’ hotel™ CTçC. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: äéπ-JéÀ ´ÆæA îª÷°œç-îªôç = put some one up: a) I put my friend up in our spare bed room =

a) Only a handful of students were present =

éÌCl-´’çC

students

´÷ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´î√a®Ω’.

b) He has a handful of grapes =

¢√úÕ îËA-Eçú≈ vü∆éπ~ °æçúø’x-Ø√o®·.] 7 a) He takes after your sister, doesn't he?

O’ Åéπ\ߪ’u §ÚLéπ éπü∆, ¢√∞¡x-¶«s®·? b) In traits he takes after his dad

©éπ~-ù«™x ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o §ÚLéπ. Åûªúø’ î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ÅAC∑, ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’éÓ.

c) Sekhar promised to be here last sunday,

To take after = to resemble =

§ÚL Öçúøôç

friend

room

èπ◊ ´÷ Éçöx ë«Sí¬ Ö†o ™ ´ÆæA Éî√a†’.

bed-

b) He put me up in his uncle's place =

Ø√èπ◊ ¢√∞¡x uncle Éçöx ´ÆæA éπLpç-î√úø’. ÉN î√™« common phrasal verbs conversation™. ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. t tt

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Bhagat: Hi Jagat, why are you putting on a new shirt and a new pair of trousers?

(àçöÀ ïí∫û˝, éÌûªh shirt, éÌûªh ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤. àçöÀ N¨Ï≠æç?)

Jagat: Not certainly. I can't sit through the two and half hours of loud songs, dance, sex

pants

and violence that an Indian movie is.

(ÅC ´÷vûªç ™‰ü¿’. ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆœE´÷ ÅØË È®çúø’†o®Ω í∫çô© íÌúø´ §ƒô©’, Ø√ö«u©’, ¨¡%çí¬®Ωç, £œ«çÆæ îª÷Ææ÷h èπÿîÓ-´ôç Ø√´©x é¬ü¿’.)

Jagat: Today is my birthday.

(É¢√∞¡ Ø√ °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV). Bhagat: Many happy returns of the day. But why not a word of it to me earlier? I'd have had the pleasure of presenting you something.

(†’Oy °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ï®Ω’°æ¤éÓ-¢√-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ. é¬F †’Oy N≠æߪ’ç Ø√ûÓ äéπ\´÷ô èπÿú≈ ņ-™‰ü¿’. FÍé-üÁjØ√ 鬆’-éÀ*a ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-¢√úÕo éπü∆?) Jagat: That's precisely why I've put off telling you of it until now. I am against receiving birth day gifts. First of all, I am not for celebrating my birthday.

Bhagat: But so many watch them.

(é¬F î√™«-´’çC ¢√öÀE îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’.) Jagat: Sorry. Anything but that. I can't put up with the boredom.

(ÅC-ûª°æp ÉçÍé-ü¿Ø√o °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Ç NÆæ’-í∫’†’ ؈’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’.) Bhagat: OK. Thanks for the treat at least.

(éπFÆæç

dinner

Å®·Ø√ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤.

Thanks) Let's continue our study of phrasal from the conversation above: 1) ... Why are you putting on a new shirt and a new pair of trousers? 2) ... Why I have put off telling you of it. 3) ... I am against; I am for/ I am not for/ I am all for.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 180

c) You come across the likes of Gandhi rarely

b) She is particular about this sari =

verbs. Look at the following expressions

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åçü¿’-´™‰x Fèπ◊ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ îÁ°æpôç ¢√®·ü∆¢Ë¨»†’. °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV 鬆’-éπ©’ Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªôç Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ °æ¤öÀd† -®Ó-V-†’ °æç-úøí∫í¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç É≠æd癉ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊.)

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 4 -V-™„j 2006

4) I've come across very few that don't celebrate their birthdays.

-Ç¢Á’ Ñ <Í® 鬢√-©ç-öçC/ Ñ <®Ω éÓÆæ¢Ë’ °æô’d-•-úø’ûÓçC. É°æ¤púø’ phrasal verbs N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌü∆lç:

1) Why are you putting on a new shirt and a new pair of trousers? To put on =

(•ôd©’) ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç/ ûÌúø’-éÓ\-´ôç. üµ¿Jç-îªôç Åçõ‰ wear. É°æp-öÀ-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ´ôç/ ûÌúø’-éÓ\-´ôç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ to put on. ´÷´‚©’í¬ üµ¿Jç-îªôç = to wear. a) If you are going to the marriage, put on the new clothes =

°RxéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†o-ôx-®·ûË éÌûªh •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’éÓ. b) He is putting on a sweater because he is going out in the cold weather = sweater

îªL™ •ßª’¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd üµ¿Jç-îªôç. He wears expensive êK-üÁj† •ôd©’ üµ¿J-≤ƒh-úø-ûª†’.

Wear = clothes =

I don't see eye to eye with .. Bhagat: That's rather odd. I've come across very few that don't celebrate their birthdays. (

ÉC é¬Ææh NçûË. °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV ¢√-∞¡x†’ éÌCl´’çCØË îª÷¨».)

ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-E-

Jagat: Well, I don't mind your taking me as one of those few.

5) I don't see eye to eye with. 6) ... and it can't be credited to anyone. 7) Are you going to give us a treat? 8) I can't sit through the loud songs, dances, sex and violence. 9) I can't put up with the boredom.

Ñ expressions meanings, use ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË´·çü¿’ ´’†ç -ÉçéÌ-Eo °æü∆© Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Bhagat: I don't see eye to eye with you on this. 1) Precisely = éπ*a-ûªçí¬ (•çí¬®Ω癫çöÀN ûª÷îËWhat's wrong in enjoying yourself on ô-°æ¤púø’, íÌ°æp íÌ°æp (Olympic véÃúø-™«xçöÀ) °æ®Ω’-í∫’the day you entered the world? °æç-ü∆™x time î√™« éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ÂÆéπ†x ûËú≈ èπÿú≈ (Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ØËFoûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ™‰ èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-ôç-™«çöÀC precise.) ´’†ç v°æ°æç-îªç-™éÀ Åúø’í∫’°öÀd† ®ÓV 2) Odd = NçûÁj†. ´÷´‚©’éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Ö†o. ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤-éÓ-´-úøç™ ûªÊ°pçöÀ?) He doesn't like curd. That's odd. (î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ Jagat: Is it any achievement of yours if a year É≠æ d ¢ Á ’ i † °®Ω ’ í∫ ’ Åûª-EéÀ É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ÅC Nçûª.) rolls on? Time passes and it can't be credited to anyone. I am all for a per3) Mind: ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆– ´’†ç son celebrating an achievement, but Ç™-*çîË, ´’† ûÁL-NéÀ E©-ߪ’-¢Á’i† •’v®Ω. not for the passage of time. Ééπ\úø Mind Åçõ‰ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç Öçúøôç. (ã Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç í∫úø-´ôç ÅØËC ´’†ç ≤ƒCµçDo you mind waiting for a few minutes? = îË-üËç-é¬-ü¿’-éπü∆. 鬩ç í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ûª’çC. ÅC é¬Ææh wait îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ O’Íé-´’Ø√o Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ω´÷? á´J íÌ°æp-ûª-†´‚ é¬ü¿’. (Ø√ @N-ûªç™ äéπ I don't mind it at all = Ø√Íéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ø√ íÌ°æp ņ’-éÓ-™‰†’ ÅØË ¶µ«´ç.) Never mind = ü∆E í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç-éÓ-´ü¿’l. àüÁjØ√ ´’†ç ≤ƒCµç-*çC Öçõ‰ ü∆Eo ÆæçûÓ(á´-È®jØ√ sorry Å™«ç-öÀN Åçõ‰ ´’†ç never ≠æçí¬ í∫úø-°æôç Ø√èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ É≠æd¢Ë’, é¬E mind Åçö«ç.) 鬩ç í∫úÕ-*ç-ü∆-EéÀ ´’† °∂æ’†ûª àç ™‰ü¿’.) 4) Achievement = ≤ƒCµçîË N≠æߪ’ç – °∂æ’†ûª. Bhagat: Then why did you put on the new Achieve = ≤ƒCµ ç -îªôç. clothes? a) A score of a century in cricket is an (Å®·ûË éÌûªh •ôd-™„ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?) (§ÚF™‰. Å™«çöÀ éÌCl-´’ç-C™ ØËØÌ-éπ-úøoE †’´y-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ø√Íéç Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.)

Jagat: Mom was particular and sent me them. So I put them on- just to please her.

(Å´’t °æô’d-•-öÀdçC. Ç •ôd©’ °æç°œçC. Å´’t†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-ôd-ú≈-EéÀ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o.) Bhagat: OK. OK. At least are you going to give us a treat? Jagat:

(éπFÆæç Nçü¿Ø√o É≤ƒh¢√?) We'll have it, don't worry. (Å™«Íí).

Bhagat: What about a movie after that?

(Ç ûª®√yûª ÆœE´÷?)

Spoken English

achievement = Century

éÌôdúøç °∂æ’†ûª (≤ƒCµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç).

b) Getting a good rank is an achievement =

´’ç*

rank

≤ƒCµç-îªôç äéπ °∂æ’†ûª. 5) Time rolling = 鬩ç üÌ®Ωxôç 6) be particular about =

°æô’d-ü¿-©í¬ Öçúøôç (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç-™) a) I am particular about vegetarian food =

Ø√èπ◊ ¨»é¬-£æ…-®Ω¢Ë’ 鬢√L (°æô’d-•-ôdúøç)

í¬çDµ-™«ç-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†èπ◊ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’. 5) I don't see eye to eye with you. to see eye to eye with =

àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªôç. ´·êuçí¬ Ñ expression †’ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«EÍé ¢√úø-û√®Ω’– not see eye to eye with ÅE. (äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«-EÍé áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.) a) The father and the son don't see eye to eye with each other on the matter of the son's marriage =

éÌúø’èπ◊ °Rx N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ûªçvúÕ éÌúø’-èπ◊-©èπ◊ ¶µ‰ü∆-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©’-Ø√o®·.

b) He doesn't see eye to eye with his wife on many matters =

î√™« N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh-©èπ◊ ÅçU-鬮Ωç ™‰ü¿’. 6) ... and it can't be credited to anyone =

ü∆E-Èé-´®Ω÷ °∂æ’†ûª ´£œ«ç-îª-™‰®Ω’ (Ç íÌ°æp-ûª†ç á´-J-D-é¬ü¿’) a) Indian independence Mahatma Gandhi =

credited

to

b) The profits of the company are credited to the General Manager = company General Manager

Ç üË °∂æ’†ûª.

™«¶µ«-©èπ◊

2) Why I've put off telling you of it.

is

¶µ«®Ωûª ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç ûÁ*a† °∂æ’†ûª/ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç í¬çDµC.

7) ... are you going to give us a treat?

To put off = to postpone

treat =

a) I shall be happy if the exams are put off until the next week =

a) The movie is a real treat after a long period of bad movies =

àüÁjØ√

(¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’ôç) M. SURESAN

´îËa-¢√-®Ωçü∆é¬ °æK-éπ~©’ ¢√®·-ü∆-°æ-úÕûË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç.

b) Don't put off till tomorrow what you can do today =

Ñ ®ÓV îËߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-ü∆Eo Í®°æöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËßÁ·ü¿’l. Put off ûª®√yûª till é¬F, until é¬F ¢√úøû√ç. 3) I am for/ I am all for/ I am against. To be for/ to be all for = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç-°æôx Ææ’´·-êçí¬/ °æ‹Jhí¬ Ææ’´·-êçí¬ Öçúøôç/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç. a) I am for/ I am all for starting early =

ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-ö«-EÍé ؈’ Ææ’´·-êçí¬ ÖØ√o†’. ÅüË Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . b) She is for attending the function =

Ç¢Á’

function

èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-ú≈-EÍé Ææ’´·-êçí¬ ÖçC.

c) He was not for his son joining politics =

Çߪ’† éÌúø’èπ◊ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x îË®Ωúøç Çߪ’-†-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. Against = ´uA-Í®éπç. 4) I've come across very few that don't celebrate their birthdays. To come across =

îª÷úøôç, ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îªôç,

û√®Ω-Ææ-°æ-úøôç. a) We come across camels only in deserts =

äçõ„-©†’ áú≈-®Ω’-™xØË îª÷≤ƒhç – áú≈-®Ω’-™xØË ÅN ´’†èπ◊ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®·. b) The doctor says he hasn't come across such a case so far in his practice =

ûª† practice ™ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ É™«çöÀ îª÷úø-™‰-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ doctor.

case

ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†/ Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç

treat.

î√™« °æE-éÀ-®√E *vû√© ûª®√yûª ´*a† Ñ ÆœE´÷ Eïçí¬ î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. b) To give a treat = Nçü¿’ É´yôç. He gave us a treat on his birthday =

°æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Åûª†’ NçC-î√aúø’. c) The treat he gave us on his wedding anniversary was grand =

°Rx ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Åûª-E-*a† Nçü¿’ íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC.

8) I can't sit through the loud songs, dances, .. To sit through =

(ã°œí¬_) *´-J-ü∆é¬ èπÿ®Óa-´ôç.

a) He can't teach well. I can't sit through his class = class

Çߪ’† ÆæJí¬_ ¶Cµç-îª-™‰úø’. Çߪ’† *´-J-ü∆é¬ Øˆ’ èπÿ®Óa™‰†’.

b) (Do) you want to sit through the discussion? I don't have the patience.

(Ç îª®Ωa© *´-J-ü∆é¬ ††’o èπÿ®Óa-´’ç-ö«¢√? Ø√é¬ ã°œé𠙉ü¿’.) Sit through, ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ not ûÓØË ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. (èπÿ®Óa-™‰†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). 9) I can't put up with the boredom =

Ç NÆæ’í∫’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’. To put up with = Æ棜«ç-îªôç/ ¶µºJç-îªôç a) Sita was a great woman. She put up with a lot of hardship =

Æ‘ûª íÌ°æp Æ‘Y. î√™« éπ≥ƒd-©†’ ¶µºJç*çC. b) I cannot put up with the noise =

Ç íÌúø´ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’. c) She has put up with all the trouble her husband gave her =

¶µº®Ωh-°-öÀd† ¶«üµ¿-©-Eo-öÀF Ç¢Á’ ¶µºJç-*çC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Badari: Shall we go for lunch? Don't you think it is time? (Lunch

éÀ ¢Á∞«l´÷?

Time

Å®·çC éπü∆?)

Kedar: It is only 11.30. I feel its too early.

(-É°æ¤p-úø’ 11.30- -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ -Å®·ç-C. î√-™« ûªy®Ωí¬ -¢Á-R}-†-ôx-´¤-ûª’ç-C.) Badari: Hei, Both of us have forgotten. Hasn't Amareswar asked us to lunch today at his home?

(àß˝’, ´’†ç Éü¿l®Ωç ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷ç. É¢√∞¡ Å´’-Í®-¨¡y®˝ ´’†Lo ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ °œ©-´-™‰ü¿÷?) Kedar: That's right. So he has. This is the third or fourth sunday this year he has asked us to eat at his place. He seems to keep open house on Sundays.

(Å´¤†’ Eï¢Ë’. Åûª†’ °œL-î√úø’. Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç™ ÉC ´‚úÓ ÇC-¢√-®Ω¢Á÷, Ø√©’íÓ ÇC¢√-®Ω¢Á÷ Åûª†’ ´’†Lo ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ °œ©-´úøç. Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ÇC-¢√-®√©’ á´®Ó äéπ-JE °œLîË™« ÖçC) Badari: That's correct. You remember what happened last time. He kept us too long after dinner. There was no bus at that hour. No auto was in sight. So we had to foot our way back.

(Å´¤†’. Fèπ◊ §Ú®·-†≤ƒÍ®´’-®·çüÓ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? ¶µï†ç Å®·† ûª®√yûª î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ èπÿ®Óa-¶„-ö«dúø’. Ç time èπ◊ bus ™‰O’-™‰´¤. áéπ\ú≈ auto éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç ¢Á†èπ◊\ †úÕ* ®√´-©Æœ ´*açC) Kedar: Of course I remember. But that was a good dinner that he gave us that day. What if we had to walk back? That dinner was worth the walk.

´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªôç Åçõ‰ invite ÅE ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Conversational í¬ Å®·ûË Éçé¬ simple í¬ invite •ü¿’©’ ask ¢√úøôç î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. He has invited me to dinner = He has asked me to dinner =

††’o ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ °œL-î √úø’/ Ç£æ…y-Eç-î √úø’ (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ Ç£æ…y-Eç-î√úø’ ņúøç éπçõ‰ °œL-î√úø’ ņúøç áèπ◊\´ éπü∆?) No auto was in sight

áéπ\ú≈

Auto

éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. (in sight = ü¿%≠œd™ / éπE-°œÆæ÷h) áèπ◊\-´í¬ not ûÓ éπ†-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’ ÅØËç-ü¿’Íé ¢√úøû√ç. Not a policeman was in sight.

äéπ\ police man èπÿú≈ éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. É™«ç-öÀ´Fo ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

(Ǩ¡a®Ωuç àN’-ôçõ‰ ÅûªE ¶µ«®Ωu ÇAü∑¿uç É´y-ôç™ Åûª-EûÓ ÆæJ-Ææ-´÷†ç.) Kedar: In that respect they are cut out for each other.

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√®Ω’) Badari: So they are. The way they serve us makes us feel at home. Kedar: I think I hear him calling. Shall I tell him we are starting?

(ÅûªØË

phone

îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«/ ÅûªE phone ņ’-èπ◊çö« NE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. •ßª’-©’üË-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o-´’E îÁ°æpØ√?) Badari: Do. (îÁ°æ¤p) Here are some more phrasal verbs we hear frequently in daily conversation. Like the phrasal verbs we have seen in the earlier lessons, they can make your conversation very effective. Now let's study them. Look at the following sentences from the conversation between Badari and Kedar. 1) He seems to keep open house on Sundays 2) We had to foot our way back home 3) In that respect they are cut out for each other 4) ... They make us feel at home 5) That dinner was worth it

OöÀE í∫’Jç* îªJaç-îË-´·çü¿’, ´’†ç ´’J-éÌEo ´÷ô© Å®Ωnç, use ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. He asked us to lunch today:

Åûªúø’ É¢√∞¡ ´’†Lo Ç£æ…y-Eç-î√úø’.

lunch

èπ◊ °œL-î √úø’/

Spoken English

3) In that respect they are cut out for each other. be cut out for (something)/ be cut out to be (something) be 'be' form (am, is, are, was, were etc) expression.

Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√®Ω’. Ééπ\úø

Åçõ‰ à ¢√úø-´îª’a. ÉC î√™« ´’ç* Å®Ωnç– äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ûªT† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç, í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©’ éπLT Öçúøôç.

4) They make us feel at home =

´’† ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o´’ØË ¶µ«´† éπL-T-≤ƒh®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx. (Åçõ‰ ÅA-ü∑¿’Lo Åçûª ¶«í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-®Ω-†o-´÷ô) To make your guest feel at home=

ÅA-C∑E à Nüµ¿ç-í¬†÷ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ô-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷úøôç a) He treats his guests well. He makes them feel absolutely at home =

a) Are you sure you are cut out for the army?

Now let's look at the following.

ÂÆj†uç™ îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ ûªT† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Fèπ◊ç-ü¿E †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?

1) He seems to keep open house =

Åûª†’ á°æ¤púø÷ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ °œLîËô’xØ√oúø’. (ÇAü∑¿uç É´y-ö«-EéÀ Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ éπ†-°æ-úø-û√úø’).

b) He is cut out to be a teacher = His teaching is excellent = teacher

èπ◊ ûªT† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Åûª-E™ ÖçC. ÅûªE ¶üµ¿† î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.

c) She is cut out to be a doctor. No doubt about it = Doctor Doctor

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 181

Ç¢Á’

Å´-ö«EÍé °æ¤öÀd-†-ô’dçü∆ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Å´-ö«-EéÀ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. EÆæqç-üË£æ«ç.

ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ îª÷≤ƒhúø’. ¢√∞¡x™ ≤Òçûª ÉçöxØË Ö†o ¶µ«´† éπL-T-≤ƒhúø’ b) Don't be hesitant. Feel at home. Ask for whatever you want=

¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ô-°æ-úÌü¿’l. O’ É™‰x ņ’-éÓçúÕ. àç 鬢√™ ÅúÕT BÆæ’éÓçúÕ. (ÅA-C∑ûÓ É™« Åçô’çö«ç) 5) That dinner was worth it = dinner

Ç ûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ´’†ç †úø-¢√Lq ®√´ôç °ü¿l ¶«üµË-O’-é¬ü¿’.

They are cut out for each other phrasal verb: keep open house =

Ééπ\úÕ

(Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hç-úøÍéç? é¬E Ç®ÓV Åéπ\úÕ ¶µï†ç î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. †úÕÊÆh à´’-®·çC™‰? Ç ¶µï-†çûÓ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ †úøÍéç °ü¿l v¨¡´’-é¬ü¿’.) (worth èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, use Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç.) Badari: The wonder is his wife is as hospitable as he.

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 6 -V-™„j 2006

to

ÅA-ü∑¿’-©-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ É©’x ûÁJîË Öçúøôç/ ÇAü∑¿uç É´y-ö«EéÀ á°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’. a) Come Sunday, they keep open house =

M. SURESAN

ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´ÊÆh-ÆæJ, ¢√Rxçöx ÅA-ü∑¿’-©’ç-ú≈-LqçüË.

b) We keep open house. You can drop in at any time

ÅA-ü∑¿’-©-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ´÷ É©’x ûÁJîË Öçô’çC. †’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úø-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ®√´îª’a. They keep open house on sundays. You are always sure to see there some guest or the other

ÇC-¢√-®√©’ ¢√Rxçöx ÇAü∑¿uç á°æ¤púø÷ Öçô’çC. á´®Ó äéπ ÅAC∑ Åéπ\úø ´’†èπ◊ éπ†-°æ-úøôç ûªü∑¿uç.

EXERCISE 1 Syamala:

àçöÀ¢√∞¡ <®Ω éπô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤? Nirmala: ´÷ classmate birthday Ææçü¿-®Ωs ¥çí¬ Nçü¿’ É≤ÚhçC. Syamala: Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ <®ΩûÓ Öçúøôç éπ≠dç æ é¬ü¿÷? Nirmala: Ø√èπ◊ Å´çõ‰ É≠ædç. <®ΩûÓ áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·Ø√ Öçúø-í∫-©†’. Syamala: Åéπ\úË ´’E-ü¿l-Jéà ûËú≈. Ø√èπ◊ <®Ωçõ‰ ÅçA-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. Nirmala: à¢ÁjØ√ v°æûËuéπ Ææçü¿®√s¥©’çõ‰ØË Ø√èπ◊ <®Ω É≠ædç. Syamala: Å´¤†÷, °æ¤öÀd-†®ÓV E†o-Ø√o´¤? Nirmala: E†oØË, é¬E dinner ´÷vûªç É¢√-RdéÀ ¢√®·-ü∆-¢Ë-ÆœçC. Syamala: Wish you a good time.

ANSWER Syamala: Why have you put on a sari? Nirmala: Our classmate is giving us a treat on the occasion of her birthday. Syamala: Can you be in the sari all the time? Nirmala: I like saris. So I can put with it for any time. Syamala: That's where we don't see eye to eye with each other. I don't like saris much. Nirmala: I am for saris only for special occasions. Syamala: But didn't you say the birthday was yesterday? Nirmala: Yes, it was, but she put off the dinner till today. Syamala: Wish you a good time.

2) We had to foot our way back home =

´’†ç ÉçöÀéÀ †úÕ* ®√¢√Lq ´*açC. foot one's way = †úø-´ôç/ walk. a) As his vehicle broke down, he left it there and footed his way to office =

¢√£æ«†ç îÁúÕ-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ, Åûª†’ ü∆†o-éπ\úø ´CL, office èπ◊ †úÕ* ¢Á∞«xúø’. b) Foot your way as much as possible and you will be healthy =

O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ †úÕÊÆh ´’† Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. (you Åçõ‰ †’´¤y, O’®Ω’, Fèπ◊, O’èπ◊ ÅØË Å®√n©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, general í¬ á´-È®jØ√, á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ†÷ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.) Foot your way as much as possible ÅØË sentence ™ '†’´¤y/ O’®Ω’— áçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh ÅØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, á´-È®jØ√/ ´’†ç, áçûªü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh Åçûª Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC ÅE Å®Ωnç. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ: You cannot extract oil from sand =

ÉÆæ-éπ-™ç* †÷ØÁ Bߪ’™‰ç. Ééπ\úø you Åçõ‰ †’´¤y/ O’®Ω’ ÅØË Å®√n-EéÀ °æJ-N’ûªç é¬ü¿’. c) I can't foot my walk for such a long distance =

EXERCISE 2 Ganesh: Hi Karthik,

àçöÀ Åçûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ Å©-Æœ -§Ú-®·-†ô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? Karthik: Ø√ bike ´’üµ¿u™ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. ü∆Eo †úÕ-°œç--èπ◊çô÷ ´*a mechanic èπ◊ É*a, Åéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* È®çúø’ éÀ™-O’-ô®Ωx ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ* ´î√a†’. Ganesh: Ø√èπ◊ phone îËÆæ’çõ‰ ؈’ ´*a lift ÉîËa¢√-úÕE éπü∆? Karthik: †’´¤y Ææ£æ…ߪ ’ç îËÊÆ-¢√-úÕ-¢Ë-†E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’´™‰x Ø√ rooms èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xèπ◊çú≈ F rooms èπ◊ ´î√a†’. Ñ ®√vAéÀ ØËE-éπ\-úø -Öç-úÌî√a? Ganesh: Åçûª-éπ-Ø√oØ√? ÉC F É™‰x ņ’éÓ. Karthik: Thank you. àçöà maths îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢√? ņoô’d, O’ éÌûªh maths lecturer ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? Ganesh: î√™« íÌ°æp lecturer. Åçü¿’-éÓ-Ææ¢Ë’ °æ¤ö«dú≈ ņoô’x maths lecturer í¬ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√úø’. Karthik: Å®·ûË ÆæçûÓ≠æç.

ANSWER Ganesh: Hi Karthik, you look so tired and weak, why? Karthik: My bike broke down on the way. I walked it up to my mechanic, gave it to him for repair and footed my way for 2 kms here. Ganesh: If you had phone me, I would have given you a lift. Karthik: I know you are the helping type. That's why I came straight to your rooms without going to my place. can I stay here for the night? Ganesh: By all means/ you are welcome. Feel absolutely at home. Karthik: Thank you. You seem to be doing maths. By the way how is your new maths lecturer? Ganesh: Excellent. He is cut out for the job. Karthik: Happy to hear it.

Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç ؈’ †úø-´-™‰†’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Akhila: How is your mother? Is she improving?

Akhila: If only she takes medicines properly ...

(O’ Å¢Á’t™« ÖçC? éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-öçü∆?)

(´’çü¿’©’ ÆæJí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ ...)

Nikhila: She is, but she is too weak to move about.

Nikhila: Oh, my! It's already 7.30. I have stayed

(éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-öçC é¬E éπü¿-™‰x-†çûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬/ •©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖçC)

here too long. I'm afraid I'll be late for the hospital. I must hurry. Bye.

Akhila: She is taking too many drugs perhaps. May be that's why she is so weak.

(Å¢Á÷t! Å°æ¤púË 7.30 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’K áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o-E-éπ\úø. ÇÆæ’-°æ-vAéÀ Ç©Ææu¢Á’i §Ú-ûÓçC. ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL. Bye.)

(´’çü¿’©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-öç-üË¢Á÷. Åçü¿’-´©x Åçûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖçúÌa) Nikhila: On the contrary she avoids even the medicines she has to take. She hates them too much to take them regularly. Hence her slow recovery.

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 8 -V-™„j 2006










Varun: It's OK, but it is too big.

Too

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ≤ƒJ. 1) Too ´’†ç ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'also' (èπÿú≈) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆? (ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-鬢Á’ ´uA-Í®éπç. BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√Ramya: Has she come? (Ç¢Á’ ´*açü∆?) Lq† ´’çü¿’™‰ ÆæJí¬ BÆæ’-éÓü¿’. ´’çü¿’©†’ Priya: She has. (Ç. ´*açC.) véπ´’-•-ü¿l¥çí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ áçûÓ üËy≠æç) Ramya: Has her husband come too? (Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®Ωh èπÿú≈ ´î√aú≈?)

(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬F Åçü¿’™ ÖçúË¢√∞¡x Ææçë‰u¢Á÷ ûªèπ◊\´– É™‰x¢Á÷ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ´’çCéÀ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’çûª °ü¿lC– Åçü¿’-´©x ≤˘éπ®Ωuç éπçõ‰ É•sçüË áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.) 3) Too Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’ßË’u ü∆E-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. a) He is too clever for a boy his age =

Priya: Yes. He has come too.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 182 Akhila: Who is treating her?

(á´®Ω’/ à doctor îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) Nikhila: We put her in Readycure Hospital. (Readycure Hospital

M. SURESAN

™ îË®√aç)

(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† èπÿú≈ ´î√aúø’) Spoken English ™ 'èπÿú≈— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ also î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. áèπ◊\-´í¬ 'too' ¢√úøû√®Ω’. 'Too' á°æ¤púø÷ verb ûª®√yûª ¢√úøôç better. She too has come éπØ√o She has come too, better. Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»ç – Not ûÓ also ÅÆæ-©’-®√ü¿’. 2) Too èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç – Ñ lesson ™ ¢√úÕ† Nüµ¿çí¬– Too Åçõ‰ ´’K/ ÅA ÅE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a.

ÅûªúÕ ´ßª’Ææ’q °œ©x-©-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ î√™« ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. (Åûª-úÕéÀ ´ßª’Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† ûÁL-N-ûË-ô-©’-Ø√o®·.) b) She is too tall for a girl her age =

Ç ´ßª’Ææ’ Å´÷t-®·© éπçõ„ ´’K §Òúø’-í∫’ç-ü∆ Å´÷t®·. c) She is too red for an Asian =

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ÇƜߪ÷ ¢√Ææ’©’ Öçúø-†çûª áv®Ωí¬ Öçü∆¢Á’. †’ éÌClí¬ Å®Ωnç ûËú≈ûÓ É™« èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç:

4) Too

a) She is too young for marriage =

´÷´‚©’ °Rx ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ ´ßª’Ææ’ ´’K ûªèπ◊\´. °Sxúø’èπ◊ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ = She is too young to be married/ to get married.

She is too weak to move .. Akhila: But isn't it too expensive and too far off a place?

(é¬E, ÅC ´’K êKü¿’, ü¿÷®Ωç é¬ü∆?) Nikhila: It is. But mom's cousin is a doctor there. So we admitted her there.

(Eï¢Ë’. é¬E ´÷ Å´’t cousin Åéπ\úø doctor. Åçü¿’-éπ-†-éπ\úø îË®√aç) Akhila: You must be spending a lot on transport to and fro. You must have spent quite a lot already.

(A®Ω-í∫-ö«-EÍé î√™« ê®Ω’a °ô’dç-ú≈L O’®Ω’. É°æp-öÀÍé î√™« ê®Ωa®· Öçú≈L.) Nikhila: You can say that again the tests they have prescribed as alone have cost us a lot. The medicines are expensive too.

(Ç´÷ô †’´¤y ´’Sx ´’Sx ÅØÌa. ¢√∞¡Ÿx îË®·ç*† °æK-éπ~©Íé î√™« -ê®Ωa®·uçC. ´’çü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ î√™« êKüË) Akhila: These days medicare has become too costly. Only the rich can afford it. The Poor have to make do with substandard treatment.

(Ñ ®ÓV™x ¢Ájü¿uç î√™« êK-üÁj-§Ú-®·çC. Ö†o-¢√-∞¡xÍé ÅC Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’™ ÖçC. ™‰E-¢√∞¡Ÿx ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç ¢Ájü¿uçûÓ ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË.) make do = Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç/ ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç Nikhila: Mom is too impatient. She wants to get out as soon as possible. The doctors however insist that she stay there for at least four more days. She feels it too long.

(Å´’t ´’K ÅÆæ-£æ«-†çí¬ ÖçC. O©-®·†çûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ÇÆæ’-°ævA †’ç* •ßª’-ô-°æ-ú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-öçC. é¬F doctors ´÷vûªç éπFÆæç Éçé¬ Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’ç-ú≈-©ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´÷vûªç Å-C ´’K áèπ◊\-´-鬩ç ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC)

Spoken English

Look at the following. a) He is tall =

Åûªúø’ §Òúø’í∫’ – ´’ç*üË. b) He is very tall = Åûªúø’ î√™« §Òúø’í∫’ – ´’ç*üË. c) He is too tall = Åûªúø’ ´’K §Òúø’í∫’ – Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø §Òúø’í∫’ ´©x àüÓ É•sçC Öçúø-´îª’a. (´’K §Òúø’-í∫-´ôç ´©x, Eö«-®Ω’í¬ E©’-îÓ-™‰-éπ§Ú-´-ô¢Á÷, à í∫C-™-ÈéjØ√ ¢Á∞Ïx-ô-°æ¤púø’ ü∆y®Ωç ûªí∫-©-ô¢Á÷, ´’K ´çT v°æ¢Ë-Pç--î√-Lq ®√´-ô-¢Á÷™«çöÀ É•sç-ü¿’©’ ÖçúÌa– ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ÅûªúÕ áûª’hèπ◊ ûªT† ¶µ«®Ωu üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§Ú-´îª’a!) Too Åçõ‰ ÅA ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøôç ´©x, ü∆E v°æßÁ÷-ï-Ø√©’ ´’ç*-Ní¬ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. a) He drives too fast =

Åûªúø’ ´’K ¢Ëí∫çí¬ drive îË≤ƒhúø’. Åçü¿’-´©x v°æ´÷ü¿ç Ææ綵º-Nç-îª-´îª’a. b) She talks too much.

Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’çC. c) It is too costly =

ÅC ´’K êKü¿’. (Åçü¿’-´©x é̆-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.) DEo éÀçC-¢√-öÀûÓ §Ú©açúÕ. i) It is costly = ÅC êKü¿’ (éÌØÌa) ii) It is very costly =

ÅC ¶«í¬ êKü¿’ (Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà éÌØÌa.) iii) It is too costly = ÅC ÅA/ ´’K êKü¿’ (؈’ é̆†’ – éÌØË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a) d) Sarat: You liked the suitcase. Why didn't you buy it?

(Ç suitcase Åçõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-ú≈f´¤. ´’È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ é̆-™‰ü¿’?) Bharat: Oh, it's too heavy.

ÅC ´’K •®Ω’´¤í¬ ÖçC. (؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤. Åçü¿’-´©x é̆-™‰ü¿’.) e) Kiran: How do you find your new home?

(O’®Ω’ éÌûªhí¬ îËJ† É™„x™« ÖçC?)

b) He is too fat to walk fast-

Éô’-´çöÀ sentences ™ ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. -Ñ -¢√é¬u-EéÀ -Å®Ωnç= Åûª†’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úø-´-™‰-†çûª ™«´¤.

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation between Akhila and Nikhila at the beginning of the lesson: 1) She is too weak to move about. 2) She is taking too many drugs perhaps. 3) She hates them too much to take them regularly. 4) But isn't it too expensive and too far off a place? 5) Mom is too impatient. 6) She feels it too long. 7) I've stayed here too long.














1) She is too weak to move about =

Ç¢Á’ éπü¿-©-™‰-†çûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖçC = She is so weak that she cannot move about. 2) She is taking too many drugs perhaps =

•£æ›-¨» -´’ç-ü¿’-©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´ (îÁúø’ ïJ-Ííçûª) BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-öç-üË¢Á÷ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ É™« èπÿú≈ too ¢√úøû√ç. a) You are a minute too late =

†’´¤y äéπ\ EN’≠æç Ç©-Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u´¤. (äéπ\ EN’≠æç ´·çü¿’-´-açõ‰ F°æE ÅßË’uC) b) This passenger is one too many for the bus. Bus is full. It can't take even one more.

(Ñ äéπ\ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊úË áèπ◊\´. •Ææqçû√ EçúÕ§Ú-®·çC. Éçéπ äéπ\-JéÀ èπÿú≈ îÓô’-™‰ü¿’) 3) She hates them too much to take them regularly =

c) She is too young to understand all this =

ÉN Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª *†o °œ©x Ç Å´÷t®·. d) In the past children were married off when they were too young to understand what marriage was =

í∫ûªç™ °∞¡xçõ‰ àN’ö Å®Ωnç-é¬E *†o ´ßª’Ææ’™ØË °œ©x-©èπ◊ °Rx∞¡Ÿx îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. 5) äéÓ\-≤ƒJ too †’ positive meaning ûÓ éÀçC sentences ™ ™«í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Pavan: Are you ready for this job?

Ñ ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ †’´¤y Æœü¿l¥-¢Ë’Ø√? Vinod: I shall be only too glad to accept it.

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ç ´’çü¿’-©†’ véπ´’ç-ûª-°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´-úø´’çõ‰ ÅE≠ædç./ Ç ÅE-≠dçæ -´©x Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iØ√ Ç ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’-éÓü¿’. ÉC sentence no.1 ™«í¬ØË ÖçC îª÷úøçúÕ. 4) But isn't it too expensive and too far off a place? =

ÅC ´’†ç ¶µºJç-îª-™‰-†çûª êK-üÁjçD, ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª ü¿÷®Ω´‚ é¬ü∆? It's too expensive =

´’K êK-üÁ-èπ◊\´ (؈’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’) It's too far off (´’K ü¿÷®Ωç áèπ◊\´, ؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰†’) 5) Mom is too impatient =

ü∆Eo Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªôç Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç/ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ b) He will be only too pleased to assist you=

´÷ Å´’t ´’K ÅÆæ-£æ«-†çí¬ ÖçC. (Åéπ\úø Öçúø™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûÓçC) 6) She feels it too long =

Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úøôç Åûª-úÕéÀ î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç. c) She'll be too ready to leave the place =

Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’çC/ ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-E-éÀ -á-°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’. 6) Too †’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ éÀçC Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. a) It is too much for him =

ÅC Åûªúø’ îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª éπ≠dçæ / ¶µºJç-îª-™‰-†çûª v¨¡´’/ ¶«üµ¿. b) Working for such long hours is too much for the boys =

ÅEo í∫çô©’ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËߪ’-™‰E/ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰E v¨¡´’– (°œ©x©’ 鬕öÀd.)

´’K áèπ◊\´é¬©-´’E ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. (Öçúø-™‰-éπ§Ú-ßË’çûª) 7) I have stayed here too long =

Å´-ûª© °æ†’çúÕ èπÿú≈ î√™« áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤Ø√o– Öçúø-èπÿ-úø-†çûª ÊÆ°æ¤Ø√o. éÀçC Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ πÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: a) The box is too heavy for me = the box is so heavy that I cannot lift it =

؈’ áûªh-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤í¬ Öçü∆-°õ„d. b) The TV is too costly for me = The TV is so costly that I can't buy it.

c) This question is too much for the little girl.

؈’ é̆-™‰-†çûª êK-ü¿-®·çü∆ öÃO. Ç *†o°œ©xèπ◊ ï¢√•’ îÁ°æp-™‰-†çûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† v°æ-¨¡o -É-C.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get ready to go out.

Compare the following pair of sentences from the conversation above:

(•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’aéÓ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ -ûª-ߪ÷®Ω´¤y)

a) Swarna: Rajitha, get dressed and get ready to start.

Kamala: What is Swarna saying, Rajitha?

(•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’aéÓ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω´‹y)

(Ææy®Ωg à´’ç-öçD?) Rajitha: She is telling me to get dressed and get ready to go.

b) Rajitha: She (Swarna) is telling me to get dressed and get ready to start.

(•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊E •ßª’-ô-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´´’E Ææy®Ωg Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ÚhçC)

(•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊E •ßª’-ô-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-´’E Ææy®Ωg Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ÚhçC) sentence (a) ™ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆC: Ææy®Ωg, ®Ω>-ûª†’ ÖüËl-Pç* ØË®Ω’ (direct) í¬, ´·êûª” ®Ω>-ûªûÓ îÁÊ°p N≠æߪ’ç. sentence (b) ™ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆC: ®Ω>ûª, Ææy®Ωg ûª†ûÓ Å†o-´÷-ô-©†’, ûª† ´÷ô™x éπ´’-©èπ◊ îÁ°æpôç/ report îËߪ’ôç. sentence (a) direct í¬ Ææy®Ωg ®Ω>-ûªûÓ Å†o -´÷-ô©’. 鬕öÀd ÅC Direct speech. sentence (b) ®Ω>ûª, ûª† ´÷ô™x Ææy®Ωg- ´÷-ô-©†’ éπ´’-©èπ◊ report îËߪ’ôç 鬕öÀd ÅC Reported

Swarna: Go to the market and get some vegetables. There aren't any left. (Market

èπ◊ -¢Á-R} èπÿ®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊®√. Éçöx àç ™‰´¤.)

Kamala: Don't you hear, Rajitha? Swarna is telling you to go to the market and get vegetables

(NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü∆, ®Ω>û√? Market èπ◊ -¢Á-R} èπÿ®Ω©’ ûÁ´’tE îÁ§ÚhçC éπü∆?) Rajitha: What do you mean? (àçôç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?) Kamala: You have heard what Swarna has said. So do what she says.

(Indirect) speech.

(NØ√o´¤ éπü∆ Ææy®Ωg îÁ°œpçC. ûª†’ îÁ°œp-†ô’x îÁ®·u.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 183

Rajitha: Are you both telling me to go to the market and get vegetables? Kamala, are you telling me to do what she says?

Kamala: Don't stand there. Get going. Swarna has told you to cook too.

Look at the following too: 1 Swarna (to Rajitha): Go to the market and get some vegetables

(Å™« E™aèπ◊. °æE é¬F. Ææy®Ω-g -´ç-ô èπÿ-ú≈ -îÁ-ߪ’u-´’ç--öç-C.) Get going= •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’/ °æE-é¬F, etc. Swarna: Why are you still here? Kamala is telling you not to stand there but get going.

(àçöÀçé¬ Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o¢˛? Kamala îÁ°œpç-Céπü∆, Å™« E™a-´-ü¿lF, •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-´’E.) Rajitha: Stop it. Don't think I am your servant. Don't order me about, you stupids.

(Ç°æçúÕ. ؈’ O’ servant ņ’-éÓ-éπçúÕ. Ø√èπ◊ Çïc-L-´y-éπçúÕ, ´‚®Ω’^-™«x®√?) Swarna: Look, Kamala, she is telling us to stop it and not to think she is our servant. She is telling us further not to order her about.

(éπ´’™« îª÷úø÷, Éü¿çû√ Ç°æ-´’E, ûª††’ servant í¬ Å†’-éÓ-´-ü¿lF, Çïc©’ ñ«KîË-ßÁ·-ü¿lF ÅçöçC.) Kamala: Come now, Rajitha. Don't be angry. We have just been joking. Please don't think we are serious. (Rajitha,

éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊. ÜJ-éπØË joke îËÆæ’hØ√oç. ¢Ë’ç serious í¬ ÅØ√o-´’E ņ’-éÓèπ◊. ÜJÍé EØ√o-ô-°æ-öÀdç-î√-´’çûË) Rajitha: You've carried the joke too far. joke

Kamala: You still look angry. Swarna has told you to take joke and not to be angry but enjoy it. Come laugh it off.

(Éçé¬ éÓ°æçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Ææy®Ωg îÁ°œpçC éπü∆ Åçû√ joke í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´’F, éÓ°æp-úÌ-ü¿lF, †’´¤y èπÿú≈ enjoy îÁߪ’u-´’E. †¢ËyÆœ Ü®Ω’éÓ) Rajitha: OK. I excuse you. I will have my turn too.

(Å™«Íí. N’´’tLo éπ~N’-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπÿ ´Ææ’hçC Å´-鬨¡ç. Å°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒh.) ☺

ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ °ævö«– éπü∆?)

M. SURESAN (Market

Kamala: Swarna is telling you to go to the market and get some vegetables

ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ ûÁ´’tE Ææy®Ωg ÅçöçC FûÓ) îË≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd reported

Kamala report speech)

(ÉC

2. a) Kamala (to Rajitha) ... Do what she (Swarna) Says.

(Ææy®Ωg -îÁ-°œpçC îÁ®·u–

☺

☺

☺

Spoken English

Direct speech

éπü∆?)

b) Rajitha (To Swarna and Kamala) Are you both telling me to go to market and get vegetables? Kamala, Are you telling me to do what she says? (Direct speech) (

††’o Market ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ ûÁ´’tç-ô’-Ø√o®√? éπ´’™«, Ææy®Ωg îÁ°œpçC îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√ ††’o?) 3 a) Kamala (To Rajitha): Don't stand there. Get going. (Direct speech)

Å™« E™aèπ◊,

•ßª’-™‰l®Ω’) Swarna is telling you to cook too

ÅAí¬ ÖçC)

(éÓ°æp-úøèπÿ. Joke í¬ BÆæ’éÓ. †’´¤y èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æúø’.)

☺

(Market Direct speech

(Reported speech -

Swarna: Come, come, don't be angry. Take a joke. Enjoy it, girl.

(´’†-Lo-ü¿çû√ Ç°æ-´’F, ûª†’ ´’† servant ņ’éÓ-´-ü¿lF, É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x Çïc-L-´y-ü¿lF ®Ω>ûª ÅçöçC Indirect speech) 5 a) Swarna to Rajitha: Don't be angry. Take a joke. enjoy it, girl (

éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊.

Joke

†’ džç-Cç–

3 a) Kamala (to Rajitha): Don't stand there. Get going (Direct speechimperative sentence.

E™a-éπ™«,

•ßª’-™‰l®Ω’) Çïc™« ÖçC 鬕öÀd

3 b)

Direct speech)

b) Kamala: Swarna has told you not to be angry, to take a joke and enjoy it (Swarna

îÁ°œpçC éπü∆ éÓ°æp-úÌ-ü¿lF, joke †’ džç-Cç-îª-´’F– Reported speech) °j sentences ™ 1 (a) 2 (a), 2 (b) , 3 (a) 4 (a), 5 (a) - É´Fo direct speech ™ ÖØ√o®·. Sentences 1 (b), 3 (b), 4 (b) and 5 (b) - É´Fo reported (Indirect) speech ™ ÖØ√o®·.

îª÷úøçúÕ – ÉC Kamala, Ææy®Ωg ´÷ôLo reported speech ™ îÁ°æpôç: Kamala is telling you not to stand there but get going. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Kamala, Ææy®Ωg -´÷-ô©´·çü¿’, to ¢√úÕçC – to stand there... Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø direct speech ™ Don't (do not) ÅE not ÖçC 鬕öÀd, reported speech ™, not to ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.

a) Suseel: Make good use of your time, Sumant. (Sumant, Direct speech

F Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo

ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’éÓ éπü∆.)

Swarna is telling ...

(Éü¿l®Ω÷ ††’o market ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ ûÁ´’tçö«®√? éπ´’™«, ûªØËç îËߪ’-´’ç-ô’çüÓ ÅC îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√? Swarna: And cook too. (´çô èπÿú≈ îÁ®·u)

(O’

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 10 -V-™„j 2006

Ææy®Ωg E†’o ´çô èπÿú≈

îËߪ’-´’ç-öçC) b) Swarna: Kamala is telling you not to stand there but get going.

(Å™« E™a-´-ü¿lF, •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-´’E éπ´’© îÁ§ÚhçC FûÓ – Reported speech) 4 a) Rajitha (to Swarna & Kamala): Stop it. Don't think I am your servant. Don't order me about (Direct speech)

(Ç°æçúÕ, ؈’ O’ servant ņ’-éÓ-éπçúÕ. O’ É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x Çïc©’ É´y-éπçúÕ – Direct speech) b) Swarna: She is telling us to stop it and not to think she is our servant. She is further telling us not to order her about. (Indirect speech)

1) Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get ready to go out.

Indirect, Suseel is telling Sumant to make good use of his time.

ÉC Direct speech ™ ÖçC éπü∆. 'Get dressed and get ready to go out - Ñ ´÷ô©’ Imperative sentence - Åçõ‰ äéπ-JE Çñ«c-°œçîË/ Ŷµºu-JnçîË (request)/ äéπ °æE îËߪ’-´’E ÅúÕÍí sentence †’ imperative sentence Åçö«ç. Swarna, ®Ω>-ûª†’ •ôd-©’- ´÷-®Ω’aéÓ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ Öçúø÷ ÅE Åúø’-í∫’-ûÓçC/ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Çñ«c°œ≤ÚhçC. 鬕öÀd 'Get dressed and go out', imperative sentence Å´¤-ûª’çC. Imperative sentence †’ direct †’ç* reported (indirect) èπ◊ ´÷®√a-©çõ‰, Ç imperative ´·çü¿’, to îË®Ωa-ô¢Ë’. Åçõ‰,

b) Suseel: Don't waste your time, Sumant (Direct speech - Imperative - Don't = do not

Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get ready to go out -

DEéÀ

reported speech:

Swarna is telling/ asking (tells/ asks) Rajitha to get dressed and get ready to go out. get dressed and get ready to to So, impergo out ative sentence indirect speech 'to'

í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆ ´·çü¿’, °ö«dç. ÅçûË-éπü∆. éÀ ´÷®√a-©çõ‰, ü∆E´·çü¿’ °õ‰d≤ƒhç. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç – say ûª®√yûª infinitive ( to go, to come, to sing ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’) ®√ü¿E. Tell/ ask °æéπ\† infinitive ´Ææ’hçC. Åçü¿’-éπE reported speech ™ tell (somebody)/ Ask (somebody) + Infinitive ´Ææ’hçC, Imperative †’ Reported speech èπ◊ ´÷Ja†-°æ¤úø’.

Look at the other pairs of sentences from the conversation. 1 a) Swarna (to Rajitha): Go to the market and get some vegetables (market Imperative sentence)

ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’

BÆæ’-èπ◊®√ – ÉC DEéÀ Reported speech, DE-éÀç-ü¿ØË éπ´’© ´÷ô™x 1 (b) îª÷úøçúÕ.

Swarna is telling you to go to the market and get some vegetables Kamala, Swarna reported 'to' speech She is telling you to go to the market...

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, ´÷ôLo -™ -îÁ°æpôç– Ç ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ ÆœçC–

´îËa-

ûÓ ÖçC)

Reported speech: Suseel is telling sumant not to waste his time. 4 a) Rajitha (To Swarna and Kamala): Stop it. Don't think I am your servant. Don't order me about. (Direct speech-imperative with don't = do not) b)

É¢Ë ´÷ô-©†’ Swarna reported speech ™ Kamala èπ◊: She is telling us to stop it, not to think she is our servant and not to order her about. (Reported speech beginning with 'not to', because of don't in Direct speech)

Orders, requests, asking imperative sentence, direct speech report to don't not to

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: ü∆Eo

Öçõ‰

ûÁLÊ° ™ Öçõ‰, îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç, ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.

a) Kamal: Krishna have something to eat. Direct speech - imperative. Kamal is asking Krishna to have something to eat - Reported speech b) Teacher: Don't read such books. (Direct speech- Begins with don't) Teacher is telling (the students) not to read such books.

Ñ Â°j examples ™ -à Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù©’ á°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oßÁ÷ correct í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ô癉ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ´’†ç Indirect (reported) speech ™ à tense Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. °j È®çúø’ examples ™, Reported speech ™, is asking/ is telling •ü¿’©’ has asked/ asked/ has told/ told èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. That is how we change imperative into indirect speech.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II lesson 1st sample of direct Direct speech and reported speech and reported speech Quotations/ Inverted commas (" "), sentence verb/ verbs quoverb tations columns Spoken English practice. English quotations,

éÀçü¿öÀ

™ ´’†ç

îª÷¨»ç. ņ-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-îËaC, ¢√öÀ ™°æ© Ö†o ¶µ«í∫ç, Åçü¿’™ •ßª’ô Ö†o ™«çöÀN. Å®·ûË ´’†ç Ééπ\úø í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC, Ñ ™ ´’†ç îËÆæ’hçC Åçõ‰ ´÷ö«x-úøôç. ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’ Åçü¿’™¶µ«í∫ç, ü∆E -•-ߪ’öÀ¶µ«í∫ç ™«çöÀN Öçúø´¤ éπü∆. Spoken English ™ ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lqçü¿™«x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´uéÀh È®çúÓ ´uéÀhûÓ îÁÊ°p ´÷ô©’ direct speech. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´uéÀh îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo È®çúÓ ´uéÀh ûª† ´÷ô™x ÉçéÓ ´uéÀhéÀ îÁ°æpôç/ report îËߪ’ôç, reported speech. Conversation/ Spoken English practice îËÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. Quotations, reported verb ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÓÆæç ¢Áûªéπç. Reporting verb Åçõ‰ reported speech v§ƒ®ΩçGµç-îË-´·çü¿’ ¢√úË tell, ask, request, order, advise, hope ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†¢Ë’ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«ç. English ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úËC reported speech 鬕öÀd, ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ¢√-Lqç-ü¿-™«x äéπ ´uéÀh ņo N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ Ææp≠ædçí¬ á™« NE-°œç-î√L ÅØËC ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ÉüË-éπü∆, ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ Swarna, Rajitha and Kamala conversation ™ îª÷ÆœçC. Å™«Íí practice îËü∆lç. Ééπ îªü¿-´çúÕ.

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 13 -V-™„j 2006

Rakesh: They were talking. Naveen told Ramani to leave her book with him, and to take his book and return it the next day.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç¢Á’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo ûª†-éÀ*a, ûª† °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo BÆæ’-èπ◊E, ´’®Ω’-ÆæöÀ ®Ó>-´y-´’E †OØ˛ ®Ω´’-ùÀûÓ ÅØ√oúø’.) Mahesh: I heard Ramani's words. She requested him to let her have both the books.

(®Ω´’ùÀ ´÷ô©’ ؈’ NØ√o†’. È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh鬩÷ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-E-´y-´’E Ŷµºu-Jnç-*çC) Rakesh: Naveen then told her to take both of them but to make sure she returned them the day after next.

(Å°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩÷ BÂÆ\-∞¡}-´’F, éπ*a-ûªçí¬ á©’xçúÕ (È®çvúÓ-V© ûª®√yûª) AJ-T-´y-´’F, Naveen ®Ω´’-ùÀûÓ ÅØ√oúø’.) Mahesh: I was sitting next to Ramani. So I heard her. She requested him to allow her to keep them for at least three days.

(®Ω´’ùÀ °æéπ\ØË èπÿØ√o. Ç¢Á’ îÁ°œpçC ؈’ NØ√o, éπFÆæç ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©Ø√o Öç-éÓ-E-´y-´’-E ®Ω´’ùÀ ÅúÕ-TçC.) Rakesh: Then the teacher ordered them both to stop talking. (Teacher

¢√∞¡xE ´÷ö«x-úøôç Ç°æ-´’E

Çïc-°œç-î√úø’.)

Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ™«í¬ á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ Å°æ¤púË report îËÊÆh tell/ ask/ request/ order/ wish ™«çöÀ verbs†’ I Regular

doing word/ II Regular doing word/ am+ing, is+ing, are+ing/ have+pp/ has+pp (past participle) form begin

™ îË≤ƒhç.) °j† †OØ˛èπÿ ®Ω´’ùÀéà í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æù†’ ´’Ê£«≠ˇ, ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ reported speech ™ îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√o®Ω’. Direct speech †’ç* reported èπ◊ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd éÀçC ´÷®Ω’p©’ èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç.

DIRECT SPEECH I, You We, You Me, You Us You My, Your

REPORTED SPEECH

(-ØË-†’, †’´¤y) He, She (-¢Ë’-´·, -´’-†ç, O’®Ω’) They (-Ø√èπ◊, -†-†’o, Fèπ◊, E†’o) Him, her (´’†Lo, ´’†èπ◊/ -´’-´’t-Lo, ´÷èπ◊) Them (O’èπ◊) Them (-Ø√, F) His/ Her

She requested him to .. Mahesh: Then both of them requested the teacher not to be angry and to excuse them that once.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 184 I. Naveen: Leave your book with me. You take my book and return it tomorrow.

(F °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eoéπ\úø Öç. †’´¤y Ø√ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo BÆæ’-èπ◊E Í®°æ¤ AJ-T´¤y) Ramani: Please let me have both the books.

(È®çúÕç-öÀF BÆæ’-éÓ-E´¤y) Naveen: OK. Take both of them but make sure that you return them the day after.

(ÆæÍ®, È®çúø÷ BÆæ’éÓ, Å®·ûË á©’xç-úÕéÀ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ AJ-T-îËaß˝’) Ramani: Please allow me to keep them for at least three days.

(éπFÆæç ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©Ø√o Öç-éÓ-E´¤y) Teacher: Stop talking, both of you.

Rakesh: The teacher was still angry. He ordered them to concentrate on the lesson, to keep their mouths shut or to get out. (Teacher lesson

Éçé¬ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, ¢√∞¡x†’ O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd °ôd-´’F, ØÓ®Ω’´‚Ææ’éÓ´’E ™‰ü∆ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡}-´’F -Å-Ø√o-úø’.) Naveen then requested/ pleaded with the teacher again not to be cross. ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

(O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ ´÷ö«x-úø-éπçúÕ) Naveen and Ramani: Don't be angry, sir. Excuse us this once.

(éÓ°æp-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ´’´’t-Lo Ñ äéπ\-≤ƒ-JéÀ éπ~N’ç-îªçúÕ ≤ƒ®˝) Teacher: Concentrate on the lesson. Keep your mouths shut or get out of the class.

(§ƒ®∏Ωç O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd °ôdçúÕ. ØÓ®Ω’ -´‚-Ææ’éÓçúÕ ™‰ü∆ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-Rx-§ÚçúÕ) Naveen: Please, don't be cross, sir.

(ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ éÓ°æp-úø-éπçúÕ ≤ƒ®˝) Å®·ûË E¨¡z-•lçí¬ ÖçúøçúÕ) Naveen: OK. Sir. (Å™«Íí ≤ƒ®˝) Teacher: Be silent, then (

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ II. Mahesh: Why was the teacher angry with Naveen and Ramani? (Naveen, Ramani O’ü¿ áçü¿’èπ◊ éÓ°æç ´*açC?)

(¢√∞¡x-°æ¤púø’ éÓ°æp-úø´-ü¿lE, Ñ≤ƒ-JéÀ M. SURESAN éπ~N’ç-îª-´’E teacher †’ Ŷµºu-Jnç-î √®Ω’ )

teacher

Spoken English

èπ◊

Observe: I) The conversation between Naveen and Ramani, and II) Mahesh and Rakesh reporting the conversation between Naveen and Ramani.

O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’– Part I ™ †OØ˛, ®Ω´’ùÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’, Part II ™ Mahesh, Rakesh reported (indirect) speech ™ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç. ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Part II ™, ´’Ê£«≠ˇ ®√Íé-≠ˇ†’ ÅúÕ-T† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ v°æ¨¡o: Why was the teacher angry with Naveen and Ramani? was

Åçõ‰, Éçü¿’™ ´©x ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’h†o N≠æߪ’ç: †OØ˛, ®Ω´’-ùÀ© Ææ綵«-≠æù í∫ûªç™ ïJ-Tç-ü¿E, Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo°æ¤púø’ Mahesh, Rakesh v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o-®ΩE. É™« í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ reported speech èπ◊ ´÷®√a-©çõ‰, told, requested, ordered ÅE Past doing word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.

Our, Your Mine, Yours Ours, Yours This ( These ( Today, Yesterday, Tomorrow

(-´÷, -´’-†, O’) (-Ø√-C, FC) (--´÷-C, O’C) -É-C) -É-N)

Their His/ Her Theirs That Those That day, The day before, The next day Then

-Ñ passage †’ Report îËߪ’çúÕ (English ™ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬). Kowmudi:

F birthday Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ´îËa¢√®Ωç ††’o ÆœE´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’ÈéRx dinner É´¤y. Kavitha: †’´¤y punctual í¬ ´÷ Éç-öÀéÀ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 2:30 èπ◊ ®√. Kowmudi: Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ Ç®ÓV È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ í∫’®Ω’h-îË®·, ؈’ ®√èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ îª÷úø’. Kavitha: ´îËa-ô°æ¤púø’ O’ îÁ™„xLo èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊®√! Kowmudi: ´÷ îÁ™„xL N≠æߪ’ç °æöÀdç--éÓèπ◊. ™‰ü¿çõ‰ †’¢Ëy -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îËÆœ ü∆Eo °œ©’´¤. Kavitha: Ç N≠æߪ’ç Ø√éÌ-C-™„ß˝’. †’´‹y-JÍé ûª†ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p. Kowmudi: Å™«Íí. ANSWER t Kowmudi asks/ asked Kavitha to take her to a movie and give her a dinner on her birthday next week. t Kavitha asks/ asked Kowmudi to go home to Kavitha exactly at 2.30 t Kowmudi then tells/ told Kavitha to remind her at 2 that day and see if she (Kowmudi) doesn't/ wouldn't come.

´®Ω-Ææí¬

t Kavitha asks/ asked Kowmudi to bring her sister along.

°j ´÷®Ω’p-©Fo Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•-öÀd îËߪ÷-Lq† ´÷®Ω’p™‰. ÅüË °æEí¬ îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ´·êuçí¬ English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o°æ¤púø’. É°æ¤púø’ O’JçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: †OØ˛, ®Ω´’ùÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√, imperative (Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©÷ ûÁLÊ° sentences- 鬕öÀd

t Kowmudi then tells/ told Kavitha to leave her sister alone or call her herself.

Now Important:

reported speech, to + 1st Regular doing word lesson direct indirect speech speech

t Kavitha then tells/ told her to leave the matter to her, and just to tell her sister of it. t Kowmudi said OK.

ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç– éÀçü¿öÀ ™ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x.) †O-Ø˛èπ◊, ®Ω´’-ùÀéÀ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’, ™, ™ éÀç-ü¿ °æ-öÀdéπ-™ îª÷úøçúÕ. DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

1. Naveen (to Ramani): Leave your books with me. You take the other book and return it tomorrow.

µ Naveen told Ramani to leave her book with him and take his book and return it the next day.

2. Ramani (to Naveen): Please let me have both the books.

µ She (Ramani) requested him to let her have both the books.

3. Naveen (to Ramani): Take both of them and make sure that you return them the day after.

µ Naveen then told her to take both of them but to make sure she returned them the day after.

4. Ramani (to Naveen): Please allow me to keep them for at least three days.

µ She (Ramani) requested him to allow her to keep them for at least three days.

5. Teacher (to Ramani & Naveen): Stop talking both of you.

(ÉC í∫ûªç 鬕öÀd)

µ The teacher ordered them both to stop talking.

6. Naveen & Ramani (to teacher): Don't be angry, sir. Excuse us this once.

µ Both of them (Naveen and Ramani) requested the teacher not to be angry and excuse them that once.

7. Teacher (to Naveen and Ramani): Concentrate on the lesson. Keep your mouths shut or get out of the class

µ He (the teacher) ordered them to concentrate on the lesson, to keep their mouths shut or get out of the class.

8. Naveen (to Teacher): Please, sir, don't be cross with us.

µ Naveen then requested/ pleaded with the teacher not to be cross with them.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 15 -V-™„j 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Pridhvi: Hi Akash, I am very happy today. Akash: Are you, really? Why so?

(Å´¤Ø√? áçü¿’éÓ?) Pridhvi: My exam results are out and I have passed with a very high score. (

Ø√ exam results ´î√a®·. ؈’ î√™« ´’ç*´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ pass Åߪ÷u†’)

Akash: Congrats. That makes me really happy. You owe me and Varun a treat. (Congrats.

ÅC ††’o î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-®Ω’≤ÚhçC. †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊, ´®Ω’ù˝èπ◊ NçC-¢√yL.) Treat- Nçü¿’; Owe- ¶«éà Öçúøôç. He owes me Rs.100 = Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ®Ω÷.100 ¶«éà He owes his greatness to his father =

Varun: Have you heard what he has said? He has told us to decide and let him know where to go and when to go and he will take us there. He has told us too not to bother about expenses. How generous he is!

(¢√úË-´’-Ø√oúÓ NØ√o¢√? á°æ¤p-úø’ áéπ\úÕÈé∞«x™ ´’†ç E®Ωg®·ç* ¢√úÕûÓ îÁGûË ¢√úø’ ´’†Lo Åéπ\úÕéÀ BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á∞¡-û√-†E ÅØ√oúø’. ê®Ω’a© N≠æߪ’ç °æöÀdç--éÓ-´-ü¿lE èπÿú≈ ÅØ√oúø’. íÌ°æp Öü∆-®Ω’úË!) Akash: He is back. Pridhvi it will be tomorrow. We will to go the matinee show of Chilipi and then have a dinner at Shadrasa restaurant.

(°æ%Cµy ´îËa-¨»úø’. °æ%Cµy, Í®°æ¤ ´’†ç *L°œ ´÷uöÃo -≥Ú èπ◊ ¢ÁRx, ≠ævúøÆæ restaurant ™ dinner îËü∆lç)

(ÅûªúÕ íÌ°æpûªØ√-EéÀ ¢√∞¡x Ø√ØËo 鬮Ωùç)

Pridhvi: That's OK, then.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 185 Pridhvi: Who is coming here? Oh, it is Varun.

(á´®Ω’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√®Ω’? ã... ´®Ω’ù˝.) Varun: I heard you both talking about results and treat. What is it?

(O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ àüÓ results, treat í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. àçôC?) Akash: Pridhvi has just told me that his exam results are out and that he has passed exam results with a high score marks pass Pridhvi

(ûª† ´î√a-ߪ’F, ûª†’ ´’ç* Åߪ÷u-†F É°æ¤púË Ø√ûÓ

ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’.)

Varun: That's great. Congrats Pridhvi. How about a treat then? Congrats. treat ( dinner)

(î√™« íÌ°æp

N≠æߪ’ç. ´÷õ‰-N’öÀ?)

´’J

Pridhvi: Akash has said that it really makes him happy and that I owe you and him a treat. I am ready. Just fix the date and time. treat (dinner)

(ÅC ¢√úÕE î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-úø’-ûÓçü¿F, ؈’ ûª†èπÿ, Fèπÿ ã É¢√y-©F Çé¬≠ˇ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ÅØ√oúø’. ؈’ ready. Date, time O’®Ω’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªçúÕ)

Akash: Varun, you have heard what Pridhvi has said. He is telling us that he is ready, and to fix the date and time for the dinner. treat date, time

(´®Ω’ù˝, NØ√o-´¤í¬. °æ%Cµy àç îÁ§ƒpúÓ. ¢√úÕîËa èπ◊ ´’†Lo E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-´’-Ø√oúø’)

Pridhvi: Mom's calling me. I'll be back in a minute. You decide and let me know where to go and when to go and I will take you there and then. Don't bother about the expenses.

(´÷ Å´’t °œ©’≤ÚhçC. *öÀ-Èé™ AJ-íÌ≤ƒh. á°æ¤púø’, áéπ\úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x™ O’®Ω’ E®Ωg-®·ç* Ø√èπ◊ îÁ°æpçúÕ. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√. ê®Ω’a© í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç--éÓ-éπçúÕ)

imperative 3. Pridhvi (To Akash & Varun): You decide and let me to know where to go and when to go and I will take you there and then. ''You decide and let me know......to go..." imperative. I will take you there-

ÉC

statement.

Spoken English

ÉC

(Imperative)

ÖçC.)

(ú≈éπd®˝ , ä∞¡Ÿx ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçC. ¶«í¬ ï©’•’ îËÆœçC.) (statement)

Pridhvi (to Akash): My exam results are out and I have passed with a very high score.

M. SURESAN

direct speech sentence, statement form statement sentence. lesson report imperative etc. sentence)

°æ%Cµy Çé¬≠ˇûÓ Å†o

™E °j

™ ÖçC; Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îÁÊ°p (´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ ™ îËߪ’ôç ØË®Ω’a(Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, èπ◊-†oC – ûÁLÊ°) É°æ¤púø’ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† statement †’ report îËÊÆô-°æ¤púø’ (Reported speech èπ◊ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’), that ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. °j† °æ%Dµy Çé¬≠ˇûÓ Å†o ´÷ô-©†’, Çé¬≠ˇ, ´®Ω’ù˝ûÓ report îËߪ’ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. (Akash to Varun): Pridhvi has just told me that

Doctor: Take these tablets and you will be cured by the evening.

(Ñ ö«¶„xö¸q BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. ≤ƒßª’çvû√E-éπ™«x O’èπ◊ †ßª’´’´¤ûª’çC) (Imperative +

statement)

3. Doctor (To patient): Take a cold shower before breakfast if you want to keep fit.

passed with a very high score

INDIRECT (REPORTED) t Rama Rao asks his son to wait there till he comes back. Vinai asks/ requests his father to come back early. He says that he is hungry.

(ûª†’ AJ-íÌîËa´®Ωèπ◊ Åéπ\úË Öçúø-´’E éÌúø’èπ◊ûÓ ®√´÷-®√´¤ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’. N†ß˝’ ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o†’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ®Ω´’tE Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’, ûª†èπ◊ Çéπ-Lí¬ Öçü¿E Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.)

t The patient has complained to the doctor that she has a temperature and a severe cold.

The doctor advises her to take those tablets and says that she will be cured by the evening. (Patient tor

ûª†èπ◊ temperature, ï©’•’í¬ Öçü¿E docûÓ îÁ°œpçC. Doctor Ç tablets BÆæ’-éÓ-´’E Ææ©£æ… É*a, ≤ƒßª’çvû√E-éπ™«x †ßª’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÅØ√oúø’)

4. Sumathi (To Sumanth): You've wasted your time and money and that's why you are in trouble now.

t The doctor tells the patient to take a cold shower before breakfast if he/ she wants to be fit. breakfast doctor, t Sumathi is telling Sumanth that he has wasted his time and money and that's why he is in trouble now.

(†’´¤y time, úø•’s, ´%ü∑∆ î˨»´¤. Åçü¿’´-™‰x †’´¤y éπ≥ƒd™x ÖØ√o´¤)– statement

(Sumanth ûª† úø•÷s, time ´%ü∑∆ î˨»-úøF, Åçü¿’´--™‰x éπ≥ƒd™x ÖØ√o-úøF Sumathi ÅçöçC.)

(Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Öçú≈©çõ‰ îªFo∞¡x ≤ƒo†ç îÁß˝’) –

breakfast Imperative

´·çü¿’

(Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ ´·çü¿’ îªFo∞¡x ®ÓTûÓ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’) ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’-´’E

5. Teacher (To students): Imitate my pronunciation if you want to speak well.

t The teacher is telling/ is asking the students to imitate her if they want to speak well.

(O’®Ω’ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ Ø√ Ö-î√a®Ωù ņ’-éπ-Jç-îªçúÕ) – Imperative

(¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ ûª††’ ņ’-éπ-Jç-îª-´’E Nü∆u-®Ω’n©ûÓ teacher ÅçöçC.)

his exam results are out and that he has

He says that he is .. EXERCISE

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Akash ´®Ω’ù˝ûÓ îÁ°æpôç (°æ%Cµy ņo N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo) that ûÓ begin Å´ôç; N’í∫û√ ´÷®Ω’p-©Fo ´÷´‚™‰ éπü∆. Look at the following table.

éÀçC´Fo èπÿú≈

statements, imperatives.

1. Akash (To Pridhvi): That makes me really

ÉC statement. Just fix the date and time - ÉC

(؈’ AJ-íÌîËa´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úË Öçúø’.)

2. Patient: Doctor, I have a temperature and a severe cold.

INDIRECT SPEECH

Just fix the date and time. - I am ready -

DIRECT 1. Rama Rao: Wait here till I come back.

(ûªy®Ωí¬ ®√ -Ø√-Ø√-o, Ø√èπ◊ ÇéπLí¬

t Pridhvi reporting Akash's words to Varun: Akash has said that it really makes him happy and that I owe you and Akash a treat tAkash reporting Pridhvi's words to Varun: He is telling us that he is ready, and to fix the date and time. 'he is ready' - statement that 'fix the date and time' imperative to begin t Varun reporting Pridhvi's words to Akash: He has told us to decide and let him know where to go and when to go, and that he will take us there. 'He has told.. to go' imperative to 'he will take us there' statement that begin

2. Pridhvi (To Varun & Akash): I am ready.

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç Imperative sentences -†’, statements †÷ Reported (Indirect) speech ™éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç îËߪ’ôç) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷ü∆lç:

(Report

Vinai: Please come back early, dad. I am hungry. (Imperative + statement)

Now look at the part of the conversation between Pridhvi and Akash at the beginning of the lesson.

DIRECT SPEECH happy. You owe me and Varun a treat

II

鬕öÀd

ûÓ, 鬕öÀd, ûÓ

Å´¤-û√®·.

Ééπ\úø, 鬕öÀd ûÓ, 鬕öÀd ûÓ

´®Ωèπÿ

îË≤ƒhç.

Rajani:

ûÁ≤ƒh†’. -†-ØÁoçûª °ôd-´’ç-ö«¢Ó îÁ°æ¤p Sujani: Dozen ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-éπçõ‰ ´ü¿’l. Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢ÁjûË éÌØÌü¿’l. Rajani: ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh-†E ņ’-éÓ-´ü¿’l. Sujani: †’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úÌ-*aØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. ÉCíÓ Ñ ´çü¿ BÆæ’éÓ... Sujani: ®ΩïF, †’´¤y market èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-ôx-®·ûË Ø√éÓ Rajani: ûÁ*a† ûª®√yûª É´¤y. dozen ´÷N’-úÕ-°æçúø’x BÆæ’-èπ◊®√ please. Put the following first in English and then report it (change it into reported speech. Use reporting verbs only in present tense. is telling/ tells/ has told/ is asking/ asks/ has asked etc.)

DIRECT

REPORTED

Sujani: Rajani, If you are going to the market, get me a dozen mangoes, please.

t Sujani is asking Rajani to get her a dozen mangoes if she is going to the market. t Rajani says she will, but is asking Sujani to tell her how much she wants her to spend. t Sujani tells Rajani not to spend more than Rs.100. t Rajani tells Sujani not to expect her back early t Sujani replies that it doesn't matter when Rajani comes back and asks her to take Rs.100. t Rajani tells Sujani to give to her after she returned.

Rajani: I will, but tell me how much you want me to spend. Sujani: Not more than Rs. 100 a dozen. Don't buy if it is more than that. Rajani: Don't expect me back early. Sujani: Doesn't matter when you come back. Take this hundred rupees. Rajani: Give it to me after I return.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 18 -V-™„j 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Kavitha: Vinitha, don't make a noise. Be quiet.

Å°æ¤púø’ á´®Ó Past ™ îÁ°œpçC, É°æ¤púø’ ´’†(NFû√, íÌúø´ îËߪ’èπ◊, E¨¡z-•lçí¬ Öçúø’.) ´÷-ô™x ´’†ç ᙫ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç... Vinitha: Give me those sweets then, mom. He/ she/ they, told/ asked/ said/ ordered ÅE (Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ -Ç Æ‘y-ô’x É´y´÷t.) past tense ™ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ é¬Ææh Kavitha: You've already had a quite a lot. Be a ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. good child. ´’†ç -J-§Ú®˝d îËÆæ’h†o ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô-™xE Verbs ÅFo (É°æp-öÀÍé î√L-†çûª AØ√o´¤/ A-†o-C î√©’. Past tense forms ™éÀ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç. ´’ç* -Å-´÷t®·-N éπü∆)

(äéπ\ éπ-™«-éπçú˛ É´¤y.؈’ ´’Sx Åúø-í∫†’) Kavitha: That'll be one too many, child. No. Do your home work first. If you eat any more, you will fall ill.

Vinitha: Let me just one more piece of Kalakand. I will not ask for more. (ÉçéÓ

´·éπ\ éπ-™«-éπçú˛ É´¤y. ØËEçéπ ´’Sx Åúø-í∫†’.)

Vinitha asked her mother to let her have one more piece of kalakand and said that she would not ask for more. 'I will not... more'- statement 鬕öÀd, ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’ that -ûÓ begin îË≤ƒhç. will -†’ would í¬ ´÷®√aç í∫ü∆.

≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´·êu-¢Á’i-†-°æE Öçü¿F ÅØ√oúø’)

鬕öÀd) b) Ram: Come in Shyam and have a seat. Ram told Shyam to come in and have a seat. (Imperative, direct ™E come †’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ to come in ÅE infinitive í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç.-

N’í∫û√ types of sentences †’ report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤úø’, Reporting verb told/ asked ™« past tense ™ Öçõ‰, report îËÊÆ ´÷ô™xE verbs ÅEo Verbs, past tense ™éÀ ´÷®√aL; éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬: -

Vinitha: Please... mom. Let me watch the TV for some time. I will do the home work later.

Direct

Reported

am, is, are

was, were

was, were

had been

1st RDW (come, go etc)

Past Doing Word

2nd RDW (comes,

(came, went etc)

PDW (came, went etc)

had + past participle (had come, had gone etc)

shall

should

will

would

tell/ tells/ is, am, are telling/ have, has told/ ask/ asks/ is, am, are asking/ have, has asked.

can

could

may

might

must has to

verb tenses

M. SURESAN

Kavitha, her daughter conversation (at the beginning of the lesson) N’í∫û√ ¶µ«í¬Eo É™« °æöÀdéπ UÆœ, report îËߪ’çúÕ. Reported/Indirect Speech ™éÀ ´÷Ja, -Gí∫_®Ωí¬ -v§ƒéÃdÆˇ

-v°æ-¨¡o: Mean while, However, So that, In order to, By way of °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’, ¢√úø’éπ ûÁL-ߪ’-îËߪ’çúÕ. – Èé. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, §ÒCL. Mean while -ï-¢√-•’: 1) v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÃ, ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u™ (Ñ ™í¬) a) The guests will be here in an hour. Meanwhile let us prepare a good meal for them =

ÅAü∑¿’©’ í∫çô™ ´îËa-≤ƒh®Ω’. Ñ ™í¬ ´’†ç ´’ç* ¶µï†ç ûªßª÷®Ω’-îËü∆lç.

b) I will be leaving in 10 minutes. Meanwhile I want to call my friend =

؈’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. Ñ™í¬ ´÷ -v°∂ç-ú˛éÀ -äéπ≤ƒ-J -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îËߪ÷-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. 2) È®çúø’ í∫ûª Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-© π◊ ´’üµ¿u.. ¢Ë’ç ûª®√yûª ¢√®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Éçûª™ (Ç™-í¬)؈’ -Å®Ωçb -ö¸ °æE-O’ü¿ ´·ç¶„j ¢Á∞«x-™Ôq-*açC.

b) I met him five years later. Meanwhile he had got married =

Åûª-úÕE ؈’ âüË∞¡x ûª®√yûª éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o. Ñ -™í¬ Åûªúø’ °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.-

However However èπ◊ äéπ Å®Ωnç but (é¬F, Å®·ûË). ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ but ûÓ sentence Ç®Ωç-Gµçîªç. Å®·ûË however ûÓ sentence Ç®Ωç-Gµç-îª-´îª’a. (´·çü¿’ îÁ°œp†

However– sentence ´’üµ¿u™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. a) The book gives very valuable information. However it is very expensive =

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç î√™« N©’-¢Áj† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÉÆæ’hçC. é¬-F/Å®·ûË üµ¿®Ω î√™« áèπ◊\´.

b) I lent him my book, which, however, he never returned =

¢√úÕéÀ Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√a†’. é¬E ¢√úø’ ´’Sx Ø√èπ◊ AJ-T-´y-™‰ü¿’.

So that So that Åçõ‰ Åçü¿’-éÓÆæç ÅE Å®Ωnç. a) He worked very hard so that he might get a rank = ´’ç* rank ´Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ

éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-¢√úø’.

b) She started early so that she might not miss the train =

È®j-©’ -ûª°œp-§Úèπÿ-úø-ü¿-ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ -ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l-JçC.

a) Inorder to: In order to pass you must study well = -§ƒÆˇ ÅßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ îªü¿-¢√L. b) In order to qualify for IIT entrance test you should pass Inter in the first attempt IIT entrance exam èπ◊ Å®Ω|ûª §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ -Éç-ô®˝

¢Á·ü¿öÀ v°æߪ’-ûªoç-™ØË -§ƒÆˇ Å¢√yL. Å®·ûË, In order to ¢√úË -v°æ-A -îÓ-ö« to ¢√úÌa. ÉC simple, In order to éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç. ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ´’ç*C. to î√©’. In order to Åéπ\-Í®x-ü¿’. By way of (Ç ®Ω÷°æç™) He received Rs.10 lac by way of dowry =

Åûªúø’ éπôoç ®Ω÷°æç™ 10 ©éπ~© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ -BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√oúø’.

b) Drona demanded Ekalavya's thumb by way of 'gurudakshina'.

vüÓù’úø’ í∫’®Ω’-ü¿-éÀ~-ùí¬ àéπ-©-´¤uúÕ ¶Ôô-†-¢Ë©’ ÅúÕ-í¬úø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

had to

have to

´÷ö«x-úÕ† ¢√J ´÷ô-™xE ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç.

Exercise:

´’ç* -Å-´÷t®·-N éπü∆!

N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ -Gµ-†oçí¬, ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ àüÁjØ√ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒpLq-´ÊÆh, Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo however ûÓ îÁ§ƒhç)

should

Let us now try to report the conversation at the begining of the lesson between the mother and her daughter. (See above table )

-îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.

a) We agreed to meet the next week. Meanwhile I had to leave for Mumbai on urgent business =

goes etc)

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç Imperative sentences †÷, statements †÷ reported speech ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô°æ¤púø’ Reporting Verb, present tense ™ É™« ¢√ú≈ç .

ûÓ report (Indirect) speech ™ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. (Åçõ‰ told/ asked/ ordered/ said ™«çöÀ verbs ûÓ) ¢Á·ØÁo°æ¤púÓ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æù Ñ¢√∞¡ -J-§Ú®˝d î˨»-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ.

´’ç* -Å-´÷t®·-N éπü∆. Éçéπ A†èπ◊.)

≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√èπ◊ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†- °æE ÖçC)

(£æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ é¬F. °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ûÁa-èπ◊E ¢Á·ü¿-©’ °ô’d. †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o´¤)

mother and daughter conversation †’

Kavitha told Vinitha that she had already had enough. She told Vinitha to be a good child and not to eat any more. 'You have already had...' ÉC statement. 鬕öÀd, that you had already had Å´¤-ûª’çC.

Subodh told Suketh to put it off to the next day and added/said that he had some important work in the evening (ü∆Eo ´’®Ω’-Ææ-öÀ-®Ó-Vèπ◊ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´’E, ûª†èπ◊ Ç

Kavitha: Come on. Get your books and start doing the home work. You are talking too much.

past tense reported verb

Kavitha: You have already had enough. Be a good child and don't eat any more. (É°æp-öÀÍé î√L-†çûª AØ√o´¤.

2. Subodh: Put it off to tomorrow. I have some important work in the ¢√®·ü∆ -¢Ë-≤Ú\. evening. (Í®°æöÀéÀ

Vinitha: I will tell dad too that you aren't giving me any sweets.

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç

Vinitha asked her mom to give her those sweets (ûª†èπ◊ -Ç Æ‘y-ö¸q É´’tE NFûª ¢√∞¡x-´’t-†-úÕ-TçC) Imperative- to give - infinitive.

Ææ’¶üµ˛, -Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç -E-†’o ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’- üµ˛†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®Ω´’tE Åûª-úÕE Ç ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé∞Ïx èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-´’E Ø√ -Ç-™-îª-†.) Ç™- Öçü¿E îÁ§ƒpúø’)

The teacher asked Ram to show her, his home work. Direct speech ™E 'show' ´’†ç reported speech ™ to show -ÅE infinitive í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. – (Imperative sentence

(ÆæÍ®, Å™«Íí é¬E-ß˝’)

Vinitha: Give me those sweets then, mom (Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ -Ç Æ‘y-ö¸q É-´¤y)

Suketh told Subodh to come in and said that his idea was to take him to a movie that evening (Ææ’Íéû˝ Ææ’¶-

(Ééπ Ñ ®ÓV-éÀç-ûË / Ééπ Ñ®ÓV Æ‘y-ö¸q àç -™‰-´¤. †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ Æ‘y-ö¸q Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´E Ø√†oûÓ îÁ-•’-û√-†’çúø’.)

You must have observed that the conversation between the mother and her daughter has only imperatives (Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©’) and statements. (äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° sentences)

Kavitha asked (Past tense) Vinitha not to make a noise and be quiet. (éπ-N-ûª, NF-ûª†’ íÌúø´ îÁßÁ·uü¿lE, E¨¡z•lçí¬ Öçúø-´’E îÁ°œpçC) – È®çúø÷ Imperative 鬕öÀd, to make and be quiet Å-ØË-N infinitives.

1. Suketh: Come in Subodh. My idea is to take you to a movie this evening (®√

a) Teacher: Ram, show me your home work Direct speech.

Kavitha: OK. Go on then.

Kavitha: Vinitha, don't make a noise. Be quiet (íÌúø´ îËߪ’èπ◊, E¨¡z-•lçí¬ Öçúø’)

Reported (Indirect) Speech

today. I'm going to tell dad you are asking for too many sweets.

(Å´÷t.. Å´÷t... é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ -öÃ-O îª÷-úø-E-¢√y? Ç ûª®√yûª £æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ îË≤ƒh†’.)

Reported

Direct Speech

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. Suketh, Subodh ´÷ô-©†’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-°æ¤púø’ reporting verb, told, said ™«çöÀ (ÉçéÌéπ\öÀ áèπ◊\¢ÁjØ√ áèπ◊\-¢Áj-†õ‰x. ™‰ü¿’. past forms ¢√ú≈L. Åçü¿’-éπE Suketh, Subodh © ´·çü¿’ £æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ îÁ®·u. Éçé¬ Açõ‰, ´÷ô-™xE Present tense verbs is, have ™«çöÀ äçöÀéÀ -Å-Ø√®Óí∫uç -îËÆæ’hç-C.) ¢√öÀE was, had ™«çöÀ past forms èπ◊ ´÷®√aç. Vinitha: Then give it after I do my homework. Å®·ûË ´·êu-¢Á’†i N≠æߪ’ç (Å®·ûË £æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ îËÆœ† ûª®√yûª É´¤y.) Direct †’ç* reported èπ◊ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, Imperative Kavitha: You are not getting any more for Sentences ™E Verb tenses ´÷vûªç ´÷®Ωaç.

(†’´y-Ææ©’ Æ‘y-ö¸q É´y-ôç -™‰-ü¿E Ø√†oûÓ Øˆ÷ îÁ§ƒh)

Direct

Look at the following

Vinitha: Let me have just one more piece of Kalakand. I will not ask for more.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 186

II

°j Nüµ¿çí¬

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 21 -V-™„j 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Manasa: Hi Lalasa, come in. Have a seat.

2) Reporting verb past tense said/ was, were saying/ told/ was/ were telling/ ordered/ was, were ordered/ etc lesson report verbs past tense forms 3) Imperative sentences report verbs 'to' infinitive tense Eg: See the table.

Å®·ûË (Åçõ‰

(®√, èπÿ®Óa) Lalasa: Thank you. I am dead tired.

(î√™« Å©-Æœ-§Úߪ÷) Manasa: Have some coffee then. It won't take more than a minute for me to make it.

(Å®·ûË é¬Ææh coffee B≤Ú\. éπ~ù«™x îË≤ƒh) Lalasa: Sure, that'd be most welcome.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) Manasa: It's brewing now. Tell me why you are so tired. (coffee

Å´¤-ûÓçC. É°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æ¤p, -†’-´¤y áçü¿’-éπ-©-Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷¢Ó) (brew = coffee ™«çöÀN îËߪ’ôç. ´’J-TçîË v°ævéÀ-ߪ’†’ brew Åçö«®Ω’) Lalasa: My boss is an evening walker. She wanted me to walk with her to her home for company.

(´÷ boss evenings †úø’-Ææ’hçC. ûª†-ûÓ§ƒô’ ¢√R}ç-öÀéÀ ††÷o †úø-´-´’çC) Manasa: So you walked. How far?

(Åçü¿’-éπE †’´¤y †úÕ-î√´¤. áçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç?) Lalasa: Oh, my! It is nearly four kilometers. On the way back I dropped in here.

(Ŷs, Ø√©’í∫’ éÀ™-O’-ô®Ω’x).

(AJT

Å®·ûË) éÀçü¿öÀ ™ îª÷°œ-†-ô’xí¬ îËÆæ’h-†o-¢√∞¡x ´÷ô-™xE ´’†ç ÅEoç-öÀE èπ◊ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç. †’ îËÊÆô°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀ-™E ´·çü¿’ °öÀd îË≤ƒhç. 鬕öÀd OöÀ™x ´÷®Ω’p v°æÆæ-éÀh-®√ü¿’. DIRECT

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 187 Manasa: Don't regret. You have had a good exercise

(*çAç-îª-èπ◊™‰, ÅüÓ ´’ç*

exercise

)

Lalasa: Try it yourself now. You will then know what it means to walk four kms.

(†’´¤y †úÕ* îª÷úø’. Å°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC Ø√©’í∫’ éÀ™ -O’-ô®Ω’x †úø-´ôç Åçõ‰ àN’ö?) Manasa: Don't be angry. I said it just for fun. Here's the coffee. Have it and relax.

(éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊, ØËØËüÓ ûª´÷-≥ƒ-éπ-Ø√o-†’™‰. ÉCíÓ é¬°∂‘. û√T é¬Ææh Nv¨»çA BÆæ’éÓ) Lalasa: Thank you. You make very good coffee.

†’´¤y 鬰∂‘ î√™« ¶«í¬

îË≤ƒh´¤) Manasa: Choose good coffee powder. Have fresh milk about. That's the recipe for good coffee.

(´’ç* coffee §ÒúÕ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’éÓ. û√ñ« §ƒ©’ ûÁaéÓ. ´’ç* coffee éÀ ÅC Ææ÷vûªç.) recipe ȮƜ° = ´çô-é¬-EéÀ Ææ÷vûªç Lalasa: Thanks once again. lesson imperative sentences statements sentences) report

éÀçü¿öÀ

´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, (Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©’ †’, (äéπ ûÁLÊ°) †’ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÊ° îËߪ’ôç. ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o ÉçéÌEo ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: 1) Report îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ says/ am, is, are saying/ has/ have said, tells/ is telling/ are telling/ have told/ has told/ ask etc present tense reported verbs report verbs tenses

™«çöÀ ¢√úÕ†°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ´÷ô™xE ™‰ü¿’.

†’ îËÆæ’h-†o-¢√∞¡x ´÷®√a-Lq† °æE-

Spoken English

REPORTED SPEECH

1. Kanya: Stop talking, you, Sirisha. (Imperative)

1. a) Kanya is asking (present tense) Sirisha to stop talking.

2. Kavya: Sravya, I am going to town with sister. Please come with us.

2. a) (Present tense reporting verb) Kavya is telling Sravya that she (Kavya) is going to town with sister and requests Sravya to go with them b) (Reporting verb - Past) Kavya told Sravya that she (Kavya) was going to town with sister and requested her to go with them. 3. a) (Reporting verb - present) Suman is asking/ asks Kiran to take the book and read the lines underlined on page 23 and says that he will find what he need.

3. Suman: Hi Kiran, take the book and read the lines underlined on page 23. You will find what you need.

´îËaô°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø Çí¬†’)

(Thank you.

2

b) Kanya asked (past tense) Sirisha to stop talking.

b) (Reporting verb - Past) Suman asked Kiran to take the book and read the lines underlined on page 23 and said that he would find what he needed.

É°æ¤púø’ imperative combination ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Íé´©ç statements †’ ´÷vûªç ᙫ report îËߪ÷™ îª÷ü∆lç. Mallesh: Our friends will be here soon. We are going to have a jolly time with them.

(´’† friends éÌCl-ÊÆ-°æöx Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’. ´’†ç é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úø-§Òa.) jolly= Ææ®Ωü∆. A jolly fellow= Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ Kamesh: I hope they will have their dinner with us. We can go to a movie after that.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†ûÓ ¶µï†ç îË≤ƒh-®ΩE ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o†’. Ç ûª®√yûª ´’†ç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞Ô}a.) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ statements (äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° sentences) éπü∆.

That'd be most welcome §ÚLa îª÷úøçúÕ. Reporting verb present tense ™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, reported part ™ verb tenses ´÷®Ωü¿’. ÅüË reporting verb past tense ™ Öçõ‰, reported part verb tenses ÅFo past Å®·-§Ú-û√®·. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC reported part (äéπ®Ω’ ûª´’ ´÷ô™x Éûª-®Ω’©’ îÁ°œpçC report îËߪ’ôç) imperative sentences, and statements. É°æ¤púø’ at the beginning of the lesson conversation report îËü∆lç. DIRECT

INDIRECT Reporting verb present tense

1. Manasa: Lalasa, come in, have a seat. 2. Lalasa: Thank you. I'm dead tired.

1. Manasa asks Lalasa to come in and have a seat 2. Lalasa thanks Manasa and says that she is dead tired

3. Manasa: Take, some coffee. It won't take more than a minute to make it.

3. Manasa asks (offers) Lalasa some coffee and adds (says) that it won't take more than a minute to make it.

4. Lalasa: Sure, that's most welcome.

4. Lalasa assures Manasa that it is most welcome

5. Manasa: It's brewing now. Tell me why you are so tired. 6. Lalasa: My boss is an evening walker. She wanted me to walk with her to her home for company.

M. SURESAN

Reporting verb past tense 1. Manasa asked Lalasa ... (No change, because the reported part is imperative) 2. Lalasa thanked Manasa and said that she was dead tired.

Mallesh told Kamesh that their friends would be there soon and that they were going to have a jolly time with them. Kamesh said that he hoped they would have their dinner with them and that they could all go to a movie after that. Mallesh, Kamesh statements and that Another point:

4. Lalasa assured Manasa that it was most welcome

DEE

™ Öçõ‰ ÅC Åçö«ç)

5. Manasa tells Lalasa that it is brewing and asks Lalasa to tell her why she is so tired

5. Manasa told Lalasa that it was brewing and asked Lalasa to tell her why she was so tired.

6. Lalasa tells Manasa that her boss is an evening walker and that she wanted her to walk with her to her home for company.

6. Lalasa told Manasa that her boss was an evening walker and that she had wanted her to walk with her to home for company.

°j table ¶«í¬ study îËÆœ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ÉçéÓ í∫´’-Eéπ: to come, to go, to see- É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE infinitives Åçö«ç. Infinitives †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ infinitives í¬ØË Öçû√ç. ¢√öÀéÀ tense Öçúøü¿’. 鬕öÀd tense ´÷®Ωaôç Öçúøü¿’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç Imperative sentences †÷, statements †÷ report îËߪ’ôç (Indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç) îª÷¨»ç. a) Imperative sentences report îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, ¢√öÀ-™ xE verbs ´·çü¿’ to °öÀd ¢√öÀE infinitives í¬ report îË≤ƒhç. Don't ÅE Öçõ‰, not + infinitive îË≤ƒhç. b) Statements †’ report îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, report îËÊÆ part †’ that ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. OöÀ í∫’Jç* ÉC-´-®Ω™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

°j† ņo È®çúø’ ûÓ éπL§ƒç.

îª÷¨»-®Ω’ -éπü∆: †’

3. Manasa asked (offered) Lalasa to take some coffee and added (said) that it wouldn't take more than a minute to make it.

(Oh, sure! direct speech report assures/ assured

îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’

È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ statements †’ éπL°œ report îËߪ÷Lq ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, äéπ statement èπÿ ÉçéÓ statement èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u and that °úøû√ç. Table ™ É™« Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. È®çúø’ statements éπçõ„ áèπ◊\-´¤-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´‚úÓ statements èπ◊, he/ she etc, added/ said further Åçö«ç. É°æ¤púø’ Mallesh, Kamesh conversation report îËü∆lç. Reported verb, past tense ¢√úøü∆ç.

Kamesh: I hope they will have their dinner with us report

îËߪ÷Lq-†-°æ¤púø’,

Kamesh said that he hoped ÅØ√oç éπü∆. -É-™« Ææ÷vûªv°æé¬-®Ωçí¬ ÅØË •ü¿’©’, Kamesh hoped that Å-†-´îª’a. ÉC simpler, natural.

É°æ¤púø’ report

more than two statements

ᙫ

îÁ-ߪ’-u-´îÓa îª÷ü∆lç:

Suresh: Hi Manish, I am happy that I finally got the book. I searched the whole of the market finally I found it in a small shop. This was the only copy available. four statements report (Indirect speech) tense, reported verb

Ééπ\úø OöÀE

Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. îËü∆lç. past Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tü∆lç.

Suresh told Manish that he was happy that he had finally got the book, and that he had searched the whole of the market. He added that finally he had found it in a small shop and that that was the only copy available.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 23 -V-™„j 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Bhavan: I called your home twice last evening, but there wasn't any response.

(؈’ E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç O’ ÉçöÀéÀ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x Phone î˨»†’, é¬E á´®Ω÷ Bߪ’-™‰ü¿’) Mohan: We were all out at the exhibition.

(¢Ë’´’çû√

exhibition

You see that there are a number of questions in the conversation. Bhavan puts a number of questions to Mohan. We are now going to see how to report questions. (Questions indirect speech lesson

†’ ™ îª÷ü∆lç):

´÷®√a™ Ñ

(

´÷uî˝ N´-®√© éÓÆæç §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»†’. á°æ¤pú≈ ´÷uî˝?)

Mohan: There are two matches. What match are you talking of?

(È®çúø’ matches ÖØ√o®·. à ´÷uî˝ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛?) Bhavan: Which of the two is this weekend?

1) 'Wh' questions - questions beginning with 'Wh' words what, when, where, why, who, whom, whose and how. begin questions

OöÀûÓ ÅßË’u Åçö«ç.

'Wh' questions

eg: What is your name? 2) Non 'Wh' questions: 'Wh' words

v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-é¬E

Ñ≤ƒJ ´’†ç 'Wh' questions †’ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™ (indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷®√a™) îª÷ü∆lç:

ûÓ)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 188

áéπ\úø Çúø-¶-ûª’Ø√oç?)

(ÊÆdúÕߪ’ç víıçú˛q™)

Reporting verb present tense 1. Do + 1st Regular Doing Word: do come, do know, do take etc.

Come, know, take etc.

2. Does + 1st Regular Doing Word: does come, does know, does take, etc

comes, knows, takes, etc

3. Did + 1st Regular Doing Word: did come, did know, did take, etc.

Reporting verb past tense Came, knew, took etc. (Past Doing Word)

(I RDW)

came, knew, took, etc.

(II Regular Doing Word)

came, knew, took, etc.

had come, had known, had taken, etc. (had + past participle)

Are you happy?

Bhavan: Who are our bowlers? bowlers

REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT

ûÓ

eg: a) Is he your friend?

Mohan: At the stadium grounds.

(´’†

™ Ö†o questions report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, éÌEo ´÷®Ω’p©’ èπÿú≈ îËߪ÷L N≠æ-ߪ’ç™). See the table.

questions.

Bhavan: Where are we going to play the match? match

Direct speech (do, does and did

Where is he?

(Ñ ¢√®√çûªç™ ÖçúËC à ´÷uî˝?) team

†’

b) Are you happy? etc.

Mohan: It's the match with the team of 'The Nedu' group of publications.

(Ñ

™éÀ ᙫ

You know there are two types of questions:

èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}ç)

Bhavan: I called you to know the details of the match. When is the match?

(Å®·ûË ÅC 'ØËúø’— v°æ-®Ω-ù©

2

á´®Ω’?)

Mohan: I don't have the list.

(Ç ñ«Gû√ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’) Bhavan: Then who is the list with?

(Å®·ûË Ç

list

á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çC?)

Mohan: It is with our captain Arya and the coach Guruprasad.

(´’† captain Arya ü¿í∫_®Ω, ÖØ√o®·)

coach

ü¿í∫_®Ω

Bhavan: I want to see it.

(؈’ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) Mohan: Why do you want to see it?

(áçü¿’èπ◊ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) Bhavan: I want to be sure that Manoj is on the team.

(´’ØÓñ¸ ÖØ√oú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅE E®Ωl¥-Jç- -èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Mohan: Don't worry. He is on the team.

(ÖØ√oúø’. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊) Bhavan: OK.

´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, imperative sentences †÷, statements †÷ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™ (indirect speech ™ îÁ§ƒp™) îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. a) Imperative sentences (Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫ôç ûÁLÊ° sentences)

Ñ ´÷®Ω’p©’ îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç Bhavan, Mohan conversation report îËü∆l´÷? Åçü¿’™ 'Wh' questions, statements éπLÆœ ÖØ√o-®·-éπü∆? Direct speech ™E questions, reported speech ™ statements í¬ ´÷®Ω-û√-ߪ’E í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ (Åçõ‰ sub + verb word order Å´¤-ûª’çC).

Direct speech question

™ Ö†o †’ report îËÊÆô-°æ¤púø’ ü∆Eo statement structure (sub + verb) Question verb M. SURESAN subject helping verb main verb subject

èπ◊ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆: ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿÷ ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hç-C-. -™‰-ü∆ , ´Ææ’hçC.

-© ´’üµ¿u

1) Where is he? [Where + is (verb) + he (subject)?] 2) What is he doing? [What + is (helping verb) + he (subject) + doing (main verb)]

É°æ¤púø’ É™«çöÀ questions †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ 'Wh' word ûª®√yûª statement word order èπ◊ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç. Åçõ‰ verb + subject/ helping verb + subject + main verb order †’, sub + verb í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. Kesav: Where is Shyam? Karuna: I do not know Let us report the conversation above:

eg: i) Get out (order) ii) Please come in (request) iii) Sit down (asking)

É™«çöÀ sentences (imperative) †’ report îËÊÆô-°æ¤púø’ Ñ verbs ´·çü¿’ to °öÀd infinitives í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. b) Statements (äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo -ûÁ-LÊ° sentences)

Reporting verb past tense

Kesav asks/ is asking Karuna where Shyam is.

Kesav asked Karuna where Shyam was.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: speech Where is Shyam, report where Shyam is

reporting verb past where Shyam is where Shyam was

´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-C.

Åçö«ç.

Karuna replies that she does not know

Karuna replied that she did not know.

Direct

i) He attends classes regularly

™E

ii) They do not come here often iii) I had a tiresome journey

îËÊÆô°æ¤púø’,

Statements report

Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x 'that' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* N’í∫û√ ´÷®Ω’p©’ îË≤ƒhç. É´Fo -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç. Now observe the conversation between Bhavan and Mohan at the beginning of this lesson.

Spoken English

Reporting verb present tense

í¬

(ÉC

statement)

Ééπ\úø

鬕öÀd,

•ü¿’©’

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED Reporting verb (present)

Reporting verb (past)

Bhavan tells Mohan that he called his home twice the day before but there wasn't any response.

Bhavan told Mohan that he had called his home twice the day before but there hadn't been any response.

2. Mohan (to Bhavan): We Mohan tells Bhavan that they were all out at the exhibition. were all out at the exhibition. (Statement)

Mohan told Bhavan that they had been all out at the exhibition.

Bhavan says he called Mohan

1. Bhavan (to Mohan) I called your home twice last evening, but there wasn't any response. (Statement)

3. Bhavan (to Mohan): I called you to know the details of the match. When is the Match? (Statement + 'Wh' question)

to know the details of the match and asks him when the match is.

Bhavan said he had called Mohan to know the details of the match and asked him when the match was.

4. Mohan (to Bhavan): There are two matches. Which match are you talking of? (Statement + 'Wh' question)

Mohan says to Bhavan that there are two matches and asks him which match he is talking of.

Mohan told Bhavan that there were two matches and asked him which match he was talking of.

5. Bhavan (to Mohan): Which Bhavan asks Mohan which of of the two is this weekend? the two is this weekend? ('Wh' question)

Bhavan asked Mohan which of the two was that weekend.

6. Mohan (to Bhavan): It is with Mohan tells Bhavan that it is the team of 'Nedu' group of with the Nedu group of publications (Statement) Publications.

Mohan told Bhavan that it was with the Nedu group of publications.

7. Bhavan (to Mohan): Where Bhavan asks Mohan where are we going to play the they are going to play the match? ('Wh' question) match.

Bhavan asked Mohan where they were going to play the match.

°j† í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆ Statements, 'Wh' questions †’ éπL°œ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™, Íé´©ç 'Wh' †’ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™. Questions ÅEoç-öÀE reported speech ™ statement word èπ◊ ´÷®Ωaúøç èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Exercise: Conversation at the beginning of this lesson N’í∫û√ ¶µ«í¬Eo °j† îª÷°œç-*-†ô’x, reporting verb, present tense, past tense È®çúÕç-öÀ™  report îËߪ’çúÕ.


questions order





-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 25 -Vöµj 2006

-2

Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂ

ú£ÙòÅ°ù£éö˺x ÍFo ÷ªìÙ ÷«æ°xè¶ ÷«åö¶ Íô³ ÑÙè¯Lqì Í÷ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. Ó÷ôÁ àµí‡pì ÷«åLo ÚÛ«è¯, î¦üŒ‰x àµí‡pìåªxÞ¥ ÷«Ja àµð§pLq ÷ú£ªhÙC. Ð ·ôÙè[ª ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺xì« ·ôÙè[ª í£ë]lÄ꟪Lo Ñí£óµ«Tþ§hÙ. ÖÚÛæ¨ ví£êŸu¤ÛÙÞ¥ ൛ípC, ÏÙÚÁæ¨ í£ôÁ¤ÛÙö˺ íÆ£ö°û¦ ÷uÚ¨h íÆ£ö°û¦ ÷«åõû¦oè[E ൛ípC. ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éö˺ þ»Þœú£ª Ú¥î¦õÙç¶ Ð ÍÙø‹Eo ò°Þ¥ û¶ô¢ªaÚÁî¦L. î¦Ú¥uEo ÖÚÛ í£ë]lÄA ìªÙ# ÷ªôÁ í£ë]lÄAö˺ڨ ÷«ô¢aè¯EÚ¨ î¦uÚÛô¢éÙ ú£«vê¦õìª E¸ôlPÙ#ÙC.

ÎóŸªì ÓÙêŸ Bú£ªÚÛªÙæ°ô¢ª?

Visala: Where are you starting off so early?

(NvÚÛîª ÷ªìLo õÙàÂÚ¨ í‡Là¦è[ª. í£CÙæ¨ÚÛö°x ÷ªìÙ ñóŸª-ö¶l-ô¦L.)

Where (wh word) + is (helping verb) + he (subject) + going (main verb)? Questions (a), (b)õìª report ඛú-å-í£±pè[ª NªÞœê¦ ÷«ô¢ªpõª à¶ú£«h question ö˺E wh word ìª Íö° ÑÙà¶ú‡, NªÞœê¦ question part ìª statement word order (verb + subject) ö˺ڨ ÷«¸ôa-óŸ«L. ÏÚÛ\è[ 'that' ô¦ë]ª.

ç¶ñªöËÀ – 1 àŸ«è[Ùè…. Î ·ôÙè[ª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x ÚÛ«è¯ Question word order ìª report ඛú-åí£±pè[ª Wh word šíæ¨d NªÞœê¦ Part ìª statement word order ö˺ڨ ÷«¸ôa-óŸªè[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….

Vinod: OK. I'll be back in time.

(ÓÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÍÙêŸ ê•Ùë]ô¢Þ¥ ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢ª-꟪û¦o÷±?)

(ú£·ôjì ú£÷ª-óŸ«-E¸Ú AJ-Þ•-þ§hö¶.) Study carefully the conversation above. You find a number of 'wh' questions in it. Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ lesson ö˺ ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙC:

Vinod: To our maths lecturer's.

(÷« ÷«uëÇÂq öµÚÛa-ô¢ô ÏÙæ¨Ú¨.) To our maths lecturer's – Ïö° lecturer's ö˺ö°Þ¥ 's î¦è…ê¶ 'to' ÷³Ùë]ô¢

ÑÙ# – î¦RxÙ-æ¨Ú¨ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. To my friend's = ÷« friend ÏÙæ¨Ú¨

M. SURESAN

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 189 Which maths lecturer do you want to go to?

Visala: What do you want from him?

(ÎóŸªì ë]Þœ_ô¢ ìªÙ# ÔÙ Ú¥î¦-L?/-ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?) Vinod: I want to have tuition from him.

(÷« ›úo-꟪ö˺x à¦ö°÷ªÙC ÎóŸªì ë]Þœ_-ô¢¸Ú îµüŒê¦ô¢ª, ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÚÛ\è…¸Ú îµüŒ‰êŸªû¦o.) Visala: How much does he charge?

(ÎóŸªì ÓÙêŸ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?) (ÎóŸªì ë]Þœ_ô¢ û¶ìª å«uù£ûËÂÚÛª à¶ô¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙåªû¦o.) Visala: Which maths lecturer do you want to go to?

(Ô ÷«uëÇÂq öµÚÛa-ô¢ô ë]Þœ_ô¢ÚÛª îµü‹xõ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o÷±?) Vinod: Mr. Ganak. He is the best in the town.

Vinod: I have to find out. That's what I am going for.

(û¶ìª ÚÛìª-ÚÁ\-î¦L. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛû¶ Ïí£±pè[ª îµüŒ‰êŸªû¦o.) Visala: When do you think you can come back?

'wh' questions ìª report à¶óŸªè[Ù, (indirect speech ö˺ڨ ÷«ô¢aè[Ù) ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ÙC 'wh' questions ìª Jð¼ôÂd ඛú-å-í£±pè[ª question ìª statement form ö˺ڨ ÷«¸ôaþ§hÙ. Question: a) Where is he? Ð question ö˺ word order (÷«åõ Í÷ª-JÚÛ) Where (wh word) + is (verb)+ he (subject) b) Where is he going? Ð question word order:

2

Let us now try to report the conversation between Visala and Vinod at the beginning of the lesson. Note that we have to report both statements and 'wh' Question (table -2). ç¶ñªöËÀ –2ö˺ àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛ믖 Question structure ìª statement structure Þ¥ ÷«ô¢aåÙ Óö°ÞÁ. Exercise: Ð Lesson ö˺E NªÞœê¦ conversation between Visala and Vinod ìª report à¶óŸªÙè…– Reporting verb, present tense, past tense ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯. Oªô¢ª practice à¶óŸªåÙ ÍÙç¶ ô¦óŸªåÙ ÷«vêŸî¶ª Ú¥ë]ª. Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ÙC, Oª friends

Ó÷-J-êÁ-ûµjû¦ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ ·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª þ§ô¢ªx ÷«÷´õªÞ¥ ÷«æ°x-è[ª-꟪-ìoåªx practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Reporting Speech

Direct Speech

Reporting Verb (Present)

Reporting Verb (Past)

(Óí£±pè[ª AJT ô¦Þœ-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?) Vinod: Why do you want to know?

(ÞœéÚ þ§ôÂ. ÒüÉÁx ÎóŸªû¶ Þ•í£p-î¦è[ª.) Visala: Who suggested him to you?

(ìªîµyÙ-ë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?) (ÎóŸªì ÞœªJÙ# F·Ú-÷ô¢ª àµð§pô¢ª?) Vinod: Most of my friends go to him, so I am going to him too.

1

Visala: Vikram has invited us to lunch. We have to start here at least by 10. Reporting Speech

Direct Speech

Reporting Verb (Present)

1. Krishna: Where is your father?

(Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥-·ô-ÚÛ\è[?) Sathya: Why do you want to know?

(ÓÙë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?) 2. Madhavi: What are your goals? Prasanth: What do you advise?

Reporting Verb (Past)

Krishna is asking/ asks Krishna asked Sathya Sathya where her father where her father was. is. Sathya asks in reply why Sathya asked in reply why he wants to know. he wanted to know. Madhavi asks Prasanth what his goals are. Prasanth questions her what she advises.

1. They have been able to keep their promise Structure: have been above to + P.V.

ví£øŒo:

2. He might have been able to do the job structure: might have been able to + P.V. 3. She must have been able to persuade him to marry her. structure: must have been able to + P.V. šíj

î¦Ú¥uõ í£²Jh Íô¦nEo, Ñí£-óµ«-Þ¥Eo N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª. – ÓúÃ. -ìª-DlûËÂ, ÚÛô¢«oõª

Madhavi asked Prasanth what his goals were. Prasanth questioned her what she advised.

1. Visala: (to Vinod) Where are you starting off so early? Vinod: To our maths lecturer's

Visala asks Vinod where Visala asked Vinod where he is starting off so early. he was starting off so early. Vinod replies that it is to Vinod replied that it was to their maths lecturer's. their maths lecturer's.

2. Visala: What do you want from him?

Visala asks Vinod what he Visala asked Vinod what wants from him. he wanted from him.

Vinod: I want to have tuition from him.

Vinod tells her he wants to Vinod told her he wanted have tuition from him. to have his tuition from him. Visala asks Vinod which Visala asked Vinod which maths lecturer he wants to maths lecturer he wanted go to. to go to.

3. Visala: Which maths lecturer do you want to go to.

Vinod: Mr. Ganak. He is the best in the town.

Vinod says/ replies that he wants to go Mr. Ganak (and adds that) he is the best in the town.

1. They have been able to keep their promise = They have kept their promise.

(ôÁè[xFo êŸè…Þ¥ Ñû¦oô³. ô¦vA ÷ô¢{Ù ÚÛªJú‡ ÑÙè¯L– ÚÛªJ-ú‡ÙC). ví£øŒo: 1. Gup Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ˺ N÷-JÙ#, ë¯EE Ô (î¦üŒ‰x êŸ÷ª ÷«åìª Eõ-òµ-åªd-ÚÁ-Þœ-L-Þ¥ô¢ª– Eõ-òµ-åªd-ÚÛªNëÅ]ÙÞ¥ Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hôÁ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè…. û¦oô¢ª) 2. Past participle (V3) N÷-JÙ#, Ñë¯--ô¢2. He might have been able to do the job = éõª êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè…. Perhaps (ñø‹)he did the job/ did not do the – þ§ï‡°B Në¯u-÷ªÙ-CôÂ, íÆ£ê¶hí£±ô¢Ù job. áî¦ñª: 1. Gup Íû¶ ÷«å û¦ÚÛª êµL-ú‡-ìÙ-êŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛ« (ÍêŸè[ª Îí£E à¶óŸª-ÞœLT ÑÙè[÷àŸªa, ÞœêŸÙö˺ à¶ú‡ ö¶ë]ª. Guppy Íû¶C ÖÚÛ ô¢ÚÛ-iì à¶í£. ÑÙè[÷àŸªa ö¶ë¯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼ô³ ÑÙè[÷àŸªa ÚÛ«è¯.) 2. Past participle: Object Ñìo Verb Past par3. She must have been able to persuade him ticiple ÚÛª ‘ñè…ì’ ÍE Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. to marry her. a) The man seen here yesterday. (êŸììª šíRx-à¶-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷ªE Î ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ìàŸa-âµí‡p (Eìo ÏÚÛ\ àŸ«è[-ñ-è…ì ÷uÚ¨h – ú£·ôjì êµõª-Þœªö˺ ÑÙè¯L– ÍÙë]ª¸Ú ÍêŸè¯îµªìª šíRx à¶ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oè[ª) Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ Oªô¢ª/ Ù/ î¦üŒ‰x àŸ«ú‡ì ÷uÚ¨h.) Compare: The roads are wet. It must have rained Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

Vinod replied that he wanted to go to Mr. Ganak (and added that) he is the best in the town.

b) The money stolen from the bank.

áî¦ñª:

during the night.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

(ò°uÙÚ ìªÙ# ë•ÙT-LÙ-àŸñè…ì è[ñªs.) Past participle, verb Ú¥ë]ª. Be form

(am, is, are, was, shall be, have been, etc.,) + Past participle Íô³ê¶ verb Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Íí£±pè[ª verb, passive voice. a) Salaries were paid yesterday. (@ê¦õª Eìo Ï÷y-ñ-è¯fô³/ àµLxÙ-àŸ-ñ-è¯fô³.) b) The college will be closed from tomorrow onwards.

(Ú¥ö¶@ ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ# ÷´óŸª-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC.) Past participle ìª adjective Þ¥ î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÍÙç¶ ë¶ûµj¬oû¦ ÷JgÙ-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. a) The murdered man was related to her.

(àŸÙí£ñè…ì ÷uÚ¨h ÎÚÛª àŸªådÙ.) PCÇ-õ-iì ÚÁå

b) The ruined fort =

-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 27 -V-™„j 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Arjun: Hi Nakul, well-met. How busy are you this evening?

(£æ…ß˝’ †èπ◊™¸, éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ -ÖçC. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’-¢Ëy-¢Á’i-Ø√ busy Ø√?) Well met - Ñ expression conversations ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ– éπ©-®·éπ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. How busy - ÉC èπÿú≈ Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Nakul: Why are you asking?

(áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)

Arjun: I want to take you to a movie. Feel like it?

(ÆœE´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ®√¢√-©-†’çü∆?) feel like - ÅE-°œç-îªúøç

Nakul: (It) depends on the movie you take me to Arjun: How about 'Sarkar Mogudu - Seema Pellam'?

´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC: 'Wh' questions †’ J§Ú®˝d îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, 'Wh' ûÓ begin îËÆœ, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´îËa Vb + Sub/ HV + sub + MV order †’ Sub + Verb order í¬ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç. Eg:

a) Arjun (to Nakul): How busy are you this evening? report i) Arjun is asking/ asks Nakul how busy he is this evening. (Reporting verb - Present tense) ii) Arjun asked Nakul how busy Nakul was that evening (Reporting verb - Past tense)

DEo

îËߪ’ôç:

ÉC ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’-éπü∆? ´’Sx ÉçéÓ sample îª÷ü∆lç.

(ÆœE´÷†’ •öÀd îÁ§ƒh)

('Ææ®√\®Ω’ ¢Á·í∫’úø’ – Æ‘´’ °∞«}ç—èπ◊ ¢Á∞«l´÷?)

b) Nakul (to Arjun): Why are you asking? Reported speech: i) Nakul asks Arjun why he is asking. ii) Nakul asked Arjun why he was asking. report (a) & (b) questions report Arjun is asking/ asks Nakul (Present tense), Arjun asked Nakul (Past tense) begin

É°æ¤púø’ °j† îËÆœ† †’ îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’,

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 190

2

™

î˨»ç éπü∆.

Arjun: How about 'Sarkar Mogudu - Seema Pellam'? Report: Arjun suggested 'Sarkar Mogudu Seema Pellam' conversation at the beginning of the lesson exercise practice Now look at the conversation below. Preethi: Hi Sruthi, do you fancy classical music?

N’í∫û√

í¬

(áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿C?)

´’†ç practice îËÆæ’h†oC Spoken English 鬕öÀd, É™« ´÷öÀ-´÷öÀéà reporting verbs

áçü¿’èπ◊ îª÷∞Ï}ü¿’? É°æp-öÀéÀ 75

®ÓV-™„jçC) Nakul: OK. But what's the occasion for your taking me to the movie?

(ÅC-ÆæÍ®. ††’o à Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Arjun: O Nakul, why do you forget things so early? I've got admission in Sanketic college of Engineering, one of the best in the state.

(àçôçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ´’Ja-§Ú-û√´¤ †’´¤y? ®√≠æZç™ íÌ°æp-¢√-öÀ™x äéπõ„j† ≤ƒçÍé-Aé˙ Engineering college ™ Ø√èπ◊ seat ´*açC) Nakul: Oh, sorry I forgot it. I will make it. Don't worry

(´’®Ω-*-§Ú-®·-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’®√. ûª°æpéπ ´≤ƒh†’. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊) ´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Imperatives, statements, 'Wh' questions report îËߪ’ôç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. 'Wh' questions report ´’J-éÌçûª practice îËü∆lç. TABLE 1:

tell, ask, question etc. bookish

ÅE í¬ ¢√úË •ü¿’©’ ¢√öÀ ≤ƒn†ç-™ ØË variety M. SURESAN éÓÆæç wants to know/ wanted to know/ wished to know ÅE èπÿú≈ ¢√úÕûË Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰, tell, ask, question ņôç ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. Correct. é¬F É™« wish to know/ wishes to know/ would know/ wants to know É™«ç-öÀN Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úÕûË variety í¬ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. See table 1: É™« report îËߪ’ôç î√™« simple í¬ èπÿú≈ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. O’JC áçûª ¶«í¬ practice îËÊÆh Åçûª Ææ’©’-´-´¤-ûª’çC.

(¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ ÆæçU-ûª-¢Ë’-´’Ø√o Nçö«¢√?) É≠ædç

fancy = Sruthi: Why? Are you going to play any?

(àç, †’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o NE-°œç-îª-¶ûª’Ø√o¢√?) O’ü¿-í¬F, CD O’ü¿-í¬F NE-°œç-îªôç.

Play - Two in one

Nakul: (It) depends on the movie you take me to. Report: i) Nakul said it depended on the movie he took him to (Reporting verb - said - Past tense) ii) Nakul says it depends on the movie he (Arjun) takes him to (Reporting verb - says - present tense)

Report

Direct Speech Reporting verb - present Arjun: Hi Nakul, Wellmet. How busy are you this evening?

Arjun, happy to meet Nakul wants to know how busy he is this evening.

Reporting verb - past Arjun, happy to meet Nakul wanted to know how busy he was that evening.

Nakul: Why are you asking?

Nakul wants to know why he (Arjun) is asking.

Nakul wanted to know why he (Arjun) was asking.

Arjun: I want to take you to a movie. Feel like it?

Arjun wants to take him to a move and asks him if he feels like it.

Arjun wanted to take Nakul to a movie and asked him if he felt like it.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ straight í¬ he wanted Ééπ\úø Arjun tells Nakul ņ- ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆, I want èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ he told èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË 'I want' †’ 'he wants' í¬ Nakul ņ-èπ◊çú≈. ´÷Í®a¨»ç. É™« ´÷®Ωaôç î√™« Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC.

Spoken English

Preethi: Do you like to listen to some of MS Subbulakshmi's? (MS Subbulakshmi

ÆæçUûªç à´’Ø√o

Nçö«¢√?)

Sruthi: Have you any of Balamuralikrishna's latest CDs? ( CDs Preethi: Don't you like MS? (MS Sruthi: Of course I do, I have listened to plenty of hers. I have yet to hear some of Balamurali's

Ñ´’üµ¿u ´*a† ¶«©-´·-®Ω-S-éπ%≠æg ÆæçUûªç ÖØ√oߪ÷?) FéÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü∆?)

Are you interested in cricket? Sarala: Don't you know?

(Å®·ûË é¬Ææh Çí∫’-û√¢√?)

Sruthi: Have you to search for it?

(ÅC ¢Áü¿-鬙« †’´¤y)

Preethi: Yes. Sruthi: Go ahead then. Can I have today's paper in the mean time? paper

Å®·ûË é¬F. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ®ÓV É´¤y. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’ There are

many questions in the conversation above. There are all non 'Wh' questions. 'Wh' questions report Non 'Wh' questions report 'Wh' questions What, which, when, where, etc. 'Wh' questions. Non 'Wh' questions Sankar: Are you interested in cricket? Sarala: Don't you know? Non Wh questions report (Indirect Speech 1. Reporting Verb, is asking/ asks/ is quesif tioning/ questions/ asked Whether Sankar is asking Sarala if/ whether... questions word order (verb + sub2. ject/ helping verb + sub + main verb) statement order (sub + verb) See table.

Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îËߪ’ôç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. É°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’ôç ᙫíÓ îª÷ü∆lç. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆: Åçõ‰, ™«çöÀ ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u ´÷ô©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u Åçõ‰ ÅN™‰E v°æ¨¡o©’.

É°æ¤púø’ É™«çöÀ îËߪ’ôç

™ îÁ°æpôç) ᙫ?

ûª®√yûª ûÓ é¬F v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.

ûÓ é¬F,

Ç ûª®√yûª

†’ í¬ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.

N’í∫û√ ´÷®Ω’p©’ èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç.

REPORT

DIRECT Sankar (to sarala):

Preethi: Will you wait for some time then?

îËߪ’çúÕ.

Are you going to play any? Nakul: How good is it? Arjun: Why haven't you seen the posters? (It's) seventy five days gone. (Posters

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ É≠æd¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ¶«©-´·-®ΩR ÆæçUûªç Éçé¬Ææh NØ√L ؈’)

Reporting verb - present

Reporting verb - past

Sankar asks Sarala if/ whether she is interested in cricket

Sankar asked Sarala if/ whether she was interested in cricket

Sarala asks Sankar in return if / whether he doesn't know

Sarala asked Sankar in return if/ whether he did not know

Look at the following. We are going to report part of the conversation between Preethi and Sruthi. Observe how we are going to report non 'wh' questions:

REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH

Reporting verb present tense Preethi: Hi Sruthi, do you fancy classical music?

Preethi is asking/ asks Sruthi if/ whether she fancies classical music

Reporting verb past tense Preethi asked Sruthi if she fancied classical music

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ verb sub + verb í¬ ´÷®Ωôç. Sruthi: Why? Are you going to play any?

Sruthi wants to know (is askif Preethi ing/ asks is going to play any

Preethi: Do you like to listen to some of MS Subbu lakshmi's

Preethi asks Sruthi if she likes to listen to some of MS Subbulakshmi's

Sruthi: Have you any of Balamurali Krishna's latest CD's?

Sruthi asks Preethi if/ whether she has any of Balamurali's latest CD's

èπ◊ •ü¿’©’)

+ sub, HV + Sub + MV

Sruthi wanted to know (asked if Preethi was going to play any.

•ü¿’©’)

Preethi asked Sruthi if/ whether she liked to some of MS Subbulakshmi's

Sruthi asked Preethi if/ whether she had any of Balamurali's latest CDs.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 30 -V-™„j 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Pramod: (It's) days since I saw you. Where have you been?

Vinod:

Vinod:

Congrats. What prizes did you get? Did you participate in debate?

(îª÷Æœ î√™« ®ÓV-™„jçC. ÉEo ®ÓV--©’ -á-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?)

(ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’, FÍéç •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’ ´î√a®·?úÕ¶‰ö¸™ §ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o¢√?)

I had been away at the NCC camp and returned only this morning. Hasn't anyone told you of it? Haven't you called my home?

Pramod: I got prizes in three events - light music, debate and mimicry. Won't you see my prizes? Come in.

(´‚úø’ §ÚöÙx prizes ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ©Lûª ÆæçU-ûªç, debate, mimicry ™. ؈’ ûÁa-èπ◊†o prizes îª÷úø¢√? ™°æ-L-éÀ ®√.) Event (É¢Áçö¸) – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – Ææç°∂æ’-ô†. Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç .. §Úöà Åç¨¡ç – véÃúø©’, éπ∞¡©’ ´çöÀ Å稻™x.

(؈’ NCC camp èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}†’. Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç AJ-íÌ-î√a†’. FûÓ á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp™‰ü∆? -†’-´¤y ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’-™‰ü∆?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 191

Vinod:

Do you want me to see them now? Mom's calling me over phone. I have to be at home M. SURESAN urgently. Show them to me when I come tomorrow.

Pramod: Why didn't you tell me before leaving? Your college and home are so far off that I couldn't get any information. Moreover I was busy too, with our college cultural festivals.

It's days since I saw you (¢Á∞Ï}´·çü¿’ áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿÷? O’ O’ É©’x î√™« ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçúøôç-´©x Ø√Íé N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ÅçûËé¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ college ≤ƒçÆæ \%Aéπ -Öûªq-¢√©ûÓ Ø√èπ◊ BJé𠙉èπ◊ç-ú≈ -§Ú-®·çC.)

(É°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE îª÷úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? Å´’t §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ÚhçC. ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«xL. ¢√öÀE -ØË-†’ Í®§Ò-*a-†-°æ¤púø’ îª÷°œç.)

college,

Vinod:

Pramod: Do come down tomorrow. Just not

Did you participate in them? Did you get any prizes?

to see the prizes but to give me your company. Don't disappoint me.

(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o §ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o¢√? FÍé-´’Ø√o •£æ›-´’-ûª’-™Ô-î√aߪ÷?)

(Í®°æ¤ ûª°æpéπ ®√. Ø√ prizes îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ ÅE é¬ü¿’, é¬Ææh Ø√ûÓ í∫úÕ-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊. ††’o E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ω-îªèπ◊)

Pramod: I did ofcourse, and won prizes too.

(§ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o†’. ´î√a®·.)

•£æ›-´’-ûª’©’

èπÿú≈

Vinod:

OK. Bye then.

1. Imperative

(Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©÷ ûÁLÊ°) sentences

Method of Reporting (Reporting
Report

(äéπ N≠æߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° sen-

tences)

eg: Sushma: Sumanth, where are you? 4. Non 'Wh' question eg:

(Ééπ\úø,
Report

to

°öÀd

infinitive

îË≤ƒhç.

Kamala asked

îËߪ÷-Lq† ¶µ«í¬Eo

that

ÅØ√o èπÿú≈

to go away

ÅØË ´Ææ’hçC)

ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.

Report: a) Srikanth tells Rani that his sister has come back b) Srikanth told Rani that his sister had come back
Report question 'wh' word order (vb + sub/ Hv + sub + Mv) (sub + verb)

îËߪ÷-Lq†

¶µ«í¬Eo

ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* question †’ statement word order

í¬ ´÷®Ωaôç

Report: a) Sushma is asking/ asks/ has asked Sumanth where he is b) Sushma asked Sumanth where he was
Report question word order

™«í¬

Kesav: Kedar, are you coming?

´·çü¿’,

lesson, (between Pramod and Vinod) has mixed sentences (Imperatives, statements, 'wh' and non 'wh' questions)

îËߪ÷Lq† ¶µ«í∫ç ´·çü¿’, If/ whether é¬F °öÀd °j example ™ †’ statement word order í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç.

Report: a) Kesav asks/ is asking/ has asked Kedar if he is coming. b) Kesav asked Kedar if he was coming

Spoken English

REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH

Reporting verb present tense 1. Pramod (to Vinod): It's days since I saw you. Where have you been?

Reporting verb past tense

Pramod told Vinod that it was days since he had seen Vinod and asked him where he had been. (1st sentence - statement, 2nd sentence 'wh' question.

Pramod tells Vinod that it is days since he saw him and asks him where he has been.

Åçü¿’-´©x 1st sentence †’ that ûÓ, 2nd sentence †’ where + statement word order ûÓ report î˨»ç.) 2. Vinod: I had been away at NCC camp and returned only this morning. Hasn't any one told you of it? Haven't you called my home?

Vinod says he had been away at NCC camp and returned home only that morning. He asks/ is asking Pramod if any one hasn't told him of it and if he hasn't called his home.

Vinod said that he had been away at the NCC camp and had returned home only that morning. He asked Vinod if any one had not told him of it and if he had not called his home.

Pramod asks Vinod why he didn't tell him before leaving, and says that his college and home are too far off to get any information. Moreover he was busy too with their college cultural festivals.

Pramod asked Vinod why he had not told him before leaving and said that his college and home were too far off to get any information. Moreover he had been busy too with their college cultural festivals.

(statement+non 'wh' question) 3. Pramod: Why didn't you tell me before leaving? Your college and home are so far off that I couldn't get any information. Moreover I was busy too, with our college cultural festivals.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Wh questions, statement combination Ééπ\úø. 4. Vinod: Did you participate in them? Did you get any prizes?

Vinod is asking/ asks/ has asked Pramod if he participated in any of them and if he got any prizes.

Vinod asked Pramod if he had participated in any of them and if he had got any prizes.

Pramod replies that he did, of course and won prizes too.

Pramod replied that he had, of course and had won prizes too.

Vinod congratulates Pramod and asks him what prizes he got, and if he participated in debates. ('Wh' question, non Wh question combination)

Vinod congratulated Pramod and asked him what prizes he had got and if he had participated in debates.

(Only non wh questions) 5. Pramod: I did, of course and won prizes too. (Statement)

EXERCISE: Report and practise aloud the rest of the conversation. Use both present and past tense reporting verbs. Compare your answer with ours: ANSWER:

Kamala is asking/ asks/ has asked Neelam to go away.

eg: Srikanth: Rani, my sister has come back 3. 'Wh' questions

verb

°æü¿l¥A)

Report:

eg: Kamala: Neelam, go away. 2. Statements

îËߪ÷-Lq† ´÷ô-™xE

É°æ¤púø’ Imperative, statement, 'Wh' question, non 'wh' question éπLÆœ Ö†o passage ᙫ report îË≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. The conversation at the beginning of the

6. Vinod: Congrats. What prizes did you get? Did you participate in debate?

´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ω π◊ report îËߪ’ôç ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊†o sentences ®Ω鬩’, ¢√öÀE report îËÊÆ °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’: Type of sentence

2

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH Reporting verb present tense

Reporting verb past tense

Pramod: I got prizes in light music, debate and mimicry. Won't you see my prizes? Come in.

Pramod tells Vinod that he got prizes in ... , and asks him/ is asking him/ has asked him if he won't see his prizes. He asks him to come in.

Pramod told Vinod that he had got prizes in ... , and asked him if he wouldn't see his prizes. He asked him to come in.

Vinod: Do you want me to see them now? Mom's calling me over phone. I have to be urgently at home. Show them to me tomorrow.

Vinod asks Pramod if he wants him to see them then. He says that Mom is calling him over phone and he has to be urgently at home. He asks Pramod to show them to him tomorrow.

Vinod asked Pramod if he wanted him to see them then. He said Mom was calling him over phone and he had to be urgently at home. He asked Pramod to show them to him the next day.

Pramod: Do come down tomorrow, just not to see the prizes but to give me your company. Don't disappoint me.

Pramod tells/ is telling Vinod to come down tomorrow, just not to see the prizes but to give him his company. He asks Vinod not to disappoint him.

Pramod told Vinod to comedown the next day, just not to see the prizes but to give him his company. He asked Vinod not to disappoint him.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 1 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleasure it is to see you! It's nearly a year since we met.

-Nç-ü¿’ îËߪ’ôç, Ö™«xÆæç éπL_ç-îªôç).

(grove - ûÓô – äÍé ®Ωéπç îÁô’x-†oC) Kundan: Yes, I smell them. How tempting their very smell is!

(àß˝’, †’¢√y èπ◊çü¿Ø˛. áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçüÓ E†’o îª÷-úø-ö«-EéÀ! Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω-¢Á’içC ´’†ç éπ©’q-éÌE)

(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ ¢√Ææ† ´≤ÚhçC. áçûª Çéπ-®Ω{ùí¬ ÖçüÓ ¢√öÀ ¢√Ææ†! tempting = Çéπ-J{çîË.)

Kundan: How pleased I am to be with you again!

Ranjan: Here you are. Have it.

(´’Sx FûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçüÓ-)

wh word + noun + Sub + verb

(í¬çDµ áçûª íÌ°æp Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úÓ!)

É°æ¤púø’ Ñ statement †’ report îËߪ÷L. ('that' •ü¿’©’, exclaimed ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-L)

(Ç §ƒô áçûª ´’üµ¿’-®Ωçí¬ ÖçüÓ!)

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç conversation at the beginning of the lesson™E exclamations report îËü∆lç:

ïJ-TçüÓ îÁÊ°p ´÷ô) Ææ÷n©çí¬ exclamation word order:

The conversation above (table-3) is a mixture of exclamation and statements. (Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ Ö†o Conversation ™ Statements and exclamations éπL-Ææ’-Ø√o®· éπü∆) Å™« éπL-Ææ’-†o-°æ¤úø’ report îËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈ ÉçûË. ¢Á·ü¿ô exclamation †’ statement í¬ ´÷Ja, ü∆EûÓ §ƒô’ Éûª®Ω statement †’ èπÿú≈ report

(ÉCíÓ, BÆæ’éÓ).

Ranjan: What a smart fellow you've grown into in just a year! (äéπ\ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ØË áçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ´÷®√´¤!) (smart = ´’ç* -

Kundan: Haa.... how delicious it is! At my place of work, we don't get such fruit. How sweet!

2.

(-Å-•s... áçûª ®Ω’*í¬ ÖçüÓ! ؈’ °æE-îËÊÆ îÓô É™«çöÀ °æ∞¡Ÿx üÌ®Ω-éπ´¤. áçûª Aߪ’uí¬ ÖçüÓ!

3.

ü¿’Ææ’h-©ûÓ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´ôç)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2

Ranjan: Take some with you when you go.

192

(†’¢Áy-∞Ïx-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo BÂÆ\∞¡Ÿx)

Kundan: Thank you. ´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, imperative sentences, statements, 'wh' questions, 'non wh' questions report îËߪ’ôç (Indirect speech™ îÁ°æpôç) îª÷¨»ç

Kundan: My job requires that I appear smart. What a bore it is to turn out in these clothes everyday! You don't know. I have to get back again in a week.

(v°æA ®ÓV Ñ -ü¿’Ææ’h™x ûªßª÷-®Ω-´yôç áçûª NÆæ’íÓ Féπ®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. ´’Sx ¢√®√-E-éÀ ¢ÁRx§Ú-¢√L.)

M. SURESAN

éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’

exclama-

How sweet the song is! 'wh' word + adjective + Sub + Verb

How fast he bowls! 'wh word + adverb + Sub + verb. (Noun: üËE-ÈéjØ√ ´’†ç ÉîËa Ê°®Ω’. Adjectiveí∫’ù«Eo ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç. Adverb - verb ûÁ™‰p °æE ᙫ

wh word + noun/adjective/adverb + subject + verb. What a leader Gandhi was! = ÉC Gandhi was a very great leader ÅE ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æpôç. Å™«Íí The Taj Mahal is very beautiful - Ñ statement †’ ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ explanation ®Ω÷°æç™

îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰

Ranjan: Here's something for a change, don't worry.

(-É°æ¤p-úø’ é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’p -éπ-L-T-ç-îË-C -Öç-C-™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊)

Ç §ƒô áçûª ´’üµ¿’-®Ωçí¬ ÖçüÓ!

Kundan: What is it? Ranjan: You are here just when I am about to have a mango. Happy. Let me treat you to some wonderful mangoes. They are from our own groves! fresh, fleshy and juicy. (´’ç* time éÌî√a´¤, ؈’ ´÷N’úÕ °æçúø’

tions

(Ǩ¡a-®√uEo ûÁ™‰p ¢√é¬u©’/ £æ«®∏√-ûª’hí¬ ´’†èπ◊ éπLÍí ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ûÁ™‰p ¢√é¬u©’)†’ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™ îª÷ü∆lç: Let us first study the word order in an exclamation. (´’†ç ´·çü¿’ exclamation ™ word order-

A†-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’. ´’ç* ´÷N’úÕ °æ∞¡xûÓ Fèπ◊ Nçü¿’ îËߪ’F. ÅN ´÷ ûÓô-™¢Ë. û√ñ«-N, éπçúø, ®ΩÆæç Ö†oN. treat = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, (´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’© °æôx ÖçúË -B®Ω’) doctor, patient èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’ôç. Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç–

´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ îª÷ü∆lç) Look at the following exclamations: 1. What a leader Gandhi was!

STATEMENT The day is very cold

(áçûª îªLí¬ ÖçüÓ Ñ ®ÓV)

(Ñ¢Ë∞¡ î√™« îªLí¬ ÖçC)

2. What a beautiful Car it is! (Ç car áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!)

The car is very beautiful (Ç Car î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC)

3. How well she sings!

She sings very well.

(áçûª ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’hçüÓ!)

(Å¢Á’ î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC)

4. What a building it is!

It is a very good/beautiful/big building.

(áçûª ´’ç*/Åçü¿-¢Á’i†/°ü¿l éπôd-úø¢Á÷!) (ÅC î√™« ´’ç*/Åçü¿-¢Á’i†/°ü¿l éπôdúøç) 2

Direct Speech The Tourist: How beautiful the scenery is !

3

DIRECT SPEECH

Report Reporting Verb-Present The tourist exclaims that the scenery is very beautiful.

Reporting Verb-Past The tourist exclaimed that the scenery was very beautiful.

http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

EXCLAMATION 1. How cold the day is!

(-õ‰-•’-™¸ 1 îª÷úøçúÕ.)

Spoken English -éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ. URL:

1

INDIRECT SPEECH -REPORT Reporting verb Present tense

Ranjan: What a pleas- Ranjan exclaims (to Kundan/on ure it is to see you! seeing Kundan) that It is a great pleasure to see him..

How beautiful the Taj Mahal is! ņ-´îª ’a. (û√ñ¸´’£æ«™¸ áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!– ÉC exclamation- DØËo statementí¬ îÁÊ°h, The Taj Mahal is very beautiful Åçö«ç. Direct Speech™E exclamation †’ report îËߪ÷©çõ‰, ´·çü¿’ ¢√öÀE statement í¬ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊çö«ç.

Reporting verb Past tense Ranjan exclaimed (to Kundan/on seeing Kundan) that it was a great pleasure to see him)

í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπ-ü∆. What a pleasure it is to see you! ÅØË exclamation†’ ¢Á·ü¿ô statement form™éÀ ´÷®√aç: It is a great pleasure to see him. ü∆Eo report î˨»ç. exclaims/exclaimed ÅØË reporting verb-ûÓ

¢Á·-ü¿ô ´’†ç report îËߪ÷-Lq† exclamation †’ É™« statement ™éÀ ´÷Ja, Ç ûª®√yûª statement †’ report îËÆ œ-†-ô’d that ûÓ begin îËÆ œ report îËߪ÷L.

The Tourist: How beautiful the Scenery is! É°æ¤-úø’- ´’-†ç °j exclamation -†’ report îËߪ÷L. Åç-ûªèπ◊ ´·ç-üË ´’†ç Ç exclamation †’ statement í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. (The scenery is very beautiful) ANSWER to the exercise

DIRECT SPEECH

Ranjan: Here's something for a change. Don't Worry

Kundan: What it is?

(-õ‰-•’-™¸ 2 îª÷úøçúÕ.)

(-õ‰-•’-™¸ 3 îª÷úøçúÕ.)

îË≤ƒhç.

eg: Direct Speech: Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleasure it is to see you! It's a year since we met. Report (present tense - reporting verb) Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan exclaims that it is a great pleasure to see him (and adds/says) that is a year since they met. Report (past tense- Reported verb)

Rajan surprised at seeing Kundans exclaimed that it was a great pleasure to see him, (and added/said) that was a year since they had met. Exclamation †’ report îËÊÆ full stop -ûÓ ÇÊ°Æœ, statement part †’ éÌûªh sentence í¬ èπÿú≈

îÁ§Òpa.

Eg: Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan exclaims that it is a great pleasure to see him. He says that it is a year since they met. Exercise: Conversation at the beginning of the lesson N’í∫û√ ¶µ«í¬Eo ¢Á·ûªhç (StatementsûÓ Ææ£æ…) Present tense and past tense reporting verbs éÓÆæç report îËߪ’çúÕ.

(-õ‰-•’-™¸ 4 îª÷úøç-úÕ)

4 REPORT

Present tense Reporting verb

Past tense Reporting verb

Ranjan tells Kundan that there is something for a change and asks him not to worry.

Ranjan told Kundan that there was something for a change and asked him not to worry.

Kundan asks him what it is.

Kundan asked him what it was.

Ranjan: You are here just when I am about to have a mango. Happy. Let me treat you to some wonderful mangoes. They are from our own groves - fresh, fleshy and juicy.

Ranjan tells Kundan that he is there just when he is about to have a mango. Ranjan is happy. He wishes to treat Kundan to some wonderful mangoes. They are from their groves - fresh, fleshy and juicy.

Ranjan told Kundan that he was there just when he (Ranjan) was about to have a mango. He was happy. He wished to treat Kundan to some wonderful mangoes - they were from their groves - fresh, fleshy and juicy.

Kundan: Yes. I smell them. How tempting the smell is!

Kundan (says yes) and that he smells them. He exclaims that the smell is very tempting.

Kundan (said yes) and that he smelt them. He exclaimed that the smell was very tempting.

Ranjan: Here you are. Have it.

Ranjan offers the mango to Kundan

Ranjan offered the mango to Kundan.

Ranjan: What a smart Ranjan exclaims that Kundan has fellow you've grown into! grown into a very smart fellow.

Kundan exclaimed that he was very pleased to be with Ranjan again. Ranjan exclaimed that Kundan had grown into a very smart fellow.

Kundan: Haa... how delicious it is! At my place of work we don't get such fruit how sweet!

Kundan exclaims that it is very delicious. They don't get such fruit at his place of work. They are/it is very sweet.

Kundan exclaimed that it was very delicious. They didn't get such fruit at his place of work. they were/ it was very sweet.

Kundan: What a bore it Kundan exclaims that it is a big is to turn out in these bore to turn out in these/those clothes every day. clothes every day!

Kundan exclaimed that it was a big bore to turn out in these clothes everyday.

Ranjan: Take some with you when you go.

Ranjan asks Kundan to take some with him when he goes.

Ranjan asked Kundan to take some with him when he went

Kundan: How pleased Kundan exclaims that he is I am to be with you very pleased to be with Ranjan again! again.

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 3 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Pratibha: Hi Mahima. How glad I am to see you! How is everybody in your village?

(áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oØÓ E†’o îª÷úøí¬ØË, O’ Ü∞x Åçü¿®Ω÷ ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?) Mahima: We are all OK. Thank you. How are you? Pratibha: Fine too. Thank you. What news? Did the local body elections go off well in your place?

(èπ◊™«≤ƒØË. Thank you. àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? ≤ƒnEéπ áEo-éπ-™„™« ïJ-í¬®· O’ Ü∞x?) Mahima: Didn't you read about them all in the papers? What did you watch on the TV? (

°ævA-éπ™x îªü¿-´-™‰ü∆ ¢√ô-EoçöÀ í∫’Jç*? TV ™ àç îª÷¨»´¤?) Pratibha: I did, of course. But it is different to hear about them from one like you on the scene. (îªC-¢√†’, îª÷¨»††’éÓ. é¬E Ææç°∂æ’-ô† Ææn©ç™ Ö†o F™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* N†ôç ¢ËÍ®.) Mahima: Get me some water first. Pratibha: Have some coffee too. (

é¬Ææh

coffee

report sentence word order statement word order report sentences word order statement word order report

îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ N’í∫û√ ÅEo ®Ω鬩 †’ ™éÀ ´÷®Ω’-≤ƒh-´’E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉC î√™« îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË î√™«-´’çC ´·êuç í∫’Jç*, ¢√öÀE §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ ™éÀ ᙫ ´÷®√aL ÅE Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ÉC ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË îËߪ’ôç Å≤ƒüµ¿uç. Ñ sentence ®Ω鬩’, Ææç•ç-Cµûª N´-®√-©†’ spoken English -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL§ƒç. î√™«-´’çC Ç lessons miss Åߪ·uç-ö«-®ΩØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ É°æ¤púø’ ´’S} N´J-Ææ’hØ√oç. í∫´’-Eç* í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. ûÁ©’-í∫’-¢√-éπuç™ à ´÷ô áéπ\-úø’Ø√o Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’. ®√´·úø’ ®√´ù’úÕE îªç§ƒúø’– Ñ ¢√éπu¢Ë’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. DE™ à ´÷ô áéπ\-úø Öç*Ø√ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’. ®√´ù’úÕE ®√´·úø’ îªç§ƒúø’/ îªç§ƒúø’ ®√´·úø’ ®√´-ù’-úÕE– É™« ´÷ô-©†’ ¢√éπuç™ ᙫ ´÷JaØ√ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’ éπü∆. -É°æ¤p-úø’ English ™ try îËߪ’çúÕ: Å™«

Rama killed Ravana-

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 193

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: , ûª®√y-ûª ´·ç-ü¿’

Éçü¿’™ É™« ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’çõ‰ N’í∫û√ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô†’ Åçö«ç. 鬕öÀd ´÷ô-©†’

ii) Where are they going?Where (Wh word) + are (helping verb) + they (subject) + going (main verb)

Åçõ‰ M. SURESAN

question

π◊ 4 word orders ÖØ√o®·:

i) Verb + Subject ii) Helping verb + Subject + Main verb

These politicians, oh, God! Åçü¿’-éπE English sentences ™ à ´÷ô Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ÅC Öçú≈L. îÓô’-´÷-JûË Å®Ωnç I'm happy they are all over. Oh, what ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC. Word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) have we been through! You just can't î√™« ´·êuç. ÅC îª÷ü∆lç É°æ¤púø’. imagine. English ™ 4 ®Ω鬩 sentences ¢√úøû√ç. (áEo-éπ-©-®·-§Ú-ߪ÷-ߪ’E ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ´÷N ᙫçöÀ ņ’-¶µº-¢√™ †’´¤y Ü£œ«çîª- 1. Statement (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÊ° sentence)ÉC™« Öçô’çC/ ÅC Å™« îÁߪ÷uL ™‰´¤) ™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ Pratibha: That's why I asked you to tell me 2. Questions: ÉN Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’– v°æ¨¡o©’– about them. È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’: (Åçü¿’-éπØË éπü∆ E†’o îÁ§ƒp-©çC) Mahima: Thank you. Now about the elections.

Mahima: Many people didnot find their names on the voter lists. Liquor flowed freely. Money- lots of it- passed hands. There were group clashes and faction fights. We passed through the worst of the tension. (

î√™«-´’çC Ê°®Ω’x ãô®Ωx ñ«G-û√™ ™‰´¤. ´’ü¿uç üµ∆®√-∞¡çí¬ §ƒJçC. °-ü¿l-¢Á·-ûªhç™ úø•’s îËûª’©’ ´÷JçC. ´®Ω_-§Ú-®√-ö«©÷ ïJ-í¬®·. î√™« tension ņ’¶µº-Nçî√ç) Pratibha: We pride on being a democratic Country. (´’†ç àüÓ v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u ü˨¡-´’E í∫®Ωy°æ-úøû√ç) Mahima: These politicians, oh, God! (

Ñ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ î√©’. üË´¤-úÓß˝’!) ´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Imperative structures,

a) 'Wh' questions - What, Which, Where, When, Why, Who, Whom, Whose and how Wh 'Wh' Words

™«çöÀ v°æ¨»o-®Ωnéπ °æü∆©’– É´Fo ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-û√®· 鬕öÀd– OöÀE Åçö«ç.

b) Non 'Wh' questions- 'Wh' words questions. 3. Imperative sentences:

Åúø-í∫-ö«©÷ ûÁLÊ° 4. Exclamations:

sentences.

Ǩ¡a-®√uEo, £æ«®∏√-ü∆s¥-¢√-©†÷

ûÁL-Ê°N: Let us now study the word order in each of the four types of sentences and how they can be changed into the statement word order. (This is very important for Reporting, direct speech). 1) Statement: Statement word order: Subject + verb. statement Subject

mations report

a) He is a singer - word order-

Spoken English

Very important: Wh questions Wh questions subject helping verb questions

verb

™ á°æ¤púø÷ ´≤ƒh®·. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ:

He (Subject) + is (verb) + ...

Method of reporting: 1) statement Kamala to Karuna: Sita came here yesterday (statement) Report: a) Kamala says to Karuna that Sita came there yesterday (Reporting verb - Present tense) b) Kamala told Karuna that Sita had come yesterday. report wh + 2) 'wh' question verb + subject/ wh + helping verb + subject + main verb wh word + subject + verb structure

™í¬F, Non ™í¬F á°æ¤púø÷, verb ûª®√-ûªy-í¬F ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. É™«Íí Åúø-í¬L. Å°æ¤púË correct.

îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’,

†’, ™éÀ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.

3) Imperative sentences imperative part to

†’ report îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, ´·çü¿’ °öÀd infinitive îË≤ƒhç. 4) Exclamations †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE ´·çü¿’ statement word order™éÀ ´÷Ja, statement ™«í¬ that ûÓ report v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Exclamation: a) How well she sings!

(Ç¢Á’ áçûª ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çüÓ!) ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ DEo statement í¬ ´÷®Ωaôç: She sings very well.

(Ç¢Á’ î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC.) b) Exclamation: How tall he is!

(ÅûªØÁçûª §Òúø’íÓ!) ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ DEéÀ statement form: He is very tall. (Åûªúø’ î√™« §Òúø’í∫’) Exercise: Report the conversation at the beginning of this lesson.

3) Imperative sentences:

É´Fo Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷ ûÁL-Ê°N– eg: a) come in ( =you come in) = (Asking)

-v°æ-¨¡o:

b) Please help me (you please come in- request)

What is the difference between ..

c) Get out (you get out) - order.

a) The Eenadu was published first from Vizag.

subject 'you'

(Oô-Eoç-öÀéà ´C-™‰≤ƒhç)

ØË. ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬

b) The Eenadu was published first in Vizag. c) The Eenadu was first published in Vizag.

4) Exclamations: What (Wh word) + a fool (noun) + you (sub) + are (verb)

-ï-¢√-•’:

c) How well he plays! How (Wh word) + well (adv) + he (sub) + plays (verb) 4 kinds of sentences word order Statement

– G. £æ«†’-´’çûª®√´¤, ´÷Ωx.

Ç ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x The Eenadu was published from Vizag ÅØËC éπÈ®é˙d. N’í∫û√ È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. publish Åçõ‰ v°æ-Jçîªôç – Åçõ‰ °ævA-éπ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢Á©’-´-úøôç ÅE Å®Ωnç. °ævA-éπ©’ -äéπ-îÓ-ô ´·vü¿ù Å®·-†°æp-öÀéÃ, Åéπ\úÕ †’ç* N’í∫û√îÓôxèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√®· 鬕öÀd published from Åçö«®Ω’.

b) How good he is! - How (Wh word) + good (adj) + he (sub) + is (verb)

Subject + Verb

Word Order in ..

statements, questions ('wh', non-wh), excla-

îÁ°æpôç) îª÷¨»ç.

iv) Wh word+Helping verb+Subject+Main verb

a) What a fool you are!

™‰E

Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷,

Åçõ‰ ´·çü¿÷, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª

îËߪ’ôç (Indirect speech ™

ûÓ

iii) Wh word + Verb + Subject

ûª®√y-ûª-í¬F, ´’†ç

†’

†’

†’

Ñ

Ravana killed Rama -

Direct speech report quesstatement order report tion subject verb Imperative sentence to Exclamation statement report

´’†ç

îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, ™ îË≤ƒhç. Åçõ‰ ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ †’ ´·çü¿ ® Ω °úø û √ç. ´≤ƒh®·. ´·çü¿’ °öÀd v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. †’ ´·çü¿’ í¬ ´÷Ja îË≤ƒhç.

question word order: i) Where are they? Where (Wh word) + are (verb) + they (subject)

ÉD,

äÍé Å®Ωnç É´y-éπ-§Úí¬ ´uAÍ®éπ Å®√n-©-E-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆.

b) They play well They (Subject) + play (verb) + .. Statement subject verb 2 a) Non Wh question: i) Is he a singer? [Is (verb) + he (Subject) + ...] verb, Are playii) Are they playingingverb helping verb, main verb Are they playing? Word order: Are (helping verb) + they (subject)+ playing? (main verb) 2 b) Wh questions:

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Ñ ´÷ô© îÓôx†’ ´÷®ΩaçúÕ– Å®Ωnç ᙫ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çüÓ O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. Rama killed Ravana -

èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÓ)

2

Ææ÷n©çí¬:

Question

Imperative sentence

1) Verb + Subject

You (subject

2) Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb

verb.

3) Wh word + Verb + Subject 4) Wh word + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb

Exclamation

Wh word + noun/ adjective/ adverb + verb sub + verb.

îÁ°æpç) +

≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ´·çü¿’ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Question ™-™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ You á°æ¤púø÷ subject. Ééπ\úø sentence *´®Ω N†-°æ-úøü¿’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤. verb ¢√úøû√ç.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 5 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Rohit: It is raining now. How shall I go?

2)

(´®Ω{ç ´≤ÚhçC. ᙫ ¢Á∞¡x†’?) Rajat: You have to, some how. Otherwise we can't get the tickets and we shall be missing the movie.

(ᙫ-ÈíjØ√ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†ç öÀÈéö¸q ûÁa-éÓ™‰ç, ÆœE´÷ miss Å´¤û√ç). Rohit: You're not ready yet.

(†’Nyçé¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-™‰ü¿’) Rajat: You have a friend at the theatre, don't you? Take his help to get the tickets

(Fèπ◊ Theatre ™ friend ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆. ¢√úÕ ≤ƒßª’çûÓ öÀÈéö¸q BÆæ’éÓ) Rohit: Shall I go now and wait for you at the hall?

(É°æ¤púø’ -ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx öÀÈéö¸q BÆæ’-èπ◊E FéÓÆæç £æ…©’ ü¿í∫_®Ω áü¿’®Ω’îª÷úøØ√?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 194

´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’©÷, requests, permissions èπ◊ ÅúÕÍí question form ™ shall ¢√ú≈L. a) Shall I help you? (ØË-†’ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’Ø√?) b) Shall we wait till tomorrow?

(Í®°æ-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Çí∫-´’ç-ö«®√?) c) When shall we start?

(´’´’tLo á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-´’ç-ö«®Ω’?/ ¢Ë’ç á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®√L?) First type of questions ™E shall †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, reporting verb, present tense ™ Öçõ‰, shall •ü¿’©’ will ´Ææ’hçC. a) Pranav: 'Shall I ever become rich?' Santhi: You will, of course.

DEo

report

îËü∆lç.

Pranav is asking/ has asked Santhi, if he will ever become rich. Santhi assured him he will. reported verb past tense shall would

™ Öçõ‰ ´Ææ’hçC.

M. SURESAN

Pranav asked Santhi if he would ever become rich. Santhi assured that he would.

(Å™« -îÁß˝’. ؈’ -C∑µßË’-ô®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√í¬ØË, ÉçéÓ Example: Sankar: Shall I be happy if I accept the job? Fèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh. ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a.) Ramani: You will be, certainly.

(

؈’

Bike

BÆæ’-éÓØ√?)

Rajat: How shall I come then?

(ØËØÁ™« ®√†’?) Rohit: Shall I come back and pick you up?

(؈’ AJ-íÌ*a E†’o BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡xØ√?) Rajat: Don't worry. I shall take an auto.

(°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ؈’ Çö™ ´≤ƒh.) Rohit: I shall get going then.

Reporting Verb Present tense

Reported Verb

Sankar is asking Ramani if he will be happy if he accepts the job.

Sankar asked Ramani if he would be happy if he accepted the job.

Ramani assures him that he will be, certainly.

Ramani assured him that he would be, certainly.

Past tense

(Å®·ûË Øˆ’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’û√) É°æ¤púø’ shall -¢√-úË È®çúÓ °æ-ü¿l¥-A: Rajat: Do. (é¬F.) É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ÅEo ®Ω鬩 sentences Kumar: Shall I help you? ÉC Kumar îËÆæ’h†o offer. Reporting verb †÷ report îËÊÆ Nüµ∆†ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Å®·ûË present tense Å®·ûË, Kumar is asking her shall ûÓ Ö†o questions †’ report -îËÊÆ N≠æif he can help her. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™– ߪ’ç™ éÌçûª ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. (spoken English ™) He is offering to help Present day English usage ™ shall èπÿ her -Å-†-úøç Öûªh´’ç. will èπÿ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ àç ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ÉüË reported verb past tense ™ Å®·ûË. shall ¢√ú≈-Lq† îÓô™«x, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEo-îÓö«x will Kumar asked Santhi if he should help her ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Shall, will -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈-†’ -É°æ¤p-úø’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx, ´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç-éÓ-´-úøç-™‰-ü¿’. Å®·ûË I and we ûÓ °æ†’© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, shall •ü¿’©’ should questions èπ◊ ´÷vûªç Éçé¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ shall ´Ææ’hçC. ¢√úø’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. Prasad: When shall I see you again? Shall †’ I and we ûÓ question form ™ È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç: Pramod: You can see me whenever you like. 1) Indefinite future- ´’†ç éπ*aûªçí¬ Ü£œ«ç-îª-™‰E/ Prasad asked Pramod when he should see ´’†èπ◊ future ™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çü∆/ ï®Ω-í∫ü∆ ÅE him again. Pramod told him that he could ÆæJí¬_ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’Jç* question ™ see him whenever he liked. ´ÊÆh shall ¢√ú≈L. Now look at the following conversation at a) Shall I ever become great? =

the beginning of the lesson: 1) Rohit (to Rajat): How shall I go?

؈’ àØ√öÀ-ÈéjØ√ íÌ°æp-¢√-úÕ-†-´¤-û√Ø√? b) Shall I be happy there? =

Report: Rohit asked Rajat how he should go. (Reporting verb - past tense).

؈-éπ\úø ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçö«Ø√? c) Shall We need these books after we complete the course? =

Rohit asks Rajat how he can go.

éÓ®Ω’q °æ‹®Ωh®·-† ûª®√yûª ´’†èπ◊ -Ç •’é˙q Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?

can

Spoken English

Reporting verb present tense

Reporting verb past tense

Rohit: Shall I go now and Rohit asks Rajat if he should go Rohit asked Rajat if he should go wait for you at the at once and wait for him at the at once and wait for him at the hall. hall? hall. Rohit: Shall I take the Rohit is asking Rajat if he can Rohit asked Rajat if he should take the bike. bike? take the bike. Rajat: How Shall I come Rajat asks/ is asking Rohit how Rajat asked Rohit how he would come then. then? he will come then. Rohit: Shall I come back Rohit is asking/asks Rajat if he Rohit asked Rajat if he should and pick you up? should come back and pick him up. come back and pick him up.

It is raining now... Rohit: Shall I take the bike?

REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH

ÅüË

•ü¿’©’

Rajat: Do. As soon as I get there, I shall call you and we can meet each other.

2

(Reporting Verb - present tense -

¢√úø’éπ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç)

É™«çöÀîÓôx

Exercise: Report the whole conversation between Rohit and Rajat at the beginning of the lesson with the reporting verb both in the present tense and past tense.

Answer to exercise under lesson 193 REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH

Reporting verb present tense

Reporting verb past tense

Pratibha: Fine too. Thank you, what news? Did the local body elections in your village go off well?

Pratibha told Mahima that she was very glad to see Mahima and asked her if everybody was well in her village. Mahima says they are all OK. She Mahima said that they were all OK. She thanked Pratibha and thanks Pratibha and asks her how she is. asked her how she was. Pratibha says she is fine too. She Pratibha said that she was fine thanks her and asks her for news. too. She thanked her and asked She asks her if the local body elec- her if the local body elections in her village had gone off well. tions in her village went off well.

Mahima: Didn't you read about them in the papers what did you watch on the TV?

Mahima asks Pratibha if she didn't read about them in the papers, and what she watched on the TV.

Mahima asked Pratibha if she had not read about them in the papers and what she had watched on the TV.

Pratibha: I did of course. But it is different to hear about them from one like you on the scene.

Pratibha says/replies that she did but it is different to hear about them from one like her on the scene.

Pratibha replied that she had done but it was different to hear about them from one like her on the scene.

Pratibha: Hi Mahima, how Pratibha tells she is very glad to glad I am to see you! How see mahima and asks her if is everybody in your vil- every body is well in her village. lage? Mahima: We are all OK. Thank you. How are you.

Mahima: Get me some Mahima wants some water. water first.

Mahima asked for some water

Pratibha: Have Coffee too.

Pratibha offered some coffee too.

some Pratibha offers some coffee too. Mahima thanks Pratibha. About the elections she (says she) is happy they are all over. She says Pratibha cannot imagine what they have been through.

Mahima thanked Pratibha. About the election she (said she) was happy they were all over. She said Pratibha could not imagine what they had been through.

Pratibha: That's why I Pratibha says that's why she asked you to tell me asked her to tell her all about them. about them. Mahima: Many people did Mahima says that many people not find their names on did not find their names on the the voter list. Liquor voter list, that liquor flowed flowed freely. Money- lots freely, that money- lots of itof it changed hands. changed hands and that there There were group clash- were group clashes and faction es and faction fights. We fights. They passed through passed through the worst worst of tension.

Pratibha said that was why she had asked her to tell her all about them.

Mahima: Thank you. Now about the elections. I'm happy they are all over. Oh what we have been through you just can't imagine.

Mahima said that many people had not found their names on the voter list that liquor had flowed freely that money- lots of it- had changed hands and that there had been group clashes and faction fights. they had passed through the worst of tension.

of tension. Pratibha: We pride on Pratibha says we pride on being Pratibha said we prided on being a democratic country. being a democratic country a democratic country. Mahima:These politicians, Mahima expresses her disgust Mahima expressed her disgust of politicians. Oh, God. of politicians.

(üËy≠æç/-Å-Ææ£æ«uç)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 7 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Darsan: How about eating out today? (•ßª’-õ„-éπ\-úøØ√o (hotel™) ¶µç-îË-ü∆l´÷?) Vardhan: That's ok with me. I welcome the change.

(Ø√èπ◊ Ææ´’t-ûª¢Ë’. é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’p Ø√èπÿ ÆæçûÓ≠æ¢Ë’)

Darsan: Which restaurant shall we go to? (à restaurant Èé∞«lç?) Vardhan: Let's try 'Vindu Vilas' today.

advice?

(†ØËoç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«-N-°æ¤púø’? F Ææ©£æ… à-N’-öÀ?)

Kumar: Buy it if you like. What can I say?

(FéÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’iûË é̆’éÓ\. ØËØËç îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’?) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ Kumar report îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ îËߪ’-´îª’a– 1) Åçû√ rules v°æ鬮Ωç. 2) Spoken form of English (´÷´‚©’ English Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™) informalí¬ report îËߪ’ôç.. Compare the following

(Ñ¢√∞¡ Nçü¿’ -N-™«Æˇ èπ◊ -§Ú-ü∆ç)

Darsan: Isn't that a long way off? Moreover it's threatening to rain. I am afraid we might get drenched on our way back.

Table -3

(--õ‰-•’-™¸ -1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)

DIRECT SPEECH

ü¿÷®Ωç é¬ü¿’.)

(؈’ †’-¢Áj yûË, ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* Ç™-*ç-’.

´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†o-°æ¤púø’ report îËߪ’ôç

Vardhan: Why don't we go to Eat 'n' joy? It's not far off. (Eat'nJoy Èéçü¿’-Èé-∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å-üË-´ ’ç-ûª Darsan: If I were you, I wouldn't even think of it. The food there is rotten.

M. SURESAN

If I were you... food îÁûªh-™«í¬ -Öç-ôç--C). (rotten - ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç ´·J-T-§Ú-®·†.

Åéπ\úø

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

é¬E

Aô’d °æü¿çí¬ áèπ◊\´ ¢√ú≈h®Ω’.)

Vardhan: You say, 'Vindu Vilas' is a long way off. Eat 'n' Joy doesn't serve good food. So where shall we go now? ('Nçü¿’— ü¿÷®Ω-´’ç-ö«´¤. Eat'n'Joy ™ food ¶«í∫’ç-úø-ü¿ç-ö«´¤ -´’-È®éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«lç) Darsan: Why not the restaurant at Hotel Manpreet? (Manpreet Èé∞Ïh?) Vardhan: That's ok for me. Let's start then.

(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. °æü¿ •ßª’-™‰l®√lç.) Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ÅEo ®Ω鬩 sentences †’ report îËߪ ’ôç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Å®·ûË Spoken English ™ Éûª®Ω’-© ´÷ô-©†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo ≤ƒ®Ω’x strictly grammatical í¬ report îËߪ’ôç éÌçîÁç ví¬ç-C∑-éπçí¬ éπ-E°œç-îª-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬ èπÿú≈ -Öç-ô’ç-C. éÀçC Ææ綵«≠æù report îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ: Samir: What shall I do now? What's your Table -1 Direct Speech

the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. strictly according to the rules and informally, with the reporting verb in the present form and the past form as well. (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 3 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆.

Spoken form ™ informal í¬ report îËߪ’ôç áçûª simple í¬, natural í¬ éπEp-

Kumar's Report In present Tense According to Rules Informal (Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù®Ω÷°æç) Samir is unable to decide and is asking for my advice.

Kumar: Buy it if I am telling him to buy it you like. What can I if he likes and am asking him what I can say. say?

I am telling him to buy it if he likes and that there is nothing I can say / for me to say.

Direct Speech Samir: What shall I do now? What's your advice? Kumar: Buy it if you like what can I say?

195

î√™« Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ simple í¬ Öçô’çC éπü∆. Å™« Öçú≈©çõ‰ ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéà told, asked ™«çöÀ reporting verbs, he added, he further said ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©÷ ¢√úøôç é¬Ææh ᶄsô’dí¬ Öçô’çC. ÅüË °æK-éπ~™x (X Class, Inter, Degree) reported speech -†’ direct speech™éÀ ´÷Ja-†-°æ¤púø’ Å™« ®√ߪ’ôç correct. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç -îÁ°æ¤pèπ◊ç-ô’-†o-C Spoken English é¬E, written English é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. Practice îËÆæ’h-†oD Columns ™. Åçü¿’-éπE natural í¬ NEpçîË spoken forms ØË practice îËü∆lç. Let us now try to report

Samir: What shall Samir is asking me what I do now? What's he should do now and your advice? what my advice is.

Table -2

REPORT Formal (According to rules)

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Informal í¬ (´÷´‚©’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù ®Ω÷°æç™) report îËߪ’ôç áçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçüÓ. Å®·ûË §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-©-éÌéπ Ææ÷: ¢Á·ü¿ô ¶«í¬ rules v°æ鬮Ωç report îËߪ’ôç practice îËÆœ† ûª®Ω-¢√-ûË spoken form™ informal í¬ report îËߪ’ôç practice îËߪ’çúÕ: É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææç-¶µ«-≠æùØË past tense ™ report îËü∆lç: (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 2 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)

(ÅC ü¿÷®Ωç éπü∆? ´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’dí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC. AJ-íÌîËa-ô-°æ¤púø’ ûª-úø’≤ƒh-¢Ë’-¢Á÷). threatening to rain - ´®Ω{Ææ÷- ¶«í¬ Öçúøôç. Å®·ûË threaten èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – ¶„C-Jç-îªôç. Don't try to threaten me = ††’o ¶„C-Jç-îª-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îÌü¿’l.

2

≤ÚhçüÓ. Å®·ûË Å™« Direct îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ Speech ™E ¶µ«´ç àO’ îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ -ñ«-ví∫-ûªh °æú≈-L.-Å™« ÖçúË Nüµ¿çí¬ informal í¬ report îËߪ÷-©çõ‰ éÌçîÁç vocabulary

(°æü¿Ææç°æü¿) Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ÅC Öçõ‰ informal report î√™« Ææ’©¶µºç.

Exercise: Report Kumar's Report (Past Tense) aloud the rest of the According to Rules Informal (Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù ®Ω÷°æç) conversation at the beginning of the lesSamir asked me what he Samir was unable to son. both a) accordshould do then and what decide and asked for/ ing to rules b) in the wanted my advice my advice was informal (spoken) form, and also a) in I told him to buy it if he I told him to buy it if he the present form and liked and that there was b) past form liked and asked him nothing for I could say what I could say (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 4 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) / for me to say.

Darsan: How about eating out today

a) Present Tense Darsan asks Vardhan how about eating out that day. b) Past Tense: Darsan asked Vardhan how about eating out that day.

Vardhan: That's OK with me. I welcome the change Darsan: Which restaurant shall we go to?

Vardhan: Let's try Vindu Vilas today

Darsan: Isn't it a long way off? Moreover it's threatening to rain. I am afraid we might get drenched on our way back.

Vardhan: Why don't we go to Eat 'n'joy? It's not far off.

a) Vardhan says it is OK with him and that he welcomes the change Vardhan said it was OK with him and that he welcomed the change. a) Darsan asks which restaurant they will go to. b) Darsan asked which restaurant that would go to. a) Vardhan suggest that they try Vindu Vilas that day. b) Vardhan suggested that they try Vindu Vilas that day a) Darsan asks Vardhan if it is not a long way off, and says that it's threatening to rain and adds that he is afraid they might get drenched on their way back b) Darsan asked if it was not a long way off, and said that it was threatening to rain and added that he was afraid that they might get drenched... a) Vardhan asks why they don't go to Eat 'n'Joy and adds that it is not far off. b) Vardhan asked why they didn't go to Eat 'n' Joy and adds that it is not far off

Informal (Spoken Form) Present Tense Darsan suggests that they eat out that day. Darsan suggested that they eat out that day. Vardhan is for it and welcomes the change. Vardhan was for it/ agreed to it and welcomed the change. a) Darsan asks about the restaurant they will go to. b) Darsan asked about the restaurant they would go to a) Vardhan suggests trying Vindu Vilas that day/suggests Vindu Vilas b) Vardhan suggested trying Vindu Vilas. a) Darsan feels it is long way off. Moreover it is threatening to rain and is afraid they might get drenched on their way back b) Darsan felt it was a long way off. Moreover it was threatening to rain and feared (that) they might.. a) Vardhan proposes/ suggests Eat 'n' Joy. it is not far off. b) Vardhan proposed/suggested Eat 'n' Joy. It was not far off.

Table -4

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORT according to rules

Darsan: If I were you, I Wouldn't even think of it. The food there is rotten.

Vardhan: You say 'Vindu Vilas' is a long way off. Eat'n'Joy doesn't serve good food. So where shall we go now?

Darsan: Why not the restaurant at Hotel Manpreet? Vardhan: That's Ok for me Let's start them

Informal (Spoken Form)

a) Darsan tells vardhan that if he Darsan Says if he were Vardhan were he, he wouldn't think of it and he wouldn't think of it and calls the food there rotten. He has no that the food there is rotten. b) Darsan told vardhan that if he good word for the food there. b) Darsan said that if he had been had been he, he woudn't have even vardhan he wouldn't have even thought of it and that the food there thought of it and called the food was rotten. there rotten / he had no good a) Vardhan Observes that Darsan word for the food there. says that Vindu Vilas is a long way a) Darsan feels Vindu Vilas is a off and Eat'n'Joy doesn't serve good long way off, and Eat 'n' Joy doesn't serve good food, so food. He asks where they will go where will they go now. now. b) Vardhan observed that Darsan b) Vardhan Felt that Vindu Vilas said that Vindu Vilas was long way was a long way off, Eat 'n'Joy didoff and Eat 'n' Joy didn't serve good n't serve good food, so where would they go Now?. food. He Asked him, where they would go. a) Darsan asks why they spend not go to the restaurant at Hotel Manpreet? b) Darsan asked why they shouldn't' go to the restaurant...

a) Darsan suggests the restaurant at Hotel Manpreet.

b) Darsan suggested the restaurant... a) Vardhan says that it is ok for him a) Darsan says OK and suggests and suggests they start. that they start. b) Vardhan said that is was ok for b) Vardhan said OK and suggesthim, and suggested that they start. ed that they start.

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 10 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 1) Hemanth: Sarath, you are late again. (¨¡®Ωû˝, ´’Sx †’´¤y Ç©Ææuçí¬ -´-î √a-´¤) Sarath: But I'm not. You wanted me here at 5, and here I am at 5. ( ØËØËç Ç©Ææuçí¬ ®√-™‰-ü¿’. †’´¤y -Å®·Cç-öÀéÀ

®Ω-´’t-Ø√o-´¤. Å®·Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o†’) Hemanth: Didn't you promise to be here 4.30 itself? (4.30 èπ◊ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«-†E ´÷öÀ-´y-™‰ü∆?) Sarath: I did, but then you said it was enough If I was here by 5. (Eï¢Ë’ é¬E †’¢Ëy ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆ ØËE-éπ\úø -

Å®·Cç-öÀ-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©E) 2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, would you like to have some coffee? (é¬Ææh coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?) Neeraj: I don't feel like it I've just had coffee. (BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-E°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púË coffee

BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o) Dheeraj: But you must take some thing. Shall I get you a drink, perhaps some orange juice? (†’¢Ëy-ü¿-®·Ø√ -BÆæ’éÓ¢√-LqçüË. orange

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Malli?

(؈’ -E-†’o '´’Lx— ÅE °œ©-´úøç -É-≠d-¢æ Ë’Ø√?) Malini: Nothing of the sort, Call me Malini. That is how I like it.

(ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. ††’o ´÷LE ÅØË- °œ-©’-. ÅüË Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ) Nothing of the sort= ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’– Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ DEo -à Ææç-ü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Purely conversational. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. (Ñ ¢Á·ûªhç °æEéÀ ®Ω÷. 500 É≤ƒh-†’. à´’ç-ö«´¤?) Apparao: That's too little for such a lot of work. I don't like the amount at all, but I need money now, so I agree to do it.

(Åçûª °æEéÀ -Éçûª ûªèπ◊\¢√? Ø√èπ◊ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ Ø√éÀ°æ¤púø’ úø•’s Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Åçü¿’-éπE ä°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ Direct speech -†’ strictly according to rules, formal (Ææ÷vû√© v°æ鬮Ωç, ví¬ç--C∑éπç) í¬ report

M. SURESAN

REPORTING

DIRECT SPEECH

Formal (According to rules)

5) Subba Rao: How about Rs 500/- for the whole job?

Informal (Spoken Form)

Reporting Verb Past tense 1) Hemanth: Sarath, you are late again.

Hemanth observed that Sarath was Hemanth complained that Sarath was late again. late again.

Sarath: But I'm not. You wanted me here at 5, and here I am at 5.

Sarath said he was, however, not Sarath protested and asserted late, and that Hemant had wanted that he was there at 5, as him there at 5, and there he was at 5. Hemanth had wanted him.

Hemanth: Didn't you promise to be here at 4.30 itself?.

Hemanth asked sarath if he hadn't Hemanth reminded sarath of his promised to be there at 4.30 itself. promise to be there at 4.30 itself.

Sarath: I did but then you said that it was enough if I was here by 5.

Sarath told Hemanth that he had Sarath agreed but reminded said so, but that Hemanth had said Hemanth that he had told him that it would be enough if he was that it was enough if he was there there by 5. by 5.

.

I don't feel like..

Ééπ\úø Informal reporting ™ complained, protested, reminded, agreed ™«çöÀ ´÷ô© ¢√úø’éπ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Å™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ reporting †’ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x -îË≤ƒh®· 2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, would you like to have some coffee?

juice ™«çöÀ-üË-¢Á’iØ√ É´yØ√?) Neeraj: Not n ow, please. Thank you, just the same . (É°æ¤púø’ -´-ü¿’l™‰ Å®·Ø√ thank you.) just the same = Å®·Ø√ 3) komala: Shall we go to the exhibition this evening? (Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´’†ç exhibition

Èé∞«l´÷?) Vimala: Sure; I like to, very much.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Ø√èπ◊ î√-™« É≠ædç) Komala: Then shall we start at 6.30?

(Å®·ûË 6.30èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ü∆´÷?) Vimala: That's OK for me. I'll be here exactly at 6.30. (-Å-™«Íí. ØËE-éπ\úø correct í¬ 6.30 èπ◊çö«) 4) Hema: How do you like my calling you

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, ordinary spoken form (´÷´‚©’ ¢√u´£æ…-Jé𠶵«≠æ)™ îËߪ’-ú≈Eéà ÖçúË ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eçî√ç. É°æ¤púø’, -§ƒ-®∏√uç-¨¡ç -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™ -Ö-†o Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-†’ í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ. OöÀ-™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅFo èπÿú≈ strictly according to rules report îËÊÆh î√-™« ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç é¬Ææh É•sç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-©-†’ ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ report îËÆœØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Å´-ûª-L-¢√--JéÀ Ææ-Jí¬_ -Å®Ωn-¢Á’i-ûË -î√-©’. Let's try to report this conversation

(°æéπ\ -õ‰-•’-™¸ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) marks.

Now practise the following Report the direct speech both in the Formal and Spoken form. Prameela: Let's show our teacher we are clever students. Vineela: That is the thing we have to do. Let's work hard and get good

Kalyan:

teacher that they were clever students.

You haven't done the homework. Won't the teacher punish you?

Pavan:

What do I care? Let her.

Sangeeta: Let there be no delay, please. Vignata:

ACCORDING TO RULES Prameela suggested that they show their

196

Be sure I'll be prompt.

Neeraj: I don't feel like it, I've just had some coffee.

Neeraj replied he didn't feel like it Neeraj didn't feel like it as he had and added that he had just had some just had some coffee.

Dheeraj: But you must take something. Shall I get you a drink, perhaps some orange juice. Neeraj: Not now, please. Thank you just the same.

Dheeraj said that Neeraj had to take something. He asked him if he should get some drink, perhaps some orange juice.

3) Komala: Shall we go to the exhibition this evening?

Komala suggested that they go to the exhibition that evening/ Komala suggested their going to the exhibition that evening.

Vimala: Sure, I like to, very much.

Vimala agreed and said she liked to, Vimala readily agreed and liked to go very much. very much.

Komala: Then shall we start at 6.30.

Komala asked Vimala if they would Komala proposed then they start at 6.30. start at 6.30.

Komala: That's OK for me. I'll be here at 6.30. 4) Hema: How do you like my calling you Malli?.

Komala said that it was OK for her It was OK for Komala. She would and that she would be there at 6.30. be there at 6.30.

Malini: Nothing of the sort. Call me Malini. That's how I like it.

Malini said nothing of the sort. She Malini wouldn't have anything of asked Hema to call her Malini and the sort. She asked Hema to call added that that was how she liked it. her Malini. That was how she liked it. Subbarao asked Apparao if he would Subbarao proposed Rs. 500/- for do the whole job for Rs. 500/-. the whole job.

INFORMAL Prameela wanted to show their teacher that that they were clever students.

Vineela said that that was the thing they had to do, and suggested that they work hard and get good marks. Kalyan said that Pavan had not done his homework and asked him if the teacher wouldn't punish him. Pavan said that he did not care, and did not mind her punishing him.

Vineela agreed and suggested their working hard and getting good marks.

Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay. urge = Strong request (í∫öÀd Nïc°œh).

Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay. (formal & Spoken form - same).

Vignata told Sangeeta to be sure that she would be prompt.

Vignata assured Sangeeta that she would be

Kalyan observed Pavan had not done his homework and warned him that the teacher would punish him. Pavan said he didn't care.

5) Subbarao: How about Rs. 500/- for the whole job?. Apparao: That's too little for such a lot of work. I don't like the amount at all, but I need money now and I'll do it.

coffee. Dheeraj insisted that Neeraj take something. He offered to get drink, perhaps some orange juice. insist = °æô’d-°æ-ôdúøç

Neeraj politely said that he wouldn't Neeraj wouldn't have any thing have anything then. He thanked then and thanked Neeraj just the same. Neeraj, just the same. Komala suggested that they go to the exhibition that evening/ Komala suggested their going to the exhibition that evening.

Hema asked Malli how she liked her Hema wanted to know how she like her calling Malli/ Hema would calling her Malli. call her Malli. How would she like it?.

Apparao said that it was too little for such a lot of work, and added that he didn't like the amount at all, but that he needed money then and that he would do it.

Apparao complained that it was too little for such a lot of work. He grumbled that he didn't like the money at all but to do it as he needed the money, he would do it. grumble =

Ææù-í∫ôç.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

prompt. Prompt =

Dheeraj offered coffee to Neeraj. Dheeraj asked Neeraj if he would Neeraj refused Has he had just like to have some coffee. had some coffee.

Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ Öçúøôç.

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 12 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Prabhakar: Hi Divakar, when did you come?

(£æ…ß˝’ C¢√-éπ®˝! á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√a´¤?) Divakar:

Hardly a few hours ago, by the Howrah Express.

(É°æ¤púË éÌEo-í∫ç-ô© éÀçü¿ô, £æ«˜®√ áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ™ ´î√a†’.) Prabhakar: Back home after a long time, you feel happy, don't you? But why

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? ÅFo-é¬-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, áèπ◊\-´í¬ short sentences, exclamations ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. ´’†ç OöÀE spoken English ™ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, Ç ´÷ô-éÌÊÆh formal í¬ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ´’éÃ\éÀ -´’-éÀ\í¬ rules v°æ鬮Ωç report îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. äéπJ ´÷ô-™ xE ¶µ«´ç îÁúøèπ◊çú≈, Ææ£æ«-ïûªyç éπE-°œç-îË-ôô’x report îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ: Kumar: I am taking the exam next week.

are you out so soon?

Kesav: Wish you the best of luck.

(î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤. ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC éπü∆? Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púË ´’S} •ßª’-öÀ-éÌ-î√a-¢ËçöÀ?) Divakar:

Oh, just think of it. What do I find

Report: Kumar told Kesav that he was taking the exam next week, and Kesav wished him the best of luck.

4) Ashok: Why did you drive so fast?

Now look at the following expressions & sentences.

Amar: I was late for class. (class

as I step into home? Mom down

Study this table carefully and practise the spoken form well.

(áçü¿’-éπçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úÕ-§ƒ´¤?) èπ◊ Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC)

Prabhakar: What train did you say you came by?

Ashok: I wouldn't do it if I were you. Isn't dangerous?

with a fever.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 197

(îª÷úø’. Éçöx Cí∫-í¬ØË Øˆ’ îª÷Æœç -üË-N’öÀ? Å´’tèπ◊ ïy®Ωç.)

D†®Ωnç: †’´¤y à train ™ ´î√a-†-Ø√o¢˛? äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§ÚûË, ´’S} îÁ°æp´’-†ôç É™«. a) O’ Ê°Í®-N’-ô-Ø√o®Ω’, ´’S} ã≤ƒJ îÁ°æpçúÕ.

(ØËØË †’´y-®·ûË Å™« îËߪ’†’. v°æ´÷ü¿ç éπü∆?)

What did you say your name was?

You are welcome Prabhakar: What train did you say you came by?

(à

train

™ ´î√a†Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y?)

Didn't you Express?

say

the

Howrah

(£æ«˜®√ áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆?) My uncle must have come by the same train.

(´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u èπÿú≈ ÅüË ´îª’aç-ú≈L).

train

™

But why are you out? Divakar:

I told you. Mom has a fever and I am going to get some medicines. What a bother?

(îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆. Å´’tèπ◊ ïy®Ωçí¬ Öçü¿E, ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’Ø√o. àç ¶«üµÓ! – NÆæ’í∫’ – What a bother) Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it's just an ordinary fever

(Eïçí¬ ü¿’®Ωü¿%≠æd¢Ë’. ´÷´‚©’ ïy®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?) Divakar:

(I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's some viral fever.

(´÷´‚©’ ïy®Ωç Å®·ûË ¶«í¬ØË Öç-úË-C. àüÓ viral fever ÅE ņ’-´÷†çí¬ ÖçC Ø√èπ◊.) Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.

(ÅÈ®, §ƒ°æç) Divakar:

Damn these heavy rains! They are the cause of all these.

Prabhakar: Oh, curse my memory! I forgot to congratulate you on your getting a new and better job.

(Ø√ ´’A-´’-®Ω-°æ¤-´©x ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Fèπ◊ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ éπçõ‰ ´’ç*, éÌûªh job ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπçví¬ö¸q. Divakar:

Thank you. But I must rush. I've been too long with you. Mom must be wondering where I am. See you later. Bye. (Thanks. é¬F ؈’ ¢Á∞«}L. FûÓ ´’K áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o†’. OúÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oú≈ ÅE Å´’t ņ’-éÌç-ô’ç-ô’çC. ûª®√yûª éπ©’ü∆lç.)

Spoken English

Where did you keep it? spoken form you kept it where common. Where did you say you kept it?

´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, Åçö«ç éπü∆. ™ ÅØËC DØËo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬–

words ᙫ î˨»¢Á÷ (Indirect ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp¢Á÷) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, Kesav said that

Report:

report speech

a) Present tense: Ashok wonders why Amar drive so fast. Amar says he was late for class. Ashok advises him not to do it and warns him it is dangerous.

he wished him the best of luck formal spoken form

b) Past tense: Ashok wondered why Amar had driven so fast. Amar said he was late for class. Ashok advised him not to do it and warned him against it/ of the danger/ that it was dangerous.

ÅE ÅØ√Lq M. SURESAN ´Ææ’hçC. Å™« Åçõ‰ í¬ í¬F, ™ í¬F, (formal í¬ éπçõ‰ spoken form ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬) î√™« ÅÆæ-£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE Å™«çöÀ ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ °j† ûÁL-°œ-†ô’x report îËߪ’ôç better. 1) Abhishek: Thanks a lot for your help. Anamika: You are welcome. thanks you are welcome/ you are most welcome/ welcome

Divakar:

Åçö«ç)

Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.

Report:

Suppose we want to report the conversation above. How do we go about it?

îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’,

a) Present tense: Abhishek thanks Anamika a lot for her help. Anamika appreciates his thanks. b) Past tense: Abhishek thanked Anamika a lot for her help. Anamika appreciated it. 2) Pradhan: Congratulations on your getting the top grade. Keep it up. Prakash: Thank you. a) Reporting verb - Present tense: Pradhan congratulates Prakash on his getting the top grade and adds a word

(áéπ\úø °ö«d-†-Ø√o´¤ ü∆Eo?) 2) Mom must be wondering where I am.

ØËØÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oØ√ ÅE Å´’t -Ç-™-îª-†-™ °æ-úÕ -Öç-ô’ç-C. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ wonder Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’– Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ÅE. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø, Mom must be wondering/ I wonderÉ™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx wonder èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– 'à´’-ߪ·uç-ô’çD, à´’-´îª’a— ÅE. àüÁjØ√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´’†ç Ç™-îª-†™ °æúøôç ÅE.

Now look at the following part of conversation at the beginning of the lesson: Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it is just an ordinary fever.

(á´-È®jØ√ ´’†èπ◊

a) I wonder if he knows this =

¢√úÕ-éÀC ûÁ©’≤Ú ûÁL-ߪ’üÓ? (Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’) b) Suneetha: Will Suguna come now?

(Ææ’í∫’ù É°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçü∆?)

(I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's some viral fever.

(´’†ç °j Ææ綵«-≠æù ᙫ

report

Supriya: I wonder.

(´Ææ’hçüÓ ®√üÓ, Ø√éπ-†’-´÷-†¢Ë’) Exercise: Report aloud the whole conversation at the beginning of the lesson, both according to rules and informally.

îË≤ƒhç?)

Reporting - Present Formal (acc. to rules)

You kept it where?

Sumanth: I kept it on the table.

Kesav's

Reporting - Past

Informal (spoken)

Formal (acc. to rules)

Informal (spoken)

Prabhakar says it is really Prabhakar is disap- Prabhakar said it was real- Prabhakar was disa pity and that he hopes it pointed and hopes it ly a pity and that he hoped appointed and hoped it was ordinary fever. is ordinary fever is ordinary fever. it was ordinary fever. Divakar says he wishes it Divakar wishes it Divakar expressed a wish were, but that he suspects were, but suspects that it had been, but that he suspected it was some it is some viral fever. it is a viral fever. viral fever.

Divakar wished it had been, but suspected it to be a viral fever.

of encouragement. Prakash thanks him. b) Reporting verb - Past tense:

(Ñ ¢Áüµ¿´ ´®√{©’. OöÀ-´™‰x É´Fo.)

b) Srinath:

Pradhan congratulated Prakash on his getting the top grade and added a word of encouragement. Prakash thanked him. 3) Susanth: This bike often gives me trouble. What a bother! (What a bother=

áçûª *é¬èπ◊)

Report: a) Susanth is vexed that this/ that bike often gives him trouble. b) Susanth was vexed that that bike often gave him trouble.

É™« ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ He said that, etc., ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ ¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©’°æ-í∫-L-TûË î√©’.

†’, Do †’ àN-üµ¿çí¬ -Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? 2. Xerox , photocopy © ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. – ñ„.®√V, ÇC-™«-¶«ü˛

b) Do=

1. Make

1. a) Make means to produce / manufacture. Make

Åçõ‰ üËØÁj oØ√ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’úøç, ÖûªpAh îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

i) Mother is making coffee =

Å´’t 鬰∂‘ ûªßª÷®Ω’îË≤ÚhçC. ii) The student is making an attempt to understand the subject =

Nü∆uJn Æ涄-bèπ◊d†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.

àüÁjØ√ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç/ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªôç

i) What is he doing? =

ÅûªØËç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’ (àüÁjØ√ °æE) He is studying= Åûªúø’ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. ii) You do your duty = F NCµ †’´¤y- îÁ®·u (E®Ωy-£œ«ç) Do work, harm, homework, business, a course, one's best, etc. Make a cake, money, a speech, fun etc., 2. Photocopy Photostat photo copy Xerox company machine photocopy Xerox copy photostat machines

Åçõ‰ üËE-ÈéjØ√ BÆœ†-ô’xí¬ ¢√∞¡x O’ü¿ Å®·ûË Åçö«®Ω’. †’ ¢Á·ü¿ô v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-öÀdçD, É°æp-öÀéà Åûªuçûª °ü¿l company ÅüË. ÅÆæ©’ ÅØ√-LqçC photocopy ÅØË. Xerox copy Xerox brand machine O’ü¿ -BÊÆ copy È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. photocopy correct.

´îËa BÊÆ

, ÅE.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 14 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Naresh: Where are you coming from?

versation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Nabh: That makes us equally tall.

(†’¢Áy-éπ\-úø’oç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)

Ramesh: From my uncle's.

(´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ÉçöÀ †’ç* -´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†’)

Naresh: You go there quite frequently, don't you?

(Åçõ‰ ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç äÍé áûªh-†o-´÷ô)

Sekhar: You're wrong, my friend. I am still taller than you by half an inch.

(§Ò®Ω•- ú- ’ø û- ª’Ø- √o-´¤ N’vû´ª ÷, Féπçõ‰ Ø- †-Ë ’ É°æpöÀéà 1/2 Åçí∫’∞- ¡ç áèπ◊\-´ áûª’h Ö- Ø- √o-†’)

(†’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢Á∞¡-û√´¤ éπü∆?)

Ramesh: I do. He asks me to eat there quite often.

(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† ††’o ûª®Ω-îª÷ ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ °œ©’-≤ƒhúø’.)

Naresh: Hasn't he a daughter?

(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ èπÿûª’-®Ω’çC éπü∆?)

Ramesh: What're you driving at?

Nabh: If that makes you happy, have it so.

(Å™« ņ’-éÓôç Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-¢Á’iûË, Å-™«Íí ņ’éÓ.)

3) Nagaraj: Let me finish this chapter. I'll come with you wherever you want. (Ñ chapter °æ‹Jh îËÆœ-† -ûª®√y-ûª

†’¢Áy-éπ\-úÕ-éÀ-®Ω-´’tçõ‰ Åéπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒh†’)

(àN’öÀ †’´yç-öçC?) drive at = ÉçÍéüÓ ÖüËP-l ç* îÁ°pæ ôç. I still don't understand what she was driving at = Ç¢Á’ Å™« ņ-ôç™ Ö- †- o Öü˨l ¡ç àN’ö É°æpöÀ Ø- √èπ◊ Å- ®Ωç¥l 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. 'drive at' ¢- √-ú’ø éπ†- ’ O- ’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’ç-ú.Õ Naresh: I've been wondering all these days why you go there so often. Now I know.

Prakash: Murthy will complain we are late. (´’†ç late ÅE

´‚Jh ûª°æ¤p°æ-úø-û√-úø’)

Nagaraj: Let him. My test tomorrow is more important than this outing.

M. SURESAN

( †’´¤y áçü¿’èπ◊ Åéπ\úÕ-éÀ ûª®Ωîª÷

(ûª°æp-ôdF. Ñ ≠œé¬®Ω’ éπçõ‰ Í®°æ-öÀ Ø√ test Ø√èπ◊ -î √-™« ´·êuç)

Prakash: you're right Let him understand that.

I'm sorry I'm going ... ¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ -ÉEo ®ÓV©÷ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ ûÁL-ÆœçC) Wonder = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-úøôç – É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ôç/Å®Ωnç é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

198

Ramesh: What do you know?

(†’´¤y ÅØËC Æ敶‰. ÅC ¢√úø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.) (àçöÀ Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC?) ´’†ç direct speech report È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ îË-ߪ’-´-îªaNaresh: A marriage in the offing. E í∫-ûª lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. 1) î√-™« formal (°Rx ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓç-ü¿E) (In the offing = ï®Ω’-í∫-†’†o) í¬ (rule v°æ鬮Ωç) 2) Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ (informal í¬) Ramesh: I'm sorry I'm going to disappoint spoken form ™ (Åçõ‰ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬). Ñ you. My uncle does have a daughcolumns ™ ´’† ÖüËl¨¡ç spoken English ØË®Ω’a-éÓter, but she is already the mother of ´ôç 鬕öÀd, ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË English Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«two babes. ïçí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰, spoken form ™ report îËߪ’úøç-ûÓ (E†’o E®Ω’-û√q£æ«°æ-®Ω’Ææ’h-†-oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿í¬ -§ƒ-ô’, -v§ƒéÃdÆˇ èπÿ-ú≈ -Å-ûªuç-ûª éÃ-©éπç. ÖçC. ´÷ ´÷´’-ߪ’uèπ◊ èπÿûª’-®Ω’çC, é¬F °j passage ™ áèπ◊\´ ¶µ«í∫ç Spoken form™ report Ç¢Á’ Éü¿l®Ω’ °œ©x© ûªLx) îËߪ’ö- «-EÍé ņ’-´¤í¬ Ö-çú- ö-ø «-Eo í∫´’-Eç-îçª úÕ. According 2) Sekhar: Hi Nabh, how tall you have grown to rules practice îËߪ’ú - çø Å- ç-ûª ¶«í∫’ç-úü-ø ¿’. -É-C í∫´’since I saw you last a year ago !. Eç-îªçúÕ. (Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éÀçü¿ô E†’o îª÷Æœ-†-°æpöÀéÀ... Let us see two or three samples: Practise them -É°æp-öÀéÀ áçûª áC-í¬´¤!) with the reporting verb in the Present Tense Nabh: So have you. True; I certainly am 2 inches taller than I was a year ago. What about you.

and in the Past Tense as well. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç* ´’†ç reporting verb present tense ™ èπÿú≈ practise îËߪ’ôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’.

(Eï¢Ë’ éÀçü¿õ‰-ú≈C éπçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ È®çúøç-í∫’-∞«©’ DEéÀ ´·êu-é¬-®Ωùç ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x î√™« °-Jí¬-†’. -´’-J F Ææçí∫A?) ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ØË ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô©’ report Sekhar: Just two inches. That's all. îËÊÆ Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿(È®çúøç-í∫’-∞«™‰ ÅçûË. That's all = ÅçûË ®√s¥™x present tense ™ØË report îË≤ƒhç éπü∆? Is this all? = ÉçûËØ√? That's all = ÅçûË. O’ conÉ°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ÅüË îËü∆lç: Q) Year by year, Year after year, Every other year

Every other year he goes to the US =

Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? üËEo á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? üµ¿†, £j«-ü¿®√--¶«-ü˛. i) Year by year = Every year. v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÅE. Year by year, he is growing richer and richer. (Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ææç´-û√q-®√-EéÃ, ÅûªúÕ

Ææç°æü¿ °J-T-§Ú-ûÓçC).

1

Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç NúÕ* Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Åûªúø’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’. Q) a, e, i, o, u©ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u °æü∆© ´·çü¿’ An ®√¢√L éπü∆! Å®·ûË University, European ™«çöÀ °æü∆© ´·çü¿’ 'A' áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç?

N. í¬çDµ §ƒ-´’®˝, éÌ-ûªhí∫÷-úÁç. ï¢√•’: a/ an Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç – Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, à, â, ä, ã, å – Ñ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u English ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ 'an' ¢√úøû√ç. N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀ ´·çü¿’ 'a' ¢√úøû√ç. Ææçûªq-®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ, ´ßª’Ææ’ Â°j°æúø’ûª’Ø√o, Åûªúø’ éπ≠d°æ æúÕ University, European, Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷ô©÷, °j† °æE-îË-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’. îÁ°œp† ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE Year after year his study continued = an ¢√úøç (European= ߪ‚®Ω-°œ-ߪ’Ø˛; University = Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©’í¬ ÅûªúÕ Åüµ¿u-ߪ’†ç ≤ƒTçC. ߪ‚E-´-JqöÀ – 'ߪ‚— ÅØË ¨¡•lç Å †’ç* å ´®Ωèπ◊ ÖçúË Every other year = alternate year ûÁ©’í∫’ ¨¡¶«l™x ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.) Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´÷Ja (NúÕ*) Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ii) Year after year = continuously, without brake. Year after year passed, he continued to work hard, though he was getting older and older

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTING (Only Spoken Form) Reporting Verb Present

Reporting Verb Past

Naresh wants to know where Ramesh is coming from. Ramesh is coming from his uncle's place. Naresh observes that Ramesh goes there frequently and asks him if he doesn't?

Naresh Wanted to know where Ramesh was coming from. Ramesh was coming from his uncle's place. Naresh observed that Ramesh went there frequently, and asks him if he didn't.

Ramesh: I do. He asks Ramesh agrees that he goes there me to eat there quite often as his uncle asks him to eat there often. quite often.

Ramesh agreed that he went there often as his uncle asked him to eat there quite often.

Naresh: Hasn't he a daughter? Ramesh: What are you driving at?

Naresh wonders if he hasn't a daughter. Ramesh wants to know /wonders what Naresh is driving at.

Naresh wondered if he hadn't a daughter

Naresh: I've been wondering all these days why you go there so often. Now know. Ramesh: What do you know?

Naresh has been wondering all these days why Ramesh went there so often. Now he knows.

Ramesh wanted to know/ wondered at What Naresh was driving at. Naresh had been wondering why Ramesh went there so often. Now he knew.

Ramesh is asking Naresh what he knows.

Ramesh asked Naresh what he knew.

Naresh: A Marriage in Naresh hopes for a marriage in the offthe offing. ing.

Naresh hoped for a marriage in the offing.

Ramesh: I'm sorry I am going to disappoint you. Ramesh is sorry to disappoint Naresh. My uncle does have Ramesh's uncle does have a daughter daughter, but she is but she is already the mother of two already the mother of babes. two babes. Answers to the exercise under lesson no:

Ramesh was sorry to disappoint Naresh. Ramesh's uncle did have a daughter but she was already the mother of two babes.

Naresh: Where are you coming from? Ramesh: from my uncle's Naresh: You go there, frequently, don't you?

DIRECT SPEECH

197

Reporting Verb Past tence According to rules

Spoken Form

Prabhakar wanted to know Prabhakar: Hi Divakar Prabhakar asked Divakar when he when Divakar had come. had came. When did you come? Divakar: Hardly a few hours Divakar Replied that he had come Divakar had come hardly a hardly a few hours ago by the few hours ago by the Howrah ago, by Howrah Express Express Howrah Express. Prabhakar: Back home after Prabhakar asked observed that Prabhakar said that Divakar a long time, you feel happy, back home after a long time, he felt must be feeling happy to be don't you? But why are you happy and asked him if he didn't. back home after a long time, out so soon? He asked him however why he was but wondered why he was out Divakar: Oh, Just think of it what do I find as I step into home? Mom down with a fever.

out so soon. Divakar disappointed asked Prabhakar to think of what he found just as he stepped into home- mom down with a fever

so soon. Divakar was disappointed that as he stepped into home he found mom down with a fever.

Prabhakar wanted to be sure what train Divakar had come by and if it wasn't Howrah Express. He wanted to know why he was out. Divakar: I told you. mom has Divakar said that he had told him Divakar had already told him a fever and I'm going to get that mom has a fever and he was to his mom's fever and was some medicines What a going to get some medicines. He very unhappy he was going to bother! get some medicines. was not at all happy about it. Prabhakar: What train did You say you came by? Didn't you say Howrah Express? But why are you out?

Prabhakar asked Divakar what train he had said he came by, and if he hadn't said Howrah Express. He asked him why he was out.

Divakar: Damn these heavy Divakar cursed the rains, and said Divakar cursed the rains for being the cause of all these. rains! They are the cause of they were the cause of all those. all these. Prabhakar: Oh curse my Prabhakar cursed his memory, as Prabhakar cursed his memory, memory. I forgot to congratu- he forgot to congratulate Divakar on as he forgot to congratulate Divakar on his getting a new late on your getting new and his getting a new and better job . and better job . better Job. Divakar thanked Prabhakar Divakar, thanking Prabhakar said Divakar: Thank you, but I and wanted to rush. He had he had to rush and that he had must rush. I've been long been with him long and his been with him long. Mom must be with you. Mom must be wondering where I am. See you wondering where he was. He mom must be wondering would see him later. He said bye to where he was. He would see later Bye. him later and bade him bye. him.

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 18 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ report

îËߪ’ôç Öçô’çC. Spoken English ™ let ¢√úøéπç î√™«áèπ◊\´. ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE ÅC Ö†o sentences †’ ᙫ report îËߪ ÷™ ûÁ© ’-Ææ ’-éÓ´ôç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ÅÆæ©’ let ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC ᙫ report îËߪ÷™ Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç Å´¤ûª’çC. 1) Let = allow (Ææ´’t-Açîªôç/ã °æE îÁߪ’u-E-´yôç) •öÀd, ü∆Eo ´÷®Ω’ûª÷

Vinamra: Are you sure which train we are travelling by and on which date? (´’†ç à -võ„®·-Ø˛™ , à ûËD ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢Á÷

Fèπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Vismaya: Of course I am. We are going by the AP Express on the 30th. Let there be no doubt about it.

(áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’?´’†ç 30-† -á.°œ. áé˙qvÂ°Æˇ™ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç.) (Of course I am – ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç àçöÃ? ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE.)

§ƒ©’ ´’®Ω-í∫-F/-é¬-í∫F.

c) Let her come in = Allow her to come in =

Ç¢Á’†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®√F (®Ω´’t†’). us ´·çü¿’ let (let us...) ¢√úÕûË ÅC v°æA-§ƒü¿†/Ææ÷ (proposal/ suggestion) Å´¤-ûª’çC. a) Let us go now = ´’†ç ¢Á-∞¡-ü∆ç °æü¿. b) Let us (Let's) have some thing to eat = é¬Ææh àüÁjØ√ Açü∆ç.

(ÅC v°æߪ÷ùN¶µ«í∫ç ¢√-∞¡x ¶«üµ¿uûª. -Ç °æE ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËߪ÷-L.)

(´’†èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’† °œ.-á. îª÷Ææ’éÓ-¢√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç ÅC.)

Vinamra: How long are we to be in Delhi

c) Let us not trouble him

-Å-ûª-úÕ-E ´’†ç ¶«üµ¿-°-öÔdü¿’l. 3) Let †’ Warning É´y-ú≈-EéÀ (£«îªa-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ) èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Let him not come here again

-Å-ûª-úÕ-E ´’S} Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√F-ߪ’èπ◊/ ®√´-ü¿lE îÁ°æ¤p/ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿’.

b) Let him understand we are not afraid of him

(´’†ç -úµÕ-Mx-™ áEo ®ÓV-©’ç-ú≈L?)

Vismaya: Let's make the best of the trip. Let's stay there for two or three days after the conference. We can do a bit of shopping and sight seeing too.

(Ñ v°æߪ÷-ù«Eo ´’†ç ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç ûª®√yûª Åéπ\úø È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’çü∆ç. é¬Ææh -≥ƒ°œçí˚, ÂÆj-ö¸Æ‘-®·çí˚ èπÿú≈ îËü∆lç.) Make the best of = üË-E-ØÁj-Ø√ ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç.

Åûª-†çõ‰ ´’†Íéç ¶µºßª’癉ü¿E -Å-ûª-úÕ-E Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’-éÓF.

c) Let her know her limits

Ç¢Á’ £æ«ü¿’l©’ Ç¢Á’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C. d) Let †’ order/ command èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Let him finish the work in an hour

í∫çô-™ °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L.

b) Let them clear all this mess -

Ñ éπçí¬S Åçû√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¨¡Ÿv¶µº-°æ-®Ω-î√L. 5) ´’† E®Ωx-é¬~ uEo ûÁ©°æú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

let

a) Let him complain to the police. What do I care = Police èπ◊ complaint îËÆæ ’éÓ-´ ’†’/îËÆæ ’éÓF. Ø√Íéç

Sight seeing =

°æ®√u-ôéπ Ææn©ç îª÷úøôç.

Vinamra: Won't the director object?

(´’J úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ Ŷµºuç-ûª®ΩçîÁ-G-ûË-ØÓ?/ úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ Ŷµºu-ûª®Ωç îÁ°æpú≈?)

¶µºßª’ç ™‰ü¿’.

b) Let the government do it =

ÅC v°æ¶µº’ûªyç îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE. ÉN let èπ◊†o Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. ´’†ç let ûÓ Ö†o sentences †’ report îËÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’ ü∆E Å®√nEo, ¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd reporting verbs, order, warn, request, ask ™«çöÀN ¢√ú≈L. I. ´·êuçí¬ let Ö†o sentence ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ Imperative í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd ü∆Eo imperative sentence †’ report îËÆ œ-†ô’x, Åçõ‰ let ´·çü¿’ to let °öÀd v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπü∆.

M. SURESAN

Vismaya: Let him. But why should he? We are going to stay there for the extra days, at our expense.

(îÁ°æpF. ÅÆæ©’ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ§ƒpL? Ç È®çvúÓ-V©’ ´’†ç ´’† ê®Ω’a© O’ü¿ Öçö«ç.)

Vinamra: Let's tell him of it in advance. Getting leave for the two days will be easy.

(Å®·ûË ÑN≠æߪ’ç Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ´·ç-üË îÁ-•’--ü∆ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ç È®ç-úø’®Ó-V-©èπ◊ ÂÆ©´¤ BÆæ’éÓ-´úøç -Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ Öçô’çC.)

Vismaya: Why are you so worried about it? Let him not grant leave. He will see what happens.

(àçôçûª éπçí¬®Ω’ °æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? ÂÆ©-N-´yèπ◊çú≈ ÖçúøF îª÷ü∆lç. Çߪ’-†Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.) °j Conversation ™ let î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´*açC. Let Ö†o sentences †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îËߪ÷L. Let †’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, ü∆E-èπ◊†o Å®√nEo

movie./ Vimal suggested going to a movie. / Suggested to a movie. Kamal then suggested that they finish the assignment first/ suggested finishing the


Lecturer: Let all the students take the test without fail.

(Åçü¿®Ω’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ÷L – ÉC command éπü∆)

Report: a) The lecturer orders that all the students take the test without fail. (Reporting VerbPresent) b) The lecturer ordered all the students to take the test without fail. (Reporting Verb - Past)
Sub - inspector: Let him not do it again (Åûª-EC ´’S} îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’– warning) Report: a) The sub - inspector warns him not do it again. (Reporting Verb - Present) b) The sub - inspector warned him not to do it again (Reporting Verb - Past)

Let us not trouble him

(´’J- -J-ïÍ®y-≠æ-Ø˛ Ææçí∫-ûËç-öÀ?)

(-´’-J -úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ -v°æ-ߪ÷-ù -à®√p-ôx Ææçí∫-A?)

200

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2)

Vismaya: That's the travel dept's business. Let them do it.

Vismaya: It's not our business. Let his PA (personal assistant) take care of them.

Kamal: Let's first finish the assignment (´’†ç ¢Á·ü¿ô Ñ assignment °æ‹Jh-îËü∆lç. Report: (Reporting Verb - Past) Vimal suggested that they (should) go to a

a) Let him go = Allow him to go = ¢√úÕ-E ¢Á∞¡xF. b) Let the milk boil = Allow the milk to boil =

Vinamra: Then what about the reservation.

Vinamra: What about the director's travel arrangements?

2

Prasad: Let me go. I have work to do. Pramod: Let me know first when we have to start. Report (Reporting Verb - Past) Prasad asked Pramod to let him go as he had work to do. Pramod in reply asked Prasad to let him know first when they had to start. II. Let, suggestion èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË, suggest ÅE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-

îª-´îª’a.

Vimal: Let's go to a movie

(ÆœE´÷Èé∞«lç °æü¿/ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?) (Let's - Let us)

assignment. (Observe the use of suggest in the sentences above) É™«Íí Let †’ Warning èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË Warn/ Warns/ Warned, Command èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË Command/ Commands/ Commanded ÅF Spoken English ™ report begin îË≤ƒhç. DIRECT SPEECH

let †’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†ç Reporting verb áç°œéπ îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L ÅE Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC éπü∆. Let's now try to report a part of the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. Exercise: Report the rest of the conversation at the beginning of the lesson with the reporting verb in the present and the past tense.

É™«

REPORT (Spoken Form) Reporting Verb Present tense

Reporting Verb Past tense

Vinamra: Are you sure Vinamra asks Vismaya if she is sure which train we are which train they are travelling by and travelling by, and on on which date. which date?

Vinamra asked Vismaya if she was sure which train they were travelling by and on which date.

Vismaya is of course sure that they are going by the AP Express on the 30th. She assures Vinamra that there need not be any doubt about it.

Vismaya was of course sure they were going by the AP Express on the 30th. She assured Vinamra that there need not be any doubt about it.

Vinamra: Then what Vinamra wants to know about the about the reservation? reservation.

Vinamra wanted to know about the reservation.

Vismaya: That's the Vismaya points out that that's the travtravel dept's business. el dept's business and that they must take care of it. Let them do it.

Vismaya pointed out that that was the travel dept's business and they had to take care of it.

Vinamra: What about Vinamra likes to know/ would like to the director's travel know about the director's travel arrangements. arrangements?

Vinamra liked to know/ would know about the director's travel arrangements.

Vismaya: It's not our Vismaya dismisses it as not their busibusiness. Let his PA ness and says that, his PA must take care of it/ it is for his PA to take care of take care of it. it.

Vismaya dismissed it as not their business and said that the PA had to take care of it/ it was for his PA to take care of it.

Vismaya: Of course I am. We are going by the AP Express on the 30th. Let there be no doubt about it.

(dismiss =

´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ÖüÓu-í∫ç-™ -†’ç-* -Ö-üÓu-T-E-/ Ææ÷\-™¸, é¬-™‰-ñ ¸-™ -†’ç* Nü∆u-JnE BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç. Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç = ûÓÆœ-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’-ôç/- éÌ-öÀd-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’ôç). It is for him to do it = ÅC Åûª-úø’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE. It is for the teacher to say if a student is clever or not = -N-ü∆u-Jn ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√ú≈ é¬ü∆ ÅE îÁ§ƒp-LqçC -öÃ-˝. Vinamra: How long Vinamra wants to know how long they are we to be in Delhi? are to be in Delhi.

Vinamra wanted to know how long they were to be in Delhi.

Vismaya suggests that they (should) make the best of their trip and that they (should) stay there for two or three days after the Conference.

Vismaya suggested that they (should) make the best of their trip and that they (should) stay there for two or three days after the Conference.

Vismaya: Let's make the best of the trip. Let's stay there for two or three days after the Conference.

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Pramila: Please remember that the party is at 7. Let's start here at 6. Let there be no delay.

(ð§Kd Ôè[ª-ÞœÙ-å-õ¸Ú. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁ. ÎJÙæ¨Ú¨ ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ë¯Ù. Îõú£uÙ àµóµ³uë]ªl.) Lakshmi: Let us remind Sneha of it too. Let's call her and tell her that she need not worry about conveyance. We'll pick her up on our way to the party.

(›úoÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìÙ Ð Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªh à¶ë¯lÙ. êŸìÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óö° îµü‹xö° ÍE ÎÙëÁ-üŒì í£è•-ë]lE àµñªë¯Ù. ÷ªìÙ ð§KdÚ¨ îµü™xå-í£±pè[ª ë¯Jö˺ êŸììª ÚÛ«è¯ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒë¯Ù.) conveyance = ÚÛû¶y-óŸªûËÂq = ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ car, bike, scooter, cycle ö°Ùæ¨N. The company provides conveyance to the manager.

(û¶-á-ôÂÚÛª ÚÛÙšíF ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ ÚÛLp-ú£ªhÙC– ÍÙç¶ ÚÛÙšíF Ú¥ô¢ª Ïú£ªhÙC.) Pramila: OK. We must, not waste any more time now. We must buy some present for the bride and the groom. We must have our faces done up too.

(ÏÙ¸ÚÙ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ÷ªìÙ ÚÛ«è¯ šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.) Have our faces done up = ٠ìªìoÞ¥ Ú¥ÙA-÷Ù-êŸÙÞ¥ ÚÛEí‡Ù-à¶-ö°Þ¥ ඛú facial. facial - šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ – šíÆ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù. Lakshmi: I need not have the facial. I had it just yesterday.

(û¦Ú¨-í£±pè[ª šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ ÍÚÛ\-¸ôxë]ª. Eìoû¶ à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÛªû¦o.) Pramila: We have go to the bank or the ATM too. We have to draw some money.

(÷ªìÙ ò°uÙÚÂ-ÚÛª-Þ¥F, Ôæ©-Ó-îªڨޥF îµü‹xL. è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÁ-î¦L.) ATM ÍÙç¶ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯ – Automated Teller Machine - Bank card Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÛª-û¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª Ñìo machine. draw money = Banks ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ ìªÙ# è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù = withdraw.

Kumar: Why should I do it? Let the company do it.

(û¶ûµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª à¶óŸ«L? ÚÛÙšíF à¶óŸ«L.) a) Kumar asks why he should do it and says that the company has to do it/ must do it (It is for the company to do it.). b) Kumar asked why he should do it and said that the company had to do it. Kumar said it wasn't his business and that it was for the company to do it. 4) ÖÚÁ\-þ§J let ìª command (Îác)ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ should/ must/ have to/ has to/ had to ÷ú£ªhÙC. Rajesh: Let them finish the work by 10.

(í£C ÚÛö°x î¦üŒ‰x í£E í£²Jh à¶óŸ«L.) a) Rajesh orders that they should finish the work by 10. b) Rajesh ordered that they should/ must/ had

to finish the work by 10. 5) Let ìª ÖÚÛ ÍòÅ¡u-ô¢nì (request) ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Prasad: Vinod let me have some money please.

(NûËÁë û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ú£h è[ñªs Ï÷±y.) Prasad requested Vinod to let him have some money/ requested Vinod for some money. 6) Let êÁ Eô¢x¤ÛuÙ êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hÙ. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ not care, not mind ÷ú£ªhÙC.

(û¶E-í£±pè[ª è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-î¦-Lqì Í÷ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯? ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs ú£J-ð¼-꟪Ù-ë]Ù-æ°î¦?) Pramila: I think the money I've should be enough. You needn't bring any.

Hema: Let's go home. Report: Hema suggests/ suggested that we (should) go home. 2) Let ìª Ôëµjû¦ àŸô¢uÚÛª í‡õªí£± Ï÷yè¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íí£±pè[ª call/ urge êÁ report - à¶þ§hÙ. Leader: Let's all be united.

(÷ªìÙ ÍÙê¦ ÔÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°Ù.) The leader called/ urged the followers to be united. Reporting verb calls/ urges ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ present tense ÑÙè•àŸªa. 3) ÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a ÖÚÛ Îác. ë¯E Í÷ªõª ÷ªì à¶êŸªö˺x ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷àŸªa. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ must ÷ú£ªhÙC.

Spoken English

Need I do it now itself? = Must I do it now itself? = û¶ìC Ïí£±pè¶ àµóŸ«uö°? Need ìª report ö˺ past formö˺ must ö°Þ¥û¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. Naresh: Need I do it now? DEÚ¨ report: Naresh asked if he had to do it then. ★ Need not (need ìª not êÁ– à¶óŸ«Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª), report ö˺ past tense reporting verb Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© need not Íû¶ ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ wouldn't have to (would not have to) ÍE ÷«ô¢a-÷àŸªa. ö¶ë¯ did not have to ÚÛ«è¯

(ììªo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Îð§ôÁ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷à¦a?)

î¦è[-÷àŸªa.

(·ôèÂ-öµjæËÀ îµõª-Þœª-꟪-ìo-í£±pè[ª ôÁè ë¯åÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – Eù‡ë]lÄÙ.) Report (Past reporting verb):

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 201

a) Ganesh: How long have I to wait?

(ÓÙêŸ ›úí£± ÑÙè¯L?) Mahesh: You need not wait. Report: Ganesh wanted to know how long he had to wait. Mahesh told him he need not wait/ Would not have to wait/ did not have to wait. b) Sridhar: Need I pay any money now?

M. SURESAN

(Ïí£±pè[ª è[ñªs àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯?)

(ÍÚÛ\¸ôxë]ª. û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙC è[ñªs.)

(÷ªìÙ ÍÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ÏêŸô¢ í£ìªõª àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ êŸyô¢Þ¥ AJT ô¦î¦L.) I. ÷ªìÙ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛ« let ÚÛª Ñìo NNëÅ] Íô¦nõª, Ñí£óµ«Þ¥õêÁ Ñìo sentences ìª Óö° report à¶óŸ«ö˺ àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. î¦æ¨E ÷ªôÁ-þ§J ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ Þœªô¢ªh à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù. 1) Let ÍÙç¶ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ôëµjû¦ ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨/ ú£«àŸì à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨/ ví£A-ð§-ë]-ìÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ suggest î¦è[ê¦Ù.

Íû¶ Íô¢n ÑÙC.

Policeman: You must not cross the road against the red light.

Ramesh wanted to know why the policeman had stopped him. The policeman said that he must not cross/ was not to cross the road against the red light. 3) Principal: Students must not be late to classes. Report: (Past reporting verb)- The Principal said/ ruled that the students must not be/ were not to be late to classes. ÍÙç¶ ÖÚÛ E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-⶛ú Íô¢nÙêÁ must not î¦è…ê¶, ÍC report ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ must not Þ¥û¶

Pramila: Then we had better hurry up. Lakshmi: Need I get money now or do you have it?

Lakshmi: We must not spend much time there. We have to get back to make other arrangements.

with him. Syam said he would n't as he must not leave office then/ as he was not to leave office then. 2) Ramesh: May I know why you stopped me?

Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET?

Lakshmi: We need not. I've enough cash.

(û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs ú£J-ð¼-î¦L. F÷± Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-ì-÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ªö¶!)

-1

Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂ

Let us remind Sneha of it too... Satish: He may report to the police. Rajesh: Let him. When Satish said he might report to the police, Rajesh said he didn't mind/ he didn't care. Let ìª ÷ªìÙ conversation ö˺ î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª

ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ÷«ô¢aÙ. ÏÚÛ need Nù£óŸªÙ àŸ«ë¯lÙ.

Need ÚÛª

ë¯ë¯í£±

Direct Speech Pramila: Let's remember that the party is at 7. Let's start by 6. Let there be no delay.

ÏN. II.

÷ªìÙ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ÙC: Must, should, have to, has to Ñìo direct speech report à¶ú‡ì-í£±pè[ª past tense reporting verb Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. ÏC NCÅÞ¥, Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ÷õxûËÁ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. Kesav: I must go now - Direct speech. Kesav said he had to go then - Report (Reporting verb- past). Íô³ê¶ must not ÍE direct speech ö˺ ÖÚÛ í£E à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«è[ë]E ø‹øŒyêŸ E›ùëÅ]Ù Ñìo-í£±pè[ª report ö˺, reported verb past tense Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© must not ìª must not Þ¥û¶ ÑÙàŸªê¦Ù. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ wasn't/ weren't to + 1st RDW î¦è[ê¦Ù. Reporting verb present tense Íô³ê¶ ú£÷ª›úu ö¶ë]ª. Verb formìª ÷«ô¢aÙ. 1) Pran: Why don't you come with me? Syam: No. I must not leave office now.

(û¶E-í£±pè[ª Îíƈú£ª ÷CL ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – ÏÚÛ\è[ ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª Íû¶C E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ¼hÙC.)

ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Report: Reporting verb past tense. Pran wanted syam to go

must

Sri Ram: You need not pay a single paisa now.

(ìª÷±y ÖÚÛ šíjú£ ÚÛ«è¯ àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.) Report: Sridhar wanted to know if he had to pay any money then. Sri Ram told him that need not pay a single paisa then/ did not have/ did not need to pay a single paisa then. ÏO must not, need, need not ìª reporting verb past tense êÁ report ඛúåí£±pè[ª Þœªô¢ªhÙ-

àŸªÚÁî¦Lqì Nù£-óŸ«õª. Now let us try to report a part of the conversation at the beginning of the lesson (see table)... Report (Spoken form)

Reporting Verb (Present)

Reporting Verb (Past)

Pramila reminds Lakshmi that the party is at 7 and suggests that they (should) start by 6. She wants no delay.

Pramila reminded Lakshmi that the party was at 7 and suggested that they (should) start by 6. She wanted no delay.

(suggest/ sugested Þ¥E/ ÖÚÛ\ 1st RDW

êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« Þ¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC.)

should + 1st RDW

Lakshmi: Let's remind Sneha of it too. Let's call her and tell her that she need not worry about conveyance. We'll pick her up on our way to the party.

Lakshmi suggests they (should) remind Sneha of it too. She suggests that they (should) call her and tell her that she need not worry about conveyance. They will pick her up on their way to the party.

Lakshmi suggested that they (should) remind Sneha of it too. She suggested that they (should) call her and tell her that she need not/ did not have to worry about conveyance. They would pick her up on their way to the party.

Pramila: OK. We must not waste any more time now. We must buy some present for the bride and the groom. We must have our faces done up too.

Pramila agrees and says they must not waste any more time then. They must buy some present for the bride and the groom. They must have their faces done up too.

Pramila agreed and said that they must not waste/ were not to waste any more time then. They had to buy some present for the bride and the groom. They had to have their faces done up too.

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Vikas: (Do you) fancy eating something? (àüÁjØ√

AØ√-©-†’çü∆?) fancy = É≠ædç/É≠æd-°æ-úøôç. Conversational English ™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË ¢√∞¡x†’ v°æ¨¡o-©-úÕ-Íí-ô°æ¤p-úø’ Do you/ would you- (question v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’) ´C-™‰-ߪ’-´îª’a. °j† brackets ™ (Do you) îª÷°œ† Nüµ¿çí¬. eg:

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

trip to Tirupathi and other places in South India? (Do you) Know any thing about what he is doing about it?

(ÅC ÆæÍ®. ´’†ç A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ Éûª®Ω îÓôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. -Ç -N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* -E-"™¸ à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* àç îËÆæ’hØ√oúø’?) Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he

a) Mind waiting for sometime =

says. He is in touch, he has told me,

Do/Would you mind waiting for sometime?

with the travel agency which his uncle

Mind =

runs.

Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç

b) Like some coffee = Do/would you like some coffee?

(´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xûÓí¬F, Åçûª serious conversation é¬-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬F, É™« Do you/ would you ´C-™‰Æ œ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçúøô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡xûÓ -´’-† ≤ƒEo-£œ«-û√uEo èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.) Suhas: Yea. I do feel like it. You do too, don't you? And how about some real good coffee to go with it?

(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ AØ√-©ØË -ÖçC. Fèπÿ\ú≈ éπü∆? ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’ç* 鬰∂‘ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?) ´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ do, does and did †’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-©-†’ -´’®Ó≤ƒ-J -ØÁ-´’®Ω’-¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç. 1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc)†’ not ûÓí¬F, question ûÓé¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ do ´Ææ’hçü¿F,

(ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-© í∫’-Jç-* éπ*aûªçí¬ -á°æ¤p-úø’ -îÁ-•’-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’.) Confirm - éπØ˛°∂æ¢˛’ – °∂æ-¢˛’ – bird ™ ™«í¬.-

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ She does sing well Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ éπ*aûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. Å™«Íí I did see him yesterday Åçõ‰ (I saw him yesterday) ؈’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-úÕ-E îª÷¨»-†E í∫öÀdí¬ (Emphasis ûÓ) îÁ°æpôç. ÉN O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. -É-™«-îËÊÆh O’ ¶µ«≠æ effectiveí¬ Öçô’çC. Vikas: Sure. Suggest a good place where we get real good stuff

(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.) Suhas: Well, What does Nikhil say about our

wants us to be careful during the journeys. ( Çߪ’†

enough time for preparation.

ᙫ

It is not going to be a problem at all, he says.

Sumanth: He has given us permission but

by this weekend, he says. That'll give us

Vikas

Says- present tense

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 202

Vikas: He expects to have everything planned

™ report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. ÅçûË-é¬ü¿’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ He says ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ééπ\úø he says, reported part *´®Ω ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí, He is in touch, he has told me, with the travel agency which his uncle runs. ÅØË sentence ™ èπÿ-ú≈ ´÷´‚©’í¬ Å®·ûË he has told me -¢√éπuç ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L. é¬F Ééπ\úø ´’üµ¿u™ ´*açC éπü∆. ÉC èπÿú≈ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™ ÆæÈ®j-†-üË. a) The exams won't be postponed, the princi-

´÷èπ◊ -Å-†’-´’-A Éî√aúø’. é¬-F

pal says.

'Íé-°∂ˇ— é¬-ü¿’ ... 'éπu°∂-ß˝’— (Ñ ¢√®√çû√EéÀ -§ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’ôç °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÅØ√oúø’. ´’†èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´y-ö«-EéÀ Ææ-J-°æ-ú≈ Æ洒ߪ’ç Öçô’çC.) Suhas: What were the places we would be visiting, did he say?

(´’†ç ¢Á∞Ï} -v°æ-üË-¨»--© -N-´®√--™‰¢Á’i-Ø√ îÁ§ƒp-ú≈?) Vikas: I don't exactly remember. Any way, he will be meeting us this evening.

(Ø√èπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ í∫’®Ω’h ™‰ü¿’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ¢√úø’ ´’†Lo ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) ´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ Direct Speech -†’ report îËߪ’ôç îª÷-¨»ç.– Reporting verb †’ present tense, past tense -™  -á-™« -J-§Ú®˝d -îË-ߪ÷-™  -îª÷-¨»ç éπ-ü∆. É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îªü¿-´-¶-ßË’-N ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ

v°æߪ÷-ù«™x ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçúø-´’-Ø√oúø’). (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) Ñ conversation ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆ-üËçöÀ? Principal -à´’-Ø√o®Ω’– í∫ûªç– Å®·Ø√ English ™ What does he say - Present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí He wants us ÅE ´’S} present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. É-C ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Spoken English™ É™« past conversation report îËÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ present tense ¢√úË≤ƒhç. ÉC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËÊÆh ´’† English Åçü¿çí¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. C) Kumar: I (have) asked my mother to come,

MBA.

(Å®·ûË †’´¤y -áç-G-à îËߪ’¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´-†o-´÷ô). Rajesh: Yes. I am (Å´¤†’.)

B) Sunder: Does the Principal know about your excursion programme? (O’

N£æ…-®Ω-ߪ÷vûª í∫’-Jç-* O’ -v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸èπ◊

b) The students answer was wrong, the teacher says.

´’†ç Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ω’ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ îÁ°æp-´’çö«ç. -D-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿-ô-îÁ-°œp†-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§Ú-´ôç -™‰-ü∆ NE ´’J-*-§Ú-´ôç ´©x. Å°æ¤púË´’çö«ç. O’ Ê°Í®-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? / O’J-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ*aç-üÁ-°æ¤p-úø-Ø√o®Ω’? É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o©’ Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ. a) What did you say your name was? Look at the following words of Suhas from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. i) Suhas: When did he say he would confirm

but she says she will not come.

things?

(-ØË-†’ ´÷ Å´’t-†’ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’. é¬F ®√†-çC (®√†ç-öçC– ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ É™«Íí Åçö«ç éπü∆)

a) Nagesh: So, you are going to do

(éπ*aûªçí¬. ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘ Nagesh: Have you talked to your dad üÌJÍé àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* îÓô’ îÁ°æ¤p) about it? (Ç N≠æߪ’ç O’ (Real good stuff- Eïçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ †îËaô’x ´’ç*í¬ ÖçúË ´Ææ’h´¤.) M. SURESAN Ø√†oí¬JûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈¢√?) Rajesh: Yes. I have (´÷ö«x-ú≈†’.) (Ééπ\úø °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘. ´’S} í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’hØ√oç. öÀ°∂œØ˛ English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç/Ö§ƒ- Nagesh: What does he say? (Çߪ’-ØË-´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) £æ…®√-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô– Snack/ refreshment. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Some thing to eat; Any thing Rajesh: He says he prefers my doing MCA to to eat? Åçö«®Ω’. Any eats? Let's have some doing MBA. eats ÅE èπÿú≈ informal í¬ Åçö«®Ω’. ( ؈’ MBA éπØ√o MCA îËߪ’ôç better Suhas: Nikhil often says that Cafe 'Shadruchi' ÅE -Ç-ߪ’-†ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) is the place for good eats and coffee. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Rajesh ûª† Course N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«xShall we go there? úø-ôç í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç. Å®·Ø√ Nagesh Åûª-úÕ-E -à-´’-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’? What does he say? ÅE. (Cafe 'Shadruchi' ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…-®√-©èπÿ, coffee éÀ ÆæÈ®j† îÓô’ (The place) ÅE (Ééπ\úø does say ) (=says) present tense ™ E"™¸ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åçô’ç-ö«úø’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí Rajesh ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ¢Á∞«l´÷? Cafe' - pronunciation - í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ He says ÅE preséπu°∂ß˝’ – éπu bank ™ ba ™«í∫ = °∂æ©-£æ…- ent tense ™ îÁ°æpôç -O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC ®Ω-¨»©. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Íé°∂ˇ ÅE pronounce English ™ î√™« Ææ®Ωy≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. -É-™« -Å-†-ôç ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’ – ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.) Vikas: That suits me fine. Let's go

(ûÁ©’Ææ’.)

(-ü∆-Eí∫’-Jç-* -Ç-ߪ’-† à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?)

things?

Nikhil

í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æߪ’ç report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?

Sundar: What does he say about it?

Suhas: When did he say he would confirm

etc)

She does sing well (She sings well)

Å™«Íí

Sumanth: He does

(ÅüËç Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’. ¢√∞¡x -Åçèπ◊-™¸†úÕÊ° -vö«-¢Á-™ ¸ -à-ï-FqûÓ Ææçv°æ-C-Ææ’h- †o-ô’x îÁ§ƒpúø’.) Be in touch - Ææç•çüµ¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-´ôç/ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ Öçúøôç/ Contact ™ Öçúøôç.

II Regular Doing Word (goes, comes, sings,

†’ not ûÓé¬F question -ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ does ´Ææ’hç-ü¿F, Past Doing Word (came, went, sang) †’ not ûÓ é¬F question ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ did ´Ææ’hç-C -Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. Å®·ûË do, does, did †’ not ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, question 鬆-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’ûª’çö«ç – ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I do know him well - Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’. ÉC question é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ do know Åçô’Ø√oç. ÉC ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’– Ø√éπ-ûª†’ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (-ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú--´ô-¢Ë’çöÀ?) ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫öÀdí¬ ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. I know him well ņôç éπØ√o I do know him well Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç.

ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Ñ

(Åûª†’ ´’†-èπ◊ -Å-Eo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ éπ*aûªçí¬ á°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’?) ii) Suhas: What were the places we would be

sentence 'I have asked my mother... not

visiting, did he say?

come; Kumar

¢√∞¡x´’tûÓ á°æ¤púÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ-† ûª®Ω-¢√ûª ¢√∞¡x´’t ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ report îËÆæ’hØ√o, she says ņôç í∫´’-Eç-î√L. ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ É™« îÁ§Òpa Kesav: I asked my mother to come. But she said she would not come. d) Sampath: Did you see the doctor?

(ú≈éπd-Jo Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-¢√?) Shanmukh: I did. He says the disease is not serious.

(´’†ç ¢Á∞Ïx Ü∞¡Ÿ} à´E îÁ§ƒpúø’?) Å™«Íí

When did you say the meeting would

be? (Meeting

á°æ¤p-úø’ç-ô’ç-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?) (´’S} îÁ°æ¤p ÅE) Ñ ´‚úø’ Å稻©÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. 1) ´÷´‚©’ Spoken English form ™ äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-† -Åç-¨»-©-†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Present reporting verbs – He/she says, They feel; they want; he/she wants

(éπ-L¨»†’. ÉC Åçûª Bv´-¢Á’iç-üËO’ é¬ü¿çô’-Ø√oúø’ / é¬ü¿-Ø√oúø’.) ÉC (Past event †’ Present ™ report îËߪ’ôç) î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. Now look at the following part of the conversation at the beginning of the passage. Suhas: Well, what does Nikhil say about our

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE ¢√úÕûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. 2) Conversation ™ ´’†ç report îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË He says, they said, he/she told (some one)

™«çöÀN sentence ´·ç-ü¿’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ sentence *´®Ω, ´’üµ¿u™ é¬F ®√´îª’a. 3) ´’†ç á´-J-ØÁjØ√ à-üÁjØ√ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o°æ¤púø’

trip to Tirupathi and other places in

What did he say his name was?

South India? What is he doing about it?

™«çöÀ

sentence pattern

¢√-úøû√ç.

Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he

Exercise: Report (aloud) the whole conversa-

says. He is in touch, he has told with the

tion at the beginning of this lesson, with the

travel agency which his uncle runs.

reporting verb in the present as well as in the

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. a) Nikhil ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ E"™¸ à´’-†oD, Åçô’-Ø√oúø’? What does Nikhil say about...?

past tense. Suhas

ᙫ

-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 24 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sravya: You look gorgeous today. What a beautiful dress you are in! Who selected it for you?

(-Ñ®Ó-V †’´¤y î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ éπ-E-°œÆæ’hØ√o--´¤-. F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ! á´®Ω’ ÂÆ-™„é˙d î˨»®Ω’ -DEo?) gorgeous (Pronunciation: 'í¬ïÆˇ– 'í¬— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Ö†o. áèπ◊\´í¬ American usage.) Lasya: That's my own selection.

(ÅC Ø√ áç°œÍé.)

Sravya: This is more beautiful than the one you wore for Kavya's birthday party. (

é¬-´u °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -§ƒ-KdéÀ †’-´¤y -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.)

Lasya: But Navya's dress was the most beautiful that day.

(é¬F Ç®ÓV †´u-vúÁÆˇ ÅEoöx Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.)

Sravya: And you know she is the tallest of all of us too. That made her the lovelier than any other girl there.

(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûª†’ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ §Òúø-´¤ éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x -Ç®Ó-V Éûª-®Ω’©çü¿J-éπçõ‰ Åçü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿éπ\-úø.) Lovely= beautiful= Åçü¿-¢Á’i†.

ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ ´uèπ◊h-©†’ ûª®Ω-ûª´’ -¶µ‰-ü∆©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç.

2

§ÚLa

These are the comparisons made in the conversation at the beginning of this lesson. 1) This (Lasya's today's dress) is more beautiful than the one you wore for Kavya's birth day party. dress Kavya birthday party

(ÉC – †’Oy-®ÓV ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o éÀ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o -vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.)

2) But Navya's dress was the most beautiful that day=

Å®·ûË Ç®ÓV Åçü¿J -vúÁÆˇ™x -†-´u -vúÁÆˇ Åûªuçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.

3) ... She is the tallest of all of us too.

est superlative degree forms. 'st' b) finest, simplest, nicest, etcsuperlative degree forms. c) Y Y

*´®Ω ´îËa

ÉN *´®Ω

´îËa

ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ *´®Ω

(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Òúø-´¤.)

4) That made her lovelier than any other girl

ÅC -Ç-¢Á’-†’ Éûª-®Ω’© éπØ√o Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúË™« îËÆœçC.

5) She is the cleverest girl among our friends who took the test.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Ç -õ„-Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† -v°∂ç-ú˛q Åçü¿-J™ Ç¢Á’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢ÁjçC).

203

6) Her Brother is even cleverer than she.

Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁL¢Áj†¢√úø’.

7) No other candidate's rank in the town is so (as) good as his.

Ü®Óx à Éûª®Ω ŶµºuJn ®√uçé˙ èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕ ®√uçéπçûª ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’.

iest superlative form healthiest (healthy); wealthiest,(wealthy) costliest (costly) etc. d) ful

BÊÆÆœ,

éπL°œûË

Å´¤-ûª’çC.

ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀéÀ, ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿®Ω

Lasya: We have another party coming.

(´’†èπ◊ ûªy®Ω-™-ØË ÉçéÓ §ƒKd ÖçC.)

Sravya: Who is giving that and what's the occasion?

(á´-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç àçöÀ?)

Lasya: Divya is giving it. She has got the 25th rank in CAT. Common Admission Test –(CAT) Sravya: I'm not at all surprised. She is the cleverest girl among our friends who took the test.

(C´u É≤ÚhçC. ™ 25´ ®√uçé˙ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.)

(-Åç-ü¿’-™ -Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ™‰ü¿’. Ç -õ„Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† v°∂ç-ú˛q Åçü¿-®Óx†÷ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢Áj-çC.)

Lasya: Her brother is even clever than she (her). Last year he got the 18th rank in the IIT entrance test.

(Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úø’. í∫-ûËú≈C -â-â-öà -áç-võ„-Ø˛q -õ„Æˇd™ Åûª-úÕéÀ 18´ ®√uçé˙ ´*açC.)

Sravya: Yea. No other candidate's rank in the town is so good as his.

îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’...ÅçûË! 8) Few Parents are as lucky as they.

Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Öçúø®Ω’.

9) Her elder sister is brighter than all of them but not so hard working.

¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢ÁjçC é¬F Åçûª v¨¡´’-°æ-úËC é¬ü¿’. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ Comparisons: §Ú©aôç English™ ´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’. -Åç-õ‰ ´‚úø’ degrees ™ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. 1) Positive degree 2) Comparative degree 3) Superlative degree (Degrees of comparison adjectives adverbs Adjectives –

èπ◊, èπÿ Öçö«®·. ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’, ´uèπ◊-©’, v°æü˨»-©’, ïçûª’-´¤-©’, -¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’.)

most superlative form i) beautiful - most beautiful (superlative) ii) skilful - most skilful (superlative) iii) pitiful - most pitiful ( superlative ) most e) superlative Interested - most interested; jealous - most jealous) COMPARATIVE DEGREE -er -r -ier more comparative i) Superlative form 'est' comparative form 'er'

îËJÊÆh

Å´¤-ûª’çC.

éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈, ´·çü¿’ ´©x ´Ææ’hçC.(

*´®Ω,

, ,

í¬F ´·çü¿’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ

Eoç-öÀéÃ, éπ©’°æ¤û√ç.

îË®Ωaôç

í¬F ´ÊÆh ÅC

éπLÊ° ´÷ô-©îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ

Superlative tallest highest Comparative taller higher superlative form b) 'st' '-r ' comparative form Superlative finest simplest nicest Comparative simpler finer nicer c) Y Y iest superlative form ier comparative form Superlative healthiest costliest Comparative healthier costlier d) -ful most superlative form more comparative form Superlative Comparative most beautiful more beautiful most interested more interested

éπL°œ éπ-L°œ

îËÊÆ ´÷ô-©-Eo-çöÀéÃ, îË≤ƒhç.

ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, ûÓ îËÊÆ ™«í¬ØË, îË≤ƒhç.

BÊÆÆœ éπL°œ

ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’ °æü∆-©èπÿ, ´·ç-ü¿’°öÀd îËÊÆ °æü∆-©-Eoç-öÀéÃ, ´·ç-ü¿’ ¢√úÕûË, Å´¤-ûª’çC.

î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. ´’†ç à degree ¢√úÕ-Ø√ äéπõ‰ Å®Ωnç ®√¢√L. Positive Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ ÅE, comparative Åçõ‰ é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ÅF, superlative Åçõ‰ ÅEoç-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÅF ņ’-éÓ-´ôç î√-™« °ü¿l -§Ò-®Ω-§ƒô’. Ñ degrees of comparison ´‚úÕçöx, degree - positive Å®·Ø√, comparative Å®·Ø√, superlative Å®·Ø√ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å™« äéπõ‰ Å®·-†-°æ¤púË ´’†ç correct í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†ô’d. Å®·ûË ´’†ç positive degree™ îÁ§ƒp™, comparative ™ îÁ§ƒp™, superlative™ îÁ§ƒp™ ´’† áç°œ-éπ†’ •öÀd, Ææçü¿®√s¥Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ: a) He is the tallest boy in the class (Superlative) = b) He is taller than any other boy/ all other boys, in the class (comparative) = boys c) No other boy in the class as so as tall as he (positive) =

- é¬xÆˇ Åçü¿-J-™ Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.

Éûª®Ω

é¬xÆˇ™ à Éûª®Ω/ Åçü¿-J éπØ√o Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.

é¬xÆˇ™ ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ Åûª-†çûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’. ÅEo degrees Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’.ÅçûË.

eg: Tall, short, fine, beautiful, good, bad etc.

Answer to Exercise under lesson No 201

(Å´¤†’. Ñ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á·ûªhç™ á´Jéà -Åç-ûª ´’ç-* ®√uçé˙ ®√-™‰-ü¿’.)

Lasya: All of them are quite smart. Few parents are as lucky as they, in having such children.

(¢√Rxçöx Åçü¿®Ω÷ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√∞Ïx. Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ü∆ü∆-°æ¤ -Öç-úø®Ω’.) smart= ≤ƒtö¸– ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– Åçü¿-¢Á’i† -ü¿’Ææ’h-™x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç. Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç– ûÁL-N-í∫©.

(¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ߪ’u -Åç-ü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ûÁL-N-í∫©C. é¬F Åçûª éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆC é¬ü¿’.)

Lasya: They're all sure of good careers. That's a thing to be happy about.

(¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’ç* Nü∆u, ÖüÓu-í¬©’ ûªü∑¿uç. Å-C ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.) í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’: °j conversation Åçû√ §ÚLéπ (comparison)© v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË éπü∆. -E-ûªu -@-N-ûªç-™  ´’†ç §Ú©a-èπ◊çú≈ à Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ Öçúø-üË¢Á÷ éπü∆. äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ Ø√ùuûª, üµ¿®Ω†’, ÅüË ûª®Ω-í∫AéÀ -îÁç-C-† Éûª®Ω ´Ææ’h´¤© Ø√ùu-ûª, -üµ¿®ΩûÓ, äéπ ´uéÀhí∫’ù«-©’, Ç鬮Ωç, íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, Éûª®Ω ´uèπ◊h© Ç鬮Ωç, íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, í∫’ù«-©ûÓ §ÚLa à-C, á´®Ω’ áèπ◊\¢Ó E®√l¥-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ®√´-ô¢Á÷, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ í∫öÀdí¬ ¢√Cç--éÓ-´-ô¢Á÷ îËÆæ’hçö«ç éπü∆. Spoken English ™ Ñ §ÚL-éπ©-†’ -á-™« ´uéπh°æ®Ω’≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Grammar ™ Å®·ûË DEo Degrees of comparisons Åçö«-®ΩE ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÃ

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORT (Spoken ) Reporting Verb Present tense

Reporting Verb Past tense

Lakshmi: I need not Lakshmi says she need not have the have the facial. I had it facial. She had it done the day before. done just yesterday.

Lakshmi said she need not/ did not

Pramila: We have to Pramila says they have to go to the go to the bank or the bank or the ATM too as they have to ATM too. we have to draw some money. draw some money.

Pramila said they had to go to the bank or the ATM as they had to draw some money.

(à Éûª®Ω †ô’úø÷ ÅN’-û√-•-îªaØ˛ Åçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.) Ééπ\úø §ÚLa á´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ Åçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬-ü¿’ ÅE Åçô’Ø√oç – ÅE – Ééπ\úø

Lakshmi: We need Lakshmi says that they need not, as not. I have enough she has enough cash. cash.

Lakshmi said that they need not/ did not need to, as she had enough cash.

Pramila: Then we had Pramila suggests they had better hurry up. better hurry up.

Pramila suggested they had better hurry up.

(ÅN’-û√¶¸ à Éûª®Ω †ô’-úÕ/-N’-í∫û√ Åçü¿®Ω’ †ô’-©-éπØ√o §Ò-úø-´¤.) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ we are comparing all other actors with Amitabh. ¢√∞¡}-éπØ√o Éûª†’ §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç. – Amitabh is taller than - Ééπ\úø taller, compar-

Lakshmi: Need I get Lakshmi wants to know if she has to money now or do you get the money now or if she has it. have it?

Lakshmi wanted to know if she had to get the money then or if she had it.

Åçü¿®Ω’

Pramila: I think the Pramila says she thinks the money she money I have should has should be enough and that be enough. You need Lakshmi need not get any. not get any.

Pramila said she thought the money she had should be enough and that Lakshmi need not/ did not need to get any money.

¢√∞¡xçü¿J™ Éûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø tallest superlative degree. ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) *´®Ω +est, +st í¬F´ÊÆh ÅCsuperlative degree. a) tallest, highest, shortest, slightest, etc. ÉN

Lakshmi: We must not Lakshmi says that they must not spend spend much time much time there as they have to get there. We have to get back to make other arrangements. back to make other arrangements.

Lakshmi said that they must not spend much time there as they had to get back to make other arrangements.

M. SURESAN

Sravya: Her elder sister is brighter than all of them but no so hardworking,

O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®·†, Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ ÅE, Ö†o ÅE, Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. tall = §Òúø-¢Áj†, á-ûÁkh-†, short = §ÒöÀdí¬ Ö†o, fine = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃߪ’-¢Á’i†, etc) Adverbs Åçõ‰, verb -îËÊÆ °æ†’©’ ᙫ ïJí¬®· ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç- ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ – äéπ í∫’ùç à¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ ÖçC ÅE ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ èπÿú≈ adverbs.)

Look at the following. a) No other actor is so tall as Amitabh Bachchan. We are comparing all other actors with Amitabh Amitabh Not so tall as tall positive degree. b) Amitabh is taller than any other actor/all other actors.

ative degree. 1) Amitabh is the tallest of all actors Amitabh we are comparing all other actors with Amitabh -

†ô’--™x

Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤. Ééπ\úø

need to have the facial. She had had it done the day before.

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Sundar: I feel that the food here is better than that in any other restaurant in this area. What do you think?

(Ð vð§ÙêŸÙö˺ Ñìo ÏêŸô¢ ·ôþ§d-·ôÙåx ÚÛÙç¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ íÆ£õô¢Ù ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. ìªî¶y÷ªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦oîËÂ?) Madan: You're right. This is the best eatery around here.

Madan: My grand father reads these novels, a lot of them.

(÷« ê¦êŸÞ¥ô¢ª Ð ì÷õõª à¦ö° àŸë]ª-÷±ê¦ô¢ª.) Sundar: I remember your telling me that he was ill. How is he? Any improvement?

(ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙë]E ìª÷±y àµí‡pìåªx Þœªô¢ªh. Ïí£±p-èµö° Ñû¦oô¢ª? Ôiû¦ ô¢ª·ÞjÙë¯?)

(ìª÷±y àµí‡pÙC Eá! Ð àŸªåªd-í£-ÚÛ\õ Ïë¶ ÷ªÙ#C.) Sundar: The worst of all is the eatery next to the post office. You get sick once you eat any thing there.

(Î ð¼þ§d-íƈú£ª í£ÚÛ\ì ÑìoC ÍEoÙæ¨ ÚÛÙç¶ ÍëÅ]-÷ª-iÙC. ÖÚÛ-þ§J ÍÚÛ\è[ Ôëµjû¦ AÙç¶ î¦Ù꟪ö¶!) sick = áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù – ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ Ð Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ sick = î¦ÙA Íó¶ªuåªxÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC. I am sick of these movies.

(Ð ú‡E-÷«-õÙ-ç¶û¶ û¦ÚÛª î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªuåªx ÑÙC.) Once you eat there you get sick.

(ÍÚÛ\è[ AÙç¶ î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªu-åªxÙ-åªÙC.) Madan: No, I don't agree there. There are other restaurants which are worse than that one.

(Î Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ û¶ìª Öí£±p-ÚÁìª. ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñìo ÏÙÚ•Eo íÆ£õ-ô¢-ø‹-õõª ë¯E-ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oô³.) Sundar: But I can tell you this. As no other place are idlis so (as) bad as at that place.

(Ú¥F ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷«vêŸÙ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª. ÏÚÛ\-è[ªìoÙêŸ àµêŸhÞ¥ Ïè†xõª ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è¯ ÑÙè[÷±.)

-2

Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂ

Madan: No, unfortunately. He is worse than before.

(ö¶ë]ª, ë]ªô¢-ë]'-ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ ÑÙC.) Sundar: I'm sorry to hear that. Hope he will recover soon.

SUPERLATIVE: -ier à¶Ja comparative form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – iest , – er à¶Ja comparative form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – est , –r à¶Ja comparative form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª -st, more ÷³Ùë]ª à¶Ja comparative form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª most à¶Ja superlative

worse than that one. (worse - comparative of bad). 5) Is it better than the one I gave you last week? (better - comparative of good). 6) Unfortunately he is worse than before. (worse - comparative of ill).

degree form

ill = áñªsÞ¥ Ñìo. worse - áñªs/ î¦uCÅ ÓÚÛª\îµjì, ÷³C-Jì) 7) His condition was the worst the day before yesterday.

ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëůyìÙ! (Nì-æ°-EÚ¨ ò°ëÅ]Þ¥ ÑÙC. êŸyô¢ö˺ ÚÁõªÚÛªÙæ°ô¢E ÎPþ§h!)

Madan: So do we. (÷´ Íö°¸Þ ÎP-ú£ªhû¦oÙ.) Sundar: OK. See you. Time that I were at home.

(ÚÛõªë¯lÙ! Ïí£p-æ¨¸Ú ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè¯-Lqì î¦è…E.)(Îõ-ú£u-iÙC) OK. See you = ÚÛõªë¯lÙ. Madan: Bye

à¶þ§h-÷ªF êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ ÚÛë¯. Íô³ê¶ Ð êµÞœ-õÚÛª àµÙë]E adjectives ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo Ñû¦oô³. î¦æ¨Ú¨ comparatives, superlatives form à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Ô EñÙëÅ]ìõ« í£E-Ú¨-ô¦÷±. î¦æ¨ comparatives, superlatives irregular Þ¥ form Í÷±-ê¦ô³. ÍN–

Madan: That is true, perhaps. OK. How good is the novel which you finished yesterday?

ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÚÛª,

(àµð§pìªÞ¥! Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸCNì Ô ì÷õ ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙêŸ Þ•í£pÞ¥ ö¶ë]E.)

ví£øŒo: 1. An unused old temple was given to Mother Theresa ÍE IX Class English text book (page no. 45) ö˺ àŸC-î¦ìª. ÏÚÛ\è[ unused ÚÛª ñë]ªõª disused ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè…. 2. Idioms with backgrounds book Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶

ú£«#ÙàŸÙè….

– ÷ªëÅ]ª-ÚÛôÂ, êµû¦L à¦ö° ÷ªÙ# ví£øŒo. Íô³ê¶ disused Íû¶ë¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ correct. Unused ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ/ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Íú£õª î¦è[E ÍE Íô¢nÙ. An unused old temple ÍÙç¶ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Ïí£±pè[« î¦è[E í£±ô¦-êŸì ë¶î¦-õóŸªÙ ÍE Íô¢nÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè… ÍÙå« ÑÙè[ë]ª ÚÛë¯. Íö° Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ î¦è[-ÚÛÙö˺ ÑÙè…, Î êŸô¦yêŸ Ô Ú¥ô¢éÙêÁ Íô³û¦ ð§è[ªñè[f Þœªè… ÍE Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì sentence ö˺ òÅ°÷Ù. Íö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°÷Ù Ïà¶aC disused. Ú¥ñæ¨d unused Íû¶C ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. Disused ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺-ö¶E, ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª (ÞœêŸÙö˺) Ñìo ÍE. Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè…û¶ Mother Theresa Ú¨à¦aô¢ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ.

áî¦ñª:

1.

2. Idioms with background book - 1) Oxford

a) India is the largest of all democracies in the world/ India is the largest democracy of all in the world ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íì-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ ÍEoæ¨ ÚÛû¦o simplest form, India is the largest democracy in the world Íû¶C. Superlative degree ö˺ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª sentence structure. India is the largest democracy in the world. a) India (subject) + is (verb) + the + largest (superlative) + democracy. b) The Elephant is the strongest animal in the world. (subject + is (verb) + the + strongest (superlative) + animal). Superlative ö˺ sentence structure à¦ö° simple. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁî¦LqÙ-ë]ö°x superlative ÷³Ùë]ª the

÷ªìÙ

adjectives

adverbs ÚÛª comparative, superlative Óö° form

(Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC-Nì ì÷õö˺x Ïë¶ Þ•í£pC.)

Sundar: I told you, no other novel I have read in years is so good as this one.

ví£í£ÙàŸÙ îµ³êŸhÙö˺ òÅ°ô¢ê ÍA-šíë]l ví£â°-þ§y÷ªuÙ. Ïë¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÏÙÚÁ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥:

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 204

Sundar: It's easily the best I have read in years.

(û¶ìª FÚÛª ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù Ï#aì ì÷õ ÚÛû¦o ÚÛ«è¯ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)

worst - superlative of ill. sentences àŸ«è[Ùè…. a) India is the largest democracy in the world. Ð î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ largest - superlative degree Íô¢nÙ:

Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC

(ÍC Eá! ú£¸ô! Eìo ìª÷±y í£²Jh à¶ú‡ì ì÷õ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)

Madan: Is it better than the one I gave you last week?

(ÎóŸªì í£J-ú‡nA îµ³ìo ò°Þ¥ ¤©é¨Ù-#ÙC.)

à¶þ§h àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸ÷-ô¢ÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìoC– M. SURESAN COMPARATIVE: Ú•Eo í£ë¯õ #÷ô¢ – ier à¶Ja, ÷ªJ-Ú•-Eo-æ¨Ú¨ – er à¶Ja, y êÁ ÍÙêŸ-÷ªó¶ªu ÷«å-õÚÛª, y ñë]ªõª – ier à¶Ja, ÏÙÚ•Eo ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª more à¶Ja comparative degree form à¶þ§hÙ. Etymological Dictionary 2) Publications öËºì« ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-꟪ÙC.

Cambridge

ví£øŒo: Ð ÷´è[ª î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª êµõªÞœª Íô¢nÙ àµí£pÙè…. 1. For that to happen. 2. Planning Commission deputy chairman Monteksingh Ahluwalia on saturday regretted that poverty reduction was not achieved to the desired extent during the years of planned development. 3. Pointing out that the growth process should have been more inclusive. , 1. for that to happen = ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶. e.g. I want to buy a car. For that to happen I need money.

ô¦î¦õE.. The worst of all is the eatery next to the post office. Positive Good, Well Bad, ill evil much, many

Comparative better worse worse more

Superlative best worst worst most

– ÖÚÛ ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªè[ª Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ

áî¦ñª:

(û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦õE ÑÙC. ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶ è[ñªs-Ú¥-î¦L.) 2. ...that poverty reduction was not achieved to the desired extent during the years planned development.

(ví£é°RÚ¥ñë]lÄ ÍÙç¶ ÷ªì í£ÙàŸ-÷ô¢{ ví£é°-RÚÛ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¦ö˺x ›íë]JÚÛÙ êŸÞœª_-ë]õ ÷ªìÙ ÎPÙ#-ìÙêŸ áô¢-Þœ-ö¶ë]ª.) 3. Pointing out that the growth rate should have been more inclusive.

(ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ví£vÚ¨óŸª ÏÙÚ¥ú£h Nú£h'-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¯-LqÙC.)

You can see these irregular comparatives and superlatives in the conversation at the beginning of this lesson: Oå-Eoæ¨ Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª Ð lesson vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡Ùö˺ àŸ«è[-÷àŸªa. 1) I feel that the food here is better that in any other restaurant (better - comparative of good) 2) This is the best eatery around here. (best superlative of good). 3) The worst of all is the eaterie next to the post office. (worst - superlative of bad). 4) There are other restaurants which are

Spoken English

Comparative degree ö˺ Íë¶ meaning êÁ– a) India is larger than any other democracy in the world. comparative ö˺ structure a) India (subject) + is (verb) + larger (comparative) + than any other + democracy in the world. b) The Elephant is stronger than any other animal in the world. ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ šíj structure ö˺û¶ ÑÙè¯L. Positive: No other animal in the world is so (as) strong as the Elephant. Structure - ÏÚÛ\è[ No other êÁ begin Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-

EÙ-àŸÙè… – No other (sub) + verb + so + (positive degree) + as the Elephant. b) No other democracy in the world is as (so) large as India. No other + subject + is (verb) + as (so) + (positive degree) + as India.

ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 29 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nagesh: Hi Mangesh, what are you doing in this Travel kit shop? (Are you) buying a bag? (

adjective (larger)+than any other (singular) / than all other (plural)+... c) Positive: No other land animal is so (as) large as the elephant

Mangesh: That's right

Word order: No other+Subject (animal) +verb +so/as + positive adjective+as+the (subject)

Ñ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ éÀ-ö¸ -≥ƒ°ˇ™ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? ¶«uí˚ à´’Ø√o éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√?) (Å´¤†’)

Nagesh: You've bags and suitcases of all sizes, shapes and colours here. (Is) none to your liking?

(Ééπ\úø ÅEo ÂÆj-V©÷, Çé¬-®√©’, ®Ωçí∫’©÷ Ö†o -¶«uí∫’-©’, Ææ÷-ö¸ÍéÆæ’-©’ ÖØ√o®· éπ∫ü∆. FÍéO †îªa-™‰ü∆?) (To your liking = Fèπ◊ †*açC) Look at this one = ÉC îª÷úø’ Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. I want a smaller bag than this. (

Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† -¶«uí˚ éπØ√o ÉC °ü¿lC. Ø√èπ◊ Éçûªéπçõ‰ *†oC 鬢√L )

Nagesh: That One may be the size you want.

(ÅC Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† -ÂÆj-ñ ¸ Å-¢Ìy-a) Mangesh: No that's smaller than the one I want.

(™‰ü¿’. ÅC Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ *†oC) Nagesh: See if this suits you? ( Mangesh: Yes. That's exactly what I want.

-ÉC Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-üË-¢Á÷ -îª÷-úø’)

(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ é¬¢√-Lqç-ü¿üË.) Nagesh: This looks fine, but look at the price tag here. It says it is Rs. 500/-

(à Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’´‹ à†’-í∫çûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’)

ÉO ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Å®·ûË ´’†ç îËÊÆ §ÚLéπ ©’ -á°æ¤p-úø’ èπÿú≈ Éçûª simple (Ææ®Ω-∞¡ç)í¬, direct í¬ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Éçé¬ ÆæçéÀx-≠dæ (complex ) -¢Á’i-† §Ú-Léπ©’ èπÿú≈ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Ñ lesson ¢Á·ü¿öx Nagesh, Mangesh conversation îª÷ü∆lç. a) Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want.

(ÉC- Ø√-é¬\-´-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC) Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Mangesh §Ú©’Ææ’h†oC È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ -Å-N ûª†-é¬\-´©-Æœ† bag, ûª†’ îª÷Ææ’h†o bag. b) Mangesh: That's want.

(Ŷs! -Éü¿çûª îËߪ’ü¿’.) (More than its worth =

ü∆E N©’´

Åçûª îËߪ’ü¿’.) Nagesh: Let's look for something less expensive.

(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω’†oüË´’Ø√o ÖçüË¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç.) Mangesh: This is the least expensive of all the bags this size here. Let's bargain. See if we can get it for Rs 400. It is not worth more than that.

(Ééπ\-úø’†o Ç ÂÆj-ñ ¸ -¶«uí˚-™x ÉüË Åûªuçûª ûªèπ◊\´. 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ -´Ææ’hç-üË-¢Á÷ îª÷-ü∆lç. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ -áèπ◊\-´ îËߪ’-ü¿’) Nagesh: You are right. Let's ask if for Rs 400. 400

(†’-´y-†o-C -¶«í∫’ç-C. ®Ω÷§ƒßª’-©-éÀ≤ƒhúË¢Á÷ Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç)

Mangesh: Let's try

(Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπç-õ‰ ÅC *†oC) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆? È®çöÀ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLéπ. ûª†-é¬\-´-LqçC. ûª†èπ◊ -Å-éπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’-†oC. c) Mangesh: Oh, my! That's more than its worth.

(¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ N’í∫û√ à ïçûª’´¤-© éπç-õ‰ /- ÅEo Éûª®Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ °ü¿lC). The

elephant

(sub)+is(verb)+comparative

™-ûÁj-†C)

(èπ◊ô’ç-•- Ææ-¶µº’u-©ç-ü¿-J-™-†÷ -Å-ûª-úø’ -´-ߪ’Ææ’-™

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

205

°-ü¿l) Positive: Positive degree No other Positive adjective so/as positive adjective

™ ´÷-ö«xúË-ô°æ¤púø’ ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ç ûª®Ω-¢√ûª ´·çü¿’ é¬F, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª

2) Kashmir - cold - state in India (Positive) 3) This - good song - the movie (superlative) 4) Rentachintala - hot place- A.P. (comparative) 5) December - cold month. (Positive) 6) Andhra Pradesh- big state South India (comparative) Answers: 1) This diamond necklace is the costliest jewel in the shop.

(Ñ ≥ƒ°ˇ™ Ñ ´vñ«© necklace Åûªuçûª êK-üÁj-†C) (Superlative degree) 2) No other state in India is as (so) cold as Kashmir.

(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æçZ - é¬Qt®˝ Åçûª îªL-í¬ Öç-úøü¿’) (positive degree)

that's more than its worth Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bag üµ¿®Ωèπ◊, ü∆E N©’-´èπ◊ Åçõ‰ È®çöÀ ´’üµËu §ÚLéπ. d) Mangesh: It is not worth more than that. bag

ÉC èπÿú≈ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ, N©’-´èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u Ö†o §ÚLéπ - ûÁ-LÊ° ¢√éπuç.

e) Nagesh: Let's look for something less expensive. bag

Ééπ\-úø èπÿ-ú≈ Ñ èπÿ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ §ÚLéπ. É™« ´’†ç È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §Ú©’Ææ’hçö«ç. Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ degree of comparison †’ •öÀd word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) èπÿú≈ ´÷®Ω’ûª’çô’çC. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çöÀ éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ÖçúË sentence word order èπÿ, È®çöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ compare îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Öç-úË sentence word order èπÿ î√-™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC. 1) È®çöÀéπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ superlative degree ™E adjective ´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ®√¢√L. eg: a) The elephant is the biggest of

(-v°æ-ߪ’-ûªoç -îË-ü∆lç.) all land animals / the biggest land animal. -í∫-ûª lesson ™ adjectives of compariM. SURESAN son í∫’-J-ç-* éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç b) Hyderabad is the largest city in A.P. éπü∆? ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ (A.P. ™ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ÅA-°ü¿l †í∫®Ωç) ûª®Ω’-í∫’©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA-éπ~ùç @Nûªç™ C) He is the most popular actor on the îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«ç. -ü∆-EéÀ ´’† conversation (Spoken English) ™ v§ƒüµ∆†uç î√™« áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç Telugu screen. (ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω O’ü¿ Åûª-úø’ Åûªuçûª v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo correct í¬ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ, 3 degrees of comparison ™ ¢√éπuE®√tùç ᙫ - Ö-†o †ô’úø’) Öçô’çüÓ í∫-ûª lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ü∆Eo ´’®Ó ≤ƒJ 鬕öÀd superlative adjective ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ the ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ. èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç: a) Superlative: 2) Å™«Íí È®çöÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ comThe Elephant is the largest land animal. parative adjective -ûª®Ω-¢√ûª than any other / than ¶µº÷îª-®Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ ÅA-°-ü¿lC. all other ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈ ®√-¢√L. than any other Å®·ûË ÉC superlative. Éçü¿’™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’- Ç ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, singular number; Than all other Å®·ûË -Ç -ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, plural number Jéπ) î√-™« simple. The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+the+superlative Å´¤-û√®·. adjective+... b) The elephant is larger than any other land animal / all other land animals.

Pacific c) He is older than any other members / all other members of the family.

(Éûª®Ω ´’£æ…Ææ´·-vü∆© éπç-õ‰

smaller than the one I

(î√© ¶«í∫’ç-CC é¬-F üµ¿®Ω îª÷-úø’ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’) Mangesh: Oh, my! that's more than its worth.

2

a) The Prime Minister is more powerful than any other minister / all other ministers.

(-É-ûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©ç-ü¿-J éπç-õ‰ èπÿú≈ -v°æ-üµ∆-†-´’ç-vAéÀ ÇCµ-鬮Ωç -áèπ◊\-´) b) The Pacific is deeper than any other ocean / all other oceans in the world.

as a) No other tree here is so (as) tall as the coconut tree there.

´≤ƒh®·.

(Ééπ\-úø’†o à îÁô’d èπÿú≈ Ç éÌ•s-J-îÁôdç-ûª §Òúø’-í∫’é¬ü¿’) b) No other metal is so (as) bright as gold.

(à Éûª®Ω ™£æ«´‚ •çí¬-®Ω-´’çûª v°æé¬-¨¡-´çûªç é¬ü¿’) c) No other student in the class is as (so) good at the subject as Janaki (class subject

™ Éûª®Ω Nü∆u-®Ω’n-™„-´®Ω÷ Ç ™ ñ«†éπçûª ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬-ü¿’.) Ñ patterns (¢√é¬u© †´‚-Ø√©’) Ñ ´‚úø’ degrees ™ °j† îª÷°œ†õ‰x Öçú≈L. É™« È®çúÕ-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√Lq† ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç– superlative, comparative. Ñ È®çúø’ degrees ™ sentences ™ not ®√ü¿’. positive degree ™ sentence – no other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº´’-´¤-ûª’çC. (Å®·ûË, ÅEo-öÀ-éπØ√o... é¬ü¿’, ÅØË superlative Öçô’çC. ü∆E Ææçí∫A ûªy®Ω-™ØË îª÷≤ƒhç.) É°æ¤púø’ in the conversation at the beginning of the lesson -™« È®çöÀ-F §Ú™«aç ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ î√© ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç. È®çöÀ-ØË/-É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©ØË §ÚLa†-°æ¤úø’ superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. Positive, Comparative ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçö«®·. 1) This is bigger than the one I want.

(Ø√é¬\-´-Lq-† -ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ÉC °ü¿lC) – Comparative (bigger) DEéÀ positive degree: The one I want is not as (so) big as this. superlative lesson Exercise: Practise the following aloud. Make sentences using the following words, using the degree given in brackets. eg: Mt Everest - high peak in the world. (comparative) (Mt-Mount(PeakAns: Mt Everest is higher than any other peak in the world. 1) This diamond necklace - costly jewel in the shop - (superlative)

DEéÀ

Öçúøü¿’. -Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ´îËa

™ îª÷ü∆lç.

°æ®Ωy-û√© Ê°®Ωx-´·çü¿’

¢√úøû√ç)

Pê®Ωç)

3) This is the best song in the movie. superlative degree.) 4) Rentachintala is hotter than any other place / all other places in A.P.

(Ç *vûªç™ ÉC Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp §ƒô–

(Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ È®çô-*ç-ûª© Éûª®Ω à v°æüË-¨»-E-éπç-õ‰/ Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o ¢ËúÕ v°æü˨¡ç) 5) No other month is so (as) cold as December. ( December 6) Andhra Pradesh is bigger than any other state/ all other states in South India.

à (Éûª®Ω) ØÁ™«

Åçûª îªL-é¬ü¿’)

(ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™ Éûª®Ω à ®√≠æZç/Éûª®Ω ®√≥ƒZ-©-éπç-õ‰ -Çç-vüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸ °ü¿lC)

1. How

to pronounce the words? Is there

any rule please. b) Occasion, situation - what is the difference between these words? ( give some examples).

öÀ. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, Í®°æ™„x

i) Any good English - English dictionary will give you the symbols of pronunciation refer to it. ii) Situation =

°æJ-Æ œnA. äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ äéπ Æ洒ߪ’ç™ Ö-†o /-ï-®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†© éπ©®·éπ. A difficult situation = éÀx-≠dæ °æJ-ÆœnA; financial situation = ÇJnéπ °æJ-Æ œnA political situation = ®√ï-éÃߪ’ °æJ-Æ œnA. Occasion = Ææçü¿®Ωs ¥ç – Ééπ\úø Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©’, °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© éπç-õ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´. °j† situation ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x occasion ¢√úøôç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ éπü∆. I have met him on two or three occasions =

ÅûªEo ؈’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. a) On the last occasion that I met him, he was in a difficult situation =

ÅûªEo ؈’ -Éçûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Åûª†’ î√-™« éÀx-≠dæ °æJ-Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o-úø’.

b) She was able to manage the situation

= Ç °æJ-Æœn-AE Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ -îªéπ\-C-ü¿lí∫-©’í∫’-ûª’ç-C.

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 31 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Laxman: Hi Suman, do you know Bhavan is in

áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’çô’çC.)

town?

Laxman: OK. A happy time in Delhi to you and

(¶µº´Ø˛ Ü-∞x-éÌ-î√aúø’ (ÖØ√oúø’) ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

your mom.

Suman: Oh, is he? when did he come?

(†’´¤y, O’ Å´÷t Åéπ\úø Ææ®Ωü∆í¬ í∫úø-§ƒ©E Ø√ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o.)

(Å´¤Ø√? á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√aúø’?) Laxman: Yesterday. He won the first round of the badminton match.

(E†o -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛ -´÷u-î˝™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ -®ıç-ú˛ ÈíL-î√úø’.) Suman: That's no surprise to me. I knew he would win. He is certainly a better player than his rival in this round.

(ÅüËç Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Èí©’≤ƒh-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ ®ıç-ú˛™ -ûª-† v°æûªuJn-éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Çô-í¬úø’) (rival=È®j´™¸= v°æûªuJn, §ÚöÃ-ü∆-®Ω’) Laxman: I was sure of that too. Mind you,

Suman: Thank you.

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. È®ç-úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ´‚úø’ degrees (positive,

comparative

and

superlative)

Öçö«®·. Ç degrees ™E sentences ™, Word order ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®ç-úÕçöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa†°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’ ÅE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Now look at the following sentences from the

Amar is not so (as) short as Anand.

Let's now try to change the comparative degree

(

statements in the conversion between Laxman

Å-´’®˝, -Ç-†ç-ü˛ Åçûª §ÒöÀdé¬ü¿’.) comparative ™, positive ™ Amar, Anand position ´÷®Ωôç, comparative ™ ™‰E not – positive ™ ®√´ôç îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. positive ™ ´÷´‚-©’í¬

tage in badminton

(؈÷ Å™«ØË -Å-†’èπ◊-Ø√o. ÉçéÓöÀ í∫’®Ω’hçéÓ. ¶µº-´-Ø˛, ûª†- v°æûªuJn -v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ §Ò-úø´¤. -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛™ ÅC (§Ò-úø-´¤) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫°æúË N≠æߪ’ç.) Advantage = Åú≈y-Ed-ñ ¸–'ú≈y— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ææ£æ…ߪ’-é¬J. ´’†èπ◊ ¢Ë’©’ éπ-L-Tç-îËC. Mind you = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁaéÓ/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ, (ñ«ví∫ûªh ÅE èπÿú≈)

1) He is certainly a better player than his rival.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Åûª-úÕ v°æûªuJn éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’)

2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan =

the next match. fare =

(ûª®√y--ûª -´÷u-î˝™ ᙫ

îË≤ƒhúÓ îª÷ü∆lç.) îËߪ’-ôç/-Ç-úøôç ™«çöÀN.

How did you fare in the exam yesterday? (

E†o †’´¤y

exam

ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?)

How did he fare in the debate contest last

Åûª†’

debate

(´éπh %ûªy) §ÚöÙ ᙫ î˨»úø’?)

Suman: He has good chances of winning that

ative degree) 3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than Sravan's.

Laxman: OK. When are you taking your mom

4) That (AP Express) is faster than the special train. (special train

¢Á’içC–

éπç-õ‰

AP Express

¢Ëí∫-´ç-ûª-

comparison only between two) (faster-

5) This is certainly better than that =

éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’

ÉC ü∆E-

6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.

(-Ø√éπç-õ‰, ´÷ Å´’t áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV-©’ç-ô’çC–

com-

parison only between two. Longer - comparative)

È®ç-úÕçöÀ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†°æ¤púø’, superlative, comparative, posiSuman: This Wednesday. tive ™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) (Ñ •’üµ¿-¢√®Ωç) ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Laxman: Have you booked the tickÅ™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ ets? §ÚLéπ È®ç--úÕç-öÀ ´’üµ¿uØË. M. SURESAN (-öÀÈé-ô’x -•’é˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?) 1) §ÚLéπ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿uØË Å®·-†Suman: Yes, by the AP Express. °æ¤púø’, superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. (Å´¤†’. à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ™) 2) È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ comparative Laxman: That's good. That's faster than the degree, positive degree word order èπÿ È®çspecial train you thought of going by. úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ (´’ç* °æEî˨»´¤. †’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊†o comparative, superlative word order èπÿ ÂÆp-≠æ-™ ¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛ éπç-õ‰ ÉC ¢Ëí∫-çí¬ î√™«ûËú≈ -Öçô’çC. -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-C.) džçü˛, Å´’®˝ ÅØË Éü¿l-JE §Ú™«a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ. Suman: It is. This is more comfortable than that 1) Å°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’. too. 2) Comparative ™ sentence èπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’ džçü˛, (ÉC ü∆E éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ææ’êçí¬ Öçô’çC) sentence èπ◊ *´®Ω Å´’®˝ ´ÊÆh, positive degree Laxman:This is certainly better than that in ™ Ñ ´®ΩÆæ ´÷J Å´’®˝ sentenceèπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’, every respect. When are you returndžçü˛ sentence èπ◊ *´-®Ω- -´≤ƒh®·. ing? 3) Comparative ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, positive ™ not (à Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÆœØ√, Ç ÂÆp-≠æ-™¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛ ´Ææ’hçC. comparative ™ not Öçõ‰ positive ™ éπçõ‰- à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ´’ç*C. á°æ¤púø’ AJnot ®√ü¿’. íÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Comparative: (؈’ ¢√®√-E-éπ-™«x AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh†’. Å´’t Åéπ\úø

as

´≤ƒh®·. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ

the last exam paper.)

(Íé~´’- éπç-õ‰ Ê£«´’ Ééπ\úø

Sankar:

(Taller - comparative degree) -

§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË, É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ superlative Öçúøü¿’. DEéÀ positive degree: Kshema is not so (as) tall as Hema.

Ê£«-´’ -Åç-ûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’) comparison (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’

only between two

§ÚLéπ): Comparative: Sunder is cleverer than Sukumar (

Positive:

(comparison only between two)

(O’ Å´’t†’ -úµÕ-Mx á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?)

stay there will be longer.

ûª®√yûª

Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝ éπç-õ‰ Ææ’çü¿®˝ ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’)

comparative)

to Delhi?

Suman: I will return in a week. My mother's

so (as),

(Kshema,

(v¨¡´ù˝ éπü¿-L-éπ-© éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ éπü¿-L-éπ©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ Öçö«®·) (quicker - comparative)

too.

(ÅC èπÿú≈ ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o®·.)

§Ò-úø-´¤)

(comparison only between two) (taller- compar-

week? (

´’† question papers ÅEoöx ÉC Å-A éπ-≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC éπü∆? (éπ≠dçæ = tough) - superlative ¢√úøçúÕ) Omkar: é¬ü¿’ ÉC §Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper Åçûª éπ≠dç æ é¬ü¿’. (§Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper=the paper last time/ Å®·Ø√ éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J Ø√ marks éπç-õ‰ F marks- áèπ◊\-´ . (éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J–last time )

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’

quicker than Sravan's.

Laxman: Let's see how he is going to fare in

´·çü¿’ Éçé¬:

Hema is taller than Kshema.

v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ §Ò-úø-´¤.

Suman: Moreover, Bhavan's movements are

(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Sravan éπü¿-L-éπ-© -éπç-õ‰ Bhavan éπü¿-L-éπ©’ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ Öçö«®·.)

206

(better- comparative degree of good(Better- comparative degree)

Exercise: Sankar:

the beginning of the lesson:

Ééπ\úø §ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’– Bhavan, Sravan ´’üµ¿u)

positive degree statements: Practise the following aloud in English:

conversation between Laxman and Suman at

Bhavan is taller than Sravan, that rival of his. That certainly is an advan-

and Suman, at the beginning of this lesson into

Sukumar is not so (as) clever as Sundar

Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝, Ææ’çü¿-®Ωçûª ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’ é¬úø’.) Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´·êu -N-≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: 1) Comparative ™, Sundar ´·çü¿’, Sukumar *´®√ ÖØ√o®·. ÅüË positive™, ¢√öÀ ≤ƒnØ√©’ û√®Ω’-´÷-È®j, Sukumar ´·çü¿÷, Sundar *´-®Ω ´-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. 2) Comparative ™ not ™‰ü¿’, positive ™ not ÖçC éπü∆. ÉçéÓ example îª÷ü∆lç: (

Comparative: Vijayawada is hotter than Hyderabad .

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ -éπç-õ‰, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢ËúÁ-èπ◊\´) (Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ´·çü¿÷, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ *´®Ω.

Not

™‰ü¿’)

Positive: Hyderabad is not so (as) hot as Vijayawada.

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’) (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ´·ç-ü¿’, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø *´®Ω;

Not

ª Omkar: Å®·Ø√, -Ñ≤ƒJ Ø√ marks , í∫-ûª≤ƒ-J -Åç-ûª ¶«í¬ Öç-ö«-ߪ’-†o †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’. (†´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’ =I am not sure). Sankar: -Ñ college ¢Á·ûªhç ™„éπa®Ω®˝q-™  -O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝íÌ°æp.Omkar:- O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝ èπÿú≈ íÌÊ°p, é¬F †’´y-†oô’d ´÷ ™„éπa®Ω®˝ Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬úø’. Sankar: ؈ ’ Tuition -BÆæ ’éÓ-¢√-©-† ’èπ◊ç-ô ’-Ø√o-† ’. á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡x-´’ç-ö«´¤? Omkar: O’ lecturer ü¿í∫_®ΩÍé ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. Answer: Sankar: Isn't this the toughest of all our question papers? Omkar: No. This is not as (so) tough as the paper last time. Sankar: But your marks were higher than mine last time. Omkar: But I am not sure that my marks this time will be as good as my marks last time. Sankar: Your lecturer is the best/greatest (of all) in the college. Omkar: Your lecturer is good too, but not so (as) good as our lecturer. Sankar: I want to take tution. who do you want me/to go to/suggest that I go to? Omkar: Go to your lecturer.

ÖçC) POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE 1) He is certainly a better player than his

His rival is not so (as) good a player as he (is)

rival. 2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan.

Sravan is not so (as) tall as Bhavan

3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than

Sravan's movements are not so (as) quick as

Sravan's. 4) AP Express is faster than the special train.

Bhavan's The special train is not so (as) fast as the AP Express.

Anand is shorter than Amar. (

5) This certainly is better than that.

That certainly is not so (as) good as this.

Positive:

6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.

Mine (Ø√C) will not be so (as) long as mother's stay.

Å-´’®˝ éπç-õ‰ -Ç-†ç-ü˛ §ÒöÀd)

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 2 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vasanth: Hi Hemanth, how was the match yesterday?

(E†oöÀ ´÷u-î˝ à-¢Á’iç-C?)Hemanth: We did play well. We did win too, but our game was not better than last sunday's game.

(¢Ë’ç ¶«í¬ØË Çú≈ç, ÈíLî√ç èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË E†o ´÷ Çô §Ú®·† ÇC-¢√®Ωç Çô-éπç-õ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ™‰ü¿’.) Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ äéπ-≤ƒJ îÁ§ƒpç. ´’Sx îÁ°æ¤hØ√oç. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Not ™‰†-°æ¤púø÷, question 鬆-°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈, did ¢√úøû√ç, °j¢√-é¬u-™x-™«. Å™« ¢√úÕûË N≠æߪ÷Eo é¬Ææh í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œp-†ôx-´¤-ûª’çC. I did meet him yesterday =

-ØË-†’ -E-†o -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. (É™«çöÀ expressions O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.) Vasanth: Why do you say so?

(áçü¿’-éπ™« Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?) Hemanth: Our score this time were not more than that last time. Moreover the wickets we took are not more than those we took last time.

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ ≤Ú\®˝ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’.-Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç -BÆæ’èπ◊-†o N-Èé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J N-Èé-ôx éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’) Vasanth: Why so?

(áçü¿’-´©x Å™«?) Hemanth: We made a few changes in the team. We had Kiran and Charan in place of Mahesh and Satish, but they were no greater than Mahesh and Satish.

(¢Ë’ç öÃç ™ éÌEo ´÷®Ω’p©’î˨»ç. -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, Ææ-B-≠ˇ •ü¿’©’, - M. SURESAN éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ -©†’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ O∞¡Ÿx íÌ°æpí¬ ™‰®Ω’) Vasanth: What about the pitch? (

°œ-î˝ á™« ÖçC?) (Pitch= È®çúø’ -¢Áj°æ¤-™« NÈé-ôx ´’üµ¿u -°æ*aéπ Åçûªí¬ ™‰E ¶µ«í∫ç) Hemanth: The pitch this time was not faster than the pitch last time. That's why we took a spinner in place of a pace bowler. (°œ-î˝ Ñ≤ƒJ fast bowling èπ◊ Åçûª ņ’í∫’ùçí¬ -™‰-ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé ¢Ë’ç, ã fast bowler •ü¿’©’. ã spin bowler †’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç) (pace bowler = fast bowler. In place of =

we have Harish =

≤ƒn†ç™ £æ«K≠ˇ ÖØ√oúø’) Vasanth: What about the next match? (

ûª®√y-ûª -Ç-ô Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?-)

Hemanth: We may play the team from Warangal, but we take it easy. The Warangal team is no more a problem for us than yesterday's team.

(´îËa-≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç- ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç ûÓ ÇúÌa. Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç ü∆Eo ûËL-í¬_ØË BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. E†oöÀ öÃç éπç-õ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç °ü¿l Ææ´’ÊÆuç é¬ü¿’.) Vasanth: I appreciate your confidence.

(F N¨»y-≤ƒEo -Å-Gµ-†ç-CÆæ’h-Ø√o.) Hemanth: Our Captain is more confident than I (am)= (

Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ ÖØ√oúø’.)

captain

Éçé¬ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ

Vasanth: Best of luck then. Bye.

(not + comparative -

a) Ooty is not cooler than Kodaikanal. (

tive.

Positive: Our score last time was (at least) as high as our score this time.

-Ü-öÃ, éÌ-úÁjÈé-Ø√-™¸ éπçõ‰ xE v°æü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’) Ééπ\úø 1) adjective cooler - degree - compara-

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝, Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ ÅçûË.)

2) comparison superlative

(§ÚLéπ) È®ç-úÕçöÀéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 鬕öÀd Öçúøü¿’. Å®·ûË í∫-ûª lessons ™-E examples ™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, °j sentences ™ comparative ´·çü¿’ not ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰, Ñ ¶µ«¢√Eo, positive ™ îÁÊ°p-ô°æ¤púø’ not ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. positive îª÷ü∆lç.

3) The wickets we took this time were not more than the wickets we took last time. (not more - not + more (comparative))

(at least)

éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπFÆæç Öçô’çC.

Ü-öà Åçûª- xí¬

Positive: I am not so (as) confident as our captain.

(؈’ ´÷

captain

Åçûª N¨»y-Ææç-í¬-™‰†’.)

Exercise: Practise the following English

aloud in

F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª ¶«´¤ç-üÓ! F -vúÁÆˇ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l -àç ¶«í¬-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Pramada: éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ø√ -vúÁÆˇ F -vúÁÆˇ Åçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃߪ’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛ F ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛ Pramada:

Vasudha:

Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç-- BÆæ’èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ NÈé-ôx éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç 鬴¤. Many (positive) - more (comparative) most (superlative)

Kodaikanal is at least as cool as Ooty =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Positive: The wickets we took last time were

207

I appreciate your confidence (at least) as many as we took this time.

Study this: Comparative

(¢Ë’ç éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x, éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-ØËo – áèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’.)

Ü-öÃ, éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπç-õ‰ x-EC é¬ü¿’. Positive

éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ (éπFÆæç) Ü--öà Åçûª x-í¬ Öçô’çC. A, B éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’, Åçõ‰ B (éπFÆæç) A ûÓ Ææ´÷†-´’E éπü∆?– É™« comparative †’ç* positive éÀ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø comparative ™ not Öç-C, 鬕öÀd positive ™ not ®√ü¿’.

4) They were no greater than Charan.

Chandra is not taller than Tara =

û√®Ω éπçõ‰ îªçvü¿ §Ò-úø-´¤-é¬ü¿’. Positive: Tara is (at least) as tall as Chandra. At least

î√-™« ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´C-™‰-Ææ’hçö«ç– ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: Positive degree adjective ´·çü¿’ so/as, positive degree ûª®√yûª as ®√´ôç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆? Å®·ûË, positive degree ™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púË, ü∆-E ´·çü¿’ so é¬E,/as é¬E- ¢√úøû√ç. positive degree ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ü∆-E ´·çü¿’, as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. So ¢√úøç. a) He is not so/as tall as his brother-

´·çü¿’,

Éçü¿’™ not ÖçC. 鬕öÀd é¬F é¬F ¢√úøû√ç.

Positive: Kiran and Charan were (atleast) as great as they.

(éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝-©’ éπ-FÆæç -¢√-∞¡xç-ûª íÌ°æp-¢√-∞Ïx) 5) The pitch this time was not faster than the pitch last time (not faster - not + comparative) Positive: The pitch last time was (at least) as fast as the pitch this time

b) He is as clever as his brother-

ÉD positive degree. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ not é¬F, no é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-´©x clever ´·çü¿’ as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç, so ¢√úø-ôç- ™‰ü¿’. ÉC î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. Now let us study the following sentences from the conversation between Vasanth and Hemanth at the beginning of this lesson. 1) Hemanth: Our game yesterday was no better than last sunday's

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J °œ-î˝ èπÿú≈ Ñ≤ƒJ °œ-î˝ Åçûª ¢Ëí∫-¢Á’içüË) 6)

Much (positive) - more (comparative) - most (superlative)

(´÷èπ◊ ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç E†oöÀ -öÃç éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ææ´’Ææu- é¬ü¿’)

Positive: Yesterday's team was (at least) as much a problem for us as the warangal team

(E†oöÀ -öÃç, ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç Åçûª Ææ´’ÊÆu ´÷èπ◊ = ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’) – Åçõ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’ ÅE.

(no better - no + comparative)

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô èπÿú≈ E†o ´÷ Çôçûª ¶«í¬ ÖçC (éπFÆæç) 2) Our score this time was not higher than that

The Warangal team is no more a problem for us than yesterday's team.

(no more a problem - no + comparative)

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô éπçõ‰ E†o ´÷ Çõ‰ç ¢Á’®Ω’-í¬_-™‰ü¿’.) Positive: Last Sunday's game was (at least) as good as our game yesterday =

Kiran and

(¢√∞¡Ÿx – ¢Ë’ç éÌûªhí¬ BÆæ’èπ◊-†o¢√∞¡Ÿx, éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ éπç-õ‰ íÌ°æp Çô-í¬∞Ïxç 鬮Ω’). Ééπ\úø äéπ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a – -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, Ææ-B-≠ˇ, -éÀ®Ωù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – Éçûª ´’çCE îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, ÉC È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u §ÚLéπ ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’-çü¿-E. Å®·ûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-LqçC– Ééπ\úø à äéπ\JØÓ, N’í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JûÓ §Ú©aôç ™‰ü¿’. ´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, Ææ-B-≠ˇ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω’ 1st set. -éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω÷ 2nd set. Ééπ\úø comparison Ñ È®çúø’ sets of players èπ◊. 鬕öÀd, DEo È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u §ÚL-éπ-í¬ØË BÆæ’éÓ¢√L.

b) Comparative:

positive degree. tall so as

Ææ’Í®-≠ˇ

last time.

Ñ ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’)

ÉC

•ü¿’-©’í¬/≤ƒn†ç™.

In place of Suresh

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË (´‚úø’ N≠æߪ÷©’ é¬èπ◊çú≈) §Ú©aôç ᙫíÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ 1) Superlative Öçúøü¿’. 2) Comparative ™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ positive ™ not ´Ææ’hçC. 3) compare îËÆæ’h†o ´Ææ’h-´¤© positions ´·çü¿’èπÿ ¢Á†éπèπÿ û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ last lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆! É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ:

2

7)

Our captain is more confident than I (am) captain comparative, not Positive not

Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷

´Ææ’hçC.

áèπ◊\´ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ -ÖØ√oúø’ – ™‰èπ◊çú≈, 鬕öÀd ™

Åçûª-Ææ-Jí¬_ (proper) ™‰ü¿’. é¬E Ø√ vúÁÆˇ F ü∆-E éπçõ‰ êK-üÁ-èπ◊\-´. Åçü¿’Íé ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. Vasudha: Å™«çöÀN ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√-®·™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. Å®·ûË, Ééπ\-úø’†o ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J -vúÁÆæ’-™x FüË î√-™«- Åç-ü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿-E ØËE-°æp-öÀéà ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Pramada: N†-ö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. é¬E ÅC Eïç é¬ü¿’. Vasudha: Éçûª- E-ñ«-®·--Bí¬ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ™‰†’. Answer:

Pramada: How beautiful your dress is! Vasudha: (It is) not more beautiful than yours. Pramada: Certainly my dress is not as/so attractive as yours. My selection is not so as proper as yours, but my dress is more expensive than yours. That makes me sad. Vasudha: Such things happen. Don't worry. But I still feel that yours is the best of the dresses of all those/ the people here. Pramada: Good to hear that, but it is not true. Vasudha: I have never been so (as) truthful / honest as I am now.

v°æ¨¡o.

'Æœçõ„é˙q— Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å©ç-é¬-®√-™‰Ø√? ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ç-úÕ. à¢Á’iØ√ v°æûËuéπ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√oߪ÷? èπ~◊ùoçí¬, Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. – áÆˇ. ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü.˛ Syntax Åçõ‰ Å©ç-é¬-®√©’ é¬ü¿’. Syntax Åçõ‰ English ™E ¢√é¬u™xE ´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ (order of words - à ´÷ô ´·çü¿÷, à ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ®√¢√L)†’ í∫’-Jç-*-† E•ç-üµ¿-†©’. É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπÿ ÉEo lessons ™†÷ -ûÁ-L°œç-C ÉüËéπü∆? OöÀE í∫’Jç-* English story books, Magazines ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, Newspapers (English), °ü¿l †´-©©’ ™«çöÀN îªü¿-´ôç ´©x English ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC.

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dhananjai: So, which school did you put your son in, finally? (*´-®Ωèπ◊ O’ ¢√-úÕ-E -à school ™ -

îË-Jpç-î√-´¤?) Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School. Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever get him admission in that school? It is one of the best schools in the state.

Dhananjai: Tomorrow? I should very much like to, but tomorrow is a friday. On fridays, I am busier than most other days. I'll try to come, but don't look for me. Anyway, many happy returns of the day.

(Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-©ØË ÖçC, é¬F Í®°æ¤ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç. -N’-T-L-† ®Ó-V-©-ûÓ -§Ú-LÊÆ-h ؈’ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√©’ î√™«- G-@. Å®·-

(Ç Ææ÷\--™x -Å-úÕt-≠æ-Ø˛ ᙫ Ææ秃-Cç--î√´¤? ®√≠æçZ -™ -Ö-†o -Ö-ûªh-´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Å-üÌéπ-öÀ.)

What do you think?

Lokeswar: And one of the most expensive too. My son has been selected in the selection test. Very few admission tests he has taken are as tough as this.

(Å´¤†’. Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x èπÿú≈ -Å-üÌéπöÀ. ´÷¢√úø’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~™ áç°œ-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’. -¢√úø’ ®√Æœ† °æK-éπ~™x éÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Éçûª éπ-≠d-¢æ Á’i-†N.) Dhananjai: (Do) you mean he has taken as number of admission tests?

(Åçõ‰ -O’ -Å-¶«s®· î√-™« v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~©’ ®√¨»-úøØ√ -F -Ö-üËl-¨¡uç?) Lokeswar: What do you think? I have had five transfers in the past nine years. With every transfer he had to be put in a new school, and that meant an admission test.

(à-´’-†’èπ◊ç-ô’--Ø√o-´¤? Ñ -ûÌ-N’t-üË∞¡x-™ Ø√èπ◊ -Å®·-ü¿’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x •CM Å®·çC. v°æA≤ƒ-K éÌûªh -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™ îË®√aLq ´îËaC.

than that in most other recent movies.

Ø√ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. - é¬-F -Ø√éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’îª÷-úÌü¿’l. É™«çöÀ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V-©’ î√-™« -ï®Ω’°æ¤éÓ-¢√©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) Lokeswar: Thank you. Compare sentences (a) and (b) below: a) Kolkata is the largest city in India

( ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-†-í∫®Ωç éÓ™¸-éπû√) - superlative degree. b) Bangalore is one of the largest cities in India.

(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x- ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ) – superlative. a), b) È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ superlative ™ ÖØ√o®·. Å®·ûË (a) ™ the largest Åçô’Ø√oç – Åçõ‰ éÓ™¸-éπû√ ÅEo †í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC -Å-E -Å®Ωnç. (b) ™ Bangalore is one of the largest Åçô’Ø√oç – Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™E (Åûªuçûª) °ü¿l-†-í∫-®√™x -¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ Åçô’Ø√oç. ✓

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

208

Åçõ‰ v°æA-≤ƒK ã v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-Kéπ~ ®√ÊÆ-¢√-úø’) Dhananjai: How good is he at studies?

(O’ ¢√úø’ á--™« îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’?) Lokeswar: Quite bright, I must say. Certainly brighter than most other students his age or class. He has had no difficulty getting admission in the best schools. (ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úøØË ÅØ√L. ¢√úÕ- ûª®Ωí∫-A,

¢√-úÕ ´ßª’-Ææ’q- ¢√-∞¡x™ î√-™« -´’çCéπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úË. -Ñ é¬®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª’u-ûªh´’ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç §Òçü¿-í∫Lí¬úø’) Dhananjai: I see that. That he got a seat in Ambit school shows that. Wish him all the best.

(Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª÷ØË ÖçC. Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ Æ‘-ô’ ®√´-ô¢Ë’ -Å-ûª-ØËç-ö ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C). Lokeswar: Tomorrow is his birthday. How about attending it? ( Í®°æ¤ ¢√úÕ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -´≤ƒh´¤ éπü∆.)

The best, the largest, the tallest, etc. comparatives, positive

É™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ ᙫ ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. One of the best (Åûªuçûª ¢Ë’-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ-™  äéπöÀ), One of the largest (Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-¢√-öÀ™  äéπöÀ), ņo-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀéÀ Positive, Comparative ᙫ Öçö«ßÁ÷ É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ü∆lç. é¬F äéπ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç– ✓ §ÚL-éπ©’ °æJQ- L - ç-îôª ç, îÁ°pæ ôç (´Ææ’h´- ¤©÷, ´uèπ◊h© ûª®Ωû- ´ª ’ ¶µü‰ ∆©’)- Éç-T≠-x flæ ™ ÆæçéÀ≠-x çdæ (Complex)í¬ Öç-ô’ç-C. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Å-™« Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xú,Ë ®√ÊÆ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Superlative, Comparatives èπ◊ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ °æü∆©’ ™‰´¤ éπü∆. Öü∆: Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸™ -Ö-†o †í∫-®√™x £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ °ü¿lC (Superlative), N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√© éπçõ‰ £j«ü¿-®√¶«ü˛ °ü¿lC (Comparative), à †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ £j«ü¿®√-¶«ü˛ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’. ÅE ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Åç-ö«ç. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. ✓ Three degrees ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç '°ü¿lC— -Å-ØË ´÷-ô-ØË Åçô’Ø√oç. -Éç-Tx-≠æfl™™«, big, bigger, biggest ÅE äÍé ´÷ôèπ◊ degree E •öÀd ´‚úø’ ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Öç-úø-´¤ éπü∆. Åûªuçûª °ü¿lC, ÅA °ü¿l ÅØË ´÷ô© ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç é¬ü¿’. ÅD é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -áEo ®Ω鬩 §ÚL-éπ©’Ø√o, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÓ ´÷ô éπ-*a-ûªçí¬ -¢√úø’û√ç. é¬F ¢√éπuç É™« Öçú≈L ÅØË E•ç-üµ¿-†©’

Table- 1 II Type

I Type Superlative: Kolkata is the largest city in India.

Bangalore is one of the largest cities in India.

Comparative: Kolkata is larger than

Bangalore is larger than most other

any other city / all other cities in India.

cities in India.

Positive: No other city in India is

Very few cities in India are

so (as) large as Kolkata.

as large as Bangalore.

Superlative:

-Å-ûªuç-ûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ î√™« †í∫-®√-©- éπç-õ‰ ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ °ü¿lC

éÓ™¸éπû√ ÅEo †í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC Comparative: N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√-©- éπçõ‰ éÓ™¸éπû√ °ü¿lC (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™) Positive: à Éûª®Ω †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ éÓ™¸éπû√ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬-ü¿’.

2

à éÌCl †í∫-®√-™ ¶„çí∫∞¡⁄®Ωçûª °ü¿lN (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™)

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -™‰-´¤. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ -Ççí∫x¶µ«-≠æ™ î√™« -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©’ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’éπE à ®Ωéπç §ÚL-éπ†’ à degree ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´Ææ®Ωç.

Naresh: But the songs in the movie are not sweeter than the songs in 'Kalalu'.

Satish: (Do) you mean that songs in Now look at the following sen'Kalalu' are sweeter than the tences from the conversation at M. SURESAN songs in the movie. the beginning of the lesson 1) It is one of the best schools in the state. Naresh: I Don't mean that. The songs in 'Kalalu' are as sweet as the songs in

(®√≠æZç™E Öûªh´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x ÉC äéπöÀ)–

superlative 2) And one of the most expensive too.

this. Satish: You are one of the best singers in our

(Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x èπÿú≈ äéπöÀ)

3) Very few admission tests... are as tough as this (positive) 4) He is certainly brighter than most other students of his class or age (comparative) 5) ... I am busier tomorrow than on most other days. (comparative).

É°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 §ÚLéπ© -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç: (-õ‰-•’-™¸ 1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) É°æ¤púø’ ´’† Ææ-ç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù™E degrees transformation to other degrees îª÷ü∆lç. Positive

1)

College. I do not have the knowledge of music you have / my knowledge of music is not so (as) good as yours. Naresh: Very few songs are as good as 'Vasantaragam' in 'Kalalu' It is a moving song. Satish: True. I like it too.

Comparative

Superlative

Very few schools in the It is better than most other It is one of the best schools in the state are as good as this. schools in the state. state. lesson sentence)

(

™ É*a†

2) Very few schools are as ... and more expensive than and one of the most expensive expensive as this. most other schools. too. (lesson sentence)

...

™ É*a†

3) Very few admission tests This is tougher than most other This is one of the toughest tests. are as tough as this. (les- tests. son sentence)

™E

4) Very few students are as He is certainly brighter than most He is certainly one of the brightest bright as he (is). other students. (lesson sen- students. tence)

™E

5) On very few days am I as I am busier tomorrow than on Tomorrow is one of the days I am busy as I am tomorrow. most other days. (lesson the busiest on. sentence)

™E

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC... a) The + superlative ÅE ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ comparative ™ than any other / all other ´Ææ’hçC. Positive ™ No other ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’´¤-ûª’çC.b) One of the + superlative ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ comparative ™ than most other ´Ææ’hçC. Very few ûÓ Positive v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’´¤-ûª’çC. very few ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u positive- ™ as + positive + as ´÷vûª-¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. so + positive + as ®√ü¿’. Carefully observe the following conversation between Satish and Naresh Satish: This is one of the greatest movies I've seen recently. Naresh: I agree. Very few recent movies are as great as this. Satish: The photography in the movie is better

This diversity is seen not only among the plants belonging to different groups but also those belonging to the same group. is seen present continuous verb

-v°æ-¨¡o-:

°j ¢√éπuç™ ûª®√yûª Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-î √®Ω’. ™ ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷-§ƒEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√a?-ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’? áç. ü∆L-Ø√-ߪ·úø’, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç ï-¢√-•’: Ééπ\úø seen ÅØËC present continuous tense é¬ü¿’. present simple / present indefinite. present continuous tense ™ verb form-

am seeing / is seeing / are seeing. present simple, passive voiceis seen-

ÉC îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûÓçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç™.

This diversity is seen = Ñ ¢ÁjNüµ¿uç îª÷úø•úø’ûª’çC (Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îª÷≤ƒhç ÅE) is seen- is (be form) + seen ( verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷°æç Åçõ‰ past participle) - voice, passive.

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 6 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Tarun: Hi Saran, you are not the earliest to class, are you?

(Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ class èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´*açC †’´¤y é¬ü¿’-í∫ü∆?) Saran: Sarika and some others were earlier than me. I was not later than they (were)/them by more than ten minutes.

(≤ƒJéπ, ÉçéÌç-ü¿®Ω’ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’ ´î√a®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ؈’ °æC EN’-≥ƒ© éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ç©Ææuç é¬ü¿’.) Tarun: Sarika isn't always the earliest to come

? (á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿®Ω ´îËa ¢√∞¡x™ ≤ƒJéπ Öçô’ç-C-éπü∆?)

Saran: No, she isn't. In fact, she is not among those who are the earliest.

(é¬ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ ´îËa-¢√-∞¡x™ x ÅÆæ-™«¢Á’ Öçúøü¿’.) Tarun: You were thinking of buying a bike. You had better buy now. It is on sale at a discount and is cheaper than before.

(†’¢ËyüÓ bike éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o´¤ éπü∆. É°æ¤púË é̆ôç ´’ç*C. Discount ™ Å´·tûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ éπ.)

a) Madanapalle is not the coolest place in A.P = Adjective - the coolest - degree superlative sentence superlative not sentence

Å®·ûË Ñ ™ ´·çü¿’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ñ Å®Ωnç: Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x Åûªuçûª xE v°æü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆. Åçõ‰, ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x éÌEo Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o x-E-Cé¬ü¿’ ÅE– ÉC comparative.

Madanapalle is not cooler than some other places in A.P.

DEéÀ

Åçûª x-EN.

2. I was not early as Sarika and some others.

Sarika and some others were earlier than me. sentence)

I was not the earliest.

3. It was not as cheap before as it is now.

It is cheaper than before sentence)

No superlative.

4. Some others are always as early as Sarika.

Sarika is not always earlier than some others.

Sarika is not always the earliest. sentence)

5. It is not as cheap as it was earlier.

It is not cheaper now than before.

It is not the cheapest now. sentence)

6. Some other brands are going to be as cheap as this. sentence)

This is not going to be cheaper than some other brands.

This is not going to be the cheapest of brands.

7. The bike is not as important for me as some other matters.

Some other matters are more important for me than the bike now. sentence)

The bike is not among/ not one of the most important matters for me.

8. No other matter has as little priority as the bike.

The bike has less priority than any other matter

The bike has the least priority now. sentence)

-á.°œ.™ éÌEoîÓô’x ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x

b) That is not the tallest tree in the garden.

(Ç ûÓô™-E ÅEo îÁôx™ ÅC áèπ◊\´ §Òúø-¢ÁjçC é¬ü¿’) – not the tallest (not + superlative)


The tree is not taller than some other trees in the garden.

(Ç ûÓô™ N’í∫û√ éÌEo îÁôx-éπØ√o ÉC §Òúø-¢ÁjçC é¬ü¿’) not taller than some other - comparative.
Some other trees in the garden are as tall

c) Some other novels are as good as 'You only live Twice'

(éÌEo Éûª®Ω novels, 'you only live Twice' Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·)

M. SURESAN

Saran: Moreover some other matters are more important for me than the bike now.

(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ bike éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®· Ø√èπ◊.) Tarun: (So) you mean a bike has the least priority now.

(Åçõ‰ F v§ƒ´·-ë«u稻™x ü¿ç-ö«¢√?)

bike

*´-J-

DEéÀ

comparative

"you only live Twice" is not better than some other novels ('You only live Twice' novels

éÌEo Éûª®Ω

éπçõ‰ Åçûª ¶«Ííç Öçúøü¿’).

superlative 'You only live Twice' is not the best novels. (You only live Twice' novel

ÅEo-öÀ™ Öûªh-´’-¢Á’i†

é¬ü¿’)

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) You are not the earliest to the class. 2) Sarika and some others were earlier than me.

Saran: There are other more important matters.

(ÅE é¬ü¿’. é¬E Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N ´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.) Tarun: When you decide to buy just let me know. I know the dealer. We can get some concession.

3) It is cheaper than before. 4) Sarika is not always the earliest to come. 5) It is not the cheapest now. 6) Some other brands are going to be as cheap as this or even cheaper. 7) Moreover some other matters are more

(†’´¤y éÌØ√-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰®·. Ø√éÓ dealer ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’†èπ◊ é¬Ææh ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω-éÌ-Ææ’hçC.) Saran: Thank you.

9) there are other more important matters.

You observe that the conversation above has mostly negative sentences. There are, among them, superlatives, comparatives and positives too. Now before we study them look at the following sentences.

Spoken English

important for me than the bike now. 8) ... the bike has the least priority now?

All the sentences above are more or less the same pattern.

Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† not the best/ greatest, etc èπ◊ Ææç•çCµç-*-†N. OöÀéÀ other degrees îª÷ü∆lç.

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

[little (positive) - less (comparative) - least (superlative)] 9. Some other matters are as important as this.

There are other more important matters than this. sentence)

As good as - degree - positive

It is cheaper than before (Å´¤ØËx. ´’J-éÌEo company © bikes Éçûª -í¬_†÷ Öçö«®·, Éçé¬ îª´-í¬_†÷ Öçö«®·.)

You are not earlier than some others to class.

Some other places in A.P. are as cool as Madanpalle =

(ûÓô-™E éÌEo îÁô’x, Ç îÁôdçûª §Òúø´¤Ø√o®·.)

Tarun: Yes. Some other brands will then be as cheap as this or even cheaper.

superlative You are not the earliest to class. sentence)

1. Some others are as early to class as you.

as the tree.

(É°æ¤púø’ Åçûª ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’. Éçé¬ îª´-éπ-´¶-ûÓçC. ÉçéÓ ØÁ™«-í∫’û√.)

comparative

positive

positive:

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 209

Saran: It is not the cheapest now. It is going to be cheaper still. I'll wait for another month.

2

äéπ ´·êu-N-≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: É™« äéπ degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç ã exercise í¬ practice îËߪ’ôç ´©x confusion ûª°æp Spoken English improve é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’ regular í¬ Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-®Ω-†’-éÓçúÕ, Å°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÃd, à degree ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. English Ŵ鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø™«x ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´·êuç. É´Fo ¢√ôçûªô Å¢Ë ûÁL-Æœ-§Ú-û√®·. îªü¿-´ôç ´©x èπÿú≈ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´Ææ’hçC.

(É*a†

This is not the most important matter.

Rahul: That's true. But once he regains form, very few of us can play as well as he.

(Eï¢Ë’. é¬E ´’Sx form ™ éÌî√a-úøçõ‰ ´÷vûªç ´÷™ à éÌCl-´’çüÓ Åûª-†çûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫©ç) Sindhu: Wish him the best. Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) You played the best of all. 2) You scored more runs than any other member of your team.

Now study the following conversation:

3) ... I could not bowl as well as Ganesh.

Sindhu: Congrats Rahul, your team won the match yesterday. You played the best of all. You scored more runs than any other member of your team.

4) He took more wickets than I did.

(-E-†o O’ team ÈíL-*çC. Åçü¿-J™ †’´¤y ¶«í¬ Çú≈´¤. N’í∫-û√-¢√-∞¡x-éπØ√o †’¢Áy-èπ◊\´ °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’ B¨»´¤.) Rahul: Unfortunately, I could not bowl as well as Ganesh. He took more wickets than I did.

(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Ganesh Åçûª ¶«í¬ bowl îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ø√éπçõ‰ Åûª-ØÁèπ◊\´ wickets BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) Sindhu: Your captain played the worst of all. His single digit score shows that.

(Åçü¿®Óx Åüµ∆y-†çí¬ ÇúÕçC O’ Èé°dØË. ÅûªE äéπ ÅçÈé score ü∆EéÀ û√®√\ùç) Rahul: He hasn't been in form of late. Otherwise he plays better than most of us.

(Åûª-F-´’üµ¿u Åçûª form ™ ™‰úø’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷™ î√™«-´’çC éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ Çúøû√úø’.) Sindhu: But he didn't play so well in the earlier match either.

(é¬F Åûª†’ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ match ™†÷ Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆)

5) Your captain played the worst of all. 6) ... he plays better than most of us. 7) But he didn't play so well in the earlier match either. 8) ... very few of us can play as well as he.

°j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈ §ÚL-éπ-©’-Ø√o®· éπü∆– ÅFo ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©†’ í∫’JçîË. Å®·ûË Ñ sentences ™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©/ ´uèπ◊h© í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†÷, ≤ƒ´’-®√n u-©†÷ é¬éπ ´uèπ◊h© °æEB®Ω’†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o´’E í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. äÍé °æEE Éü¿l®Ω÷, Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´uèπ◊h©’, äéπ-J-éπçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ ¶«í¬ î˨»®√, ûªèπ◊\´ î˨»®√ ÅØËC §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçõ‰ ÉC comparison of adverbs, comparison of adjectives é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ degrees of comparison, adjectives Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈, adverbs èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç study îËÆ œçC comparison of adjectives.Ééπ ´·çü¿’ ´’†ç °æJ-Q-Lç-îËC, degrees of comparison of adverbs. (adverb

Åçõ‰, verb ûÁLÊ° °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅE ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç) You played the best of all - Ééπ\úø verb, played = Çú≈´¤. Ç Çúøôç ᙫ ïJ-TçC? Answer: the best. 鬕öÀd best ÅØËC Ééπ\úø adverb.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 8 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak English the best of all of us in the class? (Class

™ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ English ¶«í¬ Ramana éπü∆) Vishal: Yes; he does. (Å´¤†’) Komal: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?) Why so = áçü¿’-éπ™«?; Why not? = áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’? Ñ expressions conversation ™ î√™« common. O’®Ω÷ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. ´÷ö«x-úËC

Vishal: From the beginning he has studied in English medium, that too, in very good schools. Moreover, he reads more than any one of us.

(¢Á·ü¿-öÀ†’ç* Åûªúø’ îªC-NçC English ™, ÅD ´’ç* English medi™, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) That too = ÅC èπÿú≈.

Komal: He certainly works harder than any of us. At the same time he plays games better than us too. Remember he scored higher than any other member of our team in the last match.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åûªúø’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’°æ-úø-û√úø’. Å™«Íí games ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’Íí. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ match ™ ´’† team ™ Éûª®Ω players éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ score î˨»úø’). Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some time with him.

(ÉCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Åûª-úÕûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç)

medium um schools

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 210 Komal: What does he read? How much does he read?

(àç îªü¿’-´¤û√úø’? áçûª îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úøçö«´¤?)

☺

☺

☺

☺

lesson comparison

™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, degrees of äéπ\ adjectives Íé é¬ü¿’, adverbs èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E. Adverbs Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. verb, subject îËÊÆ °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ç verb îËÊÆ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ™«çöÀ N´-®√-©†’ ûÁLÊ°-´÷ô adverb. He plays well. Ééπ\úø verb - plays. ᙫ Çúø-û√úø’? ÅØË verb (ûÁLÊ° °æE)éÀ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÊÆh, Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç well éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE well, adverb Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéπ sentence ™ äéπ ´÷ô îËÊÆ °æEE •öÀd, ÅC noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., OöÀ™x àC ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq Öçô’çC. í∫-ûª

This is a fast train.

M. SURESAN

Ééπ\úø ᙫçöÀ ï¢√•’. 鬕öÀd

train? fast, adjective.

ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊,

fast train

ÅØËC

Why so? Vishal: For one thing, he reads the English news paper daily. He reads too, a lot of fiction in English. He reads quite often English news magazines too.

(äéπ-õ‰-N’-ôçõ‰ ®ÓW English newspaper îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. Éçé¬ English †´-©©’, éπü∑∆-Eéπ©÷ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. ûª®Ωîª÷ English news magazines èπÿú≈ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) fiction = °∂œéπ{Ø˛ – '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç – éπ©p†– éπLpç-*† éπü∑¿©’ – novels (†´-©©’), short stories (éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’) ™«çöÀN. Komal: (Do) you mean he speaks English so well because of his reading?

(Åçõ‰ †’´y-ØËC Å™« îªü¿-´ôç ´©xØË English Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøç-ö«¢√?) Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps you more than a thorough study of grammar.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ví¬´’®˝ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ Å¶µºu-Æœç-îªôç éπçõ‰, îªü¿-´ôç áèπ◊\´í¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) thorough = ü∑¿®Ó = èπ~◊ùo-¢Á’i† Komal: The language of the English newspapers is difficult to understand, isn't it? How then does it help? (English newspapers English

Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-ô°æ¤púø’ ÅüÁ™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC?) Vishal: Ramana says he began with short news items, and then went on to news stories.

(¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô *†o ¢√®√hç-¨»-©ûÓ v§ƒ®ΩçGµç*, Ç ûª®√yûª °ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√®Ωh© reports îªC-¢√-†E ®Ω´’ù ÅØ√oúø’)

Spoken English

2

A Cheetah runs fast.

(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûª’h-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø runs, ÅØË èπ◊ fast, 鬕öÀd ÅØËC Åçõ‰ – 1) ᙫçöÀ, ᙫç-öÀC (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ) ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ ´îËa-´÷ô Adjective. 2) °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ answer í¬ ´îËa ´÷ô Adverb. Ñ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ degrees of comparison á°æ¤púø’ Adjectives èπÿ, á°æ¤púø’ adverbs èπÿ ÅØËC Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.

verb. How does it run? question fast adverb. answer

a) Australia plays best of all teams in the world.

(v°æ°æç-îªç-™E ÅEo ïôx™ ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ïô’d Åûªuçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø’-ûª’çC.) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– Ééπ\úø 'best'- adverb, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, plays ÅØË verb °æEE ᙫíÓ N´-J-≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd. (Note: Superlative degree of the adjective the superlative degree of the adverb the

´·çü¿’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈-©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Å®·ûË ´·çü¿’ Åçûª °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕûË ´’ç*üË, ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.) °j sentence ™ adverb, superlative degree ™ ÖçC éπü∆? ÉC superlative of 'well'. É°æ¤úø’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all other players = player/ players

Adjective

Å®·Ø√,

adverb

Å®·Ø√, äéπ

positive 1. Adjective No other team in the world is so/ as good as Australia. Adverb No other team in the world plays so/ as well as Australia. 2. Adjective Very few teams in the world are as good as Australia. Adverb Very few teams in the world play as well as Australia.

c) No other player hits the ball so/ as well as Dhoni= player ball adverb, wellpositive.

¶«í¬

ÉçÍé Éûª®Ω èπÿú≈ üµÓE Åçûª †’ éÌôdúø’. Ééπ\úø

good=

better (comparative)

´’ç* (adjective) well= ¶«í¬ (adverb)

best (superlative)

†’ç* ÉçéÓ

degree

éÀ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A äéπõ‰.

comparative

superlative

Australia is better than any (all) other team (teams) in the world.

Australia is the best team in the world.

Australia plays better than any other team/ all other teams in the world.

Australia plays best of all teams in the world.

Australia is better than most other teams in the world.

Australia is one of the best teams in the world.

Australia plays better than most other teams in the world.

No proper superlative.

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A Adjective Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰, adverb Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰.

Comparative. verb - reads. DEo posèπ◊ ´÷JÊÆh, not ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – reads + not = does not

– ÉC itive

1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag.

read.

(ÉC Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË §ÚLéπ – Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’– ÉC comparative degree) DEéÀ superlative Öçúø-ü¿’-éπü∆. Positive ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, Tendulkar, Sehwag Ê°®Ω’x û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·; not ´Ææ’hçC.

Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ as fast as Krishna. (Krishna

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ®ΩN

îªü¿-´úø’) 3) Kites fly faster than crows.

Sehwag does not bat (bats + not = does not bat) so (as) well as Tendulkar

(é¬èπ◊© éπçõ‰ í∫ü¿l©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ áí∫’-®Ω’-û√®·) Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative not Positive verb - fly. fly + not = do not fly.

™

2) Bret Lee does not bowl faster than Shoaib Akthar- comparative degree. (Bret Lee, Shoaib Akthar bowl not superlative Positive not subjects Lee, Akthar positions

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.

Positive: Shoaib Akthar bowls (at least) as Bret fast as Bret Lee. (Shoaib Akthar Lee bowl

1) Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of all of us in the class? (superlative degree of the adverb)

™‰ü¿’.

éπFÆæç

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îË≤ƒhúø’) Adverb degree ´îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’, do, does, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L.

did

2) He reads more than any of us.

©

(comparative degree) 3) Reading English helps you more than a study of grammar (comparative)

Eg: 1) Steve played more matches than Mark. (Mark éπçõ‰ Steve áèπ◊\´ matches Çú≈úø’) – ÉC comparative. verb - played. DEo positive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, played + not = did not play Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ positive.

4) He certainly works harder than any of us. (comparative) 5) At the same time, he plays games better than us too. (comparative)

Mark did not play as/ so many games as Steve. (Steve games Mark

ÇúÕ-†Eo

™ ´Ææ’hçC.

Positive: Crows do not fly so/ as fast as kites.

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îËߪ’úø’) – §ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµËu, ÖçC. DEéÀ ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. ™ ®√ü¿’, © û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·.

6) He scored higher than any other member of our team. (comparative)

Çúø-™‰ü¿’)

2) Krishna reads faster than Ravi

Exercise:

(

®Ω-N éπçõ‰ éπ%≠æg ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’)

OöÀéÀ Éûª®Ω degrees practise îËߪ’çúÕ.

Answer:

superlative

comparative

positive

1. Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of all of us? sentence)

Doesn't Ramana speak English better than any of us?

Does any of us speak English so well as Ramana?

2. Of all of us he reads the most.

He reads more than any of us. sentence)

None of us reads as much as he (reads/ does)

Reading helps us more than a study of grammar. sentence)

A study of grammar doesn't help us so much as/ as much as reading.

4. He certainly works hardest of all of us.

He certainly works harder than any of us. sentence)

None of us work as/ so hard as he, certainly.

5. Of all of us, he plays games best.

He plays games better than us too. sentence)

We don't play games so well as/ as well as he.

6. He scored highest of all of us.

He scored higher than any other member of our team.

No other member of our team scored so/ as high as he.

(É*a†

(É*a†

3. No superlative.

õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ à Éûª®Ω éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Çúø-û√úø’.

N’í∫û√ Ééπ\úø better, comparative degree of well

degree

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 10 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Chandan: Of the two who do you find the better- Sekhar or Srikar?

(Ç Éü¿l-J™, Åçõ‰ ¨Ïê®˝, Xéπ-®˝™ á´®Ω’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫ç-ö«´¤?/ á´®Ω’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-E°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) Santhan: Difficult to say. Each has his virtues and defects. Srikar is the more intelligent but Sekhar is the more industrious.

(îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ . Éü¿l-J™ éÌEo ´’ç* í∫’ù«©÷ ÖØ√o®·, éÌEo üÓ≥ƒ©÷ ÖØ√o®·.) Virtue = ´îª÷u– '´— bird ™ '•— ™« ØÌéÀ\°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç– Å®Ωnç – Ææ’í∫’ùç. Gandhi was a man of virtue = í¬çDµ Ææ’í∫’-ù«©’ éπL-T† ´uéÀh. Chandan: And who is the more suitable for this job then?

(Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† °æEéÀ á´®Ω’ ûªT-†-¢√®Ω’?) Santhan: Certainly Sekhar. He doesn't complain about the work.

(¨ÏêÍ®. °æE N≠æߪ’ç™ îËߪ’úø’.)

Santhan: We're going to appoint him. Better sooner than later. I'll send the appointment order today itself.

(ÅûªEo appoint îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ç îËÊÆ-üËüÓ ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh †ßª’ç. Ñ®Óñ‰ appointment order °æç°æ¤û√) Chandan: O.K. Go ahead. (ÆæÍ®, é¬F.) Go ahead = é¬F/ é¬E´¤y/ Ææ´’t-Aç-îªôç. Ram: I want to tell you something.

(Fèπ◊ ØËØÓ-N-≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) (é¬F/ îÁ°æp-®·ûË). ÉC English ™ common. O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Sam: Go ahead.

☯

☯

☯

2) Between Bangalore and Bangalore is the cooler =

Hyderabad,

Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ¢√úÕûË ´’† conversation î√™« Åçü¿çí¬, effective (v°æ¶µ«´ç éπ©’-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆ-C)í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd Comparative degree ¢√úø-ôç™ ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ´’† Spoken English ™ ¢√úøü∆ç:

3) Of (between) his two sons, the elder is the stronger = (The elder is the stronger of his two sons

´ç-ûª’úø’.

ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa).

4) Pranav: How does he compare with his father?

ÅûªE ûªçvúÕûÓ Åûª-ØÁoç-ûª-´®Ωèπÿ §Ú©a´îª’a? (Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ ûª† ûªçvúøçûª íÌ°æp-¢√ú≈? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.) Sourav: The father is certainly the better.

complain

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(ÅûªEÍé´’Ø√o Péπ~ù É¢√y™«?)

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ûªçvúÕ éÌúø’-éπ\çõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. (Ééπ\úø - better - comparative. Better ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’† better ´·çü¿’ the.)

211

2) Who is the more suitable for this job? 3) The sooner, the better =

Bangalore is cooler than Hyderabad.

ÅûªE éÌúø’èπ◊Lü¿l®Óx °ü¿l-¢√úø’ •©-

Comparative degree (adjective/ adverb)

Chandan: Has he to be trained?

áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË Åçûª ´’ç*C. É°æ¤púø’ sentence 3) ™«çöÀ comparative sentences îª÷ü∆lç: Ééπ\úø, È®çúø’ comparatives °æéπ\ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. È®çúÕçöÀ ´·çü¿÷ the ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. a) The taller a player is, the better can he play

= véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’úø’ áçûª §Òúø’-ÈíjûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúøí∫-©úø’. É™«çöÀ sentences, conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

b) Prasad: How did our team play yesterday?

(E†o ´’†

team

ᙫ ÇúÕçC?)

He is as good as ..

Santhan: I don't think so. He has

2

M. SURESAN

two years' experience in the field.

(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ņ’-éÓ†’. Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ Åûª-EéÀ È®çúË∞¡x ņ’-¶µº´ç ÖçC.) Chandan: How good is he at the job?

a) The Giraffe is taller than any other land animal. Giraffe

Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰

§Òúø’í∫’. Giraffe =

(Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç áçûª ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’?) Santhan: He is as good as or even better than any employee we have.

(É°æ¤púø’ ´’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o ÖüÓu-í∫’-©ç-ûª-é¬F, Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-é¬F ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Ö†o-¢√úø’.) Good = ´’ç* – Éü¿-Ææ©’ Å®Ωnç. é¬F ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '´’ç*—-™«-í¬ØË, 'good' èπÿú≈ î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x àü¿-®·Ø√ ã N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ íÌ°æp/ Ææ´’-®Ω’n-™„j†/ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn u-´·-†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. good actor = ´’ç* †ô’úø’– DE Å®Ωnç íÌ°æp †ô’-úøE. ÅçûË-í¬F ´’ç* í∫’ùçí∫© †ô’úø’ ÅE é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. good at something = àüÁjØ√ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫©/ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ†. He is good at maths = Åûª-EéÀ maths ¶«í¬ ´îª’a. Chandan: Then let's appoint him. The sooner, the better. We've a lot of pending work.

(Å®·ûË ÅûªúËo Eߪ’-N’ü∆lç. áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË, Åçûª ´’ç*C. °æE ¶«í¬ Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·çC.) pending = °æ‹Jh-é¬E/ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷-Lq† Santhan: What about the pay?

b) The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant = Giraffe taller (comparative) than comparative. sentences (a), (b) i) comparthan ii) comparative ative the

à†’í∫’ éπç-õ‰

èπÿú≈ ´’üµËu. °j ûª®√yûª ´·çü¿’ ™‰ü¿’.

Chandan: Let's pay him more than what he gets now in his present job?

(É°æ¤púø’ ÅûªE job ™ §Òçü¿’-ûª’†o ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-Nü∆lç). Santhan: How much more? (áçûÁ-èπ◊\´?) Chandan: Say Rs. 200/- (È®çúø’´çü¿-Lü∆lç.) Say = îÁ°æpôç – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. Ééπ\úø Say Åçõ‰ – ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

§Òúø’í∫’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC Å®·ûË §ÚLéπ È®çúÕçöÀ ©™ ´≤ÚhçC.

Now compare sentences (A) and (B) below: Sentence A The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant = Giraffe

à†’í∫’ éπØ√o §Òúø’í∫’.

Sentence B Of (between) the Giraffe and the Elephant, the Giraffe is the taller = Giraffe, Giraffe degree, comparative

à†’í∫’, Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ™ §Òúø’í∫’. i) È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, ii) È®çúø’ sentences ¶µ«´ç äéπõ‰, îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç ûËú≈, ÅçûË. iii) Sentence A ™ Sentence B ™ comcomparative ûª®√yûª parative ûª®√yûª than than ÖçC. ™‰ü¿’. iv) Comparative Comparative ´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ the ™‰ü¿’. 'the' ÖçC. v) Sentence subject, begin Giraffe

ûÓ

(´’J @ûªç Ææçí∫A?)

Spoken English

'ï—®√°∂ˇ – 'ï— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Ééπ\úø §ÚLéπ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u. taller - comparative. taller ûª®√yûª than any other (singular)/ than all other (plural) é¬E ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆.

Å®·çC.

Sentence, (between)

ûÓ

Of begin

Å®·çC.

Comparative sation

†’ sentence B ™ ™«í¬ conver™ î√™« ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ:

1) Of the two girls, the one in the red dress is red the more beautiful = dress (Comparative than comparative the.)

Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·™x, ™ Ö†o Å´÷t®· áèπ◊\´ Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. ûª®√yûª ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ´·çü¿’,

Ééπ\úø

compare

Pramod: The less we talk about it, the

¢√úÕ† B®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

better.

How does this car compare with imported cars? = cars Compare practice

(ü∆E í∫’Jç* áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª-´’ç-*C – less -

NüËQ ûÓ DØÁoç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a´îª’a? Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. É™« ¢√úøôç îËߪ’çúÕ.

How does this CM compare with his predecessor? =

Ñ ´·êu-´’ç-vAE ûª†èπ◊ ´·çü¿’†o ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-´îª’a? predecessor (v°‘úø-ÂÆÆæ/ v°úÕ-ÂÆÆæ. 'v°‘—E/ 'v°—E ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) = äéπ °æü¿N/ ≤ƒn†ç™ äéπ-JéÀ ´·çü¿’†o ¢√∞¡x†’ predecessor Åçö«ç. eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the predecessor of Rajasekhara Reddy =

®√ï-¨Ï-ê-®˝-È®úÕf ´·çü¿J ´·êu-´’çvA îªçvü¿-¶«-•’-Ø√-ߪ·úø’. Predecessor X Successor (ûª®√yûª ´*a† ¢√∞¡Ÿx – °æü¿-N™/ ≤ƒn†ç™)

eg: YSR is the successor of Chandrababu Naidu 5) Janaki: Is Rekha as good at dancing as Suma? (Rekha, Suma

Åçûª ¶«í¬

dance

îËÆæ’hçü∆?) Devaki: No, Suma certainly dances the better.

comparative of little) c) The higher a place, the colder it is

= äéπ v°æü˨¡ç áçûª á-ûÁj h-†-üÁjûË (Ææ´·-vü¿-´’ôdç †’ç*) Åçûª xí¬ Öçô’çC.

d) The longer you walk, the healthier you become

= †’´¤y áçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ †úÕÊÆh, Åçûª Ç®Ó-í∫u´ç-ûª’-úÕ-´-´¤-û√´¤. = †úÕ-*-†-éÌDl Ç®Óí∫uç áèπ◊\´. Ñ English proverbs (≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª©’) îª÷úøçúÕ: a) The nearer the temple, the farther from god.

í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-®·† éÌDl, üË´¤-úÕéÀ ü¿÷®Ωç. Åçõ‰ í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢Á∞Ôx-a™‰ ÅE ÅÆæ©’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, Åçûª ¶µºéÀh ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅE. farther - comparative of far. far =

ü¿÷®Ω-¢Á’i†

b) The more you eat, the less you wish

(é¬ü¿’, Æ撢˒, Í®ê éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’hçC) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ better (comparative) ´·çü¿’, the ´Ææ’hçC. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1) Of the two, who do you find the better, Sekhar or Srikar? (Whom do you find the better? whom ioned -

ÅØ√-©E éÌçü¿É™«çöÀîÓôx old fash®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-õ‰xü¿’) better - comparative ûª®√yûª than ™‰ü¿’ – 鬕öÀd, better ´·çü¿’ the. Å™«Íí conversation ™E éÀçC sentences ™ comparative ´·çü¿’ the îª÷úøçúÕ– comparative ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´©x.

to eat; the more you earn, the more you wish to earn

= áèπ◊\´ A†o-éÌDl ûªèπ◊\´ AØ√-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC, áèπ◊\´ Ææ秃-Cç-*-†-éÌDl, Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ Ææ秃-Cç-î √-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. (ÅçûË éπü∆! éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ† ûª®√yûª A†™‰ç. ÅüË úø•’s ´Ææ÷h Öçü¿†’-éÓçúÕ, Ç, î√™‰x ņ’-èπ◊çö«´÷? Éçé¬ é¬¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çö«ç) c) The more, the merrier = áçûª ´’çü¿-®·ûË, Åçûª Ææ®Ωü∆. (°j ´‚úø’ English proverbs; O’ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ.) ÉO comparative uses.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 12 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prakash: What's wrong with you, Chum? You appear run down nowadays.

Prakash: We start at my place at 5. We can see him at 6.

(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? Ñ ´’üµ¿u †’´¤y F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπ∞¡-ûª°œp éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.) Chum= ØËÆæhç. ´’†èπ◊ î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-úÁj† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’. They are chums= ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« v°œßª’-N’-vûª’©’. Chummy= î√™« ÊÆo£æ«çí∫©.

(´÷ ÉçöÀ †’ç* Å®·ü¿’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. Ç®Ω’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ Çߪ’-††’ éπ©’ü∆lç.)

He is chummy with the CM=

Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ î√™« ≤ƒEo-£œ«ûªuç/ ÊÆo£æ«ç ÖçC. be run down= F®Ω-Æ œç-îªôç. He is run down= Åûªúø’ F®Ω-Ææçí¬, EÊÆh-ïçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. É´Fo conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´îËa ´÷ô©’. ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ O’ Spoken English ™ ¢√úøçúÕ.

Prasad: Certainly I am not in the best of health. I wish to see a doctor. Who do you suggest? Is Dr Kushalam OK?

2

Prasad: That's OK. Then I will be here at 5.

(ÆæÍ®. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ âCç-öÀéÀ Ééπ\úø’çö«)





Degrees of comparison, grammar exercise sentence degrees practice degree, degrees conversation study Lesson No. 210 practice express idea degree

äéπ í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Åçõ‰ äÍé †’ ´‚úø’ ™ îËߪ’ôç é¬èπ◊çú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo N’í∫û√ È®çúø’ ûÓ •öÀd à Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ ¢√ú≈™, °j ™ îËߪ’çúÕ. ™ èπÿú≈ ÉüË î˨»ç éπü∆. ´’†ç îËߪ÷-©-†’´’†èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ à èπ◊†o ¢√ú≈L ÅØËC ´’†Íé ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’† ¶µ«´ç Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ ´’†ç îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç èπÿú≈ Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçô’çC. Å™« Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ à degree ¢√ú≈©-ØËC, Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ´’†èπ◊ ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Ñ lesson ™ ¢√úÕ† comparisons îª÷úøçúÕ.

(Eï¢Ë’. ؈çûª Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ™‰†’. Doctor †’ éπ©¢√©†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. à Doctor †’ éπ©-¢√©çö«´¤? Dr èπ◊¨¡©ç ´’ç* ¢Ájü¿’u-úËØ√?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 212

b) He is among the more popular actors on the Telugu screen -

c) A Chief Minister is more influential than any Union Minister -

à Íéçvü¿-´’ç-vA-éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ Ö†o-¢√úø’.

ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ áèπ◊\´ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷-†-´·†o †ô’úø’ = °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’, ´’ç* †ô’úË ÅE. éπØ√o Åûª-E-Èé-èπ◊\´ ÖçC. More practice - ÉC comparative degree. ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ comparative ûª®√yûª than any other é¬F than all other é¬F ®√¢√L, È®çúÕç-öÀéπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’. é¬F Ñ Â°j sentence ™ than any MS or MD Åçô’Ø√oç – any ûª®√yûª other ™‰ü¿’. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: Though, he is in the 7th class, he can speak English better than any 10th class student =

áèπ◊\´

(Chief Minister, Union Minister any other

3) He has more practice than any MS or MD = MS/ MD practice

à

Chief Minister

Åçü¿’-éπE

ûª®√yûª,

äÍé ûÁí∫ é¬ü¿’. ™‰ü¿’.)

d) The Home Minister is more powerful than any other minister = Home Minister Home Minister, any other.

Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©éπçõ‰ ¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûª’úø’. Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’©÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ – Åçü¿’-éπE

e) Shoiab Akthar is faster than any Australian bowler. any other Shoiab Akthar Australian

™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd,

é¬úø’.

f) Bret Lee is faster than any other Australian bowler=

Éûª®Ω

other

Australians éπçõ‰ Bret Lee, Fast. Any ÅØ√oç 鬕öÀd, Bret Lee èπÿú≈ Australian.

g) No Australian plays like Laxman.

à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ à -úÕ-vU? Prakash: He is certainly OK. He is among the better doctors in the town. I know him well. Shall I take you to him?

(Ç -ú≈éπd®˝ ´’ç*-¢√úË. ´’† Ü∞x ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† -ú≈éπd®Ωx-™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπ\úø’. Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ E†’o BÆæ’-èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡}Ø√?) Prasad: When shall we see him then? This evening?

(Å®·ûË á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’ü∆lç Çߪ’-††’?Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-ü∆l´÷?) Prakash: Why not? This evening is as good as any other time.

(áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’? á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’.) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. This evening is as good as any other time=

Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç, Éûª®Ω Ææ´’--ߪ÷-™«xÍí ´’ç*üË. Åçõ‰ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª-¢Á’iØ√ ´’ç*üË/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢Á∞«lç/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’ ¢Á∞«lç– ÉC O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. üËFo ¢√®·-ü∆-¢Ë-ßÁ·ü¿’l ņ-ö«-E-éÀ™« ņçúÕ= Now is as good as any other time=

á°æ¤púÓ •ü¿’©’, É°æ¤púË îËÊÆ-ßÁ·-aí¬! ÅE Prasad: He appears to have good practice. practice

(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ î√™« ´’ç* Ö†o-ô’dçC)

Prakash: What do you think? He has more practice than any M.S. or M.D. He is better at diagnosist than many MDs. (M.S, M.D. doctors practice MDs

Ö†o éπçõ‰ ÖçC. î√™«Çߪ’-†èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ éπØ√o Çߪ’† ®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù-™ ´’çC î√™« ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) M.S. M.D. Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? MBBS ûª®√yûª

Surgery/ Medicine Degrees. Diagnosis= Diagnosists Prasad: Then let's see him this evening. When is the best time?

®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù- îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx

Å®·ûË Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Çߪ’-††’ éπ©’ü∆lç. á°æ¤úø’ ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç? best time= ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç= right time.

Spoken English

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) I am not in the best of health, certainly. (English expressions

™ É™«çöÀ M. SURESAN î√™« ûª´÷≥ƒ Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀE N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç äéπöÀ, usage ™ ¢√öÀ-èπ◊çúË Å®Ωnç ¢Ë®Ω’.) Ñ sentence ØË BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. ÉC N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç: Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç Åûª’u-ûªh-´’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’ é¬F, °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’ ÅE. Å®·ûË DE ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç, usage ™ 'Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç àç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’— ÅE. ã N≠æߪ’ç °æôx ´’†-èπ◊†o ´uA-Í®-éπûª†’ É™« ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰≤ƒhç. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ É™«çöÀ sentences ™ é¬Ææh ´uçí∫uç èπÿú≈ Ææ’p¥J-Ææ’hçC. ´’J-éÌEo sentences É™«ç-öÀ¢Ë îª÷ü∆lç. a) Suraj: What do you think of our hockey team?

(´’† £æ…éà öÃç í∫’Jç* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç àN’öÀ?) Neeraj: Well, it is not the greatest team in the world.

(Ñ sentence N†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç– Åûª’u-ûªh´’ ïôx™ äéπöÀ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. ÅÆæ-©’ -Å®Ωnç: ´’ç* ïõ‰dç é¬ü¿E, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æEéÀ®√E-ü¿E.) b) She is not the most beautiful girl here, is she?

Ç¢Á’ °ü¿l Åçü¿-í∫ûËhç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? – ÉD ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç. é¬F ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç Åçü¿®Óx Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh é¬ü¿’, é¬F Åçü¿-í∫ûËh, ÅE– ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. 2) He is among the better doctors in the town. doctors best doctor

Ñ °æôd-ùç-™E ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† ™ Åûª-ØÌéπ\úø’. Åçõ‰ Éûªúø’ é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. é¬E Åçûª BÆœ-§ƒ-Ȯߪ’uü¿í∫_-¢√úËç é¬ü¿’ (Åçõ‰ Ñ °æôd-ùç-™E doctors †’, ´’ç*, °æE-éÀ-®√E ÅE È®çúø’ ûÁí∫-©’í¬ N¶µº->ÊÆh, Éûªúø’ ´’ç* ûÁí∫-™Íé îË®Ω-û√úø’ ÅE)

a) AP is among the bigger states in the country.

ü˨¡ç™ °ü¿lN ņ-ü¿í∫_ ®√≥ƒZ™x -á.°œ.äéπ-ôE.

Å®·Ø√, 10th class ¢√∞¡xéπç-õ‰ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’. Dçöx èπÿú≈ other ™‰ü¿’. Any other/ all other, äÍé ûÁí∫èπ◊ îÁçC† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púË ¢√úøû√ç. °j sentence ™ 7th class student †’, 10th class student ûÓ= Åçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ®Ω鬩 N≠æ-ߪ÷©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE other ®√ü¿’. Å™«Íí,

h) No other Australian plays like Ponting. Laxman, Australian no other no (sentence h) Australian.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ņç,

7th class English

Åûªúø’

He has more practice than any MS/ MD MS/ MD MBBS

Åçõ‰, Åûªúø’ ÅE Å®Ωnç.

é¬ü¿’ ÅE, Öûªh

a) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any doctors MS/ MD = MS, MD Dr. Kushalam practice Dr. Kushalam MS/ MD

i)

é¬úø’, 鬕öÀd ÅE Åçö«ç. Ponting Åçü¿’-éπE, no other

Åçö«ç. Åûªúø’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i-† †ô’© éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-îª -í∫-©úø’ (Åçõ‰ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ωçí¬ Åûª†’ †ô’úø’ é¬úø’)=

He acts better than any professional actor. (Any other Any/ no other

é¬ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i† †ô’úø’ é¬ü¿’). ÉD ûª®√yûª ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ´îËa Å®Ωnç. O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ á°æ¤úø÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ ¢√∞¡x†’/ ¢√öÀE §Ú©a®Ω’ éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ any/ no ûª®√yûª other, ¢√úø-éπçúÕ. 4) Now is as good as any other time=

éπçõ‰ ÖçC. é¬úø’ ÅE.)

á°æ¤púÓ îËÊÆ •ü¿’©’ É°æ¤púË îËßÁ·îª’a éπü∆ ÅE. (N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’ áçûª ´’ç*¢Ó, É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Åçûª ´’ç*üË ÅE.) ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo éÀçC-N-üµ¿çí¬ îÁ§Òpa.

b) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any other MS/ MD = MS/ MD practice Dr. Kushalam MS/ MD

Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ¢√úÕ† expressions ÅFo daily conversation ™ ¢√úø-ü¿-T-†¢Ë. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

©’†o èπ◊ áèπ◊\´

(Åçõ‰

Éûª®Ω áèπ◊\´. (Åçõ‰ ÅE Å®Ωnç.)

© éπçõ‰ ÅûªúÕ èπÿú≈

Practise the following aloud in English. Pratiksha:

E†o match ™ -v°æ-ûª÷u-≠æ î√™« ¶«í¬ ÇúÕçC éπü∆? Niriksha: ûª†’ regular player é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, regular players éπçõ‰ î√™« ¶«í¬ ÇúÕçC. Pratiksha: Å´-ûªL team captain í∫’Jç* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç àN’öÀ? Niriksha: ûª†’ ´’ç* player ÅE ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. (not/ neverûÓ superlative ¢√úøçúÕ) Pratiksha: -Ç-¢Á’-†’ ´’K ûªèπ◊\-´-îËÆ œ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊. ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† players ™ -Ç-¢Á’ -äéπ®Ω’. Niriksha: àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ûª†çûª íÌ°æp captain àç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? Pratiksha: Å™« ņèπ◊. Ç¢Á’ captaincy ™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÈíL-*† games ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’. Niriksha: OK. äéπ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷? Pratiksha: É°æ¤púË éπü∆ Ç¢Á’ ´’ç* player é¬ü¿E ÅØ√o´¤. Niriksha: àüÓ ûª´÷-≥ƒ-éπ-Ø√o-†’™‰. Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠d¢æ Ë’. Pratiksha: á°æ¤púÓ áçü¿’èπ◊, É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«lç.

Now is the best time/ Now is better than any other time/ no other time is so (as) good as now.

Answer Pratiksha: Pratyusha played very well in the match yesterday. Didn't she? Niriksha: She is not a regular player, but she played better than any regular player. Pratiksha: What's your opinion of the captain of the opposite team? Niriksha: I never thought her the best of players. Pratiksha: Don't undermine her so much. She is certainly among the better players. Niriksha: Whatever it is, she is certainly not the greatest of captains, is she? Pratiksha: Don't say that. The games the team has won under her captaincy are not a few. Niriksha: OK. Shall we meet her once? Pratiksha: You've just said she isn't a great player. Niriksha: I was just joking. I do like her. Pratiksha: Why any other time? Let's meet her now. Now is as good as any other time.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 14 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Bharat: Sarat, Vasanth has yet to come. He is late most of the days.

(¨¡®Ωû˝, ´Ææçû˝ Éçé¬ ®√™‰ü¿’. ¢√úø’ áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’ Ç©-Ææuç-í¬ØË ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’) Sarat: Yesterday he was even later than the day before.

(¢Á·†oöÀ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ E†o Éçé¬ Ç©-Ææu´’-®·çC) Bharat: Isn't he the last to come to class most of the days?

(áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’ Åçü¿-J™ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ (*´®Ωí¬) ´îËaü¿ûª-ØË-éπü∆?) Sarat: That he is. I don't know what his problem is.

(Åûª-†çûË. ÅûªE Ææ´’-ÊÆuçö ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’) (That he is = Å´¤†’, Åûª-†çûË. That he is ÅØËC èπÿú≈ conversational) Bharat: I think his mother is ill most of the time and delays packing his lunch.

(¢√∞¡x-´’tèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í∫’ç-úø-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. Åûª-úÕéÀ carrier ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’ôç Ç©-Ææu´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«)

2) not the + superlative =

Åçûª íÌÊ°pç-é¬ü¿’.

a) Hari is not the best in our team, is he?

´’† team ™ £æ«J Åçûª íÌ°æp player é¬ü¿’. b) certainly Sudhakar is not the worst of our friends.

´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’™x Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝ î√™« ´’ç*-¢√úø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç. 3) Comparative + than + any éÃ, comparative + than + any other éà ûËú≈: ´’†ç §Ú©’-Ææ’h†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ äÍé ûÁí∫èπ◊ îÁçC†¢ÁjûË than any other, ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ûÁí∫-©èπ◊ îÁçCûË than any Åçö«ç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. 1) Sunayana is cleverer than any other girl in her class.

(Ææ’†-ߪ’† ûª† class ™ N’í∫û√ Å´÷t-®·© éπçõ‰ ûÁLN í∫©C) (Ææ’†-ߪ’†, Éûª®Ω Å´÷t-®·©÷ äÍé class ¢√∞¡Ÿx) 2) A Cheetah is faster than any tiger.

(à °ü¿l-°æ¤L éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫ç éπ©C – Ééπ\úø Cheetah, tiger ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ûÁí∫-©N – Åçü¿’-éπE than any Åçö«ç)

Sarat: Hasn't he a sister? She can help his mother.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 213

(Åûª-úÕéÀ sister ÖçC éπü∆? Ç¢Á’ ¢√∞¡x-´’tèπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø-´îª’a.) Bharat: Is she his elder or younger? I think she is younger than he and she goes to school too.

(Ç¢Á’ ÅûªúÕ Åé¬\, îÁ™„x™«? îÁ™„x-©-†’-èπ◊çö«, ûª†’ èπÿú≈ Ææ÷\©’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC) Sarat: That's a pity. Bharat: To add to all this, his dad is most of the time on camp. His poor mom has to take care of everything.

(Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ ûÓúø’, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o áèπ◊\´ Æ洒ߪ’ç camps ™ Öçö«úø’. ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’t ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq ´Ææ’hçC.) To add to all this = OöÀéÀ ûÓúø’/ OôEo-öÀéÀ ûÓúø’ Sarat: What's her present condition? Bharat: He told me yesterday she was much better than before.

(´·çü¿’-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E E†oØË Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’) (ÅC-éÌçûª †ßª’¢Ë’)

Sarat: That's something.

Bharat: She is under the treatment of the foremost doctor of the town Dr.Vaidyanath. Still she isn't all right.

(†í∫-®Ωç™ ÅA íÌ°æp doctor ¢Ájü¿u-Ø√ü∑˛ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. Å®·ûË Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¶«í∫-´ôç ™‰ü¿’) Sarat: Yea, I have heard about him. Is he expensive?

(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† í∫’Jç* NØ√o†’. î√™« êK-üÁj† ú≈éπd®√?) Bharat: No, not at all. He doesn't charge more than the lesser doctors in the city.

(àç é¬ü¿’. Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬E (´÷´‚©’) doctors éπçõ‰ Çߪ’† fees áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’.) Sarat: Let's hope she will recover completely soon.

☯

(ûªy®Ω-™ØË Ç¢Á’ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ÇPü∆lç.) ☯

☯

☯

comparatives, superlatives lesson points

´’†ç

í∫’Jç* í∫ûª ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o èπ◊x°æhçí¬. 1) Among + comparative degree - é¬Ææh ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† é¬Ææh áèπ◊\-¢Áj†, etc N≠æߪ’ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç. eg: She is among the clever students of the class = class

™ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† ÖçC – ÅE Å®Ωnç.

students

™ Ç Å´÷t®·

Spoken English

ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– a) old news (§ƒûªC, Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æ œ† ¢√®Ωh) b) late news (û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh – Åçõ‰ éÌûªhí¬ ûÁL-Æ œ† ¢√®Ωh) c) later reports contradict the earlier reports of the incident =

Ç °∂æ’ô† í∫’Jç* ´*a† É°æpöÀ ¢√®Ωh©’, Åçü¿’-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´*a† ¢√®Ωh-©èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ (N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬) ÖØ√o®·. contradict (é¬çvô-úÕé˙d. 'é¬ç— ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ 'úÕ—E áèπ◊\-´í¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = ´uA-Í®-éÀç-îªôç. incident = °∂æ’ô† d) later, comparative éπü∆ – É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ. My shirt is of later cut than yours = F shirt éπçõ‰ Ø√ shirt fashion ûª®√y-ûªC. (Åçõ‰ Ø√ shirt fashion éÌûªhC, F shirt éπçõ‰. cut = fashion)

Older, elder -

ÉN È®çúø÷, old èπ◊ comparatives. OöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Old - ´·ÆæL, §ƒûª-•-úÕ†. ´·ÆæL ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊, ïçûª’-´¤©èπÿ, îÁôxèπÿ; §ƒûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´Ææ’h-´¤©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç. Older - ÉC èπÿú≈, §ÚLéπ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´·ÆæL ÅØË/ áèπ◊\´ ´ßª’Ææ’†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπÿ, ïçûª’-´¤-©èπÿ, îÁôxèπÿ; §ƒûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Elder - áèπ◊\´í¬ ´’†’-≠æfl-©Íé ¢√úøû√ç, Å°æ¤p-úø°æ¤púø÷ ïçûª’-´¤-©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç. 1) Older - äÍé èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçü¿E¢√J ´ßª’-Ææ’q©’ §Ú©a-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Mahatma Gandhi was older than Nehru

(´’£æ…-û√t-í¬çDµ, ØÁv£æfi éπçõ‰ °ü¿l – äÍé èπ◊ô’ç•ç é¬ü¿’)

Bhima was Arjuna's elder ÉD ´’†ç spoken English èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫°æúË Nüµ¿çí¬ degrees of comparison í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çC. Now look at the following sentences. a) The train arrived late this morning =

Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç wõ„jØ˛ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*açC.

(Ç¢Á’ v°æÆæ’hûª °æJ-Æœn-ûËçöÀ?)

2

b) The match began later than the time fixed =

´÷uî˝ EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç éπçõ‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC.

c) He was the last to come to class yesterday=

Åûªúø’ E†o é¬xÆˇ èπ◊ Åçü¿-J™ Ç©Ææuç (*´-®Ω)í¬ ´î√aúø’ Late (positive), later (comparative) – Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o time/ ã EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç ü∆öÀ† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-û√®· éπü∆. (late = Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i†/ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ = ņ’-èπ◊†o Æ洒ߪ’ç ü∆öÀ†; later = (§ÚL-éπ™ ) ü∆öÀ† Ææ´’-ߪ÷E éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i†/ Ç©-Ææuçí¬) É°æ¤púÕC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. í∫ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ Ç©Ææuç Å´úøç Åçõ‰, ÅC v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-®·-†õ‰x éπü∆? ¢Á·†o ï®Ω-í¬-LqçC E†o ïJ-Tç-ü¿çõ‰, ÅC Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊ (Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ) ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ ïJ-T-†õ‰x éπü∆. I got the news late =

Ç ¢√®Ωh Ø√èπ◊ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ûÁL-ÆœçC. (Åçü¿’-´©x †≠ædç, Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç éπLT ÖçúÌa) The news came late =

¢√®Ωh Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*açC. °∂æLûªç, †≠ædç, Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç 鬢Ìa. Å®·ûË ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. a) Late news = Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ÅçC† ¢√®Ωh ÅE. Åçõ‰ û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh. Å™«Íí, b) My information is later than his =

ÅûªúÕ ´ü¿l Ö†o Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç éπçõ‰ Ø√ ´ü¿l Ö†oC Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC – Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ éÌçîÁç ´·çüË ïJ-T-†ô’x – Åçõ‰ û√ñ« Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç. ´’†ç à news paper †’ áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úøû√ç?late news ÉîËa newspaper †’ éπü∆ – Åçõ‰ û√ñ« Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÉîËa news paper †’.

latest -

èπ◊ superlative. Åçõ‰, É°æp-öÀ-´®Ωèπ◊ (Till now) ´*a† ¢√öÀ™ *´-JC – Åçõ‰ Åûªuçûª û√ñ«, Åüµ¿’-Ø√-ûª† ÅE. ´’†ç ´÷´‚©’í¬ ¢√úË ´÷õ‰ éπü∆. latest fashion - Ñ ´’üµËu ´*a† fashion – DE ûª®√yûª Éçé¬ àD ®√™‰ü¿’. latest news éπúø-°æöÀ ¢√®Ωh (¢√®Ωh©’ – ûÁ©’-í∫’™) latest score (cricket) ™ éπúø-°æöÀ score - Åçõ‰ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ äéπ ïô’d îËÆœ† °æ®Ω’-í∫’©÷, éÓ™p-®·† ÉC

late

wickets.

b) He is older than any other person in the village =

Ç ví¬´’ç-™ E N’í∫-û√-¢√∞¡x éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ °ü¿l. (äÍé M. SURESAN èπ◊ô’ç•ç é¬ü¿’) 2) elder - ÉC äÍé èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√J ´ßª’-Ææ’q©’ §Ú©a-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Sri Rama was Laxmana's elder.

latest developments

É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJT† °æJ ù«-´÷™x éπúø-°æöÀC– Åçõ‰ éÌûªh °æJ-ù«´’ç. latest techniques = (É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ éπúø-°æöÀ) éÌûªh °æü¿l¥A É°æ¤púø’ last N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç. latest, É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† time ™ *´J Å®·ûË, last, äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤© véπ´’ç™/ ´’†’-≠æfl© véπ´’ç™ *´-JC/ *´-J-¢√®Ω’

(®√´·úø’, ©éπ~ t-ù’úÕ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l – äÍé èπ◊ô’ç•ç) Å®·ûË elder ¢√úË B®Ω’ ´·êuç. elder than é¬F, elder to é¬F ņç b) Bhima was Arjuna's elder - É™« ¢√ú≈L elder †’.

a) Kumar is the last to come =

c) My uncle is my mother's elder -

Åçü¿-J™ *´®Ω ´*a-†-¢√úø’ èπ◊´÷®˝. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – Ééπ\úø time èπ◊ é¬ü¿’ v§ƒüµ∆†uç, ´*a† ¢√∞¡x ´®Ω-Ææèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. b) This is the last book written by the author=

Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª *´J °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC. °æ-öÀdéπ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ. Last 1) This is the last book of the author

(Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª*´J °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC – DE ûª®√yûª Çߪ’† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’) 2) This is the last of the series (Ç ´®ΩÆæ véπ´’ç™ ÉC *´-JC – DE ûª®√yûª ÉçÍéD ™‰ü¿’) 3) The last wicket fall at 313. (*´J Çô-í¬úø’ 313 °æ®Ω’-í∫’© ü¿í∫_®Ω Å´¤-ô-ߪ÷uúø’– Innings ´·T-ÆœçC) (Å®·ûË, last Åçõ‰ §Ú®·† ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿ-ú≈ ÖçC éπü∆– last week/ last year ™™«. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L)

´÷ Å´’t-éπØ√o ´÷ ´÷´’-°ü¿l. (My uncle is elder than my mother. My uncle is elder to my mother -

Ñ È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’) Å®·ûË American English ™ He is my older brother, She is my older sister ņôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. Latest This is the latest book of the author.

(Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ®√Æœ† ¢√öÀ™ *´-J-CC/ DE ûª®√yûª Éçé¬ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a) This is the latest in the series

(Ç ´®Ω-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ ÉC éÌûªhC) The latest wicket to fall is that of Sehwag.

(É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† Çô™ éÌûªhí¬ out Å®·çC Sehwag (Éçé¬ Çú≈Lq†¢√∞¡ŸxØ√o®Ω’)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 16 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sampath: Why are people so crazy about imported stuff? They are proud of possessing them.

Sanath: You pay for quality; that's all. But I think wrist watches are among the lesser imported items.

(Imported

´Ææ’h-´¤-©çõ‰ Åçûª ¢Á÷ñ‰çöÀ ï-Ø√-EéÀ ÅN Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« í∫®Ωyçí¬ Öçö«®Ω’.) imported Éç§Ú-öÀú˛ – Cí∫’-´’-ûÁj†, Åçõ‰ NüËQ (foreign). crazy vÈé-ß˝’> – °œ*a-¢Á÷V. Sanath: (Do) you mean imported TVs, imported cars, imported watches etc.

(†’´y-ØËC NüËQ鬮Ω’x, öÃO©’, ¢√’ ´Èíj®√ í∫’Jçî√?) Sampath: Yea. I am sure our country goods are as good as the so called imported ones. Moreover, I think, the so called imported goods are not suitable for Indian conditions.

(Ø√ùu-ûªèπ◊ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√´¤. ÅçûË éπü∆. Å®·ûË Øˆ-†’-éÓ-´ôç, ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊ Cí∫’-´’ûªßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤™x wrist watches äéπôE) ☯

(äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ íÌ°æpü∆, -ûªèπ◊\-´-ü∆ ÅØËC ü∆Eo -´’-†ç -¢√-úË °æ-JÆœn-ûª’-©èπ◊ -Å-†’í∫’-ù¢Á’iç-ü∆ é¬-ü∆ -Å-ØË-ü∆-Eo •öÀd éπü∆ Öçô’çC? Å™« BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ ûªßª÷®ΩßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤©’, NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©Íéç BÆœ-§Ú´¤, Éçé¬ ¢Ë’™„j†N èπÿú≈.) adaptibility °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’©èπ◊ ņ’í∫’-ùçí¬ ÖçúË Ææy¶µ«´ç. Sanath: Look here. I have been a dealer in electronic goods and appliances for far longer than you. I am senior to you in the field. Our goods are not half as durable as imported ones.

(îª÷úø’ Ñ electronic ´Ææ’h-´¤©, °æJ-éπ®√© NvÍé-ûªí¬ ؈’ Féπçõ‰ î√™« áèπ◊\´ 鬩çí¬ ÖØ√o†’. ؈’ Féπçõ‰ Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç Ö†o-¢√-úÕE. NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© ´’Eo-éπ™ ´’† ´Ææ’h-´¤© ´’Eoéπ Ææí∫ç èπÿú≈ Öçúøü¿’.) Appliances = Å°æx-ߪ ’-Eq-ñ ¸ – '°æ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °æJ-éπ-®√©’ (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬) í∫%£æ«Ù-°æßÁ÷í∫ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. Durability = ´’Eoéπ Sampath: I do admit I am your junior, but I still feel that the prices of imported goods are unreasonable.

(Féπçõ‰ Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ ûªèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç Ö†o ¢√úÕ-†E -Åç-Uéπ-J≤ƒh. é¬F NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© üµ¿®Ω©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´.) unreasonable = Ææ•-•’-é¬-†çûª áèπ◊\´

Spoken English

☯

☯

éÌEo éÌEo comparatives usage ´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ elder, older - OöÀ N≠æߪ’ç ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ Å™«ç-öÀN ´’J-éÌEo comparatives ÖØ√o®·. ÅN superior inferior, senior and junior. Oô-®√n©’ ´’†çü¿®Ωèπÿ ûÁL-Æ œ-†¢Ë éπü∆; Å®·ûË ÉN comparatives Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà OöÀ ûª®√yûª than ®√ü¿’. To ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. continues.

Now look at the following sentences from positive

the conversation: 1) They are definitely superior to Indian goods. 2) Our technology is inferior to theirs and naturally the quality is inferior too. 3) I am senior to you in the field. 4) I do admit I am junior to you.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 214

comparative

superlative

little

less

least

few

fewer

fewest

Little, uncountables

ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd, ü∆EéÀ comparative Å®·† less, superlative Å®·† least †’ èπÿú≈ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√ú≈L. a) The milk in this glass is less than the milk in

ÅEoçöx, superior, inferior, senior, junior - Ñ comparatives ûª®√yûª than é¬èπ◊çú≈ to ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. °j

sentences

that glass =

Ç glass ™ §ƒ©’ Ñ ûªèπ◊\´.

glass

™ §ƒ©éπçõ‰

I have few friends here

Sanath: No, no. They are definitely superior to Indian goods. Our technology is inferior to theirs, and naturally the quality is inferior too.

Sampath: Whether a thing is inferior or superior depends on its adaptability to the situation of its use, doesn't it? If that's the case, Indians goods are as good as, even better than foreign ones.

☯

Our study of comparative in spoken English

(´’† ÆæyüËP Ææ®Ωèπ◊, NüËQ Ææ®Ω-éπçûª ´’ç*üË ÅE Ø√ †´’téπç. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈, Ñ NüËQ Ææ®Ωèπ◊©’ ´’†-ü˨¡ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©èπ◊ ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Öçúø´¤.) So called = ÅØË (ņ-•úË) The so called honest man = Eñ«--ߪ’Béπ©¢√-úÕí¬ Å†-•-úË-¢√úø’ – Åçõ‰ ÅûªE Eñ«--ߪ’B ´’†ç †´’túøç ™‰ü¿’.

(ÅüËçé¬ü¿’. NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ´’† ´Ææ’h´¤© éπçõ‰ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj-†¢Ë. ´’† ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ ØÁj°æ¤ùuç, ¢√∞¡x ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç, Åçü¿’-éπE Ææ£æ«-ïç-í¬ØË ´’† ´Ææ’h´¤ Ø√ùuûª NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ø√ùuûª éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë)

2

Superior: Ø√ùu-ûª™ , Ææy¶µ«-´ç™ ÉçÍé-üÁjØ√ ´’ç* í∫’ùç™ N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀéπçõ‰/- N’-í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xéπçõ‰ íÌ°æp-C/íÌ°æp ÅE. a) This camera is superior to that because of its extra features =

Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Ñ columns ™ èπÿú≈ little, few ©†’ í∫’Jç* îªJaçî√ç éπü∆. ¢√öÀ comparatives Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îªJaçî√ç, äéπ\-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁaèπ◊çü∆ç.

camera camera

Ñ

èπ◊†o Åü¿-†°æ¤ ≤˘éπ-®√u© ´©x, Ç éπçõ‰ ÉC íÌ°æpC.

FEW

LITTLE

bles

£æ…L-´¤ú˛ *vû√™x îµ√ߪ÷-ví∫-£æ«ùç ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ *vû√™x éπçõ‰ ¢Ë’©’í¬ Öçô’çC. Inferior = ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç

(™„éπ\-°--ôdE ¢√öÀ)ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

á°æ¤púø÷ countables (™„éπ\°õ‰d-¢√öÀ)ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

(little rice/ sugar/ milk, etc)

(few books/ friends/ boys)

a) Indian bowling strength is inferior to

Little =

Few =

b) The camera work in Hollywood movies is superior to that in Indian movies =

Australian bowling strength = Australian bowling

°æöÀ-´’-éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωûª bowling

°æöÀ´’ ûªèπ◊\´. b) In speed and mileage Indian cars are infe-

uncounta-

á°æ¤púø÷

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’

There is little milk in the glass = glass

¢Ëí∫ç, mileage N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Japanese cars éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ cars BÆœ-éπõ‰d. senior = ´ßª’-Ææ’™, ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ (à ®Ωçí∫ç-™ -ØÁj†) °ü¿l/ áèπ◊\´. a) He was senior to me/ my senior at school by a year = school

™ Åûªúø’ Ø√éπçõ‰ °j

class

™ ÖçúË-

b) She is senior to me in age by a year =

Ç¢Á’ Ø√éπçõ‰ äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °ü¿l (´ßª’-Ææ’™) c) NT Rama Rao was senior to Jaggaiah as a movie actor =

†ô’-úÕí¬ NTR èπ◊ ïí∫_ߪ’u éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç. èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – ´ßª’-Ææ’™ *†o, ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´. Junior. Senior

a) Sehwag is junior to Kumble =

èπ◊綉x éπçõ‰

Sehwag cricket

ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´

b) Though we are classmates, he is junior to me in age.

(¢Ë’ç äÍé class Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´ßª’-Ææ’™ Åûª†’ *-†o.)

I have few friends here =

The Patient had a little milk in the morning =

A few friends of mine are coming today = friends

A little =

àüÓ éÌçûª/

®ÓT--§Ò-ü¿’l-† éÌ-Eo -§ƒ-©’ -û√í¬-úø’ Very little = The patient had very little food yesterday =

î√-™«-

¢√úø’.

™‰®Ω’

Ææy©pç

rior to japanese cars =

éÌCl.

this glass has the least milk =

Ç ´‚úø’ glasses ™, Ñ glass ™ ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ §ƒ©’-Ø√o®·. M. SURESAN Less, countables ûÓ èπÿú≈, ´·êuçí¬ 'no' ûÓ, ûªèπ◊\´é¬èπ◊çú≈/ ûªèπ◊\´é¬E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«®Ω’. a) The book has been translated into no less than twenty languages =

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰´¤/

Ééπ\úø Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ™‰®Ω’ (ü∆ü∆°æ¤) A few = à¢Ó éÌEo/ éÌçûª´’çC

™ §ƒ©’ ™‰-´¤ (ü∆ü∆°æ¤)

b) Of the three glasses,

Ø√ ™ É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_-®Ì-Ææ’hØ√o-K-®Ó-V. Very few = î√-™«éÌ-Eo/ éÌ-Cl-´’ç-C

Very few know this secret =

®ÓT E†o î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ ǣ慮Ωç BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’. The little = Ö†o Ç éÌCl =

î√-™« -éÌCl ´’çCÍé Ñ ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ûÁ©’Ææ’. The few = Ö†o Ç éÌ-Eo / éÌCl ´’çD.

The patient threw up the little food she had taken =

The few that passed got very low marks =

®ÓT BÆæ’èπ◊†o Ç éÌCl Ç£æ…-®√Eo ¢√çA îËÆæ’èπ◊çC.

pass

Å®·† Ç éÌCl ´’çD ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’.

-Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç 20 éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ¶µ«≠æ-™xéÀ ņ’¢√-ü¿-¢Á’içC. (-ü∆--ü∆°æ¤ 20 -¶µ«-≠æ-™xéÀ) b) The movie has been released in no less than thirty theatres =

Ç *vûªç 30éÀ ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-∞¡x™ Núø’-ü¿™„jçC. (-ü∆-ü∆-°æ¤ 30 Æœ-E-´÷£æ…-∞¡x-™) Little èπ◊ comparative, less. Little †’ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd less †’ countables ûÓ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’, fewer ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈-©E éÌçü¿-®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. eg: I tried to contact him no fewer than ten times

(à °æC-≤ƒ®Óx/ °æC-≤ƒ-®Ωxèπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-EûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’.) Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ spoken English ™ countables èπ◊ èπÿú≈ less, fewer °ü¿l ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. I gave him no less than a hundred books/ no fewer than a hundred books.

Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ à ´çü¿ °æ¤Ææh-鬙/ ´çü¿èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ é¬èπ◊çú≈ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Éî√a†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ less, fewer éÀ ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøôç ´÷´‚-™„jçC. less ¢√úøôç °ü¿l ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. (Å®·ûË fewer ´÷vûªç uncountables èπ◊ ¢√úøç).

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 18 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Jayanth: Hi Anant, good to see you though after such a long time. How goes life?

(£æ…ß˝’ ņçû˝, î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√y-ûª®·Ø√ E†’o îª÷úøôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?)

Ananth: Getting on. How is it with you?

(àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?) (´÷´‚™‰)

Jayanth: As usual. Ananth: How is Vasanth? Long since I met him.

(´Ææçû˝ ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? îª÷Æœ î√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC.)

Jayanth: Not in the best of circumstances, I must say.

(ÅûªúÕ °æJ-ÆœnA ÅçûËç ¶«í¬™‰ü¿ØË îÁ§ƒpL ) Why? what is wrong? (àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç)

Ananth: Jayanth: He has had losses in business. His partners have cheated him. But he is facing all this very bravely. A lesser man than he would have gone mad.

(¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ †≥ƒd©’ ´î√a®·. ÅûªúÕ ¶µ«í∫-≤ƒy-´·-©-ûª-úÕE ´·çî√®Ω’. é¬E Éçûª ïJ-TØ√ üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª-úÕéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÂÆkn®Ωuç Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË, ѧƒöÀéÀ °œ*a-¢√-∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√®Ω’.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 215

2

Ananth: That'll be too late for me to see him. I think I'll wait and see him today. Won't you come with me?

(Å°æp-öÀéÀ ´’K Ç©Ææu¢Á’i-§Ú-ûª’çC. Ñ®ÓV ÇT, ¢√úÕE îª÷ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. †’´¤y- Ø√ûÓ®√¢√) Jayanth: I will, of course. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´≤ƒh)

Ananth: OK. Let's in the meantime watch the TV. - little degrees - little (positive), less (comparative), least (superlative). little comparative lesser. Less, lesser little comparatives use Less less a) She has less jewellery than her sister (has) = b) He gets less income from his job than from his rents=

(-ÆæÍ®. Ñ´’üµ¿u é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ öÀ.N. îª÷ü∆lç.) ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ îª÷ÆœçC èπ◊ Éûª®Ω

Å®·ûË èπ◊ È®çúÓ, (ÉçéÓ) èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÅC Ñ È®çúø÷ èπ◊ Å®·Ø√, ¢√öÀ ™ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. Å®Ωnç, Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉçéÓ ¢√úøû√ç. ü∆EûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ûªèπ◊\-¢Áj† ÅØË Å®Ωnç™

Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o †í∫©’, Ç¢Á’ ≤Úü¿J †í∫© éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´.

Åûª-úÕéÀ ÅüÁl© ´©x ´îËa Çü∆-ߪ÷-E-éπçõ‰, ÖüÓuí∫ç ´©x ´îËa Çü∆ߪ’ç ûªèπ◊\´. Lesser Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓ-ü∆-Eéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅE Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà less ¢√úË îÓô™«x lesser ¢√úøç. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ •©ç/v°æA¶µº/¨¡éÀh, -¢Á·ü¿-™„j-† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

d) He is involved in the crime to a lesser or greater extent=

Ç ØË®Ωç™ éÌüÓl, í̧Úp OúÕ

§ƒvûª èπÿú≈ ÖçC. extent= ´®Ωèπ◊/ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊=

degree.

= È®çúø÷ îÁúË, Å®·ûË ÉC È®çúÕç-öÀ™ ûªèπ◊\´ îÁúø’.

f) He is among the lesser known actors of Bollywood=

Åçûªí¬ Ê°®Ω’-§Òç-ü¿E ¶«M-´¤ú˛ †ô’™x Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.

g) A lesser man than he would have gone etc) mad =

Åûª-úÕéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ (ÂÆkn®Ωuç, ¢√∞¡x-®·ûË, °œ*a ¢√∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞Ïx. ÉD lesser Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. M. SURESAN










Look at the following sentence from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) He is too trusting and too risking

That'll be too late Ananth: Sorry to hear that. But one thing. He is too trusting and too risking. That sometimes lands him in trouble.

(N†-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. Å®·ûË äéπöÀ. Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ÅAí¬ †´·t-û√úø’; ÅAí¬ ûÁT-≤ƒhúø’. Åü¿-ûªEo *èπ◊\™x °æúË-Ææ’hçC.) Trusting= †¢Ë’t Ææy¶µ«-´ç-éπ©; risking= ûÁTç-îªôç, -JÆˇ\ BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. Land somebody in trouble= *èπ◊\™x °æúË-ߪ’ôç

Jayanth: I agree with you there.

(Ç N≠æߪ’ç ؈ç-U-éπ-J≤ƒh.)

Ananth: I wish to see him.

(¢√úÕE îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) Jayanth: It is too early. You wait for an hour. He will then have returned from his morning walk.

(É°æ¤púø’ ´’K °çü¿-™«úË Å´¤-ûª’çC. ã í∫çô Çí∫’. Å°æp-öÀéÀ ´÷Joçí˚ ¢√é˙ †’ç* AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’.)

Ananth: Does he still continue his morning walk?

(Éçé¬ ´÷Joçí˚ ¢√é˙èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oú≈?)

Jayanth: He does. That keeps him healthy.

(Å´¤†’. ÅC ¢√úÕE Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ Öç-ûÓçC.) Ananth: (Do) you suggest that I wait for another hour to see him. I'm afraid that's too long. I have work at 9.30. I think I'll see him tomorrow.

(¢√úÕE îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ††’o ´’®Ó í∫çô ¢Ë*-îª÷-úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? ÅC ´’K áèπ◊\´ Ææ´’-ߪ’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ø√èπ◊ ûÌN’t-C-†o-®Ωèπ◊ °æ†’çC. Í®°æ¤ îª÷ú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Jayanth: I leave it to you, but I'm not sure of his programme tomorrow. He may be out of town, and return only on friday.

(F É≠ædç ´’J. é¬E Í®°æûªE v§Úví¬¢˛’ àN’ö Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-Mü¿’. Í®°æ¤ Ü∞x Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπÿ ®√éπ-§Ú-´îª’a)

Spoken English

Look at the following. a) The pen can't be Rs 15/- It'd be much less= pen less, lesser less lesser b) They originally demanded Rs. 50,000/- but finally settled for a lesser sum=

Ç 15 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©’ç-úøü¿’. ¶«í¬ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë Öçô’çC. ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç È®çúÕç-öÀéà ֆo°æpöÀéà ¢√úÕ-†çûª ûª®Ω¢√úøç. í¬

¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿ô 50,000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©úÕ-TØ√, *´-®Ωèπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Á·û√hEéÀ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-î√®Ω’. ÉüË ¶µ«´ç, less ¢√úÕûË É™« îÁ•’û√ç.

c) They originally ... , accepted a sum less than that. a lesser sum = (c) a sum less (b) lesser than ... sum noun lesser noun Eg: A lesser player, A lesser degree A lesser offense etc. A lesser player than Tendulkar could not have scored so many centuries= cricketer, Tendulkar centuries lesser noun

™

™ ûËú≈ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’, ÅØË ®√´ôç – É™« ´Ææ’hçC. áèπ◊\-´í¬ (ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ é¬Ææh (Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊), ØË®Ωç),

ûª®√yûª ûª®√yûª

éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ v°æA¶µº éπL-T† ÅEo îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ é¬úø’. †’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ äéπ (Ê°®Ω’x Åçõ‰ ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç) ´·çü¿’ ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Á·ûªhç (amount), v§ƒ´·êuç (importance), °æJ-´÷ùç (size) Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

a) The growing pollution, and, to a lesser degree, the scarcity of drinking water, are the cause of the trouble=

°®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o 鬩’≠æuç, ü∆Eéπçõ‰ é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊, ´’ç*-FöÀ éÌ®Ωûª, ¶«üµ¿-©èπ◊ 鬮Ω-ù«©’.

b) Though a city of lesser size and population than Kolkata, Mumbai has greater prominence=

éÓ™¸-éπû√ éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ïØ√¶µ«, °æJ-´÷ùç-éπ© †í∫-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´·ç¶„j v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´.

c) A lesser leader than Gandhi would have yielded to the British= British

Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’

2) It is too early 3) I'm afraid that's too long 4) That'll be too late Look at the use of too in the sentences above. too

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, ÅA/ ÅAí¬ ÅE. ÅAí¬ Åçõ‰ Å´Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬, ¢Á÷û√ü¿’èπ◊ N’ç* ÅE éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√©’ éπ©-í∫-´-îªaE. 1) He is too trusting and risking = Åûªúø’ (Éûª-®Ω’©†’) ÅAí¬ †´·t-û√úø’. ü∆E-´©x ü¿’≠æp¥-Lûªç – ÅûªE partners ÅûªEo ´·çîË-ߪ’ôç. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ too risking = ´’K áèπ◊\´ ûÁTç°æ¤ – v°æ´÷ü¿çûÓ èπÿúø’-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo (risk †’) èπÿú≈ ûÁTç* îËߪ’ôç. – Éûª†’ ÉC ´’K îË≤ƒhúø’ – °∂æLûªç, †≠ædç 2) It is too early = ´’K °çü¿-™«úÁ – Åçü¿’-´©x °æE ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.

ûªèπ◊\´ ûªèπ◊\´

í¬çDµéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ íÌ°æp ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ™ÔçÍí-¢√úø’.

EXERCISE Sumithra:

èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL. •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-

ûª’Ø√o)

e) This is the lesser of the two evils




Prem: I want to go to bank urgently. I am starting. (Bank

Ñ <®Ω ᙫ ÖçC? E†oØË éÌØ√o. Suchithra: Ñ <®Ω °æô’d (silk) †’´¤y Åçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’ é̆o <®Ω °æô’d-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ø√ùu-¢Á’içC. Å®·ûË ü∆E ï-KéÀ D†çûª Ø√ùu-ûª-™‰ü¿’. (ïK = brocade - v¶ÔÈé-ß˝’ú˛ – 'Èéß˝’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Sumithra: Å®·ûË ÉC ü∆E-éπçõ‰ êK-üÁjçC. Suchithra: Ñ È®çúø’ Ææç´-ûªq-®√™x †’´¤y -á-E-N’-C °æô’d <®Ω-©-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ é̆’ç-úø-´¤-éπü∆? Sumithra: ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Suchithra: áç°œéπ FüËØ√,- -¢ËÍ®-´-J Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√? Sumithra: ´÷ ´C††’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ø√éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº-´´·çC. Suchithra: Selection î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.Sumithra: üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’.

Syam: It is too early Bank

(´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤ – ûÁJ* Öçúøü¿’/ †’´¤y áèπ◊\-´ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë* Öçú≈Lq ´Ææ’hçC.)

a) Reaching the station at 3.30 for a train that arrives at 5.00 is too early = train station

5 í∫çô©èπ◊ ´îËa éÓÆæç, 3.30Íé èπ◊ îË®Ω’éÓ-´ôç ´’K ´·çü¿Í® ¢Á∞¡xôç Å´¤-ûª’çC.

b) If 3.30 is too early, 5.30 is too late. 3.30

éÀ ´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Å®·ûË, 5.30 éÀ ´îËa •çúÕ-éÓÆæç 5.30 èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Åû√u-©Ææuç (•çúÕ ûª°œp-§Ú-ûª’çC– v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’™‰ç.) 3) I'm afraid that it is too long = ÅC ´’K áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-Ê°¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-≤Úhç-C-Ø√èπ◊. (°æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ N≠æ-N’çîËçûªÊÆ°æ¤) a) He stayed here too long = Åûª-E-éπ\úø ´’K áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√oúø’. (Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤çúøôç ´©x °∂æL-û√©’ îÁúø’. ÅûªE ÖüËl-¨¡´‚ îÁúø’é¬-´îª’a/ Åûª-EéÀ, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ éπL-TçC) Very, too- Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπöÀ鬴¤ – Å®Ωnç™ é¬F, use ™ é¬F. Very Åçõ‰ î√™«/ áèπ◊\´ ÅE ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’-´©x Åçûª îÁúø’/ †≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. Too Åçõ‰ ´’K/ ÅA ÅE. a) The train is very late = Train î√™« Eü∆-†çí¬/ ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ §ÚûÓçC. ´’†ç í∫´’uç îË®Ωôç (î√™«) Ç©Ææuç 鬴a, °∂æLûªç ü¿éπ\-´îª’a. b) Train is too slow = Train ´’K/ ÅA Eü∆-†çí¬ ¢Á∞hçC. ´’†ç îËÍ®-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ, v°æߪ÷ù °∂æLûªç ü¿éπ\ü¿’. c) The doctor was called in very late = Doctor

†’ î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °œL-î√®Ω’. (N’ç* §Ú™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh-®·Ø√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ©Gµç*çC)

d) The doctor was called in too late = Doctor

†’ ´’K Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °œL-î√®Ω’. (Å°æp-öÀÍé N’ç*-§Ú-®·çC. v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC. Doctor îËûª’©’ èπÿú≈ ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC.)

ANSWER Sumithra: How is this sari? I bought it yesterday. Suchithra: The silk/ texture

of this sari is superior to that of the sari you bought earlier, but its brocade is inferior to that of the earlier sari.

(ØËûª)

Sumithra: But this is costlier than that. Suchithra: You must have bought not less than/ no fewer than eight saris in the last two years. Isn't that so? Sumithra: I think so. Suchithra: Is the selection yours, or do you take any one's help? Sumithra: I take my sister-in-law's help. She is senior to me in these matters. Suchithra: The selection is really good. Sumithra: Thank you.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 20 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Govind: Aravind, where did you get the information from?

(Å®Ω-Nçü˛, Fèπ◊ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ´*açC?) Aravind: Which information (do) you mean?

(à Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç í∫’Jç* Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?) Govind: That there will be a hike in the allowances to employees.

(ÖüÓu-í∫’© Öçô’çü¿E)

¶µºû√u™x

°ç°æ¤-ü¿©

Aravind: I had it from Gopal. You know he is in a key position in the finance ministry

(íÓ§ƒ™¸ îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√èπ◊. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬, Åûª†’ finance ministry ™ éééπ °æü¿N™ ÖØ√o-úøE.) Key = éé-éπ-¢Á’i†; position = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç îÓô’. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç °æü¿N.

(†’´‹y ؈÷ Å™« ØÁô’d-éÌ-Ææ’hØ√oç. Ê°ü¿-¢√∞¡xç 鬴·. ÅC î√©’ éπü∆? Sekhar á°æ¤púø÷ úø•’s Ææ秃-ü¿†™ í∫úø’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. Ææ秃-Cç-*† úø•’s ņ’-¶µºNç-îª-ö«-EÍé BJ-éπ-™‰-ü¿-ûª-EéÀ. Åçûª trouble °æ-úø-ôç éπç-õ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’sûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EÍé É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’ ؈’) get on = Å™« í∫úÕ-Ê°≤ƒhç. we are not starving = ´’†ç °æÆæ’h-©’ç-úøôç ™‰ü¿’ – Åçõ‰ Ê°ü¿©ç é¬-´· ÅE. üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÕE é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ØËØËç Hü¿-¢√-úÕ-E-鬆’, ÅE í∫öÀdí¬ Å†-ö«-EéÀ, English ™ I am not starving Åçö«ç. ÉC O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. starve = °æÆæ’hç-úøôç; fast = äéπ-§Òü¿’l/ Ö°æ-¢√Ææç Öçúøôç. I'd do = I would be satisfied ☯

Aravind: He hasn't earned much, though. He is too honest for that. Others in similar or even in lower positions are much richer than he.

(Å®·Ø√ ÅûªØËç Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’, ´’J. Åûª-E-™«çöÀ °æü¿-´¤™x, Åûª-E-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ °æü¿-´¤™x Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx Åûª-E-éπçõ‰ üµ¿E-èπ◊-©’í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.) He hasn't earned much, though - Ñ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Though he is in a good position, he hasn't earned much = He is in a good position, he hasn't earned much, though. Though, position

Ééπ\úø *´®Ω ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. ´’ç* ™ ÖØ√oúø’, Å®·Ø√ àç Ææ秃-Cç-îª-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. ÉC ´’ç* conversational expression. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Govind: He has more power than money.

(Åûª-EéÀ úø•’s-éπç-õ‰, ÅCµ-鬮Ωç, °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ áèπ◊\´.) Aravind: That way Mukund is the best of the lot. He is very wealthy but has little else. Unfortunately he is more wealthy than healthy.

(Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÊÆh ´·èπ◊çüË Åçü¿-J™ ´’ç* ÆœnA™ ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª†’ Ææç°æ-†’oúË é¬E úø•’s ûª°æp Åûª-E-éÀç-Íéç-™‰ü¿’. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠æd-´-¨»ûª’h Åûª-EéÀ Ç®Óí∫uçéπç-õ‰ úø¶„s-èπ◊\´.) Govind: Life's like that. It isn't an unmixed blessing for any. Look at koteswar. He has more fame than happiness or money.

(@Nûªç ÅçûË. Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅFo Öçúø´¤. éÓõ‰-¨¡y®˝ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷úø’. ¢√úÕéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç, -úø-•’s éπç-õ‰ ë«uA -á-èπ◊\´.) Life's like that = @Nûªç ÅçûË. (ÅüË @Nûªç – ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’d ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.) unmixed blessing - ÉC @N-û√Eo í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°p N≠æߪ’ç – @N-ûªç™ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’†èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEoîËa N≠æߪ’ç Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç ņ’èπ◊-†oô’d àD °æ‹Jhí¬ Å´’-®Ωü¿’. Aravind: You and I just get on. We are not starving. That's enough for us, isn't it? Sekhar is all the time busy making money. God knows when he finds the time to enjoy what he gets. I'd rather do with less money than put myself to such trouble.

Spoken English

Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤©éπç-õ‰ à†’í∫’ •©-¢Á’içC. Ééπ\úø î√™« ïçûª’-´¤©èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo – strong - §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – 鬕öÀd 2) äÍé ´uéÀhéÀ/ äéπ-ü∆-EÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«©’ §ÚLÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ more ¢√úøû√ç, regular comparative forms Ö†o ¢√öÀéÀ èπÿú≈.

☯

eg: The elephant is more strong than fast.

Govind: Yea, I know. He is really in a good position in the IAS. I think of all of us he enjoys the highest official status.

(Å´¤†’, ûÁ©’Ææ’. IAS ™ Åûª†’ ´’ç* °æü¿-N™ ÖØ√oúø’. ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ Åûª’u-†oûª ÅCµ-é¬-Jéπ ÆœnA™ ÖØ√o-úø-ûª†’.)

☯

eg: The elephant is stronger than any other land animal.

stronger.

Govind: Yes, That's true. ☯

2

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 216

à†’-í∫’èπ◊ (äÍé ïçûª’-´¤èπ◊) Ö†o È®çúø’ ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – 鬕öÀd, more strong Åçô’Ø√oç.

a) I'd rather die than tell a lie

(Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ°æpúøç-éπçõ‰ î√´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ) b) Our Indian movie heroes rather dance in the movies than act =

£‘«®Ó©’ †öÀç-îªôç éπçõ‰ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.

´’† ÆœE-´÷™x dance áèπ◊\´

c) It is better to call them dancers rather

¢√∞¡x†’ actors ņ-ôç-éπçõ‰ ņôç †ßª’ç. (É™«çöÀîÓôx than •ü¿’©’ rather than áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.)

than actors = dancers

He is more smart than good Look at the following sentences: a) Gopal is richer than Gokul (Gokul Gopal

éπçõ‰

üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’úø’)

b) Gopal is more rich than handsome - (Gopal

üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÁj-†çûª, Åçü¿-í¬úø’ é¬úø’ = íÓ§ƒ-™ ¸èπ◊ Åçü¿çéπç-õ‰ úø¶„s-èπ◊\´) (a) ™ rich éÀ comparative í¬ richer ¢√ú≈ç. (b) ™ more rich ÅØ√oç. (a) ™ Éü¿l-J-èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo (rich) §Ú™«aç. Åéπ\úø richer ÅE regular comparative ¢√ú≈ç. (b) ™ äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«©’ §Ú™«aç éπü∆. (b) ™™« äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o í∫’ùç-´·çü¿’ more ¢√úøû√ç – Åéπ\úø regular comparative ®√ü¿’. i) She is more clever than beautiful = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Åçü¿ç-éπç-õ‰ ûÁL-¢Á-èπ◊\´. (äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE more clever Åçö«ç, cleverer ÅE ņç.) ii) Kumar is more good than intelligent = Kumar

èπ◊ ûÁL-N-éπçõ‰ ´’ç*ûª†ç áèπ◊\´. (äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – Åçü¿’-éπE better ¢√úøç; more good Åçö«ç.)

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) He has more power than money =

Åûª-EéÀ

úø•’s-éπç-õ‰ £æ«Ùü∆-´©x ÅCµ-鬮Ωç áèπ◊\´ 2) He (Mukund) is more wealthy than healthy =

´·èπ◊ç-ü˛èπ◊ Ç®Óí∫uç éπç-õ‰ Ææç°æü¿ áèπ◊\´. (í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: wealthier ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. more wealthy Åçô’Ø√oç. áçü¿’-éπE? äÍé ´uéÀhèπ◊†o È®çúø’ ©éπ~-ù«©’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç– Åçü¿’-éπE wealthy, healthy èπ◊†o regular comparatives - wealthier, healthier ®√´¤.)

3) He has more fame than happiness or money.

Åûª-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç, úø•’séπç-õ‰ ë«uA áèπ◊\´. äéπ-JÍé Ö†o äéπ í∫’ùç N’í∫û√ í∫’ù«-©éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅE îÁ°æpôç – 鬕öÀd more fame than Åçö«ç É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç. 1) î√™«-´’ç-C-èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo §ÚLÊÆh regular comparative form ¢√úøû√ç.

So that is the difference between the regular comparative form, and more + adjective form. Some more examples. a) This building is more M. strong than beautiful = (stronger

Ñ ¢Ë’úø Åçü¿çí¬ éπçõ‰ •©çí¬ ÖçC.

d) Rather than get into a crowded bus, why not walk?/ why don't you walk? =

Åçûª ï†ç Ö†o ¢Ë’©’ éπü∆?

áéπ\úøç éπçõ‰ †úø-´ôç

e) I decided to be jobless rather than do

SURESAN

é¬ü¿’)

b) He is more smart than good = (smarter

´’ç*ûª†ç éπçõ‰ ûÁLN áèπ◊\´.

bus

ÅûªEéÀ é¬ü¿’.)

Now study this sentence from the conversation: I'd (I would) rather do with less money than put myself to such a trouble =

Åçûª v¨¡´’°æúËéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’sûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√†’ ؈’. Ñ sentence ™ rather ... than èπÿú≈ äéπ ®Ωéπçí¬ §ÚL-éπ†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆. Ééπ\úø rather ... than ´’† áç°œéπ (choice) †’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

such a job =

Å™«çöÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ’-úøç-éπçõ‰ ÖüÓuí∫ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-ö«-EÍé E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o. (E®Ω’-üÓu-Tí¬ Öçú≈-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.) É™« rather than ´’†ç äéπ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† comparative í¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´·êuçí¬ à Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púø’ rather than ¢√úøû√ç. f) Rather than talk all the time, why don't you do some work? =

Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ ´÷ö«x-úËéπç-õ‰ àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? (´÷ô-™«°œ °æEîÁ®·u ÅE).

EXERCISE

ANSWER

Practise the following aloud in English:

Gandharv: Why are you awake so late at night? It is 12 midnight.

Gandharv:

Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™Ô\-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ? ®√vA 12 í∫çô-©-®·çC. Kinnera: Ø√èπ◊ Í®°æ¤ Exam ÖçC. Gandharv: É™« Evü¿-§Ú-íÌ-ô’d-èπ◊E ®√vûªçû√ ¢Ë’™Ô\ØË •ü¿’©’ °æí∫©’ time waste îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿-¢Ì-a-éπü∆? Kinnera: ÅC Eï¢Ë’. é¬F àç îËߪ’†’? ؈’ Å°æq-®Ω-™«í¬ 鬆’. ûª†’ v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú®·Ø√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. ûª† Ææy¶µ«´ç, (by nature) éπ≠d-° æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-éπçõ‰ clever í¬ Öçúøôç. Gandharv: ؈-ØË-üËç-ôçõ‰, †’´¤y ®√vA •ü¿’©’ °æí∫©’ îªü¿-¢Ì-a-éπü∆ ÅE. Kinnera: Ø√èπ◊ °æí∫-©’-éπçõ‰ ®√vA îªü¿-´-ô¢Ë’ É≠ædç. Gandharv: Ø√éÓ friend ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úø÷ clever student. Å®·ûË §ƒ°æç Ö†o-¢√-úËçé¬ü¿’. Kinnera: Åçõ‰ Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-´¤-†oçûª úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Gandharv: Å´¤†’. Kinnera: @Nûªç Å™«ØË Öçô’çC.

Kinnera:

I have an exam tomorrow.

Gandharv: Rather than lose sleep by keeping awake late at night, you can study during the day without wasting time. Kinnera:

That's true. But what can I do? I am not like Apsara. It doesn't matter even if she doesn't work. By nature she is more clever than hard working.

Gandharv: What I mean is rather than study at night, you can study during the day. Kinnera:

I'd rather study at night than during the day.

Gandharv: I have a friend. He is clever too. But he is not rich. Kinnera:

That means he is more clever than rich.

Gandharv: Yea. Kinnera:

Life's like that.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 22 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Pramod: Vinod, this book doesn't give all the information about the tourist spots in A.P.

(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™E °æ®Ωu-ôéπ Ææn™«© °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´yôç ™‰ü¿’.) (Tourist = °æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊©’. Spot= îÓ-ô’) Vinod: This booklet appears to better. In fewer

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

2) She wants full details of all the tourist spots in the state. 3) She wants to make full use of this trip to see all the places. 4) They can help your sister plan a perfect holiday. 5) She said I was free to plan it any way I liked.

pages, it gives complete information

6) The road from here to it is straight.

about the matter.

7) I will go direct from here.

(Ñ *†o°æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ éπE°œ- Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ™- éÌEo adjectives èπ◊ degrees of com- woman = °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i† ( à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† üÓ≠æç ™‰E) Æ‘Y. ÅçûË. Åçõ‰ Circle (´%ûªhç), Square (îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç), ≤ÚhçC. ûªèπ◊\´ Ê°-@-™x °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç parison Öç-úø´¤. °j† Åç-úø®˝-™„j-Ø˛ îËÆœ† -´÷ô-©-Fo (Ééπ\úø she was more perfect than other women Rectangle (D®Ω` îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç), Triangle (vA¶µº’ïç), É≤ÚhçC) (Booklet= *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç) Å™«ç-öÀ¢Ë. ¢√öÀéÀ comparative, superlatives ņç. she was perfect; some other women were etc. Pramod: Let me have a look at it. My sister is Öçúø´¤. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀE comparative, superlative í∫’çvúøç (circular/round) í¬ ÖçúËüË circle. perfect too, others were not perfect.) returning from the states. She wants ©™ ¢√úøç. 鬮Ω-ù«©’ îª÷ü∆lç. 5) She said I was free to plan it anyway I í∫’çvúøçí¬ ™‰EC circle é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd This Circle is full details of all the tourist spots in the 1) It gives complete information: liked: more round than that Circle = Ñ ´%ûªhç, Ç ´%ûªhç state. She wants to make full use of éπçõ‰ í∫’çvúøçí¬ ÖçC. Circle í∫’çvúøçí¬ Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË Free = Ææyûªçvûªç/ ÊÆyîªa- Ö-†o this trip to see all the spots. °j† îÁ°œp† N’í∫û√ ´÷ô--™«x free èπ◊, freer, freest ÉçÈ陫 Öçô’çC? Å™«Íí N’í∫û√ geometric fig(†ØÓo-≤ƒJ îª÷úøF. ´÷ -ÆœÆd®æ ˝ ÊÆdö¸q †’ç* ÅE degrees of comparison ¢√úøç. á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ures N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈. OöÀ-™ ¢ËöÀéà degrees of AJ-íÌ-≤ÚhçC. Ñ °æ®Ωu-ôéπ Ææn™«© N´®√-©’ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 217 Öçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx free. -™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ -¢√-∞¡Ÿx free 鬮Ω’. comparison Öçúø´¤. ¢Á·ûªhç ûª†èπ◊ 鬢√-©ç-öçC. Ñ≤ƒJ ´*a-†Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ ÊÆyîªa ¥èπ◊ éÌEo

It gives complete information °æ¤púø’, ¢√öÀ-†-Eo-öÀE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ ûª† v°æߪ÷- Ééπ\úø complete Åçõ‰ °æ‹Jh. àüÁjØ√ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æJ-N’-ûª’-©’ç-úÌa. Åçü¿’-éπE ù«-Eo °æ‹Jhí¬ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÌç- °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Öçúøü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬F äéπ éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. öçC.) N≠æߪ’ç, ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç éπçõ‰ °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçúøôç ÅØË Kumar is free to a °æJ-ÆœnA Öçúøü¿’. Vinod: Why don't you consult a travel agency? greater degree than They can help your sister plan a perfect This glass is more complete than that glassKesav. Íé-¨¡-¢˛ éπç-õ‰ èπ◊´÷-®˝èπ◊ ÉC Å®Ωnç ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç éπü∆. Öçõ‰ holiday. áèπ◊\´ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ÖçC. M. SURESAN (†’¢Óy -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ñ„-FqE Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? a) È®çúø÷ °æ‹Jhí¬ EçúÕ Öçö«®·. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰) (Å°æ¤púø°æ¤púø’ Kumar has ¢√∞¡x-®·ûË O’ ÆœÆd®æ ˝ ÂÆ-©-´¤ °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωgçí¬ -§ƒx-Ø˛ b) äéπöÀ EçúÕ Öçúøôç, ÉçéÓöÀ Eçúø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç more freedom in these matter than Kesav- É™« îËߪ’-ôç™ ûÓúøp-úø-í∫-©®Ω’.) Å-¢Ìa. ÅçûË-é¬E äéπ glass ÉçéÓ glass éπçõ‰ îÁ°æpôç ¢√-úø’éπ™ ÖçC. 鬕öÀd Åü¿çûª ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. é¬E °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçúøôç Å®Ωn-®Ω-£œ«ûªç. Holiday- ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ÂÆ-©´¤. freer, freest ´÷vûªç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ spoken English É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç– ÂÆ©-´¤™x ´’† N£æ…- a) é¬-•-öÀd – Both the glasses are complete ™ N-E°œç-îª-´¤. ®√©’, Ææ®Ω-ü∆©’. Åçö«ç. 6) Straight: Pramod: That's a good idea. She said I was b) Å®·ûË– This glass is complete but that glass ÉC èπÿú≈ °j´÷-ô-™«xí¬ØË. Åçõ‰ DEéÀ èπÿú≈ degrees free to plan it any way I liked. I will isn't Åçö«ç. so, complete has no degrees of Öçúø´¤. approach the Vihar Travel Agency. comparison. straight= A†o-í¬/--ØË-®Ω’í¬. Öçõ‰ straight (A†o)í¬ They are known to give correct infor2) she wants full details of.....: Öçô’çC, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË -Öç-úø-ü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬F, äéπ-ü∆E-éπçõ‰ Complete ™«Íí full èπ◊ èπÿú≈ degrees of comparmation. ÉçéÓöÀ A†oí¬, Ø訽Ւ ÖçúË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. (ÅC ´’ç* Ç™-îªØË, Ø√ É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x ison Öçúø´¤ éπü∆. full Åçõ‰ EçúÕ-§Ú-®·†, ÅE éπü∆. 鬕öÀd straighter/ more straight, straightest/ most §ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ Öçü¿E Öçõ‰, EçúÕ -Öçô’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ EçúÕ-†ô’x é¬ü¿’ ÅçûË. straight ™«çöÀ expressions Öçúø´¤. îÁ°œpçC. ؈’ -N-£æ…®˝ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ñ„-Fq ¢√∞¡x (fuller, fullest, ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ ¢√úøç) Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ 7) Direct: ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«h†’. ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´’-î√®Ωç É≤ƒh-®ΩØË Åéπ\-úø-éπ\úø îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çö«ç, Nçô’çö«ç; ÉC èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Give me a direct answer= A†oE/ Ê°®Ω’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊çC.) I promise you my fullest cooperation/ You shall Ö†oC Ö†oô’d (úÌçéπ A®Ω’-í∫’úø’ ™‰E) Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç approach (Å—v§Úî˝ – v§Ò—ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) have my fullest cooperation= O’èπ◊ Ø√ °æ‹Jh Ææ£æ«É´¤y. Öçõ‰ direct, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ indirect ÅçûË. More = ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡xôç/ÆæO’-°œç-îªôç/Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓ®Ωôç. 鬮Ωç Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø fullest ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. full Åçõ‰ direct, most direct Öçúø´¤. î√©’ éπü∆. °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æ‹Jhé¬ü¿’. 8) Correct (ÆæÈ®j†): Vinod: Where is this Vihar Travel Agency? ÅçûËé¬E áèπ◊\´ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÖçC/-ûª-èπ◊\´ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÖçC A thing is correct or incorrect. äéπ\öÀ Ææ-J (áéπ\úø’çD -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ï-Fq?) ņç. Pramod: It is in the round building next to -Å´¤-ûª’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp-´¤-ûª’çC ÅçûË. More correct, Chitramahal 4) They can help you plan a perfect holiday: most correct Öçúø´¤ éπü∆. (*vûª´’£æ«™¸ °æéπ\† í∫’çvúøöÀ ¢Ë’úø™ ÖçC) ÅEoNüµ∆© ¶«í∫’†o/ à üÓ≠æ´‚ ™‰E N£æ…-®√©’ §ƒx-Ø˛ His answer is more correct than yours... Åûª-úÕ -îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ôç-™ ûÓúøp-úø-í∫-©®Ω’.Vinod: Are you going now? -ï-¢√-•’ F Ç-†q®˝ éπçõ‰ éπÈ®é˙d. É™« îÁ°æpôç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ (É°æ¤p-úø’ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?) Perfect= °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i†; à üÓ≠æ´‚ ™‰E (fault-less, Ææ••’? Åûª-úÕ -ï-¢√-•’ correct Å®·ûË, F -Ç-†q®˝ ÅüË Pramod: Yea, I am. good in every way) 鬆-°æ¤púø’, ÅC ûª°æ¤p (Wrong/incorrect) Å´¤-ûª’çC, Vinod: The road from here to it is straight. Perfect èπ◊ èπÿú≈ more perfect, most perfect é¬F F -Ç-†q®˝ ûªèπ◊\´ correct, Åûª-úÕ -ï-¢√-•’ áèπ◊\´ (Ééπ\-úÕ -†’ç-* -Å-éπ\-úøéÀ ®Ó-ú˛ A†oí¬ ÖçC) ™«çöÀ degrees Öçúø-´E O’®Ω’ -Ü-£œ«ç--éÓ-í∫-©®Ω’. correct Å´ü¿’. àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤/ á´-È®jØ√ Öçõ‰ perfect í¬ Öçö«®Ω’, °j† îÁ°œp-†-´Fo èπÿú≈ degrees of comparison ™‰E Pramod: I Will go direct from here. à üÓ≥ƒ©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-ûªûÓ. üÓ≠æç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ ´÷ô©’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ç í∫’ù«©’, Öçúøôç Åçô÷ ïJ(Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* A†oí¬ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o) ¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ÅO imperfect (üÓ≠æ-´·-†o) Åç-ûË é¬F äéπ®Ω’ TûË Öçö«®·, ™‰èπ◊ç--õ‰ -Öç-úø´¤ Åç-ûË. ¢√öÀ™ áèπ◊\´, ❒❒❒ ÉçéÌ-éπJ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ó, ûªèπ◊\¢Ó Öç-úø-™‰®Ω’ éπü∆. í∫ûª éÌEo lessons -†’ç-* degrees of comparison Sita, Lord Sri Rama's wife, was a perfect ûªèπ◊\-´-©’ç-úø´¤. Geometrical figures N≠æ-ߪ’ç™†÷ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç í∫ü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îª÷ü∆lç:

Spoken English

Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1) It gives Complete information.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-v°æ-¨¡o: I Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫°æ-úË °æ¤Ææhé¬-©†’ -ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’. II éÀç-C-¢√-öÀéÀ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™  -Å®Ωnç -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ? 1. I'm enjoying my new job. 2. Diana said that she was enjoying her new job. 3. My father isn't very well. 4. She said that her father wasn't very well. 5. I have to go early. 6. Peter said that he had to go early.

-N. X®√-´’-îªç-vü¿-´‚Jh, ûª®Ωxç-°æ‹-úÕ (-ûª÷.-íÓ.->™«x.)

-ï-¢√-•’: -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ®√´-ö«-E-éÀ -Ö-°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’:

i) a) Living English structure: By stannard Allen Let's Learn English, b) NCERT series series No.5 ii) 1) I'm (= I am) enjoying my new job=

v°æ-Jç-*†

™

– 11

Ø√ éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC (؈’ îªéπ\í¬ Å†’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’) 2) ûª† ÖüÓuí∫ç ûª†’ îªéπ\í¬ Å†’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E (ûª†èπ◊ éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçü¿E) úøߪ÷Ø√ îÁ°œpçC. 3) ´÷ Ø√†o Åçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰®Ω’. 4) ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o Åçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰®ΩE Ç¢Á’ îÁ°œpçC. 5) ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL 6) ûª†’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL ÅE °‘-ô®˝ îÁ§ƒpúø’. -v°æ-¨¡o: 1. vis - a - vis - Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 2. Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ °æEîËÆœ† ÅCµ-é¬J îËÆœ† ûª°œpü¿ç. 3. Ééπ°j Å™«çöÀ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ´’-Sx îË-ߪ’†’. 2, 3 -v°æ-¨¡o-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -™ -à-N-üµ¿çí¬ -îÁ-•’-û√®Ω’? – Èé. džç-ü¿- π◊-´÷®˝, í¬ü¿-®√úø (ûª÷.íÓ.->™«x) -ï-¢√-•’: 1) vis - a - vis (Oñ«O/ Nï-N–ï, size ™ z ™«í∫) = ü∆EûÓ §ÚLÊÆh, ü∆E Ææç•ç-üµ¿çí¬. a) What are your job opportunities vis-a-vis the reservation policyreservation

Ñ © Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç/- ØË-°æ-ü∑¿uç™, F ÖüÓu-í¬-´-é¬-¨»-™„™« ÖØ√o®·?

b) India is not vis - a - vis the US=

Å-¢Á’-Jé¬ûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Ææç°æ-†o-ü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’. -

ii) This the mistake made by/ the lapse of the previous official/ incumbent. (Incumbent = Incumbent: Pronunciationiii) I will not repeat this mistake.

°æü¿-N™ Ö†o-¢√®Ω’) ÉØ˛-éπç-•çö¸

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 24 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Kavitha: You've been out too long. Where have you been?

(F´¤ î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ •ßª’-ô’-Ø√o´¤. áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oNç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤?) Sabitha: I am returning from the Cinema. I have been there to book tickets for us. (

ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-™¸-Èé-∞«x†’. öÀÈé\ô’x •’é˙ îËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ) Kavitha: Have you got them? For what show on what day? (üÌJ-é¬ßª÷/ ûÁî √a¢√? à ®ÓV?)

show

c) The car is very expensive -

¶«í¬ êK-üÁjçC. (Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç é̆-´îª’a) d) The car is too expensive car ´’K êK-üÁjçC. (Åçü¿’-´©x é̆ç/ é̆-™‰†çûª üµ¿®Ω) ÉC too èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n™x, ¢√úø’-éπ™x äéπöÀ. Look at the following sentences. a) The patient is too weak to walk -

®ÓT †úø-´-™‰†çûª •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖçC. b) The amount with him is too little to buy a car -

à

Sabitha: Of course I have. With great difficulty I was able to get two seats for the matinee the day after tomorrow. The queue was too long.

ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s 鬮Ω’ é̆-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´. Train

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 218

(ÅC î√™« °ü¿l ÆœE´÷. First show Å®·ûË ÉçöÀéÀ AJ-T-®√-´úøç Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ´’ç*C (Íé~´’-éπ®Ωç) é¬ü¿’) Kavitha: We can't bear the heat. How about giving away the tickets to others?

(Ç áçúø ¶µºJç-‰ç. Ç éπØ√o ÉîËaÊÆh?)

tickets

ÉçÈé-´-J-

Sabitha: That'd be foolish. I've taken a lot of trouble to get the tickets. Don't worry. It's an AC hall.

(ÅC °œ*a-°æE. Ç tickets ûË´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« v¨¡´’°æ-ú≈f†’. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Ç hall, AC hall)

Kavitha: OK. It's too good a movie to miss.

(Å™«Íí. ´’†ç ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-™‰†çûª ´’ç* ÆœE´÷ ÅC) Very, too èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. very Åçõ‰ áèπ◊\´, î√™«– Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúø’ éπ©-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Too Åçõ‰ ÅA, Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúË ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. a) Ramana is too good - ®Ω´’ù ÅA ´’ç*. (Åçü¿’-´©x Åûª-EéÀ éπL-ÍíC éÃúË) b) Aruna: Son, how about the girl you saw the other day? Is she to your liking?

´’†ç ¢Á·†o îª÷Æœ† Å´÷t®· N≠æߪ’ç àçöÀ? Fèπ◊ †*açü∆?

¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úø-´-™‰-†çûª ™«´¤. ™‰ü¿’)

(Infinitive

´·çü¿’

sentences

™

too

¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

... too + adjective (sentences a & b) + infinitive adverb (sentences c & d) [a) Adjective

Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. í∫’ù«Lo ûÁLÊ°

´÷ô©’. Åçõ‰ adjectives ûÁLÊ° í∫’ù«©’ à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ᙫ ÖØ√o®· ÅE; verb ûÁLÊ° °æ†’©’ ᙫ, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-í¬®· ÅE ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’. c) Infinitive Åçõ‰ to & 1st regular doing word. eg: to go, to see, to sit, etc - Åçõ‰ ¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ/ ¢Á∞¡xôç; îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊/ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ/ îª÷úøôç; èπÿ®Ω’a-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ èπÿ®Óa-´-ú≈-EéÀ/ èπÿ®Óa´úøç, etc.] °j† É*a† v°æA sentence ™ v°æA-ü∆-EéÃ, ûÁ©’-í∫’™– ™‰†çûª, 鬆çûª – ÅE negative ´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆. ÅC too v°æûËu-éπûª. too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive= Ç adjective/ adverb ´©x 鬢√Lq† °æE ï®Ω-í∫-ü¿ØÓ, †≠ædç Öçô’ç-ü¿ØÓ Å®Ωnç.

iv) Hari is too fat for us to carry.

؈’ î√™« BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o – §ƒKdéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª Ééπ\úø Subhash's reply í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I am too busy ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’ – Åçõ‰, I am too busy to attend ÅE. Ñ too †’ °j dialogue ™™« ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.

´’†ç ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª ™«´-ûª†’. ´·çü¿’ for ... ÖçC) v) ´’†ç B®Ωa-™‰-†çûª Ææ´’Ææu ÅC It is too difficult a problem for us to solve/ The problem is too difficult for us to solve.

b) Adverbs

i) He is too poor to continue studies.

¢√úø’ îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª Ê°ü¿¢√úø’. ii) She is too proud to listen to advice.

Ç¢Á’ Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ©-£æ…†’ N†-†çûª í∫Jy. iii) She cooks too badly to eat.

g) Sankar: I'll carry this box and you carry that.

(Infinitive

vi)

´’†ç îª÷úø-™‰-†çûª <éπ-öÀí¬ ÖçC It is too dark for us to see.

vii)

؈’ é̆-™‰-†çûª üµ¿®Ω. The car is too expensive for me to buy.

viii)

Ç¢Á’ éπç®∏Ωç N†-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ≤ƒn®·™ ÖçC Her voice is too low for him to hear.

ix) x)

Ñ

dress

Ç¢Á’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª §ƒûªC

This dress is too old for her to wear. xi)

ØËF-°õ„d BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. †’´yC BÆæ’éÓ. Vishnu: Oh, that's too heavy.

ÉC Ç ´%ü¿’l¥úø’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤ This is too heavy for the old man to carry.

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. ûÁ©’-í∫’™– ÉC ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤ Åçõ‰ = ÉC î√™« •®Ω’´¤, ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰†’– ÅE éπü∆. English ™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.

iv) She knows too little to teach others.

Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ¶Cµç-îª-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ûÁ©’-≤ƒ-¢Á’èπ◊. Now study the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) The Queue was too long.

èπÿu ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC. (؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ®√™‰-†çûª) 2) I think it will be too hot (for us) to go out. 3) It will be too late in the night (for us) to return home safely. 4) It is too good a movie to miss. Sentence No (2): ... it will be too hot for us to go out.

´’†ç •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ Öçô’çC.

It is too heavy for me to carry.

That's too

h) Prabhakar: Why don't you send Ganesh for talks?

Ωa-©èπ◊ í∫ù‰-≠ˇ-ØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ °æç°æ-èπÿ-úøü¿’? Sudhakar: He is too innocent.

Åûªúø’ ´’K Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ – Ωa©’ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª. Éçé¬ Núø-´’-®Ω* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, He is too innocent

to participate in talks/ to handle talks

Åûªúø’ ûÁL-Ní¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-†çûª/ Ææ´÷-Rç--éÓ-™‰†çûª Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’. i) Gowtham: How do I look in this shirt?

ØËF shirt ™ ᙫ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’?/ Ñ shirt ᙫ ÖçC?)

a) It is very heavy; I cannot carry it.

A†-™‰-†çûª ü∆®Ω’-ùçí¬ ´çúø’-ûª’ç-ü∆¢Á’.

M. SURESAN

ÅC ´’K •®Ω’´¤ – Åçõ‰ ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª ÅE. Vishnu's response èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– heavy for me to carry ÅE.

°œ©x©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç

This is too difficult for children to understand.

Viswam: Isn't that too big for you?

b) The movie is very good; We cannot miss it. The movie is good for us to miss. c) The chapter is very important; Nobody can ignore it.

Ñ chapter î√™« ´·êuç. á´®Ω’èπÿú≈ ü∆Eo ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-îª-™‰®Ω’. The chapter is too important for anybody to ignore it. d) The problem is very serious; We cannot neglect it.

Ææ´’Ææu î√™« Bv´çí¬ ÖçC; ´’†ç °æöÀdç-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø™‰ç. The problem is too serious for us to neglect.

Pranav: Mom, don't you think she is too tall for me?

Sentence No (3): It will be too late in the night for us to return home safely.

e) The room is very big; The table is very small.

´’K §Òúø’-í∫-E-°œç-îª-™‰ü∆ Fèπ◊? (Åçõ‰– Ø√ áûª’hèπ◊ ûªT-†çûª/ Ø√ ÅçûªØ√o/ Ø√éπçõ‰ áûªhØ√o 鬴a)

´’†ç Íé~´’çí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ®√™‰-†çûª Ç©Ææuç 鬴a ®√vA-°æ‹ô.

í∫üË¢Á÷ î√™« °ü¿lC, table ´÷vûªç î√™« *†oC. (Åçûª °ü¿l í∫CéÀ ûªí∫-†çûª *†oC)

Spoken English

éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’-Ø√o¢√?

The car is too expensive °j

Sabitha: It's such a lengthy movie, you know. If it is the first show, it will be too late in the night for us to return home safely.

iii) Hari is too fat to walk fast. for ...

party

Subhash: I am too busy.

´’†ç ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úø-ûªúø’. Sentence (i) ™ infinitive ´·çü¿’ for ... ™‰éπ-§Ú´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. Sentence (ii) ™ infinitive ´·çü¿’ for us ÖçC.

Íé~´’ç-鬆çûª E®Ωxéπ~uçí¬ †úÕ-°œÆæ’hØ√oúø’.

Sabitha: I thought so too, but ...

(†’´¤y first show í∫’Jç* áçü¿’-é¬-™-*çîª-™‰ü¿’? î√™« £æ…®·í¬ ÖçúËC éπü∆? Pleasant = Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†

f) Prakash: Are you attending the party tomorrow?

†’´¤y Í®°æ¤

ii) He is too clever for us to cheat.

d) He is driving too carelessly to be safe.

(matinee é¬? Ñ ´’çúø’ ¢ËÆæ-N-™ Ø√? Åçûª áçúø™ ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x™‰ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oØË. áçúø ´’†-Lo ´÷úËa-ßÁ·îª’a) Scorch (≤ƒ\î˝) = ´÷úËa-ߪ’úøç. In the scorching sun = ´÷úËa áçúø™ 

Kavitha: Why didn't you think of the first show? We shall have had a pleasant time.

i) He is too foolish to understand this.

The table is too small for the big room/ The room is too big for the small table.

ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ÅN-¢ËéÀ ¢√úø’. Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰†çûª Eü∆†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

Kavitha: For the matinee? In these dog days? I think it'll be too hot for us to go out. The sun could scorch us.

؈÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, é¬F ...)

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† sentences èπÿ, sentences (2) and (3) éÀ ûËú≈: - for us ÅØËC extra.

c) He is walking too slow to catch the train -

(ûËéπ-§Ú-´-ô¢Ë’çöÀ? ÅA éπ≠dçæ -O’ü¿ á©’xçúÕ matinee éÀ È®çúø’ tickets üÌJ-鬮·. Queue ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC)

(

2

ÅC Fèπ◊ ´’K °ü¿l-Cí¬/ ´ü¿’-©’í¬ ™‰ü¿÷? É™« 'too' - question form ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. j) Bhaskar: Is the curry too hot?

Ñ èπÿ®Ω ´’K 鬮Ωçí¬ Öçü∆? ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ¢ËúÕ. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓöÀ – 鬮Ωç – A†™‰ç.

hot -

Bhavan: So it is, and the sambar is too salty.

Å´¤†’ – ≤ƒç¶«®Óx Ö°æ¤p ´’K áèπ◊\´ – A†™‰ç ÉO too Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬©’. É™« 'too' ¢√úø-éπçûÓ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp©†’èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ î√™« short sentences ™ simple í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. conversation Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 26 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Praful: Are you telling me that you are doing all this just for me?

(Éü¿çû√ Ø√éÓÆæç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†ç-ö«¢√?) Mohan: What then? Why should I go about places to get your papers moved?

(´’Jç-ÍéçöÀ? F é¬T-û√©’ éπü¿-°æ-ö«-EéÀ ÅEo-îÓô’x áçü¿’èπ◊ A®Ω-í¬L ØË-†’?) Praful: Come now, Mohan. You are too clever not to have any self interest.

(¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛ îª÷úø’. àüÓ ≤ƒy®Ωnç Öçõ‰ØË îËÊÆ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úÕN †’´¤y) Mohan: You are right. Let me be frank. I do take this opportunity to meet officers and get their acquaintance.

(†’´yØËC Eï¢Ë’. Ö†o--ü¿’-†oô’d îÁ°æpF. Officers †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ö«-EéÃ, ¢√∞¡xûÓ °æJ-îª-ߪ÷Eéà DEE ØËØÓ Å´-鬨¡çí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 219

2

lesson we discussed the meaning and use of 'too'. Let's know something more about 'too'. Look at the following sentences:

éÀçü¿öÀ

™

He is too strong not to beat his opponent

ÅûªúÕ v°æûªu-JnE ãúÕç-îª-í∫-L-Ííçûª •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-ûª†’ ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷ÆœçC: too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive Ö†o sentences ™ Å®Ωnç, infinitive èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. a) He is too weak to walk - Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, Ñ sentence ™ Ö†o infinitive 'to walk' èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ É™« ´Ææ’hçC – †úø-´-™‰-†çûª •©£‘«-†çí¬ ÖØ√o-úøE.

Sentence No.1: Not to have any self-interest

èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, ≤ƒy®Ωnç Fèπ◊ç-úËçûª ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. ≤ƒy®ΩnçûÓ îËÊÆçûª ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úÕ¢Ë †’´¤y. É™« èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ≤ƒy®Ωnç àç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îËÊÆçûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√úÕN é¬ü¿’ †’´¤y.

b) She is too slow to understand things. infinitive, to understand

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª (Eü∆†ç Ç¢Á’) ÅE ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. ÉC ´’†ç last lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ sentence îª÷úøçúÕ.

c) He is too clever not to understand this. sentence infinitive not

Ñ ™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

´·çü¿’

No. 2: You are too smart not to miss the point either = not to miss the point

èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – Å稡ç í∫´’-Eç-îËçûª ûÁLN ÖçC Fèπ◊/ Å稡ç í∫´’-Eç-îª-éπ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√-úÕ-N鬴¤.

We aren't too unlucky frank =

´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC •ßª’-ô-°õ‰d/ ´’†-Ææ’™ àD ü∆-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†oC Ö†oô’x îÁÊ°pߪ’ôç.

To tell you frankly/ To be frank I don't like you

Ø√ ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰/ Ö†oC ü∆éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√o – †’´yçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. Acquaintance (ÅÈéj y-®·-Ø˛-ôØ˛q. 'éπy— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)= °æJ-îªßª’ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’/ ´·ê °æJ-îªßª’ç (ÊÆo£æ«ç é¬èπ◊çú≈)/ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’húø’ I have acquaintance with him =

ÅûªúÕûÓ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç ÖçC. He is an acquaintance of mine =

Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’húø’ Praful: I appreciate your frankness.

(F´¤ ´’†-Ææ’q-™ØË Â°ô’d-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ •ßª’-öÀéÀ îÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) appreciate Åv°‘-≠œ-ß˝’ö¸ – 'v°‘— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = ´’ç*-ûª†ç/ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™«çöÀN Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫ôç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç. äéπ Ææ´’-Ææu†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. He doesn't appreciate the seriousness of the situation =

infinitive ´·çü¿’ ¢√úÕûË, sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, not infinitive èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπçí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ infinitive îÁÊ°pC ï®Ω’í∫’-ûª’çC ÅE. É°æ¤púø’ M. SURESAN sentence (c) éÀ Å®Ωnç É™« ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. Åûªúø’ ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫© ûÁLN Ö†o¢√úË. Åçõ‰ not to understand (Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓE/ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E) èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË/ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫© ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.

É™« not

°æJ-ÆœnA Bv´ûª†’ Åûªúø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-õ‰xü¿’

(Ç Å稡ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËçûª ûÁLN F-C. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ °æE Ø√ ´™‰x Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E) Praful: The dependence is mutual

(Ñ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç ÅØËC °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç.) Mutual (´‚u-Å™¸)– ´‚u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’. The husband and wife have mutual understand =

Ç ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh™x °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω Å´-í¬-£æ«† ÖçC Mohan: So what now? (Å®·ûË É°æ¤p-úËç-öÀçé¬?) Praful: The officer is too efficient not to speed up matters.

(N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ é¬EîËa ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Ö†o Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ -Ç-ߪ’-†, Åçõ‰ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûªy®Ωí¬ Å´¤-û√-ߪ’E) Mohan: We aren't too unlucky there.

☯

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´’†ç ´’K ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠dæ -´ç-ûª’©ç é¬-ü¿’) ☯

☯

☯

a) The Australian team was too strong for India = The Australian bowling was too much for India =

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫© (not to understand èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç) ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. (Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√úËç é¬ü¿’)

¶µ«®Ωû˝ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†çûª •©-¢Á’i† öÃç ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷. ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ¶˜Lçí˚ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†ç-ûªC.

a) She has had too much of practice not to play well =

¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-L-Ííçûª (not to play well

practice

Ö†o-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊. èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç ¶«í¬ Çúø-

Compare the following. i) He is too lazy to pass =

§ƒÆˇ Å´-™‰-†çûª •ü¿l¥-éπ-Ææ’h-úø’-¢√úø’.

(to pass

EXERCISE

ÅßË’uçûª (not to pass èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç) í¬ v¨¡´’-°æ-úË-¢√-úø-ûª†’. ÉN πÿú≈ §ÚLa îª÷úøçúÕ. i) She is too careless to observe this = (to observe

èπ◊ ´uA-

ii) She is too keen not to observe this = (not to observe

ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îËçûª ´uA-Í®éπç) ®Ω’-ÈéjçC Ç¢Á’.

Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ ÅûªE ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. c) The old man is too strong for his age = Ç ´·Ææ-™«-ߪ’-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† •©ç ÖçC. É¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ñ columns ™ØË also (èπÿú≈) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ too ¢√úøéπç îªJaçî√ç. ÅC-èπÿú≈ ã≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Mohan:

pass

ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îª-™‰-†çûª Í®éπç) Åñ«-ví∫ûªh ´’E≠œ Ç¢Á’.

b) The boy is too clever for a boy his age =

™ áèπ◊\´ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ ™ áèπ◊\´. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ é¬èπ◊çõ‰, ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ É¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ sentence *´®Ω ´≤ƒh®·. 1) ؈’ ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ ûª´·t-úÕF éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’= éπçõ‰ ÅüË Å®Ωnç (èπÿú≈)ûÓ, ¢√úøéπç éÌçîÁç

I met him, and his brother too/ I met him and his brother as well. (I met his brother also also, sentence

ÉC äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ ûªÊ°p – *´®Ω ¢√úøôç.) 2) †’´¤y Ç èπ◊Ka 鬢√-©çõ‰ BÆæ’éÓ, ü∆çûÓ §ƒô’ õ‰•’™¸ èπÿú≈ 鬢√-©çõ‰ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ =

You take the chair, but you can't take the table too./ You can't have the table as well Also

¢√úÕûË, ü∆Eo verb ´·çü¿’-í¬F, ´·çü¿’-í¬F ´îËaô’x ¢√úøû√ç.

'be' form

I went to Delhi last month; I also stayed there for a week.

(؈’ §Ú®·† ØÁ© Delhi ¢ÁR} Åéπ\úø ã ¢√®Ωç èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o†’)– also, verb- stayed ´·çü¿’ ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 3) The British ruled us for centuries and robbed us too/ robbed us as well =

vGöÀ≠ˇ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†Lo §ƒLç*, üÓ-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ èπÿú≈. ÉD spoken English™ too (as well) èπ◊ Ö†o v§ƒ´·êuç. Not ûÓ Å®·ûË ÅÆæ©’ also ®√ØË-®√ü¿’. ÅC ûªÊ°p (äéπ\ not only ... but also sentences ™ ûª°æp). Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ either ¢√úøû√ç. 1) Åûªúø÷ ®√™‰ü¿’, ÅûªúÕ ûª´·túø÷ ®√™‰ü¿’. He hasn't come, his brother hasn't either. (his brother hasn't come toosentence as well

ÅE *´®Ω ®√´îª’a/ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a) 2) Ç¢Á’ ®√™‰ü¿’, ®√´-õ‰x-ü¿E §∂ÚØ˛ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ =

She hasn't come; She hasn't phoned either she won't come.

èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç)

ii) He is too hard working not to pass.

èπ◊

Now, take the sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the Lesson: 1) You are too clever not to have any self interest 2) You are too smart not to miss the point either 3) The officer is too efficient not to speed up matters 4) We aren't too unlucky there

Spoken English

èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËÊÆçûª ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Ç officer °æ†’©’ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-í∫© ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Ö†o-¢√úø’. (ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª ÅÆæ-´’-®Ω’núø’ é¬úø’) No.4: We aren't too unlucky there = ´’†ç ´’K Åçûª ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠dçæ í¬ (°æE-é¬-†çûª) ™‰ç 'Too' †’ áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úÌîÓa îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆! É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ.

He is too clever not to understand the point

í∫-L-Ííçûª) Mohan: You are too smart not to miss the point either. You know I alone can get things done for you.

No. 3: Not to speed up things

Spoken English (British or American) also too Also formal. serious speech/ book language too, as well,

†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ É≠æd°æ-úø-ô癉ü¿’? Madan: ´’K îªLí¬ ™‰ü¿÷? Mohan: Eï¢Ë’. †’´¤y sweater ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-´¤-éπü∆? Madan: Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†çûª îªL ÅE-°œ≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. Mohan: Fèπ◊ ûªô’d-èπ◊ØË ¨¡éÀh (resistance) ´’K ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o-ô’dçC. Madan: Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ typhoid ´*a-†-°æp-ô’oç< resistance ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC. Mohan: Doctor †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’S} Madan: É°æp-öÀÍé -î √-™« áèπ◊\-´-≤ƒ®Ω’x éπL-¨»†’. î√™« fees Éa-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢Ájü¿u ê®Ω’a©’ ´’K áèπ◊\-´-ߪ÷u®· Ø√èπ◊. Mohan: ؈C Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y doctor †’ îª÷úøôç ´’ç*C. É°æp-öÀÍé ¶«í¬ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. Madan: †’´y-†oC correct. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç îª÷≤ƒh†’.

ANSWER Mohan: Why are you unwilling to go out? Madan: Isn't it too cold? Mohan: That's true. But you are wearing a sweater. Madan: Still I feel it is too cold for me to bear. Mohan: You seen to have too little resistance. Madan: Yes, since I had the typhoid my resistance has been too low. Mohan: See your doctor again. Madan: I have seen him too often already. I have spent too much on medicine, already. Mohan: I can understand all that. Still you had better see the doctor. You have delayed too much already. Madan: What you say is correct. I'll see him this evening.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 29 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prabha: Hi Subha, how goes the world with you?

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?) Subha: Well, I can't complain. How is it with you?

Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. î√©’/ î√L-†çûª ÅE.

1) I have enough money to buy a car =

Ø√-ü¿í∫_®Ω 鬮Ω’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª úø•’sçC. 2) She hasn't (doesn't have) enough money to buy a house =

(

¶«üµ¿™‰ç ™‰´¤. -†’-¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?) (Ñ response English ™ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ) Prabha: How did you spend the week in your cousin's place in Hyderabad?

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ O’ éπ->-Ø˛ Éçöx ᙫ í∫úÕ-§ƒ´¤?) Subha:

'Enough'

Happily enough to remember the days there for a long time.

É©’x éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª úø•’s Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’. 3) Preethi: How about some more biriyani?

(Éçé¬Ææh G®√u-F ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?) Pratima: Enough. No more, please.

(î√©’. °‘x-ñ ¸ Éçéπ ´ü¿’l.

Prabha: What was so enjoyable about it?

Subha: My cousin. Namrata is jovial enough to make your time pass very quickly.

4) Surendra: When shall we go to the next movie?

(ûªü¿’-°æJ ÆœE´÷ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç) Narendra: Enough is enough. No more of

Subha: I asked her over here for the Dasara holidays, but she has enough assignments to keep her home.

(´’†ç ûª††’ î√™« N’Æˇ Å´¤-û√ç- ) Subha: She is a good laugh. She is entertaining enough to make us like her company. Prabha: Well, by the way, I have a bad cold. I don't know how to get rid of it.

(ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ï©’•’ îËÆœçC. ÅC ᙫ ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-¢√™ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç-™‰ü¿’) get rid of = üˆo-®·Ø√ (îÁúø’†’) ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-´ôç Subha: A cold is not serious enough to cause worry in hot countries, but it is nuisance enough to make us feel out of sorts with yourself.

(-Ö-≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ -ÅØËC °ü¿l Çü¿’®√l éπ©-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆçûª ï•’sé¬ü¿’. é¬E *é¬èπ◊ éπLTçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç) (Feel out of sorts = *é¬èπ◊ §Òçü¿ôç) Prabha: Why didn't you take some medicine?

(´’ç-ü¿’-©’ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-ü¿’?) Subha: I did, of course, but the relief has been temporary.

(BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬F û√û√\-Léπ Ö°æ-¨¡-´’†¢Ë’) Prabha: Doctors say you are cured of cold in seven days if you take medicines, and in one week if you don't take medicines.

(´’çü¿’©ûÓ 7 ®ÓV™x, ´’çü¿’-™‰x-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√®√-Eéà 禍•’ †ßª’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’ ú≈éπd®Ω’x) ☯

☯

Spoken English

☯

2) a) She is too ill to need a doctor =

Ç¢Á’ î√™« Bv´çí¬ ï•’sûÓ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝ Å´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. -(ú≈éπd®˝´*aØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’)

á°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ †¢Ëyçûª ¶«í¬ Ç¢Á’ -ñ é˙q Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h/ ؈’ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊ç-ö«†’. I remember her jokes very well; they make 4) She has enough assignments/ assignments enough to keep her home -

220

ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéà éπü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ (ÉçöxØË ÖçúË-ô’xí¬) îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸q ÖØ√o®·.

b) She is ill enough to need a doctor -

ï•’s ¶«í¬ Bv´çí¬ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝†’ ¢ÁçôØË °œ©-¢√L. (v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçô’çC) ÅD too èπÿ, enough èπÿ ûËú≈, È®çúÕçöÀ ûª®√yû√ infinitive ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p îª÷úøçúÕ enough ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’. a) He is wise enough to understand such things =

Enough is enough

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ¢ËÆæ-N™ Ééπ\-úø’çC éπü∆. á°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ -†-¢Áy-ô÷d -îË-ߪ’í∫-© Ç¢Á’ -ñ é˙q Ø√èπ◊ í∫’-®Ω’h-Ø√o®·)

Prabha: We shall be missing here a lot.

me laugh whenever I remember them =

me laugh whenever I remembered them.

Prabha: Yea. She was here last summer, wasn't she? I remember her jokes well enough to make me laugh whenever I remember them.

ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª •©çí∫©-¢√úø’.

3) I remember her jokes well enough to make

(ÅC î√L†çûª éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

b) He is strong enough to walk fast =

make your time pass quickly.

Pratima: That's more than enough.

(-õ„i-¢˛’ î√™«ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª/ ûªT†çûª £æ…Ææuç éπ©C ´÷ éπ->-Ø˛ †v´’ûª)

(ü¿Ææ®√ ÂÆ©´¤©èπ◊ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®Ω´’tØ√o. é¬F É©’x éπü¿-©-F-ߪ’†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸q ÖØ√o®· ûª†èπ◊)

-õ„i-¢˛’ -î√-™« ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’-ôô’x îËߪ’-í∫©çûª ’-û√\J †v´’ûª. Namrata is quite/ very jovial; she can

(Éçûª ûªèπ◊\´ î√™« Fèπ◊?)

(àN’-ôçûª Ææ®Ωü∆ éπ-L-Tç-îË N≠æߪ’ç Åéπ\úø?)

pass quickly -

¶«í¬ •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, †úø-´-™‰úø’.

)

Preethi: Is so little enough for you?

(áçûÓ-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hç-úËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬)

☯

2

these movies.

(ÉçéÌü¿’l ¶«•÷. Ñ ÆœE-´÷©’ Ééπ ´ü¿’l) 5) He has enough and to spare

Åûª-úÕéÀ î√L†çûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Éûª-®Ω’© éÀ´y-í∫-L-T†çûª -Öç-C. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-ç. Look at the following too: 1) You are clever enough to understand easi-

She has a good number of assignments. They keep her home. 5) A cold is not serious enough to cause worry in hot countries -

Ö≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ Çü¿’®√l éπL-TçîËçûª Bv´--¢Á’içC é¬ü¿’. A cold is not very serious in hot Countries; it does not cause worry. 6) It is nuisance enough to make us feel out of sorts =

ly =

(†’´¤y Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËç-ûª ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√úÕN.) = You are clever; you understand easily.

*é¬èπ◊ éπL-TçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç. = It is a big nuisance; it makes us feel out of sorts.

Æ‘-Lçí˚ -§∂ƒu-Ø˛-†’ û√éπ-í∫-L-T-†ç-ûª §Òúø-´-ûª-úø’ =

ÉN enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ too Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç. too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive ´ÊÆh (´’K, ÅA ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ´uA-Í®-é¬-®√n-Eo-Ææ’hçC. Enough + infinitive ´ÊÆh positive Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC (Å´¤†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

He is tall. He can touch the ceiling fan.

Compare:

= †’´¤y ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN. †’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. (†’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËçûª ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN.) 2) He is tall enough to touch the ceiling fan=

-Å-ûª-úø’ -§Ò-úø-´¤. -Å-ûª-úø’ Æ‘-Lçí˚-§∂ƒu-Ø˛-†’ -Åç-ü¿’éÓí∫©-úø’.

a) He is too weak to walk - He is very weak,

Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-T†çûª ûÁL-Ní∫©¢√úø-ûª†’. ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p (Word Order) îª÷ü∆lç Wise

(Adj)

+

enough + infinitive

(ÅüË too

too +

adverb

¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ adjective/

+

infinitive

´Ææ’hçC éπü∆?) M. SURESAN ÉD í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. ÅüË adjective •ü¿’©’ noun Å®·ûË, enough + noun + infinitive ´Ææ’hçC. a) There is enough water in the tank to last for the whole day =

(Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊ ÆæJ-°æúË F∞¡Ÿx-Ø√o®· -ö«uçé˙™.) b) I have enough friends to help me = (

Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ î√L-†ç-ûª-´’ç-C ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’.)

so he cannot walk =

3) The class room is large enough to seat 45 students -

45 -´’ç-C -N-ü∆u®Ω’n-©’ èπÿ®Óa-í∫© ´ÆæA Ö†oçûª °ü¿l é¬xÆˇ ®Ω÷ç ÅC. 4) He is ill enough to need a doctor =

-ú≈éπd®˝ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√-Lq†çûª ï•’sí¬ ÖØ√o-úøûª†’. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) (I spent) happily enough to remember the days for a long time -

î√™«-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hçúËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ í∫úÕ-§ƒ-†-éπ\úø.

do you have?

EXERCISE Preetham:

F ü¿í∫_-È®çûª úø•’sçC? Priya: àç? áçü¿’èπ◊? Preetham: Ø√éÓ È®çúÌç-ü¿-L-îËaçûª Öçü∆? Priya: Åçûª-™‰ü¿’. Ø√é¬\-¢√Lq† È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh鬩’ éÌØËçûª úø•’sçC. Preetham: Ø√èπÿ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®Ω÷.200 ûªèπ◊\-¢ÁjçC. ´÷ Ø√†o °æç°œçîË´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Ë* ÖçúË -õ„i-¢˛’ ™‰ü¿’. Priya: ≤ƒ-K. Answer Preetham: How much money have you?/

Priya:

Why? What do you want?

Preetham: Have you enough money to give/ spare/ lend me Rs.200? Priya:

Not so much. I have enough money to buy the two books I need.

Preetham: I am short of Rs.200/- to buy the books I need. I don't have the time enough to wait till my dad sends me money. Priya:

I'm sorry.

2) Namrata is jovial enough to make your time

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prem: Hi Syam, you are so late that all the people have left.

(¨»uç, †’¢Áyçûª Ç©Ææu-´’çõ‰ FéÓÆæç Ö†o ¢√-∞¡xçû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’) Syam: I was held up on my way by a terrible traffic jam. The traffic was so heavy that I took an hour to travel one kilometer by car.

Prem: Why didn't you tell us of it over the cell? (cell

nothing.

(àD N-E°œç-îª-†ç-ûª íÌúø´) Prem: Anyway, it's all over. Our friends have gone away. Let's plan a meeting this weekend.

(à¢Á’i-ûËØËç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†v°∂çú˛q Åçü¿®Ω’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç)

Prem: Didn't you hear us on your mobile?

Syam: I knew you were calling, but I couldn't make out anything. The whole road was so noisy.

(O’®Ω’ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’h-†oC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬F O’Í®ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†oD ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ®Ó-úøfçû√ -Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC.)

™ îÁ°æp-™‰üËç Ñ N≠æߪ’ç?)

Syam: It was so noisy that you could hear

(ü∆J™ ®ΩDl ††’o ÇÊ°-ÆœçC. 鬮Ω’™ äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ í∫çô °æöÀdçC – Åçûª ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC) (F ÂÆ™¸-§∂ÚØ˛™ ´÷ ´÷ô©’ NE-°œç-‰ü∆ Fèπ◊?)

Syam: OK.

´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’: So èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n©’: So = 1) Åçü¿’-´©x/ 鬕öÀd 2) Åçûª (American usage)

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç, so = Åçûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ö†o Ö°æßÁ÷í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. (Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, so, such (Å™«çöÀ) ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç) a) I can't go out now, It is so hot =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’, Åçûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC = ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC.

221

It is so hot now that I can't go out.

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) The traffic was so heavy that I took an hour to travel one kilometer.

vö«°∂œé˙ áçûª ®ΩDlí¬ Öçü¿çõ‰, äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ûÁ©’-í∫’™– äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC; vö«°∂œé˙ Åçûª ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC. 2) You are so late that all the people have left= Éûª-®Ω’-©çû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’çûªí¬ Ç©Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u-´¤ †’´¤y. 3) I couldn't make out any thing. The whole road was so noisy

= Ø√Íéç Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’ (NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’).Road Åçû√ Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC.

ÉD so... that Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Ééπ\úø ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: so ûª®√yûª adjective/ adverb, ü∆E ûª®√yûª that ®√´ôç. a) She hates him so much that (so + much (adverb) + that) she doesn't want to talk to him

Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç É≠ædç-™‰-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊. Åçûªí¬ ÅûªúÕE üËy≠œ-≤ÚhçC. b) He is so tall that he can touch the ceiling fan = ceiling fan

†’ û√éπ-í∫-©çûª §Òúø´¤ Åûªúø’.

(so + tall (adj) + that)

鬕öÀd 'so' É™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ûª®√yûª adjective/ adverb, Ç ûª®√yûª that ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√L. (Å®·ûË present day (É°æpöÀ) American usage ™, so ûª®√yûª that ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. He is so tall he can touch the fan.

It is too difficult .. to understand Prem: Our friends had waited and waited. They had to wait for so long that I served them coffee twice. That was how long it was.

(´’† v°∂çú˛q F éÓÆæç áçûÓ-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë*îª÷-¨»®Ω’. áçûª-ÊÆ-°æçõ‰ ؈’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ È®çúø’≤ƒ®Ω’x 鬰∂‘ É¢√y-Lq-´-*açC. Åçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o-®Ω-†o´÷ô ¢√∞¡Ÿx) Syam: I'm really sorry but I couldn't help it. When I took out my car to make it here I didn't expect it to happen this way.

(Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’, é¬E àç îËߪ’†’? ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√ 鬮Ω’ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ BÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çü¿-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’) (... I couldn't help it = ØËØËç îËߪ’-™‰E °æJ-Æ œnA/ Ø√èπ◊ ûª°œpç-C-é¬ü¿’.) eg: I have to go now. I can't help it =

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«x-LqçüË. Ø√éπ-C-ûª-°æpü¿’. fine

Ç é¬®Ω’ ≤ƒ´÷-†’u©’ é̆-™‰®Ω’. Åçûª êK-üÁjçü¿C =

éπö«d-LqçüË. ÅûªúÕéπC ûª°æpü¿’.

To make it here = to reach here =

Ééπ\-úÕéÀ îË®Ω-ö«-EéÀ.

5) Why was the traffic so heavy?=

sentence simple infinitive conversation effective

Traffic

M. SURESAN

The car is so expensive that ordinary people can't buy it. c) It is a long way off; the girl can't walk the distance =

ÅC î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. Ç Å´÷t®· Ç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´™‰ü¿’. Ç Å´÷t®· †úø-´-™‰ü¿’; Åçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç ÅC. = The girl can't walk the distance; it's such a long way off/ so distant.

Åçûª ®ΩDlí¬ áçü¿’-èπ◊çC?

6) ... it was so long that it took nearly 20 min-

È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ éπü∆. Å®·ûË too ... + Å®·ûË, í¬ ÖçúÕ í¬ Öçô’çC. Too ... infinitive ¢√úø-í∫-L-TûË, ÅüË so that ... éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.

utes to clear the road.

Compare:

Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ áçûª §Òúø-´çõ‰, ÅC ®Óú˛ ü∆ô--ú≈-EéÀ 20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æöÀdçC. (Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ ®Óú˛ ü∆ô-ú≈EéÀ 20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æöÀdçC. Åçûª §Òúø-´C.)

a) It's too heavy for me to carry.

7) It was so noisy that you couldn't hear any-

b) It is so heavy that I cannot carry it.

îª÷úøçúÕ: so ... that Ö†o sentence (b) ¶«í¬ §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC. éÌçûª ÆæçéÀx-≠dçæ í¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC éπü∆.

thing

c) It is too difficult for me to understand

´’†èπ◊ (Ééπ\úø, you Åçõ‰ F´¤/ O’®Ω’ ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬ü¿’; you – Åçõ‰ 'á´-È®jØ√— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩØË N≠æߪ’ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.)

d) It is so difficult that I can't understand it. c)

éπçõ‰

(d) complicated

so ... that practice

í¬ ÖçC éπü∆? îËߪ’çúÕ, é¬F too ... infinitive

áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøçúÕ.

= It is such a long way off that the girl can-

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. so †’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË 'so' É™« ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, sentence ™E ´÷ô-© èπÿ®Ω’p í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it.

Prem: Why was the traffic so heavy?

(Ç Â°õ„d ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤) (áçü¿’-éπçûª ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC vö«°∂œé˙ É¢√y∞¡?) Syam: For onething, it is a peak traffic hour. Secondly some procession was in the

2) He is walking so slowly that he cannot catch the train.

took nearly 20 minutes to clear the

(wõ„jØ˛ Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª Eü∆-†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’) ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p îª÷úøçúÕ:

road.

... so + adjective (heavy - 1) + that + ... (not) etc.

way. At one point it was so long that it

(äéπ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ ÅC ´÷´‚-©’í¬ vö«°∂œé˙ ®ΩDl ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçúË Æ洒ߪ’ç. È®çúÓüËçôçõ‰ àüÓ ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ Åúøfç ´*açC. äéπ ü¿¨¡™ Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ áçûÓ §Òúø-´¤çC. áçûªçõ‰, ÅC ®Óúø’f ü∆ô-ö«-EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω Å®Ω-í∫çô °æöÀdçC) peak traffic = Åûªuçûª ®ΩDl

Spoken English

The car is so expensive that ordinary people can't buy it = The car is too expensive for ordinary people to buy it. =

= È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x coffee ÉîËaç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢√∞¡Ÿx áü¿’-®Ω’îª÷-¨»®Ω’. (F ®√éπ Åçûª Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·ç-ü¿E ¶µ«´ç)

Ordinary people can't buy the car; It's so expensive =

≤ƒ´÷-†’u©’ é̆-™‰-†çûª êK-üÁj† 鬮ΩC =

4) They had to wait so long that I served them coffee twice

not walk.

He has to pay the fine. He can't help it =

Åûªúø’

b)

É™« ņôç American usage ™ ûª®Ω’îª÷ NE°œÆæ’hçô’çC.) O’éÀ-°æp-öÀéÀ Å®Ωn-´’ßË’u Öçô’çC- so ... that éÀ, ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o too ... infinitive éÀ î√™« ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçü¿E.

adverb (slowly - 2)

Éçé¬-îª÷-úøçúÕ. 3) He is so lazy that he cannot finish the work on time.

(Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æE-°æ‹-Jh-îË-ߪ’-†çûª ≤Ú´’J Åûª†’) 4) He talks so fast that I can't understand him

؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-úø-ûª†’.

EXERCISE

ANSWER

(Practise the following aloud in English; use only so ... that structure.)

Ramana: The rain is so heavy/ It's raining so heavily that we can't go out.

Ramana:

´’†ç É¢√y∞¡ •ßª’öÀÈé∞¡x™‰ç. Åçûª ¢√†í¬ ÖçC. Sumana: ´’J shopping îËߪ÷L éπü∆? Ramana: Í®°æ¤ îËü∆l癉. Sumana: Ñ®ÓV éÌØ√-Lq†N î√™« ÖØ√o®·. ÅN Åçûª ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N. Ramana: Å´¤†’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Í®°æ-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Ç°æ-™‰-†çûª Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†N éπü∆? Sumana: Å®·ûË ´’†ç °æ‹Jhí¬ ûªúÕ-Æ œ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ¢√†í¬ ÖçC. ´’Í®ç îËü∆lç? Ramana: ã í∫çö«T •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωü∆ç. Sumana: Å°æp-öÀéÀ shops ÅFo ´‚ÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’. Ramana: Auto ™ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç.

Sumana: But we've to do shopping. Ramana: Let's do it tomorrow. Sumana: Some of the things are so important that we have to buy them today. Ramana: Yes, I remember. Some of the things are so important that they have to be bought/ we have buy them today. Sumana: The rain is so heavy that we will be drenched. What shall we do? Ramana: Let's start after an hour. Sumana: By then the shops will all have closed. Ramana: We'll take an auto.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 4 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sankar: Hi Vishnu, you've been away for such a long time that I felt lonely here.

(؈’ äçô-J-ûª-†çûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úËç-ûª-é¬©ç †’´¤y •ßª’-ô’-Ø√o´¤)

Sankar: Thank God. I wasn't with you.

(•A-éÀ-§Úߪ÷. FûÓ Øˆ’ ™‰†ç-ü¿’èπ◊. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ؈÷ îª÷ú≈Lq ´îËaC) Vishnu: What next now? Shall we have coffee?

Vishnu: I felt the same too, without your company.

(F ≤ƒ£æ«-Ωuç ™‰éπ ؈÷ Å™«ØË ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f) Sankar: Why did it take so long for you?

(Åçûª-鬩ç áçü¿’èπ◊ °æöÀdçC?) Vishnu: I had been away on a company assignment. I returned this morning.

(éπç°F °æE-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«x†’. Ñ §Òü¿’lØËo ´î√a†’) Assignment = Å°æp-Tç-*† °æE. ÅÂÆj-†tçö¸ – 'ÂÆj— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Sankar: What kind of assignment? Vishnu: Such a tough assignment that I had to visit a number of places. I had to see a number of dealers, watch the movement of our products, and see that the sales increased.

(Å¢Á÷t î√™« éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æE. î√™« îÓôxèπ◊ (Ü∞¡xèπ◊) A®Ω-í¬-Lq-´-*açC. î√™«-´’çC dealers †’ îª÷Æœ, ´÷ company ûªßª÷K© Å´’t-鬩’ ᙫ ÖØ√oßÁ÷ í∫´’-Eç*, Å´’t-鬩’ °çî√-Lq† ¶«üµ¿uûª ÅC.) dealers = äéπ éπç°F ûªßª÷-K©’ (Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’) Ţ˒t ¢√∞¡Ÿ}/ shops. Movement = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç = éπü¿-L-éπ(©’). Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç ã company ûªßª÷-K© Å´’t-éπ°æ¤ üµÓ®ΩùÀ. (Öü¿u´’ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Telangana Movement = ûÁ©ç-í¬ù Öü¿u´’ç) Products= ûªßª÷K– ã éπç°F ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËÆ œ Ţ˒t ´Ææ’h´¤. v§ƒúøé˙d q – 'v§ƒ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Sankar: What a time you had! I really pity you, old boy! You do get a fat salary, but you can't have a minutes leisure.

(áçûª éπ≠dçæ í¬ í∫úÕ-§ƒ¢˛! E†’o îª÷ÊÆh ñ«™‰Ææ’hçC, N’vûª´÷! Fèπ◊ ´’ç* @ûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC é¬F éπ~ùç Nv¨»ç-A-™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆!) Vishnu: It isn't the salary that matters. I like the challenging nature of the job. It is such a challenge that you have the satisfaction of having done something. You feel happy that you've achieved something.

(@ûªç é¬ü¿’ ´·êuç, Åéπ\úø Ø√ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ Ö†o Ææ¢√©’ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . Ç Ææ¢√©’ áçûªü¿çõ‰, àüÓ éÌçûª ´’†´‚ ≤ƒCµç-î√ç-éπü∆ ÅØË ûª%°œh N’í∫’-©’-ûª’çC (éπ©’-í∫’-ûª’çC). ؈÷ àüÓ ≤ƒCµç-î√†’./ ÉC ؈’ ≤ƒCµç-î√†’ ÅØË ûª%°œh Öçô’çC.) that matters = ´·êuç. achieving = ≤ƒCµçîªôç; Achievement = ≤ƒCµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç Sankar: Corporate culture has taken hold of you. (°ü¿l ¢√u§ƒ®Ω Ææç≤ƒn ÆæçÆæ \ %A ÅDµ-†ç™ ÖØ√o´¤ †’´¤y). Corporate =°ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†. Corporate - pronunciation 鬧ÒJ/ È®ö¸. Vishnu: And I am proud of it too.

coffee

BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?)

☯

☯

☯

☯

éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç so ¢√úøéπç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. 'so' Åçõ‰– 1) Åçûª a) He isn't so tall. (Åûª-†çûª §Òúø’-Ííç-é¬ü¿’)

Sankar: Did you see any movies while you were away?

(•ßª’-ô’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ÆœE-´÷-™‰-´’Ø√o îª÷¨»¢√?) Vishnu: I saw two but they were such lousy movies that I wished I hadn't seen them.

(È®çúø’ îª÷¨». Å¢Áçûª îÁûªhçõ‰ îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-LqçC ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o.) Lousy = îÁûªh. Louse - ™˜Æˇ– Ê°†’ – ÅÆæ©®Ωnç– Lousy - ÅÆæ-£æ«uçí¬/ îÁûªhí¬ ÖçC ÅE Aôd-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Lousy fellow ¢Áüµ¿´ ņoô’x.

(´÷N’úÕ, apple ™«çöÀ ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 °æçúø’x éÌØ√o). É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx èπÿú≈ such as •ü¿’©’ like ¢√úøôç ´’† ¶µ«≠憒 Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ NE-°œç-îËô’x îËÆæ’hçC.

b) The place is so distant.

(Ç îÓô’ Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç) ´·êuçí¬ so + adjective/ adverb + that (so Åçõ‰ adjective/ adverb ©’ ûÁLÊ° à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. 2) American usage ™ î√™« ÅE Å®Ωnç. a) Thank you so much. (British: Thank you very much.)

b) There were a number of things such as pen, paper, etc., = There were a number of things like ... 3) Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. a) You have been away for such a long time that I felt lonely. b) such a tough assignment that I had to visit a number of places.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

222

c) ... they were such lousy movies that I wished that I hadn't gone to them.

He is such a man that all like him =

Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æúË ´uéÀh Åûª†’. ÉD so ... that èπÿ, such ... that èπÿ Ö†o Ææç•çüµ¿ç, ûËú≈. ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ îª÷ü∆lç. a) He is such a good man that we all like him =

Åûª†’ ¢Ë’´’ç-ü¿®Ωç É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’.

b) He is so good a man that we all like him. (a)

™

such a good man = (b)

™

so good a

man c) She is so clever a woman that she can solve any problem easily = She is such a clever woman that she can ...

(à Ææ´’-Ææu-ØÁjØ√ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª-í∫-L-T-†çûª ûÁL-N -í∫-™«¢Á’) so clever a woman = such a clever woman

Thank you so much b) You are so nice. (British: You are very nice)

so + adjective/ adverb + thatsentences such ... that

°j

É°æ¤púø’ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω Å™«çöÀ Å®Ωnç, ¢√úø’éπ Ö†o 'such' N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç. Such Åçõ‰ Å™«çöÀ. a) I don't like such things = Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. b) He never smiles. Such men are very dangerous =

Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ †´yúø’. Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿ} î√™« v°æ´÷ü¿ç.

c) She works very hard. Such people prosper =

Ç¢Á’ î√™« éπ≠dæ-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿ} °jéÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’. Such E É™« èπÿú≈ ¢√-úø-û√ç. (Such ... as èπÿ®Ω’pûÓ) a) Such people as Gandhi are always respected =

í¬çDµ-™«çöÀ ´uèπ◊h©’ á°æ¤púø÷ íı®Ω´ç §Òçü¿’-û√®Ω’. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ = í¬çDµ-™«çöÀ ´uèπ◊h-©†’ á°æ¤p-úø÷ íı®Ω-N-≤ƒh®Ω’)

b) Such trees as the coconut grow very tall

(éÌ•s-J-îÁôx ™«çöÀ îÁô’x à°æ¤í¬ °®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·) Ééπ\úø such ¢√úË B®Ω’, Å™«çöÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ: such + noun + as + noun (à Ê°®Ω’-ØÁjØ√ noun Åçö«ç) ™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷©’ Å®Ω’ü¿’) Ééπ\úø ´÷ô èπÿ®Ω’p: Å®·ûË äéπ ´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: °∂晫Ø√ ´uèπ◊h©, N≠æ-ߪ÷© ™«çöÀ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπü∆ Ééπ\úø ´’†ç such ... as ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. É™« such ... as ¢√úøôç ÆæÈ®j-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ÉC é¬Ææh ví¬ç-C∑éπç, §ƒçúÕûªuç. Éçûª-éπç-õ‰ like ¢√úøôç î√™« simple, better éπü∆! (™«çöÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) 1) Such men as Gandhi are always respected = Men like Gandhi are always respected. 2) Such trees as the coconut = Trees like the coconut. such ... as •ü¿’©’ like ¢√úøôç Ææ®Óy-ûªh´’ç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ: a) I bought a variety of fruits such as the mango, the apple, etc.

d) India is such a large country/ so large a

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç-™«ç-öÀüË ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç èπÿú≈.

country that progress cannot be quick

(ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ Åçûª ûªyJûªç 鬆çûª °ü¿l ü˨¡ç ¶µ«®Ωû˝) Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, so í¬F such í¬F ¢√úø-´îª’a.

a) He is so good that all like him=

Åûª†’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’.

Sentences from the conversation:

M. SURESAN

b) He is such a good man that all like him.

c) The day was so hot that we couldn't go out

= ¢Ë’ç •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC Ç ®ÓV. [so + adjective (hot) + that] d) It was such a hot day that we couldn't go out. sentence (c) word order

D†®Ωnç, Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø

1) You have been away for such a long time that I felt lonely.

Åçü¿®Ω÷ Åûª-†çõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. Åçûª ´’ç*-¢√-úøûª†’. = Åûª-†ç-ü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËç-ûª- ´’ç-*-¢√úø’. í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Ééπ\úø a) Å®Ωnç, b) Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰.

Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p) ûËú≈.

such + adjective (hot) + day (noun) + that so adjective/ adverb such adjective noun noun

鬕öÀd È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË, ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. ûª®√yûª, ´*a, ü∆E ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ ®√¢√L. ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ,

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ so ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË Â°j† îª÷°œ-†ô’xí¬ such a long time, so long a time Å´¤ûª’çC. You have been away for so long a time that ... 2) ... such a tough assignment that I had to visit many places = so tough an assignment that I had to visit many places ... 3) ... they were such lousy movies that ... = the movies were so lousy that ...

ÉO

so ... that, such ... that

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.

EXERCISE

ANSWER

E†o meeting èπ◊ î√™«-´’çC ´î√a®√? Manish: áçûª Ææçêu™ ´î√a-®Ωçõ‰ Åçûª °ü¿l Hall èπÿú≈ ÆæJ-§Ú-™‰ü¿’. Pratap: ´éπh ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈ú≈? Manish: Åçü¿®Ω÷ E¨¡z-•lçí¬ èπÿ®Ω’aE v¨¡ü¿l¥ûÓ N†oçûª íÌ°æp ´éπh Çߪ’†. Pratap: àçö«-ߪ’† v°æÆæç-í∫ç™ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? Manish: Çߪ’† îÁ°œp† Å稻©’ áçûª ´·êu-¢Á’i-†-´çõ‰, ´’†ç Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å†’-Ææ-Jç--îªí∫-LÍíç-ûªN. Pratap: Åçûª ´’ç* v°æÆæç-í∫´÷? Manish: @Nûªç™ ´’Sx N†-™‰-†çûª ´’ç* v°æÆæçí∫ç. Pratap: ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç, ®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.

Pratap: Did a large number attend the meeting yesterday? / Was it a largely attended meeting yesterday?

c) Such movies as Titanic are rare. (Titanic

Such + movies (noun) + as + Titanic (noun)

(Å™« Ö†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫Jy-Ææ’hØ√o.)

Spoken English

(ûª®√y-ûËçöÀ? Sankar: OK.

tall that/ so large that/ so nice that, etc.)

(ᙫçöÀ °æE?)

2

Pratap:

Manish: It was such a large number/ so large a number that the hall wasn't enough. Pratap: Did he speak well? Manish: He was such a great speaker/ so great a speaker that all heard him with all attention. Pratap: What were the special points/ highlights of his speech? Manish: He made such good points/ the points he made were so good that we can easily practise them. Pratap: Was it such a good speech/ so good a speech? Manish: So good a speech/ such a good speech that we can't hear it again. Pratap: Unfortunately, I couldn't attend it.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-vèπ-¢√®Ωç 6 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sourabha: Hi Susmitha, we'd better start early so that we don't miss Aruna.

(Ææ’Æœtû√, ´’†ç ûÌçü¿-®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’ -üË-®Ωü∆ç, Å®Ω’-ù†’ miss é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) We'd better = We had better = ´’ç*C. You'd better see a doctor = you had better ... = doctor

†’´¤y

†’ îª÷úøôç ´’ç*C.

Susmitha: I am almost ready. I got up quite early so that I might not be late.

(؈’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Æœü¿l¥ç. ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰î√†’ Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Sourabha: That's good. I told the taxi man to be here at 7 so that we need not waste time looking for a taxi.

(´’ç*C. Taxi ¢√™«†’ àúÕç-öÀÍé ®Ω´’tE îÁ§ƒp, ´’Sx Taxi éÓÆæç time waste é¬èπ◊çú≈.)

Sourabha: That I've already done. The taxi will be here the day after tomorrow. She has to rest today and tomorrow to get over the jet lag.

(ÅD îËÊÆ-¨»†’. á©’xçúÕ §Òü¿’l† taxi Ñ®ÓW, Í®°æ¤ ûª†’ rest BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC jet lag †’ç* •ßª’-ô -°æ-úø-ö«-EéÀ.) jet lag = N´÷-Ø√™x Ææ’ü¿÷®Ω v°æߪ÷-ù«©’ îËߪ’-ôç™ ®√vA-°æ-í∫∞¡x ´’üµ¿u ü˨¡-üË-¨»-©èπ◊ ÖçúË ûËú≈© ´©x éπLÍí •úø-Léπ. ready.

Susmitha: Let's accompany her to Tirupathi so that we too can have Lord Venkateswara's darsanam.

(´’†ç èπÿú≈ Å®Ω’-ùûÓ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. ´’†ç èπÿú≈ A®Ω’-´’-™‰-¨¡ŸE ü¿Jzç--éÓ-´îª’a.) Sourabha: OK. ☺

☺

☺

☺

lessons so + adjective/ adverb + sentences that, such + (adj) + noun + that

éÀçü¿öÀ

™

´îËa

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. 223

2

a) He is so good that every one likes him =

Åûªúø’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’ =

b) Harsha goes to bed early so that he can get up early =

ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿ ™‰îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ £æ«®Ω{ ûªy®Ωí¬ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. c) I am noting down the phone numbers so that I can call you when necessary =

Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’ °œL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅEo phone numbers ®√Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. É™« °j sentences ™™«, so that ÅØË expression ÖüËl-¨»Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the

(Plane correct

í¬ á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçC?)

Sourabha: At 8.30. It'll be another hour after the touch down for Aruna to come out of the check in area and join us. The collection of the baggage after the baggage check these days take a lot of time because of security reasons.

(8.30éÀ. Check in area †’ç* •ßª’öÀéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ ÉçéÓ í∫çô °æúø’-ûª’çC Å®Ω’-ùèπ◊. ûªE& -ûª®√y-ûª Baggage BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ¶µºvü¿û√ 鬮Ω-ù«-©-´©x Ñ ®Ó-V™x î√™« Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-ûÓçC.) touch down = N´÷†ç ¶µº÷O’t-ü¿èπ◊ Cí∫ôç. Check in = ´’† ≤ƒ´÷†’x N´÷-Ø√-v¨¡ßª ’ ÅCµ-鬮Ω’©’ ûªE& îËߪ’ôç. Check in Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç = Hotel ™ •Ææèπ◊ í∫C BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. baggage - ¶«Tñ¸ (¶« bank ™ b ™«) = ≤ƒ´÷†’x. baggage (American) = luggage (British) Susmitha: Then why are we going so early?

(Å®·ûË áçü¿’-éÀçûª ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç?)

´·çüË

Sourabha: The airport is so long way off. There are likely to be traffic jams. We are starting so early so that nothing may delay us. Better half an hour early than a minute late.

(N´÷-Ø√-v¨¡ßª’ç î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. Traffic ®ΩDl©’ ¶«í¬ Öçúø-´îª’a. É¢Ëç ´’†èπ◊ Ç©Ææuç éπL-Tç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç. äéπ EN’≠æç Ç©Ææuç éπçõ‰ äéπ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ç-úøôç †ßª’ç éπü∆.) Susmitha: The first thing Aruna wants to do after landing here is to go to Tirupathi. Let's fix another taxi ready so that she may not lose time.

(Ééπ\úø Cí∫-í¬ØË ´·çü¿’ A®Ω’-°æ-A-Èé-∞«x©E Å®Ω’ù éÓJéπ. ÉçéÓ taxi E èπÿú≈ ´÷ö«x-úø’ü∆ç, time éπL-≤Ò-Ææ’hçC.)

Spoken English

He is such a good man that everyone likes him. b) She drives so slow that even a bullock cart can over take her =

áúøx-•çúÕ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’†’ M. SURESAN ü∆öÀ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ØÁ´’tCí¬ é¬®Ω’ †úø’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü∆¢Á’. Hers is such slow driving that even a bullock cart over takes her. (overtake =

´·çü¿’†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo ü∆öÀ-¢Á-∞¡xôç) ÉD ´’†ç, so ... that/ such ... that © í∫’Jç* Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. É°æ¤púø’ éÀçC sentences ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:

a) He studies so hard that he always scores high =

-áèπ◊\-´

marks

´îËaçûª ¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úø-ûª†’.

1) We'd better start early so that we don't miss Aruna =

Å®Ω’-ù†’ miss é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωôç ´’ç*C. 2) I got up quite early so that I might not be late =

Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-î√†’. 3) I told the taximan to be here at 7, so that we need not waste time looking for a taxi = Taxi time waste

¢√™«†’ àúÕç-öÀÍé ®Ω´’tE îÁ§ƒp, ´’Sx taxi éÓÆæç îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈/ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.

4) We are starting so early so that nothing may delay us =

üËE-´™«x Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’-èπ◊í¬†’, ´’†ç ´·çüË •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç. 5) Let's accompany her to Tirupathi so that we too can have darsanam =

ÅØËC, Åûª†’ áçûª/ à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªü¿’-´¤ -ûª’-Ø√oúÓ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Sentence (b) He is studying very hard so that he may score high ...

ÅØËC Åûª†’ à ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-†oD ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. í∫’®Ω’hç-- π◊çü∆ç: So that á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†ç äéπ °æEE áçü¿’ π◊ îË≤ƒhç/ ´’† ÖüËl-¨»Eo (purpose) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. a) Susila started at 7 itself so that she may not be late for class = Class

èπ◊ Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ’Q© àúÕç-öÀÍé •ßª’-©’-üË-JçC.

He came here to meet the minister so that Regular Doing Word = infinitive

(Åçõ‰

†’ ÖüËl¨¡ç ûÁLÊ° Å®ΩnçûÓ, to + 1st ¢√úø-´îª’a.)

He bought the bike so that he can move about quickly =

ûªy®Ωí¬ AJ-Ííç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’ Åûª†’ bike é̆’-èπ◊\-Ø√oúø’ = Å®·ûË so that •ü¿’©’ infinitive ¢√úøôç ÅEo-îÓö«x ≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ. Let's accompany her so that we too can have darsanam.

´’†ç èπÿú≈ ü¿®Ωz†ç §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ´’†ç ûª†ûÓ éπL-Æœ -¢Á-∞¡ü∆ç. Ñ sentence ™ so that we too can have darsanam •ü¿’©’, to have darsanam ÅE infinitive (to have) ¢√úÕûË ÅüË Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. Let's accompany her to have darsanam Åçõ‰ ´îËa Å®Ωnç, ü¿®Ωz-Ø√-EéÀ Ç¢Á’ûÓ éπL-Æœ-¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-´’ØË ´Ææ’hçC. ÅçûË-é¬E so that Ö†o sentence ™™«í∫ Ç¢Á’ûÓ ¢ÁRûË ´’†èπÿ ü¿®Ωz†ç Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E ®√ü¿’. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷úøçúÕ: Let's accompany her so that we can have darsanam too =

´’†´‚ ûª†-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ¢ÁRûË ´’†´‚ ü¿®Ωz†ç îËÆæ’éӴa. Let's accompany her to have darsanam.

ü¿®Ωz-Ø√-EéÀ ûª†-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. ´’†ç ¶µ«≠æ practice îËÆæ’h-†o-éÌDl, ´’†èπ◊ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’ èπ◊ç-ú≈-ØË, so that áéπ\-úø- ¢√-ú≈™, to áéπ\-úø -¢√-ú≈™ ¢√úË-Ææ’hçö«ç. Practice alone helps us.

ANSWER

Practise the following aloud in English.

Sulochana: Take a decision, only after a lot of thinking so that you don't regret later (to avoid regretting later)

Sulochana:

(adv)]

Sentence (a) He is studying so hard that ...

´’çvAE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅûªE¢√∞¡ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’

EXERCISE

b) so that -

Ééπ\úø so èπ◊ that èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ÉçÍéç ´÷ô ®√´-úøç-™‰ü¿’. ÅN È®çúø÷ °æéπ\-°æ-éπ\ØË ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-®·-éπü∆. (a) éÀ, (b) éÀ Å®Ωnç™ èπÿú≈ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-î √®Ω’ éπü∆.

He came here so that he could meet the minister.

´’†ç èπÿú≈ ûª†ûÓ éπLÆœ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç, ´’†´‚ ü¿®Ωz†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.

b) He is studying very hard so that he may score high =

-áèπ◊\-´ marks ûÁa-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Åûª†’ î√™« éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. a) ... so hard that. [so èπ◊ that èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u hard

É™« ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x •ü¿’©’ to ¢√úË-ߪ’-´îª’a, simple í¬.

He bought the bike to (be able to) move about quickly.

lesson:

.. so that we don't miss .. Susmitha: When exactly is the arrival of the plane?

so that so that

-î√-™« -Ç-™-*ç-* -E®Ωg-ߪ’ç -BÆæ’éÓ, -ûª®√y-ûª -*ç--Aç-îªèπ◊ç-ú≈ -Öç--úËçü¿’èπ◊. (-*ç-Aç-îª-ôç= regret/ repent)

Sunayana:

-Åç-ü¿’Íé È®ç-vúÓ-V-©’ -Å-úÕí¬ -¶«í¬ -Ç-™-*ç-îª-´-îªa-E. Sulochana: °-ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x-†’ èπÿ-ú≈ -Å-úø’í∫’-ü∆ç, -¢√-∞¡x -Å-Gµ-v§ƒ--ߪ’-´‚ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’ èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Sunayana: Åçü¿’-éπØË ´÷´’-ߪ’u--†’ -É-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®Ω´’tØ√o. Sulochana: ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Çߪ’-†ûÓ îÁ§ƒpL ´’†ç, Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† Å´-í¬-£æ«† ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊. Sunayana: Ç-ߪ’-†’o -ã È®çvúÓ-V-©’ -Ééπ\-úø Öç-úø-´’-Ø√L, ûÌçü¿-®Ω-§ƒô’ E®Ωgߪ÷-EéÀ ®√èπ◊çú≈ (conclusion= E®Ωl¥®Ωù) Sulochana: OK.

Sunayana: That's exactly why I've asked for two days time ... so that I can think well about it. Sulochana: Let's consult our elders too, so that we can have their opinion. (to have their opinion) Sunayana: That's why I've asked my uncle to come here. (... I've asked my uncle over here) Sulochana: We should tell him all about it, so that he can have a correct understanding of it. Sunayana: We should ask him to be here for two days to avoid coming to a conclusion in a hurry. (So that we may not come to a conclusion in a hurry) Sulochana: OK.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 8 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ramesh: Hi Nikhila, What brings you here?

(àçöÀ™« ´î√a¢˛?) (Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ What brings you here? ÅØËC Å´’-®√uü¿éπ®Ωç ÅØË Å§Ú£æ« ÖçC. é¬E ÉC ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æ©-éπ-JçÊ°. O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úøçúÕ.) Nikhila: Just to see you. Long since we met, you know.

(E†’o îª÷-úø-ö«-EÍé. ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC éπü∆) Ramesh: Thank you. Any news of Krishna?

(´’ç*üË. éπ%≠æg†’ í∫’-Jç-* à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Nikhila: I'm afraid I haven't any.

(àç ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’.

Some =

éÌçûª, éÌEo.

a) There is some milk in the glass =

í¬xÆæ’™ éÌçîÁç- §ƒ-©’-Ø√o®·. b) Have some coffee =

é¬Ææh

coffee

Ramesh: I was hopeful you'd have some information about him.

(†’¢ËyüÓ ÅûªE í∫’-Jç-* îÁ§ƒh-´ØË Ç¨¡-ûÓÖØ√o.) Nikhila: Let's call Alamelu. She might have some news.

(Å-©-¢Ë’-©’èπ◊ phone îËü∆lç. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÌçûª ûÁL-ßÁ·îª’a.)

Ç Gߪ’uç™ -Ç-¢Á’ éÌçûª ´çúÕçC. d) I gave him some books yesterday =

E†o -Å-ûªúÕéÀ ؈’ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-î√a†’. e) Some men were sitting; others were standing =

éÌçûª-´’çC èπÿ®Ω’aE ÖØ√o®Ω’, Éûª-®Ω’©’ E©’-E ÖØ√o®Ω’. éÌçü¿®Ω’ students ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Any = àüÁjØ√, á´-È®jØ√

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™  í∫’v®Ω-°æpç-ü∆™‰ç ™‰´¤ É°æ¤púø’. °æçü∆© Ææ´’-ߪ’ç- é¬-C-éπ\úø. É°æ¤púø’ ¶„çí∫∞¡⁄®˝ í∫’v®Ω-°æpç-ü∆© Time. Åûª-†-éπ\-úø’ç-úÌa.) Ramesh: Do you have any friends there?

(Åéπ\úø FÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’Ø√o®√?) Nikhila: I haven't any friends there.

(Åéπ\úø Ø√Èé-´®Ω÷ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ™‰®Ω’) Ramesh: Neither have I. How about having coffee? I haven't had any since morning.

(Ø√èπÿ ™‰®Ω’. é¬Ææh coffee û√í∫’-ü∆´÷? §Òü¿’l-†’oç* coffee BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’ ؈’) Nikhila: Coffee is certainly welcome. I've come to you for some CDs on spoken English. Can you lend me them? (Coffee spoken English CD

Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. ØËØÌ-*açC éÌEo © éÓÆæç. -Å-N Ø√éÀ-≤ƒh¢√?) Ramesh: List the CDs you want. CD

©

list

®√®·)

Nikhila: I want some paper and pen.

(Ø√é¬\Ææh

paper, pen

鬢√L)

Ramesh: Here you are. Have this coffee too.

(ÉNíÓ. Ñ

coffee

èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÓ)

Nikhila: Thank you. But I need some more sugar.

(Ø√éÌ\çîÁç °æçîª-ü∆®Ω 鬢√L.) Ramesh: There isn't any in this bowl. I will get some. Wait.

☯

(Ñ *†o §ƒvûª™ ™‰ü¿’. ØË-†’ BÆæ’éÌ≤ƒh. Öçúø’) ☯

☯

☯

™ some èπ◊, any éÀ î√-™« -v§ƒ-´·-êu--´·ç-C. ´’†-ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’, some Åçõ‰ éÌçûª, éÌEo ÅF, any Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√, à¢ÁjØ√, á´-È®jØ√ ÅE. Spoken English

Spoken English

éÌî√a®Ω’.

Ééπ\úÕ à °æ¤Ææh-éπ-¢Á’i-Ø√/- É-éπ\úÕ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©™ àüÁjØ√ êK--ü¿®·ç-üË. b) Any of them will help you =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

= Do not (Don't) waste any more time. ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆– no more = not any more. 1) Waste no more time

1) I'm afraid I haven't any. (I haven't any news = I have no news.

Ñ È®çúø’ èπÿú≈ grammatical í¬ correct. Å®·ûË no more éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ not any more ÅØËC spoken English ™ áèπ◊\´ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. Å™« ¢√úÕ-ûËØË English, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ. a) There is no sugar in the bowl.

I have no news 2)

...

Åçûª Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ¢√úø’éπ é¬ü¿’)

You'd have some news-

not

™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd some news. (F ü¿í∫_-Í®üÓ ¢√®Ωh-©’ç-ö«-ߪ’E ÇPçî√) (Not / Question ûÓ any)

3) ... she might have some news.

b) I have no money (not natural) 224

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson:

2) Don't waste any more time.

(ÉC spoken English -™ -Åç-ûª -áèπ◊\-´í¬ -N-E°œç-îª-ü¿’.) = There isn't any sugar in the bowl. (ÉC spoken English -î √-™« natural (Ææ£æ«-ïç)í¬ üµ¿yEç-îËô’d îËÆæ’hçC.)

¢√∞¡x™x á´-È®jØ√ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh®Ω’.

Åûª†’ jockey éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE †í∫-®√-©Fo A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. Race course ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ phone îËÊÆh ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω éπ*a-ûª-´’-®·† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Öçô’çC) (Jockey= ñ«éà – í∫’v®Ω-°æpç-ü∆--™ x í∫’v®√-©†’ †úÕ-Ê°-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Race course = í∫’v®Ω-°æpç--ü∆©’ ïJÍí ¢Á’iü∆†ç) Nikhila: But there aren't any races now in Hyderabad. Not the season here. It's the Bangalore racing season. He might be in Bangalore.

class

a) Any book/ Any of the books here is very expensive =

Ramesh: As a jockey he keeps moving about. Let's call the Race course. They can give us definite information about him.

(Fé¬\-´-©Æœ†

BÆæ’éÓ.

c) She cooked some of the rice =

f) Only some students were present =

Sorry)

2

not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd some. (Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÖçúÌa) 4) But there aren't any races now.

(É™« ņôç, There are no races ņôç éπØ√o ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç, Ææ£æ«ïç) 5) Do you have any friends there?

I haven't (have not) any money/ I don't

(Question

鬕öÀd

any)

Have some coffee sentences (no, not sentences) some, not sentences questions any

™‰E

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ÷EéÀ ®√´ü¿’l) – Éü¿ç-ûª natural é¬ü¿’. Spoken English ™ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ÉC ¢√úø®Ω’. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË sentence –

™, Ö†o ™í¬F/ ™í¬F

Don't come to me any more for help. 3) I don't have any money

¢√-úø-û√ç. 1) They have some books

6) I haven't any= I don't have any.

2) Come no more to me for help

´÷´‚-©’í¬ affirmative

M. SURESAN

(¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√o®·)

I have no money

She has no property

éπØ√o

éπØ√o

7) I haven't had any coffee since morning. (Better than saying, I have had no coffee since morning)

N’í∫û√ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ some ¢√úøéπç éÌçûª ÅF, éÌFo ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√ú≈ç îª÷úøçúÕ.

ņôç,

Practise the following aloud in English. Vinod:

have no friends

better, natural.

EXERCISE

(They haven't (have not) any books) Question:

better, natural.

4) She doesn't have any property

X They do not (don't) have any books

= ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_Í®ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩÷ ™‰´¤.

éπØ√o

ņôç,

(É™« ņôç, I ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç, Ææ£æ«ïç)

ANSWER Vinod: You seem to have some computer books. Can you lend me some?

F ü¿í∫_®Ω computer books à-¢Ó Ö†o-ô’xVikram: Who said so? I don't have any (books on Ø√o®·. Ø√éÌ\-Eo-≤ƒh¢√? computers). Vikram: á´-®Ω-Ø√o®Ω’? Ø√ ü¿í∫_Í®ç computer Vinod: You usually buy, don't you? books ™‰´¤. (¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™‰-´’-Ø√o/- °æ¤Ææh鬙‰-¢ÁjØ√ Vinod: †’´¤y ´÷´‚-©’í¬ éÌçô’ç-ö«´¤ éπü∆? Vikram: I don't have any money. I don't buy (them) ÖØ√oߪ÷?) any more. Vikram: É°æ¤púø’ úø•’s©’ ™‰´¤. éÌ-†-úøç ™‰ü¿’. 2) He wants some more milk. Vinod: They aren't giving me books any more in Vinod: Ç library ™ Ø√éÀçé¬ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-´y-ôç(Åûª-EéÀ ÉçéÌç-îÁç §ƒ©’ 鬢√L) the library. ™‰ ü ¿ ’ . X He doesn't want any more milk. Vikram: Why? Vikram: áçü¿’-éπE? (Åûª-EéÀçé𠧃©-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’) Vinod: Ø√™«çöÀ outsiders éÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æ¤Ææh-é¬ - Vinod: They aren't giving books to outsiders like Question: me any more. L´ y® Ω ô . Does he want any more milk? Vikram: I'm sorry. Why don't you buy? Vikram: I am sorry. é̆’é Ó\´ îª ’ a éπ ü ∆? (Éçé¬ §ƒ©’ 鬢√™«?) Vinod: I haven't the money/ I don't have the money. Å®·ûË éÌ-Eo Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x some, question ™ Vinod: Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. πÿú≈ ¢√-úø-û√ç. -v°æ-¨¡o: 1. say ûª®√yûª to Öçô’çC. ô°æ¤púø’, NØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Å©-¢√ô’°æúÕ a) will you have some more Upma? í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’. tell ûª®√yûª Öçúøü¿’. éÌEo = ÉçéÌçîÁç Ö§ƒt BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√? DEéÀ answer verbs usage ™ confuse - ï - ¢ √- • ’: 1. Say ûª®√yûª to 2. Time is up (Time Å®·-§Úa) not ûÓ: ®·çC). Half an hour is up Å´¤-ûª’Ø√oç. DEéÀ °æJ-≥ƒ\-®Ω- ¢√úøôç, tell ûª®√yûª to ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç ÅØËC English usage ™ ¶µ«í∫ç. No. Thank you. I don't want any (Å®Ω-í∫ç-ô-®·çC). ¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Åçõ‰ ¢√úø’éπ v°æ鬮Ωç ´Ææ’hçC. more. Time is over ÅØËC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. 2. exams ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ time Å®·ûÁ©’-í∫’™ äéπJ O’ü¿ 3. He is in college now = Åûª†’ b) not ™‰èπ◊çú≈: §Ú-ûª’-†oC -Å-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ´’†ç éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC, Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø Thank you. A little more would do. college ™ ÖØ√oúø’ = He is at îÁ§ƒpL? 'O’ü¿— ÅE áçü¿’-éπ-Ø√L Åçõ‰ àç (Éçé¬Ææh 鬢√L) college now. É™«çöÀîÓôx, in, 3. He is in college now, He is îÁ-°æp™‰ç éπü∆? Å™«Íí English ™ at ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø’ûª’çö«®Ω’. ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: at college now. ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? à ´÷ô ´·çü¿÷/- ûª-®√yû√ à àüÁ jØ√ correct. éÌEoîÓôx, in èπ◊ No = not any – Èé.Ç®˝. v°œßª’-ü¿-JzE, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø preposition ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-ØËC îªC-¢Ë´ ·çü¿ ’, 'the' ¢√ú≈-Lq- ®√-´îª’a. eg: Waste no more time = Éçéπ time ´%-ü∑∆ îËßÁ·ü¿’l Do they have any books?/ Have they any books?

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 10 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Govardhan: Where are you going?

(áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢˛?) Sudarsan: No where in particular

(áéπ\-úÕéà ™‰ü¿’/ °∂晫-†-îÓ-öÀ-éπØËç ™‰ü¿’, àüÓ Å™« ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o) Govardhan: (Are you) meeting friends today?

any

b) Kamala: Have you any story books?

(Ñ®ÓV v°∂çú˛qØÁ´-J-ØÁjØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o¢√?) Sudarsan: None

Vimala: I'm sorry I haven't any/ I don't have any. (I haven't any

(á´-JF éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’) Govardhan: Have you today?

(Ç í∫C™ áçûª-´’çC Ŷ«s-®·-©’-Ø√o®Ω’?) Prasanth: There aren't any = á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’ There are not any - ÉC î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬, Ææ®Ωy≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE-°œçîË response. (There are no students at all – ÉC correct Å®·-†-°æpéà spoken English ™ Åçûªí¬ ¢√úøç)

any

programme

(Ñ®ÓV àüÁjØ√ 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç Öçü∆?) Sudarsan: None at all

ÅØËC áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’) ®Ω÷°æç™) spo™ î√™« v§ƒüµ∆†uç Ö-Ø√o®·. ´’† Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ üµ¿yEç-î√-©çõ‰ OöÀE ¶«í¬ Åüµ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËÆœ ¢√úø-í∫-©-í¬L. some, any, not any (n't any ken English conversation

Look at the following sentences:

(ÅÆæ™‰ç ™‰ü¿’)

a) Ram: I want some paper. Have you any?

Govardhan: You were asking me for Sekhar's address. What do you want from him?

(†’´¤y ¨Ïê®˝ ÅvúøÆˇ ÅúÕ-í¬´¤. ¢√úÕ†’ç* à´’Ø√o 鬢√™«?)

(Ø√èπ◊ é¬ÆæhÊ°°æ®˝ Öçü∆?)

鬢√L. Fü¿-í∫_-Í®-´’Ø√o

Laxman: I have some/ I do have some, but I can't lend you any. I need all of it now.

Sudarsan: Nothing. I just wanted to see him.

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ÖçC/ Öçúø-ö«-E-ÈéjûË ÖçC, é¬F (àç Åéπ\Í®xü¿’. ¢√úÕE îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o†’)

(ØËØËç ņ-™‰ü¿’)

(Å¢Á’-Jé¬ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢Á∞«x¢√?)

c) Sankar: who told you to do that?

Suresh: a) Never. (short response - one word)

(EØÁo-´®Ω’ îËߪ’-´’-Ø√o-®ΩC?)

b) I haven't been there at any time / so far.

Brahmam: Nobody.

(á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’) É™« é¬ü¿’, ™‰ü¿’ ÅE ´·éπh-Ææ-Jí¬ responses ÉîËaô°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, no, no combinations ¢√úøû√ç. d) Sudhakar: How many books will you give me?

(ÉCíÓ Ñ Æœx°ˇ™ ¢√úÕ ÅvúøÆˇ ÖçC. ¢√úÕE áçü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ ?)

short negative responses:

1) Govardhan: Where are you going? Sudarsan: No where (in particular)

e) Suman: How many has he given you?

(áéπ\-úÕéà ™‰ü¿’) 2) Govardhan: (Are you) friends?

Sunil: None/ He hasn't given me any.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

îª÷úøçúÕ. short response Å®·ûË None ÅØËÆœ ÇÊ°≤ƒhç. ÅüË sentence Å®·ûË, He

225

(í¬uÆˇ ÆœLç-úø®˝ à´’Ø√o É°œpç-îª-í∫-©-úË¢Á÷-†E)

(™‰ü¿’) 3) Govardhan: Have you any programme

(ÅÆæ-™‰ç- ™‰ü¿’) (-¢√-úø’ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©-úøØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC.) Sudarsan: But today is Sunday. Is there anything he can do?

(é¬F É¢√y∞¡ ÇC-¢√®Ωç. -¢√-úø’ îËߪ’í∫-L-Íí-üË-´’Ø√o Öçü∆?) Govardhan: Nothing, I'm afraid.

(à癉ü¿’) I'm afraid – Å™« îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. Sudarsan: So I've to wait till tomorrow. We have to make do with the Kerosene stove at home.

(Åçõ‰ Í®°æöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷ú≈LqçüË. Åçûª´®Ωèπ◊ éÀ®ÓÆœØ˛Æd¢æ ˛ûÓ Ææ®Ω’léÓ-¢√-LqçüË.) [ [ [ éÀçü¿öÀ ™„Ææ-Ø˛™ îª÷¨»ç ´’†ç. No = not any ÅE. Spoken English ™ ûª®Ωîª÷, no •ü¿’©’ not any ¢√úøôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ææ£æ«ïç (natural) ÅE èπÿú≈. There is no sugar in the bowl ™«çöÀ sentences conversational English ™ î√™« ÅÆæ£æ«-ïçí¬ NE°œ-Ææ’hçC.There is no sugar in the bowl •ü¿’©’, There isn't (is not) any sugar in the bowl ÅØËC spoken English ™ áèπ◊\´ NE°œÆæ’hç-ô’çC, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ üµ¿yE-Ææ’hçC èπÿú≈. (´·êu N-≠æߪ’ç: No any áéπ\-ú≈ -¢√úøç. There is no any sugar in the bowl. ÉC English é¬ü¿’. Not... any î√™« ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ´Ææ’hçC; no any á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’) a) Subodh: How many boys are there in the room?

Spoken English

today?

FÍéç É´y-™‰†’. Å´Fo/ Åü¿çû√ Ø√èπ◊ 鬢√L. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆:

Govardhan: I am sure he can help you.

any

Sudarsan: None.

Govardhan: How much gas have you at home now?

(Éçöx í¬uÆˇ áçûª’çC?)

meeting

HAVE YOU ANY PROGRAMME TODAY?

Sudarsan: I wonder if he can help me get a gas cylinder.

Sudarsan: Nil.

™

Let's study the following exchanges from the conversation at the beginning of this lesson:

É´Fo èπÿú≈

(áEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-≤ƒh´¤ Ø√èπ◊?) àO É´y†’) É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ.

Prabhakar: None. (None -

(Åûªúø’ FÈéEoî√aúø’?)

Govardhan: Here you are. This slip has his address. Why are you going to see him?

(I have never been there - spoken form

ÉC Å®Ω’ü¿’ )

not... any has'nt, given me any, no, no combinations not... any

ÅE

Åçô’Ø√oç. ÉD, éà ֆo ûËú≈.

Paper, uncountable papers plural paper a/ an, 1, 2, 3

ÅE ´·çü¿’ ™«çöÀ Ææçêu©÷-¢√úøç. ÉC ´’†ç M. SURESAN ®√ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, printing èπ◊¢√úË paper N≠æ-ߪ’ç™) 鬕öÀd ´’† conversation ™ ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd no •ü¿’©’, not any (n't any) ¢√úøôç conversation Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x îËÆæ’hçC. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ: b) There are no good watches in the shop = There aren't any good watches in the shop. There aren't any good watches There are no good watches...

Ééπ\úø

èπÿ,

f) Prem: Who did you consult about this?

Åçõ‰ ¢√úøç;

ņôç, éπØ√o Ææ®Ω∞¡ç,

Ææ£æ«ïç. c) His watch is no better than mine =

Ø√ ¢√--î˝ éπçõ‰- Åûª-úÕ ¢√--î˝ Â°ü¿l-¢Á’-®Ω’ÈíjçüËO’ é¬ü¿’ – DEo É™« ņôç better. His watch isn't any better than mine (spoken form)

Å®·ûË 'no' form ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úø-®ΩE é¬ü¿’. 'No' form èπÿú≈ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç, ´·êuçí¬ ™‰ü¿’, é¬ü¿’, ÅE ´·éπh-Ææ-Jí¬ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’ (short negative responses) ÉîËaô-°æ¤púø’, Look at the following sentences: a) Balu: How many students have come?

(áçûª-´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n-™Ô-î√a®Ω’?) Sekhar: None/ No one

(á´®Ω÷ ®√™‰ü¿’) b) Balu: What did you say?

(à´’-Ø√o´‹?) Subha: Nothing = (I said nothing)

Sudarsan: None (at all) =

ÅÆæ©’ ™‰ü¿’. 4) Govardhan: What do you want from him? Sudarsan: Nothing.

(Ñ N≠æߪ’ç™ á´JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√´¤?) Syam: a) None (short negative response) b) I didn't consult anyone (sentence) (I consulted no one

Sudarsan: Nil.

ņ-ç)

g) Sri Ram: Where did you go last night?

b) I didn't go anywhere (sentence)

ņç)

no, no combination (none, never, no where, nil short nagative responses sentence not... any short negative response

É™«

™«çöÀN) èπ◊ ´·êuçí¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Åçö«ç. -™ á°æ¤púø÷ äéπ-´÷õ‰ Öçô’çC.

(ÅÆæ™‰ç ™‰ü¿’) 6) Sudarsan: Is there anything he can do? Govardhan: Nothing.

(E†o ®√vA áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x¢˛?) Srihari: a) No where (short response- nagative) (I went no where

(àç Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’) 5) Govardhan: How much gas have you...?

Å®·ûË

(àç ™‰ü¿’) Å®·ûË Ñ Short nagative responses ÉîËaô°æ¤púø’, I'm sorry, I'm afraid, I wonder ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-´îª’a. a) Prakash: Can you lend me some money? Prabhat: I'm afraid, no / No, I'm afraid / I'm sorry, no / No, I'm sorry. b) Sumanth: Is your dad coming? Srikanth: I wonder. (=No)

h) Ramesh: Have you ever been to the US?

Exercise: Practise the following aloud in English. (use short negative responses) Gopal:

á´-JE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ E†o? Govind: á´JF éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Gopal: ´’È®-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x´¤ E†o ®√vA? Govind: áéπ\-úÕéà ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. Gopal: Å®·ûË Éçöx èπÿ®ÌaE àçîË-¨»´¤? Govind: àO’ îÁߪ’u-™‰ü¿’. öÀ.N. îª÷¨». Gopal: áEo áéπq®˝ÂÆj-V-©’ î˨»´¤?Govind: äéπ\öà îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Gopal: -öÃ-O-™  áEo Æ‘-J-ߪ’-™ ¸q îª÷¨»´¤? Govind: àD îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. -véÀÈé-ö¸ îª÷¨».

ANSWER Gopal: Who did you meet yesterday? Govind: None / Nobody Gopal: Then where did you go last night? Govind: No where Gopal: What did you do sitting at home then? Govind: Nothing. I just watched the TV Gopal: How many exercises did you do? Govind: None. Gopal: How many serials did you watch? Govind: None. I watched cricket.

Ñ

short negative responses

not... any

ûÓ ÖçúË

èπ◊ •ü¿’©’,

sentences practice

îËߪ’çúÕ.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 12 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Madhavi: Your place looks beautiful what with the white wash and paints.

(¢Á©x ¢Ëߪ’ôç, ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ëߪ’-ôç-´©x O’ É©’x Åçü¿çí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC.) Sridevi: I told you, my sister is getting married in a month, so we had the whole building done up. Dad got it white washed and painted.

Sridevi: We have to get the invitation cards printed. We have the list of invitees ready. We expect the cards to be ready by tomorrow, but we will start posting them a little later. Inviting now will be too early. People may forget.

(¨¡Ÿ¶µº-™‰-ê©’ ´÷vûªç Åa-é¬-¢√L. Ç£æ…yE-ûª’© ñ«Gû√ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖçC. Í®°æ-öÀéÀ cards ®√´îª’a. é¬E °æç°æôç ´÷vûªç éÌEo ®ÓV© ûª®√yûª îË≤ƒhç. É°æ¤púË °œLÊÆh ´’K ´·çü¿-®Ω-´¤-ûª’çC. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-´îª’a)

(îÁ§ƒp†’ í∫ü∆, ã ØÁ©-™í¬ ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u °Rx. Åçü¿’-éπE É©xçû√ Æœü¿l¥ç î˨»ç. Ø√†o ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á©x, ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ë®·ç-î√®Ω’.) Do up = Æœü¿l¥ç îËߪ’ôç Madhavi: Who were the workers? I must say they did a good job of it. I will suggest dad that he hire them too for our home.

Madhavi: OK. Then. I must be going. I have to get my clothes washed and ironed.

(ØË¢Á-∞«xL ´’J. Ø√ •ôd©’ ÖA-éÀç* ÉÆ‘Y îË®·ç--éÓ-¢√L.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Sridevi: Bye then.

226

2

☯

☯

☯

☯

3)

Åûª†’ Éçöx

fans

ÅFo ûª’úÕ-°œç-î√úø’ =

He had all the fans at home cleaned (had ... cleaned (past participle)) 4) The TV isn't all right. I'll have to get it repaired. (TV

ÆæJí¬ ™‰ü¿’. ü∆Eo

repair

îË®·ç-î√L.)

have to get it repaired (past participle)

Ééπ\úø ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC: °j† ûÁL-°œ† °æ†’-©Fo ´’†ç-ûªô ´’†ç îËߪ’ç. ¢√öÀE îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡x îËûª îË®·≤ƒhç. Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ have/ get + something + done (past participle) by someone Åçö«ç.

We had it done on contract

b) He some how got/ had the meeting postponed =

¢Á·û√h-EéÀ, Åûª†’ meeting †’ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ë®·ç-î√úø’. ÉO have/ got + something + past participle Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’: Now let's look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1) We had the whole building done up = (had + the whole building + done (past participle) =

¢Ë’ç

building

¢Á·ûªhç Æœü¿l¥ç îË®·çî√ç = Åçû√ contract ûÓ îË®·çî√ç ¢Ë’ç.

2) We had it done on contract

had it done - had + it + done (past participle) 3) You can have anything readied in no time =

(°æE-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω’? °æ†çû√ ¶«í¬ØË î˨»-®ΩE îÁ§ƒpL. ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ îÁ§ƒh, ´÷ ÉçöÀ °æEéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡xØË Â°ô’d-éÓ-´’E.) Do a good job of something =

äéπ °æEE ÆæJí¬/ ûª%°œh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ îËߪ’ôç. Hire = (£æ«ßª’) ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – ÅüÁlèπ◊ BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. Ééπ\-úø®Ωnç – ã °æE-Èé-´-J-ØÁjØ√ èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç. Sridevi: We had it done on contract. Dad's friend is a small time civil contractor. He got everything done for us.

(Åçû√ contract °æE-¢√∞¡xûÓ îË®·çî√ç. Ø√†o v°∂çú˛ äéπ *†o ÆœN™¸ é¬çvö«-éπd®˝. Çߪ’† ´÷éπFo îË®·ç-î√úø’.) Madhavi: How are the other preparations going on?

(Éûª®Ω -à®√p-ôx-Fo ᙫ ≤ƒí∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®·?) Sridevi: Briskly, of course. You know, all that matters is money. Once you have enough of it you can have anything readied in no time.

(®Ω’í¬_ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®·. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ. ÅEo-öÀéà ´·êuç úø•’s. ÅC-í∫-†éπ î√L-†çûª Öçõ‰ üËØÁj oØ√ éπ~ùç™ Æœü¿l¥ç îËßÁ·îª’a.) All that matters = ÅÆæ©’ N≠æߪ’ç/ ´·êu-¢Á’içC ÅEoçö«. In no time = éπ~ùç™ briskly = ®Ω’í¬_/ îªéπ-îªé¬ Madhavi: That's true. What about wedding shopping?

(°RxéÀ éÌØ√-Lq† ´Ææ’h-´¤© N≠æߪ’ç?) Sridevi: Most of it, over. Sister is getting all her dresses stitched, and some blouses too. She has fall sewn up for her saris.

(áèπ◊\-´-¶µ«í∫ç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ûª† dresses ÅFo èπ◊öÀdç-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çC. éÌEo blouses èπÿú≈ Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. <®Ω-©èπ◊ falls èπÿú≈ èπ◊öÀdç-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. Sewn (≤ÚØ˛) - past participle of sew. sew - pronunciation - ≤Ú (no ™«í¬) = èπ◊ôdúøç. Madhavi: So things are going on well.

Spoken English

a) The teacher made him study = Teacher

Doctor

®ÓT ECG B®·ç-î√úø’. (had •ü¿’©’ got ¢√úø-´îª’a.) structure: had/ got + the patient's ECG + taken (past participle) 2) She had/ got her daughter's birth chart prepared =

M. SURESAN

ÅûªúÕ îËûª îªC-Nç-î√úø’.

b) Hari made the little boy walk the whole distance

= £æ«J Ç °œ™«xúÕûÓ Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ-°œç-î√úø’/ †úÕ-îËô’x î˨»úø’.

c) In government offices the staff make people wait =

(v°æ¶µº’ûªy 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-™ xE Æœ•sçC v°æï-©†’ é¬îª’-èπ◊ØËô’x îË≤ƒh®Ω’.) Åçõ‰ îË®·ç-îªôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ... make (someone) do (something) Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË ÉC àüÓ •©-´ç-ûªç-í¬-í¬F, ã Péπ~-™«-í¬F ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. È®çúÓ N≠æߪ’ç. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x make (îË®·çîªôç) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕûË, make ûª®√yûª to ®√ü¿’.

Ç¢Á’ ûª† èπÿûª’J ñ«ûªéπ îªvéπç ¢Ë®·ç-*çC. Birth chart = ñ«ûªéπ îªvéπç – °æ¤ô’déπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ví∫£æ«ç, †éπ~-vû√© ≤ƒnØ√-©†’ ûÁLÊ° í∫∞¡x °æöÀdéπ. 3) The minister used his influence and got the prime price of land sold to his son-in-law.

ûª† °æ©’-èπ◊-•-úÕûÓ ´’çvA î√™« N©’-´¤†o ¶µº÷N’E ûª† Å©’x-úÕéÀ ÅN’tç-î√úø’. ÉD have/ got + something + past participle ¢√úøéπç. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. a) ÆæÈ®j† manager Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ °æE °æ‹Jh îË®·-≤ƒhúø’ A good/ an efficient manager gets the work done on time.

Ééπ\úø

gets

•ü¿’©’

has

éπ~ùç™ àüÁjØ√ Æœü¿l¥ç îË®·ç-îª-´îª’a. have + anything + readied (past participle) 4) Sister is getting all her dresses stitched =

Åéπ\ߪ’u ûª† -èπ◊ç-öçC.

dresses

ÅEoöÀF èπ◊öÀdç-

(getting + dresses + stitched - past participle) 5) She has falls sewn up for her saris =

<®Ω-©èπ◊

falls

èπ◊öÀdç--èπ◊ç-öçC.

has + falls + sewn (past participle) 6) We have to get invitation cards printed =

¨¡Ÿ¶µº-™‰-ê©’ ÅîËa-®·ç-î√L. get (have) + invitation cards + printed (past participle) 7) I have to get my clothes washed and ironed

•ôd©’ ÖA-éÀç* ÉÆ‘Y îË®·ç--éÓ-¢√L. get (have) + my clothes + washed and ironed (past participle).

èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

He made me do the work =

Ø√îË °æE îË®·ç-î√úø’. (He made me to do the work

é¬ü¿’) Å®·ûË make ... do ÅEoîÓö«x èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. éÌEo éÌEo °æ†’©’ ´’†ç îËߪ’ç. ¢√öÀE úøGs*aí¬F, ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ô-°öÀdí¬F îË®·ç--éÌçö«ç. ´·êuçí¬ ´’†ç §ÒçüË ÊÆ´©’. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ make (someone) do (something) ®√ü¿’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’– a) ... have something done by someone OR b) ... get something done by someone,

Åçö«ç.

1) Hari has his house white washed regularlyonce in two years. (£æ«J ûª† ÉçöÀéÀ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ¢Á©x-¢Ë-®·-≤ƒhúø’– È®çúË-∞¡x-éÓ-≤ƒJ) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Hari has ... whitewashed. whitewashed Ééπ\úø past participle. 2) Tarun: How about lending me your bike for a day? bike

(F

Ø√éÃ-®Ó-V-éÀ-≤ƒh¢√?)

Varun: Take it, but have it filled.

(BÆæ’éÓ, é¬F

(ÅFo Æævéπ-´’çí¬ ïJ-T-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o-ߪ’-®·ûË)

1) The doctor had the patient's ECG taken.

°æ†’©’ ´’†ç îË≤ƒhç. Éûª-®Ω’©ûÓ îË®·≤ƒhç. ´’†ç îËߪ’ôç Å®·ûË, We do something. Éûª®Ω’©ûÓ îË®·ç-îªôç ņö«-EéÀ, we make others do it, Åçö«ç.

petrol

§Ú®·ç.)

have + it + filled (past participle)

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH Vennela: Fridge repair

àüÓ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿-Ø√o´¤. îË®·ç-î√¢√? Purnima: Ç– îË®·ç-î √†’. §Ú®·† ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç. ´’Sx É°æ¤púø’ ÆæJí¬ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ô癉ü¿’. Vennela: Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œ† mechanic ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª-úÕûÓ îË®·ü∆lç Ñ≤ƒJ. Purnima: ´÷ Çߪ’† ÅØ√o®Ω’, exchange offer àüÓ Öçü¿E. éÌûªh fridge ûÓ ´÷Jpç--èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Vennela: Å®·ûË, é¬F. Purnima: ´’Sx ÅüË brand fridge ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. ÅC Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. Vennela: Å®·ûË àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Purnima: ÉC ´÷ mechanic ûÓ ÅN’tç* éÌûªhC ¢ËÍ® éÌçü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Vennela: ÅüË ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.

ANSWER Vennela: You were saying your fridge was out of order. Did you get/ have it repaired? Purnima: I had it repaired last saturday but it has gone out of order again. Vennela: I know a good mechanic. This time you get/ have it repaired by him. Purnima: My husband has told me of an exchange offer. I want to have this one exchanged for a new one. Vennela: Go ahead then. Purnima: But we get the same brand again. I don't like it. Vennela: So what are you going to do? Purnima: I want to have/ get it sold by our mechanic and buy a new one. Vennela: That's better.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 14 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Bhaskar: Why are you smiling?

(Å®·ûË Ø√ ¶«üµ¿ ¢ËÍ®-®Ωéπç. ´÷ Ø√†o Ø√-ûÓ ÅEo®Ω鬩 °æ†’©’ îË®·-≤ƒhúø’. ÅüÌ-éπ\õ‰ Ææ´’Ææu.)

(áçü¿’èπ◊ †´¤y-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Himakar: We had our uncle here yesterday. All the time he was here he had us in stitches of laughter. He has many jokes.

Himakar: Even there my dad's different. He will not have me doing any job. He does all jobs by himself. OK. I must be going. Bye.

(E†o ´÷´’ߪ’u ´î√aúø’. Ö†oçûªÊÆ°æ‹ éπúø’-°æ¤•s †NyÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’. Çߪ’† î√™« ñé˙q ¢Ë≤ƒhúø’) stitches of laughter = Ç°æ¤-éÓ-™‰E †´¤y. Bhaskar: But why are you laughing now?




(Åéπ\úø èπÿú≈ ´÷ Ø√†o ûËú≈ØË. Å-Eo °æ†’©÷ Çߪ’ØË îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. ÆæÍ®. ØË ¢Á∞«xL. Bye)








conversation Have Spoken English

™ have Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷úøçúÕ. èπ◊ -Ö†o î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬™x ÉüÌ-éπöÀ. ÉC ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. Ñ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ î√-™« v§ƒ´·êu-´·çC. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

(Å®·ûË É°æ¤p-úÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ †´¤y-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)

°j

Himakar: I remembered one of his jokes and that forced me to laugh.

(Çߪ’† ñé˙q™ äéπöÀ í∫’®Ω’h-éÌ-*açC. ÅC Ø√èπ◊ †´¤y ûÁ°œpç-*çC) Bhaskar: We wish to have around people making enjoy fun, don't we?

don't / doesn't / can't / won't have someone doing something =

á´-È®j oØ√ àü¿-®·Ø√ °æE

îËߪ’-E-´y-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. a) She doesn't have her husband talking badly about her parents =

-Ç-¢Á’ ûª† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©†’ í∫’Jç* ûª† ¶µº®Ωh†’ îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-E-´y-ü¿-Ææ©’. b) Sita: Dad, I want to do combined study

(Ææ®Ωü∆ éπL-TçîË ´’†’-≠æfl©’ ´’† °æéπ\-† -Öç--ú≈-©-E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊çö«ç éπü∆?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Himakar: We do, certainly.

with savithri at her home.

227

b) don't / doesn't / can't / won't / couldn't / wouldn't have someone do something Conversation practice

(äéπ-JE äéπ °æE-îË-ߪ’-E-´y-éπ-§Ú-´ôç). ™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. 鬕öÀd îËߪ’çúÕ. O’®Ω’ èπÿú≈

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) ... he had us laughing with his jokes =

´’´’tLo Çߪ’†

(؈’ ≤ƒN-vAûÓ éπLÆœ îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ--´ö«-EéÀ, ûª† ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.)

jokes

ûÓ †Nyç-îË-¨»úø’.

2) We wish to have around people making us enjoy fun =

(Å´¤†’, éπ*a-ûªçí¬) Bhaskar: He was here yesterday, wasn't he?

He will not have me doing any job

(E†o éπü∆ Çߪ’-E-éπ\-úø’çC?) Himakar: He was on his way to Ooty. He would have me accompany him, but dad didn't like to have me wasting my time when the exams are so close.

a) Hari's wife has him do/ doing all the work at home =

Éçûª-®√-vûª-°æ¤pú≈? -ØË-†’ -E-†’o Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ äçôJí¬ ¢Á∞¡x-E-´y†’.

£æ«J ¶µ«®Ωu Åûª-úÕ-ûÓ -ÅEo °æ†’©÷ îË®·ç--èπ◊ç-ô’çC.

Bhaskar: My dad's the opposite. He would have me going around places, exams or no exams. Not that he would have me neglecting my studies, but he leaves it to me.

b) The teacher had the boys decorate the school for the school anniversary =

c) The husband had the wife wash / washing and iron / ironing all his clothes =

Ç ¶µº®Ωh ¶µ«®ΩuîË ÅûªúÕ •ôd©’ ÖA-éÀç* ÉÆ‘Y îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ-™ have someone do / doing something Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç – äéπJ îËûª äéπ °æE îË®·ç--éÓ-´ôç – •A-´÷™, ¶„C-JçîÓ, Çñ«c-°œçîÓ. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.

Himakar: You're lucky there. My mom doesn't have me leave my books either.

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ †’´y-ü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-úÕN. ´÷ Å´’t -èπÿú≈ ††’o °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™Ô-ü¿-©-E-´yü¿’.)

d) She had me doing all kinds of jobs for her =

Bhaskar: But my trouble is of a different kind. My dad has me doing all kinds of jobs at home. That's the only problem.

Ø√îËûª Ç¢Á’ ÅEo °æ†’©÷ îË®·ç--èπ◊çC. DEéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ´’†ç á´®ΩoØ√o -àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-E-´y-éπ-§ÚûË Å°æ¤púø’–

¢√úÕûË ü∆E Å®Ωnç

àN’öÀ? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù É´yçúÕ.

3) He would have me accompany him to Ooty =

Çߪ’-†ûÓ ††’o ÜöÃéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«x-©E Çߪ’† éÓJéπ. M. SURESAN

sentence perfect participle sentence ' After we had rested we continued our journey' perfect participle

èπ◊ äéπ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù. °j

E í¬ á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’?°j ®√ßÁ·îª’a éπü∆! Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? iii) éÀçC sentences Å-Fo O’®Ω’ îÁ°œp† 'six forms of verb' v°æ鬮Ωç correct í¬ØË ÖØ√o®·. OöÀ Å®√n©’, ÉN à tense ™ ÖØ√oßÁ÷ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. 1. They could be going there. 2. They would be going there. 3. They should have been going. 5. They can have done it.

Spoken English

îË®·ç-îª-ôç É≠ædç

6) Not that he would have me neglecting my studies =

(ØËEçéÓ éπ°æ¤p 鬰∂‘ û√í∫Ø√?) Kusuma: Not any more, son. I won't have you spoiling your health.

(ÉçÍéç ™‰ü¿’. E†’o Ç®Óí∫uç §ƒúø’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-E-´y†’.) e) The teacher won't have her pupils playing in the rain =

††’o Ü∞¡Ÿx A§ƒp-©çõ‰ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ É≠ædç. ††’o îªü¿’´¤ ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-îË™« îËߪ÷-©E é¬ü¿’. 7) My mom doesn't have me leave my books

´÷ Å´’t ††’o °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ´ü¿-©-E-´yü¿’. 8) My dad has me doing all work at home =

´÷ Ø√†o Ø√îËûª ÅEo °æ†’©÷ îË®·-≤ƒhúø’. 9) He will not have me doing any job =

Çߪ’† Ø√îËûª à °æF îË®·ç-îª-E-´yúø’. öÃ˝ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ ´®Ω{ç™ Çúø’-éÓ-E-´yü¿’. É™« a) have someone do something (äéπ-J-îËûª ã °æE-îË-®·ç-îªôç);

-ï-¢√-•’: i) would have + pp Å®Ωnç = í∫ûªç™ äéπ °æE ïJ-í∫’ç-úËüË a) Hari would have attended the meeting =

£æ«J meeting èπ◊

¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úË-¢√-úË- é¬E ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. b) The police would have caught the thief (if they had seen him)=

§ÚM-Ææ’©’ üÌçí∫†’ °æô’d-éÓ-†’ç-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. (¢√∞¡}ûªEo îª÷Ææ’çõ‰) – îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’, °æô’d-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. ii) Having rested, we continued our journey- D†®Ωnç– Nv¨»çA BÆæ’éÓ-´-ôçûÓ (Åçü¿’-´©x) ¢Ë’ç v°æߪ÷ùç é̆-≤ƒ-Tçî√ç – ÅE. Nv¨»çA BÆæ’èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª v°æߪ÷ùç é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-î√ç ņ-ö«-EéÀ, After having rested, we ... journey Åçõ‰ØË After we had rested, we continued our journey ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Having + pp éÀ, Åçü¿’-îËûª, Åçü¿’-´©x ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ÅC ؈’ îª÷Æœ-†ç-ü¿’-´©x (îª÷-úø-ôçûÓ) †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’.

– áÆˇ. ñ«Ææ-Ø˛, äçíÓ©’

time waste

d) Kumar: Mom, can I have one more cup of coffee?

b) Having started it, he didn't like to stop it =

6. They may have done it.

Ø√†oèπ◊ Ø√ îËûª ™‰ü¿’.

5) ... He would have me going around place

a) Having seen it I believe it =

4. They would have been going.

4) ... dad didn't like to have me wasting my time =

ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ûª´’ °œ©xLo Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’E-´y®Ω’.

é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’ ÅE.

ii) 'Having rested, we continued our Journey'.

°j

Ææ®Ωü∆ éπL-Tç* †Nyç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’† °æéπ\-† Öçú≈©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊çö«ç.

c) Parents can't have their children wasting time =

Ææ÷\™¸ ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq-¢√-EéÀ °œ©x©îË Ææ÷\™¸†’ Å©ç-éπJç-îËô’x î˨»úø’.

(´÷ Ø√†o DEéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç. ؈÷∞¡Ÿx A®Ω-í∫úøç Çߪ’-†-éÀ-≠æd¢Ë’, °æK-éπ~-©’Ø√o, ™‰èπ◊Ø√o. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ îªü¿’´¤ ÖÊ°-éÀ~ÊÆh Çߪ’† Ü®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ö«-úøE é¬ü¿’, é¬F Ø√Íé ´C-™‰-≤ƒh®Ω’)

would have + P.P.

Rao: At this hour of the night? No. I can't have you going out alone.

ÉD ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’-†o Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. É™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç äéπ-J-îË äéπ -°æE îË®·ç-éÓ-´ôç – †îªa-ñ„§Úp, Çïc-í¬ØÓ.

(Çߪ’† Üöà ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. ؈÷ ûª†ûÓ ¢Á∞«x-©E Çߪ’† éÓJéπ. é¬F ´÷ Ø√†o Ø√ °æK-éπ~©’ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æúø’-ûª’ç-úøôçûÓ, ؈’ time waste îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ Çߪ’† ä°æ¤p-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) Sentence ™

Have/ has (someone) do (ing) something have have

v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-*ç-ûª-®√yûª (Åçü¿’-´©x), Åûª-†C Ç°æ-ö«-E-éÀ-≠d-°æ æ-úø-™‰ü¿’.

iii) 1) They could be going there =

¢√∞¡x-éπ\-úÕéÀ -É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡⁄hç-úø´îª’a. v°æÆæ’hûªç ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’ßË’u N≠æߪ’ç (possibility in the present) †’ ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. Present tense. Even as we are planning to do it, they could be doing it =

´’†ç ÅC-°æ¤púø’ îËü∆lç ÅE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†o-°æ¤púË ¢√∞¡xC îËÊÆ-Ææ÷hç-úø-´îª’a. 2) They would be going there = ¢√∞¡x-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o®Ω’ (would be going = wish to be going) - Present tense - é¬E ÉC ÅEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ÆæJ-é¬-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. 3) They should have been going = ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á∞¡⁄hç-ú≈Lqç-C-°æ¤púø’, é¬E ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd tense. 4) They would have been going = í∫ûªç™ ¢Á∞¡⁄hç-úË-¢√-∞Ïx- é¬E ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ – Past tense. 5) They can have done it - ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËߪ’-í∫-L-T-†-¢√∞Ïx – îËÆæ’ç-úÌ-a/™‰ü¿’– DE use é¬Ææh ÅÆæp≠ædç. Tense - Present tense. 6) They may have done it - îËÆæ’ç-úÌa. îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa èπÿú≈ – ÆæçüË£æ«ç. Tense - Present tense.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 16 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ranjan: Dhanraj, why did you get your shirts stitched? You could have bought ready - to - wear ones.

Ranjan: That's an idea. In case he isn't able to help us let's get some other classmate to get interested in it.

shirts èπ◊öÀdç-î √´¤?ready é̆’-éÓ\-†’ç-úÌ-aí¬) éÌûªh´÷ô ready made èπ◊

(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC idea. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ Åûª†’ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o classmate †’ ÇÆæéÀh §ÒçüËô’x îË-ü∆lç)

(áçü¿’èπ◊ F

made shirts

ready - to - wear

Dhanraj: Ready - to - wear ones don't suit our specifications. You've to buy them and get them altered again. I don't have the patience. Even if we get the shop man to alter it, it doesn't suit us exactly. (Ready made

•ôd©’ Ø√ éÌ©-ûª-©èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú´¤. ÅC éÌçõ‰ ´’Sx ´’†ç ü∆Eo shop ¢√úÕ-ûÓ ´÷Jpç--éÓ-¢√Lq Öçô’çC. Åçûª ã°œéπ Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. Shop ¢√úÕ-îËûª ´÷Jpç-*Ø√ Åü¿çûª °æ‹Jhí¬ suit Å´ü¿’) specifications = 鬴-©-Æ œ† N´-®√© v°æ鬮Ωç

Dhanraj: Let's get some high school students to collect samples. (samples high school Ranjan: My uncle is a teacher in a high school nearby. I will get him to give us a list of ten students.

ÊÆéπ-Jç-îª-ö«-EéÀ éÌçûª-´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ °ô’d-èπ◊çü∆ç)

(´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u, ü¿í∫_ͮֆo high school ™ teacher. Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ã °æC´’çC ñ«Gû√ BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç)

°æE á°æ¤púÓ v§ƒ®ΩçGµç-ç-ú≈LqçC)

228

Å™« îË®·ç--éÓ-´ôç ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ have ¢√úø-í∫-LT† îÓô™«x get ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´’†ç éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ have èπ◊ -Ö†o ÉçéÓ ¢√úøéπç èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç, -Ñ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-™«x...

M. SURESAN

(Ç... éÌ-Eo≤ƒ®Ω’x ´’† tailor èπÿú≈ ÆæJí¬ èπ◊ôd-èπ◊çú≈ §ƒúø’-îË-ßÁ’a.) Dhanraj: You can get your tailor to restitch them again.

(´’†

tailor

îËûª ´’Sx èπ◊öÀdç--éÓ-´îª’a)

Ranjan: That's OK. But my preference is always for ready made ones.

(Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç É≠ædç.)

ready made

Åçõ‰-ØË

Dhanraj: OK. By the way, we have an assignment to submit next week. I think we can get Neeraj to help us in the assignment. He is good at these things.

Ranjan: We shall start preparing the questionnaire this evening.

(Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’ ´’†ç v°æ¨»o-´R °æ‹JhîËü∆lç.) Questionnaire = Èéy¨¡a-ØË-Å = Ææ´÷-î √®Ω ÊÆéπ-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îËÊÆ v°æ¨¡o© ñ«Gû√ Dhanraj: OK. Let's meet at 4 in the evening. Ranjan: Bye.











äéπ-J-îËûª ã °æE îË®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ make, have ᙫ ¢√úø-û√¢Á÷ éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Å™«Íí ÅüË ¶µ«´ç ®√´-ö«-EéÀ, get èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. 1) He had his bike repaired = Åûª†’ bike repair îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ = He got his bike repaired.

2) She had her dresses ironed = She got her dresses ironed.

Ç¢Á’ ûª†

(-Å-C ÆæÍ® é¬F ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç ´îËa-¢√®Ωç assignment °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷L éπü∆. DE™ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ F®Ω-ñ ¸†’ °œ©’-ü∆l-´’†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ÅûªEéÀô’-´çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.)

•ôd©’ ÉÆ‘Y îË®·ç--èπ◊çC =

3) She had herself treated by Dr.Vaid = Dr.Vaid She got herself treated by Dr.Vaid.

îËûª Ç¢Á’ ¢Ájü¿uç îË®·ç--èπ◊çC =

-v°æ-¨¡o:

-ï-¢√-•’:

To be

To be

-á-™« -¢√-úø-û√®Ω’? As, like ™« (´™„, ´÷C-Jí¬) Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçü∆?To be Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?To be Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬Eo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ -N-´-Jçîªí∫-©®Ω’. That man appears to be a thief. That man appears like a thief.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

to be, like

©

It is said that he is honest. He is said to be honest. It is said that he was honest. He is said to have been honest. She is reputed to be a good teacher. That liar deserves to be thrashed. I should like to be a doctor. He dares to do what he thinks to be right. How is its saltiness to be restored.

– á-Æˇ.í∫-ù‰-≠ˇ, Nï-ߪ’-†-í∫®Ωç.

Spoken English

ÅØËC infinitive ´‚© ®Ω÷°æç. To be ¢√úøéπç ¢√éπuç Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd Öçô’çC. 'í¬— ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. He appears to be a thief= ÅûªØÓ üÌçí∫í¬ éπE°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.He appears like a thief ÅØË sentence correct é¬ü¿’. appear ™ØË '™«— (´™„) Å-†o Å®Ωnç ÖçC 鬕öÀd, He appears like a thief éπØ√o, He appears to be a thief correct. Å®·ûË, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd, It appears like that ÅE Åçô’çö«ç (Åü¿™« éπE°œ-≤ÚhçC ņo Å®ΩnçûÓ). To be Åçõ‰ Öçúøôç. Like Åçõ‰ ´™„/- ™«í¬. 鬕öÀd É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u--™x To be éÀ like èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. äéπ-öÀ-鬴¤. To be Åçõ‰ Öçúøôç ÅEí¬F, 'í¬— ÅEí¬-F Å®Ωnç. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ 'to be' •ü¿’©’ 'as' ®√´îª’a– 'í¬— -Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. O’®Ω’ü¿£æ«-Jç-*† sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ to be éÀ ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. (Ñ sentences ™ it is said ... èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçö«-®Ω’/ Åç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE. eg: It is said that he is honest = Åûª†’ Eñ«--ߪ’-B°æ®Ω’-úøE Åçö«®Ω’. É™«çöÀîÓôx It is said, people say éÀ passive voice).

If you want to sell the car, it is easy to have some one buying it. get

2. The teacher had her pupils know that they cannot go until they finish the work =

1) You have to get them altered again (= You have to have them altered again)

°æE°æ‹-®ΩhßË’u´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ O™‰x-ü¿E °œ©x-©èπ◊ -Å®Ωnç Å-ßË’u-ô’x îËÆœçC teacher. É™«çöÀîÓôx èπÿú≈ have èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ get ¢√úø-´-a. Å®·ûË get ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ sentence structure éÌClí¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC.

She has even her elders doing all kinds of jobs. She gets even her elders to do all kinds of jobs for her.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ... has even her elders doing = gets even her elders to do all kinds of ... Sentence

™ èπÿú≈ had èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ got ¢√úø-´îª’a. é¬E É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x have ¢√úøéπç áèπ◊\´. She had her pupils know ... = She got her pupils to know.

É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ: My building is vacant. I want to get some bank to take it on long lease = bank

ë«Sí¬ ÖçC. D®Ω`-é¬--Léπ ÅüÁlèπ◊ àüÁjØ√ ØËô’x îËߪ÷-©E ÖçC. Ééπ\úø get èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ have ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Ø√ ¶µº´†ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-

´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçC:

Have someone to do something = Get some one to do something =

äéπJîËûª äéπ °æE-îË-®·ç-îªôç.

Sentence structure: have/ get (something) + done (past participle + by ...

(Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçõ‰)

2) Even if we get the shopman to alter it, it doesn't suit us exactly = shop

ÅûªE îËûª ´÷®Ω’p îË®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o èπÿú≈, ´’†èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú´¤.

3) Sometimes even our tailor can get our clothes spoilt = tailor

´’†

èπ◊ôd-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. (Ééπ\úø get •ü¿’©’

have

èπÿú≈ ÆæJí¬

¢√úø-´îª’a)

4) We can get Neeraj to help us in the assignment = Neeraj

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ≤ƒßª’ç îË®·ç--èπ◊çü∆ç. (Ééπ\úø get •ü¿’©’ have ¢√úÕ îª÷úøçúÕ)

îË

5) We can get some other classmate to get interested in it = classmate

ÉçÍé ÇÆæéÀh BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËô’x îËü∆lç.

†®·Ø√

6) Let us get some high school students to collect samples = samples collect

¢√∞¡x-îËûª

îË®·ü∆lç. 7) I will get him to give us a list of ten students =

Çߪ’† ´’†éÓ °æC-´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ñ«Gû√ ÉîËaô’x îËü∆lç. Ñ sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™, get •ü¿’©’ have ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å™« practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Pran:

*´-®Ωèπ◊ á´-J-îËûª Ç ´÷N’-úÕ-°æç-úø’x úµÕMxéÀ îË®·ç-î√´¤? Kiran: Ç wholesale éÌöxØË ã èπ◊v®√-úÕ-îËûª. ¢√úÕ -îË-ûªØË packing material- í∫ç°æ, í∫úÕf, °æ¤JéÌÆæ, íÓØÁ-´·éπ\ ûÁ°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√o†’. (í∫ç°æ = basket, í∫úÕf = straw, °æ¤J-éÌÆæ = country twine, íÓØÁ-´·éπ\ = gunny pack

piece)

ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. It is said that he is honest = He is said to be honest (is = to be) It is said that he was honest = He is said to have been honest (was = to have been -

í∫ûªç

– E-ñ«-ߪ’-B éπ©-¢√-úø’í¬ ÖçúË-¢√-úøE Åçö«®Ω’.) She is reputed to be a good teacher = teacher

†’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x.

Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue at the beginning of the lesson.

EXERCISE

I want to have some bank take it on long lease. So,

†’,

have

É™« -¢√-úø-´îª’a,

She got her dresses ironed Ranjan: Sometimes even our personal tailor can get the clothes spoilt.

a) If you want to sell the car, it is easy to get some one/ have someone to buy it.

1. She has even her elders doing all kinds of jobs for her =

°ü¿l-¢√∞¡x îËûª -èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’ -Å-Eo ®Ωé¬-© °æ†’©’ îË®·ç--èπ◊ç-ô’çC.

Dhanraj: Time we got busy working on the project. (Project

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2

Pran:

á°æ¤púø’ book îË®·ç-î√´¤ O’ ņo-ߪ’uèπ◊? E†o. Çߪ’† É©’x Ñ parcel office èπ◊ î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. á´-J-ØÁjØ√ °æç°œ ûÁ°œpç--éÓ-´’Ø√o. Pran: Å®·ûË F Ææ´’Ææu BJç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. Kiran: -å-†’. Kiran:

´’ç*

í¬ Ê°®Ω’çC. (É°æ¤púø’)

That liar deserves to be thrashed = ... to be thrashed - passive (infinitive) =

-Ç -Å-•-ü∆l¥-©éÓ®Ω’ (éπv®ΩûÓ) éÌôd-•-ú≈-LqçüË. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ç Å-•-ü∆l¥-©éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ üÁ•s©’ °æú≈-LqçüË. (deserve Å®Ω|-ûªí∫-© – íı®Ω-¢√-E-Èéj-Ø√/ -P-éπ~-ÈéjØ√) I should like to be a doctor = ؈’ doctor í¬ Öç-úøö«-E-éÀ-≠d°æ æ-úø-û√-†’. What he thinks to be right = Åûª-†’- ÆæJ ņ’èπ◊ØËCí¬ àü¿’çüÓ (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ = Åûª-†’ ÆæÈ®j†-C -Å-†’-èπ◊ØËC) to be one of the best = v¨Ï≠æe-¢Á’i† ¢√öÀ™ äéπ-öÀ-í¬/- ä-éπ-úø’í¬ to be restored = °æ¤†-®Ω’-ü¿l¥-Jç-°æ-•-úøôç (passive)

ANSWER Pran: Finally who did you get to pack the mangoes to Delhi? Kiran: I got one of the boys in the wholesale shop to pack it; I got him to get too, the packing material, the basket, the straw, the country twine, and the piece of gunny. Pran: When did you get it booked? Kiran: Yesterday. His home is a long way off from the parcel office. I asked him to get someone to get it for him. Pran: So your problem is solved. Kiran: Yes.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 20 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sharat: Srinath has got a sleek new bike. Have you seen it?

(XØ√ü∑˛ ´’ç* éÌûªh bike ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. †’´¤y îª÷¨»¢√?) (sleek= †’†oí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Ææ’h†o. ´·êuçí¬ cars èπÿ, bikes èπÿ, ´’†’-≠æfl© Vûª’hèπÿ– †’†oí¬ Eí∫E-í∫-™«úø’ûª’ ¢Á’®Ω’Ææ÷h Öçõ‰– ¢√úø-û√®Ω’) Prabhat: Hasn't he got one already? (Do) You mean he has got two bikes now?

(¢√úÕéÀ É°æpöÀÍé äéπ-ô’çC éπü∆? Åçõ‰ †’´y-†ôç ¢√úÕéÀ È®çúø’ bikes ÖØ√o-ߪ’Ø√?) Sharat: Use your brains, Prabhat. He had sold off the old one, and bought this one a few days ago.

(é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç. §ƒûª-ü∆Eo Ţ˒tÆœ, DEo éÌEo-®Ó-V© éÀçü¿ô éÌØ√oúø’) Prabhat: You have got a bike and he has got a bike. Unfortunately I haven't got one.

Sharat: Have a car, then. That is safer than a bike.

(Å®·ûË car é̆’éÓ\. ÅC Íé~´’-éπ®Ωç éπü∆.)

(Fèπ◊ bike é̆-í∫-L-T-†çûª úø•’sçC O’ Ø√†oèπ◊. ÅÆæ©’ Ø√éπçõ‰, XØ√ü∑˛ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ Fèπÿ, O’ Ø√†oèπÿ áèπ◊\´ úø•’sçC.) Prabhat: It's not the question of who has got more money than who. It's a question of how one spends it.

bike

éπØ√o

Prabhat: That's exactly what he is going to do; it is not for my only use, though.

(ÅüË Çߪ’† ņ’-èπ◊-ØËC èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË °æ‹Jhí¬ Ø√ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬ü¿-†’éÓ) Sharat: How soon is it going to be?

(áçûª ûªy®Ω™

car

FéÌ-Ææ’hçC? )

Prabhat: Quite soon.

(ûªy®Ω-™ØË) Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç, éπLT Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'have' Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? Have èπ◊ ÖçúË Å®√n-©-Eoç-öÀûÓ 'have got' ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´·êuçí¬ British spoken English ™ have got ¢√úø’éπ î√™« áèπ◊\´. í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lqç-üË-N’-ôçõ‰, have èπÿ, have got èπÿ Å®Ωnç™, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ ûËú≈ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç.

(Fèπÿ bike ÖçC. ¢√úÕéà bike ÖçC. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h, bike ™‰EC Ø√Íé.) Sharat: Your dad has got enough money to buy you one. In fact, your dad and you have more money and more property than I or Srinath.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

229

Sharat: So how does he want you to go about? Prabhat: He has got the opinion that the city bus is the safest means of transport.

(City bus ÅEoöx Öûªh-´’-¢Á’iç-ü¿E Çߪ’† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç.) Sharat: We have got bikes. Are we any the less safe than you?

(´÷èπ◊ bikes ÖØ√o®·. Íé~´’ç N≠æߪ’ç™ ¢Ë’¢Ë’-´’†o FéπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´í¬ ÖØ√o´÷?) Prabhat: Well, that's the opinion he has got. He doesn't want to have moments of anxiety when I am out on the

c) Don't you have the manners to respect elders? =

°ü¿l-©†’ íı®Ω-NçîË Æævûªp-´-®Ωh-ØÁjØ√ Fèπ◊ ™‰ü∆?= Haven't you/ Haven't you got the manners to respect elders?

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆– ¢√úø-´îª’a.

have

¢√úÕ-†-îÓ-ô™«x

have got

d) He hasn't enough money to buy a car=

鬮Ω’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª úø•’s ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’ e) Hasn't he better clothes than those?

(ÆæÍ® ÅC Çߪ’-†-èπ◊†o ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç. ؈’ bike O’ü¿ •ßª’-ô-A-J-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† °æúø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈©ØËC Çߪ’† éÓJéπ.) Anxiety= ÇçüÓ-∞¡†

6. We have got bikes = We have bikes

Éçü∆éπ îÁ°œp-†ô’x, British English ™ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√®Ω’. have got/ has got/ had got, etc. OöÀE not ûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌçûª choice ´Ææ’hçC. a) ¢√úÕéÀ ûªT-†çûª úø•’s-™‰ü¿’ =

Not question Don't have/ doesn't have/ Didn't have ... Haven't you?/ Hasn't he/ she?/ Hadn't Don't ... have?/ Doesn't ... have?/ ...? American Didn't ... have ..? English

ûÓ ´·êuçí¬

™

¢√úø’éπ

áèπ◊\´, éπØ√o.

ÅØËC áèπ◊\´í¬ ™ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.

Amar: I have got to attend to some work at home. Let me go.

(ÉçöÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æØÌ-éπöÀ îËߪ÷L ؈’. ††’o ¢Á∞¡xF.) Kumar: What have you got to do now?

(FN-°æ¤púËç îËߪ÷L?) Amar: I have got to get the carpenter to repair our dining table and fix one of the window glasses. dining table repair glass

(´÷

He hasn't (has not) enough money =

îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ, éÀöÀéà GTçîª-ú≈-EéÀ ´vúøç-TE ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L)

Kumar: I have got to go home too.

He doesn't have enough money = He hasn't got enough money b)

(؈÷ ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«xL) Amar: My dad has got to invite my recently married sister and brother-in-law to the Deepavali festival. That's why he is getting the house done up.

F ü¿í∫_®Ω Ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ™‰¢√? = Haven't you those books? =

Don't you have those books? = Haven't you got those books? c) Hasn't he a brother? =

Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÓ•’-ô’d´¤ ™‰ú≈?= modern, present day English Don't have/ Doesn't have form Have you?/ has he? form brief simple

Å®·ûË

™ áèπ◊\´ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. é¬Ææh í¬,

Å®·ûË

í¬ Öçô’çC.

FéÀ-°æ¤púËç °æE-™‰ü∆?= Haven't you any work now?/

èπ◊ •ü¿’©’í¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

¢√ô-Eoç-öÀ™, have got/ has got •ü¿’©’ has ¢√úÌa.

have/

1. Hasn't he got one already? (Do) you mean he has got two bikes now? = Hasn't he (Doesn't he have) one already? (Do) you mean that he has two bikes now? =

2. You have got a bike and he has got a bike. Unfortunately I haven't got one = You have a bike and he has a bike. Unfortunately I haven't one.

(†’´yçô’Ø√o´¤ í∫ü∆, O’ ¶«´-í¬-Í®üÓ training programme èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©F, D§ƒ-´RéÀ ®√™‰-®ΩE?)

Hasn't he got a brother?

Hasn't he got better clothes than those?

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson:

Kumar: You were telling me your brother-inlaw had got to attend some training programme and wouldn't be able to make it to the Deepavali.

Doesn't he have a brother? =

= ¢√öÀ-éπØ√o ´’ç* •ôd©’ ™‰¢√ Åûª-EéÀ? = Have got/ has got/ had got, etc., have/ has/ had

(D§ƒ-´-RéÀ Ñ ´’üµ¿uØË Â°∞Îkx† ´÷ sister †’, ¶«´†÷ Ç£æ…y-Eç-î√L ´÷ Ø√†o. Åçü¿’-éπØË É∞¡xçû√ Æœü¿l¥ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’)

M. SURESAN

a) Don't you have any work now? =

äéπ-ô’çC éπü∆ É°æp-öÀÍé Åûª-EéÀ Åçõ‰ F Å®Ωnç, Åûª†’ È®çúø’ bikes ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøØ√?

bike.

Spoken English

Have you got any money that you can lend me?

He has not got enough money to buy a car.

(´’J †’¢Áy™« A®Ω-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-ú≈-ߪ’†?)

5. He has got the opinion = He has the opinion.

I have got those books.

Ø√èπ◊ Å°œp-´y-ö«-EéÀ F ü¿í∫_®Ω úø¶‰s-´’Ø√o Öçü∆?=

¶µºßª’ç-´©x. Bike ÅØËC road O’ü¿ Åçûª Íé ~´’-éπ®Ωç é¬ü¿E Çߪ’† †´’téπç.) He is convinced= Çߪ’† í∫öÀdí¬ †´·t-û√úø’.

Ö†o-îÓ-ô™«x

4. ... who has got more money than who? = who has more money than who?

Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√o®·=

Sharat: I just want to know. Why doesn't your dad buy you a bike?

(Accidents

Ééπ\úø ¢√úø-´îª’a.

a) I have those books (with me)=

b) Have you any money that you can lend me? =

Prabhat: Just for fear of accidents. He is convinced that a bike is not a safe thing on the road.

3. Your dad has got enough money to buy you one = In fact, you and your dad have got more money than I or Srinath (has got)have got/ has got have/ has

Haven't you those books?

(Ééπ\úø v°æ¨¡o á´-J-éπçõ‰ á´-JéÀ úø¶„s-èπ◊\´ Öçü¿E é¬ü¿’. ᙫ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√-®Ω-ØËüË v°æ¨¡o.) (ÅÆæ©’ O’ Ø√†o Fèπ◊ bike áçü¿’-èπ◊ éÌ-†-úÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’çC.)

2

Haven't you got any work now? b) Doesn't he have a car? =

Åûª-úÕéÀ

car

™‰ü∆? =

Amar: But he is coming. The training programme has been cancelled.

(Çߪ’-ØÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Training programme cancel Å®·çC) ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’: Have to/ has to + 1st Regular

doing word (Have to do, has to do, has to work, etc)

Åçõ‰ ã Çïcèπ◊ ™•úÓ, Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÓ, NCµ-í¬ØÓ ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ îÁ§ƒh-ߪ’E. a) I have to go now =

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«xL.

Hasn't he a car?/

b) He has to pay Rs.5000/- =

Hasn't he got a car now? Not

questions Don't ... have/ doesn't ... have, didn't ... have expressions spoken form English Hadn't he a car?

ûÓ èπÿúÕ†

™

ÅØË áèπ◊\´í¬ NE-°œ-≤ƒh®·, ´·êuçí¬ ™. Åûª-EéÀ í∫ûªç™ 鬮Ω’ ™‰ü∆? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, ™ ÅØË v°æ¨¡o éπØ√o, Didn't he have a car ÅØËüË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖçC. Hadn't he a car? î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç: éπLT Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ– 1) Have = have got; has = has got; had = had got, etc.

Åûª†’ 5000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ îÁLxç-î√L. c) She had to join duty that day itself =

Ç®Óñ‰ Ç¢Á’ duty ™ îË®√Lq ´*açC. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx èπÿú≈, Åçõ‰ have to + 1st Regular

doing word/ has to + 1st Regular doing word/ had to + 1st Regular doing word Have got/ has got/ had got + 1 Regular doing word have got/ has got

¢√úË îÓôx™

èπÿú≈,

¢√úø-´îª’a. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Å™«Íí ¢√ú≈ç îª÷úøçúÕ. Exercise: °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ have got/ has got èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, have/ has ¢√úÕ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 24 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ramnath: Have you got to go now? I was hopeful You'd stay for at least a day more?

(†’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-Lqç-üËØ√? ÉçéÓ ®Ó-ñ„jØ√ Öçö«´E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o) Premnath: I'm

sorry

I've

got

to

go.

Too many things to attend to, at home.

(≤ƒ-K. ØË¢Á-∞«xL ûª°æpü¿’. Éçöx îª÷Ææ’éÓ¢√-Lq† °æ†’©’ î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·) ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. a) attend = £æ…ï-®Ω-´úøç – class, function, meeting ™«çöÀN. He attended class yesterday b) attend to:

ã °æE/ ¶«üµ¿uûª îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´ôç.

week.

(Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’. Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ Åéπ\úÕ †’ç* ´îËa-ߪ’-´îª’a.) Premnath: Has she got to take anything like a test at the end of the fortnight long training?

(Ç¢Á’ Ñ °æéπ~ç/ 15 ®ÓV© Péπ~ù ûª®√yûª °æK-éπ~-™«ç-öÀ-üË-´’Ø√o ®√ߪ÷™«?) Ramnath: No, she doesn't have to.

(Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’) Premnath: Had she to attend the same kind

He will have a lot of money soon.

(ûªy®Ω™ Åûª-úÕéÀ î√™« úø•’s ´Ææ’hç-C/- Å-ûª-úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω î√™« úø•’s Öçô’çC.) Ééπ\úø will have èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ will have got ¢√-úÕ-ûË ûªy®Ω™- Åûª-úø’ î√™« úø•’s §ÒçC Öçö«úø’ ÅØË N°æ-Kû√®Ωl¥ç ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE future †’ v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’, have èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ have got ®√ü¿’. (British usage™ èπÿú≈)

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ àú≈C èπÿú≈ ûª†’ É™«çöÀ Péπ~-ùèπ◊ ¢ÁRxçü∆?) Ramnath: No, she didn't have to, as she hadn't had two years of service

house =

by then.

BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈

Premnath: When has she got to attend the same kind of programme next?

She is attending to the arrangements for the meeting =

b) have to/ has to/ had to + 1st Regular Doing Word (have to go, has to stay,

(´’Sx É™«çöÀ -v§Ò-ví¬-¢˛’èπ◊ á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«xL)

had to work)

Ramnath: She needn't for another two

-

ÉN äéπJ Çñ«c-†’≤ƒ®Ω¢Á÷, Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÓ, NCµ-í¬ØÓ ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lq† N≠æߪ÷©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. É™«çöÀ îÓôx èπÿú≈ have to/ has to/ had to + 1st regular doing word èπ◊ •ü¿’-©’í¬, ÅüË Å®Ωnç™ have got to/ has got to/ had got to

years.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

230

(Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ °æK-éπ~©’ ®√ߪ÷-LqçüË)

îª÷úøçúÕ.

of training programme last year .

Dad is busy attending to the repairs of the

(ÉçöÀ -JÊ°®Ω’ °æ†’©ûÓ Ø√†o ÖØ√oúø’.)

2

(ÉçéÓ È®çúË-∞¡x-§ƒô’ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’) Premnath: Has she to pay for her travel and other expenses?

I haven't got a cell

The students have got to take the exams. c) Suman had to submit the exercise yesterday (

submit

Ææ’-´’-Ø˛ -E-†o -áéπq®˝ÂÆj-ñ ¸ ´*açC)

îËߪ÷Lq

Suman had got to submit the exercise yesterday.(Had got to + 1st. RDW

é¬Ææh Å®Ω’ü¿’.) äéπ °æE îËߪ÷L ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç, Ç °æE îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ÅE éπü∆? Åçõ‰ English ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ need not = need n't ´Ææ’hçC. ™‰ü¿çõ‰ don't have to/ doesn't have to/ didn't have to + 1st. RDW

¢√úø-´îª’a.

Look at the following sentences at the beginning of the lesson. Ramnath: Have you got to start so early? (= Have you to start so early?) Premnath: No, I needn't (I need not)

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆! Ééπ\úø have to + 1st RDW (•ßª’™‰l®√¢√?) ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ ´uA-Í®-鬮ΩnçûÓ needn't (need not) ´≤ÚhçC. b) Premnath: Have you got any thing I can carry to your sister?

(O’öÀç-í˚èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† à®√p-ôxFo Ç¢Á’ îª÷≤ÚhçC.) c) attend on = ®Óí∫’-©-èπ◊/- Å-A-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ îËߪ’ôç.

Ramnath: No, she needn't. The company

When I was ill, my elder sister attend on

bears all the expenses. OK. How

me =

about having something to eat

(Ø√èπ◊ Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í¬-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷Åéπ\ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ îËÆœçC)

before you leave?

If you go away now, who will attend on the guests.

(v°æߪ÷ù, Éûª®Ω ê®Ω’a©÷ Ǣ˒ °ô’déÓ-¢√™«?)

(Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’. ÆæçÊÆn ´uߪ÷Eo ¶µº-JÆæ’hçC.¢Á∞Ïx´·çü¿’ à´’Ø√o Açö«¢√?)

Ç

(†’¢Áy-Rx-§ÚûË ÅAü∑¿’©†’ á´®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?) (ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ®Ωu©’ á´®Ω’ îË≤ƒh®Ω’?)

Premnath: I've got to, because the

Ramnath: Aren't there anyone else to take

food on the train doesn't

a) I have (= have got) a cell =

(Ç °æ-†’-©’ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Éçéπ á´®Ω÷ ™‰®√?) Premnath: If there were, I needn't be bothered at all.

(á´-®ΩØ√o Öçõ‰, Éçûª-¶«üµ¿ °æú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆!) Ramnath: Have you got to start so early?

(Éçûª °çü¿-™«úË •ßª’-™‰l-®√™«?) Premnath: No. I needn't (need not), but I have got to leave at least by the 12 noon train. Have you got anything I can carry to your sister.

(™‰ü¿’. é¬F éπFÆæç ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12 í∫çô© -võ„®·-Ø˛ éπØ√o- ¢Á∞«xL. O’ ÆœÆd®æ ˝èπ◊ F´¤ à¢Á’iØ√ ÉÊÆh BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡û√.)

I haven't a cell/ I haven't got a cell/

Ramnath: No, you need not. I called her yesterday and spoke to her.

(Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. E†oØË -§∂Ú-Ø˛ î˨») Premnath: Has she got to stay there for long?

(Åéπ\úø Ç¢Á’ î√-™«-®Ó-V-©’ç-ú≈™«?) Ramnath: No, she hasn't got to. She can leave there at the end of this

I don't have a cell

(àüÓ -äéπ-öÀ AØ√L. È®j™x (= Ø√èπ◊ ÂÆ-™ ¸- ™‰ü¿’). M. SURESAN I have no cell, ņúøç, spoken form ǣ慮Ωç Ø√èπ◊- °æ-úøü¿’.) [ [ [ ™ î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. í∫ûª lesson™ ´’†ç have/ has/ had, etc èπÿ b) He has a lot of property = have got/ has got/ had got etc èπÿ Ö†o He has got a lot of property Ææç•çüµ¿ç í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’†ç (-Å-ûª-úÕéÀ î√™« ÇÆœh ÖçC.) ´·êuçí¬ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. He hasn't any property/ He doesn't have any a) éπ-L-TÖçúøúøç (possess/ own) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ property = have, has, had etc èπÿ have got, has got, (Åûª-úÕÍéç ÇÆœh ™‰ü¿’.) had got, etc èπÿ ûËú≈-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË British He has no property ÅE Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ Åçö«ç. spoken form™ have/ has/ had got form C) She had a good score áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´’ç* -≤Ú\®˝ ´*açC. i) He has a car = He has got a car. ii) I have some money = I have got some money. iii) He had a big house = He had got a big house.

(Å®·ûË í∫ûªç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´÷vûªç, He had got a lot of property ņúøç éπçõ‰ He had a lot of property ÅE áèπ◊\-´í¬ Åçö«®Ω’. (British usage™ èπÿú≈) ´·êu-¢Á’†i N≠æߪ’ç: Have got form- future ™ ®√ü¿’.

No, you need not

Have to/ has to/ had to +1st Regular Doing Word

èπ◊

Opposite need not

´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈,

don't have to/ don't need to, doesn't have to/ /doesn't need to, didn't have to/didn't need to + 1st Regular Doing Word

èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh®·.

a) I have (got) to do it at once I need n't/ I don't have to/ I don't need to do it at once. b) Kusuma has (got) to send it today. Kusuma needn't/ doesn't have to/doesn't

(Ø√èπ◊ ÂÆ-™¸-§∂Ú-Ø˛ ÖçC.)

suit me.

care of them?

Spoken English

+1st regular doing word (have got to pay =

îÁLxç-î√L = has got to pay. Had got to pay = îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC. [past]) Å®·ûË had got to + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word) Åçûª common é¬ü¿’. ÉO ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson™ îª÷Æœ-† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. I. have/ has/ had, etc; éπ-L-T-Öç-úøúøç ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, ü∆EéÀ opposite îª÷ü∆lç.

Ramnath:

She had got a good score. She hadn't a good score = She didn't have a good score. II.

äéπJ Çñ«c-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç ™‰ü∆ Å´-Ææ®Ωç´-©x- ™‰ü∆ NCµí¬ØÓ ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ have to/ has to/ had to + 1st Regular Doing Word ¢√úøû√ç. a) I have to go now - (ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«xL) = I have got go now.

need to send it today. c) Pramila had (got) to go yesterday. Pramila needn't go/didn't have to go/ didn't need to go yesterday. EXERCISE Lesson

v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™

Conversation

™E

have

(got) to/ has (got)to/ had (got) to expressions

èπ◊ ÅEo ®Ω鬩 îËߪ’çúÕ.

Opposites practice

-v°æ-¨¡o: -Ø√èπ◊ -•Ææ’q -v°æ-ߪ÷-ùç °æ-úø-ü¿’. -´÷èπ◊ -ØÁ-©èπ◊ -Å®Ω-¢Áj -ߪ‚-E-ô’x éπÈ®ç-ô’ é¬-©’-ûª’ç-C. °j È®ç-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -™ -á-™« -îÁ-•’û√®Ω’? – Ê≠é˙ >™«E, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø -ï-¢√-•’: Regular Bus journey doesn't agree with me . We consume about sixty units of current (or) 60 units of current is our monthly consumption.

b) The students have to take the exam.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 26 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Chandana: Hi Vandana, you appear to have all leisure in the world. I expected to see you busy preparing for the contest tomorrow? Haven't you got to prepare for the debate tomorrow?

(àçöÀ, î√™« Nv¨»ç-Aí¬ Ö†oô’x éπE-°œÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? Í®°æöÀ §ÚöÃéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤ûª÷ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ Öçö«-´E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Í®°æ¤ F´¤ úÕ¶‰-ö¸èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-¢√yL éπü∆? All the leisure/ all the time in the world =

î√™« BJéπ/ Æ洒ߪ’ç Öçúøôç. They have all the time in the world to go for a second run =

È®çúÓ °æ®Ω’í∫’ BÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ 鬴-©-Æ œ-†çûª Æ洒ߪ’ç ÖçC. Debate = úÕ¶„-ß˝’ö¸ (¶„ß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Vandana: I've had enough of it. I'm bored. I'm prepared well enough, I suppose. What about you?

(î√©’ ¶«•÷. NÆæ’-Íí-Ææ’hçC. ¶«í¬ØË ûªßª÷-®Ω-ߪ÷u-†E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. F Ææçí∫-ûË-N’öÀ?) I've had enough = Ééπ î√©’. ´’†èπ◊ î√©’, Ééπ Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’ ÅE-°œç-*-†-°æ¤púø’, I've had enough Åçö«ç é¬Ææh NÆæ’-í∫’ûÓ.

´’†ç 'have (has)' í∫’Jç* ÉC-´-®Ω-éπöÀ lessons ™ î√™« N≠æ-ߪ÷™‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç í∫ü∆. Have (has) èπ◊ spoken English ™ î√™« v§ƒ´·-êu-´·çC. î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ÅEo ¢√úø-鬩÷ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çõ‰, conversation ™ 30% î√™« easy Å®·-§Úûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’ôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Have (has) í∫’Jç* ´’†-éÀ-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: 1) I, we, you and they ûÓ 'have' ¢√úøû√ç. He, she and it ûÓ Å®·ûË has ¢√úøû√ç. 2) have/ has èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– éπLT Öçúøôç. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®·ûË äéπ-JéÀ àü¿-®·Ø√ (´Ææ’h´¤, í∫’ùç, ¢ÁjêJ ™«çöÀN) Öçúøôç. a) I have a car= Ø√èπ◊ car ÖçC. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ؈’ car éπLT ÖØ√o†’ ņç éπü∆) b) She has beautiful dark hair=

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Åçü¿-¢Á’i† †©xE èπ◊®Ω’-©’-Ø√o®·. É™« äéπ-JéÀ äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ í∫’ùç/ ¶µ«´ç etc Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ British English ™ have/ has èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ have got/ has got ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. a) My cousins have a lot of property= My cousins have got a lot of property

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Chandana: Haven't they got to consult people who know? So what's the big idea in announcing the topic so early?

(ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√-∞¡x†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√L ´’J. Åçûª ´·çü¿-Ææ’hí¬ topic v°æéπ-öÀç-îªôç™ ¢√∞¡x ÖüËl¨¡ç àN’öÀ?) Vandana: Participants will mug up their speech at the contest.

(§ƒ™Ô_-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√∞¡x Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒLo •öÃd°æõ‰d≤ƒh®Ω’.) mug up= •öÃd °æõ‰d-ߪ’ôç. mug èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆, handle ÖçúË í¬xÆæ’©’. Mug Åçõ‰ ´‚úÓ Å®Ωnç, ØÓöx í∫’úøf©’ èπ◊éπ\úøç. Chandana: They have got plenty of time to get the help of others too.

(Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Æ洒ߪ’ç Öçô’çC) Vandana: Haven't we got to attend the special class this afternoon? (É¢√y∞¡ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´’†ç ÂÆp≠æ™ ¸ é¬xÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL éπü∆?) Chandana: I have got to, but you needn't. You have got an 'A' grade, so you don't have to.

(؈’ ¢Á∞«xL, †’´y-éπ\-Í®xü¿’. Fèπ◊ A grade ´*açC. Åçü¿’-éπE †’´¤y ®√†´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’) Vandana: Thank God. Thank you for the news. (

£æ«´’t, •A-éÀ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.)

Chandana: You're welcome.

Spoken English

231

Ééπ\úø negative question ™ have got ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ñ question ™, †’´¤y Í®°æ¤ debate èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-¢√y-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü∆? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√ú≈®Ω’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ mustn't (´’ÆˇØ˛d) èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. shouldn't èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«xL.

Í®°æöÀ

™

§ƒú≈L=

¢√úÕ-†îÓôx ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√öÀéÀ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´-îªaE Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌØ√oç. ã Çïcèπ◊ ™•úÕ/ Å´-Ææ-®√Eo •öÀd/ NCµí¬ ã °æE-îËߪ÷-Lq-Öçõ‰ °j forms ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆. DEéÀ opposite í¬, 'îËߪ’-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ needn't

(need not)/ don't need to/ haven't got to/ hasn't got to/ don't have to/ doesn't have to

1) I have to meet the minister X I needn't meet the minister/ I don't need to meet the minister/ I haven't got to meet the minister/ I don't have to meet the minister

(éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L)

(éπ©-´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’).

= Mustn't you prepare/ shouldn't you prepare for the debate? 2) I haven't got to (prepare for the debate) = (Debate prepare I needn't/ I don't need to/ I don't have to

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅFo äéπõ‰.

èπ◊)

鬆´Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ =

ÅE

èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.

3) Haven't they got to consult people who know? = (Question have got Don't they have to 4) Haven't we got to attend the special class? = Don't we have to attend ... ?

ûÁL-Æœ† ¢√∞¡x†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√L éπü∆? ™ èπÿú≈ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-Ææ’hØ√oç, Ééπ\úø) = ņ-´îª’a.

I've had enough

(؈’ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-鬆éπ\Í®xü¿’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx √a稡ç Åçûª ´·çü¿’í¬ Éaç-ú≈LqçC é¬ü¿’.)

(Å´¤†’. Åçûª ´·çü¿’ v°æéπ-öÀç* Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’. ´éπh %ûªy §Úöé’ (Debate contests) E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-ôç™ ¢√∞¡x-éπçûª ņ’-¶µº´ç Ö†oô’x ™‰ü¿’.)

a) I have to go now = I have got to go now. b) Sujani has to sing at the party tomorrow = party Sujani Sujani has got to sing at the party tomorrow. Have to/ has to, have got to/ has got to must/ should

¢√úøû√ç.

Chandana: I haven't got to, either. They shouldn't have given the topic so much in advance.

Vandana: Yea. They shouldn't have. They don't seem to have got much experience of conducting debate contests.

2

b) Sumithra has an excellent voice= Sumithra has got an excellent voice.

Ñ Å®Ωnç (éπLT Öçúø-ôç)ûÓ am having/ is having/ are having forms ¢√úøç, äéπ\ bath N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ûª°æp. 3) have/ has= (ǣ慮Ω °æü∆®Ωnç) BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç = A†ôç/ û√í∫ôç

5) I have got to = I have to (I need to

É´Fo èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-éπ™  Ö†o¢Ë. àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. British English ™

haven't got to/ has n't got to Hadn't got to didn't need to/ didn't have to

áèπ◊\´ N†-°æ-úø’ûª’çC. é¬Ææh Å®Ω’ü¿’. ü∆E-•-ü¿’©’

ņ-´îª’a.) ÉO negative questions ™

¢√∞¡Ÿx §Òü¿’l†

coffee

BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ (û√í∫’-û√®Ω’)

Ææçï† ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç tea BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC.(û√í∫’-ûª’çC) Ñ Å®Ωnç (BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç = A†úøç/ û√í∫-úøç)ûÓ am having/ is having/ are having ¢√úøû√ç. I am having tea now because coffee isn't available = coffee

™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd tea û√í∫’-ûª’Ø√o. A†úøç/ û√í∫úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ have got/ has got ®√ü¿’.

[have + past participle/ has + past participle have/ has, have got/ has got have + past participle, has + past participle present perfect tense forms.

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. •ü¿’©’ need to èπÿú≈

M. SURESAN

¢√úø-û√®Ω’. (É°æp-öÀéÀ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Have to/ has to/ had to èπ◊ opposite í¬ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ haven't to/ hasn't to/ hadn't to ®√ü¿’. I haven't to go/ she hasn't to come ņç.) Let us look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) Haven't you got to prepare for the debate tomorrow?

OöÀéÃ, °j† îÁ°œp† èπÿ à Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰ü¿’.

Ñ È®çúø÷

1)

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English.

éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿-öÀ-†’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æE. í∫ûªç™ Å®·-§Ú-®·† °æE – Time îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, 3) just, just now ÅØË ´÷ô-©ûÓ ¢√úÕ, É°æ¤púË Å®·§Ú-®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊, ¢√úøû√ç– í∫’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆.]

Tarun:

4) have to + Ist Regular Doing Word/ has to + Ist Regular Doing Word (have to go, have to work, has to do, has to come) must

Tarun:

2)

OöÀE èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ äéπ Çïc†’í¬F, Å´-Ææ-®√-Eoí¬F NCµí¬ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE-E-í¬F ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç. É™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ have to / has to + Ist Regular Doing Word have got to + Ist Regular Doing Word (RDW) / has got to + Ist RDW

•ü¿’©’, ¢√öÀûÓ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

have got to/

don't have to/ haven't you to

äéÓ\-≤ƒJ have to ¢√úø-´îª’a. a) ؈-éπ\úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«}™« É°æ¤púø’? =

Have I go to there now?/ Do I have to go there now?/ Do I need to go there now?/ Need I go there now?/ Must I/ should I go there now?

a) They have coffee in the morning= b) Sanjana has tea in the afternoon =

ÅE èπÿú≈

†’Ny-°æ¤p-úÕç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-†-éπ\®Ω-™‰ü∆? Varun: Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’. FûÓ Øˆ’ certificates attestation

èπ◊ ®√¢√™«? Fèπÿ Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆? Varun: Å´¤†’. ´’®Ω-îË-§Úߪ÷. Ø√N èπÿú≈ attest îË®·ç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† Å´Ææ®Ωç ÖçC. Tarun: ´’†ç office ™ °æCçöÀéπ™«x Öçú≈L éπü∆? Varun: Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. °æü¿-éÌçúÕç-öÀéÀ ¢ÁRûË î√©’.

b)

Have they to come here?/ Do they have to come here?/ Do they need to come here?/ Need they come here?

¢√Rx-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√¢√-Lqç-üËØ√? =

É´Fo ´’† conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ practice îËÊÆh, ´’†ç daily life situation ™ English üµ∆®√∞¡çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫©ç.

ANSWER Tarun: Haven't you got to/ Don't you have to/ Don't you need to/ Needn't you/ Mustn't you/ shouldn't you go home now? Varun: I needn't/ I don't need to/ I don't have to. Need I/ should I/ must I accompany you for attestation of certificates? Tarun: Don't you need to/ Don't you have to get your certificates attested too. (You need to have your certificates attested too) Varun: Oh. I forgot. I need to/ I have to get my certificates attested too (must/ should

èπÿú≈ ¢√úøçúÕ)

Tarun: Haven't we to be/ don't we have to be/ Needn't we be/ Don't we need to be/ mustn't we be/ shouldn't we be at office by 10? Varun: We needn't be / We don't need to be/ We don't have to be/ We haven't got to be. (simple Not necessary). It is enough if we are there by 11.

í¬

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 28 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Loknath: Hi Somnath, how are things going for you? How is your new job?

(£æ…ß˝’ ≤Ú-¢˛’-Ø√ü∑˛, °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’-™„™« ÖØ√o®·? F éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ᙫ ÖçC?) Somnath: Happy to say I'm getting on fine. The job is good too. How about you?

(¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o-†E îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hØ√o†’. ÖüÓuí∫ç èπÿú≈ ´’ç*üË. -F Ææçí∫-ûËç-öÀ?)

(Ø√ ë«S Ææn©ç™ ؈’ ü¿çúÁç éπô’dèπ◊çõ‰, Çߪ’† ûª† •ôd-™«-Í®-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. Ø√éπC î√™« Åúøfçí¬ ÖçC.) Clothes line = •ôd-™«-Í®ÊÆ ü¿çúÁç Loknath: You could tell him not to do it.

(Å™« îÁßÁ·u-ü¿lE †’´y-ûª-úÕéÀ îÁ§Òp-aí¬) Somnath: He has helped me some time ago. So I am a little hesitant about being frank with him.

(Ø√éπ-ûª†’ éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿ô Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»úø’. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ûªô-°æ-ö«-®·-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) hesitant = àü¿Ø√o îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ / îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ÜTÆæ-™«-úøôç / ûªô-°æ-ö«-®·ç-îªôç / °æ≤ƒh®·ç-îªôç. frank = ´’†-Ææ ’™ Ö†oC èπ◊ç-úø-•-ü¿l© ’ éÌöÀd†ô’x îÁ°æpôç.

Loknath: Thank you. I'm fine too. Getting on well. How are your relations with your colleagues and boss?

(F Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-í∫’-©ûÓ, F boss ûÓ Ææç•çüµ∆-™„™« ÖØ√o®·?/ F Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-í∫’©’ FûÓ á™« ÖØ√o®Ω’? F boss FûÓ á™« ÖØ√oúø’?)

Loknath: So are you going to let him trouble you?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2

(Å®·ûË Åûªúø’ Å™« Fèπ◊ Å≤˘éπ®Ωuç éπL-Tç-îËõ‰x îË≤ƒh¢√?)

232

(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h ¢√∞¡x Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’ Åçûª-¶«-í¬™‰´¤/ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ-JéÀ §ÒÆæ-í∫-úøç-™‰ü¿’. à¢Ó N-¶µ‰-ü∆-©’Ø√o®·. Nú≈-èπ◊©’ ûª°æp-†-ô’dçC. Headed for = äéπ C¨¡í¬ ¢Á∞¡xôç. The train is headed for New Delhi =

Ç

train

†÷uúµÕMx ¢Áj°∞¡ŸûÓçC.

d) If you want to be happy, you have to get on with what you get =

†’´¤y ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ ´*aç-ü∆çûÓ ûª%°œh-°æ-ú≈L. 2. Get along = ¢Á∞¡xôç.

No regrets, just getting on Somnath: Too many colleagues and too short a time for me to say anything about them.

(õ„j¢˛’ ûªèπ◊\-¢√†÷, Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-í∫’-™„-èπ◊\-´´ôç ´©x†÷, Ç N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* ØËØËç îÁ°æp-™‰†’.) Colleague - éπMí˚ – 'éπ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç, Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT. éÌç-ü¿®Ω’ ņ’éÌ-ØË-ôô’x classmates é¬ü¿’. F

boss

FûÓ á™« Öçö«úø’)

Somnath: We get on excellently. He is not at

؈’ ¢Á∞«xL. Ø√èπ◊ °æ†’çC. b) He gets along finely =

(àüÓ ÉçéÓ- M. SURESAN N-üµ¿çí¬ Ç N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ÊÆ™« îËߪ÷-©E v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hØ√o.)

Loknath: How is your boss towards you? (

a) I must get along. I have work to do.

Somnath: I am trying to get the message across to him in some other way.

Loknath: Best of luck then. It is 10.15. I must be getting along. See you. (

õ„j¢˛’ °æCç-¶«-´-®·çC. ØË¢Á-∞«xL. ´’Sx éπ©’ü∆lç.)

all bossy.

(¢Ë’ç î√™« Ææûªqç-•ç-üµ∆-©ûÓ Öçö«ç. Åûª-†-Ææ©’ bossy í¬ (°j ÅCµ-é¬J†ØË ü¿®ΩpçûÓ) Öçúøúø’.) Loknath: How is your new home? How is your co tenent towards you?

(F éÌAh©’x ᙫ ÖçC? O’ûÓ-§ƒô’ ÅüÁl-èπ◊-†o-ûª†’ O’ûÓ á™« Öçö«úø’?) Somnath: We get on. We aren't that Chummy.

(àüÓ Å™« Öçö«ç. Åçûª ÊÆo£æ«¢Ë’ç ™‰ü¿’ ´÷èπ◊) Chummy - N’ – üÓÆ‘hí¬ Öçúøôç – v§ƒùÊÆo£æ«ç. Loknath: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπ™«?) Somnath: The trouble with him is he doesn't

Somnath: OK. Bye. ☯

☯

☯

☯

☯

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç, have ûª®√yûª î√™« áèπ◊\¢Ë. -Dç-ûÓ expressions English ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. Get ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô©’ ´’† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø’ûª’çö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√öÀE áçûª ¶«í¬ practice îËÊÆh Åçûª-´’ç-*C. 1. Get on - Ñ expression î√™« Å®√n-©ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. ´·êuçí¬ èπ◊¨¡© v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†çí¬ áèπ◊\¢Ë ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Get

a) Kamal: Hi Vimal, how are you? Vimal: OK. Just getting on. Thank you.

Åûª-EéÀ ¶«í¬ØË ≤ƒT-§Ú-ûÓçC/ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ûÓçC. 3. Get at - Ñ ´÷ô î√™« common. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç é¬F, äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC é¬F Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. a) I am unable to get at what he says =

¢√úø’ îÁ°œpçC ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’.

a) Prasad: How is your new teacher?

(O’ éÌûªh öÃ˝ ᙫ ÖçC?) Prakash: She is very good. She has a knack of getting her ideas across to the students.

(î√™« ´’ç* öÃ˝. Ææ÷dúÁçö¸q èπ◊ Å®Ωn´’-ßË’uô’x îÁÊ°p éÀô’-èπ◊çC Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω.) knack – Ø√é˙ – 'Ø√— nap ™ Ø√™«= éÀô’èπ◊/ °æü¿l¥A b) A news paper ad is the best way to get across your message-

c) Prem: How are the newly married cou-

Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’uô’x îÁ°æpôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. 5. Get through: °æK-éπ~™  pass Å´ôç a) He got through the exam with very good marks =

´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ ÖBh-®Ω’g-úø-ߪ÷uúø’. = î√™« íÌ°æpí¬ ÖBh-®Ω’g-úø-ߪ÷-uúø-ûª†’. (´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ.) with flying colours = î√™« íÌ°æpí¬ ÉN get ûÓ ´îËa éÌEo expressions. b) He got through with flying colours

Vamsi: How are you, Venkat? Venkat: No regrets, just getting on.

appears they are headed for a divorce.

Venkat: Wish you good luck.

ple getting on?

(Ç éÌûªh ü¿ç°æ-ûª’©’ äéπ-JûÓ äéπ-È®™« ÖØ√o®Ω’?) Syam: Quite well, happily. (¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’) (OR)

ANSWER

Venkat:

nately. Some differences. (It)

Spoken English

= Åûª†÷, ؈’ ¶µ«í∫≤ƒy´·-©’í¬ Öçú≈-©E ÅûªúÕéÀ ؈’ îÁ§ƒp†’.

Vamsi:

hangs his clothes on to it. That obstructs me a lot.

(Ø√ ¶µ«¢√Eo Åûª-úÕéÀ ûªy®Ω™  Å®Ωn´’ßË’uô’x îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-AoÆæ’hØ√o.) Get across Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ÉçéÌéπJéÀ Å®Ωn´’ßË’uô’x îËߪ’ôç éπü∆. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ put across èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

(àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC)

Syam: They unable to get on, unfortu-

(Ø√éπ-®Ωnç-é¬-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. F Ææn™«Eo E†’o ¢√úø-E-´yúøØ√ Å®Ωnç?)

3) Somnath: I am trying to get the message across to him.

b) The teacher is good at putting things across to her pupils =

fixed the clothes line and he

space?

(¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o-†E îÁ°æp-ö«EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hØ√o./ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ûÓçC ÅE îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hØ√o.) b) Somnath: We get on excellently= (¢Ë’ç î√™« ¶«í¬ Öçö«ç äéπ-JûÓ äéπ®Ωç/ ´÷ Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’ î√™« ¶«í¬ ÖØ√o®·.) c) Somnath: We get on= (àüÓ ïJT/ í∫úÕ-*§Ú-ûª’çC) 2) a) Loknath: I don't get at you.= (F´¤ îÁÊ°pC Ø√éπ-®Ωnç-é¬-´ôç ™‰ü¿’.)

(؈’ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞«xL. ûªy®Ωí¬ °ævö«. ØËØ√-í∫-™‰†’. Å®Ωn-´’-®·uçü∆?) 4. Get across = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’uô’x îÁ°æpôç.

Somnath: He dries his clothes in my yard. I

mean - he doesn't let you use your

1) a) Somnath: Happy to say I'm getting on fine =

a) I put the idea across to him that he and I go shares

ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤, ¢Áçéπö¸? *çûª-™‰ç-™‰´¤. àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. Vamsi: àüÓ °æKéπ~ ®√¨»´¤. §ƒÆˇ Åߪ÷u¢√? Venkat: î√™« íÌ°æpvÍíú˛ûÓ §ƒÆˇ ûÓ Åߪ÷u-†E îÁ°æpö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hØ√o. Vamsi: †’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o ¢√Ææ’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? Venkat: ™‰ü¿’. ÅûªúÕéà Ø√èπÿ °æúøü¿’. Åûª-úøçõ‰Ø√Íéç ü¿’®Ω-Gµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿E áçûª-Å®Ωnç ÅßË’uô’x îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ Åûª-úÕ-éπ®Ωnç鬴-õ‰xü¿’. Vamsi: ؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ§ƒh†’.

Loknath: I don't get at you. What do you

v°æï-©èπ◊ ûª† ¶µ«¢√©’ ûÁLߪ’ îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson:

b) He is getting on well.

Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ØË/ èπ◊™«-≤ƒ-í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’.

(Ø√ Ææn™«Eo ††’o ¢√úø’-éÓ-E-´yúø’. ÅüË ¢√úÕûÓ *èπ◊\.)

c) He is unable to get across to his ideas to people =

b) Kumar: I want to go immediately. Get the money fast. I can't wait. (Do you) get at me?

EXERCISE

let me use my space.

F ÆæçüË-¨»Eo Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ûÁL-Ê°çü¿’èπ◊ ã °ævAé¬ v°æéπ-ô† ´’ç* ´÷®Ω_ç.

Vamsi: You took some exam. Did you get through? Venkat: I got through with flying colours. Vamsi: Are you going to meet Vasu? Venkat: No. We don't get on. However much I try to get across to him that I am not prejudiced he doesn't understand. Vamsi: I'll explain to him Venkat: Good luck to you.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 31 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Anand: Hi Achyut, since when did you start

ûª’©èπ◊ *éÀûªq îËߪ’-ôçûÓ Çߪ’† ´%Ah ´’ç* ´’©’°æ¤ AJ-TçC. Å°æpöÀ †’ç* í¬ßª÷© ¢Ájü¿u E°æ¤-ù’-úø’í¬ ´’ç* Ê°®Ì*açC.) Get a break = ´%Ah™  ņ’-èπÿ-©-¢Á’i† ´÷®Ω’p®√-´ôç. trauma (vö«´÷) – 1) Bv´-´÷-†-Æœéπ é~Ó¶µº

practising boxing?

(£æ…-ß˝’ -Å-u-û˝. ¶«éÀqçí˚ v§ƒéÃdÆˇ îËߪ’ôç á°æpöÀ †’ç* ¢Á·ü¿-™„-ö«d´¤?) Achyut: I know you mean the black eye I have. (It has) nothing to do with boxing, my friend.

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. í¬ßª’ç ´©x Ø√ éπ∞¡x ô÷d Ö†o †©x-´’îªa†’ í∫’Jç* Åçô’-Ø√o-´E. é¬F ¶«éÀqçí˚èπÿ, ü∆Eéà à Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.) Black eye = í¬ßª’ç ´©x éπ∞¡x ô÷d à®ΩpúË †©x ´’îªa. Nothing to do with = Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.

Divorced Couples and orphaned Children undergo a lot of trauma.

í¬ØË Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûÓçC.

1) He got a fever last week = He had a fever.

(Nú≈èπ◊©’ BÆæ’èπ◊†o ïçô©÷, ÅØ√-ü∑¿-™„j† °œ©x©’ Bv´-´÷-†-Æœéπ é~Ó¶µº ņ’-¶µº-N-≤ƒh®Ω’.) trauma èπ◊ È®çúÓ Å®Ωnç, ú≈éπd®Ωx ¶µ«≠æ™  Bv´ -í¬-ߪ÷©’. ¢√öÀE ¢Ájü¿uç-îËÊÆ ü¿¨¡™ trauma specialist = í¬ßª÷© ¢Ájü¿uç™ E°æ¤-ù’úø’.

I have nothing to do with this property

(Ø√èπÿ, Ñ ÇÆœhéÀ ᙫçöÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.) What has a Physics lecturer to do with

Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ:

Anand: I think he had a hand from his uncle

zoology?

in setting up his nursing home.

2) She got a clean bill of health from the

(Ç¢Á’ ú≈éπd®˝ ´ü¿l †’ç* Ææç°æ‹®Ωg Ç®Ó-í∫u-´ç-ûª’-®√-©ØË ´÷ô §ÒçCçC.) ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’™– Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ææç°æ‹®Ωg Ç®Óí∫uç Ö†oô’x ú≈éπd®˝ ûË™«aúø’. She had a clean bill of health from the doctor.

A mother has everything to do with her

A clean bill of health =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

He didn't have a good run for his money. get/ have a good run for one's money.

Ñ

(úø•’sèπ◊ ûªT† Nüµ¿çí¬ v¨¡´’-°æ-úøôç.) expression O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ees get/have a good run for their money by making them work for 10 to 12 hours

3) He got a health check up.

233

BÆæ’-èπ◊†o/ §ÒçC† úø•’sèπ◊ ûªT-†çûª v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿-ûª†’.) (v¨¡´’ ûªèπ◊\´ – -Åç-ü¿’éπûª†éÀ ´*a† úø¶„s-èπ◊\´)

a) Software companies make their employ-

Ææç°æ‹®Ωg Ç®Óí∫uç Ö†oô’x

ú≈éπd®˝ îÁ°æpúøç.

(Gúøf ÆæçÍé~´’ç Åçû√ ûªLxéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çüË.) ûÁ©’Ææ’ í∫ü∆: Ééπ\úø have/ has ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x have got/ has got èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

(

doctor.

°∂œ>é˙q ™„éπa-®Ω-®˝èπÿ, V¢√-©@ éà Ææç•çüµ¿ç àN’öÀ? child's well being.

3) He didn't get a good run for his money.

a day .

(Ç®Óí∫uç °æK-éÀ~ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’– ú≈éπd®˝ü¿í∫_®Ω.)

(≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ éπç°-F-©’ ®ÓVèπ◊ °æC, °æØÁoçúø’ í∫çô© °æE îË®·ç--èπ◊E û√N’îËa @û√-©èπ◊ ûªí∫_-î√-éÀJ

He had a health check up.

Anand: Then how did you get the black

He got a break

eye?

(´’J éπ∞¡x ô÷d Ç †©’°æ¤ -àç--öÀ?) Achyut: Two days ago, during a power cut, searching for a candle in the dark, I hit the edge of the door. That's why I have the black eye.

4) They got what they had wanted =

(È®ç-úø’®ÓV© éÀçü¿ éπÈ®çö¸ §Ú®·-†-°æ¤púø’, éÌ¢ÌyAh éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’èπ◊-ûª’çõ‰ ûª©’°æ¤ ûªTLçC. ÅüË ÉC.)

(Ñ †Jqçí˚ £æ«Ùç ≤ƒn°œç-îª-úøç-™ Çߪ’† Åçèπ◊™¸ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.) Achyut: Yes, he had.

Anand: It's still bad. You should have seen the doctor.

(Å´¤†’) [

(ÅC Éçé¬ Bv´ç-í¬ØË ÖçC. ú≈éπd®˝- ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡x-™‰-ü∆?) Achyut: I did, of course, but I'm afraid he didn't do a good job of it.

(-¢Á-∞«x-†’. é¬F ÆæJí¬ ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-†’èπ◊çö«.) Anand: How much did he charge you?

(áçûª BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’?) Achyut: Rs 100/- per treatment and another fifty rupees for medicines in his own shop.

[

[ English ™ have/ has, get ¢√úøéπç î√™« Ææ®Ωy≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-´’F, OöÀéÀ NNüµ¿ Å®√n-©’-Ø√o-ߪ’E éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ í∫´’-Eçî√ç. Éçé¬ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çC, have get - Ñ È®çöÀF î√™« Ææçü¿®√s¥™x äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ÉçéÓöÀ ¢√úø´-îªaE. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh v¨¡ü¿l¥ûÓ Ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™‰¢Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊E ¢√öÀE ¢√úøôç practice îËÊÆh daily life situations ™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË English î√™« simple í¬, natural í¬ Öçô’çC. 1) ¢√úø’-éπ™ get π◊†o Å®√n©’: a) §Òçü¿ôç: He got a prize in the race yesterday.

(¢Ájü∆u-EéÀ ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©÷, Çߪ’† -≥ƒ-°ˇ-™ØË ´’çü¿’-©èπ◊ ´’®Óߪ÷¶µ„j.) Anand: I am sure he didn't get a good run for his money.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åûªúø’ BÆæ’-èπ◊†o úø•’sèπ◊ ûªT† v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’.) Achyut: you are right. It is the third day and there hasn't been any improvement.

(†’´¤y -îÁ°œpç-C éπÈ®Íéd. ÉC ´‚úÓ ®ÓV. Å®·Ø√ -àç -ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’.) Anand: Why don't you get another check

car each.

up?

(ÉçéÓ-≤ƒJ îª÷°œç--éÓ-èπÿ-úøü∆?) Achyut: I went to this doctor because he has a very good name. He got his break when he treated the train accident victims. Since then he has been well known as a trauma specialist.

(Ñ ú≈éπd-®˝èπ◊ ´’ç* Ê°®Ω’ç-úøôç ´©x Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«x†’. È®j©’ v°æ´÷ü¿ç ¶«Cµ-

Spoken English

(E†oöÀ °æçüÁç™ Åûª-úø’ •£æ›-´’A §Òçü∆úø’.) ´÷´·©’ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Åûª-úÕéÀ •£æ›-´’A ´*açC -Å-E -Åç-ö«ç. b) Å´ôç: He gets busy from 10 onwards. (10 †’ç* BJéπ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Å®·-§Ú-û√úø’.) c) 鬮Ω-ù-´’-´ôç = She got it done . (ÅC Ǣ˒ îË®·ç-*çC) 2) Have π◊ ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†o Å®√n©’: a) éπL-T-Öç-úøôç: She and her husband have a ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ç¢Á’èπ◊, Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®Ωhèπ◊ îÁ®Ó car ÖçC – éπL-T- Ö-Ø√o®Ω’ – ÉC get (§Òçü¿ôç) ûª®√yA °∂æLûªç. b) 鬮Ω-ù-´’-´ôç – She has her clothes ironed by him

(ÅûªúÕûÓ ÉÆ‘Y îË®·-Ææ’hçC/ îË®·ç--èπ◊ç-ô’çC) Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ Ö†o conversation ™ get Ö†o îÓô™«x have ¢√úø-´îª’a.

(¢√∞¡x-é¬\-´-©-ÆœçC ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´*açC – ¢√∞¡Ÿx §Òçü∆®Ω’.) They had what they had wanted.

îË®·ç--èπ◊ç--ô’-Ø√o®·.) b) They won in the end all right, but they got/ had a good run for their money.

¢√∞¡Ÿx ÈíL-î√®Ω’, ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC, é¬F î√™« v¨¡´’-°æúÕ ÈíL-î√®Ω’. (¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Èí©’-°æçûª Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ®√™‰-ü¿E) ûªèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’, áèπ◊\´ °∂æLûªç é¬èπ◊çú≈, ¶«í¬ v¨¡N’ç* °∂æLûªç §Òçü¿ôç.

(¢√∞¡x-é¬\-´-LqçC ¢√∞¡x-èπ◊çC. Åçõ‰ ÅC ¢√∞¡Ÿx-§ÒçC† ûª®√yûª) 5) I do all the work, and they get all the name.

(v¨¡´’-Ø√C, Ê°®Ω’-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊)

Get/have a good run for one's

I do all the work and they have all the name.

M. SURESAN

6) She gets good money from house

money. 4) Why don't you have another checkup = ÉçéÓ-≤ƒJ îË®·çéÓèπ◊-úøü¿÷? =

rents.

(ÉçöÀ ÅüÁl© ´©x Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ úø•’s-´-Ææ’hçC.) She has good money from house rents. Spoken English

Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊, have, got î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·. O™„j†çûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√öÀE Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd ¢√úøôç practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Look at the following sentences from the

°æKéπ~

Why don't you get another checkup. 5) He got a break =

ÅûªE ü¿¨¡ AJ-TçC = He had a break. a) The movie star had a lucky break with the movie, Durmargudu =

conversation at the beginning of the

ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úø’ ÆœE-´÷ûÓ Ç û√®Ω ü¿¨¡ AJ-TçC =

lesson.

The movie star got a break...

ÅEo-îÓôx get •ü¿’©’ have ¢√úÕ-îª÷ü∆lç. 1) ... How did you get the black eye? (Fèπ◊ éπçöÀ ô÷d Ç †©xöÀ ´’îÁa™« ´*açC?)

b) The lawyer had a break with the reservations case = Reservations case

ûÓ Çߪ’† ü¿¨¡ AJ-TçC =

The lawyer got a break with the reserva-

... Why do you have/ How did you have the

tions case.

black eye?

6) I think he had a hand from his uncle =

2) That's why I have the black eye = That's

Çߪ’†

uncle

Çߪ’-†èπ◊ îËߪ‚ûª Éî√aúø’ =

how I got the black eye.

I think he got a hand from his uncle.

(Ééπ\úø have •ü¿’©’ get ¢√ú≈-©çõ‰ é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’p -Å-´-Ææ®Ωç.) Why E how í¬ ´÷®√aç. Present tense ™ Ö†o have •ü¿’©’, past tense ™ Ö†o got ´*açC éπü∆? Meaning ´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊ Ñ ´÷®Ω’p Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ Ææ’©-¶µºç-

a) Get/have a hand =

Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §Òçü¿ôç Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úøôç (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ hand Éî√aúø’- Å-ØË °æ-ü∆-Eo Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø™‰ü¿’, ´÷ô ûª§ƒpúø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç, é¬E English ™ give a hand/ lend a hand Åçõ‰ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø-ôç -Å-E í∫’-®Ω’hç--èπ◊çü∆ç) b) Give a hand =

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 2 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ratnakar: You appear down beat, What's bothering you?

(E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«çí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. E†’o ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’h†o N≠æߪ’ç àN’öÀ?) downbeat= E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«çí¬ Öçúøôç x upbeat= î√™« Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ Öçúøôç.

(

îÁ§ƒp´¤ éπü∆! É°æ¤púËç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) á´-È®jØ√ îÁ°œpçüË îÁ°æ¤hçõ‰, ´’†ç NÆæ’-í∫’ûÓ 'You've said it' Åçö«ç. Å•s, îÁ§ƒp´¤ éπü∆, ÅE é¬Ææh NÆæ’-í∫’ûÓ. You've said it -

Himakar: My boss will certainly throw me out, sooner or later. Before I get

Himakar: It's got to do with my career. My claims for promotion have been overlooked a second time.

the sack, I want to get out.

(Ø√ boss, ûªy®Ω-™ØÓ, ûª®√y-ûªØÓ ¢Á·û√hEéÀ á°æ¤púÓ äéπ-°æ¤púø’ ††’o ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ç* ûÌ©-T-≤ƒhúø’. ÅC ïJÍí™°æ¤ ØËØË •ßª’-ôèπ◊ §Ú¢√©†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. throw (some one) out = (°æü¿-N-™ ç*) äéπ-JE ûÌ©-Tç-îªôç. sooner or later = é¬Ææh ´·çü¿÷, ¢Á†’-éπí¬, ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ á°æ¤púÓ äéπ-°æ¤púø’– Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ conversational expressions. O’ daily conversation ™ ¢√úøôç Å©¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. get the sack - °æü¿-N-™ ç* ûÌ©-Tç°æ¤.

(ÉC Ø√ career èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç. Promotionèπ◊ Ö†o Ø√ Å®Ω|ûª-©†’, È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ûÓÆœ-°æ¤-î√a®Ω’.) claims= (Ééπ\úø) äéπ-ü∆-E-èπ◊†o Å®Ω|ûª ´©x ´îËa £æ«èπ◊\. career – éπK-ߪ’®˝ – 'K— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = Nü∆u, ÖüÓuí∫, ¢√u°æ-鬩’. overlook= ûÓÆœ-°æ¤-îªaôç/ í∫´’-Eç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´ôç.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

234

2

Ratnakar: What will you do without a job? And it is a good job too.

What has a Telugu actor to do with English movies? = English What has a Telugu actor got to do with English movies? to do with, have (got) to do with English practice

ûÁ©’í∫’ †ô’-úÕéÀ, ©èπÿ Ææç•çüµ¿ç àN’öÀ? =

ÆœE-´÷-

Ñ ÅØËN ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. ¶«í¬ îËߪ’çúÕ. 2) You certainly got a raw deal = Fèπ◊ Eïç-í¬ØË ÅØ√uߪ’ç ïJ-TçC = You certainly have a raw deal. a) TRS leaders always complain that Telangana has/ gets a raw deal =

öÀ.Ç-®˝.-áÆˇ. Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ ûÁ©ç-í¬-ùèπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ ÅØ√uߪ’ç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓç-ü¿E Åçö«®Ω’.

î√™« íÌ°æp †öÀ Å®·†°æpöÀéÃ, awards N≠æߪ’ç™ Åçï-M-üËN ÖÊ°-éπ~èπ◊ í∫’®Ω-®·çC./ Ç¢Á’†’ E®Ωxéπ~uç î˨»®Ω’ = Inspite of being a very good

actor, Anjali Devi has always the go-by...

b) Though a much better cricketer than most others, Laxman always gets the go-by =

î√™«-´’ç-C-éπØ√o ´’ç* Çô-í¬-úÁj-†-°æpöÀéÃ, ©éπ~ tù˝ á°æ¤púø÷ ÖÊ°-éπ~èπ◊ í∫’®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’– Laxman v°æA¶µº selectors í∫’Jhç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’ = ... Laxman has always the go-by. 5) I get the sack = I have the sack = Ø√ °æü¿N Üúø’-ûª’çC. a) Natwarsingh got/ had the sack from the external affairs ministry =

NüËQ ´u´-£æ…®√© ´’çvA °æü¿-N-†’ç* †ôy-®˝-Æœç-í˚†’ ûÌ©-Tçî√®Ω’ = Çߪ’† °æü¿-N-§Ú-®·çC.

He always gets the go-by

b) If I accept the bribe, I will get the sack/ I'll have the sack =

؈’ ©çîªç BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰

Ø√ °æü¿N Üúø’-ûª’çC. Ratnakar: You certainly got a raw deal. Didn't you protest?

(Fèπ◊ -E-ïç-í¬ -ÅØ√u-ߪ’¢Ë’ ïJ-TçC. †’´¤y E®Ω-Ææ† ûÁ©-°æ-™‰ü∆?) protest – v§Òõ„Æˇd – 'õ„— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= E®Ω-Ææ†/ ņç-U-鬮Ωç ûÁ©-°æôç/ ´uA-Í®-éÀç-îªôç. Himakar: I complained to my boss, but he didn't care. He wants me to get me out of the company. He wants to get me out of his way, as I know the job better than he, and as I know he has an itching palm. So he gets the jitters in my presence.

(؈’ Ø√ boss èπ◊ °∂œ®√uü¿’ î˨»†’. ÅûªØËç °æöÀdç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Åûª-EéÀ ؈’ company ´CL ¢ÁRx-§Ú-¢√-©E éÓJéπ. Åûª-E-éπçõ‰ °æE Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-†E ††’o ûª†-ü∆-J-éπúøfç ûÌ©-Tç--éÓ-¢√-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. Åûª†’ ©çî√©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«-úøF Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’-éπE ؈’çõ‰ Åûª-EéÀ ¶µºßª’ç. Itching palm. Itch (Éî˝) = >©, ü¿’®Ωü¿; palm = Å®Ω-îË®·. Itching palm - >© îË®·, Åçõ‰ ©çî√©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË Å©-¢√ô’/ üµÓ®ΩùÀ. Almost all politicians in India have itching palms =

®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x ÖçúË ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ©çîª-íÌç-úø’™‰/ ÅN-F-A-°æ-®Ω’™‰).

Ratnakar: So what are you going to do?

(Å®·ûË àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Himakar: It was certainly my turn for promotion, and I feel very bad that I got the go-by. My junior got it and it still galls me. (

-Ñ≤ƒ-J promotion -Ø√-´ç-ûª’. -ØË-†’ -ü∆-EéÀ -Å-Eo-N-üµ∆-™« -Å®Ω’|-úÕ-E, é¬-E -†-†’o °æéπ\-† °--ö«d®Ω’. -Ø√éπ-Ø√o -ûªèπ◊\-´ service -Ö-†o-¢√-úÕéÀ promotion -É-î √a®Ω’. -Å-C -Ø√èπ◊ -´’ç-ôí¬ -Öç-C.-) turn = -´ç--ûª’. gall= -´’-†èπ◊ -Å-Ø√u-ߪ’ç -ï-J-Tçü¿-ØË -¶«-üµ¿, éÓ°æç. Ratnakar: You've said it, but what are you going to do?

Spoken English

b) Education got/ had a raw deal in the allocation of funds in the last budget = budget

(ÖüÓuí∫ç ´ü¿’©’-éÌ-E -àç îË-≤ƒh´¤? ÅC ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç èπÿú≈.) Himakar: I want to do business.

éÀçü¿öÀ ™ Eüµ¿’© Íéö«-®·ç-°æ¤™ Nü¿uèπ◊ ÅØ√uߪ’ç ïJ-TçC.

3) He wants to have/ get me out of his way =

M. SURESAN

(àüÁjØ√ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îË≤ƒh.) Ratnakar: You've already got your fingers burnt by doing it earlier. Why think of it again?

(äéπ-≤ƒJ ÅC-îËÆœ îËûª’©’ 鬩’a-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆? ´’S} Ç Ç™-îª-ØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊?) Himakar: That's true. I had an offer a month ago from a rival company. I'll try that.

(Eï¢Ë’. ØÁ©éÀçü¿ô ´÷ §Úöà éπç°F †’ç* ã offer ´*açC. ÅC v°æߪ’Ao≤ƒh) Ratnakar: Best of luck.











™ get/ have î√™« ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ´îËa ´÷ô-©F, î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀF äÍé Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úø-´-îªaE éÌçûªé¬©çí¬ í∫´’-E-Ææ’hØ√oç. Get/ have ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-L-TûË î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Ææ®Ω∞¡ç (simple) í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Ææ’©-¶µº-ûª®Ωç Å´¤-ûª’çC. Lesson beginning ™ get/ have ûÓ Ö†o expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ daily life situations ™ ¢√úË ´÷ô™‰. Ñ ´÷ô©’ O’®Ω’ Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÌE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-í∫-L-TûË, O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«xúË English î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.

Åûª†’ ††’o Åúø’f ûÌ©-Tç--éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oúø’. a) He wants to have me/ get me out of his way so that he can get rich by bribes =

©çî√©’ BÆæ’-éÌE ¶«í¬ úø•’s îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-îªaE ††’o Åúø’f ûÌ©-Tç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

[sack a person/ give a person the sack/ throw a person out/ show a person the door/ fire a person = common expression. conversation ]

äéπ ´uéÀhE °æü¿N †’ç* ûÌL-Tç-îªôç – ÉC î√™« O’ ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. 6) You've already got your fingers burnt = F îËûª’-L-°æp-öÀÍé 鬩’a-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ = You've already had your fingers burnt. (äéπ °æE, ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’ç*-°æE îËߪ’ôç ´©x îÁúø’ ņ’-¶µº´ç §Òçü¿ôç.) a) I don't want to interfere in the matter, I had my fingers burnt the last time=

ØËØ√ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ éπLpç--éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒÍ® îËûª’©’ 鬩’a-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. (éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ éπLpç--éÓ-´-ôç-´©x Ø√èπ◊ îËü¿’ ņ’-¶µº´ç áü¿’-®Ω-®·çC.)

b) Once she gets him out of the way, she can have her will =

ÅûªúÕE Åúø’f ûÌ©Tçèπ◊çõ‰, Ç¢Á’ É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. =

Once she has him out of her way she can have her will. 4) I feel very bad that I got the go-by. get/ have the go-by

(Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ äéπJo, ¢√∞¡x Å®Ω|-ûª©†’ ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-îªôç.) = Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ω|ûª ÖØ√o ††’o ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î√-®ΩE/ °æéπ\-†-°-ö«d-®ΩE ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC.

a) Inspite of being a very good actor, Anjali Devi got the go-by in the matter of awards =

b) Don't invest in shares business. You may have (get) your fingers burnt = Shares

™ °ô’d-•úÕ Â°ôdèπ◊. îËûª’©’ 鬩´îª’a (†≠æd-§Ú-´îª’a). Ñ lesson ™ get/ have ûÓ ´*a† expressions ÅFo, Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ Eûªu@Nûª Ææçü¿-®√s¥© (Daily life situations) ™ ¢√úË¢Ë. ÉN ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªçúÕ.

English Conversation

The following are the expressions we have used in the conversation at the beginning of this lesson: 1) It's (it has) got to do with my career = It has to do with my career =

ÅC Ø√ career èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç– to do with/ have (has) to do with/ has got to with = Ææç•çüµ¿ç éπL-T-´¤ç-úøôç.

EXERCISE

ANSWER

Pavan:

Ñ≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ Laxman èπ◊ team ™ Å´-鬨¡ç ®√™‰ü¿’. Praveen: ÅûªEÈé°æ¤púø÷ ÅØ√u-ߪ ’¢Ë’ ï®Ω’-í∫ ’ûÓçC. (Raw deal ¢√úøçúÕ) Pavan:

Selectors,

captain,

Pavan:

Praveen: He has always had/ got a raw deal. Pavan:

coach

Åçü¿®Ω÷ éπLÆœ v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ îËÆ œ îËûª’©’ 鬩’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ °æ®√-ïߪ÷©’ °æJ-§ƒ-ô-®·-§Ú-®·çC. Praveen: ÆæJí¬_ Çúø-™‰-ü¿E í∫çí∫÷-ME ûÌ©-Tçî√®Ω’. Æ敶‰ 鬴a. é¬F team véÃúø™ °ü¿l ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿™‰ç™‰ü¿’. Pavan: ûª°æ¤p 鬮Ω-ù«-©ûÓ ûª°æ¤p Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’-©†’ ûÌ©-T-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’ ´’†¢√∞¡Ÿx. Laxman N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Å™«Íí î˨»®Ω’. Praveen: üË´¤úË ®ΩéÀ~ç-î √L India ïô’d†’.

Laxman didn't get the chance this time either. The selectors, captain and coach - all had their/ got their fingers burnt by experimenting. Defeat has become a matter of habit for the India.

Praveen: Ganguli was sacked/ fired/ given the sack/ got the sack (had the sack for not playing well). May be it is right. But the game of our team hasn't improved. Pavan:

They sack players for the wrong reasons at the wrong time. They did it to Laxman.

Praveen: God save Indian cricket.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 4 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, long since we met. How and where have you been?

(´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE î√™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC. ᙫ ÖØ√o¢˛, áéπ\úø ÖØ√o¢˛?) Neeraj: (I've) been out of town for quite sometime. I'd been in troubles for some weeks and that had taken me out of town all these days. I came back only this morning.

(éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ Ü∞x-™‰†’. éÌEo-¢√-®√-©’í¬ É•sç-ü¿’™x ÖØ√o†’. Åçü¿’-´©x Ü∞x-™‰†’. É¢√∞Ï AJ-íÌ-î√a†’.) Dheeraj: Sorry to hear that. Are you free from troubles now?

(ÅC N†-ú≈-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. É•sç-ü¿’™x †’ç* É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-ô-°æ-úøf-õ‰xØ√?) Neeraj: Yes; I can say that I got my head above water now. I've sold of a piece of land and cleared all my debts. I've bought a flat too.

Neeraj: So it with other couples too.

(N’í∫û√ ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh© Ææçí∫A èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.)





(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. °öÀd† úø•’sèπ◊ ûªT-†ç-ûªC.) Dheeraj: Where is this flat of yours?

(F

flat

áéπ\-úø’çC?)







English conversation ™ get/ have èπ◊ Ö†o v§ƒ´·êuç í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç. ÅN î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´≤ƒh-ߪ’F, get, have î√™«îÓôx äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ äéπöÀ ¢√úø-´îªaE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Get, have Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©ûÓ éπLÆœ ®√´ôç English conversation ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç ÅE ví∫£œ«çî√ç. Ñ lesson ™ conversation ™ have/ gotûÓ ´îËa ´’JéÌEo ´÷ô© Å®√n©÷, ¢√úø’é¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ñ lesson ™E have/ got combination ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô©’, daily life situation ™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œç-îË¢Ë. 鬕öÀd OöÀE O’ conversation ™†÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson (between Dheeraj and Neeraj).

(•ßª’-ô-°æ-ú≈f-†E îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’. éÌçûª-§Ò©ç Ţ˒tÆœ Å°æ¤p©’ BÍ®a-¨»†’. ã flat èπÿú≈ é̆’-èπ◊\-Ø√o†’.) Dheeraj: Is the flat good? (flat ¶«í∫’çü∆) Neeraj: Quite good. I got my money's worth.

2

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

235

3. To get one's way with/ to have one's way with

b) Please let me have/ get my say before we decide = ´’†ç E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’, Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç èπÿú≈ îÁ°æp-E-´yçúÕ.

= ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†oC §Òçü¿-í∫-©-í∫ôç.

a) If I had got my way, I would have really moved out of town =

c) An office assistant has no say/ doesn't

؈-†’-èπ◊-†oC §Òçü¿í∫LT Öçõ‰/ ïJT Öçõ‰, Ü®Ω’ •ßª’-öÀÍé ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úË¢√úÕE = If I had had my way I

get a say in the policy matters of a company = company

would have really moved out of town.

Nüµ∆† N≠æ-ߪ÷™x office èπ◊ ûª´’ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª÷©†’

assistants (clerks)

b) You can't get your way/ have your way in all matters

ûÁLÊ° O©’ç-úøü¿’.

= v°æA N≠æ-ߪ’ç™/ ÅEo N≠æߪ÷™x F ´÷õ‰ ØÁí∫_ü¿’. v°æA N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™†÷ F´÷õ‰ îÁ©xôç éπ≠dçæ .

d) Some parents don't allow their children

c) Kaikeyi finally had/ got her way with Sri Rama walking to the forest =

éÌçü¿®Ω’ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ûª´’ °œ©x© Nü∆u-´%-ûª’h© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√J ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©†’ îÁ°æp-E-´y®Ω’.

to have/ get any say about their careers.

Keep your head above water

Neeraj: In a prime area of the town, yet very quiet.

(†í∫-®Ωç-™ E ´·êu-¢Á’i† v§ƒçûªç™, Å®·Ø√ íÌúø-´-™‰E îÓô.) Dheeraj: But haven't you always been for a peaceful area away from the city?

(é¬F FÈé°æ¤púø÷ ÜJéÀ é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ v°æ¨»ç-ûª-¢Á’i† v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Öçú≈-©E éπü∆?) Neeraj: If I had got my way, I would have really moved out of town.

(؈-†’-èπ◊-†oC ïJT Ö†o-ôd-®·ûË, town èπ◊ é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ •ßª’-ô-Èé-Rx-§Ú-ßË’-¢√-úÕØË.) Dheeraj: Whose choice was the site then?

(Å®·ûË Ç Ææn©ç áç°œéπ á´JC?) Neeraj: My wife's choice prevailed.

(´÷ ÇNúø áç°œéπ ØÁT_çC.) Prevail = Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç – ØÁí∫_ôç; ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç = (´ü¿ç-ûª’©’, ¢√uüµ¿’©’) ¢√u°œç-îªôç. Dheeraj: Didn't you get your say in the matter?

(Å®·ûË Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ F ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo îÁÊ°p Å´-鬨¡ç §Òçü¿-™‰ü∆ †’´¤y?) Neeraj: I did, of course, but her opinion got the better of mine. Wives have a way with such matters, haven't they?

(؈’ îÁ§ƒp†’. é¬F Ç¢Á’ ´÷õ‰ ØÁT_çC. É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ¶µ«®Ωu-©èπ◊ àüÓ éÀô’èπ◊ç-ô’çC, éπü∆?) Dheeraj: Most wives do, but my wife is different. She lets me have my way in everything.

(î√™«´’çC ¶µ«®Ωu©’ ÅçûË, é¬F ´÷ ÇNúø ¢ËÍ®.) Neeraj: Yes, yes. She selects the colour and style of even your clothes. Most other wives let their husbands alone in the matter, but your wife is different in that she chooses even clothes for you.

(Å´¤-†-´¤†’. F •ôd© ®Ωçí∫÷, ¨ÎjM Åçû√ Ç¢Á’ áç°œÍé éπü∆! î√™«-´’çC ¶µ«®Ωu©’ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç °æöÀdç--éÓ®Ω’, é¬F O’ ÇNúø F •ôd©’ èπÿú≈ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’hçC.) Dheeraj: That's because we love each other so much.

(´÷ Éü¿lJ´’üµ¿u Åçûª vÊ°´’ ÖçC ´’J.)

Spoken English

1. I got my head above water = I have my head above water.

؈’ *èπ◊\™xç*

•ßª’-ô-°æ-ú≈f†’ =

Get/ have one's head above water =

*èπ◊\©’, ´·êuçí¬ úø•’s-*-èπ◊\©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç/ Öçúø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. a) He earns enough to have his head above water = He earns enough to get his head above water.

*èπ◊\-™‰x-èπ◊çú≈ í∫úÕ-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªT-†çûª Ææ秃-C-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ =

b) She can't seen to get her head/ have her head above water; she always has some problem or the other =

Ææ´’-Ææu-™xç* •ßª’-ô°æ-úøfõ‰x éπ†-°æ-úø-ü∆¢Á’. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ àüÓ äéπ Ææ´’Ææu Öçô’çC. Have/ get èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ keep èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Keep your head above water = Ææ´’-Ææu©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îª÷Ææ’éÓ. Get some one's head/ have some one's head/ keep some one's head above water -

´·êuçí¬ úø•’s *èπ◊\© í∫’Jç* Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Éûª®Ω É•sç-ü¿’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.

c) Work seems to have no end for him; he is unable to get/ have/ keep his head above water =

ÅûªúÕ °æEéÀ Åçûª’-†oô’x éπ†-°æ-úøü¿’. °æE-°æ‹®Ωh®· £æ…®·í¬ Öçúø-™‰-éπ -§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’.

d) Amrita is able to keep/ get/ have her head above water now. All her children are well settled =

Å´’%-ûªèπ◊ É°æ¤úø’ É•sç-ü¿’™‰ç ™‰´¤. Ç¢Á’ °œ©x©’ ¶«í¬ Æœn®Ω-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’.

2. I got my money's worth = I had my money's worth =

°öÀd† úø•’sèπ◊ ûªT† v°æA-°∂æ©ç ®√´ôç.

a) The car is good. Mahendra got his money's worth = car Mahendra

¶«í∫’çC. ü∆E-O’ü¿ °öÀd† úø•’s ´%ü∑∆-é¬-™‰ü¿’ = Mahendra has/ had his money's worth.

b) Surendra doesn't mind spending money, but he wants to be sure that he gets/ has his money's worth =

úø•’s ê®Ω’a-°-õ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ’Í®ç-vü¿èπ◊ Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’, é¬F °öÀd† úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ é¬èπÿ-úø-ü¿ØË ÅûªE Ç™-.

c) Eat in that restaurant; you get/ have your money's worth =

Ç °∂æ©-£æ…-®Ω-¨»-©™ A†’, †’´¤y °õ‰d ê®Ω’aèπ◊ ûªT† v°æA-°∂æ©ç ©Gµ-Ææ’hçC.

5. Her opinion got the better of mine =

X®√-´·úø’ Åúø-NéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-ôçûÓ ÈéjÍé®· ´÷õ‰ ØÁT_çC.

ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ØÁT_çC, Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç O’ü¿ =

Her

opinion had the better of mine.

d) Sonia Gandhi has/ gets her way with her party colleagues

get/ have better of (some one) =

äéπ-JE

Èí©-´ôç. a) Australia got/ had the better of India in

= Ç¢Á’ §ƒKd-™-E ûÓöÀ M. SURESAN Æ涵º’u™x Sonia Gandhi ´÷õ‰ îÁ©’x-ûª’çC. 4. Didn't you get your say in the matter = F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç îÁÊ°p Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü∆ Fèπ◊= Didn't

the last match = Australia

äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo

éÀçü¿öÀ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝Â°j ÈíLç-*çC.

match

Duryodhana =

Hµ´·úø’

ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿†’úÕE

ãúÕç-î√úø’. ÅFo èπÿú≈ daily real life situa™ ¢√úË¢Ë ÅE O’éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC éπü∆; É´Fo ´’†ç áéπ\úÓ N†o-ô’x-Ø√o-®·-éπü∆. OöÀE O’ spoken English ™ ¶µ«í∫ç îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. O’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË OöÀE correct í¬ ¢√úË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ´≤ƒh®·.

Ñ

expressions

tions

´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç. a) In a democracy every one has/ has got their say in matters of public interest =

v°æñ«-≤ƒy-´’uç™ v°æï-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç™ v°æA-¢√-Jéà ûª´’ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ´uéπh-°æ-JîË Å´-鬨¡ç Öçô’çC. EXERCISE

ANSWER

Sneha: Hi Sakhi, assignment complete

Sneha: Hi Sakhi, have you done the assignment?

î˨»¢√? Sakhi: ™‰üË, Ø√ °æ† ’-©Fo °æ‹JhîËÆæ ’èπ◊E á°æ¤púø’ ë«Sí¬ Öçö«ØÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL -ߪ’-ôç-™‰ü¿’. (have.. head above water ¢√úøçúÕ) Sneha: TV °æôx F •©-£‘«-†ûª F ¶«üµ¿uûªLo ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-îËô’x îË≤ÚhçC. Sakhi: E†o †’¢ËyüÓ Guide éÌØ√o´¤. ÅC ¶«í∫’çü∆? Sneha: é¬Ææh êKüË é¬E úø•’sèπ◊ ûªí∫_ N©’-´¤çC ü∆EéÀ. Ø√ úø•’s ´%ü∑∆é¬-™‰ü¿’. Sakhi: Ø√èπ◊ ´*a† assignment î√™« éπJ∏†çí¬ ÖçC. Professor †’ ´÷®Ωa-´’E Åúø-í∫Ø√? Sneha: Åô’-´çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x F ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-EéÀ û√´¤-™‰ü¿’. Sakhi: ´’†-´÷õ‰ ØÁÍí_ôx®·ûË áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çüÓ! Sneha: Å≤ƒ-üµ¿u-¢Á ’i† N≠æߪ÷© í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊.

™

b) Bhima got the better of/ had the better of

you have your say in the matter

Have/ get one's say =

Ç¢Á’

Sakhi: No, I don't know when I can get my head/ have my head above water. Sneha: Your weakness for TV gets/ has the better of your responsibilities. Sakhi: You bought some guide yesterday. How is it? Sneha: It is a bit high priced, but I had/ got my money's worth. Sakhi: The assignment I've got is tough. Shall I ask the professor to change it? Sneha: You don't have any say in such matters. Sakhi: How I wish our word prevailed! (prevail =

ØÁí∫_ôç, Èí©-´ôç)

Sneha: Don't talk of impossible things.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 6 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Chinmayi: What a down pour! How long it lasted! I haven't seen the like of it in the past ten years.

(Ŷs áçûª ¢√ØÓ! áçûª-ÊƧÚ! í∫ûª °æüË-∞¡x™ Éçûª ¢√† ؈’ îª÷∞Ïxü¿’). Downpour= ïúÕ-¢√† Kiranmayi: Me too. I thought of going to Chennai, but fortunately I had second thoughts about it and dropped the idea.

(؈÷ îª÷∞Ïxü¿’. îÁØÁj o ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o†’ é¬E Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h, Ç™-*ç* ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) Chinmayi: Good idea. Otherwise you'd have been stranded following the disruption of train services. But why did you want to go to Chennai, in the first instance?

(´’ç* °æØË î˨»´¤. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ train services Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç ´©x, áéπ\úÓ äéπ-îÓô *èπ◊\-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-ßË’-ü∆-EN. ÅÆæ©’ †’´¤y îÁØÁj o áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?) stranded= v°æߪ÷ù ≤˘éπ®Ωuç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´©x ãîÓô *èπ◊\-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-´ôç.

2

Chinmayi: How are your relations with your higher-ups in the head office? (Head office ™E O’ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’-©ûÓ O’ Ææç•ç-üµ∆-™„™« ÖØ√o®·?) Higher-ups = äéπ ÆæçÆæn™  °j ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’. Kiranmayi: Well, we can't say we have the best of relations.

(´÷ ´’üµ¿u Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’ Åûª’u-ûªh-´’-¢Á’i-†´E îÁ°æp-™‰†’. Åçõ‰ ÅÆæ©’ ¶«í¬-™‰-ü¿E îÁ°æp-ô¢Ë’.) Chinmayi: Why, what's the matter?

(àçöÀ Ææ´’Ææu?) Kiranmayi: They always want to get us under their thumb, and we resist.

éÌEo ®ÓV-©’í¬ ´’†ç get/ have ûÓ Spoken English ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ daily life situations ™ ´îËa ´÷ô©’ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç. Let's see a few

Chinmayi: They can definitely give you some freedom.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx O’èπ◊ éÌçûª ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç É´ya)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

ü∆E í∫’Jç* °æ¤†-®√-™-*ç-î√†’/ ´’Sx Ç™-*çî√†’, Ç™- ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’/ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ = I got second thoughts about it. a) Sanjana did think of buying a car, but had second thoughts about it because of rising maintenance costs =

Ææçï† car éÌçü∆-´’E ņ’-èπ◊çC. é¬E ´’Sx é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç--éÌE °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o E®Ωy-£æ«ù ê®Ω’a© 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ Ç™- (´’†Ææ’) ´÷®Ω’aèπ◊çC. =

236

Sanjana did think of buying a car but got second thoughts about it.

His wife gets him under her thumb ®Ωü¿’l îËߪ’-ôç-´©x v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊©’ î√™«´’çC *èπ◊\-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. disruption= Bus, train services é¬F, Éçéπ ¢ËöÀ-Èéj-Ø√-é¬F Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç éπ©-í∫ôç. In the first instance = ÅÆæ©’, ¢Á·ü¿-öÀí¬ Kiranmayi: Our head office people have made a number of changes in the policies of the company. I have a strong feeling that some of them can't be implemented here as soon as they want them to be. I spoke to them over the phone about it, but I'm afraid they haven't heard me out. I want to get their full ear, so I thought of meeting them.

(´÷ head office ¢√∞¡Ÿx éπç°F Nüµ∆Ø√™x î√™« ´÷®Ω’p©’ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-†’-èπ◊-†oçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Ééπ\úø ¢√öÀE Å´’-©’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-ü¿E Ø√ ¶µ«´†. ü∆E N≠æߪ’ç ¢√∞¡xûÓ Øˆ’ phone ™ ´÷ö«x-ú≈†’. é¬E ¢√∞¡Ÿx ††’o °æ‹Jhí¬ N†-™‰-ü¿-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√∞¡xE éπLÊÆh ¢√∞¡Ÿx ØË îÁÊ°pC °æ‹Jhí¬ NØË™« îËßÁ·-îªaE ¢Á∞«}†’.) implement= Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç Å´’-©’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç; The Government thinks of good policies but fails to implement them =

v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ´’ç* Nüµ∆-Ø√-©ØË ®Ω÷§Òç-C-Ææ’hçC é¬E Å´’-©’°æ-®Ω-îª-ôç™ N°∂æ-©-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. implement èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç °æE-´·ô’x/ °æJ-éπ®√©’ – Agricultural/ form implements = ´u´-≤ƒßª’ °æJ-éπ-®√©’, Surgical implements = ¨¡ÆæY *éÀû√q °æJ-éπ-®√©’ hear some one out = äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC °æ‹Jhí¬ N†ôç. Please hear me out= ؈’ îÁÊ°pC °æ‹Jhí¬ N†’.

Spoken English

(Learn public school Ø√ áç°œéπ. é¬F Ç™- ´÷®Ω’-ûÓçC= Åçü¿’™ îË®Ωaôç ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’.)

more of them in this lesson. 1) I had second thoughts about it =

(¢√∞Î}-°æ¤púø÷ ´’´’tLo ØÌéÀ\-°-ö«d-©E îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡x Åü¿’-°æ¤™ ÖçéÓ-¢√©E îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’. ¢Ë’ç ÅC ´uA-Í®-éÀ≤ƒhç)

A number of passengers were stranded because of the cancellation of buses. =

Buses

Murthy: Learn public school was my choice but I have/ have got second thoughts now.

Kiranmayi: You know they don't want us to get a day off, though we are eligible for it. They want us to work even on holidays, though they pay us overtime for that.

Have second thoughts = get second thoughts =

Åçõ‰ ņ’-´÷-Eç-îªôç ÅE Å®Ωnç

èπÿú≈ ÖçC. a) Though the manager had agreed to take him in as the office boy, she had/ got second thoughts about him =

M. SURESAN

(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ, ´÷èπ◊ Å®Ω|ûª Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, äéπ-®ÓV èπÿú≈ ÂÆ©´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ä°æ¤p-éÓ®Ω’. ÂÆ©´¤-®Ó-V™x èπÿú≈ ¢Ë’ç °æE îËߪ÷-©çö«®Ω’. °æE-îË-Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åü¿-†çí¬ ¶µºûªuç É≤ƒh-®Ω-†’éÓ) eligible for = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç. overtime

=

overtime

allowance

=

îËߪ÷-Lq† ü∆E-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Æ洒ߪ’ç °æE-îË-Æœ†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ îÁLxçîË ¶µºûªuç. Chinmayi: That's mean of them. They don't understand that a happy employee is an efficient employee.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™« Fîªçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçúË ÖüÓuÍí Ææ´’-®Ω’n-úÁj† ÖüÓuT ÅØËC ¢√∞¡x-éπ-®Ωnç-é¬ü¿’) Kiranmayi: That's true. (ÅC Eïç)





-v°æ-¨¡o: i. ing







form

ûª®√yûª ¢ÁçôØË be form ´Ææ’hçü∆? ing forms †’ be forms ûÓ §ƒô’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ó ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

ii. 'Reading books', 'Tendulkar began playing tests' -

OöÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√é¬u©’ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-û√ߪ÷? – °œ. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, 鬴L.

iii. Past participle

-ï-¢√-•’:

i. '...ing' forms, 'be' forms '...ing' form,

ûª®√yûª ´ÊÆh verbs Å´¤-û√®·. ´·çü¿®Ω 'be' form ™‰èπ◊çú≈ èπÿú≈ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Å°æ¤p-úøC verb é¬ü¿’ ÅçûË. 'be' form ´·çü¿-®Ω-™‰E '...ing' form Å®Ωnç, ®√ߪ’ôç (writing), A†ôç (eating), †úø-´ôç (walking) ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.

Manager ÅûªEo office boy í¬ Eߪ’-N’çîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÌ-†o-°æp-öÀéà Åûª-úøçõ‰ Ç¢Á’-ÍéüÓ Å†’-´÷-Ø√-©’-Ø√o®·. (ÅûªEo Eߪ’-N’ç-îª-éπ§Ú-´îª’a) b) I have/ have got seemed thoughts about the bike I have thought of buying =

b) Venkat: What's happened to your idea of selling off your old house.

(O’ §ƒûª ÉçöÀE Ţ˒t-ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊†o F Ç™- à´’-®·çC?) Venu: On second thoughts I felt it better to let it out than to sell it.

(é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç-*-†-O’-ü¿ô Ţ˒t-ߪ’-úøçéπØ√o ÅüÁl-éÀ-´yôç ´’ç*-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.) On second thoughts = ´’Sx Ç™-*ç-*† ûª®√yûª Ñ second thoughts/ second thought (American) English conversation ™ Ææ®Ωy≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE-°œçîË ´÷ô. Practise it. 2) I want to get/ have their full ear=

Ø√ ´÷ô©’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æ‹Jhí¬ NØËô’x îËߪ÷-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o/ NØË O©’-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hØ√o. a) I can't get/ have the full ear of my boss. She is too busy.

؈’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊-†oC ´÷ boss èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ NE°œç-îª-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. Ç¢Á’é¬ BJ-éπ-™‰ü¿’. (؈’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊-†oC Ç¢Á’èπ◊ NE-°œçîË O©’-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC. Ç¢Á’ áçûÓ busy.) b) My Mom complains she can't get the full ear of my dad.

ûª†’ îÁÊ°pC ´÷ Ø√†o °æ‹Jhí¬ NE-°œç--éÓ-úøE ´÷ Å´’t Ç®Ó-°æù. 3) They always want to get us/ have us under their thumb=

¢√∞Îx-°æ¤púø÷ ´’´’tLo ¢√∞¡x Åü¿’-°æ¤™ Öç-éÓ-¢√©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

؈’ éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o car í∫’Jç* Ø√Íé¢Ó ņ’-´÷-Ø√-©’-Ø√o®·. On second thoughts ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ have/ get second thoughts ÅØË Å®Ωn¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË sentence structure ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC.

a) Most mothers-in-law want to have/ get their daughters-in-law under their thumb.

a) Prasad: Which school do you want to put your son in?

b) The husband has no freedom. His wife gets/ has him under her thumb.

(O’¢√-úÕE à èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?)

school

™ îË®√a-©-†’-

ii. a) Reading books improves our knowledge Reading sentence

Ééπ\úø èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, îªü¿-´ôç èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ÅE. °j °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îªü¿-´ôç Nñ«c-Ø√Eo °ç§Òç-C-Ææ’hçC.

b) Tendulkar began playing tests tests = (playing)

õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ Çúøôç ¢Á·ü¿-™„-ö«dúø’. iii. Past participles ûÓ éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ sentences begin Å´¤-û√®·. Given the circumstances, anybody will behave like him = Past particisentence ple

Ç °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x á´-È®jØ√ Åûª-E™«ØË v°æ´-Jhç-îË-¢√®Ω’. ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´ü¿’.

áèπ◊\-´-´’çC Åûªh©’ ¢√∞¡x éÓúø-∞¡x†’ ûª´’ Åü¿’-°æ¤™ Öç-éÓ-¢√-©E îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’. Ç ¶µº®Ωhèπ◊ ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç ™‰ü¿’. Åéπ\úø °j îË®· Çߪ’† ¶µ«®ΩuüË.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Where

we can get good mangoes/ Where we can available good mangoes

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC ÆæÈ®jçC? – ´’Ê£«çvü¿, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛.

-ï-¢√-•’:

Where we can get good mangoes question Where can we get good mangoes? question form.

ÅE

®√ü¿’ – ÅE éπü∆

Where we can available good mangoes Available

ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ üÌ®Ω-éπôç; ©¶µºu-´’-´ôç ÅE Å®Ωnç. ´÷N’-úÕ-°æç-úø’x üÌ®Ω-éπôç, / ©¶µºu-´’-´ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å®·ûË, question B®Ω’: Where are good mangoes available?

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 8 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Jayathi: Oh, this gas business! India, they say, is improving and we don't get cooking gas when we need it. God knows how long we have to suffer like this.

(àçö Ñ gas N≠æߪ’ç! ¶µ«®Ωû˝ î√™« ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿’-ûª’ç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’. ´çô gas Å´Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’ üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’. áçûª-鬩ç Ñ ¶«üµ¿-©’-°æ-ú≈™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ôç-™‰ü¿’.) Aarthi: True. They are giving us no end of trouble, these civil supplies people and gas dealers. The minute we run out of gas we get the blues.

(Eï¢Ë’. Ñ §˘®Ω-Ææ-®Ω-°∂æ®√© ¢√∞¡⁄x, gas dealers, Åçûª’-™‰E ¶«üµ¿ éπL-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ´çô gas Å®·-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿çõ‰ áéπ\-úø-™‰E Cí∫’©÷ ´Ææ’hçC.) no end of= Åçûª’-™‰E/ áéπ\-úø-™‰E. run out of= àüÁjØ√ Å®·-§Ú-´ôç. My bike has/ I have run out of petrol =

Ø√ bike ™/ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω petrol Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.

Aarthi: That's true. I needed gas urgently last week, I went straight to the dealer but I got the brush off.

(Eï¢Ë’, éÀçü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç Ø√èπ◊ gas 鬢√Lq ´*a A†oí¬ dealer ü¿í∫_-®ΩÍé ¢ÁRûË, †ØËoç °æöÀdç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ´÷ô©’ BÆœ-§ƒ-Í®¨»úø’.) Jayathi: For a cylinder full of gas we have to run around places. This is modern India, which in PM's words will be the global market.

☯

(äéπ\ cylinder gas éÓÆæç áEo-îÓ-ôx-Èé∞«x™! ÉD Çüµ¿’-Eé𠶵«®Ωû˝– ´’† v°æüµ∆E ´÷ô™x global market!) ☯

☯

☯

´’†ç éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ daily life conversation ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË/ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË get/ have ûÓ ´îËa éÌEo expressions îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç. Å™«ç-öÀ¢Ë ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. OöÀE conversation ™ ¢√úøôç Å©¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰, O’ Ç™-îª-†-©†’ ¶µ«¢√-©†’ î√™« éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫-©’-í∫’-û√®Ω’.

I've run out of cash, so take this cheque= cheque

鬕öÀd

2

[ To get the best of both the worlds =

2. Get something over with =

(ã °æE/ N≠æߪ’ç) é¬E-îËa-ߪ’ôç.

Å¢√y 鬢√L, •’¢√y 鬢√L.

Let me get my exams over with first and I'll play any number of matches = exams matches

You can't have/ get the best of both the worlds = ]

Ø√ Å®·-§ÚF, áEo Å®·Ø√ Çúøû√. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ get •ü¿’©’ have ¢√úøû√ç.

Å¢√y 鬢√L, •’¢√y 鬢√-©çõ‰

èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’.

4. To get something straight =

a) He has to get his daughter's marriage/ have his daughter's marriage over with. Then only he can think of buying a house =

í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç =

correct to have something

àüÁjØ√

straight. a) I am going to get it/ have it straight =

¢Á·ü¿ô ÅûªE èπÿûª’J °Rx °æ‹Jh-îË-Ææ’éÓ-¢√L. Ç ûª®√yûË É©’x é̆ôç Ææçí∫A.

؈C ÆæJí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√o (ûË©’a-éÓ¶-ûª’Ø√o.)

Look at the sentence in the conversation:

To get something straight

Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω †í∫ü¿’ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC, BÆæ’éÓ.

India is running out of its oil resources =

¶µ«®Ωû˝ ·-®Ω’-E-Íé~-§ƒ©’ Å®·-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o®·. I am running out of patience =

Ø√ ã®Ω’p †P-≤ÚhçC.

a) Jagadish: Why are you so nervous, Paresh?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(àçôçûª ÖØ√o´¤?)

237

Jayathi: Why don't they take some real serious steps? I need a cylinder now. Let me have it first. Once I get it over with, I can relax.

M. SURESAN

(†´ç-•®˝ v°æ¢Ë-PÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ exams í∫’Jç* Cí∫’©’ °æ¤úø’-ûª’çC). Jagadish: Why in November itself? Isn't it in March? (November exams?)

™ØËØ√?

(semester November

Jagadish: Take heart and get over the blues. Otherwise you can't do well.

(Cí∫’-©’-°æ-úøôç ´÷ØËÆ œ üµÁj®Ωuç ûÁaéÓ. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ exams ÆæJí¬_ ®√ߪ’-™‰´¤.)

´Ææ’hçüÓ, ®√üÓ

It's time that ... =

1.

Ééπ\úø get the blues/ have the blues îª÷úøçúÕ. D†®Ωnç– à N≠æ-ߪ’ç-´-©x-ØÁjØ√ ´’†-éÌîËa Cí∫’©’. a) She has pregnancy blues = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωs¥ç´©x à´’-´¤-ûª’çüÓ ÅE Cí∫’-©’í¬ ÖçC. b) He has started having summer blues =

(àüÁjØ√) É°æp-öÀ-éπ-ߪ·uç-ú≈-LqçC. It's time you got married =

Å°æ¤púË Åûª-EéÀ ¢ËÆæ-N-鬩ç Cí∫’©’ °æô’d-èπ◊çC=

†’Ny-°æp-öÀÍé °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊E Öçú≈LqçC. Jayathi: In all these matters it is annoying to see that the gas dealer has the last word. Protest, argue and haggle as you like they have their way and you are helpless.

(É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ´’†-éÓ\°æç ´îËa-üËçôçõ‰ gas dealer üË ûª’C-´÷ô. E®Ω-Ææ† ûÁL-°œØ√, ¢√Cç-*Ø√, ¶‰®Ωç-îË-ÆœØ√ ´’†ç îËÊÆ-üËç-™‰ü¿’, ¢√∞¡x-ü∆J ¢√JüË.) haggle= ¶‰®Ω-´÷-úøôç

Spoken English

°æü¿l¥-A™ °æK-éπ~©’ ™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·.)

He has started getting summer blues. get the blues/ have the blues=

Cí∫’©’, é¬Ææh ¶µºßª’ç èπÿú≈. lesson ™E Ñ sentence í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. The minute we run out of gas, we get the blues/ we have the blues = Gas

Å®·-§Ú-®·†

éπ~ùç-†’ç* ´’†èπ◊ Cí∫’-™‰-Ææ’hçC. c) As the month of March approaches, most businessmen get tax blues = March (have tax blues)

ØÁ© ®√í¬ØË ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω-Ææ’h-©èπ◊ °æ†’o Cí∫’©’ °æô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’çC.

Kiran:

Once the CM gets/ has the flood relief measures over with, he can think of expanding the cabinet = CM

Kishore: I've got it straight enough, it's me.

´®Ωü¿ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ Ωu©’ °æ‹®Ωh-®·-§ÚûË, ´’çvA-´®Ω_ NÆæh-®Ωù í∫’Jç* Ç™-*ç-îª-´îª’a. 3. Get the worst of = ã N≠æߪ’ç ´©x ïJÍí éÃúø’.

(Ø√èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ØË ûÁ©’Ææ’. ØËØË.)

b) Get it/ have it straight. I don't want you here again =

ÆæJí¬ Å®Ωnç-îË-Ææ’éÓ. †’´¤y ´’Sx Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´ôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’.

a) Whenever something goes wrong somewhere the consumer gets the worst of it = The dealers and officials get the best of it = (Dealers,

c) We had better have things straight/ We had better get things straight. Are you coming, or aren't you? =

(áéπ\úø à §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ïJ-TØ√ ü∆E-´©x éÃúø’ NE-ßÁ÷-í∫-ü∆-®ΩxÍé.)

´’†ç ÆæJí¬ Å®Ωnç-îË-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ´’ç*C. †’¢Ìy-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√, ®√´-õ‰xü∆?

ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’ ©Gl¥ §Òçü¿’-û√®Ω’.) (ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ best x worst) EXERCISE Pavan:

ANSWER

àçöÀ? àüÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-†o-ô’x-Ø√o´¤? Sravan: à癉ü¿’. June ´îËaÆæ’hçC éπü∆, °œ©x© school fees © ¶«üµ¿ Cí∫’-©’í¬ ÖçC. Pavan: áçûË-N’öÀ? Sravan: áçûª-®·Ø√ °æC-¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© ´÷õ‰. Pavan: Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. ´’J O’ ÉçöÀ repairs ´÷õ‰-N’öÀ? Sravan: ÉC ¢Á·ü¿ô é¬E-a-èπ◊çõ‰ ÉçöÀ repairs N≠æߪ’ç Ç™-*ç--éÓ-´îª’a. Pavan: °æC-¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„ç-ü¿’èπÿ? àüÁjØ√ ´÷´‚©’ school ™ îªC-Nç-îª-´-a-éπü∆? Sravan: ´’ç* îªü¿’´¤ 鬢√-Lq-´ÊÆh, ØËØ√ ê®Ω’a ¶µºJçî√-LqçüË. Å¢√y 鬢√L •’¢√y-é¬-¢√-©çõ‰ èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-ü¿’-éπü∆.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. For the 'waters'

came lip to my lips.

2. I have come to deep waters. water

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Å-ØÌ-a-éπü∆? 3. Articles ™ some and any ÅØË °æü∆-©†’ èπÿú≈ a/ an èπ◊ •£æ›´îª-†-®Ω÷-°æç™ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Öü∆. 'some sugar' and 'any rice.' OöÀE articles éÀçü¿ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’? 4. 'It is done'. DEE à tense ™ ¢√úø-´îª’a? – G.¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, ´®Ωç-í∫™¸.

Let's have it/ let's get it straight. Am I pay for the tickets or you?

(ÉC ¢Á·ü¿ô ûË©’a-èπ◊çü∆ç. Tickets èπ◊ îÁLxçîËC †’¢√y? ØËØ√?)

Ç °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ü°œJ °‘©’a-éÓ-í∫-©†’.

™

Paresh: It's November in the semester system.

Jayathi: Let me go now. I am going to get it straight, whether I am getting gas or not.

(Gas supply Ææñ«-´¤í¬ ÖçúË îª®Ωu-L-°æpöÀÍé BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçC.)

March

éπü∆

(áéπ\úø à §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ïJ-TØ√, NE-ßÁ÷-í∫ü∆-®ΩxÍé ¶«üµ¿. ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’-©èπ◊, gas dealers èπÿ °æçô.)

Aarthi: It is time that they got normal gas supply underway.

(à ØÁ© ÉC?)

Paresh: Once we enter November I get the / I have the exam blues.

Aarthi: Whenever something goes wrong somewhere, the consumer gets the worst of it and the gas dealers and officials get the best of it.

gas

Paresh: What is the month? Jagadish: November.

(Eï-¢Á’i† Ωu©’ áçü¿’èπ◊ BÆæ’-éÓ®Ω’? É°æ¤púø’ Ø√éÓ cylinder 鬢√L. ´·çü¿’ ††’o ûÁa-éÓF. Ç °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·ûË, ؈÷-°œJ °‘©’a-éÓ-´îª’a).

(††’o ¢Á∞¡xF. Ø√èπ◊ ûË©’a-èπ◊çö«.)

éπçí¬®Ω’í¬

Once I get it over with, I can relax = Once I have it over with I can relax.

Pavan: You appear worried about something. Sravan: June is approaching, I get the children's school fees blues. Pavan: How much is it? Sravan: Anywhere about Rs. 10,000/Pavan: I can understand. What about repairs to your home? Sravan: Once I get it/ have it over with I can think of them. Pavan: Why Rs. 10,000/- You can have your son study in an ordinary school. Sravan: I have to bear the expenditure if I want good schooling. We can't have the best of both the worlds. (We can't get ...)

-ï-¢√-•’: 1. Waters

Å-E, äéπ †C/Ææ-´·-vü¿ç-™ E F∞¡x†’ í∫’-J-ç-* ´÷ö«x-úËô-°æ¤p-úø’ -Åç-ö«®Ω’. The

waters of the Krishna (Krishna the waters of the Ocean

†D-ï-©ç/ -ï-™«©’), (´’£æ…Ææ-´·-vü¿°æ¤ F∞¡Ÿx) – É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx waters Åçö«ç. ´÷´‚-© ’í¬ Å®·ûË water ÅØË Åçö«ç. For the waters came lip to my lips -

DEéÀ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-O’ ™‰ü¿’. Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ûÁL-ÊÆh-é¬E Å®Ωnç îÁ°æp™‰ç.

2. I have come to deep waters expression I am in deep water =

ÉC ÆæÈ®j†

é¬ü¿’. ؈’

*èπ◊\™x ÖØ√o†’. ÅØË-N 鬴¤. ÅN O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË, Å´¤-û√ߪ÷, ÅN Å´¤-û√ߪ÷ ÅØË °æöÀdç--éÓ-éπçúÕ. 4. It is done = ÅC îËߪ’-•-úø’ -ûª’ç-C/- îË-ߪ’-•-úÕçC. Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ç °æE Å´¤-ûª’çC (véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) Ç °æE Å®·çC, -ÅE. 3. some, any articles determiners. English correct use articles determiners technicalities

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 10 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Mohan: I always see you buying pens. Do you really need so many pens? If you don't mind my saying it, I observe you write very little.

(†’´¤y °†’o©’ é̆ôç îª÷≤ƒh-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷. Eïçí¬ ÅEo°†’o©’ Féπ-´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? †’¢Ëy´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË †’´¤y ®√ÊÆC î√™« ûªèπ◊\-´ØË N≠æߪ’ç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.) Soman: You are right, of course. I don't write much, yet I take a fancy to pens.

(†’´y-ØËC Eï¢Ë’. ØËØËç áèπ◊\´ ®√ߪ’†’, é¬F °†’o-©çõ‰ ÅGµ-´÷†ç Ø√èπ◊/ áçü¿’éÓ É≠æd-°æ-úøû√.) Mohan: Why waste so much money?

(E†o-®√vA ؈’ äéπ\-éπ~ùç Evü¿-§Ú-™‰ü¿’. 11 í∫çô© ´®Ωèπ◊ v•£æ«t ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»†’. Ç ûª®√yûª áçü¿’-éπØÓ Evü¿-°æ-ôd-™‰ü¿’.) A wink of sleep = èπ◊†’èπ◊ Soman: That certainly is a good movie. The hero in the movie took the world by storm by his action. It took the audiences breath away.

(ÅC Eïçí¬ íÌ°æp ÆœE-´÷ßË’. ü∆E™ hero ûª† action ûÓ Åçü¿JF Çéπ-J{ç-î √úø’)

Let's study these expressions one by one.

Mohan: It was his first movie. He just took a shot at it and succeeded. He himself didn't expect it to be such a success.

äéπ ´Ææ’h-´Ø√o/ ´uéπhØ√o É≠æd-°æ-úøôç/ ¢Á÷V-°æ-úøôç.

(Åü¿-ûªE ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ÆœE´÷. àüÓ Å™« v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√úø’. Nïߪ’ç §Òçü∆úø’. ÅûªúË Å†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ Åçûª íÌ°æpí¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-´’-´¤ûª’ç-ü¿E.)

(áçü¿’-éπçûª úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒh´¤?) Soman: Everybody has their fancy. Just as you have a fancy to shoes, I have a fancy to pens.

2

Soman: He has his turn now.

(v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x üËØÓo äéπ-ü∆Eo É≠æd°æ-úø’-ûª’çö«®Ω’. †’´¤y shoes †’ É≠æd-°æ-úøfõ‰x, ؈’ °†’o-©çõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’.)

1. Take a fancy to = have a fancy to = a) Hari took a fancy to Nalini when they met at a fresher's party = Fresher's party ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀ-†’ç* †RE O’ü¿ £æ«J ¢Á÷V-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. /†RE Åçõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ = Hari has a fancy to Nalini. b) Sundari takes a fancy to diamond rings=

(É°æ¤púøûªE ´çûª’.)

´vñ«© Öçí∫-®√©çõ‰ Ææ’çü¿-JéÀ ¢Á÷V =

Mohan: I have an uncle who takes an interest in cell phones. You just don't know how often he changes his phonesatleast once in 8 or 9 months.

Sundari has a fancy to diamond rings.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

238

c) Children have a fancy to things of bright colours =

´·ü¿’-®Ω’-®Ωçí∫’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©Â°j °œ©x-©èπ◊ ¢Á÷Vç-ô’çC/

I'll take forty winks

b) All this happened as she took/ had her forty winks =

Ç¢Á’ èπ◊†’èπ◊ BÆæ’h†o Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Éü¿çû√ ïJ-T-§Ú-®·çC. 5. The hero in the movie took the world by storm = The hero in the movie had the world by storm =

Ç ÆœE-´÷™ hero Åçü¿JE Çéπ-J{ç-î√úø’/ Åçü¿J ´’†o-†©÷ §Òçü∆úø’. a) Tendulkar took the world by storm by being the youngest to score a century = Tendulkar had the world by storm ... = Century ≤ƒCµç-*† ÅA *†o-¢√-úø’í¬ õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ v°æ°æçîªü¿%≠œdE Çéπ-J{ç-î √úø’/ v°æ°æç-î√Eo Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-J-î√úø’. b) She took the world by storm in her maiden appearance on the screen =

¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ éπE-°œç-îª-úøç-ûÓØË Ç¢Á’ Ææçîª-©†ç Ææ%≠œdç-*çC/ Åçü¿J ´’†o-†©÷ §ÒçCçC = She had the world by storm ... Take the world by storm =

Mohan: I had a terrible

(´÷ Åçèπ◊™¸ äé¬-ߪ’† ÖØ√oúø’. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ÂÆ™¸ §∂Ú†’x Åçõ‰ ¢Á÷V. áçûª ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ÂÆ™¸-§∂ÚØ˛q ´÷®Ω’-≤ƒhúÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. éπFÆæç áE-N’C ûÌN’t-C-ØÁ-©-©-éÌ-éπ-õ„jØ√ ´÷®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ö«úø’.)

So I am going this weekend.

(í∫ûª-¢√-®Ω-´’çû√ (°æEûÓ) ¶µºßª’ç-éπ- M. SURESAN ®Ωçí¬ í∫úÕç-*çC. 鬕öÀd Ñ¢√®√çûªç™ äéπ-®ÓV °æE-™ç* N®√´’ç BÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’.)

do you I suppose.

Soman: Go ahead. I'll take a day off next week.

non-stop for 6 to 7 hours without feel-




ing the strain? I do feel the strain

éÀçü¿öÀ

today too. I think it's because of the heat.

(ÇÍ®-úø’-í∫ç-ô-©-§ƒô’ EJy-®√-´’çí¬ °æE-îË-Æœ† ®ÓV-©’-™‰¢√? Å°æ¤púË´’çûª v¨¡´’-E-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’ ´’†èπ◊. É¢√∞¡ Ø√èπÿ\ú≈ v¨¡´’ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. áçúø-´©x ņ’-èπ◊çö«.) Soman: Let's take five. We feel refreshed then.

(ã Å®·ü¿’ EN’-≥ƒ-©-§ƒô’ Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Å°æ¤púø’ ´’Sx û√ñ«í¬ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) Mohan: You take five, that won't be enough for me. I'll have just forty winks.

(†’´¤y é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Nv¨»çA BÆæ’éÓ. Ø√éπC î√©ü¿’. ØËØÓ èπ◊†’èπ◊ B≤ƒh/ é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Evü¿-§Úû√) Soman: Do you really need to sleep now?

(Eïçí¬ Evü¿-§Ú-¢√-Lqç-üËØ√ †’´¤y?) Mohan: I didn't get a wink of sleep last night. Till eleven last night I watched the movie Brahma, and after that some how I couldn't get any sleep.

Spoken English

2. I have an uncle who takes an interest in cell phones =

to take a day off

past three hours. I feel the strain. So

Mohan: Aren't there days when we worked

Children take a fancy to things of bright colour.

time last week.

Soman: We have worked without rest for the

(´‚úø’-í∫ç-ô-©’í¬ Nv¨»çA ™‰èπ◊çú≈ °æEî˨»ç. Ç v¨¡´’†’ feel Å´¤-ûª’Ø√o. †’´¤y èπÿú≈ feel Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o--´-†’-èπ◊çö«.) strain = äéπ-°æ-E-îË-ߪ’-ôç™ Ö†o v¨¡´’

°œ©x©’ ´·ü¿’-®Ω’-®Ωçí∫’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ É≠æd°æ-úø-û√®Ω’=

(é¬Eß˝’. ؈’ ´îËa-¢√®Ωç ã®ÓV N®√´’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«.)








lesson real life situations English conversation get/ have expressions get, have, Get/ have expressions English take/ have lesson

´®Ωèπ◊

™ ™ ûÓ ÅA ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ´îËa îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. àßË’ Ææçü¿®√s¥™x È®çúø÷ ¢√úÌîÓa í∫´’-Eçî√ç. ûÓ ´îËa ™ áçûª Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù¢Á÷ ûÓ ´îËaN èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅçûË. Ñ ™ Å™«ç-öÀN éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË ûÁ©’-í∫’èπÿ, °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™xE ûÁ©’í∫’èπÿ ûËú≈ Ö†oõ‰x, conversational/ spoken English èπ◊, bookish English èπÿ ûËú≈ Öçô’çC. Ñ get/ have, take/ have expressions spoken English ™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ö«®·. Åçü¿’éπE ¢√öÀE ´’† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úÕûË ÅC Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC.

Look at the following expressions in the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1. I don't write much, yet I take a fancy to pens- take a fancy to = have a fancy to 2. I have an uncle who takes an interest in cell phones - take an interest in = have an interest in. 3. Let's take five = Let's have five 4. I'll have just forty winks = I'll take forty winks. 5. The hero in the movie took the world by storm = The hero in the movie had the world by storm. 6. He just took a shot = He just had a shot.

´÷ Åçèπ◊™¸ äé¬-ߪ’-†èπ◊ cell phones Åçõ‰ î√™« ÇÆæéÀh/ É≠ædç = I have an uncle who has an interest in cell phones. a) Nehru took a deep interest in children = Nehru had a strong interest in children =

°œ©x-©çõ‰ ØÁv£æfièπ◊ ÅN’-ûª-¢Á’i†/ áèπ◊\´ ÇÆæéÀh/ É≠ædç ÖçúËC/ É≠æd-°æ-úË-¢√®Ω’. b) President Kalam has an interest in teaching =

°j† îÁ°œp† ÅEo Å®√n©÷ ÖØ√o®·. ¢Á’ß˝’-úøØ˛. '¢Á’— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç. ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç éπ†u. Maiden appearance/ performance ™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x Å®Ωnç – ¢Á·ôd¢Á·-ü¿öÀ. Maiden century = ¢Á·ü¿öÀ century. 6. He just took a shot = àüÓ ã v°æߪ’ûªoç î˨»úø’. (©é~¬uEo éÌõ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊– ã ¶«ùç ´C™/ ã ûª’§ƒéÀ í∫’çúø’Ê°™a) =He just took a try = He just had a try. Oô-EoöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. v°æߪ’-Aoç* îª÷¨»úø’ ÅE (Nï-ߪ’ç-O’ü¿ °æ‹JhN¨»yÆæç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) Maiden =

a) Pranav: Can I see the officer? (

Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝†’ éπ©-´î√a?)

Bhanu: He is busy, so I doubt if you can. But take a try/ have a try/ take a shot/ have a shot.

President Kalam takes an interest in teaching =

(Çߪ’† BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oúø’. O’®Ω’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©®Ó ™‰®Ó ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. Å®·Ø√ v°æߪ’-Aoç* îª÷úøçúÕ.)

®√≠æ-Z°æA éπ™«ç ¶üµ¿-†çõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’/ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°æ¤-û√®Ω’. 3. Let's take five = Let's have five. ÉC î√™« í∫´’t-ûªh-®·† expression. DE Å®Ωnç ã 5 EN’-≥ƒ-©-§ƒô’ Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E.

b) He wasn't sure of getting the job. He just took a try and was lucky =

a) Take five and start work again = Have five and start work again =

Å®·ü¿’ EN’-≥ƒ©’ Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-èπ◊E ´’Sx °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç. b) He took three fives in an hour's work = He had three fives in an hour's work =

Åûªúø’ °æE-îË-Æœ† í∫çô™ ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Ééπ\úø five Åçõ‰ correct í¬ 5 EN’-≥ƒ©E é¬ü¿’, éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ-©-§ƒô’ ÅE. 4. I'll have forty winks (´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ äéπ èπ◊†’èπ◊ Bߪ’ôç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English ™ ÆæÈ®j† expression) = äéπ èπ◊†’èπ◊ B≤ƒh/ éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ©’ Evü¿-§Ú-û√†’ = I'll take forty winks. a) He never misses his forty winks after lunch = Lunch ûª®√yûª èπ◊†’èπ◊ Bߪ’ôç ´÷vûªç ´÷†’-éÓ-ú≈-ߪ’†.

ÖüÓuí∫ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË †´’téπç ™‰ü¿-ûª-úÕéÀ. àüÓ v°æߪ’ûªoç î˨»úø’. Åü¿%≠ædç ´Jç-*çC.

v°æ¨¡o: QUALIFY ÅØË °æü¿ç Å®√nEo, ü∆Eo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í¬Eo, Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωn´’ßË’u Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – v°æ¶µº’-ü∆Æˇ, †™Ô_çúø.

-ï-¢√-•’:

'Qualify' in grammar means, describe or say something special about a word. A word describing or saying something special about another word, qualifies it. Tendulkar is a great cricketer. Here, the word 'great' says something about or describes the word 'cricketer'. So the word 'great' qualifies the word 'cricketer', usually adjectives qualify nouns.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 12 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sankar: Hi Sampath, you appear very busy.

(†’´¤y- î√™«

busy

í¬ éπE°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤)

Sampath: Yea, I appear busy. That's all, but I'm not.

Sankar: Who said it was waste of money? What you buy today you can sell for double or even three times the price tomorrow.

(á´-®Ω-Ø√o®Ω’ úø•’s ü¿çúø-í∫E? É¢√∞¡ é̆o-ü∆-Eo Í®°æ¤ ´’†ç È®çúø’, ´‚úÕç-ûª©èπ◊ -Å-´·t-éÓ-´îª’a.)

(Å´¤†’. ؈’ BJ-éπ-™‰-†ô’d éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ ÅçûË. éπE-°œç-îª-ô¢Ë’ é¬E busy é¬ü¿’) Sankar: How about taking a look at the Ravivarma paintings I bought last week in Trivandrum?

(؈’ éÀçü¿öÀ¢√®Ωç A®Ω’-´-†ç-ûª-°æ¤-®Ωç™ é̆o ®ΩN-´®Ωt *vû√©’ ã≤ƒJ îª÷≤ƒh¢√?) Paintings = ´®Ωg-*-vû√©’. É°æ¤púø’ -O-öÀO’ü¿ ¢Á÷V °®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC. í∫%£æ…-©ç-éπ-®Ω-ùèπ◊ áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. éπ∞«-Gµ-®Ω’-*éÀ Eü¿-®Ωz-†çí¬ °æJ-í∫ùÀç-îªôç áèπ◊\-´-®·ç-C-°æ¤púø’. ÉüÌéπ fad. Fad Åçõ‰– éÌçûªé¬©ç-§ƒô’ v°æï-©’ û√-û√\-Léπçí¬ ¢Á÷V°æúË ´Ææ’h-´¤©÷, N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. ÉC °ü¿l ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç, °ô’d-•úÕ Çéπ-J{çîË N≠æߪ’çí¬ -ûª-ߪ÷®Ω®·çC.

Sampath: So it's a business proposition, not artistic taste.

(Åçõ‰ ÅüÓ ¢√u§ƒ®Ω °æü¿l¥-ûË-é¬E éπ∞«-Gµ®Ω’* é¬ü¿-†o-´÷ô.) proposition = v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿†/ °æü¿l¥A Sankar: Not always (-Å-Eo -¢Ë-∞¡-™« é¬-ü¿’)

a) Please have some coffeePlease take some coffee mon.

Sampath: How do you know that the paintings you buy are genuine or fake?

b) Take your meal first, and then we can think of other things.

(†’´¤y-éÌØËN ÅÆæ-©’¢√, †éÀ-M-¢√ ÅE ᙫ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤?)

Have your meal first and then we can think of other things. shopping

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(ÅN áçûª-ߪ÷u-®·?/ -ê-È®açûª?) Sankar: Nearly Rs. 50000/-. I'm going to buy a few more.

(ߪ÷¶µ„j-¢Ë©’. ÉçéÌEo éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)

(éÀçü¿õ‰ú≈C ؈’ úµÕMx™ áç.á°∂ˇ. £æ›ÊÆØ˛ ´®Ωg*vû√© v°æü¿-®Ωz† -îª÷-¨»-†’. Å°æpöÀ†’ç* Ø√èπ◊ ûÁj©-´-®Ωg-*-vû√© O’ü¿ ¢Á÷V °®Ω’í∫’ûª÷ ´*açC) Sampath: I still don't understand the hold they have on people's fancy. I too like these paintings, but not to the extent of throwing away good money on them.

(Ø√éÀçé¬ Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’, -Ñ -*-vû√-© -O’-ü¿v°æ-ñ«-Gµ-´÷-†ç. Ø√èπÿ Ñ *vû√-©çõ‰ É≠æd¢Ë’, é¬F N©’-¢Áj† úø•’s ¢√öÀ-O’ü¿ §ƒÍ®-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËçûª é¬ü¿’.) to the extent of = Ç ¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊. Throwing away good money = N©’-¢Áj† úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’ôç.

v°æ¨¡o:

fake

= (-ñ„†÷uØ˛) = ÅÆæ©’ = †éπ©’ (°∂ß˝’é˙)

Sankar: Very difficult. A dealer known to me used to sell genuine ones. But of late his reputation has taken a beating. paintings dealer (

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† ã ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω-Ææ’núø’) ÅÆæ-™„j-†-¢√-öÀE Ţ˒t-¢√úø’. é¬F Ñ´’üµ¿u -Å-ûª-úÕ-Ê°®Ω’ ¶«í¬üÁ•s-AçC.) Reputation = ´’ç* Ê°®Ω’

Sampath: OK. I'll have a look at the paintings you bought. paintings Have/ got spoken English Have get take English conversation get take have

(Å®·ûË †’´¤y é̆o îª÷ü∆lç °æü¿) èπ◊ ™ -áç-ûª v§ƒüµ∆†uç ¢√úÕ† î√™« ÖçüÓ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? îÓôx èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç Å-F ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉçéÓ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçC– èπÿú≈ ™ î√™« áèπ◊\´í¬ ™«Íí ¢√úË î√™«îÓôx ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. ´·êuçí¬ take Åçõ‰ A†ôç/ û√í∫ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÖçC éπü∆. ü∆E-•-ü¿’©’ have èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. conversational í¬ Å®·ûË A†ôç/ û√í∫ôç éÓÆæç áèπ◊\´ ¢√úËC have.

,

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ™ îËûª’©’ éπúø-í∫çúÕ. Ééπ\úø sink Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? 4) Ravish Åçõ‰ *èπ◊\éπL-Tç-îª-úø´÷? *èπ◊\Lo Núø-D-ߪ’-úø´÷? 5) It is subject to rules . -Ééπ\-úø subject -Åç-õ‰ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ?

6) I am suffering from fever. I am suffering from a fever .

-Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC ÆæÈ®jçC?

7) I got married her, I married her 8) He says that Rama went to the cinema hall yesterday (or) the previous day.

èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

Éçü¿’™ àC éπÈ®é˙d?

– °œ. Ççï-ØË-ߪ·©’, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç.

1. OK

èπ◊ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Åçü¿-Jéà Ææçûª%°œhéπ®Ω-¢Á’i† N´-®Ωù ™‰ü¿’. áèπ◊\-´í¬ v°æî√-®Ωç™ Ö†o N´-®Ωù: OK Åçõ‰ Oll (American for all), K (Korekt - American for correct) Å-E éÌçûª-´’çC N´-®Ωù. -Ééπ ÉC USA ™ Red Indian ûÁí∫© ¶µ«≠æ-™E °æü¿ç ÅE -´’-JéÌç-ü¿®Ωçö«®Ω’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Åçü¿-Jéà ǢÁ÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷í∫u-¢Á’i-† N´-®Ωù Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ ™‰ü¿’.

Spoken English

239

Genuine

1) O.K. 2) Dinner 3) Sink

-ï-¢√-•’:

¢Á∞Ïx-´·çü¿’ é¬Ææh Evü¿-§Úü∆ç =

Let's have a nap before we go shopping

a) He had five injections till yesterday = He took five injections till yesterday

(E†oöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ 5 injections BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) É™« áØÁj oØ√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©’-Ø√o®· ´’†ç have ¢√úø-ö«EéÀ. É™« have ¢√úøôç ´©x Éûª-®Ω’©’ ´’†Lo î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©®Ω’. Let's look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1) Let's take a look = Let's have a look =

d) Let's eat something = Let's take something= Let's have something =

ã≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.

I have taken a liking

Sampath: What's there in them to cost so much? Perhaps you've a lot of idle money. Aren't you wasting money?

Sankar: Last year, in Delhi, I happened to see an exhibition of M.F.Hussain's paintings. Since then I have taken a liking to these paintings.

Ñ request éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ com-

c) Let's take a nap before we go shopping =

Sampath: How much did they cost you?

(àç ÖØ√o-ߪ’ç-ü¿’™ Åçûª êK-ü¿-´ö«-EéÀ? Fèπ◊ úø¶‰sç-îË-ߪ÷™ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-†ô’xçC. úø•’s-ü¿ç-úøí∫ îËߪ’-õ‰xü∆ †’´¤y?) idle money = àç îËߪ÷™ ûÁL-ߪ’-†çûª úø•’s. ÉC English ™ common expression. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

2

2. Dinner

a) How about taking a look at the Ravivarma paintings =

é¬Ææh -à-ü¿Ø√o Açü∆ç. (í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: eat = take = have. ÉüË -Nüµ¿çí¬ drink •ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ have/ take ¢√úøû√ç)

How about having a look at the Ravivarma paintings =

®ΩN-´®Ωt *vû√-©†’ îª÷≤ƒh¢√?

e) Let's go for a walk = Let's take a walk = Let's have a walk=

M. SURESAN

2) I have taken a liking = I have had a liking =

ÅGµ-´÷†ç °ç-èπ◊Ø√o/ éπL-TçC.

é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ †úø’ü∆lç. -¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ spoken English ™ get/ take/ have èπ◊ î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÖçC. °j† îª÷Æœ†ô’x Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo í∫´’-Eç* ´’†ç eat/ drink/ •ü¿’©’ get/ take/ have ¢√úÕûË conversation simple í¬ natural í¬ Öçô’çC. Éçé¬ -îª÷-úøçúÕ. a) Take this money = Have this money =

a) Somehow he has taken/ he has had a liking for these things =

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-°æôx Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ éπL-Tç-C/-°-J-TçC.

b) He takes a liking for swimming / He has a liking for swimming =

Ñ ´’üµ¿u ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ üÁ•s-A-çC.

(-Ñ -úø-•’s -BÆæ’éÓ) b) He took treatment for three months = He underwent treatment for three months = He had treatment for three months.

(´‚úø’ ØÁ©©§ƒô’ Çߪ’† ¢Ájü¿uç îË®·ç- -èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) Had ÅØËC (Åçõ‰ have/ has) ¢Ájü¿uç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ûª®Ω--í¬ -¢√-úøû√ç.

Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ®ÓW BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ¶µï-Ø√™x ´·êu-¢Á’içC. ´’†ç BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ´’üµ∆u£æ«o ǣ慮Ωç lunch. ´·êuçí¬ ÖüÓu-í¬-©ûÓ, °æ†’-©ûÓ busy í¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ´’üµ∆u£æ«o ǣ慮Ωç Ææy©pç-í¬ØË Öçô’çC. àüÓ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ûªy®Ω-ûªy-®Ωí¬ é¬EîËa ¶µï†ç lunch. BJ-éπí¬ Eçúø’ ¶µï†ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËC ´’†ç ®√vA-°æ‹ô 鬕öÀd, dinner Åçõ‰ ®√vA ¶µ˒. §ƒ¨»aûªu ü˨»™x lunch ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç BÆæ’-èπ◊E ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 4 ûª®√yûª †’ç* dinner BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. Supper ÅØËC, ®√vA ¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l-§Ú-ߪ÷éπ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ™‰ü¿’. 3. Sink - îËûª’©’, Åçô’x ¨¡Ÿv¶µº-°æ-®Ω-îª-ö«-EéÀ °æç°æ¤ éÀçü¿ ÖçúË wash basin ™«çöÀC. Sink Åçõ‰ ´·†-í∫ôç. §ƒvûª©’ éπúÕ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊, sink ™E F∞¡x-éπç-ûª†’ block îËÆœ, §ƒvûª-©-Eoç-öÀE Åçü¿’™ ´·ç-û√®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE ÅC sink. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ îËûª’©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éπúø’-éÌ\ØËü¿®·ûË ÅC wash basin. 4. Ravish èπ◊, *èπ◊\-´·-úÕéÀ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰ü¿’. Ravel (American) = unravel (British) Åçõ‰ *èπ◊\ Núø-D-ߪ’ôç, ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo îµËCç-îª-ôç -Å-ØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Ravish Åçõ‰, rape îËߪ’ôç ÅE. íÌ°æp-Ææ’êç, džçü¿ç §Òçü¿ôç ÅØËC ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç. He was ravished by her beauty. Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿ç Åûª-úÕéÀ džçü¿ç éπLTç-*çC. Passive ™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púË Ñ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Ravishing beauty = íÌ°æp Åçü¿ç – áçûÓ ÆæçûÓ≠æç / Çéπ-®Ω{ù éπL-TçîË Åçü¿ç.

Ñûªçõ‰ Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ

3) Of late, his reputation has taken a beating. Take a beating = Have a beating =

üÁ•s-A-†ôç/ †≠æd§Ú-´ôç.

a) With a series of defeat, Indian cricket team's image took/ had a severe beating = cricket team

´®ΩÆæ ãô-´·-©ûÓ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Bv´çí¬ üÁ•s-AçC.

v°æA≠æe

5. subject to rules =

E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊ ™•úÕ. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓô subject to Åçõ‰ (E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ™«çöÀN) ´Jhç-îË-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅE. 6. I am suffering from fever - Ééπ\úø fever ´·çü¿’, a °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’. é¬E I have a fever, a cold, a cough, etc... É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx, 'a' ûª°æp-éπ- ®√-¢√L. 7. I got married to her = I married her. I got married her

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç-™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ -ØË-Ø√-¢Á’(èπ◊) °Rx î˨»†’ ÅE. (ã ûªçvúÕ ûª†- èπÿ-ûª’J °Rx-îËÊÆh, I got her married Åçö«úø’) I got her married

8. Yesterday - previous day

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´’†ç áü¿’öÀ´uéÀhûÓ E†oöÀ N≠æߪ’ç îÁÊ°p--ô°æ¤púø’ ÅØË Åçö«ç. ÉçéÓ´uéÀh í∫ûªç™ àüÓ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™, E†o ÅE -îÁ-G-ûË, Ç ´uéÀh îÁ°œp† ´÷ô©’ ´’†ç ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ previous day. yesterday

a) He is saying he bought it yesterday. b) I met him last week. He told me that he had bought the car the previous day.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 15 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sadguna: Sampanna, why do I find you always so busy? You don't appear to have even a minute's rest. You sure are a workaholic.

(àçöÀ á°æ¤púø÷ Åçûª BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ éπ†-°æúø-û√´¤? äéπ\-éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ BJ-éπ-™‰-†ô’d éπE°œ-≤ƒh´¤. †’´¤y Eïçí¬ °æEéÀ ¶«E-Ææ´¤.) Workaholic = äéπ\-éπ~ùç °æE-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ûÓîªE-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ °æØË ´uÆæ-†çí¬ éπ©-¢√∞¡Ÿx. û√í∫’úø’ ´uÆæ†çí¬ û√í∫’-úø’èπ◊ ¶«E-Ææ-®·-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx alcoholics Å®·ûË, °æØË °æ®Ω-´÷®Ωnç ņ’-èπ◊E °æE ´uÆæ†çí¬ éπ©-¢√∞¡Ÿx workaholics. Workaholic í¬ Öçúøôç èπÿú≈ ã Å≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωù ´’†-Ææh-ûªy¢Ë’ (Psychological abnormality). Sampanna: Not at all, but I am busy all the time because I have to be. My company makes sure that I get the run for my money.

(ÅüËç-é¬ü¿’. BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË °æJ-ÆœnA 鬕öÀd BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. ؈’ §ÒçüË @û√-EéÀ ûªT-†çûª °æE-îË-®·ç--èπ◊ØËô’d îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’ ´÷ company ¢√∞¡Ÿx.)

2

Don't poke your nose into my affairs =

Ø√ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ûª©-ü¿÷-®Ωaèπ◊. = ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçúøôç/ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°æ-éπ§Ú-´úøç Keep off

Sadguna: But I'm sure you take too much on yourself. At this rate you can't be healthy for long. Why don't you think of taking time off and getting away from it all?

(´’K áèπ◊\´ °æE ØÁAh-ØË-Ææ’-èπ◊E îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´-ØËC ´÷vûªç éπ*a-ûª¢Ë’. É™« °æE-îËÆæ÷h §ÚûË F´¤ î√™«-鬩ç Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Öçúø™‰´¤. é¬Ææh ÂÆ©´¤ BÆæ’-èπ◊E áéπ\-úÁjØ√ í∫úÕ-°œ-®√-´îª’aí∫ü∆?) Getting away = °æE †’ç* Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-èπ◊E ÂÆ©-´¤Â°j Éûª®Ω Ü∞¡Ÿx AJT í∫úø-°æôç = taking

a holiday. Getaway

Åçõ‰ ÂÆ©´¤©’ èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ í∫úø-°æ-ö«EéÀ ņ’-¢Áj† v°æü˨¡ç èπÿú≈. Kashmir is a fine getaway = džç-ü¿çí¬ ÂÆ©´¤©’ í∫úø-°æ-ö«-EéÀ Kashmir ņ’-¢Áj† v°æü˨¡ç - Å®·ûË Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ getaway Éçé¬ °æ‹Jhí¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ®√™‰ü¿’.

Sadguna: But your colleague Sanjana appears very relaxed.

É™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Have it easy Åçõ‰ éÌçîÁç Gµ†o´’-®·† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç àü¿-®·Ø√ Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®·-§ÚûË Å°æ¤púø’ we have it easy. a) We had a tough exam last time but we have had it easy this time =

éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ °æKéπ~ éπ≠d¢æ Ë’ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ñ≤ƒJ Ææ’©-¶µºç-í¬ØË ÖçC. b) Some have tough time in life but the more fortunate have it easy =

éÌçü¿J @N-û√™x éπ≥ƒd-©’ç-ö«®·. Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-©èπ◊ @Nûªç Ææ’ê-´’ߪ’ç. Have it easy = Ææ’êçí¬ Öçô’çC. c) Our boss is good. We have it easy with

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(é¬F F Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT Ææçï† î√™« Nv¨»ç-Aí¬ éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.)

him =

240

´÷ boss ´’ç*-¢√úø’. Çߪ’-†ûÓ ´÷èπ◊ ≤ƒ°∂‘-í¬ØË í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ûª’çC.

2) Don't you have a hand in the planning and distribution of work?=

°æE v°æù«-R-éπ™, °æç°œ-ùÀ™ F §ƒvûª àç ™‰ü∆? Have a hand/ Take a hand=

(à N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™-ØÁj†) §ƒvûª ´£œ«ç-îªôç. a) The teacher must have a hand/ take a hand in the educational policy of the state=

®√≠æZ Nü∆u-N-üµ∆-†ç™ Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ߪ·-©èπ◊ §ƒvûª Öçú≈L. b) He takes no hand/ He has no hand in the running of the home. It's his wife that decides every thing=

É©’x †úÕÊ° N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÅûªE §ƒvûª/ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç à癉ü¿’. ÅEo E®Ωg-ߪ÷©÷ ÅûªE ¶µ«®Ωu¢Ë. c) A captain takes a hand/ has a hand in the selection of players=

Çô-í¬∞¡x áç°œéπ N≠æߪ’ç™ captain §ƒvûª Öçô’çC.

Take it easy Sampanna: That's the problem. The distribution of work isn't proper in our office. Some are overworked while the others can take it easy.

(ÅüË Ææ´’Ææu. ´÷ office ™ °æE N¶µºï† Åçûª ÆæJ-í¬-™‰ü¿’. éÌçûª-´’ç-CéÀ °æE-¶µ«®Ωç ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´, ´’J-éÌçûª ´’çC Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ®Ω’.) Sadguna: You are the head of a section. Don't you have a hand in the planning and distribution of work?

(†’´¤y äéπ N¶µ«-í¬-EéÀ ´·ê’u-®√-L-Néπ∫ü∆? °æE v°æù«-Réπ, °æç°œ-ùÀ™ F §ƒvûª ™‰ü∆?) Sampanna: I used to, but not any more. Our new boss takes everything on himself and plans the work in the office. He doesn't let us have a say in the matter.

(´÷ éÌûªh boss ÅEo °æ†’©÷ ûª† ØÁAh-ØË-Ææ’-èπ◊E îË≤ƒhúø’. °æE v°æù«-Réπ N≠æߪ’ç Çߪ’ØË îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´÷´÷-ôÍéç v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰ü¿’.) Sadguna: Why don't you ask him to let you do it as in the past?

(í∫ûªç™ ™«ØË EØËo Ç °æE îËߪ’-E-¢√y©E Åúø-í∫-èπÿ-úøü∆?) Sampanna: I know he won't let me. Once he has asked me to take my hands off it, why should I poke my nose in to it? I've enough self respect to keep myself off it.

(Åûª†’ †Ø√o-°æE îËߪ’-E-´y-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. éπLpç--éÓ-´-ü¿lE Ø√ûÓ äéπ-≤ƒ®Ω†o ûª®√yûª ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûª©-ü¿÷-®√aL? Ø√èπÿ ûªT†çûª Çû√t-Gµ-´÷†ç ÖçC– éπLpç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Poke my nose = é¬E-N-≠æ-ߪ’ç™ (Ø√) ûª©ü¿÷-®Ωaôç.

Spoken English

Sampanna: I'm waiting for the summer. Isn't that the best time to getaway?

(¢ËÆæ-N-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hØ√o. ÂÆ©´¤-™„-éπ\-úø®·Ø√ í∫úø-°æ-ö«-EéÀ ÅC ´’ç* Æ洒ߪ’ç éπü∆?) Sadguna: Do it without fail. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ îÁß˝’) ☯

☯

☯

☯

™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†oC: Daily ™ (Eûªu @Nûª Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x) ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË ´÷ô©’– have, get, take, OöÀûÓ éπL-°œ´îËa Éûª®Ω ´÷ô©÷ ÅE. ÉN high frequency expressions- Åçõ‰ ÅA ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. OöÀ-´©x ´’†-´÷ô Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Éûª-®Ω’-©-éπ-®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ bookish (ví¬çC∑éπç)í¬ ÅE-°œç-îªü¿’. Ææ綵«-≠æù« ≤˘©¶µºuç (conversational ease) Öçô’çC. Take/ have- î√™«-îÓôx get •ü¿’©’ have ¢√úÕ-†ô’x, take •ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ have ¢√úøû√ç. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç:  Take it easy = àüÁjØ√ serious í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú´úøç/ °ü¿lí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. ÉC î√™« common expression. éÌEo ÆœE´÷ §ƒô™x, dialogues ™ èπÿú≈ NØ√oç éπü∆? í∫ûª éÌEo

lessons

life situations

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1) My boss takes everything on himself=

v°æAD Çߪ’† ØÁAhØËÆæ’èπ◊çö«úø’/ v°æA ¶«üµ¿uû√/ ¶«üµ¿u-ûªçû√ Çߪ’ØË BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. (ÉC äéÌ\-éπ\°æ¤púø’ ÅA 鬴a. ü∆E-´©x Éûª-®Ω’©èπ◊ É•sçC éπ©-í∫-´îª’a.) = My boss has everything on himself. Å®·ûË Ñ expression ™ take/ have (has) È®çúø÷ ¢√úÕ-†-°æp-öÀéÀ have ¢√úø’éπ take éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´. a) Why do you take/ have everything on yourself?= v°æAD/ ÅFo FØÁAh† ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊?/ ÅFo †’¢Ëy îË≤ƒh-†çô÷ ´·çü¿’-éÌ-≤ƒh¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊? b) She takes everything on herself. Pity there is none to share the work with her=

v°æAD Ǣ˒ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. Ç¢Á’-ûÓ-§ƒô’ °æE™ §ƒ©’°æç--èπ◊-ØË-¢√-®Ω’-™‰®Ω’. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç. Pity= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ñ«L. It's a pity= ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç.

3) He doesn't let us have a say in the matter=

M. SURESAN

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Çߪ’† ´’´’t-™‰oO’ îÁ°æp-E-´yúø’. (ÉC Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– to have a say)

4) Once he has asked me to take my hands off it, why should I poke my nose into it?=

äéπ-≤ƒ-®√-ߪ’† †Fo N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ éπLpç--éÓ-´-ü¿l-†o°æ¤púø’, ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπLpç--éÓ-¢√L? Take hands off= äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ éπLpç--éÓèπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç= have hands off. a) Others in the office take it easy while he take too much on himself= office ™ Éûª-®Ω’-©çûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ®Ω’ é¬E Åûª†’ ´÷vûªç ´’K áèπ◊\´ °æE îË≤ƒhúø’= ...While he has too much on himself. b) You needn't have so much/ take so much on yourself. There are others who are idle =

†’´¤y Åçûª áèπ◊\´ °æE îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. °æE™‰E Éûª-®Ω’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’. (Åçûª ¶«üµ¿uûª †’´¤y BÆæ’-éÓ†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.) ÉO take/ have ûÓ, N’í∫û√ °æü∆-©ûÓ daily life situations ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE-°œçîË expressions.

EXERCISE

ANSWER

you think I can't understand what

Practise aloud in English the following. Krishna:

Krishna: Why do you waste so much money?

you've said?

Shankar:

Shankar: Hands off/ Take your hands off/ Have your hands off my affairs.

Ramana: Do you take me for a fool? Do

(ØËØË-´’Ø√o ´‚®Ω’^úÕE ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? †’´y†o ´÷ô©’ ؈’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?) Raghav: Take it easy buddy. I was only joking. (

ü∆ØËoç °ü¿l °æöÀdç--éÓèπ◊. àüÓ î˨»-†çûË.) Take it easy (to take things easy)= àü¿-®·Ø√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ´·êu-´’-®·ç-Cí¬ ¶µ«Nç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´ôç. He takes exams easy= Åûª†’ °æK-éπ~©†’ Åçûª v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ’-´’-†’-éÓúø’. (v¨¡ü¿l¥/ ÇÆæéÀh ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ÅØË ¶µ«´ç Take it easy ™ ÅEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ®√ü¿’.) joke

áçü¿’-éπçûª úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒh´¤? F ñéπuç ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. ÉC Ø√ úø•’s. Krishna: àüÓ FéπØ√o °ü¿l-¢√-úÕí¬ F ¶«íÓí∫’™x Ø√ §ƒvûª ™‰ü¿ç-ö«¢√? E†’o îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´’E O’ Ø√†o ††o-úÕ-í¬®Ω’ éπü∆. Shankar: F N≠æ-ߪ÷™‰ FÈé-èπ◊\-´í¬ ÖØ√o-®·éπü∆? †ØÌo-C-™‰ß˝’. Krishna: E†’o †’´¤y Ø√¨¡†ç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰ îª÷Ææ÷h Ö®Ω’-éÓ-™‰†’. Shankar: Åçûª °æöÀdç--éÓèπ◊. ؈÷ °ü¿l-¢√-úÕ†-ߪ÷u†’ éπü∆? Krishna: ÆæÍ® F É≠ædç.

Krishna: As an elderly person, can't I take/ have a hand in your affairs? Your dad asked me to take care of you, too. Shankar: You've already too much of your own affairs on yourself. Leave me alone. Krishna: I can't let you ruin yourself. Shankar: Take it easy. I am a grownup too. Krishna: OK. As you like.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 17 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Bhargav: How long will you take to get

Eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the predecessor of Rajasekhara Reddy.

ready?

(ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-ö«-EéÀ ÉçÈéçûª èπ◊ç-ö«´¤?)

time

(®√ï-¨Ï-ê-®˝-È®-úÕféÀ ´·çü¿’ ´·êu-´’çvA îªçvü¿-¶«-•’-Ø√-ߪ·úø’.) Successor (°æü¿-N™/ ≤ƒn†ç™ äéπJ ûª®√yûª ´îËa-¢√®Ω’)

BÆæ’-

Bhushan: I won't be long. Just ten minutes. Are you in a hurry?

YSR is the successor of Chandrababu Naidu. YSR.

(ØËØËç áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ BÆæ’-éÓ†’. 10 EN’≥ƒ™‰. à¢Á’iØ√ ûÌçü¿®√?)

îªçvü¿-¶«-•’-Ø√-ߪ·úø’ ûª®√yûª ´·êu-

´’çvA

Bhargav: Not at all. Take your time. I can

Successor =

wait.

(ÅüËç-é¬ü¿’/ ûÌçü¿-Í®ç-™‰ü¿’. áçûª-ÊÆ-°jØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ wait îËߪ’-í∫-©†’) Bhushan: When exactly is this meeting?

(Ñ

meeting correct

¢√®Ω-Ææ’úø’ ÅE èπÿú≈. Bhargav: Let's wait and see. (îª÷ü∆lç)

a) His business has taken off =

Bhushan: It seems he took to task the idlers in the branch where he has worked earlier.

b) His car-hire plan may take off =

í¬ á°æ¤púø’?)

(Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Çߪ’† °æE-îË-Æ œ† ™ °æE-îË-ߪ’-E-¢√-∞¡x-°j† Çߪ’† Ωu BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úøô.)

Bhargav: (It is) supposed to be at 10.30, but

branch

the flight is certainly going to be delayed because of the bad weather.

2

Bhargav: Such a boss is really welcome.

(Å™«çöÀ

(ÅC °æC-†o-®Ωèπ◊, é¬E ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç ¶«í¬™‰-†ç-ü¿’-´©x N´÷†ç Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ®√´îª’a.) Bhushan: So what? (Å®·ûË àçöÀ?)




boss




Bhargav: I have reliable information that the

†’ ≤ƒyí∫-Aç-î√-LqçüË.)





-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

flight took off 20 minutes late, so it landing here will also be delayed

241

by 20 minutes or even longer.

ÅûªúÕ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ¶«í¬ áü¿’-í∫’-ûÓçC. ÅûªE

car

ÅüÁl °æü∑¿éπç ïߪ’-v°æü¿ç 鬴a. 3) Take advantage of = ã Å´-é¬-¨»Eo ÆæCy-EßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç/ äéπ °æJ-Æœn-AE ´’†èπ◊ ņ’-èπÿ-©çí¬ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç. a) He took advantage of the holidays to go to Kashmir =

ÂÆ©´¤-©†’ ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ Ø√oúø’.

Kashmir

with us -

éÌûªh-¢√-∞¡}†’ ´’†ûÓ îª†’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-E´yç (ûª°æ¤p-îË-Æœ† ¢√JE) PéÀ~ç-îªôç/ E©D-ߪ’ôç/ Ωu BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç

Take to task -

a) The teacher took the boy to task for coming late =

PéÀ~ç-*çC

Ç©Ææuçí¬ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç èπ◊v®√-úÕE

teacher.

b) My father will take me to task if I stay out too long =

؈’ •ßª’ô ´’K áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤ -Öç-õ‰ -´÷ Ø√†o Íééπ-™‰-≤ƒh®Ω’.

¢√úø’-èπ◊-

b) He is too trusting and kind hearted, so people take advantage of it and deceive him =

c) We don't allow strangers to take liberties

c) The people in the area took the excise officials to task for permitting a liquor shop in a residential area =

M. SURESAN

E¢√Ææ Ææn©ç™ ≤ƒ®√ ü¿’é¬ùç ņ’-´’-Aç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ excise ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©†’ v°æï©’ E©-D-¨»®Ω’.

His business has taken off

(N´÷†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωôç 20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’iç-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷î√®Ωç ÅçCçC. 鬕öÀd ÅC-éπ\-úÕéÀ 20 EN’-≥ƒ-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ îË®Ω’ûª’çC.) Bhushan: But what has all this to do with our meeting?

Real life situations

(é¬F OöÀéÀ ´’† meeting éà Ææç•çüµ¿ç àN’öÀ?) Bhargav: Oh come now Bhushan, use your

™ take, get, have © ¢√úøéπç î√™« áèπ◊\´ ÅE í∫-´’-Eç-î√ç éπ-ü∆. Take ûÓ ´îËa expressions Å®Ωnç, ¢√öÀ ¢√úøéπç Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ éÌEo îª÷¨»ç. É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç.

Åûª†’ Éûª®Ω’-©†’ ´’K †´·t-û√úø’. ´’K ü¿ßª÷w®Ωl £æ«%ü¿-ߪ·úø’. ÅC Å´-é¬-¨¡çí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊E v°æï-©-ûªEo ¢Á÷Ææç îË≤ƒh®Ω’. c) The clerks took advantage of the boss's absence and went home early =

flight will be late too, so the meet-

Let's have a look at the following expressions:

ing will begin late.

1) Take your time

(Bhushan, é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç. ´’† MD Ñ N´÷-†ç-™ØË ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd Çߪ’† Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´≤ƒhúø’, 鬕öÀd ´’† meeting èπÿú≈ Ç©-Ææuç-í¬ØË v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-ûª’çC.)

2) Take off

™‰E Å´-鬨¡ç îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊E í∫’´’≤ƒh©çü¿®Ω÷ ûªy®Ωí¬ É∞¡x-Èé-Rx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. 4) Take office: °æü¿-NE îË°æ-ôd-úøç

3) Take advantage of

a) YSR took office as CM in 2004 =

brains. Our MD who has taken this

Bhushan: I understand. We can take advantage of his late arrival and start at leisure.

6) Take to task expressions English conversation

Bhargav: Any idea when our new manager is going to take office?

ÅFo èπÿú≈ conversational ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË¢Ë. ¢√öÀ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ™ ¢√úøü∆ç.

1) Take your time/ Take your own time =

ûÌçü¿Í®ç ™‰ü¿’/ Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ-†çûª

time

BÆæ’éÓ

a) Inspite of my hurrying him, he took his time to finish the work =

ØË-†’ ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°-öÀd†°æpöÀéÃ, -°æE-°æ‹JhîËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úÕ time ¢√úø’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

(´’† éÌûªh manager á°æ¤púø’ °æü¿N îË°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?

b) She missed the bus because she took her time to dress herself up =

Bhushan: Not much, but it seems he is a no

•ôd-™‰-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« time BÆæ’-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’-´©x Ç¢Á’èπ◊ bus ûª°œp-§Ú-®·çC. 2) Take off: Planes ¶µº÷N’ ´CL í¬™x-Èé-í∫-®Ω-ú≈Eo take off Åçö«ç.

nonsense man. We can't take liberties with him as we used to, with his predecessor.

(Åçûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. é¬F Å™«x-ô§ƒp ´u´-£æ…-®√-©†’ Æ棜«ç-îªE ´uéÀh™« ÖØ√oúø’. ´’†ç ÉC-´-®Ω-éπ-öÀ™« (°æü¿-N™ Çߪ’† ´·çü¿’†o ´uéÀhûÓ Ö†oô’x) Ñߪ’-†ûÓ îª†’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ™‰ç. No nonsense = v§ƒ´·-êuç-™‰E, Å™«x-ô§ƒp N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ û√N-´yE. Predecessor = v°‘úÁ-ÂÆ-Ææ-(®˝)/ v°úÁ-Æ œ-Ææ(®˝)– v°‘/ 'v°— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °æü¿-N™/ ≤ƒn-†ç™ äéπ-JéÀ ´·çü¿’†o¢√®Ω’.

Spoken English

í¬ 2004 ™ °æü¿N îË°æ-ö«d®Ω’.

b) Ever since she took office, she has made a number of changes in the administration.

5) Take liberties with

´’†

(Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. Çߪ’† l-ate í¬ ®√-´-úøç ´©x ´’†ç èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh Eü∆-†çí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË®Ω-´îª’a/ÅC ´’†ç Å´-é¬-¨¡çí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊E Eü∆-†çí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-´îª’a.)

YSR CM

4) Take office

°j

Boss

a) The plane took off five minutes late = Plane 5 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-JçC (í¬™xéÀ ™‰*çC) b) The take off of the plane was delayed because f some engine trouble. ( Engine trouble ´©x N´÷†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωôç (í¬™x-Èé-í∫-®Ωôç) Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC.) Take off Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, ã ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç/ °æü∑¿éπç/ v°æù«-Réπ Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ/ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ïߪ’-v°æü¿ç 鬴ôç.

°æü¿N îË°æ-öÀd†°æpöÀ-†’ç* Ç¢Á’ §ƒ©Ø√ ´u´-£æ…®√™x î√™« ´÷®Ω’p©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´-*açC. 5) Take liberties with - ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. Ææyûªçvûªçí¬ (äéπ-JûÓ) ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îªôç. a) Shall I take your car for a day? I am sure I can take the liberty = car

ã®Ó-V-§ƒô’ F BÆæ’èπ◊çö«. Ø√é¬ Ææyûªçvûªç Öçü¿E †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’.

b) Not all bosses let you take liberties with themboss

Åçü¿®Ω’

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) Take your time -

ûÌçü¿Í®ç ™‰ü¿’. áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-

®·Ø√ BÆæ’éÓ. 2) ... the flight took off 20 minutes late =

20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©Ææuçí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-JçC

plane.

3) We can take advantage of his late arrival= late

Çߪ’† í¬ ®√´ôç Å´-é¬-¨¡çí¬ (´’†ç Eü∆-†çí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-´îª’a)

BÆæ’-èπ◊E

4) We can't take liberties with him as we used to, with his predecessor =

Çߪ’† ´·çü¿’-Ø√oߪ’-†ûÓ BÆæ’-èπ◊†o ’´¤ Ñߪ’-†ûÓ BÆæ’-éÓ™‰ç. 5) It seems he took to task the idlers= °æE áíÌ_-õ‰d-¢√-∞¡x†’ Çߪ’† PéÀ~ç-î√úø’. Idler = °æE áíÌ_-õ‰d-¢√∞¡Ÿx 6) Any idea when our new manager is going manager to take office? =

éÌûªh °æü¿N á°æ¤púø’ îË°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? OöÀ-†-Eoç-öÀF O’ conversation ™ Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøçúÕ.

©÷ éÀçü¿ ÖüÓu-í∫’-©èπ◊ ’-N-´y®Ω’. EXERCISE

ANSWER

Practise aloud in English the following. Pramod: Plane

Pramod: The sky is cloudy. The plane may take off late.

Ç鬨¡ç ¢Ë’°∂æ÷-´%-ûª¢Á’i ÖçC. •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωúøç Ç©Ææuç 鬴a. Vinod: DEo Å´-é¬-¨¡çí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊E ´’†ç é¬Ææh coffee û√íÌü∆lç ®√. Pramod: ´’†ç Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’iûË plane ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†-©†’ éÓ°æp-úÌa. Vinod: v°æߪ’-Aoü∆lç. Pramod: äü¿’l™‰. Plane ¢√∞¡xûÓ ´’†ç ’-´¤í¬ Öçúø™‰ç éπü∆? Vinod: Ø√éπØ√o ´·çü¿’ °æE-îË-Æ œ-Ø√-ߪ’† á°æ¤púø÷ late, train èπ◊í¬F, bus èπ◊í¬F. Pramod: Çߪ’††’ ´’†¢Ë’ç Çü¿-®Ωzçí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-†-éπ\Í®x-ü¿’í¬.

Vinod:

Let's take advantage of it and have some coffee.

Pramod: The plane people may take us to task for being late. Vinod:

Let's try.

Pramod: We'd better not/ let's not. We can't take liberties with the plane people. Vinod:

My predecessor always used to be late for train or for Bus.

Pramod: He needn't be our model.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 19 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Kalyan: Bhanu, I see you a lot with Anand nowadays. You two appear to have grown chummy.

(-¶µ«-†÷, †’´¤y Ñ´’üµ¿u džçü˛ûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ î√™« üÓÆ‘hí¬ Ö†o-ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’.) Chummy- ¶«í¬ üÓÆ‘hí¬ Öçúøôç.

Kalyan: That's my advice. Take it or leave it. By the by mom took ill after she took the wedding dinner last week. Since then I haven't been able to meet you. Otherwise I'd have warned you earlier.

(ÅC Ø√ Ææ©£æ…. BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ BÆæ’éÓ, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ™‰ü¿’. éÀçü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç °Rx ¶µï†ç îËÆœ†°æpöÀ-†’ç* Å´’t ï•’s-°æ-úÕçC. Åçü¿’´©x E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË E†’o £«îªa-Jç-ç-úË-¢√ùÀo.

Bhanu: You can say that of course. Ever since you introduced me to him I have taken to him.

(†’´y-†oC Eï¢Ë’. †’´yûª-EéÀ ††’o °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Åûª-†çõ‰ É≠æd°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’)

Bhanu: Have you taken her to doctor? How's she now?

Kalyan: He is quite pleasant, of course.

(ûª†’ î√™« Ç£æ…xü¿çí¬ ÖçúËC Eï¢Ë’) Bhanu: He is so good for company.

(Åûª†’ ´’ç*

company

2

(ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«x¢√? É°æ¤p-úÁ™« ÖçC?) Kalyan: Of course I did. His fees are prohibitive, however.

É≤ƒhúø’)

(BÆæ’-Èé-∞«x-†-†’éÓ. é¬F Çߪ’† fees ´’†ç ¶µºJç-îª-™‰-†çûª.) Prohibitive = (´Ææ’h-´¤©/ ÊÆ´© ´‚©uç) ´’†ç éÌØÌ-ü¿’l™‰/ é̆-™‰ç™‰ ÅE°œçîËçûª áèπ◊\´.

Kalyan: I have known him longer than you have. He is pleasant and all that but beware. He can get you into trouble.

(Féπçõ‰ Ø√éπ-ûª†’ áèπ◊\´é¬©çí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åûª†’ pleasant- Åü¿çû√ ÆæÍ®é¬E ñ«ví∫ûªh. É•sç-ü¿’™x °æúË-ߪ’-í∫-©úø’) Bhanu: How so? (ÅüÁ™«?) Kalyan: If you don't take me amiss, he is not the good guy you take him for. He has quite a lot of bad contacts.

c) Karna never took kindly to Arjuna.

Å®Ω’-b†’-úøçõ‰ éπ®Ω’g-úÁ-°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. (Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC take kindly to. ÉC áèπ◊\´ not ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç– Not take kindly Åçõ‰ ÅÆæ-L≠ædç îª÷°æ-éπ-§Ú-´ôç.) d) The teacher never takes kindly to lazy boys =

≤Ú´’-®Ω’-©çõ‰ Ç teacher èπ◊ É≠ædç Öçúøü¿’. take to èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. äéπ °æEE ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ôdúøç. 1) Sugar Öçü¿E ûÁL-Æ œ† ûª®√yûª, Åûª†’ Öü¿-ߪ÷ØËo ™‰´ôç, †úø-´ôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’ = After coming to know that he is a diabetic, he took to getting up early and going for a walk.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

242

2) Unable to forget Parvathi, Devdas took to drinking =

5) Take it or leave it=

a) The price of the watch is Rs. 4000/-. Not a paise less or more. Take it or leave it=

Ç watch êKü¿’ 4000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’. °j≤ƒ èπÿú≈ ûªí∫_ü¿’. éÌçõ‰ é̆çúÕ/ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ™‰ü¿’. b) Rs.3500/- is the take it or leave it price of the sari=

Ç <®Ω *´J üµ¿®Ω 3500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’. BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ™‰ü¿’. ÉO take ûÓ ´’†ç conversation ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË expressions. ´·êuçí¬ take to, take (somebody) for (something) ™«çöÀ expressions î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç. Practice îËü∆lç. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) Ever since you introduced me to him, I have taken to him=

If you don't take me amiss .. Bhanu: Difficult to believe it. But even if he has bad contacts how does that affect me?

(ÅC †´’túøç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC Ø√èπ◊. Å®·Ø√ Åûª-EéÀ îÁúø’ Ææç•ç-üµ∆-©’çõ‰ ÅN Ø√O’üËç v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æ-í∫-©´¤?) Affect = v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æôç – ´÷®Ω’p ûËí∫©í∫ôç.

(áçûª BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’?) Kalyan: His fees and medicines in his own medical shop cost us Rs. 1000/-. Take or add some Rs.20/-. I should take her to the doctor now again. I must be going.

(Çߪ’† fees, Çߪ’† shop™ ´’çü¿’©÷ Åçû√ éπL°œ ¢Ë®· ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©ßª÷u®·, ã 20 Åô÷ Éô÷ ņ’éÓ. ´’Sx É°æ¤p-ú≈-¢Á’†’ ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«}L, ´≤ƒh.) Bhanu: Bye ☺

☺

☺

☺

´®Ω{ç, ´®√{-¶µ«´ç °æçô-©-O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æ¤-ûª’çC/ éπLT Öçô’çC. Effect = v°æ¶µ«´ç. (Rain or Lack of it has

ûÓ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ conversation ™ ¢√úË Ææ®Ωy≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† expressions ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. 1) Take to = äéπ-JE/ äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo É≠æd-°æ-úøôç/ ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îªôç.

Kalyan: Bhanu, just think for a while. He can get you too into bad company.

a) She did not take to the job in the beginning but began to like it after a few months.

(é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç. Åûª†’ Fèπ◊ èπÿú≈ îÁúø’ ≤ƒ¢√≤ƒ©’ Å©¢√ô’ îËߪ’-´îª’a).

¢Á·ü¿ô Ç¢Á’ Ç ÖüÓuí∫ç É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’, é¬E éÌEo ØÁ©© ûª®√yûª É≠ædç ¢Á·ü¿-™„jçC.

Rain or the lack of it affects crops =

an effect on crops)

Take

Bhanu: Can't I take care of it? Am I a child to be totally influenced by him?

b) Laila took to Majnu the minute she saw him.

(Ç N≠æߪ’ç ؈’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-™‰Ø√? ÅûªE v°æ¶µ«-¢√-EéÀ ™ÔçÍíçûª °œ™«x-úÕE é¬ü¿’-éπü∆?)

´’Vo†’ îª÷Æœ† éπ~ù¢Ë’ ™„j™« Åûª-†çõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-úÕçC.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Could †’ can èπ◊ past form í¬†’, less í¬ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. -D-E-E ûÁ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-úø-¢Á’-™«? 2. Çé˙q-°∂æ®˝f úÕéπ{-†-K™ would †’ Ç®Ω’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x use îË≤ƒh-®ΩE Éî√a®Ω’. -O’®Ω’ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ í∫’-Jç-îË -É-î√a®Ω’. Éçé¬ Öçõ‰ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – -áÆˇ.ñ«-≠æfl-´, -äçíÓ-©’

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. Could tense a) Kumar: He is worried he has none to help him.

à

ÅØËC Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.

(ûª†-Èé-´y®Ω÷

Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-™‰®ΩE ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√oúø’)

Kesav: He could approach me. present tense

– Ééπ\úø ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆,

(Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓ®Ω-´îª’a éπü∆) ÅE.

Spoken English

§ƒ®Ωy-AE ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-™‰éπ üË´-ü∆Ææ’ û√í∫’úø’èπ◊ °æ‹†’èπ◊-Ø√oúø’/ û√í∫’úø’ ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’. (ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: He takes to cricket as a fish takes to water = îË°æèπ◊ F∞¡xçõ‰ áçûª É≠æd¢Á÷, ¢√úÕéÀ cricket Åçõ‰ ÅçA≠ædç) (As a fish takes to water ÅØËC English ™ proverb- ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª) 3) Take (somebody) amiss = äéπ-JE ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. a) ††o-§ƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓèπ◊. †’Oy áEo-éπ™ x E©-´-éπ§Ú-´úøç ´’ç*C = Please don't take me amiss, you'd better not contest in these elections. (you'd = you had. contest=

§ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ’ôç/ §ÚöÃ.)

b) If you don't take me amiss, you took awful in this shirt=

†’´¤y †ØËoO’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çõ‰, Ñ shirt ™ †’´¤y î√™« ü∆®Ω’-ùçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. awful= ü∆®Ω’-ù-¢Á’i†/ Né¬-®Ω-¢Á’i†/ ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω¢Á’i†, etc. 4) Take (somebody) for (something) = äéπJE í∫’Jç* ņ’-éÓ-´ôç. a) Ø√ í∫’Jç* à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?= What do you take me for? b) Don't take him for an ordinary man=

M. SURESAN

†’´¤y ††o-§ƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓèπ◊çõ‰/ †’¢Ëy-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË

3) He is not the good guy you take him for=

Åûª†’ †’´y-†’-èπ◊ØËçûª ´’ç*-¢√-úø’-é¬ü¿’ 4) That's my advice, take it or leave it=

ÅD Ø√ Ææ©£æ…. ´’J F É≠ædç (BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÆæÍ®, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ™‰ü¿’) 5) Take or add Rs. 20/- =

É®Ω¢Áj ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ Åô÷ Éô÷ = Rs. 20 that way or this way. EXERCISE Practise as many sentences as you can, on the pattern below. Subject

Verb

Object

I

know

your name

Sunil

reads

the Eenadu

Åçõ‰ verb èπ◊ á´-JF/ á´-JéÃ/ üËEE/ üËEéÀ ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´îËa ï¢√•’.)

(object

Eg: He reads the Eenadu. Verb: reads

(îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’) – üËEE îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’? – ÑØ√-úø’†’. 鬕öÀd Eenadu object. É™«çöÀ sentences practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Åûª-úÕE ≤ƒ´÷-†’u-úø-†’-éÓèπ◊.

b) I heard him say that he could play cricket very well as a student student cricket could, past form of can. Time mention connected verb tense could tense time expression

positive of can

†’´y ††o-ûª-EéÀ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀ-†’ç*, Åûª-†çõ‰ Ø√éπ-Gµ-´÷†ç à®Ωp-úÕçC. 2) If you don't take me amiss ... =

Bhanu: How much did he charge you?

(†’´¤y ††’o ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓèπ◊, Åûª†’ †’´y-†’-èπ◊-ØËçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. Åûª-EéÀ î√™« îÁúø’ Ææç•ç-üµ∆-©’-Ø√o®·.) contact: Ææç•çüµ¿ç. (´’†èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o ´uéÀh)

BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ,

™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ™‰ü¿’.

ûª†’ í¬ ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕ-†E Åûª†’ îÁ°æpôç ؈’ NØ√o. Ééπ\úø îËߪ’-ôç-´©xí¬-F, ´©x-í¬F Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷ é¬ü∆ ÅØËC, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd Öçô’çC. 2. Consequence of an imagined event (´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--éÌØË Ææç°∂æ’-ô† °æJ-ù«´’ç) – If you went there now, he would be happy. (†’´yéπ\-úÕéÀ°æ¤p-úø’ ¢Á∞Ïh– imagined event, he would be happy- Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈húø’– consequence)  Expressing a desire or inclination (éÓJéπ ûÁ©°æôç) He may not like to see me, but I'd meet him (I wish to meet him) - Åûª-úÕéÀ ††’o éπ©’Ææ’éÓ-´ôç É≠ædç-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, é¬F ؈-ûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-íÓ-®Ω’-ûª’Ø√o†’.

Expressing a conjecture or opinion:

ܣ櫆’/ -Å-Gµv§ƒßª÷Eo

´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç)

a) I'd would say think that John would help us. (John

´’†èπ◊

Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«– †´’t-éπç-™‰ü¿’) b) We'd (we would) think that the job might not be so easy

(Ç °æE Åçûª Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Öçúø-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç– éπ*a-ûªç-é¬ü¿’) Ŷµºu-®Ωn†: é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-≤ƒh®√? Would †’ request ûÁ-L-ߪ’°æ®Ω-îª-ö«-EéÀ question form ™ØË ¢√ú≈L. b) I'd (I would) I were the CM = ؈’ CM í¬ Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC! (éÓJéπ/ wish) would ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©Fo É¢Ë.

Expressing a wish or request: a) Would you help us?=

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 21 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Satyavanth: What is the big crowd over there?

(àçö« °ü¿lí∫’ç°æ¤ Åéπ\úø?)

B-Æœç-ü¿ô.) Satyavanth: That need not be a cause for a suicide.

Prasanth: I am just returning from there. I've yet to recover from the shock.

(Åéπ\úÕ †’çîË ´Ææ’hØ√o. Ç Cví¬s¥çA †’ç* Éçé¬ ûË®Ω’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.) Satyavanth: You do appear really shocked. What's the matter, Prasanth?

(Eïç-í¬ØË Cví¬s¥çA îÁçC-†-ô’d-Ø√o´¤. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç.) Prasanth: Someone took his life from jumping to the ground from the third floor of that building.

(´‚úÓ ÅçûªÆæ’h †’ç* éÀçü¿éÀ ü¿÷éÀ á´®Ó Çûªt-£æ«ûªu îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.) Satyavanth: People perhaps have good reasons to take their own lives, but the means they choose, Oh. God! the less we talk of it, the better.

(Çûªt-£æ«ûªu îËÆæ’-éÓ--´ú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ù«-™‰¢Á’iØ√, Ç îËÆæ’èπ◊ØË Nüµ∆©’.. Å•s! ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* áçûª ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª ´’ç*C.) Prasanth: It seems it took place half an hour ago. The man leaped to death in the full view of the passers by. It

2

(-Ç-ûªt£æ«-ûªuèπ◊ ÅC 鬮Ωùç é¬-†éπ\®Ω™‰-ü¿’.) Prasanth: He was upto his neck in debts. He thought of making some money by winning the elections. The denial of ticket made him desperate.

(°‘éπ-©-ü∆é¬ Å°æ¤p™x èπÿ®Ω’-èπ◊§Ú-ߪ÷-úø-ûª†’. áEo-éπ™ x ÈíL* é¬Ææh úø•’s Ææ秃-Cç-î √-©E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø-ô. öÀÈé\-ö¸ É´y-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ÅûªúÕE E®√¨¡èπ◊ í∫’J-îË-ÆœçC.) upto his neck = °‘éπ© ´®Ωèπ◊ (ÉC Å°æ¤p© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´·êuçí¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.) ÅüË vÊ°´’-N-≠æ-ߪ’ç™ – He is head over heels (ûª© ´·†-éπ©’) in love with her - ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

drinks away all the money the others help him with.

Éûª-®Ω’©’ Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-îËÊÆ ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ ÉîËa úø•sçû√ û√í∫’-úø’èπ◊ ûªí∫-™‰-≤ƒhúø’ 鬕öÀd ÅûªúÕ O’ü¿ á´®Ω÷ ñ«L-°æ-úø®Ω’/ ñ«L îª÷°æ®Ω’. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x take pity on •ü¿’©’ have pity on ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. a) Have pity on the old man and leave him alone .

Ç ´·Ææ-L-¢√úÕ O’ü¿ ñ«L ûª©* ÅûªúÕE ´C-™‰-

Satyavanth: Whatever it is, he is no more.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ÆæÍ®, Åûª-E-éπ-™‰úø’.) Prasanth: A pity really.


(Eïçí¬ ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædéπ®Ωç)





Take

ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ôLo îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. ´’JéÌ-Eoç-öÀE°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. ÉN Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç

ߪ’çúÕ =

Ææ綵º-Nç-îªôç/ ï®Ω-í∫ôç.

Unless takes pains, cannot succeed took quite sometime for them to understand what had happened.

(ÅC Å®Ω-í∫çô éÀçü¿õ‰ ïJ-T†-ô’xçC. ü∆J-†-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞¡Ÿx îª÷Ææ’hç-úø-í¬ØË Åûªúø’ éÀçCéÀ ü¿÷é¬úø’. àç ïJ-TçüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«EéÀ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ °æöÀdçC.)

a) The marriage took place yesterday =

îª÷Æœ† ¢√öÀ éπçõ‰ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´≤ƒh®·. OöÀ™ éÌEo O’èπ◊ ûÁLÊÆ Öçú≈L. ¢√öÀE îª÷ü∆l´÷. 1) Take (one's) life - ´÷´‚-©’í¬ take life Åçõ‰ îªç°æôç ÅE. Take M. SURESAN

Satyavanth: I really take pity on him. (I) Wonder what drove him to take such an extreme measure.

(Eïçí¬ ÅûªúÕ O’ü¿ ñ«™‰-≤ÚhçC. Å™«çöÀ N°æ-K-ûª-Ωu BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ °æ¤J-éÌ-LpçC ഒߪ·uçô’ç--üÓ-†E Ç™-*-Ææ’hØ√o.) Prasanth: As I rode along, people rushing to the spot took me by surprise.

(؈’ ¶„jé˙-O’ü¿ ´Ææ’hçõ‰ ï†ç Ç îÓöÀéÀ °æJ-Èí-ûªhôç Ø√é¬-¨¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC.) Satyavanth: Psychologists take pains to tell people not to get depressed, but that doesn't seem to deter people from suicides.

(E®√-¨¡èπ◊ ™-†’é¬-´-ü¿l-E ´’†-Ææh-ûªy E°æ¤-ù’©’ áçûÓ v¨¡´’ BÆæ’-èπ◊E îÁ•’ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F ÅüËO’ v°æï-©†’ Çûªt-£æ«-ûªu© †’ç* Ç°æôç ™‰ü¿’.) Prasanth: It seems that this man took quite an active part in politics while he was alive. The denial of a ticket to him by his party led to his suicide.

(•A-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x î√™« ®Ω’í¬_ §ƒ™Ô_-ØË-¢√-úøô. Åûª-úÕéÀ Ñ≤ƒJ áEo-éπ™x §ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ §ƒKdöÀÈé\ô’d É´y-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Ñ Çûªt-£æ«-ûªuèπ◊ ü∆J-

Spoken English

one's own life/ Take one's (his/her etc) life =

Çûªt-£æ«ûªu îËÆæ’-éÓ-

´ôç. a) Åûªúø’ Çûªt-£æ«ûªu îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ = He took his life. b) Unable to bear the separation from her lover, she took her (own) life .

ûª†’ vÊ°N’-èπ◊úÕ †’ç* áúø-¶«ô’ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰éπ v§ƒùç BÆæ’-èπ◊çC. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ N†-°æúË ¢√éπuç: Those who cannot give life have no right to take life

. v§ƒùç É´y-™‰-E-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ v§ƒùç BÊÆ £æ«èπ◊\-™‰ü¿’. (Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌéπJE îªçÊ° £æ«èπ◊\ á´-Jéà ™‰ü¿E.) Conversation ™ ÉC èπÿú≈ ûª®Ω NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. take life out of (some one) D†®Ωnç. äéπ®Ω’ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ NÆœT §ÚßË’ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡x†’ ¢ËCµçîªôç/ äAhúÕ îËߪ’ôç (ûÁ©’-í∫’™: Åûªúø’ Ø√ v§ƒù«©’ ûÓúË-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’/ BÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’ Åçö«ç éπü∆, Å™«í∫.) He is very particular about my joining the club. He is taking the life out of me .

éπx¶¸™ ††’o îË®Ω-´’E °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Ø√ v§ƒù©’ ûÓúË-Ææ’h-Ø√o-úø-†’éÓ. 2) Take pity on = äéπJ O’ü¿ ñ«L °æúøôç. a) He took pity on the old woman and put her in an old age home .

Ç ´%ü¿’l¥-®√L O’ü¿ ñ«L-°æúÕ, Ç¢Á’-†ûªúø’ ´%ü∆l¥-v¨¡-´’ç™ îË®√aúø’. b) None takes pity on him because he

Åûªúø’ ¶Cµç-îËC Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’u-™« îª÷úø-ôç™ Åûªúø’ î√™« v¨¡´’-°æ-úøû√úø’. d) Unless one takes pains, one cannot succeed =

v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-EüË á´®Ω÷ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿-™‰®Ω’. ÉO daily life situations ™E conversation ™ take ûÓ ÅA ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa expressions. OöÀE ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. EXERCISE

245

Take pity on the old man and...

3) to take place =

Åûªúø’ î√™« v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈fúø’. c) He takes pains to see that his students understand clearly what he teaches =

°Rx E†o ïJ-TçC. b) When did the match take place? =

´÷uî˝ á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC? c) The accident took place when I was on my way to college

= ؈’ 鬙‰@éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’/ ¢Á∞Ïx-ü∆-J™ Ö†o°æ¤púø’ Ç v°æ´÷ü¿ç ïJ-TçC.

d) When the theft took place, everybody was at home =

Arun:

àçöÀ èπ◊çô’-ûª’Ø√o´¤? Amala: E†o *†o ÇéÀq-úÁçö¸ ïJ-TçC. Arun: áéπ\úø ïJ-TçC? Amala: ÉçöxØË. Arun: ᙫ ïJ-TçC? Amala: Å´’tèπ◊ -¶«í¬-™‰-ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ ´çô îËߪ’-ö«EéÀ v°æߪ÷Ææ °æúø’-ûª’çõ‰ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷-©-†’èπ◊Ø√o.í¬uÆˇ ÆœLç-úø®˝ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, §ƒü¿ç ÆœLç-úø®˝ éÀçü¿ †L-TçC. Arun: Eïçí¬ E†’o îª÷ÊÆh ñ«™‰-Ææ’hçC. Ç ¶«uí˚ É™« É´¤y. ؈’ ¢Á÷≤ƒh†’. Amala: ü∑∆çèπÿu. Ø√- éπ>Ø˛ éπ´’-©èπ◊ Ç ´÷vûªç ñ«L-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC. Éçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç ØË-†’ ¢Á÷≤Úhçõ‰ îª÷Ææ÷h ÖçC. Arun: éπ´’™«? ûªØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ÅçûË. ûª† ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’çö¸ ††’o îËÆœ °ôd-´’E v§ƒù«©’ ûÓúË-Ææ’hçC. Amala: îÁߪ’uèπ◊. ûª†’ éπ%ûª-°∂æ·o-®√©’. Arun: Féπçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å™«çöÀ ≤ƒßª’ç ØËØËç îÁߪ’u-¶-´-õ‰xü¿’. Amala: Å®·ûË í∫-ûª ≤Ú≠æ™ ¸ ÆæKyÆˇ é¬uç°ˇ™  ûª†’ î√™« ®Ω’í¬_ §ƒ™Ô_-çC. ÅC Ø√é¬-¨¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC.

a) Parents take a lot of pains to educate their children =

✸ ✸ ✸ Arun: Why are you limping? Amala: A minor accident took place yesterday. Arun: Where?/ Where did it happen? Amala: At home. Arun: How? Amala: Mom wasn't well. She was still taking pains to cook, so I wanted to help her. While changing the gas cylinder my foot was pressed/ got pressed/ was crushed/ got crushed under the cylinder. Arun: I really take pity on you. Give me the bag. I'll carry it for you. Amala: Thank you. My cousin Kamala didn't have even that pity on me. She was just watching me carrying the bag/ carry the bag all the distance. Arun: Kamala? She's always like that. She wants me to do the assignment for her. Amala: Don't do it. She is ungrateful

°œ©xLo îªC-Nç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ î√™« v¨¡´’ °æúø-û√®Ω’.

Arun: Don't worry. I won't do it. I know her better than you do.

b) He took a lot of pains to deliver the goods on time =

Amala: But at the last social service camp she took me by surprise by taking an active part.

Éçöx Åçü¿®Ω÷ Öçúø-í¬ØË üÌçí∫-ûª†ç ïJ-TçC. e) When will the meeting take place? =

Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç á°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC? 4) Take (some one) by surprise =

Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-îªôç. a) His coming at that time of the night took me by surprise =

Åûªúø’ ®√vA Ç Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ®√´ôç Ø√é¬-¨¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC. b) I haven't told him I will be visiting him. I want to take him by surprise =

ÅûªúÕE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E Åûª-úÕûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Åûª-úÕéÀ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-î√-©E. c) His resignation has taken every one by surprise =

ÅûªúÕ ®√@-Ø√´÷ v°æA-äéπ\-J-F Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-J-*çC. v¨¡´’-°æ-úøôç/ v¨¡´’-B-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç – ÉC ´’†™ î√™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁL-Æ œ†

5) Take pains = expression.

ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ

´Ææ’h-´¤©’ îË®Ω-¢Ë-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 23 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Bhagat: Hi Sharat, till last night eleven I was busy preparing for the exams ahead. I couldn't watch the match on the T.V. Which way did the match go?

(£æ…ß˝’ ¨¡®Ωû˝, ®√vA 11 í∫çô-©-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æKéπ~éÓÆæç BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿’´¤ûª’Ø√o. TV™ match îª÷úø-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷. ᙫ ïJ-TçC?) Sharat: Not our way, certainly. I didn't watch the match either till the end. When I switched off the TV, Indians were going down the hill. I'm sure they lost the match.

(´’†èπ◊ ņ’-èπÿ-©çí¬ ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. *´-J´-®Ωèπ◊ match îª÷úø-™‰-ü¿-†’éÓ. TV éπõ‰d-ÊÆ-ô°æp-öÀéÀ ´’†-¢√∞¡Ÿx ãúÕ-§ÚßË’ B®Ω’™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ãúÕ-§ÚßË’ Öçö«-®ΩE Ø√ í∫öÀd †´’téπç) Bhagat: Going by their earlier performances, I didn't expect this to be different from the other matches. I am disappointed but I am not surprised.

2

Bhagat: You are right, of course. But when do we give the new comers a chance?

(†’´y-†oC Eï¢Ë’. é¬E éÌûªh-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ á°æ¤p-úÕ≤ƒhç Å´-鬨¡ç?) Sharat: OK. Go ahead with your plan of giving new comers a chance, and we lose more than win.

(Å™«Íí. éÌûªh-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ Å´-é¬-¨¡-N’-¢√y-©ØË Ç™- Å´’-©’-°æ-®Ω; ´’†ç Èí©-´ôç éπçõ‰ ãúøôç áèπ◊\´´¤ûª’çC.) Bhagat: I feel experimenting isn't that bad.

(v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ îËߪ’ôç Åçûª îÁúøE ؈-†’éÓ†’) Sharat: Yea, if you don't go for victory. But the Indian team will then go through unending humiliation.

(Å´¤†’, ´’†ç Nïߪ’ç ´ü¿l†’-èπ◊çõ‰. é¬E Å°æ¤púø’ ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ïô’d Åçûª’-™‰E Å´-´÷-Ø√-EéÀ í∫’J-Å-´¤-ûª’çC.) Humiliation =

(Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ¢√∞«x-úÕ† B®Ω’†’ •öÀd, Ñ match Éûª®Ω matches éπØ√o ûËú≈í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ؈-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. E®√-¨¡-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oí¬F, Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-úøôç ™‰ü¿’.)

Å´-´÷†ç/ °æ®√-¶µº´ç

a) With the score at 90 for five the team is certainly going down the hill = 90 for 5 score

Å®·ûË, ïô’d °æûª-†-´’-´¤-ûª’-†oõ‰d.

b) No father can let his son go down the hill

= à ûªçvúÕ èπÿú≈ éÌúø’èπ◊†’ °æûª-†-´’-´-E-´y-úø’/éÌ-úø’èπ◊ °æûª-Ø√Eo Ææ´’t-Aç-îªúø’. (Go down the hill = sliding down = °æûª-†´’-´ôç) c) We can't do anything to stop the slide down in honesty in politics =

®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x Eñ«-ߪ’B °æûª-Ø√Eo Ç°æ-ö«-EéÀ ´’†¢Ë’ç îËߪ’™‰ç. 3) go on = continue = é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªôç. a) You can't go on troubling me like this =

Sharat: I wish they stopped going on experimenting. Trying new players is OK, but at the same time ensuring victory is important too.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

244

Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ††’o †’´¤y É•sç-C-°-úø’-ûª÷çúøôç/ É•sçC °ôdôç (é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªôç) ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. b) In spite of the doctor's warning, he goes on smoking =

Go ahead with your plans (v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªôç ÇÊ°ÊÆh ¶«í∫’çô’çC. éÌûªh véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©†’ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªôç ´’ç*üË, é¬E Nïߪ’ç ê®√®Ω’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç èπÿú≈ î√™« ´·êuç.) I wish they stopped- ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I wish ûª®√yûª they stopped - verb - past tense. ã B®ΩE éÓJéπ BJûË áçûª ¶«í∫’çô’çC, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ É™«-¢√-úøû√ç. ensure- ê®√®Ω’ îËߪ’ôç/ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. He invested a lot in business, but he ensured that he did not lose, though he might not make profits.

Åûªúø’ ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ î√™«- °-ô’d-•úÕ Â°ö«dúø’. Å®·ûË ™«¶µ«©’ ®√éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, †≠æd-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ê®√®Ω’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. (-Öç-úË-™« îª÷Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√o-úø’.) Bhagat: But experimenting and certainly of success do not always go together. When you experiment, you must be prepared for failure.

(v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ îËߪ’ôç, Nïߪ’ç ë«ßª’çí¬ §Òçü¿ôç ÅØËC äéπ-ü∆-EûÓ äéπöÀ §ÒÆæ-í∫ü¿’. v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢Áj°∂æ-™«uEéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æúÕ Öçú≈L.) Sharat: I go along with you upto that point, but defeats in a row can demoralise a team. Then it will be very difficult to rebuild confidence in the team.

(Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÌç-ö«†’. é¬F ´®ΩÆæ ãô-´·©’ ã ïô’d ÂÆkn®√uEo üÁ•s-B-ߪ’í∫-©´¤. Ç ûª®√yûª ïô’d™ Çûªt-N-¨»y-≤ƒEo AJT °ç§Òç-Cç-îªúøç éπ≠dçæ Å´¤-ûª’çC.) demoralise = Çûªt-ÂÆkn-®√uEo üÁ•s-B-ߪ’ôç/ Çûªt-N-¨»yÆæç éÓ™p-ßË’ô’x îËߪ’ôç. Telling a student that he/ she is fit for nothing demoralises them. =

†’´¤y üËEéà °æE-éÀ-®√-´E Nü∆u-JnûÓ Åçõ‰, Åûª†’/ -Ç-¢Á’ Çûªt-ÂÆkn-®√uEo/ Çûªt-N-¨»y-≤ƒEo éÓ™p-û√®Ω’.

Spoken English

Bhagat: There must then be a balance between experimenting and ensuring victory by playing safe.

Doctor ¢√Jç-*-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, TÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’.

M. SURESAN

Sharat: You can't have the cake and eat it too. (cake

A††÷ AØ√L, Å®·-§Ú-èπ◊ç-ú≈†÷ Öçú≈L Åçõ‰ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ éπü∆ = Å¢√yé¬-¢√L, •’¢√y-é¬-¢√L Åçõ‰ ᙫ?) Bhagat: OK. Let's agree to disagree.








É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç Daily life situations ™E conversation ™ get, have, take ©ûÓ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa simple expressions îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ ÅçûË ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ 'go' ûÓ ´îËa expressions îª÷ü∆lç. 1) (Something) going (a certain) way =

(àü¿-®·Ø√ N≠æߪ’ç) ïJÍí Nüµ¿ç. a) The judgment went their way = court

é̆-≤ƒ-

á´®Ω÷ N†-éπ-§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûª†’ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ØË Öçö«úø’. Go on ÅE Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ Åçõ‰– é¬Eß˝’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈. Please go on. You were about to eat =

B®Ω’p ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ņ’-èπÿ-©çí¬ ´*açC.

b) The match was going their way right from the beginning =

¢Á·ü¿öÀ†’ç* match ¢√∞¡x¢ÁjÊ° ïJ-TçC (¢√∞¡x éπ†’-èπÿ-©çí¬ ÖçúÕçC) c) This meeting too went all the way the earlier meetings had gone =

Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ meetings ïJ-T†ô’xí¬-ØË, Ñ meeting èπÿú≈ ïJ-TçC. (Åçûª ¶«í¬-™‰-ü¿†o ¶µ«´çûÓ) 2) Go down the hill = °æûª-†-´’-´-ôç/- °æ-ûª†ç C¨¡-í¬ ¢Á∞¡xôç.

a) Go ahead with your plans =

F v°æù«-Réπ/ Ç™-îª-†©’ Å´’™x °ô’d. b) He went ahead with his plans inspite of severe opposition =

Bv´ ´uA-Í®-éπûª Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûªúø’ ûª† Ç™Lo 鬮Ωu-®Ω÷-°æç™ °ö«dúø’. 7) go through = ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îªôç a) He went through a lot of trouble to meet the CM = CM

†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûÓ ßª÷ûª-†-°æ-ú≈fúø’.

b) The mother went through a lot of trouble to educate him =

ÅûªúÕE îªC-Nç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ¢√∞¡x´’t î√™« ¶«üµ¿©’ °æúÕçC. go through ´·êuçí¬ îËü¿’ ņ’-¶µº-¢√-©Íé ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Go through Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç îªü¿-´ôç. a) What's the news today? I haven't gone through the newspaper =

àçöÀ ¢√®Ωh©’? É¢√Rd

paper

îªü¿-´-™‰ü¿’ ؈’.

b) Go through the letter carefully =

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) "Which way did the match go?" (Match

ᙫ ïJ-TçC?)

Not our way, certainly.

(´’†èπ◊ ņ’-èπÿ-©çí¬ é¬ü¿’, éπ*aûªçí¬) 2) When I switched off the TV, they were certainly going down the hill =

؈’ TV Ç°∂ˇ îËÊÆ-ô-°æpöÀéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx (Çô™) °æûª-†´’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

é¬Fß˝’. †’¢ËyüÓ A†-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ (A†ôç ǧÒ-ü¿lE). 4) go together = (äéπ-ü∆-EûÓ äéπöÀ) §ÒÆæí∫ôç. áèπ◊\-´í¬ DEE §ÒÆæ-í∫ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ do/ does not go together ÅE ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

3) I wished they stopped going on experimenting =

a) Communism and capitalism do not go together =

4) Experimenting and certainly of success don't go together =

communism

èπÿ, °ô’d-•-úÕ-ü∆K Nüµ∆-Ø√-EéÀ

§ÒÆæ-í∫ü¿’.

(´’†ç àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îª-™‰-´’E ä°æ¤p-éÌçü∆ç)

´·çü¿’-Èé-∞¡xôç/ àüÁjØ√ ņ’-èπ◊†oC

îËߪ’ôç.

Ç Öûªh-®√Eo ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îªü¿’´¤. ÉO 'go' ûÓ expressions.

c) He goes on talking though none listens to him =

(v°æßÁ÷-í¬-©èπÿ, Nïߪ’ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊ à ≤ƒ£æ«Ææç îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Ææ´’-ûˆ©uç §ƒöÀçî√L)




smoking

6) go ahead =

b) Sun and rain do not go together =

áçú≈ ¢√Ø√ éπL-Ææ’ç-úø´¤. c) Biryani and sambar/ chutney do not go together =

G®√uFûÓ ≤ƒç¶«®˝/ îªöÃo ÆæJí¬ Öçúø´¤. DEéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ: Idli and sambar go well together =

ÉúŒx, ≤ƒç¶«®˝ îªéπ\í¬ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√®·. 5) go along with (some one) =

v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ é̆-≤ƒ-T-Ææ’hç-úøôç Ç°æôç ´’ç*C. v°æßÁ÷-í¬-©èπÿ, Nïߪ’ç ë«ßª’ç Å´-ö«-Eéà §ÒÆæí∫ü¿’. 5) I go along with you upto that point =

Åçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ FûÓ Øˆ’ àéÃ-¶µº-N-≤ƒh†’. 6) Go ahead with your plans of giving new comers a chance =

éÌûªh-¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Å´-鬨¡N’îËa Ç™- Å´’-©’-°æ-®Ω. 7) But the Indian team will go through unending humiliation =

Åç-ûª’™‰E Å´-´÷-Ø√Eo ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ïô’d ņ’-¶µº-Nçî√Lq ´Ææ’hçC. Exercise

äéπ-JûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªôç. a) I go along with you there; Tendulkar is certainly a great player = Tendulkar

íÌ°æp Çô-í¬-úøØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ FûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.

b) He goes along with upto a point =

Practise sentences on the following pattern. Sub

Verb

He

wants

Direct object her

Infinitive to sing

(Åûªúø’ Ç¢Á’ §ƒú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’)

éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ø√ûÓ Åûªúø’ àéÃ-¶µº-N-≤ƒhúø’. c) I go along with you upto the point that Tendulkar is a great player but not beyond that =

Åûªúø’ íÌ°æp player ņoç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÌç-ö«†’, Åçûª-èπ◊-N’ç-*-é¬ü¿’.

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç (-†-´ç-•®Ω’ 21) Ææç-*éπ-™ .§Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’-† 245í¬ -v°æ--J-ûª-´’®·ç-C.

Spoken English lesson no. 243

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 27 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006 Suhrid:

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Where were you yesterday? Try as I might, I couldn't get you.

Suhrid:

(E†oç-û√ -†’-´¤y áéπ\-úø’Ø√o´¤? áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ FûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ -§Ú-ߪ÷†’.) Srikanth: I went shopping with mom and dad the whole of yesterday. You know my sister is getting married. That kept us busy the whole day.

(Å´÷t, Ø√†oûÓ éπ-LÆœ E†oçû√ shopî˨». ´÷ îÁ™„x©’ °∞¡xE ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. -Ç °æ-E-ûÓ -E-†oç-û√ -´÷èπ◊ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ -§Ú®·çC.) ping

Suhrid:

correct

Srikanth: Going by his talk the other day I got the impression that he was quite modern in his out look. He is not insistent on silly formalities of traditional marriages, his people aren't either.

(¢Á·†o Åûª†’ ´÷ö«-xúÕ† B®Ω’•öÀd îª÷ÊÆh Åûª†’ -Ç-üµ¿’-Eéπ ü¿%éπpü∑¿ç Ö†o-¢√-úø’í¬ ÅE°œçî√úø’. ≤ƒçv°æ-ü∆-®·éπ N¢√-£æ…© *†o *†o ™«ç-Ø√© N≠æߪ’ç °ü¿l °æöÀdç°æ¤†o¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x-¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ é¬ü¿’.) Formalities = ™«ç-Ø√©’.

í¬ á°æ¤púø’?)

Srikanth: Three weeks from now to a day. (Correct

To

í¬ -É¢√-LdéÀ ´‚úø’-¢√®√-™x.) a day = É¢√-LdéÀ (´îËa- ¢√-®Ωç/- ´îËa ØÁ©, etc)

Suhrid:

Suhrid:

So how did your shopping go off yesterday?

Å®·ûË E†o O’ ïJ-TçC?)

shopping

You are fortunate there. Most often what we select and what we suggest do not go well with the bridegroom and his people.

(-Å-™«Èíj-ûË -O’®Ω’ -Å-ü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™‰. -î√-™« Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x -´’-† -áç°œéπ, -´’-† Ææ÷-îª-†-©÷ -´®Ω’-úÕéÀ, -Å-ûª-úÕ -ûª®Ω°æ¤ -¢√-∞¡xèπÿ -†-îªa-´¤.)

When exactly is the marriage?

(°Rx

ᙫ

That's the trouble with Indian marriages what goes by the name of formalities often harrasses the bride's people.

Srikanth: Well, gold, clothes and other things cost us around Rs 3 lakh. Still there are a lot more things to buy.

(•çí¬®Ωç, •ôd©÷ ÅEo éπLÆœ E†o ´‚úø’ ©éπ~-©-ߪ÷u®·. Éçé¬ éÌØ√Lq†N î√-™«-ØË ÖØ√o®·.) Suhrid:

Did you buy things for the bride groom too.

(°Rx-éÌ-úø’-èπ◊èπ◊ èπÿú≈ éÌØ√o®√?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

245

(´’† °Rx-∞¡x™x ´*a† -*Íé\ -ÅC. ™«ç-Ø√©ØË Ê°®Ω’-ûÓ ïJÍí-´Fo °Rx èπÿûª’®Ω’¢Áj°æ¤ ¢√∞¡x-†’ É•sç-C™ °-úø-û√®·.)

(Åçûª ™‰ü¿’. ÅN èπÿú≈ Éçé¬ éÌØ√L. Ñ ¢√®√ç-ûªç™ Öçô’çC Ç é̆ôç) Is he very demanding?

(Åûª†’ Eéπ\-*aí¬ ÅúÕÍí ®Ωéπ-¢Ë’-Ø√?) Demanding= ņ’-èπ◊-†oN 鬢√-©E °æô’d-•-ôdúøç. Srikanth: No, fortunately. When I asked him of the type of clothes and other things we have to give him, he wasn't that particular. I understand that any thing goes with him.

Srikanth: It was a really tiring day for us yesterday. For nearly two hours the power went off in the shop and that delayed things.

Suhrid:

(Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h ™‰ü¿’. ¢Ë’ç É¢√y-Lq† •ôd©’, Éûª®Ω ´Ææ’h-´¤©÷ à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i-†N 鬢√-©E ÅûªEo ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’, Åûª-†çûª °æöÀdç°æ¤™‰ü¿-Ø√oúø’. Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Åûª-E-Íéü¿®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿E ņ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) Particular = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ °æöÀdç-°æ¤í¬ Öçúøôç.

(E†o -¢Ë’ç -î√-™« Å©-Æœ-§Úߪ÷ç. È®çúø’ í∫çô©§ƒô’ shop -™ current ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-´©x Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC.)

OK. So you haven't completed the shopping. When do you expect to complete it? shopping (OK.

Å®·ûË †’´¤y °æ‹JhîËߪ’-™‰-ü¿†o´÷ô. á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹JhîËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?)

Srikanth: If things go well, I suppose it should be complete by the weekend.

Dad is particular that I do Engineering =

؈’ Engineering îªü¿-¢√-©E Ø√†o °æô’dü¿-©í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. Any thing goes = àüÁjØ√ ÆæJ-§Ú--ûª’çC.

Suhrid:

(ÅFo Ææ´uçí¬ ïJ-TûË Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-Eéπ-™«x -Å-®·-§Ú-¢√L.)

All the best.

☺

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. enter, enter in, enter into ©

☺

-¢√éπu

2. A hacksaw is used to cut soft metal rods or The hacksaw is used to cut soft strips metal rods or strips

éÀ,

éÀ -´’-üµ¿u ¶µ‰-ü¿-¢Ë’-N’-öÀ? 3. VIII class social studies ™ -ã-îÓ-ô Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ÖçC. The educated class understood the British political institutions and came to know how the British people enjoyed liberty, equality and fraternity in their country rules

v°æ鬮Ωç)

The educated class understood the British political institutions and came to know how the British had enjoyed liberty, equality and fraternity in their country.

– -ߪ·.®Ω-N π◊-´÷®˝, -úÕ-î˝°æ-Lx.

Spoken English

☺

Look at the following expressions from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) I went shopping. go expression. Shopping, hunting, searching expressions English

ÉC

ûÓ ´îËa

™«çöÀ

™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç.

a) On all the days we were in Delhi we went sight seeing =

úµÕMx™ Ö†o ®ÓV--™x ¢Ë’ç Åéπ\úÕ Nçûª-©†’ îª÷-úø-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞«xç. Sight seeing Åçõ‰ – äéπ v°æüË-¨¡°æ¤ Nçûª©÷, N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’, -ü¿%-¨»u--©’.

a) Going by what he says, he is not interested in the game =

-Å-ûª-úø’ îÁÊ°p-ü∆Eo•öÀd îª÷ÊÆh, -Å-ûª-úÕéÀ Ñ ™ ÇÆæ-éÀh-™‰ü¿’.

game

b) Going by the land prices in Hyderabad it will be impossible for us to buy sites there =

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ Ææn™«© üµ¿®Ω©’ îª÷Ææ’hçõ‰/ üµ¿®Ω-©†’ •öÀd, Åéπ\úø Ææn™«©’ é̆ôç -´’-†èπ◊ Å≤ƒ-üµ¿uç. c) Going by his appearance, he appears to be good =

ÅûªE Çé¬-®√Eo•öÀd îª÷ÊÆh Åûª†’ ´’ç*-¢√-úø-ØË ÅE°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. 4) Not go well with.

M. SURESAN

☺

b) Have a good rest in the morning and go shopping in the evening =

§Òü¿’l-†çû√ Nv¨»çA BÆæ’èπ◊E, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ.

shopping c) Dushyanta met Shakuntala when he went hunting =

-ü¿’-≠æuç-ûª’-úø’ ¢Ëôèπ◊ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ ¨¡èπ◊ç-ûª©†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 2) Go/ Goes = àü¿-®·Ø√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. a) Jagdish: Will this shirt be ok for the function? shirt (function Naresh: Don't worry what you wear. Any thing goes. (

èπ◊ Ñ

b) Anything goes in Indian politics =

¶µ«®Ωûª ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷-©™ àü¿-®·Ø√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’ (Åçõ‰ àç îËÆœØ√ îÁ©’x-ûª’çC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ).

Most often what we select and what we suggest do not go well with the bridegroom and his people =

-î√-™« Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x -´’-†ç áç°œéπîËÊÆD, ´’†ç Ææ÷*ç-îËD, °Rx-éÌ-úø’èπ◊\, ¢√∞¡x ¢√∞¡xèπÿ ®Ω’*ç--îªü¿’. Not go well with = ®Ω’*ç-îª-ü¿’/ -†-îªaü¿’. a) My being elected leader did not go well with him =

؈’ leader í¬ áEo-éπ-´ôç Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ®Ω’*ç-‰ü¿’. b) Others using his bike doesn't go well with him =

Éûª-®Ω’-©’ -Å-ûª-úÕ

bike

-¢√-úø-ôç -Å-ûª-úÕéÀ †îªaü¿’.

c) I avoided suggesting this to him, because it doesn't go well with him =

Åûª-EéÀ Ææ÷*ç-îªôç ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, Åûª-EéÀ Ææ÷ ®Ω’*ç-îª-ü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ’ é¬•öÀd. 5) The power went off - ÉC go off èπ◊ past tense éπü∆ – ÇT-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿E -Å®Ωnç/ (lights) ÇJ-§Ú-´ôç.

Whatever he does goes=

The lights went off when the doctor was examining the patient =

-Å-ûª-úËç îËÆœØ√ îÁ©’x-ûª’çC. ü∆E v°æé¬-®Ωç/ -ü∆Eo•öÀd îª÷ÊÆh. ÉC ™ î√-™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ N†-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.

®ÓTE doctor ÇJ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

3) Going by = conversation

°æK-éÀ~-Ææ’h†o°æ¤úø’

lights

b) They entered his name in the list of criminals =

v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îªôç. äéπ Ææn©ç-™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îªôç =

enter a place.

She entered the room and found her friend there =

Ç¢Á’ í∫C-™-EéÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç*, ûª† friend †’ îª÷ÆœçC. äéπ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™éÀ / ä°æpç-ü¿ç-™EéÀ Cí∫ôç– enter into. a) She entered into a conversation with her neighbour =

ûª† §Ò®Ω’-í¬-N-úøûÓ Ç¢Á’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™éÀ CTçC. b) They entered into an argument with the shop keeper =

¢√∞«x

¶«´¤ç-ô’çü∆?)

àç ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o´ØË N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* Çü¿’-®√l-°æ-úøèπ◊. àü¿-®·Ø√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’.)

-ï-¢√-•’: 1. enter =

-v°æ-ßÁ÷í¬-© í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

. Ñ ¢√é¬u-Eo éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ (O’®Ω’ îÁ°œp† ®√ߪ’-™‰´÷?

´’†ç daily conversation (Real Life situations ™) go ûÓ ´îËa expressions îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. ´’J-éÌEo É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.

Anything goes in Indian politics

Srikanth: Not much. We'll have to buy them too. That'll be this weekend.

Suhrid:

2

shop

Åûª-EûÓ ¢√ü¿ç-™éÀ Cí¬®Ω’. c) They entered into an agreement = ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. enter Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç Ê°®Ω’x, úø•’s ™«çöÀN list, registers/ accounts ™éÀ áéÀ\ç-îªôç. a) The clerk entered the amount in the accounts book =

Ç ¢Á·û√hEo ™„éπ\© °æ¤Ææh-éπç-™-éÀ áéÀ\ç-î√úø’.

ØË®Ω-Ææ’h© ñ«G-û√™ ÅûªEo îË®√a®Ω’. Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀéÃ Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ à癉ü¿’. (The hacksaw ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅEo hacksaws ÅF, A hacksaw ņo-°æ¤púø’, à hacksaw Å®·Ø√ ÅF Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·.) 3. Ñ ¢√é¬u-Eo -à -Å®Ωnç-™  -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √®Ω-ØË-C -í∫-´’-Eç-îª-úøç -´·-êuç. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç (liberty), Ææ´÷-†ûªyç (equality), ≤˘v¶µ«-vûªç (≤Úü¿®Ω-¶µ«´ç– fraternity) ņ’¶µºN-Ææ’h-Ø√o-®ΩE Nü∆u-Cµ-èπ◊©’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-®ΩE ¶µ«´ç Å®·ûË text book ™ Ö†o enjoyed correct. Åç-õ‰ ¢√∞¡x-N Å-†’--¶µº-Nç-îªúøç O∞¡Ÿx ví∫£œ«ç-îªôç äéπ-°æ¤púË ïJí¬ßª’ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ñ Å®Ωn¢Ë’ correct. Å™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡xN á°æ¤púÓ Å†’-¶µº-Nç-*† ûª®√yûª O∞¡Ÿx ü∆EE ví∫£œ«çî√-®ΩE ¶µ«´ç Å®·ûË had enjoyed ¢√ú≈L. é¬E Ééπ\úø ÉC-é¬ü¿’ ¶µ«´ç (Text book ™). 鬕öÀd text book correct. 2. A hacksaw, the hacksaw -

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 30 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ing made any such promise. She has asked for at least two more months time to return it.

Akshara: I put the sambar in the fridge last night but I now see it has gone bad.

(E†o-®√vA ≤ƒç¶«®Ω’ v°∂œñ ¸™ °ö«d†’. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ÊÆh îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·çC.)

(FÍéç- ûÁ-©’Ææ’? ´÷ éπ>Ø˛ ÉçC®Ω Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ߪ÷¶µ„j¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ Å®Ω’´¤ BÆæ’èπ◊çC, éÀçü¿öÀ ØÁ© *´®Ω AJ-T-≤ƒh-†E ´÷öÀ-*açC, é¬F ´÷ô-ûª-°œpçC. Å™« ûª†’ ´÷öÀ-´y-™‰-ü¿ç-öçC. AJ-T-´y-ö«EéÀ ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ØÁ©© Æ洒ߪ’ç 鬢√-©çC.)

Abhaya: That's not surprising. This place is so hot that things do not keep even if they are frozen.

(ÅüËç °ü¿l Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-¢Ë’ç-é¬ü¿’. v°∂œñ ¸™ Öç*† °æü∆-®√n©’ èπÿú≈ îÁúÕ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ¢ËúÕí¬ Öçô’çC Ñ v°æü˨¡ç / Ü®Ω’.) frozen = îª-©x-•-Ja-† ´·êuçí¬ v°∂œñ ¸™. Keep ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆, Öçîªôç ÅE. Keep Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç °æü∆-®√n©’ îÁúÕ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ E©yÖç-úøôç ÅE. Milk doesn't keep for more than half a day if it is not boiled =

§ƒ©’ é¬îª-éπ-§ÚûË Ææí∫ç ®ÓVÍé îÁúÕ-§Ú-û√®·. The Ganga Waters keep for a very long time.

Abhaya: Why didn't you ask her to go to hell when she asked you for the money?

Akshara: I'd have, but you know we are running a school together. I can't go it alone. I need her.

(ÅØË-ü∆ØËo. é¬F ¢Ë’N’ü¿l®Ωç éπLÆœ Ææ÷\™¸ †úø’-°æ¤-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. ØËØÌ-éπ\-ü∆ØËo †úø-°æ™‰†’. Ø√èπ◊ -ûª-†’ Å´-Ææ®Ωç.)

He keeps smoking in spite of his bad health.

ÅØ√-®Ó-í∫uçí¬ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà smoking é̆-≤ƒ-T-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’/ smoke îËÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ keep on ÅEèπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’. (keeps èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç Öç°æ¤-úø’-í∫ûÁh ÅE èπÿú≈.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Abhaya: Then you've to wait till she returns the money.

(

Å®·ûË àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)

Akshara: It is going from bad to worse. The best thing is to go for a new one and sell this one for whatever I can get.

( ®√†’-®√†’ ´’K Åüµ∆y†ç Å´¤-ûÓçC. éÌûªhC éÌE, DEo áçûª üµ¿®Ω ´ÊÆh Åçûªéπ¢Ë’tߪ’ôç Öûªh´’ç.) Abhaya: The sooner you do it the better.

(†’´yC áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh Åçûª ´’ç*C.) Akshara: I have to wait for a while. I have gone broke after the jewellery I bought at the beginning of the month. I've to make do with the fridge after all for the present.

(؈’-é¬Ææh Çí¬L. Ö†o úø•sçû√ Ñ ØÁ™«®Ωç-¶µºç™ †í∫©’ é̆-úøçûÓ Å®·-§Ú®·çC. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ Ö†o v°∂œñ ¸ûÓØË Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√L.) Abhaya: To say that you don't have the money enough to buy a fridge is going too far, girly. Come on. Withdraw money from the bank. After all, you can't go without a fridge in good order. (v°∂œñ ¸ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ F ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰ü¿-†ôç î√™« N°æ-K-ûª¢Ë’. é¬F, ¶«uçèπ◊™ ÖçúË úø•’s BÆæ’éÓ. ´’ç* v°∂œñ ¸ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ í∫úø-°æ-™‰´¤ †’´¤y.) (girly = Çúø¢√∞¡x†’ ´·ü¿’lí¬ Å†ôç.) Akshara: What do you know? My cousin Indira borrowed Rs.50,000/- from me. She promised to return it by last month end. Now she has gone back on her word. She denies hav-

Spoken English

246

®√†’-®√†’ Åüµ∆y†o´’´ôç. ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-úø-éπ-§Úí¬ îÁúø’í¬ Ö†o °æJ-ÆœnA Éçé¬ îÁúø’í¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´ôç. a) The performance of our team is going from bad to worse.

´’†ïô’d Çô ®√†’®√†’ éÃ~ùÀ-≤ÚhçC. ¢Á’®Ω’í∫ßË’u •ü¿’©’. b) The patient's condition, in spite of the doctor's efforts, is going from bad to worse.

ú≈éπd®Ω’ áçûª v°æߪ’-AoÆæ’h-†o-°æp-öÀéà ®ÓT °æJ-

shall be

™«çöÀN ¢√úø-´îª’a.

b) The government is broke. It's unable to pay its employees.

v°æ¶µº’ûªyç C¢√™« BÆœçC. ûª† ÖüÓu-í∫’© @û√©’ èπÿú≈ îÁLxç-îª-™‰E ÆœnA. 4) Go too far = N°æ-Kûª üµÓ®ΩùÀ îª÷°æôç/ Ç¢Á÷-ü¿ßÁ÷-í∫u-´’-®·† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ N’A-O’-®Ωôç. a) Suman: He threatened to go to police if you trouble him again.

(´’Sx †’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o -Å-ûª-úÕ-E ¶«CµÊÆh §ÚMÆæ’©èπ◊ îÁ§ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’.) Sekhar: That's going too far. We have been friends for such a longtime. Is it troubling him if I ask him to pay up?

M. SURESAN

(ÅC ´’K N’A-O’-®Ωôç. ¢Ë’ç î√™«- é¬-©çí¬ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©ç. úø•’s BÆæ’-èπ◊†oC AJT -

He went broke...

Akshara: Something wrong with our fridge too. I had it repaired the other day, but I find no improvement.

Abhaya: So what are you going to do?

îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·† èπÿ®Ω AE Ç¢Á’ ¢√çA- îË-Ææ’èπ◊çC/ úÓÍé-ÆœçC. 2) Go from bad to worse =

(úø•’s ÅúÕT-†-°æ¤púø’ É´y†’ àç îËÆæ’èπ◊çö«¢Ó îËÆæ’éÓ §Ú ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ-™‰ü¿’?)

í∫çí∫ F∞¡Ÿx î√™«- é¬©ç ´®Ωèπ◊ îÁúÕ-§Ú´¤. keep Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªôç (continue) ÅE.

(´÷ v°∂œñ ¸™ èπÿú≈ àüÓ ™°æç ÖçC. ¢Á·ØÓo ®ÓV† JÊ°®˝ îË®·ç-î√†’. é¬F ¢Á’®Ω’-Ííç-™‰ü¿’.)

2

(Å®·ûË Ç¢Á’ AJ-TîËa ü∆é¬ †’´¤y ¢Ë* Öçú≈-LqçüË.) Akshara: What else am I doing?

(؈ç-ûª-éπçõ‰ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’?)








™ go ûÓ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa ûÓ ´’J-éÌ-Eoç-öÀE îª÷ü∆lç. 1) go bad = àüÁjØ√ (´·êuçí¬ Ç£æ…®Ω °æü∆®√n©’) èπ◊∞¡xôç/ §ƒúÁj-§Ú-´úøç/ ´·J-T-§Ú-´úøç.

Daily life situations expressions

a) I can't eat that apple. I'm afraid it has gone bad.

(ØËØ√ Ç°œ-™ ¸†’ A†-™‰†’. èπ◊Rx-§Ú®·çü¿†’èπ◊çö«.) b) Vegetables go bad quickly in hot weather.

áçúø™x èπÿ®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ ûªy®Ωí¬ èπ◊Rx-§Ú-û√®·/ ´·J-T-§Ú-û√®·. (rot Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ èπ◊Rx/ ´·J-T§Ú-´ôç) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Keep X go bad. Éçü∆éπ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆, keep Åçõ‰ îÁúÕ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ E©y- -Öç-úøôç ÅE. 鬕öÀd ü∆EéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç go bad. Conversational English ™ E©y- -Öç-úøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ keep î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. c) Tirupati Laddus keep for more than a week if you keep them in the fridge.

v°∂œñ ¸™ Öç*ûË, A®Ω’-°æA ©úø÷f©’ ¢√®Ωç-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV-©’ç-ö«®·. d) Keep the vegetables in the fridge. They don't go bad.

èπÿ®Ω-í¬ßª’Lo v°∂œñ ¸™ °ô’d. îÁúÕ-§Ú´¤/ èπ◊∞¡x´¤. îÁúÕ-§Ú®· AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ °æE-éÀ-®√E ǣ慮Ω °æü∆®Ωnç = a bad food/ a bad food item. a) îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·† ≤ƒç¶«®Ω’ = bad sambar b) She became sick after eating the bad curry.

ÆœnA Åüµ∆y-†çí¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûÓçC, ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-´-ö«-EéÀ •ü¿’©’. c) The boy is going from bad to worse.

Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ Ø√Ø√öÀéÀ îÁúÕ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. C¢√™« Bߪ’ôç/ ÅÆæ©’ úø•’s™‰E °æJ-ÆœnA. ÉC î√™« common expres-

3) Go broke = sion.

a) The company will soon go broke if it doesn't stop its bad investments.

Ç™-îª-†-™‰E °ô’d-•-úø’-™«-°æ-éπ-§ÚûË Ç éπç°F ûªy®Ω™ØË C¢√™« BÆæ’hçC. b) Having put money in bad shares he has gone broke.

°æE-éÀ-®√E Ê≠®Ω’x éÌE Åûªúø’ C¢√™« B¨»úø’/ °æ‹Jhí¬ †≠æd-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’/ úø•sçû√ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊Ø√oúø’. c) Ramana: What prompted the farmer's suicide?

(ÅûªúÕE Çûªt-£æ«-ûªuèπ◊ °æ¤J-éÌ-Lpç-üËN’öÀ?) Prompt = °æ¤J-éÌ-©pôç/ 鬮Ω-ù-´’-´ôç Raghu: The recent cyclone washed off his crop. He went broke upto his neck in debts, he took his life.

(Ñ ´’üµ¿u ´*a† ûª’§ƒ†’ Åûª-úÕ °æçô†’ Ø√¨¡†ç îËÆœçC. °‘éπ-™xûª’ Å°æ¤p™x èπÿ®Ω’-èπ◊§Ú®·, Çûªt-£æ«ûªu îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.) go broke Åçõ‰ úø•’s ÅÆæ©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, be broke ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçô’çö«ç.

É´’tçõ‰ É•sçC °öÀd-†ö«d?) b) Dismissing the coach for the bad performance of the players is going too far.

(Çô-í¬∞¡Ÿx ¶«í¬ Çúø-E-ü∆-EéÀ éÓ’ ûÌ©-Tç-îªôç, ´’K N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† Ωu/ ´’K áèπ◊\´.) c) Varma: I'll not talk to him any more.

(¢√úÕûÓ ØËEçéπ ´÷ö«x-úø†’.) Sarma: Isn't that going too far?

ÅC ´’K N°æ-Kûªç éπü∆. (Åçõ‰ Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-Í®x-ü¿E) 5) Go to hell: ÉC NÆæ’í∫’ °æ¤öÀd-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË Aô’d. à-¢Á’iØ√îËÆæ’éÓ/ Get out ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉC conversation ™ ¢√úË expression Å®·†°æp-öÀéÃ, éÌçîÁç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬, °ü¿l¢√∞¡⁄x íı®Ω-´Fߪ·-©’ -Ö-†o Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-EC. a) Pradeep: The exam is tomorrow. He is still not serious about it.

(Í®°æ¤ °æKéπ~. ¢√úËç °æöÀdç--éÓ-´-õ‰xü¿’.) Pramod: let him go to hell. I've warned him enough. If he doesn't care, what am I to do. He is grown up enough to know what's good for him.

(¢√úø’ Ø√¨¡-†-¢Á’i-§ÚF/ ¢√úË-´’-®·ûË Ø√Íéç?) b) I warn you not to smoke again. If you still continue, go to hell. What do I care. (smoke -îÁ-ßÁ·-ü¿lE îÁ°æ¤ hØ√o. Éçé¬ †’´¤y smoke îË≤ƒh-†çõ‰ FÉ≠ædç. †’´¤y Ø√¨¡-†-¢Á’iûË Ø√ÍéçöÀ?) c) Sudheer: I won't help you again. Damodar: Go to hell. Who needs your help.

a) Kishore: Can you lend me Rs. 100/Krishna: I am broke. In fact I was thinking of asking you.

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω °j≤ƒ-™‰ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ -ØË-ØË -E-†o-úøí¬-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o.) be broke Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø be •ü¿’©’ à be form Å®·Ø√, Åçõ‰ am/ is/ are, was/ were, will be/

(§Ú´ßª÷u. F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç -Ééπ\úø -á-´-JéÀ é¬-¢√-L?) ÉO Go ûÓ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa conversational expressions éÌEo, daily life situations ™ É´Fo î√™« common. O’ conversation ™ O’®Ω’-¢√-úø-í∫© expressions. ÉN ¢√úÕûË O’ conversation î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ -Öç-ô’ç-C.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 3 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Rajat: Have you been to the discount sale? Shirts and trousers and other men's wear are being offered at more than 50% off.

Rajat: Most often cheap things are certainly bad. Look, the sweater my sister bought for Rs. 250 is already going at the elbows in less than two months.

(Discount sale trousers

èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x¢√? Shirts, ´’í∫-¢√J Éûª®Ω •ôd©÷, 50 ¨»ûªç üµ¿®Ω-éπØ√o ûªT_ç* Å´·t-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.) ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûª°æ¤pí¬ pant Åçô’çö«ç. Pants Åçõ‰ éÌçûª °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Men's wear = °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl© ü¿’Ææ’h©’. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Gents' wear Åçô’çö«ç. ÉC modern English ™ Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷í∫uç é¬ü¿’. Å™«Íí Ladies/ ladies' wear èπÿú≈ present day English ™ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– Male, female ™«í¬. Modern usage ™ °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl-©èπ◊ simple í¬ men ÅE, Çúø-¢√-JéÀ ÅçûË simple í¬ women ņôç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ correct. Sarat: I did have a look at them yesterday, but I observed nobody going for them.

(E†o ؈’ îª÷¨»†’, é¬F á´y®Ω’ èπÿú≈ ¢√öÀE É≠æd°æ-úøfô’x ™‰ü¿’.)

2

(î√™«´’-ô’èπ◊ î¯éπ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ø√Æœ®Ω-éπ¢Ë’. ´÷ sister 250 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’-©èπ◊ é̆o sweater Å°æ¤púË– È®çúø’ ØÁ©™xØË, ¢Á÷îË-ûª’© ü¿í∫_®Ω §ƒúø-´¤-ûÓçC.) Sarat: I don't deny that. I just mean that expensive things are not always good.

(ÅC ؈’ é¬ü¿-†-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ؈-ØË-ü¿™«x êK-üÁj† ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ á°æ¤púø÷ Ø√ùu-¢Á’i-†-N-é¬-´E.) Rajat: I see your point. ☺

☺

☺

go, take, have, get expressions daily life situations conversation

Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i†

ûÓ ´îËa ™E ™ áçûª ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ í∫´’-E-Ææ’hØ√oç.

Rajat: I saw it too. Heaps of them and at rock bottom prices too. But they were all going abegging. A big crowd was there but there appeared to be no takers.

a) Seats in a number of engineering colleges are going abegging

N©’´ (´·êuçí¬ úø•’s) Öçúøôç.

= î√™« engineering colleges seats ë«Sí¬ ÖØ√o®·, îËÍ®-¢√-∞Î}-´-®Ω÷-™‰éπ.

a) Rs. 100 doesn't go far nowadays.

Ñ ®ÓV™x ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ °ü¿l N©’-¢Ëç-™‰ü¿’.

(†’´y-ØËC Ø√éπ-®Ωn-´’-®·çC.) ☺

3. Go far =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

b) A mere degree doesn't go far these days as far as good jobs are concerned.

ÖüÓu-í¬© N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh, Ñ ®ÓV™x Öûªh degree à´’çûª °æE-îË-ߪ’ü¿’. 4. go by - DEo éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– äéπ-ü∆-Eo-•öÀd §Ú´ôç ÅE. DE extended use îª÷ü∆lç. a) Appearance means a lot. Most people always go by appearances.

247

ᙫ éπ†•úøû√ç ÅØËC ´·êuç. áèπ◊\-´-´’çC Çé¬-®√-Eo•öÀd §Úûª’ç-ö«®Ω’ (E®Ωg-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’).

b) With most people going for fuel efficient bikes, scooters are going abegging

= î√™«-´’çC Éçüµ¿† §Òü¿’°æ¤ éπL-TçîË bikes é̆-ôçûÓ scooters éÌØË¢√®Ω’ ™‰®Ω’/ scooter T®√éà °æúÕ-§Ú-®·çC.

3. I don't really go in for such cheap stuff =

-éπ-¶«®Ω’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©çõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-úø-†E Fèπ◊-ûÁ-©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆. 4. Go against the grain = Ææy¶µ«-¢√-EéÀ N®Ω’ü¿l¥ç. a) He is lazy. Working hard goes against the grain =

Åûªúø’ ≤Ú´’J. v¨¡N’ç-îªúøç ÅûªúÕ Ææy¶µ«-¢√-EéÀ N®Ω’ü¿l¥ç.

Indians go in for cricket a lot

b) Helping others goes against his grain. He is too selfish =

Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úøôç ÅûªúÕ üµÓ®Ω-ùÀéÀ N®Ω’ü¿l¥ç. Åûªúø’ ´’K ≤ƒy®Ωn-°æ-®Ω’úø’. 5. Rs. 800 doesn't go far nowadays =

(؈÷ í∫´’-Eç-î√-†C. í∫’ôd©’ í∫’ôd-©’í¬ °æúÕ Ö†o •ôd©’ 鬮Ω’-î¯-éπí¬ Å´·t-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéà á´y®Ω÷ é̆-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ï†ç ¶«í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’ é¬F éÌØË-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω÷ éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.) Rock bottom prices = 鬮Ω’-î¯éπ üµ¿®Ω©’. Heap = í∫’ôd. No takers = É≠æd-°æ-úË¢√∞¡Ÿx ™‰®Ω’/ éÌØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx ™‰®Ω’ Sarat: Didn't you buy anything? (†’¢Ëyç é̆-™‰ü∆?) Rajat: You know I don't really going for such cheap stuff. Buying things just because they are a bargain goes against the grain.

(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆, ؈-™«çöÀ î¯éπ-¶«®Ω’ ´Ææ’h´¤©’ éÌØËçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æ-úø-†E. î¯éπí¬ ´*a-†çûª ´÷vû√† é̆ôç ÅØËC Ø√ Ææy¶µ«-¢√-EÍé N®Ω’ü¿l¥ç.) Stuff = à ´Ææ’h-¢ÁjØ√. bargain Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ¶‰®Ωç ÅF, ¶‰®Ωç-îË-ߪ’ôç ÅF. Ééπ\úø bargain Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o üµ¿®Ω-éπçõ‰ àü¿Ø√o ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊ ´ÊÆh ÅC bargain. Sarat: My brother too, to some extent. The other day he bought a pair of trousers for Rs. 850

!

(´÷ brother èπÿú≈ éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅçûË. ¢Á·ØÌo-éπ-®ÓV 800 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ °öÀd pants éÌØ√oúø’!) A pair of trousers = äéπöÀ ´÷--vûª-¢Ë’. ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ pant ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ correct Englishtrousers. ÉC äéπöÀ ÅE Ææçêu îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, a pair of Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí a pair of scissors = äéπ éπûÁh®Ω, scissor ¢√úø®Ω’. Rajat: Rs. 800 ! come on, Sarat, Rs. 800 doesn't go far nowadays. A good pair of trousers in my opinion costs at least more than a thousand rupees.

(áE-N’C ´çü¿-™‰Ø√! îª÷úø’ ¨¡®Ωû˝, Ñ ®ÓV™x 800 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™‰-§ƒöÀ? Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç v°æ鬮Ωç ´’ç* trousers èπ◊ éπFÆæç ¢Á®·u ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë Å´¤-ûª’çC.) Sarat: You and my brother go too much by the cost of things. Not all costly things are good, are they?

(†’´¤y, ´÷ brother êK-üÁj†¢√öÀE É≠æd-°æ-úø’ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. êK-üÁj† ´Ææ’h-´¤-©Fo ´’ç*-N-鬴¤ éπü∆?)

Spoken English

´·êu- N≠æߪ’ç: conversational English èπÿ, bookish (®Ωîª-†™x/ °æ¤Ææh-鬙x ¢√úË) English èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç*, conversational English ™ à expressions, natural (Ææ£æ«-ïç)í¬ Öçö«ßÁ÷, ¢√öÀE ´’† conversation ™ ¶µ«í∫ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç. éÌçûª ´’†Ææ’ Â°úÕûË Ææ’©¶µºç èπÿú≈. É°æ¤púø’ go ûÓ ´îËa ´’J-éÌEo expressions îª÷ü∆lç. 1. go for - DEo ´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– DEéÀ ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç, áç°œéπ (choose) îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç ÅE. a) When you buy a bike, go for one that gives good mileage =

†’´¤y bike éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ´’ç* mileage ÉîËa bike †’ ᆒoéÓ. Go for Åçõ‰ äéπ üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ ©¶µºu-´’-´ôç ÅE èπÿú≈. b) His three hundred sq. yd. site goes for more than Rs. 80 lakh =

ÅûªúÕ 300 îª.í∫. Ææn©ç 80 ©éπ~© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ Å´·t-úø-´¤-ûª’çC/ Åçûª N©’´ îËÆæ’hçC. c) It doesn't go for more than Rs. 2000.

ü∆Eo È®çúø’-¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-Èé-´®Ω’ é̆®Ω’. 2. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ lesson ™ go in for îª÷úøçúÕ. Go for, go in for- È®çúÕç-öÀéà common Å®Ωnç, áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç/ select/ choose ÅE. Å®·ûË go in for Åçõ‰ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ §ƒ™Ô_†úøç/ É≠æd-°æúÕ Å†’-¶µº-Nç-îªôç (enjoy) ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. a) Indians go in for cricket a lot.

¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’ cricket †’ î√™« ÅGµ-´÷-E-≤ƒh®Ω’/ Çúø-û√®Ω’. Go in for Åçõ‰ ´’† ´%AhE ᆒo-éÓ-´úøç èπÿú≈. b) Most youngmen and women go in for software jobs nowadays.

î√™«-´’çC ߪ·´-B-ߪ·-´-èπ◊-L-°æ¤púø’ ØË É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

software

jobs

c) I don't know why he is going in for teaching when there are much better careers. teaching teaching job

éπçõ‰ ´’ç* jobs Öçúøí¬ Åûª†’ áçü¿’èπ◊ select îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Å®Ωnç-é¬-´ôç ™‰ü¿’.

b) Don't go by what he says.

Åûª-úø-ØË-ü∆-Eo-•öÀd §Úèπ◊. (ÅûªúÕ ´÷ô©’ †¢Á·tü¿’l) 5. Go Åçõ‰ ¢Á∞¡xôç ÅØË ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ´’†èπ◊ M. SURESAN ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË Go Åçõ‰ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ îÁúÕ-§Ú-´úøç/ *J-T-§Ú-´ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. a) His jeans has started going at the knees = ÅûªúÕ jeans ¢Á÷é¬∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω *®Ω-í∫ôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’°-öÀdçC. b) I bought the type only two months ago, but it is already going =

Ç type ؈’ È®çúø’-ØÁ-©© éÀçü¿ éÌØ√o†’, Å°æ¤púË ÅC *J-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. c) The tube in the front room is gone = front room

™E

tube light

îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·çC.

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson:

Ñ ®ÓV™x 800 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™‰-§ƒöÀ? go far, Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ not ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. 6. You and my brother go too much by cost =

†’´¤y, ´÷ E®Ωg-®·-≤ƒh®Ω’.

brother

üµ¿®Ω†’ •öÀd Ø√ùuûª

7. The sweater my sister bought is going at the elbows =

´÷ sister é̆o *®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC. ☺

sweater

☺

¢Á÷îË-ûª’© ü¿í∫_®Ω

☺

☺

Lesson 244 model sentences object + infinitive pattern

™ (-†-´ç--•®Ω’ 23-†) É*a† exercise èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’ îª÷úøçúÕ. O’®Ω’ frame îËߪ÷-Lq† †´‚Ø√. subject + verb + éπü∆. éÌEo model sentences É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ Ñ ™. Sub

vb

obj

infinitive

1. The teacher told him to sit down. 2. He asked his mother to serve him food. 3. The boss ordered the clerk to finish the work. 4. His friend liked him to attend the function. 5. I request her to help me. pattern verbs: desire, advise, beg, invite, prompt, etc.

Ñ

1. I observed nobody going for them =

¢√öÀE á´®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç (é̆-éπ-§Ú-´ôç) í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. 2. They were all going abegging =

™ Éçé¬-´îËa

Ñ éÀçC pattern ™ sentences practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Sub

verb

that

clause

1. He said that he would go

(à ´Ææ’h-´¤-éπ-®·Ø√) T®√éà ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç/ á´®Ω÷ É≠æd°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç/ ÊÆ-´éπ®·-Ø√ Å´’téπç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç.

-v°æ-¨¡o: ' é¬E E†o ´÷ Å´’t ûª††’ doctor ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡}-´’çC—— – ÉC ¢Á·ûªhç past tense ™ ÖçC-éπü∆. é¬E O’®Ω’–

'But my Mother wanted me to take her to the doctor' take present tense Past tense "took"

ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. ÅØËC– éπü∆. Ééπ\úø Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L éπü∆! – ->.íÓ-°œ, -Å-†ç-ûª°æ¤®Ωç.

2. He will think that you are clever.

-ï-¢√-•’: 'But my mother wanted me to take her to doctor'take (1st Regular Doing Word - I RDW) 'to' to 1st Regular doing word to go, to verbs to take, come, to take to go, to come, etc infinitives tense to go, come, take to come, to go, to take infinitives. Spoken English lessons To take = To took Past form

Ééπ\úø ´·çü¿’ -Öç-C éπü∆. ûª®√yûª ´ÊÆh – ™ ™«í¬, ÅN 鬴¤. ÅN Åçõ‰ ™«çöÀN Å´¤-û√®·. ¢√öÀéÀ Öçúøü¿’, É™«çöÀîÓôx, ¢Ëꨒ ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´îËa ™«çöÀ¢√öÀE ¢ËÍ®-í¬- BÆæ’éÓç. äéπ-öÀ-í¬ØË Åçõ‰ ™«í¬ØË BÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç. ÅN OöÀ Å®Ωnç, ¢√úøéπç, ™ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jç-î√ç. Å®Ωnç: BÆæ’Èé-∞Ï}ç-ü¿’èπ◊/ BÆæ’Èé-∞«}-©-E/ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-ôç ÅE. ûª®√yûª ÅE ÅÆæ-©’-®√ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 6 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Bhimesh: Mukhesh, who are you waiting for?

(ÅúÕT îËߪ’-†E ÅE°œç-èπ◊-ØË-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰, ÅûªúÕo Åúø-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøô¢Ë’ ´’ç*-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.)

(á´-J-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Mukhesh: For some one to help me in making arrangements for this function.

Bhimesh: Why don't you have a break, eat something and continue?

(Ñ function èπ◊ à®√pô’x îËߪ’-ôç™ àüÁjØ√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ-¢√-∞¡x-éÓÆæç.)

(é¬Ææh Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-èπ◊E, àüÓ AE, ´’Sx é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-´îª’a éπü∆?)

Bhimesh: There isn't much to arrange. Can't you and the other volunteers go it alone?

Mukhesh: Why 'something'? Let's go the whole hog and eat a full lunch. I am very hungry.

(àç °ü¿l à®√p-ôxF?/ áèπ◊\´ à®√põ‰xç ™‰´¤. †’´¤y, Éûª®Ω volunteers O’ Åçûªô O’®Ω’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰®√?)

(àüÓ éÌçûª áçü¿’èπ◊? îËÊÆ-üËüÓ/ AØËüËüÓ °æ‹Jhí¬ØË Açü∆ç. °æ‹Jh ¶µï†ç îËü∆lç. Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Çéπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC.)

Mukhesh: Go it alone! Easier said than done. Take over and try to go it alone.

(´÷ Åçûªô ¢Ë’ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™«? îÁߪ’uôç éπØ√o îÁ°æpôç Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’. †’Oy °æE îË°æöÀd FÅç-ûªô †’´¤y îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç.) easier said than done = îËߪ ’ôçéπçõ‰ îÁ°æpôç Ææ’©¶µºç. ÉC î√™« common expression. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Bhimesh: That's ok with me- let's go.

(Ø√èπ◊ ÅçU-é¬-®Ω¢Ë’, ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.) ☺

☺

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(††’o îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√? ÉC ´’K ÅA.) Mukhesh: Why not? What goes for you goes for me too, doesn't it?

Bhimesh: I'm sorry. It does, of course. I see your point. I'll give you a hand certainly, and I'll even try to get a few more volunteers to help us. (Sorry. Eï¢Ë’ (Ø√ÍéC ´Jh-Ææ’hçüÓ, Fèπ◊ ÅüË ´Jh-Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç). †’´y-ØËC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh†’. Éçé¬ ÉçéÌç-ûª-´’çC volunteers †’ èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ BÆæ’-éÌ-≤ƒh†’.) Mukhesh: That's really good of you. Thanks.

(ÅC F ´’ç*-ûª†ç.

Thanks.)

Bhimesh: But why are you so tensed up?

(é¬F †’¢Áyç-ü¿’-éπçûª Çü¿’®√l °æúø’-ûª’Ø√o´¤?) be tensed up = tension ûÓ Öçúøôç. With the exam just a few hours away, he is tensed up =

éÌEo í∫çô™x °æKéπ~ Öçúø-ôçûÓ Åûª†’ î√™« tension/ Çü¿’®√l °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Mukhesh: Perhaps I am, naturally. I'd go to any length to make the function memorable. I am straining every nerve and muscle to see it a success.

(•£æ›¨» – ÅçûË-ØË¢Á÷ (Çü¿’-®√lí¬ ÖØ√oØË¢Á÷). Ææ£æ«-ï¢Ë’. Ñ function *®Ω-Ææt-®ΩùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iç-ü¿çû√/ áçûÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-©-†’çC Ø√èπ◊. ÉC Nï-ߪ’´ç-ûª-´’-ßË’uô’x îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ v¨¡´’-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o†’.) To strain every nerve and muscle = ä∞¡Ÿx ü∆-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ v¨¡´’-°æ-úøôç. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ – nerve = †¢˛ (bird ™ '•— ™«) = †®Ωç; muscle = ´’Ææ’™¸ = éπçúø®Ωç. Strain every nerve and muscle - Ñ expression èπÿú≈ O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. The father is straining every nerve and muscle to see his son a doctor =

ûª† éÌúø’-èπ◊†’ doctor í¬ îª÷ú≈-©E Ç ûªçvúÕ N°æ-K-ûªçí¬ v¨¡´’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Bhimesh: Why didn't you ask Mahesh too to help you? (Mahesh

†’ èπÿú≈ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-ú≈-©E áçü¿’-éπ-úø-í∫-™‰ü¿’?) Mukhesh: I'd rather do without his help than get a 'no' from him.

Spoken English

☺

c) He went the whole hog, if he goes on a holiday; he enjoys a lot. =

v°æA-îÓö« v°æAD îÁ™«x-©E ™‰ü¿’. d) In a democracy what goes for those in power should go for the ordinary citizen too =

v°æñ«-≤ƒy-´’uç™ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o-¢√-J-ÍéC îÁ©’x-¶«-ô-´¤-ûª’çüÓ ≤ƒ´÷†u v°æï-©èπÿ ÅüË îÁ©’x-¶«ô’ 鬢√L. 3. Go to any length = áçûª-ÈéjØ√ ¢Á†-é¬-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç. a) I'd go to any length to do MBA in one of the IIMs =

Bhimesh: (Do) you want me to do it? Now, that's too much.

(àç? †’¢Áyçü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? Fèπ◊ ´Jhç-îËC Ø√èπÿ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC éπü∆?)

☺

´’†ç real life situations ™ go ûÓ ´îËa simple, high frequency (î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa) expressions °æJ-Q-L-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆, É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç.

c) Not everything goes every where =

IIMs (Indian Institutes of Management)

248

™ àüÓ äéπ-ü∆-E™ Èéçûªéπ®·Ø√ ¢Á†-é¬-úø†’.

MBA

îËߪ’-ö«-E-

áéπ\-úÕ-éπ-®·Ø√ Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ ÂÆ©´¤©’ í∫úø-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤úø’ °æ‹Jhí¬ Ç†ç-C-≤ƒhúø’. 5. Go by = éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ DEéÀ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊†o Å®Ωnç– ü∆Eo-•öÀd. going by his words = ¢√úÕ ´÷ôLo •öÀd îª÷ÊÆh. go by éÀ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç– †´’tôç. Don't go by his words = ¢√úÕ ´÷ôLo •öÀd ¢Á∞Ôxü¿’l/ †¢Á·tü¿’l ÅE. Go by Åçõ‰ Ç ü∆J† ¢Á∞¡xôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. a) He goes by my home everyday =

v°æA-®ÓW ´÷ ÉçöÀ O’ü¿’í¬ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’.

Politicians go to any length to get .. 1. Go it alone =

Éûª-®Ω’© ≤ƒßª’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ á´-È®jØ√ ûª´’çûªô û√¢Ë’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. a) Her daughters do not help her in cooking. She won't let them. She goes it alone =

Ç¢Á’ èπÿûª’-∞«x-¢Á’èπ◊ ´çô™ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’®Ω’. Ç¢Á’ ¢√∞¡x†’ ûª†èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-E-´yü¿’. û√ØË äçô-Jí¬ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. b) Fed up with the attitude of his sons and daughters-in-law, the old widower is going it alone and is happy =

ûª† éÌúø’-èπ◊©, éÓúø∞¡x ¢Ájê-JûÓ NÆœ-T-§Ú®·, Ç Â°ü∆l-ߪ’† (¶µ«®Ωu-™‰E ´uéÀh) äçô-Jí¬ •ûª’-èπ◊ûª’-Ø√oúø’, ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬. be fed up with = NÆœT§Ú´ôç. I am fed up with these TV serials = TV serials

ûÓ NÆœ-T-§Úߪ÷.

b) Politicians go to any length to get to positions of power =

ÅCµ-鬮Ωç «-®·ç-îªí∫© °æü¿-´¤© éÓÆæç ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ áçûª-ÈéjØ√ ¢Á†-é¬-úø®Ω’/ áçûª v°æߪ’-ûªo-¢Á’iØ√ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.

b) I go by the post office when I go to college = college post office

éÀ

M. SURESAN

c) She'll go to any length to secure the house.

4. Go the whole hog =

I am unable to move this box. Please give a hand =

-

à °æE-ØÁjØ√ Å®Ω-éÌ-®Ωí¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬, èπ~◊ùoçí¬ îËߪ’ôç.

î√™« companies ™ °æE-îËÆœ† ûª®√yûª ≤Òçûªçí¬ (äçô-Jí¬) àüÁjØ√ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ÖçC.

Åûªúø’ à °æØÁjØ√ Å®Ω-éÌ-®Ωí¬ îËߪ’úø’. °æ‹Jhí¬ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ îË≤ƒhúø’.

Anything goes in politics =

®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x àç îËÆœØ√ îÁ©’x-ûª’çC/ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Any shirt goes with this pair of trousers =

Ñ pants (äéπ-õ‰)ûÓ à shirt Å®·Ø√ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Whatever he says goes =

ÅûªúËç îÁ°œpØ√ îÁ©’x-ûª’çC. É°æ¤púø’ go ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç îª÷ü∆lç. ÅC– '´Jhç-îªúøç—. a) What goes for men should go for women too =

´’í∫-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ´Jhç-îËC Çúø-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ´JhÆæ’hçC. (Åçõ‰– Æ‘Y, °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl©’ Ææ´÷-†¢Ë’.) b) What goes in AP need not go in Tamilnadu = AP Tamilnadu

ņ’-´-Jhç-îËC ™‰ü¿’.

™ îÁ™‰xC/ Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-´’-ßË’uC/ ™ ´Jhç-îª-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-

ii) Two years have gone by since we got married =

going to any length.

Ç É©’x §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ Ç¢Á’ à¢Á’iØ√ îËÆæ’hçC. üËE-éÓ-Ææ-¢Á’iØ√ à¢Á’iØ√ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç

c) After having worked in a number of companies, I want to go it alone =

FÍé´’Ø√o ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√™«, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ F Åçûªô †’¢Ëy îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√? 2. go - ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ¢Á∞¡xôç. Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ lessons ™ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC– ÆæJ§Ú-ûª’çC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

Ø√ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-ØÁjØ√ ´÷ö«xúøèπ◊çú≈ í∫ù‰≠ˇ Ø√ ´·çü¿’ †’çîË/ °æéπ\-†’çîË ¢Á∞«xúø’. d) Time í∫úø-´ôç èπÿú≈ go by. i) Years go by in no time = Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’ Éõ‰d í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-û√®·. ´÷ °∞¡x®· È®çúË-∞¡x-®·çC. *´-®Ωí¬ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. Give (somebody) a hand = äéπ-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’ôç/ îËߪ‚ûª É´yôç. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ Lend a hand ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.

a) He doesn't believe in doing things in halves, he goes the whole hog =

d) Do you need help or will you go it alone?

O’ü¿’í¬ ¢Á∞¡û√.

c) Ganesh went by without even talking to me =

b) Why don't we go the whole hog? Let's buy the best bike in the market.

îËÊÆ-üËüÓ °æ‹Jhí¬ îËü∆lç. Å™«çöÀ É™«çöÀ bike é̆ôç áçü¿’èπ◊? Market ™ Ö†o Åûª’u-ûªh´’ bike éÌçü∆ç.

Ñ Â°õ„d†’ ï®Ω-°æ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç-°æô’d. Å®·ûË give a hand ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’¢√ü¿ç– îÁ®·u-´yôç Åçõ‰ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç/ ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’déÓéπ§Ú´ôç ÅE éπü∆. DEéÀ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´uA-Í®éπç, give a hand, Å®Ωnç ÅE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Please give me a hand with the preparation of this list =

Ñ ñ«Gû√ ûªßª÷-K™ é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’çúÕ. Lend us a hand in helping the differently abled =

Néπ-™«ç-í∫’©èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-ôç™ ´÷èπ◊ ûÓúøp-úøçúÕ.

Exercise

Answer

Practise the following aloud in English.

Akhil: Shall I give you/ lend you a hand (with it)?

Akhil:

é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√? Nikhil: Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’. ØËØÌç-ô-Jí¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©ØËx. Akhil: Ç °æE äéπ\-JéÀ î√™« áèπ◊\´. Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç BÆæ’éÓ. Nikhil: àN’-ôçûª ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? Akhil: Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆? ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ ØËØÁç-ûªèπÿ ¢Á†-é¬-úø-†E? Nikhil: Å™«í¬? Thank You. Akhil: Éü¿l®Ωç àüÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ °æ‹Jh-îËü∆lç Ç °æE. Nikhil: Å®Ω-éÌ-®Ωí¬ îËߪ ’ôç Ø√éÀ-≠dæç-™‰ü¿’. îËÊÆh Ææñ«-´¤í¬ îËü∆lç. Akhil: Å™«Íí.

Nikhil: Not necessary. I can go it alone. Akhil: The work is too much for one man, take a hand. Nikhil: Why so much interest in helping? Akhil: Don't you know that I go to any length in helping friends? Nikhil: Is that so? Thank you. Akhil: Let's finish off the work some how. Nikhil: I don't like to go things in halves. I'd go the whole hog. Akhil: OK.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 9 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Damodar: Hi Sudhakar, what's new?

(£æ…ß˝’ Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝, àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?) Sudhakar: Yes. I've something of interest for you. The man who burgled Sudha's place a week ago has given himself up to the police.

(Å™«ç-öÀ-üËç-™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞ÏxüÓ Â°ü¿l-íÌ°æp °æEîË-¨»-®Ω-†’-éÌE †’¢Ëyç ¢Á’a-éÓ-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Ææ’üµ¿èπ◊ ´*aç-ü¿™«x ûª†’ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-†oü∆ØÓx Ææí∫ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’.) Nothing of the sort = Å™«ç-öÀüËç ™‰ü¿’. sort = ®Ωéπç. Men of all sorts = ÅEo ®Ω鬩 ´’†’-≠æfl©’.

(Å´¤†’. Fé¬-ÆæéÀh éπL-TçîË Ææ´÷-î√-®Ω¢Ë’. ÉçöÀéÀ éπ†oç-¢ËÆœ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËÆœ† ´’E≠œ §ÚMÆæ’©èπ◊ ™ÔçT-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.) Burgle = ÉçöÀéÀ éπ†oç ¢Ë≤Ú, û√∞«©’ °æí∫-©-íÌöd ™°æ-LéÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç* üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËߪ’ôç. Burgler = Å™« îËÊÆ üÌçí∫.

Damodar: But you must give the devil its due. It's only because they turned the heat on, the thief gave himself up. Sudha wouldn't have got back even half those things which she has got now.

Damodar: That's real news. Have they recovered anything from him?

(üËE-éπüË îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√L. àüÓ Ç §ÚMÆæ’©’ ÂÆí∫°-ôdôç ´©xØË éπü∆ üÌçí∫ ™ÔçT-§Úߪ÷úø’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ’üµ¿èπ◊ Éçü¿’™ Ææí∫¢Á’iØ√ ´îËaN 鬴¤.) Turn the heat on = ÂÆí∫ °æ¤öÀdç-îªôç/ ¢ËúÕ °æ¤öÀdç-îªôç/ äAhúÕ ûË´ôç.

Sudha

(¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’oç* ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ à´’Ø√o ®√•-ö«d®√?) Sudhakar: I'm afraid only half the stuff. He has sold off the rest.

(Ææí∫ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ņ’-èπ◊çö«. N’í∫-û√C ¢√úø-¢Ë’t-¨»úø’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

249

Ñ≤ƒJ ´’†ç ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ give ûÓ ´îËa high frequency expressions îª÷ü∆lç. 1. give one self up = Ææyîªa ¥ç-ü¿çí¬ ™ÔçT-§Ú-´ôç (´·êuçí¬ §ÚMÆæ’©èπ◊) a) On the run for the last two months, the thief gave himself up (to the police) =

í∫ûª È®çúø’ ØÁ©-©’í¬ ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o üÌçí∫ ™ÔçT-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ (§ÚM-Ææ’©èπ◊).

The heat is on. We've to finish the work by the evening =

c) I am unable to find a solution. I give up.

DEéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç éπ†’-éÓ\-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o†’. ØËØ√ v°æߪ’ûªoç ´÷†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. 3. give a big hand = ¢Á’a-éÓ-´úøç (æpôx ü∆y®√) – ´·êuçí¬ á´-È®jØ√ ¢ËC-éπ-O’ü¿ îª÷°œç-*† v°æA¶µºèπ◊ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©’ éπ®Ωû√∞¡üµ¿y-†’-©ûÓ ÅGµ-†ç-Cçîªúøç. a) They all gave him a big hand for his excellent singing =

b) Though innocent, she gave herself up =

äAhúÕ áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûÓçC. (Éûª-®Ω’© †’ç*/ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’© †’ç*) ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ™°æ© °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷L.

Åûªúø’ íÌ°æpí¬ §ƒúÕ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ æpô’x éÌö«d®Ω’.

Ç¢Á’ E®Ω-°æ-®√--Cµ -Å®·Ø√ §ÚM-Ææ’-©èπ◊/ ¨¡vûª’-´¤©èπ◊ ™ÔçT-§Ú-®·çC.

The police have turned the heat on the Maoists. They are on the run =

c) The rebels will give themselves up if their arms supply is cut off =

§ÚM-Ææ’©’ ´÷¢Ó®·-Ææ’d©Â°j äAhúÕ Â°çî√®Ω’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx §ƒJ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ (≤ƒn´-®√©’ ´CL).

Çߪ·üµ∆© Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ EL-°œ-¢ËÊÆh, A®Ω’-í∫’-¶«-ô’-ü∆®Ω’x ™ÔçT-§Ú-û√®Ω’.

b) Give her a big hand please. Her dance was great =

æpôx ü∆y®√ Ç¢Á’†’ ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªçúÕ. Ç¢Á’ Ø√ôuç î√™« íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC. 4. Give a pat on the back =

v§Úû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ωçí¬ •’ïb-Tç* ¢Á†’o-ûª-ôdúøç.

Give her a big hand .. Damodar: That is unfortunate. Sudha gave up hopes of getting her stolen articles back. She must be happy now.

(ÅC ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç. üÌçT-Lç-*† ´Ææ’h´¤-™Ô-≤ƒh-ߪ’ØË Ç¨¡ -´-ü¿-©’èπ◊ç-C Ææ’üµ¿. É°æ¤púø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ú≈L.) Sudhakar: Not quiet. The more valuable things are gone.

(ÅçûËç ™‰ü¿’. áèπ◊\´ N©’-¢Áj† ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ §Úߪ÷®·.) Damodar: The police seem to have given a good account of themselves in acting so fast, and catching the thief.

(î√™« ûªy®Ωí¬ Ææpç-Cç-*, üÌçí∫†’ °æô’d-éÓ-´-ôç™ §ÚM-Ææ’©’ íÌ°æp °æØË îËÆœ-†-ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’.) Sudhakar: I don't give any credit to them for that. The thief had an accident and no longer was able to be on the run. So he surrendered to the police. The police are just giving themselves airs. (

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ §ÚM-Ææ’© °∂æ’†ûËç ™‰ü¿’. üÌçí∫-ÍéüÓ -ߪ÷éÀq-úÁç-ö¸ Å®·u, §ƒJ-§Ú-™‰éπ §ÚMÆæ’©èπ◊ ™ÔçT-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. ¢√∞Ï}üÓ û√´· ≤ƒCµç-*-†ô’d í∫®Ωy-°æ-úÕ§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.) Damodar: I thought that the thief had given himself up because they had given him good chase. I have thought of giving the police a pat on the back. (

§ÚMÆæ’©’ ¢Áçô-•úÕ ûª®Ω-´’-ôç-´©x ™ÔçT-§Ú-ߪ÷-úø-†’-éÌE, ¢√∞¡x†’ ¢Á’aéÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÌ-Ø√o†’.) chase - îÁß˝’Æˇ – Æˇ – size ™ z ™« = ûª®Ω-´’ôç. Sudhakar: Nothing of the sort. You needn't give them a big hand as they haven't done any splendid job. What Sudha got back is just a part of her stolen goods.

Spoken English

Rebel

§ÚM-Ææ’©’ Eïçí¬ Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´’† ¢Á’°æ¤p-ü¿-©èπ◊ Å®Ω’|™‰. ´÷¢Ó-®·-Ææ’d© N≠æߪ’ç™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Åûª’u-ûªh´’¢Á’i† v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. N’í∫û√ ®√≠æZ v°æ¶µº’-û√y©’ ´’† §ÚM-Ææ’© †’ç* Ææ©-£æ…© éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.)

´÷®Ω’\©’ ¶«í¬ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á†’o-ûª-öÀdçC.

ûª† @N-ûª´’çû√ A®Ω’-í∫’-¶«-ô’ü∆-®Ω’-úÕ-í¬ØË í∫úÕ-§ƒúø’.

5. Give a good account of oneself =

äéπ °æE î√™« ¶«í¬ îËߪ’ôç. a) Dhoni gave a good account of himself in today's game =

M. SURESAN

They are sure to rebel against the new law.

ÑØ√öÀ Çô™ üµÓF î√™« íÌ°æpí¬ Çú≈úø’. b) Give a good account of yourself in the exam. I'll present you a bike = bike

(Ñ éÌûªh îªö«d-EéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûª°æpéπ A®Ω-í∫-•-úø-û√®Ω’) 2. give up = ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç/ ´÷†’-éÓ-´ôç.

(Ç°∂‘-Æˇèπ◊ ¢Ë∞¡-®·uçC. ØË¢Á-∞«xL.)

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. He learnt to care for creatures smaller than himself himself

Å-ØË ¢√éπuç™ ¢√úøôç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? 2. Tag questions ™ have, has, had ©†’ possess Å-ØË Å®Ωnç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ Å¢Ë ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ tag ™ èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh®· éπü∆. OöÀE á°æ¤púø’ ordinary verbs í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? Öü∆: He had fish for breakfast, didn't he? É™« 'have' ®Ω÷§ƒ-©èπ◊ question tag ™ 'do' ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈L? 3. He may come, He daren't do that ©èπ◊ tag questions ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 4. a) To get an entry into the hall, either you have to buy a ticket or you have to give a donation. b) To get an entry into the hall, you have either to buy a ticket or give a donation. (Split infinitive)

°j ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – É.N.Æœç-üµ¿÷®Ω, É.N.áÆˇ.D°æé˙, -û√-úÕ°æ-vA.

ÅûªúÕ

É©xçû√ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ ÆæJlçC. ¶µº’ïç ûªúøü∆ç (¢Á’a-èπ◊çü∆ç).

He was a rebel all his life =

Damodar: O.K. Time for my office. I must be going. Sudhakar: O.K. ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺

teacher

b) Let's give her a pat on the back. She has tidied up the home so neatly =

=

A®Ω’-í∫’¶«-ô’-ü∆-®Ω’úø’/ A®Ω-í∫•-úøôç.

Turn the heat on, the heat is on – Ñ È®çúø÷ °j Å®√n-©ûÓ î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† expressions. O’ conversation ™ ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªçúÕ. On the run = îªôdç †’ç*/ ¨¡vûª’-´¤© †’ç* §ƒJ-§Ú-´ôç.

Sudhakar: The police really deserve appreciation for that. They are giving it their best shot. The other state governments are seeking guidance from A.P. Police in the matter. (

a) The teacher gave him a pat on the back for his high score =

éπ~©’ ¶«í¬ ®√®·. Fèπ◊ äéπ É≤ƒh.

†’´¤y °æK鬆’-éπí¬

a) He hasn't given up his job in spite of failing health =

c) Indians haven't been giving a good account of themselves in the matches =

Ç®Óí∫uç üÁ•s-Aç-ô’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûªúø’ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´÷†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.

§ÚöÙx ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’ ÆæJí¬ Çúø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ÉO give ûÓ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´îËa éÌEo expressions. Ñ éÀçC pattern ™ sentences practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

b) Don't give up your attempts, you will succeed =

F v°æߪ’-û√o©’ ´÷†’-éÓèπ◊, Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿’-û√´¤.

Sub

verb

obj

that clause

They will tell her that she is not correct.

-ï-¢√-•’: 1. Correct 2.

(ûª†-éπØ√o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ÉC î√-™« ´’ç* question. Have, has, had èπ◊ possess, possesses, possessed ÅØË Å®√n©’ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬙« ¢√úø-´îª’a: a) haven't...? b) don't...? 2 a) hasn't he/ she/ it? b) doesn't he/ she/ it? 3 a) hadn't ... ? b) didn't ... ?

°j†

1 a), 2 a), 3 a) - British; 1 b), 2 b), 3 b) American.

eg: 1 a) They have the books, haven't they? (British) b) They have the books, don't they (American) 2 a) She has a pen, hasn't she? (British) b) She has a pen, doesn't she? (American) 3 a) He had a good education, hadn't he? (British) b) He had a good education, didn't he? (American). American usage

®√†’ ®√-†’

ÉüË °æü¿l¥A

not

ûÓ èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË

áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûÓçC.

3. He may come, mayn't he? He daren't do that, dare he? 4. b) Correct. Split infinitive infinitives to Buy infinitive

™E èπ◊ Å´¤-ûª’çC.

Ñ sentence ™ ™‰ü¿’. to buy or (to) give a donation - Ééπ\úø éÀ ´’üµ¿u-é¬F, to èπ◊ give èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u-é¬F à ´÷ö« ™‰ü¿’éπü∆. Öçõ‰ØË split

eg. for split infinitive: I request you to kindly help me. split infinitive.

Ééπ\úø

to

èπ◊

help

èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u

¢√úøôç ´©x ÅC

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

kindly

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 24 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Pranesh: Hi Viswesh, have you met Srikar yet?

(£æ…ß˝’ N¨Ïy¨¸, Xéπ-®˝†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?) Viswesh: No, I haven't been able to. I called his brother Tej but there wasn't any response.

(™‰ü¿’. éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ¢√úÕ ûª´·túø’ ûËñ ¸èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»†’. °æ©-éπ-™‰ü¿’.) Pranesh: You'd better do it as soon as possible. Your silence any longer is likely to give rise to avoidable suspicions.

(ÅC †’¢Áyçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh Åçûª ´’ç*C. †’´¤y Éçé¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-éπ-§ÚûË ®√†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰E ÆæçüË-£æ…©’ ®√´îª’a.) is likely - is •ü¿’©’ ÉçÍé 'be' form Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø´îª’a. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç. is likely éÀ Å®Ωnç – Å´ya. He is likely to come today = Åûª-E-¢√∞¡ ®√´îª’a/ ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Avoidable = ûª°œpç-îª-í∫©/ ņ-´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i†) Viswesh: That I know only too well. These

1. Give rise to =

û√N´yôç/ üËE-ÈéjØ√ 鬮Ω-ù-

´’-´ôç a) His absence from the marriage gave rise to a lot of suspicion

Åûªúø’ °RxéÀ ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç î√™« ņ’-´÷-Ø√-©èπ◊ û√N-*açC/ î√™« ņ’-´÷-Ø√-©†’ Í®Èé-Ahç-*ç-C. b) ÅûªúÕ ¢√uêu©’ á°æ¤púø÷ N¢√-ü∆-©†’ éπLT≤ƒh®·. His comments always give rise to controversy. controversy =

é¬ØÌZ-´Æœ – 'ØÌZ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç – N¢√ü¿ç.

c) An argument always gives rise to further arguments but doesn't solve any problem.

¢√ü¿ç ÉçéÌEo ¢√ü∆Lo Í®Èé-Ah-Ææ’hç-üË-é¬F, Ææ´’-Ææu-©†’ B®Ωaü¿’. 2. Give a send off = OúÓ\©’ É´yôç. a) Transfer Å®·† teacher èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ÅGµ-´÷-†çûÓ OúÓ\-L-î√a®Ω’ =

few days I've been busy helping my brother in law pack up for his return to the states. I gave him the send off last

2

vGöÀ≠ˇ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶«©-í∫ç-í¬-üµ¿®˝ A©-é˙†’ †®Ω-éπ-ߪ÷-ûª† °ö«d®Ω’. (hell = †®Ωéπç) 4. Give vent to one's feelings =

äéπJ ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç – ´·êuçí¬ éÓ°æ癫çöÀ Bv´-¢Á’i† ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-éπ\ôç. a) He gave vent to his anger at the party

Çߪ’† §ƒKd™ ûª† éÓ§ƒEo ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-é¬\úø’. b) Mature people don't give vent to their feelings without proper occasion

°æJ-°æ-éπyûª Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ÆæÈ®j† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ûª°æp ûª´’ ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-éπ\®Ω’.

d) Typewriting has given way to DTP = Typewriters Computer Printing

§Ú®· ¢√öÀ ´îËa-ÆœçC.

(DTP = Desk Top Publishing = éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ≤ƒßª’çûÓ Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púË v°æ-JçîË ≤˘éπ®Ωuç) Let's now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1. Your silence any longer is likely to give rise to avoidable suspicions =

F´¤ Éçé¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç (your silence) ņ-´-Ææ®Ω¢Á’i† ÆæçüË-£æ…©èπ◊ ü∆J-B-Ææ’hçC.

I gave them a bit of my mind

night.

(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. È®çúø’-´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ ´÷ ¶«´ Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊ AJT ¢Á∞¡xú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒ´÷†’ Ææ®Ωl-úøç™ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’ûª÷ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’. E†o-®√vA Çߪ’-†èπ◊ OúÓ\-L-î√a†’.) Pranesh: That makes you free, I suppose. You'd better make Srikar or Tej first. But what do you want to meet them for? I don't exactly remember.

(É°æ¤púø’ Fèπ◊ BJ-éπ†’èπ◊çö«†’. Xéπ-®˝-†’í¬F, ûËñ ¸-E-é¬F ¢ÁçôØË éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ. ÅÆæ©’ †’´¤y ¢√∞¡xûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’) Viswesh: It was my fault. I gave them a hard time when they were with me. In a way I was justified. They gave vent to their feelings against my brother and I didn't like it. So I gave them a bit of my mind. But you know, I am always the forget and forgive type. So I want to make it up with them.

(ÅC Ø√ ûªÊ°p. ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ø√ûÓ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ؈’ É•sçC éπL-Tçî√. äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ Øˆ-éπ\úø Æ敶‰. ´÷ ņo-O’ü¿ ¢√∞¡x-èπ◊†o ´uA-Í®-éπ-¶µ«´ç ´uéπh-°æ-J-î√®Ω’. Ø√éπC É≠æd癉-éπ-§Ú-®·çC. Åçü¿’-éπE Ø√ ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†o-ü¿çû√ E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ îÁ§ƒp. Å®·ûË Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬ í∫ûªç ´’Ja§Ú®· éπ~N’ç-îË-ûªûªyç Ø√ü¿E/ í∫ûªç ´’Ja§Ú®· éπ~N’çîË ®Ωéπç ؈E. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√∞¡xûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Pranesh: That's very good. They aren't all that bad either. I am sure your strained relations will give way to unending friendship between you.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx-èπÿú≈ Åçûª îÁúøf-¢√-∞¡Ÿx-鬮Ω’. -É°æp-öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ O’´’üµ¿u ÆæJ-í¬-™‰E Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’ -Ééπ°j E®Ωç-ûª-®Ω- ÊÆo£æ…-EéÀ û√N--¢√y-©-E ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) strained relations = îÁúÕ† Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’ A strained marriage = ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh© ´’üµ¿u Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’ ÆæJí¬ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. Viswesh: That's what I wish too.

(ÅüË Ø√ éÓJéπ/ Ǩ¡ èπÿú≈†’.) ´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ real life situations ™ ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ´îËa simple words Å®·† get/ have/ do/ go ™«çöÀûÓ ´îËa expressions °æJ-Q-LÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† give ûÓ ´îËa expressions îª÷ü∆lç.

Spoken English

The students gave a warm send off to the transferred teacher.

c) She gave vent to

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

her jealousy

250 Ç¢Á’ ûª† ÅÆæ÷-ߪ’†’ ¢√¢˛’ – ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-éÀ\çC. ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç 5. Give way = äéπ ü¿¨¡ †’ç* ÉçéÓ ¢ÁîªaöÀ. é¬F warm welcome/ ü¿¨¡èπ◊ ´÷®Ωôç. warm send off = ÇÊ°éπ~ Çü¿-®√-Gµ´÷-Ø√-©ûÓ èπÿúÕ† ≤ƒyí∫ûªç/ a) On hearing the news his joy OúÓ\©’) gave way to anger b) A moving send off = ü¿’”êçûÓ Ç ¢√®Ωh N†-í¬ØË ÆæçûÓ≠æç §Ú®·, OúÓ\©’. M. SURESAN Åûª-úÕ™ éÓ°æç îÓô’-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çC. (Moving - ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – b) With her mediation their ill feelings gave éπü¿’-©’-ûª’†o. Moving Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – way to good understanding £æ«%ü¿-ߪ÷Eo éπC-LçîË – ÅE èπÿú≈. Ç¢Á’ ´’üµ¿u-´-Jh-ûªyçûÓ ¢√∞¡x üËy≠æç §Ú®· Ææü¿-´The moving tale of Sita = £æ«%ü¿-ߪ÷Eo í¬-£æ«† à®Ωp-úÕçC. éπC-LçîË Æ‘ûª (®√´·úÕ ¶µ«®Ωu) éπü∑¿. Mediation = ´’üµ¿u-´-Jhûªyç. c) She gave her husband a moving send off Mediator = ´’üµ¿u´Jh. at the station Mediator = O’úÕ-ßÁ’-ß˝’ô (®˝). Ç¢Á’ ûª† ¶µº®Ωhèπ◊ éπFo-∞¡xûÓ OúÓ\-L-*açC. 'ßÁ’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. d) Give a send off = see off. c) All over India steam trains have given OúÓ\-L-´yôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ see (somebody) way to electric and diesel trains off ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. ¶µ « ®Ω û ª ü Ë ¨ ¡ ´ ’çû ª ö «, ÇNJ trains §Ú®·, ¢√öÀ e) We saw her off at the airport as she left ≤ƒn † ç™ electric, diesel trains ´îËa-¨»®·. for the states Ç¢Á’ Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢Ë’ç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ N´÷-Ø√-v¨¡-ߪ’ç™ OúÓ\-Lî√aç. EXERCISE 3. Give a hard time = É•sç-ü¿’©’ éπL-Tç-îªôç/ Practise the following aloud in English: éπJ∏-†çí¬ îª÷úøôç. Sita: àçöÀ O’®Ωçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ éπE-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’? a) Most mothers-in-law give their daughØ√ÍéüÓ Çü¿’-®√lí¬ ÖçC. ters-in-law a hard time Rao: àç ™‰ü¿’. ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o†’. î√™« ´’çC Åûªh©’ éÓúø-∞¡x-°æôx éπJ∏-†çí¬ Sita: àüÓ ü∆Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Öçö«®Ω’/ É•sç-ü¿’©’ éπL-T-≤ƒh®Ω’/ ¢ËCµ-≤ƒh®Ω’. °æ©’ ÆæçüË-£æ…-©èπ◊ û√N-≤ÚhçC. Rao: ÉçC®Ω áéπ\úø? b) The teacher gave a real hard time to the students by asking them to work beyond Sita: Å©’x-úÕéÀ OúÓ\-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊ ¢ÁRxçC. time Rao: ´’† Å©’xúø’ î√™« ´’ç*-¢√úø’. ÉçC-®Ω†’ á°æ¤púø÷ ¶«üµ¿-°-ôdúø’. (give a hard time 鬙«-B-ûª-¢Á’iØ√ îªü¿-¢√-©çô÷ °œ©x©†’ É•sçC ¢√úøçúÕ) °ö«dúø’ teacher. Sita: Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ ´’†ç Åü¿%-≠d-´ æ ç-ûª’-©¢Ë’. E†o àüÓ c) The British gave Indian freedom fighters éÌClí¬ éÓ°æç ´*açC, é¬F éÓ°æç ≤ƒn†ç-™ØË a hard time *®Ω’-†´¤y ´îËa-Æœç-ü∆-ߪ’-†èπ◊. ¶µ«®Ωûª ≤ƒyûªçvûªu ßÁ÷üµ¿’-©†’ vGöÀ-≠ˇ-¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« Rao: Eïçí¬ ´’ç*-¢√úË Çߪ’†. É•sçC °ö«d®Ω’/ ¢ËCµç-î√®Ω’. Sita: O’®Ω’ îÁ°æpçúÕ. ´’†ç ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞«l´÷? ´’K †®Ω-éπ-ߪ÷-ûª† °ôdúøç Å®·ûË give hell Rao: Ø√ ´’†-Ææ’q™ Ö†oC îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√o. Ø√Íéç Åçö«®Ω’. 鬙‰ü¿’. †’´¤y ú≈éπd®˝ í∫’Jç* áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ d) The British gave real hell to Bal ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª ´’ç*C. Gangadhar Tilak (warm =

≤ƒn†ç™

2. I gave him a send off last night

E†o ®√vA Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ OúÓ\Lî√a†’. (I saw him off last night. Give a send off éπØ√o see off (OúÓ\©’ îÁ°æpôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ¢√úøéπç áèπ◊\´.)

3. I gave them a hard time when they were with me

¢√∞¡Ÿx Ø√ûÓ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡x-èπ◊ -É-•sç-ü¿’©’ éπL-Tç-î√†’/ É•sç-C-°-ö«d†’/ ¢ËCµç-î√†’ 4. I want to make it up with them

¢√∞¡xûÓ Øˆ’ ®√@-°æ-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’ 5. I gave them a bit of my mind

¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ø√ ´’†Ææ’q™ Ö†oC îÁÊ°p-¨»†’– ´·êuçí¬ Ø√ ¶µ«¢√-©†’ èπ◊çúø-•-ü¿l©’ éÌõ‰d™« Ö†oü¿’-†oô’x ûÁL-§ƒ†’ (´·êuçí¬ Ø√ éÓ°æç). Let me give you a bit of my mind. The sooner you leave me the better

Ø√ ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC îÁ°æpF, †’¢Áyçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Ééπ\úÕ †’ç* ¢ÁRûË Åçûª ´’ç*C (Get out ÅE). 6. I am sure your strained relations will give way to unending friendship

O’ üÁ•s-A†o Ææç•ç-üµ∆© ≤ƒn†ç™ E®Ωç-ûª-®Ω-¢Á’i† ÊÆo£æ«ç îÓô’-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’ç-ü¿E †´·t-ûª’Ø√o. ANSWER Sita: You don't appear to be so well. I am a bit anxious. Rao: Nothing's the matter. I am OK. Sita: You are hiding something. Your silence is giving rise to many suspicions. Rao: Where is Indira? Sita: She has gone to station to give a send off to our son-in-law. our son-inlaw her husband, better.)

(Ééπ\úø

éπçõ‰

Rao: He is quite nice. He never gives a hard time to Indira. Sita: That way we are lucky. He was a little angry yesterday, but soon the anger gave way to a smile. Rao: He is really a good man. Sita: Come now tell me. Shall we see a doctor? Rao: Let me give you a bit of my mind. The less you talk about a doctor, the better.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 26 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vignata: Hi Santasa, well met. In fact I was about to start for your place. Glad you've come. When are we going to meet Vilasa? (Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÅÆæ©’ O’ ÉçöÀÍé •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-¶-ûª’Ø√o. †’´¤y ´*a-†çü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. N™«-Æ憒 á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√oç?) Santasa: What about? I don't exactly remember.

(üËEo í∫’Jç*? Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ í∫’®Ω’h-èπ◊®√-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.) Vignata: Santasa, It's about time that you took things seriously. We three talked about starting a business when we met last.

(†’´¤y ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ÆæJí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† Ææ-´’-ߪ’-N’-C. ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o°æ¤púø’ àüÁjØ√ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç.) Santasa: Sorry. mind.

though the competition is high. Our job is all about booking as many orders as possible and executing them.

(§Úöà áèπ◊\´ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, ¢√öÀéÀ ´’ç* T®√éà ÖçC. Ç®Ωf®Ω’x •’é˙îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç, ¢√öÀE Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ îËߪ’-ô¢Ë’ ´’† °æ†çû√.) Booking orders = äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Éçûª/ ÉFo, Ñ rate èπ◊ 鬢√-©E éÌØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx Ţ˒t-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ®√Æœ É´yôç/ Ţ˒t-¢√∞¡xûÓ ®√®·ç--éÓ-´ôç. execute orders éÌØË¢√∞¡xèπ◊, ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅúÕ-T† Ææ®Ω’èπ◊, Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ îËߪ’ôç. DEo delivering (îË®Ω-¢Ë-ߪ’ôç) ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. Despatch orders = éÌØË¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬢√-©†o Ææ®Ω-èπ◊†’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æç°æôç. Santasa: Vinamra will be home now. Your brother too will be about in a few minutes. Let's all go to Vinamra's and discuss the matter.

(É°æ¤púø’ N†v´’ ÉçöxØË Öçô’çC. O’ v•ü¿®˝ èπÿú≈ éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ™x ´≤ƒhúø’. ´’†-

It's gone clean out of my

(≤ƒK. Ç N≠æߪ’ç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’Ja§Úߪ÷.)

2

Ç hall ™ furniture *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ °æúø’-Ø√o®·. e) Students are all about the place/ all around the place.

(Åéπ\úøçû√ Ææ÷dúÁçö¸q Åô÷ Éô÷ A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ ÖØ√o®Ω’.) f) The police are about/ around the place. Don't forget to wear the helmet.

(Ç îª’ô÷d §ÚMÆæ’©’Ø√o®Ω’. £«™„tö¸ °ô’déÓ´ôç ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊.) 3) about Åçõ‰ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ about •ü¿’©’ around èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

ô’d°æéπ\©) b) Is any one about, please?

(Ééπ\-úÁ-´-®Ω-Ø√o ÖØ√o-®√çúŒ?) c) She was about/ around here a few minutes, but is not to be seen now.

(éÌCl éπ~ù«© éÀçü¿ Ééπ\úË ÖçC, É°æ¤púø’ éπE-°œçîªúøç ™‰ü¿’.) ÉC ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. conversation ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. 6. be slow/ quiet about something.

(äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æôx ´’çü¿-éÌ-úÕí¬/ ®Ω’í¬_ Öçúøôç. a) He is very slow about taking decisions

Do something about it

Vignata: You had better not. It's a matter of investment of lakhs. Our money is lying idle in the bank. We thought of putting it to better use.

(Å™«ç-öÀN ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊. ©éπ~-© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© °ô’d-•úÕ N≠æߪ’ç ÅC. ¶«uçé˙™ ´’† úø•’s Å™«-°æúÕ ÖçC. ü∆Eo Ææ-Cy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËßÁ·îª’a.) Santasa: True. Let's be quick about it.

(Å´¤†’. ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆü∆lç.) Vignata: Let's be clear about what we are going to do while we are about it.

(Ç N≠æߪ’ç/ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, ´’†ç î√™« Ææp≠ædçí¬ Ç™-*ü∆lç.) Santasa: We should also get loans from state finance corporation and the banks. (ÊÆdö¸ °∂jØ√Ø˛q 鬮Ìp-Í®-≠æØ˛, ¶«uçèπ◊© †’ç* èπÿú≈ ®Ω’ù«©’ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L ´’†ç.) Vignata: (There's) No use talking. Let's do some thing about it and quickly too.

(´÷ô-©ûÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰ü¿’. ü∆E N≠æߪ’ç àüÓ ûªy®Ωí¬ îËߪ÷L ´’J.) Santasa: How do we go about it?

(ᙫ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆l¥ç?/ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªôç ᙫ?) Vignata: Our business is going to be computer hardware. We'll deal in computer hardware with an investment of about 15 lakh rupees.

(´’†ç éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ≤ƒ´÷†x ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’Ø√oç, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 15 ©éπ~© ®Ω÷§ƒßª’© °ô’d-•-úÕûÓ.) Santasa: Is your brother about? He can help us in planning.

(O’--Å-†o-ߪ’u Ééπ\-úÁ-éπ\-úÁj-Ø√ ÖØ√oú≈? Çߪ’† ´’†èπ◊ §ƒxEçí˚™ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø-í∫©úø’.) Vignata: We can expect him round about 10.30. (

-ü∆-ü∆°æ¤10.30 èπ◊ ûªØÌ≤ƒh-úøE ´’†ç ÇPçîª-´îª’a.) Santasa: Isn't computer hardware all about the parts of the central processing unit of the computer? (computer hardware computer central processing unit

Åçõ‰

¶µ«í¬-©†’

í∫’JçîË éπü∆?) Vignata: Yea. We've a good market for it,

Spoken English

´’çû√ N†v´’ ÉçöÀÈéRx Ñ N≠æߪ’ç îªJaü∆lç.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

251

a) The car cost me about 4 lakh rupees.

Vignata: That's OK.








(Ç é¬®Ω’èπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 4 ©éπ~-©®·uçC.)

The car cost me around 4 lakh

O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h -ÖçCéπü∆ ´’†ç -Éç-ûªèπ◊ rupees. ´·ç-ü¿’ prepositions ™x ´·êu-¢Á’i† b) He came to me about 10/ around ¢√öÀE í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. É°æ¤púø’ 10 at night and spent an hour é¬Ææh N´-®Ωçí¬ ¢√öÀE îªJaü∆lç. talking. (®√vA ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æCç-öÀéÀ Ø√ English Conversation ™ do, get, ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌ*a í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’.) M. SURESAN c) About 10 lakh people gather at have, go, give ûÓ ´îËa high frequency ´÷ô-©†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’Allahabad for the Kumbhamela. èπ◊Ø√oç.¢√öÀûÓ§ƒô’ Ñ prepositions use (èπ ◊ 綵 º ¢ Ë ’ ∞«èπ ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æ-C©éπ~©´’çC §Úí∫-´¤èπÿú≈ correct í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ conversation û√®Ω ’ .) î√™« effective í¬ Öçô’çC. Ñ lesson ™ ´·êuçí¬ about †’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ-©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. 4. Do something about it. (ü∆E N≠æߪ’ç àüÓ îÁ®·u.) (pronunciation Ŷ˜ö¸ – '¶˜— ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.) ÉC èπÿú≈ spoken English ™ î√™« com1. ´’†™ î√™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – about Åçõ‰ mon. ´·êuçí¬ éπ•’®ΩxûÓ é¬©-Íé ~°æç îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ í∫÷Ja, í∫’Jç* ÅE. °æ EéÀ Cí∫-´’ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. a) We talked about our college days. No use drawing plans and discussing the (´÷ 鬙‰@ ®ÓV© í∫’Jç* ¢Ë’ç ´÷ö«x-úø’- a) matter. Do something about it. èπ◊Ø√oç.) (v°æ ù «R é π©’ ®Ω*ç-îªúøç, îªJaç-îªôç ´©x v°æßÁ÷b) I know everything about computers. ï†ç ™‰ ü ¿’. àüÓ äéπöÀ îÁ®·u / îËÆœ îª÷°œç.) (éπç°æ‹u®Ωx í∫’Jç* Ø√éπçû√ ûÁ©’Ææ’.) b) He always talks about cleaning the place c) Naturally the mother wants to know all about the girl her son is going to marry.

(ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊ °R} îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË Å´÷t-®·E í∫’Jç* °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁ©-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E Ç ûªLx Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ØË éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-öçC.) 2. About Åçõ‰ äéπ v°æü˨¡ç ô÷d/ *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ spoken English ™ about î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. a) They spent the whole evening walking about the town.

but does nothing about it.

(áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ç v°æüË-¨»Eo ¨¡Ÿv¶µº-°æ-®Ω-îªôç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø-ô-¢Ë’-é¬F, Ç°æ-ØËO’ îËߪ’úø’.) 5. be about: äéπ v°æü˨¡ç ô’d °æéπ\© Öçúøôç. a) Is your brother about

b) There are rumours about the place that he has murdered her.

(Ç¢Á’-†ûªúø’ -Ç -v°æ-üË-¨¡ç-™ îªç§ƒ-úøE Ü®Ωçû√ ®Ω÷-´’-®Ω’x-Ø√o®·.) c) Books were lying all about the room.

(Ç í∫ü¿çû√ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ °æúÕ ÖØ√o®·.) Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ about •ü¿’©’ around èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√®Ω’. d) Furniture lay all about/ all around the hall .

b) She is very quick about/ at seizing opportunities.

(Å´-é¬-¨»-©†’ NE-ßÁ÷-Tç--éÓ-´ôç™ Ç¢Á’ î√™« ®Ω’èπ◊.) a) Go about = ÉC èπÿú≈ spoken English ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË expression. Å®Ωnç: (äéπ °æE) v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªôç, îËÊÆ Nüµ¿ç etc. a) Pratibha: Let's stage a drama for our college day. (

é¬-™‰-ñ ¸-úËèπ◊ -à-üÁj-Ø√ Ø√ôéπç ¢Ëü∆lç.)

Prasanna: OK. How do we go about it?

(Å™«Íí. àç îËߪ÷L ü∆EéÀ?) b) How do we go about to get a passport? (§ƒÆˇ-§Ú®˝d ûÁa-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ àç îËߪ÷L?) Ñ expression áèπ◊\´ questions ™ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿ØËC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 6. all about = ã ÆæçÆæn ´·êu 鬮Ωu-éπ-™«-§ƒ-©†’ í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ É™« Åçö«ç. a) The armed forces' job is all about defending the country. (army, navy and air force)

ü˨¡ ®Ωéπ~ù‰ ≤ƒßª·üµ¿ ü¿∞«© °æE.

b) A teacher's job is all about preparing the students for exams.

(Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ °æK-éπ~-©èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥çîËߪ’-ô¢Ë’ öÃ˝ °æE.)

c) A computer professional's job is all about getting the information needed and processing data.

éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ¢√∞¡x °æ†çû√ Ææ´÷-î√-®√Eo Ææ´’-èπÿ®Ωaôç, N≠æߪ÷©†’ N¨Ïx-≠œç-îª-ô¢Ë’. About †’ í∫’Jç* Ñ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç É°æ¤p-úÕ-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™éÀ ´≤ÚhçC.

(O’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u à´’Ø√o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√oú≈?– Ñ EXERCISE

Bhaskar: OK.

Practise the following aloud in English Bhaskar:

(Ü®Ωçû√ (ÜJ-ô÷d) A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Åçû√ í∫úÕ-Ê°-¨»®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx.)

E®Ωg-ߪ÷©’ BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ôç™ Åûªúø’ î√™« ñ«°æuç îË≤ƒhúø’.) Ééπ\úø about èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, at áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

¢√∞¡x†’ í∫’Jç* FÍéç ûÁ©’Ææ’? Prabhakar: ¢√∞¡x†’ í∫’Jç* FÍéç N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ 鬢√L?¢√∞¡x†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ÷-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©Fo ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Bhaskar: ¢√∞¡x™  äéπúø’ Ñ îª’ô’d-°æéπ\™‰ ÖØ√oúø’ E†oçû√. Prabhakar: F°æE ¢√∞¡x éπü¿-Léπ©’ í∫´’-Eç-îª-ô¢Ë’ éπü∆. Bhaskar: Å´¤†’. ØËØ√ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* °æE ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-úøû√, Æ‘J-ߪ’Æˇí¬. Prabhakar: †’¢√y-°æE îËߪ÷-Lq† Æ洒ߪ’ç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÉüË.

Answer Bhaskar: What do you know about them? Prabhakar: What do you want to know about them? I know about almost everything that we should know about them. Bhaskar: One of them was about/ around here the whole of yesterday. Prabhakar: Your job is all about observing their movements. Bhaskar: I'll go about it seriously. Prabhakar: It's about time you started it. Bhaskar: OK.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 28 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Jagan: Are you going ahead with buying that flat?

(Ç §∂ƒxö¸ éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√?) Ratna: I was very much for buying it, but now I am giving a second thought to it.

Jagan: Hope no one has been hurt.

(á´®Ω÷ í¬ßª’-°æ-úø-™‰-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«) Ratna: Fortunately none. In fact the house has been vacant for quite some time now, as it is very old and dilapidated

(؈’ éÌØ√-©ØË ¶«í¬ ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’/ Ø√èπ◊ éÌØ√-©ØË í∫öÀdí¬ ÖçúËC, é¬E É°æ¤úø’ ´’Sx Ç™-*ç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)

(Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h ™‰ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ Ç É©’x î√™« §ƒûªC, PC∑-™«-´-Ææn™ Öçúøôç ´©x éÌçûªé¬-©çí¬ ë«S-í¬ØË ÖçC.) Vacant= ¢Áß˝’-éπçö¸= ë«S. '¢Áß˝’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Dilapidated= úÕ™«-°œ-úÁ-ß˝’-ôú˛= PC∑-™«-´-Ææn™  Ö†o/ èπÿL-§Ú-ßË’-ô’x†o (building ™«çöÀN)

Jagan: Why? What's happened?

(áçü¿’èπ◊? àç ïJ-TçC?) Ratna: Aasa said she would buy one along with me, next to mine, but she has given up now.

(Ø√ûÓ-§ƒõ‰, Ǩ¡ Ø√ °æéπ\ØË §∂ƒxö¸ éÌçö«-†çC. é¬E Ç Ç™- É°æ¤púø’ ´÷†’-èπ◊çC.)

Jagan: OK. But don't let this slip. It's certainly a bargain- a three bed roomed flat for Rs.30 lakh in such an area.

(ÆæÍ®. DEo ñ«®Ω-N-úø’-´èπ◊– Å™«çöÀ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ 30 ©éπ~-©èπ◊ 3 bed roomed flat éπ*aûªçí¬ î¯Íé).

Jagan: But her husband gave me to understand that they had almost paid the advance.

Ratna: OK.

(é¬F ¢√∞¡Ÿx Åú≈yØ˛q ü∆ü∆°æ¤ éπõ‰d-Æœ-†õ‰x Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®Ωh Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’ (ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπLpç-î√úø’) Ratna: But something happened in the last minute and they gave up the idea.

2

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E®Ωg-ߪ÷©’ BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç, ¢√öÀE ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç @N-ûªç™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x – give/ have a second thought/ on second thoughts conversation

ÅØËN ´’†èπ◊

™ ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË

expression.

é¬Ææh DçûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o ´÷ô, after thought. ´’†ç BÆæ’-èπ◊†o E®Ωg-ߪ÷-EéÀ Åü¿-†çí¬ Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ ´îËa Ç™-– after thought. Åçõ‰ ´·çüË Å†’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ îªô’-èπ◊\† Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ ´îËa Ç™ after thought.

c) The students were given to understand that they would have some concession in the fees= fees concession

™ ÖçúÌ-îªaØË ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç/ †´’téπç Nü∆u-®Ω’n™x éπL-Tç-î√®Ω’. 3. Give the devil its due. à´÷-ô-é¬-´÷õ‰ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ¢√L ÅE D†®Ωnç. îÁúøf-¢√-∞¡x™ ´’ç* í∫’ù-¢Ë’-üÁjØ√ Öçõ‰ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç, to give the devil its due. a) ®√´-ù’úø’ ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úË. é¬E à N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-é¬N-≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆. Åûª†’ íÌ°æp P´¶µº-èπ◊húø’ = Ravana was certainly bad, but to give the devil its due, he was a great devotee of Lord Siva.

Give the devil its due

(é¬E *´-J-éπ~-ùç™ àüÓ ïJ-TçC. ¢√∞¡Ÿx éÌØË Ç™- ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.) Jagan: But why should that make you change your plans of buying the flat?

(é¬F Åçü¿’-´©x Ç §∂ƒxö¸ éÌØ√-©ØË Ç™- †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L?) Ratna: (I) can't imagine being away from her, as we have been neighbours for such a long time.

(î√™«é¬-©çí¬ ¢Ë’ç É®Ω’-í∫’-§Ò-®Ω’í∫’† Öçúøôç ´©x, ûª†èπ◊ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçúøôç Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’.) Jagan: I understand that. I don't like her much, but to give the devil its due, she is quite helpful when help is needed.

(؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. ÇN-úøçõ‰ Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’ é¬E à´÷-ô-é¬-´÷õ‰ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√L – àüÁjØ√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’, î√™« Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) Ratna: That way she is the opposite of our other neighbour, Smitha. She gives the slip exactly when we need her.

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, ´’† ÉçéÓ °æé¬\Núø Æœtûªèπ◊ Ñ¢Á’ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´uA-Í®éπç. Ç¢Á’ éπÈ®é˙dí¬ ûª† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´’†-é¬\-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ߪ’-´’-´¤ûª’çC.) Jagan: Try to convince Aasa about the advantages of having this flat. If you bring some pressure on her, she will certainly give in.

(Ñ §∂ƒxö¸ é̆ôç ´©x ïJÍí ¢Ë’©’ í∫’Jç* Ç-¨¡èπ◊ †îªa-ñ„°æ¤p. †’´¤y éÌçûª äAhúÕ ûÁÊÆh ûª†’ éπ*aûªçí¬ ÅçU-éπ-JÆæ’hçC.) Ratna: Not immediately. She is busy carrying out repairs to her old house. Because of the incessant rains the roof which had been leaking, suddenly gave way. She is attending to that.

(¢ÁçôØË é¬ü¿’™‰. ûª† §ƒûª ÉçöÀ ´’®Ω-´’tûª’ûÓ G@í¬ ÖçC. áúø-ûÁ-J-°œ-™‰E ´®√{-©- 鬮Ωùçí¬ èπ◊®Ω’Ææ’h†o ÉçöÀéπ°æ¤p £æ«®∏√-ûª’hí¬ °æúÕ§Ú-®·çC. Ç °æ-E îª÷≤Úhç-ü∆¢Á’.) carrying out = îËߪ’ôç, îË®·ç-îªôç/ Çïc©’ Å´’-©’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç incessant = ÉØÁq-Ææçö¸– Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈/ áúø-ûÁ-J-°œ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈

Spoken English

real life situations daily conversation common words get/ have/ do/ take/

´’†ç

™

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

™

Å®·†

¢Á·ü¿ô Å´’t†’, Ø√†o†’ °œL*, Ç ûª®√yûª ´*a† Ç™-îª-†ûÓ ††’o °œL-î √úø’. (Åçõ‰ ¢Á·ü¿ô ††’o °œLîË Ç™-îª-†-™‰ü¿’ ÅE.) a) ÅÆæ©’ Çߪ’† ´*açC í∫’úÕéÀ. Ç ûª®√yûª ´*a† Ç™-îª-†ûÓ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

give

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ ´îËa simple expressions í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† ´÷ô give ûÓ ´îËa ´’J-éÌEo expressions É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. 1. Give a second thought =

252

He invited mom and dad first and added me as an after thought=

M. SURESAN

°æ¤†-®√-™-*ç-îªôç. äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç-°æôx ü∆ü∆°æ¤ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª ü∆E í∫’Jç* ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ Ç™-*ç-îªôç. a) ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úøèπ◊, ´’®Ó≤ƒJ áçü¿’èπ◊ Ç™*ç-îªèπÿ-úøü¿’?= Don't be hasty. Why don't you give a second thought to it/ why don't you give it a second thought?

b) I am determined. No question of giving a second thought to buying the car =

؈’ E®Ωg®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o. Ç é¬®Ω’ éÌØË N≠æߪ’ç™ È®çúÓ Ç™- v°æÆæÍéh ™‰ü¿’. Determine= úÕô-N’Ø˛ – ô, bird ™ '•— ™«, 'ô— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç– E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´ôç/ í∫öÀd E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç/ éπ%ûª-E-¨¡a-ߪ’çûÓ Öçúøôç.

He came to temple, but as an after thought called at my place.

(Åçõ‰ •ßª’-©’-üË-J-†-°æ¤púø’ ††’o îª÷ú≈-©ØË Ç™- Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.) b) His buying the camera is only an after thought. His idea was only to buy a TV =

Çߪ’† ÅÆæ©’ éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊-†oC é̆ôç ûª®√yûª ´*a† Ç™-îªØË.

TV. Camera

2. Give (somebody) to understand (something) conversation expression.

ÉC èπÿú≈

NE-°œçîË v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo éπL-Tç-îªôç.

™ ûª®Ω Å®Ωnç – äéπ-J™ ã ÅGµ-

a) She gave me to understand that she is not interested in jewellery =

†í∫-©-O’ü¿ ûª†èπ◊ ÇÆæ-éÀh-™‰-ü¿ØË ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç/ †´’téπç Ç¢Á’ Ø√™ éπL-Tç-*çC.

c) He Wanted to make a career in the movies, but gave a second thought to it, finally he dropped it.

b) The boss gave us to understand that tomorrow would be a holiday =

ÆœE-´÷™x îË®√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’, é¬E ü∆E N≠æߪ’ç °æ¤†-®√-™-*ç*, ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Give a second thought èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ have

Í®°æ¤ ÂÆ©´ØË ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo/ †´’t-é¬Eo ´÷™ ¶«Æˇ éπL-Tç-î√úø’. ÉC áèπ◊\´ passive ™ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

second thoughts (British)/ have second thought (American)/ on second thoughts

ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’. d) -Å-ûª-úø’ -Ç Å´÷t-®·E °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. é¬F ´’†Ææ’ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’= He wanted to marry her, but had second thought (s) about it.

e) I was all for buying a flat, but on second thoughts gave up the idea =

§∂ƒxö¸ éÌØ√©E í∫öÀdí¬ Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o é¬F, °æ¤†-®√-™*ç--èπ◊E ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o. f) She wanted to go, but on second thoughts decided to stay on =

¢Á∞«x-©ØË Å†’-èπ◊çC, é¬E ´’†Ææ’ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊E Öçú≈-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊çC.

EXERCISE Sailesh:

Eïçí¬ †’¢√y 鬮Ω’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ E¨¡a-®·ç-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? Vignesh: Å´¤†’. Ø√éπC †*açC. àç? Sailesh: é¬Ææh ÉçéÓ-≤ƒJ Ç™-*ç. éÌçîÁç üµ¿®Ω áèπ◊\-´-E-E-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü∆? Vignesh: 鬮Ω’ ¶«í∫’çC. áçûª îÁ°œpØ√ 鬮Ω’ ㆮ˝ üµ¿®Ω ûªT_çîË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ™Ôçí∫ôç ™‰ü¿’. Sailesh: Å®·ûË à´÷ô 鬴÷õ‰ ņ’-éÓ-¢√L. 鬮Ω’ ´÷vûªç ´’ç* condition ™ Öçî√úø’. Vignesh: Å®·ûË üµ¿®Ω áèπ◊\-´E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o´¤? Sailesh: áçûª ûªT_Ø√ ´’†èπ◊ ûªT_-†õ‰d éπü∆?

b) Summer is unbearable in A.P., but to give the devil its due, we get mangoes and jasmine =

¢ËÆæN Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨ ¸™ ü¿’®Ωs¥-®Ω¢Ë’. é¬E à´÷-ô-鬴÷ô îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√L, ¢ËÆæ-N-™ØË éπü∆ ´’†èπ◊ ´÷N’-úÕ°æçúø’x, ´’™„x-°æ‹©’ ´îËaC. c) He is a rogue, but give the devil its due. He helped me. =

¢√úø’ ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úË. é¬E ´’ç* N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’-N’-ôçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç î˨»úø’. 4. Give in = ™ÔçT-§Ú-´ôç.

a) He first refused to do it, but gave in in the end =

¢Á·ü¿ô ÅC îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÓ™‰ü¿’. é¬E *´-®Ωèπ◊ ™ÔçT-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. b) They gave in only after a stiff fight = ¶«í¬ áü¿’-®ÌúÕf §Ú®√-úÕ† ûª®√yûË ™ÔçT-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ (¨¡vûª’-´¤-©èπ◊) 5. Give way = éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ give way Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’/ äéπöÀ ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ/ ÉçéÓ-ü∆-EéÀ ≤ƒn†ç É´yôç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆. Give way, Ñ lesson Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ – (Buildings, °jéπ-°æ¤p©’ ™«çöÀN) èπ◊çT-§Ú-´ôç/ èπÿJ-§Ú-´ôç ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. a) The old building gave way as too many people climbed on its roof= building

Ç §ƒûª éπ°æ¤p-O’CéÀ áèπ◊\´ ´’çC îË®Ω-ôçûÓ ÅC èπÿLçC.

b) The branch gave way under his weight =

ÅûªúÕ •®Ω’-´¤èπ◊ Ç éÌ´’t NJ-TçC. DEE ´’†’-≠æfl© ¢Ájê-JéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. c) Though we forced him he did not give way on any point =

áçûª •©-´çûªç îËÆœØ√, à Å稡ç-™†÷ Åûª†’ ™Ôçí∫-™‰ü¿’. ÉO give ûÓ ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ ´îËa expressions éÌEo. OöÀE conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. ANSWER Sailesh: Are you determined/ Have you decided to buy the car? Vignesh: Yes. I am. I like the car. Why? Sailesh: Give it a second thought. Don't you feel that the price is rather high/ on the high side? Vignesh: The car is OK. Whatever I say, the owner refuses to give in, in the matter of the price. Sailesh: To give the devil its due, he has kept the car in good condition. Vignesh: Then why do you say the price is high? Sailesh: A reduction is always a reduction, you know?

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 1 -ï-†-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Hrithik: Where exactly is this conference hall?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Ñ Ææ´÷¢Ë¨¡ç ïJÍí £æ…™¸ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ áéπ\-úø’çC?)

253

Hrithik: When is the meeting, exactly?

(ÅÆæ©’ O’öÀçí˚ á°æ¤púø’?) Rithwik: At 5 on friday. That is the day after (tomorrow). We've to see that nothing goes wrong.

Rithwik: You get on my nerves, Hrithik. You are the joint secretary and you are irresponsible enough not to know even that. You get on my nerves.

(†’´¤y Ææç-ߪ·éπh 鬮Ωu-ü¿-JzN, Ñ N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’-†çûª ¶«üµ¿u-û√-®Ω-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖØ√o´¤. Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œp-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.)

(¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç Å®·-Cç-öÀéÀ. Åçõ‰ á©’xçúÕ. à §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ú≈L ´’†ç) So? (Å®·ûË?)

Hrithik: I'm sorry. I'll be careful. Where's the hall?

Rithwik: We have to be there around one in the afternoon.

(≤ƒK. Ééπ ´·çü¿’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçö«. £æ…™„-éπ\úø?)

Hrithik:

(´’†ç Ç®ÓV ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äçöÀ-í∫çô v§ƒçûªç™ Åéπ\úø Öçú≈L).

Rithwik: This hall is above the department store around the collectorate.

Hrithik: Why so early?

(Ñ £æ…©’ éπ™„-éπd®˝ Ç°∂‘Æˇ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úÕ§ƒ-®˝d¢Á’çö¸ ≤Úd®˝ °j† ÖçC.)

(Åçûª ´·çü¿’í¬ áçü¿’èπ◊?)

2

´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’ lesson ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅüË Å®Ωnç Ö†o around Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. around Åçõ‰ ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç ô÷d ÅE éπü∆. ÉC ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† Å®Ωnç. 'about'

There is a wall around the garden =

Ç ûÓô ô÷d íÓúø ÖçC.

The fence around the field prevents cattle from entering it =

Ç §Ò©ç ô÷d Ö†o éπçîÁ °æ¨¡Ÿ-´¤-©†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®√èπ◊çú≈ E®Ó-Cµ-Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË around †’ about èπ◊ •ü¿’-©’í¬ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

(200 ´’çC O’öÀçí˚èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω-´¤-û√-®ΩE ÅçîªØ√. à®√p-ôx†’ °æ®Ωu-¢Ë-éÀ~ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ´’†ç ûªT-†ç-ûª -´·ç-ü¿’-í¬ØË Åéπ\úø Öçú≈L.)

Hrithik: Isn't that the one just below the mini conference room?

(ÅC *†o 鬆p¥-È®Ø˛q £æ…©’ éÀçü¿C éπü∆?)

Rithwik: Just that. It's quite spacious. But the problem is there isn't enough parking place for all the cars and two wheelers that may come.

Hrithik: When is the chief guest due to arrive?

(ÅüË. ¶«í¬ °ü¿lC. é¬E Ææ´’-ÊÆu-N’-ôçõ‰ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»-E-éÌîËa¢√∞¡x 鬮Ω’x, Cyîªvéπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√©’ E©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ûªT† ´ÆæA ™‰ü¿’.)

(´·êu-Å-AC∑ ®√¢√-Lqç-üÁ-°æ¤púø’?) Åçü¿’-´©x)

Hrithik: How are we getting around the problem?

His failure was due to his laziness =

Rithwik: I think we can take the school grounds nearby for the duration of the conference. (

(due to =

ÅûªúÕ •ü¿léπç ´©x Åûªúø’ N°∂æ-©-´’-ߪ÷uúø’. Due to Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç– àüÁjØ√ ï®Ω-í¬-Lq† Æ洒ߪ’ç. The meeting is due to start in five minutes =

Ééπ Å®·ü¿’ EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ O’öÀçí˚ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬆’çC. The train due at 14.30 = Ç È®j©’ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 2.30 èπ◊ ®√¢√L.

She is due at/ she is due to come at 10.30 =

(Ñ Ææ´’Ææu†’ ᙫ ÅCµ-í∫-N’≤ƒhç?)

ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o Ææ÷\™¸ víıçú˛q†’ Ç é¬†p¥-È®Ø˛q Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.)

Hrithik: Where is the chief guest from?

(Ñ ´·êu ÅAC∑ áéπ\-úÕ-¢√úø’?)

Rithwik: From Vizag. He lives there around the Lawson's Bay. Lawson's Bay

(Çߪ’†C ¢Ájñ«í˚. Åéπ\úø ü¿J-ü∆-°æ¤™x Öçö«úø’.)

Rithwik: He is expected to be here around 4.30 itself. He is usually punctual.

Hrithik: Shall we go and have a look around the place now? I mean the conference hall.

(Çߪ’† 4.30 Íé ´≤ƒh-úøE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Çߪ’† ´÷´‚-©’í¬ éπÈ®é˙d õ„j¢˛’Íé ´≤ƒhúø’.)

(´’†ç ¢ÁRx ã≤ƒJ Ç Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ v§ƒçí∫-ù«Eo îª÷ü∆l´÷?) Rithwik: Lets go. (¢Á∞¡ü∆ç °æü¿.)

Ç¢Á’ °æC-†o-®Ωèπ◊ ®√¢√Lq ÖçC.

v°æ-¨¡o: I. Present

Åûªúø’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éÌ-î√a-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ. b) Around three hundred people gathered in the place =

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ´‚úÌç-ü¿-©-´’çC Åéπ\úø í∫’N’-í∫÷-ú≈®Ω’.

™ îËÊÆ véπ´’ç™ Ñ v°æ¨¡o©†’ ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

What have you been done all nights? What have been you done in nights?

°j ¢√öÀ™ àC ÆæÈ®jçC? II. I watched Rama load the gun to load.

What have you been done all nights? verb, have you been done, present perfect tense, voice passive. sentence verb, be form + past parvoice passive. have been ticiple - 'be' form; done (past participle) verb, passive -

Éçü¿’-

™E

é¬E, Åçü¿’-´©x Å®Ωnç †’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-•-ú≈f´¤? ÅE Å®Ωnç ™‰E Å´¤I saw her open the letter to open. ûÓçC. í∫ ’ ®Ω ’ h ç î ª ’ é ÓçúÕ – OöÀ Å®√n-™‰-N’öÀ? ≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx≠ˇ-™ OöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø í¬Eo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 鬕öÀd, – ÅçûªöÀ °çîª-©ßª’u, ®√ïç-Ê°ô. ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç®√ü¿’. -ï-¢√-•’: I. What have you done all nights? II. I watched Rama load the gun - ÉC correct Ñ question ™ØË verb have you done, present sentence - Rama gun load îËߪ’ôç îª÷¨»†’ perfect tense ™ ÖçC. Å®·ûË all nights ÅE. ´’Sx to load Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç-™‰ü¿’. Å°æ¤p-úøC ņo-°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç ÆæJ-í¬-®√ü¿’. sentence Å´ü¿’. What have you done all the night? (®√vûªçû√ I saw her open the letter to open - I saw her àç î˨»´¤?) ÅØÁjØ√, what have you done all the open the letter (Ç¢Á’ letter open îËߪ’ôç nights? (ÅEo ®√vûª’©÷ É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ àç î˨»´¤?) îª÷¨»†’ ÅE) Åçõ‰ î√©’-í∫ü∆? ´’Sx to open ÅØÁjØ√ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. repeat îËߪ’ôç áçü¿’èπ◊? Å®Ωnç-®√ü¿’.

ûª©’°æ¤ û√∞¡ç ¢ËÆœ Öçõ‰ °æéπ\†’ç* ¢Á∞«xLq ´Ææ’hçC. b) If you go around the house, you are likely to be suspected =

ÉçöÀ ô÷d AJT ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’çõ‰ E†’o ņ’-´÷-Eç-a. ÉN ´÷´‚-©’í¬ conversation ™ NE-°œçîË around èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’. ÉN practice îËÊÆh O’ conversation simple í¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1. We've (we have) to be there around one in the afternoon =

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äçöÀ-í∫ç-ôèπ◊/ äçöÀ-í∫çô v§ƒçûªç™ ´’†ç Åéπ\úø Öçú≈L.

a) He lives somewhere around the bus station= bus station

ü¿í∫_®Ω Öçö«úø’/ ü¿J-ü∆-°æ¤™x

2. Around 200 people are expected to attend the meeting =

b) Her office is somewhere around the post office =

3. He is expected to be here around 4.30 itself =

Åûª†’ Öçö«úø’. Ç¢Á’

office post office

(á´-J-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?/ ¢Áü¿’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) (¨¡èπ◊ç-ûª© éÓÆæç)

Sudhir: For Sakuntala.

Kumud: She was around here half an hour ago. Don't know where she is now.

(Å®Ω-í∫çô éÀçü¿ Ééπ\úË/ Ñ ü¿J-ü∆°æ¤™ ÖçC. É°æ¤-úÁ-éπ\-úø’çüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.) îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, around Åçõ‰ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™/ v°æü˨¡ç ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Get around: DEE conversation ™ î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùçí¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. äéπ Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç éπ†’éÓ\-´ôç é¬F/ äéπ Ææ´’-Ææu†’ ûª°œpçîªôç ÅE é¬F Å®Ωnç. a) We can get around most of the problems in the country by population control =

ïØ√¶µ« Eߪ’ç-vûª-ù-´©x ü˨¡ Ææ´’-Ææu-©†’ î√™« -´’-ô’èπ◊ ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îª-´îª’a / (ü˨¡ Ææ´’-Ææu-©èπ◊) °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç éπ†’-éÓ\-´îª’a.

-ï-¢√-•’: 1. I won't pedal/ I can't pedal.

2. If you pedal/ If you are willing to pedal, I'll come/ go with you/ accompany you.

ûÌéπ\ôç = pedal/ cycle v°æ-¨¡o: So, very, too °æü∆-©†’ á°æ¤púø’, ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. You are very late. You are so late . You are too late . -´‚-úø÷ äéπ-õ‰Ø√? – ¨»N’L, éÌûª÷h®Ω’, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç. -ï-¢√-•’: So Åçõ‰ áçûÓ ÅE. you are so good = †’´¤y/ O’®Ω’ áçûÓ ´’ç*-¢√-úÕN/ ü∆EN/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅE Å®Ωnç. American English ™ î√™« ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. eg: Thank you so much. (O’ÈéçûÓ thanks) Very Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ÅE éπü∆. He is a good man = Åûªúø’ ´’ç*-¢√úø’ cycle

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 200 ´’çC Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ ®√´îª’a. Çߪ’† Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 4.30, Ç v§ƒçûªç™ ®√´îª’a.

ü¿í∫_-È®-éπ\úÓ ÖçC.

Kumud: Who are you looking for?

(ÂÆjéÀxçí˚ ´îª’a, é¬E ûª°œpç--éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ) 2. ' F´¤ ÂÆjéÀ™¸ ûÌÍé\ôôx®·ûË Øˆ’ ´≤ƒh†’——. - Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx≠ˇ-™ ᙫ ÅØ√™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – XE-¢√Æˇ îÁ´©, í∫’çô÷®Ω’

What have you done all nights?

a) If the door is locked, you'll have to go around the side of the house =

Around Åçõ‰ Ç îª’ô’d-°æ-éπ\©/ Åô’-¢Áj°æ¤/ Ç ü¿Jü∆°æ¤© ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

v°æ-¨¡o: 1. ' ÂÆjéÀ™¸ ûÌéπ\úøç Ø√ ´©x é¬ü¿’—

perfect continuous tense questions

Nü¿’uû˝ éÌ®Ωûª Ææ´’Ææu-†’ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îªôç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’. Go around Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç ô÷d AJT ¢Á∞¡xôç.

a) He came here around 2 o'clock =

We have to be there around .. Rithwik: Around 200 people are expected to attend the meeting. We've to receive them. To supervise the arrangements we've to be there early enough.

b) (It is) difficult to get around the power shortage problem =

4. He lives around the Lawson's Bay =

Çߪ’†

Lawson's Bay

ü¿í∫_®Ω Öçö«úø’.

5. Shall we have a look around the place now?=

Ç v°æüË-¨»Eo (Æ涵« v§ƒçí∫-ù«Eo) ã≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆l´÷? ü∆ü∆°æ¤, ü¿í∫_®Ω, ô’d-°æ-éπ\© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ around ¢√úÕ-†-îÓ-ô™«x about ¢√úø-´îª’a. Exercise: Write as many sentences as you can, on the following pattern: Subject + verb + 'wh' word + clause He

Ñ

knows

pattern

™ ´’®Ó

why

I am here

example

îª÷úøçúÕ:

Sub + verb + 'wh' word + clause She

explained

how

she found the way.

Sentence 1)

Å®Ωnç: ØËE-éπ\-úÁç-ü¿’-èπ◊-Ø√oØÓ Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’. 2) ü∆J ᙫ éπ†’-èπ◊\çüÓ Ç¢Á’ N´-Jç-*çC. – -áç-. Ææ’Í®-¨¡-Ø˛

She is a very beautiful girl =

Ç¢Á’ î√™« Åçü¿-¢Á’i† Å´÷t®·. Too Åçõ‰ ÅA. àüÁjØ√ too Åçõ‰, ÅC ÅAí¬, Å´Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅE, Åçü¿’-´©x ¢Ë’©’ éπçõ‰ éÃúË ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E. a) It is very bad = ÅC î√™« îÁúø’ – ¶µºJç-îª-´îª’a It is too bad = ÅC ÅA îÁúø’ – ¶µºJç-‰ç. b) The doctor's fee is high/ very high = Doctor fee

BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË áèπ◊\´/ î√™« áèπ◊\´. Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_®Ω ¢Ájü¿uç îË®·ç-éÓ-´îª’a.

The doctor's fee is too high =

Çߪ’† fee ´’K áèπ◊\´ (´’†ç °ô’d-éÓ-™‰-†çûª). Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_®Ω ´’†ç ¢Ájü¿uç îË®·ç--éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. very, so, too ©’ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lesson ™ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. you are so late - †’¢ÁyçûÓ Ç©Ææuç. é¬Ææh °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. you are too late - †’´¤y ´’K Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a´¤ – ï®Ω-í¬-Lq† °æE Éçéπ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’. Fèπ◊ †≠ædç.

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 4 -ï-†-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

In the conversation above-

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

ûª†’ Èí©’--èπ◊†o prize N≠æߪ’ç NÆætߪ’ îÁ°œp†-°æ¤púø’ v°æùߪ’ ÅGµ-†ç-CÆæ÷h ņo ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç:

254

Pranaya: Well, how did the inter collegiate debate contest go yesterday? debate Vismaya: It went off very well. We had an exciting time. The judges had a tough time picking up the prize winners.

(E†o Åçûª®˝ éπ∞«-¨»©©

§Úöà ᙫ ïJ-TçC?)

(î√™« ¶«í¬ ïJ-TçC. î√™« Öûª’q-éπûª éπL-Tç-*çC. •£æ›´’A Èí©’îª’èπ◊ØË¢√-∞¡x†’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç Ø√uߪ’-E-Í®g-ûª-©èπ◊ éπ≠dçæ Å®·uçC.) Pranaya: The results? (°∂æL-û√©’?) Vismaya: As expected. Our college team won the best team prize. College team

(ņ’-èπ◊-†oõ‰d. ´÷ Èí©’--èπ◊çC.)

Öûªh´’ ïô’d •£æ›-´’A

Pranaya: Aren't you a member of your college team? I know you are. Congrats. I'm really happy.

a) Congrats. I am really happy. b) Hei, that's fine. congrats again. c) That's fantastic. d) I am really delighted. e) Keep it up. f) Really? that's most encouraging, I must say. Congratulating.

ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç: á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ ≤ƒCµç-*-†-°æ¤púø’, ´’†ç ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úøf°æ¤púø’, ≤ƒCµç-*-†-¢√-JE ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îª-ö«-EéÀ, Congrats Åçö«ç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æ‹Jh ´÷ôí¬ congratulations Åçö«ç. Congrats/ Congratulations ûª®√yûª on ÅØË preposition ¢√úøû√ç. Congrats for ÅØËC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. é¬Ææh formal í¬ ÅØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË expressions: 1) Let me congratulate you on ... 2) Accept my congratulation on ... 3) Please accept my congratulations on ... 4) Do accept my congratulation on ... congratulations formal May I congratulate you on ...

*†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx ûª´’-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ °j Nüµ¿çí¬ í¬ Å®·ûË– Éçé¬

îÁ•’-û√®Ω’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: I. Teacher won't have their children play in the rain. Teacher won't let their children play in the rain Teacher won't get their children to play in the rain.

°j ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’, ¶µ‰ü∆-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. II. He will not have me doing any job =

Çߪ’† ''Ø√îËûª à °æE îË®·ç-îª-E-´yúø’.—— ''Çߪ’† ††’o à °æE îËÆæ’-éÓ-E-´yúø’.—— Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? III. O’®Ω’ äéπ-J-îËûª äéπ-°æE îË®·ç--éÌØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ make, have, get Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’. Ñ ´‚úÕçöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç î√™« í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ-∞¡çí¬ ÖçC. Ñ ´‚úÕçöÀ ´’üµ¿u ¶µ‰ü∆Eo, à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’u™« N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. IV. I will get to know

Hei, Congrats.

I will get him to know.

ï-¢√-•’:

Å®Ωnç, ¶µ‰ü¿ç ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. – ®ΩN, N’®√u-©-í∫÷úø, †™Ô_çúø >™«x.

I. Teacher won't have their children play in the rain.

(O’ college team ™ †’´¤y member é¬ü∆? †’´¤y member ÅE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC.)

Vismaya: I got the best speaker award too.

(Ø√èπ◊ Öûªh´’ ´éπh •£æ›-´’A èπÿú≈ ´*açC.)

Pranaya: Hei, that's fine. Congrats again. That's great news. congrats. Vismaya: I may tell you too that this is the third time in a row that I got the best speaker award.

(î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. ´’Sx

ÅC íÌ°æp N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’)

(ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒpL. ؈’ Öûªh´’ ´éπh •£æ›-´’A §Òçü¿ôç ÉC ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ ´‚úÓ-≤ƒJ.)

Pranaya: That's fantastic. I am really delighted. Keep it up.

(î√™« Åü¿’s¥ûªç. Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ Ç†ç-ü¿çí¬ ÖçC. É™«Íí é̆≤ƒ-Tç.)

Vismaya: Not I'm proud of it, but since my debut three years ago, I've been getting some prize or the other in which ever debate contest I spoke.

(Åçõ‰ í∫®Ωyçí¬ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç é¬ü¿’-í¬F, ´‚úË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô ¢Á·ôd¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ §ƒ™Ô_†o°æpöÀ †’ç* ؈’ ´÷ö«x-úÕ† v°æA §ÚöÙ†÷ àüÓ äéπ •£æ›-´’A Èí©’--èπ◊ç-ô÷ØË ÖØ√o.) debut - î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´÷ô, î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¢√úø’ûª’çö«ç. DE pronunciation È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Öçô’çC. 1) úÁß˝’•÷u – 'úÁ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç 2) úÁ•÷u – 'úÁ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç 3) úÁß˝’•÷u – '•÷u— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 4) úÕ•÷u – '•÷u— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç: éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’© ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ v°æü¿-®Ωz†/ ®Ωçí∫ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç. †ô’©’, Ø√ôuçîËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx, véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’© ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ v°æü¿-®Ωz†/ Å®ΩçÍívôç.

Pranaya: Really? That's most encouraging, I must say. Keep it up.

(Å´¤Ø√? î√™« v§Úû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. Å™«Íí é̆-≤ƒ-Tç.)

Vismaya: Oh, thank you so much. Pranaya: At this rate you are on your way to being a great speaker. speaker Vismaya: I'm not so sure of that, but I shall at least be good at communication when I enter a career.

(ÉüËB®Ω’ é̆-≤ƒ-TûË †’¢Óy íÌ°æp

í¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-û√´¤.)

(ÅüË¢Á÷ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, é¬F àüÁjØ√ ÖüÓuí∫ç, ´%Ah™ v°æ¢ËPç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ communication ™ ØË®Ω’pç-ô’çC.) Communication skills are important for any career now. (É°æ¤púø’ à career ™ØÁjØ√ communication skills ´·êuç. career - pron. éπKߪ’/ éπJ – 'éπ— ØÌéÀ\°æ©’èπ◊û√ç – ´%Ah, ÖüÓu-í¬©’)

Pranaya: That's good. When you speak next time, let me know. I am eager to listen to you at a debate competition at the earliest opportunity.

(´’ç*C. Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’. Ñ≤ƒJ ¢ÁçôØË ´îËa Å´-é¬-¨¡ç™ F speech NØ√-©E Çvûªçí¬ ÖØ√o.)

Vismaya: I will. Pranaya: OK, bye.

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-*çC– NÆætߪ’ v°æA¶µº†’ -v°æ-ù-ߪ’-†’ ÅGµ-†çCç-îªúøç, v§Úûªq-£œ«ç-îªúøç (congratulating and encouraging). ÅçûË -é¬-èπ◊çú≈ 'at' preposition ¢√úøéπç. NNüµ¿ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©èπ◊ ûªT† expressions English ™ ¢ËÍ®y-®Ω’í¬ Öçö«®·.

Allow me to offer my congratulations on ... effective heartiest/ warmest congratulation

ÉçéÌçîÁç í¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Åçö«ç. ¶«í¬ ’-´¤†o¢√∞¡x†÷, ´’†-éπçõ‰ *†o-¢√-∞¡x†’ ÅGµ-†ç-CçîË Nüµ∆†ç:

a) Hei, Congrats. b) Congrats on your excellent performance/ achievement/ distinction. c) Congrats. Keep it up. d) That's splendid, congrats.

¢Á·ü¿öÀ N≠æߪ’ç: Ééπ\úø 'Teacher' countable singular - Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆E´·çü¿’, 'A' é¬E 'The' é¬F éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈L. È®çúÓC.. Their children ÅE ÖçC éπü∆– Their Åçõ‰ á´J children ÅE? ÅC clear í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’úø癉ü¿’ 鬕öÀd the children Åçõ‰ ambiguity (Ææç-Cí∫l¥ç) Öçúøü¿’.

ÅGµ†ç-ü¿-†-ûÓ-§ƒô’ v§Úûªq-£œ«ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’ É™« Öçö«®·. a) Nice/ fantastic/ terrific b) That's really great of you c) Happy to hear that d) It makes me very happy to hear that e) I appreciate that f) I wonder if at your age, I could've done as well.

(F ´ßª’-Ææ’™ ؈’ †’´¤y îËÆœ-†çûª/ ≤ƒCµç-*-†çûª ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫-©-¢√-úÕØ√/ ü∆EØ√ ÅE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥í¬ °j ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕûË ´’† conversation î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. -É-¢Ë ¢√ú≈-©E rule àç ™‰ü¿’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x à ´÷õ„jØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Éçé¬ É™«-èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. a) You're doing fine; you can do even better: î√™« ¶«í∫’çC, Éçé¬ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ îËߪ’-í∫-©´¤. b) Lovely/ wonderful c) Come on, go ahead. (¶«í∫’çC, é¬Fß˝’) d) Go on! Keep at it! (†’´¤y îËÊÆC ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. é̆-≤ƒ-Tç.) e) That makes me very glad. f) I wish I could do as well. practice conversation correct

ÉN ¶«í¬ èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË

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(؈çûª ¶«í¬ îËߪ’í∫LTûË áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC!) îËÊÆh ´’† ™ ¶µ«í∫¢Á’i ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. ☺

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at expressions 1. At this rate a) At this rate, it will take another decade for India to be totally literate =

É°æ¤púø’

ûÓ ´îËa éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ Å®·ûË, Ñ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x, É™«Íí é̆-≤ƒ-TûË

v°æÆæ’hûª/ Ñ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x/ É°æ¤púø’ Ñ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x/ É™«Íí é̆≤ƒ-TûË, ¶µ«®Ωû˝ °æ‹Jhí¬ Åéπ~-®√-Ææuûª §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ ÉçéÓ °æüË∞¡Ÿx °æúø’-ûª’çC. decade - úÁÈé-ß˝’ú˛ – °æüË∞¡x 鬩ç Literate = Lô-Jö¸ – Åéπ~-®√-Ææ’uúø’/ Åéπ~-®√-Ææ’u-™„j†

b) This is how he studies. If he continues at this rate, I wonder if he will pass. = pass 2. Good at, bad at, etc. good at, great at, clever at, smart at, etc a) Tendulkar is good at bating = bat b) She is clever at maths = c) They are great at medicine =

ÉD Oúø’ îªü¿-´ôç/ îªC¢Ë B®Ω’. É™« é̆-≤ƒ-TûË, Å´¤-û√ú≈ ÅØËC ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. ÅÆæ©’ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ íÌ°æp Å®·ûË, Åçö«ç. ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒhúø’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ™„éπ\©’ ¶«í¬ ´îª’a. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç ¶«í¬ ´îª’a/ ¢Ájü¿u ®Ωçí∫ç™ íÌ°æp¢√®Ω’. bad at - °j ¢√öÀéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç. a) He is bad at maths = Åûª-úÕéÀ í∫ùÀûªç ®√ü¿’ b) They are bad at dancing = ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ø√ôuç ®√ü¿’. EXERCISE Practise as many sentences on the following as possible. a) The earlier you start, the better.

(†’´¤y áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË Åçûª ´’ç*C)

b) The harder you work, the better are your chances of success.

(áçûª éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îËÊÆh, Nï-ߪ÷-´-é¬-¨»©’ Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·.)

1. The teacher won't have the children play in the rain

Åçõ‰ °œ©x©’ ´®Ω{ç™ Çúø’-éÓ-´ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’/ Ç¢Á’ ä°æ¤p-éÓü¿’/ Ç¢Á’ °œ©xLo ´®Ω{ç™ Çúø’-éÓ-E-´yü¿’ ÅE Å®Ωnç. OöÀ™ à Å®Ωn-¢Á’iØ√ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Çúø’-éÓ-E-´yü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç áèπ◊\´ Ææ’p¥J-Ææ’hçC. 2. The teacher won't let the children play in the rain Åçõ‰ Teacher °œ©xLo ´®Ω{ç™ Çúø’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ņ’-´’-Aç-îªü¿’ = Çúø’-éÓ-E-´yü¿’ ÅE Å®Ωnç. 3. The teacher won't get the children to play in the rain teacher get

DEéÀ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç °œ©xLo ´®Ω{ç™ Çúø-E-´yü¿’ ÅØË. †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ ¶µ«´ç ûÁ©-§ƒ-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Tçîªç. àüÁjØ√ á´-J-îË-ûª-ØÁjØ√ îË®·ç-î√®Ω’ ÅØË positive Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË get ¢√úøû√ç. II. Çߪ’† ††’o à °æ-F îËÆæ’-éÓ-E-´yúø’ = He doesn't let me do any work/ He doesn't allow me to do any work. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ 'à °æE îË®·ç-îª-E-´y-úø’—èπ◊ 'îËÆæ’éÓE´y-úø’—èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC éπ∫ü∆. He will not have me doing any job Åçõ‰ Çߪ’† †ØËo°æE îËÆæ’-éÓ-E-´yúø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. -Ø√îËûª à °æF îË®·ç-îªúø’ ÅØË Å®Ωn¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. III. He makes her clean the room everyday =

Ç¢Á’ îËûª í∫C ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îË®·-≤ƒhúø’. (Ç¢Á’èπ◊ É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ – Ç¢Á’ É≥ƒd-E≥ƒd-©ûÓ EN’ûªhç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) He has her clean the room everyday = Room Ç¢Á’-îËûª clean îË®·-≤ƒhúø’ = He makes her clean the room everyday. È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. He gets her to clean the room = Ç¢Á’†’ °œL-°œç* room clean îË®·ç-î√úø’. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ç °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç É≠ædç Öçúø-´îª’a. He got a near by mechanic to repair the fan = Fan repair mechanic repair

îË®·ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o †’ °œL-°œç--èπ◊E/ °œL-°œç* îË®·ç-î√úø’. IV. I will get to know = ؈’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌç-ö«†’/ ᙫíÓ äéπ-™«í∫’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’/ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. I will get him to know = ¢√úÕéÀ ûÁL-ÊÆ-ôô’x îË≤ƒh†’/ ûÁL-ߪ’ -°æ-®Ω’-≤ƒh†’ (Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬).

– -áç. Ææ’Í®-¨¡-Ø˛

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 6 -ï-†-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

255

Prabhav: What's happened to you all these days? (You're) not to be seen at all.

(ÉEo ®ÓV©÷ à´’-ߪ÷u´¤ †’´¤y?/ à¢Á’içC Fèπ◊? – ÉC ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª ÆæÈ®j† °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô-é¬ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ éπE°œç-îª-úøç-™‰ü¿’) Vibhav: (I've) been very much here only. I've been very busy preparing for my Civils.

(Ééπ\úË ÖØ√o†’. ÆœN-™¸qèπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤ûª÷ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ à癉ü¿’.) Ééπ\úø only, Åçõ‰ the only thing is èπ◊ shortform. Å®Ωnç – Åçûª-éπçõ‰ à癉ü¿’ – ÅE. Civils = Civil services exams = IAS, IPS ´çöÀ °æK-éπ~©’.

NNüµ¿ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úË standard expressions îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îª-ö«-EéÀ (congratulate) èπ◊, v§Úûªq-£œ«ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ (encouraging) èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† expressions ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Ñ≤ƒJ ´’†ç äéπJE üËE-ÈéjØ√ °œ©-´-ö«-EéÀ/ Ç£æ…yEç-îª-ö«-EéÀ, Åçü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰Æœ °œ©’-°æ¤†’ Åçü¿’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË expressions ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. äéπJE °œ©-´-ö«-EéÀ/ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË standard expressions:

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ’´‹, Ææyûªçvûªç Ö†o¢√-∞¡x†’ °œ©-´-ö«-EéÀ, Åçõ‰ ´’†ç informal í¬ ÖçúË¢√-∞¡x†’ °œL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ (Ç£æ…y-Eç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊) ¢√úË expressions èπÿ, ´’†ç Åçûª Ææyûªçvûªç, ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E, ´’®√uü¿ ¶«í¬ îª÷§ƒ-Lq† Åçõ‰ formal Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úË expressions èπÿ î√™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC. ÅN ¢Ë®Ω÷, ÉN ¢Ë®Ω÷. ¢Á·ü¿ô ´’†ç Ææyûªçvûªç BÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-LT, ’-´¤í¬ Ö†o-¢√∞¡x N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, Åçõ‰ informal situation ™ ¢√úË expressions îª÷ü∆lç.

2

e) If you don't mind =

O’èπ◊ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË/ O’Í®-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË 5. Éçé¬ formal invitation - ¶«í¬ ´’®√uü¿ °æ‹®Ωyéπ¢Á’i† °œ©’-°æ¤©’: a) We should/ We'd like to have the pleasure of your company/ presence at the meeting tomorrow =

O’®Ω’ Í®°æ¤ meeting èπ◊ ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√-©E ´÷ éÓJéπ. (ÉC î√™« íı®Ω-´-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ °œ©-´ôç – £æ«Ùü∆™/ ´ßª’-Ææ’q™/ ≤Úh´’-ûª™ ´’†-éπØ√o °ü¿l-¢√-JE É™« °œ©’≤ƒhç.) b) We should/ We'd (We would) be highly delighted if you could attend the function =

O’®Ω’ function èπ◊ ®√í∫-L-TûË ´÷èπ◊ ÅN’-û√†çü¿ç. ûª°æp-éπ-®ΩçúÕ.

Hope you don't mind .. Prabhav: Meeting you, though after a long time, makes me very happy. Let's celebrate our meeting. (Would you) care for some snacks and coffee in any eatery nearby?

(E†’o î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª®·Ø√ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ´ôç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ´’† éπ©®·-éπ†’ °æçúøí¬_ îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o °∂æ©-£æ…-®Ω-¨»-©™ àüÁjØ√ AE 鬰∂‘ û√í∫ôç É≠æd¢Ë’Ø√?) celebrate (an occasion) = àüÁjØ√ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo ¢Ëúø’-éπí¬ E®Ωy-£œ«ç--éÓ-´úøç. Vibhav: That'd be really nice and I am hungry too. Let's see where we can find a good restaurant.

(î√™« ¶«í∫’çC, Ø√èπ◊ Çéπ-Lí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ´’ç* È®≤ƒd-È®çö¸ áéπ\úø ÖçüÓ îª÷ü∆lç.) Prabhav: What'd (What would) you like to eat? This place is good for poori. Nothing to beat its hot, puffed up poories with potato curry to go with it.

(àç AØ√-©-†’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o´¤? Ñ È®≤ƒdÈ®çö¸™ °æ‹J î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. ¢ËúÕí¬, §ÒçT† °æ‹K©’, ü∆EéÀ Dõ„j† •çí¬-∞«-ü¿’ç°æ èπÿ®Ωèπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç àD-™‰ü¿’) Vibhav: Then Let's have it. That's something after my heart.

(ÅC BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ÅC Ø√éÀ≠dçæ .) Ø√éÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’içC. something after his heart = Åûª-úÕéÀ É≠æd¢Á’içC. After my heart =

Prabhav: By the way, now that we've met let me tell you this. Some of us are planning a trip to Ajanta. Why don't you join us?

1. How about/ What about. invite expressions

ÉC î√™« informal í¬ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ’´¤ ÉN. Ö†o¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ¢√úË a) How about joining us for a picnic?

´÷ûÓ °œéÀoé˙Íé´’Ø√o ´≤ƒh¢√? b) What about (making it to) a dinner tomorrow?

Í®°æ¤ úÕ†o®˝èπ◊ ´≤ƒh¢√?/ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿÷? (ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ ®√ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÆæÈ®j† Ç£æ…y†ç ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ úÕ†o®˝èπ◊ ´≤ƒh¢√? ņç éπü∆. úÕ†o-®˝èπ◊ ®√ ÅØËüË ÆæÈ®j† °œ©’°æ¤. é¬F English ™ How about (´îËa-ü¿’ç-ü∆/ ´≤ƒh¢√? ņôç) î√™« common.) 2. Why don't you ...? ÉC èπÿú≈ î√™« informal invitation èπ◊ ¢√úË expression. a) Why don't you attend my sister's birthday party coming Friday?

´îËa ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç ´÷ sister °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV party éÀ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿’? (Åçõ‰ '®Ω´’tE— Å®Ωnç) b) Why don't you make it for tea tomorrow evening?

Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ Éçöx tea BÆæ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√. 3. Please ... ÉC éÌClí¬ formal. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç Åçûªí¬ ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E ´uèπ◊h-©ûÓ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îËô-°æ¤púø’, ¢√∞¡x†’ °œL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË °æü¿ç. a) Please come home for a party tomorrow evening.

Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ Éçöx §ƒKdéÀ ®ΩçúÕ/ ®Ω´’tE éÓ®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç. b) Please make it to the function. Don't fail. function

ûª°æpéπ ®ΩçúÕ Å™«Íí ´’J-éÌçîÁç

formal

èπ◊. í¬ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªôç:

4. Would you mind/ Would you care to/ Would you like to ... ?

Vibhav: Oh, that's really fine. I am really delighted. When is this trip to be?

a) Would you mind attending a small function at the Taj tomorrow?

(î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC. á°æ¤púŒ v°æߪ÷ùç?)

Í®°æ¤ Taj Hotel ™ ïJÍí *†o function èπ◊ ûª°æp-éπ-®ΩçúÕ. (ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç – ´îËaçü¿’Íé´’Ø√o Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç Öçü∆? ÅE.) mind = (´·êuçí¬ question form ™/ not ûÓ) Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç.

Prabhav: The first week of next month. Angiras is looking after the reservations and other arrangements.

(´îËa ØÁ© ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç. ÇçU-®ΩÆˇ, reservations, N’í∫û√ ´u´-£æ…-®√©’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çô’-Ø√oúø’.) Vibhav: Thank you for the chance of some nice time.

(Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úÕÊ° Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo éπLpç-*†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Fèπ◊ ü∑∆çé˙q.) ☺

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b) Would you mind telling me your name? =

O’ Ê°®Ω’ îÁ§ƒh®√? (Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ω´÷?) c) (Would you) mind my sitting here? =

ØËE-éπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-´î√a? (O’éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ω´÷?) d) Hope you don't mind my saying this =

ØËF ´÷ô Åçõ‰ O’Íé Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«/ O’Í®-´’-†’-éÓ-®Ω-†’èπ◊çö«.

°j ¢√é¬u™xE Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

3. As they entered the house, they ask for drinking water. As because / since sentence As As

ÅÆæ©’

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç

éπü∆?

™ èπ◊ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? °j ¢ËÊÆh ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çü∆?

†’ BÆœ-

Owing to his careless, he fell down. sentences careless carelessness, correct. due to = owing to. due to sentence begin It was due to ... correct. due to 'be' form eg: His failure was (be form) due to his laziness = he failed owing to his laziness. begin clause It was due to begin that It was due to his careless, he fell down - It was due to his carelessness, that he failed. clause, that begin 2. Hardly did the peon ring the bell when the boys left the class = Scarcely did the peon ring the bell when the boys left the class = No sooner did the peon ring the bell than the boys left the class = As soon as the peon rang the bell the boys left the class = peon class sentences left to the class Left for the class Left the class = class = class

°j È®çúø’ ûª°æ¤p.

1) How about/

1) Would you like to ...

2) We'd like to have the pleasure of ... 2) Why don't you ...?/ Why can't you ... ? 3) Please ... What about

4) Please do us the favour of ...

5) We'd like you to ... 5) We'd like to have the 6) Would you mind ...? 7) Hope you mind ...

Å®√n-©†’, éÌEo

ï-¢√-•’: 1. It was due to his careless he fell down.

Formal

don't

ÉO formal and informal invitations (Ç£æ…y-Ø√©’ – ’-´¤†o¢√∞¡xûÓ/ ™‰E¢√∞¡xûÓ) èπ◊ ¢√úË standard expressions. ÉN ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English

îµ√ߪ’: ´÷ߪ÷, Í®°æ¤ Ø√ °æ¤öÀd-†-®Óñ‰. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ®√. ´÷ߪ’: éπ*aûªçí¬ ´≤ƒh. Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçC. îµ√ߪ’: O’ Å¢Á’t-éπ\úø? Ç¢Á’†’ èπÿú≈ °œ©-¢√-©-†’çC. ´÷ߪ’: Ééπ\úË ÖçC. îÁ°æ¤p. îµ√ߪ’: Aunty, (ÉC ÆæÈ®j† English é¬ü¿’.) O’®Ω÷´ÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. ´÷ߪ’-ûªLx: ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√-©ØË ÖçC, é¬E ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE ÖçC Í®°æ¤. ´÷ߪ’ ´Ææ’hç-C™‰. îµ√ߪ’: ´÷ߪ’ ´÷ ÉçöxØË ®√vAéÀ ÖçúÕ§ÚûË O’Íéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? ´÷ߪ’-ûªLx: Å™«Íí. ANSWER Chaya: Tomorrow is my birth day. Do come. Maya: I'll certainly make it. I remembered your birthday. Chaya: Where's you mom. I'd like to invite her too. Maya: There she is. Tell her. Chaya: (to Maya's mother) I'd be delighted/ pleased/ happy if you could attend my birthday party. Maya's mother: I'd like to, very much, but I've some work. Maya will be there. Chaya: (Would you) mind if Maya stays at my place/ with me for the night? Maya's mother: It's OK.

Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? – á¢Á’t-≤ƒq®˝, ´’ç*-®√u©-

Informal

4) I'd like you to ...

Owing to his careless, he fell down. due to, owing to 2. Hardly did the peon ring the bell, when the boys left to the class. Scarcely did the peon ring the bell, when the boys left to the class. Hardly, Scarcely

°j ¢√é¬u™x

4. Thinking is driven by questions. driven

INVITATIONS

3) Do come for ...

v°æ-¨¡o: 1. It was due to his careless, he fell down.

™

È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç ûÓ Åçü¿’-´©x ÅE. Å®·ûË îËߪ’ôç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’®√-Æœ-†ô’x ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ®√¢√L.

Åçõ‰

ûÓ

Å-E îËÊÆh, È®çúÓ Å´¤-ûª’çC.

ÉC

Öçú≈-Lq† B®Ω’

È®çúÓ Å´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

ûÓ

(•çvöûª’) í∫çô-éÌ-öÀd† ¢ÁçôØË/ éÌöÃd-éÌ-ôd-éπ-´-C-™‰-¨»®Ω’. (-O’ ´·çüË °œ©x©’ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ™ èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. †’ç* ´îËa-¨»®Ω’.)

Some more examples: a) Hardly did he buy the tickets when the movie began = Scarcely did he buy the tickets when the movie began = Tickets movie b) Hardly did the school close when all the boys rushed home = school

é̆o ¢ÁçôØË

v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC.

Å®·-§Ú-í¬ØË °œ©x©’ É∞¡xèπ◊ °æ®Ω’Èí-û√h®Ω’. 3. As Åçõ‰ because/ since ÅØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ (àüÁjØ√ N≠æߪ’ç) ïJ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. a) As he walked along the street, he met his uncle =

®Óúø’f ¢Áç•úÕ †úø’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡x ´÷´’-ߪ’u†’ éπL-¨»úø’.

b) As they entered the house, they asked (ask for drinking water =

Ééπ\úø ûª°æ¤p) ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÉçöxéÀ v°æ¢Ë-P-Ææ÷h/ -v°æ-¢Ë-P-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤p-úø’/- v°æ-¢Ë-Pç-îªí¬ØË ´’ç*F∞¡x-úÕ-í¬®Ω’.

4. Thinking is driven by questions: past participle. Drive Driven, drive is driven drive sentence is sendriven tence

èπ◊ Åçõ‰ Åçõ‰ ûÓ©ûÓ©ôç ÅE ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. Åçõ‰ vÊ°Í®-°œç-îªôç •-úø’-ûª’çC ÅE. Å®·ûË ™ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. O’ éÀ Å®Ωnç vÊ°Í®-°œç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’çC ÅE. Å®Ωnç, Ç™- v°æ¨¡o©-´-©x vÊ°Í®-°œç-îª-•-úø’ûª’çC ÅE. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ v°æ¨¡o©’ Ç™-†’ vÊ°Í®-°œ-≤ƒh-®·/- Í®-Èé-Ah-≤ƒh®· ÅE. Åçõ‰ v°æ¨¡o©’ ´’†Lo Ç™-*ç°æñ‰≤ƒh®· ÅE.

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 8 -ï-†-´-J 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

256

á´-JéÀ †îªaE- ü- ûjÁ Ë ü∆Eo-•öÀd ¢√úø´- a. conversation™ ÉC î√™« common expression – not my cup of tea ÅØËC O’ conversation™ ¢√úøçúÕ. ● film music is not his cup of tea. He like classical music.

Bhas: The Sabarimala season has started, hasn't it?

(¨¡•J- ´- ’© ߪ÷vû√ Æ洒ߪ’ç ´îËaÆ- çœ C éπü∆?)

(Åûªú- ’ø éÀ film ÆæçUûªç É≠æçd ™‰ü¿’. ¨»Æ‘ß Y ª’ ÆæçUûªç É≠æ°-d ú-æ û-ø √úø’) Vyas: Let's not compel him.

Vyas: It has of course. But why are you asking?

(Å´¤†’. áçü¿’è- π◊ Å- ú- ’ø í∫’û- ª’Ø- √o´¤?) Bhas: You go there every year. wondering why you don't have your black clothes and mala on this year yet.

(v°Aæ ≤- ƒ-K ¢Á∞«h´¤ éπü∆ †’´¤y. Ñ≤ƒ-Jçé¬ †©x •ôd©÷, ´÷™« ¢ËÆæ’é- Ó-™ü-‰ çË ö« ÅE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o†’.) Vyas: I propose to be on deeksha from this Saturday onwards that's when I will have the mala on. A few others and I are going,

(

Å-ûú-ª E-Õ ´- ’-†ç •©-´çûªç îËß·Á ü- ¿’™l )‰ . éÀçü- ¿ö- À lesson ™ ´’†ç °œ©’°æ¤†- èπ◊ (Ç£æ…y-Eç-îö-ª «EéÀ)¢√úË formal and informal expressions îª÷¨»çéπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ Ç£æ…y-Ø√Eo ´’Eoç-îö-ª «-EéÀ, Æ‘yéπJ- ç-îö-ª «-EéÀ (accepting an invitation) A®ΩÆ - æ \J- ç-îö-ª «-EéÀ (rejecting an invitation), formal and informal ¢√úË expressions îª÷ü∆lç. ´’†ç-ü¿J- éà ûÁLÆ- †œ informal expression, invitations accept î -ß -Ë ª’ú- ≈-EéÀ:

2

(à-¢Á’Ø i √ ØË®√-™†‰ ’. †’´¤y é¬EîËaß˝’) É°æ¤ú’ø Ç- £æ…y-Ø- √-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡™-x é-‰ π§- Ú-´ôç formal í¬ á™« îÁ§ƒp™ îª÷ü∆l´÷! formal í¬ Åçõ‰ ´’†-éπçõ‰ ´ßª’Ææ’™, £æ«Ùü∆™, ≤Ún´’-û™ª , °ü¿-l ¢√∞¡Ÿx °œL*- †-°¤æ ú’ø Ææ’Eo-ûçª í¬ A®ΩÆ- æ \Jç-îö-ª «-EéÀ ¢√úË expressions É°æ¤ú’ø îª÷ü∆lç.

-v°æ. Will, Would èπ◊ ûËú≈- à-N’-öÀ?

1) Pridhvi: Mr Varun, please attend as a small get together tomorrow evening at my place.

(´÷ Éçöx Í®´¤ ïJÍí *†o ûª°pæ é- π®- ΩçúÕ)

party

éÀ

(††’o í∫’®Ω’hçî- ª’è- π◊E °œL- *- †ç-ü¿’èπ◊ thanks. é¬E éπ~N’ç-î√L. Í®°æ¤ Ø√èπ◊ ´·êu-¢Á’i†

Either of you can go out, Either way , it is good. Either or

°j -¢√éπuç-™ or -™‰-ü¿’ éπ-ü∆ - Öç--õ‰ - Öç-ú≈-L éπ-ü∆ -°j -¢√éπuç -Å®√n-Eo -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. -v°æ. È®ç-úø’ í∫-ûª Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©’ -ï-J-T-†°æ¤p-úø’ -¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ-ü∆-Eo simple past -™  È®ç-úÓ-ü∆-Eo past perfect -™  îÁ-§ƒp-™«? When I was arrived the station, the train had left.

It is not my cup of tea... how about joining us this time?

(Ñ ¨¡E¢- √®Ωç †’ç* Déπ~™ Öçö«†’. ´÷© ¢ËÆæ’è- π◊ç-ö«†’. ؈’ ´’J éÌçü¿®Ωç ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. †’´¤y ´≤ƒh¢√? Bhas: That's precisely why I am asking. I'd like to go with you this time. How are you going?

(Åçü¿’é- Ó-Æ¢æ ’Ë Åúø’í- ∫’û- ª’Ø- √o†’. ؈’ FûÓ ®√¢√©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ᙫ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ- √o´¤? (precisely: v°Âœ ÆjÆ–x‘ éπ*a-ûç ª í¬ Åçü¿’Íé)

I'll certainly come /I'll be there, and on time time etc.

1. Thank you I'd be very much there. (thank you.

Vyas: A long trek of around 45 km up the hill and down the valley through the jungle, across fords and burns. Why don't you join?

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 45 éÀ.O’. †úøéπ– éÌçúø™- é„ \À , ™ߪ’™- xéÀ CT, ¢√í∫’©’ ´çéπ©’ ü∆ô’ûª÷ ¢- ∞-Á «xL- . ´÷ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√èπÿú- ü-ø ¿’?) valley- ™ߪ’ ford= ¢√í∫’, burn= °œ©x 鬩’´ Bhas: That sounds quite exciting, though strencious.

(v¨¡´’ûÓ èπÿúÕ†- ü- †-jÁ °- pæ ö- éÀ à Öûª’qéπûª éπLT- ≤- ÚhçC) (´≤ƒh¢√?)

Vyas: Joining us?

Bhas: Certainly. I am game for it.

(ûª°pæ è- π◊çú≈ ؈’ Æœü¿¢¥l ’Ë ) Vyas: Here comes our friend Prabhas.

(-´’-† N- ’-vûª’ú- ’ø v- °¶-æ «µ Æˇ- ´Ææ’hØ- √o-ú’ø ) Bhas: Let's ask him if he will come too.

(¢√úø÷ ´≤ƒhú- ¢Ë ÷Á Åúø’í- ∫’ü∆ç) Vyas: We are going on Sabarimala pilgrimage. How about being one of us?

(¢Ë’ç ¨¡•J- ´- ’© ߪ÷vûèª π◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. ´÷ûÓ ´≤ƒh¢√?) Prabhas: Sorry. Count me out.

(†ØÌo-C™- ß -‰ ª’çúÕ) Bhas: Come on Prabhas let's enjoy it together.

(v°¶æ «µ Æˇ Åçü¿®Ωç Ææ®Ωü- ∆í¬ ¢Á∞Ô}ü∆lç) Prabhas: Sorry, cold baths, meal just once a day and the ritual are not-my cup of tea

(®√¢√-©E ¶«í¬ éÓJ-éπí¬ ÖçC é¬E ®√™‰†’) b) You wouldn't mind l may not making it/ coming, would you? I have some work.

ûª°pæ éπ ´≤ƒh†’. Ø√éπC î√™« É≠æçd ).

Really? I am there certainly =

(Ø√èπ◊ °æ†’çC. ؈’ ®√™‰é- π§- ÚûË O’Í®´- ’-†’-éÓ®Ω’ éπü∆?)

(

Å-´¤Ø√?؈- ’ ûª°pæ éπ Öçö«†’/ ´≤ƒh†’).

Thank you so much / very much. with pleasure = Thank you.

4.

ÆæçûÓ-≠çæ í¬ ´≤ƒh.

(é¬ü¿E Åçö«Ø√?)= (ûª°pæ éπ ´≤ƒh†- E) É™« Ææçü¿®- √s¥E- éÀ ûªT† informal expressions à-¢ØjÁ √ ¢√úø´îª’a. ÉN informal Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ’-´¤çúË ¢√∞¡x Ç£æ…y-Ø√Eo Æ‘yéπJ- çîË N-ü∆µ †- ç Éçé¬ informal í¬ üµ¿yEç-î√-©ç-õ‰ Ñ - éÀçC- ¢- √-öE-À î- ª÷ú- çø ú- .Õ 6. You bet I am there = ؈é- π\úø Öçúøôç/ ®√´ôç EÆæqç-ü£Ë «æ ç. 7. I am game for it = ؈’ Æœü¿ç¥l . I am game for it Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ informal. 8. I won't say no, surely (éπ*a-ûç ª í¬ é¬ü¿’ ņ†’) ÉO Informal (°œLîË, °œL°- çœ î- ª’è- π◊ØË ¢√∞¡x ´’üµ¿u Ö†o ’´‹, Ææyûªçv- û√Eo •öÀ)d °œ©’-°¤æ †’ ´- ’-Eoçîªö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. É°æ¤púø’ Ç£æ…y-Ø√Eo ´’Eoç-î™-ª é‰ π§Ú´-ö«EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç. 1. Sorry, I can't come / can't make it. 2. How I'd like, very much, but I can't come.

(®√¢√-©E áçûª’çüÓ, é¬F ®√™‰†’) 3.

Thank you

°œL*- †- ç-ü¿’èπ◊)

éÌ≤ƒh†- E

Can't we have it on some other occasion? No way, old boy. You have to make do without me= (

™«¶µºç ™‰ü¿’ /´îËaN- ü- ¿µçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. ØË®√-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË †’´¤y í∫úÊ-Õ °-Ææ’é- Ó-¢√L.) ● old boy = ´’† v°ß œ ª’ N’vûª’©†’ Ææç¶- µ C- çîË B®Ω’. 7. Not a chance, I'm taking mom to

(؈’ ®√™‰†- E ¶«üµ¿°- ú-æ ’ø û- ª’Ø√o.) regret = *çAç-îú -ª çø . e) It's very kind of you, but I regret I have to disappoint you. =

O’ ü¿ß - ª’èπ◊ î√™« üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’, é¬F N’´’tLo E®√¨¡°®æ Ωaéπ ûª°pæ ú- çø ™‰ü¿’. (Å®·ûË ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ñ ´÷ô©’ éÌçûª îµ√çü¿Æçæ í¬ ÅE-°≤-œ ƒh®· éπü∆?)

f) Thank you very much; I'd love to come, but I have to meet my lawyer exactly the same time. (

î√™« thanks. ®√¢√-©E áçûªí- ¬ØÓ ÖçC. é¬F ÅüË Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´÷ lawyer †’ éπ©¢- √Lq ÖçC.) ● ÅüË î√-™« formal í¬ Ç£æ…y-Ø√Eo ´’Eoç-î √-®Ω† - ’éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË expressions:

Hyderabad tomorrow. It's sudden.

(

´îËa Å´-é¬-¨¡¢’Ë ™‰ü¿’.-ņ- ’éÓèπ◊ç-ú≈ ´- ÷ Å- ´- ’t-†’ £j«ü¿®- √-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ BÆæ’Èé∞- ¡ŸhØ√o) Go ahead. I may not be able to attend, after all=

c) Thanks for the invitation. You can be sure of my presence. d) Pleasure will be mine./ It will be my pleasure to attend the function.

éÌçîÁç ñ«víû-∫ hª í¬ OöÀE îªCN í∫´’Eç* Ææçü¿®- √s¥†- ’-≤ƒ®Ωçí¬ ¢√úÕûË Å¢Ë Å©-¢√-ô®- ·-§Ú-û√®·. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Exercise: Practise as many sentences as you can on the following pattern: Subject

Verb

Object

a) He

swept the room

b) She

found the door

Ééπ\úø object complement Åçõ‰ îÁÊ°p-´÷ô ÅE.

Obj complement clean locked object

- Ñ -¢√é¬u-Eo éÀç-C -N-üµ¿çí¬ èπÿ-ú≈ -îÁ°æp´-î√a? When I arrived the station, the train was leaving.

- áç.-áÆˇ.-Ç®˝, -´’ç-*®√u-© ï-¢√--•’: -ï. will, would èπ◊ ûËú≈will É°æpöÀ †’ç* future †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Would í∫ûªç -†’ç-* future †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. (He said (í∫ûªç™ ÅØ√oúø’) that he would help her (í∫ûªç™ †’ç* future ™ help îË≤ƒh-†E) Will, Would†’ í∫’Jç-*† N’í∫û√ Å稻-©†’ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons -™ N´-Jçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. -ï. Either... or, Åçõ‰ ÅüÁjØ√ ÆæÍ®, ÉüÁjØ√ ÆæÍ® ÅE Å®Ωnç. a) Either of Åçõ‰, È®çúÕç-öÀ-™ /-É-ü¿l-J™ àüÁj-Ø√/-á-´È®jØ√ ÆæÍ®, ÅE. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ either ûª®√yûª or ®√ü¿’. Å™«Íí Either way Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ °æü¿l¥-ûª’-™x à Nüµ¿çí¬ Å®·Ø√ ÆæÍ®, ÅE. Prakash: Shall we have chicken or biryani? (Chicken Pramod: Either way is the same for me.

Açü∆´÷, G®√uF Açü∆´÷?)

d) I am sorry I can't. My regrets.

b) That's really, kind of you, thank you, I'll certainly make it.

ÉçÈé°- ¤æ pú- ®-ø ·Ø√ °ô’dé- Ó-´îª’a éπü∆)

8.

(؈’-®√-™†‰ ’,

(®√¢√-©ØË ÖçC é¬F ®√™‰†’)

(

6.

Prasad: I'm afraid I won't be able to. However, thank you for the invitation.

a) We'd / I'd be highly delighted

áçûª ü¿’®Ωü- ¿%≠æçd ! E- B≠ˇûÓ ´÷öÀî√a, ¢- √-úÓ éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’.)

5.

inau gurate the function.

Wish I could come, but sorry. What a pity! I've promised to accompany Nitish to the bike shop. He is buying a bike ( Bike shop bike

4.

c) Santan: We'd be delighted to have you

(Ç function O’®Ω’ v§ƒ®ΩçG- ç-µ î- ú-ª ç-ø ´÷èπ◊ £æ«®Ωü-{ ∆-ߪ’éπç)

Would I say no?

5.

(sorry

îªFoöÀ ≤ƒo†ç, äéπ °æ‹ô ¶µï†ç, Éûª®Ω °æ‹ñ« °æ¤®Ω≤- ƒ\-®√©÷, Ø√èπ◊°- ú-æ E-ø N) ● Not my cup of tea. á°æ¤ú÷ ø not ûÓØË ¢√úø’û√ç = Ø√èπ◊ †îªaE- C. My •ü¿’©’, his, her, your, their, our-

a) I'd like to very much, but I can't. Sorry

(

3.

°æ†’çC.) ÅE Ææç¶-Cçµ î- ôª ç formality †- ’ Ææ÷*Ææ’hçC. ● formal í¬ A®ΩÆ - æ \J- ç-îçË ü- ¿’èπ◊ éÌEo expressions ● Mister

؈’ ûª°pæ éπ Åéπ\ú- éÕ À ´≤ƒh†’)

Certainly, that suits me fine =

2.

Vyas: As usual. By vanayatra

(´÷´‚©’ Nüµ¿çí- ¬ØË ´†ßª÷vûª îËÆæ’hØ- √o†’. ¨¡•J- ´- ’© ߪ÷vAè- π◊©’ ¢Á·ûªhç ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ* ¢Á∞¡ôx ç ´†-ߪ÷vû.ª ) Bhas: What does it mean? (Åçõ‰)

(؈-

éπ\ú- ’ø ç-ö«†’ ÅD èπ◊ ÆæJí¬) Ç£æ…y-Ø√Eo informal í¬ ´’EoçîË / Æ‘yéπJ- ç-î- çË ü¿’èπ◊ ´’J-éÌEo Éûª®Ω expresions îª÷ü∆lç..

-D-E -Å®Ωnç -™°æ-LéÀ

®√ -™‰-ü∆ -•-ߪ’-öÀéÀ -§Ú éπ-ü∆?

Varun: So thoughtful of you, Mr Pridhvi to invite me. Thank you, but you'd excuse me. I have some important work.

Thank you very much / thanks for the invitation,

-v°æ.

I will play cricket I would play cricket Either come in or go out

†’ í∫’Jç*

(Ø√èπ◊ È®-çúÕç-öÀ-™ à-üÁjØ√ äéπõ‰) °jj Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™ either Åçõ‰ È®çöÀ™ à-üÁjØ√ ÆæÍ® ÅE Å®Ωnç 鬕öÀd, or ®√ü¿’. ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ

You can have either an apple or a mango, but not both: apple Either... or a) When I was arrived at the station... was arrived when I arrived correct. b) When I arrived at the station, the train had left = station train (correct) When I arrived at the station, the train was leaving = station train correct. a,e,i,o,u an a a university, a Europian

†’-´¤y Å®·Ø√ A-†’, ´÷N’úÕ °æç-úÁjØ√ A-†’, È®ç-úø÷ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. Ééπ\úø îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆?) -ï. Ñ ¶µ«í∫ç™ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ØË -ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx§Ú®·çC.

؈’ ú≈ -v°æ.

îËÍ®-°æp-öÀéÀ,

èπ◊ îËÍ®-ô°æpöÀéÀ,

¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûÓçC – É--C èπÿ-

- ©-ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-ßË’u -´÷--ô-© -´·ç-ü¿’ -Å-E -N’-í∫-û√-¢√-öÀ -´·ç-ü¿’ Å-E -¢√-úø’-ûª’çö«ç. é¬-F -Å-C -v°æ-A≤ƒ-K éπÈ®é˙d é¬-ü¿’. éπÈ®é˙d -Åç-ö«®Ω’. -É-C -á-™« ≤ƒ-üµ¿uç? Èé. -Ç-™p¥-Ø˛q®√-ñ¸, Ææ-ûÁh-†°æ-Lx-ï-¢√-•’: -Å,-Ç,-É,-Ñ,Ö,-Ü,-- á, -à, -â, -ä, -ã,-- å.°j -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -¨¡-¶«l-™x -üË-E-ûÓ-ØÁj-Ø√ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-ßË’-u -´÷-ô© -´·ç-ü¿’ an -¢√-úøç-úÕ. -N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀ -´·ç-ü¿’ -a ¢√-úøç-úÕ. University, Europian -Ñ È®ç-úø’ èπÿ-ú≈ Å -†’ç-* -å -´®Ωèπ◊ -Öç-úË -¨¡-¶«l-©-ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç é¬--†ç-ü¿’-† an ®√-ü¿’ a- -´Ææ’hç-C.

-áç.Ææ’Í®-¨¡-Ø˛

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 10 -ï-†-´-J 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

257

Anupam: Who do I see here? Nirupam?

(á´®Ω÷? E®Ω’-°æ¢˛’?) Nirupam: Are you surprised to see me?

(††’o îª÷úøôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ Öçü∆?) Anupam: Sure. I thought you were in Kolkata.

(Eïçí¬. †’´¤y éÓ™¸-éπû√™ ÖØ√o-´-†’èπ◊Ø√o.) Nirupam: I was, but I got back yesterday.

(Å´¤†’, ÖØ√o. é¬E E†o AJ-íÌî√a.) Anupam: How about some coffee? or would you prefer to eat something before that?

(é¬Ææh 鬰∂‘ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√? ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´·çü¿’ àüÁjØ√ Açö«¢√?)

íı®Ω´ ´’®√u-ü¿©÷, Çî√®Ω ´u´-£æ…-®√© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´’†èπÿ, English ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. ÉçöÀ-éÌ-*a† ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ Ææûª\-JçîË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´·êuçí¬ ¢√∞¡x-éÀîËa ǣ慮Ω §ƒF-ߪ÷© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, ¢√∞¡xéπN offer îËߪ’-ö«EéÀ ¢√úË formal and informal expressions É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ´’†ç ¶«í¬ ’´¤í¬ ÖçúË ´uèπ◊h-©-Íé-ü¿-®·Ø√ offer îËÊÆô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË informal expressions èπÿ, ´’†ç Åçûª ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E ´uèπ◊h-©-Íé-ü¿-®·Ø√ offer îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË formal expressions èπÿ ûËú≈ áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË Öçô’çC. Å™«Íí ´’†ç ’-´¤ûÓ Öçúø-í∫© ´uèπ◊h©’ ´’†-Íé-ü¿-®·Ø√ offer îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´’† Ææpçü¿-†èπ◊, (informal response) èπÿ, ´’†-éπçûª Ææyûªç-vûªç-™‰E ´uèπ◊h©’ ´’†èπ◊ îËÊÆ offers Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´’† Ææpçü¿-†èπÿ (formal response) î√™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC. The conversation at the beginning of the lesson, you can see, begins with expressions we use when we meet others. lesson beginning

Ñ ™Ö†o °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô-©†’ ´·çü¿’í¬ îª÷ü∆lç.

2

c) Would you mind having/ Would you mind a little coffee? d) Won't you (Will you not) have some coffee? coffee

(é¬Ææh

BÆæ’-éÓ®√?)

e) Let me have the pleasure of giving you a cup of coffee.

Q. Why present tense always come after "did"?

f) Let me have the pleasure of treating you to some coffee. (treating (some one) to something =

á´-J-ÈéjØ√ àü¿-®·Ø√ É*a Ææûª\-Jç-îªôç) °j ¢√öÀéÀ Ææpçü¿†: a) I don't mind. Thank you.

(Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.

Thank you.)

b) That'd be fine. Thank you. c) I'd welcome it. Thank you. d) So thoughtful of you. Thanks.

(Éûª-®Ω’© Å´-Ææ-®√© í∫’Jç* ÆæÈ®j† Ç™-îª-†èπ◊ =

so

thoughtful of you)

What brings you here? Nirupam: I could certainly do with something to eat and then coffee.

(é¬Ææh àüÁjØ√ AØËç-ü¿’èπÿ Ç ûª®√yûª fee 鬢√L.)

cof-

Anupam: You'll have them. What'd you like to have?

(àç BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«´¤?) Nirupam: You talk although we were in a restaurant, with a variety of eats on the menu. Get me whatever is available in the house.

(´’†ç àüÓ restaurant ™ Ö†oô’x, ®Ωéπ®Ω-鬩 °∂æ©£æ…-®√© menu Ö†oô÷x ´÷ö«xúø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. Éçöx àü¿’çõ‰ ÅC °ævö«/ Açü∆ç.) ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ Éçöx Åçõ‰ at home Åçö«ç éπü∆. In the house Åçõ‰ é¬Ææh informal í¬ Éçöx ÅE. Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'éÌç°æ™— ņoô’x. Anupam: Just wait for a few more minutes. You can have idli and karappodi. I expect a distant relative, an uncle of mine. Oh, here he is. Good morning uncle. It's really good to see you again. How are you?

á´®Ω÷? E®Ω’-°æ-¢Ë’Ø√? (´’†Lo ´÷´‚-©’í¬ éπ©-´-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx, î√™«é¬©ç ûª®√yûª, ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπ©-´-ú≈-E-éÌÊÆh ¢√úË ´÷ô.) É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úË Éûª®Ω expressions èπÿú≈ îª÷ü∆lç. a) Look who is here: îª÷úø’ á´-®Ì-î √a®Ó (Åçõ‰ ®√éπ-®√éπ ´î√a-®ΩE üµ¿yEç-îËô’x. Ééπ\úø look, ´‚úÓ ´uéÀh ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Åçö«ç.) b) What brings you here? = àçöÀ™« ´î√a´¤? (ÉC Åçûª ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-´’-®·† ´÷ô é¬ü¿E éÌçü¿J ŧڣæ«. é¬F É™« ņ-ôç™ ûªÊ°pç-™‰ü¿’.) c) You, ... here? What a surprise! = †’´¤y, Ééπ\ú≈! Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçüË! ÉN éÌEo °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô©’. É°æ¤púø’ formal, informal offers èπ◊ ¢√úË éÌEo expressions îª÷ü∆lç. ÉçöÀ-éÌ-*a† ÅA-ü∑¿’©’ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-©-®·ûË, ¢√∞¡x-éÀîËa °∂æ©-£æ…®Ω §ƒF-ߪ÷© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ informal í¬ offers:

a) How about/ What about some coffee?

a) No please. Thanks. b) Right now, no. Thank you just the same. (Just the same =

Uncle:

Fine thank you, how do you do?

Anupam: Would you like to have something, uncle? I see you are pretty tired.

(àü¿-®·Ø√ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®√? ¶«í¬ Å©Æœ-§Ú®·-†-ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’.) You can say that. I am really tired. I don't mind having a bite.

(†’´y-†o-ô’d-í¬ØË Eïçí¬ Å©-Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. àüÓ Açö«ØËx °ævö«.) Anupam: Would you care for some coffee too, uncle?

(鬰∂‘ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®√?) That suits me fine.

(Ç BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«.)

´ü¿’l/ Åçõ‰ ´ü¿l-†ôç informal í¬:

(ÅC ´’ç*üË) offer †’ A®Ω-Ææ\-Jç-îªôç/

û√í¬-©-E-°œç-îª-úøç-™‰ü¿’. Thank you.) ÉO formal/ informal offers, ¢√öÀéÀ responses. (Sorry.

☺

like

2) He kicked

5) I

want

(É°æ¤púø’ ´ü¿’l/ ûª®√yûª BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-ØË¢Á÷. DE ¶µ«´ç– ÅÆæ-™Ô-ü¿lE.) formal offers: °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊, Åçûªí¬ °æJ-îªßª’癉E -¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ àüÁjØ√ formal í¬ offer îËÊÆ B®Ω’: a) Would you have/ like/ fancy some coffee? formal offer. offer

ÉC (Å®·ûË ûÁ©’-í∫’™ îËÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’– BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®√? – ņç éπü∆. BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ Åçö«ç.)

b) Would you care for some coffee?

Complement

my coffee

hot

the door

open

4) She wants

captain of the team

it

done immediately

the house

painted. ☺

☺

EXERCISE

complement

subject (infinitive)

a) It

is

easy

to do that

(ÅC îËߪ’ôç Ææ’©¶µºç) b) It

was

difficult

to carry it.

(ü∆Eo ¢Á÷ߪ’ôç éπ≠dçæ Å®·uçC.)

eg: Apart from stealing his money, they beat him = They not only stole his money, but also beat him.

a) Apart from the opening scene, the rest of the movie is very good= The opening scene alone isn't good, the rest of the movie is good. b) Apart from the youngest son, the rest are married = All the other sons are married, the youngest alone is unmarried. iv) Being = (Most often, being has the meaning of because)

b) Being weak, she can't play well = Because she is weak, she can't play well. Q. ''How long will you be in Hyderabad?'' ''How long will you be at Hyderabad?''

Speak aloud as many sentences as you can, on the following pattern. It 'be' form

b) I'd rather not see movies than see such movies = I like not to see movies instead of seeing such movies.

a) Being rich, he can buy a car = Because he is rich, he can buy a car.

him

☺

b) I don't feel like it now. Thank you. c) Oh, not now/ perhaps later.

☺

éÀçü¿öÀ lesson (No. 256) exercise ™ É*a† sentence pattern èπ◊ †´‚Ø√ sentence ©’:

☺

Thank you.)

☺

Object

a) Rather than go by bus, he walked the distance = He walked the distance instead of going by bus.

Apart from (ii) = except for

e) Sorry. I don't feel like it. Thank you.

☺

(•ü¿’©’)

b) Apart from the house, he bought new furniture = He bought not only the house but also new furniture.

(É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿’-™„çúÕ/ ûª®√yûª îª÷ü∆lç.)

a) No, thanks/ thank you.

(Ø√èπ◊ û√í¬-©-E-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’–

Thank

you.

3) They elected

coffee

b) He likes coffee better than tea, so he took coffee = He took coffee in place of tea = He took coffee instead of tea.

iii) Apart from (i) = in addition to, besides

؈’ ´ü¿l-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ O’Í®ç ņ’-éÓ®Ω’ éπü∆.

d) I could certainly do with some coffee = (could do with = want) e) That's nice of you.

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ)

c) Hope you don't mind my saying no. Thank you, any way =

1) I

Nirupam: How do you do, sir?

Uncle:

(É°æ¤p-úøç-ûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç*-C-™‰ü¿’. Thank you.) (Å®·ûË ´’† Ææ´÷-ïç™ Çî√®Ω ´u´-£æ…®Ωç v°æ鬮Ωç, á´-Jçöx Å®·Ø√ coffee offer îËÊÆh, °j† ņoô’x 'Å´¤†’, û√í∫’û√†’— ņ™‰ç éπü∆. ´’†èπ◊ û√í¬-©E ÖØ√o èπÿú≈, ´ü¿lØË Åçö«ç.) ã offer †’ formal í¬ A®Ω-Ææ\-Jç-îªôç/ ´ü¿l-†ôç:

c) Oh sure. A good cup of coffee is certainly welcome.

Ø√èπ◊

a) He wrote with a pencil instead of with a pen = He used a pencil and not a pen.

ii) Rather than = We use this expression when we compare two things of different kinds. It also means 'instead of'.

Sub Verb

鬰∂‘ 鬢√L.

A. i) Instead of = In place of.

g) Nothing like it at the moment. Thank you.

(éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?)

b) That'd be nice

Ñ °æü∆© í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

- Chandu Surapaneni Choudary, e mail.

c) He gave him gold instead of money

d) Not now/ perhaps later, please.

b) Care for some good coffee?

Q. Instead of, Rather than, Apart from, Being.

f) Oh, sure. A cup of coffee would be welcome. Thank you.

Wonderful to meet you again, boy. How are things going?

Anupam: Fine. Thank you. By the way this is my friend Nirupam. Nirupam, this is my uncle Mr. Sitaram.

Uncle:

e) That's nice of you, thank you.

°j È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç– é¬Ææh coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√/ 鬰∂‘ ... ´’ç*-üË-´’Ø√o °æ¤îª’a-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√? ÉüË ¶µ«´ç ûÁ©’í∫’™– 鬰∂‘ BÆæ’éÓ ÅE (ûÁ©’-í∫’™, coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«¢√?/ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®√? ÅE Åúø-í∫úøç bad manners éπü∆, é¬F English ™ é¬ü¿’.) (a), (b)™xE informal offers èπ◊ response (Ææpçü¿†): coffee °æ¤îª’a-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰: a) I don't mind (Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’)

(äéπ\ éπ~ùç Öçúø’. ÉúŒx 鬮Ω-§ÒpúÕ Açü¿’´¤-í¬E. ü¿÷®Ω°æ¤ ôdç, ´÷ uncle äé¬ßª’† ´≤ƒh-úøE áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’hØ√o. ã, Çߪ’† ´îËa-¨»úø’. ´’Sx N’´’tLo îª÷úøôç/ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?) Uncle:

a) Who do I see here?

- R. Murali Mohan, Hyderabad, e mail. A. Did is an auxiliary/ a helping verb. The words like come, take, etc coming after it, as in the verb, for example, did come (=came) did go (=went), did take (=took), etc. are all in the past tense, because, did is a helping verb, used to form the past forms of verbs mostly with not and in questions. Since did itself is past tense, we use only the basic form of the verb after it, like come, go, etc.

Which one is correct? - Sasanka, e mail A. How long will you be in Hyderabad? is correct. 'In' is used before big and important places, and at only before small places. In Hyderabad, In Chennai, In London, etc. At Mangalagiri, at pattanecheru (very small towns and villages) I was at college = I was in the college - 'I was at college', is used more than, 'I was in the college'. 'I was in college', is also being accepted in modern usage.

– -áç. Ææ’Í®-¨¡-Ø˛

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 12 -ï-†-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. a) Jeevan: Can you lend me your bike?

258

Kundan: Oh, you've come, I am happy. What did you do about that parcel to Naveen? He must be expecting it by now. Naveen parcel

(†’¢Ìyî√a´¤, ÆæçûÓ≠æç. èπ◊ N≠æߪ’ç àç î˨»´¤? °æ秃-Lq† ü∆E-éÓÆæç Åûª†’ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’hç-ö«úø’.)

Jeevan: Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I clean forgot it. But there is still time. Don't worry.

(ÅßÁ÷u, ü∆E N≠æߪ’ç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. é¬F Éçé¬ time ÖçC™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊.)

Kundan: How much time? Just half an hour. time? Jeevan: That's true. I must hurry or the Post office will close. Can you lend me your bike?

(áçûª’çC

Å®Ω-í∫çõ‰ éπü∆.)

(F

bike

É≤ƒh¢√?) –

Request -

Ŷµºu-®Ωn†.

b) Jeevan: Can I have some money too?

(Ø√èπ◊ é¬Ææh úø•’s èπÿú≈ É≤ƒh¢√?) – Ŷµºu-®Ωn†.

Request -

´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: Mind noun form

ûª®√yûª é¬E, -ing é¬E ®√¢√L.

d) Would you mind idli with chutney or would you insist on sambar? - mind 'idli' noun

ûª®√yûª

éπü∆.

c) Will you help me with a little dough?)

(é¬Ææh úø•’s ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-≤ƒh¢√?) – Jnç-îªôç.

2

Request -

Ŷµºu-

e) Would you mind having idli as puri is not ready?

Q. In what situations should we use "say" and "tell"?

°æ‹J Éçé¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-™‰ü¿’, ÉúŒx BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®√? formality Åô’ç*, ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ Åûªuçûª ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω¢Á’i† request èπ◊ could ¢√úøû√ç.

A.  Say and tell are more or less is the same, but there is a lot of difference in the way we use them. The difference is very important.

- A. Krishna Sumanth, e mail

d) Nandan: Would you give it back this evening?

(Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√èπ◊ AJ-T-îËa-≤ƒh¢√?) – Request - Ŷµºu-®Ωn†. e) Nandan: Could you get me a recharge card? - Request -

Ŷµºu-®Ωn†. °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ request (Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†)èπ◊ ¢√úË expressions ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. ´’† conversation in real life situation ™ request îËߪ’ôç î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ô’çC.

a) Could you carry this for me?

DEo O’®Ω’ ¢Á÷≤ƒh®√? (ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ ¢Á÷ߪ’çúÕ) b) Could you (Please) tell me how to go to the Eenadu office?

ÑØ√úø’ office èπ◊ ü∆J îÁ•’-û√®√? (ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ îÁ°æpçúÕ)

Could you carry this for me? (ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«}L. ™‰éπ§ÚûË Post office ´‚ÊÆ≤ƒh®Ω’. F bike é¬Ææh É≤ƒh¢√?) Kundan: Why do you need it?(FÈéç-ü¿’èπ◊ bike?) Jeevan: I must rush home, pick up the books, parcel them, hurry to the post office and book it.

(ÉçöÀéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL, Ç books BÆæ’-éÓ¢√L, ¢√öÀE parcel îËߪ÷L, Post office èπ◊ BÆæ’ÈéRx book îËߪ÷L éπü∆.) Kundan: Oh sure, have it. (ÆæÍ®, BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿ}.) Jeevan: Can I have some money too?

(é¬Ææh úø•’s èπÿú≈ É≤ƒh¢√?) Kundan: I don't have more than Rs.10 on me. Let's see if my cousin Nandan can help. Oh, who do we see here? Oh it's Nandan. Think of the devil and he is there.

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æC ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’. ´÷ cousin Nandan à´’Ø√o É´yí∫-©-úË¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. Åü¿’íÓ, Ééπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’.) Think of the devil and he is there =

á´-®ΩØ√o ņ’-èπ◊†oüË ûªúø´¤ v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-®·ûË É™« Åçö«®Ω’. Å®·ûË ÉN ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ÆæEo£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√-∞¡x-O’ü¿ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢ËÊÆ joke. Devil Åçõ‰ ûÁ© ’Ææ ’ éπü∆? Christian †´’t-éπç™ üË´¤úÕ ¨¡vûª’´¤. îÁúø’èπ◊ v°æA-®Ω÷°æç. Jeevan: Hi Nandan, good to see you again. Kundan: Will you help us with a little dough? You shall have it back this evening.

(´÷é¬\Ææh úø•’s ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh¢√? ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-E-éπ™«x AJ-T-îËa≤ƒhç.) Dough = úˆ = úø•’s ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úË ´÷ô – ûÁ©’-í∫’™ °jÆæ©’/ °œéπ\©’/ é¬Ææ’©’ ™«í¬. Dough Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ƒ-B-©èπ◊, °æ‹K-©èπ◊ ¢√úË éπL-°œ† ¢Á’ûªhöÀ °œçúÕ ´·ü¿l. Nandan: You sure can have it. How much? Jeevan: Atleast Rs. 200/-. Nandan: Here it is, but would you give it back this evening? I need it.

Å™« request îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË expressions É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. Requests ™ èπÿú≈ Informal requests èπ◊ ¢√úË expressions èπÿ, formal requests èπ◊ ¢√úË expressions èπÿ ûËú≈ Öçô’çC. Informal requests: OöÀéÀ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ can ¢√úøû√ç. ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x†’, ´’†ç ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-T-†-¢√-∞¡x†’, ´’† friends, brothers and sisters †’ request îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ can ¢√úøû√ç. a) Can you lend me your bike?

F bike é¬Ææh É≤ƒh¢√? (É´¤y, please ÅE.) b) Can I have some money?

é¬Ææh úø•’s Ææ®Ω’l-û√¢√? (Informal) éÌçîÁç formal Å®·ûË will ¢√úøû√ç. ´’†-éπçõ‰ éÌçîÁç °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’, Åçûªí¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E-¢√-∞¡x†÷ request îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ will, won't (will not) use îË≤ƒhç. Éçü∆éπ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– Kundan, Nandan †’ request îËߪ’-ö«EéÀéπ à´’Ø√oúø’?  Will you help me with a little dough?

Ééπ\úø will, Ææ÷*-≤ÚhçC.

can

éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ≤ƒEo-£œ«-û√uEo

Won't you (will you not) come along with me?

O’®Ω’ Ø√ûÓ ®√®√? (®ΩçúÕ – ÅE request)  Would èπÿú≈ requests èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC formal situations ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç request îËÆæ’h-†oC ´’†-éπçõ‰ ´ßª’-Ææ’q™, £æ«Ùü∆™, ≤Ún´’ûª™ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡-®·ûË, ´’†èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh-¢√-∞¡x®·ûË would ¢√úøû√ç. a) Would you make room, please? = é¬Ææh ûª°æ¤pèπ◊ç-ö«®√? b) Would you lend me that book for a day?=

äéπ\-®ÓV Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Ø√èπ◊ É≤ƒh®√? polite request)

Å®·ûË ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ would you ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç formal requests èπ◊.

mind

îËJa

a) Would you mind waiting for a few minutes?

Kundan: As soon as I am home, I will pay it to you.

=

Jeevan: We're short of time. Let me have your bike.

polite form of request.

ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC. F bike É´¤y.) Kundan: Rush then. (ûªy®Ωí¬ °æü¿ Å®·ûË)

(formal &

é¬Ææh

wait

îËߪ’-í∫-©®√? ÉC î√™«

formal and

(†’´¤y AJ-íÌîËa ü∆J™ Ø√ cell èπ◊ ã recharge card °æô’d-èπ◊-®√¢√?) Jeevan: I'll certainly. ☯

☯

´’†èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E-¢√-∞¡x†’, £æ«Ùü∆, ≤Ún´’ûª™ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’ î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ request îËÊÆ Nüµ¿ç. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. b) Would you mind telling me your name?

O’ Ê°®Ω’ îÁ•’-û√®√? (ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ îÁ°æpçúÕ ÅE) c) Would you mind my using your phone?

☯

☯

úø•’s ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-≤ƒh®√? (ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ éÌçûª úøGs-´yçúÕ) Ñ requests ÅFo èπÿú≈ question forms ™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Please note: Hi, hello, Ê°®Ω’ûÓ (Mr, Mrs, Miss ™«çöÀN ™‰èπ◊çú≈) äéπ-JE °æ©-éπ-Jç-îªôç ¢√∞¡xûÓ ´’†èπ◊†o ≤ƒEo-£œ«-û√uEo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡xûÓ ´’†ç informal í¬ Öçö«ç ņo-´÷ô. Mr, Mrs, Miss ™«çöÀN Sri, Sir ™«çöÀN ¢√öÀ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Åçûª®Ωç Öçü¿-†o-´÷ô. Å°æ¤púø’ we are formal/ very formal with them. ü∆Eo-•öÀd ´’† request form ´÷®Ω’ûª÷ Öçô’çC.

O’

phone

¢√úø’-éÓ-E-≤ƒh®√?

 Tell is never immediately followed by to.  You say some thing to some one/ You say some thing. We use say, when we repeat some one's words. She said, 'Go away'.  Tell always is followed by a person as its object. She told him to/ She told him that ... etc.  Say can be used without mentioning the person to whom some thing is said. a) He says that he is hungry. b) Kumar said to me that he would go with me.  Tell is always followed by the person to whom something is said.  Suseela often tells me that she likes Vijayawada.  Say is often used to repeat the words of someone. a) Ramana said, "I am hungry". b) Ramana said that he was hungry.

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English

Nïß˝’, Ñ chapter Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’. ã≤ƒJ explain îËߪ’¢√? Vijai: Ø√èπÿ Å®Ωnç-é¬-™‰ü¿’. ´’† professor Ééπ\úË ÖØ√o®Ω’. Çߪ’†’o Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç. Sanjai: Sir, ´÷éà chapter Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’. O’®Ω’ é¬Ææh explain îË≤ƒh®√? Prof.: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. O’®Ω’ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ®√í∫-©®√? É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ busy í¬ ÖØ√o†’. Sanjai: ÉçÍé-ü¿-®·Ø√ time É´y-í∫-©®√? Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷èπ◊ class ÖçC. Prof.: Sunday ®ΩçúÕ.

Sanjai:

 'Tell' express commands; 'say' doesn't. The officer told him to get out.  'Say' is never followed by the infinitive (to go, to come, etc). He told me to go. He said that I should go. (observe the difference) Q. What are correct in below and tell me suggestions if any. a. 1. With how many friends you have stayed there? 2. How many friends are stayed there with you? 3. Any friends there with you?

ANSWER

b. 1. How would I contact you?

Sanjai: Hi Vijai, I haven't understood this chapter. Can you explain it to me.

2. How can I contact you?

Vijai:

I haven't understood it either. Our professor is here. Let's ask him.

Sanjai: Sir, we haven't understood this chapter. Could you explain it, Sir?/ Would you mind explaining it? Prof.: Certainly/ Certainly not. (Could/ Can you Would you mind come to my place this evening? I am busy now.

†’ •öÀd.)

(Time

Nandan: Jeevan, on your way back, could you get me a recharge card for my cell?

c) Could you help me with some money?

 Say is always followed by to, before the person to whom something is said. eg: He said to me, she said to him, etc.

Sanjai: Could you please suggest some other time? We have a class this evening. Prof.: Make it on Sunday, then.

R

- Santhu, e mail A. The correct forms of your questions are a. 1) How many friends have you stayed with there? 2) How many friends have stayed with you? b. 1) How would I contact you? This, as an independent sentence is wrong. The correct form is: How shall I contact you? (Meaning = How do I get in touch with you?) 2) How can I contact you = How is it possible for me to contact you.

– -áç. Ææ’Í®-¨¡-Ø˛

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 14 -ï-†-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Kalpana: What's wrong with that?

(Åçü¿’™ ûªÊ°p-´·çC?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Kamesh: I am not in the least pleased,

259

Kalpana. Why do you put so much pressure on the boy. A few marks

Kalpana: Is that your progress card? Let me see it. Let me know how well you've fared in the exams?

(ÅüËØ√ F progress card? àD îª÷úøF. °æK-éπ~™x áçûª ¶«í¬ ®√¨»¢Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓF.)

less- does it matter much?

(Ø√éπÆæ©’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’, éπ©pØ√. áçü¿’éπçûª äAhúÕ ûÁ≤ƒh¢√ èπ◊v®√úÕ O’ü¿? à¢Ó éÌEo marks ûªí¬_®·– ÅüË-´’çûª Ææ´’Ææu?) Kalpana: This kind of talk is what I like least.

Avinash: Here it is, mom.

You don't expect the boy to perform

Kalpana: Oh Avinash, what kind of marks is this?

better if you talk like this.

(ÅN-Ø√≠ˇ, àç

marks

ÉN?)

Avinash: Aren't they good, mom? I didn't get less than 70% in any subject.

ÅN ´’ç* marks é¬ü∆? à èπÿú≈ 70% èπ◊ ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’.)

subject

™

(É™«çöÀ ´÷ô™‰ Ø√éπ-Ææ-L-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. O’Í® É™« ´÷ö«x-úÕûË ¢√úÕç-ûª-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ àç îË≤ƒhúø’.)

ii) The way he talked made us none too happy

= Åûª†’ ´÷ö«x-úÕ† Nüµ¿ç ´’†èπ◊ î√™« ÅÆæç-ûª%-°œhí¬ ÖçC. (ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’)

4. Not in the least pleased =

v°æ¨¡o: éÀçC v°æ¨¡o-© π◊ Å®√nEo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

ÅÆæ©’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Bv´-´’-®·† ÅÆæç-ûª%-°œhí¬ ÖçC. i) The teacher was not in the least pleased with his marks =

ÅûªúÕ marks teacher èπ◊ àO’ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-Tçîª-™‰ü¿’. (Teacher ÅûªE ´÷®Ω’\© °æôx î√™« ÅÆæç-ûª%-°œhûÓ ÖØ√oúø’.) ii) Babu: How do you find the arrangements?

Kamesh: Marks are not all. So long as he doesn't score low we need not worry.

2

(à®√p-õ„x™« ÖØ√o®·?)

1. He is a teacher, is he? 2. He is not a teacher, isn't he? (explain the same way questions or comment tags.) 3. Scarcely had the game started when it began to rain. 4. No sooner had he heard the news than he started off.

Balu: I'm not in the least pleased.

5. Hardly had I finished the work when the picture started.

(àç ûª%°œh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ™‰´¤)

6. Barely had I gone there when he went out.

Let him relax.

7. I can wait unless and until he comes.

I'm not at all pleased Kalpana: I am not at all pleased with these marks, boy. Who gets the first mark in your class?

(´÷®Ω’\™‰ ´·êuç-鬴¤. ´’K ûªèπ◊\´ marks ûÁa-éÓ-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-†éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕE é¬Ææh Ü°œJ BÆæ’-éÓF.)

(Ñ marks Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-Tç-îª-ô癉ü¿’. O’ class ™ first mark á´-JéÀ?)

Kalpana: Ok, Ok. I only want our son to do better. That's all.

Avinash: What's wrong with those marks, mom? You are never happy with my marks even when they are quite high.

(ÆæÍ®xçúÕ. ´’†-¢√-úÕçé¬ ¶«í¬ îËߪ÷-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ. ÅçûË.)

marks marks

(Ç

èπ◊ à´’-®·çC? áçûÁ-èπ◊\´ ´*aØ√ F¢Á°æ¤púø÷ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø´¤.)

Kalpana: You get on my nerves Avi. You call these good marks? 94% in maths, 86% in English, 78% in Telugu, 82% in Science, 75% each in History and Geography. No, Avi, you should have scored even higher. Who gets the first in your class? Tell me that first.

(ÅO, Ø√éÓ\°æç ûÁ°œp-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ÉN ´’ç* marks Åçö«¢√? Maths 94%, etc, ... ÅO, ™«¶µºç-™‰ü¿’. †’´¤y Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ marks ûÁa-éÓ-†’ç-ú≈-LqçC. O’ class ™ first á´®Ω’? Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´·çü¿’ îÁ°æ¤p.) Avinash: Pratibha. Kalpana: You couldn't score higher than the girl. What a shame!

(†’´¤y Ç Å´÷t®· éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ûÁa-éÓ™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤. Æœí∫’_-îËô’.) Kamesh: Come on Kalpana, our son has scored good enough marks. Why compare? Why are you so envious?

(´’†-¶«s®· ´’ç* marks ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆. ÉçéÌ-éπ-JûÓ §ÚL-Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊? áçü¿’-éπçûª Ñ®Ω{u Fèπ◊?) (envious = Ñ®Ω{u (envy) éπ©) Kalpana: I want our boy to stand first in the class. Is that wrong?

(´’†¶«s®· class ™ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-¢√úø’í¬ Öçú≈©E Ø√ éÓJéπ. ÅC ûª§ƒp?) Kamesh: Look here. Expecting our son to get very good marks is not wrong, but comparison is always bad. You always compare. I am none too happy about it.

(-îª÷-úø’. -´’-†-¶«s®· -áèπ◊\-´ -´÷®Ω’\-©’ -ûÁaéÓ-¢√-©-E -Ç-Pç-îª-úøç -ûª°æ¤pí¬--ü¿’, é¬-F -§ÚLéπ -á°æ¤p-úø÷ -´’ç-*-Cé¬-ü¿’. -F-¢Á°æ¤p-úø÷ -§ÚLéπ -ûÁÆæ’hç-ö«-´¤. -Å-C -Ø√èπ◊ -†-îªa-ü¿’.)

8. We can't wipe out this evil unless and until the individual thinks so.

iii) The CM is not in the least pleased with the remarks of the Minister for Sports and Youth activities.

(véÃú≈-´’çvA ¢√uêu-©-°æôx ´·êu-´’çvA î√™« -ÅÆæç-ûª%°œhí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.)

5. What I like least =

1) Kalpana: I am (I'm) not at all pleased.

i) What I like least is the way he talks =

Åûªúø’ ´÷ö«xúË B®Ω’ Ø√éπ-Ææ-©’-†-îªaü¿’. ii) Chandra: He went to a movie last night. =

(Åûª†’ E†o ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«xúø’.) Surya:

2) Kalpana: You get on my nerves, Avi. 3) Kamesh : I'm none too happy about it. 4) Kamesh : I'm not in the least pleased. 5) Kalpana: This kind of talk is what I like least.

í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆: °j sentences ÅFo èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«Eo ûÁL-Ê°-Ní¬ ÖØ√o®·. °j† ¢√úÕ†-´-Fo ´’†èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç, ûª%°œh éπL-Tç-îªE Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úË ´÷´‚©’ expressions. Éçûª´®Ω-èπ◊ NNüµ¿ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úË standard expressions îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. ¢√öÀûÓ§ƒõ‰ ÉO. 1. I am not at all pleased =

Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬-™‰ü¿’/ Ø√Íéçûª%°œh ™‰ü¿’ ÅûªE ´÷ô©’ Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰´¤. Åûª†’ ÇúÕ† B®Ω’ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ †îªa-™‰ü¿’. 2. You get on my nerves =

†’´¤y Ø√éÓ\°æç ûÁ°œp-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤/ ††’o NÆœ-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. i) The way he behaves gets on my nerves =

¢√úÕ v°æ´-®Ωh† Ø√éÓ\°æç ûÁ°œp-Ææ’hçC/ ††’o NÆœ-TÆæ’hçC/ *é¬-èπ◊-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC. ii) He manages not to get on anybody's nerves =

Åûª†’ á´-Jéà éÓ°æç éπL-Tç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. iii) Let me not see him here again. He gets on my nerves =

´’Sx ¢√úÕE †Eo-éπ\úø îª÷úø-E-´yèπ◊. ¢√úøçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ *é¬èπ◊. 3. I'm (I am) none too happy about it- None too happy about -

ÉC î√™« Bv´-´’-®·† ÅÆæç-ûª%°œhE ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC.

i) We are none too happy about the Indian team's performance in South Africa. South Africa

™ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ïô’d v°æü¿-®Ωz† °æôx ´’†ç Bv´-´’-®·† ÅÆæç-ûª%°œhûÓ ÖØ√oç/ ÅÆæ©’ ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’.

That's what I like least about him, his going to movies too often.

(ÅüË Ø√èπ◊ ¢√úÕ™ †îªa-EC. ´’K áèπ◊\´ ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷≤ƒhúø’ ¢√úø’.) ÉO ´’† ÅÆæç-ûª%-°œhE, †îªaE N≠æ-ߪ÷Lo, éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpçîË N≠æ-ߪ÷Lo ûÁLÊ° standard expressions. î√™« ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Ñ expressions ™ not ´*a ü∆E ûª®√yûª superlative degree ®√´ôç O’®Ω’ í∫´ ’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC English ™ î√™« common. ´’†èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpçîË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ real life situations ™ áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË Öçö«®· éπü∆. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ °j expressions ´’†èπ◊ î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·. EXERCISE

i) I am not at all pleased with his words = ii) The spectators were not at all pleased with the way he played =

-ï-¢√-•’:

–

K. Rama Krishna, Ongole

1.

D†®Ωnç èπÿú≈ Ø√éπ-Ææ-©’-°æ-úø-ü¿E. Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

9. They were asked to maintain sanitation failing which action would be initiated against them. ( How do we use the phrase 'failing' which?) 10. Which words do we use instead of the words 'eve teasers'?

Practise aloud the following in English Ritish:

†’´¤y ´’Sx Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a¢˛. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç™ †’´¤y Ø√Èé-°æ¤púø÷ éÓ°æç éπL-T≤ƒh´¤. Dheeraj: Traffic jam ™ É®Ω’-èπ◊\-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. àç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢˛? Ritish: ´’Sx ÅüË-´÷ô. éÌçîÁç ´·çü¿’í¬ •ßª’©’-üË-®Ω-´-a-éπü∆? Dheeraj: †’´¤y ´÷ö«xúË B®Ω’ Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ †îªa-ô癉ü¿’. ؈’ 鬢√-©E Ç©Ææuç 鬙‰ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒ-J-ô’-´çöÀ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ®√èπ◊çú≈ îª÷≤ƒhØËx. ANSWER Ritish:

You are late again. You get on my nerves in this matter.

Dheeraj: I was caught in a traffic jam. What do you want me to do?/ What could I do? Ritish:

The same thing again. You could have started earlier.

Dheeraj: I am none too happy about the way you talk. I am not late intentionally. I'll see that this isn't repeated.

R

Åûª†’ Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ߪ·úø’ éπü∆? (Is he?) 2. Åûª†’ Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ߪ·úø’ é¬ü¿’, éπü∆? Å®·ûË áèπ◊\´ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, He is a/ He is not a teacher ņo-°æ¤púø’, OöÀéÀ ´îËa question tags ™ not Öçúøôç, ™‰éπ-§Úôç ÅØËC, statement part (stem) ™ not Öçúøôç, ™‰éπ-§Ú--´ö«-Eo•öÀd Öçô’çC. He is a teacher, (Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’), 鬕öÀd, He is a teacher, isn't (Question tag

´Ææ’hçC). (Ééπ\úø

™

he? n't

He is not a teacher not He is not a teacher, is he? (Question tag not

ÖçC), 鬕öÀd ™

™‰ü¿’)

Sentences 3, 4, 5, 6 -

Oô-Eo-çöÀéà ŮΩnç, (ã °æE) Å®·, Å´-èπ◊ç-ú≈-ØË/- ¢Áç-ôØË ÅE. 3. Çô ¢Á·ü¿-©®‚, Å´-éπ-´·çüË ´®Ω{ç v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å®·çC. (Çô ¢Á·ü¿-©-®·† ¢ÁçôØË). 4. ÅûªØ√ ¢√®Ωh NF N†-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË, (N†o ¢ÁçôØË)... 5. Åûª†’ °æE °æ‹JhîËÆ œ îËߪ’-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË (îËÆ œ† ¢ÁçôØË).... 6. ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁSx, ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-´·çüË (¢ÁRx† ¢ÁçôØË).... 7. DE-éπ®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† v°æ鬮Ωç, D†®Ωnç, Åûª†’ ´ÊÆh ûª°æp, ´îËaç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ é¬îª’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. - What's the idea? (I can't wait Åçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC) 8. ´uéÀh Å™« Ç™-*ÊÆh ûª°æp, Ç™-*ç-îËç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ (unless= ûª°æp, until= ´®Ωèπ◊) Ñ îÁúø’†’ ®Ω÷°æ¤´÷-°æ™‰ç. (Å®·ûË modern English usage ™ unless and until Åçûªí¬ Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷í∫uç é¬ü¿’. Unless é¬F until é¬-F ¢√úÕûË î√©’). 9. Failing which = ™‰éπ-§Ú-ûË/ -Å™« îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-ûË/ÅC ï®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË. °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µºûª §ƒöÀç-î√-©E ¢√JéÀ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. (ÉC ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– English ™ Ö†oC Ö†oô’x ņ’-´-CÊÆh ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°æp-•-ú≈f®Ω’), Å™« îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË (= failing which) ¢√∞¡x °æôx Ωu BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-Lq -´Ææ’hç-C. 10. Eve teasers ņo ´÷ô correct English é¬ü¿’. English ™ Ñ expression ™‰ü¿’. Teasing Girls ÅØË Åçö«®Ω’. Eve teasers èπ◊ ´’†ç ¢√úË Å®ΩnçûÓ, English ™ ´÷ô Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ ™‰ü¿’. - M. SURESAN

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 18 -ï-†-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

260

Tushar: Hi Dhaval, you appear very excited.

(†’´¤y î√™« Ö-ûª’qéπ-ûªûÓ Ö†oô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’hØ√o´¤.) Dhaval: That I am, and there is reason for it.

(Å´¤†’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ 鬮Ωùç ÖçC.) Tushar: What could it be? (à¢Á’i ÖçúÌa?) Dhaval: I am contesting the MLC elections.

(؈’ ¨»Ææ-†-´’ç-úøL áEo-éπ-©èπ◊ §Úöà îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’.) Tushar: Wish you all luck. But I'd like to know how you got the idea.

(Fèπ◊ Ñ Ç™- ᙫ ´*açüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√-©E ÖçC.)

Dhaval: I know what you mean. You are unwilling to express an opinion on because we are close. You are not being plain; I can see that.

(F Å®Ωnç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’†ç ¶«í¬ ÆæEo-£œ«ûªçí¬ Öçúø-ôç-´©x F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ N´·-êçí¬ ÖØ√o´¤. †’´¤y- -Ö†o-ü¿’-†oô’x îÁ°æpôç-™‰ü¿’. ÅC ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’.) Tushar: I am not so sure I know much about these matters.

(Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Ø√éπçûª ¶«í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’´¤.) Dhaval: As an MLC I want to do something for the people. (MLC

í¬ v°æï-©-Íé-ü¿Ø√o îËߪ÷-©E ÖçC.)

Tushar: These words show you are on the way to being a politician. You have my support. Go ahead. Wish you good luck.

(†’´¤y ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’- Ø√-ߪ’èπ◊-úÕ-´ßË’u ¶«ô-™ØË ÖØ√o-´E Ñ ´÷ô©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·. Fèπ◊ Ø√ ´’ü¿l-ûª’ç-ô’çC. é¬-E-ß˝’. í∫’ú˛-©é˙!)

2

3) Well, much might be said on both sides.

ÉC ´’†--èπ◊ É-•sçC éπL-TçîË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x •ßª’-ô-°æ-úËçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-ü¿í∫_ expression. ´uAÍ®-é¬-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’çûÓ Ö†o Éü¿l-J™ á´Ko ØÌ°œpç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ É™« ÅØÌa.

a) Bharat: Privatisation is the best solution to all our problems.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

(´’† Ææ´’-Ææu-©-Eoç-öÀéà Åûª’uûªh´’ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç w°j¢Ë-öÃ-éπ-®Ωù.

Sharat: Not always, my dear friend. We can't leave everything in private hands.What do you say, Sampath?

(ÅEo Nüµ∆-™«é¬ü¿’. v°æAD private -ߪ÷ï-´÷-Ø√u©èπ◊ ´C-™‰-ߪ’™‰ç. †’¢Ëy-´’ç-ö«´¤, Ææç°æû˝?)

Can I know the meaning of 'LEXICAL GRAMMAR'? - Krishna Vyas, Chennai (e-mail)

-ï-¢√-•’: 'Lexical' means, connected with the words in a language / dealing with the words in a language. eg. Lexical items = Words & phrases in a language.

Sampath: Uh,... much might be said on both the sides.

(È®çúø’ -¢Áj°æ¤™« îÁ§Òpa.)

b) Prasanth: The team is better off without team Ganguly

(í∫çí∫÷L ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ØË

Grammar, as you know, deals with the rules of construction of sentences, by the correct use and placement of words.

¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC).

It depends... Dhaval: (I) got it on my own. I wish to become a minister too.

(Ø√Íé ´*açDÇ™-. ´’çvA èπÿú≈ 鬢√©-ØËC Ø√ éÓJéπ.) Tushar: Best of luck again.

(Åü¿%≠ædç E†’o ´Jç-î√-©ØË Ø√ éÓJéπ.) Dhaval: Thank you. What do you think of my decision?

(Ø√ Ç™- í∫’Jç* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç?) Tushar: Well, what can I say? (àçîÁ°æp-í∫-©†’?) Dhaval: Just what do you feel about it? Is it a good decision?

Let's look at the following exchanges between Tushar and Dhaval in the conversation above.

2) Dhaval: Just What do you feel about it? Is it a good decision?

(ÅÆæ©’ ü∆E í∫’Jç* F ÅGµv§ƒßª’ç à-N’öÀ? ´’ç* E®Ωg-ߪ’-¢Ë’Ø√?) Tushar: I'm afraid I can't say anything at this stage.

(Ñ ü¿¨¡™ ØËØËç îÁ°æp-™‰†’.)

3) Tushar: Well much might be said on both sides

(È®çúø’ ¢Áj°æ¤™« îÁ°æp-´îª’a.)

(ÅÆæ©’ ü∆E í∫’Jç* F ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’-¢Ë’çöÀ? ´’ç* E®Ωg-ߪ’-¢Ë’Ø√?) Tushar: I'm afraid I can't say anything at this stage. Are you really serious about it?

(Ñ ü¿¨¡™ ØËØËç îÁ°æp-™‰†’. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç †’´¤y Bv´ç-í¬ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? ) Dhaval: I am serious, of course. I've already told a number of people about and have done a bit of planning too.

(Ñ N≠æߪ’ç™ ؈’ í∫öÀd-í¬ØË ÖØ√o†’. É°æp-öÀÍé î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰¨»†’. éÌçûª v°æù«-Réπ èπÿú≈ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) Tushar: Then what's the big idea in asking my opinion now?

(Åçû√ E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oéπ Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Åúø-í∫-ôç™ à-N’-öÀ ÖüËl¨¡ç?) Dhaval: Just for the sake of it. Come on. Out with your opinion.

(ÜJ-Í陉. F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç îÁ°æ¤p.) Tushar: Well, much might be said on both sides.

(´’ç< îÁúø÷ È®çúø÷ ÖØ√o®· = äéπ ®Ωéπçí¬ ´’ç*üË, ÉçéÓ-®Ω-éπçí¬ îÁúø÷†’.) Dhaval: Why can't you be definite, Tushar?

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-èπÿ-úøü∆, ûª’≥ƒ®˝?) Tushar: As elections go these days, we can't be definite whether contesting them is good or bad.

4) Tushar: As elections go these days we can't be definite...

(áEo-éπ© -B®Ω’-†’ -•-öÀd -Ñ ®ÓV™x ´’-†¢Ë’ç îÁ°æp™‰ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬)

5) Tushar: It depends...

(îÁ°æp™‰ç. î√™« ¢√öÀ-O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçô’çC.) 6) Tushar: I'm not so sure I know much about these matters.

(Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Ø√éπçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-†E Ø√èπ◊ †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’.) ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆?ûª’≥ƒ®˝ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Lo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E üµ¿´∞¸ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÊÆh, ûª’≥ƒ®˝ ûª† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Lo éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-úøç-™‰-ü¿E. Real life situations ™ ´’†ç ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Lo éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Éö, Åö ûËLa îÁ°æp-™‰E Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ î√™« Öçö«®·. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ©°æ-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË expressions ÉO: 1) What can I say? (àç îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’?) = ØËØËç îÁ°æp™‰†’. Å-ô÷ îÁ°æp-™‰†’, É-ô÷ îÁ°æp-™‰†’ ÅE. a) You want my opinion after you've taken the decision. What can I say?

†’´¤y E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç îÁ°æp-´’çõ‰ àç îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’? b) What can I say?/ What do you want me to (Now say? = that you've decided, I can only say that it's good =

àç îÁ°æp-†’?/ àç îÁ°æp-´’ç-ö«´¤?

†’´¤y E®Ωgߪ’ç BÊÆ-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√o´¤ 鬕öÀd, ØË-†’ îÁ°æp-í∫-L-Tç-ü¿™«x ÅC ´’ç*-ü¿ØË).

2) I'm afraid I can't say anything at this stage =

(É°æ¤úø’ áEo-éπ©’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o B®Ω’-†’-•öÀd îª÷ÊÆh, ¢√öÀ™x §Úöà îËߪ’ôç ÆæÈ®j-†ü∆, é¬ü∆ ÅE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp™‰ç.)

Ñ ü¿¨¡™ (Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´*a-† ûª®√yûª) ØËØËç îÁ°æp-™‰†’. (Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç É°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æpôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’.)

Dhaval: What do you think are my chances of success?

a) You're getting into action. I can't say anything at this stage=

(Ø√ Nï-ߪ÷-´-é¬-¨»© í∫’Jç* †’¢Ëy-´’-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) Tushar: It depends...

(î√™« ¢√öÀ-O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçô’çC.)

Prasanna: It will not be in the interests of the What do team. (Team you feel, Prakash?

èπ◊ ÅC ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’).

1) Dhaval: What do you think of my decision?

(Ø√ E®Ωgߪ’ç í∫’Jç* †’¢Ëy-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) Tushar: Well, what can I say? (-àç îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’?)

(†’¢Ëy-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤, v°æé¬--¨¸?) Prakash: Much might be said on both the sides.

(È®ç-úø’ -N-üµ∆-™« îÁ§Òpa.) ´’†ç Éûª-N’-ü¿l¥çí¬ ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª÷Eo -ûÁ-L-ߪ’°æ®Ω-îª-™‰-†°æ¤p-úø’, Eïçí¬ äéπ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª÷Eo ûÁ-L-ߪ’°æ®Ω-îª-™‰-†°æ¤p-úø’, äéπ °æJ-Æœn-AE Ææ-Jí¬_ ÅçîªØ√ ¢Ëߪ’-™‰-†°æ¤púø’, Ñ ´÷ô, 'It depends...' Åçö«ç. ÉC English ™ î√™« common expression. Åçõ‰ äéπ °æ®Ωu-´-≤ƒ†ç î√™«¢√öÀO’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçô’çC ÅE Å®Ωnç.

5) It depends... =

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. How do we use the following semi-models in conversation. Do give Telugu translations also. be at loss to, be supposed to, be likely to, be bound to, be liable to, be opt to, be on the point of, be due to.

a) Kumar: Will he make it to the finals?

(Åûª†’

finals

èπ◊ îË®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ö«-úøç-ö«¢√?)

Kavya: It depends..

2. How do we use the following phrases:

(

î√™«¢√öÀ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçô’çC)

b) Jagan: Are you sure Srikar come? (Tej, Srikar

Will be able to, may be able to, should be able to, would be able to, might be able to, would have been able to

and Tej will

´≤ƒh-®ΩE †´’téπç Öçü∆?) Ratna: It depends (îÁ°æp™‰ç)

6) I'm not so sure I know much about these matters =

Ø√èπ◊ -Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-†-E †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English.

Ææçïß˝’: †’-¢Ìy-≤ƒh¢√ ´÷ûÓ picnic èπ◊? Nïß˝’: Í®°æ¤ °æJ-Æœn-AE •-öÀd Öçô’çC. Ææçïß˝’: Å´’-®√-´AéÀ -¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oç. ÅC ´’ç* picnic spot éπü∆? Nïß˝’: ØËØË-´’çûª îÁ°æp-™‰†’. ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* -Ø√èπ◊ Åç-ûªí¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.Ñ picnic éπçõ‰ Åçü¿®Ωç éπLÆœ à-üÁjØ√ ´’ç* Ü®Ω’ ¢Á∞Ôxa éπü∆? Ææçïß˝’: ü∆E N≠æߪ’ç Åçûª í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰†’ ؈’. Nïß˝’: ´’Sx ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’ü∆lç. Å°æ¤púø’ E®Ωg®·ç--èπ◊çü∆ç. ANSWER Sanjai: Will you join us for the picnic? Vijay: Depends (on tomorrow's situation) Sanjai: We're planning to go to Amaravathi. Isn't it a good picnic spot? Vijay: I can't say much about it. I am not sure I know much about it. We can go to some city instead of to Amaravathi.

†’´¤y (F E®Ωg-ߪ÷Eo) Çîª-®Ωù™ °ôd-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤úø’ ØËØËç îÁ°æp-™‰†’ éπü∆. (؈’ é¬ü¿çõ‰ -†’´¤y F E®Ωg-ߪ÷Eo ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ´¤ éπü∆? ÅE)

Sanjai: It's difficult to say anything definite about it.

b) You've decided. What's there for me to say?

R

†’´¤y E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. ØË-†’ îÁÊ°p-üË-´·ç-Céπ?

So, you see, lexical, and grammar are two different things. Lexical grammar, as such, doesn't have any specific meaning. We can't be sure of the meaning of the phrase, lexical grammar, unless we know the context in which it is used.

Vijay: We meet again this evening. Let's decide then.

3. What is English translation to -

'îÁ°æ¤p

ûÁTçC.— - K. Rama Krishna, Ongole

-ï-¢√-•’: 1.

Ç semi models ÅEo-çöÀ™ èπÿú≈ 'be' •ü¿’©’ à 'be' form Å®·Ø√ (am, is are, will be, could be, etc) ¢√úø-´îª’a– time of action (tense) †’ •öÀd.

2. He will be able to do it =

Åûªúø’ îËߪ’-í∫-©’í∫’û√úø’

(future).

He may be able to do it =

Åûª-úø’ îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫´îª’a

(present/ future)

He should be able to buy a car; he is rich.

Åûªúø’ üµ¿E-èπ◊úË.

Car

é̆-í∫L-T Öçú≈L.

He would be able to do it.

Åûªúø’ é̆-í∫-©’í∫’û√úø’. (í∫ûªç-™ --†’ç* ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h†’ v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-*-†-°æ¤púø’) Be able to= îËߪ’-í∫L-T Öçúøôç. °j´Fo DE ®Ω÷§ƒç-ûª-®√™‰. He would have been able to do it =

îËߪ’-í∫L-T ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. 3. English ™ ´’†ç ¢√úË îÁ°æ¤p-™«xçöÀ §ƒü¿-®Ω-éπ~© (foot ware) èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx shoes ¢√úø’-û√®Ω’, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË slippers. ÅN ûÁí∫´¤. ÅJT§Úû√®·. ü∆EéÀ ´÷ô wear out. -ÅJT§Ú®· *E-TûË, snap/ break. - M. SURESAN

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 20 -ï-†-´-J 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Sekhar: Our profits for the preceding six months will allow a minimum bonus of Rs.2500 per employee.

261

Sundar & Sankar: Good morning, sir. Murthy: Good morning, friends. I have some special news for you. In a few days from now, by the coming Monday the 23rd Jan, to be precise, our company will have completed 24 years of successful business, thanks to efficient managers and executives like you.

(O’éÓ N¨Ï≠æç îÁ§ƒpL. O’™«çöÀ Ææ´’-®Ω’n-™„j† ¢Ë’ØËï®Ω’x, 鬮Ωu-E-®√y-£æ«-èπ◊© ´©x ´’† éπç°F ÉçéÌCl ®ÓV™x, Åçõ‰ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç, 23 ï†-´-JéÀ, 24 à∞¡x Nï-ߪ’´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† ¢√u§ƒ-®√Eo °æ‹Jh îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC.) precise = éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i†; executives = éπç°-F™x, éπç°F Nüµ∆-Ø√-©†’ (policy) Å´’©’îË-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

(í∫ûª Ç®Ω’ ØÁ©© ™«¶µ«-©-†’-•öÀd äéÓ\ ÖüÓu-TéÀ éπFÆæç È®çúø’-¢Ë© Å®·-üÌç-ü¿© ¶†Æˇ ÉîËa O©’çC.) preceding = v°œÆ ‘-úÕçí˚ = í∫úø-*†. Sundar: Er... wouldn't it be better if we gave them Rs.2000/- in cash and a gift worth Rs.500?

3) Let's discuss it =

îªJaü∆lç.

4) We might as well give each employee a gold coin =

v°æA •çí¬-®Ω’-Ø√ù„ç

ÖüÓu-TéÀ ã É¢Ìya.

a) Let's ..., b) We could/ You could, c) We might as well, informal expressions,

É´Fo Ææ÷îª-†-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ. ÉçéÌEo informal expressions: 1) What about/ how about

(äéÌ\-éπ\-JéÀ 2000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© †í∫ü¿÷, 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© N©’´îËÊÆ é¬†’éπ ÉÊÆh Åçûªéπçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆?) Er... ûÁ©’-í∫’™ àüÁjØ√ îÁÊ°p-´·çü¿’, Ç.. Åçö«çéπü∆– Å™« Sankar: We might as well give each employee a 2 gm gold coin and silver cup worth around Rs.500/-.

2

2. I say welcome to u always. 3. I always welcome u.

Ram: It is already 10.15. The train is at 10.30. I'm afraid we may miss it.

(É°æp-öÀÍé 10.15 Å®·çC. Train 10.30 éÀ. Å´¤-û√-¢Ë’¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC).

v°æ-¨¡o: 1. I welcome u always.

Miss

4. I always welcome to u. 5. I welcome u. 6. I whole heartedly welcome to u always. Which are correct in all above sentences, if any mistake please give me reason why it is wrong.

Syam: How about/ What about taking a taxi? (

ö«uéÃq BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆´÷?/ö«uéÃq™ ¢Á∞¡-ü∆´÷?)

2) See if you can.

(´’†ç ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ã È®çúø’ ví¬´·© •çí¬®Ω’ -Ø√--ù„ç, ®Ω÷.500 N©’´ îËÊÆ ¢ÁçúÕ éπ°ˇ èπÿú≈ É´ya.)

eg: See if you can work for a longer time every day to earn some extra money.

- Nag santosh, e-mail

-ï-¢√-•’: Sentence 4, I always welcome to you, and sentence No. 6 I whole heartedly welcome to you always correct. welcome to so and so welcome to a place 'to' welcome

Ñ È®çúø÷ °∂晫-Ø√¢√JéÀ ûª°æp N’í∫-û√-´Fo ≤ƒyí∫ûªç ņo-°æ¤púø’ Åçö«ç. °∂晫-Ø√îÓöÀéÀ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç ņoÅçö«ç. Ñ °æ¤púø’ ûª®√yûª È®çúø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x †’ ¢√úøû√ç. °∂晫-Ø√¢√JE -≤ƒyí∫-A-Ææ’hØ√oç ņo-°æ¤púø’, We welcome ûª®√yûª to ®√ü¿’, ´’†ç ≤ƒyí∫-A-Ææ ’h†o ´uéÀhE îÁ•’û√ç.

I suggest that .. Sundar: We understand sir. We are entering the silver jubilee year the coming Monday.

(Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC Ææ®˝, ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç ´’† éπç°F ®Ωï-ûÓ-ûªq´ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç-™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç--ûª’çC.) Murthy: Exactly. We have certainly had a successful innings so far. The credit goes to you. Congratulations.

(´’† ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûªçí¬ ≤ƒTç-ü¿E éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. ü∆EéÀ N’´’tLo ¢Á’a-éÓ-¢√L. Ø√ ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’.) Sankar: You are behind it sir. Please accept our congratulations sir.

(ü∆EéÀ 鬮Ωùç O’®Ω’ Ææ®˝. ´÷ ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿†©’ Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªçúÕ.) Sundar: I suggest that we celebrate the silver jubilee in a fitting manner.

(ÆæÈ®j† KA™ ´’†ç Ñ ®Ωï-ûÓ-ûªq-¢√Eo E®Ωy£œ«ç-î√L/ E®Ωy-£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√-©E Ø√ Ææ÷) Murthy: Certainly. What are your suggestions?

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. O’ Ææ÷™‰N’öÀ?) Sundar: Let's give it wide publicity '25 years in the service of our customers, ...' things like that in the media, sir.

(''ë«û√-ü∆-®Ω’© ÊÆ´™ §ƒA-Íé∞¡Ÿx..—— ™«çöÀ v°æéπ-ô-†-©ûÓ ´’ç* v°æî√®Ωç Éü∆lç.) Sankar: We could observe the whole year as the silver jubilee year with special celebrations for a week ending on the 23rd Jan 2008.

(¢Á·ûªhç àú≈-ü¿çû√ ®Ωï-ûÓ-ûªq´ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωçí¬ E®Ωy-£œ«ç*, Jan 23, 2008ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u Nüµ¿çí¬ äéπ ¢√®Ωç-§ƒô’ v°æûËuéπ Öûªq¢√©’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-´îª’a) observe = §ƒöÀç-îªôç. Sundar: I suppose we can give some special bonus to the employees, sir.

(Æœ•sç-CéÀ v°æûËuéπ ¶†Æˇ èπÿú≈ É¢Ìy-îªaE ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Murthy: What's your suggestion, Sankar?

(F ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’-¢Ë’-N’öÀ ¨¡çéπ®˝?) Sankar: How much bonus do you want to announce, sir?

(áçûª ¶†Æˇ É¢√y-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?) Murthy: Let's discuss it with our finance manager Sekhar.

(´’†ç ÅC ´’† °∂jØ√Ø˛q ¢Ë’ØË-ï®˝ ¨Ïê-®˝ûÓ îªJaü∆lç.) How are our finances, Sekhar?

(´’† ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnA ᙫ ÖçC ¨Ïê®˝?)

Murthy: This appears to be a better suggestion. The gold coin could have the company's name, logo and the words silver jubilee (1984-2008) embossed on them.

(Ñ Ææ÷ ÅEoç-öÀ-éπØ√o ¶«í∫’çC. •çí¬®Ω’ Ø√ù„ç, ¢ÁçúÕ éπ°ˇ O’ü¿ ´’† éπç°F Ê°®Ω’, *£æ«oç, silver jubilee (1984-2008) ņo ´÷ô©’, Ö¶„s-ûª’hí¬ ´·vCç-îª-´îª’a.) logo= *£æ«oç; emboss= Ö¶„s-ûª’hí¬ ´·vCç-îªôç X inscribe = îÁéπ\ôç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ø√ù«© O’ü¿ ´‚úø’ Æœç£æ…©’ emboss îËÆæ’ç-ö«®· éπü∆? ☯

☯

☯

☯

Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç suggestions (Ææ÷îª-†©’) É´yö«-EéÀ ¢√úË standard expressions îª÷ü∆lç. Suggestion -pronunciation= Ææï-¨¡aØ˛. ï ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Suggestion èπÿ, advice èπÿ ûËú≈ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? Advice (Ææ©£æ…) Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ᙫ îËߪ÷™ í∫öÀdí¬ ÉîËa Ç™-. Suggestion (Ææ÷) Åçõ‰ Ç™- äéπöÀ Ææ÷*ç* ü∆EE §ƒöÀçî√®√ ™‰ü∆ ņo N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo °ü¿lí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ-éπ-§Ú´ôç. Suggestion, advice éπçõ‰ Ææ’Eo-ûªçí¬ Öçô’çC. a) É™« îÁ®·u †’´¤y - Advice. b) É™« îËÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-üË¢Á÷ – Suggestion. Study the following sentences from the conversation above: a) I suggest that we celebrate the silver jubilee in a fitting manner. b) Let's give it wide publicity. c) We could observe the whole year as the silver jubilee year. d) I suppose we can give some special bonus. e) Let's discuss it with our finance manager. f) Wouldn't it be better if we gave them Rs. 2000 in cash and a gift worth Rs. 500/-. g) We might as well give each employee ... Suggestions ™ èπÿú≈ formal suggestions (´’†-éπçõ‰ àüÓ-N-üµ¿çí¬ Â°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x-éÀîËa Ææ÷îª-†-©’)èπ◊ ¢√úË expressions èπÿ, informal suggestions (´’†ç ¶«í¬ ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-LÍí ¢√∞¡x-éÀîËa Ææ÷îª-†-©)èπ◊ ¢√úË expressions èπÿ î√™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC. °j† É*a† expressions ™ î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ informal expressions. ÅN: 1) Let's give it wide publicity = ¶«í¬ v°æî √®Ωç îËü∆lç. Let's (let us) - ÉC informal. ÉçéÌEo informal expressions.

2) We could observe ... = Silver jubilee

®Ωçí¬ §ƒöÀç-îª-´îª’a/ §ƒöÀç-ü∆ç.

Ææç´-ûªq-

(Éçé¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ Ææ秃-Cç-îª-ö«-EéÀ Éçé¬Ææh áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æE-îË-ߪ’-í∫-©-¢Ë¢Á÷ îª÷úø’. °æE îÁ®·u ÅE Ææ÷*ç-îªôç) 3) Why don't you?

Our hearty welcome to the Chief guest.

eg: Why don't you buy the car? It appears to be good.

(Ç é¬®Ω’ ¶«í∫’-†o-ô’dçC. é̆-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? éÌØ√-©E Ææ÷). É°æ¤púø’ formal suggestions èπ◊ ¢√úË expressions: 1) May I suggest ...? eg: May I suggest that a bonus of 20% be declared?

20 ¨»ûªç ¶†Æˇ v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-´’E Ææ÷*ç-îª-´î√a?= Ææ÷*-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ ÅE formal í¬ îÁ°æpôç. 2) I suggest/ I would suggest I suggest/ I'd suggest that the number of holidays be reduced = 3) May I make/ give a suggestion here? =

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ØËØÓ Ææ÷ îËߪ’-´î√a? èπ◊ ¢√úË expressions:

formal suggestions

(´·êu ÅA-C∑E ≤ƒyí∫-A-Ææ’hØ√oç)

v°æ-¨¡o: i) ؈’ Féπ™« Å´-鬨¡ç É´y-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-LqçC. ii)

؈’ E†o ´*a Öçõ‰ Ñ®ÓV ¢Á∞Ïx¢√úÕ-ØË¢Á÷. FéÓÆæç éπ∞¡Ÿx é¬ßª’©’ é¬ÊÆ™« áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷Æœ É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.-O-öÀ-E ÉçTx≠ˇ™ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. v°æ鬨¸, É–¢Á’-®·™¸ -ï-¢√-•’: i) I shouldn't have given you such an iii)

opportunity.

iii) After having waited (for ages) for you, I was just thinking of going away.

éπ∞¡Ÿx é¬ßª’©’ é¬ÊÆ™« – ÉC ûÁ©’í∫’ ñ«Bߪ’ç – DEéÀ ÆæÈ®j† ¶µ«´ç English ™ ™‰ü¿’.

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English: Murthy: Silver Jubilee (productivity),

°æ¤®Ω-Ææ \-Jç--èπ◊E éÌûªh áèπ◊\´ Ææ秃Öû√p-ü¿-éπû√ ü¿Ø√ ©é~¬u-©†’ °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷? Sankar: í∫ûª Ææç´ûªq®Ωç éπçõ‰ 10% áèπ◊\´ Öû√p-ü¿éπû√ ©éπ~uç Ø√ Ææ÷. Sundar: ´’J-éÌEo, Åçõ‰ éπFÆæç 5 ¨»ê-©-ØÁjØ√ ûÁ®Ω¢√L, Ñ ®Ωï-ûÓ-ûªq´ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™. ¢Ëûª-Ø√© °ç°æ¤-ü¿© èπÿú≈ Ø√ Ææ÷. Sekhar: ÅC ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëü∆lç. Sankar: éÌçûª ™«¶µ«™x éÓûª ûª°æp-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, silver jubilee Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ ÉÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆? Murthy: É´Fo Ç™-*ü∆lç. ANSWER Murthy: On the occasion of silver jubilee shall we have new targets for productivity and turnover?/ let's have new targets for ... Sankar: I suggest a 10% higher target in productivity. Sundar: We can open some more branches, at least 5 more branches in this silver jubilee year. May I also suggest a wage rise? Sekhar: Let's postpone it until next year.

v°æ-¨¡o: I have a doubt regarding hole'. What should 'kannnam' and 'goyya'.

'small and big we say for

†OØ˛ π◊´÷®˝, É–¢Á’®·™¸ -ï-¢√-•’: Kannam - éπ†oç Åçõ‰ hole ÅØË Åçö«ç. íÌ®·uéà hole ÅØË ¢√úøû√ç. íÌ®·uéÀ ÉçéÓ´÷ô pit.

v°æ-¨¡o: BIMONTHLY is used for FORTNIGHTLY as well. Can you give an example to elaborate the meaning.

†OØ˛, É–¢Á’-®·™¸ -ï-¢√-•’: Bimonthly Åçõ‰ 1) È®çúø’ØÁ©-©-éÓ-≤ƒJ, 2) ØÁ©èπ◊ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x – È®çúø’ Å®√n©÷ ÖØ√o®· O’®Ω’ îÁ°œp-†ô’x. Fortnightly Åçõ‰ 15 ®Ó-V©èπ◊ (°æéπ~ç) -ä-éπ-≤ƒJ ÅE. é¬F áèπ◊\-´í¬ bimonthly Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ØÁ©-©-éÓ-≤ƒJ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ØÁ©èπ◊ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x ņö«-EéÀ fortnightly ÅØËüË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Twice a month ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’. î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ bi monthly Åçö«®Ω’. a) The committee meets fortnightly

(15 ®ÓV-©-éÓ-≤ƒJ, ØÁ©èπ◊ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x) b) We have bimonthly meetings.

Sankar: Wouldn't it be better if we sanctioned/ announced the wage rise in the silver jubilee year? Murthy: Let's think of all these.

We welcome the Chief guest.

ii) If I had come yesterday, I might have gone today.

ÂÆ©´¤©’ ûªT_ç-î√-©E Ææ÷*-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ÉO

(´·êu ÅA-C∑éÀ ´÷ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç)

R

(È®çúø’ØÁ©-©-éÓ-≤ƒJ ´÷ Öçö«®·.)

meetings

- M. SURESAN

-≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 22 -ï-†-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Sreenu: So, would you like me to put in a word in your favour?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

262

Dileep: I've just been looking for you and you are here. (I am) relieved to see you.

(F éÓÆæ¢Ë’ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’, †’¢Ëy ÖØ√o-N-éπ\úø.. E†’o îª÷úøôç °ü¿l relief í¬ ÖçC.) Relieved= àüÓ Â°ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ CT-§Ú-®·† ņ’¶µº´ç Å®·ûË, Å°æ¤púø’, relieved Åçö«ç. My son has tested negative for jaundice. I am relieved/ feel relieved/ feel greatly relieved/ What a relief!/ It's a big relief=

´÷ Ŷ«s-®·éÀ ¢Ájü¿u-°æ-K-éπ~™ 鬢Á’®Ω’x ™‰ü¿E ûËLçC. ÅC NE Ü°œJ °‘©’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’/ N´·éÀh §ÒçC-†-ôx-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†’/ -ØÁAhO’C °ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ CT-†-ô’xçC.

Dileep:

Hope you don't mind my using your phone= help permission

(鬕öÀd, Féπ-†’-èπÿ-©çí¬ ã ´÷ô Åûª-úÕûÓ îÁ°æpØ√?) Exactly, and... (ÅüË, Éçé¬...)

I thought you could be of help in this matter.

(Ñ N≠æߪ’ç™ O’®Ω’ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø-í∫-©-®ΩE ؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o)

(Ç ®Ω’ù«EéÀ ؈’ £æ…O’í¬ Öçú≈L. ÅçûË-éπü∆?)

(ÅC íÌ°æp Ææ£æ…-ߪ’¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. FÍéç trouble ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, ü∆EéÀ †’´¤y Æœü¿l¥-¢Á’iûË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’.) Kind= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ü¿ßª’. é¬F á´-È®jØ√ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-îËÊÆh ´’† éπ%ûª-ïcûª ûÁ©°æ-ö«-EéÀ, That's very kind of you Åçö«ç. -É-C O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’ç-úÕ. delight = ÆæçûÓ≠æç Sreenu: Is there anything else I can do?

ÉC 鬴a.

é¬-´îª’a/

Sreenu: Perhaps I could stand guarantee for the loan too. Is it that? Dileep: That'd be very kind of you. I'd be delighted if you were prepared to do that, provided it's no trouble for you.

2

a) You could help me by showing how to do it=

v°æ¨¡o:

ÅC ᙫ îËߪ÷™ îª÷°œç* Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-´îª’a (≤ƒßª’-°æ-úøçúÕ) b) You could help understand this, couldn't you? =

ÉC ؈’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’çúÕ. ≤ƒßª’ç ÅçCç-îËç-ü¿’ π◊ ÆæçÆœ-ü¿l¥ûª ûÁLÊ° expressions É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. É™«çöÀ expressions °j† îÁ°œp† sentences No. 2), 4), 6), 7), 8) and 10) ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. Ñ offers of help ™ πÿú≈ formal and informal Öçö«®·.

Can you please tell me the difference between 'ADVICE' and 'ADVISE'? - Deepika Pinjala, e-mail

ï¢√•’: Advice is noun, and advise is verb. Look at the following sentences. 1) I want advice on this matter.

(Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ©£æ… é¬¢√L) (advice = Ææ©£æ…) 2) Please advise me on this matter.

(Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ææ©£æ… É´yçúÕ – = Ææ©£æ… É´yôç)

(-ØË-†’ ÉçÍé-´’Ø√o îËߪ’í∫-©Ø√?)

advise

Advise = give advice

Could you do me a favour? Sreenu: Nice to see you too. What could you be looking for me for?

(E†’o îª÷úøôç Ø√èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. -üËEéÓÆæç Ø√éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-†oöx?)

Dileep: Could you do me a favour?

(Ø√éÓ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©¢√?) Sreenu: Certainly, if only I can. Come on, what is it?

(؈’ îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË ûª°æpéπ îË≤ƒh. îÁ°æ¤p. àçôC?)

Dileep: Hope you don't mind a little trouble I am going to give you.

(Fèπ◊ ؈’ éπLTçîË v¨¡´’ °æöÀdç-éÓ´E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o.)

Sreenu: Come on, Dileep. What exactly is it? What can I do for you?

(àçôC?

ØËFoÍéç îËߪ’-í∫-©†’?) Dileep: You know for long I've been thinking of building a house. I need a bank loan for it. I thought you could be of help in getting it.

(î√™«é¬-©çí¬ É©’x éπö«d-©-†’-èπ◊çô’-Ø√o-†E Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’éπü∆. ü∆EéÀ ¶«uçé˙ ®Ω’ùç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç. ÅC §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-í∫-©-´E ؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o).

Sreenu: I'll do it for you, but I don't think you need anybody's help. If you have the right documents and the right security, the banks will only be too eager to offer the loan.

(îË≤ƒh†’, é¬E Ñ N-≠æߪ’ç™ FÈé-´J ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√-©E ؈-†’éÓ†’. ÆæÈ®j† °ævû√©’ F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çõ‰, †’´¤y ÆæÈ®j† £æ…O’ ÉÊÆh ¶«uçèπ◊©’ ®Ω’ù«L-´yö«EéÀ Ç-vûªçí¬-ØË Öçö«®·.) They will only be too eager... Ééπ\úø too Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç, so that not ûÓ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Å®·, negative meaning ®√ü¿’. É™«çöÀîÓôx ´’K ¶«í¬ ÅØË ¶µ«´ç ´Ææ’hçC. I shall only be too happy to get Crores of rupees in a lottery =

™«ôK™ éÓôx ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ®√´ôç Ø√èπ◊ ´’K ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’. In what other way can I be of help you, then? (

Éçéπ/ Å™«çö°æ¤púø’ ØËØË Nüµ¿çí¬ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©†’?) Dileep: Let me explain. I need your help in getting the loan quickly, and in the matter of more instalments.

(îÁ°æpF. Ç ™Ø˛ ûªy®Ωí¬ ´îËa N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, áèπ◊\´ ¢√®·-ü∆© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√L.)

Sreenu: I'll do it for you. Just let me know how.

(-FéÓÆæç îË≤ƒh-†’. ᙫ îËߪ÷™ îÁ°æ¤p.) Dileep: The manager of the bank knows you very well.

(¶«uçèπ◊ ¢Ë’ØË-ï®˝èπ◊ †’´¤y ¶«í¬

ûÁ©’Ææ’.)

Dileep: Nothing more. I can manage the rest.

؈’ îËߪ’-í∫© ≤ƒßª’ç à´’Ø√o Öçü∆? É´Fo èπÿú≈ formal/ informal í¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. éÌçîÁç formal expressions.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

¶«í¬ formal í¬ ÖçúË expressions.

2) Certainly, if only I can. Come on, what is it? 3) Hope you don't mind a little trouble I'm going to give you.

3) Let me help you.

1) Could I help you? 2) Shall I help you? 3) If you don't mind, I'll do it for you. 1) May I help you? 2) May I be of any help? 3) May I be of any assistance?

5) I thought you could be of help in getting it.

1) If/ In case you need my help, let me know=

6) I'll do it for you.

9) That'd be very kind of you. 10) Is there anything else I can do?

°j sentences ™ 1), 3), 5) Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅúÕ-Ííç-ü¿’-èπ◊/§Òç-üËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË expressions. É™«çöÀ expressions ™ formal í¬ ¢√úËN äéπ®Ωéπçí¬, informal í¬ ¢√úËN ´’®Ó-N-üµ¿çí¬ Öçö«®·.

2) If I can do anything, feel free to let me know =

ØËØË-´’Ø√o ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË, Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ îÁ°æpç-úÕ.

3) If I can be of help don't hesitate to let me know = (hesitate=

؈’ ≤ƒßª’ç -îË-ߪ’-í∫-©-†-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ ÆæçéÓ-*ç-îª-´ü¿’l. ÆæçéÓ-*ç-îªôç) ≤ƒßª’ç §ÒçC-†-°æ¤púø’ éπ%ûª-ïcûª ûÁLÊ° Nüµ∆-Ø√©’: 1) Thank you - ÉC î√™« common, ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. 2) That's very kind of you/ thoughtful of you. 3) That'd be welcome.

a) How about helping me with a little money?

4) I'd be delighted.

b) Can you help me carry this? c) Will you give me a lift upto the college?

É´Fo èπÿú≈

informal ways of asking for help.

Formal expressions: a) Could you do me a favour?

Ø√éÓ-≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh¢√? ÉC î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿-°æ‹-®Ωyéπçí¬, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ •A-´÷-©’-ûª’-†oô’d ÅúÕÍí Nüµ∆†ç. b) Could you pay the telephone bill for me? Here is the bill and the money =

Ø√ telephone bill é¬Ææh éπúø-û√¢√/ éπúø-û√®√? – ÉN-íÓçúÕ, bill, úø•’s©÷. c) Could you take me to the doctor? Hope you don't mind - O’éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«†’ (àü¿Ø√o ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ) (É-Cî√™« formal expression- ´’†-éπõ‰d °æJ-îªßª’癉E¢√-∞¡x-ûÓ/ -´’-†-éπçõ‰ àüÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ Â°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ.)

ï¢√•’: The best way to speak in English is to speak on You perhaps are afraid that others might laugh at you. Just don't care. Speak on. You'll then develop speaking English as a habit. Don't worry that you may make mistakes. In course of time you'll find a lot of improvement.

(´÷ö«x-úË-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’).

Read as much English as you can and listen to TV English newscasts.

v°æ¨¡o:

I got one doubt that is... I am going to Bheemavaram (active voice). Change into the passive voice. - Y. Ramakrishna, e-mail.

Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç é¬-¢√Lq-´ÊÆh, -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ç-úÕ/- ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ.

Informal expressions:

(´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç ÖçúÕ îª†’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí¢√-∞¡x†’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅúÕ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊.)

- Sekhar, e-mail.

4) Is there anything I can do? (to help you)? =

ûª°æp- π◊çú≈ äéπJéÀ 鬢√Lq† ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ ¢√úË expressions.

8) Would you like me to put in a word in your favour?

spoken English. I can read well and I can understood well. But I have a shy to speak up. I want to improve my speaking in English. How can I over come this problem?

2) Can I help you?/ Can I be of any help?

4) What can I do for you?

7) In what other way/ How else can I be of help to you?

Å®·-†ç-ü¿’†, advises, advised ÅØËN ¢√úøû√ç. Advices, adviced ÅØË ´÷ô©’ ™‰´¤. v°æ¨¡o: My name is Sekhar. I have a problem in

1) What can I do for you?

(ÉçÍéç-™‰ü¿’. N’í∫û√ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ -ØË-†’ îª÷Ææ’éÓí∫-©-†’.) -Ñ conversation Åçû√ äéπ-JE Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í∫-ö«EéÀ, äéπ-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç -îË-ߪ’ö«-EéÀ/ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úø-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË expressions ûÓ Öçúøôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç real life situations ™ äéπJ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ/ §Òçü¿-ú≈-EéÃ, äéπ-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç -îË-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË standard expressions ´÷vûª-¢Ë’-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, ≤ƒßª’ç §ÒçC-†-°æ¤púø’ thanks îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË expressions èπÿú≈ îª÷ü∆lç. 1) Could you do me a favour?

Advise verb

5) That's very good of you. 6) I don't know how I can thank you. 7) I'm really grateful to you. (greatful=

éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª-í∫©)

8) Thank you. Hope I'm not troubling you.

OöÀ-†-Eo-öÀE conversation ™ Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤-úø™«x ¢√úÕûË ´’† ¶µ«≠æ™ ÅC ¶µ«í∫-¢Á’i-§Ú®·, ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË correct í¬ ¢√úø-í∫-©’-í∫’û√ç. EXERCISE Make as many sentences as you can, on the following pattern. Subject I

verb

saw

object the thief

'...ing' form entering the house.

(üÌçí∫ ÉçöxéÀ v°æ¢Ë-P-Ææ’hç-úøí¬ Øˆ’ îª÷-¨»†’.) He

hears

her

singing in the morning.

(§Òü¿’l† Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-õ‰/- §ƒ-úøôç Åûªúø’ Nçö«úø’.)

ï¢√•’: I am going to Bheemavaram - this sentence has no passive form. Only verbs having objects can be put in passive voice. In your sentence the verb, am going has no object. (Am going what? Am going whom? - These question have no answer.

á´-JE ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o†’? üËEo ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o†’? ÅØË v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ answer ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, am going èπ◊ object ™‰ü¿-†o-´÷ô.) Such verbs have no passive voice. Verbs with objects like 'eat' have passive voice. answer object passive

üËEo A†ôç?/ á´Jo ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd ü∆EéÀ A†ôç? Åçõ‰ ÖçC, Åçü¿’-éπE ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË, Imperative sentences (Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn†©÷, N†o§ƒ©’ ûÁLÊ° ¢√é¬u-©)™ object -™‰E verbs (intransitive verbs) èπ◊ èπÿú≈ passive Öçô’çC. é¬F Ç passive form î√-™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ éπ%ûªéπç (artificial) í¬, àüÓ grammar éÓÆæç îËÆœ†-ô’dç-ô’çCé¬E, spoken English ™ Åçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçúøü¿’. v°æ¨¡o: May I know the name of a 'Parsee temple?'. What is the one-word for 'Change of form or character'?

ï¢√•’: 1)

- S. Chandrasekhara Rao, e-mail. Parsees do not have the practice of temple worship - so no word for temple in Parsee language.

2) Metamorphosis = Complete change of form or character. - M. SURESAN

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 24 -ï-†-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Brihat: He used to like me very much.

(؈çõ‰ Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æ-úË-¢√úø’.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Virat: May his soul rest in peace.

263

Virat: Hi Brihat, Where have you been till now? Your were to take me to the engineer the day before yesterday. I Waited and waited but no trace of you. Your cell was switched off too. (

áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤ É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊? ¢Á·†o-†í¬ †’´¤y ††’o Engineer ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«x-LqçC. F éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷ÊÆh F ñ«úË ™‰ü¿’. F cell èπÿú≈ ÇÊ°Æœ ÖçC.)

Brihat: I've a good reason, Virat.

(ü∆EéÓ •©-¢Á’i† 鬮Ωùç ÖçC.) Virat: I can see that. You don't appear to be in the best of spirits. What's wrong?

(؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. àçöÀ, †’¢Ëy-´’çûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ éπE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’? à¢Á’içC?) in the best of spirits = ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬/ Öû√q-£æ«çí¬.

(Çߪ’† Çûªtèπ◊ ¨»çA éπ©-í¬L.)

Brihat: So May it.

(Å™«ØË ï®Ω-í¬L.) ™ formalities èπ◊ (°æü¿l¥-ûª’-©èπ◊) -î√™« v§ƒüµ∆†uç Öçô’çC. v°æA Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eéà ûªT† expressions Öçö«®·, ÅN ¢√úøôç ᙫíÓ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. á´-È®jØ√ îªE-§Ú-®·-†-°æ¤púø’ (May God forbid) Å™«çöÀN ï®Ω-í¬-©E é¬ü¿’, é¬E ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«®· éπü∆! Ñ ¶µ«´çûÓ ¢√úË expression: May God forbid = Å™«ç-öÀN üË´¤úø’ ï®Ω-í∫-E-´y-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø’-í¬éπ. Ææçû√°æç ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË standard expressions É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. ´’®Ω-ù-¢√®Ωh N†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁLÊ° Ææçû√°æç. condolences (éπçúÓ-™„-ØÁqÆˇ)– 'úÓ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç. DØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ plural ™ØË ¢√úøû√ç. condolence ÅØË ´÷ô-™‰ü¿’. English

Now, look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) Really sorry to hear that.

DEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Éûª®Ω ´÷ô©’: How did he die? / What did he die of? =

ᙫ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’? (´’®Ω-ùÀç-îªúøç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, die ņúøç Åçûª ´’ç* ´÷ô é¬ü¿-†’éÌE î√™«´’çC expire/ demise ÅØË ´÷ô©’ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’– ÉC ņ-´-Ææ®Ω §ƒçúÕûªuç. Die Åçõ‰ îªE-§Ú-´úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøôç, unpleasant ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† English (natural spoken English) ™ die î√™« common - Éçü¿’™ Æ涵ºuûª é¬EüË癉ü¿’. Pass away ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a). When did he die?/ When did the end come?

Q. How do we use the following modal idiom in conversation. Do give Telugu translations also. had as well, had best, can't help, can't hear, can't stand, must needs, may as well, can't help, but can make nothing, can you beat it. - K. Rama Krishna, Ongole

á°æ¤púø’ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’? bereaved family = ´’%ûª’© èπ◊ô’ç•ç bereavement = (èπ◊ô’ç-•ç™) ´’%A. ÉO î√´¤èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† ´÷ô©’


had as well-

May god forbid our use of these words =

É™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ ¢√úË Å´-鬨¡ç üË´¤úø’ ®√E-´y-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø’í¬éπ!

DEéÀ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ´¤†o-ô’x-™‰ü¿’. Åûª†’ ¢Á∞«xúø’, Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRxçC= He has gone; she had as well (Ç¢Á’ èπÿú≈)

"They had bought a Car" "We had as well" car
had best= had better= a) You don't appear to be well. You had best/had better consult a doctor = Doctor

''¢√∞¡Ÿx

éÌØ√o®Ω’—— ''¢Ë’´‚ éÌØ√oç—— (ã °æE) îËߪ’ôç

´’ç*C.

Really sorry to hear that Brihat: I have bad news. My uncle passed away the day before yesterday. It was early in the morning. The end was sudden.

(ã Ũ¡Ÿ-¶µº-¢√®Ωh. ¢Á·†o §Òü¿’lØËo ´÷ ¶«¶«ß˝’ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. £æ«®∏√-†t-®Ωùç) Virat: Really sorry to hear that. How is it I didn't know that? My condolences to you.

(Ç ´÷ô N†-ú≈-EéÀ Eïçí¬ Nî√-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Ø√Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’ ´’J? Fèπ◊ Ø√ Ææçû√°æç.)

Brihat: I thought of calling you and telling you of it, but you are getting ready to have the foundation stone ceremony of your house. I didn't want to give the bad news during such an auspicious time. phone

(Fèπ◊ îËÆœ îÁ•’ü∆´’†’-èπ◊Ø√o é¬F O’ ÉçöÀ ¨¡çèπ◊-≤ƒn-°æ† ÆæØ√o-£æ…™x ÖØ√o´¤. Å™«çöÀ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-Ææ-´’-ߪ’ç™ Ñ îÁúø’ ¢√®Ωh îÁ°æpúøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC.)

Virat: Even your cousin Sai didn't tell me of it. cousin

(O’ – ¶«¶«®· éÌúø’èπ◊-– ≤ƒ®· èπÿú≈ Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.)

Brihat: For the same reason. That's why we didn't respond to calls from you. calls

(ÉüË é¬®Ωùç. Åçü¿’-éπØË F Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç É´y-™‰ü¿’.)

èπ◊ èπÿú≈

Virat: Thank you for being so considerate though I should have liked your informing me of it. I would have paid my last respects to him. I feel bad about it.

(Ø√ í∫’Jç* Åçûª ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷-Aí¬ Å†’-èπ◊-†oçü¿’èπ◊ Thanks. Å®·Ø√ O’®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ îÁ°œp´¤çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC. *´-J-≤ƒ-Jí¬ Çߪ’†’o îª÷ÊÆ-¢√-úÕE. O’®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ îÁ°æp-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC.)

Brihat: He did not here but in Hyderabad. I had to leave suddenly. Sorry, Sai or I didn't inform you of it.

(Çߪ’† îªE§Ú®·çC Ééπ\úø é¬ü¿’ £j«ü¿-®√¶«-ü˛™. ؈’ Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«xLq ´*açC. ؈’-í¬E, ≤ƒ®·-í¬E Fèπ◊ îÁ°æp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ sorry.)

Virat: I wish to send my condolences to Sai and the other members of the family. I think he was about 55 years of age too young to die.

( Sai éÀ Éûª®Ω èπ◊ô’ç-•-Ææ-¶µº’u-©èπ◊ Ø√ Ææçû√°æç ûÁ©-§ƒ-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ 55 à∞¡x-†’-èπ◊çö«– î√´¤-éπC *†o-´-ߪ’ÊÆ.)

EXERCISE

3) I'd have paid my last respects. 4) I wish to send my condolences to Sai and the other members of the family. 5) May his soul rest in peace.

°j´Fo èπÿú≈ death news N†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË standard expressions.

1) Really sorry to hear that =

a) I am sorry to hear the news of his father's death. b) It's very unfortunate. What a tragedy! =

î√™« ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç. áçûª Ç°æü¿! c) Really shocking that he should die/ died so young.

Åçûª *†o ´ßª’-Ææ’™ §Ú´úøç î√™« Cví¬s¥çA-éπ®Ωç. d) Oh, what a way to die! =

ᙫçöÀ î√´¤ ´*açC! (ÉC ´·êuçí¬ acci™ØÓ, -á´-JØÓ ®ΩéÀ~ç-îª-¶®· îªE-§Ú-®·-†°æ¤púÓ ¢√úË-´÷ô.) dent

2) My condolences to you =

Fèπ◊ Ø√ Ææçû√°æç. ÉC ´’†ç ´’%ûª’úÕ èπ◊ô’ç• Æ涵º’u©†’ -ãü∆-Í®açü¿’èπ◊ ÅØË ´÷ô. a) My heartfelt condolences to you =

Ø√ Bv´ Ææçû√°æç. b) I express my condolences =

Ø√ Ææçû√°æç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Ø√ Ææçû√°æç ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. formal.

noun/ pronoun

for

noun or pronoun

1) He

bought

a sari

for

his wife

2) She

cooked

food

for

me

Åçõ‰ any name: üËE-ÈéjØ√ ´’†ç ÉîËa Ê°®Ω’– ´’E≠œ/ ïçûª’´¤/ ´Ææ’h´¤, etc., (Teacher, lion, pen, etc)

Pronoun - noun I, we, you

èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úË, he, she, is, they, ™«çöÀN.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. ''

O’ Ø√†o Ø√ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-Ø√úø’.—— -D-E-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 2. ''O’ Éçöx Æ涵º’u-©†’ ÅúÕ-T-†ô’x îÁ°æ¤p.—— Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 3. Four rupees - four rupee. -à-C ÆæÈ®jç-C? 300 rupees - 300 rupee. Which is correct? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 4. éÀçC ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç îÁ°æpçúÕ. 1. Delhi king also mother's son. 2. Crore educations feed for ...

ÉN ¨¡çéπ-®˝-ü∆-ü∆™™«í¬ Å®Ωnç´îËa ¢√é¬u©’. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©°æçúÕ. – ñ„. °æ¤≥ƒpç-ïE, †çC-éÌ-ô÷\®˝.

2. My regards/ best wishes/ wishes/ enquiries to the members of your family.

3) Pay last respects =

´’%ûª’-©èπ◊ ´’† *´J îª÷°æ¤. 4) May his/ her soul rest in peace =

ÅûªúÕ/ Ç¢Á’ Çûªtèπ◊ ¨»çA éπ©’-í∫’-í¬éπ. ÅE èπÿú≈

Ææçû√°æç ûÁ©-°æ-´îª’a. I offered him my condolences over the death of his father = I condoled with him in the death of his father =

ÅûªúÕ ûªçvúÕ ´’%AéÀ Åûª-úÕéÀ Ø√ Ææçû√°æç ᙫ ûÁ©-°æ†’? Offer/ give/ send/ express/ convey condolences to some one = condole with some one. with

verb

1. Your father has talked to me.

d) I convey my condolences =

ûª®√yûª

sub

-ï-¢√-•’:

c) I offer/ send my condolences =

(condole

Practise aloud sentences on the following pattern.

Noun

ÅC N†-ö«-EéÀ Eïçí¬ Nî√-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. à ü¿’®√y®Ωh NØ√o Ñ expression ¢√úøû√ç.

Please accept my condolences

†’

If you want a car, you can't help spending money =

鬮Ω’ éÌØ√-©çõ‰ úø•’s ê®Ω’a °ôdôç ûª°æpü¿’.

2) My condolences to you.

ÉC éÌçîÁç

†’´¤y èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ éπ-E°œç-îª-úøç ™‰ü¿’. îª÷-úø-ôç ´’ç*C.
Can't help= ûª°æpü¿’.

ûª°æpéπ ´Ææ’hçC.)

plural 3. Four, three hundred, rupees, three hundred rupees

鬕öÀd four ÅØË ÅØ√L. Å®·ûË ÉC Ø√©’í∫’ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© (Åçõ‰ Åçûª êKü¿’ îËÊÆ) pen ņo-°æ¤púø’, it is a four rupee pen; Å™«Íí ÉC 300 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© (Åçõ‰ ®Ω÷. 300 êKü¿’ îËÊÆ) book ņo-°æ¤púø’, It is a three hundred rupee book Åçö«ç. 4. O’®Ω’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç îÁ°æp-´’†o ¨¡çéπ-®˝-ü∆ü∆ ÆœE´÷-™E English ¢√é¬u©’ ÆæÈ®j† English ™ ™‰´¤. ÅN ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ö†o ´÷ô-©†’ Å™«Íí ûÁ©’í∫’ ´®Ω-Ææ-™ØË English ™éÀ ´÷Ja-†N. 1) úµÕMxéÀ ®√ï-®·Ø√, ûªLxéÀ éÌúø’Íé. 2) éÓöÀ Nü¿u©’ èπÿöÀ éÌ®ΩÍé. ÅØËN


If you are truthful, you can't help the enmity of others =

†’´¤y Eñ«--ߪ’Bí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ FéÀ-ûª-®Ω’© ¨¡-vûª’ûªyç ûª°æpü¿’.


If you walk in rain, you can't help being drenched =
Can't hear= I can't hear anything against Gandhi =

¢√†™ †úÕÊÆh ûªúø-´éπ ûª°æpü¿’. N†-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç.

í¬çDµéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ØËØËO’ N†-™‰†’. ¶µºJç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç.


Can't stand= Can't bear= Kashmiris can't stand the heat of Delhi=

úµÕMx ¢ËúÕE é¬Qt-K©’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰®Ω’.

She can't stand people abusing her husband=

ûª† ¶µº®Ωh-†’ -É-ûª-®Ω’©’ Aôdúøç Ç¢Á’ Æ棜«ç-îª-™‰ü¿’. ÉC ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’ – Needs ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ îËߪ÷L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, é¬F DEéÀ èπÿú≈ °æ‹Jh Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç ™‰ü¿’ He needs must do it (= -Å-ûª†C ûª°æpéπ îËߪ÷L) ÅØË •ü¿’©’ He needs to do it ÅE é¬F, He must do it ÅE é¬F ņôç î√™« ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.
May as well= ÉC èπÿú≈ -îË-ßÁ·îª’a éπü∆ ÅE. Why does he want us to go to him. He may as well come here= ´’†¢Á’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’? ÅûªØË Ééπ\-úøèπ◊ ®√´îª’a éπü∆.


Must needs must

Instead of his doing it, I may as well do it/ I may do it as well=

ü∆Eo ¢√úø’îËÊÆ •ü¿’©’, ØËØË

-îË-ßÁ·-a éπü∆.


Can't help but help

Ñ expression wrong. Can't ÅØ√o ÅØ√L, Can't but ÅØ√o ÅØ√L – È®ç-úÕçöÀéà ŮΩnç ûª°æpü¿’ ÅE.
I can't help going there= ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xéπ ûª°æpü¿’= I can't but go there.
He can't help spending the money = ¢√úÕé¬ ê®Ω’a ûª°æpü¿’= He can't but spend the money.

(Can't help + ing form= Can't but + 1st Regular Doing Word)
Can make nothing expression Can make nothing out of something

ÅØË

™‰ü¿’, Åçö«ç. -Åç-õ‰

– ÅüË-O’ -Å®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿E.

He can make nothing out of her words = Ç¢Á’ ´÷ô-©-ûª-E-éπ®Ωnç Å´ôç ™‰ü¿’.
Can you beat it? Åçõ‰ ü∆Eo ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îª-í∫-©¢√? ÅE. Åçõ‰ äéπ éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûª°œpç--éÓí∫©¢√ -Å-E.
Living in Vijayawada can you beat the summer heat?=

Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø™ Öçô÷ ¢ËÆæ-N- ¢Ë-úÕE ûª°œpç--éÓ-í∫-©¢√? - M. SURESAN

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 26 -ï-†-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ b) Meeting the CM is only by appointment =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù I.

´·çü¿’-í¬ØË EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç, v°æüË-¨»™x éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË à®√p-ô’ç-õ‰ØË, ´·êu-´’ç-vAE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a. 264

(All phone numbers here are fictitious. phone

†ç•®Ω’x Íé´©ç éπLp-û√©’.)

Vaibhav: Yes.

III. Prem: Hello, I'd like to speak to Mr. Syam. Ram: Who's (who is) calling please?

Bhargav: Can I speak to Vaibhav?

(á´-®ΩçúŒ

Vaibhav: Speaking. And who's this?

(´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. ÉüÁ-´®Ω÷?) Bhargav: Hi, Vaibhi, it's Bhargav here. How are you?

(؈’ ¶µ«®Ω_¢˛ ûª’-Ø√o†’. ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?)

´·çü¿’í¬ à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊†o ûÓ Ææçv°æ-Cç-°æ¤©’. d) I am here by appointment = ´·çü¿’í¬ Å†’-èπ◊†o time, v°æü˨¡ç v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’ ØËE-éπ\-úø’Ø√o. v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’

Bhargav: Hello, is it 257702284?

Ééπ\úÕ

c) Consultation with the doctor is only by time appointment = doctor

(¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o. †’´¤y èπ◊™«-≤ƒØ√? î√™«é¬©ç ûª®√yûª®·Ø√ F íÌçûª’ N†ôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. àçöÀ N¨Ï≠æç?)

îËÆæ’h-†oC?)

Prem: I am prem, his friend, and this is urgent please. Prem, urgent.)

(؈’

´÷ö«x-úø’-

Vaibhav: Fine. Thank you. How are you? Nice to hear your voice again after such a long time. What's the matter?

phone

ÅûªE ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úÕE. ÉC é¬Ææh

Ram: Please hold on while I find out if he can take the call. He is in a meeting. (Line ™ ÖçúøçúÕ, O’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©-Í®¢Á÷ éπ†’-èπ◊\çö«. Çߪ’ØÓ meeting ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’.) Prem: OK. Could you be fast?

2

Phone Phone, ring up, give a ring, give a tinkle, call, make a call. Modern English usage call. phone, ring up, give a ring. call phone (somebody). Ring up, give a ring - British English. Give a tinkle - totally out dated Call

îËߪ’ôç:

OöÀ™ x ™

áèπ◊\-´í¬ N†-°æ-úËC, Å°æ¤púø°æ¤púø’ OöÀ™x ûª®√yûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’-†oC

(§ƒûªÅçõ‰ °œ©-´ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç •-úÕ-§Ú-®·çC). Öçü¿E ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. Phone in: 1) ´’†ç ÖüÓuí∫ç îËÆæ’h†o office èπ◊, ÆæçÆænèπ◊ îËÊÆ phone. I have phoned in my tour programme = Ø√ tour programme N≠æߪ’ç phone î˨»†’ ´÷ office èπ◊/ ÆæçÆænèπ◊. 2) TV Programmes ™ ´’†ç ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ, TV anchor ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπÿ, ´’† v°æ¨¡o©’ Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ phone îËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈.

Viewers may phone in during the programme = programme phone

Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©’ îËߪ’-´îª’a. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.

(Å™«Íí. éÌçîÁç ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬E-´yçúÕ.)

(Ø√èπÿ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’. ã ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh. ´÷ îÁ™„xL °Rx E¨¡a-ߪ’-´’-®·çC. ´îËa-ØÁ© 13†. Ñ ÆæçûÓ≠æç FûÓ °æç-éÓ¢√©E phone î˨».) Vaibhav: Very happy to hear it. Congrats to her.

(NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’.)

Bhargav: Can I speak to aunt and uncle? I wish to give them the news too. (O’ Å´÷t, Ø√Ø√o ÖØ√o®√? ¢√∞¡xèπÿ Ñ´÷ô îÁ§ƒp-©E ÖçC.) Vaibhav: Oh, sure. But only mom is in, Dad's out on business. Here, over to mom.

II.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Å®·ûË Å´’t ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Éçöx ÖçC, Ø√†o °æE-O’ü¿ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé∞«x®Ω’. ÉCíÓ Å´’tûÓ ´÷ö«xúø’.) Anil: Is it 47957021?

Amar: Yes. Anil: Can I speak to Mr.Amar?

(Å´’-®˝ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a) Amar: Speaking. May I know who you are?

(´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. O’È®-´®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?)

IV.

a)

Praful: Is it Suprachar Ad Ltd.?

(ÉC Ææ’v°æ-î√®˝

Ads company

ßË’Ø√?)

Prasanna: Yes. What can we do for you?

(Å´¤†’. îÁ°æpçúÕ O’Íéç 鬢√™?) Praful: May I know who's (who is) speaking?

(á´®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?) Prasanna: I'm Prasanna, Manager, front office. May I know who you want to speak to?

(v°æÆæ†o, Ééπ\úø v°æñ« Ææç•çüµ¿ N¶µ«í∫ç officer †’. á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?) (Front office: °ü¿l °ü¿l company ©™ v°æñ« Ææç•çüµ¿ N¶µ«í∫ç. Company ™ v°æï©, customers, Nî√-®Ω-ù-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ûÁLÊ° N¶µ«í∫ç. ÉN ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ company office ™ ´·çü¿’ hall ™/ í∫C™ Öçö«®· 鬕öÀd OöÀE front offices Åçö«ç.) Praful: Good morning. Can you put me through to your Manager, Marketing please?

(O’ Marketing Manager èπ◊ É≤ƒh®√, please?)

line/ connection

Prasanna: Could you please hold on? I've to check whether he is in or out. (line ™ Öçö«®√? Çߪ’† office ™ ÖØ√o®Ó ™‰®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L.) Praful: OK.

Anil: I'm Anil. Hope you remember me. We met a few days ago at the country club.

Prasanna: He is not in, Mr. Praful. Have you any message to be passed on to him?

(؈’ Anil. O’®Ω’ ††’o í∫’®Ω’h-°æ-ö«d-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«. éÌEo-®Ó-V© éÀçü¿ô ´’†ç country club ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.)

(Çߪ’† ™‰®Ω’. O’®√-ߪ’-†-Íé-´’Ø√o ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îª-´’çö«®√? / O’Í®-´’Ø√o Çߪ’-†èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ´÷ûÓ ´ü¿-©-ü¿-©--èπ◊-Ø√o®√?)

Amar: Oh sure, how are you Mr.Anil? Anil: Fine. Thank you. Hope you are fine too.

(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. O’®Ω÷ èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË éπü∆?) Amar: OK. Thanks. What can I do for you?

Praful: Just tell him I've called and to call me as soon as he is back.

(à癉ü¿’. ؈’ phone î˨»-†F, ®√í¬ØË Ø√èπ◊ phone îËߪ’-´’E îÁ°æpçúÕ, î√©’.) Prasanna: Oh, sure.

(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. îÁ°æpçúÕ. ؈’ O’Íéç îËߪ’-í∫-©†’?) Anil: I want to see you about some of our products. Can you give me an appointment to meet you?

(´÷ ûªßª÷K (Öûªpûª’h) ©†’ í∫’Jç* N’´’tLo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ÖçC. N’´’tLo á°æ¤púø’, áéπ\úø éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†oC îÁ-•’-û√®√?) Appointment = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ÖüÓuí∫ Eߪ÷´’éπç. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x– á´-J-ØÁjØ√ éπ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, Å™« éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†éÀîËa Æ洒ߪ’ç, v°æü˨¡ç. a) "I have an appointment with the CM today."

´·êu-´’ç-vAE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† à®√p-ô’çC Ø√éÃ-®ÓV. "When is the appointment?"

Praful: Thank you. ☺ Phone calling

☺

☺

☺

îËߪ’-ôç™ formal calling èπÿ, informal èπÿ ûËú≈ Öçô’çC. ´’†ç Ææyûªçvûªç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ îËÊÆ informal call èπÿ, ´’†ç î√™« íı®Ω-´çí¬, Åçûª ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’©’ é¬E-¢√-JéÀ îËÊÆ formal calls èπÿ î√™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC. àüË-´’-®·Ø√, Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ î√™« Ææp≠ædçí¬, (íÌù’-í∫’úø÷, Ææù’í∫’úø÷ ™‰èπ◊çú≈) îÁ§ƒp-©-†’èπ◊-†oC Å´-ûªL ¢√∞¡xéπ®Ωn-´’-ßË’u™« îÁ°æp-í∫-©-í¬L. Phone ™ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’† íÌçûª’™ ´’† ¶µ«´ç Ææ’p¥JçîË-ô’xç-ú≈L. DEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô B®Ω÷, ´÷ô©’ (ᙫ °æ©-éπ-Jç-î√L ™«çöÀN) É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.

Fèπ◊

phone

Öçü∆? =

3. The walls are being painted.

– °œ.Ê£«´’çû˝, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø

-ï-¢√-•’: Being

Åçõ‰ Åçü¿’-´©x /Å™« Öçúø-ôç-´©x ÅE

Å®Ωnç. i) a) Being rich he can buy a carcar

Ö†o-¢√úø’ é̆-í∫-©úø’. b) Being weak, he is unable to walk- Åûªúø’ •©-£‘«-†çí¬ Öçúø-ôç-´©x †úø-´-™‰úø’. c) Being a leader, he should not talk like that =

Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕí¬ ÖçúÕ Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ Çߪ’†.

ii) Being elected president of AICC = president of AICC

؈’ îËÆæ’hØ√o. E é¬Ææh îÁß˝’. ÉO telephone èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’. É°æ¤púø’ telephone ™ ´÷ö«xúË B®Ω’ îª÷ü∆lç. Look at conversation I: ÉC Éü¿l®Ω’ friends ´’üµ¿u informal phone conversation éπü∆? ÅEo informal situations ™†÷, î√™« formal situations ™†÷ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ´’†ç ÆæÈ®j† number °œL-î√´÷ ÅE E®√l¥-®Ωù îËÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ç. (ûª®Ωîª÷ phone îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË¢√∞¡Ÿx Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡x íÌçûª’ Ææ’©-¶µºç-í¬ØË í∫’®Ω’h-°æ-õ‰d-Ææ’hçö«®Ω’. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, Can I speak to/ Am I speaking to ... ÅØË ´÷ô© Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçúøü¿’.) Conversation II îª÷úøçúÕ. ÉC éÌClí¬ formal. éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿õ‰ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†¢√-∞¡x-´’üµ¿u phone conversation. Ééπ\úø é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L formality N≠æ-ߪ’ç™. Mr. Amar (Mister ÅØËC formal). Amar: Speaking. (ÉC Can I speak to Mr. Amar? èπ◊ correct response. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.) May I know who you are?. ´’†èπ◊ phone îËÆæ’h†o-üÁ-´®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ ÅúÕÍí question. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, Who's (Who is) this please?. (á´-®ΩçúŒ phone îËÆæ’h-†oC? – ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Åúø-í∫ôç.) What can I do for you? (àç 鬢√L O’èπ◊?– ÅE ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Åúø-í∫ôç.) Conversation III. ´’†ç phone îËÆæ’h†o ´uéÀh é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’®Ó ´uéÀh á´-®ΩØ√o phone áAhûË, Å°æ¤púÕ™« Åçö«ç. I'd (I would) like to speak to Mr.Syam. ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬, Could you get Mr.Syam on the line, please? (¨»u熒 °œ©’≤ƒh®√?/line É≤ƒh®√?) ™„jØÓx Öçö«®√? ™„jØÓx ÖçúøçúÕ = Please hold on. Please be on the line - ÆæÈ®j† English é¬ü¿’. Can you put me through to your Manager Marketing? / Can you connect me to Manager Marketing? can could

Éçé¬

Prasanna (conversation IV): He is not in. Have you any message to be passed on to him? (Phone

Åçü¿’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† ´uéÀh ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, Çߪ’†-Íé-´’-®·Ø√ îÁ°æp-´’ç-ö«®√? ÅE ÅúÕÍí Nüµ¿ç ÉC. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´’J-éÌEo ¢√é¬u©’. (O’ ´®Ωh-´÷†ç à´’Ø√o Öçü∆ Çߪ’-†èπ◊?)

c) Would you like to leave a message? formal.

– ÉC î√™«

is not in the

2. We are very pleasureful on Mrs. Sonia Gandhi on being elected as president of AICC.

í¬ -á-†’oéÓ-´-úøç-´©x/ áEo-Èéj-†ç-ü¿’-´©x. on being elected ... = áEo-éπ-´ôç-ûÓØË. ÉD D†®Ωnç. On being

b) I am on phone. Could you mute the TV = phone TV mute

a) Have you any message for him? b) Could I take a message?

§ƒvûª†’ í∫’Jç*

regular practice.

Are you on phone?

Ééπ\úø èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ áèπ◊\´ ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Öçô’çC.

being

N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-îË-ߪ’çúÕ. 1. Being Doctor, he

(üµ¿E-èπ◊úø’) Å´-ôç-´©x

I'd like to speak to .. Bhargav: So am I. A piece of happy news. My sister's marriage has been fixed. It's the 13th next month. (I am) calling you just to share the happy news.

v°æ¨¡o: ÉçTx≠ˇ ví¬´’-®˝™

elected president of AICC, she drove to her AICC office = President office

í¬ áEo-éπ-´-í¬ØË, Ç¢Á’ èπ◊ ¢ÁRxçC. O’ sentence ™-E pleasureful ÅØË ´÷ô ¢√-úø’éπ-™ ™‰ü¿’. •£æ›¨¡ O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†oC, We were happy about her being elected president of AICC. (Ç¢Á’ áEo-éπ´ôç ´÷èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπ-L-Tç-*çC) É™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ on being ®√ü¿’. iii) being painted- ÉC be + past participle ûª†

passive form.

The walls are being painted-

íÓúø©’

®Ωçí∫’-¢Ë-ߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®· É°æ¤púø’. Being painted the walls are shining=

®Ωçí∫’ ¢Ëߪ’-•-úø-ôç-´©x íÓúø©’ ¢Á’®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. Å®·ûË, painting °æ‹®Ωh-®·ûË, having been painted the walls are shining = paint

îËߪ’-úøç-ûÓ, íÓúø©’ ¢Á’®Ω’-Ææ’h-

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. He should have gone to the suresh Ø√o®·.

marriage.

2. He would have gone to the suresh marriage. 3. He might have gone to the suresh marriage. 4. He may have gone to the suresh marriage.

°j ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – îªçü¿†, E®Ωt™¸

-ï-¢√-•’:

1) He should have gone to suresh's marriage (The suresh marriage

ņç éπü∆) = Ç Â°R}éÀ ¢Á∞«x-LqçC, é¬E ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. (NCµí¬ îËߪ÷-LqçC – îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’).

2) He would have gone to Suresh's marriage =

Ç Â°RxéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úË-¢√úË é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’.

3) He might have gone to Suresh's marriage =

Ç Â°RxéÀ ¢Á∞«xúË¢Á÷. (¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa, ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çúÌa – ÆæçüË£æ«ç)

4) He may have gone to Suresh's marriage

(¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa °RxéÀ– ¢Á∞«x-úø-†-ö«-EéÀ Å´-鬨¡ç áèπ◊\´ – Might have gone Åçûª ÆæçüË£æ«ç é¬ü¿’. See also spoken English lessons

138, 139 and 140.)

- M. SURESAN

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 28 -ï-†-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ III.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù I.

265

Brinda: Hello, this is Brinda speaking. May I know who you are please.

Govinda: Hello, who is it? Sorry I am unable to hear you. There is too much of noise around here. Could you be a little louder?

Gopal:

(ã •%çü∆! †’´¤y ´·éπhûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o´¤/ ؈’ ´·éπh†’. áçûª Ǩ¡a®Ωuç! ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?) Brinda: You haven't been phoning either.

(†’´‹y

phone

îËߪ’-õ‰x-ü¿’í¬!)

IV.

I can see that. I will call you back in ten minutes.

(Çí∫’/ Çí∫çúÕ. Å°æ¤púË phone °õ‰d-ߪ’èπ◊. ؈’ Éçé¬ î√™« îÁ§ƒpLq ÖçC). Ranjan: I'm sorry. I haven't the time right now to listen to you.

(؈®ΩnçîËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. ´’®Ó °æC EN’≥ƒ™x O’èπ◊ ´’Sx phone îË≤ƒh†’.)

Srinath: Hello, who is it, please? Oh, Mr.Srinivas. I am driving. Could you call me a little later? (Hello, drive phone

á´-®ΩçúŒ. XE-¢√Æˇ. ØËE-°æ¤púø’ îËÆæ’hØ√o. é¬Ææh -ûª®√y-ûª îË≤ƒh®√?)

Srinivas: Srinath:

Mukta: The fault is on both sides. But why this call now; all so suddenly?

(Éü¿lJD ûª°æ¤pç-C™‰. Ö†o-ô’xçúÕ É°æ¤púŒ phone áçü¿’-éÓÆæç?)

Raghav: Wait (please). Don't hangup yet. I have a lot more to tell you.

(£æ«™, á´-®ΩçúŒ? O’®Ω’ îÁÊ°pC NE-°œçîª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø î√™« íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC. O’®Ω’ é¬Ææh Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√®√?)

(£æ«™, •%çü¿ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. O’È®-´®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?) Mukta: Hi Brinda, you are speaking to Mukta. What a surprise! How are things going?

2

Srinivas:

OK. I will. I'll call you back/ get back to you myself after I get off from the vehicle. phone It's OK.

(O’èπ◊ ØË-ØË

(É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y îÁÊ°pC NØËçûª Ø√èπ◊. Sorry)

time

-v°æ-¨¡o: i)

™‰ü¿’

äéπ ´uéÀhE °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Ç ´uéÀh How do you do? Åçõ‰ ´’† response ᙫ Öçú≈L? ii) °æJ-îªßª’ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ nice to meet you

Raghav: Look, Revathi, Ranjan has hung up in the middle of the conversation.

(or) nice meeting you, glad to meet you response nice to meet you too

(îª÷úø’ Í®´B, -Ø√ ´÷ô© ´’üµ¿u-™ØË phone °õ‰d-¨»úø’ Ranjan.)

Åçõ‰ ´’† ᙫ Öçú≈L? ´’†ç èπÿú≈ ÅØ√™« ™‰ü∆ àN-üµ¿çí¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L? ÉçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Éçé¬ àN-üµ¿ç-í¬-ØÁjØ√ °æJîªßª’ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´î√a? iii) ÉçTx≠ˇ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Å™«Íí American Accent éÓÆæç à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. iv) Idioms & Phrases èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ •’é˙ Öçü∆? ™‰ü∆ à dictionary ¶«í∫’çô’çC? v) By the way E topic ´÷®Ωa-ú≈-EéÀ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’? – á. ®Ω-´’-ù«-éπ-®˝-®√V, ë«Ø√°æ‹®˝

Revathi: That's very rude of him. When he makes a call he never ends it. He goes on talking for hours on end.

(Åûª-†™« îËߪ’ôç î√™« Å´’-®√u-ü¿éπ®Ωç. Åûª†’ phone îËÊÆh á°æp-öÀéà °õ‰d-ߪ’úø’. í∫çô© ûª®Ω-•úÕ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’.) Phone Ææ綵«-≠æù ´·Tç-îªôç = end a call.

îË≤ƒh†’, •çúÕ Cí¬_ØË.)

Who is it, please? Brinda: Today is a holiday and I remembered you. I thought I'd just say hello to you.

(Ñ ®ÓV ÂÆ©´¤, †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-î√a´¤. àüÓ °æ©-éπ-J-ü∆l-´’E phone î˨») Mukta: That's very good of you.

II.

Ravali: This is Ravali speaking. Is it Consolidated Real Estates Ltd., please? Consolidated Real Estate Company

(ÉC

- ßË’-Ø√?)

Rasagna: Yes, it is. What's it please? Ravali:

May I have some detailed information about the plots and flats you are selling?

Ñ lesson ™-E È®çúø’ conversations ™ èπÿ-ú≈ ¢Á·ü¿ô ´÷ö«x-úÕ†-¢√∞Ïx ûª´’ Ê°®Ω’, N´-®√©÷ îÁ°æpôç í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ Å´-ûªL¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁÊ°pC ´’†èπ◊ à 鬮Ωùç ´©x®·Ø√ ÆæJí¬ NE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿-†’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡x†’ ´’Sx îÁ°æp-´’-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË polite expression.

phone Ringing off the hook.

-´÷-öÀ-´÷-öÀéÃ

a) The phone in the press office has been ringing off the hook for more information about the ministers' involvement in the scam.

Ç èπ◊綵º-éÓ-ùç™ Ç ´’çvûª’© §ƒvûª í∫’Jç* Ææ´÷î√®Ωç éÓÆæç, °ævAéπ Ç°∂‘-Ææ’™ phone -´÷-öÀ-´÷-öÀéà ¢Á÷í∫’-ûª÷ØË ÖçC.

a) Who is it, please? Once again.

(á´-®ΩçúÕ? ´’Sx îÁ°æpçúÕ) b) Pardon (éπ~N’ç-îªçúÕ). Phone Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ Å´-ûªL-¢√∞¡x ´÷ô©’ ´’†èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ N†-°æúø-éπ-§ÚûË Ñ ´÷ô (pardon) Åçö«-´’E ´’†™ î√™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÉC éÌç-îÁç formal í¬ Å®·ûË Beg your pardon Åçö«ç.

b) The hospital phone has been ringing off the hook with offers of blood donation to save the baby's life.

Ç Gúøf v§ƒùç 鬧ƒ-úøôç éÓÆæç, ®Ωéπh-ü∆†ç ÉîËa ¢√J Phone ©’ -´÷-öÀ-´÷-öÀéà ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. ÉO phone conversation èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´’JéÌEo expressions.

c) I'm sorry. I'm unable to hear you. Could you be a little clearer?

(

-O’®Ω-´·t-ûª’-†o plots, flats †’ í∫’Jç-*† N´-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´y-í∫-©®√?)

Rasagna: With pleasure, of course. But it is not a matter to be talked of over phone. Could you make it to our office any working day between 10 and 5?

(ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬. Å®·ûË phone ™ îªJaç-îªí∫-L-T† *†o ´u´-£æ…®Ωç é¬ü¿’ í∫ü∆? O’®Ω’ à working day Å®·Ø√, 10 †’ç* 5 ™°æ© ´÷ office èπ◊ ®√í∫-©®√? Ravali:

Your office is too far off for me and I am very busy as working days. office Working days

(O’

Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. ™ Ø√èπ◊ BJ-èπ◊ç-úøü¿’.)

Rasagna: That's all right. Just let's know where you live and give us a time when you are available. One of our marketing people will visit you and give you the details, Mrs.Ravali. By the by is this your phone number? can we call this to contact you?

(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. O’È®-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«®Ó à time ™ ®Ω´’tç-ö«®Ó îÁ°æpçúÕ. ´÷ marketing Æœ•sç-C™ á´®Ó äéπ®Ω’ O’ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ´≤ƒh®Ω’. ÅEo N´-®√©÷ É≤ƒh®Ω’ ®Ω´R. -Å-CÆæÍ®. ÉC O’ phone number éπü∆? Ñ number ûÓ O’èπ◊ phone îËßÁ·î√a?) Ravali:

Yea. That's the number. I am always available on the number.

(Å´¤†’. ÅüË Ø√ number. Ç ™ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Öçö«†’.) Rasagna: Thank you.

number

(O’®Ω’ îÁÊ°pC Ø√èπ◊ NE-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh ÉçéÌç-îÁç Ææp≠ædçí¬ îÁ•’-û√®√?) d) Could you repeat yourself please? I couldn't hear you/ catch you.

¢Á÷í∫’ûª÷ Öçúøôç =

EXERCISE Look at the following sentence:

a) Sorry I am driving. Could you call me a little later?/ I will call you back some time later.

Write as many sentences as you can, in which the '.... ing' form can be changed into the infinitive (like, 'to smoke')

a) Sorry. Your voice isn't clear. Could you please be clearer?

eg: Walking is good for health = To walk is good for health.

É™« 'ing' form •ü¿’©’ infinitive ¢√úÕ O’èπ◊ O©-®·-†Eo sentences ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) Tony, Sony and Rony go to a hotel. / an hotel.

Ranjan: Is that all or have you any thing more to say? I am in a hurry.

(ÅçûËØ√, ÉçÍé-´’Ø√o îÁ§ƒpLq Öçü∆? ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL)

àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.

ii) I am having a one rupee note Lifco Dictionary Having possession

b) I hear some noises over the line/ The line isn't clear/ your voice isn't clear. Could you disconnect and call/ try again?

Åçû√ íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC. phone °õ‰dÆœ ´’Sx îËߪ’çúÕ/ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ.) disconnect = ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆. phone °õ‰d-ߪ’ôç. phone °õ‰d-ߪ’ôç/ phone ™ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Çʰߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ÉçéÓ ´÷ô, hang up (disconnect).

èπÿú≈, Fine, thank you; ÅØÁjØ√ í¬F, simple í¬ How do you do? ÅØÁjØ√ í¬F Öçú≈L. ´’†

ii) Glad to meet you too/ nice to meet you too

O’®Ω-†oô’x.

It's great pleasure meeting you, etc.

(¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ spoken îª÷úøçúÕ) iii) English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ--´ö«-EéÀ

ÅE

-ï-¢√--•’:

™ ÖçC. †’ ™ ¢√úøèπÿ-úøü¿’ éπü∆-! N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – >. ¨¡çéπ®˝, Í騡-´-°æôoç

i) A hotel correct. An hotel - old usage ii)

É°æpöÀ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ûª°æ¤p. éπL-T Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ am having/ is having/ are having, correct English usage ™ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. I have a one rupee note, correct.

English lesson

best method1) Reading as much English as possible- newspapers, books (starting from small books and going on to big novels), 2) Listening constantly to English news telecasts, 3) watching English movies for American accents. market CDs leading book shops

To smoke is bad for health (= smoking is bad for health.)

(O’ íÌçûª’/ ´÷ô©’ ÆæJí¬ NE-°œç-îª-úøç-™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh Ææp≠ædçí¬ îÁ•’-û√®√?)

(Line phone

response How do you do?

Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ

(O’®Ω’ ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îÁ•’-û√®√? O’®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC ؈’ N†-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.) ´’†ç Car, two wheeler ™«çöÀN drive îËÆæ÷h cell phone ™ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË

(؈’ drive îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. é¬ÊÆ-§ƒT phone îË≤ƒh®√?/ ؈’ O’èπ◊ phone îË≤ƒh†’.) É´Fo èπÿú≈ conversations 3 and 4 ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ phone ™ disturbances ´©x ´’†ç N†-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ÅØË ´÷ô©’.

i)

Smoking is bad for health (Smoking We can use 'To smoke' instead of the 'smoking' in the sentence above. The meaning does not change.

îÁúø’).

expressions.

-ï-¢√-•’:

ÉçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®·–

™

î√™«

™.

iv) Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of current English. v) by the by = by the way (used to change the topic).

-v°æ-¨¡o:

i) What is the passive voice of "Why don't you keep him offered." Can we write as: Why doesn't he be kept offered by you. ii) Can we say "I have a pen" as I am having a pen.

-ï-¢√-•’:

–- G. v°æ¶µº’-ü∆Æˇ, éπKç-†-í∫®˝

i) Why don't you keep him offered?

Ñ sentence èπ◊ -Å®Ωnç -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ôç -™‰-ü¿’. Å®·ûË DEéÀ passive form: Why is he not (isn't he) kept offered by you? ii) I have a pen - correct.

- M. SURESAN

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 30 -ï-†-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Spoken English Public speaking

´’†ç Ñ≤ƒJ

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

266

Good evening everybody. On behalf of the students, staff and management of Suvidya College, this is Ramachandra welcoming you all to this evening's function, the 23rd annual day celebrations of the College.

(Åçü¿-Jéà ¨¡Ÿ¶µº ≤ƒßª’çvûªç. Ææ’N-ü¿u éπ∞«-¨»© ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬, éπ∞«-¨»© Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©’, Åüµ∆u°æ-èπ◊-©’, ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç ûª®Ω-°∂椆 ؈’ ®√´’-îªçvü¿ N’´’tLo Ñ ¢Ëúø’-éπèπ◊ Ç£æ…y-E-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) The programme will be starting in a short time from now. May I request all the invitees to be seated so that we can begin the function.

(ÑØ√öÀ 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç ´’J-éÌCl ÊÆ°æöx v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-鬆’-çC. 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷Eo v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬

2

ô’ç-C- éπü∆.

™ ¶µ«í∫-¢Á’i-† (v°æÆæç-í¬-©’)- í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-

a) I/ We welcome you all b) I/ We extend a warm welcome to you all

èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. ÉC éπ∞«-¨»© ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq-¢√Eo í∫’-Jç-* Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’-©èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÊÆ v°æÆæçí∫ç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ÉC event †’ compere îËߪ’ôç (event = É¢Áçö¸ = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç Ææç°∂æ’-ô†. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™, àüÁjØ√ ¢ËCéπ -O’-ü¿ ïJÍí †%ûªu, Ø√ôu, Ø√ô-éπ v°æü¿-®Ωz-†-™«xçöÀN èπÿú≈ events) Compere (é¬ç°œßª’ – '鬗 ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) = äéπ Æ涵º-™/- Ææ-´÷-¢Ë-¨¡ç-™/- N-ØÓü¿ 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷-™x/¢Ë-Céπ O’ü¿ à v°æü¿-®Ωz†™ØÁjØ√ v°æü¿-®Ωz-èπ◊-©†’, éπ∞«-鬮Ω’-©†’, 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷Eo vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆæ÷h N´-JçîË¢√®Ω’/-Å™« N´-Jç-îªôç. TV show ™ compere †’ anchor/ host/ hostess ÅE èπÿú≈ -Å-†-úøç O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Compere èπ◊ ÉçéÓ ´÷ô master of ceremonies Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô abbreviation MC (EMCEE) ÅØËC áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’, °æ‹Jh-

c) A warm/very welcome to all the invitees d) We take pleasure in welcoming you all e) It's our privilege to have you all here. f) Welcome to you all from RamaChandra (Compere/ EMCEE) g) Welcoming you all is Ramachandra, on behalf of... h) your presence here is our pleasure.

a. If he was late, He would miss the school bus.

É™« ´’† Ü£æ…-¨¡-éÀhéÀ °æü¿’-†’-°-úÕûË áEo Nüµ∆©’ í¬ØÁjØ√ ≤ƒyí∫-Aç-îª-´îª’a. äéπ\õ‰ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L; Public speaking á°æ¤púø’ formal í¬ØË Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE Åçü¿-Jéà ǣæ…xü¿ç éπL-Tç* á´-JF ØÌ°œpç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ñ«ví∫ûªh©’ -BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-L. ÉO éÌEo Ææ÷îª-†©’. ´’J-éÌEo Ææ÷îª-†©’ ´îËa

b. If he wasn't late, He wouldn't miss the school bus.

your presence here is our pleasure.. Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’-©-†ç-ü¿-J-F ÇÆ‘-†’©’ éπ´’tE éÓ®Ω’ûª’Ø√oç) Dear friends, we are celebrating, as you all know, the 23rd anniversary of the college. I find it a pleasure to let you know the order of events that you are going to witness this evening.

(N’vûª’-™«®√, O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’†ç ´’† éπ∞«-¨»© 23´ ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç -E®Ωy-£œ«ç-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. O’®Ω’ îª÷úø-¶-ûª’†o 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ -Å稻©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.) We start this evenings proceedings with welcoming the guests on to the dias. The celebrations will begin with a prayer by the college prayer group then follows the welcome address by the President of the college students' society. The next will be the presentation of garlands and bouquets to the guests of the evening and others. We will then listen to a brief report by the Principal of the college's activities and progress during the year. We will then have Prof Narayana introducing the Chief Guest, the renowned scientist, Prof Bhoutik. What follows then is the highlights of the evening's programme, the Chief Guest's message.

(ÑØ√öÀ -Å-A-ü∑¿’-©-†’ ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îª-ôçûÓ ØËöÀ 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷Eo v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. 23´ ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ ¢Ëúø’-éπ©’ éπ∞«-¨»© v§ƒ®Ωl¥Ø√•%çü¿ç í¬†ç-ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-û√®·. Ç ûª®√yûª éπ∞«-¨»© Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕ ≤ƒyí∫-ûÓ-°æ-Ø√uÆæç Öçô’çC. ûª®√yA Åç¨¡ç ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿ Ö†o-¢√-JéÀ °æ¤≠æp-´÷-©©’, í∫’î√a¥© Ææ´’-®Ωp-ù. (Bouquet - •’Íé – °æ¤≠æpí∫’îªa ¥ç.) Ç ûª®√yA Å稡ç, principal E¢Ë-C-éπ – Ñ Nü∆u Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç (Academic year) éπ∞«-¨»© v°æí∫-AE, 鬮Ωu-éπ-™«-§ƒ© í∫’-Jç-* principal E¢Ë-Céπ. ûª®√yA Å稡ç Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 鬮Ωu-véπ-´’ç™ ´·ë«u-éπ-®Ω{ù. (High light = ´·ë«u-éπ-®Ω{ù). However, then there will be a vote of thanks proposed by the secretary of the college students' union, Vidyalankaar after all this, we are going to be treated to a variety entertainment programme by the students of our college.

(Ç ûª®√yûª Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ç 鬮Ωu-ü¿Jz Nü∆u©ç鬮˝ ´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù Öçô’çC. Ç ûª®√yûª NNüµ¿ ≤ƒçÆæ \%-Aéπ 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷©’ – ´’† éπ∞«-¨»© Nü∆u-®Ω’n© v°æü¿-®Ωz† Öçô’çC. (Treat = Nçü¿’)

´÷ô Master of Ceremonies éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈. ´’†ç °j† îªC-Nç-ü¿çû√ èπÿú≈ programme compere îËÊÆ N-üµ∆-†ç – ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ– Compere Åçõ‰ v°æü¿-®Ωz-†èπ◊ ¢√uë«uûª ÅØË Å®Ωn¢Ë’é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√uë«u-Eç-îªôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ´’†èπ◊ éÌçîÁç Çûªt N¨»yÆæç ÖçúÕ, ´÷ö«xúøí∫L-TûË ´’†´‚ compere Ŵa. compere îËߪ’´îª’a. Åçõ‰ EMCEE îËߪ’-´îª’a. Åçõ‰ anchor í¬ ã programme †’ host îËߪ’-´îª’a. ÉC public speaking spoken English ™ î√™« ´·êu--¢Á’i-† Å稡ç. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ college anniversary compere îËߪ’ôç ᙫ ÖçüÓ îª÷ü∆lç. Ñ compere, Ramachandra éπü∆. Ééπ\úø Ramachandra, College anniversary Celebrations v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº´’ßË’u ´·çü¿’ Ç celebrations èπ◊ ´*a† ¢√∞¡x†’-üËl-Pç* îÁ°œp† ´÷ô©’. Celebrations v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-ö«-EéÀ Éçé¬Ææh ´u´Cµ Ö†oç-ü¿’†, ïØ√-©èπ◊ NÆæ’í∫’ °æ¤ôd-èπ◊çú≈ Åçô’†o ´÷ô-LN. 1. v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç: Good evening, everybody. 2. compere Æ‘y-ߪ’°æ-J-îªßª’ç – ÉC î√™« ´’çC NÆæt-J-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. 'á´®Ω’, á´-JC?— ÅE vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©’ ņ’-éÓéπ ´·çüË ¢√JéÀ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úøç ´’ç*C. 3. ´*a† ¢√J-†ç-ü¿-J-F Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªôç – DØËo welcoming the gathering Åçö«ç. Gathering = äéπ event èπ◊ ´îËa Ç£æ›ûª’©’. ´·êuçí¬ Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. á´®Ω’ v°æü¿-®Ωz† E®Ωy-£œ«-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ó Ç N´®√-©’ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©°æ-úøç – ¢√J ûª®Ω-°∂椆 éπü∆ compere Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’©-†’ -Ç£æ…y-Eç-îËC. 4. Programme v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ«-EéÀ ´u´Cµ ÖçC. ´*a† ¢√∞¡Ÿx NÆæ’í∫’ îÁçü¿-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷úøôç compere NCµ. é¬-•-öÀd ¢√∞¡x†’ ´÷ô-©-ûÓ engage îËߪ÷L. Åçü¿’-éπØË Ééπ\úø compere, Ç ®ÓV ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’†o 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷ç-¨»-©††’ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’°æ®Ω-îª-ôç-ûÓ Ç ´u´Cµ ¶µºKh îËߪ’ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (ÇØ√öÀ 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç éπ®Ω-°æ-vûªç™ programme line up Öçô’çC èπÿú≈) *´-JéÀ É™« ´·Tç-îª-´îª’a. Dear friends, your patience for a few minutes, before we begin.

(¢Ë’ç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æôd-´îª’a. O’®Ω’ ã®Ω’pûÓ Öçú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç.) í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: 1) Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªôç á°æ¤púø÷ äÍ陫 é¬èπ◊çú≈ welcoming ™ èπÿú≈ Variety îª÷°œÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-

v°æ-¨¡o: i) I saw 'a saw is sawing a saw' and such a saw I never saw. Ñ ¢√é¬u-®√nEo ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. ii) He was late. He missed the school bus. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ®√ÊÆh–

lesson

™

Exercise: Practise aloud as many sentences of welcome (General Welcome) with the help of other welcome sentences given in the lesson.

iii a. He died in 1919

)

b. He was died in 1919.

È®çúø÷ ÆæÈ®j-†-¢ËØ√? iv a. The Examinations will conduct soon.

)

b. The Examinations will be conducted soon.

°j È®çúÕçöÀ™ àC ûª°æ¤p. a. ؈’ °æKéπ~ ÖBh-®Ω’g-úø-ØÁj-AE(E†o). b. ¢√®Ω’ ††’o °æKéπ~ ÖBh-®Ω’g-úÕE -îË-¨»®Ω’(E†o). vi) Brough around - Bring around Ñ phrase E N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – °œ. üµ¿†’ç-ï-ߪ’-®√´¤, -Xé¬ π◊-∞¡ç. i) äéπ ®Ω秃Eo éÓÊÆ ÉçéÓ ®Ω秃Eo îª÷¨»†’. Å--™«ç-öÀ ®Ω秃Eo ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. saw èπ◊†o È®çúø’ Å®√l¥-©ûÓ (îª÷-¨»-†’/ -®Ωç°æç. sawing = ®Ωç°æçûÓ éÓߪ’ôç) ’-û√\-®Ωçí¬ ®√Æœ† ¢√éπuç. v)

ii) He was late. He missed the school bus. rewrite as directed clear

Åçõ‰ ÇüË-Pç-*† Nüµ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ’çúÕ, ÅE. Å®·ûË Çü˨¡ç àN’-ô-ØËC í¬ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ éπ©°æ´îª’a.

a) As/ because/ since he was late, he missed the school bus.

v°æ-¨¡o: To + be form í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ßª’çúÕ.1.To be take ( let form verb) 2. To be taken (p.p.) 3. To be Interesting (ing form) 4. May be taken 5. Can be taken 6. To be grateful

– Èé.Å-§ƒp-®√´¤, Nï-ߪ’-†-í∫®Ωç ï-¢√-•’: To be Åçõ‰ ÖçúøôçTo be+past participle, infinitive (to take, to see, etc) passive form.

b) If he had been late, he wouldn't (would not) have missed the school bus. If he was late, he would miss the school bus -

O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ†,

ÆæÈ®j† ¢√éπuç é¬ü¿’.

If he were late, he would school bus late late school bus miss miss

iii) He died in 1919 correct. He was died in 1919, wrong. Die, verb object was (be form)

èπ◊

i) To be take (to be+1st Regular doing word)

Ñ èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ü∆E

English ii)

´·çü¿’ ®√ü¿’.

™ áéπ\ú≈ ¢√úøç. To be taken ÅØËC, to take èπ◊ passive voice. To be taken èπ◊ Å®Ωnç BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-•úø-ö«-E-éÃ/- B-Ææ’Èé∞¡x-•-úøôç ÅE.

iv) The exams will conduct soon =

a) He wants to be taken to a doctor.

°æK-éπ~©’ E®Ωy-£œ«-≤ƒh®· ÅE. °æK-éπ~©’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úøû√®·. Å™« ņ-ú≈-EéÀ

Åûª-úø’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-•-úø-´’E éÓ®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oúø’.) (

correct sentence, The exams will be conducted.

b) To be taken in a bus all the way is not safe.

Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω´‚ bus™ BÆæ’Èé∞¡x-•-úøôç Íé~´’ç-é¬ü¿’.)(Å®·ûË, '•úøôç— ûÁ©’-í∫’™ î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’) iii) To be interesting - to be = Öçúøôç; interesting = ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬. To be interesting = ÇÆæéÀh éπ®Ωçí¬ Öçúø-ôç/-Ç-Ææ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. iv) May be taken = BÆæ’Èé∞¡x-•-úø-´îª’a. v) can be taken = BÆæ’Èé∞¡x-•-úø-í∫-©-ü¿’/-í∫-©-úø’/-í∫-©-®Ω’/´îª’a vi) To be grateful = éπ%ûª-ïc-ûªûÓ Öçúøôç

miss the

D†®Ωnç, Åûª-úø’ Å´ôç Åçô÷ Å´-™‰ü¿’/ Å´úø’ ÅE ¶µ«´ç) ïJ-TûË (Åûª-úø’ Å´¤-û√úø’ ( Å´-™‰ü¿’ ÅE ¶µ«´ç) If he wasn't late, he wouldn't miss..... – ÉC èπÿú≈ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. D†®Ωnç Åçûª ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿’.

(

v) I passed the exam yesterday. They passed me in the exam yesterday. vi)

bring around - ü∆JéÀ ûË´ôç – á´-È®j-Ø√ ¢Á·çúÕ-ÍéÆœ, ´uA-Í®éπ üµÓ®Ω-ùÀ™ Öçõ‰ ¢√JE ´’† ü∆JéÀ ûË´ôç – DEéÀ past tense, brought around. 'Brough around' English é¬ü¿’.

- M. SURESAN

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 1 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

267

Ramachandra (Compere/ EMCEE): May I have your attention, ladies and gentlemen (and my student friends)? All is set for the evening's programme and we now begin by inviting our beloved principal, professor Upadesh to take his seat on dais. Mitra and Charita will escort the principal to his seat on the dais.

(Ç£æfi-ûª’-™«®√, ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N†çúÕ. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷-EéÀ Åç-û√ Æœü¿l¥´’®·çC. ´’† v°œßª’-ûª´’ principal Çî√®Ωu Ö°æ-üË-¨ ¸†’ ¢ËC-éπ-O’ü¿ ≤ƒn†ç™ èπÿ®Óa-¢√-©E éÓ®Ω-úøçûÓ ´’† Ñ Æ涵º v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç îËÆæ’hØ√oç. N’vûª, îªJûª Çߪ’-††’ ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ BÆæ’éÌ≤ƒh®Ω’.)

ÆæGµ-èπ◊© ≤ƒ´-üµ∆†ç (attention) §ÒçC† ûª®√yûª 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç– ´’†ç °j† îª÷Æœ† ®√´’-îªçvü¿ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç. 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ«EéÀ Åçû√ Æœü¿l¥-¢Á’i† ûª®√yûª ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ Åç¨¡ç– NP≠æd ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ (Chief Guest, Guest of Honour - É™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡x†’) ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ ®Ω´’tE éÓ®Ωôç. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç î√™« ´·êuç– compering ™ ´’† ´÷ô™x áçûª ¢ÁjNüµ¿uç Öçõ‰ Åçûª ÇÆæéÀhü∆ߪ’-éπçí¬ Öçô’çC. ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ ®√´-©-Æœ† Å®·ü∆®Ω’-í∫’®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h™x v°æA ´uéÀhF I request Mr/ Ms so and so to come on to the dais and take his/ her seat on the dais

ÅE äÍé®Ω-éπçí¬ °œLÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’ éπü∆. äéÌ\-éπ\-JE äéÓ\-®Ωéπçí¬ Ç£æ…y-EÊÆh î√™« variety í¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´’†èπ◊ 鬴-©-ÆœçC áèπ◊\´ vocabulary (°æü∆© ñ«c†ç). ÉC ´’†ç áçûª áèπ◊\´ îªC-NûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC. ¢ÁjN-üµ¿u¢Ë’ (variety) compering èπ◊ ´·êuçí¬ public speaking èπ◊ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ v§ƒùç!

2

d) We'll now have the privilege of... (Privilege =

v°œN-Lñ¸) = v°æûËuéπ Çü¿®Ωç/ £æ«èπ◊\. Åçû√ ´’† Ü£æ…-¨¡-éÀhE •öÀd, ´’†èπ◊†o vocabulary (°æü¿-Ææç-°æü¿) •öÀd, áçûª variety Å®·Ø√ îª÷°œçîª-´îª’a. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ Ç£æfi-ûª’-©†’ direct í¬ØË °œ©-´-´îª’a. a) Sri/ Smt ... , the guest of the evening, will you please/ would you please/ could you please come on to the dais?/ take your seat on the dais?/ grace the dais with your presence?/ honour us with your presence on the dais? Chief Guest of the occasion

†’ guest of the evening/ ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.

äéÓ\-≤ƒJ

It will now be the turn of ..

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Students èπ◊ †’ à 2. Å™«Íí

tense

'lesson explanation'

™ explain îËߪ÷L.

How to teach prose, poetry, novel (non-detailed).

-ï-¢√-•’:

Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀ™ ûËú≈ àüÁjØ√ Öçü∆? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – öÀ.P-´- π◊-´÷®˝, ÅAhL

i) Tenses explain English Compare form English form

îËߪ÷-LqçC Telugu ™Ø√, ™Ø√ ÅØËC -ûÁ-©’°æ-™‰-ü¿’. Telugu ™ îËÆœ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Telugu Å®·ûË, †’ †’. English ™ Å®·ûË time of action of the verb †’ •öÀd, verb form ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ explain îËߪ’çúÕ. eg: form of the verb in the present

simple tense - write/ writes.

uses: Regular actions of any type. Give example from real life. Like .. 1) Our school starts everyday at...

May I now invite the chief guest, Vice Chancellor Dr.Vidyadhik of National University to grace the dais with his presence? Vinaya and Vignata will conduct him to his seat on the dais.

(ûª´’ ÖE-éÀûÓ ¢ËCéπ†’ Å©ç-éπ-Jç-î√-Lqç-Cí¬ ´’† ´·êu ÅAC∑, National University Ö°æ èπ◊©-°æA, ú≈éπd®˝ Nü∆u-Cµé˙†’ éÓ®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. N†ßª’, Nïcûª ¢√JE ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ BÆæ’-éÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’.) Next, with equal pleasure we look forward to the presence, on the stage, of Smt Susobhita, Commissioner, Collegiate Education. Ajita and Ajai are requested to show her to her seat.

(ûª®√yûª, ÅçûË ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ, éπ∞«-¨»© Nü∆u éπN’-≠憮˝ X´’A Ææ’¨-Gµûª ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ ®√´-ú≈Eo áü¿’®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’hØ√oç. Å>ûª, Åï-ß˝’©’ ¢√JE ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ BÆæ’-éÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’.) Now, Dr Acharya, President, Staff Association will do us the favour of taking his seat on the dais. He will be guided to his seat by Rohini and Rohit.

(Åüµ∆u-°æéπ Ææç°∂æ’ç Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’ ú≈éπd®˝ Çî√®Ωu ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿ ÇÆ‘-†’©ßË’u ņ’-ví∫£æ«ç ´÷èπ◊ éπL-T-≤ƒh®Ω’. ®Ó£œ«ùÀ, ®Ó£œ«û˝ Çߪ’††’ ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ BÆæ’-éÌ≤ƒh®Ω’.) It will now be the turn of Miss Sadhana President, student's society to be seated on the dais.

(É°æ¤púø’ ¢ËC-éπ-O’ü¿ ÇÆ‘†’©’ 鬢√-LqçC, Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ç Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-®√©’, èπ◊´÷J ≤ƒüµ¿†.) Now the dignitaries on the dais will be garlanded and offered bouquets.

(¢ËC-éπ-†-©ç-éπ-Jç-*† íı®Ω-´-F-ߪ·-©-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ °æ¤≠æp-´÷©©’, °æ¤≠æp í∫’î√a¥-©†’ É≤ƒh®Ω’.) The next on our programme is lighting of the lamp. May I ask volunteers Neeraja and Padmaja to assist the chief guest in lighting the lamp.

(´’† 鬮Ωu-véπ-´’ç™ ûª®√yûª Å稡ç ñuA ¢ÁL-Tçîªôç/ ñuA v°æïy-©†. Volunteers F®Ωï, °æü¿tï-©†’ ´·êu ÅAC∑ ñuA ¢ÁL-Tç-îª-ôç™ ûÓúøp-ú≈Lqç-Cí¬ éÓ®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o†’.) ☺

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É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îªC-NçC éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷Æœ† compering continuation ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆. Compere/ EMCEE Ramachandra éπ∞«-¨»© ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ E®Ωy-£æ«-ù™ ¶µ«í∫-¢Á’i† v°æÆæç-í∫-N’C.

´÷´·-©’í¬ ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ ®√¢√-©†ö«EéÀ com¢√úË expression- I request so and so (°∂晫Ø√ ¢√JE) to come on to the dais and take his/ her seat ÅE. (í∫´’-Eéπ: ¢ËCéπ = dais - pronunciation - úÁß˝’q – ´÷´‚-©’í¬ î√™«´’çC ÅØËô’x úøߪ÷Æˇ é¬ü¿’.) éÌçîÁç Ü£æ«ûÓ ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo NNüµ¿ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ express îËߪ’-´îª’a. °j† Ramchandra's compering ™ îª÷¨»®Ω’ í∫ü∆– äéÌ\-éπ\-JE äéÓ\ ®Ωéπçí¬ ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªôç. peres

a) I request our beloved principal to take his seat on the dais. b) May I now invite ... to grace the dais with his presence (grace =

¨¶µº éπL-Tç-îªúøç)

c) Next, with equal pleasure, we look forward to the presence on the stage, of smt susobhita ...

(ÅçûË ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ ¢Ë’ç áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç, X´’A Ææ’¨-Gµûª ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ ®√´ôç.) look forward to = Çvûªçí¬ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç. d) Now Dr Acharya, President, Staff Association will do us the favour of taking his seat on the dais.

(ûª®√yûª ú≈éπd®˝ Çî√®Ωu ¢ËC-éπ-O’ü¿ ÇÆ‘†’™„j ´’´’tLo ņ’-ví∫-£œ«-≤ƒh®Ω’– ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-ví∫-£œ«ç-îªôç ÅØËC °ü¿l-´÷õ‰, é¬F formal English ™ Ñ ¢√úø’éπ ≤ƒ´÷-†u¢Ë’. favour - American 'favour' - ņ’ví∫£æ«ç/ Ö°æ-鬮Ωç. Could you do me a small favour?

é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh¢√?/ îË≤ƒh®√?) e) It will now be the turn of Miss Sadhana ... to take her seat on the dais.

É°æ¤púø’ Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ Åüµ¿u-éπ~-®√©’, èπ◊´÷J ≤ƒüµ¿† ´çûª’, ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ ®√´ôç. turn= ´çûª’ Éçé¬ î√™« Nüµ∆-©’í¬ é¬®Ωu-véπ-´’ç™E Ñ ¶µ«í¬Eo compere îËߪ’-´îª’a. a) The next to honour us with his/ her presence on the dais is ...

(ûª®√yûª ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿ ûª´’ ÖEéÀ ü∆y®√ ´’†èπ◊ džçü¿ç éπL-Tç-îË-¢√®Ω’ ...) b) Equally welcome on to the dais is Mr ...

(X ... E ÅüË ≤ƒyí∫-ûªçûÓ ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ Ç£æ…y-EÆæ’hØ√oç.) c) We consider it a great privilege to have Sri/ Smt ... on the dais.

(X/ X´’A ... ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿ ÇÆ‘-†’-©-´ôç ´÷éÓ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ´’®√u-ü¿í¬/ ņ’-ví∫-£æ«çí¬ °æJ-í∫ùÀ≤ƒhç.)

Important: Compering èπ◊ – Ææp≠ædçí¬, Eü∆-†çí¬, é¬Ææh Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç– ´·êuçí¬ î√™« Eü∆-†çí¬, ¢√éπuç™ Ç°æ-´-©-Æœ-†-îÓô Ç°œ, v§ƒ´·êuç É¢√y-Lq† ´÷ô©’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-éπúøç v°æüµ∆†ç. ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç é¬ü¿’, Effective í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´·êuç.

-v°æ-¨¡o: See through- See off- See out. Passed out- passed off. Saw in- saw off- saw of.

Ñ

phrases

-ï-¢√-•’:

Å®√nEo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – °œ. üµ¿†’ç-ï-ߪ’-®√´¤, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç

See through = through your plan =

Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç. I can see F plan Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©†’. See through = transparent = Glass ™«í¬ transparent í¬ ÖçúË. Film stars wear see through clothes = û√®Ω©’ °æ©aöÀ •ôd©’ (§ƒ®Ω-ü¿®Ωz-éπçí¬ ÖçúÕ, ´çöÀE ü∆îªE) ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. see off = OúÓ\©’ îÁ°æpôç – He saw him off at the station. see out -

Ñ expression, English ™

™‰ü¿’. passout: 1) unconscious); 2)

Ææp %£æ« ûª°æpôç (become ÂÆjE-èπ◊©’ ûª´’ Péπ~ù °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª Military College E ´CL¢Á∞¡}ôç pass off = (äéπ °∂æ’-ô-†)- äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ ï®Ω-í∫ôç. The event passed off peacefully = °∂æ ’-ô-†/ 鬮Ωu-véπ-´ ’ç/ N≠æߪ’ç v°æ¨»ç-ûªçí¬ ïJ-TçC. saw in - English ™ ÉC ™‰ü¿’. saw off- past tense of see of saw of - English

-v°æ-¨¡o: Explain

é¬ü¿’.

the deference between the usage of 'Too and Also.'

-ï-¢√-•’:

– áç. ¢Ëù’-íÓ-§ƒ-™«-î√-J, -£j«-ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

'Also' is used in formal English, whereas 'too' is used in spoken English. 'Also' comes before the main verb or after a 'be form', whereas too usually comes at the end of the sentence. eg: I went to Kolkata. I also visited some other places near the city. She came here and spoke to me too. (end of the sentence)

2) You (Your students) attend classes here from 9 to 4. Ask them to talk of regular actions using present simple tense. Similarly explain to them the present continuous tense- 1) Its form am+... ing/ is+...ing/ are+... ing. Its uses: actions going on nowgive examples from students' experienceYou are listening/ I am teaching/ A class is going on in this room..., and so on. Try this with the other tenses. ii) To teach prose, ask them to read a paragraph and try to understand the idea in it. Then you check if their understanding is correct. (But before their reading the paragraph, give them the meanings of difficult words.) Then explain the meaning of each sentence; put them questions now and then. When all the paras are complete, ask them questions about the idea in each para. How to teach poetry: Read out aloud to the students the poem. Give the meanings of difficult words, as used in the poem. Then read out each line after putting the words in the prose order. They will then be able to follow it more easily. Explain the whole poem again. Teaching non detailed: Give the summary of the chapter you are going to teach. Read out aloud the chapter para after para explain the meanings of difficult words. Give the summary of each para.

-v°æ-¨¡o: -†’-´¤y O’ Ø√†oèπ◊ áØÓo ¢√úÕN?– Ñ

¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? – G. «®˝, †çü∆u™¸

-ï-¢√-•’:

There isn't a correct expression in English for asking this kind of question, that is, the exact number of a person/thing in a sequential order. The nearest to it could be, what is your number/place among your siblings? (Siblings= brothers and sisters) - M. SURESAN

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 4 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

268

Ramachandra (Compere/ EMCEE): The next item on the programme is welcome address by Kumari Sadhana, President, Students' Society/ Kumari Sadhana, President, Students' Society will welcome the gathering.

(鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç™ ûª®√yA Å稡ç, Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ç Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-®√L ≤ƒyí∫ûª ´îª-Ø√©’/ É°æ¤púø’ Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-®√©’ èπ◊´÷J ≤ƒüµ¿† Ç£æfi-ûª’-©†’ ≤ƒyí∫-A-≤ƒh®Ω’.) Over to Sadhana (É°æ¤púø’ ≤ƒüµ¿†.) Sadhana: Thank you. Ramachandra. I consider it a great honour to welcome, on behalf of our

(É°æ¤púø’ ´’† Æ涵ºèπ◊ Åüµ¿u-éπ~ûª ´£œ«-Ææ’h†o Principal ûÌL °æ©’-èπ◊©’/ °æJ-îªßª’ ¢√é¬u©’ NØË Å´-鬨¡ç §Òçü¿-†’Ø√oç. ûª®√yûª éπ∞«-¨»© ¢√J{éπ E¢Ë-Céπ Ææ´’-Jp-≤ƒh®Ω’.) ☺

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í∫ûª È®çúø’ lessons ™ spoken English ™ ¶µ«í∫´’-®·† compering and conduct of a meeting (Æ涵ºèπ◊ v°æßÁ÷-éπhí¬ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îªôç, ü∆Eo E®Ωy-£œ«çîªôç) îªC¢√ç éπü∆. Ñ lesson ™ ÅC continue îËÆæ’hØ√oç. [Æ涵º E®Ωy-£æ«ù È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ Öçúø-´îª’a. 1. ´’† lessons ™ îª÷Ææ’h-†oô’x, ¢Á·ûªhç ¢ËC-éπ-O’C Å稻-©-Eoç-öÀF, EMCEE -ßË’ compere îËߪ’ôç. Æ涵ºèπ◊ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊©’ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, nonpolitical meetings ™ v°æÆæ’hûªç î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊, 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç™E Å稻-©†’, ´®Ω’Ææ v°æ鬮Ωç N´-Jç*, ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡x†’ ¢ËCéπ

2

É™«ç-öÀ¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo Ææ’p¥Jç°æ-ñ‰ÊÆ üˆo-®·Ø√ ´’†ç ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´·êuçí¬ Éü¿çû√ public speaking ™ ¶µ«í∫ç 鬕öÀd, î√™« preparation Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Æ涵º/ function v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ«-EéÀ ´·çüË é¬®Ωu-véπ´’ç ÅEo N´-®√©’, List of invitees/ in the order of their importance, important details of the invitees with their correct names, position etc., thorough performance Without proper preparation, stage Stage

í¬ ûÁLÆœ

°ô’d-éÓ-´ôç î√™« ´·êuç. ÉüË ´’† ¶«í¬ ÖçúËô’x îËÆæ’hçC. O’ü¿ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç O’ü¿ *†o §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC. ÆæGµèπ◊©èπ◊ °ü¿l-N-í¬ØË éπE°œ≤ƒh®·. Important: Speak with confidence. ÆæGµ-èπ◊©’ ´’†™‰o îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ´’†ç àç ûª°æ¤p îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’, ÅØË ¶µ«´ç ÅÆæ-©’ç-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

I feel it an honour to .. college, Dr. Vidyadhik, VC, National University, to the occasion. It certainly is a rare privilege for us to have you here, Sir, and to listen to your valuable message. You are welcome, Sir. (Thank you ®√´’-îªçvü¿. éπ∞«-¨»© ûª®Ω-°æ¤† Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ, ´’† ´·êu-Å-AC∑, National University Ö§ƒ-üµ¿u-èπ~◊©’ Dr. Nü∆u-Cµé˙èπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç °æ©-éπôç ØËØÁçûÓ íı®Ω-´çí¬ ¶µ«N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. É¢√∞¡ O’J-éπ\úø Öçúøôç, O’ Å´‚-©u-¢Á’i† ÆæçüË-¨»Eo ¢Ë’ç N†ôç, ´÷èπ◊ -©-Gµç-*-† Å®Ω’-üÁj† ¶µ«í∫uçí¬ ¶µ«N-Ææ’hØ√oç. O’èπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç.) As happy I am to welcome too, Smt. Susobhita, Commissioner, Collegiate Education to our function this evening. She has many achievements to her credit and she can be role model for us. Welcome, madam, on behalf of our college community. (Commissioner,

Collegiate

Education

X´’A Ææ’¨-Gµûª†’ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ Ç£æ…yE-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Ç¢Á’ ≤ƒCµç-*†N î√™« ÖØ√o®·. Ç¢Á’ ´’†èπ◊ Çü¿®Ωzç é¬í∫-©ü¿’. ´÷ College ûª®Ω-°æ¤† O’èπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç.) My word of welcome goes next to all the invitees, distinguished men and women among them, to this function. We welcome heartily too, the parents of our students.

(ûª®√yûª Ééπ\-úÕéÀ NîËa-Æœ† Ç£æfi-ûª’-©ç-ü¿-JéÃ, ¢√∞¡x™x NP≠æd ´uèπ◊h©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç. Ééπ\-úÕ-éÌ-*a† Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©èπÿ ´÷ Ç£æ…y†ç.) Finally a warm word of welcome to our beloved Principal, learned lecturers and the student fraternity.

*´-®Ωí¬ ´’† éπ∞«-¨»© v°œEq-°æ-™¸èπ◊, NVc-™„j† Åüµ∆u-°æ-èπ◊-©èπ◊, ûÓöÀ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿-Jéà ≤ƒyí∫ûªç. Welcome to all, once again. Thank you.

(fraternity v°∂æô-EöÀ– ô ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = 1. Ææç°∂‘’-¶µ«´ç/ ≤Úü¿-®Ω-¶µ«´ç. 2. äÍé ´%AhéÀ, ¢√u°æ-é¬-EéÀ îÁçC† ´uèπ◊h©’. (Teacher fraternity- Ö§ƒ-üµ∆uߪ’ ´%Ah™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx.) Ramachandra: Thank you, Sadhana. We'll now have the pleasure of listening to the Principal's opening remarks as the president of the function and that will be followed by his presentation of the college annual report.

O’CéÀ °œ©-´ôç, ¢√öÀ-O’ü¿ Ææçü¿-®Ós¥-*ûª ¢√uêu©’ îËÆæ÷h, Ç£æfi-ûª’-©èπ◊ NÆæ’í∫’ °æ¤öÀdç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Öçîªúøç ™«çöÀ´Fo ¢Á·ûªhç EMCEE/ Compere Íé ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. È®çúÓ Nüµ∆†ç: Æ涵º v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-ßË’u-´-®Ωèπÿ EMCEE/ Compere v°æÆæç-í¬©’ – Åçü¿®Ω’ NP≠æd ÅAü∑¿’©’ stage O’ü¿ èπÿ®Ω’a†o ûª®√yûª, Æ涵«-üµ¿u-èπ~◊-©èπ◊ Ç£æ…y† °ævûªç™E 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç ´®ΩÆæ îª÷°œç* Æ涵º†’ E®Ωy£œ«ç--î√-©-E éÓ®Ωúøç. Å°æ¤púø’ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’/ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊®√©’ (President) †’ 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷Eo E®Ωy-£œ«ç--î √-©-E éÓ®Ωúøç. Ñ ûª®√yûª EMCEE éÀ *´-J-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æE Öçúøü¿’. Åçû√ President îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. ÉC ´·êuçí¬ political meetings ïJÍí B®Ω’. Éçü¿’™ compere §ƒvûª î√™« ûªèπ◊\´.] É°æ¤úø’ ´’†ç îª÷Ææ’h-†oC compere èπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç Ö†o Æ涵º. NP≠æd ÅA-ü∑¿’©’ (special guests) ¢ËC-éπ°j† èπÿ®Ω’a†o ûª®√yûª, ¢√J-ûÓ-§ƒô’ N’í∫-û√-¢√-JE èπÿú≈ ≤ƒü¿-®Ωçí¬ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªúøç Ææçv°æü∆ߪ’ç. É™« ≤ƒyí∫ûªç °æ©-éπôç Welcome address. Ñ Æ涵º™ Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ ´·êu v°æA-ECµ èπ◊´÷J ≤ƒüµ¿† Ñ ≤ƒyí∫ûÓ°æØ√uÆæç îË≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Welcome address N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç* *´J ´®Ωèπÿ v§ƒ´·-êu- ´-®Ω-Ææ™ Ç£æ…y-E≤ƒhç. -™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ ŧƒ-®√n©’ éπ©’-í∫’-û√®·. Kumari

Next, in your Welcome address, while welcoming a person, turn your face towards him and nod your head.

(äéπ-JE Ç£æ…y-EçîËô°æ¤púø’, ¢√∞¡x ¢Áj°æ¤ AJT ûª© ÇúÕç-îªôç ¶«í¬ Öçô’çC.) Public Speaking 鬕öÀd î√™« Eü∆-†çí¬, Çí¬-Lq† îÓô ÇT, Ææp≠ædçí¬ (distinctly) ´÷ö«x-úÕûË î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. EXERCISE Practise compering (in English) the birthday party of your friend, use the following points.

(´*a† ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JE ≤ƒ´-üµ∆-†’-©†’ éπ´’t-†ôç.) (May I have your attention, please etc.,) 2. Reminding the invitees of the occasion. (Begin: 'My dear friends, We are here to celebrate ...

™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ)

3. Principal

-v°æ-¨¡o: îªE-§Ú-®·† ´uèπ◊h© Ê°®Ω’ ´·ç-ü¿’

evening, Sir... b) With immense

(ŧƒ-®Ω-¢Á’i†)/

great plea-

sure I Welcome Sir... c) I find great/ immense pleasure in Welcoming Sir... d) I now have the pleasure/ privilege of Welcoming Sir... e) I feel honoured to Welcome Sir... f) I feel it an honour to Welcome Sir...

adverb.

He ran fast -

ᙫ °æ®Ω’-Èí-û√húø’?

(How did he run?) Answer: Fast. So 'fast' is the adverb here.

2.

(á´-È®j oØ√/ üËØÁj oØ√) ûªèπ◊\-´ ¶µ«´çûÓ/ ÅÆæ-£æ«uçûÓ îª÷ÊÆ/ ®Óûªí¬ ÅÆæ-£œ«uç--éÌØË ÅE.

The whites were contemptuous of the blacks =

†©x-¢√-∞¡x-°æôx ûÁ©x-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅÆæ-£æ«u-¶µ«-´çûÓ

ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. She is contemptuous of whatever I do =

ØËØËç-îË-ÆœØ√ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÅÆæ£æ«uç. He is contemptuous of cricket =

véÀÈé-ö¸ Åçõ‰- Åûª-úÕéÀ -ÅÆæ£æ«uç. -v°æ-¨¡o: In spite of Åçõ‰- -à-N’-öÀ? -D-Eo -á°æ¤p-úø’ -¢√-úø-û√®Ω’? -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-©’ -É-´yç-úÕ.

ï-¢√-•’: In spite of =

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ.

a) Inspite of her treatment by a good doctor, she died.

(´’ç* -ú≈éπd®˝ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ç¢Á’ îªE§Ú-®·çC.) b) Inspite of her beauty, she is modest.

(Åçü¿ç Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ç¢Á’ Eí∫Jy.)

6. Entertainment and refreshment.

to Welcome the Chief Guest of the

îËÊÆ -°æE-E ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ç °æE ᙫ/ à ¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-TçC ÅØË -ûÁ-LÊ° °æü¿ç adverb. He walked slowly (Åûª† ’ Eü∆-†çí¬ †úÕ-î√úø’)– Ééπ\úø verb, walked = †úÕ-î√úø’. ᙫ †úÕ-î√úø’? Answer: Slowly (Eü∆-†çí¬) 鬕öÀd slowly ÅØËC adverb. Verb èπ◊ ᙫ? (how) ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ´îËa -ï-¢√-¶‰

3. Welcome all of the invitees.

2. Guest of honour

a) I consider it/ deem it/ a privilege/ honour

1. Adverb modifies a verb. Verb subject

(Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo í∫’®Ω’h îËߪ’úøç.)

5. Blowing of the candles, cake cutting.

1) On behalf of our college community,

-– Ç®˝. Ææ-G-ûª, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

ï-¢√-•’:

- Y. Sudhakar, e-mail

1. Chief Guest

Ñ Welcome address èπÿú≈ áçûª variety í¬ Öçõ‰ Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Ééπ\úø -´’-†ç ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË ´÷ô©’ Privilege, honour, pleasure, joy (ÉC é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´), consider/ deem (°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªôç)– ÉN ¢√é¬u™x ᙫ -¢√-ú≈™ îª÷ü∆lç.

2. What is the meaning of contemptuous?

1. Call the gathering to order.

Sadhana's Welcome address has this order:

5. Lecturers and other students.

1. What is meant by adverb?

(ÉüË self consciousness Åçö«®Ω’. ÉC ´C-™‰ÊÆh ´’†ç success.) Speak freely and with ease.

4. Express your best wishes to your friend on behalf of all the invitees.

4. Other invitees and parents

-v°æ-¨¡o:

late

¢√úøû√ç éπü∆! late ûª®√yûª Mr./ Mrs. ¢√ú≈™«,™‰ü∆ late ûª®√yûª Ê°®Ω’ ¢√ú≈™«?

c) Inspite of his starting late, he was able to catch the train. (

Ç©-Ææuçí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-J†-°æp-öÀéÃ, -võ„i-Ø˛ Åçü¿’-éÓ-í∫-Lí¬úø’.) Inspite of ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷, noun í¬-F [sentence (a) and (b)], 'ing' form í¬-F (sentence c) ´Ææ’hçC. Inspite of = though.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1.

ï-¢√-•’: After late, Mr/ Mrs/ Sri is not

-O-öÀ-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« -îÁ-§ƒp-L? i) Å-ûª-úø’ -îË®·ç-î√-úø’. ii) -Å-ûª-úø’ -†-†’o -îË-ߪ’-´’-Ø√o-úø’. iii) -Å-ûª-úÕ -•-ü¿’-©’ -†-†’o -¢Á-∞¡x-´’-Ø√o-úø’. 2. as- as -É-™« -á-Eo °æ-ü∆-©’-Ø√o®·? -Ö-ü∆:

used, but 'the' must be used before 'late'. (The late NT Rama Rao)

-´’-JéÌ-Eo -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-©-ûÓ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – Èé.Ææ’-üµ∆éπ®˝®√-´¤, -´’-†’-¶-©’

- V. S. Murthy, e-mail.

-v°æ-¨¡o: I would like to know, is there any simple good course book for English speaking course. If it is, where can I get it? - Ramanarasaiah, e-mail.

ï-¢√-•’: You will find, 'Living English structure' by Stannard Allen, a very useful book. It is very helpful for learners.

as long as, as much as, as soon as.

ï-¢√-•’: 1. i) He got it/ had it done. ii) He asked me to do it. iii) He wanted me to go instead of him. 2.

´’†ç ûÁ-L-ߪ’°æ®Ω-î√-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo •öÀd, ¢√úÕ áEo phrase -™„jØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

'as - as'

eg: As late as; as recently as, as early as, as many as, etc. - M. SURESAN

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 6 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ üµ¿†u¢√ü∆©’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

269

Ramachandra (EMCEE / Compere): That was Kumari Sadhana welcoming the guests of the evening. Now We'll have president of the evening's function, our principal making his opening remarks. It will then be followed by his presentation of the college annual report.

(É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ Ç£æfi-ûª’-©èπ◊ èπ◊´÷J ≤ƒüµ¿† Ç£æ…y†ç °æL-éÀçC. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Æ涵ºèπ◊ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊™„j† ´’† -v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸ ûÌL °æ©’-èπ◊©’ Öçö«®·. Ç ûª®√yûª éπ∞«-¨»© ¢√J{éπ E¢Ë-Céπ†’ Çߪ’† Ææ´’-Jp≤ƒh®Ω’) After the Principals opening remarks fol-

Prize distribution - that is what is to follow now, my dear friends. Students who have shown their merit in various fields will now have the rare honour of receiving their prizes from the Guest of Honour, Smt Susobhita, Commissioner, Collegiate education.

(-D-E -ûª®√y-ûª •£æ›-´’A v°æü∆†ç -Öç-ô’ç-C. N’vûª’™«®√, NNüµ¿ ®Ωçí¬™x ûª´’ v°æA-¶µº†’ v°æü¿-Jzç-*† Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊, X´’A Ææ’¨-Gµûª, Commissioner, Collegiate education, •£æ›-´ ’A v°æü∆†ç îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Susmita and Sekhar will read out the prize list. alternately.

(Ææ’Æœtûª-, ¨Ï-ê®˝, äéπJ -ûª®√y-ûª äéπ®Ω’ îªü¿’-´¤-û√®Ω’.)

prizelist

After the prize distribution

2

û√q£æ…-Eo -EçÊ°- variety í¬ -Öç-úË éÀçC expressions ¢√úø-´îª’a. a) What follows next is the president's opening remarks

(ûª®√yûª ´îËa-üËç-ôçõ‰...) b) We are now going to be treated to a wonderful speech by Sri/Smt... =

(X/X-´’A... ûª´’ ÅîÁa-®Ω’´¤ éπL_çîË Ö°æ-Ø√u-ÆæçûÓ ´’†èπ◊ Nçü¿’ -îË-ߪ’-†’-Ø√o®Ω’) (are going to be treated to = Nçü¿’ É´y-•-úø¶-ûª’Ø√oç. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’-™ 'Nçü¿’-§Òç-ü¿†’Ø√oç— -Å-E -Åç-ö«ç) (treat= Nçü¿’. ¢Ájü¿uç îË-ߪ’-úøç -Å-ØË -Å®Ωnç-™  -D-Eo áèπ◊\-´í¬ -¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. äéπ-J-°æôx ´’†ç îª÷°œçîË Çü¿®√-Gµ-´÷-Ø√©’, etc.) c) Here's what we've been looking forward

Ramachandra: You've just heard the principal presenting the college report. The college has made a good progress with several of the students shining in different fields.

(v°œEq-°æ-™¸- E¢Ë-Céπ NØ√oç; Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ NNüµ¿ ®Ωçí¬™x ≤ƒ-Cµç-*-† °∂æ-L-û√-©’ éπ∞«-¨»©-†’ v°æí∫-A-¶«-ô™ °æ-ߪ’-Eç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ -ûÓ-úøp-ú≈f®·.) ûª®√yA Å稡ç. Ramachandra: Now, on to our next item - the introduction of the chief guest by the vice president of the students' society Mallikarjun.

(éπ∞«-¨»© Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ Ö§ƒ-üµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’ ´’Lx-é¬-®Ω’Øb ˛ ´·êu-Å-A-C∑-E ÆæGµ-èπ◊-©èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç îË≤ƒhúø’.) over to Mallikarjun.

After the introduction of the chief guest Ramachandra: Well, we've seen from Mallikarjun's introduction that we are very fortunate to have in our midst this evening, a very great man, indeed one who can inspire us to rise high in life. Without further delay let's have his message. We invite you sir, (Vice chancellor, Dr Vidyadhik of National University). looking forward your message. (Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´·êu-Å-A-C∑í¬ ´’†- ´’-üµ¿u-†’†o ´uéÀh áçûª íÌ°æp-¢√®Ó ´’-Lx鬮Ω’b-Ø˛ °æJ-îªßª’ç- ü∆y®√ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉçÍéç Ç©Ææuç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Çߪ’† ÆæçüË-¨»Eo -´’-†ç Nçü∆ç. O’ ÆæçüË-¨¡ç éÓÆæç -á-ü¿’®Ω’ îª÷Ææ÷h, ´’Sx N’´’tLo Ç£æ…y-E-Ææ’hØ√oç)

After the chief guest's address (

´·êu-Å-AC∑ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç ûª®√yûª)

Ramachandra: That was really an inspiring speech by the chief guest. It's a rare privilege to have listened to such words. May I on behalf of my student friends assure you, sir, we will try our best to put into practice your valuable message.Thank you again and again, sir.

(´·êu-Å-A-C∑ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç î√-™« vÊ°®Ωù éπL_çîËCí¬ ÖçC. -É™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ N-ØË Å´-鬨¡ç î√-™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ -´Ææ’hç-C. O’ ÆæçüË-¨»Eo Çîª-®Ω-ù™ °ôdú≈-EéÀ ´÷ ¨»ßª’-¨¡-èπ◊h™« éπ%≠œ-îË-≤ƒh-´’-E ´÷ Nü∆u®Ω’n© ûª®Ω-°æ¤† ؈’ £æ…O’ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. O’èπ◊ ´÷

Structure: might have been able to + p.v. 3. She must have been able to prove them wrong. 4. Miss Savitri must have been able to incite him to cause harm to his reputation. Structure: Must have been able to + p.v.

-ï-¢√-•’:

S. Mohinuddin, Kurnool

i) The part 'have been to solve the problem'' of sentence No - 1 is NOT in the structure.

(•£æ›-´’-A v°æü∆†ç ûª®√yûª) Ramachandra: Thank you - very much, Madam, for having taken the trouble to give away as many as 140 prizes both academic and sports. That must have been a strain- giving away 140 prizes, but we could n't help it as that only shows such a large number of achievers.

(-¢Ë’-úø-¢˛’, Nü¿u, véÃúø©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-† -Å-Eo -•£æ›´’-ûª’-©’ -É-*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -O’èπ◊ -üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’. 140 •£æ›-´’-ûª’-L-´yôç O’èπ◊ î√™« v¨¡¢Ë’ Åߪ·uçú≈L. é¬E ûª°æpü¿’. áçûª-´’çC v°æA-¶µ«-´çûª’©’Ø√o®Ó -Ñ Ææç-ë‰u ûÁ-©’°æ¤ûÓçC) Now follows vote of thanks - to be proposed by the Secretary of the Students Society- Niranjan.

(É°æ¤púø’ Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ é¬®Ωu-ü¿Jz E®Ωç-ïØ˛ ´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù -Öç-ô’ç-C) ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

(´·êu ÅAC∑ °æJ-îªßª’ç ûª®√yûª)

Structure: have been able to + p.v. 2. She might have been able to get their support.

to/waiting anxiously all along the chief Guest' address =

lowed by college report.

v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸ Ö-°æ-Ø√uÆæç Å-ߪ÷uéπ ûª®√yûª é¬-™‰-ñ ¸ J-§Ú®˝d Öç-ô’ç-C)

1. They have been able to solve the problem.

I have doubts in the above sentences structure. Please clarify.

TO RISE HIGH IN LIFE... (

v°æ¨¡o:

◗ ◗

°j v°Ææ çæ í∫ç Åçû√ ´’†ç í∫ûª éÌEo lessons ™ îª÷Ææ’h†o Compering Continuation °jØ- Ë Ö- ç-C- . ✻ Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-®√-©’ '≤ƒüµ¿†— ≤ƒyí∫-ûÓ-°æ-Ø√uÆæç ûª®√yûª, President's Opening remarks- Åüµ¿uèπ~◊úÕ -ûÌL °æ©’-èπ◊©’– Öçö«®·. ✻ Principals annual report, ü∆E ¢Áç•úË Prize Distribution, Öç-ô’ç-C. Ç- ûª®√yûª Vote of thanks- Æ涵« 鬮Ωu-véπ-´’ç™ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ÉD ´®ΩÆæ. ✻ (Å®·ûË äéÓ\-éπ°æ¤púø’ vote of thanks èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ President's closing remarks Öçö«®·. é¬F College functions ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùçí¬ ÉC Öçúøü¿’) ✻ Ñ -´®ΩÆæ -véπ´ ’ç announce îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, Compere, the next item on the programme is,

ÅE ´÷®Ω’p ™‰èπ◊çú≈ v°æA-≤ƒK Å™« Åçô’çõ‰ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©èπ◊ NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-îªúøç Ææ£æ«ïç. ✻ Åçü¿’-éπE v°æA Å稻Fo announce îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, ¢ËÍ® Nüµ¿çí¬ announce îËÊÆh î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆. ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ Åéπ\-úø Ææçü¿®√s¥-†’≤ƒ®Ωç Å°æpöÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ ´÷ô©’, Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ Ü£œ«ç--éÌE extemporize (áé˙qõ„ç§ÚÈ®jñ ¸– ñ¸, size ™ z™«) îËÊÆh î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC. ✻ Extemporize: îËߪ’-í∫-©-úøç (Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†-ô’x -Å°æp-öÀéπ°æ¤p-úø’ ņ’-éÌE °jéÀ-îÁ-°æpôç) Compering †’ î√™«-- Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ îËÆæ’hçC. The next item on the programme Å-E -v°æ-A≤ƒ-J -Å-†-úøç v-Ê°éπ~-èπ◊-©-èπ◊ NÆæ’í∫’- ûÁ°œpÆæ’hç-C. -vÊ°éπ~èπ◊-™x -Ö-

´’†ç Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ Ç-vûª’-ûªûÓ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-†o -´·êuÅ-AC∑ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç -É°æ¤púø’ N-†-¶-ûª’Ø√oç) d) May I now request Sri/Smt... to inspire us with his / her message, etc., = ( Sri/Smt...

ûª´’ ÆæçüË-¨¡ç™ ´÷èπ◊ Ææ÷p¥Jh éπL_ç-î√-Lqç-Cí¬ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) É™« ´’† Ü£æ…-¨¡-éÀh-E-/ -´’-†-èπ◊†o vocabulary - Ç-üµ∆®Ωçí¬, áçûª-¢Áj-N-üµ¿uçûÓ (variety)ØÁjØ√ compere îËߪ’-´îª’a. O’èπ◊ Compere îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ O’ Éçöx Åü¿lç ´·çü¿’ äéπ event †’ Ü£œ«ç--éÌE comparing Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ practice îËߪ’ç-úÕ. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ O’®Ω÷ ´’ç* compere Å´¤û√®Ω’ . Exercise:

'have been able to P.V. (passive). Here, the division of the sentence should be, 'have been able + to solve + the problem. 'to solve' should be taken as a single unit, because 'to solve (to + 1st Regular doing word) is an infinitive. So the structure of 'have been able to solve the problem' is: Have been (verb) + able (adjective) + to solve (infinitive) + the problem (noun/object). No part of the expression here is in passive voice. Only an expression with a 'be' form + past participle (is done, has been given, are seen etc) is in the passive voice. Same applies to your other sentences No. 2, 3 & 4. This is the structure.

´÷´‚©’ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»™x *´J Å稡ç vote of thanks. -D-E-E -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™  ´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù -Åç-ö«ç. Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ ´*a† ¢√®Ωç-ü¿-JéÃ, Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ Nï-ߪ’-é¬-®Ω- Structure of the sentence èπ◊-™„j† ¢√Jéà éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’ ûÁ-©°æ-úøç. ✓ O’®Ω’ college students' union Subject Verb adjective infinitive noun etc Secretary í¬ Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊E They have been able to solve the problem îÁ°æpçúÕ. She might able to get their support Ææ÷îª-†©’: have been 1) áèπ◊\´ v§ƒ´·êuç Ö†o ´uéÀhéÀ She must able to prove them wrong ´·çü¿÷, Å-A ûªèπ◊\´ have been v§ƒ´·êuç Ö†o ¢√JéÀ *´®Ω Miss must have been able to incite him to cause thanks - Ç ´-®ΩÆæ véπ´’ç™ – harm to them Savithri Åûªuçûª v§ƒ´·êuç †’ç* Åûªu©p v§ƒ´·--ë«u-EéÀ ®√¢√L. You see none of your sentences or part of 2) ´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù (vote of thanks) them are in passive voice (PV) Ñ ¢√é¬u-©ûÓ English™ É™« v§ƒ®Ωç-GµçîªçúÕ, v°æ¨¡o: ''´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç Ø√èπ◊ ´*a1. After a three day strike, the manage†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûÓ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC/--É-C Ø√-éÀment has accepted the workers *a† íı®Ω´ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’——– demands. °j ¢√éπuç™ three days ÅE (I find it/feel it/deem it a great pleasure •£æ›-´-îª†ç ®√ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü∆? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. to...)

T. Sridevi, Dhulipudi

´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù îËߪ’ôç = propose/offer a vote of thanks.

3) éπ∞«-¨»© Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©’, Åüµ∆u-°æ-èπ◊-©’, ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç -Ø√ -ûª®Ω°æ¤-† ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿-öÀí¬ ´’† ´·êu- Å-AC∑ (Ê°®Ω’, £æ«Ùü∆ îÁ°æpçúÕ) éÀ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’. 4) Ñ-Ø√-öÀ guest of honour X´’A ...èπ◊ éπ%ûªïc-ûª©’ É™« Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç Nï--ߪ’-´ç-ûªç -îËÆœ-†-¢√®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷ ´îËa-™« English ™ vote of thanks îÁ°æpçúÕ, .

-ï-¢√-•’: ´‚úø’ ®ÓV© Ææ¢Á’t– a three day strike/ Ñ È®çúø÷ correct.

three days' strike-

a) The College reopened after a 15 day holiday = The college reopened after 15 days' holiday = after 15 days of holidays. b) The three day conference ended today = The three days' conference ended today.

- M. SURESAN

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 8 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

270

Ramachandra (Compere/ EMCEE): (After the prize distribution) Thank you again and again, Madam, for giving away so many prizes. We know it was a trouble for you standing all the time. Our prize winners, however, will never forget this honour of receiving the prizes from you. thanks,

(O’èπ◊ ´’Sx ´’Sx ÅEo •£æ›-´’ûª’L*a-†çü¿’èπ◊. Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ E©’-îÓ-´úøç O’Èéçûª v¨¡¢Á÷ ´÷èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬E ´÷ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ O’ †’ç* •£æ›-´’-ûª’©ç-ü¿’-èπ◊ØË ¶µ«í∫uç á°æp-öÀéà ´’®Ω-*-§Ú®Ω’.)

We won't keep the guests of honour for long. Now the Vote of thanks to be proposed by the Secretary of the students' society, Jayanth. Over to Jayanth.

(ûª®√yûª ´÷ ÅGµ-´÷† principal èπ◊, lecturers èπÿ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’. ¢√J Ææ£æ«-鬮Ωç î√™« Å´‚-©u¢Á’içC.) The student volunteers have done a wonderful job organising the whole show. Our thanks to them too.

(Nü∆uJn volunteers Ñ ¢Ëúø’-éπ†’ E®Ωy-Jhç-îª-úøç™ î√™« íÌ°æp-ÊÆ¢Ë î˨»®Ω’. ¢√Jéà ´÷ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’.) We appreciate the services of the public address system for the neat job that it has turned out to be. So our thanks to Biggara mike systems. (Mike system

î√™« ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. ¢√öÀE Å´’-Ja† Gí∫_®Ω mike systems èπ◊ ´÷ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’.) Finally our thanks to all the students of the college for their part in making the function a grand success.

2

Compere: Hi guys and gals/ every body, good evening. Welcome to our buddy Viswanath's birthday. He is 22 years young today. We are partying on the occasion. Let's us all make merry.

(Birthday party ÅØËC ´·êuçí¬ ßª·´B ߪ·´-èπ◊© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™« informal í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿ØËC ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Ææ´’-´-ߪ’-Ææ’\-©’-í¬ØË Öçúøôç ´©x î√™« ’-´¤ûÓ î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ Öçúø-´îª’a.) Guys = ´’í∫-¢√∞¡Ÿx – informal. Gals = Çúø-°œ-©x©’ – informal. Friends, Ñ®ÓV ´’† friend Viswanath °æ¤öÀd-†®ÓV. Åûªúø’ Ñ¢Ë∞¡ 22 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© *†o ´ßª’Ææ’ – ´’†ç Ñ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥çí¬ Party E®Ωy-£œ«ç--èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç.

Our sincere appreciation of ..

v°æ¨¡o: i) Question tags ™ I am writing a letter

èπ◊ Ain't I ? ÅE îÁ§ƒpL. é¬E, Aren't I? ÅE îÁ•’-û√-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. ii) ÉçTx≠ˇ vowels ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ´îËa °æü∆--™‰-¢Áj-Ø√ Öçõ‰ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’?

-ï-¢√-•’:

- N.S. Pavan kumar, Vavilapadu.

i) Aren't I? usage usage

ÉüË correct question tag. English v°æ鬮Ωç ÅC ÅçûË. Usage Åçõ‰- ¢√úø’éπ. äéÌ\éπ\-°æ¤púø’ grammar èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ÖçúÌa. Grammar rule v°æ鬮Ωç, amn't I? ÅØËC question tag é¬-¢√L. Å®·ûË usage ™ DE •ü¿’©’, aren't I? ÅE ¢√úø’-éπ-®·-§Ú-®·çC. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'áEo F∞¡Ÿx?/ áEo §ƒ©’?— Åçö«ç. F∞¡Ÿx/ §ƒ©’, 1, 2, 3 ÅE ™„éπ\°ôdçéπü∆, áEo ņö«-EéÀ correct í¬ Å®·ûË áçûª-§ƒ©’?/ áçûªF∞¡Ÿx? ÅØ√L. Å™« ņç 'áçûª— ÅØËC grammar 'áEo?— (F∞¡Ÿx, §ƒ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™) usage (¢√úø’éπ) usage is more poweful than grammar.

(´’† NP≠æd ÅAü∑¿’©†’ áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçîª-¶-´-ô癉ü¿’. Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ é¬®Ωu-ü¿Jz ïߪ’çû˝ É°æ¤púø’ ´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù îË≤ƒhúø’.) Jayanth: I find great pleasure in proposing this vote of thanks. On behalf of our college community and on my behalf I thank from the bottom of my heart, our Chief Guest, Dr Vidhyadhik, Vice Chancellor, National University who has graced the occasion with his presence. We are certainly aware how busy he is. Inspite of it he has agreed to come down here, that certainly is a great favour from him. I, also assure you sir, on behalf of my student fraternity here that we will certainly do our best to put in practice your valuable message.

(Ñ ´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù îËߪ’ôç Ø√ÈéçûÓ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ´’† ´·êu-Å-AC∑ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ NîËaÆœ, Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥E-ÈéçûÓ ´ØÁo ûÁ*a-†ç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†÷, ´÷ éπ∞«-¨»-©-™E Åçü¿J ûª®Ω-°∂æ¤Ø√, Ø√ ûª®Ω-°∂æ¤Ø√ £æ«%ü¿ßª÷çûª®√© †’ç* üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Çߪ’† N©’-¢Áj† Ææçü˨»Eo ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å´’-©’-°æ-®Ω-îª-ö«-EéÀ ¢Ë’ç ¨»ßª’-¨¡-èπ◊h™« éπ%≠œ-îË-≤ƒh-´’E Ø√ ≤Úü¿®Ω Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ûª®Ω-°∂椆, Ø√ ûª®Ω°∂æ¤Ø√ £æ…O’ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’.) Our sincere thanks also go to our guest of honour Smt Susobhita, Commissioner, Collegiate education, for having done us the honour of giving away the prizes. We certainly appreciate, madam, your agreeing readily to be here, in spite of your busy schedule.

(éπ∞«-¨»© Nü∆u commissioner, Smt Ææ’¨-Gµûª •£æ›-´’A v°æü∆†ç îËߪ’ôç ´÷èπ◊ î√™« íı®Ω-´-v°æ-ü¿¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç, Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√JéÀ ´÷ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’. BJéπ-™‰E 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷-©’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, ¢Ë’´· Ç£æ…yEç*† ¢ÁçôØË Ééπ\-úÕéÀ O’®Ω’ ®√´-ö«Eo ¢Ë’ç £æ«J{-Ææ’hØ√oç.) Our other invitees, distinguished citizens of the city, and that includes the parents deserve our thanks next. Their presence here has certainly made the occasion grand and we sincerely thank all of them.

(´÷ Ç£æfi-ûª’©’, †í∫-®Ωç-™E NP≠æd ´uèπ◊h©’ – ¢√J™ ´÷ Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ¢√Rx-éπ\-úÕéÀ NîËaÆœ Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ íÌ°æpü¿Ø√Eo ûÁî√a®Ω’. ¢√JéÀ ´÷ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’.) deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç Our thanks also to our beloved principal and the lecturers of the college. Their guidance and co operation at every stage was very valuable.

(*´-Jí¬ Ñ Ææç•®Ωç Nï-ߪ’ç™ §ƒ©’-°æç--èπ◊†o Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿-Jéà üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’.) ☺

☺

☺

☺

Compering Meeting thanks

™E ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç ´’†ç. ™E *´®Ω Å稡-¢Á’i† Vote of (´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù) ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Å®·ûË ´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù ÅØËC compere îËÊÆ °æE-é¬ü¿’. ÆæçÆænèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´·ê’u-™„-´-È®jØ√ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. éπ∞«-¨»© N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ é¬®Ωu-ü¿Jz (Secretary)í¬F, Ææçߪ·éπh 鬮Ωu-ü¿Jz (Joint Secretary) í¬F îË≤ƒh®Ω’. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ exercise èπ◊, Ñ lesson ™ É*a† Vote of thanks, model í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. É¢Ë °æü∆©’, É¢Ë ¢√é¬u-©ûÓ ûÁ©-§ƒ-©E ™‰ü¿’. ´’† ܣ慨¡-éÀhE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç*, áçûª variety îª÷°œç-*-í∫-L-TûË Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Vote of thanks Æ涵º-™E *´J Å稡ç. Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢ÁRx-§ÚßË’ mood ™ Öçö«®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE Vote of thanks †’ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ îËߪ’-úøç™ØË Öçô’çC ´’† v°æûËu-éπûª. Åçü¿’-éπE Ê°®Ω’, Ê°®Ω’Ø√ thanks îÁ•’ûª÷, ¢√JE à °æE îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ´’†ç Ç£æ…y-Eç-î√¢Á÷, Ç °æE ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶«í¬ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-*†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ thanks ÅE îÁ°æpôç, Vote of thanks †’ effective í¬ îËÆæ’hçC. Thanks ÅØË ´÷ô, ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç*, bore éÌôdèπ◊çú≈ thanks •ü¿’©’ ´’†ç ¢√úø-í∫-L-T† Éûª®Ω expressions: OöÀE í∫’®Ω’hç--éÌE, ¢ÁjNüµ¿uç éÓÆæç ¢√úøçúÕ. 1) 2) 3) 4)

I/ We thank Sri/ Smt ... Our thanks are also due to ... Our thanks go to ... Our sincere appreciation of Sri/ Smt ... for his/ her ...

(¢√®Ω’ ´’†èπ◊ îËÆœ† N≠æߪ’ç) 5) We are grateful to Sri/ Smt ... (grateful = 6) Our sincere gratitude to/ We express our gratitute to Sri/ Smt ... (gratitude = 7) We are deeply obliged to Sri/ Smt ... (obliged = grateful = 8) We appreciate the services of ... (appreciate = 9) Our deep debt of gratitude to Sri/ Smt ... (debt of gratitude = 10) Words cannot express our gratitude to ...

éπ%ûª-ïcûª éπLT Öçúøôç)

éπ%ûª-ïcûª)

éπ%ûª-ïcûª éπLT Öçúøôç)

ÆæçûÓ≠æç ûÁ©-°æúøç)

éπ%ûª-ïcû√ ®Ω’ùç)

(¢√J-°æôx ´÷èπ◊†o éπ%ûª-ïcûª ´÷ ´÷ô©’ ûÁ©-°æ-™‰´¤) É™« Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥-¨¡ŸCl¥í¬ á†o-®·Ø√ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Lesson no 268 ™ O’èπ◊ É*a† exercise O’ friend birthday party E compere îËߪ’-´’E. ÅC O’®Ω’ practice îËÆœ Öçõ‰ O’ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√Eo §ÚLa îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ.

(´÷´‚©’í¬ á´J ´ßª’-Ææ-®·Ø√ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ 20 years old Å™« Åçö«ç. é¬F É™«çöÀ Ææ®Ωü∆ Æ洒ߪ÷™x 22 years young Åçö«ç) (merry - Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬) Now that all our pals are here let's begin. Viswanath will now blow off the candles, and let's all sing 'Happy birthday to you'. So the candles are out now. Slice the cake Viswanath.

(´’† N’vûª’-©ç-ü¿®Ωç ÖØ√oç éπü∆. v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç. N¨¡yØ√ü∑˛ éÌ¢Ìy-ûª’h-©†’ ÜüË-≤ƒhúø’. ´’†ç Happy birth day to you §ƒúøü∆ç. éÌ´¤y-ûª’h-™«-J-§Ú-ߪ÷-®·-°æ¤púø’. N¨¡y-Ø√ü∑˛, cake †’ cut îÁß˝’.) Let us have a slice of cake each, and have a drink. To the health of our dear Viswanath. On your behalf, pals, and on behalf of our elders here, I wish our beloved Viswanath, a very happy birthday and many returns of the same. May he give us many many more parties.

(´’†´‚ Açü∆ç cake ´·éπ\. Ç ûª®√yûª drink BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Åçû√ N¨¡y-Ø√ü∑˛ Ç®Óí∫uç éÓÆæç. (English ™ Ææçv°æ-ü∆ߪ’ç– äéπJ Ç®Ó-í∫uç-éÓÆæç ´’†ç û√í∫’ü∆ç §ƒF-ߪ÷©’.) ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ç-ü¿J ûª®Ω-°∂椆, Ééπ\-úø’†o °ü¿l-¢√J ûª®Ω-°∂椆, N¨¡y-Ø√ü∑˛èπ◊ happy birthday, É™«çöÀ ®ÓV ´’S} ´’S} ®√¢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç/ éÓ®Ωü∆ç. É™«í¬ Party L¢√y-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊çü∆ç.) Let's have some fun, friends. I'm sure Gayathri will give us a song. Gayathri- come on, you song.

(éÌçûª NØÓü¿ç §Òçü¿’ü∆ç. í¬ßª’vA §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E Ø√ †´’téπç. í¬ßª’vA F §ƒô NE-°œç.) É™« item ûª®√yûª item î√™« informal í¬ announce îËÆæ÷h ¢Á∞ Ô}a. EXERCISE

Ñ birth day party ´·Tç-îª-ú≈Eo compere îËߪ’úøç practice îËߪ’çúÕ. English ™ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ Ñ éÀçC Ææ÷îª-†©’ ¢√úøçúÕ. 1) Well, that's the end of 2) That brings to a close 3) That concludes 4) One more item and that is, etc.

í∫´’-Eéπ: Birthday party îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√®Ω’ dinner èπÿú≈ ÉîËa-ôx-®·ûË, ´’üµ¿u-´’-üµ¿u™ compere, Ç£æfi-ûª’-©èπ◊ dinner í∫’®Ω’h-îËÆœ, ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ dinner BÆæ’-èπ◊E ¢Á∞«}-©E îÁ•’-ûª’ç-ú≈L. ÉD practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

ii) a, e, i, o and u -

ÉN vowels. ÉN ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ (ÅFo– âü¿’ -éπL°œ) ´îËa ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË a, e, i, o, u Ç ´®Ω-Ææ™ Éûª®Ω letters ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô©’, 1) abstemious, 2) facetious. 1) abstemious (Ŷ¸-Æ ‘d-N’-ߪ’Æˇ) = AçúÕ §ƒF-ߪ÷© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√-™« controlled í¬ Öçúøôç = °æJ-N’-ûª-¢Á’i† AçúÕ, §ƒF-ߪ÷©’ BÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç/ ´’ûª’h °æü∆-®√n© ñLéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç. 2) facetious = (°∂æÆ ‘-≠æÆˇ) – Æ‘ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = Åçü¿®Ω÷ serious í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, á´-®ΩØ√o ûª´÷-≥ƒí¬ jokes ¢ËÆæ÷h Öçõ‰, ÅC Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç é¬éπ-§ÚûË, Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx facetious.

v°æ¨¡o: i) I do not send my son to your college I cannot send my son to your college

°j ¢√é¬u™x àC ÆæÈ®jçC? à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ do; can ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? ii) 'Let the devil die of cold' DE Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? iii) Rules or marking stress Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ í∫’Jhç-îª-ô-¢Á’™«? eg: Cousin, pollution, lady, official ´çöÀ °æü∆™x stress marks áéπ\úø °ö«dL? Ææ’©¶µº°æü¿l¥A ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – ¢ÁØÁo© †®Ω-Æœç-£æ…®√´¤, ¢Á’ü¿é˙.

-ï-¢√-•’:

i) I do not send my son to your college =

O’

college

éÀ ´÷ Ŷ«s-®·E °æç°æ†’.

I cannot send my son to your college = college college

O’

éÀ ´÷ Ŷ«s-®·E °æç°æ-™‰†’. (O’ ™E áèπ◊\´ fees ´©x/- Ææ-È®j† îªü¿’-´¤™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´©x etc.) can = í∫© (≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç -ûÁ-LÊ° verb) I can sing = ؈’ §ƒúø-í∫-©†’. ii) Let the devil die of cold= Ç ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úÕ-E îªL-™/- ï-©’•’ ´©x î√´F (¨»°æ-Ø√®Ωnç). iii) Rules of Marking Stress- ÉC Stress èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† °æ¤Ææh-鬩 ü∆y®√, English News Telecasts (NDTV, CNB, etc) N†ôç ü∆y®√ – Å©-¢√ô’ O’ü¿ ´Ææ’hçC. cousin- Éçü¿’™ cou (éπ) syllable O’ü¿ stress.

pollution -

§Ò©÷u-≠æØ˛ – ©÷ O’ü¿ stress. ™„ß˝’úÕ– ™„ß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. official- Å°∂‘-≠æ-™ ¸ – '°∂‘— O’ü¿ stress. lady=

- M. SURESAN

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 10 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Komal: You seen to have reached home late last night. Why?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

271

Syamal: The meeting went off very well yesterday, didn't it? The conference room of the hotel was good too.

(E†o meeting î√-™« ¶«í¬ ïJ-TçC éπü∆? Hotel ™E conference room – Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ ´’çC®Ωç – èπÿú≈ ¶«í∫’çC) Komal: Ofcourse it did, but for some remarks the Chief guest had made.

(´·êu ÅAC∑ îËÆœ-† éÌEo ¢√uêu©’ ûª°œpç* ¶«í¬ØË ïJ-TçC.) Syamal: What were they? I don't exactly remember.

(àçôO? Ø√èπ◊

correct

(E†o †’´¤y ÉçöÀéÀ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ îËJ-†-ô’dØ√o´¤. áçü¿’èπ◊?) Syamal: I had gone halfway across when I remembered that I had left my sweater in the conference room. So I went back to the hotel to fetch it. ( room

Ææí∫ç -ü¿÷®Ωç -¢Á-∞Ï}Ææ-JéÀ conference ™ Ø√ sweeter ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷-†E í∫’®Ìh-*açC. ´’Sx hotel ÈéRx ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√o)

Komal: Did you clear the hotel bill? (Hotel bill

ÉîËa-¨»¢√?) îÁLxç-îªôç – ´·êuçí¬ Å°æ¤p©’, ™«çöÀN.

clear = bills

Syamal: They wouldn't accept a cheque, so I paid across the counter.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx cheque BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’, Åçü¿’-éπE Åéπ\úË úø•’s îÁLxç-î˨»)

í¬ í∫’®Ω’h™‰ü¿’)

2

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’-†oC, ™ ¢√úø’éπ í∫’-Jç-*: ™, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç é¬Ææh áèπ◊\¢Ë. ™ éÌEo ´÷ô-©ûÓ ïûª-°æ-JÊÆh î√-™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúÕ Ææ綵«-≠æù« ≤ƒ®Ω-∞«uEo (conversational ease) †’ ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’ç-C. 1) across - ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ D†®Ωnç– Åúøfçí¬ ÅE. Å®·ûË English ™ DEo äéπ v°æü˨¡ç äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö-†o ÉçéÓ--¢Áj°æ¤, ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’.

spoken English across Natural, simple spoken English across Real life situations across expressions

v°æ¨¡o: i) lose, loose verb conjugation

OöÀ Å®√n©’

ii) 1) The IInd world war ended in 1945 (was ended)

a) Swimming across the Krishna is not an easy job =

éπ%≥ƒg-†C Ñü¿ôç (äéπ äúø’f †’ç* ÉçéÓ äúø’f-èπ◊/- äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤- Ñü¿ôç Ææ’©-¶µº-¢Á’i† °æE-é¬ü¿’)

b) The distance he swam measures a Kilometre across =

¢√úø’ Ñ-C-† ü¿÷®Ωç ã éÀO’ Öçô’çC. (†CéÀ Åúøfçí¬ – äúø’f †’ç* äúø’fèπ◊)

I don't like people talking out of turn

Ñ °æü∆-©†’ ᙫ Ö-îªa-Jç-î√L? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

2) The IInd world war was ended in 1945.

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ à ¢√éπuç éπÈ®é˙d? iii) Interview ™ ûÁL-ߪ’E v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ à Nüµ¿çí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ ÅE îÁ§ƒpL. Å™«Íí Interviewers †’ ´·çü¿’í¬ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ææç¶-Cµç-î√L? - -T. Srinivas, Penumantra

-ï-¢√-•’:

i) Lose -

§ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç.

(Verb)

Lose (Present) - Lost (Past) - Lost (Past Participle) He lost his bag (Bag

§ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)

Don't lose your money = Komal: His talking of his son's achievements. That was out of place certainly.

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above: 1) That was out of place certainly.

(ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊ °∂æ’†-ûª†’ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç. ÅC ê*a¥-ûªçí¬ ÅÆæçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ÖçC)

2) .... I went into the reception across the conference hall.

Syamal: I must have missed that part of the speech, and thank God I did. Just at that time I went into the reception across the conference hall to see the manager. What did he say?

3) That his son holds the records for swimming across the Krishna in the shortest time.

(Çߪ’† Ö°æ-Ø√u-Ææç™ Ç ¶µ«í∫ç -؈’ miss Åߪ·uç-ú≈L. •A-éÀ-§Úߪ÷ miss Å®·. ÅüË time ™ conference hall èπ◊ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o hotel office èπ◊ ¢Á-∞«} manager †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. àç îÁ§ƒpúø’?) Komal: That his son holds the records for swimming across the Krishna in the shortest time so far.

(éπ%≥ƒg-†-CE ÅA ûªèπ◊\´ time ™ Ñü¿ôç™ ûª†- éÌ-úø’-èπ◊C record ÅE) Syamal: Well, that is something to feel proud of.

(ÅC í∫Jyç-îª-ü¿í∫_ N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’-éπü∆?)

Komal: And that this has come in all the newspapers and TV Channels across the country . ( news papers, TV channels

ÅçûËé¬éπ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç ™ ´*aç-ü¿E)

Syamal: Yes, I remember now. The distance he swam measures a kilometre across from bank to bank.

(Ç, É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. äúø’f †’ç* äúø’fèπ◊ Åûª†’ ÑC† ü¿÷®Ωç äéπ éÀ™O’-ô®Ω’) Komal: That many be great, but I don't like people talking out of turn. I hate to listen to people talking high of themselves. I felt like hitting him across the face.

(ÅC íÌÊ°p 鬴a. é¬F á´-È®jØ√ ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË N†ôç Ø√éπ-ÆæL≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. Eïçí¬ ¢Á·£æ«ç-O’ü¿ éÌö«d-©E°œç-*ç-C- Ø√èπ◊) Syamal: I noticed the smile that spread across his face when someone referred to his son at the end of the meeting. (Meeting *´-®Ω -á-´®Ó Çߪ’† éÌ-úø’èπ◊ í∫’-J-ç-* v°æ≤ƒh-NÊÆh Çߪ’† ¢Á·£æ«çO’ü¿ *®Ω’-†´¤y ¢Á©-í∫úøç ØËí∫-´’-Eçî√)

4) And that this has come in all the news papers and TV channels across the country.

c) The room measures 20 feet across =

Ç

í∫C äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ--¢Áj°æ¤ 20 Åúø’í∫’©’. d) Halfway across the river he couldn't swim any more. He had to be helped across to the shore =

†C Ææí∫çü∆é¬ ´îËa-ÆæJéÀ Åûª†’ Ñü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Åûª-EéÀ N’í∫û√ Ææí∫ç †C ü∆ô-ú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷Lq´*açC. 2) Across = äéπ v°æü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç

a) students across the country went on strike =

5) I don't like people talking out of turn.

ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç™E Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Ææ¢Á’t î˨»®Ω’.

6) I felt like hitting him across the face.

b) People across the country were shocked at the Nithari killings =

7) The distance he swam measures a KM across from bank to bank. 8) I noticed the smile that spread across his face. 9) I had gone half way across. 10) I paid across the counter. First of all, let's take the two expressions, out of place, and out of turn. Out of place = Out of turn =

ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥-¢Á’i†

a) Clapping hands and garlanding are out of place at a condolence meeting =

Ææçû√°æ Æ涵º™ æpô’x éÌôdúøç, °æ‹© ü¿çúø©’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç (¢ËCéπ O’ü¿’†o ¢√∞¡xèπ◊) Ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT†N 鬴¤.

b) His jokes were out of place in such a serious situation = ( jokes jokes

Åçûª í∫çHµ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æJ-Æœn-A™ î√™« ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ÖØ√o®·. îËߪ’ôç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’) Out of turn = äéπ Å®Ωnç, ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îËô’x, Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ØÌ°œpç-îËô’x v°æ´Jhç-îª-ôç/-´÷-ö«x-úøôç. ÅûªE (Åéπ\úø

a) He was talking out of turn most of the time, as though he were drunk =

àüÓ, û√T-†¢√-úÕ™«, î√-™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oúø’.

b) I hope I am not talking out of turn, but what you are doing isn't good =

ØËØË´’Ø√o ÅAí¬/ ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-ØË¢Á÷ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-Lߪ’ü¿’, é¬E O’®Ω’ îËÆæ’h-†oC ´’ç*Cé¬ü¿’. Out of turn Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, ´®Ω’Æævéπ´’ç ÅA-véπ-N’ç*

a) The minister got the house site alloted out of turn =

Ç ´’çvA ´®Ω’Ææ véπ´’ç™ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Åvéπ-´’çí¬ Éç-öÀ Ææn©ç É°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

b) The out of turn allotment was questioned in the house =

Åvéπ´’ Íéö«-®·ç°æ¤ N≠æߪ’ç ¨»Ææ†-Ææ-¶µº™ v°æPoç-î√®Ω’.

F úø•’s §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓèπ◊.

E®∏√J £æ«ûªu© °æôx ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç v°æï-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Cví¬s¥çA îÁçü∆®Ω’.

c) (from the conversation): This has come in all the newspapers and TV channels across the country = TV channels

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhçO’ü¿ ÅEo ¢√®√h°ævA-éπ-™x†÷, ÅEo ™-†÷ ´î√a-ߪ’E. 3) Across the face = ¢Á·£æ«çO’ü¿ (On the face, Ñ Å®Ωnç™ Åçõ‰ ¢Á·£æ«çO’ü¿ ÅØË Å®Ωl¥çûÓ, ¢√úøéπç î√™« ûªèπ◊\-´. across the face ÅØËüË á-èπ◊\´ ¢√úø’éπ.) I felt like hitting him across the face =

ÅûªE ¢Á·£æ«çO’ü¿ éÌö«d-©-E-°œç-*çC Ø√èπ◊. felt like = (àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-©E) ÅE°œç-îªôç. I noticed the smile spreading across his face =

ÅûªE ¢Á·£æ«ç O’ü¿ ¢Á©’-í∫’-ûª’†o *®Ω’-†´¤y îª÷¨»†’. The shirt is a bit tight across the chest =

îµ√B ü¿í∫_®Ω é¬Ææh Gí∫’-ûª’í¬ ÖçC Ç shirt. 4) Half way across = Ææí∫çü¿÷®Ωç (´îËa-ô°æp-öÀ-éÀ/´*açûª®√yûª) a) Half way across he remembered he hadn't brought any money =

Ææí∫ç ü¿÷®Ωç ´îËa-ô°æp-öÀéÀ Åûª-EéÀ í∫’®Ìh-*açC úø¶‰sç ûË™‰-ü¿E)

b) He felt ill, and he left the theatre half way across the movie =

äçöx ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿-E°œç* ÆœE´÷ ´’üµ¿u-™ØË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. 5. Across the counter = (´·êuçí¬ úø•’s) counter ü¿í∫_®Ω îÁLxç-îªúøç

a) Crossed cheques can't be cashed across the counter= Crossed cheques counter bank

™ úøGs-´y®Ω’ (ü∆Eo

èπ◊ ™ ï´’ îËߪ÷-©E)

b) A day may come when you may buy a synthetic heart across a medical shop counter = shop counter

´’çü¿’© ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s©’ îÁLxç* éπ%vA´’ í∫’çúÁ©’ éÌØË ®ÓV èπÿú≈ ®√´îª’a.

Loose:

´ü¿’-©’í¬ Ö†o –

(Loose - adj)

She wore a loose skirt -

-Ç-¢Á’ ´ü¿’-™„j† ©çí¬ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çC. Loose, adjective 鬕öÀd conjugation ™‰ü¿’. ii) The IInd World War ended in 1945 correct. II IInd II second 2 nd the second World War World War II correct. The second World War

Ñ ÅçÈ醒 ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, ÅE ÅØË. ÅçÈé™ ûÁ™®√ߪ’ç– Åçõ‰ ÅE ®√ߪ’-´îª’a. Å®·ûË §ƒ-©çõ‰ ņo-°æp-öÀéÃ, ®√ÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ ÅE ®√ߪ’ôç é¬F ÅE îªC-¢Ë-ô°æ¤púø’ îªü¿-¢√L. iii) Interview ™ àüÁjØ√ v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç -ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§ÚûË, I am sorry/ I'm afraid I don't know the answer ÅE îÁÊ°pÊÆh ´’ç*C. Interview skills í∫’Jç* ûªy®Ω-™  N´-J≤ƒhç.

v°æ¨¡o: Till, until

èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? Since, for á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. - -- P. Sambasiva Rao, Visakhapatnam

-ï-¢√-•’: i) till

éÀ until éà àO’ ûËú≈™‰ü¿’. È®çúÕç-öÀ-E äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ äéπöÀ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ii) since Åçõ‰ °∂æ-™«-Ø√ time †’ç*, °∂æ-™«-Ø√ ®ÓV/ ØÁ©/ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç †’ç* ÅE. For Åçõ‰ Éçûª-é¬-©çí¬, ÉEo ®ÓV©’/ ØÁ©©’/ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©’í¬ ÅE Å®Ωnç. îª÷úøçúÕ: a) India has been independent since 1947 (1947 India has been independent for the past/ the last 59 years. (59

†’ç* ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬

ÖçC) =

à∞¡Ÿxí¬ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ ÖçC) b) Tendulkar has played/ has been playing cricket since 1989/ for the past/ last 17 years. since á°æ¤púø÷ point of time -ûÓ (†’ç* ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ), for á°æ¤púø÷ period of time (ÉEo ®ÓV©÷/ ØÁ©-©’í¬ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.) - M. SURESAN

-≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 12 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ affect = effect =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

272

Vilakshana: Hi Nirikshana, this is our last day at college. No knowing when we can meet again. Parting is painful, isn't it? (College

™ ÉC ´’†èπ◊ *´-J-®ÓV. ´’†ç ´’Sx á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-í∫-©¢Á÷ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. NúÕ-§Ú-´úøç ¶«üµ∆-éπ-®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?) Nirikshana: Why? We can still be meeting, can't we? What stops us?

(áçü¿’èπÿ? ´’†ç Éçé¬ éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô÷ØË ÖçúÌa éπü∆? àN’-ôúøfç?)

Vilakshana: I mean we can't, this way, as students. students

(؈-†ôç, É™«

í¬ ´’Sx éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-´’E.)

v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æôç; Å´’-™xéÀ ®√´ôç.

to come into

The anti dowry law came into effect more than ten years ago =

´®Ω-éπôo ´uA-Í®éπ îªôdç °æüË∞¡x éπçõ‰ ´·çüË Å´’-™xéÀ ´*açC. Academic = Nü¿uèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†/ Nü∆u-¢Ëûªh.

What books and subjects a student should study is an academic matter =

Nü∆uJn à °æ¤Ææh-鬩’, à N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Ŷµºu-Æœç-î√-©ØËC Nü∆u N≠æߪ’ç. Not all the members of a university senate are good academics = university senate

Æ涵º’u-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ´’ç* Nü∆u-¢Ë-ûªh-©’-鬮Ω’.

Vilakshana:

2

Replace = äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤†’ BÆæ’èπ◊E ü∆E-•-ü¿’©’ ÅüË ®Ωéπç ´Ææ’h´¤ ÉçéÓ-öÀ-´yúøç. 2) How good they are at putting across even complex ideas to students put across = explain

N´-Jç-îªôç/

N¨¡-D-éπ-Jç-îªôç/

a) He put across his ideas to me in a convincing manner =

Ø√èπ◊ †îËa-N-üµ¿çí¬ ÅûªE Ç™-îª-†-©†’ Ø√èπ◊ N´-Jç-î√úø’. (ÅûªE N´-®Ω-ù´©x ÅûªE Ç™-îª-†©’ Ø√èπ◊ †î√a®·.)

b) I put across to my father my idea of buying a car = car

éÌØ√-©ØË Ø√ Ç™-îª-††’ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊

N´-Jç-î√†’.

Yea. I've heard of it. They are going to collect this extra fee for the personality development course they are going to offer. I feel that's a good step and so the fee rise is justified.

c) It is the cost of the project that may discourage him. Anyway put it across to him and see. = project

Ç èπ◊ ÅßË’u ´uߪ’ç ÅûªEo ¢Á†èπ◊\ ™«í∫-´îª’a. Å®·Ø√ Åûª-EéÀ N´-Jç* îª÷úø’.

... to get across our ideas to others ... Nirikshana: There you are right of course. Our student days will remain only as sweet memories. correct.

(Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ †’´¤y ´’† Nü∆uJn ®ÓV©’ B°œ-í∫’-®Ω’h-©’-í¬ØË ÖçúÕ-§Ú-û√®·.)

Vilakshana: But what a great college we've been in (I) doubt very much if we can come across such an institution. The instruction, the system, the environment- why? Everything about it is good. college

(é¬F áçûª íÌ°æp ™ ÖØ√o¢Á÷ éπü∆ ´’†ç. Ééπ\úÕ ¶üµ¿†, °æü¿l¥A, ¢√û√´-®Ωùç – äéπ-õ‰-N’öÀ? Ñ college ™ àüÁjØ√ î√™« ¶«í∫’çC.)

Nirikshana: Especially the lecturers and professors how good they are at putting across to students even complex ideas, without an exception every teacher here reaches out to the students with ease. lecturers, professors

(´·êuçí¬ Ééπ\úÕ – ÆæçéÀx-≠d-¢æ Á’i† Å稻-©†’ èπÿú≈, î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ N´-Jç-îª-í∫©®Ω’; Åçü¿®Ω’ Åüµ∆u-°æ-èπ◊©’ èπÿú≈, á´®Ω÷ ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈.) complex = ÆæçéÀx-≠d-¢ æ Á’i†, with ease = éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆœ-†ô’x éπ†-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈, without an exception = á´®Ω÷ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. reach out = ¶µ«¢√™x Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ îË®Ω’-éÓ-´ôç.

Vilakshana: I can't agree with you more.

(†’´y†oü¿çû√

ØËØÌ°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’Ø√o.) Ñ expression, I can't agree with you more = FûÓ °æ‹Jhí¬ àéÃ-¶µº-N-Ææ’hØ√o– English conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œÆæ’hçC. O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Nirikshana: Certainly. Their teaching cuts across students of varying abilities.

(Eï¢Ë’. ¢√∞¡x ¶üµ¿† Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ≤ƒ´’®Ωn u ≤ƒn®·ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÅEo ®Ω鬩 Nü∆u-®Ω’n©èπÿ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC.)

Vilakshana: That's true. Ours is a college in demand. college college.)

(Eï¢Ë’. ´’†

´’ç* T®√éÀ Ö†o

Nirikshana: A piece of bad news. It doesn't affect us, though. The college has raised the fees across the board for all students of all courses; to come into effect from the next academic year. students fees

(ã îÁúø’ ¢√®Ωh, ´’†Íéç ¶«üµ¿ ™‰ü¿-†’éÓ. Åçü¿J èπÿ °çîË-ÆœçC. ´îËa Nü∆u Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç †’ç* Å´’-™xéÀ ´Ææ’hçC.)

(Å´¤†’. ؈’ NØ√o-†C. v°æA class èπÿ Åü¿-†çí¬ ¶Cµç-îª-¶-ûª’†o personality development (´uéÀhûªy Né¬Ææç) course èπ◊ í¬†÷ ÉC Åü¿-†çí¬ ´Ææ÷©’ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Æ敶‰. justify = Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç. justified = Ææ´’-®Ωn-F-ߪ’-¢Á’i†; Ææ•-¶„j†-. Nirikshana: The course is good for career making people like us. At interviews and group discussions, to get across our ideas to the others, we need that kind of training.

(ÖüÓu-í¬©÷ ´%ûª’h™x v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-¶-ßË’-¢√-JéÀ ÉC î√™« Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç. Interviews ™, Group discussions ™ ´’† Ç™-îª-†©÷ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©÷ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ Ñ Péπ~ù ´’†-éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç.)

Vilakshana: OK, Niri. Time that I left. See you again. Keep calling. (OK Phone

EK. ØËE-°æp-öÀÍé ¢ÁRx-§ÚîËÆæ÷hçúø’.) ߪ·ç-ú≈-LqçC. ´’Sx éπ©’ü∆lç.

Nirikshana: OK, bye. ☺

☺

☺

☺

English conversation across expressions expressions conversation simple lesson across expressions

™ ûÓ ´îËa î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩF, Ç ´©x ´’† î√™« í¬ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ™ îª÷¨»ç-í∫ü∆. ´’J-éÌEo Öçô’ç-ü¿E éÀçü¿öÀ ûÓöÀ É°æ¤úø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ¶-ûª’Ø√oç. Look at the following sentences from the conversation between Vilakshana and Nirikshana. 1) I doubt very much if we can come across such an institution 2) ... how good they are at putting across to students even complex ideas 3) Their teaching cuts across students of varying abilities. 4) ... to get across our ideas to others, we need that kind of training. 1) Come across =

îª÷úøôç/ (àüÁjØ√) ņ’¶µº´ç éπ©-í∫úøç/ û√®Ω-Ææ-°æ-úøôç. come across ÅØËC English ™ î√™« common.

a) It is very difficult to come across a person like Mahatma Gandhi =

´’£æ«-û√t-í¬ç-Dµ-™«çöÀ

´uéÀhE îª÷úøôç î√™« éπ≠dçæ . b) You don't come across elephants in cold countries =

Qûª© ü˨»™x à†’-í∫’©’ éπE-°œç-¤.

c) Rarely do we come across shops offering replacement of goods with no questions asked = shops

´’†ç é̆o ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ àç v°æ¨¡o†’ î√™« ©-úø-èπ◊\çú≈ •ü¿’©’ ÉîËa Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ îª÷≤ƒhç.

3) Their teaching cuts across students of varying abilities =

NNüµ¿ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn u ≤ƒnߪ·-©’†o Nü∆u-®Ω’n©èπ◊ Å®Ωn´’ßË’u ¶üµ¿† ¢√JC. cut across = NGµ†o ´®√_-©™ ¢√u°œç* Ö†o

a) Protest and shock against the Nithari killings cut across party lines = party party, party

Eü∑∆J £æ«ûªu©-°æôx E®Ω-Ææ†, Cví∫s¥´’, ÅEo ©èπ◊ (Ç Ñ ÅE ™‰èπ◊çú≈) ¢√u°œç-*çC.

b) Cutting across caste distinctions every one protested against the mass killing of tribals in the area =

Ç ´®Ω_ç, Ñ ´®Ω_ç ÅE ™‰èπ◊çú≈ (èπ◊© Nîª-éπ~ù ™‰èπ◊çú≈) v°æA-¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç éÌçúø ñ«A v°æï© Üîª-éÓ-ûª†’ êçúÕç-î√®Ω’. mass killing = Üîª-éÓûª. tribals = éÌçúø-ñ«A v°æï©’.

c) Cutting across all kinds of groups, people rose as one person to fight the enemy =

à N¶µ‰-ü∆-©ûÓ °æE-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ v°æï-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ äéπ\-Jí¬ ¨¡vûª’-´¤ûÓ §Ú®√-ú≈®Ω’.

4) ... to get across our ideas to others we need that kind of training =

´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª÷©’ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†èπ◊ Ç Péπ~ù Å´-Ææ®Ωç. get across = î√™« ¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûªçí¬ ¶µ«¢√-©†’ äéπ-JéÀ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç.

a) To succeed in an interview you should get across your points to the interviewer = Interview interviewer

©†’ Öçú≈L.

™ Nï-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´’† ¶µ«¢√-©†’ / Å稻èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-LT

b) Get the idea across to him that he is no longer wanted here =

Åûª-E-éπ\úø Öçúø-†-´-Ææ-®Ω癉-ü¿E Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u™« îÁ°æ¤p.

c) I am unable to get this simple point across to him =

Ñ *†o N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-E-éπ-®Ωn-´’-ßË’uô’x îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. put across, get across ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË, get across, put across éπØ√o éÌçîÁç stronger. ¶«í¬ Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’ô’x îÁ°æpôç – get it across. EXERCISE

Speak aloud sentences on the following pattern. Subject What he says

Verb is

Complement etc. interesting.

(Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø subject äéπ ´÷ô é¬èπ◊çú≈, 'wh' ûÓ ÖçúË clause.) ´’®Ó example: How he does it will be known only to me.

v°æ¨¡o: i) I saw him enter the room I saw him entering the room

ûËú≈ Öçü∆? á) Åûªúø’ í∫C™ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îªúøç ؈’ îª÷¨»†’. G) í∫C-™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-PÆæ÷h Åûª-úÕE ؈’ îª÷¨»†’. ii) Seniority - antonym àN’öÀ? – §Úûª’© XE-¢√Ææ’, -¢Ëí¬-ߪ’´’tÊ°ô.

-ï-¢√-•’:

i) I saw him enter the room entering the room

Å®Ωnç, I saw him ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. ûË-ú≈ ™‰ü¿’. ii) Seniority éÀ antonym ™‰ü¿’. seniority ÅØËC age éÃ, experience éà Ææç•ç-Cµç*çC 鬕öÀd younger in age & experience ÅE ņ-´îª’a. äÍé ´÷ôí¬ antonym ™‰ü¿’.

v°æ¨¡o:

àüÁjØ√ O’öÀç-í˚™ à Nüµ¿çí¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L? à Tense ™ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L? ÅEo Tenses Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-îª-´î√a? Öü∆: Republic day Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ éπ∞«-¨»-©™ äéπ meeting à®√pô’î˨»®Ω’. Ñ O’öÀç-í˚™ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊©’, ´·êu ÅA--C∑E, Éûª®Ω °ü¿l-©†’ -ᙫ Ææç¶-Cµç-î√L? ¢√JE Öü¿-£æ«-JÆæ÷h ᙫ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L. N´Jçîªí∫-©®Ω’. - T. Ramana Rao, Palakol.

-ï-¢√-•’: Meeting

™ -à tense ™ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L ÅØËC ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo•öÀd-í∫ü∆ Öçô’çC. Republic Day Ææçü¿-®Ωs ¥çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª ÷, Republic Day v§ƒ-¨¡-≤ƒhuEo í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, Republic Day °æ¤ô’d-°æ‹-®Óy-ûªh-®√-©®·ûË, past tense ™ îÁ§ƒhç, ÅN í∫ûªç 鬕öÀd. Republic Day Öûªq´ç Ç®Ó-V -E®Ωy£œ«ç-éÓ-´-úøç ÇØ√öÀ programme ´Èíj-®√-©çû√, ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«-é¬ç-éπ~-©ûÓ Ææ£æ…, present tense. ´·†’tçü¿’ ´îËa Republic Day © Çé¬ç-éπ~©÷, éÓJ-éπ©÷, Å®·ûË future tense. O’®Ω-úÕ-T† N’í∫û√ v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç Lesson Nos 265 to 270 îª÷úøçúÕ.

v°æ¨¡o:

i) India need to bowling in the evening. question need Helping verb question

Ñ ¢√é¬uEo à Nüµ¿çí¬ îËߪ÷L. ÅØËC éπü∆. DEûÓ á™« îËߪ’´îª’a? ii) I do work. Ñ Sentence †’ à N-üµ¿çí¬ question îËߪ÷L? – §ƒ©-éÌçúø Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝, ê´’tç

-ï-¢√-•’:

i) India need to bowling in the eveningsentence India need(s) to bowl in the evening correct. India team India needs to bowl India India need to bowl sentences need (s) main verb. Need question India bowl in the evening? need, helping verb example. Need you go there now?

Ñ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ †’ äéπöÀí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀÊÆh, Åçö«ç; ïô’d-™E véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’-©†’ °æJ-í∫-ùÀÊÆh Åçö«ç. Ñ È®çúø’ ™†÷ Å®·ûË DØËo ÅE ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÉçéÓ (É°æ¤úø’ †’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆?)

ii) 'Do you work here?' Yes, I do work here. Sentence verb object do work here'

Ééπ\úø work verb. èπ◊ é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø 'I èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– ØËE-éπ\úø °æEîË≤ƒh†’, îË≤ƒh†’ ÅE ØÌéÀ\îÁ°æpôç. I do work= ؈’ °æEîË≤ƒh†’ ņo-°æ¤úø’ work= °æE ÅØË Å®Ωn-ç-ûÓ, do èπ◊ object Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÉC Ñ éÀçC question èπ◊ answer: What do you do? – DEéÀ Answer: I do work. (I do maths ™«í∫). ™E

- M. SURESAN

-•’-üµ¿-¢√-®Ωç 14 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Abhilash: Oh, are they? If I had become a doctor, many more would have been alive.

273

Abhilash: How's your dad? Animish: (He's = He is) near normal. (He was) discharged from hospital the day before (yesterday.)

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ éÓ©’-èπ◊-†oõ‰d. ÇÆæpvA †’ç* ¢Á·†oØË Núø’-ü¿© î˨»®Ω’.) (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – ¢Á·†oØË discharge Åߪ÷u®Ω’. Conversational English ™ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ 'He's = he is' omit îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Å™«Íí the day before yesterday ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ ÅØË •ü¿’©’, the day before Åçö«®Ω’.)

4. Most corporate hospitals are after money. After somebody/ something.

(Å´¤-Ø√? ؈’ doctor †ßª·uçõ‰ Éçé¬ î√™«-´’çC -•A-èπ◊ç-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx) Animish: You and your jokes.

(O’ Ø√†o ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?)

(†’-´‹y, F ☺

☺

= äéπ-JE/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îË>-éÀ\ç--éÓ-´ôç. a) He is after a good career.

jokes.) ☺

2

´’ç* ´%Ah ¢√u°æéπç éÓÆæç v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’/ îË>-éÀ\ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-AoÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.

☺

™ after ¢√úø’éπ– ÅüÌ-éπ\-õ‰-Å-®·Ø√, N’í∫û√ ´÷ô-©ûÓØÁjØ√, î√™« common. É°æ¤púø’ after, after combinations Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç:

English conversation

b) Most young men and women are after computer jobs.

î√™«-´’çC ߪ·´B ߪ·´-èπ◊©’ computer jobs ¢Áçô- °æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË äéπ ´uéÀh N≠æߪ’ç îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ He is after you Åçõ‰ – F éÓÆæ¢Ë’ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ FÍéüÓ £æ…E ûª©-°õ‰d ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ – ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above. 1) May be because of the after effects of the drugs he has been taking. 2) How about the after care services of the hospital?

c) The enemies were after him.

(N†-ö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC) Animish: He's been advised complete rest for another week, though. He is still very weak. May be because of the after effects of the drugs he's been taking.

(Å®·Ø√, ÉçéÓ-¢√®Ωç °æ‹Jhí¬ Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-´’E Ææ©£æ…. Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ F®ΩÆæçí¬/ •©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Çߪ’† BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o ´’ç-ü¿’© ûª®√yA v°æ¶µ«´ç ´©x-ØË¢Á÷.) Abhilash: How about the after care services of the hospital?

(Ç ÇÆæp-vA™ ¢Ájü¿uç ûª®√yA ÊÆ´© Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?) Animish: Excellent. They look after their patients well. Rather rare these days of corporate hospitals which are mostly after money.

(î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. Patients úø•’s éÓÆæ¢Ë’ îª÷ÊÆ corporate hospitals Ö†o Ñ ®ÓV™x é¬Ææh Å®Ω’üË.) Corporate hospitals = ¢√ùÀ-ïu-°æ-®Ωçí¬ Íé´©ç ™«¶µ«© éÓÆæ¢Ë’ ¢Ájü∆u-†oç-CçîË ÇÆæp-vûª’©’. Abhilash: (Do) you mean their fees are low?

(Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡x

fees

ûªèπ◊\-´ç-ö«¢√?)

Animish: Not low, but not high either. You get your money's worth of treatment there.

(ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬-ü¿’, Å™« ÅE áèπ◊\-¢√-é¬ü¿’. ´’†ç-°õ‰d ê®Ω’aèπ◊ ûªT† ¢Ájü¿uç ©Gµ-Ææ’hçC.) worth = N©’´ Abhilash: Had I had my will, I would have become a doctor. Medicine was the course after my heart, but dad wouldn't just let me do it.

3) They look after their patients well.

5. After some one's heart.

4) ... corporate hospitals which are after money.

a) It's a song after my heart.

1. After effects:

´’çü¿’©’ ™«çöÀN áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøôç ´©x ´îËa °∂æL-û√©’/ à Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ûª®Ω’¢√ûÁjØ√ éπLÍí °∂æL-û√©’– ´·êuçí¬ É•sç-ü¿’©’.

a) Lack of appetite and nausea are the after effects of antibiotics.

AØ√-©ØË éÓJéπ -™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ôç (Å®Ω’*)/ ÇéπL -™‰éπ-§Ú´-ôç, ¢√çûª’©’ ´îËa-ôx-E-°œç-îªôç, antibiotics ¢√úÕ† -ûª®√y-ûª ´îËa °∂æL-û√©’. Nausea (Ø√Ɯߪ÷) = ¢√çûª’©’ ´îËa feeling (éπúø’°æ¤ A°æpôç) Nauseate = úÓèπ◊ °æ¤öÀdç-îªúøç. Antibiotics = Bacteria (Ææ÷éπ~ t-@-´¤-©)†’ îªçÊ° ´’çü¿’©’. OöÀ™ î√™«¢√öÀ Ê°®Ω’ *´®Ω 'cin' ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. (After effects †’ side effects ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.) b) People are yet to recover from the after effects of the year before the last's tsunami.

éÀçü¿öÀ àú≈C ´·çü¿õ‰ú≈C Ææ’Ø√O’ v°æ¶µ«-¢√© †’ç* v°æï-Lçé¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. (í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: effects of tsunami = Ææ’Ø√O’ v°æûªuéπ~ v°æ¶µ«´ç – ´’†’-≠æfl©’ îªE-§Ú-´ôç, É∞¡Ÿx, îÁô’x ™«çöÀN éÌô’d-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç, v§ƒù, ÇÆœh †≠ædç. After effects of tsunami = Ææ’Ø√O’ °æ®Óéπ~/ D®Ω`-é¬-Léπ v°æ¶µ«-¢√©’ = Ææ®Ωyç éÓ™p-®·†¢√J Hü¿-Jéπç, EÆæq-£æ…-ߪ’ûª, ¢√uüµ¿’©’ ™«çöÀN.)

c) Some Japanese are still suffering from the after effects of radiation. Radiation °æ®Óéπ~ v°æ¶µ«-¢√-©ûÓ éÌçûª´’çC ï§ƒØ˛ ¢√-R}çé¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. 2. After care = ´÷´‚©’ ¢Ájü¿uç Å®·çûª®√yûª ®ÓT í∫’Jç* BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ñ«ví∫-ûªh©’. a) I am always regular about the after care measures my doctor has suggested.

´÷ doctor Ææ÷*ç-*† ¢Ájü∆u-†çûª®Ω ñ«ví∫-ûªh© N≠æߪ’ç™ -ØË-ØÁ°æ¤p-úø÷ Æævéπ-´’çí¬-ØË Öçö«†’. b) The after care services of the hospital are poor.

¢Ájü∆u-†ç-ûª®Ω ÊÆ´© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ç ÇÆæpvA -Åüµ∆y-†¢Ë’. ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç (´·êuçí¬ äéπ ´uéÀh Ç®Óí∫uç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™).

3. Look after = Take care =

(Ø√ É≠æd-v°æ-é¬-®Ω¢Ë’ Åߪ·uçõ‰, ØËE-°æp-öÀéÓ doctor ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕE. Medicine Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠æd-¢Á’i† course. é¬F ´÷Ø√†o ††’o Medicine îËߪ’-E-´y-™‰ü¿’.) Animish: Thank God he wouldn't. Many persons are still alive.

(Çߪ’† E†’o medicine îËߪ’-E-´y-éπ-§Ú´ôç ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC. î√™«-´’çC Éçé¬ -•-AÍé ÖØ√o®Ω’.)

a) My sister looked after me when I was ill.

Ø√èπ◊ ï•’sí¬ Ö†o°æ¤púø’ ´÷ sister ††’o îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çC/ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ îËÆœçC/ ÊÆ´©’ îËÆœçC. b) Its parents having been washed away by the floods, there is none to look after the child.

ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ´®Ω-ü¿™ éÌô’d-èπ◊-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ Ç Gúøf†’ îª÷ÊÆ-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’.

ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ É≠æd-¢Á’i-†-§ƒô. b) It's a place after her heart.

ÅC Ç¢Á’èπ◊ †*a† v°æü˨¡ç. EXERCISE: VOCABULARY EXERCISE. Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A B A. Teach

1. walk

B. Check

2. pull

C. Tug

3. watch

D. Observe

4. instruct

E. Trek

5. verify 6. signify

Answer: A - 4 B - 5 C - 2 D - 3 E - 1.

v°æ¨¡o: i) burial, fire, ... require, retire, .. nunciation ii) pronunciation

-OöÀ

pro-

ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Ææ´÷--üµ¿’© ü¿í∫_®Ω 鬰晫 ÖçúË-¢√-JE ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ü∆E – ™«´ùu, éÌûªh-í∫÷úÁç

-ï-¢√-•’: i)

pronunciation a) cat, bag, rat, bank a

Ñ éÀçü¿ ÉÆæ’h†o

™ ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«lEo Ç Åéπ~®Ωç éÀçü¿ UûªûÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Öü∆: cat - é¬ö¸ – -é¬- éÀçü¿ Uûª cat ™ é¬ ¨¡•lçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L. b) bird ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™x 'ir' ¨¡•lç English èπ◊ v°æûËuéπç. Ñ ¨¡•lç Ææ÷*ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ > í∫’®Ω’h- ¢√-úø’ûª’Ø√oç. Öü∆: Bird - •>ú˛ curd - éπ>ú˛. c) ã ´÷ô-™ E à Åéπ~®Ωç O’ü¿®·Ø√ ' ' í∫’®Ω’h Öçõ‰ Ç Åéπ~®Ωç ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«lEo ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. burial - ¶„J-ߪ’™¸ fire - °∂æߪ’ general- ïv†™¸ interrupt- Éçô-®Ω°ˇd. (Åéπ~®Ωç éÀçü¿ ' ' í∫’®Ω’h Ç ¨¡¶«lEo ûªèπ◊\´ °æ-LÍ陫 Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC). marry - ´÷J mature - ¢Á’Šmeasure - ¢Á’ï (ï, pleasure ™ 'ï— ™«í∫) murder- ´’>úø murmur- ´’>´’ owe - ã require - Jéπyߪ’ retire - Jôߪ’ scatter ≤ƒ\>ô sorry - ≤ƒJ survive - Ææ´-®·¢˛ tire ôߪ’. ii) Ææ´÷-üµ¿’-© -é¬-°æJ = burial ground/ grave yard/ cemetery keeper.

Ñ

¢√éπuç™ •ü¿’©’

®√¢√L éπü∆.

ii) The UPA deputy secretary said Sonia Gandhi will visit quake hit areas. sub-clause would visit

Ñ ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿¢√éπuç™ ©-¢√yL éπü∆! N´-Jç--îªí∫-©®Ω’. – Ç®˝.áÆˇ.´’Ê£«≠ˇ, éπ®Ω÷o™¸

-ï-¢√-•’:

In both the sentences above, no dates/ days are mentioned. So, change, 'said' in both the sentences into, 'has said', and the sentences will be absolutely correct. The tense of has said is present tense, and the sub clause verbs being also in present tense, there would be nothing wrong with the sentences. But the sentences as read by the news reader, and as quoted by you are wrong.

äéπ®Ω’ ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æúË.

5) Medicine was the course after my heart.

i) Mr.Natwar Singh said though India is supporting ... there is no compromise. is was

You have raised a very good doubt.

¨¡vûª’-´¤©’ ÅûªúÕ éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

After some one's heart Abhilash: (It's) good to hear that.

v°æ¨¡o:

Suppose the dates/ days of their saying are mentioned. Then in the first sentence 'is supporting' is correct as it is a present action likely to continue into the future, but, the second verb 'is no compromise' should be changed into, 'would be no compromise', as the idea is indicative of future 'is no compromise' is certainly incorrect on the part of the news reader. In the case of (ii) Sonia Gandhi would visit is correct. The news reader is wrong in reading as 'will visit'. You have raised a very good doubt and clarifying it is my pleasure. Look at the following sentence: He told me yesterday that he is a bank manager here.

(E†o îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√ûÓ, Åûª-E-éπ\úø, í¬ ÖØ√o-†E).

Branch Manager The verb 'is' in the sub clause, though the MC Verb told is in the past tense is correct. That's so because not only when he told me yesterday, but also now he is here and likely, in future too, he will be here. Cases like this are exceptions to the rule. Refer also to spoken English lessons Nos. 135, 136, 137 and 138.

v°æ¨¡o: i)

ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÀ, ®√ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ’´÷-®Ω’í¬ áEo °æü∆©’ ´ÊÆh ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC? ii) Being ᙫ-¢√-ú≈™ îÁ°æpí∫-©®Ω’. – Èé. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, *†-´’-†-í∫’çúøç

-ï-¢√-•’:

i) Oxford/ Longman's dictionaries 'defining vocabulary' list

*´®Ω ÅE Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’™ °æü∆©’ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©’, ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÀ. ii) Being = Å™« Öçúøôç ´©x, Åçü¿’-´©x ÅE. Being tall, he can play well = §Òúø’í¬_ Öçúøôç ´©x/ -§Ò-úø’-í∫-´ôç ´©x Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-©úø’. - M. SURESAN

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 16 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 1) Along -

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

274

Prasad: Hi Prakash, good to see you. I'm (I am) driving to selall super stores for a bit of shopping. How about coming along? Along with the shopping we can have a bite and some hot coffee to warm our bodies.

(E†’o îª÷úøôç î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. Shopping îËü∆l-´’E selall super stores èπ◊ (Car ™) ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. Ø√ûÓ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿÷? Shopping ûÓ¶«ô’ é¬Ææh àüÁjØ√ AE, ´’† üË£æ…Lo ¢Áîªa-•-®Ω--éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬Ææh ¢ËúÕ coffee û√í∫’ü∆ç. Drive = àüÁjØ√ motor ¢√£æ«†ç (Bus/ Car/ Two wheeler) ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç. Ééπ\úø Car.

(áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úË Å®Ωnç) – äéπ¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ¢Áj°æ¤ (îª÷úøôç/ †úø-´ôç ™«çöÀN) a) He walked along the road = ÅûªØ√ ®Óú˛ ¢Áç•úË (äéπ *´J †’ç* ÉçéÓ *´J ¢Áj°æ¤) †úÕ-î√úø’. b) I looked along the buildings for the one I wanted = building

Ç ¢Ë’úøLo äéπ¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷¨»†’ Ø√é¬\-´-©-Æœ† éÓÆæç. 2) along - ¢Áç•úÕ. a) There are trees along the beach - Ç beach ¢Áç•úÕ îÁô’x-Ø√o®·.

b) There are beautiful buildings along the right side of the road = Road

èπ◊ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj-°æçû√ (èπ◊úÕ¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Áç•úÕ) Åçü¿-¢Á’i† éπôd-ú≈-©’-Ø√o®·. 3) along - äéπ-îÓ-öÀ-†’ç* éÌçîÁç ü¿÷®Ωç™.

a) His office is along the road from the theatre office road theatre (Theatre

ÅûªE Ç ™ØË Å´ûª© éÌçîÁç ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçC. ¢ÁjÊ°)

èπ◊ ´·çü¿’/ Ö†o

2

a) Suman: How is she coming along in her studies?

(îªü¿’´¤™ Ç¢Á’ v°æí∫A/ ÅGµ´%Cl¥/ Progress ᙫ ÖçC?) Naveen: Oh, she is coming along fine. She is the topper in her class. progress class

(Ç¢Á’ î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. ûª†

™ Ç¢Á’

first)

b) Things are coming along well for him in his career =

ÅûªE ´%Ah ¢√u°æ-鬙x ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Åûª-EéÀ ¶«í¬/ ņ’-èπÿ©çí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®·.

c) The movie is coming along nicely says the director =

ÆœE´÷ î√™« ¶«í¬ ´≤Úhç-ü¿E/ †úø’≤Úhç-ü¿E ü¿®Ωz-èπ◊-úøç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

5) I'll be along whenever he wants me =

Çߪ’†Èé°æ¤púø’ 鬢√-©çõ‰ ؈-°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒh†’. Ééπ\úÕ expression = be along = áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√ ®√´ôç.

How about coming along? Prakash: Who's that next to you in the car? Oh, Pramod, it's you? Well, I don't mind, but I have some work at a place further down the road. I have a bit of shopping to do too. After that you return and I'll walk along. (Car

™ F °æéπ\† á´®Ω÷? v°æ¢Á÷ü˛, †’¢√y? Car ™ O’ûÓ ´≤ƒh†’, é¬F ÅüË road ™ é¬Ææh´ûª© Ø√èπ◊ °æ†’çC. ؈÷ éÌçûª shopping îËߪ÷L. shopping Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª †’´¤y AJT ¢ÁRx§Ú, ؈’ †úÕ* ¢ÁRx-§Úû√.)

Prasad: (Do) you mean you will walk back all the distance?

(´’Sx ¢Á·ûªhç ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ* ´≤ƒh-†ç-ö«¢√?) Prakash: Don't worry, from there my uncle will take me along to the railway station where we have to receive our cousin. After that he will drop me home.

(àç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Åéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ´÷ uncle ††’o ûª†ûÓ railway station èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√úø’, ´÷ cousin †’ station ™ receive îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Ç ûª®√yûª ††’o Éçöx Cí∫-¶„-úø-û√úø’.) Prasad: How is your uncle's building coming along? It's massive structure. When is it likely to be completed?

(O’ uncle éπúø’-ûª’†o building áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´*açC? î√™« ¶µ«K éπôdúø¢Ë’ ÅC. á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’çC?)

b) The X Ray room is along the corridor from the consulting room = (doctor consulting room

a) Go ahead. I'll (I will) be along in a few minutes =

Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue above.

c) He will be along soon. We can discuss the matter with him. =

Ç †úø-¢√™ØË ) (Ææçv°æ-CçîË í∫C) †’ç* éÌçûªü¿÷-®Ωç™ ÅüË-¢Áj°æ¤ áé˙q Í® í∫C ÖçC.

1) How about coming along? 2) I'll walk along. 3) My uncle will take me along to the railway station. 4) How is your uncle's building coming along? 5) I'll be along whenever he wants me. 6) He wants flowering plants inside, along the walls enclosing the building. 1) coming along =

éπLÆœ/ ûÓ ®√-´-ôç. Ø√ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿÷? (®√, ÅE)

a) How about coming along? =

b) We are going to a movie; come along =

¢Ë’ç ÆœE´÷Èé∞¡ŸhØ√oç, ´÷ûÓ ®√. c) Wherever he goes, his dog goes along =

¢√úÁ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞Ïh ¢√úÕ èπ◊éπ\ èπÿú≈ Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞¡ŸhçC. 2) Walk/ go/ move along = ´·çü¿-J-Èé-∞¡}ôç. a) He walked along without listening to what I was saying =

؈’ îÁÊ°pC NE-°œç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ †úø’-èπ◊çô÷ (´·çü¿-JéÀ) ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

b) Move along. You are obstructing others =

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC. ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Ë®·çîË ®Ωçí∫’© N≠æߪ’ç™ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ F Ææ©£æ… é¬¢√-Lô, †’´¤y architect 鬕öÀd.) Architect Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆ – Building plan, Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ Ç鬮Ωç ´çöÀ N≠æߪ÷©’ ûÁL-Æœ† ¢√Ææ’h-PLp.

c) He drove along looking at the lines of faces on either side = car

Prasad: I'll be along whenever he wants me, though I prefer a Sunday.

Let's move along = Let's move on =

Prakash: He wants flowering plants inside, along the walls enclosing the building. (Building

ô÷d Ö†o íÓúø© ¢Áç•úÕ ™°æ© °æ‹©¢Á·-éπ\-©†’ °çî√-©E Çߪ’† ņ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.)

Prasad: I'll help him select the plants too. OK. Come along. Let's go.

(Ç Plants/ ¢Á·éπ\© áç°œ-éπ™ èπÿú≈ ØËØ√-ߪ’-†èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç-îË≤ƒh. ®√. ¢Á∞«lç.) ☺

☺

☺

Conversational English along,

☺

☺

™ ûª®Ωîª’í¬ NE-°œçîË ´’®Ó ´÷ô Ç ´÷ôûÓ ´îËa combinations. ¢√öÀ ¢√úø’éπ î√™« ûª®Ω--í¬ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ î√™« Ææ’©¶µºç èπÿú≈. Along Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

éπü¿’©’. (Çí∫èπ◊, ´·çü¿’èπ◊ †úø’). Éûª-®Ω’-©-†-úøfT-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. É®Ω’-¢Áj-°æ¤™« Ö†o ´·ë«© †úø’-°æ¤-éÌçô÷ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Walk/ go/ move along - Ñ éπü¿-L-éπ-©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô© °æéπ\† along ¢√úË îÓôxçû√ on èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

´®Ω’Æ憒 îª÷Ææ÷h

´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«lç. He drove along = He drove on =

؈’

èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. †’´¤y ´≤ƒh¢√?

Åûª†’ ûªy®Ω™ØË ´≤ƒhúø’. ´’†ç Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ÅûªEûÓØË îªJaç-îª-´îª’a. É¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈, along with ÅØË ´÷ô èπÿú≈ ÖçC. D†®Ωnç– 'ûÓÆæ£æ…—. a) The building along with its expensive furniture was sold for a small amount = Furniture building

ûÓÆæ£æ… Ç

†’ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ Ţ˒t-¨»®Ω’.

b) The man along with his wife and children were killed in the accident =

Åûª†’, ¶µ«®√u°œ-©x©ûÓ Ææ£æ… v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ ´’®Ω-ùÀç-î√úø’. ÉO along ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô©’. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. EXERCISE Practice the following aloud in English. Ram:

FûÓ á´-JE BÆæ’-éÌ-î√a´¤? Éü¿l-JE. Ø√ cousin †’, ÉçéÓ friend †’. Ram: ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JF ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ car ™ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«}™«? Prem: Å´¤†’. Car ™ °æúøû√ç éπü∆? Ram: °æúøû√ç é¬E, é¬Ææh É®Ω’-éπE°œçîª-´îª’a. (cramped = É®Ω’èπ◊) Prem: Å™« Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊çü∆ç. §Úü∆ç°æü¿. (drive ¢√úøçúÕ) Ram: O’ father operation ûª®√yûª ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’? Prem: ¶«í¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. E†o ™‰* A®Ω-í∫-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’ èπÿú≈. Ram: ¶«í∫’çC. Prem: ᙫ ¢Á∞«lç? Ram: Ñ road ¢Áç•úË ¢ÁR} '¨¡Ÿ¶µºç— éπ∞«u-ù-´’ç-úø°æç ü¿í∫_®Ω áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’ü∆ç. ´’†ç ¢Á∞«x-LqçC, Ç éπ∞«u-ù-´’ç-úø°æç ¢ÁjÊ° é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†o Prem:

Prakash: It's almost complete. He wants your advice on the colour scheme because you are an architect.

(Çߪ’-ØÁ-°æ¤púø’ ®Ω´’tçõ‰ ؈°æ¤púø’ ´≤ƒh. Å®·ûË ÇC¢√®Ωç Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ≤˘éπ-®Ωuçí¬ Öçô’çC.)

†’´¤y °æü¿. éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ™x ؈÷ ´≤ƒh.

b) I'm (I am) going for a walk. Will you be along? = walking

¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo

†úø’-°æ¤-éÌçô÷ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. 3) My uncle will take me along to the railway station = railway station

´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u/ ¶«¶«®·/ °ü¿l-Ø√†o ûª†ûÓ ††’o èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√úø’.

a) He takes his dog along on his morning walks = morning walk

Çߪ’† èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ï}-ô-°æ¤úø’ ûª†ûÓ ûª† èπ◊éπ\†’ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√úø’. Take along = ûª†ûÓ éπLÆœ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡xôç.

b) Take along some books on the journey =

v°æߪ÷ùç™ (îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊) FûÓ-§ƒô’ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿ}. 4) How's your uncle's building coming along? = uncle

O’ éπôdúøç áçûª-´®Ωèπ◊ ´*açC? (ü∆E v°æí∫A ᙫ ÖçC?)

building.

ANSWER Ram: Who did you bring along? Prem: Two. My cousin and another friend. Ram: Have we to take them along in the car? (Do we have to ... ?) Prem: Yes. The car can hold all of us, can't it? (hold = Ram: It does, of course, but we may feel a little cramped. Prem: Let's adjust. Let's drive along. Ram: How is your father after the operation? Prem: He is coming along fine. He was able to move about too, yesterday. Ram: Good. Prem: How do we go now? Ram: We drive along this road and turn left at Subham Kalyana Mandapam. The place we've to go to is along the street from Subham.

°æôdôç)

v°æ¨¡o: Ñ preposiÅ®√n©’, -ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 2. Rather than, remains closed from - OöÀ Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË Nüµ∆†ç îÁ°æpçúÕ. 3. Depend upon, Depend on ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 4. So that Å®√nEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùûÓ îÁ°æpçúÕ. – Èé. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, §ÒCL1.

In order to, In respect of .. tions

ï-¢√-•’:

In order to =

Åçü¿’éÓÆæç, Åçü¿’èπ◊.

In order to meet the CM, he went to Hyderabad (CM

†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Çߪ’† £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’) You have to work hard in order to get a good rank. rank

(´’ç* ûÁa-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ¶«í¬ éπ%≠œ îËߪ÷L) Å®·ûË In order to ¢√úË -•-ü¿’-©’ 'to' ¢√úÕûË ÆæJ§Ú-ûª’çC. ÅC simple í¬ natural í¬ Öçô’çC. In order to éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç, ví¬ç-C∑éπç. ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ´’ç*C. In respect of = í∫’Jç*, °æ¤®Ω-Ææ \-Jç-éÌE, Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†. Ñ expression èπÿú≈ business, official language ©™ØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Money in respect of the work already done has been paid =

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æ‹®Ωh-®·† °æEéÀí¬†÷, úø•’s îÁLxç-îË-¨»®Ω’. The teacher did not say anything in respect stuof the absentee students = class dents teacher

èπ◊ ®√E àç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. In respect of O©-®·-†çûª´®Ωèπ◊ ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ´’ç*C (In order to ™«í∫). In respect of ¢√ú≈-Lq†îÓô concerning é¬F, about é¬F ¢√úøôç ´’ç*C - simple. 2) Rather than - ´’E-éÀ-≠dç æ ™‰E äéπ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰/ äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ÅE D†®Ωnç. †’ í∫’-Jç-*

a) Rather than go to a matinee in this hot sun, I will sit at home and watch the TV = matinee TV

Éçûª áçúø™ Éçöx èπÿE

éÀ -¢Á-∞Ï} •ü¿’©’/ éπçõ‰, îª÷Ææ’hç-ö«†’.

b) He'd rather have a cooled drink than coffee-

Åûª†’ 鬰∂‘ •ü¿’©’ xöÀ §ƒFߪ’ç É≠æd-°æ-ú≈fúø’. É™«çöÀîÓôx, Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ´®√_-©èπ◊ îÁçC† ¢√öÀ-E §Ú™‰a-ô°æ¤p-úø’ than ¢√úøç. Rather than ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Remains closed - ´‚Æœ Öçô’çC. The college remains closed from today = Ñ ®ÓV †’ç* ´‚Æœ Öçô’çC. (Will remain closed ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a) 3) Depend on/ depend upon - È®ç-úø÷ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË sentence *´®Ω depend ´*a-†-°æ¤úø’ upon, better.

He depends on me for everything. In times of need, be sure that I am here for you to depend upon.

(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, †’´¤y Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’-Ø√o-†E ..) 4) So that ÅØËC purpose (ÖüËl-¨»Eo) ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC.

He looked the room so that no one could enter it.

(á´®Ω÷ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫CéÀ û√∞¡ç °ö«dúø’)

He put the money in the bank so that it might be safe bank

(úø•’s ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ™ ¢Ë¨»úø’) Öçô’ç-ü¿E Åûª†’ ü∆Eo

He walked fast so that he might not miss the bus = Bus miss

Å´-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úÕ-î√úø’. Å®·ûË So that •ü¿’©’ î√-™«-îÓôx to é¬F, to be able to é¬F ¢√úÕûË simple í¬ Öçô’çC. ÅEoîÓ-ö«x é¬ü¿’. - M. SURESAN

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 18 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Niranjan: I am sure too there wasn't any error from our side. The mistake must be at the H.O. itself.

275

(؈÷ ´’†-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* à §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ™‰ü¿E éπ*aûªçí¬ ÖØ√o. §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ head office ™ØË Öçú≈L.)

Niranjan: Hi Nirupama, you are late again.

(E®Ω’-°æ´÷, †’´¤y ´’Sx Ç©Ææuç.)

Nirupama: Sorry sir, I was caught up in a nasty traffic jam. The flyover under construction is holding up the traffic. Vehicles were moving at a snail's pace. traffic jam (Sorry, flyover

°∂æ’®Ω-¢Á’i† ™ E®√tÉ®Ω’-èπ◊\-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Åéπ\úø ùç™ Öçúøôç ´©x ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©Fo †ûªh†-úøéπ †úÕ-î√®·.) Nasty - Aô’d-°æü¿ç – °∂æ’®Ω-¢Á’i†/ £‘«†-¢Á’i†/ ... etc. snail's pace = snail = †ûªh; pace = ¢Ëí∫ç.

Nirupama: I will check up once again.

(؈’ ´’Sx îª÷≤ƒh†’.) ™ 'At' ¢√úøéπç î√™« áèπ◊\´. ÅC ´’†ç-ü¿-®Ωèπÿ ûÁ©’Ææ’.
´÷´‚-©’í¬ ã v°æü˨¡ç ´·çü¿’ 'at' ¢√úÕûË Ç îÓô ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. At home (ÉçöÀ™ ), at college, at office, at the theatre - Çߪ÷-îÓôx, Ç v°æüË-¨»-©™ ÅE.
Time ´·çü¿’ at ¢√úÕûË Ç Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÅE Å®Ωnç. English conversation

At 4 PM, at 6 PM, at 7 in the morning.

2

b) You think you can get the car cheap. At any rate it's not going to be less than Rs. 3 lac. = car

(Ç îª´-éπí¬ éÌØÁ-ߪ÷u-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ÅC Fèπ◊ 3 ©éπ~© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\-´-®√ü¿’) 3) At any cost – áöÀd °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’-™ x-ØÁjØ√. a) I must reach the place at 9 at any cost =

áöÀd °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x†®·Ø√ ؈éπ\úÕéÀ 9 éπ™«x îË®Ω’-éÓ¢√L. b) You will meet him there at any cost even before I start =

؈’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ú≈-E-éπØ√o ´·çüË áöÀd °æJ-Æœn-A-™x-ØÁjØ√ †’´y-ûªEo éπ©’-≤ƒh´¤.

c) He wants to see her out of job at any cost =

à °æJ-Æœn-A-™-ØÁjØ√, à °æü¿l¥A ´©x†®·Ø√, Ç¢Á’ ÖüÓuí∫ç™ Öçúø-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-úøûª†’.

He is good at cricket Niranjan: Even the construction of the flyover is at a snail's pace. God knows when it will be complete.




Åûª†’ °æE™/ Çúø’ûª÷/ ¶µçîËÆæ÷h/ ÖØ√oúø’.

(Flyover

E®√tùç èπÿú≈ †ûªh-†-úøéπ™« ≤ƒí∫’-ûÓçC. ÅüÁ°æ¤púø’ °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’çüÓ üË´¤-úÕÍé ûÁL-ߪ÷L.) Nirupama: I usually start at home at 9 expecting to be here at 9.45. But from tomorrow onwards I'll start a little earlier. At any rate not later than 8.45.

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ ØËEçöx 9 éÀ •ßª’-©’-üË®Ω-û√†’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 9.45 éπ™«x ÖçúÌîªaE. é¬E Í®°æ-öÀ-†’ç* é¬Ææh ´·çüË •ßª’-©’üË-®Ω-û√†’. àüË-´’-®·Ø√, 8.45 ü∆ôèπ◊çú≈ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-û√†’.) Niranjan: That's good. There are three more reports to be got ready. At any cost they must be over by 4 this evening.

(´’ç*üË. Éçé¬ ´‚úø’ reports Æœü¿l¥ç 鬢√Lq ÖØ√o®·. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ÅN É¢√∞¡ Ø√©’-Tç-öÀ-éπ™«x °æ‹®Ωh-¢√L.) Nirupama: At all costs they will be ready by 4 sir.

(àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Å´Fo èπÿú≈ Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·.) Niranjan: OK. I know you'll do it. When you are around, I feel at ease.

(ÆæÍ®, Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ †’´¤y îËÊÆ-≤ƒh-´E. †’´¤y ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çõ‰ Ø√Íé *çû√ Öçúøü¿’.) Nirupama: Thank you, sir. Niranjan: Look here, Nirupama. There's a small problem - a complaint from our head office - one of the reports we sent last week, they say, is at odds with the one we had sent earlier. How did that happen?

(äéπ *†o Ææ´’Ææu – Head office ¢√∞¡x †’ç* ã compliant – ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ ¢√®Ωç °æç°œ† reports ™ äéπöÀ ´’†ç Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ °æç°œ† report èπ◊ Gµ†oçí¬ Öçü¿E. ÅüÁ™« ïJ-TçC?

b) I am at my cousin's/ aunt's etc. = cousin/ aunt

™

´÷

ÉçöÀ™ ÖØ√o†’. á´J ÉçöÀ™ ÅØËC 's ûÓ ûÁ©-°æ-´îª’a. He is right now at Ramesh's = Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’ ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ÉçöÀ™ ÖØ√oúø’. (Ramesh's home/ house ņ-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.)
at the moment = Ñ éπ~ùç™/ É°æ¤púø’. Kumar: Hello, who's it please? Kesav: I am Kesav. Can I speak to Sadanand? Kumar: He is very busy at the moment. I'm afraid he can't take your call. Can you leave a message?

(Ñ éπ~ùç Çߪ’† î√™« busy í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. O’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰úø’. àüÁjØ√ îÁ°æp-´’ç-ö«®√?)


At war, at peace, at some distance at

Ééπ\-úøçû√ èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ™ – ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.
àüÁjØ√ rate ´·çü¿’ at ¢√úøû√ç.

at Rs. 60 a dozen, at a speed of 50 Kmph (Kilometres per hour), etc.


àüÁjØ√ í∫’ùç ûª®√yûª Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

at

´ÊÆh Ç í∫’ùç éπ© ÅE

a) He is good at cricket =

-Å-ûª-úø’

cricket

¶«í¬ Çúø-û√úø’.

b) She is poor at understanding others =

Éûª-®Ω’-©-†®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-ü∆¢Á’. (Ç¢Á’é¬ ¨¡éÀh-™‰ü¿’) c) He is clever at getting help from others =

Éûª-®Ω’-© Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §Òçü¿-ôç™ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) Vehicles were moving at a snail's pace =

¢√£æ«-Ø√©’ †ûªh-†-úøéπ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. (î√™« Eü∆†çí¬) a) Work on the flyover is progressing at a snail's pace = Flyover

°æ†’©’ î√™« ´’çü¿-éÌ-

úÕí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.

Nirupama: I'm sure it's not our fault. I checked and rechecked all the reports before I sent them. I sat for three hours at a stretch to make sure that nothing was wrong.

b) His book will take a long time to complete. He is writing at a snail's pace =

(ÅC ´’† ûª°æ¤p-é¬-ü¿E ؈’ éπ*aûªçí¬ †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’. à §Ò®Ω-§ƒô÷ ®√èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ؈’ ´‚úø’-í∫çô©§ƒô’ ü∆E N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ îª÷¨»†’.)

a) I will try to start as early as I can, at any rate not later than 8 =

ÅûªE °æ¤Ææhéπç °æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ î√™«é¬©ç °æúø’-ûª’çC. Åûª†’ î√™« Eü∆-†çí¬ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. 2) At any rate. àüË-¢Á’iØ√, ´’£æ… Å®·ûË. O©-®·-†çûª ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-Í®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ 8 éπçõ‰ ´·çüË (ûª®√yûª é¬èπ◊çú≈).

According to, Agreeably to, Along with, Away from, Because of, By dint of, By means of, By reason of, By way of, Conformably to, For the sake of .

-Ñ Phrase prepositions í∫’-Jç-* -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – Èé.-Ø√®√-ߪ’-ù, -†-™Ô_ç-úø

-ï-¢√-•’:

i) 'to' preposition

èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Å®√n©’: 1) 'èπ◊/ éÀ— ÅE, 2) ü¿í∫_-®Ω-èπ◊, Åô’--¢Áj°æ¤. 1) He gave it to her (Ç¢Á’èπ◊) 2) She walked to the classroom = classroom class room to = towards)

-¢Áj°æ¤/ (É™«çöÀîÓôx

At all costs = at any cost - Both are same.

¢√∞¡x´’t ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Åçõ‰ 'ûÓ—.

ii) with

Please come with me =

Ø√ûÓ®√. í∫’-Jç-* ii) ßÁ·éπ\ a) I know of (= about = í∫’-Jç-*) iii) of = 1)

5) When you are around, I feel at ease =

this.

†’´¤y ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ à *çû√ Öçúøü¿’/ ؈÷°œJ °‘©’a-èπ◊çö«. feel at ease/ be at ease = feel relaxed/ be free from worry = worry

Nv¨»ç-Aí¬,

™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç.

a) You'll get what you want. Feel at ease/ be at ease = worry

Fé¬\-¢√-LqçC ´Ææ’hçC. Çü¿’-®√l-°æ-úøèπ◊/ Å´èπ◊.

b) With the police any where around, he could never feel at ease = Police

¢√∞¡Ÿx áéπ\-úÁjØ√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çõ‰, Åûª-EéÀ ÆœnN’-ûªçí¬ Öçúøü¿’.

c) He is never at ease when he sees some one happier than he/ him =

Åûª-E-éπçõ‰ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ Ö†o-¢√-∞Îx-´-J-ØÁjØ√ îª÷ÊÆh Åûª-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ Öçúøü¿’. (Ñ®Ω{u)

6) I sat for three hours at a stretch over it =

ü∆E í∫’Jç* àéπ-üµ∆-öÀí¬ ´‚úø’ í∫çô©’ èπÿ®Ω’aØ√o. ™‰èπ◊çú≈, ÅüË °æEí¬.

At a stretch = break

a) He established a record for nonstop singing by singing for 72 hours at a stretch = record

àéπ-üµ∆-öÀí¬ 72 í∫çô-©-§ƒô’ N®√´’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Ææ%≠œdç-î√úø’. §ƒúÕ, §ƒúø-ôç™

b) She lectured for three hours at a stretch =

àéπ-üµ∆-öÀ† 3 í∫çô-©-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ö°æ-†u-Æœç-*çC. É´Fo î√™« common phrases. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

v°æ¨¡o: Enter ûª®√yûª into preposition ¢√úÌ-ü¿lE Åçö«®Ω’. éÌEo ¢√é¬u™x -Å-™« -Öç-öç-C. Into ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Enter into the new session. We are entering into London.

-ï-¢√-•’:

– -á-Ø˛.Ææ-ûªuç, -Ç-C-™«-¶«-ü˛

ûª®√yûª into ¢√úøôç Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd Öçô’çC. äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç-™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îªôç Å®·ûË, enter ÅØË Åçö«ç, into ®√ü¿’. Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™éÀ/ N¢√-ü¿ç-™éÀ/ ä°æpç-ü∆-EéÀ Cí∫ôç Å®·ûË enter into Åçö«ç.

a) Enter a place (room, college, town, etc) b) enter into a conversation/ discussion/ agreement 1. Entering into the new session session

ÉC

correct.

™éÀ Åúø’-T-úøôç.

2. We are entering into London entering London - correct

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’,

We are

3. Take permission before enter into the room Take permission before you enter the room - correct.

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

India entered into an agreement with America into

Ééπ\úø

í∫’-Jç-*) ßÁ·éπ\ – This is the property of my friend. (ÅûªE ßÁ·éπ\) iv) from = †’ç*, away = ü¿÷®Ωçí¬. Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† phrases ™E to, with, of, ™«çöÀ prepositions èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ Å®√n©’ç-úø´¤. ÅN Ç phrases ™ ¶µ«í¬©’. Ç prepositions ÅFo Ç ´÷ô© °æéπ\† ¢√úø’éπí¬ ´≤ƒh®·. 1. According to = v°æ鬮Ωç 2. Agreeably to - ÉC-™‰ü¿’ – Agreeable to ÖçC. Å®Ωnç – Ææ´’tûªç. (He is agreeable to my proposal - Ø√ v°æA-§ƒü¿† Åûªúø’ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø’/- ÅC Åûª-EéÀ Ææ´’tûªç.) 3. Along with = ûÓÆæ£æ… b)

The house along with its furniture has been sold =

Ç É©’x,

furniture

4. Away from =

ûÓÆæ£æ… Ţ˒t-¨»®Ω’. ü¿÷®Ωçí¬.

He lived in a small village away from towns and cities -

†í∫-®√-©èπ◊ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ *†o ví¬´’ç™ E´-Æœç-î√úø’. 5. Because of = Åçü¿’-´©x Because of his laziness he failed =

≤Ú´’Jûª†ç ´©x

6 &7) By dint of = By means -

Åçü¿’-

He succeeded by dint of/ by means of his hard work

(éπ%≠œ-´-©x/- éπ%≠œ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ) -Ç é¬-®Ω-ùçí¬

8. By reason of =

Enter

éÌûªh

He knew of it yesterday itself (of=

´‚-©çí¬/ ü∆E Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ.

Take permission before enter into the room..

ÅE ®√Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’ éπü∆?

ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ †úÕ-*çC.

3) The boy went to his mother =

4) At all costs they will be ready by 4 PM.

´’† °æJ-Æœn-AE ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) He is at work/ play/ lunch/ dinner/ a party party

v°æ¨¡o:

Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

By means of their quarrel, they lost their money =

¢√∞¡x §Úö«xô 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ úø•’s©’ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. 9. By way of - i) Ç Nüµ¿ç-í¬/- ü∆-EéÀ ´÷®Ω’í¬. We had bread and fruit by way of lunch = bread,

°æçúøx®Ω÷°æç™ lunch BÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. •ü¿’©’ bread, °æçúø÷x BÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. 10. conformably to: Ñ ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. 11. for the sake of = Åçü¿’-éÓ-Ææ¢Ë’. = lunch

a) He murdered the child for the sake of a few thousand rupees =

éÌEo ¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© éÓÆæç Ç Gúøf†’ £æ«ûªu î˨»úø’.

b) He came here for the sake of a job,

ÖüÓuí∫ç éÓÆæç Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ for the sake of = for. - M. SURESAN

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 20 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

276

Saran: Visal, You appear busy. (Are you) going somewhere? busy

(î√-™« í¬ éπ†°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. áéπ\-úÕÈéjØ√ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢√?)

Visal: Yes. I'm going for a bit of shopping. ( shopping

Å´¤†’. é¬Ææh ®√†’/ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’)

îËü∆l-´’E •ßª’-™‰l-

Saran: I'm not surprised. Whenever I see you, you are out shopping. I'm afraid that at this rate hardly anything will be left for others to buy.

(Ø√Íéç Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. E†’o ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø’ îª÷ÆœØ√ shopping îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡⁄h

؈’ Åù’--éÓ-™‰†’.) Temptation = Çéπ-®Ω{ù. Resist - v°æA-°∂æ’-öÀç-îªôç/ Ééπ\úø ûªô’d-éÓ-´ôç.

The drunkard cannot resist the temptation of the bottle.

(û√í∫’-¶ûª’ ´’-ü¿uç Çéπ-®Ω{ù ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰úø’.) The bottle = ´’-ü¿uç)

Saran: OK. Good luck in your attempts to spend less. Visal: You don't buy as much as I do, but I find your clothes very good. I must say you have good taste.

(؈’ é̆oçûª †’´¤y-éÌ-†´¤. é¬F F •ôd î√-™« ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·. F ÅGµ-®Ω’* ´’ç*C ÅE îÁ°æpéπ ûª°æpü¿’.)

Saran: I don't know all that. I Select my clothes at random. No pick and choose as you do.

2

2) What you say is at odds with what I observe you doing . (

†’´¤y îÁÊ°p--C -îËÊÆ-C -î √-™« -Gµ-†oçí¬ -Öç-C.- ØË-†’- í∫-´’-EÆæ’h-Ø√o†’)(F ´÷ô-©èπÿ îËûª-©èπÿ §Òçûª† ™‰ü¿’) At odds with = Gµ†oçí¬/ §Òçûª† ™‰E/ ´uA-Í®-¢Á’i†.

v°æ¨¡o: Spoken English Åç-õ‰ direct í¬ simple í¬-

ÅûªE v°æ´-®Ωh† ÅûªE ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Gµ†oçí¬ ÖçC.

b) What he says is at odds with what the press has reported =

Åûª†’ îÁ°æ¤h-†oD, ¢√®√h °ævA-éπ™x ´*açD ûËú≈í¬ ÖØ√o®·.

3) I selected my clothes at random At random = selection

äéπ °æü¿l¥-Aí¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈. ´·êuçí¬ ÉC N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’.

I AM AT SEA WHAT TO WEAR Öçö«-´¤. Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬/ Ñ B®Ω’† shops ™ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ -É-ûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ -àç N’í∫-©-üË¢Á÷ ÅE ņ’-´÷-†çí¬ ÖçC)

Visal: (Do you) Know what my old man/ dad says? ''If you shop at this rate, you'll (you will) end up penniless''

(´÷ Ø√ØËo-´’ç-ö«úÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? É™« †’´¤y shopping îËÆæ÷h §ÚûË †’´¤y °j≤ƒ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ §Úû√´¤—— ÅE.) (Old man Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø Ø√†o ÅE. éÌçîÁç ÆæyûªçvAç* dad •ü¿’©’ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ -¢√-úË-´÷-ô. ûÁ©’-í∫’-™†÷ Åç-ô’ç-ö«®Ω’ éπü∆– ´÷ ¶«•’ Ü®Ó\úø’ ÅE). Penniless = îËA™ °j≤ƒ/ *Lx í∫´y ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. Penny = British currency ™ Ø√ù„ç. Plural - pence. 100 pence = 1 pound Saran: If you don't mind, so do I feel too. I find you spending quite a lot on clothes and other avoidable things. Why don't you check your spending spree?

(†’¢Ëyç ņ’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, Ø√èπÿ\ú≈ ÅüË ÅEpÆæ’hçC. •ôd© O’ü¿, Éûª®Ω ņ-´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´Ææ’h-´¤-©-O’ü∆ †’´¤y ¶«í¬ -ê®Ω’a °-úø-û√-´¤. F Nîªa-©-NúÕ ê®Ω’a-†’ é¬Ææh Åü¿’-°æ¤™ °ô’déÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?) Spree: (àüÁjØ√ Ææ®Ωü∆) N’AO’J îËߪ’ôç. Spending spree = Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ N’A-O’J ê®Ω’a îËߪ’ôç – Eating spree = (Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬) N’AO’-J A†ôç. They are on a betting spree = ¢√∞¡Ÿ} N’A-O’J bet ©’ é¬Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Last lesson™ binge ÅØË ´÷ô ¢√ú≈ç. ÅD, spree äéπõ‰.

Visal: I've (I have) controlled myself a lot. In the last few weeks I haven't spent as much as I did earlier control

(؈’ î√™« îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Ñ í∫úÕ-*† ¢√®Ωç™ Åçûªèπ◊ -´·ç-ü¿ç-ûª -ê®Ω’a °ôd-™‰ü¿’.)

Saran: No. What you say is at odds with what I observe you doing. Just yesterday you added one more pair of jeans to the twenty odd pairs you have.

(àç ™‰ü¿’. †’´yç-ô’†o ü∆EéÀ, îËÆæ’h-†o-ü∆Eéà àç §Òçûª† ™‰ü¿’. -ØË-†’ í∫-´’-EÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. E†o-öÀéÀ E†o, Fèπ◊†o 20 °j *©’èπ◊ jeans èπ◊ ´’®Ó jeans ûÓúø’ î˨»´¤). twenty odd = É®Ω-¢ÁjéÀ °jí¬/ É®Ω¢Áj + *©x®Ω.

The book costs a hundred odd rupees. ( Visal: I am at it, Saran. I can't resist the temptation to buy a thing when I like it.

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç üµ¿®Ω ´ç-ü¿ *©x®Ω)

(؈’ Ç °æE O’üË/Ç v°æߪ’-ûªoç-™ØË ÖØ√o. àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤ †*aûË ÅC éÌØ√-©ØË éÓJ-éπ†’

(Ø√éπüËç- ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. àüÓ ûÓ*-†N Select îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«†’. °æ-ô’d-•öÀd ÉüË é¬¢√L, ÅüË é¬¢√L ÅE à®Ω’-éÓ†’.) Pick and choose = ´’†-é¬\-´-©-Æ œ-†N/ †*a-†N ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Select îËÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç

Visal: In spite of the many clothes I buy, Some times I am at sea what to wear for an occasion. Too many clothes to choose from.

(ÅEo •ôd-©’ éÌ-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéÃÀ, àüÁjØ√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥EéÀ -àç -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-™ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-E ÅßÁ÷´’--ߪ’ç-™ Öçö«†’. ´’K áèπ◊\´ •ôd-™xç* select îËÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç èπÿú≈ éπ≠d¢ æ Ë’.)

Saran: So, the lesson is cut down your spendiing.

(鬕öÀd §ƒ®∏Ωç: F ê®Ω’a-ûª-T_ç-éÓ)

Visal: From now on I will be at it sincererly

(É°æp-öÀ -†’ç-* ´’†-Ææ÷p¥-Jhí¬ Ç °æEO’üË- Öçö«)













Conversation english at

™ î√-™« common í¬ N-E°œç-îË ûÓ ´îËa-´’-J-éÌEo expressions îª÷ü∆lç. Look at the following expressions from the conversation above.

1) I'm afraid that at this rate hardly anything will be left for others to buy. 2) What you say is at odds with what I observe you doing. 3) I am at it/ I will be at it. 4) I select my clothes at random. 5) In spite of the many clothes I buy some times I am at sea what to wear for an occasion. 1) I'm afraid that at this rate hardly anything will be left for others to buy (

É™«Íí é̆-≤ƒ-TûË/ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ Å®·ûË Éûª-®Ω’©’ éÌØËç-ü¿’-Íéç-N’-í∫-©ü¿’.) At this rate = É™«Íí ïJ-TûË/ É™«Íí é̆-≤ƒ-TûË a) Pollution is growing day by day at this rate the world will be a dead place in some countries =

鬩’≠æuç ®ÓV ®ÓVéà °J-T-§ÚûÓçC. ÉüË é̆-≤ƒ-TûË éÌEo ´çü¿© à∞¡x-™ØË v°æ°æçîªç ´’®Ω’-¶µº÷N’ Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC.

b) We are cutting off forests. At this rate wild life will be extinct in no time. (

´’†ç Åúø-´¤-©†’ †J-Íé-Ææ’hØ√oç. ÉüË-éÌ-†-≤ƒ-TûË ´†u-´’%í¬-©’ -Åçûª-Jç-*-§Ú-û√®·.) extinct = ÅçûªJ - ç* §Ú®·†, wild life =´†u-´’%-í¬©’ c) You are making to many enimies at this rate there will be none to support you. (

†’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ ´’ç--C-E -¨¡-vûª’-´¤-©†’ îËÆæ’èπ◊çô’-Ø√o´¤. É™«Íí é̆-≤ƒ-TûË Fèπ◊ ´’ü¿lûª’ É´y-ö«EéÀ á´®Ω÷ Öçúø®Ω’.)

Öç-ú≈-L éπ-ü∆?I don't see eye to eye with you in that matter -Å-ØË -•-ü¿’-©’ I disagree™‰-ü∆ I differ with you -Å-E I am with you there Å-ØË -•-ü¿’-©’ I agree with you- Åç-õ‰ Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-C éπ-ü∆?

a) His behaviour is at odds with his words =

a) The teacher selected ten students at random from the class = teacher class

Ç ™ †’ç-* °æC-´’ç-CE (à °æ-ü¿l¥-A-™‰-èπ◊çú≈) ᆒo-èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’ – à v§ƒA°æC-é¬-™‰-èπ◊çú≈

b) I picked up these shirts at random = shits Select 4) I am at it/ I will be at it =

Ñ

†’ àüÓ Å™«

îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o.

؈’ Ç°æE O’üË ÖØ√o/ Ç °æE O’üË Öçö«. ã °æE O’ü¿/ã v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ Öçúøôç.

To be at it = a) You've asked me to tidy up the home and I am at it.

(†’´¤y †-†’o- É©’x Ææ®Ωl-´’-Ø√o´¤, ØËØ√°æE O’üË ÖØ√o.)

Hemanth: I've asked you to choose a good house that I can buy. Do you remember? select

(؈’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ É©’x Ø√o-†’í¬. Fèπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçü∆?)

îËߪ’-´’-

Vasanth: Sure. I do. I am at it

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hçC. Ç°æE O’üË ÖØ√o)

Sumanth: Make sure you finish the work by the week end.

(¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ á-™«-Èíj-Ø√ °æE °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’-™« îª÷úø’)

Ananth: From now on I will be at it and won't rest until it is done.

(É°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Ç °æE O’üË Öçö«, Å°æ-E °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u -´-®Ωèπ◊ Nv¨¡-N’ç-’) I want it done immediately. Be at it = Ç °æE Ø√èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË Å®·-§Ú-¢√L. Ç °æE O’üË Öçúø’. Ñ *†o expression, at it, english ™ î√-™« common. ûª®Ωîª÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. 5) ... I am at sea what to wear = àC -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-™ ûÁM-ôç-™‰ü¿’. To be at sea = àç îÁߪ÷u™ ûÁME í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞¡ ÆœnA/ àD- §ƒ©’§ÚE- ÆœnA. a) I am at sea about what to do next =

ûª®√yûª àç îÁߪ÷u™ ûÁME ÆœnA™ ÖØ√o-ØËo†’.

b) With the loss he has sustained in business he is at see how to recover =

¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ †≥ƒd©’ §ÒçC, ᙫ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√™ §ƒ©’-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ Öçü¿-ûª-EéÀ.

Exercise: Match the words under A with their meanigs under B B A. Speed 1. bank B. jump 2 frugal C. depend 3. rapid D. Economical E. extravagant 4. dive F. fast 5. pace G. unhealthy. Answers 1.C 2.D 3.F 4.B 5.A A

ï-¢√-•’ :

G. Madhusudan, Suryapet

O’®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC correct. Å®·ûË repetition avoid îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ conversation ™ éÌçûª variety éÓÆæç Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, É™«çöÀ idiomatic expressions (I don't see eye to eye with you) ´’†ç ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å™«ç-öÀN ¢√úË-°æ¤púø’ Å´-ûª-L-¢√-∞¡x-èπ◊\ú≈ ÅC Å®Ωnç Å´¤ûª’çü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC ü¿%≠œd™ Öç-èπ◊çõ‰ communication free í¬ Öçô’çC.

°æ¨¡o:

1) ؈’ á°æ¤púø’ ®Ω´’tçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ F´¤ ´≤ƒh¢√? 2) ؈’ E™a-´’†o ¢ÁçôØË F´¤ E™a-¢√L. 3) E†o O’®Ω’ ®ΩNûÓ ††’o £j«ü¿-®√¶«-ü˛èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-´’-Ø√o-®Ωô. 4) ؈’ á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´’çõ‰ ¢√JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-¢√? 5) ¢Á·†o- O’®Ω’ éπ%≠ægûÓ É¢√∞¡ ††’o éπ©-´-´’-Ø√o-®Ωô. 6) ؈’ îÁ°œp† ¢ÁçôØË Ç °æE F´¤ îËߪ÷L. °j Expressions ™ -¢Á-∞«x©-†o-´÷ô, ®Ω´’t-Ø√o-´ô, ´÷ö«x-úø-û√¢√, ¢Á-∞¡û√¢√ ™«çöÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ °æü∆-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† ÉçTx-≠ˇ °æü∆-©†’ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ ûÁ©°æçúÕ?

ï-¢√-•’ :

Krishna, Vizianagaram

i) Will you come whenever I want you/tell you to come. ii) You must stand up when I ask you to stand up. iii) It seems yesterday you wanted me to go with Ravi to Hyderabad. (It seems yesterday you said that? should go with Ravi to Hyderabad). iv) Will you talk to any one who I want you to/ask you to talk to. v) It seems (that) the day before yesterday you wanted Krishna to see/meet me today. vi) When I ask you to do some thing, you must do it at once. It seems/you seem sentences

¢Á∞¡x-´’-Ø√o-´ô, ÅE 'Åô—èπ◊ ņ-´îª’a. N’í∫û√ ¢√öÀéÀ °j îª÷úøçúÕ. °æ¨¡o: : 1) I married ņ-èπ◊çú≈ I got married Åçö«®Ω’ áç-ü¿’èπ◊?double V3 áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ω’? 2) English Alphabet †’ G, Æœ,- úÕ, ->,- ÅE -Ö-îªa-Jçî√™«? ™‰ü∆ ¶¸, Æˇ, -ú˛, ñ¸, ÅE Öîªa-Jç-î√™«?

ï-¢√-•’ :

G. Madhava Reddy, Devarakonda

i) I married I married her / him/that girl, etc I got married Got main verb married - past participle

Åçõ‰ á´-JE, ÅE ûÁMôç ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’Å-ØÁj-Ø√ éπE Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø ÅØ√L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ 鬕öÀd ¢√-úøû√ç. eg: He got beaten thoroughly - ¶«í¬ üÁ•s©’ AØ√oúø’. Get èπ◊ Ñ Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† ¢√úøéπç í∫’-Jç-* ´·çü¿J lessons îª÷-úøç-úÕ. ii) ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Öîªa-JçîË°æ¤púø’ b, c, d, g ÅØË Åçö«ç. ¢√öÀéÀ a, e, i, o, u îËJa-†-°æ¤úø’– ¶¸, Æˇ, ese, value ûÓ vowel sound†’ •öÀd ¢√úø-û√ç. - M. SURESAN

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 22 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Harsha: I'd hear no more of it. You are staying the whole time with me. That's all.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

277

(؈’ ÉçÍéç N†ü¿-©’--éÓ-™‰ü¿’. †’´¤y Ééπ\-úø’†oçûªÊÆ°æ‹ ´÷ ÉçöxØË Öçô’-Ø√o´¤. ÅçûË.)

Sasir:

(ÆæÍ®.

Harsha: Hi Sasir, welcome. How was the journey? How's everybody?

(≤ƒyí∫ûªç. v°æߪ÷ùç ᙫ ïJ-TçC? Åçü¿®Ω÷ ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?)

Sasir:

Fine. Thank you. How are you and your people?

ÅC-Ææ-Í®-í¬E ´’† §ƒûª N’vûª’úø’ ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’?)

Harsha: Busy as always- trying to catch criminals at large. Right now he is after a bank robber gang.

(á°æp-öÀ-™«Íí BJ-éπ-™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oúø’– ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o ØË®Ωí¬∞¡x ¢Ëô™. É°æp-öÀ-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ Bank †’ éÌ©x-íÌöÀd† ´·®∏√†’ °æô’d-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ ÖØ√oúø’.)

(èπ◊™«≤ƒ. O’®Ωç-û√ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®√?)

Harsha: Fine too. You appear travel weary. I suggest we go home and you take rest.

(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. †’´¤y v°æߪ÷ù •úø-Léπ™ Ö†o-ô’d-Ø√o´¤. ÉçöÀ-Èé∞«lç, †’´¤y Nv¨»çA BÆæ’éÓ.) (travel weary = v°æߪ÷ù •úø-Léπ)

OK. By the way, how's our old friend and Police inspector Sankar? Police inspector Sankar

Sasir:

He is at his best when he is out hunting criminals. I've heard he is going to be awarded one of the police awards.

2

2) I can stay at any hotel at company's expense. At someone's expense:

äéπJ

úø•’sûÓ/ ê®Ω’aûÓ. a) I am staying in this hotel at my company's expense = Company hotel

ê®Ω’aûÓ ØËF

™ ÖØ√o. b) Ministers, MLAs, MPs and government officials travel and enjoy all kinds of comforts at MLA MP public expense =

´’çvûª’©’, ©’, ©’, v°æ¶µº’ûªy ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’ v°æñ«-üµ¿-†çûÓ v°æߪ÷-ù«©’ îË≤ƒh®Ω’, ÅEo ®Ω鬩 Ææ’ë«©÷ ņ’-¶µº-N-≤ƒh®Ω’. c) I went there at my own expense = Ø√ úø•’s ê®Ω’a °ô’d-èπ◊ØË Øˆ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. 3) At the same time =

äéπ Å®Ωnç– ÅüË/ äÍé Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™.

You are at it again Sasir:

I certainly am. Three hours on flight followed by a whole day's train journey. Quite tedious. Where are you going to put me up?

(Å´¤†’ Eï¢Ë’. Ø√ •Ææ áéπ\úø à®√p-ô’-îË-¨»´¤?) Put some body up = äéπ-JéÀ •Ææ à®√pô’ îËߪ’ôç Harsha: Where else? At my home. You stay there. You feel absolutely at home.

(ØË®Ω-í¬-∞¡x†’ °æô’d-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ Ææ´’-®Ωnçí¬ ´u´-£æ«-J-≤ƒhúø’. Åûª-E-ÍéüÓ police medal ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E NØ√o†’.) Harsha: So he is. We are really happy about it, aren't we? Sasir:

Sasir:

Thank you. No other suits me so well. But I am here on my company's business. I can stay at any expensive hotel at company's expense.

Harsha: True. I understand that, but we can't have each other's company. No more of it. Let's drive home at once.

(Eï¢Ë’, Ø√éπ®Ωn-´’-®·çC, é¬E ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç éπL-Ææ’ç-úø™‰ç éπü∆? Éçé¬ N≠æߪ’ç Ç°æ¤. ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«lç-°æü¿ ¢ÁçôØË.)

Sasir: As you please. At the same time I want you to be my guest for a day. So I'll move to a good hotel tomorrow night and stay there till the day after.

(F É≠ædç. Å®·ûË †’--¢Ìyéπ\ ®ÓVèπ◊ Ø√ ÅA-C∑í¬ Öçúø’. 鬕öÀd Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ØËØË-üÁjØ√ Hotel èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡û√, á©’xçúÕ ´®Ωèπÿ Åéπ\úø Öçö«.)

Harsha: Oh come on Sasir. You stay the whole time with me. (

ÅüËç é¬ü¿’. †’´¤y ´÷

ÉçöxØË Öçúø’.) Sasir:

You are at it again- playing the good host and entertaining company. But you deprive me of the money I can get from my company.

(´’Sx ÅüË °æE îËÆæ’hØ√o´¤ – ´’ç* ÇAü∑∆u-Eo*a ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©èπ◊ Ææ®Ωü∆ îËߪ’ôç. Å®·ûË Å™« îËߪ’ôç ´©x company †’ç* Ø√éÌîËa úø•’s éÓ™pßË’ô’d îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤.) playing = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç Çúøôç. ÉC-´’-†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. Playing Åçõ‰ äé𠧃vûª §Ú≠œç-îªúøç ÅE èπÿú≈. NTR played Lord Krishna in a number of movies = NTR î√™« *vû√™x éπ%≠æflg-úÕí¬ †öÀçî√úø’. Eï @N-ûªç™†÷ àüÁjØ√ §ƒvûª†’ E®Ωy-£œ«çîªôç, play. Playing the good host = ´’ç* ÇAü∑¿u-N’-îËa-¢√úÕ §ƒvûª §Ú≠œç-îªúøç– ´’ç* ÇAü∑¿uç ÉîËa¢√-úø’í¬ Öçúøôç. Entertain - D†®Ωnç – NØÓü¿ç éπL-Tç-îªôç. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç; ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’, Éûª-®Ωvû√ ÉçöÀ-éÌ-îËa-¢√-∞¡x†÷ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç. He is good at entertaining company = company

ûª†èπ◊ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.

ÉîËa ¢√∞¡x†’ Åûª†’ ¶«í¬

Don't entertain him =

Åûª-EûÓ Â°ô’d-éÓ-´ü¿’l. (ÅûªEûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÊÆo£æ«çí¬ Öçúø-´ü¿’l/ Åûª-EéÀ ’´¤ É´y´ü¿’l ÅE.)

äÍé Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´÷ö«x-úøôç, N†ôç îËߪ’-™‰´¤. ÅE. Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç– Å®·ûË

(Å´¤†’, ´’†èπ◊ î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC éπü∆?)

a) He did help me, of course; at the sametime he hasn't repaid the money he has borrowed from me =

Convey my congrats to him. On my next visit I'll meet him. Congrats

b) Her voice was good, at the same time her accent was horrible =

(Åûª-EéÀ Ø√ îÁ°æ¤p. ØËF-≤ƒJ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ÅûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.)

(ÉçÈé-éπ\úø. ´÷ ÉçöxØË. Åéπ\úË Öçúø’. F´éπ\úø °æ‹Jh Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Öçúø-´îª’a.)

You can't be talking and listening at the same time. (but)

☺

☺

☺

☺

Spoken English

™ at ûÓ ´îËa expressions îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo expressions. Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above. 1) You feel absolutely at home. 2) I can stay at any hotel at company's expenses. 3) At the sametime I want you to be my guest for a day. 4) You are at it again. 5) Busy... always trying to catch criminals at large. 6) He is at his best when he is out hunting criminals 1) You feel absolutely at home: At home Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– á´JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’Ø√o¢Á÷ ¢√∞¡x Éçöx ÅE. a) He is at home in the evenings =

≤ƒßª’çvû√©’ Åûª†’ (¢√∞¡x) ÉçöxØË Öçö«úø’. b) They left their children at home =

¢√∞¡x °œ©xLo ¢√∞¡x Éçöx ´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’. ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬– In my ÅE ņ®Ω’, at Åçö«®Ω’.) 'At home' èπ◊ Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç: ÅA-ü∑¿’-©ûÓ– ´÷ Éçöx àç ÆæçéÓ-îª-°æ-úÌü¿÷l/ O’ É™‰x ņ’éÓçúÕ/ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ô-°æ-úÌü¿’l/ É•sçC °æúÌü¿’l – ÅE îÁ°æpúøç. Feel at home during your stay = †’´¤y-†oç-ûªÊÆ°æ‹ àç ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ô-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ free í¬ Öçúø’. (ÅA-C∑ûÓ ÅØË ´÷ô) (É•sçC °æúÌü¿’l/ É•sç-Cí¬ feel Å¢Ìyü¿’l.) I am quite at home here = Ø√éÀ-éπ\úø éÌûËhç ÅE°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ¶«í¬ ≤˘éπ-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC. àç É•sçCí¬ ™‰ü¿’. 'At home' èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, à °æØÁjØ√ î√™« ûËLí¬_ îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫úøç/ à subject Å®·Ø√ ¶«í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç. (Spoken English house, In their house, etc., home

a) He is quite at home with maths =

Åûª†’ í∫ùÀûªç ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒhúø’. b) She is at home with singing that kind of songs =

Å™«çöÀ §ƒô©’ §ƒúøôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ææ’©¶µºç.

Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-¢Á’iûË î˨»úø’, Å®·ûË Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω BÆæ’èπ◊†o Å°æ¤p Ø√éÀçé¬ îÁLxç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á’ íÌçûª’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC, Å®·ûË Ç¢Á’ Öî√a-®Ωù ´÷vûªç ü∆®Ω’ùç.

c) She was able to pay the bill, at the same time she was angry at the bill amount = Bill bill

îÁLxç-îª-í∫-L-TçC Ç¢Á’, Å®·ûË Åçûª °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªhç Å´ôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-*çC. 4) You are at it again = †’´¤y ´’Sx ÅüË îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. be at it = îËÆ œçüË ´’Sx îËߪ’ôç. a) You are at it again - eating sweets, though the doctor told you not to = Doctor

B°œ Açô÷,

´’Sx ÅüË îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤ ´ü¿lØ√o èπÿú≈.

b) He is at it again. He has cut class and gone to a movie = Class

´’Sx ÅüË îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’–

áíÌ_öÀd

ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«xúø’. 5) Busy ... always trying to catch criminals at large = busy

ûª°œpçèπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o ØË®Ω-í¬-∞¡x†’ °æô’dí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. at large = ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o (ØË®Ω-í¬∞¡Ÿx, vèπÿ®Ω´’%í¬©’ ™«çöÀN)

éÓ-´-ôç™

a) The suspected murderer of the child is still at large =

Ç Gúøf†’ îªç°œ† ´uéÀh ņ’èπ◊çô’†oûª†’ Éçé¬ °æ®√K™ ÖØ√oúø’.

b) The bank robbers are still at large = Bank

éÌ©x-íÌ-öÀd† ¢√Rxçé¬ °æ®√K™ ÖØ√o®Ω’/ §ÚM-Ææ’-©-éÀçé¬ *éπ\-™‰ü¿’/ ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. c) The people in the village are scared of a panther at large =

Ç ví¬´’ v°æï©’ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤-L í∫’Jç* ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Panther = *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L. scare = ¶µºßª’ç éπL-Tç-îªôç. 6) He is at his best when he is out hunting criminals =

ØË®Ω-Ææ’n-©†’ ¢Ëö«úË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÅûªE íÌ°æp-ûª†ç îª÷°œ-≤ƒhúø’/ •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. at one's best = äéπJ íÌ°æpûª†ç •ßª’-ô-°æ-úøôç. He is at his best while acting tragic roles = ü¿’”ê §ƒvûª©’ †öÀç-îª-ôç™ ÅûªE íÌ°æp-ûª†ç îª÷°œ-≤ƒhúø’. tragic = ü¿’”ê-°æ‹-Jûª¢Á’i†. role = (Ø√ô-鬩’/ ÆœE-´÷™x) §ƒvûª.

Exercise: Match words under A with their meanings under B A: 1. cunning 2. disgrace 3. kernel 4. omen 5. offspring B: A. portent B. dishonest C. children D. shame E. central part (of an idea) F. geyser.

v°æ¨¡o: ¢√é¬u-™xE Ø√©’í∫’ ®Ωé¬--©’, °æü∆© Å´’-J-éπ†’ í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – Èé. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, éπKç-†-í∫®˝

ï-¢√-•’:

Four kinds of sentences. 1) Statement 2) Questions- two kinds of questions: i) 'wh' questions (questions beginning with what, when, where, why, how etc) ii) Non 'wh' questions- questions without 'wh' words like what, when, where, etc. 3) Imperative sentences. (orders, requests, etc) 4) Exclamations- sentences expressing surprise/ any sudden feeling. Word order (order of words) in the different kinds of sentences. 1) Statement: eg: He is my friend Word order: He (subject) + is (verb) + my friend Word order of a statement: Subject + verb That is, in a statement, the subject comes first and the verb next. 2) Questions - Word order. a) Wh questions: i) Where is he? Word order: Where (Wh word) + is (verb) + he (subject) ii) Where are you going? Word order: Where (Wh word) + are (Helping verb) + you (subject) + going? (Main verb). If a verb has two or more words in it, the first word is the helping verb, and the other words, the main verb. b) Non wh questions: i) Are they here? Word order: Are (verb) + they (subject) + here ii) Are they coming? Word order: Helping Are (Helping verb) + they (subject) + coming? (Main verb) Question word order: i) Wh word + verb + subject ii) Wh word+Helping verb+subject+Main verb iii) Verb + subject iv) Helping verb + subject + Main verb Difference in the word orders of statement and question: A statement has always the subject before the verb. A question (whether wh question or non wh question) has verb before the subject, or the subject after the helping verb (subject in between the helping verb and the main verb) 3) Imperative sentence: orders/ requests, etc. In all these sentences, the subject is always, you, which is not mentioned. eg: i) (you) get out ii) (you) please come in. Word order: (You) - subject + get (Verb) 4) Exclamations: Sentences expressing surprise or sudden feelings: a) What a leader he was! (He was a very great leader.) Word order: What (wh word) + a leader (noun) + he (subject) + was! (verb) b) How tall he is! (= He is very tall) Word order: How (wh word) + tall (adj) + he (sub) + is! (verb) c) How slowly he walks! (He walks very slowly) Word order: How (Wh word) + slowly (adverb) + he (sub) + walks! (verb) So the word order in an exclamation: Wh word + Noun/ Adjective/ adverb + sub + verb. These are word orders in the 4 kinds of sentences.

KEY: 1.B 2.D 3.E 4.A 5.C. - M. SURESAN

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 25 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

278

Subhash: Oh ... you are back. What a relief! I missed you a lot during your absence and lot has happened since you left.

(Å´÷t... AJ-íÌî√a¢√. áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ! †’´¤y ™‰†-°æ¤úø’ E†’o î√™« miss Åߪ÷u. î√™« ïJ-TçC èπÿú≈.)

Prabhas: I missed you too. I am happy to be miss back.

(E†’o èπÿú≈ ؈’ ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.)

Åߪ÷u. AJ-íÌ-*a-†ç-

Subhash: There was a lot of back biting here about you. People were saying behind your back, things they dare not say in your presence.

(F ¢Á†éπ F í∫’Jç* áEo ´÷ô-©-Ø√o®Ó. F ´·çü¿’ üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰E ´÷ô©’ F ¢Á†éπØ√o®Ω’.)

ÅN î√™« ûª®Ω’-îª’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Back Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®√n©’ ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. ¢Á†éπ ÅØË Å®Ωnç î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. back Åçõ‰ O°æ¤ ÅE èπÿú≈ éπü∆? He carried the bag on his back=

Ç Ææç*E ûª† O°æ¤ O’ü¿ ¢Á÷¨»úø’. back Åçõ‰ ¢Á†éÀ\ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC éπü∆. He took it back with him =

Åûª†’ ü∆Eo ¢Á†éÀ\ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xúø’ (AJT BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xúø’) èπ◊Ka, sofa ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ ´’†ç dž’-èπ◊ØË ¢Á†é𠶵«í∫ç èπÿú≈ back. She leant on the back of the chair= Ç¢Á’ èπ◊Ka™ dž’-èπ◊E èπÿ®Ω’açC. (The back of sofa) ÉN ´’†™ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ ûÁL-Æœ† 'back' Å®√n©’. Back èπÿ, behind èπÿ ûËú≈: Back Åçõ‰ ¢Á†-éπ-¢Áj°æ¤. a) He sat at the back of the bus = Bus b) There was a small car behind the bus = car Bus

™ ¢Á†-éπ-¢Áj°æ¤ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√oúø’. ¢Á†éπ ã *†o

ÖçC.

2

(Back up Computer program Disk Copy The computer program has been backed up = Computer program copy

Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – -™ í¬-F, ™í¬F Ö†o Ææ´÷-î√-®√Eo îËߪ’ôç.

v°æ¨¡o:

†’ °æ¤Ææh-éπç-™éÀ î˨»®Ω’.)

4) Ramana is behind all this =

DE-¢Á-†éπ ®Ω´’ù

£æ«Ææhç ´¤çC. to be behind =

äéπü∆EéÀ 鬮Ω-ù-´’ßË’u ´uèπ◊h©’/

N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. a) The Police are yet to know whose hand is behind the Sanjhautha Express blast = express police

Ææç®Ωó¯û√ ÖçüÓ

Ê°©’∞¡x ¢Á†’éπ á´J £æ«Ææhç éÀçé¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.

There was a lot of back biting .. Prabhas: Who said all that and what did they say? Didn't you try to check them?

(á´®Ω’ Å™« ņoC? à´’-Ø√o®Ω’? ¢√∞¡x†’ †’´¤y Ç°æ-ú≈-EéÀ v°æߪ’Aoç-îª-™‰ü∆?)

Subhash: I was backing you up whenever they indulged in backbiting about you. But none could stop them.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx F í∫’Jç* îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«xúø’-ûª’çõ‰ E†’o ؈’ Ææ´’-Jn-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o. é¬E ¢√∞¡x†’ á´®Ω÷ Ç°æ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.) indulge in = àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç Indulge in drink = û√í∫ôç indulge in vice = ´uÆæ-Ø√-©èπ◊ ™•-úøôç indulge in violence = üˆ®Ω-bØ√u-EéÀ §ƒ©p-úøôç

Prabhas: I now know who they are it must be Rohit and Roshan. I know the reason too.

(Ç ... É°æ¤púø’ ûÁL-ÆœçC ¢√∞Îx-´®Ó.. ®Ó£œ«û˝, ®Ó≠æ-Ø˛™„j Öçú≈L. ††’o ¢√∞¡Ÿx Aôd-ú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’Ææ’.) Subhash: You've guessed a right. But why? (F Ü£æ« ÆæÈ®jçüË. é¬F áçü¿’èπ◊ Å™« Aö«d®Ω’ E†’o?) Prabhas: They wanted me to recommend them for inclusion in the team. They are very poor players and so I couldn't. They continued to pester me and I told them to get off my back. That must have offended them. (Team

™ îË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√∞¡x†’ Æœ§∂ƒ®Ω’q îËߪ÷-©-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’ç* players 鬮Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE ؈’ ¢√∞¡x†’ recommend îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Å®·Ø√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ††’o °‘úÕç-îª-ôçûÓ, ††’o NÆœ-Tç-îª-´-ü¿lE í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp†’. ÅC ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç* Öçô’çC.) pester = üËE-éÓ-Ææ-¢Á’iØ√ äéπ-JE °‘úÕç-îªôç Subhash: Correct. They were saying a lot many things about you. But at the back of their minds there perhaps was the feeling that they had been ignored.

(¢√∞ÏxüÓ î√™« ÅØ√o®Ω’ é¬E, •£æ›¨» ¢√∞¡x ´’†-Ææ’™ ûª´’†’ ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î√-®Ω†o ¶µ«´ç ÖçúÕ Öçúø-´îª’a.) But I think Ramana is behind all this, egging them on. é¬F ¢√∞¡x†’ È®îªa-íÌ-úø’ûª÷, DE ¢Á†éπ ®Ω´’ù ÖØ√o-úøE ؈-†’-éÌçô’Ø√o. egg on = È®îªa-íÌ-ôdúøç.

Prabhas: Why perhaps? That is exactly at the back of their mind.

(áçü¿’-éπ™«? ÅÆæ-©üË ¢√∞¡x ´’†Ææ’™ Ö†o ÅÆæ-©-®·† ¶µ«´ç.)

Subhash: Now that you've come back you can talk to them and settle things.

(†’´¤y AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤ 鬕öÀd ¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ ÅFo °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.)

Prabhas: OK. Let's see. ☺

☺

☺

☺

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ back ûÓ Ö†o expressions í∫´’Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Natural conversational English ™ back, back ûÓ ´îËa expressions î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·.

(´’†ç î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ¢Á†éπ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ back side ÅE éÌçûª-´’çC ņôç Nçô’çö«ç. back èπ◊, back side èπ◊ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. back Åçõ‰ ûÁL-ÆœçüË – ¢Á†éπ ÅE, backside Åçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç °œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’) At the back side of the room there was a dog

Åçõ‰ ´îËa £æ…≤ƒu-Ææp-ü¿-¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç Ö£œ«ç--éÓçúÕ. Room èπ◊ back side Öçúøü¿’. At the back of the room there was a dog = Room ™ ¢Á†éπ ã èπ◊éπ\ ÖçC. There was a dog at his back = ÅûªE ¢Á†éπ èπ◊éπ\ ÖçC. There was dog behind the bus - bus ¢Á†éπ (bus ™ é¬ü¿’) ã èπ◊éπ\ ÖçC) É°æ¤púø’ back ûÓ ´îËa ´’J-éÌEo expressions îª÷ü∆lç. Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1) You are back/ I am happy to be back 2) There was a lot of back biting about you 3) I was backing you up 4) Ramana is behind all this 5) I told them to get off my back 6) But at the back of their minds was the feeling that they had been ignored. 1) You are back/ I am happy to be back. phrase, be back =

Ééπ\úÕ ¢Á†-éÀ\-®√-´ôç/ AJ-T-®√-´ôç.

a) My father was back from Tirupathi yesterday

´÷ Ø√†o E†o A®Ω’-°æA †’ç* AJ-íÌ-î√a®Ω’. b) When will you be back?

†’´¤y ´’Sx á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh´¤? c) I leave for college at 10 and am back home at 4 = college (Back home Back to home Back at home

°æCç-öÀéÀ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh†’. ûª°æ¤p.

éÀ ¢Á∞¡-û√†’, Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ Åçõ‰ î√©’. Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’)

2) There was a lot of back biting about you =

†’´¤y ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ F í∫’Jç* (Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈) î√™« îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈®Ω’. a) Only a coward indulges in back biting = °œJ-éÀ¢√∞Ï} Éûª-®Ω’© °æ®Ó-éπ~ç™ îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. (coward = éıÅú˛ – éı ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °œJ-éÀ-¢√®Ω’) b) He does a lot of back biting about every body =

b) Maoists are behind the blasting of the police station = Police station

Ê°La-¢Ëûª ¢Á†’éπ ´÷N-Æˇd©

£æ«Ææhç ÖçC. (Maoist - correct pronunciation: 5) I told them to get off my back =

††’o °‘úÕç-îÌü¿’l/ ¢ËCµç-îÌü¿’l ÅE ¢√∞¡xûÓ îÁ§ƒp†’ (†ØÌo-C-™„-ߪ’uç-úÕ ÅE îÁ§ƒp†’.) a) Please get off my back. I can't give you any money now =

É°æ¤púø’ †ØÌo-C-™„ß˝’. FéÀ-°æ¤púËO’ úø-Gs-´y-™‰†’. á´-È®j† ´’†èπ◊ NÆæ’-í∫’-°æ¤-õ‰dç-ûªí¬ àüÁjØ√ ÅúÕ-TØ√ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-*Ø√ Å°æ¤púø’ *é¬-èπ◊ûÓ ÅØË ´÷ô– Please get off my back/ Get off my back.

b) Get off my back. Don't trouble me anymore with your requests =

†ØÌo-C-™‰-ߪ’çúÕ. O’ Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†-©ûÓ ††’o NÆœ-Tç-îª-éπçúÕ. c) The tourist told the beggars to get off his back =

Ç

E†’o ؈’ Ææ´’-JnÆæ÷h ÖØ√o†’. back up = ´’ü¿l-A-´yôç/ Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç a) Krishna always backed up the Pandavas =

Xéπ%-≠æflg-úÁ-°æ¤p-úø÷ §ƒçúø-´¤-©ØË Ææ´’-Jnç-î√úø’.

tourist

Ç ´·≠œd-¢√-∞¡x†’ ¢ÁR}-§Ò-´’t-Ø√oúø’.

6) But at the back of their mind was the feeling that they had been ignored =

¢√∞¡}†’ ©éπ~u-°-ôd-™‰-ü¿†o ¶µ«´ç ¢√∞¡} ´’†-Ææ’™ ÖçC. At the back of one's mind =

äéπJ ´’†-Ææ’q™ Ö†o Ç™-/ éÓJéπ/ ÖüËl¨¡ç, etc.

a) At the back of his mind is his desire to be elected =

ûª†’ áEo-éπ-¢√-©ØË éÓJéπ ÅûªE ´’†-Ææ’™ ÖçC. b) His absence from the meeting is a surprise. No one knows what is at the back of his mind =

Åûª-E-¢√∞¡ Æ涵ºèπ◊ ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’. ÅûªE (´’†-Ææ’-™E) ÖüËl¨¡ç á´-Jéà ¶üµ¿°æ-úøôç-™‰ü¿’. EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B

v°æA-¢√úÕ ¢Á†éπ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ á°æ¤púø÷ î√-™« îÁúø’ Åçô’ç-ö«úø’.

3) I was backing you up =

A

B

1. Delicious

A. bodily (of the body)

2. explode

B. raise

3. embrace

C. burst

4. lift

D. hug

5. physical

E. tasty

b) If God could be seen, and if God were to come down, he would back me up.

üË´¤úø’ ´’†èπ◊ éπ-E°œÊÆh, Çߪ’ØË CT ´ÊÆh, †ØËo Ææ´’-Jn-≤ƒhúø’. c) She always backs her husband up = -Ç¢Á’ á°æ¤púø÷ ûª† ¶µº®ΩhØË Ææ´’-Jn-Ææ’hçC.

´÷NÆˇd;

´÷¢Ó-ÉÆˇd é¬ü¿’.)

F. tender G. scientific KEY: 1-E 2-C

3-D

4-B

5- A.

Could you draw a 'thumbnail sketch' of what you mean by that? Talk about the issue of displacement and rehabilitation.

°j ¢√éπuç-™E Thumb nail sketch èπ◊– ¢ËL íÓöÀûÓ ¢ËÊÆ *vûªç– ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢ËÍ® Å®Ωnç àüÁjØ√ Öçü∆? DEo ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? – N. Satyam Emerald, Adilabad.

ï¢√•’:

Thumb nail sketch Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç O’®Ω-†oô’x íÓöÀûÓ UÊÆ *vûªç ÅØË. Å®·ûË Give me/ Let me have a thumb nail sketch of the person you've met

™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x D†®Ωnç – †’´¤y éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o ´uéÀhE í∫’-Jç-* èπ◊x°æhçí¬ ´Jgç ÅE – Ç ´uéÀh ®Ω÷°æç/ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©’ ÅE. The magazine gives thumbnail sketches of the Padmasri award winners this year =

Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °æü¿tX °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√©’ §ÒçC† ¢√®Ωç-ü¿J ÆæçéÀ~°æh N´-®√©÷ Ç magazine ™ ÖØ√o®·. v°æ¨¡o: Begin, Start, Commence èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Å™«Íí lest ¢√úÕ-†°æ¤púø’ should ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ ¢√ú≈™«? - M Prakasa Rao,

ï¢√•’:

Visakhapatnam Begin, start, com-

mence

Ñ ´‚--úÕçöÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË commence §ƒçúÕûªuç – bookish and formal. ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ Åç-ûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. Begin, start äéπü∆E•ü¿’©’ äéπöÀ ¢√úø-´îª’a ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEo-îÓö«x. Å®·ûË begin éπØ√o spoken English ™ start ¢√úø-éπ¢Ë’ áèπ◊\´.  lest ûª®√yûª should ´Ææ’hçC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ plain infinitive ´Ææ’hçC. a) He started early lest he should miss the train = He started early lest he miss the train. (He should miss plain infinitive

ûª®√yûª ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)

ÅE

b) He wore a sweater lest he should catch cold = He wore a sweater lest he catch cold.

v°æ¨¡o:

i) A book exhibition is going to be held (Future). book exhibition will be held

°æ¤Ææhéπ -D-E-E A ÅE ®√ߪ’-´î√a? ii) 'To be' †’ particular í¬ á™« ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? ü∆E´·çü¿’ ´îËa verb à tense ™ Öçú≈-L? – S. Nagamani, Beechupally v°æü¿-®Ωz† E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’çC

ï¢√•’: i) A book exhibition is going to be held; A book exhibition will be held. future will be held going to be held An exhibition will be held =

Ñ È®çúø÷ ØË ûÁ©’°æ¤-û√®·. Å®·ûË, éπØ√o ņôç áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç. E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø’ûª’çC. (Åçûª-éπ-*aûªç é¬ü¿’) An exhibition is going to be held = E®Ωy-£œ«ç--úø’-ûª’çC (éπ*aûªç – DE í∫’-Jç-* ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’) ii) To be E future èπ◊ ¢√úøôç:

a) He is going to be/ will be here in a few days (He is going to be will be b) The bride to be has yet to buy her saris =

ÅØËC,

éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç)

鬶ßË’ °Rxèπÿûª’®Ω’ ûª† <®Ω-©-Eçé¬ éÌØ√Lq ÖçC)

c) This is to be your diet until you are cured =

Fèπ◊ -†-ߪ’-´’-ßË’u-´®Ωèπ◊ ÉC F °æü∑¿uçí¬ (®Óí∫’©’ BÆæ’èπ◊ØË °æJ-N’ûª ǣ慮Ωç) Öçúø-¶-ûª’ç-C/- Öç-ú≈L. To be á°æ¤púø÷ future †’ ûÁ©’-°æü¿’. will be, shall be, would be, should be É´Fo to be èπ◊†o éÌEo ®Ω÷§ƒ©’– ÉN ´÷vûª¢Ë’, °j† a), b) c) sentences ™ ûÁL°œ†¢√öÀûÓ future †’ ûÁ©’°æ¤-û√®·. O’é¬\-´-©-Æœ† -É-ûª®Ω -N-´®√-©-†’ Eenadu website -™  -îª÷-úøç-úÕ. - M. SURESAN

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 27 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ concede

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

279

Pradhan: What's the time now? Vardhan: Nine exactly by my watch.

(Ø√ ¢√î˝ v°æ鬮Ωç ûÌN’tü¿®·çC.) Ø√ ¢√î˝ v°æ鬮Ωç.

by my watch =

(éπØ˛-Æ‘ú˛) = Ææ´’t-Aç-îªôç ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ). Vardhan: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?)

(

úÕ´÷çú˛

Pradhan: We demanded that they raise the pay from a back date, but they wouldn't. They wanted to avoid paying us the back wages.

(¢Ë’ç í∫ûªç †’ç* °çîª-´’Ø√oç. é¬F ¢√∞¡Ÿx (ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç) ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îª-™‰ü¿’, í∫ûªç †’ç* °ç*-†ç-ü¿’-´©x ´îËa •é¬®· ¢ËûªØ√©’ áíÌ_-ôd-ö«-EéÀ)

Pradhan: Nine already! How time flies! Thanks for a well spent hour. I must rush to office. I've (I have) a lot of back log to clear. I suppose it will keep me busy till the week end.

Vardhan: Yea; now I remember. I read about the trouble in your company in the back number of a finance journal.

(Å°æ¤púË ûÌN’t-ü¿-®·çü∆. ã í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¶«í¬ í∫úÕ-°œ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Fèπ◊ thanks. Ç°∂‘Æˇèπ◊ ¢ÁRx§Ú-¢√L. Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·† °æE î√™«

(Ç... Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC. O’ éπç°F vô•’™¸ †’ í∫’Jç* àüÓ ÇJnéπ °ævAé𠧃ûª Ææç*-éπ™ îªC-¢√†’.) Pradhan: You're

right.

It

must

be

the

1

glad to see the back of something/ someone=

äéπ®Ω’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´ôç/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Åçûª-´’-´ôç îª÷Æœ ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îªôç.

a) Who won't be glad to see the back of corruption.

(ÅN-FA Åü¿%-¨¡u-´’-´ôç á´-J-éÀ-≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’?)

b) Every opposition leader will be glad to see the back of ruling party.

(v°æB N°æ-éπ~-ØËûª ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o §ƒKd ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´ú≈Eo £æ«J{-≤ƒh-úø’.)

c) He was glad to see the back of the guest.

(ÅAC∑ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´ôç îª÷Æœ Åûªúø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√úø’.)

4) They have back tracked on their offer.

(¢√Rx-≤ƒh-´’†o ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx.)

Back track on offer/ promise/ word =

É´yôç/ ¢√í¬l†ç/ ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´ôç

-v°æ¨¡o: i) Shopping ÅØË °æü¿ç ᙫ °æ¤-öÀdç-C? ii) I saw/ I did see

™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? °æü∆-©èπ◊ plural îÁ°æpçúÕ. –-Å-L-¨Î-öÀd ≤ƒy-N’-ü∆Æˇ, -A-§ƒp-ߪ’°æ-Lx, éπ-Kç-†í∫®˝. ï¢√•’: i) shop Åçõ‰ ü¿’é¬ùç éπü∆. ü¿’é¬ùç/ Åçí∫öx ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éÌçö«ç 鬕öÀd shopping Åçö«ç. a) shop = ü¿’é¬ùç/ Åçí∫úÕ b) shop = ü¿’é¬-ùç™E ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ é̆úøç. iii) Miss, Mister, Mrs

a) I bought these things at/ in that shop =

Ç ü¿’é¬-ùç™ Ñ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éÌØ√o.

I've a lot of back log to clear ÖçC. Åü¿çû√ Å´-íÌ-ö«dL. ü∆E-´©x Ñ ¢√®√ç-ûªç- ´-®Ωèπ◊ G@í¬ Öçö«-†E ņ’èπ◊çö«.) well spent = ¶«í¬ í∫úÕ-°œ†. to clear = ÅÆæç-°æ‹-Jhí¬ Ö†o°æE-E -°æ‹Jh îËߪ’ôç. Vardhan: You usually sweat it out. Why don't you take it easy for a change.

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ †’´¤y î√™« v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-û√´¤. éπFÆæç ´÷®Ω’p-éÓ-Ææ-¢Á’iØ√ ã≤ƒ-JéÀ ûËLí¬_ BÆæ’éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆?) sweat it out= îÁ´’-öúÕa v¨¡´’-°æ-úøôç

December issue of it. OK. I must be going. See you.

(†’´¤y îÁ°œpçC éπÈ®Íéd. ÅC úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ Ææç*éπ Åߪ·uçú≈L. ؈’ ¢Á∞«}L. éπ©’≤ƒh) [ [ [ Spoken English ™ back ûÓ ´îËa ÅA≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωù¢Á’i† expressions †’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) I've a lot of back log to clear 2) The boss is always on our back

Pradhan: What do you know? The boss is always on our back; he forgets we are understaffed. If I don't clear the back log, I'll be shown the door. It's as serious as that.

3) Most of us at the office will be glad to see the back of him.

(ÅC °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-ü∆éπ ´÷ ¶«Æˇ ´÷ ¢Áçô-°æúø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. ´÷èπ◊ Æœ•sçC ûªèπ◊\´ ņo N≠æߪ’ç ´’Ja-§Ú--û√úø’. Ê°®Ω’èπ◊§Ú-®·† °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË, ¢ÁRx-§Ò-´’tç-ö«úø’. Ç N≠æߪ’ç Åçûª Æ‘J-ߪ’Æˇ.) (To be) shown the door = •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-´’-†ôç.

6) They wanted to avoid paying us back wages.

Vardhan: I thought your boss was the good sort.

(O’ ¶«Æˇ ´’ç*-®Ωéπç ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o.) ®Ωéπç

sort = type =

Pradhan: Good Sort! No other boss can be as nasty as he. Most of us at the office will be very glad to see the back of him.

(´’çî√! à ¶«Æˇ èπÿú≈ Åçûª ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úø’í¬ Öçúøúø’. ´÷ Ç°∂‘-Æˇ™ î√™«´’çC Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§ÚûË ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh®Ω’.) Nasty = ü¿’®√t-®Ω_-¢Á’i†. Vardhan: Perhaps your pay is good.

(O’ @ûªç ¶«í¬ØË Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’èπ◊çö«) Pradhan: Who'd grudge if the pay were as good as the work? what we get is a pittance.

(v¨¡´’èπ◊ ûªí∫_/ °æEéÀ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† @ûªç Öçõ‰ á´®Ω’ Ææù’-í∫’-û√®Ω’? ¢Ë’ç§Òç-üËC î√™« ûªèπ◊\´.) pittance = î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’s. - °œö¸Ø˛q– '°œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç Vardhan: Then demand a rise.

(°çîª-´’E úÕ´÷çú˛ îËߪ’çúÕ.) °ç°æ¤

A rise=

Pradhan: We did and they conceded. But they have back tracked on their offer of a 20% rise in wages.

(¢Ë’ç úÕ´÷çú˛ î˨»ç. ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç ÅçUéπJç*çC. é¬-F 20 ¨»ûªç ¢Ëûª-Ø√© °ç°æ¤ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√Rx-*a-†-´÷ô O’ü¿ ¢Á†éÀ\ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’/ ´÷ô-´÷-®√a®Ω’)

4) They have back tracked on their offer 5) We demanded that they raise the pay from a back date... 1) I've a lot of back log to clear =

Ê°®Ω’èπ◊§Ú®·† °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC. back log = (°æE ™«çöÀN) Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·-†N. a) In every LPG shop/ gas agency, there is a lot of back log, So you'd (you had) better book in advance.

(v°æA gas agency ™†÷ É°æp-öÀÍé book îËÆæ’èπ◊†o î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC. Åçü¿’éπE ´·ç-üË Cylinder †’ book îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç ´’ç*C. (Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ book îËÆæ’èπ◊E ÖØ√o cylinder E Éçé¬ §Òçü¿-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx, back log Ééπ\úø)) b) The back log of applicants for the issue of licences is yet to be cleared. So I'd better apply now so that I can get the licence three months later .

(Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ™„jÂÆØ˛q éÓÆæç ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h °ô’d-èπ◊†o ¢√∞¡x ñ«Gû√ °æ‹®Ωh´-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ É°æ¤púË Å°kx îËÊÆh ´‚úø’ ØÁ©©-ÈéjØ√ ´Ææ’hçC.) 2) The boss is always on our back

(´÷ ¶«Æˇ á°æ¤púø÷ ¢Áçô-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’ °æE îË®·çîª-ö«-EéÀ.) be on some one's back = ÅüË°æEí¬ äéπJ ¢Áçô-°æúÕ °æE-îË-®·ç--éÓ-´ôç/ §Ú®Ω’-°-ôdúøç. a) My dad's on my back about getting married. So I am seeking a job in a distance place.

(°R} îËÆæ’-éÓ-´’E ´÷ Ø√†o äéπõ‰ §Ú®Ω’ °úø’-ûª’Ø√oúø’. Åçü¿’-éπE àüÁjØ√ ü¿÷®Ω v§ƒçûªç™ ÖüÓu-í∫ç éÓÆæç v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hØ√o.) b) She was on her husband's back about costly jewellery. He ran into debts to satisfy her.

(êK-üÁj† †í∫© éÓÆæç ¶µº®Ωh†’ §Ú®Ω’-°-õ‰d-Ææ-JéÀ, Ç¢Á’ éÓJéπ B®Ωa-ú≈-EéÀ Åûªúø’ Å°æ¤p-©-§ƒ-©-ߪ÷uúø’.) 3) Most of us will be glad to see the back of him.

(Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§ÚûË îª÷Æœ ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷ Ç°∂‘Æˇ ™ î√™«-´’çC ÖØ√o®Ω’.)

a) The party has back tracked on the policy of free power for all the farmers.

(È®jûª’-©ç-ü¿-Jéà Ö*ûªNü¿’uû˝ Nüµ∆†ç ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’déÓ-™‰ü∆ §ƒKd/§ƒKd ´÷ô´÷JaçC/ ´÷ô ûª°œpçC.)

b) He back tracked on his word of pardon.

(éπ~N’-≤ƒh-†E ņo´÷ô†’ Åûªúø’ E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.)

5) We demanded that the raise of wages from a back date.

b) Only when we have money we can shop =

úø•’s-†o-°æ¤púË ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ é̆-í∫©ç. ii) Miss, Mrs, Mr. - OöÀéÀ plural Ê°®Ωxèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ¢√úø®Ω’. ¢√úø-éπç™ ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË Mr èπ◊ plural Messrs ÅE ÖçC. é¬E DEE M/s í¬ company © Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ – ÅC èπÿú≈ company © Ê°®Ω’x ´uèπ◊h© Ê°®Ω’xí¬ Öçõ‰ØË ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. eg: M/s Gopal and Krishna, M/s Syamlal & Sons, Company Messrs iii) I saw, I did see -

™«çöÀN. ´uèπ◊h© Ê°®Ωx™ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøç.

Ê°®Ω’x,

È®çúø÷

correct. I saw (the movie last night) = I did see (the movie...) =

؈’ îª÷¨»†’. ؈’ îª÷¨»†’ ÅE ØÌéÀ\ (§ƒûª ûËD †’ç* ¢Ëûª-Ø√©’ °çîª-´’E úÕ´÷çú˛ îÁ°æpôç. (؈’ îª÷úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç àN’öÀ? éπ*aûªçí¬ î˨»ç.) îª÷¨»†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Back date = í∫ûªç™ äéπ ®ÓV/ ûËC. I did see him go out = Åûª†’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç a) Raju wanted the teacher to issue him a cer؈’ îª÷¨»†’ – îª÷úøôç ߪ’ü∆®Ωnç. tificate with a back date. (§ƒûªûË-C ¢ËÆœ† ÆæJd-°∂œ-Èéö¸ É´y-´’E ®√V öÃîª-®˝†’ v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C-¢√-öÀéÀ -ûË-ú≈ -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. 1. Passenger - traveller éÓ®√úø’.) b) Kumari issued a cheque carrying a back date. 6) They wanted to avoid paying us back wages .

(èπ◊´÷J §ƒûªûËDûÓ Ö†o îÁé˙†’ É*açC.)

(§ƒûªûËD †’ç* ¢Ëûª†ç É´yôç áíÌ_-ö«d-©E ņ’èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.back wages = (Back date †’ç* Å´’™„j† @-ûªç •é¬-®·©’.)

a) The court struck down his removal from service and ordered the company to pay him back wages.

(ÅûªúÕE ÖüÓuí∫ç †’ç* ûÌ©-Tç-îªôç éÓ®Ω’d éÌõ‰dÆœçC; @-ûªç •é¬-®·-©†’ îÁLxç-îª-´’çC.)

b) He spent the back wages on his daughter's marriage.

(ûª† @ûªç •é¬-®·-©ûÓ èπÿûª’J °Rx î˨»úø’.)

7) back number =

back number a) I came across your photo in one of the back numbers of the magazine.

äéπ °ævAéπ í∫ûª Ææç*-éπ†’

Åçö«ç.

(Ç °ævAé𠧃ûªÆæç*-éπ© äéπü∆ØÓx F§∂Òö îª÷¨»†’.)

b) Kumar could not get the back number of the magazine. (

-´÷uí∫-@-Ø˛ §ƒûªÆæç*éπ- èπ◊´÷-®˝èπ◊ áéπ\ú≈ üÌ®Ω-éπ™‰ü¿’.)

Exercise Match the words under A with their meanings under B A B 1) Rural A) small 2) quiet B) of villages 3) harm C) calm 4) polite D) hurt 5) minute E) simple F) courteous G) complicated Key: 1.B; 2.C; 3.D; 4.F; 5.A.

2. Attender - Attendant

– Èé. Å°æp-©-Ææ÷J, N¨»-ê-°æôoç ï¢√•’: Traveller ÅØ√o passenger ÅØ√o ûÁ©’í∫’™ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊úø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Traveller Åçõ‰ ûª®Ωîª÷ v°æߪ÷-ù«©’ îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ English ™ áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊úø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Passenger Åçõ‰ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊úË. Å®·ûË àüÁjØ√ v°æߪ÷ù ≤ƒüµ¿†ç (car, bus, train) ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊úø’ ÅE. ÉC î√™« ´·êu¢Á’i† ûËú≈. passenger á°æ¤púø÷ v°æߪ÷ù ≤ƒüµ¿-†ç™ ÅD ûª†’ drive îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÉçÈé-´-È®jØ√ drive îËÊÆ ¢√£æ«-†ç™ ¢Á∞Ïx ¢√úøE Å®Ωnç. Passengers Åçü¿®Ω÷ travellers é¬F travellers Åçü¿®Ω÷ passengers 鬆-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. ii) Attendant Åçõ‰ ؈éπ®Ω’. shops, parking areas (¢√£æ«-Ø√©’ EL-Ê°-îÓô’x–•£œ«-®Ωçí∫ v°æüË-¨»™x) customers èπ◊ ÊÆ´-©ç-CçîË ¢√∞¡⁄x, íÌ°æp £æ«Ùü∆™x Ö†o-¢√--∞¡Ÿx, ´·Ææ-L-¢√-∞¡Ÿx ´uéÀh-í∫ûª¢Á’i† ÊÆ´-©ç-Cç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx (ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÊÆ´-èπ◊©’) attendants. Å®·ûË Â°j Å®ΩnçûÓ India ™ attender ÅØË ´÷ô ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. é¬F standard spoken or written English ™ ؈éπ®Ω’, ÊÆ´-èπ◊úø’ ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ attender ÅØË ´÷ô ¢√úø®Ω’. äéπ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ £æ…ï®Ω’ (attend) ÅßË’-u¢√-∞¡xØË attenders Åçö«®Ω’ standard English ™.

a) She is a regular attender at these music concerts =

Ñ §ƒô éπîË-K-©èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ véπ´’ç ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ £æ…ï-®Ω-´¤-ûª’çC.

b) There wasn't any attendant to take care of the blind passenger =

Ç Åçüµ¿ v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊úÕE îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀÈé´®Ω÷ ؈éπ®Ω’/ ÊÆ´-èπ◊úø’ ™‰úø’. (á´J Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ØË v°æߪ÷ùç î˨»úø’)

c) Blind passengers are allowed to take an attendant free on the train =

Åçüµ¿ v°æߪ÷ùÀèπ◊©’ ûª´’ Å´-Ææ-®√-©†’ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ØË ¢√JE È®j∞¡x™ Ö*-ûªçí¬ BÆæ’Èé∞¡x´îª’a .

- M. SURESAN

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 1 -´÷-Ja 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Nisanth: Yea. That's true. So budget or no budget, prices can go up if the government so wants it.

280

Nisanth: How is the cultivation going on?

(´u´-≤ƒßª’ç ᙫ ÖçC?) Drupad: Just getting along. Not so bad anyway.

(Å´¤†’. Eï¢Ë’. v°æ¶µº’ûªyç üµ¿®Ω©’ °çî√-©†’-èπ◊çõ‰, •úÁöb ¸ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’) Drupad: But some how I am sure that the government may not raise taxes. A number of states are going to the polls soon.

Nisanth: How far has the ploughing gone?

(ü¿’†oôç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Å®·çC?) plough = °æx-¢˛ = ü¿’†oôç/ Ø√í∫L

(´’J-éÌEo áéπ-®√©’ ÖØ√o®·. ᙫíÓ éπ≠dæ °æ-úÁjØ√ äéπöÀ È®çúø’ ®ÓV™x °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L.)

b) I know Vijayawada like the back of my hand.

(Ø√èπ◊ Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø î√™« ¶«í¬/ °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.) c) He knows Physics like the back of his hand.

(Åûª-úÕéÀ °∂œ>é˙q ûÁ©’Ææ’.)

èπ~◊ùoçí¬

3) Back door increase in taxes =

(é¬E Ñ≤ƒJ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç °æ†’o©’ °çîª-ü¿E ؈’ í∫öÀdí¬ †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’. î√™« ®√≥ƒZ™x áEoéπ©’ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®·.) Going to polls = áEo-éπ©’ ï®Ω-í∫ôç/ áEo-éπ™ x §ƒ™Ô_-†ôç

(àüÓ -Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.)

Drupad: A few more acres remain. We must put our back into it and finish it in a day or two.

2

Nisanth: Which party do you think will win?

(à §ƒKd Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤) Drupad: Any doubt that the ruling party will win? I am sure it's going to.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Below - beneath - under.

üÌúÕf-ü∆-J†/ °æ®Ó-éπ~çí¬ °æ†’o© °ç°æ¤. a) The government has started back door increase in taxes.

(v°æ¶µº’ûªyç üÌúÕf-ü∆-J† °æ†’o-°ç-îªôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*çC.(•úÁöb ¸ ü∆y®√ é¬èπ◊çú≈.) ) back door = üÌúÕf-ü∆-J†/ °æ®Ó-éπ~çí¬/ üÌçí∫-ûª†çí¬/ ¢Á÷ÆæçûÓ. a) His father works at the office. So he got the job through the back door.

You are backing the wrong horse

on - over - above

ï¢√•’:

¶µ‰ü∆-©†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – G. í∫ù‰≠ˇ, N¨»-ê-°æôoç.

Below = beneath = underneath There are, however some differences in the use of these words. Below = at a lower level place than somebody or some thing; lower in rank, status or position. a) We can see the fish swimming below the surface of water. b) A constable is below a sub inspector c) The window is below the ceiling

Nisanth: My tractor has broken down and the puddle wheels are too rusty. They have to be replaced.

(Ø√ vö«éπd®˝ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. ü∆E ü¿´·t îªv鬩’ ¶«í¬ ûª’°æ¤p-°æöÀd §Úߪ÷®·. ¢√öÀE ´÷®√aL.) puddle = ®Óúø’x, Éûª®ΩîÓôx F∞¡Ÿx, ´·êuçí¬ ´®Ω{ç F∞¡Ÿx ELîË í∫’çô©’. puddle wheels = vö«éπd®˝ ¢Á†éπ §Ò©ç ü¿’†o-ö«-EéÀ ûªT-LçîË ü¿´·t îªv鬩’ Drupad: Is it a major or minor trouble? I mean your tractor. (

F vö«éπd®˝èπ◊ ´*a† Ææ´’Ææu, °ü¿lü∆, *†oü∆?) major = °ü¿l/ -á-èπ◊\-¢Áj†, minor = Ææy©p-¢Á’i-†/- *-†o-üÁj† Nisanth: I'm afraid it's major. My mechanic is just useless. Can you suggest a good one?

(ÅC major trouble ÅØË Ø√ ¶µºßª’ç/ ņ’´÷†ç. Ø√ ¢Á’é¬Eé˙ ™«¶µºç ™‰ü¿’. ´’ç* ¢Á’é¬-E-é˙†’ -á-´JØÁjØ√ îÁ°æp-í∫-©¢√?) Drupad: Call my mechanic. He knows tractors of any make like the back of his hand.

(Ø√ ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙†’ °œ©’-´¤. ÅûªúÕéÀ à ®Ω-éπ-¢Á’i† vö«éπd-È®jØ√ î√™« ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.) of any make = à éπç°F ûªßª÷K Å®·Ø√/ à model Å®·Ø√) Nisanth: I've used my tractor too long. I think I'd better sell it off and buy a new one.

(Ø√ vö«éπd®˝†’ ´’K- á-èπ◊\´é¬©ç ¢√ú≈†’. ü∆Eo Ţ˒tÆœ éÌûªhC é̆’éÓ\´úøç ´’ç*üË¢Á÷?) Drupad: Do it before the budget is out this month end. The fear is motor vehicles and motor spares may be taxed higher than now.

(Ñ ØÁ™«-ê-®Ω’™ •úÁöb ¸ ´îËa ´·çüË éÌØÁß˝’. ¢Á÷ö«®Ω’ ¢√£æ«-Ø√©÷, NúÕ-¶µ«-í¬© O’ü¿ É°æp-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ °æ†’o NCµç-îª-´îªaØË ¶µºßª’ç ÖçC.) Spares/ spare parts = NúÕ-¶µ«-í¬©’ Nisanth: Of late the government has started back door increase in taxes, by taxing the raw material.

(´·úÕ Ææ®Ω’-èπ◊© O’ü¿ °æ†’o ¢Ëߪ’ôç ü∆y®√ Ñ ´’üµ¿u v°æ¶µº’ûªyç üÌúÕf ü∆J† °æ†’o©’ °çîªôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-öÀdçC.) raw material = ´·úø Ææ®Ωèπ◊.

(ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o §ƒKd Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç™ FÍé-´’Ø√o ÆæçüË-£æ«´÷? ÅC Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E ؈’ í∫öÀdí¬ †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’.) Nisanth: You are backing the wrong horse, friend. The main opposition will be back in power in most of the states.

(†’´¤y ãúÕ-§ÚßË’ §ƒKdE Ææ§Ú®˝d îËÆæ’hØ√o´¤. v°æüµ∆† v°æA-°æéπ~ç î√™«®√≥ƒZ™x AJT ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç-™éÀ ´Ææ’hçC.) Drupad: OK, Let's see. (îª÷ü∆lç)








Real life situations spoken English expressions sions (back versation

™ ™ back ûÓ îª÷ü∆lç. É™«çöÀ expres´îËa, ´’J-éÌEo ¢√úøôç ´©x, áèπ◊\´ °ü¿l-´÷-ô©’ ¢√úË-îÓô, Ñ ™«çöÀ) ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕûË, ´’† con≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above. 1) We must put our back into it and finish it in a day or two. 2) He knows tractors of any make like the back of his hand. 3) Of late the government has started back door increase in taxes. 4) You are backing the wrong horse.

ÅûªúÕ ûªçvúÕ ÅüË Ç°∂‘Æˇ™ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’. Åçü¿’-´©x Åûª-†-éπ\úø ÖüÓuí∫ç §Òçü∆úø’ (Åçõ‰ v°æA¶µº ´©x é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡x ûªçvúÕ °æ©’-èπ◊-•-úÕ-´©x) b) He is trying back door methods to get the contract.

(Ç é¬çvö«é˙d†’ ¢Á÷Ææçí¬/ üÌúÕf-ü∆-J-ØÁjØ√ §Òçü¿-ö«EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.) c) I don't advise back door methods. Let's go according to rules.

(üÌçí∫ °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’/ üÌúÕf-ü∆J °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’ Ø√ Ææ©-£æ…é¬ü¿’ (¢√öÀéÀ ؈’ N®Ω’ü¿l¥ç). E•ç-üµ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç ¢Á∞«lç.) 4) Backing the wrong horse =

ãúÕ-§Ú-ûª’-†o-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊/ Èí©’°æ¤ Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™‰E N≠æ-ߪ÷EéÀ ´’ü¿l-A-´yúøç. a) Those who supported the NDA in the last general elections were backing the wrong horse.

(í∫ûª áEo-éπ™x áFfßË’èπ◊ ´’ü¿l-A-*a† ¢√∞¡Ÿx, ãúÕ-§ÚßË’ §ƒKdéÀ ´’ü¿l-A-î√a®Ω’. b) America backed the wrong horse in Korea.

(Å¢Á’-Jé¬ éÌJ-ߪ÷™ Èí©’°æ¤ Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™‰E ´®√_Eo Ææ´’-Jnç-*çC.) c) Expecting Indian movies to be without obscenity is backing the wrong horse.

The expressions in the sentences above are: 1) put our back into it. 2) knows tractors like the back of his hand. 3) back door increase in taxes. 4) backing the wrong horse. 1) put our back into it.

(äéπ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ (´’†ç) áçûª-®·Ø√ v¨¡´’-°æ-úøôç.) a) We must put our back into it and finish it in a day or two.

(¢Ë’ç áçûÁjØ√ v¨¡´’-°æúÕ äéπöÀ È®çúø’ ®ÓV™x ü∆Eo °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L.) b) If the government really puts its back into it, total literacy is not impossible.

(v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Eïçí¬ v¨¡N’ÊÆh/ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úÕûË °æ‹Jh Åéπ~-®√-Ææuûª Å≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬ü¿’.) c) If only you put your back into it, you can really achieve it. (

†’¢Ëyí∫†éπ Eïçí¬ v¨¡´’-°æ-úÕûË, ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫-©´¤.)

d) Put your back into and nothing is impossible.

(ÅQx-©-ûª-™‰-E ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆœE-´÷-©’ -Öç-ö«-ߪ’-†’éÓ-´-úøç Ææ-Jé¬-ü¿’/ ï®Ω-í∫E °æE. (Å™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷©’ ®√´¤.)) (Backing the wrong horse ÅØËC í∫’v®Ω-°æpç-ü∆© †’ç* ´*açC. ãúÕ-§ÚßË’ í∫’v®Ωç-O’ü¿ °æùç °ôdúøç ÅE Å®Ωnç.)

v°æ¨¡o: i.

¢√®Ωh©’ Åçõ‰ †÷uÆˇ éπü∆. News èπ◊ singular àN’öÀ? ii. ´®Ωt ÂÆpLxç-í˚†’ varma ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ Verma ÅE ®√≤ƒh-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? – ÅL-¨ÎöÀd ≤ƒyN’-ü∆Æˇ, A§ƒp-ߪ’-°æLx, éπKç-†-í∫®˝- >-™«x.

ï¢√•’:

i. News, plural English singular,

*´®Ω 's' Öçúøôç ´©x ņ’-èπ◊çö«ç– é¬E ™ news á°æ¤púø÷ ü∆EéÀ plural ™‰ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ ü∆E´·çü¿’ a/ an ®√ü¿’.

(áçûÁjØ√ v¨¡´’-°æ-úÕûË àD Å≤ƒ-üµ¿uç-é¬ü¿’.) 2) Know (some thing/ somebody) like the back of one's hand =

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ¶«í¬/ °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁL-Ææ’ç-úøôç (éπ®Ω-ûª-™«-´’-©éπç).

Drupad: And some times by a mid year rise in tax.

a) He knows tractors of any make like the back of his hand.

(´’J-éÌ-Eo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´’üµ¿u °æ†’o -°ç-îªôç ü∆y®√)

(ᙫçöÀ vö«éπd®Ωx®·Ø√ Åûª-úÕéÀ ¶«í¬/ °æ‹Jhí¬/ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.)

a) I have news for you / important news for you.

Beneath means immediately under (covered up) a) His body lay beneath a heap of stones b) Beneath the book lay a Rs. 1000/- note. Difference between below and beneath: below: at lower level anywhere. beneath: Immediately/ just under. a) Hanging on the wall was a picture below a map = The picture could be any where below the map. b) The map lay beneath a newspaper = The newspaper was just above/ covering the map. underneath = almost the same as beneath = Immediately under/ below something when it car or hides it. a) The ball rolled underneath the standing car = The car covered the ball under it. b) He was wearing a shirt underneath the sweater. under = below something. a) They sat under a tree. (Physical position) b) The country is under UPA rule now and the state, under congress rule = under the control of. under = below, when we say, 'It may cost under Rs. 10000/- or below Rs. 10,000/ii) On = just above something. a) The book is on the table. (The table supports the book.) b) over = anywhere above, some height above. a) He jumped over the wall. 'over' also means, above in amount, height, age, etc. b) He is over 6' tall c) The bridge is five feet above the water level. d) He is over 60 years in age.

b) This is good news / This news is good. ii.

´®Ωt ÅØËC Indian name éπü∆. 鬕öÀd Öî√a-®Ωù†’ •öÀd à spelling Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

- M. SURESAN

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 3 -´÷-Ja 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Bhavan: We are fortunate. Democracy is still safe. OK. I've to go now. I've back breaking work. I have to attend to it.

281

(´’†ç Eïçí¬ Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-©¢Ë’. v°æñ«≤ƒy´’uç °æC©ç. ÆæÍ®. ØË ¢Á∞«xL. Ø√èπ◊ †úÕf-N-J-Ííçûª °æE ÖçC. ÅC îª÷ú≈L.)

Bharat: (Have you) heard of the hot news?

(û√ñ«, ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ¢√®Ωh NØ√o¢√?) Bhavan: (Do) you mean the government's attempt to gag the media? Thank God, before matters became too hot, the government cancelled the order.

(†’´y-†úøç, O’úÕߪ÷ ØÓ®Ω’-ØÌ-Íé\-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç îËÆ œ† v°æߪ’-ûªo¢Ë’ éπü∆? N≠æߪ’ç ´’K Bv´-´’-ßË’u-´·çüË v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ûª† Öûªh®Ω’y ®Ωü¿’l-îË-ÆœçC) gag= Å®Ω-´-ö«-EéÀ O™‰x-èπ◊çú≈ ØÓöx í∫’úøf-©’-èπ◊-éπ\ôç

Bharat: OK, then. Bye. ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

Conversation ™ back ûÓ ´îËa expressions ´’JéÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. É´Fo èπÿú≈ ÆæJ-ßÁi’† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úÕûË, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Å´-ûªL ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ î√™« Ææ’©¶µº¢Á’i, communication Ææ’©-¶µº-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. Look at the following expressions from the conversation above. 1) He is only a back bencher in the party, as he was at school and college.

corruption charges =

2 = ÅN-FA, Ç®Ó-°æ-ù©’

b) Confronted by the photographs, the murderer had his back to the wall and confessed to the murder = photographs

ûÓ E©-D-Æ œ-†-°æ¤úø’, £æ«çûª-èπ◊úø’ ÉçÍéç v°æû√u´÷oߪ’ç ™‰éπ £æ«ûªu îËÆœ-†ô’d îÁÊ°p-¨»úø’. confess= îËÆ œ†ûª°æ¤p ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç. confront = áü¿’-®Ó\-´ôç/ E©-D-ߪ’ôç. 4) Turn one's back on = ¢Á†’-A-®Ω-í∫ôç/ A®Ω-Ææ \Jç-îªôç/ ´uA-Í®-éÀç-îªôç/ N´·-êûª îª÷°æôç.

v°æ¨¡o: Big - large, high - huge.

i) big, large, huge

ûÓ high èπ◊ Åçûª Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆, î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ûª°æp. Big, large, huge éà high éà ûËú≈ î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊

Ç¢Á’ í∫®Ωyç ´©x ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπ-´’-ߪ÷u®Ω’.

clear.

big huge Spoken English big

°æJ-´÷-ùç™ (size) °ü¿l-üÁj†. Large, éÀ èπÿú≈ ÉüË Å®Ωnç ÖçC. Å®·ûË ™ °ü¿l ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\¢√úø-û√®Ω’ – large, huge ¢√úø®Ω’. ´í¬ È®çúÓC, ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’ á°æ¤púø÷ large, huge ¢√úøç. Big ÅØË Åçö«ç – °ü¿l size/ ´ßª’Ææ’†o ¢√∞¡x†’. ´÷´‚-©’-í¬ Â°-ü¿lí¬ Ö†o ņ-ö«-EéÀ big ¢√úøôç correct, large ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Large ¢√úøéπç formal written English ™ØË áèπ◊\´. Huge Åçõ‰ î√™«, î√™« °ü¿l ÅE. Big, large ņo-°æ¤púø’ °ü¿l ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰, huge Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´ °ü¿l-üÁj† ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. @´¤©’ (´’†’-≠æfl©’/ ïçûª’-´¤©’) °ü¿l-¢Áj-†´Fo big. Å-¢Ë formal English ™ ïçûª’-´¤-™„jûË

The government has backed off Bharat: That's very bad. That the government could even think of it is really shocking.

(ÅC ü∆®Ω’ùç. ÅÆæ©’ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ Ç™-*ç-îª-úø¢Ë’ î√™« Cví¬s¥çA éπL-Tç-îË-Cí¬ ÖçC) Bhavan: Our former classmate Aravind is a member of the ruling party. Shall we ask his opinion of it? Shall I call him?

(´’†

classmate

Å®Ω-Nçü˛ ÅCµ-鬮Ω party Æ涵º’uúË éπü∆? ¢√úÕ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Åúø’-í∫’-ü∆´÷? phone îËߪ’Ø√?) Bharat: Save yourself the trouble. What can he say? He is only a back bencher in the party, just as he was at school and college. Who cares what he thinks?

(Åçûª v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ †’´¤y. ¢√úËç îÁ°æp-í∫-©úø’? ¢√úø’ party ™ v§ƒüµ∆-†u癉-E-¢√úø’. School, college ™ èπÿú≈ °ü¿l ®Ω’-Èéj† Nü∆uJn é¬ü¿’-éπü∆?) Bhavan: The government backed off. That's a big relief. Otherwise the government would have been guilty of a black law.

(v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ¢Á†èπ◊\ ûªT_çC. ÅC °ü¿l Ü®Ωô. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË £æ…E-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† îªö«dEo îËÆœ† üÓ≠œí¬ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç E©-•-úËüË.) black law = v°æï-©èπ◊ î√™« £æ…E-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† îªôdç/ ü¿’®√t-®Ω_°æ¤ îªôdç Bharat: The government had no choice. It had found that it had its back to the wall.

(v°æ¶µº’-û√y-EéÀ ÉçÍéç ´÷®Ω_ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC. v°æû√u-´÷oߪ’ç àç éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.) Bhavan: Its plan to muzzle the media, it realized, would back fire. It thought better of it and cancelled the order.

(O’úÕߪ÷ ØÓ®Ω’-ØÌÍé\ÊÆ ûª† °æü∑¿éπç ´©x ûª†Íé üÁ•sE v°æ¶µº’-û√y-EéÀ ûÁL-≤Ò-*açC. é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç* Öûªh-®Ω’y†’ ®Ωü¿’l-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çC) muzzle = ØÓ®Ω’-ØÌ-Íé\-ߪ’ôç (´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈) muzzle èπ◊ Éûª®Ω Å®√n©’. 1) èπ◊éπ\©’, í∫’v®√-©’™«çöÀ ïçûª’-´¤© ØÓ®Ω÷, ´·èπ◊\ ®Ωçvüµ∆©÷ éπL°œ; 2) èπ◊éπ\©’ ™«çöÀN éπ®Ω-´-èπ◊çú≈, ¢√öÀ-´‚-AéÀ GTçîË cover. Bharat: If it had gone ahead with the order, the people would have turned their back on the ruling party.

(v°æ¶µº’-ûªy¢Ë’ í∫†’éπ Ç Öûªh-®Ω’y†’ Å´’-©’°æ-®Ω-îª-ôç™ ´·çü¿’Èé∞¡Ÿ}çõ‰ v°æï©’ ÅCµ-鬮Ω §ƒKdéÀ N´·-ê’-©ßË’u ¢√∞Ïx)

3) It had found it had its back to the wall. 4) The people would have turned their back on the ruling party. 5) Its plan to muzzle the press, it realized, would back fire. The expressions with 'back' are: 1) back bencher 2) back off 3) found it had its back to the wall

b) The people turned their back on the TDP Government because of its indifference to farmers = TDP

È®jûª’-©-°æôx E®Ωxéπ~uç ´©x éÀ ´uA-Í®-éπ-´’-ߪ÷u®Ω’. 5) back fire = (°æü∑¿éπç ™«çöÀN) ûª©-éÀç-ü¿’-©-´ôç/ A°œp-éÌ-ôdúøç. °æü∑¿éπç ¢ËÆœ† ¢√∞¡xÍé £æ…E éπ©-í∫úøç v°æï©’

a) Pak support of terrorism has back fired with the terrorists attacking Pak targets =

5) back fire 1) Back bencher = (school/ college

a) Though a back bencher at school he excelled in studies at college = school

™ îªü¿’´¤ °æôx Åçûª ÇÆæéÀh ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, college ™ ´÷vûªç îªü¿’-´¤™  ¶«í¬ ®√ùÀçî√úø’. excel = (àüÁjØ√ ®Ωçí∫ç™/ 鬮√u-éπ-™«-§ƒ™x) ®√ùÀç-îªôç. she excels at music and art = ÆæçU-ûªç™ éπ∞¡™x Ç¢Á’ ®√ùÀ-≤ÚhçC. excel ûª®√yûª in í¬F, at í¬F ´Ææ’hçC. Excel èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çüË excellent. b) He is a back bencher in the party. Nobody consults him on any matter =

Åûª†’ §ƒKd™ Åçûª v°æ´·-ê’-úø’-é¬úø’. á´®Ω÷ ÅûªEo à N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™†÷ Ææçv°æ-Cç-Ω’. 2) back off = ´uA-Í®-éπ-ûªèπ◊, áü¿’-öÀ-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ¶µºßª’-°æúÕ ¢Á†èπ◊\ ûªí∫_ôç/ áü¿’-®Ω’-°æúÕ §Ú®√-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶µºßª’°æ-úøôç. a) The government has backed off from the confrontation:

´·ë«-´·" §Ú®√ôç †’ç*/ ´uA-Í®-éπ-ûª†’ áü¿’-®Ó\-™‰éπ, v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ¢Á†-èπ◊\ûª-T_çC. Confrontation = é¬Ø˛-v°∂æç-õ„-ß˝’-≠æØ˛– '鬗, 'ö¸ß˝’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç = Ææ´’-Ææu-©†’/ ¨¡vûª’-´¤-©†’ áü¿’-®Ó\-´ôç, ´·ë«-´·" §Ú®√-úøôç.

b) I never expected him to back off from the fight =

large. (large man/ large woman huge. large family, large numbers Big man, big boy, big smile, big/ large animal

Öví∫-¢√-ü¿’©’ §ƒéÀ-≤ƒh-Ø˛™ ©é~¬u-©†’ üµ¿yçÆæç îËߪ’ôçûÓ, Öví∫-¢√-ü¿’-©èπ◊ §ƒé˙ ´’ü¿lûª’ A°œp-éÌöÀdçC.

4) Turn their back on.

™«çöÀ Nü∆u ÆæçÆæn™x) îªü¿’-´¤™ Åçûª ÇÆæ-éÀh-™‰-E-¢√úø’. (¢Á†’éπ benches ™ èπÿ-ØË-¢√®Ω’). ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x Åçûª v§ƒ´·-êuç-™‰E ≤ƒü∆-Æ‘ü∆ Æ涵º’u©’.

– °œ. ¢Áç-éπ-ô-®√´¤, Æ‘ûª-´’t-üµ∆®Ω, N¨»-ê-°æôoç.

ï¢√•’:

a) Her friends turned their back on her because of her conceit =

2) The government has backed off.

ņç). OöÀéÀ N’ç* Éçé¬ Â°ü¿l-®·ûË Å®·ûË Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’

v°æ¨¡o:

Åçö«ç.

Please let me know the difference between

Åçö«ç.

reminisce, recollect and recount.

ï¢√•’:

-O-öÀ -´’-üµ¿u -ûË-ú≈-©

í∫’-J-ç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

Huge crowd, huge amount of money, huge debts, huge success, etc.

- B Apparao, Vizag

i) Reminisce = To think, talk or write about the happy or pleasant things of the past.

Large eyes

v°æ¨¡o:

I used to I, WE, SHE, THEY, WE, ANY NAME AND ANY RELATIONSHIP in all tenses instead of my friend. But how could I get in simple present tense (present indefinite). Please give me one example in simple present tense.

a) As we entered our college years after we has left it we reminisced about our student days there. b) He reminisced about a pleasant week that he had at the small village. ii) Recollect : Remember something, especially by trying to remember it/ by making an effort to remember it.

- Keerthana Kusuma e-mail.

-ï-¢√-•’:

It's only in the present indefinite (simple present) tense that the form of the verb used for the subjects I, We, You and they is different from the form of the verb for he, (my friend, Gopal, My brother) She, (my sister, my classmate, my mother) and it (the book, the pen) etc.

a) Try as he might he was unable to recollect what happened on the day of the accident. b) I recollect everything of what he said on the day of the incident. Recollect is rather old fashioned and formal and not much in use in modern English. It is not used either in am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing form.

¢√úøû√ç.

I We You and They

}

He (my friend) Write

}

She (my sister) Writes It (the pen)

§Ú®Ω’ †’ç* ¢Á†èπ◊\ ûªí∫’_-û√-úøE

iii) Recount = narrate/ describe an incident/ an experience.

You add '-s' or '-es' to the verb form for he, she and its.

3) Have (some one's) back to the wall =

a) She recounted to the police what she had seen at the accident spot (= She told the police)

With not and in questions in the present simple tense, we use do for I, we, you & they, and does for he, she, it, when 'does' is used we don't add 's'/ '-es' to the verb.

b) he recounted in detail his experience of the space travel.

eg: 1) She sings well

؈-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. î√™« éÀx≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æJ-Æœn-A™ ´’†èπ◊ †îªaE E®Ωgߪ’ç ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† °æJ-ÆœnA/ v°æû√u-´÷oߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. a) When the corruption charges were proved against him, he had his back to the wall and resigned his job =

Åûª-E°j ÅN-FA Ç®Ó-°æ-ù©’ ®Ω’V¢Áj-†-°æ¤úø’, àç v°æû√u-´÷oߪ’ç ™‰éπ ®√@-Ø√´÷ Éî√aúø’.

She does not sing well. 2) He teaches well He does not teach well - M. SURESAN

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 5 -´÷-Ja 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ °œ©’°æ¤ Éî√a®Ω’ éπü∆?) E®Ω-Ææí¬ ã ´uéÀhE í¬F/ ã °æEE é¬F •£œ«-≠æ \-Jç-îªôç) Boycott =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

282

Prahlad: You were talking about some book yesterday. What is it called?

(EØËoüÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-ú≈´¤. ü∆E Ê°Í®çöÀ?) Bhagat: (Do) you mean the fat book with yellow covers? It's Mathematics Made Easy by prof Ganith. A very useful book really.

(°æÆæ’°æ¤ Åö«d Ö†o ™«´¤ °æ¤Ææhéπç í∫’JçîËØ√ †’´¤y ´÷ö«x-úËC? ÅC Prof (Professor) Ganith ®√Æœ† Mathematics Made Easy. î√™« Ö°æ-

Prahlad: That's true, but they called it off when he told them that he didn't mean to insult them.

(Eï¢Ë’ é¬F, Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ Å´´÷-EçîË ÖüËl¨¡ç ûª†èπ◊ ™‰ü¿E Çߪ’† îÁ°æp-ôçûÓ, ¢√∞¡Ÿx-ü∆Eo Ö°æ-Ææç-£æ«-Jç--èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ω’. ®Ωü¿’lîËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.) Bhagat: Teaching really calls for a lot of patience. Impatience and teaching do not go together. it calls for a lot of preparation too. (Teaching

èπ◊ ã®Ω’p -î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ã®Ω’p-™‰O’, -¶-üµ¿-† Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπ ü∆EûÓ äéπöÀ §ÒÆæ-í∫-´¤. Éçé¬ öÃ*çí˚èπ◊ prepa-

called

1

ûª®√yûª

'as'

¢√úøç.

b) Now that she is married to Mr.Sinha, she will be called Mrs.Sinha from now on. (ÆœØ√|ûÓ Â°∞¡x-®·çC éπü∆ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ É°æpöÀ †’ç* Ç¢Á’ Mrs. Sinha ÅE °œ©-´-•-úø’-ûª’çC. Mrs. Sinha ÅE °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’.) 3) Ééπ call èπ◊ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ö†o ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’ôç. a) I called your home but there was no response.

(O’ ÉçöÀéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»†’. Ææpçü¿-†-™‰ü¿’.) b) I'll call you back.

(Fèπ◊ ´’Sx/-A-JT §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh†’.) OöÀéÀ ûÓúø’ callèπ◊ Ö†o ´’J-éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’

response.

(´÷¢Ó-®·-Ææ’d© •çü˛ °œ©’-°æ¤-†èπ◊ Ææpçü¿-†-™‰ü¿’.) 6) ... because he called students names - Call (someone) names Åçõ‰ äéπ-JE ü¿÷≠œçîªôç, ü¿’®√s¥-≠æ-™«úøfç ÅE. (Idiot, fool, scoundrel, rogue ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ Aôdôç) a) He is good at calling names.

(Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ Aôd-ôç™ ¢√úø’ íÌ°æp) b) Unable to bear her husband's ill treatment she called him names.

(¶µº®Ωh ¢ËCµç-°æ¤©’ û√∞¡-™‰éπ Ç¢Á’ ÅûªúÕE ü¿÷≠œç-*çC.) 7) But they called off...

WE CALL OUR COUNTRY

Call off =

Ö°æ-Ææç-£æ«-Jç--éÓ-ôç/-®Ωü¿’l îËߪ’ôç.

a) The Umpires decided to call off the match because of poor light.

(ÆæÈ®j† ¢Á©’-ûª’®Ω’ ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´©x Umpires, match †’ ®Ωü¿’l îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ E®Ωg-®·ç-î√®Ω’.) b) The Workers' Union Called off the strike.

ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æ¤Ææhéπç) Made Easy = àüÁjØ√ Æ涄èb π◊d†’ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ N´-JçîË °æ¤Ææh-é¬-EéÀ É™«çöÀ Ê°®Ω’ °úø-û√®Ω’.

tion -

îª÷ü∆lç. ´·çü¿’í¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´ôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç)

Prahlad: It does, of course. Any idea of becoming a teacher?

Maths Made Easy, Physics Made Easy. Made Easy =

Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ -îËÆœ†

Prahlad: How about lending it to me for a few days?

(éÌEo-®Ó-V©’ Ø√èπ◊ Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo Å®Ω’-N´y¢√?) lend= Å®Ω’´¤/ Å°æ¤p É´yôç. Bhagat: Call me tomorrow evening about this time. I'll let you know If I am done with it and if I can give it to you.

(Í®°æ¤ ÑÆæ-´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛îÁ®·u. ؈’ Féπ-°æ¤púø’ îÁ•’-û√†’, Ø√èπ◊ ü∆çûӰ憮·-§Ú-®·çü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅE, ü∆Eo FéÀ-´y-í∫-©Ø√ ™‰ü∆ ÅE) If I am done with it - be done with something =

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æ‹®Ωh-´ôç/ üËEûÓ Å®·Ø√ °æE-°æ‹-®Ωh´yôç Éçéπ-ü∆E Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. Prahlad: How long can I keep it?

(ØËØÁç-ûª-鬩ç Öç-éÓ-´îª’a ü∆Eo) Bhagat: Call me back in a week. You can keep it as long as that.

(äéπ-¢√®Ωç ûª®√yûª AJT §∂ÚØ˛ îÁß˝’.) Prahlad: Is the book really good?

(Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Eïçí¬ íÌ°æpü∆/ ¶«´¤çü∆?) Bhagat: It's really good. Some of the difficult problems have been worked out very clearly. Our lecturer's teaching isn't as good as that.

(Eïçí¬ ¶«í∫’çC. éÌEo éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† ™„éπ\©’ î√™« N-´®Ωçí¬ N´-Jç* ÖØ√o®·. ´’† ™„éπa-®Ω®˝ öÃ*çí˚ D†çûª ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’.) Prahlad: He calls himself a great teacher, but his explanations are as clear as mud.

(Çߪ’† ûªØË-üÓ íÌ°æp öÃ˝ †çö«úø’. é¬E Çߪ’† N´-®Ωù Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« éπ≠dçæ .) As clear as mud = Å®Ωnç-îË-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç éπ≠dç æ. His jokes are as clear as mud.

(ÅûªúÕ ñé˙q Å®Ωnç-鬴¤ – Åçõ‰ †´¤y °æ¤öÀdç-¤ ÅE.) Bhagat: Wasn't there a call for a boycott of his classes, because he called students names? (

Nü∆u-®Ω’n©†’ AöÀd†-ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -E®ΩÆæ-†í¬ Çߪ’† é¬xÆˇ-© •£œ«-≠æ \-®Ω-ùèπ◊ -N-ü∆u®Ω’-n©’

(ÅC Eï¢Ë’. FÍé-´’Ø√o öÃ˝ ÅßË’u ÖüËl¨¡uç Öçü∆?) Bhagat: I don't think I can make a good teacher. I don't want to hear cat calls and whistles in my class.

(؈’ öÃ˝í¬ °æEéÀ ®√†-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. classay °œLx-èπÿ-ûª©÷, Ñ©©÷ NØ√-©E ņ’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.) Prahlad: Bye then, see you (´≤ƒh)


Call ÅØËC English ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωù¢Á’i† ´÷ô. Å®·ûË ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, ü∆çûÓ éπLÊ° Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©†’ •öÀd, Call Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç English ™ î√™« áèπ◊\´. ÉC Simple Spoken English ™ î√-™« v°æ´·-ê-¢Á’i† ´÷ô. Daily real life situations ™ DE ¢√úøéπç î√™« áèπ◊\´. É°æ¤púø’ call †’ í∫’Jç* éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. 1) Call Åçõ‰ ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æ œ† Å®Ωnç – °œ©´ôç. a) Please call the bearer.

é¬Ææh bearer †’ °œ©-´çúÕ. (´÷´‚-©’í¬ È®≤ƒdÈ®çö¸q™ server ÅE ûª°æ¤pí¬ °œLîË Ç£æ…®Ω §ƒFߪ÷-©ç-CçîË ¢√®Ω’ – bearer. ¶„ß˝’®Ω) b) The teacher called me to tell me to study well.

(¶«í¬ îªü¿-´-´’E îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ††’o °œL-î√úø’.) 2) Call Åçõ‰ Ê°®Ω’ °öÀd °œ©-´ôç èπÿú≈ éπü∆? a) We call our Country India.

(´’†ç ´’† ü˨»Eo ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ÅE °œ©’≤ƒhç/ Åçö«ç) b) They call their new born child Anand.

(¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æ¤öÀd† Gúøf†’ džçü˛ ÅE °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’/ Åûª-úÕéÀ džçü˛ ÅE Ê°®Ω’ °ö«d®Ω’.) c) We call Gandhi a Mahatma.

(í¬çDµE ´’£æ…-ûª’t-úøE °œ©’≤ƒhç/ Åçö«ç.) Important: Call ûª®√yûª as ®√ü¿’. d) She called him a fool. (She called him as a fool

é¬ü¿’) English ™ Passive form of call 'be called Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç î√™« áèπ◊\´. (be •ü¿’©’, -à be form Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a – am, is, are, shall be, has

been, etc)

a) Gandhi is called Mahatma passive form

Ééπ\úø is called ™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – í¬çDµ ´’£æ…-ûª’t-úøE °œ©’-´-•-úø-û√úø’ – ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ –í¬çDµ-E ´’£æ…-ûª’t-úøç-ö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ is

Look at the following Sentences from the dialogue at the beginning of the lesson: 1) What is it (the book) called?

(é¬Jtéπ Ææç°∂æ’ç Ææ¢Á’t†’ N®Ω-N’ç-*çC, Ö°æ-Ææç-£æ«-Jç-èπ◊çC.) 8) Teaching Calls for a lot of patience = Call for =

Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-´ôç.

(Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Ê°Í®çöÀ?) 2)

a) Medicine Calls for Patience.

Call me tomorrow evening.

(¢Ájü¿u ´%AhéÀ ã®Ω’p Å´-Ææ®Ωç) (Í®°æ¤ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îÁß˝’.)

3) Call me back in a week.

(¢√®Ωç ûª®√yûª ´’Sx Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îÁß˝’.) 4) He calls himself a great teacher.

(Çߪ’† ûªØÁçûÓ íÌ°æp öÃ˝ÅE îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.) 5) Wasn't there a call for the boycott of his classes.

(Çߪ’† class © •≠œ-≠æ \-®Ω-ùèπ◊ °œ©’-°œ-î√a®Ω’ éπü∆/ °œ©’°æ¤ ´*açC éπü∆?) 6) ... because he called students, names.

(Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ ü¿’®√s¥-≠æ-™«úÕ†çü¿’èπ◊ í¬†’.) 7) But they called it off when he told them ...

(é¬F ¢√∞¡Ÿx ü∆Eo Ö°æ-Ææç-£æ«-Jç--èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’/ ®Ωü¿’l îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.) 8) Teaching really calls for a lot of patience and preparation.

(öÃ*çí˚èπ◊ î√™« ã®Ω’p, v°œ°æ-Í®-≠æØ˛ Å´-Ææ®Ωç.)

b) Designing a bridge like that Calls off careful Planning and ingenuity.

(Å™«çöÀ ´çûÁ† ®Ω÷°æ-éπ-©p-†èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† °æü∑¿éπç, éÌûªh °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’, éÌûªh Nüµ∆-Ø√©’ Ç™-*ç-îª-í∫© ¨¡éÀh Å´Ææ®Ωç.) Ingenuity - ÉØ˛-ñ„Ø˛—ߪ‚-ÅöÀ: 'ߪ‚— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’èπ◊û√ç. 'É— éÌçîÁç ûªèπ◊\´ ØÌéÀ\ °æ-©’èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç = ¢Ë’üµ¿-Ææ’qûÓ éÌûªhí¬ Ç™-*ç-îª-í∫-©-í∫úøç, Ææ´’-Ææu©èπ◊, éÌûªh °æJ-≥ƒ\-®√©’ éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç.) Ingenuousness- ÉC ¢ËÍ®. àç Å®Ω-´’-J-éπ©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-Ææ’q™ Ö†o-ü¿’-†oô’x frank í¬ îÁÊ°p ûªûªyç). Exercise: Match the following: A

B

1. barefoot

A) Broken

2. abundant

B) very much

3. cracked

C) provoke

What is it called, Call me tomorrow, Call me back in a week =

4. extremely

D) stress

5. irritate

E) Shoeless

4) He calls himself a great teacher.

Key: 1) F 2) E 3) A 4)B 5) C

-OöÀ Å®√n©’ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. É°æ¤púø’ OöÀE îª÷úøçúÕ.

F) Plenty

(ûªØËüÓ íÌ°æp öÃîª-®˝-†E îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç.)

Call

a) They call him a great Cricketer, but he is not in form now.

(ÅûªúÕE ¢√∞¡Ÿx íÌ°æp véÀÈé-ô®˝ Åçö«-®Ω’/-ÅE ņ’èπ◊çö«®Ω’, é¬F Åûª-úÕ-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ ÇúË °æJ-ÆœnA™ ™‰úø’.) b) They call you a gentleman, but is this how you behave?

(Åçü¿®Ω’ †’¢ËyüÓ Â°ü¿l-´’-E-≠œ-´ç-ö«®Ω’, É™«Ø√ †’´¤y v°æ´-Jhç-îËC?) 5) Wasn't there a call for a boycott...

–Ééπ\úø

call

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, àüÁjØ√ Ωuèπ◊ °œ©’°æ¤ ÅE.

a) The Mahatma gave a call for non cooperation.

(Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-E-®√-éπ-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ´’£æ…-û√t-í¬çDµ °œ©’-°œî√a®Ω’.) b) The Workers' Union gave a call for tool down strike.

(°æE-´·ô’x -´-C-L Ææ-¢Á’tèπ◊ -Cí¬-©-E é¬Jt-éπ-Ææç°∂æ’ç °œ©’-°œ-*açC.)

v°æ¨¡o: No, Not

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

There is not a cat on the table. There is no cat on the table.

-Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC

éπÈ®é˙d?

ï¢√•’:

– Æœ.£«î˝. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰¨¡ç, -ï-úøa®Ωx.

There is not a cat on the table, There is no cat on the table correct. Spoken English not There isn't a cat on the table There isn't any cat on the table There is no cat on the table formal.

È®çúø÷

™

Å®·ûË °æ‹Jhí¬ Å†-èπ◊çú≈, ÅE-í¬F, Åçûª-

éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ÅEí¬F Åçö«ç. é¬Ææh

C) The Maoists' call for a bandh got no - M. SURESAN

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 7 -´÷-Ja 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Ooha: Let's give a call and find out. (Phone

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

283

Ooha: Hi Satya, you promised to call me back yesterday. I waited and waited but had no call from you.

(†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´’Sx phone îË≤ƒh-†E ´÷öÀî√a´¤ E†o. áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ é¬îª’-èπÿ\--Ø√oØÓ, Ø√èπ◊ F †’ç* phone ´÷vûªç ™‰ü¿’.) Satya: I thought I'd call at your place instead of making a call. I couldn't, as my brother who was with me was in a hurry. So I decided to call back when I reached home, but after I was home I clean forgot about it.

îËÆœ éπ†’-èπ◊\çü∆ç.)

Satya: I don't think she'll come. Her father isn't well. Just yesterday they called in the doctor. Hope it isn't serious.

(ûª†’ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E ؈-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰úø’. E†oØË doctor †’ °œL°œç-î√®Ω’. Åçûª serious é¬ü¿E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o.) Ooha: We don't lose anything by calling her. We can find out her dad's condition too. (Phone

îËÊÆh §ÚßË’üËç ™‰ü¿’-éπü∆. ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o °æJ-ÆœnA èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a.)

Satya: OK. ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

Modern spoken English phone call Phone some one/ ring up some one/ give some one a ring

™

èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*

®Ωéπ-®Ω-é¬-©’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

ÅØË ´÷ô-L-

°æ¤-úøçûª ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰´¤.

2

a) Hema returns others calls promptly = phone Hema phone

îËÊÆh, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ AJT

á´-®ΩØ√o ûª†èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË îËÆæ’hçC.

b) I called him and he was away. I am sure he will return my call, as soon as phone he is back. phone

Åûª†’ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ î˨»†’. Åûªúø’ AJT ®√í¬ØË Ø√èπ◊ îË≤ƒh-úøE í∫öÀdí¬ †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’.

2) I had no call from you =

F †’ç* Ø√èπ◊

phone

®√™‰ü¿’. Have a call = Phone ®√´ôç/ °œ©’°æ¤ ®√´ôç a) I had a call from office yesterday asking me to proceed to the head office = Head office phone

office

èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}-Lqç-Cí¬ Ø√èπ◊ E†o ´*açC.

†’ç*

Give a call= Make a call= call= call up= phone

îËߪ’ôç.

a) I called out to her=

Ç¢Á’†’ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ °œL-î√†’. Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ °œ©-´ôç/ Å®Ω-´ôç. (í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. call out èπÿ, phone îËߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ call ûÓ ¢√úË expressions èπÿ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.)

call out=

a) I saw my friend sitting in the front row in the cinema. I called out to him but he did not hear me =

ÆœE´÷ £æ…™x ´·çü¿’-´-®Ω-Ææ™ Ö†o Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úÕE Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ °œL-î√†’, é¬E ¢√úÕéÀ NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.

b) She called out to her father for help=

I had no call from you (Phone îËÊÆ •ü¿’©’ O’ ÉçöÀÍé ´ü∆l-´’-†’èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F ´÷ brother î√™« ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√oúø’. ÉçöÀéÌ*a-†-ûª-®√yûª phone îËߪ’-ö«EéÀ E¨¡a-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o. é¬E ÉçöÀ-éÌ-îËa-Ææ-JéÀ ü∆E N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷.) Ooha: I don't know why and this isn't the first time. You rarely return my calls.

(áçü¿’èπ◊ AJT phone îËߪ’¢Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, Åçü¿’™ ÉC ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-J-é¬ü¿’. Ø√ Phones èπ◊ •ü¿’-©’í¬ †’´¤y î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ Phone îË≤ƒh´¤.) Satya: Don't be cross, dear. Take it from me, it will not happen again.

(éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊. ؈’ îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√o†’ éπü∆, ´’Sx Å™« ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.) Take it from me = ؈’ îÁ°æ¤ h-Ø√o†’ éπü∆ = †îªaîÁ-°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË-´÷ô be cross = éÓ°æçí¬ Öçúøôç. Ooha: You've said that before. Show it in action.

(†’Nyç-ûª-èπ◊-´·çüË îÁ§ƒp´¤. Ñ≤ƒJ îËûª™ îª÷°œç) Satya: At office my job involves taking calls. Too many calls and when I return home late at night, I don't feel like making calls. Please understand me. (Office

™ phone calls receive îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Ø√ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ ¶µ«í∫ç. ´’K ´’K Phones ´Ææ’hç-ö«®·. ®√vA ÉçöÀ-éÌ-îËa-Ææ-JéÀ ÉçÈé-´-Jéà Phone îËߪ÷©E-°œç-îªü¿’. ††o®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ.) involves = ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Öçúøôç Ooha: Then why make promises and keep people waiting for you to return their calls.

(Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´÷öÀ-´yôç üËEéÃ, Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ †’´¤y AJTîËÊÆ Phone © éÓÆæç é¬îª’-èπ◊-ØËô’x îËߪ’ôç üËEéÀ?) Satya: OK. In future I won't keep you waiting for my calls. Be sure of it.

(ÆæÍ®. Ééπ-´·çü¿’ Ø√ phone éÓÆæç E†’o é¬îª’-éÓ-E-´y†’. ÉC éπ*aûªç.) Ooha: OK. Let's now call Maya up and ask her if she is coming with us to the movie.

(ÆæÍ®. É°æ¤púø’ ´÷ߪ’èπ◊ phone îËÆœ ûª†’ ´’†ûÓ ÆœE-´÷-éÌ-Ææ’hçüÓ ™‰üÓ Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç) Satya: Yea. I remember, coming out of office, I saw her getting into bus. I called out to her. She turned round and waved her hand. I didn't understand what she meant.

(Ç. Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC, office †’ç* •ßª’-öÀéÀ ´Ææ÷h ؈’, ´÷ߪ’ bus áéπ\úøç îª÷¨». Gí∫_®Ωí¬ °œL-î√†’. ¢Á†éÀ\ AJT îË®· Ü°œçC. ü∆†®Ωnç àN’ö Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωnç-é¬-™‰ü¿’)

American influence

(v°æ¶µ«´ç) ´©x call, ü∆E Éûª®Ω ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ î√™« ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´îËa-¨»®·. ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ¢√öÀE Ææçü¿-®√s¥-†’-≤ƒ-®Ωçí¬ ¢√úøôç, ¢√úø-í∫-©-í∫úøç, real life situation ™ î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç, phone ÅØËC (land/ cell) Çüµ¿’-Eéπ @N-ûªç™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Eû√u-´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-®·çC 鬕öÀd. Look at the following expressions from the dialogue between Ooha and Satya. 1) You promised to call me back 2) I had no call from you 3) I decided to call back when I reached home. 4) You rarely return my calls. 5) At office my job involves taking calls. 6) I don't feel like making calls 7) Why make people wait for you to return their calls 8) Let's now call Maya up 9) I called out to her. 10) Let's give a call and find out. 11) Just yesterday they called in the doctor. 1) You promised to call me back = phone

Ø√èπ◊ †’´¤y îË≤ƒh-†E ´÷öÀ-î√a´¤. ´’Sx/ AJT Call back/ Call (some one) back = äéπ-JéÀ AJT phone îËߪ’ôç. ´’†ç ûÁ©-§ƒ-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç ´’† ü¿í∫_®Ω ready í¬ ™‰†-°æ¤púø÷, ´’†ç äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Å´¤Ø√, é¬ü∆ ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ time 鬢√Lq ´*a-†°æ¤púø’, ´’†ç I'll call (you) back and let you know Åçö«ç. a) Tulasi: Hello Mallika, are you coming for the function tomorrow? (Hello,

†’´¤y Í®°æ¤

function

èπ◊ ´Ææ’hØ√o¢√?)

Mallika: I haven't decided yet. I am very busy shopping now. I'll call you back in an hour.

(Éçé¬ àç ņ’éÓ™‰ü¿’/ E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ shopping ™ busy í¬ ÖØ√o. ´’Sx ã í∫çö«T phone îË≤ƒh Fèπ◊.) b) I can make free calls from my company phone. So just give me a missed call and be sure I'll call you back.

(´÷ company †’ç* ؈’ free phone calls îËßÁ·îª’a. 鬕öÀd †’´¤y missed call É´¤y. ؈’ Fèπ◊ AJT phone îË≤ƒh.) c) He is too busy. Don't expect him to call back, though he says so = busy. phone phone

Åûªúø’ ´’K ûª†’ ´’†èπ◊ îË≤ƒh-†Ø√o, îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-éÓèπ◊. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ return a call Åçö«ç. No. 4 îª÷úøçúÕ: You rarely return my calls. (Ø√ phones èπ◊ •ü¿’©’í¬) †’´¤y î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ îË≤ƒh´¤. (áçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ Øˆ’ Fèπ◊ phone îËߪ’-ô-¢Ë’-í¬F, †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø÷ îËߪ’´¤/ †’¢Ëy Ø√èπ◊ ´’Sx phone îË≤ƒh-†ç-ö«´¤ é¬F îËߪ’´¤.)

Ç¢Á’ ≤ƒßª’ç-éÓÆæç ûª† ûªçvúÕE í∫öÀdí¬ °œL-*çC. c) The teacher called out the names of students selected for the competition=

Å®·ûË have a call Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ °œ©’°æ¤ ®√´ôç – phone ü∆y®√ØË ÅE é¬ü¿’, letter ü∆y®√/ messenger (courier) ü∆y®√ èπÿú≈ 鬢Ìa. I had a call from the company yesterday asking me to attend an interview = Interview company interview

èπ◊ †’ç* °œ©’°æ¤ £æ…ï®Ω’ 鬢√-Lqç-Cí¬ Ø√èπ◊ èπ◊ °œL-î√®Ω’. ´*açC/ ††’o 5) At office my job involves taking calls = Office

™ phones ´ÊÆh ¢√öÀE ´ôç Ø√ NCµ™ ¶µ«í∫ç

receive

îËÆæ’-éÓ-

Take calls = receive a phone call = Phone phone

áAh á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç.

î˨»®Ó á´-J-éÓ-Ææ¢Á÷, àç îÁ§ƒh®Ó

a) Sampanna: I called your office at 6.30 last evening. There was none to take the call=

O’ office èπ◊ E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 6.30 èπ◊ î˨»†’. á´®Ω÷ phone áûªh-™‰ü¿’.

phone

Sowbhagya: Who will be there to take calls at 6.30? The office closes at 6. (6.30 Office

éÀ phone áûªh-ö«EéÀ á´-®Ω’ç-ö«®Ω’? ÇJç-öÀ-éπ™«x ´‚ÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’.)

b) Manager: The caller ID shows that we had a call from our lawyer. Who took the call?

(´’†èπ◊ lawyer ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* phone ´*aç-ü¿E caller ID îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC. Phone á´-È®-û√h®Ω’? Caller ID Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆? Phone îËÆ œ-†-¢√∞¡x number ´’†èπ◊ îª÷°œçîË Ææü¿’-§ƒßª’ç. Manjula: I took the call sir. She wanted some papers.

(؈’ phone áû√h†’. ÇNúø éÌEo 鬢√-©çC.)

papers

6) I don't feel like making calls =

Ø√èπ◊

phone

Make a call.

îËߪ÷-©-E-°œç-îªü¿’. DE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ phone îËߪ’ôç ÅØË.

a) Please make a call to the tailor and tell him we need the clothes urgently= Tailor

èπ◊ phone îËÆœ, ´’†èπ◊ •ôd©’ ¢ÁçôØË é¬¢√-©E îÁ°æpçúÕ.

b) She made the last call to me at 10 last night. Since then she hasn't made any call=

Ç¢Á’ *´-J-≤ƒ-Jí¬ E†o ®√vA 10 éÀ Ø√èπ◊ phone îËÆœçC. Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Ø√éÀç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ phone îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. 8) Let's now call Maya up=

´÷ߪ’èπ◊

phone

îËü∆lç.

call up Maya = call Maya Up = call Maya = phone

´÷ߪ’èπ◊

îË®·.

10) Let's give a call and find out = Phone

îËÆœ éπ†’-èπ◊\çü∆ç.

§ÚöÃéÀ áç°œ-éπ-îË-Æœ† Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Ê°®Ωx†’ teacher îªC-¢√úø’. 11) call in = á´JØÁjØ√ °œ©-´úøç– phone ™í¬F, áü¿’-®Ω’-í¬-í¬F, ´·êuçí¬ doctor, police, fire service ¢√∞¡x†’ °œ©-´ôç.

v°æ¨¡o: Is

there any difference between 'Depends on' and Depends upon'.

-ï-¢√-•’: No difference. However, upon is pre– >.´’-üµ¿’-Ææ÷-ü¿Ø˛, Ææ÷®√u-Ê°ô

ferred when the sentence ends with it. eg. a) A child depends on/ upon its mother for every thing. b) In his old age, he has no one to depend upon. Even in b) 'on' can be used, but upon is preferred because the sentence ends with it.

v°æ¨¡o: ''No documents will be accepted

later or in piece meal''. -Ñ ¢√éπuç Å®√nEo N´-Jç* ''in piece meal'' ¢√úø’éπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç èπÿú≈ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – éπçC-éπôx džç-ü¿- π◊-´÷®˝, í¬ü¿-®√úø -ï-¢√-•’: Piece meal Åçõ‰ äéπ °æE-E ´·çü¿’í¬ Å†’-èπ◊†o v°æ鬮Ωç äéπ °æü¿l¥Aí¬ é¬-èπ◊çú≈, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ éÌçûª äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬, ´’J-éÌçûª -ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ îËߪ’ôç. äéπ °æü¿l¥A ™‰èπ◊çú≈ é¬Ææh Åñ«-ví∫-ûªhí¬ îËߪ’ôç. eg. The house was built in a piece meal manner, so it lacks a neat appearance.

(Ç É©’x Å°æ¤púø’ éÌçûª Å°æ¤púø’ éÌç-ûª éπö«d®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† ®Ω÷°æç-™‰ü¿’.) O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† sentence ™ piece meal Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÆæÈ®j-†Cí¬ Å-E°œç-îª-úø癉ü¿’. •£æ›¨» Ç sentence ™ ÖüËl¨¡ç, °ævû√©†’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬, NúÕ NúÕí¬ Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªôç ï®Ω-í∫-ü¿E. Å™«çô-°æ¤púø’ ®√ߪ÷-Lq† sentence: No document

will be accepted latter or in parts.

v°æ¨¡o: ؈’ Å¢Á’-J-éπØ˛ ÉçTx≠æfl accent ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Oxford dictionary ™ î√™« °æü∆-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* Å¢Á’-J-éπØ˛ Pronunciation É´yèπ◊çú≈ British pronunciation ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. DEü∆y®√ éÌEo°æü∆© AME Öî√a-®Ωù ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰éπ §Úûª’-Ø√o†’. éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – öÀ. Í®´A, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: Hyderabad city ™ leading book stores ™ American Accent O’ü¿, usage O’ü¿ v°æûËu-éÀç* ´’ç* ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. ¢√öÀ-™xE CD © Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

- M. SURESAN

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 9 -´÷-Ja 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Amrit: I'll have it some other time. Don't worry. I don't mind staying here for a while, though.

284

Amrit: Hi Prabhat, what a nice place you live in! A lot of trees around with a number of birds on them, and a wide open space. I hear a number of birds calling.

(v°æ¶µ«û˝, áçûª ´’ç* Éçöx Öçô’-Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y! ô÷d îÁô÷x, ¢√öÀ O’ü¿ °æèπ~◊©’, N¨»-©-¢Á’i† ë«S v°æü˨¡ç. °æèπ~◊© èπÿûª©÷/ Å®Ω’-°æ¤©÷ NE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.) Prabhat: Well, thanks for calling. Nice of you to have thought of seeing me. What brings you here?

(´*aç-ü∆-EéÀ thanks. ††’o îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ ®√´ôç F ´’ç*-ûª†ç/ ´’ç*-¢√-úÕN, îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ ´î√a´¤. àçöÀ™« ´î√a¢˛?)

a) The salesman has to make ten calls a day = salesman company

Ç (ã ûªßª÷-K-©†’ v°æî√®Ωç îËÆæ÷h, shop ©™ orders BÆæ’-èπ◊E, É∞¡x™x Ţ˒t-¢√∞¡Ÿx) ®ÓVèπ◊ 10 îÓô’x îª÷ú≈L.

(ÉçÈé-°æ¤p-úøØ√o ¶µçîË-≤ƒh™‰. °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. é¬F Éçé¬-ÊÆ-°æ¤ç-úø-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íé-O’ Ŷµºuçûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.)














Spoken English daily life situations high expresfrequency expressions sions)

™

™ (ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆? ´’J-éÌEo É°æ¤úø’ îª÷ü∆lç.

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above: 1) Thanks for calling. 2) I called on him and then I thought I'd call round and see you on my way home. 3) The general manager called a meeting. 4) It was ten at night when we called it a day. 5) His orders were that we attend the meeting cancelling all our calls.

2

b) The doctor has made two calls today. He has to make three more calls = Doctor

É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Éü¿l®Ω’ patients †’ îª÷¨»úø’; Éçé¬ ´·í∫’_-JE îª÷ú≈Lq ÖçC. (Call - make a call - phone îËߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆?) 3) The general manager called a meeting = General Manager

Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç à®√pô’ î˨»úø’/ îËÆœçC/ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-®Ω-î√®Ω’.

call a meeting/ discussion etc = meeting/

Ωaèπ◊ °œ©-´ôç/ à®√pô’ îËߪ’ôç.

Shall I call it a day? Amrit: My colleague Kamalakar called in sick yesterday. I called on him and then I thought I'd call round and see you on my way home. But you were no where to be seen yesterday.

(´÷ Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT éπ´’-™«-éπ®˝ Ç®Óí∫uç ÆæJ-í¬™‰-ü¿E E†o office èπ◊ phone î˨»úø’. ÅûªEo îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Åûª-Eç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«}†’. ÉçöÀéÀ AJ-T¢Á∞Ïx ü∆J™ E†’o îª÷ü∆l-´’-E-°œç* ´î√a†’. E†o †’´¤y Ø√Èé-éπ\ú≈ éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’) Prabhat: The general manager called a meeting and it went on till 10 at night when we called it a day. His orders were we attend the meeting, cancelling all our calls.

(´÷ general manager meeting °ö«dúø’. ÅC °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’-Ææ-JéÀ ®√vA 10 Å®·çC. ¢Ë’ç ¢Á∞«x-Lq-†-îÓ-ôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞¡xèπ◊çú≈ meeting èπ◊ ®Ω´’tE Çߪ’† Çïc) Amrit: Why did it go on so late into the night? Was it urgent?

(Åçûª §Òü¿’l-¶-ßË’-ü∆é¬ O’öÀçí˚ áçü¿’èπ◊ ïJTçC? Åçûª urgent ÅØ√?)

Prabhat: The situation did call for an urgent review of our sales strategies following the budget. Hence the meeting. (Budget

´*a† -¢Áç-ô-ØË ´÷ Å´’téπç ´‹u£æ…© ÆæO’-éπ~èπ◊ Å´-Ææ®Ωç éπL-TçC™‰. Åçü¿’-´©x Ç meeting.) (strategy = ´‹u£æ«ç/ °æü∑¿éπç. Review = ÆæO’éπ~. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ´’ç*-îÁ-úøf©’, ü∆E °∂æL-û√©÷, °æJ-Q-Lçîªôç. Book review = °æ¤Ææhéπ ÆæO’éπ~; éÌûªh °æ¤Ææhéπç Núø’-ü¿-©-®·†°æ¤púø’ °æJ-Q-Lç-îªôç. film review = -†-*vûª ÆæO’éπ~) Amrit: Did you speak too? (-†’-´‹y -´÷-ö«x-ú≈-¢√?) Prabhat: The general manager first called upon the area managers to speak. One of them spoke too long. He took more than 45 minutes. So I thought I'd better not speak. (General Manager managers

´·çü¿’í¬ area †’ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x™x äé¬-ߪ’† ´·§ƒp´¤ í∫çô ´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’. ؈’ ´÷ö«x-úøéπ§Úôç ´’ç*-ü¿E ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) Amrit: It's already 9.00. When does the last train call here?

(É°æp-öÀÍé 9.00 Å®·çC. *´J áEoç-öÀ-éÌ-Ææ’hçC?)

train

Ééπ\-úÕéÀ

Prabhat: Local trains call at the nearby station every 15 minutes till 10.30. How about having dinner here?

(- ≤ƒnEéπ È®jRx-éπ\úø v°æA 15 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπÿ Çí∫’-û√®·, ®√vA 10.30 ´®Ωèπ◊. Ééπ\úø ¶µçîËÆœ ¢Á∞¡Ÿx.)

6) The situation did call for an urgent review of our sales strategies.

a) The Principal called a meeting of the lecturers =

7) The general manager first called upon the area managers to speak.

b) The students called a boycott of classes

8) Local trains call at the nearby station every fifteen minutes.

6) The situation called for an urgent review

Spoken English

™ call ûÓ ´îËa expressions Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. OöÀE ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. O’ spoken English î√™« v°æA-¶µ«-´ç-ûªçí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. É°æ¤púø’ äéÓ\ expression îª÷ü∆lç: 1) Thanks for calling = ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ/ ††’o îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ thanks. Call- î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ äéπ v°æüË-¨»-EéÀ/ äéπ-JE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ/ äéπ-JE °æ©-éπ-Jç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç. i) äéπ v°æüË-¨»-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç = call at ii) äéπ-JE îª÷úøôç/ °æ©-éπ-Jç-îªôç = call on (call at a place; call on a person)

a)

E†o ´÷Éç-öÀ-éÌ-î√a-úø-ûª†’ =

He called at my home last night b) Whenever they go this way, they call at the restaurant for a snack and coffee = coffee restaurant (pronunciation -

á°æ¤-úÕ-ô’-¢Á-RxØ√ àüÁjØ√ AE û√Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√∞«x èπ◊ È®≤ƒZØ˛d) ¢Á∞¡-û√®Ω’. call at Åçõ‰ ÉüË Å®√n-EéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o ÉçéÓ Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ† sentence 8 îª÷úøçúÕ:

Local trains call at the nearby station every fifteen minutes = station call at trains, buses station

≤ƒnEéπ È®j∞¡Ÿx Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o èπ◊ v°æA 15 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ ´≤ƒh®·, Çí∫’-û√®·. Åçõ‰ Åçõ‰, ™«çöÀ v°æߪ÷ù ≤ƒüµ¿-Ø√-©’ äéπ ™ Çí∫ôç (v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊-©†’ áéÀ\ç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ CçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊) a) ÅEo trains Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø™  Çí∫’-û√®· =

All trains call at Vijayawada. train. stations b) This is a very slow train. It calls at all stations/ every station. c) It calls only at Nellore on its way from Vijayawada to Chennai =

ÉC î√™« Eü∆-†çí¬ †úÕîË ™ Çí∫’-ûª’çC =

Principal lecturers

Å°æpöÀ °æJ-Æœn-AéÀ ÆæO’éπ~ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’içC. Å´-Ææ®Ω °æJ-ÆœnA à®Ωp-úøôç. £j«ü¿-®√¶«ü˛™ °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o ØË®√© Ææçêu ´©x police Ωu Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å´¤-ûÓçC =

a) Call for =

The growing crime rate in Hyderabad calls for effective police action. b) Your condition calls for immediate medical attention =

F °æJ-Æœn-AéÀ ¢Ájü¿uç áçûÁjØ√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç. (F Ç®Óí∫u °æJ-Æœn-AéÀ ¢Ájü¿u °æJ-Q-©† áçûÁj-Ø√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç.) Look at sentence No.2 2) I called on him =

ÅûªEo ؈’ (¢√Rxçöx) éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. äéπ ´uéÀhE (E¢√-Ææç™) éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. a) v°æüµ∆E ®√≠æZ°æAE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’, UP N≠æ-ߪ’ç™. = The PM called on the President to call on =

discuss U.P. affairs.

b) I call on him, but he rarely calls on me =

؈-ûª-Eç-öÀéÀ ¢ÁRx ÅûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ô¢Ë’ é¬F, Åûª†’ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ´*a ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓúø’. 7) The general manager called upon the area managers to speak = GM, area managers

†’ ´÷ö«x-úø-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. call upon - ÉC éÌçîÁç formal - àüÁjØ√ meeting ™ Åüµ¿u-éπ~ûª ´£œ«ç-îË-¢√®Ω’, á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÀ ™«ç-†çí¬ (formal í¬) °œ©-´ôç. a) ÑØ√öÀ íı®Ω´ ÅA-C∑E ´÷ö«x-úø-´-©-Æ œç-Cí¬ éÓ®Ω’ûª’-Ø√o†’. I call upon the guest of honour to speak.

Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç* îÁØÁj o ¢Á∞Ï} ü∆J™ ØÁ©÷x®Ω’™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Çí∫’-ûª’çC.

(Doesn't call at this station = Doesn't stop at this station.) (Whistle call=

(-´·-êuçí¬ È®j-∞¡Ÿx) èπÿ-ûª-¢ËÊÆç-ûªÊÆ°æ¤/ -î√-™« -ûªèπ◊\-´ÊÆ°æ¤ -äéπ ÊÆd-≠æ-Ø˛-™ -Çí∫-ôç.)

Look at expression 5 above. 5) ... we attend the meeting cancelling all our calls = meeting call = visit

¢Ë’ç ¢Á∞«x-Lq-†-îÓôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ èπ◊ £æ…ï®Ω’ 鬢√Lq ´*açC. (Ææçü¿-Jzç-îªôç) Ééπ\úø

b)

(labyrinth). OöÀéÀ ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü∆©’ îÁ°æpçúÕ. – °œ.¶µº®Ω-û˝-¶µº÷-≠æù˝, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

-ï-¢√-•’:

áçúø-´÷N– Mirage - pronunciation N’®√-ñ ¸ (-ñ ¸– measure ™ '-ï— ™«í∫)– 'N’— -ØÌéÀ\ -°æ-©é¬-L. Æ‘´’çûªç– English ™‰ü¿’, ¢√∞¡xéà Çî√®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. °æü¿t-´‹u-£æ…-EéÀ labyrinth éÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç™‰ü¿’, éÌç-îÁç §ÚL-éπ- ûª°æp. °æü¿t-´‹u£æ«ç ÅØË-C ã battle field ™ formation of soldiers in the form of a padmam (Lotus). Labyrinth Åçõ‰ Oüµ¿’©’, ´÷®√_©’, -Å-Lx-G-Lxí¬, äéπ-ü∆--ØÌo-éπöÀ cross îËÆæ÷h, áéπ\úø ¢Á·ü¿-™„j áéπ\úø, áô’-¢Áj°æ¤ Åçûª-´’-´¤ûª’çüÓ ûË©-E-Ní¬ ÖçúËN. The old city of Hyderabad has a labyrinth of streets.

v°æ¨¡o: éÀçC ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC ÆæÈ®j-†üÓ îÁ°æpçúÕ. 1. I (am to) request you to kindly arrange to add the credits to the accounts of the respective policy holders. 2. I request you kindly arrange to add the credits...

†’ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-®Ω-î√®Ω’.

= Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’© •£œ«-≠æ \-®Ω-ùèπ◊ °œ©’-°œ-î√a®Ω’.

ÅEo

v°æ¨¡o: áçúø-´÷-´¤©’, Æ‘´’çûªç, °æü¿t-´‹u£æ«ç

ÑØ√öÀ ´·êu ÅAC∑E ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿ èπÿ®Óa-¢√-LqçCí¬ °œ©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ = I call upon the chief

guest to take his seat on the dais.

4) It was ten at night when we called it a day =

¢Ë’ç ´·Tç-îË-Ææ-JéÀ ®√vA 10 Å®·çC. ´·Tç-îªôç a) -´‚-úø’ í∫çô©§ƒô’ Ωa ûª®√yûª Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç ´·Tç-î√®Ω’ = They called it a day after call it a day =

discussing for three hours.

b) 30 overs After they played 30 overs, they called it a day.

ÇúÕç-ûª-®√yûª Çô ´·Tç-î√®Ω’ =

c) I've (I have) studied for 3 hours now, mom; shall I call it a day? =

Å´÷t, ´‚úø’ í∫çô©’ îªC-¢√†’ éπü∆, Ç°-ߪ’uØ√?.

3. I request you to kindly arrange for addition of the credits...

-ï-¢√-•’:

–- ´†-°æJh XE-¢√Ææ’, †©x-íÌçúø

1) I am to request you = duty)

N’´’tLo ؈’ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’ (NCµ– 2) I request you = N’´’tLo ؈’- éÓ-®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o†’. (É-≠d-°æ æúÕ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´-úøç.) Å®·ûË I request you kindly arrange ņôç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. O’ letter ™ sentence (3)™™« I request you to kindly arrange ÅE ÅØ√L. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ èπÿú≈ to kindly arrange ÆæJ-é¬-ü¿F, ÅC to arrange kindly Öçú≈-©E grammar èπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç ÉîËa ¢√®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. é¬E ®√†’ ®√†’ to kindly arrange èπÿú≈ standard usage ™ ¶µ«í∫¢Á’i-§Ú-´îª’a. (-OöÀ Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ N’´’tLo ؈’ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’ ÅE – ´’† É-≠dçæ -´©x – NCµ-í¬-é¬ü¿’.) v°æ¨¡o: 'Having' ÅØËC àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷T-≤ƒh®Ω’. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – -áç-úÕ. -•®Ω\-ûª’-™«x, -•£æ…-ü¿’®˝°æ¤®Ω

-ï-¢√-•’:

Å®√nEo •öÀd having ÅØËC á°æ¤p-úø-®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Having = éπL-T-Öç-úøôç. a) Having a big house is a problem

(°ü¿l É©’x Öçúøôç Ææ´’ÊÆu) b) Having a servant is really comfortable =

ã ؈éπ-®Ω’ç-úøôç Ææ’ê¢Ë’. ÅÆæ©’ point à-N’ôçõ‰, am having, is having, are having ÅØËN éπL-T-Öç-úøôç ÅØË Å®√n-EéÀ ¢√úø®Ω’. A†ôç/ û√í∫ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓØË ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. A) I am having He/ She is having We, you, they are having

}

a car

É-™« -Å-†-úøç ûª°æ¤p, car ´÷èπ◊çC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. 鬮Ω’ ´÷èπ◊çC ÅE îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ B) I have He/ She has We, you, they have c) I am He/ She is we/ you/ they are

}

}

a car

Åçö«ç.

having some fruits

c)

éÀ Å®Ωnç °æçúø’x Açô’-Ø√o†’/ Açô’çC/ Açô’Ø√oúø’/ Açô’Ø√oç/ Açô’-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE.

d) I am having coffee because tea is not available = Tea

™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd 鬰∂‘ û√í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o†’

ÅE. - M. SURESAN

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 11 -´÷-Ja 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Ujvala: OK. Would you care to eat some thing or have some thing to drink?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

285

Ujvala: Hi Vennela welcome, welcome. What a surprise! Can't say how glad I am to see you! Such a long time since we met.

(®√ ¢ÁØÁo™«, ≤ƒyí∫ûªç. àN’öà Ǩ¡a®Ωuç. E†’o îª÷úøôç áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçüÓ Øˆ’ îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. áçûª-é¬-©-¢Á’içüÓ ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E.)

(ÆæÍ®. àü¿Ø√o BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√ – A†ôç é¬F, û√í∫ôç é¬E.) Vennela: No. I am full. Let's talk of our old times.

(éπúø’°æ¤ Eçúø’í¬ ÖçC. É°æ¤púËç ´ü¿’l™‰. ´’† §ƒûª ®ÓV© í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’èπ◊çü∆ç.)

b) How fortunate one should be to lead life without a care in the world.

(EPaç-ûªí¬/ à ¶«üµ∆/ à ¶«ü¿-®Ω•çD ™‰èπ◊çú≈ @Nûªç í∫úø-°æ-ú≈EéÀ ´’E≠œ áçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’úÁj Öçú≈L!) 2) take care of =

care to

– ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ ǣ慮Ω §ƒF-ߪ÷©’/ Éûª®Ω Ææü¿’-§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ offer îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô.

¶«üµ¿uûª ´£œ«ç-îªúøç/ ñ«ví∫ûªh ´£œ«ç-îªúøç.

Ujvala: Our classmate Neeraja has left for the states to join her husband.

a) Sri Rama walked to the forest, leaving Bharata to take care of the kingdom.

(´’† é¬xÆˇ-¢Ë’ö¸ F®Ωï Å¢Á’-J-鬙 ¢√∞«x-ߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-RxçC.)

(®√ïu ¶«üµ¿u-ûª†’ ¶µº®Ω-ûª’-úÕéÀ Å°æp-Tç* ®√´·úø’ Åúø-NéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’.)

Vennela: The pleasure is equally mine, Ujji.

Vennela: What about her children?

b) There is none to take care of the children if she goes away.

(Ø√èπÿ ÅçûË ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.) Ujvala: So why are you here? Vennela: You know my job keeps me too busy even to breathe. I worked for close to a year without a break. I thought I needed a break.

2

(¢√∞¡x °œ©x©’ ´’J?) Ujvala: She left them in the care of her mother.

(¢√∞¡x´’t Ææç®Ω-éπ~-ù™ Öç*/ ´CL ¢ÁRxçC.)

(Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRx-§ÚûË °œ©xLo îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’-Èé-´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’.) c) You take care of the planning side, I'll take care of the construction.

(§ƒxEçí˚ N≠æߪ’ç †’´¤y îª÷Ææ’éÓ. E®√tùç N≠æߪ’ç ؈’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çö«.)

Ujvala: So you are here.

Ujvala: For all that she is very caning, especially about children. She cares for them a lot.

(Å®·-†-°æpöÀéà °œ©x©çõ‰ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« ÇÊ°éπ~. ¢√∞¡xçõ‰ ÇN-úøèπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç.)

(Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ Ü®Ì-î√a´¤.) Vennela: I felt like being free for at least 15 to 20 days. So I came down to this place to spend the time without a care in the world.

(ã 15, 20 ®ÓV©’ Nv¨»ç-Aí¬ ÊÆyîªa ¥í¬ Öçú≈-©-E-°œç-*çC. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úÕ éÌî√a†’, à ¶«ü¿®Ω •çD, Ææ´’-Ææu©÷ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Ujvala: But yours is a responsible job. You are too important in your company. Who'll (who will) take care of it in your absence?

(FC î√™« ¶«üµ¿u-û√-ߪ·-ûª-¢Á’i† °æE éπü∆. O’ éπç°-F™ †’´¤y î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ü∆EN éπü∆? †’´¤y ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ F °æE á´®Ω’ îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’?) Vennela: That's been taken care of. Any way all that I care about now is my well being. I couldn't just go on working like a machine, could I?

(Ç à®√p-ôxFo î˨»-®Ω’™‰. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ É°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ ´·êu-¢Á’içC ؈’ ¶«í∫’ç-úøôç. ߪ’çvûªç-™«í¬ °æE-îËÆæ÷h Öçúø-™‰†’ éπü∆.) Ujvala: None else in your company can do your work. Didn't you tell me so whenever you called me?

(Ø√Èé-°æ¤púø’ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœØ√ O’ éπç°-F™ ÉçÈé´®Ω÷ F °æE îËߪ’-™‰-®ΩE îÁÊ°p-ü∆-E-N-éπü∆?) Vennela: So? (Å®·ûË?) Ujvala: Won't the work suffer in your absence?

(F´¤ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË °æE èπ◊çô’-°æ-úøü∆?) Vennela: It does, but who cares? It's for the company to take care of it.

(°æúø’-ûª’çC. Å®·ûË Ø√ÍéçöÀ? Ç N≠æߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh °æú≈-LqçC éπç°E.) Ujvala: That might affect your prospects in your company

. (ü∆E-´©x éπç°-F™ F ¶µºN-≠æuûª’h üÁ•sA-ØÌa éπü∆.) prospects = ¶µºN-≠æu-ü¿-´-é¬-¨»©’ affect = v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËߪ’ôç

Vennela: It does, for all that I care.

(üÁ•s-Aç-ö«®·. Å®·ûË Å´F/ Ø√ÍéçöÀ?)

Vennela: How I envy Neeraja! There isn't any one to care for my children in my absence. I've to depend on creche.

(F®Ωï Åçõ‰ Ø√Èéçûª Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçüÓ! ؈’ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Ø√ °œ©x-©†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-E-Èé-´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. vÈé≠ˇ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-ú≈-LqçüË.) envy = Ñ®Ω{u. ´’†èπ◊ ™‰E ´Ææ’h´¤/ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç ÉçéÌ-éπJèπ◊†o-°æ¤púø’ éπLÍí ¶«üµ¿. creche (vÈé≠ˇ) Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. Employed parents °œ©x-©†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ØË îÓô’. Ujvala: OK. Have this cola. You do look tired.

(ÆæÍ®. Ñ éÓ™« BÆæ’éÓ. †’´¤y î√™« Å©-Æœ§Ú-®·†ô’d éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.) ☺

☺

☺

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☺

Spoken English (high frequency expressions)

™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË expressions ™ care, care ûÓ ¢√úË ´÷ô©÷ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. Care Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ñ«ví∫ûªh– ÉC ´’†ç-ü¿-®Ωèπÿ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å™«Íí careful, with (great) care - î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhûÓ; take good care – ñ«ví∫ûªh ´£œ«ç-îªúøç. Take care how you talk to him = ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«xúË Nüµ¿ç ñ«ví∫ûªh – É´Fo ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË care éÌEo éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ûª°æ¤pí¬ ¢√úø’ûª’çö«ç. Å™«ç-öÀN ®√èπ◊çú≈ let's be careful. Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) I came down to this place to spend the time without a care in the world. 2) Who'll take care of it in your absence? 3) That's been taken care of. 4) All that I now care about is my well being. 5) It does, but who cares? 6) It does, for all that I care. 7) Would you care to eat something? 8) She left them in the care of her mother. 9) She is very caring. 10) She cares for them a lot. 1) Without a care in the world.

(à Çü¿’®√l, ¶«ü¿-®Ω-•çD ™‰èπ◊çú≈ EPaç-ûªí¬.) a) He spends his weekend without a care away from the city.

Suraj: What about my flight tickets?

(Ø√ N´÷† öÀÈé\ôx N≠æߪ’ç àN’öÀ?) Dhiraj: That has been taken care of. You've (you have) been booked for the Air India flight tomorrow evening.

(ÅC à®√p-õ„jçC. O’èπ◊ Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç á®·®˝ ÉçúÕߪ÷ N´÷-Ø√-EéÀ öÀÈé\ô’x Jï®Ω’y î˨»ç.) 4) All that I now care about is my well being.

(Ø√èπ◊ ´·êu-´’-®·ç-ü¿™«x ؈’ ¶«í∫’ç-úøôç.) care about: ´·êuç ņ’-éÓ-´ôç/ v§ƒ´·êuç É´yôç, Å™« ņ’-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°æôç/ ü∆E í∫’Jç* worry Å´ôç. a) He cares only about money and nothing else. Indian English care care for = for

úø•’s ûª°æp Éçéπ üËEéà Åûªúø’ v§ƒ´·êuç É´yúø’. É™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ ™ Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. äéπ ´uéÀh-°æôx ÇÊ°éπ~/ ÅGµ-´÷†ç îª÷°æôç.

A mother cares for her children.

ûªLx °œ©x© °æôx ÇÊ°éπ~ îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC. (vÊ°N’-Ææ’hçC) b) She doesn't care about elders.

(Ç¢Á’ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x-éπçûª v§ƒ´·êuç É´yü¿’.) ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ what/ when ™«çöÀ wh, words ´·çü¿’ care ¢√úøû√ç. a) I don't care what he says.

(¢√úË-´’Ø√o ؈’ ™„éπ\-°-ôd†’/ v§ƒ´·êuç É´y†’.) b) I don't care how you treat me.

(†’´¤y †ØÁo™« îª÷≤ƒh¢Ó ؈’ °æöÀdç--éÓ†’.) c) He doesn't care how his son studies.

(éÌúø’-È陫 îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-†oD Åûª-úÕéÀ °æôdü¿’.) á´-JÍéç °æöÀdçC?/ Ø√ÍéçöÀ?

5) Who cares?=

a) Who cares if he wastes his money.

(¢√úø’ ¢√úÕ úø•’s ´%ü∑∆-îË-Ææ’hçõ‰ á´-J-ÍéçöÀ?) b) Pranav: He says he won't talk to you.

(FûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-†ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’.) (Ø√ÍéçöÀ?)

Vinai: a) Who cares?

b) As if anybody cares.

(á´®Ó ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-†oô’d.) èπÿú≈ Who ™«í¬ØË– Å®·ûË é¬F, á´-JÍéç– Å†ôç.

6) For all that I care

(¢√úø’ ¶«í¬ úø•’s §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÌ-†’ç-ö«úø’. §ÚF Ø√Íéç?) ؈’ ¶«üµ¿°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’, Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÕÍéç? 7) Would you care to eat some thing?

(Åûªúø’ ¢√®√çûªç †í∫-®√-EéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ EPaç-ûªí¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√úø’.)

cares?

a) For all that I care, he might have lost a lot of money.

b) For all that he cares, I am suffering.

(O’Í®-´’Ø√o é¬Ææh BÆæ’èπ◊çö«®√?)

BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. Å®·ûË

ÉC éÌçîÁç

8) In the care of =

(äéπJ) Ææç®Ω-éπ~-ù™

a) They grew up in the care of their grand parents.

(¢√∞¡x û√ûª, Å´’t´’t/ ¶«´’t Ææç®Ω-éπ~-ù™ °Jí¬®Ω’.) b) You can't leave children in the care of a drunkard.

(û√í∫’-¶ûª’ Ææç®Ω-éπ~-ù™ °œ©xLo ´ü¿™‰xç.) ÇÊ°éπ~/ ǧƒuߪ’ûª, vÊ°´’ éπ†-°æ-®Ω-îªôç

9) Very caring/ caring =

(éÌEo ÇÆæ’-°æ-vûª’™x †®Ω’q©’ î√™« ÇÊ°-éπ~-éπ-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx.)

ÉC take care Ç N≠æߪ’ç à®√p-ô-®·çC.

èπ◊

(ÇNúø °ü¿lD, ï•’s ´’E≠‘ éπü∆.)

coffee

(Would you) care for some coffee. formal.

b) She is not so caring as some people think.

3) That's been take care of: of passive form:

Vennela: But isn't she old and sick?

é¬Ææh

a) Nurses in some hospitals are very caring.

It does, but who cares? (Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆ Ø√C Ü°œJ °‘©’aéÓ´ú≈EéÀ èπÿú≈ BJé𙉆çûª ÖüÓu-í∫-´’E. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ àú≈C§ƒô’ N®√´’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ °æE-îË-¨»†’. é¬Ææh N®√´’ç 鬢√-©-E-°œç-*çC.)

(Would you) care to have some coffee?

(éÌçûª-´’çC ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oô’x Ç¢Á’ Åçûª ÇÊ°-éπ~í∫-©üËç é¬ü¿’.) 10) care for = vÊ°N’ç-îªôç. ÉC ´’†ç î√™« ûª°æ¤pí¬ ¢√úø’-ûª÷çö«ç, ©éπ~u-°ôdç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. care for Åçõ‰ vÊ°´’ûÓ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. (Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Nçô÷çö«ç, I don't care for the police- police Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ ™„Íé\çöÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ÉC ÆæJé¬ü¿’.care for Åçõ‰ – ÅGµ-´÷†ç Öçúøôç.) a) I care for my children.

(Ø√ °œ©xLo ؈’ vÊ°N’-≤ƒh†’.) b) She cares for her brother.

(Ç¢Á’ ûª´·túøçõ‰ Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dçæ .)

v°æ¨¡o:

i) Where were you yesterday? Where did you yesterday?

à-C éπÈ®é˙d? – Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. iii) 'case', 'mood' í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.– í∫’v®Ωç ¨¡çéπ®˝, ¨¡çéπ-®Ω-°æôoç, éπ-Kç-†í∫®˝ ->-™«x.ii) Let us sum up

ï-¢√-•’:

i) Where

were

you yesterday? correct sentence.

(E†o

O’È®éπ\úø’Ø√o®Ω’). ÉC

Where did you yesterday? correct sentence Meaning Where did you eat/ sleep/ work, etc. yesterday? meaning

ÉC é¬ü¿’. °æ‹Jhí¬ ™‰ü¿’éπü∆? ÅüË

Åçõ‰ °æ‹®Ωh®·, †’´¤y EØÁo-éπ\úø AØ√o-´¤/ -E-vü¿-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤/ °æE-îË-¨»´¤, etc ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Where did you yesterday Åçõ‰, did Ééπ\úø verb ™ ã ¶µ«í∫ç (helping verb) ´÷vûª¢Ë’. verb °æ‹®Ωh-´ö«-EéÀ àüÓ °æEE -ûÁ-LÊ° Main verb - eat/ sleep/ work etc ™«çöÀC Öçú≈L éπü∆? ii) Sum up Åçõ‰ äéπ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç (speech)/ report/ discussion (Ωa) ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ *´®Ω Ç speech, report, discussion ≤ƒ®√ç-¨»Eo èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îÁ°æpôç. Teacher §ƒ®∏√Eo ¶Cµç-*† ûª®√yûª ü∆E ≤ƒ®√稻Eo èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îÁ°æpôç, to sum up. Let us sum up - ã≤ƒJ ´’†ç îªC-N-†-ü∆-E ≤ƒ®√ç-¨»Eo èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç ÅE. iii) Case, mood: Case Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N¶µºéÀh v°æûªu-ߪ÷© ™«í¬ î√-™«-´’-ô’èπ◊– I- me, we - us, he - him, É™«í∫. Mood Åçõ‰: äéπ N≠æߪ’ç -ûÁ-LÊ° sentences ™ (statements) ™ ÖçúË verb B®Ω÷, (Indicative mood), Ç-ïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷ ûÁLÊ° sentences ™ verb B®Ω÷ (Imperative mood), éÓ-Jéπ-©÷, Ææç-üË£æ…-©÷ -ûÁ-LÊ° sentences -™  (Subjunctive mood) ™ verb B®Ω÷†’. Å®·Ø√ English ÆæJí¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ OöÀ í∫’-Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. - M. SURESAN

bg-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 13 -´÷-Ja 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ necessary or not.

his sons well settled, he is care free.

4) As if you cared.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

5) In fact, I tried much oftener than I care to remember.

286

(Çúø-°œ-©x-©ç-ü¿-Jéà °Rx-îËÆœ, éÌúø’èπ◊©çû√ ÂÆöÀ-™¸-Å-´-ôçûÓ <èπÿ*çû√ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oúø’.)

6) Follow that and you are care free. 7) You'll have all the cares in the world.

Srikar: How careless you are You just don't

!

care how you waste money!

( -F-C -áçûª Åñ«-ví∫ûªh! †’¢Áyçûª úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢Ó Fèπ◊ °æôd-ôç-™‰ü¿’.) Sritej: Try as I might, I am unable to spend money with care. I think its my impatience.

(áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ úø•’s ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ê®Ω’a °ôd-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. -Å-C -Ø√ -ÅÆæ£æ«-†ç Å-†’èπ◊ç-ö«!) Srikar: When you buy a thing you don't care whether it is necessary or not.

1. Careless = Without proper care = (

b) With food and lodge taken care of, who won't be care free.

ÆæÈ®j† ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈/ Åñ«-ví∫ûªhí¬.)

(

AçúÕ, É©’x N≠æߪ’ç á´-®ΩØ√o îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ á´-JÍéç *çûª Öçô’çC?)

a) She is careless how she walks in such a heavy traffic.

(Åçûª ®ΩDl-™†÷ Ç¢Á’ Åñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ †úø’-Ææ’hçC.) b) Careless Åçõ‰ E®Ωxéπ~uçí¬ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. He was careless in his replies.

(ÅûªúÕ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’ î√™« E®Ωxéπ~uçí¬ ÖØ√o®·.) c) It was careless of the mother to leave the child alone.

2

7)

You'll have all the cares in the world. All the cares in the world =

v°æ°æç-îªç-™E ¶«üµ¿-©Fo ´’†-¢Áj-†ô’x. He looked as though he was weighed down by all the cares in the world. (v°æ°æç-îªç-™ E ¶«üµ¿-©Fo ÅûªúÕE èπ◊çí∫-D-Ææ’h†oô’x éπE-°œÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.)

Take care of your paise

-v°æ¨¡o: i) Will I cheat you?

( ؈’ N’´’tLo ¢Á÷Ææç îË≤ƒhØ√?) DEE Can I cheat you ņ-´î√a? ii) Having Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? iii) Formal í¬, informal í¬ Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. OöÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? iv) ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç v°æ鬮Ωç ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´·çüÓ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√©çõ‰ Telugu to English úÕéπ{-vF-™ Å®Ωnç üÌ®Ω-éπôç ™‰ü¿’. à- úÕéπ{-vF-™  Öçö«--ßÁ÷ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – ¨Ï≠æ†o, ÇüÓE -ï-¢√-•’: i) Will I cheat you?

Åçõ‰ N’´’tLo ¢Á÷Ææç îË≤ƒhØ√? ÅE Åçõ‰ Ø√é¬Ö-üËl-¨¡ç ™‰ü¿E. Can I cheat you?

(†’´¤y ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅC Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷ é¬ü∆ ÅE Ç™-*ç-¤.) Sritej: That may be true. But how can I control my spending?

(ÅC Eïç 鬴a. é¬F -ê®Ω’a-†’ -E-ߪ’ç-vAç-îª-úøç -ᙫ?)

(Ç Gúøf†’ äçôJí¬ ´C-L-°-ôdúøç Ç¢Á’ Åñ«-ví∫ûªh.) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: He did it with a lot of care X He did it very carelessly. É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ. 2) With care = Carefully = ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬/ ñ«ví∫ûªhûÓ a) Yo should handle glass with care.

(í¬V (´Ææ’h-´¤-©)†’ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬/ ñ«ví∫ûªhûÓ ¢√ú≈L.)

Srikar: As if you cared.

(àüÓ †’´¤y Eïçí¬ Å™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oô’d.) Sritej:

I do certainly. In fact, I tried much oftener than I care to remember.

(Eïçí¬ØË -Å-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o. ÅÆæ©’ Å™«çöÀ v°æߪ’ûªoç áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x î˨»ØÓ Ø√Íé í∫’®Ω’h™‰ü¿’.) Srikar: Before you buy anything the next time

(Ç ®ÓTE Åûªúø’ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷¨»úø’/ vÊ°´’ûÓ îª÷¨»úø’.) 3) Don't care : ÉC éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ´’Sx ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ DEE î√™« ûª°æ¤pí¬ ¢√úøôç áèπ◊\´. a) Prakash: He talked all rot about you.

count 10. That may stop your buying

(F í∫’Jç* Åûªúø’ îÁûªhçû√ ¢√í¬úø’.)

what is unnecessary.

rot = nonsense

(Ñ≤ƒÍ®üÁjØ√ éÌØË-´·çü¿’ °æC ™„éπ\ °ô’d. Åçü¿’-´©x ņ-´-Ææ®Ω¢Á’i† ´Ææ’h¢ËO’ é̆´¤.) Sritej:

b) He treated the patient with care.

Prasad: I don't care. / I don't care what he talks about me.

I'll follow your advice.

(¢√í∫F. ØËç °æöÀdç--éÓ†’. Ø√ÍéçöÀ?)

Srikar: You remember this saying: Take care

b) He doesn't care what people say at his back.

of your paise, the rupees will take

(Éûª-®Ω’-©-ûªE ¢Á†’Íé´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o ÅûªúËç ™„éπ\-°-ôdúø’/ °æöÀdç--éÓúø’.)

care of themselves. Follow that and you are carefree. Forget it and you 'll

4) As if you cared.

have all the cares on your shoulders.

(†’¢ËyüÓ Â°ü¿l v¨¡ü¿l¥ BÆæ’-èπ◊-†oô’d.) Å®·-†ô’x é¬-F -é¬ü¿’.

(Ñ ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓ. °jÆæ-©-†’ ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ç-õ‰ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©’ -¢√-öÀ Ææçí∫A -Å-¢Ë -îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®·. -D-Eo -Å-†’Ææ-JÊÆh Fèπ◊ -<èπÿ-*ç-û√ -Öç-úø-ü¿’. -´’-Ja-§Ú-ûË -v°æ°æçîªç-™-E -¶«-üµ¿-©-Fo -F-O’-üË -Öç-ö«®·.) Ñ ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª English proverb 'take care of your

As if = as though =

pence, the pounds will take care of them-

(

selves

èπ◊ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç.

Pence- plural of penny-

You behave as if you were clever/ as though you were clever.

àüÓ ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úÕ™« v°æ´-Jh-≤ƒh´¤ (ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN é¬ü¿’.) a) Kiran: He said he wouldn't help you in future.

Ééπ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’).

Kishore: As if I cared.

100 pence = 1 pound) Sritej:

I will try to do that. I'll be careful even about a paisa. (

°j≤ƒ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈ ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh.)



















(Å®·ûË àçôô? ¢√úÕ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Ø√Íéç Åéπ\-Í®x-ü¿ØË ¶µ«´çûÓ.) b) She said she wouldn't meet me again, as if I cared.

(††’o ûª†’ ´’Sx éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-†E îÁ°œpçC, ØËØËüÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úËô’d.)

ûÓ ´îËa expressions éÀçü¿öÀ È®çúø’ †’ç* îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. Ñ lesson ™ ´’JéÌEo very common expressions îª÷ü∆lç.

5) I tried much oftener than I care to rememberthan I care to remember=

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above.

I've been in Mumbai more times than I care to remember.

´’†ç

care

lessons

1) How careless you are! 2) I am unable to spend money with care. 3) You don't care whether what you buy is

؈’ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’-éπØ√o áèπ◊\-´í¬. (؈’ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-™‰-†Eo ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´·ç¶«®·éÀ ¢Á∞«x†’.) 6) Care free = <èπÿ-*çû√ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ a) Having married off all his daughters and with

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Vocabulary -™-E °æ-ü∆-©’ NNüµ¿ ®Ωçí¬-©èπ◊ îÁçC†N É*a, ü∆E°j ¢√u≤ƒ©’ É´yçúÕ. DE- ´©x Çߪ÷- ®Ωçí¬™x ´÷ö«xúË Nüµ∆†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. 2. v°æA ¢√uÆæç éÀçü¿ NNüµ¿ éπ´¤© ´’ç* éÌõ‰-≠憒x É*a ü∆EéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-ßË’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç É´yçúÕ. 3. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ´÷ö«xúøç, ®√ߪ’úøç, Å®Ωnç-îË-Ææ’-éÓ´úøç éÓÆæç àç îÁߪ÷uL? 4. °‘@ ≤ƒn®· Ççí∫x-°æ¤-Ææh鬙xE ¢√u≤ƒ-©†’ ®√ߪ’-úøç™ áEo-®Ω-鬩 sentences ™ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. –G.Èé. Ø√ߪ’é˙, éÓ´’-ö¸-°æLx -ï-¢√-•’: 1) §ƒûª Lessons ™ daily life situations ™ Å´Ææ®Ωç Ö†o-- ´÷-ô© í∫’Jç* î√-™« ûÁL§ƒç. ´’Sx Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 ´÷ô©’ èπÿú≈ -ûªy®Ω-™-ØË -É≤ƒhç. 2) v°æA ¢√uÆæç éÀçü¿ NNüµ¿ ®Ωîª-®·-ûª© Quotations É´yôç ûªy®Ω-™ØË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. 3) îªü¿-´ôç ´÷ö«x-úø-ô¢Ë’ Éçü¿’èπ◊ Öûªh´’-¢Á’i† ´÷®Ω_ç. O™„j-†çûª English îªü¿-´ôç, Tele news casts N†ôç, Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English ´÷ö«x-úøôç– ûª°æ¤p-îË-≤ƒh-¢Ë’-¢Á÷ -Å-†o¶µºßª’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈. 4) ÉC Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ¢√úøû√ç– à effect ®√¢√©ØË ü∆Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. ÉC practice ´©x ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. v°æ¨¡o: 1) Abort ÅØË °æü¿ç™ BrE. ™ 'R' ÅØË Öî√a-®Ωù ™‰ü¿’. AmE. ™ Öî√a-®Ωù ÖçC. ÅÆæ©’ Å¢Á’-JéπØ˛q R °æ©’-èπ◊-û√®√ ™‰ü∆? 2) R ûÓ èπÿúø’-èπ◊†o î√™« AmE phonetics--™x R Öçô’çC. R †’ °æ©-鬙« ™‰ü∆ BrE Öî√a-®Ω-ù™«í¬ °æ©-èπÿ\-úøü∆? 3) Å¢Á’-J-éπØ˛q R †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË Nüµ∆-Ø√Eo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù-ûÓ -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. – -üË-´-Ø√-© -Å-E-ûª, -´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -ï-¢√-•’: A. British English ™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, American Pronunciation ™ 'r' °æ©’-èπ◊-û√®Ω’. Å®·ûË ÅC ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '®Ω— ™« é¬-èπ◊çú≈ (±) ™« °æ©’-èπ◊-û√®Ω’. Abort - American - Ŷ«±˝ö¸ (Ŷ«ö¸) – Form - British English - §∂ƒ¢˛’; American English - §ƒ±˝¢˛’ Term - British English - ô¢˛’ (ô, bird ™ '•— ™«í¬) American English - ô±˝¢˛’.

Åçõ‰ N’´’tLo ؈’ ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-í∫-©Ø√? ÅE Åçõ‰ Ø√é¬-≤ƒ-´’®Ωn uç ™‰ü¿E. ii) having Å®Ωnç 'éπ-L-T Öçô÷— ÅE äéπ Å®Ωnç. i) Having a big house, he can recevie any number of guests

= Åûª-EéÀ °ü¿l É©’xç-úøôç ´©x (Åûª†’ °ü¿l É©’x éπ-L-T Öç-úøôç´©x) áçûª-´’çC ÅA-ü∑¿’-™„j oØ√ Çü¿-Jç-îª-í∫©úø’. 2) Having †’ past participle ûÓ éπ-L°œ ¢√-úÕûË Åçü¿’-´©x ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Having seen the movie he felt happy

(ÆœE´÷îª÷Æœ Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈fúø’)

/-îª÷-úø-ôçûÓ

3) I am / He, she, is/We, you, they are having tea = Tea û√í∫’-ûª ’-Ø√o†’/ û√í∫’-ûª ’-Ø√o-úø’/-û√-í∫’-ûª ’çC/ û√í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ - am having / is having / are having ÅØÌa. iii) Formal Åçõ‰ -äéπ °æü¿l¥A v°æ鬮Ωç àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’ôç. Informal Åçõ‰ °æü¿l¥ûËç §ƒöÀç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´ôç. Formal, Informal Ñ È®çúø÷ Éûª-®Ω’© °æôx ´’† v°æ´-®Ωh† N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√-úøû√ç. äéπ £æ«Ùü∆™ Ö†o ´uéÀhûÓ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îË-ô°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ã °æü¿l¥A v°æ鬮Ωç v°æ´-Jh≤ƒhç– ¢√∞¡xûÓ Åçûª Ææyûªç-vAç* ´÷ö«x-úøç/-´u-´-£æ«-Jçîªç.¢√∞¡xûÓ ´’†¶µ«≠æ formal í¬ Öçô’çC. 'ÅçúŒ, O’®Ω’, ûª´’®Ω’ – É™«çöÀ ´Fo formal. English ™ Å®·ûË, Sir, ņôç, May I come in? ™«çöÀ ¶µ«≠æ-†’ ¢√-úø-ôç formal.

´’†-èπ◊-¶«í¬ ’-´¤-†o-¢√-∞¡xûÓ informal (Ææyûªç-vûªç) í¬ Öçö«ç. äÍ®, ®√®√, §Ú®√, -†’-´¤y – Éü¿çû√ informal. Collectors, Ministers, Teachers,Principals

-ûÓ´’†ç formalí¬ Öçö«ç– éÌûªh-¢√∞¡xûÓ/°æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E-¢√-∞¡xûÓ formalí¬ Öçö«ç (Ææyûªçvûªç BÆæ’éÓç) ´’† parents, brothers and sisters friends ûÓ informal í¬ Öçö«ç. iv) Telugu to English Dictionary

©’ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á©’-´úøf ¢√öÀ™x É™«çöÀ expressions èπ◊ Å®Ωnç üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’. Standard English Dictionaries ™ØË üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊çC. - M. SURESAN

-≤Ú-´’--¢√®Ωç 19 -´÷-Ja 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ing charm to the eyes.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(à¢Á÷, Éü¿çû√ ü¿÷®Ω°æ¤ éÌçúø-©’- †’†’°æØË Ææçí∫-ûª-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†’ -؈’.) 287

Pradeep: What are you carrying in your brief case? (

-F

Brief case

™ -àç -Öç-C?) (Brief case = ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç Ö†o é¬T-û√©’ BÆæ’Èé-∞Ïx Ææ†oE suit case)

Sandeep: Just a report about my health- a certificate from the medical officer that I do not carry any infectious disease.

c) A train can carry a large number of passengers.

(-võ„i-Ø˛ -î√-™«´’çC v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊-©†’ -BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-C.)

Distance lends charm to the eyes =

ü¿÷®Ω°æ¤ éÌçúø©’ †’†’°æ¤ (ü¿÷®Ωç ´©x àüÁjØ√ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃߪ’çí¬ éπ-E°œ≤ƒh-ߪ’-E ¶µ«´ç) Sandeep: Yea. Now I understand. I'm sure you got carried away by the minister's speech the other day telling young Indians to serve their mother land and not to be carried away by all that hype about better opportunities in the states.

(Ç É°æ¤púø’ Ø√éπ-®Ωn-¢Á’içC. ¢Á·†o Ç ´’çvAÖ°æ-Ø√u-ÆæçûÓ v°æ¶µ«-N-ûª-¢Á’i-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤. Çߪ’†Ø√oúø’í¬ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ’ -ߪ·-´-Bߪ·´èπ◊©’ ÆæyüË-¨»-EéÀ ÊÆ¢√ îËߪ÷-©E, Å¢Á’-J鬙 áèπ◊\´ Å´-é¬-¨»-©’Ø√oߪ’ØË v°æî√-®√EéÀ ™†-´-ü¿lE.)

(Ø√ health report – ¢Ájü∆u-Cµ-é¬J ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* Ø√Íé-™«ç-öÀ Åçô’¢√uüµ¿’©÷ ™‰´E É-*a-† certificate) Pradeep: Why a certificate now?

d) City buses carry a large number of commuters to their places of works. (

Æœ-öà -•Ææ’q-©’ -î√-™«-´’ç-C commuters †’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æE-îËÊÆ îÓôxèπ◊ îË®Ω-¢Ë-≤ƒh®·.) commuter- éπ´‚uô. '´‚u— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = -ü¿÷®√-†’†o °æE-îËÊÆ îÓôxèπ◊ (office/ factories, etc) ®ÓW v°æߪ÷ùç îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. commute = °æE v°æü˨»©èπ◊ î√-™« ü¿÷®Ωç ®ÓW v°æߪ÷-ùç-îË-ߪ’ôç– local trains, city buses ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x) e) carry Åçõ‰ ´’†-ûÓ BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡x-ôç. i) He always carries a pocket book. ii) I don't carry much money.

Pradeep: By the way, where did you buy that

Now I understand (É°æ¤pú≈

certificate

suit case?

áçü¿’èπ◊?)

Sandeep: I've got to carry it because I am applying for an immigrant visa in the US.

(Ø√éπC Å´-Ææ®Ωç, ؈’ Å¢Á’-J-鬙 Æœn®Ω°æ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ -Å°kx îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’ é¬--•-öÀd.) immigrant = ¢ËÍ® -üË-¨¡ç™ Æœn®Ω-°æ-úË-¢√úø’. Pradeep: Why do you want to settle in the US?

(Å¢Á’-J-鬙 áçü¿’èπ◊ Æœn®Ω-°æ-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o´¤?) Sandeep: I want to carry on my research there.

(Ø√ °æJ-¨--üµ¿-†-†’ Åéπ\úø é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-î√-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) Pradeep: You can do it here as well.

(ÅC Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ îËßÁ·îª’a éπü∆?) Sandeep: But the universities in the US carry much better facilities for the kind of research I want to do.

(Å®·ûË -Å-¢Á’-Jéπ-Ø˛ -ߪ‚-E-´-Jq-öÃ-™x ؈’ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o °æJ-¨-üµ¿-†èπ◊ ´Ææ-ûª’©’ Ééπ\úø éπç-õ‰ î√-™« ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·.) Pradeep: Pity most Indians do not serve their mother land.

(î√-™«´’çC ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’ ´÷ûª%-üË-¨»-EéÀ ÊÆ´ îËߪ’-éπ-§Úôç ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠déæ π®Ωç) Sandeep: You don't' understand. The facilities there are different. You don't' need any politicians favour to hold a position or to get a promotion. You've none of give you orders that you've to carry out. Academics enjoy a lot more freedom there.

(†’´y®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ô癉ü¿’.FÖüÓuí∫ç †’´¤y îËÆæ’èπ◊ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊í¬F, Promotion §Òçü¿-ú≈EéÀ í¬E ®√ï-éÃߪ÷ ÅGµ-´÷†ç Fèπ◊ -Åéπ\®Ω™‰-ü¿-éπ\-úø (Research N≠æ-ߪ÷™x). á´®Ω÷ Fèπ◊ Çïc-L-´y®Ω’ †’´¤y P®Ω≤ƒ´£œ«ç-îËç-ü¿’-èπ◊/Å-´’©’ °æJ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Åéπ\úø Nü∆u-®Ωç-í∫ç™E Nü∆u-Cµ-èπ◊©’ Ééπ\úø éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ≤ƒyûªç-vûªuç ņ’-¶µº-N-≤ƒh®Ω’.) favour = ÅGµ-´÷-†ç/-Å-†’-ví∫£æ«ç. Academics = colleges/ universities ™E Nü∆u-Cµ-èπ◊©’. Academic = Nü∆u N-≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†. Prescribing a syllabus for a course is an a academic matter =

(àüÁjØ√ course is an academic matter = àüÁjØ√ course èπ◊ EÍ®l-PçîË §ƒ®∏√u稡ç Nü¿uèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-çC) Pradeep: I still feel it is a case of distance lend-

(ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, Ç éÌØ√o´¤?)

suit case

áéπ\úø

Sandeep: Where else? In the US. There are very big malls carrying a wide range of goods.

(ÉçÈé-éπ\úø Å-¢Á’J-é¬-™ØË, Åéπ\úø î√-™« ®Ω鬩 ≤ƒ´÷†’x/´Ææ’h-´¤-©¢Ë’t °ü¿l °ü¿l ü¿’é¬-ù«© Ææ-´·-ü∆--ߪ÷-©’ç-ö«®·.) Mall = ü¿’é¬-ù«-© Ææ´·-ü∆-ߪ÷©’çúË îÓô’ ´·êuçí¬ US ™. pradeep: OK. I must be going now. I've work at office. Yesterday I made a mistake in the accounts. I did not carry forward the amount in one of the columns to the next. I have to run the whole thing on the system again and set it right.

(ÆæÍ® ØË¢Á-∞«x-Léπ. -Ç°∂‘Æˇ-™ °æ†’çC E†oöÀ ™„éπ\™x *†o -§Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’ î˨».) äéπ column (pronunciation- 鬩ç = Ê°-@ °j †’ç* éÀçCéÀ ¢ËÊÆ ÅçÈé© E©’´¤ ´®ΩÆæ èπÿúÕéπ ™«xçöÀ ¢√öÀ™x) *´J ÅçÈ醒, ûª®√yA column °jéÀ ¢Ëߪ’™‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á·ûªhç ™„éπ\†’ computer ™ áéÀ\ç* ûª°æ¤p ÆæJ-C-ü∆lL. system= computer Run it in the system = computers

™éÀ áéÀ\ç-îªôç

Sandeep: Let's meet this evening again. I want to show you a story the eenadu district edition carried about a scam. eenadu edition

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ-©’Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç >™«x ™ ã èπ◊ç-¶µº-éÓ-ù«Eo í∫’Jç-*† ≤Úd-J- Fèπ◊ îª÷°œç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.)

Pradeep: O.K. Take care. (

ÆæÍ® ñ«ví∫ûªh.)
















Daily life situation conversation carry expressions. Carry

™ ÅAûª®Ω-îª’í¬ N†-°æúË ´÷ô™x ü∆çûÓ ´îËa èπ◊ -Ö†o ÅA-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωù Å®√n©÷, ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†O äéπ-îÓô †’ç* ÉçéÓ-îÓ--ô’èπ◊ -BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡xôç/ (´Ææ’h-´¤-© †’ ´’†’--≠æfl©†’ îË®Ω-¢Ë-ߪ’ôç, ´’†ûÓ àüÁjØ√ BÆæ’èπ◊¢Á∞¡xôç (carry éÀ past tense, past participle - carried)

a) A porter carries luggage = porter (Railway stations/ Bus stations

™«çöÀ îÓôx èπÿM©’)

≤ƒ´÷-†x†’ ¢Á÷≤ƒhúø’. b) He was carrying some books. (

Åûª†’ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o--úø’.) (past™)

2

É°æ¤púø’ carry èπ◊†o ´’J-éÌEo Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©÷ îª÷ü∆lç. Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. I) A certificate from.... that 1) ... a certificate ... that I do not carry any infectious diseases. (Ø√™ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ≤ÚÍé Åçô’®Óí¬©’ ™‰´EÉ-*a-† certificate.) Ééπ\úø carry Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç– Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ≤ÚÍé Åçô’ ®Óí¬-©’ç-úøôç. a) Pigs carry/ pigs are the carriers of meningitis. (

°æçü¿’© ´©x ¢Á’ü¿úø’¢√°æ¤ ¢√uCµ ¢√u°œ-Ææ’hçC.) (Ç ¢√uCµE éπL_çîË véÀ´·©’ °æçü¿’™x Öçö«®·)

b) A variety of mosquitoes carries malaria. (- ´ ’-™‰-J-ߪ ÷ äéπ®Ωéπç üÓ´’-©-´©x ¢√u°œ-Ææ ’hçC.) (¢√öÀ™ ´’™‰-Jߪ÷ éπ-L-Tç-îË véÀ´·©’çö«®·) 2) i) The universities in the US carry much better facilities for the kind of research I want to do. carry shops universities

Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ äéπ îÓô, ´·êuçí¬ ™, ÆæçÆæn™x ©¶µºu-´’-´ôç. – Å¢Á’-J鬙E ™ ؈’ îËߪ÷-©-†’èπ◊ØË °æJ-¨-üµ¿-†èπ◊ ´Ææ-ûª’©’ Ééπ\úÕ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ©¶µºu-´’-´¤-û√®·. Ééπ\-úÕ-éπç-õ‰ ¶«í¬ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Öçö«®·.

ii) There are very big malls carrying a wide range of goods. (

Åéπ\úø î√©®Ω鬩 ´Ææ’h-´¤©÷, ≤ƒ´÷†÷x ©¶µºu-´’ßË’u ü¿’é¬-ù«© Ææ´·-ü∆-ߪ÷-©’ç-ö«®·.) wide range = NÆæh %ûªv¨ÏùÀ/ î√-™«®Ω鬩. 3) Carry éÀ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç: (Æ‘Y) í∫®Ωs¥çûÓ Öçúøôç. I can't take my wife to the US now because she is carrying. (Ø√ ¶µ«®Ωu éπúø’-°æ¤ûÓ Öçôç-´©x É°æ¤-pú≈-¢Á’†’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬èπ◊ BÆæ’èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡x-™‰-†’.) 4) Carry éÀ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, à N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ ã °ævA-éπ™  v°æ-J-ûª-´’-´ôç/ TV™ îª÷°œç-îªôç. a) The Eenadu carries the news of some scam or the other almost every day.

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA®Ó-W -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ °ævA-éπ™ àüÓ äéπ èπ◊ç-¶µº-éÓùç í∫’-Jç-*-† -¢√®Ωh Öçô’çC (v°æ-J-≤ƒh®Ω’). b) The channel carried a live telecast of the game. (

Ç Çô v°æûªuéπ~ v°æ≤ƒ®Ωç channel ™ îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’.) (äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, °ævA-éπ™x àüÁjØ√ N≠æߪ’ç ®√´-ö«Eo

Run The Eenadu ran the story of the land grab on its front page =

ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’–

Ç ¶µº÷éπ¶«b N≠æߪ’ç ÑØ√úø’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ê°@™ v°æJç-*çC). 3) I want to carry on my research there. ( carry on =

Ø√ -JÂÆ®˝a Åéπ\úø é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªôç, continue îËߪ’ôç.

a) Gandhi carried on his movement in spite of a lot of opposition. (´uA-Í®-éπûª Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÀ í¬çDµ ûª† Öü¿u-´÷Eo é̆-≤ƒTç-î√úø’. (continued)) b) Please carry on. Let me not stop your watching the TV. (O’®Ω’ ™‰ü¿’.)

TV

îª÷ôdç é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªçúÕ.-ØË-†’ -Ç°æ-úøç

v°æ¨¡o: 1. They have gone to Hyderabad Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü¿’ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. (éπü∆) ¢√∞¡Ÿx £j«ü¿-®√¶«ü¿’ ¢ÁRx ´î√a®Ω’ ņ-ö«-EéÀ They have been to Hyderabad ÆæÈ®j-†ü∆ é¬ü∆! I, we ûÓ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ been †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √™«! ( ¢ÁRx ´î√a®Ω’ ÅE îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ) He, she, it ûÓ ¢ÁRx ´î√a®Ω’ ÅE îÁ°æpö«-EéÀ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L? 2. Where is Vijayawada? DE™ Vijayawada ´’†-éπç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁL-Æœ† place éπü∆! DE ´·çü¿’ 'The' ®√ü∆. 3. Simple Present Tense, Future tense ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u©’ äÍ陫 Öçö«ßª÷! ؈’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿx-ûª’-Ø√o I go, I will go Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√! 4. soap, paper, bread, Éçé¬ î√™« uncountable nouns †’ ´’†ç- conversation ™ papers, breads, soaps Åçô÷ plural í¬ °æ©’-èπ◊ûª÷ Öçö«ç. ÉC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? – ï©’x °æ¤-≠æp, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü¿’. ï¢√•’:1. They have gone to Hyderabad Åçõ‰ O’®Ω-†oô’x ¢√∞¡Ÿx Hyderabad èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x®ΩE Å®Ωnç. ¢ÁRx AJT ´î√a-®Ω-†-ö«-EéÀ – They have been to Hyderabad correct I and we he, she, it, they subject have been \ has been (to a place)

¢ÁRx ´î√a®Ω’ ņ-ö«-EéÀ ûÓ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, ûÓ èπÿ-ú≈ éπÈ®Íéd. Å®·ûË á´J N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ØÁjØ√ -Åçõ‰ à Å®·Ø√ ÆæÍ® ņo-°æ¤púø’ , ¢√∞«x ÜJéÀ ¢ÁRx ´î√a-®ΩØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ç Ü®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’, ¢√∞¡xé¬ÜJûÓ °æJ-îªßª’ç ÖçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

e.g. a) I know Mumbai well. I have been there two or three times. b) She has been to Delhi.

(úµÕ-Mx ¢ÁRx ´*açC \ úµÕ-Mx Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’) 2. °∂晫E ´uèπ◊h©, îÓôx,Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’The ®√ü¿’. 'ûÁL-Æœ-†-îÓô’— Åçõ‰, Ç ûÁL-Æœ† îÓô’èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπ¢Á’i† Ê°®Ω’çõ‰ 'the' ®√ü¿’. Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ Railway station, post office, etc., ™«çöÀ v°æüË-¨»©’ Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’– ´·êuçí¬ ¢√öÀE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊. Å™« ûÁL-Æœ† ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿’ 'the' ´Ææ’hçC. ÅçûË-é¬E, Mumbai, Delhi, etc., v°æûËu-éπ¢Á’i† Ê°®Ω’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ®√ü¿’. 3. Simple Present - I go ™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x Å®Ωnç ØËE°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-†-E- é¬F, ®ÓW ¢Á∞«h-†-E-é¬F (véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊).I will go - Åçõ‰ future ™ ¢Á-∞«h†E– Åçõ‰ ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h™  Ñ È®çúø’ äéπöÀ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? 4. -Å™« ¢√öÀE plural ™ ¢√úøôç ûªÊ°p. Å™« ¢√úøèπÿ-úø-ü¿’. - M. SURESAN

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 21 -´÷-Ja 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Mohith: I go with dad. I believe in economy and discipline too.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

288

Nisith: How much money have you? Do you have?

(؈’ ´÷Ø√-†oØË Å†’-Ææ-J≤ƒh. §Òü¿’°æ‹, véπ´’P-éπ~ù« ؈÷ Å´-©ç-G≤ƒh) (Believe = †´’tôç. Believe in = ņ’-Ææ-®ΩùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†-ü¿E/ ´’ç*-ü¿E †´’tôç) Nisith: A good dad's son you are. I appreciate you.

(F ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s áçûª ÖçC? Öçü∆?) (†’´¤y ûªçvúÕéÀ ûªí∫_ éÌúø’-èπ◊´¤. E†’o ؈’ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’).

Mohith: Why are you asking?

(áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)

2

The Prime Minister of Pakistan is only the nominal head.=

§ƒéÀ-≤ƒnØ˛ v°æüµ∆E Ê°®Ω’èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’/ Ø√´’éπ” ´·ê’uúø’. The real head is Musharaff=

ÅÆæ-™„j† ØËûª ´·≥ƒ-®Ω°∂ˇ 3) I have to carry out his instructions = carry out =

Å´’-©’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç (äéπJ Çïc©’)

Mohith: OK. Thanks. Look here. You've made a mistake in your calculations. You forgot to carry forwards this amount to the next column.

a) Laxmana always carried out the orders of Sri Rama =

Mohith: I have just enough money to carry me through this month. I'm afraid I can't lend you any.

(ÆæÍ®. üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’. Ééπ\úø îª÷úø’. F ™„éπ\™x ûª°æ¤p î˨»´¤. Ñ E©’´¤ ´®ΩÆæ *´J ¢Á·û√hEo ûª®Ω’-¢√A E©’´¤ ´®ΩÆæ °j† ¢Ëߪ’ôç ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤.)

b) The King's orders had to be carried out =

(ÑØÁ© í∫úø-´-ö«-EéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-ßË’çûª úø¶‰s ÖçC Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω. Fèπ◊؈’ Å°æ¤p É´y-™‰-†-†’-èπ◊çö«)

Nisith: That's like Mohith - always careful about calculations.

Nisith: (I was) wondering if you could lend me some money.

(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o Ø√èπ◊ Å°œp-´y-í∫-©-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

X®√-´·úÕ Çïc-©†’ ©éπ~-ù’-úÁ-°æ¤púø÷ P®Ω≤ƒ ´£œ«ç-î√úø’. ®√ñ«-ïc©’ á´-È®jØ√ ņ’-Ææ-Jç-î√-LqçüË.

Å´’©’°æ®Ω-î √-LqçüË/

c) Carry out my orders. Don't question them

Ø√ Çïc-©†’ §ƒöÀç. ¢√öÀéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’-îÁ-°æpèπ◊.

What rate do they carry

v°æ¨¡o: -1. The nationalist congress party headed by

Mr. Sharad Pawar has complained that the congress is not consulting its constituent parties on important issues.

2. The BJP president has said that BJP will not support congress at centre. 3. However, Miss Umabharathi contradicted the rumour that she is disobeying party principles. 4. The PM Vajpayee has said that only NDA can provide the stability to the country. 5. The Municipal commissioner, Raghu Veera Reddy, said immediate measures are being taken up to provide drinking water to the residents of Kurnool.

-ï-¢√-•’: †÷uÆˇKúø®˝ îÁ•’-ûª’†o Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Åçû√ Indirect speech is not conwas not consulting sulting will not support would not support she is disobeying she was disobeying can provide could provide measures are being taken Measures up were being taken up

鬕-öÀd 1 ´ ¢√éπuç™

Nisith: My brother-in-law has asked me to buy him a bike. He would pay me, of course, but I've to spend now. I am short of Rs 15000/-. If you could lend it to me I would pay off next week.

(´÷ ¶«´ ûª†éÓ bike é̆-´’E îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Çߪ’† úøGs-≤ƒh-®Ω-†’éÓ. é¬E ´·çü¿’ ؈’ °ô’d-•-úÕ-°-ö«dL éπü∆. ã 15000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ûªí¬_®·. †’´¤y-í∫-†éπ ÉÊÆh ´îËa¢√®Ωç ÉîËa-≤ƒh†’.)

•ü¿’©’

(Mohith Åçõ‰ ÅçûË. ™„éπ\© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ á°æ¤púø÷ ñ«ví∫ûËh.) Mohith: OK. OK. Let's get on with our work.

(ÆæÍ® ÆæÍ® – °æE îËü∆lç) ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

Daily life situations carry, carry

™ spoken English ™ î√™« ûÓ ´îËa expressions í∫’Jç* ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ ´’J-éÌ-Eoç-öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç.

Mohith: I do have the money but it is all in fixed deposits. I can't disturb them without the loss of interest.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation between Nisith and Mohith above.

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’sçC é¬F Åçû√ fixed deposits ™ ÖØ√o®·. ´úŒf †≠æd-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√öÀE éπC-Lç-îª-™‰†’)

1) I have just enough money to carry me through this month.

Nisith: What rate do they carry?

(´úŒf

rate

áçûª?) (Fixed deposit Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? Bank ™ ã EKgûª 鬙«-EéÀ (Åçõ‰ 3 ØÁ©©’, 6 ØÁ©©’, éÌEo Ææç´-ûªq-®√©÷, etc) §Òü¿’°æ¤ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ¢Á·û√h©’. Ç EKg-ûª-é¬©ç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ úø•’s BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ŵ鬨¡ç Öçúøü¿’. ´’K Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË ´’†-éÌîËa ´úŒf éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ´úŒféÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Rate= ´úŒf-¨»ûªç) Mohith: Why do you want to know?

(áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) Nisith: I will pay you that interest or even more. Let me have the money.

(ÅçûË ´úŒf é¬F, Åçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë é¬F ØËE≤ƒh. Ø√èπ◊ úøGs´¤y.) Mohith: You can have it then. You know, dad's instructions are that I save as much as I can, and I have to carry out his instructions.

(Å®·ûË BÆæ’éÓ. O©-®·-†çûª §Òü¿’°æ¤ îËߪ÷©E ´÷ Ø√†o Çü˨¡ç. Çߪ’† ÇüË-¨»©’ §ƒöÀç-î√-LqçüË) Nisith: So you keep just enough money that lasts you a month and put the rest in the bank in fixed deposits.

(Åçü¿’-éπE †’´¤y ØÁ©èπ◊ ÆæJ-°æú≈ Öç-èπ◊E N’í∫û√ Fixed deposits ™ °æúË-≤ƒh-´-†o´÷ô). Mohith: Yea. That's what dad says. He insists on economy and discipline.

2) What rate do they carry 4) I am afraid that it is carrying them too far. 5) You forgot to carry forward this amount to the next column. 1) To carry me through this month =

ÑØÁ© ïJ-Íí-ü∆é¬ í∫úø-´-ö«-EéÀ. Carry some one through something =

éπ≠dæ Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x ûªô’d-éÓ-í∫-L-Í홫 îËߪ’ôç. a) Gandhi's tenacity carried him through the freedom struggle=

≤ƒyûªçvûªu §Ú®√-ôç™ í¬çDµ °æô’d-ü¿™‰ Çߪ’†’o †úÕ-°œç-*çC/ ûªô’d-éÌ-ØË™« îËÆœçC. b) Kishore lost his hand in the accident, but his confidence carried him through to success =

v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ îË®· §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊†o éÀ¨-®˝†’ ÅûªE Çûªt-N-¨»yÆæç Nï-ߪ÷-EéÀ †úÕ-°œç-*çC. c) His determination carried him through the difficult bowling and tight fielding to a century =

éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖØ√o, fielding ÖØ√o, ÅûªE éπ%ûª-E-¨¡aߪ’ç ÅûªEo éÌõ‰dô’x îËÆœçC.

Nisith: I'm afraid it is carrying them too far.

(Ø√éπC ÅA §Òü¿’°æ¤, ÅA véπ´’-P-éπ~ù« ÅE-°œ≤ÚhçC)

í¬

™ î√™« îËߪ’çúÕ.

2) What rate do they carry. rate = interest rate =

carry =

(ÅüË ´÷ Ø√†o îÁÊ°pC. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ §Òü¿’°æ¤, véπ´’-P-éπ~ù Åçõ‰ °æöÀdç°æ¤.) (Economy= §Òü¿’°æ¤)

tight century

Carry someone through something conversational English common & effective. Practice

-Ééπ\úø

´úŒf-¨»ûªç.

´úŒf-°æ-úøôç

a) What rate does the farmer's loan carry? =

È®jûª’© ®Ω’ùçO’ü¿ ´úŒf ¨»ûªç áçûª °æúø’-ûª’çC? b) These loans carry nominal interests =

Ñ ®Ω’ù«© O’ü¿ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ ´úŒf °æúø’-ûª’çC. (Nominal = Ê°®Ω’èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’)

ÉC ´’K ÅA ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. carry something too far = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ÅAí¬ îËߪ’ôç/ ÅAí¬ îÁ°æpôç/ ÅAí¬ v§ƒ´·êuç É´yôç. a) We welcome politeness but Hari carries it too far =

ÅE, 2 ´

¢√éπuç™

•ü¿’©’

ÅE, 3 ´ ¢√éπuç™

•ü¿’©’

ÅE, 4´ ¢√éπuç™ •ü¿’©’ ÅE, 5´ ¢√éπuç™

•ü¿’©’

ÅE

´’®√uü¿ Åçõ‰ ´’†-éπçû√ É≠æd¢Ë’, é¬F £æ«J ÅA´’-®√uü¿ îª÷°œ-≤ƒhúø’. (ÅGµ-©-≠æ-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´) b) Rama Rao controls his children too much. He carries discipline too far =

®√´÷-®√´¤ ûª† °œ©xLo ´’K Åü¿’-°æ¤™ °úøû√úø’. ÅC ÅA véπ´’-P-éπ~ù. c) She eats very little to stay slim. That's carrying dieting too far =

3) ... and I have to carry out his instructions.

Bowling

4) I am afraid it is carrying them too far =

Ææ†oí¬ Öçú≈-©E î√™« ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Açô’çC. ÅC ÅA dieting îËߪ’ôç. Dieting Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆: ™«´-´¤-û√-´’ØË ¶µºßª’çûÓ/ Ææ†oí¬ Ø√Wí¬_ éπE-°œç-î√-©ØË éÓJ-éπûÓ Ç£æ…®Ωç ûªT_ç--éÓ-´ôç/ éÌEo ®Ω鬩 ǣ慮Ω °æü∆-®√n™‰ A†ôç.

Öçú≈L éπü∆!

Indirect speech present continuous past continuous will / can + present verb Would / could + past verb

Eߪ’-´÷©

v°æ鬮Ωç †’

í¬, †’ í¬ ´÷®√aL éπü∆! Å™« áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp™‰ü¿’? OöÀE éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ á™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ -ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. Idioms éÓÆæç àüÁjØ√ äéπ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – £æ«†’-´’çûª’, v°œßª÷çéπ ¨¡¨»çé˙, í¬®Ωx-CØÁo, éπ®Ω÷o©’.

ï¢√•’: 1.

carry forward =

a) Add this to the amount carried forward =

Ñ ¢Á·û√hEo ´·çü¿’ ´®ΩÆæ *´J ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ éπ©’°æ¤. b) This amount has been carried forward from the last page =

éÀçü¿öÀ

page

™E ¢Á·û√hEo Ééπ\úø ¢Ë¨»ç.

EXERCISE MATCH THE FOLLOWING A

B

1. Beverage

A. Walker (on the street)

2. Colossal

B. enjoy

3. Pedestrian

C. flow out

4. Relish

D. drink

5. Ooze

E. huge (very big) F. remember

ÉC

Ééπ\úø

5) You forgot to carry forward the amount to the next column.

äéπ E©’´¤ ´®ΩÆæ *´®Ω Ö†o ÅçÈ醒, ûª®√yA E©’´ ´®Ω’-Ææ-°j† ¢Ëߪ’ôç – èπÿúÕéπ©’, BÆœ-¢Ë-ûª© ûª®√yûª. É™«çöÀ ÅçÈ醒 brought forward (BF) ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.

correct: ' The Nationalist congress Party headed by Mr Sharad Pawar has complained... reporting verb, 'has complained'. This is in the present tense, so the tense of the reported verb need not be changed, so congress is not consulting is correct.

2.

sentence no 1 reporting verb, has said present tense reported verb will not support would not support

°j†

èπ◊ îÁ°œp-†ô’xí¬ Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

鬕öÀd

†’ í¬ ´÷®Ωa-èπÿ-úøü¿’. 鬕öÀd †÷uÆˇKúø®˝ ¢√éπuç éπÈ®é˙d. 3. Ñ sentence ™, °j sentences ™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, reporting verb- Umabharathi said, 'said' past tense ™ ÖçC. 鬕öÀd she is disobeying ûª°æ¤p.She was disobeying í¬ Öçú≈L. 4. Sentences 1,2 ™x ™«í¬, Ééπ\úÕ reporting verb, 'has said', present tense 鬕öÀd, can provide, correct. ÉC could provide í¬ ´÷®Ωa-èπÿ-úøü¿’. 5. Ééπ\úÕ reporting verb 'said' sentence 3 ™ ™«í¬ past tense 鬕öÀd, ™°æL reported verbs ÅFo past tense ™, past form ™ Öçú≈L. 鬕öÀd are being taken up, wrong. ÉC were being taken up Å®·-ûËØË correct. Idioms èπ◊ ´’ç*°æ¤Ææhéπç Mcmordie's Book of Idioms.

KEY: 1 D 2 E 3 A 4 B 5 C.

- M. SURESAN

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 23 -´÷-Ja 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

289

Kinnera: Take a look at that woman, getting out of the car. (Do you) know who she is and what she is?

(ÇN-úø†’ ã≤ƒJ îª÷úø’. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ ÇN-úÁ-´®Ó, àç îËÆæ’hç-üÓ-.) Apsara: Absolutely no idea.

(ÅÆæ©’ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’) Kinnera: She is a leading lawyer and member of the university syndicate. Her word carries a lot of weight in the university circles.

(Ç¢Á’ v°æ´·ê lawyer, university syndicate Æ涵º’u-®√©’. Ç¢Á’ ´÷ôèπ◊ university ´®√_™ x î√-™« N©’´ -ÖçC)

èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç – §ƒûª-•-úÕ† building èπ◊ ´’®Ω-´’t-ûª’©’ îËÆœ, ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢ËÆœ ´’ç* ÆœnAéÀ BÆæ’èπ◊-®√-´ôç. î√™«´’çC remodelling Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’, ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’) Apsara: Don't be carried away by her glamour and mistake that she is talented.

(Ç¢Á’ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùèπ◊ ™-ØÁj Ç¢Á’èπ◊ v°æA¶µº Öçü¿ØË §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ îËߪ’èπ◊) Kinnera: I am her admirer, whatever you say. Our classmate Mugda, lasya's first cousin has given me her cell number. She said I could talk to Lasya whenever I wanted.

(†’¢Ëy´’Ø√o ņ’ ØËØ√¢Á’ ÅGµ´- ÷-E- E/ fan †’. ´’† classmate ´·í∫¥l ™«Ææuèπ◊ first

cousin. Lasya cell phone

number

Ø√éÀ-*açC, á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ´÷ö«x-úø-´-îªaE îÁ°pœ çC.) Admirer = Åúøt-ߪ’®Ω – '´’— ØÌ-éÀ\ -°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç =

2

expression: to get carried away / to be carried away =

Ééπ\úÕ

(--üË-E´©x-ØÁjØ√) ´¨¡ç ûª°æpúøç/ üËE-O’--üÁjØ√ ¢Á÷V™ ´’† ÇûªtE-ví∫£æ«ç éÓ™p-´ôç.

a) Watching cricket on the TV, many viewers get carried away / are carried away by the happenings in the match. (TV

-™ cricket îª÷ÊÆ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©’ match ™E Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†© ´©x ´¨¡ç -ûª-°æ¤p-û√®Ω’ / ûª-´’-†’ -û√´· -´’-®Ω-*§Ú-û√®Ω’.) b) So carried away was he by his liking for the film star that he was blind to her defects = (

Ç film star O’ü¿ Åûª-E-èπ◊†o ¢Á÷V™ Ç¢Á’ üÓ-≥ƒ™‰ç Åûª-EéÀ éπE°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’).

Have been able + p.v, may have been able to + p.v., must have been able to + p.v

ûÓ ¢√é¬u©’ EJt-ûª-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ ᙫ Öç--ö«ßÁ÷ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’ . 1) We have been able to persuade them. 2) He might have been able to keep the promise.

c) Don't be carried away by his sweet words. He may deceive you =

3) She must have been able to get their support.

(ÅûªE Aߪ’uöÀ ´÷ô-©-ûÓ †’´¤y ´¨¡ç -ûª-°æpèπ◊.

°j ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x Åçúø®˝ ™„jØ˛ îËÆœ† °æü∆© é¬çG-ØË-≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ. ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo ûÁ©°æ-í∫-©®Ω’ – £æ«Ææqü˛ ¢Á÷®·-Ø˛-ë«Ø˛, áN’t-í∫-†÷®Ω’ ï-¢√-•’:

Her word carries a lot of weight Apsara: Is that so?

v°æ¨¡o :-

1) We have been able to persuade them = (Past action)

¢Ë’´· ¢√∞¡x-èπ◊- †îªaîÁ°æp-í∫-Lí¬ç. Ωu ïJ-Tç-C

(Å´¤Ø√?)

Kinnera: She is that great actress Lasya's sister. If Lasya is a talented actress, this woman is a genius of a lawyer. Lasya

(Ç íÌ°æp-†öÀ ≤Úü¿J -Ñ¢Á’. Ç¢Á’ v°æA¶µº í∫© †öÀ Å®·ûË, Ñ¢Á’ ¢Ë’üµ∆N Å®·† lawyer.)

Apsara: Lasya, a talented actress?! You alone say that. I don't see any talent in her. She's just a glam girl.

(™«Ææu v°æA¶µºí∫©-†ö«?! †’¢Ì\-éπ\-ü∆-E¢Ë Å™« ÅØËC. -Ç-N-úø-™ Ø√Íéç v°æA¶µº éπ-E°œç-‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†oü¿çû√ Çéπ-®Ω{ù‰.) Glam girl = glamour girl = Åçü¿ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öç-úÕ, Åçûª †ô-Ø√éı-¨¡©ç ™‰E û√®Ω. glamour ÅÆæ-©’ -Å®Ωn¥ç = Ææç°æü¿, Nïߪ’ç ´©x äéπ ´uéÀh §ÒçüË Çéπ-®Ω{ù.) Kinnera: You're wrong. She's definitely talented.

(†’´¤y §Ò®Ω-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´’ç* v°æA¶µº -ÖçC, †ô-†™) Apsara: You and others like you get carried away by her glamour and think her action is great.

(†’´¤y, F™«çöÀ-¢√-∞¡Ÿx Ç¢Á’ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ®Ω÷§ƒ-EéÀ ´¨¡-¢Á’i-§Ú®·, Ç¢Á’ î√-™« v°æA-¶µºí∫© †öÀ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’) Kinnera: What do you know? She is rare combination of charm and histrionics.

(FÍéç ûÁ©’Ææ’ ? Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿ç, †ôØ√ éı-¨¡-™«© Å®Ω’-üÁj† éπ©-®·éπ.) Rare combination = ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ éπ†-°æ-úøE È®çúø’ íÌ°æp ©éπ~-ù«© Å®Ω’-üÁj† éπ©-®·éπ. Histrionics = †ô†/ †ô-†èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç (£œ«ÆœZ-ߪ÷-Eé˙q.) Å®·ûË ÉC áèπ◊\-´í¬ Éûª-®Ω’© ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷A §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ éÌ-ç-ü¿®Ω’ îËÊÆ †ô† – ûÁ*a°ô’d-èπ◊†o ¶µ«-¢√-©ûÓ.) Apsara: She is certainly poor at acting.

(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ †ôØ√ v°æA¶µº ûªèπ◊\¢Ë.) Kinnera: She's (she has) bought an old mansion and is carrying out renovation work for it. Once it is complete, it's going to be as glamourous as her.

(Ç¢Á’ §ƒûª ¶µº´ç-A -éÌE ü∆EéÀ éÌûªh®Ω÷°æç É°œp-≤ÚhçC. ÅC °æ‹®Ωh-®·ûË, ÅC èπÿú≈ Ç-¢Á’-™« Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Öçô’çC) (Renovation = È®†-¢Á-ß˝’-≠æØ˛ – ¢Áß˝’ ØÌéÀ\- °æ-©’-

ÅGµ-´÷E /fan. Admire = ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îª-ôç /¢Á’-a-éÓ-´ôç. first cousins = ņo-ü¿-´·t-© /Å-éπ\-îÁ-™„x∞¡x Gúøf©’ Apsara: Why waste your valuable cell phone talk time?

(áçü¿’èπ◊ cell phone ™ ´%-ü∑∆- îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«´¤)

talk time

Kinnera: I've a lot of carry over from my last card. I won't be wasting much.














ûÓ ´îËa ´’J-éÌEo expressions Å®Ωnç, Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. É´Fo èπÿú≈ éπ*a-ûª¢Á’i† ¶µ«´ v°æéπ-ô-†èπ◊ (Precise expression of ideas èπ◊) î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·.

Carry

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above 1) Her word carries a lot of weight. 2) You get carried away by her glamour. 3) She is carrying out renovation work for the mansion. 4) Don't be carried away by her glamour 5) I have a lot of carry over from my last card. 1) Carries a lot of weight.

Ééπ\úø carries èπ◊ Å®Ωnç éπ-L-T Öçúø-ôç / -ä-éπ-JéÀ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÀ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-* -àüÁjØ√ Öçúøôç. Her word carries a lot of weight. (Ééπ\úø weight èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – N©’-´ / -v§ƒ-´·êuç) Ç¢Á’ ´÷ôèπ◊ î√™« N©’´ ÖçC. Ç¢Á’ ´÷ô î√™« N©’´ éπ-L-T Öçô’çC. a) He carries a lot of influence =

Åûª-EéÀ î√-™« °æ©’èπ◊•úÕ ÖçC. b) The job of a Collector carries a lot of responsibility = Collector

ÖüÓuí∫ç î√™« ¶«üµ¿u-ûªûÓ èπÿúÕçC.

c) The position of the MD of company carries a good number of perks =

ã company Managing Director °æü¿-NéÀ î√™« ¶µºû√u--™«xçöÀN Öçö«®·. Position = °æü¿N (´÷´‚©’í¬ °æJ-ÆœnA- ÅØË Å®Ωnç-™ áèπ◊\´ ¢√-úø-û√ç). (perks = perquisites èπ◊ abbreviation - °æü¿N ´©x ´îËa Ö*ûª ≤˘éπ-®√u©’ – Ö*-ûªçí¬ car, furniture -Ö-†o É©’x, °œ©x© îªü¿’-´¤ ¶µºûªuç ™«çöÀN) d) Crimes always carry punishments =

ØË®√-©-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ Péπ~ Öçô’çC.

Åûª†’ E†’o ¢Á÷Ææç îË-ßÁ·îª’a.) 3) She is carrying out renovation work for the old mansion. Carrying out (Carry out) carry out

= éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ Åçõ‰ Çïc-™«xç-öÀN Å-´’©’°æ-®Ω-îª-úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç Öçü¿E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø Carry out èπÿ Å®Ωnç – ņ’-èπ◊†o °æ†’©’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªôç.

a) She is carrying out repairs / renovation work for the old mansion. (Ç ¶µº´çAéÀ -Ç¢Á’ ´’®Ω-´’t-ûª’©’, Å©ç-é¬-®√©÷ îË®·-≤ÚhçC.) b) The government has set up a committee to carry out an enquiry into the accident =

(Ç v°æ´÷ü¿ç°j Nî√-®Ω-ù-èπ◊ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç äéπ mittee E à®Ωp-J-*çC.)

com-

c) Tests have been carried out to decide whether the drug is safe or not =

(Ç ´’çü¿’ Íé~´’-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†ü∆, é¬ü∆ ÅE E®√l¥-Jç-îËçü¿’èπ◊ °æK-éπ~©’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-î√®Ω’. (ïJ-í¬®·.) 5) I have a lot of carry over from my last card = ( card talk time

§Ú®·† ™ N’T-L§Ú®·† Ø√èπ◊ ¶™„-úø’çC.) Carry over = í∫ûªç™ N’T-L-§Ú-®·†ü∆Eo/ ÇT§Ú-®·-†ü∆Eo v°æÆæ’hûªç ¢√úø’-éπ-™-éÀ- B-Ææ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç.

a) Funds not used in the last financial year are carried over to the present budget =

í∫ûª ÇJnéπ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ ¢√úøE Eüµ¿’-©’ Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç budget ™ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’/ ¢√úø-é¬-EéÀ ´≤ƒh®·.

b) The unused amount in the expired card can be carried over to the next period = [Cell Phone] card

鬩ç îÁLx† ™ N’T-L-§Ú®·† ¢Á·û√hEo ûª®√yA ¢Á·ûªhç™ éπ©’-°æ¤-û√®Ω’. (expire= 鬩ç -îÁ-©xôç)

c) This habit of his is a carry over from his childhood days =

Ñ Å©-¢√ô’ ÅûªE *†o-°æpöÀ ®ÓV-©- †’ç* ´*açüË. ÉO carry ûÓ ´îËa effective expressions. ´’† conversation ™ practice îËü∆lç. Match the following: A 1. Farming

B A. Tell (usually a story)

2. Polite

B. Cultivation

3. Narrate

C. Area

4. Enormous 5. Region

D. Courteous E. Unnecessary

2) You get carried a way by her glamour

F. Huge

4) Don't be carried away by her glamour.

KEY: 1) B 2) D 3) A 4) F 5) C.

2) He might have been able to keep his promise =

Åûª†’ ûª† ´÷ô†’ E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-í∫L-Íí-¢√-úË¢Á÷/ í∫L-í∫’ç-úÌa (E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-éπ-§Ú®‚ ÖçúÌa) – doubtful. 3) She must have been able to get their support = support

¢√∞¡x (éπ*a-ûªçí¬) §Òçü¿-í∫-LÍí Öçô’çC (§ÒçCçC).

He must have passed = Pass (pass

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬) Öçö«úø’.

ÅßË’u Åߪ÷uúø’)

He must have felt angry. He was about to beat me =

¢√úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ éÓ°æç ´*a Öçô’çC (´*açC). ††’o éÌôd-¶-ߪ÷úø’. v°æ¨¡o: Thanks, bank, balance, cash ¢Á·ü¿-™„j† °æü∆-©†’ phonetics v°æ鬮Ωç -ü∑Ëçé˙q / ¶‰çé˙/ ¶‰©Ø˛q / Íé≠ˇ... ÅE °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç éπü∆. é¬F OöÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤úø’ ü∑∆uçé˙q, ¶«uçé˙, ¶«u™„Ø˛q, é¬u≠ˇ -Å-E ('ߪ’—鬮ΩçûÓ) ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. Å™« ®√ߪ’úøç ûª°æ¤p éπü∆! – §Úûª’© XE-¢√Ææ’, ¢Ëí¬-ߪ’´’t Ê°ô, ûª÷®Ω’p-íÓ-ü∆-´J ï-¢√-•’: ûÁ©’-í∫’™ thanks ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-™xE 'a' ûÁL-Ê° -¨¡-¶«l-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† Åéπ~®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE bank ™«çöÀ-¢√öÀ™E 'a' Åéπ~®Ωç ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«l-EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ Ö†o ¨¡•lç, ¶«u. Åçü¿’-éπE Å™«-®√-≤ƒh®Ω’. ûÁ©’-í∫’-™-èπÿú≈, û√ö«-èπ◊™ 'ö«—, îÁ§ƒp-úø’™ §ƒp ᙫ- °æ-©’-èπ◊-û√®Ó, bank™ èπÿú≈ ba Å™« °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. v°æ¨¡o :Adverb í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. – á. §ƒ´E, û√úÕ-°ævA, ņç-ûª-°æ¤®Ωç ï-¢√-•’: Adverb Åçõ‰ verb ûÁLÊ° °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅE îÁÊ°p-´÷ô. He walked slowly. Ñ Sentence ™ verb-walked- †úÕ-î√úø’. ᙫ †úÕ-î√úø’? Åç-õ‰ slowly ÅØË answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd slowly ÅØËC adverb. Å™«Íí She sang sweetly. Ééπ\úø ᙫ §ƒúÕçC Åçõ‰ Sweetly ÅE answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd sweetly-adverb. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 90] Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x '-ly' *´®Ω ´îËa ´÷ô©’ Adverbs. - M. SURESAN

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 25 -´÷-Ja 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Suphala: Any way, all our troubles will be a thing of the past, if only our efforts bear fruit.

290

Vatsala: That’s it. Thank God we are through the exams.

(àüÁjØ√, ´’† v°æߪ’-û√o-©Fo °∂æLÊÆh ´’† ¶«üµ¿-©Fo í∫Aç-*† N≠æ-ߪ÷©´¤û√®·.) Vatsala: Have you met pramila of late?

(Ñ´’üµ¿u v°æO’-©-ØË-´’Ø√o éπL-¨»¢√?) Suphala: No. We aren’t on talking terms.

(°æK-éπ~-™„j-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. •A-éÀ-§Úߪ÷ç) (™‰ü¿’. ¢Ë’ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’) not on talking terms = ´’†-Ææp-®Ωn© ´©x, -§Úö«x-úøôç ´©x ´÷ö«x-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç.

Suphala: What a relief! Looking back I just wonder how we were able to bear the stress of it all.

Vatsala: What’s gone wrong?

(Å•s! áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ! Å®·-§Ú®·çC ûª©--èπ◊çõ‰ Ç äAhúøçû√ ᙫ ûªô’dèπ◊-Ø√o´÷ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC) Vatsala: Unfortunately this isn’t the end of it. The worse is yet to come the entrance exams.

(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠æd-´-¨»ûª÷h -É-üË -Åç-ûªç é¬ü¿’. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ Åüµ∆y†ç (-Çç--üÓ-∞¡-†éπ®Ωç)– v°æ¢Ë¨¡ °æK-éπ~©’ ´·çü¿’-Ø√o®·.) Suphala: The thing is that all these are in the summer when the students have to bear the hot sun too.

(N≠æߪ’ç àçôçõ‰ É´Fo èπÿú≈ ¢ËÆæ-N-™ØË Öçö«®·, Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ áçúø†’ èπÿú≈ ¶µºJç-î√-L-°æ¤púø’)

(à´’-®·çC?/ àç §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ïJ-TçC?)

ûªLx ûª† °œ©x-©-éÓÆæç à éπ≥ƒdEo ¶µºJç-îª-ö«-E-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úø’ûª’çC. b) Just because of my respect for him I bore all his misdeeds =

Åûª-E-O’ü¿ íı®Ω´ç ´©x, ÅûªE Åé¬-®√u-©Fo (ûª°æ¤púø’ °æ†’©’) ¶µºJç-î√†’. ÉüË Å®Ωnç/ ¶µ«´çûÓ Â°j† É*a† sentence no 2 îª÷úøçúÕ: 2) ... all these are in the summer when the students have to bear the hot sun =

É´Fo èπÿú≈ áçúø-¢Ë-úÕE ûªô’d-éÓ-¢√-Lq† ¢ËÆæ-N-™ØË Öçö«®·.

Suphala: She wanted my help in the exam hall which I refused. Since then she has borne a grudge against me.

We can’t bear the heat of Bhadrachalam during summer =

(°æKéπ~ í∫C™ Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓJçC. ØËØÌ°æ¤p-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Ø√ O’ü¿ üËy≠æç °ç-éÌçC.)

¢ËÆæ-N™ ¶µºvü∆-îª©ç ¢ËúÕE ûªô’d-éÓ™‰ç. ´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: ûªô’d-éÓ-´ôç/ ¶µºJç-îªôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ‘bear’ èπ◊ Ææ´’çí¬ stand èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

Vatsala: Has she forgotten all the help she had had from you?

(F ü¿í∫_®Ω Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ §ÒçC† Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç í∫’Jç* Åçû√ ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-®·çü∆?) Suphala: Life’s like that.

(@Nûªç ÅçûË)

☺

☺

☺

☺

a) I can’t stand your silly behaviour =

F °œ©x-ûª-®Ω£æ… †úø-´úÕ Øˆ’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’. b) The boss is too intolerant. He can’t stand any one saying no to him =

Ç boss ´’K ÅÆæ-£æ«†ç éπ©-¢√úø’/ Boss èπ◊ ´’K ÅÆæ-£æ«†ç. ÅûªE ´÷ô-©èπ◊ é¬ü¿’/ ™‰ü¿’ Åçõ‰ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰úø’.

She has borne a grudge Vatsala: What a pity! We haven’t had a real full vacation since we entered the 9th class. Our parents have been putting us through some summer course or the other. They must bear all the responsibility for our stress.

(áçûª ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç! 9th class ™ Åúø’í∫’-°öÀd-†-°æpöÀ †’ç* ´’†èπ◊ Eï-¢Á’i† °æ‹Jh ÂÆ©´¤-©çô÷ ™‰´¤ éπü∆ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. ´’† ûªLxü¿ç-vúø’-™‰¢Á÷ àüÓ äéπ summer course èπ◊ °æç°æ¤-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. ´’† äAhúÕéÀ ¢√∞Ïx ¶«üµ¿uûª ´£œ«ç-î√L.) Vacation = Ææ’D®Ω` ÂÆ©´¤©’. We are on vacation = ¢Ë’ç Ææ’D®Ω` N®√-´’ç™ ÖØ√oç. Holidays = ÂÆ©´¤©’. ÉN ´®Ω-Ææí¬ N®√´’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. Vacation = ´’üµ¿u™ break ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ÂÆ©´¤©’. Stress = äAhúÕ, ´·êuçí¬ ´÷†-Æ œ-éπ-¢Á’i-†C. Suphala: But one thing- we needn’t carry any more so many books, when we join higher courses.

(Å®·ûË äéπ N≠æߪ’ç– ´’†ç °j îªü¿’-´¤™x îËJûË ÅEo °æ¤Ææh鬩’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.) Vatsala: How we carried more books than our backs could bear! (I) shudder to think of it.

(´’† O°æ¤©’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ •®Ω’´¤†o °æ¤Ææh鬙„™« ¢Á÷¨»¢Á÷! ûª©--èπ◊çõ‰ØË ¶µºßª’çûÓ ´ù’èπ◊ °æ¤úø’-ûª’çC/ ï©-ü¿-JÆæ’hçC/ í∫í∫’-®Ìp-úø’-Ææ’hçC.) Shudder - ≠æúø. '≠æ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. ä∞¡Ÿx (¶µºßª’çûÓ) ï©-ü¿-Jç-îªôç. ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ç™-îª-†©’-í¬F, í∫ûªç™ ´’†ç ûª°œpç--èπ◊†o °†’ v°æ´÷ü∆-©’-í¬F í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ éπLÍí ü¿úø. A snake crawled by me; it didn’t hurt me, though. I shudder whenever I remember it.

Ø√ °æéπ\ØË §ƒ´· §ƒèπ◊\çô÷ ¢ÁRxçC. Å®·ûË †ØËoç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. é¬E ÅC í∫’®Ìh-*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ä∞¡Ÿx í∫í∫’-®Ìp-úø’-Ææ’hçC.

Carry Carry

ûÓ ´îËa expressions ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. éÀ é¬Ææh ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o bear í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

(bear - present tense, bore - past tense, borne - Past participle) 1. bear

Åçõ‰ ´’†™ î√™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ¶µºJç-îªôç, Æ棜«ç-îªôç, ûªô’d-éÓ-´ôç ÅE. î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç/ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ÅE not ûÓØË ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Can’t (Can not) bear ÅE áèπ◊\´ Åçö«ç. a) I can’t bear his conceit -

ÅûªE í∫®Ωyç ؈’ Æ棜«ç-îª-™‰†’. (Ø√èπ◊ *vÈ®-ûª’héÌ-Ææ’hçC.) Ñ ¢√®Ωh†’ ÇNúø ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. c) We can’t bear the cold of Kashmir =

é¬Qt®˝ îªL ´’†ç ûªô’d-éÓ™‰ç. 2. àü¿-®·Ø√ Ææ£æ«-†çûÓ, üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ ¶µºJç-îªôç–

´’† äAhúÕéÀ ¶«üµ¿uûª ¢√∞¡xüË/ ¢√∞¡x ´™‰x ´’†èπ◊ äAhúÕ. ¶«üµ¿’u©-´ôç.

bear the responsibility =

a) The government must bear the responsibility for the rising prices. =

°®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o üµ¿®Ω© ¶«üµ¿uûª v°æ¶µº’-û√y-EüË. = °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o üµ¿®Ω-©èπ◊ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ¶«üµ¿uûª ´£œ«ç-î√L/ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ´™‰x. b) She had to bear the responsibility for his suffering =

ÅûªE ¶«üµ¿-©èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ ¶«üµ¿’u-®√©-®·çC/ Ç¢Á’ ´™‰x ÅûªE ¶«üµ¿©’. c) Syam: Let’s do it. (´’†ç ÅC îËü∆lç) (؈’ ü∆EéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç. ü∆E-´©x îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√-©èπ◊ ؈’ ¶«üµ¿uûª ´£œ«ç-îª-™‰†’/ ¶«üµ¿’uúÕo 鬙‰†’.)

bear.

Though born a princess, Sita bore the austere life in the forests =

®√èπ◊-´÷-Jí¬ °æ¤öÀdØ√, Æ‘ûª Åúø-´¤™x E®√-úøç-•-®Ω-¢Á’i† @N-û√Eo ¶µºJç-*çC. (Austere = ÇÆœdߪ’. Ææ’ê-¶µ-í¬©’ ™‰E î√™« E®√úøç-•-®Ω-¢Á’i† – ÆæØ√u-Ææ’©’ í∫úÕÊ° @Nûªç – austere life.

Mahatma Gandhi led an austere life. Bear

3) They must bear the responsibility for our stress =

Pran: I’m not for it. I can’t bear any responsibility for any bad consequences.

b) She can’t bear this news -

èπ◊ Ö†o Éûª®Ω Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-L-°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç:

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above: 1) ... I wonder how we were able to bear the stress of it all. 2) ... when students have to bear the hot sun. 3) They must bear the responsibility for our stress. 4) How we carried more books than our backs could bear. 5) She has borne a grudge against me. 1) I wonder how we were able to bear the stress of it all.

Ééπ\úø bear èπ◊ Å®Ωnç °j† îÁ°œp-†ô’x ¶µºJç-îªôç/ ûªô’d-éÓ-´ôç. a) A Mother is prepared to bear any hardship for the sake of her children =

2

4) ... we carried more books than our backs could bear =

´’† O°æ¤©’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ´’†ç áèπ◊\´ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢Á÷¨»ç. (back= O°æ¤) Ééπ\úø bare èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ¢Á÷ߪ’ôç. a) The elephant can bear a lot of weight =

à†’í∫’ î√™« •®Ω’´¤ ¢Á÷ߪ’í∫-©ü¿’. b) The bridge is too weak to bear the weight of heavy traffic =

áèπ◊\´ ®ΩDlE ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖçC Ç ´çûÁ†. c) The eldest son bears the burden of the family =

Ç èπ◊ô’ç• ¶µ«®√Eo °ü¿l éÌúø’èπ◊ ¢Á÷Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. (burden = ¢Á÷ûª/ ¶«üµ¿uûª) 5) She has borne a grudge against me =

Ø√ O’ü¿ Ç¢Á’ üËy≠æç/ éÓ°æç éπLT ÖçC. bear a grudge = °æí∫/ éÓ°æç/ üËy≠æç ™«çöÀN éπLT Öçúøôç. a) Mandhara bore a grudge against Sri Rama =

X ®√´·úÕ O’ü¿ ´’çüµ¿-®Ωèπ◊ éÓ°æç/ üËy≠æç ÖçúËC. (´’çüµ¿®Ω Ææ©£æ… O’ü¿ØË ®√´·úø’ Åúø-´¤-©-Èé-∞«x-©E ü¿¨¡-®Ω-ü∑¿’úÕo ÈéjÍé®· éÓJçC. •çû√-ô™ ®√´·úø’ Çúø’-ûª’†o •çA ´’çüµ¿-®Ωèπ◊ ûªT-LçC– Åçü¿’-´©x Ç °æJ-ù«´’ç.)

b) Parasurama bore a grudge against Kshatriyas =

éπ~vA-ߪ·© O’ü¿ °æ®Ω-¨¡Ÿ-®√-´·úø’ °æí∫ °ç-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. c) I bear no grudge against him =

Åûª-†çõ‰ Ø√Íé-üËy-≠æ-´‚-™‰ü¿’. ÉO bear ûÓ ´îËa éÌEo expressions. Practice îËü∆lç. EXERCISE MATCH THE FOLLOWING: A

B

1) Obey

A. Chase

2) traffic

B. humble

3) pursue

C. illegal trade

4) meek

D. extraordinary

5) remarkable

E. follow F. understand

KEY: 1 E

Lesson No 288

2C

3A

™ É*a†

4B

5 D.

Exercise, answers

èπ◊

N´-®Ωù. 1. Beverage = drink.

´’†ç û√Ííôô’´çöÀ §ƒF-ߪ÷-©†’ (´’ç*-F∞¡Ÿx é¬èπ◊çú≈) – coffee, tea, food drinks, alcoholic drinks – Oô-Eoç-öÀE beverages Åçö«ç. beverage - pronunciation - ¶„´-Jñ¸ – '¶„— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 2. Colossal - Pronunciation - éπ™«-Ææ™ ¸ – '™«— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = î√™« °ü¿l-ü¿-®·†/ •%£æ«û˝. A colossal statue - î√™« ¶µ«K Nví∫£æ«ç. (Öü∆-£æ«®Ω-ùèπ◊, éπ®√o-ô-éπ-™E íÓ´’-Í®∏-¨¡y-®Ω’úÕ Nví∫£æ«ç) A colossal waste (of money) = î√™« áèπ◊\´ ´%ü∑∆. A Colossal amount = î√™« °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªhç. 3. Pedestrian = °úøÆ œZ-ߪ’Ø˛– 'úø— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. = §ƒü¿-î√J. Roads ™ †úÕ-îË-¢√-∞¡x†’ (¢√£æ«-Ø√-©™ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬èπ◊çú≈) Pedestrian Åçö«ç. Pedestrian crossing = §ƒü¿-î √-®Ω’©’ ®Óúø’f-ü∆õ‰ îÓô’/ Å´-鬨¡ç. Pedestrian Åçõ‰ Åçûª íÌ°æpí¬™‰E – E®√¨¡°æJîË ÅE èπÿú≈. It’s a Pedestrian movie - Åçûª íÌ°æpí¬ ™‰ü¿’ Ç ÆœE´÷, ´÷´‚™‰. His game was pedestrian = àüÓ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Çú≈úø’. 4. Relish = enjoy - džç-ü¿çí¬ Å†’-¶µº-Nç-îªôç, Ç≤ƒy-Cç-îªôç. üËE-´©xØÁjØ√ džçü¿ç §Òçü¿ôç. a) We relished the food at the restaurant = Ç restaurant ™ Ç£æ…-®√Eo (A†-ú≈Eo) ¢Ë’ç džçCçî√ç. b) Narada relished creating quarrels = Ø√®Ωü¿’úø’ éπ©-£æ…Lo éπL-Tç* džç-Cç-îË-¢√úø’ c) We relished his speech yesterday = E†o ÅûªE Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒEo ¢Ë’ç džç-Cçî√ç. 5. Ooze = (Üñ¸ – ñ¸, size ™ ñ¸ ™«í∫) = 鬮Ωôç (´·êuçí¬ *éπ\öÀ vü¿´ç) – ØÁ´’t-Cí¬. a) Blood was oozing out of the injury -

Ç í¬ßª’ç †’ç* ®Ωéπhç 鬮Ω’-ûÓçC. b) The vada was oozing oil =

´úø-™ç* †÷ØÁ 鬮Ω’-ûÓçC. c) Pus oozed from the wound =

í¬ßª’ç™ †’ç* <´· 鬮Ω’-ûÓçC. - M. SURESAN

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 27 -´÷-Ja 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

291

Snehit: Hi Sobhit, when did you come back?

(äéπ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰, ´÷ ´ßÁ÷ï† Nü∆u鬮Ωuvéπ´’ç °æ¤ùu´÷ ÅE ߪ÷¶µ„j ¨»ûªç ví¬´’Ææ’n©’ É°æ¤púø’ ®√ߪ’úøç, îªü¿´úøç -ØË®Ω’aèπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Åéπ\úÕ °œ©x©çü¿®Ω÷ •úÕ-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µºûª N©’´ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ØËJpçî√ç.) Hygene = Ç®Ó-í¬u-E-éπ-´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µºûª. Snehit: Who bore the expenses of the camp?

(á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌî√a¢˛?) Sobhit: The day before (yester day).

(¢Á·†o, conversation ™ ¢Á·†o ÅØËçü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ The day before yester day ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ Å†-èπ◊çú≈, the day before ÅE Åçö«®Ω’.) Snehit: You are rundown, aren't you?

(¶«í¬ F®Ω-Ææçí¬ Ö†o-ô’x-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?) Sobhit: Why do you say that? I'm all right.

(áçü¿’-éπ™« Åçô’-Ø√o´¤? ؈’ èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ØË ÖØ√o) Snehit: Your weary face and lean appearance bear proof of it.

(F ÅLÆœ† ¢Á·£æ«ç, *éÀ\-§Ú-®·† Ç鬮Ωç ü∆EéÀ ®Ω’V´¤í¬ ÖØ√o®·.) Sobhit: It's true. I am a little tired but otherwise I am in perfect health.

(é¬Ææh ÅL-Æœ-§Ú-®·† ´÷ô-¢√-Ææh-´¢Ë’, é¬F ¶«í¬ Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ÖØ√o.)

(Ñ ê®Ω’a Åçû√ á´®Ω’ ¶µºJç-î√®Ω’?) Sobhit: An NGO.

(ã v°æ¶µº’-ûËy-ûª®Ω ÊÆ¢√-ÆæçÆæn.) NGO- Non Government Organization.

Ææyîªa ¥çü¿ ÊÆ¢√ ÆæçÆæn©†’ É™« Åçö«®Ω’. Snehit: What part of the expenses did they bear?

(ê®Ω’a™x áçûª ¶µ«í∫ç ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶µºJç-î√®Ω’?) Sobhit: The whole of it. We were comfortably lodged and fed and every one of us did have the satisfaction of doing real service.

(¢Á·ûªhç ê®Ωaçû√ ¢√JüË. ´’ç* •Ææ, AçúÕ à®√pô’ î˨»®Ω’. ´÷™ v°æA äéπ\®Ω÷ Eï-¢Á’i† ÊÆ´-îË-Æ œ† ûª%°œh §Òçü∆®Ω’.)

2

5) They bore the signature of the governor. 1) Your weary face and lean appearance bear proof of it. bear proof of =

®Ω’V´¤í¬

Öçúøôç. 1) The blood on his body bears proof of some fight between the murdered man and the attackers.

5) They bore the signature of the governor.

(ÅûªúÕ üË£æ«ç-O’C ®Ωéπhç ´’®Ω-éπ©’, £æ«ûªuèπ◊ í∫’È®j† Åûª-úÕéÃ, Åûª-úÕE üÁ•s-B-Æœ† ¢√JéÀ ´’üµ¿u §Úö«xô ïJ-Tç-ü¿E ®Ω’V´¤ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®·.)

a) You received the money, you can't deny it. The receipt bears your signature.

b) The broken neck bone bears proof that Bob Woolmer was done in. (Bob Woolmer £æ«ûªuèπ◊ í∫’®Ω-ߪ÷u-úøE ÅûªúÕ NJT† ¢Á’úø á´·éπ ®Ω’V´¤ îË≤ÚhçC.) Be done in - (Passive of do in) = £æ«ûªu îËߪ’ -•-úøôç. 2) Please bear with me for a few minutes. Bear with someone (me/ him/ them, etc) =

äéπ-JûÓ ã°œ-éπí¬ Öçúøôç. a) I am an old man and perhaps keep saying unnecessary things. Bear with me.

(ØËØËüÓ Â°ü¿l-¢√-úÕE. ņ-´-Ææ®Ω¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’

Snehit: What were the rewards?

What were the rewards?

(F v°æߪ÷ù ê®Ω’a †’¢Ëy ¶µºJç-î√L.) (ÅN í∫´-®Ωo®˝ Ææçûª-éπçûÓ ÖØ√o®·.) Bear signature = ÆæçûªéπçûÓ Öçúøôç. (†’¢√y-úø•’s BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. é¬ü¿-†-™‰´¤. Ñ ®ΩÆ‘ü¿’™ F Ææçûªéπç ÖçC) b) The blank paper bears his signature.

(Ç ë«S-é¬-Tûªç ÅûªúÕ Ææçûª-é¬Eo éπLT ÖçC/ Ç ë«S é¬Tûªç O’ü¿ ÅûªúÕ Ææçûªéπç ÖçC.) Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ bear ¢√úÕ† îÓôxçû√ Carry ¢√úÌa. Postal cards, covers, etc O’ü¿ stamps Öçúøôç èπÿú≈ bear Åçö«ç. The cover doesn't bear any stamps.

(Ç éπ´®˝ O’ü¿ ≤ƒdç°æ¤©’ ™‰´¤.) Exercise: Match the following: A

B

1. Harass

A) clever

2. Fair

B) too much

3. Mend

C) unnecessary

4. Excessive

D) repair

5. Shrewd

E) trouble /annoy F) just/ impartial

Snehit: Did you have a good time at the village? How did your social service go?

(Ç ví¬´’ç™ Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË í∫úÕ*çü∆? O’ Ææç°∂æ’ ÊÆ´ 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç ᙫ ïJ-TçC?) Sobhit: Could you wait for ten minutes? I have this report to finish.

(é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Çí∫¢√? ØËF ߪ÷L.)

report

°æ‹Jh-îË-

Snehit: How many volunteers participated in the programme?

(áçûª ´’çC volunteers Åçü¿’™ §ƒ™Ô_Ø√o®Ω’?) Volunteer- ¢√©ç-öÀߪ’ – àüÁjØ√ 鬮Ωu-véπ-´’ç™ Ææyîªa ¥ç-ü¿çí¬ ÊÆ¢√-ü¿%-éπp-ü∑¿çûÓ §ƒ™Ô_-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx.) Sobhit: Please bear with me for a few more minutes. Yes It's over. You were asking me how many participated in the programme, weren't you?

Snehit:

(Éçé¬-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ø√ûÓ ã°œéπ °æô’d. Ç.. ÅC Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. Åçü¿’™ ¢√©ç-öîΩ’x áçûª ´’çC §ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o-®ΩE ÅúÕí¬´¤ éπü∆?) Yes, I was. (Å´¤†’)

Sobhit: As many as fifty.

(50 ´’çC ´®Ωèπÿ ÖØ√o®Ω’) Snehit: What did you achieve?

(O’Í®ç ≤ƒCµç-î√®Ω’?) Sobhit: Our efforts did bear fruit and we really succeeded.

(´÷ v°æߪ’-û√o-©Fo °∂æLç-î√®·, ¢Ë’ç Eïç-í¬ØË éπ%ûª-éπ%-ûª’u-©ßª÷uç) Snehit: What in?

(üËçöx) Sobhit: For one thing thanks to our adult literacy programme, 50% of the adult villagers ended up reading and writing. All the children there are now going to school. We taught them the value of hygene.

Key: 1)E 2)F 3)D 4)B 5)A

(O’éÌ-*a† v°æA-°∂æ©ç àçöÀ?) Sobhit: More than anything the satisfaction of having served the under privileged people of a remote village. Providing sources of drinking water was our greatest achievement.

(áéπ\úÓ ´÷®Ω’-´‚© èπ◊ví¬-´’ç™... ´Ææûª’©÷, Å´-é¬-¨»©èπ◊ ØÓ-éÓE v°æï-©èπ◊ ÊÆ´-îË-ߪ’ôç. ´’ç* FöÀ ´†-®Ω’-©†’ à®√pô’ îËߪ’ôç ´÷ Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp ≤ƒüµ¿†.) The under privileged = Ææ´÷-ïç™ N’í∫û√ ¢√JéπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ ´Ææ-ûª’©÷, Å´-é¬-¨»©’†o¢√-∞¡Ÿx/-´-®√_©’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢Á†’-éπ-•-úøf-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅØÌa.) Snehit: Any recognition from the government?

(v°æ¶µº’ûªyç †’ç* à¢Á’iØ√ í∫’Jhç°æ¤ ´*açü∆?) Sobhit: We had certificates of appreciation from the government, of course. They bore the signature of the governor himself.

(v°æ¶µº’ûªyç †’ç* v°æ¨¡ç≤ƒ°ævû√©’ §Òçü∆ç. Å´Fo í∫´-®Ωo®˝ Ææçûª-é¬-©ûÓ ÖØ√o®·.) Snehit: Good to see you back.













English Daily life situation conversations frequently used expressions 'bear' Lesson

™

™ (ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ éÌEo ´÷ô©’) -™ äéπ-õ„j† ™ îª÷¨»ç. ´’J-éÌEo É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’éÀçü¿öÀ Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Study the following sentences from the conversation between Snehit and Sobhit. 1) Your weary face and lean appearance bear proof of it. 2) Please bear with me for a few more minutes. 3) Our efforts did bear fruit. 4) What part of expenses did they bear?

´÷ö«x-úø-û√-ØË¢Á÷. é¬Ææh ã°œéπ°æô’d.) b) Am I asking you too many questions? Please bear with me.

(´’K áèπ◊\´ v°æ¨¡o-©-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o-ØË¢Á÷. é¬Ææh Ø√°æôx ã°œéπ °æô’d.) c) Pranav: Could you lend me your book once more?

(´’®Ó-≤ƒJ F °æ¤Ææhéπç É≤ƒh¢√ Please?) Prasad: Have it.

(BÆæ’éÓ)

Pranav: Perhaps I am asking you too often. Please bear with me.

(´’K áèπ◊\-´≤ƒ®Ω’x Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o-ØË¢Á÷. é¬Ææh ã°œéπ îª÷°œç/ à´’-†’-éÓèπ◊) 3) Our efforts did bear (bore) fruit = bear fruit =

°∂æLç-îªôç. (°æü∑¿-鬩÷, v°æߪ’-û√o©÷.)

a) The government's attempts to hold the price line have yet to bear fruit.

(üµ¿®Ω-©†’ Åü¿’-°æ¤™ ÖçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æ¶µº’ûªy v°æߪ’û√o©’ Éçé¬ °∂æLç-îª-™‰ü¿’.) hold the price line = üµ¿®Ω-©†’ Åü¿’-°æ¤™  Öçîªúøç / check the prices.

b) His two sons are in the states and his efforts to see them well settled have Borne fruit.

(ÅûªúÕ Éü¿l®Ω’ éÌúø’-èπ◊©÷ Å¢Á’-J-鬙 ÖØ√o®Ω’. °œ©x©’ ¶«í¬ Æœn®Ω-°æ-úø-ö«-EéÀ Åûªúø’ îËÆœ† v°æߪ’û√o©’ °∂æLç-î√®·.) 4) What part of expenses did they bear? bear expenses =

ê®Ω’a©’ ¶µºJç-îªôç.

a) The government bears the expenses of the ministers' foreign tours.

(´’çvûª’© NüË-Q -v°æ-ߪ÷-ù«© ê®Ω’a†’ v°æ¶µº’-ûªy¢Ë’ ¶µºJ-Ææ’hçC.) b) He bore the expenses / cost of the orphan's education.

(ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ™‰E Ç °œ©x-¢√úÕ îªü¿’´¤ ê®Ω’a Åûª†’ ¶µºJç-î√úø’.) c) You have to bear the expenses of your travel.

Lesson no 289

™ É*a† matching π◊ N´-®Ωù. 1) farming = cultivation = ´u´-≤ƒßª’ç/ ≤ƒí∫’. Å®·ûË farming ´u´-≤ƒ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æJ-N’ûªç é¬èπ◊çú≈ É°æ¤púø’ ÅEo-®Ω-鬩 °ç°æ-é¬-©èπÿ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’. poultry farming = éÓ∞¡x °ç°æéπç. Aqua farming = îË°æ©’, ®Ìߪ’u-™«xçöÀ ï©-îª-®√© ¶µ«K °ç°æéπç (¢√u§ƒ-®Ω- Ææ-®Ω-R™) Farm = ≤ƒí∫’™ Ö†o ¶µº÷N’. Farm house = §Ò©ç™ E´-Æ œç-îª-ö«-EéÀ éπô’d-èπ◊ØË É©’x. 2) Polite = Courteous = ´’®√uü¿ Ö†o He talks very politely.

(-Å-ûª-úø’ î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’.) She refused to do it, though politely.

(´’®√u-ü¿-í¬ØË Ç °æE îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç*çC.) Courteous ÅØ√o ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. politeness = courtesy (éπôÆ‘ – 'éπ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’èπ◊û√ç. éπ, bird ™ • ™«í∫ 3) Narrate = éπü∑¿ îÁ°æpôç/ äéπ ´%û√hç-û√Eo/ éπü∑¿†’ N´-Jç-îªôç. Pronunciation - †È®-ß˝’ö¸– È® ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç. She Narrated the short story to her children.

(Ç¢Á’ ûª† °œ©x©èπ◊ Ç éπü∑¿ îÁ°œpçC) î√™«-°-ü¿l-üÁj†/ î√™« áèπ◊\-¢Áj†.

4) Enormous = huge =

a) The Rashtrapati Bhavan is an enormous building.

(®√≠æZ-°æA¶µº´†ç î√™«-°ü¿lC.) b) Sita had enormous patience.

(Æ‘ûªèπ◊ î√™« ã®Ω’p ÖçC.) ã v§ƒçûªç. Telangana region = ûÁ©ç-í¬ù« v§ƒçûªç Andhra region = Ççvüµ¿ v§ƒçûªç

5) Region =

- M. SURESAN

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 29 -´÷-Ja 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Sravan: No luck there. The police have yet to catch the thief.

1) He couldn't catch the early morning train.

(™‰ü¿’. police ©’ Éçé¬ üÌçí∫†’ °æô’d-éÓ¢√Lq ÖçC.)

Åûª†’ §Òü¿’löÀ train †’ Åçü¿’-éÓ™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Bus, train ™«çöÀ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©†’ Åçü¿’-éÓ-´úøç catch.

292

Sravan: I suppose Pavan has left?

(°æ´Ø˛ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«?) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. °j sentence ™ question word order (verb + subject order) ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ *´®Ω question mark ÖçC. äéÓ\≤ƒJ î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ É™« questions Åúø-í∫-´îª’a.

Bhavan: It seems he caught hold of the thief as he grabbed the suit case, but the thief was stronger than him and escaped.

(Ç üÌçí∫ suitcase †’ ™«éÓ\-í¬ØË °æ´Ø˛ ¢√úÕE °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o-úøô. é¬F üÌçí∫ Éûª-úÕ-éπçõ‰ •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-´-ôçûÓ ûª°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.) grab = üÌ®Ω-éπ-•’-a-éÓ-´úøç/ ™«éÓ\-´úøç

Bhavan: Yea, he has, by the 11 o' clock train.

(Å´¤†’. ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ 11 í∫çô© •çúÕéÀ.) Sravan: But he told me that he would leave early in the morning.

(Ø√ûÓ §Òü¿’lØËo ¢Á∞«h-†-Ø√oúø’?) Bhavan: He couldn't catch the early morning train. He was unable to get up early enough.

Sravan:

a) He wants to catch the early morning flight to Mumbai.

(Eïçí¬ ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç.) Bhavan: Pavan caught an employee in his company red handed stealing office property. He got him suspended. He thinks that this employee had his suit case stolen.

7) Pavan caught an employee red handed.

§Òü¿’lØËo ´·ç¶„jéÀ ¢Á∞Ïx N´÷-Ø√Eo Åçü¿’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’. b) You go to Tirupathi by train and catch a bus there to Tirumala.

A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ train ™ ¢ÁRx Åéπ\úø A®Ω’-´’-©èπ◊ Åçü¿’éÓ (áèπ◊\)

Sravan: Unfortunate, really.

bus

2) He caught a bad cold.

Åûª-EéÀ N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† ï©’•’ îËÆœçC. Ééπ\úø catch èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– àüÁjØ√ ¢√uCµ ≤Úéπôç, ûªí∫-©ôç. cold = îªL, a cold/ common cold = ï©’•’

≤Òûª’h üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬ office ™E ÖüÓu-TE °æ´Ø˛ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ÅûªúÕE suspend îË®·ç-î √úø’. Ç ÖüÓuÍí Ñ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îË®·ç-î√-úøE °æ´Ø˛ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oúø’.)

a) There are plenty of mosquitoes. Be careful. You may catch maleria.

Sravan: Pavan is too honest and too strict to tolerate such things.

F∞¡x™x áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçúøèπ◊. ïy®Ωç ûªí∫’-©’-ûª’çC.

(§Òü¿’l† train †’ Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. §Òü¿’lØËo ™‰´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.) Why? (àç?)

(office

Bhavan: He caught a bad cold during the night, and had no sleep at all.

(®√vA î√™« ¶«í¬ ï©’•’ îËÆœçü¿ûª-úÕéÀ. ÅÆæ©’ Evü¿-°æ-ôd-™‰ü¿’.)

2

üÓ´’©’ ¶«í¬ ÖØ√o®·. ñ«ví∫ûªh. Fèπ◊ ´’™‰Jߪ÷ ûªí∫-™Ôa. b) Don't stay too long in the water. You'll catch a fever.

(Å®·ûË ÅûªØËoØ√ ؈’ station èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-ô°æ¤púø’ îª÷ÆœçC? ü¿÷®√-†’oç* îª÷¨»†’, Åçü¿’-éπE ÅûªØË ÅE éπ*aûªçí¬ Å†’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷†’. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ Åûª†’ §Òü¿’l† train ™ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøØË ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’çûÓ ÖØ√o.) Bhavan: No doubt. It was him.

(ÅûªØË. ÆæçüË-£æ«ç-™‰ü¿’.) Sravan: He appeared to be worried about something during his stay here, wasn't he?

(Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√öÀE Æ棜«ç-îª-™‰-†çûª Eñ«-ߪ’-B-°æ®Ω’úø÷ Eéπ\*a ´’E≠‘ °æ´Ø˛.)

☺

Real life situations

™ English conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œçîË ´÷ô™x catch äéπöÀ. catch/ catch ûÓ èπÿúÕ† expressions éÌEo É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. (catch - present tense. caught - past tense and participle.) Catch 1)

Åçõ‰ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ ûÁL-Æœ† Å®√n©’: í¬L™ áí∫’-®Ω’-ûª’†o (•çA ™«çöÀ) ´Ææ’h-´¤Lo °æô’déÓ-´úøç.Catch a ball/ catch a fruit (falling) etc. I caught the keys as he threw them to me.

(Åûª-E-éπ\úø Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ üËE N≠æ-ߪ’¢Á÷ Çü¿’®√l °æúø’-ûª’-†oô’d éπ†-°æ-ú≈fúø’, éπü∆?) Bhavan: He certainly was worried. He has outdone the others in his company, but others are catching up. He doesn't like it, naturally. He wants to stay on top always.

(Å´¤†’. Eïç-í¬ØË ÇçüÓ-∞¡† îÁçü¿’-ûª’Ø√oúø’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡x company ™ Éûª®Ω’© éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-¨»úø’, é¬F Éûª-®Ω’©’ èπÿú≈ ÉûªE v°æ´÷-ù«-©†’ Åçü¿’-éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’. Åü¿-ûª-E-éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. Ææ£æ«-ï¢Ë’ éπü∆? á°æ¤púø÷ ÅûªØË ´·çü¿’ç-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.) stay on top= Éûª-®Ω’-©-éπçõ‰ áûªh-®·† (Ö†oûª) ÆœnA™ Öçúøôç. Sravan: I catch what you say. That's the trouble with all those who want to remain unbeaten.

(†’´y-ØËC Ø√éπ®Ωn´’®·çC. Éûª-®Ω’©ûÓ ãúÕ§Ú-èπÿ-úø-ü¿-†’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ÉüË ¶«üµ¿.) unbeaten = Åñ‰-ߪ·-™„j† Bhavan: Has he got back his lost suit case yet?

(Åûªúø’ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊†o suitcase üÌJ-éÀçü∆/ Åûª†’ AJT §Òçü∆ú≈?)

Åûª†’ û√∞¡ç-îÁ-´¤©’ Ø√¢Áj°æ¤ NÆœJûË Øˆ’ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. 2) ûª°œpç--èπ◊E §ƒJ-§Ú-ûª’†o ¢√∞¡x†’/ ïçûª’-´¤-©†’ °æô’d-éÓ-´úøç, catch. a) She tried to catch her child running on to the road. Road

O’CéÀ °æ®Ω’Èíûª’h-ûª’†o ûª† Gúøf†’ °æô’d-éÓ-´ú≈E鬢Á’ v°æߪ’-Aoç-*çC. b) The cat caught the mouse = °œLx á©’-éπ†’ °æô’d-èπ◊çC. Ñ Å®√n-©ûÓ ´’†ç catch áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. É°æ¤púø’ catch/ catch ûÓöÀ ´îËa expressions ´’J-éÌEo í∫´’-Eü∆lç. Look at the following expressions from the dialogue between Bhavan and Sravan: 1) He couldn't catch the early morning train. 2) He caught a bad cold. 3) Was it he I caught sight of on his way to the station. 4) He has outdone the others in his company but the others are catching up. 5) I catch what you say. 6) The police have yet to catch the thief. 7) Pavan caught an employee red handed stealing office property. 8) I'll catch you later.

b) She was caught red handed while abducting the child.

Gúøf†’ üÌçT-LÆæ÷h (kidnap îËÆæ÷h) üÌJéÀ §Ú®·çü∆¢Á’. Abduct = kidnap. 8) I'll catch you later.

؈’ ´’Sx ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª ´÷ö«x-úø-û√†’. Catch some one later = ´’Sx ûª®√yûª ´’ö«x-úøôç. Catch some one = äéπJE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç/ äéπ-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç. a) Kumar: Hello Prakash, this is Kumar.

3) Was it he I caught sight of? =

EXERCISE

Catch sight of =

Åûª†’ police station ü¿J-ü∆-°æ¤-©-Èé-∞¡xúø’, ¢√∞¡x éπçô-•-úø-´-îªaE ¶µºßª’ç.

police

b) I caught sight of him as he was getting down from the bus.

Åûª†’

bus

meet-

(ÅûªE phone call miss Åߪ÷u†’. é¬F Åûª†’ ´’Sx phone î˨»úø’.)

a) He doesn't go anywhere near the police station. He is afraid that police may catch sight of him.

☺

°æô’d-

b) I missed his call but he caught me later.

(Ø√ bus ´≤ÚhçC. FûÓ ûª®√yûª -´÷ö«x-úøû√†’.) ☺

police

à´’-†’-éÓèπ◊ (éπ~N’ç). ؈’ ™ ÖØ√o. ûª®√yûª ´÷ö«x-úøû√.)

ÅûªØËoØ√ ؈’ îª÷ÆœçC? äéπJo/ äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ņ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ îª÷úøôç/ éπçô-•-úøôç

☺

Åûª†’ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬ èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’.

(Kumar, ing

Bhavan: OK. My bus is coming. I'll (I will) catch you later.

☺

a) The police caught the man red handed while he was stealing.

Prakash: You'll excuse me Kumar. I am in a meeting. I'll catch you later.

I catch what you say Sravan: Then was it he I caught sight of on his way to the station? I saw him from a distance, so (I) wasn't sure it was he. Moreover I had been under the impression that he must have left by the morning train.

ØË®Ωç îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬ ã ÖüÓu-TE °æ´Ø˛ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Catch red handed = (äéπJo) ØË®Ωç îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬ (ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’) °æô’d-éÓ-´ôç.

Match the following A

B

1. Alien

A. embrace

2. Cobbler

B. change

3 hug

C. Foreign

4 Shift

D. weak

5. Stubborn

E. shoe maker/ repairer F. firm

Cí∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ø√ éπçô-•-ú≈fúø’.

4) He has out done the others in the company but the others are catching up =

Éûª-®Ω’-©-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-¨»úø’, é¬F Éûª-®Ω’©’ ÉûªE ≤ƒn®·-†ç-ü¿’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Catch up = ´·çü¿’†o ¢√∞¡x†’ (§ÚöÙ , véÃúø™ x, ≤ƒCµç-îª-ôç™) ÆæO’-°œç-îªôç. a) India is ahead of China in software, but China is catching up. Software

™ îÁjØ√ éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ´·çü¿ç-ï™ ÖçC, é¬F îÁjØ√ ´’†Lo ÆæO’-°œ-≤ÚhçC. (ûªy®Ω™ØË ´’†ûÓ Ææ´÷-†-´’-´ya)

b) India can never catch up with Japan in technology.

≤ƒçÍé-A-éπçí¬ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ï§ƒØ˛ ≤ƒn®·éÀ îË®Ω’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. c) In the race Hemu has the lead, but Hari is catching up.

Ç (°æ®Ω’í∫’) °æçüÁç™ Ê£«´· ´·çü¿’-Ø√oúø’ Å®·Ø√ £æ«J ÅûªúÕE ÆæO’-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. 5) I catch what you say.

†’´y-†oC Ø√éπ-®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓçC. catch (Ééπ\úø) = Å®Ωn-´’-´úøç/ N†-°æ-úøôç a) I couldn't catch him in that noise and crowd .

Åçûª íÌúø´/ ï†ç™ Åûª†’ îÁ°œpçC Ø√èπ◊ N†°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. b) It's difficult to catch his English.

ÅûªúÕ

English

Å®Ωn-´’-´ôç éπ≠dçæ .

6) The police have yet to catch the thief.

§ÚM-Ææ’©’ -üÌçí∫-Eçé¬ °æ-ô’déÓ-™‰-ü¿’. üÌçí∫Lo, ØË®Ω-Ææ’n-©†’ §ÚM-Ææ’©’ °æô’déÓ´úøç = catch thieves/ criminals, etc.

Lesson 290

™E

matching exercise

èπ◊ N´-®Ωù: (Çïc©’, Çü˨»©’ ™«çöÀN) ņ’-Ææ-Jç-îªôç/ §ƒöÀç-îªôç/ P®Ω-≤ƒ-´-£œ«ç-îªúøç/ •ü¿’l¥™„j Öçúøôç. Obey my orders = Ø√ Çïc-©†’ §ƒöÀç. (Obey îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx obedient í¬ Öçö«®Ω’.) An obedient child = ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© ´÷ô-NØË Gúøf. 2. Traffic = Illegal trade = îªôd N®Ω’-ü¿l¥¢Á ’i† ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç. (´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç= ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ©’ – Road O’ü¿). Trafficking in women/ Immoral trafficking = Çúø-¢√-JûÓ (´uGµ-î √®Ω) ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ’ôç. Immoral Trafficking Act = ´uGµ-î √®Ω E®Ó-üµ¿éπ îªôdç. 3. Pursue = chase = ¢Áçô-•úÕ ûª®Ω-´’ôç. 1) The police pursued the thief = Police ©’ üÌçí∫†’ ¢Áçö«-ú≈®Ω’. 2) Ö†oûª Nü¿u™«çöÀN Ŷµºu-Æ œç-îªôç. 3) äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ´ü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ ü∆EE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úøôç, àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’ôç. 4. Meek = humble = ≤ƒüµ¿’ Ææy¶µ«´ç éπLT, E®√-úøç-•-®Ωçí¬ ÖçúË 5. Remarkable = Extraordinary = Å≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù¢Á’i†/ ¶«í¬ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-ûª-T† India's progress in software is remarkable = software ™ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ v°æí∫A îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-ü¿-í∫_üË (íÌ°æpí¬). 1. Obey = follow =

- M. SURESAN

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 2 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Öçúøôç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

293

Bhargav: Oh God, What’s that mark of injury on your chin? Have you taken to boxing or what?

(ãJ-üË-´¤úÓ, Fí∫úøfç O’ü¿ Ç®Ωéπhç ´’®Ω-ÍéN’öÀ? Boxing àüÁjØ√o ¢Á·ü¿™„-ö«d¢√ àçöÀ?) Take to = ÇÆæ-éÀhûÓ ¢Á·ü¿©’ °ôdúøç, ûª®√yûª é̆-≤ƒTç-îªúøç. Raghav: What do you think? I had to fight with a goon trying to abduct a child. He caught me on the chin. I hit back and landed a nice blow on his cheek.

(àçô-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢˛? ã Gúøf†’ Å°æ-£æ«-Jç--èπ◊§Ú-ûª’†o ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_-úÕûÓ §Úö«x-ú≈Lq ´*açC. ¢√úø’ éÌöÀd† üÁ•s Ø√í∫úøfç O’ü¿ ûªT-LçC. ؈÷ AJT éÌö«d†’. ¢√úÕ îÁç°æ O’ü¿ ¶«í¬ ûªT™‰™« éÌö«d†’) goon = í∫’çú≈. Bhargav: When was all this?

Raghav: If I had seen it I would have ducked. But then the child could have been hit.

(؈C îª÷Æœ Öçõ‰, ûª©-´ç-îË¢√úÕE. é¬F Ç üÁ•s Gúøfèπ◊ ûªT-©’ç-úËC.) Bhargav: I appreciate your courage.

(F üµÁj®Ωuç ؈’ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)








catch

ûÓ ´îËa ´’J-éÌEo ´÷´‚©’ Ñ≤ƒJ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

expressions

1) He caught me on the chin 2) Caught in rain 3) I caught my breath 4) He caught me off the guard 1) He caught me on the chin.

(Ø√ í∫úøfç O’ü¿ üÁ•s-éÌ-ö«dúø’/ ¢√úø’-éÌ-öÀd† üÁ•s Ø√ í∫ú≈f-EéÀ ûªT-LçC.)

2

(selected Åߪ ÷u-úøE îÁ°œûË ¢√úø’ Ææç-ûÓ-≠æ°æ-úø-û√-úø’.)

4) He

caught me off the guard.

Catch someone off the guardconversation

ÉC î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ™ ¢√úË ´÷ô. à´’-®Ω’-§ƒ-ô’† / Çü¿-´’-®Ω*/ ÆæçÆœ-ü¿l¥çí¬ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ °æô’d-éÓ-´ôç/ üÁ•s-B-ߪ’ôç. a) The strikers caught the police off the guard and entered the minister’s chambers. (-§Ú-MÆæ’-©’ Åv°æ-´’-ûªhçí¬ ™‰E/ ÆæçÆœ-ü¿l¥çí¬ ™‰E Æ洒ߪ’ç™ ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†-é¬-®Ω’©’ ´’çvA í∫C-™éÀ ü¿÷Ææ’-Èé∞«x®Ω’.) b) Some of the police officer’s questions caught him off the guard. (Police officer ÅúÕ-T† éÌEo v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ ï¢√-•’-L-´yö«-EéÀ Åûª†’ ÆæçÆœ-ü¿l¥çí¬ ™‰úø’ / Ç v°æ¨¡o-©-úø’-í∫’-û√®ΩE ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.)

Catch (somebody) on a part of the body=

c) They caught the enemy forces off the guard.

üË£æ«ç-O’ü¿ à ¶µ«í¬-E-ÈéjØ√ üÁ•s ûªT™‰™« éÌôdúøç.

(¨¡vûª’ÊÆ-†©’ à´’-®Ω’-§ƒ-ô’† Ö†o-°æ¤úø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx üÁ•s-B¨»®Ω’.)

a) The thug caught him squarely on the face. (

Ç ü¿’çúøí∫’úø’ A†oí¬ ÅûªE ¢Á·£æ«ç O’ü¿ éÌö«dúø’.)

-v°æ-¨¡o: -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -éÀç-C -v°æ-¨¡o-†’ -á-™« -Å-úøí¬-L? -I) F-´¤ -O’ -Å-´’t-, -Ø√--†o-©èπ◊ -á-ØÓo-´ Ææç-û√-†ç? II) speak, talk - -¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-† words †’ -à-ßË’ Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x -á-™« -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-™ -N-´-Jç-îË °æ¤Ææhé¬-Eo -ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’. –°œ. -Å-§ƒp®√-´¤, -´’-*-M°æ-ôoç. -ï: I) Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬, Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ ÅúÕ-Íí-N-üµ∆-†ç English ™ ™‰ü¿E î√-™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ°æpôç ïJ-TçC. II) Speak = Talk= ´÷ö«x-úøôç. Å®·ûË äéπ ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’-Jç-* é¬Ææh serious í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç speak. When any one speaks (á´-È®j-Ø√ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†o-°æ¤púø’) NØË¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ •ü¿’©’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o®√ ™‰ü∆ (Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ §ƒ™Ô_-†ô癫í¬) -Å-ØË-C -Åçûª ´·êuç é¬ü¿’. The teacher spoke to the students about discipline (Teacher véπ´’-P-éπ~ù í∫’-Jç-* °œ©x©ûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈®Ω’.) Ééπ\úø teacher ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´÷ö«xúø-ôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. Talk -Å-†o°æ¤p-úø’ Ææ綵«-≠æù -Å-ØË Å®Ωnç Ææ’p¥JÆæ’hçC. When we talk (´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úÕûË) N≠æߪ’ç -Åçûª serious é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.

Exercise (Match the following exercise for this lesson).

(Éü¿çû√ á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC?)

I appreciate your courage Raghav: Just two days ago.

(È®çúø’ ®ÓV© éÀçü¿õ‰.) Bhargav: How did it all happen?

(Éü¿çû√ ᙫ ïJ-TçC?) Raghav: Caught in rain I was returning home late at night. I caught my breath when I saw some one moving suspiciously, and then heard people shouting, “Catch him, Catch him”.

(´®Ω{ç™ *èπ◊\-èπ◊-E ÉçöÀéÀ ®√vA Ç©Ææuçí¬ ´Ææ’hØ√o. á´®Ó Å†’-´÷-Ø√-Ææp-ü¿çí¬ A®Ω’í¬úøûª÷ éπ†-°æ-úø-úøçûÓ... ¶µºßª’ç, Ǩ¡a®ΩuçûÓ Ø√èπ◊ ¨»yÆæ Çúø-™‰ü¿’. Åçûª-™ØË °æô’d-éÓçúÕ, ÅE ´’†’≠æfl©’ Å®Ω-´ôç NØ√o†’) Bhargav: You had quite an adventure.

(´’ç* ≤ƒ£æ«-Ææ-éπ%-ûªu¢Ë’ áü¿’-È®jçC Fèπ◊) Raghav: Let me finish. I recovered. I saw a child in his arms. I hit him squarely on his cheeks, and got hold of the child. He boxed me on the chin and escaped.

(††’o °æ‹-Jhí¬ îÁ°æpF. ¢√úÕ îËûª’™x Gúøf†’ îª÷¨»†’. ¢√úÕ îÁç°æ-O’ü¿ ´’ç* üÁ•s-éÌö«d†’. Gúøf†’ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢√úø’ Ø√ í∫úøfç O’ü¿ °œúÕéÀ-LûÓ éÌöÀd §ƒJ§Úߪ÷úø’) hit squarely = Ø訽Ւ (áü¿’-®Ω’-§Ú-ô’ûÓ) éÌôdúøç. Box = í∫’ü¿lôç. Bhargav: So you were the hero of the day.

(Åçõ‰ †’´¤y Ç ®Ó-V £‘«®Ó ņo-´÷ô) Raghav: You can say that. He caught me off guard. Otherwise I wouldn’t have received even this blow.

(؈’ à´’®Ω’-§ƒ-ô’í¬ Ö†o°æ¤púø’ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø-ûª†’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Ñ üÁ•s-èπÿú≈ ûªT-™‰C é¬ü¿’.)blow = üÁ•s. Bhargav: You should have seen it

(†’´yC ´·çüË îª÷Ææ’ç-ú≈-LqçC) See = Ü£œ«ç-îªúøç/´·çüË Ü£œ«ç-îª-í∫-L-T

A squarely =

°æéπ\© †’ç* é¬èπ◊çú≈ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬.

(éÌôdúøç) b) He caught the boy on the ribs.

(°æéπ\õ„´·-éπ-©èπ◊ ûªT-™‰™« Ç Å¶«s-®·E éÌö«dúøûª†’) c) He caught him on the injured arm again and again.

(í¬ßª’-°æúøf îËAO’-ü¿ØË ´’Sx ´’Sx éÌö«d-úø-ûª†’.) 2) Be caught in rain I was returning home late at night.

B

we talk the whole night about our school days. (-¢Ë’ç -´÷ Ææ÷\-™ ¸ ®Ó-V-© í∫’Jç* ®√vûªçû√ ´÷ö«xúø’-èπ◊Ø√oç.) b) äé𠶵«≠æ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç/ ´÷ö«x-úøôç -Å-†ú≈-EéÀ

1. Amaze

A) offspring

2. descendant

B) miserly

Speak

3. grave

C) fury (great anger)

4. stingy

D) surprize

5. rage

E) serious

Åçö«ç é¬F talk a language ņç. (speak a language = ã ¶µ«≠æ ´÷ö«x-úøí∫-©í∫ôç, ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç. speak in a language = àüÁjØ√ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ äé𠶵«≠æ™ ´÷ö«xúøôç.

F) gentle Key 1. D 2. A 3. E 4. B 5.C Lesson No. 291 Matching exercise

´®Ω{ç™ *èπ◊\-èπ◊-E ÉçöÀéÀ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´Ææ’hØ√o. be caught in = à °æJ-Æ œn-A™ØÁjØ√ (´·êuçí¬ éπ≥ƒd™x) *èπ◊\-éÓ-´ôç a) I was caught in rain and was totally drenched. (

´®Ω{ç™ *èπ◊\-°æúÕ °æ‹Jhí¬ ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Úߪ÷.)

b) If you have no proper plans about money you will be caught in financial problems. (

úø•’s í∫’Jç* ÆæÈ®j† °æü∑¿éπç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÇJnéπ É•sçü¿’™x *èπ◊\-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤.) c) He is often caught in problems because of his interest in others’ affairs. (

Éûª-®Ω’© N≠æߪ÷©†’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ-´úøç ´©x Åûª†’ *èπ◊\™x °æúø’ûª’ç-ö«úø’.) 3) I caught my breath.

(¶µºßª’ç/ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ´©x Ø√èπ◊ Ü°œ-®√-úø-™‰ü¿’/ ¨»yÆæ ÇT-§Ú®·†ôx®·çC.) a) I caught my breath when I saw the dog carrying away the baby. (

èπ◊éπ\ ÇGúøf-ØÁ-ûª’hèπ◊ §Ú´úøç îª÷Æœ Ø√èπ◊ ¨»yÆæ ÇT§Ú-®·çC.) (¶µºßª’ç, Ǩ¡a®Ωuç Shock ´©x) äéÓ\-≤ƒJ îª÷ÆœçC †´’t-¨¡éπuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ §Ú´ôç ´©x) b) When the man given up for dead appeared, the villagers caught their breath. (

îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷-úø-†’-èπ◊E ´C-™‰-Æœ† ´’E≠œ AJT Ü®ÓxéÀ ®√í¬ØË, Ç ví¬´’Ææ’n©ç-ü¿-JéÀ ¨»yÆæ ÇT-§Ú-®·çC – Ǩ¡a®Ωuç, ¶µºßª’çûÓ.) c) I am sure he will catch his breath if I tell him that he has been selected .

èπ◊ N´-®Ωù: (£æ…®Ω-Æˇ/-£æ«-®√Æˇ) – £æ…®ΩÆˇ ņo-°æ¤úø’ '£æ…— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. £æ«®√Æˇ ņo-°æ¤úø’ '®√— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’èπ◊û√ç) = Trouble / annoy = ¢ËCµç-îªôç / Bv´çí¬ NÆœ-Tç-îªôç. Newspapers ™ ´’†ç ûª®Ωîª÷ îªü¿’´¤-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆– 1) Harass

a) She committed suicide because her ... inlaws harassed her.

(Åûªh-í¬-JçöÀ ¢√∞¡x ¢ËCµç-°æ¤-©èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ Çûªt-£æ«ûªu îËÆæ’èπ◊çC.) 2) Fair = Just (Ø√uߪ’-¢Á’i†)/ impartial (E≥ƒpéÀ~-éπ¢Á’i†) The judgment is fair. (

B®Ω’p Ø√uߪ’çí¬/ E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπçí¬ ÖçC.)

A thirty rupee fare for this distance is fair. (

Ñ ü¿÷®√-EéÀ 30 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© îµ√Kb Ø√uߪ’¢Ë’.) ÆæJ-îË-ߪ’ôç. Mend clothes /shoes, etc = *®Ω’í∫’©’ èπ◊ôdôç 4) Excessive = too much = ÅA Å®·†. 3) Mend = repair =

in english)

É™«çöÀ v°æ-¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’, N´-®Ω-ù-©÷

(Ñ ®ÓV™x ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ûª´’ °œ©x© îªü¿’´¤ N≠æߪ’ç™ ´’K áèπ◊\´ äAhúÕ Â°úøûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.) 5. Shrewd = clever = ûÁL¢Áj† a) He is a very shrewd politician.

Oxford

Advanced Dictionary of Current English, longman's Dictionary of Contemporary English

™«çöÀ books ™ Öçö«®·. -v°æ-¨¡o: i) -éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-éÀ -ûË-ú≈-†’ -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. -¢√-öÀ-™ -àC ÆæÈ®j-†-üÓ èπÿ-ú≈ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ç-úÕ. I am watching Tajmahal I am seeing Tajmahal I am looking Tajmahal

ii

) -Ç-ߪ’-† -Ø√èπ◊ ®Ωéπh Ææç-•ç-Dµèπ◊-úø’. -Ç-ߪ’-†- Ø√èπ◊ -´®ΩÆæ (-¶µ«®Ωu/--¶µº®Ωh-© Ææç-•ç-üµ¿ç-™«çöÀ-C) -Å-´¤-û√®Ω’. - O-öÀ-E -Ççí∫xç-™ -á-™« -Å-úø’í∫’-û√®Ω’. –úÕ.í∫-ù‰-≠ˇ, °®Ω’-´÷-R. -ï: i) I am watching the Tajmahal correct. I am seeing the Tajmahal wrong I am looking the Taj mahal. I am looking at the Taj mahal, correct.

´’K áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖØ√o®·.)

Parents now a days put excessive pressure on their children in studies.

language

e.g. He spoke that days

The charges are excessive. ( charges

a

I am watching

Åçõ‰ é¬Ææh àé¬-ví∫ûª ûÓ îª÷-úø-ôç I -Åçõ‰ Taj mahal îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E ´÷´‚-©’í¬ à Éûª®Ω ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ ØÁjØ√ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x Åçûª °æK-éπ~í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈ am looking at the Taj mahal

ii) He is my blood relation

DEéÀ

correct english

´÷ô-™‰ü¿’.

(

î√™«ûÁL-¢Áj†/Ææ÷éπ~ tçí¬ Ç™-*çîË ®√ï-éÃߪ’Ø√ߪ’èπ◊-úø-ûª-úø’.) - M. SURESAN

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 11 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Nithin: That's the trick.

4) But there is a catch. 5) He is caught up in a catch

Åü¿-†o-´÷ô éÀô’èπ◊.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

294

Nirmal: Still it is worth it. The trousers cloth is light and soft. It must be expensive.

Å®·Ø√ †≠ædç ™‰ü¿’,. ´’†ç °öÀd† úø•’sèπ◊ ûªT† N©’´ Ö†oüË. Ç trousers cloth î√™« ûËLí¬_ ¢Á’ûªhí¬ ÖçC. êK-ü¿-®·ç-üÁj Öçú≈L.

Nithin: Hei, your trousers are the latest cut, when did you buy it?

F trousers (pant Å-†-úøç -ûª°æ¤p.) Åüµ¿’Ø√-ûª† fashion í¬ ÖçC, á°æ¤púø’ éÌØ√o´¤? Nirmal: Don't you know that's in vogue now?

ÅC-°æ¤púø’

fashion

ÅE Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆?

2

Nithin: I feel like buying a pair too.

؈÷ äéπöÀ é̆’-éÓ\-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Pair- ïûª. Trousers (Pants), Scissors ™«çöÀN English ™ á°æ¤púø÷ plural.

22 situation 1) I know that it's fast catching on.

Ééπ\úÕ

expression,

catch on. catch on

catch the interest =

a) The game of cricket caught on with the

a) Computer games have caught the interest of children = computer games

Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√ v°æñ«-ü¿®Ωù §Òçü¿ôç/ popular Å´ôç. beginning of the live telecast of the game =

¢Óí˚– fashion. î√™« ´’ç*-´÷ô. ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

con-

´’£æ…-¶µ«-®Ωûªç-™E î√™« ´%û√hç-û√©’ §ƒ®∏Ωèπ◊™x ÇÆæ-éÀhE Í®Èé-Ah-≤ƒh®·. 4) But there is a catch = Ééπ\-úËüÓ éÀô’-èπ◊çC. Ééπ\úø catch èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, éÀô’èπ◊. Åçõ‰ °jéÀ éπ†-°æúËçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃߪ’ç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ™°æ© àüÁjØ√ ´’†èπ◊ ņ’-èπÿ-©-¢Á’içC é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç. †’ TV ™ v°æûªuéπ~ v°æ≤ƒ®Ωç îËߪ’úøç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-úøçûÓ ÅC î√™« v°æñ«-ü¿-®Ωù §ÒçCçC.

Cricket

Nithin: I know about it and I know too that it's fast catching on but I did not expect it to catch you so soon.

ÅC fashion ÅE Ø√Èé-°æ¤púÓ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅC î√™« ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢√u°œ-≤Úhç-ü¿F ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F ÅC EEoçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Çéπ-J{-Ææ’hç-ü¿E ņ’-éÓ™‰ü¿’.

b) Hockey, though the national game of India, has never caught on = hockey

¶µ«®Ωûª

Nirmal: That shows how it has caught youngsters' fancy.

ñ«Bߪ’ véÃúø Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç ™‰ü¿’.

ü∆Eo •öÀd ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC, ÅC ߪ·´èπ◊-©-ØÁçûª Çéπ-J{ç-*çD. fancy- Ééπ\úø ¢Á÷V Åçõ‰ †’´¤y ü∆Eo≠æd°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-´-†o-´÷ô. Nirmal: I do like it of course, but I have a feeling that it hasn't augured well for me.

Ñ èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Çü¿-®Ωù ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC é¬F Éûª®Ω v§ƒçû√™x Åçûª v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æôç ™‰ü¿’.

Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. é¬F Åü¿çûª ´’ç* ¨¡èπ◊†ç/ ÆæçÍé-ûªç-í¬ -™‰-ü¿F– éπL-Æœ -®√-™‰-ü¿ØË ¶µ«´ç ÖçC Ø√™. augur- Çí∫– ¨¡Ÿ¶µº /Ũ¡Ÿ¶µº Ææ÷îª-éπçí¬ Öçúøôç. augur well- ´’ç* (¨¡Ÿ¶µº-Ææ÷-îªéπç) í¬ Öçúøôç/ ¨¡Ÿ¶µºç Ææ÷*ç-îªôç. augur ill- Ũ¡Ÿ¶µºç Ææ÷*çîªôç. ¨¡èπ◊†ç– omen

2) That shows how it has caught youngster's fancy.

Nithin: Why do you feel so? Nirmal: The minute I started wearing it I was caught out by a sudden change in the syllabus and pattern of the exam I am taking next month. The fees have been hiked too.

؈C ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o éπ~ùç ؈’ ´îËa ØÁ© ®√ÊÆ exam syllabus °æü¿l¥-A™ Çéπ-Æ œtéπ ´÷®Ω’p †Eo-•sç-ü¿’™x °æúËÆœçC. exam fees èπÿú≈ °J-TçC.

catch fancy = Nirmal: By the way what about your brother's job?

ÅC-Ææ-Í®-é¬F, O’ brother job N≠æߪ’ç à´’®·çC? Nithin: He is caught up in a catch 22 situation. He needs experience to get a job, but unless he gets a job he can't get experience.

Nithin: How did you come to buy it?

Åûª†’ catch 22 situation ™ *èπ◊\-èπ◊Ø√oúø’. ņ’-¶µº´ç ™‰EüË ÖüÓuí∫ç ®√ü¿’. ÖüÓuí∫ç ´ÊÆhØË é¬E ņ’-¶µº´ç ®√ü¿’.

†’´¤y ü∆EE ᙫ éÌØ√o´¤? Nirmal: They were offering it at an introductory discount of 30%, so I bought it.

ü∆Eo éÌûªhí¬ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-úø’-ûª’†o Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ 30% ûªT_ç* Å´·t-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE ؈’ éÌØ√o. introductory discount: àüÁjØ√ éÌûªh ´Ææ’h´¤ ´÷È®\-öxéÀ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ °úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’/ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ Å´’t-é¬-©†’ Çéπ-J{ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÉîËa discount.

Nithin: 30% is a big discount, certainly. 30% discount

Nirmal: Wish him good luck. ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† expressions, real life ™, daily conversations ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´îËa ´÷ô©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’J-éÌEo Ñ lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç.

Catch situations

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) I know too that it's fast catching on

°ü¿l ûªT_çÊ° ´’J.

Nirmal: But there is a catch. The discount is offered only if you buy a shirt along with it.

Å®·ûË Ééπ\úÓ A®Ω-é¬Ææ’/ éÀô’-èπ◊çC. äéπ shirt éÌçõ‰ØË Ñ discount - É≤ƒ-h®Ω’.

Åü¿çûª §Òçü¿-

c) This fashion is catching on here but hasn't been able to make a mark in the other places = fashion

Nithin: so you like it.

2) That shows how it has caught youngsters' fancy 3) I was caught out by a sudden change in the syllabus and pattern of the exam I am taking next month.

someone's

äéπ-J™ ¢Á÷V éπL-Tç-îªôç. a) The fashion has caught the fancy of teenagers = fashion

ߪ·´-ûª™ Ç

°œ©x™x

ÇÆæ-éÀhE Í®Èé-Ahç-î√®·. b) Many episodes of the Mahabharatham catch the interest of readers =

catch 22 situation vogueversation

ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-îªôç.

13 †’ç* 19 ´®Ωèπÿ ´ßª’Ææ’í∫© ¢Á÷V éπLTç*çC.

b) The catchy dialogue from the movie has caught the fancy of the audience =

Ç ÆœE-´÷-™E Ç Ææ綵«-≠æù î√™« NØÓ-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçúÕ Åçü¿J™ ¢Á÷V éπL-Tç-*çC/ Åçü¿Ko Çéπ-ô’d-èπ◊çC. catchy (word/ dialogue/ song/ tune) = ´’ç* NØÓü¿ç éπL-Tç* Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ØÓöx ÇúË/ í∫’®Ω’h°-ô’d-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ ÖçúË (´÷ô/ Ææ綵«-≠æù/ §ƒô/ ®√í∫ç). ´·êuçí¬ ¢√u§ƒ®Ω v°æéπ-ô-†™x ´îËa ¢√uêu©’ î√™« catchy í¬ Öçö«®·. catch the fancy ™«í¬ØË, catch the imagination, catch the interest, of some one ÅE èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC. catch the imagination = ´’E≠œ Ü£æ…-¨¡-éÀhE È®îªaíÌ-ôdúøç. Space travel has caught the imagination of many writers and film makers =

Åçûª-J-éπ~ߪ÷†ç î√™«´’çC ®Ωîª-®·-ûª© ÆœF E®√t-ûª© ܣ櫆’ È®îªa-íÌ-öÀdçC. (Åçõ‰ Åçûª-J-éπ~-ߪ÷-†ç-™E NNüµ¿ Å稻-©ûÓ ®Ωîª-®·-ûª-©†’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ®√ÊÆô’x, E®√t-ûª-©†’ ÆœE-´÷©’ BÊÆô’x îËÆœç-ü¿E).

a) Buy one shirt, get two shirts free? Oh, there must be a catch in it.

äéπ shirt éÌçõ‰ È®çúø’ shirts Ö*-ûª´÷? Dçöx àüÓ éÀô’-èπ◊çC. (Åçõ‰ äéπ shirt èπ◊ È®çúø’ shirts free Åçûª Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ á´®Ω÷ É´y®Ω’. DE-ÍéüÓ ≠æ®Ω-ûª’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E.) b) You can enter the competition free, but the catch is you must buy at least Rs 1000 worth of goods in the store =

Ç §ÚöÙ Ö*-ûªçí¬ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-´îª’a é¬E éÀô’-Íéçôçõ‰ Ç shop ™ ¢Á®·u ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éÌØ√L.

c) Only Rs 2000 per square yard in such a busy area? There must be a catch in it.= centre

Åçûª ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçúË Ç ™ îªü¿-®Ω°æ¤ í∫ïç, È®çúø’-¢Ë-™‰Ø√? †´’t-¨¡-éπuçí¬ ™‰ü¿’ àüÓ éÀô’èπ◊çC Dçöx. (°jéÀ éπE-°œç-îËçûª ņ’-èπÿ©ç é¬ü¿’ ÅE.)

5) He is caught up in a catch 22 situation =

È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x È®çúÓC ņ’-èπÿ-LÊÆhí¬F ¢Á·ü¿öÀC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’, È®çúÓC ï®Ω-í¬-©çõ‰ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC ņ’-èπÿ-Lç-î √L. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊, experience Öçõ‰í¬F job ®√ü¿’. é¬F job ®√EüË experience ®√ü¿’. Å™«Íí °Rx èπ◊C-J-ûË-í¬F °œ*a-èπ◊-ü¿-®Ωü¿’, °œ*a †ßª’-¢Á’iûËí¬F °Rx èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. É™«çöÀ °æJ-ÆœnA, catch 22 situation. eg: He needs time and money to get a better job, but his present job gives him no time. If he leaves the job he can't have the money to live on. It is a catch 22 situation.=

É°æ¤p-úø’-†o-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† ÖüÓuí∫ç ¢Áûª’-éÓ\-¢√©çõ‰ time 鬢√L. é¬E É°æ¤p-úø’†o ÖüÓuí∫ç Ç time É´yü¿’. É°æ¤pú≈ job ´C-™‰ÊÆh •ûª-éπ-ú≈-EéÀ úø•’sç-úøü¿’. ÉC catch 22 situation. catch 22 conversation ™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ô’çC. Practice îËü∆lç. EXERCISE MATCH THE FOLLOWING A

B

1) Cookie

A) oppose

2) Protest

B) uninterested

3) Vague

C) clever

4) Indifferent

D) Worried

5) Keen

E) Uncertain F) Biscuit

KEY: 1 F 2 A 3 E 4 B 5 C

- M. SURESAN

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 18 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

295

Rupasi: I don't know much about art. But I found one of the pictures off the beaten track. It is different from the usual type of paintings.

(Ø√èπ◊ *vûª-éπ-∞¡ í∫’-J-ç-* Åçûªí¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. é¬F ¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ î√-™« N©-éπ~-ùçí¬ ÖçC. ´÷´‚©’ ûª®Ω-í∫A *vû√© éπØ√o Å-C Gµ†oçí¬ ÖçC.)

Rupasi: Where are you rushing Akrithi?

(áéπ\úÕéπç-ûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢˛?) Akrithi: I am going to see the paintings exhibition.

Akrithi: How about coming with me?

(Ø√ûÓ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿÷?/ ´≤ƒh¢√?)

(؈’ ´®Ωg-*-vû√© v°æü¿-®Ωz-†èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o†’.) = ´®Ωg-*-vû√©’

Paintings

Rupasi: But why so early?

Rupasi: That'd be a pleasure, though I've a lot of work to do. Tomorrow evening is the dead line. I want to beat it.

(é¬F Éçûª -´·ç-ü¿’í¬ áçü¿’èπ◊?)

(Ø√èπ◊ ®√´ôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’ áçûÓ °æ†’Ø√o. Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ç °æE °æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ í∫úø’´¤. í∫úø’´¤ ™°æ© °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hØ√o.)

Akrithi: I want to beat the late hour rush.

(Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ¢ÁRûË ï†ç áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçö«®Ω’. Å™«çöÀüË癉èπ◊çú≈ û√°‘í¬ îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Late hour rush = Ç©Ææuç Å´ôç ´©x áèπ◊\´ßË’u ï†ç.

Akrithi: (I) wish I were as hardworking as you. For sheer hard work you take some beating.

Rupasi: I see that enthusiasm is catching.

(É°æ¤púø’ Ø√éπ®Ωnç Å®·çC. Öû√q£æ«ç, ÇÆæéÀh ™«çöÀN èπÿú≈ ´uéÀh †’ç* ´uéÀhéÀ ¢√u°œ-≤ƒhߪ’E)

(F™«-í∫-ØË éπ-≠d°æ æ-úÕ °æE-îË-ߪ÷-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ. éπ-≠d°æ æ-úË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ FC °jîË®·.)

Rupasi: Thank you for the compliment though I don't know how far I deserve it.

2

b) Anil: How are you going to clear your debts?

(F Å°æ¤p-™„™« B®Ω’-≤ƒh´¤) Kamal: It really beats me.

(Ø√Íéç ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’) 3) But unfortunately some one else beat me to it =

ÉçÈé-´®Ó Ø√éπçõ‰ ´·ç-üË Øˆ’ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊†o °æE îËÊÆ-¨»®Ω’. Beat some one to something = äéπ-®Ìéπ °æE-îË-ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊-†oç-ûª™ ÉçéÌ-éπ®√ °æE îËÊÆÆœ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿ôç. a) Rahul beat Sreenu to a place in the team

ûª†èπ◊ ïô’d™ ≤ƒn-†ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-E -vQ-†’ -Å-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’†oç-ûª™ ÅC ®√£æ›™¸ éÌõ‰d-¨»úø’. b) The Eenadu beat the other Newspapers to exposing the scam =

ÑØ√úø’ Ç èπ◊綵º-éÓ-ù«Eo N’í∫û√ °ævA-éπ© éπçõ‰ ´·çüË •ßª’-ô-°-öÀdçC. (¢√∞¡Ÿx •ßª’-ô-°-úø-ü∆ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oç-ûª™, ÑØ√--úø’ -Ç -°æE îËÊÆ-ÆœçC) 4) Nothing beats the colour combination and the realism in it =

àCèπÿú≈ ü∆Eo N’ç‰ü¿’ – ®Ωçí∫’© éπ©-®·-éπ™, ¢√Ææh-N-éπ-ûª™.

(Ø√Íé Å®Ωnç 鬴ô癉ü¿’. éÌEo ØÁ-©-© éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ´®Ωèπÿ, Ø√èπ◊ ´®Ωg*vû√-©-Ø√o, ÅÆæ©’ *vûªéπ∞¡ÅØ√o àO’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. é¬F ´÷ uncle °æ¤ùu´÷- Å-E, *vûª-éπ∞¡ °æôx Çéπ-J{-ûª’-®√-©-ߪ÷u-†E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC. ´·êuçí¬ ûÁj©-´®Ωg *vû√© °æôx.) Paintings = ´®Ωg-*-vû√©’ – NNüµ¿ ®Ωçí∫’-©ûÓ ¢ËÊÆ ¶Ô´’t©’. Art = *vûª-éπ∞¡. Oil paintings = ûÁj©-´®Ωg *vû√©’ = †÷ØÁ©’ éπL°œ† ®Ωçí∫’-©ûÓ ¢ËÊÆ ¶Ô´’t©’. Rupasi: (Are you) going to buy any of them?

(¢√öÀ™x àü¿Ø√o é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?) Akrithi: They are too expensive. I can't afford them.

(ÅN ´’K êK-ü¿’í¬ -ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ Åçûª úø•’s °ô’d-éÓ-™‰†’.) Afford = àüÁjØ√ é̆-í∫-L-T-† Æœn-A Rupasi: Weren't you thinking of buying a painting in one of the sections? The painter has caught accurately a village woman with a bundle of hay on her head.

(-Ç N¶µ«-í¬™x äéπü∆ØÓx Ö†o painting éÌØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆– Åçü¿’™ *vûªé¬-®Ω’úø’ í∫úÕf-¢Á÷°æ¤ -¢Á÷Ææ’h†o ví¬O’ù Æ‘YE î√™« correct í¬ *vB-éπ-Jç-î√úø’) Akrithi: Yea. But unfortunately some one else beat me to it. I was just 10 minutes late getting ready the money.

(Å´¤†’. é¬F ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠æd´¨»ûª’h ؈’ éÌØË´·çüË ÉçÈé-´®Ó ü∆Eo éÌØË-¨»®Ω’. úø•’s Æœü¿l¥ç îËÆæ’èπ◊ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ late Å®·çC ÅçûË.) Rupasi: What attracts you so much in it?

(Åçü¿’™ E†oç-ûªí¬ Çéπ-J{ç-*ç-üË-N’öÀ?) Akrithi: Nothing beats the colour combination and the realism in it.The setting sun is caught in wonderful shades of colours.

Åçü¿’™ ´®√g-©- éπ-©-®·éπ, ¢√Ææh-N-éπûª N’í∫û√ *vû√™xéπØ√o íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC. ÅÆæh-N’-Ææ’h†o Ææ÷®Ω’uúÕ-E/ Ææ÷®√u-Ææh-´’-ߪ÷Eo íÌ°æp ®Ωçí∫’© îµ√ߪ’™x °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ *vûª-é¬-®Ω’úø’.) shades of colour = äÍé ®Ωçí∫’™E îµ √ߪ’©’ – ´·ü¿’®Ω’, ™‰ûª ...

(F ¢Á’-°æ¤p-ü¿-©èπ◊ Ø√Èéçûª Å®Ω|ûª ÖçüÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’ é¬F, Thanks.) ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

Daily Life Situations beat.

™ î√-™« frequent í¬ DE í∫’-Jç-* Ñ lesson ™ -N-E°œç-îË -´÷-ô ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. beat Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œç-üË– éÌôdúøç. ´·êuçí¬ ¶«í¬ üÁ•s-ûª-T-™‰-ôô’x, ´’Sx-´’Sx éÌôdúøç. Åçõ‰ Bv´çí¬ éÌôdúøç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ éÌôdúøç hit/ strike. beat - past tense: beat (Hö¸ ÅØË Öîªa-J≤ƒhç, ¶„ö¸ -é¬ü¿’.) past participle: beaten. beat Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ¢√úË ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – ãúÕç-îªôç. a) Bangladesh beat India

(•çí¬x-ü˨¸ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ ãúÕç-*çC) b) It's difficult to beat Australia = Australia

†’ ãúÕç-îªôç éπ≠dçæ . éÌô’d-éÓ-´ôç– Ñ Å-®ΩnçûÓ His heart is still beating Åçö«ç. Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) I want to beat the late hour rush =

-Ç©Ææuç Å´ôç ´©x ´îËa í∫’ç°æ¤ ¶«üµ¿- ™‰-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. beat the rush = avoid the rush ûÌéÀ\-Ææ-™«-ô™ °æúø-èπ◊çú≈ Öç-úøôç. I am going early to beat the rush.

(ûÌéÀ\-Ææ-™«ô §ƒ©-´-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´·çüË ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o.) Ñ ¶µ«-´çûÓ – Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ´©x ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ûª°œpç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅØË -¶µ«´çûÓ beat î√-™« Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. a) He avoided the main road to beat the traffic signals = Traffic signals Road

¶«üµ¿-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Main ´C-™‰Æœ °æéπ\ roads O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«xúø’.

b) She wants to beat the tax rules by investing in different kinds of savings

°æ†’o E•ç-üµ¿-†© -¶«-J -†’ç* ûª°œpç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ NNüµ¿ §Òü¿’°æ¤ °æü∑¿-é¬-©™ °ô’d-•úÕ Â°öÀdçC. invest = °ô’d-•úÕ Â°ôdúøç. savings = §Òü¿’°æ¤/ §Òü¿’°æ¤ îËÆ œ-†- úø•’s) 2) It really beats me = Ø√Íéç ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ÅßÁ÷-´’-ߪ’çí¬ ÖçC. a) How he is going to travel with such heavy luggage really beats me =

Åçûª ≤ƒ´÷-†’ûÓ á™« v°æߪ÷ùç îË≤ƒh-úø-ØËC Ø√Íéç ûÁ-L-ߪ’ôç -™‰ü¿’.

beat

Ç ÆœE-´÷™, ÆæçUûªç N©-éπ~-ùçí¬/ NGµ-†oçí¬ ÖçC.

6) Beat the deadline Deadline =

í∫úø’´¤. Beat the deadline = í∫úø’´¤ N’çîª-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç.

a) The project has to be completed in a week. They are working overtime to beat the deadline =

¢√®Ωç ™°æ© Ç project °æ‹®Ωh-¢√L. Ç í∫úø’´¤ Åçü¿’-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√∞Î}-èπ◊\´ Æ洒ߪ’ç °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. b) They may not be able to beat the deadline =

í∫úø’´¤ ™°æ© °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-™‰-Í®¢Á÷.

7) For sheer hard work you take some beating =

éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ôç™ †’´yç-ü¿Ko N’ç*-

§Ú-û√´¤.

I want to beat the .. Akrithi: It really beets me. Till a few months ago, I did not know anything about painting or art in general. But thanks to my uncle, I find myself drawn to art, in particular to oil paintings

b) The music in the movie is off the beaten track =

Take some beating =

Éûª-®Ω’Lo N’ç*-§Ú-´ôç.

a) As a tourist spot Kashmir takes some beating =

°æ®√u-ôéπ v°æüË-¨¡çí¬ é¬Qt®˝ ÅEoç-öÀE N’ç*-§Ú-ûª’çC.

b) For sheer taste Hyderabad Biryani takes some beating =

Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø N’çîªôç.

a) No other bowler can beat Muralidharan in spin bowling = spin bowling ™ à Éûª®Ω ´·®Ω-S-üµ¿-®Ω-Ø˛†’ N’çîª-™‰úø’.

player

èπÿú≈

b) In Tennis he beats others = Tennis

™ Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ N’ç*-§Ú-û√úø’.

5) I found one of the pictures off the beaten track. Off the beaten track =

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ÖçúË §Úéπ-úø-éπØ√o NGµ-†oçí¬, N©-éπ~-ùçí¬ Öçúøôç.

a) Director BN Reddy's movies were off the beaten track =

ü¿®Ωz-èπ◊úø’ Gߪ’-Ø˛ -È®úÕf ÆœE-´÷©’ ´÷´‚©’ (´‚Ææ™  §ÚÆœ† ÆœE-´÷™«x é¬èπ◊çú≈) NGµ-†oçí¬, N©-éπ~-ùçí¬ ÖçúËN.

®Ω’*éÀ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ GJ-ߪ÷FE N’ç*çC ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË to take a beating (to take some beating é¬èπ◊çú≈) Åçõ‰ ãúÕ-§Ú-´ôç/ üÁ•s-A-†ôç (Ê°®Ω’, v°æA-≠æe ™«çöÀN) a) The team has taken a beating in the last Match match =

véÀûªç

™ Ç ïô’d ãúÕ-

§Ú-®·çC. b) With its defeat by Bangladesh, India's Cricketing prestige has taken a severe beating = Cricket

¶µ«®Ωû˝

•çí¬x-üË-¨¸ûÓ ãôN’ §Òçü¿-ôç™ v°æA≠æe Bv´çí¬ üÁ•s--A-EçC.

- M. SURESAN

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 24 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ a) Measles is catching =

§Òçí∫’/ Çô©´’t Åçô’-¢√uCµ. b) Jagan: Prakash is down with some illness

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

296

(v°æé¬≠ˇ àüÓ ï•’sûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’ûª’Ø√oúø’.) Varun: Hope it is not catching.

Spoken English ™ tions

daily conversational situaexpressions sentences

™ catch ûÓ ¢√úË ´’JéÌEo í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. éÀçC îª÷úøçúÕ.

äéπ-≤ƒJ

1) Enthusiasm is catching 2) The painter has caught accurately a village beauty with a bundle of hay on her head 3) The setting sun is caught in wonderful shades of colours.

(ÅC Åçô’-¢√uCµ é¬ü¿’-éπü∆?/ ÅC äéπ-Joç* – Åûª-Eoç* – ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ ≤Úéπü¿’ éπü∆) äéπ-Joç* ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ ≤ÚÍé ¢√uCµE the disease is catching Åçö«ç. DØËo ´÷´‚-©’í¬ an infectious disease ÅE Åçô’çö«ç.

(happiness/ joy) éπ©’-í∫’-û√®·. E®Ω’-û√q£æ«ç, ¨éπç, îª÷ÊÆh ´’†™ èπÿú≈ ÅüË éπ©’-í∫’-ûª’çC. É´Fo èπÿú≈ catching. (= spreading) Habits are catching, and so are fashions

(Å©-¢√ô÷x ¢√u°œ-≤ƒh®·, Å™«Íí fashions èπÿú≈.) Tears are catching= éπFo®Ω’ èπÿú≈ äéπJoç* äéπJéÀ ´Ææ’hçC. (ÆœE-´÷™x àúø’°æ¤ scene ©’ vÊ°éπ~èπ◊™x àúø’°æ¤ éπL-Tç-*-†ô’x)

1) Enthusiasm is catching =

Öû√q£æ«ç ÅØËC äéπ-J-†’ç* äéπJéÀ ¢√u°œ-Ææ’hçC. Ééπ\úø catching ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ Å®Ωnç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ catching èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– ´·êuçí¬ Åçô’-¢√u-üµ¿’-™«xçöÀN äéπ-J-†’ç* ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ ¢√u°œçîË/ ≤ÚÍé ÅE. and explain them with examples. illegal

illicit

illegitimate

lawless

unlawful. - K.Sainath, Tenali

Ans. Against law as found in statute

books (books like civil and criminal procedure code according to which courts give judgments), anything the Government has banned, or against court orders =

îªôd Ææt %ûª’©èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπ-´’-®·çC, v°æ¶µº’ûªyç EÊ≠-Cµç*çC, court ÇüË-¨»-©èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπ-´’-®·çC illegal a) Drugs/ Weapons banned by law are illegal drugs/ weapons.

Çߪ·-üµ∆©’

îªôdç EÊ≠-Cµç-*†

illegal drugs, illegal

weapons b) Continuing to occupy a place after a court has passed order against the occupation is illegal occupation of the place

(äéπ Ææn™«Eo Çvéπ-N’ç-îªôç îªôdç v°æ鬮Ωç ´uA-Í®éπç ÅE court ÇüË-¨»© ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ Çvéπ-N’ç* Öçúøôç illegal) c) It is illegal to marry another person without divorcing one's wife / husband

(Ö†o ¶µ«®Ωuèπ◊/ ¶µº®Ωhèπ◊ Nú≈-èπ◊-L-´y-èπ◊çú≈ ´’®Ó ´uéÀhE °∞«}-úøôç ILLEGAL - îªôdç N®Ω’ü¿l¥ç)

d) Having/ using weapons banned by law is ILLEGAL.

(îªôdç EÊ≠-Cµç-*† Çߪ·üµ∆©†’ éπLT Öçúøôç/¢√úøôç îªôd-N-®Ω’ü¿l¥ç– ILLEGAL

Unlawful:

Against law in general, not

only against law as found in statute books, in court or in government orders, but also against rules as followed by people (unlawful

Åçõ‰ îªö«d-©èπÿ v°æ¶µº’ûªy E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπÿ ´uA-Í®-éπ-´’-®·-†üË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ v°æï©’ §ƒöÀçîË E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç) a) It is unlawful to occupy others property.

Éûª-®Ω’© ÇÆæ’h-©†’ ≤ƒyDµ†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç îªôd Ææ´’tûªç é¬EC.

unlawful.

b) If such an occupation continues even after court orders the person to vacate it, it is ILLEGAL.

a) The newspaper has published

photos

which have caught the minister in the act of taking a bribe =

Typhoid is catching = Typhoid Typhoid is infectious/ Typhoid is an infectious disease= Typhoid

äéπ-Joç* ÉçéÌ-éπ-

JéÀ ¢√u°œ-Ææ’hçC/ ≤Úèπ◊-ûª’çC=

Åçô’-¢√uCµ. ¶µ«¢√©÷, ÖvüË-鬩÷ (feelings and emotions), ´’ØÓ-Æœn-ûª’©÷ (moods) èπÿú≈ catching éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç á´-È®j oØ√ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ Öçúøôç îª÷ÊÆh ´’†èπÿ Öû√q£æ«ç (enthusiasm), ÆæçûÓ≠æç

2) The painter has caught accurately a village beauty with a bundle of hay on her head=

3) The setting sun is caught in wonderful

c) Anything against police orders is unlawful but not illegal. It becomes illegal after court says so. (Police UNLAW-

Öûªh-®Ω’y-©†’ Ö©xç-°∂œ’ç-îªúøç, FUL é¬F, ILLEGAL é¬ü¿’. Police Öûªh-®Ω’y-©†’ Ö©xç-°∂œ’ç-*-†ô’x court B®Ω’p îÁGûË ÅC ILLE-

cers make illegitimate use of public funds -

éÌçü¿®Ω’

´’çvûª’©÷, v°æ¶µº’ûªy Eüµ¿’-©†’ Åvéπ-´’çí¬ ¢√úø’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. b) His promotion is illegitimate - ÅûªE promotion E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπÿ, §ƒöÀç-î √-Lq† °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©èπÿ N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬ ïJ-TçC. Officers,

c) His continuance in the post is illegitimate =

Åûª-Ø√-°æ-ü¿-N™ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫ôç E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊, °æü¿l¥ûª’-©èπ◊ N®Ω’ü¿l¥ç.

GAL This is the difference between unlawful and illegal. Illegal is strictly against court orders. Unlawful is not necessarily against court orders but not accepted by law. Court order

èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπ-´’-®·ûË Illegal. Court orders èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, îªôd-Ææ-´’tûªç é¬EC unlawful.

Illicit:

Lawless:

(of a country or an area) where laws are not followed or obeyed. (of people) who do not have any respect for law. A lawless area/ place is an area or place where laws are not followed or obeyed; where people have no respect/ fear of law.

Not allowed by law, and not approved by society. Illicit drugs are drugs manufactured against law, without the permission of law. The supply, without permission, of weapons, or manufacture, without permission, of weapons is illicit supply and manufacture of weapons; such weapons are illicit weapons. There is an element of secrecy about it. An illicit love affair is a love affair not approved by society.

Lawless people are people who have no respect for law or fear of law. eg: terrorists, Maoists, etc. ( lawless area -

(îªôdç ņ’-´’-Aç-îªE, Ææ´÷ïç Ç¢Á÷-Cç-îª-EC àüÁjØ√ îËÊÆh ÅC illicit Å´¤-ûª’çC. v°æ¶µº’ûªy ņ’´’A ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Çߪ·-üµ∆© ûªßª÷K, ¢√öÀ Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√

´÷NÆˇd© ÅDµ-†ç™ Ö†o ví¬´÷™x îªôdç v°æ¶µ«-´¢Ë’ éπE-°œç-îªü¿’. (´÷N-Æˇd©’ àC îªôdç Åçõ‰ ÅüË.)

îªö«d-EéÀ à ´÷vûªç íı®Ω´ç/ N©’-´-™‰E, îªôdç v°æ¶µ«´ç à ´÷-vûªç-™‰E v°æü˨¡ç– Åéπ\úÕ v°æï©’ îªôdç Åçõ‰ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø®Ω’, ©éπ~u-°-ôd®Ω’) Lawless People- îªö«dEo ™„éπ\-îË-ߪ’E, îªôd-¶«-£æ«u¢Á’i† °æ†’©’ EÆæqç-éÓ-îªçí¬ îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx – terrorists, ´÷N-Æˇd© ™«çöÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. a) Villages and other places under the control of Maoists are lawless areas =

illicit.

Éçü¿’™ éÌçûª üÌçí∫-ûª†ç, ®Ω£æ«Ææuç Öçô’çC. •ßª’-öÀéÀ ûÁLÊÆh îªö«d-EéÀ *èπ◊\-û√®Ω’. ®Ω£æ«Ææu, Åvéπ´’ vÊ°´÷-ߪ’ùç, illicit love affair. Illegitimate - Children born to an unmar-

ried couple are illegitimate children. Children born of an illicit love affair are illegitimate children. illegitimate children -

(Åvéπ´’ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-´©x °æ¤öÀd† Gúøf©÷, °Rx-é¬E¢√JéÀ °æ¤öÀd† Gúøf©÷, Åvéπ´’ Ææçû√†ç) E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊ N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬, à °æü¿l¥B §ƒöÀç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ îËÊÆ °æ†’©’ illegitimate. (Anything against

established rules and practices is illegitimate.)

with its bright innocent toothless smile=

Ç Photo/ *vûªç ¶Æœ-ØÓ-öÀûÓ Å´÷-ߪ’-éπçí¬ †´¤yûª’†o Gúøf†’ îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC.

shades of colours (the painting)=

a) Some ministers and offi-

(Å™« ≤ƒyDµ†ç îËÆæ’-èπ◊†o ¶µº÷N’E ë«S îËߪ÷-©E court order îËÆ œ† ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ ë«S îËߪ’éπ-§Ú-´ôç ILLEGAL

´’çvA ©çîªç BÆæ’èπ◊çô÷ *éÀ\†/ üÌJ-éÀ-§Ú-®·† Photo ©†’ Ç °ævAéπ v°æ-Jç-*çC. b) The Photo/ The picture catches the child

í∫úÕf-¢Á÷°æ¤ ûª©-O’ü¿ ¢Á÷Ææ’h†o ví¬O’ù ߪ·´A ¶µºçT´’†’ Ç *vûª-é¬-®Ω’úø’ ûª† *vûªç™ °æö«dúø’/ •çCµçî√úø’/ *vAç-î√úø’.

Q. 1. Please give meanings for the following

drugs/

Ç ´®Ωg-*vûªç Ææ÷®√u-Ææh-´’-ߪ÷Eo Ǩ¡a-®Ωuç-íÌ-LÊ° ®Ωçí∫’© îµ√ߪ’™x îª÷°œç-*çC/ *vAç-*çC. àü¿Ø√o ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»Eo/ ¶µºçT-´’†’/ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo ¢√ÆæhNéπûªûÓ *vûªç-™-é¬F/ Photo ™é¬F *vAç-îªôç/ •çCµç-îª-ö«Eo èπÿú≈ catch Åçö«ç.

Enthusiasm is catching

*´J È®çúø÷ *vûª-™‰ê†ç (art), photogÆæç•çraphy éÀ Cµç-*† ´÷ô-™„jØ√ ´÷´‚©’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.

Illegal:

2

Maoists are lawless people- they have no respect for law: Maoists

îªö«dEo í∫’Jhç-Ω’/

íı®Ω-Nç-Ω’. These are the explanation of the words: illegal, unlawful, illicit, illegitimate, and lawless. Is there any difference between the two parts of each sentence.

iii) He is engaged in an illicit love affair iv) He was arrested for illegal / unlawful possession of fire arms v) Your life is not safe on these lawless mountains Q. 3. Explain the phrase - awareness of ends of human life. Ans. Awareness of the ends of human life = Know the purpose of human life = know what we are born in this world for =

´’†

@Nûª í∫´’uç ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç. Q. 4. How to distinguish the words that end with pronunciation S and Z eg. Cats - Cats (pronunciation - phonetic symbol) apples How can we distinguish these type of words without using a dictionary? Ans. 'S' after the sounds p, t, k, f is pronounced 's'. cups, cats, books, proofs, in all these cases 's' is pronounced 's' 'S' after b, d, g, l, m, n, and ng usually pronounced, 'z' only if it comes at the end of the words. jobs, roads, eggs, leaves, calls, dams, tins, songs - in all these cases 's' is usually pronounced 'z' 'S' coming after vowel sounds at the end of the word is pronounced 'z' eg: is, was, has, fees, etc When a word ends in ss, the sound is 's' and not z This will be explained more detailedly in our future lessons exclusively on pronunciation.

Q. 2. Please fill in the blanks with appropriate words. Ans. i) These are unlawful acts and may lead to your arrest ii) Seizing his property is an unlawful act

- M. SURESAN

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 26 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(†’Nyçûª îÁ•’-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»´E F ´’†-Ææ’™ †’´y-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤. •ßª’-ôèπ◊ F´¤ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îªéπ§Ú®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ ÅC Eïç.)

297

Sobhita: Hi Mohita, you are back! why? What happened?

(AJ-íÌ-îËa-¨»´¤. àN’öÀ? à´’-®·uçC?)

Mohita: Have a heart, Sobhi! Just why don't we talk of something else? What's done is done. We can't go back on it, you know.

Mohita: You know what? I resigned my job.

(¨Hµ, é¬Ææh ü¿ßª·ç! ÉC-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’Í®-üÁjØ√ áçü¿’èπ◊ ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? ïJ-TçüËüÓ ïJ-T-§Ú-®·çC. ü∆Eo A®Ω-í∫üÓ-úø™‰ç, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆!)

(à¢Á’içüÓ -Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? -ØË-†’ ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ ®√@-Ø√´÷ Éî√a.) Sobhita: Really? you left the job hardly a month after you had joined it? Why? Why did you join in the first instance, then?

Set your heart on something/ have your heart set on something/ heart to be set on

(F ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ´·êuç. ü∆E í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ Öçúø-í∫-©†’?)

àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-©ØË •©-¢Á’i† éÓJéπ Öçúøôç/ Å™« ÅE áçûª-í¬ØÓ Öçúøôç.

Mohita: My heart was not in it. I joined because of dad's compulsion. I want to continue my studies.

(Ø√ career N≠æߪ’ç™ ؈’ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)

(Åü∆-ߪ’-†èπ◊ îÁ°œp Öçú≈LqçC.)

2) His heart was set on it.

something = to wish strongly to do some-

Mohita: Do you think I can't take care of my career?

Sobhita: You could have told him of it.

(Åûª-ú≈-°æE Åv¨¡-ü¿l¥í¬/ Åñ«-ví∫ûªhí¬ î˨»úø’. ÅûªúÕ ´’†--Ææ’ -Åç-ü¿’™ ™‰ü¿’/ ÅE-≠ædçí¬ î˨»úø’.) Shoddy job = Åv¨¡-ü¿l¥í¬, Åñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îËߪ’ôç/ îËÆœ-†-°æE. ÉC His/ her heart is not in it - ™‰ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

Sobhita: Your future is something close to my heart. How can I avoid thinking of it?

(Eïç-í¬Ø√? îËJ ØÁ© A®Ω-éπ\-´·çüË ®√@Ø√´÷ î˨»¢√? áçü¿’èπ◊? ÅÆæ©’ ¢Á·ü¿ô áçü¿’èπ◊ îË®√´¤?)

(Ø√èπ◊ ÅC É≠æd癉ü¿’. ´÷ Ø√†o •©-´ç-ûªç´©x îË®√†’. Ø√éÀçé¬ îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-î√©-†’çC.)

2

Sobhita: For all that you say you are still a child at heart. You don't know what you do.

thing =

a) His heart is set on becoming a minister.

(Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’çvA 鬢√-©E î√™« •©-¢Á’i† éÓJéπ/ áçûª-í¬ØÓ ÖçC.) b) He has set his heart on becoming a movie director.

(*vûª ü¿®Ωz-èπ◊úø’ 鬢√-©E ÅûªE •©-¢Á’i† éÓJéπ/ 鬢√-©E áçûª-í¬ØÓ ÖçC.)

a) The officer is a man with his heart in the right place=

Ç

officer

°jéπ™« éπE-°œç-îª-úø’-í¬F ü¿ßª’í∫©-¢√úË.

b) for all that the daughter- in -law says, she admits that her mother- in -law has her heart in the right place. =

Ç éÓúø©’ à´’-Ø√o-ÆæÍ®, Ǣ˒ ä°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’çC ûª† Åûªh ü¿ßª’-í∫-©-ü¿E (´’çî√-N-úË-†E). 5) I didn't have the heart to inform him before hand 6) I'm afraid you are too light hearted. Light hearted=

üËE-ØÁjØ√ Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç.

a) His light hearted talk about such a serious matter irritated me=

Åçûª serious N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Åûª†’ Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ BÆæ’éÓ-´ôç Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-*çC. b) Everyone likes her because she is light hearted =

My heart wasn't in it

Mohita: I did but he wouldn't listen. His heart was set on making me an officer.

(؈’ îÁ§ƒp†’ é¬E Çߪ’† N†-™‰ü¿’. †ØÓo Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝í¬ îËߪ÷-©E Çߪ’† E¨¡a-®·ç-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)

c) She has her heart set on marrying him.

(†’¢Ëyç îÁ°œpØ√, Éçé¬ †’´¤y *†o-°œ-©x¢Ë – FC *†o-°œ©x ´’†-Ææh-ûªy¢Ë’. F¢Ëç îË≤ƒh¢Ó FÍé ûÁL-ߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’.) Mohita: You certainly have a heart of gold, Sobhi. You take so much of interest in me.

(Eïçí¬ FC •çí¬-®Ωç-™«çöÀ ´’†Ææ’. Ø√O’ü¿ F´çûª v¨¡ü¿l¥ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤)

(Åçü¿’™ ûªÊ°p-´·çC?) Mohita: Nothing wrong. But software job is a career after my heart, so I want to learn some more software and settle in it.

Sobhita: Can't you take back your resignation now?

(ûªÊ°pç-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ †*a† career software job. Åçü¿’-éπE ÉçéÌçûª software ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊E Åçü¿’™ Æœn®Ω-°æ-ú≈-©-†’çC Ø√èπ◊.)

Mohita: I'm afraid it is too late. I'll try just the same.

(†’´¤y §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»-´-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. O’ boss Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åûªúø’ ´’ç* ´’†-Ææ’†o-¢√úø’. F career ™ °jéÌ-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’.) Mohita: I know that, so I didn't have the heart to inform him before hand.

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ Çߪ’† Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√-úøE. Åçü¿’-éπØË Çߪ’-†-éπC– ؈’ ®√@-Ø√´÷ îËÊÆ N≠æߪ’ç – ´·çü¿’ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’) Sobhita: I'm afraid you are too light hearted about your career throwing away jobs like that.

(F ®√@-Ø√´÷ É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á†éÀ\ BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰¢√?) (ü∆EéÀ Æ洒ߪ’ç N’ç*-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. Å®·Ø√ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh.) ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

Daily life situations ™ conversation ™ 'heart' ¢√úøéπç î√™« áèπ◊\´. Heart Åçõ‰ ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æ œ† Å®√n©’– £æ«%ü¿ßª’ç, ´’†Ææ’q– ´’† ¶µ«¢√-¢Ë-¨»-©èπ◊ E©ßª’ç. Ordinary conversation ™ î√™« Éûª®Ω Å®√n-©ûÓ heart, ü∆EûÓ éπL-Æœ† expressions ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Heart, heart ûÓ èπÿúÕ† expressions, English conversations ™ áçûª ûª®Ωîª’í¬ Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ¢√öÀE ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç ÅE ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ¢√úË-Ææ’hçö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i†, Ææ®Ω-∞¡-¢Á’i† English speaking èπ◊ heart, heart ûÓ ´îËa expressions ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-´ôç î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç. Now look at the following expressions from the dialogue above. 1) My heart wasn't in it =

(´’ç* ñ«¶¸†’ Å™« ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç, Ø√èπ◊ †’´¤y ´’K Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o´-E°œ-≤ÚhçC.)

I was not interested in it./ I didn't really want to do it.

Mohita: There are jobs for the asking in software, I'm sure once I have the necessary training, jobs'll be waiting for me.

a) I joined the course but my heart wasn't in it.

(software ™ ÅúÕ-TûË ´îËa-ô’x-Ø√o®· ÖüÓu-í¬©’, Ø√ Péπ~ù °æ‹®Ωh®·ûË ÖüÓu-í¬©’ Ø√éÓÆæç é¬îª’-éÌ-†’ç-ö«®·.)

b) She was at the wedding all right but her heart wasn't in it.

Sobhita: Though you say all that, in your heart of hearts you know you've made a mistake. You're not prepared to admit it, though.

3) But a software job is a career after my heart. (software job

Sobhita: What is wrong in it?

Sobhita: I think you made a mistake. I know your boss over there. He is a man with a heart in the right place. He could have certainly helped you to come up in your career.

(ÅûªúÕE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E Ç¢Á’ éÓJéπ/ Ç¢Á’-ÈéçûÓ ÖçC.)

(Ø√ ´’†Ææ’q ü∆E-O’ü¿ ™‰ü¿’/ Ø√éπC É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’) (Ç éÓ®Ω’q™ ؈’ îË®√-†’-é¬F Ø√ ´’†Ææ’ -Åç-ü¿’™ ™‰ü¿’/ ü∆E-O’ü¿ Ø√é¬-ÆæéÀh ™‰éπ§Ú-®·çC.) (àüÓ Â°RxéÀ £æ…ï-È®jç-C-í¬F °Rx Ææç•-®√-©-O’ü¿ ´’†-Ææ’q-™‰ü¿’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊. Ç¢Á’-éπçûª É≠ædçí¬ ™‰ü¿’) c) He is doing a shoddy job of it. It's clear his heart isn't in it.

Ø√èπ◊ †*a† ´%Ah, ¢√u°æéπç.) Ø√èπ◊ †*a†

Ç¢Á’ á°æ¤púø÷ Ææ®Ωü∆í¬ Öçô’çC 鬕öÀd Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ Åçü¿-Jéà É≠ædç. 7) In your heart of hearts =

£æ«%ü¿-ߪ÷ç-ûª-®√-∞¡ç™/ ´’†-Ææ’èπ◊. a) Though he supports her, in his heart of hearts he knows she is wrong =

Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ Ææ´’-Jn-Ææ’hØ√o, Åûª-Eéà ûÁ©’Ææ’/ ÅûªE ´’†-Ææ’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, Ç¢Á’ ûª°æpE. b) In his heart of hearts he feel he is unjust =

After my heart =

It's a place after my heart.

(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ †*a† v°æü˨¡ç)

ÅûªE ´’†-Ææ’q™ ÖçC, ÅØ√uߪ’ç îËÆæ’hØ√o†E. é¬Ææh ü¿ßª’-îª÷-°œç

8) Have a heart =

a) Have a heart. Kindly stop lecturing me =

Not have the heart to do something =

äéπ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç É≠ædç-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç (Åçü¿’-´©x Éûª®Ω’©’ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√-®ΩE). Ñ expression á°æ¤púø÷ not ûÓØË ¢√úø-û√®Ω’– É≠ædç-™‰-ü¿E îÁ°æp-ö«EéÀ. a) She didn't have the heart to tell him of his failure.

(ÅûªúÕ ¢Áj°∂æ-™«uEo í∫’Jç* ÅûªúÕéÀ Ç¢Á’ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’, ÅûªúÕE ¶«üµ¿-°-ôdôç É≠ædç-™‰éπ.) b) He doesn't have the heart to take the child away from the mother, though he know that she has T.B.

(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ TB (éπ~ߪ’) Öçü¿E ûÁL-ÆœØ√ (Åçü¿’-´©x Ç Gúøfèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÅC ≤Úéπ´-îªaE ûÁL-ÆœØ√) Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* Ç Gúøf†’ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ÅûªúÕéÀ ´’†-Ææ \-Jç-îª-™‰ü¿’.) c) Though he had a good job offer, he didn't have the heart to be away from his aged parents.

(´’ç* job Å´-鬨¡ç ´*aØ√, ´ßª’-Ææ’-O’-ü¿-°æ-úÕ† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©†’ ´C-L-°öÀd ¢Á∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ Åûª-EéÀ ´’†-Ææ \-Jç-îª-™‰ü¿’.) Å®·ûË A man/ woman after my heart, Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ †*a† ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ø√™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√©÷, É≥ƒd-E≥ƒd©÷, v°æ´-®Ωh-† -éπ-©-¢√∞¡⁄x ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË ´’†-™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√©÷, É≥ƒd-E-≥ƒd©’ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†èπ◊ †*a-†-¢√∞Ïx Å´¤-û√®Ω’ éπü∆?

é¬Ææh ü¿ßª’-îª÷-°œç. Ø√èπ◊ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç É´yôç Ç°æ¤. (’-û√\-®Ωçí¬ Å†ôç) b) Have a heart. Don't disturb me. Let me study =

é¬Ææh ü¿ßª’-îª÷-°œç. ††’o îªü¿-´F. íÌúø-´îË-ߪ’èπ◊. 9) Something close to my heart = Something important for me =

؈’ v§ƒ´·êuç ÉîËa N≠æߪ’ç. a) Children's well being is something close to parents' hearts =

°œ©x© ßÁ÷í∫-Íé~-´÷-©èπ◊ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ v§ƒ´·êuç É≤ƒh®Ω’. b) This subject is close to my heart =

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ؈’ v§ƒüµ∆†uç É≤ƒh†’. 10) You are still a child at heart =

°jéÀ °ü¿lí¬ éπE-°œç-*Ø√ FC *†o-°œ©x ´’†-Ææhûªyç. At heart = Ææy¶µ«´ç/ ¢ÁjêJ. a) Though he has joined congress, he is still a communist at heart =

é¬çvÈí-Æˇ™ îËJ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûª-E-Cçé¬ communist Ææy¶µ«-´¢Ë’. b) He is good at heart = Åûªúø’ Ææ£æ«%-ü¿-ߪ·úø’. 11) heart of gold = •çí¬-®Ωç-™«çöÀ ´’†Ææ’q/ Ææ£æ«%-ü¿-ߪ·úø’. I like him. He has a heart of gold. =

Åûª-úøçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . Åûªúø’ Ææ£æ«%-ü¿-ߪ·úø’.

4) He is a man with a heart in the right place. A person with their heart in the right place =

ü¿ßª’-í∫©, ¢Á’ûªhöÀ £æ«%ü¿ßª’ç éπ©-¢√∞¡Ÿx (°jéÀ Å™« éπE°œç-îª-éπ-§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) ÅE.

- M. SURESAN

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 28 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Sampurna: Even as I looked at her face yesterday, my heart sank. She looked so angry.

298

Sampanna: You seem to have taken to heart what Vignatha said. Just forget it.

(Nïcûª ņo-ü∆-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-†o-ô’dØ√o´¤. ü∆Eo ´’J-*§Ú)

Sampurna: You know very well that I threw my heart and soul into the whole matter. I went out of the way to make it a success. Still she is not satisfied.

(Ø√ ¨¡éÀh-´ç- ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-Ææ÷p¥-Jhí¬ Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ éπ%≠œ-îË-¨»†’. ÅC °∂æLçî√-©E Ø√ ¨¡éÀhéÀ N’ç* °æE-îË-¨»†’. Å®·Ø√ ûª†èπ◊ ûª%°œh-™‰ü¿’). (go out of the way = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† éπ%≠œ-îË-ߪ’ôç/ Åü¿-†çí¬ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªôç).

Sampanna: She is really heartless to pass such comments on you. I never thought she could be so hard hearted.

(FO’ü¿ Å™« ¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’ôç î√™« E®Ωlߪ’. Åçûª éπJ∏-†çí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ØËØÁ°æ¤púø÷ ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’).

(E†o ûª† ¢Á·£æ«ç îª÷úø-í¬ØË Ø√èπ◊ í∫’çúÁ ñ«J-§Ú-®·çC. Åçûª éÓ°æçí¬ éπE°œç-*çC.)

Sampanna: I observed too. I've never seen her so furious. There wasn't any reason for her to fly into such a rage.

(؈÷ í∫´’-Eç-î √†’. ûª†’ Åçûª éÓ°æçûÓ Öçúøôç ØËØÁ-°æ¤úø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Åçûª éÓ°æçûÓ áT-J-§Ú-´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ 鬮Ωùç àç éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’). (furious= Bv´-¢Á’i† éÓ°æçûÓ Öçúøôç. fly into a rage = éÓ°æçûÓ ÖvüË-éπ-°æ-úøôç). Sampurna: By the way what's the news from the hospital? How is Namratha getting on?

(ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, ÇÆæ’°ævA Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç àN’öÀ? †v´’ûª ᙫ ÖçC?)

Sampanna: No Improvement. No deterioration either. But the doctor says she will improve. I told Namratha's people not to lose heart. Namratha's recovery is just a matter of time.

(¢Á’®Ω’í∫’°æúø-™‰ü¿’. éÃ~ùÀç-÷ ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË °æJ-ÆœnA ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ü¿ç-ô’Ø√oúø’ ú≈éπd®˝. †v´’ûª ¢√∞¡} ¢√∞¡xûÓ

Sampurna: I want to have someone tell her how much she has hurt me.

2

10) I never thought she could be so hard hearted. heart expressions

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. °j† ûÓ ´îËa ÅFo ´’†ç áéπ\úÓ N†oô÷d, îªC-N-†ô÷d ÅE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ÅN Åçûª frequent í¬ spoken English ™ NE-°œ-≤ƒh-ߪ’-†o´÷ô. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†´‚ practice îËü∆lç ¢√öÀE. Ñ conversation ™ ¢√úÕ† ´÷ô© Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç: 1. upset= éÓ°æç/ ´’†-≤ƒh°æç/ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† éπL-Tç-îªôç – Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™. -É-Né¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ Éçé¬ Éûª®Ω Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®· 2. sensitive = Ææ’Eoûª ´’†-Ææh-ûªyç-í∫© – *†o ´÷ô™„jØ√ °æúø-™‰E. 3. deserve= Å®Ω|-ûª-éπ©– Ééπ\úø ´÷ô-©-E-°œç--éÌØË ÆœnA. 4. furious = Bv´-¢Á’i† éÓ°æç-í∫©. 5. rage = Bv´ éÓ°æç. 6. speedy recovery = ûªy®Ωí¬ Ö°æ-¨¡-´’†ç/ éÓ©’éÓ-´ôç.

1. You seem to have taken to heart what Vignatha said/ 6. I feel that you take things too much to heart. Take (something) to heart =

äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç -´©x/ äéπ-®Ω†o ´÷ô© ´©x/ äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ´©x Bv´çí¬ ´’†-≤ƒh°æç îÁçü¿ôç/ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøôç.

a) He took his failure to heart and is withdrawn =

ûª† ¢Áj°∂æ©uç ´©x ¶«üµ¿ûÓ Åûª†’ á´-J-ûÓ†÷ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ™‰ü¿’.

My heart really sank...

†’´¤y, Ç¢Á’ äéπ-JûÓ äéπ®Ω’ ´’†Ææ’ N°œp ´÷ö«x-úø’éÌE O’ ŧÚ-£æ«©’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÌ©-Tç--éÓ®Ω’? (ûÌ©Tç--éÓ-´-a-éπü∆?)

b) A heart to heart talk with my colleague ended all our misunderstandings =

Ø√ Ææ£æ«ÙüÓu-TûÓ Ø√ ´’†Ææ’ N°œp ´’®Ωtç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úøôçûÓ ´÷ ŧÚ-£æ«©’ ûÌ©-T-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

5) My heart really sank when I saw you so upset 7) Even as I looked at her yesterday my heart sank. (Somebody's) heart sinks = a) The thief's heart sank as he saw the police on the scene = police

í∫’çúÁ ñ«J-§Ú-´ôç

†’ Ç v°æüË-¨¡ç™ îª÷úøí¬ØË üÌçí∫ í∫’çúÁ ñ«J-§Ú-®·çC. b) My heart sank when Dhoni was out too = üµÓF èπÿú≈ out 鬴úøçûÓ Ø√ í∫’çúÁ ñ«J-§Ú-®·çC (¶µºßª’ç, E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«çûÓ) 8) I told Namratha's people not to lose heart lose heart =

ÅüµÁj-®Ωu-°æ-úøôç, ü∆EûÓ v°æߪ’ûªoç

´÷†’-éÓ-´ôç.

a) Low marks? Don't lose heart. Do better next time =

ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´î√aߪ÷? ÅüµÁj-®Ωu-°æ-úøèπ◊, ´îËa-≤ƒJ ¶«í¬ ®√®·.

b) He lost heart after his second failure =

È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ N°∂æ-©-´’-´-ôç´©x ÅüµÁj-®ΩuçûÓ Åûª†’ ´’Sx v°æߪ’ûªoç ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

c) Don't lose heart. This is not the end of it.

ÅüµÁj-®Ωu-°æ-úøèπ◊. ÉC Åçûªç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?

9) My heart missed a beat. Miss a beat =

(ûª†’ †ØÁoçûª ¶«Cµç-*çüÓ á´-®Ω-®·Ø√ ûª†ûÓ îÁÊ°h ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o†’). (hurt= ¨»K-®Ω-éπçí¬/ ´÷ô-©ûÓ ¶«Cµç-îªôç)

Sampanna: I suggest that you'd better have a heart to heart talk with her. Tell her how she has upset you.

(†’´¤y ûª†ûÓ ´’†Ææ’ N°œp ´÷ö«x-úøô¢Ë’ ´’ç*-ü¿E Ø√ Ææ÷. E†’o ᙫ ¶«Cµç-*çüÓ îÁ°æ¤p).

ÅüµÁj-®Ωu-°æ-úÌ-ü¿lE îÁ§ƒp†’. Ç¢Á’ éÓ©’-éÓ-´ö«-EéÀ éÌçûª time °æöÔda. ÅçûË.) deterioration = éÃ~ùÀç-îªôç

Sampurna: You know my heart missed a beat when I got the news she had been put in the hospital. I couldn't just see how such a strong girl could be so ill. hospital

(ûª††’ ™ îË®√a-®ΩE N†í¬ØË Ø√ í∫’çúÁ äéπ\-≤ƒJ ÇT-§Ú®·çC. Åçûª Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ÖçúË Ç Å´÷t-®·éπçûª ï•’s ᙫ ´*açüÓ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.)

Sampurna: I'm afraid I am a bit too sensitive. She should have known better than to talk like that.

(؈’ ´’K Ææ’Eo-ûª-´’-†-Ææ’\-®√-L-†-†’èπ◊çö«. Å™« ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´’ç*C é¬ü¿E ûª†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L.) Sampanna: My heart really sank when I saw you so upset.

(†’´yçûª ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ E†’o îª÷Æœ Ø√ í∫’çúÁ ñ«-J-§Ú-®·çC.) Sampurna: Really I didn't deserve such words from her.

(Å™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ ††o-†-´-©-Æœ† Å´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’./ ††o-™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©-Ø√LqçC é¬ü¿’). Sampanna: I feel that you take things too much to heart.

(†’´¤y à N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ ´’K áèπ◊\´ ´’†-Ææ’™ °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«-´-†’-èπ◊çö«) Sampurna: I've told you I do. But that is no reason for Vignatha to throw words at me like pots and pans.

(îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆, ؈’ î√™« Ææ’Eo-ûª-´’E. Å®·Ø√ Å™« ††’o ´÷ô-©-†-ö«-EéÀ Nïc-ûªèπ◊ 鬮Ωùç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.) (Throw words like pots and pans = äéπJo É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x ´÷ô-©ûÓ ¶«Cµç-îªôç). Sampanna: Ofcourse there'sn't. She could have thought better.

(ÅC correct. ûª†’ ÉçéÌçîÁç Ç™*ç-î√-LqçC).

Sampanna: The best we can do now is to pray for her speedy recovery.


Heart lesson

(ûª†’ ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´ô¢Ë’ ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’-í∫© Öûªh-´’¢Á’i† °æE)
















èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´’J-éÌEo ´÷ô©’ Ñ ™ îª÷ü∆lç. ÉN èπÿú≈ daily life situation ™ ´’† conversation expressive (ņ’-èπ◊-†oC ÆæJí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫-LÍí Nüµ¿ç) í¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« Ææ£æ…ߪ’-°æ-úø-û√®·. É´Fo î√™« simple expressions ÅF, conversation Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÓúøp-úø-û√ߪ’F O’Í® í∫´’-E-≤ƒh®Ω’. Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) You seem to have taken to heart what Vignatha said. 2) ... that I threw my heart and soul into the whole matter 3) She is really heartless 4) I suggest that you'd better have a heart to heart talk with her 5) My heart really sank when I saw you so upset 6) I feel that you take things too much to heart 7) Even as I looked at her yesterday my heart sank. 8) I told Namratha's people not to lose heart 9) ... my heart missed a beat when I got the news.

To be withdrawn =

(¶µºßª’çûÓ) í∫’çúÁ éÌô’d-éÓ-´ôç äéπ\-≤ƒJ ÇT-§Ú-´ôç.

Éûª-®Ω’© †’ç* ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçúøôç/ Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç.

a) My heart missed a beat when I didn't find my purse in its usual place = purse

Ç¢Á’ ´÷ô©’ Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÌE ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊.

b) His heart missed a beat when he misstook the rope for a snake=

b) Don't take her words so much to heart =

c) Sensitive people take even the slightest criticism to heart =

Ææ’Eoûª ´’†-Ææ’\©’ *†o N´’-®Ωz©†’ èπÿú≈ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰é𠶫üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. 2) ... That I threw my heart and soul into the matter. Throw (somebody's) heart and soul into something -

ÉC î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE-°œçîË ´÷ô– ûª®Ωîª÷ O’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úøçúÕ. DE Å®Ωnç– Åûªuçûª Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ, v¨¡ü¿l¥ûÓ àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’ôç. ´’†-Ææçû√ ü∆E-O’ü¿ °öÀd îËߪ’ôç. a) Once the adult literary programme started, she threw her heart and soul into it.

= ´ßÁ÷ï† Nü∆u 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç ¢Á·ü¿-©-´-í¬ØË Ç¢Á’ ü∆E-O’ü¿ ´’†-Ææ’q-°öÀd î√™« Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ °æE-îË-ÆœçC.

b) Once he came under Gandhi's influence Potti Sreeramulu put his heart and soul into the freedom struggle

= äéπ\-≤ƒJ í¬çDµ v°æ¶µ«-¢√EéÀ ™ØÁj† ¢ÁçôØË, §ÒöÀd X®√-´·©’ ≤ƒyûªç-vûÓu-ü¿u´’ç™ Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ, v¨¡ü¿l¥ûÓ ´’†-Ææ÷p¥-Jhí¬ °æE-î˨»®Ω’.

c) You put your heart and soul into the preparation you will certainly get a good rank

= (°æK-éπ~èπ◊) Æœü¿l¥ç-é¬-´-ôç™ ´’†-Ææ’-°öÀd Öû√q£æ«ç, v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°œç. Fèπ◊ ´’ç* rank ´Ææ’hçC.

Put/ throw somebody's heart and soul into (something) X (Somebody's) heart is not in it. 3) She is really heartless. Heartless=

ü¿ßª’, 鬮Ω’ùuç-™‰E, éπJ∏† ´’†Ææ’q éπ©. D†®Ωnç îª÷Ææ÷hØË ûÁ©’Ææ’hçC éπü∆ – ´’†-Ææ’q-™‰E ÅE. cruel DEéÀ synonym (vèπÿ®Ω-¢Á’i†) Hitler was a heartless ruler = Hitler ´’†-Ææ’-™‰E §ƒ©-èπ◊úø’ (éπ®Ω-èπ◊-í∫’çúÁ)

4) I suggest that you have a heart to heart talk. Heart to heart talk =

(Éü¿l-J-´’üµ¿u ´’†Ææp®Ωn©’-†o°æ¤púø’) ´’†-Ææ’-N°œp ´’®Ωtç-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o-ü¿’-†oô’x ´÷ö«xúø’-éÓ-´ôç (ÆæßÁ÷üµ¿u/ Ææç•ç-üµ∆© ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ éÓÆæç)

a) Why don't you have a heart to heart talk with her and clear your misunderstandings =

Ø√ ´÷´·-©’í¬ ÖçúË-îÓô ™‰éπ-§Ú-ßË’-Ææ-JéÀ í∫’çúÁ ÇT-§Ú-®·çC.

û√úø’†’ §ƒ´’-†’-éÌE §Ò®Ω°æ-úø-ôçûÓ ÅûªE í∫’çúÁ äéπ\ éπ~ùç ÇT-§Ú-®·çC. 1) Put away, put down Not, never

-à-N’-öÀ 2) Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥-ç-™ -¢√-ú≈-L?

3)

°æ-ü∆-©èπ◊ -ûË-ú≈ -©-†’ -à

Have you ever seen Tajmahal-? -D-E Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-Eo No -ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµçîª-´-î√a?-- a) No, I have never

seen Tajmahal. b) No, I have not seen Tajmahal

-. °j -¢√-öÀ-™ à-C

– -áÆˇ.-N ®Ω-´’-ù, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø -ï-¢√-•’: i) Put away - Put some thing away = éπÈ®é˙d?

to put some thing in a place where it is usually kept =

´÷´‚©’í¬ äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ÖçîË-îÓô AJT Öçîªôç. Let me put these books away =

Ñ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ ¢Á·ü¿ô ¢√öÀ ≤ƒn†ç™ Öç-îªF. î√™« Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®·. ´·êuçí¬ put ´uA-Í®-éπ-ûª†’/ ´uA-Í®-èπ◊©†’ Åù-*-¢Ë-ߪ’ôç.

ii) Put down down the opposition -

Stalin put down any opposition ruthlessly = Stalin

ûª-†-†’ ´uA-Í®-éÀç-*-†-¢√-∞¡x†’ E®√l-éÀ~ùuçí¬ Åù-*-¢Ë-¨»úø’. 2. Not = é¬ü¿’, ™‰ü¿’. Never = á°æp-öÀéÙ‰ü¿’/ á°æpöÀéÃé¬ü¿’. They do not do such things = ¢√∞¡Ÿx Å™«çöÀ °æ†’©’ îËߪ’®Ω’. They never do such things = Å™«çöÀ°æ†’©’ ¢√∞Îx-†o-öÀéà îËߪ’®Ω’. 3. Correct í¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ I have never seen the Taj Åçûª correct é¬ü¿’. I have not seen the Taj Åçõ‰ ØËEçûª´®Ωèπ◊ Taj E îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’ ÅE. I have never seen - 'Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ á†o-öÀé× ņç éπü∆! Å®·ûË Modern English usage ™ have/ has never + pp (seen, gone, etc) î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆®Ωùçí¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’. ûª°æ¤pí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-‰ç. - M. SURESAN

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 30 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ram =

úµŒéÌ-†ôç. úµŒéÌ-EçC

´’†-Ææ÷p¥-Jhí¬

rammed -

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

299

Chandan: What a time we had last sunday! We really enjoyed the whole picnic to our heart's content.

(í∫ûª ÇC-¢√®Ωç áçûª Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úÕ-§ƒ¢Á÷! Ç °œéÀoé˙ ¢Ë’ç ûªE-N-B®√ džç-Cçî√ç.) Have a good time/ bad time etc = àüÁjØ√ Ææçü¿®√s¥Eo džçü¿çí¬/ Nî√®Ωçí¬ í∫úø-°æôç. Have a happy time during your stay there =

O’®Ω-éπ\úø’†oçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ í∫úø°œ ®ΩçúÕ. Charan: If only our hostel warden had permitted me...! The guy has a heart of stone, I tell you. My repeated requests to let me join you have been no use.

(´÷ hostel warden Ø√èπ◊ ņ’-´’-A*a Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËüÓ (؈’ O’ûÓ ´*a džç-Cç-îË-¢√-úÕE) Åûª-úÕ-èπ◊ç-úËC Eïçí¬ ®√A £æ«%ü¿ßª’ç. îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√oí¬. O’ûÓ °œéÀoé˙èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√-†E v§ƒüµË-ߪ’-°æ-úÕØ√ °∂æLûªç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC. Chandan: We missed you a lot. I had wished with all my heart your warden would

a) I wished with all my heart that India should reach semi finals in world cup Cricket.

truck = lorry Charan: That must have been shocking.

(O’éπC î√™« Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-Tç* Öçú≈L.) Chandan: You can say that. It happened right infront of us. We had had a hearty laugh at some joke one of us made and the next minute this happened. (I) can't forget it for my life. (

†’¢√y-´÷ô ÅØÌa. ´÷ ´·çüË ïJ-Tçü¿C. ´÷™ á´®Ó -¢ËÆœ† ñé˙èπ◊ ´’†-≤ƒ®√ †´¤y-èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’®Ω’-éπ~ùç ÉC ïJ-TçC. Ø√ @N-ûªç™ ؈’ ´’J-*-§Ú-™‰-EC.) Charan: My heartfelt condolences to the family though I don't know them, and didn't see it all.

(Ç èπ◊ô’ç•ç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Ç Ææç°∂æ’-ô-† ؈’ îª÷úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ø√ Ææçû√°æç ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’.)

(v°æ°æçîª éπ°ˇ véÀÈéö¸ §ÚöÙ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ éπFÆæç semi finals éπØ√o îË®Ω’-éÓ-¢√-©E ´’†-≤ƒ®√ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) b) I opened the letter hoping with all my heart that it would convey the news of my selection for the job.

(؈’ ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ áç°œ-éπ-ߪ÷u-†ØË ¢√®Ωh Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-°æ®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E ´’†-≤ƒ®√ ÇPÆæ÷h Ç Öûªh-®√Eo ûÁJ-î√†’.) 3) It's heartening to know you are going again.

Öû√q-£æ…Eo éπL-TçîË/ v§Úû√q£æ«-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† – Å®·ûË ÉC áèπ◊\´ passive ™ ¢√úøû√ç. äéÌ\-°æ¤púø’, It heartens me, It is heartening to know ÅE èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

Chandan: So did we. We all returned home with a heavy heart.

(¢Ë’´’üË î˨»ç. •®Ω’-¢Á-éÀ\† £æ«%ü¿-ߪ÷©ûÓ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊Ø√oç.)

(Ñ ´’üµ¿u ï•’s-°æú≈f, îªü¿’-´¤™ ¶«í¬ØË ®√-ùÀç-îª-úøç v§Úû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC.)

Charan: Our highways are hardly safe.

b) The Children crying for their dead mother was heart rending.

(îªE-§Ú-®·† ûª´’ ûªLx éÓÆæç °œ©x©’ àúø-´ôç ´’†-Ææ’†’ éπL-*-¢Ë-ÆœçC.) 6) We had had a hearty laugh: Hearty =

´’†Ææ’ Eçú≈

a) We had a hearty laugh at his joke.

(ÅûªúÕ ñé˙ NE ¢Ë’ç ´’-†≤ƒ®√ †´¤y-èπ◊Ø√oç.) b) We had a hearty time.

hearten =

a) It is heartening to hear that in spite of his recent illness, he is progressing well in studies.

(´’† †í∫-®√-©†’ éπLÊ° ®Óúø’x

2

b) Business circles are heartened to know that the govt is not going to impose new taxes.

Åçûª(v°æ¶µº’ûªyç éÌûªh °æ†’o©’ NCµç-îªôç ™‰ü¿E ûÁLÆœ

We had had a hearty laugh

(Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ †´¤yûª÷, ûª’∞¡Ÿxûª÷ í∫úÕ§ƒç.) £æ«%ü¿-ߪ’-°æ‹-®Ωyéπ ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿†©’. A hearty meal = a large meal = ´’ç* °æÆæç-üÁj† ûª%°œh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ¶µï†ç. Hearty Congratulations =

7) Heart felt condolences: Condolence =

Ææçû√°æç (´’%A/ ü¿’”ê-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææç°∂æ’ô† °æôx. Å®·ûË áèπ◊\-´í¬ Condolences ÅE plural™ ¢√úøû√ç.)

a) Our condolences to/ Our heartfelt to the bereaved family.

(´’%ûª’úÕ èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ Ææçû√°æç/ Ææçû√°æç – bereaved family = ´’%ûª’úÕ èπ◊ô’ç•ç) 8) With a heavy heart = •®Ω’-¢Á-éÀ\†/ N≠æùg/ Nî√®Ω-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† £æ«%ü¿-ߪ’çûÓ. a) I convey this sad news to you with a heavy heart.

(Nî√®Ω £æ«%ü¿-ߪ’çûÓ FéÀ îÁúø’-¢√-®Ωh-†ç-C-Ææ’hØ√o.) let you go with us. I never thought that he could be so heartless.

(†’´¤y ´÷ûÓ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´÷éπçû√ ™õ‰ ÅE-°œç-*çC. O’ ¢√È®fØ˛ E†’o ´÷ûÓ ¢Á∞¡}E¢√y-©E ´’†-≤ƒ®√ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Çߪ’† Åçûª £æ«%ü¿ßª’ç ™‰E-¢√-úøE ؈-†’éÓ-™‰ü¿’.) Charan: Any way it is heartening to know you are going again this time to Goa. I am sure to join you come what come may. My dad said I could go. Come what come may =

àüË-¢Á’iØ√ (á-™«ÈíjØ√, ´’S} Ñ≤ƒJ O’®Ω’ íÓ¢√-èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω-E ûÁLÆœ Öû√q£æ«çí¬ ÖçC Ø√èπ◊. O’ûÓ Ñ≤ƒJ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ´≤ƒh†’. ´÷ Ø√†o ¢Á∞¡x-´’-Ø√oúø’.)

Chandan: So you have no reason to lose heart any more, then. I assure you we can have a very happy time.

(E®Ω’-û√q£æ«°æúø-ö«-E-éÀçéπ 鬮Ωùç ™‰ü¿-†o´÷ô/ Éçéπ †’´¤y Cí∫’©’ °æúø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç áçûªí¬ØÓ Ç†ç-Cç-îª-´-îªaE îÁ•’ûª’Ø√o ؈’.) Charan: Madan was talking of some unhappy thing that happened on your way back.

(O’®Ω’ AJ-íÌ-îËa-°æ¤úø’ àüÓ -ÅÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´’ü¿Ø˛ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.) Chandan: Yea. What a tragedy! The car a family was travelling in rammed a truck from behind. Two of them were killed. One was seriously injured. That really was heart rending.

(Å´¤†’. áçûª ü∆®Ω’-ù¢Á÷! ã èπ◊ô’ç•ç v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-Ææ’h-†o -鬮Ω’ ™«KE ¢Á†éπ †’ç* úµŒéÌçC. Éü¿l®Ω’ îª*a-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. äéπ®Ω’ Bv´çí¬ í¬ßª’-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. Eïçí¬ £æ«%ü¿ßª’Nü∆-®Ω-éπ¢Ë’.)

Íé~´’éπ®Ωç 鬴¤.) Highways = †í∫-®√-©†’ éπLÊ° ®Óúø’x. Chandan: OK. It's time I were at home. Bye.

(ÆæÍ®, ØËØÁ-°æ¤púÓ Éçöx Öçú≈-LqçC. ´≤ƒh.)


Heart èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† expressions real life situations ™E conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE°œ-Ææ’hçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE ´’J-éÌEo Ñ lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç. Now look at the following expressions from the conversation above. 1) The guy has a heart of stone. 2) I had wished with all my heart that he would let you go. 3) ... it is heartening to know you are going again. 4) So you have no reason to lose heart. 5) That really was heart rending. 6) We had had a hearty laugh.

¢√ùÀïu ´®√_©’ ÆæçûÓ≠æ °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·.) èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç dishearten = E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«-°æúøôç/ E®√¨¡ îÁçü¿ôç. hearten

(éÌúø’èπ◊ °∂®·™¸ Åߪ÷u-úøE ûÁLÆœ ûªçvúÕ E®√¨¡ îÁçü∆úø’/ E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«-°æ-ú≈fúø’. b) It's disheartening that he is not coming -

Åûªúø’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿-ØËC E®√-¨»-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. 4) So you have no reason to lose heart.

(Å®·ûË F´¤ E®√¨¡ îÁçü∆-Lq† 鬮Ωùç ™‰ü¿’.) Lose heart = E®√¨¡ îÁçü¿ôç. Å®·ûË Lose heart ÅØËC not- ûÓ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Don't lose heart. Keep trying you'll succeed.

E®√¨¡ îÁçü¿èπ◊ç-ú≈ v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ÷hçúø’. Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿’û√´¤. b) Though he did not succeed, he didn't lose heart.

(Åûªúø’ ïߪ’ç-§Òç-ü¿-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, E®√¨¡ îÁçü¿-™‰ü¿’.)

7) My heart felt condolences. 8) We all returned home with a heavy heart.

(Ç¢Á’ v°æߪ’ûªoç é̆-≤ƒ-T-Ææ÷hØË Öçô’çC. á°æp-öÀéà E®√-¨¡-°æ-úøü¿’.) trier = vôߪ’ = E®√-¨¡-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ v°æߪ’ûªoç é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îË¢√∞¡Ÿx. Lose heart to some one = fall in love = vÊ°´’™ °æúøôç/ ´’†Ææ’ §ƒÍ®-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç.

. (Åûª-EC ®√A £æ«%ü¿ßª’ç/ éπJ∏† £æ«%ü¿ßª’ç.) Heart of Stone = ®√A £æ«%ü¿ßª’ç. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson™ ´’†ç a heart of gold ÅØË expression îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. ü∆†®Ωnç •çí¬®Ωç ™«çöÀ £æ«%ü¿ßª’ç / ´’ç* ´’†Ææ’ ÅF. ü∆EéÀ have a heart of stone ´uA-Í®éπç ÅE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆?

The minute he saw Sakuntala, Dushyanta lost heart to her.

a) Whoever did it, those responsible for the Noida (Delhi) murders must have hearts of stones.

(¨¡èπ◊ç-ûª-©†’ îª÷Æœ† ¢ÁçôØË ü¿’≠æuç-ûª’-ú≈¢Á’ °j ´’†Ææ’ §ƒÍ®-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’/ vÊ°N’ç-î√úø’)

(á´®Ω’ ¢√öÀE îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ØÓ®·ú≈ (Delhi ü¿í∫_®Ω) £æ«ûªu©’ îËÆœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx éπJ∏-†/-§ƒ-≥ƒù £æ«%ü¿ßª’ç í∫©¢√∞Îkx Öçú≈L.)

Heart rending = £æ«%ü¿-ߪ ’-N-ü∆-®Ω-éπ-¢Á ’i†/ í∫ ’çúÁ •ü¿l-©ßË’u / ´’†Ææ’ vü¿NçîË.

b) Serial Killers have hearts of stones.

(´®Ω’Ææ £æ«ûªu©’ îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡Ÿx §ƒ≥ƒù £æ«%ü¿-ߪ·©’.) 2) With all (some one's) my heart =

(ÅûªúÕ ¢Áj°∂æ©uç í∫’Jç-*† ¢√®Ωh†’ Nî√®Ω £æ«%ü¿ßª’çûÓ Nçô’Ø√o.)

a) The News of his Son's failure disheartened the father.

c) She is a great trier. She never loses heart.

1) The guy has a heart of stone

b) It is with a heavy heart I hear of his failure.

5) That really was heart rending.

a) The Scene of the train accident was heart rending.

(Ç wõ„jØ˛ ߪ÷éÀq-úÁçö¸ ïJ-T-†îÓô ü¿%¨¡uç £æ«%ü¿-ߪ’N-ü∆-®Ω-éπçí¬ ÖçC.)

v°æ¨¡o: 1. I wish I had a bike I wish I had +.. II & III persons

E subject í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a?OöÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ᙫ Ö°æßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. 2. ≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx≠ˇ î√™« °æ¤Ææh-鬙x ''Iam afraid..." ÅE ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. DE °æ‹Jh ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x DEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó N´®Ωçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰ßª’çúÕ. – áç.N.-Ææ’-v•-´’ùuç, *©- πÿ®Ω’, ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ >™«x. -ï-¢√-•’: 1. I wish I had a bike = I don't have a bike now; So I wish for a bike now (Not possible now) =

Ø√èπ◊ bike Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËüÓ! (™‰E-ü∆Eo/ É°æ¤púø’ §Òçü¿-™‰E ü∆Eo éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´ôç.) I wish you didn't come here =

†’-´¤y -Ééπ\-úÕ-éÀ ®√èπ◊çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC (é¬E ´î√a´¤.) I wish they were here =

¢√Rx-éπ\úø Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’†’. (¢√-∞¡Ÿx -É°æ¤p-úø’ É-éπ\úø ™‰®Ω’/ ÖçúË v°æÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’.) afraid Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’†o ÅE. Å®·ûË spoken English ™ àüÁjØ√ Å®·≠ædçí¬ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, I,m afraid Å®·-≠d-ûæ ª†’ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC. I am sorry ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ

A: Can you help me with a little money? B: I am afraid (= I am sorry) I can't (I can not). - M. SURESAN

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 2 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ averted = Likhit: O that was big relief.

ûª°œpçC

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

300

Rasik: You look so frightened. What happened? What makes you so afraid?

(Åçûª ¶µºßª’-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-®·-†ô’d éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. àç ïJ-TçC? Féπçûª ¶µºßª’ç éπ-L-T-≤Úh-†oüËçöÀ?)

Likhit: I am out of breath. Let me breathe easy first.

(Ø√èπ◊ Ü°œ-®√--úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’ ¶µºßª’çûÓ. ¢Á·ü¿ô ††’o BJí¬_ Ü°œJ °‘©’a-éÓF.) out of breath: ¶µºßª’ç, Çߪ÷-Ææç, Å©-Ææ-ôûÓ Ü°œ®√-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç/ Ü°œJ °‘©’a-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç. breathe (vHü˛) easy= BJí¬_ Ü°œJ °‘©’a-éÓ-´úøç/ Nv¨»ç-Aí¬ /relaxed.

Rasik: Come now Likhit. Pull yourself together. I never saw you so full of fear.

(L"û˝, é¬Ææh èπ◊ü¿’-ô-°æúø’. Éçûª ¶µºßª’çûÓ †’´¤yç-úøôç ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.) (Pull yourself together èπ◊ü¿’-ô-°æúø’ / ûª´÷-®·ç-éÓ)

Likhit: You would look frightened too if you were face to face with your worst enemy. Rasik: That's what I want to know. What exactly happened?

(ÅüË Øˆ’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. ÅÆ晉ç

(Eïçí¬ Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ Cç*-†-ôd-®·çC.)

Rasik: But how did the face off between you start at all?

(ÅÆæ©’ O’ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u Ñ §Úö«xô ᙫ v§ƒ®Ω綵º-¢Á’içC?)

Likhit: It started as a silly argument and developed into a heated exchange. In the course of it, I told him to his face that he was an animal. That enraged him and since then he has borne a grudge against me.

(àüÓ *†o N¢√-ü¿çí¬ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC, Ǣ˨¡çûÓ Éü¿l®Ωç ´÷ô-©-†’-èπ◊-ØË-ü∆é¬ ´*açC. Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úÓ ïçûª’-´E ¢√úÕ ¢Á·£æ…ØËo ÅØ˨». Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* ¢√úø’ Ø√ O’ü¿ üËy≠æç °ç-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.) Bear a grudge = üËy≠æçûÓ Öç--úø-ôç

Rasik: But that's too slight a reason for him to hate you much.

(é¬E E†oç-ûªí¬ üËy≠œç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ÅC î√™« *†o 鬮Ωùç éπü∆?)

Likhit: He is very bad. I shouldn't have befriended him in the first instance.

(¢√úø’ î√™« îÁúøf-¢√úø’. ؈Ææ©’ ¢√úÕûÓ ÊÆo£æ«ç îËÆæ’ç-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.) befriend=ÊÆo£æ«ç îËߪ’ôç. in the first instance = ÅÆæ©’

2

b) The Government faces the difficult situation of putting down the Maoists.

(´÷N-Æˇd-©†’ Åù-*-¢Ë-ߪ’ôç ÅØË éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† Ææ´’-Ææu†’ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç áü¿’®Ì\ç-öçC)

c) Tendulkar is facing the biggest challenge of his career. He has to regain his form.

(õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ ûª† @N-ûªç™ ÅA °ü¿l Ææ¢√-™„-ü¿’-®Ì\çô’-Ø√oúø’. ûª† ≤ƒ´’®√n uEo AJT -Å-ûª-úø’ §Òç-ü∆-L.) face to fact = Eñ«Eo ä°æ¤p-èπ◊çü∆ç. c) Let's face the fact. We can never be a great force in Cricket.

(´’†ç ߪ’ü∆-®√nEo áü¿’-®Ì\ç-ü∆ç/-ä-°æ¤p-èπ◊çü∆ç– véÀÈé-ö¸™ ´’†ç á°æp-öÀéÀ íÌ°æp ¨¡éÀh 鬙‰ç.)

3) Still I put on a brave face. Put on a face .

(†öÀç-îªôç (´·ê éπ´-R-éπ-©ûÓ) éπE-°œç-îªôç.)

a) He was full of fear, but he put on a brave face.

(¶µºßª’çûÓ EçúÕ-§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ Ö†oô’d ´·êç °ö«dúø’/ °jéÀ ´÷vûªç üµÁj®Ωuç-í¬ØË éπE-°œç-î√úø’.)

b) Though guilty, she put on as innocent face. (

ØË®Ωç îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, °jéÀ ´÷vûªç Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊-®√-Lí¬ éπE-°œç-*çC.)

c) I know you for what you are. Don't put on faces. ( 4) Never lose courage in the face of danger.

F Ææçí∫A / Ææy¶µ«´ç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. †öÀç-îªèπ◊)

Never lose courage even... ïJ-TçC?)

Likhit: I had to face my worst enemy in my life. We have met at the restaurant after 20 years. He had the face to walk towards me and make a challenge.

(-Ø√ @N-ûªç™ •ü¿l¥¨¡ûª%-´¤†’ ؈’ áü¿’-®Ó\¢√Lq ´*açC. 20 à∞¡x ûª®√yûª ¢Ë’´÷ È®≤ƒdÈ®ç-ö¸™ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ωç áü¿’-®Ω’-°æú≈fç. Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ´*a ´’Sx Ææ¢√©’ îË-ÊÆ-™« éπ-E°œç-î√-úø’.)

Rasik: But why should he frighten you so?

(F™ ¢√úøçûª ¶µºßª’ç áçü¿’èπ◊ éπL-Tç-î√L?

Likhit: He is the most dangerous fellow on earth. He Strikes terror in me. Still I put on a brave a face. As my luck would have it, the police turned up just then and he ran away.

(¢√úø’ Åûªuçûª v°æ´÷-ü¿-é¬J. ¢√úø’ Ø√™ ¶µºßª’ç °æ¤öÀd-≤ƒhúø’. ¢√úøçõ‰ØË Ø√èπ◊ ¶µºßª’ç. Å®·Ø√ üµÁj®Ωuç-í¬ØË éπE-°œç-î√†’. Ø√ Åü¿%≠ædç ¶«´¤çúÕ Å°æ¤púË §ÚM-Ææ’©’ éπE-°œç-î√®Ω’. ¢√úø’ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.)

Rasik: Likhit, never lose courage even in the face of danger. If you have to lose, lose with courage. That'd be manly.

(v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ èπÿú≈ üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ Öçúø’. ãúÕ-§Ú´ôç ûª°æp-éπ-§ÚûË üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ ãúÕ§Ú. ÅC ´’í∫-ûª-†ç-™« Öçô’çC.)

Likhit: When we last faced each other 20 years ago, he made a challenge or some thing. Just to save my face I accepted the challenge, though I had to face up to the fact that I could not beat him. (

É®Ω-¢Áj -à-∞¡x éÀçü¿ô ¢Ë’ç äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ωç áü¿’®Ω’ °æúÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ Ø√ O’ü¿ Ææ¢√-™‰üÓ NÆœ-®√úø’. Ø√ °æ®Ω’´¤ 鬧ƒúø’éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ç Ææ¢√©’ Æ‘yéπ-Jçî√†’. ؈’ ¢√úÕE áü¿’-®Ó\-™‰-†E ûÁL-ÆœØ√.)

Rasik: This time too the timely arrival of the police saved your face. Thank God a fight was averted.

(§ÚM-Ææ’©’ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ®√´úøç ´©x F °æ®Ω’´¤ ü¿éÀ\çC. äéπ §Úö«xô ûª°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ üË´¤-úÕéÀ éπ%ûª-ïcûª îÁ°æ¤péÓ.)

Rasik: So no knowing when you will run into him again. Be careful.

(´’Sx ¢√úÕéÀ †’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úÁ-ü¿’®Ω’ °æúø-û√¢Ó ûÁM-ü¿†o-´÷ô. ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúø’.)

Likhit: That I will be, of course.

(ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçö«™‰.) run into some one = äéπJE ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-´úøç/ áü¿’-®Ω’-°æ-úøôç Daily life situations ™ frequent í¬ ¢√úË expressions, ´·êuçí¬ ´’† conversation natural í¬ simpleí¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈-Lq† expressions í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. Åçü¿’™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ñ lesson ™ face, face ûÓ ´îËa expressions †’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. face = ¢Á·£æ«ç. a smiling/ happy/sad face = *®Ω’-†-´¤y-ûÓ/-Ææç-ûÓ-≠æçí¬ Ö†o/ Nî√-®Ωçí¬ Ö†o ¢Á·£æ«ç. Å™«Íí round faced /serious faced, etc í∫’çvúøöÀ ¢Á·£æ«ç/ serious í¬ Ö†o ¢Á·£æ«ç, etc. É´Fo ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œ-†¢Ë.




Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) If you were face to face with danger. Face to face:

´·ë«-´·"– Éü¿l®Ω’ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ áü¿’-®Ω’-

°æ-úøôç.

a) He found himself face to face with her for the first time. He had seen only her picture earlier.

(¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ Ç¢Á’†’ ´·ê-´·" îª÷¨»úø’ – Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Ç¢Á’ §∂Òö ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îª÷¨»úø’)

b) That was the first time I came face to face with such a situation.

(Å™«çöÀ °æJ-ÆœnA áü¿’-®Ω’-°æ-úøôç Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ)

c) Let's talk face to face. It's better than talking about such a matter over phone.

(´’†ç ´·ë«-´·" ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ §∂ÚØ˛™ ´÷ö«xúø’éÓ´ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’)

2) I had to face my worst enemy in my life. to face = a) Let's face the problem and see how we can solve it.

áü¿’-®Ó\-´ôç (ã °æJ-Æœn-A-E/-´u-éÀhE)

(Ç Ææ´’-Ææu†’ üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ áü¿’-®Ì\E ᙫ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îªí∫-©¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç)

-v°æ-¨¡o : 1) -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-¢√-©ç-õ‰ 275 structures -ûÁ-LÆæ’ç-õ‰ Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü∆? -É-N -áéπ\-úø üÌ®Ω’èπ◊-û√®·? 2) a) had been able to b) shall had been able to c) Should had been able to d) Will had been able to e) Would had been able to f) May had been able to g) Might had been able to h) Can have been able to i) Can had been able to j) Could have been able to k) Could had been able to l) Must had been able to + present verb

É™«çöÀ structures ®√ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’-´¤-û√ߪ÷? ≤ƒüµ¿u-¢Á’iûË ûÁ©’-í∫’™ translation îËÆæ÷h v°æA structure èπ◊ äéÌéπ\ example É´yçúÕ. -®√-ï-¨Ï-ê®˝, éÌÆœ-T, éπ®Ω÷o-©’ -ï-¢√-•’: English sentences ÅFo äéπ structure ™ É´·-úø’-û√-ߪ’-ØË-C Eï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË OöÀ™ î√-™« patterns, ordinary conversation ™ ®√´¤. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç basic principles (´‚© Ææ÷vû√©’) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ´÷ö«x-úø-ôç -´’ç-*-C. practice îËߪ’ôç, O-™„j†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ English îªü¿-´ôç, TV news casts N†ôç îËÊÆh English ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫©ç. 2) had been able to = í∫ûªç™ îËߪ’-í∫-L-T ÖØ√o-úø’/- ÖçC. a) He had been able to do it before I met him =

( in the face of = a) In the face of severe opposition, she fought for women's rights.

v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ èπÿú≈ üµÁj®Ωuç éÓ™pèπ◊.) éπ≥ƒd™x, éÀ≠x dæ / v°´æ ÷-ü¿é- π®Ω °æJ- Æœû-n ª’™- x

(Bv´ ´uA-Í®-éπûª†’ áü¿’®Ì\çô÷ Æ‘Y £æ«èπ◊\© éÓÆæç Ç¢Á’ §Ú®√-úÕçC)

b) In the face of difficulties he continued his studies.

(áEo éπ≥ƒd©’ áü¿’-®Ì\Ø√o Åûªúø’ îªü¿’-´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tçî√úø’)

c) He gave up the project in the face of protests from his family.

(èπ◊ô’ç•ç †’ç* v°æA-°∂æ’-ô-†©’ áü¿’®Ω-´-úøçûÓ ÅûªØ√°æü∑¿-é¬Eo N®Ω-N’ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)

5) I accepted the challenge though I had to face up to the fact that I could never beat him. I had to face up to the fact = I had to accept and deal with the fact.

؈-ûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓéπ ´·çüË Åûª-†C îËߪ’-í∫-Lí¬-úø’. ÉC ûª°æ¤p - shall have been able to ÅE Öçú≈L = ¶µºN-≠æuûª’h-™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-L-T Öçö«úø’. (c), (d), (e), (f), (g) - OöÀ-Eo-öÀ™  èπÿú≈ had ®√ü¿’ have (been able to) ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. Should have been able to = îËߪ’-í∫-LT Öçú≈LqçC (é¬E îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) Will have been able to - future ™ ã time ņ’èπ◊çõ‰, Ç time èπ◊ îËߪ’-í∫-L-T Öç-ö«-úø’/-Öç-ô’çC. Would have been able to = (í∫ûªç™) îËߪ’-í∫-LT ÖçúË-¢√-úø’/-Öç-úËC (é¬E ™‰ü¿’) May have been able to = (É°æ¤púø’) îËߪ’-í∫L_ ÖçúÌa. b) Shall had been able to =

Might have been able to =

(í∫ûªç™) îËߪ’-í∫-L-T Öçúø-´îª’a. Can have been able to - ÉC ûª°æ¤p – can/ could -ûÓ able ®√ü¿’.

(Ç ßª’ü∆-®√nEo ä°æ¤p-èπ◊E ûªT† Ωu©’ BÆæ’éÓ-´úøç.)

a) You'll never get such a good job again. You'd better face up to it.

a) He should have been able to understand it =

ÅC Å®ΩnçîË-Ææ’éÓ-í∫-LT Öçú≈-Lqç-ü¿-ûª†’ (é¬E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’)

(Å™«ç-öÀ ´’ç* -ñ«--¶¸ Fèπ◊ ´’Sx-®√ü¿’. Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊E ´’Ææ-©’éÓ.)

b) He had to face up to the fact that he could never play again.

(´’Sx ûª†’ Çúø-™‰-†ØË ßª’ü∆-®√nEo Åûªúø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√Lq ´*açC)

6) The timely arrival of police saved your face. Save (some one's) face = a) The knock of a century by Dhoni saved the face for India which was 5 wickets down for 125 runs. (125

°æ®Ω’´¤ ü¿éÀ\ç--éÓ-´ôç.

°æ®Ω’-í∫’-©Íé âü¿’ NÈéô’x éÓ™p-®·† ¶µ«®Ωû˝ °æ®Ω’-´¤†’ üµÓF éÌöÀd† ÂÆçîªK E©-¶„-öÀdçC.)

b) He had to accept the majority decision just to save his face/It was only a face saving device.

(ûª† °æ®Ω’´¤ 鬧ƒ-úø’-éÓ-´ôç éÓÆæç, ¢Á’ñ«-Jöà E®Ωg-ߪ÷EéÀ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-î√úø’/ Å™« ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îªôç °æ®Ω’´¤ ü¿éÀ\ç--èπ◊ØË ´÷®Ω_¢Ë’.)

b) He will have been able to buy a car by the end of this year =

Ñ Ææç´-ûªq-®√ç-û√EéÀ -Åûª†’ 鬮˝ é̆-í∫-L-T Öçö«úø’. c) He would have been able to do it = Åûª-†C îËߪ’-í∫-LÍí ¢√úË (é¬E îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) d) He may have been able to meet the CM = CM

†’ éπ-©’Ææ’éÓí∫-L-T ÖçúÌa ®√ü¿’ - Must have been able to = éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-LÍí Öçö«-úø’ /- éπ-©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-LT Öçú≈L. e) Must had

He must have been able to meet the CM = CM

†’ (éπ*a-ûªçí¬) éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-LÍí Öçö«úø’, éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-í∫-L-í¬úø’ èπÿú≈ °j sentences †’ modelí¬ BÆæ’èπ◊E O’ -conversation ™ practice îËߪ’-çúÕ. - M. SURESAN

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 4 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

301

Prakrit: Yea. No sooner does a politician come to power then they think of themselves and not the people. However, as I've told you earlier the people are to blame.

9) While more people voting is important better people should contest elections such that more honest people can come to power.

(ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç-™éÀ ´
10) Supposing that a minimum educational qualifications is prescribed ...

Prakrit: (It is) almost 60 years of Independence and still 40000 villages across the Country go without drinking water.

(≤ƒyûªçvûªuç ´*a Å®Ω-´-ßË’u-∞¡x-´¤-ûÓçC. ü˨¡ç™ É°æp-öÀéà 40000 ví¬´÷-©èπ◊ ´’ç*-F∞¡Ÿx ™‰´¤) Sukrit: Are the big cities any the better?

Sukrit: More and more educated people should show interest in elections so that better people are elected.

(¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† ¢√∞¡Ÿx áEo-éπ-ßË’ô’x áèπ◊\-´-´’çC îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx áEo-éπ™x §ƒ™Ô_-Ø√L)

(°ü¿l †í∫-®√-™‰-´’Ø√o ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ÖØ√oߪ÷?) Prakrit: We are able to send rockets into space but can't find a solution to the drinking water problem?

(´’†ç Åçûª-J-éπ~ç-™éÀ rockets †’ °æç°œç-îªí∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’Ø√oç é¬F ´’ç*-F∞¡x Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç éπ†’-éÓ\-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√oç). Sukrit: Yea. As far as technology is concerned, our Country is OK, though we are unable to catch up with smaller nations like Japan.

(Å´¤†’, ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ °æJ-ñ«c†ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÀ-´ÊÆh, Japan ™«çöÀ *†o ü˨»-©ûÓ Ææ´÷†ç é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, ´’† ü˨¡ç °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.) catch up with- ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆, ÉçéÌ-éπ-JûÓ Ææ´÷-†´’-´ôç.

2

Prakrit: While more people voting is important, better people should contest the elections such that more honest people can come to power. Sukrit: Supposing that a minimum educational qualification is prescribed for voters, won't that improve the situation?

(ãô-®Ω’èπ◊ éπFÆæ Nü∆u-®Ω|ûª EÍ®l-PÊÆh °æJ-ÆœnA ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-´-ü¿ç-ö«¢√?) Prakrit: Seeing that some times the uneducated do think better than the educated. How can you be sure things will be better?

11) Seeing that some times the uneducated do think better than the educated ... 1) As far as (somebody/ something) is concerned =

äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh/ äéπJ í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒpLq ´ÊÆh (ÅE ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç)

a) As far as that school is concerned, it is one of the best here =

Ç school N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh/ Ç school í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ ÅC-éπ\-úø’†o Öûªh´’ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™x äéπöÀ. b) As far as I am concerned, Hyderabad is a better place than Mumbai in some respects =

Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’ç™/ Ø√´’-ô’dèπ◊ Ø√èπ◊, éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-™x ´·ç¶„j éπØ√o £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. (As far as = so far as) 2) Indians are yet to be free from such evils as poverty etc.

Ç¢Á’ class ™éÀ ´*a† ¢ÁçôØË ûª† friend éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hçC. ÉüË Å®Ωnç, No sooner èπÿ ÖçC. Å®·ûË No sooner ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤úø’ ü∆EûÓ-´îËa verb ®Ω÷°æç ´÷J, than È®çúÓ clause ™ ´Ææ’hçC. No sooner does she enter the class than she looks for her friend. (enters = does enter) As soon as the thief saw the police, he began to run = No sooner did the thief see the police than he began to run (did see = saw) 7) except =

ûª°æp

a) We work everyday except Sunday (Sunday

ûª°æp v°æA-®ÓW °æE-îË≤ƒhç)

b) Everyone came except Ram (Ram

ûª°æp Åçü¿®Ω÷ ´î√a®Ω’) ûª°œpÊÆh.

c) except for =

Except for this defect, he is all right

(Ñ üÓ≠æç ûª°œpÊÆh Åûª†’ ÆæÈ®j-†-¢√úË) 8) So that -

Prakrit: How does that help? Still a large number of Indians are yet to be free from such evils as illiteracy, poverty, ill health and unemployment.

Åçü¿’éÓÆæç/ Ç ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ

Indians are yet to be free from ..

(ü∆E-´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç àçöÀ? Éçé¬ ¶µ«®ΩB-ߪ·™x î√™«-´’çC E®Ω-éπ~-®√-Ææuûª, Ê°ü¿Jéπç, ÅØ√-®Óí∫uç, E®Ω’-üÓuí∫ Ææ´’-Ææu-™«xçöÀ ¶«üµ¿-©†’ç* N´·éÀh ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’ éπü∆?) Sukrit: You can't call your Country advanced as long as there are those four evils you mentioned. But the most basic thing is drinking water for everyone. Provided we have the will, we can certainly find the way.

(†’´¤y îÁ°œp† Ç Ø√©’í∫’ ¶«üµ¿©÷ Ö†oç-ûªé¬©ç †’´¤y F ü˨»Eo ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçC† ü˨¡´’-E ņ-™‰´¤. Å®·ûË ÅA ´’¯L-éπ-¢Á’içC– ´’ç*-F∞¡Ÿx v°æA-¢√-JéÀ Åçü¿-ñ‰-ߪ’úøç. Eïçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ ´’†Ææ’ Öçõ‰, ´÷®Ω_ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) Prakrit: True. Neither the State governments nor the Central government does nothing about it. They'd rather talk about progress all the time than do something about drinking water for all. What are these governments work if they can't assure drinking water?

(Eïç. ®√≠æZ v°æ¶µº’-û√y©’ é¬F, Íéçvü¿ v°æ¶µº’û√y©’ é¬F Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ àO’ îËߪ’-úø癉ü¿’. ÅN áçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ v°æí∫A í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø-ô-¢Ë’-ûª°æp ´’ç*-FöÀ N≠æߪ’ç™ àç îËߪ’´¤. ´’ç*-F-∞¡xèπ◊ £æ…O’ É´y-™‰E Ñ v°æ¶µº’-û√y-™„ç-ü¿’èπ◊?) Sukrit: As soon as governments come to power, all that they think of is to continued to be in power. Except for a politician here and a politician there, all are corrupt. We can't fault them for that. They are there as we elect them. The fault is ours.

(v°æ¶µº’-û√y©’ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç-™éÀ ®√í¬ØË Ç™*çîËü¿çû√ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ é̆-≤ƒ-Íí-üÁ™« ÅØË. á´®Ó äéπ-J-ü¿l®Ω’ ®√-ï-éÃ-ߪ’-Ø√-ߪ’-èπ◊©’ ûª°æp N’í∫-û√¢√-∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ ÅN-F-A-°æ-®Ω’™‰. é¬F ü∆EéÀ ¢√∞¡x†’ ûª°æ¤p-°æ-ôd™‰ç. ¢√∞¡x-ØÁ-†’o-èπ◊-†oC ´’†ç. ûª°æ¤p ´’†C.)

(éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-†o-¢√-∞¡x-éπçõ‰ îªü¿’-´¤-™‰-E¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶«í¬ Ç™-*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ F Ç™-îª-†-´©x °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-´¤-û√-ߪ’E ᙫ îÁ°æp-í∫©ç?) Sukrit: This certainly is a knotty problem. I despair when I think of the future of the country.

(ÉC î√™« *èπ◊\ Ææ´’Ææu. ü˨¡ ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ í∫’Jç* Ç™-*ÊÆh E®√-¨¡-í¬ØË ÖçC Ø√èπ◊.) Knotty= Ø√öÃ= ´·úø’-©ûÓ Ö†o, knot= Ø√ö¸ = ´·úÕ. Despair = E®√¨¡ x hope = -Ç-¨»-¶µ«-´ç Prakrit: I still hope for better days

Sukrit: Let's keep hoping lest we should lost interest in action.

(ÇPÆæ÷h Öçü∆ç/ Ǩ¡-ûÓØË Öçü∆ç, °æ-E-™ ÇÆæ-éÀh-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊)








Such rivers as the Ganga and the Godavari are considered holy =

í∫çí¬, íÓü∆-´J ™«çöÀ †ü¿’-©†’ °æN-vûª-¢Á’i-†Ní¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ-≤ƒh®Ω’. Å®·ûË such ... as, é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç, ví¬çC∑éπç. ü∆E-•-ü¿’©’ like ¢√úÕûË simple í¬, natural í¬ Öçô’çC. 'Rivers like the Ganga and the Godavari are considered holy' better

ÉC í¬ ™‰ü¿÷? ÉC î√™« useful expression. D†®Ωnç äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ÅßË’ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅE.

3) As long as -

a) He was there as long as she was there =

Ç¢Á’ Ö†oç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ Åûª†’ Åéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúø’.

(´’ç* ®ÓV-™Ô-≤ƒh-ߪ’ØË ØËØ√-P-Ææ’hØ√o)




Such (things/ people etc) as = such ... as =

Å™«ç-öÀN.




Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) As far as technology is concerned our Country is OK. 2) ... Indians are yet to be free from such evils as ... 3) You can't call your country advance as long as there are those four evils. 4) Provided we have the will, we can certainly find the way 5) They'd rather talk about progress all the time than do some thing... 6) As soon as governments come to power, all that they think of is ... 7) Except for a politician here and a politician there, all are corrupt. 8) More and more educated people should show interest in elections so that better people are elected.

b) As long as there is corruption, there can be no progress =

ÅN-FA Ö†oç-ûª-鬩ç, v°æí∫A Öçúøü¿’. (Ééπ\úø as long as èπ◊, if ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆) c) As long as (so long as) you smoke, your smoke health can't be good =

†’´¤y îËÆæ’h†oçûªé¬©ç, F Ç®Óí∫uç ÆæJí¬ Öçúøü¿’.

As long as = so long as. 4) Provided = if.

Å™« ïJ-T-†-°æ¤úË ÅØË Å®Ωnç

´Ææ’hçC. a) Provided (that) you study well I'll give you whatever you want =

†’´¤y ¶«í¬ îªC-NûË, FÍéC 鬢√-LqØ√ É≤ƒh. b) He will be selected provided that he plays well =

Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ ÇúÕûË ÅûªEo áç°œ-éπ-îË≤ƒhç. DE í∫’Jç* §ƒûª lessons ™ explain î˨»ç. (äéπ Å®Ωnç = ü∆EéÀ •ü¿’-©’í¬) 6) As soon as = (äéπ °æE) Å®·† ¢ÁçôØË/ Å®‚, Å´-éπ-´·çüË. 5) Rather-

a) As soon as he came home, he went to bed =

ÉçöÀéÀ ®√í¬ØË Evü¿-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. (ÉçöÀ-éÌ-*a† ¢ÁçôØË) b) As soon as she enters the class she looks for her friends =

a) He came here so that he could see me =

††’o îª÷ÊÆçü¿’èπ◊/ îª÷ÊÆ ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’.

b) He started very early so that he could be sure of meeting the great man =

Ç íÌ°æp ´uéÀhE ûª°æpéπ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E Åûª†’ î√™« ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’. He came here so that he could see me = He came here so as to see me = He came here to see me (the best and simplest) 9) While =

¢Áj®Ω’-üµ∆uEo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç (´÷´‚©’í¬ äéπ °æE í∫ûªç™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o°æ¤púø’ ÅE Å®Ωnç – ÅC Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’)

a) While he is earning a lot, his brother is starving =

Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ Ææ秃-C-Ææ’hçõ‰ ÅûªE ûª´·túø’ °æÆæ’h-©’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. b) While she is tall, her sister is short =

Ç¢Á’ §Òúø’í∫’, Ç¢Á’

sister

10) Supposing that =

§ÒöÀd ņ’éÓ/ ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰/

ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. a) Supposing that he comes here, what will you do? =

¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√a-úø-†’éÓ, àç îË≤ƒh´¤? supposing that = suppose that b) Suppose he is armed, will you fight with him? =

¢√úø’ ≤ƒßª·-üµ¿’-úø’í¬ ÖØ√oúø-†’éÓ, †’´¤y ¢√úÕûÓ §Ú®√-úø-û√¢√? 11) seeing = îª÷Ææ÷h/ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊E a) Seeing that he had a gun in his hand, all ran away =

ÅûªúÕ îËA™ gun Öçúøôç îª÷Æœ, Åçü¿®Ω÷ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. b) Seeing that he is not interested in studies, his father put him in business =

îªü¿’-´¤™ Åûª-EéÀ ÇÆæ-éÀh-™‰-ü¿E îª÷Æœ/ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊E/ éπE°öÀd ¢√∞¡} Ø√†o ÅûªEo ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ °ö«dúø’. - M. SURESAN

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 7 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ waste time at the exhibition your elders were sillier to fault you for that.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

302

Asraya: Why this face off between you and your cousin Asritha? What exactly went wrong?

(F cousin ÇvP-ûªèπÿ Fèπÿ §Úö«x-õ‰çöÀ? ÅÆæ©’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-õ„™« ïJ-TçC?) Abhaya: She insisted that we go to the exhibition and we did. She was childish to be attracted by every silly thing in there and that delayed our returning home. All because of her.

(¢Ë’ç exhibition èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x©E °æô’d-•-öÀdçC. Å™«Íí ¢Á∞«}ç. ûª†ü¿çû√ *†o-°œ©x ´’†Ææhûªyç. v°æA *†o N≠æ-ߪ’´‚ ûª†-é¬-ÆæéÀh éπLTç-îª-ôçûÓ ¢Ë’ç ÉçöÀéÀ ®√´ôç Ç©-Ææu-´’®·çC. Åçû√ ûª† ´©xØË!) insist= °æô’d-•-ôdúøç. silly Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ – Åçûª ûÁL-N-™‰E °œ©x-ûª-®Ω£æ… silly things - °æE-éÀ-®√E ´Ææ’h-´¤©’/ N©’-´-™‰E ´Ææ’h´¤©’ Asraya: So? (Å®·ûË) Abhaya: I had to face the music for returning home so late. Our elders blamed me for all that. They had been naturally anxious about our not being in on

(†’´¤y Åü¿’-°æ¤™ Öç-éÌ-ØËçûª *†oüËç é¬ü¿’í¬ ûª†’? Exhibition ™ 鬩ߪ÷°æ† îËÊÆçûª ûÁL-N-™‰çC ûª†-®·ûË, Åçü¿’èπ◊ E†’o ûª°æ¤p-°æ-ôd-ö«-EéÀ ¢√∞¡xéπçûªéπçõ‰ ûÁL-N-™‰ü¿’.)

éÌ-Eoç-öÀE Ñ èπ◊çü∆ç.

Asraya: Does it mean you aren't on talking terms? (

Åçõ‰ O’éÀ-ü¿l-Jéà ɰæ¤púø’ ´÷ô©’ ™‰´Ø√?) (not on talking terms = §Úö«xô ´©x Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u ´÷ô-™‰x-éπ-§Ú-´ôç) Abhaya: What else then? I am happy.

(ÉçÍéçöÀ ´’J? Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC) Asraya: How can you continue to be so? Your homes face each other and you have to be seeing each other every so often.

(Å™« áçûª-鬩ç é̆-≤ƒ-T-≤ƒh´¤. O’ É∞¡Ÿx áü¿’-È®-ü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Öçö«®·. O’®Ω’ äéπ-J-ØÌ-éπ®Ω’

lesson

™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above 1) Why the face off between you and your cousin Asritha?

Abhaya: Perhaps so. She wouldn't even tell them that the delay was because of her. So I told her to face that she was a crook. That led to our face off. I'm happy I'll have nothing to do with her any more.

(鬴a. Åçûª Ç©Ææu´‚ ûª†-´™‰x Å®·ç-ü¿E ¢√∞¡xûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_-®√-©E ûª† ¢Á·£æ…ØËo ÅØ√o. ÅüË ´÷ §Úö«x-ôèπ◊ ü∆J-B-ÆœçC.)

1

2) I had to face the music 3) I told her to her face that she was a crook.

(

4) Your homes face each other. 5) She has even started making faces at me. 6) Put your face on. 1) Why the face off ... ?

Face off:

ÉC

conversation

American English expression.

a) She is quite bold and out spoken. She doesn't hesitate to tell people to their face what she thinks of them =

™, ´·êuçí¬ ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œ-Ææ’h†o modern

ÇNúø î√-™« üµÁj®Ωuç éπ©C, Ö†oC Ö†o-ô’xí¬ îÁÊ°p Ææy¶µ«´ç. Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’-Jç-* ûªØË´’†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oD ¢√∞¡x ¢Á·£æ…ØËo îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Ææ稡-®·ç-îªü¿’)

b) She told the minister to his face that she hates politicians =

(®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-¢√-ü¿’-©†’ ûª†’ üËy≠œ-≤ƒh-†E ´’çvA ¢Á·£æ…ØËo Åçü∆-N-úø) 4) Your home face each other. To face =

Å®Ωnç: áúø-¢Á·£æ«ç, °úø-¢Á·-£æ«çí¬ Öç-úøôç, §Òö«x-úø’-éÓ´ôç, ´÷ö« ´÷ö« ņ-éÓ-´ôç, etc. a) The face off between the brothers was over property matters =

(ÇÆœh N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Ç Å†o-ü¿-´·t-L-ü¿l-Jéà §Úö«x-ô-´-*açC)

b) The face off between the wife and the husband has gone to far for a divorce to be averted=

( ¶µ«®Ωu-¶µº-®Ωh© ´’üµ¿u ûªí¬ü∆ Nú≈-èπ◊©’ ûª°œpç-îª-™‰-†çûª ü¿÷®Ωç §Ú®·çC.) Avert = ûª°œpç-îªôç/à-üÁjØ√ -îÁ-úø’ ï®Ωí∫èπ◊çú≈ Ç°æôç. Ñ Face off †’ ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

WHO WOULD LISTEN?

(´·êuçí¬ É∞¡Ÿx, éπôd-ú≈©’, ™«çöÀN) äéπ C¨¡-¢Áj°æ¤ Öçúøôç

a) The building faces east =

Ç éπôdúøç ûª÷®Ω’p- ´·-êçí¬ Öçô’çC. b) Almost all Hindu Temples face east =

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEo £œ«çü¿÷ üË¢√-©-ߪ÷©÷, ûª÷®Ω’p ´·êçí¬ Öçö«®·. c) The school across the bank= Road

road

faces the bank

èπ◊ Å´ûª© Ö†o Ææ÷\-©’ ÅGµ-´·-êçí¬ Öçô’çC.

èπ◊

d) East facing buildings are free from the afternoon heat=

ûª÷®Ω’p ´·êçí¬ Ö†o É∞¡xèπ◊ ´’üµ∆u-£æ«o ¢ËúÕ ûªí∫-©ü¿’. 5) She has started making faces = (Make faces =

¢Á·£æ…Eo, ´‚AE ´çéπ-®Ωí¬ Öç*) ¢ÁéÀ\-Jç-îª-ôç / -´‚-A-N-®Ω-´ôç, etc = pull a face (at somebody)

time.

ûª®Ωîª÷ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq Öçô’çC)

(Åçü¿’-´©x ؈’ Aô’x AØ√-Lq-´-*açC. ´÷ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ ††’o ûª°æ¤p-°æ-ö«d®Ω’. Ææ鬩ç™ ®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ØË Çü¿’®√l°æ-ú≈f®Ω’) Asraya: Why didn't you tell them that Asritha was to blame for the delay?

(ûª°æpçû√ ÇvP-ûª-üˆE †’´¤y ¢√∞¡xûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’?) Abhaya: I did, of course, but who would listen? I happen to be the older, so they said I shouldn't have let her stay so long.

(؈’ îÁ§ƒp†’. é¬F á´®Ω’ Nçö«®Ω’? ؈’ °ü¿l Å´-ôçûÓ Åçü¿®Ω÷ †ØËo ÅØ√o®Ω’. Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ûª††’ Åéπ\úø Öçúø-E-´y-èπ◊ç-ú≈-Lqçü¿-Ø√o®Ω’.) Asraya: She isn't that young that you can control her. If she was silly enough to

v°æ-¨¡o : 1) i) My target is to be a computer professional. My target is to become a computer professional. ii) Purchase/buy iii) I am interested, I interested, Affect, Effect

Ñ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®é˙d? °æü∆-©†’ ᙫ ¢√ú≈L?

°æü∆© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’?

ï-¢√-•’:

°.œ A v ´‚-®’Ω ©h ’, û√∞®-Íx¡ ´¤

i) My target is to be a computer procomputer professional fessional My target is to become a comcomputer professionputer professional al correct. ii) buy. purpurchase better. chase Purchase This box is my purchase = He has gone out to make a few purchases =

Åçõ‰, ©-ØËC Ø√ ©éπ~uç.

í¬ Öçú≈-

Åçõ‰ Å¢√y©E Ø√ ©éπ~uç. È®çúø÷ é̆úøç Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈-Lq† ´÷ô é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç. é̆ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøèπ◊çúøôç é̆o ´Ææ’h´¤ ÅØË ¢√úøôç ¢√úø’éπ. Å®ΩnçûÓ Ñ Â°õ„d ؈’ é̆o ´Ææ’h´¤. à¢Ó äéπöÀ È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«}úø’. It's a good purchase = Ñ é̆ôç ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC/ ´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’ = It's a good buy at that price = Ç

Abhaya: But I don't care. She has even started making faces at me. She's that silly.

2)

(Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo †’´¤y ´’K °æöÀdç--èπ◊-†oçü¿’-´©x †’´¤y î√™« éπ∞«-N-£‘«†çí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hØ√o´¤. é¬Ææh make up îËÆæ’éÓ. •ßª’-öÀÈé∞«lç.)

üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ ÉC é̆ôç ´’ç*üË = ûÁL¢Áj† ¶‰®Ωç iii) I am interested = Ø√é¬Ææ-éÀhí¬ ÖçC I interested = (Some bodyhim/her etc) =

ÅûªúÕ/Ç¢Á’™ ؈’ èπ◊ûª÷-£æ«©ç éπL_ç-î√†’. – -Ø√-™ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπLÍ홫 î˨»†’. iv) Affect = v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æôç – Rain affect crops = °æçô© O’ü¿ ´®Ω{ç v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æ¤-ûª’çC/ v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËÆæ’hçC. Effect = v°æ¶µ«´ç = Rain has an effect on crops = °æçô© O’ü¿ ´®Ω{ç v°æ¶µ«´ç Öçô’çC. v°æ-¨¡o : 2) Afraid, Wish í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’?

ï-¢√-•’: afraid Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-†o ÅE. Å®·ûË Spoken English ™ àüÁjØ√ Å®·≠ædçí¬ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, I'm afraid Å®·-≠d-ûæ ª†’ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC, I am sorry ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. -áç.-N. Æ’æ •-v -´’-ùuç, -*-©’èÿπ ®’Ω

A: Can you help me with a little money? B: I am afraid (= I'm sorry) I can't (I can not). (Sorry,

ØË îËߪ’-™‰†’)

îËƆœ °æEéÀ Péπ~, N´’-®ΩzØ- ü-Á ¿’®- Ó\-´ôç

a) You are late again today (you are) sure to face the music from the boss =

(´’Sx É¢√∞¡ Ç-©¨¡uçí¬ ´î√a-´¤-†’´¤y. Boss E†’o Aôdôç / PéÀ~ç-îªôç ë«ßª’ç. ( ´÷´‚©’ ¶µ«≠æ™ Å®·ûË Boss ü¿í∫_-®Ω’ç-C™‰ Fèπ◊ -É¢√∞¡ Åçö«ç éπü∆ – Ç Å®Ωnç-ûÓ) B) She overheard her daughter-in- law speaking ill of her. She will now face the music = (ûª††’ í∫’-Jç-* -éÓ-úø-©’ -îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ÇNúø NEçC. Ç éÓúø©’èπ◊çC É¢√∞¡ ( Ç éÓúø©’ °∂æL-û√†o†’¶µºNç-îª-¶-ûÓç-ü¿E). ÉC î√-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† expression O’ conversation ™ ¢√-úøç-úÕ

Abhaya: That suit me fine. Wait. I won't be more than a minute.

(Ø√éÀC≠æd¢Ë’. Öçúø’. EN’≠æç™ ûªßª÷È®j ´îËa≤ƒh) Face èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† expressions, ´’† conversation †’ simple and effective í¬ îËÊÆ ´’J-

I had to face the music.

face the music =

(Ø√ÍéçöÀ? ††’o ¢ÁéÀ\-Jç-îªôç èπÿú≈ ¢Á·ü¿©’-°-öÀdçC. Åçûª ´‚®Ω’^-®√-©C.) Asraya: You look dull, perhaps because you've taken it too much to heart. Put your face on. We'll go out for a walk.

a) The teacher was enraged when he saw some of the pupils making faces/ pulling a face at him =

3)

I told her to her face that she was a crook. Tell (some body) to their face =

-¢Á·£æ…-ØËo

ÅØË-ߪ’-ôç. I wish I had a bike = I don't have a bike now; so I wish for a bike now (not possible now) bike =

Ø√èπ◊ Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’çúËüÓ! (™‰E-ü∆Eo/ É°æ¤púø’ §Òçü¿™‰E ü∆Eo éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´ôç) I wish you didn't come here = †’-Ny-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√èπ◊çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC (é¬F ´î√a´¤) I wish they were here = ¢√Rx-éπ\úø Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’†’. (¢√Rx-°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø ™‰®Ω’/ ÖçúË v°æÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’) v°æ-¨¡o : 3) Éçô®˝ °∂æÆœd-ߪ’®˝ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ 'shakespeare returned to his native place and died in 1616. native place 'I am having a one rupee -note having possession

ÅE ÖçC. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ™‰ü¿E v°æA-¶µº™ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’ ÅE L§∂Ú\ úÕéπ~-†-K™ ÖçC. é¬F †’ ™ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿’ -éπü∆? í’∫ ®-v çΩ -¨ç¡ é®π ,˝ -¨ç¡ é®π √°¤æ ®çΩ

ï-¢√-•’: Native place ÅØË expression english ™ ™‰ü¿’. Native country Å-ØË expression ÖçC– é¬F Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç - Native country ™ native ûª®√yûª country ÅE ņ-èπ◊çú≈ country ≤ƒn†ç™ Ç country Ê°®Ω’ -¢√-úø-û√®Ω’.

( teacher

éÌçûª-´’çC °œ©x©’ ûª††’ ¢ÁéÀ\-Jç-îªôç îª÷Æœ èπ◊ N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† éÓ°æç ´*açC)

b) Who are you making faces/ pulling a face at? =

á´Jo ¢ÁéÀ\-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y?

c) She could only make faces/ pull a face as her husband wouldn't take her out = (

ûª† ¶µº®Ωh •ßª’-öÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢ÁéÀ\-Jç-îª-ôç/´‚A N®Ω-´ôç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-ü∆¢Á’) 6) Put your face on= Make up îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç (Powder, snow, cream ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ) 1) She never comes out without putting her face on= Powder, cream, Make up

™«çöÀN ®√Ææ’éÓE-üË / îËÆæ’éÓE-üË Ç¢Á’ •ßª’-ôéÀ ®√ü¿’.

b) Are you coming out with that face? won't it you put your face on? =

Ç¢Á·-£æ«çûÓ •ßª’-ô-éÌ-≤ƒh¢√? é¬Ææh

make up

-îËÆæ’éÓ.

eg: He always loved his native India His native country, India He loved India, his native country Native land expression Native land Native place Native city expressions His Native city is Hyderabad/ Newyork expressions Native Hyderabadi

(Åçõ‰ ÅE é¬F, ņ-èπ◊çú≈) Å-ØË ÖçC – ÉC èπÿú≈ äéπ®Ω’ °æ¤öÀd† ü˨»-EÍé ( ví¬´÷-EéÃ/ †í∫-®√-EéÀ é¬èπ◊çú≈) ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’ Åçö«®Ω’ é¬ü¿’. Ñ ¢√úø’éπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. ™«çöÀ ¢√úø®Ω’. DEo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬, É™« Åçö«®Ω’ – Çߪ÷-†-í∫-®√™x á°æ¤púø÷ / -´÷-´·©’í¬ E´-ÆœçîË ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, 鬕öÀd à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç Ææyví¬´’ç, ÆæyÆæn-©ç Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úË Native Place ņo-´÷ô Standard english usage ™ ™‰ü¿’. ii) have Åçõ‰ éπL_ Öçúøôç (I am having a one rupee note - Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ®Ω÷-§ƒ®· ØÓ-ô’çC– ) ÅØË Å®Ωl¥çûÓ Å®·ûË ´÷vûªç am having ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. I have a one rupee Note ņôç correct- ÉC O’®Ω’ Standard dectionary / grammar book ™ îª÷ÆœØ√ Öçô’çC. - M. SURESAN

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 9 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Oô-Eo-öÀ-´©x Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o, Ø√ ¶«üµ¿u-ûª†’ èπÿú≈ ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. Ø√™ Éûª-®Ω’-©’ç-*† N¨»y-≤ƒEo E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ¢√L. Ø√èπ◊ Íéö«-®·ç-*† Eüµ¿’©’ ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷-í∫´’-ߪ÷u-ߪ’E îª÷°œç-î√L.)

303

Venu: Your face is beaming. What makes you so happy? Can I share your joy?

Venu: You have it in you. You can do it. I'm confident of it.

(F ¢Á·£æ«ç †´¤yûÓ ¢ÁL-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. E†oçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’h-†o-üËC? F ÆæçûÓ-≠æç™ §ƒ©’°æç--éÓ-´î√a?)

(ÅC F™ ÖçC. †’´yC ûª°æpéπ îËߪ’-í∫-©´¤. Ø√é¬-†-´’téπç ÖçC.)

Vasu: Why not? My proposals for a research project have been approved by the university - something I've been waiting for all along. Got the news just yesterday.

(áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’? ã °æJ-¨-üµ¿Ø√ °æü∑¿-é¬-EéÀ ؈’ °æç°œ† v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿-†©’ University Ç¢Á÷-Cç*çC. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ؈’ Åçü¿’-éÓ-Ææ¢Ë’ áü¿’-®Ω’îª÷-Ææ’hØ√o. E†oØË Ç Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCçC.)

Vasu: That's going to keep me busy for quite some time.

(ÉC ††’o éÌçûª-é¬-©ç-§ƒô’ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ îËߪ’¶-ûÓçC.) Venu: I noticed your colleagues grinning with delight about this. However, I think a few are envious about it.

Vasu: Know what it means? Independent work supported by a good flow of funds. None above my head to guide me.

(ÅüËçö ûÁ©’≤ƒ? °æ¤≠æ \-©çí¬ ´îËa Eüµ¿’-©ûÓ Øˆ’ Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ °æE-îË-ßÁ·îª’a. Ø√°j† guide îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ á´®Ω÷ Öçúø®Ω’. good flow of funds = Eüµ¿’© v°æ¢√£æ«ç ¶«í∫’çô’çC./ Eüµ¿’© éÌ®Ωûª Öçúøü¿’. Research °æJ-¨-üµ¿† éÓÆæç University ÉîËa grants.

Vasu: I think I know who you mean. Aren't they Gopal and Venu?

2) His face lit up when I gave him the news 3) She was positively glowing with pride 4) I noticed your colleagues grinning with delight about this 5) Last year they were gloating when I didn't get it.

É´Fo èπÿú≈ ´’† ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo ûÁLÊ° NNüµ¿ ®Ω鬩 †´¤y-©èπÿ, ÅN éπLpçîË ´’† ´·ê-éπ-´-R-éπ-©èπÿ Ææç•çCµç-*† ´÷ô™‰. ¶«í¬ practice îËü∆lç. 1) Your face is beaming =

F ¢Á·£æ«ç ÆæçûÓ≠æç ´©x †´¤yûÓ ¢ÁL-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. Beam = ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† *®Ω’-†-´¤yûÓ ¢Á·£æ«ç EçúÕ§Ú-´ôç/ ¢Á·£æ«ç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ ¢ÁL-T-§Ú-´ôç.

Ææçí∫û- çË öÀ? Çߪ’ØË´’Ø√oúø’)

Vasu: His face lit up when I gave him the news. He was happy

Venu: Let them alone. What can they do?

(´C-™‰ß˝’. ¢√∞Ïxç-îË-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’?) Vasu: Last year they were glowing over my not getting it. They didn't know I didn't get it for reasons other than merit.

(éÀ-ç-ü¿-öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ø√éÀC ®√™‰-ü¿E ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. Ø√ v°æA-¶µºèπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E Éûª®Ω 鬮Ω-ù«© ´©x ®√™‰-ü¿-ØËC ¢√∞¡x-éπ-®Ωnçé¬E N≠æߪ’ç.)

(F ®Ωçí∫ç™ †’´¤y î√™« NP≠æd éπ%Ê≠ î˨»´¤. Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©´¤. é¬Eß˝’.)

Venu: What about your better half?

Vasu: I'll get busy from next week on this project. I need your best wishes and cooperation.

(O’ ÇNúø Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?) ¶µ«®Ωu/ ¶µº®Ωh

Vasu: She was positively glowing with pride.

(´îËa ¢√®Ωç †’ç* DE-´©x BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ Öçö«-ØËo†’. F best wishes, F Ææ£æ«-鬮Ωç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç)

(ûªØÁjûË í∫®ΩyçûÓ ¢ÁL-T-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿-†’éÓ) Venu: Yours is really an achievement for a person your age.

b) He beamed a smile as he received the prize =

•£æ›-´’A Åçü¿’-èπ◊çô÷ Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ *®Ω’†´¤y †¢√yúø’

c) She was beaming with delight to know her daughter topped the class = Class

™ ûª† èπÿûª’®Ω’ first ´*aç-ü¿E ûÁLÆœ, Ç¢Á’ ¢Á·£æ«ç džç-ü¿çûÓ ¢ÁL-T-§Ú-®·çC. 2) His face lit up when I gave him the news

ûª† ûªçvúÕ ûÁ*a† Çô ´Ææ’h´¤©’ îª÷úø-ôçûÓ Ç Gúøf ¢Á·£æ«ç †´¤yûÓ N§ƒpJçC.

4) I noticed your colleagues grinning with delight about this =

ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ F Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-í∫’© ¢Á·£æ…©’ *®Ω’-†-´¤yûÓ N§ƒp-®Ωôç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. a) Hemu grinned when he heard that thegihad agreed to marry him =

(ÅN FÈé-°æ¤púø÷ °æ¤≠æ \-©çí¬ Öçö«®·. Å´èπ◊) ☺

☺

b) This scheme is sure to light up the faces of lakhs of poor people =

©éπ~© ´’çC Ê°ü¿ v°æï© ¢Á·£æ«ç™ Ñ °æü∑¿éπç *®Ω’-†´¤y ¢ÁL-Tçîªôç ë«ßª’ç

3) She was positively glowing with pride =

Ç¢Á’ ¢Á·£æ«ç í∫®ΩyçûÓ ¢ÁL-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. (Å°æ¤púø’) ¢Á’®Ω-´ôç. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ/ í∫®ΩyçûÓ ¢Á·£æ«ç †´¤yûª÷ ¢ÁL-T-§Ú-´ôç

☺

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶ßË’ ´÷ô©Fo èπÿú≈ ´’† conversation Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ Öçü¿E°œçîË¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈ expression èπ◊ •™«-Eo-îËa¢Ë.

glow =

a) The faces of the bangladesh players glowed with pride as they beat India =

*†o-ûª-†ç-™ØË íÌ°æp Å®·† ÅûªE íÌ°æp-ûª†ç û√û√\-Léπç/ éÌEo®ÓV©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖçúÕ-§Ú-ü¿E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o. 4) The CM will visit this week = Ñ ¢√®Ωç ´≤ƒh®Ω’ (Åçûª éπ*aûªçí¬ é¬ü¿’). The CM visits this week= Ñ ¢√®Ωç ´≤ƒh®Ω’ (-´-îËa-C -ü∆-ü∆°æ¤ éπ*aûªç). 5) Phrasal verbs °æ¤Ææh-鬩’, News papers îªü¿-´ôç´©x Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ´≤ƒh®·. -v°æ-¨¡o: 1. a) If you had not saved me, I would have died.

àC ÆæÈ®jçC? 5. Phrasal Verbs à Nüµ¿çí¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Å©÷xJ Ææûªu, Ææ’çü¿-®Ωߪ’u 鬩F, N¨»-ê-°æôoç

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) can = í∫© = be able to. Can, be able to – Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ 鬕öÀd OöÀE °æéπ\-°æ-éπ\† ¢√úøç. àüÓ äéπõ‰ ¢√úø’û√ç. He can do it = He is able to do it (È®çúÕç-öÀ™  àüÓ äéπöÀ Åçö«ç) 2) The weight of this box is more than that (the weight) of the box box other box.

•®Ω’´¤, Ç

•®Ω’´¤ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´)

The value of gold is more than that (the value) of most other metals. metals

N©’´ éπç-õ‰ •çí¬®Ωç N©’´ áèπ◊\´)

prize =

•£æ›-´’A ¢Áç•úÕ •£æ›-´’A Æ‘yéπ-Jç-î√-©E °œL-*-†-°æ¤púø™«x Ç¢Á’ †´¤y îÁN-†’ç* îÁN ´®Ωèπ◊ ≤ƒTçC (Ç¢Á’ ´‚A é̆©’ îÁ´¤© ´®Ωèπÿ ≤ƒí¬®·) An ear to ear grin/ an ear to ear smile =

´‚A é̆©’ îÁ´¤-©†’ û√Íéçûªí¬ ´îËa *®Ω’-†´¤y 5) Last year they were gloating over my not getting it =

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ø√èπ◊ ®√†-°æ¤úø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx džç-ü¿çí¬ †¢√y®Ω’) gloat = ´’†ç ¨¡vûª’-´¤© O’ü¿ Nïߪ’ç §ÒçC-†°æ¤úø’/ ´’† ¨¡vûª’-´¤©’ N°∂æ-©-´’-®·-†-°æ¤úø’ ´’†èπ◊ éπLÍí ÆæçûÓ≠æç

b) Her not getting the prize didn't worry her. She was gloating over her rival's disappointment =

ûª†’ •£æ›-´’A §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿ éπL-Tç-îª-™‰ü¿’. ûª† v°æûªuJn E®√¨¡°æ-úø-ôçûÓ Ç¢Á’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-*çC. gloat– É≠æd癉E-¢√∞¡x éπ≥ƒd©’, ¢Áj°∂æ-™«u©’ îª÷Æœ éπÆœ-B®√ †´¤y-éÓ-´ôç. They gloated over the fact that their enemy lost too =

ûª´’ ¨¡vûª’´¤ èπÿú≈ ãúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøE ¢√∞¡Ÿx îªçéπ©’ í∫’ü¿’l-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. - M. SURESAN

4. The CM will visit this week. The CM visits this week.

b) Sadguna grinned from ear to ear as she was called receive prize after

Å®Ω-ù«u-EéÀ †úø’Ææ’h†o §ƒçúø-´¤-©†’ îª÷Æœ ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿†’úø’, ¨¡èπ◊E ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’.

ûª† Gúøfèπ◊ v°æ´÷ü¿ç ûª°œpç-ü¿E ûÁLÆœ ûªçvúÕ/ ûªLx ¢Á·£æ«ç™ ¢Á©’í∫’ éπE-°œç-*çC/ ¢Á·£æ«ç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ ¢ÁL-TçC.

Worry ☺

Ç Å´÷t®· ûª††’ °Rx îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ä°æ¤p-éÌç-ü¿E ûÁL-ߪ’í¬ØË Ê£«´‚ ¢Á·£æ«ç †´¤yûÓ N§ƒp-JçC.

a) The parents face lit up when he knew his child was out of danger =

3) A nine day's wonder =

(î√™« Éûª®Ω

b) The child glowed wiht delight at the toys his father brought it =

a) Duryodhana and Sakuni were gloating when they saw the Pandavas walking to the forest =

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. He can able to answer. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ can - ability E Ææ÷*Ææ’hç-C-éπü∆. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ able Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? He can answer ÅE-í¬F, He ables to answer ÅE-í¬F Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çü∆? 2. than that of ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 3. nine days wonder- proverb í∫’Jç* ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

(Ñ

¶µ«®Ωû˝†’ ãúÕç-îª-í¬ØË •çí¬x-üË-¨¸-Ç-ô-í¬∞¡x ¢Á·£æ…©’ í∫®ΩyçûÓ èπÿúÕ† †´¤yûÓ ¢Á’J-Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

ØËF-¢√®Ωh îÁ°æp-í¬ØË, ÅûªE ¢Á·£æ«ç †´¤yûÓ v°æ鬨¡´çûª-´’-®·çC./ ¢ÁL-T-§Ú-®·çC. lit up = Past tense of light = ¢ÁL-Tç-îªôç lit up = ¢ÁL-TçC.

Venu: You have them in plenty. Don't worry.

(FC Eïçí¬ ´ßª’Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç* ≤ƒCµç-*† Nïߪ’ç) Vasu: While I am very happy about all this, I am only too aware of the responsibility. I have to justify the confidence people have placed in me. I should prove that the funds have been properly used.

Èí©’§Òç-C† ïô’d captain ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ¢ÁL-T-§Úûª÷ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©-¢Áj°æ‹ §ƒvA-Íé-ߪ·-©-¢Áj°æ‹ îª÷¨»úø’.

Venu: You've been outstanding in your field. You'll do even better, I am sure. Go ahead.

(Ñ´÷ô îÁ°æp-í¬ØË Çߪ’† ¢Á·£æ«ç ¢ÁL-TçC. ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈fúø’.) better half -

a) The captain of the victorious team beamed at the spectators and the journalists =

(†’¢Áy-´J í∫’Jç* Åçô’Ø√o¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Æ憒-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx íÓ§ƒ™¸, ¢Ëù’ éπü∆?)

Venu: How about you professor? What did he say? professor

1) Your face is beaming

Your face is beaming

(ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. é¬E Ø√Íéç Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ F†’ç* Éçûªéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´í¬ á°æ¤púø÷ ÅçîªØ√ ¢Ëߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

(O’

Let's look at the following sentences from the dialogue above.

(F Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-í∫’-©çû√ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ †´yôç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î √†’. Å®·ûË éÌçûª-´’çC Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖØ√o-®Ω-†-èπ◊ç-ö«†’)

Venu: Congrats. But I'm not surprised. I didn't expect any thing less.

2

´‚ù«g∞¡x ´·îªaô (û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ Ææçîª-©†ç/ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-TçîË ´uéÀh/ N≠æߪ’ç) a) Her acting career was a nine day's wonder = Ç¢Á’ †ôØ√ @Nûªç/ †öÀí¬ ë«uA û√û√\-L-éπ¢Ë’ Å®·çC/ áèπ◊\-´-鬩ç E©-´-™‰ü¿’ b) Hope the boy cricketer will not pass off as a nine day's wonder = cricketer

b) If you had not saved me, I would have been killed.

OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? © í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

2. kill, die

- M. Gantalarao, Pudimadaka

ï-¢√-•’: 1. a) †’´¤y ††’o ®ΩéÀ~ç-îª-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, ؈’ îªE-§Ú-ßË’-¢√-úÕE.

b)

†’´¤y ††’o ®ΩéÀ~ç-îª-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, ؈’ îªç°æ-•-úË-¢√-úÕ-E. Åçõ‰ îªç°æôç – ÉC Passive form ™ (be form + killed) ¢√úÕûË, á´-®Ω-®·Ø√ îªç°æôç, accident ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x î√´ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. die Åçõ‰ îªE-§Ú-´ôç.

2) Kill

a) He died in an accident = He was killed in an accident b) If you drive so rashly you will die/ you will be killed.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Shot gun wedding, Hen night, Stag night °æ-ü∆-© -Å®√n-©’ N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – -á-Ø˛.-vQ-E-¢√Ææ’-©È®-úÕf, éπ-©’-¢√®·. -ï-¢√-•’: Shot gun wedding/ marriage = Åûªu-´-Ææ-®Ωçí¬ ïJÍí/ ïJ-°œçîË Â°Rx (´·êuçí¬ Â°R}-èπÿ-ûª’®Ω’ í∫®Ωs¥-´-Aí¬ Öç-úø-ôç-´©x). Hen night/ hen party = Çúø-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷vûª¢Ë’, ¢√∞¡x™ x äéπ-JéÀ °Rx 鬶-ßË’-ô-°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÌØË party, ´’í∫-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈. Stag night = ´’í∫-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷vûª¢Ë’, ¢√∞¡x™ x äéπ-JéÀ °∞¡x-´-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÌØË party, Çúø-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈). (Hen = éÓúÕ-°ôd; stag = ´’í∫->çéπ – ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆?)

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 11 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Satvik: I agree. What an amazing display of colours it was! I hadn't clapped my eyes on such a sight before.

a) Supriya was all eyes as she saw Pratap approaching =

(ØË ä°æ¤p-éÌçö«. áçûª Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ®Ωçí∫’© v°æü¿-®Ωz† ÅC! Å™«çöÀ ü¿%¨»uEo Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ؈’ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.)

v°æû√°ˇ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√´úøç îª÷Æœ Ææ’v°œßª’ Åûª-E-¢ÁjÊ° îª÷Ææ÷h ÖçúÕ-§Ú-®·çC.

304

Gaurav: What are you all eyes for? I've been watching you for 5 minutes now, you haven't taken your eyes off from that tree.

(àçöÀ ä∞¡xçû√ éπ∞¡Ÿx îËÆæ’-èπ◊E Åô’-¢ÁjÊ° îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛? âü¿’ EN’-≥ƒ-©’í¬ í∫´’-EÆæ’hØ√o. Ç îÁô’d O’C-†’ç* †’´¤y ü¿%≠œd ´’®Ω-©a-ôç-™‰ü¿’). Satvik: Can't you see the bird there with its wonderful plumage? I haven't seen one like that before. What a wonderful combinations of colours!

(Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ®Ωçí∫’© Ñéπ-©ûÓ Ö†o Ç °æéÀ~ éπE-°œç-îª-úø癉ü∆ Fèπ◊? Å™«çöÀ °æéÀ~-Eç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ؈’ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. áçûª Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† ®Ωçí∫’© éπ©-®·éπ! plumage= °æ‹xN’ñ¸– °æéÀ~-èπ◊†o È®éπ\©÷, Ñéπ©÷ éπL°œ.

2

Gaurav: OK. It's time we went home.

Satvik:

(ÆæÍ®. ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«x-Lq† time á°æ¤púÓ Å®·çC). Let's go then. (Å®·ûË ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.) ☺

☺

☺

☺

´÷´‚©’ Spoken English ™ eye (éπ†’o)ûÓ ´îËa expressions î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. Å´Fo áçûª ≤ƒüµ∆®Ωùç Åçõ‰, îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púË ¢√öÀ Å®Ωnç ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JÆæ’hçC, é¬Ææh Ç™-îª-†ûÓ. OöÀE ´’† conversation ™ ¢√úø-í∫-L-Í홫 practice îËÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

b) We were all eyes as the magician who had himself locked up in a box coming out of it =

û√∞¡ç °õ„d-™ç* •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ´Ææ’h†o Éçvü¿-ñ«-Lèπ◊úÕo ¢Ë’ç Å™«Íí (Ǩ¡a-®ΩuçûÓ) îª÷Ææ÷h ÖçúÕ§Úߪ÷ç. be all eyes = ä∞¡xçû√ éπ∞¡Ÿx îËÆæ’-èπ◊E/ éπ∞¡x-°æp-Tç* îª÷úøôç. 2) How is it that things like that catch your eyes only? =

Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ F äéπ\úÕ ü¿%≠œd-™ØË °æúø-û√ßË’çöÀ? (How is it = Why)

Have an eye for/ Have a good eye for = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷úø-í¬ØË ü∆Eo í∫’®Ω’h-°æ-õ‰d-ߪ’-í∫-©-í∫úøç/ Å™«çöÀ ¨¡éÀh Öçúøôç. a) Look at the way he was planned the house. He has a (good) eye for convenience and comfort=

Ç É©’x ᙫ plan î˨»úÓ îª÷úø’. ≤˘éπ-®√u©’, ≤˘êuç Åçõ‰ Åûª-EÍé ûÁ©’Ææ’. (Åçõ‰ ≤˘éπ®Ωuçí¬, ≤˘êuçí¬ ÖçúËô’x É©’x plan î˨»úø’). b) She really has a (good) eye for colour. Her dress shows that =

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´’ç* ®Ωçí∫’-™‰N’ö, îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE í∫’®Ω’h-°æ-ôdúøç ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅC Ç¢Á’ dress †’ îª÷ÊÆhØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.

I have an eye for beauty

Gaurav: I've been here as long as you but I hadn't seen it till you showed it to me. How is it things like that catch your eyes only?

(†’´¤y-†oç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ Øˆ÷ Ééπ\úË ÖØ√o†’, é¬E †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îË-´-®Ωèπÿ ؈’ ü∆Eo îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Å™«ç-öÀ-´Fo F éπ∞¡x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æúø-û√-ßË’çöÀ?) Satvik: Yea, They do; you could see them too if you looked around with the eyes of an artist. I do I have an eye for beauty. That makes all the difference, pal.

(Å´¤†’, ÅçûË. äéπ éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’úÕ éπ∞¡xûÓ ´’† ô÷d îª÷ÊÆh, †’´‹y Å™«ç-öÀN îª÷úø-í∫©´¤. ؈™« îª÷≤ƒh†’. Åçü∆Fo, Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’¢Á’i-†-¢√-öÀF îª÷Æœ† ¢ÁçôØË í∫’®Ω’h-°æõ‰d ¨¡éÀh Ø√èπ◊çC. ÅC Fèπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. ûËú≈ Åçû√ ÅüË N’vûª´÷! pal = friend Gaurav: But yesterday it was different. You couldn't spot a butterfly with its beautiful wings a few feet away until I told you. Even then you were unable to see it with the naked eye. You needed binoculars. So much for your eye for beauty!

(é¬F E†o ¢ËÍ® éπü∆? éÌCl Åúø’-í∫’© ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†o Æ‘û√-éÓ-éπ-*-©’éπ Åçü¿-¢Á’i† È®éπ\-©†’ ؈’ îÁÊ°p-ü∆é¬ †’´¤y í∫´’-Eç-‰ü¿’. Å°æ¤úø’ èπÿú≈ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ éπ∞¡xûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈ binoculars ûÓØË îª÷úø-í∫-©´¤. ÅD F Åçü∆Eo í∫’®Ω’h°æôd-í∫© ¨¡éÀh!)

v°æ¨¡o:

I have to talk with them. - M. PARANJEE, Atchutapuram

-ï-¢√-•’: Both are correct, ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. ¢√úø-éπç™ Öçü∆?

-ï-¢√-•’:

a) As the thief caught the policeman's eye, the policeman without wasting a minute rushed towards him=

5) Even then you were unable to see it with the naked eye

üÌçí∫ éπçô-•-úø-í¬ØË policeman äéπ\ éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ ´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈, í∫•-í∫¶« Åûª-E-¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞«xúø’.

Ææ÷éπ~ t-@-´¤©’ ´÷´‚©’ éπ∞¡xèπ◊ (Microscope ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) éπE-°œç-¤

6) I hadn't clapped my eyes on such a sight before.

b) He caught my eye as he entered the college =

2) How is it that things like that catch your eyes only? 3) You could see them too if you looked around with the eyes of an artist. 4) I have an eye for beauty

1) You haven't taken your eyes off from that tree =

Ç îÁô’d O’C-†’ç* ü¿%≠œd ´’®Ω-©a-™‰ü¿’ †’´¤y. Take (somebody's) eyes off= äéπ-ü∆-EE/ äéπ-JE ûªüË-éπçí¬ îª÷Ææ÷h ü¿%≠œd ´’®Ω©a™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. a) What an enchanting sight this evening sky is! I am unable to take my eyes off it even for a second =

áçûª ®Ω´’-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ü¿%¨¡u¢Á÷ Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ç鬨¡ç! Ø√ éπ∞¡Ÿx Çé¬-¨¡ç-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* A°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. b) He was not able to take his eyes off her

Ç¢Á’ ´çéπ ÅüË-°æ-Eí¬ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’/ ä∞¡xçû√ éπ∞¡Ÿx îËÆæ’-èπ◊E îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Ñ expression í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: not able to take his eyes off ÅE, not ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉçéÓ expression: be all eyes for D†®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ü¿%≠œd ´’®Ω-©a-èπ◊çú≈ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ äéπ-ü∆-EØË/ äéπ-JØË îª÷úøôç ÅE.

Passive Voice

College

3) You could see them too if you looked around with an artist's eye =

éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’úÕ ü¿%≠œdûÓ F ô÷d îª÷ÊÆh F´‹ ¢√öÀE îª÷úø-í∫-©´¤/ ÅN Fèπÿ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®·. Look with (somebody's) eyes = ÉçéÌ-éπJ éπ∞¡xûÓ îª÷úøôç. ÉC ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Å®Ωnç: ¢√∞¡x ü¿%≠œd™ ÅE éπü∆? a) Look at it with an Engineer's eye. You find it defective =

ã Engineer ü¿%≠œdûÓ îª÷úø’ ü∆Eo. ü∆E™ ™°æç Öçü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. defective = having a defect = ™°æçûÓ Öçúøôç. b) A police officer, he look at things with a policeman's eye=

Åûª†’

police

plurals

ÉçTx≠ˇ

- D.N.Raju, Pudimadaka Wife - Wives life - lives

Wive ÅØË ´÷ô- ™‰ü¿’. lifes ÅØË ´÷ôèπÿ-ú≈ ™‰ü¿’. é¬E life's Åçõ‰ @Nûªç ßÁ·éπ\ ÅE; His life's greatness is known =

ÅûªE @Nûªç íÌ°æp-ûª†ç Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’.

b) Some of the planets are visible to the naked eye =

éÌEo ví∫£æ…©’ éπçöÀéÀ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®· ™‰èπ◊çú≈)

(Telescope

6) I hadn't clapped eyes on such a sight before =

Å™«çöÀ ü¿%¨»uEo îª÷úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç. clap eyes on = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo/ äéπ-JE îª÷úøôç (´·êuçí¬ Ç¨¡a®Ωuç, Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-TçîË ü¿%¨»u©’) a) A child playing with a tiger cub- well, that's a sight I haven't clapped my eyes on it before =

ã §ƒ°æ °æ¤L-°œ-©xûÓ Çúøôç– Å™«çöÀ (Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-TçîË) ü¿%¨»u-ØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. b) I've never clapped my eyes on him before =

ÅûªEo Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.

police officer 鬕öÀd v°æA N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ü¿%≠œd-ûÓØË îª÷≤ƒhúø’.

4) I have an eye for beauty = - M. SURESAN

Åçü∆Eo îª÷úø-í¬ØË ü∆Eo í∫’®Ω’h-°æ-õ‰d-ߪ’-í∫-©†’ ؈’. eg: 1) He talks as if he were very clever =

Active Voice,

î√-™« ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø-®·†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úøû√úø’. (é¬F ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’)

-©™ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

-ï-¢√-•’: Marriages are made in heav-

a) Bacteria are not visible to the naked eye

™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-PÆæ÷h Ø√ éπçô-•-ú≈fúø’.

- M. Navakishore, Pudimadaka

en-

Talk to = talk with

-O-öÀ °æü¿ç

äéπJ ü¿%≠œd™  °æúøôç/ äéπ®Ω’ ´’†Lo îª÷Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púË, ¢√∞¡x†÷ ´’†ç îª÷úøôç.

Å°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ü∆Eo ´÷´‚©’(í¬) éπ∞¡}ûÓ îª÷úø™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤. See with the naked eye = éπ∞¡x ñ∞¡Ÿx, ¶µº÷ûª-ü∆l©’, binoculars, telescope ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Öûªh éπ∞¡xûÓ îª÷úø-í∫-©-í∫úøç.

Ñ ¢√é¬uEo

-Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®é˙d?

wife, life. Lifes

Catch (somebody's) eye=

v°æ¨¡o: Marriages are made in heaven.

I have to talk to them.

v°æ¨¡o: Wive,

1) You haven't taken your eyes off from that tree

5) Even then you were unable to see it with the naked eye.

c) As soon as, as well as

´’üµ¿u

ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. DEéÀ Å®Ωnç– Â°∞¡x-ØËC ®√Æœ-°öÀd - Praveenkumar, Pudimadaka Öçô’çC– Åçõ‰ üË´¤úø’/ NCµ– OöÀ v°æ鬮Ωç ´©x-ØËí¬-F, ´’† -É-≠d-væ °æ鬮Ωçé¬ü¿’ -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Voices ™ origin Åçô÷ ÅE éπü∆. DEéÀ ÆæÈ®j† active ™‰ü¿ØË v°æûËu-éπçí¬ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-™‰ü¿’. Verb †’ äéπ îÁ§ƒpL. Active 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, Voice †’ç* ÉçéÓ voice èπ◊ ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊, verb form ™ ´îËa ´÷®Ω’p God/ Fate/ Destiny makes marûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©’. Origin í∫’-Jç-* riages in heaven ÅE îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’. (fate = destiny = NCµ.) v°æ¨¡o: a) Active voice, Passive voice 2) as if = as though = Å®·-†ô’x/ ïJ-T†ô’x, é¬E Å´-™‰ü¿’/ ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’ ÅØË ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË origin Åçõ‰ Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√-úø-û√ç. As if/ as àN’öÀ? though ûª®√yûª past tense ¢√-úø-û√ç. b) As if †’ ¢√úø’ûª÷ éÌEo ¢√é¬u©’ (were, past doing word) É´yçúÕ.

2) He behaves as though/ as if he knew nothing about it =

ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* àO’ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’†ô’x v°æ´-Jh-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ (é¬F ¢√úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’) 3) She is running as if death were chasing her =

ûª††’ ´’%ûª’u´¤ ¢Áçô-•úÕ ûª®Ω’´·-ûª’-†oô’x (Eñ«-EéÀ Åçûª v°æ´÷-ü¿ç-™‰ü¿’) °æ®Ω’Èí-ûª’h-ûÓçC. 3) As soon as = äéπ °æE Å®·† ¢ÁçôØË. a) As soon as you pay the fees, you can sit in the class = fees class

éπöÀd† ¢ÁçôØË

™ èπÿ®Óa´îª’a.

b) As soon as he came home he turned on the TV to watch the match = TV match

ÉçöÀéÀ ´*a† ¢ÁçôØË îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊. As well as - DEéÀ as soon as èπÿ Ææç•ç-üµ¿¢Ë’ ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. As well as Åçõ‰ äéπü∆E-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ÉçéÓöÀ èπÿú≈. °ö«dúø’

a) He gave me books as well as money = books

é¬èπ◊çú≈

-Ø√éπ-ûª†’ úø•’s ´÷vûª¢Ë’ èπÿú≈ Éî√aúø’.

b) Hari as well as Siva is here =

£æ«Í® é¬èπ◊çú≈ P´ èπÿú≈ Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√oúø’, As well as Åçõ‰ äéπ-®Ωçûª ¶«í¬ ÅN. c) He can sing as well as his brother

ÅûªE ņoçûª ¶«í¬ Åûª†’ §ƒúø-í∫-©úø’.

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Tushar: I have reason to be. You know it is for the eyes of our MD. So I had better take care it is perfect.

305

Dhaval: Congrats on your promotion as the manager of this branch.

(Ñ ¨»êèπ◊ manager í¬ promotion ´*a†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Fèπ◊ Ø√ ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’). Wish you a happy time as the manager. (Manager í¬ †’´¤y ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úÕ-Ê°-ߪ÷©E Ø√ éÓJéπ) Tushar: Thank you. But I am a bit diffident about my performance as the manager. You know what it means? I am going to be totally responsible for the running of it. (Thanks.

é¬F manager í¬ Ø√ E®Ωy-£æ«ù í∫’Jç* Ø√éπç-ûªí¬ †´’téπç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC. É°æ¤púËçöÀ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Ñ branch E®Ωy£æ«ùèπ◊ ¢Á·ûªhç ØËØË ¶«üµ¿’uúÕo.) diffident- úÕ°∂œ-úÁØ˛d – ÉC confident èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç diffident = ûª´ ’ O’ü¿ ûª´’Íé †´’téπç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç

(Ø√ ¶µºßª÷ç-üÓ-∞¡-†-©èπ◊ 鬮Ωùç ÖçC. Ñ report Ø訽Ւ ´÷ MD - Managing Director Ææ´·të«-EÍé. Åçü¿’-éπE ÅC ÅEo Nüµ∆™« ¶«í∫’ç-úËô’x ñ«ví∫-ûªh-°æ-ú≈L.) Dhaval: You are very modest Tushar, you won awards last year for the best branch manager, and the best managed branch. All eyes were on you as you went up the dais to receive them from the CEO. (Tushar,

†’´¤y î√™« Eí∫-JyN. éÀçü¿õ‰-ú≈C, Åûª’u-ûªh´’ branch manager í¬, Åûª’u-ûªh´’çí¬ E®Ωy-£œ«ç--*† branch èπ◊ °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√©’ §Òçü∆´¤. †’¢√y °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ω Æ‘yéπ-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çõ‰ Åçü¿J éπ∞¡⁄x F O’üË.) modest = Eí∫Jy Å®·† /E®√-úøç-•-®Ω-¢Á’i†

2

Tushar: I'll remember Thank you.

that.

(ÅC í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊ç-ö«†’, thank you)

Dhaval: Maintain eye contact with all those who talk to you and work under you. That improves confidence in them.

b) Days were when Sachin was able to score centuries with his eyes closed =

(FûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√∞¡x, F éÀçC-¢√∞¡x ¢Á·£æ«ç™éÀ îª÷Æœ ´÷ö«xúø’. ÅC ¢√∞¡x N¨»y-≤ƒEo °ç-ûª’çC.)

Å´-M-©í¬/ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Sachin centuries éÌõ‰d ®ÓV-©’ç-úËN. (Åçõ‰ §ƒûª ®ÓV™x Ææ*Ø˛ î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ éÌõ‰d-¢√-úøE)

☺

☺

☺

☺

Eye

ûÓ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´’† real life conversation ™ ´îËa ´÷ô©’ ´’J-éÌEo Ñ lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç. Look at the following expressions from the conversation above 1) You can manage this new job with your eyes closed.

c) She can manage a thousand schools like this with her eyes closed/ shut =

É™«çöÀ ¢Ë®· schools Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªí∫-©-ü∆-¢Á’/ †úø-°æ-í∫-©ü¿’. (DØËo It's cake walk for her ÅE èπÿú≈ Å-ØÌa) 2) Could you run an eye over this report? Run an eye over something = cast an eye over something =

üËØÁj oØ√

Keep an eye on them

Dhaval: You are sure to succeed. You did a splendid job of your last assignment. This isn't going to be more difficult than that. With that experience, you can manage this new job with your eyes closed.

(†’´¤y éπ*aûªçí¬ ØÁí∫’_-û√´¤. FéÀçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ Å°æpTç-*† ¶«üµ¿u-ûª†’ °∂æ’†çí¬ E®Ωy£œ«ç-î√´¤. Ç Å†’-¶µº-´çûÓ Ñ éÌûªh ¶«üµ¿u-ûª†’ î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©´¤.) assignment = ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á ’çö¸ – 'ÂÆj— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç– äéπ-JéÀ Å°æp-TçîË ¶«üµ¿uûª/ äéπ °æE. splendid = °∂æ’†-¢Á’i†/ íÌ°æp-ü¿-®·†. Job ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®Ωnç, ÖüÓuí∫ç. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç– E®Ωy-£œ«ç-*† °æE. He did a good job of it =

Åûªú≈ °æE î√™« îªéπ\í¬ î˨»úø’ Tushar: I am going to look to you for help and guidance, as always.

(á°æp-öÀ-™«-í¬ØË, F ≤ƒßª’ç, ´÷®Ω_-ü¿-®Ωz-éπûªyç éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hç-ö«†’) Dhaval: You have them always. The pleasure, of course, is mine.

(Féπ-¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ Öçö«®·. ¢√öÀE ÉîËa džçü¿ç Ø√C) Tushar: Thank you. Could you run an eye over this report - the first I've prepared after my taking over here? Please suggest any changes and improvements I can make in it. I want it to be perfect because it is the first I am turning in after assuming charge here. (Thanks,

é¬Ææh Ñ report †’ – Ééπ\úø ؈’ ¶«üµ¿uûª Æ‘yéπ-Jç-*† ûª®√yûª Ø√ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀC – í∫•-í∫¶« îª-C-¢Ë-ߪ’-¢√? à¢ÁjØ√ ´÷®Ω’p©÷, îË®Ω’p©÷ Ææ÷*ç, please. Ééπ\úø charge BÆæ’-èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·ü¿öÀ report 鬕öÀd ÅC üÓ≠æ-®Ω-£œ«-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈©E Ø√ éÓJéπ.) taking over = assuming charge = äéπ-îÓô äéπ °æü¿N ¶«üµ¿u-ûª©’ Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªôç. perfect = à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† üÓ≠æç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç Turn (something) in = submit îËߪ’úøç Dhaval: I don't mind going through it, but I think it's not necessary. You're being unduly apprehensive.

(îªC-¢Ëç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√Íéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F ÅC ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. †’´¤y ņ´Ææ-®Ωçí¬ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-´-†’-èπ◊çö«.) unduly = ´’K/ ņ-´-Ææ-®Ωçí¬ apprehensive = ¶µºßª÷ç-üÓ-∞¡†©ûÓ Öçúøôç

CEO - Chief Executive Officer Company Company

äéπ éÀ ´·êu 鬮Ωu-E-®Ωy-£æ«-ù«-Cµ-é¬J – Nüµ∆-Ø√-©†’ Å´’-©’-îËÊÆ Åûª’u-†o-ûª≤ƒn®· ÅCµ-é¬J. Dais - ¢ËCéπ – áèπ◊\´í¬ úøߪ÷Æˇ ÅE ûª°æ¤pí¬ Öîªa-J-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. Correct pronunciation - úÁß˝’q Tushar: Thank you Dhaval. Still I'd like to have any advice you'd like to leave me. (Thanks.

Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈, F Ææ©£æ… Ø√Èé°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd¢Ë’)

Dhaval: Just one piece of advice. Beware the two senior most clerks in your branch. Keep an eye on them. They aren't fair minded.

(äéπ\ Ææ©£æ…. F branch ™ Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o senior ™„j† Éü¿l®Ω’ clerks N≠æߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh. ¢√∞¡x-O’ü¿ ã éπØËoÆœ Öç. ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææ®Ω-®·† ´’†-Ææhûªyç éπ©-¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’)

v°æ¨¡o: Å´÷-¢√-Ææu†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™

à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? New moon day ™‰ü∆ No moon dayÉçü¿’™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? – °œ.®√-´’Ææy®Ω÷°ˇ, -E®Ωt-™¸ -ï-¢√-•’-: No moon day Åçõ‰ Å´÷-¢√Ææu Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà î√™« Ææç-ü¿-®√s¥™x Å´÷-¢√-Ææu†’, New moon day -Å-ØË Åçö«®Ω’. ´·êuçí¬ Scientific and technical language ™ Å´÷-¢√-Ææu†’ New Moon day ÅØË Åçö«®Ω’. ´÷´‚©’í¬ èπÿú≈ English ™ Å´÷¢√ÆæuØÁjØ√, §ƒúøu-N’-ØÁjØ√, °ü¿l ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ New moon day ÅØË áèπ◊\´í¬ Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. v°æ¨¡o: i) He is my best -Åç-ô’ç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F Superlative degree ´·çü¿’ The ¢√ú≈L éπü∆? ii) a. ؈’ Çߪ’-††’ ÅúÕ-í¬†’? b. ؈’ O’èπ◊ È®çúø’ °†’o©’ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ Åçö«®Ω’? – ->.-´’--™‰x-¨¡ç, -†-™Ô_ç-úø -ï-¢√-•’-: i) Superlative degree ´·çü¿’ the ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√L. Å®·ûË Superlative degree E ´’†ç qualify îËÊÆh Åçõ‰ ü∆E´·çü¿’ my, his, É™«çöÀ ´÷ô-™Ô-*a-†-°æ¤úø’ the, ®√ü¿’. a) He is the greatest cricketer in India b) He is India's greatest cricketer (Greatest India's the

´·çü¿’

ÅE ÖçC 鬕öÀd

ii) a. I have asked him/ I asked him. b. I am giving you two pens.

®√ü¿’)

2) Could you run an eye over this report? 3) You know it is for the eyes of our MD

í∫•-í∫¶« îªC-¢Ë-ߪ’ôç. a) As he had no time he just ran an eye over the letter and left the time place=

-Å-ûª-EéÀ ™‰éπ§Ú-´-ôçûÓ Ç Öûªh®Ωç í∫•í∫¶« îªCN ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

b) Sumati ran her eye over the news report and told her secretary to prepare a reply

Ææ’´’A Ç †÷uÆˇ J§Ú®˝d í∫•-í∫¶« îªCN, secreûÓ ü∆EéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ûªßª÷®Ω’-îË-ߪ’-´’çC.

4) All eyes were on you

tary

5) Keep an eye on them 1) You can manage this job with your eyes closed With your eyes closed =

àüÁjØ√ °æEE î√™« Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫úøç. ´’†-èπ◊†o ņ’-¶µº-´ç-´-©x-í¬F ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ´©x-í¬F àüÁjØ√ °æEE Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ü∆EE We can do it with our eyes closed or with our eyes shut -Åç-ö«ç.

a) SV Ranga Rao was such an artiste that he could do any role with his eyes closed/ shut =

(à §ƒvûª-ØÁjØ√ î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬/ Å´-M-©í¬/ îËߪ’-í∫© †ô’úø’ SV ®Ωçí¬-®√´¤)

v°æ¨¡o: i) When we use see, look.

3) It is for the eyes of our MD. for (some body's) eyes only =

à äéπ®Ó ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ/ v°æûËu-éÀç* äéπJ éÓÆæç

a) This letter is for the eyes of the CM only=

Ñ Öûªh®Ωç ´·êu-´’çvA ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îª÷úø-´-©ÆœçC. (Éûª-®Ω’©’ îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË à®√p-ô’ûÓ) b) This information is for your eyes only. Destroy the paper after you see it =

Ñ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Íé´©ç F éÓÆæ¢Ë’. îªü¿-´-í¬ØË *çÊ°-ÂÆß˝’ (Éûª-®Ω’© éπçô-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈) 4) All eyes were on you = ÉC Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æ œ† expression = Åçü¿J éπ∞¡⁄x F O’üË. äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Ö†o-¢√-∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω’ äéπJ¢ÁjÊ° îª÷Ææ’hçõ‰ All eyes are on him/ her

Every one's eyes were on the actress as she arrived to inaugurate a textile shop =

ii) How do we pronounce 'g', 'j' ?

-ï-¢√-•’-: i) See = When something/ Somebody

– ®Ω-N π◊-´÷®˝, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø

appears to us when our eyes are open, we see it or the person. (See = So see = appear to our eyes.

àüÁjØ√ ´’†èπ◊ éπE-

°œç-îªúøç)

1) Nowadays we see more and more people in jeans = jeans

Ñ ®ÓV™x ®√†’-®√†’ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ØË¢√∞Ïx áèπ◊\´ éπE°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’.

2) In a forest whichever way you turn your eyes, you see trees = In a forest wherever you turn your eyes, trees appear. Look = When you turn your eyes on someone or something, you look at them or it

•ôd© ü¿’é¬ùç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ-ûªq-¢√-EéÀ ´*a† Ç †öÀ-O’üË Åçü¿J éπ∞¡⁄x 5) Keep an eye on them. Keep an eye on (some body) =

äéπ-J-ØÓ-éπçô éπE-°-ôdúøç/ ã éπØËoÆœ Öçîªôç, (¢√∞Ïxç îÁúøf-°æE îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈)

a) Keep an eye on the boy. He is quite mischievous =

Ç èπ◊v®√úÓo éπçô éπE-°öÀd Öçúø’, ¢√úø’ î√™« Å©xJ °œ©x-¢√úø’. b) He always kept an eye on the servant. He had his own doubt about the servant's honesty =

(´’†

v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆœ îª÷úøôç) If you look carefully you can see our teacher standing there. ii) G/ g is pronounced as telugu- ' '

í∫ ï v°æ¨¡o: Infinitive form Å®·† be E àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úÌa? – -¢Áj.-áÆˇ.Èé., -©Èéq-öÀdÊ°-ô -ï-¢√-•’-: be Åçõ‰ Öçúøôç. DEo Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©Eoöx ¢√úø-´îª’a. J is pronounced as telugu- ' '

eg: 1) To be here any longer is dangerous -

Ééπ Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç

2) To be patient is always good =

ã®Ω’pí¬ Öçúøôç á°æp-öÀ-éà -´’ç-*C.

3) To be in class for 4 to 5 hours is not fun = class

4, 5 í∫çô-©-ÊÆ°æ¤

™ Öçúøôç ûª´÷-≥ƒ-é¬ü¿’.

á°æ¤púø÷ Ç °æE ¢√úÕ-ØÓ-éπçô éπE-°öÀd ÖçúË ¢√úøûª†’. Ç °æE-¢√úÕ Eñ«-ߪ’B O’ü¿ ÆæçüË-£æ…-©’ç-úË´-ûª-EéÀ. Å®·ûË Keep an eye/ have an eye Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’-éÌ-´’tØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. a) My neighbours kept an eye on our house when we were away =

¢Ë’ç Ü∞x ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ É®Ω’í∫’§Ò®Ω’-í∫’-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷ ÉçöÀ-O’ü¿ ãéπ-ØËoÆœ Öçî√®Ω’. = ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. b) Could you keep an eye on my luggage while I go and get a water bottle = water bottle luggage

؈’

ûÁaèπ◊çö«†’. é¬Ææh Ø√ îª÷Ææ’hç-ö«®√? - M. SURESAN

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 15 -¢Ë’ 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Indira: I'll be looking forward to that. How about your brother's new business venture?

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

(ü∆E-éÓÆæç áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’hçö«. O’ ņoߪ’u éÌûªh ¢√u§ƒ®Ω v°æߪ’ûªoç à´’-®·çC?)

1) Wish you a happy birth day and many returns of the day.

Sita: He will be starting it next friday. All is set.

2) My hearty congrats! (congratulations short formcongrats)

306

Sita: I'm sure you'll attend my birthday party. (you) remember the day. don't you?

(†’´¤y Ø√ °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV ¢Ëúø’éπèπ◊ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-´E †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’.) Indira: You bet I'll. It's this Monday, isn't it? Wish you a happy birthday and many happy returns of the day.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´≤ƒh. Ñ ≤Ú´’-¢√-®Ω-¢Ë’-éπü∆? F °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Ø√ ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«-é¬ç-éπ~©’. (F °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úø-¢√-©F, ü∆Eo †’´¤y ´’Sx-´’Sx ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-¢√-©F éÓ®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o†’– ÉC English birthday greetings èπ◊ ÅÆæ-™„j† ņ’-¢√ü¿ç)) Sita: Bring along your dad Mr Raju and your hubby Sriram. I'll invite them over phone as soon as I get home.

(O’ Ø√†o ®√V-í¬-JF, O’¢√®Ω’ X®√熒 BÆæ’èπ◊®√. ؈’ phone îËÆœ ¢√∞¡x†’ °œ©’-≤ƒh†’, ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡x-í¬ØË)

(´îËa ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒhúø’. à®√p-ôxFo °æ‹®Ωh-ߪ÷u®·.) Indira: Wish him all prosperity.

(ÅûªE ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ÅGµ-´%-Cl¥™éÀ ®√¢√-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ) (prosperity = ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ – Ææç°æü¿ Åô’-´ç-öÀN) Sita: When are you entering your new home?

(O’ †÷ûª† í∫%£æ« v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç á°æ¤púø’?) Indira: Perhaps the third week of this month. How can you think you won't be told of it? It can't happen without your knowledge, can it?

Sita: Yes. I feel happy about it.

(ÑØÁ© ´‚úÓ-¢√®Ωç™ Öçúø-´îª’a. Fèπ◊ îÁ°æpèπ◊çú≈ Öçö«-†E ᙫ ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤? Fèπ◊ ûÁLߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÅC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ éπü∆?) Sita: No, no. It's just my eagerness to wish you a very happy and prosperous life in your new home.

(ÅüËç-é¬ü¿’. †’´¤y á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ éÌûªh Éçöx îË®Ω-û√¢√, á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ †’´yç-ü¿’™ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ-®Ω¢Á’i† @Nûªç í∫úø-§ƒ-©E éÓ®√™« ÅØË Çûª%ûª.)

(Å´¤†’. î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.) Indira: My hearty congrats! Win more prizes. How about a treat for it all?

(£æ…Jl-é¬-Gµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ •£æ›-´’ûª’©’ Èí©’´¤. Ñ •£æ›-´’A ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷èπ◊ NçüËç-™‰ü∆?) treat = Nçü¿’ Sita: Thank you. How's your preparation for the exam? Wish you all success. (Thanks.

°æK-éπ~-È陫 prepare Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? †’´¤y Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒ-Cµç-î√-L-† Çé¬çéπ~.) The treat I owe you for the cross word puzzle prize will be given soon after the birth day party. (Crossword puzzle birthday party

èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Nçü¿’ ûª®√yûª É≤ƒh†’)

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿ç éÀöÀ-éÃ-™ç* éπE-°œç< éπE-°œç-ô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. b) Ñ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† v°æ¶µº’ûªyç °æE-B®Ω’†’ îÁ°æp-éπØË îÁ•’-ûª’çC. II a) (§ƒô©’) §ƒúø’ûª÷ Öçõ‰ §ƒúøôç ´Ææ’hçC. b) (éπN-ûª©’) ®√Ææ÷h Öçõ‰ ®√ߪ’úøç ´Ææ’hçC. III a) Åûªúø’ Ç¢Á’†’ áçûªí¬ vÊ°N’ç-î√-úøçõ‰, Ç¢Á’éÓÆæç v§ƒù«©’ ÅJpç-îË-ôç-ûªí¬ vÊ°N’ç-î√úø’. b) Ç¢Á’ §ƒ©†’ áçûªí¬ ¢ËúÕ-îË-Æœç-ü¿çõ‰, §ƒ©’ ÇNJ ÅßË’uç-ûªí¬ ¢ËúÕ-îË-ÆœçC. IV a) üÓ-èπ◊-†o-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ üÓ-èπ◊-†oçûª b) AØË-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ A†oçûª V a) éπü∑¿-é¬E éπü∑¿ b) É©’x-é¬E É©’x VI having + III form Öçõ‰ à Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC? Öü∆: having done. DE Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. VII Phrasal verbs ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – -á-LÍí-öÀ -P-´éπ%-≠æg, -üË-´¤-†÷®˝ (-´®Ωçí∫-™¸) I a)

-ï-¢√--•’:

I a) We get a fleeting glimpse of her beauty through the window/ Her beauty is seen vaguely through the window/ We catch a fleeting glance of her beauty b) This incident is self explanatory of the government's attitude

éÀ É°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™éÀ ´*a†

4) Wish you all success/ wish you every success/ my best wishes to you for success

3) Wish you all success 4) Wish him all prosperity 5) Wish you a very happy and prosperous life in your new home

É´Fo ´’† Çé¬ç-éπ~© (wishes) †’, ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†© (congratulations) †÷ ûÁLÊ° expressions ÅE ûÁ©’Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ à Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ àßË’ expressions ¢√úø-û√¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç:

(O’®Ω’ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü∆-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ– OöÀ ¶µ«´ç) É´Fo °j† îÁ°œp† Ø√©’í∫’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úÌa. Å®·ûË O’ ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’©’ éÌûªh ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω¢Á÷/ °æJ-v¨¡¢Á÷ ≤ƒn°œç-îË-ô-°æ¤úø’ É™« èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa. 1) (Wish you) all prosperity in your venture/ business/ enterprize =

O’ ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ O’®Ω’ ¶«í¬ ÅGµ-´%-Cl¥-™éÀ ®√¢√-©E Ø√ Çé¬çéπ~. 2) May your business prosper/ thrive (ÅüË Å®Ωnç. prosper = thrive = ÅGµ-´%-Cl¥-™ éÀ ®√´ôç)

W ish you all success

Indira: I will, of course. But wait. I've heard that you've won a big cash prize for a crossword puzzle you've solved.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ BÆæ’-éÌ-≤ƒh†’. Ñ´’üµ¿u ÅüËüÓ í∫∞¡x †’úÕ-éπ-ô’d†’ N°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ FÍéüÓ †í∫ü¿’ •£æ›-´’A ´*aç-ü¿-ôí¬!)

1

Indira: Well, it isn't far off.

(áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç ™‰ü¿’™‰) Sita: OK then. Let me make a move. Bye

(ÆæÍ®. Ééπ-ØË-´≤ƒh.

Bye)

Indira: Bye.

§ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-™Ô-éπ®Ω’ ÅúÕT† v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†çí¬ ®√Æœ† Ææ綵«-≠æù ÉC. English and in general western society ™ (ÉçTx≠ˇ, Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ §ƒ¨»aûªu Ææ´÷-ïç™) ´’† Ææ´÷-ïç™ éπØ√o formalities (´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤úø’, ´u´-£æ…-®√©’ †úø’-°æ¤-ûª’-†o-°æ¤úø’ §ƒöÀç-î√-Lq† °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’) î√™« áèπ◊\´. Å™« §ƒöÀç-îª-éπ-§ÚûË ÅC manners ™ î√™« Bv´-¢Á’i† ™°æç. Å™«çöÀ formal expressions Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. II a) Keep singing and you will be able to sing b) keep writing poetry and you'll be able to write III a) He loved her so much that he would give his life for her/ He loved her to the point of offering his life for her b) She boiled milk to the point of evaporation/ She so boiled milk that it evaporated. IV a) It is up for grabs- (grabland grabb)

-éÓ-´ôç/ ü¿çúø’-éÓ-´ôç/ DE--E èπÿ-ú≈ It is up

-üÌ®Ωéπ•’a ¶µº÷éπ¶«b) grabs Å-ØÌ-a./

for One could eat as much as one wanted

V a) A story but (and at the same time) not a story b) A home but not a home. (at the same time not a home) VI Having + past participle. eg: having done-

ÅC îËÆœ† ûª®√yûª/îËߪ’-í¬-ØË/

îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ a) Having done all the work, he went to bed =

°æE°æ‹Jh-îËÆœ, Åûª†’ °æúø’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’

b) Having seen the troubles of the married, he decided not to marry =

°RxîËÆæ’èπ◊-†o-¢√-∞¡x ¶«üµ¿©’ îª÷Æœ/ îª÷Æœ-†ç-ü¿’´©x Åûª†’ °Rx îËÆæ’éÓèπÿ-úø-ü¿-E E®Ωg-®·ç-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’

¢Á·ü¿ô No.3, Wish you all success ÅØ√-Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’/ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅüË Å®Ωnç ÉîËa Éûª®Ω expressions ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. When some one close to us (´’†èπ◊ ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’©’. close = ü¿í∫_-È®j†) is 1) taking an exam (°æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’) 2) appearing for an interview (interview èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’) 3) Participating in a competition (äéπ §ÚöÙ §ƒ™Ô_ç-ô’-†o-°æ¤úø’) 4) Starting a new business or industry (äéπ ¢√u§ƒ-®√Eo, °æJ-v¨¡-´’†’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’) ´’† Çé¬ç-éπ~-©-E™« ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç. (English èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√-ü∆©’ ™‰´¤. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ Å™« ņ’¢√-ü∆©’ ¢√úÕØ√, éÌçîÁç éπ%ûª-éπçí¬, ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ÅE-°œ≤ƒh®· éπü∆) Çé¬ç-éπ~©’: 1) Good luck 2) All luck to you 3) Best of luck to you expressions loose translation). wish you the best of luck.

éÓJéπ– Ñ ´‚úø’ ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ

(O’èπ◊ Åü¿%≠ædç éπ©-í¬-©E ´÷ èπÿ

c) Having known that he had lost a lot of money, how could I ask him for money =

î√-™« úø•’s §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o-úøE ûÁLÆœ èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ -úø¶„s-ö«x -Å-úøí∫-†’?

VII Phrasal Verbs: Cambridge dictionary of Phrasal Verbs useful book

-v°æ-¨¡o:

î√-™« Leave letter ™ I cannot attend to the school/ college ÅE ®√ߪ÷™«? to school/ college ÅE ®√ߪ÷™«? the school/ college ÅE ®√ߪ÷™«? – ->.-N-ï-ߪ·-úø’ (éπ®Ω÷o-©’)

-ï-¢√--•’:

™ç*, ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’.

Someone close to you

(O’ ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’©’) ™

1) has passed an exam (exam

pass

Åߪ÷u®Ω’) 2) has won a competition

(§ÚöÙ ÈíL-î√®Ω’)

3) has been awarded a prize or an award

≤ƒ\®Ωç §Òçü∆®Ω’) 4) àüÓ °∂æ’†-¢Á’içC ≤ƒCµç-î √®Ω’.

(°æ¤®Ω-

(has achieved

some distinction)

¨¡Ÿ¶µ«-Gµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’ ûÁLÊ°

expressions.

1) My congratulations/ Hearty congratulations/ My hearty congrats to you/ Accept my congratulations/ let me congratulate you on ...

í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: congratulate (someone) For

Congratulations/ on

ûª®√yûª

´Ææ’hçC. é¬ü¿’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ *†o-¢√-∞¡x†’ ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ 1) Congrats, keep it up. (Å™«Íí é̆-≤ƒ-Tç) 2) That's really great/ grand/ marvellous. Congrats.

3) Congrats. That's superb. I wonder if at your age I could have done as much.

(ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’– î√™« íÌ°æp N≠æߪ’ç. F ´ßª’-Ææ’™ ؈çûª ≤ƒCµç-îªí∫LÍí-¢√-úÕØ√ ÅE Ø√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç) ÉO ÅGµ-†ç-CçîË Nüµ∆©’: É°æ¤púø’ conversation ™E sentence No.1™E birthday greetings îª÷ü∆lç. á´J birth day Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç-™-ØÁjØ√ ´’†ç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ îÁÊ°p greetings: 1. Wish you a happy birthday and many returns of the same.

É™« èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa.

2. Happy birth day to you and many happy returns of it. 3. May you live long enough to celebrate many more birthdays

(ÉC ´’†-éπØ√o *†o-¢√∞¡x N≠æ-

I cannot attend school/ college correct. leave letter student/ teacher school/ i) college the school/ the college ii) Attend to

ÅE ®√ߪ’ôç

®√Ææ’h-†oC, 鬕öÀd, ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æEîËÊÆ-îÓ-ô’ 鬕öÀd ņç. Åçõ‰ £æ…ï-®Ω-´-ôç-é¬ü¿’. äéπ-°æE ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬ îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´ôç.

a) He is attending to the repairs of our home = repair

´÷ ÉçöÀ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

Conversation at the beginning of the lesson No.2 expressions, My hearty congrats

N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Åûª†’

b) You attend to the arrangements for the party = party School/ College/ Marriage/ Party attend. Attend to (Attend to

à®√p-ô’x- †’-´¤y- îª÷Ææ’éÓ. éÀ £æ…ï-®Ωé¬ü¿’. ´ôç, ¢√úø-éπç -°j† îÁ§ƒpç éπü∆?)

ߪ’ç™) 5) Wish you a very happy and prosperous life in your new home =

O’ éÌûªh Éçöx O’èπ◊ džçü¿ç, ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ éπ©-í¬-©E Çé¬ç-éπ~©’. ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆! ÉC †÷ûª† í∫%£æ« v°æ¢Ë¨¡ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ÅçCçîË Çé¬çéπ~. Éçé¬ É™« èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa. a) All happiness and prosperity in your new home. b) May your new home bring you all that you wish for =

O’ éÌûªh É©’x O’®Ω’ éÓ®Ω’ûª’†oü¿çû√ É¢√y-©E ´÷ éÓJéπ. House warming = í∫%£æ« v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç/ í∫%£æ« v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ÉîËa Nçü¿’. - M. SURESAN

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 17 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Vinutna: What a good taste she has!

(O’ Åéπ\ߪ’uC ´’ç* ÅGµ-®Ω’îË!)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Bhavana: Thanks on behalf of my sister too!

307

Vinutna: How about lending me your DVD for a day? (

F

(´÷ Åéπ\ ûª®Ω-°æ¤† èπÿú≈

(¢Á·†o debate contest ᙫ ïJ-TçC? w°jñ ¸ à¢Á’iØ√ ´*açü∆?)

DVD

ã®ÓVéÀ-≤ƒh¢√?) Bhavana: By all means. (BÆæ’éÓ.) by all means = E®Ω¶µºuçûª®Ωçí¬/ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈– DEE conversation ™ °j Å®ΩnçûÓ î√™« ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’) Vinutna: Thank you. So nice of you. (Thank you.

F ´’ç*ûªØ√-EéÀ)

Bhavana: Welcome. What do you want to view any way.

Bhavana: None, though I did my best.

Vinutna: After so much of preparation? That could be terrible for you. Better luck next time.

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above. 1) By all means

2) Welcome

3) So kind of you

4) Not at all

6) That could be terrible. Better luck next time. 7) My condolences to you.

Vinutna: My niece's first birth anniversary function.

E®Ω-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωçí¬/ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’©ûÓ à N≠æߪ’ç™ØÁjØ√ °æ‹Jh ÅçU-鬮Ωç ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, ¢√∞¡x-úÕÍí ≤ƒßª’ç ™«çöÀN îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ÆæçÆœ-ü¿l¥-ûª†’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, By all means ¢√úøû√ç. a) Ram: Can I have your bike for a day?

Bhavana: Thank you, but I'm not worried. (Thanks.

Å®·Ø√ Ø√éπçûª ¶«üµ¿í¬ àç




ØËØÓ-®ÓVèπ◊ BÆæ’-éÓ-´î√a?)

Syam: By all means. When do you need it?

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. FéπC á°æ¤púø’ 鬢√L?)

™‰ü¿’™‰.)

Bhavana: Keep it the whole week if you want. Have some movies in too.

bike

(F

b) Pran: Could you do me a favour?





a) It's all right b) Not at all; glad to have had an opportunity to be of some help/ to help you. c) The pleasure is mine. 5) Thank you for your compliment. Compliment =

1) By all means =

(Åçûª prepare Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ ®√™‰ü∆? Eïçí¬ FéπC î√™« ¶«üµ¿ éπL-Tç* ÖçúÌa éπü∆. ´îËa≤ƒJ F Åü¿%≠ædç Éçûª-éπØ√o ¶«í∫’ç-ú≈L.)

Å®·Ø√, àç îª÷ú≈-©F?)

(¢Á·ûªhç ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV©÷ ÖçéÓ. àüÁjØ√ ÆœE-´÷©’ èπÿú≈ îª÷úø’.)

Daily life situations ™ NNüµ¿ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úË standard expressions í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. ¢√öÀ™x ´’JéÌEoç-öÀE îª÷ü∆lç.

5) Thank you very much for your compliment

(Ø√Íéç ®√™‰ü¿’, ؈’ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Tçü¿çû√ îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ.)

(

(´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u èπÿûª’J ¢Á·ü¿öÀ °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV ¢Ëúø’éπ.) niece = ņo-ü¿-´·t©, Åéπ\-îÁ-™„x∞¡x èπÿûª’®Ω’

thanks.)

Vinutna: How did the debate contest go the day before? Did you get any prize?

1

(Ø√éÓ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÆœ °úø-û√¢√?)

¢Á’°æ¤p†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô. äéπ-JE ¢Á’a-èπ◊çô÷ ´’†ç ÅØË ´÷ô ´’†ç ÉîËa

compliment.

Pay compliment to someone =

äéπ-JE ´’†ç ¢Á’a-èπ◊çô÷ ÅØË ´÷ô a) Akash: You really get clever ideas.

(Fèπ◊ Eïçí¬ ûÁL-¢Áj† Ç™-îª-†©’ ´≤ƒh®·– ¢Á’°æ¤p (compliment) Pridhvi: Thanks for the compliment.

(F ¢Á’°æ¤p (v°æ¨¡çÆæ) èπ◊ thanks) ´’†Lo á´®Ω’ üËEéÀ ¢Á’aèπ◊Ø√o, thank you/ thanks

Better luck next time

Vinutna: So kind of you. You've always been a friend I can look to in need. Your help the other day was great. I can never forget it.

(ÅC F ü¿ßª’. (ÉC ûÁ©’-í∫’™ î√™« °ü¿l ≤ƒßª÷-EÍé/ ņ’-ví∫-£æ…-EÍé ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË English ™ ÉC î√™« frequent í¬ ´îËa formal expression.) Å´-Ææ®Ωç™ F ≤ƒßª’ç á°æ¤púø÷ ÇPçîª-í∫© friend N †’´¤y. ¢Á·†o F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Eïçí¬ íÌ°æpC. ü∆Eo ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-™‰†’.) Bhavana: Not at all, Vinutna. What I did wasn't much. You'd do as much if I needed your help. (ÅüËç-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ °ü¿lí¬ îËÆ œç-üËç-™‰ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ F ≤ƒßª’ç 鬴-LÊÆh †’´‹y îË≤ƒh-¢√´÷vûªç.) Vinutna: By the way, the dress you wore the other day- it was really fantastic. You looked wonderful in it. Where did you buy it?

(ÆæÍ®é¬F, ¢Á·†o †’¢ËyÆæ’èπ◊†o dress î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. ü∆ØÓx †’´¤y î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ éπ†°æ-ú≈f´¤. áéπ\úø éÌØ√o-´C?) fantastic = Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† Bhavana: Thank you very much for your compliments. I like it very much too. My sister bought for me in Bangalore.

Manasa: Why do you look so sad? What's wrong?

a) Nischal: Can I have your book for a few days?

(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Æ憒-èπ◊Ø√o.) Manasa: What about?

(éÌEo ®ÓV©’ F °æ¤Ææhéπç É≤ƒh¢√?) Nikhil: Why not? Take it (by all means)

(üËE í∫’Jç*?) Manasa: How terrible! She's hardly four years old. When and how did it happen?

(áçûª ü∆®Ω’ùç! Ø√©’-Íí∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ ™‰¢√ §ƒ°æèπ◊. á°æ¤púø’, ᙫ îªE-§Ú-®·çC?) Mamata: The day before. She had been down with jaundice. The doctor's best efforts could not save her.

(¢Á·†o. 鬢Á’®Ωx ¶«J† °æúÕçC. Doctor áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ §ƒ°æ†’ 鬧ƒ-úø-™‰-éπ§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.) effort - É°∂æö¸ (°∂æ bird ™ • ™«í∫ = v°æߪ’ûªoç) Manasa: My condolences to you. Condolences too to your sister and brother-in-law. What a cute child she was! May her soul rest in peace!

(F v°æ¨¡ç-Ææèπ◊ thanks. Ø√èπÿ Ç dress î√™« É≠ædç. ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u Ø√éÓÆæç Bangalore ™ é̆oü¿C.)

v°æ¨¡o: ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ improve your writing writing

ÅE ®√≤ƒhç. develop your ÅE ®√ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü∆? áçü¿’èπ◊? – öÀ. ®ΩN-îªç-ü¿®˝, ¢Á’ü¿é˙ -ï-¢√-•’: Improve Åçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ °æ®Ω-éÓ-´-úøç, Develop Åçõ‰ äéπ ü¿¨¡ †’ç* ÉçéÓ ü¿¨¡èπ◊ áü¿-í∫ôç. Hand Writing ´’†ç ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ °æ®Ω--èπ◊çö«ç = We improve our writing.

´’†ç ´’ç* bright students í¬ áü¿’-í∫’û√ç/ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤û√ç = We develop into bright students.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. àçôC?) By all means ûÓí¬F, By all means ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈í¬F, ÅüË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úË ÉçéÓ-´÷ô, Why not?

Mamata: I thought you knew.

(´÷ ņo èπÿûª’®Ω’ îªE§Ú®·çC.)

(Fèπ◊ Ø√ Ææçû√°æç. O’ Åéπ\èπÿ, ¶«´èπ◊ èπÿú≈. áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúËüÓ Ç §ƒ°æ. Ç¢Á’ Çûªtèπ◊ ¨»çA éπ©’-í∫’-í¬éπ.)








short form - 'll ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’ éπü∆. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ I'll buy a car soon ™ underline îËÆœ† ¶µ«í¬Eo will ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ç ¢√éπuç definite Å´¤ûª’çC. ÅüË shall ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Indefinite Å´¤-ûª’çC. ¢√éπuç-™E underline îËÆœ† ¶µ«í¬Eo shall ™‰ü∆ will ÅE ᙫ í∫’Jhçî√™ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – áç.¢Áç-éπ-õ‰≠ˇ, éı π◊çôx -ï-¢√-•’: 'll ÅØËC Will èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ short form, shall èπ◊ é¬ü¿’. Shall èπ◊ short form ™‰ü¿’ (Shall not èπ◊ short form shan't). I'll buy a car doubt

鬕öÀd

(

ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈/ E®Ω¶µºuçûª®Ωçí¬. BÆæ’éÓ.) 2, 3 & 4 Welcome. ÉC ´’†-Èé-´-È®jØ√ thanks îÁGûË ´’†ç ÆæpçCç-î√-Lq† Nüµ¿ç. Éûª-®Ω’©’ thanks îÁÊ°p Nüµ∆-Ø√Eo, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’† response (Ææpçü¿†) èπÿú≈ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ô’çC. a) àüÁjØ√ *†o N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ formal í¬ á´-È®jØ√ thanks îÁGûË, ü∆EéÀ ´’† response, Welcome/ you are welcome. b)

Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç §ÒçC† Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç é¬Ææh áèπ◊\¢Ë Å®·ûË, thanks îÁ§ƒp-Lq† Nüµ¿ç èπÿú≈ ´÷®Ω-´îª’a. Íé´©ç Thanks/ Thank you ÅE ÆæJ°ôdç. ´’† éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª†’ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ thanks îÁ•’û√ç.

a) Thank you very much/ so much (American)

(É™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’

very/ so

ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.)

b) I don't know how to thank you (really) =

O’èπ◊ thanks ᙫ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-ôç-™‰ü¿’. c) Thanks a lot really/ thousand thousand thanks d) I can't really thank you enough.

(O’èπ◊ ûªT-†-N-üµ¿çí¬

thanks

îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’)

e) That's/ was very kind of you/ nice of you.

v°æ¨¡o: Shall, will èπ◊

Åçõ‰ I will buy ÅØË. èπ◊ û√´¤-™‰ü¿’.

the

compliment

Åçö«ç. b) Anupam: You are a genius. Only you can get such wonderful ideas.

Prem: By all means. What is it?

(àçôçûª Nî√-®Ωçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? à¢Á’içC?)

Mamata: My brother's daughter is no more.

for

f) I'm afraid I can never thank you enough.

îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, you are welcome/ welcome ™«çöÀ Ææpçü¿† ÆæJ-§Úü¿’. éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ ÆæpçC≤ƒhç. É™« ´’†-Ææ÷p¥Jhí¬ íÌ°æpí¬ 1. Not at all

thanks

2. It was/ is a / my pleasure.

3. Not at all; glad to be of some help to you.

(àç °æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. O’èπ◊ éÌçûÁjØ√ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úÕ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç.) 4. You are most welcome.

Ñ expressions (thanks îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ, ÆæpçCç-îª-ö«EéÀ) ´’† conversations ™ practice îËü∆lç. Ñ expressions ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈-©E rule ™‰ü¿’. ÉüË ¶µ«´ç ´îËa à expression Å®·Ø√ O’èπ◊ ûÓ*çC ¢√úø-´îª’a. No mention/ Don't mention/ Mention not ûª°æp. É™« èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.

(Eïçí¬ †’´¤y ¢Ë’üµ∆-N¢Ë. FÍé ´≤ƒh®· Å™«çöÀ Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† Ç™-îª-†©’.) Nirupam: Thanks for the compliment though I don't know how far I deserve it.

(F ¢Á’°æ¤p-ü¿-©èπ◊ thanks, ؈’ ü∆EÈéçûª´-®Ωèπ◊ Å®Ω’|-úÕØÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’†-°æp-öÀéÖ ÉC E®√-úøç-•®Ω Ææpçü¿†.) 6) Better luck next time- ÉC N°∂æ©¢Á’i† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊, ´’†ç îÁ°æp-í∫© ãü∆®Ω’p ´÷ô. äéπ-≤ƒJ N°∂æ-©-¢Á’i-†¢√∞¡Ÿx ûª´’ È®çúÓ v°æߪ’ûªoç™ Å®·Ø√ Nïߪ’ç §ÒçüË Åü¿%≠ædç éπ©-í¬-©ØË Çé¬çéπ~. Prakash: We lost the match yesterday.

(E†o

match

™ ¢Ë’ç ãúÕ-§Úߪ÷ç.)

Pramod: Don't take it to heart. Better luck next time.

(ü∆Eo °ü¿lí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓèπ◊. Ñ≤ƒJ O’ Åü¿%≠ædç ¶«í∫’ç-ú≈L.) 7) Condolences = ´’%ûª’© ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-©èπÿ, ´’%ûª’© èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-©èπ◊ ûÁLÊ° Ææçû√°æç. Condolence = Ææçû√°æç. Å®·ûË á°æ¤púø÷ condolences ÅE plural ™ØË ¢√úøû√ç. ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’®Ω-ù-¢√®Ωh N†o-°æ¤púø’ éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ Ææçû√°æç ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç. a) I am terribly sorry to hear that. My condolences to you. b) I am shocked/ It's really shocking. My heartfelt condolences to you. c) My condolences to you. May god give you the necessary strength of heart and mind to bear the loss = (Condolences ÅE îÁ°œp† ûª®√yûª Ñ ´÷ôçö«ç. Å®Ωnç = Ñ ¨é¬Eo ûªô’d-éÓ-í∫© üµÁj®Ωu, ÂÆkn®√u-©†’ üË´¤úø’ FéÀ-¢√y-©E v§ƒ®Ωn†) É´Fo îªE-§Ú-®·†¢√J í∫’Jç* Åçö«ç. May his/ her soul rest in peace.

(ÅûªE/ Ç¢Á’ Çûªtèπ◊ ¨»çA éπ©-í¬L)

- M. SURESAN

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 22 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(éÌçûª ™˜éπuç Öçú≈L N’vûª´÷. Ø√ °æE ؈’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-§Ú-û√-†çõ‰ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’). 308

Mukund: What's wrong Vasanth? I never saw you so dull and upset. What could be worrying you?

(à´’-®·çC ´Ææçû˝? Éçûª E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«çí¬ Éçûª *é¬-èπ◊í¬ EØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Åçûª *é¬èπ◊ éπL-TçîË N≠æߪ’ç àN’ö?) Vasanth: You'd (you would) be as dull and upset too if your boss gave you an earful for no fault of yours.

(F ûªÊ°pç-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ F îÁ´¤©’ ¢√*-§Ú-ßË’™« F boss èπÿú≈ *¢√ô’x °úÕûË †’´‹y Ø√ Åçûª E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«ç-í¬†÷ *é¬-èπ◊-í¬†÷ Öçö«´¤)

Vasanth: I don't care. Next time my boss says anything I am sure to hit back.

(ØËØËç ™„éπ\-îË-ߪ’†’. Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ boss à¢Á’iØ√ Åçõ‰ ûªT-†-N-üµ¿çí¬ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç îÁ§ƒh.) hit back= ´÷ôèπ◊ ´÷ô ņôç

¶«í¬ effective í¬ Öçö«®·. ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. 1) Give (some one) an earful =

ûª°æ¤p-îË-Æœ† ¢√∞¡xO’ü¿ ´’†-éÓ-§ƒ†oçû√ îª÷°œç-îËô’x *¢√ô’x °ôdúøç. a) Dad gave me an earful for the low score I got in maths =

b) How I wish I had the CM's ear! =

™„éπ\™x ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ *¢√ô’x °ö«dúø’.

Mukund: Take care. He is likely to sack you.

(ñ«ví∫ûªh. F ÖüÓuí∫ç Üúø-íÌ-ôd-í∫-©úø’.) sack= ÖüÓuí∫ç ™ç* BÂÆ-ߪ’uôç

2

b) She had an earful from the boss for coming late so often.

Vasanth: He dare not do that. He himself is up to his ears in trouble with his higher ups.

ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´Ææ’hç-úø-ôçûÓ ¶«í¬ *¢√ô’x °ö«dúø’.

boss

Ç¢Á’†’

CM Ø√ ´÷ô©’ NE Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊, Ææ©-£æ…©èπÿ N©’-NÊÆh áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC! c) People say that Ramachandra Rao has the CM's ear =

®√´’-îªç-vü¿-®√´¤ áçûª îÁÊ°h CM èπ◊ Åçûª ÅE Åçü¿®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. Ñ expression spoken English ™î√™« effective.

My colleague has the boss's ear c) I don't like do it again. I've had an earful=

Mukund: What did you do to deserve it?

(Åçûª *¢√ô’x AØËçûª †’¢Ëyç î˨»´¤?) Vasanth: You didn't lend me your ears then? I told you I had it for no fault of mine.

(Å®·ûË Øˆ’ îÁ°œpçC †’´¤y ÆæJí¬ N†™‰-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. îÁ§ƒp-†’í¬ Ø√ ûªÊ°pç-™‰-ü¿E) Mukund: How did it happen then?

(´’®Ω-®·ûË á™« ïJ-TçC?) Vasanth: Sam, my colleague has the boss's ear ready whenever he likes. The boss gives him his ear because Sam is good at flattery, and the boss likes flattery. Sam takes the opportunity to tell tales.

(´÷ boss îÁN Ø√ Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT ¨»¢˛’-èπ◊ -á-°æ¤púø÷ ûÁJîË Öçô’çC. ´÷ boss ûª† îÁNE ¨»¢˛’-èπ◊ -Å°ææp-ñ„-Ê°p-≤ƒhúø’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ¨»¢˛’ boss †’ ¶«í¬ §Òí∫’-úø’-û√úø’, ´÷ boss èπ◊ §Òí∫-úøh-©çõ‰ î√™« É≠ædç. Ç Å´-鬨¡ç îª÷Æœ ¨»ç ÅûªE îÁ´¤©’ éÌ®Ω’èπ◊ûª’ç-ö«úø’.) tell tales= Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’Jç* °œûª÷-K©’ îËߪ’ôç Mukund: You could do that as well.

(†’´¤y èπÿú≈ Ç °æEîËßÁ·îª’a éπü∆.) Vasanth: If I had been such, I would have been in a better position than I am in now.

(؈’ Åô’-´ç-öÀ-¢√-úÕ-†-ߪ·çõ‰ Éçûªéπçõ‰ ´’ç* ÆœnA™ ÖçúË-¢√úËo) Mukund: You should be a little more practical, buddy. There's no use just minding your business.

(Åûª-E-é¬-üµÁj-®Ωuç-™‰ü¿’. ÅûªØË ûª† °j¢√-∞¡xûÓ °‘éπ© ü∆é¬ íÌúø-´™x ÖØ√oúø’.) Mukund: Come on Vasanth, just what did you do? What exactly went wrong?

2) You didn't lend me your ears then? =

Vasanth: You know I have an ear for music. I like to listen to music. I had the ear phones in the office just when he walked upto my cubicle. He was enraged.

(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçU-ûª-´’çõ‰ É≠æd-´’E. Åûª†’ office ™éÀ -´-*a-†°æ¤p-úø’ Ø√ îÁ´¤™x ear phones ÖØ√o®·. ü∆EûÓ Åûª-EéÀ éÓ°æç ´*açC) cubicle = offices/ banks ™ Æœ•sç-CéÀ Íéö«-®·çîË v°æü˨¡ç (partition).

a) Karunakar is always ready to lend an ear if any one wants to talk to him about their trouble =

á´-È®jØ√ ûª´’ éπ≥ƒd© í∫’Jç* îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ ã°œí¬_ ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷-AûÓ N†-ö«-EéÀ éπ®Ω’-ù«-éπ®˝ á°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’. b) feel free to talk to me if you need to. I can always lend an ear =

á°æ¤púø’ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-E-°œç-*Ø√ Ø√ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçéÓ*ç-îªèπ◊. ã°œí¬_ ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷-AûÓ Nçö«†’/ N†-í∫-©†’.

Mukund: Then you were clearly at fault. Why find fault with him then?

c) He often gets into trouble as he lends his ear to all and sundry =

(Å®·ûË ûª°æ¤p FüË. Åûª-ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûª°æ¤p-°æ-úøû√´¤?)

á´-Í®C îÁ°œpØ√ ã°œí¬_ ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷-AûÓ N†-ôç-´©x Åûª†’ ûª®Ωîª÷ *èπ◊\™x °æúø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. All and sundry = á´-®Ω’-•-úÕûË ¢√∞¡Ÿx.

Vasanth: He could have been less harsh. That's all my complaint.

3) My colleague has the boss's ear =

´÷ boss Ø√ Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT à´÷ô îÁ°œpûË ÅC NE ÅûªE ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ Ææ©-£æ…-©èπ◊ N©’-N-≤ƒhúø’.

(é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´ éπJ∏-†çí¬ Öçú≈-Lqç-ü¿-ûª†’. ÅüË Ø√ complaint) Mukund: Don't be caught again. You'd better.

Kumar has Pratap's ear =

èπ◊´÷®˝ àC-îÁÊ°h ÅC Nçö«úø’ Pratap./ èπ◊´÷®˝ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊, Ææ©-£æ…-©èπÿ N©’-N-≤ƒhúø’ v°æû√°ˇ./ èπ◊´÷®˝ áçûª îÁÊ°h Åçûª v°æû√-°ˇèπ◊.

(´’Sx °æô’d-•-úøèπ◊. ÅüË ´’ç*C.)





Real life situations expressions







™ ear (îÁN) éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ö«®·. ¢√öÀ™ éÌEo

ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 2) ''îËûª’©’ 鬙«éπ Çèπ◊©’ °æô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ àç ™«¶µºç——?– DEéÀ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† proverb †’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ? 3) O’éÀ-°æ¤púø’ à §ƒ®∏Ωç îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ ņ-ú≈Eo passive voice ™ ''Which lesson is being taught you? ÅØÌî√a? ''O’èπ◊ °∂æ©Ø√ §ƒ®∏Ωç °æ‹®Ωh-®·çü∆——? ņ-ú≈Eo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 4) Nobody can't understand me ÅØËC ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  Öçü∆? Nobody can understand me éÀ, Nobody can't understand me éÀ à¢Á’iØ√ N¨Ï-≥ƒ-®√n-©’-Ø√oߪ÷? 5) He is married/ He has been married ÅØËN passive voice ™ ÖØ√o®·. He got married ™ got -- past tense. married èπÿú≈ past tense. É™« È®çúø’ past tense form ™ verbs ÖçúÌî√a? Ñ ¢√éπuç™ married - part of speech àN’öÀ? 6) Incredible, Incredulous èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 7) Imperative †’ ᙫ Öîªa-Jç-î√L?''open the door'', come in, please ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Question tags †’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ? 8) Nevertheless, Notwithstanding Å®√n-©†’, ¢√éπuç™ v°æßÁ÷-TçîË Nüµ∆-Ø√Eo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ? - D.G. Rama Sarma, Kotwal, Palasa

give an ear = lend an ear lend an ear

DE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™«í¬ØË. Å®·ûË Åçõ‰ ã°œ-éπûÓ ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷AûÓ N†ôç. give an ear Åçõ‰ ã°œ-éπûÓ

v¨¡ü¿l¥ûÓ N†ôç. a) Don't give ears to rumours =

°æ¤é¬-®Ωx†’ N†-´ü¿’l (†´’t-´ü¿’l)

؈’ îÁ°œpçC ÆæJí¬/ ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷-AûÓ N†-™‰-ü¿-†o´÷ô. Lend an ear äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ã°œ-éπûÓ, ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷-AûÓ N†ôç. spoken English ™ ÉC î√™« common.

(´Ææçû˝, ÅÆæ©’ †’¢Ëyç î˨»¢Ó îÁ°æ¤p. ÅÆæ©’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-õ„-éπ\úø?)

v°æ¨¡o: 1) ''؈’ ÉüË-´÷ô Åûª-EûÓ îÁ§ƒp†’.—— – Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™

ï-¢√-•’: 1. I told him the same thing

É°æp-öÀÍé ¶«í¬ *¢√ô’x AØ√o†’. ´’Sx ØËØ√-°æE îËߪ’†’.

4) The boss gives him his ear.

b) Don't give your ear to all and sundry =

á´-Í®C îÁÊ°h ÅC N†-´ü¿’l. 5) He himself is up to his ears in trouble =

Çߪ’ØË Eçú≈ éπ≥ƒd™x ´·ET ÖØ√oúø’. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç °‘éπ-©-ü∆é¬ Åçö«ç éπü∆? Ç Å®ΩnçûÓ. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉçéÓ expression- upto the neck (°‘éπ-©-ü∆é¬) in trouble = up to the eyes in trouble.

Å®·ûË upto the ears/ up to the eyes ´’ç* °æ†’-©™ èπÿú≈ ´·ET ÖØ√oç ÅE Å®Ωnç ´ÊÆh, upto the neck Ææ´’-Ææu-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æJ-N’ûªç. 6) you know I have an ear for music = Have an ear for music=

ÆæçUûªç, ¶µ«≠æ©’ ™«çöÀN N†-í¬ØË í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-í∫© ¨¡éÀh, ´’ç* ÆæçUûªç-°æôx Çéπ-J{-ûª’-©-´ôç.

a) Dr. Balamuralikrishna had a very good ear for music right from his childhood =

*†o-ûª†ç †’çîË Dr. ¶«©-´·-®Ω-S-éπ%-≠ægèπ◊ ÆæçU-ûª-´’çõ‰ ÇÆæéÀh ÖçúË-C. b) Mimicry artistes must have a good ear for sounds =

üµ¿y†u-†’-éπ-®Ωù îËÊÆ-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ üµ¿y†’-©†’ ņ’-éπ-JçîË v°æA¶µº, ÇÆæéÃh Öçú≈L.

a) Sakuni had Duryodana's ear = - M. SURESAN

¨¡èπ◊E áçûª îÁ°œûË Åçûª ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†’-úÕéÀ. 2. There's no use crying over spilt milk

(äL-éÀ-§Ú-®·† §ƒ©†’ í∫’Jç* *çAçîªôç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’) 3) ÅØÌa / What lesson is being done for you? ÅØÌa. à lesson = What lesson; Which lesson Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊, ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† éÌEo lessons ™ / lessons ™ àC? à lesson = What lesson. Ç lessons ™ àC? = Which of the lessons 4) Nobody can't understand me- Standard English English English Correct Nobody can't understand Not correct.

™ ™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡xççü¿®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰®Ω’ éπü∆. Å™«çöÀ¢√∞¡Ÿx Åçö«®Ω’. 5) He is married / he has been married - ÉC, He is interested ™«çöÀ expressions ™ ™« 'married status' (N¢√-£œ«-ûª’úø’ ÅØË ÆœnAE) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø married †’ Íé´©ç past participle í¬ BÆæ’éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç– Åûª†’ °RxîËÆæ’éÓ-•-ú≈fúø’ ÅE é¬ü¿’. Åûª†’ N¢√-£œ«-ûª’úø’ ÅE. He is married = Åûª†’ N¢√-£œ«-ûª’úø’. He has been married = Åûª†’ éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ N¢√-£œ«-ûª’úø’ – He has been married for the past year =

ÅûªE °∞¡x®· äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Å®·çC.

He got married past participle - He got dressed tense

(Åûª†’ °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) ™ married - past ™ dressed ™«. 6. Incredible = †´’t-¨¡-éπuç-é¬E = That he was able to jump down such a height is incredible = Åçûª áûª’h †’ç* ü¿÷é¬úøçõ‰ †´’t-¨¡éπuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC. (Unbelievable) Incredulous = (äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo) †´’t-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç/ †´’t-éπ-§Ú-´ôç é¬ü¿’,

1) When I told him I had done all the work, he looked incredulous =

Åçûª-°æF ØËØË- îË-¨»-†E îÁGûË ¢√úø’ †´’t-†ô’d ¢Á·£æ«ç-°-ö«dúø’ / ¢√úø’ †´’t-™‰ü¿’. 2) She was incredulous when told about this = ÉC îÁGûË Ç¢Á’ †´’t-™‰ü¿’. (îÁ°œp† N≠æߪ’ç Eï¢Á’iØ√) 7) Imperative - Pronunciation - Éç°-®Ω-öÀ¢˛ – '°— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. a) Open the door, will you? b) Come in please, will you? 8. Nevertheless = Not withstanding = though = although = even though a) He is a genius, nevertheless he is quite modest = (Nevertheless - but)

Åûª†’

¢Ë’üµ∆N. Å®·†°æpöÀéà Åûª†’ Eí∫Jy

b) Not withstanding his greatness, he is modest = notwithstanding inspite of

Åûª-EéÀ

íÌ°æp-ûª†ç Ö†o°æpöÀéà Åûª†’ Eí∫Jy. Ééπ\úø •ü¿’©’ ¢√úÌa.

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 24 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Srikar: What was Jagan saying yesterday?

(E†o ïí∫Ø˛ àN’-ôç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) Sritej: Didn't you hear? You were there as well.

(†’´¤y N†-™‰ü∆? †’´‹y Åéπ\úø ÖØ√o´¤ éπü∆?)

ûª†’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†o N≠æߪ’ç ©ûª N†ôç èπ◊´÷-®˝èπ◊ É≠æd癉ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ©ûª N†-™‰-†ç-ûª-ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞Ïx-´-®Ωèπ◊ Çí¬-úø-ûª†’.

3) For someone's ears only=

Srikar: Yea. That is true. I now repent that I ignored his advice. His words still ring in my ears.

b) Fortunately the teacher was out of earshot when we were talking about her=

(ÅC Eï¢Ë’. ÅûªúÕ Ææ©-£æ…†’ °úø-îÁ-N† °öÀd†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ °æ¨»aû√h°æ°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. ÅûªúÕ ´÷ô©’ Ø√ îÁN™ Éçé¬ ¢Á÷í∫’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®·.) repent =°æ¨»a-û√h°æç îÁçü¿ôç

Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h ¢Ë’´· teacher í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’èπ◊çô’†o°æ¤púø’ Ç¢Á’ N†-™‰-†çûª ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçC. Å™«Íí within earshot Åçõ‰ N†-í∫-L-T-†çûª ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÅE.

Srikar: Perhaps you didn't observe what he did. He made sure I was out of earshot before he began to talk to you. If I had heard him I wouldn't have been asking you of it.

(•£æ›¨» ÅûªúËç î˨»úÓ †’´¤y í∫´’-Eç-‰ü¿’. FûÓ ´÷ö«xúË´·çü¿’, ؈’ N†-í∫-L-T†çûª ü¿÷®Ωç™ ™‰†E îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊E ´÷ö«x-úøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î √úø’. ؈’ N†’çõ‰ E†’o ÅúÕ-Íí¢√úÕE é¬ü¿’.)

a) Kumar didn't want Lata to hear him. So he waited until she was out of earshot before talking=

(†’´¤y ¨¡çéπ®˝ûÓ ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ ¶µ«í∫ç °ô’d-éÓ´-ü¿l†o ÅûªúÕ Ææ©-£æ…†’ ûÓÆœ-°æ¤-î√a-´-ØËC ÅûªúÕ Ç®Ó-°æù. ¨¡çéπ®˝ F úø•’s é¬ñ‰-ߪ÷-©ØË E®Ωg-ߪ’çûÓ Ö†o ¢Á÷Ææí¬úøØËC ÅûªúÕ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç.) out to do something = àüÁjØ√ îËߪ ÷-©ØË E®Ωgߪ’çûÓ Öçúøôç

309

2

a) What I am going to say is for your ears only=

؈’ îÁ°æp-¶-ßË’C Fèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’èπÿ-úøü¿’. b) Kiran: What did he say? (Åûª-ØË-´’-Ø√oúø’?) Krishna: I'm sorry. It is for my ears only.

for your ears only

Sritej: He was talking all the time about you.

a) He stopped talking when I was within earshot of them.=

(Sankar

ûÓ á™« ´u´-£æ«-Jç-î√™ ûª†èπ◊ ûÁ©’ÆæF, †’´¤y ä°æ¤péÌçõ‰ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-†F ÅØ√oúø’.) tackle = ã N≠æ-ߪ’ç™/ ã ´uéÀhûÓ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îªôç

Srikar: I knew as much. That's why I'm all ears for what you have to say.

Sritej: I will tell you what he said. But I want to be sure that it is for your ears only.

(Åûªúø’ îÁ°œpçC Fèπ◊ îÁ•’-û√†’. é¬E ÅC Fèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ÉçÈé-´y-Jéà îÁ°æp-èπÿ-úøü¿’.) Srikar: You have my word. Go on. I'll not breathe a word of it to anyone.

(Fèπ◊ ´÷öÀ-Ææ’hØ√o, îÁ°æ¤p. †’´¤y îÁÊ°p ´÷ô àD èπÿú≈ á´-Jéà îÁ°æp†’.) not breathe a word= ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ Öçîªôç/ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ §Òéπ\-E-´y-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç Sritej: His complaint was that you had paid a deaf ear to his well meaning advice that you shouldn't go shares in business with Sankar. Sankar, according to him is a cheat, out to have your money.

(éπ~N’ç, ؈C îÁ°æp™‰†’. ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûÁL-ߪ÷-LqçC.) (compare- for someone's ears only) 4) Pay a deaf ear/ turn a deaf ear=

Sritej: He says he can tackle Sankar, and he will help you if you agree.

(Åûªúø’ ´÷ö«xúÕç-ü¿çû√ F í∫’JçîË.) (Ç´÷vûªç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’Íé †’¢Ëyç îÁ•’û√¢Ó NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖØ√o.)

äéπ-JéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’

ûÁL-ߪ÷-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç/ ®Ω£æ«Ææuç

¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’-†oC ؈’ N†-í∫-L-T-†çûª ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ Åûªúø’ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ÇÊ°-¨»úø’.

(ÅûªúÕ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E Eïçí¬ Ø√èπ◊ Çvûª’-ûªí¬ ÖçC. É¢√∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÅûªúÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.) ´÷´‚©’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ear ûÓ ´îËa expressions ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç í∫ü∆? ´’J-éÌEoçöÀE îª÷ü∆lç.

b) Never turn a deaf ear to elders' advice=

Ç •%çü¿ç îÁ°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’-†oC N†-í∫-L-T-†çûª ü¿÷®Ωç™éÀ ®√í¬ØË ûª† Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç boss èπ◊ NE°œç-*çC.) 2) All ears for: îÁ•’-ûª’-†oC NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Çvûª’-ûªûÓ Öçúøôç.

5) Ring in ears =

é¬Eß˝’, ÅFo Ø√èπ◊ îÁ°æ¤p. NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« Çvûª’-ûªûÓ ÖØ√o. b) When he knew they were going to talk about the girl after his heart, he was all ears=

1) He made sure that I was out of earshot. 2) That's why I am all ears for what you have to say.

ûª†’ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’†o Å´÷t-®·E í∫’Jç* ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷ö«xúø-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-®ΩE ûÁLÆœ îÁ´¤-©-°æp-Tç-îª-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-ú≈fúø’.

3) But I want to be sure it is for your ears only.

c) He was all ears when they were talking of his greatness=

4) ... you had paid a deaf ear to his advice. 5) His words still ring in my ears.

ûª† íÌ°æp-ûª-Ø√Eo í∫’Jç* ¢√∞¡x-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†o-°æ¤púø’ îÁ´¤©-°æp-Tç* Nçô’-Ø√oúø’.

1) Out of earshot = spoken English

moon day/ New moon day;

´®Ωü¿ ¶«Cµ-ûª’©’– flood victims; é¬ßª’– English ™ é¬ßª’-®·Ø√, °æçúø-®·Ø√, fruit ÅØË Åçö«®Ω’. ¶µ‰-ü¿ç -ûÁ-©-§ƒ-©çõ‰, é¬ßª’– raw fruit; °æçúø’– ripe fruit. Ææ´’-ߪ’-Ææ÷p¥Jh= Resourcefulness/ Ready Wittedness. H®Ω-é¬-ߪ’©’= Bottle gourds ®√≠æ-Z•çü˛– DE-éπçô÷ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Statewide general boycott/ statewide general strike ÅØË ´÷ô-©ûÓ ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ--´ô¢Ë’. éπ™«x°œ, ®Ωçí∫-´-Lx-éπ©’, £æ›çúÕ– OöÀéÀ English ™ ´÷ô-™‰x´¤.

Xéπ%≠æflgúÕ ´÷ô-©†’ ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†’úø’ °úø-îÁ-N† °ö«dúø’.

b) Just when the boss came within earshot of the group, he heard his name mentioned.=

a) Come on: Fill me in. I am all ears=

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

áçTL, éπ-™«x°œ, ߪ·ü¿l¥-v§ƒ-A-°æ-C-éπ†, ®√≠æZ-•çü˛, ®Ωçí∫-´-Lx-éπ©’, £æ›çúÕ, °æçîª-¶µº÷-û√©’, ÅA-¨¡-ßÁ÷éÀh, NÆæh®Ω’x, §˘®ΩgN’, Å´÷-¢√Ææu, ´®Ωü¿ ¶«Cµûª’©’, é¬ßª’, Ææ´’-ߪ’-Ææ÷p¥Jh, H®Ω-é¬-ߪ’©’. – °œ.-vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -¢Á’-ö¸°æ-Lx -ï-¢√-•’: áçTL – spittle/ saliva. Å®·ûË ´’† ûÁ©’-í∫’™-™« äéπ®Ω’ A†ôç´©x °æü∆-®√n©’ áçT-©-´ôç ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Leftovers- äéπ®Ω’ A†í¬ N’T-L†. ߪ·ü¿l¥ v§ƒA-°æ-C-éπ† = On a war footing °æçµº÷û√©’– ¶µº÷û√-©†’ English ™ elements Åçö«®Ω’. ´’†ç °æçîª-¶µº÷-û√©™ Çé¬-¨»Eo (¨¡⁄†uç) èπÿú≈ îË®Ω’≤ƒhç– Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†èπ◊ °æçîª (5) ¶µº÷û√©’. English ™ Elements ™ Ç鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x-èπ◊-†oN four elements - Earth (°æ%-C∑y), Air (¢√ߪ·´¤), Fire (ÅTo), Water (F∞¡Ÿx)– ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Ç鬨¡ç (¨¡⁄†uç) ¢√∞¡x v°æ鬮Ωç element é¬ü¿’. ÅA-¨¡-ßÁ÷éÀh– Exaggeration (áí¬b-ï-Í®-≠æØ˛) §˘®ΩgN’– full moon day; Å´÷-¢√Ææu– No

a) Duryodhana paid a deaf ear/ turned a deaf ear to Krishna's words=

°ü¿l-¢√∞¡x Ææ©£æ… á°æ¤púø÷ °úø-îÁ-N† °ôdèπ◊.

Srikar: Of course I am eager to take his help. We'll see him this evening.

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀçC ûÁ©’-í∫’-°æ-ü∆©èπ◊ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ô©’ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.-

°úø-îÁ-N† °ôdúøç/ NE-°œç--éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´ôç.

N†-™‰-†çûª ü¿÷®Ωç. Ñ ´÷ô ™ î√™« common.

(compare- He was all ears for ...)

îÁ´¤™x ´÷®Ót-í∫ôç/ NE-°œ-Ææ’h-†o-ô’dç-úøôç. a) I am unable to forget my maths teacher's teaching. His voice still rings in my ears=

´÷ ™„éπ\© öÃ˝ teaching ؈’ ´’®Ω-*§Ú™‰†’. Çߪ’† ´÷ô©’ (íÌçûª’) É°æp-öÀéà Ø√ îÁ´¤™x NE-°œÆæ’hç-ö«®·. b) He could never forget the song. It always rang in his ears.

Åûª-Ø√§ƒô á°æp-öÀéà ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. ÅC ÅûªúÕ îÁ´¤™x á°æ¤púø÷ ´÷®Ót-ÍíC. (ÆœE-´÷™x îª÷Ææ’hçö«ç éπü∆. Villain, ÅûªE ´’†’≠æfl© üÁ•s-©ûÓ °æúÕ-§Ú-®·† Hero èπ◊ ÅûªúÕ îÁ™„x©’ îªE-§Ú-¶-ûª’-†o-°æpöÀ Çvéπç-ü¿† NE-°œç-îª-úøçûÓ Åûª-E™ äéπ\-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ¨¡éÀh ´*a Åûªúø’ Villain, ÅûªE ´’†’-≠æfl©†’ *ûª’h-îË-ߪ’ôç. Ç Çvéπç-ü¿† NE-°œç-îª-ô¢Ë’ Ring in the ears.)

- M. SURESAN

-v°æ-¨¡o: To †’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ-©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ' F´¤ í∫ûª-¢√®Ωç ®ÓV-©’í¬ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©èπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’?—— -D-E-E ''Why have you been absent for a week?'' ÅØÌî√a? – -á.-N. ®Ω-´’-ù 2) ' F´¤ Ééπ\úø áçûª-ÊÆ-°æöÀ †’ç* ÖØ√o´¤?— -D-E-E How long -ï-¢√-•’: To ´‚úø-®√n-©ûÓ ¢√-úø-û√ç. 1)

you have been here?

O’®Ω-†oô’x 'èπ◊/éÀ— Å-ØË Å®Ωnç. He went to school (School

3)

èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’).

She has gone to the shop to buy some books

(°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ é̆-ú≈-EéÀ Ç¢Á’

Shop

èπ◊ ¢ÁRxçC). DEo infinitive Åçö«®Ω’– É™« ¢√úÕûË, ¢Á∞¡xôç, ®√´ôç, §ƒúøôç, ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ To + 1st Regular Doing Word •ü¿’©’ ... 'ing' form ¢√-úÌ-a.

2) To + 1st Regular Doing Wordto go, to come, to sing-

a) To go/ going there now is dangerous

Åéπ\-úÕéÀ°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç

(=To go/ going)

v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç

b) To smoke/ smoking is bad for health

§Òí∫ û√í∫ôç Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ îÁúø’ 3) To + 1st Regular Doing word- to go, to come, to eat, etc

èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©E, ®√¢√-©E, AØ√-©E– Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ¢√úø’ ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ b) She likes to sing = Ç¢Á ’ §ƒú≈-©-E/ -§ƒ-úø-ö«-EéÀ É≠æd°æúø’ûÓçC. É™« To + 1st Regular Doing Word †’ infinitive Åçö«ç. v°æ¨¡o: Ring, Phone ņo °æü∆©’ verb í¬ ¢√-úÌî√a? a) He wants to go =

phone - phoned - phoned ring - rang - rung

ÉN éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù É´yçúÕ.

-ï-¢√-•’: ¢√-úÌa.

– °æ´Ø˛, †®Ω-≤ƒ-®√-´¤-Ê°ô

He phoned me/ rang me. He has phoned me/ He has rung me - all correct.

ÅØÌî√a? ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈†’ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ É™« ®√¨»®Ω’.

'In time', 'Just in time' Intermediate English grammar by Raymond Murphy in time = soon enough. just in time= almost too late. e.g. We got to the station just in time to catch the train.

Ñ ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç ´’†ç •Ææ’q áéÀ\-†ö«d? ™‰†ö«d? – -úÕ.->.®√-´’-¨¡®Ωt, éÌ-û√-y-™¸ -ï-¢√-•’: 1), 2) éπÈ®Íéd. 3) Bus áéÀ\-†õ‰d. Almost too late = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ (°æE-é¬-†çûª) late ÅE éπü∆. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Åçõ‰ ü¿í∫_®Ω, ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅF, °æ‹Jhí¬ é¬ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆? ü∆ü∆°æ¤ áéπ\†õ‰d Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç áéÀ\-†õ‰x. He almost missed the bus = bus ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ûª°œp-§Ú-®·çC = Bus Åçü¿’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. He almost died = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’– î√´¤ Åç-™ x-éÀ -´-î √aúø’, é¬E î√´-™‰ü¿’. v°æ¨¡o: 1) God bless you. God singular éπü∆. blesses ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. 2) FO’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ †´’téπç ÖçC ņ-ú≈-EéÀ I have confidence on you ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çü∆. 3) Tooth powder Åçõ‰ °æ†’o-§Ò-úÕ ÅE-éπü∆. Teeth powder ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ®Ω’? 4) Single (') double (") éÌõ‰-≠憒x àC á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. – Èé. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰≠ˇ, °æ¤çúÕ-í∫Lx, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç >™«x -ï-¢√-•’: i) God bless you ÅØËC, May God bless you ÅØË ¢√é¬u-EéÀ short form. ii) I have confidence in you. iii) °æ∞¡}-§Ò-úÕéÀ Tooth power ÅØËC ¢√úø’éπ– Usage É™«çöÀ UsageéÀ grammer rules apply Å´´¤. iv) È®ç-úÕçöÀéà ûËú≈ àO’ ™‰ü¿’.

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 26 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

310

Sangeetha: Let's take some other occasion, not now, Sampanna please. I have to go now to help mom in the kitchen.

(ÉçÈé-°æ¤p-úø-®·Ø√ îª÷ü∆lç É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿’™‰ Ææç°æØ√o. ´÷ Å´’tèπ◊ ´çô™ ≤ƒßª’-°æúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL)

Sampanna: Why are you in a hurry?

(àçôçûª ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Sangeetha: I want to leave before Ravali comes here. I don't like her seeing me here (Ravali

´îËa-´·çüË Øˆ’ ¢Á∞«}-©-†’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o. ûª†’ †Eo-éπ\úø îª÷úøôç Ø√éÀ≠ædç-™‰ü¿’)

Sampanna: Stop trying for excuses to go away. You want to be friends with Ravali again but you feel a bit embarrassed to face her. I can understand your feeling so. Stay on.

Sampanna: Do stay here for some more time. I hate your leaving here so early. It's hardly ten minutes since you came here.

(¢ÁR}-§Ú-ßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒèπ◊©’ ¢Áü¿-éπôç Ç°߽’. ®Ω´-RûÓ ´’Sx ÊÆo£æ«çí¬ Öçú≈©ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o ûª††’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ É•sçC °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. Å™« †’´¤y feel Å´ôç ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. Öçúø’.)

(é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçúø’ please. Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ †’¢Áy-∞¡xôç Ø√éπ-Ææ-L-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. †’¢Ìy*a °æC-E-N’-≥ƒ-©®·Ø√ 鬙‰ü¿’) Sangeetha: I wouldn't mind staying any length of time, if only Ravali weren't coming.

Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. I don't like staying here any more.

Éçé¬ Ééπ\-úø’ç-úøôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’ (Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´Jçî√ç. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ '...ing' form ¢√úË îÓôxçû√ infinitive ¢√úÌ-îªaE.)

From the dialogue in the lesson.

Walking in this hot sun is not fun =

Ñ ¢ËúÕ áçúø™ †úø-´ôç ûª´÷≥ƒ é¬ü¿’ =

To walk

5) I enjoy our being together

(´’†´’çü¿®Ωç éπLÆœ Öçúøôç (being) †ç-C-≤ƒh†’)

(infinitive) in this hot sun is not fun

Å®·ûË Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’éÓ¶-ûª’-†oC– Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ '...ing' form †’ î√™« verbs ûÓ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’. For example: Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) I don't like her seeing me here

excuse =

≤ƒèπ◊

(ÉüË N≠æߪ’ç 7)

(Ç ®Ω´R ®√èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ áçûª-ÊÆ-°jØ√ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.) Sampanna: It's unfortunate that you don't like each other. I strongly suggest your making it up with each other so (that) we can all be happy.

(O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ äéπ-®Ìo-éπ®Ω’ É≠æd-°æ-úøéπ§Ú´ôç ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠æd-éπ®Ωç. O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ ´’S} Ææêuûªí¬ Öçú≈-©E ؈’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hØ√o. ´’†ç-ü¿®Ωç ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçúÌa) Sangeetha: I enjoy our being together, but Ravali gives me the impression she is not for it.

(´’†çü¿®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’ç-úø-ö«Eo ØËØ√-†ç-C≤ƒh†’, é¬E ûª†’ ü∆Eéπçûª ņ’-èπÿ©ç é¬ü¿ØË ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC ®Ω´R) Sampanna: You are wrong there. I remember Ravali saying the same thing about you. So it is now clear that you both like to become friends again. So I insist on your being here till she comes.

(Åéπ\úË †’´¤y §Ò®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. ®Ω´R èπÿú≈ ÉüË ´÷ô-†ôç Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh≤ÚhçC. Åçõ‰ ´’Sx ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©¢√©E O’ Éü¿l-Jéà Öçü¿E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC. 鬕öÀd ûªØÌ-îËa-ü∆é¬ †’Ny-éπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-©E ؈’ °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’Ø√o) 1. 'The'

á°æ¤púø’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? The Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-îË -îÓô a, an Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-èπÿúøü∆? 2. May be, likely to be Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√, Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 3. ؈’ É∞¡Ÿx éπôd-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« ê®Ω’a-°ö«d†’. É∞¡Ÿx °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ê®Ω’a Å®·uçC. (ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ) 4. I went to my uncle's. But he had gone out. he had gone out he was out he had been out simple past, past perfect combination simple present, present perfect combination

ÅØ√™«, ÅØ√™«? (DE™

(†’´yçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Ééπ\-úÕoç* ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´ôç Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’) (í∫´’-Eéπ: É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ÅEo-¢Ë-∞¡™« 'ing' form •ü¿’©’ infinitive ¢√úøôç O©’-é¬ü¿’. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ O©®·Ø√, '...ing' form ØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.)

Sangeetha: Won't you please let me go?

(††’o ¢Á∞¡}-F-ߪ’¢√?) Sampanna: Excuse my asking you to stay on, but you must.

(E†’o Öçú≈-Lqç-Cí¬ Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-†oçü¿’èπ◊ éπ~N’ç, é¬F †’´¤yç-ú≈-LqçüË) Sangeetha: OK, because you insist so much.

I like you to come = I like your coming. I like you to come

◆

◆

◆

◆

◆

English conversation coming, singing etc)

™ '...ing' form (going, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç î√™« áèπ◊\¢√, Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-´‚†’. (ûÁ©’Ææ’ í∫ü∆: 'ing' form ´·çü¿’ 'be' form (am, is, was, shall be, have been etc) ´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ be form + ing form éπL°œ verb Å´¤-ûª’çC. '...ing' form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ verb é¬ü¿’) '-ing' form †’ conversation ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úËC– ®√´ôç, ¢Á∞¡xôç, A†ôç ™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ. a) Coming here is some thing I always like.

Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´ôç ÅØËC Ø√Èé-°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd¢Ë’. b) Going there now is not a good idea =

É°æ¤úø’ Åéπ\úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç Åçûª ÆæÈ®j† Ç™- é¬ü¿’. c) Eating too much always causes health problems =

ÅAí¬ A†ôç Ææ´’-Ææu-©†’

Ææ%≠œd-Ææ’hçC.

3. ؈’ ßÁ÷í¬ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ®ÓW îËÆæ÷h ÖØ√o†’. 4. á´-È®-´®Ω’ à-ßË’ °æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿-¢√™ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îªü¿-´çúÕ. 5. ´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ î√™« N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ O’Íé ûÁ©’-≤ƒh®·. 6. éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i-Ø√, †≠æd-¢Á’i-Ø√ ´’†¢Ë’ ¶µºJç-î√L. 7. Get, Take ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈, ¢√öÀE à-ßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – °œ.-´·®Ω-Séπ%-≠æg, -à-©÷®Ω’ -ï-¢√-•’: 1. A/ an and the - OöÀ í∫’Jç* §ƒûª lesson ™ î√™« N´-Jçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. 2. äéπõ‰. He may come here- Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´îª’a/ ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC= He is likely to come here.

May be he is there - (It's) quite likely he is there.

DE í∫’Jç* ûªy®Ω™ N´-J≤ƒhç.

3. I spent a lot to build the house I spent a lot to complete the building/ It took me a lot of money to complete the building. 4.

àC ÅØ√L ÅØËC ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊-†oü∆Eo•öÀd

ÅØË

form

éπØ√o, ÉüË áèπ◊\´ N-

E°œÆæ’hç-ô’çC.

Look at a few more sentences from the conversation above.

(†’´yçûª °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’†oçü¿’´©x ÆæÍ®)

ÖçC.

¢√úÌî√a?) éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 1. ؈’ Ç °æE îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’ ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. é¬F îËߪ÷Lq ´*açC. 2. ؈’ Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢ÁRx Åéπ\úË ÖçúÕ-§Ú-¢√Lq ´*açC.

2) I hate your leaving here so early

3) I wouldn't mind staying here. 4) I strongly suggest your making it up with each other. 3)

staying ing it up

´·çü¿’ àO’-™‰ü¿’. ÅüË (4) ™ mak´·çü¿’ your Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. äéπ®Ω’-îËÊÆ °æ†’-©-°æôx Éûª-®Ω’©’ ûª´’ ¢ÁjêJ ûÁ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ '...ing' form ´·çü¿’, my, your, our, his, her, their ÅØË possessive forms í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. ™

a) He likes going out for a walk in the morning

(§Òü¿’l† †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ ) b) The doctor appreciates his going out for a walk in the morning (Åûª†’ §Òü¿’l† †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-Eo -ú≈éπd®˝ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’) Sentence (b) ™ ÅûªE °æE°æôx doctor ¢ÁjêJ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC.

Öçô’çC. a) I went to my uncle's but he had gone out = uncle

؈’ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«}†’. é¬E Çߪ’† Å°æp-öÀÍé •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«}úø’. b) I went to my uncle's but he was out = ؈’ ´÷ uncle ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«}†’. é¬F Çߪ’-ØÁ-éπ\úÓ •ßª’ô ÖØ√oúø’/ Éçöx ™‰úø’. Ñ Å®√n©ûÓ (a), (b) È®çúø÷ correct.

Ravali

îÁ°æpôç Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçC)

I can understand your feeling so =

Å™« †’´¤y

feel

Å´ôç ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’.

8) Excuse my asking you to stay on =

Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ-§Ò-´’tE ؈-úø-í∫-ö«Eo éπ~N’ç 9) Stop trying searching for excuses =

(Ç¢Á’ -†-Eoéπ\úø îª÷úøôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’)

èπ◊çöÀ-≤ƒèπ◊ embarrassing = É•sç-Cí¬ ÅE-°œç-îªôç

ØËØ√-

6) I remember Ravali telling me the same thing

I don't like her seeing me here lame excuse =

Ééπ\úø ÅØ√™« ™‰ü∆

2

≤ƒèπ◊©’ ¢Áü¿-éπ-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’ûªoç îÁߪ’uôç ´÷†’éÓ. Ñ éÀçC sentences O’®Ω’ English ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. underline îËÆœ† ´÷ô©’ 'ing' form ™

îÁ°æpçúÕ. ¢√úø™« ´÷ö«x-úøôç á´®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’ b) †’´yçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ îª®Ωu BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ c) Doctor ®ÓT-°æôx Åçûª v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°æôç î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. d) ؈’ §Òí∫-°‘-©aúøç O’Íé-´’Ø√o Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ω´÷? (mind ¢√úøçúÕ) e) Åûª-úøçûª Ææ’D-®Ó`-°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒ©’ îËߪ ’ôç á´-Jéà †îªa-™‰ü¿’. a)

Answers: a) No one liked his speaking so b) All appreciated your taking such a quick action c) A doctor taking so much care of a patient is rare (It is rare for a doctor to take so much care of a patient

ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç.)

d) Do you mind my smoking? e) No one liked his making such a lengthy speech

Ææ´-®Ωù: Spoken English lesson no 309 ™ §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊úÕéÀ-*a-† Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†ç™– H®Ω-é¬-ߪ’†’ Bottle gourd -Åç-ö«®Ω-E -´-*aç-C. Ridge gourd Åçö«®Ω’. Bottle gourd Åçõ‰ ≤Ò®Ω-é¬ßª’. - M. SURESAN

°æ‹Jh îËÆæ’ç-ö«†’. (will start- future simple, will have completedfuture perfect). tenses combination

O’®Ω’ à ¢√ú≈-©-ØËC O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oü∆Eo•öÀd Öçô’çC. -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -É-™«.. 1) I thought of not doing it/ I thought I wouldn't do it but I had to do it

Simple present, Present perfect combination

2) I went to Vijayawada and had to be there.

¢√úÌa. Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC éπü∆– Simple past, Past perfect combination ûÓ ´îËa Å®Ωnç †’ç*. I want to see him, but he has gone out= ؈-ûªEo îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. é¬F Åûª†’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«xúø’. (want- pr. simple, has gone- pr. perfect) - É™« ´’†ç ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-î√-©-†’-èπ◊†o idea †’ •öÀd à combination Å®·Ø√ ®√´îª’a.

3) I have learnt yoga and practise it daily.

I will start it this month end and I will have completed it by the end of next month =

Ñ ØÁ™«-ê®Ω’™ -ü∆Eo v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒh†’. ´îËa ØÁ™«ê®Ω’èπ◊ -ü∆Eo

4) Every one reads the book they (he or she) should read 5) You will come to know a lot more/ more and more/ a lot as the days go by. 6) We have to bear the losses and the difficulties 7)

DE í∫’Jç* î√™« N°æ¤©çí¬ §ƒûª N´-Jçî√ç.

lessons

™

URL:http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

™ îª÷-úÌ-a.

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 28 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ wards to help him. Why should you do that?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(¢√úÕéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷-©E †’´¤y ûª£æ«-ûª£æ«-™«--úÕ§Ú-´ôç ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’ †’´yC áçü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ÷L?)

311

Srimanth: Sumanth, What do you think of the guy refusing his bike to me? bike

(¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ É´y-éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫’Jç* à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?/ (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’) ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ bike É´y-™‰ü¿’ îª÷úø’, à´’ç-ö«´¤?) = A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç-îªôç/ É´y-éπ-§Ú-´ôç

refuse Sumanth: Who are you talking of?

(á´JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«-xúø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)

Srimanth: A bout Vasanth of Course. Do you remember him ever helping others at any time. ( of course)

-vQé¬ç-û˝ í∫’Jç*, – ÉçÈé-´Jo? ( ¢√úÁ-´-J-ÈéjØ√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’ôç Fèπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçü∆?)

Sumanth: But What's the cause of your complaint now?

Srimanth: Well, who ever knew he was this sort?

(á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’, ¢√úÕ-™«ç-öÀE ¢√úøE?) Sort = ®Ωéπç

Sumanth: You must have disliked me keeping him at arm's length. But I have Known him for what he is - a very very selfish fellow.

(¢√úÕE ؈’ Öçî√-Lq† ü¿÷®Ωç-™ØË Öçîªôç †’-´¤y -É-≠dæ °æúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ö«´¤. ¢√-úø’ ᙫçöÀ¢√úÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. î√™« ≤ƒy®Ωn-°æ-®Ω’úø’) keep at arm's length = (á´-J-ÈéjØ√)- ’N-´y-èπ◊çú≈ Öçî√-Lq† ü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçîªôç

Srimanth: I now realise our discussing him so long is just a waste of time. I now know how I should be with him.

(ÉçûË-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢√-úÕ-E í∫’Jç* îªJaç-îªôç/ ´÷ö«xúø-ôç Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%ü∑∆ ÅE ví∫£œ«çî√†’. -¢√-úÕ-ûÓ á™«Öçú≈™ É°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûÓçC Ø√èπ◊)

(Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y éπç°kxçö¸îËߪ’-ö«EéÀ 鬮Ωùç?)

Srimanth: Yesterday he saw me rushing to college for my certificates urgently. Time was running out. The college office would close in about half an hour.

1

Åçö«ç (-õ‰-•’-™¸ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)

Compare A and B below: A) Do you like me acting that role? B) Do you like my acting that role?

È®çúÕç-öÀéà ŮΩnç, ØËØ√ §ƒvûª †öÀçîªôç FéÀ-≠d-¢æ Ë’Ø√? ÅE. B

A me

(Ø√èπ◊, ††’o) our (´÷èπ◊, ´’†èπ◊, ´’´’tLo) You (E†’o, Fèπ◊) N’´’tLo, O’èπ◊ him (Åûª-úÕE, Åûª-úÕéÀ) her (Ç¢Á’†’, Ç¢Á’èπ◊) Them (¢√∞¡x†’, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊) ¢√öÀE, ¢√öÀéÀ) Any name (àüÁjØ√ Ê°®Ω’)– Gopal, Krishna, Sri Ram, etc =

Ééπ\úø him (objective form) ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. DE •ü¿’©’ his (possessive form) helping others ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. ÅC standard/ written

my

(Ø√) our (´÷, ´’†) Your his

(F/O’)

(ÅûªúÕ)

her

(Ç¢Á’ ßÁ·éπ\) their (¢√∞¡x, ¢√öÀ) Gopal's Krishna's, Ram's- 's =

O∞¡Ÿx/-O-∞¡x-èπ◊/-O-∞¡x†’

Sri

O∞¡x)

form. Sentence No: 5 I have hated you bending over backwards to help him you bending you objecyour bending (possessive tive formform) standard/ written form. Sentence No: 6 You must have disliked me keeping him at

(Åûª-úÕéÀ †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ú≈-Eo -ØË-†’ ™ É≠æd°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’). Ééπ\úø DE •ü¿’©’ ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. ÉC

arm's length (ÅûªúÕE ؈’ Öçî√-Lq† ü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçîªôç -†’-´¤y- É≠æd°æúø-™‰ü¿’). Ééπ\úø me keeping me objective form - Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ me éÀ my (possessive form) Keeping ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a, standard/ written form- ™«

KEEP AT ARM'S LENGTH...

(E†o Ø√ ÆæJd-°∂œ-Èéö¸q éÓÆæç Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´-Ææ®Ωçí¬ é¬™‰ñ ¸Èé∞¡xôç îª÷¨»úø’. Ø√Íé¢Á÷ time Å®·-§Ú-ûÓçC. Å®Ω-í∫ç-ô™ college Office ´‚ÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’?) Sumanth: So? (Å®·ûË) Srimanth: I saw him chatting with some one on the street and asked for his bike. He just said no. He wouldn't even take me to college. road Bike

(-¢√-úø’ ™ á´-J-ûÓØÓ ´÷ö«xúø’-ûª’çúø-ôç îª÷¨». ÅúÕí¬. É´y-†-ØË-¨»úø’. §ÚF ¢√úøØ√o BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√-ú≈ Åçõ‰ ÅD ™‰ü¿’)

Sumanth: Srinkanth's doing so is no surprise to me. But I feel you were at fault. (Srikanth

Å™« îËߪ’ôç Ø√Íéç Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. é¬E †’´¤y ûª°æ¤p î˨»-´†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

Srimanth: Me? why do you say so?

(ØËØ√?áçü¿’-éπ™« Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?)

Sumanth: I have hated you bending over back

v°æ-¨¡o1: -O’ £æ…HÆˇ -àç-öÀ -Å-E -á-´È®j-Ø√ Å-úÕ-T-ûË -î√-™«´’ç-C playing cricket, watching TV -Åçö«®Ω’. -É-N present continuous tense™ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Watch TV, Play Cricket É-™« èπÿ-ú≈ -Å-ØÌ--î√a? 2. i-) -¢ÁéÀ\-Jç-îª-ú≈-Eo -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’çö«®Ω’? i-i) Where did you go?, Where would you go? -Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ -´’-üµ¿u -ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? i-ii) When should you come? -Å-ØË ¢√éπuç éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√? i-v) spoken English -´÷-ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤p-úø’ -ví¬-´’®˝®Ω÷™¸q - §ƒ-öÀç-î √-™«? Today's completed actions we have to use have+V3. Å-®·-ûË éÌ-Eo-îÓ-ôx V2 -¢√--úø’ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. -G.éπ-∞«éπ%-≠æg, Èéjéπ-©÷®Ω’. -ï-¢√--•’: Expressions like playing, watching are just present participle. They are not verbs in the present continuous. Please understand that am/ is/ are watching, am/ is/ are playing are present continuous forms.

Sumanth: Your realising it makes me happy.

atleast now

(É°æp-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ †’´yC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC) ✦

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Look at the following expressions from the conversation above 1) What do you think of the guy refusing the bike to me? 2) Do you ever remember him helping others? 3) Yesterday he saw me rushing to College 4) Srikanth's doing so is no surprise to me 5) I have hated you bending over backwards to help him 6) You must have disliked me keeping him at arm's length 7) I realise our discussing him so long a waste of time

¢Á·ü¿ô éÀçC-¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eü∆lç: éÀçü¿ Ö†o¢√öÀE objective form Åçö«ç; éÀçü¿ Ö†o-¢√-öÀE possessive form

Column A Column B

A me (objective form), B my (possessive form) discussion, objective form column - A) possessive form column - B)

Å®·ûË ™

™ ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? É°æ¤úø’ ´’† É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x (°æöÀd-éπ™ ¢√ú≈™«, ™‰ü∆ (°æöÀd-éπ™ ¢√ú≈™« ÅE. îªéπ\öÀ Ø√W-Èéj† English ®√ÊÆ-¢√∞¡⁄x, ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√∞¡⁄x, Possessive form (Column-B) ØË áèπ◊\´ É≠æd°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. ÅC Correct èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ daily conversation ™ objective form (columnA), Possessive form (column - B), È®çúø÷ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ N†-°æ-úø-û√®·. Åçü¿’-éπE objective form, ´·êuçí¬ Spoken English ™, ûª°æp-†™‰ç. -É-C Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. É°æ¤púø’ ´’† conversation™E sentences N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç: ¢Á·ü¿ô Sentence No: 2 Do you ever remember him helping others?

Where would you go? = Where do you want/

playing/ watching etc- It is correct to say so.

like to go now?

means, the act of smoking, and smoking is

may go against grammar.

You can, of course, say that your hobbies are,

against grammar rules to use the present per-

to watch TV, to play cricket, to listen to music,

fect tense. You have to use the past simple

etc.

(V2) form, even if it is today's completed

a) When he was teaching, she was making faces/ pulling faces/ grimacing.

Å®·ûË grimace Åçõ‰ ¶«üµ¿ ´©x èπÿú≈ ´·êç/ ØÓ®Ω÷ ´çéπ®Ω A°æpôç ÅØË Å®Ωn´‚ ÖçC. ii)- Where did you go? = You went somewhere and where was it (Past)

ûÓ ´îËa-N– éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ™‰E ¢√úø-éπ¢Ë’ áèπ◊\´. ™ èπÿú≈) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

¢√úø-éπ¢Ë’ áèπ◊\´. ™ èπÿú≈) í¬ ÉN î√™« 鬕öÀd ¶«í¬ îËü∆lç.

™- ´-îËa

M.SURESAN

v°æ-¨¡o: 2.

a matter of usage, there is no explanation why

(á°æ¤púø’ ®√¢√L †’´¤y?) It's correct

He likes reading books (°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îªü¿-´úøç Åûª-EéÀ≠dçæ ) So here, playing, watching Åçõ‰, Çúøôç, îª÷úøôç ÅØË Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·. ÅçûË-é¬F Çúø’ûª’Ø√o†’/ ´·/ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’/ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅEí¬F, îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’/ ´·/ úø’/ ®Ω’ ÅEí¬F ®√´¤.

(wÈí¢-j Á’ß - ˝’Æˇ/ wÈí´j ’Æˇ)

É™«çöÀ

îÓôx Åçõ‰.. N≠æ-ߪ’ç™,

gone, have seen, etc) is the present perfect

to come?

)

pull a face/ faces, grimace

(´’†ç ÅûªúÕ N≠æߪ’ç Éçûª îªJaç-îªôç, ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o). Ééπ\úø È®çúø÷ 鬕öÀd Ææ´’Ææu ™‰ü¿’. Å™«Íí N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈.

What you mean by have + V3 form (have

- )-

iv We have to. However, some times usage

Make a face/ make faces,

™‰ü¿’.

-Å-ØË -áç-ü¿’éπ-Ø√-L?on ≤ƒn-†ç-¢√-úøèπÿ-úø-ü∆? I am at the institute, I am in the institute°j-¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ -ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? áÆˇ.®√-ñ¸, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü¿’. -ï-¢√--•’: I met him on train is correct. As this is

iii When should you come? = When have you

used as a noun.

2. i)- ¢Áé\À J- ç-îôª ç =

Problem I realise our discussing him a waste of time time waste objective form, possessive form, our her Sentence No:1 What do you think of the guy refusing guy, boy, girl, man, officer etc (nouns) possessive form (Apostrophe and 's'guy's, boy's, girl's, man's, officer's) objective form (Apostrophe and 's' form) (standard/ written form Sentence No : 4 Srikanth's doing so is no surprise Srikanth doing so (standard/ written form Common spoken English forms Practice

-Éç-ü¿’-™ 

(Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’ôç FÈé-°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ í∫’®Ω’hçü∆?)

Playing cricket, watching TV mean the act of Smoking is bad for health- here, smoking

Sentence No:7

I met him on train

™

in, at

form. Once you mention the time of action (eg:

in, at, etc shouldn't be used.

at 8 this morning, half an hour ago, etc) it is

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ áEo F∞¡Ÿx Åçö«ç. F∞¡Ÿx ™„éπ\-¶„õ‰d ´Ææ’h´¤ (countable) é¬ü¿’-í∫ü∆ 'áEo— ņ-ö«-EéÀ. áçûª F∞¡Ÿx? ÅØ√L. F∞¡Ÿx quantity 鬕öÀd. é¬F ûÁ©’í∫’ ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡Ÿx áEo F∞¡Ÿx ņôç ¢√úø’éπ (usage). Å™«Íí English ™ èπÿú≈. usage (¢√úø’éπ)èπ◊ rule Åçô÷ Öçúøü¿’.

action. They have gone out (no time is mentioned) They went out at 10 this morning/ half an hour ago/ at 8 in the morning. (You see- this refers to today's action, but because the time is stated, we use the past simple form). It is grammatically wrong to say- "They have gone out at 10 this morning." etc.

ii) I am at the institute - correct I am in the institute - wrong

ã v°æüË-¨¡ç™, ã îÓô ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, at áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. In ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√úøç. He was at (the) college till 8 last evening =

E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 8 ´®Ωèπ◊

college

™ ÖØ√oúø’.

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 30 -¢Ë’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Dheeraj: I don't know, but I hope to.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Vinai: May I come in?

(àç îÁ°æp-™‰-E-°æ¤púø’. é¬F Öçú≈-©ØË ÇPÆæ’hØ√o.) 312

Neeraj: Do you know that our team hasn't had the best of practice for this match?

Dheeraj: Isn't Manoj coming with us for the match. I thought he would.

(Ñ match éÀ Åçûª ´’ç* practice ´’† team èπ◊ ™‰ü¿E Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

(´’†ûÓ match éÀ Manoj ®√´ôç ™‰ü∆. ´≤ƒh-úøE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o.)

Dheeraj: It appears so. Two or three of our players had injuries and didn't attend practice.

Neeraj: No.He isn't. How I wish he were!

(Å™«Íí ÅE°œ-≤ÚhçC. Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ í¬ßª÷-©-´©x Practice èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω’-é¬-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷®Ω’)

(™‰ü¿’. ®√´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Åûª-ØÌÊÆh áçûª ¶«´¤ç-úËüÓ!) Dheeraj: Didn't you advise him not to miss such an exciting match.

(Åçûª Öûª’q-éπûª ͮʰ match †’ éÓ™p´-ü¿lE †’´¤y Ææ©£æ… É´y™‰ü∆?)

Neeraj: Well, has Sumanth called you? (Sumanth

(™‰ü¿’. é¬F ô’Ø√o)

break fast

(ÉCíÓ ´’ç* Açü∆´÷?)

(éÀçü¿öÀ match èπ◊ †’´¤y áéπ\úø ™‰´¤. ؈’ ´÷ cousin ûÓ îª÷¨».) Dheeraj: Do I know him?

(Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Neeraj: No. You don't. The last time he came here, you were out of town.

(Fèπ◊ ûÁLߪ’ü¿’. ÅûªEéπ\úÕéÀ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y Ü®Óx ™‰´¤.) Dheeraj: Can he play too?

(Åûª†÷ ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-©ú≈?) Neeraj: Yes. He can. But do you want to stay on till the end of the match?

(Çúø-í∫-©úø’. ÅC-ÆæÍ® †’´¤y match *´J ´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?) v°æ¨¡o: 1) Verb

©™ ing form ™‰EN ûÁL°œ NNüµ¿ Tense ©™ ¢√öÀ-®Ω÷-§ƒ©’ ᙫ ´÷®Ω-û√ßÁ÷ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Öü∆: Love 2) Did I ever used ÅØË ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√? –àÆæ’-ü∆Ææ’, -Ç®˝.îªçvü¿ç§ƒ™„ç -ï-¢√-•’: '...ing' form ÅEo verbs èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. ¢√úø-EC: am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms.

Ñ form ™ ¢√úøE verbs í∫’-Jç-* -î√-™« lessons -™ -N-´-Jç-î√ç. Love èπ◊ am loving/ is loving/ are loving ™‰ü¿’. É™«çöÀ verbs †’ É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’©†’ ûÁ©°æö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ -¢√-úø-û√ç. love/ loves Åçö«ç. Did I ever used to - ûª°æ¤p. Did I ever use to, correct.

v°æ¨¡o:

I) I'd, You'd, Let's, It'll, We'll, They'll pronounce

ᙫ

-ï-¢√-•’: I'd = I would you'd = you would

†’ îËߪ÷L? –--îË°æ‹-J -vQ£æ«-J, Ææ÷®√uÊ°-ô

}

ûªy®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤úø’ – â Öú˛, ߪ‚ Öú˛ ÅØË •ü¿’©’ âú˛, ߪ‚ú˛ ÅE pronounce îË≤ƒhç. Å™«Íí 3) Let's (Let us) pronunciation: Let's

restaurant.

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. Response, Please come in, ÅE í¬F, come in ÅEí¬F ņ-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Please do/ do Åçô’Ø√oç éπü∆? É™« î√™«Ææçü¿®√s¥™x ÅØ√Lq ´Ææ’hçC, question ™ Ö†o verb †’ Answer ™ omit îËÆœ.ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.

8) It appears so.

A: I can't speak Hindi. Can You?

(؈’ £œ«çD ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰†’. ´’J †’´¤y?) B: I can, very well

Now, look at the following sentence from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. Omit

îËÆœ†

(Å™«ØË ÅE°œ-≤ÚhçC – Åçõ‰ Åçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿’ îÁ°œp† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç*) 9) No, but I expect him to. (to call me) 10) Of course, we will.

(î√™« ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøí∫©†’) É™«ç-öÀN ´’†ç practice îËߪ’ôç éπ≠dçæ é¬ØË-é¬ü¿’. ¢Á·ü¿ô ã 10 ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´’†ç Å™«çöÀ responses ¢√úÕûË, ûª®√yûª ´’†èπ◊ ûÁM-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ¢√öÀE ¢√úøû√ç. verbs brackets

™ îª÷úøçúÕ.

1) No, he isn't (coming)

à-¢Á’i-Ø√

Dheeraj: Of course, we will. Let's get in.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç °æü¿)

(™‰ü¿’, ؈÷ BÆæ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’) Neeraj: You weren't here for the last match. I watched it with my cousin.

îË≤ƒh-úøØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-

we have some thing to eat?

(Éçé¬ ™‰ü¿’. ü∆®Óx àüÁjØ√o restaurant ™ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Dheeraj: No, I haven't either.

Phone

Vijay: Please do/ do.

†’, conversation™ É*a† ûÓ îªü¿-´çúÕ. È®çúø’-´‚úø’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x îªC-NûË O’éπüË ´îËa-Ææ’hçC. Ñ short responses (without repeating the verb) ¢√úøôç î√™« Ææ’©¶µºç. Question™ í¬F, ´’†ç response É¢√y-Lq† verb™ í¬F Ö†o Helping °j† É*a†

responses

questions

Does she like the game?

î˨»¢√?)

Neeraj: No. Not yet. I want to, in some restaurant on the way. Have you?

î˨»ú≈?)

Neeraj: OK. Here's a good restaurant. Shall

Dheeraj: (Have you) had your breakfast?

(†’´¤y

Phone

Dheeraj: No, but I expect him to.

Neeraj: I did, but something came up in the last minute. And he decided not to.

(؈’ îÁ°œp îª÷¨»†’. é¬F *´J EN’≠æç™ àüÓ ïJ-TçC. Åûª†’ ´ü¿l-†’-èπ◊Ø√oúø’)

à-¢Á’i-Ø√,

2

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°j conversation †’ áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x O©’çõ‰ ÅEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x îªü¿-´çúÕ. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Éçü¿’™ O’èπ◊ spoken English èπ◊ v§ƒù-¢Á’i† short responses to questions î√™« ÖØ√o®·. English conversation î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ N†-°æ-ú≈-©çõ‰ Ñ short responses (èπ◊x°æh-¢Á’i† ï¢√Å©•’©’/´·éπhÆæJ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’) ´’†ç ¢√ô’ îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Ñ ´·éπh-ÆæJ Ææ´÷üµ∆-Ø√©’, î√-™« v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ @´ç. Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç. î√™« short responses ™ question ™E verb, answer ™ omit îË≤ƒhç. ü∆EéÀ •ü¿’©’ do, don't, does, doesn't, did, didn't, can, can't, could, couldn't, needforms n't practice conversation natural

™«çöÀ

†’ ¢√úøû√ç. ÉN ´’†ç ¶«í¬ îËÊÆhØË ´’† í¬ Öçô’çC. äéπ\ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ.

Verb

2) I did (I advised him) 3) He decided not to (not to come) 4) I want to (I want to have my breakfast) 5) No, you don't (you don't know him) 6) Yes, he can (he can play well) 7) I don't know, but I hope to (stay on till the end of the match) Questions

†’ í∫´’-EÊÆh î√©’.response ™ èπÿú≈ ü∆ØËo ¢√úøû√ç. Positive response (Å´¤†’) ņo-°æ¤púø’, Yes, Subject + Helping Verb ´Ææ’hçC. Negative response (é¬ü¿’) ņo-°æ¤púø’, No, subject + Helping verb + n't (= not) ´Ææ’hçC. éÀçü¿ îª÷úøçúÕ. Q1: Do you know this place about?

Ééπ\úø Verb: Do know; Helping DØËo ¢√úøû√ç response ™.

Responses

Response: Yes; I do/ No. I don't

Do +1st Regular

Yes + subject + do/

Doing Word (RDW)

No + subject + don't Yes + subject + does/

Does + 1st RDW

(Yes, I like it/ No. I don't like it

Yes + subject + did/

ņç)

Q2: Does she like the game? (Helping verb - does)

No + subject + does'nt Did = 1st RDW

verb: Do

A: Yes. She does/ No. She doesn't

No + subject + didn't

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °æ‹Jh

verb

ûÓ, Yes, she likes it/ Å-E Å-†ç.

Shall

Yes, shall / No, shan't

Will

Yes, will / No, won't

Q3: Did you go to the movie yesterday?

Can

Yes, can / No, can't

R:

Could

Yes could/ No couldn't

No, she doesn't like it.

Yes, I did/ No. I didn't

- M. SURESAN

(™„ö¸q) 4) It'll (It will) - pronunciation It'll - Éõ‰™ ¸ 5) We'll (Wewill) - PronunciationWe'll - Öß˝’-™ ¸ 6) They'll (They will) '' -They'll - üË™¸ v°æ¨¡o: 1) be form 2) be form + ing form 3) be form + past participle 4) Action (doing) verbs 5) shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, need, ought, dare + 1st RDW 6) has, have, had, shall have, should have, will have, would have, can have, could have, may have, might have, must have, ought have, need have, dare have + past participle.

ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à ¢√éπu-¢Á’iØ√ °j ®Ω÷§ƒ™x Öçú≈-©E O’®Ω’ ®√¨»®Ω’. 1) They have a nice building, 2) he has a car six forms

-Ñ È®ç-úø’-¢√é¬u-™x °j† N´-Jç-*† ™‰´¤. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – úÕ.N. Ø√®√-ߪ’-ù-®√´¤, íÌ©x-°æ‹úÕ -ï-¢√-•’: A. Have, has ... Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ Past participle ûÓ éπLÆœ verbs †’ form îË≤ƒh®·. eg: They have gone (Verb - have + pp ) She has seen him (Verb - has + pp)

Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈, éπLT Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ have, has ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤úø’, have, 1st Regular Doing Word, Doing Word

v°æ¨¡o:

has- Second Regular

Å´¤-û√®· éπü∆?

1)

¢√®Ωh (singular), ¢√®Ωh©’ (plural) éπü∆. News/ tidings †’ singular ™‰ü∆ plural -á-™« îªü¿-¢√-L? 2) éÀçC °æü∆© Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

hast, hath, Goperwood, green poplar, clave, whoredom, spies, besought, bade

-ï-¢√-•’:

i) English uncountable.

™ ¢√®Ωh ÅØ√o, ¢√®Ωh©’ Å-Ø√o news. ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ Singular ™ØË ¢√-úø-û√ç. DE-´·çü¿’ a/ an ®√ü¿’. Tidings èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, news. é¬F Tidings ÅØËC plural. Å®·ûË ÉC Old fashioned- É°æpöÀ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. ii) hast, hasth- Old forms of have and hasnot in use now. Gopher

ÅØËC North America Åúø-´¤™x E´-ÆœçîË Â°ü¿l á©’éπ ™«çöÀ ïçûª’´¤. Gopherwood- äéπ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† -îÁéπ\– DØËo yellow wood ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’. Bible ™ ØÓ¢√ EJtç-èπ◊†o °ü¿l Ø√´ (Noah's Ark) èπ◊ ¢√úÕ† îÁéπ\ èπÿú≈ Gopher wood.

Green Poplar = äéπ ®Ωéπç îÁô’d. Ææ´’-Q-ûÓ≠æg Qûª-©üË-¨»-™xØË Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

Clave =

éÓ™«ôç éπv®Ω Whoredom = ´uGµî √®Ω ´%Ah/ °æúø’-°æ¤-´%Ah Spies = Plural of Spy - í∫÷úµø-î √-®Ω’©’ besought - (past tense of beseech) = Request bade - (Past tense of bid) - farewell, good bye He bade farewell to her =

™«çöÀN îÁ°æpôç. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ OúÓ\©’ îÁ§ƒpúø’. v°æ¨¡o:

A lot of words, A few of the things 'A'

°j -¢√é¬u--© -´·ç-ü¿’ - -¢√-úø-úøç -ûª°æp-EÆæ®√? 'A' -™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ -O-öÀ-E -¢√-úø-™‰-´÷? – -áÆˇ.®√-ñ¸, £j«-ü¿®√--¶«-ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: iii) a lot of - áèπ◊\´ Ææçêu™/ áèπ◊\´ ¢Á·ûªhç™. A lot of words = î√™« ´÷ô©’. A lot of words in Telugu are borrowed from Sanskrit He drinks a lot of milk -

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ î√™« ´÷ô©’ ÆæçÆæ \%ûªç ¢√úø’ †’ç* ´î√a®·. î√™« §ƒ©’ û√í∫’-û√úø’. A few of the things; a few of things é¬ü¿’. A few of the things = Ç ´Ææ’h-´¤™ x éÌEo (ûªèπ◊\´ Ææçêu™). 'lot of' ´·çü¿’ a ûª°æpéπ ¢√ú≈L. few N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, few Åçõ‰ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’ ÅE negative meaning ´Ææ’hçC. A few Åçõ‰ éÌEo ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 1 -W-Ø˛ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Suhrid: You know I don't own a car yet, but I am sure to, soon.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Ø√èπ◊ 鬮Ω’ ™‰ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆, é¬E ûªy®Ω-™ØË Öçô’ç-ü¿-ØËC éπ*aûªç.)

313

Brihat: (Are) you going to take a loan to buy it?

Suhrid: Should I ask for permission to leave?

(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ņ’-´’A Åúø-í¬™«?)

(ÅC éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®Ω’ù-¢Ë’-´’Ø√o BÆæ’-éÓ¶-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?) Suhrid: No; I don't intend to. Not certainly from any financial institution. If at all I do, I may borrow a part of the amount from my cousin.

Brihat: Of course. Every one has to.

(ÅçûË-éπü∆, á´-È®jØ√ Åúø-í¬-LqçüË) Suhrid: But so many have left already.

(é¬F É°æp-öÀÍé î√™«-´’çC ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ éπü∆)

(™‰ü¿’, Ø√é¬ ÖüËl¨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. ÇJnéπ ÆæçÆæn© †’ç* ´÷vûªç-é¬ü¿’. ®Ω’ùç Åçô÷ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷ cousin ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* éÌçûª Å°æ¤p BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«)

Brihat: I suppose so. But they must have all taken permission.

(ÅØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Å®·ûË ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω’ ņ’-´’A BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ö«®Ω’)

2

Natural

and

short

(é¬F Ç (Å°æ¤p BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË) Å´-Ææ®Ωç Fèπ◊ ™‰ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.)

(Å™« éπE-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’)

flowing

responses

practice

îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆. ´’J-éÌ-Eoç-öÀE Ñ conversation ™ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çü∆ç. Question ™E/ Å´-ûª© ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª’-†o-¢√J sentences ™E helping

verbs (do, does, did, can, could, will, would, etc; am, is, are, was, were, etc) short responses

†’ ¢√úÕ ´’†ç É¢Ìy-îªaE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

eg: Hemanth: Do you like this book? Vasanth: Of course, I do.

(Question

(Eïç-í¬ØË É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o)/ No. I don't (™‰ü¿’. Ø√éÀ-≠dç æ -™‰ü¿’) ™E 'Do' ØË response ™ ¢√úøû√ç)

No; I don't intend to Brihat: Why are you asking? Do you wish to leave without permission?

Suhrid: I have to, but that'll only be a small amount.

(áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? ņ’-´’A BÆæ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ ¢Á∞«x-©E F éÓJé¬?)

(BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË, é¬F ÅC *†o ¢Á·ûªh¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC)

Suhrid: No, I don't, but I want to know the exact practice.

Brihat: I think almost all of us in the company will soon be owning cars.

(Å™« ÅE é¬ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ °æü¿l¥-ûË-N’ö ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E.) Brihat: Follow the rule book. Isn't there a copy of it in one of the racks?

(Å®·ûË rule book †’ §ƒöÀç. ü∆E v°æA Ç rack ™ üËE-™†÷ ™‰ü∆?)

Suhrid: I don't think so. Will it be available with any of our colleagues?

(Å™« ÅE ؈-†’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ÅC ´’† Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-í∫’©’ á´J ü¿í∫_-®ΩØ√o Öçô’çü∆?) Brihat: I hope so. We'll find out from Nishant.

(؈™« ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. E¨»çû˝†’ Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç.) Suhrid: Do you want to ask him now?

(É°æ¤-úø-ûªEo Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?) office

™

Suhrid: But I am not. I think he has left early to see the car he wants to buy.

Brihat:

(é¬F ؈™« ņ’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ûª†’ é̆-¶ßË’ car îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ñ®ÓV éÌçîÁç ´·çü¿’-í¬ØË ¢Á∞«x-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«.) What about you? (F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?)

v°æ¨¡o: 1) Varma ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ Verma

ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’? 2)

company cars

™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Åçü¿-Jéà Öçö«-ߪ’-†’-èπ◊çö«)

Suhrid: Yea, they will be. At least I hope so.

(Å´¤†’. Öçö«®·. éπFÆæç Å™« Å¢√-©E ØËØ√-P-Ææ’hØ√o.)

Brihat: The company's offering a liberal fuel allowance is very tempting. That certainly is the reason for every one going in for a car. (Company

ÉÆæ’h†o Öü∆-®Ω-¢Á’i† Éçüµ¿† ¶µºûªuç ã ´’ç* Çéπ-®Ω{ù. v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x car éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅC ÅÆæ-©’-é¬-®Ωùç ņ’-èπ◊çö«) tempt = Çéπ-J{ç-îªôç. The offer of a shirt free with every shirt you shirt buy is tempting (

Brihat: I want to. I am sure he is in.

(ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Åûª†’ ÖØ√o-úøØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

(´’† ûªy®Ω™

In time, on time

°æü∆-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 3) í∫çí¬-†-CE ÉçTx≠ˇ™ ganges -•-ü¿’©’ River Ganga Å--ØÌaéπü∆! 4) Out, late Ñ È®çúø’ °æü∆-©èπ◊ v1, v2, v3, v4 ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. – >.N-¨»™¸, íÓü¿÷®˝, éπKç-†-í∫-®˝->™«x -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Verma, Varma- -É™«çöÀ Ê°®Ωxèπ◊ standard spelling àD Öçúøü¿’– ´·êuçí¬ ÉN non-English names. à äéπ\ spelling ´÷vûª¢Ë’ correct, N’í∫-û√N ûª°æpE îÁ°æp™‰ç. ᙫ -Å-®·Ø√, Ç Ê°®Ω’-í∫© ´uéÀh É-≥ƒd-E-≥ƒd© ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ spell îËÆæ’éÓ-´îª’a. 2) In time Åçõ‰ í∫úø’´¤ ü∆ô-èπ◊çú≈ ÅE, Åçõ‰ ÆæJí¬_ í∫úø’´¤èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, é¬Ææh í∫úø’´¤ ´·çü¿Í® ÅE.

äéπ éÌçõ‰ ´’®ÓöÀ Ö*ûªç ÅØËC î√™« Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖçC.) Suhrid: I do suppose so. Have you finished the report?

(Å™« ÅØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. †’´¤y °æ‹Jh î˨»¢√?)

report

Brihat: I would have, but I still need some more information. I am sure to, tomorrow.

He reached the station in time to catch the train= Train

Åçü¿’-éÓ--´ú≈-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† time èπ◊ é¬Ææh ´·çüË Åûª†’ station îË®√úø’. On time Åçõ‰ ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÆæJí¬_. The meeting began on time. = Correct

í¬

time

èπ◊ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº´’®·çC.

Be in time for the function so that we can begin it on time = function time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ, †’´¤y é¬Ææh Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ (Åçõ‰ é¬Ææh-´·çü¿’) Åéπ\úø Öçúø’. 3) English ¢√∞¡Ÿx í∫çí¬-†-CE °œL-*-†- B®Ω’ Ganges. Greek ™ †’ç* ´*a† Ê°®ΩC. é¬E É°æ¤púø’ Ganges •ü¿’©’ Ganga ņ-ô¢Ë’ Ææ••’. The Ganga rises in the Himalayas. É°æ¤púø’ English ™ èπÿú≈ Ganga ņ-ô¢Ë’ Correct.

4) Out, lateverbs preposition/ adverb tive/ adverb (out

鬴¤– Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd out, Å´¤-ûª’çC, late- adjecÅ´¤-ûª’çC 鬕öÀd OöÀéÀ V1, V2, V3 ™«çöÀN -Öçúø´¤. î√-™« Å-®Ω’-ü¿’í¬, Ééπ\úø N´-Jç-îªúøç ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥-¢Á’i-† °æJ-Æœn-A™ verb Å´¤-ûª’çC– Å°æ¤púø’ out-outed-outed Å-ØÌa) ÉN

4) B: (Are) you going to take a loan? S: No; I don't intend to (buy it) 5) But I don't think you need to (borrow) 6) I have to (borrow) Observe the responses above.

(†’Oy °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?)

Brihat: But I don't think you need to.

Suhrid: It doesn't appear so.

free

(Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ ≤ƒT-§ÚßË’) English conversation èπ◊ ´·êu ©éπ~-ù-¢Á ’i†

Short responses response sentence main verb sentences main verb, like) repeat

™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: ´’†ç ÉîËa ™E (°j ™ †’ îËߪ’-éπ§Ú-´ôç. ÉC î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç– Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† English conversation èπ◊ v§ƒùç. Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 short responses ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ñ lesson ™E conversation †’ èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’ áEo≤ƒ®Ω’x O©-®·ûË ÅEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Gí∫_-®Ω-í¬-ØÁjØ√ îªü¿-´çúÕ; ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ O’ûÓ Ææ£æ«-éπ-JçîË ¢√∞¡Ÿxçõ‰ ¢√∞¡xûÓ Ñ conversation practice îËߪ’çúÕ– O’™ äéπ®Ω’ Suhrid, ´’®Ì-éπ®Ω’ Brihat í¬. Ñ lesson ™E responses ´·êu ©éπ~ùç: Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ´’†ç response ÉîËa questions/ statements ™E main verb †’ repeat îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈, clipped infinitive †’ ¢√úøû√ç.(infinitive Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆– to go, to sing, to dance- to + 1st Regular Doing Word). Ñ short responses ™ infinitive ™ to ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úÕ, 1st Regular Doing Words †’ ´C-™‰≤ƒhç. OöÀéÀ examples í¬–

response to infinitive I Regular Doing Word

v°æA

™ èπÿú≈, ûÓ ÇT-§Ú-ûª’Ø√oç, †’ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈– Åçõ‰, to ûª®√yûª †’ repeat ®√¢√-Lq† îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈. °j† É*a† v°æA sentence ™ brackets ™ ´’†ç repeat îËߪ’E I RDW ÖçC îª÷úøçúÕ.

1) Should I ask for...

Everyone has to. I want to.

3) You know I don't own a car yet, ...

but I am sure to.

4) Are you going to take a loan?

No; I don't intend to.

5) ... borrow

But I don't think you need to.

responses 'to' practice

°j

(†’´¤y §ƒú≈-©-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü∆?) Ééπ\úø to sing ÅØË infinitive ™, to ´÷vûª¢Ë’ repeat îË≤ƒhç, response ™. sing, repeat îËߪ’ç) Sasi: a) I want to, but I have a cold. (I want to sing

3) You know I don't' own a car yet, but I am sure to (own), soon

™«çöÀN. - M. SURESAN

v°æ¨¡o: -îª÷-Lç-ûª, -¶«-Lç-ûª, -ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’®√-©’, -vÊ°-N’èπ◊®√-©’.

What kind of friend you are?

-O-J-E -Éç--Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 2) Í®-úÕ-ßÁ÷ -N-†-ú≈-Eo -à-´’-Ø√-L? 3) Rupees éÀ RS -Å-E, Number ®√-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ NO. -Å-E °-úø-û√®Ω’. -áç-ü¿’éπ-E? – -Èé.®Ω-NéÀ-¨®˝ π◊-´÷®˝, -*ç-ûª-©°æ‹-úÕ

-ï-¢√--•’:

Pregnant woman Åçõ‰ îª÷Lçûª. ¶«Lçûª ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English ™ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ °æü¿ç ™‰ü¿’. ¶«Lç-ûªí¬ Ö†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo (period) †’ Lactation, Period of Lactation Å-ØÌîª ’a. ¶«Lç-ûª†’ Lactating woman Å-ØÌa. ÉC -¢√u´£æ…-Jéπ English ™ ¶«Lç-ûªèπ◊ ÅA ü¿í∫_-J´÷ô. Woman in her post natal period ÅØËC ¶«Lç-ûªèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô. Å®·ûË ÉC doctors ¢√úË ¢Ájü¿u °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ-™E °æü¿ç. Spoken English ™ Å®Ω’ü¿’. vÊ°N’-èπ◊-®√©’/ v°œßª·-®√©’/ vʰߪ’Æœ-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ Love/ beloved -Åç-ö«®Ω’. friend = ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’/ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-®√©’

friend you are? correct.

Let it be done now.

ņç)

don't think so/ suppose so/ hope not

B: I want to (ask)

3)

infinitive

(Ééπ\ú≈ sing, repeat îËߪ’ç) Éçé¬ Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 short responses èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®·: Subject (I/ we/ you, etc) + think so/

2) S: Do you want to ask him?

DE ™ Ö†o ßÁ·éπ\ (Ç®Ó-V ´®Ω{-°æ¤-®ÓV 鬴-ôç-´©x = DE -D-E -ûª®√y-ûª ´-îËa -™-E (Ééπ\úø †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC.

ÅE °æ‹Jh

b) I don't want to.

B: Of course, everyone has to (ask)

2) It being a rainy daytense, we took rest verb, took tense- past tense. It tense, being a rainy day.) clause verb tense took)

(èπ◊úÕ¢Áj°æ¤) ÅEoç-öÀ-™†÷ sentence ûÓ ÇT-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. ÉD ´’†ç îËߪ÷Lq† Å稡ç.

Lata: Don't you want to sing?

1) S: Should I ask for ...?

-¶µ‰-ü¿ç àN’öÀ? 2) It being a rainy day, we took rest ÅØË ¢√éπuç tense form N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. ÉC passive voice ™ Öçü∆? 3) Do it now ¢√é¬u-EéÀ passive voice form N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – -á.°ç-îª-©-ߪ’u, ®√-ïçÊ°-ô -ï-¢√-•’: Question í¬ what kind of friend are you? ÅØËC correct. (†’´¤y ᙫçöÀ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úÕN? Å-ØË ¶µ«´çûÓ). Exclamation í¬ what kind of friend you are? ņôç correct, (Ç£æ…, àç ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úÕ-´ßª÷u †’´¤y! ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ). Å®·ûË áèπ◊\-´í¬ É™«çöÀ sentence exclamation í¬ ¢√-úø-û√ç- é¬-•öÀd what kind of

(I RDW not repeated. Only 'to' in the response)

2) Do you want to ask him?

Look at the following sentences from the dialogues above:

v°æ¨¡o: What kind of friend are you?

Response

Sentence

2) Listen to a radio 3)

Å™« ¢√úø’-éπí¬ ´îËa-ÆœçC.

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 3 -W-Ø˛ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Niyath: I presume so.

314

Mahith: It seems this hotel is known for making things ready and well at a very short notice.

Niyath: Our friends have all promised to come. And if they are on time, we can have the best of evenings.

(ûªèπ◊\´ ´u´-Cµ™ àüÁjØ√ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’ôç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ñ hotel (£æ«Ùõ„™¸ – 'õ„— ØÌéÀ\°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) èπ◊ ´’ç* Ê°®Ω’çC.) Niyath: So it seems.

(´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ´≤ƒh-´’E ´÷öÀî√a®Ω’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´ÊÆh ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√Eo ¶«í¬ džç-ü¿çí¬ í∫úÕÊ°-ßÁ·îª’a.)

(Å™«ØË ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC/ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC) Mahith: Will any of them make speeches?

(á´-®ΩØ√o Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒ©’ îË≤ƒh®√?/ v°æÆæç-T≤ƒh®√?)

Mahith: I am sure of it.

Niyath: I suppose so

(Ø√é¬ †´’téπç ÖçC.) Niyath: Is Himakar joining us? He'll be great fun.

Niyath: I don't think so. These are just passing clouds.

(؈™« ņ’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ÉN Íé´©ç NúÕ-§ÚßË’ ´’•’s™‰.) passing clouds= NúÕ-§ÚßË’ ´’•’s©’ Mahith: Will all the invitees turn up?

(Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ´≤ƒh®√?) turn up= £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç

(ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Ũé˙ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´÷vûªç ë«ßª’ç)

(؈™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o/ †´·t-ûª’Ø√o. Åçû√ Ææ´uçí¬ ïJ-T-§Úûª’çü¿E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o) Mahith: Let's hope for the best. ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

English conversation

†’ natural í¬ free flowing (Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ ≤ƒT§ÚßË’ Nüµ¿çí¬) ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† short responses (´·éπh-ÆæJ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’) practice îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 short responses îª÷¨»ç. ÅN:

ii) Subject + verb + to (clipped infinitive) Eg: Sekhar: Do you want to go now?

(ÅC Eï-¢Ë’-ØË¢Á÷. ؈’ courier ü∆y®√ °æç°œ† °œ©’-°æ¤©’ éÌçûª-´’ç-C-éπç-ü¿-™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ phone îËÆ œ†°æ¤púË Ø√é¬ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-Æ œçC.) Mahith: Will the hotel people be able to make everything ready by the time the guests arrive?

(´’† ÅA-ü∑¿’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ´îËa-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ £æ«Ùô-™¸¢√-∞¡xFo Æœü¿l¥ç îË≤ƒh®√?) seen such an interesting match b) Never I have seen such an interesting match 2. a) I don't know, where he went b) I don't know, where did he go

OöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 3. a) The cliff is being climbed by the boy b) Will those happy days be ever forgotten? c) His words, must be listened to d) Is my meaning understood? (Is

´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ understand ®√¢√L éπü∆, understood áçü¿’èπ◊ ´*açC?)

Suhas: I want to (clipped infinitive of to go), but I doubt if my mom wants me to (go)

É™«çöÀ responses - Åçõ‰ °j† ûÁL-°œ† È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 short responses ™ èπÿú≈, ´’†ç responses ÉîËa sentences ™E verbs ØË ¢√úøôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’– Helping verbs ûÓ ´îËa responses ™í¬F, clipped infinitives ûÓ ´îËa responses ™í¬E. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷úø-¶-ßË’C ´‚úÓ ®Ωéπç short responses. OöÀ™ x ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç– Ñ ´‚úÓ®Ωéπç responses ™ ´’†ç ¢√úË verb èπÿ, ´’†ç response ÉîËa sentence ™E verbs èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Öçúøü¿’. Eg: Sarat: Do they like this arrangement?

(Ñ à®√pô’ ¢√∞¡x-éÀ-≠d-¢æ Ë’Ø√?) Varun: I think so. (؈-™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)/ I don't think so. (Å™« ÅE ؈-†’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’)

e) The crackling of geese saved Rome.

ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? 4. Ø√ ´÷ô ûª†’ NE Öçõ‰ éπ*aûªçí¬ Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµç-îË-¢√-úË¢Á÷. ûª†èπ◊ ûªT-†-¨»Æœh ïJ-Tç-C™‰ (N†-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd). ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ÅØ√L? 5. I know her (A.V) She is known to me (P.V.) known known

´*açC 鬕öÀd to me ´*açC. ™«çöÀ words ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ áEo ÖØ√o®·? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. - J.Ramesh, J. Anil, Vadlamuru

A: 1. 'Never have I seen such an interesting match' is correct. When we begin a sentence with an adverb like 'never' here, the verb/ auxiliary verb comes

5) I'm afraid so

(Å™«ØË ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC) b) It doesn't appear so/ it doesn't seem so

(Å™« ÅE-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’) ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ It looks like that/ It doesn't look like that ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, It, omit îËßÁ·îª’a. (Think so, believe so, suppose so, presume feel so so

ûÓ§ƒô’, èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa) ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.

a) Naresh: (Do) you think he is all right now?

(¢√úÕ-°æ¤púø’ èπ◊™«-≤ƒ-ØËØ√?) Jagdish: I found him so b) Ramesh: Do you think the situation is bad?

6) I presume so 7) So it seems/ It seems so

10) Let's hope for the best All these responses show the speaker's opinion/ attitude.

OöÀE

groups

éÀçü¿ Núø-D-ßÁ·îª’a.

I. A) I think so/ I suppose so/ I believe so/ I presume so, etc.

(؈™« ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o– ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). B) ؈™« ņ’éÓ´-ôç-™‰ü¿’– ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å®·ûË, I don't (think so/ suppose so/ believe so/ presume so)

´’†ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†o¢√∞¡xûÓ ´’†ç ÅçU-éπ-JÊÆh, ´’† response, set (A). ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îª-éπ-§ÚûË response, set (B).

Bharat: (Do) you think congress will return to power next time too? (Congress

Arjun:

(°æJ-ÆœnA ÆæJí¬ ™‰ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?) Suresh: I find it so.

8) I suppose so 9) I believe so

(´’çîË ÇPü∆lç)

(¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ ´ÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o).

Niyath: I'm afraid so. Some of them didn't received the invitations I had sent by courier. Only when I called them did they come to know of it.

4) I'd (I would) rather they all would

Sumanth: a) It appears/ It seems so.

(Å™«ØË éπE-°œç-î√úø’) Niyath: I believe so. Hope every thing will go well.

Mahith: Your invitation has been rather at a short notice. It was a surprize even to my sister. Because of it not all might turn up.

(F °œ©’°æ¤ é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´ ´u´-Cµ-™ØË ¢ÁRxç-C. ´÷ sister Íé Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ¢ËÆœçC. Åçü¿’-´©x Åçü¿®Ω÷ ®√éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.)

3) I don't think so

Let's hope so

i) Subject (I, we, you, they, etc) + helping verbs (Do/ does/ did/ can/could/ will/ would, etc) + n't (not - only when necessary)

Niyath: I'd rather they all would.

Q:1. a) Never have I

2) Let's (Let us) hope so

Mahith: If not others, Ashok is certain to.

Mahith: Let's hope so. The sky is a bit cloudy and threatens to rain.

(´≤ƒh-úøØË ÇPü∆lç. Ç鬨¡ç é¬Ææh ´’•’sí¬ ÖçC, ´®Ω{ç ´îËa Ææ÷îª-†-©’-Ø√o®·.) threaten= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ¶„C-Jç-îªôç. threatens to rain= ´®Ω{ç ´îËa Ææ÷îª-†©’ ¶«í¬ Öçúøôç

Look at the following responses from the conversation above: 1) I am/ I'm sure of it

(ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

(£œ«´’-éπ®˝ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈? ¢√úø’-í∫-†éπ ´ÊÆh î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ Öçô’çC. fun=Ææ®Ωü∆. (ûª´÷≥ƒ– ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç).

í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆: ´·çü¿’ sen™E verb èπÿ, response èπÿ àç Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. É™«çöÀ responses èπÿú≈ conversation †’ Ææ@´ç îË≤ƒh®·. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©´’ØË impression éπL-T-Ææ’hçC. ÉC-´-®Ω-éπöÀ È®çúø’ lessons ™E conversations ™«ØË, Ééπ\úÕ conversation †’ èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’, O’èπ◊ Ææ£æ«-éπ-JçîË¢√JûÓ âü∆-®Ω’-≤ƒ®Ω’x practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ O’®Ì-éπ\Í® Å®·ûË, DEo âü∆-®Ω’-≤ƒ®Ω’x Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ îªü¿-´çúÕ. tence

(îË≤ƒh-®ΩØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2

AJT ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç-™éÀ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E -F-´¤ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?) I think so (Å´¤†’)/ I don't think so (é¬ü¿’)

II. It seems so/ it appears so/ that appears to be the case

(Å™«ØË éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ N≠æߪ’ç ÅüË™« éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC) DEéÀ opposite ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆:

(Ø√éπ-™«ØË éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC) éÌûªhí¬ ´’†ç Ñ ´‚úÓ-®Ωéπç responses ™ È®çúø’ groups îª÷¨»ç. É°æ¤púø’ III Group îª÷ü∆lç. III. Group a) Pranav: (Is) anything wrong with the machine? (Machine

™ àüÁjØ√ ™°æç Öçü∆?)

Prabhat: I am afraid, so.

(Å™«Íí ÖçC) èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’†o– ÅE-é¬ü¿’, sorry ÅE. àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-Lq-´ÊÆh I'm afraid so Åçö«ç.

Ééπ\úø

afraid

b) Ajitha: Is his condition quite serious?

(ÅûªE °æJ-ÆœnA N≠æ-´’ç-í¬ØË Öçü∆?) Anitha: I'm afraid so.

(Å´¤†’, *çA-Ææ’hØ√o) c) Karuna: How is Aruna's condition? (Aruna

°æJ-ÆœnA ᙫ ÖçC?)

Sahasa: I'm afraid, not at all good.

(ÅÆæ™‰ç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’) ¶«üµ¿í¬ ņôç afraid d) Bhakar: Is your father at home? Bhavan: I'm afraid, no.

Eg: Hemanth: Are they well prepared for the test?

(™‰ü¿E ¶«üµ¿ûÓ îÁ°æpôç – afraid) Å™«Íí Ñ group ™ ÉçéÓ short response, wonder ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC. Wonder ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – Ǩ¡a®Ωuç, Åü¿’s¥ûªç. Short responses ™ I wonder Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’ ÅE.

(°æK-éπ~èπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶«í¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-ߪ÷u®√?)

a) Vaibhava: Is Prasanna joining us for the picnic?

It doesn't - seem so/ appear so

(Å™« éπE-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’/ ÅE-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’)

before the subject. You say either, I have never seen such an interesting match OR Never have I seen such an interesting match. 2. I don't know where he went. The clause 'Where he went' is a part of a statement and not a question. So the question form 'where did he go' is wrong. No comma between know and where. 3. All the sentences here are in the passive voice. Passive voice verb, 'be form + past participle'

™

í¬ Öçô’çC.

a) is being climbed (is being be form + climbed - past par-

ticiple). d) verb, passive is 'be' form 'understood' past participle 'understand' present form

Å™«Íí éπ†’éπ

°æéπ\†

™ èπÿú≈ ÅØË ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. ÅE

®√-ü¿’. 4. If he had listened to me, he would have succeeded. He has had it

(Aéπ\ èπ◊C-JçC) ™ verb ûª®√yûª •ü¿’©’ Éûª®Ω prepositions ûª®√yûª ™«í∫) concern, ™«çöÀ à éÌEo verbs ûª®√yûª ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉC usage. éÌEoéÌEo≤ƒ®Ω’x usage, grammar rules èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ÖçúÌa.

5. Passive voice by to (known comprise

(v°æÆæ†o ´’†ûÓ ´≤Úhçü∆?)

picnic

èπ◊

Sampada: I wonder.

(Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’– ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ®√ü¿’/ ®√éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE) b) Ullas: Is Santosh willing to buy the car?

(ÆæçûÓ≠ˇ Ç car é̆-ö«-EéÀ Ææ’´·-êçí¬ØË ÖØ√oú≈?) Vikas: I wonder (ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’) ÉO conversation èπ◊ Ææ£æ«-ïûªyç, Ææ®Ω-∞¡ûªyç éπLpçîË short responses. ´’†èπ◊ conversational English ´î√a ®√ü∆ ÅØËC ´’†ç Ñ short responses †’ ¢√úø-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆Eo•öÀd îÁÊ°p-ßÁ·îª’a. ´’† conversation bookish (°æ¤Ææh-é¬-©-†’ç*) é¬ü¿’ ÅE-°œç-îª-ö«-EéÀ Ñ short responses ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·. Practice îËü∆lç. - M. SURESAN

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 5 -W-Ø˛ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Sreyas: Wish he were here now. We could have a splendid time.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

315

Kowsal: Hi who do I see here? Oh, Sreyas. Long time, no see, pal. How are things?

(¢√úÕ-éπ\-úø’çõ‰ É°æ¤p-úÁçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC. ´’†ç î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬/ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úÕ-Ê°¢√∞¡xç) splendid = àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* N≠æߪ’ç/ íÌ°æpüÁj† Kowsal: I know a cousin of his. He works in the electricity department here. Shall I find out from him?

(á´®Ω÷, v¨Ïߪ’Æˇ éπü∆? î√™« 鬩-¢Á’içC ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE/ E†’o îª÷Æœ, N’vûª´÷. ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? àçöÀ Ææçí∫-ûª’©’?) Sreyas: Delighted to see you, Kowsal. Every thing OK with me. How are you?

(E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ؈’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o†’. †’¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?)

(¢√úÕ cousin äéπ-ûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅûªE-éπ\úø electricity dept. ™ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’. ÅûªEo éπ†’-éÓ\Ø√ Ææçv°‘û˝ í∫’Jç*?) Sreyas: You'd (you had) better and quickly too. He is a nice guy though uncommunicative.

(†’´¤y ûªy®Ωí¬ éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç ´’ç*C. Sampreet Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ Åçûª Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’ °ô’d-éÓ-E-¢√-úø-®·Ø√, ´’ç*-¢√úË.)

Kowsal: Fine. When did you come?

(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√a´¤?) Sreyas: Just yesterday. I thought I should meet you the first thing this morning and you see me here.

(E†oØË ´î√a†’. É¢√∞¡ §Òü¿’l† ¢Á·ôd -¢Á·-ü¿ô E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Ééπ\úø Fèπ◊ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) First thing use îª÷úøçúÕéπ\úø. You should finish the report the first thing tomorrow = Í®°æ¤ †’´¤y ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô îËߪ÷-LqçC, Ç report °æ‹JhîË-ߪ’ôç. DØËo ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË The first thing you should do tomorrow is ... Åçö«ç. Å™« ņôç éπçõ‰ you should do it the first thing tomorrow ņôç more effective í¬ Öçô’çC. Kowsal: What else, then? (ÉçÍéçöÀ?) Sreyas: What about Sampreet? Long since I met or even heard of him. (Do you) know where he is and how he is?

(Ææçv°‘û˝ Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ? ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Eí¬F, ¢√úÕ í∫’Jç* NE-í¬F î√™« 鬩¢Á’içC. ¢√úÁ-éπ\úø, ᙫ ÖØ√oúÓ FÍé-´’Ø√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Kowsal: I wish I did. No idea at all.

(ÅC ûÁLÊÆh áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËüÓ, ÅÆ晉ç ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) Sreyas: He isn't the communicative sort, is he?

(Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ Åçûª Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’ °ô’d-éÌ-ØË¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’-éπü∆ ¢√úø’?) Kowsal: He certainly isn't. We were the only two he moved closely with when he was here.

(Åûª-†çûË. Åûª-E-éπ\-úø’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ÆæEo-£œ«ûªçí¬ Ö†oC ´’E-ü¿l-J-ûÓØË) Question: 1. Everything relating to it should is halted. It is a line from an English newspaper. Usually should is followed by be. But here it is 'is'. Is it the usage correct? 2. He is charged with attempt. Should not 'an' be prefixed to attempt? 3. Why present tense is used widely even though the action is a past event. Eg: The BIE as ordered all colleges not to publish ranks. 4. Sd/- is seen before signature in official letters. What does it mean? 5. V3 of any verb should be preceded either by have / has / had or be forms of verb. But following sentence violates the above rule.

Kowsal: How long are you going to be here?

2

lesson advanced type of responses higher level. practice

´’†ç Ñ

™ éÌçîÁç short

†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE ÉN é¬Ææh îËü∆lç. ¶«í¬ Look at the following 1) Delighted to see you -

ÉC ´’†™ î√™«-´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ´’† ÆæEo£œ«ûª’-©†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô– delight= ÆæçûÓ≠æç, ÉüË ¶µ«´çûÓ ´’J-éÌEo ´÷ô©’– Glad to see you, good to see you, pleasure meeting you again after such a long time, exciting to see you again, etc

rarely, rather practice 4) Wish he were here now.

¢√úøôç

(Åûª-E-éπ\-úø’çõ‰

îËߪ’çúÕ.

áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC! ™«çöÀüË éπü∆!)

response No.1 5) You'd (you had) better.

ÉC

(†’´yC îËߪ’ôç ´’ç*C.)

2) I wish I did =

ØËØ√ °æE-îË-Ææ’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËüÓ! Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™, Ø√èπ◊ ÅûªE í∫’Jç* ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC ÅE. Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ– know ÅØË verb repeat îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈, did ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç - knew •ü¿’©’.

You better pay/ you better to pay Kundan: Shall I see a doctor then? doctor Chandan: You had better.

(؈’

ÉN ûª°æ¤p

ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡}Ø√?) (ÅC ´’ç*C)

I'd rather you did Sreyas:

(Éçé¬ áçûª-鬩ç/ áEo ®ÓV©’ Öçúø¶ûª’-Ø√o-N-éπ\úø?) For another week. (ÉçéÓ ¢√®Ωç)

Kowsal: Why not longer? I'd (I would) rather you did.

(ÉçéÌEo ®ÓV-©’ç-úø-èπÿ-úøü∆?) Sreyas: So would I too, but I've got to get back in a week.

(Ø√èπÿ Öçú≈-©ØË ÖçC, é¬E ¢√®√-EéÀ AJT ¢Á∞«xLq ÖçC) Kowsal: That's disappointing.

E®√-¨¡-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC (¢√®√-EÍé ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´ôç) Sreyas: Equally so far me. But the call of duty doesn't let me stay longer, pal.

(Ø√èπÿ E®√-¨»-éπ-®Ωç-í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬E Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ Ø√ Nü¿’uéπh üµ¿®Ωtç ä°æ¤p-éÓü¿’) Kowsal: I'd you were not so pompous.

(†’´yçûª íÌ°æp íÌ°æp ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÌ-ü¿lE Ø√ éÓJéπ) pompous = *†o -*†o N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ °ü¿l °ü¿l ´÷ô©ûÓ îÁ°œp íÌ°æp-ûª-Ø√Eo v§ƒ´·-ë«uEo ûÁ©-§ƒ-©-†’éÓ-´úøç, Ééπ\úø Sreyas, call of duty= Ø√ Nü¿’uéπh üµ¿®Ωtç °œ©’°æ¤. ÉC example of pompous - §ƒç°æÆˇ Sreyas: I used it for fun, but the fact is I've to get back.

(àüÓ ûª´÷≥ƒèπ◊ ÅØ√o™‰. é¬E AJT ¢ÁRx§Ú-¢√L)

'Read the passage given below'. In this sentence given (V3 of give) is used alone without have / has /had or be forms of verb. 6. There was a great uproar in the parliament over the bill, but still the bill was passed. Here. great - adjective; over - preposition ; Still -? ; passed - verb. But still should not be used in one sentence as conjunction. But here both are conjunction and are in one sentence. 7. In letter writing, punctuation marks are not indicated after station, date, subscription, address. This method is seen in Wren & Martyn revised edition of course in old edition too, which is a famous, standard grammar book. Is this method admissible?

K. Sainath, Tenali

Anand: Your father is a diabetic. Does he go for a walk every morning?

(O’ Ø√†oèπ◊ †úø’-≤ƒh®√?) Amar:

sugar

ÖçC. v°æA-®ÓW

I wish he did. He doesn't take care of his health.

(Çߪ’†™«îËÊÆh (walk èπ◊ ¢ÁRûË) áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC! Åçõ‰ Çߪ’† É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xúøç ™‰ü¿’, ÅE í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æߪ’ç 鬕öÀd He did (went •ü¿’©’went= did go) éπü∆?) É™«çöÀ responses ¶«í¬ practice îËü∆lç

You had better you had better see a doctor better had better Vismaya: Shall I buy the book? Nischala: Better (you had better) 6) I'd (I would) rather you did.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ,

(†’´yC îË≤ƒh-´E/ îËߪ÷-©E Ø√éÓ-Jéπ. (†’´yC îËߪ’ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ) Ééπ\úø rather = prefer/ like)

Prem: Shall I give you the money now?

(úø•’s FéÀ-°æ¤p-úÕ-´yØ√?)

Syam: I'd (I would) rather you did.

(†’Ny-°æ¤p-úÕ-´yôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ / ÉÊÆh ¶«í∫’çô’çC. Ééπ\úø give ¢√úøE N≠æߪ’ç í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ)

Bhavya: Do you go to temple everyday?

(v°æA-®ÓW í∫’úÕ-Èé-∞«h¢√?) Sravya: How I wish/ I wish I did, but I'm too busy.

(¢ÁRûË áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’ØÓ, é¬F BJ-éπ-™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø did = did go = went) 3) He certainly isn't-

ÉC ´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿öÀ lessons ™ ¢√úÕ† response éπü∆. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø effect éÓÆæç certainly ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç– éπ*aûªçí¬ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Navya: Is Kusuma punctual? (Kusuma punctual

í¬ Öçô’çü∆?)

Kavya: She rarely is.

(Ç¢Á’ punctual í¬ Öçúøôç Å®Ω’ü¿’) É™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd responses ™ certainly,

Answer: 1. Everything related to it should halted is wrong. Should be halted is correct. It might be a printing error. 2. Yes. It should either be, 'an attempt' or 'the attempt', depending on the context. 3. 'Has ordered' is present perfect tense. The present perfect tense refers to 1) a past action, time not stated, 2) an action starting some time in the past and going on till now and 3) an action just completed, if we use words like, just, just now, etc. The BIE has ordered- this is right- it indicates a past action, time not stated. (The ordering is over- a past action. When?- the time is not stated- use no) 4. Sd/- means signed. That is, it is signed by the person whose name follows, Sd/5. By V3 you mean the past participle, don't you? It can be used independently, as in the sentence = Read the passage given below.

ÅE ÇÊ°≤ƒhç– °æ‹Jhí¬ Å†ç. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ you ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-èπ◊çú≈, ÅØË≤ƒhç.

7) I'd (I would) you were not so pompous. pompous I'd = I would = I wish lessons would wish/ wishes I told him not to buy the car, but he would buy (wishes to buy it.) I'd (I would) he did it =

Åçûª Ééπ\úø

í¬ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . (Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ™ N´-Jçî√ç– èπ◊ (éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´ôç) ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E.

Åûª-†C îËߪ÷-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ. (Å®·ûË Åûª†’ îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a) É™«çöÀ responses î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – É™«çöÀ îÓôxçû√, were, did ÅE past forms ®√´ôç. ÉC ´·êuçí¬ ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«-EéÀ áèπ◊\´ Å´é¬-¨»-©’†o°æ¤púË ¢√úøû√ç.

The use of given here is correct, and therefore the sentence is correct too. The past participle, without have / has, or the be form before it, acts like an adjective (and no like a verb) and qualifies (tells some thing about) the word before it. eg. a) The man, seen in the park yesterday, is a writer (The man seen = The man who was seen) b) The book, written 200 years ago, is still popular. (The book which was written) such use of past participle is right. You are confused because, you call the past participle, V3 (verb3). V3 is a wrong name for the past participle, because the past participle is not a verb. Have / has / had etc + past participle or be form+past participle is a verb. When it is used so, it makes a group of words a sentence, or a clause, depending on whether the group of words has complete meaning or not.

- M. SURESAN a) The house was built 10 years ago (sentence) b) The house which was built 10 years ago (clause) c) He has gone out (sentence) d) If he has gone out (clause) 6. Still - adverb. Passed is not a verb here, it's only a past participle. was passed (be form+past participle) is the verb here. Still is not a conjunction here. Still here is an adverb. It means, in spite of (what has been said before it). So there is nothing wrong in using but and still together, though it is not necessary. Either but or still can be used. 7. The practice now is to avoid punctuation marks after station, date subscription and address. Using a comma after each line in the address, a full stop after the last time, commas after subscription, etc- this is totally out dated and no longer is in practice.

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 10 -W-Ø˛ 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

316

Pramod: What was he complaining about?

(Åûª†’ -Éç-ü∆éπ üËEí∫’Jç* îËÆæ’h-Ø√o--úø’?)

complain

Ankith: He wasn't satisfied with the arrangements here, he said.

(Ééπ\úÕ à®√p-ôxûÓ Ææçûª%°œh- -îÁç-ü¿-™‰-ü¿-E îÁ§ƒp-úø-ûª†’) Pramod: We provided him with all that he had wanted. What more did he expect from us?

(Åûª-E-é¬\-´-©-Æœç-ü¿çû√ Å´’®√aç éπü∆? ÉçÍéç ÇPç-î√úø’ ´’† †’ç*?) Ankith: He is usually aware of others problems and doesn't usually complain. I don't know why he found fault with us so much.

Ñ lesson ™ the use of certain prepositions ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. á°æ¤púø’ à preposition ¢√ú≈L ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ rules àO’ Öçúø´¤. ÉN Å©-¢√-ô’-O’ü¿ ØË®Ω’a-éÌE í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçüË. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ prepositions ÅFo ¢√úø’éπ (usage) O’ü¿ ´îËa¢Ë. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ´’†èπ◊ äéπ-J-O’ü¿ éÓ°æç Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø O’ü¿ ÅE áçü¿’-éπ-Ø√L Åçõ‰ ᙫ N´-Jç-îª-í∫©ç? Å™«Íí English ™ èπÿú≈. English ™ angry with a person Åçö«ç – with Ééπ\úø ûÁ©’í∫’™ 'O’ü¿— •ü¿’©’.) à preposition á°æ¤púø’, ᙫ ¢√ú≈-©-ØË-C -É-C-´®Ω-™ Ñ lessons ™ ´’†ç î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. (à preposition á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈L ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ rule àç ™‰ü¿’ éπ†’éπ ÉC °æ‹Jhí¬ practice ´™‰x ´Ææ’hçC. ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úøôç, N†úøç, îªü¿-´-ú≈Eo •öÀd Åçûª ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC.) ´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†oC äéπ\-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hûÁ-a-èπ◊çü∆ç. Preposition - ã noun/ pronoun/ verb ûÓ, sentence ™E äéπ ´÷ôèπ◊, ÉçéÓ ´÷ôèπ◊ Ö†o Ææç•ç-üµ∆Eo ûÁLÊ° about, at, in, into, out, on, ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©†’ prepositions Åçö«ç. OöÀ™x î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¢√öÀ-†-Eoç-öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. É°æ¤púø’ éÌEo °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úÕ†N îª÷ü∆lç.

(Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ´’-Ææu©†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’ Åûª†’, ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Åçûª complain îËߪ’úø’. É¢√∞¡ ´’†Lo áçü¿’-éπçûª ûª°æ¤p•-ö«dúÓ Å®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’)

Ankith: He said he would settle it with you tomorrow. He enquired about you and told me that he would see you tomorrow.

(ÅC FûÓØË °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. E†o-úÕ-í¬úø’, E†’o Í®°æ¤ éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.) Pramod: Remind me of it tomorrow first thing in the morning. I'll call him and ask him why argued so long with you about the arrangements.

(Í®°æ¤ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô †’´¤y Ø√éπC í∫’®Ω’h-îÁß˝’. ؈-ûª-EéÀ phone îËÆœ FûÓ Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√Cç-î√úÓ Åúø’-í∫’-û√†’.) Ankith: We omitted nothing from the list he had given us. We even added a few things to the list without his asking.

(Åûª-E-*a† ñ«Gû√ †’ç* ´’†ç àD ´ü¿-™‰xü¿’. Éçé¬ ´’J-éÌEo Åûª-†-úø-èπ◊\çú≈ØË îË®√aç) Pramod: Instead of thanking us for that he was making all sorts of comments on the arrangements.

(ü∆EéÀ ´’†èπ◊ thanks îÁÊ°p •ü¿’©’ à®√pôx O’ü¿ ÅEo ®Ω鬩 comments îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.) Ankith: Tomorrow when you call him you tell him of all this.

(Í®°æ¤ †’´¤y phone îËÆœ-†-°æ¤úø’ Éü¿çû√ îÁ°æ¤p)

Study the following sentences from the conversation between Pramod and Ankit 1) What was he complaining about? 2) He wasn't satisfied with the arrangements 3) What more did he expect from us 4) We provided him with all that ... 5) He is usually aware of others problems 6) I don't know why he found fault with us so much 7) Did he pay for the extra chairs? 8) He would settle it with you 9) Remind me of it 10) Why he argued with you so long? 11) We omitted nothing from the list. 12) We even added a few things to the list 13) Instead of thanking us for that ... 14) He was making all sorts of comments on the arrangements 15) You tell him of all this

üËEo í∫’Jç-îÁjØ√ ÅÆæç-ûª%°œh ¢ÁL-•’-îªaôç (°∂œ®√uü¿’ îËߪ’ôç). Ééπ\úø preposition, about. í∫’Jç* ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ about î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. hear about, know about, talk/ speak about, think about, say/ tell (something) about, argue about .. about lesson describe, discuss, explain, mention, state about

É™« î√™«-îÓôx ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Ñ ™ îÁ°œp-†ô’x, ûÓ ®√ü¿’. 2) Satisfy with ûª%°œhîÁçü¿ôç. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç, äéπ ´uéÀhûÓ ûª%°œh-°æ-úøôç.

ï¢√•’:

1) Fruit

1) Fruit is used both as singular and plural. Usually when we refer to a fruit of a single tree or a single variety the plural of fruit is fruit. Fruits (in the plural form) refers to fruits of different varieties. eg. The fruit of this tree is good. (The reference here is to one fruit of one tree). The fruit of the tree are tasty (The reference is to many fruit of the same tree - same variety)

2) Spoken English communicative English

èπ◊,

èπ◊

ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 3) Could you give me explanation in Telugu famous Alexander pope's words. "Words are like leaves; and where they most abound much fruit of sense beneath is seldom found"

– í∫’v®Ωç ¨¡çéπ®˝, ¨¡çéπ-®Ω-°æôoç.

b) The boss is not satisfied with Mahesh 3) Expect

from-

äéπ-J-†’ç*

ÇPç-îªôç. a) We can't expect any help from him b) I expect a reply from him today 4) Provide with:

Ææ´’-èπÿ-®Ωaôç.

The guests have been provided with all comforts =

ÅAü∑¿’©èπ◊ ÅEo ≤˘ë«u©’ Ææ´’-èπÿ-®Ωa-•-ú≈f®·. (passive)

5) Aware of =

(äéπ N≠æߪ’ç) ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç.

a) We are aware of your greatness =

F íÌ°æp-ûª†ç ´÷èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ b) He isn't aware of what has happened =

àç ïJ-TçüÓ Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. 6) Find fault with: ÉC Phrasal verb. = ûª°æ¤p-°æ-ôdúøç/ EçCç-îªôç

11) Omit from=

ûÌ©-Tç-îªôç.

a) Laxman is always omitted unjustly from the team=

ïô’d-™ç* ©éπ~ tù˝†’ á°æ¤púø÷ ÅØ√u-ߪ’çí¬ ûÌ©-T-≤ƒh®Ω’. (Ééπ\úø English sentence, passive- ©éπ~ tù˝ ûÌ-©-Tç-îª-•-úø-û√úø’ ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC, ûÁ©’Ææ’éπü∆?) 12) Add to = îË®Ωaôç/ áèπ◊\´ îËߪ’ôç Subtract from = BÊÆߪ’ôç a) Don't add to the trouble that is there already by arousing caste feeling =

èπ◊™«-Gµ-´÷-Ø√Eo È®îªaíÌöÀd, É°æp-öÀÍé Ö†o éπ≥ƒd-©-†’ -Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ îËßÁ·ü¿’l.

He found fault with the actions of his friend

ûª†

b) Don't add any more to it =

friend

Ωu-©†’ Åûªúø’ ûª°æ¤p-°æ-ö«dúø’. 7) Pay for = îÁLxç-îªôç.

Éçéπ ü∆EÍéO’ îË®Ωa-´ü¿’l 13) Thank (somebody) for something =

Please pay for the coffee= Coffee

éÀ úø•’s©’ îÁLxç. ÉC î√™« common, ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’. 8) Settle (something) with some one=

á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ üˆo-®·Ø√ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç/ ã B®√t-Ø√-EéÀ ®√´ôç. India is trying its best to settle the border issue with pakistan

ÆæJ-£æ«ü¿’l N¢√ü¿ç N≠æߪ’ç Pak ûÓ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ¨»ßª’¨¡èπ◊h™« v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ÚhçC. 9) Remind (someone) of something = äéπ-JéÀ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’h-îË-ߪ’ôç

üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’ ûÁ©-°æôç – ÉC ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ a) She thanked him for his help=

ÅûªE ≤ƒßª÷-EéÀ Ç¢Á’ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’ îÁ°œpçC b) Thank you for the trouble you taken to help me=

Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O’®Ω’ BÆæ’-èπ◊†o v¨¡´’èπ◊ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’. 14) Comment on/ Make comment on =

¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’ôç. a) It is bad manners to comment on others' appearance =

Éûª®Ω’© ®Ω÷§ƒEo í∫’Jç* ¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’ôç ņ’-*ûªç.

a) He remind me of the money I owed him =

Åûª-EéÀ ؈’ Å°æ¤p†o N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hî˨»úø’. b) The scene reminded me of a similar incident in my life =

b) He makes silly comments on every one=

v°æA-¢√-∞¡x†’ í∫’Jç< àüÓ °œ*a °œ*a ¢√uêu©’ îËÆæ’hç-ö«-úø-ûª†’

1) Complain about -

v°æ¨¡o: àéπ -´-îª-†´÷, •£æ›- ´-îª-†´÷?

a) I am not satisfied with these marks

Remind me of it

Pramod: Did he pay for the extra chairs that he ordered?

(Åûª†’ order îËÆœ† Åü¿-†°æ¤ èπ◊Ka©èπ◊ úø•’s îÁLxç-î√ú≈?)

2

Fresh fruit(s) and vegetable are good for health - accepted as correct.

Ç ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç Ø√ @Nûªç™ ïJ-T† Å™«çöÀ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-††’ í∫’®Ω’hîËÆœçC.

äéπ-JéÀ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æpôç

10) Argue with some one about some thing=

a) I told him of/ about what's happened =

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* äéπ-JûÓ ¢√Cç-îªôç a) He doesn't like my arguing with him about his orders =

ïJ-Tç-ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* Åûª-EéÀ îÁ§ƒp†’. b) Don't tell any one of/ about this=

DE í∫’Jç* á´-Jéà àO’ îÁ°æpèπ◊.

ÅûªE ÇüË-¨»© N≠æߪ’ç/ ÇüË-¨»-©†’ í∫’Jç* ÅûªEûÓ Øˆ’ ¢√Cç-îªôç Åûª-EéÀ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. b) Don't argue with elders about any thing=

- M. SURESAN

°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ à N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç< ¢√Cç-îÌü¿’l.

2) Conversational English is the English used in conversation what we usually call spoken English. Communicative English - I don't know if the expression is correct? I think communication English is better- It refers to spoken and written English as well. That is, the English we use both in conversation and writing in informal as well as formal situations. 3)

15) Tell some one of/ about something =

´÷ô©’ (v°æÆæç-í¬™x é¬F, ®Ωîª-†™ é¬F) Çèπ◊-™«xç-öÀN. ´’K ü¿ôd-¢Á’i† Çèπ◊© ´÷ô’† °æçúøx-®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ éπE-°œç-*-†ô’x ´’K áèπ◊\-¢Áj† ´÷ô™x ¶µ«´ç î√™« ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ ¶µ«´ç ûªèπ◊\´ Å®·ûËØË ´÷ô©’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç ÅE.

v°æ¨¡o: 1) They went up the feast. went to preposition

Ñ

¢√éπuç™ ûª®√yûª ÅØË ®√¢√-L-éπü∆!

2 a) The copy (notice) circulated to the staff. b) The copy (notice) communicated to the staff.

ï¢√•’:

È®çúø÷ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? – -úÕ.Ææ’-¶«s®√-´¤, é¬-V-©÷®Ω’

1) Went up (past tense of go up) (archaic/ Bibliel) English

èπ◊

§ƒûª-é¬-©°æ¤ ™ îË®√®Ω’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÖçúËC. They went up the feast = ¢√∞«x Nçü¿’èπ◊ îË®√®Ω’.) Å®·ûË Ñ Å®Ωnç É°æ¤púø’ went up èπ◊ ™‰ØË-™‰ü¿’.

They attended the feast correct. Went to rect.

Åçö«ç ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ cor-

2. The copy (of the notice) circulated to the staff =

Æœ•sç-CéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-îË-ߪ’-•-úÕ† v°æA =

notice

The copy (of the notice) communicated to the staff.

È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u© Å®Ωnç -äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË circulate = é¬Tûªç (N≠æ-ߪ ’çûÓ èπÿúÕ†) í¬F/ notice ™«çöÀ-C-í¬F Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ¢√J-éπç-ü¿-Jéà îª÷°œç-îªúøç. Communicate = N≠æߪ’ç, é¬Tûªç ®Ω÷°æç™ ´÷vûª-¢Ë’-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, ÉçÍé Nüµ¿ç-í¬-ØÁjØ√ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç.

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 12 -W-Ø˛ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Mallika:

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

317

(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h, á°æ¤p-ú≈¢Á’ English ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ØÓ®Ω’ ûÁJ-*-Ø√ ´’† friends ™ éÌçûª´’çC fools ûª††’ îª÷Æœ †´¤y-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’)

Champaka: Heard of it? Chandana has made it to the IIT. Really great.

(NØ√o¢√? îªçü¿-†èπ◊ IIT ´*açC. Eïçí¬ íÌ°æp N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’.) made it = ≤ƒCµç-*çC. Mallika:

Right from her school days she had been aiming at it. She has been at it steadily, and now she has made it at a single go.

But the pity is whenever she opens her mouth to speak English, a few fools among our friends laugh at her.

Champaka: Mocking at people like that is certainly bad.

(Å™« Éûª-®Ω’Lo áí∫-û√--R-îË-ߪ’ôç ûªÊ°p.) Mallika:

I am really delighted at her achievement. She was hinting at joining some spoken English institute to improve her English.

(School

®ÓV-©’oçîË ûª†èπ◊ IIT O’ü¿í∫’J. ü∆E O’üË ÖçC ûª†èπ◊. É°æ¤úø’ Nïߪ’ç §ÒçCçC.)

(ûª†’ ≤ƒCµç-*çC îª÷ÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ØË Ç†ç-ü¿çí¬ ÖçC. àüÓ spoken

2

éÌEo important prepositions ¢√úøéπç îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç at ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) Right from her school days she had been aiming at it. 2) She has made it at a single go 3) ... she were as good at English 4) I am really surprised at it 5) ... a few fools ... laugh at her 6) Mocking at people ... is certainly bad 7) I am really delighted at her achievement 8) I started in disbelief at her rank at

°j† ûÁL°œ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x

´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√-úø-û√ç.

She had been aiming at it

Poor at =

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç/ î√ûª-é¬-éπ-§Ú-´ôç. a) He poor at Maths = ¢√úÕéÀ ™„éπ\©’ ®√´¤. b) She is weak at languages = ¶µ«≠æ©’ (¶µ«≠æ©’ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç) Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ®√´¤/ ®√ü¿’. 4) be surprised at/ be amazed at/ wonder at/ be astonished at at

É´Fo Ǩ¡a-®√u-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç*† ´÷ô©’– OöÀ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ ´Ææ’hçC. 5) Laugh at = äéπJ-E îª÷Æœ, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* †´yôç. Å™«Íí smile at = *®Ω’-†´¤y †´yôç – äéπJ-E îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤úø’, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-Æœ-†-°æ¤úø’. a) Draupadi laughed at Duryodhana's fall =

ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†’úø’ °æúÕ-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ vüˆ°æ-C- †-NyçC. b) He smiled at his friend. 6) Mock at =

Champaka: I wish she were as good at English as she is at the sciences. (Sciences

™ -áç-ûª íÌ-§Úp English ™ èπÿ-ú≈ -Åç-ûª íÌ°æpí¬ Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC!) Mallika:

I am really surprised at it. How could she neglect English so?

(ÅüËØ√é¬-¨¡a®Ωuç. English ´’K Åçûª ᙫ °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ´C-™‰-ߪ’-í∫-L-TçD?) Champaka: But the good thing is, whenever she gets an opportunity she tries to speak in English.

(Å®·ûË ã ´’ç* N≠æߪ’ç à-N’ôçõ‰, Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø-™«x English ™ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hçC, ÅC ´’ç*üË éπü∆?) Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o short responses †’ Ñ éÀçC exercise ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English, adding suitable responses. 1. Santan:

´’ç* ´÷N’úÕ°æç-úø’x ØËØÁ-éπ\úø é̆-í∫-©ØÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? 2. Bharat: Ç, ûÁ©’Ææ’ 3. Santan: ††o-éπ\úÕéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡-û√-¢√? 4. Bharat: BÆæ’Èé-∞«}-©-ØË Öç-C Ø√èπ◊, é¬F é¬Ææh BJ-éπ™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o-E-°æ¤púø’. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´®Ωèπ◊ wait îËߪ’-í∫-©¢√? 5. Santan: îËߪ’-™‰-ØË¢Á÷ (afraid ¢√úøçúÕ). ¢√öÀE pack îË®·ç*, Ø√í∫-°æ‹-®˝™  Ö†o Ø√ friend èπ◊ °æ秃L°æ¤púø’. 6. Bharat: ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12 ü∆ÈéjØ√ wait îËߪ’-™‰¢√? 7. Santan: Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. (mind ¢√úøçúÕ). ÅC Ø√èπ◊ Ææ´’t-ûª¢Ë’. üµ¿®Ω-™„-™« -Ö-Ø√o®·, à´’Ø√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ? (Any Idea...?). ´çü¿™x éÌçõ‰- é¬Ææh í¬_ Öçö«-ßË’¢Á÷? 8. Bharat: Å™«-Íí- -ØË-†÷ ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o (hope) 9. Santan: ؈ ’ ¢√öÀØÓ transport company ü∆y®√ °æç°æ¤-ûª’Ø√o. Å´-éπ\-úÕ-éÀ -îË-Í®-ô°æpöÀéÀ ´’T_-§Ú--û√ߪ÷? (overripe = ´’T_-§Ú-´ôç) 10. Bharat: Å™« ÅE ņ’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç éÌØË °æç-úøx†’-•öÀd, pack îË®·çîË Nüµ∆-Eo-•öÃd Öçô’çC. 11. Santan: †’´¤y O’ ¶«´-í¬JÍéç °æç-úø÷x °æç°æ-ô癉ü∆? 12. Bharat: °æ秃-©ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o (want) é¬F, ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÂÆ©-´¤-©èπ◊ Ooty ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. 13. Santan: ¢√∞Îx-°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’? 14. Bharat: Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÊÆh áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’†’? ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω’oç* Ø√èπ◊ phone ´*a ¢√®Ω´’-®·çC. 15. Santan: ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûªy®Ω-í¬ØË AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®√?

English institute

™ îË®Ω’-ûª’-†oô’x Ø√ûÓ îª÷î√-ߪ’í¬ -îÁ°œpç-C)

Champaka: I started at her rank in disbelief when she showed her rank card to me. She is really tops. We can't but admire her.

(ûª†

rank card

Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œœ-†-°æ¤púø’, Ç †’ îª÷Æœ †´’t-™‰éπ Å™«ØË îª÷Ææ’hç-úÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Eïçí¬ íÌ°æp Å´÷tßË’. ´’†ç ¢Á’a-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø™‰ç.) tops = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ íÌ°æp can't but = ûª°æpü¿’

1) Aim at:

(Ç¢Á’

Let's wish her all the best.

pistol

†’

villain

(ÅûªE ©éπ~uç ´·êu-´’çvA °æü¿N) 2) At a single go = äéπ\/ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ v°æߪ’-ûªoç-™ ØË. a) He achieved the seemingly impossible at a single go =

Å≤ƒ-üµ¿uçí¬ éπ-E°œç-*-† N≠æߪ÷Eo äéπ °æ-ô’d™ (v°æߪ’-ûªoç™) ≤ƒCµç-î√úø’.

b) The hero bashed the villain and all his men at a single go = villain

£‘«®Ó -Ç -†’, -ÅûªE ´’-†’≠æfl-©†’ äéπ\ -üÁ•sûÓ *ûª-éÌ\-ö«dúø’. 3) Good at English = English ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç. ANSWER

16. Bharat:

Å™« ÅE ؈-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞Ôxéπ Ooty -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ South India Åçû√ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«. 17. Santan: †’´¤-y ¢√-∞¡x†’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ °œ-©-´-úøç-™‰-ü∆? (invite)

18. Bharat:

°œ©-¢√-Lqç-üËç-™‰ü¿’ (have to). Ç¢Á’ ´÷ ÅÍé\ éπü∆. ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ -Ç-¢Á’ -á-°æ¤púø’ 鬢√-©çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ®√´îª’a. ÉC Ç¢Á’ É©’x é¬ü∆? 19. Santan: Ç¢Á’ ´-≤Úhç-ü∆ Å®·ûË? 20. Bharat: ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’ (wonder) 21. Santan: †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞ «x-©E F ÖüËl¨¡ç? (intend)

22. Bharat:

¢√∞¡Ÿx AJ-T-®√-í¬ØË. †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ -®√-´úøç Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç (rather) 23. Santan: Ø√èπÿ É≠æd-¢Ë’. áEo ®ÓV-© ’çü∆ç Åéπ\úø? 4, 5 ®ÓV©’ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷? 24. Bharat: Ç, ÆæJ-§Ú-û√®·. Åçûª-éπØ√o Öçúø-™‰-ØËo†’. Ø√èπ◊ Ééπ\úø î√-™« -°æ-†’-©’-Ø√o®·. 25. Santan: Ø√ Ææçí∫B ÅçûË.

v°æ¨¡o: Homographs,

Homonyms,

model answer English

ÉC

´÷vûª¢Ë’. ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ÉîËa O’Í®C ®√ߪ’-í∫-L-TØ√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.

1. Santan: (Do) you know where I can buy good mangoes? 2. Bharat: Of course I do 3. Santan: will/ can/ could you take me there? polite request

(´’†ç áçûª í¬ îËÆæ’hØ√oç ÅØËü∆Eo •öÀd)

4. Bharat: I'd (I would) very much like to, but I am a little busy. Can you wait till the evening? 5. Santan: I'm afraid no/ I'm afraid I can't. I've to get/ have them packed and sent to my friend in Nagpur. 6. Bharat: Can't you wait at least till 12 noon. 7. Santan: I don't mind. That's OK for me. How are the prices? Any idea/ Any idea how the prices are? Won't they be cheaper by the hundred? 8. Bharat: I hope so. eg: bare

(Cí∫ç-•-®Ω-¢Á’i†), bear (¶µºJçîªôç, á©’-í∫’-•çöÀ)– ÉN homo-

Homophones-

Ñ ´‚úø’ °æü∆© Å®√n©’ N´Jçîªí∫-©®Ω’. ii) a, e, i, o, u - OöÀ -ûª®√-y-ûª -´-îËa 'r' -†’ °æ-©’éπèπÿ-úø-ü∆? -É-C silent Å-´¤-ûª’ç-ü∆? – ≤ƒ´’çû˝, ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ -ï-¢√-•’: Homographs Åçõ‰ äÍé spelling ÖçúÕ, ¢ËÍ® pronunciation ûÓ ¢ËÍ® Å®Ωnç ÖçúË ´÷ô©’: eg: minute (N’--Eö¸) Åçõ‰ EN’≠æç; minute (¢Á’i†÷uö¸) Åçõ‰ Ææ÷éπ~ t-¢Á’i† ÅE. Homonyms Åçõ‰ äÍé spelling, äÍé pronunciation ¢ËÍ® ¢ËÍ® Å®√n-©’†o ´÷ô©’: can (í∫© ÅØË Å®Ωnç- He can do it = Åûª-†C îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’), can (úø¶«s-™«ç-öÀC). Ééπ\úø can, can homonyms. Homophones - spellings ûËú≈, Å®Ωnç ûËú≈, pronunciation äéπõ‰ Ö†o ´÷ô©’- knew and new, steel and steal.

phones.

ii) British English

™ a, e, i, o, u - OöÀ™x à Åéπ~®Ωç ûª®√yûª-ØÁj-Ø√ ´îËa 'r' silent. ('r' ûª®√yûª ´’Sx a, e, i, o, u ®√éπ-§ÚûË.) form = §∂ƒ¢˛’ (form ™ 'r' o ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC, é¬E r ûª®√yûª a/ e/ i/ o/ u ®√´-ôç-™‰ü¿’ Åçü¿’-éπE 'r' silent.

forum = u

ûª†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ´îªaE îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡x-ûªEo îª÷Æœ Ê£«∞¡-†í¬ †¢√y®Ω’/ áí∫-û√R î˨»®Ω’.

O’CéÀ í∫’J-°-öÀdçC)

b) He aims at Chief Ministership

rank

Mallika:

í∫’J-îª÷-úø-ôç

a) She aimed the pistol at the villain

§∂Ú®Ωç (Ééπ\úø r, o ûª®√yûª ´*aØ√, r ûª®√yûª ´≤ÚhçC. 鬕öÀd r silent é¬ü¿’) Å®·ûË American English ™ a, e, i, o, u ûª®√yûª ´îËa 'r' silent é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË American 'r' †’ Indians ™«í¬ °æ©-éπ®Ω’. Ø√©’éπ é¬Ææh °jéÀ A°œp ûÁ©’í∫’ '±— (•çúø ®Ω) ¨¡•lçí¬ pronounce îË≤ƒh®Ω’. form - British (§∂ƒç) form - American (§∂ƒ±˝ç)

äéπJ-E Ê£«∞¡† îËÆæ÷h †´yôç.

a) They mocked at him when he said that he was very good at English = English

b) We shouldn't mock at the poor =

Ê°ü¿-¢√-∞¡x†’ îª÷Æœ Ê£«∞¡-†í¬ †-´y®√-ü¿’. džç-Cç-îªôç. I am delighted at this chance = Ñ Å´-鬨¡ç Ø√èπ◊ -´-*-a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ØË-†’ -Ç-†ç-C-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. 8) Stare at = Ǩ¡a-®ΩuçûÓ/ éÓ°æçûÓ/ †´’t-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ î√™«ÊÆ°æ¤ äÍé-¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷úøôç. 7) be delighted =

a) She stared at him in anger. b) I stared at it in disbelief

É´Fo

at

¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’. ¶«í¬

practice

îËߪ’çúÕ.

9. Santan: I am sending them through a transport company (by lorry). Will they be overripe by the time they reach there? 10. Bharat: I hope not. Depends on the quality of the fruit and how we get them packed. 11. Santan: Aren't you sending any to your brother in law? 12. Bharat: I want to, but they have gone to Ooty for holidays. 13. Santan: When will they return/ be back? 14. Bharat: (How) I wish I knew? (It's) a week since they called me. 15. Santan: Will they return (be back/ come back) soon? 16. Bharat: I don't think so. I think they'll tour the whole of South India. 17. Santan: Aren't you inviting them here? 18. Bharat: I don't have to/ do have to? She is my own sister, isn't she? She can come to our home whenever she likes. Isn't this her home as well? 19. Santan: Is she coming then? 20. Bharat: I wonder. 21. Santan: When do you intend to go to her? 22. Bharat: As soon as they are back/ come back/ get back/ return. I'd rather you go with me. 23. Santan: So would I. How long shall we be there? Will four or five days do? 24. Bharat: That will (of course). I can't stay there longer than that. I have a lot of work here. 25. Santan: So have I/ That's the case with me too.

- M. SURESAN

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 14 -W-Ø˛ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† jeans üÌJ-ÍéüË Ø√èπ◊. Ç©-Ææuçí¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®√†’, shop ´‚ÊÆÊÆ Å®Ωí∫çô ´·çü¿’ îË®√-†-éπ\-úÕéÀ.)

318

Suman: You should have gone earlier.

Suman: Your jeans are quite nice. You look damn smart in them. Where did you buy them and for how much?

(F jeans î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Öç-C. áéπ\úø, áçûªèπ◊ éÌØ√o´¤?) ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç– jeans, trousers (´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûª°æ¤pí¬ pant ÅØËC - pants ÅØÌa), scissors ™«çöÀN á°æ¤púø÷ plural. Å®·ûË ¢√öÀE a pair of jeans, a pair of trousers, a pair of scissors ÅE äéπ\-ü∆Eo îÁ°æp-ö«-EÍé ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. A pair of ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅN singular éÀçü¿ ™„éπ\) Aswath: Are they, really? Thanks for the compliment. I bought them at Smarty's for Rs.700/-

(Eï´÷? F v°æ¨¡ç-Ææèπ◊ thanks. ü∆Eo ؈’ 700 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o†’)

(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·çüË ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-LqçC) Aswath: I didn't plan to, actually. I just walked in when I saw the shop. I had ready cash too. Anyway no regrets. I am satisfied.

☯

Aswath: You'd better go at noon time. That's when the crowd is thin. You can select at leisure. A wide range to choose from.

☯

☯

☯

prepositions study preposition

îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆. 'At' - Ñ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hç-úøôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'At' ¢√úø-û√®Ó éÌEoçöÀE ÉC-´-®Ω-éπöÀ lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’JéÌEo Ñ lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç. ´’†ç

Study the following sentences from the conversation above:

b) The third rack in the shop has only Computer books Shop ™E 3´ rack (Å©-´÷-®√)™ Computer books ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®·. ´’†ç á´-È®jØ√ ¢√úø’-éπí¬ ¢Á∞Ïx îÓôx™ ÅØËçü¿’èπ◊ at ¢√úøû√ç (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ®√ü¿’)

in

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ É™«çöÀ v°æüË-¨»© ´·çü¿’ at ´Ææ’hçC. °ü¿l °ü¿l °æôd-ù«©/ †í∫-®√© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’, in ´Ææ’hçC.

b) Praveen: Hello, can I speak to your brother? brother

a) He arrived in Hyderabad/ Vizag/ Guntur/

a) She is at college now.

(O’

2) That's really a good buy at that price. 3) .... I arrived at the shop half an hour before they were closing. 4) You had better go at noon time. 6) The shopman was hinting at a discount sale.

b) He arrived at (small places/ villages, very

(Çߪ’† bank ™ ÖØ√oúø’) Å™«Íí, at the doctor's/ at hospital/ at work/ at school/ at the restaurant- Ñ îÓôx™  ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ at ¢√úøû√ç. °∂晫Ø√ ¢√Rxçöx äéπ®Ω’ Öçúøôç/ àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’ôç etc.

c) Ekambar: Where are the boys?

(°œ©x-™„-éπ\úø?)

Nilambar: They are playing at their uncle's.

(¢√∞¡x uncle Éçöx Çúø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: °∂晫Ø√ ¢√Rxçöx ÅØËçü¿’èπ◊, Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ X®√ç Éçöx ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Sriram's ÅØË Åçö«®Ω’. Sriram's house/ home ņ®Ω’. Sri Ram's Åçõ‰ î√©’. d) Ram and Syam are at Bheem's

1) I bought them at Smarty's.

؈’ ü∆Eo Smarty's (shop) ™ éÌØ√o†’. °∂晫Ø√ ü¿’é¬-ùç™ é̆ôç =

(Bheem's home/ Bheem's house

ņ®Ω’).

M.SURESAN

Aswath: Let's go a few days later. The shopman was hinting at a discount sale from the coming Monday. Wait till then.

A wide variety of goods are available at the shop. b) She was at the fruit market while her husband was at the book shop =

a) I bought these mangoes at Rs. 70/- a dozen

(éÌCl-®Ó-V© ûª®√yûª ¢Á∞«lç. Ç shop Åûª†’ ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç †’ç* discount sale ÖçúÌ-îªaE îª÷î√-ߪ’í¬ ÅØ√oúø’. Å°æp-öÀ´-®Ωèπ◊ -Çí∫’)

Ç¢Á’ °æçúøx ü¿’é¬-ùç™ Öçõ‰ Çߪ’† °æ¤Ææh-鬩 ü¿’é¬-ùç™ ÖØ√oúø’. c) There are few things that you can't get at the departmental store =

(Ñ °æçúø’x ؈’ dozen 70 ®Ω÷/– îÌ°æ¤p† éÌØ√o†’)– Ééπ\úø áEo °æçúø’x é̆oD -ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. Rate- Åçõ‰ äéπ dozen üµ¿®Ω ´÷vûªç– 鬕öÀd

(Å®·ûË Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢Á∞¡û√. †’´‹y Ø√ûÓ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿÷?)

Suman: I can't but say it again. The jeans are really fine.

(´’Sx îÁ°æpéπ ûª°æpôç ™‰ü¿’/ îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. Jeans áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ!) Aswath: I could have got even a better one than this. I started late and arrived at the shop just half an hour before they were closing.

i) Despite, Beside

buying things at that shop a)

Ç shop ™ î√™« ®Ω鬩 ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ÖØ√o®· =

Ç department store ™ ™‰E ´Ææ’h-´çô÷ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’ In the shop Åçõ‰ shop ™°æ© Ö†o N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©-°æôç When the fire brokeout, fortunately only a few people were in the shop =

Ç ´’çô©’ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’ Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h Ç shop ™ éÌCl-´’çC ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®Ω’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:

°æü∆-©†’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L?

ii) Could have been, would have been, need have been, might have been, will have been

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’

ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

-ï-¢√-•’:

i) Despite = in spite of =

– Ç®˝.-®√-ñ«-®√´¤, ü¿çúÕ-í∫’çô Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ.

Despite his huge wealth, he leads a simple life =

Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ Ææç°æ-†’o-úÁj-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, î√™« E®√-úøç-•®Ω @Nûªç í∫úø’°æ¤ûª’-Ø√oúø’ Despite the rain, they went out =

´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’h-†o-°æo-öÀéÃ, ¢√∞¡Ÿx •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«x®Ω’. Besides = in addition to = ÉçéÓü∆EûÓ§ƒô’

(also).

He gave me some money besides these books =

Ñ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©-ûÓ-§ƒô’ Ø√éπ-ûª†’ éÌçûª úøGs-î√aúø’. ii) OöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ §ƒûª lessons ™ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL§ƒç.

Spoken English

small towns, etc). He arrived at Chilukuru. Chilukuru is a small village.

Å®·ûË °∂晫Ø√

time

èπ◊ ņo-°æ¤púø÷,

at

¢√úøû√ç.

At 4, At 3.30, At 12.15 etc.

period= period

N®√´’ç ´·çü¿’, in ¢√úøû√ç– Ç ÅßË’uç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. In 10 minutes = 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ (10 EN’-≥ƒ™x = within 10 minutes) In an hour = ã í∫çôèπ◊/ í∫çô-ü∆-öÀç-ûª-®√yûª (within an hour = í∫çô-™ °æ¤) In two days = È®çvúÓ-V© ûª®√yûª (È®çvúÓ-V™x = within two days) 5) At leisure = BJí¬_ äéπ

a) He is at leisure on Sundays =

®√ç, ¨»uç– Hµç Éçöx ÖØ√o®Ω’. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ rate ´·çü¿’ (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ äéπ unit üµ¿®Ω), at, price (´’†ç é̆o ¢Á·ûªhç ´Ææ’h-´¤© üµ¿®Ω -´·ç-ü¿’ for ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË Ç üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, at that price ÅE Åçö«ç.)

Suman: I think I'll go this evening. Why don't you come with me.

v°æ¨¡o:

Warangal, etc.

ûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L)

Pramod: He is at the bank.

1) I bought them at Smarty's for Rs. 700.

5) You can select at leisure.

(†’´¤y ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ¢Á∞¡xôç ´’ç*C. Å°æ¤púø’ ï†ç °æ©aí¬ (ûªèπ◊\-´í¬) Öçö«®Ω’. BJí¬_ áç-éÓ-´îª’a.) thin crowd - °æ©aöÀ í∫’ç°æ¤ x thick/ large crowd = î√™« °ü¿l í∫’ç°æ¤, wide range = áèπ◊\´ ®Ω鬩’– ´Ææ’h-´¤©’/ üµ¿®Ω©’. range = v¨ÏùÀ

a) Computer books are available at the shop

You had better go at noon time

Suman: That's really a good buy at that price. I'd buy a pair too.

(Ç üµ¿®Ω-éπC ´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’. ؈÷ é̆’èπ◊\çö« äéπöÀ.) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆, Ééπ\úø pair Åçõ‰ ïûª Å-E Å®Ωnç. È®çúø’ é¬ü¿’. Jeans 鬕öÀd, a pair of jeans Åçõ‰ äéπõ‰.

(¢Á∞«x-©E/ éÌØ√-©E ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ ÅÆæ©’. Shop éπE-°œç-îª-í¬ØË ™°æ-LéÀ ¢Á∞«x. úø•’s ñ‰•’™ ready í¬ ÖçC. Å®·ûË ØËØËç ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Ø√éà jeans Ææçûª%°œhéπ®Ωçí¬ØË ÖçC.)

2

2) At that price -

at.

b) I bought these mangoes for Rs. 90/-

(Ñ ´÷N’-úÕ-°æçúø’x ؈’ 90 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o)– ÉC ¢Á·ûªhç °æçúøx üµ¿®Ω- price- 鬕öÀd, for, Å®·ûË Åçûª Í®ô’èπ◊ ņo-°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûªç at that price ÅØË Åçö«ç. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x price èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, rate ÅE. 3) Arrive at- äéπîÓöÀéÀ îË®Ωôç- arrive at a place (Shop/ College/ Cinema/ at a part of a town/ a city, etc)

v°æ¨¡o:

i) The Intermediate first year results would be declared at 11.30 a.m. Since action is carried out in future, will should be used. But 'would' is given. Is it right usage? How? ii) Explain the sentence (1) When you've got Charles to deal with, this may mean he is only plotting. (2) He lived what he wrote, and any attempt to understand this unusual man begins and ends with the man himself. - K. Sainath, Tenali

-ï-¢√-•’:

Åûª†’

i) Yes. Would be declared is wrong.

It should be will be declared. ii) 1) Charles is planning some thing evil. 2) His writing(s) tell you how he lived, so there is no need to study his book(s) to understand him. The only way to understand him is to study the man.

Sundays

BJí¬_ Öçö«úø’.

b) I am not at leisure to discuss these matters =

Ñ N≠æߪ÷©’ îªJaç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ BJé𠙉ü¿’. îª÷î√-ߪ’í¬ Å†ôç

6) hint at =

a) The CM was hinting at reservations for some more castes =

´’J-éÌEo èπ◊™«-©èπ◊ reservations É´yôç í∫’Jç* CM îª÷î√-ߪ’í¬ ÅØ√o®Ω’. b) He was hinting at starting new lines of business =

éÌûªh ¢√u§ƒ-®√-©†’ v§ƒ®Ωç-GµçîË N≠æߪ’ç àüÓ îª÷î√-ߪ’í¬ ÅØ√oúø’. Practise the following aloud in Englishuse the proper prepositions: Kapil:

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç FûÓ îªJaç-î√ú≈? ™‰ü¿’. àüÓ îª÷î√-ߪ’í¬ ÅØ√oúø’ Kapil: á°æ¤p-úøØ√oúŒ ´÷ô? Akhil: E†o. 鬢˒≠ˇ ¢√Rxçöx Kapil: á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω’oç* ´*açC ¢√úÕéà ¢√®Ωh? Akhil: ¢√∞¡x doctor hospital ™ ņ’-èπ◊çö«. ¢√∞¡x doctor àüÓ Åûª-EéÀ îÁ°œp-†-ô’d-Ø√oúø’. Kapil: ÉC ´’†èπ◊ ü¿’®√yÍ®h. Åûª-†™« Ç™-*ç-îªôç îÁúø’. Akhil: ¢Ë*-îª÷ü∆lç. Akhil:

ANSWER Kapil: Did he discuss this with you? Akhil: No. He just hinted at it Kapil: When did he say this? Akhil: Yesterday. At Kamesh's Kapil: Who did he get this news from? (from whom did he get this news?rect. spoken English

Å®·ûË

ÉC cor™ î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’)

Akhil: At his doctor's, I suppose. His doctor seems to have told him of/ about it. Kapil: This is bad news for us. It's bad of him to think so. Akhil: Let's wait and see.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 17 -W-Ø˛ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dayal: Just what do you know about all this?

(ÅÆæ©’ OöÀ í∫’Jç* FÍéç ûÁ©’Ææ’?) Kripal: Not much. I was at my desk at office when Dharma came in and started shouting at us.

(áèπ◊\¢Ëç ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ؈’ office ™ Ø√ desk ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ üµ¿®Ωt ´*a Åçü¿Ko Íééπ™‰-ߪ’ôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’) Dayal: What was the cause of his anger?

2

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) What do you know about all this? 2) I was at my desk 3) He ... started shouting at us 4) What was the cause of his anger? 5) He said he was irritated at the delay in processing ... at our office. 6) He was tired of having to visit our office so often.

(Åûª-E -éÓ-§ƒEéÀ 鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’-N’öÀ?) Kripal: He said he was irritated at the delay in processing his papers at our office. He was tired of having to visit our office so often.

(ÅûªE é¬T-û√© O’ü¿ Ωu BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ôç™ ´÷ office îËÆæ’h†o ñ«°æuç ûª†èπ◊ éÓ°æç éπLT-≤Úhç-ü¿-Ø√oúø’. ´÷ office ô÷d AJT AJT NÆœ-T-§Ú-ߪ÷-†-Ø√oúø’) Dayal: Why don't you speed up his papers. You shouldn't give him scope for complaining.

(ÅûªE papers O’®Ω’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Ëí∫-ûª®Ωç îËߪ’®Ω’? Complain îËÊÆ Ç≤ƒ\®Ωç Åûª-E-éÀ O’®Ω’ éπLp-ç-îÌ-ü¿’l.) scope= Ç≤ƒ\®Ωç/ Å´-鬨¡ç Kripal: Anil looks into his matter and he was on leave the whole of last week. Work has piled up for him and he may take some more time to study these papers.

(ÅûªE ´u´-£æ…-®√©Fo ÅE™¸ îª÷≤ƒhúø’. í∫ûª-¢√®Ωç Åçû√ Åûª†’ ÂÆ©´¤. °æE ¶«í¬ Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·çC. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Åûª-EéÀ ÉçéÌçûª Æ洒ߪ’ç °æúø’-ûª’çC.)

7) You shouldn't give him scope for complaining.

b) He has been at play for an hour now=

Åûª†’ í∫çô-ÊÆ-°æ¤í¬ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. 3) shout at = äéπ-JE í∫öÀdí¬ Aôdúøç/ éÓ°æçûÓ Å®Ω-´ôç.

8) Anil is looking into his matter. 9) He was on leave 10) Aren't you familiar with his file?

a) Who are you shouting at =

11) Anil might object to my handling the file.

á´-J-O’ü¿ †’´¤y?

12) I'll convince him of the urgency of the matter.

b) No use shouting at a deaf man=

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

13) ... is not good for our company. 1) Know about = know of =

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç/ äéπ-JE í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ´ôç/ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç. ÉC ´’†ç î√™«≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»ç. Å®·ûË ã N≠æߪ’ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ –

The school is on vacation = School

Å®·ûË

èπ◊ Ææ’D®Ω` ÂÆ©´¤©’. ™/ ÂÆ©´¤™x =

holidays

10) familiar with =

(äéπ ´’E≠œ/ N≠æߪ’ç) ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç/ °æJ-îªßª’ç Öçúøôç.

a) He was irritated at her comments.

a) He is quite familiar with India =

Ç¢Á’ ¢√uêu©’ Åûª-EéÀ *®√èπ◊ éπL-Tçî√®·.

b) He is not familiar with the city =

b) People are irritated at his way of talking= M.SURESAN

ÂÆ©´¤™ Öçúøôç. ÂÆ©´¤™ Öçúøôç. go on leave = ÂÆ©´¤™  Öçúøôç. on a holiday = ÂÆ©´¤™ x ÉçéÓ-îÓ-öÀéÀ N£æ…-®√-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç. be on leave =

During vacation/ during the leave period.

319

îÁN-öÀ-¢√úÕ O’ü¿ ÅJ* v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’. 5) be irritated at = *®√-èπ◊-°æ-úøôç.

14) Don't worry about it any more.

Difference between 1) know and 2) know about.

Å®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤

9) He was on leave =

Åûª-EéÀ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åûª-EéÀ †í∫®Ωç Åçûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. c) I am familiar with him =

Åûª†’ ´÷ö«xúË B®Ωçõ‰ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ´’çô.

Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. (´÷ Éü¿l-Jéà °æJ-îªßª’ç ÖçC)

No scope for argument

Dayal: Aren't you familiar with his file? Can't you attend to it without waiting for Anil to deal with it?

(ÅûªE file N≠æߪ’ç Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆? †’´¤y ü∆Eo îª÷úø-™‰¢√, ÅE™¸ îª÷ÊÆç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Öçúø-èπ◊çú≈?) Kripal: Anil might object to my handling the file.

(ØËØ√ file îª÷úø-ôç°j ÖçúÌa.)

Anil

èπ◊ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç

Dayal: If that happens, I'll convince Anil of the urgency of the matter. People making scenes in the office isn't good for the company.

(ÅC ïJ-TûË, ؈’ ÅE-™¸èπ◊ †îªa-îÁ-§ƒh†’. v°æï©’ office ™ íÌúø´ Ææ%≠œdç-îªôç company Ê°®Ω’èπ◊ ´’ç*-C-é¬ü¿’) Kripal: Then don't worry any more about it.

(Éçéπ ü∆E í∫’Jç* *çAç-îªèπ◊)














Get through with the use of prepositions. Here are some more prepositions that are quite frequent in spoken English.

v°æ¨¡o:

1) When I went to my friend's room he was sleeping. When I went to my friend's room he had slept.

a 1) I know him=

Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ´÷èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç ÖçC. 2) I know about him= ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ؈-ûªEo îª÷¨»†’/ ÅûªE í∫’Jç* NØ√o†’.

b) I know Physics/ Zoology/ German, etc= know about subject

É´Fo Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø ûª®√yûª ®√ü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ ã ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. ü∆E í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ÅØËC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆? c) I know about their marriage. Ééπ\úø ûÁ©’Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆– I know their marriage, ÅE. (Compare, I know the date of their marriage)

ÉC ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤úø’ éÌçîÁç Ç™-*ÊÆh ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC, ¢√úø’éπ™ ÅüË ´îËa-Ææ’hçC. 2) I was at my desk: Ø√ desk ü¿í∫_®Ω ؈’-Ø√o†’. îª÷úøçúÕ: At ÅØËC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ´’†ç ÖçúË-îÓôxEoçöÀE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ °æE-éÌ-Ææ’hçC. véÀûªç lesson ™ èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç. At office/ at (the) college/ at (the) school, etc. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ - at work (°æE™ Öçúøôç), at play- (Çô™ Öçúøôç). a) He is at work. Don't disturb him

(Åûª†’ °æE™ ÖØ√oúø’/ Åûª-ØËüÓ °æE îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. ´’†ç ÅûªEo disturb îËßÁ·ü¿’l).

3) The climate of Hyderabad is better than that of Vijayawada that of Than

Åçö«®Ω’. áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L. Ééπ\úø ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπü∆? – -¢Á-ØÁo-© -†®ΩÆœç£æ…®√-´¤, -¢Á’-ü¿é˙

6) (be) tired of =

´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å©-Æœ-§Ú-´ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË NÆœ-T-§Ú-´ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ É°æ¤úø’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´îËa-ÆœçC. a) The Indian movie is tiring=

¶µ«®Ωûª ÆœE-´÷©’ NÆæ’í∫’ °æ¤öÀd-≤ƒh®·. Åûª†’ îÁÊ°pC N†ôç Ø√èπ◊ NÆæ’í∫’.

Ñ ¢√éπuç ü∆Eo î√™« Ææp≠ædçí¬ îÁ•’-ûÓçC. ÆæçüË-£æ…-EéÀ Ç≤ƒ\-®Ω¢Ë’ ™‰ü¿’. 8) Anil is looking into his matter. look into =

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo v°æ¶µº’ûªyç °æJ-Q-L-≤ÚhçC.

b) The minister promised to look into the matter=

Ééπ\úø §ÚLéπ

èπÿ èπÿ éπü∆?

Åçü¿’-éπE

Åçö«ç/ ÅØ√L èπÿú≈.

Åçõ‰ ´îËa ’: 1) When I went to my friend's È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC -ï-¢√-•room Å®Ωnç Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø-éπØ√o, he was sleeping 2) When I ÆæÈ®jçC? ÅE– Åçõ‰ Ñ went to my friend's room, he had 2) They have said that they are going †÷, (already) gone to bed - Ñ È®çúø÷ to Hyderabad today. Reporting †í∫-®√Eo §Ú©’-Ææ’hçC. correct. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a. †÷, †í∫-®√Fo §Ú©aç-éπü∆? verb present tense ™í¬E, future 2) Present perfect tense Åç-õ‰ pretense ™í¬E Öçõ‰ reporting sent tense éπü∆ though it talks of a v°æ¨¡o: past action, time not stated, an speech ™ verb ´÷®Ωü¿’. Ééπ\úø R.V. action just completed or an action Present Perfect Tense ™ ÖçC-éπü∆. since then till now. So have said is ÉC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? present tense.

Spoken English

™‰èπ◊çõ‰

Åûªúø’ ´’†ûÓ éπ©-´ôç Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç. 12) convince (somebody) of something =

äéπ-JéÀ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç †îªa-ñ„°æpôç/ ä°œpç-îªôç. a) He convinced his father of the need for a two wheeler =

Cyîªvéπ ¢√£æ«†ç Å´-Ææ-®√Eo Åûªúø’ ¢√∞¡} Ø√†oèπ◊ †îªa-ñ„-§ƒpúø’. b) You cannot convince me of the goodness of coffee or tea = Coffee, tea

¢Ë’©’ îË≤ƒh-ߪ’E †’´¤y ††’o

ä°œpç-îª-™‰´¤. 13) good for/ bad for =

äéπ-JéÀ ´’ç*/ îÁúø’

a) Smoking is bad for health. 14) worry about =

Çü¿’®√l îÁçü¿ôç.

Don't worry about me. I'm OK =

Ø√ í∫’Jç* Çü¿’-®√l-°æ-úøèπ◊. ؈’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o.

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo °æJ-Q-L-≤ƒh-†E ´’çvA £æ…O’ Éî√a®Ω’.

Hyderabad climate Vijayawada climate that (= the climate) of Vijayawada The climate of Hyderabad is better than Vijayawada Hyderabad climate better sentence Hyderabad climate Vijayawada climate 1) What is the correct meaning of cute? eg: She is so cute. 2) When do we use younger & youngest? 3) When do we use elder & eldest? 4) When do we use older & oldest?

3)

b) I object to his joining us =

b) Walking is good for health

°æJ-Q-Lç-îªôç.

a) The government is looking into the matter

5) Avoid aping the west.

-ï-¢√-•’:

=

´éπh ¢√úÕ† éÌEo ´÷ô-©èπ◊ ÆæGµ-èπ◊™x éÌçûª-´’çC Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’/ ÇÍé~-°œç-î√®Ω’. (object + to)

Ç£æ…-®ΩçûÓ NÆæ’-í∫’-°æ¤öÀd ´÷®Ω’p éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç≤ƒ\®Ωç. äéπ °æE îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç.

7) scope for = a) We have to do what he asks us to do. No scope for argument. b) This sentence says it all very clearly. There is no scope for any doubt =

to

Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ûÁ©°æôç/ ÇÍé ~-°œçîªôç.

a) Some among the audience objected to some of the speaker's words =

b) I am tired of listening to him = c) They soon tired of the food and wanted a change =

11) object

– °œ. džç-ü¿-¶«•’, í∫†o-´®Ωç

1) Very attractive, beautiful and tender (delicate) 2) When we refer to the stages of life (age) of human beings/ animals/ plants. eg: a) He is younger than all others in the class/ in the family. b) He is the youngest of all in the class/ in the family 3) When we refer to the members of the same family eg: a) He is eldest of her children (same family) b) Dharmaraja was Bhima's elder (same family)

4) Older and Oldest: Old: 1) (of people/ animals/ plants) = aged (old in age) 2) (of things) - not new i) He is older than me/ I (not of same family) ii) He is older than all the other students in the class (not of the same family) iii) He is the oldest of all in the class (not of the same family) (of things). i) This Car is older than many other cars here (has been used longer/ bought earlier than many other cars here) ii) This is the oldest of all cars here (first car to be here) 5) ape = to copy/ to imitate Avoid aping the west = Don't imitate the west.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 19 -W-Ø˛ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Alankar: (There are) no two opinions about it. He is the best we have.

Nirankar: He is not for recognition of any sort. He does service because he likes to.

(ü∆E N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ È®çúø’ ÅGµv§ƒ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ û√´¤-™‰ü¿’. ´’†-èπ◊†o ¢√∞¡x™x Åûª†’ N’†o)

(à ®Ω-éπ-¢Á’i† í∫’Jhç-°æ¤-†èπÿ Åûªúø’ ´uA-Í®éÀ. Åûª-úÕ-éÀ≠dçæ 鬕öÀd ÊÆ´ îËÆæ’hç-ö«úø’.)

Nirankar: No doubt about it. Every one speaks high of him.

(ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* íÌ°æp-í¬ØË ´÷ö«x-úø-û√®Ω’.) Alankar: At the first sight people are likely to mistake him for an ordinary man. But a longer acquaintance of him helps a better understanding of his talent and his goodness.

(¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ÅûªúÕE îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ á´È®jØ√ ÅûªúÕE ´÷´‚©’ ´’E-≠æØË §Ò®Ω-°æ-úøû√®Ω’. é¬E Åûª-úÕûÓ áèπ◊\´ °æJ-îªßª’ç, ÅûªúÕ v°æA¶µº, ´’ç*-ûª†ç °æôx ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Å´-í¬-£æ«-†èπ◊ ûÓúøp-úø’-ûª’çC.) acquaintance (ÅÈéy-ß˝’-Ø˛-ôØ˛q – 'Å— ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æ©-èπ◊\çú≈, Èéyß˝’ ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) – 1. °æJîªßª’ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’, ÊÆo£æ«ç-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ 2. °æJ-îª-ߪ’Ææ’h©’ (ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ņ™‰ç) Nirankar: One good thing about him is his not being proud of his greatness. By nature he is humble.

(Åûª-E™ äéπ ´’ç* N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ ûª†’ íÌ°æpØË í∫®Ωyç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Åûªúø’ Eí∫Jy.) Alankar: Another thing is his dislike for praise. Though he's got a number of awards for his services he never boasts of them. It is for this reason that people have such a liking for him.

2

Alankar: We are privileged to be his friends. ☺

(ÅûªúÕ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©-´ôç ´’†éÓ v°æûËuéπ íı®Ω´ç.) ☺

☺

☺

☺

´’†ç ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË prepositions †’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çô’Ø√oç. Åçü¿’™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ´’J-éÌEo prepositions, prepositional phrases, prepositions ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç. To be thorough with the use of preps (prepositions), read the dialogue above aloud, or practise it with your friend/s four or five times. This is important.

b) I don't have a good opinion of him =

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

c) We are unable to understand their opinion on the matter.

ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç*/ O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿’. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ opinion on ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç.

1) (There are) no two opinions about him.

4) Acquaintance of = His acquaintance of her soon grew into love =

äéπ-JûÓ Ö†o °æJ-îªßª’ç.

Ç¢Á’ûÓ ÅûªúÕ °æJ-îªßª’ç vÊ°´’í¬ áC-TçC. äéπ-JûÓ Ö†o °æJ-îªßª’ç = Acquaintance of

a)

somebody (of).

b)

with something (with)

2) doubt about - doubt

2) No doubt about it.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

3) At the first sight people are likely to mistake him for an ordinary man. 4) But longer acquaintance of him helps a better understanding of his talent. 5) One good thing about him is his not being proud of his greatness.

M.SURESAN

6) By nature he is humble.

320

(ÆæçüË£æ«ç) ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ about -´Ææ’hç-C. I don't have any doubt about his success.

(ÅûªúÕ Nï-ߪ’ç™ Ø√Èé-™«çöÀ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’.) Å®·ûË Doubt èπ◊ È®çúø-®√n©’: 1) Doubt (noun) = ÆæçüË£æ«ç 2) Doubt (verb) = ÆæçüË-£œ«ç-îªôç. ÆæçüË-£œ«ç-îªôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ doubt ûª®√yûª à preposition ®√ü¿’.

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç = Acquaintance Sunil's acquaintance with computers is very little = computers

†’ í∫’Jç* Ææ’F™¸èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. (Acquaintance = °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’húø’ ÅE èπÿú≈) 5) proud of = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç/ äéπ ´uéÀhE í∫’Jç* í∫®Ωy-°æ-úøôç. a) He is proud of his car b) Dasaradha had every reason to be proud of his son. c) India is proud of Dr. Kalam 6) by nature =

Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬/ Ææyûª-Æœq-ü¿l¥çí¬/ °æ¤ô’d-éπûÓ.

a) By nature he is kind though he appears harsh =

No doubt about it

(ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç, §Òí∫-úøhçõ‰ Åûª-úÕéÀ Tôdéπ§Ú-´úøç. ÅûªúÕ ÊÆ´-©-ÈéØÓo °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√©’ ´*aØ√ ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* Åûª†’ íÌ°æp©’ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓúø’. Ñ é¬®Ω-ùç-´©x ûª†çõ‰ Åçü¿-Jéà Åçûª ÅGµ-´÷†ç.) Nirankar: Yea, that's why people have great regard for him.

(Å´¤†’. Åçü¿’-éπØË Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ûª†çõ‰ Åçûª íı®Ω´ç.) Alankar: Some of course are envious of him. There are always those who are critical of others for no fault of theirs.

(-Åûª†çõ‰ éÌçü¿-JéÀ Ñ®Ω{u. à ûª°æ‹p ™‰èπ◊çú≈ èπÿú≈ éÌçü¿-®Ωçõ‰ N´’-JzçîË ¢√∞Îx-°æ¤púø÷ Öçö«®Ω’.)

7) Another thing is his dislike for praise. 8) It is for this reason that people have a liking for him. 9) ... people have great regard for him. 10) Some, of course, are envious of him. 11) ... those who are critical of others for no fault of theirs. Observe the use of preposition in the sentences above. 1) No two opinions about it. Opinion

Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ – ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ÅE. äéπJ O’ü¿/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* äéπJ ÅGµv§ƒßª’ç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Someone's opinion about/ of somebody/ something. a) What's your opinion about/ of the leader?

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. ®√´·-úÕ°j £æ«û√u- -ߪ’-ûªoç™ éÀ®√®· £æ«çûª-éπ-´·®∏√ §ƒvûª Ö†oô’x ņ’-´÷-EÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. 2. £æ«ûªuèπ◊ ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-èπ◊-†oô’x ûËLçC. 3. EçC-ûª’©’ °æ®√-K™ Ö†oô’x Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç. 4. ¶µº÷éπ¶«b© ¢Á†’éπ °ü¿l Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ ÖØ√o-®ΩE v°æï©’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. 5. ¨»Ææ-†-´’ç-úøL à®√p-ô’èπ◊ ÅEo £æ«çí∫’©’ °æ‹®Ωhߪ÷u-ߪ’E ®√ï-éÃߪ’ N¨Ïx-≠æ-èπ◊©’ îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. °j ¢√é¬u©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

1) A big gang of mercenaries is suspected to be behind the attempt at Ramu's life 2) It is now clear that there was a pact for the murder 3) Information is on hand that the accused are at large 4) Big leaders are supposed to be behind the land grabs 5) The news doing the rounds among political circles is that all arrangements are in place for constituting the legislative council

To have + v3, To have + been + v3

©ûÓ éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-L´yí∫-©®Ω’.



He seems to have told her that he completed the work =

Ç °æE ûª†’ °æ‹Jh Some members are believed to îË-Æœ-†ô’x Ç¢Á’ûÓ îÁ°œp-†ô’x éπE°œ-≤ÚhçC/ have complained that some minÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. (to have + past participle) isters were obliging the CPI(M)  I like to have seen the movie = Ç and TRS leaders. Ñ ¢√é¬u-Eo ÆœE´÷ îª÷Ææ’ç-ú≈-Lqç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ûÁ©’í∫’-™ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. (îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’– îª÷ÊÆh áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC) – véÀ≠æg, éπúø°æ (to have + past participle)

Spoken English

(ÆæçüË£æ«ç) ÅûªúÕ Q©ç N≠æߪ’ç-™ Ø√Íé ÆæçüË£æ«ç ÅûªE ™‰ü¿’ = Q©ç ؈’ ÆæçüË-£œ«ç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ doubt ûª®√yûª as to ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅC é¬Ææh ví¬ç-C∑éπç. There is some doubt as to whether he has as to done it or not.

(Ééπ\úø ´C-™‰-ÆœØ√ ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’.) 3) At the first sight = ¢Á·ü¿ô îª÷Æœ†°æ¤púø’. First, second, third ´·çü¿’ at ¢√úøû√ç. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ sight (äéπJE îª÷úøôç) ´·çü¿’-èπÿú≈ at ´Ææ’hçC. a) He passed at his second attempt =

(Åûªúø’ È®çúÓ v°æߪ’-ûªoç™

pass

Åߪ÷uúø’)

b) At the sight of the teacher the pupils became silent =

öÃîª-®˝†’ îª÷úø-í¬ØË ¢√∞¡Ÿx E¨¡z-•lçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

Ç Ø√ߪ’èπ◊úÕ í∫’Jç* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç à-N’öÀ?

-v°æ-¨¡o:



I have no doubt about his character= I don't doubt his character =

b) By nature he is lazy =

Ææyûª-Æœq-ü¿l¥çí¬ Åûªúø’ ≤Ú´’J/ ≤Ú´’-J-ûª†ç ÅûªúÕ ØÁjïç. 8) for this reason - ÉC Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç – reason ´·çü¿’, for ´Ææ’hçC. liking for = äéπ-J-°æôx/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Åçõ‰ É≠ædç/ ÅGµ-´÷†ç. Liking ûª®√yûª for a) The teacher has liking for industrious students= teacher

Ç

She likes to have been consulted (to + have + been + past participle) (passive) =

ûª†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-•-ú≈Lqç-ü¿E ņ’-éÌç-öç-ü∆¢Á’. (¢√∞¡Ÿx ûª††’ Ææçv°æ-Cç* Öçú≈-LqçC ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC)  éÌçûª-´’çC ´’çvûª’©’ CPI (M), TRS Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-©-úÕ-TçC îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-®ΩE éÌçûª-´’çC Æ涵º’u©’ Ç®Ó-°œ-Ææ’h-†oô’x †´’t-•-úø’-ûÓçC. (v°æï©’/ §ƒKd©¢√∞¡Ÿx †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.)

-v°æ-¨¡o: a. Spoken

English,

Written

English b. 1) You completed the work? 2) Today is sunday? 3) Why you stopped here? 4) How long this goes on? 5) You came yesterday?

èπ◊ v°æüµ∆† ¶µ‰ü∆-™‰-N’öÀ?

v¨¡N’çîË Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©çõ‰ ( Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©-°æôx) èπ◊ É≠ædç.

b) She has a liking for western dresses =

§ƒ¨»a-ûªu-¨ÎjL •ôd©’ Ç¢Á’éÀ≠dçæ . OöÀ ûª®√yûª Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

9) regard/ respect

for

´Ææ’hç-ü¿E

Some ministers have no regard for government orders =

éÌçûª-´’çC ´’çvûª’-©èπ◊ v°æ¶µº’ûªy Öûªh-®Ω’y-©çõ‰ ©éπ~uç-™‰ü¿’.

6) Why you called me? native speakers grammatical



Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Åûª†’ ü¿ßª’-í∫-©-¢√úË, éπJ∏†çí¬ éπE-°œç-*Ø√.

-É-™«ç-öÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ᙫ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√®Ω’? ÉN í¬ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? – °œ. v°æü¿’u-´÷o-î√J, †éÀ-Í®-éπ™¸ -ï-¢√-•’: a. Spoken English èπ◊ written English èπÿ ûËú≈, spoken Telugu èπÿ written Telugu èπ◊ Ö†oçûª Öçô’çC. Spoken English ™ î√™« -Ææç-ü¿-®√s¥™ x sentences °æ‹JhîËߪ ’-èπ◊çú≈ ¢Á·ü¿-ô éÌçûª¶µ«í∫ç, ûª®√yûª éÌçûª¶µ«í∫ç ´C-™‰Ææ’hçö«ç. for example, you there? You OK? Éô’-´ç-öÀN spoken English ™ common. (Ééπ\úø verb ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ.) ÅüË written English ™ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’í∫ü∆? Are you there? Are you OK? ÅØ√-LqçüË. É™«ç-öÀ î√™« ûËú≈-©’-Ø√o®·. äéπ\-´÷-ô-™  îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ spoken English î√™« informal í¬ Öçô’çC. Written English î√™« formal.

(´÷ô©’), grammar, ™ èπÿú≈ î√-™« ûËú≈-©’ç-ö«®·. b. î√™«≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ§ƒpç-éπü∆? Question ™ á°æ¤púø÷ sentence, verb ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’çC. ü∆Eûª®√yûª subject ´Ææ’hçC. 1st Regular Doing word/ Vocabulary usage

2nd Regular Doing word (present simple), Past Doing Word (past subject simple) do, does and did

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, ´·çü¿’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ´≤ƒh®·. O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ†-N question form ™ ™‰´¤. ÅN Öçú≈-Lq† B®Ω’:

1) Did you complete the work? 2) Is today Sunday? 3) Why did you stop here? 4) How long does this go on? 5) Did you come yesterday? 6) Why did you call me?

ÉD native speaker ´÷ö«xúË Nüµ¿ç.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 21 -W-Ø˛ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Damodar: Where are you coming from?

´’†ç í∫ûª éÌCl lessons ™ study îËÆæ’h†o prepoÖ°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ preposition, 'from' ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. from Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆: †’ç* ÅE. sitions

(áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛?) Manohar: From Rohit's. I had been there since 8 until I started back for home.

(®Ó£œ«û˝ ÉçöÀ-†’ç*. 8 †’ç* Åéπ\úË ÖØ√o, ÉçöÀéÀ •ßª’-©’-üË-Í®-´-®Ωèπ◊) Damodar: So you are on your way home.

(Å®·ûË ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-´-†o-´÷ô/ ÉçöÀ-Èé∞Ïx ü∆®Óx ÖØ√o-´-†o-´÷ô) Manohar: Rohit had a present from his fathera bike. Looks very sleek. From its looks you can say it is very expensive. (Rohit

èπ◊ ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o †’ç* ã •£æ›´’A ´*açC– ã bike. î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. ü∆E ®Ω÷°æç îª÷ÊÆ îÁ°æp-´îª’a ÅC î√™« êK-üÁjç-ü¿E.) sleek = car, bike ™«çöÀN †’†’-°æ¤í¬ Çéπ-®Ω{ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç Damodar: That's where my dad differs from Rohit's. My dad loves me, but he doesn't show it. He doesn't believe in giving expensive gifts to me.

(Åéπ\úË ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπÿ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ûËú≈. ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ؈çõ‰ É≠æd¢Ë’. é¬F êK-üÁj† •£æ›-´’-ûª’-L-´yôç ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x Çߪ’-†èπ◊ †´’t-éπ癉ü¿’.)

Our college works from 10 to 4 college

´÷

10 †’ç* 4 ´®Ωèπ◊ °æE-îË-Ææ’hçC.

It's about 300 km from Vijayawada to Hyderabad= 300 km.

Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç* £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ ü¿÷®Ωç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÉN ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†¢Ë; ´’J-éÌEo É°æ¤úø’ îª÷ü∆lç. Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) Rohit had a present from his father =

¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ®Ó£œ«û˝ •£æ›-´’A §Òçü∆úø’. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ¢√úÕéÓ •£æ›-´’A Éî√aúø’) 2) from its looks you can say ... 4) His income from the shopping complexes ... a few lakhs per month.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(؈’ Nçô’†o ü∆Eo •öÀd ´’† college °æéπ\-†’†o building †’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx é̆-¶-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’.) Manohar: If only they think of it, nothing can prevent them from buying it. Not a surprize- they can afford it.

(¢√∞¡x-†’-éÓ-¢√™‰í¬F, é̆-èπ◊çú≈ àD ¢√∞¡xØ√-°æ-™‰ü¿’. °ü¿l Ç-¨¡a®Ωuç à癉ü¿’, ¢√∞¡xé¬ û√£æ«ûª’ ÖçC.) afford= úø•’s °ôd-í∫© û√£æ«ûª’ Damodar: But I think Rohit's father's health isn't that good. What exactly is wrong?

(é¬F ®Ó£œ«û˝ Ø√†o Ç®Óí∫uç Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. àçöÀ ÅÆæ©’ Ææ´’Ææu?) Manohar: I think he suffers from asthma. That comes from his excessive smoking. The condition is awful during the cold season.

(Çߪ’† Ö•sÆæçûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úø-†’èπ◊çö«. ÅC Çߪ’† ´’K áèπ◊\´ smoking ´©x†’èπ◊çö«. îªL-®Ó-V™x Çߪ’† °æJ-ÆœnA ¶µºßª’ç-éπ®Ωç.) asthma = Ö•sÆæç. Asthmatic = Ö•s-ÆæçûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. asthma - Ç≤ƒt. Damodar: Unfortunately there is no permanent relief from it.

(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h ü∆E-†’ç* °æ‹Jh N´·éÀh ™‰ü¿’) Manohar: Yea. That's the problem.


Spoken English

321

6) nothing can prevent them from buying it.

7) He suffers from asthma 8) ... there is no permanent relief from it.

äéπJîËa •£æ›-´’A (äéπ-Joç* ´îËa •£æ›-´’A ÅE ûÁ©’í∫’™ ņç éπü∆)

M.SURESAN

Damodar: From what I hear, they are going to buy the building next to our college.




5) From what I hear they are going to buy the building ...

1) Present from-

(Rohit ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ¶«í¬ Ö†o-¢√úø’. Ééπ\úø Çߪ’-†-èπ◊†o shopping complexes †’ç* ´îËa Çü∆-ߪ’¢Ë’ ØÁ©èπ◊ éÌEo ©éπ~-©’ç-ô’çC.)




a) from her looks you can say that something has gone wrong =

Ç¢Á’ Çé¬-®√Eo/ ´·ê-éπ-´-R-éπ-©†’ •öÀd, àüÓ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ïJ-Tç-ü¿E îÁ°æp-´îª’a. b) ¢√úø’ îÁÊ°p-ü∆-Eo-•öÀd, -¢√úÕ-éπ\úø áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV-©’ Öç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a = From what he says he may not be here for long

3) That's where my dad differs from Rohit's. c)

a)

Income from agriculture is not taxed b)

Çü∆-ߪ’ç™

30%

°æ†’o

Income from rents is taxed at 30%

äéπJE äéπ °æE-îË-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Ç°æôç. prevent = Ç°æôç/ Åúøf-Tç-îªôç a) This rain prevents me from going out =

From the way he is talking it is clear that he doesn't like this arrangement.

Ñ ´®Ω{ç ††’o •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-F-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ îË≤ÚhçC †’ ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ ®√≠æZ-°æ-Aí¬ á†’o-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ §ƒKd©èπ◊ à´’-úÌf-≤ÚhçüÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-ô癉ü¿’=

b) Kalam

3) Differ from = be different from =

ûËú≈ Öçúøôç. a) ¶µ«®Ωûª Ææçv°æü∆-ߪ÷-©èπ◊, §ƒ¨»aûªu Ææçv°æü∆-ߪ÷©èπÿ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC = b)

ÅüÁl-©-´©x´îËa îÁLxç-î√L=

6) Prevent (some one) from (something) =

¢√úø’ ´÷ö«xúË B®Ω’-†’-•öÀd ¢√úÕéÀ Ñ à®√pô’ É≠ædç-™‰-ü¿E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC =

Indian tradition differs a lot from western tradition

´u´-≤ƒßª’ç ´©x ´îËa Çü∆-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æ†’o-™‰ü¿’=

I don't understand what is preventing the political parties from electing Dr Kalam for a 2nd term/ reelecting Dr Kalam 7) suffer from =

(àüÁjØ√ ¢√uCµûÓ) ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøôç ¢√úø’ 鬢Á’-®ΩxûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’/ ¢√úÕéÀ 鬢Á’®Ω’x

°æçúøx ®Ωçí∫’™x ®Ω’™x î√™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC = Fruits differ from one another in colour and taste

He is suffering from jaundice

from its looks you can say ...

Manohar: Rohit's father is quite rich. His income from the shopping complexes he owns in the town itself amounts to a few lakhs per month.




2

a) Please accept this small gift from me

ØËEîËa (Ø√ †’ç*) Ñ *†o 鬆’-éπ†’ Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªçúÕ b) Any body thinks it an honour to receive an award from the president =

®√≠æZ-°æA îËûª’-©-O’-ü¿’í¬/ ®√≠æZ-°æA †’ç*/ ®√≠æZ-°æA ÉîËa °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√Eo Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªôç á´-È®jØ√ íÌ°æp íı®Ω´çí¬-ØË ¶µ«N-≤ƒh®Ω’. 2) and 5) - from - ü∆Eo-•öÀd 2) from its looks = ü∆E Çé¬-®√Eo/ ®Ω÷§ƒEo •öÀd (Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬) 5) from what I hear = ؈’ Nçô’†oü∆Eo-•öÀd (Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬)

c)

¶CµçîË Nüµ∆-Ø√™x ûËú≈ Öçô’çC =

teacher

èπÿ,

teacher

èπÿ

Each teacher differs from the other teacher in methods of teaching

ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’-¶µ‰ü¿ç Å®·ûË differ with. a) The son differs with the father in the matter of dowry =

There I differ with you

Çü∆ߪ’ç ´îËa ´÷®Ω_ç

-v°æ-¨¡o:

ï-¢√-•’:

1. He is going to Hyderabad on 18th Monday.

i) Recite the verse/ poem =

2. He will be going to Hyderabad on 18th Monday.

ii) Exclamation,interjection

°j ¢√-öÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC present continuous tense ™C, È®çúÓC future continuous tense ™C éπü∆. OöÀ Å®Ωnç, à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úø-û√®Ó N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – Ææ’Í®≠ˇ, £æ›≤ƒo-¶«ü˛-

ï-¢√-•’:

He will be going to Hyderabad on the 18th Monday future continuous = 18th Monday Hyderabad (Almost the same as he will go to Hyderabad on 18th Monday) He will be going ... Monday He will go... Monday certain.

ÉC Åûªúø’ èπ◊

¢Á∞«h-úøE,

Å®·ûË,

ÅØËC, ÅØË-ü∆-EÑ éπØ√o éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\-´ È®çúø÷ Åçûª-éπ-*a-ûªç é¬ü¿’.

The rain gave us some relief from the heat (of the summer) b)

Ç stunt, ÅA ¨¡%çí¬®Ω ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»-©-†’ç* £æ…Ææu-éπ®Ω ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»©’ é¬Ææh N´·éÀh éπL-Tç-î√®· = The comic scenes provided us some relief from the stunt and sex scenes.

°æü¿uç Å°æp-ñ„°æ¤p.

certain He is going to Hyderabad on 18th Monday

OöÀ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´

ÉC éπ*aûªç – ûª°æpéπ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

-v°æ-¨¡o: ii ) Recite Åçõ‰ éπç®∏ΩÆænç îËߪ’úø-´’E

Å®Ωnç éπ-ü∆. öÃ˝ Ææ÷dúÁç-ö¸†’ °æü¿uç Å°æp-ñ„°æ¤p ÅE Åúø-í¬-©çõ‰ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™ à´’-Ø√L? ii) Exclamatory éÀ interjection èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈-™‰-N’öÀ? iii) Commit, make, do- ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈-™‰-N’öÀ? iv) Cheek Åçõ‰ •’í∫_. ´’J îÁç°æ†’ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? v) ¢Á·öÀd-é¬-ߪ’©’ ¢Ëߪ’-ú≈Eo ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? – Èé.á-Æˇ.-®√´¤, ´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’

í¬

ÅE áèπ◊\´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ô’çC. é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç. 8) Relief from = (¶«üµ¿-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-†’ç*) N´·éÀh/ Ü®Ωô a) ´®Ω{ç ´’çúË áçúø-©’oç* é¬Ææh Ü®Ωô É*açC =

´®Ω-éπôoç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ éÌúø’èπÿ\ ûªçvúÕéà ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ ¶µ‰ü∆©’Ø√o®·. b) Åéπ\úË Øˆ’ FûÓ N¶µ‰-C≤ƒh = 4) Income from =

conversational He has jaundice/ He is down with jaundice/ He is laid up with jaundice suffer from -

(Å®·ûË

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰– N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† ÆæçûÓ≥ƒEo, ¶«üµ¿†’, Cví¬s¥çAE ´uéπh-°æ-®ΩîË ¨¡•lç, ´÷ô, etc. Å®·ûË exclamation äéπ sentence 鬴a. interjection á°æ¤púø÷ sentence é¬ü¿’. È®çúÓC, á´-È®jØ√ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o°æ¤úø’ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ éπL-TçîË Åçûª®√ߪ’ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ interjection èπ◊ -ÖçC. iii) Do Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√ ã °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç éπü∆. I do all the work in the house - ÅEo °æ† ’©÷ ØËØË îË≤ƒh†’. (Å®·ûË do èπ◊ Ö†o Éûª®Ω Å®√n©÷, do ûÓ ´îËa Éûª®Ω expressions ÆæN-´-®Ωçí¬ Ñ pages ™ Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Éî√aç. §ƒûª lessons îª÷úøçúÕ) Make Åçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ àüÁjØ√ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’ôç– Make food/ Coffee/ tea, etc. Make trouble

(Cause trouble

ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. Commit Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-ô¢Ë’– Å®·ûË ÉC ØË®√-©Íé ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Commit a theft/ suicide/ murder etc. Commit a mistake

(ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’.

îË-ߪ’ôç) ņôç, ÆæJÅØËC

Make a mistake correct expression. Commit one self/ be committed =

-üË-EÈéj-Ø√ (ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç/ ¢√í¬l†ç ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ) éπô’d-•úÕ Öçúøôç. The Government is

committed to the welfare of the people =

v°æ¶µº’ûªyç v°æñ« ÆæçÍé~-´÷-EéÀ éπô’d-•úÕ ÖçC. iv) éπ∞¡x éÀçü¿ ´·èπ◊\èπ◊ È®çúø’ ¢Áj°æ¤™« ÖçúË ¶µ«í¬Eo ¢Á·ûªhç cheek Åçö«®Ω’. •’í∫_-©èπ◊ ¢Ë®Ω’í¬ -îÁç°æ©èπ◊ ¢Ë®Ω’í¬ ´÷ô©’ ™‰´¤. v) ¢Á·öÀd é¬ßª’©’ ¢Ëߪ’-ö«Eo rapping with knuckles (†èπ◊™¸q ûÓ éÌôdúøç – knuckles Åçõ‰ îËA-¢Ë∞¡x joints)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 24 -W-Ø˛ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Pradhan: Tomorrow is Sunday. How I welcome it! I can be free from all work and relax.

(Í®°æ¤ ÇC-¢√®Ωç. ü∆E-éÀüË Ø√ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç. °æØËO’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a). Vismaya: How about escaping from a dull Sunday? Why not some outing tomorrow?

(EÊÆh-ï-¢Á’i† ÇC-¢√®Ωç †’ç* ûª°œpç--éÓèπÿ-úøü¿÷ ´’†ç? áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢ÁRûË á™« Öçô’çC?) outing = Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ ã ®ÓV-§ƒô’ à v°æüË-¨»-E-ÈéjØ√ N£æ…-®Ωçí¬ ¢Á∞¡xôç. Pradhan: A fine idea! That'll certainly relieve us from a routine Sunday

(î√™« ´’ç* Ç™-! ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ í∫úÕÊ° ÇC-¢√®Ωç †’ç* N´·-éÀhí¬ Öçô’çC.) routine = ߪ’ü∑∆-N-Cµí¬ äÍ陫 ïJÍí 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç.

Pradhan: His skill comes from practice. He is mad after computers.

(ÅûªE ØË®Ωpçû√ °æ‹Jh Ŷµ«uÆæç ´©xØË. Åûª-EéÀ computers Åçõ‰ °œ*a) Vismaya: How long has he been practising computers?

(Åûª-ØÁç-ûª-é¬-©çí¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?)

Pradhan: I have an idea. Shall we go to our cousins' at Vizag? They'll be very pleased to have us.

(Ø√éÓ Ç™- ´*açC. Vizag ™ ´÷ cousins ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. ´’†ç ¢√∞¡xûÓ äéπöÀ È®çvúÓ-V-©’çõ‰ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’). Vismaya: (Do) you mean those identical twins? How they look alike! Difficult to tell one from another.

computers practice

Pradhan: Almost from his childhood.

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ *†oØ√öÀ-†’ç<) Vismaya: Is it? Pradhan: His uncle from the states was the inspiration. He is an SW Engineer there.

(Å¢Á’-J-鬙 Ö†o ¢√∞¡x ´÷´’ߪ’u Åûª-EéÀ vÊ°®Ωù. Åéπ\-ú≈-ߪ’† software engineer).

Vismaya: Let's go there then.

Vismaya: Let us make it distinct from other Sundays.

(N’í∫û√ ÇC-¢√-®√-©èπÿ Ñ ÇC-¢√-®√-EéÀ Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† ûËú≈ ÖçúËô’x îËü∆lç)

2




Éü¿l®Ω’ ë„jD©’

jail

†’ç* §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Núø’-ü¿© îËߪ’ôç (¶«üµ¿, ¶«üµ¿uûª©’, •®Ω’-´¤© †’ç*)

3) relieve from =

Ñ ´÷vûª Fèπ◊ ûª©-ØÌ°œp †’ç* N´·éÀh éπL-T-Ææ’hçC

322

It will give you relief.

lesson preposition 'from'

´’†ç Ñ

note

b) Two prisoners have escaped from the jail

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù




Eï-¢Á’i† currency note èπÿ †éÀM currency èπÿ ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç éπ≠dçæ . fake = counterfeit = †éÀM. to fake = †öÀç-îªôç.

©’ Eïçí¬ v¨¡ü¿l¥ûÓ °æE-îËÊÆh, †’´¤y ¢√∞¡x†’ç* ûª°œpç--éÓ-™‰´¤.

a) This tablet will relieve you from your headache =

(Å®·ûË Åéπ\úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç).


Police

™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ´’J-éÌEo

b) A further rise in the taxable income level will relieve me from the tax =

ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Study the following sentences from the conversation above.

°æ†’o-°æúË Çü∆ߪ’ °æJ-N’A™ ´’Sx °ç°æ¤, ††’o °æ†’o †’ç* ûª°œp-Ææ’hçC/ Ø√èπ◊ °æ†’o éπôdôç ûª°æ¤p-ûª’çC.

1) I can be free from all the work and can relax. M.SURESAN

He faked innocence =

Åûªúø’ Å´÷-ߪ’-éπûªyç †öÀç-î√úø’ ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ tell one from the other ¢√úøû√ç. ûËú≈ îÁ°æpôç/ ûÁ-©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ÅØË Å®√n-©’†o °æü∆-©-Eoç-öÀ™ tell one from the other, áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ô’çC. Spoken English ™ Ñ ´÷ô î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. a) It is difficult to tell an Indian from a Pakistani

Éü¿l-J™ á´®Ω’ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·úÓ, á´®Ω’ §ƒéÀ-≤ƒhFßÁ÷ îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ . b) Just by looking at them, it is difficult to tell a sweet mango from a sour one =

Çé¬-®√Eo îª÷Æœ, à ´÷N’-úÕ-é¬ßª’ °æ¤©’§Ú, àC B§Ú îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ . ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ tell them apart ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç.

His skill comes from practice

(Åîªaç äÍ陫 ÖçúË éπ´© °œ©x©’ éπü∆ ¢√∞¡Ÿx? äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ-JéÀ ûËú≈ îÁ°æpôç î√™« éπ≠dçæ ) identical= ÅEo Nüµ∆© äÍé-®Ω-éπçí¬ Ö†o Pradhan: Even their mother had a problem in their childhood. She distinguished one from the other by having a black thread around the wrist of one of them.

(¢√∞¡x Å´’tèπ◊ èπÿú≈ î√™« éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçúËC– ¢√∞¡x *†o-ûª-†ç™ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ-JéÀ ûËú≈ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√∞¡x´’t ¢√∞¡x™ äéπJ ´’ùÀ-éπ-ô’dèπ◊ †©x-ü∆®Ωç éπõ‰dC í∫’®Ω’h°æõ‰dçü¿’èπ◊) Vismaya: But they are good company. Isn't one of them very good at computers? They say he is an adept at it.

(¢√∞¡xûÓ time Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ûª’çC. ¢√∞¡x™ äéπ-ûª†’ computer ™ ¶«í¬ ØË®Ω’p-†o-¢√-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«) good company = á´-J-ûÓ-†Ø√o time Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úÕ-*-§ÚûË ¢√∞¡Ÿx good company. adept at = ØÁj°æ¤-ùuç-í∫-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Being †’ ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ ûÁLߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. DEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷TçîË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ûÁ-©’-°æçúÕ. 2. What is your purpose being sent her to the club?

-ï-¢√-•’:

DE Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – Èé. XE-¢√-Ææ-®√´¤, ´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’

Being

3) That'll certainly relieve us from a routine sunday.

Åçõ‰ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å®Ωnç Öçúøôç.

I like being (to be) a CM =

í¬ Öçúøôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ .

I hate being late = late

í¬ Öçúøôç ØËE-≠d-°æ æ-úø†’. Being ûª®√yûª past participle

Spoken English

4) distinct from =

ÅûªE ´·çü¿J/ ûª®√yûª Ø√ôéπ ®Ωîª-®·-ûª©éπØ√o Shakespeare î√™« N©-éπ~-ùçí¬ Öçö«úø’. playwright = dramatist = Ø√ôéπ ®Ωîª-®·ûª play (´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, Çô). Play èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – Ø√ôéπç. Drama éπØ√o èπÿú≈ Play ØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’ Ø√ô-é¬-EéÀ)

5) Difficult to tell one from the other 6) Their mother used to distinguish one from the other 7) His skill comes from practice. 1) be free from =

°æE/ ¶«ü¿-®Ω-•çD/ ¶«üµ¿uûª

™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. a) He'll be free from all responsibilities once his daughter is married off =

¢√∞¡x-´÷t®· °∞Îkx-§ÚûË Åûª-EéÀçÍéç ¶«üµ¿uû√ Öçúøü¿’/ ¶«üµ¿uûª †’ç* N´·-èπ◊h-úø-´¤-û√úø’. b) He is now a healthy man. He is free from all diseases =

Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’ Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. ÅEo ï•’s© †’ç* éÓ©’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ 2) escape from = ûª°œpç--éÓ-´ôç, §ƒJ-§Ú-´ôç. a) You can never escape from the police if they are really serious =

¢√-úø-û√ç– being bowled (bowled past participle)– Å°æ¤púø’ ü∆E Å®Ωnç bowl îËߪ’-•-úøôç ÅE. being with us - ´÷ûÓ Öçúøôç; Thank you for being with us: ´÷ûÓ Ö†oçü¿’èπ◊ thank you. This being so = from this being yours =

ÉC FCí¬ Öçúøôç ´©x 鬕öÀd being = to be = Öçúøôç ÅØËC í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ confusion àç Öçúøü¿’. 2. What is your purpose in being sent her to the club sentence

ÉC é¬ü¿’, Å®Ωnç -™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd.

N©-éπ~-ùçí¬ Ö†o–

a) Shakespeare is distinct from other playwrights in English either before him or after him =

4) Let's make it distinct from other sundays

ÉC™« Öçúøôç ´-©x

Being = to be. CM

2) How about an escape from a dull sunday tomorrow?

Bad people and good people look alike. Not possible to tell them apart =

îÁúøf-¢√∞¡⁄x, ´’ç* ¢√∞¡⁄x Åçü¿®Ω÷ äÍ陫 Öçö«®Ω’. á´®Ω’ ´’çîÓ, á´®Ω’ îÁúÓf îÁ°æpúøç ≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬ü¿’. 7) comes from = ÉC ü∆E-´©x/ äéπöÀ ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-´©x ï®Ω-í∫ôç. a) He can't do anything on this own. This comes from too much dependence on others =

b) Dr Kalam, as a Scientist and President, is distinct from others = Scientist

í¬, ®√≠æZ-°æ-Aí¬

Dr.

éπ™«çèπ◊ NP-≠dûæ ª

ÖçC. 6) distinguish from =

Åûª†’ ≤Òçûªçí¬ àç îËߪ’-™‰úø’. ÅC Éûª-®Ω’© O’ü¿ áèπ◊\-´í¬ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-ôç-´©x. b) He never completes anything in time. This comes from his habitual laziness =

ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç/

Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç. a) You cannot distinguish one from the other between the twins =

Ç éπ´© °œ©x™x äéπ-JéÀ, ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-´ôç éπ≠dçæ . b) It is difficult to distinguish a real currency note from a fake note =

Ééπ\úø need, helping verb, did not come ™, did ™«, does not know ™ does ™«, do not see ™ do ™«. 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø needs ®√ü¿’.

-v°æ¨¡o: 'Need' †’ áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬

She needs the books

¢√úø-´îÓa -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. –Ê≠é˙ ¢Á·£æ«-´’tü˛, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: Verb 'need' †’ È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ¢√-úø-û√ç. (need = Å´-Ææ®Ωç)

She need not go now (¢Á∞Ïx Å´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ not ûÓ ¢√úË-ô°æ¤púø’, need ÅØËC helping verb Å´¤-ûª’çC.)

1. She

needs some dressessentences need main verb, buy, take, give

É™«çöÀ

™

ÅØËC ™«í¬. É™«çöÀ

2. She need not come sentences verb need come;

™

Åûª-ØË-°æF °æ‹Jh îËߪ’úø’ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ. ÅC Åûª-EéÀ Å©-¢√-ô-®·† ≤Ú´’-J-ûª†ç ´©x ´Ææ’hçC.

(

Ç

books

Ç¢Á’-éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç)

-v°æ¨¡o:

1. Please come over to the dais and occupy a seat (or) Kindly come on to the dais and occupy a seat.

È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? ™‰ü∆ Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ᙫ îÁ°æp-´îª’a?

2. Please come down here to a first bench/ come here to first bench.

È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d. Éçé¬ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ îÁ°æp-´î√a? – Å®Ω’-ù˝, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

-ï-¢√-•’:

1) It is neither come on to the dais or come over to the dais because both of them mean walking to the dais and not getting up the dais. The proper expression is please come up/ go up the dais and take (occupy is literary) your seat. 2) Please come down ('here' not always necessary) to a front (not necessarily 'a first') bench- is good enough. 'Why don't you take a front seat?' 'Please move to the front seat/ front benches' - All these are OK.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 26 -W-Ø˛ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Briyesh: Hi Vinamra, what's hot about the presidential poll?

(®√≠æZ-°æA áEo-éπ© í∫’Jç* û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh™‰çöÀ?) hot news = û√ñ«/ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ¢√®Ωh

Briyesh: Yea. Especially Shekavat. He has said he will withdraw from the fray if Dr. Kalam is agrees to a second term. Perhaps Shekavat doesn't want to be an alsoran.

(Å´¤†’. ´·êuçí¬ Â≠é¬-´û˝. Dr. éπ™«ç í∫†’éπ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ é̆-≤ƒ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤péÌçõ‰ ûª†’ §ÚöÃ-†’ç* N®Ω-N’ç--èπ◊ç-ö«†E Â≠é¬-´û˝ ÅØ√o®Ω’. •£æ›¨» §ÚöÃ-îËÆœ ãúÕ-§Ú-´ôç Çߪ’-†-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰üË¢Á÷.)

Vinamra: Good to hear that at least some parties have thought of a second term for Dr. Kalam

(éπFÆæç éÌEo §ƒKd-©-®·Ø√ Dr. éπ™«çèπ◊ ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ Ç °æü¿N É¢√y-©-†’-éÓ-´ôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. term = üËE-éπØ√o ÖçúË EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç.

Vinamra: Let's wait and see what happens during the run-up to the election

The term of the president of India is five years =

¶µ«®Ωûª ®√≠æZ-°æA °æü¿O 鬩ç âüË∞¡Ÿx.

His first term is up =

(áEo-éπ© ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Ë* îª÷ü∆lç à´’´¤ûª’çüÓ) Briyesh: That's the only thing we can do.

(*´-®Ωèπ◊ ®√≠æZ-°æA °æü¿-NéÀ á´-È®-´®Ω’ §ÚöÃîË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) Office - 1) 鬮√u-©ßª’ç – ÉC ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. 2) °æü¿N – Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Å®Ωnç ÉC. Vinamra: We here that three are in the run for the position.

(´·í∫’_®Ω’ §ÚöÙ Ö†oô’x Nçô’Ø√oç.) Briyesh: You mean Ms. Pratibha Patil, Bhairan singh Shekavat, and quite likely, Dr. Kalam

(Åçõ‰ †’´y-†ôç, v°æA¶µ« §ƒöÀ™ ¸, Â≠é¬-´û˝, •£æ›¨¡ Dr. éπ™«ç ÅØË éπü∆?)

✪

✪

✪

5) opt out of =

DEéÀ

✪

d) In the beginning, I didn't like him =

áç-éÓ-´ôç, É≠æd-°æ-úøôç. Åûª†’

Engineering

At the beginning of our acquaintance I didn't like him =

É≠æd-°æ-ú≈fúø’.

a) He has opted out of the fray =

´’†ç Prepositions í∫’Jç* éÌCl-é¬-©çí¬ îªJaÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆. É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø ´’J-éÌ-Eoç-öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç.

Çߪ’† §ÚöÃ-†’ç* N®ΩN’ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

323

b) She has opted out of the committee = Committee

†’ç* Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁjüÌ-L-TçC. 6) Agree with = äéπ-JûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªôç.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) What is hot about the presidential poll? 2) Some parties have thought of a second term for Dr. Kalam. 3) Who are running for the presidentship?

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ – the end ûª®√yûª of ´*açC, 鬕öÀd, the end ´·çü¿’, at ¢√ú≈ç.

N®Ω-N’ç--éÓ-´ôç.

Opposite, opt for =

He has opted for Engineering =

(´’†ç îËߪ’-í∫-L-TçC ÅüÌéπ\õ‰)

Çߪ’† ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ °æü¿-O-é¬©ç ´·T-ÆœçC Briyesh: So who are running for the office of the president finally?

2

a) I agree with you that Dr Kalam is the best president we have had = Dr Kalam

´’†-èπ◊†o ®√≠æZ-°æ-ûª’™x Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp-¢√-úø†o N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ FûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-N-Ææ’hØ√o.

M.SURESAN

8)

´÷ °æJ-îªßª’ç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ Åûª-†çõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. (The beginning ûª®√yûª of ®√éπ-§ÚûË, in. The beginning ûª®√yûª of ´ÊÆh, at.) Withdraw from = Ö°æ-Ææç-£æ«-Jç-îª ’-éÓ-´ôç/ N®Ω-N’ç--éÓ-´ôç/ Bank †’ç* úø•’s BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. withdraw ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ from ´Ææ’hçC. a) He withdrew Rs 4000 from the bank =

Åûª†’ ¶«uçé˙ †’ç* 4000 BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. b) She withdrew from the beauty contest =

Åçü∆© §ÚöÃ-†’ç* Ç¢Á’ N®Ω-N’ç--èπ◊çC. ÉC preposition é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´÷ô. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ– Å®Ωnç: véÃúø™x, áEo-éπ™x §ÚöÃ-îËÆ œ ãúÕ-§Ú-®·† ¢√JE, alsoran Åçö«ç. (Ç™q-®√Ø˛)

9) Alsoran-

He has opted out of the fray

Vinamra: I'm afraid Dr. Kalam might opt out of the fray. That'll be unfortunate for India. (Dr.

éπ™«ç §Úöà îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’Íé É≠æd°æúø-´îª’a. ÅC é¬Ææh ¶«üµ∆-éπ®Ωç. ¶µ«®Ωû˝éπC ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d¢æ Ë’.)

Briyesh: I do agree with you there. Very unfortunate that none of the parties, in the beginning, were in favour of another term for Dr. Kalam. They didn't even think of it.

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ †’´¤y îÁÊ°pC ؈’ ä°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’Ø√o. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ω N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’-N’ôçõ‰ à §ƒKd èπÿú≈, ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô, Dr. éπ™«ç†’ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ ᆒo-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ’´·-êçí¬ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç) Vinamra: That is so. The left parties claim they believe in persons with clean record being in such positions. Even they didn't think of Dr. Kalam

4) We hear three are in the run 5) Dr. Kalam might opt out of the fray. 6) I do agree with you 7) In the beginning none of the parties were in favour of another term for Dr. Kalam. 8) Dr. Shekavat has said that he will withdraw from the contest. 9) Shekavat doesn't want to be an alsoran. 10) Let's wait and see what happens during the run-up to the election. 1) Hot about =

äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo/ ´uéÀhE í∫’Jç* û√ñ«, ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω N´-®√©’. a) I have something hot about Vinod and Visala. They are in love =

NØÓü˛, N¨»© í∫’Jç* ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω û√ñ« N≠æߪ’ç – ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ vÊ°N’ç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. b) Venkatesh: What's hot about the stock market? (stock market

Briyesh: A man of such moral and intellectual stature is inconvenient for them all. Only the 3rd front, whatever their motives, has thought of him and I am sure a majority welcome him.

(Å™«çöÀ ØÁjAéπ, ¢Ë’üµ∆-¨¡-éÀh-í∫© ´uéÀh ®√ïéÃߪ’ §ƒKd-©èπ◊ Å≤˘-éπ-®Ωuç-í¬ØË Öçö«®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x Ç™- à´’-®·Ø√, 3rd front ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Çߪ’†’o í∫’Jç* ņ’èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. áèπ◊\´´’çC ÅC ≤ƒyí∫-A-≤ƒh-®ΩE †´·tûª’Ø√o í∫öÀdí¬) Vinamra: I think if he agrees to be in the run, none of the others will be in the reckoning. They will either withdraw or lose.

(Çߪ’ØË §ÚöÙéÌÊÆh, N’í∫û√ ¢√∞Îx-´®Ω’ èπÿú≈ Èí©’-≤ƒh-®ΩE ņ’-éÓ†’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ö°æÆæç-£æ«-Jç--èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ãúÕ-§Ú-û√®Ω’)

Spoken English

Ç¢Á’ v°æA N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™†÷/ ÅEo N≠æߪ÷™x ûª† ¶µº®ΩhûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªü¿’. (Agree ûª®√yûª Éûª®Ω prepositions èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç ¢ËÍ® Å®√n-©ûÓ. ü∆E í∫’Jç* ûª®√yûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç) 7) In the beginning = v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™

a) In the beginning there were only 30 students in the class

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: The beginning/ the end ûª®√yûª, 'of' ®√éπ-§ÚûË, ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ 'in' ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª 'of' ´ÊÆh, ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’, 'at' ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC î√™« ´·êuç. b) In the end, only thirty students remained =

*´-JéÀ 30 ´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n™‰ N’T-™«®Ω’. the end ûª®√yûª 'of' ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd, the end ´·çü¿’ 'in' ¢√ú≈ç.

í∫’Jç* û√ñ« ÇÆæ-éÀh-

éπ®Ω N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’-N’öÀ?) Naresh: The shares have crashed.

(Å´¤†’. ¢√´’-°æ-é¬~ ©’ ´’îªa-™‰-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx °æü¿-´¤™x Öçú≈-©E †´·t-û√-´’E Åçô’ç-ö«®·. Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ Dr. Kalam í∫’Jç* Ç™-*ç-îª-™‰ü¿’)

b) She doesn't always agree with her husband =

(share

N©’-´©’ èπ◊°æp-èπÿ-™«®·.)

c) At the end of the class only 30 students remained= Class

éπ™«çèπ◊ È®çúÓ Núøûª. 3) Run for = áEo-éπ™ x §Úöà îËߪ’ôç. a) How many are running for the position =

Ç °æü¿-NéÀ áçûª-´’çC §ÚöÃ-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? b) Dr Kalam is unwilling to run for presidentship a second time =

Åüµ¿u-éπ~-°æ-ü¿-NéÀ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ §ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ’ôç Çߪ’-†-éÀ≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ, Åçõ‰ §Úöà îËߪ’ôç/ §ÚöÙ Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.. 4) In the run ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. a) As of now/ Until now, only two are in the run =

É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ, Éü¿l®Ω’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚöÙ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

b) He has announced he is in the run too =

û√†’ èπÿú≈ §ÚöÙ Ö†oô’x, Çߪ’† v°æéπ-öÀçî√úø’. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, In the run = In the fray (v°∂ß˝’) ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. fray = §ÚöÃ/ N¢√ü¿ç/ §Úö«xô.

áEo-éπ©’ Æævéπ´’çí¬ (E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊ ™•úÕ) ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿E ãúÕ-§Ú-®·-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. b) He bet on a horse that was going to be an alsoran=

ãúÕ-§Ú-¶ßË’ í∫’v®Ωç-O’ü¿ °æçüÁç-é¬-¨»-úø-ûª†’.

10) Run-up (to) =

ã ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ´·çü¿J ®ÓV©’. a) During the run-up to the election =

áEo-éπ© ´·çü¿J ®ÓV™x. b) Goddess Durga is worshiped in different forms during the run-up for 9 days to Vijayadasami=

Nï-ߪ’-ü¿-¨¡-N’éÀ ´·çü¿®Ω ûÌN’tC ®ÓV-©-§ƒô’ ü¿’®√_-üË-NE NNüµ¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ™x éÌ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’. c) There were frequent clashes during the run-up to the election=

áEo-éπ© ´·çü¿J ®ÓV™x/ áEo-éπ-©-ßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ °∂æ’®Ω{-ù©’ ïJ-í¬®·. (clash = °∂æ’®Ω{ù/ §Úö«xô)

Å®·-§ÚßË’ *´®Ω 30 ´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ N’T-™«®Ω’.

2) A second term for Dr Kalam = Dr

a) The alsorans are complaining that the elections were not fair =

-v°æ-¨¡o: ´÷N’-úÕ-õ„çéπ, îËô, íÓJçéπ (°æéÀ~). OöÀéÀ Ææ´÷† ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü∆-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. – áç.®√V, *Ø√o-ߪ’-í∫÷úÁç (°æ.íÓ.->™«x)

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) 2) 3)

´÷N’úÕõ„çéπ= the stone of the mango îËô – No word in English íÓJçéπ – Indian myna/ Indian mynah/ myna. (¢Á’iØ√)

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. When

and how to use although, though, eventhough, still and yet.

2. What are the meanings and how to use meanwhile, still later, still further, moreover, inspite of, despite of.. 3. How to write essay writing and precise from the articles of 'the Hindu'. 4. How to improve hand writing.

-ï-¢√-•’: 1. Refer to the lessons from No. 295 onwards. In one of them you find the meanings and use of although, though, even though, still and yet explained in detail. 2. The meanings and use of meanwhile, still later, still further, moreover, inspite of, despite - all these words have been explained too in some of the previous lessons. Click on the computer. 3. That needs other skills. I'm afraid you'll have to wait for some more time for lessons on them. 4. Copy writing is the best way to improve your hand writing.

– °œ.N’-ü∑¿’Ø˛, Å´’-™«-°æ¤®Ωç

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 28 -W-Ø˛ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Suvarna: Hi Rajitha, how are you?

(ᙫ ÖØ√o¢˛?)

Rajitha: Not in the best of moods, you can say. Suvarna: What happened? Rajitha: Yesterday was my first day as a teacher, but what a flop it was! (Teacher

(ÅÆæ©’ ´’†ÊÆç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’) (àç ïJ-TçC?)

í¬ E†o Ø√ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-®ÓV, é¬E áçûª N°∂æ©´’ߪ÷uØÓ!)

Suvarna: I just can't believe it. I am confident of your teaching ability. You certainly can turnout to be the best of teachers.

(؈’ Åü¿-Ææ©’ †´’t-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’. F ¶üµ¿-Ø√-≤ƒ-´’®Ωn uç O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ í∫öÀd N¨»yÆæç ÖçC. Öûªh´’ teacher í¬ †’´¤y ûªßª÷-®Ω-´y-í∫-©´¤.)

Rajitha: I thought so too- that I was capable of teaching. But I don't think I impressed my students in my first class. teach

(؈÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o– Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫© ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Öçü¿E. é¬F ؈’ BÆæ’èπ◊†o ¢Á·ü¿öÀ class ™ Nü∆u®Ω’n™x ´’ç* ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπL-Tç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.) impress = ´’ç* ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπL-Tç-îªôç.

He impressed me in his first appearance itself on the screen =

ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ éπE°œç-*†°æ¤púË Åûª†’ Ø√™ ´’ç* ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπLpç-î√úø’.

Suvarna: Don't worry. You are a teacher by choice and you are sure to succeed. Teacher

(àç °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. áç°œéπ. Åçü¿’éπE †’´¤y teacher í¬ ûª°æpéπ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿’-û√´¤). by choice= ´’†ç áçéÓ´ôç-´©x.

Å¢√y-©ØËC F

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, í¬ Öçú≈-©E.

¢√u°æ-éπçí¬ Ø√ áç°œéπ ™ ´’† íÌ°æp vÊ°®Ωù ´©xØË. í¬ N°∂æ©ç Å´¤-û√-†E ¶µºßª’çí¬ ÖçC). choice = îµ √ß˝’q = áç-éÓ-´ôç. entirely = °æ‹Jhí¬; due to = Åçü¿’-´©x; inspiration = vÊ°®Ωù. Q. i) English grammar

ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhé¬-©†’ Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ii) Good morning, Good afternoon and Good evening

©†’ á°æ¤p-úÓ -¢√-ú≈-™ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. – ®ΩOç-ü¿-®˝-È®úÕf, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ A. i) O’èπ◊ Åûªuçûª Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† grammar book - ÉC regular grammar book é¬ü¿’, practice book A) Living English Structure by Stannard Allen (Orient Longman's) B) Examine your English - by Margaret Marisson.

ii)

Suvarna: You've taught only two classes. Two classes can't be an indication of your merit as a teacher = classes. classes

(†’Nyç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ îÁ°œpçC È®çúø’ Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ F v°æA-¶µºèπ◊ Ææ÷*éπ 鬙‰´¤ éπü∆?) indication = Ææ÷*éπ

Rajitha: I'm ashamed of myself Suvarna, whatever you might say. My uncle in his time was a great teacher, and I feel I can't prove a worthy niece of his.

(Ø√ í∫’Jç* Ø√Íé ÆœÍí_-≤ÚhçC. ´÷ ´÷´’ Çߪ’† ®ÓV™x î√™« íÌ°æp teacher. ؈’ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ûªT† ¢Ë’†-éÓ-úø-©’-†E ÅE°œç--éÓ-™‰-ØË-¢Á÷-†-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC). worthy of = ûªT†.

1) the best of 'best' superlative degree. superlative degree of

Ééπ\úø ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ ´Ææ’hçC. a) Åûª†’ ´’† †ô’-©ç-ü¿-J™ íÌ°æp-¢√úø’ =

He is the greatest of all our actors. (He is the greatest actor of all/ He is the greatest actor

No one else is worthy of the President's office except Dr. Kalam = Dr. Kalam

ûª°æp ÉçÈé´®Ω÷ Åüµ¿uéπ~ °æü¿-NéÀ ûªT-†-¢√-®Ω’-鬮Ω’.

ÅE èπÿú≈

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Suvarna: You are not yet a failure. I'm sure you'll improve.

The Ganga is the holiest of Indian rivers.

(üËE-™-ØÁjØ√) °æ‹Jh †´’téπç Öçúøôç/ N¨»yÆæç Öçúøôç. a) Kesav is confident of success = ÅûªE Nïߪ’ç O’ü¿ Åûª-EéÀ †´’téπç ÖçC.

Rajitha: All right. Let me hope so.

(ÆæÍ®™‰. Å™«Íí ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’/ ÇPç-îªF)


324

2) confident of =

(†’¢Ëyç N°∂æ-©-¢Á’i-†ô’x é¬ü¿’. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-´¤-û√´¤.)




ÅØÌa) í∫çí∫ ÅEoç-öÀ™ ÅA °æN-vûª-¢Á’i† †C=

b)




b) The businessman is not so confident of his son's abilities as his successor =

M.SURESAN

4) choice of =

Ææ÷®Óu-ü¿ßª’ç †’ç* ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12 í∫çô© ´®Ωèπ◊ (12 noon ´®Ωèπ◊) Good morning. 12 noon †’ç* ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 4 PM ´®Ωèπ◊ Good Afternoon. Ç ûª®√yûª Evü¿-§ÚßË’ ´®Ωèπ◊ Good Evening. Evü¿-èπ◊- Ö°æ-véπN’ç-îË-ô°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Good Night. Good Night ûª®√yûª ´÷ô-©’ç-úø¢˛.

Spoken English

´÷´‚©’ English conversation ™, preposition 'of' ¢√úË éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Study the following sentences from the dialogue between Suvarna and Rajitha:

ûª† ¢√®Ω-Ææ’-úÕí¬ éÌúø’èπ◊ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç O’ü¿ Ç ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω-¢Ëûªhéπçûª †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. successor = ¢√®Ω-Ææ’úø’ 3) capable of = ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Öçúøôç. a) Though old, he is capable of walking long distances =

1) Not in the best of moods.

°ü¿l-¢√-úø-®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ü¿÷®√©’ †úÕîË ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Öçü¿-ûª-EéÀ. (í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: capable of ûª®√yûª walking ÅØË '-ing' form ®√´ôç: capable of ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa.)

2) I am confident of your teaching abilities 3) ... that I was capable of teaching 4) My choice of teaching was due to the inspiration of our great teachers

Åüµ¿uéπ~ °æü¿-NéÀ v°æA¶µ« §ƒöÀ-™¸†’ UPA áç-éÓ´ôç/ UPA áç°œéπ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC. b) His choice of Vijayawada for his business is a wise one =

ûª† ¢√u§ƒ-®√-EéÀ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø†’ Åûª†’ áç-éÓ´ôç/ ÅûªE áç°œéπ ûÁL-¢Áj-†üË. 5) afraid of = ¶µºßª’-°æ-úøôç. Afraid of ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ 'ing' form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. a) He is afraid of carrying so much large cash = (He is afraid to carry so much large cash to carry infinitive

Åçûª †í∫ü¿’ °æô’d-Èé-∞¡xôç Åûª-EéÀ ¶µºßª’çí¬ ÖçC. ÅE ™«çöÀ ¢√úÌa)

b) She is afraid of snakes (Noun) =

§ƒ´·-©çõ‰ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¶µºßª’ç.

£æ«ûªu-îËÊÆ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Åûª-E-èπ◊ç-ü¿E ؈-†’-éÓ†’. (Ééπ\úø capable of ûª®√yûª murder - noun) üËE-™ -ØÁjØ√ ≤ƒ´’-®Ωn uç-í∫-©-¢√-∞¡x†’ capable Åçö«ç. - a capable leader, a capable

6) Two classes can't be an indication of your merit 7) I am ashamed of myself 8) I can't prove a worthy niece of his

Q.

≤Ú≠晸 ™„ÆæØ˛ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ à tenses ¢√ú≈™ ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-®Ωçí¬ îÁ°æpçúÕ. – Èé.á-™¸.-Ææ’-ñ«ûª, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ A. O’®Ω’ teach îËÆæ’h-†oC social studies 鬕öÀd, History Å®·ûË Åçû√ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ past tense ™ Öçô’çC. Geography, Civics É-N áèπ◊\-´í¬ present tense ™ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-Lq† ´·êu¢Á’i† °æE– O’®Ω’ teach îËÆæ’h†o class ©èπ◊ CBSE Schools ¢√úË NCERT Publish îËÆ œ-† Social Studies English Medium books ¶«í¬ îªü¿´çúÕ– O’®Ω’ îªéπ\í¬ English Medium ™ teach îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. Q. i) Persons ™ be ®Ω÷§ƒç-ûª-®√©’ am, is, are, was, were èπ◊ Ö†o v§ƒ´·-êuç been (being) èπ◊ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ú≈Eo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

ii) Predicate should contain a verb in a sentence. verb predicate

é¬F Ñ éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x †’ ´CL †’ NúÕí¬ îª÷°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

Subject + Verb Predicate They + Left ______ for Delhi This + is ____ a mango grove

manager, a capable teacher, etc.

Her face + became ___ pale verb predicate

°j ¢√é¬u© v°æ鬮Ωç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ †’ ¢√é¬u™x ®√ߪ’úøç ÆæÈ®j† Nüµ∆-†-¢Ë’Ø√ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. iii) Study - read ´uû√u-≤ƒEo ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

- B.Venkateswarlu, Guntur A. i) been be past participle. Past participle verb am, is, are, was, wereverbs. been perfect/ perfect continuous tense, Active, Passive Voice been

ÅØËC

éÀ

é¬ü¿’;

ÉN èπ◊ -v§ƒ´·êuç áçü¿’-èπ◊-™‰ü¿’? ™

ûª°æpéπ

-®√-¢√-L-éπü∆?

ii) Predicate subject sentence Sentences subject predicate 1. They left for Delhi 2. This is a mango grove 3. Her face became pale Predicate subject sentence

îÁÊ°p É*a†

Åçõ‰ í∫’Jç* ¶µ«í∫ç ¢Á·ûªhç. O’®Ω’ N≠æߪ’ç:

Åçõ‰ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ™E N’í∫û√ ¶µ«í∫ç ¢Á·ûªhç. Åçü¿’™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ verb Öçô’çC. verb ™‰E predicate

6) indication of =

Ææ÷*éπ.

a) Dark clouds are an indication of rain =

鬮Ω’-´’-•’s©’ ´®√{-EéÀ Ææ÷*-éπ©’ (Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®·)

b) A player's performance in just one match can't be an indication of his merit =

Íé´©ç äéπ\ §ÚöÙ véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’úÕ v°æü¿-®Ωz† ÅûªE v°æA-¶µºèπ◊ Ææ÷*éπ é¬ñ«-©ü¿’. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’™– Íé´©ç äéπ\ §ÚöÙ véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’úÕ B®Ω’-†’•öÀd ÅûªE v°æA-¶µº†’ îÁ°æp™‰ç). 7) ashamed of = Æœí∫’_-°æ-úøôç (Å´-´÷-†çûÓ)

a) Politicians should be ashamed of their corrupt practices=

¢√∞¡} ÅN-FA Ωu-©èπ◊ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ Æœí∫’_-°æ-ú≈L.

b) He felt ashamed of his low score =

b) I don't think he is capable of murder =

5) I am afraid of being a failure

äéπ®Ω’ áç-éÓ-´ôç/ äéπJ áç°œéπ.

a) UPA's choice of Ms Pratibha Patil as the President was a surprise=

Not in the best of moods

He is an engineer by qualification but a cricketer by choice = engineering cricketer Rajitha: My choice of teaching as a career was due to the inspiration of our great teachers at high school and college. I am afraid of being a failure as a teacher. (Teaching High School, College teachers Teacher

ÅûªE Nü∆u-®Ω|ûª Åûª†’ áç-èπ◊-†oC

2

ûª† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ Åûª†’ Æœí∫’_-°æ-ú≈fúø’. ûªT† N©’-´-í∫©

8) worthy of: If we don't have religious tolerance we are not worthy of being Indians =

´’†èπ◊ ´’ûªÆæ-£æ«†ç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-©’í¬ Öç-úøö«-EéÀ ûªí∫ç. (tolerance = Ææ£æ«†ç).

Öçúøü¿’. Å™«çöÀ group of words, sentences é¬ü¿’. iii) Study Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo °æ‹Jhí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÓ, °æKéπ~ éÓÆæ¢Á÷ îªü¿-´ôç. Read Åçõ‰ Ö†o N≠æߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ--´ú≈-EéÀ îªü¿-´ôç.

a) Students study English, Maths, etc. b) We read newspapers, magazines, letters, story books, etc. Q. i) What is the difference between American English pronunciation and British? Why they got different pronunciation and some spellings. ii) Please give me a good advice to improve spellings. - S. Prakash, Ramachandrapuram A. i) British English and American English differ a lot in spellings, pronunciation, vocabulary and even in grammar. The difference in American spellings is largely due to Webster, (of Webster's Dictionary fame) who simplified

the spelling system a lot. Their (American) pronunciation is different too, because of the influence of a number of European and other races who settled in the US and use English almost as their mother. The space here is too short to answer in full your question, I regret. ii) Divide a word into its syllables and spell each syllable separately. Syllable is an independent sound unit in a word. Take 'sentence'. This word has two syllables - 1) Sen 2) tence. This will help you to spell better. (1. We don't say, 'a good advice' because 'advice' is uncountable. Please give good advice's correct. 2. Why they got different pronunciation? - the correct form of this question is: Why did they get different pronunciation? Don't feel discouraged at my corrections. Your English is good. It can be better still)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Unnat: Hi Uttam, it's Govind's birthday on Monday next. (Do you) know that?

(´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç íÓNçü˛ °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV. ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Uttam: Yea! He told me of it when we met last. That was on the 12th I think. The birth day is on the 18th, that is, on Monday next, as you say.

(Å´¤†’. ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ¢Ë’ç §Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒpúø’, 12´ û√Kê’ Å†’èπ◊çö«. ÅûªE °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV 18†, Åçõ‰ †’´¤yîÁ°æ¤ûª’-†oô’x, ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç)

2

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) ... it's Govind's birthday on Monday 2) That was on the 12th, the birth day is on the 18th 3) He is quite popular on the campus 4) He is on the list of those selected 5) I first happened to meet him on a train 6) Did you read that book on personality development? 7) ... it is available on the market

They came here last Thursday =

Unnat: He is going to have a good number of guests that day.

8) I think a good number of books on show are useful

They came here on Thursday last

(Ç®ÓV Åûª-EéÀ î√™«-´’çC ÅA-ü∑¿’©’ Öçúø¶-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’)

1, 2) On Monday, on the 12th, on the 18th. Days of the week dates on

3) He is quite popular on the campus.

Uttam: He is quite popular on the campus, and he is quite rich too. So he is making a grand event of it. (Campus

™ ¢√úÕéÀ ´’ç* Çü¿-®Ωù ÖçC, ü∆E-éÀ-ûÓúø’ ¶«í¬ Ö†o¢√úø’. Åçü¿’-éπ-E-¢√úø’ °æ¤öÀd-†-®Ó-V†’ °∂æ’†çí¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.)

Unnat: Yes. He is good at studies too, and equally good at games. He is high on the list of those selected for some award.

(îªü¿’´¤™, véÃúø-™ x†÷ èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ØË Öçö«úø’. àüÓ •£æ›-´’-AéÀ áç°œ-éπ-îËÆœ† ¢√∞¡x ñ«G-û√™ Åûª†’ v°æü∑¿-´·úø’) Uttam: I first happened to meet him on a train. We were surprised to know that we were the same college. On the occasion his parents were with him too.

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆! ´·çü¿’, ´·çü¿’ Å®·ûË û√Kê’© ´·çü¿’, on ûª®√yûª 'the' ´Ææ’hçC. °j† í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: Day, ÅC ´îËa date °æéπ\°æ-éπ\† ®√Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’, date ´·çü¿’ on ®√ü¿’.

(¢√®√© Ê°®Ω’x) éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

é¬ü¿’) train

(ûËD© N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ÉçûË) Campus = School/ University buildings,

Nü∆u-©-ߪ÷© Ç´-®Ωù (College/ ¢√öÀ ô÷d ´¤†o v°æü˨¡ç éπL°œ) Campus ´·çü¿’, on ´Ææ’hçC, in ®√ü¿’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

325

a) He is the tallest student on our campus

´÷ Nü∆u-©-ߪ’ç™ Åûª†ç-ü¿®Óx §Òúø’í∫’. b) He is the best player on the campus =

The college reopens on Monday the 12th June. (order of days, dates and time: day, date, month, year, time -

¢Á·ü¿ô,

c) The food sold on the train (in the train is expensive=

ûª®√yûª ÉD ´®Ω’Ææ)

Ç Nü∆u-©-ߪ’ç™ Åûª†’ Åçü¿®Óx íÌ°æp Çô-í¬úø’. Å™«Íí on the premisses Åçö«ç. In/ within the premisses é¬ü¿’.

M.SURESAN

™ Ţ˒t ǣ慮Ωç êK-üÁ-èπ◊\´. é¬ü¿’) the

d) He is now on (in Hyderabad=

Åûª-E-°æ¤úø’

Unnat: He insists on our being at the function punctually.

(´’†ç function èπ◊ °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.)

time

èπ◊ -Öçú≈-©E

Uttam: By the way, did you read that book on personality development our lecturer was talking about?

(ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, ´’† lecturer Åçô’†o ´uéÀhûªy Né¬Ææ °æ¤Ææhéπç îªC-¢√¢√?) Unnat: I don't think it is available on the market.

(ÅC market ™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûÓç-ü¿E éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’.)

؈-†’-

Uttam: It's on sale in the book exhibition at a discount. I am going to buy it. (

°æ¤Ææh-éπ -v°æ-ü¿-®Ωz-†™ Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo discount ™ Å´·t-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ؈’ é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’)

Unnat: I think a good number of books on show there are very useful. It's a good opportunity for those who love books.

(Åéπ\úø v°æü¿-®Ωz-†™ Ö†o °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ î√-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. °æ¤Ææh-é¬Lo vÊ°N’ç-îË-¢√-∞¡x-éÀC ´’ç* Å´-鬨¡ç) Uttam: Let's go there this evening.

(É¢√∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«lç) ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ éÌEo prepositions í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. Ñ lesson ™ English ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa 'on' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. On the table, on the box, on the desk - É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x on Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, O’ü¿, °j† ÅE ´’†ç-ü¿-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† English ™ on ¢√úø-鬩’ ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç.

Spoken English

¢Á∞Ïx

Day, dates

´·çü¿’

on

¢√úøû√ç. ´·çü¿’, last, this, that, ´ÊÆh ¢√úøç.

Days, dates every and next on

Å®·ûË

a) He will start here next Monday. No 'on' before next Monday. On next Monday

(´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç–

é¬ü¿’)

b) I see him here every 1st.

(v°æA ØÁ™« ¢Á·ü¿öÀ û√Kê’ Ø√éÀ-éπ\úø éπE°œ-≤ƒhúø’ Åûª†’– on every first é¬ü¿’) c) I will meet him this Saturday.

(ÅûªúÕo ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√o†’ ؈’– on this Saturday ņç) Å®·ûË ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ.

premisses hotel/ factory

(á°æ¤púø÷ plural) = ã ¢√u-§ƒ®Ω éÀ îÁçC† buildings, ÆæçÆæn/ ¢√öÀ ô÷d ´¤†o Ç´-®Ωù a) No smoking on the premisses. b) I can't allow this on the premisses of my company = company

Ø√ Ç´-®Ω-ù™ ï®Ω-í∫ôç ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÓ†’. Å™«Íí on ¢√ú≈-Lq† Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿®√s¥©’ (Ñ Ææçü¿®√s¥-©-Eoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈ ûª°æ¤pí¬ in NE°œ-Ææ’hç-ô’çC) 4) On the list (ñ«G-û√™)– In the list é¬ü¿’ a) His name is the first on the list=

I met him on the train to Mumbai= Mumbai

(in the train

Q. A) i) She broke the bat in two ii) She broke the bat into two B) i) Let's have a break for lunch ii) Lets break for lunch iii) Lets break lunch C) i) It's better you consult a doctor ii) It's better you to consult a doctor D) i) Could you please tell me when the express arrives ii) Could you tell me the arrival of the express E) ing form love ing form yours lovingly ing form

éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x àN ÆæÈ®j-†-N?

¢√úø-èπÿ-úøE °æü∆-™‰çöÀ? ¢√úÌî√a? ÅE ®√≤ƒh-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? ™ ®√ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´N’T-L-†N ú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’çöÀ? F) Employee, employer ™ ûËú≈©’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – úÕ.í∫-ù‰≠ˇ, °®Ω’-´÷R ™

¢Á∞Ïx

train

™

f) The Police arrested him on the plane to London= London ¢Á∞Ïx plane ™ ÅûªEo Åü¿’-°æ¤™ éÀ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ (in the plane é¬ü¿’). Å™«Íí Å´’t-é¬-E-èπ◊çC/ Å´·t-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ – On the market Åçö«ç, In the market é¬ü¿’ a) The book is on the market= The book is available in shops (He is in the market = market

Åûª†’ àüÓ éÌØË ™ ÖØ√oúø’)

b) There are very good books on the subject on the market =

Market ™ Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç-°j† î√™« ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√o®·. 6) A book on a subject = äéπ N≠æߪ÷EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† °æ¤Ææhéπç a) There are many books on the subject=

Ç N≠æߪ÷EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ î√™« ÖØ√o®· b) He wrote a book on fashions = fashions

Åûª†’

O’ü¿ ã °æ¤-Ææhéπç ®√¨»úø’.

8) On sale, on show: On sale:

Å´’t-éπç™ Öçúøôç

a) The book is on sale= b) The flowers on show are very attractive=

b) On the train -

I will meet him on Monday next.

bus

°æ¤Ææhéπç ©¶µºu´’´¤-ûÓçC / Å´’téπç™ ÖçC.

Ç ñ«G-û√™ ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC

I'll meet him next Monday =

™ ÖØ√oúø’.

´÷NÆˇd x (´÷¢Ó-ÉÆˇd x é¬ü¿’) ÅûªEo é¬La-îªç-§ƒ®Ω’.

°æE-O’ü¿

The meeting will be held on Tuesday, the 17th of July 2007 at 5 P.M.

bus

e) The Maoists shot him dead on the bus=

... it is available on the market

(ÅûªúÕo ؈’ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ã train ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o†’. äÍé college ¢√∞¡xç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Úߪ÷ç. Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√∞¡x parents èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úË ÖØ√o®Ω’.

Hyderabad

bus to

v°æü¿-®Ωz-†™ -°æ‹©’ î√™« Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√o®·.

™ éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†-ûªEo.

é¬ü¿’)

A. i) She broke the bat in two, correct, bat

correct. D. i) and ii) ii) could you tell me the time of arrival / arrival time of the clear express i) and ii)

È®çúø÷

ņôç Ç¢Á’ †’ È®çúø’ ´·éπ\-©’í¬ NJ*çC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. È®çúø’ ´·éπ\™‰ Å®·ûË into two ®√ü¿’. ´·éπ\©’, ´·éπ\-©’í¬ NJ-*çC ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ Å®·ûË She broke

Å®·ûË

™

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç í¬ Öçô’çC. èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ Å®·Ø√, °j† Ææ÷*ç-*† Ææ´-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ È®çúø÷ correct. Å®·Ø√, Could you

please tell me when the express better. arrives, E. '-ing' form, verb His loving her is known to all loving '-ing' form verb am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing. am/ is/ are '-ing' forms love Am loving/ is loving/ are loving - wrong. love/ loves am+ing/ is+ing/ are+ing verbs list lessons Pratibha plus

F. Employee=

ÖüÓu-í∫-Ææ’húø’/ ÖüÓuT. ÖüÓuí∫ç ÉîËa-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ÖüÓuí∫ç™ Eߪ’-N’ç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Employer =

e.g: The proprietors of any company are the employers and the people who work for salaries or wages are the employees.

éπç°-F -ߪ’-ï-´÷-†’-©’– employers. ûÓ Å®·Ø√ ¢√R}-ûª-®Ω’-©†’ ÖüÓu-í¬™x Eߪ’-N’-≤ƒh®Ω’. ¢√úø-´îª’a. (Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ Ç ÆæçÆæn™  @û√-EéÀ °æEîËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx vÊ°N’-Ææ’hç-úøôç) í∫’©’) employees. Å™«Íí (Åçü¿-JéÀ ûÁL-ÆœçüË)– Ééπ\úø (ÖüÓuûª°æ¤p ™‰ü¿’. áéπ\-úÁj-Ø√ à a) Trainer - Péπ~-èπ◊úø’, Trainee - Péπ~ù §ÒçüË-¢√úø’ ûÓ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa. b) Examiner - °æK-éÀ~ç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-EC: Åçõ‰ ©ûÓ éπL°œ Examinee - °æK-éÀ~ç-îª-•-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ °æK-éπ~ éÌEo ¢√úøç. Å™«çöÀ -®√-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. É™« -er (ã °æE -îË-®·çîË ¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ. ¢√∞¡Ÿx) -ee (Ç °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx) ûÓ ´îËa DE ´÷ô©’ °æ-J-Q-Lç-îª-çúÕ. •-ü¿’©’ Åçö«ç. ¢√úøE -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ ™, -É-öÃ-´-© -™ -É-î√aç. ÅØËC

the bat into pieces correct. break in two break into pieces

ņôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: (È®çúø’ ´·éπ\©’) (´·éπ\©’, ´·éπ\-©’í¬ N®Ω-´ôç) B. i) and ii) È®ç-úÕç-öÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰, È®çúø÷ correct. iii) let's break lunch éÀ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. i) and ii) èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, lunch éÀ N®√´’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç ÅE. C. i) and ii) È®çúø÷ ûª°æ¤p. †’´¤y doctor †’ consult îËߪ’ôç ´’ç*C ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English ™, You had better consult a doctor, or It's better for you to consult a doctor correct.

ņôç

à

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 3 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sampada: It's you Sanjana. Aren't you supposed to be on holiday? How come I see you here now? (

†’¢√y, Ææç-ïØ√? ÂÆ©´¤™x áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞«x-´E Åçü¿®Ω÷ ņ’éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü∆?/ ņ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√oÍ®. †’Nyéπ\úø éπE-°œç-îªúøç àçöÀ?) Aren't you supposed to be? = Åçü¿®Ω÷ F í∫’Jç* ņ’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü∆? = ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) Sanjana: Yea. But we were back the day before yesterday. And on my return I had to rush to our village to see my grand dad. I came back this morning.

(Å--´¤-†’. -¢Á·-†o -A-JíÌ-î√aç. -¢Áç-ô-ØË Â°-ü¿-Ø√-†o-†’ îª÷-úø-ö«-EéÀ -´÷ -ÜÈ®-∞«x-†’. -´’-Sx -Ñ ®Ó-V -§Ò-ü¿’l-ØËo -´î√a-.) Sampada: How is he? (Çߪ’† ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?) Sanjana: He is quite old you know. He has been on medicines for three weeks now, and was on liquid diet for a whole week the week before last. But he is on the way to recovery.

(Çߪ’† î√™« °ü∆l-ߪ’† éπü∆. í∫ûª ´‚úø’ ¢√®√-©’í¬ ´’çü¿’-©-O’üË ÖØ√oúø’. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ¢√®Ω-´’çû√ vü¿¢√-£æ…®ΩçûÓØË ÖØ√o-ú≈-ߪ’†.é¬-F -É°æ¤p-úø’ éÓ-©’èπ◊ç--ô’Ø√o-úø’. diet = úøߪ’ö¸ – ǣ慮Ωç/ °æü∑¿uç (®Óí∫’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË °æJ-N’ûª ǣ慮Ωç) Sampada: Glad to hear that. How was your holiday?

(§ÚF™‰. ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’. O’ N£æ…®Ωç ᙫ ÖçC?

2

know. (

Å´¤†’. ņoô’d äéπ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æpôç ´’Jî√. äéπ-®ÓV ØËØÌ-éπ\-ü∆ØËo Shopping èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x. Åçû√ Å®·† ûª®√yûª Ø√ü¿-í∫_®Ω äéπ\-°j≤ƒèπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿E ví∫£œ«çî√. áçûª É•sç-Cí¬ feel Åߪ÷uØÓ! Å°æ¤púø’ Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Bank card Öçü¿E. Å•s! •ßª’-ô-°æ-ú≈f†’ éπü∆ ÅEpç-*çC.) Sampada: I saw a similar situation on the TV once. In one of the serials a character eats at a restaurant and see that he hasn't a paisa on him.

(ã≤ƒJ TV ™ É™«çöÀ ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»ØËo ؈’ îª÷¨»†’. äéπ Serial ™ ã §ƒvûªü∆®Ω’úø’ £æ«Ùô-™ ¸-ÈéRx Åçû√ A†o ûª®√yûª ûª† ü¿í∫_®Ω °j≤ƒ ™‰ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’) Sanjana: You know what was on my mind then? That I'd be made to do some work there, as they show it in the movies.

(Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√éÌ-*a† Ç™- àçö ûÁ©’≤ƒ?ÆœE-´÷™x îª÷°œç-*-†-ô’x Ø√ûÓ àüÁjØ√ °æE-îË-®·-≤ƒh-Í®-¢Á÷-†E) Sampada: Thank your bank card. It saved you. (Bank card

Öçôç ´’ç*-üÁjçC. ÅC E†’o ®ΩéÀ~ç-*çC.) 'on' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË Ææçü¿-®√s¥© í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. Ñ lesson ™ Å™«çöÀ ´’J-éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ îª÷ü∆lç.

(singular) Holiday

ÅØË Åçö«ç. ü∆E ´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ on ´Ææ’hçC.

'a'

¢√úøç.

§Ú®·† ¢ËÆæN™ ¢Ë’´· é¬Qt®Óx í∫úÕ§ƒç (Ö™«x-Ææçí¬)

ÉN ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ î√-™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ Öçö«®·. Practice -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ. 4) On the beaches of Goa íÓ¢√ -Ææ-´·vü¿ B®Ωç™ / B®Ω-Ææ-O’-°æç™

b) You can't see her for a week. She has gone on holiday =

a) You find beautiful Yellow sands on the beaches of the bay of Bengal=

a) We were on holiday in Kashmir last summer =

Ç¢Á’†’ O’®Ω’ -¢√®Ωç -´®Ωèπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰®Ω’. Ç¢Á’ ÂÆ©´¤ (NØÓü¿ N£æ…®√© éÓÆæç) °j ¢ÁRxçC. [A holiday= ÂÆ©´¤ ®ÓV (During holidays (Ééπ\úø -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 326 plural) = ÂÆ©´¤™x. Vacation = Nü∆u-©-ߪ÷©’ ü¿Ææ®√, ¢ËÆæ-NéÀ ÉîËa ÂÆ©´¤ ®ÓV©’) 2) On my return = AJ-T-®√-í¬ØË, ´*a† ¢ÁçôØË. àüÁjØ√ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ïJ-T† ¢ÁçôØË ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ on ¢√--úøû√ç. a) On her return home she found all doors open and her jewellry missing

M.SURESAN

•çí¬-∞«-ë«ûªç B®Ωç ¢Áç•úÕ Åçü¿-¢Á’i† °æÆæ’°æ¤ ÉÆæ’éπûÓ Ææ’çü¿®Ωçí¬ Öç-ô’çC. ÉN í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: On the sea coast, on the banks of a river, etc (†D/-Ææ-´·vü¿ B®Ωç™/ B®Ωç ¢Áç•úÕ Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) a) Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishana Vijayawada is on the Krishna

(ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ -Å-ØÌa)

Hyderabad is on the Musi

™«í¬. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ úø•’s, Æ洒ߪ’ç äéπ-ü∆-EéÀ ¢Á*aç-îªôç Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ spend on Åçö«ç. a) The Government has spent Rs Twenty lakh on the project= project

We were on holiday in Kashmir / ᙫ ïJ-TçC?) Sanjana: Oh, fine. We enjoyed every minute of it. We spent a lot of time on the beaches of Goa. Dad's friend here has a cottage on the coast, and we stayed there.

(î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úÕ-*çC. v°æA-éπ~ùç džç-Cçî√ç. íÓ¢√ beach ™ î√©-ÊÆ°æ¤ í∫úÕ§ƒç. ´÷ Ø√†o ÊÆo£œ«ûª’-úÕéÀ Ææ´·vü¿ B®Ωç™ ã cottage ÖçC. Åéπ\úË ¢Ë’´·Ø√oç) Sampada: What else then? (ÉçÍéçöÀ?) Sanjana: Yes, I forget to tell you something interesting. One morning I went shopping alone at the end of it, I was shocked to find I had not a paisa on me. Felt very embarrassed. Then I suddenly remembered I had the bank card. What a relief I felt you

Study the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) Aren't you supposed to be on holiday. 2) But on my return I had to rush to my village. 3) He has been on medicines, and was on liquid diet for a week. 4) We spent a lot of time on the beaches of Goa. 5) Dad's friend has a cottage on the coast. 6) I was shocked to find I had not a paisa on me. 7) I saw similar situation on the TV once. 1) On holiday. Holiday

Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? ÂÆ©´¤ ®Ó-ïE. Å®·ûË Ñ Ææçü¿s¥ç™ holiday èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ÂÆ©´¤™x/ ÂÆ©´¤-°öÀd/ ÂÆ©´¤ BÆæ’-èπ◊E, áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√ NØÓü¿ N£æ…®√©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xúøç. É™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ holiday ¢√-úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ holidays ņç. Holiday

ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ®√í¬ØË/ ´*a† ¢ÁçôØË, ûª©’-°æ¤-©Fo ûÁ®Ω*-Öç-úøôç, †í¬-†vö« éπE-°œç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-*çC.

b) On his arrival here he drove to the hotel = hotel car

Çߪ’-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ îË®Ω-í¬ØË/ îËJ† ¢ÁçôØË èπ◊ ™ ¢Á∞«xúø’. 3) On medicines, on liquid diet, etc.= ´’çü¿’-©ûÓ, vü¿¢√-£æ…®ΩçûÓ ®ÓV©’ í∫úø-°æôç. a) The patient has been on antibiotics for the antibipast one week = antibiotics otics

Ç ®ÓT ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV-©’í¬ O’ü¿ ÖØ√oúø’/ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. (Antibiotics = ®Óí¬-©†’ éπL-TçîË véÀ´·-©’ (bacteria)†’ îªçÊ° ´’çü¿’©’) b) I've been on diet for the past two days. í∫ûª È®çúø’ -®Ó-V-©’í¬ °æü∑¿uç °æ¤îª’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’/ °æü∑¿uç O’ü¿ ÖØ√o/ °æJ-N’-û√-£æ…®Ωç O’ü¿ ÖØ√o.

Spoken English

b) He spent a lot of time on such an unimportant matter=

í∫úÕ-§ƒúø’ 6)... I had not a paise on me.

Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω °j≤ƒèπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’ úø•’s äéπ-J ü¿í∫_®Ω Öçúøôç/ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ on ¢√-úøû√ç a) The cash on me worried me a lot= Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o †í∫ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊ Çü¿’®√l éπL-Tç-*çC. b) At any time you can find on him at least a thousand rupees = 1000

ü¿í∫_®Ω éπFÆæç

à Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÕ ®Ω÷§ƒ--ߪ’©’ç-ö«®·.

c) How can you go shopping without money on you?= shopping

Ñ

îËA™ úø•’s ™‰èπ◊çú≈ àN’öÀ? ¶«í¬ Practice îËߪ’çúÕ

uses of on

On liquid diet, on fruit diet, on milk and bread, etc.

Åçõ‰ äéπ Å®Ωnç î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ ÅE /*†o ÅE.In 1. Depends on, Depends upon ûËú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. the wee hours of the morning Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ®√vA 12 2. Articles í∫’Jç* °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ûÁLÊ° °æ¤Ææhéπç à¢Á’iØ√ Öçõ‰ í∫çô©’ ü∆-öÀ-† -ûª-®√yûª, äéπöÀÈ®çúø’ í∫çô© ´®Ωèπ◊. ûÁ-©°æçúÕ. 6. English perfect í¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ äéπõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç – Å´-鬨¡ç Ö†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úøôç. O™„j-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x 3. Designation -D-E pronunciation -îÁ°æpçúÕ. 4. ´’†-Ææ’™ Éçûª ¶«üµ¿ ü∆-èπ◊E ᙫ Öçúø-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?(-Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™) ÉçTx≠ˇ ≤ÚdK •’é˙q îªü¿-´úøç(*†o *†o ≤ÚdK •’é˙qûÓ 5. Ê°°æ-®Ω’™ Wee hours ÅØË °æü¿ç éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°öÀd) ÉçTx≠ˇ †÷uÆˇ õ„-L-é¬Æˇd N†úøç. 7. Å™« ¢√éπuç For ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿©¢Ìya. Ééπ\úø For Åçõ‰ 6. English perfect í¬ -´÷-ö«x-ú≈-©ç-õ‰ -àç -îË-ߪ÷-L? because(Åçü¿’-´©x ÅE/ é¬-•-öÀd ÅE) 7. ÉçTx≠ˇ ¶„jG™¸-™ for ûÓ ¢√éπuç ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’çC. ᙫ? >. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰≠ˇ, éπKç-†-í∫®˝ God punished him. For he is a sinner. üË´-úø-ûªEo PéÀ~ç-î√úø’. Åûªúø’ §ƒ°œ 鬕öÀd. -ï-¢√-•’ v°æ¨¡o: English Idioms ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ 'Cambridge International 1. DEo í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊´·çüË N´Jçî√ç. 2.Living English Structure by Stannard Allen. Published by Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs' or 'Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms' È®çúÕç-öÀ™  àC Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫¢Á÷ ûÁ-©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’? Orient Longmans. – C´u îªçü¿†, éπ®Ω÷o©’ 3. dezignei∫n úÁ>-í˚-ØÁ-ß˝’-≠æØ˛ (>, size ™ ñ¸ ™«í¬) You have to use both of them, because not all phrasal verbs ï . 4. How are you able to get on with your heart burdened with so much of anguish/with such a lot of anguish?

v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Éçûª-´®Ωèπ◊ Ç éÓÆæç ®Ω÷. 20 ©éπ~-©’ ê®Ω’a îËÆœçC.

Å™«çöÀ v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç O’ü¿ Åûª†’ î√™« ÊÆ°æ¤

=

5.Wee

v°æ¨¡o:

Å-E

are idioms and not all idioms are phrasal verbs. But more impor-

tant than these books. Your reading as much as English as you

can, helps you to pick up idiomatic expressions in current use. Read english newspapers, English short stories and novels. This is the best and easiest way to learn idiomatic expressions. If you depend only on dictionaries you may know their meanings but not always how to use them correctly.

v°æ¨¡o: -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ Question Tags ™‰éπ-§Ú®·-Ø√ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ éπü∆? é¬ü∆? åØ√? ™‰ü∆? ÅE ¢√-úø-ôç ÆæÈ®j-†-üË-Ø√? –-G.Ææ-Ah-¶«-•’, éπ-úÕ-ߪ’ç -ï. î√™« ´’ç* doubt. éπü∆? é¬ü∆? åØ√? ™‰ü∆? ÅE ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English ™ Question Tags ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Å®·ûË äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ Question tags ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ¶µ«´ç ÆæJí¬ ûÁL-Ê°çü¿’èπ◊ éπü∆ ÅE ¢√úÕûË effective í¬ Öçô’çC. e.g. You have the money. Why don't you spend it?- DEo ûÁ©’-í∫’™, F ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’sçC. áçü¿’èπ◊ ê®Ω’a °ôd´¤? ÅØË-™« éπçõ‰ F ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’sçC éπü∆? áçü¿’èπ◊ ê®Ω’a °ôd´¤? Åçõ‰ éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ power îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπØË î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x English ™ Question tags ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, éπü∆? ÅE ņ’-¢√-ü¿ç™ -îË-Ja ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. English ™ Ö†oC Ö†oô’xí¬ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™éÀ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç îËÊÆh ¶µ«´ç ÆæJí¬_ ®√ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

xií∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 5 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Archana: Wherever did you buy that dress, Vennela?

(îª÷Æœ îª÷Æœ áéπ\úø éÌØ√o¢Ë Ç dress?) áéπ\-úÁjØ√ ÅE ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. É™«çöÀ Questions ™ Å®·ûË îª÷Æœ, îª÷Æœ áéπ\úø? ÅE.

Wherever =

®Óúø’f™ ØË≠æ-†™¸ ¶«uçé˙ °æéπ\† ÖçC.) Prices of dresses have come down. (dresses

Vennela: Why?

Don't

you

like

it?

üµ¿®Ω©’ ûªí¬_®·)

Archana: I don't know about clothes, but gold prices are up by 10% on last year.

Wherever did you pick up such a servant?

(Å™«çöÀ ؈éπ®Ω’ áéπ\úø üÌJ-é¬úÓ – Åçûªéπçõ‰ ؈éπ®Ω’ üÌ®Ω-éπ-†ô’x ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

(-ü¿’Ææ’h© N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’ é¬F •çí¬®Ωç ´÷vûªç éÀçü¿-õ‰-ú≈C éπçõ‰ 10 ¨»ûªç °J-TçC.) Vennela: That's true. Every day I watch the prices on the TV.

(àç? FéÀC †îªa-™‰ü∆?) Archana: It isn't as good as your other dresses are. Why do I see you in bad dresses on occasion?

(F Éûª®Ω dress -©ç-ûª ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿C. Å°æ¤-púø°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y ¶«í¬-™‰E dresses ™ éπE°œ-≤ƒh-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊?)

(Å´¤†’ v°æA-®ÓW ؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’.)

Archana: You don't seem to spend much on conveyance either. I see you most of the time going on foot. Not often do I see you on your scooter.

(†’´¤y áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√ ¢ÁRxØ√ ¢√£æ«-Ø√© O’ü¿ Åçûª ê®Ω’a °úø’ûª’-†oô’d éπE-°œç-¤.-á°æ¤púø÷ -†-úÕ-*-¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-ö«-´¤. F scooter O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†oô’x èπÿú≈ Åçûª éπ†°æ-úø´¤.) (Conveyance = ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ-©èπ◊ ¢√úË ¢√£æ«-Ø√©’)

(conveyance allowance =

(°æEîÓô’ †’ç* ÉçöÀéÀ ÅßË’u v°æߪ÷ù ê®Ω’a©éÀîËa ¶µºûªuç)] Vennela: Who do you take with you when you buy your dresses?

(†’´¤y dresses éÌØË-ô°æ¤p-úø’ á´J-E BÆæ’Èé-∞¡-û√´¤.) Archana: Mom. What about you? Vennela: Iam on my own. I walk because I get excercise. I go on my own because I depend on myself.

(؈’ äçöÀ-Jí¬ØË ¢Á∞¡û√. ؈’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ †úø’≤ƒh exercise éÓÆæç. Ø√O’üË ØËØ√-üµ∆-®Ω°æ-úøôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ é¬-•öÀd ؈’ äçôJí¬ ¢Á∞¡û√.) Archana: But you are yet to tell me where you bought the dress?

(ÅÆæ-Lç-ûªéÃ Ç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’)

dress

áéπ\úø éÌØ√o¢Ó

Vennela: Not so well known. It is on the road to the railway station. It is on the left of the National Bank there.

(Åü¿çûª Ê°®Ω’†o / Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† shop àçé¬-ü¿’™‰. Railway station èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx éÀçC ¢√é¬u© Å®√n©’, v°æßÁ÷-í¬-©†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. 1. Be on cloud nine 2. Herculean Task 3. At arm's length 4. To pour cold water 5. To cry over spilt milk.

¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ Ê°ü¿-Jéπç †’ç* N´·éÀh îËߪ’ôç î√™«, î√™« éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æE. 3. At arm's length = ´’†ç îË®· î√îËçûª ü¿÷®Ωç.

Spoken English

a) His expenditure on luxuries is little =

N™«≤ƒ-©èπ◊ Åûª†’ °õ‰d ê®Ω’a ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰†õ‰x/ Åûª†’ N™«≤ƒ©èπ◊ ê®Ω’a-°-ôd-†õ‰x. b) Her expenditure on her dresses is very high =

Ç¢Á’ -ü¿’Ææ’h-©-O’ü¿ áèπ◊\¢Ëê®Ω’a °úø’ûª’çC.

îª÷¨»¢√?. î√™« Ö-û√q£æ«ç éπLTç-îË™« ÖçC.)

Ææí∫ô’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

327

a) I see two movies a month on average =

Ææí∫-ô’† ØÁ©èπ◊ È®çúø’ ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷≤ƒh†’.

Vennela: I missed it. OK. I must be going. Bye.

(؈’ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. ØË¢Á-∞«xL. Bye) ¢√úË ´’JéÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’

b) On average we spend Rs 200 on transport =

Preposition 'on'

´÷ Ææí∫ô’ ®Ω¢√ù« ê®Ω’a©’ ØÁ©èπ◊ 200 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’.

îª÷ü∆lç.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

d) Without waiting for any one, she started on her own=

á´JéÓÆæ-´‚ -á-ü¿’®Ω’-îª÷-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ûª†ç-ûªô û√ØË/ äçô-Jí¬ •ßª’©’ üËJçC. 7) Depend on = äéπJ O’ü¿, äéπ ü∆E-O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω°æ-úøôç. Depend ûª®√yûª on/ upon. a) Kumar depends on his mother for everything =

v°æA N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπ◊´÷®˝ ¢√∞¡x´’t O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω°æúøû√úø’. b) Her mother and father gone, Sasi has none to depend upon =

-ûª-† -ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ -¨¡-P Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-ö«E-Èé-´y®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. (Sentence ´’üµ¿u™ depend on, sentence *´È®jûË depend upon) 8) On the road/ on the way =

4) On Scooter:

ü∆J™,

M.SURESAN

road

™;

on the street =

Ç OCµ™

I go on my own... 1) Why do I see you in bad dresses on occasion 2) My expenditure on clothes isn't much 3) It doesn't exceed... on average 4) I see you most of the time going on foot

a) I met him on the road

´÷´‚-©’í¬ top Ö†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√™x v°æߪ÷ùç Å®·ûË, by bus, by car, by plane, by train, etc Åçö«ç. Top ™‰E ¢√£æ«Ø√™„jûË, on bike, on

scooter, on cycle, on horse, etc.

5) Not often do I see you on your scooter

5) on foot =

6) I am on my own/ I go on my own

a) I went all the way on foot =

7) I depend on myself 9) It is on the left of the National Bank 10) But gold prices are up by 10% on last year 12) Did you watch the programme on channel 99? 1) On occasion: occasion =

Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç. – Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™. on occasion = Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’. on that occasion

a) He does smoke but on occasion = smoke

îË≤ƒhúø’ Å®·ûË Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’.

b) On occasions like the Independence Day, We specially honour the national flag =

≤ƒyûªçvûªu CØÓ-ûªq´ç ™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´’†ç ñ«Bߪ’ °æû√é¬-EéÀ v°æûËuéπ íı®Ω-¢√-Eo≤ƒhç. É™« occasion ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púø÷ 'on' ¢√úøû√ç. He was at arm's length from me =

b) He is too old to come here on foot =

Åûªúø’

b) Though she talks to the boys of her class, she keeps them at arm's length to avoid trouble = class

Ç¢Á’ ûª† ´’í∫-°œ-©x-©ûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕØ√, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ’-N-´yü¿’, à Ææ´’-Ææu©÷ ®√èπ◊ç-úø -

b) The bank is on the next road 9) On the left, on the right =

áúø´’¢Áj°æ¤, èπ◊úÕ¢Áj°æ¤ a) The shop is on the left of the bank =

Ç

shop, bank

(He went on foot = He footed the distance 6) I am on my own -

èπ◊ áúø´’ ¢Áj°æ¤ ÖçC. ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a)

(To the left, to the right

b) The bank is to the right of the shop. (Shop

Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω´‚ †úø-´-™‰-†çûª °ü∆l-ߪ’† Çߪ’†. = He walked.)

11) I watch the prices on the TV

Åûª†’

é¬L †úø-éπ†.

Ç ¢Á·ûªhç ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ-î√†’.

Ø√ îË®· î√*-†çûª ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’. DçûÓ ´îËa idiom: Keep (somebody) at arm's length = DE-éπ®Ωnç, äéπJE ´’†ûÓ áèπ◊\´ á.´-úÕ-¢Ë©’, Ç--üÓE. ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ áçûª-ü¿÷-®Ωç™ Öçî√™ Åçûª-ü¿÷-®Ωç™ Öçîªúøç. 1. Be on cloud nine = Åçûª’-™‰E džç-ü¿çûÓ Öçúøôç.He was on cloud nine when the girl a) Keep him at arm's length = FûÓ ÅûªúÕE áèπ◊\´ ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-Fèπ◊. he loved agreed to marry him. (Åûª-úÕûÓ †’´¤y ´’Jçûª ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’©2. Herculean task = £æ«èπÿu-L-ߪ’Ø˛ task - ÅA-éπ≠dæ íÌü¿’l). ¢Á’i†/ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å≤ƒ-üµ¿u-¢Á’i† °æE. freeing India from poverty is a Herculean task =

(üËE-ÈéjØ√ °õ‰d ê®Ω’a, ´uߪ’ç)

3) on average =

8) It is on the road to the railway station

(´÷ Å´’t†’. F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?)

2) Expenditure on something.

gramme

èπ◊ ᙫ ¢Á∞¡û√´¤?)

Prasanna: The city bus.

™ üµ¿®Ω©’

(Ç ´÷ôçõ‰ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. E†o †’´¤y channel 99 ™ ´*a† pro-

[Pramod: What's your conveyance to office? (Office

TV

Archana: That reminds me. Did you watch the programme on channel 99 yesterday? It was really exciting.

Vennela: You know, my expenditure on clothes isn't much. It doesn't exceed Rs 3000/- to Rs 4000 on average.

(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ -ü¿’Ææ’h© O’ü¿ Ø√ ê®Ω’a Ææí∫ô’† ØÁ©èπ◊ 3000 †’ç* 4000 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ N’çîªü¿’. (exceed = N’çîªôç/ ÅCµí∫N’çîªôç)

2

èπ◊ èπ◊úÕ ¢Áj°æ¤

Bank

ÖçC).

10) On last year =

éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç O’ü¿/ éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éπçõ‰ – Å®·ûË É™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, upon Åçö«ç.

ÉC î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† expression. DE Å®Ωnç: Ø√ Åçûªô ØËØË/ äçô-Jí¬.

a) The percentage of passes this year are up on last year =

a) I don't have any company. I am on my own =

Ñ àú≈C ÖBh-®Ωgû√ ¨»ûªç í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωçéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´.

Ø√èπ◊ á´J ≤ƒ£æ«-Ωuç ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ Åçûªô ØËØË ÖØ√o†’/ äçô-Jí¬ ÖØ√o†’. b) Once you join the hostel, you are on your own. You have no one to take care of you = Hostel ™ îËJûË, F Åçûªô †’¢Ëy Öçö«´¤. E†’o îª÷Ææ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ á´®Ω÷ Öçúø®Ω’. c) He did it on his own. No one helped him =

b) His earnings are up on last year =

ÅûªE Ææ秃-ü¿† í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éπçõ‰ °J-TçC. ™ îª÷úøôç, ¢√öÀ™x ®√´ô癫çöÀ ¢√öÀE, on the Åçö«ç In é¬ü¿’. 11), 12). TV, Radio Programme Programme TV, on the radio, on the channel

Åûª-úø-C ûª†ç-ûªô û√ØË î˨»úø’. á´®Ω÷ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Öç-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊.

4) To pour cold water:

Öû√q-£æ…Eo F®Ω’-í¬-®Ωa-ôç/-E-®Ω’-û√q-£æ«-°æ-®Ω-îªôç, ´’† Ç™-îª-†Lo, plans †’ N´’-Jzç-îª-ôç/-Ç-¢Á÷Cç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´ôç. (DEéÀ ÉçéÓ ®Ω÷°æç: To throw cold water.) a) Our manager pours cold water on every plan we come up with =

´÷ ¢Ë’ØË-ï®˝ ¢Ë’ç v°æA-§ƒ-CçîË -v°æ-A v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿-††÷ A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç-* /- N-´’-Jzç* ´÷èπ◊ E®Ω’-û√q£æ«ç éπL-T-≤ƒhúø’.

(He can't accept any plan that it isn't his own)

b) He threw cold water on our plans for a picnic by refusing to lend his van in the last minute = van

°œéÀoé˙èπ◊ -¢Á-∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊ *´J EN’-≠æç™ ûª† É´yú≈-EéÀ A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç* ´÷ Öû√q£æ«ç F®Ω’-í¬-J-§Ú-ßË’-™« î˨»úø’.

5) To cry over spilt milk =

äL-éÀ-§Ú-®·† §ƒ©éÓÆæç *çAç-îªôç. (äéπ-®Ωéπçí¬ îËûª’©’ 鬙«éπ Çèπ◊©’ °æô’d-éÓ-´ôç).

e.g. Someone has stolen your bike. True. You ought to have been more careful. No use crying over split milk= bike

Eï¢Ë’. F á´®Ó üÌçTç-î√®Ω’. †’NyçéÌçîÁç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈-LqçC. É°æ¤púø’ *çAç* v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 8 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Chalam: Your medicine has had a good effect on me. I feel much better today, though not all right.

(F ´’çü¿’ Ø√ O’ü¿ ´’ç* v°æ¶µ«-´¢Ë’ îª÷°œç-*çC/ ¶«í¬ØË °æE-îË-ÆœçC. î√™« ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ÖçC Ø√ °æJ-ÆœnA É¢√∞¡, °æ‹Jh ÆæyÆænûª ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√)

Kundan: If my train had been on time, I couldn't have given you the medicine. You are lucky that way.

(Ø√ train time èπ◊ ´îª’açõ‰ Fèπ◊ Ç ´’çü¿’ É´y-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√-úÕØË Øˆ’. Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ †’´y-ü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-úÕN)

Chalam: I approached you on my brother's suggestion. I didn't know you had the medicine for this kind of complaint.

(´÷ brother Ææ÷ ¢Ë’®ΩÍé ؈’ F ü¿í∫_-®ΩéÌ-î√a†’. É™«çöÀ ¶«üµ¿/ ï•’sèπ◊ F ü¿í∫_®Ω ´’çü¿’ç-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’)

Kundan: It is home made. I got it from my father and he had it from his father. We make the medicine on the eve of Ugadi.

(ÉC ÉçöÀ ¢Ájü¿uç. ´÷ Ø√†o ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ü∆EE ؈’ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√o. Çߪ’† ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Öí¬C ´·çü¿’®ÓV ¢Ë’O’ å≠æ-üµ∆Eo ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-Æœ -°-ô’d-èπ◊çö«ç)

Chalam: My brother says that it gives on the spot relief to some.

(éÌçûª-´’çCéÀ Ñ ´’çü¿’ ûªéπ~ù E¢√-®Ωù ÉÆæ’hç-ü¿ç-ö«úø’ ´÷ brother)

2

í∫ûª éÌEo lessons í¬ preposition on Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. On Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tçîªôç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ÅØË-ü∆-Eo-•öÀd Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷J-§ÚßË’ v°æ´÷ü¿ç î√™« ÖçC. 鬕öÀd ´’† communication ÆæJí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ ¢√ú≈-Lq-†-îÓô on correct í¬ ¢√ú≈L. On ¢√ú≈Lq† ´’J-éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥-L-°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç!

Study the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) Your medicine has had a good effect on me 2) If my train had been on time 3) I approached you on my brother's suggestion 4) We make the medicine on the eve of Ugadi 5) It gives on the spot relief to some 6) When it was on trial... 7) On behalf of all the victims of this complaint and on my behalf, I thank your grand father. 8) I know what's on your mind. 9) Just go on taking this medicine

éÌEo ´÷ô© Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç. 1) Approach = 1) ÆæO’-°œç-îªúøç 2) Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅJnç-îªúøç 2) Complaint = áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË Å®Ωnç– °∂œ®√uü¿’. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™– ¢√uCµ ´©x éπLÍí ¶«üµ¿/ ¢√uCµ (Doctors °æJ-¶µ«≠æ) 3) behalf = ûª®Ω-°∂椆 4) on and off = ûª®Ω-í¬

c) The plane landed right on time =

Ç N´÷†ç time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ (äéπ\ EN’≠æç ´·çü¿÷ ¢Á†é¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈) CTçC.

d) The train arrived on time = Train correct time 3) On my brother's suggestion =

´÷ ņo/ lecturer's

suggestion I bought

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

this book =

´÷ lecturer Ææ÷ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ØËF °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌØ√o.

328

on some one's orders, on some one's advice

Å™«Íí

Åçö«ç.

b) He is here on his boss's orders

ûª†

boss

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Ç ´’çü¿’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ v°æßÁ÷-í¬™x ÅC ¢ÁçôØË °æE-îË-ÊÆ-ü¿ô.) It seems = Å™« ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC

Chalam: Well, on behalf of all the victims of this complaint, and on my behalf, I thank your grand father for developing it.

(Å®·ûË Ñ ¢√uCµ/ ¶«üµ¿, ¶«Cµ-ûª’-©ç-ü¿J ûª®Ω-°∂椆, Ø√ ûª®Ω-°∂椆 O’ û√ûªèπ◊ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’– Éçûª ´’ç* ´’çü¿’ ®Ω÷§Òç-Cç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊)

Kundan: Don't be so formal, Chalam

(Åçûª formal í¬ Öçúøèπ◊) formal – éÌûªh/ °ü¿l/ °æJ-îªßª’ç Åçûªí¬ ™‰E¢√-∞¡xûÓ v°æ´-JhçîË B®Ω’ – ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈

Chalam: I get this trouble on and off you know.

Now let's discuss the use of on in the sentences above. 1) effect on Effect

Öçúøôç.

(äéπJ/ äéπ-ü∆-E-O’ü¿) v°æ¶µ«´ç ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ on Öçô’çC.

a) Rain or the lack of it has an effect on crops =

´®Ω{ç/ ´®√{-¶µ«´ç v°æ¶µ«´ç °æçô-©-O’ü¿ Öçô’çC.

b) The punishment of the boy had a disciplining effect on the rest of the class

= Ç Nü∆u-JnéÀ ¢ËÆœ† Péπ~ N’í∫û√ class O’ü¿ véπ´’-P-éπ~ù éπL-TçîË v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°œç-*çC.

c) Magnet has an effect on the flow of current =

ú≈éπd®˝ Ææ©£æ… ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ Çߪ’† ´÷ØË-¨»úø’.

a) All delegates arrived in time for the meeting =

(Ñ ¶«üµ¿ Ø√éπ-°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø÷ ´Ææ÷hç-ô’çC)

Kundan: Just don't worry. I know what's on your mind. You want to be sure it will cure you permanently.

(àç Çü¿’-®√l-°æ-úøèπ◊. Ñ éπ~ùç™ F ´’†-Ææ’™ à´·çüÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ ´’çü¿’ Fèπ◊ ¨»¨¡yûª E¢√-®Ωù ÉÆæ’hçü∆ ÅØË †´’téπç 鬢√L Fèπ◊)

Chalam: You've hit the nail on the head.

correct Kundan: Just go on taking this medicine for another week. You will be rid of the trouble for ever.

(î√™«

í¬ îÁ§ƒp´¤)

(ÉçéÓ-¢√-®Ωç-§ƒô’ Ñ ´’çü¿’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çô÷çúø’. Ñ ¶«üµ¿ ¨»¨¡yûªçí¬ N®Ω-í∫-úø-´¤ûª’çC) be rid of = ´C-Lç--éÓ-´ôç/ N®Ω-í∫-úø-´ôç

Chalam: Thank you again and again.

(´’Sx ´’Sx Kundan: Not at all. ☺

☺

thanks)

(àç °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’) ☺

☺

Spoken English

☺

d) They gave him the job on the minister's recommendation =

´’çvA Æœ§∂ƒ®ΩÆæ’ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ Åûª-EéÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç Éî√a®Ω’. Åçõ‰ ã ´·êu-¢Á’i† (°æçúø-í∫-™«çöÀ) ®ÓVèπ◊ ´·çü¿J ®ÓV/ ´·çü¿J ≤ƒßª’çvûªç. Eve ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ on ´Ææ’hçC. ûª®√yûª of ´Ææ’hçC.

4) On the eve of = Eve of

a) Hemanth bought his children a number of presents on the eve of Christmas/ on Christmas eve = Christmas

´·çü¿-J-®ÓV/ ´·çü¿J ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ê£«´’çû˝ ûª† °œ©x-©èπ◊ î√™« 鬆’-éπ©’ éÌØ√oúø’.

b) It happened on the eve of the exam =

Nü¿’uvûªp¢√£æ«ç O’ü¿ Åߪ’-≤ƒ\ç-û√-EéÀ v°æ¶µ«´ç Öçô’çC. 2) On time: Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lesson ™ In time ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆. In time Åçõ‰ ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ é¬Ææh ´·çüË (Ç©Ææuç ÅßË’u Ç≤ƒ\®Ωç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. v°æA-E-üµ¿’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ Ææé¬-©ç™ (é¬Ææh ´·çü¿’í¬ ´*a) £æ…ï-®Ω-ߪ÷u®Ω’.

b) Hari arrived just on time to board the plane = Plane

áéπ\-ú≈-EéÀ correct Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´î√aúø’. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿÷ é¬ü¿÷ Ç©Ææuç ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈†÷.

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C-¢√é¬u-©-†’ -á-™« -v°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-L? 1. As light as a feather 2. Upset the apple cart 3. At daggers drawn 4. As cool as a cucumber 5. Make a mountain of a mole hill

£æ«û√uØË®Ωç™ Åûª†’ Nî√-®Ωù áü¿’-®Ì\ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. d) He was on trial for cheating =

¢Á÷Ææç ÅGµ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ Åûª†’ Nî√-®Ωù áü¿’-®Ì\ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. 7) On behalf of = for= äéπJ ûª®Ω-°∂椆. Behalf ´·çü¿’ on, ûª®√yûª of ´≤ƒh®·. ÅûªE ¶µ«®Ωu ûª®Ω-°∂椆 Åûª†’ éπ~´÷-°æù ÅúÕ-í¬úø’. b) His lawyer signed on his behalf =

ÅûªE ûª®Ω-°∂椆 ÅûªE ´éé’ Ææçûªéπç î˨»úø’. äéπJ ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†o/ äéπ-JéÀ Çü¿’®√l éπL-T-Ææ’h†o. É™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ mind ´·çü¿’ on.

8) On one's mind =

a) Please tell me what's on your mind. Don't you like the girl? =

F ´’†-Ææ’™ à´·çüÓ/ Fèπ◊ Çü¿’®√l éπLÍí N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’çö îÁ°æ¤p. Ç Å´÷t®· FéÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü∆? b) Something is on her mind. I can see that from her face =

Ç¢Á’ ´’†-Ææ’™ àüÓ ÖçC/ àüÓ Çü¿’®√l °æúø’ûÓç-ü∆¢Á’. Ç¢Á’ ¢Á·£æ«ç îª÷Æœ ví∫£œ«ç-îª-í∫-©-†C. 9) Just go on taking the medicine. Ééπ\úø on preposition é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ to, keep ™«çöÀ éÌEo verbs ûª®√yûª on ¢√úÕûË, Ç verbs ûÁLÊ° °æE -éÌ-†-≤ƒ-Tç-îªôç (continue) ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. a) He goes on smoking in spite of his doctor's advice = Doctor

ÅC °æK-éπ~èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ®ÓV/ ´·çü¿’ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ïJ-TçC. 5) on the spot = ûªéπ~ùç/ Åéπ\-úÕ-éπ-éπ\úË

a) The CM announced a cash award on the spot for the swimmer who rescued the children =

°œ©x-©†’ ®ΩéÀ~ç-*† Ñûª-í¬úÕéÀ ´·êu-´’çvA Åéπ\-úÕ -éπ-éπ\úË/ Å°æpöÀéπ°æ¤púË †í∫ü¿’ •£æ›-´’A v°æéπ-öÀç-î√®Ω’.

´ü¿l-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ

smoke

îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«úø’.

b) He walked on another Km =

ÉçéÓ

Km

ü¿÷®Ωç †úø’-Ææ÷hØË ¢Á∞«xúø’.

c) He kept on arguing though the others were silent =

Éûª®Ω’™‰ç ´÷ö«x-úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Åûªúø’ ¢√CÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’. d) She sang on, but we were not interested

b) Hit by a lorry he died on the spot =

™«K úµŒéÌE, Åûª-†-°æpöÀéπ°æ¤púË ´’®Ω-ùÀç-î√úø’. (Spot èπ◊ Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç, îÓô’/ Ææn©ç) On the spot relief = ûªéπ~ù E¢√-®Ωù 2) Upset the apple cart = plans

äéπJ îËߪ’ôç.

†’ ¶µºí∫oç

Duryodhana and company wanted to bind Lord Krishna, but he upset the apple cart by exhibiting his universal form

ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-Ø√--ü¿’©’ Xéπ%≠æflgúÕE •çCµç-î√©-†’-èπ◊-ØËç-ûª™, Çߪ’† ûª† N¨¡y-ï-¢√-•’: ®Ω÷-§ƒEo îª÷°œç* ¢√∞¡x ´‹u£æ…Eo 1) As light as a feather = î√™« î√™« ¶µºí∫oç î˨»úø’. ûËL-Èéj-† (°æéÀ~ Ñéπçûª ûËLéπ) 3) At daggers drawn = Éü¿l-®Ω’-í¬F, Though she is fat, she thinks È®çúø’´®√_-©’-í¬F äéπ-J-°æôx äéπ®Ω’ she is as light as a feather = î√™« éÓ°æç-ûÓ/ -véÓ-üµ¿çûÓ Öçúøôç/ Ç¢Á’ ™«´¤í¬ ÖØ√o, ûª†’ î√™« ûËLéπ éπûª’h©’ †÷®Ωúøç. (•®Ω’´¤ ûªèπ◊\´) ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. Dagger - *†o êúø_ç.

– -á.-N-.-Ç-î√-J, -¢Áj-ñ«í˚

c) He is on trial for murder =

a) He apologized on behalf of his wife =

I know what's on your mind Kundan: It certainly does. When it was on trial in the beginning, it acted immediately, it seems.

Ñ †´‚Ø√ ¢√£æ«†ç Éçé¬ v°æßÁ÷í∫ ü¿¨¡-™ØË ÖçC. Ø√uߪ’≤ƒn†ç™ Nî√-®Ω-ù†’ èπÿú≈ trial Åçö«®Ω’. DE-´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈ on ´Ææ’hçC.

Çïc ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ Åûª-E-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúø’

c) On his doctor's advice he gaveup smoking = smoking

M.SURESAN

a) The new medicine is still on trial = b) This model of the vehicle is still on trial =

ûª´·túÕ Ææ÷ O’ü¿ô/ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ my

(ߪ’çvûªç, ´’çü¿’©’ ™«çöÀN) v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç™ Öçúøôç. Trial ´·çü¿’ on ¢√úøû√ç. v°æßÁ÷í∫ ≤ƒn®·™ØË ÖçC Ç éÌûªh å≠æüµ¿ç.

èπ◊ ´*açC.

a) On

6) On trial =

´÷éπç-ûªí¬ É≠ædç-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ǢÁ’ §ƒúø’ûª÷ØË ÖçC.

The former friends are now surprisingly at daggers drawn with each other =

Ǩ¡a®Ωuç àN’-ôçõ‰ Åçûª N’vûª’-L-°æ¤púø’ äéπ-J°j äéπ®Ω’ éπûª’h©’ †÷®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. 4) As cool as cucumber = àç Ç¢Ë-¨¡°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Ææçߪ’-´’†ç §ƒöÀç-îªôç. Dharmaraj was as cool as Cucumber even when provoked

éπNyç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ üµ¿®Ωt-®√V Ææ£æ«†ç éÓ™p-èπ◊çú≈, Ç¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Ææçߪ’-´’-†çûÓ ÖçúË-¢√úø’. Cucumber = üÓÆæ-é¬ßª’.

5) Make a mountain of a mole hill =

*†o -N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo °ü¿lC îËߪ’-ôç/-

î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ áèπ◊\´ v§ƒ´·êuç É´y-ôç/ -íÓ-®Ωç-ûª©’ éÌçúøç-ûª©’ îËߪ’ôç.

The first warnings about AIDS were taken as making mountain of mole hill = AIDS

í∫’Jç-* ¢Á·ü¿öÀ £«îªa-J-éπ-©†’ ¢Á·ü¿ô íÓ®Ωçûª éÌçúøç-ûª©’ îËߪ’ôç ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷. Figures of speech: °j ¢√öÀ™  î√™« expressions, figures of speech (Å©ç-é¬-®√©’). English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊, figures of speech Åçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. O©’¢Áç-•úÕ -Å-Fo ûÁ-L-ߪ’-•-®Ω’≤ƒhç.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 10 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Jaideep: Hi Pradeep, where's your new home?

(O’ éÌûªh É©’x áéπ\úø?/ ´÷J† É©’x?) Pradeep: Easy to locate. Just by the Head Post Office.

(î√-™« Ææ’©¶µºç. ´·êu ûª§ƒ™« °æéπ\ØË)

(Å´¤†’. Å´’t É°æp-öÀÍé éÌEo ÆæÍ®lÆœ Öçú≈L. ؈’ ÇN-úøèπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-ú≈L) Pradeep: I think your new place is farther off from college than the present one.

(O’ éÌûªh É©’x, É°æ¤p-úø’†o ÉçöÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊çö«)

office

Jaideep: When are you moving in? Have you paid the advance?

(á°æ¤púø’ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’? Advance ÉîËa-¨»®√? É©’x ´÷®Ωôç = move; shift é¬ü¿’. Pradeep: Not yet. I wanted to pay by cheque, but the landlord insisted on cash. Today and tomorrow are bank holidays. Perhaps I will have paid by Tuesday or so.

(؈’ cheque É¢√y-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o, é¬E ÉçöÀ ߪ’ï-´÷E (landlord) †í∫-ü¿’í¬ É´y-´’E °æô’d-•-ö«dúø’. Ñ ®ÓV, Í®°æ¤ bank ÂÆ©-´¤©’. •£æ›¨¡ ´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√-®Ω-¢Á÷, Ç ûª®√yûÓ îÁLxç-îªôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC)

farther - comparative of 'far'. Superlative - farthest Jaideep: Yea; but just by a kilometre. Any way I have a bike. So no problem.

(Å´¤†’. äéπ éÀ™ O’ô®˝ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Å®·Ø√ Ø√èπ◊ bike ÖçC.- éπ-†’éπ °ü¿l Ææ´’-Ææu-é¬ü¿’) Pradeep: But fuel prices are soaring by the day.

(é¬E Éçüµ¿†ç (fuel- petrol/diesel etc,) üµ¿®Ω©’ °J-T-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆?) makes

Pradeep: It's around Rs. 6000/-pm. Though the rent is on the high side, the house is by far bigger than our present home.

2) I wanted to pay by cheque

5) Mr Ramlal is Marvari by birth

a

time

8) Fuel prices are soaring by the day

áçûª?)

(O’ éÌûªh owner O’ Ø√†o †’´y-†oô’x í∫’®Ω’h)

friend

ÅE

Pradeep: Yes. He is. Mr. Ramlal- that's his name - a Marvari by birth but settled here.

(Å´¤†’ Ê°®Ω’ ®√癫™¸. °æ¤ô’d-éπûÓ ´÷®√yúÕ, é¬E Ééπ\úø Æœn®Ω-°æ-ú≈fúø’). Jaideep: So the next few days you'll be busy packing and moving.

(鬕öÀd ´îËa È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ωlúøç, ´÷®Ωa-úøçûÓ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ Öçö«-´-†o-´÷ô) Pradeep: So will I be. By now mom must have packed some of the things. I must help her.

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) If I were you ÅE Åçö«®Ω’. é¬F Éçü¿’™ I singular- was

®√¢√L.

were

áçü¿’èπ◊

¢√úøû√ç?

ii) I am interested ÅØÌa. é¬F, I am completed ÅE ņ-èπÿ-úøü¿’. áçü¿’èπ◊? iii) ´’ç* spoken English °æ¤Ææhéπç îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’.

– ©éÃ~t-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù, -Çv´÷-¶«ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: i) If I were you - v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E °ææJ-ÆœnA ûÁ©°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ÉC ¢√úøû√ç– ØË-ØË †’´y-®·ûË– ؈’ †’´¤y ÅßË’u °æJ-Æ œnA É°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. É™«çöÀîÓôx ÉC ¢√úøû√ç. É™«çöÀ expressions †’ Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ N´-Jçî√ç. ¢√öÀE îª÷úøçúÕ. ii) I am interested ™ interested ÅØËC ÇÆæéÀh éπLTÖ†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, interested past participle †’ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ am interested †’,

afraid my watch is running

5)

؈’ îª÷Æœ† cricketers Åçü¿-J™ Éûª†’ î√-™« íÌ°æp. By birth = °æ¤ô’déπûÓ. a) I am a Tamilian by birth.

10) I'm afraid my watch is running M.SURESAN

(Ø√ watch v°æ鬮Ωç 8.30. Ø√ watch 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´·çü¿’ †úø’-≤Úhç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.) Pradeep: You're right. The tower clock is showing 8.20.

(Eï¢Ë’. Tower O’C í∫úÕ-ߪ÷®Ωç 8.20 îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC.) Jaideep: OK. Then. We'll meet again. Bye.

Ñ lesson ™ English conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË preposition 'by' N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’, by í∫’Jç*: äéπ °æE á´®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’ (passive voice ™) ÅE ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ 'by' ¢√úøû√-ç– 'äéπ-J-îËûª— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. a) This book was written by my friend

(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç ´÷ friend îËûª ®√ߪ’-•-úÕçC– ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√ÆœçC ´÷ friend)

b) He was killed by a snake.

(Åûª†’ §ƒ´·îËûª îªç°æ-•-ú≈fúø’– Åûª†’ §ƒ´· éπ®Ω-*/ -§ƒ-´·-é¬ô’ ´©x îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) äéÓ\-≤ƒJ É™«-èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç: This book is by him (Åûª†’ ®√ÆœçC Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç) interest/ interests

èπ◊ passive í¬ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÓ-´îª’a. Å°æ¤púø’ ü∆E Å®Ωnç, Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç--úø’-ûª’çC Å-E. I am completed ™ am com-

pleted (passive of complete/ completes) èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-

•--úø-û√†’ ÅE. ÉC™« ņç éπü∆? iii) Spoken English °æ¤Ææh-鬩’, CD ©÷ market ™ î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. O’èπ◊°æßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË °æ¤Ææhéπç– Living English structures by Stannard Allen.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

1) by =

7)

(°æ¤ô’d-éπûÓ í∫’úÕf / îÁNöÀ / ´‚í∫) È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤© / ´’†’-≠æfl© ´’üµ¿u à ¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ ûËú≈ ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ 'by ¢√úøû√ç. a) Hari is taller than Gopi by a foot =

íÓ°œ éπçõ‰ £æ«J äéπ Åúø’í∫’ §Òúø’í∫’. b) This car is more expensive than that car by atleast some thousand rupees =

°æéπ\† =

by the side of= beside. a) He sat by me =

Ø√ °æéπ\† èπÿ-Ø√oúø’.

b) I don't like to be by him=

¢√úÕ °æéπ\† Öç-úøö«-EéÀ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’ ü∆y®√

Ç car éπçõ‰ Ñ car éπFÆæç éÌEo ¢Ë©-®Ω÷-§ƒßª’©’ áèπ◊\-´-´¤ûª’çC. 8) By the day = Ø√Ø√-öÀéà / ®ÓV ®ÓVéÃ, a) Vegetables prices are rising by the day=

2) by cheque = Cheque

®ÓV®ÓVèπÿ èπÿ®Ω-í¬-ߪ’© üµ¿®Ω©’ °JT §Úûª’Ø√o®·.

a) Payment by cheque are not accepted= cheque

ü∆y®√ îÁLxç-°æ¤©’ BÆæ’-éÓ®Ω’ (BÆæ’éÓ-•-úø´¤)

b) Pay by DD or money order= DD (Demand Draft / Draft) order

Å®·ûË

Tamilian.

°æ¤ô’déπûÓ

b) Blind / deaf / mute by birth =

fast by 10 minutes.

ü∆y®√í¬-F/money

ü∆y®√í¬F îÁLxç-îªçúÕ. Å†ç– In cash/cash ÅE Åçö«ç.

by cash

He paid the amount in cash/He paid cash=

b) He is proving more dangerous by the day =

®ÓV ®ÓVéà Åûª†’ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωçí¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

9) By my watch =

Ééπ\úø

'by'

F

3) By Tuesday -

watch

sorry (

É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx by éÀ Å®Ωnç – Ç Æ洒ߪ’ç™°æ©-Ø√F, Ç Ææ´’-ߪ÷-E-éÀ é¬-F, (Ææ´’-ߪ’ç- ü∆-ô-èπ◊çú≈). a) He will be here by 8 = áE-N’-CçöÀéπ™«x (áE-N’--C ü∆-ô-èπ◊çú≈) Åûª-E-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úø’. Å™«Íí by now = É°æp-öÀéÀ / É°æp-öÀÍé. iv) Are you happy?; Do you happy? v) Were you at home yesterday?; Did you at home yesterday? vi) Where were you? Where did you? Where did he yesterday? Where was he yesterday? °j ¢√é¬u™x àN ÆæÈ®j-†N? ¢√öÀE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-

TçîË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

vii) a) The teacher explained me the difficult points of grammar. b) The teacher explained the difficult points of grammar to me. àC éπÈ®é˙d?

-ï-¢√-•’: -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™ É*a† six forms of verbs îª÷úøçúÕ. Are you play cricket, sentence é¬ü¿’. Å®Ωnç ™‰-ü¿’ (verb ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd). Do you play cricket? - Correct.

éÀ Å®Ωnç, v°æ鬮Ωç – Ø√

watch

v°æ鬮Ωç

a) I'm sorry. I can't go by your watch =

†í∫ü¿’í¬ îÁLxç-î√úø’.

– áç.á-Æˇ.-Ç®˝., üÓ†-•çúø

i) Are you play cricket?; Do you play cricket? ii) Are they happy?; Do they happy? iii) Which class is he study?; Which class does he study?

Spoken English

b) He is by far the best cricketer I' ve seen;

9) It's 8.30 by my watch

Jaideep: It's 8.30 by my watch. I'm

cooler than

Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø éπçõ‰ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ î√-™« xí¬ Öçô’çC.

6) By now mom must have packed some of the things

P rices ar e soaring by the day Jaideep: I remember your telling me that the new landlord is a friend of your father

a) Hyderabad is by far Vijayawada;

7) Yea, but just by a K.M.

fast by 10 minutes.

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ØÁ©èπ◊ Ç®Ω’-¢Ë©’. éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\¢Ë. Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ¢Ë’ç Ö†o ÉçöÀéπçõ‰ î√™« °ü¿lC)

î√-™« (ûËú≈/ áèπ◊\´\ ûªèπ◊\´/ -îÁÊ°p-ô°æ¤p-úø’ ¢√úøû√ç)

4) The house is by far bigger than our present home

329

™ ÖçúÕ

4) By far=

3) Perhaps I'll have paid by Tuesday

now?

(É°æ¤púø’

É°æp-öÀé¬ Öçú≈L.

1) Just by the Post Office

Pradeep: OK. What's the time

*´-®Ω- îË-®Ωaôç

c) By now the train must be at the next station = train next station

from the conversation above:

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(äéπ\ éÀ.O’.ûÓ Â°ü¿l ûËú≈ àç Öçúø-ü¿’™‰)

É°æpöÀÍé Åûª†’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ú≈L.

Look at the following sentences

no

difference.

(ÅüÁl à´÷vûªç? È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰.

b) He must have left by now =

É°æ¤úø’ ´’J-éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷ü∆lç:

Jaideep: But one k.m.

Jaideep: What's the rent like? What is the rent like? = What is the rent? like conversational.

2

F

v°æ鬮Ωç ؈’ †úø’éÓ™‰†’. O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-™‰†’)

watch

b) What's the time by your watch? =

F

watch

v°æ鬮Ωç

time

áçûª?

c) It's running fast/ slow by 10 mts.

10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´·çü¿’/ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ †úø’-≤ÚhçC. ii) O’

Å®Ωnç, happy í¬ ÖØ√o®√? ÅE éπü∆? ÖØ√o®√ ÅE Öçúøôç ®Ω÷§ƒç-ûª®Ωç àC ´*aØ√ Íé-´-©ç 'be' form ØË ¢√úøû√ç. Happy í¬ Öçúøôç 鬕öÀd Do Å-ØË °æEE ûÁ-LÊ° -°æü¿ç ®√ü¿’. éπ†’éπ Are

they happy? correct, Do they happy, wrong. iv) °j sentence ™ ™«Íí, Do they happy? (happy do (îËߪ’®Ω’) í∫ü∆?) wrong. v) Do you at home? ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? ÖØ√o®√?-Å-E (be form) ®√-¢√-Lq-†-°æ¤úø’. So were you... correct. vi) -É-D ÅçûË– be form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøçúÕ. vii) Explain is always followed by to. The correct sentence is The teacher explained to me... or The teacher explained the.. grammar to me, is correct.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 12 -V-™„j 2007 Santushta: (Do) you know what happened yesterday? Sankalpa:

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Sankalpa: I can't wait to meet her. She was such a nice girl!)

(EØËoç ïJTçüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) What happened? (àç ïJ-TçC?)

Santushta: I met our childhood playmate Samyukta.

(´’† *†o-Ø√öÀ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-®√©’ – ´’†ç ûª†ûÓ éπLÆœ Çúø’-èπ◊Ø√oç– Ææçߪ·-éπh†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) playmate = éπLÆœ Çúø’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Sankalpa: (Do) you mean our Samyukta? How come?

(´’† Ææçߪ·-ÍéhØ√ †’´y-ØËC? ÅüÁ™« ïJ-TçC?) How come?= ᙫ? How come you are here at this time? = Ñ time ™ †’´¤y Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç àN’öÀ?/ ᙫ Ææ綵º´ç? Santushta: I met her just by chance. I was walking by the State Bank building. When some one from behind put their hands on my shoulder. As I turned round in shock and surprise who did I see there but our old Samyukta! (State Bank building

°æéπ\ØË ¢Á∞¡Ÿhçõ‰ á´®Ó ¢Á†éπ †’ç* ûª† îËûª’©’ Ø√ ¶µº’ïç O’ü¿ ¢Ë¨»®Ω’. Cví¬s¥çA, Ǩ¡a-®ΩuçûÓ ¢Á†éÀ\ AJT îª÷ÊÆh, ÉçÈé-´®Ω’? ´’† Ææçߪ·éπh!)

Sankalpa: What is she and where is she?

(àç îË≤ÚhçC? áéπ\-úø’çC?)

2

(á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆l´÷ ÅE ÖçC ûª†E. áçûª ´’ç* Å´÷tßÁ÷!) Santushta: She is equally anxious to see all of us too. She said she would meet us on the weekend.

(ûª†’ èπÿú≈ ´’†-©oç-ü¿Ko éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E Çûª’-®Ω-ûªí¬ ÖçC. Ñ¢√®Ωç *´®Ω ´’†Lo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†çC.) Sankalpa: What about her sister Sampada?

(¢√∞¡x

sister

™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË 'by' í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç í∫ü∆. ´’J-éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.

Spoken English

Ææç°æü¿ ᙫ ÖçC?)

Santushta: An advocate by profession, she frequently acts in TV serials it seems.

(´%AhéÀ lawyer, é¬F ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ als ™ †öÀ-≤ÚhçC.)

TV seri-

Sankalpa: I see. How is she doing as a lawyer?

(Å™«í¬. ™«ßª’-®˝í¬ Ç¢Á’ ᙫ Öçü¿ô?)

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above:

(Qualification Engineer, bank officer

°æ®Ωçí¬ Å®·ûË ûª†’ é¬F ûª†’ áç-èπ◊-†oC ÖüÓuí∫ç. Bank °æJv¨¡-´’© N¶µ«-í∫ç™ Ç¢Á’ ã ÅCµ-é¬J) Sankalpa: Has she been here for long?

(Ç¢Á’ î√™«-é¬-©çí¬ Öçü∆ Ééπ\úø?) Santushta: No; just two weeks since she was transferred here. She has taken residence somewhere near the bank. She was asking about you and our other friends.

(™‰ü¿’. È®çúø’-¢√-®√© éÀçü¿ô transfer Å®· Ééπ\-úø-éÌ-*açC. Bank èπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ áéπ\úÓ É©’x BÆæ’-èπ◊çC. E†’o, ´’† Éûª®Ω friends í∫’Jç* ÅúÕ-TçC.)

3) By qualification an engineer but by choice a bank officer.

330

™ ûª†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË Öçü¿ô. Éçé¬ ´’ç* offers èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-ߪ’ô. TV †ôØË °æ‹Jh ¢√u°æéπ´’ßË’u ®ÓV áçûÓ ü¿÷®Ωç ™‰ü¿ô.) Good for her. (ÅC ûª†èπ◊ ´’ç*C)

-v°æ-¨¡o: ÉçTx≠ˇ Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. é¬F ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰†’. -v°-¨æ ¡o: 1. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ÂÆpLxçí˚ N’ÊÆdé˙q Ñ É•sç-C-ØÁ™« ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-î√L? °æ-üÓ -ûª®Ωí∫-A N-ü∆u®Ω’n-©’ -Å-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©-†’, -™‰-ê-©-†’ ®√-ߪ’-úøç á-™« -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-îÓa -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. – ¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛. Èé, Hµ´’-´®Ωç

-ï-¢√-•’: The best way to speak English is to start speaking English in daily life whenever you have an opportunity. Read as much English as you can - short story books. Listen to TV English news casts. In the beginning you may not understand all of it, keep listening. These are the ways you can speak good English. 10th class students, write a few sentences on any topic. Write longer passages. This is the only way.

☺

®√èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúÕ, pronunciation éπÈ®-èπ◊dí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ àçîÁߪ÷u™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. 2. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ 6 verb forms Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í¬©’, v§ƒ´·êuç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Verb forms Ç-Jç-öÀ™ à äéπõ„jØ√ Öçõ‰ØË Ç ¢√éπuç éπÈ®èπ◊d ÅE îÁ§ƒp®Ω’.verb forms ™‰E ¢√é¬u©’ èπÿú≈ éÌEo éπÈ®Íéd éπü∆. ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. – áç. Nvéπ¢˛’ -ï-¢√-•’: 1. Spoken English lesson No.1 †’ç* computer ™ download (Eenadu.net) îËÆæ’èπ◊E ¢Á·ü¿öÀ lesson †’ç*, 1st 50 lessons ¢Á·ü¿ô îªü¿-´çúÕ. O’ ÆæçüË-£æ…-©-Eoç-öÀéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC.

engineering Nü∆u-®Ω|ûª Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’-úø-ߪ÷uúø’, ´%Ah Kû√u.

c) Dr. YSR is a doctor by qualification but a politician by choice =

îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-†oC medicine, áç-èπ◊-†oC ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷©’. ´%Ah-Kû√u

4) By profession =

ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ train ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx, Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ™°æ™‰ v§ƒù-N’-vûª’-©-ߪ÷u®Ω’.

M.SURESAN

(TV

☺

cricket

a) His parents are doctors by profession =

a) They met by chance on train and became very close friends in just a year

Santushta: Is seems she is quite a success on the small screen. She has good offers too, Samyukta says. Not far off is the day when she may take to full time acting.

☺

Åûª†’

ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, ûª©-´E ûª©ç-°æ¤í¬, é¬éπ-û√-S-ߪ’çí¬

(ÅC correct. §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’† ™«ßª’®˝ ´%Ah áç-èπ◊Ø√o†E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çú≈L ûª†’.)

☺

b) Though an engineer by qualification, he became a cricketer by profession =

4) An advocate by profession.

1) By chance =

Sankalpa: That's right. She must be feeling that she chose law by mistake.

☺

éÌçûª-´’çC ûÁ©’í∫’ ÆœF-†-ô’©’ Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª© Kû√u ¢Ájü¿’u©’/ ¢Ájü¿u Nü∆u-®Ω|ûª éπ©-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

5) She goes by the book. 6) She must be feeling that she chose law by mistake.

(Åçûª Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿-™‰-ü¿ØË Å†’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o. Åçû√ rules v°æ鬮Ωç §ÚßË’-ô’xçü∆ Å´÷t®·. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆, rules (¨»ÆæY) v°æ鬮Ωç §Ú´úøç °ü¿l ûÓúøp-úøü¿’.)

Sankalpa:

a) Some Telugu film actors are doctors by qualification =

2) I was walking by the State Bank building.

She goes by the book Santushta: By qualification an engineer, but by choice a bank officer. She is an officer in the industries sector of the bank.

N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† ¢Ëí∫çûÓ cars Ç building O’ü¿’í¬ ¢Á∞«h®·. 3) By qualification = Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª© Kû√u–

1) I met her just by chance.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Santushta: Not much of a success, I understand. It seems she goes by the book and you know, in professions like law, just going by the book doesn't help.

c) Cars pass by the building at great speeds

ÅûªE ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ´%Ah-Kû√u ¢Ájü¿’u©’. b) An advocate by profession, he takes an interest in music =

´%Ah-Kû√u Çߪ’† lawyer, é¬F ÆæçU-ûªç™ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ÇÆæéÀh. 5) Go/ do by the book = E•ç-üµ¿-†-©†’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ §ƒöÀç-îªôç/ àüÁjØ√ ¨»ÆæY v°æ鬮Ωçí¬ îËߪ’ôç. a) In dealing with any situation, she always goes by the book =

à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ àC îËߪ÷-LqØ√ Ç¢Á’ E•çüµ¿-†© ¢Ë’®ΩÍé îËÆæ’hçC.

b) It's by chance that he entered politics. He never thought he would make a career in politics =

b) You cannot always play by the book =

®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷-™xéÀ Åûª†’ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îªôç àüÓ é¬éπ-û√-S-ߪ’çí¬ ïJ-TçC. Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ņ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ç ÅûªE ¢√u°æ-éπ-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E. Å™«Íí by luck Åçö«ç, Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

c) By luck I happened to meet my favourite star =

Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h Ø√ ÅGµ-´÷† û√®Ω†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ïJ-TçC.

2) By the State Bank building By

á°æ¤púø÷ ¨»ÆæY-v°æ-鬮Ωç ÇúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’ç-úøü¿’. (Åçõ‰ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x É™«, É™« Çú≈L ÅE E°æ¤-ù’©’ ņ’-èπ◊ØË v°æ鬮Ωç Çúøôç, playing by the book)

c) Srikanth never played by the book = Srikanth (cricketer)

¨»ÆæY v°æ鬮Ωç á°æ¤púø÷ Çúø-™‰ü¿’. (É™«çöÀ bowling †’ É™«, É™« áü¿’-®Ó\-¢√L.. ÅE E°æ¤-ù’©’ ņ’-èπ◊†o Nüµ¿çí¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈) 6) By mistake = §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’†.

-Åçõ‰ °æéπ\† ÅØË Å®Ωnç Öçü¿E ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø walk by, pass by ÅØË expressions ™ by Å®Ωnç, Ç ¢Áj°æ¤í¬, Åô’-¢Áj°æ¤, ã v°æü˨¡ç O’ü¿’í¬ ÅE.

a) By mistake I picked up her bag and left my bag behind =

a) The procession has passed by the college = college

b) The Maoists sometimes kill innocent people by mistake =

Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤

§Ò®Ω-¶«-ô’†, Ç¢Á’ bag †’ ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊E, Ø√ bag †’ Åéπ\úø Öçî˨».

O’ü¿’í¬ ¢ÁRxçC.

b) He walks by our home at 8 every evening

´÷N-Æˇd©’, äéÓ\-≤ƒJ §Ò®Ω-¶«-ô’† Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊-©†’ îªç°æ¤-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.

v°æA ®√vA 8 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´÷ ÉçöÀ O’ü¿’í¬ ¢Á∞«h-ú≈-ߪ’†. 2. Verb forms sentence

-v°æ-¨¡o:

™‰éπ-§ÚûË sentence é¬-ØË é¬ü¿’. 6 verb ™ àüÓ äéπ-õ„jØ√ ™‰E group of words é¬ü¿’. éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.

1. My father earns Rs.3000 whereas my mother earns Rs.7000. 2. You have not cleared my earlier loan on other hand you are asking for another loan. 3. Kerala demand for more rice yet to be conceded. 4. Kumaraswamy to meet Manmohan.

-ï-¢√-•’: 1. ´÷ Ø√†o- ØÁ©èπ◊ ®Ω÷.3000 Ææ秃-CÊÆh, – ≤ƒy-N’, é¬u-ûªí¬-†ÈéÈ® (éπ®√g-ôéπ)

2.

†’´¤y Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ØËE-*a† Å°æ¤p B®Ωa-éπ-§Úí¬, ´’Sx Å°æ¤p Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. On the other hand - È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ééπ\úø ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å°æ¤p îÁLxç-îª-éπ§Úí¬ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ Å°æ¤p Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o-úø’. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø, on the contrary Åçõ‰ better (ü∆EéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬). 3. Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ Gߪ’uç 鬢√-©†o demand Éçé¬ É´y-•-úø-™‰ü¿’– ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’J-éÌçûª Gߪ’uç 鬢√-©ØË Íé®Ω∞¡ demand -†’ Éçé¬ ä°æ¤péÓ-™‰ü¿’ (Íéçvü¿ç) 4. ´’ØÓt-£æ«-Ø˛†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-†’†o èπ◊´÷-®Ω-≤ƒyN’.

´÷ Å´’t ØÁ©èπ◊ 7000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Ææ秃-C-Ææ’hçC. Whereas - ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûËú≈†’ Ææ÷*ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 15 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Bhaskar: Heard this? The police seized Chandra by the collar and were taking away.

(ÉC NØ√o¢√? police ©’ îªçvü¿ collar °æô’d-èπ◊E BÆæ’-Èé-R}-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o-È®-éπ\-úÕéÓ) Heard this? = Have you heard this? Himakar: Where to, do you know?

Himakar: Shall we go by ourselves or shall we take some one else with us?

(´’†ç äçô-Jí¬ ¢Á∞¡-ü∆´÷, ÉçÈé-´-J-ØÁjØ√ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-ü∆´÷?) Bhaskar: The police are not easy to deal with. Let's take Bhagavan with us. He knows some police officers. (Police ¢√∞¡xûÓ ¢Ëí∫ôç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’. ´’†ûÓ ¶µºí∫-¢√-Ø˛†’ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡ü∆ç. ¢√úÕéÀ éÌçü¿®Ω’ police officers ûÁ©’Ææ’.)

(áéπ\-úÕéÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Bhaskar: Where else? To the police station

(ÉçÈé-éπ\-úÕéÀ?

police station

èπ◊)

Himakar: What exactly did he do for the police to act like that? (Police

©’ Å™« îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úËç

î˨»úø’?)

Himakar: Do you think he will come?

Himakar: Poor fellow. Day by day he is getting deeper and deeper into trouble. When did you see all this?

b) She held the old woman by the arm and helped her cross the road =

(Åûª-ØÌ-≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?) Bhaskar: He is one to stand by his friends. I'll call him to be ready, so we can pick him up on our way.

Bhaskar: God knows. Oh that reminds me. He was swearing by God aloud that he had not done anything.

(üË´¤-úÕÍé ûÁL-ߪ÷L. Å™« Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ìh≤ÚhçC. ¢√úø’ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ üË´¤úÕ O’ü¿ v°æ´÷ùç îËÆœ, ØËØËç îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’)

2

(Åûª†’ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©†’ Çü¿’-èπ◊ØË¢√úË. ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËÆ œ Éçöx ready í¬ Öçúø-´’E îÁ§ƒh, ´’†ç ü∆J™ ¢√úÕE BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ô}a) Himakar: OK, Let's go, then


(Å®·ûË ¢Á∞«lç-°æü¿)








Ç¢Á’ Ç ´·Ææ-™«¢Á’ îË®· °æô’d-èπ◊E ü∆öÀç-*çC.

road

c) The villain held her by the hair and dragged her out =

Ç ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úø’ Ç¢Á’†’ Vûª’h °æô’d-èπ◊E •ßª’öÀéÀ ™«í¬úø’. 2) swear by God = üË´¤úÕ O’ü¿ v°æ´÷ùç îËߪ’ôç. swear = Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ †N’tç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ´’†ç v°æ´÷ùç îËߪ’ôç

b) He doesn't know me even by sight =

Åûª-EéÀ Ø√ûÓ ´·ê-°æ-J-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ ™‰ü¿’ (††’o îª÷ÆœØ√, ؈’ ÅE ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿-ûª-EéÀ.) 7) Take by surprise = Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-îªôç. a) He took me by surprise by calling at 12 midnight =

Åûª†’ ®√vA 12 í∫çô-©èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC.

(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’úø’. ®ÓV-®Ó-Vèπÿ ¢√úø’ Ææ´’-Ææu™x/ ¶«üµ¿™x èπÿ®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Éü¿çû√ †’¢Áy°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»´¤?)

Ç¢Á’ Åûª-EéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç ÅûªEéÀ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç*çC.

(swore - past tense, sworn - past participle)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Bhaskar: I didn't see it, I had it from one of the shop keepers there who knows Chandra by sight and me.

Study the following sentences from the conversation above.

(؈’ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Åéπ\úÓ ü¿’é¬ùç Åûª†’, ††÷o îªçvü¿†÷ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√úø’ îÁ§ƒpúø’)

1) The police seized Chandra by the collar

Himakar: He works mostly by night and sleeps by day. He has mostly night duties. Surprising why he was out during the day.

(Åûª†’ ®√vA°æ‹ô áèπ◊\´ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’, °æí∫©’ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. ûª†èπ◊ night duties áèπ◊\´. °æí∫©’ Åûª-ØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ •ßª’-ô’-Ø√oú≈ ÅØËC Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC) Bhaskar: That takes me by surprise too. A greater surprise is his having to do anything with the police.

(Ø√èπÿ ÅC Ǩ¡a-®Ωuç-í¬ØË ÖçC. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç police N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Åûª†’çúøôç) Himakar: I think we'd better go to the police station and know the actual position

(´’†ç police station èπ◊ ¢ÁR} ÅÆæ©’ Ææçí∫ûËçö éπ†’-èπ◊\çü∆ç/ éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç ´’ç*C) Bhaskar: My tension is mounting by the hour. Let's go and see him at once

(í∫çô í∫çôèπÿ Ø√èπ◊ tension °J-T§Ú-ûÓçC. ¢√úÕo ¢ÁçôØË ¢ÁRx îª÷ü∆lç °æü¿)

-v°æ-¨¡o: Excuse,

forgive, pardon -

-Ñ -´‚-úÕç-öÀ -Å®Ωn-´‚ éπ~-N’ç-î√-©-ØË éπ-ü∆! -à-ßË’ Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-ç-î√-™ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – -áç.-Çç-ï-ØË-ߪ·-©’, Èé.-Ø√Íí-¨¡y®Ω®√-´¤, -¢Á·-©í∫-´-Lx (éπ®Ω÷o-©’ ->-™«x) -ï-¢√-•’: ÉC Eïçí¬ î√-™« íÌ°æp v°æ¨¡o. Excuse, forgive, pardon ©èπ◊ common meaning ûª°æ¤p-©†÷, ØË®√-©†÷, ûª°æ¤p-îË-Æœ† ¢√∞¡x†÷ éÌçûª-®·Ø√/ °æ‹Jh-í¬-ØÁjØ√ Péπ~/ ûªT† ¨»Æœh ™‰èπ◊çú≈ éπ~N’ç* ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç. Ééπ Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéà ûËú≈©’: 1) Excuse: äéπJ EJl-≠d-¢ æ Á’i† ûª°æ¤p-©†’ (specific offenses †’)– Åçõ‰ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç, îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøE °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç, °æE™ Åv¨¡ü¿l¥, Å©-Ææûªyç v°æü¿-Jzç-îªúøç, Ææ´÷-ïç™ v°æ´-®ΩhØ√ Eߪ’-´÷-©†’ §ƒöÀç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ™«çöÀ ûª°æ¤p-©†’, ûª°æ¤p îËÆœ†

Åûª†’ Ç °æE-îË-ߪ’-™‰-ü¿E v°æ´÷ùç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. b) Hari swears by Lord Rama =

£æ«J ®√´·úÕ O’ü¿ v°æ´÷ùç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. ®ÓV ®ÓVèπÿ–

3) Day by day =

2) He was swearing by God.. 3) Day by day he is getting deeper into trouble

331

a) He swears that he hasn't done that =

M.SURESAN

a) Day by day he is growing mischievous =

®ÓV-®Ó-Vèπÿ Åûª†’ ´’K Å©x-Jí¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

4) He works mostly by night 5) One of the shop keepers who knows Chandra by sight ... 6) He works mostly by night and sleeps by the day.

b) Day by day the city is expanding =

®ÓV ®ÓVèπÿ †í∫®Ωç °J-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. 4) He works mostly by night

7) That takes me by surprise too.

by night =

8) My tension is mounting by the hour

a) He studies mostly by night =

9) He is one to stand by his friends 1) seize by the collar - seize =

•©çí¬ îËAE

°æô’d-èπ◊E ™«í∫ôç. The police seized him by the collar =

ÅûªE collar °æô’d-èπ◊E (üÌ®Ω-éπ-°æ¤-a-èπ◊E) ™«í¬®Ω’. äéπ-JE °æô’d-éÌØË, BÆæ’-Èé∞Ïx, ™«Íí Nüµ¿ç îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ by ¢√úøû√ç üËEo °æô’d-èπ◊E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. a) He took me by the hard and led me to his room:

Ø√ îË®· °æô’d-èπ◊E ÅûªE

room

¢√∞¡x†÷ éÌCl-í¬--ØÁj-Ø√ °æ‹Jh-í¬-ØÁj-Ø√ PéÀ~ç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ éπ~N’ç* ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç.

èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«}úø’

®√vA-°æ‹ô (°æ†’©’ îËߪ’ôç)

Åûª†’ ®√vA-°æ‹ô áèπ◊\´ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. b) He finishes most of his work by day =

°æí∫™‰ Åûª†’ ûª† °æE áèπ◊\´ °æ‹Jh îË≤ƒhúø’. 5) Know someone by sight = ´·ê °æJ-îªßª’ç Öçúøôç. a) I know Chandra by sight =

îªçvü¿ûÓ Ø√èπ◊ ´·ê °æJ-îªßª’ç ÖçC. (°∂晫Ø√ Åûª†’ îªçvü¿ ÅE ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçûª-èπ◊N’ç* Åûª-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰ü¿’.) B) The Judge pardoned the misbehaviour of the accused in the court = Court

™ ´·ü∆l ® · ü¿ ’ v≠æ p ´ ® Ω h † †’ Ø√uߪ ’ ´ ‚Jh éπ ~ N ’ç* a) We excuse his coming ´C-™‰-¨»úø’. late. Presidential pardon = éπ~´÷-Gµéπ~. b) The teacher excused the 3) Forgive: ÉC Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀ™ x íÌ°æpC. ´’†èπ◊ students for their misbeéπ-L-T-† £æ…EE, Å°æ-é¬-®√Eo, vüÓ£æ…Eo ´’† ´’†-Ææ’haviour ™ç* °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÌ©-Tç--èπ◊E, Å™«çöÀ £æ…E, Å°æc) I can't excuse his disre鬮Ωç vüÓ£æ«ç îËÆœ-†-¢√∞¡x°æôx, véÓüµ¿ç, éÓ°æç, v°æ-B-é¬-®Ωspecting me ¢√ç, PéÀ~çîË éÓJéπ àO’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬ éπ~N’ç* 2) Pardon: ÉC ´·êuçí¬ ØË®√© N≠æ-ߪ ’ç™ ™‰-ߪ’ôç. ¢√úøû√ç. ØË®Ωç °ü¿l-üÁj-Ø√ *†o--üÁj-Ø√, ØË®Ω-Ææ’n-©èπ◊ NCµç- ´Ca) Gandhi always advised us to forgive even î√-Lq† Péπ~†’ éÌClí¬-ØÁj-Ø√ °æ‹Jh-í¬--ØÁj-Ø√ ®Ωü¿’l-îË-ߪ’ôç. our enemies for whatever they do to us = A) The President of India can pardon a con´’†-èπ◊ -à -£æ…E îËÆœ-† ¨¡vûª’-´¤-©-ØÁj-Ø√ éπ~N’ç--î√-©-E vict. (Péπ~ °æúÕ-†-¢√-∞¡x†’ ®√≠æZ-°æA éπ~N’ç-îª-´îª’a – í¬çDµ Ææ©£æ…. Ç ÅCµ-鬮Ωç ÖçC)

îËߪ’ôç

b) She took him by surprise by offering help

He stands by his wor d ´’†ç preposition 'by' ¢√úøéπç í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çô’Ø√oç. Ñ lesson ™ èπÿú≈ 'by' ¢√ú≈-Lq† ´’JéÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ îª÷ü∆lç:

phone

í∫çô í∫çôèπ◊ ®ÓT

8) By the hour = i)

í∫çô í∫çôèπ◊

a) The temperature of the patient is rising by the hour = temperature

°J-T-§Ú-ûÓçC.

b) The water level under the bridge is rising by the hour =

´çûÁ† éÀçü¿ FöÀ-´’ôdç í∫çô í∫çôèπÿ °®Ω’-í∫’ûÓçC. ii) By the hour = í∫çôèπ◊ Éçûª îÌ°æ¤p†. a) We pay him by the hour =

í∫çôèπ◊ Éçûª ÅE îÁLx≤ƒhç. b) We have hired the taxi by the hour =

í∫çôèπ◊ Éçûª ÅüÁl ņo v°æ鬮Ωç BÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

taxi

E ÅüÁlèπ◊

9) Stand by (something/ somebody)=

äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ •ü¿’l¥-©’í¬ Öçúøôç/ äéπ-JéÀ ûÓúø’í¬ Öçúøôç. a) At the time of the marriage, the bride and the bridegroom swear that they stand by each other =

°Rx Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´üµ¿÷-´-®Ω’©’ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ ûÓúø’í¬ Öçö«-´’E v°æ´÷ùç îË≤ƒh®Ω’. b) You can always rely on him. He stands by his word =

†’´y-ûªEo †¢Á·ta/ ÅûªE O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úÌa. Åûª†’ ´÷ô-O’ü¿ E©-•-úø-û√úø’.

b) I can never forgive her for the way she insulted me =

††’o Å´-´÷†ç îËÆœ† Nüµ∆-Ø√EéÀ Ç¢Á’†’ ØËØÁ-°æp-öÀéà éπ~N’ç-îª-™‰†’. ÉC πÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: i) éÌûªh-¢√-∞¡x† ’, °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x† ÷, ™«ç-†-v§ƒ-ߪ ’çí¬ (formal í¬) ņ’-´’A BÆæ’éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ excuse me Åçö«ç! Excuse me/ If you don't mind, (May I sit here?)

É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√∞¡x ņ’-´’A ´’†-èπ◊ -Åéπ\Í®x-ü¿’. Íé-´-©ç ´’®√uü¿ éÓÆæç Åçö«ç. á´-È®j oØ√ Åúø’f ûÌ©-í¬-©-E -Å-úøí∫-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ excuse me Åçö«ç. ii) Éûª-®Ω’©’ îÁ°œpçC ´’†èπ◊ N-E°œç-îªéπ-§Ú-ûË, ¢√∞¡x†’ ´’Sx îÁ°æp-´’-†-ö«-EéÀ: Pardon me/ Pardon/ Beg your pardon Åçö«ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 17 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ghanatha: Hi Mahitha, welcome. (I have) been looking forward to giving you a surprise.

(≤ƒyí∫ûªç, ´’£œ«û√. E†’o Ǩ¡a-®Ωuç™ ´·çîÁ-û√h-©E áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’hØ√o.)

Mahitha: What other news about Samatha? ( Ghanatha: Samatha was frequently referring to your jokes when she was here last time.

Ææ´’ûª í∫’Jç* ÉçÍé-N’öÀ?)

Mahitha: What could that be? Out with it. I can't wait to hear it.

(àçô¶«s ÅC? ûªy®Ωí¬ îÁ°æ¤p. é¬îª’-èπ◊ØË ã®Ω’p Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.) out with it= (ûªy®Ωí¬) îÁ°æ¤p/ •ßª’-ô-°ô’d. I can't wait to hear it = ÅC N†-ú≈-EéÀ Éçé¬ é¬îª’-èπ◊ØË ã°œéπ Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’/ ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«™«úø’ûª’Ø√o Ghanatha: Here it is. Completely to your liking and taste. The type of green dress that you like so much.

(ÉCíÓ. °æ‹Jhí¬ Fèπ◊ †îËaD, F ÅGµ-®Ω’-*éÀ ûªTçC. †’¢ÁyçûÓ É≠æd-°æúË green dress.) Mahitha: That's really wonderful. So thoughtful of you. All thanks to you for remembering me during your shopping in Mumbai.

(ûªE-éπ\-úÕéÀ éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ †’¢ËyÆœ† jokes í∫’Jç* v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC.)

Mahitha: Are you and Samatha the same age?

(†’´‹y Ææ´’ûª äÍé ´ßª’≤ƒ?)

Ghanatha: No, she is senior to me by a year.

(é¬ü¿’, Ø√éπçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °ü¿l.)

Mahitha: Did you meet our other friend in Mumbai, Ajitha? friend Ajitha (Mumbai

™ ´’† ÉçéÓ †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?)

(îÁ§ƒp-†’í¬. äéπõ‰ ¢√†©E. ؈’ phone î˨»†’. Å>ûª ÅçC, Ö•s-ÆæçûÓ ´’çî√† Ö†o ¢√∞¡x-´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E)

thanks.)

so thoughtful of you:

Ghanatha: You remember I went to Mumbai because my cousin Samatha invited me to stay for a few days in Mumbai. She took me to a modest looking shop where we could get good dresses at moderate prices. The variety there stunned me to silence.

2) To your liking =

7) yield to =

(üËE-ÈéjØ√/ á´-J-ÈéjØ√) ™ÔçT-§Ú-´ôç.

a) Iraq yielded to the superior force of the US =

b) This dress will be her liking =

Ç¢Á’ É≥ƒd-EéÀ ûªí∫_-ô’d-í¬ØË ÖçD dress. É™«Íí, To someone's taste (äéπJ ÅGµ-®Ω’-*éÀ ûªí∫_ô’d/ To someone's delight = äéπJ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊/ To someone's = äéπ-JéÀ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 332 éπsurprise L-TçîË KA™.

Å¢Á’-J-é¬-èπ◊†o áèπ◊\´ •™«EéÀ É®√é˙ ™ÔçT§Ú-®·çC. b) He yielded to her beauty =

Ç¢Á’ Åçü∆-EéÀ Åûª†’ ™ÔçT-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. 8) to be limited to = °æJ-N’-ûª¢Á’i Öçúøôç a) Being old, his movements are limited to the surroundings of his home =

´%ü¿’l¥-úø-´ôç ´©x ÅûªúÕ éπü¿-L-éπ©’ ÉçöÀ °æJ-Ææ-®√©Íé °æJ-N’ûªç.

3) All thanks to you =

b) His knowledge is limited to Andhra Pradesh=

üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆-©Fo FÍé. a) All thanks to you for your timely

Mahitha: She is doing fine, isn't she?

help =

(ûª†’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC éπü∆?) Ghanatha: That she is. (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC) Mahitha:

F É≥ƒd-EéÀ ûªí∫_ô’d

a) The rain now is to her liking =

É°æ¤púŒ ´®Ω{ç Ç¢Á’ É≥ƒd-EéÀ ûªí∫_-ô’d-í¬ØË ÖçC.

Ghanatha: I told you, it was rainy all through. I called her and she said she had to attend on her old mom. She is confined to bed because of asthma.

(íÌ°æp N≠æߪ’ç. ††’o í∫’Jç* ûª©--èπ◊†oç-ü¿’èπ◊, ††’o í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπÿ ´’†-éπ-´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Éûª-®Ω’©’ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊-†o-°æ¤úø÷, ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* v¨¡ü¿l¥ BÆæ’èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø÷ ´’†ç éπ%ûª-ïcûª ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË °æü¿l¥A: so thoughtful of you ( so kind of you) ņôç.

2

F Ææ鬩 Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÅEo-N-üµ∆™«

a) Hats off to his patience =

thanks.

M.SURESAN

OK, then.

Åûª-EéÀ Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸ í∫’Jç* ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûÁ©’Ææ’/ Åçûª-öÀÍé °æJ-N’ûªç. 9) Hats off to = ñ£æ…®Ω’x/ ¢Á’a-éÓ©’. ÅûªE ã®Ω’pèπ◊ ñ£æ…®Ω’x. b) Hats off to your sharp brain

The rain now is to her liking

(Fèπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆, ´÷ cousin Ææ´’ûª ´·ç¶„jéÀ ®Ω´’tE °œL-*çC. Ææ®Ω-Ææ-¢Á’i† üµ¿®Ω©èπ◊ ´’ç* dresses üÌJÍé Åçûª °ü¿lCí¬ éπE-°œç-îªE shop èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-RxçC. Åéπ\úÕ ¢ÁjNüµ¿uç (variety) Ø√ ØÓô ´÷ô®√-†çûª E¨Ïa-≠æfld-®√-LE îËÆœçC.) stun= E¨Ïa-≠æfld-©’í¬ îËߪ’ôç. The sight stunned me= Ç ü¿%¨¡uç ††’o E¨Ïa-≠æfld-®√-LE– Åçõ‰ ¢ÁçôØË àç îËߪ÷L ÅE Ç™- ™‰†ç-ûªí¬– îËÆœçC.

Mahitha: It's really fine, Ghana. I am convinced now that Mumbai is the place for good dresses. dresses

(áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ. ´·ç¶«ßË’ ÆæÈ®j† îÓôE ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’Ø√o.)

èπ◊

Ghanatha: I was about to choose a pink dress, when Samatha pointed to this dress. When I saw it I just yielded to its temptation. Immediately bought one for you and one for me. pink = dress

(ã í∫’™«H ®Ωçí∫’ áçèπ◊Ø√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤. Å°æ¤púø’ Ææ´’ûª Ñ dress îª÷°œç-*çC. ÅçûË. ÅC éπE-°œç-îªí¬ØË ü∆E Çéπ-®Ω{-ùèπ◊ ™ÔçT-§Úߪ÷. ¢ÁçôØË FéÌ-éπöÃ, Ø√éÌ-éπöà éÌØ√o.)

Mahitha: Hats off to your taste. What else did you see in Mumbai?

(F ÅGµ-®Ω’-*éÀ ñ£æ…®Ω’x. ÉçÍéç îª÷¨»´¤ Mumbai ™?)

Ghanatha: Not much. Because of the incessant rains our movements were limited to a few parts of the city.

(áèπ◊\¢Ëç îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. áúø-ûÁ-J-°œ-™‰E ´®√{© ´©x, ´÷ éπü¿-L-éπ©’ †í∫-®Ωç™ éÌEo v°æüË-¨»-©Íé °æJ-N’-ûª-¢Á’i-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.) incessant= ÉØ˛-ÂÆ-Ææ-Ø˛ö¸= áúø-ûÁ-J-°œ-™‰E/ N®√-´’ç-™‰E

F ®Ω’-Èéj† •’v®Ωèπ◊ Ø√ ñ£æ…®Ω’x 10) Refer to =

´’† study of the prepositions ™ 'to' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ lesson ™: To Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’– (äéπJ)éÀ, èπ◊ ÅE Å®Ωnç. ûÓ ÅE-èπÿú≈ (îÁ°æpôç) a) He gave it to me = Ø√èπ◊ Éî√aúø’ b) He said to her that he had passed=

ûª†’ pass Åߪ÷u-†E Ç¢Á’ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. É°æ¤púø’ to ¢√úË ´’J-éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ îª÷ü∆lç: Study the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) I have been looking forward to giving you a surprise 3) All thanks to you 4) She took me to a modest looking shop 5) The variety there stunned me to silence 6) Samatha pointed to this 8) Our movements were limited to a few places

ØÓô ´÷ô ®√†çûª Cví¬s¥çA îÁçü∆úø’. îªE-§Ú-ßË’-´-®Ωèπ◊/ îªE-§Ú-ßË’ç-ûªí¬ éÌö«d®Ω’. 6) point to = äéπ-ü∆Eo îª÷°æôç. a) He pointed to the blood stains on the cloth =

a) The CM often refers to the Gandhi family =

´·êu-´’çvA á°æ¤púø÷ í¬çDµ èπ◊ô’ç•ç í∫’JçîË v°æ≤ƒh-N-≤ƒh®Ω’. b) Refer to the dictionary for the meanings of words =

´÷ô© Å®√n-©èπ◊

dictionary

E Ææçv°æ-Cç.

(Refer to the doctor = Doctor †’ Ææçv°æ-Cç) (´ßª’-Ææ’™ ņ’-¶µº´ç™ °ü¿l), Junior (*†o), Superior (¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj†), Inferior (ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç)– Oô-EoöÀ ûª®√yûª to ¢√úøû√ç. 12) be confined to = °æJ-N’-ûª-´’-´ôç confined to bed = ´’çî√† Öçúøôç (¢√uCµ-´©x) 11) Senior

He has been confined to bed for weeks now.

b) She delights in pointing to others' faults =

(éÌEo ¢√®√©’í¬ Çߪ’† ´’çî√† ÖØ√oúø’.)

Éûª-®Ω’© ûª°æ¤p©’ îª÷°œç* ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ü∆¢Á’.

9) Hats off to your taste 10) Samatha was referring to your jokes

-v°æ-¨¡o: Do and make Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

11) She is senior to me 12) She is confined to bed 1) Look forward to: Look forward to

Çvûªçí¬ áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷úøôç. ´Ææ’hçC.

a) We are looking forward to our trip to Kashmir =

é¬Qt®˝ °æ®Ωu-ô† éÓÆæç Çvûªçí¬ áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç/ á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤pú≈ ÅE.

b) He is looking forward to playing in the big match match =

™ Çúøôç éÓÆæç

Important: Look forward to ing form

é¬F...

a) He was shocked to silence =

v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îªôç/ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç.

í∫’úøf O’C ®Ωéπh°æ¤ ´’®Ω-éπ©’ îª÷°œç-î√-úø-ûª†’.

7) I yielded to the temptation

Ç Â°ü¿l áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

Ø√ É°æpöÀ (´’ç*) ÆœnAéÀ Fèπ◊ thanks îÁ°æp-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ (†’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd). 4) To a ... shop = Shop èπ◊ a) He went to the shop = Shop èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’ b) She has gone to school = School èπ◊ ¢ÁRxçC. 5) To silence = ØÓô ´÷ô ®√éπ-§Ú-ßË’ç-ûªí¬ (Å¢√-éπ\-ßË’uç-ûªí¬) Ééπ\úø, To = Åçûª-¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊/ Åçûªí¬. b) They beat him to death =

2) Completely to your liking

ûª®√yûª

b) No thanks to you for what I am now =

ûª®√yûª é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.

noun

I look forward to the match (Match-noun). I look forward to seeing the match. 'to' seeing... ing form.

ûª®√yûª

Don't make noise noise

Åçö«®Ω’ éπü∆. Don't do ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ-èπÿ-úøü¿’? éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ °æ©-é¬L? 1. áéπ\úø §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o¢Á÷ Åéπ\úË ¢Áûª’-éÓ\-¢√L. 2. Ç¢Á’ äߪ÷u-®Ωçí¬ †úø’Ææ÷h ÖçC. 3. F´¤-¶«í¬ éÌ´¤y-°æöÀd ÖØ√o´¤. Åçü¿’Íé îÁ°œp-†´÷ô N†-úøç-™‰ü¿’. – ->.-¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, í∫’ç-ô÷®Ω’

-ï-¢√-•’:

Do and make - Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀ-´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ Éçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’ N´-Jçî√ç. Make Åçõ‰ produce ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ (Åçõ‰ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç ÅE -é¬-èπ◊çú≈) üËØÁj oØ√ ûªßª÷®Ω’îËߪ’-úøç Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√-úøû√ç. Don't make a noise ņo-°æ¤púø’ (äéπ -N-üµ¿çí¬) íÌúø´ ûªßª÷®Ω’îËߪ’úøç Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE make

a noise Åçö«ç. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ ÅC usage èπÿú≈ (¢√úø’éπ). ´’† îËûª’©’ ¢√úÓ, ÉçÍé-ü¿-®·Ø√ ¢√-úÓ îËÊÆC noise é¬-•-öÀd make a noise Åçö«ç. 1. Search for it you've lost it.

where

2. She walks gracefully. 3.

§Òí∫-È®-èπ◊\´®·çC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ éÌ´¤y-°æöÀd ÖØ√o´¤/ éÌ¢Áy-èπ◊\-Ø√o´¤ ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ Ææ-J-§ÚßË’ English expressions ™‰´¤. English ™ éÌ´¤y (fat, fattened, fatty) èπ◊, §Òí∫-®Ω’èπ◊ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰ü¿’. Ç Å®ΩnçûÓ (§Òí∫®Ω’ – Éûª-®Ω’©†’ ™„éπ\-îË-ߪ’-†çûª) ¢√úË ´÷ô overbearing. You are overbearing and so you disobey/ defy/ disregard my words/ orders.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 19 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Yasasvi: How long have we to wait here? I'm not used to waiting for such a long time

1) I am not used to waiting for such a long time.

(áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ -¢Ë-* -Öç-ú≈-L ´’†ç? Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ -¢Ë-*- -Öç-úø-ôç Ø√èπ◊ Å©-¢√ô’ ™‰ü¿’)

4) Why don't you complain to higher authorities?

Tejasvi: That's because you were in the US for such a long time. Things are different here. In India we are accustomed to such long waits, and so we don't complain about it. We've got used to it.

(†’´¤y Å¢Á’-J-鬙 î√™« 鬩ç Ö†oçü¿’ ´©x Å™« Åçô’-Ø√o´¤. Ééπ\úÕ N≠æߪ’ç ¢ËÍ®. É™«çöÀ Ææ’D®Ω` EK-éπ~-ù-©èπ◊ Å©¢√-ô’ °æ-úÕ† ¢Ë’ç ü∆-E í∫’Jç* °ü¿l ¶«--üµ¿-°æ-úøç/ àç ņç. ´÷éπ-©-¢√-ô-®·-§Ú-®·çC éπü∆?) wait = waiting- EK-éπ~ù

2

2) In India we are accustomed to such long waits. 3) We've got used to it. 5) (It's) hundred to one any action will be taken/ things will improve. 6) Six months ago to the day. 7) Compared to then, the queue now is much shorter. 8) Not to my knowledge 1) Not used to waiting

3) get used to

Ñ È®çúø’ expressions ™ Ö†o phrase, be used to, Ééπ\úø 'be' •ü¿’©’ à be form (am, is, was, were, have been, will be, would be ™«çöÀN) àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a – °æE ïJÍí time †’ •öÀd.

Yasasvi: Why don't you complain to higher authorities?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(°j ¢√∞¡x-Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ °∂œ®√uü¿’ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’?) Authorities = ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’

333

v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ Ñ éÌûªh °æü¿l¥A é¬Ææh éπ≠dçæ í¬ Å-E°œç-îª-´îª’a, Å®·ûË time í∫úÕ-îË-éÌDl †’´¤ ü∆EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-û√´¤. b) Hari kept late hours. In the beginning his wife had trouble, but in course of time, she was used/ got used/ became used to staying awake late in the nights =

£æ«J ÉçöÀéÀ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´îËa-¢√úø’. ¢Á·ü¿öx ÅûªE ¶µ«®Ωuèπ◊ É•sçCí¬ ÖçúËC. é¬E time í∫úÕ-*-†-éÌDl, ®√vA î√™«ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™Ô\E Öçúøôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Å©-¢√-ô-®·-§Ú-®·çC.

b) He is not accustomed to getting up early in the morning =

§Òü¿’l† / °çü¿-™«úË ™‰îË Å©-¢√ô’ ÅûªE-éÀ-™‰ü¿’.

(getting up... ing form) 4) Complain to =

(á´-J-ÈéjØ√) °∂œ®√uü¿’ îËߪ’ôç.

a) She complained to the Principal about the boy = Principal

Ç Å¶«s-®·E í∫’Jç* Ç¢Á’ °∂œ®√uü¿’ îËÆœçC.

èπ◊

b) There is no use complaining to him about his son's behaviour = (to him)

Çߪ’† éÌúø’èπ◊ í∫’-Jç-*, °∂œ®√u-ü¿’-îËÆœ ™«¶µºç ™‰ü¿’. 5) It's hundred to one: àüÁjØ√ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç †÷öÀéÀ äéπ\ -§ƒ©’ (î√-™«ûªèπ◊\´/ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’) Çߪ’-†èπ◊

W e've got used to it Tejasvi: (It's) hundred to one any action will be taken or things will improve.

(°∂œ®√uü¿’ îËÆœØ√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ωu BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË Å´é¬¨¡çí¬F, °æJ-ÆœnA ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫ßË’u Å´-鬨¡çí¬F î√© ûªèπ◊\´)

Yasasvi: When was your last visit here?

(†’Ny-éπ\-úÕéÀ *´-J-≤ƒJ ´*aç-üÁ-°æ¤púø’?)

Tejasvi: Six months ago to the day. I remember it very well. Some one tried to jump the queue. I objected to it. The man then withdrew of course. (Correct

í¬ ÑØ√öÀéÀ ÇÈ®o©x véÀûªç. Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ í∫’®Ω’hçC. äéπûªØÁ-´®Ó queue ™ ñÔ®Ω•úË v°æߪ’ûªoç î˨»úø’. ؈’ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ûÁL§ƒ. Åûª†’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Jump the queue= èπÿu™éÀ ñÔ®Ω-•-úøôç/ èπÿu ÅAvéπN’ç-îªôç. Jump signals / Jump lights = Traffic signals/ lights=

ÅA-véπ-N’ç-îªôç (°æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ´·çü¿’-Èé-Rx-§Ú-´ôç.) Jump bail = (îªôdç) ã case ™ bail ™ Núø’ü¿-©®·, ûª°œpç--éÓ-´ôç (Police ©èπ◊ *éπ\èπ◊çú≈)

Yasasvi: Was the queue as long then?

(Å°æ¤púø’ èπÿu Éçûª §Òúø’-í∫’çü∆?)

Tejasvi: Compared to then, the queue now is much shorter.

(Å°æpöÀ èπÿuûÓ §ÚLÊÆh, É°æpöÀ èπÿu î√--™« *†oC)

Yasasvi: Has there ever been an occasion when the queue moved as soon as it was formed.

(èπÿu à®Ωp-úø-í¬ØË éπü¿-©úøç ÅØËC Ééπ\úø á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ïJ-Tçü∆?)

Tejasvi: Not to my knowledge. People stand in the queue long before the time. That means the queue not moving for some time at least. All appeals to the people concerned to open more queues have been of no avail.

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ ™‰ü¿’. ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ î√™« ´·çü¿Í® èπÿu™ E©-•-úø-û√®Ω’ v°æï©’. Åçü¿’-´©x éÌçûª-ÊÆ-°jØ√ èπÿu éπü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ Öçô’çC. DEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’JéÌEo èπÿu©’ ûÁ®Ω¢√Lqçü¿†o N†o§ƒ©’ à Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ §Úߪ÷®·.)

Yasasvi: Hope it will be over soon.

(ÉC ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’) ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ preposiÖ°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ´’J-éÌEo É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

study of prepositions tion 'to'

´’†

be used to = (be get

Å©-¢√ô’ °æúøôç = get used to. •ü¿’©’ ¢√úø-´îª’a) Very Important: be used to èπÿ, used to èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. î√™« ´·êuç: Å®Ωnç-™†÷, ¢√úø-éπç-™†÷ be used to èπ◊, used to èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. -Ñ °æ-öÀdéπ îª÷úøçúÕ:

a) It's hundred to one that we can see a corruption free India =

ÅN-F-A-™‰E ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨»Eo ´’†ç îª÷úøí∫LÍí Å´-鬨¡ç î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ (†÷öÀéÀ äéπ\-§ƒ©’)

b) It's hundred to one that he will come =

2) be accustomed to =

DE Å®Ωnç, ¢√úøéπç È®çúø÷, be used to ™«í∫ØË. Be accustomed to (Å©¢√ô’ °æúøôç) áèπ◊\´ be used to èπ◊ ™«ØË, noun é¬F, ...ing form í¬F ´Ææ’hçC.

Åûª†’ ´îËa Ææ÷îª-†©’/ Å´-鬨¡ç î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. ÇÈ®o©x éÀçü¿ ÆæJí¬_ Ñ ®ÓV. To the day = ÆæJí¬_ Ñ ®ÓV/ Ñ®ÓVèπ◊.

6) Six months ago to the day =

a) I will have been here for a year next month to the day = M.SURESAN

Be used/ get used to

used to

Å®Ωnç: Å©-¢√ô’°æúøôç/ Å©-¢√ô’ Öçúøôç Be used/ get used to ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ noun é¬F, .....ing form í¬F ´Ææ’hçC. 1st Regular Doing Word (take, walk, etc) ®√ü¿’.

Å®Ωnç: í∫ûªç™ äéπ °æEE ¢√úø’-éπí¬ îËߪ’ôç (¢Á∞Ïx¢√úÕo, éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞¡xç, îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ ™«çöÀ ¶µ«´çûÓ)/ í∫ûªç™ Å©-¢√ô’. used to °æéπ\† á°æ¤púø÷ 1st Regular Doing Word ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.

a) He is used to Coffee in the morning

(Ééπ\úø is used to ûª®√yûª Coffee - Noun ´≤ÚhçC) = Çߪ’-†èπ◊ §Òü¿’l† Coffee Å©-¢√ô’. b) He is used to taking Coffee

(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ §Òü¿’lØËo Coffee û√í∫ôç Å©-¢√ô’.) – Ééπ\úø is used to °æéπ\† ....ing form ´≤ÚhçC. Å©-¢√ô’ Ö†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo •öÀd, am, is, was, will be/ will get, would be/ would get + used to

¢√úø-´îª’a. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ:

a) In the beginning, you may find the new system a bit difficult, but as time goes on, you will get/ will be/ will become used to it (the new system)

v°æ¨¡o: 'off' †’,

rather, up

©†’ à-ßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úø-û√®Ó N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – >. †Í®≠ˇ, ê´’tç

-ï-¢√--•’: Off = away from a place, at a distance (in space or time) eg: The village is 20 Kms off from Hyderabad

ņ’-èπ◊†oîÓô é¬èπ◊çú≈, ÉçÈé-

éπ\úÓ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

(Ç ví¬´’ç £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ 20 éÀ.O’. Å´-ûª© ÖçC) He threw the ball off = Ç •çAE Å´-ûª-©èπ◊ NƜͮ-¨»úø’. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’, AØË-¨»úø’, ´·çî˨»úø’ Åçô÷çö«ç, ¢Á∞«}úø’, AØ√oúø’, ´·çî√úø’ ÅØË ´÷ô-©èπ◊ éÌçûª Ü°œ-´y-ö«-EéÀ. Å™«Íí English ™ went off (went), ate off (ate), ran off (ran) ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©ûÓ off ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. off side- ´’†ç Ö†o °æéπ\ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Å´-ûªL °æéπ\ ÅE. Off Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ Ééπ\úø ûÁ©’-°æ-™‰†çûª áèπ◊\´. áçûª îªC-NûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. Rather, up ©†’ í∫’Jç* -É-C-´®Ω-™  îÁ§ƒpç.

´îËa-ØÁ© ÆæJí¬_ Ñ ®Ó-Vèπ◊, ØËE-éπ\úø Öçúøôç äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Å´¤-ûª’çC. (´îËa ØÁ© ÑØ√öÀéÀ ØËE-éπ\úø ã Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÖçúÕ Öçö«.)

b) It happened last year to the day =

a) He used to take a lot of Coffee those Coffee days = used to I Regular Doing Word - take.

Ç ®ÓV™x Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’. °æéπ\†

û√Íí-

b) Before he became a CM, we used to meet often = CM

Çߪ’† é¬éπ-´·çü¿’ ¢Ë’ç ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éπ©’Ææ’èπ◊ØË¢√∞¡xç. use to + 1st Regular Doing Word - á°æ¤púø÷ í∫ûªç-™E °æEØË ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. a) She is accustomed to the climate of this place =

Ñ v°æü˨¡ç ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Ç¢Á’ Å©-¢√-ô’°æ-úÕçC. (climate - Noun)

v°æ¨¡o: 1. How do I meet him? simple future simple present

ÉC

™‰ü∆ üËEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çC?

2. Where do they play cricket?

Åçõ‰ ®ÓW Çúøôç í∫’Jç* ÅúÕ-T†ö«d, future í∫’Jç* ÅúÕ-T-†ö«d? – G. ¢Ëù’-íÓ-§ƒ™¸, ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ -ï-¢√--•’: How do I meet him? Åçõ‰ ؈-ûªEo ᙫ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a?/ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç?/ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’? ÅE general meaning ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçö«ç. äéÓ\≤ƒJ ¢ÁçôØË ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’ future action (immediate future) èπ◊, present simple ¢√úøôç English ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. Where do we go next from here?

í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÆæJí¬_ Ñ ®ÓV ïJ-Tç-ü¿C. ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ îËߪ’çúÕ) N-E°œÆæ’hçC – 7) Compared to - ü∆-E-ûÓ §ÚLÊÆh/ §ÚLa îª÷ÊÆh. (To the day - conversation practice

a) Compared to last year, we have had less rain this year/ It has rained less this year =

í∫ûª àú≈-CûÓ §ÚLÊÆh, Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´®√{©’ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë.

b) Compared to his brother, he is more talented = brother

¢√∞¡x ûÓ §ÚLa îª÷ÊÆh, Éûª-ØÁ-èπ◊\´ v°æA¶µº éπ©-¢√úø’. (Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, compared to •ü¿’©’, compared with èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’) 8) To my knowledge = Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œ-†çûª´®Ωèπ◊. a) To my knowledge that's the best hotel here

Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†çûª´’ô’èπÿ, Ééπ\úø ÉC Åûªuçûª ´’ç* hotel.

b) To the best of my knowledge, he is innocent =

Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ†çûª ´’ô’èπ◊ Åûª†’ E®Ól≠œ/ Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’.

How shall I meet him?/ How should I meet him? =

ÅûªúÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ᙫ?/ ÅûªúÕE ᙫ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L? ÉC Åçûª éπ*aûªçé¬E future Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ ᙫí∫¶«s ÅûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç? ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ. DEéÀ ûËú≈í¬ How do I meet him Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ ؈-ûªEo ᙫ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç? (Ééπ\úø éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ´úøç -Ø√ ÖüËl¨¡ç É°æ¤úø’. ÉC spoken form). Where do they play cricket? ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª’†o Ææçü¿-®√s¥E •öÀd, regular 鬴îª÷a, future èπÿú≈ 鬴a. A: They play two more games in the course of this week

(Ñ ¢√®Ωç™ È®çúø’

games

Çúø-û√®Ω’)

B: Where do they play? (future- certain).

(Ééπ\úÕ†’ç* ûª®√yûª ´’†ç áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«lç?/ ¢Á∞¡}ôç?)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 22 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Laxman: How about a movie this evening?

(É¢√∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷? Sri Ram: Nothing in the movies attracts me to them these days. What's there in them except a few dances and fights?

(ÑØ√öÀ ÆœE-´÷™x †Ø√oéπ-J{ç-îË-¢Ë-O’ ™‰´¤. àç ÖçC ¢√öÀ™x éÌEo dances, fights ûª°œpÊÆh)

(´’† ÆœE-´÷™x ´’ç*-¢√∞¡Ÿx Éûª-®Ω’© °æôx î√™« ´’ç*-í¬†÷, îÁúøf-¢√∞¡Ÿx Éûª-®Ω’-©-°æôx î√™« vèπÿ®Ωçí¬†÷ Öçö«®Ω’.) cruel = vèπÿ®Ω-¢Á’i†. The good = ´’ç* ¢√∞¡Ÿx. The bad = îÁúøf-¢√∞¡Ÿx Laxman: That is so indeed. That's what makes them so unrealistic. Any way, are we going to the movie or aren't we?

(ÅC ÅçûË. Åçü¿’-´-©xØË ´’† ÆœE-´÷©’ Å¢√-Ææh-N-éπçí¬ Öçö«®·. àüË-¢Á’iØ√, ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o´÷ ™‰ü∆?)

Laxman: That's the only means of entertainment we have.

(ÅüÌ-éπ\õ‰ ´’†-èπ◊†o NØÓü¿ ≤ƒüµ¿†ç.) means = ´÷®Ω_ç / ≤ƒüµ¿†ç

Sri Ram: Sorry, no. I don't want to be bored to death.

d) To a lesser or greater extent =

™‰ü¿’. îªîËaçûª NÆæ’í∫’ °æ¤öÀdç-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’ ؈’)

Sri Ram: The other day in one of the cinemas, I saw two men coming to blows, over a very small matter. They quarrelled over who should keep their arm on the arm rest.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

334

Preposition 'to' lesson

èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ

¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’J-éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’™.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) Nothing in the movies attracts me to them. 2) I saw two men coming to blows 3) To some extent 4) The singer sang the songs to perfection 5) I am opposed to songs in movies 6) The villain admitting to his crimes is abrupt and unconvincing.

(•£æ›¨» ÆœE-´÷-éπØ√o èπÿú≈ ÅüÁ-èπ◊\´ NØÓü¿ç éπLTç*çüË¢Á÷ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©èπ◊)

7) The good are very good to others, the bad, very cruel to others

(éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. ¢√∞¡x §Úö«xô ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ §Úö«xôûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵º¢Á’i ü∆EûÓ Åçûª-¢Á’içC) Laxman: What was the movie? You told me it was Naaku Nene Neeku Neeve, didn't you. I've seen it too. The songs in it are very good. The playback singer sang the songs to perfection.

(àçö« ÆœE´÷? Ø√èπ◊ ØËØË, Fèπ◊ F¢Ë ÅØ√o´¤ í∫ü∆? ؈÷ îª÷¨»†’ ü∆Eo. ü∆ØÓx §ƒô©’ î√™« ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. Ç í¬ßª’èπ◊-®√©’ §ƒô-©-Eoç-öÀE E®Ω’l-≠ædçí¬ §ƒúÕçC.) Sri Ram: I am opposed to songs in movies. The best of English movies have no songs in them. Still they hold our attention.

(ÆœE-´÷™x §ƒô-©†’ ؈’ ´uA-Í®-éÀ-≤ƒh†’. ´’ç* English ÆœE-´÷™x ÅÆæ©’ §ƒô©’ç-úø´¤. Å®·Ø√ ÅN ´’† ü¿%≠œdE Çéπ-ô’déÌç-ö«®·.) hold attention = ÇÆæéÀh éπLpç-îªôç Laxman: In the movie we are talking about, the villain admitting to his crimes is quite abrupt and unconvincing.

(´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o ÆœE-´÷™ N©Ø˛ ûª† ØË®√-©Fo ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îªúøç î√™« sudden í¬ †´’t-¨¡éπuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC) abrupt = sudden. unconvincing = †´’t-¨¡éπuç é¬èπ◊çú≈/ Ææ•-•-E-°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o Sri Ram: In our movies the good are very good to others, and the bad are very cruel to others.

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ úø•’s ê®Ω’a-îË-ߪ’ôç ؈’ ´uA-Í®-éÀç-’. [í∫´’Eç-îªçúÕ: 1) Oppose to ûª®√yûª noun í¬F, ...ing form í¬F ´Ææ’hçC. 1st Regular Doing Words (come, go ™«çöÀN) ®√´¤. 2) I am opposed to = I oppose. Åçõ‰ be

e) These people to a large extent are hard working =

Laxman: Perhaps that was more entertaining to the spectators than the movie.

Sri Ram: To some extent. It began with a fight on the screen, and ended with it. So the audience did not miss much.

c) I am not opposed to spending money on useful things =

Ñ ´÷®Ω’p©’ ´’†™ v°æ-B-¢√-∞¡x-O’ü¿ éÌüÓl-í̧Úp v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°œç-îª-´îª’a. Ñ ´’†’-≠æfl©’ î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√∞Ïx.

We ar e opposed to his leadership (¢Á·ØÌo-éπ®ÓV ã ÆœE´÷ £æ…™x, Éü¿l®Ω’ üÁ•s-™«-úø’-éÓ-´ôç îª÷¨»†’ î√™« *†o N≠æߪ’ç O’ü¿. ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-™xE èπ◊Ka-O’ü¿ á´®Ω’ îË®· °ô’d-éÓ-¢√-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç-O’ü¿ ¢√∞¡x §Úö«xô.) English ™ cinema Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, cinema hall; ü∆E™ îª÷°œçîË îª©† *vûªç = movie / picture / film. Arm rest = èπ◊Ka îË®· ´’† îË®· ÇEç--éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊

ÅûªE Ø√ߪ’-éπ-û√yEo ¢Ë’ç ´uA-Í®-éÀ≤ƒhç.

These changes are likely to affect every one of us to a lesser or greater extent =

(sorry.

means - singular, Plural also, means

b) We are opposed to his leadership =

áèπ◊\-´-í¬-ØÁjØ√/ ûªèπ◊\-´-í¬-ØÁjØ√ – éÌüÓl/ í̧Úp.

To some/ a little/ a great/ a large/ to a greater or lesser extent practice conversation

¶«í¬ îËÆœ O’ èπ◊ ≤Òí∫Ææ’ éπLpç-îªçúÕ. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÉüË ¶µ«´çûÓ, Åçõ‰ '¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊— ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ ¢√úË ´’®Ó

ÆœE-´÷™x àO †Ø√o-éπ-J{ç-¤ ¢√öÀ¢Áj°æ¤. Attract (Some one) to (something) =

äéπ-JE äéπ-ü∆-E-°æôx Çéπ-J{ç-îªôç. a) The songs in the movie attracted me to it =

Ç ÆœE-´÷-™E §ƒô©’ ††’o Çéπ-J{ç-î√®·.

b) What attracted the parent to the school was its discipline and tuition =

b) The students of the school to a great extent/ to a large extent are from rural areas = school

Ç Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ ví¬O’ù v§ƒçû√©¢√∞¡Ÿx.

c) To a certain extent we lost the contract because of our fault = contract

´’†èπ◊ ûª°æ¤p-´™‰x.

§Ú´ôç, éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†

a) Lord Rama was very kind to his subjects

X®√-´·úø’ ûª† v°æï© °æôx î√™« ü¿ßª’ûÓ ÖçúË¢√úø’. (Subjects = ®√V© §ƒ©-†-éÀçü¿ ÖçúË v°æï©’. citizens = v°æñ«-≤ƒy-´’uç™E v°æï©’)

M.SURESAN

à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† üÓ≠æç ™‰†ç-ûª-¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊.

à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† ™°æç ™‰†çûª ¶«í¬ §ƒúÕçC. °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωgûª/ à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† ™°æ´‚ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. b) He directed the movie to perfection =

b) Some parents are very cruel to their children =

éÌçü¿®Ω’ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ûª´’ °œ©x-©-°æôx î√™« vèπÿ®Ωçí¬ Öçö«®Ω’. (Å™«Íí, faithful to = N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ/ í¬, loyal to = NüµË-ߪ’-ûªí¬, obedient to = NüµË-ߪ’-ûªí¬ etc.) 8) be bored to death = Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ to Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ÅØË Å®Ωnç. a) I don't want to meet him. He bores me to death =

ÅûªØ√ ÆœE´÷†’ à üÓ≠æç ™‰E-N-üµ¿çí¬ EÍ®l-Pçî√úø’. (Direction/ ü¿®Ωz-éπ-ûªyç™ à ™°æç ™‰ü¿’.) 5) be opposed to = ´uA-Í®-éÀç-îªôç

¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. îªîËaçûª/ îªîËa-´-®Ωèπ◊/ îªîËa-¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ NÆœ-T-≤ƒhúø’ ¢√úø’.

a) Gandhi was opposed to any kind of violence =

b) His classes bore us to death =

í¬çDµ à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† £œ«çÆæèπÿ ´uA-Í®éÀ/ ÅEo Nüµ∆™« £œ«çÆæ†÷ ´uA-Í®-éÀç-î√úø’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: -éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©-†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™

*†o ûªí¬ü∆í¬ ¢Á·ü¿-™„jçC, ¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπ-∞¡x-O’ü¿ äéπ∞¡Ÿx îË®·-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-ü∆é¬ ¢ÁR}çC. Ééπ\úø to äéπ N≠æߪ’ç à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-TçD ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆. ÉüË Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ 'to' ¢√úøéπç éÀçC sentences ™ èπÿú≈ îª÷úø-´îª’a. 3) To some extent: éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅûªE éπ≥ƒd©èπ◊ éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅûªØË é¬®Ωùç. Å™«Íí to a large extent/ to a great extent ÅE ¢√úøû√ç– î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ

7)

perfection =

a) What started as a small quarrel led to their coming to blows =

5. 6. 7. 8.

úø•’s üÌçT-Lç-*-†ô’x Åûª†’ äÊ°p-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ noun í¬F/ ...ing í¬F ¢√úøû√ç. 1st Regular Doing ®√ü¿’. Éûª-®Ω’-©-°æôx äéπJ v°æ´-®Ωh-†èπ◊ èπÿú≈ 'to' ¢√úøû√ç: Admitted to form Word

a) She sang to perfection =

Ç school ™E véπ´’-P-éπ~ù, ¶üµ¿Ø√ Ç ûªLxE/ ûªçvúÕE Çéπ-J{ç-î√®·. 2) come to blows = üÁ•s-™«-úø’-éÓ-´ôç.

a) To some extent he is responsible for his own troubles =

ûª† ØË®√-©Fo Ç¢Á’ äÊ°p-Ææ’-èπ◊çC. b) He admitted to stealing the money =

expression:

4) To perfection =

(ØË®Ωç-™«ç-öÀN) ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç

a) She admitted to all her crimes =

Ñ

8) I don't want to be bored to death 1) Nothing in the movies attracts me to them:

opposed = oppose.]

6) Admit to =

ᙫ -Å-Ø√L? 1. îÁ°œpçC îËߪ’-úø¢Ë’ F °æE. 2. †’¢Áyçûª F •ûª’-Èéçûª F´¤ ††’o áí∫-û√R îË≤ƒh¢√? 3. áCÍíéÌDl äCT Öçú≈L. 4. ã Ŷµ«-í∫’uúÕ Ç¢Ë-ü¿† éπçõ‰ ã íÌ°æp-¢√úÕ ´’¯†ç Ñ ü˨»-EéÀ áçûÓ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç. íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡Ÿx á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·çúÕ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. ¢Á®·u-≤ƒ-È®kxØ√ ´’®Ω-ùÀç* FéÓÆæç äéπ\-≤ƒJ ïEt≤ƒh. ÅÆ晉ç ïJTçüÓ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ Ææp%£æ« ™‰ü¿’. àüÁjØ√ É≠æd-°æúÕ îËߪ÷-L-í¬E éπ≠æd°æúÕ é¬ü¿’. – ->.-¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, í∫’ç-ô÷®Ω’

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. Your business is just to do what I tell you to do. 2. You mock at/ scoff at/ ridicule me? What are you worth, after all?

ÅûªE 4.

class

©’ îªîËaçûª

bore.

O’ Sentence ™ íÌ°æp-¢√úø’ ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ Å®Ωnç Ææp≠ædçí¬ ™‰ü¿’– üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’-úøØ√, àüÓ äéπ ®Ωçí∫ç™ ®√ùÀç-*-†-¢√-úøØ√, FA, üµ¿®Ωtç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, ´’£æ…-û√tí¬ç-Dµ™«, íÌ°æp-¢√-úøØ√? *´J Å®Ωnç BÆæ’èπ◊-†o-ôx®·ûË a righteous person ņ-´îª’a. Å™«Íí v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç Åçõ‰ v°æ´÷ü¿ç éπ©’í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿Ø√? éÃúø’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hç-ü¿Ø√? v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ dangerous ņ-´îª’a. Å°æ¤púø’ O’ ¶µ«´ç English ™: The silence of a righteous (È®jîªÆˇ) person is more dangerous than the agony of a needy person. (needy =

AçúÕ, •ôd î√L-†ç-ûª™‰E

Ŷµ«-í∫’u©’) 5. The great are always firm.

(Ééπ\úøí∫÷ú≈ ¢Á·çúÕ Åçõ‰ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿ éπLTçîË ¢Á·çúÕ ÅØ√, °æô’d-ü¿© í∫L-T† ÅØ√? Ééπ\úø °æô’d-ü¿© ÅØË ¶µ«´ç English ™.) 6. Even if I die a thousand times, I'll be form once again for you/ another time/ a thousand and first time for you.

(O’ ¶µ«¢√Eo•öÀd)

7. I wasn't conscious to know/ to see what happened. 8. Work willingly. Don't drudge. (Drudge -

3. You ought to be somewhat obedient.

éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ î√éÀJ îËߪ’ôç)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 24 -V-™„j 2007 Viswas: I am sorry I forgot the key. I lift it with Madan

(ÅßÁ÷u û√∞¡ç-îÁ-N Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’. ÅC ´’ü¿Ø˛ ü¿í∫_®Ω ´CL ´î√a†’) Nischal: Who with? (á´J ü¿í∫_®Ω?) Viswas: Does it matter who I left it with? I don't have the key now.

(ØËØÁ-´J ü¿í∫_®Ω ü∆Eo Öçî√-†-ØËC é¬ü¿’ éπü∆ ´’†èπ◊ ´·êuç. Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω û√∞¡ç îÁN ™‰ü¿’.) Nischal: What are we going to open the trunk with, then?

(Ñ trunk †’ üËEûÓ ûÁ®Ω’≤ƒhç ´’J) Trunk - °õ„d Viswas: I think I can open it with a wire. (Wire wire =

ûÓ Øˆ’ ûÁ®Ω-´-í∫-©-†-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

Bí∫

Nischal: And Where is a wire now?

(´’J°æ¤úø’

wire

áéπ\úø ÖçC?)

Viswas: Just don't be angry with me. I will some how open the trunk for you. Just wait for a few minutes.

(Öçúø’ ÜJéÀØË Ø√O’ü¿ éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊. Fé¬

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Viswas: Till it was too late you were playing chess with Murthy. If you had finished early we could have gone to Madan and taken it.

(´‚JhûÓ ´’K áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤/ ¶«í¬ Ç©Ææu´’ßË’u ´®Ωèπ◊ †’´¤y îªü¿-®Ωçí∫ç Çúø’-ûª’Ø√o´¤. ´·çü¿Í® ´·Tç* Öçõ‰ ´’ü¿Ø˛ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-ÈéRx -ü∆-Eo BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË¢√∞¡xç.)

Nischal: Come on. Get the wire Viswas: Do you need the hammer too? Nischal: Be careful with the lock. I don't want it broken.

(ñ«ví∫ûªh Ç û√∞¡ç N≠æߪ’ç. ÅC °æí∫-©íÌôdúøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’.)

Viswas: Be sure I don't to damage the lock either. I am with you there.

(Ø√èπÿ Ç û√∞¡ç §ƒúø’îËߪ’ôç É≠æd癉ü¿’ †´·t. Ç N≠æߪ’ç™ ؈÷ FûÓØË)

Nischal: I'd rather part with some money than with the lock. It looks so nice and is imported. I don't want to lose it.

(؈’ é¬Ææh úø•s-®·Ø√ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊çö« é¬F, û√∞¡ç ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. î√-™« ´’ç* û√∞¡ç. Foreign C. ÅC §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’.)

7) Be careful with the lock

c) The book is still with him =

8) I am with you there

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Éçé¬ ÅûªE ü¿í∫_Í® ÖçC.

9) I'd rather part with some money than with the lock. With

Åçõ‰ 'ûÓ— äéπ-JûÓ, äéπü∆EûÓ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´’†èπ◊ ûÁLÆœçüË. É™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ with ¢√úøôç, sentences (3) and (4) ™ îª÷≤ƒhç.

3) What are we going to open the trunk with? = trunk

üËçûÓ Ç

F∞¡xûÓ Eç°œ ÖçC.

ã Ææ†oE BÈíûÓ ü∆Eo ûÁ®Ω-´-í∫-©-†-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. a) He hit it with a hammer -

¢√úø’ ü∆Eo Ææ’AhûÓ éÌö«dúø’.

áèπ◊\-´-´’çC É®√-éé’ Å¢Á’-J-éπ-†x-°æôx üËy≠æçûÓ EçúÕ ÖØ√o®Ω’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: filled with = full of It is full of water = ÅC F∞¡xûÓ EçúÕ ÖçC = It is filled with water (ÅC F∞¡xûÓ Eç°æ-•-úÕçC.) c) He filled the drum with rice = drum

I am with you there

îËߪ’ôç éπü∆ 鬢√L. ÅC ؈’ îË≤ƒh. é¬Ææh ã°œéπ °æô’d)

Nischal: Do you know where the wire you want is? wire

áéπ\-úø’çüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Viswas: Look at that small box over there. It is filled with odds and ends. You will find in it a small coil of wire, a pair of pliers and a hammer. Get them.

(Åéπ\úø Ç *†o-°õ„d ÖçC îª÷úø’. ü∆Eoçú≈ à¢Ë¢Ó ´Ææ’h-´¤©’Ø√o®·. ¢√öÀ™x ã Bí∫ôd, °æö«\®Ω’, Ææ’Ah Öçö«®·. ¢√öÀE BÆæ’-èπ◊®√.) Odds and ends. Åçûªí¬ ¢√úøE ÅEo-®Ω-鬩 ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. Åçûª ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N é¬EN. Coil = ôd – the coils of the snake - §ƒ´· ôd©’. Pliers = °æxߪ’-ñ ¸ – -ñ ¸, size ™ ñ¸-™«í¬ – °æö«\®Ω’ – ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ éπöÀçí˚ Ê°xߪ’®˝ Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Hammer– Ææ’-Ah.Nischal: Why do you need a hammer? Hope you don't want break the lock with it. It is an expensive lock.

(Ææ’Ah áçü¿’èπ◊ Fèπ◊? ü∆EûÓ Ç û√∞«Eo °æí∫-©-íÌ-ôd-´E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o. ÅC î√-™« êK-üÁj† û√∞¡ç)

-v°æ-¨¡o: I shall be greatful for an appropriate example and also equivalent sentence in telugu for each one of the verb forms given below. I form: ought be, dare be, need be, can have been, need have been, ought have been, dare have been II form: (be form+ ing form) can be+ ing, could be + ing, Ought be+ ing, dare be+ ing, need be+ ing IV form: Need+1st RDW, Ought +1st RDW, dare + 1st RDW V form: can have+, pp, ought have+ pp, dare have+pp, need have+pp

-ï-¢√-•’:

üËEûÓ-ØÁjØ√) Eç°æôç

†’ ûÁ®Ω’ü∆lç?

4) I think I can open it with a wire.

trunk open

(Fèπ◊ 鬢√-Lq†

5) It is filled with odds and ends: Filled with = ( a) The bucket is filled with water= bucket b) Most Iraqis are filled with hatred for Americans =

– -áç.-¶µ-T-v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛, í∫’ç-ô÷®Ω’

The six forms of the verbs in English are:

Viswas: OK.OK. Your lock will be safe. Don't worry.

(ÆæÍ®. F û√∞¡ç ¶µºvü¿ç-í¬ØË Öçô’çC. í¬•®√-°æ-úøèπ◊) ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o Prepositions ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ñ lesson ™ 'with' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. With †’ ÅA áèπ◊\-´í¬ 'ûÓ— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçüË éπü∆. ÉüË é¬èπ◊çú≈ DEéÀ ´’J-éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í¬©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀE îª÷ü∆lç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

b) What are you going to with all the money?

335

Åçûª úø•’sûÓ †’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

c) I am going to a movie with my friend =

؈’ Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-EûÓ ÆœE´÷éÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o Åçõ‰ ã ´Ææ’h´¤ äéπJ ü¿í∫_®Ω Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.

With

1) I left it with Madan = M.SURESAN

Study the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) I left it with Madan 2) Who with? 3) What are we going to open the trunk with? 4) I can open it with a wire 5) It is filled with odds and ends 6) you were playing chess with Murthy

I) The 'be' form- (am, is are, was, were, shall be, should be, etc- all forms having 'be' in the end, and have been, has been, had been, shall have been etc- all forms with 'been' in the end) eg: a) I am a teacher. b) She has been have for the pass one week. c) we shall be there tomorrow. d) He will be our next CM. II) Be + ...ing form a) She is singing (is - be form + singing - ing form) b) They have been working here (have been - be form + working -ing form) c) She may be arriving tomorrow (may be be form +arriving - ing forms) III) be form + past participle - passive voice The work has been done (has been - be form + done past participle) IV) Have, has, had, shall have, should have, will have, would have, etc + past participle

؈’ ü∆Eo ´’ü¿Ø˛ ü¿í∫_®Ω ´C-™‰-¨»†’. 2) Who with? = á´J ü¿í∫_®Ω? (´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË with whom? -Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË conversation -™, éÌçûª ÅÆæ-£æ«-†çí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, ûªy®Ωí¬ ÆæpçCç-îË-ô°æ¤púø’, with whom? •ü¿’©’ who with? ÅØËC áèπ◊\´ N-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) a) All the important documents are with the lawyer =

ÅEo ´·êu-¢Á’i† °ævû√©÷ ™«ßª’®˝ ü¿í∫_®Ω ÖØ√o®·.

b) All my money is with my mother =

Ø√ úø•sçû√ ´÷ Å´’t ü¿í∫_®Ω ÖçC. 1) They have gone out (have + gone - pp) 2) She would have helped me ( would have + helped -pp) V) Doing words I Regular Doing II Regular Doing III Past Doing Word Word Word come comes came see sees saw talk talks talked 1) He comes here everyday (comes - II RDW) 2) They talk to me over the phone quite often (talk - I RDW) 3) He came here yesterday (came - Past Doing Word) VI) Shall should + 1st RDW will would, etc a) He will go there tomorrow (will go - will + go - 1st RDW) b) she can sing very well (can sing - can + sing - 1st RDW)

}

Ç †’ ¢√úø’ Gߪ’uçûÓ E秃úø’. 6) Play with = äéπ-JûÓ (Çúøôç, §ÚöÃ-°æ-úøôç)

a) India is playing the Ist test match with England = India test match England

ûÓ

¢Á·ü¿öÀ

Çúø’ûÓçC.

b) We cannot compete with Japan in technology= Japan

´’†ç ≤ƒçÍé-A-éπ-®Ωç-í∫ç™ °æ-úø™‰ç.

ûÓ §ÚöÃ

-

c) I don't want to fight with anybody =

ØËØÁ´JûÓ†÷ §Úö«xúøü¿©--éÓ-™‰ü¿’.

7) Be careful with =

äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™-í¬E, äéπ ´uéÀh N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™í¬E, ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúøôç. a) Be careful with him. He may cheat you =

¢√úÕ N≠æߪ’ç ñ«ví∫ûªh. ¢√úø’ E†’o ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’í∫-©úø’.

b) Be careful with the dinner set. It is very delicate = dinner set

Ç (¶µï†ç/ Nçü¿’ Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x ǣ慮Ω °æü∆-®√n-©’ç--èπ◊ØË, ´úÕfçîË §ƒvûª-©’)ûÓ ñ«ví∫ûªh. ÅC Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’içC. (°œçí¬ùÃ, glass Å®·ûË °æT-L-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿E £«îªa-Jç-îªôç)

8) I am with you there =

FûÓ Øˆ’ ÅçU-éπ-J-Ææ’hØ√o/ àéÃ-¶µº-N-Ææ’hØ√o. äéπ-JûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªôç/ Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç / ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îªôç be with somebody =

a) The CPI and CPM are with the Congress in supporting Pratibha Patil = CPI, CPM

v°æA-¶µ«-§ƒ-öÀ-™¸èπ◊ ´’ü¿l-A´yôç™ ©’ é¬çvÈí-Ææ’†’ Ææ´’-Jn-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. b) He is with me there = Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Åûª†’ ††’o Ææ´’-Jn-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ / Ø√ûÓ ÖØ√oúø’ / Ø√ûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

9) I'd rather part with money: part with = a) He parted with his ring =

´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´ôç/ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç

Åûª†’ ûª† Öçí∫®Ωç ´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

b) He is not willing to part with so much money for the sake of a book =

ã °æ¤Ææhéπç éÓÆæç Åçûª úø•’s ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´ôç Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’.

c) He doesn't mind parting with any amount of money for the site, as it is very valuable

Ç Ææn©ç ¶«í¬ N©’-¢ÁjçC 鬕öÀd ü∆E-éÓÆæç Åûª-ØÁçûª úø¶„jsØ√ °õ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£œ«ç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 26 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dheeraj: You seem to have had it heavy. I can see that.

(éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\¢Ë A†o-ô’d-Ø√o´¤. Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC) Bharat: I do feel heavy. No doubt about. I can't resist good food when I've an opportunity. Tonight's dinner with the mushroom soup going well with biryani was really tempting.

(é¬Ææh Çߪ÷-Ææçí¬ØË ÖçC– áèπ◊\´ A†ôç ´©x. Å´-鬨¡ç ´ÊÆh ´’ç* ¶µï†ç Çéπ-®Ω{ù ؈’ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰†’. G®√u-FûÓ °æ¤ôd-íÌ-úø’-í∫’© soup Eïç-í¬ØË Çéπ-J{ç-*çC.) Mushroom = °æ¤ôd-íÌ-úø’-í∫’©’. Tempt = Çéπ-J{ç-îªôç Resist = Çéπ-®Ω{ù/ •©ç ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE ûªô’d-éÓ´úøç, áC-Jç-îª-í∫-©-í∫úøç.

Bharat: I am happy with him. He treats me well. Only thing is I don't follow his advice when it comes to food.

(Ç doctor N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ ûª%°œhí¬ØË ÖçC. Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË ¢Ájü¿uç îË≤ƒhúø’. ÅÆæ©’ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ AçúÕ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Çߪ’† Ææ©£æ… §ƒöÀç-’) Dheeraj: Well, hope to see you well tomorrow.

(E†’o Í®°æ¤ Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ îª÷≤ƒh-†E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o) Goodnight. Bharat: Goodnight

´’†ç preposition 'with' ¢√úøéπç îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆? véÀûªç lesson ™ with ¢√ú≈-Lq† éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. É°æ¤úø’ ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç:

Å®·ûË äéπ ¢√uCµûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ suffer ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ suffer ûª®√yûª from ¢√úøû√ç. with é¬ü¿’.

Study the use of 'with' in the following sentences from the conversation above:

c) He was down with typhoid = He suffered from typhoid. 3) I am not happy with my eating habit either

The drunkard cannot resist the temptation of the bottle =

Happy

ûª®√yûª with ¢√úøû√ç– à N≠æߪ’ç ´©x-ØÁjØ√ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úÕûË.

Æ‘≤ƒ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùèπ◊ û√í∫’-¶ûª’ ûªô’d-

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

éÓ-™‰úø’. We could not resist the might of the British empire = British

a) The father is very happy with his son's rank in the exam =

336

≤ƒv´÷-ïu-•-™«Eo ´’†ç áü¿’-

Bharat: I am not happy with my eating either. But what could I do? Given my weakness for good food...

(Ø√ N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† AçúÕ N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπÿ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. àç îËߪ’†’? AçúÕ-°æôx Ø√èπ◊†o •©-£‘«-†-ûªûÓ...) Dheeraj: Your doctor will not be too pleased with you when you see him tomorrow and I am sure you're going to see him.

(†’´¤y Í®°æ¤ F doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢ÁRûË Çߪ’† ÅÆæq©’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úøúø’. Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ †’´¤y ûª°æpéπ ¢Á∞«h´¤ Í®°æ¤) Bharat: I know he will be red with anger. With every visit of mine he grows angrier and angrier. But I can't help it.

(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ éÓ°æçûÓ ¢Á·£æ«ç áv®Ω•-úø’-ûª’çC. ؈’ ¢ÁRx† v°æA-≤ƒK Çߪ’† éÓ°æç ´’K áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. é¬F ¢Á∞¡xéπ ûª°æpü¿’.) can't help it/ can't help doing something =

ÅC ûª°æpü¿’/ ÅC îËߪ’úøç/ îËߪ’-éπ-ûª-°æpü¿’ = can't but do it.

Dheeraj: I appreciate his concern for you.

(F°æôx Çߪ’-†-èπ◊†o Çü¿’®√l†’ èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

¢Á’a-

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Abandon- ed 2. Desert- ed 3. leave- left- left 4. Forsake, forsook, forsaken

Oô-EoçöÀ Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´C-L¢Ëߪ· ÅØË éπü∆? ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬ 1. abate- ed 2. lessen- lessened- lessened 3. mitigate- ed

4. diminish- ed

5. alleviate-ed

6. allay- allayed, allayed

7. reduce- reduced- reduced 8. decrease- ed

Ñ verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ äÍé Å®Ωnç – ûªT_ç-îª-úøç– ÅØËØ√ ™‰-ü∆ ¢√öÀéÀ ¢ËÍ® Å®√n-©’-Ø√oߪ÷ ûÁ©’-í∫’™? äÍé Å®√n-EéÀ English ™ OöÀ™ àüÓ äéπöÀ ¢√ú≈™« ™‰-ü∆ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd Ñ verbs Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™«? English °æü¿-ñ«©ç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ àç îËߪ÷L? – Èé.-v°æé¬-¨¸, -Å-†ç-ûª°æ¤®Ωç

c) How much money will you be pleased with? =

áçûª úø•s-®·ûË ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh´¤ †’´¤y? 5) He will be red with anger =

éÓ°æçûÓ ´·êç áv®Ω-•-úøôç. a) Come on. Cool down. Don't be red with anger =

é¬Ææh èπ◊ü¿’-ô-°æúø’. éÓ°æçûÓ ¢Á·£æ«ç áv®Ωí¬ îËÆæ’-éÓèπ◊.

Don't be r ed with anger

®Ó\-™‰éπ§Úߪ÷ç Dheeraj: You were in bed with indigestion for a week last month. You shouldn't have eaten so much today.

(§Ú®·† ØÁ© äéπ ¢√®Ωç Åçû√ Å@-JhûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈f´¤ éπü∆? É°æ¤p-úøçûª A†’ç-úøèπÿ-úøü¿’)

2

1) Tonight's dinner with the mushroom soup going with the biryani was really tempting. 2) You were in bed with indigestion for a week. 3) I am not happy with my eating either 4) Your doctor will not be too pleased with you. 5) He will be red with anger 6) With every visit of mine ... 1) Dinner with: (a dish/ a food item) =

¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-®ÓV N≠æ-ߪ’ç™

´çô-éπçûÓ) Nçü¿’.

ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰úø’.

c) The teacher is not at all happy with your progress = teacher

a) The dinner with biryani =

G®√u-FûÓ Nçü¿’. (Åçõ‰ Nçü¿’™ ´·ë«u稡ç G®√uE ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

F v°æí∫A O’ Íéç ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-Tç-îª-õ‰xü¿’ (F v°æí∫A ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’-†-éπ-Ææ©’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’) Happy °æéπ\† with ´Ææ’hçC; About èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa.

b) My dinner with him yesterday was disappointing = Åûª-EûÓ Øˆ’ A†o Nçü¿’ E®√-¨¡with-

d) She is not happy about the arrangements =

à®√pôx °æôx Ç¢Á’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’.

4) Your doctor will not be too pleased with you be pleased with = with

ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈

a) He is in bed with a fever

ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úøôç. ´Ææ’hçC.

Pleased

a) I am pleased with the marks I got = marks

(ïy®ΩçûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’)

ûÁa-èπ◊†o

b) She was down with jaundice

-ï-¢√-•’:

؈’ èπ◊ ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.

b) The teacher is not pleased with your behaviour = teacher

Ç¢Á’ 鬢Á’-®ΩxûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úÕçC/ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ 鬢Á’®Ω’x ´î√a®·.

Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéà ŮΩnç™ ≤ƒ®Ω÷-°æuûª ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç ÅE. Abandon Åçõ‰ üËØÁj oØ√ àç °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, é¬Ææh-®·Ø√ v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬ ü∆E éπ®Ωtèπ◊ ü∆ØÌo-C-™‰-ߪ’ôç ÅE. The driver abandoned the lorry after the accident. (Accident driver Lorry

ûª®√yûª Ç ´C-™‰Æœ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’– °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈).

™«KE Åéπ\úø éÀ à´’´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E

The match was abandoned because of the rain match

´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’). (°æ¤†”v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ™‰ü¿’)

Some woman abandoned her child at the railway station

(á´®Ó Æ‘Y ûª† Gúøf†’ ´C-™‰Æœ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·çC) Desert Åçõ‰ ´÷†´ Ææç•ç-üµ∆-©†’ ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´ôç.

The man deserted his wife and children =

Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç E®√t-†’≠æuç îËߪ’ôç– E®√t-†’≠æuç Å®·† ví¬´’ç. ÉC é¬Ææh í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

A deserted village -

The building was deserted =

Ç

building

†’ ´C-™‰Æœ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Ç building †’ ´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’– ü∆Eo ´’S} ¢√úø’-èπ◊ØË ÖüËl¨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. Forsake Åçõ‰ ´C-™‰-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ´’† ÆæEo-£œ«ûª’©’ ¢√∞¡x Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Ö†o Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´’†Lo ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç forsake. The abandoned building -

All his close friends forsook him when he badly needed their help=

ÅûªE ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ¢√∞¡} Å´-Ææ®Ωç Åûª-E-èπ◊-†o°æ¤púø’ ¢√úÕo ´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’. If you continue like this, every one will forsake you =

Åûª†’ ¶µ«®√u °œ©x-©†’ ¢√∞¡x éπ®Ωt-éÌ-C-™‰-¨»úø’. The lover deserted the girl after eloping with her -

Ç Å´÷t-®·ûÓ ™‰*-§Ú®· ûª††’ ´C-™‰-¨»úø’.

c) She is pale with fear =

¶µºßª’çûÓ Ç¢Á’ ¢Á·£æ«ç §ƒL-§Ú-®·çC. 6) With every visit of mine

äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ´©x ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ

with

¢√úøû√ç.

a) With the winter approaching, people have started wearing sweaters =

Qû√(-îª-L)-鬩ç ÆæO’-°œ-Ææ’hç-úø-ôç-´©x (ûÓ), Åçü¿®Ω÷ sweaters ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√®Ω’. b) With not many to support him, he withdrew from the contest =

áèπ◊\´ ´’çC ûª††’ Ææ´’-Jnç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ/ §Ú´-ôç-´©x, Åûª†’ §ÚöÆ’ç* N®Ω-N’ç-éÌ-Ø√oúø’. c) With the students on strike, the college had to be closed =

Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ Ææ¢Á’tèπ◊ Cí∫-úøç-´©x/ Cí∫-úøçûÓ, éπ∞«-¨»© ´‚ÊÆ-ߪ÷Lq ´*açC. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ (´©x/ ûÓ) with ¢√úøéπç English ™ î√™« áèπ◊\¢Ë. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

F †úø-´úÕ °æôx ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’.

Desert

Abandon, desert, forsake-

(´®Ω{ç ´©x

¶µºßª’çûÓ ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. àüÁjØ√ ¶µ«´ç-´©x ´îËa °∂æL-û√-EéÀ ´·çü¿’ with ¢√úøôç ÉC.

b) The captain is not happy with the bowling on the first M.SURESAN day = bowling captain

(àüÁjØ√

°æ-®Ω-*çC– Åçûª ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿’. äéπ ´çôéπç/ ´çô-é¬-©ûÓ, äéπ-JûÓ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ dinner/ lunch/ breakfast ™«çöÀN ¢√úøû√ç. 2) In bed with (some illness)- àüÁjØ√ ÅØ√-®Ó-í∫uçûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøôç/ ´’çî√† °æúøôç. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ with ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

b) He is shaking with fear =

°æK-éπ~™ ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊\ ´*a† rank èπ◊ ûªçvúÕ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.

É™«Íí †’´¤y é̆-≤ƒ-TûË, á´®Ω÷ F Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷-EéÀ ®√®Ω’. (á´y®Ω÷ -F ¢Á·®Ω Ç©-éÀç-Ω’) Ééπ leave Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç.

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-E -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -á-™« -Å-Ø√-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. 1. ؈’ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’ ņ’-éÓ-´úøç †´’téπç. ؈’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’ ņ’-éÓ-´úøç Å£æ«ç-鬮Ωç Å´¤-ûª’çC. 2. àüÁjØ√ îÁGûË Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’, ņ’-¶µº-N-ÊÆhØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. 3. ä∞¡Ÿx ᙫ ÖçC. °œ*a °œ*a ¢Ë≥ƒ©’ ¢Ëߪ’´ü¿’l. 4. -O’ Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-© éÓÆæç -¢Ë®· éπ-∞¡x-ûÓ -á-ü¿’®Ω’îª÷Ææ’hç-ö«-†’. – ->.-¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, í∫’ç-ô÷®Ω’

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. That you can do it is confidence. That you alone can do it is conceit. 2. To be merely told can't help you to understand. Experience alone can. 3. Don't try to be smart? English

(ä∞¡Ÿx ᙫ ÖçCéÀ ™‰ü¿’, O’ ¶µ«´çûÓ)

4. I'll be waiting eagerly for your answers.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 29 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vidur: When we met last you were saying you had a problem. Are you free from it?

owed with interest to the last paisa.

(éÌçûª-鬩ç Åûª†’ ¢√∞¡x Uncle Company éÀ Manager í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. ûª† ߪ÷ï-´÷†u ØÁj°æ¤ùuç ´©x Ç Company ´’ç* ™«¶µ«©’ îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-L-TçC. Å°æ¤p© ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-Jéà °jÆæ-©ûÓ Ææ£æ… Å°æ¤p©’ BÍ®a-ÆœçC.) Creditors = Å°æ¤p-L-*a-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx

(´’†ç éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ àüÓ Ææ´’Ææu Öçü¿-Ø√o´¤. Å®·-§Ú-®·çü∆ ÅC?) Sanjai: Thanks to Vyas. Everything has been solved.

(Eïçí¬ ¢√uÆˇèπ◊ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’. Åûª-úÕ ´©x ÅFo BJ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·) Vidur: He is really a helping type.

(Åûª†’ Eïçí¬ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ-¢√úË)

Vidur: Finally when I thanked him profusely for his help, he muttered not at all, and with that he left.

Sanjai: It's really a wonder that with all his busy activities he found the time to help me.

(Åçûª BJ-éπ-™‰E °æ†’-©ûÓ ÖçúÕ èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕéÀ time üÌJ-éÀç-ü¿çõ‰ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’) Vidur: He certainly helps others. That's why he is so popular with our friends.

(Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Eïç-í¬ØË Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒhúø’. Åçü¿’-éπØË ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ç-ü¿®Óx Åûª†çõ‰ ÅGµ-´÷†ç ÖçC) Vidur: He is a good speaker too. I've attended a number of his speeches. The minute he begins his speech, people listen to him with interest.

(Åûª†’ ´’ç* ´éπh èπÿú≈. Åûª-úÕ Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒ©èπ◊ î√™« ¢√öÀéÀ ØË-†’ ¢Á∞«x. Åûª†’ ´÷ö«xúøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-*-†-°æp-öÀ- †’ç* Åçü¿®Ω÷ î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀhûÓ Nçö«®Ω’) Sanjai: Appearances are deceptive, they say. Inspite of his greatness, he looks so ordinary and unassuming.

Sanjai: Yea, he is like that. We rarely come across people who are as embarrassed as he to receive thanks.

(Å´¤†’ Åûª-†çûË. Thanks §ÒçüË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Åûª-†çûª É•sç-Cí¬ ÖçúË-¢√-∞¡x†’ î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’í¬ îª÷≤ƒhç) Vidur: It's our fortune to have a friend like Vyas. (Vyas ™«çöÀ friend ´’†-èπ◊ç-úøôç ´’† Åü¿%-≠d¢æ Ë’) Sanjai: So it is (Å´¤†’) ´’† study of prepositions ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ with ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’JéÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ

lesson

Vidur: That's why we should never judge people by appearances.

(Åçü¿’-éπØË ´’†ç á°æ¤púø÷ Éûª-®Ω’©/ ´’†’≠æfl© Çé¬-®√-©†’ •öÀd ¢√∞¡x†’ ÅçîªØ√ ¢Ëߪ’èπÿ-úøü¿’.) judge = í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†’ ÅçîªØ√ ¢Ëߪ’ôç Sanjai: You know, for some time he was with his uncle's company, as its manager. With his managerial skills it was able to make good profits. The company was able to pay back its creditors all the money

-v°æ-¨¡o:

delight/ excitement, etc. =

†o-°æp-öÀéÃ) So, with

†’

inspite of

Ç ¢√®Ωh ¢Ë’ç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ/ Öûª’q-éπ-ûªûÓ NØ√oç (Ç ¢√®Ωh ´÷èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç; Öûª’q-éπûª éπL-Tç-*çC)

ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

a) With all his influence, he could not get the license for his factory = factory license b) With all his riches he does not enjoy a happy life =

Åçûª °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, ûª† Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

éÀ

Åçûª Ææç°æü¿ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà @N-ûªç™ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ņ’-¶µº-Nçîªô癉-ü¿-ûª†’. Å®·ûË äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, with †’ °j ¶µ«¢√-EéÀ ´uA-Í®éπçí¬, Åçü¿’-´©x ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

c) They heard the news with shock =

Ç ¢√®Ωh -¢√-JéÀ Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-Tç-*çC. °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ with, à Nüµ¿çí¬ ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç (manner) †’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC éπü∆? 4) with his Uncle's Company = äéπ ÆæçÆæn™  °æEîË-ߪ’ôç. a) He is with the Hindu paper as a Circulation Manager =

Åûª†’ £œ«ç-ü¿÷ °ævA-éπ™  Circulation í¬ °æEîËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’/ ÖØ√oúø’.

a) With all his responsibilities I wonder if he can help us.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

337

Manager

b) I am no longer with Speed Motors. I've resigned =

(Åûª-E-èπ◊†o ¶«üµ¿u-ûª© ´‚©çí¬ (¢√öÀ-´©x) Åûª†’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©ú≈ ÅE Ø√

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ î˨»†’.

àN’öÀ? (´÷ 'Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h© guage Å®Ωnç Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.) ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.

Åçõ‰ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ ´’üµ¿u lané¬éπ-§Ú-´úøç Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùûÓ

Letter writing Dear sir, yours faithfully, Signature left side

™

™«çöÀN ÅFo ´îËa™« ®√ߪ’-´î√a? – ¢Ë´·© ®√¢Á÷-t£æ«-Ø˛-®√´¤, éÌûªh-´-©Ææ.

i) Communication gap =

Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™, Öûªh®Ω v°æûª’u-ûªh-®√--™x, äéπ®Ω’ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†N é¬éπ-§Ú--´ôçûÓ, ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ (NØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, îªC¢Ë ¢√∞¡Ÿx) ü∆Eo ÆæJí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú--´ôç/-Å-§ƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´’† tone (íÌçûª’ üµ¿yE) Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†C é¬éπ-§Ú-´-ôç-´©x èπÿú≈ communication gap ®√´îª’a.

ÆæçüË£æ«ç.)

™.

I wonder = b) With all the books thrown about the place how can I find the paper I want =

Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË£æ«ç

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above: 1) It's really a wonder that with all his busy activities he found the time to help me. 2) That's why he is so popular with our friends. 3) People listen to him with interest.

Ñ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©-Fo Éçûª *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ Öçõ‰ Ø√é¬\-´-©-Æœ† paper ᙫ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊M.SURESAN ûª’çC? 2) Popular with = ÅGµ-´÷†ç éπL-T†/ §ÒçC†

4) For sometime he was with his Uncle's Company. 5) With his managerial skills it was able to make profits. 6) ... and with that he left 1) With all his busy activitieswith inspite of

Ééπ\úø ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ, †’ (Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç (Åçûª BJ-éπ-™‰E °æ†’-©’-

2)

a) Communication gap

-ï-¢√-•’:

(*´-JéÀ Åûª-†ç-Cç-*† Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷-EéÀ ؈’ thanks -îÁÊ°h, 'not at all' ÅE ÆæùÀT ¢ÁRx-§Úߪ÷úø’).

Speed Motors

He thr ew one last look at her

(®Ω÷°æç ¢Á÷Ææç îËÆæ’hç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’. °jéÀ éπEpç-îËüÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Eïç é¬ü¿’. Åçûª íÌ°æp-¢√-úÁjØ√, ¢√uÆˇ î√™« ´÷´‚©’ ´’E-≠œí¬, E®√-úøç-•®Ωçí¬ éπEp-≤ƒhúø’) Appearances are deceptive - ÉC English ™ ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª – Ç鬮Ωç ¢Á÷Ææ-éπ®Ωç ÅE Å®Ωnç. Çé¬-®√Eo îª÷Æœ ÅÆæ©’ Ææy¶µ«´ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-´’E.

G)

2

®√ߪ’´- a. É°æ¤pú- Cø accepted form. Letter Writing N≠æß - ª’ç™ éπ*a-ûçª í¬ §ƒöÀçî- √-Lq† rules Åçô÷ Öçúø´¤. àüÁØ j √ äéπ ´÷®Ω’p ´*a, ü∆Eo áèπ◊\´ ´’çC §ƒöÀÊÆh Å-üË rule Å´¤û- ª’çC. ´·êuçí¬ Commercial Correspondence ™ (¢√ùÀïu Öûªh®Ω v°ûæ ª’u-ûhª ®- √©’) variety éÓÆæç, ´÷®Ω’p©’ ´Ææ’hçö- «®·. Å¢Ë éÌçûªé- ¬-™«-EéÀ rules Å´¤û- √®·. É°æpöÀ Correspondence ™ Mr (Mister) Mrs, etc., ™«çöÀ abbreviations °æéπ\† fullstops ´C-™Æ -‰ æ’hØ- √o®Ω’. ûª®√yûª éÌçîÁç space ´-ü¿’©- ’-ûª’Ø- √o®Ω’. É™« trends ´÷®Ω’û- ª’ç-ö«®·.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

a) The teacher is very popular with his students and his colleagues as well =

5) With his managerial skills-

Ééπ\úø with Åçõ‰ 'ûÓ—. ûª† ߪ÷ï´÷†u ØÁj°æ¤-ùuçûÓ, ÅE.

ûª† ®Ω’-Èéj† •’v®ΩûÓ à Ææ´’-Ææu-ØÁjØ√ ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫©úø’ (°æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª-í∫-©úø’). 6) with that he left = Ç ´÷ô ÅE ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. a) He threw one last look at her. With that he left =

*´-J-≤ƒJ Ç¢Á’-¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷¨»úø’. ÅçûË. Åéπ\-úÕoç* ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

b) He muttered something. With that he sat down there silently =

àüÓ ÆæùÀ-í¬úø’. Ç ûª®√yûª Åéπ\úË èπÿ®Ω’aç-úÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

a) Please listen to with interest =

؈’ îÁÊ°pC ÇÆæ-éÀhûÓ N†çúÕ. b) We received the news with great joy/

plete meaning, but just by having a verb, a group of words may not have complete meaning.

Because a sentence has a verb (with

the meaning complete), so it is also a clause. A clause has a verb and may/may not have complete meaning. So a clause is not always a sentence. When he comes here - a group of words with a verb- meaning not complete, so not a sentence. It is a subordinate clause. When he

Do all the collective nouns come under neuter gender?

clause with complete meaning, so it is the

verb. A sentence is a group of words with complete meaning.

I am in Speed Motors as an Executive

b) With his sharp brains he can solve any problem =

-†-*vûª ÅGµ-´÷-†’©’ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’ Ç §ƒôçõ‰. 3) With interest = v¨¡ü¿l¥í¬/ v¨¡ü¿l¥ûÓ

A sentence must have a verb to have com-

sentence, 'his mother will be happy' is a main clause. He knows English - A word group with complete meaning - a sentence (It is also a group of words with a verb - so a clause).

In

ûª† †ôØ√ v°æA-¶µºûÓ, Åûª†’ à §ƒvûª-™-ØÁjØ√ †öÀç-îª-í∫-©úø’.

b) The song is popular with film fans =

comes here, his mother will be happy. In this

-ï-¢√-•’: A clause is a group of words with a

(Å®·ûË with •ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

a) With his acting talent, he can act any role

ûª† Nü∆u-®Ω’n©, Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-í∫’© ÅGµ-´÷†ç Öçü¿-ûª-EéÀ.

I would like to know the clear difference between "clause" and a "sentence".

– áÆˇ. džç-ü¿-®√´¤, -T-úø’-ûª÷®Ω’-.

™ ™‰†’. ®√@-Ø√´÷

-v°æ-¨¡o: Rupees three thousand and forty only. É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x rupees ÅØË °æü∆Eo amount éÀ ´·çü¿’ îªü¿-¢√™«? -™‰-ü∆ ûª®√yû√?B.A.(Honours), M.A. (Honours) ´÷´‚©’ úÕvUéÀ, dž®˝qéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? – °œ. XE-¢√Æˇ, ûª÷®Ω’p-íÓ-ü∆-´J >™«x. -ï-¢√-•’: i) ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ Rs (Rupees), amount ´·çü¿’ ®√≤ƒhç. é¬E îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’, ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûªç, ´·çü¿’ -áç-ûª -¢Á·-ûªh-¢Á÷ îÁ°œp, ûª®√yûª rupees Åçö«ç. ®√ߪ’ôç: Rs 15000.00/ Rs 15000/îªü¿-´-ôç/-îÁ-°æpôç– 15000 rupees ÅE (rupees) ¢Á†’éπ ´îËa™« Åçö«ç. Å™«ØË ÅØ√L. ii) éÌEo Universities ™ Ñ course ©’ Öçö«®·. ÉN ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ degree/graduation éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´≤ƒn-®·™ Öçö«®·. MA (Hons) ™«çöÀ degree ©’ Ç Course ™ î√™« v°æA¶µº éπ†-•-J-*-†-¢√-JéÀ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ É≤ƒh®Ω’. BA (Hons) graduation éπçõ‰ £«îª’a-≤ƒn-®·F, MA (Hons), Post graduate éπçõ‰ £«îª’a ≤ƒn®·E Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®·.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 31 -V-™„j 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Abhai: Were you up late last night? I can see that from your face.

(E†o î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’-™Ô\E ÖØ√o¢√? -ØË-†-C F ¢Á·£æ«ç™ îª÷úø-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o†’./ F ¢Á·£æ«ç îª÷ÊÆh ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC.) Vinai: Yes. I had to be up early as well this morning.

(Å´¤†’. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ §Òü¿’l† ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰¢√Lq ´*açC) Abhai: Why so? What's up?

(áçü¿’èπ-™«? àN’öÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) Vinai: It has been so for two days now. We have a lot of back log to clear. The time we are allowed is up to tomorrow.

(È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ É™«Íí ÖçC °æJ-ÆœnA. î√™« °æE N’T-L-§Ú®· ÖçC. ´÷éÀ-*a† õ„j¢˛’ Í®°æ-öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’.) back log = Ææé¬-©ç™ °æ‹®Ωh-´éπ Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·† °æE Abhai: Why is that ? (Å™« áçü¿’-ÈéjçC?) Vinai: Two of our colleagues have been laid up with dengue. They've been on leave for two weeks and so the work has piled up

(´÷ûÓ °æE-îËÊÆ Éü¿l®Ω’ Dengue ûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx È®çúø’ ¢√®√-©’í¬ ÂÆ©-´¤™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE °æE-Ê°-®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·çC.) Abhai: There are others too to share the work, aren't there?

(Ñ °æE éÌçûª îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, †’´¤y é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éûª-®Ω’©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’ éπü∆?)

(¢√∞¡x °æE Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’. ÅFo í∫çü¿-®ΩíÓ∞¡çí¬ îË≤ƒh®Ω’)

Abhai: So you'll be busy till your two colleagues are up and about. colleagues busy Vinai: Yes. Unfortunately one of the computers is out of order too. It must be up by tomorrow morning, or we have to work on sunday too.

(Å®·ûË O’ ™‰* AJÍí ´®Ωèπ◊ í¬ØË Öçö«-´-†o-´÷ô.) †’´¤y

(Å´¤†’. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h éπç°æ‹u-ô-®Ωx™ äéπöÀ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. ÅC Í®§Òp-ü¿’l-öÀéÀ ÆæÈ®jûË ÆæJ. ™‰éπ§ÚûË ÇC-¢√®Ωç èπÿú≈ °æE-îË-ߪ÷Lq ´Ææ’hçC.)

Abhai: Whatever you say, I don't feel upto going to work on sundays. That's the last thing I'd like to do.

(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o ÆæÍ®, ÇC-¢√-®√©’ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ Öçúøü¿’. ÅC ؈’ îËߪ’†’.) the last thing I'd do = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ îËߪ’†’

Vinai: Your's a good company- proper planning, no overwork, good perks etc. But why have you upped the prices of your products?

(O’ éπç°F ´’ç*C. ÆæÈ®j† §ƒxEçí˚. N’AO’-J† °æ†’ç-úøü¿’. ´’ç*-´-Ææ-ûª’©’. é¬E O’ ûªßª÷-K© üµ¿®Ω†’ °çîË-¨»-Í®çöÀ?) Perks= éπç°-F©’, ÆæçÆæn©’ ÖüÓu-í∫’-©èπ◊ éπLpçîË Ö*ûª ´Ææ-ûª’©’

Abhai: The raw materials are up by 20%. So we couldn't help it.

(´·úÕ Ææ®Ω-èπ◊© üµ¿®Ω©’ °J-í¬®· ¢Ë’¢Ë’ç îËߪ’™‰ç. °çîªéπ ûª°æp-™‰ü¿’.)

Vinai: Some other time then. My time is up. I must be going.

(ÆæÍ®. ´’Sx éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ø√èπ◊ õ„jç Å®·çC. ØË¢Á-∞«xL.)

Abhai: Bye.







1) Were you up? 2) I had to be up. To be up = Spoken English wake up get up be up

¢Ë’™\-´úøç/ ¢Ë’™Ô\E Öçúøôç/ ™ Evü¿-™‰-´úøç/ Evü¿-™‰-´úøç. éπçõ‰ ¢Ë’™\-´úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬, ÅEoçöÀéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬ N-E°œÆæ’hçô’çC. (wake up- I wake up at 5, etc., wake up

5) To be laid up with=

7) Their work isn't up to much.

ï•’s °æúøôç.

Ç¢Á’

'flu

ûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûÓçC.

b) Laid up with paralysis, he can't move about =

°æéπ~-¢√ûªç ¶«J† °æúøôç ´©x Åûª†’ éπü¿-©-™‰úø’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç– to be down with Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ï•’s-°æ-úøôç. c) He is laid up with dengue = He is down with dengue = Dengue

É™«çöÀ îÓôx é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç. ÅEoçöÀ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ N†-°æ-úËC be up. îª÷úøçúÕ.

Not up to much =

a) She is laid up with 'flu =

ûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-

Ø√oúø’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Laid up with expression No

èπ◊ Ææç•ç-

338

Cµç-*çüË

(í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– not ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Ñ expression ¢√úøç) = Åçûª Ø√ùuûª ™‰E/ Åçûª ûª%°œh-éπ®Ωç é¬E. a) Their work isn't up to much =

¢√∞¡x °æE™ Ø√ùuûª Åçûª Öçúøü¿’ / ¢√∞¡Ÿx (Ç °æE) ÆæJí¬ îËߪ’-™‰®Ω’. b) He gave some money, but that isn't up to much =

Ø√èπ◊ éÌçûª úø•’s Éî√aúø’ Åûª†’, é¬E ÅC Ø√èπ◊ Åçûª ûª%°œhí¬ ™‰ü¿’. c) He repaired my bike, but that isn't up to much=

Ø√ bike repair î˨»úø’, é¬F ÅC ÆæJí¬ îËߪ’™‰ü¿’.

When ar e you up usually?

Vinai: But their work isn't up to much. They mess up everything.




Look at the following sentences from the conversation above 1) Were you up late last night? 2) I had to be up early as well. 3) What's up? 4) upto tomorrow 5) Two of our colleagues have been laid up. 6) So the work has piled up. 7) But their work isn't up to much. 8) You'll be busy till your colleagues are up and about. 9) It must be up by tomorrow. 10) I don't feel up to going to work on sundays. 11) Why have you upped the prices of your products?

2







Ñ lesson ™ English conversation ™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË up Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. up äéπ\ preposition í¬ØË é¬ü¿’. N’í∫û√ parts of speech ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. up Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç spoken English ™ î√™« áèπ◊\¢Ë.

a) I am up by 5 in the morning =

8) Till your colleagues are up and about

âCç-öÀ-éπ™«x ™‰≤ƒh†’ ؈’.

. îª÷úøçúÕ:

b) When are you up usually? =

To be up and about=

´÷´‚-©’í¬ á°æ¤púø’ Evü¿-™‰-≤ƒh´¤?

ï•’s †’ç* éÓ©’-èπ◊E A®Ω-í∫í∫-©í∫ôç.

c) Why are you up so early today?=

a) Govind is better now. He should be up and about in a few days = M.SURESAN

É¢√∞¡ Éçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-î√-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊? 3) What's up?= àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?

a) He is nowadays seen here frequently and that too at odd times. What's he upto? / Is he up to something? =

Ñ ´’üµ¿u -¢√-úÕ-éπ\úø ûª®Ωîª÷, ÅC-èπÿú≈ ¢Ë∞¡-é¬-E -¢Ë-∞¡™x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?/ ¢√úË´’Ø√o îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oú≈?/ àçöÀ -¢√-úÕ ÖüËl¨¡ç? b) I'm afraid he's up to something=

¢√úËüÓ îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-úøE Ø√éπ-†’-´÷-†¢Ë’. c) By their looks, they are upto something:

¢√∞¡x ¢Á·£æ…©’ îª÷ÊÆh ¢√∞ÏxüÓ ÖüËl-¨¡ç-ûÓØË Ö†o-ô’xçC. 4) upto tomorrow. ÉC ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æ œçüË. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, upto = Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. I don't need it upto Saturday ( till Saturday)

¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ ÅC Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Please let me know brushing aside grammar rules especially in Indirect speech whether it is modern English usage? Suggest me a title to learn English idioms.

-ï-¢√-•’:

– Ç®˝.áÆˇ. ´’Ê£«≠ˇ, éπ®Ω÷o©’

The same doubt, raised by two others, also from Kurnool, was cleared in these columns some months ago. You must have seen it. One of the exceptions to the rule (Main ClausePast Tense, Subordinate Clause also past tense) is in situations like the following:

íÓNçü˛ °æJ-ÆœnA é¬Ææh ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ÖçC. Éçé¬ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV™x °æ‹Jhí¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊E A®Ωí∫í∫-©-í¬L. (v°æÆæ’hûª °æJ-Æœn-AE •öÀd). b) My mother is ok now. She has been up and about since the day before =

´÷ Å´’t É°æ¤púø’ èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. ¢Á·†oöÀ †’ç* ™‰* A®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC. °æ‹Jhí¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊çC. 6) The work has piled up = °æE Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·çC. (pile = üÌçûª®Ω– äéπ-ü∆E O’ü¿ äéπöÀ Öçúøôç – a pile of books = äéπ-ü∆E O’ü¿ äéπöÀ Ö†o (üÌçûª-®Ωí¬) °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. pile= üÌçûª-®Ωí¬ Öçîªôç – äéπ-ü∆E O’ü¿ äéπöÀ He is piling book upon book -

°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ äéπ-ü∆-E-O’ü¿ äéπöÀ Ê°®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Work is piling up = °æE Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-ûÓçC) Pile ûª®√yûª up í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

I met Kiran yesterday. He told me (yesterday) that he is the Manager of a Bank here. Strictly according to the rule it should be, He... that he was the Manager of a Bank here. But this would imply that he is not the manager now. So here we don't apply the rule. See also: The station master told me half an hour ago that the train is running late. This is OK. In the sentence from your letter, ''... speaking on the occasion the UPA deputy Chairman said Sonia Gandhi will visit...'' will visit is definitely wrong. As you say it should be 'would visit'.

(´·êuçí¬

9) It must be up by tomorrow - To be up by some time -

äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ àüÁjØ√ repair Å®· ¢√úø’-éÓ-´-ö«EéÀ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ Öçúøôç.

computers).

a) Let it be up at least by Friday =

éπFÆæç ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√-E-ÈéjØ√ ü∆Eo Æœü¿l¥ç îË®·, °æ‹Jh îËÆœ.

repairs

b) Will it be up by tomorrow? =

Í®°æ-öÀéÀ ÅC Æœü¿l¥çí¬ Öçô’çü∆? 10) (Not) be / (Not) feel up to =

àüÁjØ√ °æE îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç / îËߪ÷-©E ÅEpç-îªéπ-§Ú-´ôç. áèπ◊\´ not ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. a) He is not up to the job. He is certainly a wrong choice =

ÅûªØ√ °æE îËߪ’-™‰úø’. ÅûªúÕo Ç °æEéÀ áçéÓ-´ôç (°ô’d-éÓ-´ôç) éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûªÊ°p. b) I don't feel up to going to college today =

É¢√∞¡ Ø√èπ◊ college éÀ ¢Á∞«x-©-E-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’. °çîªôç (üµ¿®Ω-™«xç-öÀN)

11) up =

They have upped the prices of their products =

¢√∞¡x ûªßª÷-K© üµ¿®Ω©’ °çîË-¨»®Ω’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™- á-™« - -ï-¢√-•’: Å-Ø√--™ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. i) ØËØËç îË≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ii) F´¤ Ç¢Á’†’ ûª°æpéπ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊§Ú-¢√L. iii) Åûª-úÕE èπÿ®Óa-¶„-ö«d†’. iv) Ç¢Á’†’ 1 éÀ.O’. ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ-°œç-î√†’. v) Í®°æ¤ ´÷¢Ó-®·-Ææ’d©’ ®√≠æZ •çü˛èπ◊ °œ©’-°œ-î√a®Ω’. vi) É™«çöÀ °æJ-Æœn-AE AJT á°æ¤púø÷ ®√F-ߪ’èπ◊. vii) ؈’ 'C £œ«çü¿÷— °ævAéπ ûÁ°œp-Ææ’hØ√o†’. – >. v°æ¨»çû˝, Ø√í¬-®Ω’b†≤ƒí∫®˝

i) I don't know/ I my self don't know what i will do/ I am going to do ii) You must take her to the movie iii) I made him sit/ I seated him iv) I made her walk a distance of 1Km v) The Maoists have given a call for a bandh tomorrow vi) Let this not happen again/ let such a situation never happen again vii) I am getting/ subscribing to the Hindu.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 2 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Praful: How did your team do yesterday?

(E†o O’

team

ᙫ ÇúÕçC?)

Prajval: We were not up to the mark. We lost in the end.

(¢Ë’ç ûªT-†çûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰ü¿’. *´-JéÀ ¢Ë’ç ãúÕ-§Úߪ÷ç) Praful: Sorry to hear that. But you were on the up till the last week winning almost all the matches you played. What's gone wrong?

2

Prajval: I'm always up front. And another thing. Two of our players are against my captaincy. They don't like me. They are up to no good, I tell you. If that comes to that I'll give up my captaincy.

(ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Ö†oC Ö†oô’d îÁ§ƒh. ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç, ´÷™ Éü¿l®Ω’ Ø√ captaincy éÀ ´uA-Í®-èπ◊©’. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ØËE-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞ÏxüÓ îÁúø’ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.ÅC Åçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç ´ÊÆh ؈’ Ø√ߪ’éπûªyç ´C-™‰≤ƒh.) Praful: Let's hope things will improve.

(ÅC N†ôç î√™« ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. éÀçü¿öÀ ¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ ¶«í¬ °jéÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. O’®√-úÕ† v°æA match ÈíL-î√®Ω’. à¢Á’içC?) Prajval: Our game was off colour yesterday. None of us played well. Our opponents had the upper hand all the time

(´÷ Çô E†o î√™« Ê°©-´çí¬ ÖçC. ´÷™ á´-®Ω´‚ ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰ü¿’. Çôçû√ ´÷ v°æûªu-®Ω’n-©üË Â°j îË®·.) Praful: It's obvious that your players did not practice well.

(O’ players practice ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC.) obvious = ûËôûÁ©xç. Prajval: As captain I keep telling them to attend practice regularly. Some of them are a bit lazy and take it easy. (Captain í¬ ¢√∞¡}ûÓ Øˆ’ îÁ°æ‹hØË Öçö«, practice sessions

(°æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫-´¤-û√-ߪ’E ÇPü∆lç) ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË up Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬©’, ü∆EûÓ ´îËa Éûª®Ω expressions ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çô’Ø√oç éπü∆. É°æ¤úø’ up ûÓ ´’J-éÌEo expressions ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. O--öÀ-E O’ conversations ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úÕûË ÅC î√™« Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ N-E°œ-Ææ’hçC.

b) Business is on the up=

English conversation

a) He is up in years and is hard of hearing =

¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ¶«í¬ ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿’-ûÓçC. c) He is on the up in his career as a cricketer. cricketer

í¬ Åûª†’ °jéÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. ÅØË ´÷ô èπÿú≈ Öç-C. Å®Ωnç: ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ /- Ö-™«x-Ææçí¬ Öçúøôç. (on an up

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above.

He is on an up now after all his troubles.

¶«üµ¿-©Fo í∫õ„déÀ\ Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’) 3) Have the upper hand = °jîË-®·í¬ Öçúøôç. ÉçéÌ-éπJ éπçõ‰ ´’†C °jîË-ߪ’-´ôç.

1) We were not up to the mark 2) You were on the up till the last week 3) Our opponents had the upper hand

a) India has the upper

4) It's upto the coach and the manager

hand in the match

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

5) Your manager is up in years.

339

with a lead of 200

´ßª’Ææ’ Â°j•-úÕç-C. ÆæJí¬ NE°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü∆-ߪ’†èπ◊. b) Though up in years, he is quite active =

°ü¿l-¢√-úÁj-†-°æp-öÀéà Çߪ’-Eçé¬ îª’®Ω’í¬_ («-éÃ-í¬)ØË ÖØ√oúø’. 6) Up and coming = °jéÌ-Ææ’h†o/ ´%Cl¥-™ éÀ ´-Ææ’h†o/ ´’ç* ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h†o a) Srisanth is an up and coming bowler who is likely to become great =

X¨»çû˝

bowler

bowler í¬ Â°jéÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. íÌ°æp ÅßË’u Å´-é¬-¨»-©’-Ø√o®· / é¬-í∫-©úø’.

b) The up and coming young actor has good talent =

°jéÌ-Ææ’h†o Ñ ßª·´ †ô’-úÕéÀ ´’ç* v°æA¶µº ÖçC. °jéÀ-®√-í∫-©úø’. 7) Up front = Ö†oC Ö†oô’x îÁÊ°p (´’†Ææ’™ äéπöÀ, °jéÌ-éπöà é¬èπ◊çú≈) (Frank,

runs =

They ar e up to no good

èπ◊ ®Ω´’tE véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. ¢√∞¡x™ éÌçûª ´’çC •ü¿l¥éÀ-≤ƒh®Ω’, Åçûª °æöÀdç--éÓ®Ω’) Praful: You should insist on their coming

(†’´¤y ¢√∞¡Ÿx ®√-¢√Lqç-üË-†E °æô’d-•-ö«dL.) °æô’d-•-ôdúøç

insist (on) =

Prajval: I do insist, but there is a limit beyond which I can't go. It's up to the coach and the manager to see they turn up for practice.

(؈’ °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«†’, é¬E Ø√èπ◊ ã £æ«ü¿’lçC éπü∆? ¢√∞¡⁄x practice èπ◊ ´îËaô’x îª÷úøôç, coach, manager © ¶«üµ¿uûª) Praful: I think your manager is up in years and does not fit the job any more.

(O’ Manager èπ◊ é¬Ææh ´ßª’Ææ’ Â°j •úÕ Ç °æE-éπçûª ÆæJ-§Ú-´ôç ™‰ü¿-E°œ-≤Úhç-C.) Prajval: No, I don't agree. He is not that old. He is the man for the job. If we have a few up and coming players in our team it's due to his knack for spotting talent.

(ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÓ†’. Åçûª ´ßª’-ÂÆj-†-¢√-úËO’ é¬ü∆ߪ’†. -Ç job èπ◊ -Ç-ߪ’-† Ææ-J-§Ú-û√-úø’. É°æ¤púø’ ´÷ team ™ éÌçûª °jéÌÆæ’h†o Çô-í¬-∞¡Ÿx-Ø√o®Ωçõ‰ ÅC v°æA¶µº†’ í∫’Jhç-îª-í∫© ¨¡éÀh Çߪ’-†èπ◊ç-úøôç ´©xØË) Praful: How come you failed so badly yesterday?

(ÅÆæ©’ E†o áçü¿’-´©x Åçûª °∂æ’®Ωçí¬ N°∂æ-©-´’-ߪ÷u®Ω’?) Prajval: I told you. Most of our players and that includes me, did not play well at all. The other team did out play us and deserved to win.

(îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆, ´÷ players áèπ◊\-´-´’çC, Åçõ‰ Ø√ûÓ Ææ£æ…, ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰ü¿’. Å´-ûªL team ´÷éπçõ‰ î√™« ¶«í¬ Çú≈®Ω’. ÈíL-îËçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-∞¡xÍé ÖçC, Å®Ω|ûª) deserve = Å®Ω|ûª Öçúøôç Praful: I appreciate your being so up front.

(†’´¤y Ö†oC Ö†oô’d ´’†-Ææ’™ àç ü∆-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

6) We have a few up and coming players.

200 °æ®Ω’-í∫’© ´·çü¿ç-ïûÓ ¶µ«®Ωû˝C °jîË-®·í¬ ÖçC / ÇCµ-éπu-ûª™ ÖçC.

7) I appreciate your being so up front.

b) In the issue Congress seems to have the upper hand = Congress

8) They are up to no good.

ߪ’ç™ ÖçC.

1) Not up to the mark =

Öçú≈-Lq-†çûª ¶«í¬ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç / ÇPç-*-†çûª ¶«í¬ ™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç.

Ñ N≠æüË Â°jîË-®·í¬

M.SURESAN

a) No, the movie is not up to the mark. It disappointed me =

Ç ÆœE´÷ Öçú≈-Lq-†çûª ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿’.´’-´’tLo E®√-¨¡-°æ-J-*çC. b) His performance in the interview is not up to the mark = Interview

4) It's up to (somebody) expression.

ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ N-E°œç-îË ¶«üµ¿u-ûª/-É≠ædç ÅE îÁ°æpôç.

ÉC î√™« äéπJ

a) Here's the money you've asked for. It's upto you to use it well or waste it =

b) That's my advice. It is up to you to take it or leave it =

a) With his success in the last attempt his confidence is on the up =

Ééπ\úø ´’ç* véÃú≈ ´Ææ-ûª’-©’-Ø√o®·. ¢√öÀE ¢√úø’-èπ◊ØË ¶«üµ¿uûª Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©C.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Oceans èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ Indian, the Arctic Continents Asia, the Africa

the

ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. éÀ ´·çü¿’ the - Å-†È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? – öÀ. ®Ω´÷ v°æûª÷u≠æ, X¨Îj©ç -ï-¢√-•’: Water resources (ï© ´†®Ω’©’ – ´’£æ… Ææ´·-vü∆©’, Ææ´·-vü∆©’, †ü¿’©’, Ææ®Ω-Ææ’q©’ Åë«-û√©’, ï©-Ææçüµ¿’©’) ´·ç-ü¿’ The á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√ú≈L –ÉC Usage (¢√úø’éπ– English ™). Landmasses (¶µº÷¶µ«-í¬©’, Åçõ‰ êçú≈©’, ü˨»©’, ®√≥ƒZ©’ ™«çöÀN) ´·ç-ü¿’ (¢√úø’éπ v°æ鬮Ωç) ¢√úø®Ω’. éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´’†’-≠æfl©èπÿ, †ü¿’© ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ äÍé Ê°®Ω’ç-úøôç ´©x, ¢√öÀ ûËú≈ ûÁ-©’°æ-ú≈EéÀ ï©-´-†-®Ω’© Ê°®Ωx-´·çü¿’, the ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’.

Åûª†’ Ö†o-ü¿’-†oô’x îÁ§ƒhúø’. Åçü¿’-´©x éÌçûª´’çCéÀ -Å-ûª-†’ †îªaúø’. b) She is quite up front about her opinions =

ûª† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©†’ Ö†oC Ö†o-ô’dí¬ / E≠æ \®Ω{í¬ îÁ°æ¤hçC. (Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’, up front èπ◊†o ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, Ñ column ™ N´-Jçî√ç – up front = advance í¬ îÁLxçîË úø•’s. You have to pay 50% up front =

†’´y-úÕ-T† úøGs-CíÓ. ü∆Eo ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îË≤ƒh¢Ó / ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒh¢Ó ÅØËC F É≠ædç / F E®Ωgߪ’ç.

™ ÅûªE v°æA¶µº Öçú≈-Lq-†ç-ûªí¬ / Öçú≈-Lq† ≤ƒn®·™ ™‰ü¿’. áèπ◊\-´í¬ not îËÍ®a. not up to the mark ÅE Öçú≈-Lq-†çûª ™‰ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√-úø-û√ç. (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC Å®ΩnçûÓ It is up to the mark î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’) 2) On the up = °jéÀ ®√´ôç/ ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿ôç/ °®Ω-í∫ôç éÀç-ü¿-öÀ v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ Nï-ߪ’çûÓ ÅûªE Çûªt-N-¨»yÆæç °J-TçC.

plain)

a) He is quite up front and some people don't like him for it =

ÅD Ø√ Ææ©£æ…. §ƒöÀ-≤ƒh¢Ó, ´C-™‰-≤ƒh¢Ó F É≠ædç. c) We have wonderful sports facilities here. It's upto the students to make use of them

5) Up in years =

O’®Ω’

50% advance

8) UP to no good =

îÁLxç-î√L) îÁúø’ °æ†’©’ / ØË®√©’ îËÊÆ.

a) I bet that the man there is upto no good =

Åéπ\-úø’-†o-ûªúø’ ´’ç*-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿E / ØË®Ω-Ææ’h-úøE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’. b) I see three boys there. They seem to be up to no good =

Åéπ\úø ´·í∫’_®Ω’ èπ◊v®√∞¡Ÿx éπEp-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞ÏxüÓ îÁúø’-°æE éÓÆæ¢Ë’ Åéπ\-úø’†oôxE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. c) As usual he is up to no good again.

´÷´‚™‰, àüÓ ûª°æ¤p- îË-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ ´’Sx.

´ßª’Ææ’ Â°j•-úøôç.

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) I 'd like to know- Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- -ï-¢√-•’: i) éÓ-¢√-©E ÖçC (É°æ¤púø’). would past form éπü∆? I want to know î√©’ éπü∆? ii) í¬®Ωç/ í¬®√•ç, éπ©’x, B®√t†ç– Éç-Tx≠ˇ °æü∆©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. iii) kill Åçõ‰ ´’®Ω-ùÀç-îª-úø´÷? îªç°æúø´÷? Accident ™ §Úߪ÷úø’ ņú≈-EéÀ died ¢√ú≈L éπü∆? iv) (lesson - 275 ™ E®Ωç-ïØ˛– È®çúÓ ≤ƒJ) when it will be complete Åçö«úø’. completed ÅØ√L éπü∆? v) Chief guest E guest of 'evening' ÅØ√o®Ω’. ´’J 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç morning ïJ-TûË? – N.á-™¸.>. ®√V, ®√ï-´’çvúÕ

Would èπ◊ past from of í¬ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, ´’J-éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©÷ ÖØ√o®·. I'd like to know ™«çöÀ sentences ™, would will

He was killed in an accident.

(îªç°æ-•ú≈fúø’, ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ îªE-§Úߪ÷úø’ accident ™) like / love / hate / prefer / know / find out), ™«çöÀ expressions ¢√úÕ-†- iv) Complete - DEéÀ °æ¤úø’ ÅC present ØË Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. äéπ Å®Ωnç, adjective í¬– °æ‹®Ωh-®·† (Would like/love/ hate, etc, indiÅE. È®ç-úÓ Å®Ωnç – verb í¬ °æ‹Jh cates what a person likes / loves îËߪ’ôç ÅE. 1) When it will be / hates, etc in the present and complete (Adj) = á°æ¤úø’ °æ‹®Ωh-®·† has no reference to the past.) (°æE)-Cí¬ Öçô’çC. 2) When it Past èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. will be completed = á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çüÓ (°æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’çüÓ) – ii) í¬®Ωç/-í¬-®√•ç îËߪ’ôç= Pamper Verb. 鬕öÀd È®çúø÷ Correct. éπ©’x= Palm toddy v) Guest of the morn / Guest of the B®√t†ç= Resolution day. iii) Kill Åçõ‰ îªç°æ-ô¢Ë’. ´’®Ω-ùÀç-îªôç é¬ü¿’. He died in an accident=

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 5 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Manogna: (Have you) heard this? Anjana got a prize again.

(NØ√o¢√? ´*açC)

Anjana

èπ◊ ´’S}

Lochana: I'm afraid we can't start immediately. We have to wait for some time. (¢ÁçôØË •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω™‰ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. é¬ÊÆ-°æ¤ç-ú≈L)

prize

Lochana: What is it this time for?

2

Manogna: Wait? What for and who for?

(Ñ≤ƒJ üËEéÀ?)

(Éçé¬-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçúøô´÷? üËE-éÓÆæç, á´J éÓÆæç?)

Manogna: For her excellence in studies and for her talent for public speaking.

(îªü¿’-´¤™ Ç¢Á’ ®√ùÀç-°æ¤-†èπÿ, ´éπh %-ûªyç™ Ç¢Á’ v°æA-¶µºèπÿ)

Lochana: My brother has gone out to get some mangoes, and curds for our lunch. We shall have lunch here and then start.

(´÷ brother ´’† ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ °®Ω’í∫’ ´÷N’úÕ °æçúø÷x ûË´-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’. ´’†ç Ééπ\úø ¶µçîËÆœ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωü∆ç.)

Lochana: She has won it for the third time in a row, I think.

(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ prize ®√´ôç, ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ÉC ´‚úÓ-≤ƒJ ņ’-èπ◊çö«) Manogna: Our friends are all admiration for Anjana. The one good thing about her is, for all the talent she has, she is quite modest.

(-´’-† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©çû√ Ç¢Á’†’ áçûÓ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË äéπ ´’ç* N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ Åçûª v°æA¶µº Ö†o-°æpöÀéÃ, ûª†’ î√™« Eí∫Jy) Lochana: In the beginning she wasn't for mincing free by with others. She was a bit reserved. I mistook it for her conceit. But as time went on she opened out, and we now know her for the good girl she is.

Manogna: I don't mind lunch here, but I'm afraid mangoes and curds are not for me.

(Ééπ\úø ¶µçîË-ߪ’ôç Ø√Íéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’, é¬F ´÷N’úÕ °æçúø’x Ø√èπ◊ °æúø¢Ë) Lochana: Oh, that's disappointing. Why can't you eat them?

1) What is it this time for? 2) for her excellence in studies and for her talent for public speaking. 3) she has won it for the third time in a row. 4) Our friends are all admiration for her 5) for all the talent she has, she is quite modest. 6) I mistook it for her conceit 7) She is too bright for a girl her age.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

340

´’†çü¿Jéà ûÁL-Æ œ† N≠æߪ’ç î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'for'èπ◊ Å®Ωnç: éÌ®Ωèπ◊, éÓÆæç.

b) Our team has defeated them for the third time yesterday =

´‚úÓ-≤ƒJ ´÷ team E†o ¢√∞¡}†’ ãúÕç*çC. c) for ten years he suffered like any thing =

°æüË-∞¡x-§ƒô’ Åûª†’ áçûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈fúø’. ÅGµ-´÷†ç, ¢Á’a-éÓ©’– ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC.

4) Admiration -

a) We all have great admiration for Abdul Kalam.

-Å-•’l-™¸ éπ™«ç °æôx ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ÅGµ´÷†ç ÖçC/ íÌ°æp ÅGµ-´÷†ç îª÷°æ¤û√ç

b) Fans are people with great admiration for their favourite actors =

I mistook it for her conceit

(¢Á·ü¿ô Åçü¿-JûÓ éπL-N-úÕí¬ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æ-úË-C-é¬ü¿’. é¬Ææh ´·¶µ«-´çí¬ ÖçúËC. é¬E §Ú†’, §Ú†÷, Åçü¿-JûÓ éπL-Æœ-§Ú-®·çC. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ûª†’ ´’ç* °œ©x ÅE) Manogna: She is too bright for a girl her age, and her background.

(Ç ´ßª’-Ææ’†o ¢√∞¡x™, Ç °æJ-Æœn-ûª’-©-†’ç* ´*a† ¢√∞¡x™x Eïçí¬ ûÁL-N-í∫© Å´÷t®· ûª†’) Lochana: For now no one among us can be a match for her in studies or in other activities.

(v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ ´’†™ á´®Ωç èπÿú≈ îªü¿’-´¤™-í¬F, Éûª®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷-™ x-í¬F ûª†èπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç 鬙‰ç) Manogna: Now for our business. When are we starting for Jamuna's?

(ÆæÍ® É°æ¤úø’ ´’† N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌü∆lç. ´’†ç ï´·† ¢√Rxç-öÀ-Èé-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’ûª’Ø√oç?)

-v°æ-¨¡o:

Spoken

English

èπ◊ Ææç•çCµç* éÀçC linguistic doubts B®Ωaí∫-©®Ω-E ´’-†-N. Aspect of English verb †’

Halliday's, Introduction Functional Grammar

An to

™ -N-´-J-ç-î√®Ω’. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ éÀçC¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. – Èé. ®√´’-éπ%≠æg, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ 1. Take/ did take - past, 2. take, takes, does take, do take- present, 3. will take - future, 4. had taken - past in past, 5. has taken - past in present, 6. will have taken - past in future, 7. was taking - present in past, 8. is taking present in present, 9. will be taking present in future, 10. was going to take - future in past, 11. is going to take - future in present, 12. will be going to take - future in future, 13. was going to have taken - past in future in past, 14. is going to have

a) We are waiting for you=

(î√™« E®√-¨¡í¬ ÖçC. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ A†-™‰-´N?) Manogna: It's six months since the doctor told me, "Look Manogna, no curds and mangoes for you". Since then I've been avoiding them.

Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ F éÓÆæç éÓÆæç (®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇèπ◊), -Ç (Fèπ◊)

M.SURESAN

(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç. Å®·ûË àç Açö«-Nçéπ?) Manogna: Just don't worry. I'll make do with whatever you have.

àüÓ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç éÓÆæç Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o. Ñ≤ƒJ áçü¿’èπ◊ à 鬮Ω-ù«-EéÀ? áçü¿’èπ◊? ÅØË ´*açC v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ ï¢√•’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

1. What is it this time for? = (prize)? for a) What did he get the prize for = prize? b) He was punished for misbehaviour -

áçü¿’-éÌ-*aç-ü¿-ûª-EéÀ

ü¿’v≠æp´-®Ωh†èπ◊ Åûª†’ PéÀ~ç-îª-•-ú≈fúø’ (ü¿’v≠æp-´-®Ωh† ´©x Åûª-EéÀ Péπ~ °æúÕçC)

(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. †’´¤y °ôd-í∫-©-ü∆çûÓ ÆæJ°-ô’d-èπ◊çö«) ☯

☯

☯

Our study of prepositions 'for'

™

™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ñ lesson Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

Study the use of 'for' in the following sentences from the conversation between Manogna and Lochana:

taken - past in future in present, 15. will be going to have taken - past in future in future, 16. had been taking present in past in past, 17. has been taking - present in past in present, 18. will have been taking - present in past in future, 19. was going to be taking present in future in past, 20. is going to be taking - present in future in present, 21. will be gong to be taking present in future in future, 22. had been going to take - future in past in past, 23. has been going to take future in past in present, 24. will have been going to take - future in past in future, 25. had been going to have taken- past in future in past in past, 26. has been going to have takenpast in future in past in present, 27. will have been going to be taken past in future in past in future, 28. was going to have been taking - present in past in future in past, 29. is going to have been taking - present in past in future in present, 30. will be going to

c) I am here for some information =

c) They selected him for the job -

a) She has got the prize for the first time this yearprize

Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ≤ƒJí¬ Ç¢Á’éà ´*açC.

-ï-¢√--•’:

Take - takes forms, different tenses forms

èπ◊ Ç °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ É*a† èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†N. O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† ™ No.2 - Present indefinite/ Simple tense (Regular doing words) regular eg: take, takes - regular

ÉN í¬ ïJÍí °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’°æ¤-û√®·, v°æÆæ’h-ûªç™: í¬ àüÁjØ√ -BÆæ’éÓ-´-ôç/- û√-í∫ôç.

c) We have great respect for that teacher = teacher

°æôx ´÷èπ◊

She mistook him for his brother =

ÅûªEo îª÷Æœ ÅûªE

brother

ÅE §Ò®Ω-•-úÕçC.

Don't mistake me for being rude =

O’ °æôx ü¿’®Ω’Ææ’í¬ ÖØ√o-†E §Ò®Ω-•-úø-´ü¿’l. 6) For all = in spite of (Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. a) for all his wealth he is not happy =

Åçûª Ææç°æü¿ûÓ èπÿú≈/ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà Åûª-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ™‰ü¿’. b) for all his sincerity, he could not get promotion =

Åçûª *ûªh-¨¡ŸCl¥ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ/ *ûªh-¨¡ŸCl¥ûÓ °æE-îË-Æœ-†-°æpöÀéà Åûª†’ promotion §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. 7) Too bright for a girl her age =

Ç ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† ûÁLN ÖçC Ç Å´÷t®·éÀ. a) He is too tall for a boy his age =

Ç ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ Åûª-EE áç°œéπ î˨»®Ω’. 3) 'for' †’ áØÓo-≤ƒJ ÅØË ü∆E ´·çü¿÷, áçûª-鬩çí¬ ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

have been taken - present in past in future in future, 31. had been going to be taking - present in future in past in past, 32. has been going to be taking - present in future in past in future, 33. will have been going to be taking present in future in past in future, 34. had been going to have been taking present in past in future in past in past, 35. has been going to have been taking - present in past in future in past in present, 36. will have been going to have been taking - present in past in future in past in future.

ÅGµ-´÷-†’-©èπ◊ ¢√J ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’© °æôx íÌ°æp ¢Á’°æ¤p Öçô’çC. Å™«Íí respect ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ for ´Ææ’hçC.

Ç î√™« íı®Ω´ç. d) Mistake for = §Ò®Ω-°æ-úøôç

b) This book is for Ramesh and that pen is for you = pen

Lochana: Oh, what a pity! What are you going to eat then?

☯

FéÓÆæç

é¬îª’-èπ◊E ÖØ√oç.

ÅûªE ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† §Òúø’-í∫-ûª†’. b) He dances too well for his weight =

Åçûª •®Ω’-´¤Ø√o/ Åçûª ™«´®·Ø√ Ø√ôuç ¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’ Åûª†’ (Åçûª ™«´¤-†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx Å™« îËߪ’ôç íÌ°æp).

No.1 Past Simple/ Indefinite (Past doing word)He took the book yesterday -

ÉC

for

forms, ÅN àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¢√úø’-û√-®Ω-ØËC. ÉC í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† ÅC ûÁ-L-ߪ’ö«-EéÀ Éçü¿’™ ¢√úÕ†, past in

the present, future in the present °æE îÁ°æ¤hçC – Åûª†’ E†o °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ™«çöÀ expressions confusing í¬ No.3 - Will take - future indefinite/ Öçö«®·. – OöÀ†Ææ©’ O’®Ω’ °æöÀdç--éÓsimple future ™ ïJÍí Ωu†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤- éπçúÕ– take èπ◊ É*a† verb forms èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ûª’çC. He will take the book tomor- ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊E ¢√öÀE O’ conversation ™ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ¢√úøçúÕ. row. Í®°æ¤ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. ÉçéÓ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç: O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† verb 4. Had taken - had + past participle (Past perfect) - two past actions ™ forms ™ form No. 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† past action (1st past 21 to 35 ´®Ωèπ◊ -Ö-†o verb forms ´÷´‚©’ conversation™í¬F, writaction †’) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. eg: He told me that he had taken ing™í¬F, î√™«, î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ (had + pp) the book (°æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o- áéπ\ú≈ N†ç/ îª÷úøç. Å™«çöÀ verb †E îÁ§ƒpúø’) – È®çúø÷ past - BÆæ’éÓ-´ôç, forms ¢√úÕûË ´’†ç îÁÊ°pC á´-Jéà îÁ°æpôç, ´·çü¿J (1st) past action - Å®Ωnçí¬éπ communication, break Å´¤BÆæ’éÓ-´ôç, ûª®√yûª îÁ°æpôç– 1st past ûª’çC. ¢√öÀE °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’Ja§Ú®·, action - had taken (had + past partici- Pratibha Spoken English ™ É*a† ple) Ç book ™ É*a-†- N-üµ¿çí¬ past in lessons on verb forms practice the past, past in present, past in îËߪ’çúÕ. O’ question ™ O’®Ω’ practice future, present in past, etc. OöÀE °æöÀdç- îËߪ÷-Lq† verb forms- verb forms from -éÓ-éπçúÕ– ÉN î√™« confusing í¬ No. 1 to 11, No. 16 to 18, ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Ñ Öç-ö«®·. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ practice verb éÓÆæç §ƒûª v°æA¶µº spoken English îËߪ÷-LqçC– NNüµ¿ tenses ™ verb lessons îª÷úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 7 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2007 Yagnik: I am not at all surprised that he has left the town for good. He has conned you all into subscribing to his bogus schemes.

(-Å-ûªúø’ Ü®Ω’ ´CL ´’Sx AJ-T-®√-èπ◊çú≈ §ƒJ§Ú-ߪ÷-úøçõ‰ Ø√Íéç Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. N’´’t©oç-ü¿-JF ´÷ߪ’-´÷-ô-©ûÓ ûª† ¢Á÷Ææ-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Æ‘\-´·-™x îËJpç* Öú≈-®·ç-î√úø’) con=†N’tç* ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’ôç / ´·êuçí¬ ¢Á÷Ææ-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† schemes - ´çü¿© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©èπ◊ ¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© offer ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ Åçü¿J ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s©’ ´Ææ÷©’ îËÆœ Öú≈-®·çîªôç. conmen= Å™« ´÷ߪ’-´÷-ô© / schemes úø•’s-©ûÓ ´÷ߪ’-´’-ßË’u-¢√∞¡Ÿx– È®j∞¡x™x, É™«ç-öÀ- ¢√-∞¡Ÿxç-ö«®Ω’ éπü∆. con, conman- Ñ ´÷ô-©èπ◊ ´‚©ç confidence trickster - †N’tç* ¢Á÷Ææç îËÊÆ¢√úø’, He conned me into buying a useless car =

(°æE-éÀ-®√E 鬮Ω’†’ ¢Á÷ÆæçûÓ Ø√èπ◊ Åçôí∫ö«dúø’) Hemanth: What do you mean? Did you know about him?

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

back what you've lost.

(†’´¤y éÓ™p-®·çC AJT §Òçü¿ôç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç ÅE ؈-†’-éÓ†’). Hemanth: Yea. The Police say that no other criminal on their records is a match for this one. They haven't been able to catch him so far.

(Å´¤†’. ûª´’ Jé¬-®Ω’f-©-Èé-éÀ\† à ØË®ΩÆæ’núø÷, OúÕéÀ ÆæJ-®√-®ΩE -§Ú-MÆæ’©’ èπÿú≈ Åçô’Ø√o®Ω’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ¢√úÕE °æô’d-éÓ-™‰-éπ§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’) Yagnik: It will take some time for us to think of it all. The police are not easy to deal with, though for better or for worse we have to go to them.

(DEo í∫’Jç* Ç™*ç-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ é¬Ææh Ææ-´’ߪ’ç °æúø’-ûª’çC.- §Ú-MÆæ’¢√∞¡xûÓ ´u´-£æ…®Ωç Åçûª ûËLéπ é¬ü¿’. é¬F àüË-´’Ø√o ´’†ç ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé∞«x-LqçüË.) Hemanth: Now for our

knows him for the bad guy he is .

(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. FN èπÿú≈ ؈’ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«†’)

Åûª†’ îÁúøf-¢√-úø-´-úøç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅûªØÁo™« °Rx îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤?

Hemanth: Ok, then. Let's go.

b) I know for what you are.

(¢Á∞¡ü∆ç °æü¿) ´’†ç °æJ-Q-L-Ææ’h†o preposition 'for' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ´’JéÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Study the use of for in the following sentences.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

341

†’¢Ëyçö, †’¢Áy-™«ç-öÀ-¢√-úÕ¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. c) I know you for the liar you are.

†’´¤y Å•-ü∆l¥-©-éÓ-®Ω’-´E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. 3) take for = ņ’-éÓ-´ôç / §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’-°æ-úøôç. a) Sorry, I took you for your brother.

1) He has left the town for good.

Sorry,

Yagnik: I have known him for the cheat he is, all along. I had been warning all but no one paid attention.

(Åûª-úø’ ¢Á÷Ææ-í¬-úø†o N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á·ü¿ô’oç< / Éçûª-é¬-©´‚ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿Ko £«îªa-J-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o†’, é¬F á´®Ω÷ N†™‰ü¿’) Hemanth: But you didn't warn me.

(é¬F †’¢Áy-°æ¤úø÷ ††’o ¢√Jç‰ü¿’) Yagnik: How could you expect me to take you for a fool like all others? I have great regard for your sound thinking.

(Éûª-®Ω’-™«x †’´‹y ã ´‚®Ω’^-úÕ-´E ØËØÁ™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤? †’´¤y ÆæÈ®j† Ç™-îªØ√-°æ-®Ω’-úÕ-´E Ø√ †´’téπç) Hemanth: Now for making good what we've lost. What do you suggest that I do?

(ÆæÍ®. v°æÆæ’hûªç ؈’ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-†oC AJT ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç Ç™-*ü∆lç. †ØËoç îËߪ’-´’E F Ææ÷?) Yagnik: I'am afraid it wait be that easy to get

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Jewel/er (n)= One who sells Jewels;

2) I have known him for the cheat he is, all along.

lunch. Where shall we eat?

(É°æ¤úø’ ´’†ç BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç?)

3) How could you expect me to take you for a fool?

àç

4) I have great regard for your sound thinking.

Yagnik: Let's go to Pushti Restaurant. That's the place 5) Now for making good what we've for a good meal. Today is M.SURESAN lost. sunday. They serve mango 6) No other criminal is a match for this one. juice and perugu vada as sunday 1) for good = specials. (for good

(°æ¤-≠œd È®≤ƒdÈ®ç-ô’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. É¢√∞¡ ÇC¢√®Ωç. ´÷N’úÕ ®ΩÆæç, °®Ω’í∫’´úø ÇC-¢√®Ωç v°æûËu-éπçí¬ ´úÕf-≤ƒh-®Ω-éπ\úø.)

Hemanth: Oh, what a pity? Neither of them is for me. I'm allergic to both mango juice and perugu vada. My doctor said long ago, 'No mango juice for you, Hemanth'

(Ŷ«s, áçûª ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠dçæ . ÅN È®çúø÷ Ø√èπ◊ °æúø´¤. È®çúø÷ Ø√èπ◊ -á-©-Kb-ØË. -´÷ ú≈éπd®˝ á°æ¤púÓ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’, Ê£«´’çû˝, Fèπ◊ ´÷N’úÕ ®ΩÆæç °æúøü¿’ ÅE. Yagnik: Don't worry. I'll have yours too.

áéπ\úÕ †’ç* v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√L? (äéπ-≤ƒJ O’Í® îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-†’ç* îªC-NûË Éç-Tx≠ˇ structure ™ *´-J- †’ç* -¢Á·-ü¿-©’°-ö«d©E.)

†í∫© ¢√u§ƒJ. 4) service tax is to be shown separately in the (°j ¢√éπuç Lifco dictio- invoice and is payble based on the payment realised and not on the total amount shown nary ™C) á´-È®jûË †í∫©’ Å´·t-û√®Ó ÅE Ø√ in the invoice. DEo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ᙫ ņ’-´-Cç-îªÅ†’-´÷†ç. ؈’ N´-Jç- ´îª’a?('invoice ™ service tax ÅØËC Ææ°æ-Í®-ô’í¬ Ææ÷*ç--î√-Lq Öç-ô’çC. payment ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç *çC éπ®Ω-ÍédØ√? 2) éÌûªh-éÌ-©’´¤ @ 60 Åçõ‰ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçô’çC. invoice ™ ¢Á·ûªhç àN’öÀ? É™« @ Å´’¯çö¸ O’ü¿ é¬ü¿’.— ÅE ؈’ ņ’-´-Cç-î√†’. ®ıçúø°ˇ îËÊÆh ü∆†®Ωnç éπ®Ω-ÍédØ√?) – ñ„. ¶µ«Ææ\®˝ , -¶„çí∫’-∞¡⁄®Ω’ àN’öÀ? format -Å-®Ωnç -ï-¢√--•’:1) One who sells Jewels- ÉC †í∫© ¢√u§ƒûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. JéÀ, English ´÷ô– ÉC N´-®Ωù (explana3) which °æéπ\† is, was, in, to É™«çöÀ preposition)- N´-®Ωù ¢√éπuç ®Ω÷°æç-™ ØË Öçú≈-©E tions ´ÊÆh ᙫçöÀ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. áéπ\-úø’çC? ÅC ¢√éπuç é¬ü¿’. Clause. ÅC Öü∆: 1. Bad Debt- a bad debt which is irrecovCorrect (†í∫©’ Ţ˒t-¢√úø’) erable; under any circumstance is @ = at the rate of = the price of a unit (äéπ called a bad debt- which Åçõ‰ àC ÅE. 2) dozen üµ¿®Ω. äéπ 100 ´Ææ’h-´¤© üµ¿®Ω, äéπ éÀ™  Ééπ\úø 'a bad' -Åç--õ‰ àüÁjûË AJT §Òçü¿-™‰¢Á÷ üµ¿®Ω, äéπ litre üµ¿®Ω– É™«) Éçûª-´-Ææ’h-´¤ /- ÉEo Å-E ؈’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. ´Ææ’h-´¤© üµ¿®Ω Éçûª îÌ°æ¤p† ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ @ äéπ ¢√é¬uEo ûÁ©’-í∫’-™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-î√-©çõ‰

¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬ èπÿ ´’ç*éÀ àç Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰ü¿’)

a) He came here yesterday. He is here for good.

Åûª†’ E†o ´î√a-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ. Ééπ Ééπ\úË ÖçúÕ-§Úû√úø’, á°æp-öÀéÃ. b) They are yours for good.

ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o?

b) What do you take me for? Do I look a fool to you?

Now for a cup of good coffee

(àçöÀ †’´yØËC? -Å-ûª-úÕ í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

brother

E†’o O’

4)

††’o í∫’Jç* à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? Fèπ◊ ؈’ ´‚®Ω’^-úÕ™« éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oØ√? c) Don't take him for an ordinary man.

Åûª-ØËoO’ ≤ƒ´÷-†’u-úø-†’-éÓèπ◊. ´’†o† / ´’®√uü¿

Regard for =

a) I have great regard for that teacher.

Ç -öÃ-˝ °æôx / Ç öÃ-˝ Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ íı®Ω´ç / ´’†o†. b) People have no regard for him.

5)

Åûª-†çõ‰ v°æï-©èπ◊ ©éπ~uç ™‰ü¿’. ÅC-ÆæÍ®, v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ.

Now for =

a) Now for the money we need. How are we going to get it?

v°æÆæ’hûªç ´’†èπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† úø•’s N≠æߪ’ç Ç™*ü∆lç. ᙫ ûÁa-éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√oç ü∆Eo b) Now for a cup of good coffee.

6)

v°æÆæ’hûªç ´’ç* 鬰∂‘ ᙫ? Ææ´’ Ö@b

A match for =

a) No one can be a match for Tendulkar.

ÅN F¢Ë á†o-öÀéà / FÍé ÉîËa-ߪ’ôç ïJ-TçC.

Tendulkar

c) Are you leaving for good?

Å®·ûË †’´¤y ´’Sx-®√¢√? (á†o-öÀéà AJ-T-®√-èπ◊çú≈ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢√?) ÉC conversational English ™ frequent.

èπ◊ Ææ´’ Ö@b / Ææ´÷†ç á´-®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’.

b) They are a match for each other in slanging match.

¢√∞¡Ÿx Aôx-§Ú-öÙ (äéπ-J-ØÌ-éπ®Ω’ Aô’d-éÓ-´ôç, §ÚöðæúÕ = slanging match) äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ Ææ´÷†ç.

2) To know some one for some thing. a) How can you expect her to marry him? She

4)

¢√úøû√ç. I bought these mangoes @ Rs 100 per dozen (At the rate of Rs 100 a dozen = 100

úøïØ˛ ®Ω÷ îÌ°æ¤p† ÅE) Computer™ @ = at/- Åçõ‰ °∂晫E Website™ ÅE. Computer ID™ ´’†ç ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ à Company Internet ¢√úø-û√¢Á÷ Ç Company Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’, @ °úøû√ç. É™«: [email protected] (pkrishna yahoo.com) (.com = dot com. dot = format =

äéπ-ü∆E

design, plan,

at

éπ\) †´‚Ø√.

The format of the application = application

†´‚Ø√. Åçõ‰ àC, àüÁjûË... ÅC– Ñ È®çúø’ Å®√n©÷ ÖØ√o®·. Payment realised Åçõ‰ Payment ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ÅE é¬ü¿’, ´Ææ÷-©’- îË-Æœ-† îÁLxç°æ¤ ÅE. Ééπ\úø realise = ´Ææ÷-©’-îË-Æœ†, ÅE. ã ¢√éπuç ûÁ©’-í∫’-™ç* English èπ◊ ņ’-´-Cç-îËô°æ¤púø’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Last †’ç-* begin îË≤ƒhç. ÉC ÅEo-¢Ë-∞¡™« ÅEo sentences N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ §ƒöÀçîªôç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo -•öÀd àçîËߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-´îª’a.

3) Which

correct

-v°æ-¨¡o: Is reading novels the rightway for achievO’®Ω’ ņ’-´-Cç-*† B®Ω’

í¬ØË ÖçC.

ing fluency in English? If it is, the address where I can get such novels and plays would also be appreciated.

-ï-¢√-•’:

– áÆˇ. ¢Á·£œ«-†’-DlØ˛, éπ®Ω÷o©’

Read the novels of James Hadley Chase -they are short and help you to pick up highly conversational and collquial forms of English. They are easy to get from lending libraries in your city. Read also English Chandamama, and the novels of John Grisham, Irwing Wallare, etc. Read an English daily, preferably the Hindu.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 'Åûª†’ É°æ¤púø’ áçûª ´’ç* ¢√úÓ äéπ-°æ¤púø’ Åçûª îÁúøf-¢√úø’— ņo ¢√é¬uEo 'He is as good ÅE îÁ°æp-´î√a? – X®√¢˛’

as he was bad'

-ï-¢√-•’: He is as good now, as he was bad sometime ago.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 9 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2007 Lochana: Hi Rachana, what's wrong? You do look ill.

(®Ω-îª-Ø√ à-¢Á’içC? é¬Ææh ï•’s-í¬ éπE°œ-Ææ’hØ√o´¤) Rachana: It's the flavoured milk and the chocolate drink I took yesterday.

(E†o ؈’ BÆæ’èπ◊†o Ê°∂x-´®˝f -N’--™¸\, -î√éÌ™‰-ö¸ -vúÕçé˙ ´©x Åü¿çû√?) Lochana: What have they got to do with your illness, dear?

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?) Rachana: She'll give me some anti allergic medicine. That's no good. It has to run its usual cense.

(Ç¢Á’ Ø√èπ◊ ߪ÷çöà -á©-Jéb ˙ ´’çü¿’-LÆæ’hçC. Å¢Ëç °æE-îË-ߪ’´¤. Ç -á©Kb Öçú≈Lq-†çûª Æ洒ߪ’ç ÖçúÕ, ÅüË ûªí∫’_-ûª’çC) Lochana: For better or for worse you'd better see her. You'll have some relief. Medicine does make a difference.

(¢√öÀéà †’´¤y ¶«í¬ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈-EéÀ àç Ææç•çüµ¿ç?) Rachana: My Doctor long ago told me that they were not for me. No essenced drink or Chocolate for me. I am allergic to them.

(Ø√ ú≈éπd®˝ á°æ¤púÓ îÁ°œpçC. ÅN Ø√èπ◊ °æúø-´E. áÂÆqØ˛q, î√Èéxö¸ ÖçúË §ƒF-ߪ÷©’ Ø√èπ◊ °æúø-´E, Ø√éπN allergy.) Allergy – éÌEo Ç£æ…-®Ω-°æ-ü∆-®√n©’, §ƒFߪ÷©’, ¢√û√-´-®Ωù °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©÷, éÌçü¿J ¨¡K-®Ω-ûª-û√y-©èπ◊ °æúø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç, Åçü¿’-´©x ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ¶«üµ¿©’ éπ©-í∫ôç) Lochana: Then why did you take them at all?

2

(àüË-¢Á’iØ√, ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ -¢Á-∞¡x-úøç -´’ç-*-C. éÌç-ûª -Ö°æ-¨¡-´’-†ç -Öç-ô’ç-C. -´’ç-ü¿’-©-ûÓ ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈ °∂æ-L-ûªç -Öç-ô’ç-C.) Make a difference = ´÷®Ω’pç-úøôç Rachana: I'll for now, I'll try things like vicks and boiled and strained pepper water.

(¢Á∞«h. Åçûª-´®Ωèπ◊ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ Vicks, N’Jߪ÷© éπ≥ƒßª’ç

†í∫®Ω @Nûªç Ø√èπ◊ °æúøü¿’ b) He likes ice cream a lot, but the pity is that it is not for him. (

-âÆˇ-véÃ-¢˛’ -Åçõ‰ ¢√úÕ-ÈéçûÓ É≠ædç. é¬F ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-¢æ Ë’çôçõ‰ Å-C- -Åûª-EéÀ °æúøü¿’.)

c) This kind of job is not for her / Not for her is this kind of Job =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

É™«çöÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç ÇNúø ûªû√y-EéÀ °æúøü¿’ / ÇNúøèπ◊ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

342

(Not

for

him

c) For all the officer cares, the clerks may go to the dogs =

í∫’´÷-≤ƒh©’ Ø√¨¡†ç Å®·Ø√ -Ç °æôdü¿’?

É™«

¢√úøû√.)

àüÁjØ√ / á´-È®jØ√ Ø√¨¡-†-´’-´ôç) ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’, ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ

go to hell

d) For all I care what does it matter how he spends his money / He may spend his money as he likes =

-

Rachana: They have a great temptation to me. I like them so much. So, I said to myself, "for all that I care, let me have a go at them", and I took them. And here I am, sneezing like hell and with a running nose. My fondness for them has landed me in trouble.

(ÅN †ØÁoçûÓ Çéπ-J{-≤ƒh®·. Å´çõ‰ áçA≠æd¢Á÷ Ø√èπ◊. Åçü¿’éπE E†o ņ’èπ◊Ø√o. 'Ç à-¢Á’iûË Åü¿-´¤-ûª’çC. äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢√öÀE BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç—. ÅE BÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o ÅçûË. îª÷¨»-´¤í¬, ûª’´·t©’, ´·èπ◊\ 鬮Ωôç.)

Boiled = Strain =

´’J-T† / ´’J-Tç´úø-§Ú-ߪ’ôç)

*†;

Lochana: How long will it trouble you?

(-É-C -E-†’o -á-Ø√o-∞¡Ÿx -¶«-CµÆæ’hç-C) Rachana: At least for a week.

not

ûÓ

begin

îËÊÆh,

effect

¢√úÕ úø•’s ¢√úÁ™« ê®Ω’a °ô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ Ø√ÍéçöÀ? 5) For all the enjoyment you had

É™«çöÀ NØÓü¿ç Ø√èπ◊ °æúøü¿’. 2. M.SURESAN

No mango juice for me / no, not for me =

-´÷-N’-úÕ ®ΩÆæç -Ø√èπ◊ °æ-úø-ü¿’. É≠ædç/-´’-èπ◊\´

3) Fondness for =

(éπFÆæç ¢√®Ωç) Lochana: The bus is coming. Let's get into it. (

-•Æˇ ´≤ÚhçC. áèπ◊\ü∆ç.)













a) His fondness for Cricket is ruining his studies. (Cricket °æôx Åûª-E-èπ◊†o ´’èπ◊\´ ÅûªE îªü¿’-´¤†’ §ƒúø’-îË-≤ÚhçC.

For ¢√úË ´’J-éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ Ñ lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç. Study the use of for in the following

b) Sugunas fondness for creams is costing her a lot of money =

To have a go at something =

1) My Doctor told me long ago that they were not for me.

Creams °æôx Ææ’í∫’-ù-èπ◊†o ´’èπ◊\´ ´©x Ç¢Á’ î√™« ê®Ω’a °-úø’-ûÓçC.

àüÁjØ√ îËÆœ îª÷úøôç.

2) No essenced drink or Chocolate for me.

I'd like to have a go at walking all the way up the hill.

(ã≤ƒJ éÌçúø-O’-CéÀ †úÕ-*-¢ÁRx (Bus ™ é¬èπ◊çú≈ / ÉçÍé ¢√£æ«†ç O’ü¿ é¬èπ◊çú≈) îª÷ú≈-©E ÖçC) Lochana: I really pity you. For all the enjoyment you had, you might just as well have not bothered about them. Why don't you see a doctor?

(Eïçí¬ E†’o îª÷ÊÆh ñ«™‰-Ææ’hçC. †’´¤y §ÒçC† éÌCl-§ƒöÀ džç-ü∆-EéÀ, ¢√öÀE °æöÀdç--èπ◊E Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’. ú≈éπd-®˝†’

sentences from the conversation above.

3) My fondness for them has landed me in trouble. 5) For all the enjoyment you had, you might just as well have not bothered about it. 6) For better or for worse you'd better see her.

a) For all I care, let him hang himself =

1&2 ..... they were not for me - not for somebody expression ....

Ñ

îª÷úøçúÕ. not for me = Ø√èπ◊ °æúø-EC

a) City life is not for me = City life is not suitable for me / does not suit me =

-v°æ-¨¡o: Ø√èπ◊ Éç-Tx≠ˇ ®√ü¿’. ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ ¢Á·ü¿ô Tenses ûª®√yûª Articles É™« step by step ØË®Ω’a-éÓ¢√™«? ´·çü¿’ àN ¶«í¬ ØË®Ω’aèπ◊çõ‰ éπFÆæç 50] ÉçTx≠ˇ™ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫©ç? English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ú≈EéÀ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-鬩’çõ‰ îÁ°æpçúÕ. – °œ. ¶«©’, †®√q-°æ‹®˝ -ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω’ 'ÑØ√úø’ v°æA-¶µº—™ Spoken English lessons, No1 †’ç* îªü¿-´çúÕ. ¢√öÀ™  îÁ°œp-†ô’x practice -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ. Éçûª-éπçõ‰

c) His fondness for jokes often lands him in trouble = Jokes Åçõ‰ Åûª-E-èπ◊†o É≠ædç ´©x Ææ´’Ææu ™„ü¿’®Ì\ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’. 4) For all that I care = àüË-´’-®·ûË Ø√Íéç. (Åçõ‰ ØËØËç °æöÀdç--éÓ†’, Ø√Íé-´’çûª interest ™‰ü¿’, ÅE)

4) For all that I care

-v°æ-¨¡o:

´·êuç– áçûª O©’çõ‰ Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ English îªü¿´çúÕ– *†o *†o story books ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, English Newspapers ´®Ωèπ◊ ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´çúÕ. English N†çúÕ. O’èπ◊ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’. unless, lest , torn off, counter fire OöÀE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h ¢√é¬u©’, ¢√öÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – á. °çîª-©ßª’u íıú˛, ®√ïç-Ê°ô

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Unless he knows she is here, he will not come =

a) He will come here only if he knows she is here =

¢√-úÕ-E ÖÍ®Ææ’éÓE, Ø√Íéç b) For all I care, You may waste all your money =

F úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’éÓ, Ø√Íéç! (NÆæ’-í∫’, E®Ωxéπ~uç-ûÓ ûÁ©-°æôç) b) Unless you send the money you can't get the books. You have to send the money to get the books. (You can get the books, if you send the money. (Unless =

= †’´¤y §ÒçC† džç-ü∆Eo ûª©-èπ◊çõ‰ (Åçõ‰ ü∆E °∂æLûªç, Ç Ç†çü¿ç §Òçü¿-èπ◊çú≈ -Öçõ‰ØË ¶«í∫’çúËC ÅEpçîªôç)

áèπ◊\´)

d) Not for me this kind of entertainment =

Å®·-ûËØË/ Å®·-ûË-ûª°æp)

Íéç

(Something / Somebody going to the dogs = (

No essenced drink or Chocolate for me

(Å™«ç-ô°æ¤púø’ ÅÆ晄ç-ü¿’èπ◊ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?)

Officer

a) For all that you got for the money,you might as well not have spent it

†’´¤y °öÀd† úø•’s ûª©--èπ◊çõ‰, Ç úø•’s °ôdèπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ØË ¶«í∫’ç-úË-üË¢Á÷! (†’´¤y °öÀd† úø•’sèπ◊ ûªT-†çûª v°æA-°∂æ©ç ®√™‰-ü¿E) b) For all the pleasure I had with so much effort. I might as well have not tried at all =

Åçûª v°æߪ’-ûªoçûÓ Øˆ’ §ÒçC† Ææ®Ωü∆ ûª©-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅÆæ©’ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’éπ§Úߪ·çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç--úË-üË-¢Á÷. c) For all the distance covered at such an expense by his car, he could have as well taken flight =

鬮Ω’-™ Åçûª ê®Ω’aûÓ Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞Ïx-éπ-Ø√o Åûª†’ N´÷-†ç™ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa. 6) For better for worse = àüË-¢Á’iØ√ a) Let's go there, for better or for worse = àüË¢Á’iØ√ ´’†ç Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé∞«lç. (´’ç*-ÈéjØ√, îÁúø’-ÈéjØ√ /°∂æL-ûª-¢Ë’-¢Á’iØ√) b) For better or for worse, I've chosen this job, and I will continue in it =

´’ç*-ÈéjØ√ îÁúø’-ÈéjØ√ (àüÁj-Ø√-ÆæÍ®) ØËF ÖüÓu-í¬-ØÁoç-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Éçü¿’-™ØË é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-û√†’. c) For better or for worse. I am quitting this job =

´’çîÁjØ√, îÁúÁjØ√ (àüË-¢Á’iØ√) ؈’ Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´÷†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.

lest the police catch, him = He ran away so that the police may not catch him. 3) Torn off =

*ç°œ-¢ËÆœ†.

a) He found his books torn off (by the child) =

ûª† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ (Ç *†o Gúøf-) *çÊ°-Æœ Öç-úøôç éπ†°æ-úÕçC Åûª-EéÀ.

c) Unless he has a degree, he cannot get the job = He must have a degree to get the job.

b) He had the agreement torn off -

2) lest = so that not =

4) Counter fire = This expression doesn't appear to be in use. It may mean, return fire. Counter fire English return the fire

(àüÁjØ√) Å´-èπ◊çú≈

ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. a) Start early lest you should miss (lest you miss) the train = start early so that you may not miss the train.

-Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø’çü¿E ûÁL-ÊÆhØË Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ - (võ„®·-Ø˛ ûª°œp-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË®Ω’.) ´≤ƒhúø’. b) He ran away lest the police should catch / unless = Å®·-ûËØË / Å®·ûË ûª°æp.

ÅûªØ√ ä°æpç-ü∆Eo *çîË-¨»úø’. ÅØË ´÷ô ™ Ö†oô’x éπEpç-îªü¿’. áü¿’-®Ω’-é¬-©’p©’ ÅüË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ ÅE Åçö«ç.

a) If some one fires at you, you return the fire. (

á´-È®jØ√ O’O’ü¿ 鬩’p©’ ïJ-°œûË, O’®Ω’ áü¿’-®Ω’-鬩’p©’ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-û√®Ω’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 12 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Priya: Hi Sneha, long time, no see. Where have you been all these days?

(áØÓo ®ÓV-™„jçC, ´’†ç éπ©’Ææ’-éÌE. áéπ\-úø’Ø√o´¤, ÉEo ®ÓV©÷?) Sneha: Busy with a research project and because of it I had to be away for months gathering material.

(àüÓ °æJ-¨-üµ¿Ø√ 鬮ΩuçûÓ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. ü∆EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπ-JÆæ÷h ØÁ©© ûª®Ω-•úÕ •ßª’ô Öçú≈Lq ´*açC.) Priya: Have you completed it?

Priya: I mistook him for your manager.

(ØËEûªúÕE O’ -¢Ë’-ØË-ï®˝ ņ’-èπ◊E §Ò®Ω-°æú≈f.) Sneha: This guy is flexible, but he has no powers. The decisions are the manager's and this man just signs for him.

(Éûª†’ éÌçîÁç NØË ®Ωéπ¢Ë’, é¬F ÉûªEÍéç ÅCµé¬-®√©’ ™‰´¤. E®Ωg-ߪ÷-©Fo -¢Ë’-ØË-ï®˝¢Ë, Çߪ’† •ü¿’©’ Ææçûª-鬩’ ´÷vûªç Ñߪ’† îË≤ƒhúø’.) Priya: Why don't you change your job? You can avoid these tours.

(F ÖüÓuí∫ç áçü¿’èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ´¤? Ñ v°æߪ÷ù«©’ ûª°æ¤p-û√-®·-éπü∆?)

(°æ‹Jh î˨»¢√ ü∆Eo?) Sneha: No. It had to be suspended for want of funds.

(™‰ü¿’. Eüµ¿’© éÌ®Ω-ûªûÓ Ç -v§ƒ-ñ„èπ◊d -û√û√\-Léπçí¬ Ç§ƒLq ´*açC)

Sneha: Just for lack of time. I am so busy at office that I don't find the time to look for a new job. (

Priya: You look run down.

(Å©-Æœ-§Ú®· F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤) Sneha: That's outside and restaurant food for you! Before I left home I had been on home food and no trouble whatever. Once I left home I couldn't care what I ate, and where I ate. That's affected my health.

2

Æ洒ߪ’ç ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´™‰x. éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ¢Áûª’-éÓ\-™‰†çûª G@ ؈’ Ç°∂‘-Æˇ™.) Priya: Any, you'd better take care of your health. Any thing for health, you know. Once you lose it, you can't be the same again. That's for sure.

(àüË-¢Á’iØ√, F Ç®Óí∫uç ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´ôç ´’ç*C. Ç®Óí∫uç

(•ßª’ô, £æ«Ùô-∞¡x™ AØË AçúÕ Å™«ç-öÀ-üË-´’J! É©’x ´ü¿-©-éπ-´·çü¿’ ÉçöÀ AçúÕ AØË-ü∆Eo. à ¶«üµ∆ ™‰ü¿’. É-©’x -´C-L† ûª®√yûª àç AØ√o†’, áéπ\úø AØ√o†’ ÅØËC °æöÀdç--éÓ-™‰-éπ§Úߪ÷. Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç §ƒúÁjçC Åçü¿’´™‰x.)

6) Just for lack of time 7) That's hotel food for you! 1&6) for want of = for lack of =

éÌ®Ωûª ´©x/ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´©x

c) for fear of waking the guards, we walked quietly =

í¬®˝fq†’ Evü¿-™‰-°æ¤-û√-´’†o ¶µºßª’çûÓ ¢Ë’ç E¨¡z-•lçí¬ †úÕî√ç.

a) for want of proper support he dropped the idea of standing for the election =

d) for fear of contacting AIDS, they avoided the AIDS patient =

ÆæÈ®j† ´’ü¿lûª’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ áEo-éπ™x §ÚöÃ-îËߪ’ôç ´÷-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’

á®·ú˛q ûª´’-èπÿ\ú≈ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË ¶µºßª’ç ´©x ¢√∞«x Ê°Â≠çö¸ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. 3) for fear or (for) favour = ¶µºßª’ç-´-©x-í¬F É≠ædç/ ¶µºéÀh´©x-í¬F / ÅGµ-´÷†ç´©x-í¬F

b) for want of time for preparation, they want the exam to be put off =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

343

ûªßª÷-®Ω-ßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´©x, ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æKéπ~†’ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ÷-©E éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.

a) you can't get help here for fear or favour

¶µºßª’ç´©x-í¬F, ÅGµ-´÷†ç´©x-í¬F †’Ny-éπ\úø à Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §Òçü¿-™‰´¤. (†’´yçõ‰ ¶µºßª’ç-ûÓ-í¬F, ÅGµ-´÷-†ç-ûÓ-í¬F FÈé-´y®Ω÷ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø-J-éπ\úø) b) Nothing can be had here for fear or favour =

He is acting for the manager

Priya: I've preferred a local job mainly for fear of losing my health.

(Ç®Óí∫uç §ƒúÁj§Úûª’ç-ü¿ØË ¶µºßª’ç-ûÓØË, ؈’ ≤ƒnE-éπçí¬ Ö†o ÖüÓuí∫ç É≠æd°æúø’ûª’Ø√o.) Sneha: I have told my boss a number of times to keep me here, but he wouldn't listen. He is not one to do things for fear or for favour.

(†Eo-éπ\úË Öçîª-´’E ´÷ -¶«ÆˇûÓ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ§ƒp†’. é¬F Åûª†’ NE-°œç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Åûª†’ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úÕ-í¬F, ÅGµ-´÷-Ø√-EéÀí¬F °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’.) Priya: You mean the present man? I thought he was the nice sort.

(†’´y-ØËC É°æ¤p-úø’†o ÅûªúÕE í∫’Jçî√? Åûª†’ ´’ç* ®Ωéπ-´’ØË Å†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-ØËo†’!) Sneha: No. Not this man. He is not our manager. He is acting for the manager, as he is on leave.

(é¬ü¿’. Ñߪ’-†-é¬ü¿’. Éûª†’ ´÷- ¢Ë’-ØË-ï®˝ é¬úø’. -¢Ë’-ØË-ï®˝ -M-´¤™ Ö†oç-ü¿’†, Éûª†’ -¢Ë’-ØË-ï®˝ ûª®Ω-°∂椆 °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’/ -¢Ë’-ØË-ï®˝ ≤ƒn†ç™ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.)

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) I was glad to hear from father that you are still hale and hearty and can take your 4km walk every day - This sentence is observed in Wren& Martin grammar book (old). Please clarify the correctness of this sentence.

ii) The foundations of many buildings would have (got) damaged in the earthquake. iii) By next September -- the shrubs would have grown 4 ft high. Please clarify the correctness of these sentences using 'would have' one referring to past and another to future.

-ï¢√--•’:

– ñ„. íÓ´-®Ωn-Ø˛-®√´¤, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø

i) I was glad to hear from father - This is the main clause, and the verb in it 'was' is in the past tense. But the verb in the subordinate clause- are is in the present tense - strictly speaking, it should be 'were', but then the

éÓÆæç ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷L. äéπ≤ƒJ Ç®Óí∫uç éÓ™pûË ´’Sx ´’†ç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷´‚©’ 鬙‰ç.) Sneha: You're right

(†’´¤y ÆæJí¬_ îÁ§ƒp´¤.)

c) for want of funds the project hasn't yet taken off =

Eüµ¿’© éÌ®Ωûª ´©x Ç v§ƒñ„é˙d Éçé¬ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬙‰ü¿’. d) for want of proper leadership, the party is weak =





M.SURESAN We've been studying the uses of the preposition, 'for' for the past few days, haven't for want of = for lack of. we? Let's now look at some more uses of 'for'. for want of for lack of lesson for English conexpression. versation Practice Practice Look at the following sen2) for fear of = tences from the conversation above. a) for fear of losing his ministership he says 1) It had to be suspended for want of funds. yes to whatever the CM says = 2) I've preferred a local job mainly for fear of losing health.

Ñ

™,

¢√úÕ† Nüµ¿ç, ™ î√™« ûª®Ωîª’í¬ N-E°œÆæ’hç-ô’çC. îËߪ’çúÕ.

3) He is not one to do things for fear or (for) favour

ÆæÈ®j† Ø√ߪ’-éπûªy éÌ®Ωûª ´©x, Ç §ƒKd EÊÆhïçí¬ ÖçC. È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. °j Ææçü¿®√s¥©Eoçöx, •ü¿’©’, ¢√úø-´îª’a. ÉC î√™« ´’ç* îËߪ’çúÕ. Ç ¶µºßª’ç ´©x

´’çvA °æü¿N §Úûª’ç-ü¿ØË ¶µºßª’ç ´©x Æ‘áç îÁÊ°p-ü∆-E-éπ-™«x Çߪ’† ûª©÷-°æ¤-û√úø’.

b) He didn't raise his voice for fear of his father =

4) He is acting for the manager 5) ... and the man just signs for him.

meaning would be affected. We'd get the meaning, that they were still hale and hearty when they heard from their father and not after words. This does not express correctly what person has heard from the father. In informal English (especially when a present situation/ a situation which is continuing is referred to, the present tense verb is preferred even if the main clause verb is in the past tense. eg: The station master told me an hour ago that the train is running late by an hour. This is accepted, if it applies to an on going situation. Look at this again: I knew from him yesterday that you are here for a conference tomorrow. In such cases, the rule is not strictly insisted upon. ii) The foundations of many buildings would have got damaged- this means that there was a likelihood of the foundations being damaged, but in fact they were not. If the

ûªçvúøçõ‰ ¶µºßª’ç ´©x Åûª†’ íÌçûÁAh ´÷ö«x-úø™‰ü¿’. speaker's meaning was that they were likely to have been damaged, the sentence should be - The foundations of many buildings might have been/ might have got damaged. iii) By next September the shrubs would have grown four ft high- wrong. The reference here is to an action expected to be complete by some time in future. The correct sentence is: By next September, the shrubs will have grown 4' high.

-v°æ-¨¡o: outstretched,

yet, someone else

OöÀE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h ¢√é¬u©’, ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – á. °çîª-©ßª’u íıú˛, ®√ïç-Ê°ô -ï-¢√--•’: i) Outstretched = •ßª’-ôèπ◊ î√*/´·ç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√*. (´·êuçí¬ ¨¡K®Ω ¶µ«í¬©’) a) He ran to his mother with his arms outstretched =

îËûª’©’ ´·çü¿’èπ◊/ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ î√* ¢√∞¡x-´’t-- ¢Áj°æ¤/ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ °æ®Ω’-Èí-û√húø’. (éı-T-Lç--éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊)

¶µºßª’ç ´©x-í¬F, ÅGµ-´÷-†ç´-©x-í¬F Ééπ\úËç üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’. (Ééπ\úø Fé¬\-´-©-Æ œ†C üÌ®Ω-éπôç, †’´¤y 鬢√-©-†’éÌ-ØËC ï®Ω-í∫ôç î√™« éπ≠dçæ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ)

c) (This is) not the place where you can get money for fear or favour =

FéÀ-éπ\úø úøGs-îËa-¢√-È®-´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. Ééπ\úø for Åçõ‰ •ü¿’©’/ ûª®Ω-°∂椆 ÅE.

4&5) For the manager =

a) The P.S. signs for the minister =

N’E-Æd®æ ˝ •ü¿’©’ Çߪ’† °æ®Ωq-†™¸ ÂÆvÈé-ôK Ææçûªéπç îË≤ƒh®Ω’. b) The CEO is acting for the chairman =

îµÁj®ΩtØ˛ ûª®Ω-°∂椆

CEO

´u´-£æ«-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Ééπ\úø for you Åçõ‰ Å™« Öçô’çC, ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ ÅE. (Hotel food Å™« Öçô’çC ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ!)

7) That's hotel food for you! -

a) That's politicians for you! Interested only in themselves and never in the people =

ÅD ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-¢√-ü¿’-©çõ‰. ûÁL-ÆœçC éπü∆! á°æ¤úø÷ ≤ƒy®Ωn¢Ë’, v°æï© v¨Ïߪ’Ææ’q é¬èπ◊çú≈. That's.... for you! - ÉC ´’ç* conversational bit. ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. b) He was looking with his neck outstretched =

¢Á’úø ´·çü¿’èπ◊ î√* îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

ii) and yet = yet = though/ although/ eventhough =

Å®·Ø√/ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ. a) I gave him Rs. 1000/and yet he is not happy =

¢Ë®· ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-Lî√a†’ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÕéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ™‰ü¿’.

b) I told him to get out and yet he stands there =

¢√úÕo ¢ÁRx-§Ò-´’tØ√o Åéπ\úË E©-•úÕ

ÖØ√oúø’. iii) Someone else =

ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o.

a) He didn't do it. Someone else did it. I don't know who.

(ÅC ¢√úø’ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ÉçÈé-´®Ó î˨»®Ω’. á´®Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’.)

b) If you don't help me, someone else will =

†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË, ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o îË≤ƒh®Ω’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 14 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Susen: I'm afraid I'm in for serious trouble.

(؈’ Bv´-¢Á’i† É•sç-C™ °æúø-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-†-Ep≤ÚhçC.) Rasik: What makes you think so?

(Å™« áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?) Susen: Well, I felt that the job I was assigned at office was not for me. So did I tell the officer. She insisted, I do it. I refused. (Ç°∂‘-Ææ’™ Ø√éπ-°æp-Tç-*† °æE Ø√èπ◊ ûªT-†C é¬ü¿E ÅE-°œç-*çC. Ç N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ ´÷ Ç°∂‘Ææ®˝ûÓ îÁ§ƒp†’. ÇN-úË¢Á÷ °æô’d-•-öÀdçC. ؈’ ´©x-é¬-ü¿-Ø√o†’.) Rasik: Why do you feel it is not for you?

(Fèπ◊ ûªTç-C-é¬-ü¿E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) Susen: For one thing, it means going out and gathering information out of office hours.

2

Susen: How does that concern you? Any way, she is Ms Rajyalakshmi.

(FÈéç-ü¿’èπ◊?/ ÇNúø Ê°Í®-üÁjûË FÍéç? ÆæÍ®, -Ç-¢Á’ Ê°®Ω’ ®√--ïu-©éÀ~ t) Rasik: I think I know her. Isn't she called Rajyam for short? Her husband is a Railway Officer, isn't he?

(ÇNúø Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ-†’-èπ◊çö«. ÇN-úø†’ ®√ïuç ÅE Åçö«®Ω’/ °œ©’≤ƒh®Ω’ éπü∆? ÇNúø ¶µº®Ωh È®j™‰y Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ éπü∆?) Susen: Yea. (Do) you know her then? If you happen to see her tell her I wouldn't do it for any thing.

(Å´¤†’ – Å®·ûË Fé¬-Núø ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Ñ≤ƒJ †’¢√y-N-úø†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ îÁ°æ¤p, àüË-´’-®·Ø√ ØËØ√-°æE îËߪ’†’ ÅE.)

(äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’-N’-ôçõ‰ Ç °æEéÀ •ßª’ô AJT Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπ-Jç-î√Lq Öçô’çC, ÅD Ç°∂‘Ææ’ Å´-®Ω’qèπ◊ ´·çü¿÷ ûª®√yû√.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

344

a) I am late. I am sure I'm in for trouble=

ØËØ√-©Ææuç Åߪ÷u†’. É•sç-C™ °æúø-¶-ûª’-Ø√oØËo†’. ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. b) You are doing what you ought not to do. You'll be in for trouble=

†’´¤y îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøE °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. É•sç-ü¿’™x °æúø-û√´¤. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'in for it' ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. c) If she doesn't complete the work by the evening, she is in for it =

I'd do it for the asking Rasik: Ofcourse, you'd be paid special allowance for it, wouldn't you?

(Å®·ûË ü∆EéÀ v°æûËué𠶵ºûªuç Öçô’çC éπü∆?) Susen: Certainly. But that doesn't tempt me.

Rasik: If I were you, I'd do it for the asking. What more could you ask for? You needn't sit in the office turning over the files.

(ØËØË †’´y-®·ûË, ÅC Åúø-í∫-ô¢Ë’ Ç©Ææuç ņoô’x äÊ°p-Ææ’-éÓ-†’ç-úË-¢√-úÕE. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ àç é¬-¢√L? Ç°∂‘-Ææ’™ èπÿ®Ω’aE °∂j™¸q A®Ω-Íí-ߪ’-†éπ\-Í®xü¿’.) Susen: For that matter, I had the offer of such a job long ago- I mean, a job that would make me go out about a lot. I hate having to move about. That's precisely why I preferred this job.

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh Å™«çöÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç– Åçõ‰ A®Ω-í∫ôç áèπ◊\´ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-ßË’uC– Ø√Èé-°æ¤púÓ ´*açC. A®Ω-í∫ôç Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ îÁúøf *®√èπ◊. Ñ ñ«¶¸†’ áç-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅüË é¬®Ωùç.) precisely = exactly = éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Rasik: Who's your officer?

(O’ Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ á´®Ω’?)

v°æ¨¡o: OöÀ

´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. ii) drawn, sink- OöÀ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç-™ ûËú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? – áç. Å°æp-©-®√V, N¨»-ê-°æôoç

M.SURESAN

(ÆæÍ®x, Åéπ\ú≈°߽’. ؈’ Ç°∂‘Ææ’Èé-∞«xL. ¶„j.) ☺

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Preposition- 'for' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. Éçé¬ à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, à Å®√n-©ûÓ spoken English ™ ¢√úËD Ñ lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷úø-¶ßË’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’, î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œ-≤ƒh®· spoken English ™. For ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¢√úÕûË ´’† sentences EúÕN ûªT_ î√™« simple í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ NE-°œ-≤ƒh®·.

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above. 1) I'm in for serious trouble 2) The job I was assigned at office was not for me. 3) Why do you feel it is not for you 4) For one thing, it means going out and gathering information. 5) I'd do it for the asking. 6) For that matter, I had the offer... long ago 7) Isn't she called Rajyam for short? 1) Be in for =

É•sç-ü¿’-™„-ü¿’-®Ó\-¶-´ôç/ Péπ~ §ÒçüË Å´-鬨¡ç. Ñ expression spoken English ™ î√™« common. O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úøçúÕ. b) Four people were injured in the bus accident-

wound, hurt-

asking

Bus

v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ †©’-í∫’-JéÀ í¬ßª÷-©-ߪ÷u®·. c) Injure ™ í¬ßª’-°æúøf Å´-ߪ’-¢√-EéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç/ v§ƒ´·êuç d) Injure = †≠ædç éπL-Tç-îªúøç. This has injured his reputation -

ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’-éÀC †≠ædç éπL-Tç-*çC. -ï-¢√-•’: i. b) Hurt. Hurt Åçõ‰ í¬ßª’-°æ-úøôç/ í¬ßª’-°æ-®Ωaôç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åçü¿’-´©x éπLÍí ¶«üµ¿, ØÌ°œp ÅE i. a) Injure: ¨¡K®Ω ¶µ«í¬-EéÀ üËE-ÈéjØ√ í¬ßª’-´’-´úøç/ í¬ßª’-°æ-®Ωaúøç– ´·êuçí¬ Åéπ-≤ƒtû˝ v°æ´÷-ü∆-©-´©x èπÿú≈. (Injure ™ í¬ßª÷-EÍé v§ƒüµ∆†uç, ü∆E ¶«üµ¿éπçûª v§ƒüµ∆-†uç-™‰ü¿’.) (Road accident, Çô™x ûªT™‰ üÁ•s©’, ñ«J-°æúøôç, ûªC-ûª®Ω v°æ´÷-ü∆-©-´©x). Hurt ņo-°æ¤úø’, í¬ßª’ç v°æ´÷-ü¿-´-¨»ûª’h ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 鬆-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ÉçÍé-N-üµ¿ç-í¬-ØÁjØ√ í¬ßª’-¢Á’iØ√ ÅC a) She injured her foot while playing tennis hurt. õ„EoÆˇ Çúø’-ûª’†o°æ¤púø’ Ç¢Á’ §ƒü¿ç í¬ßª’-°æ-úÕçC.

for

trouble

d) He is smoking too much. He is asking for trouble =

´’-K áèπ◊\´ ≤Úté˙ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. É•sçC éÌE ûÁaèπ◊çô’-Ø√oúø’/ °æúø-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. e) You are buying that car? Don't ask for trouble =

Ç é¬®Ω’ é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? É•sçC éÌE-ûÁ-a-éÓèπ◊. 2 & 3) Not for me/ not for somebody. suit

-é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç)

a) A travel job is not for me =

c) For one thing or another, he is almost never at home =

àüÓ N≠æߪ’ç O’ü¿ Åûªúø’ Éçöx ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ Öçúøúø’. 5) for the asking = ÅúÕ-TûË ´îËaC. Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ ´îËa ´Ææ’h´¤/ ÅßË’u °æE.

b) The book is yours for the asking. Ask him

†’´y-úø-í∫-ô¢Ë’ Ç©Ææuç. Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Fü¿-´¤-ûª’çC. (¢√úÕ-†-úø’í∫’. ÉîËa-≤ƒhúø’.) c) There's a lot of demand for the IT people. The jobs are there for the asking =

âöâ√∞¡xÍé ´’ç* T®√éà ÖçC. ÅúÕ-TûË ÉîËa-≤ƒh®Ω’ ÖüÓu-í¬©’. 6) for that matter = ÉC èπÿú≈ ûª®Ωîª÷ N†-°æúË ´÷ô. Å®Ωnç: Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh a) Vijayawada is hot in summer. For the matter which coastal city isn't? =

¢ËÆæ-N™ Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø î√™« ¢ËúÕí¬ Öçô’çC. Ç N≠æߪ÷E-éÌÊÆh, à éÓ≤ƒh †í∫®Ωç ¢ËúÕ é¬ü¿’? b) The movie is just dances and stunts. For that matter all Indian movies are just that=

Ç ÆœE´÷ Åçû√ ú≈u†’q©’, Æædçô’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh ÅEo *vû√©÷ ÅçûË. 7) for short - èπ◊Cç-îªôç (Ê°®Ω’ ™«çöÀN)

v°æߪ÷-ù«©’çúË ÖüÓuí∫ç Ø√èπ◊ °æúøü¿’. b) Not for him is this kind of climate =

É™«çöÀ ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç Åûª-EéÀ °æúøü¿’ é¬ü¿’)

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ Ç¢Á’†’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx °œ©-´†÷ °œ©-´®Ω’, È®çúÓC Ç¢Á’ ¢Á∞¡x†÷ ¢Á∞¡xü¿’.

†’´y-úÕ-TûË î√©’, ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-úø-ûª†’/ Åúø-í∫ô¢Ë’ Ç©Ææuç ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒhúø’.

Åçö«ç = É•sçC °æúøû√´¤/ °æúø-û√úø’

(ÆæJ-°æ-úøü¿’/ ûªT-†C é¬éπ-§Ú-´úøç/

b) For one thing they never invite her and for another, she doesn't like to go there =

a) He will help you for the asking. He will help willingly =

≤ƒßª’ç-vûªç -™-°æ© Ç °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Péπ~ ûª°æpü¿’! (Ç¢Á’èπ◊çC ÅØËC – ¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç) ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ, you/ he /...

(Å™«çöÀ °æE ؈-Ææ©’ îËߪ’†’. É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x éπLpç--éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ØË-ØÁ´Jo?) Susen: OK, OK. Leave it at that. I must rush to office.

(îÁLx-≤ƒh®Ω’. é¬E ÅüËç Ø√é¬-éπ-®Ω{ù é¬ü¿’.) tempt= Çéπ-J{ç-îªúøç

i) Injure,

Rasik: For all the world I would do no such thing. Who am I to interfere in such matters?

äéπ-õ‰-N’-ôçõ‰ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷©’ Ø√èπ◊ °æúø-´¤. È®çúÓC Ø√é¬ õ„jç èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’.

(suit

c) Ice cream is not for her. Doctor told her so long ago =

âÆˇvéÃç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ °æúøü¿’. ú≈éπd®˝ á°æ¤púÓ îÁ§ƒp-úøC. 4) for one thing: Conversation ™ î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆®Ωùçí¬ Ñ expression ´Ææ÷hç-ô’çC. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈– äéπ-õ‰-N’-ôçõ‰... Åçô’çö«ç.) a) For one thing, politics are not for me; for another/ secondly, I don't have the time = a) My shoes are hurting me.

(Ø√ ≠æ‡Æˇ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿ éπL-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.) b) You are hurting me by holding my hand tight -

a) His name is Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Prasad. They call him Satyam for short =

ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ O®Ω ¢Áçéπô Ææûªu-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù v°æ≤ƒü˛. Å®·ûË Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÅûªEo Ææûªuç Åçö«®Ω’. b) He comes from 'Gudem', short for Tadepalligudem =

Åûª-úÕC í∫÷úÁç. ÅüË û√úË-°æ-Lx-í∫÷úÁç, èπ◊Cç*† Ê°®Ω’. i. c) Wound

äéπ Çߪ·-üµ¿ç-ûÓ îª®Ωtç-O’ü¿ §ÒúÕ* í¬ßª’-°æ-®Ωaúøç/ §Òúø-´-úøç-´©x í¬ßª’-´’-´ôç – ´·êuçí¬ ü∆úø’™x/ ߪ·ü¿l¥ç™ °ü¿l Ææçêu™ ´’†’-≠æfl©’ í¬ßª’°æ-úøôç. a) Ten men were wounded in the attack -

í∫öÀdí¬ Ø√ îË®· °æô’d-èπ◊E ¶«üµ¿ éπL-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. c) v°æ´÷-ü¿ç-´©x éπLÍí ¶«üµ¿ – He hurt his arm in the accident-

v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ ¢Á÷-îË-AéÀ üÁ•s ûª-T-LçC. Hurt ™ ¶«üµ¿èπ◊, ØÌ°œpéÀ v§ƒ´·êuç d) ´’ØÓ-¶µ«-¢√-©†’ üÁ•s-B-ߪ’-úøç. You've hurt my feelings. e) I feel hurt -

Ø√ (´’†-Ææ’)èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿ éπL-TçC.

Ç ü∆úÕ™ °æC-´’çC í¬ßª’-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. b) He wounded her with a knife.

Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ éπAhûÓ í¬ßª’-°æ-®√aúø’. ´’E≠œ ´·E-T-§Ú-´úøç sink - ´Ææ’h´¤ ´·†-í∫úøç.

ii) drown -

a) He (was) drowned while swimming =

ÑûªéÌúø’-ûª÷ Åûªúø’ ´·E-T-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. b) The ship sank off the coast of Ireland = Ireland

B®√-EéÀ Ç´© Ç ãúø ´·E-T-§Ú-®·çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 16 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prasasthi: Hi Sukrithi, can I have the two books you've promised me?

(†’Ny-≤ƒh-††o Ç È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ؈’ BÆæ’-éÓ-´î√a?/ É°æ¤púø’ É´y-í∫-©¢√?) Sukrithi: I looked for them the whole day yesterday but I could find just one of them. For the present make do with it. I'll try to fish out the other one in a day or two.

(E†o ®Ó-ïçû√ ¢ÁAé¬ ¢√öÀ-éÓÆæç. äéπõ‰ îª÷úø-í∫-L-í¬†’. v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ ü∆EûÓ Ææ®Ω’léÓ. È®çúÓ-ü∆Eo èπÿú≈ ¢ÁA-Íéç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh äéπöÀ È®çúø’ ®ÓV™x.) make do = ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç fishout = ¢ÁAéÀ °æô’d-éÓ-´ôç

Prasasthi: That's nice of you. You've taken a lot of trouble for my sake.

(áçûª ´’ç*ü∆†¢Ó! Ø√éÓÆæç áçûÓ v¨¡´’°æ-ú≈f´¤) Sukrithi: That's Sukrithi anything for a friend.

(ÅD Ææ’éπ%A Åçõ‰. ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ. ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©éÓÆæç àü¿çõ‰ ÅüË (îËÆæ’hçC)) Prasasthi: Privileged to have a chum like you.

(F™«çöÀ ØËÆæhç Öçúøôç Ø√ v°æûËuéπûª) Sukrithi: One more thing. That book is yours for keeps. I don't need it any way.

2

Sukrithi: I am sure it is some where in the house. It's matter of time before I get it for you.

(áéπ\úÓ ÉçöxØË Öçü¿E Ø√ †´’téπç. é¬Ææh time °æúø’-ûª’ç-ü¿çûË. Fèπ◊ É≤ƒh-ØËo-†C)











We are discussing the uses of 'for'. The following are some more uses of for. Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) I looked for them the whole day yesterday. 2) For the present make do with it. 3) You've taken a lot of trouble for my sake

3) For somebody's/ someone's sake= for the sake of someone/ for the sake of somebody =

(v°æûËu-éπçí¬) äéπ-J-éÓÆæç/ äéπ-ü∆-E-éÓÆæç

4) That book is yours for keeps

a) A father takes any kind of trouble for the sake of his children =

5) Anything for a friend

ûª† °œ©x© éÓÆæç/ ¢√∞¡xéÓ-Ææ-¢Á’iûË, ûªçvúÕ àüÁjØ√ îË≤ƒhúø’.

6) I'll try for what it is worth 1) Look for = search for =

¢Áü¿-éπôç

a) I am looking for someone who can explain this =

b) A mother is prepared for any sacrifice for the sake of her children=

ûª† °œ©x© éÓÆæç ûªLx áçûªöÀ û√uí¬-E-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.

ÉC N´-Jç-îª-í∫©¢√∞¡x-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’/ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o†’.

b) What are you looking for? =

c) Harischandra gave up his kingdom for the sake of truth=

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

üËE-éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

345

Ææûªuç éÓÆæ¢Ë’ ®√ñ«uEo ´ü¿’©’ èπ◊Ø√oúø’ £æ«J-¨¡aç-vü¿’úø’.

b) Anything for a quiet life - that's my policy

v°æ¨»çûª @Nûªç éÓÆæç üËE-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’. ÅD Ø√ Nüµ∆†ç. c) He will do anything for money =

Åûª†’ úø•’s éÓÆæç àç îËÊÆç-ü¿’-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’. 4) for keeps = for ever = á°æp-öÀéÃ/ ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬ a) I give it to you for keeps =

ÅC á°æp-öÀéà FéÀ-îËa-Ææ’hØ√o. b) I've travelled a lot. Now I think I'll be here for keeps =

î√™« v°æߪ÷-ù«©’ î˨»-Eç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçûª-´®Ωèπÿ A®Ω’í∫’-ûª÷ØË í∫úÕ-§ƒ†’. Éçéπ á°æp-öÀéà Ééπ\úË ÖçúÕ-§Ú-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

Anything for a friend

(ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç †’¢Ëy ÖçîËÆæ’éÓ. Ø√èπ◊ Å-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Å´-Ææ®Ωç èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’)

Prasasthi: I'm sorry that I can't keep it for ever. I'll certainly return it to you once my work is over. It's not fair on my part to keep it for myself.

(؈-™« BÆæ’éÓ™‰†’. Sorry. ü∆EûÓ Ø√ °æØÁj-§Ú-í¬ØË Fèπ◊ AJTîËa≤ƒh†’. ü∆Eo ؈’ç-îË-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç Ø√uߪ’ç é¬ü¿’) Sukrithi: I am all appreciation for your honest intentions.

(F Eñ«-ߪ’BûÓ èπÿúÕ† ÖüËl-¨»-©†’ ؈’ °æ‹Jhí¬ £æ«J{-Ææ’hØ√o.) Prasasthi: Today is Sunday. There'll be a number of stalls of second hand books. I'll see if I can get the second book there. I'm not sure, but I'll try for what it is worth.

(É¢√∞¡ ÇC-¢√®Ωç éπü∆. §ƒûª °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©¢Ë’t î√™« ü¿’é¬-ù«-©’ç-ö«®·. Ç È®çúÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç Åéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çüË¢Á÷ îª÷≤ƒh. Åçûª †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ Ø√ v°æߪ’ûªoç ؈’ îË≤ƒh)

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ á-™« -Åç-ö«®Ó -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. 1. £«™„tö¸ üµ¿Jç-îª-éπ-§ÚûË °æJ-£æ…®Ωç îÁLx-≤ƒh´÷? 2. £«™„tö¸ üµ¿Jç-îª-éπ-§ÚûË °æJ-£æ…®Ωç îÁLx-≤ƒh-´’çö«¢√? 3. £«™„tö¸ üµ¿Jç-îª-éπ-§ÚûË °æJ-£æ…®Ωç îÁLxç-î√-LqçüËØ√? 4. £«™„tö¸ üµ¿Jç-îª-éπ-§ÚûË °æJ-£æ…®Ωç ûª°æpü∆? 5. £«™„tö¸ üµ¿Jç-îª-éπ-§ÚûË °æJ-£æ…®Ωç ûª°æp-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. – áç.úÕ. éÀ≠æØ˛, éπ-ü∑¿-™«°æ‹®˝

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. Do we pay fine/ Are we fined for not wearing (if we don't wear) a helmet?

c) Looking for that book in these huge piles of books is looking for a needle in a haystack =

Ñ °æ¤Ææh-鬩 üÌçûª®Ωx™ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç éÓÆæç ¢Áûª-éπôç, í∫úÕf¢√´·™ Ææ÷CéÓÆæç ¢Áûª-éπ-ô¢Ë’. Needle in a hay stack= í∫úÕf-¢√-´·™ Ææ÷C– ÉC idiom, O’®Ω’ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Ñ expression èπÿú≈ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. For God's sake = ü¿ßª’ Öç* ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓí¬F/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îÁߪ’u-´’E/ îÁßÁ·u-ü¿lE í∫öÀdí¬ Çïc-™«í¬ îÁ°æp-ú≈-E-éÀ-í¬F ¢√úøû√ç. a) For God's sake, stop beating the child=

M.SURESAN

d) I am looking for some one to help me=

Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç-îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡x-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hØ√o. v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ.

2) For the present = For now =

a) This is all the money that I can give you for present =

v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ Fèπ◊ ؈’ É´y-í∫-L-T† úø•’s ÉçûË. b) Let's not say or do any thing for the present. Let's wait for his next move =

v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ ´’†¢Ë’ç îÁ§Òpü¿’l, îÁßÁ·uü¿’l. ¢√úø’ îËߪ’-¶ßË’üËçö îª÷ü∆lç/ ¢Ë* îª÷ü∆lç. c) Won't this do for the present? =

v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀC î√©ü∆? 2. (Do) you mean we pay fine/ We are fined for not wearing a helmet? 3. Have we to/ Must we/ should we pay fine for not wearing a helmet? 4. Can't we help paying fine for not wearing a helmet? 5. Fine/ Penalty might have to be paid for not wearing a helmet

-v°æ-¨¡o:

(éÓ°æçûÓ, í∫öÀdí¬) Ç Gúøf†’ éÌôdúøç Ç°æ¤. Ééπ î√©’.

©†’

í¬ ¢√úø-´î√a? 2. Question Words †’ pronoun í¬ à-ßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? 3. äéπ noun °æ¤†-®√-´%ûªç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√öÀ •ü¿’-©’í¬ He, She, It, They ©’ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆-! Questions words pronoun í¬ ¢√ú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç àN’öÀ? – úÕ.®√V, -Ç-üÓ-E

you for keeps or does he want it back? =

ÅC Fèπ◊ á°æp-öÀéà ÉîËa-¨»ú≈ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’S} BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ú≈? [for keeps X for the time being éπü∆] 6) For what it is worth = ´’†ç îÁÊ°p-ü∆çöx ´’†Íé Åçûª †´’téπç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·-†-°æ¤púø’, Ñ expression ¢√úøû√ç. a) I think I'll buy this shirt, for what it is worth

b) He is just a boy, how can he lift that heavy box, for God's sake! =

Ñ shirt é̆’èπ◊\çö«™‰, (¶«í∫’Ø√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ÅE/ Åçûª ¶«í∫’çúøéπ§Ú-´îª’a, Å®·Ø√ é̆’èπ◊\çö« ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ)

Åûª†’ *†o èπ◊v®√úø’, Ç •®Ω’-¢Áj† °õ„d†’ ᙫ áûªh-í∫-©úø’? (í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpúøç)

b) Take the old man's advice for what it is worth =

c) For God's sake come out with the truth =

Ç Eï¢Ë’üÓ îÁ°æ¤p (Çü˨¡ç/ Çïc/ ÇvéÓ¨¡çûÓ îÁ°æpôç) 5) Anything for- ÉC î√™« ûª®Ωîª’í¬ N†-°æúË expression- practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Å®Ωnç– üËE-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥ç ÅE. a) Anything for the sake of/ for a friend=

ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’© éÓÆæç üËE-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’

-ï-¢√-•’:

Ç Â°ü∆lߪ’† Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’éÓ, îª÷ü∆lç (Åçûª ´’ç* Ææ©£æ… é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a) c) Though I am not sure I can meet him, I'll try for what it is worth =

¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†ØË †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’, Å®·Ø√ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh (üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√-úË¢Á÷). É´Fo O’ conversation ™ ¢√úÕ ü∆Eo Ææ@-´-¢Á’i† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùí¬ îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. 1) a) What do you want (Pronoun)

1) Possessive pronouns as subjects: a) Mine is that blue car there

(Ø√C)

b) Ours is a most bigger house than this

(´÷C)

c) Yours is not so good as this

(FC/-

O’C) d) His is a better solution

(Åûª-EC)

(Ç¢Á’C) f) Theirs are not clever ideas (

¢√∞¡xN)

You can't use a reflexive pronoun as the subject of a sentence. 2) a) who, whomwords,

á°æ¤púø÷

Ñ È®çúø’

question

Pronouns.

b) What, which, whose Noun (What book, which pen, whose car ) adjectives,

OöÀ °æéπ\† àüÁjØ√

´ÊÆh

-™« ÅN Å™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ äçô-Jí¬ ´ÊÆh ÅN

b) What book do you have? (What- Adjective) 2) a) Which is the better? (Pronoun) b) Which book is the better? (Adjective) 3) a) Whose is the book? (Pronoun)

e) Hers is a very costly necklace

1. Possessive pronoun, Reflexive pronoun subject

c) Has he given it to

Pronouns.

b) Whose book is this? (Adjective) c) Where, whenAdverbs. since when, by when when pronoun. When and where conjunctions.

ÉN

d) Why-

á°æ¤púø÷

Å®·ûË Å†o-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x

Pronoun

í¬ ®√ü¿’.

3) Question words relative pronouns Two or more sentences

í¬ ¢√ú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç: †’ éπL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -É-N Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆. He bought a car. The car is blue- É™« ņç éπü∆. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, The car which he bought is blue ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊; 'Wh' word Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Ë’-éπü∆?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 19 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Srikar: You look tired. Where have you been?

(î√--™«-´’çC Çô-í¬∞¡Ÿ} Nï-ß˝’†’ Èé°d-Ø˛í¬ ûË¢√-©E -Ç-vûªçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ÅC èπÿú≈ É°æpöÀ Èé°d-Ø˛ ¶µºßª÷Eo áèπ◊\´ îË≤ÚhçC.)

(†’´¤y î√™« Å©-Æœ-§Ú-®·-†ô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?) Sritej: Out, playing cricket. (

-véÀÈé-ö¸ -Çúø’-ûª’Ø√o, •ßª’ô.)

Srikar: I think Vijai will be made the captain before the year is out.

Srikar: You have been out for a long time? Have you been playing for long?

(î√™«ÊÆ°æ¤ Éçöx ™‰´¤. î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ Çúø’-ûª’Ø√o¢√?)

(Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç *´-J-™Ê° Nï-ß˝’†’ Èé°d-Ø˛ îË≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«.) Sritej: I wish they did. He deserves to be the captain.

Sritej: Today out of the six hours since midday I have played for three hours.

(É¢√y∞¡ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ 6 í∫çô™x, ؈’ ´‚úø’ í∫çô©’ Çú≈†’.)

(Å™« îËÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Åûª†’ Èé°d-Ø˛í¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å®Ω’|úø’.) Srikar: What about Vijai himself? What does he feel about captaincy?

Srikar: Did Vijai play today?

(ÅÆæ©’ Nïß˝’ ´÷ô àçöÀ? Åûª-ØË-´’-†’-èπ◊çô’-Ø√oúø’ Èé°d-Ø˛ °æü¿N í∫’Jç*?)

(É¢√y∞¡ Nïß˝’ èπÿú≈ Çú≈ú≈?) Sritej: He has been out of town for three days now. I don't know when he will be back.

(´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ ¢√úø’ Ü∞x ™‰úø’. ¢√úø’ ´’Sx á°æ¤úø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.) Srikar: But he didn't play in the last match either. He was in town then, wasn't he? (

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ´÷u-î˝-™†÷ Åûª-Ø√-úø-™‰ü¿’. Å°æ¤púø’ Ü∞xØË ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆?)

Sritej: He wasn't well then. Out of concern for his health his dad told him to take rest.

(Å°æ¤p-úø-ûª-EéÀ äçöx ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. ÅûªE Ç®Óí∫uç °æôx Çü¿’-®√lûÓ ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-´’Ø√oúø’.) Srikar: He is a very good player, isn't he?

Sritej: He keeps out of this. He doesn't just bother about it. All that he does is to play to his ability.

(Åûª†’ Éçü¿’™ éπLpç--éÓúø’. Åûª†’ É´Fo °æöÀdç-éÓúø’. Åûª†’ îËÊÆ-ü¿™«x ûª† ¨¡éÀh-¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ Çúø-ô¢Ë’.) Srikar: I wish him the best of luck. He is a gem of a player.

(ÅûªEéÀ -Åü¿%≠ædç éπ-LÆœ ®√¢√-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ. ã ®Ωûªoç-™«çöÀ Çô-í¬-úø-ûª†’.)

(Åûª†’ î√™« ´’ç* Çô-í¬úø’ éπü∆?)

(Å´¤†’. éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ®√≠æZ ïô’dèπ◊ áç°œ-Èéj† 10 ´’çC™ ´’† v§ƒçûªç †’ç* áç°œ-ÈéjçC ÅûªØÌ-éπ\úË) Srikar: I hear that he is out of favour with your captain. Is that true? Sritej: Yea. He is all for keeping him out of the team. He is afraid Vijai might be made captain in his place.

Rafi : Is your father in?

(O’ Ø√†o -Éçöx ÖØ√o®√?)

Sunil: I'm afraid, no. He is out on some important business. He has been out for an hour now.

(™‰®Ω’. ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE-O’ü¿ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«x®Ω’. í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤í¬ Éçöx ™‰®Ω’-/ •ßª’-öÀ-ÈéRx í∫çô-®·çC). Out of town = Ü∞x ™‰éπ§Ú-´ôç (ᙫçöÀ ÜÈ®jØ√ ÆæÍ®, áçûª °ü¿l †í∫-®Ω-¢Á’iØ√, out of town ÅØË Åçö«ç. out of city, in city Åçûª -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 346 NE°œç-îªü¿’.)

ûª°æ¤p. Ü∞x ™‰®ΩØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ñ expression, English ™ ™‰ü¿’.

English conversation out Lesson Out Out 'out of', combination

•ßª’öÀ ÜJ-†’ç* ´*a† ÅAC∑. Sentences No.3 and 6: Out of =

Åçü¿’™ (¶µ«í∫çí¬)

a) Out of the six hours of leisure, I spent 3 hours watching the TV =

Ç®Ω’ í∫çô© Nv¨»çA Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™, 3 í∫çô©’ TV îª÷Ææ÷h í∫úÕ-§ƒ†’. b) Out of the ten players selected for the state team =

®√≠æZ ïô’dèπ◊ áç°œéπ îËÆœ† °æC ´’çC™. c) Out of the six best in the class, she is the top =

Ç class ™E Ç®Ω’-í∫’®Ω’ Öûªh´’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n™x Ç Å´÷t®· Åûª’u-ûªh´’ç. d) She score a hundred out of a hundred

(Ééπ\úø ÉEo í∫J≠æe ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ Éçûª ÅE) Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´çü¿èπ◊ ´çü¿ ´÷®Ω’\-™Ô-î√a®·.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

Srikar: That's bad for the game.

(ÅC Çôèπ◊ ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’.) Sritej: A lot of players are anxious to have him as our captain. That is adding to the fear of the present captain.

submerge,

a) My dad has been out of town for

M.SURESAN

1) Out, playing cricket 2) You have been out for a long time 3) Out of six hours since midday I've played for 4) He has been out of town 5) Out of concern for his health his dad told him to take rest. 6) Out of the ten selected for the state team. 7) ... he is out of favour with your captain. 8) He is all for keeping him out of the team.

The fields were submerged by the flood water =

Flood waters inundated the whole area =

As she poured the coffee, the sugar cubes coffee were submerged under it = cubes

F∞¡Ÿx äéπ v°æüË-¨»Eo °æ‹Jhí¬ Ç´-Jç-îªôç/éπÊ°p-ߪ’ôç. Ç v°æü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç ´®Ωü¿ F∞¡Ÿx éπÊ°p-¨»®·/ Çvéπ-N’ç-î√®·/ Ç´-Jç-î√®·. Inundate Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, ´’†èπ◊ Å©-N-é¬-†ç-ûªí¬ àüÁjØ√ §Òçü¿úøç. Requests for more information inundated our office = office office

´’Jçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç 鬢√-©ØË Å¶µºu-®Ωn-†©’ †’ ´·çîË-¨»®·/ Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†-©ûÓ ´÷ ´÷ ´·E-T-§Ú-®·çC. í∫´’-Eéπ: Inundate é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç. Submerge: Åçõ‰ ´·†-í∫ôç – Inundate ™«í∫ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡¢Ë’ F∞¡x-™ ØË ´·†-í∫ôç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ à ´Ææ’h-¢ÁjØ√, à vü¿´ç™ØÁjØ√ ´·†-í∫ôç.

points

èπ◊

5 points

´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´î√a®·.

Out of concern for =

Çü¿’®√l ´©x.

a) Out of fear no one opened his mouth =

¶µºßª’ç ´©x á´®Ω÷ ØÓ®Ω’ N°æp-™‰ü¿’.

Inundate =

ï¢√•’:

°æC

Sentence No 5:

two days now =

§Ò™«©’ ´®Ωü¿ F∞¡x™ ´·E-T-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. Ééπ\úø Submerge = inundate. Å®·ûË submerge Åçõ‰ ÉçÍé vü¿´ç™ØÁjØ√, ÉçÍé ´Ææ’h-¢ÁjØ√ ´·†-í∫ôç/ ´·çîªôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç -ÖçC.

OöÀ ûËú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? – Å°æp-©-®√V, N¨»-ê-°æôoç

e) They were able to get only five out of ten points =

Out of station -

™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ †’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç, Ñ ™. î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Ç Ææçü¿®√s¥©†’ É°æ¤púø’ °æJ-Q-L-ü∆l´÷? N†-°æúË

three hours.

(Å´¤†’. ÅûªEo ïô’d™ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îËߪ÷-©E ¶«í¬ ÖçC. ûª† ≤ƒn†ç™ Nï-ß˝’†’ Èé°d-Ø˛í¬ îË≤ƒh-Í®¢Á÷†E ÅûªE ¶µºßª’ç.)

inundate, maroon

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. OöÀ™x èπ◊ Å®Ωnç: Éçöx ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÅE. (Opposite - 'in' Éçöx Öçúøôç)

He has been out of town

Sritej: Yea. You can say that. Out of the ten selected for the state team, he is the only player from our area.

v°æ¨¡o:

An out of town guest =

No. 1, 2 and 4 sentences out

´÷ Ø√†o- È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’. b) Who says he is out of town. He is very much in =

á´-®Ω-Ø√o®Ω’. Ü∞x ™‰®ΩE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ü∞xØË ÖØ√oúø’. ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. An out of towner = ÜJéÀ éÌûªh-¢√úø’/ ÉçéÓ ÜJ †’ç* ´*a-†-¢√úø’. My uncle is an out of towner here =

´÷ uncle Ñ ÜJéÀ éÌûªh îÁçC-†-¢√úø’.

(stranger)/

¢ËÍ® ÜJéÀ

A goofing out of towner =

ÜJéÀ éÌûªh Å´ôç ´©x ÅßÁ÷-´’-ߪ’ç™ °æúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, §Ò®Ω-¶«ô’ îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ü∆J ûªÊ°p-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

c) As the flood waters surrounded the village, the villagers were marooned =

v°æ¨¡o:

´®Ω-ü¿-F∞¡Ÿx ví¬´÷Eo ô’d-´·-ôd-úøçûÓ, Åéπ\úÕ ví¬´’-Ææ’n-©èπ◊ Éûª®Ω v°æ°æç-îªçûÓ Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’ ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

1. was announced / has been announced/ had been announcedpast actions.

ÉN -´‚-úø÷ OöÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’? §ÚÆæ’hçõ‰ °æçîª-ü∆®Ω news paper ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ was + p.p/ were + p.p §Ú-ߪ÷®·. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. áçü¿’èπ◊? Maroon = E®√t-†’-≠æu-¢Á’i† îÓô ûª°œpç--éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ 2. could O’®Ω’ îÁ°œp-†ô’x past ™ ability E í∫’Jç* O©’-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç. îÁ°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? could †’ future ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøa) When the ship sailed off without him, he ´î√a?äéπ news paper ™ you could enjoy was marooned on the island = Åûª†’ Åçõ‰ enjoy îËߪ’-´îª’a ÅE ÖçC Åçõ‰ future ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Ç ãúø ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ, Åûª†’ Ç E®√t- éπü∆? O’®Ω’ îÁ°œp-†ô’x you could enjoy Åçõ‰ past †’-≠æu-¢Á’i† Dy°æç™ äçô-Jí¬ ÖçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. ™ enjoy îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫úøç éπü∆? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. b) Our car brokedown at the dead of night – ®√£æ›™¸, ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿’™ ´·E-T-

and we were marooned where we did not know =

Å®Ωl¥-®√vA ´÷ 鬮Ω’ ÇT-§Ú--´ôçûÓ, ¢Ë’ç äçô-Jí¬ Ç E®√t-†’≠æu v°æüË-¨¡ç™, áéπ\úÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’, <éπ-öÀ™ *èπ◊\-°æ-úÕ-§Úߪ÷ç.

ï¢√•’:

1. Was announced - Past time action time

™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ ™ ïJ-T† ÅC v°æéπ-öÀç-îªûÁL-Æœ† ™ Å-E ûÁL-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’. •-úÕçC, í∫ûªç™ äéπ

b) Out of pity I helped him, but he is ungrateful =

ñ«LûÓ/ ñ«L-´©x àüÓ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»†’, é¬F ¢√úø’ éπ%ûª-°∂æ·oúø’. 7) Out of favour = ÅGµ-´÷†ç éÓ™p-®·-†/-†-îªaE. a) This fashion is out of favour with the youth now =

Ñ fashion É°æpöÀ ߪ·´ûª ÅGµ-´÷†ç éÓ™p-®·çC./ É°æpöÀ ߪ·´-ûªèπ◊ †îªaôç ™‰ü¿’. b) The MLA is out of favour with the CM =

Ç MLA ´·êu-´’çvA éÓ™p-ߪ÷úø’.

ÅGµ-´÷-Ø√Eo

Has been announced past action; the time of action, not stated announce announce has been + pp- Past action, time not known)

ÉC èπÿú≈

(á°æ¤púø’

î˨»-®Ω-ØËC ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ é¬F ´÷vûªç -îË-¨»®Ω’–

Had been annonced Past action

ÉC ÉçéÓ

ÉD past action. Å®·ûË èπ◊ ´·çü¿®Ω ïJ-TçC.

By the time I reached there the result had been announced =

¢Ë’´’-éπ\-úÕéÀ îËÍ®-ô-°æp-öÀÍé/ îË®Ω-éπ-´·çüË ÅC v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-úÕçC.

Had been + pp = the 1st of two past actions. All the three verbs are in the passive voice. 2. Could past ability correct. could possibility in the present or future future could

ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC– Å®·ûË †’ Éçé¬ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-úÌa. É°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü∆ ™ ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ ™ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. She could be here any moment = Ç¢Á’ à éπ~ùç-™-ØÁjØ√ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-´îª’a (Present possibiltiy) They could be here tommorrow = Í®°æ¤ ¢√Rx-éπ\úø Öçúø-´îª’a/ ÖçúË Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 21 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2007 Snehit: Why do you go on needling Karthik the way you do?

(áçü¿’èπ◊ ÜJÍé é¬Kh-é˙†’ á°æ¤púø÷ àüÓ äéπöÀ Åçô’ç-ö«´¤?) needle= äéπJE í∫’Jç* á°æ¤púø÷ àüÓ äéπöÀ -Å-E NÆœ-Tç-îªôç Vaibhav: Keep out of this, Snehi. This no way concerns you.

(DE™ †’´¤y éπLpç--éÓèπ◊. Fèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*† N≠æ-ߪ’ç-é¬ü¿’.) concern = Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúøôç Snehit: I don't want two of my friends crossing swords with each other. That's what I am concerned about.

(Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-L-ü¿l®Ω’ §Úö«x-úø’-éÓ-´úøç îª÷ú≈-©†’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† éπL-T≤ÚhçC.) be concerned = ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†-°æ-úøôç. I am concerned about my father's health =

´÷ Ø√†o Ç®Óí∫uç Ø√èπ◊ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† éπL-T-≤ÚhçC. cross swords = §Úö«x-úø’-éÓ-´ôç Vaibhav: you are out to help him I know. You have always liked him better than me.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Vaibhav: If he was so much for having it out with me why did you stop him? If as you say he can be dangerous, so can I be. In fact, I've been looking forward to a confrontation with him.

(Åçûª Ø√ûÓ ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√-©E ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰, †’¢Áyçü¿’èπ◊ ǧƒ´¤. †’´yç-ô’-†oô’d ¢√úÕûÓ v°æ´÷ü¿ç Å®·ûË, ؈÷ Åçûª v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©†’. ÅÆæ©’ ؈-ûª-EûÓ ´·ë«-´·" ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√-©E á°æp-öÀ-†’çîÓ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) confrontation- éπØ˛-v°∂æç-õ„-ß˝’≠æØ˛– õ„ß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ -°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç – ´·ë«-´·" (§Úö«xô). showdown, confrontation - Ñ È®çúø÷ Ö°æßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´÷ô©’. practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Snehit: Look here, Vaibhav. I am leaving here for good before the year's out. So before I leave, I want to see you as friends.

(îª÷úø’. Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-™-°æ© ؈’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. ¢Á∞Ïx-´·çü¿’ O’ Éü¿lJo ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’í¬ îª÷ú≈-©E Ø√ éÓ-Jéπ.) for good= ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬

b) The police have warned him to keep out of the group clashes =

´®Ω_- §Ú-®√-ö«™x éπLpç--éÓ-´-ü¿lE §ÚMÆæ’©’ ÅûªùÀo £«îªa-Jç-î√®Ω’.

c) When his mother and wife start arguing he keeps out of it =

ûª† ûªLx, ¶µ«®Ωu ¢√ü¿’-™«-úø’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅûªØËç éπLpç--éÓúø’ Keep out- (äéπ-îÓô) v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç/ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-´-ü¿lE îÁ°æpôç.

a) 'unsafe building, keep out' = Building

Íé~´’-éπ-®Ωç-é¬ü¿’/ ŧƒßª’-éπ-®Ω-Æœn-A™ ÖçC. v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-éπçúÕ.

Vaibhav: Good luck. Keep trying. (Good

(-Å-ûª-úÕéÀ ᙫíÓ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷-©E F ûª°æ†. á°æ¤púø÷ Ø√éπçõ‰ Åûª-úøçõ‰-ØË Fèπ◊ É≠ædç.) Snehit: Come on Vaibhav. You must be out of your mind to say that. I just want you to stay out of trouble. That's all. Karthik can some times dangerous.

2

luck.

v°æߪ’-AoÆæ÷h Öçúø’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

347

b) 'Private property. Keep out' = private

ÉC Ææn©ç. v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-éπçúÕ.

†’´¤y ´’çvAN é¬í∫-©-†-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ÅC F °œ*a.

b) Any one who says politicians are honest is out of their mind =

®√ïéÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ °œ*a-¢√∞Ïx.

4) Stay out of trouble =

É•sç-ü¿’™x °æúø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç

a) I don't want to do any business. I am for staying out of trouble =

ØËØËç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ’ü¿©îª’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’, É•sç-ü¿’™x °æúøèπÿ-úø-ü¿E.

b) You'd better stay out of all this =

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x †’´¤y éπLpç--éÓèπ◊. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉD, Keep out of, äéπõ‰.

5) Have it out =

You ar e out to help him

(Fèπ◊ °œîÁa-éÀ\-†-ô’xçC. †’´¤y É•sç-ü¿’™x °æúø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈©E Ø√ éÓJéπ. ÅçûË. é¬Khé˙ûÓ äéÌ\éπ\-°æ¤púø’ v°æ´÷ü¿ç) Vaibhav: You could warn Karthik as well.

(Ç N≠æߪ’ç †’´¤y é¬Khé˙èπ◊ èπÿú≈ îÁ°æp´îª’a éπü∆.) Snehit: (Are) you sure that I haven't? I've told him very strongly to avoid a show down with you. That's why he isn't provoked even when you try to.

(ØË-†’ îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿E Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp ¢√úÕûÓ, FûÓ Åö Éö ûË©’a-èπ◊ØË °æü¿l¥A ´ü¿lE. Åçü¿’Íé †’¢Áyçûª È®îªa-íÌ-ôd-ú≈-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ Åûª†’ È®*a-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oúø’.) showdown = Åö Éö ûË©’a-éÓ-´ôç (î√™«-é¬-©çí¬ -Ö†o N¢√ü¿ç/ §Úö«xô N≠æߪ’ç™.) provoke = È®îªa-íÌ-ôd-úøç/ éπNyç-îªôç.

v°æ¨¡o: ¢Á®·u-≤ƒ-È®kxØ√ ´’®Ω-ùÀç* FéÓÆæç äéπ\-≤ƒJ ïEt≤ƒh v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Even if I die a

thousand times, I will be born once again for you imagination/ impossible, II condition answer Even if I died a thousand times, I would be born once again for you

ÅE ï¢√•’ ®√¨»®Ω’. ≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬E-¢√-öÀéÀ, ÅÆæ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L éπü∆? Ç

Åçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆!

N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – Ç®˝.-®Ω-¢Ë’≠ˇ, éπKç-†-í∫®˝ ï¢√•’: O’®Ω’ correct. Å®·ûË future imaginary Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’, if I die ņ-ôç™ ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’. But your sentence 'If I died...', certainly better. Thank you for pointing it out.

´’†ç uses of out/ out of °æJ-Q-L-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆, ÅN ¢√úË ´’J-éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ Ñ lesson ™ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç.

≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ÉC £«îªa-J-éπ-©èπ◊ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

2) You are out to help him Out to do some thing =

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

äéπ °æE-îË-ߪ÷-©ØË í∫öÀd E®Ωgߪ’ç/ v°æߪ’ûªoç

Eñ«--ߪ’-B-°æ-®Ω’-©-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx

Åö Éö/- û√úÓ Ê°úÓ ûË©’a-éÓ-´ôç.

a) Why do you ask her. Have it out with him

Ç¢Á’ØÁçü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫ôç †’´¤y? Åûª-EûÓØË ûË©’aéÓ.

b) Unable to bear the insults any more he wanted to have it out with his boss = boss

Å´-´÷-Ø√-©†’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰éπ ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

ûÓ Åö Éö

6) before the years out = (year is out)

1) Keep out of this.

Out for some thing =

2) You are out to help him.

äéπ-ü∆Eo §Òçü∆-©E í∫öÀd E®Ωg-ߪ’ç/ -v°æ-ߪ’ûªoç

Ææç´-ûªq-®√çûªç ™°æ¤. Å™«Íí before the day/ the week/ the month, etc is out = ®ÓV/ -¢√-®Ωç/ -ØÁ©, etc. ™°æ¤.

F O’ü¿ éπéπ~ B®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©ØË ¢√úÕ E®Ωgߪ’ç/ v°æߪ’ûªoç

a) He had finished reading the novel before the day was out =

M.SURESAN 3) You must be out of your mind to say that. a) He is out to take revenge on you = 4) I just want you to stay out of trouble. 5) If he was so much for having it out with me, why did you stop him? 6) I am leaving here for good before the year is out 1) Keep out of something =

àüÁjØ√ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñéπuç îËÆæ’éÓ-èπ◊çú≈/ éπLpç--éÓèπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. a) Let me keep out of this affair between the cousins. I don't want to have my fingers burnt =

ÅüËüÓ cousins ´’üµ¿u ´u´-£æ…®Ωç– Øˆ’ éπLpç--éÓü¿-©--éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Ø√ îËûª’©’ 鬩’a-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÓ--´ôç-™‰ü¿’.

b) She is out to make it good in computers = computers ™ ®√ùÀç-î √-©E Ç¢Á ’ E®Ωgߪ ’ç/

v°æߪ’ûªoç.

make it good= ®√ùÀç-îªôç C) He is out only for one thing and that is money =

ÅûªE v°æߪ’ûªoç Åçû√ äéπõ‰– úø•’s.

3) Out of one's mind =

°œîÁa-éπ\ôç/ Å®Ωnç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úøôç

a) You must be out of your mind to think you can ever become a minister =

v°æ¨¡o: i) Sew, Sow, Brew, Strew- -Ñ °æü∆© Öî√a- v°æ¨¡o: i) ví¬´’®˝ °æ®Ωçí¬, Tenses °æ®Ωçí¬ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh®Ωù, véÀߪ÷ ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. éÀç-C -¢√é¬u©-†’ -ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -á-™« ®√-ߪ÷-™ -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ.

ii) Every tide has its ebb. iii) All men are mortal. iv) Either way, it is good. v) The harder I work, The greater is the pleasure. vi) Men may come, and men may go but. I go on for ever.

ï¢√•’: i) Sew - Sou - ≤Ò¢˛; sow - ≤Ò¢˛;

– áç. ®Ωçí∫ߪ’u, ´®Ωç-í∫™¸

brew - (v•÷) stew - Ææ÷d u ™‰îË Èé®Ωôç ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ °æúø’-ûª’çC. ´’†’≠æfl©çü¿®Ω÷ ´’®Ω-ùÀç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ´’E-≠œéÀ ´’®Ωùç ûªü∑¿uç iv) -á-õ„i-Ø√ -´’ç-îË (È®çúø’ Nüµ∆™x) v) †’¢Áyçûª éπ≠d° æ æúÕûË/ v¨¡N’ÊÆh, Åçûª džçü¿ç. vi) ´’†’-≠æfl©’ ®√´îª’a, §Ú´îª’a. é¬F ØËØÁ-°æp-öÀéà ≤ƒT-§Ú-ûª’ç-ö«†’. ii) iii)

é¬Eo Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ii) ÉçTx≠ˇ Ê°°æ®˝ îªC-N-†°æ¤púø’ sentence °æ‹Jhí¬ Å®Ωnç鬴úøç ™‰ü¿’. DEéÀ 鬮Ωùç àN’öÀ? iii) Should, would, will ´çöÀ Future would forms á°æ¤púø’, à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – X†’, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

ï¢√•’: i) Living English structure by Stannard

Allen (with key) = O’®Ω-úÕ-T† Nüµ¿çí¬ O’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË °æ¤Ææhéπç. ii) Å™«Íí îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷ ÖçúøçúÕ – 鬩-véπ-¢Ë’ù« (È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©™x) ¶«í¬ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çC. iii) Should, Would, Will.... OöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ î√™« N´®Ωçí¬ §ƒûª lessons ™ explain î˨»ç. îª÷úøçúÕ.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Give some examples of post mention

words. Whether post mention words are used in formal English?

Ç ®Ó-V™ Åûªúø’ Ç †´© îªü¿-´ôç °æ‹Jh-îË-¨»úø’. b) The company had sold out all stock before a week was out =

äéπ\-¢√-®Ωç™ Ç

company

Ææ®Ω-éπçû√ Ţ˒t-ÆœçC.

c) He got the next promotion before the year was out =

àú≈C A®Ω-í∫-éπ -´·çüË ûª®√yA promotion ´îËa-ÆœçC.

2. Whether the sentence- "I still remember locking the door" - conveys past tense?

ï¢√•’: 1. Examples of Post mention words – °œ. ¢Áçéπ-ô-Ø√-®√-ߪ’-ù-®√´¤, üµ¿®Ωt-´®Ωç

(Words formed by combining the meaning and the sound of two already existing words)

a) Edutainment Education + Entertainment

(Nü¿u + NØÓü¿ç)

b) Infotainment Information + Entertainment =

Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç + NØÓü¿ç

c) concerpt- concert + excerpt =

§ƒô éπîËK©™ç* BÆœ† éÌEo ¶µ«í¬©’

2) I still remember locking the door - It does convey a past action but I still remember to have locked/ having locked the door - conveys a past action more clearly.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 23 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Hemang: What's biting you? For God's sake out with it!

(àN’-ôçûª ÇçüÓ-∞¡†°æúø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛? •ßª’-öÀéÀ îÁ°æ¤p!) Tushar: My secret is out. My uncle, of all the people my uncle, has come to know of my affair with Mahima.

2

Tushar: She hasn't yet come to know of this

(Éçé¬ Ç¢Á’-éÀC ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’.) Hemang: Talk to your people once again about it.

(´’Sx O’ ¢√∞¡xûÓ äéπ-≤ƒJ ´÷ö«xúø’.) Tushar: That's what I am trying to do.

(ÅüË v°æߪ’ûªoç O’ü¿’Ø√o.) (Ø√ ®Ω£æ«Ææuç -•-ߪ’-ô°æ-úÕç-C. Ø√èπ◊ ´’£œ«-´’èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u Ö†o N≠æߪ’ç, ´÷ ´÷´’-ߪ’uèπ◊, ÉçÈé´-JéÓ é¬ü¿’, ´÷´’-ߪ’uèπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC.) Hemang: Does he know you intend to marry her too?

(†’´¤y Ç¢Á’†’ °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ ÖØ√o-´-E èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Tushar: Why don't you hear me out? There was a big scene at home yesterday. Mom, dad and he hit the roof when I told them that I want to marry her.

(îÁÊ°pC °æ‹Jhí¬ N†¢Ëç? E†o °ü¿l scene ´÷ Éçöx. ´’£œ«-´’†’ ؈’ °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†-†-í¬ØË Öví∫-®Ω÷-°æ¢Ë’.) hit the roof = N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† éÓ°æç Hemang: You told them that?

(Å-C îÁ§ƒp¢√ †’´¤y ¢√∞¡xûÓ.) Tushar: I told them that wasn't for a marriage with Purnima, My uncle's daughter. Reason - I'm against marriage between blood relations. So is Purnima for that matter. Hemang: What happened then?




Ñ










Out/ out of lesson

N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. ™ ´’J-éÌ-Eoç-öÀE îª÷ü∆lç.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

3) Hear (somebody) out =

1) For God's sake, out with it.

a) She complains that the judge hasn't heard her out =

2) My secret is out.

Judge

3) Why don't you hear me out?

ûª†’ îÁ°œpçC *´J ´®Ωèπÿ N†-™‰-ü¿E Ç¢Á’ Ç®Ó-°œ-≤ÚhçC.

4) My uncle walked out the door. 5) She throw them out the window. 6) He was sitting in his room, with the lights out. 1) Out with it =

؈’ îÁ°œpçC *´J´®Ωèπÿ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ã°œ-éπûÓ N†o-°æpöÀéÃ, ûª´’ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©†’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. •ßª’ô°ôdúøç (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç/ ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ´çöÀN ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ; •ßª’-ô-°-ôd-´’E Å-úøí∫Fight it out - Ωa© ö«-E-éÀ ¢√úøû√ç.) ü∆y®√/ §Úö«xô ü∆y®√ a) You seem to be haväéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo/ N¢√ing something in ü∆Eo ûË©’a-éÓ-´ôç/ mind. Come on, out -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 348 °æJ≠æ \Jç--éÓ-´ôç. with it =

F ´’†-Ææ’™ àüÓ Ö†o-ô’xçC. é¬F, îÁ°æ¤p/ •ßª’-ô-°ô’d.

(à¢Á’içC Ç ûª®√yûª?)

(؈’ ´÷ö«x-úøôç °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-éπ-´·çüË ´÷´’ߪ’u éÓ°æçûÓ NÆæ-N≤ƒ ûª©’°æ¤ BÆæ’èπ◊E •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢ÁRx§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. ´÷ Å´÷t, Ø√†o Éçé¬ îª©x-•-úø-™‰ü¿’. ´÷ Å´’tèπ◊ °æçúø’x ûÁî√a†’. Ç¢Á’ ¢√öÀE éÀöÀ-éÃ-™ç* NƜͮ-ÆœçC.) Hemang: What about your dad?

(O’ Ø√†o Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?) Tushar: He wouldn't talk to me. He was sitting in silent anger in his room, with the lights out.

a) She wants to fight it out with her neighbours =

ûª† §Ò®Ω’-í∫’-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ûË™‰a-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC (Ωa©/ §Úö«x-ô- ü∆y®√)

b) Is something bothering you? Why don't you out with it?

b) We were tired. We left them to fight it out =

àüÁjØ√ E†’o ÇçüÓ-∞¡†°æ®Ω’-≤Úhçü∆? •ßª’-öÀéÀ îÁ°æp¢Ëç? c) He was out with his intentions finally =

M.SURESAN

*´-JéÀ ¢√úÕ ÖüËl-¨»-©†’ •ßª’-ô-°-ö«dúø’. d) After a long interrogation she was out with it =

î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ v°æPoç-*† ûª®√yûª, Ç¢Á’ °æ©’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ •ßª’-ô-°-öÀdçC. 2) My secret is out = ®Ω£æ«Ææuç •ßª’-ô-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-´úøç. a) Your secret is out. We know everything about you =

F ®Ω£æ«Ææuç •ßª’-ô°æ-úÕ-§Ú-®·çC. F í∫’Jç* ´÷éπçû√ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

(Çߪ’† Ø√ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´÷ØË-¨»úø’. àç ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈ éÓ°æçûÓ ûª† í∫C™ lights ÇÍ®pÆœ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√oúø’.)

b) How much money he has is a secret, but soon it will be out =

Hemang: What does Mahima say about it all?

¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω áçûª úø•’sç-úËD ®Ω£æ«Ææuç. é¬F ÅC ûªy®Ω-™ØË -•-ߪ’-ô-°æ-úø-¶-ûÓçC / ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.

(´’£œ«´’ à´’ç-öçC DEo í∫’Jç*?)

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) Please explain the difference between the following transformation of sentences. A.V.: I hate people who are looking at me. P.V.: I hate people being looked at. ii) A.V.: We hear the voices calling for help P.V.: Voices are heard calling for help.- Why the type two can't be transformed type one? We hear the voices being called for help.

Ç¢Á’ ††’o îª÷Æœ ´‚A A°œpçC– -ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§Òpa?

iv) What are the uses of participles? v) Whether a Handbook of English grammar (Longman 1972) is available at Hyderabad ?

-ï-¢√-•’:

b) Though they heard me out patiently they didn't change their opinion =

°æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ éÀöÀ-éÃ-™ç* •ßª’-ôèπ◊ NÆœ-Í®-¨»úø’. (Out of the window •ü¿’©’) b) She looked out the window =

Ç¢Á’ éÀöÀ-éÃ-™ç* •ßª’-ôèπ◊ îª÷ÆœçC. (Out of the window •ü¿’©’) c) As the car broke down, they all got out the car (out of the car and began to push it =

•ü¿’©’)

鬮Ω’ -ÇT-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’™ç* CT ûÓߪ’ôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«d®Ω’. 6) With the lights out =

D§ƒ©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ <éπöx (D§ƒ©’ ÇÍ®p-Æœ-†ç-ü¿’-´©x/ ÇJ-§Ú-®·-†ç-ü¿’-´©x)

My secr et is out

Tushar: Even before I could finish, my uncle walked out the door in a huff. My parents haven't cooled down yet. I brought my mom some fruits and she just threw them out the window.

iii)

a) He threw the books out the window =

äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°æ¤h-†oC °æ‹Jhí¬/ *´-J-ü∆é¬ N†ôç

– °œ. ¢Áçéπ-ô-Ø√-®√-ߪ’-ù-®√´¤, üµ¿®Ωt-´®Ωç

i) I hate people who are looking at me- what exactly your idea is, is not clear. If you mean, that in general, you hate people looking at you, the sentence must be, I hate people who look

¢Ë’ç Å©-Æœ-§Úߪ÷ç. àüÓ ûË™‰a-Ææ’-éÓ-´’E ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´C-™‰¨»ç. (°æJ≥ƒ\-®Ω-´’ßË’u´®Ωèπ◊)

c) How long this suspense? Let's fight it out with them =

áçûª-鬩ç Ñ ÆæçC-í∫l¥-ûª? Ñ≤ƒJ ´’†ç ¢√∞¡xûÓ Åö, Éö ûË™‰a-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. (Ωa©/ §Úö«xô ´©x)

4) and 5) Out the door; out the window 1) Out the door = out of the door =

ü∆y®Ωç™ç* 2) Out the window = out of the window = éÀöÀ-éÙç* Out of the door, Out of the window - É™«çöÀîÓôx out of •ü¿’©’ É°æ¤úø’, ®√†’, ®√†’ ´·êuçí¬ Spoken/ Colloquial (¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπ) English ™ out (of ™‰èπ◊çú≈) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ NE°œ-≤ÚhçC. éÌçü¿®Ω’ íÌ°æp ®Ωîª-®·ûª©’ èπÿú≈ out of (™ †’ç* – éÀöÀéÃ, ü∆y®Ωç -´çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ †’ç* ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) •ü¿’©’, out ¢√úø’ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

at me (that is, you don't like people/ any body looking at you = You hate any body who looks at you) or better still, I hate people looking at me. If, on the other hand, you mean that you hate the people (a particular group of people who are looking at you), then the correct thing to say is, I hate the people who are looking at me. I hate people who look at me = If any body looks at me, I hate them (you hate the act of looking) I hate the people who are looking at me = Some people (now) are looking at me and I hate them. I hate people being looked at = I hate any body looking at people. It is not clear what your idea exactly is. ii) Voices calling for help are being heard = We hear voices calling for help. (We hear voices being called for help - meaningless) iii) She grimaced at me.

a) The lights were out when he walked in =

¢√úø’ ™°æ-LéÀ -´-îËa-ô°æ¤púø’ D§ƒ©’ ÇJ-§Úߪ÷®·.

b) In the middle of the meeting, the lights went out =

Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç ´’üµ¿u™ D§ƒ©’ ÇJ§Ú-ߪ÷®·. c) The lights were out, and the thief found his chance =

D§ƒ©’ ÇJ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·, üÌçí∫èπ◊ Å´-鬨¡ç -*éÀ\çC/ D§ƒ©’ ÇJ-§Ú®· Öçúø-ôçûÓ/ ÇJ-§Ú®· ÖØ√o®·, üÌçí∫èπ◊ Å´-鬨¡ç -*éÀ\çC. Fire (´’çô) ÇJ-§Ú--´ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ out ¢√úøû√ç a) Luckily the fire was out before much damage was done =

Åü¿%≠æd´¨»ûª’h áèπ◊\´ †≠ædç éπ©í∫éπ´·çüË ´’çô©’ ÇJ§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

b) The fire they lit in the open was out in an hour =

Ç®Ω’-•-ߪ’ô ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËÆœ† ´’çô í∫çôÍé ÇJ§Ú-®·çC. Out †’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x ¢√úÕûË we can carry on conversation in simple, natural English.

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç Ææç-*éπ-™ (lesson No-347) -*-´-J v°æ¨¡o, ü∆EéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†ç™, Portmanteau (§Òö¸-´÷çö) words •ü¿’©’ post mention words ÅE -v°æ--J-ûª-¢Á’iç-C. í∫-´’-Eç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

Note:

iv) Two participles -  The present participle (going, coming, walking, taking, etc)  The past participle (gone, seen, given, talked, liked, smelt, etc)  The present participle with a 'be' form before it forms a verb (am going, has been working, will be coming, etc)  It can be used as a subject and an object.  The past participle with a 'be' form before it forms passive voice- is given, are taken, has been done, will be grown, etc.  The past participle is used in news head lines: a) Comet seen yesterday. b) Stones thrown at police etc.  The past participle with have/has/had, shall have/ should have/ will have etc) forms a verb: have gone, has seen, will have bought, etc. v) The book seems to be out of print. You can try for old copies of it in 2nd hand book stalls.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 26 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nischit: We are really out of luck. We are just a few minutes late. All the tickets have been sold out.

(´’†C ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç. éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷vûªç Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√aç. ÅEo öÀÈéö¸q Å´·túÁj§Ú-ߪ÷®·.) Manjit: That means the movie is out for the coming week, as we are busy through it. We can see the movie only next week.

(Åçõ‰ Ñ ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV©÷ ´’†èπ◊ ÆœE´÷ ™‰†õ‰d, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ñ¢√®Ωç Åçû√ ´’†èπ◊ BJ-éπ-™‰ü¿’.) Nischit: Yea. It's out of the question. I doubt if we could make it the next week either. I have to visit my cousin who lives at a little out of the way village in Diviseema.

(Å´¤†’. Ç v°æÆæÍéh ™‰Cçéπ. ´îËa-¢√®Ωç Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç îª÷úø-í∫-©´÷ ÅØËC Ææçüˣ櫢˒. -ØË-†’ CN-Æ‘-´’™ é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’-´‚© ví¬´’ç™ ÖçúË ´÷ éπ>-Ø˛†’ îª÷Æœ ®√¢√L.) Manjit: You are certainly going out of your way to meet him.

(é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ v¨¡¢Ë’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o´¤ ÅûªùÀo îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Nischit: I have to, because we used to be very close when we went to school. He has been a bit out of sorts for the past few weeks. Something is seriously wrong. His son called me yesterday and told me of it.

2

(O’ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u àüÓ ¢√ü¿ç ïJ-TçC. *´JéÀ F ™„éπ\©’ ûª°æpF, ü∆E °∂æL-ûªçí¬ vö«éπd®˝ ÊÆp®˝ §ƒ®˝d q G©’x ´çüÓ, †÷ô §ƒAéÓ áèπ◊\-¢Ájç-ü¿E îª÷°œçîªí∫L-í¬-úø-ûª†’.) Nischit: Exactly. But we got back the hundred odd rupees from the tractor spares dealer. This friend of mine was quite happy but we had to spend a hundred rupees on transport to get the money back. Manjit: Life is like that you know.

(@Nûªç ÅçûË.) Out ûÓ ´îËa expressions °æJ-Q-LÆæ’hØ√oç ´’†ç. Conversations ™ ûª®Ω- îª ’í¬ ¢√úË/ NE°œçîË ´’JéÌEo expressions É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.

Look at the following expressions from the conversations above: 1) We are really out of luck. 2) That means the movie is out for the coming week. 3) It's out of the question. 4) I've to see a cousin of mine who lives at a little out of the way village in Diviseema. 5) You are certainly go out of your way to meet him.

°æK-éπ~© ´©x Ééπ È®çúø’ ¢√®√©’ véÀÈéö¸ ™‰ü¿’/ Öçúøü¿’/ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’.

5) Go out of your way (to do something) = Go out of somebody's way (to do something)

ÆæÈ®j† Péπ~-èπ◊úø’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ Péπ~ù ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC/ Péπ~ù ≤ƒüµ¿u-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’/ Péπ~ù«-´-鬨¡ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC.

äéπ®Ω’ û√´· îËߪ’†éπ\-®Ω-™‰E °æE v¨¡ü¿l¥ BÆæ’èπ◊E Éûª-®Ω’© éÓÆæç îËߪ’úøç– ÉC î√™« common, spoken English- ™.

¢Á÷é¬L éπô’d ´©x Éçéπ 4 ¢√®√©’ Åûª†’ †úÕîË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’.

Ç Å°æ-J-*-ûª’-úÕéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ôç™ û√†’ îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-†ç-ûªí¬ î˨»úø’.

b) Coaching was out because we didn't find a suitable coach =

c) Walking is out for him four weeks as his knee is in bandage =

3) Out of the question = Not possible/ not allowed=

≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬ü¿’/ ņç-U-鬮Ωç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

349

a) You want me to go to the wedding in these clothes. It is out of the question =

a) He went out of his way to help the stranger =

b) She went out of her way to help her distant cousin get a job =

á´®Ó ü¿÷®Ω°æ¤ •çüµ¿’´¤ ÖüÓuí∫ç éÓÆæç Ç¢Á’ Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰E v¨¡´’-°æ-úÕçC. (ü¿÷®Ω°æ¤ •çüµ¿’´¤èπ◊ Åçûª Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ îËÆœçC.) 6) Be out of sorts = èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç/ é¬Ææh *é¬-èπ◊í¬ Öçúøôç/ É•sçCí¬ Öçúøôç

It's out of the question

(؈’ ¢Á∞«xL, ûª°æpü¿’. ¢Ë’ç î√™« ÊÆo£æ«çí¬ ÖçúË ¢√∞¡xç, Ææ÷\™x. éÌCl ¢√®√-©’í¬ ÅÆæy-Ææn-ûªí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. àçö é¬Ææh Bv´-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’. ¢√∞¡x Ŷ«s®· E†o Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ îÁ§ƒpúø’.) Manjit: Didn't he visit you a few months ago here?

(éÌCl ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ô E†’o îª÷úøö«-EéÀ Ééπ\úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’. Åûª-ØË-éπü∆?) Nischit: That's the guy. He came here to buy some tractor spares and a good TV set.

(ÅûªØË. vö«éπd®˝ NúÕ-¶µ«-í¬©÷, ´’ç* é̆ú≈-EéÀ Ééπ\úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’.)

TV

Manjit: There was some argument between you. Finally he proved you were out in calculations, and as a result the bill for the tractor parts was out by over Rs 100 to Rs.125.

v°æ¨¡o:

éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« ®√-ߪ÷-™ -ûÁ-©’°æ í∫-©®Ω’. 1. Å®Ω-öÀ-°æçúø’ (A†-ú≈-EéÀ) É´y-´’ç-ö«¢√? 2. Ŷ«s®·E °æúø’-éÓ-¶„-ö«d†’. 3. ؈’ Åûª-EéÀ ÆœE´÷ îª÷°œç-’. 4. Ñ °œ*a-®√-ûª©’ ¢√úË ®√Ææ’ç-ö«úø’. 5. ņoç Açö«¢√? 6. ÅEo ´Ææ’h-´¤© üµ¿®Ω©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. 7. ≥ƒ°æ¤™ Ç¢Á’ ÖçüÓ ™‰üÓ îª÷ú≈L. 8. ؈’ ®√´·E Ç Ææh綵ºç ü∆é¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. 9. §ƒ§ƒ-®·E èπÿ®Óa-¶„-ö«d†’. 10. ©ûª†’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ Uûª ¢ÁRxçC. 11. ´÷¢Ó-®·-Ææ’d©’ Í®°æ¤ ®√≠æZ •çü˛èπ◊ °œ©’-°œ-î√a®Ω’. 12. ؈’ Åúø-í∫éπ ´·çüË Åûªúø’ úø•’s©’ Éî√aúø’. 13. ؈’ ÅúÕ-TØ√ Åûªúø’ úø•’s©’ É´yúøç ™‰ü¿’. – >. §ƒ´E, éπKç-†-í∫®˝

6) He has been a bit out of sorts for the past few weeks. 7) Finally he proved you were out in calculations.... bill... was out by Rs 100 to Rs 125.

Ñ ü¿’Ææ’h-©ûÓ Â°RxéÀ ¢Á∞¡x´’ç-ö«¢√? ÅCé¬E °æE/ îª*aØ√ Ç °æE-îË-ߪ’†’.

1) Out of luck = M.SURESAN a) We were out of luck. We got there too late to see our favourite hero =

Åü¿%≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç/ ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç

´÷ ü¿’®Ωü¿%≠ædç. ¢Ë’ç Ç©-Ææu-´’ߪ÷uç, ´÷ ÅGµ-´÷† £‘«®Ó†’ îª÷úø-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷ç. b) She was out of luck to miss the seat just by one mark =

Íé´©ç äéπ\ ´÷®Ω’\ ûªèπ◊\´ûÓ Æ‘ô’ §ÚíÌ-ô’déÓ-´ôç Ç¢Á’ ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç. 2) The movie is out for the coming week =

Ééπ ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV© ü∆é¬ movie ™‰†õ‰d/ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. Out (Ééπ\úø) = ™‰ü¿’/ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. a) Cricket is out for us for the coming two weeks because of exams =

-ï-¢√-•’: 1. Shall I give you a banana to eat? 2. I put (laid) baby to bed. 3. I'll not show him the movie I will not let him see the movie I will not take him to the movie 4. Only he must have written this nonsense. 5. Will you/ would you eat? (would- better) 6. We must know the prices of all articles. 7. We must see if (whether) she is in the shop or not. 8. I took Ramu upto that post/ pillar. 9. I seated the baby/ I had the baby seated. 10. Geetha has gone to fetch Latha. 11. The Maoists have given a call for a bandh tomorrow/ have called for a bandh tomorrow. 12. He gave me money even before I asked him. 13. Though I have asked for the money he is not giving it.

(O’®Ω’ ´‚O îª÷°œç-îË-ôx-®·ûË). (îª÷úø-E-´y†’). (BÆæ’Èé-∞¡-x†’/- îª÷-°œç-’).

Ç Ææ’D®Ω` v°æߪ÷ùç ´©x Ç¢Á’ Åçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰ü¿’/ é¬Ææh *é¬èπ◊ °æúø’-ûÓçC.

b) I feel out of sorts in his presence =

Åûªúø’ Öçõ‰ Ø√ÍéüÓ É•sç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC.

b) Helping the fellow again is out of the question=

c) He was out of sorts with himself for delaying the work =

¢√úÕéÀ ´’Sx ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’ôç Åçô÷ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ (Å≤ƒüµ¿uç).

°æE Ç©-Ææuçí¬ îËÆœ†çü¿’èπ◊ ÅûªE O’ü¿ Åûª-EÍé éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC. 7) Out in (something) = ûª°æ¤p/ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ îËߪ’úøç

c) A poor man becoming a minister? That's out of the question =

Hü¿-¢√úø’ ´’çvA é¬-´-úø´÷? Å≤ƒüµ¿uç. 4) out of the way place =

a) Sorlagondi is an out of the way village on the coast in Krishna district =

≤Ò®Ωx-íÌçC éπ%≥ƒg >™«x™ Ææ´·-vü¿-B-®Ωç™ áéπ\úÓ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ îË®Ω-™‰E îÓô’. b) Just for social service he started his hospital in an out of the way town =

Ææç°∂æ’ÊÆ¢Ë ©éπ~uçí¬ áéπ\úÓ ´÷®Ω’-´‚© Ü∞x ÇÆæpvA °ö«d-úø-ûª†’. is determined =

a) You are out in your counting =

F ™„éπ\ ûª°æ¤p/ †’´¤y ûª°æ¤p ™„éÀ\ç-î√´¤ b) Your guess is out by more than Rs. 1000

´÷®Ω’-´‚©, v°æߪ÷ùç ûªy®Ωí¬ îËߪ’-™‰E îÓô’/ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ îË®Ω-™‰E îÓô’

v°æ¨¡o: 1. He

a) She was out of sorts after the long journey

Åûª†’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îª

-•-ú≈fúø’... N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

2. A number of buses, a lot of buses.

Ñ

¢√é¬u© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’-öÀ?

3. I felt happy on seeing him; I felt happy by seeing him – correct? 4. He remind me of the money I owed him He reminded me

-à-C

ÅE -Öç-C. ÅE Öçú≈L éπü∆? -Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Æ洒ߪ’ç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Å™«ç-ô°æ¤púø’ He has reminded me of the money I owed him ÅE Öçú≈L éπü∆? 5. ´÷ ü¿%≠œdéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´ÊÆh ¢Ë’ç Ωu BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ç. 6. Åúø’f-°æ¤©x °æúÕçC. 7. Ííô’ ¢ËÆœ ÖçC. 8. Ø√O’ü¿ FÈéç-ü¿’-éπçûª éπéπ~ – Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? – Ææ÷®Ωñ¸ ¶«¶«, É©xçü¿’ -ï-¢√-•’: 1. He is determined - Ééπ\úø determined past participle Å®·Ø√, ÅC ã condition †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC, passive í¬ BÆæ’éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

F ÅçîªØ√™ ûª°æ¤p ¢Á®·u ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©Â°jØË ÖçC/ ¢Á®·u ®Ω÷§ƒ--ߪ’© ûËú≈ (ûª°æ¤p) ÖçC F Åçîª-Ø√™. c) The contractor's bill is out by about a lakh rupees =

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ©éπ~ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© ûª°æ¤p ÖçC, Ç é¬çvö«-éπd®˝ G©’x™. É´Fo î√™« simple expressions - Åçü¿’-´©x conversation èπÿú≈ simple í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Å®Ωnç, determined (E¨¡a-ߪ’ç/ -E-®Ωgߪ’ç îËÆæ’èπ◊†o¢√úø’/ éπL-T-†-¢√-úø’)í¬ ÖØ√oúø’ ÅE. He is interested = ÇÆæéÀh (éπ©-¢√-úø’)í¬ ÖØ√o-úø’™«í∫.

2. A lot of buses = A number of buses. 3. I felt happy seeing him correct. 4. He reminded me, correct. He reminded me Time has reminded situation time Past doing word correct. eg: I saw him yesterday. He reminded me of the money. yesterday Past time, stated. Past doing word (past simple) correct. 5. If you bring it to our notice we will take action. 6. Something has come in the way. 7. The gate is/ has been closed. 8. Why are you so vindictive against me/ Why are you so angry with me?

ÉD

ûË-D, îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’, ®√¢√L, é¬F ™ áéπ\-úÁjØ√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, Ç îÁ°œp ÖçúÌa. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤úø’ ¢√úøôç (Ééπ\úø ÅE ´·çüË îÁ§ƒpç éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’,

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 28 Çí∫Ææ’d 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nischala: What do you know of him?

2

(Å™« ÅØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o. ¢√∞¡x èπ◊ô’ç• N´®√-©†’ í∫’Jç* éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ Ø√†o.)

(ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* FÍéç ûÁ©’Ææ’?) Vignana: Who are you talking of? (

†’´¤y á´J í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)

Nischala: Of your friend's cousin, Virup. (

O’ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-®√L éπ>Ø˛ N®Ω÷°ˇ í∫’Jç*.)

Vignana: How does he interest you?

(Åûª-úÕ-°æôx FÍéçöÀ ÇÆæéÀh?) Nischala: He has been proposed to me, dad says. (

Vignana: All the members of the family are good. I can assure your father of it. They live at a distance of a kilometre from our home. (¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ ´’ç*-¢√∞Ïx O’ Ø√†oèπ◊ ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ¶µº®Ó≤ƒ É´y-í∫-©†’. ´÷ ÉçöÀ †’ç* ã éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ ü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçö«-®Ω’¢√∞¡Ÿx.)

á´®Ó Ø√éπ-ûª-E Ææç•çüµ¿ç BÆæ’-éÌ-î√a-®ΩE Ø√†o Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) propose = °RxéÀ v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-îªôç.

Nischala: They are coming to see me on the evening of Sunday. Won't you be around?

He proposed his daughter to his colleague's son =

(¢√∞¡Ÿx ††’o îª ÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. †’´¤y-®√¢√?)

Åûªúø’ ûª† èπÿûª’JE ûª† Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT éÌúø’-èπ◊èπ◊ v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’– °Rx Ææç•çüµ¿ç éπ-©’°æ¤éÓ-´’-Ø√o-úø’.

Vignana: Why me, of all? If you so wish I'll be there, don't worry. But of which group I am going to be, I'm not certain.

Vignana: So you are getting married. congrats! (

Å®·ûË Â°Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´†o ´÷ô. ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’.) Nischala: A friend of my parent's has brought up the proposal. Nothing certain yet. (

´÷ Ê°È®çö¸q v°∂çú˛ á´®Ó Ñ Ææç•çüµ∆Eo BÆæ’-éÌ-î√a®Ω’. Éçé¬ àç ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’/ Å´-™‰ü¿’.) Vignana: I know Virup well. He is the elder of the two sons of their parents. He stands 5'9'' or there abouts and is quite good looking. He has a good job that fetches him a handsome salary. What else can you ask for?

(

ØËØ√?Åçûªí¬ †’´¤y éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰ ´≤ƒhØËx. ´vK Å´yèπ◊.Å®·ûË á´J °æé¬~ † ؈’ç-ú≈-L ÅØËC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-úø癉ü¿’.) Nischala: You are my classmate, so you are

8) On the evening of sunday.

¢√úøû√ç.

Sentences (1) and (2) Know of, talking of =

î√™«-´®Ωèπ◊ í∫÷Ja, í∫’Jç* ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË°æ-ü∆©’. of, about. ÉN È®çúø’ interchangeable - Åçõ‰ í∫÷Ja ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, of Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa ™‰ü∆ about Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa. a) What do you know of/ about him? = b) What did he talk of/ about me?=

-Å-ûª-úø’ Ø√ í∫’Jç* àç ´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’? c) He says this of you / about you =

350

é¬ü¿’); é¬ü¿’) Å®·ûË †í∫-®√©’, ü˨»©’, v°æüË-¨»© Ê°®Ωxèπ◊ of •ü¿’©’, 's î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωù¢Á’i§Ú--ûÓç-C- -É°æ¤púø’. a) Hyderabad's software companies provide jobs to tens of thousands of people=

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛-™E ≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ éπç°-F©’ ¢Ë™«C v°æï-©èπ◊ ÖüÓu-í¬©’ éπLp-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.

Åûª-úÕ-E í∫’Jç* FÍéç-ûÁ-©’Ææ’?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

The legs of the table (Table's legs The pages of the book (The book's pages

b) APSRTC's fleet of buses carry lakhs of passengers everyday across the state=

á.°œ.-á-Æˇ.-Ç-®˝.-öÀ.Æœ.éÀ îÁçC† •Ææ’q©’ v°æA-®ÓV ©éπ~-™«C v°æï-©†’ ®√≠æ-Z´’çû√ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√®·. fleet = A group of buses/ lorries / ships, etc.

E†’o í∫’Jç* -Å-ûª-úÕ-C Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.

Sentences 4 and 5; the elder of, the first of, etc.

He is a gem of a man

(

Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Éü¿l®Ω’ éÌúø’èπ◊™x ÉûªØË Â°ü¿l-¢√úø’. áûª’h 5'9'' ÖçúÌa. Åçü¿-í¬úË. ´’ç* @ûªç ´îËa ÖüÓuí∫ç. ÉçÍéç 鬢√L Fèπ◊?) There abouts = Ææ’´÷®Ω’í¬/ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Nischala: This is the first of the guys coming to see me. (

††’o °Rx-îª÷-°æ¤©’ îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´Ææ’h†o ¢Á·ü¿öÀ -´uéÀh -Å-ûª-ØË.) Vignana: I'm sure there won't be another, because I haven't any doubt about your liking each other. Certainly you are made for each other. (

ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ E†’o îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’-èπ◊-®√-®ΩE Ø√ †´’téπç, O’J-ü¿l®Ω’ äéπ-®Ìoéπ®Ω’ É≠æd°æúøû√®ΩØË ü∆çöx Ø√Íéç ÆæçüË£æ«ç™‰ü¿’. O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ Ñ-úø÷, ñ-úø÷.) Made for each other= Ñ-úø÷ ñ-úø÷ ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç Nischala: Hope so. Dad wants to make sure of the family background before moving further.

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀçC °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’, ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. i) far off ii) as if iii) derrick iv) else e.g. no one else. v) through fare vi) smoke scent vii) pot pies viii) For the time being ix) and so, x) or so xi) any one else, xii) is n't that so

†’ àà

Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a. -Å-™«Íí

-ï-¢√-•’: i) far off= distant= ü¿÷®Ω-¢Á’i†.

– °çîª-©ßª’u íıú˛, ®√ïç-Ê°ô Far Off

places =

ü¿÷®Ω-¢Á’i† §ƒçvû√©’. Å®·ûË, äéπ îÓô’ î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, The place is far off ņ®Ω’. Far Off á°æ¤púø÷, Åü¿çûª ü¿÷®Ω¢Ë’ç é¬ü¿’, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, not ûÓØË ¢√úøû√®Ω’. My College is n't far off from my home =

´÷ College ´÷ -ÉçöÀ †’ç* ü¿÷®Ω¢Ë’ç é¬ü¿’. äéπ îÓô’ ü¿÷®Ωç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Distant ÅE é¬F, Åçûª

3) A friend of my parent's =

there for me.

my parent's friend =

(†’´¤y Ø√ é¬xÆˇ-¢Ë’-ö¸N 鬕öÀd, †’´¤y Ø√ ûª-®Ω°∂æ¤-†.) Vignana: Just dont worry. He is a gem of a man and the others are very good as well.

(àç ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†-°æ-úøèπ◊. Åûªúø’ î√™« -´’ç-*-¢√úø’, Éûª-®Ω’©’ èπÿú≈ ´’ç* ¢√∞Ïx.)

M.SURESAN

a) A friend of my brother/ My brother's friend was here yesterday =

Nischala: Bye then, Viggy. ★

★

★

★

In this lesson we are going to study the uses of the preposition 'of'. 'of' English conversation

O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆?

ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC

Ø√ûªLxü¿çvúø’© ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ É™«çöÀ îÓôx 'of' èπ◊ îÁçC†, ßÁ·éπ\, Ææç•ç-Cµç*-† ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË ´·êuçí¬ ´’†’≠æfl© ßÁ·éπ\ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ, of •ü¿’©’, 's (Apostrophe and s) áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

î√™« ™.

Study the following sentences from the conversation above 1) What do you know of him? 2) Who are you talking of? 3) A friend of my parent's has brought up the proposal. 4) He is the elder of the two sons.

E†o ´÷ v•ü¿®˝ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úÌéπ®Ω’ -É-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o®Ω’. b) From the look of these houses we can say that they are of the rich =

Ñ - É∞¡x Çé¬-®√Eo •öÀd îÁ°æp-í∫©ç -ÅN üµ¿†-´çûª’©´E. ´’†’-≠æfl© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ßÁ·éπ\ (possession/ ownership) ÅE -îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊, of éπçõ‰ 's better. The books of my friend = my friend's books of 's'

É™«çöÀîÓôx Öçô’çC.

éπçõ‰,

áèπ◊\´ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬

The books on the table are my friend's =

5) This is the first of the guys.

õ‰-•’-™¸ -O’ü¿ Ö†o °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úÕN =

6) Dad wants to make sure of the family background.

The books on the table are of my friend/ are of my friend's.

7) All the members of the family.

v§ƒùç ™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊

éπçõ‰ Éçé¬ ¢√úø’-éπí¬ a long way off ÅE é¬F Åçö«ç. ÅEoöÀ éπçõ‰, A long way off= ü¿÷®Ωç, ¢√úø’éπ áèπ◊\´. The place is a long way off = Ç v°æü˨¡ç ü¿÷®Ωç The place isn't far off= Ç îÓô’ ü¿÷®Ω¢Ë’ç é¬ü¿’ (ü¿í∫_®Ω) (ii) As if= Å®·-†ô’x, é¬F é¬ü¿’. He talks as if he alone was correct. (Åûª†’ ûªØÌ-éπ\úË ÆæÈ®j-†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úøû√úø’– Åûª†’ ÆæJ é¬ü¿’) As though/ As if -È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰, Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ lessons ™ N´Jçî√ç îª÷úøçúÕ. iii) Derrick= 1) •®Ω’´¤ ™‰Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË äéπ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† Crane. 2) ·®Ω’ (Petroleum) EÍé ~-§ƒ-©’†o îÓôx bore ¢ËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË Drill†’ Å´’Í®a Platform. iv) Also ¢√úøéπç í∫’-Jç-* ÆæN-´-®Ωçí¬ §ƒûª Lessons ™ -N-´-Jç-î√ç.îª÷úøçúÕ.

's

¢√úøç.

'of'

´÷vûª¢Ë’

v) Thorough fare (through fare)= A Public Road. vi) Smoke Scent, vii) Pot pies Sentence,

äéπ ´®Ω’Ææ véπ´’ç™ äéπJ/ äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ ≤ƒn†ç (position) -îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ of ¢√úøû√ç. a) He is the first of the Indians to cross the seas=

Ææ´·-vü∆©’ ü∆öÀ† ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ·™x v°æ-ü∑¿´·úø’ Åûªúø’. ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç)

(He is the first Indian

b) This is 45th episode of the serial =

Ç Æ‘J-ߪ’-™¸™ ÉC 45´ á°œ-≤Úú˛. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Ééπ\úø of = ™ c) Sahadeva is the youngest of the Pandavas =

§ƒçúø´¤™x Ææ£æ«-üË-´¤úø’ *†o-¢√úø’. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* í∫öÀdí¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç/ †´’téπç Öçúøôç.

6) Sure of / certain of =

a) Are you sure of success =

Nïߪ’ç O’ü¿ Fèπ◊ †´’téπç Öçü∆? b) He is not sure of attending the marriage =

ûª†’ °RxéÀ ®√´úøç í∫’Jç* ÅûªúÕéÀ Åçûª †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. Sure of •ü¿’©’ sure about ÅE èπÿú≈ Å-†-´îª’a. 7) äéπ ´®Ω_ç™ ™‰ü∆ ÆæN’-A™ Ö†o ´uèπ◊h©’. e.g.: The members of a family, the students of a class / of a college, the leaders of a group, 8) The evening of sunday/ the morning of monday/ the evening of 11th Oct 2006, etc.,

°∂晫Ø√ ®ÓV/-û√-Kê’ §Òü¿’l†, ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç, -¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-†N îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ of ¢√úøû√ç He told you of it. Is that not so (Isn't that so?) =

ÅC Fèπ◊ ¢√úø’ îÁ§ƒpúø’. ÅçûË éπü∆?/ éπü∆? -v°æ-¨¡o: 1. ††’o éπ†o ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©èπ◊ viii) For the time being = v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ. Çï-Ø√tçûªç ®Ω’ù-°æúÕ Öçö«†’. ix) And so = 鬕öÀd 2. F ´çöÀ N’vûª’úø’ üÌ®Ω-éπúøç Ø√ °æ‹®Ωyï†t Ææ’éπ%ûªç– -Ñ -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« ®√-ߪ÷-L? x) Or so= Å™«. – é¬Khé˙, A®Ω’-´‹®Ω’ It costs Rs 1000/- or so. ÉC -¢Á®·u ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-ï-¢√-•’: 1. I shall be indebted life long/ all my ©’/- -¢Á®·u ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© v§ƒçûªç™ Öçô’çC. life to my parents (who gave me this He weights 70 Kgs or so= ÅûªúÕ •®Ω’´¤ life). ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 70 Íé-@-©’ -ÖçúÌa. 2. It's my fortune to have a friend like you/ I'm. xi) Any one else = ÉçÈé-´-È®jØ√. blessed to have a friend like you/ I feel Anyone else would not have done it= ÉçÈé´®Ω÷ ÅC -îËÆœ -Öç-úø®Ω’.(É™«çöÀ îÓôx no one rewarded to have a friend like you. (English ¢√∞¡Ÿx – Christians 鬕öÀd ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æ‹®Ωy ï†t O’ü¿ else would have done it, ņôç better) †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’) xii) Is that not so? = éπü∆? ™‰ü¿’. ÉN ¢√úÕ† ߪ’çúÕ.

Ñ ´÷ô©’ Ö†oô’x Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 30 Çí∫Ææ’d 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dharani: Your dress is really marvellous. Where did you buy it and how much is it?

Vidushi: Though no fractures or sprains, his body is aching a lot. I am sure he has to be off duty for the coming two to three days.

(F dress î√™« Åü¿’s¥ûªçí¬ ÖçC. áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤? áçûªèπ◊ éÌØ√o¢˛?) marvellous- ´÷´-©Æˇ– '´÷— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† Vidushi: I bought it at Quick Sale for a discount, of course. They knocked 20% off the dress. So I got it for Rs. 400 less. (Quick Sales Dress

™ discount ™ éÌØ√o†’. ÅÆæ©’ üµ¿®Ω™ 20 ¨»ûªç ûªT_ç-î√®Ω’. Åçü¿’-´©x 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊ ´*açC.)

Dharani: Where is this shop?

(Ñ

shop

áéπ\úø?)

Vidushi: Near Governorpet branch of State Bank of India, fifty yards off the main road. (State Bank of India Governorpet branch Main Road

ü¿í∫_Í®. í∫ñ«© ü¿÷®Ωç™)

†’ç* 50

Dharani: I'd like to have a look at the dresses too. How about going this evening?

N®Ω-í∫ôç (á´·-éπ©’) ¶„ù’-èπ◊©÷ àç ™‰éπ-§Ú®·Ø√, ä∞¡xçû√ ØÌ°æ¤p©’í¬ ÖçC. Éçéπ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ office èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-úøE Ø√ †´’téπç) fracture- v§∂ƒé˙a– á´·-éπ©’/ éÃ∞¡Ÿx N®Ω-í∫ôç. sprain- vÂÆp-ß˝’Ø˛– ¶„ù-éπôç/ ¶„ù’èπ◊ Dharani: Where was he going?

(áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’?) Vidushi: He was on his way to our village 20 Km off Guntur.

(í∫’çô÷®Ω’ †’ç* 20 éÀ.O’. ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†o ´÷ ví¬´÷-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’) Dharani: OK. We're getting right off the subject. When shall we go to the discount shop? When can you come?

(ÆæÍ®. ´’†ç ÅÆæ©’ N≠æߪ’ç ´C-™‰¨»ç. ´’†ç Ñ discount shop èπ◊ á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«lç? á°æ¤púø’ ®√í∫-©´¤ †’´¤y?)

He ate off the whole fruit =

Off a place = away from a place =

2) He came from Chennai =

äéπ v°æüË-¨»EéÀ Å´ûª©/ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ a) He lives in Dilsukhnagar, a kilometre off the main road to the east.

Åûª†’ îÁØÁj o †’ç* ´î√aúø’. He came off from the place =

Åûª-†’ç-úËC C™¸Ææ’븆í∫®˝™, main road èπ◊ ûª÷®Ω’pí¬ äéπ éÀ.O’. ü¿÷®Ωç™.

Åéπ\-úø’oç* ´îËa-¨»úø’. °æE °æ‹Jh îË®·. Finish off the work = °æE °æ‹Jh îËÊÆ®·. É°æ¤púø’ off èπ◊ Ö†o N’í∫û√ Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©÷ îª÷ü∆lç. Look at the following sentences 3) Finish the work -

b) It is village off Guntur -

í∫’çô÷®Ω’ Å´-ûªL ví¬´’ç. c) It is an island off the coast of the Bay of Bengal =

from the conversation above.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ¢Á∞«lç)

2. Off the main road =

¢√úø’ °æçúø’ ¢Á·ûªhç AØË-¨»úø’.

Vidushi: Why can't we go tomorrow afternoon?

(؈÷ Åéπ\úÕ dresses †’ îª÷ú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. É¢√y∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢Á∞«l´÷?) Vidushi: I'm afraid I can't make it this evening. I've to take my younger brother to hospital. He fell off his bike this morning.

2

351

1) They knocked 20% off the dress.

•çí¬-∞«-ë«ûªç B®√-EéÀ é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†o DN. 3. fall off = éÀçCéÀ °æúÕ-§Ú-´ôç

2) ... fifty yards off the main road

a) The gale caused all the fruits to fall off the tree = gale -

Ñü¿’-®Ω’-í¬L ( ûª’§ƒ-†x™ OîË í¬L) 鬮Ωùçí¬ îÁô’d-èπ◊†o °æçúøxFo éÀçü¿ °æúÕ-§Úߪ÷®·.

He fell of f his bike

(É¢√y∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ØË ®√™‰ØË. ´÷ ûª´·túÕo ÇÆæpvAéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«}L. Bike O’C †’ç* éÀçü¿-°æ-ú≈fúø’ Ñ Öü¿ßª’ç.) Dharani: How badly is he hurt?

(í¬ßª÷©’ áçûª Bv´çí¬ ûªT-™«®·?) hurt = í¬ßª’-°æ-úøôç/ í¬ßª÷© ´©x ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøôç Vidushi: Fortunately they are minor injuries. Just a few bruises.

(Åü¿%≠æd´¨»ûª’h *†o *†o í¬ßª÷™‰. Åéπ\-úøéπ\úø -U®Ω’èπ◊-§Ú-®·çC.) bruise = (v•÷ñ¸– ñ¸, size ™-™«) -U®Ω’èπ◊ §Ú´ôç/ í¬ßª’ç´©x Ωtç ™‰*-§Ú-´ôç Dharani: Sorry to hear that.

(ÅC N†-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC)

3) He fell off his bike

Dharani: OK. That suits me fine. I'm off.

4) He has to be off duty for the coming two to three days.

(ÆæÍ®. Ø√èπÿ O©’-í¬ØË Öçô’çC. ؈’ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.

5) He was on his way to our village 20 km off Guntur.

Bye.)











6) I'm off. î√™«-´’çC §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊© éÓJéπ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊, Ñ les1. Off the dress/ off the original ™ ´’†ç off Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ M.SURESAN price = ÅÆæ©’ üµ¿®Ω™  ûªT_ç-îªôç. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. a) They knocked 50% off the original price = Off î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’ English conversation ÅÆæ©’ üµ¿®Ω™ 50 ¨»ûªç ûªT_ç-îË-¨»®Ω’. ™. Off èπ◊ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç, äéπ °æE îËÊÆߪ’ôç ÅE. ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ î˨»úø’, ´î√aúø’, AØ√oúø’ b) You can get it at 25% off the price it is ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ç °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC ÅE îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊, usually sold at - ´÷´‚©’í¬ üÌJ-Íé-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ îËÊÆ-¨»úø’, ´îËa-¨»úø’, AØË-¨»úø’ Åçô’çö«ç. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ÅC 25 ¨»ûªç ûªèπ◊\´èπ◊ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC. English ™ off ¢√úøû√ç. c) He is 3 to 4 Kgs off his weight a week 1) He ate the whole fruit = ago- äéπ ¢√®Ωç véÀûªç ÅûªE •®Ω’-´¤™  3, 4 éÀ™©’ ûªí¬_úø’. ¢√úø’ °æçúø’ ¢Á·ûªhç AØ√oúø’. son

2. Hundred, Thousand, Lakh, Crore .. singular.

OöÀ´·çü¿’

Ææçêu©’ ´ÊÆh

Two hundred, four thousand, six lakh, eight crore, etc. singular)

v°æ¨¡o: 1. With a view to ûª®√yûª

verb èπ◊ ing îË®Ωa™ ´îËa to ûª®√yûª ¢√úø-´îª’a? 2. Lakh, Crore ÅØË numbers †’ á°æ¤púø’ singular ™ ¢√ú≈L, á°æ¤púø’ plural ™ ¢√ú≈L? 3. Barely, hardly, scarcely- ÉN Ææ´÷-Ø√-®Ωn鬙‰ éπü∆, interchange îËÆœ ¢√úø-´î√a? – Èé.á-Æˇ.-¨¡-®Ωùu, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úøphrases verb ing form

´î√a? à

(Ææçêu-©ûÓ ¢√úÕûË Ææçêu©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´çü¿-™«C, ¢Ë™«C, ©éπ~-™«C, éÓö«xC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕûË plural.

Hundreds of students get scholarships =

´çü¿-™«C Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ... Thousands of cars ply on this road =

¢Ë™«C

cars

Ñ

road

† A®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·.

Lakhs of people have seen the movie =

©éπ~-™«C v°æï©’ Ç ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»®Ω’. Crores of people consider Gandhi a mahatma =

éÓö«xC v°æï©’ ... ï-¢√-•’: 3. Inter change îËߪ’-´îª’a. ¢√öÀ-™  äéπ-ü∆Eo ¢√úË 1. With a view to (Ç Ö-üËl-¨¡çûÓ) ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ N’í∫û√N èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË '... ing' form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. barely, hardly ûÓ before, scarcely ûÓ when With a view to owning a house, we are sav¢√úøû√ç. ing money =

v°æ¨¡o: 1. How

to teach Xth English medium English prose and poetry in English?

≤Òçûª É©’x/ É©’x ≤ÒçûªC Öçú≈-©ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ, ¢Ë’ç úø•’s èπÿúø¶„úø’-ûª’Ø√oç

2.

With a view to avoiding the heat of summer we are going to Kashmir=

3. I have a half day of school tomorrow. Is it correct?

¢ËÆæN ¢ËúÕ ûªô’dèπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Ë’ç é¬Qt®˝ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç.

-– áØ˛. P´, ¢Á秃 (°æ.íÓ.->™«x)

E®Ω-Ææ† ´uéπhçî˨»®Ω’– English ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

ï-¢√-•’: 1. There are no hard and fast rules for the way you teach a set of students. Teaching methods have to change according to the abilities of the students, the number of students, the class room atmosphere, etc. But the following method may be tried. 1) Before beginning a lesson- put them some questions about the contents of the lesson. 2) Let them read, on their own, a paragraph or a part of a para, if the para is long. 3) Ask them if they have found answers to your questions in the para. 4) Ask them to answer your questions. 5) Then explain the lesson in detail, but before that explain the meanings of the difficult words. If it is a poem, read the whole poem first with the necessary pauses. Set the words in prose order and read again. Then follow the method above. 2. Expressed protest. 3. Tomorrow the school is only for half a day/ The school works only for half a day tomorrow.

b) He hit the ball so hard that it fell off/ way off the boundary =

Boundary

éÀ Å´-ûª©/ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Å´-ûª© °æúËçûª í∫öÀdí¬ éÌö«dúø’ •çAE.

4. He has to be off duty for the coming week =

Ñ ¢√®Ωç Åçû√

duty

îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. NCµéÀ, °æEéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçúøôç. NCµéÀ/ °æEéÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´-éπ-§Ú-´ôç.

off duty/ off work =

a) I am off college for tomorrow and the day after college

؈’ Í®°æ‹, á©’xçúÕ

éÀ ®√†’.

b) He has been off office for the last two days because of a fever = office

È®çvúÓ-V©’í¬ Åûª†’ 6. I'm off = ØË ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.

ïy®Ωç´©x èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç-™‰ü¿’.

a) I am wanted at home. I'm off =

؈’ ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡}úøç Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. Åûª†’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’/ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

b) He is off =

v°æ¨¡o:

1.

' Éçé¬ é̆-™‰ü¿’†’—— not yet ÅE îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Not bought yet ÅE èπÿ-ú≈ ÅØÌî√a? Not buy yet èπÿú≈ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

2. No. Only yesterday I came to know he had sold it off. off

DE™

™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Å®Ωnç

´÷®Ω’-ûª’çü∆? 3. Said that (or) told that

´Ææ’hçC. é¬F told ûª®√yûª ®√ü¿E îª-C-¢√†’, éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? 4. éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? ÅE ÆæçüË-£æ«çí¬ Åúø-í¬-©çõ‰ English ™ à´’-Ø√L? – áÆˇ. ®ΩN- π◊-´÷®˝, °æv≤ƒ (´®Ωç-í∫™¸ >™«x)

ï-¢√-•’:

1. Not yet-

DE Å®Ωnç, DE ´·çü¿J question †’ •öÀd éπü∆ Öçô’çC. (Not yet= Éçé¬ -™‰ü¿’ ÅE. àC Éçé¬ -™‰-ü¿-ØËC ´·çü¿J question †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC). Not bought Yet ûª°æ¤p.Have/ has not bought yet- correct. Not buy yet- -Å-Cçé¬ -ûª°æ¤p. 2. ûÁ©’í∫’™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç, Å´÷túø’ •ü¿’©’ Ţ˒t-¨»úø’ Åçö«ç (ÅN’t-¢Ë-¨»úø’). Sold it off/ away Åçõ‰ Ç °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·-§Ú-®·çC Å-E é¬Ææh emphasis èπ◊ Åçö«ç. 3. Say, tell differences î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-¨»ç. §ƒûª lessons ™ îª÷úøç-úÕ.4. Is it correct? Å-Ø√-L.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 2 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ranjan: Hi, Harsha, what's new? Harsha: Nothing

Harsha: Have you booked your ticket?

(àç ™‰ü¿’)

(F öÀÈéö¸ •’é˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?)

Ranjan: I called you the other day but you walked off in a hurry. In fact I called you till you were out of earshot.

Ranjan: No. Not yet. I had been to the station this morning for reserving my ticket. The power was off for nearly an hour. Having no patience to wait any longer I came away. I'm going tomorrow again.

(¢Á·†o äéπ-®ÓV ؈’ E†’o °œ©’-Ææ’hçõ‰, †’´¤y î√™« ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤. N†-°æ-úø†çûª ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞Ïx ´®Ωèπÿ °œL-î√†’.) Harsha: I didn't really hear you, I swear. Nothing is a greater pleasure than talking to you.

(F °œ©’°æ¤ Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ NE°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. FûÓ ´÷ö«xúøôç éπçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ¢ËÍ® Ææ®Ωü∆ àç ÖçC?) Ranjan: I returned recently from Mumbai. There I ran into our old friend and classmate Charit. (Do) you remember him?

(Ñ -´’-üµËu ؈’ ´·ç¶„j †’ç* AJ-íÌ-î√a†’. Åéπ\úø ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ´’† é¬xÆˇ-¢Ë’ö¸, §ƒûª ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø÷ îªJ-û˝†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. îªJû˝ Fèπ◊ í∫’Í®h éπü∆?)

(™‰ü¿’ Éçé¬. -É-¢√y∞¡ §Òü¿’l† ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’ Jï®˝y îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. é¬-F í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ éπÈ®çô’ ™‰ü¿’. ¢Ë*ÖçúË ã°œé𠙉éπ ´îËa-¨»†’. ´’Sx Í®°æ¤ ¢Á∞«h†’.) Harsha: You don't seem to be in any hurry to go back.

(AJT ¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπç-ûª ûÌçü¿-®Ω°æúø’ûª’-†oô’x éπEpçîªúøç ™‰ü¿’ †’´¤y.) Ranjan: I am off the mood for work. I've a lot of leave in credit. I want to be off work for the whole period of leave.

(°æE îËߪ÷-©ØË üµÓ®ΩùÀ ®√´-õ‰xü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ÂÆ©´¤©’Ø√o®·. Ñ ÂÆ©´¤ ®ÓV-™„j§Ú-ßË’-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æE-îË-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-©E ÖçC.)

Harsha: Of course I do. He is never off my mind. Well, what about him?

(í∫’®Ω’h™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úø-¢Ë’çöÀ? ¢√úÕE á°æ¤púø÷ ؈’ ´’Ja-§Ú†’. àçô-ûªEo í∫’Jç*?) Ranjan: He is very well off now. He is a big business man of sorts.

(É°æ¤púø’ î√-™« üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’-úø-ûª-†’. àüÓ •ú≈ ¢√u§ƒÍ® Åûª†’.) (of sorts = ã ®Ω-éπçí¬)

2

Harsha: That makes me happy. We can be together for some time.

Study the following uses of 'off' now: 1) Walk off,run off,etc =

É™«çöÀ îÓôxçû√, off èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, away ÅE. Åçõ‰ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´ôç, §ƒJ-§Ú-´ôç ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ. (Å´-ûª-©èπ◊ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´ôç/ Å´-ûª-LéÀ §ƒJ-§Ú-´ôç ÅE)

b) The father is a happy man because his sons are all well off =

éÌúø’-èπ◊-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x-´ôç ´©x ûªçvúÕ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. Well off X badly off -

a) They walked off without listening to her =

ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆, Ç¢Á’ îÁ°œpçC NE°œç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. b) He threw it off the window =

Åûª†’ ü∆Eo éÀöÀéà †’ç* (ü¿÷®Ωçí¬) NÆœ-Í®-¨»úø’. c) Look. Off he goes =

îª÷úø’. Åûª†’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. d) Off you go. We don't want you here any more =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

352

Get out. O’Jéπ\úø Öçúø†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ à ´÷vûªç.

(≤Òçûª ®√≠æçZ •ßª’õ‰ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o-úø-†o-´÷ô ûª†’. v°æA¶µº éπ©-¢√-úÁj-†-°æp-öÀéà Ééπ\úø’†oçûªé¬©ç Åûª-EÍéç éπLÆœ ®√™‰ü¿’.) Ranjan: You can say that. He isn't without talent really. He is able to show that in Mumbai. I think people are well off once they get out of their homes.

(Eï¢Ë’. Åûª†’ v°æA¶µº ™‰E-¢√-úËç-é¬ü¿’. ü∆†o-ûªúø’ ´·ç¶„j™  îª÷°œç-îª-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’Ø√oúø’. Ææy®√≠æçZ †’ç* •ßª’-ô°æúÕûËØË üµ¿Eèπ◊©’ Å´¤û√®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«.) Harsha: So, when are you going to Mumbai again?

(Å®·ûË †’´¤y ´’Sx ´·ç¶„j á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?) Ranjan: I am off as soon as my ticket is ready. I think that'll take another weak. (

Ø√ öÀÈéö¸ È®úŒ é¬-í¬ØË ¢Á∞«h†’. Å®·ûË ÅüÓ ¢√®Ωç °æôd-´îª’a.)

-v°æ-¨¡o:- i) "A true book is the life blood of a matter's spirit''. ii) When we use these phrases? a) On the other hand. b) As a matter of fact. c) on the basis of.

-D-EéÀ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’-öÀ?

ï-¢√-•’:

– >. ¨¡çéπ®˝, ¨¡çéπ-®Ω-°æôoç

i) A true/ great book is the life blood of a master spirit correct form of the sentence.

É-D Å®Ωnç– äéπ Eï-¢Á’i†/íÌ°æp °æ¤Ææhéπç äéπ ´’£æ…-ûª’tE v§ƒù«-üµ∆-®Ω-¢Á’i† ®Ωéπhç. ii) a) On the other hand - ÉC on the one hand .., on the other (hand)- ÉC È®çúø’ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©/-N-≠æ-ߪ÷-©/ -ü¿%-éπp-ü∑∆© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈, ´·êuçí¬ ¢Áj®Ω’üµ¿uç ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.
On the one hand they want to give money, but on the other, they don't want to give their money=

úø•’sL´yôç É≠æd¢Ë’, é¬E -¢√-∞¡x úø•’s É´yôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’.

English conversation off

ÉN èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ:

™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´îËa †’ í∫’Jç* ´’J-éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

a) They walked off with the victory/ the prize.

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: b) The boy rang the bell, and as I 1) I called you the other day but you opened the door, he ran off = walked off. M.SURESAN 2) He is never off my mind. 3) He is very well off now. c) They ran off towards the station = 4) So he is better off outside the state. 5) I think people are well off when they get out of their homes. 3) be well off = X 6) I am off as soon as my ticket is ready. be badly off = 7) The power was off for nearly an hour. a) You need not worry about Naresh. He's 8) I want to be off work for the whole period of made it good in business and is well off leave. now = preposition adverb 'off' adjective Just don't worry what part of speech a word is, so long as you are able to use it correctly in your speech. Correct use, that's important.

Ê°ü¿í¬ Öçúøôç

*çûª-°æ-úøèπ◊. Ææí∫ô’ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-úÕûÓ §ÚLÊÆh, †’´¤y Hü¿-¢√-úÕN é¬ü¿’. b) We are badly off for investment, so we are unable to start business =

°ô’d-•úÕ Â°ôd-™‰éπ/ °ô’d-•úÕ ¨¡éÀh ™‰éπ ¢Ë’ç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oç. c) She isn't so badly off as not to have/ buy good dresses =

He is never of f my mind

Harsha: So he is better off outside the home state. That's good for him. So long as he was here, he was quite badly off, for all his talent.

badly off =

a) Don't worry. Compared with the average Indian, you aren't badly off =

´’ç* vúÁÂÆÆˇ é̆-™‰†çûª Ê°ü¿üËç é¬ü¿’ Ç¢Á’. 4) So he is better off outside the state =

®√≠æçZ •ßª’ô Öçõ‰ØË ÅûªE °æE ¶«í∫’çC/ Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ Ææ秃-Cç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. a) People are better off now than before because of technological progress =

Nïߪ’ç/ •£æ›-´’A îË>-éÀ\ç--èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ í∫çô éÌö«dúø’. ؈’ ûª©’°æ¤ ûÁJ-îË-ô°æp-öÀéÀ, ¢√úø’ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

¢√∞¡Ÿ} ÊÆd≠æØ˛ ¢Áj°æ¤ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. ¶«í¬ úø•’sç-úøôç úø•’s ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç.

ÅEoîÓö«x

í¬,

é¬ü¿’. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ í¬ èπÿú≈ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷T≤ƒhç.


He did not help me, on the other hand he spread lies about me =

Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’, îËߪ’-éπ-§Úí¬ Ø√O’ü¿ Å•-ü∆l¥©’ v°æî√®Ωç î˨»úø’. b) As a matter of fact =

´’†ç îÁ°æ¤ûª’†o N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ é¬Ææh Ǩ¡a-®Ωuç/ -Ç-ÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË expression, ߪ’ü∑∆-®√n-EéÀ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ.


We have known each other for a long time. As a matter of fact, we were classmates at college =

-¢Ë’-´· äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ωç î√™«-鬩ç-í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ߪ’ü∑∆-®√n-EéÀ ¢Ë’ç college ™ classmates.


I've helped him. As a matter of fact I've helped him even before he has asked for it =

؈’ ¢√úÕéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç î˨»†’. ߪ’ü∑∆-®√n-EéÀ ¢√úø’ ††’o Åúøí∫-éπ-´·çüË Øˆ’ ¢√úÕéÀ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-ú≈f†’.

c) On the basis of =

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬; ü∆Eo-•öÀd.

†Í®-≠ˇ í∫’Jç* †’¢Ëyç *çAçéπ\®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç™ ¶«í¬ °jéÌî√aúø’. úø•’s ¶«í¬ Ææ秃-Cç* üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÕí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.


Don't act on the basis of what you have heard from others. Wait till you know the facts.

Éûª-®Ω’©’ îÁ°œpç-ü∆-Eo-•öÀd àO’-îË-ߪ’èπ◊. ¢√Ææh-¢√©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-´-®Ωèπ◊ Çí∫’.


On the basis of my experience I draw conclusions. =

≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ °æ¤®Ó-Gµ-´%Cl¥ ´©x Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’-éπçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ v°æï© °æJ-ÆœnA (ÇJn-éπçí¬) ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ÖçC. b) The team is better off without him =

¢√úø’ ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ØË öⲒ ¶«í∫’çC. 6) I'm off = ؈’ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·-†õ‰x a) It's already late. I'm off =

É°æp-öÀÍé Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. -ØË-†’ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. b) The bird is off to unknown lands =

ûÁL-ߪ’E v°æüË-¨»-©èπ◊ Ç °æéÀ~ (áTJ) §Ú®·çC. Nü¿’uû˝ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. Off work = °æEéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. °j´Fo èπÿú≈ conversation ™ Åûªuçûª ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE°œçîË ´÷ô©’. ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. 7) Power is off =

iii) The property had been sold before he wanted to buy it. (earlier past action) iv) He cannot help accepting defeat/ He cannot but accept

Ø√èπ◊†o ņ’¶µº¢√-Eo-•öÀd ؈’ E®√l¥-®Ω-ù-©èπ◊ ´≤ƒh†’/ defeat. Ø√ E®√l¥-®Ω-ù©’ Ø√ ņ’-¶µº-¢√-Eo-•öÀd Öçö«®·. --v°æ-¨¡o: i) All the students in -v°æ-¨¡o:- éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©’ éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√? -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. our class passed the exam. i) Whom I have to meet? ii) We have to write the exam well. iii) The property was sold before he wanted to buy it. iv) He cannot help but accept defeat.

ï-¢√-•’:

– áØ˛.-¶µ«-Ææ\-®˝-®√´¤, †®Ω-Ææ-†o-Ê°ô O’®Ω-úÕ-T-†-¢√-öÀéÀ correct sentences:

i) Who have I to meet?

ii) All of the students in our class passed the exam.

-Ñ -¢√é¬u-©’ éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√? -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – -N≠æflg, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

ï-¢√-•’: Both the sentences are correct. The first sentence as well as the second sentence means, Every one of the students in our class passed.

ii) Correct

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 4 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dhruva: Hi Apsara, (I) haven't seen you in months. (Have you) been out of town or what? (

ØÁ©-©’í¬ E†’o îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Ü®Óx ™‰¢√ àçöÀ?)

Apsara: I've moved to Hyderabad.

Dhruva: No, Apsara, in trying to prove yourself right in preferring computers, you are playing down teaching. I feel a teacher finds it really challenging to make a dull student understand their teaching.

(

(ÅüËç-™‰-ü¿’™‰. éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝q†’ áç-éÓ-´-ôç™ †’´¤y ÆæJ ÅE E®Ω÷-°œç--éÌØË v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ -öÃ-*çí˚- v§ƒ´·ë«uEo 鬢√-©E ûªT_-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ´’çü¿-´’A Å®·† Nü∆uJnéÀ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωn-´’ßË’u-™« ¶Cµç-îªôç -öÃ-˝èπ◊ °ü¿l Ææ¢√™‰.)

؈’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ ´÷®√†’/ £j«ü¿-®√¶«-ü˛™ ÖØ√o-E-°æ¤púø’) Dhruva: Aren't you any longer in teaching? (

-öÃ-*çí˚-™ ™‰-¢√ É°æ¤púø’? = É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y -öÃ-˝-N é¬ü∆?) Apsara: No. My heart wasn't in it. So I changed over to software. I find a lot of interest and challenge in it.

(Ø√ ´’†Ææ’ -öÃ-*çí˚-™ ™‰ü¿’/ ÖçúËCé¬ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝-q™éÀ -´÷®√†’. Åçü¿’™ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ÇÆæéÀh, Ææ¢√©’ éπE°œ≤ÚhçC). Dhruva: Students have lost a very good lecturer in you, I must say. I'd you had continued in teaching. (

Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ F™ ã ´’ç* -™„éπa®Ω®˝E éÓ™pߪ÷-®ΩØË îÁ§ƒpL. †’´¤y öÃ-*çí˚™ØË é̆≤ƒT Öçõ‰ áçûÓ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC.) Apsara: I don't believe that I was such a good lecturer. Anyway I am happier now. Surprisingly, one in every five people in our company happened to be in teaching for varying periods.

2

Apsara: May be. But there is no growth in it. Once a teacher, always a teacher.

(鬴a. é¬F -öÃ-*çí˚-™  °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© àD Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆? -öÃ-˝-í¬ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç, öÃ-˝-í¬ Åçûªç.)

Dhruva: OK. Wish you the best in your new profession. (

ÆæÍ®x. F éÌûªh ´%Ah™ ´’ç* éπ©-í¬-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ.) Apsara: Thank You. ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

lesson In Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) I haven't seen you in months.

Ñ

™

¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç.

Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ phone îËÆœ ¢√®√--™„jçC. = éÌEo ¢√®√-©’í¬ Ø√éπ-ûª†’- §∂Ú-Ø˛ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË, in years/ months/ weeks, etc. negative sentence (not ûÓ) ™í¬F, first, last ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûªí¬F ¢√úøû√ç. Å™« 鬆-°æ¤púø’, í∫ûª éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, for the past, for the last ÅE Åçö«ç. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆.

b) Though trained as a dancer, her heart is not in it =

Ø√ôuç™ Péπ~ù §ÒçC-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Åçü¿’™ ´’†Ææ’/ ÇÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’. 4) In somebody = äéπ-J™

a) We have in him the future leader of the country =

Åûª-E™ ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úø’-Ø√oúø’/ Åûª-E™ Ø√ߪ’-éπûªy ©éπ~-ù«©’Ø√o®·.

b) We lost a great singer in Leela.

b) I haven't seen him for the past 2 years = I haven't seen him in two years =

M©-™ (-Ç-¢Á’ -´’%-A-ûÓ) äéπ íÌ°æp í¬ßª’-EE éÓ™pߪ÷ç. v°æA éÌçûª Ææçêu (´’†’-≠æfl-™x, N≠æ-ߪ÷-™x)

5) One in every = out of every =

؈-ûªEo îª÷Æœ È®çúË-∞¡x-®·çC./ È®çúË∞¡Ÿxí¬ Øˆ-ûªEo îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’/ È®çúË∞¡x™ ؈ûªEo äéπ\-≤ƒK îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

353

c) This is the first time that he acted in a year =

a) One in every ten students scored 100% % b) One in every 43 persons has diabetes =

v°æA 10 ´’çC™ äéπ Nü∆u-JnéÀ 100 ´*açC.

v°æA †©¶µ„j´·í∫’_-J™ äéπ-JéÀ îªÈé\®Ω ¢√uCµ ÖçC. ÉC î√™« ´·êuç– ûÁ©’-í∫’™ íÌçûª’ûÓ Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË, English ™ ´÷vûªç In a low voice (ûªèπ◊\´ íÌçûª’ûÓ), In a high voice (°ü¿l íÌçûª’ûÓ), etc.

6) In voice-

My hear t wasn't in it

(

؈ç-ûª -íÌ°æp -™„éπa®Ω®˝†E †´’tôç ™‰ü¿’. Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-ç -à-N’-ôç-õ‰ ´÷ éπç°-F™ v°æA âü¿’-í∫’-J™ äéπ®Ω’ -öÃ-*çí˚-™ àüÓéÌçûª Æ洒ߪ’ç Ö†o¢√∞Ïx.)

Dhruva: I used to hear that you spoken in a very impressive voice and but in a gentle voice while you taught. They were in love with it. (

ØË-†’ NØË-¢√-úÕ-E †’´¤y î√™« £æ«ûª’h-èπ◊-§ÚßË’, é¬-F Eü∆-†-¢Á’i† íÌçûª’ûÓ ¶Cµç-îË-ü∆-E-´E. ¢√∞¡Ÿx F íÌçûª’†’ î√™« ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-î√®Ω’.)

Apsara: Perhaps so. My team members say so too. But the thing is I prefer this job to lecturing in that it offers a challenge, which I didn't find in lecturing.

ÅÆæ©’ N≠æߪ’ç àçôçõ‰ lecturing éπØ√o Ñ ÖüÓu-í∫¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ , áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Éçü¿’™ Ö†o Ææ¢√©’, -™„éπa-Jçí˚™ ™‰ü¿’.)

(

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) éπJ∏† °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ, ii) English Dictionary

´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÀ ´’ç* Modern °æ¤Ææhéπç îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. iii) Call centre ™ ñ«¶¸éÓÆæç v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ÉçTx≠ˇ fluent í¬ ®√¢√-©çõ‰ àç îËߪ÷™ Ææ©£æ… É´y-í∫-©®Ω’. – -©éÀ~t, -Ç®˝.Æœ.°æ¤®Ωç

ï-¢√-•’: i) Oxford-

Advanced learner's Dictionary of current English

ii) Living English structure by stannard Allen. iii)

Institute ™ call centre trainBÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. --v°æ-¨¡o: i) E†’o N’vûª’-Eí¬ §ÒçC-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ ´’£æ«-ü∆†ç-ü∆--Eo §Òçü¿’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. ii) O’®Ω’ îËÆœ† ≤ƒßª÷-EéÀ Ø√ @N-û√çûªç ®Ω’ù°æúÕ Öçö«†’.– -Ñ -¢√é¬u-©’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« ®√--ߪ÷-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. iii) Standard English Grammar °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – é¬-Khé˙, -A®Ω’-´‹®Ω’

àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* ing course

2) Aren't you any longer in teaching

Ñ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ Åûª†’ ÉüË ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ †öÀç-*çC. 2) In teaching - É™«ç-öÀ Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™ x In ´%Ah™ Öçúøôç ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

3) My heart wasn't in it. 4) Students have lost a very good lecturer in you. 5) One in every five people in our company.

a) He is in a job/ business, etc =

Åûª†’ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™/ ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’ (ÖüÓuí∫ç/ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç, etc. 6) You spoke in a very impressive M.SURESAN îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.) voice, but in a gentle voice. b) She is in journalism = Ç¢Á’ journalist. (°ævAé¬ 7) They were in love with it. ®Ωîª-®·-ûª)í¬ °æE-îË-≤ÚhçC. 8) I prefer this job in that it offers a challenge. c) A: What are you in now? Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æߪ’ç– 'In' Åçõ‰ ´’†ç áèπ◊\-´í¬ (É°æ¤púËç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢˛?) '™— Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. In the box/ in the class/ in government service, etc. = class/ In

°õ„d/ v°æ¶µº’-ûªy-ÊÆ´, OöÀ™. ¢√úË ´’J-éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥-L-°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.

1) In months (.. In a period of time) =

ØÁ©-©’í¬. Ñ expression ™ Å®·ûË months ÅE (ØÁ©©’) ¢√ú≈ç. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ áçûª Ææ´’-ߪ÷EÈéjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. a) He hasn't called me in weeks = He hasn't called for weeks now =

ï-¢√-•’: i) I'm extremely happy to have a friend like you. ii) I shall be indebted all my life for your help. iii) Living English structure, by Stannard Allen. (Orient Longmans co)

-v°æ-¨¡o: Look, See, Watch èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? à Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L?-

B: I'm in fashion technology. (fashion technology

-Ç-¢Á’ Aߪ’uöÀ íÌçûª’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC.

b) He shouted in a harsh voice =

éπJ∏-†-¢Á’i† íÌçûª’ûÓ ÅJ-î√-úø-ûª†’.

7) In love with =

É≠æd-°æ-úøôç/ vÊ°N’ç-îªúøç/ vÊ°´’™ °æúøôç

a) Dushyantha was in love with Sakuntala. b) They were in love with each other.

Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îª-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ éπü∆. Ç é¬®Ω-ùçí¬ – ÉC î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®ΩîËߪ’çúÕ. ¢Á’i†

8) In that = expression, practice a) Many young heros in Telugu cinema are fortunate in that they are the sons of important people in the industry

= ûÁ©’í∫’ ÆœE´÷ °æJ-v¨¡´’-™-E v°æ´·ê’© éÌúø’-èπ◊©-´ôç (Ç é¬®Ω-ùçí¬) î√™«-´’ç-C ûÁ©’í∫’ ߪ·´ £‘«®Ó© Åü¿%≠ædç.

™ ÖØ√o. Åçü¿’™

°æE-îË-Ææ’hØ√o) 3) My heart wasn't in it.

b) It is difficult in that it needs a lot of money

ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC-éπü∆? ´’†Ææ’ äéπ-ü∆ØÓx ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç = ÇÆæéÀh ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç.

î√™« úø•’s Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅØËC, ÅC éπ≠dçæ Å´-ö«EéÀ 鬮Ωùç.

a) His heart is not in this job =

ÅûªEéÀ Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç †îªaôç ™‰ü¿’.

-v°æ¨¡o: i) Spoken English -™ í∫-ûªç-™ -äéπ≤ƒ-J

He seen me on my way to the station to sentence receive my uncle present perfect tense He has seen past perfect tense He had seen

-†’

ÅE ®√-¨»®Ω’. Ñ ™ Å®·ûË ÅE ™ Å®·ûË Å-Ø√L éπü∆? -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

ii) She had worked as teacher before she got married She had worked as teacher before she married Married past tense Got verb

ÅØ√o®Ω’.

ņ-èπÿ-úøü∆? éπü∆. ÅØË ´’®Ó

èπÿú≈ †’ áçü¿’èπ◊ îË®√a®Ω’? ï-¢√-•’: – °œ. ®√´÷-†çü˛, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Look= ´’†ç (v°æߪ’-Aoç--*) îª÷úøôç ï¢ √• ’: i) He seen me ... ÉC Åa- -§Ò®Ω-§ƒõ„j Watch= °æK-éπ~í¬ îª÷úøôç Railway station èπ◊ -¢Á-∞Ïx-ü∆J™ Öçô’çC. See= ´’†èπ◊ éπEpç-îªôç (I see a car at a dispast action 鬕öÀd, ÅE , Å®·§ Ú® ·† tance = ü¿÷®Ωç™ car éπEp-≤ÚhçC) past actions ™‰´¤ 鬕öÀd, He Ééπ \ ú ø È ® çúø ’ Look at the sky at night = ®√vA°æ‹ô Ç鬨¡ç saw me ... ÅE Öçú≈-LqçC. ¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷úø’). You see stars (†éπ~-vû√--©’ éπii) ... Before she married -ņo-°æ¤púø’, she marE°œ≤ƒh®·.) ried him/ the name of the man Öçõ‰ corWe watch a movie/ TV etc. rect. Íé-´-©ç she married ÅE ´C-™‰ßª’ç. –Èé. v°æOù˝, éÌ™«x-°æ‹®˝

a) She speaks in a sweet voice =

-v°æ-¨¡o: Stationery shop, stationary shop. -– Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? –°œ.N.-Ç-®˝.-´‚Jh, N¨»-ê-°æôoç

ï-¢√-•’:

Stationery shop is correct. Difference between stationary and stationery; 

Stationary= Motionless,

E¨¡a-©çí¬ Ö†o,

éπü¿-©E A stationary Job =

äÍéîÓô (Office ©™)

èπÿ®Ω’aE îËÊÆ ÖüÓuí∫ç. A stationary vehicle=

ÇT Ö†o/ éπü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈

Ö†o ¢√£æ«†ç.

 Stationery= Materials we use for writing. - Paper, Pen, Pencil,etc.

®√ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË °æJ-éπ-®√©’

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 6 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Shanmukh: Where are you coming from?

(áéπ\úÕ †’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Dhanush: I am just in from the movie, Nuvvu Nakoddu. I was late by 10 minutes. For some time I could not make head or tail of what was going on.

(†’´¤y-Ø√-éÌü¿’l ÆœE´÷ †’ç* É°æ¤púË ´Ææ’hØ√o. 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ¢Á∞«x†’. éÌçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ àç ï®Ω’-í∫’ûÓçüÓ ûª™«-ûÓé¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’.) not make head or tail of =

ûª™«ûÓé¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Shanmukh: Why were you late?

(áçü¿’èπ◊ Ç©Ææuç Åߪ÷u´¤?) Dhanush: Don't worry why I was late. You saw the movie last week, didn't you? Were you in at the start?

(ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç©-Ææu-´’-ߪ÷uØÓ ´C-™„ß˝’. †’´¤y éÀçü¿öÀ ¢√®Ωç ü∆Eo-îª÷-¨»´¤ éπü∆? ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç* ÖØ√o¢√? (îª÷¨»¢√?) Shanmukh: Yea. I was there from the start. Damodar took me to the movie. Of late he has been quite in with me. Don't know why.

(Å´¤†’. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ†’ç< îª÷¨»†’. ü∆¢Á÷ü¿®˝ BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xúø’ ††’o. Ñ ´’üµ¿u Ø√ûÓ î√™« -ÊÆo-£æ«çí¬ Öçô’-Ø√oúø’. áçü¿’éÓ ûÁL-ߪ’-ôç-™‰ü¿’.) Dhanush: That's his nature. He had been in with the management till he got his promotion. Obviously he wants something from you if he is in with you.

2

Dhanush: He dresses himself quite smartly too. He is always seen in the cut that is in.

(ü¿’Ææ’h©’ èπÿú≈ î√™« Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. àC fashion ™ ÖçüÓ ü∆çöxØË éπE°œ-≤ƒh-úø-ûª†’.) cut= •ôd© fashion Shanmukh: OK. Let's see what he is up to.




(ÆæÍ®x. ¢√úËç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ îª÷ü∆lç.)








´’† conversation †’ Ææ®Ω-∞¡-ûª®Ωç îËߪ’-í∫© 'in' Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ ´’J-éÌEo Ñ lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç. Conversation †’ ease ûÓ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-î √-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ñ *†o *†o expressions ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’úøç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

2) Were you in at the start -

Ééπ\úÕ expression, be in at something - Å®Ωnç– àüÁjØ√ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†oîÓô Öçúø-ôç. a) I am lucky to have been in, right from the start of the project -

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above.

Ø√ Åü¿%≠ædç, Ç v§ƒñ„é˙d v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç †’ç* ؈éπ\úø ÖØ√o†’. (Ç project ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æpöÀ †’ç* ÖØ√o†’.)

1) I am just in from the movie. 2) Were you in at the start?

b) They were not in at the end of the function =

3) Of late he has been quite in with me.

¢Ëúø’éπ *´®Ω ¢√∞¡x-éπ\úø ™‰®Ω’. 3) be

in with (some body) =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

6) He is always seen in the cut that is in.

c) He will be here in no time. Let's be ready to receive him =

Åûª†’ ®√´-ú≈-E-éÀ -áç-ûÓÊÆ°æ¤ °æôdü¿’. ÅûªEo ≤ƒyí∫-Aç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤ü∆ç. 5) be in on something =

äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç Öç-úøôç/ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç. a) I very much like to be in on your plans =

4) He has the knack of getting chummy with people in no time. 5) ... already he wants to be in on our plans to start a business.

Ñ ®ÓV™x °œ©x©’ computers Éõ‰d/ î√™« ûªy®Ωí¬ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’/ áçûÓ-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æôdü¿’.

354

äéπ-JûÓ üÓÆ‘hí¬ Öçúø-ôç/ äéπJ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ Öç-úøôç.

O’ °æü∑¿-é¬-©™ Ø√èπÿ ¶µ«í∫ç Öçú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o†’. b) He must be in on the discussions about his marriage -

ûª† °Rx Ωa©™ Åûª-úÕéÀ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç Öçú≈L/ Åûª†’ éπLpç--éÓ-¢√L. c) She is in on things that don't concern her =

I am just in fr om the movie

(¢√úÕ Ææy¶µ«´ç ÅçûË. ¢√úÕéÀ promotion ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ management (ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç)ûÓ î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. FûÓ ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖØ√oúøçõ‰ F †’ç* àçö 鬢√-©E ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC.) Shanmukh: He has the knack of getting chummy with people in no time. The other day I introduced him to our friend Satyam, and already he wants to be in on our plans to start a business.

(é¬ÊÆ-°æ-öÀ-™ØË á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√, ÊÆo£æ«ç °çîË-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ûÁL-N-ûË-ô©’ ¢√úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ ÖØ√o®·. ¢Á·ØÓo-®ÓV ¢√úÕE ´’† Ææû√u-EéÀ °æJ-îªßª’ç î˨»†’. ÅçûË. ´’†ç ÆæûªuçûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ îË®√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) Knack= Ø√é˙–Ø√, Bank -™  Ba ™«í∫= àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-ôç™/ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† ûÁL-N-ûË-ô©’

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) English

grammar ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç Ææ÷*ç-îªçúÕ. ii) éÌçü¿®Ω’ '®√´÷ç-ï-ØË-ߪ·©’— Åçõ‰ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Ramaanjaneyulu, ´’®Ó Nüµ¿çí¬ Ramanjaneyulu ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? ®√= 'Raa' é¬ü∆? 'Ra' ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. ´÷ Åçõ‰ 'Maa' é¬ü∆ 'Ma' ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’? Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. – áç.®√-´÷ç-ï-ØË-ߪ·©’, ´’ü¿-Ø√-°æ¤®Ωç

ï¢√•’: i) Living English structure by stannard Allen.

book practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ¶µ«≠æèπ◊ îÁçü¿E ´÷ô©’, ¢√öÀ èπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ´îËa Nüµ¿çí¬ á™« Å®·Ø√ spell îËߪ’-´îª’a. Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ®√´÷ç-ï-ØË-ߪ·-©’†’ O’ Ê°®Ω’í¬ O’È®™« spell îË≤ƒh®Ó, O’èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ¢√öÀ™x ÅEoîÓö«x Å™«Íí spell ÅßË’uô’x îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©’. É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Rules Åçô÷ Öçúø´¤. Pronunciation èπ◊ -à-C ü¿í∫_-È®jûË Å™« spell îËߪ’-´îª’a.

Ñ

ii) English pronunciation

í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆: °j expressions îËÆœ-†N) ÅFo î√™« simple é¬F Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥í¬ ¢√úÕûË î√™« í¬ Öçô’çC. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. 1) I am just in = ØËE-°æ¤púË ´î√a†’ Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç -éπü∆– In Åçõ‰ (Out èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπçí¬) äéπ îÓô Öçúøôç ÅE. ü∆EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çüË Ñ = É°æ¤púË ™EéÀ/ äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ®√´úøç.

a) He has been quite in with her for some time =

(underlines expressions, effective

Ç¢Á’ûÓ Åûª†’ éÌCl鬩çí¬ î√™« üÓÆ‘hí¬/ ÆæEo-£œ«ûªçí¬ Öçô’-Ø√oúø’. b) The MLA is in with the Chief Minister = M.SURESAN use of in

a) The train is in = Train

´*açC.

b) He had just been in when she started asking him questions =

Åûª†’ ™EéÀ ®√í¬ØË, Ç¢Á’ v°æ¨¡o©’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*çC. (v°æ¨¡o© ´®Ω{ç èπ◊J-°œç-*çC) c) She has just been in. You can see her there =

Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púË ™EéÀ ´*açC. Åéπ\úø éπE°œ-≤ÚhçC îª÷úø’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) 'K' ÂÆj™„çö¸ Åéπ~-®√Eo ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ 'N' Åéπ~®Ωç ´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ v°æßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’? N’í∫û√ ÉçTx≠ˇ Åéπ~-®√© ´·çü¿’ áçü¿’èπ◊ v°æßÁ÷-Tç--Ω’? ii) O.K. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Ñ O.K. ™ 'K' Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Ééπ\úø 'K' ᙫ v°æßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’? iii) C.B.S.E. Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ à úÕéπ{-†K Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫éπ®Ωçí¬ Öçô’çC? – ñ«†-§ƒöÀ XE-¢√Æˇ, -N’®√u-©í∫÷-úø ï¢√•’: i) English ™ î√™« áèπ◊\´ ´÷ô©’ latin, french ¶µ«≠æ© †’ç* ´*a-†N. ´‚©- ¶µ«-≠æ-©™ spelling ûÓ English îËJ, pronunciation ™ ´÷®Ω’p îÁçü∆®·, K silent ÅßË’u Knee, Knowledge ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’. OöÀéÀ N´®Ωù É¢√y-©çõ‰ ã ví∫çü∑¿¢Ë’ ®√ߪ’´îª’a. Å®·Ø√ Å-†´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆! ii) O.K.– DEéÀ N´-®Ωù î√-™« N°æ¤-©çí¬ §ƒûª lessons ™ Éî√aç. îª÷úøçúÕ.

Ç MLA, ´·êu-´’çvAûÓ î√™« ÆæEo£œ«ûªçí¬ Öçö«úø’. Åûª-EéÀ ´·êu-´’çvA ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ ÖçC.

Ramachandra Rao is in with the CM =

®√´’-îªçvü¿®√´¤ CM èπ◊ ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’úø’/ °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ Ö†o-¢√úø’.

CM

=

d) I want you to get in on the project =

Ñ project ™ F v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç èπÿú≈ Öçú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. 6) The cut that is in =

É°æ¤púø’

fashion

™ Ö†oC.

a) Jeans are in now =

É°æ¤púø’ ´ü¿l

4) In no time =

ÅA ûªy®Ω-™ØË

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-îªE N≠æ-ߪ÷™x éπLpç-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. be in on •ü¿’©’ get in on ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ´îª’a.

fashion jeans.

b) Stripes for men are in and plain colours are out =

°æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl© -ü¿’Ææ’h-™x î√®Ω©’ (stripes) É°æ¤púø’ §ƒûª fashion (out)

fashion. Plain colours

áçûÓ-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æôdü¿’.

a) You can learn swimming in no time. It's easy =

Ñûª ØË®Ω’aéÓ´-ú≈-EéÀ áçûÓ-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æôdü¿’ Fèπ◊. ÅC î√™« Ææ’©¶µºç. b) These days children learn computers in no time. =

iii) Higher classes/ courses Dictionary Oxford: An Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English.

Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-

ü¿-Jéà îªéπ\í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË

-v°æ-¨¡o: --Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -´÷uí∫-ñ„j-Ø˛q-†’ -Å®Ωnç -îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©ç-õ‰ -úÕéπ{-†-

K-™-E °æ‹-Jh °æ-ü∆-©’ -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-¢√-™«?-´÷uí∫-ñ„j-Ø˛-™ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-E °æ-ü∆-©’ -ØË®Ω’aèπ◊ç-õ‰ -î√-™«?-v°æ°æç-îª -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -†-´-©-©’, -´÷uí∫-ñ„j-Ø˛q -îª-ü¿-¢√-©ç-õ‰ -áç-ûª vocabulary -Å-´Ææ®Ωç? – ->.≤ƒ®· π◊-´÷®˝, £j«-ü¿®√--¶«-ü˛ ï¢√•’: à magazine ™í¬F, °æ¤Ææh-éπç™í¬F, ã dictionary -™ ç* °æü∆©’ áç°œéπ -îËÆæ’èπ◊-E ®√ߪ’®Ω’. ´’†ç ¢√úË ´÷ô©’ ´’† Ç™-©èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j-†-Ní¬/ ´’† Ç™-îª-†-©†’ correct í¬ ´uéπh-°æ-JîËNí¬ Öçö«®·. Ç ´÷ô©’ -à ´’ç* dictionary ™-ØÁj-Ø√ Ö-çö«®·. dictionary ™E¢Ó, à word-list ™¢Ó ´÷ô©’ éπç®∏ΩÆænç îËÊÆh ÆæJí¬ ´÷-ö«x-úøí∫©ç/ ®√ߪ’-í∫©ç ņ’-éÓ-´ôç §Ò®Ω-¶«ô’.

c) Dresses are in and Saris are out = Dresses (Out)

É°æpöÀ fashion, <®Ω©’ fashion é¬ü¿’

É°æ¤p-úøC fashion = That is the in thing now.

´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lqç-ü¿-™«x áçûª English O-™„jûË Åçûª îªü¿-´ôç/ N†ôç/ ´÷ö«x-úø-ôç – DEo exposure Åçö«ç -éπü∆? ´’†èπ◊ ã ¶µ«≠æèπ◊ áçûª exposure Öçõ‰ Åçûª ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC. India Today ™«çöÀ magazines regular í¬ îª-ü¿’-´¤-ûª÷ Öç-úøçúÕ. îªC-¢Ë-ô°æ¤púø’ ´÷ô© Å®√n©’ dictionary ™ îª÷úø-éπçúÕ. Å®Ωnç-é¬E ´÷ô-™‰-´-®·Ø√ Öçõ‰, ¢√öÀE ¢Á·ü¿ô note -îËÆæ’èπ◊-E îªü¿-´ôç °æ‹®Ωh-®·-† -ûª-®√yûª dictionary îª÷úøçúÕ. O-™„j-ûË Ç ´÷ô-©†’ Å´-鬨¡ç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøçúÕ.- Å-™«Íí Daily English news-paper îªü¿-´çúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 9 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dhaval: I saw you going into the bakery this morning. Buying a cake or what?

(Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç †’´¤y bakery ™éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†o-°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»†’. Cake é̆ú≈-Eé¬ àN’öÀ?)

Sravan: He is into his late forties. He was saying that he was still Rs. 25000 into his financier and that there was none to take care of him.

(Åûª†’ 40´ °æúÕ™ °æúøf-¢√úË. ûªEçé¬ ûª† financier èπ◊ ®Ω÷. 25000 ¶«éà ÖØ√o-†F, ûª††’ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ØË ¢√∞¡Ÿx ™‰®ΩE ÅØ√oúø’.)

Sravan: Yea. I wanted to order a birthday cake for my little sister. (

Å´¤†’ ´÷ îÁ™„x-LéÀ birthday cake order îËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ.)

(Little sister is American for younger sister.) Dhaval: Isn't that the girl that narrowly escaped an accident last week when the auto she was in crashed into a stationary car?

(Ç Å´÷tßË’ éπü∆? éÀçü¿öÀ¢√®Ωç EL* Ö†o 鬮Ω’†’ úµŒé̆o auto ™ ÖçúÕ v°æ´÷ü¿ç vûª’öÀ™ ûª°œpç--èπ◊çC?) narrowly escaped = vûª’öÀ™ ûª°œpç--èπ◊çC. stationary = äéπ-îÓô éπü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o. Sravan: Yea. That's the one. Lucky to be alive. Otherwise we wouldn't be celebrating her birthday.

(•AéÀ Öçúøôç Åü¿%≠ædç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢Ë’ç °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV -E®Ωy£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË¢√∞¡xç é¬ü¿’.)

Dhaval: Did he want you to drop the case against him? What did you say to him?

(ûª† O’ü¿’†o †’¢Ëy-´’-Ø√o´¤?)

BÊÆ-ߪ’-´’-Ø√oú≈?

☯

☯

☯

☯

Dhaval: I am sorry. Isn't she into music too? I often see her singing in the competitions on the TV. (Sorry.

ÆæçU-ûªç™ èπÿú≈ ®Ω’í¬_ §ƒ™Ô_çô’çC éπü∆? ûª®Ωîª÷ TV ™ ÆæçUûªç §ÚöÙx éπE°œÆæ÷h Öçô’çC.)

Sravan: You can say that. She is a fine singer. If only she can put some more time into it! Her studies are in the way. (

éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ´’ç* í¬-ߪ’E ûª†’. Éçé¬Ææh Æ洒ߪ’ç ÆæçU-û√-EéÀ Íéö«-®·ç-îª-í∫-L-TûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC! é¬F îªü¿’´¤ Åúøfç ´≤ÚhçC.)

Dhaval: How is she able to manage both?

°æúøôç. a) The plane crashed into the jungle below

N´÷†ç éÀçü¿ Åúø-N-™éÀ °æúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. b) His bike bumped into the back of a lorry

ÅûªE bike lorry ¢Á†’é𠶵«í¬Eo úµŒéÌ-öÀdçC. N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Into †’, Åçûª-ü∆é¬ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. (Sentence No 6)

Time

1) I saw you going into the bakery.

a) He works late into the night =

2) ... when the auto she was in crashed into a stationary car?

®√vA ¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l-§Ú-ßË’ü∆é¬ °æE îË≤ƒh-úø-ûª†’

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(È®çúÕç-öÀF ᙫ ØÁí∫’_-éÌ-≤ÚhçC?)

5) If only she can put some more time into it

355

b) She carried on her work till late into the night =

(®√vA î√™«-ÊÆ°æ-öÀ´®Ωèπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çC. Accident Å®·†°æpöÀ †’ç-* ÆæçUûªç practice îËߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. éÌClí¬ í¬ßª÷™„j, °æ‹Jhí¬ ÆæyÆænûª ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC.) Dhaval: Isn't there any case about it?

àç ™‰ü∆?)

Sravan: The police are enquiring into it. The insurance people too are about it. (Police Insurance

©’ Nî√-®Ωù îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ °æJ-Q-L-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)

Dhaval: The police can be bribed into putting the case into cold storage. Keep seeing your lawyer about it. What was the auto driver's age?

©’ case ÇÊ° Nüµ¿çí¬ ©çî√-©ûÓ ≤ƒüµ¿uç. O’ lawyer †’ ûª®Ωîª÷ éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çô÷ Öçúø’.Çö driver ´ßª’-ÂÆqçûª?)

®√vA î√™« Ç©Ææuç ÅßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æE -îËÆæ÷hØË ÖçC.

6) She studies late into the night.

c) He did not get married till late into his thirties =

7) The police are enquiring into it. 8) He is into his late forties. Into Into

èπ◊ ´÷-´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆? Åçõ‰ (äéπ v°æü˨¡ç/ ã ´Ææ’h´¤) ™EéÀ. (In = ™; Into = ™EéÀ). ÉüË Ñ éÀçC sentence ™ îª÷≤ƒhç.

Åûª†’ ûª†èπ◊ 30 à∞¡xèπ◊ °j•úË´®Ωèπ◊ °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. M.SURESAN

Bakery

3) be well into =

at an advanced stage = î√™«¶µ«í∫ç Å®·-§Ú-ßË’ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-ü¿¨¡ ü∆öÀ-§Ú-´úøç.

1) I saw you going into the bakery =

î√™« ¶«í¬ photography ™ ÇÆæéÀh éπ†-•-®Ω’-Ææ’hØ√oúø’, photography ØË ÅûªE ´·êu 鬮Ωuéπ-™«°æç É°æ¤púø’. b) She is into software = Computers

™ ¶«í¬ v¨¡ü¿l¥/ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°œ-≤Úhçü∆¢Á’, ü∆EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË áèπ◊\´í¬ îË≤ÚhçC.

c) He is no longer interested in engineering. He is into film acting now

ÅûªEéÀ É°æ¤púø’ Engineering ™ Åçûª ÇÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’. ÆœE´÷™x †öÀç-îª-ôç™ ÇÆæéÀh, v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°œç* Ç v°æߪ’ûªoç O’üË ÖØ√oúø’. Put into (Sentence No. 5)- îË®Ωaôç. a) Put some more force into your words when you make speeches =

F v°æÆæç-í¬™x F ´÷ô©èπ◊ ´’J-éÌçûª ¨¡éÀh ñúÕç.

a) He jumped into the river to save the child which had fallen into the river =

†C™ °æúÕ† Gúøf†’ ®ΩéÀ~çîªú≈-EéÀ, Åûª†’ †C-™éÀ ü¿÷é¬úø’. b) He walked away into the dark night =

Ç <éπöÀ ®√vA-™ØË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ (<éπ-öxéÀ †úÕ-* -¢Á-∞«xúø’/ ´÷ߪ’-´’-ߪ÷uúø’) Å™«Íí sentence No 2 îª÷úøçúÕ:

Idioms, vocabulary

îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ àç îËߪ÷L. English usage °j ü¿%≠œd °ö«d™«? ™‰éπ idioms °j Öçõ‰ î√™«? Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéà Ææç•ç-Cµç* ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ææ÷*ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Anagram Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ÉC vocabulary °çéÓ-´-úøç™ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’ûª’çC? – áÆˇ.-J-£æ…Ø√ ¶‰í∫ç, éπ©÷x®Ω’. – v°æ¨»çû˝, õ„éπ\L. ï¢√•’: äéπöÀ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. Language is purely a matter of

a) The committee is enquiring into the collapse of the dam = Dam èπÿL§Ú®·† N≠æߪ’çO’ü¿ Ç Nî√-®Ωù îË≤ÚhçC.

committee

b) They have not started enquiring into the matter =

-v§ƒ®Ω綵º

äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¶«í¬ ÇÆæéÀh, v¨¡ü¿l¥ éπ†•-®Ω-îªúøç, Åçü¿’™ ®Ω’í¬_ §ƒ™Ô_-†úøç.

Eüµ¿’© Núø’-ü¿-©™ ñ«§ƒuEo °æJ-Q-L-≤ƒh-†E ´’çvA ´÷öÀ-î√a®Ω’.

b) She is well into her last but one semester

*´J semester ´·çü¿’ ü¿¨¡ ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC.

semester

4) Isn't she into music? into something =

¶µ«≠æ áçûª practice îËÊÆh Åçûª ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC. Vocabulary °ç-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ List of words, their

develop

¶µ«®Ωû˝ Çô-í¬∞¡Ÿx ¢√J Çôèπ◊ ´’J-éÌçûª Öû√q£æ«ç éπ©-§ƒL/ ñúÕç-î√L. Enquire into = Nî√-Jç-îªôç.

Ç N≠æߪ’ç O’ü¿ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Nî√-®Ωù Éçé¬ v§ƒ®ΩçGµç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Å™«Íí look into the matter Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æJ-Q-Lç-îªôç.

´’†ç Nü∆u-Ææç-´-ûªq-®Ωç™ î√™« ¶µ«í∫ç ´·çü¿’Ø√oç. (v§ƒ®Ω綵º ü¿¨¡ ü∆öÀ-§Úߪ÷ç.)

practice.

v°æ-¨¡o: ÉçTx≠ˇ

b) Indians have to put some more spirit into their play =

a) We are now well into the academic year

™EéÀ/ Bakery ™éÀ.

Sravan: Well, she studies late into the night. She stopped practising since the accident. She had a few injuries and hasn't been totally fit.

(Police

☯

™éÀ ü¿÷Ææ’-Èé-RxçC/ car †’ úµŒéÌ-öÀdçC. àüÁjØ√ °ü¿l-¨¡-•lçûÓ úµŒéÌ-ôd-úøç/ éÀçü¿

Isn't she into music?

(é¬ü¿’. Fèπ◊ ´’®Ω’°æ¤ áèπ◊\´/ F´¤ N≠æ-ߪ÷©†’ ᙫ ´’Ja-§Ú-û√¢Ó! ûª†’ É°æ¤púø’ *´J semester ´·çü¿J semester ™ ÖçC.) Last but one = *´Jü∆EéÀ ´·çü¿-JC. Semester = Nü∆u Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ Ææí∫ç 鬩ç

case

crash=

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

4) Isn't she into music?

a) He is into photography in a big way =

Auto car

´’†ç éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o prepositions ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ 'into' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í¬©†’ Ñ lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç.

(ûª†’ É°æ¤púø’ Engineering îªü¿’-´¤-ûÓçC éπü∆?)

(ü∆Eo í∫’Jç*

The auto crashed into the car =

(؈’ Ç N≠æߪ’ç °æJ-Q-L-≤ƒh™‰ ÅØ√o.)

3) She is well into her last but one semester.

Sravan: No; How you forget things! She is well into her last but one semester.

case

Sravan: I just said I'd look into the matter.

Dhaval: I think she is in her 2nd year of Engineering. 2nd year

2

synonyms and antonyms practice (English news papers, novels, stories, etc) vocabulary, idioms automatic Read as much English as you can. Read, read and read- that's the only way to master English in any aspect of it. English vocab, idioms, etc Word lists, idioms use

îËÊÆh Åçûª Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ®√ü¿’. ´’†ç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çõ‰, É´Fo èπÿú≈ í¬ ´≤ƒh®·. 鬕öÀd

O’®Ω’ áçûª îªC-NûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ ÅFo ´îËa-≤ƒh®·. éπç®∏ΩÆænçîËÊÆh Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC é¬F ûÁLߪ’ü¿’. -ÅÆæçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ¢√úøôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

So read newspaper everyday for an hour at least.

c) The minister promised to look into the delay in the release of funds =

Anagram is a word formed by changing the order of letters in another word.

äéπ ´÷ô™E Åéπ~®√© ´®Ω-Æ憒 ´÷JÊÆh à®ΩpúË È®çúÓ´÷ô, -¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ôèπ◊ Anagram. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ äéπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπöÀ anagram Å´¤-û√®·. eg: Listen, and silent

are anagrams. Post and tops/ stop/ pots/ spot are all anagrams.

ÉüÓ Çô™«í¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE Vocab °çîª ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ éÌçûª Ö°æßÁ÷í∫°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.

v°æ-¨¡o: I am leaving Hyd for Mumbai. I am going to Mumbai. Mumbai destination to For

鬕öÀd ¢√-úÌa éπü∆? Åçõ‰ 'éÓÆæç— ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆? Mumbai éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’ é¬F Mumbai éÓÆæç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? N´Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – ᙸ.-á-Æˇ.-á-Ø˛.-´‚Jh, £j«vü∆-¶«ü˛

ï¢√•’: Leave for= go to. Leave ûª®√yûª for ´÷vûª¢Ë’, go ûª®√yûª ´÷vûª¢Ë’ to ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC usage (¢√úø’éπ). ü∆Eo ´’†ç à Nüµ¿ç-í¬†÷ N´-Jç-‰ç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ áEo F∞¡Ÿx Åçö«ç. áEo ÅØËC ™„éπ\-°-õ‰d-¢√-öÀéÀ éπü∆ ¢√úøû√ç. F∞¡Ÿx, äéπ F∞¡Ÿx, È®çúø’ F∞¡Ÿx ÅE ™„éÀ\çîªç í∫ü∆? Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø’éπ (usage) v°æ鬮Ωç, áEo F∞¡Ÿx/ ÉEo F∞¡Ÿx/ ÅEo F∞¡Ÿx ÅØË Åçö«ç, áçûª/ Éçûª/ Åçûª ņ-èπ◊çú≈. Å™«Íí Leave for, go to èπÿú≈. Start ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ start for Åçö«ç. I am starting for college =

؈’

college

éÀ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. èπ◊, éÓÆæç ÅØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, °j ™ ™«í¬ èπ◊/ éÀ ÅØË Å®Ωnç éÀ) ÖçC.

For example (college

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 11 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vittal: There are three books on the table. One of them, of course is mine. Whose are the other two? (Table O’ü¿ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-© ’-Ø√o®·. ¢√öÀ™ äéπöÀ Ø√ü¿-†’éÓ. N’í∫û√ È®çúø÷ á´-JN?) Venkat: How do I know? There are no names written anywhere in the books.

(Ø√È陫 ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC?/ Ø√Íéç ûÁ©’Ææ’? °æ¤Ææh-鬙x áéπ\ú≈ à Ê°®Ω÷x ®√Æœ-™‰´¤.) Vittal: It is clear someone has left them here. Weren't there some of our friends here this morning?

(á´®Ó Ç È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh鬩-†’ Ééπ\úø ´CL ¢Á∞«x-®ΩE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC. ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ éÌçü¿®Ω’ -É-¢√y--∞¡ §Òü¿’l†o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o®Ω’ éπü∆?) Venkat: Yea. I now remember. Harish and Nikhil were here. There were books in Nikhil's hands. The books must be his. There isn't any doubt about it.

(Å´¤†’. É°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC. £æ«K≠ˇ, E"™¸ Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o®Ω’. Nikhil îËA™ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’Ø√o®·. Ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ E"-™¸¢Ë Åߪ·uçú≈L. ÆæçüË-£æ«ç-™‰ü¿’.) Vittal: When will he come again?

(´’S} á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúø’ ¢√úø’?) Venkat: It's doubtful if he will come here today, or even tomorrow. There was some talk about his going out of town to play a match.

É°æ¤púø’ English ™ ´·êuçí¬ spoken English ™ ´îËa sentence structure †’ îª÷ü∆lç. Ñ lesson ™ There ûÓ, It ûÓ begin ÅßË’u sentences îª÷ü∆lç. There, it - Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ ´÷´‚©’ Å®√n©’ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. There = Åéπ\úø; It = ÅC/ ÉC. Å®·ûË English ™ There †’, it †’ ¢√öÀèπ◊çúË Å®√n-©ûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈ sentence v§ƒ®ΩçGµçîªú≈-EéÀ î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. É™« ¢√öÀûÓ sentence v§ƒ®ΩçGµçîªú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀéÀ, Åçõ‰ there èπ◊ Åéπ\úø ÅE, it èπ◊ ÅC/ ÉC ÅE Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. ÜJÍé sentence v§ƒ®Ω綵«EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç. Eg: Q: How many books are here? A: There are four books here.

2

3) It would be useless to try.

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. There ûÓ, It ûÓ begin ÅßË’u sen-

e) There would be a problem, if he were here =

tences.

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Ø√©’í∫’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÖØ√o®· Ééπ\úø/ Ééπ\úø Ø√©’í∫’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÖØ√o®· ÅE îÁ°æpú≈-EéÀ, there ûÓ begin î˨»ç sentence †’. Ééπ\úø there èπ◊ Åéπ\úø ÅE Å®Ωnç ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰, sentence Öçúøü¿’. Åéπ\úø 4 °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÖØ√o®· Ééπ\úø– DEéÀ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE sentence é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ there †’ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x sentence v§ƒ®ΩçGµçîªú≈-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. It èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. It is easy to understand it It sentence

Ééπ\úø ¢Á·ü¿öÀ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-ú≈-EÍé Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tçî√ç. (ÅC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç Ææ’©¶µºç) ü∆EéÀ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç àç ™‰ü¿’.

¢√úÕ-éπ\úø Öçõ‰ Ææ´’ÊÆu. (¢√úø’ ™‰úø’, Ææ´’Ææu ™‰ü¿’- Improbable present)

1) There are three books on the table table O’ü¿ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’Ø√o®·. Ééπ\úø ÉüË meaning ´îËaô’x, Three books are on the table ņ-´îª’a. Grammatically correct. é¬F spoken English ™ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ sentence í¬ É™«çöÀ sentence Å®Ω’ü¿’. Ñ éÀçC Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ņ-´îª’a. Kumar brought five books. (of them = ¢√öÀ™ )

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Three books are on the table/ three (of them/ of the) books are on the table. Brackets

356

™ Ö†oN ÅØ√o äéπõ,‰ ņ-éπ§Ú-®·Ø√ äéπõ.‰

f) There was not (wasn't) any book here.

(Ééπ\úË °æ¤Ææhéπç ™‰ü¿’- Negative sentence) g) There was expensive furniture in the room, wasn't there? (Question Tag there furniture

™ – Ç ®Ω÷ç™ î√™« êK-üÁj† ÖçC éπü∆?) í∫´’-Eçî√ç éπü∆? There, Åçõ‰ Introductory there ÉEo Nüµ∆™« ¢√úø-´îª’a. Introductory 'It'- Åçõ‰ It ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵º´’ßË’u sentences èπÿú≈ É™«Íí ÅEo tenses ûÓ†÷, negative ™, questions ûÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç. ÅC ´îËa lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç. EXERCISE Match the words under A, with their meanings under B.

Ther e isn't any doubt about it

(Åûª†’ -É-¢√y--∞¡, Í®°æ¤ èπÿú≈ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´úøç ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. àüÓ match Çúøö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†oô’d Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç.) Vittal: You'd better put it away till he returns. There is always a chance of the books being misplaced.

(¢√úø’ AJT´îËa´®Ωèπÿ Ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öç. ¢√öÀE ´’S} ´’†ç áéπ\úÓ Â°õ‰d Å´-é¬-¨»©’ á°æ¤púø÷ Öçö«®·.) Venkat: I have gone through some of the pages of the books. One of them interested me a lot. There is a well of information in the pages of the books.

(؈’ Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ éÌçûª´®Ωèπÿ îªC-¢√†’. ¢√öÀ™ äéπöÀ Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-*çC. Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Ê°@™x Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç î√™« ÖçC.) Well of information = Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçúøôç. Well Åçõ‰ ¶«N éπü∆? Ææ´÷-î√-®Ω°æ¤ ¶«N ÅE.

a) There is going to be trouble again

É™« there †’, it †’ sentence v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ«-EéÀ ¢√úøôç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç:

E†o Åéπ\úø °æC´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©’Ø√o®√?/ ÖØ√o®Ω’ éπü∆? É™«çöÀ there †’, ví¬çC∑-éπçí¬ Introductory there Åçö«ç. 2) There are no names written any M.SURESAN (Sentence †’ Introduce îËÆæ ’hçC where in the books. 鬕öÀd) -D-E-E à Tense ™ØÁjØ√, à number 3) There were books in Nikhil's hands. singular or plural ™ØÁjØ√, question tag ™ØÁjØ√ 4) There isn't any doubt about it. ¢√úøû√ç. Negative sentences èπÿú≈ there ûÓ 5) There is always a chance of the books being begin îËߪ’-´îª’a. misplaced. 6) There is a well of information in its pages.

°j´Fo èπÿú≈

there

ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵º´’ßË’u

sentences.

Now look at the sentences beginning with 'it' in the dialogue above: 1) It is clear some one has left them there.

ï¢√•’:

-v°æ-¨¡o: I have a pen éÀ ØÁÈí-öÀ¢˛ I have

not a pen I have no pen, I don't have a pen He has two sisHe has not ters two sisters He doesn't have two sisters

ņ-´î√a? ™‰éπ

ÅØ√™«? èπ◊ ØÁÈí-öÀ¢˛ ņ-´î√a?

(

Å®·ûË Åûª†’ ´îËa-ü∆é¬ îª÷ü∆lç.) ☺

☺

´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ spoken English ™ î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i†, î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa prepositions ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. ¢√öÀ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E, ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’úøç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Prepositions ¢√úøéπç ûÁLÊÆh, 50% conversational skill ´*a-†õ‰d. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ prepositions í∫’-Jç-* -îÁ°œp-† lessons (from lesson No. 321 onwards) ´’Sx-´’Sx îªCN practice îËߪ’çúÕ.



ÅØ√™«? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. ví¬´’®˝ Ææ÷vû√™x if clause ™

Had I not told you, you would not have gone there.

é¬F ؈’ îÁ°œp Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-®·-†-ôx-®·ûË éπ~N’çîªçúÕ Å†o Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Had I not

told you, please excuse me

ņ-´î√a? – á. éπ%≠æg-U-û√-®Ω’b†, Eúø-ü¿-¢Ó©’

îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’–

2)

i) I have a pen negative I have not a pen Spoken British English negative short form I haven't a pen

éÀ

Venkat: Then let's wait till he comes back. ☺

(FéÓÆæç ÇÍ®-úø’-í∫’®Ω’

Ææ´’Ææu ÖçúË-C-é¬ü¿’, †’´¤y ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰

2) It is doubtful if he will come again.

Vittal: I don't have it.

☺

c) There will be six or seven people waiting for you at the station. wait Future) d) There would have been no problem, if you had told us earlier of it. ( Imaginary Past)

ÅE ņç. ™ ™

éπ®ΩÍéd.

ii) I have no pen- grammatically correct but rarely used in spoken English. iii) I don't have a pen- American form and now most widely used negative. This is the best of the three forms. 

؈’ îÁ°œp Öçúøéπ§ÚûË éπ~N’çîªçúÕ– DEéÀ correct English ™ – 1) Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd îÁ°æpéπ§Ú®·† time ûÁLÊÆh: If I didn't tell you, please excuse me.

îÁ°æpéπ§Ú®·†

time

B

1. Absolute 2. Booze 3. Comical 4. Exhibit 5. Minute

1) There are three books on the table.

Venkat: It'd be useless to try. Only yesterday he lost his cell. I don't have his home number. Do you have it?

☺

A

´’Sx Ææ´’Ææu©’ Öçúø¶-ûª’-Ø√o®·.

b) Weren't there ten students there yesterday? =

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above:

Vittal: Why don't we call him and tell him to take his books away.

(Ç v°æߪ’ûªoç E®Ω’-°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. E-†o-ØË Åûª†’ cell §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ÅûªE ÉçöÀ number Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?/ F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çü∆?)

The words in the exercise are some of the most frequently used words in spoken English. A. Tiny B. Amusing C. Show D. Protest E. Yield F. Get drunk G. Complete ANSWERS 1. G (

°æ‹Jhí¬– Absolute right to the propertyÇÆœhéÀ °æ‹Jh-£æ«èπ◊\). 2. F (ûª°æp-û√-í∫ôç) 3. B (£æ…Ææu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†/ †´¤y °æ¤öÀdçîË) 4. C (v°æü¿-Jzç-îªôç) 5. A. (Minute- Ééπ\úø pronunciation- ¢Á’i†÷uö¸– †÷u– ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç/ American- ¢Á’i†÷ö¸ = Ææ÷éπ~ t-¢Á’i†. minute particles = Ææ÷éπ~ t-éπ-ù«©’)

ûÁLߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË:

If Ihaven't told you, I'm sorry eg: 1) A: Why didn't you tell me of it yesterday. B: Didn't I? I am sorry then/ Oh, If I didn't tell you, I'm sorry. 2) A: You haven't told me of it. B: If I haven't, I'm sorry. 3) Had I not told you, please excuse me. Had I not told you, is wrong here. (Because, Had I not told you = If I had told you = I had told you.

؈’ îÁ°œp Öçúøéπ §Úߪ·çõ‰– DE Å®Ωnç– îÁ§ƒp†’ ÅØË éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’, excuse v°æ¨Ïo ™‰ü¿’.)

-v°æ-¨¡o: †ç•®˝ Åçõ‰ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ number ÅE ®√≤ƒhç éπü∆? ´’J ü∆Eo ≥ƒ®˝dí¬ ®√Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ 'No' ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’? – öÀ. ®ΩOç-ü¿®˝, ÅC-™«-¶«ü˛ ï¢√•’: Å´¤†’. Number èπ◊ abbreviation (short form) No. No number abbreviation

ÅØËC

èπ◊ ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’çC ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææp≠æd¢Á’i† N´-®Ωù É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπÿ àD ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË áèπ◊\´ Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç §ÒçC† N´-®Ωù ÉD: Latin ¶µ«≠æ™ Number -†’ Numero Åçö«®Ω’. Ñ ´÷ô-™E ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Åéπ~®Ωç N, *´J Åéπ~®Ωç, 'o' éπLÆœ, No ÅE Number èπ◊ abbreviation Å®·ç-ü¿E (Mister ™E ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Åéπ~®Ωç M, *´J Åéπ~®Ωç r éπLÆœ, Mr, Mister èπ◊ abbreviation Å®·-†ô’x).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 13 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Kundan: It has been difficult to get at you. What are you so busy with?

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) It has been difficult to get at you.

(E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç/ FûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç î√™« éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC. áçü¿’-´©x Åçûª BJ-éπ™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o´¤?)

2) It is so hot outside

(؈’

5) It needs a careful study to understand it.

Santan: Not that I am busy but that you contacted me at the wrong times perhaps. busy time Kundan: It is so hot outside. Let's get inside and talk.

Å´-ôç-é¬ü¿’, †’´¤y ††’o ÆæÈ®j† ™ °æ©-éπ-Jç* Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa.)

2

3) It rained all through yesterday and it is so hot today. 4) It's quite pleasant in here. 6) It might take another couple of days for me to finish it. 7) It doesn't matter if it takes longer than that.

(•ßª’ô áçúø/ ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçC. ™°æ-L-ÈéRx ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊çü∆ç.)

Santan: It rained all through yesterday and it is so hot today. The weather is so unpredictable.

(E†oçû√ ¢√†. Ñ®ÓV áçúø. ¢√û√-´-®Ωù«Eo í∫’Jç* ´·çüË îÁ°æp™‰ç.) weather = äéπ®ÓV QûÓ≠ægÆ œnA climate = Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç §Òúø-´¤Ø√ ÖçúË QûÓ-≠æg-Æ œnA predict = ñÆæuç îÁ°æpôç. unpredictable = ´·çüË îÁ°æp-™‰E ÆœnA – (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç/ äéπ ´uéÀh- í∫’-Jç-*) Kundan: It's quite pleasant in here. Why are you turning on the AC? It's OK even without it.

(™°æ© Ééπ\úø î√™« Ç£æ…x-ü¿çí¬ ÖçC. AC áçü¿’-Íé-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛? ÅC ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC.) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆

=

°æç°æ¤ A°æpôç F∞¡Ÿx

turn off = switch off = lights, fans

™«çöÀN ÇÍ®p-

ߪ’úøç, ÇÊ°-ߪ’ôç.

turn off the tap =

F∞¡x °æç°æ¤/ éÌ∞«®·/ †™«x†’

ÇÊ°-ߪ’ôç.

Santan: The two books I gave you last week are on the table. Have you finished with them?

(éÀçü¿öÀ ¢√®Ωç ؈’ Fèπ◊ É*a† È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh鬩÷ table O’ü¿’-Ø√o®·. ¢√öÀûÓ F °æE Å®·-§Ú-®·çü∆?/ ÅN îªü¿-´ôç Å®·-§Ú®·çü∆?)

Kundan: There are still a few chapters left in the green covered book. It needs a careful study to understand the book. Very interesting but a bit difficult to understand it.

(°æîªa- Åôd Ö†o °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ Éçé¬ È®çúø’ chapters N’T-©’-Ø√o®·. Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ´-ú≈-EéÀ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îªü¿-´ôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç. î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀhí¬ ÖçC é¬F Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç é¬Ææh éπ≠dçæ .)

Santan: Take as long as you like to return them. I can wait.

(F É≠ædç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ AJT´¤y. ûÌçü¿-ͮ癉ü¿’.) I can wait = ûÌçü¿Í®ç ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ spoken English ™ Åçö«ç.

Kundan: It might take just a couple of days for me to finish it. It won't be longer than that.

(Éçé¬ È®çúø’ ®ÓV©’ °æôd´îª’a ÅN °æ‹Jh îËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ. Åçûªéπçõ‰ Å´-ü¿’™‰.)

Santan: It doesn't matter if it is longer than that.

(Åçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\-´-®·Ø√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’)





c) It is I/ me that saved his life =

There

d) It was Jagdish that helped me =

™«í¬ØË it †’ èπÿú≈ (sentence v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’) à tense ûÓØÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo•öÀd. ´·êuçí¬ ¢√û√-´-®Ωù °æJ-Æœn-ûª’-©†’ (weather/ climate conditions) îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ It ¢√úøéπ ûª°æpü¿’. îª÷úøçúÕ.

ÅûªEo 鬧ƒ-úÕçC ؈’ – '؈’—èπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç – Ø√´©x Åûªúø’ •A-èπ◊-Ø√o-úøE. Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÆœçC ïí∫D≠ˇ– ïí∫-D-≠ˇèπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç. Ñ éÀçC sentences èπ◊ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ a) Ramesh helped me

a) It is, very hot/ very cold/ not so cold/ not so hot/ sultry today.

®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç î˨»úø’.

(’ô)

b) It is very cold near the poles and very hot near the equator.

b) It is ramesh that helped me =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

357

Ø√èπ◊

Ramesh

≤ƒßª’ç-îË-Æ œçC (ÉçÈé-´®Ó é¬ü¿’)

Sampreet:

Åûª†’ üµ¿E-èπ◊-úøØË N≠æߪ’ç Eï¢Ë’. (It is ... ûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ) Vardhan: é¬F Åûª†çûª üµ¿E-èπ◊úø’ é¬ü¿ØË¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’. (But there ...) Sampreet: äéπJ ü¿í∫_®Ω áçûª úø•’sçC ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æpôç Eïçí¬ éπ≠d¢æ Ë’. Vardhan: ÅûªE É©’x ´÷ ÉçöÀéπçûª ü¿÷®Ωç-é¬ü¿’. Sampreet: Å®·-ûËØËç. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´’†ûÓ ÆæEo-£œ«ûªçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx áô’-´çöÀ ¢√∞x îÁ°æpôç èπÿú≈ éπ≠d¢æ Ë’. Vardhan: Åçûª ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ê®Ω’a °ôdúøç èπÿú≈ ؈’ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Sampreet: Åûª†’ üµ¿†-´çûª’ú≈ é¬ü∆ ÅØËC ´’†-éπçûª ´·êuç-é¬ü¿’ í∫ü∆. Éçéπ üËE-í∫’JçîÁjØ√ ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç. ANSWER

It's quite pleasant in her e

turn on = switch on electric bulbs/ tubes/ motors/ fans

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE ¢Ëߪ’ôç. Éçé¬ turn on the tap ´ü¿©ú≈-EéÀ

-Ñ sentence ™ ™«í¬ It is ... that †’ àüÁjØ√ ØÌéÀ\ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ (emphasize) ¢√úøû√ç.

Study the use of 'It' in sentences above. You must have noticed that in all the sentences above, 'It' just begins the sentence and doesn't have its usual meaning it has (this/ that).







éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ introductory 'there' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i-† sentences, ÅN ᙫ îËߪ÷™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Now let's study how we can use 'It' to begin sentences without 'It' having any special/ the usual meaning it has.

üµ¿%¢√© ü¿í∫_®Ω î√™« îªLí¬, ¶µº÷´’-üµ¿u-Í®ê ü¿í∫_®Ω î√™« ¢ËúÕí¬ Öçô’çC. c) It is raining heavily (à tense ™ØÁjØ√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd It ûÓØË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√L éπü∆. The rain is/ was etc coming/ falling ņôç ûªÊ°p. d) I thought it might rain =

´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Å™«Íí time expressions èπ◊ èπÿú≈ introductory It ¢√úøû√ç.

(a)

e) It is not how much you spend that matters; it is how you spend it that matters =

áçûª ê®Ω’a îË≤ƒh-´-ØËC é¬ü¿’ ´·êuç, ᙫ ê®Ω’a îË≤ƒh-´-ØËC ´·êuç. M.SURESAN matters = important/ ´·êuç. It doesn't matter = ´·êuç-é¬ü¿’/ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’.

a) It is three days since he came here

(Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*a ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-™„jçC.) b) It is already late. Let's start =

É°æp-öÀÍé Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. •ßª’©’üË-®Ωü∆ç. c) It is too early to think of her marriage =

Ç Å´÷t®· °Rx í∫’Jç* Ç™-*ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Éçé¬ time ÖçC. Å™«Íí î√™«-îÓôx – It is true/ false/ a lie/ surprising/ a wonder/ doubtful ... É™« î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¢√úø-´îª’a – spoken English ™ î√™« common and natural. É¢Ë ´’† lesson beginning ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√ú≈ç. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. a) It was easy to drive the distance because the road was good, and there wasn't much traffic = Road driving easy

¶«í∫’ç-úÕ, traffic Åçûªí¬ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøç-´©x, Å®·çC.

b) It is a pity that I could not attend the function function

èπ◊ ؈’ ®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç î√™« *çAç-îªü¿í∫_ N≠æߪ’ç. c) It is a shame that the police are unable to catch the thieves =

üÌçí∫-©†’ §ÚM-Ææ’©’ °æô’d-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç Æœí∫’_-îËô’. 2) It is quite pleasant in here =

Ñ ™°æ© î√™« Ç£æ…x-ü¿çí¬ ÖçC. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ: a) It is important for him to be here now =

Ééπ\úø ûª†’ É°æ¤púø’ Öçúøôç î√™« ´·êuç Ç¢Á’†’ ؈’ éπ©’Ææ’èπ◊-†oC Ééπ\úË.

It is a fact that he is rich. Vardhan: But there are also people who say he is not rich.

Sampreet: It is always difficult to say how much money a person has. Vardhan: It is not far from my home to his place. Sampreet: So what? It is sometimes difficult for us to say what kind of people who are close to us.

EXERCISE

Vardhan: I haven't seen him spending much either.

Practise the following aloud in English using the introductory 'there' and 'it' as much as you can. (Introductory 'there' and 'it'

Sampreet: It doesn't matter for us whether he is rich or not. Let's talk of something else.

†’ O©-®·-†-Eo-

≤ƒ®Ω’x ¢√úøçúÕ.)

ï¢√•’: i) On the eve of ņo-°æ¤púø’, Ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥-

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) Ahead of, on the eve of, on the occasion of

1) It has been difficult to get at you.

b) It is here that I met her last year =

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ã N≠æߪ’ç îÁ•’-ûª’çC. ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç ÉÆæ’hçC.

(b)

Sampreet:

– OöÀéÀ ᙫçöÀ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC?

Security has been tightened across the country ahead of the Independence day.

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ahead of •ü¿’©’ on the eve ™‰ü∆ on the occasion of ¢√úÌî√a? N´Jç-îªçúÕ.

of

ii) a) Engines will not run without lubricants. b) That bank will accepts only DDsnot cheques. c) If the size of the firm is small, cash transactions are in small amounts. In case of large organizations cash transactions will be in big amounts. 'will'

Ñ ¢√é¬u™x †’ ¶µºN-≠æu-û˝†’ ûÁ©-°æú≈EÍé ¢√ú≈®√? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – †vÆ‘Ø˛ Eí¬®˝, éÓúø’´‚®Ω’

EéÀ ´·çü¿’®ÓV ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ņo Å®Ωnç Ö†o°æp-öÀéÃ, ÅC ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-éπ®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷-©Íé ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ahead of ņo-°æ¤púø’, ã Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†/- Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç ´·çü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÖçC. 鬕öÀd on the eve éπØ√o ahead of, better, correct. ii) a) Engines will not run without lubricantswill not run = do not run. fact of science do not run will not run Will, future form habitual/ regular actions

Ééπ\úø ÉC ¶«í∫’ç-úËC,

Å®·ûË é¬•öÀd Åçõ‰ Åçûª ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, äéÓ-\≤ƒJ èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. Åçûª

ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. e.g.: Boys will be boys =

ᙫ-ÈíjØ√ èπ◊v®√∞¡Ÿ}, èπ◊v®√∞Ï}. (Åçõ‰ *L°œ îË≠d©æ ’ îËߪ’ôç Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’ ÅE) b) That bank will accepts- ÉC verb form é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. That bank will accept Å®·Ø√ Åçö«ç, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ That bank accepts Å®·Ø√ Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø That bank accepts, (habitual/ regular action 鬕öÀd) better and correct. Will accept correct é¬ü¿’. c) ... cash transactions are (will be •ü¿’©’) in big amounts- correct. Å´¤†’– will ¶µºN-≠æuûª’h†’ -ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-ô¢Ë’ Öûªh´’ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 16 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Spurthi: Sure, climbing up this small hill is easy. Let's start.

(Ñ *†o-éÌç-úø†’ áéπ\úøç Ææ’©¶µºç. •ßª’-©’üË-®Ωü∆ç.) Pranathi: Saying is easy but doing is difficult. We haven't had walking practice for long.

(îÁ°æpúøç ûËLÍé é¬F îËߪ’úøç éπ≠dçæ . î√™«é¬-©çí¬ †úøéπ ´’†èπ◊ Å©-¢√ô’ ™‰ü¿’). Spurthi: That's right. But I still feel walking up the hill isn't any difficult. Why don't we try? I feel debating whether to start or not is wasting time.

(ÆæÍ®. éÌçúÁ-éπ\úøç Åçûª-éπ≠dçæ é¬ü¿ØË Å†’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o. ´’†ç áçü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-èπÿúøü¿÷? •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ü∆´÷ ´ü∆l ÅE ûªJ\ç-éÓ-´úøç Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’-úø¢Ë’.) Pranathi: OK. As you wish. Let's start.

(Å®·ûË é¬Eß˝’. •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωü∆ç.) Spurthi: Just a few minutes. My brother Sreekar is coming. He will join us in a few minutes.

2

Ñ sentences é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ °æJ-Q-Lç-îªçúÕ. ÅFo èπÿú≈ '...ing' forms ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– '...ing' form èπ◊– ®√´ôç, A†ôç.. É™«çöÀ Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·. e.g.: 1) Eating too much is not good =

áèπ◊\-´í¬ A†ôç ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’. = §Òí∫°‘-©aúøç Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ îÁúø’. °j sentences from No 1 to 5 ÅEoç-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ É™«çöÀ Å®√n©’ ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 2) Smoking is bad for health

1) Climbing up the hill is easy =

éÌçúÁ-éπ\ôç Ææ’©¶µºç. É°æ¤púø’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ñ sentence ™ climbing èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ to climb ¢√úÌa Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωèπ◊çú≈. Åçõ‰ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿®√s¥™x '...ing' form èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ 'to + 1st Regular Doing Word ¢√úø’-éÓ-´îª’a. Å™«Íí, Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ •ü¿’©’, introductory 'It' èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa (To + 1st Regular Doing Word Infinitive).

Introductory 'it' ideas express

ûÓ éÌçîÁç îËßÁ·îª’a.

Pranathi: Isn't there your other brother too? Having as many people as possible is always good.

(O’ ÉçéÓ brother èπÿú≈ ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆? É™«çöÀ Æ洒ߪ÷™x áçûª áèπ◊\´´’çC Öçõ‰ Åçûª ´’ç*C.)

™ î√™«

Ç °æ®Ωyûªç áÍé\ç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« v°æߪ’ûªoç Å´-Ææ®Ωç. (require = Jéπyß˝’– éπy ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Å´-Ææ®Ωç.scale= climb up = áéπ\ôç.) =

Climbing up the hill is easy =

To scale the mountain requires a lot of effort=

Ç éÌçúÁ-éπ\úøç Ææ’©¶µºç =

Scaling the mountain requires a lot of effort. (effort-

á°∂æö¸– 'á— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= v°æߪ’ûªoç/ v¨¡´’)

It is easy to climb up the hill.

N’í∫û√ sentences èπÿú≈ É™« ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a. îª÷úøçúÕ.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

b) Being here at this time is dangerous =

358

Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Ééπ\úø -Öçúøôç v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç = To be here at this time is dangerous =

a) It requires a lot of effort to scale the mountain=

To climb up the hill is easy =

(é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Çí∫’. ´÷ ņo Xéπ®˝ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. éÌCl éπ~ù«™x ´’†Lo éπ©’-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.)

higher level

It's (it is) dangerous to be here at this time. Look at this now: a) That you are late is surprising =

†’´¤y Ç©Ææuç 鬴-ô-´’-ØËC Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC = It is surprising that you are late.

Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø infinitive ûÓ sentence v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªôç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. Å®·ûË ...ing form ¢√úÌa. Your being late is surprising (are ÅØËC 'be' form 鬕öÀd ü∆EéÀ being ÅØËC ...ing form Å´¤-ûª’çC. Important: That he is late ...É™« that ûÓ sentences begin îËߪ’úøç spoken English ™ Å®Ω’ü¿’. É™«çöÀîÓôx, introductory 'it' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. That ûÓ sentences †’ begin îËߪ’ôç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç, Å®·ûË ü∆Eo spoken English ™ ¢√úø-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C, it ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-úø¢Ë’ better.

Saying is easy but doing is ..

Spurthi: That's right. The more the merrier.

(Å´¤†’ Åü¿çûË. áèπ◊\´ ´’çC, áèπ◊\-´Ææ-®Ωü∆.) Ééπ\úø, The more= áçûÁ-èπ◊\´ ´’çü¿’çõ‰, the merrier= Åçûª-Ææ-®Ωü∆. merry= ¢Á’J– '¢Á’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = Ææ®Ωü∆. Pranathi: By the time we get down the hill, it will be evening. Do you think any coffee and snack shops will be open then?

(´’†ç éÀçCéÀ CÍí-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª-´’-´¤ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ coffee, snacks (öÀ°∂œØ˛) shops ûÁJ-ç-ö«-ߪ’ç-ö«¢√?) Spurthi: Don't worry. There will be plenty for you to eat and drink. My brothers are getting them. (Worry

é¬èπ◊. AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, û√Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« Öçö«®·. ´÷ brothers ûÁÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)

Pranathi: We had better start. Your brothers will catchup with us, as they climb up faster than us.

(´’†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωü∆ç. O’ brothers ´’†Lo îË®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†-éπçõ‰ ûªy®Ωí¬ áèπ◊\-û√®Ω’ 鬕öÀd.) catch up with= ´·çü¿’-†o-¢√-∞¡x†’ îË®Ω’-éÓ-´ôç. It will be difficult for us to catch up with Japan in technology=

≤ƒçÍéAéπ®Ωç-í∫ç™ ´’†ç ï§ƒØ˛ ≤ƒn®·éÀ îË®Ω’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« éπ≠dçæ . Spurthi: OK then. Here we go. ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

Introductory 'It', 'There' sentences begin spoken English frequent lesson

ûÓ ´’†ç

ᙫ

îË≤ƒh¢Á÷, ÅN ™ áçûª Å®·çD ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? Ñ ™ OöÀéÀ v°æû√u-´÷o-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) Climbing up the hill is easy. 2) Saying is easy but doing is difficult. 3) ... walking up the hill isn't any difficult 4) Debating whether to start or not is a waste of time. 5) Having as many people as possible is always good.

2) Saying is easy but doing is difficult =

EXERCISE 1 Practise aloud the following using introductory 'it', or introductory 'there'.

îÁ°æpôç Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’, é¬F îËߪ’ôç éπ≠dçæ = To say is easy but to do is difficult= It is easy to say but (it is) difficult to do.

Sambhu:

ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ¢Ë®· Ç ™„éπ\. í¬ Öçúøôç 3) Walking up the hill isn't any difá°æ p ö À é à ´’ç*C. M.SURESAN ficult = Vishnu: Ééπ\úø ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω ´çü¿èπ◊ éÌçúø°jéÀ †úø-´ôç àç éπ≠dçæ é¬ü¿’. = N’ç* °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√o®·. äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ To walk up the hill isn't any difficult = ™„éÀ\çîªúøç Åçûª Ææ’©-¶µºç-é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? It isn't any difficult to walk up the hill. Sambhu: Eï¢Ë’. ü∆EéÀ î√™« ã®Ω’p 鬢√L. 4) Debating whether to start or not is a é¬E ´’†¢Ë’ç îËߪ’™‰ç ü∆E waste of time = N≠æߪ’ç. To debate whether to start or not is a waste Vishnu: ÉçÍéç °æü¿l¥A ™‰ü∆ DEo ûª°œpç-îËçof time = ü¿’èπ◊. É°æ¤p-úÕC îËߪ’ôç Åçûª •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ü∆´÷ ´ü∆l ÅE ûªJ\çîªôç Æ洒ߪ’ç ´·êuç, Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´‚Ø√? ´%ü∑∆ = Sambhu: Complaint îËߪ’-ôç-´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç It is a waste of time to debate whether to ™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç ÉC îËߪ÷-LqçüË. start or not. Vishnu: ´’†ç ÉC îËߪ÷Lq®√´ôç ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-æ 5) Having as many people as possible is éπ®Ωç. àç îË≤ƒhç. é¬Eß˝’. Correct

always good =

áçûª-´’çC Öçõ‰ Åçûª Ææ®Ωü∆ = To have as many people as possible is always good =

(O©-

®·†çûª´’çC Öçúøôç)

It is always good to have as many people as possible.

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: É™«çöÀ, Åçõ‰ °j† îÁ°œp† Ææçü¿®√s¥™x ´÷vûª¢Ë’, '...ing' form ûÓ v§ƒ®ΩçGµçîË sentence †’, Infinitive (to + 1st Regular Doing Word) ûÓí¬F, Introductory 'It' ûÓí¬F v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷ü∆lç. a) Discussing this topic with him is useless = To discuss with him this topic is useless = It is (It's) useless to discuss this matter with him. =

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-EûÓ îªJaç-îªúøç E®Ω’-°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. b) Teaching children needs a lot of patience=

°œ©x-©èπ◊ ¶Cµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« ã®Ω’p Å´-Ææ®Ωç= To teach children needs a lot of patience = It needs a lot of patience to teach children.

ANSWER Sambhu: Be careful how you count/ count carefully. It is always good to be accurate. Vishnu: There are nearly more than a hundred books here. It isn't easy to count them one by one, is it? Sambhu: That's true. It requires/ needs a lot of patience, but we can't help it. Vishnu: Isn't there any method to avoid this? Is it so important and urgent to do it now? sambhu: There's no use complaining. We have to do it. Vishnu: It is important we have to do it. What can we do. Let's do it then.

°j sentences ™ introductory 'it' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i† sentence †’ ...ing' form ûÓí¬F, infinitive ûÓí¬F v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-´-îËa¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ.

EXERCISE 2 Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A B 1 Cowardice A slip 2 Durable B break/ destroy 3 Recur C throw 4 Lapse D happen again 5 Smash E lasting F fear KEY: 1 F

(°œJ-éÀ-ü¿†ç) 2 E (´’Eo-éπ-í∫©– î√™«-鬩ç Öçúøôç– ´Ææ’h-´¤©’) 3 D (°æ¤†-®√-´%-ûª-´’-´úøç/ ´’Sx ´’Sx ï®Ω-í∫úøç) 4 A (§Ò®Ω-§ƒô’) 5 B (üµ¿yçÆæç -îË-ߪ’ôç/ •ü¿l©’ éÌôdôç)

-v°æ-¨¡o: Money,

cash,

payment,

amount..

-O-öÀ-E -á°æ¤p-úø’ -á-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. – -áç.Ææ-ûªu-Ø√®√-ߪ’-ù, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛. -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Money- Ø√ù«©÷, currency ®Ω÷°æç™ (10, 100, 500, 1000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© ØÓôx™) Ö†o úø•’s Money. ÉC O’ ü¿í∫_®Ω, O’ Éçöx, O’ Bank ™ Öçúø-´îª’a. 2) cash- ÉC èπÿú≈ Ø√ù«©’ (coins) currency notes (Rs. 10,100 ØÓôx ®Ω÷°æç™) Ö†o-úø¶‰s. ÉC O’ ü¿-í∫_®Ω, O’ Éçöx, à ê-®Ω’a-ÈéjØ√ ready í¬ Ö†o úø¶‰s. Bank ™ O’®Ω’ -ü∆--èπ◊†o úø•’s, money Å´¤-ûª’çC é¬F cash é¬ü¿’-éπü∆? •ßª’ô O’èπ◊ Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’™ é¬F, Bank ™ é¬F Ö†o -úø•’s money. v°æÆæ’hûªç O’ Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’™ O’ ü¿í∫_®Ω/ O’ Éçöx Ö†o †í∫ü¿’/ ®Ìê^ç cash. 3) Payment = ÉC ´’†ç 1) ÉçéÌéπ-JéÀ îËÊÆ îÁLxç°æ¤. 2) îÁLxç-*†/ îÁLxç-î√-Lq† ¢Á·ûªhç. ÉCcash (†í∫ü¿’)í¬ é¬´îª’a, cheque, DD, postal order ü∆y®√ 鬴a. 4) Amount = áçûª úø•’s -ņoC. What is the amount you have paid?

(áçûª/ à ¢Á·ûªhç úø•’s îÁLxç-î√´¤?) a) I've paid some amount

éÌçûª/ éÌçûª ¢Á·ûªhç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁLxç-î√†’. b) I have to pay some more amount

؈’ Éçé¬ éÌçûª îÁLxç-î√Lq ÖçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 18 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 10) I promise to do my best.

Srikar: (Do) you want to go now?

11) When do you propose to return.

(É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?)

Sritej: I have to. My parents intend to leave for Kolkotha next week, and they'd like me to take care of the house when they are away.

(¢Á∞«xL. ´÷ Å´÷t-Ø√†o, éÓ™¸éπ-û√èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ´îËa-¢√®Ωç ¢√∞¡Ÿx ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ É©’x îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ¢√∞¡x†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) Intend = ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ Öçúøôç/ ÖüËl-Pç-îªôç

Srikar: I wish to tell you not to stop practising music. Try not to waste even a single minute. Remember the competitions this month end.

(ÆæçUûªç v§ƒéÃdÆˇ îËߪ’ôç ´÷vûªç ´÷†èπ◊. äéπ\-éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ ´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç. Ñ ØÁ™«-ê®Óx §Úöà N≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓ.)

Sritej: I hope to get one of the prizes this time. I am determined to do my best. I've decided to practice at least four hours a day.

(Ñ≤ƒJ éπFÆæç äéπ •£æ›-´’A ûÁa-éÓ-¢√-©E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o. Ø√ ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√-©ØË °æô’d-ü¿©ûÓ ÖØ√o. ®ÓVèπ◊ Ø√©’í∫’ í∫çô-™„jØ√ v§ƒéÃdÆˇ îËߪ÷-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.)

Srikar: That's good. Prize or no Prize, practice seriously. Do your best. Effort is all.

(´’ç*C •£æ›´’A ´*aØ√ ®√éπ§Ú-®·Ø√, F éπ%≠œ †’´¤y îÁ®·u. Bv´çí¬ v§ƒéÃdÆˇ îÁ®·u. v°æߪ’ûªoç™ØË ÖçC Åçû√.)

12) I prefer to be here at least a week before the competitions.

´’®Ó-≤ƒJ °j sentences †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ¢√öÀ™ v°æA verb ûª®√yûª infinitive (to+ 1st Regular Doing Word) ®√´úøç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ÉC conversational english ™ î√™« common pattern. ÉC ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. All the following verbs are followed by the infinitive (to+ 1st Regular Doing Word). verbs tense infinitive

°j ÅFo èπÿú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd à ™ èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – 'ÅE— Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Ééπ\úø ÅE-í¬F, éÀ/èπ◊ ÅE-í¬F ´Ææ’hçC. I want to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E. She is trying to sing = §ƒúø-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ÚhçC. Ñ éÀçC verbs ûª®√yûª, Conversation at the beginning of the lesson ™ îª÷°œ† Nüµ¿çí¬ infinitive ¢√úø-´îª’a.

lowing, using the verbs with infinitives wherever possible. Vaibhav:

Ø√èπ◊ Ç °∂æçéπ{-Ø˛èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©E î√™« É≠ædçí¬ ÖçC. †’´‹y ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç. Prasanth: ؈’ éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ é¬xÆˇèπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©†’èπ◊çô’Ø√o. °∂æçéπ{Ø˛ õ„j¢˛’èπ◊ AJT ´≤ƒh-†E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o. ؈’ ®√í∫-L-TûË, FûÓ ¢Á∞¡xôç É≠æd¢Ë’ (prefer ¢√úøçúÕ). Vaibhav: Ææ ’¶µ«≠ˇ ´’†Lo ûª† 鬮Ω’™ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ want, wish, like, hope, begin, start, decide Æœü¿l¥-´’-ߪ÷uúø’. Åûª-úÕûÓ ¢Á∞¡xôç ´’ç*C (E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´úøç), agree (ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç), promise, éπü∆. offer (É´y-W-°æúøç/ àüÁjØ√ °æE-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ Prasanth: Åûª-úÕûÓ ¢Á∞Ïxç®√´úøç), propose (v°æA-§ƒü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ ä°æ¤p-éÓ†’. Cç-îªúøç, ņ’-éÓ-´úøç) pre´’†èπ◊ ´’† ¶„jé˙©’ fer (É≠æd-°æ-úøúøç– äéπ-ü∆-EÖØ√o®· éπü∆? éπØ√o ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ), refuse Vaibhav: ã£ˇ«! ؈’ FûÓ (A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç-îªúøç) ä°æ¤p-éÓ-éπ-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 359 îÁ°æpúøç ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. §Ú-´úøç, forget (´’®Ω*-§Ú-

EXERCISE II Match the following A B 1. Gag A. Fight 2. Kin B. Experience 3. Offend C. Anger 4. Rigid D. Sibling 5. Undergo E. muzzle F. fall G. stiff KEY: 1-E; Muzzle

(ØÓ®Ω’ ØÌÍé\-ߪ’úøç– ´÷ö«xúøF-

ߪ’èπ◊çú≈)

 The government is trying to gag/muzzle the press.

(v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ¢√®√h °ævA-éπ© ØÓ®Ω’ ØÌÍé\ v°æߪ’ûªoç îË≤ÚhçC.) 

The robbers gagged the bank staff.

(¶«uçèπ◊ Æœ•sçC ØÓöx üÓ°œúŒ üÌçí∫©’ í∫’úøf©’ èπ◊é¬\®Ω’– Å®Ω-´-èπ◊çú≈.) Gag - ØÓöx èπ◊Íé\ í∫’úøf– ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç ÖçC.  2-D; sibling = Ææ£æ«Ù-ü¿®Ω’©’ – äÍé ûªLxéÀ °æ¤öÀd† Gúøf©’ – ņo-ü¿-´·t©’, Åé¬\ îÁ™„x∞¡Ÿx. Å®·ûË Kin Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ ö«d-©ØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Ç Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. Kith and Kin = ö«d©’/ •çüµ¿’-´®Ω_ç.  3-C; offend = éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªúøç, ´’†-Ææ’†’ í¬ßª’°æ®Ωîªúøç.

Tr y not to waste a single minute

Sritej: Gagan has agreed to help me in my practice. Don't worry. I refuse to get discouraged even if I don't get a prize. I shall be satisfied if I can give out my best.

(í∫í∫Ø˛ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅçU-éπ-Jçî√úø’. Ø√èπ◊ •£æ›-´’A ®√éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ E®Ω’-û√q£æ«-°æ-úø†’. Ø√ ¨¡éÀh éÌDl ؈’ îËߪ’í∫LTûË ü∆çûÓØË ûª%°œh-°æ-úøû√.)

Srikar: I promise to do my best too, to support you. I'll have my Tabala ready by the time you return. Bye the bye when do you propose to return.

(Ø√ ´çûª’ ≤ƒßª’ç ؈’ îË≤ƒh-†E £æ…O’ ÉÆæ’hØ√o†’. †’´¤y ´îËa-°æp-öÀéÀ Ø√ ûª•™« èπÿú≈ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ Öçô’çC. ÅC-ÆæÍ®, †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ AJT ®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) propose = v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-îª-úøç/ ņ’-éÓ-´-úøç.

Sritej: Depends. I prefer to be here at least a week before the competitions.

(Åçû√ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçô’çC/ Åçû√ Åéπ\úÕ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’-©†’ •öÀd. §Úöéèπ◊ éπFÆæç ¢√®Ωç ´·çü¿’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o.)

Srikar: Ok then.



lesson verbs sentence patterns study lessons introductory there, Introductory it sentence patterns Study the use of the verbs in the conversation above: 1) Do you want to go now?

Ñ

2

™ ´’†ç éÌEo †’ ¢√úË †’ îËü∆lç. Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’

™

ûÓ ´îËa

´úøç); É™«ç-öÀN Éçé¬ verbs ÖØ√o®·. ´÷ö«x-úË-°æ¤úø’ O’èπ◊ ÅN ¢√ôç-ûªô Å¢Ë Ææ’p¥J-≤ƒh®·.

؈’ Ø√ ¶„jé˙†’ ã´-®√™¸ îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á’é¬E-é˙èπ◊ Éî√a†’. Prasanth: Ø√ ¶„jé˙ ÖçC éπü∆! 1) Do you want to go now? Vaibhav: †’´¤y õ„j¢˛’éÀ ®√éπ-§ÚûË ØËØËç (¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?) want + îËߪ÷L? infinitive Prasanth: ؈’ ®√éπ-§ÚûË E†’o BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x 2) I have to go. ú≈EéÀ Ææ’¶µ«≠ˇ ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆? (؈’ ¢Á∞«xL.) have + to go - infiniM.SURESAN Vaibhav: Å®·ûË Åûª-úÕûÓ Ç N≠æߪ’ç tive. îÁ§ƒpL éπü∆?(Have to ¢√úøçúÕ). îÁ°æp-éπ3) My parents intend to leave. §ÚûË ††’o BÆæ’Èé-∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊ á´®Ω÷ Öçúø®Ω’. (intend + to leave = ¢Á∞«x©ØË ÖüËl-¨¡ç™ ÖØ√o®Ω’.) Prasanth: ؈’ °∂æçéπ{Ø˛ õ„j¢˛’éÀ AJT ®√¢√-©ØË §ƒxØ˛ 4) I wish to tell you... îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. ®√™‰-éπ-§ÚûË §∂ÚØ˛ (wish + to tell = îÁ§ƒp-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’/ ņ’îË≤ƒh†’. èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) Vaibhav: Å™«Íí! 5) Try not to waste a minute. (äéπ EN’≠æç èπÿú≈ ´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ANSWER v°æߪ’ûªoç îÁ®·u.) Vaibhav: I like very much to attend the funcTry to learn English = English ØË®Ω’aéÓ´-ú≈-EéÀ v°æߪ’tion. You try to come as well. Aoç. Try + to learn - Infinitive. Prasanth: I want to go to/attend the computer 6) I hope to get one of the prizes. (hope + to get - infinitive -

•£æ›-´’A §Òçü¿’-û√-

†E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o.)

7) I am determined to do my best. (am determined + to do - Infinitive- my best = 8) I've decided to practise. (decided + to practise - Infinitive -

îËߪ’í∫LT-†çûª îËߪ÷-©E éπ%ûª-E-¨¡a-ߪ’çûÓ ÖØ√o.) v§ƒéÃdÆˇ

îËߪ÷-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.)

9) Gagan has agreed to help me. (has agreed + to help - Infinitive -

îª÷Æœ-†ô’x.

2) I have to (go). 3) My parents intend to leave for Kolkotta. 4) I wish to tell you not to stop. 5) Try not to waste a single minute. 6) I hope to get one of the prizes. 7) I am determined to do my best 8) I've decided to practice... 9) Gagan has agreed to help me...

≤ƒßª’ç

îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.)

10) I promise to do my best. (promise + to do = 11 When do you propose to return? (propose + to return -Infinitive -

îË≤ƒh-†E ´÷ô ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’.)

)

AJT ®√¢√-

©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?)

12) I prefer to be here. (prefer + to be - Infinitive -

Ééπ\úø ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æúø’ûª’-Ø√o†’.) É™« Infinitive†’, ÅE/ -éÀ/ èπ◊ Å®√n-©ûÓ Â°j verbs ûª®√yûª ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Exercise, Practise aloud in English the fol-

class. I hope to return by the function time/in time for the function. If I can, I'd like to go with you. Vaibhav: Subhash has offered to take us on his car. It's better to go with him, isn't it?/is n't it better to go with him/ hadn't we better go with him? Prasanth: I refuse to go with him. We have our bikes, haven't we? Vaibhav: Oh, I forgot to tell you. I gave my bike to my mechanic to overhaul it. Prasanth: My bike is there. Vaibhav: What shall/ I do if you fail to return on time. Prasanth: Subhash is there to take you. Vaibhav: But I have to tell him of it. If I don't, none will be there to take me. Prasanth: I am planning to return in time for the function. If I can't I will ring you up and tell you. Vaibhav: OK.

 The government's comments on Lord Sri Rama has offended the Hindus.

(X®√-´·úÕ O’ü¿ v°æ¶µº’ûªy ¢√uêu©’ £œ«çü¿’-´¤© ´’†-Ææ’©†’ í¬ßª’°æJî√®·/ ´’ØÓ-¶µ«¢√©†’ üÁ•s-B-¨»®·.)  4-G; Rigid = í∫öÀdí¬ ´çí∫E. 

The wooden plank is rigid.

(Ç îÁéπ\-•©x í∫öÀdí¬ ÖçC. ÅC áô’-´ç-*ûË Åô’ ´çí∫ü¿’.) A pencil is rigid. (°Eq™¸ ´çí∫ü¿’.) ûª´’ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©†’ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ rigid.  5-B; undergo = ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îªúøç.  I had to undergo a lot of trouble to get the certificate.

(ÆæJd-°∂œ-Èéö¸ ûÁaéÓ´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« éπ≠d°æ æ-ú≈Lq ´*açC.)

-v°æ-¨¡o: ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷N’úÕ °æçúø’ ÅE,

ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ mango ÅE Åçö«ç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ææ’-Fûª, ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Sunitha ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. °æü∆©’ ¢ËÍ®-Å-®·Ø√ °æ©-éπúøç äÍé Nüµ¿çí¬ áçü¿’-èπ◊çC? ÉçTx≠ˇ™ Ææ’-F-ûªE mango ™«í¬ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢ËÍ® Nüµ¿çí¬ áçü¿’èπ◊ °œ©-´-èπÿúøü¿’? – ®Ω°∂æ·, v°æOù, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: 1) äéπ ´’E≠œ Ê°®Ω’†’ English ™éÀ ņ’´-CÊÆh Ç Ê°®Ω’ ûª†-ü¿E ¢√J-È陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’hçC. English ™ ã Å´÷t®· Ê°®Ω’ Rose ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Ç Å´÷t-®·E í∫’™«H ÅE °œLÊÆh, -Ç-¢Á’ °æ©’-èπ◊-ûª’çü∆? 2) O’ Ê°®Ω’ Raghu éπü∆. English ™ ®Ω°∂æ·èπ◊ ´÷ô àçöÀ? ÅEo Ê°®Ωxèπÿ äé𠶵«≠æ †’ç* ÉçéÓ ¶µ«≠æèπ◊ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç Å≤ƒüµ¿uç éπü∆?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 20 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

c) They wish to have some rest

Adithya: So what do you want me to do?

(wish + to have - Infinitive)

(Å®·ûË †Eo-°æ¤p-úËç-îË-ߪ’-´’ç-ö«´¤?) Subodh: Just allow him to stay in the job another month and then decide.

(ÉçéÓ ØÁ© ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ņ’-´’Aç/ ÖçúøF, Ç ûª®√yûª E®Ωg-®·ç.) Adithya: What then?

(Ç ûª®√y-ûËçöÀ?) Subodh: Warn him strictly to mind his behaviour towards the women staff. Tell him to leave them alone or else..

(´’£œ«∞« Æœ•sç-C-°æôx ÅûªE v°æ´-®Ωh† N≠æߪ’ç í∫öÀdí¬ Â£«îªa-Jç. ¢√∞¡x N≠æߪ’ç °æöÀdç--éÓ-´-ü¿lE îÁ°æ¤p. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰...) or else= ™‰èπ◊çõ‰... É™« ´C-™‰ÊÆh Bv´ °æJ-ù«´÷--©’ -áü¿’-®Ó\-¢√Lq ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E îÁ°æpôç.

Adithya: I doubt very much if he will mend. You are asking me to give him another chance. Is that it?

(Åûª†’ ´÷®Ω-û√-úøØËC Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. ÉçéÓ Å´-鬨¡ç É´’tçô’-Ø√o-´-ûª-EéÀ– ÅçûË éπü∆?) Is that it = ÅçûËéπü∆?/ ÅüËéπü∆? Conversation ™ ¢√úøéπç áèπ◊\´. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Subodh: Yea. But order him strictly just to mind his business.

(ÅçûË. Å®·ûË ûª† °æØËüÓ û√†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊§Ò-´’tE ´÷vûªç í∫öÀd-í¬ØË îÁ°æ¤p/ Çñ«c-°œç)

É™«çöÀ verbs î√™« îª÷¨»ç éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ sentence pattern study îËߪ’çúÕ. He wants to go =

D†®Ωnç Åûª†’ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-úøE éπü∆. She likes to sing =

Ç¢Á’ §ƒú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC/ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûÓçC. °j pattern ™ ¢√úø-í∫-L-T† verbs ™ î√™«-¢√-öÀE ´’†ç, Ñ éÀçC pattern ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. He wants me to go

(Åûª†’ ؈’ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’) Ñ pattern:

He (subject) + wants (verb) + me + infinitive

Éçü¿’™ verb èπÿ infinitive èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u me ®√´úøç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Compare the following. a) He wants to go [wants (verb) ¢ÁçôØË to go (infinitive) = Åûª†’ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

6) ... you request me to help him [request (verb) + me (somebody) + to help (infinitive)] 7) I wish someone to conduct a workshop [ wish (verb) + someone (somebody) + to conduct (infinitive) ]

b) He wants me to go- [wants (verb) + me (somebody) + to go (infinitive)]

îª÷¨»-®Ω’-í∫ü∆, spoken English ™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa sentence pattern ÉC. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ, verb + infinitive pattern èπÿ, verb + somebody+ something pattern èπÿ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.

(a)

1 a) Do you want to sing? (verb + infinitive) =

™´™„ é¬èπ◊çú≈, (b) ™ verb ¢Áç•úË infinitive ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’. ´’üµ¿u™ somebody (me/ him/ her/

them/ us, Prasad, Sita, etc) or something (the bus/ the car) trouble/ the problem/ the disease)

´≤ÚhçC í∫´’-Eç-

îªçúÕ:

†’´¤y §ƒú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

b) Do you want her to sing? (want + her (somebody) + to sing (infinitive) =

360

(†’´¤y Ç¢Á’ §ƒú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?)

Practise the following aloud in English. Gopi:

©éπ~ tù˝†’ ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’. Åûª-Eçé¬ ®√™‰ü¿’. (tell/ ask ¢√úøçúÕ) Anil: ؈’ èπÿú≈ Åûª†’ ´≤ƒh-úøØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’ (expect ¢√úøçúÕ) Gopi: Åûª†’ ûª†èπ◊ Ñûª ØË®Ωp-´’E ÅØ√oúø’. (want, teach ¢√úøçúÕ) Anil: ††’o èπÿú≈ request î˨»úø’. Gopi: ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o Åûª†’ Ñûª ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç ņ’-´’Aç-îª-úøô. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†-©oC ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ Öçîª-´’E ÅØ√oúø’ (want ¢√úøçúÕ/ like Å®·Ø√ ÆæÍ®) Anil: Å®·ûË ´’†ç ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. Å™« Å®·ûË Øˆ-ûªEo ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v§Úûªq-£œ«ç-’. ¢√∞¡xØ√†o ņ’-´’A BÆæ’-èπ◊E ®Ω´’tE Ææ©£æ… É≤ƒh. Gopi: ´’K-´’K •A-´÷-©’-ûª’Ø√oúø’ ØËJpç-îª-´’E. Ñûª ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úøü∆ç. Anil: Ø√éπ-®·ûË É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. Gopi: ÆæÍ®, -îª÷-ü∆lç.

What do you want me to do?

Adithya: If he doesn't mend?

(Å-ûª-†’ -´÷®Ωéπ-§Ú-ûË?) mend/ mend one's ways

= v°æ´-®Ωh† ´÷®Ω’a-

ÉC î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa pattern, spo™. É™«çöÀ pattern, you can see in the

2 a) I like to stay =

ANSWER

ken English

éÓ-´ôç. Subodh: You have the option. Show him the door.

(†’´¤y áç-èπ◊ØË °æü¿l¥A ÖçC éπü∆. •ßª’-öÀéÀ °æç°߽’.) Adithya: You advise him to be careful then. Tell him you've helped him to stay in the job and that even if you request me to help another time, there won't be any use.

(Å®·ûË ÅûªEo ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúø-´’E Ææ©£æ… É´¤y. F Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-´©x ÅûªF ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ ÖØ√o-úøE îÁ°æ¤p. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’®Ó-´÷®Ω’ †’´¤y Ŷµºu-Jnç-*Ø√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçúø-ü¿E îÁ°æ¤p.) Subodh: I'll, of course.

(îÁ§ƒh†’. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) Adithya: I wish some one were there to teach my staff elementary behaviour and office etiquette. I want some expert to conduct a workshop on it.

(Ø√ Æœ•sç-CéÀ éπFÆæ v°æ´-®Ωh† ØËJpç-îËç-ü¿’-Èé´-®Ω-®·Ø√ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. ü∆E-O’ü¿ workshop E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îËç-ü¿’-Èé-´-®Ω-®·Ø√ 鬢√L Ø√èπ◊.) Office etiquette - etiquette = manners Office etiquette - Office manners.

(áöÀ-éπö¸). Öçú≈-Lq†

™

Workshop =

àü¿-®·Ø√ Å稡ç O’ü¿ ØÁj°æ¤ùuç ≤ƒCµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ îªJaç--èπ◊E Nñ«c-Ø√Eo °çéÌØË Ææü¿Ææ’q. Subodh: That sounds good. We'll think of it.

(ÅC ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. Ç™-*ü∆lç.) ☯

EXERCISE

☯

☯

☯

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ verbs followed by infinitives, ÖçúË sentence pattern îª÷¨»ç-éπü∆? (Infinitive = to + 1st Regular Doing Word) eg: a) She wants to sing (wants + to sing - infinitive) b) He likes to go (likes + to go - infinitive)

conversation at the beginning of the lesson. Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

؈’çúËçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. b) I like her to stay =

ØËØ√¢Á’ Öçú≈-©E É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. É™«çöÀ verbs questions, not ûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

3 a) Do you advise me to wait? M.SURESAN 1) What do you want me to do? [ Want - verb + me (somebody) + to do [ advise (verb) + me (somebody) + to wait infinitive ] = (infinitive) ] 2) (You) warn him strictly to mind.. b) When do you expect the bus to arrive? [ Warn (verb) + him (somebody) + to mind [ do expect (verb) + the bus (something) (infinitive) ] + to arrive (infinitive) ] = Bus 3) You are asking me to give him... [ are asking (verb) + me (somebody) + to verbs pattern practice give (infinitive) ] Advise allow 4) Order him to mind his business ask beg command [ Order (verb) + him (somebody) + to mind compel (infinitive) ] encourage force 5) You advise him to be careful. help, instruct (=teach), invite, request, [ advise (verb) + him (somebody) + to be teach etc. (infinitive) ]

(؈’ é¬ÊÆ°æ¤çú≈©Ø√ F Ææ©£æ…?)

†ØËoç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«´¤?

á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? †’ Ñ ™¢√úÕ îËߪ’çúÕ. éÀçC (Ææ©£æ… É´yúøç), (ņ’-´’-Aç-îªôç) (Åúø-í∫ôç), (•A-´÷-©ôç), (Çñ«c-°œç-îªúøç), (•©-´çûªç îËߪ’úøç), (v§Úûªq-£œ«ç-îªôç), (•©-´çûªç îËߪ’úøç)

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C-¢√öÀéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u©’ ûÁ©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. ví¬´’®˝ ®Ω÷™¸q Å-´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.

1. He thinks 2. He is thinking 3. He has thought 4. He has been thinking 5. He thought 6. He was thinking 7. He had thought 8. He had been thinking 9. He will/ shall think 10. He will/ shall be thinking 11. He will/ shall have thought 12. He will/ shall have been thinking.

– áç.´’-ü¿-Ø˛-¢Á÷-£æ«-Ø˛-®√´¤, N’®√u-©-í∫÷úÁçï-¢√-•’: 1) He thinks = Åûª†’ ņ’èπ◊ç-ö«úø’ (´÷´‚-©’í¬)/ Åûª†’ ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ (É°æ¤púø’) [Ç™-*-≤ƒhúø’ (´÷´‚-©’í¬)/ Ç™-*-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ (É°æ¤púø’)]

2) He is thinking - is thinking- present continuous form - is/ are thinking question form He is thinking He thinks 3) He has thought= a)

Gopi: I have told/ asked Lakshman to come, but he hasn't. Anil: I expect him to come too. Gopi: He wanted me to teach him to swim. (Teach him swimming

ÅØÌa)

Anil: He requested me too. Gopi: It seems his dad doesn't allow him to learn swimming. So he wants/ likes us to keep it a secret. Anil: Then we should be careful. In such a case I don't encourage him to learn swimming. I'd advise him to get his dad's permission. Gopi: He is begging us to teach him. Let's help him to learn. Anil: I don't like it. Gopi: OK. Let's see.

5) He thought-

í∫ûªç™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Ç™-*ç-î√úø’/ ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ÉN ™ 6) He was thinking- í∫ûªç™ éÌçûª 鬩秃ô’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ (ņ’´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. èπ◊ØË¢√úø’)/ Ç™-*ç-îË-¢√úø’. ¢√úøç– ÅØË Åçö«ç. Åûª†’ ņ’- 7) He had thought- past ™ äéπ èπ◊-Ø√oúø’/ Ç™-*ç-î√úø’ (í∫ûªç™) Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ´·çü¿’ ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’/ (He has thought of buying a Ç™-*ç-î√úø’. house/ of a new plan.) He had thought so before I cor- rected his opinion b) Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø’/ Ç-™-*ç-î√úø’. (؈-ûªEo correct îËÊÆ ´·çü¿’ Å™« He has thought that I am a ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.)

fool, but now he knows he has made a mistake. 4) He has been thinking =

í∫ûªç™ äéπ Æ洒ߪ’ç/ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† †’ç* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπÿ, Éçé¬ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø’/ -Ç-™-*-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Has been thinking Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. Has thought áèπ◊\´, ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

8) He had been thinking so until I corrected him = correct

Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Ç™ continue Å´ôç).

11) He will have thought = future

™ äéπ time èπ◊ ´·çü¿’, Ç™-*ç* Öçö«úø’.

By this day next week he will have thought that I helped you.

(Å™« ņ’-èπ◊E Öçö«úø’).

12) He will have been thinking future

™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´·çü¿’†’ç-* Ç Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπÿ Ç™-*Ææ’hç-ö«úø’. By this time tomorrow, he will

ÅûªEo ؈’ îËÊÆ ´®Ωèπ◊ have been thinking about it. í∫´’-Eéπ: Verb think éπü∆. ´’† Ç™-îªÅ™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô÷ç-úË-¢√úø’ 9) He will/ think = ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’/ Ç™- †èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çC. äéπ®Ω’ Çñ«c-°œÊÆh *-≤ƒhúø’ future ™. ´’†ç Ç™-*çîªç. Åçü¿’-éπE He sub10) He will/ be thinking = Å™« Ç™- ject Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ think ™«çöÀ verb †’ *Ææ÷h Öçö«úø’ (future ™ äéπ shall -ûÓ ¢√úøç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Anant: Did you see Damodar anywhere around? (It's) days since I met him.

(ü∆¢Á÷-ü¿®˝ à´’Ø√o éπE°œç-î√ú≈ Fèπ◊? Åûª-úÕE îª÷Æœ ®ÓV-™„jçC.) Jagan: Yea. I saw him shopping at the super market last evening. What's the matter?

(Ææ÷°æ-®˝-´÷-È®\öx E†o- ≤ƒ-ߪ’çvûªç àüÓ éÌçô÷ Öçúøí¬ îª÷¨»-†ûªúÕE. àN’-öÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) Anant: I heard him tell Lalith he would be out of town for a few days. Do you know anything about it?

(éÌEo-®Ó-V©’ Ü®Óx Öçúø-†E ©L-û˝ûÓ îÁ°æ¤hçõ‰ NØ√o†’. FÍé-¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ Ç N≠æߪ’ç?) Jagan: I observe you show a lot of interest in Damodar nowadays. What could be the reason? (

-ü∆-¢Á÷-ü¿®˝ °æôx †’´¤y Ñ ´’üµ¿u î√™« ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°æ¤-ûª’ç-úøôç ؈’ í∫´’-E-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. àN’öÀ 鬮Ωùç?) Anant: Just nothing. Of late I have noticed him doing very well in computers. I would have him help me; that's all.

(Ñ ´’üµ¿u Åûª†’ éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝q ¶«í¬ îËߪ’úøç í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. ÅûªE ≤ƒßª’ç BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. ÅçûË.) Jagan: I observe him helping others liberally. I find him the helping sort.

Anant: The other day I watched him doing a program on the system. I found him do it effortlessly and very fast. He's really brilliant.

(¢Á·ØÌoéπ ®ÓV Åûª†’ éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ O’ü¿ àüÓ v§Úví¬¢˛’ îËÆæ’hçõ‰ îª÷-¨»†’. î√™« Ææ’©’-´¤í¬ îËߪ’úøç í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Eïçí¬ Ç N≠æߪ’ç™ î√™« ®Ω’èπ◊ Åûª†’.) effortlessly= v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆ œ-†ô’x éπE°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç He acts effortlessly= Åûª†’ Åv°æ-ߪ’-ûªoçí¬ †öÀç-îË-≤ƒhúø’ = Åûª-EéÀ †ô† Åv°æ-ߪ’-ûªoçí¬ ´Ææ’hçC = Åûª†’ †öÀç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ àüÓ †öÀç-î√©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-*-†ô’x Öçúøü¿’. Jagan: Is he so good at it? I haven't known it. I just thought he knew his computers.

(ã Åçûª ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒhú≈? àüÓ éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝q ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-ÆæØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Anant: Before he leaves town, I wish to have his help on a project. Let me go find him.

(Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞Ïx ´·çü¿’ ã v§ƒñ„é˙d N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÅûªúÕ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√L. Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ ¢ÁAéÀ °æô’d-èπ◊çö«.) Jagan: OK. ☯

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Look at the verbs in the sentences above: 1) saw (see) 2) heard (hear) 3) observe

(í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç)

4) have noticed (notice =

í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç)

5) have 6) watched (watch-

ÅüË °æEí¬ îª÷úøôç) í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. É´Fo èπÿú≈ ´’† ¶«Ê£«uç-vCߪ÷-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† verbs (verbs of sense perception. Sense = ¶«Ê£«uç-vCߪ’ç– éπ†’o/ ´·èπ◊\/ îÁN/ Ø√©’éπ/ Ωtç, perception = ví∫£æ«-ù-¨¡éÀh. Ñ verbs †’ Åçõ‰ see/ hear/ watch etc. ©†’ ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, OöÀ ûª®√yûª ...ing form í¬F, 1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, walk etc.,) ¢√úø´îª’a; Åçõ‰ Ñ pattern ™: see/ hear/ watch + ... ing form/ 1st Regular Doing Word (Ist RDW):

Å™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´îËa Å®Ωnç; äéπ °æE ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úøí¬ îª÷úøôç, äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°æ¤hçúøí¬ N†úøç, àüÁjØ√ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çõ‰ í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç... É™« ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC èπÿú≈ spoken English ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE°œçîË sentence pattern: -É°æ¤p-úø’ éÌ-Eoç-öÀ í∫’-Jç-* -îª÷-ü∆lç. See: a) I see him walking this way every morning.

b) He heard you saying/ say (...ing form/ 1st RDW) that he was wrong.

He listened to her singing/ sing for a few minutes and selected her for singing in his movie =

†’´¤y ÅûªúÕE ûª°æ¤p Åçô’ç-úøí¬/ ņôç Åûªúø’ NØ√oúø’/ Åûª-úÕéÀ NE-°œç-*çC. watch = í∫´’-Eç* îª÷úøôç.

Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-úøí¬/ §ƒúøôç éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ©’ NE, ûª† ÆœE-´÷™ §ƒúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. listen to ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈, ...ing form/ 1st RDW. Hear= ´’†èπ◊ NE°œç-îªúøç. listen to= ´’†ç v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆ œ N†úøç.

a) The police watched the thief entering/ enter the bank (...ing form / 1st RDW) =

üÌçí∫ ¶«uçèπ◊-™éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿhç-úøí¬/ ¢Á∞¡xúøç §ÚM-Ææ’©’ í∫´’-Eç* îª÷¨»®Ω’. b) He watched her leaving/ leave (...ing form/ 1st RDW) and escaped =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

v°æA Öü¿ßª’ç ÅûªE™« †úÕ* ¢Á∞¡xúøç ؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’/

listen to:

I hear some noise =

àüÓ ¨¡•lç NE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. I am listening to you =

Ç¢Á’ í∫C†’ç* •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xúøç/ ¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-úøí¬ í∫´’-Eç* Åûªúø’ §ƒJ§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

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†’´¤y îÁÊ°pC ؈’ Nçô’Ø√o. Ñ pattern ™ ´îËa verbs ´’J-éÌEo; have (îË®·ç-îªúøç ™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ)

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observe =

(See + Somebody/ something + ... ing form)

†úø’Ææ÷h Ø√èπ◊ éπE-°œ-≤ƒhúø’.

Ñ sentence ™, see him ûª®√yûª, ... ing form •ü¿’©’ 1st RDW (go, walk, etc) èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °j Å®ΩnçûÓ. b) I see him walk this way every morning.

M.SURESAN

[see + somebody/ something + walk (1st RDW)] c) They saw the train leaving/ leave (...ing form + 1st RDW) the station =

È®j©’ ÊÆd≠æØ˛ ´ü¿’-©’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’/ ´ü¿’-©’-ûª’ç-úøí¬ ¢√∞¡Ÿx îª÷¨»®Ω’. d) If anyone sees you doing/ do this, (...ing form 1st RDW) they will report to the police.

(†’Ny™« îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬/ îËߪ’ôç á´-®ΩØ√o îª÷ÊÆh §ÚM-Æˇ©ûÓ îÁ§ƒh®Ω’). Hear èπÿú≈ ÉüË °æü¿l¥-A™ ¢√úÌa. a) I heard the bell ringing/ bell ring (...ing form/ 1st RDW) =

í∫çô ¢Á÷í∫úøç Ø√èπ◊ NE-°œç-*çC.

-v°æ-¨¡o: When

should be used the following sentences, could you please clarify by all means?

í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç

a) I observe him studying/ study (...ing form/ 1st RDW) late in to the night =

Åûª†’ ®√vA §Òü¿’l§ÚßË’ü∆é¬ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’ç-úøôç/ îªü¿’´¤-ûª’çúøí¬ Øˆ’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. b) He observes her walking/ walk by his home every morning (... ing form/ 1st RDW)=

v°æA Öü¿ßª’ç Ç¢Á’ ¢√RxçöÀ O’ü¿’í¬ ¢Á∞¡xôç Åûª†’ í∫´’-E-≤ƒhúø’. smell = ¢√Ææ† ®√´úøç (¢√Ææ† îª÷úøôç é¬èπ◊çú≈)

Kripal: I heard your cousin telling/ tell me about a job you've got. Is it true?

b) If he smells the food cooking/ (...ing form/ 1st RDW) his appetite increases =

¢√úÕéÀ ´çô ¢√Ææ† ´ÊÆh AØ√-©ØË éÓJéπ áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. appetite - Ç°œ/°æõ„jö¸ – Ç, ant ™ a ™«í∫ – Ç ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= AØ√-©ØË éÓJéπ

– G. ÇC-¨Ï-≠æߪ’u, éπ®Ω÷o©’

1) Sonia Gandhi is due to arrive Kashmir.

2) I heard him tell Lalith he would be out of town.

2) Sonia Gandhi is bound to arrive Kashmir.

Now for the meanings for the sentences:

3) I observe you show a lot of interest in ...

3) Sonia Gandhi is likely to arrive Kashmir.

1) Sonia Gandhi is due to arrive... = She is expected to arrive/ we expect her to arrive/ Arrangements have been made for her visit (In fact, we are waiting for her arrival)

5) I would have him help me. 6) I observe him helping others liberally. 7) I watched him doing a program.

4) Sonia Gandhi Kashmir.

is

to

arrive

5) Sonia Gandhi has to arrive Kashmir.

ANSWER Kripal: Every morning I see you going/ go this way. Where do you go?

àüÓ é¬©’-ûª’†o ¢√Ææ† ´≤Úhçü∆ Fèπ◊?

1) I saw him shopping at the supermarket.

4) ...I've noticed him doing very well in computers.

†’´¤y ®ÓW §Òü¿’lØËo É™« ¢Á∞¡xúøç îª÷≤ƒh†’, áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«h´¤? Dayal: ††’o †’´¤y í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç èπÿú≈ ؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’.؈’ computer class èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡û√†’. Kripal: FÍéüÓ job ´*a-†ô’x F cousin îÁ°æpí¬ NØ√o†’. Eï-¢Ë’Ø√? Dayal: Eï¢Ë’, Fèπ◊ Åûª†’ îÁ°æpúøç ؈’ NØ√o†’. Kripal: Congrats! F ´·êç ÆæçûÓ≠æçûÓ ¢ÁL-T§Ú-´úøç ؈’ í∫´’-E-Ææ’hØ√o. (observe ¢√úøôç; ¢Á©-í∫ôç=glow) Dayal: ؈’ ´÷ Ø√†o ¢Ëèπ◊-´ØË ™‰* îªü¿-´úøç í∫´’-EçîË-¢√-úÕE. ÅüË Øˆ’ Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o. ÅüË Ø√ Nï-ߪ÷-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç ņ’èπ◊çô’Ø√o.

Dayal: I see you observing me/ observe me too. I go to computer classes.

6) Sonia Gandhi is about to arrive Kashmir.

-ï-¢√-•’:

Kripal:

(...ing form/ 1st RDW)=

a) Do you smell something burning/ burn

In all the sentences in your list, arrive must be followed by in.

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above:

notice,

EXERCISE

I would have him help me

(Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Åûª†’ Öü∆-®Ωçí¬ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’úøç ؈’ í∫´’-Eçî√†’. Åûª†’ ≤ƒßª’-°æúË ®Ωéπ¢Ë’.)

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2

Dayal: Yea. I heard him telling you/ tell you. Kripal: I observe your face glowing/ glow with joy. Dayal: I used to watch my father get up/ getting up early in the morning and studying. I thing that's the reason for my success.

2) Sonia Gandhi is bound to arrive.. = She is certain / sure to arrive - no doubt about it. 3) Sonia Gandhi is likely to arrive = There are good chances / There is a probability of her arriving (There are chances of her not arriving as well. There is a slight doubt about her arrival) 4) Sonia Gandhi is to arrive = She will surely arrive here. 5) Sonia Gandhi has to arrive = Sonia Gandhi is ordered to come here or has the necessity to come here, so she must

come. The sentence, though grammatically correct, doesn't suit/ is not applicable to a person of Ms Gandhi's status nobody can compel her to arrive in Kashmir. No necessity either, for her to arrive. 6) Sonia Gandhi is about to come here = Ms Gandhi is arriving in a short time.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 25 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sampada: What makes you think so?

Arpitha:

(E†’o Å™« Ç™-*ç-îË™« îËÊÆ-üËN’öÀ?/ †’¢Áyç-ü¿’-éπ™« Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) Think what? (à´’E?)

Sampada: That Archana will help you solve the problem.

(Ç Ææ´’Ææu B®Ωa-úøç™ Å®Ωa† ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’ûª’ç-ü¿E) Arpitha:

She let me believe so. She said she would discuss the matter thoroughly with me and help me arrive at a solution.

(Å™« ÅE †N’tç-*çC. ûª†’ Ø√ûÓ Ç N≠æߪ’ç °æ¤Jhí¬ îªJaç* äéπ Ææ´’Ææu BÍ®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-û√-†çC.) Sampada: That really surprises me. I haven't known Archana spend so much time on a friend. Never known her help any one.

(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-T-≤ÚhçC. Ç®Ωa† ûª† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©-éÓÆæç Åçûª Æ洒ߪ’ç ¢Á*aç-îªúøç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ûªØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ÉçéÌ-éπ-∞¡xèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’úøç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLߪ’ü¿’.) Arpitha:

She surprised me too. I haven't even expected her to be interested in my problem. Of late, however, I've noticed her take an interest in others.

2

b) I hear her sing/ singing in the mornings. hear (verb) + her (somebody) + sing (I RDW)/ singing (...ing form) pattern verbs (other than verbs of sense perception) lesson Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) Archana will help you solve your problem 2) She let me believe so 3) ... would help me arrive at a solution 4) I haven't known Archana spend so much time on a friend. 5) Never known her help any one 6) ... I've noticed her take an interest in others. 7) She wouldn't have me stay alone 8) I wouldn't have her have any trouble on my account.

Ñ

™ ´’†ç ¢√úø-í∫© ´’J-éÌEo

Ñ

™ îª÷ü∆lç.

1) and 3) Help -

Ñ verb †’ È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) Help + somebody + to do (infinitive) + something b) Help + somebody + do (1st Regular Doing Word) + something eg: a) Will you help me to carry this box? =

a) He made me walk to school.

É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ. b) The principal won't (will not) have us waste/ wasting our time. (Principal time

´’†

´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’-E-´yúø’)

Will have (verb) + us (somebody) + waste (I RDW)/ wasting (...ing form) c) I will have you sing/ singing that song again and again

(؈’ FûÓ Ç §ƒô ´’Sx ´’Sx §ƒúÕç--èπ◊çö«) Have †’ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, Ñ pattern ™ ¢√úøôç spoken English ™ î√™« common. d) She has her friend come and stay with her.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

362

Has (verb) + friend (somebody) + come ... (1st RDW) =

(School

èπ◊ †úÕ-°œç-î√úø’)

b) Teachers should make students study. (Teachers Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ îªC-Nç-î √L/ îªC-¢Ë™« îËߪ÷L) ûª®Ωîª÷ É™«çöÀ sentences ™ make ûª®√yûª infinitive ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English Sekhar:

†’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xLq ´*açC? (make- go ¢√úøçúÕ) Chakri: ÅûªúÕ room Ææ®Ωl-úøç™ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x (Ææ®Ωlúøç= tidy up) Sekhar: E†’o ûª† ´Ææ ’h-´¤©’ ´·ô’d-éÓEî√aú≈ Åûª†’? Chakri: E†’o ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-E-´y†’ ؈’. Sekhar: Åûª-†çõ‰ †’´¤y É≠æd-°æ-úøôç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. ††’o †’´¤y support îËߪ’ôç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Chakri: I'm sorry. †’´¤y ††o™« ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-E´y-™‰†’ ؈’. Sekhar: Doesn't matter. ´’†ç àü¿Ø√o ÆœE´÷èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç °æü¿. Chakri: ÅC Ø√éÀ-≠d¢ æ Ë’.

She let me believe so

(ûª†’ ††’o èπÿú≈ Ǩ¡a®Ωu°æJ*çC. Ø√ Ææ´’Ææu™ ûª†’ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°æ¤ûª’ç-ü¿E èπÿú≈ ؈-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË Ñ ´’üµ¿u ûª†’ Éûª-®Ω’© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°æúøç í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.) of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u. Late (Ç©-Ææuç)èπÿ, of late/ lately éÀ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰ü¿’. Sampada: You are lucky then. If she wants to help she will help. She's that type.

(†’´¤y Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-®√-L¢Ë. ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æpéπ ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-Ææ’hçC ûª†’. ûª†’ Ç ®Ωéπç.) Arpitha:

You know she wouldn't even have me stay alone in my room. She suggests that I move to her place. That's still more surprising. Of course I told her that I wouldn't have her have trouble on my account.

(Éçé¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ, ††’o Ø√ room ™ äçôJí¬ Öçúø-E-´y-†E èπÿú≈ ÅçC. ††’o ¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀ™ Öçúø-´’çC. ÅC Éçé¬ Ç¨¡a-®Ωu-éπ®Ωç. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ îÁ§ƒp-†-†’éÓ, Ø√´©x ûª†Íéç ¶«üµ¿-©’ç-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-†E.) on my account = Ø√´©x, on (some body's) account = äéπJ ´©x. Sampada: Any way, I am happy that you have the help from the right person.

(àüË-¢Á’iØ√, †’´¤y ÆæÈ®j† ´uéÀh †’ç* ≤ƒßª’ç §Òçü¿’-ûª’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.) ☯

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☯

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éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ verbs of sense perception (¶«Ê£«uç-vC-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† verbs) - see, hear, smell, etc. †’ éÀçC pattern ™ ¢√úÌ-îªaE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. verb + somebody/ something + Ist Regular Doing Word (Ist RDW)/ ...ing form eg: a) He saw the teacher enter/ entering the class. sentence verb pattern:

Ñ

™

saw (verb) + the teacher + enter (I RDW)/ entering (...ing form)

b) Will you help me carry this box?

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? sentence a) ™ help

+ somebody + to carry (Infinitive). sentence b) help + somebody + carry (1st RDW) -

ÅüË

™

ûª† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-®√©’ ûª† ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ´*a ûª†ûÓ Öçú≈-©E Ç¢Á’ éÓJéπ. 5) Know. ÉC èπÿú≈ Ñ pattern ™ Åçõ‰ Verb + somebody/ something + 1st RDW/ ...ing form ™ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. a) I have known her helping/ help a Å®·ûË, help †’ É™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ M.SURESAN number of people. ...ing from ®√ü¿’. (Ç¢Á ’ î√™« ´’çCéÀ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úøôç Ø√èπ◊ 2) let - D†®Ωnç O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– allow (Ææ´’t-Aç-îªúøç)/ ûÁ © ’Ææ ’ ) ã °æE îËߪ’-E-´yôç. a) He let me in to the room= He allowed me into the room = room

Åûªúø’ ††’o ™EéÀ ņ’-´’-Aç-î√úø’/ ®√E-î√aúø’. b) Let him go = ÅûªEo ¢Á∞¡xF. c) Let me look at it = ††’o ü∆Eo îª÷úøF. Ñ sentences ™ subject- you. Let †’ ¢√úË pattern: Let + somebody/ something + 1st RDW.

d) The teacher lets us ask questions- lets (verb) + us (somebody) + ask (1st RDW)= teacher

´’´’tLo v°æ¨¡o-©-úø-í∫-E-Ææ’hçC. (†ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊

e) Why don't you let me talk? do let (verb) + me (somebody) + talk (1st RDW)

´÷ö«x-úø-E-´y´¤?)–

f) He let the child tear the book.

(Ç Gúøf†’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo *ç°æ-E-î√aúø’/ Ç Gúøf °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo *ç°æúøç Ç°æ-™‰ü¿’) Let (verb) + the child

(somebody) + tear (I RDW)

g) He let the car gather dust

(Ç é¬®Ω’†’ ü¿’´·t éπÊ°pô’x/ °æõ‰dô’x/ 鬮Ω’ §ƒúÁj-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o °æöÀdç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’. – Let (verb) + the car (something) + gather (1st RDW). Å®·ûË let ûª®√yûª ...ing form ®√ü¿’. Only 1st RDW. 4, 7 and 8): Have- Have èπ◊ É™«çöÀ sentences ™ Å®Ωnç– allow (ã °æE îËߪ’-E-´yôç/ îËߪ’-E-´y-éπ-§Ú-´ôç– not have Å®·ûË).

a) I can't have you spending all that money= I can't allow you to spend all that money=

†’´yçûª úø•’s ê®Ω’a-°-ôdúøç ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÓ†’/ E†oçûª úø•’s ê®Ω’a-°-ôd-E-´y†’.

Have known (verb) + her (somebody) + helping (...ing form)/ help (I RDW)

b) No one knew him giving/ give any trouble for others-

Åûª†’ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ éπ≠dçæ éπL-Tç-îªôç ÅØËC á´-Jéà ûÁLߪ’ü¿’ (éπL-Tç-îª-™‰ü¿’) Knew (verb) + him (somebody) + giving (...ing form)/ give (1st RDW)

6) Noticedsee, observe I noticed her work/ working late in to the night.= make pattern ...ing form

ÉC

™«í¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

ANSWER Sekhar: What made you go there? Chakri: I went there to help him (to) tidy up his room. Sekhar: Did he let you touch any of his things? Chakri: I won't have you talk/ talking of him like that. Sekhar: I've noticed you like him/ liking him. I haven't known you support/ supporting me. Chakri: I'm sorry. I can't have you misunderstand/ misunderstanding me like that. Sekhar: Doesn't matter. Let's go to a movie. Chakri: That suits me fine.

äéπJûÓ äéπ °æE îË®·ç-îªúøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Ñ ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË ®√ü¿’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: È®Ø˛ Åçú˛ ´÷JdØ˛ £j«Ææ÷\™¸ éπü∆?

E grapes E collective grapes, -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -ví¬-´’®˝ -Åç-ú˛ é¬ç§Ò->- Núø-DÆœ îÁ§ƒp™«? ÅüË °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ noun; common noun ≠æØ˛ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ Nouns í∫’Jç* collective noun Åçõ‰ a collec-û√-®·-éπü∆. N´-JÆæ÷h exercise ™ äéπ tion of persons or things taken Å´¤ Å®·ûË a bunch v°æ¨¡o†’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ Éî√a®Ω’. together and spoken as one of grapes ÅØËC Point out the Nouns and say whole ÅE E®Ωy-*ç-î √®Ω’. DE phrase (a whether they are common, v°æ鬮Ωç a bunch of grapes ÅØË group of words collective proper, collective or abstract. phrase ¢Á·û√hEo a verb) 鬕öÀd, ÅC noun í¬ îÁ ° æ p ´ îª ’ a éπ ü ∆! N´-Jç-îª- without 1. He gave me a bunch of noun ™« function îËÆæ’hçC 鬕öÀd, í∫-©®Ω’. grapes. Noun phrase Åçö«ç. – áç. ¨¡çéπ®˝, Ũ»y-°æ¤®Ωç ü∆Eo °j ¢√é¬u-EéÀ É*a† key ™ bunch Definition v°æ鬮Ωç èπÿú≈ A col†’ collective noun í¬, grapes -ï-¢√-•’: Noun ÅØËC á°æ¤púø÷ lective noun is the name given †’ common noun í¬ NúÕ-N-úÕí¬ äÍé word; a group of words to a collection of persons or Ê°®Ì\-Ø√o®Ω’. é¬F Ééπ\úø a bunch é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd a bunch of grapes things taken together or spoof grapes Åçõ‰ vü∆éπ~ í∫’Ah ÅE ¢Á·û√hEo Noun í¬ BÆæ ’éÓç. ken as one éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ Ñ äÍé Å®Ωnç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ a bunch of Noun Åçõ‰ äÍé word éπ†’éπ, phrase ™ bunch ´÷vûª¢Ë’, a grapes ÅØË phrase ¢Á·û√hEo bunch E ¢ËÍ®í¬, grapes E ¢Ëꨒ collection. Grapes é¬ü¿’-éπü∆? collective noun í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a BÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç. Å°æ¤p-úø’ bunch, bunch

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 27 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sriram: You keep your room clean. I really appreciate you for that. (

F í∫C î√™« ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öç-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. Åçü¿’èπ◊ E†’o ؈’ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.) Gopal: Oh, thank you. I feel out of sorts if I find the place untidy. I want the place always clean and tidy. (Thanks.

í∫C™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ °æúÕ Öçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ *®√í¬_ Öçô’çC. Ø√ ®Ω÷¢˛’ á°æ¤púø÷ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ áéπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-Lq† ´Ææ’h´¤ Åéπ\úø’çúøôç Ø√ éÓJéπ.) tidy = (´Ææ’h-´¤©’) Öçú≈-Lq-†-îÓô Öçúøôç Sriram: It drives me mad too if I find things thrown about. The other day Sekhar perhaps walked in rain. He got his shoes muddy and just walked into my room.

(´Ææ’h´¤©Fo îÁ™«x-îÁ-ü¿’-®Ω’í¬ °æúÕ Öçõ‰ Ø√èπÿ °œîÁa-Ah-†-ô’dç-ô’çC. ¢Á·ØÌo-éπ-®ÓV ¨Ïê®˝ ´®Ω{ç™ †úÕ* ¢√úÕ îÁ°æ¤p-©èπ◊ •’®Ωü¿ ÅçöÀç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. •’®Ωü¿ îÁ°æ¤p-©ûÓ Ø√ í∫C™éÀ †úÕ* ´î√aúø’.) Gopal: He has all bad manners. I have observed him opening his mouth wide whenever he yawns even when we are in a serious discussion.

(Åûª-úÕéÀ Æ涵ºu-ûª-™‰ü¿’. Ç´¤-LÊÆh ØÓ®Ωçû√ ûÁJîË-≤ƒhúø’, àüÁjØ√ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈.) Sriram: That's true. The other day at dinner he was licking his fingers clean as he ate. It made me really sick to watch him to do it.

2

8. It made me really sick. 9. Such things really turn me red. 10. I feel like beating him black and blue. Like, find, drive, get, observed, lick, make, turn, feelverbs pattern sentences spoken English

É™«çöÀ

†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ™ ¢√úøôç ™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ÉC ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷ô-©ûÓ áèπ◊\´ ¶µ«¢√Eo Ææ’p¥Jç-°æ-îË-Ææ’hçC. Ñ pattern É™« Öçô’çC. °j† ûÁL-°œ†

verb + somebody/ something + adjective

(í∫’ù«Eo, ÆœnAE ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç)– (Adjectives èπ◊– Ö†o, Ö†o-ô’-´çöÀ, â†, â†-ô’´çöÀ ÅØË Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·. OöÀE í∫’Jhç-îªôç î√™« Ææ’©¶µºç. eg: happy = ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Ö†o/ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ®Ω-¢Á’i†, long= §Òúø-¢Áj†, clever= ûÁL-¢Áj†, ûÁL-N-í∫©, soft = ¢Á’ûªh-ØÁj†, etc- É´Fo adjectives. äéπ ´’E≠œ/ äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ í∫’ù«Eo/ ÖçúË ÆœnAE ûÁL-Ê°N. ᙫçöÀ ´Ææ’h´¤, ᙫçöÀ ´’E≠œ, ... É™« üËE-ÈéjØ√ ᙫçöÀ ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´îËa ï¢√•’ adjective.

Doctor

Åûª†’ ï•’sí¬ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’.

b) The police found the doors openfound (verb) the doors (something) + open (adj) =

ûª©’-°æ¤©’ BÆœ Öçúøôç police ©’ í∫´’-Eçî√®Ω’. 3) Want èπÿú≈ Ñ pattern ™ ´Ææ’hçC. a) Kiran wants his coffee hot- wants (verb) +

eg: AP is a big state-

his coffee (something) + hot (adjective) =

Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸, ᙫçöÀ ®√≠æçZ ? – °ü¿l ®√≠æçZ . 鬕öÀd °ü¿l (big)

éÀ®Ω-ù˝èπ◊

adjective.

coffee

ᙫç-öÀC?/ ᙫ ÖçC? (Åçü¿ç)í¬ ÖçC. 鬕öÀd

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

beautiful- adjective.

363

9) It turned me red=

††’o éÓ°æçûÓ áv®Ω-•-úËô’x îËÆœçC= turned (verb) + me (somebody) + red (adjective) The news turned him paleturned (verb) + him (somebody) + pale (adj)-

wants (verb) her clothes (something) + clean (adj)

Ç ¢√®Ωh ÅûªúÕE §ƒL-§Ú-ßË’™« îËÆœçC. 10) beata) She beat him blue and blackbeat (verb) + him (somebody) + blue and black (adj) =

Ç¢Á’ ¢√úÕE *ûª-éπ-¶«-CçC.

She beat him blue and black

(ÅC Eï¢Ë’. ¢Á·†o dinner ™ ¢Ë∞¡xçû√ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Ø√Íé-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. ÅC îª÷Æœ Ø√èπ◊ ¢√çûÌ-*açC/ úÓéÌ-*açC.) lick= Ø√éπôç. sick= ¢√çA °æ¤ôdúøç/ úÓèπ◊ ®√´úøç. sick èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçüË– ï•’sí¬ Öçúøôç. Gopal: Such things really turn me red too.

(Å™«ç-öÀN Ø√èπ◊ Eïç-í¬ØË ûÁ°œp-≤ƒh®·.) turn red = éÓ°æçûÓ á®Ω’-°-éπ\ôç

éÓ°æç

(Åûª-†-™«ç-öÀN îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’, Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ ¢√úÕE *ûª-éπ-¶«-ü∆-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) Gopal: By the way, will you take me to Satyam? He has promised me some books that I need for my record work. I need them urgently. I don't know his home. Take me there.

(ÅC ÆæÍ®, ††’o Ææûªuç ü¿í∫_-JéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√¢√? ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. ÅN Ø√ record work èπ◊ Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ¢√úÕ©’x Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ††o-éπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿx.) Sriram: OK. Let's go.

Å®·ûË °æü¿.) ☺

☺

☺

☺

Conversational English sentence patterns

™ ÅA ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË ´’J-éÌEo Ñ lesson ™

îª÷ü∆lç.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1. You keep your room clean. 2. I feel out of sorts if I find the place untidy. 3. I want (to have) the place clean and tidy. 4. It drives me mad too... if I find the place untidy. 5. He got his shoes muddy. 6. I have observed him opening his mouth wide. 7. He was licking his fingers clean.

verbs

4) drive:

†’

a) He drives me mad-

1) You keep your room cleankeep (verb) + your room (something) + clean (adjective) =

F room †’´¤y ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ èπ◊ç-ö«´¤.

drives (verb) + me (somebody) + mad (adj)-

Ø√èπ◊ °œîÁa-éÀ\-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

Öç-

b) The noise is driving me crazy-

M.SURESAN a) His sweater kept him warmkept (verb) + him (somebody) + warm (adjective) = sweater b) This tablet will keep the temperature lowwill keep (verb) + the temperature (something) + low (adjective)-

Ñ

ÅûªúÕE ¢Áîªaí¬ Öç*çC.

Ö≥Úg-ví∫-ûª†’ ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Öç-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úÕ verb, find îª÷úøôç/ éπ†-°œç-îªôç/ í∫´’-Eç-îªôç

is driving (verb) + me (somebody) + crazy (adj) =

Ñ íÌúø´ Ø√èπ◊ °œ*a éπL-T-≤ÚhçC. He opened the door wideopened (verb) + the door (something) + wide (adj) =

was licking (verb) + his fingers (something) + clean (adjective) =

a) The doctor found him illfound (verb) + him (somebody) + ill (adjective)-

¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ ¢Ë∞¡Ÿx Ø√èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

EXERCISE 2 Match the words under A with their meaning under B. A

B A hawk

2 well off

B rub clean

3 scrub

C cleanliness

4 peddle

D dirt

5 hygiene

E rich F surrender G cycle

KEY: 1 - F. Yield/ surrender=

™ÔçT-§Ú-´úøç.

The Australians yielded to the superior bowling of Indians=

¶µ«®Ωûª ¢Ë’öÀ bowling èπ◊ ™ÔçT-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.

EXERCISE 1 Practise the following aloud in English: (Use the above pattern where possible)

Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púË ØË© ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ ÜúÕaçC. †’´¤y ü∆Eo ´·J-éÀ-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Sukumar: ÅçûË é¬´îª’a. é¬F ™°æ© fridge ë«Sí¬ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. ؈’ Çéπ-LûÓ Öçõ‰ îª÷úøôç F éÓJé¬? Sampath: Ç §ƒvûª-©Fo ؈’ EçÊ° ´C-™«†’ ǣ慮Ω °æü∆-®√n-©ûÓ. F Å•-ü∆l¥©’ Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç éπL-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. Sukumar: †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ °œîÁa-éÀ\-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ F ´÷ô©ûÓ. ØËEç-öÀéÀ ®√í¬ØË bottled drinks xí¬ Öçú≈-©E ؈-†’-èπ◊çö« (want ¢√úøçúÕ) Sampath: F ´÷ô©’ @®Ωgç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC. Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æçûÓ ¢ÁvÈ®-éÀ\ç-îªèπ◊. Sukumar: OK. OK. Sorry É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh*açC Ø√èπ◊. Éçü∆éπ éπ%≠æg ´î√aúø’. ¢√úøçû√ AE, û√Íí-¨»-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«.

beat (verb) + the sheet (something) + flat (adj)

hold, boil, burn, leave, paint, etc.

ûª©’°æ¤ ¶«®√x ûÁJ-î√úø’. 7) He was licking his fingers clean-

b) The mechanic beat the sheet flat-

É™« Ñ verbs ÅEoçöÀF Ñ pattern ™ Åçõ‰ verb + somebody/ something + adjective pattern ™ ¢√úø-´îª’a. É™« ¢√úøí∫LT† verbs Éçé¬: see, wish,

1 yield

6) ... opening his mouth wide-

tablet

2) I find the place untidy-

Sampath:

( ☺

°j sentences ÅEoçöÀ™ ᙫ ¢√ú≈¢Á÷ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:

ÅûªúÕ

Sriram: When I see him do such things, I feel like beating him black and blue.

Ø√èπ◊ ¢√çA °æ¤öÀdç-*çC.

made (verb) + me (somebody) + sick (adjective) pattern.

ÉC èπÿú≈

¢ËúÕí¬ é¬¢√L. b) Suneeta wants her clothes clean-

The car is beautiful car beautiful

8) It made me sick=

ANSWER

Australians

The enemy yielded after a strong fight=

¨¡vûª’´¤ ¶«í¬ §Ú®√úÕ ™ÔçT-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. (ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç) = °æçô Cí∫’-•úÕ)

(yield

Sampath: She has swept the floor clean. You are making it dirty.

2 - E. Rich. He is quite well off, but his brother is badly off =

Sukumar: That's OK. I have found the fridge in the house empty. Do you want/ wish/ like to see me hungry?

Åûªúø’ üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’úË é¬F ÅûªE brother àO’™‰-E-¢√úø’. 3 - B. Scrub. ØË©-™«ç-öÀN ¨¡Ÿv¶µº-°æ-®Ω-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ °‘-™«çöÀ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©ûÓ ®Ω’ü¿lôç. She

Sampath: I left all the dishes full. Your lies are driving me mad/ angry. Sukumar: You are driving me mad. When I come home I want the bottled drinks chill. Sampath: I find your words hard to digest. Don't drive/ make me mad. Sukumar: OK. Sorry. I remember now. Krishna was here. I think he ate and drank everything.

scrubbed the dirty marks off the floor =

ØË©-O’C ´’öÀd-´’-®Ω-éπ-©†’ Ç¢Á’ ®Ω’üËl-ÆœçC. 4 - A. È®çúÕç-öÀéà ŮΩnç– Oüµ¿’™x A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’ -Å-´’tôç. Peddler = Hawker= Oüµ¿’™x A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ Å´·t-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. 5 - C. Hygiene. °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µºûª – ´·êuçí¬ ÇÆæ’°æ-vûª’™x/ Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µºûª. The hospital has no hygiene = ÇÆæ’°æ-vA™ °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µºûª ™‰ü¿’. Unhygienic food= ÅØ√-®Óí∫uç éπL-TçîË Å°æ-J-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µº-¢Á’i† ǣ慮Ωç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 2 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007 Chakradhar: Did you finish your assignment? (

F ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’çö¸ °æ‹Jh-îË-¨»¢√?) assignment= äéπ-JéÀ ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬ Å°æp-ñ„-°œp† °æE. Giridhar: Of course not. You remember, last week I had my books stolen. Then followed a sunday. No shops were open to buy books. The next day I had to leave town to call on my sick uncle. I returned yesterday, and because of the trade bandh, I found all the shops closed.

(Ŷ‰s-™‰ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆ Fèπ◊, éÀçü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç Ø√ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™„-´®Ó üÌçT-Lç-î√®Ω’. Ç ûª®√yûª ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´*açC. °æ¤Ææh鬩 ≥ƒ°æ¤-™‰O ™‰´¤ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌ-†-ú≈-EéÀ. ï•’sûÓ Ö†o ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u†’ îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’®Ω’-ÆæöÀ ®ÓV ØË -†’ ÜÈ®∞«x-†’. E†o AJ-íÌ-*aØ√, ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω’© •çü˛ ´©x ≥ƒ°æ¤©Fo ´‚Ææ’ç-úøôç îª÷¨»†’.) Chakradhar: The boss is not all too happy. He was expecting you to turn it in last saturday itself. (¶«Æˇ î√™« éÓ°æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. †’´¤y ü∆Eo §Ú®·† ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç îËÆœ ÉîËa≤ƒh´E ÇPç-î√-ú≈-ߪ’†.) all too= ´’ç*-é¬-†çûª (áèπ◊\´)/ ÅA. Not ûÓ, not ™‰èπ◊çú≈ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. He comes here all too often.

(Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´’K áèπ◊\´í¬ ´≤ƒhúø’ – ÅEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x ®√´úøç ´’†-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’.)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

a) He left the box open.

(ÅûªØ√ °õ„d ûÁJ* ´C-™‰-¨»úø’.) b) Sarala keeps her room clean.

(Ææ®Ω∞¡ ûª† í∫CE ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öç-ûª’çC.) °j sentences ™ left (leave), keeps (keep) ™«çöÀ verbs †’ éÀçC pattern ™ ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆! a) left (verb) + the box (something) + open (adjective) b) keeps (verbs) + her room (something) + clean (adjective).

É™« ¢√úË Verbs †’ –Åçõ‰ É™«çöÀ pattern ™ ¢√úË Verbs †’ ´’†ç í∫-ûª lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ´’JéÌEo îª÷úøçúÕ The Kidnappers set the boy free.

(éÀú≈o-°æ®Ω’x Ç °œ™«xúÕE ´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’.) set (verb) + the boy (somebody) + free (Adjective) Pattern verbs pattern

Ñ

öÀF, éÀçC

™ ¢√úø-í∫© ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

-ÅEoç-

(v°æA Ø√©’-Íí-∞¡xèπ◊ ûª† 鬮Ω’èπ◊ °®·çö¸ ¢Ë®·ç-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’) 2) I found the all the shops closed. found (verb) + all the shops (something) + closed(pp) (

ÅEo ≥ƒ°æ¤©’ ´‚Æœ Öçúøôç îª÷¨»†’.)

★ She finds herself cheated every time.

Verb + somebody/ something + past participle. sentence adjective past participle (pp)

finds (verb) + herself (somebody) + cheated (pp)

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation above

3) The theft of the books and the other things left me shocked.

(Åçõ‰ °j •ü¿’©’

™ *´®Ω èπ◊ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô.)

1) ...I had my books stolen. 2) ...I found all shops closed.

(ûª†’ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-®·-†ô’x í∫´’-E-Ææ’hç-ü∆¢Á’ –v°æB-≤ƒJ)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

the

364

left (verb) + me (somebody) + shocked (pp)

(Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ í∫’´÷≤ƒh†’ •CM îË®·ç-î√úø’.) ÉC-èπÿú≈, I had my ™«çöÀ-üË-éπü∆?

5) Have it donestolen, pattern

★ I will have the house cleaned (before I enter it).

(Éçöx îËÍ®-´·çü¿’ ÉçöÀE ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îË®·ç--èπ◊çö«.) Will have (verb) + the house (something) + cleaned (pp) ★ The doctor will have him tested.

(ú≈éπd®˝ ÅûªúÕE °æKéÀ~≤ƒhúø’.) will have (verb) + him (somebody) + tested (pp) 6) You have made your ability known to him. have made (verb) + your ability (something) + known (pp) We hear your name called.

(F Ê°®Ω’ °œ©-´úøç ´÷èπ◊ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.)

She finds herself cheated ever y time

Giridhar: What does he know? The theft of the books and the other things has left me shocked, and yet this man wants the work completed even before the due time.

(Çߪ’-†Íéç ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC? Ç °æ¤Ææh鬩’, Éûª®Ω ´Ææ’h-´¤© üÌçí∫-ûª†ç ††’o ≥ƒé˙™ °æúË-ÆœçC. Å®·Ø√ Ñߪ’-ØË¢Á÷ í∫úø’-´¤èπ◊ ´·çüË °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-©ç-ö«úø’.) due date/ due time= í∫úø’´¤. Chakradhar: Just don't worry. The due date is still a week off. You borrow my books and get it done by then. In the mean time I'll tell the boss not to trouble you.

(àç ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. í∫úø’´¤ Éçé¬ ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV©’çC. Ø√ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ BÆæ’èπ◊E °æE °æ‹Jh-îÁ®·u. Ñ ´’üµ¿u™ E†’o ûÌçü¿-®Ω°-öÔd-ü¿lE ؈’ ¶«ÆˇûÓ îÁ•’û√.) Giridhar: Just three more days and I'll have it done. (

ÉçéÓ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ î√©’. ü∆Eo ؈’ °æ‹Jh îË≤ƒh†’.) Chakradhar: You have already made your ability known to him. He knows when he gives you a job you do it well. That's we in the office hear your name called whenever he has a tough job on hand.

(F ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Çߪ’-†-éÀ-°æp-öÀÍé ûÁLÊÆ-™« î˨»´¤. FéÓ °æE Å°æpTÊÆh †’´yC ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒh-´E Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’Íé àüÁjØ√ éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æE Å¢√yLq Öçõ‰, Åûªúø’ F Ê°Í® °œ©-´ôç Nçö«ç Ç°∂‘-Ææ’™ Åçü¿®Ωç.) Giridhar: But it doesn't get me even a wood of appreciation in the end.

(Å®·-ûËØËç? Éçûª îËÆœØ√ Ø√éÓ ¢Á’°æ¤p´÷ô Öçúøü¿’.) Chakradhar: Let it not worry you. He isn't going to be here for long.

(¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø áèπ◊\-´-鬩ç Öçúø-¶-´ôç ™‰ü¿’.)

(Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’, Éûª®Ω ´Ææ’h-´¤© üÌçí∫-ûª†ç ††’o ≥ƒé˙™ °æúËÆœçC.) ★ She leaves her child unattended.

4) ...and get it done (by then). 5) ...and I'll have it done.

leaves (verb) + her child (somebody/something) + unattended (pp)

6) you have (already) made your ability known (to him). M.SURESAN

Observe all the sentences above. You find the past participle of the end of almost all the sentences. Don't worry about the word's in brackets. 1) I had my books stolenhad (verb) + my books (something) + stolen (past participle-pp). have pattern spoken english pattern.

Åçõ‰ ™ ¢√úø-´-îªa†o ´÷ô– ÉC ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa

É™«çöÀ

★ He has his car painted once in four yearshas (verb) + his car (something) + painted(pp)

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English: Sagar:

here (verb) +your name (something) + called (pp)

É°æ¤púø’ °j sentences îª÷Æœ† ûª®√yûª ´’†ç í∫´’Eç-î√-LqçC. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ verb + somebody / something + adjective

3) ... The theft of the books and the other things left me shocked.

7) We in the office hear your name called.

books

ØËEç-öÀéÀ AJ-íÌ-îËa-Ææ-JéÀ û√∞¡ç °ô’dç-úøôç îª÷¨»†’. áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x´¤? (find ¢√úøçúÕ) Sudhir: Ø√ •ôd© ’ ÉÆ‘Y îË®·çîª ’èπ◊ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ™«çvúŒÈé∞«x†’. Sagar: †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø÷ ÅçûË. ØË-ØÌîËa Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÉçöÀéÀ û√∞¡ç °öÀd-¢Á-∞¡-û√´¤. (leave ¢√úøçúÕ) Sudhir: Å®·ûË ÉçöÀéÀ û√∞¡ç ¢Ëߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ´CL ¢Á∞¡x´’ç-ö«¢√? -Å°æ¤p-úø’ í¬-F -´’-† -´Ææ’h-´¤-©-Fo -üÌç-T-Lç-èπ◊- -§Ú®Ω’. Sagar: Ç ´÷ô ؈-Ø√oØ√?ÉçöÀE ûÁJ-*-°öÀd ¢Á∞¡x´’E ÅØ√oØ√? (keep ¢√úøçúÕ.) Sudhir: Å®·ûË ÉçÍéçöÀ? àüË-¢Á’iØ√ É©’x ¶µºvü¿çí¬ Öçúøô¢Ë’ Ø√é¬\-´-LqçC. (want, secured ¢√úøçúÕ)

(Ç¢Á’ ûª† Gúøf†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’-Èé-´®Ω÷ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´C-L-¢ÁRx §Úûª’çC.)

4) ...get it done.

pattern

™ ¢√úø-í∫© verbs ÅEoçöÀF Ñ lesson ™ îª÷°œ-†ô’x. verb + somebody / something + past participle pattern

™ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Ñ È®çúø’ patterns conversational English ™ î√™« Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE-°œ-≤ƒh®·– ¶«í¬ practice îÁߪ’uçúÕ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) Present

perfect

tense

™ for, since Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a? N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ.

get (verb) + it (something) + done (pp)

(Ç °æE-îË®·/ îË®·ç.)

★ He gets his house white washed once in three years.

ii) I have been ill for 2 days. (

؈’ 2 ®ÓV© †’ç* ÅØ√-®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ÖØ√o†’.)

gets (verb) + his house (something) + white washed (pp)

(Åûªúø’ ûª† ÉçöÀéÀ ´‚úË∞¡x-éÓ-≤ƒJ ¢Á©x-¢Ë-®·-≤ƒhúø’.)

iii) It has been there for 3 days. (

got (verb) + the clerk (somebody) + transferred (pp)

iv) He has been abroad for 10 days. ( abroad

ÅC ´‚-úø’ ®ÓV© †’ç* Åéπ\úø ÖçC.)

★ The officer got the clerk transferred.

ANSWER Sagar: When I returned home, I found the house locked. Where have you been?

Åûªúø’ °æ-C®Ó-V-© †’ç* ™ ÖØ√oúø’.) – ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ π◊´÷®˝ -ï-¢√-•’: i) Present perfect tense ™ for, since ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

Sudhir: I had been to the laundry. I wanted (to have) my clothes ironed. Sagar: You're always like that. By the time I came home, you leave the house locked and go. Sudhir: (Do) you mean that I leave it unlocked? We shall then have all over things stolen. Sagar: Did I say that? Did I ask you to keep the house opened? Sudhir: Then What? I want the house fully secured. Thats all. Secured =

ûª©’-°æ¤-©Fo ´‚Æœ, û√∞«©’ ¢ËÆœ ÉçöÀE ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçîªôç

-v°æ-¨¡o:

Your three sentences given as examples for the Present perfect tense: ii) I have been ill for 2 days, iii) It has been here for 3 days, and iv) He has been abroad for 10 days are correct. However, They will be better/ clearer if you say, for the past 2/ 3/ 10 days / for 2/ 3/ 10 days now, instead of for 2/ 3/ 10 days.

Kill, murder, assassinate Ñ ´‚úÕçöÀ Å®Ωn´‚ îªç§ƒ-©ØË éπü∆?-N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. – áç. ®Ωçí∫ߪ’u, ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ -ï-¢√-•’: Kill Åçõ‰ îªç°æôç ÅE. ÉC ´’†’-≠æfl-©ØË é¬éπ ïçûª’-´¤-©†’, üËØÁj oØ√ ÅE. Murder Åçõ‰ £æ«ûªu – äéπ ´’E-≠œE îªç°æôç ´÷vûª¢Ë’.Assassination- ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-£æ«ûªu. ®√ï-éÃߪ’ 鬮Ω-ù«© ´©x äéπ-JE ´·êuçí¬ ã °æü¿-N™ Ö†o-¢√-JE îªç°æôç, assassinate.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 4 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dharitri: Hi Bhumika, congrats! Bhumika: What on?

éÀçü¿öÀ È®çúø’ lessons ™ éÌEo verbs †’ éÀçC ™ ¢√úø-´-îªaE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

patterns

(áçü¿’èπ◊?)

Dharitri: I heard that they elected you chairperson of the students' union.

(E†’o Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ÷-EéÀ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-®√Lí¬ á†’o-èπ◊-Ø√o-®ΩE NØ√o†’.) Bhumika: Not a thing I like very much, you know. My friends all forced me and my dad wanted it too.

(Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç ™‰ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬? Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ •©-´ç-ûª-°-ö«d®Ω’. ´÷ Ø√Ø√o 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.) Dharitri: Last time they made me chairperson and it is now your turn.

(éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ ††’o Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-®√-LE î˨»®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’ F´çûª’ ´*açC.) turn = ´çûª’, by turns = ´çûª’©¢√K Bhumika: I find the job a nuisance. It is a crown of thorns. It's going to prove a waste of time for me. I can't concentrate on my studies.

(Ñ °æE ã ûª©-ØÌ°œp ÅßË’uô’d éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. ÉüÓ ´·∞¡x éÀKôç. ÉC Íé-´-©ç Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%ü∑∆ ÅßË’uCí¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-¶-ûÓçC. Ø√ îªü¿’´¤ O’ü¿ v¨¡ü¿l¥îª÷°œç-îª-™‰†’ éπü∆.) Dharitri: That's true. That was my experience too. But for it, I could have definitely got a better score. (ÅC Eï¢Ë’. Ø√ ņ’-¶µº´ç èπÿú≈ ÅüË. Ñ °æü¿¢Ë ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, Ø√éÀçé¬ ´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\™‰ ´îËaN.)

a) verb + some body/ some thing + adjective eg: I found the box empty.

(؈’ Ç Â°õ„d ë«Sí¬ Öçúøôç îª÷¨»†’.) Pattern: found (verb) + the box (some thing) + empty (adjective) b) verb + some body/ some thing + past participle eg: He wanted the work done. Pattern: wanted (verb) + the work (some thing) + done (past participle)

É°æ¤púø’ Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç îª÷úø-¶-ûª’-†oC °j È®çúø’ patterns èπ◊ î√™« ü¿í∫_-È®jçüË. Å®·ûË Ñ pattern ™ *´®Ω adjective/ past participle •ü¿’©’, ´’†ç Noun ¢√úøû√ç. (Noun: üËE-ÈéjØ√ ´’†ç ÉîËa Ê°®Ω’: leader, chairman, village, etc) eg: They declare India winner.

(Ø√éÀ-°æ¤púø’ ¢ËÍ® Ç™-îª-†-™Ô-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. ®√@Ø√´÷ îËߪ÷-©-†’çC. îÁߪ’uØ√?) Dharitri: Don't do that. You'll find it an advantage too. It will develop leadership qualities in you. They may designate you president of some other committees.

(Å™« îËߪ’èπ◊. ÉC FéÌéπ ¢Ë’©’ èπÿú≈ ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC. F™ Ø√ߪ’-éπûªy ©éπ~-ù«©’ °çûª’ç--C. ¢√∞¡Ÿx E†’o ´’J-éÌEo éπN’-öÃ-©èπ◊ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊®√Lí¬ E-ߪ’-N’ça.) designate = E-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-ôç/ E-ߪ’-N’ç-îªôçBhumika: By the way, how is your sister Ila and her new born child?

(éÓî˝ Ç véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ champions- -E-≥ƒg-ûª’-™„j-†-ô’x í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’). found (verb)+the players (somebody) + champions (noun) 5) Designate=

äéπ NCµéÀ/ ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ Eߪ’-N’çîªôç/ EßÁ÷-Tç-îªôç. a) They designate only the best people officers.

(ÉçúÕ-ߪ÷†’ Nñ‰-ûªí¬ v°æéπ-öÀç-î√®Ω’.) Pattern: declared (verb) + India (some thing) + winner (noun)

(Öûªh´·™„j† ¢√∞¡xØË Ç°∂‘-Ææ-®˝qí¬ Eߪ’-N’-≤ƒh®Ω’.) designate (verb) + the best people (somebody) + officers (noun)

Éçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’ pattern ™– 1) verb + some-

b) The company designated him manager.

body/ something + adjective 2) verb + some body/ something + past participle)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(éπç°F ÅûªúÕéÀ ¢Ë’ØË-ï®˝ °æü¿N É*açC.)

365

¢√úø-í∫-L-T†Eo verbs Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç îª÷úø-¶ßË’ pattern: verb + somebody/ something+ noun ™ ®√´¤. Ñ pattern ™ ´îËa verbs Ææçêu é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\¢Ë.

designate (verb) + him (somebody) + manager (noun)

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson:

They appointed him secretary, appointed as

1) ... they elected you chairperson of the students' union.

Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC: É™« ¢√úøû√ç.

(ÅC ÆæÍ®, O’ Åéπ\ É©, ¢√∞¡x éÌûªh-§ƒ°æ ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?) Dharitri: They are fine. Just yesterday they named the child Dharuni.

(¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. E†oØË ¢√∞¡x §ƒ°æèπ◊ üµ∆®Ω’ùÀ ÅE Ê°®Ω’ °ö«d®Ω’.) Bhumika: That's fine. She is so cute, and plump. I'd like to call her dimple, as dimples appear on her cheeks when she smiles.

(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. ´·ü¿’lí¬ ¶Ôü¿’lí¬ Öçô’çü∆ §ƒ°æ. †Ny-ûË -•’í∫_© O’ü¿ ≤Òôd©’ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®·. Åçü¿’Íé Ø√èπ◊ Ç §ƒ°æ†’ úÕç°æ¤™¸ÅE °œ©-¢√-©-†’çC.) Dharitri: Her dad got promotion the day after her birth. So he considers the baby a bringer of luck.

I will name (verb) + it (some thing) + Ayodhya (noun)

5) They may designate you president. 6) They named their child Dharuni.

7), 8) Call: consider

7) I'd like to call her dimple.

elected (verb) + you (somebody) + chair person (noun) patterns adjective/ past participle

™ *´®Ω noun •ü¿’©’ ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆.)

Bhumika: Shall we see the baby this evening?

(É¢√∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢ÁRx îª÷ü∆l´÷ §ƒ°æ†’?) Dharitri: O.K. ☯

☯

b) We consider Gandhi a mahatma.

í¬çDµE ´’£æ…-ûª’t-úÕí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ≤ƒhç. consider (verb) + Gandhi (somebody) + a mahatma (noun).

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) I have studied here for the past two years. ؈ ’ Ééπ\úø É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ È®çúË∞¡Ÿx îªC-¢√†’. É™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈–

I studied here for 2 years since then I have been studying here for 2 years 2) He has worked here since 2004.

Å-ØÌa éπü∆?-™‰-ü∆

Å-ØÌî√a?

¢√úÌî√a? Åûª-E-éπ\úø 2004 †’ç* °æE-î˨»úø’. Åçõ‰ Éçé¬ °æE-îË-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o-úøE Å®Ωnç. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ He

has been working here since 2004

éπü∆?

-ï-¢√-•’:

– ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ π◊´÷®˝

1) I studied here for 2 years since then correct Since then implies that the action started some time in the past and has continued till now/ is going on even now. If you use, studied, we don't get that meaning. Studied is past simple tense and talks only a completed action in the past. The sentence, I have been studying here for the past/ last two years, is correct.

ņôç

é¬ü¿’.

(

¶®˝f üµÓFE Èé°d-Ø˛í¬ áç°œ-éπ-îË-ÆœçC.) Åçõ‰ choose (áç-éÓ--´ôç/- áç-°œéπ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç) èπÿú≈ Ñ pattern ™ ¢√úø-´îª’a. 2) They made me a chairperson.

Preethi: Priya:

àçöÃ? í∫-C-™ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©-Fo *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ ¢ËÆæ’-†oô’d éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC? (find throw ¢√úøçúÕ) ؈’ í∫C-™éÀ ´îËa-ô-°æp-öÀÍé É™« éπE-°œç-*çC. (see ¢√úøçúÕ). ´’† °æ¤Ææh-鬩÷ dress ©’ éÌEo üÌçT-Lç* Öçúøôç ؈’ îª÷¨»†’ (notice, steal)

made (verb) + Bharata (somebody) + King (noun) pattern

™

¢√úøû√ç. a) They found the village a nice place.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx- Ç ví¬´’ç ´’ç*-Cí¬ Öçúøôç îª÷¨»®Ω’.) found (verb) + the village (some thing) + a nice place (noun)

be able to

-O-öÀ-E -á°æ¤p-úø’ -¢√-ú≈--L? – áÆˇ.-ñ„.-Ææ÷®Ωu, ¢Ájñ«í˚ -ï-¢√-•’: I am able to - É°æ¤púø’ (àüÁjØ√) ؈’ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’. I was able to - îËߪ’-í∫-Lí¬†’ í∫ûªç™ (past). I will be able to - îËߪ’-í∫-©’-í∫’-û√†’, future ™. ANSWER

Preethi:

(X®√-´·úø’ ¶µº®Ωûª’úÕE ®√V-†’ î˨»úø’.)

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. I am able to, 2. I was able to, 3. I will

Preethi: What's wrong? I find things thrown all over the place in the room.

™ ´Ææ’hçC.

make (verb) + him (somebody) + a fool (noun)

2) It is correct to say. He has worked here since 2004 for the past/ for the last / for (a time period) now are important.

EXERCISE

a) They often make him a fool.

(ÅûªúÕE ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢ÁvJ¢√úÕE îË≤ƒh®Ω’.)

The difference between a) I have studied here for the past/ last 2 years, and b) I have been studying for the past/ for the last 2 years is very little or almost nil. The verb Have been/ Has been+ ing is used to stress continuity, though.

Practise aloud the following in English.

The board chose Dhoni Captain.

DEE èπÿú≈ Ñ

™ØË

called (verb) + him (somebody) + a fool (noun)

(E†’o Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕ-í¬/- Å-üµ¿u-èπ~◊-®√-Lí¬ ¢√∞Îx-†’o-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.)

3) and 4): find.

pattern

a) She called him a fool.

No 1): They elected you chairperson.

pattern

èπÿú≈ Ñ

¢√úøû√ç.

b) Srirama made Bharata King.

(§ƒ°æ °æ¤öÀd† ´’®Ω’-ÆæöÀ®Ó-ñ‰ ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ v°æ¢Á÷-≠æØ˛ ´*açC. Åçü¿’-éπE Çߪ’† Ç §ƒ°æ ´©x ûª†èπ◊ éπL-≤Ò-*aç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oúø’.)

a) They named their child Raghav.

b) If I build a house, I will name it Ayodhya.

4) You'll find it an advantage.

èπÿú≈ Ñ

É™« éπçõ‰.

named (verb) + their child (somebody) + Raghav (noun)

3) ... I find the job a nuisance.

Make

èπÿú≈

6) Name -

M.SURESAN

2) ... they made me chairperson.

(Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’

Appoint

ņ-úø¢Ë’ áèπ◊\´,

8) He considers the baby a bringer of luck.

☯

b) The Coach found the players champions.

You'll find it an advantage

Bhumika: I have second thoughts about it.I feel like resigning. Shall I?

☯

2

éÀçü¿öÀ ¢√®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆ ´’† owner í∫CéÀ ¢Á©x¢Ë-®·ç-î√úø’. îª÷úø’ Ç íÓúø© Eçú≈ 鬰∂‘ ´’®Ω-éπ™‰. (get, white wash) Priya: Å´¤†’. Ç üÌçí∫ filter ™ N’TL Ö†o decoction †’ Å™« îªLx-†-ô’x-Ø√oúø’. Preethi: ¢√öÀ-†çû√ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îË®·ç-î √L ´’†ç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’† friends ´’†Lo dirty í¬ ™„éπ\-éπ-úø-û√®Ω’. ÅÆæ©’ üÌçí∫ ᙫ ´î√aúø’ ™°æ-LéÀ? Priya: ؈’ ´îËa-°æp-öÀÍé û√∞¡ç •ü¿l©’ éÌöÀd Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Police èπ◊ phone î˨»†’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ™x Ééπ\úø ÖçúÌa.

Priya:

Even as I entered the room, I saw them scattered like that. I noticed too some of our books and dresses stolen.

Preethi: Only last week our landlord had our room whitewashed. Look, there are coffee marks all over the wall. Priya:

Yes. The thief left the wall stained with the decoction left in the filter.

Preethi: We must get it cleaned. Or else our friends may consider us dirty. But how did the thief enter in the first place? Priya:

Even as I came I noticed the lock broken. I called the police. They may be here in a few minutes.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 7 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nischal: I find the book quite useful. Where did you buy it? I had been looking for it in a number of shops. Sankalp: I find it surprising that none of you could see it earlier than? It had been there all along.

(O’È®-´y®Ω÷ ü∆Eo îª÷úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç Ø√èπ◊ Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ Ø√èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπLT-≤ÚhçC. ÅC Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ Åéπ\úË ÖçC) Nischal: How about lending me the book for a few days, I mean, after you are done with it?

(Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo ®ÓV-©-§ƒô’ É´yôç ´÷õ‰-N’öÀ/ É≤ƒh¢√, ÅüË™‰, †’´¤y °æ‹Jh-îËÆœçûª®√yûª?) Sankalp: Why just lend? I'll present you the book after I finish it. Have it for keeps. (Å®Ω’¢Ëç éπ®Ωt? Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo Fèπ◊ 鬆’-éπí¬ ÉîËa≤ƒh ؈’ îªC-N† ûª®√yûª. †’´¤y ü∆ØÁo°æp-öÀéà Öç-éÓ-´îª’a.) for keeps= ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬/ for ever. Nischal: So kind of you. Thanks, but why the generosity?

(ÅC F Ææ£æ«%-ü¿-ߪ’ûª. Thanks. é¬F áçü¿’éà Öü∆-®Ωûª?) generosity= ü∆ûª%ûªyç/ åü∆®Ωuç. Karna was generous- éπ®Ω’gúø’ ü∆†-í∫’ùç éπ©-¢√úø’.

2

Bring, buy, get give, gift, lend, offer, tell present, sing, read, order, cook, sell, pass throw ( verbs daily conversation (spoken English)

(ÅçCç-îªôç) ´’† ™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆? OöÀE ¢√úË B®Ω’ îª÷ü∆lç. OöÀ™x î√™«¢√-öÀE È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. (2 patterns) äÍé Å®ΩnçûÓ. NÆœ-Í®-ߪ’ôç) – Ñ

1) I brought him a shirt

(؈-ûª-EéÀ

shirt

ûÁî√a†’)

Pattern: brought (verb) + him (somebody/ something) + a shirt (something) 3) Give pattern

èπÿú≈ give + somebody + something ™ ´Ææ’hçC.

2) I brought a shirt for him

(؈-ûª-EéÀ

shirt

ûÁî√a†’)

Pattern: brought (verb) + a shirt (something/ somebody) + for (preposition) + him (somebody)

(°j verbs ÅEoçöÀF äéπ-J-éÓÆæç/ äéπ-JéÀ, äéπ °æEîË-ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úøû√ç. á´-JéÀ ÅØËC *†o´÷ô í∫†’éπ Å®·ûË, ü∆EE áèπ◊\-´í¬verb °æéπ\ØË ¢√úøû√ç.) I brought him a shirt. (Ééπ\úø him *†o-´÷õ‰ éπ†’éπ ü∆EE áèπ◊\-´í¬ verb °æéπ\ØË ¢√úøû√ç.) I brought a shirt for him I brought him a shirt spoken English

a) Please give me the book b) He will give you all the information

(Å®·ûË it ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûªç, please give it to him Åçö«ç. àC *†oí¬ Öçõ‰ ÅC verb °æéπ\† Öçô’çC.) 4) Gift - 鬆’éπ É´yúøç He gifted his beloved a diamond necklace

(ûª† v°œßª·-®√-LéÀ Åûª†’ ´vñ«© necklace 鬆’-éπí¬ Éî√aúø’)

éπçõ‰

ÅØËüË

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

™ áèπ◊\´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.

366

gifted (verb) + his beloved (somebody) + a diamond necklace (something)

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Everyone has a roof above his head. Everyone has a roof above their head. Everyone has a roof above their heads.

°j ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®é˙d? äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ everyone Åçõ‰ both genders ´≤ƒh®· 鬕öÀd their ¢√úÕûË Ç v°æ鬮Ωç their heads ®√¢√L éπü∆! their head àN’öÀ?N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 2. Idioms èπ◊ proverbs èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 3. Provide ûª®√yûª with á°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’hçC? á°æ¤púø’ ®√ü¿’? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – Èé.®Ω-ûªo-®√V, ¢Ájñ«í˚

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. Every one has a roof above their head correct. Every one both genders

ÅØËC Åçõ‰ ®√¢√L 鬕öÀd

Let me save you the tr ouble

Sankalp: You've given me a number of books. You've always offered me help even before I asked for it. So my gifting you this book, if at all it is worth the name of a gift is just nothing.

(†’´¤y Ø√ÈéØÓo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Éî√a´¤. ؈-úøí∫éπ ´·çüË Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç ÅçCç-îËçü¿’èπ◊ F¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’. 鬕öÀd ØËF °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo Fèπ◊ 鬆’-éπí¬ É´yôç, 鬆’éπ ÅE-°œç-èπ◊ØË N©’´ ü∆E-èπ◊çõ‰, Åçûª °ü¿l N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ç-é¬ü¿’.) worth= N©’´ éπ© Nischal: Show me the book once more. I want to read the opening para.

(´’®Ó≤ƒJ Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo îª÷°œç. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ê°®√ îªü¿-¢√-©E ÖçC) Sankalp: Here you are, but I see you have no spects on. Don't worry. I'll read you the paragraph.

(ÉCíÓ, Å®·ûË F éπ∞¡x-ñ úø’ éπE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’ F ü¿í∫_®Ω/ F éπ∞¡} ñúø’-†oô’d ™‰ü¿’. °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Ç Para†’ ؈’ îªü¿’-´¤û√†’.)

°j† É*a† model sentences ™E N’í∫û√ verbs (underline îËÆœ-†N) ÅFo Ñ pattern ™ØË Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç Ñ lesson ™ Ñ pat-

tern: verb + somebody/ something + something pattern conversation practice

îª÷ü∆lç. Ñ O’ ™ îËߪ’çúÕ. î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC.

S.No. verb somebody something 5 Show me the book 6 Read you the paragraph

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.

M.SURESAN

9 Buy us a number of books

2. I'll present you the book

10 Tell us bed time stories

3. You've given me a number of books

6. I'll read you the paragraph =

Fé¬ paragraph îªCN NE-°œ-≤ƒh†’. (Read someone something = äéπ-JéÀ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îªCN NE-°œç-îªúøç)

4. My gifting you the book is nothing 5. Show me the book once more 6. I'll read you the paragraph

7. Save you the trouble =

7. Let me save you the trouble 8. I can wait till you send me the book 9. Dad used to buy us a number of books 10. He used to tell us bed time stories 1. lend =

Å®Ω’-N-´yôç

Could you lend me some money?

=

Ø√èπ◊ é¬Ææh úø•’s Å°œp≤ƒh®√? lend (verb) + me (somebody) + some money (some thing)

(Fé¬-¶«üµ¿ ûª°œpç-îªF. †’´¤y Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææhé¬Eo °æç°œç-îË-ü∆é¬ Çí∫ í∫©-†’™‰)

™ áèπ◊\´í¬ verb ûª®√yûª some(´éπh)ßË’ ´Ææ’hçC. ÉüË sentence †’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬†÷ ÅØÌa.

(ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË. È®çúø’ ´‚vúÓ-V™x ÅC °æ‹Jh-îËÆœ FéÀ≤ƒh. ÅC ÆæÍ®, °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©çõ‰ FÈéç-ü¿’-éπçûª É≠ædç?) Nischal: Dad used to buy us a number of books when we were children. He used to tell us bed time stories too.

(´÷ Ø√†o ´÷ *†o-°æ¤púø’ ´÷èπ◊ î√™« °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØË-¢√úø’. °æúø’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ éπü∑¿©’ èπÿú≈ îÁÊ°p-¢√úø’.) Sankalp: Lucky there. Bye then. See you.

(´≤ƒh)











8 Send me the book

1. How about lending me the book?

Nischal: Let me save you the trouble. I can wait till you can send me the book.

Sankalp: That's fine then. I'll finish it in two or three days and give it to you. By the way why are you so fond of books?

7 Save you the trouble

pattern body

Ñ

Could you lend some money to me?

Å®·ûË,

lend + some body + some thing-

Ñ áèπ◊\´ Ææ£æ«ïçí¬, Ææ®Ω∞¡çí¬ Öçô’çC– ´·êuçí¬ conversation ™. pattern

2) I'll present you the book-

Fé¬ v¨¡´’ ûª°œp-≤ƒh†’. save = ûª°œpç-îªúøç, àüÁjØ√ éπ≥ƒdEo. °j sentences from 1 to 10 ™E verbs ÅEoçöÀF somebody *´®Ω ´îËaô’x ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË correct preposition ¢√ú≈Lq Öçô’çC. Grammatical í¬ ÅC correct Å®·Ø√, conversation ™ áèπ◊\´ NE-°œç-îËC preposition ™‰E pattern ´÷vûª¢Ë’. EXERCISE Conversation between Nischal and Sankalp list of verbs bring, buy, etc. verb + somebody + something pattern sentence model sentences

ûª®√yûª É*a† †’ îª÷úøçúÕ: ¢√öÀ™ v°æA-ü∆Fo ™ ¢√úÕ v°æA-ü∆-Eéà äéπ ®√ߪ’çúÕ. éÀçC ûÓ §Ú©’a-éÓçúÕ. 1. Please bring/ get/ give her a glass of water.

present (verb) + you (some body) + the book (some thing)

2. He bought/ presented/ gifted her an expensive jewel.

The bridegroom presents the bride a ring. That's the custom.

3. Please sing me the song you sang yesterday.

(°Rx éÌúø’èπ◊, °R}-èπÿ-ûª’-JéÀ Öçí∫®Ωç •£æfi-éπ-J≤ƒhúø’– ÅC Ééπ\úø Çî√®Ωç.) (custom - Çî√®Ωç) presents (verb) + bride (somebody) + a ring (something)

4. My dad ordered me a new pair of clothes. 5. Please pass me the book. 6. She cooked her guests a nice dinner. 7. He sold them his new car. 8. She threw him the book.

his or her

ÅE ÅØ√L. Å®·ûË Å™« ´÷öÀ ´÷öÀéÀ ņôç -î√ü¿-Ææhçí¬ Öçô’çC 鬕öÀd É°æ¤úø’ their ÅE ņôç ¢√úø’-éπ-®·§Ú-®·çC. Å®·ûË their †’ singular í¬ØË ¶µ«Nç-î√L. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x their = his or her (singular) (his and her their head, correct.

é¬ü¿’) 鬕öÀd

2. Idiom is a group of words with the meaning of the group of words as a whole having no connection with the meaning of any word in the group. eg: The long and short of - this is an idiom. The long and short of what he says is he wants money = (summary) idiom long short the long and short of expression, idiom.

DE Å®Ωnç– ≤ƒ®√稡ç ÅE.

¢√úÕ ´÷ô© ≤ƒ®√ç¨¡ç ¢√úÕéÀ úø•’s 鬢√-©E. Ñ ™E Å®√nÅ®√n-EéÀ-í¬F, EéÀ-í¬F, ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ ´îËa Å®Ωnç-ûÓ àç Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. Å™«çöÀ Proverb Åçõ‰ ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª – a wise saying, born out of the experience of the speakers of a language over a long period.

eg: All that glitters is not gold. =

ÉC proverb ¢Á’J-ÊÆ-ü¿çû√ •çí¬®Ωç é¬ü¿’. = °j ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’-©-†’ îª÷Æœ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-´ü¿’l. Proverbs ™ idioms Öçúø-´îª’a. é¬F idioms ÅFo proverbs 鬴¤ éπü∆.

3. provide with = supply provide

†’ ¢√úË Nüµ¿ç:

a) provide somebody with something b) provide something for somebody c) provide something. a) The hostel provides the boys (somebody) with all facilities (something) =

Ç hostel °œ©x-©èπ◊ ÅEo ´Ææ-ûª’©÷ éπLp-Ææ’hçC (ÉÆæ’hçC) b) The free hospital provides real good services (something) for the poor of the area (somebody) =

Ç -üµ¿®√tÆæ’°æ-vA Åéπ\úÕ Ê°ü¿-©èπ◊ Eï-¢Á’i† ÊÆ´-©ç-C-Ææ’hçC

c) The book provides the information (something) you want =

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Fèπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÉÆæ’hçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 9 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vipul: Who gave this news to you?

eg: I gave him the book.

(

Fèπ◊ á´-J-î√aK ¢√®Ωh?)

Vinay: Don't mind who gave it to me. The point is why you didn't tell this to me.

(á´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-®Ω-ØËC ´C-™„ß˝’. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√éà N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿-ØËC ´·êuç.) Vipul: Gopal sent the message to me only yesterday. We are meeting only now. Thought of seeing you earlier but as mom was cooking breakfast for me I thought I had better wait till I finished. Hence the delay.

(íÓ§ƒ™¸ Ø√éà ¢√®Ωh E†o °æ秃úø’. ´’†ç É°æ¤púË éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. Å´’t v¶‰é˙-§∂ƒÆˇd àüÓ îËÆæ’hçõ‰ ÅC °æ‹®Ωh-ߪ÷uéπ ´ü∆l-´’-†’èπ◊Ø√o. Åçü¿’-´™‰x Ç©Ææuç.)

gave (verb) + him (somebodybook (thing-

´uéÀh) + the ´Ææ’h´¤/ N≠æߪ’ç) Å®·ûË Ñ pattern ™ ¢√úË verbs ÉçéÓ pattern ™ èπÿú≈ NE-°œ-≤ƒh®·, éÀçü¿ îª÷°œç-*-†ô’x: I gave the book to him. gave (verb) + the book (something) + to (preposition) + him (somebody) conversation verb + somebody + something pattern, verb + something + preposition + somebody natural)

™

éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ÅC Ææ£æ«ïç í¬ èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC.

(

Now look at the following sentences:

(F ü¿í∫_®Ω Ç é¬T-û√©’ ™‰†-ô’x-Ø√o®·. ¢√öÀE áçü¿’èπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-™‰ü¿’? ÅN Ø√èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É*a ÖçúËN éπü∆?)

6) I'd have definitely got it for you.

(°∂j™ ¸†’ •ßª’-öèπ◊ BÆæ’èπ◊¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊ íÓ§ƒ™¸ Ø√èπ◊ ņ’-´’A É´y-™‰ü¿’.) Vinay: Did he show the whole file to you? Are you sure that the file has all the papers?

Gopal denied me the permission -

6) I'd have got it for you-

4) Why didn't you bring them to me?

a) Got (verb) + it (something) + for (prep.) + you (somebody) =

5) Gopal denied the permission to me.

I'd have got you it -

7) Did he show the file to you? 8) We must present all this information to the members. 9) We can ask him to rush the file to us.

b) Got (verb) + you (somebody) + it (something)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

10) He must pass the file to us.

367

(Å®·ûË, sentence No.2 ™ ™«í¬ 'It' ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ pattern (a) ØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.)

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Ææçûª-é¬-EéÀ, Ê°®Ω’èπ◊, Çö-ví¬-°∂ˇèπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 2. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ Å™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿çûË... 3. áçü¿’-éÓ-´’J Ñ °æ‹ô Ø√ÍéO’ ûÓîªúøç ™‰ü¿’. 4. O’®Ω’ îËÆœ† °æE-´©x -Åç-ü¿®Ω÷ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’. 5. ᙫ ïJ-Íí-ü¿’çõ‰ Å™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC– -O-öÀ-E Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« ®√--ßÁ·-a? – > ®ΩN-¶«•’, ÇC-™«-¶«ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Ææçûªéπç – ÉC àüÁjØ√ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, ´’†ç ä°æ¤p-èπ◊Ø√oç ÅE ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËÊÆ signature . à ä°æpç-ü¿¢Á’iØ√ (´’†èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çC) ´’† signature ™‰EüË îÁ©xü¿’. Ê°®Ω’– name - DEéà Ææçûª-é¬Eéà Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆? ´’† Ê°®Ω’ á´-È®jØ√ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a. Ææçûªéπç ´÷vûªç ´’†ç îËÊÆhØË îÁ©’x-ûª’çC. ´’† Ææçûªéπç ÉçÈé-´®Ω’ îËÆœØ√ ØË®Ω¢Ë’. Autograph - ã íÌ°æp/ v°æÆœ-Cl¥-îÁç-C†/ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷-†ç-í∫© ´uéÀh ûª† ÅGµ-´÷†’-©èπ◊ ¢√J -éÓ-Jéπ O’ü¿, ®√Æœ ÉîËa Ææçûªéπç.

Don't mind who gave it to me

(

Féπ-ûª†’ ¢Á·ûªhç °∂j™¸ îª÷°œç-î√ú≈? Åçü¿’™ ÅEo é¬Tû√©’ ÖØ√o-ߪ’E Fèπ◊ †´’t-éπ-¢Ë’Ø√?)

Vipul: I didn't ask it of him, and he didn't offer it to me either.

(؈’ Åûª-úÕE Åúø-í∫†÷ ™‰ü¿’, Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ É´y-ú≈-EéÀ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ®√†÷-™‰ü¿’.) Vinay: We must present all this information to the members tomorrow at the meeting. If we don't, it is going to cause a lot of trouble for us.

(Ñ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ¢Á·ûªhç Í®°æ¤ Æ涵º™ Æ涵º’u© ´·çü¿’ Öçî√L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC ´’†èπ◊ î√™« éπ≥ƒd©’ éπL-T-Ææ’hçC./ Åçü¿’-´©x ´’†èπ◊ É•sçü¿’©’ Öçö«®·.) Vipul: I understand all that. We have still time. We can call Gopal and ask him to rush the file to us.

(Å´¤ØËx. Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-®·ç-ü¿çû√. Å®·ûË ´’†èπ◊ Éçé¬ Æ洒ߪ’ç ÖçC. íÓ§ƒ-™¸èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ Ç Â°∂j™¸ ûªy®Ωí¬ °æç°æ-´’E îÁ§Òpa.) rush= ûªy®Ωí¬ °æç°æúøç Vinay: Ok. Call him immediately and tell him we have no time to lose. He must pass the file to us as soon as possible.

(ÆæÍ®. Åûª-úÕéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ ¢ÁçôØË îÁ°æ¤p. ´’†èπ◊ Æ洒ߪ’ç ™‰ü¿E. Åûª†’ ´’†èπ◊ Ç Â°∂j™¸ áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ O™„jûË Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ °æ秃-©E îÁ°æ¤p.) Vipul: It's done.

(¢ÁçôØË îË≤ƒh Ç °æE.) ☯

☯

7) Did he show the file to you?

sentences verb + something + preposition + somebody pattern

°j

ÅFo èπÿú≈

a) Did show (verb) + the file (something) + to (prep.) + you? (somebody)=

™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

1) Who gave this news to you? Gave (verb) + this news (something) + to (preposition) + you? (somebody)

b) Did he show you the file?M.SURESAN

°j sentence †’ verb + somebody + something pattern èπ◊ ´÷Í®a-ߪ’-´îª’a. Who gave you this news? Gave (verb) + you (somebody) + this news? (something) sentences verb + something + prep. (preposition) + somepattern body

°j† Ö†o

–Ñ

ÅEoç-öÀF èπÿú≈

†’ç*,

verb + somebody + something pattern

èπ◊

´÷®Ωa-´îª’a. 2) Don't mind who gave it to mea) gave (verb) + it (something) + to (prep.) + me (somebody) = Don't mind who gave me it. b) gave (verb) + me (somebody) + it (something)

´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, Åçõ‰ something, it Å®·-†°æ¤púø’ Ñ pattern é¬Ææh Å®Ω’ü¿’) – It Öçõ‰ pattern (a) ØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. (It

3) Gopal sent the message to me ☯

lesson bring, buy, give, get, offer, refuse, send, sell, show, sing verbs verb + somebody/ something + somebody/ something pattern spoken English pattern verb somebody (him, her, me, Sekhar, Suguna) something)

éÀçü¿öÀ

a) Denied (verb) + the permission (something) + to (prep.) + me (somebody) = b) Denied (verb) + me (somebody) + the permission (something)

2) Don't mind who gave it to me. 3) Gopal sent the message to me.

Vipul: Gopal denied the permission to me to take the file out. Otherwise I would have definitely got it for you.

5) Gopal denied the permission to me

1) Who gave this news to you?

Vinay: I see you don't have the papers. Why didn't you bring them to me? That could have provided better information to me.

☯

2

™ ´’†

™«çöÀ

†’

™ ¢√úøû√ç ÅF, ÉC ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œçîË ÅF ûÁ©’-Ææ’ûª®√yûª èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? Éçü¿’™ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ¢ÁçôØË – ´uèπ◊h-©†’ ûÁLÊ° °æü∆™‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ– äéπ ≤ƒh®·, Ç ûª®√yûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ ( N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo/ äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ûÁLÊ° °æü∆™‰ NE-°œ-≤ƒh®·.

sent (verb) + the message (something) + to (prep.) + me (somebody)= Gopal sent me the messagesent (verb) + me (somebody) + the message (something) 4) Why didn't you bring them to me? Did bring (verb) + them (something/ somebody) + to (prep.) + me (somebody) = Why didn't you bring me them? = Did bring (verb) + me (somebody) + them (something)

Did show (verb) + you (somebody) + the file (something) 8) We must present all this information to the members-

a) must present (verb) + all this information (something) + to (prep.) + the members (somebody)= b) We must present the members all this information- must present (verb) + the members (somebody) + all this information (something) 9) We can ask him to rush the file to us = a) to rush (infinitive) + the file (something) + to (prep.) + us (somebody)= b) to rush us the file- to rush (infinitive) + us (somebody) + the file (something) 10) He must pass the file to usa) must pass (verb) + the file (something)+ to (prep.) + us (somebody) = b) He must pass us the fileMust pass (verb) + us (somebody) + the file (something)

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆– Ñ È®çúø’ patterns èπÿ meaning äéπ\õ‰. Å®·ûË í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: 1) Spoken English ™ pattern (b)verb + somebody + something (He gave you the book) pattern pattern (a)

ØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. ÅC Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC èπÿú≈. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç. 2) °j sentences ™ pattern (a) ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ preposition 'to' ´*açC. verb †’ •öÀd preposition ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ô’çC. pattern (b) E ´’†ç áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøôç ´’ç*C.

2) It happens/ It does happen sometimes 3) I'm bored/ I'm getting bored because I've nothing to do. 4) everyone is unhapy/ suffering because of what you've done 5) What will happen will happen 1. retinue 2. reunion 3. speak aside 4. off-spring– 5. I go to temple I go to the temple

-v°æ-¨¡o:

OöÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. èπ◊, èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

6. If you will come, I will give it you. If you come, I will give it you.

Ñ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®é˙d? – Ø√T-È®úÕf, XE-¢√-Ææ’-©’-È®úÕf, éπ©’-¢√®· -ï-¢√-•’: 1. retinue= ã v°æ´·ê ´uéÀh Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷EéÀ, ®Ωéπ~-ùèπ◊ ¢√∞¡x ¢Áç•úÕ ÖçúË ´’çD ´÷®Ωs©ç (Ç ´uéÀh ņ’-ߪ÷-ߪ·©’) The minister arrived with all his retinue at the place of the meeting =

Ç Æ涵«-Ææn-LéÀ ´’çvA ûª† ņ’-ߪ÷-ߪ·-©ûÓ/ ´’çD ´÷®Ωs-©çûÓ ´î√aúø’. 2. Reunion= °æ¤†-Ææqç-í∫´’ç – NúÕ-§Ú-®·† ¢√∞¡Ÿx AJ-T éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç. The story ends happily with the reunion of the separated lovers.

NúÕ-§Ú-®·† vÊ°N’-èπ◊-©’ ´’Sx é-π-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-úøçûÓ éπü∑¿ Ææ’ë«ç-ûª-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. 3. speak aside: N†-èπÿ-úøE ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ N†-°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úøôç – He spoke to his friend aside

so that the teacher couldn't hear it Teacher friend

èπ◊ NE°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ûª† ûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’. 4. Offspring - ÆæçûªA (singular and plural È®çúø÷ offspring) - Man is the offspring of the monkey (†®Ω’úø’ ¢√†®Ω Ææçûª-A-¢√úø’) 5. I go to temple - ®ÓW ¢√úø’-éπí¬, ´·êuçí¬ üË´¤úÕ °æ‹ïèπ◊ í∫’úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç I Go to the temple - üË´¤úÕo éÌL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÉçÍé °æE-O’-ü¿Ø√o í∫’úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç 6. If you come I will give it to you. If clause, (conditional clause future tense

≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁL-Ê°-ü¿-®·ûË Å®·ûË) ü∆ØÓx

¢√úøç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 11 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Surekha: Come on; put on your clothes and get ready. In another ten minutes we must be at the station to see off Bhavan.

(•ôd-™‰-Ææ’-èπ◊E Æœü¿l¥-´’-´çúÕ. ÉçéÓ °æ-C EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊, ¶µº´-Ø˛èπ◊ OúÓ\©’ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ station ™ Öçú≈L.) Sumant: Yea. Let me first of all carry this jewellery up and lock it up in the safe. Meanwhile you pack up the things to be handed to him at the station.

(Å´¤†’/ ÆæÍ®. ¢Á·ü¿ô Ñ †í∫Lo °jéÀ BÆæ’-ÈéR}, locker ™ °öÀd û√∞¡ç ¢Ëߪ’F. Éçûª™ †’´¤y station ™ Åûª-E-éÀ-¢√y-Lq† ´Ææ’h-´¤Lo pack îÁ®·u.) Surekha: Don't forget to put out the lights upstairs. You usually do.

(°j† lights ÇÍ®pߪ’ôç ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ †’´¤y ´’Ja-§Ú-ûª’ç-ö«´¤). Sumant: Don't worry. I won't, this time.

(ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†-°æ-úøèπ◊. Ñ≤ƒJ ´’Ja-§ÚØËx) Surekha: Last time when I returned home I found the lights on.

(éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ؈’ ÉçöÀéÀ AJ-íÌ-îËa-Ææ-JéÀ lights ¢Á©’-í∫’-ûª÷ç-úøôç îª÷¨»†’). Sumant: You don't forget to turn off the gas cylinder. That's important.

éπõ‰dߪ’úøç †’´¤y ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊.)

(ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬F, áèπ◊\´ time ™‰ü¿’. ´®Ωç-ú≈™ Ö†o èπ◊Ka-©-Eoç-öÀF ™°æ-LéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-¢√L) Sumant: Bhavan will be very happy that we will be there to see him off. Let's be at the station well before the train comes in.

(Åûª-EéÀ OúÓ\-L-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†-´’-éπ\úø ÖØ√o-´’çõ‰ Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’. Train ´îËa ¢Ë∞¡éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ´·çü¿’çü∆ç Åéπ\úø). Surekha: OK. Lock up the jewels and come down. Hurry up.

(†í∫-©Fo û√∞¡ç °öÀd éÀçCéÀ ®√. ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬F) Sumant: OK. ☯

☯

English conversation patterns

´’J-éÌEo

4) Don't forget to put out the lights = put out =

D§ƒ©’, ´’çô©’ ÇÍ®p-ߪ’ôç

put (verb) + out (prep) + lights (something)

Put the book on the table = a) He put out all lights before going to bed =

°æ¤Ææhéπç table O’ü¿ Öç. Å®·ûË put on Åçõ‰ üµ¿Jç-îªôç.

°æúø’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ Åûªúø’ D§ƒ-©Fo ÇÍ®p≤ƒhúø’. puts (verb) + out (prep) + the lights (some-

Put on your clothes and start =

thing)

•ôd-™‰-Ææ’-èπ◊E •ßª’-©’-üË®Ω’. É™«çöÀ expressions †’ phrasal verbs Åçö«ç. ´’†ç OöÀE conversation ™ correct í¬ ¢√úø-í∫-LTûË, phrasal verbs,

b) The firemen put out the fire = Fire department

(ÅTo-´÷-°æéπü¿∞¡ç) ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’çô-™«-Í®p-¨»®Ω’.

adverbials, adverb particles grammatical

Put (verb) +

ÅØË Ê°®Ωx†’ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-†-éπ\-®Ω™‰ü¿’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

1) Put on your clothes -

Surekha: Hurry up then. Not much time left. I have to bring in the chairs that are in the varandah.

☯

îª÷úøçúÕ.

3) carry

lock (verb) + up (prep) + their home (something)

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC: éÌEo verbs ûª®√yûª ¢√úø’éπí¬ (usage) on, off, up, down, in, out, away, back ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ (ÉN prepositions 鬴a, adverbs 鬴a. àü¿-ØËC Åçûª °æöÀdç-éÓ-†-´-Ææ®Ω癉ü¿’) ¢√úøû√ç. ÉN verb Å®√nFo v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îË≤ƒh®·. OöÀ Å®√n©’ practice ´©x áèπ◊\´ ´≤ƒh®·. -Å®·-ûË Éçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷Æœ† ÅEo patterns éπçõ‰ Ñ verb pattern English ™ áèπ◊\´ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. -É-™«Èíj-ûË ´’† Ææ綵«≠æ-ù î√™« Ææ£æ«-ï-çí¬ -Öç-ô’ç-C. OöÀE ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. EXERCISE

out (prep) +

368

the fire (something)

Syam:

Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* shirt †’ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-†’çúÌa éπü∆ †’´¤y? (put on ¢√úøçúÕ) Prem: Ø√ •ôd-©Fo èπÿú≈ Ç suit case ™ ÖØ√o®·. ÅC û√∞¡ç °öÀd ÖçC. û√∞¡ç Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’. Syam: Ç û√∞«©’ FûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁa-éÓ-™‰ü¿’? ¢√öÀE áéπ\úø §ƒÍ®¨»´¤? (throw away ¢√úøçúÕ) Prem: ÅüË Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. Syam: †’´¤y ¢√öÀE table O’ü¿ ´C-™‰-¨»´¤. ؈’ ¢√öÀE B¨»†’. (pick up ¢√úøçúÕ). ÉNíÓ.

put out the lights .. tur n of f the gas

(gas cylinder

☯

1) put ûª®√yûª on 2) see ûª®√yûª off ûª®√yûª up, 4) ´’Sx put ûª®√yûª up 5) turn ûª®√yûª off, and 6) lock up ™ lock ûª®√yûª up. É™«ç-öÀ-¢√-öÀE phrasal verbs Åçö«ç. ÉN English ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. äéÓ\-éπ-°æ¤púø’ phrasal verb ™ verb ûª®√yûª ´îËa preposition, adverb †’ •öÀd, verb Å®Ωnç Öçô’çC. ÉC practice ™ØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. eg: put on- Ééπ\úø put èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n-EéÃ, put on èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n-Eéà î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. Put Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? °ôdúøç/ Öçîªúøç ÅE.

2

™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË í∫’Jç* Ñ lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) Put on your clothes. 2) We must be at the station to see off Bhavan. 3) Let me first carry the jewellery up and lock it up. 4) Don't forget to put out the lights. 5) Don't forget to turn off the gas.

5) Don't forget to turn off the gas (cylinder)=

Ééπ\úø put on ´îËa sentence pattern îª÷ü∆lç: ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆. Put on your

Gas cylinder

éπõ‰d-ߪ’ôç/ ÇÊ°-ߪ’ôç/ •çü˛ îËߪ’ôç ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊.

clothes/ Please put on your sentences subclothes ject you.

™«çöÀ á°æ¤púø÷

turn (verb) + off (prep) + the gas (something)

™

Put on your clothes =

M.SURESAN

You put on your clothes. You please put on your clothes.

F∞¡Ÿx °æô’d-èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª Åûª†’ pump/ èπ◊∞«®·/ †©x†’ •çü˛ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’/ éπõ‰d-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’

Put on your clothes =

b) Turn off the lights before going out =

O’ •ôd-™‰-Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. sentence pattern:

•ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞Ïx-´·çü¿’ D§ƒ©’ ÇÍ®pß˝’.

a) Put (verb) + on (prep/ adverb) + your clothes (something) b) He took off his shirt =

†í∫-©èπ◊ û√∞¡ç-°ô’d.

°j expressions ™ v°æA-ü∆-E™ verb, Ç verb ûª®√yûª preposition é¬F, adverb (äéπ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçD ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô) é¬F ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆?

ANSWER Syam: You could have put on a better shirt than that. Prem: All my shirts are in that suit case. The suit case is locked up. I don't have the keys. Syam: Why didn't you bring the keys along?/ the keys with you? Where did you throw them away? Prem: That's what I don't know.

Pattern: took (verb) + off (prep/ adverb) + his shirt (something)

lock (verb) + up (prep) + jewels (something)

Syam: You left them on the table. I picked them up. Here they are.

2) We must be at the station to see off Bhavan.

Nobody in that village locks up their home =

Prem: Thank you.

see off (somebody) = see (somebody) off verb verb

OúÓ\L´yôç. Ñ

èπÿú≈ °j

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Now that I am a responsible per-

They saw me off at the bus stand = Bus stand

èπ◊ ´*a ††’o ≤ƒí∫-†ç-§ƒ®Ω’.

son.

3) Carry the jewellery up = pattern carry up the jewellery. carry (verb) + up (prep/ adverb) + the jewellery (something)

Ééπ\úÕ

Ç ví¬´’ç™ á´®Ω÷ É∞¡xèπ◊ û√∞«©’ ¢Ëߪ’®Ω’.

™«í¬ØË.

èπÿú≈

a) He held up his hand =

6) Lock up the jewels. In the sentences above, observe the expressions. 1) put on 2) see off 3) carry the jewellery up 4) put out 5) turn off 6) lock up.

turn (verb) + off (prep) + the lights (somethings) 6) Lock up the jewels =

BÊÆ-¨»úø’.

Prem: Thank you.

•çü˛ îËߪ’ôç/ ÇÊ°-ߪ’ôç

a) He does not turn off the tap after collecting water/ drawing water =

Please put on your clothes =

shirt

turn off =

Åûª†’ ûª† îË®· °jÈé-û√húø’. Held (verb) + up (prep) + his hand (something) b) She entered the room and switched on the light. switched (verb) + on (prep) + the light (something)

2. The director requested the Government to make the following amendment: That the competent authority should verify their service particulars...

°j ¢√é¬u™x that áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úÕ-†ô’d? that ¢√úøôç ´©x ¢√öÀ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ω’ûª’çü∆? – §Úûª’© Hµ¢Ë’-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, ¢Ëí¬-ߪ’-´’t-Ê°ô -ï-¢√-•’: 1. Now that- Ééπ\úø Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷ô-©†’ éπL-°œ-¢√-úÕûË ´îËa Å®Ωnç –

Åçü¿’-´©x

(because).

Now that I'm a responsible person =

ØËE-°æ¤púÓ ¶«üµ¿u-ûª-éπ© ´uéÀhE éπ†’éπ/ 鬕öÀd. 2. È®ç-úÓ -¢√éπuç-™  That èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 'ÅE—. That the competent authority ... service

ÅCµ-鬮Ωç í∫© ÅCµ-é¬J. ¢√J N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Eï´÷ é¬ü∆ ÅE ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√L ÅE (that), v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo Çߪ’† Ŷµºu-Jnç-î√úø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 14 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007 Nirmal: What are you waiting for still? Why don't you put your clothes on and get ready? Can't you see the time's up?

(Éçé¬ üËE-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛ †’´¤y? ü¿’Ææ’h©’ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊E ûªßª÷-®Ω’-鬢Ëç? õ„j¢˛’ Å®·uç-ü¿E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢ËçöÀ?) Satpal: Turn the fan on please. It's quite sultry in here.

(é¬Ææh §∂ƒuØ˛ ¢Á®·u. Ééπ\úø î√™« îÁ´’ô §Ú≤ÚhçC.) sultry = îÁ´’ôí¬ Öçúøôç

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Nirmal: Keep pouring coffee down your throat and you won't be far off from gastric trouble and acidity. All right. I'll have the coffee sent up, but ask the boy to clear the earlier coffee things off the table. Get ready soon.

(íÌçûª’-™ç* 鬰∂‘ §ÚÆæ÷h Öçúø’, í¬uÆœéZ ˙ vô•’™¸, áÆœ-úÕ-öÃéÀ î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç Öçúø´¤/ ûªy®Ω-™ØË Fèπ◊ ÅN ´≤ƒh®·. ÆæÍ® 鬰∂‘ °æç°æ¤û√†’. é¬F Ç èπ◊v®√-úÕE Ç §ƒûª 鬰∂‘ éπ°æ¤p©†’ õ‰•’™¸ O’ü¿-†’ç* BÊÆ-ߪ’-´’†’.)

Nirmal: Don't you hear me? I've said the time's up. Here am I hurrying you up and you are still talking about drying up your body.

Satpal: Thank you. I won't be more than ten minutes.

(؈’ îÁÊ°pC NE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü∆? Ééπ\úø ØËØË¢Á÷ õ„j¢˛’ Å®·uç-ü¿E îÁ°æ¤ûª÷ Öçõ‰ †’¢Ëy¢Á÷ ä∞¡Ÿx Ç®Ω-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-´úøç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’-Ø√o´¤.)

éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç English conversation ™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE°œçîË, spoken English èπ◊ Ææ£æ«-ï-û√yEo (Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË English î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ NE°œç-îËô’x îËÊÆ) éπLpçîË, verb + adverb particle (prep/ adv) pattern ´îËa sentence pattern îª÷¨»ç. Å™«çöÀN ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç É°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË äéπ\-ûËú≈.

Satpal: Cool down. I do remember we've got to go station to see Sundar off. I've found it out. The train is late by an hour.

(ûªí∫’_. ´’†ç ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊ ¢ÁRx Ææ’çü¿®˝èπ◊ OúÓ\©’ îÁ§ƒp-©E í∫’®Ω’hçC. ؈’ éπ†’èπ◊\Ø√o. È®j©’ í∫çô Ç©Ææuç.) Nirmal: But we've still a lot of things to do before that.

(é¬F Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’©’ î√™« ÖØ√o®· éπü∆?) Satpal: What are they?

(àçôN?)

(

°æC EN’-≥ƒ-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Öçúø†’.)













4) We've to go to station to see Sundar off

b) I will send the books back. Pattern: will send (verb)+ the books (something) + back (adverb) send back something/ somebody = send something/ somebody back

Åçõ‰

Look at the following sentences (a) and (b) and observe the difference between the two: a) Come on, put on your clothes

ņo-´÷ô.

à ´÷ôèπ◊ -à Ê°®Ω’, preposition or adverb ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç °æöÀdç--éÓ-éπçúÕ. ´÷ô©’ ÆæJí¬ ¢√úø-ô¢Ë’ ´·êuç. ¢√öÀ Ê°®Ω’ ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™†÷, Ñ lesson ™†÷ É™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úË B®Ω’ îª÷≤ƒhç ´’†ç. Look at the following sentences from the conversation between Nirmal and Satpal: verb + somebody/ something + on/ in/ up/ back, etc. pattern

OôEoçöÀ™ 

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

369

ÖçC.

(see (verb) + Sundar (somebody) + off) = We've to go to station to see off Sunder (see (verb) + off + Sundar (somebody)) 5) We've to pick Nagaraj upon the way = We've to pick up Nagaraj on the way. (verb + somebody + up = verb + up + somebody) 6) We've to take the books back = We've to take back the books [take (verb) + the books (something) + back = take (verb) + back + the books (something)] 7) Pack them up = Pack up them [pack (verb) + them (something) + up = pack (verb) + up + them (something)]

Why don't you put your clothes on?

Nirmal: We have to pick Nagaraj up on the way, drop him off at his office and proceed.

(ü∆J™ Ø√í∫-®√V†’ áéÀ\çèπ◊E ÅûªúÕE Ç°∂‘-Æˇ™ Cç°œ ´’†ç ¢Á∞«xL.) Satpal: Any thing else we've to do?

(ÉçÍé-´’Ø√o Öçü∆ ´’†ç îËߪ÷-LqçC?) Nirmal: Don't you know we've to take the books back from him, pack them up neatly and hand them over to Sundar at the station?

(ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ BÆæ’èπ◊E, ¢√öÀE Fö¸í¬ §ƒué˙ îËÆœ, Ææ’çü¿-®˝èπ◊ ÊÆd≠æØÓx ÅçC-¢√y-©E ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆ Fèπ◊?) Satpal: All that won't take much time, will it? I'll be ready in just ten minutes. Be a good friend and send some coffee up, will you?

(Åçû√ éπL°œ áèπ◊\´ õ„j¢˛’ °æôdü¿’ éπü∆? °æC EN’-≥ƒ™x ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-û√†’. ´’ç* ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úÕN éπü∆? é¬Ææh 鬰∂‘ °æç°œç-√?)

a) put (verb) + on (prep) + clothes (something) b) put (verb) + your clothes (something) + on (adv) (Don't worry what name we give to a word- prep or adverb. Just practise and you'll be able to speak correctly.)

àç í∫´’-Eçî√ç? (a) ™ on, your clothes ´·çü¿’çC. (b) ™ on, your clothes ûª®√yûª ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? Å™« on position ™ ´÷®Ω’p Ö†o-°æpöÀéà ŮΩnç™ ´÷®Ω’pç-úøü¿’. ´’† ≤˘éπ-®√u-Eo-•öÀd Ñ on ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ somebody/ something ´·çü¿’-í¬F, ¢Á†-éπ-í¬F ¢√úø-´îª’a. Compare (a) and (b) below: a) I will send back the books. Pattern: will send (verb) + back (prep) + the books (something) =

؈’ Ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ AJT °æç°æ¤-û√†’ = ANSWER

Kinnera:

Gandharv: She is still dressing up the children/ dressing the children up. I've packed up all the bags/ packed all the bags and brought them along/ brought along them. She will be in, in a few minutes.

Wish you good luck.

Kinnera:

You are on time. Where is your wife?

How about some coffee?

Gandharv: I have drunk all the coffee at home. My stomach can't take in anymore/ can't take anymore in. Kinnera:

Surprising to hear you don't want coffee.

Gandharv: I picked up the habit/ I picked the habit up because of night duties. Slowly I want to give up the habit/ give the habit up. Kinnera:

Wish you good luck.

9) Send some coffee up = Send up some coffee

back, etc. + somebody/ something pattern patterns

(send (verb)+some coffee (something) + up =

1) Why don't you put your clothes on? Do put (verb) + your clothes (something) + on=

M.SURESAN

Kinnera:

†’´¤y Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´î√a´¤. O’ ÇN-úËC? Gandharv: ÇNúø Éçé¬ °œ©x-©èπ◊ •ôd©’ ¢Ë≤ÚhçC. ؈’ ¶«uí˚q ÅFo §ƒué˙ îËÆœ °æô’dèπ◊ ´î√a†’. ûª†’ Éçé¬-ÊÆ-°æöx ´îËa-Ææ’hçC. (dress up ¢√úøçúÕ) Kinnera: é¬Ææh 鬰∂‘ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«¢√? Gandharv: Éçöx Ö†o 鬰∂‘ Åçû√ û√Íí-¨»†’. Ø√ §Òôd ÉçÍéç BÆæ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’. (Take in ¢√úøçúÕ) Kinnera: †’´¤y 鬰∂‘ ´ü¿l†ôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC. Gandharv: ÉC ؈’ ØÁjö¸ úø÷uöé’ îËߪ’ôç ´©x Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o. ¢Á’Lxí¬ Ñ Å©¢√ô’ ´÷ØË-ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. (Pick up, give up ¢√úøçúÕ)

[hand (verb) + them (something) + over =

Oô-Eoç-öÀF last lesson ™ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† pattern: verb + on/ in/ up/ ™éÀ ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a. Åçõ‰ äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ äéπöÀ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Practise the following aloud in English in both the patterns shown above: He Gandharv,

8) Hand them over to Sunder = Hand over them to Sundar

hand (verb) + over + them (something)

b) Come on, put your clothes on.

EXERCISE

Kinnera:

2

Why don't you put on your clothes? Do put (verb) + on + your clothes (something) 2) Turn the fan on = Turn on the fan (verb + something + on = verb + on + something) 3) Drying your body up= Drying up your body. (verb + something + up = verb + up + something)

-v°æ-¨¡o: English pronunciation èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-* Ø√èπ◊ éÌ-Eo Ææç-üË£æ…-©’-Ø√-o®·. -Ñ éÀç-C symbols èπ◊ sounds -á-™« -Öç-ö«-ßÁ÷ -Ö-ü∆-£æ«®Ω-ù-ûÓ -ûÁ-©°æ í∫-©®Ω’. / ^ / /a:/ /∂:// I / / i :/ / æ / / U / /u:/ / 3:/ /∫/ / t∫/ /d3/ /∂U / /aU / /e∂/ /b/

–->.-¨¡çéπ®˝, -¨¡çéπ®Ω°æ-ôoç

-ï-¢√-•’: These are the sounds for the following symbols:

1. /

^ / = Å – as in but (b^t) 2. /a:/=Ç–as in cart (ka:t) (ÉC

°ü¿-´¤©’ Ø√©’éπ flat í¬ Â°öÀd Åçö«ç) 3. /∂:/= Ç (ÉC °ü¿-´¤©’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ Öç* ÅØ√L) = as in all (∂:L) 4. / I / = É = as in fit (f It) 5. / i :/ = Ñ = as in meet (mi : t) 6 / æ / = as in ban (bæn)- cat (kæt)

Ö = as in book (bU k) Ü = as in fool (f u:i )

7. / U / = 8 /u:/ =

send (verb) + up + some coffee (something) 10) Find the place out = Find out the place. [find (verb) + the place (something) + out = find (verb) + out + the place (something)]

Å®·ûË ÉC ÅEo îÓö«x O©’-é¬-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, I mean, Ñ ´÷®Ω’p. He hurried me up= ††’o ûÌçü¿®Ω °ö«dúø’ Åçö«ç. He hurried up me ņç. Å™«Íí He found it out Åçö«ç. He found out it ņç. ÉC ´’†ç ¶«í¬ practise îËÆ œ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†Íé ûÁL-Æ œ§Ú-ûª’çC, ¢√úø’-éπ™, à grammar book îª÷úø-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË.

9. / 3:/=

ÉC ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ™‰ü¿’– bird-(b3:d) - 'r' °æ©éπç (silent) 10. /∫/ =≠æ =as in ship ( ∫ Ip)

11. / t∫/ = (t ∫ It)

=as in chit

as in 12. /d3/ = jug = (d3^g)

ï =

13. /∂U /= - as in go (correct Eng pronunciation- íÓ/ íÌ é¬ü¿’– íÌ-Å¢˛– ÉC ûªy®Ωí¬ Åçõ‰ ´îËa ¨¡•lç– íÌ¢˛èπ◊, í∫¢˛èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u. 14. /aU / = å– as in now (naU ) 15. /e∂/=áÅ–as in tear (te∂-'r' °æ©éπç– silent-õ„Å) 16. /b/- ÉC ´÷´‚©’ b ØË éπü∆ •£æ›-¨» O’®Ω’ / ⊃I / •ü¿’©’ /b/ ®√¨»-Í®¢Á÷. / ⊃I / = as in not= °ü¿-´¤©’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ Öç* not Åçõ‰ ´îËa ¨¡•lç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 16 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Anupama: (You) Know something. Karuna has offered to help me complete my project.

(ã N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Ø√ v§ƒñ„é˙d °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ éπ®Ω’ù Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-†çC.) project = v§ƒñ„é˙d= ´’†èπ◊ Å°æp-Tç-*† °æE Nirupama: Karuna, of all? I find it quite strange. Karuna helping someone is rather unusual.

(éπ®Ω’ù Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-úø´÷? ÅC î√™« Nçûªí¬ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC? éπ®Ω’ù äéπ-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’úøç î√™« Å≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù¢Ë’.) Anupama: I'm fortunate perhaps.

(Ø√èπ◊ ÖçüË¢Á÷ Ç Åü¿%≠ædç.) Nirupama: True. You should think it a fortune to get help from Karuna. But one thing. She is very good at the subject and can see your project through.

(Eï¢Ë’. éπ®Ω’ù Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §Òçü¿ôç F Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ’ØË Å†’-éÓ-¢√L. ûª†èπ◊ -Ç Æ涄éb ˙d î√™« ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’-´©x F v§ƒñ„é˙d °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u™« îª÷úø-í∫-©ü¿’.) Anupama: I've been feeling it very difficult to handle the subject. I've been looking for some one with whose help I can finish it off. The last date isn't far off too. Karuna's help is timely.

(Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo handle

2

Nirupama: Yea. You are right. I've been just lazy. To be lazy is sweet, I feel. (

†’´¤y éπÈ®é˙d. ؈’ •ü¿l¥-éÀç-î√†’. •ü¿l¥éπç ´’üµ¿’-®Ω-¢Ë’¢Á÷.)

Anupama: So do I too, but the results are bad.

(Ø√èπÿ Å™«ØË ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. é¬F °∂æLû√©’ îÁúø’í¬ Öçö«®·.)













lessons 1) verb + somebody/ something + adverbial pattern, 2) verb + preposition + somebody / something pattern verbs

´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ È®çúø’

™

™ ¢√úø-í∫© ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ î√™« verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ pattern (1) †’ç* pattern (2) èπ◊, pattern (2) †’ç* pattern (1) èπ◊ ´÷®Ωa-´-îªaE èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç. pattern 1: Please put out the lights.

1) See your project through. pattern: see (verb) + your project + through (adv) a) I want to see the building through before I leave for the states.

a) The government wants to speed up jalayagnam.

b) Ramesh saw the arrangement through=

- Å-ûª-†’ éπ-ôd-úøç -¢Ëí∫-´ç-ûªç -îË-ߪ’éπ-§Ú-ûË -´-îËa -ØÁ-© ™°æ-© °æ‹-Jh -îË-ߪ’-™‰-úø’.

(ÊÆdö¸qèπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx ´·çü¿’ Ñ éπôdúøç °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)

put (verb) + out (prep) + the lights (something) pattern 2: Please put the lights out. put (verb) + the lights (something) + out (adv)

È®ç-úÕç-öÀéà -Å®Ωnç: -D-§ƒ-©’ -ÇÍ®p-ߪ’ç-úÕ -Å-E. É-™«ç-öÀ verbs Spoken English ™ -î √-™« Ææ®Ωy -≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ù-¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ®√†’-®√†’ áèπ◊\´´¤ûª’-Ø√o®· èπÿú≈, áçü¿’éπçõ‰ ÅN î√™« simple í¬ ÖçúÕ ´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÀ î√™« ≤˘éπ-®Ωuçí¬-†÷ Öçö«®·. áèπ◊\´ ¶µ«¢√Eo ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷ô™x îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’°æ-úø-û√®·.

®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ Ç à®√p-ôxFo °æ‹Jh-îË-¨»úø’/ °æ‹Jh îË®·ç-î√úø’. -Å®·-ûË see through something -Åç-õ‰ – -Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-©í∫-úøç- – -Å-ØË -Å®Ωnç -´Ææ’hç-C. I can see through your plans = -O’ °æ-ü∑¿é¬-©’ -ØË-†’ -Å®Ωnç -îËÆæ’éÓí∫-©-†’. 2) Finish it off. finish (verb) + it (something) + off (adv)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Finish your work off/ finish off your work. We can go to a movie=

370

(-v°æ-¶µº’-ûªyç -ï-©-ߪ’-ñc«-Eo -ûªy-J-ûªç/ -¢Ëí∫-´ç-ûªç -îË-ߪ÷©-E -Å-†’èπ◊ç-öç-C.)

b) Unless he speeds up the construction he can't finish it by next month =

speed up something= speed something up. II. 1) I find it strange 2) You should think it a fortune to get help from Karuna. 3) I've been feeling it very difficult to handle the subject. 4) My boss may consider it a mistake sentences verbs: find, think, feel and consider. pattern I find it strange. pattern: find (verb) + it + strange (complement). complement

Ñ

™ ¢√úÕ† OöÀE ¢√úÕ†

-Ééπ\-úø -Åç-õ‰ -¢√éπuç °æ‹-Jhé¬-´-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√-úË -´÷-ô (that which

My boss may consider it a mistake

îËߪ’úøç î√™« éπ≠ædç ņ’èπ◊çô÷ ÖØ√o†’. á´J Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ ü∆Eo °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-©Ø√ ÅE ņ’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o. *´J ûËD èπÿú≈ Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. éπ®Ω’ù Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ ´*açC.) timely= Ææé¬-©-¢Á’i†; timely rain= Ææ鬩 ´®Ω{ç; untimely= Åé¬-©-¢Á’i†; untimely death= Å鬩 ´’®Ωùç

Nirupama: I've been putting my project off for quite sometime now. I should speed it up too. Otherwise my boss may consider it a mistake to have allotted me the project.

(؈’ Ø√ v§ƒñ„-é˙dE î√™« 鬩çí¬ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ؈’ ü∆Eo ¢Ëí∫´çûªç îËߪ÷L. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ´÷ ¶«Æˇ Ø√éà v§ƒñ„é˙d Íéö«-®·ç-îªúøç §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-õ„jç-ü¿E ņ’-éÓ-´îª’a.) Anupama: Do carry the project through to its end. Yours is an easy project. No reason for you to delay it.

(-ü∆-Eo °æ‹-Jh -îÁ-ß˝’. -F-C -î√-™« Ææ’-©-¶µº-¢Á’i-† -v§ƒ-ñ„é˙d. -ü∆-Eo -Ç-©Ææ-uç -îË-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç àç éπ-E°œç-îª-úøç ™‰ü¿’.)

Å™«Íí ´’†ç Ñ lesson ™ study îËÊÆ verbs ´’J-éÌEo °j patterns ™ ¢√úË O©’ Öçúøí¬, ÉçéÌEo verbs, verb + it + something pattern ™ ¢√úË O©’-†oN îª÷≤ƒhç.Ñ pattern èπÿú≈ *†o sentences ™ conversation †’ é̆-≤ƒTç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ûÓúøp-úø-û√®·.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. I. 1) She can see your project through. 2) I can finish it off. 3) I've been putting my project off. 4) I should speed it up.

°æE °æ‹Jh îËÊÆß˝’. ÆœE-´÷éÀ ¢Á∞Ôxa.

finish (verb) + your work + (something) + off (adv) = finish (verb) + off (prep) + your work (something).

¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’úøç

M.SURESAN

sentences verb + something/ somebody + adverbial pattern

°j

3) Put something off = Put off something =

ÅFo èπÿú≈

™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. Å®·ûË ã ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç. °j -¢√-öÀ-™x éÌ-Eo expressions -¢Á·-ûªhç -Å®√n-EéÃ, -¢√-öÀ-™  -Öç-úË -´÷-ô-© Å®√-n-Eéà -Åç-ûª Ææç-•ç-üµ¿ç -™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ -Öç-úø-ôç í∫-´’-E-ç-îªç-úÕ. eg: 1) See your project through: -Éç--ü¿’-™  see something through Åçõ‰ ã N≠æߪ’ç/ °æE °æ‹®ΩhßË’uô’x îª÷úøôç. Ééπ\úø see, through °æü∆© Å®√n©èπÿ, °æ‹Jh îËߪ’úøç Å®√n-Eéà Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? É™«çöÀ phrasal verbs, îªü¿-´ôç ´©x ´≤ƒh®·.

a) My friends have put off their trip.

put (verb) + off (prep) + their trip (something)=

´÷ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ v°æߪ÷ùç ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ = My friends have put their trip off. put (verb) + their trip (something) + off (adv) b) Sambhu has put off his marriage = Sambhu has put his marriage off =

- ¨¡ç-¶µº’ -ûª-† °-Rx -¢√®·--ü∆ -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o-úø’. 4) Speed it up = ¢Ëí∫-´çûªç îËߪ’úøç speed (verb) + it (something) + up (adv) = speed (verb) + up (prep) + the work (something) It up it

´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, ņç.

speed it up

ÅØË Åçö«ç.

speed

îª÷úøçúÕ.

completes ment).

is

comple-

-î√-™« -ûªèπ◊\-´ verbs -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ -Ñ pattern -™ ´≤ƒh®·.

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English: Sambhu: see,/ carry Vishnu:

ÅC v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√´¤ éπü∆. °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’uô’x ¢√úøçúÕ.) îª÷úø’. ( Ø√èπ◊ NÆæ’í¬_ ÖçC. ≤ƒßª’ç ÅçCçîË ¢√®Ω’ ™‰®Ω’. äçô-Jí¬ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªúøç Ø√´©x 鬴úøç ™‰ü¿’. (lend a hand ¢√úøçúÕ.) Sambhu: Åçõ‰ †’´¤y ´÷ØË-ߪ÷-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o¢√?(give up ¢√úøçúÕ.) Vishnu: ÅC é¬ü¿’. Ææ£æ…ߪ ’ç îËÊÆ-¢√-∞Îx-´-®ΩØ√o ÖØ√o®√ ÅE îª÷Ææ’hØ√o. (look for ¢√úøçúÕ.) Sambhu: Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í∫-´îª’a éπü∆?(ask for ¢√úøçúÕ.)

ANSWER Sambhu: You've begun it. See it through/ carry it through. Vishnu: I'm tired. None to lend me a hand/ lend a hand to me. Find it impossible to carry it on alone. Sambhu: (Do) you mean you want to give it up? Vishnu: Not that. I am looking for some one to help me. Sambhu: You can ask for/ take my help.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Imaginary forms -™ should have -¢√-úÕ-†°æ¤p-úø’ had been/ had + pp ®√-¢√-L éπ-ü∆-! -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – Èé-.-†®ΩÆœç£æ…È®-úÕf, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛. -ï-¢√-•’: You are right. It should have been, had been/ had+pp The verb forms in the three situations are as follows.

Situation Probable Present

(Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’h-ûªç™ í¬F, future ™ í¬F ïJ-Íí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC)

'If' clause verbs Present tense am, is, are; 1st RDW, 2nd RDW; am+past participle, is + past participle, are + past participle

Main clause verbs + 1st will be will shall be shall RDW (go, can be can talk, may be may etc) will be + shall Past may Participle can

}

}

Example: If Ramesh comes home, his mother will feel happy. (Both Ramesh's coming home and his feeling happy are probable. They are likely to happen.) In the case of scientific facts, however, the main clause verb is usually in the present simple tense. eg: If an object is heated it expands. (Main clause verb - expands - present simple)

If clause Situation Improbable were/ past doingword (gave, present came, etc)/ were + Past Participle (Passive voice) (we don't use was here)

(v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫-EN)

Main would should could might OR would should could might

} }

clause be/ 1st RDW (go, talk, etc)

be + PP (Passive Voice)

eg: If he were here; we would consult him

(ÅûªEéπ\úø Öçõ‰ Ææçv°æ-C≤ƒhç. Åûª†’ ™‰úÕ-éπ\úø É°æ¤púø’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’) If he knew this he would be happy (Åûª-E-éÀC ûÁLÊÆh – ûÁLÊÆ °æJ-ÆœnA É°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’ – Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’)

Situation Imaginary Past/ unreal past

(Ü£œ«ç-èπ◊ØË í∫ûªç– àüÁjØ√ ïJ-TçC, ï®Ω-èπ◊\çú≈ Öçõ‰ ÅE-í¬F, ï®Ω-í∫EC ïJ-í∫’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC ÅE-í¬F ņ’-éÓ-´ôç)

If clause had been/ had + past participle (PP)/ had been + PP (Passive)

Main clause would have been should have + PP could have been + might PP (Passive Voice)

}

eg: 1) If he had been here, she would have met him

(Åûª-Eéπ\úø ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, Ç¢Á’ ÅûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËC (™‰úø’ – éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’)

2) If Saritha had answered one more question, she would have got the top rank question answer top rank

îËÆœ Öçõ‰, Ç¢Á’èπ◊

(ÉçéÓ ´îª’aç-úËC).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 18 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sandhya: Don’t you think it strange for Udaya to behave like that towards us?

(Öü¿ßª’ ´’†-°æôx Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ v°æ´-Jhçîªôç Fèπ◊ Nçûª ÅE-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü∆?) Sampada: There certainly is some change in her, and I find it rather sudden.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûª†™ àüÓ ´÷®Ω’pçC, ÅC èπÿú≈ î√™« Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ ´*açC).

(Ø√éÀC Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’E É°æ¤p-úø-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Çߪ’† workshop attend ÅßË’u ûªéπ~ù Å´-é¬-¨»Eo ¢√úø’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.) Sandhya: I’ve attend it once. I don’t mind attending it a second time though I call it a bit expensive. It is Rs 3000 for a three day workshop.

Sandhya: I suppose it to be sudden too. But I find it a change for the better. She is now gentle and soft spoken unlike in the past.

(Ø√èπÿ Åéπ-≤ƒt-ûªhØË ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷®Ω’p ´’ç*-éπØË ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. ûªE-°æ¤púø’ ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ Eü∆-†çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûÓçC). Sampada: Yea. Most of our friends used to consider it difficult to talk to her. She used to be rude. Now all that’s changed.

(í∫ûªç™ ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’™x î√™«-´’çC ûª†ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç éπ≠dçæ ņ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. é¬Ææh ü¿’®Ω’-Ææ’í¬ ÖçúËC. Åü¿çû√ ´÷J§Ú-®·ç-C-°æ¤púø’.) Sandhya: I feel it possible because of the softskills workshops she has attended in the past few weeks. The trainer Mr.Sumukh held the workshops and Udaya took them quite seriously.

(í∫ûª éÌCl-¢√-®√©’í¬ ûª†’ §ƒ™Ô_†o soft-

2

(؈’ äéπ-≤ƒJ §ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o†’. È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ §ƒ™Ô_-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’, ÅC ê®Ωa-®·ç-ü¿E ؈ç-ô’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ. ´‚úø’ -®Ó-V© workshop èπ◊ ´‚úø’-¢Ë©’) Sampada: Of course; I understand. ☺

☺

☺

☺

™ ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œçîË senîª÷Ææ’hØ√oç. Ñ lesson ™ Å™«çöÀ ™ ´’®Ì-éπöÀ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

Spoken English tence patterns patterns

used to consider (verb) + it + difficult (adj) + to talk to her (infinitive/ phrase) a) They considered it a shame to lose the game.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx Çô™ ãúÕ-§Ú-´úøç Æœí∫’_-îË-ô’í¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀçî√®Ω’)

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

considered (verb) + it + a shame (noun) to lose the game (infinitive/ phrase)

1) Don’t you think it strange for Udaya to behave like that?

b) He considered it an honour to be chosen leader.

2) I find it rather sudden

(Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕí¬ áç°œ-éπ-´úøç íÌ°æp íı®Ω-´çí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-î√-úø-ûª†’.)

3) I suppose it to be sudden too. 4) Most of our friends used to consider it difficult to talk to her.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

371

considered (verb) + it + an honour (noun) + to be chosen leader (infinitive/ phrase)

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English. Gopi:

Å™«çöÀ teacher ü¿í∫_®Ω îªü¿-´ôç Ø√ Åü¿%≠ædç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. (think ¢√úøçúÕ) Ramu: Eï¢Ë’. v°æA Nü∆uJn ûª†’ îÁ°œpçC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊-ØËô’x îËߪ’ôç Çߪ’† üµ¿®Ωtçí¬ ¶µ«N-≤ƒhúø’. (feel ¢√úøçúÕ) Gopi: ´÷ ņo èπÿú≈ ûª†’ Ñ teacher èπ◊ Nü∆u-Jní¬ Öçúøôç äéπ NP≠æd Å´-é¬-¨¡çí¬ ¶µ«Nç-îË-¢√úø’ (consider, privilege ¢√úøçúÕ) Ramu: Çߪ’† teaching N†-ô¢Ë’ džç-ü¿çí¬ °æJ-í∫ùÀç-îË-¢√-∞¡Ÿxçõ‰, Çߪ’-†èπ◊ best teacher °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫®Ω|-Fߪ’ç (deem, consider, deplorable ¢√úøçúÕ). ANSWER Gopi: I think it a fortune to study under him. Ramu: True. He feels it his duty to make every student understand his teaching.

I find it rather sudden

skills workshops

´©x Öü¿-ߪ’™ Ç ´÷®Ω’p ´*aç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Péπ~-èπ◊úø’ Ææ’´·ë¸ Ç workshops E®Ωy-£œ«ç-î√úø’, Öü¿ßª’ Ç workshops ™ î√™« v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°œç-*çC.) softskills = ´uéÀhûªy Né¬-≤ƒ-EéÀ (personality development) Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’: communication skills (Ææ綵«-≠æù«, ´éπh %ûªy ØÁj°æ¤ùuç/ ¶µ«´ ´uéÃh-éπ-®Ωù) positive attitude (Ææ’´·ê/≤ƒ†’-èπÿ© ¢ÁjêJ), goal setting (í∫´’u EÍ®l¨¡ç), time management (Æ洒ߪ’ Eߪ’çvûªù), interpersonal relations (´uèπ◊h-©ûÓ Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’) – Oô-Eoç-öÀF softskills Åçö«ç. ´%Ah, ÖüÓu-í¬™x v°æ¢Ë-PçîË ßª·´-B-ߪ·-´-èπ◊©’ ÉN ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ´·êuç. workshop = ´÷´‚©’ class ™«í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Péπ~-ù-§Òç-üË-¢√∞Ïx Péπ~-èπ◊úÕ guidance ûÓ, °j ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’ ûª´’çûª û√´· ØË®Ω’a-éÌØË °æü¿l¥A. Sampada: Do you really believe it to be useful to attend such workshops?

(Å™«çöÀ workshops ™ §ƒ™Ô_-†ôç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç ÅE Eïçí¬ †´·t-û√¢√ †’´¤y?) Sandhya: Depends on the trainer. Some trainers are really effective.

(ÅC Péπ~-èπ◊-úÕE/ workshop E®√y-£æ«-èπ◊-úÕE-•öÀd Öçô’çC. éÌçûª-´’çC trainers Eïç-í¬ØË ´’†Lo v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’) effective = ´÷®Ωa-í∫-L-T-†-ô’-´çöÀ Sampada: (Do) you mean Sumukh is one such?

(Åçõ‰ Ææ’´·ë¸ Å™«çöÀ †’´y-ØËC?)

trainer

ÅØ√

Sandhya: Certainly. Not a few deem it a fortune to be trained by him.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ÅûªE Péπ~ù §Òçü¿ôç äéπ Åü¿%-≠dçæ í¬ ¶µ«Nç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx ûªèπ◊\´ ´’çüËçé¬ü¿’). Sampada: I see it is necessary for me now. I’ll take the earliest opportunity to attend his workshop.

5) I feel it possible because of the softskills work shops.

5) I feel it possible because of the softskills workshop she has attended.

feel (verb) + it + possible (adj.) + phrase.

6) Not a few deem it a fortune to be trained by him. sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™  verb ûª®√yûª ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? Ñ it- pattern ™ ¶µ«í∫ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Å®Ωn¢Ë’-O’-™‰ü¿’ ü∆E-éÀ-éπ\úø.

a) He feels it respectable to talk to elders like that =

Ñ it

M.SURESAN

1) Don’t you think it strange for Udaya to behave like that.

Ñ

sentence pattern,

°ü¿l-©ûÓ Å™« ´÷ö«x-úøôç íı®Ω´ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. feels (verb) + it + respectable (adj) + infinitive/ phrase.

b) She felt it dangerous to go alone in the night =

®√vA äçô-Jí¬ ¢Á∞¡xúøç v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-´’E ņ’-èπ◊çC.

Do think (verb) + it + strange (adjective) + for Udaya... (phrase - a group of words without a verb)

Pattern: felt (verb) + it + dangerous (adjective) + to walk alone in the night (infinitive/ phrase)

a) I think it my duty to inform the police of it,

6) Not a few deem it a fortune to be trained by him =

Pattern: think (verb) + it + my duty (noun) + phrase. pattern it noun/ adjective + clause (a group of words with a verb)/ phrase, etc.

Ñ

™

ûª®√yûª

pattern verbs: find (sentence no.2 above), suppose (sensentence no.3), consider tence no.4), feel (sentence no.5), deem (sentence no.6)

Ñ

™ ´’†ç ¢√úøí∫L-T† Éûª®Ω

ÅûªE Péπ~ù §Òçü¿ôç äéπ Åü¿%≠ædç ņ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’. deem= consider= °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªôç. Pattern: deem (verb) + it + a fortune (noun) + to be trained by him (phrase) a) Every one deems it an honour to get the title Padmasri =

(°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªôç–

2) Find: a) She found it difficult to understand it. found (verb) + it + difficult (adj) + phrase b) They found it insulting to be there any more. found (verb) + it + insulting (ing form/ adj) + phrase. 3) I suppose it (to be) sudden a) suppose (verb) + it + to be sudden (phrase) b) suppose (verb) + it + sudden (adjective) Pattern b

é¬Ææh Å®Ω’ü¿’.

=

ÉC Åéπ≤ƒt-ûªh-†’-

èπ◊ç-ö«†’. 4) Most of our friends used to consider it difficult to talk to her.

v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x °æü¿tX °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç §Òçü¿ôç, äéπ íı®Ω-´çí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ-≤ƒh®Ω’/ íı®Ω-´çí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ-≤ƒh®Ω’. b) I deem it a pleasure to invite the chief guest up the dais =

´·êu ÅA-C∑E ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªôç džç-ü¿çí¬ ¶µ«N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Ñ pattern ™ ¢√úø-í∫-L-T† verbs: think, find,

consider, feel, suppose, believe, deem, etc.

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: verb + it + noun/ adj + phrase, etc., pattern ™ ¢√úø-í∫© °j verbs ÅEoçöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ it, ûª®√yûª to be ¢√úÌa. I think it strange for him to behave so = I think it to be strange for him to behave so.

É™«Íí N’í∫û√ verbs N≠æߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈. Ñ pattern ´’† conversation, simple í¬, effective í¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÓúøp-úø’-ûª’çC. Practice îËü∆lç.

Gopi: My brother also considered it a privilege to have been his student.

Ramu: While there are those who deem it a pleasure to listen to his teaching, we consider it deplorable that he has not got the best teacher award.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Only some snakes are poisonous. - Some snakes are only poisons. 2. We reached home before the Sun has set. - We reached home after the Sun had set. 3. No sooner he saw a snake he ran away. - As soon as he saw a snake he ran away. 4. What can I do? - What am I to do?

-Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. – ÅçûªöÀ °çîª-©ßª’u, ®√ïç-Ê°ô

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. Only some snakes/ some snakes only/ some snakes alone are poisonous some snakes are only poisonous

(éÌ-Eo §ƒ´·©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ N≠æ-°æ‹-J-ûª¢Á’i-†N) èπ◊ Å®Ωnç-™‰ü¿’.

2. We reached home after the Sun had set. sentence correct. We reached home before the Sun has set - wrong

Ñ

(reached - past tense, has set - present tense) 3. No sooner he saw a snake he ran away Correct form of the sentence: No sooner had he seen/ did he see the snake, than he ran away = As soon as he saw the snake he ran away.

ÉC- ûª°æ¤p.

4. What can I do? =

ØËØËç îËߪ’-í∫-©†’? ؈’ îËߪ÷-Lqç-üËç-öÀ°æ¤púø’/ ØËØËç îËߪ÷L? Both the sentences are correct. É™«çöÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ î√™« Éî√aç îª÷úøçúÕ. What am I to do=

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 21 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Kantha: I never thought it would be so difficult getting a certificate from a government department.

lesson tice

™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ñ pattern ¶«í¬ pracîËÆœ O’ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. î√™« Ææ£æ«ïç (natural) í¬ Öçô’çC.

(v°æ¶µº’ûªy ¨»ê †’ç* ÆæJd-°∂œ-Èéö¸ §Òçü¿úøç Éçûª éπ≠d-´æ ’E ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.)

Observe the following sentences from the dialogue above:

Sabitha: What did you think- that you could get it in a jiffy?

1) .... it'd be so difficult getting a certificate from a government office.

(à´’-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y – *öÀ-Èé™ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫©-†Ø√?) in a jiffy- éπ~ùç™ Kantha: I knew it wouldn't be easy, but never imagined it would be so difficult.

(ÅC Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ’, Å®·ûË Éçûª éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.) Sabitha: I had a bitter experience too just a month ago when I went for my caste certificate. There was a lot of delay. I had an argument with one of the clerks there. It made no difference. I then realised it was foolish arguing with them.

(ã ØÁ© éÀçü¿ô caste ÆæJd-°∂œ-Èéö¸ ûÁaéÓ´ú≈-EéÀ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπÿ îËü¿’ ņ’-¶µº´ç áü¿’-È®jçC. î√™« Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. Åéπ\-úÕ í∫’´÷≤ƒhûÓ ¢√Cç-î√†’. Åçü¿’-´©x °æJ-ÆœnA™ àç ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. Å°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωn¢Á’içC ¢√∞¡xûÓ ¢√Cç-îªôç ´‚®Ω^-ûªy-´’E.) Kantha: Just no use trying to do that; you know. Grease there palms and it will be easy getting anything done in a government office.

2

2) ... it was foolish arguing with them. 3) Just no use trying that 4) It will be easy getting anything done in a government office. 5) There's no use submitting it now.

Look at the following too: There's no use talking to a fool.

1) .... it'd be difficult getting a certificate...

Ñ part of the sentence pattern îª÷ü∆lç. Åçûª-èπ◊- ´·çü¿’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç– Ééπ\úø îª÷°œç-*† sentences ÅFo èπÿú≈, introductory 'it'/ 'there' ûÓ begin Å´úøç. (Introductory it/ there OöÀE Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N´Jçî√ç. - English ™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ sentences †’, There/ It ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Å™« v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ there èπ◊ Åéπ\úø ÅE é¬F, it éÀ ÅC ÅE é¬F Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. eg: There are 10 students here =

Ééπ\úø °æC-´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ÖØ√o®Ω’. It is easy to learn English = English

ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç Ææ’©¶µºç.

a) There + is (be form) + (no) use (noun) + talking (...ing from) b) It's no good helping the undeserving. It + is (be form) + (no) good (adjective) + helping (...ing form)=

ŧƒ-vûª’-©èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’úøç ´’ç*-C-é¬ü¿’. Å®Ω|ûª Öçúøôç the deserving = Å®Ω|ûª Ö†o ¢√∞¡Ÿx the undeserving = Å®Ω|-ûª-™‰E ¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ŧƒ-vûª’©’ ÉC spoken English ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË sentence pattern. Å®·ûË éÌEo nouns, adjectives ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ñ pattern ™ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 372 ¢√úø û√ç. deserve =

5) Is it any good staying here any longer? = 6)

Éçé¬ Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç à´’Ø√o ´’ç*ü∆? ÅûªúÕ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç E®Ω’-°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç = It's/ There's no use depending on him.

°j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ-™ èπÿú≈ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, ...ing form èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ infinitive (to + 1 St RDW) ¢√úø-´îª’a. (There Ö†o sentence ™ ûª°æp.) 1) ...It'd be so difficult getting... = It'd be so difficult to get... 2) ...It was foolish arguing with them = ...it was foolish to argue with them 3) ...no use/ no good Infinitive

ûª®√yûª... ®√ü¿’.

´Ææ’hçC.

Sabitha: I got the certificate any way.

(¢Á·û√h-EéÀ ᙫíÓ ÆæJd-°∂œ-Èéö¸ ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Kantha: What are you going to do with that?

(ü∆çûÓ àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)

It will be easy to get anything.

Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’

(áçü¿’-éπ™« Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)

(É°æ¤púøC ´’K Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ûÁî√a´¤. ü∆Eo°æ¤púø’ ÆæGtö¸ îËߪ’úøç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’. *´-J-ûËC ¢Á·†oØË Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.) girly = Å´÷tß˝’ ÅE ’-´¤ûÓ Å†úøç Sabitha: That's disappointing really. So what should I do now?

(î√™« E®√--¨¡í¬ ÖçC. É°æ¤púø’ ØËØËç îËߪ÷L?) Kantha: Oh, I remember. With a late fee you can submit it till this weekend.

(Ç. É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. late fee ûÓ Ñ ¢√®Ωç *´-J-ü∆é¬ °æç°æ´îª’a.) Sabitha: What's the late fee? (late fee

Ñ È®çúø’ sentences ™, there, it ©†’ sentence begin îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Åçü¿’-éπØË ¢√öÀE 'Introductory' (°æJ-îªßª’ç îËÊÆ) there/ it ÅE Åçö«ç.

´îËa éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ NE°œ-

(é¬Ææh áèπ◊\¢Ë. ®ÓVèπ◊ 50 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’.) Sabitha: What a nuisance having to pay so much money! Kantha: Don't delay any further. Post it soon.

(Éçé¬ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’èπ◊. ¢ÁçôØË §ÚÆˇd îÁß˝’.) Sabitha: Yea. Let me rush.


™ ´îËa î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. Ç ÉO: O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’.

Pattern: It + would be (be form) + difficult (adjective) + getting (... ing form) =

1. difficult (adj) 2. easy (adj) M.SURESAN

¢√∞¡xûÓ ¢√Cç-îªúøç ´‚®Ω^ûªyç. 3) (It's) just no use trying that. Pattern: It + is (be form)+ (just)+ (no) use (noun) + trying (... ing form) =

ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: It + be form ûª®√yûª + noun/ adjective- àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’hçC. é¬F there + be form ûª®√yûª ´÷vûªç noun ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. 1) ¢√úÕéÀ †îªa-ñ„-°æpúøç éπ≠dç æ. It is difficult convincing him = (It + be form + adjective)

4) It will be easy getting anything from him. Pattern: It + will be (be form) + easy (adj) + getting (...ing form)= 5) There's no use submitting it now. Pattern: There + is (be form) + (no) use (noun) + submitting (... ing form) sentences pattern It/ there + be from + adjective/ noun + ...ing form.

Ñ

ÅEoçöÀ

èπÿú≈

reservation

üÌ®Ω-éπúøç Ææ’©¶µºç

It's not easy getting reservation at this late hour. 3)

àC §Òçü¿úø¢Á’iØ√ Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’.

Éçûª Ç©-Ææuçí¬ é¬ü¿’.

Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ @û√-EéÀ °æEîËߪ’úøç ´‚®Ω^ûªyç = It's foolish working for such a low salary.

4)

Éçé¬ Ééπ\úø ¢Ë* Öçúøôç Åçûª ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’ = It's no good waiting here any more. no good=

v°æ¨¡o: 1.Opposite

´÷ô©

words

ÅEo °æü∆-©èπÿ Öçö«ßª÷? ™‰ü∆ adjectives èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’Ø√?Teacher-stuÉN

5. no use (noun)

2)

ÅC v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªôç E®Ω’-°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.

™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™.

dent, FatherMother, Sondaughter opposite words

3. foolish (adj)

4. no good (adj)

Pattern: It + was (be form) + foolish (adjective)+ arguing (...ing form)=

Ææ’hçC,

´’ç*C é¬ü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç.

Å´¤-û√ߪ÷? 2. Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕéÀ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úÕçC. 3. Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕE ¶µºßª’-°-öÀdçC. – öÀ. ®Ω´÷-v°æ-ûª÷u≠æ, X¨Îj©ç -ï-¢√-•’: 1. éÌ-Eo °æü∆-©èπ◊ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Å®·ûË O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oô’x éÌEo parts of speech éÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ (Adjectives éÀ ´÷vûª-¢Ë’Ø√ ÅE ÅúÕ-í¬®Ω’ éπü∆?) ÖçúÕ ´’J-éÌ-Eoç-öÀéÀ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç Öçúøü¿’. A part of speech (Noun, Adjective, Verb, etc) opposite

éÀ îÁçC-†-¢ÁjØ√ ÅEoç-öÀéà Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Student opposites 鬴¤.

Teacher, Teacher, Learner; Master, Student oppsite father, mother; son, daughter- oppsite genders opposites

Å´¤-û√®·.

´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬F

Kantha: Rather on the high side, I'm afraid, Rs 50/- a day.



Spoken English tions

ûª®√yûª

.... it'd be difficult getting a certificate.

áçûª?)

(Å´¤†’, ††’o ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞¡xF.)

It/ there noun/ adjective + ...ing form pattern nouns, adjectives nouns, adjectives

2) ... it was foolish arguing with them.

Kantha: It's too late girly. There's no use submitting it now. The last date was the day before.

conversational Spoken English '...ing' form pattern, ...infinitive pattern difficult, easy, foolish,

™

§Òçü¿ôç éπ≠dçæ .

Sabitha: Why are you asking so?

´÷vûª¢Ë’

4) It will be easy getting any thing from him=

Ther e's no use submitting it now

(Å™« v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’úøç -´-©x àç Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰ü¿’. ÅüË ¢√∞¡x îËûª’©’ ûª-úÕ°œ-ûË. àüÁjØ√ Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’. grease the palm = îËûª’©’ ûªúø-°æúøç

ing form




™ ´·êuçí¬ informal situa-™ (Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o-¢√-∞¡xûÓ) Ææ綵«-≠æù ïJ-Ê°-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË sentence pattern Ñ

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English. Abhishta:

Ééπ\úø ¢Ë* Öçúøôç ´©x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç à¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? Sushmita: †’¢Ëy éπü∆ ´’†ç Ééπ\úø ¢Ë* Öçü∆ç ņoC. (suggest ¢√úøçúÕ) Abhishta: ÅØ√o-†-†’éÓ. ÉçÍé-´÷-vûªç -Ééπ\-úø wait îËߪ’úøç éπ≠d¢æ Ë’. Ø√èπ◊ ã®Ω’p §ÚûÓçC. Sushmita: É°æ¤púø’ complain îËߪ’úøç ´’ç*í¬ ÅE-°œç-îª-õ‰xü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. Abhishta: Ééπ\úø wait -îË-ߪ÷-©E Ææ÷*ç-îªúøç Ø√ ´‚®Ω^-ûªy¢Ë’. Sushmita: ÆæÍ®. °æü¿.

ANSWER Abhishta: Is there any good/ Is it any good waiting here? Sushmita: It is you who suggested our waiting here. Abhishta: I did suggest it, of course. I have lost my patience. Sushmita: I feel it's no good complaining now. Abhishta: It's foolish my suggesting that we wait here. Sushmita: Ok. Let's go.

鬴¤. 2. Ç¢Á’ ÅûªúÕéÀ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úÕçC-

She was afraid of him.

3. Ç¢Á’ ÅûªúÕo ¶µºßª’-°-öÀdçC– She scared him/ frightened him/ terrified him.

v°æ¨¡o: Spoken

Engish lessons -¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ-†’ç-* é¬-¢√-©ç-õ‰ -àç -îË-ߪ÷-L? – Èé. ®√-ï-´’¯-R, éπç-®∏√-ûªt πÿ®˝

-ï-¢√-•’: Eenadu

spoken Engish lessons

†’ç-* download -îËÆæ’èπ◊-E -v°œç-ö¸ -BÆæ’éÓ-´-a. v°æA ¢√uÆæç éÀçü¿ Website ID Öçô’çC îª÷úøçúÕ. internet

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 24 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007 Dr. Sita: Please avoid taking coffee so often. It affects your health.

(ÅEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x 鬰∂‘ û√í∫úøç ´÷ØË-ߪ’çúÕ. O’ Ç®Ó-í¬uEo üÁ•sBÆæ’hçC.) Rao: I want to give up taking it too. I'll try from today, not suddenly, but gradually.

(؈÷ ´÷ØË-ߪ÷-©ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’, Ñ®ÓV †’ç* v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh†’. Çéπ-Æœt-éπçí¬ é¬ü¿’, véπ´’-véπ´’çí¬.) gradually = ví¬úø’uÅM = véπ´’-véπ-´’çí¬ Dr. Sita: First, stop taking coffee after 6 O' clock in the evening. That sends you to sleep early.

(¢Á·ü¿ô ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 6 ûª®√yûª 鬰∂‘ û√í∫úøç ´÷ØÁߪ’uçúÕ. ÅC O’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-°æ-õ‰d™« îËÆæ’hçC.) Rao: But I enjoy watching late night shows on the TV.

(Å®·ûË öÃO™ ¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l §Ú®·† ûª®√yûª ´îËa v°æü¿-®Ωz-†©’ îª÷úøôç Ø√èπ◊ džçü¿ç.) Dr. Sita: You'd better finish watching the TV and go to bed before 10 or 10.30. That makes for good health.

(®√vA °æC, °æC-†o-®Ωèπ◊ öÃO îª÷úøôç °æ‹JhîË-Ææ’-èπ◊E Evü¿-§ÒçúÕ. Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ ´’ç*C.) Rao: My other problem is I can't get up earlier than 7 in the morning.

(Ø√èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Ææ´’Ææu §Òü¿’l† àúÕçöÀéÀ ´·çü¿’ ™‰´-™‰†’.) Dr. Sita: Start taking much less coffee than you do now. That'll solve all your problems.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

gesture=

ïÆæa– ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ≤˘ïc/ ÂÆjí∫. Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç– àüÁjØ√ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ îËÊÆ *†o Ö°æ-鬮Ωç Accompany – Åé¬ç°æE– é¬ç ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç– ÉçéÌ-éπ-JûÓ éπL-Æœ-¢Á-∞¡xôç ☯

☯

☯

☯

Spoken English ing form RDW) verbs

™ î√™« verbs ûª®√yûª noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. Infinitive (to + 1st ®√ü¿’. Å™«çöÀ éÌEoç-öÀE ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. é¬F...

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) Please avoid taking coffee so often. 2) Stop taking coffee in the evening after 6 O' clock. 3) You'd better finish watching the TV. 4) Start taking much less coffee. 5) I remember my dad saying so too.

a)

7) Risk =

b) etc.) [stop infinitive

a) Sita can not risk going out in this chill weather. She will be ill if she does =

éÀ Å®Ωnç – Åûª-úø’ Ø√ûÓ ´÷ö«xúøôç ´÷ØË-¨»úø’. éÀ Å®Ωnç – Ø√ûÓ ´÷ö«xúøö«-EéÀ Çí¬úø’ – (ü∆J™, ûª®√yûª, ... ing/ noun èπÿ, stop ûª®√yûª èπÿ Å®Ωnç ûËú≈ ÅC. ] 3) Finish = a) Let him finish his speech- Çߪ’† speech E ´·Tç-îªF finish + his speech (noun)

6) I consider giving up coffee altogether. 7) Don't risk going back to your village so late in the night.

b) He has just finished eating and is washing his hands.

(É°æ¤púË A†úøç ´·Tç* îËûª’©’ éπúø’-èπ◊\ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) °j sentences ÅEoçöx verb ûª®√yûª '...ing' form finished + eating (...ing form) ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. '...ing' form •ü¿’©’ éÌEo Finish ûª®√yûª infinitive verbs ûª®√yûª noun ®√ü¿ ’. ®√´îª’a. Infinitive ´÷vûªç ®√ü¿’. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ infinitive 4) Start = DE ûª®√yûª ´*aØ√ Å®Ωnç ûËú≈ ...ing form, noun, -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 373 infinitive ´‚úø’ Öçô’çC.

≤ƒ£æ«Ææç îËߪ’úøç/ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ω °æEE îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç.

Éçûª îªL™ Æ‘ûª •ßª’-öÀ-Èé∞Ïx ≤ƒ£æ«Ææç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. •ßª’-öÀ-Èé∞Ïh ï•’s °æúø’-ûª’çC. [risk + going (...ing form)] b) The hero risked his life to save the heroine =

£‘«®Ó®·-Ø˛-†’ ®ΩéÀ~ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ £‘«®Ó ûª† v§ƒù«Eo èπÿú≈ ™„éπ\ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’/ v°æ´÷-ü∆-EéÀ í∫’J-îË-¨»úø’. risked + his life (noun)] Avoid, stop, finish, remember, consider, riskverbs ...ing form noun Avoid, finish, consider, risk infinitive Stop infinitive Remember infinitive

îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? Ñ ûª®√yûª ´÷´‚-©’í¬ é¬F é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. ûª®√yûª ®√ØË ®√ü¿’. ûª®√yûª ´ÊÆh àüÓ °æE-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Çí∫úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûª®√yûª °∂æ©-Ø√-°æE ´Ææ’hçC. îËߪ’úøç í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Start ûª®√yûª, ...ing form, noun, infinitive ´‚úø÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a. É™«çöÀ ´’J-éÌEo verbs next lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç.

Please avoid taking cof fee so often

(É°æp-öÀ-Èéj-Ø√ 鬰∂‘ ¶«í¬ ûªèπ◊\´ BÆæ’éÓ-´úøç ¢Á·ü¿-™„-ôdç-úÕ. ÅC O’ Ææ´’Ææu©Eoç-öÀF B®Ω’Ææ’hçC.) Rao: I remember my dad in my childhood saying so too - that coffee affects sleep, and when sleep is affected, health in general is affected too.

Study the following.

¢√úøû√ç, Å®Ωnç™ àç ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈. (Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’Ææ’ í∫ü∆, v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµçîªôç)

1) Avoid =

Å¢√-ß˝’ú˛– ¢√ ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’èπ◊û√ç = àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç.

a) We should avoid talking bad about others =

Éûª-®Ω’© í∫’Jç* îÁúø’ ´÷ö«xúøèπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈L.

M.SURESAN

avoid talking = avoid + ... ing form

(Ø√ *†o-ûª-†ç™ ´÷ Ø√†o îÁ°æpúøç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçC. 鬰∂‘ Evü¿†’ §ƒúø’ îËÆæ’hç-ü¿F, ü∆E-´©x Ç®Óí∫uç §ƒúø-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E.) Dr. Sita: That's right. I consider giving up coffee altogether. But as you said, I'd advise you to do it gradually.

(ÅC éπ®ΩÍéd. 鬰∂‘ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷ØË-ߪ’úøç Öûªh´’ç ÅE ؈’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Å®·ûË O’®Ω-†oô’x ü∆Eo véπ´’-véπ-´’çí¬ ´÷ØËߪ’çúÕ.) Rao: Thank you. Shall I make a move now? It's already 10.30 perhaps time for you to go to bed.

(ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ¢Á∞¡xØ√ ´’J? É°æp-öÀÍé 10.30 Å®·uçC. O’®Ω’ Evü¿-§ÚßË’ Ææ´’-ߪ’-¢Ë’¢Á÷?) Dr. Sita: Don't risk going back to your village so late in the night. You can sleep here for tonight and start early in the morning. My brother is here to give you company?

(Éçûª ®√vA ÉçöÀÈé∞Ïx ≤ƒ£æ«Ææç îËߪ’-éπçúÕ. Ñ ®√vAéÀ Ééπ\úø °æúø’-éÓçúÕ. §Òü¿’lØËo ¢Á∞¡x´îª’a. ´÷ v•ü¿®˝ O’èπ◊ éπç°F É≤ƒhúø’.) Rao: Thank you for the gesture. No risk going back now because I have my cousin accompanying me. Five more minutes and he will be here with his car. We'll be back in the village in an hour.

(°æK-éπ~™x -öÃ-O îª÷-úÌ-ü¿’l.) noun

Dr. Sita: Ok, then; best of luck.

started an argument (noun) with me

¢√úø´îª’a.

started arguing (..ing form) with me

c) Let's avoid this road. It's narrow =

=

Ñ ®Óú˛ ´C-™‰ü∆lç. ÉC î√™« É®Ω’èπ◊. d) I avoid rice at night. I take only chapathis =

®√vA ؈’ ¶µï†ç îËߪ’†’. ƒ-B™‰ BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«. avoid + rice (noun)

a) I remember the name very well =

e) As far as possible he avoids autos. He goes by the city bus =

O™„j†çûª ´®Ωèπ◊ Çö™x -¢Á-∞¡x-úø’. ÆœöÃ-•-Æˇ™ -¢Á-∞¡-û√-úø’. avoids + autos (noun) 2) Stop = stop

ûª®√yûª

noun

é¬F/

ing form

é¬F

´Ææ’hçC. a) Stop talking =

Ææ’´’çû˝ Ø√ûÓ ¢√Cç-îªúøç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√úø’. í∫’®Ω’h ®√´úøç. Remember ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ noun/... ing form ´Ææ’hçC. Infinitive èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. é¬F Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.

5) Remember =

avoid + (this) road (noun)

Ç Ê°®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ í∫’®Ω’hçC. [remember + the name (noun)] b) I remember seeing you somewhere =

EØÁo-éπ\úÓ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x í∫’®Ìh≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. remember + seeing (...ing form) c) Please remember to send me the book =

´÷ö«x-úøôç Ç°æçúÕ.

stop + talking (....ing form) b) They have stopped coming here =

Ø√èπ◊ °æ¤Ææhéπç °æç°œç-îªúøç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. [Remember + to send (...infinitive)] d) I didn't remember to post the letter =

¢√∞¡Ÿx Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´úøç ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’. Have stopped + coming (... ing form) c) The police stopped the people from going in to the office =

v°æï©’ Ç°∂‘-Ææ’-™éÀ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ §ÚM-Ææ’©’ ÇÊ°-¨»®Ω’. stopped + the people compare a) and b) below:

(O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊†o Ç ¢Ë’©’èπ◊ éπ%-ûª-ïc-ûª-©’. ¢Á∞¡xôç Åçûª-°ü¿l v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Ë’-O’-é¬ü¿’. ´÷ éπ>Ø˛ Ø√ûÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Å®·ü¿’ EN’-≥ƒ™x ûª† 鬮Ω’ûÓ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«úø’. ã í∫çôéπ™«x ´÷ ví¬´’ç™ Öçö«ç.)

b) Sumanth started to argue (infinitive) with me..

avoid watching = avoid + ... ing form

ûª®√yûª

= Gopal started telling me a story.

= Gopal started a story. (noun)

b) Avoid watching TV during exams

avoid

a) Gopal started to tell me (infinitive) a story.

a) He stopped talking to me. stopped + talking (... ing from) b) He stopped to talk to me. stopped + to talk - infinitive

-Ö-ûªh®Ωç §ÚÆæ’d îËߪ’ôç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’ ؈’. [Remember + to post (infinitive) 6) Consider =

°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç/ ņ’-éÓ-´úøç.

a) I consider waiting here a waste of time.

(Ééπ\úø ¢Ë* Öçúøôç ņ-´-Ææ-®Ω-´’E ¶µ«N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ ؈’.) consider + waiting (...ing form) b) I still consider Sachin the best of players =

É°æp-öÀéà Ææ*-Ø˛†’ ؈’ Öûªh´’ véÀÈé-ô-®˝í¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ≤ƒh†’. [consider + Sachin (noun)]

v°æ¨¡o: 1)

Come to school regularly-

Ææ÷\™¸éÀ È®í∫’u-©-®˝í¬ ®√! 2) You come to school regularly-

†’´¤y Ææ÷\™¸éÀ È®í∫’u-©-®˝í¬ ´Ææ’hØ√o´¤. Éçü¿’™ Ææ÷\™¸éÀ È®í∫’u-©-®˝í¬ ®√E Nü∆u-JnE ´’çü¿-Lçîª-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ¢√éπuç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tçî√L. È®çúÓ-¢√éπuç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÊÆh Åûªúø’ Ææ÷\™¸éÀ È®í∫’u-©-®˝í¬ ´Ææ’h-†oõ‰x éπü∆ Å®Ωnç? 3) °∂晫Ø√ °æE îÁ®·u ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ î√™«´’çC you ¢√úøôç í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Do your duty first •ü¿’©’ you do your duty first, come to school in time •ü¿’©’ you come to school ÅE îÁ°æpúøç ÆæÈ®jç-üËØ√? – §Úûª’© XE-¢√Æˇ, ¢Ëí¬-ߪ’-´’t-Ê°ô -ï-¢√-•’: 1) You come to school regularly, come to school regularly. –

Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öÀF èπÿú≈ Nü∆u-Jl¥E ´’çü¿Lç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË you come to school regularly ņo°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥Eo •öÀd †’´¤y school èπ◊ Æævéπ´’çí¬ ´≤ƒh´¤ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. you come to school regularly– DEéÀ school èπ◊ Æævéπ-´’çí¬ ®√ Å-ØË Å®Ωn´‚ ´Ææ’hçC. 2) †’´¤y school èπ◊ Æævéπ-´’çí¬ ´Ææ’hØ√o´¤/ ´≤ƒh´¤ Å-ØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. 3) Do your duty first •ü¿’©’ you do your duty first ÅF; come to school on time èπ◊ -•-ü¿’-©’ you come to school on time ÅF ņôç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÆæÈ®j-çüË.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 26 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Visisht: Hi Dheeraj, where do I see you going every morning this way?

Visisht: OK then. I can't wait any longer. I will accompany you from tomorrow.

(v°æA Öü¿ßª’ç †’¢Áy-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª÷ éπE-°œ-≤ƒhN-ô’-¢Áj°æ¤?)

(ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË. ؈’ ÉçÈéçûª ´÷vûªç Çí∫™‰†’. Í®°æöÀ †’ç* FûÓ ´≤ƒh.)

Dheeraj: Don't you know I practise swimming everyday. I like swimming very much.

(®ÓW Ñûª practice îË≤ƒh-ØËo†’. ûÁLߪ’ü∆ Fèπ◊? Ñûªçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç)

2

Dheeraj: I'm afraid you are more a talker than doer. I am not very sure that you'll come tomorrow. You keep postponing things.

Visisht: Mind teaching me swimming too?

(†’´¤y ´÷ô-é¬-J¢Ëí¬F îËûª-é¬-úÕN 鬴E Ø√ ņ’-´÷†ç. Í®°æ¤ †’¢Ìy-≤ƒh-´E Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. †’´¤y ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’hç-ö«¢Á-°æ¤púø’.)

(Ø√èπÿ Ñûª ØËJp-≤ƒh¢√?/ ØËJpç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ FÍé-´’Ø√o Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ω´÷?) Dheeraj: I'd love to. Let's start tomorrow itself.

3) Keep fearing and you'll never learn anything

Visisht: Why do you say so?

(Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç. ͮʰ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç)

(¶µºßª’°æúø’ûª÷ èπÿ®Ω’açõ‰ †’¢ËyD ØË®Ω’a-éÓ™‰´¤)

Dheeraj: I will teach you at the swimming pool. It's quite safe.

(ØËFoèπ◊ swimming pool ™ ØË®Ω’pû√. ÅC Íé~´’¢Ë’.) Visisht: Where else do you go to swim every day?

Dheeraj: I go to the river to swim. I find the waters more refreshing. Time that I left for the river. You will excuse my going away now.

(؈’ †CéÀ ¢Á∞¡û√. †C F∞¡Ÿx áèπ◊\´ û√ñ«í¬ ÖçúËô’x îË≤ƒh®·. É°æp-öÀÍé †CéÀ ¢Á∞Ï}ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC. ØË ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o, à´’-†’-éÓ´¤ éπü∆?) Visisht: I can't help envying you. You are such an excellent swimmer.

(E†’o îª÷Æœ Ñ®Ω{u-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-™‰†’. Åçûª ´’ç* Ñûª-í¬-úÕN †’´¤y) Dheeraj: I hate, not swimming even for a day. If I miss the swimming even for a day I feel out of sorts.

(Ñûª äéπ-®ÓV ´÷ØË-ߪ’ôç èπÿú≈ Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. äéπ-®ÓV Ñûªèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË *é¬-èπ◊í¬ Öçô’çC Ø√èπ◊)

v°æ¨¡o: i) Future continuous tense èπ◊

voice mango will be being eaten by me passive voice be and being verbs perfect participle having beaten Having perfect tense perfect participle having eaten) ii) Being

™‰ü∆? Öçõ‰

ÅØË

™ ÅØË ®√ߪ’-´î√a? Å™«Íí †’ ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’. ÅØË °æü∆Eo ™, à Éûª®Ω °æü¿l¥-ûª’™x †’ ( Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? -D-E í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – á. °çîª-©ßª’u, ®√ïç-Ê°ô

ï-¢√-•’:

i) Perfect continuous tenses passive voice has been + past participle/ have been + past participle (present), had been + pp (past), will/ shall have been + pp (future)

èπ◊ ¢√úøç. Åçü¿’èπ◊

¢√úøû√ç.

b) Sunil wants to practise fluit=

(†’´¤y ûª°æpE Í®°æ¤ ®Ω’V´¤ îË≤ƒh†’) (Å™«Íí ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o)





-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù




374

keeps + eating (...ing form) b) The police have arrested him twice. Still he keeps (on) stealing keeps (on) + stealing (... ing form) keep on = keep.

Å®·ûË Modern usage ™ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ keep áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. keep/ keep on ûª®√yûª noun ®√ü¿’, infinitive Åçûª-éπØ√o ®√ü¿’. 5) Can't help = ûª°æpü¿’. (Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, Åçõ‰ can't help ÅØË clause ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ´*a†°æ¤púø’) Éçü¿’-™E help èπÿ, Ææ£æ…ߪ’-°æ-úøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa help èπÿ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.

practise + fluit (fluit noun). Practise infinitive

ûª®√yûª

é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªôç

Doctor £«îªa-Jç-*-†-°æp-öÀéà Çߪ’† éÌ´¤y °æü∆®√n©’ Açô÷ØË Öçö«úø’/ ÖØ√oúø’.

Ææ’E™¸ fluit ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

Dheeraj: OK. Let me hope so.

®√ü¿’.

®√ü¿’.

Mind teaching me swimming?

(-F-´¤ ÉçÈé-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡-û√´¤ Ñ-ü¿ú≈-EéÀ?)

•ü¿’©’–

Ç¢Á’ v°æA-®ÓW §ƒúøôç Ŷµºu-Æœ-Ææ’hçC DE ûª®√yûª ¢√úø-´îª’a.

practise + singing (...ing form)noun

Visisht: I'll prove you wrong tomorrow.

infinitive

a) In spite of the doctor's warning, he keeps eating fatty foods =

a) She practises singing every morning =

ûª®√yûª

keep = keep on =

verbs form

(E†’o í∫’Jç* Ø√ ņ’-¶µº´ç àN’-ôçõ‰ ã °æE-îË-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ àüÓ ØÁ°æç üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC Fèπ◊)

Visisht: Somehow still waters scare me.

(áçü¿’-éπØÓ E¨¡a-©çí¬ Ö†o F∞¡xçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ¶µºßª’ç/ E¨¡a-©çí¬ Ö†o F∞¡Ÿx Ø√èπ◊ ¶µºßª’ç éπL-T-≤ƒh®·.) scare= ü¿úø-°æ¤-öÀdç-îªôç

°j

Dheeraj: My experience of you is that you find some excuse or the other not to do something.

verb, mind

3) Keep fearing = keep on fearing

sentences ÅEoç-öÀF í∫´’-Eç-î √®Ω’ éπü∆– ûª®√yûª – ing form ®√´ôç. É™«çöÀîÓôx, -ing •ü¿’©’ noun èπÿú≈ ®√´îª’a. 1) Practise- ŶµºuÆœçîªôç

(Å™« áçü¿’-éπç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) Dheeraj: Keep fearing and you will never learn anything.

Ñ

5) I can't help envying you

Visisht: I am a bit afraid.

(Ø√èπ◊ é¬Ææh ¶µºßª’çí¬ ÖçC.)

doesn't mind + (extra) class (Noun)

4) You'll excuse my going now

ÉC-´-®Ω-éπöÀ lessons ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’2) Mind = Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ûÁ©-°æôç/ ÇÍé ~èπ◊-†oC: °œç-îªôç. DE ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ infinitive 1) éÌEo verbs ûª®√yûª, noun í¬F ®√ü¿’. ing form í¬F ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh-ߪ’E (infinia) If you do the work properly, I don't mind paying you more= tive ®√èπ◊çú≈), †’´¤y °æE ÆæJí¬_ îËÊÆh, FéÀçé¬ 2) éÌEo verbs ûª®√yûª noun/ ing M.SURESAN áèπ◊\´ úø•’s É´y-ú≈-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ form/ infinitive ´≤ƒh-ߪ’E, Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. 3) éÌEo verbs ûª®√yûª noun/ ing form don't mind + paying (...ing form) ´îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´îËa Å®√n-EéÃ, verbs ûª®√y-ûªØË ...infinib) People don't mind taxes if they are within tive ´îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´îËa Å®√n-Eéà î√™« ûËú≈ Öçô’ç-ü¿E. limits = éÌçûª °æJ-N’-AéÀ ™•úÕ Öçõ‰ °æ†’o© Ñ lesson ™ ´’J-éÌEo verbs, with noun/ °æôx v°æï©èπ◊ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç Öçúøü¿’. ...ing forms ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) I practise swimming (Mind= Would you mind)

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ (í∫ûªç™) Åûªúø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√úø’ (ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç.)

ii) Being rich, he can buy a car.

(üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÕí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x 鬮Ω’ é̆-í∫-©úø’.) being = Å™« Öçúø-ôç-´©x. v°æ¨¡o: -O’®Ω’ exercise ™ if you fail to return on time -Å-E -äéπ-îÓ-ô, I am

-îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. -É-™« È®ç-úø÷ -¢√-úÌ-î√a? – -ñ„. ®√-´’Ææ’-•s-ߪ’u, é¬-´-L

¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l§Ú®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ç¢Á’ ¢Á∞¡xéπ ûª°æpü¿’. can't help + going (... ing form) b) Murali could not help the trip to Hyderabad

He was killed by the Maoists =

ï-¢√-•’: In

Åûª†’ ´÷N-Æˇd-©îË îªç°æ-•-ú≈fúø’ (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’-™– ´÷N-Æˇd-©-ûªEo îªçÊ°-¨»®Ω’) time -

Ææ´’--ߪ÷-EéÀ é¬Ææh´·çü¿’, Ææ´’-ߪ’ç -ü∆ôèπ◊çú≈. On time = Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ éπ*a-ûªçí¬.

a) He was in time for the function =

¢Ëúø’-éπèπ◊ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç- ü∆ôèπ◊çú≈/ é¬Ææh ´·çüË ´î√aúø’. v°æ¨¡o: 1) -É-ü¿l®Ω’ -´uèπ◊h-©’ È®j-©’ éÀç-ü¿ °æ-úÕ ´’®Ω-ùÀç-î√®Ω’ (-v°æ-´÷-ü¿-´-¨»-ûª’h) -Å-†ú≈-EéÀ -Éç-Tx-≠æfl-™ Two persons got run over and killed éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?™‰éπ died -Å-Ø√-™«? 2) after all -Åç-õ‰ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ? – Èé.- ¢Áj π◊ç®∏Ωç, éÌ-ûªh-´-©Ææ

Å-E -´’®ÓîÓ-ô ï-¢√-•’: 1)

planning to return in time for the function

a) She can't help going now, though it is late in the night =

c) The teacher doesn't mind an extra class if it is before 4 =

(¶µï†ç îËÆœ† ûª®√yûª Åûªúø’ Evü¿-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.)

He was very happy to have got a chance to help her. (

F O’ü¿ Ñ®Ω{u °æúøéπ ûª°æpôç ™‰ü¿’.

can't help + envying (... ing form)

don't mind + taxes (noun)

Having taken his food, he went to bed.

(Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ*-†ç-ü¿’-´©x Åûªúø’ Å©Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.) perfect participle †’ °j Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

=

4 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´·çü¿-®·ûË, teacher èπ◊ ÉçéÓ class BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.

2) Mind teaching me swimming?

Having walked the whole distance he is tired.

I can't help envying you

Correct. Kill, passive voice

™ îªç°æ-•úø-ôç/ ´’®Ω-ùÀçîªôç ÅØË È®çúø-®√n©÷ ÉÆæ’hçC.

He was killed in an accident =

v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ Åûª†’ ´’®Ω-ùÀç-î √úø’ (Åûª†’ îªç°æ-•-ú≈fúø’) 2) After all = àüË-´’-®·Ø√. a) After all, it is how much you study that matters not how long you study=

àüË-´’-®·Ø√/ *´-JéÀ †’¢Áyçûª ÊÆ°æ¤ îªC-¢√-´-ØËC é¬ü¿’, áçûª îªC-¢√-´-ØËC ´·êuç.

b) After all, Duryodhana had to hide under water for fear of Bhima =

à´’-®·-ûËØËç/ *´-JéÀ, Hµ´·úÕ ¶µºßª’çûÓ ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†’úø’ F∞¡x™x ü∆éÓ\--¢√-Lq ´*açC.

v°æ¨¡o: I wish I knew his phone number.

I wish I would know his phone number.

=

´·®Ω-RéÀ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü¿’ v°æߪ÷ùç ûª°æp-™‰ü¿’.

could not help + the trip (noun)

DE ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈, ... infinitive ®√ü¿’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Mind, Çïc™ é¬éπ-§ÚûË not ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç.

I wish I had his phone number.

-

-O-öÀ -Å®√n-©†’ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. – Ɯ£«-î˝. -†®ΩÆœç£æ…®√-´¤, -®Ωçí¬È®-úÕf

ï-¢√-•’: I

wish I knew his phone number = I wish I had his phone number = phone number

É°æ¤púø’ Ø√éπ-ûªE ûÁLÊÆh áçûª -¶«-í∫’ç-ô’çC = Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅûªE phone number Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC É°æ¤púø’ (ÅßÁ÷u, Ø√éÀ-°æ¤púø’ ÅûªE phone no ûÁ-L-ߪ’üË/ Ø√ü¿-í∫_®Ω É°æ¤púø’ ÅûªE phone no ™‰üË ÅE ņ’-éÓ-´úøç) I wish I would know his phone number sentence

É™«çöÀC

ÉC ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωl¥ç É´yü¿’. é¬-ü¿’.

I wish to know his phone number = Phone number

ÅûªE ûÁ-©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ÖçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 28 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Damodar: Doctors strongly advise walking and jogging. That's OK. They do keep us fit. But do they help slimming?

(†úø-¢√-©E, ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-û√h-©E docí∫öÀdí¬ Ææ©£æ… É≤ƒh®Ω’. ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. ÅN ´’†Lo ®Ω’í¬_ ÖçúËô’x îË≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË †úø-´ôç, Eü∆-†çí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûªhôç Ææ†o-•-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úøû√ߪ÷?)

(ÅCíÓ. Ø√ AçúÕ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ´’K í∫´’-E-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.) Subhakar: Cut down your become slim.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅN Ææ†o-•-úËô’d îË≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË éÌ´¤y áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o ǣ慮Ω °æü∆-®√n-©†’ ´C-™‰-ߪ÷-©E èπÿú≈ Æœ§∂ƒ-®ΩÆæ’ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. F doctor èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒp-úøC FûÓ. í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓ.) Damodar: The trouble, however is, people like eating fatty foods as they are tasty and tempting.

(ÅÆæ©’ *éπ\™«x ÅN ®Ω’*í¬, ØÓ®Ω÷-JÆæ’hç-ö«®· 鬕öÀd ¢√öÀE A†-ö«-EÍé É≠æd°æ-úøû√ç.) tempting = Çéπ-J{çîË/ éÓJéπ éπL-TçîË. Subhakar: Isn't that where we should need to be careful? We should have a lot of self control.

(Åéπ\úË éπü∆ ´’†ç ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L? ´’†-O’ü¿ ´’†èπ◊ î√™« Åü¿’-°æ¤ç-ú≈L.)

eating

you'll

(AçúÕ ûªT_ç-éÓ. Ææ†o-•-úø-û√´¤.)

tors

Subhakar: They certainly do. But doctors also recommend avoiding fatty foods. Your doctor has told you that. Remember.

2

☺

☺

☺

☺

lessons verbs followed only by the '...ing' form or by the noun and not by the infinitive. ing forms/ nouns verbs verbs

í∫ûª éÌEo

™

Åçõ‰ ¢ÁçôØË ´îËa í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Å™«ç-öÀ¢Ë ´’J-éÌEo É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) Doctors strongly advise walking and jogging. 2) But doctors also recommend avoiding fatty foods. 3) People like eating fatty foods. 4) I admit eating them. 5) Can you defend eating two varieties of ghee sweets?

í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆– °j verbs ûª®√y-ûªçû√ èπÿú≈ '...ing' form ®√´ôç. Like, advise ûª®√yûª ´÷vûªç, '...ing' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, noun/ infinitive èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. Let's have another look at them:

3) People like eating fatty foods. like (verb) + eating (... ing form)

The Police Officer ill treated the MLA's P.A. =

I like walking long distances =

M.L.A. PA

†’ Police Officer ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø™‰ü¿’/ ÆæÈ®j† ´’®√u-ü¿ -É-´y-™‰ü¿’. ´’K °ü¿l ØË®√© N≠æߪ’ç™ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç Å®·ûË,

î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . like (verb) + walking (...ing form). like noun infinitive

Å®·ûË, Éçü∆éπ îÁ°œp-†ô’x, ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC, èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. a) She likes cooking = ´çô-îË-ߪ’ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dç æ. (´çúøôç Ç¢Á’ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.)

admit + to + ...ing form/ admit + to + noun

´Ææ’hçC. b) He admitted to committing the murder =

£æ«ûªu îËÆœ-†ô’d Åûª†’ ä°æ¤p-éÌ-Ø√oúø’. admitted (verb) + to + committing (...ing form)

likes (verb) + cooking (...ing form) b) I like the mango a lot =

´÷N’-úÕ-°æç-úøçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç/ ؈’ î√™« É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

commit =

´·êuçí¬ îÁúø’-°æ-†’©’ îËߪ’ôç– (üÌçí∫-ûª†ç)/ a crime (ØË®Ωç)/ a murder (£æ«ûªu)/ suicide (Çûªt-£æ«ûªu), etc. commit theft

like (verb) + the mango (noun)

375

c) He likes to act tragic roles =

c) She admitted (to) her theft =

ûª† üÌçí∫-ûª†ç Ç¢Á’ ä°æ¤p-éÌçC. Ææ´’-Jnç--éÓ-´ôç/ Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç defend Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç = ®ΩéÀ~ç-îªúøç.

5) defend =

I like walking long distances

Damodar: I have been doing that for the past two months, but I haven't lost much weight.

(؈’ í∫ûª È®çúø’ ØÁ©-©’í¬ É´Fo îËÆæ’hØ√o†’, Å®·Ø√ à´’çûª ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’.) Subhakar: But you haven't been all that strict about diet. Not always have you gone without fatty foods. I do see you still enjoying poori, butter non, potato stuff and all that.

(AçúÕ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Åçûª éπ*a-ûªçí¬ àç ™‰´¤™‰ †’´¤y. éÌ´¤y áèπ◊\´¤í¬ ÖçúË Ç£æ…-®√Eo Åçûªí¬ ´C-™‰-ߪ’-ôç-™‰ü¿’. †’Nyçé¬ °æ‹K, •çí¬-∞¡-ü¿’ç°æ, butter non ©†’ îªéπ\í¬ A†ôç ؈’ îª÷Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o†’.) Damodar: I admit eating them but not as often as you seen to think.

(؈N Açô’-Ø√o-†E ä°æ¤p-éÌçö«, é¬F †’´y-†’-èπ◊-ØËçûª ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’.) Subhakar: But not rarely either. Can you defend eating 2 varieties of ghee sweets just yesterday? A large cup of icecream too.

(Åçûª Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ èπÿú≈ é¬ü¿’™‰. E†o-öÀéÀ E†o È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 ØËA N’®∏√-®·©’, ¢√öÀûÓ-§ƒô’ °ü¿l cup ™ icecream A†ôç ᙫ Ææ´’-Jnç--èπ◊ç-ö«´¤?) Damodar: You know I avoid a second helping of them?

(Å™«ç-öÀN ¢ÁçôØË ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ A†-†E Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.) second helping = ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿E ¢ÁçôØË ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ ÉçéÌçîÁç A†ôç Subhakar: But you help your self to such large quantities that you don't need a second helping.

(Å®·ûË †’´¤y ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒÍ® ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´ A†o-°æ¤úø’ ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ ¢ÁçôØË AØË Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçúøü¿’.) Damodar: There, there. You observe my eating too closely.

1) Advise

(ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆, Ææ©£æ… É´yúøç).

a) My father advises waking up early =

ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç ´’ç*ü¿E ´÷ Ø√†o Ææ©£æ… É≤ƒh®Ω’.

b) We advise starting early to avoid the risk of missing the train = train

É´’tE Ç ûªLxéÀ

Ç °œ™«xúÕéÀ §ƒ©’ Ææ©£æ… Éî√aúø’. (Ææ©£æ…

Can you defend eating all that =

likes (verb) + to act (infinitive)

defend (verb) + eating (...ing form)

4) I admit eating them =

ÅN A†oô’x ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÌç-ö«†’. admit= àüÁjØ√ (´·êuçí¬ îÁúø’-°æE) îËÆœ-†ô’x ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç.

á´-J-éÀ-*açC)

(á´-JéÀ Ææ©£æ…

É*açD)

©E

Ç¢Á’†’ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ Eߪ’-N’ç-î√Æœ§∂ƒ-®ΩÆæ’ î˨»úø’.

E°æ¤-ù’©’ Ñ èπ◊ ®√T-B-í∫©’ ¢√úøôç ´’ç*-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.

recommend (verb) + using (...ing form) c) Experts recommend the use of copper wire =

®√T Bí∫© Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ´’ç*-ü¿E E°æ¤-ù’© Æœ§∂ƒ-®ΩÆæ’. use (vb) = Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªôç. use (noun) = Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Éçé¬, work (°æE-îË-ߪ’úøç) - verb. work- °æE– noun. recommend ûª®√yûª infinitive á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’.

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English. Aswini:

≤ƒßª·üµ¿ ü¿∞«©’ ü˨»Eo ®ΩéÀ~≤ƒh®·.

Åûª†’ N≥ƒü¿ §ƒvûª©’ †öÀç-îªôç É≠æd°æ-úø-û√úø’/ Åûª†’ N≥ƒü¿ §ƒvûª©’ †öÀç-îËçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√úø’.

´·çü¿’-í¬ØË •ßª’-©’-üË-®√-©E M.SURESAN ûª°œp´÷ Ææ©£æ…. Åçü¿’-´©x §ÚßË’ v°æ´÷ü¿ç Öçúøü¿’. admit (verb) + eating (...ing) Å®·ûË DE ûª®√yûª, Åçõ‰ advise ûª®√yûª noun/ a) She admitted ill treating her step son = infinitive èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa. Å®·ûË infinitive ¢√úÕ-†ûª† Ææ´A éÌúø’-èπ◊†’ ÆæJí¬_ îª÷úøôç ™‰ü¿E °æ¤púø’ á´-JE advise îËÆœçD ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’≤ƒhç. -Ç-¢Á’ ä°æ¤p-éÌçC. a) The doctor has advised milk for the sickly child = ï•’sí¬ Ö†o Gúøfèπ◊ §ƒ©’ É´’tE admitted (verb) + ill treating (...ing form) doctor Ææ©£æ… Éî√aúø’. ill treat = ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç. has advised (verb) + milk (noun) b) The doctor has advised the mother to give milk to the boy= doctor has advised (verb) + the mother + to give (infinitive) c) He has advised me to take rest = has advised (verb) + me + to take (infinitive) 2) Doctors also recommend avoiding fatty foods. recommend (verb) + avoiding (...ing form) a) The manager recommended taking her for the job = Manager recommended (verb) + taking (..ing form) b) The experts recommend using copper circuits wire for the circuits =

The armed forces defend the country =

†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ §Òí∫ °‘©aèπ◊çú≈ (û√í∫-èπ◊çú≈) Öçúø´¤? (avoid ¢√úøçúÕ) Nivas: †’´¤y coffee BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç ÇÊ°ß˝’. ؈’ cigarette û√í∫ôç ´÷ØË≤ƒh (stop, give up ¢√úøçúÕ) Aswini: Doctors ïy®Ωç™ coffee BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E Ææ©£æ… É≤ƒh®Ω’ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? à doctor èπÿú≈ áöÀd °æJ-Æœn-ûª’-™x†÷ §Òí∫ °‘©aôç Æœ§∂ƒ-®ΩÆæ’ îËߪ’®Ω’ (recommend ¢√úøçúÕ) Nivas: Åçõ‰ smoking éπçõ‰ coffee better Åçö«´¤. Åçü¿’-éπE †’´¤y coffee û√í∫ôç é̆-≤ƒ-T-≤ƒh´¤, †ØËo¢Á÷ §Òí∫-°‘-©aôç ÇÊ°-ߪ’-´’ç-ö«´¤ (continue, discontinue ¢√úøçúÕ) Aswini: éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅüË Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Nivas: Coffee û√í∫ôç Ææ´’-Jnç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y, ÅçûË. Aswini: Coffee BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç èπÿú≈ îÁúË ÅE Åçô’Ø√o ؈’. é¬F cigarette éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. Nivas: ÆæÍ®é¬Eß˝’. ûªy®Ωí¬ A†ôç ´·Tç. 1st show time Å®·çC.

Å´Fo A†ôç Ææ´’-Jnç--éÓ-í∫-©¢√? (ÅC Ææ•-•E îÁ°æp-í∫-©¢√?) a) Teachers cannot defend beating students =

Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ éÌôdúøç Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ߪ·©’ Ææ´’-Jnç-‰®Ω’. defend (verb) + beating (...ing form)

b) None can defend killing others =

Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ îªç°æôç á´y®Ω÷ Ææ´’-Jnç-îª-™‰®Ω’. defend (verb) + killing (noun) c) He defended his actions =

ûª† Ωu-©†’ Ææ´’-Jnç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. defend (verb) + actions (noun)

ANSWER Aswini: Why don't you avoid smoking? Nivas: You stop taking coffee. I will give up smoking. Aswini: Doctors advise taking coffee in fever. No doctor under any circumstances recommends smoking. Nivas: So you mean coffee is better than smoking. So you want to continue taking coffee but you want me to discontinue smoking. Aswini: That's exactly what I mean Nivas: You are defending taking coffee; that's all. Aswini: I mean taking coffee is bad too, but better than the cigarette. Nivas: OK. Finish eating. It's time for the first show.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 30 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2007 Dhairya: I sent my brother Vikram out to get a notebook for me. Don't know why he isn't back yet.

(´÷ v•ü¿®˝ Nvéπ-¢˛’†’ Ø√èπ◊ ØÓö¸-•’é˙ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®Ω-´’tE °æ秃†’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ AJT ®√™‰-üÁç-ü¿’éÓ.)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Dhairya: That's very risky I don't know why people take such risks.

(ÅC î√™« v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç. ÅÆæ-™„ç-ü¿’-éπçûª ≤ƒ£æ«Ææç îË≤ƒh®Ó?) Sahasa: Just to earn a living. That's all.

(èπÿöÀ éÓÆæ¢Ë’ éπüΔ Åçû√.)

Sahasa: The shop isn't far off, is it?

(≥ƒ°æ¤ Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω-¢Ë’ç-é¬ü¿’ éπüΔ?) Dhairya: His classmate had come here to play chess with him, and both of them left together to get me the notebook.

(ûª†ûÓ îÁÆˇ Çúø-ö«-EéÀ ÅûªE é¬xÆˇ-¢Ë’ö¸ ´î√aúø’. Éü¿l®Ω÷ éπ©Æœ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«}®Ω’ ØÓö¸•’é˙ ûÁîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Sahasa: What's the notebook for?

(ØÓö¸-•’é˙ áçü¿’èπ◊ É°æ¤púø’?) Dhairya: I need it to make notes for the coming exam, and I called you to help me in it.

(°æKéπ~ ´≤ÚhçC éπüΔ, Åçü¿’Íé -ØÓ-ö¸q -ûª-ߪ÷®Ω’ îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ ØÓö¸-•’é˙ Å´Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’içC. E†’o °œL-*çC èπÿú≈ Åçü¿’™ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷-EéÀ.) Sahasa: I don't know how to help you. Perhaps I'm no better at the subject than you.

(FÈ陫 ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Féπçõ‰ -Ø√é¬ Æ涄éb ˙d áèπ◊\´ ûÁL-ߪ’-üË¢Á÷?) Dhairya: I'm sure you are.

(†’´¤y Ø√éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E Ø√ †´’téπç.)

2









Look at the sentence: Nidhi has taken MPC group to do engineering = Engineering MPC group (to do = to study)

îªü¿-¢√-©E ECμ

BÆæ’-

èπ◊çC.

to do engineering = To do (to + 1st Regular Doing Word), infinitive. sentence to do engineering to do (infinitive) purpose

Éç>-F-Jçí˚ îªC-¢Ëç-ü¿’èπ◊/ îªü¿-

¢√-©E – Åéπ\úø

°j

™

™ †’ Åçõ‰ ÖüËl-¨»Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπüΔ? (Engineering îªü¿-¢√-©ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ -E-Cμ MPC BÆæ’-èπ◊çC) É™« purpose †’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ´’†ç infinitive †’ î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. English ™ ÉC î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç, ´·êuçí¬ spoken English ™. Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) I sent my brother out to get a notebook for me. 2) His classmate had come here to play chess with him.

2) come:

8) stop =

®√´ôç

a) He came to my office to get some information =

àüÓ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç éÓÆæç Åûª†’ Ø√ Ç°∂‘-Æˇèπ◊ ´î√aúø’.

Ø√ v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ ûª† °æEE ǧƒúø’.)

came (verb) + to get (infinitive) b) She comes here to teach the boy.

stopped (verb) + his work (verb) + to answer (infinitive)

comes (verb) + to teach (infinitive)

îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç

b) The speaker stopped his speech to answer a question.

3) leave =

a) He left to meet his friend =

ûª† v°∂çú˛†’ éπ©’Ææ’éÓ´-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’.

(purpose)

left (verb) + to meet (infinitive)

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù

4) need =

376

Çí∫ôç/ Ç°æôç

a) He stopped his work to answer my question.

Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-´ôç

a) I need your support to achieve this.

ã v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ ï¢√•’ É´yú≈-EéÀ ´éπh ûª† v°æÆæçí¬Eo ǧƒúø’. 9) to make a living = @´-Ø√-EéÀ/ @´-ØÓ-§ƒ-CμéÀ a) People do all sorts of things to make a living = (purpose)

éÓÆæç

@´-Ø√-EÍé/ @´-†-¶μº%A éÓÆæç/ §Òôd-èπÿ-öÀv°æï©’ à¢Ë¢Ó îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’.

b) He does such things to get the favour of his boss = Boss purpose)

Let's sit down to work on them

Sahasa: OK. I'll try to do what I can. First of all we should be thorough with the basics to understand the subject well and to make notes.

(Å®·ûË ÆæÍ®. ØË-†’ îËߪ’í∫LTçC îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô v§ƒü∑¿-N’-é¬ç-¨»©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L èπ~◊ùgçí¬, Æ涄-bé˙d Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ¢√-©Ø√o, ØÓö¸q BÆæ’éÓ¢√-©Ø√o.)

Dhairya: I think I'am well up in the basics. ( basics = be well up = He is well up in physics =

¶‰Æœé˙q Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË ûÁ©’-Ææ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) v§ƒü∑¿-N’-é¬ç-¨»©’, à Ææ¶-b„é˙d-™-ØÁjØ√. ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç. Åûª-EéÀ °∂œ>é˙q ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Sahasa: Then? (ÉçÍéçöÀ?) Dhairya: I want you to help me out with the 13th and the 14th chapters.

(Ø√èπ◊ 13, 14 ÅüμΔu-ߪ÷© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√L.)

Sahasa: I think I can be some help to you there. Why the delay then? Let's sit down to work on them.

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø-í∫-©†E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ÉçÍéçöÀ Ç©Ææuç? èπÿ®Ω’aE ¢√öÀE îª÷üΔlç.)

Dhairya: But I need the notebook. Here he is, my brother, with the notebook. Why the delay, Vikram?

(Ø√Íé ØÓö¸-•’é˙ 鬢√L éπüΔ? ÅCíÓ ´÷ ûª´·túø’ ®√ØË ´î√aúø’, ØÓö¸-•’-é˙ûÓ. -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -Ç-©Ææu-¢Á’iç-C -N-véπ-¢˛’?)

Vikram: I stopped on the way to watch a man walking on stilts. Here's the notebook.

(üΔJ™ áûªh-®·† éπv®Ω© O’ü¿ é¬∞¡Ÿxç* †úÕîË Åûª-úÕE îª÷úøö«-EéÀ Çí¬†’. -É-CíÓ- -ØÓ-ö¸-•’é˙.) walking on stilts = ´’†ç îª÷Ææ’hçö«ç, Oüμ¿’™x, È®çúø’ áûÁkh† éπv®Ω© ≤ƒßª’çûÓ ¶μº÷N’éÀ ¶«í¬ áûª’hí¬ †úø’-Ææ’hçúË ¢√∞¡x†’. Ç éπv®Ω-©†’ stilts Åçö«ç. äéπ-ô-®·ûË stilt. stilted house = éÌçûª áûª’h-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ææhç¶μ«©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖçúÕ, ¢√öÀ-°j† EJtç-*† É©’x. î√-™« flats, stilted houses éπüΔ? Ground floor Åçû√ Ææhç¶μ«™‰ Öçö«®·. First floor †’ç* E¢√-≤ƒ-EéÀ É∞¡Ÿx Öçö«®·. ÉN stilted houses.

3) Both of them left to get me a note(ÉC ≤ƒCμç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ -purpose - F book. ´’ü¿lûª’ Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç.) 4) I need it to make notes. need (verb) + your support (some 5) I called you to help me. thing) + to achieve (infinitive) 6) We should be thorough with the b) The country needs a person like basics to understand the subject Gandhi to progress. well. M.SURESAN (üË ¨¡ v°æí∫-AéÀ (°æ¤®Ó-í∫A îÁçü¿ú≈-EéÀ) 7) Let's sit down to work on them. purpose - í¬çDμ-™«çöÀ ´uéÀh ü˨»EéÀ 8) I stopped on the way to watch a man on Å´Ææ®Ωç.) stilts. needs (verb) + a person... (somebody) + to 9) Just to make a living. progress (infinitive) Ñ sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ pattern îª÷üΔlç. 5) call = °œ©-´ôç/ phone îËߪ’ôç a) She needs money to buy the necklace = a) He called me to tell me what I had to do. Necklace é̆ú≈-EéÀ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ úø•’s Å´-Ææ®Ωç. (ØËØËç îËߪ÷™ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ -purpose - Åûª†’ needs (verb) + money (somebody) + to buy (infinitive) (Necklace purpose

éÌØ√-©ØË

èπ◊)

b) He brought his brother to help me. brought (verb) + his brother (somebody) to help me (Infinitive)

鬕öÀd É™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ ´îËa

sentence pattern:

verb + somebody/ something + infinitive. somebody/ something

Å®·ûË äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.

eg: The Doctor came to see the patient. came (verb) + to see (infinitive - purpose -

ÖüËl¨¡ç)

conversation (from 1 - 9) verbs

°j

™E ¢√úø-´îª’a. îª÷úøçúÕ. 1) send: °æç°æúøç

™ç* BÆœ† ÅEoçöÀF Ñ

sentences pattern

™

a) The manager sent his assistant to find out the facts =

ߪ’-üΔ®√n©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ®Ω´’tE ¢Ë’ØË-ï®˝ ûª† ÅÆœ-ÂÆdç-ö¸†’ °æ秃úø’. b) She sent her daughter to the US to study there=

Ç¢Á’ ûª† èπÿûª’JE Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊ °æç°œçC Åéπ\úø îªü¿´-ú≈-EéÀ. sent (verb) + his assistant/ her daughter (somebody) + to find/ to study (infinitive)

††’o °œL-î√úø’/ phone î˨»úø’.)

-Å-†’-ví∫£æ«ç Å™«çöÀ éÓÆæç ( °æ†’©’ îË≤ƒhúøûª†’.

does (verb) + such things (something) + to get (infinitive)

In the past few lessons, we have seen verbs followed by the '... ing form' or the noun, and not by the 'infinitive'. In this lesson, we have seen the verbs followed by the infinitive.

EXERCISE nine sentence ... ing form

™ infinitive •ü¿’©’ ¢√úø-í∫-©-Í®¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ.

°j

for +

ANSWER 1) I sent my brother out to get a note book. I sent my brother for getting a note book. 2) His classmate had come here to play chess.

called (verb) = me (somebody) + to tell (infinitive)

His classmate had come here for playing chess.

b) They called the station to find out the position of the train.

3) Both of them left to get me a note book.

(

for getting me a notebook.

(purpose)

4) I need it to make notes =

called (verb) + the station (something) + to find out (infinitive)

5) I called you to help me =

võ„®·Ø˛ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»®Ω’.) 6) be =

Öçúøôç.

a) I was at the station to receive my uncle = purpose -

´÷ Åçèπ◊-™¸†’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ ؈’ ÊÆd≠æØ˛™ ÖØ√o†’.)

was (be) + to receive (infinitive) b) He should be here to help us =

´’†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Åûªúø’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈L. should be (be from) + to help (infinitive)

7) sit (

èπÿ®Óa-´úøç)

a) He sat down to study the map.

(´÷u°ˇ†’ °æJ-QLçîªú≈-EéÀ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√oúø’.) sat (verb) + to study (infinitive) b) They sat down to eat the meal.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶μï-Ø√-EéÀ èπÿ®Ω’aØ√o®Ω’.)

I need it for making notes I called you for helping me. 6) We should be thorough with the basics to understand the subject = We should be thorough with the basics for understanding the subject. 7) Let's sit down to work on them for + ... ing

Ééπ\úø î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’/ üΔüΔ°æ¤ ¢√úø®Ω’.

8) I stopped on the way to watch a man = I stopped on the way for watching a man. 9) Just to make a living = Just for making a living. sentences 6, 7, 8 ... ing sentences infinitive ple natural

©™ for + Åçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√-úøç. É™«çöÀ ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ simí¬ í¬ Öçô’çC.

Ææ÷:

sat (verb) + to eat (infinitive)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 1 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vatsalya: (Do) you know how to cook?

(Fèπ◊ ´çúøôç ᙫíÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Anuraga: What you've just tasted is my cooking.

(É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y ®Ω’* îª÷ÆœçC Ø√ ´çôØË.) Vatsalya: That's really marvellous. I just can't understand how you are able to cook so well.

(î√™« Å¢Á÷°∂æ’ç. Åçûª ¶«í¬ ᙫ ´çúøí∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’.) marvellous = ´÷¢˛-©Æˇ = Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i†/ Å¢Á÷-°∂æ’-¢Á’i†. marvel = ´÷´™¸= Åü¿’s¥ûªç/ Å¢Á÷°∂æ’ç. Anuraga: Why do you wonder how people can cook? It isn't that difficult. All that you need is the interest and a little practice.

(á´-È®jØ√ ´çúø-í∫-©-®Ωçõ‰ Åçûª Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-û√¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊? Åçûª éπ≠d¢æ Ë’ç é¬ü¿C. Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Á’iç-üË-N’-ôçõ‰ Åçü¿’™ ÇÆæéÀh/ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√©ØË éÓJé¬, éÌçûª Å©-¢√-ô÷†’.) Vatsalya: How did you learn it and who did you learn it from?

(†’¢Áy™«, á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√o´¤?) Anuraga: Who else from? From my mother. You should learn how to cook from mom; she is so good at cooking.

(ÉçÈé-´J ü¿í∫_®Ω’oç*. ´÷ Å´’t ü¿í∫_®Ω’oçîË. ´çúøôç ´÷ Å´’t ü¿í∫_Í® ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L. ÇNúøçûª ¶«í¬ ´çúø’ûª’çC.)

5) Just observe how my mother cooks. 6) Enquire any one how my mother cooks.

°j sentences ™E verbs †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. v°æAü∆E ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ how ûÓ begin ÅßË’u clause ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ (clause = A group of words with a verb). ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Ñ verbs ûª®√yûª how, what, when, where ™«çöÀ 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº´’ßË’u clauses ´≤ƒh®·. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, ¢√öÀûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº´’ßË’u phrases Å®·Ø√ ®√´îª’a, Oô-EoöÀ •ü¿’©’, Ñ verbs ûª®√yûª noun/ ...ing form ®√´îª’a. Let's

Anuraga: Yea. That's what I suggest exactly. During the next vacation, do come down to our place, spend a few days there and learn cooking.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅüË îÁ°æ¤hØ√o. ´îËa ÂÆ©´¤™x ´÷ ÜJéÀ ®√. éÌEo ®ÓV-©’çúø’. ´çô ØË®Ω’aéÓ.) Vatsalya: (Do) you want me to wait till then?

1) know:

noun/ ...ing form 'wh' words (how, when, where, what, etc) + clause/ phrase (phrase: a group of words without a verb)

DE ûª®√yûª

™‰èπ◊çõ‰

a) He knows English English knows (verb) + English (noun)

(Åûª-EéÀ

ûª®√yûª that + clause ´ÊÆh ã °æE ïJ-T-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç v°æéπ-öÀç-îªôç Å´¤-ûª’çC.

(Ñü¿ôç ûÁ©’Ææ’)

c) He knows how to swim knows + how + to swim (infinitive/ phrase)

(ᙫ Ñü∆™

ûÁ©’Ææ’)

d) I know where we can meet him. know (verb) + where ('wh' word) + we can meet him (clause)

5) observe =

(ņ’-´÷-E-ûª’© éπü¿-L-éπ-©†’ é¬-©çí¬ í∫´’-E-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’)

Éü¿çû√ Åûª†’ î˨»-úøçõ‰ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. wonder + that + he did ... (clause)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(¢√∞¡x´’t ü¿í∫_-®Ω’oç* ´çô/ ´çúøôç ØË®Ω’aéÌç-öçC.)

377

police

©’ éÌçûª-

have been observing (verb) + the movements (Noun)

(äéÓ\-≤ƒJ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ how èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a, that •ü¿’©’) 4) learn = ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. Learn ûª®√yûª noun/ ... ing form/ wh clause ¢√úøû√ç. a) She learnt English at school. learnt + English (noun) b) She is learning to cook/ cooking from her mother.

í∫´’-Eç-îªôç.

a) The police have been observing the movements of the suspects.

c) I wonder that he did all this =

ûÁ©’Ææ’)

b) He knows swimming knows + swimming (...ing form)

b) The medical students observed how the professor did the operation (Ç professor ᙫ operation î˨»®Ó, Ç ¢Ájü¿u Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’) observed + how ('wh' word) + the professor did the operation (clause) 6) enquire =

Nî√-Jç-îªôç/ Åúø-í∫ôç èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç)

(Inquire

ÅE

a) He enquired about my brother's job =

îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√?)

ûª®√yûª ¢ÁçôØË ´ÊÆh, äéπ®Ω’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC, Ç °æE ᙫ îËߪ÷™ ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈.

brother

Çߪ’† ´÷ ÖüÓu-í¬Eo ÅúÕ-í¬úø’. enquired

í∫’Jç* +

(ÉC ¢√ú≈-LqçüË)

about + job

She knows how to cook =

´çô ᙫ îËߪ÷™ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. (knows + how + infinitive)

Vatsalya: What are you talking? Don't I know how she cooks? Your cooking itself is good, so hers must be certainly better. Need I enquire how she cooks?

(†’¢Ëyç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Ç¢Á’™« ´çúø’-ûª’çüÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆? F ´çõ‰ î√™« ¶«í∫’çC 鬕öÀd ÇN-úøC Éçé¬ ¶«í∫’ç-ú≈L. ü∆EéÀ Åçü¿JF Åúø-í¬™«?) Anuraga: Take a joke, girly. (àüÓ joke î˨»ØËx.) ☯

☯

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) Do you know how to cook? 2) I just can't understand how you are able to cook so well. 3) Why do you wonder how people can cook?

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûª†’ ´çô îËߪ÷-©E ûÁ©’Ææ’. (Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç/

Å®Ωn-´’-´ôç) a) Kapil understands English [Kapil

èπ◊

English

èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’/ Å®Ωnç

v°æ¨¡o: 1. aisle

ûª†-ØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´C-™‰-¨»®Ó vü∆N-ú˛èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓçC: understands + why (wh word) + he has been dropped (clause) understand

ûª®√yûª ¢ÁçôØË infinitive ¢√úøç. 3) wonder = 1) Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-´ôç 2) ÅE-Pa-ûªçí¬ Ö†o N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* Ç™-*ç-îªôç. a) I wonder at Sachin's batting talent =

Ææ*Ø˛

batting

2. debut

3. arsehole

OöÀE ᙫ °æ©-é¬L? Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

v°æA¶µº Ø√é¬-¨¡a®Ωuç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.

wonder + at (about) + ... talent (Noun) b) I wonder how he can do it =

Åûª-ØÁ™« îËߪ’-í∫-©-úø¶«s ÅE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o (îËߪ’-í∫-©ú≈ ÅØË ÆæçüË£æ«ç)

Ç©Ææu-´’´¤-ûª’çü∆ ÅE ÅúÕ-í¬-úø-ûª†’.

enquired (verb) + whether + the train would be late (clause) verbs verbs

™ enquire ûª°æp, N’í∫û√ ÅEo ûª®√yûª 'that' ûÓ begin ÅßË’u clauses ¢√úÌa. °j

3) Arsehole/ Asshole (American) -

5. Has the cat has got your tongue? 6. Some arsehole had parked. So I couldn't get out.

understands + how ('Wh' word) + to do (infinitive) c) Dravid understands why he has been dropped =

Train

is learning (verb) + how ('wh' word) + he can live ... (clause)

understands + English (noun)] kapil

c) He enquired whether the train would be late =

*†o/ ûªèπ◊\´ Çü∆-ߪ’çûÓ á™« •ûª-鬙 Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. (Budget = •>ö¸/ •ïö¸ = Ö†o úø•’sûÓ á™« ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L/ úø•’s ᙫ ê®Ω’a °ö«dL ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç.)

4. peninsula –

ÅC ᙫ îËߪ÷™ Å´¤-ûª’çC

enquired + when ('wh' word) + the train would come (clause)

ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ Ææ’¶µºvü¿

has learnt + how + to operate (infinitive) d) Sukumar is learning how he can live on a small budget =

Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC.

b) Kapil understands how to do it =

á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hç-ü¿E Åûª†’ ÅúÕ-í¬úø’/ Nî√-Jç-

î√úø’.

M.SURESAN

Åûª-E-éπC îËߪ÷-©E ûÁ©’Ææ’. ûËú≈ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? Å™«Íí–

2) understand

Train

ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çC.

b) He knows to do it =

knows + to cook (infinitive)

(´÷ ö«d™ x á´-J-ØÁjØ√ Nî√-Jç (Åúø’í∫’), ´÷ Å´’t ᙫ ´çúø’-ûª’çüÓ, Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.)

Computer

Åûª-E-éπC ᙫ îËߪ÷™ ûÁ©’Ææ’. (knows + how + to do)

b) He enquired when the train would come

c) Subhadra has learnt how to operate a computer =

a) He knows how to do it =

(Å´¤†’. ´÷ Å´’t ´çúøôç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç. Fèπ◊ ´çô ´îËa-Æœ-†õ‰x.) Vatsalya: Is that so? (Å´¤Ø√?) Anuraga: Enquire any of my relatives in our place how my mother cooks. You will know.

is learning + to cook (infinitive) + cooking (...ing form)

Important: Know infinitive

She knows to cook =

☯

wonder

´≤ƒh®·.

Anuraga: Yes. Just observe how my mother cooks, and you've learnt cooking.

☯

wonder + how + he can do it (clause)

study them more closely.

(Noun)

(´çü¿© éÀ™-O’-ô®Ωx ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†o O’ Å´’t ü¿í∫_-®Ω-ÈéRx ´çô ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´’-†ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆!)

wait

4) You should learn how to cook from my mother.

Do you know how to cook?

Vatsalya: You don't suggest that I go now to your mom hundreds of kilometres away just to learn how to cook!

(Å°æp-öÀ-ü∆é¬

2

-ï-¢√-•’:

Ñ ¢√é¬u© Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – Ø√T-È®úÕf XE-¢√-Ææ’©’È®úÕf, éπ©’-¢√®·

1) Aisle = busses/ planes (bus A (Aisle) seat seats

♸ – ÆœE-´÷-£æ…™¸q™, class rooms ™, ™, seats ´®Ω-Ææ© ´’üµ¿u -©-™èπÿú≈ W (window) seat, ÖçúË-ü∆J. ÅE Öçô’çC éπü∆. Aisle seat Åçõ‰ ´’üµ¿u ÖçúË -ü∆-J- ¢Ë-°æ¤-C) 2) Debut – úÁß˝’•÷u/ úÁ•÷u = †®Ωh-èπ◊©, †ô’© v°æ-ü∑¿´’ ®Ωçí∫ -v°æ-ü¿-®Ωz†. (First appearance on the stage of a dancer/ actor, etc.) É°æ¤púø’ Ñ ´÷ô†’ Éûª-®Ω- ®Ωç-í¬-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈- ¢√-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Tendulkar made his test debut in 1989 test match

(Çߪ’† 1989-™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJí¬

4)

ÉC •÷ûª’-°æü¿ç– DE Å®Ωnç Ééπ\úø N´-Jç-îª-™‰-ç. Pronunciation - ÇÆˇ£æ«Ù-™¸. [English Å®Ωnç - Anus] Aôd-ö«-EéÀ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’, ´‚®Ω’^-ú≈ -Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Peninsula- °æ-E-Ø˛-Ææu©/ °æE-†q©– 'E— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç– ´‚úø’-¢Ë-°æ¤© F∞¡Ÿx, ´·êuçí¬ Ææ´·vü¿ç ´’üµ¿u Ö†o- ¶µº÷-¶µ«í∫ç– ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ç, ã peninsula - ÅÍ®-Gߪ÷ Ææ´·vü¿ç, £œ«çü¿÷ ´’£æ…-Ææ-´·vü¿ç, •çí¬-∞«-ë«ûªç ´’üµ¿u ¶µº÷¶µ«í∫ç, India. So India is a peninsula.

5) Has the cat got your tongue? / Lost your tongue? =

6)

àçöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø-ôç ™‰ü¿’?/ †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷ö«x-úø-ôç ™‰ü¿’?/ ØÓÍ®-´’Ø√o ´‚í∫-¶-®·çü∆? á´úÓ ´‚®Ω’^úø’ (arsehole) Åúøfçí¬ ûª† car -†’ park î˨»úø’. Åçü¿’-´©x ؈’ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ®√™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.

Çú≈úø’)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 4 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vipul: (I) missed you for almost a week. Where had you been?

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

Prapul: I've just returned from Chinnapalle. I was among our classmates who had been there on a social work project. We carried out some social work there for about a week.

2) It's a pity that in a village of 6000 population, there have been nineteen suicides.

(*†o-°æ™„x †’ç* É°æ¤púË AJíÌî√a†’. Åéπ\-úÓ social service 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷-EéÀ ´÷ é¬xÆˇ¢Ë’ö¸qûÓ Øˆ÷ ¢Á∞«x†’. ã ¢√®Ωç §ƒô’ Åéπ\úø ≤ƒç°∂œ’éπ ÊÆ¢√ 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç E®Ωy£œ«çî√ç.) Vipul: Have there been suicides there too?

(Åéπ\úø èπÿú≈ Çûªt-£æ«-ûªu©’ ïJ-í¬ßª÷?) Prapul: You mean of farmers? Oh, quite a good number. It's a pity that in a village of 6000 odd population there have been nineteen suicides.

(È®jûª’© Çûªt-£æ«ûªu© í∫’Jçî√ †’´y-ØËC? î√™«ØË. -Ç®Ω’-¢Ë-© *©x®Ω ïØ√¶µ« Ö†o Ç ví¬´’ç™ Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ 19 Çûªt-£æ«-ûªu©’ ïJ-í¬®·.) Vipul: It's sad that the government hasn't done much about it. They've announced a number of schemes for their welfare, though.

(¨îª-F-ߪ’-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç à-N’ôçõ‰ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* °ü¿lí¬ àç îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-ØËC. î√™« °æü∑¿-鬩’ v°æéπ-öÀç-*-†-°æp-öÀéÃ.) Prapul: It is unfortunate that most of the schemes do not reach the poorest farmers. They are little benefited by these schemes though they are meant for them.

2

1) Have there been suicides there too?

3) It's sad that the government hasn't done much about it. 4) It's unfortunate that most of the schemes do not reach the poor. 5) It's obvious that corrupt officials and politicians prevent the funds from going to the farmers.

6) It's true...

EXERCISE

(ÅC Eïç)

6) It's true that middle men swindle most of the funds.

a) It's true that some land grabbers have government support =

7) It's probable that some poor farmers are not aware of these schemes.

éÌçûª-´’çC ¶µº÷ éπ¶«b-ü∆-®Ω’-©èπ◊ v°æ¶µº’ûªy ´’ü¿lûª’ Öçü¿ØËC ¢√Ææh´ç/ ߪ’ü∆®Ωnç/ Ææûªuç.

8) Is it a fact that nearly Rs. 30 lakh meant for your village...?

b) It was true that he had cheated the government =

9) It's not surprising if it has been.

Åûªúø’ v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo ¢Á÷Ææç î˨»-úø-ØËC ߪ’ü∆®Ωnç. 7) It's probable that...

éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ Introductory It/ there ûÓ probable = ïJÍí/ ÖçúË Å´-鬨¡ç Öçúøôç îËÆœ† sentences ™ '...ing' form ¢√úøôç a) It's probable that he came here when I îª÷¨»ç. É°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬ Introductory It ûÓ was away = v§ƒ®Ω綵º¢Á’i, 'that' clause ؈’ ™‰†°æ¤púø’ Åûª-úÕ(That ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵º´’ßË’u éπ\úÕéÀ ´*a ÖçúÌa/ clause) ᙫ ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. îª÷ü∆lç. ÉC spoken English ™ very com-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 378 It's probable + that... begin

(That clause)

mon.

Practise the following aloud using introductory It/ there when possible. Nakul:

¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√éπ-§Ú-´úøç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’. à-N’ôçûª Ǩ¡a®Ωuç? ¢√úÌÊÆhØËç, ®√éπ-§ÚûËØËç? Nakul: ¢√úøçõ‰ Fèπ◊ É≠æd癉ü¿-ØËC ûÁL-Æ œçüË éπü∆? (clear ¢√úøçúÕ.) Manoj: †’´¤y ††’o Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç Nî√-®Ωéπ®Ωç. (sad ¢√úøçúÕ.) Nakul: ¢√úÕéà Fèπ◊ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ -¶µ‰-ü∆-©’ Öçúøôç Eïç é¬ü∆? Manoj: ÅC Eï¢Ë’. Ø√èπ◊ Å•-ü∆l¥©’ îÁÊ°p-¢√-∞¡xçõ‰ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿-ØËC ߪ’ü∆®Ωnç. Nakul: Å®·ûË ¢√úø’ Å•ü∆l¥©’ Çúø-û√-úøç-ö«¢√? Manoj: ؈C ¢ËÍ® îÁ§ƒp™«? Manoj:

ANSWER

Have ther e been suicides ther e too?

(Ñ °æü∑¿-鬩’ î√™« Ê°ü¿¢√∞¡x-®·† È®jûª’©ü∆é¬ ¢Á∞¡x´¤. Ñ °æü∑¿-é¬-©-´©x ¢√JéÀ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰†õ‰x, ÅN ¢√∞¡x éÓÆæç Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ.) Vipul: It is obvious that corrupt officials and politicians prevent the funds from going to the farmers.

(ÅN-FA ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’, ®√ïéÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ Ñ Eüµ¿’-©†’ Ê°ü¿ È®jûª’-©èπ◊ îÁçü¿-èπ◊çú≈ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω-ØËC ûËô-ûÁ©xç.) Prapul: It is true that middlemen swindle most of the funds too.

(ü¿∞«-®Ω’©’ Ñ Eüµ¿’™x î√™«-¢√-öÀE é¬ñ‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω-ØËC Eïç.) swindle = é¬ñ‰-ߪ’ôç Vipul: It is probable that some poor farmers are not aware of these schemes at all.

(éÌçûª´’çC Ê°-ü¿ È®jûª’-©èπ◊ -Ñ °æü∑¿-é¬-© í∫’Jç* ûÁLߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç èπÿú≈ ≤ƒüµ¿u¢Ë’). Prapul: Is it a fact that nearly Rs 30 lakh meant for your village has been diverted to the MLA's village?

(O’ ví¬´÷-EéÀ ÖüËl-Pç-*† 30 ©éπ~© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©†’, MLA ví¬´÷-EéÀ ´’Rxç-*† N≠æߪ’ç Eï-¢Ë’Ø√?) Vipul: It is not surprising if it has been.

(Å™« ïJ-TûË NçûËç é¬ü¿’.) Prapul: Let's hope that India will see better days.

(¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ ´’ç* ®ÓV©’ ´≤ƒhߪ’E ÇPü∆lç).











éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ îª÷¨»® éπü∆– It ûÓ, There ûÓ ¢√é¬u©’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-´-îªaE, Å™«çô°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç àç Öçúøü¿-E. Sentence v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ«-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úø-û√-´’E, ¢√öÀE Introductory There/ It Åçö«´’E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®. É°æ¤púø’ Introductory 'It' ûÓ spoken English ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE-°œçîË ´’JéÌEo- ®Ω-鬩 pattern ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

b) Is it probable that he can pass?

àüÁjØ√ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ®Ωç/ ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç/ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ®Ωç/ ¨îª-Fߪ’ç/ Nî√-®Ω-éπ®Ωç ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ ÉN áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. ´’†ç É™«çöÀ sentences ¶«í¬ practice îËü∆lç. 1) Have there been suicides there too?

=

Åûªúø’ §ƒÆˇ ÅßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç Öçü∆? Is it probable + that... (That clause) 8) Is it a fact that...? M.SURESAN

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Ééπ\úø ¢Á·ü¿öÀ 'There' introductory. Åçõ‰ Ñ there sentence v§ƒ®Ω綵«-EÍé. Question 鬕öÀd verb ûª®√yûª ´*açC. (Ñ question èπ◊ answer: Yes, there have been suicides there (= in that place - Ñ there èπ◊ Å®Ωnç É™« ´Ææ’hçC) too.) 2) It's a pity that ... = ÅC ¨îª-Fߪ’ç It's (It is) a pity + that he couldn't pass (that clause)

†’´¤y ÅûªúÕE E†o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ߪ’ü∆-®Ωn¢Ë’Ø√? Is it + a fact + that... (That clause) b) It is not a fact that he came here =

Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´úøç Eïç é¬ü¿’. It is (not) + a fact + that (That clause)

3) It's sad .... =

ÅC Nî√-®Ω-éπ®Ωç

a) It's sad that Dravid has been dropped. (Dravid

†’ ïô’d-™éÀ BÆæ’éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´úøç Nî√-®Ω-éπ®Ωç.)

b) It's unjust that Dravid has been ignored. (Dravid c) It's clear that injustice has been done to the south.

†’ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ÅØ√uߪ’ç.)

(ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ωûª Çô-í¬-∞¡xèπ◊ ÅØ√uߪ’ç ïJ-Tç-ü¿-ØËC Ææp≠ædç.)

It's + sad/ unjust/ clear + that... (that clause) 4) It's unfortunate that... It's unfortunate that we lost the match. = It's + unfortunate + that ... (that clause)

´’†ç ´÷uî˝-™ ãúÕ-§Ú-´úøç ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç.

5) It's obvious. obvious =

9) It's not surprising that .... =

ÅüËç-°ü¿l Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’

It's not surprising that/ it's no surprise that =

ÅüËç Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’

Kesav: Most people here have lung diseases.

a) It's obvious that Tennis is a game for the rich =

õ„EoÆˇ üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Çúø-í∫© véÃúø ÅØËC Ææp≠ædç/ ûËô-ûÁ©xç. It's + obvious + that ... (That clause)

b) It was obvious that it was a murder and not a suicide =

ÅC £æ«ûËu, Çûªt-£æ«ûªu é¬ü¿-ØËC ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC/ Ææp≠ædç.

Nakul: It's clear that you don't like him. Manoj: It's sad that you can't understand me. Nakul: Isn't it a fact that you have differences with him? Manoj: It's true (that I have). It is clear that I don't like people who lie/ liars. Manoj: Need I say that again?

v°æ¨¡o: We reached home after the sun had set. correct after before

-Ñ -¢√éπuç-Å-Ø√o®Ω’. -Ñ -¢√éπuç-•-ü¿’-©’ ™ -¢√-úÌ-a éπ-ü∆! -N-´-®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. – °œ.-vÊ°-¢˛’-îªç-ü˛, -*-©éπ-©÷-JÊ°-ô.

-ï-¢√-•’:

1) We reached home before the sun has set. 2) We reached home after the sun had set.

-O-öÀ-E °æ-J-Q-L-ü∆lç:

(Ééπ\úø î√-™«-´’ç-CéÀ ¨»yÆæ-éÓ¨¡ ¢√uüµ¿’-©’Ø√o®·.) Arjun: It is not surprising that they have the diseases. The factory here pollutes the atmosphere.

(¢√∞¡xé¬ ¢√uüµ¿’-©’ç-úøôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’ç é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úÕ §∂ƒuéπdK ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ù«Eo éπ©’-≠œûªç îËÆæ’hçC.) It's not + surprising + that... (That clause) It's a surprise that Dravid has been dropped = Dravid

Ææp≠ædç/ ûËô-ûÁ©xç

Manoj: What's so surprising about it?

Nakul: (Do) you mean he lies? He is a liar?

¢√Ææh´ç

a) Is it a fact that you met him yesterday? =

It's a pity that he couldn't pass =

¢√úø’ §ƒÆˇ 鬙‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç ¨îª-Fߪ’ç/ ¶«üµ∆-éπ®Ωç.

fact =

Nakul: It's a surprise/ surprising that he hasn't come.

†’ ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’.

It's + a surprise + that.... (That clause) It's a surprise, Dravid losing his place in the team. Introductory It sentences

(ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ:

èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. °j ´÷®Ωaú≈-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ.

†’ É™« ÅEoçöÀE É™«

It's a pity/ surprise/ sad, etc + somebody/ something + ...ing form)

1) We reached home before the sun has set- Main clause verb- reached- past tense; subordinate cl verb- has set- presensent tenseWe reached home tence before the sun had set earlier past action- reaching home. reach, past perfect Setting of form, had reached the sun- later past simple- set correct sentence, We had reached home before the sun set

É™« -Öç-úø-ôç-´©x, Ñ ûª°æ¤p-éπü∆. ÅØ√o ûªÊ°p éπü∆?

Ééπ\úø

Åçü¿’-´©x

Öçú≈L.

Öçú≈L.

Å°æ¤púø’

(Ææ÷®√u-Ææh-´’ߪ’ç ´·çüË -¢Ë’-´· -É-©’x -îË®√ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). 2) We reached home after the sun had set = sentence correct had reached. the sun set.

Ææ÷®√u-Ææh-´’ߪ’ç ûª®√yûª É©’x îË®√ç– éπü∆? É©’x Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Â°j îË®Ωôç ´·çü¿’, Åçü¿’-éπE, Ææ÷®√u-Ææh-´’ߪ’ç, ûª®√yûª, Åçü¿’-éπE,

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 6 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007 Sita:

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Where can we meet Indira?

Study the following:

(´’†ç ÉçC®Ω†’ áéπ\úø éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫©ç?)

a) I want to Know that =

Gopal: That's what I want to know too. Don't you have any idea?

(ÅüË Øˆ’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oC èπÿú≈. FÍéç ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆?) Sita:

I'm afraid, no. Wait. I remember now. She told me she was going to Mr. Raju's. That's where we can find her.

(™‰ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. Öçúø÷. É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. ®√V ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-†E îÁ°œpçC. ´’†ç Ç¢Á’†’ Åéπ\úø îª÷úÌa.) Gopal: Why on earth did she want to go to Mr. Raju's?

(®√V ÉçöÀéÀ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊çC ÅÆæ©’?) Sita:

She wanted to learn from Mrs Raju how to make Jangri. That's why she went there.

ÅC ؈’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. b) That's what I want to know =

ÅüË Øˆ’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oC. ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆, (a)éÀ (b) éÀ. (a) ™ ÅC ÅØË-Ææ’hØ√oç. (b) ™, ''ÅüË—— ÅE, ü∆Eo ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æ¤hØ√oç. É™«, Åçõ‰ (b) ™ ´÷C-Jí¬ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ØÌéÀ\ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊, That's what, that's where, that's when and that's how ™«çöÀ clause ©’ spoken English ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œ-≤ƒh®·. OöÀE ¢√úøôç ´©x ´’†ç stress îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¢√öÀE Ææp≠ædçí¬ îÁ°æpí∫©ç. ÉC practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ¢√öÀE O’ coní¬ versation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. î√™« effective Öçô’çC. Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above.

Gopal: How do you know that she went there for that?

(Åçü¿’-éπØË ¢ÁRxç-ü¿E FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’?) Sita:

Just yesterday she was telling me that Mrs Raju was good at making Jangri, and that one of these she should learn it from her. That's how I know she went for that.

(X´’A ®√V ñ«çvU ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’hç-ü¿E, ûª†’ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√©E E†oØË Ø√ûÓ ÅçC. Å™« ûÁ©’Ææ’ ûª†çü¿’-éÓÆæç Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRxç-ü¿E.)

We were watching a serial, and in came our friend Ramu. That's when both of them left here for Raju's.

(¢Ë’´· TV serial îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç. Å°æ¤púø’ ´’† N’vûª’úø’ ®√´· ´î√aúø’. Å°æ¤úø’ ¢√Rx-ü¿®Ω÷ éπLÆœ ®√V ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’.) Gopal: Are both of them there? That's good. In fact I've been trying to meet Ramu for some time now. Shall we go there then?

(¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ Åéπ\-úø’-Ø√o®√ Å®·ûË? ¶«í∫’çC. ÅÆæ©’ ؈’ ®√´·†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o. Å®·ûË ¢Á∞¡-ü∆´÷ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ?) We shall. Let me clean up the mess on the dining table. I won't be a minute.

(¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. Dining table O’ü¿ í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ-∞¡çí¬ ÖçC. ÅC ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îËÆœ ´≤ƒh. äéπ\ éπ~ùç.) mess = éπçí¬S, í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ-∞¡çí¬, Å°æ-J-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µºçí¬ Ö†o. I won't be a minute = äéπ\ éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ Öçúø†’. They won't be five minutes = âü¿’ EN’-≥ƒ©’ èπÿú≈ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx. ÉC O’ English ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.





(compare that insults me) 2) That's where we can find her =

a) Go to the first shop on the left of the road. That's where you get any book. =

3) That's why she went there.

Road

èπ◊ áúø´’¢Áj°æ¤†o ¢Á·ü¿öÀ shop èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. Åéπ\úË üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC Fèπ◊ à °æ¤Ææh-éπ-¢Á’iØ√. §Ú©açúÕ: You get any

4) That's how I know she went there. 5) That's when both of them left for Mr. Raju's. sentences underline expressions practice conversation

°j

™

îËÆœ† ¶«í¬

O’ ¢√úøçúÕ.

book there.

îËÆœ ™

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

379

b) Oval? I know. That's where Indians played their first match. =

Oval

1) That's what I want to know =

(Ééπ\-úÕoç* ÉçC®Ω Åéπ\úÕéÀ á°æ¤púÁ-RxçüÓ îÁ°æpí∫-©¢√?)

Sita:

††’o Üúø-¢√-©ç-ö«úø’. ÅüË Ø√èπ◊ Å´-´÷-†-éπ®Ωçí¬ ÖçúËC.

Ææ*-Ø˛èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπØË Åûª-†çõ‰ ØËE-≠d-æ °æ-úø-û√†’/ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ , éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x ¶«í¬ Çúø-éπ§Ú-®·Ø√.) (§Ú©açúÕ. I like him for/ because of it) b) She has the same opinions as I. That's why I support her =

Ø√™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√™‰ Ç¢Á’N. Åçü¿’-éπØË ØËØ√¢Á’èπ◊ ´’ü¿l-A-≤ƒh†’. 4) That's when = Å°æ¤púø’/ Å°æ¤púË. a) You remember his uncle coming in. That's when I left the place. =

Fèπ◊ ¢√∞¡x uncle ®√´úøç í∫’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆? Å°æ¤púË Øˆ-éπ\-úÕoç* ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC. (§Ú©açúÕ: I left the place then) b) That's exactly when I entered = Correct

í¬ Å°æ¤púË Øˆ’ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-*çC. (§Ú©açúÕ: I entered

That's what I want to know too

Gopal: Can you tell me when Indira left here?

Sita:

b) He wants me to sweep. That's (exactly) what insults me =

Åéπ\úø/ Åéπ\úË üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’ç-ü∆¢Á’ ´’†èπ◊/ ´’†-鬢Á’ üÌJ-Íé-ü¿-éπ\úË.

1) That's what I want to know too. 2) That's where we can find her.

(X´’A ®√V ü¿í∫_®Ω ñ«çvU îËߪ’úøç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√©-†’-èπ◊çC. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ¢ÁRxç-ü¿-éπ\-úÕéÀ.)

2







Daily real life situations ™ spoken English ™ ÅüË (ÅüË Ø√é¬\-¢√-LqçC ™«çöÀ sentences ™), Åéπ\úË (Åéπ\úË ÅC ïJ-TçC ™«çöÀ sentences ™), Å°æ¤púË (Å°æ¤púË ÅC îª÷¨»†’ ™«çöÀ sentences ™), Å™«Íí (Ç¢Á’ Å™«Íí îËÆœçC ™«çöÀ sentences ™), ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ what, where, when, how ©†’ ¢√úø’ûª’çö«ç. ÉN ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Éçé¬ simple í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ Å™« îÁ°æp-ô¢Ë’ ´’ç*C. Å®·ûË éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ÅüË, Åéπ\úË, Å°æ¤púË, Å™«Íí ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ØÌéÀ\ îÁÊ°p Å´-Ææ®Ωç (stress îËÆœ îÁÊ°p Å´-Ææ®Ωç) ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, what, where, when and how ™«çöÀ ´÷ô© ¢√úøéπç ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ.

؈’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oC ÅüË. ('ÅüË— èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç) (I want to know that ÅØÌa. Å®·ûË, Ééπ\úø that èπ◊ stress ™‰ü¿’, Åçõ‰ ÅüË ÅE Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. 'ÅC— éÀ, 'ÅüË— éÀ ûËú≈ î√™« ÖçC éπü∆!) Some more examples:

N≠æ-ߪ’´÷ †’´y-ØËC? Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åéπ\-úË-í∫ü∆ Indians ûª´’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ match ÇúÕçC?

c) That's where we met for the first time, isn't it? =

Åéπ\úË éπü∆, ´’†ç ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çC. (§Ú©açúÕ!

M.SURESAN

a) That's what I don't like =

Ø√èπ◊ †îªa-EC ÅüË/ ÅüË Ø√èπ◊ †îªa-EC. §Ú©açúÕ. I don't like that ÅC Ø√èπ◊ †îªaü¿’.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

We met there for the first time, didn't we?)

3) That's why =

Åçü¿’Íé/ Åçü¿’-éπØË.

a) Sachin is not proud. That's why I like him, even if he doesn't play well sometimes =

1. Lay, lie, laid, lied, weigh, weight, by, byepronunciation

OöÀ ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.

b) By this time next year, I shall have been out of India/ in the US =

2. Will have been, shall have been, can have been, may have been, dare have been, need have been-

´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ (= Ñ Æ洒ߪ÷-EéÀ ´·çüË) ؈’ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ •ßª’ô/ US ™ Öçö«†’. (Åçõ‰ Ñ time èπ◊ ´·çüË, ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ´CL/ US èπ◊ îËJ Öçö«†’.) Can have been - ÖçúÕ Öçúøí∫©í∫ôç–

OöÀ Å®√n©’, ¢√úø’éπ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.

3. i) In the light of, ii) lighter movement -

Å®√n©’, ¢√úø’éπ îÁ°æpçúÕ. – öÀ.Ææ÷-®Ωu-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù, ®√´¤-©-§ƒ™„ç

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. layweigh=

™„ß˝’, lie- ©ß˝’; laid- ™„ß˝’ú˛; lied- ™„jß˝’ú˛; ¢Áß˝’ (¢Á–°-ü¿-´¤-©†’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®ΩçúÕ); weight= ¢Áß˝’ö¸ (¢Á–°j† îÁ°œp-†õ‰x) by, bye= ¶„j. 2. Will have been/ shall have been- future ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´·T-Æœ†/ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊†o ÆœnA (A state of being likely to have been/ to be continuing by some time in future) a) They will have been here by this time tomorrow / by ten tomorrow morning =

Í®°‘-§ƒ-öÀéÀ/ Í®°æ¤ °æ-Céπ-™«x ¢√Rx-éπ\úø ÖçúÕ Öçö«®Ω’.

He can have been the President-

Åûª†’ president í¬ Öçúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úø’. Å®·ûË ÉC î√-™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. can have been Å®ΩnçûÓ can be ØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. May have been - ÉC èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh Å®Ω’ü¿’. ÖçúÕ Öçúø-´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ – He may have been there = Åûª-†-éπ\úø Öçúø-´îª’a – ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ may be áèπ◊\´ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. ÅüË may have + past participle (been •ü¿’©’) - He may have gone- ¢√úø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa– DE-éπØ√o He might have gone áèπ◊\´ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. Dare/ need have been- ÉN áèπ◊\´ not ûÓ ¢√-úø-û√®. He darenot have been there= Åéπ\úø ÖçúË üµÁj®Ωuç ¢√úÕéÀ ™‰ü¿’/ Åéπ\úø Öçúø-í∫© ≤ƒ£æ«Ææç Åûª†’ îËߪ’-™‰úø’ (Åçõ‰ Åéπ\úø ™‰úø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

then)

5) That's how =

Å™«(Íí).

a) That's how he built his house =

ûª†’ Ç É©’x éπöÀdç-ü¿-™«Íí.

b) People came up in life the hard way. That's how he came up too =

éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-ôç-´™‰x @N-ûªç™ °jéÀ ´≤ƒh-È®-´-È®jØ√. Åûª†’ °jéÌ-*açD Å™«Íí. (§Ú©açúÕ: He came up like that too) îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: 1) That's what èπÿ that èπÿ, 2) That's where èπÿ there èπÿ, 3) That's why éÃ, because/ for èπÿ, 4) That's how èπÿ, like that èπÿ, and 5) That's when èπÿ, then èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈? That's ûÓ ´îËa expressions, Éçü∆éπ Ææ÷*ç-*-†ô’x emphasis èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC conversation ™ ´·êuç. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. He need not have been there=

Åûª-†-éπ\úø Öçú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç -™‰-ü¿’ = -Å-ûª-†éπ\-úø -Å-†-´Ææ®Ωçí¬ -Ö-Ø√o-úø’ – -Å-ûª-†éπ\-úø Öçú≈Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’– Åûª-†-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’ í∫ûªç™– Å™« Öçúøôç ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç) 3) i) In the light of = Ç v°æ-鬮Ωç îª÷ÊÆh/ ü∆E/ -¢√öÀ Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬/ ü∆E °∂æL-ûªçí¬ a) In the light of his remarks it is clear he won't be here for long =

ÅûªE ¢√uêu-©†’ •öÀd îª÷ÊÆh, Åûª-E-éπ\úø áèπ◊\´ 鬩ç Öçúø-úø-ØËC Ææp≠ædç. b) In the light of what has happened, I have to change my opinion of things =

É°æ¤púø’ ïJ-T†ü∆Eo •öÀd, ؈’ éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√Lq ´≤ÚhçC. ii) lighter moments (lighter movements é¬ü¿’) In lighter moments = (á´-È®jØ√ Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬/ serious í¬ ™‰E Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©™) a) In his lighter moments he is very jovial = serious jokes

Åûª†’

í¬ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬, ¢ËÆæ÷h Öçö«úø’.

b) In her lighter moments, we can persuade her to do any thing = serious

Ç¢Á’ í¬ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, ´’†ç Ç¢Á’ îËûª à °æØÁjØ√ îË®·ç-éÓ-´îª’a/ à °æØÁjØ√ îËÊÆ Nüµ¿çí¬ †îªa-ñ„°æp-´îª’a. persuade = †îªañ„°æpôç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 8 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Bhargav: Didn't you say you'd be back on saturday itself? Why this delay?

(†’´¤y ¨¡E-¢√-®Ω¢Ë’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh-†-Ø√o-´¤-éπü∆? áçü¿’éà ǩÆæuç?) Sourabh: I thought I could but my cousin Anand ... cousin Anand ...) Bhargav: ..didn't let you. I know you would say that. Last time too, it was Anand that stopped you, wasn't it?

(®√í∫-©-†ØË Å†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬F, Ø√

Sourabh: Not at all. I only feel bad if I'm not at home when he comes. If he comes when I am there I feel happy.

(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. Åûª-ØÌ-*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ™‰éπ§ÚûË ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøû√. Åûª†’ ؈’†o°æ¤p-úÌÊÆh ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úøû√.) Bhargav: I understand. (Ø√ éπ®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓçC.)








Sourabh: Yes. Bhargav: What holds you together, so fast?

(O’ Éü¿l-JF Åçûª í∫öÀdí¬ éπöÀd-°æ-úË-ÊÆ-üËC?/ O’ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u Åçûª í∫öÀd •çüµ¿-¢Ë’çöÀ?) fast= í∫öÀdí¬. áèπ◊\-´í¬ fast Åçõ‰ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.

Sourabh: It's our closeness in our childhood that keeps us so together. We spent our childhood together for about four years at our grand dad's.

(*†o-ûª-†ç™ ¢Ë’ç éπLÆœ Öçúøôç ´’´’tLo Åçûª ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ Öç-ûÓçC. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Ø√©’-Íí-∞¡x-§ƒô’ *†o-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ û√ûªßª’u Éçöx éπLÆœ °Jí¬ç.) closeness = ≤ƒEo-£œ«ûªuç

Bhargav: He doesn't visit you as often as you visit him, does he?




Observe the difference between sentence A and sentence B below: A. Maoists killed him.

(E†’o ®√E-´y-™‰ü¿’. Å™« îÁ§ƒh-´F Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ džçüË E†’o ǧƒúø’, Å´¤Ø√?)

2

(´÷N-Æˇd©’ ÅûªEo îªç§ƒ®Ω’)

B. It is Maoists that killed him.

(ÅûªEo îªç°œçC ´÷N-Æˇd©’) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: A ™ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ´÷´‚-©’í¬ îÁ°æ¤hØ√oç. ÅüË B ™ ÅûªEo îªç°œçC ´÷N-Æˇd©’ ņo-°æ¤púø’, ´÷N-Æˇd-©èπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. (We stress, Maoists, ÅûªEo îªç°œçC ´÷NÆˇd q, ÉçÈé-´®Ó é¬ü¿ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

3) It is his business that is in the way.

5) It is his warmth and hospitality that draws me to him. 6) It is the uncertainty of his programme that irritates me. Introductory It

Look at the following pairs of sentences again.

†’ É™« ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, ®Ω÷°æç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:

A) India won the match because of Sachin.

It is Shekhar that got the prize.

(Ææ*Ø˛ ´©x ¶µ«®Ωû˝

match

Kavita: Why do you waste money?

4) After all, it is this togetherness that makes human beings different from animals.

sentence

It + 'be' form + subject + 'that' clause.

ÈíL-*çC)

B) It is because of Sachin that India won the match.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

¶µ«®Ωû˝ ÈíL-*ç-ü¿çõ‰ Ææ*Ø˛ ´©xØË. (ÉçÈé-´-J´™«x é¬ü¿’)

It + be form clause begin group of words with a verb)

ûª®√yûª 'that' ûÓ ÅßË’u clause (a 380

´Ææ’hçC.

(úø¶„sç-ü¿’èπ◊ §ƒúø’-îË-≤ƒh´¤?) Kanaka: Is it your money that I am spending? Why are you worried?

(؈’ ê®Ω’a-°-úø’-ûª’-†oC F úø¶«s? †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøôç?) Conversation ™E sentences í∫´’-Eü∆lç: 1) It was Anand that stopped you, wasn't it? =

EØ√o-°œçC džçüË éπü∆? (ÉçÈé-´®Ó é¬ü¿’) (Compare: Anand stopped you) It clause + that clause 2) It is our closeness in childhood that keeps us so together =

´÷ *†o-°æpöÀ ≤ƒEo-£œ«ûªuç ´’´’t©oçûª ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Öç-ûª’çC. It is our closeness ('It' clause) + that keeps us so together (that clause) 3) It is his business that is in the way.

It is ... that is in the way

(†’´y-ûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢ÁRx-†çûª ûª®Ω-í¬, Åûª-Eo†’o îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√úø’ éπü∆?)

Sourabh: True. It's his business that's in the way. Whenever he can, he visits me overnight and is back in the morning.

(ÅûªE ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ÅûªEo ®√E-´yü¿’. Å®·ûË O©’-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x/ ®√í∫-L-T-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ®√vA-°æ‹ô ´*a §Òü¿’l† ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’ç-ö«úø’.) Bhargav: After all, it is this togetherness that makes human beings different from animals.

(àüË-¢Á’iØ√, É™«çöÀ •çüµ∆™‰ éπü∆, ´÷†-´¤©èπÿ, ïçûª’-´¤-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ îª÷°œç-îËC) Sourabh: It's his warmth and hospitality that draws me to him.

(ÅûªE Çü¿®Ωç, ÇAü∑¿uç ††’o ¶«í¬ Çéπ-J{≤ƒh®·.) warmth= Çü¿®Ωç/ ǧƒu-ߪ’ûª hospitality = ÇAü∑¿uç hospitable= ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ ¶«í¬ îª÷ÊÆ draw = attract = Çéπ-J{ç-îªôç Bhargav: You are as warm and hospitable to him, aren't you?

(†’´‹y ÅûªE °æôx ÅçûË Çü¿-®Ωçí¬, ÇAü∑¿uç îª÷Ê°ô’xí¬ Öçö«´¤ éπü∆?) Sourabh: That I am. I like him very much.

(؈÷ ÅçûË. Åûª-†çõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç.) Bhargav: When is he coming here next time?

(Åûª-F-≤ƒJ Ééπ\úÕéÀ á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’?) Sourabh: His programme is uncertain. It's the uncertainty of his programme that some times irritates me. I want to be sure that I'm at home for him.

(ÅûªE programme î√™« ÅE-Paûªç. Ñ ÅEPaûË Ø√é¬\Ææh *é¬èπ◊ éπL-T-Ææ’hçC. ÅûªØÌ-*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ Éçöx Öçú≈L éπü∆?) Bhargav: Why are you angry with him?

Sunil: I'm sorry that you've lost the ring. No use worrying. Forget it.

Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆: àüÁjØ√ N≠æߪ÷Eo/ ã sentence ™ àüÁjØ√ ¶µ«í¬Eo ØÌéÀ\ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ Introductory 'It' ¢√úø-û√´’-†o-´÷ô. ÉC ¢√úøôç ¶«í¬ practice îËÊÆh, ´’†ç v§ƒ´·êuç É¢√y-©-†’-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ÷Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-´îª’a.

(F Öçí∫®Ωç §Ú®·-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. Worry Å®· v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’. ´’®Ω-*§Ú.)

A) Prasad helped me, not you =

Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÆœçC v°æ≤ƒü˛, †’´¤y é¬ü¿’.

M.SURESAN

Suman: (It's) easy for you to say that. After all, it is not your ring that is lost, it's mine.

B) It is Prasad that helped me, not you =

2) It was our closeness in childhood that keeps us so together.

(Å™« ņôç Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√, §Ú®·çC F Öçí∫®Ωç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆, Ø√C./ It's my ring that is lost, not yours. (§Ú®·çC Ø√ Öçí∫®Ωç, FC é¬ü¿’-éπü∆?) ÉC not ûÓ (°j sentence ™™«) ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ question ™ ¢√úøû√ç.

v°æ¨¡o:

-ï-¢√-•’:

Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-ÆœçC v°æ≤ƒüË. †’¢Ëyç-é¬ü¿’. Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue above: 1) ... it was Anand that stopped you, wasn't it?

à ®Óñ„jØ√ äéπ ´uéÀhE ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ éπL-Æ œ-†-°æ¤púø’ good morning ÅE greet îÁߪ’uúøç ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√? – °œ. íÓNç-ü¿-®√V, ¢Ëí¬-ߪ’-´’t-Ê°ô

-ï-¢√-•’:

Good morning,

á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√, ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12 í∫çô© ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ûª®√yûª 4, 4.30 ´®Ωèπ◊ good afternoon, Ç ûª®√yûª ®√vA Evü¿-§Ú-ßË’-´-®Ωèπ◊, good evening, ®√vA-°æ‹ô, Evü¿-§Ú-ßË’-´·çü¿÷, ®√vA *´J-≤ƒ-Jí¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰, good night.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. I will get/ make them do the work.

2. I will get/ make them done the work. 3. I got/ made them do the work. 4. I got/ made them done the work.

°j ¢√é¬u©’ ÆæÈ®j-†-¢ËØ√? ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫©®Ω’. Get/ make ™«çöÀ °æü∆©’ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ verb (Ééπ\úø do) Ist form ™ Öçú≈™«? – °œ. XE-¢√Æˇ, vü∆é~¬-®√´’ç

1) I'll get them to do the work = I will make them do the work = I'll have them do the work = I'll have the work done by them. 2) I will get/ make them done the workWrong 3) I got them to do the work = I made them do the work. Got/made done - Wrong Get/ Got + somebody + to do = make/ made somebody + do. Past Doing Word

®√ü¿’. v°æ¨¡o: éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« -îÁ-§ƒp-L. 1. ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»¢√?; 2. ÆœE´÷ -îª÷úøèπ◊; 3. ÆœE´÷ îª÷úø’; 4. îª÷ÊÆh ™«¶µº-¢Ë’-N’öÀ?; 5. îª÷úø-éπ-§ÚûË †≠æd-¢Ë’-N’öÀ?; 6. îª÷≤ƒh¢√?; 7. îª÷úø¢√?; 8. îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√?; 9. ÆœE´÷ îª÷°œç; 10. îª÷°œ-≤ƒh¢√?; 11. îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?; 12. îª÷úÌ-ü¿l-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? – Ç®˝. XüËN, ï´·t-©-§ƒ™„ç (v°æ鬨¡ç >™«x)

It is his business (It clause) + that is in the way (that clause)

4) It is this togetherness that makes human beings different from animals. It is this togetherness (It clause) + that makes human ... (That clause) 5) It is his warmth and hospitality that draws me to him. It is his warmth ... (It clause) + that draws me to him. (That clause) 6) It is the uncertainty of his programme that irritates me. It is the uncertainty ... (It clause) + that irritates me (That clause). 'It' clause + That clause combination conversation practice

Ñ

™ ¶«í¬

O’

îËߪ’çúÕ.

-ï-¢√-•’: 1. Have you seen the movie? 2. Don't see movies Don't see the movie

(ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷úøèπ◊)/ (àüÁjØ√ °∂晫-Ø√ movie

îª÷úÌ-ü¿lçõ‰).

3. See the movie. 4. What's the use of seeing the movie? seeing movies? 5. What do you lose if you don't see the movie? 6. Do you see movies? ( Will you see the movie? 7. Don't you see movies? Won't you see the movie

ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷≤ƒh¢√?) (Ç ÆœE´÷ îª÷≤ƒh¢√?) (´÷´‚-©’í¬

îª÷úø¢√?)/ (Ç ÆœE´÷ îª÷úø¢√?)

8. Are you watching the movie? 9. Show me/ Take me to the movie. 10. Will you show? 11. Do you want to/ like to/ wish to see a movie/ feel like seeing/ watching a movie? 12. Don't you want to/ wish to/ like to see the movie? English cinema = theatre (The hall in which movies are shown). movie/ the pictures/ film.

™

† *vûªç:

(áçü¿’èπ◊ éÓ°æp-úø’h-Ø√o-´-ûªEo?)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 11 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Pradeep: Were you at the theatre last night? What movie did you go to?

Jaideep:

(E†o ÆœE-´÷-£æ…™¸ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’-Ø√o¢√ †’´¤y? à ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«x´¤?) What's the matter? (N≠æߪ’ç àN’öÀ?)

Pradeep: Aren't you watching too many movies?

(†’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ ÆœE´÷©’ îª÷úøôç ™‰ü∆?) Jaideep: Whoever told you that I had been to a movie last night was lying.

(E†o ؈’ ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«x-†E îÁ°œpç-üÁ-´-È®jØ√ Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ§ƒp®Ω’.) Pradeep: Think whatever you like, you have seen to many movies this week wasting time and money.

(à¢Á’iØ√ ņ’éÓ. Ñ ¢√®Ωç É°æp-öÀÍé î√™« ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷¨»´¤. úø•’s, Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%ü∑∆ éπü∆?) Jaideep: Ask whoever you like. I didn't go to any movie last night. Whenever I want to go to the pictures, I definitely inform you. You know that.

(†’´¤y á´JØÁjØ√ ÅúÕT ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ. E†o ®√vA ؈’ à ÆœE-´÷èπÿ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ ÆœE-´÷-Èé∞Ïh FûÓ ûª°æpéπ îÁ§ƒh†’. FéπC ûÁ©’Ææ’.) Pradeep: Whoever denies it? However much I advise you, you don't cut down on your movies. True, you inform me, but does it reduce the number of movies you see?

†’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈´¤? Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Whom ¢√ú≈©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, Whom ´·çü¿’ preposition ®√¢√L: To Whom did you talk? ÅE ®√¢√L.é¬F Modern English ™ ÉC î√™« ÅÆæ-£æ«ïç, ņ-´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† §ƒçúÕûªuç-í¬†÷ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Éçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Who did you talk to? ÅØ√-LqçC. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø, preposition 'to' sentence *´®Ω ´Ææ’hçC. Who were you quarrelling with? (á´JûÓ †’´¤y §Úö«x-úø’-ûÓçC?) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ, with sentence *´®Ω ®√´ôç. a) Who are you calling? (á´JE °œ©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?/ á´-JéÀ Phone îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?) b) Who do you want to consult?

(á´JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) É™«çöÀîÓôx áéπ\ú≈ whom ¢√úøç, whom ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Åü¿%-¨¡u-¢Á’i-§Ú-®·-†õ‰x, modern spoken English ™.

a) Consult whoever you like, they will give you the same advice =

b) Whenever he comes here, he brings along his dog =

á´-J-ØÁjØ√ Ææçv°æ-Cç, ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÉüË Ææ©£æ… É≤ƒh®Ω’.

Åûªúø’ Ééπ\úÕéÀ á°æ¤púÌ-*aØ√/ ´*a†°æ¤púø™«x, ÅûªúÕ èπ◊éπ\†’ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´-≤ƒhúø’.

b) Advise whoever you like, but not me =

FéÀ≠dçæ ´*a† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ F Ææ©£æ… É´¤y, Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. °j È®çúø’ sentences ™ whomever ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ whoever ¢√úøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

Now Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) Whoever told you that had been to a movie was lying. 2) Think whatever you like, you have seen...

2

2) Think whatever you like ... whatever =

àüÁjØ√.

a) You do whatever I tell you to do =

3) Ask whoever you like.

؈’ îÁÊ°pC àüÁjØ√ ÅC †’´¤y îÁ®·u.

4) Whenever I want to go to the pictures, I definitely inform you. 5) Whichever movie you take, you find it loud, vulgar and dull.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

b) Buy whatever you want; I will give you the money =

381

FÍé-C-é¬-¢√™ ÅC é̆’éÓ\; ØËE-≤ƒh†’ úø•’s©’.

c) I'll come at 12 or One, whenever I can =

°æØÁoç-úÕç-öÀéÓ, äçöÀ-í∫ç-ôéÓ, á°æ¤púø’ ®√í∫L-TûË Å°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒh†’. 5) Whichever = àü¿-®·-Ø√-ÆæÍ®/ àüÁjûË ÅC. a) Try both of them; eat whichever you find the tastier =

È®çúÕçöÀF îª÷úø’; àC ®Ω’îÁèπ◊\´í¬ Öçõ‰ ÅC A†’. b) Whichever of us reaches the cinema earlier should buy the tickets =

´’†™ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ á´®Ω’ ´·çüÁ-RxØ√ N’í∫-û√¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ èπÿú≈ öÀÈéö¸q éÌØ√L. (Which/ whichever ´Ææ ’h-´¤-©Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈, ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Which of the candidates is the better? =

Ask whoever you like

(Ç ´÷ô é¬ü¿†oüÁ-´®Ω’? ØËØÁçûª Ææ©£æ… É*aØ√ F ÆœE-´÷©’ ûªT_ç--éÓ-´¤-í∫ü∆? Eï¢Ë’, Ø√ûÓ îÁÊ°p ¢Á∞«h´¤ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊. é¬F Åçü¿’ ´©x F ÆœE-´÷© Ææçêu ûªí∫_-ôç-™‰ü¿’)

Jaideep: OK. You shall not have cause to complain from now on. Yes, I won't be watching more than a movie a fortnight.

(É°æpöÀ †’ç* ††’o ûª°æ¤p-°æõ‰d Å´-鬨¡ç Fèπ◊ç-úøü¿’, ÆæÍ®Ø√? Å´¤†’. 15 ®ÓV-©éÓ ÆœE´÷ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷úø†’)

Pradeep: What is there in the Indian movies to attract us? Whichever movie you take, you find it loud, vulgar and dull.

(¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆœE-´÷™x àç ÖçC ´’†Lo ÇéπJ{çîËç-ü¿’èπ◊? †’´¤y à ÆœE´÷ BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o, ÅC íÌúø´ íÌúø-´í¬, ÇQx-©-ûªûÓ, ÅØ√-Ææ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Öçô’çC.)

Jaideep: True, of course. I assure you I'll cut down on movies.

☯

(Eï¢Ë’. Ø√ ÆœE-´÷© Ææçêu ûªT_-≤ƒh-†E £æ…O’ ÉÆæ’hØ√o.) ☯

☯

☯

☯

Observe the following: Whatever, whoever, Whichever, Wherever, Whenever, However, etc. 'Wh' words (What, Who, When etc.) ever lesson

(Ééπ\úø *´®Ω ÖçC éπü∆. ™ îª÷ü∆lç. OöÀ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç Ñ i) 'Wh' word ûÓ ever ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ È®çúÕçöÀF ('Wh' word †÷, ever †’) éπL°œ äÍé-´÷-ôí¬ ¢√úøû√ç. ii) OöÀE àüÁjØ√ (Whatever), Whoever (á´-È®jØ√, á´-J-ØÁjØ√, á´-J-ØÁjØ√) Whichever (á´-È®jØ√, àüÁjØ√, Wherever (áéπ\-úø-®·Ø√), Whenever (á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√), However (ᙫ âØ√) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Important: Modern English, ´·êuçí¬ spoken English ™ Whom (á´-JE, á´-JéÀ) ¢√úøéπç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’. Whom ¢√ú≈-Lq† ÅEo-îÓö«x, Whom (á´-JE, á´-JéÃ) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Who ¢√úøôç Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† (natural) English.

1) Whoever =

c) Whatever you know about it is not correct =

á´-È®j-Ø√-ÆæÍ®

Whoever has done it, has done it well =

ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* Fèπ◊ ûÁLÆœçC àüÁj-Ø√-ÆæÍ®, ÅC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. (Ééπ\-úø-èπÿú≈ Modern spoken English ™, Whatever •ü¿’©’, ´÷´‚©’ simple 'What' ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)

ÅüÁ-´®Ω’ î˨»-®Ó-í¬F/ îËÆœç-üÁ-´-È®jØ√ ÆæÍ®, î√™« ¶«í¬ î˨»®Ω’. b) Whoever violates the rule will be punished =

M.SURESAN

E•ç-üµ¿-††’ á´®Ω’ Ö©xç-°∂œ’ç-*Ø√ PéÀ~ç-°æ-•-úø-û√®Ω’. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Péπ~ °æúø’-ûª’çC.) 3) Ask whoever you like =

á´-J-ØÁjØ√ Åúø’í∫’, F É≠ædç (F É≠ædç ´*a-†-¢√-∞¡x†-úø’í∫’) – îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√oç-éπü∆? á´JE ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓèπÿú≈, whoever Åçô’Ø√oç. (whomever é¬ü¿’)

v°æ¨¡o: The decision comes in the wake of centre accepting the RIL formula on gas price against the wishes of the state government. Dr Kakodkar's carefully- worded comments come amidst a raging political debate on the Indo-US nuclear deal in India with left parties and the opposition closely watching his approach at IAEA. verb simple past tense simple present tense

OöÀ™x Ééπ\úø éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

-ï-¢√-•’:

Ñ ¢√é¬u©’ †÷uÆˇÊ°°æ-®˝-™-N. ¢√ú≈L éπü∆. ¢√ú≈®Ω’. ÉC ᙫ

– ≤ƒç•-P-´-®√´¤, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø

Newspaper report actions at a definite time usage simple

îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤p-úø’, past èπ◊ èπÿú≈ present ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. ÉC (¢√úø’éπ). India match ÈíL-*çC, ÅE, match ÈíL-*† next day, ᙫ report îË≤ƒh®Ω’?– India wins the match. (Wins- Simple Present). Å™«Íí, ™

Bridge crashes, 10 people die (Bridge news reporting

èπÿLçC, °æ-C´’çC îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ ÅE) ÉC ™ Ææ®Ωy≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç; ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.

Eat whatever you like = Eat what you like. Eat what you like

áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC, FÍéC É≠æd-¢Á’iûË ÅC A†’, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. 4) Whenever = á°æ¤p-úø-®·-Ø√-ÆæÍ®

a) Come whenever you like, our doors are open to you =

FéÀ≠dçæ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ®√/ †’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úø-®·Ø√ ®√, ´÷ ûª©’-°æ¤©’ ûÁJîË Öçö«®· Fèπ◊. í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púÓ á´®Ó Å†o N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÌéπ∞¡xûÓ ´’†ç îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ É™« present tense ¢√-úø-û√ç: My father says that he saw you here yesterday. father

O’ O’®Ωç-ô’-†o-°æ¤púø’ O’ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ É™«ØË Åçö«ç. ÉC ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.

v°æ¨¡o:

i) rub shoulder with ii) rub the wrong way iii) churn out -

-ï-¢√-•’:

Å®√n©’, ¢√úø’éπ îÁ°æpçúÕ. – öÀ.Ææ÷-®Ωu-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù, ®√´¤-©-§ƒ™„ç

i) Rub shoulders with =

¶µº’ñ«©’ ®√èπ◊ A®Ω-í∫ôç/ ÅA-îª-†’-´¤í¬ Öçúøôç/ ÅA ÊÆo£æ«çí¬ Öçúøôç.

a) We don't expect a boss to rub shoulders with his subordinates =

°j ÅCµ-é¬-J-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ éÀçü¿¢√∞¡xûÓ ¶µº’ñ«©’ ®√èπ◊A®Ω-í¬-©E ņ’éÓç/ ÅA’-´¤í¬/ ÅAÊÆo£æ«çí¬ Öçú≈©E ÇPçîªç.

b) I have a status of my own. I don't rub shoulders with all and sundry =

Ø√éπçô÷ äéπ ≤ƒn®· ÖçC. ؈’ Å®·†¢√∞¡Ÿx/ é¬E¢√∞¡xçü¿-JûÓ Å-A -’-´¤í¬ Öçúø†’. All and sundry = °æE-éÀ-´÷-L-†/- N-©’-´-™‰E v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x.

Ç Å¶µºu-®Ω’n™ x ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’? =

á´®Ω’

Who among the candidate is the better?)

c) Whichever way you look at it, it is a big waste =

ü∆Eo à éÓùç™ †’ç* îª÷ÆœØ√, ÅC ´%ü∑∆. Howevermuch = ᙫ-ÈíjØ√/ áçûÁjØ√.

6) However/

a) However great the Australian team is, it has loss to India =

ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ïô’d áçûª íÌ°æp-ü¿®·Ø√, ÅC ¶µ«®Ωû˝ îËA™ ãúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. b) However much the car costs, I will buy it =

鬮Ω’ üµ¿®Ω áçûÁjØ√ ÆæÍ®, ؈C éÌçö«†’. ÉN– ever ûÓ Åçûª´’ßË’u ´÷ô© -N-´®√-©’. OöÀE ¶«í¬ practice îËü∆lç. ii) Rub the wrong side (wrong way

é¬ü¿’)=

éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªôç a) You rub the wrong side of the CM if you ask him of land grabs CM

= †’´¤y ûÓ ¶µº÷éπ-¶«b© í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úÕûË, Çߪ’†èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œp-≤ƒh´¤.

b) (Are) you going to ask him for his bike? you'll be rubbing him on the wrong side = bike

†’´¤y ¢√úÕo Åúø-í∫-¶-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? Å®·ûË ¢√úÕéÀ éÓ°æç éπL-Tçûª’-Ø√o´¤? (†’´¤y ¢√úÕo bike ÅúÕ-TûË ¢√úÕéÀ éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçC.) iii) churn out – ¢Ëí∫çí¬ áèπ◊\´ ¢Á·ûªhç™ ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËߪ’ôç. a) The large number of engineering colleges across the state are churning out engineering graduates by the thousands. engineering colleges engineering

®√≠æZç™-E

¢Ë™Ææçêu™ °æôd-¶µº-vü¿’-©†’ûªßª÷®Ω’îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®·.

b) The Telugu film industry is churning out movies in a large number every year =

àö« ûÁ©’í∫’ ÆœE´÷ °æJ-v¨¡´’ °ü¿l Ææçêu™ØË ÆœE-´÷-©†’ ûªßª÷®Ω’îË≤ÚhçC. [churn= (ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç) *©-éπôç. Churn curds and you get butter = °®Ω’-í∫’†’ *-LéÀûË ¢Á†o ´Ææ’hçC)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 13 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007 Dhanush: How did you come by that shirt, Puneeth?

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Puneeth: I don't feel upto it now. Let's have some coffee first.

(°æ¤Fû˝! Fèπ◊ Ç ≠æ®˝d ᙫ ´*açC?)

(Åçûª ã°œéπ Ø√èπ◊ ™‰C-°æ¤púø’. é¬Ææh 鬰∂‘ û√í∫’ü∆ç.)

Puneeth: Why? Isn't it good?

(àç? ÅC ¶«í¬ ™‰ü∆?) Dhanush: My God! How could you ever think of wearing it?

(¶«¶ß˝’! Å™«çöÀ ≠æ®˝d ¢ËÆæ’éÓ¢√©E ᙫ ņ’-éÓ-í∫-©´¤?) Puneeth: Cut the crap and tell me what you find is wrong with it.

(îÁûªh ´÷ô-™«°œ, Ç ≠æ®˝d üÓ≠æç àN’ö îÁ°æ¤p.) Dhanush: The colour and the stripes across, like the ones the sidekicks of the villains in movies wear.

(Ç ®Ωçí∫÷, Ç Åúø’f-î√-®Ω©÷, ÆœE-´÷™x N©Ø˛ ņ’-îª-®Ω’©’ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-ØË-N-™«í¬ ÖØ√o®·.) Puneeth: Stop it. My aunt presented it to me. She came to India for a few weeks' stay from the US. It's a US product you know.

2













Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) How did you come by that shirt? 2) cut the crap 3) ... the sidekicks of the villain wear in the movies. 4) So it all boils down to this 5) Perhaps it's paid (It has paid) to say so to your aunt. 6) What you say to me, goes for you to 7) I don't feel up to it now. 1) Come by =

§Òçü¿-úøç/ àüÁjØ√ ´’†èπ◊ üÌ®Ω-éπ-úøç (´·êuçí¬, Åçûª ´÷´‚©’ é¬E N≠æߪ’ç)

a) You are a commerce graduate. How did you come by this computer job?

a) No Telugu movie goes without the villain having a number of sidekicks =

ņ’-îª-®Ω’©’ ™‰E N©Ø˛ Öçúøôç, ûÁ©’í∫’ ÆœE-´÷™ îª÷úøç. b) Most politicians have their sidekicks to carry out nasty jobs =

ü¿’®√t-®Ω_°æ¤ °æ†’©’ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√ïéÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-©èπ◊ ņ’-îª-®Ω’©’ Öçö«®Ω’. 4) It all boils down to this = ≤ƒ®√稡ç ÅE. ÉC î√™« ´’ç*, useful expression. O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úøçúÕ.

=

(Ç°æ¤. ÅC ´÷ Åûªhߪ’u 鬆’éπ, éÌCl ¢√®√©-§ƒô’ ÉçúÕ-ߪ÷™ Öçú≈-©E Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †’ç* ´*açC. ÅC US ûªßª÷K ûÁ©’≤ƒ.) Dhanush: So it all boils down to this. Whatever is American goes; Is that what you mean?

(Åçõ‰ F ´÷ô© ≤ƒ®√稡ç: àüÁjØ√ Å¢Á’-J-éπØ˛ Åçõ‰ ÅC îÁ©’x-ûª’ç-ü¿ØËí¬?)

†’´¤y 鬴’®˝q ví¬úø’ußË’ö¸N éπü∆? Féà éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ñ«¶¸ ᙫ ´*açC? ᙫ Ææ秃-Cçîª-í∫-L-í¬´¤?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

382

a) What the doctor has said boils down to over eating not being good for health =

b) It paid him to have supported the CM =

Æ‘á熒 Ææ´’-Jnç-îªúøç Åûª-úÕéÀ ™«¶µº-¢Ë’ Å®·uçC/ Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’ç*üË Å®·uçC. c) It pays to tell the truth =

Eïç îÁ°æpúøç (á°æp-öÀéÃ) ´’ç*C. ØË®Ωç ´©x àç ™«¶µºç ™‰ü¿’. / ØË®Ωç á†o-öÀéà ´’ç*-C-é¬ü¿’. – ÉC î√™« popular saying (áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE°œçîË Ææ÷éÀh).

d) Crime doesn't pay-

6) .... goes for you too. go for =

´Jhç-îªôç.

a) What goes for the ordinary citizen in India does not go for people's representatives and ministers. They are above law =

¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωù §˘®Ω’úÕéÀ ´Jhç-îËN, v°æñ«-v°æAEüµ¿’©èπÿ, ´’çvûª’-©èπÿ ´Jhç-¤. ¢√∞¡Ÿx îªö«d-EéÀ ÅB-ûª’©’. b) What goes for the male child, should go for the female child too, but not in our society =

So it all boils down to this

Puneeth: That's what I feel. Nothing can be wrong with any thing American.

(Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ÅüË. Å¢Á’-J-éπØ˛ ´Ææ’h´¤ àüÁjØ√ ´’ç*üË.) Dhanush: Perhaps it's paid to say so to your aunt. Otherwise she wouldn't have given you anything. Is that right.

(O’ Åûªh-ߪ’uûÓ Å™« ņôç, Fèπ◊ ´’ç*üÁj ÖçúÌa. ™‰éπ-§Ú-ûË ÇNúø Fèπ◊ à-O’ -É-îËa-C é¬ü¿’. ÅçûËØ√?) Puneeth: Don't be silly.

(°œ*a °œ*aí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊.) Dhanush: What else did she get you?

(Ç¢Á’ Fèπ◊ Éçé¬ àç ûÁ*açC?) Puneeth: What's your Interest? You want to pull my legs still?

(FÈéç-ü¿’èπ◊? Éçé¬ †Ø√o-ô-°æ-öÀdç-î√-©Ø√?) Dhanush: Come now, Puneeth, be a sport. What more did you have from her?

(ã °æ¤Fû˝, Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ Öçúø’, éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊. Ç¢Á’ †’ç* Éçé¬ àç ´î√a®· Fèπ◊?/ Ç¢Á’ Fèπ◊ Éçé¬ àN’-*açC?) Puneeth: What you say of me, goes for you too. Your brother brought you a pair of jeans from the States last year. I didn't notice anything special about it. Such or even better jeans we can get here at lower prices.

(Ø√ í∫’Jç* †’´y-ØËC Fèπÿ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC. §Ú®·† Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç O’ ņo Fèπ◊ @Ø˛q ûÁî√aúø’ éπü∆? ü∆çöx àç v°æûËu-éπûª éπE°œçîª-™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. Å™«ç-öÀN, Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* @Ø˛q Ééπ\úø ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω©èπ◊ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·.) Dhanush: OK. You must be happy that you've paid me back in the same coin. Let's stop here and think of having real good walk for a few kilometres.

(ÆæÍ®x üÁ•sèπ◊ üÁ•s éÌö«d-†E ÆæçûÓ≠æ°æúø’ûª’Ø√o´†’-èπ◊ç-ö«.Ééπ\úø ÇÊ°ü∆lç, éÌEo éÀ™-O’-ô®Ωx ü¿÷®Ωç ¶«í¬ †úø’ü∆lç. à´’ç-ö«´¤?)

b) Wherever did you come by those sun glasses? They look awful on your face =

ú≈éπd®˝ îÁ°œp† ´÷ô© ≤ƒ®√稡ç/ Å®Ωnç Åçû√, ÅAí¬ A†úøç Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ ´’ç*C é¬ü¿E. b) Our argument boils down to whether or not to buy the car

Ç èπÿLçí˚ í¬xÂÆÆˇ FÈééπ\úø üÌJ-鬮· ¶«•÷? F ¢Á·£æ…-EéÀ ÅN °∂æ’®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®·. c) Where did the management came by such a lecturer? =

M.SURESAN

Å™«çöÀ ™„éπa-®Ω®˝ ¢Ë’ØË-ñ ¸-¢Á’ç-ö¸éÀ áéπ\úø üÌJé¬úÓ? 2) cut the crap = îÁûªh-¢√-í∫’úø’ Ç°æ¤/ ÅÆæ©’ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æ¤p – ÉC Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ N´-Jçî√ç, îª÷úøçúÕ. 3) sidekicks = ņ’-îª-®Ω’©’. ´’† Æœ-E-´÷-™ x N©Ø˛ ņ’-îª-®Ω’©’.Yes, boss Åç-ô÷ N©Ø˛ îÁÊ°p ü¿’®√t®Ω_°æ¤ °æ†’©’ îËÊÆ ÅûªúÕ Å†’-îª-®Ω’©’.

v°æ¨¡o: OöÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ à´’-Ø√L? Ñ-Ø√-öÀ ´÷ -N-ü∆u®Ω’n-©’ Í®°æöÀ ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ Ö†o-û√-Cµ-é¬-®Ω’©’. ii) ™éπ éπ™«uùç – OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’-Ø√L?

2. i)

3. i) You ought to have been more careful. verb - ought to + 'be' form. ought to + 1st RDW

é¬F

®√¢√L éπü∆?

ii) The project has to be completed in a week. Verb- has to + be + pp. has to + 1st RDW iii) To be

®√¢√L éπü∆? E ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L?N´-®Ωçí¬

-ûÁ-©°æçúÕ. – öÀ.Ææ÷-®Ωu-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù, ®√´¤-©-§ƒ™„ç -ï-¢√-•’: 1. i) ´÷ô--©’/ Ö°æ-¢√u≤ƒ© ´©x ≤ƒCµç-‰EC, ´’¯†ç (E¨¡z-•lç)ûÓ ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫©ç. ii) Speculation = °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’-™„™« ´÷®Ω-û√®·, ÅÆæ©’ ´÷®Ω-û√ߪ÷ ™‰ü∆ ÅE Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊E °æü∑¿-鬩’ ¢ËÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç. É-∞¡x -Ææn-™«©’, shares ™«çöÀN éÌ-E, Ţ˒t--ô°æ¤púø’, üµ¿®Ω©’ °®Ω’-í∫’-û√ߪ÷, °æúÕ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷ ÅØË Ü£æ«ûÓ ™„éπ\©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç –

a) Having had no sleep the night before, I did n't feel up to my usual morning walk =

5) It's paid = It has paid (it pays

ÅØË

expression

èπ◊

tense

´÷®Ω’p) it pays = common, spoken English

™«-¶µº-ü∆--ߪ’éπç/ ´’ç*C– ÉC î√™« ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

a) It pays to increase our vocabulary =

´’† °æü¿ Ææç°æ-ü¿†’ °ç-éÓ-´úøç ™«-¶µº-ü∆--ߪ’éπç/ á°æp-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ ´’ç*C.

Ç ®√vûªçû√ Evü¿ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´©x, ´÷Joçí˚ ¢√é˙èπ◊ ã°œé𠙉éπ-§Ú-®·çC. b) Because of his age, he doesn't feel up to any work =

´ßª’Ææ’ Â°®Ωí∫-úøç ´©x, à °æF îËÊÆ ã°œéπ Åûª-úÕéÀ ™‰ü¿’/ Öçúøôç ™‰ü¿’. O’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ °j expressions †’ ¶«í¬ practice îËÆ œ O™„j† îÓô™«x ¢√úøçúÕ.

speculation.

active voice to + 1st RDW she

Who will win the match is a matter of speculation =

He/ she has to complete (has to + 1st RDW) the work in a week.

á´®Ω’ à °æE îËߪ’-¶-û√®Ω’, ´’† áûª’hèπ◊, Å´-ûªL ¢√∞¡x °jáûª’h ᙫ Öçô’çC. É™«çöÀ Ç™- speculation.

1. i) What silence can achieve speech can never; ii) speculation iii) broad band -

Ééπ\úø

= 鬮Ω’ é̆-úø´÷, ´ü∆l ÅØËC ´’† ¢√ü¿† ≤ƒ®√稡ç.

´’í∫-G-úøfèπ◊ ´Jhç-îËC, ÇúøP-¨¡Ÿ-´¤èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ´Jhç-î√L, é¬F ´’† Ææ´÷-ïç™ -Å-™«é¬ü¿’. 7) I don't feel up to it now: feel up to = (àüÁjØ√ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊) ã°œéπ/ ¨¡éÀh Öçúøôç. áèπ◊\-´í¬ ã°œé𠙉ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ not ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

§ÚöÃ-™ á´®Ω’ Èí©’-≤ƒh-®Ω-ØËC Ü£œ«ç-éÓ¢√LqçüË. (Éûª-N’--ûªnçí¬ îÁ°æp™‰ç.) iii) Broad band: Internet, phones ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ ÆæçÍé-û√©’ °æçÊ° ¨¡-•l°æ¤ -Å-©-©- ™«çöÀ v¨ÏùÀ – communications èπ◊ Ææç•çCµç*† technical word.

2. i) Our students of today are the high ranking officials/ administrators of tomorrow. ii)

™éπ-éπ-∞«uùç=

The good of the world.

3) i) ought to have been more careful-

ÉçéÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈-LqçC (í∫ûªç™E N≠æߪ’ç). You ought to respect elders= É°æ¤púø’ °ü¿l ¢√∞¡xE †’´¤y íı®Ω-Nç-î√L. (F üµ¿®Ωtç) (ought to + 1st RDW)

ii) The project has to be completed in a week- has to be completed passive voiceproject Passive voice correct.

D-E- -Å®Ωnç – ¢√-®√-E-éπçû√ í¬ ÉC -•-ú≈-L.-

°æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’

™ Å®·-ûË, O’®Ω’- -Å-†o-ô’x has ´Ææ’hçC– Å®·ûË subject he/

É-üË

í¬ Öçú≈L.

iii) To be=

Öçúøôç. I dont like to be here = Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç -Ø√èπ◊ É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. To be good/ truthful is difficult = ´’ç*-í¬/ -E-ñ«--ߪ’-Bí¬ Öçúøôç éπ≠dçæ .

v°æ¨¡o: I came here to do the work.

I came here for doing the work.- Please quote some examples using 'To' and 'for' with meanings.

ï-¢√-•’: I came here to do the work = I came –-

á.®√-´÷ç-ï-ØË-ߪ·©’, éπ®Ω÷o-©’

here for doing the work =

Ç °æ-E îËÊÆç-

ü¿’èπ◊ ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√a†’. a) He sold his house to clear his debts = He sold his house for clearing his debts =

Å°æ¤p©’ BÍ®aç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûªúø’ É©’x Ţ˒t-¨»úø’. b) He uses his knowledge to help others/ for helping others =

Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ °æúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å-ûª-úø’ -ûª-† -N-ñc«-Ø√-Eo -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhúø’. ´’J-éÌ-Eo -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-©èπ◊ Lesson No – 375 îª÷úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 15 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007 Rohit: It's you, Ranjan? How come you are here at this time?

(®ΩçïØ˛, †’¢√y? Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ, Ñ ¢Ë∞¡°æ¤púø’?)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Rohit: Walking is good for health, no doubt. But why don't you ask your dad for a new bike?

(†úøéπ Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ ´’ç*üË Å†’éÓ. Å®·Ø√ O’ Ø√†o†’ éÌûªh ¶„jé˙ Åúø-í∫-™‰ü∆?)

Ranjan: Where else do you expect me to be? It's now 6 and I am on my way to the library.

Ranjan: He will come down heavily on m; if I do that. I know better than to do that.

(ÉçÈééπ\úø Öçö«†E ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? É°æ¤púø’ õ„j¢˛’, Ç®Ω’. ؈’ ™„jv•-KéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o†’.)

(Å™« îËÊÆh ´÷ Ø√†o î√™« éÓ°æp-úø-û√®Ω’ Ø√ O’ü¿. Åü¿çûª ´’ç* °æE-é¬-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.)

Rohit: But you usually practise tennis at this time, don't you? You practise in flood lights too.

(é¬F Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ †’´¤y õ„EoÆˇ v§ƒéÃdÆˇ îËÆæ’hç-ö«´¤ éπü∆? °∂æxú˛-™„j-ö¸q™ èπÿú≈ †’´¤y Çúø’-ûª’ç-ö«´¤ éπü∆?) Ranjan: I've given up. All my efforts to be a good tennis player have come nothing. I've decided I can never become a good tennis player. I didn't want to be a mediocre.

(؈’ ´÷ØË-¨»†’. ´’ç* õ„EoÆˇ véÃú≈鬮Ω’úø’ Å¢√y©†o v°æߪ’-û√o™‰ç °∂æLç-îª-™‰ü¿’. íÌ°æp õ„EoÆˇ Çô-í¬-úÕE 鬙‰-†E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Åçûª ´’ç* Çô-í¬úø’ é¬ü¿’ ÅE°œç--éÓ-´úøç Ø√èπ◊ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. mediocre= O’úÕ-ßÁ÷-Å-éπ®˝ – ßÁ÷ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç – üËE™ Å®·Ø√ Åçûªí¬ ®√ùÀç-îªE ¢√∞¡Ÿx. The movie is just mediocre. Nothing much to talk of =

ÆœE´÷ Åçûª ¶«í¬ à癉ü¿’. Åçûª îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√-LqçüËç ™‰ü¿’.

2





Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) How come you are here at this time? 2) All my efforts to be a good player have come to nothing. 3) You should have kept on with it 4) Finally you came round to your dad's view. 5) come to think of it, .... 6) some parts have come off 7) He will come down heavily on me. 1) How come...? Spoken English expression.

ÉC -™ î√™« Å®Ωnç = àçöÀ É™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË Å®·uçC? ÅE ã Ææç°∂æ’-ô† N´®Ωç Åúø-í∫ôç.

b) The government's attempts to keep the land deal under wraps have come to nothing =

Ç ¶µº÷N’ ´u´-£æ…®Ωç íÓ°æuçí¬ Öçî√-©E v°æ¶µº’ûªyç îËÆœ† v°æߪ’-û√o©’ N°∂æ-©-´’-ߪ÷u®·. Keep under wraps - ´‚Æœ Öçîªúøç/ ®Ω£æ«Ææuçí¬ Öçîªúøç 3) Kept on with it/ Keep on with some thing -

äéπ °æEE é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªúøç =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(؈’ Ø√ A®Ω’-°æA ߪ÷vûª N®Ω-N’ç--èπ◊Ø√o.)

383

5) Come to think of it.

'Ç, í∫’®Ìh-*açC—/ 'ÅÆæ©’ Ææçí∫A— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç Ñ ´÷ô. a) Come to think of it, I haven't seen him in years.

Ç í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Åûªú≈ – Åûª-úÕE îª÷Æœ î√™« Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©-®·çC.

continue.

a) In spite of severe opposition, the government keeps on with the acquirement of land for SEZs=

a) Geeta: I've cancelled my Tirupathi trip.

àç worry Å´èπ◊. ¢√úø’ ûª°æpéπ ü∆JéÀ ´≤ƒhúø’. ´’†ç ÅúÕ-TçC ¢√úø’ îÁLx-≤ƒhúø’.

Bv´ ´uA-Í®-éπûª Ö†o-°æpöÀéà v°æ¶µº’ûªyç SEZs (v°æûËuéπ ÇJnéπ ´’çúø∞¡x) éÓÆæç Ææn©ç ÊÆéπ-J-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC.

b) I met him yesterday. We spend an hour talking to each other. Come to think of it. He wanted to see you =

E†o Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ í∫úÕ§ƒç. ÅÆæ©’ Ææçí∫A– Åûªúø’ E†’o éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. 6) some parts have come off: come off -

(à ¶µ«í¬-Eé¬ ¶µ«í∫ç) NúÕ§Ú-´úøç/ ÜúÕ-§Ú-´úøç.

come to think of it

Rohit: You should have kept on with it. Don't you think 8 to 9 months is too short a period for you to decide?

Sitha: How come?

(†’´¤y ü∆Eo é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-î√-LqçC. †’´¤y E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ 8, 9 ØÁ©©’ î√©-´E ņ’-éÓ-´úøç ™‰ü∆?)

b) How come you no longer are

Ranjan: It is too long, rather. Just 3 or 4 months is enough to help you decide. Moreover my studies were being disturbed.

†’´¤y ïí∫-D-≠ˇûÓ ÊÆo£æ«çí¬ ™‰éπ§Ú´úø¢Ë’çöÀ †’´¤y? Ñ How come ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ O’ conversation ™. 2) come to nothing: N°∂æ-©-´’-´ôç

(ÅC î√™« áèπ◊\´. ´‚úø’ Ø√©’í∫’ ØÁ©©’ î√©’, †’´¤y E®Ωg-®·ç--éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ Ø√ îªü¿’´¤ §ƒúÁj-§Ú-ûª’çC.)

Rohit: So finally you came round to your dad's view that studies are more reliable than sports, when it comes to career.

(ÈéK®˝ N≠æ-ߪ÷EéÀ ´ÊÆh Çô© éπçõ‰ îªü¿’¢Ë áèπ◊\´ Çüµ∆-®Ω°æúøü¿-Tç-ü¿ØË O’ Ø√†o ÅGµ-v§ƒßª÷-EÍé ´î√a-´-†o-´÷ô.)

Ranjan: Yea. To some extent. Come to think of it, I should have started on tennis at a still younger age.

(Å´¤†’. éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷EéÀ ´ÊÆh ؈’ õ„EoÆˇ Éçé¬Ææh *†o-´-ߪ’-Ææ’-™ØË v§ƒ®ΩçGµç* Öçú≈-LqçC.)

Rohit: What happened to your bike? You are on foot.

(F ¶„jé˙ à¢Á’içC? †úø’Ææ÷h éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢ËçöÀ?)

Ranjan: You know it's an old bike that my dad give me. Some of the parts have come off and the mechanic has told me that it's no use. Instead of my riding it, it rides me when it breaks down, and that is too frequent.

(ÅC §ƒûª ¶„jé˙ ÅE ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆, ÅC ´÷ Ø√†o Ø√éÀ-*açC. ü∆E™ éÌEo ¶µ«í¬©’ §ƒúÁj§Ú-ߪ÷®·, ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ èπÿú≈ ÅC Éçéπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫-°æ-úø-ü¿E îÁ§ƒpúø’. ÅC ††’o ¢Á÷ÊÆ •ü¿’©’, ؈’ ü∆Eo ¢Á÷ߪ÷Lq ´≤ÚhçC, ÅC ÇT-§Ú®·†°æ¤púø™«x – Åçü¿’™ ÅC ÇT-§Ú-´úøç èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\¢Ë.)

acquire =

(àçöÀ?áçü¿’-éπE?)

b) He kept on with his teaching though he was old =

M.SURESAN

a) The government's attempts to gag the

a) I am sure that because of his recent losses, he will come round to our view =

press have come to nothing =

°ævA-éπ© ØÓ∞¡Ÿx ØÌÍé\ߪ÷©†o v°æ¶µº’ûªy v°æߪ’-û√o©’ N°∂æ-©-´’-ߪ÷u®·.

´ßª’-ÂÆj-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Çߪ’† ¶üµ¿-††’ é̆-≤ƒTçî√úø’. 4) To come round = ü∆JéÀ ûË´úøç (Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´uA-Í®-éÀç-*†ü∆Eo ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç) Åûª-EéÀ Ñ ´’üµ¿u éπL-T† †≥ƒd© ´©x ´’† ü∆JÍé ´’Sx ´≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«.

b) Don't worry. He will come round. He will pay what we've demanded =

-v°æ-¨¡o:

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) I wish it were possible. 3) I wish I didn't have to work.

- -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -Å®Ωnç -N-´-Jç--îªí∫-©®Ω’. – Ƒ£«-î˝.-Ø√Íí-¨¡y®Ω®√-´¤, ®Ωçí¬È®-úÕf ->-™«x.

-ï-¢√-•’:

I wish it were possible= ÅC ≤ƒüµ¿u-¢Á’iûË áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC! (É°æ¤púø’ ÅC ≤ƒüµ¿uç-é¬ü¿’) I wish you were there= †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ Åéπ\úø Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC (†’Ny-°æ¤púø’ Åéπ\úø ™‰´¤) I wish I did'nt have to work= ؈’ É°æ¤púø’ °æE îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC. (؈’ É°æ¤púø’ °æE-îË-ߪ÷Lq ´≤ÚhçC. ÅC Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’) -v°æ-¨¡o: È®çúø’-¢Ë-© †’ç* ´‚úø’-¢Ë© °æü∆©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÉçTx≠ˇ ûËLí¬_ ´÷ö«x-úø-´-îªaE ÉöÃ-´© äéπ ¢Ë’í∫ñ„j-Ø˛™ îªC-¢√†’. ÅC Eï-¢Ë’Ø√? °æü∆©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ äéπ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo Ææ÷*ç-îªçúÕ. – °œ.ñ«-°∂æ-®˝-ë«Ø˛, ņç-ûª-°æ‹®˝

-ï-¢√-•’:

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English Defining words list words dictionary meaning, use

O’®Ω’

™ØË

7) Come down heavily on (some body) =

Bv´çí¬ N´’-Jzç-îªúøç a) The opposition has come down heavily on the government's policy =

v°æA-°æé¬~ ©’ v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo Bv´çí¬ N´’-Jzç-î√®·. b) The officer came down heavily on the clerk for delaying the file =

°∂j™ ¸†’ Ç©Ææuç îËÆ œ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ í∫’´÷≤ƒh†’ Bv´çí¬ éÓ°æp-ú≈fúø’. É´Fo spoken English ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. Ææ£æ«ïç. Practise îËü∆lç. ⎯∂ pronounce 'the' as ∂ before words beginning with other sounds.

(ü¿)

i) Give me the pronounciation of the following short forms: I'm, we're, you're, they're, he's, she's, it's, I've, we've, you've, they've, he's (he has), she's, it's, I'd (I would/ I had), we'd, you'd, they'd, he'd, she'd, it'd.

2) I wish you were there.

≠æ®˝d •ôØ˛ ÜúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. b) The system has come off =

Ç ßª’çvûª ¶µ«í¬©’ NúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. ¢√ôç-ûªô Å¢Ë.

(Åé˙yߪ’)

friends with Jajadish? =

™ *´®Ω -îª÷-úøç-úÕ. Ç èπ◊ Ç îª÷Æœ ØË®Ω’a-éÓçúÕ.

§Òçü¿úøç/ ÊÆéπ-Jç-îªúøç

a) The button has come off the shirt =

ii) Should we pronounce the word 'THE' as 'dha' or 'dhee'? Please explain. iii) What is the meaning of the following sentences and in what situations, we use that type of sentences? 'You are fired'. 'I am fired'.

– ÆæB-≠ˇ-¶«•’, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: i) Åߪ’¢˛’, ´¤ßª’(®˝), ߪ·/ߪ‚-Å(®˝), üÁß˝’Å(®˝), £œ«ñ¸ (size ™ ñ¸™«), ≠œñ ¸, Éö¸q, Åß˝’¢˛, ´¤ß˝’¢˛/ Nß˝’¢˛, ߪ·¢˛, üÁß˝’¢˛, He's= he is/ he has (Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd), she's = she is/ she has (Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd), it's = it is/ it has (Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd), ´¤/N-ß˝’ú˛, you'd (ߪ·ú˛), üÁß˝’ú˛, £œ«ú˛, ≠œú˛, Éö¸ú˛ ⎯ i (C) before words ii) Pronounce the as ∂ beginning with vowel sounds - any of the telugu sounds

Å, Ç, É, Ñ, Ö, Ü, á, à, -â,

eg: the egg=

C áí˚;

the book =

ü¿ •’é˙

iii) You are fired = You are dismissed from the job.

(E†’o ÖüÓuí∫ç †’ç* ûÌ©-Tç-î√®Ω’) ††’o dismiss î˨»®Ω’ (ûÌ©-Tç-î√®Ω’).

I'm fired =

v°æ¨¡o:

Be good

, be quiet Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? -á°æ¤p-úø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ó N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – éÀ®Ω-ù˝- π◊-´÷®˝, îÁ®Ω’- π◊-°æLx

-ï-¢√-•’: Be =

Öçúø’/ ÖçúøçúÕ. (You) be here = O’J-éπ\úø ÖçúøçúÕ/ †’Ny-éπ\-úø Öçúø’. Be good = You be good = ´’ç*í¬/ ´’ç*-¢√úÕN/ ´’ç*-ü∆-E-Ní¬ Öçúø’. Be quiet = you be quiet = E¨¡z-•lçí¬/ Eü∆-†çí¬ Öçúø’. To be = Öçúøôç (Infinitive). To be here is not good for us =

Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç ´’†èπ◊ ´’ç*-C-é¬ü¿’.

ä, ã, å.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 18 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Bhupesh: Whatever is keeping you busy, Mukhesh? You've been irregular to classes.

(E†’o BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ îËÊÆ-üË-N’öÀ? Class ©èπ◊ Æævéπ-´’çí¬ ®√´-ôç-™‰ü¿’ †’´¤y) Mukhesh: I told you. I've signed up for the Personality Development Course by Dr. Paripurna. It is for 2 weeks. That is in my way of attending classes.

(îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆. Dr. °æJ-°æ‹®Ωg E®Ωy-£œ«-Ææ’h†o ´uéÀhûªy Né¬Ææç course ™ îË®√†’. ÅC È®çúø’ ¢√®√©’. Class ©èπ◊ ®√éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈-EéπC 鬮Ωùç/ ÅC classes èπ◊ Åçûª®√ߪ’ç éπL-T-≤ÚhçC) Bhupesh: It doesn't make any sense. What is so urgent about the personality development course? Why at the cost of classes and attendance? Personality Development Course can wait, but not your regular classes and the university exams.

(ÅC Å®Ωnç ™‰E °æE. Ñ ´uéÀhûªyç Né¬Ææç course èπ◊ Åçûª ûÌçü¿Í®ç ´*aç-CClasses, attendance °æ¤púø’? éÓ™pßË’çûª Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷ ÅC? Personality development course class university course exams

Çí∫’-ûª’çC, é¬F ©’, Çí∫´¤ éπü∆?/ Ñ ®·Ø√ BÆæ’-éӴa, é¬E classes, exams

éπü∆?)

Çí∫-´¤-

á°æ¤p-úø-

2

Bhupesh: And you fell in with the idea thoughtlessly.

(†’¢Ëy¢Á÷ èπ◊-Ø√o´¤.)

ÅØ√-™-*-ûªçí¬

äÊ°p-Ææ’-

Mukhesh: I've paid only half the fee. I'd better stop it and attend classes regularly. fee classes

(؈’

Ææí∫¢Ë’ éπö«d†’. É°æ¤púø’ ÇÊ°Æœ èπ◊ ®√´ôç ´’ç*-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«)

Bhupesh: That sounds good. Giving up the course in the middle is bad, but missing classes and attendance is worse.

(ÉC ¶«í∫’çC. Course ´’üµ¿u™ Çʰߪ’ôç îÁúË. é¬E classes and attendance §ÚíÌ-ô ’d-éÓ-´ôç Åçûª-éπØ√o Åüµ∆y†ç) Mukhesh: Thank you for the advice. ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

Now look at the following expressions from the dialogue above. 1) I've signed up for the personality development course

c) Both the brothers have signed up for the army =

Ç Éü¿l®Ω’ ņo-ü¿-´·t©÷, ÂÆj†uç™ îË®√®Ω’. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, sign up for = join. Modern spoken English ™ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd sign up for áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-éπç™ ÖçC. ´’† conversation ™ O©®·†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úøü∆ç. 2) make sense = (Å™« îËߪ’-úøç™) Å®Ωnç ÖçC. a) Ramesh: I want to buy a bike, but my wife wants me to buy a scooter.

make

(؈’ bike éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, é¬F ´÷ ÇN-úË¢Á÷ scooter éÌØ√-©ç-öçC)

3) Set off the benefits of the course against the advantage of regular study.

Naresh: Buying a bike makes sense. A bike gives a higher mileage than a scooter. It is more economical.

2) It doesn't sense

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

384

a) The dark colour of the inside of the jewel case sets off the brightness of the gold chain =

Ç †í∫© ¶µºJù„ ™°æL ´·ü¿’-®Ω’-®Ωçí∫’ Ç •çí¬®Ω’ íÌ©’Ææ’ v°æé¬-¨»-EéÀ N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬ ÖçC/ Ç ´·ü¿’-®Ω’-®Ωç-í∫’-´©x, •çí¬®Ω’ íÌ©’Ææ’ ´’Jçûª ¢Á’J-Æœ-§Ú-ûÓçC. b) The fair complexion of the bride sets off the dark complexion of the groom =

°Rxèπÿûª’J á®Ω’-°æ¤ ®Ωçí∫’èπ◊, °Rx-éÌ-úø’èπ◊ ´·ü¿’®Ω’ ®Ωçí∫’èπ◊ ûËú≈/ ¢Áj®Ω’üµ¿uç ¶«í¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. complexion = skin colour = Ωtç ®Ωçí∫’ c) Set off the security of a government job against the high pay of a private job =

v°æ¶µº’-ûÓy-üÓuí∫ç ¶µºvü¿-ûªèπÿ, w°j¢Ëö¸ ÖüÓuí∫ç áèπ◊\´ @û√-Eéà ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç. 4) come up with (a suggestion/ an idea, etc) =

It doesn't make sense

Mukhesh: You are right, of course. But then this course will help me to take the exams with more confidence.

(†’´¤y Æ敶‰ ņ’éÓ, Å®·ûË °æK-éπ~©’ áèπ◊\´ Çûªt-N-¨»yÆæçûÓ ®√ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ñ course Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o.) Bhupesh: Set off the benefits of this course against advantages of regular study. Regular study keeps you thorough with the subject. And thoroughness gives you more confidence than any personality development course can.

(Ñ course ´©x ™«¶µ«-©èπÿ, Æævéπ-´’çí¬ îªü¿-´-ôç-´©x éπLÍí ¢Ë’©’èπÿ ûËú≈©’ °æJ-QLç. Æævéπ-´’çí¬ îªü¿-´-ôç-´©x subject èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ´Ææ’hçC. Subject O’ü¿ °æô’d, à personality development course

éπØ√o, áèπ◊\´ Çûªt-N-¨»y-≤ƒEo éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.) Åú≈y-Ø˛-öÀñ ¸ – ú≈y ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = ¢Ë’©’/ ™«¶µºç. thorough = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç èπ~◊ùoçí¬/ °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç. Thorough with - Thorough ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ with ®√¢√L. He is thorough with the subject = Åûª-úÕéÀ Ç subject èπ~◊ùoçí¬/ °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ advantage =

Mukhesh: Yes. Now I feel I should have thought better.

(Å´¤†’. Ø√éÀ-°æ¤p-úø-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC Éçé¬Ææh ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Ç™-*ç-î√-LqçC ؈’)

4) My cousin Rupesh came up with (Bike the suggestion Scooter bike 5) (That) sounds good. mileage 6) That's in the way of my attending Economical = classes. 1) sign up for (courses/ prob) Ram: I am going on bike to grammes Hyderabad. a) I wanted to sign up for the yoga (Bike M.SURESAN course, but the high fee held Gopal: All the 265 km from Vijayawada? me back = It doesn't make sense. It's very high fee fee) risky. / high fee hold back = b) Pranav has signed for the course but hasn't attended a single class. He even paid the fees = course 3) set off (against) fees class

°æE.

= ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x) îË®Ωôç.

O’ü¿ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o)

é¬F Åçûª Ê°-ÆœçC

Mukhesh: We were discussing careers in general, and my cousin Rupesh cameup with the suggestion that we take the course.

(àüÓ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ¢√u°æ-é¬-©†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰ Ø√ cousin ®Ω÷Ê°≠ˇ ´’†ç Ñ course BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©ØË Ç™- Éî√aúø’.)

Ç ßÁ÷í¬ Péπ~ù™ îË®√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o, (áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o †Ø√o´©x ؈’ îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ¢Á†èπ◊\ ûªí∫_ôç/ Ç°æôç.

v°æù¢˛ Ç ™ îË®√úø’. èπÿú≈ éπö«dúø’. é¬F Éçûª´-®Ωèπ◊ äéπ\ èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ®√™‰ü¿’.

-v°æ -¨¡o:

(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç* 265 éÀ™-O’-ô®Ω÷xØ√? ÅC Å®Ωnç ™‰E °æE. î√™« v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç) È®çúÕçöÀ ´’üµ¿u Ö†o ûËú≈-©†’/ ¢Áj®Ω’-üµ∆uEo °æJ-Q-Lçîªúøç. Ticket

i) Rather than

-†’ -à-ßË’ Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x -á-™« -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷T≤ƒh®Ó -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. ii) í∫ç-> -¢√®Ωa-ú≈-Eo -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? iii) Phonetic transcription

™ éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ- í∫’-J-ç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

a, lD, ⊃, z,

3, d3.

iv) English vocabulary scription

Bhupesh: Who gave you the idea?

(Ñ Ç™- FÈé-´-J-î√a®Ω’?)

é̆-ôç™ Å®Ωnç ÖçC/ ûÁL-¢Áj† éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÉÆæ’hçC. ÅC Çü∆.) Çü∆/ §Òü¿’°æ¤

-ï-¢√--•’:

éÀ, Phonetic tranéÀ -´’ç-* °æ¤Ææhé¬-©’ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. – -N-.-Ñ-¨¡y®Ω®√-´¤, -vQé¬ π◊-∞¡ç.

i) Rather than

Åçõ‰, ü∆E •ü¿’©’, (ÉçéÓöÀ îËߪ’úøç ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) ÅE Å®Ωnç. DEo ´·êuçí¬ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰E È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©™ äéπöÀ ÉçéÓü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ ÅE îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç.

a) Rather than buy the ticket and watch the match on the field, I would watch it on the TV free =

éÌE field ™ match îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰, (Éçöx èπÿE) úø•’s ê®Ω’a ™‰èπ◊çú≈ TV ™ îª÷≤ƒh†’. (îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, ņ-´îª’a)

b) Rather than teach geography through books, why don't you try the TV? =

¶µº÷íÓ-∞«Eo °æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆y®√ ¶Cµç-îË -•-ü¿’©’, TV ü∆y®√ ¶CµçîË v°æߪ’ûªoç î˨»¢√? c) Rather than see such movies, not watching them is better =

Å™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷-©’- îª÷ÊÆ •ü¿’©’, ÅÆæ©’ ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. ii) í∫ç>-¢√-®Ωa-ö«-E-éπçô÷ v°æûËuéπ¢Á ’i† English expression ™‰ü¿’. Decanting the gruel (after allowing the cooked rice to settle)

ņ-´îª’a. Gruel - ví∫÷Å™¸ – ví∫÷ ØÌéÀ\°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç = í∫ç>. Decanting = ¢√®Ωa-ôç/ûË-®Ω-¶-ߪ’ôç. (Coffee decoction, filter ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, coffee §ÒúÕ Åúø’èπ◊\ CT-§Ú-®·† ûª®√yûª ûË®Ω-¶-ÊÆô’x) iii) a, = Ç– Ø√©’-éπ†’ flat í¬ Öç* °ü¿-´¤-©†’ ûÁJ-*-°öÀd (éÀçC -ü¿-´-úø†’, éÀçCéÀ °öÀd) °æLÍé ¨¡•lç– cart ™ a ™«í∫/ father ™ a ™«í∫.

äéπ Ç™-, îËߪ’ôç.

Ææ÷

a) Just when I didn't know what I should do, my dad came up with the idea that I set up a mineral water plant =

ØËØËç îÁߪ÷u™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÓîª-†-°æ¤púø’, ã minerûªßª÷K Íéçvü∆Eo à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ´’ØË Ç™- Éî√aúø’ ´÷ Ø√†o. al water

b) He came up with the idea that we collect casettes of old songs sell them =

§ƒûª §ƒô© casettes ÊÆéπ-Jç* ¢√öÀE Å´÷t-©ØË Ç™- Åûª†’ î˨»úø’. 5) sounds good = ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. a) His action plan for preparation for the match sounds good = Match

èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´ö«-EéÀ ÅûªE ´‹u£æ«ç ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. b) Their advice sounds good = ¢√∞¡x Ææ©£æ… ´’ç*-C-í¬ØË ÖçC. 6) In the way = Åúøfçí¬/ Åçûª-®√-ߪ’çí¬. DE í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N´-Jçî√ç. lD, -

Å – °ü¿-´¤-©†’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp, Ø√©’éπ °æéπ\-©†’ °jéÀ A°œp °æLÍé ¨¡•lç – cot ™ ™« –

KlDT.

⊃ – éÌûªh system ™ Ñ symbol ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ÉC (§ƒûª system ™) lD éÀ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. ⊃: – ÉC lD èπ◊ D®Ω`ç – Ç. (cot=clDt; all = ⊃:l - Ç-™ ¸. Ñ 'Ç— °æL-Íéç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ °ü¿-´¤©’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°æpçúÕ. Ø√©’éπ °æéπ\-©†’ °jéÀ A°æpçúÕ.) z - ÉC Zoo ™ Z ™«í∫. Zoo = Zu: 3 - ÉC measure ™, vision ™, s †’ °æL-ÍéNüµ¿ç. d3 - ÉC, ï – Jam ™ 'ï— ¨¡•lç. iv) English vocabulary éÀ vocabulary books î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. Å®·ûË ÉN words, ¢√öÀ meanings, antonyms É≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀE éπç®∏ΩÆænç îËÊÆç-ü¿’Íé Å´-鬨¡ç Öçô’çC, é¬E ¢√öÀ use ûÁMü¿’. Vocabulary increase îËÆæ’èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ äéπ\õ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç – English newspapers, books O©-®·-†çûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ îªü¿-´ôç– Pronunciation - Oxford: Advanced Learner's Dictionary of current English

Öûªh´’ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 20 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dheeraj: Interesting information has come to light, you know?

(î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ¢Á©’-í∫’-™éÌ-*açC, Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Neeraj: What about? (üËE í∫’Jç*?) É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x spoken English ™ about what? éπçõ‰ what about? ÅE áèπ◊\-´í¬ Nçö«ç. Dheeraj: That Santosh has come into something.

(ÆæçûÓ≠ˇÍéüÓ ÇÆœh ´*aç-ü¿E.) Neeraj: That comes as a surprize. Doesn't it?

(ÅC Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’ éπü∆?) Dheeraj: You bet it does. (éπ*aûªçí¬ØË.) àüÁjØ√ ¶«í¬ éπ*aûªç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ You Åçö«ç.

bet

Neeraj: His aunt's will came his way a few days ago. It's a big relief for him. He's been down and out for some time now.

(¢√∞¡x Åûªh O©’-Ø√´÷ éÌEo ®ÓV© éÀçü¿õ‰ Åûª-úÕéÀ üÌJ-éÀçC. °ü¿l Ü®Ωô Åûª-úÕ-éÀC. éÌçûª-鬩çí¬ àç (úø•’s) ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oúø’ §ƒ°æç) will = O©’-Ø√´÷ Dheeraj: He must be a happy guy now. The will coming out of nowhere should have come as a big boon to him.

(î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æ°æúø’ûª’ç-ú≈L É°æ¤púøûªúø’. Ç O©’-Ø√´÷ áéπ\-úÕ†’çîÓ ÜúÕ-°æ-úøfô’x ®√´úøç °ü¿l ´®Ω¢Á’i Öçú≈L.) boon = ´®Ωç $ curse = ¨»°æç

2

Spoken English expressions

™ î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùçí¬ NE-°œçîË ´’J-éÌEo É°æ¤úø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. 1) Come to light: àüÁjØ√ N≠æߪ’ç ¢Á©’-í∫’-™ éÀ ®√´úøç/ Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’úøç. a) Some interesting facts about his past have come to light. One of them is that he had married another woman before he married his present wife =

Çߪ’† í∫ûªç™E éÌEo ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω Eñ«©’ ¢Á©’-í∫’™éÀ ´î√a®·. ¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ Çߪ’-†-éÀç-ûª-èπ◊´·çüË ã ¶µ«®Ωu Öçü¿E. b) His shady dealings have come to light only recently =

ÅûªúÕ îÁúø’ ™«¢√-üË-O©’ Ñ ´’üµ¿uØË ¢Á©’-í∫’-™éÀ ´î√a®·.

¢√∞¡x ûªçvúø’-©-èπ◊†o ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’-¶µ‰-ü∆-©-´©x ¢√∞¡x °Rx Åçü¿-Jéà Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC. b) Madhu: The minister has occupied two hundred acres of Government land.

(Ç ´’çvA 200 áéπ-®√© v°æ¶µº’ûªy ¶µº÷N’E Çvéπ-N’ç-î√úø’.)

c) With his role in the murder coming to light he has gone underground =

Ç £æ«ûªu™ ÅûªúÕ §ƒvûª •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø-ôçûÓ Åûªúø’ Åñ«c-ûªç-™éÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. go underground = Åñ«c-ûªç-™ éÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç 2) Come into something = inherit property =

ÇÆœh §Òçü¿úøç/ ÇÆœh Ææçvéπ-N’ç-îªúøç a) He has come into a large property with the death of his foster father=

Åûªúø’ ´uÆæ-Ø√© ´©x úø•sçû√ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úËçü¿’èπ◊ á´-Jéà É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. b) I am down and out. I can't lend =

Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω °j≤ƒ-™‰ü¿’. Fèπ◊ ØËØËO’ Å°œp-´y-™‰†’. c) The Pandavas were down and out when they lost the game of die =

Sudha: Does it come as a surprize? Ministers are there for only Govt land.

(ÅüË-´’Ø√o Ǩ¡a-®Ωu´÷? ´’çvûª’-©’çúËC ¶µº÷ éπ-¶«bÍé í∫ü∆?) 4) Come (somebody's) way = Å´-é¬-¨»-™«xç-öÀN ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ®√´úøç/ §Òçü¿úøç/ ûªí∫-©úøç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

a) Make the best of the opportunities that come your way =

385

Wü¿ç™ ãúÕ-§Ú-®·† §ƒçúø-´¤©’ E®Ω’-Ê°-ü¿-©ßª÷u®Ω’. Dice = §ƒ*-éπ©’. Die = äé𠧃*éπ. d) The Government isn't doing much for the down and outs in the country =

ü˨¡ç-™E E®Ω’-Ê°-ü¿-©èπ◊ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Åçûªí¬ àç îËߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. 6) Come out of nowhere =

Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ éπE-°œç-îªúøç/ áéπ\-úÕ-†’çîÓ ÜúÕ°æúøôç a) Just when we were talking about him, he came out of nowhere =

ÅûªúÕ í∫’JçîË ´÷ö«x-úø’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç, Éçûª-™ ØË áéπ\-úÕ-†’çîÓ ÜúÕ-°æ-úøfô’x v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-ߪ÷uúø’.

They almost came to blows

Neeraj: Unfortunately it's not going to be all that smooth for him. His cousins are in his way. There was a heated exchange between him and them. They almost came to blows.

(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Åü¿çûª Ææ’©¶µºç ÅE-°œçîª-úøç-™‰ü¿’. ÅûªúÕ cousins Åúø’f-ûª-í∫’-©’ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ (Ç O©’-Ø√´÷ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™). ÅûªúÕéà ¢√∞¡xèπÿ °ü¿l N¢√ü¿ç ïJ-TçC. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ éÌô’d-èπ◊ØËçûª ´®Ωèπÿ ´*açC.) heated exchange = ¢ËúÕ ¢ËúÕ ¢√üÓ-°æ-¢√-ü∆©’ Dheeraj: Why should they dispute his right by the will?

(O©’-Ø√´÷ ü∆y®√ Åûª-úÕ-éÌ-*a† £æ«èπ◊\†’ ¢√∞Î}ç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿-Ø√L?) Neeraj: They are envious naturally. They were shouting at him like hell; they wanted a share in the property which he denied and rightly so.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx Ñ®Ω{u-°æ-úøôç Ææ£æ«ïçéπü∆! ÅûªúÕ O’ü¿ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅJ-*-§ƒ-Í®-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xèπÿ ¶µ«í∫ç 鬢√-©-Ø√o®Ω’. ÅûªúË¢Á÷ ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-ü¿Ø√oúø’. ÅC correct éπü∆!) Dheeraj: He wants to see you about it because your uncle is a lawyer. (

Ç N≠æ-ߪ’¢Á’i E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ O’ uncle lawyer éπü∆!) Neeraj: OK. Let him come. I'll take him to my uncle. uncle Look at the following expressions from the conversation above. 1) Interesting information has come to light. 2) That Santosh has come into something. 3) That comes as a surprize. 4) His aunt's will came his way a few days ago. 5) He's been down and out for some time now. 6) The will coming out of nowhere should have come as a big boon to him. 7) They almost came to blows.

(®√F. ´÷

ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡û√.)

b) Work hard for money. It doesn't come as if from nowhere/ come from nowhere =

F´¤ §ÒçüË Å´-é¬-¨»-©†’ ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’éÓ.

°ç°æ¤úø’ ûªçvúÕ ´’®Ω-ùçûÓ Åûªúø’ íÌ°æp ÇÆœhéÀ ¢√®ΩÆæ’úø-ߪ÷uúø’/ °ü¿l ÇÆœh Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææçvéπ-N’ç-*çC.

b) I am ready to take whatever comes my way, praise or blame =

b) He never expected to come into such a large fortune =

Åçûª ÇÆœhéÀ ûª†’ ¢√®Ω-Ææ’-úø-†-´¤-û√-†E Åûª-úÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. 3) Come as a surprize =

M.SURESAN

Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-îªúøç a) Their marriage has come as a surprize to everyone, as their fathers had differences =

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) He is suffering from "Othello syndrome". Othello syndrome

Ñ

¢√éπuç™ Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? 2) O’®Ω’ àç îË®·-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ – DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ Åúø-í¬L? 3) a) ؈’ úµÕMx ¢ÁRx ´î√a†’. b) ؈’ úµÕMx ¢ÁRx ´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. c) ؈’ úµÕMx ¢ÁRx ´≤ƒh†’. – ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 4) a) The information given is correct. b) The given information is correct.

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC ÆæÈ®jçC? Å™«Íí °j ¢√é¬u™x given (V3) part of speech ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. – ≤ƒyA, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛. -ï¢- √-•’: 1) Othello Syndrome Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωu v°æ´-®Ωh†, Q™«Eo ¨¡çéÀç-îªôç. ¶µ«®Ωu†’ ņ’-´÷-Eç-îªôç. 2) What are you getting done? 3) a) I have been to Delhi b) I am returning from Delhi c) I will go to Delhi and come back/ return 4) (a) and (b)

È®çúø÷ correct. É´y-•-úÕ† Ææ´÷î√®Ωç (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ (¢√∞¡Ÿx) É*a† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç) ÆæÈ®j-†üË ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Å®·ûË 'Information given' ÅØËC áèπ◊\´ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ñ two sentences ™ 'given' is past participle. ÉC adjective îËÊÆ °æEîËÆæ’hçC.

§Òí∫-úøh-®·Ø√, Eçü¿-®·Ø√, üËEo §Òçü¿ö«-E-ÈéjØ√ ؈’ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’. 5) be down and out =

îËA™ °j≤ƒ èπÿú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç/ °æ‹Jhí¬ E®Ω’Ê°-ü¿í¬ Öçúøôç. a) Because of his vices he is down and out, and no one is willing to help him =

úø•’s 鬢√-©çõ‰ éπ≠d-°æ æ-ú≈L. áéπ\-úø’oçîÓ ÜúÕ-°æ-úøü¿’ éπü∆? 7) Come to blows = üÁ•s-™«-úø’-éÓ-´úøç. a) The Congress and the TDP workers come to blows = Congress, TDP b) The heated exchange between the two groups led to their coming to blows =

鬮Ωu-éπ-®Ωh©’ üÁ•s-™«-úø’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.

Ç É®Ω’-´-®√_© ¢√Ty-¢√ü¿ç üÁ•s-™«-ôèπ◊ ü∆J-B-ÆœçC. É´Fo èπÿú≈ conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œçîË expressions. ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø’ practise îËߪ’çúÕ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Period of time Past tense èπ◊ îÁçC-†-°æ¤púø’ -v°æ-¨¡o: after He published the book after a few months.

®√¢√L ÅE äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ ÖçC. DE ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç, ´’JEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 2) Will, shall èπ◊ v°æßÁ÷í∫ ¶µ‰ü¿ç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – Ç®˝.-á-Ø˛.-¢Áç-éπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, §ƒ©-éÌ©’x. -ï-¢√-•’: 1) ÅC ÆæJé¬ü¿’. He published the book a few months later. '... a few months after' after after his child's birth/ marriage, etc. lessons 2)

ņo-°æ¤púø’,

ûª®√yûª, àüÁjØ√ ®√¢√L–

ÉC §ƒûª

™ ÖçC, îª÷úøçúÕ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: I need to have knowledge of phonetics to

improve my pronunciation? Kindly let me have the pronunciation of following words 1) corps 2) corpse. I am an engineering graduate. Which dictionary will serve me better?

-ï-¢√-•’:

– ´’¯Eéπ, -Å-†ç-ûª°æ¤®Ωç.

Certainly. You should know phonetic symbols thoroughly to be able to pronounce correctly. OED (Oxford English Dictionary) offers a pronunciation CD with Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of current English. - [ k ⊃: (r) ] = 1) Corps 2) Corpse - dead body [ k ⊃:ps ] especially of a human being.

ë (®˝) ë°ˇq

ü¿∞¡ç.

(Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø ë °æ‹Jhí¬ ë é¬èπ◊çú≈ 'ë—éÀ 'ë«—éÀ ´’üµ¿u ¨¡•lç).

The Army foiled an infiltration attempt when they shot dead a militant near the LOC. 1. Shot dead both V2's. How possible?

2. 'A' pronounce ∂ & ⊃: when they take place?

Å

Ç,

where and

Explain 'The' pronounced as & why? Please give the explanation with examples.

ü¿

-ï-¢√-•’:

C

– ´’£æ«tü˛ Év´÷Ø˛, û√çúø÷®Ω’.

1) In the expression, shot dead, shot is not V3 (Past participle), but the past simple form (Past Doing Word) of shoot. 2) 'A' the indefinite article is pronounced '∂' ( - raise the tongue slightly when you pronounce this) normally, and as 'ei' ( when you stress it. It is never pronounced as ⊃: ∂ book (a before 'book' not stressed) ei book (a before book is stressed) a) The is pronounced as before words beginning with Vowel sounds (not letters)- These sounds are The egg, The ant, the owl etc. b) The is pronounced as before words beginning with consonant sounds (sounds other than, etc...). The pen, the book, etc.

Å

áß˝’)

(Ç).

'C—

á, à, â, ä, ã, å. (--C)

(--C)

Å, Ç, É, Ñ, (--C)

(-ü¿-)

(ü¿)

Å, Ç, É, Ñ, (ü¿)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 22 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nishith: You look dull and out of your head. What's the matter?

(î√™« -E®Ω’-û√q£æ«çí¬, ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†™ Ö†oô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?)

Sampath: Wouldn't you be if you scored low and your dad were mad about it?

(Fèπÿ ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-™Ô*a O’ Ø√†o F O’ü¿ áT-J-°æ-úÕûË, †’´¤y ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†í¬ Öçúø¢√?)

Nishith: Surely I wouldn't be mad enough to be playing and watching cricket with the exams round the corner. I was warning you, but you didn't care.

(°æK-éπ~©’ ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ´Ææ’h†o-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ F™«í∫ véÀÈéö¸ Çúøôç, îª÷úø-ôç-™«çöÀ °œ*a °æE îËߪ’†’. ؈’ Fèπ◊ îÁ°æ¤ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o. †’´¤y °æöÀdç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’.)

Sampath: Stop it. You always look for an opportunity to blame me. Don't think I am a child you can tutor?

(Ééπ Ç°æ¤. á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ††’o ûª°æ¤p-°æúøü∆´÷ ÅE îª÷Ææ’hç-ö«´¤. ØËØË-´’Ø√o *†o-°œ-™«x-úÕØ√ FûÓ îÁ°œpç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊?) tutor = ¶Cµç-îªúøç– ´·êuçí¬ à °æE îËߪ÷™/ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøüÓ îÁ°æpúøç

Nishith: Don't go mad at me, Sampath. I was only trying to find out why you were so worried.

(Ø√ O’ü¿ éÓ°æpúøèπ◊. áçü¿’-éπçûª ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†ûÓ ÖØ√o¢Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.)

standard spoken/ written English ™ mad èπ◊ °œ*a ÅØË Å®Ωnç î√™« §ƒûª-•-úÕ-§Ú-®·çC. Modern English ™ mad Åçõ‰ °œ*a/´’†-Æ œn-N’ûªç ™‰E ÅØË Å®Ωnç ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Mad/ madness ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©†’, éÓ°æç, ¢Á÷V, ûÁL-N-™‰E (foolish/ stupid) ÅCµ-éÓû√q£æ«ç ™«çöÀ Å®√n-©-ûÓØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. °œ*a/ ´’†-Æœn-N’ûªç ™‰E/ ´÷†-Æœéπ ÆœnA ÆæJí¬ ™‰E ÅØË Å®√n©ûÓ, crazy, insane, mentally unsound, of an unsound mind ™«çöÀ expressions ¢√úøû√ç. a) FÍé-´’Ø√o °œî √a = Are you crazy. b) Åûª-EéÀ ´’†-Æ œn-N’ûªç ™‰-ü¿’/ °œ*a °æöÀdçC/ °œîÁa-éÀ\çC = He is insane/ mentally unsound/ of an unsound mind. Lunatic = Lunacy = modern spoken English

°œ*a-¢√∞¡Ÿx; É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

°œ*a ™ mad ¢√úøéπç

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above. 1) You look dull and out of your head. 2) I wouldn't be mad enough to be playing and watching cricket.... 3) Don't go mad at me. 4) I go mad and forget everything. 5) No cricket at the cost of my studies. 6) He went mad and had a party. 7) Madness...

2

(í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ûÁL-N-™‰E °æ†’©’/ Ç™- ™‰E °æ†’©’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ – ´’A-Æœn-N’ûªç ™‰E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬ü¿’) = véÀÈéö¸ Çúøôç îª÷úøôç ™«çöÀ ûÁL-N-ûª-èπ◊\´/ ´‚®Ω^°æ¤ °æ†’©’ ؈’ îËߪ’†’.

a) You took that cheat as a partner? You are mad =

ߪ·´-®√ñ¸ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ Ç®Ω’ Æœèπ◊q©’ éÌôd-úøçûÓ stadi(véÃú≈-ÆænL) ¢Á·ûªhç džç-ü¿çûÓ/ Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ EçúÕ-§Ú-®·çC.

um

b) People go mad when they see the dancer on the screen = dancer

Ç ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ éπE°œçîªí¬ØË v°æï-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ džçüÓ-û√q-£æ…-©ûÓ ÜT-§Ú-û√®Ω’ (Ñ©©’, æp-ôxûÓ).

Ç ¢Á÷Ææí¬úÕE ¶µ«í∫-Ææ’n-úÕí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? Féπ-Ææ©’ ûÁLN ™‰ü¿’/ ÅC ÅN-¢Ëéπç.

c) I go mad and forget everything =

®√ïéÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ v°æñ«-ÊÆ-´Íé ņ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx °œ*a¢√∞¡Ÿx (Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊©’/ ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ÅN-¢Ë-èπ◊©’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ).

6) He went mad and had a party = party No.5 - go mad 7) Madness =

b) People who think that politicians are there to serve people are just mad =

3) Go mad (at somebody) =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(äéπJ O’ü¿) = N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† éÓ°æç ®√´úøç.

386

džç-ü¿çûÓ/ Ç Öû√q-£æ«ç™ ÅFo ´’Ja-§Ú-û√†’.

Ç Ç†ç-ü¿ç™

îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.-– ÉC èπÿú≈ ™«çöÀüË. °œîËa – Å®·ûË ´’A-Æœn-N’ûªç ™‰E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬ü¿’ – ´‚®Ω^ûªyç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ (áèπ◊\-´í¬ this/ that is (sheer) madness Åçö«ç – î√™« ÅN-¢Ëéπç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

a) (Are you) selling away the house? That's (sheer) madness =

I go mad and for get ever ything

Sampath: What can I do? I can't control my weakness for cricket. When I see Sachin and Dhony playing, I go mad and forget everything.

(àç îËߪ’†’? véÀÈéö¸ °æôx Ø√èπ◊†o •©-£‘«†-ûª†’ Åü¿’-°æ¤™ °ô’d-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Ææ*-Ø˛-í¬F, üµÓE í¬F Çúø-ôç-îª÷ÊÆh Ø√ÍéüÓ Öû√q£æ«ç ´îËaÆœ ÅFo ´’J-*-§Ú-û√†’.)

Nishith: Don't I love cricket too? But I tell myself, 'no cricket at the cost of my studies'.

(Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç É≠æd癉ü∆ véÀÈéö¸ Åçõ‰? é¬F Ø√èπ◊ ؈’ îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ö«†’, 'véÀÈéö¸ ´©x îªü¿’´¤èπ◊ ¶µºçí∫ç éπ©-í∫-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E—.)

Sampath: I am nothing when compared with Devanand. The other day when India won, he went mad; and had a party with all of us.

(üË¢√-†ç-ü˛ûÓ §ÚLÊÆh Ø√C î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. ¢Á·†o ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ÈíL-*-†-°æ¤púø’, î√™« džç-üÓû√q-£æ…-©ûÓ ´÷ Åçü¿JûÓ §ƒKd îËÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√oúø’.)

Nishith: That's real madness. Sachin and Dhoni get money and fame when they play. We lose our time and future. Watching them getting money and fame that affects our future.

(ÅC Eïçí¬ ûÁL-N-´÷-L† °æE. Ææ*Ø˛, üµÓF ÇúÕûË ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ úø•÷s, ë«uB ´Ææ’hçC. ¢√∞¡xC §Òçü¿’-ûª’çõ‰ ´’† Æ洒ߪ’ç, úø•÷s §ÚíÌ-ô’dèπ◊çö«ç, ´’† ¶µºN-≠æuûª÷h §ƒúø-´¤-ûª’çC.)

Sampath: You watch and play cricket too, don't you?

1) Out of your (somebody's) head = crazy = a) (Do) you want to buy that useless car? You must be out of your head, really =

a) He went mad at his friend for cheating him =

°œ*aí¬ Öçúøôç.

Ç °æE-éÀ-´÷-L† 鬮Ω’ éÌçü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o¢√? Å®·ûË Fèπ◊ Eïçí¬ °œ*a°æöÀdçC.

b) He must be out his head to hope to be the next CM =

ûª††’ ¢Á÷Ææç îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûª† ÊÆo£œ«ûª’úÕ O’ü¿ N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† éÓ°æç ´*açC.

M.SURESAN

ûª®√yûª Æ‘áç û√†´¤û√-†E ÇPç-*ôç °œîËa (ûÁL-N-™‰E-ûª†ç/ ûÁL-N-ûª-èπ◊\´.)

2) I wouldn't be mad enough to be playing and watching cricket. be mad

Ééπ\úø

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, °œ*a °æ†’©’

-v°æ-¨¡o: Give me an example sentence for each one of the verb forms given below under each category namely (I, II, IV and V) and also equivalent sentence in Telugu.

I form: ought be, dare be, need be, can have been, need have been, ought have been, dare have been. II form: (be form + ing form) can be + ing, could be + ing, ought be + ing, dare be + ing, need be + ing. IV form: Need + 1st RDW, ought +1st RDW, dare +1st RDW

-ï-¢√-•’: I form: Ought to be = You ought to

(Eïçí¬ F ü¿í∫_®Ω ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-LqçC î√™« ÖçC.) mad Åçõ‰ °œ*a/ ´’†-Æ œn-N’ûªç ™‰E, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ î√™« ´’çC (India ™) ¢√úøôç Nçô’çö«ç. Å®·ûË

– -áç.-¶µ-T-v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛, í∫’ç-ô÷®Ω’

be polite to elders. moral obligation)

(†’´¤y °ü¿l© °æôx

´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Öçú≈L–

Dare be: How dare you be even when I've asked you to get out?

(؈’ ¢ÁR}-§Ò-´’tØ√o Ééπ\úø Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ áçûª üµÁj®Ωuç Fèπ◊?)

Need be - Usually with not, or in questions: You need not be here any longer

(†’Ny-éπ\úø

Öçúø†´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’)

b) She is marrying that good for nothing fellow. That's real madness =

Ç °æE-éÀ-®√E ¢Áüµ¿-´†’ °RxîËÆæ’èπ◊ç-öçC. ÅC ´‚®Ω^ûªyç/ ÅN-¢Ëéπç. 5) At the cost of = äéπ ü∆EéÀ †≠ædç éπL-Íí-N-üµ¿çí¬. a) No body says you shouldn't watch movies, but not at the cost of your studies =

ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷úÌ-ü¿lE á´®Ω÷ ņ®Ω’, é¬F ü∆E-´©x îªü¿’-´¤èπ◊ †≠ædç ®√èπÿ-úøü¿’.

b) I am ready to help others, but not at the cost of my job =

؈’ Éûª®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’ é¬F Ø√ °æü¿-NéÀ †≠ædç/ v°æ´÷ü¿ç éπL-Íí-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. Éçöx ´%ü¿l¥ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©†’ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ç-ô÷ -Öç-ú≈LqçC É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y Ê°é¬ô Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤– Moral

¢√∞¡}-éπ\úø Öçô’ç-úÌa– í∫ûªç™ ã Ææ´’-ߪ’ç -†’ç* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπÿ– (≤ƒüµ¿u¢Ë’)

obligation.

Ought to have been - You ought to have been kind to him = (Past- did not happen)

Ø√ Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ É™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ -Öç-úø-ö«-EéÀ áçûª üµÁj®Ωuç Fèπ◊?

Öçú≈-LqçC, é¬F ™‰´¤,

Nishith: I do, but only so long as if doesn't come in the way of my studies.

Sampath: Nishith, surely there's something I've to learn from you.

a) The whole stadium went mad when Youvraj hit six sixes in a row =

†’´¤y Åûª-úÕ °æôx ü¿ßª’ûÓ

V form: can have + pp, ought have + pp, dare have + pp, need have + pp

(Çúø-û√†’, îª÷≤ƒh†’. áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊? ü∆E-´©x Ø√ îªü¿’-´¤èπ◊ Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç éπ©-í∫-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊.)

ûª† éÌûªh áçûª-®·çüÓ ûª† ¶µº®Ωhèπ◊ ûÁLÊÆh, ûª†-O’ü¿ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. 4) Go mad èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç = džç-ü¿çûÓ, Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ ÜT-§Ú-´úøç Can have been - They can have been there for some time = possibility

Çúø’-ûª’ç-ö«´¤,

(†’´‹y véÀÈéö¸ îª÷Ææ’hçö«´¤ éπü∆?)

b) Her husband, she knows, is sure to go mad if he cames to know what her new dress costs = dress

É©’x Ţ˒tÆæ’h-Ø√o¢√? ÅC (Öûªh) ´‚®Ω^ç/ ÅN-¢Ëéπç. sheer = Öûªh

Need have been - usually in questions, or with not You

need

not

have

been

there

=

†’´y-éπ\úø ÖçúË Å´-Ææ®Ωç (í∫ûªç™) ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? (é¬F ÖØ√o´¤) Dare have been - With so many of my enemies there I dare not have been there and came away =

Åçûª ´’çC ¨¡-vûª’-´¤-©-éπ\-úø’-†o-°æ¤púø’, Åéπ\úø ÖçúË üµÁj®Ωuç î√©-™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. ´îËa-¨»†’. II form: She can be singing this song there now. (possibility-

É°æ¤p-ú≈¢Á’ Ñ §ƒô†’ Åéπ\úø §ƒúø’-ûª÷ -Öç--úÌa) He could be doing the same thing there = ÉüË °æE Åéπ\-úø èπÿ-ú≈ îËÆœ/ îËÆæ÷h ÖçúÌa.

How dare you be talking so in my presence? = If I have money, I need not be serving you =

Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’sçõ‰ Fèπ◊ ÊÆ´ îËÆæ’hçúË Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. IV form: Need I see him now? =

Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? °ü¿l-©†’ íı®Ω-Nç-

You ought to respect elders = (Moral obligation)

î√L

You dare not smoke in my presence = cigarette

Ø√ 鬩’-≤ƒh¢√?/ Åçûª üµÁj®Ωu´÷? V form: He can have done it - îËߪ’-í∫-L-T Öçúø´îª’a– Possibility You ought to have been polite = é¬Ææh ´’®√uü¿í¬ Öçú≈-LqçC †’´¤y (í∫ûªç™), é¬F ™‰´¤. ´·çü¿®Ω

She dare not have been here if I had been there =

(Possibility- past/ present- less possible then can be + ing)

؈-éπ\úø ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Åéπ\úø ÖçúË üµÁj®Ωuç ™‰éπ-§Ú-ßË’C.

She need not be helping him:

You need not have been so kind to him =

Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç

îËÆæ÷h ÖçúË Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. You ought to be taking care of your old parents at home instead of playing cards here:

ÅûªE °æôx †’´¤y îª÷°œ-†çûª ü¿ßª’ îª÷°æ-†-éπ\®Ω ™‰ü¿’. (ņ-´-Ææ-®Ωçí¬ ü¿ßª’ îª÷°œç-î√´¤/ Åçûª ü¿ßª’ îª÷°œ Öçúø-éπ\-Í®xü¿’).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 25 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

-ï-¢√-•’: 1)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

387

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Conjunction passive

™

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©†’ at time incident í∫’Jç*

®√ßÁ·î√a? 2) The News reporter said, "The S.I. (SubInspector of Police) was gunned down when the Naxals were attacked (encountered).'' Indirect/ reported speech

¢√uéπ-®Ω-ù-°æ-®Ωçí¬ Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®jç-üËØ√? ™ ᙫ DEo ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – öÀ.N.-Ææ-B≠ˇ, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø

-v°æ-¨¡o: Sir, I have a doubt about "Countables &

Uncountables" especially these are the nouns when used in abstract sense. Before such nouns the marks '[C, U]' are indicated at noun entry level in the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. So, generally it implies that if the marks '[C, U]' appears beside any noun; they can be used both in countable & un-countable form too- though they have abstract sense in the meaning. And you know sir, for the sake of readers understanding example sentences are also given at each noun entry level in the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Though, oh well, I'm not able to distinguish the nouns used in the example sentences whether they are countables or uncountables. For example, you can take a glance over the following example sentences that are quoted from Oxford Dictionary. And kindly clarify me in each example sentence the underlined noun whether is countable or uncountable. And if it is in-fact a countable/ uncountable, how it can be found out with just having a glance over them? Here I'm quoting the meanings and example sentences of that nouns used similarly in the Oxford. They are: I Failure: Not doing something (sth) '[C, U]': The act of not doing sth, especially sth you are expected to do. 1) The failure of the United Nations to maintain food supplies. 2) Failures to comply with the regulations will result in prosecution. Sir, please inform me how recognize the word "Failure" used in sentence whether it is a countable or uncountable. If it is a countable or uncountable, how you yourself identify it? May be it will look you a simple thing. But it confuses me a lot and so you please don't think that such question has not ever been asked by others! II Capability [C, U]: The ability or a qualities necessary for doing sth. 3) Animals in the zoo have lost the capability catching food for themselves. 4) Beyond the capabilities of current technology. 5) Age affects a range of persons capabilities. Please let me know how to recognize the noun capability used in each sentence whether it is countable or uncountable. Just explain in brief as I know fundamentals of these. Could you please look at the following sentence too? III Extension [C, U] (of sth) The act of increasing the area of activity, group of people, etc. that is affected by sth. 6) The extension of new technology into developing countries. 7) a gradual extension of the powers of Central Government.

∼

®√ߪ’-´îª’a. ´·êuçí¬ °æE-îË-ÆœçC á´®Ω’ ÅE ûÁ-Lߪ’-†°æ¤p-úø’, É™« ®√ߪ’-ô¢Ë’ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç.

eg: a) Instructions had been given and they were followed. b) The murder had been planned carefully and executed quickly = plan active) passive voice

£æ«ûªu†’ î√-™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îËÆœ Å´’-©’-°æ-Jî√®Ω’ (ûÁ©’í∫’ – Å®·ûË É™« ÅEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x î√™« ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. 2) Correct, Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø passive ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. ¢Á·ûªhç Active voice ™ when the police attacked the naxalites they gunned down the inspector The news reporter said/ reported that the SI had been gunned down when the Naxalites had been attacked.

ņ-´îª’a.

8) The bank plans various extensions to its credit facilities. Please clarify me of each underlined nouns used above are C/ U. And how to assure myself just having a glance over the nouns whether they are countable or uncountable? Hope you will see the following too kindly with a bit of patience. IV Expectation: [C, U] a belief that sth will happen because it is likely. 9) We are confident in our expectation of a full recovery. 10) The was a general expectation that he would win.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) 'Bicycle' éÀ í¬L éÌöÀdç-î√L -ï-¢√-•’: 1) The tube has to be filled/ inflated (Passive). Åçõ‰ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’E Åúø-í¬L? éÀ correct éÀ ûËú≈ -à-N’--öÀ? 3) Power has failed, ´’Sx AJT ®√´-ú≈Eo à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? – °œ.ÉçC®√ ®√ùÀ, éπ´’-™«-°æ¤®Ωç 2) Right

Active Voice I/ we/ you etc., have to get the tube filled/ inflated. (Inflate=

™ Å®·ûË á´®Ω’ éÌöÀdç-î√L -Å-ØË-ü∆-Eo-•öÀd

ÉØ˛Â°∂x-ß˝’ö¸ – °∂xß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç– Å®Ωnç – í¬LûÓ Eç°æôç) 2) ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. 3) Power is back/ is on again. (Power has failed •ü¿’©’ Power has gone off/ power is off ņôç Éçé¬ simpler)

countable or an uncountable. In the sentence, the failure of the United Nations to maintain food supplies ..., (1) failure can be either a countable or uncountable. In a sentence like, A failure of our school systems is ..., failure is countable because, failure has ‘a’ before it and a failure here means one of the failures. (The plural form of the word). You see here failure used both as a countable and an uncountable. In such cases it doesn’t matter how you use it. In your second sentence, failure to comply with the regulations .... (2) (you copied it wrongly as failures) the word failure is uncountable

C ountable .. Uncountable 11) I applied for the post more in hope than expectation. 12) The expectation is that property prices will rise. Please clarify the noun 'expectation' used in the each sentence whether it is countable or uncountable.

because we don’t find ‘a’ before it. We don’t say either, failures (plural) to comply with the regulations ...

II. Though the dictionary says that ‘capability’ is countable as well as uncountable, it is more used as a countable and on very few occasions M.SURESAN as an uncountable. Very rarely do we V Expertise [U]: Expert knowledge of see capability used without ‘a’ before it, which sth in a particular subject, activity or job. means it is most often used as a countable. 13) We have the expertise to help you run your business. The definite article 'the' might be used before an uncountable noun like this? Would mind letting me know of this?

VI Culture [C, U]: The beliefs and attitudes about sth people in a particular group or organizations. 14) A culture of failures exists in some schools. 15) We are living in a consumer culture. 16) The political culture of the United States & Europe are very different. In which sentence from 14 to 16 the noun cultures used as C or U? Would you please kindly clarify me?

-ï-¢√-•’:

– -áÆˇ. -¢Á·£œ«-†’-DlØ˛, éπ®Ω÷o©’

A very good question, one which a number of people want to know the answer to. The general rule is a countable has a plural form, and a/ an is invariably used before its singular form. If a/ an is not found before a word, or if it is not used in the plural form it is uncountable. Also note that the same word with one meaning may be countable, and with another, uncountable. The word failure can be used both as a countable and uncountable with the meaning, the act of not doing something. This means you won't be wrong whether you use it as a

In your first sentence, Animals in the zoo have lost the capability of catching ..., (3) capability may be both countable and uncountable. Whichever way you use it, the sentence is correct. In your sentences (4) and (5), capability is clearly countable because, the plural form is used (capabilities). III 6) No problem here again. In this sentence, extension, though shown as [U & C] is uncountable with this meaning, an increase in the area of an activity. 7) A gradual extension ... . Note the use of ‘a’ before extension. So here extension is countable. 8) The bank plans various extensions- here, note that the plural of extension is used. So obviously it is countable. IV. Expectation: In the sentence, ‘We are confident ...,’ (9) expectations can either be a countable or an uncountable. Usually in such sentences, if the plural form is used, it is countable. 10) This was a general expectation ... . Here, ‘a’ before (general) expectations shows that it is countable. 11) I applied ... more in hope than expectation. Note that there is no article ‘a’ before expectation, so it is uncountable. In this sentence, ‘hope’ is uncountable too.

Perhaps you know that hope, like expectation is both countable and uncountable. [My hopes are that he will pass- hope, used in plural- so countable. I have given up hope of any help from him. Hope- no ‘a’ before it, so it is uncountable here.] 12) The expectation is - here we can also say, The expectations are that the property ... when you say, the expectation is , ... , expectation is both countable and uncountable. In the sentence, the expectations are ... the word is countable. V Expertise: Why not? ‘The’ must be used before a countable or an uncountable, when it is qualified, that is, when you get an answer to the question which put to the countable or the uncountable. eg: a) Milk is a strong food. In this sentence, milk is uncountable. No ‘the’ before it because you don’t have an answer to ‘which milk is a strong food?' (That is, milk here is not qualified.) So, no the before it. b) The milk in fridge is a day old. Milk- uncountable. Which milk is a day old? You get the answer: 'milk in the fridge’ (That is, milk here is qualified). So you must use ‘the’ before it. Another example: a) Advice is easy to give. (I’m sure you know advice is uncountable.) Which advice is easy to give? No answer to this question. So no the before advice. b) The advice I got from him was good. Which advice was good? The answerAdvice I got from him. So you have to use the before advice. We use the before uncountables when you get an answer to 'which'. VI culture: This is a very good question again. 1) If the meaning of culture is the way of life, customs and beliefs of a society, a country, culture is uncountable. Indian culture/ British culture, etc. 2) If culture means beliefs or attitudes of a particular group, it is countable. eg: Team India has a culture of yielding under pressure. This means that Team India’s attitude to pressure is yielding In sentence No (14) , A culture of failures ..., note the use of 'A' before culture. When a/ an is used before a word it is countable. So, culture in sentence No 14 is countable. For the same reason [a consumer culture a before culture] culture in sentence (15) also is countable. sentence No (16) : The phrase here is political cultures. (You have wrongly copied it as the political culture)- cultures- This is the plural form of culture. When a word can be used in the plural, it is countable. So, in sentence No 16, cultures is countable.

(äAhúÕ)

(¢ÁjêJ) (™ÔçT-§Ú-´úøç).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 27 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Pradeep: Ok then. I am leaving.

(ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË, ؈’ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.) Jaideep: Where?

(áéπ\-úÕéÀ?) Pradeep: I told you. I want to meet Sukhdev and settle the matter with him.

(îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆. Ææ’ë¸-üË¢˛†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E Ñ N≠æߪ’ç û√úÓ-Ê°úÓ ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√-©E.)

†’´¤y 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´®Ω{ç ÇÍí-ü∆é¬ ÖçúÕ ¢Á∞«h†’. -Ñ®Ó-V ûª°æpéπ ¢Á∞«xL ؈’. Í®§Òpü¿’l† ¢ËÍ® °æ†’©’Ø√o®· Ø√èπ◊. let up = ´®Ω{ç, ¶«üµ¿, éπ≥ƒd©’ ™«çöÀN ûªí∫_úøç/ ûªí∫’_´·êç °æôdúøç Thanks to the tablet, the pain finally let up =

Jaideep: Now? Are you nuts? How are you going, any way?

Ç ö«¶„xö¸ ´©x ¶«üµ¿/ ØÌ°œp *´-®Ωèπ◊ ûªT_çC. ÉC Spoken English ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œçîË ´÷ô. O’ conversation ™†÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

(É°æ¤pú≈? °œîËa-´’Ø√o °æöÀdçü∆ Fèπ◊? Å®·Ø√ ᙫ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?)

Jaideep: I don't know why you are mad keen on that property. There are others as good.

a) He is nuts to throw up such a good job and start his own industry =

(Ç Ææn©ç/ ÇÆœh Åçõ‰ Féπçûª ¢Á÷ñ‰-N’ö Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-úøç-™‰ü¿’. Åçûª ´’ç* Ææn™«©’ Éçé¬ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆?)

Åûªúø’ Åçûª-´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç ´÷†’-èπ◊-E ≤Òçûª °æJ-v¨¡´’ °ô’d-éÓ-´úøç °œ*a-°æØË/ ûÁL-N-™‰E °æE/ ÅN-¢Ëéπç.

Pradeep: My mind is set on it. You can't change it.

b) Knowing his character so well, she is nuts to marry him =

(Ø√ ´’†Ææ’q Ç Ææn©ç O’üË ÖçC. †’´yC ´÷®Ωa-™‰´¤.)

Åûª-úÕ í∫’-ùç ûÁLÆœ èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç Ç¢Á’ ÅN-¢Ëéπç. Spoken English ™ ÅN-¢Ëéπç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ nuts î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬, simple í¬ Öçô’çC. -O’ Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™ -¢√-úøç-úÕ.

Pradeep: I have my bike.

(Ø√ ¶„jé˙ ÖçC éπü∆?) Jaideep: You must be really out of your mind to risk going at this time of the night, and that too, when it's raining cats and dogs.

(Éçûª ®√vA-¢Ë∞¡, ÅD èπ◊çúø-§Úûªí¬ ´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω’-Ææ’hçõ‰ ¢Á∞Ïx ≤ƒ£æ«Ææç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´çõ‰ F •’v®Ω ÆæJí¬ °æE-îË-ߪ’-õ‰xü¿’.) Pradeep: Don't drive me mad, Jai, with your silly objections. I could have gone this morning had it not been for your foolish suggestion that I go this evening.

(F ¢ÁvJ Ŷµºuç-ûª-®√-©ûÓ Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpçîªèπ◊. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢Á∞¡x´’†o F ûÁL-N -ûª-èπ◊\´ Ææ÷ ™‰èπ-§Ú-ûË Øˆ’ §Òü¿’lØËo ¢ÁRx-§Úߪ·çúË ¢√úÕØË éπü∆?)

Jaideep: OK. Do what you like.

(ÆæÍ®. FéÀ≠dçæ ´*a-†ô’x îÁ®·u.) Spoken English ™ î√™« ûª®Ωîª’í¬ NE°œÆæ÷h î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÅE-°œçîË mad èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æߪ÷©’ ´’J-éÌEo É°æ¤púø’

c) I was nuts to have trusted you =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

388

E†’o †´’túøç Ø√ 'ÅN¢Ëéπç—.

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ©’ ÆæhçGµç-îªúøç á´-J-ÈéjØ√ °œ*a °æ¤öÀd-Ææ’hçC/ *®√èπ◊ éπL-T-Ææ’hçC. 5) Driving somebody nuts = driving somebody mad =

°œîÁa-éÀ\ç-îª-úøç/ *®√èπ◊ °æ¤öÀdç-îªúøç

a) The heat of Vijayawada in summer drives any body nuts =

Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø™ -¢ËÆæ-N áçúø Eïçí¬ °œîÁa-éÀ\-Ææ’hçC/ *®√èπ◊ °æ¤öÀd-Ææ’hçC. b) He is driving me nuts with his chatter =

-Å-ûª-úÕ ¢√í∫’-úø’ûÓ Ø√èπ◊ *®√èπ◊ °æ¤öÀd-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. 6) Drive somebody out of their mind =

°œîÁa-éÀ\ç-îªúøç/ *®√èπ◊ °ôdúøç °œîÁa-éÀ\†¢√úÕ™« drive îËߪ’úøç like mad = à °æØÁjØ√ – ÅüË °æ-Eí¬/ °œ*aí¬ îËߪ’úøç. – ÉC èπÿú≈ spoken English ™ common 4) Drive like mad :

You drive me out of my mind

Jaideep: Whoever expected it would rain so heavily?

(Éçûª ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E á´-®Ω-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’?) Pradeep: Whatever it is, I'm going. I've my rain coat, so I can drive.

(àC à¢Á’iØ√ ؈’ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. Ø√èπ◊ È®®·Ø˛ éÓö¸ ÖçC. ؈’ wúÁj¢˛ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’.) Jaideep: My only fear is you are not a safe driver. You drive like mad and I'm afraid for your safety.

(Ø√èπ◊ äéπ\õ‰ ¶µºßª’ç. †’´¤y ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ wúÁj¢˛ îË-ߪ’-´¤. Ø√ ¶µºßª’-´’çû√ F Íé~´’ç í∫’JçîË) afraid of = äéπ-JE/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* ¶µºßª’ -°æ-úøôç afraid for = äéπJE í∫’Jç* worry 鬴úøç Pradeep: Thank you. But I've to go now. Tomorrow is sunday, and Sukhdev won't be home. He's been driving me nuts with his threats that he will sell away the property to someone else if I don't give him a clear word.

(ü∑∆uçé˙q. é¬F ؈’ ¢Á∞«x-L-°æ¤púø’. Í®°æ¤ ÇC¢√®Ωç, Ææ’ë¸-üË¢˛ Éçöx Öçúøúø’. ؈’ Ææp≠ædçí¬ îÁ°æp-éπ-§ÚûË Ç ÇÆœhE ÉçÈé-´JÈéjØ√ Ţ˒t≤ƒh†ØË ¶„C-Jç-°æ¤-©ûÓ Ø√èπ◊ *®√èπ◊ ûÁ°œp-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.) threat = ¶„C-Jç°æ¤/ v°æ´÷ü¿ç; threaten = ¶„C-Jç-îªúøç Jaideep: Are you going to be too late by just a day? Call him and tell him that you will settle it tomorrow.

(äéπ\ ®ÓV™ N’ç*-§Ú-ûª’çü∆ àçöÀ? §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ îÁ°æ¤p Í®°æ¤ ûË™‰a-≤ƒh-†E.) Pradeep: You drive me out of my mind, Jai. Let me settle it now. The rain seems to let up. If you want I'll wait till the rain stops. But go I must today. Tomorrow morning I've other work to take care of.

(Eïçí¬ Ø√èπ◊ °œîÁa-éÀ\-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y. †Eo-°æ¤púË ûË©’aéÓF. ´®Ω{ç ÇT-§Ú-ßË’™« ÖçC. Åçûªí¬

2) be out of somebody's mind =

ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç D†®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ¢ÁvJ-°æE/ ÅN-¢Ëéπç ÅØË. éπü∆? Present day English ™ °œ*a/ a) You are out of your mind to think ÖØ√tü¿ç/ ´’A-ûª-°œp†/ ´’A-Æœn-N’ûªç ™‰E that projects are for people. They ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ mad †’ ¢√úøç -Å-F, mad èπ◊ are to fill the pockets of ministers, É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË Å®√n™x ´·êu-¢Á’içC, éÓ°æç, engineers and contractors = ÅN¢Ëéπç, ¢Á÷V-™«ç-öÀN. äéπ-JéÀ °œ*a v§ƒñ„ -èπ◊d©’ v°æï© éÓÆæç ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC °æöÀdçC (´’A v¶µºN’ç-*çC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) M.SURESAN F °œ îËa/ ÅN-¢Ëéπç- Å-´¤-ûª’ç-C. ÅN mentally ill ÅE ņ-´îª’a. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ ´÷†´’çvûª ’©’, Éçï-F®Ω’x, é¬çvö«éπd®Ωx ñ‰•’©’ Æœéπ ®Ω’í∫tûª, Åçõ‰ ´’A v¶µº´’ùç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, mad Eç°æ ú ≈-EÍé. ¢√úÕûË, î√™« ÇÍé~-°æ-ùÃߪ’ç. Mad èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* ´’Jb) Are you out of your mind to cross the road in éÌEo ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç. Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) Are you nuts? 2) You must be really out of your mind to risk going... 3) Don't drive me mad. 4) You drive like mad. 5) He's been driving me nuts with his threats. 6) You drive me out of my mind. 7) I don't know why you are mad keen on the property. 1) Nuts:

°œ*a (ÅN-¢Ëéπç/ ûÁL-N-™‰-E-ûª†ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) /¢ÁvJ

v°æ¨¡o: éÀçC-¢√-é¬u™x ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC O’ lesson ™ É*açC. È®çúÓC èπÿú≈ (-v¶«Èé-öx -Ö-†oC) ®√ߪ’-´î√a? ûª°æp®·ûË ÆæÈ®j† ¢√éπuç ûÁ©°æçúÕ. 1.My friends have left for Hyd. (My friends have gone to Hyd).

2. I don't feel like studying here. (I don't feel like to study here.) 3. I haven't the money. (I have no money.) 4. I am starting for college. (I am starting to go to college.) 5. For spending a few days with me. (For spending with me a few days.)

a) Don't drive me mad by always talking about your favourite hero.

= ¢√úÕ é¬®Ω’™ ؈’ ¢Á∞¡}†’. ¢√úø’ î√™« Åñ«-ví∫-ûªhí¬/ °œ*aí¬ †úø’-°æ¤-û√úø’.

b) He wants to make it to the IAS. He is preparing like mad =

âá-áÆˇ 鬢√©ØË Ç™-îª-†ûÓ °œ*aí¬/ î√™« Bv´çí¬/ ÅüË °æEí¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. c) The sight of the elephant that villagers ran like mad =

Ç à†’í∫’ éπE-°œç-îª-í¬ØË, Ç ví¬´’-Ææ’n©’ (N°æ-Kûª¢Á’i† ¶µºßª’çûÓ) ÅN’ûª ¢Ëí∫çûÓ °æJ-Èí-û√h®Ω’. d) Greed makes him work like mad =

ü¿’®√¨¡ûÓ °œ*a-°æ-öÀd-†ô’x v¨¡´’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. 7) be mad keen on somebody/ something =

such heavy traffic? =

¢√£æ«-Ø√© ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ-©ûÓ Éçûª ®ΩDlí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ®Óúø’f ü∆ö«-©-†’-éÓ-´úøç FÍé´’Ø√o °œî√a (Åçûª ÅN-¢Ëéπ´÷?). 3) Don't drive me mad = Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªèπ◊. drive somebody mad = äéπ-JéÀ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªúøç.

a) I'm afraid to go on his car. He drives like mad.

äéπ-J-°æôx/ äéπ-ü∆E°æôx N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† ¢Á÷VûÓ Öçúøôç. a) I am mad keen on the bike in the advertisement this morning =

-É-¢√y--∞¡ -Ö-ü¿-ߪ’ç v°æéπ-ô-†™ ´*a† ¶„jé˙ Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ¢ÁvJ ¢Á÷Ví¬ ÖçC. b) The CM is mad keen on the names of Indira Gandhi family =

ÉçC-®√-í¬çDµ èπ◊ô’ç• Æ涵º’u© Ê°®Ωxçõ‰ Æ‘áçèπ◊ N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† ¢Á÷V.

(á°æ¤púø÷ F ÅGµ-´÷† -†-ô’-úÕ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúÕ Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªèπ◊.) b) The traffic jams in Hyderabad drives any one mad = 6. You always come late. (You are always come late.) 7. If I had money I would lend you. (If I had money I would have lend you.) 8. I shall phone to you. (I shall phone you.)

– ñ„.G.Æœ. ê´’tç ï¢√•’: 1. -Å-†-´îª’a. 2. ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’; feel like ûª®√yûª noun or '...ing' form ´Ææ’hçC. to + 1st regular doing word (1st RDW) (Åçõ‰ infinitive) ®√ü¿’. 3. ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË Spoken English ™ áèπ◊\´í¬ I haven't the money ÅØË Åçö«®Ω’. 4. ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË, I am starting for college, simpler éπü∆? 5. ņ-´îª’a. 6. You are always come late ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?

îª÷úøçúÕ. are come (are +1st RDW) form ™ ÅÆæ-©’ç-úøü¿’ éπü∆?

verb

7. If I had money, I would have lend you. Would have lend, would have lent

•ü¿’©’ Öçú≈L. Å°æ¤púø-®·Ø√ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

A) If I had had the money, I would have lent correct. sentence you -

ÉC

Å®·ûË Ñ

èπÿ, èπÿ Å®Ωnç-™ ûËú≈ ÖçC. – èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰ Fèπ◊ Å°æ¤p É*a ÖçúË-¢√-úÕE (ÉC í∫ûªç – Imaginary Past). B èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω É°æ¤púø’ úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE Å°œpîËa v°æ¨Ïo-™‰ü¿’. (Öçúøôç Åçô÷ ïJ-T-ûË (É°æ¤púø’) Fèπ◊ ÉîËa-¢√-úÕE – É°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’, Fèπ◊ É´yô´‚ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’) – ÉC Improbable Present ņ-´îª’a.

B) If I had the money, I would lend you A

8.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 29 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prasen: You look worried. What's the matter? (

†’´¤y î√™« ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. àN’öÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) Ranjan: I've bad news.

(îÁúø’-¢√®Ωh îÁ§ƒpL Fèπ◊) Prasen: Who does it concern? Yea, I can guess. Isn't it about Santan? (

á´J í∫’Jç*? Ç, ؈÷-£œ«ç--éÓ-í∫-©†’. ¨¡çûªØ˛ í∫’JçîË éπü∆?) concern = í∫’Jç* It does not concern me = ÅC Ø√èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çC é¬ü¿’ Ranjan: You are right. You know he had an accident the day before. He is fighting for life in Goodcare Hospital. ( dent Goodcare Hospital

†’´¤y îÁ°œpçC Eï¢Ë’. ¢Á·†o ¢√úÕéÀ acciÅ®·uçC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ™ v§ƒùç éÓÆæç §Ú®√-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) Prasen: Very sorry to hear that. (It's) difficult to imagine him lying sick or injured. So fighting fit he had always been.

(ÅC N†úøç Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ∆-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. ï•’sûÓ, í¬ßª÷-©ûÓ Å™« °æúø’-èπ◊E ÖØ√oúøE Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´-ô¢Ë’ éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC. á°æ¤púø÷ ü¿%úµøçí¬, Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’.) Ranjan: It's really a sad sight, his mom and dad trying hard to fight back their tears, in vain.

2

Fight Åçõ‰ §Ú®√-úøôç, §Ú®√ôç ÅE ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË fight èπ◊ Spoken English ™, äéÓ\≤ƒJ Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©ûÓ éπL-°œûË ¢ËÍ® Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh®·. OöÀE conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úø’ûª÷ Öçö«®Ω’. Ñ fight ûÓ ´îËa éÌEo phrases †’, ¢√öÀ ¢√úø-é¬Eo É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Look at the following expressions from the conversation above 1) He is fighting for life in Good care Hospital. 2) So fighting fit he had always been 3) ... his mom and dad trying hard to fight back their tears. 4) The doctors have a real fight on their hands. 5) Hope they aren't fighting a losing battle. 6) Santan always fought shy of wearing a helmet. 1) fighting for life: Fighting for (his/ her/ somebody's life) = Trying hard to be alive, especially, when some one is seriously injured or very ill =

Viswamithra succumbed to Menaka's charms =

¢Ë’†éπ Åçü∆-EéÀ N¨»y-N’-vûª’úø’ ™ÔçT-

§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. c) He's been fighting for life for over a year now =

àú≈-Cí¬ ´’%ûª’u-´¤ûÓ §Ú®√-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’/ Ç®Óí∫u °æJ-ÆœnA î√™« N≠æ-´’çí¬ ÖçC. 2) fighting fit = á´-®ΩØ√o fighting fit Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx îªéπ\öÀ Ç®Ó-í∫uçûÓ, ü¿%úµøçí¬ ÖØ√o-®ΩE. a) Though 80 years old, he is fighting fit, and is ready to contest the election. =

80 à∞¡x ´ßª’-Ææ’q™ èπÿú≈ Çߪ’† îªéπ\öÀ Ç®Ó-í∫uçûÓ îª’®Ω’í¬_ ÖØ√oúø’. áEo-éπ™x §ÚöÃéÀ v°æ´÷-ü¿ç-´-©x-í¬F, ï•’s-´-©x-í¬F Ç®Óí∫u °æJ-ÆœnA Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. î√™« N≠æ-´’çí¬ Ö†ob) This is a real sur°æ¤púø’ v§ƒù«-©ûÓ Öçúøprise. He was fighting ö«-EéÀ îËÊÆ v°æߪ’ûªoç = fit till yesterday and ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ today he is down with Ç çí∫ x ¶ µ « ≠ æ ù 389 ´’%ûª’u´¤ûÓ §Ú®√-úøôç. a heart attack =

Police ©çîªç ÅúÕ-Íí-Ææ-JéÀ Ø√éπ\-L-T† üËy≥ƒEo •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Ç°æ¤-èπ◊Ø√o.

(fight back = fight down) c) She fought back her tears as her lover delayed his return =

ûª† v°œßª·úÕ ®√éπ Ç©-Ææu´’-´-úøçûÓ ´*a† éπFo-∞¡x†’ Ç¢Á’ Ç°æ¤-èπ◊çC.

4) Have a real fight on (somebody's) hands = a) Today's students have a real fight on their hands to make it to Engineering or Medicine Engineering Medicine b) Pakisthan has a real fight on its hands to make it through to the final match= match

Bv´ v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈Lq ®√´ôç.

ÑØ√öÀ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ îªü¿-¢√-©Ø√o, îªü¿-¢√-©Ø√o î√™« v¨¡N’ç-î√Lq ´≤ÚhçC.

*´J èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©çõ‰ §ƒéÀ-≤ƒnØ˛ î√™« v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈Lq ´Ææ’hçC. 5) fighting a losing battle = °∂æLûªç ®√ü¿E ûÁLÆœ èπÿú≈ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’ôç/ ãúÕ-§Ú-û√-´’E ûÁLÆœ èπÿú≈ §Ú®√-úøôç.

He is fighting for life

(¢√∞¡x Å´÷t, Ø√Ø√o éπ∞¡x F∞¡Ÿx Ç°æ¤-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËÆæ’h†o ´u®Ωn-v°æ-ߪ’ûªoç Eïçí¬ Nî√-®Ω-éπ®Ω ü¿%¨¡uç.) in vain= v°æßÁ÷-ï-†ç-™‰E/ E≠æp¥-©-¢Á’i†

He tried hard for the post but in vain/ He tried hard in vain for the post =

Ç °æü¿N éÓÆæç Åûªúø’ îËÆœ† v°æߪ’-û√o©’ ´u®Ωnç/ Åûªúø’ ´u®Ωn v°æߪ’ûªoç î˨»úø’. Prasen: Why? Is his condition that critical?

(àN’öÀ? ÅûªúÕ °æJ-ÆœnA Åçûª N≠æ-´’çí¬ Öçü∆?) critical= (äéπJ Ç®Óí∫u °æJ-ÆœnA) N≠æ´’ç/ à éπ~ùç™ Å®·Ø√ îªE-§ÚßË’ ÆœnA/ Åö Éö îÁ°æp-™‰EC Ranjan: The doctors have a real fight on their hands to save him =

(Åûª-úÕE ®ΩéÀ~ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Ç ¢Ájü¿’u©’ î√™« Bv´çí¬ §Ú®√-ú≈Lq Öçô’çC/ î√™« éπ≠d-°æ æú≈Lq Öçô’çC.)

a) The motorist, after a week long fight for life is slowly recovering = motorist

Ç (v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ *èπ◊\èπ◊†oûª†’) ¢√®Ωç-§ƒô’ ´’%ûª’u-´¤ûÓ §Ú®√úÕ ¢Á’©xí¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

b) The cancer patient succumbed to cancer after a determined fight for life for over a year.

She succumbed to the injuries =

í¬ßª÷©èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ ™ÔçT-§Ú-®·çC/ îªE-§Ú-®·çC.

v°æ¨¡o: i) Get Åçõ‰ '§Òçü¿úøç— ÅØË Å®Ωnç

(¢√∞¡x §Ú®√ôç E≠æp¥©ç é¬ü¿ØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o†’.)

get lost, get to, get off, get out -

(*Íé\-N’-ôçõ‰ ¨¡çûªØ˛ Helmet °ô’d-éÌ-ØËçü¿’-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ Å®·-≠dçæ í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’.) Prasen: Yes. I've noticed it too. He'd wear it on the main road and remove it on the lanes. And I think the accident took place on a lane.

(Å´¤†’. ؈÷ ÅC í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Main road ™ ¢Á∞Ïx-ô-°æ¤púø’ °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. Ææçü¿’™x BÊÆ-≤ƒhúø’. Ñ v°æ´÷ü¿ç ã Ææçü¿’™ ïJ-Tç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.) Ranjan: That's true. (Å´¤†’) Prasen: I'm going to see him. (

Ranjan: Hope you'll have good news for me.




(´’ç* ¢√®Ωh àü¿Ø√o BÆæ’-éÌ≤ƒh´E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o)











fought back/ fought down my hatred for him =

ii) Make

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™ N´-Jçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. be = to be = being = Öçúøôç.

ÖçC éπü∆? î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x NNüµ¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ™x - get, getting, get in, get on, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’.- O-öÀéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®√n©†’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. ii) Make Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. Å™«Íí

be, to be, being, to be + past participle (V3), to have + past participle, to have been + participle

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬Eo -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. iii) Bv´-¢√-ü¿’©’ ´’çvAE éÀú≈o°ˇ î˨»-®ΩE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o®Ω’. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L? iv) Happen, take place, going on °æü∆© -¶µ‰-ü¿ç ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. – áÆˇ. XE-¢√Æˇ, éÌ°æ¤p-†÷®˝ ï¢√•’: i) Getting Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ §Òçü¿úøç. Getting good marks isn't easy = ´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\©’ §Òçü¿ôç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’. Get in = ™°æ-LéÀ ®√. get on = Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´úøç. I can't get on with this low salary =

؈-ûª-úÕE îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o.)

a) As the auto driver continued to

M.SURESAN argue, the constable lost his = patience with great difficulty. He fought back éπ%ûª-E-¨¡a-ߪ’çûÓ àú≈-C-§ƒô’ ´’%ûª’u-´¤ûÓ §Ú®√úÕ his urge to beat him (Auto driver ÅüË-°æ-Eí¬ ãúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’, Ç cancer ®ÓT. ¢√C-Ææ’hç-úø-ôçûÓ constable Ææ£æ«†ç éÓ™p-ߪ÷úø’. succumb- Ææéπç – éπç ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = ™ÔçTdriver †’ éÌö«d-©ØË éÓJ-éπ†’ -Å-ûª-†’ ÅA éπ≠dç æÇö §Ú-´úøç. He succumbed to jaundice = O’ü¿ Ç°æ ¤ è π ◊ Ø √oúø ’ .) 鬢Á’®Ωx ¢√uCµéÀ ™ÔçT-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ (Ç ¢√uCµûÓ urge = •©-¢Á’i† éÓJéπ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.) b) As the policeman demanded a bribe, I

Prasen: Hope they aren't fighting a losing battle.

Ranjan: So do I. The trouble was Santan always fought shy of wearing a helmet.

ÉC Eïçí¬ Ç¨¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’. E†o-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ®√®·™« ÖØ√oúø’, É¢√y∞¡ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ í∫’çúÁ§Úô’. 3) fight back = àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊†o °æEE •©-´ç-û√† Ç°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç,¶µ«¢√-©†’ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Ç°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç.

Ñ ûªèπ◊\´ @ûªçûÓ Øˆ’ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-™‰†’. Get to = ÆæO’-°œç-îªúøç/ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xúøç Get lost = get out (¢ÁRx§Ú) Get off = Cí∫úøç (¢√£æ«-Ø√© †’ç*)

To be/ being honest is difficult =

Eñ«--ߪ’-Bí¬ Öçúøôç éπ≠dçæ . àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’•úøôç; îª÷úø-•-úøôç,

To be + pp = e.g.: to be seen = a) To be elected President of India is great =

Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ á†’o-éÓ-•-úøôç íÌ°æp. (Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ áEoéπ-´úøç íÌ°æp) b) It is not good to be seen here = Ééπ\úø îª÷úø•-úøôç ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’. (´’†Lo Ééπ\úø á´-È®jØ√ îª÷úøôç ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’) To have been + PP = ÉC to be + PP èπ◊ past tense - í∫ûªç™ àü¿-®·Ø√ îËߪ’-•-úøôç. a) The Lawyer seems to have been consulted in the matter= lawyer

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ç Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-•-úøfô’d éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. (Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√∞Ïx lawyer †’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-*-†ô’x éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC)

b) He seems to have been murdered=

Åûª†’ £æ«ûªu îËߪ’-•-úÕ-†ô’x éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC.

iii) People believe/ suppose/ think active); It is believed/ supposed/ thought passive) that extremists have kidnapped the minister.

(É´Fo

(É´Fo

É™« èπÿú≈ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a.

a) In trying to deny his hand in the landgrab, the minister is fighting a losing battle =

Ç ¶µº÷éπ-¶«b™ ûª† v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç ™‰ü¿E îª÷Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’çvA îËÆæ’h†o v°æߪ’ûªoç Ev≠æp-ßÁ÷-ï†ç.

b) You can't get him to repay the money. You are only fighting a losing battle=

¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω†’ç* úø•’s ®√•-ô’d-éÓ-™‰´¤. F v°æߪ’ûªoç Ev≠æp-ßÁ÷-ï†ç 6) fight shy of = Å®·-≠dû æ ª îª÷°æôç/ ¢Á†’-é¬-úøôç/ ûª°œpç-îªôç (avoid)

a) Women fought shy of wearing helmets in the beginning= helmet

¢Á·ü¿öx Çúø-¢√∞¡Ÿx üµ¿Jç-îª-ö«-EéÀ É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’.

©’

b) I don't know why you fight shy of discussing the problem with him =

Åûª-EûÓ Ææ´’Ææu îªJaç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ FÈéç-ü¿’-éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰üÓ/ áçü¿’èπ◊ ü∆õ‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.

c) Don't fight shy of expressing your opinions openly =

¶«£æ…-ôçí¬ F ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á†’-é¬-úøèπ◊.

People believe the minister to have been kidnapped by the extremists.

(to have been + PP èπ◊ ´’®Ìéπ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù) Ææ綵º-Nç-îªúøç/ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ï®Ω-í∫úøç/ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷†´ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈. a) The incident happened yesterday – Ç Ææç°∂æ’-ô† E†o ïJ-TçC. iv) Happen-

b) The elephants damaging the crop happened last month =

à†’-í∫’©’ °æçô†’ Ø√¨¡†ç îËߪ’ôç ïJ-TçC §Ú®·† ØÁ©. Take place- ÉC èπÿú≈ ï®Ω-í∫-ô¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ÉC ´÷†´ v°æ¢Ë’-ߪ’çûÓ a) The marriage took place last month =

-Ç Â°-R} éÀçü¿öÀ¢√®Ωç ïJ-TçC. b) The school anniversary takes place usually school in March =

Ç ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷Ja ØÁ-©-™ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. Going on= é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’†o/ continuing a) The meeting is going on = Æ涵º ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC (continuing/ taking place) b) When the class was going on he stood upto ask a question=

é¬xÆˇ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úøí¬ àüÓ v°æ¨¡o ÅúÕ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ E©-•-ú≈fúø’ Åûª†’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 2 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Present perfect continuous tense †’ passive ™éÀ ᙫ ´÷®√a--L? 2 Passive verb

.

†’ à í∫’Jhç-îªúøç ᙫ?

tense

ï¢√•’: 1. Perfect continuous Passive voice

™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L?subject, object – öÀ.éÀ-®Ω-ù˝- π◊-´÷®˝, íÓ®Ωçôx tenses (present, past and future) èπ◊

™‰ü¿’. ™ verb à tense ™ Öçô’çüÓ, Passive ™ èπÿú≈ ™ Öçô’ç-C/-Öç-ú≈L.

2. Active voice tense

ÅüË

e.g.: Active: He waters the plants everyday.- verb - waters, tense -present simple. sentence passive: The plants are watered by him Passive subject, the everyday. Verb - are watered - are + pp. plants. (sentence subject) Verb - are watered. (subject sentence verb).

Ñ

èπ◊

Ñ ™ -üËEo í∫’Jç* îÁ°æ¤hçüÓ, ÅC ü∆E ûª®√yûª èπ◊ Åûªuçûª ´·êu-´’-®·† ´÷ô/-

v°æ¨¡o: 1) -O’®Ω’ passive forms exercise ™ Four ï¢√•’: 1) Four were killed and ten were injured were killed and ten injured in the accident yesterday Four were killed and ten were injured in the accident yesterday

ÅE Éî√a®Ω’.

´÷-ô©’,

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Past perfect, continuous, Future perfect

í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 2. Ø√ •’é˙ BÆæ’éÌî√a®√ Åçõ‰ Ñ ®ÓV Å®Ωnç™ éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a? Have you bought my book. Did you bring (my) book last day -

Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? Å™«Íí §Òü¿’l† ïJ-T† ü∆E í∫’Jç* ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ö«x-úø’èπ◊-ØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ü∆Eo present perfect ™‰ü∆ simple past üËEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? has he given? (Åûªúø’ Éî√aú≈?), Has he taken? Åûªúø’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oú≈?– Å-ØÌî√a? – G.îªçü¿’, ÆœJ-ÊÆúø’

ï¢√•’: 1. Past

perfect, continuous, Future perfect tenses lessons

Did you bring my book yesterday? (last day correct.

ņç) – ÉD

Have + pp/ has + pp past action, time not stated time Have you brought my book, correct. Past action, time stated yesterday, last year etc. Did you bring my book yesterday? correct.

Å-E

the following. 'A' is having a job. The emoluments paid are not sufficient to meet both ends. So 'A' is doing another job, to have more salary to meet. - I am wishing some sentence and words, whether they are correct or not? 1. A second string to the bow. 2. A substitute job to meet the demand. 3. Mercenary (Adj). or sentence

-Ñ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ single word ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. – >.N. °æü∆t-´A, äçíÓ©’

ï¢√•’: I Hope you don't mind noting the fol-

lowing: We don't say: a) A is having a job, b) To meet both ends; but we say: a) A has a job, b) To make both ends meet.

(@Nûªç í∫úÕ-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊

î√L-†çûª Ææ秃-Cç-îªôç)

II. a) Doing a second job for additional income = Make (some, a little, etc) money on the side b) A job a person does in addition to their main = a sideline.

v°æ¨¡o: éÀç-C-¢√é¬u-™x -¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ-C -O’ lesson -™ -É-*-aç-C. È®ç-úÓ -¢√éπuç èπÿ-ú≈ ÆæÈ®j-†-üË-Ø√? é¬éπ-§Ú-ûË éπÈ®é˙d -¢√éπuç -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ.

1. If you study well. (If you are study well.) 2. He went to a movie last night. (He went for a movie last night.) 3. Whom do you help? (Whom do you help to?) 4. She came here to join a college. (She came here to join in a college. 5. To join a software institute. (To join in a software institute.) 6. How are you? (How you are?)

ï¢√•’: 1. If you are study well - ÉC ûª°æ¤p-éπü∆?

– ñ„.G.Æœ. ê´’tç

Are study verb from Please remember: The verb must be in one of the 6 forms given here: 1) The be

™«çöÀ

™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?

DEo (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† °æE, à ®ÓV/ á-°æ¤p-úø’ îÁ°æp-E) Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ (í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçD ) Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥-

ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç, ¢Á’i-ûË

ÅE Öçú≈L éπü∆? ÅüË ™„Ææ-Ø˛™ transformation principles (d) ™ shall be/ should be... ©èπ◊ + 1st RDW active Å®·ûË shall be/ should be... + pp passive ÅØ√o®Ω’. ÉC éπ®Ω-ÍédØ√?

3) What nonsense are you talking?; What nonsense you are talking .

ûËú≈ -à-N’-öÀ?

4) Were you, by any chance, in college last evening? in the college The

ņ-´î√a? 鬙‰ñ¸ ûÁL-ÆœçüË éπü∆? Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L éπü∆? – áØ˛.-°ç-ôߪ’u, °∂æ’ö¸-Íé-Ææ®˝

Has he given the money?

Has he taken your book? }Correct. Because has given, has taken - refer to past actions, time not stated. past actions.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçD ûÁ-L-ߪ’E

†’ í∫’-Jç-* -î √-™« ™ îÁ§ƒpç, N´-®Ωçí¬ §ƒûª îª÷úøçúÕ. 2. Have you brought my book? – †’´¤y Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁî√a¢√? (ÉC correct)

v°æ¨¡o: I. a) Please inform me the proper word for

2)

390

Y ou ar e mistaken i) A teacher by profession, he makes some money on the side by writing stories. teacher

v°æ¨¡o: 1. English ™ words

(´%Ah-Kû√u Åûª†’. éπü∑¿©’ ®√Æœ ´’J-éÌçûª Ææ秃-Cç--èπ◊çö«úø’.)

formal, informal

2. Went for a movie

ûª®√yûª

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. Help ûª®√yûª to preposition ®√ü¿’. (I help/ helped him Åçö«-¢Ë’ -é¬-F I help/ helped to him ņç) 4. Join in ûª°æ¤p. Join a college correct. 5. ÉC èπÿú≈ -´·-ç-ü¿’ -¢√éπuç ™«í¬ØË. 6. How you are? ÉC correct question form é¬ü¿’ í∫ü∆?(Question: Verb always before 3.

the subject)

DEéÀ

ÆæÈ®j-†üË éπü∆?

ã ô-°æ¤púø’, ņç. °æ¤úË

OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? . ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ? . †’´¤y §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»´¤, †’´¤y §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ °æú≈f´¤. Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ÅE ®√ߪ’-´î√a? . – OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? 8. Enter the house, enter into the house ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ? 9. English vocabulary éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç Ææ÷*ç-îªçúÕ. – Ç®˝.-P´, È®j™‰y-éÓ-úø÷®Ω’ ï¢√•’: 1.Formal Åçõ‰ ã °æü¿l¥A v°æ鬮Ωç îËÊÆ ÅE, ´·êuçí¬ ´÷†´ Ææç•ç-üµ∆-™x. °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡}ûÓ, íÌ°æp ¢√∞¡}ûÓ, ´’†èπ◊ -Åçûªí¬ °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰E ¢√∞¡}ûÓ– -á-™« -Åç-õ‰ -Å-™« -´÷-ö«x-úøç éπ-ü∆?(ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ûÓØÓ, ņo-ü¿´·t-©-ûÓØÓ -´÷-ö«x-úÕ-†-ô’x). î√-™« íı®Ω-´çí¬, ã °æü¿l¥Aí¬ ¢√JûÓ ´÷ö«-x-úøû√ç. ¢√∞¡xûÓ ´u´-£æ«-JçîË B®Ω’ èπÿú≈ äéπ °æü¿l¥-Aí¬ Öçô’çC. ÉC formal. äéπ officer ûÓØÓ, ã °ü¿l ´uéÀh-ûÓØÓ ´’†ç formal í¬ Öçö«ç. ´’† friends ûÓ informal í¬ Öçö«ç. ´’† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’™-ûÓ, ´·êuçí¬ ûª©’x-©ûÓ informal í¬ Öçö«ç. 2. Failing the word - fail your / his/ their word.

ÅØËC é¬ü¿’-éπü∆? Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ¢√∞¡x í∫’-Jç-* -´÷-ö«x-úËÅØË ÅØ√L. éÀ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç -™‰-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx ™ Ö†oÅçö«ç.

´÷ èπ◊ Å™«Íí O’®Ω’ éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ éπçõ‰ O’®Ω’ 3.

ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’-éπü∆?). ™ ņ’-

é¬ü¿’. áçü¿’èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ¢√∞¡Ÿx éπ†’éπ.

È®çúø÷ Åçûª Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† sentences 鬴¤. ÆæÈ®j† ¢√éπuç: Among those pens the one with the black refill is mine OR Among those the pen with the black refill is mine.

àN’öÀ? . '´÷ô ûª°æp-úøç— – ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 3. The pen which has black

– OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ?

í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: ®√ØË-®√´¤.

éπü∆? Å™«Íí

2

.

You see that are (be form) + study (1 st RDW) is not among the 6 forms of the verb. be from Doing Words

Voice: It shall be done by you -Verb: shall be + done - shall be + pp (done) He should carry it (A.V.verb: should carry - should + 1st RDW). Passive: It should be carried by him. Verb: should be carried (should be + carried - pp)3) What nonsense are you talking? correct. What nonsense you are talking correct question form 4) college college in college In the college College college in the college e.g.: My father was in the college yesterday to meet the principal. ( father college ZPHS, Ghatkesar Teacher You go to school at 9.30/ You attend school everyday. The school school

ÖØ√o®· éπü∆? Åçõ‰

ii) A teacher, writing stories is his sideline (sideline = a job in addition to the main job) M.SURESAN refill is mine among those. iii) a) A second string to the bow: The correct The pen that has black refill is mine among form of this expression is, a) Have more those then string to your bow; b) Have another/ more strings to your bow. 4 The pens that are blue in colour are mine. The meaning of these expressions is, "to have The pens those are blue in colour are more than one plan, idea or skill you can use mine. it you need to." It does not mean an addition5 Depend on, depend upon al job. 6 b) A substitute job means a job that you do instead of the job that you are doing now, You have mistaknot an additional job. en, You are mistaken c) Mercenary means doing anything just for the sake of money. The men who work for a 7 Happy Sankranti to everybody. goonda are mercenaries because they do Happy Sankranti everybody. anything just for money. form; 2) the be form + the ... ing form; 3) The be form + the past participle; 4) have/ has/ had/ shall have/ will have, etc... + past participle; 5) The Doing Words and 6) shall, should, will, would etc + the 1st RDW.

Å-†-ú≈-EéÀ •ü¿’©’, were È®çúø’ clauses èπÿ äéπõ‰ (common) 鬕öÀd, four were killed and ten, injured Å--ØÌa. ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’, Å®·ûË ten °æéπ\-† comma Öçõ‰ clear í¬ Öçô’çC. ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’, ten °æéπ\† comma ņ™‰ç éπü∆, Åçü¿’-éπE, ten Å-E é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Ç°œ, injured Åçö«ç. 2) ÅçûË éπü∆? e.g.: You shall do it. (AV. verb: shall + 1st RDW) DEéÀ Passive

O’ sentences ™ mine among those ÅØËC ÆæÈ®j† word order é¬ü¿’. É™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ clarity î√-™« ´·êuç. Åçü¿’-éπE, Among those pens, ´·ç-ü¿’çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. 4. The pens that are blue in colour, correct. (The blue pens are mine/ mine are the blue pens simple

Åçõ‰ Éçé¬ éπü∆?) . È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË sentence *´®Ω ´*a-†°æ¤púø’ 'depend upon' better. I depend on him - depend, sentence -´’üµ¿u™ ´*açC 鬕öÀd, on ¢√ú≈ç (upon ¢√úÕØ√ ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’).He is not to be depended upon - Ééπ\úø depend sentence *´®Ω ´*açC. 鬕öÀd depend upon É™« ¢√úøôç better (on ¢√úÕØ√ ûª°æ¤p ™‰ü¿’). 6. †’´¤y §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»´¤ = You have made a mistake. †’´¤y §Ò®Ω-°æ-ú≈f´¤ = You are mistaken. You have mistaken - Ñ sentence ™ -àç -§Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’ -îËÆœç-D -îÁ°æp-ôç -™‰-ü¿’, sentence °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’. You have mistaken him for his brother - ÅûªE ûª´·túÕ-E /ņo†’ Åûª-úÕí¬ §Ò®Ω-•-ú≈f´¤ †’´¤y. You have mistaken ÅE ´C-™‰ÊÆh -ü∆Eo -á-™« §Ò®Ω-•-úÕçC ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. 5

7. Both are correct. Happy sankranthi to everybody =

v°æA ¢√Jéà džçü¿ Ææçvé¬çA. (O’ áü¿’ÅE °œL* ®Ω’í¬ Ö†o-¢√-∞¡}†’) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-Ææç-vé¬çA ûÁ-©°æôç. 8. äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç-™ éÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îªôç – Enter a place. ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç, Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™éÀ Cí∫úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, enter into an agreement/ into Happy Sankranthi every body = every body

a conversation, etc.

9. Vocabulary

éπçô÷ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ -ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬙‰ îªü¿-´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. O©-®·-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English îªü¿-´çúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 4 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007 Nipun: Chandan is fighting the election this time too, but it's going to be tougher for him than last time.

(Ñ≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ îªçü¿Ø˛ áEo-éπ™x §Úöà îËÆæ’hØ√oúø’. éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-J-éπçõ‰ Ñ≤ƒJ Èí©-´úøç Åûª-úÕéÀ áèπ◊\´ éπ≠dçæ .) Sugun: Yea. He has to fight more people for leadership than he did last time.

(Å´¤†’. Ø√ߪ’-éπûªyç éÓÆæç éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ-éπçõ‰ Ñ≤ƒJ áèπ◊\-´-´’ç-CûÓ §ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ÷Lq ÖçC.) Nipun: He has the toughest challenge from Nandan. Nandan has the support of a sizable section of the voters.

(Åûª-úÕéÀ í∫öÀd-§Úöà †çü¿Ø˛ †’çîË. ãô-®Ωx™ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-ü¿í∫_ ´®Ω_¢Ë’, †çü¿-Ø˛†’ •©-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hØ√o®Ω’.) sizeable/ sizable= áèπ◊\´ ¶µ«í∫¢Ë’ Sugun: I disagree with you there. He is not such a serious opposition to Nandan.

(ÅC ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÓ†’. Åûªúø’ †çü¿-Ø˛èπ◊ Åçûª °ü¿l §Úöà àç é¬ü¿’.)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Last lesson

™ ´’†ç spoken English ™ fight èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. ´’J-éÌEo ´÷ô©’ fight èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†¢Ë, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ñ lesson ™ fight ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô©’ ÅFo §Ú®√-ö«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç*-†¢Ë é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç îª÷≤ƒhç. Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) Chandan is fighting an election this time too. 2) He has to fight more people for leadership than he did last time. 3) Chandan had to fight off his crowd of admirers to come out of the auditorium.

b) You don't always fight people to win. You do it just for the pleasure of it.

4) Hari has still plenty of fight left in him. 5) The next candidate that has a fighting chance in him is Nandan. 6) Our friends fought about this issue for a whole hour. 7) I left them to fight it out. 1) Fighting an election: Fight an election

Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆? áEo-éπ™x §Úöà îËߪ’ôç ÅE.

Nipun: What do you know? The other day after making a speech, Chandan had to fight off his crowd of admirers to come out of the auditorium. That's the following he has.

a) Only the rich can make it to the Assembly or Parliament in India. Fighting an election costs a lot =

(àç ûÁ©’Ææ’ Fèπ◊? ¢Á·ØÌoéπ®ÓV Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç É*a† ûª®√yûª Ç Æ涵º †’ç* •ßª’-öÀ-éÌ-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûª† ÅGµ-´÷-†’© ´’üµ¿u †’ç* ®√´-ú≈EéÀ áçûÓ §Ú®√-ú≈Lq ´*açC. Åçûªí¬ ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË ¢√∞¡ŸxØ√o-®Ω-ûª-úÕéÀ.) admirers= fans= ÅGµ-´÷-†’©’. following= ´’ü¿lûª’/ support. The hero has a large fan following= Çhero èπ◊ °ü¿l Ææçêu-™ØË ÅGµ-´÷†/ ņ’-Ω í∫ùç ÖçC.

Èí©-´-ö«-E-éπØË Éûª-®Ω’©ûÓ §Úöà îËߪ’ç. džçü¿ç éÓÆæç èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç. 3) Fight (something/ somebody) off = äéπ-JE/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo E®Ó-CµçîËçü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªôç, é¬Ææh üˆ®Ω†b uçûÓ èπÿú≈. a) The stars had to fight off the crowds to get out of the auditorium =

b) In spite of the early loss of wickets, the Pak team has plenty of fight left in it.=

ûªy®Ωí¬ wickets éÓ™p-®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Pak ïô’d™ Éçé¬ §Ú®√-ô-°æ-öÀ´’/ éÓJé¬ ÖØ√o®·. 5) Have a fighting chance = v¨¡´’-°æúÕ, éπ%ûª E¨¡aߪ’çûÓ Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫-©-í∫úøç. a) If you starts working at it, you still have a fighting chance =

†’´¤y éπ≠d-°æ æ-úÕûË, †’´¤y ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫-LÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC.

Ç Æ涵«-ÆænL †’ç* •ßª’-ô-°æ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç ÆœE´÷ û√®Ω©’ ïØ√Eo ûÓÊÆÆœ ®√¢√Lq ´*açC.

b) Don't worry. Begin now. You still have a fighting chance =

b) The police had to fight off the demonstrators to take the Minister out =

¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. É°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç. Fèπ◊ Nï-ߪ÷´-é¬-¨»©’ ÖØ√o®·. 6) fight about = ¢√Cç--éÓ-´úøç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

391

a) They fought about for

I left them to fight it out

Sugun: Do you know that the other candidate Hari has still plenty of fight left in him? You can't count him out.

(ÉçéÓ Å¶µºuJn £æ«JéÀ èπÿú≈ ´’ç* §Úöà ɴyí∫© ¨¡éÃh, Ææçéπ©pç ÖØ√o-ߪ’E ûÁ©’≤ƒ Fèπ◊? ÅûªúÕo ûËL-éπí¬ BÆœ-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’™‰ç.) Nipun: Still he may not be the force that Nandan is. Chandan is still the favourite, but the next candidate that has a fighting chance in him is Nandan, certainly not Hari.

(Å®·Ø√ Åûª†’ †çü¿Ø˛ Åçûª íÌ°æp/ í∫öÀd v°æûªuJn 鬙‰úø’. Åçü¿®Ω÷ ņ’-èπ◊-ØËC îªçü¿ØË Èí©’-≤ƒh-úøE. Å®·ûË ÅûªE ûª®√yûª àüÁjØ√ §Ú®√úÕ Èí©-´-í∫© Ææ´’-®Ωnûª ÖçúËC †çü¿Ø˛Íéí¬F, £æ«JéÀ é¬ü¿’.) Sugun: Let's wait and see. Yesterday our friends Karthik, Ramesh, Pratap and others fought about this issue for a whole hour. I left them to fight it out.

(îª÷ü∆lç. E†o ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ é¬Khé˙, ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ, v°æû√°ˇ, Éûª-®Ω’©÷ ã í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ÉüË ¢√Cç--èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xØË ûË©’a-éÓ-´’E ؈’ ´îËa¨».) Nipun: It's unfortunate that the candidates are fighting on the basis of caste.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx èπ◊©ç v§ƒA-°æ-C-éπ† §ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ’ôç ü¿’®Ωü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç) Sugun: Nandan did not do it at first. But when Chandan started it, Nandan wanted to fight fire with fire and started the caste appeal.

(¢Á·ü¿ô †çü¿Ø˛ Å™« îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. é¬E Chandan ü∆Eo v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªôç îª ÷Æœ ´·©’x†’ ´·©’x-ûÓØË Bߪ÷-©E, û√†’ èπÿú≈ èπ◊©ç v°æ≤ƒh-´† ûÁî√aúø’.) Nipun: OK. Let's wait and watch. (¢Ë* îª÷ü∆lç.)

2)

¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Ææç°æ-†’o™‰ Assembly ©èπ◊-í¬F, Parliament èπ◊í¬F áEo-éπ´-í∫-©®Ω’. áEo-éπ™x §Úöà îËߪ’ôç î√™« ê®Ω’aûÓ èπÿúÕ† °æE.

´’çvAE •ßª’-ôèπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ §ÚM-Ææ’©’ v°æü¿-®Ωz-èπ◊-©†’ îÁü¿-®Ω-íÌ-ö«dLq ´*açC. demonstrators = v°æü¿-®Ωz-èπ◊©’

b) To fight an election is one thing, to win is quite another.

Though old, he fought the robbers off =

áEo-éπ™x §ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ’ôç äéπ áûª’h, ´·Ææ-L-¢√-úÁj-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ç üÓ°œ-úÕ-í¬-∞¡xûÓ M.SURESAN Èí©-´ôç äéπ áûª’h. §Ú®√úÕ ûªJ-¢Ë’-¨»úø’. To fight people = compete = Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ §Úöà 4) Plenty of fight (left) in somebody = Éçé¬ îËߪ’ôç. ã°œéπ/ ¨¡éÀh N’TL Öçúøôç. a) He has to fight 5 other candidates to be through to the assembly =

a) My grandmother still has plenty of fight left in her to walk the whole distance. =

ÅÂÆçHxéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©çõ‰ Åûªúø’ ´’®Ó âü¿’-í∫’-JûÓ §ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ÷Lq ÖçC.

Éçûª-ü¿÷-®Ω´‚ †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷ Å´’t-´’tèπ◊/ ¶«´’tèπ◊ Éçé¬ ã°œéπ/ ¨¡éÀh N’TL ÖçC.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

a=

1. C.P.Brown Dictionary pronunciation

™ -èπ◊ Ææç-•çCµç-* éÀç-C-N -Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’. -N-´®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰ßª’í∫-©®Ω’. a - a- ,a' , a^ , a , a^ a – Å, Å, °æ d-ed-et - úøü¿ E- e- e' e - áà, -É, Ñ - .. i - i i - É, Ñ, â - ' O - O, O , O - ãä - ' U - U U ,U U - ÖÜ, Ç – OöÀ-E ᙫ °æ©é¬-™ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. 2. English paper îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ Å®√n©’ îª÷-úÌ-ü¿lE O’®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. îªC-N† ûª®√yûª îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ í∫’®Ω’hçúø´¤ éπü∆? ûÁ©’í∫’ O’úÕߪ’ç ¢√JéÀ Oxford à ÆœKÆˇ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC? – G.Ææ-Ah-¶«•’, éÓ®Ω’-éÌçúø -ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ-†N pronunciation (Ö-î√a®Ω-ù)èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N. i) a = a- = (Å)= cot ™ Å í¬ °æ©’èπ◊û√ç – Å®·ûË ÉC °æL-Íé-ô-°æ¤púø’ °ü¿-´¤©’ í∫’çvúøç-í¬ A°œp, Ø√©’éπ °æéπ\-©’- °jéÀ A°æ¤pû√ç. v

v

^

^

v

v

Å – ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç ´÷´‚©’í¬ ÖîªaJçîË 'Å—èπ◊, English ™ a ®√ü¿’. a = Ç – ÉC, cot ™E Å ™«í¬ °ü¿-´¤©’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp, Ø√©’éπ °æéπ\-©’ -°jéÀ A°æ¤pû√ç – fall ™ ™«í¬. 'a' †’ English ™ à °æ-ü¿ç™ èπÿú≈, 'à— í¬ °æ©éπç. 'áß˝’—-™«í¬ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, fate (°∂ß˝’-ö¸) ™ ™«. ii) d E bad ™ 'úø—™« °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Looked, booked ™ d (ed), t í¬ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Looked = ©’é˙d. iii) E (e) E, bet ™«çöÀ °æü∆™x, 'á— í¬ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 'à— ™« à °æü¿ç-™-†÷- ®√ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ. fete ÅØË ´÷ô™ °߽’ö¸ (áß˝’)™« ´Ææ’hçC. feel ™ 'Ñ—™« ´Ææ’hçC. iv) i - ÉC fit, kill ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ x 'É— ™« °æ©’èπ◊û√ç.Magazine ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™ '´÷í∫-@Ø˛—– 'Ñ— ™« °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. sign ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™x 'â— ™« °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. v) O - ÉC British English ™ 'ä¢˛— ™« °æ©’èπ◊û√ç – go - íÌ¢˛ (¢˛ °æLéà °æ©éπ†ô’x Öç-ô’ç-C). American English / Indian English ™ ä ÅE ´Ææ’hçC – go - íÌ/ íÓ.

a whole night but did not arrive at any settlement =

®√vûªçû√ ¢√Cç--éÌE à B®√t-Ø√-Eéà ®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx.

b) The boys in the back benches are fighting about the best actor =

*´J benches ™ èπÿ®Ω’a†o °œ©x©’, Öûªh´’ †ô’úÕ í∫’Jç* ¢√Cç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. 7) fight it out = àüÁjØ√ N≠æߪ’ç B®√t†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ´ôç (settle îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç) a) He just left home leaving his wife and his mother to fight it out =

Åûª†’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-Rx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’, ûªLxF ¶µ«®Ωu†’ §Úö«x-úø’-éÓ-´’E. b) Let's go. Let them fight it out =

´’†ç ¢Á∞«lç °æü∆. ¢√∞¡xØË ûË©’a-éÓF (§Úö«xô, ¢√ü¿†). vi) U -

DEo 'full' ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-™x, 'Ö— ™« °æ©’èπ◊û√ç. (full - °∂椙¸) rule ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™x 'Ü— ™« °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. (®Ω÷™¸) But ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™x U †’ 'Å— í¬ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 2) îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púË dictionary ™ Å®√n©’ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊çô÷ îªC-NûË, O’ îªü¿’-´¤- ≤ƒ-í∫ü¿’, NÆæ’Íí-Ææ’hçC, îªü¿-´-úøç ÇÊ°-≤ƒh®Ω’. Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿’´¤-èπ◊ç-ô÷-§ÚûË, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd éÌEo ´÷ô© Å®√n©’ dictionary Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç- ™‰-èπ◊çú≈ î√©≤ƒ®Ω’x correct í¬ØË Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-í∫©ç. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ áèπ◊\-´-≤ƒ®Ω’x äÍé-´÷ô ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, ÅC ´’† mind ™E, auto register ´©x, ´’† v°æߪ’-ûªoç -™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ´’† speech ™ ¢√úËߪ’ôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. îªC-N† ûª®√yûª ÅEo ´÷ô©÷ ´’-J-*-§Úç- éπü∆? à È®çúø’- ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©-®·Ø√ í∫’®Ω’hç-ö«-®·-éπü∆. O’®Ω’ ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©’. Telugu Medium ¢√∞¡Ÿx Oxford Dictionary *´®Ω defining words list ÅE Öçô’ç-C. -´·ç-ü¿’ -¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç -Ææ’-©¶µºç. -¢√öÀ Å®√n-©èπ◊ éÌçûªé¬©ç àü¿-®·Ø√ English - Telugu Dictionary ¢√úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 6 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007 Subhakar: So, what's new?

(Å®·ûË àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?) Jayakar:

I am returning from Vishnu. A piece of good news is that he has got admission into IIM. (Vishnu

ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* AJ-íÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh. Åûª-úÕéÀ IIM ™ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç ©Gµç*çC.)

(IIM = Indian Institute of Management) Subhakar: That's really great. Getting admission into IIM is certainly an achievement. I should walk a hundred miles to shake hands with him.

(Eïçí¬ íÌÊ°p. IIM ™ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç Åçõ‰ àüÓ °∂撆鬮Ωuç ≤ƒCµç-*-†õ‰x. ´çü¿¢Á’i∞¡Ÿx †úÕ-îÁjØ√ Åûª-úÕéÀ shakehand É¢√yLqçüË.) Walk a hundred miles to shakehands with somebody=

á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ °∂æ’†-鬮Ωuç ≤ƒCµÊÆh Ñ ´÷ôçö«ç. Jayakar:

The thing to be appreciated here is his fighting spirit. Really hats off to his patience and perseverance.

(´’†ç ¢Á’a-éÓ-¢√-LqçC áçûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’iØ√ ≤ƒCµç-î√-©ØË éÓJéπ/ ≤ƒCµç-îË-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú®√ú≈-©ØË éÓJéπ. Eïçí¬ ÅûªúÕ ã®Ω’p†÷, °æô’d-ü¿©†÷ ¢Á’a-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË.) appreciate: Åv°‘-≠œ-áß˝’ö¸ – v°‘ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’èπ◊û√ç= ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç; patience- °߽’-≠æØ˛q– ûÁ©’Ææ’ í∫ü∆? ã®Ω’p/ ã°œéπ. perseverance- °æ (bird ™ '•— ™«) ÆœN-ߪ’®ΩØ˛q– N ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç= °æô’d-ü¿©– ≤ƒCµç-îË-´-®Ωèπ◊ Nv¨¡-N’ç-îªE í∫’ùç; hats offá´J†-®·Ø√ ¢Á’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË ´÷ô. ñ£æ…®˝ ™«í¬.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ È®çúø’ lessons ™ spoken ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE-°œçîË fight, ü∆EûÓ ´îËa Éûª®Ω ´÷ô©’, ¢√öÀ ¢√úøéπç îª÷¨»ç. Éçé¬ fight èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’, conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úø-í∫-L-T-†N ´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. Ñ lesson ™ ¢√öÀE îª÷ü∆lç. ¢√öÀE ûª®Ωîª÷ O’ conversation ™ ¢√úË Å´-é¬-¨»-©’ç-ö«®·. English

Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) The thing to be appreciated here is his fighting spirit.

2) fight back =

2) His failure in his first attempt roused his desire to fight back.

4) Fight to the finish =

a) This exam is going to be a fight to the finish for me =

ãôN’ ûª°œpç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ §ƒéÀ-≤ƒnØ˛ áü¿’-®Ω’-E-L* §Ú®√-úÕçC.

4) He has fought to the finish.

؈’ ´÷vûªç Ñ °æKéπ~ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ û√úÓ Ê°úÓ ûË©’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.

b) The tribals in India do not have the power to fight back, though they are exploited=

5) He'd fight tooth and nail for any thing he wants.

b) This time it is going to be a fight to the finish. Either he or me will stay=

üÓ°œ-úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω-´¤-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, ¶µ«®Ωûª TJ-ï-†’-©èπ◊ ü∆Eo áC-JçîË ¨¡éÀh ™‰ü¿’. (exploited= äéπJ •©-£‘«-†-ûª†’ ´’† ¶«í∫’èπ◊ ¢√úø’-éÓ-´ôç; Ũ¡-éπh-ûª†’ ¢√úø’-éÓ-´ôç/ ´÷´‚©’í¬ üÓ°œ-úÕéÀ í∫’®ΩßË’u •©£‘«-†-´-®√_-©†’, they are exploited Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’)

1) Fighting spirit-

§Ú®√úÕ ≤ƒCµç-î√-©ØË éÓJéπ/ áçûª éπ≠d-°æ æ-úÁjØ√ ≤ƒCµç-î√-©ØË í∫öÀd E®Ωgߪ’ç. (Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ EÆæp %£æ« îÁçü¿-èπ◊çú≈, EÆæq-£æ…-ߪ’ûª îª÷°œç-îªèπ◊çú≈)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

392

3) Put up fight=

a

Ñ≤ƒJ Åö Éö ûËL-§Ú-ßË’-ü∆é¬ §Ú®√-úøû√/ v°æߪ’-ûªoç-îË≤ƒh. ¢√úø’ç-ö«úÓ Øˆ’ç-ö«ØÓ ûË™«L. c) The third time was a fight to the finish. The result was in his favour=

good

´‚úÓ-≤ƒ-JéÀ ûËLç-ü¿C. °∂æLûªç ¢√úÕéÀ ņ’-èπÿ©çí¬ ÖçC. 5) Fight tooth and nail=

He has fought to the finish

Subhakar: His failure in his first attempt roused his desire to fight back. It did not disappoint him, but has fought back successfully.

(¢Á·ü¿öÀ ߪ’ûªoç N°∂æ-©-´’-´úøç Åûª-úÕ™ áü¿’®Ω’ §Ú®√-ú≈-©ØË éÓJ-éπ†’ Í®°œçüËí¬F, Åûª-úÕE E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«-°æ-®Ω-îª-™‰ü¿’. áü¿’®Ω’ §Ú®√úÕ ï®·ç-î√úø’) Jayakar:

Subhakar: Yea. He wanted to see it through to the end and he did. He has fought to the finish.

(Å´¤†’. ü∆E Åçûª’ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. îª÷¨»úø’. *´-J-´-®Ωèπÿ §Ú®√-ú≈úø’ ¢Á·û√hEéÀ.) Jayakar:

éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-®·Ø√ ≤ƒCµç-î√-©-†’-éÌ-ØË-¢√∞Ïx/ §Ú®√úÕ Èí©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞Ïx @N-ûªç™ Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµ-≤ƒh®Ω’.

He has always been the fighting type. He'd fight tooth and nail for anything he wants.

(á°æ¤púø÷ §Ú®√úË ûªûªy¢Ë’/ *´-J-´-®Ωèπÿ v°æߪ’-AoçîË ûªûªy¢Ë’ Åûª-úÕC. ûª†èπ◊ 鬢√LqçC ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ÷hØË Öçö«úø’ í∫öÀd E®Ωg-ߪ’çûÓ.) Subhakar: All said and done it's a great achievement. I'll go to him and congratulate him personally.

(àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ÉC °∂æ’†-é¬-®Ωu¢Ë’. ؈’ ¢ÁRx ´uéÀh-í∫-ûªçí¬ ÅûªúÕE ÅGµ-†ç-C-≤ƒh†’.)

éπ≥ƒd-©èπÿ, ¨¡vûª’-´¤-©èπÿ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ™Ôçí∫-èπ◊çú≈ O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ §Ú®√úøôç/ ™ÔçT-§ÚßË’ ´®Ωèπÿ §Ú®√-úø’ûª÷ç-úøôç/ N°∂æ-©-´’-ßË’u-´-®Ωèπÿ v°æߪ’-AoÆæ÷hç-úøôç. (v°æߪ’-ûªo-™ °æç ™‰éπ-§Ú´ôç.)

b) It is not just enough to have ambition. You should have the fighting spirit=

by his fighting spirit. He fought so hard for peace=

Q. i) Who

do you like the most? Who/ Whom -

ii) Vis-a-vis

ÅØÌî√a?

éÌûªh °æ†’o© Ö°æÆæç£æ«®Ωù éÓÆæç ¢√∞¡Ÿx í∫öÀdí¬ §Ú®√-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ÉC èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’Ææ’éÓçúÕ:

È®çúø÷ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? Åçõ‰ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-

Tç-î√L? - Dhana, OU Campus, Hyderabad.

A.

i) Who do you like most present day spoken English columns 'Whom' Modern English Indian speakers of English- 'Whom' Who

ÅØË Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí ™. ÅØ√L, ™ DE í∫’Jç* î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´Ñ ¢√úøéπç Jçî√ç. ™ ™‰ü¿’. ´’†™«çöÀ í∫’J* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úøôç î√™« §ƒçúÕûªuç/ ví¬çC∑éπç. ii) Vis-a-vis- Pronunciation: OÇO/ OÅO. È®çúÕç-öÀ-™†÷, È®çúÓ O ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç– Å®Ωnç. §ÚLa-îª÷ÊÆh, Ç Ææç•çüµ¿çí¬/ Ç ØË°æ-ü∑¿uç™. a) What do you think of India's relations with the US vis-a-vis Pakistan? =

Å¢Á’J-é¬ûÓ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’, §ƒéÀ-≤ƒnØ˛ Ææç•çüµ∆-©ûÓ §ÚLa îª÷ÊÆh ᙫ ÖØ√o®·, F ÅGµv§ƒ-ߪ’ç™.

Fight fire with fire =

´·©’x†’ ´·©’x-ûÓØË Bߪ’ôç. You set a thief to catch a thief. This is fighting fire with fire =

ãúÕ-§Ú-ûËØËç?/ N°∂æ-©-¢Á’i-ûËØËç? ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷vûªç í∫öÀd v°æߪ’-ûªo¢Ë’ î˨»®Ω’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√∞¡x†’ ´’†ç ¢Á’a-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË. All credit = ¢Á’a-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. b) Congress Govt's free power supply to farmers vis-avis TDP's promise of a kilo rice for two rupees =

È®jûª’-©èπ◊ é¬çvÈíÆˇ v°æ¶µº’ûªy Ö*ûª Nü¿’uû˝ Ææ®Ω°∂æ®√, ûÁ©’-í∫’-ü˨¡ç È®çúø’ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©èπ◊ éÀ™ Gߪ’uç °æü∑¿éπç, äéπü∆EûÓ äéπöÀ §ÚLÊÆh ...

Q. Please explain:

She neither returned the books nor paid the bill. Besides ......... (complete as directed) - NV Reddy, Ugranapalle

A. Q.

Besides not returning the books, she did not pay the bill.

a) The residents of the new colony are fighting tooth and nail for a road and bus stop =

b) They are fighting tooth and nail for the withdrawal of new taxes =

b) All credit to them for putting up a stiff fight. Doesn't matter if they lost=

¨»çA 鬢√-©E áçûªí¬ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊-Ø√oúÓ í¬çDµéÀ Åçûªí¬ (Ææ´÷-†çí¬) àüÁjØ√ ≤ƒCµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ E®Ωgߪ’ç/ éπ%≠œ (§Ú®√-ô-Ææ÷p¥Jh) ÖçúËC. ¨»çA éÓÆæç í∫öÀd §Ú®√-ô¢Ë’ î˨»úø’. (¨»çA éÓÆæç §Ú®√ôç – Ñ ´÷ô™x ¢Áj®Ω’üµ¿uç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)

í∫öÀd °æô’d-ü¿-©ûÓ -§Ú®√úøôç.

Ç colony ¢√Ææ’©’ éÌûªh road, bus stop éÓÆæç ÇçüÓ-∞¡† îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

Çé¬çéπ~/ àüÓ ≤ƒCµç-î√-©ØË éÓJéπ a) They lost the match in the end, M.SURESAN ´÷vûª¢Ë’ î√©ü¿’. áçûª éπ≠d-°æ æ-úÁjØ√ but they did put up a good fight = ≤ƒCµç-î√-©ØË E®Ωgߪ’ç/ §Ú®√-ô-Ææ÷p¥Jh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ãúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’, é¬F (ãúø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊) c) Gandhi's desire for peace was matched Bv´ v°æߪ’-ûªo¢Ë’ î˨»®Ω’.

He has put up a good fight this time, and has won. IIM was his life time goal. His stand was IIM or his father's business. He would not study any other course.

(Ñ≤ƒJ àüÓ äéπöÀ ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√-©E v¨¡N’çî√úø’. IIM ™ îªü¿-¢√-©-ØËD ÅûªúÕ @N-ûªí∫´’uç. ÅûªúÕ ¢ÁjêJ, IIM í¬F, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ¢√u§ƒ®Ωçí¬F. ÉçÍé course îªü¿-´-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E.) goal = í∫´’uç

Åö Éö ûË™‰-ü∆éπ

§Ú®√ -úøôç/ v¨¡N’ç-îªôç.

a) Pakistan fought back to avoid defeat=

3) He has put up a good fight this time.

a) The one that succeeds in life is always the one with fighting spirit =

(´’†Íéç £æ…E ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈) áü¿’-®Ω’-

§Ú-®√ôç.

üÌçí∫†’ °æô’d-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ÉçéÓ üÌçí∫†’ EßÁ÷-Tçîªôç, ´·©’x†’ ´·©’xûÓ Bߪ’-úø¢Ë’.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u©èπ◊ ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ii) I am interested in reading. You are satisfied.

Ñ ¢√é¬u©’ à ÖØ√oßÁ÷ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

tense

™

- Bharathi, Hyderabad

A.

i) They were living in America -

í∫ûªç™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ïJ-T† °æE – Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx America ™ E´-Æ œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE. They had been living in America Åçõ‰, í∫ûªç™ äéπ °æEéÀ-´·çüË ¢√∞¡Ÿx America ™ E´-Æœç-îªôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, Ç °æE-ü∆é¬ ÖØ√o-®ΩE. They had been living in America when Roosevelt became the PresidentRoosevelt America Roosevelt President

Åüµ¿uèπ~◊úøßË’u-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ™ E´-Æœ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’– ¢√∞¡Ÿx Åçûª-èπ◊´·çüË Åéπ\úø ÖØ√o®Ω’, ÅßË’u´-®Ωèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’ ÅE. ii) È®çúø÷ Present Tense éπü∆ (Are - Present Tense)

i) They were living in America. They had been living in America.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 9 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Q. Simple present tense subject singular verb 's' 'es' "I go to school"

™ ™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ èπ◊ í¬F, í¬F îË®√-L™ éπü∆. é¬E Å™« Öçúø-üÁç-ü¿’èπ◊? Éçü¿’™ 'I' singular éπü∆? He, she, it ¢Á·ü¿-™„j† singulars Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ Å™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x verb èπ◊ s/ es îË®Ω’-ûª’çC éπü∆? Ñ ÆæçüË£æ«ç B®Ωa-í∫-©®Ω’. - N. Bhanuchandar,

2

A. Simple present singulars 's'/ 'es' III person singular (He, she, it) s/ es 'I' first person singular s/ es you you plural subject You are, You were, You have been, etc.

èπÿ

™ ÅEo îË®Ωa®Ω’.

èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îË®Ω’≤ƒh®Ω’. 鬕öÀd ü∆EéÀ îË®Ωa®Ω’. Å™«Íí èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, †’´¤y/ †’ O’®Ω’ È®çúø÷. Å®·ûË í¬ØË á°æ¤púø÷ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ≤ƒhç–

Madhuvaripalem

ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ¢Á·ûªhç verb patterns ™‰ü∆ model áEo? 275 ÖØ√o-ߪ’E îªC-¢√†’, Eï-¢Ë’Ø√? Å´Fo ÖçúË °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ii) Compartive degree ™ Ö†o adjectives †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. iii) It is of no use. DE Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? iv) Be + of ûÓ ÖçúË ¢√é¬u© í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

Q. i)

ii)

O’ Ñ v°æ¨¡o é¬Ææh ÅÆæp≠ædçí¬ ÖçC. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEo adjectives †÷ comparative degree ™ ¢√úø’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«ç éπü∆? È®çúø’ Åçûªèπ◊ N’ç* Ö†o ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’, ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†÷ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x comparative degree ´Ææ÷hØË Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ¢√úø’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«ç éπü∆? Éçéπ ÅEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©÷ Å¢Ë éπü∆? O’ ÆæçüË£æ«ç Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. - T.Satyanarayana, Bhimavaram iii) It is of no use ÅE É°æpöÀ English ™ ņ-ôçA. i) English ™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 275 patterns Ö†oô’d ™‰ü¿’. It is no use Åçö«ç. It is no use talkÅçîªØ√. Å®·ûË Daily life ™ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’ßË’u, ing to a fool -´‚®Ω’^úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç E®Ω’-°æßÁ÷í∫ç. Å®·ûË Be + of Åçõ‰– ÖçC/Å®·çC Informal/ formal writing ™ ´îËa, ¢√úË patÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. terns 45/ 50 éÀ N’ç¤. Patterns Åçûª èπÿ©ç-éπ≠æçí¬ Å¶µºu-Æœçéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç iv) a) He has been of great help to me = Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Ææ£æ…ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. conversation ¶«í¬ practise îËÆæ÷h, English îªü¿-´ôç, TV news telecasts Nçô÷çõ‰ b) She is of a noble mind = Öü∆-ûªh-¢Á’i† (íÌ°æp) ´’†Ææ’ éπ™«-Núø Ç¢Á’. patterns ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ English ™ c) She is of Indian origin settled in the US= Ç¢Á’ ¶µ«®Ωûª Ææçûª-AéÀ îÁçC America ™ Æœn®Ω-°æcommunicate îËߪ’í∫©ç, Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷Ææçí¬, ûª°æ¤p©’ ú≈f-Núø. d) They are of equal competence = -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 393 ™‰èπ◊çú≈. ¢√∞¡xçû√ äÍé ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx. É™« Éçé¬ áØÁj oØ√ ®√´îª’a. Practise îËÆœ îª÷úøçúÕ. sentences

Q. A doctor treats patients tor treats the patients

-Å-ØË-C éπÈ®é¬d? A docéπÈ®é¬d? The patients Å-E -¢√-úÌ-î√a? -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.

- Dasaradhi Naik, Kasibugga A. A doctor treats patients, correct. The patients patients? question answer The patients correct. A doctor treats the patients in this area (Doctor patients treat patients in this area patients the a) A teacher teaches students students?- no answer. So, no 'the' before students) b) A teacher teaches the students who live on this colony. Question teacher students teach question answer, students who live in this colony

ÅE á°æ¤p-úøçö«ç? à ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰, ´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ ņôç

ÅE

à †’ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰, ï¢√•’ ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd, Ééπ\úø ¢√ú≈L.)

îË≤ƒhúø’? ÅE ÅE ´·çü¿’ (à

à

èπ◊

¢ËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. Ç îËÆæ’hçC?– Ñ

ÉC î√™«-´’ç-C-éÌîËa ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. áéπ\-úø-®·Ø√ ¢√ú≈™«, èπÿúøü∆ ÅE ÆæçüË£æ«ç ´ÊÆh, Ç ´÷ôèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ à ÅØË v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. Answer ´ÊÆh, the ¢√úøçúÕ. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√úø-éπçúÕ. 'the'

Lecturers in this college teach well.

Ééπ\úø lecturers ´·çü¿’ 'the' ¢√ú≈™«, èπÿúøü∆? question ¢Ëߪ’çúÕ: à (which) lecturers ¶«í¬ ¶Cµ-≤ƒh®Ω’? Answer: Lecturers in this college. É™« Ééπ\úø ÖçC 鬕öÀd, lecturers ´·çü¿’ 'the' ®√¢√L. Lecturers teach. Ééπ\úø lecturers ´·çü¿’ 'the' Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? à/ which lecturers teach? ÅØË question ¢Ëü∆lç– answer ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE, lecturers teach ņo sentence ™ lecturers ´·çü¿’ 'the' ¢√úøç.

èπ◊

ÅE ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆? Åçü¿’éπE students ´·çü¿’ 'the' ¢√úøû√ç.

I pr efer cof fee to tea

Q. i) What is your plan? What will be your plan?

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u© Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√? à ¢√éπuç á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. ii) I prefer coffee to tea. Éçü¿’™ üËEE prefer îËÆœ-†ô’x? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. - M.D. Mohiyoddin, Sangareddy.

A. i) What will be your plan? future

F v°æù«-Réπ ™. What would be your plan?- ÉC Ü£œ«ç-èπ◊ØË v°æÆæ’hûªç ≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬E N≠æߪ’ç. àN’öÀ?/ ᙫ Öçô’çC?

If you were elected Chief Minister, what would be your plan? = CM

†’´¤y É°æ¤púø’ í¬ áEo-éπ-®·ûË (É°æ¤pú≈ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?) F v°æù«-Réπ àN’öÀ? Q.

éÀçC ´÷ô-©†’ Ççí∫xç™ à´’ç-ö«®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) Çí∫®Ωs¥ X´’ç-ûª’úø’; 2) Å©p-Ææç-ûÓ≠œ; 3) Å≤ƒüµ¿’uúø’; 4) üË´¤úÕ v°æ≤ƒü¿ç; 5) Ø√èπ◊ ≤Òçûª É©’xçC; 6) Ø√èπ◊ Éü¿l®Ω’ éÌúø’-èπ◊©’; 7) EÆæp%£æ«; 8) öà «x-Jçü∆?; 9) ÅFo é¬ßª’-™‰Ø√?; 10) ôd°æ¤ îª÷°æ¤; 11) E®Ω’-üÓu-í∫-¶µº%A; 12) îªçvü¿-´’çúø©ç; 13) ¶µº÷íÓ∞¡ç. - G. Ashok, Godhur

A. 1) Born rich, 2) easily pleased, 3) a tough guy/ a tough customer, 4) God's grace/ gift, 5) I own a house/ My home is my own, 6) I have two sons, 7) Despair, 8) Has the tea gone cold? Is the tea cold enough (to drink)? = 9) Are all of them raw?, 10) One of somebody's occasional visits/ a casual visit, 11) Unemployment allowance, 12) The lunar region/ world, 13) The globe.

(«x-J-§Ú-®·çü∆?

Åçõ‰ û√Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ O™‰xèπ◊çú≈), û√Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©-®·†çûªí¬ x-•-úÕçü∆?,

Q. i) I am given

I will give you Rs. 1000/-. What will be your plan? = plan

ii) I was given

iii) I will be given.

ÉN éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? OöÀ Å®√n©’, õ„ØÁqÆˇ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

؈’ Fèπ◊ ¢Ë®· àN’öÀ? ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-L-≤ƒh†’. F

- Ch. Ranjith Kumar, Medak.

If I gave you Rs. 1000/-. What would be your plan? =

A. O’ sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™  verb, Be ؈’ Fèπ◊ form + participle [am/ was/ will be (be ¢Á®·u ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ Éî√a-†-†’éÓ M.SURESAN forms) + given (past participle)] Åçõ‰ (É´yôç ™‰ü¿’) F plan àN’öÀ? verb is in the passive voice- Å®Ωnç ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? What would be your plan? ņo-°æ¤púø’ DE i) I am given = ØËE-´y-•-úø-û√†’, Ééπ\úø, N’í∫û√ ´·çü¿J sentence (conversation ™) †’ •öÀd È®çúø’ sentences ™ èπÿú≈ '؈’— àC É´y-•-úøÉC ÆæÈ®j-†ü∆, é¬ü∆? ÆæÈ®jûË Å®Ωnç ᙫ Öçô’çû√ØÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ O’ sentences äéπ ü¿E îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Independent í¬ äÍé senNüµ¿çí¬ correct. O’ sentence †’ É™« tence í¬ What would be your plan? ÆæJimporve îËߪ’-´îª’a. é¬ü¿’. What will be your plan? is correct. I am given homework everyday. (v°æA-®ÓW ii) I prefer coffee to tea ņo-°æ¤púø’ coffee ØË pre؈’ homework É´y-•-úø-û√†’ – ´÷´‚©’ fer îËÆ œ-†ô’d. Prefer ¢ÁçôØË ´îËa-ü∆ØËo ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™, v°æA-®ÓW Ø√èπ◊ home work É≤ƒh®Ω’) prefer îËÆ œ-†ô’d.

Q. i) The wall.

C ¢√™¸/ ü¿ ¢√™¸ -à-C éπÈ®é˙d?

ii) Which tense do we use with 'ever' and 'never'? with simple present or present perfect? Please clarify. - Adyan, Warangal A. i)

ûÁ©’í∫’ ¨¡¶«l©’, Å, Ç, É, Ñ, Ö, Ü, á, à, â, ä, ã, å– Ñ ¨¡¶«l™x üËE-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº´’ßË’u English ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’, the E 'C— í¬ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. N’í∫û√ ¨¡¶«l© ´·çü¿’ 'the' E 'ü¿— í¬ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Wall- ¢√™¸ éπü∆? Å †’ç* å ´®Ω-èπ◊†o ¨¡¶«l-©™ ¢√ (wall) ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE the wall= ü¿ ¢√™¸ ÅØË Åçö«ç. C wall ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. The (C) egg (áí˚); ü¿ book. The (C) idea (â); The (ü¿) university (Å †’ç* å ´®Ω-èπ◊†o ¨¡¶«l™x ߪ‚ ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd)

ii) I was given -

؈’ É´y-•-ú≈f†’– past ™ àN’-´y•-ú≈f®Ω’? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ answer Öçõ‰ sentence improve Å´¤-ûª’çC. I was given a prize =

؈’ •£æ›-´’A É´y-•-ú≈f†’ (Ø√èπ◊ •£æ›-´’A É´y•-úÕçC). ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – Ø√èπ◊ •£æ›-´’A Éî√a®Ω’/ ´*açC. iii) I will be given = ØËE-´y-•-úø-û√†’/ Ø√èπ◊ É´y-•-úø’ûª’çC (Future ™). àC? I will be given the money =

Ø√èπ◊ úø•’s É´y-•-úø’-ûª’çC (Ø√èπ◊ úøGs-≤ƒh®Ω’, future ™) I am given - Present simple (PV) I was given - Past simple (PV) I will be given - Future simple (PV)

(á°æ¤púø÷/ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√), never (á°æ¤púø÷ ™‰ü¿’/ á°æ¤púø÷ é¬ü¿’)– OöÀE we can use

Q. Naturally, certainly, by the by, any how, by all means

a) Nothing good ever happens here (present tense)

A. Common sentence beginings in spoken English.

ii) ever

them in almost all tenses.

™«çöÀ °æü∆©’ éÌEo ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

- N.P. Santosh Kumar, Secunderabad.

b) Have you ever seen such a movie (present perfect)

1) How about ... ?/ What about ... ?

c) Did he ever help you when he was alive? (past)

3) In the first instance

d) Will you ever understand this? (future), etc. Same is the case with 'never' a) He never comes here (Pr. tense) b) He never knew about this (when he was alive)- Past c) He will never know (Future), etc.

2) At long last

(*´-JéÀ/ áôd-Íé-©èπ◊) (¢Á·ü¿ô/ ÅÆæ©’)

In the first instance why did you go there at all?

(ÅÆæ©’ †’¢Áyç-ü¿’-Èé-Rx-†-ôx-éπ\-úÕéÀ?)

4) As long as .../ so long as ... As long as money plays a role in elections we can't have real democracy.

(ÅC

ÅßË’uçûª/ ÖçúË ´®Ωèπ◊)

(áEo-éπ™x úø•’s §ƒvûª ÖçúË-´-®Ωèπ◊, Eï-¢Á’i† v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’uç Öçúøü¿’)

5) In case/ if/ suppose/ given/ assuming, etc. 6) Surely/ by no means/ at any rate/ at any cost, etc.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 11 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007 Nischala: Poor Jwala. Her brother has come to a bad end. (I have) been expecting it, the way he was carrying on. Nikhila:

Yea. Getting drunk all the time and moving with anti social characters. Her father tried to give him good education, and launch him on a good career, but that couldn't be.

(Å´¤†’. á°æ¤púø÷ û√T Å≤ƒç-°∂œ’éπ ¨¡èπ◊h©ûÓ A®Ω-í∫úøç. ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o Åûª-úÕE ¶«í¬ îªC-Nç*, ´’ç* ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ ÖçúËô’x îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√®Ω’, é¬F ÅC ï®Ω-í∫™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC.) Nischala: What's it now? Six months in jail, is it?

(à´’-®·ç-C-°æ¤púø’? Ç®Ω’-ØÁ-©© ñ„j©’ Pé~¬?) Nikhila:

Something like that, I've been told.

(Å™«ç-öÀüË– Ø√Èé-´®Ó îÁ§ƒp®Ω’.) Nischala: Jwala used to tell me that her dad was at the end of the rope trying to set right her brother.

(ñ«y© Ø√ûÓ Åçô÷ç-úËC– ûª† ûª´·t-úÕE ´’ç* ´÷®Ω_ç™ °õ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆœ Å©-Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøE.) Nikhila:

Well, that appears to be the end of story for him.

(Åçûª-öÀûÓ ÅûªúÕ éπü∑¿ ´·T-Æœ-†-ô’xçC.) Nischala: But there is still hope for him. The six months in jail may change him, and he can still have a good career. This may not be the end of the world for him, may it?

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Nischala: He won't be here. His father has taken a positive view of it. He feels this is not the end of the world for his son. He would go to the ends of the earth to resettle him at some other place.

(Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø Öçúøúø’. ¢√∞¡} Ø√†o ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* Ææ’´·ê ¢Ájê-J-ûÓØË ÖØ√oúø’. Çߪ’† v°æ鬮Ωç ÉüËç ÅûªúÕ @N-ûªç™ Åûªuçûª Åüµ∆y-†-¢Á’iç-Cí¬ Å†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ÉçéÓîÓô °æ¤†-®√-¢√Ææç éπLpçîË Bv´ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’). Nikhila:

Let's hope for the best.

(´’çîË ÇPü∆lç).








c) It's no surprize Sanjay Dutt has come to a bad end. He should not have been found in possession of weapons =




Sanjay Dutt

èπ◊ Péπ~ °æúøôç™ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç àç ™‰ü¿’. -ûª-† ü¿í∫_®Ω Çߪ·üµ∆©’ Öç-éÓ-¢√-Lqç-C é¬ü¿’.

Spoken English

™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø-í∫©, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωn-´’ßË’u ´÷ô©’, 'end' ûÓ éπLÆœ ´îËa ¢√öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ´’† conversation ™ practise îËü∆lç. Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) Her brother has come to a bad end. 2) ..... her dad was at the end of the rope trying to set right her brother.

3) Well, that appears to be end of story for him.

come to a bad end = come to a sticky end. 2) At the end of the rope =

àüÁjØ√ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆœ Å©-Æœ-§Ú-´úøç/ NÆœ-T¢Ë≤ƒ®Ωúøç. a) The teacher was at the end of her rope teaching the boys maths =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

394

ûª† Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ í∫ùÀûªç ØË®√p-©ØË v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ Ç¢Á’ NÆœT ¢Ë≤ƒ-J§Ú-®·çC.

a) The judge told Sanjay Dutt that the punishment was not the end of the world for him, and that he had a lot of future ahead = Ñ Péπ~ûÓ Åçû√ Å®·-§Ú-™‰-ü¿E, ÅûªúÕéÀ Éçé¬ ´’ç* ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’hç-ü¿E, Ø√uߪ’-´‚Jh Ææçïß˝’ ü¿û˝ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’.

b) This failure in this exam need not be the end of the world for you. Try again and you will succeed = fail

Ñ °æK-éπ~™ Å´-úøçûÓ Åçû√ Å®·-§Ú-®·-†õ‰xç é¬ü¿’. ´’Sx °æKéπ~ ®√®·. pass Å´¤-û√´¤. end of the world á°æ¤púø÷ not ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. 5) The be all and end all of (life) =

@Nûª °æ®Ω-´÷-´Cµ. (@N-ûªç™ ÅEoöÀéπçõ‰ ´·êu¢Á’iç-Cí¬ ¶µ«Nç-îËC). a) Money is not the be all and end all of life, is it? =

(That's) the end of stor y

(Å®·Ø√ àO’ Å®·-§Ú-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Éçé¬ éÌçûª Ǩ¡ ÖçC. Ç®Ω’ ØÁ©© jail Åûª-úÕ™ ´÷®Ω’p BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´îª’a; Éçé¬ Åûªúø’ @N-ûªç™ ¶«í¬ Æœn®Ω-°æ-úø-´îª’a. Åçû√ Å®·§Ú-®·-†ô’x é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) Nikhila:

What do you mean? With this conviction can he get any job?

(àçöÀ F ÖüËl¨¡ç, àç Å®·-§Ú-™‰ü¿’™‰ ņúøç™? Ñ Péπ~ûÓ Åûª-úÕÍé´’Ø√o ÖüÓuí∫ç ´Ææ’hçü∆?) conviction = court üÓ≠æfl-©èπ◊ NCµçîË Péπ~ Nischala: A job in government service or a private organisation is not the be all and end all of life, is it?

(v°æ¶µº’-ûÓy-üÓuí∫ç é¬F, private ÆæçÆæn™ ÖüÓuí∫ç é¬F @Nûª °æ®Ω-´÷-´Cµ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) Nikhila:

What else can he do?

(ÉçÍéç îËߪ’í∫©-úø-ûª†’?) Nischala: He can jolly well run his father's business. It's profitable business and he can assist his father.

(¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îªéπ\í¬/ £æ…®·í¬ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. ¢√∞¡x ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ™«¶µ«™x ÖçC. Åûªúø’ ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’´îª’a.) jolly well = £æ…®·í¬ You can jolly well talk what you like but action is not that easy.

= ´÷ô©’ £æ…®·í¬ îÁ§Òpa, FÍéç. îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿E. Nikhila:

It seems he is repentant.

(Åûªúø’ î√™« °æ¨»a-û√h-°æp-úø’ûª’†oô’dçC.) Nischala: That he is.

(Å´¤†’.) Nikhila:

But people don't forget things so soon, you know.

(é¬F v°æï©’ É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ Åçûª Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ´’Ja-§Ú®Ω’ éπü∆?)

4) This may not be the end of the world for him.

b) I am at the end of my rope. I can't any more make them understand this =

5) A job ... is not the be all and end all of life.

؈’ NÆœ-T-¢Ë-≤ƒ-J-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ¢√∞¡xéà N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’uô’x îÁߪ’u-™‰†’. 3) End of story = éπü∑¿ ´·T-Æ œ-†õ‰x/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç*é¬F äéπ ´uéÀhE í∫’Jç* é¬F Éçéπ îÁÊ°pçü¿’èπ◊ àO’-™‰ü¿’/ îÁ§ƒpLqç-ü¿çû√ Å®·-§Ú-®·-†õ‰x.

6) He would go to the ends of the earth for his son. 1) Come to a bad end=

ü¿’®Ωt-®Ωùç §Òçü¿úøç, Péπ~ §Òçü¿úøç, ´·êuçí¬ M.SURESAN Ææyߪ’ç-éπ%-û√-°æ-®√üµ¿ç ´©x (ûª† ´’®Ω-ù«EéÀ/ ûª†èπ◊ °æúÕ† Péπ~èπ◊ ûªØË é¬®Ω-ù-¢Á’iûË) (àüÁjØ√ a) Well, he is not coming here. That's the ´‚úøôç) end of story = Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË. (Ééπ îÁ§ƒp-LqçüËç ™‰ü¿E.) a) Saddam Hussain came to a bad end, because of his inhuman behaviour =

ûª† Å´÷-†’≠æ v°æ´-®Ωh† ´©x Ææü∆lç £æ›ÊÆØ˛ Å™«çöÀ ´’®Ωùç §Òçü∆úø’. b) The way he is acting, he will certainly come to a bad end:

¢√úÕ îËûª©’ îª÷Ææ’hçõ‰ ¢√úÕ-ÍéüÓ îÁúø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª’çC/ ¢√úÕ-ÍéüÓ ´‚úÕçC. EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A B 1. Indifferent A false 2. Violate B bogus 3. Launch C break 4. Adjourn D uninterested 5. Fake E postpone F start G spend Answers 1-D; uninterested =

v¨¡ü¿l¥-™‰E/ îª÷°æE,

E®Ωxéπ~uç îËÊÆ. Some doctors and nurses in govt hospitals are indifferent to the patients' health = doctors, nurses

v°æ¶µº’û√yÆæ’°æ-vûª’™x éÌçûª-´’çC ®Óí∫’©†’ E®Ωxéπ~uç îË≤ƒh®Ω’/ °æöÀdç--éÓ®Ω’. He is indifferent to studies =

¢√úÕéÀ îªü¿’´¤ O’ü¿ v¨¡ü¿l¥-™‰ü¿’. Indifferent ûª®√yûª to ´Ææ’hçC.

b) He told his father that he'd marry only that girl. (That's) the end of story =

Ç Ç´÷t-®·ØË Â°Rx-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oûÓ îÁÊ°p-¨»úø’. ÅçûË. Ééπ îÁ§ƒp-Lqç-üËç-™‰ü¿’. 4) Not the end of the world = Åçû√ Å®·§Ú-®·†ô’x é¬ü¿’. (´’ç* ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a, É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈) (ï®Ωí¬-Lq† îÁúø’ Åçû√ ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’.)

No parent can be indifferent to their child's welfare =

à ûªLxü¿çvúø’©’ èπÿú≈ ûª´’ °œ©x© ÆæçÍé~´’ç °æôx E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ Öçúø®Ω’. Indifferent X concerned (Çü¿’-®√l°æúË, ÇÆæéÀh îª÷Ê°) 2. violate - (C) break= Ö©xç-°∂œ’ç-îªúøç/ ÅA-véπ-N’ç-îªúøç (E•ç-üµ¿-†©’/ îªö«d© ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE) The police fined him for violating traffic rules=

vö«°∂œé˙ E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ÅA-véπ-N’ç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊, §ÚM-Ææ’©’ Åûª-úÕéÀ -ï-J-´÷-Ø√ NCµç-î√®Ω’. violate X observe (§ƒöÀç-îªúøç) Observe traffic rules = (Traffic

E•ç-üµ¿-†-©†’ §ƒöÀç-îªçúÕ.) 3. launch = (F) start = v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªúøç – àüÁjØ√ °ü¿l áûª’h†, ã Öü¿u-´’癫 v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªúøç. The minister, launched pulse polio programme/ campaign last sunday = polio

´’çvA

鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç/

úø¶‰s @Nûª °æ®Ω-´÷´Cµ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?

b) His career is the be all and end all of his life =

ÅûªúÕ ÖüÓu-í∫¢Ë’/ ¢√u°æéπ¢Ë’ ÅûªúÕ @Nûª °æ®Ω-´÷´Cµ.

c) Cricket appears to be the be all and end all of his life =

véÀÈéö¸ ÅûªúÕ @Nûª °æ®Ω-´÷-´-Cµí¬ ÅE°œ-≤ÚhçC. 6) Go to the ends of the earth =

N¨¡y-v°æ-ߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’úøç/ áçûª v¨¡´’ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥-°æúÕ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’úøç, àü¿-®·Ø√ ≤ƒCµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ a) Gandhi went to the ends of the earth to unite Hindus and Muslims =

£œ«çü¿÷, ´·Æœxç âéπu-ûª-éÓÆæç í¬çDµ N¨¡y v°æߪ’ûªoç î˨»úø’/ áçûÓ v¨¡´’ûÓ v°æߪ’-Aoçî√úø’. b) Some of our elected representatives would go to the ends of the earth to amass wealth =

Ææç°æü¿ èπÿúø-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ, àüÁjØ√/ -à v°æߪ’-ûªo¢Á’iØ√ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. adjourn X complete/ conclude

E®Ω÷t-©† Öü¿u-´÷Eo éÀçü¿öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√®Ω’. Rockets, satellites ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE éπéπ~u-™éÀ, éÌûªh ؈éπ†’ ï™«-™xéÀ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°ôdúøç èπÿú≈ launch. launch X terminate (´·Tç-îªúøç ) pronunciation- ™«çî˝. 4. Adjourn- Åï-Ø˛– ï, bird ™ '•— ™«– 'ï— ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= (E) postpone– Æ涵º©÷, Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»©÷, ´·êuçí¬ court proceedings (鬮Ωu-éπ-™«-§ƒ©’) û√û√\L-éπçí¬ Ç°æúøç/ ¢√®·-ü∆-¢Ë-ߪ’úøç. The speaker (of the assembly) adjourned the assembly till Monday =

ÅÂÆçHx Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’ Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨»Eo ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ EL-Ê°-¨»®Ω’/ ≤Ú´’-¢√-®√-EéÀ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ë¨»®Ω’.

The judge adjourned the case till the next month= case case

Ø√uߪ’-´‚Jh †’ ´îËa ØÁ©èπ◊ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ë¨»®Ω’/ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ´îËa ØÁ© ´®Ωèπ◊ ǧƒ®Ω’.

( °æ‹Jh îËߪ’úøç/ ´·Tç-îªúøç) °∂-ß˝’é˙= (B) bogus- •÷ôéπ°æ¤/ ´÷ߪ’/ †éÀM/ N’ü∑¿u. News papers ™ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆: Fake encounters = •÷ô-éπ°æ¤ Åéπ-≤ƒtû˝ ´·ë«-´·" §Ú®√ôç. Öü∆: Police, ´÷-N-Æˇd©’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ áü¿’-®Ω’-°æ-úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ïJÍí §Ú®√ôç, encounter. ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ àüÁjØ√ éπ≥ƒd©’ áü¿’-®Ω-´úøç,

5. Fake-

encounter. The West Bengal government encountered opposition in Nandigram =

†çC-ví¬ç™ v°æ¶µº’-û√y-EéÀ v°æA-°∂æ’-ô† (ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈) áü¿’-®Ω-®·uçC. Fake notes= †éÀM currency ØÓô’x/ üÌçí∫ ØÓô’x He faked innocence = Åûªúø’ Å´÷ߪ’-éπûªyç †öÀç-î√úø’. fake X genuine (ñ„†÷u-®·Ø˛) = ÅÆæ©-®·†, ¢√Ææh-´-¢Á’i†/ Eï-¢Á’i†.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 13 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Jayanthi: You appear very down today. What could be wrong?

(î√™« Nî√-®Ωçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. à´’®·çC? à´’®· ÖçúÌa? down= Nî√-®Ωçí¬/ E®√-¨¡í¬/ EÆæp %£æ«í¬) Vinathi: I've failed to make it to the civils a second time. You can imagine my disappointment. Try as I might, I'm unable to get over it. (Civils exam

´’Sx pass 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ø√ E®√¨¡ †’´‹y-£œ«ç--éÓ-í∫-©´¤. áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ Ç EÆæp %-£æ«†’ ´÷vûªç §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’.) get over= (¶«üµ¿-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE) ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îªúøç. Jayanthi: Cheer up Vinathi. Keep your end up. IAS is not the end of the road for you.

(¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. E®√¨¡ éπL-TçîË N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’. Å®·-§Ú-®·ç-Cí¬. ´’®Ω-*-§Ú®· Ö™«x-Ææçí¬ Öçúø’. DçûÓ àç Å®·-§Ú-™‰-ü¿’í¬) Vinathi: That has been life time ambition, you know.

(ÅC Ø√ @Nûª Ǩ¡-ߪ’çí¬ ÖçúÕçC, ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Jayanthi: Well, civils is not the career that ends all careers, Vinathi. There are other careers as bright as, or even brighter than IAS or IPS. careers civils (IAS/ IPS

(ÅEo éπçõ‰

2

(ÉçéÓ-≤ƒJ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. ´÷ cousin v°æùA È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ select Å®·çC. ûª† í∫’Jç* áçûÓ (íÌ°æpí¬) ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. ´÷ ö«d©’ èπÿú≈ ´’´’tLo §Ú©’-Ææ’hçö«®Ω’. 鬕öÀd ؈’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ IAS 鬢√LqçüË.) give something a try = v°æߪ’-Aoç* îª÷úøôç/ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªúøç– ÉC conversational. O’®Ω÷ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. Jayanthi: All the best to you then. By the bye has Unnathi called you?

(Fèπ◊ Nïߪ’ç ©Gµç-î√L. ÅC ÆæÍ®. Ö†oA FÍé-´’Ø√o phone îËÆœçü∆?) Vinathi: No. I've been waiting for it for weeks on end. I will call her today.

(¢√®√-©’í¬ ü∆E-éÓ-Ææ¢Ë’ îª÷¨». ؈’ phone îË≤ƒhE¢√y∞¡)











2) A career that ends all careers (something that ends all somethings) =

äÍé ®Ωé¬-EéÀ îÁçC† ¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ N’í∫û√ ¢√ô-Eoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ N’†oí¬ Öçúøôç/ ´·êuçí¬ Öçúøôç. a) At last, he thought he had bought a car that would end all cars = car car b) The youth of today think that a software job in the US is the career that ends all software job careers = career

© éπçõ‰ íÌ°æp

*´-JéÀ ÅEo éÌØ√o-†E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

Å¢Á’-J-鬙 ÉçÍé éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ spoken English/ daily converéπØ√o íÌ°æpC/ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†-Cí¬ ¶µ«N-Ææ’h™ ûª®Ωîª÷ end ûÓ ´îËa éÌEo expressions Ø√o®Ω’ ÑØ√öÀ ߪ·´ûª. ÉC Ñ ´’üµ¿u ¶«í¬ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ´’J-éÌEo ¢√úø’-ûª’†o expressionexpressions É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ÉN O’®Ω’ O’ Here is at last the conversation ™ ¢√úÕ movie that ends all îª÷úøçúÕ. áçûª effective Ç çí∫ x ¶ µ « ≠ æ ù movies = 395 í¬ Öçö«ßÁ÷ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. sation

At the end of the day expression mon

í¬ NE-°œçîË àüÁj-ûËØËç/ *´-JéÀ.

a) At the end of the day, how hard you've worked is not important, how much you've scored/ what marks you've got is important =

àüË-¢Á’iØ√/ *´-®Ωèπ◊/ á´-È®jØ√ îª÷ÊÆC, †’´¤y áçûª éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-¢√-´E é¬ü¿’, FÈéEo marks ´î√a-ߪ’E.

b) At the end of the day what we've said matters, not what we feel =

*´-JéÀ ´’†ç à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oC é¬ü¿’, ´’†ç àç îÁ§ƒp-´’-†oüË °æöÀdç--èπ◊ç-ö«-È®-´-È®jØ√. 4) End of the road/ the line = *´J ü¿¨¡/ àüÁjØ√ ´·†’-°æ-öÀ™« é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰E ÆœnA. a) Nutanprasad's injury was the end of the road for him = (shooting

†÷ûª-Ø˛-v°æ-≤ƒÆæ´’ü˛èπ◊ ߪ’ç™) Å®·† í¬ßª’çûÓ Çߪ’† ´÷´‚©’ †ô† Åçûª-¢Á’i-§Ú-®·çC/ †ô-††’ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.

Keep your end up

™«çöÀN) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ íÌ°æpN/ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†O 鬴¤ éπü∆? ÅçûªíÌ-°æpO, Åçûª-éπçõ‰ íÌ°æpO, Éûª®Ω careers ÖØ√o®· éπü∆?) Vinathi: Well, that's a poor consolation you know. You can never get rid of the feeling that you could not achieve what you wanted to. It keeps eating you up.

(Å™« ņ’-èπ◊E Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-¢√-LqçüË. é¬E ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oC ≤ƒCµç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷-´’ØË ¶µ«´ç ´’†Lo ´ü¿-©ü¿’ éπü∆? ÅC ´’†Lo ¶«Cµ-Ææ÷hØË Öçô’çC.) get rid of = ´C-Lç--éÓ-´úøç consolation= ãü∆®Ω’p, poor consolation = ÆæÈ®j† ãü∆®Ω’p é¬ü¿’ Jayanthi: That's true. Any way you've kept your end of the deal. 'Do what you ought to do, and leave to God the rest', says the Geetha. So don't worry.

(ÅC Eï¢Ë’. †’´¤y îËߪ’-í∫-L-Tçü¿çû√ †’´¤y î˨»´¤ éπü∆? '†’´¤y îËߪ÷LqçC †’´¤y îÁß˝’. °∂æLûªç üË´¤-úÕ-éÌ-C™„ß˝’—, ÅØ√oúø’ °æ®Ω-´÷-ûª’túø’ Uûª™.

Vinathi: I'm afraid that hardly comforts me. At the end of the day, it is the result that matters, and not your effort.

(ÅC Ø√éπçûª Ü®Ωô éπL-Tç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. àüË-´’Ø√o, ´’†¢Ë’ç ≤ƒCµç-î √-´’-ØËüË ´·êuç é¬F, ´’†ç áçûª v°æߪ’ûªoç î˨»´’E é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) matters = ´·êu-´’-´ôç. It matters little whether he comes or not =

ÅûªúÌ≤ƒhú≈ ®√ú≈ ÅØËC Åçûª ´·êuç é¬ü¿’ Jayanthi: So what are you going to do?

(Å®·ûË àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Vinathi: I'll give it another try. My cousin Pranathi has succeeded in her second attempt and she thinks no end of herself. Our relatives too keep comparing us. So I must make it.

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) Keep your end up 3) Keep (somebody's) end of the 2) Civils is not the career that ends deal = all careers 3) You've kept your end of the deal a) The bowlers have done their 4) At the end of the road, it is the job. The batsmen should now keep result that matters, not the effort. their end of the deal = Bowlers M.SURESAN 5) She thinks no end of herself 6) I've been waiting for it for weeks on end. batsmen 1) Keep (somebody's) end up = continue to be happy and cheerful even in difficulties = b) Son, I've paid your fees, bought you all the books and provided all that you need. a) Sita, wife of lord Sri Rama, kept her end Now, you keep your end of the deal = up even during her stay in the forests = fees

*´-JéÀ ´*açC ÅÆæ©’ *vûªç– N’í∫-û√¢√-öÀ-éπØ√o íÌ°æpC

ûª†-´çûª’ °æE û√†’ îËߪ’úøç/ ûª† ¶«üµ¿u-ûª†’ û√†’.

(ûªèπ◊\´ °æ®Ω’-í∫’-L*a áèπ◊\´ NÈéô’x °æúøûª´’ íÌöÀd) ûª´’ °æE û√´· î˨»®Ω’. Ééπ ´çûª’ ¶«üµ¿uûª E®Ωy-£œ«ç-î√L.

éπ≥ƒd™x èπÿú≈ Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ Ö™«x-Ææçí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç.

´†-¢√-Ææç™ èπÿú≈ X®√-´·úÕ ¶µ«®Ωu Æ‘ûª ûª† ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éÓ™p-™‰ü¿’/ Ö™«x-Ææç-í¬ØË í∫úÕ-°œçC. b) The one who keeps their end even in difficulties are real heroes =

éπ≥ƒd™x èπÿú≈ Ö™«x-Ææçí¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√Í® Eï-¢Á’i† O®Ω’©’

c) All that you've lost is just an exam. Keep your end up = exam fail

c) Though India has done its part of the job, Pakistan has failed to keep its end of the deal =

†’´¤y ™ Åߪ÷u´¤. ÅçûË-éπü∆? ´’®Ω-*§Ú/ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúø’. EXERCISE

Match the words under A with their meanings under B A

B

1. Precisely

A. Aim

2. Ridiculous

B. talk

3. Acquire

C. need

4. Purpose

D. earn

5. Mention

E. exactly F. absurd G. question

¶«•÷, F éπö«d†’. °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©Fo éÌE-î√a†’, Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ† ´Ææ-ûª’-©Fo éπLpç-î√†’. Ééπ F ¶«üµ¿u-ûª†’ †’´¤y E®Ωy-£œ«ç (¶«í¬ îªCN ´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-èπ◊E).

¶µ«®Ωû˝ ûª†-´çûª’ °æE-îË-Æœ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, §ƒéÀ≤ƒnØ˛ ûª† ¶«üµ¿u-ûª™ N°∂æ-©-¢Á’içC (ûª† ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-™‰ü¿’).

We are precise in weighing gold = X vague I have a vague idea of his address = address

(ÂÆéπ†x ü¿¨»ç-éπçûÓ) éÌ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’.

•çí¬®Ωç î√™« éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûª÷≤ƒhç (ÅÆæp-≠æd-¢Á’i†). ÅûªE Ø√èπ◊ ÅÆæp-≠dçæ í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’/ ÆæJí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. 2-F. Ridiculous = absurd = £æ…≤ƒuÆæp-ü¿-¢Á’i†. It is ridiculous to say that success can overnight =

be

achieved

®√vAéÀ ®√vûË Nï-ߪ÷Eo ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫©ç ņúøç £æ…≤ƒu-Ææpü¿ç. He KEY: 1-E. Precisely= exactly- éπ*aûªçí¬, accurate í¬, correct í¬. looks ridiculous in red trousers and green shirt = Ç áv®Ω pants, The time now is 8.49 AM precisegreen teashirt ™ î√™« £æ…≤ƒu-Ææply. Æ洒ߪ’ç É°æ¤púø’ correct (éπ*aûªçí¬) 8.49 §Òü¿’l†. In running ü¿çí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. (Åçü¿®Ω÷ Åûª-úÕE îª÷Æœ †¢Ëyô’x) X sensible (Ææ´uraces time is measured precisely ¢Á’i†)/ serious. = °æ®Ω’í∫’ °æçü∆™x Æ洒ߪ’ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬

ÉC î√™« coméπü∆? Å®Ωnç:

b) When she fell seriously ill she thought it was the end of her career as an athlete =

Ç¢Á’ Bv´çí¬ ï•’s-°æ-úøf-°æ¤púø’ véÃú≈-é¬-J-ùÀí¬ ûª† *´-J-ü¿¨¡ ´îËa-Æœç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çC/ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫-™‰-ü¿-†’èπ◊çC. Athlete = áD∑xö¸ - a, any ™ 'á— ™«. 5) No end of = áèπ◊\-´í¬/ ÅN’-ûª-¢Á’i† a) It is no end of trouble to get anything done in a government office = office

v°æ¶µº’ûªy ™ °æE-îË-®·ç--éÓ-´úøç î√™« éπ≠dçæ / °ü¿l Ææ´’ÊÆu.

b) She is no end happy with the money she got as a prize =

•£æ›-´’-Aí¬ ´*a† úø•’sûÓ Ç¢Á’ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. 6) On end = continuously = î√™« 鬩çí¬

a) We've been waiting for you for hours on end =

¢Ë’ç F éÓÆæç í∫çô© ûª®Ω-•úÕ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç.

b) For weeks on end, he was to be seen nowhere =

¢√®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\ú≈ éπE-

°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.

3-D. Acquire = earn = Within three years of entering politics, he acquired property worth Rs. 60lakh. =

Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-

He is here with the purpose of getting some information =

àüÓ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç éÓÆæç Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’. ®√ï-éÃ- 5-B. Mention = talk îÁ°æpôç/ äéπ-JE ߪ÷™x v°æ¢Ë-Pç-*† ´‚úË-∞¡x-™Ê° 60 í∫’Jç*, äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x©éπ~© N©’´éπ© ÇÆœh Ææ秃-Cç-î√-úø- úøôç/ v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îªúøç. The CM menûªúø’. Degree (îªü¿’´¤)/ fame/ tioned the Rs.2 per kilo scheme, ë«uA/ friendship/ money/ position while talking about his govern(°æü¿N, ÆœnA) – Oô-Eoç-öÀF Ææ秃-Cç-îª- ment's programme = ûª† v°æ¶µº’ûªy ú≈Eo èπÿú≈ acquire Åçö«ç. é̆úøç v°æù«-R-éπ†’ í∫’-Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷, È®çúø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. The govern- ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÀ™ Gߪ’uç °æü∑¿éπç í∫’Jç* CM ´÷ö«x-ú≈®Ω’/ v°æ≤ƒh-Nçment has acquired land for colî√®Ω ’. Don't mention his name, lege - Ééπ\úø acquire = ÊÆéπ-Jç-îªôç. said he to his daughter = ÅûªE 4-A. Purpose = aim= ÖüËl¨¡ç, ©éπ~uç. Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°æpèπ◊, ÅE ûªçvúÕ èπÿûª’-®Ω’ûÓ He went to Hyderabad with the ÅØ√oúø’ X omit = (v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îª-èπ◊çú≈) purpose of learning computers = ´C™‰-ߪ’úøç. Computers ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ (ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ) Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿-®√¶«ü˛ ¢Á∞«}úø’. ´úøç/ §Òçü¿úøç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 16 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

v°æ¨¡o: After

15 overs Australia were 121-2 cricket were was

ÅØË ¢√é¬uEo v°æûªuéπ~ v°æ≤ƒ-®Ωç™ îª÷¨»†’. -Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Ö†o îÓô Öçú≈L éπü∆? àC, áçü¿’èπ◊ éπÈ®éÓd N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – áÆˇ.-üµ¿-®Ωt-°æ¤J, ¢Áçéπ-ö«-°æ‹®˝, ÇC-™«-¶«ü˛ ->-™«x

v°æ¨¡o: i) Who/ what/ which ©’

subject do/ does/ did subject eg: Who broke the jug?

í¬ áçü¿’èπ◊ í¬ ¢√úÕ†

¢√úÕ† v°æ¨¡o™x ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’? Éçü¿’™ °æü∆©’ àN? ii) Who/ what/ which ©’ object í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷TçîË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x do/ does/ did ¢√úøû√ç. eg: Who do you want to play with your team?

Éçü¿’™

object

í¬ ¢√úÕ† °æü∆©’ àN? subject àC? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. iii) Part of speech ™ verb, adjectives í¬†’, adverb í¬†’ noun í¬†’ ´÷®Ω’p îÁçü¿’-û√®·. ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’, ¢√öÀE à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’? Å®√nEo ᙫ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™ äÍé ´÷ô†’ BÆæ’-èπ◊E, sentence pattern °æü¿l¥-A™ -N-´®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. iv) Verb forms 6 ®Ω鬩’ ÅØ√o®Ω’. ÅN àN’öÀ? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – >.Èé.-®√´¤, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? iii) Simple past, past perfect á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-î√L? iv) ûÁ©’-í∫’™ äéπ ´uéÀhE íı®Ω-´çí¬ Ææç¶-Cµç-îË-ô°æ¤púø’, ' O’®Ω’— , ' ûª´’®Ω’— , ' ¢√®Ω’— ÅE ´u´-£æ«J≤ƒhç. Åçõ‰ àéπ-´- íı®Ω-´-Ææ÷-îªéπç ņo´÷ô. Å™«Íí ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ äéπ ´uéÀhE íı®Ω-NÆæ÷h Ææç¶-Cµç-îª-úø-¢Á’™«? – °œ.-á-Ø˛.-N. ®Ω-´’-ù-¶«-•’, -A®Ω’°æ-A ï¢√•’: i) Would, should, could Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Éî√aç. îª÷úøçúÕ. ii) sine qua non - ÂÆjØ˛-é¬y-Ø√Ø˛= àüÁjØ√ ≤ƒCµç-î √©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç/ í∫’ùç. ÅC ™‰EüË ´’†ç ≤ƒCµç-‰ç. = Nï-ߪ÷-EéÀ éπ%≠œ Å´-Ææ-®Ωç/- ´·êuç (éπ%≠œ™‰-EüË Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿™‰ç). b) Careful planning is the sine qua non of success in any venture =

ï¢√•’: á°æ¤púø’

v°æ¨¡o:

- C.Madhu, Warangal c,

á°æ¤púø’ s ´Ææ’hçC ÅE îÁ°æp-úøç î√-™« éπ≠dçæ . English ™ c E s ™« á°æ¤púø’, k ™« á°æ¤púø’, ÅØËC Ç °æü¿ç à ¶µ«≠æ-™ç* English ™éÀ ´*aç-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçô’çC. ÅC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç -Éçé¬ éπ≠dçæ . Åçü¿’-éπE c ûÓ àü¿-®·Ø√ éÌûªh´÷ô ´ÊÆh, ü∆E pronunciation dictionary ™ îª÷Æœ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË. Question tag ™ I am a doctor, aren’t I? ÅE ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ I am not a doctor, am I? ÅE ´Ææ’hçü∆? are I? ÅE ´Ææ’hçü∆? Ñ È®çúø÷ É™« question tag áçü¿’-éÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. - M.Moses, Vijayawada

ï¢√•’: I am not a doctor, am I? ÅØË Åçö«ç.

Sentence Patterns 1) Beauty (Noun) Noun (Subject) Verb Object The beauty of Kashmir + attracts + a large ... 2) Beautiful (Adj) Subject Verb subject complement (Adjective) The scenery of Kashmir + is + beautiful 3) Beautifully (adv) Sub Verb Object Adverb He + decorated + the house + beautifully 4) Beautify (verb) Subject Verb Object He + beautified + the place iv) 6 forms of the verb 1. Be forms 2. Be form + ing form 3. Be form + past participle (PP) (Passive Voice) 4. Have/ has/ had/ will have/ shall have etc + PP 5. Doing words I RDW II RDW PDW come, comes, came 6. Shall/ should/ will/ would/ can/ could may/ might/ must etc. + 1st RDW.

iii)

O’ question éÌçûª ÅÆæp≠ædçí¬ ÖçC. Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωn-¢Á’i†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ example ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’, îª÷úøçúÕ. 1. Beauty (n) = Åçü¿ç

ûÓ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ™ ¢√úøç. ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆?

ûÓ èπÿú≈

The beauty of Kashmir attracts a large number of tourists. 2. Beautiful (adj) =

™

Åçü¿-¢Á’i†, Åçü¿çí¬ Ö†o.

The scenery of Kashmir is beautiful.

¢√úøû√ç éπü∆.

3. Beautiful (Adv) =

Åçü¿çí¬

He decorated the house beautifully. 4. Beautify (verb) = He beautified the place by growing a garden in it =

Oô-Eoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈

Åçü¿çí¬ îËߪ’ôç/ Å©ç-éπ-

Jç-îªôç.

ii) Who do you want to play with? who, present day English whom subject you.

Åéπ\úø ã ûÓô†’ °ç* Ç v°æüË-¨»Eo Åçü¿çí¬ î˨»úø’.

Ééπ\úø ™ èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úË ´÷ô. Ééπ\úø áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ †’´¤y á´-JûÓ Çú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ņo-°æ¤púø’,

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 396

subject is you.

sine qua non Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? à íÌ°æp 鬮Ωuç/ -¢√u-§ƒ®Ωç Nï-ߪ÷-EÈéjØ√ ´’ç* °æü∑¿éπç Å´-Ææ-®Ωç/ ´·êuç.

M.SURESAN

= ؈’ ü∆EE E†o ®√vA Åçô’Ø√oç îª÷¨»†’– Ééπ\úø ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. 鬕öÀd, iv) You = †’´¤y/- O’®Ω’. íı®Ω´ Ææ÷îªéπçí¬ O’®Ω’ ÅØ√-©Ø√o, you ÅØË Åçö«ç. You please Åçö«ç. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢ËÍ® àO’ expressions ™‰´¤. i) Kindly clarify that, the main clause should be ‘would’ or ‘should’ or according to its subject (I, II or III persons) in the sentences of imaginary condition.

I have had a car for the past one year

ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. DEo

past perfect.

b) I saw it last night time - last night saw - past simple

Ø√èπ◊

Have

had this job for the last one year example She has been this job for the last one year

a) I have seen the movie

= ØË-†’ Ç -Æœ-E´÷ îª÷¨»†’– á°æ¤púø’ îª÷ÆœçD îÁ°æp-ôç-™‰ü¿’– tense,

v°æ¨¡o:

°æéπ\† had Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tçîª-´î√a ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ she has

iii) Simple past - for past actions, time known; past perfect for past actions, time not stated.

v°æ¨¡o: English spelling games í∫’Jç* éÌEo v°æ¨¡o: ÆæçüË-£æ…©’: ‘c, s’ – ÉN á°æ¤púø’ àN ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç--îªí∫-ûª®Ω’.

ïôx†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø’ plur¢√úøû√ç. India were 121/2 at ņo-°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç– Lunch Æ洒ߪ÷-EéÀ ¶µ«®Ωûª ïô’d (team) ™E players 121 °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’ î˨»-®ΩE. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x singular í¬F plural í¬F ¢√úÌa. India was 121/2 ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa. al lunch

i) Who, which quesdo, does, did 2) tions What What do you know? What does he want? What did he say? 3) Who, which negative questions do, does, did Who does not know it? Which (of you) did not do the home work, subject, etc. who, what, which.

ii) sine qua non

a) Industry is the sine qua non for success

ï¢√•’: ü˨»© Ê°®ΩxûÓ, Ç ü˨»©

ï¢√•’:

v°æ¨¡o: i) Would, Should, Could à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-

2

ï¢√•’:

ņúøç ûª§ƒp? – -P-K-≠æ, -ØÁ-©÷x®Ω’

i) Have + past participle/ has + past participle

í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ïJ-T† °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√®·. Ø√èπ◊ car ÖçC = I have a car (É°æ¤púø’).

ï¢√•’: i)

O’®Ω’ îÁ°œp†™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, should ¢√úøéπç -î√-™« §ƒçúÕ-ûªuçí¬ ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC. Modern English usages ™, should éÀ would éÀ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ûËú≈ Åçûª-Jç-*-§Ú-®·çC. Direct, Indirect speech ™, conditionals ™ requests ™ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ should ¢√úË îÓôx-EoçöÀ™  should èπ◊ -•-ü¿’-©’ British, American English ©™ would ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. If I were you, I should like to do it - ÉC old usage. If I were you, I’d (would) like to do it - ÉC

car

ã Ææç´-ûªq®Ωçí¬ ÖçC =

Åçö«ç éπü∆? Å™«Íí Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ç ÖüÓuí∫ç Ææç´-ûªq®Ωçí¬ ÖçC ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, °j sentence ™ car èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ job ¢√úøçúÕ. Å°æ¤p-úÌîËa sentence: She has had this job for the last one year. She has been this job for the last one year =

Ñ sentence ™ verb has been. ÉC be form (Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ äéπ Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´®Ωèπÿ/ Éçé¬ Öçúøôç (state of being) îÁ°æ¤ hçC). 鬕öÀd She has been this job for the last one year= Ç¢Á’ í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωçí¬ Ñ ÖüÓu-í∫çí¬ ÖçC. Ç¢Á’ ÖüÓuí∫çí¬ Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆? ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ Öçô’çC. Å™« ÅØËçü¿’èπ◊ She has been on this job for the last one year. Åçõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’ Ç¢Á’ Ñ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ ÖçC ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.

v°æ¨¡o:

i) I am writing this letter with a good intention. intention countable noun or uncountable noun like information and furniture?

ï¢√•’:

(ÖüËl¨¡ç) ÅØËC countî√-™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ uncountable. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà information, furniture ™«çöÀ uncountable ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. ii) What about his letter? ii) ÉC ¢√úø’éπ ´©x ´*a† ´÷ô©’. The text book of VIII (EM) preHow about his programme? Mostly spoken form. Åçü¿’-éπE scribed by the Govt. of A.P., °j È®çúø’- ¢√-é¬u™x verb à¢Á’içC? Ç verbs ®√´¤. É™«ç-öÀN ´’J-éÌEo– says that the main clause norÈ®çúÕ-çöÀF affirmative sentence Why trouble me now? (Why do mally uses ‘should’, not ™, passive voice ™ ᙫ you trouble me now •ü¿’©’)/ ‘would’. Here normally Why not? (áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬èπÿ-úøü¿’/ ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. means....? áçü¿’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’?) etc. iii) He is suffering from joint pain. ii) How ro pronunce the word (I don’t like to go ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ She is my dream girl- Ééπ\úø joint, modern usage. Present day English ‘dais’? response í¬ Å-ØË -´÷-ô?) dream à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† adjectives? ™ should- äéπ®Ω’ îËߪ÷-Lq† (¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬) iii) v°æA¶µ«§ƒöÀ™¸ áØÓo ®√≠æ-Z°æA? iii) Joint, dream Ñ È®çúø÷-èπÿú≈ EE -ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ææ©£æ… ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ iv) She came here to read the nouns used as adjectives, A¢√J Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸éÀ áØÓo í∫´-®Ωo®Ω’? °æ´÷vûª books. ¢Ë’ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. college student ™ college -™«. - What are the question forms She came here for reading the ii) Dias - úÁ®·Æˇ in English for such type of books - Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéà ֆo ûËú≈†’ iv) È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰ – Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. iii) DEéÀ English ™ ÆæÈ®j-† ¢√éπuç-™‰ü¿’. ÉC questions? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. -Éç-ûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N´-Jç-î√ç. - I.V.Ramaswamy, Karimnagar

Ééπ\úø

ÅØËC

i) Intention able.

- Dr.P.Anjaneyulu, Srikakulam

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 18 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Jayanth: (It’s) days since met you. Whatever has happened to you?

(E†’o îª÷Æœ î√™« ®ÓV-©-®·uçC. àN’öÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) éÌçîÁç Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ What •ü¿’©’ Whatever Åçö«ç.

to meet all the expenses. So nobody need put their hand in their pocket. Do take some money now.

(´’† Å≤Ú-Æœ-ßË’-≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊ î√™« úø•’sçC. 鬕öÀd á´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡x úø•’s ê®Ω’a °ôd-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.)

Sumanth: What do you think? I have my hands full. The President of our association has given me the responsibility of making all the arrangements for the conference next week.

Jayanth: That I know. Let me first of all have the list and the invitations.

(à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ÅÆæq©’ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’. ´’† Ææç°∂æ’ç Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’ ´îËa ¢√®Ωç ïJÍí Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ 鬢√-Lq† à®√pôxFo – Ç ¶«üµ¿u-ûª†’ °æ‹Jhí¬ Ø√èπ◊ Å°æpTç-î√®Ω’.) conference = Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç

(ÅFo v°œçô®˝ ü¿í∫_Í® ÖØ√o®·. Åûªúø’ èπÿú≈ Ééπ\-úøèπ◊ ü¿í∫_Í®, ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç °æü¿.)

Jayanth: He can be sure he has placed the job in capable hands. He can be rest assured that nothing can go wrong.

(Çߪ’† Ñ °æEE Ææ´’-®Ω’n-©Íé Å°æp-Tç-î√-†ØË †´’t-éπçûÓ Öçúø-´îª’a. à §Ò®Ω-§ƒô÷ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿E EPaç-ûªí¬ Öçúø-´îª’a. be rest assured = EPaç-ûªí¬ Öçúøôç Sumanth: Fortunately I have the time and money in hand. That does make things easy. But at times I have to get my hands dirty too, as the workers are a bit lazy and irregular.

2

(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ¢Á·ü¿ô Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’© ñ«Gû√, Ç Ç£æ…y-Ø√©’ Ø√éÀ´¤y.) Sumanth: They are all at the printer’s who is near at hand. Come, let’s go.





Spoken English daily real life situations hand expressions

™

™ ûÓ ¢√úË èπ◊ î√™« v§ƒüµ∆†uç ÖçC. î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’ èπÿú≈. É´Fo î√™« simple expressions. ´’† Ææ綵«-≠æù î√™« Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x îË≤ƒh®·. ´’†´‚ practice îËü∆lç.

Now look at the following expressions from the dialogue above. 1) I have my hands full. 2) He can be sure that he has placed the job in capable hands. 3) I have the time and money in hand.

à ´Ææ’h-¢ÁjØ√/ N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√, ´’†’-≠æfl-™„jØ√, ´’†ç Çüµ∆®Ω-°æúøü¿T† ´uéÀh îª÷Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤úø’. a) If Dr. Vaidya is treating you, you are in safe hands

= ú≈II ¢Ájü¿u Fèπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆæ’h-†o-ôx-®·ûË, †’´¤y Íé~´’éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† îËûª’™x Ö†oõ‰x (Çߪ’† ¢Ájü¿uç™ †’´¤y Íé~´’ç-í¬ØË Öçö«´¤). b) With Kumble as captain, the team is in capable hands =

èπ◊綉x ≤ƒ®Ω-ü∑¿uç™ (captain í¬ Öçõ‰) ¶µ«®Ω-ûªïô’d Ææ´’-®Ω’núÕ îËA™ Ö†oõ‰d (èπ◊綉x Ææ´’-®Ω’n-úøE).

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

3) Something in hand/ to have something in hand/ have time/ money in hand =

397

àüÁjØ√ ´’†ç ¢√úø’-èπ◊-ØËç-

Åûªúø’ supervisor Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ/ ÅûªúÕ °æE Åï´÷-®·≠‘ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË üÁj£œ«éπ v¨¡´’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Åûªúø’ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’. b) This job is only for these who are willing to get their hands dirty =

üÁj£œ«éπ v¨¡´’†’ É≠æd-°æúË ¢√∞¡}ØË/ é¬ßª’-éπ≠dçæ îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úË-¢√-∞¡xÍé Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç. c) As he is educated, he doesn’t want to get his hands dirty =

îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊†o ¢√úø’ 鬕öÀd é¬ßª’-éπ≠dçæ îËߪ’úøç ÅûªúÕéÀ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. 5) To have enough on one’s hands =

(äéπ-JéÀ) î√L-†çûª °æE Öçúøôç. a) She has enough on her hands with her new born child and so cannot do any job =

É°æ¤púË °æ¤öÀd† GúøfûÓ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª °æE. Åçü¿’éπE Ç¢Á’ à ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ’™‰ü¿’.

I have my hands full

(Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h ü∆EéÀ 鬢√Lq† úø•÷s, Æ洒ߪ’ç ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o®·. Åçü¿’´©x °æE Ææ’©-¶µºç-í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬F Å°æ¤p-úø°æ¤p-úø÷ °æE-¢√∞¡x •ü¿l¥éπç ´™«x, ÆæJí¬ Öçúøéπ-§Ú-´úøç ´™«x ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËÊÆ °æ†’©’ èπÿú≈ éÌEo ؈’ îËߪ÷Lq ´≤ÚhçC). Jayanth: Are you handling the invitations too?

(Ç£æ…y-Ø√©’ °æç°æúøç èπÿú≈ F °æØËØ√?) Sumanth: Yes, I am.

(Å´¤†’.) Jayanth: Why don’t you let me take care of the invitations? You have enough on your hands already with the arrangements.

(Ç£æ…y-Ø√© N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ ´C™‰-ߪ’-èπÿúøü¿÷? Ñ à®√p-ôx-ûÓØË †’´¤y BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o´¤.) Sumanth: Thank you. That’s a big relief.

(ü∑∆uçé˙q. ÅC Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l N´·éÀh.) Jayanth: Let me have the list of invitees. I will have some of them delivered by hand, and the rest through courier service or by post.

(Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’© ñ«Gû√ Ø√éÀ´¤y, éÌEoç-öÀE ؈’ îËAûÓ -Åç-Cç-îË-™« -îª÷≤ƒh†’, N’í∫-û√N éÌJ-ߪ’®˝ ü∆y®√ í¬F, §ÚÆˇd ü∆y®√ í¬F °æç°æ¤-û√†’.) Sumanth: Am I clear then that the matter is entirely in your hands?

(Å®·ûË Ç N≠æߪ’ç Åçû√ F îËûª’™x Ö†oõ‰x éπü∆?) Jayanth: They are certainly out of your hands. Don’t you worry, any more about them.

(ÅN F îËûª’™x ™‰N-°æ¤púø’. ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ÉçÍéç ÇçüÓ-∞¡† °æúøèπ◊.) Sumanth: I can speed up this work now.

(Å®·ûË ØËF °æE ûªy®Ωí¬ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’´îª’a.) Jayanth: So you can.

(Å´¤†’.) Sumanth: Our association has enough money

ÅûªúÕéÀ î√L-†çûª °æE-™‰-éπ-§Ú´-úøçûÓ Åûª-úÕéÀ °æEéÀ´÷-L† Ç™-©Fo ´Ææ’hç-ö«®·.

4) ... I have to get my hands dirty. 5) You have enough on your hands.

ü¿’èπ◊ ´’† Öçúøôç.

6) Am I clear then that the matter is entirely in your hands. 1) Have (somebody’s) hands full- I/ we/ you/ they have my/ our/ your/ their hands full. He/ she has his/ her hands full =

àüÁjØ√ °æE ´©x ÅÆæq-©’ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç.

= Åûªúø’ ¢√úø’èπ◊ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω ¶«í¬ úø•’sçC. M.SURESAN

a) He has his hands full with the arrangements for his daughter’s marriage =

¢√∞¡x Å´÷t®· °Rx à®√p-ôxûÓ Çߪ’† ÅÆæq©’ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oúø’. b) I have my hands already full with repairs to my house. I can’t attend to any other work now =

Ø√ ÉçöÀ ´’®Ω´’tûª’©ûÓ Ø√ îËûª’© Eçú≈ °æEûÓ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o, ÉçÍé°æ-F îª÷úø-™‰-E-°æ¤púø’. 2) In somebody’s good/ safe/ capable, etc hands =

b) We still have a week in hand before the exams =

°æK-éπ~-©-éÀçé¬ ´’†èπ◊ ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV© Æ洒ߪ’ç ÖçC. c) I haven’t much time in hand =

Ø√éπçûª áèπ◊\´ õ„j¢˛’ ™‰ü¿’. d) Though he has the amount in hand, he is unwilling to spend =

鬢√-Lq† úø•’s ûª† ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, ê®Ω’a °ôdúøç Åûª-úÕéÀ É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. 4) To get my hands dirty = üÁj£œ«éπ v¨¡´’ îËߪ’úøç/ é¬ßª’-éπ≠dçæ îËߪ’úøç a) Though he is a supervisor, he is ready to get his hands dirty if there is a need =

EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A B 1. Abscond A Stop 2. Irrelevant B Escape 3. Greedy C Gentle 4. Mild D Surrender 5. Withhold E Unconnected F Covetous G Generous ANSWERS 1. (B) escape =

ûª°œpç--éÓ-´úøç/ §ƒJ§Ú-´úøç, ´·êuçí¬ §ÚM-Ææ’©’ °æô’d-éÓèπ◊çú≈, îªö«d-EéÀ üÌ®Ω-éπ-èπ◊çú≈.

The parents of one of the students who killed their classmate have been absconding since the shooting incident = classmate

†’ é¬La îªç°œ† Nü∆u®Ω’n™x

ü¿í∫_®Ω

a) He has plenty of money in hand

b) He doesn’t have enough on his hands, so he gets all sorts of silly ideas =

6) Something in somebody’s hands =

àü¿-®·Ø√ äéπJ ÅDµ-†ç™ Öçúøôç. a) The matter is no longer in my hands. It is now entirely in my lawyer’s hands =

Ç N≠æߪ’ç É°æ¤púø’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’ (ØËØËç îËߪ’™‰†’). Åü¿çû√ ´÷ ™«ßª’®˝ îËA™ ÖçC/ Çߪ’ØË Åçû√ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. b) The whole affair is in your hands. You can do as you like =

Åçû√ F îËûª’™x ÖçC. †’¢Ëy´’†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC îËߪ’í∫-©´¤. Affair - Å°∂-Å – N≠æߪ’ç/ Ææç•çüµ¿ç a) I don’t know anything about the affair =

Ø√èπ◊ Ç N≠æߪ’ç àO’ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. b) People suspect an affair between the two =

v°æï©’ ¢√Rx-ü¿l-Jéà àüÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

An engineer’s qualification is irrelevant to a bank job =

Bank cashier Surrender

mild Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌEo Å®√n©’ ≤ƒüµ¿’ Ææy-¶µ«´ç Ö†o/ °∂æ÷ô’-™‰E/ Bv´-ûª-™‰E/ Éç>-F®˝ Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª©’ bank ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ Åçûª ÖvC-éπh-ûª-™‰E X severe (Bv´ÅÆæç-•ü¿l¥ç X Relevant. harsh (éπJ∏-†-¢Á’i†)/ violent ¢Á ’ i † )/ 3. (F) covetous = ü¿’®√¨¡ Ö†o/ (£œ « ç≤ƒû ªt-éπ-¢Á’i†). Åû√u¨¡/ Ê°®√¨¡ Ö†o 5. (A) Stop = üˆo-®·Ø√ ÇÊ°-ߪ’úøç. Most politicians are greedy. They enter politics only because of their greed =

He withheld important information =

´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√-®√Eo Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’©èπ◊ Åçü¿-èπ◊çú≈ ÇÊ°-¨»úø’.

While talking of the ability of a player, remarks about his appearance, or to his girl friend are irrelevant =

®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’ -Ø√-ߪ’èπ◊-™x áèπ◊\-´-´’çC ü¿’®√-¨»-°æ-®Ω’™‰. ÅÆæ©’ ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ®√ï-éÃߪ÷™x v°æ¢ËPçîªú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç ¢√∞¡x ü¿’®√¨Ï. covetous = °æ®Ω’© ÇÆœh°j éÓJéπ èπÿú≈. 4. (C) Gentle = Eü∆†ç/ ü¿’úø’-èπ◊-é¬E

äéπJ ûª-Lx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ (§ÚM-Ææ’-©èπÿ, îªö«d-Eéà üÌ®Ω-éπèπ◊çú≈). The cashier of the bank is absconding =

§ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ X = ™ÔçT-§Ú-´úøç. 2. (E) unconnected = ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥-¢Á’i†/ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ ¨¡ŸCl¥-™‰E (out of place)/ ÅÆæç-•-ü¿l¥-¢Á’i†. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ Ö†o°æ¤púø’ ´’®Ó N≠æߪ’ç v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îªúøç, irrelevant.

ã véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’úÕ ¨¡éÀh í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’†o-°æ¤púø’ ÅûªúÕ Çéπ%-AE í∫’Jç* é¬F, ÅûªúÕ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-®√-LE í∫’Jç* é¬F îËÊÆ ¢√uêu©’ ÅÆæç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç/ ÅÆæç-•ü¿l¥ç.

Unlike the father who is rude the son is mild =

(¢Á·®Ωô’) ¢Á·®Ωô’¢√-úÁj† ûªçvúÕ™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, éÌúø’èπ◊ Eü∆-†-Ææ’húø’.

Kunthi withheld the secret of Karna’s birth till the end =

éπ®Ω’gúÕ ï†t ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo èπ◊çA ü∆* °öÀdçC/ Éûª-®Ω’©èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Results of certain candidates have been withheld =

éÌçü¿®Ω’ Ŷµºu-®Ω’n© °∂æL-û√©’ Ç°œ-¢Ë-ߪ’•-ú≈f®· (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ ÇÊ°-¨»®Ω’.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 20 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007 Vasanth: Could you get back your money?

(F úø•’s Fèπ◊ AJT ´*açü∆?) Bharath: You know better than to expect that. This is India. Once you lose some thing it is lost forever.

(Å™« ÇPç-îªúøç ûÁL-N-ûª-èπ◊\´. ÉC ¶µ«®Ω-ûªüË-¨¡ç-éπü∆? äéπ-≤ƒJ †’¢Ëyü¿®·Ø√ §ÚíÌ-ô’dèπ◊çõ‰ ÅC AJT ®√†õ‰x.)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Vasanth: So certainly are most criminals. Cleverness and crime go hand in hand. Suppose a thief is caught and jailed once he won't stop stealing. He would only think of how to steal next time without being caught. That sharpens his cleverness.

(î√™«-´’çC ØË®Ω-í¬∞¡Ÿx ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√∞Ïx. ØË®√©÷ ûÁL-N-ûË-ô©÷ á°æ¤púø÷ éπLÊÆ Öçö«®·. äéπ-≤ƒJ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËÆœ† üÌçí∫ ñ„j©’Èé∞«xúø-†’éÓ ¢√úø’ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç ´÷†úø’. ÆæJ-éπü∆, Ñ≤ƒJ °æô’d-•-úø-èπ◊çú≈ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç ᙫ îËߪ÷™« ÅØË Ç™-*≤ƒhúø’. Å™« Ç™-*Ææ÷h ûÁL-N-O’-J-§Ú-û√®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx)

Vasanth: Did you report to the police? (Police

©èπ◊

report

î˨»¢√?)

Bharath: What'll be the use? In most cases you have to grease their palms. It's hundred to one that they catch the thief and if at all they do, you don't get all your money back. Sometimes they are hand in glove with thieves.

(àç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç? î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ©çî√-L-¢√yLq ´Ææ’hçC. ¢√∞¡Ÿx üÌçí∫†’ °æô’d-éÓ-´úøç †÷Jçô äéπöÀ. °æô’déÓ-´úøç Åçô÷ ïJ-TØ√ ´’† úø•sçû√ ´’†èπ◊ AJ-T-®√ü¿’. éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x üÌçí∫©÷ §ÚM-Ææ’©’ ™«©÷* °æúøôç èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC.) grease the palm= îËûª’©’ ûªúø-°æôç; palm= Å®Ω-îË®·; grease ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ – ߪ’çvû√©’, îªv鬩’ ÆæJí¬ éπC-™‰ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ê°ÊÆ °æü∆®Ωnç. Vasanth: Not all policemen or police officials are corrupt. The amount you've lost is not small either. The Inspector of your area is supposed to be honest. Just give it a try. The police station is close at hand to your place too.

2

irregularities= execution =

Åvéπ-´÷©’/ E•ç-üµ¿-†© Ö©xç-°∂æ’†; E®Ωy-£æ«ù; execute = E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªúøç; Executive = °ü¿l °ü¿l ÆæçÆæn™ x ¢√öÀ Nüµ∆-Ø√©†’ Å´’-©’-°æ-JîË/ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË ÅCµ-é¬J.

Bharath: OK. I will give a report for what it is worth. Let's see what happens.

(ÆæÍ®. ü∆E N©’´ ü∆EüË Å†ô’d report É*a îª÷≤ƒh†’. àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çüÓ îª÷ü∆lç.)

b) The poling staff in one of the booths were acting hand in glove with one of the candidates =

Vasanth: Good luck. ☺

☺

☺

äéπ polling Íéçvü¿ç-™E Æœ•sçC, äéπ Ŷµºu-JnûÓ èπ◊´’t-éπ\-ߪ÷u®Ω’.

☺

daily Spoken English real life situations

c) Some times the police are hand in glove with criminals =

™

™ î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE-°œçîË hand ûÓ ´îËa ´’J-éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´÷ô©’ Ñ≤ƒJ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

b) I don't have the information at hand now. Wait for an hour and I can get it for you.=

Ç Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç/ N´-®√©’ v°æÆæ’hûªç Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰´¤. í∫çô-ÊÆ-§ƒí∫’. Fé¬ N´-®√©’ ÅçC≤ƒh. c) The exams are close at hand and you haven't even started preparation =

°æK-éπ~©’ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·. †’Nyçé¬ ÆæØ√o-£æ…™‰ ¢Á·ü¿©’ °ôd-™‰ü¿’. d) The doctor is close at hand. Consult him= Doctor

ü¿í∫_Í® ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆. Çߪ’-†o-úø’í∫’. È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’/ Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h©’ éπLÆœ Öçúøôç/ äéπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπöÀ ÅN-Ø√-¶µ«´ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúøôç.

3) Go hand in hand =

a) Over eating and illness go hand in hand=

éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x §ÚMÆæ’©’ ØË®Ω-í¬-∞¡xûÓ ™«©÷* °æúø’ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.

398

ÅAí¬ A†úøç ï•’s©÷ éπLÊÆ Öçö«®·. (ÅAí¬ A†úøç ´©x ï•’s©’ ´≤ƒh®· éπ*a-ûªçí¬)

Industr y and success go hand in hand

(Åçü¿®Ω’ §ÚM-Ææ’©’, ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’ ÅN-F-A°æ-®Ω’-©’-鬮Ω’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ †’´¤y §ÚíÌ-ô’dèπ◊†o úø•’s ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’. v°æߪ’-Aoç. Police station O’ ÉçöÀ-ü¿-í∫_Í® èπÿú≈†’.) Bharath: The thief that has stolen my money seems to be an old hand at it. He left no traces whatever of his crime. Thieves must be clever fellows, as I can see now.

(Ø√ úø•’s üÌçT-Lç-*† üÌçí∫ î√™« ņ’¶µº-´-VcúÕ™« ÖØ√oúø’. áéπ\ú≈ ûª† ØË®√-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† í∫’®Ω’h©’ ´ü¿-©-™‰ü¿’. üÌçí∫©’ î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj† ¢√∞¡Ÿxí¬ Öçö«®ΩE Ø√éÀ-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC.)

v°æ¨¡o: -O’®Ω’

is + ing form belong Regular Doing Actions simple present ‘This land belongs to him’ - correct. Regular milk ‘I am drinking milk’ ‘ I drink milk’

®√E¢√öÀ™ äéπöÀ ÅE îÁ§ƒp®Ω’.

ÅÆæ©’ E ™ îÁ§ƒpL éπü∆? Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ í¬

BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx ņ-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Úéπü∆! ûª’çC. ÉD Åô’-´ç-öÀüË éπü∆! Belong °æéπ\† èπÿú≈ ing form ´Ææ’hçC é¬F ‘is’ ûÓ éπL-°œ-®√ü¿’. ‘check your belongings before you leave’ Åçö«ç éπü∆!

ï¢√•’:

- O.V.Laxmi, Kanuru

O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-üËçö Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úøç ™‰ü¿’. Belong am/ is/ are + ing form ™ ¢√úøç ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’í¬ O’®Ωç-ô’-†oC. That certainly is right. Belong †’ am/ is/ are + ing form ™ ¢√úøç -Å-E -îÁ°æp-úøç-™ ÖüËl¨¡ç §ƒ®∏Ωèπ◊-©-†’ ÅC¢√-úø-èπ◊çú≈ îËÊÆç-ü¿’Íé.  äéπ belong ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ am/ is/ are + ing form ™ ¢√úøE verbs †’ üˆo-®·Ø√, Öûªh ... ing form í¬ (ü∆EéÀ ´·çü¿’, am/ is/ are ™‰èπ◊çú≈) ¢√--úÌa- éπü∆?

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) Sometimes they are hand in glove with thieves. 2) The police station is close at hand to your place. 3) Cleverness and crime go hand in hand.

2) close/ near at hand =

îË®Ω’´/ ÆæO’°æç/ ü¿í∫_®Ω/ ÅA-ü¿-í∫_®Ω (Ææn©ç/ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç/ ´uéÀh) Öçúøôç.

Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™ shops àO’-™‰´¤. àC 鬢√-©Ø√o î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞«x-LqçüË.

1) Hand in glove =

îÁúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x/ ØË®√™x/ ®Ω£æ«Ææu N≠æ-ߪ÷™x éÌçü¿®Ω’ èπ◊´’t-éπ\-´úøç.

a) We see daily reports in news papers that engineers and contractors are hand in glove in the irregularities in the execution of projects = projects

¢√®√h °ævA-éπ™x ®ÓW éπü∑¿-Ø√©’ îª÷Ææ÷hØË E®Ωy-£æ«ù™ ïJÍí Åvéπ-´÷-©™ Öçö«ç– Éç>-F®Ω’x é¬çvö«-éπd®Ω’x ᙫ èπ◊´’t-éπ\-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ó. a) Loving the poor is the quality of great people=

Match the words under A with their meanings under B A

A. oppose

2. Grave

B. abandon

3. Object

C. accept

4. Fierce

D. weak

5. Desert

c) Needing my help he came to me. d) Belonging to this group is an honour.

v°æ¨¡o: i)

- ¢Ë’-´· ®Ó-W °œ-©x-©-†’ -îª-C-NÆæ’hç-ö«-´·. ii) -¢Ë’-´· -Ç-ô-©’ -Ç-úÕ≤ƒh-´·. iii) ؈’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ Çô©’ ÇúÕç-î√†’. iv) ؈’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ îªC-Nç-î√†’. ÅØË ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? – Èé.®√-´’-éπ%≠æg, §Ú≤ƒ-E-Ê°ô, ÅçüÓ©’

ï¢√•’:

E. violent F. serious

Ê°ü¿-¢√-∞¡x†’ vÊ°N’ç-îªôç íÌ°æp¢√∞¡x ©éπ~ùç.

b) Hoping to get a high rank he studied well.

B

1. Feeble

G. confront Key and explanation: 1-D. Feeble= weak =

•©£‘«†¢Á’i†/ F®Ω-Ææçí¬ Ö†o. She was too feeble to walk=

†úø-´-™‰-†çûª •©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖçC. He was old and spoke in a feeble voice =

Åûª†’ ´%ü¿’l¥úø’, •©-£‘«-†-¢Á’i† íÌçûª’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’. X strong/ robust (•©çí∫©) 2-F. Grave = serious =

1. We make the students study (everyday) 2. We make them play 3. I have made the students play 4. I made the students study.

v°æ¨¡o: ؈’ Ç °æE îË®·-≤ƒh†’ ÅØË ¢√é¬uEo English ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

ï¢√•’:

– ñ„.Èé.-v°æ-≤ƒü˛, ïí∫_-†o-Ê°ô I will get/ have it done. á´-J-îËûª îË®·çîËC ûÁLÊÆh/ I will make him/ her/ somebody do it.

Bv´-¢Á’i†/ í∫çHµ-®Ω-¢Á’i†. The consequences of your action will be very grave. =

F Ωu °∂æL-û√©’ î√™« Bv´çí¬ Öçö«®·. It is a matter of grave concern, the missing of the child =

Ç Gúøf ûª°œp-§Ú-´úøç î√™« Bv´-¢Á’i† ÇçüÓ-∞¡† éπL-Tç-îËCí¬ ÖçC.

éπ%≠œ, Nïߪ’ç á°æ¤púø÷ äéπ-ü∆-EûÓ äéπöÀ Öçö«®·. (éπ%≠œ Öçõ‰ Nïߪ’ç ûª°æpü¿’)

c) Communication abilities and career prospects go hand in hand =

a) We don't have any shops close/ near at hand. For everything we have to go long distances. = M.SURESAN

b) Industry and success go hand in hand =

career ™ ®√ùÀç-îªôç, communication ØÁj°æ¤ùuç È®çúø÷ éπLÊÆ Öçö«®·. (communication ØÁj°æ¤ùuç Öçõ‰ØË career ™ ®√ùÀç-îªí∫©ç.)

EXERCISE (concern = worry; Grave

Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç Ææ´÷Cµ; grave X light.)

3-A. Object = oppose=

(Ééπ\úø) Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ûÁ©-°æúøç/ ÇÍé~-°œçîªúøç.

They objected to my presence at the meeting =

؈-éπ\úø Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ŷµºuçûª®Ωç ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. They object to the way she dresses =

Ç¢Á’ •ôd©’ üµ¿JçîË B®Ω’†’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÇÍé~-°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’. Object ûª®√yûª to ´Ææ’hçC. ü∆E ûª®√yûª noun é¬F, ... ing form é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. I object to noise (noun)=

íÌúø-´çõ‰ Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç. I object to wasting (... ing form) money = X allow.

úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’úøç Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç.

4-E. Fierce = violent =

üˆ®Ωb-†u-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†/ £œ«ç≤ƒ-ߪ·-ûª-¢Á’i†. The Tiger is a fierce animal=

°æ¤L £œ«çÆœçîË ïçûª’´¤ (vèπÿ®Ω´’%í∫ç). Bv´-¢Á’i† §ÚöÃE èπÿú≈ fierce competition Åçö«ç.

There is fierce competition between the two parties. fierce X mild/ gentle. 5-B. Desert = abandon =

(á´-J-ØÁjØ√/ üˆo-®·Ø√) °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ EÆæq-£æ…ߪ’çí¬ ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç.

The man deserted his wife and children =

ûª† ¶µ«®Ωu†’, °œ©xLo ´C-™‰-¨»-úøûª†’ (Cèπ◊\-™‰-E-¢√-∞¡Ÿxí¬ î˨»úø’). A deserted place = ã v°æü˨»Eo Åéπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ ë«S-îËÆœ ¢ÁRx-§ÚûË ÅC deserted place Å´¤-ûª’çC. The police found the room deserted =

Ç í∫C E®√t-†’-≠æuçí¬ Öçúøôç îª÷¨»®Ω’ §ÚM-Ææ’©’. Desert Åçõ‰ NCµ-E-®Ωy-£æ«ù †’ç* §ƒJ-§Ú-´úøç èπÿú≈. The policeman deserted his post of duty =

á´J ņ’-´’A ™‰èπ◊çú≈/ á´JûÓ îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ç §ÚMÆæ’ ¢ÁRx§Ú-ߪ÷úø’/ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. desert (´C-L-¢Ë-ߪ’ôç)x support desert (§ƒJ-§Ú-´úøç) x stay desert (NCµ-E-®Ωy-£æ«ù †’ç* ¢ÁRx§Ú-´úøç) x attend. desert - áú≈J ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Big, large, great

– Ñ ´‚úÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ éπü∆! àßË’ Ææçü¿®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. 2. éÀçC-¢√-é¬u-©†’ Ççí∫xç™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ N´-JçîªçúÕ. i) Ç°∂‘-ÆæÍ®x Ø√ éÌç°æ ´·ç*çvúø’. ii) Ææçï-ß˝’-ü¿-û˝èπ◊ ´’üµ¿uç-ûª®Ω ¶„®·™¸ üÌJ-éÀçC. iii) ¶µº÷§Ú®Ω’ ´’Jçûª ñ®Ω’. iv) v§ƒñ„-èπ◊d-©èπ◊ û√uí∫-üµ¿-†’© Ê°®Ω’x °úÕûË ûªÊ°pçöÀ. v) ü¿’èπ◊\©’ ü¿’Ø√o®Ω’. Cèπ◊\©’ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. 3. ü˨¡-¶µ«-≠æèπ◊ ™‰E v§ƒüµ∆†uç Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-Èéç-ü¿’éÓ ûÁ©°æçúÕ. – ߪ’ç.®Ωç-í∫ߪ’u, É©xçü¿ ï¢√•’: 1. Big, large- Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’h-´¤© °æJ-´÷ù«Eo (size †’) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. °ü¿l-üÁj† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ spoken English ™ large éπØ√o big áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Large éÌClí¬ ví¬çC∑éπç. He needs a big sized shirt./ This shirt is too big for him Ready made companies, commercial Ads big large large size/ extra large size etc. spoken English A big group/ a big company/ a big car, etc / a big city/ country

(Å®·ûË

© •ü¿’©’

™

-ü¿’Ææ’hèπ◊

¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’: É™« ™ Å®Ω’ü¿’.)

-v°æ-¨¡o: Sir, I have some doubts of telugu translations relating to modal auxiliaries. 1. a) I shall have completed the work. b) I should have completed the work. 2. a) I will have completed the work. b) I would have completed the work. 3. a) I can have completed the work. b) I could have completed the work. 4. a) I may have completed the work. b) I might have completed the work. 5. I need have completed the work. 6. I ought to have completed the work. 7. I must have completed the work Explain the difference in Telugu.
Suggest me a good book for collocations & some informal English dictionaries & informal spoken English books.

–Èé.®√-´’-éπ%≠æg, ê´’tç

ï¢√•’: 1. a)

؈’ (future ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç-™°æ¤) °æE °æ‹Jh îËÆœ Öçö«†’. b) ؈’ °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-LqçC (í∫ûªç™) é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. 2. a) = 1 a) = ؈’ future ™ äéπ °æE-°æ‹Jh

-v°æ-¨¡o: ü¿ßª’-

îËÆœ ¢√∞¡x†’ èπÿ®Óa-¶„-ôdçúÕ. ii) Ask them to sit down-

iii)

Åçö«ç. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ written language ™ØË É™«çöÀ îÓôx big Å®ΩnçûÓ large ¢√-úø-û√ç. Big, ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, ´’J-éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x, °ü¿l (´ßª’-Ææ’™) ¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. He is a big man / is in a big position Åçö«ç, Åûª-úø’ î√™« v°æ´·-ê’úø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Large É™«çöÀ îÓôx ¢√úøç. A large man Åçõ‰ £æ…≤ƒu-EéÀ ¶«í¬ ™«´¤í¬ Ö†o ´’E≠œ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Big èπ◊ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†/ -ÅA ´·êu-¢Á’i† ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÖçC. Today is the big day of her life/ Sancranthi is a big festival for the hindus. large Large Great = A great city size

Ééπ\úø

¢√-úøç. éÀ äÍé Å®Ωnç: °ü¿l-üÁj†. íÌ°æp. Ñ ´÷ô ã í∫’ùç™ íÌ°æp-ü¿-Ø√Eo Ééπ\úø †í∫®Ωç Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. éπç-õ‰, †í∫®Ωç v§ƒ´·-êu-ûªèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç îª÷úø-™‰E/ û√éπ-™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤© °æJ-´÷ù«EéÀ (size), great ¢√úøû√ç. She showed great courage = Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp/ áèπ◊\´ ≤ƒ£æ«-≤ƒEo îª÷°œçC. Sita had great patience - íÌ°æp Ææ£æ«†ç. – É™«çöÀ îÓôx big/ large ®√´¤. í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ: A large number/ a large amount

/ a large quantity, etc. (a large amount = amount =

úø•’s °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªhç™) °j expressions ™ N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀ™x ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ big ¢√úøç.

àüÁjØ√ °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªhç™ A big

2. i) It is the officers that ruined me/ the officers ditched me. ii) Sanjaydutt got interim bail. iii) Land struggle intensified (for that) iv) What is wrong in naming projects after people of sacrifice?/ after people who have made sacrifices? v)

ü¿’èπ◊\©’ ü¿’Ø√o®Ω’...

= They have ploughed the field and

are waiting for rain. 3.

î√J-vûªéπ 鬮Ω-ù«-© -´-™‰x Ççí∫x-¶µ«≠æèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆-†uç. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 200 à∞¡x§ƒô’, v°æ°æçîª Ææí∫-¶µ«-í¬Eo English -¢√-∞¡Ÿx §ƒLç-îªúøç ÅA ´·êué¬-®Ωùç. È®çúÓC English ¢√∞¡Ÿx America êçú≈™x (Canada ûÓ Ææ£æ…), Australia ™ ´©Ææ ¢ÁRx Æœn®Ω-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-´úøç. ´‚úÓC, Éûª®Ω ¶µ«≠æ© ´÷ô©†’ -ûª-†-Cí¬ -îËÆæ’éÓí∫-© -¨¡éÀh English ¶µ«≠æèπ◊ -Öç-úø-ôç. Ø√©’íÓC science and Technology éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ÅGµ-´%-Cl¥éÀ Åçû√ English ´÷ö«xúË ¢√∞¡Ÿx áèπ◊\-´í¬ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 399 鬮Ωùç Å´-úøç.

He wanted to go too

ÅE ´Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊ îÁ•’û√ç. ÅE èπÿú≈

i) Please make them sit down-

2

¢√∞¡x†’ èπÿ®Óa´’E îÁ°æpçúÕ. – °j ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u©’ correct Å´¤ØÓ é¬üÓ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. ûª°æp-®·ûË ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. äéπ Nü∆uJn î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√úø’. v°æB N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™†÷. Åçõ‰ all rounder ņo´÷ô.'†’´¤y all rounder N ¢Ë’´· à´’E °œ©-¢√L— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ English ™

-v°æ-¨¡o: Oxford advanced learner's dictionary ''proverbs and sayings''

™ *´-®Ω† Éî√a®Ω’. Åçü¿’™ Íé´©ç ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûÁL§ƒ®Ω’. é¬F ¢√öÀE ¢√é¬u™x ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ ûÁ©-°æ-™‰ü¿’. Ææçü¿®√s¥Eo •öÀd ¢√öÀE ¢√úø-ö«-EéÀ, °æô’d ≤ƒCµç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ àüÁjØ√ °æ¤Ææhéπç Ææ÷*ç-îªçúÕ.– á-™¸.-v¨»-´u, -†ç-ü∆u-©

ï¢√•’: Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary proverbs

O’®Ω’

™ØË Ç èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô© ü¿í∫_®Ω îª÷ÊÆh, ¢√öÀÀ Å®Ωnç éπE°œÆæ’hçC. A stitch in time saves nine - ÉC proverb éπü∆? Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary stitch proverb

™, ´÷ôèπ◊ èπ◊ É*a† Å®√n-™x Ñ Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC, îª÷úøçúÕ. ÉçÍé book îª÷ú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.

9. What about your parents? - What is about your v°æ¨¡o: îËÆœ Öçö«†’ (ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’éÀçC-¢√-é¬u™x ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC O’ lessons ™-C. È®çúÓ parents? ߪ’ç-™°æ¤). ¢√éπuç -ØË-†’ 'to' †’ 'use' îËÆœ ®√¨»†’. Åéπ\úø to 10. I will send it through Ramu - I will send it by b) °æE- °æ‹Jh îËÆæ’ç-úË¢√úÕE é¬F Ramu. use îËߪ’-´î√a? É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x to ᙫ, îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ÅÆæ © ’ áéπ \ úø ¢√ú≈™ N´J çî ª í ∫ © ®Ω ’ . – -ñ„-GÆœ, -ê-´’tç 3. a) °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕE – Does she think of going home Does 1. ï¢√•’: ÉC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√úø-éπç™ ™‰ü¿’ – she think of going to home. M.SURESAN ÉC ¢√úøç. 1, 2, 4, 5 & 6. Home, there, here - OöÀ-´·çü¿’ to 2. I go there every sunday - I go to there b) îËߪ’-í∫-LÍí ¢√úÕE é¬F îËߪ’®√ü¿’. Go home, go there, come here etc. every sunday. ™‰ü¿’. 3. Talk to you = Talk with you (Both correct). 3. He wants to talk you - He wants to talk to you - He 4. a) °æE °æ‹Jh îËÊÆ-¢√-úÕ-ØË¢Á÷?(doubt) (preWithout somebody / something = äéπ®Ω’ / äéπ wants to talk with you (with ¢√úø-´î√a?) sent) N≠æߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ – without ûª®√yûª of á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç. 4. He wishes to go home - He wishes to go to home. b) °æE-°æ‹Jh îËÆæ’ç-úË-¢√-úÕ-ØË¢Á÷ (doubt8. Grateful (éπ%-ûª-Vc-©’í¬ Öçúøôç) 5. He is coming here tomorrow- He is coming to here past) tomorrow. I am grateful to you ( ´uéÀh ´·çü¿’ to) for this 5. a) É™«çöÀ îÓôx need have + pp ¢√úøç– 6. I am going there next week- I am going to there help (à N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Å-ØË ü∆E ´·çü¿’, for) need not have + pp (not ûÓØË) next week. I am grateful to your help ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. O’ Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç = îËÆæ’çúË Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F Å™«Íí éÀçC-¢√-é¬u©’ èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. (N≠æߪ’ç) 鬕öÀd ü∆E ´·çü¿’, for ®√¢√L. î˨»†’. 7. Without him the picnic can't be fun - Without of 9. What about something? / somebody? - Ééπ\úø 6. °æE îËÆæ’çú≈LqçC (ÅC Ø√ üµ¿®Ωtç) é¬F him the picnic can't be fun. What ûª®√yûª is ™«çöÀ verbs àO ®√´¤. îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. 8. I am grateful to you for your help - I am grateful to 10. Send it through, correct. By - wrong. 7. °æE îËÊÆ Öçö«†’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬. your help. (He must have forgotten it = -Å-ûªúø’ ü∆Eo ´’Ja-§ÚßË’ Öçö«úø’.) v°æ¨¡o: Å-ûª-úø’ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Cambridge Dictionary of collocations 1. To éÀ, Too éÀ ´’üµ¿u Ææç•çüµ¿ç, ¢√öÀE á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ★ Too = ÅA. It is too costly = ÅC Åûªuçûª üµ¿®Ω (؈’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™. Read novels to Ö°æ ß Á ÷ T ≤ ƒh ® Ω ’ ? N´J çî ª ç úÕ . é̆-™‰-†’/- éÌ-††’). improve your spoken English skills. Read 2. °æ ô ’d ü ¿ © ûÓ é¬¢√© E, îË ß ª ÷ © E ÅØË °æ ü ∆© †’ ÉçTx ≠ ˇ ™  Too... to È®çúø÷ éπL°œ É™« ¢√-úø-û√ç. India Today and such other English ûÁL°œ, éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ É´yçúÕ. magazines. He is too selfish to help others = – áç.Çç-ï-ØË-ߪ·©’, Èé.Ø√-Íí-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, ¢Á·©-í∫-´Lx Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø-†çûª ≤ƒy®Ωn-°æ-®Ω’úø’. You are all rounder what we call ï¢√•’: 2. °æô’d-ü¿-©ûÓ= with perseverance/ tenacity. you Å-†-úøç éπ®Ω-ÍédØ√? 1. To èπ◊, too èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆? To Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡x-èπ◊/ She showed a lot of perseverance/ tenacity and iv) ´÷ éÓî˝ ´™‰x ÉC (prize) Ø√èπ◊ ´*açC -ä-éπ-JéÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, to them, to him, to her, to finally won = Ç-¢Á’ íÌ°æp °æô’d-ü¿© éπ†-•-®Ω* ≤ƒCµç-*çC. Ram, to Lakshman ÅE ¢√-úø-û√ç. I gave it to ņo ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ By my coach. 鬢√-©-F/- îË-ߪ÷-©F (ÖüËl-¨¡u-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬)= Intentionally/ Ram = ®√çèπ◊ Éî√a†’. äéπ îÓöÀéÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√-úøI got it Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çü∆?deliberately. û√ç. To Hyderabad, To Nellore = £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊, – îªç-öÀ, -N-¨»-ê°æ-ôoç a) He intentionally delayed starting so that he would ØÁ©÷x-®Ω’èπ◊ ÅE. °∂晫E time ´®Ωèπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ from ï¢√•’: miss the train and stay at home = Train ûª°œp-§Ú®· 10 to 4 (10 †’ç* 4 ´®Ωèπ◊) ÅE Åçö«ç. i) Correct. ÉçöxØË Öçú≈-©E, ÖüËl-¨¡-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπç-í¬-ØË/- é¬-¢√-©E -Å-ûª-úø’ To go, to come, to see ™«çöÀ infinitives ™, to Ç©-Ææuçí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-®√úø’. ii) You are an all rounder. What shall go = ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-E-éÀ/ -¢Á-∞¡xôç/ ¢Á∞¡x-ôç/ -¢Á-∞«l-´’E, – É™« b) She deliberately appeared in ordinary clothes so we call you? ¢√-úø-û√ç. that people might not know she was rich = Ç-¢Á’ iii) I got it because of my coach (by my ★ Too = Also = èπÿú≈. Éûª -®Ω’©’ ûª†’ üµ¿E-èπ◊-®√-L-†E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ -ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊, coach Ééπ\úø ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’). He wanted to go too = 鬢√-©ØË, ´÷´‚©’ -ü¿’Ææ’h-©’ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 25 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

400

June 12, 2005 ken English course. lessons

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† v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-´’-®·uçC ´’† spoÉC 400th lesson. E®Ωçûª-®√-ߪ’çí¬ ÉEo °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-L-T-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ áç-ûÓ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. Ñ achievement èπ◊ ´·êu-é¬-®Ωùç, §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊© Å°æ‹®Ωy Ææpçü¿†. Ñ course î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úÕç-ü¿F, English üμÁj®Ωuçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´’E ®√Æœ† §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-™„ç-ü¿®Ó! °æôdù, English medium ™ îªC-N†-¢√-∞¡⁄x, °æ‹Jhí¬ ví¬O’ù ØË°æ-ü∑¿u ûÁ©’í∫’ medium ¢√--∞¡⁄x -v°æ-AÆæpç-CÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Ñ lessons -†’ -Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË-™« -Åç-C≤ƒhç. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´*a† lessons èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cμç-* éÌEo ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ÷îª-†©’:  v°æA lesson Ææç¶μ«-≠æù (ã conversation) ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-´’-´¤-ûª’çC éπüΔ? Ñ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù†’ O’®Ω’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ îªü¿-´ôç é¬èπ◊çú≈ spoken English ™ ÇÆæéÀh Ö†o ´’®Ó ´uéÀhûÓ îÁ®Ó §ƒvûªí¬ lesson ™E Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù†’ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. Ç ûª®√yûª §ƒvûª ´÷Ja ´’Sx practise îËߪ’çúÕ.  Ñ 400 lessons ™E Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù©’ (at the beginning of each lesson) Eûªu @N-ûªç-™E üΔüΔ°æ¤ ÅEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥© í∫’Jç* ÖØ√o®·. Ñ dialogues O’®Ω’ Åüμ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËߪ’úøç ´©x, °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤/ èπ◊¨¡-©-´’-úÕÍí ´÷ô© ü¿í∫_-®Ω’oç*, î√™« ÆæçéÀx≠æd Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x (complex situations) üΔé¬ ¢√úË simple (Ææ®Ω-∞¡-¢Á’i†), natural (Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i†) spoken English forms O’ English conversation ™ ¶μ«í∫-´’-´¤-û√®·. Then Chakora: Chakita is the girl who told me about it.

(Ø√éÃ-N-≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œp† Å´÷t®· îªéÀûª)

Champa: She is the girl who saw it all happen. So what she told you must be correct. correct

(ïJ-TçC îª÷ÆœçC ûªØË. 鬕öÀd Ç¢Á’ í¬ØË Öçú≈L.) îÁ°œpçC

Chakora: The information I had had earlier was different. So you say Chakita's information is more reliable.

you can speak English with ease.



(≤˘©-¶μºuçûÓ. v°æߪ’-ûªoçîËÆœ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†-ô’x-é¬-èπ◊çú≈). î√™« lessons ™ É*a† vocabulary (°æü¿-Ææ-´·-üΔߪ’ç/ ´÷ô©’) ´’† Eûªu @N-ûªç™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË¢Ë English ™. ¢√öÀE èπÿú≈ ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷úøçúÕ.

 Voice (Active & Passive), Degrees of comparison, Direct and Indirect speechgrammar exercises practise

OöÀE

í¬ îËߪ’-éπçúÕ. Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†-ô’dí¬ ¢√öÀE ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-Jî√ç. ¢√öÀE Å™«Íí practise îËߪ’çúÕ. O’®Ω’ äéπ ®Ωéπç sentence ¢√úÕ ¢√öÀE ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπç sentence (voice, degrees, direct & indirect speech) ™éÀ ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-ü¿’l. Situation †’•öÀd à type of sentence suitable Å´¤-ûª’çüÓ üΔEo ¢√úøçúÕ.

 Get, give, take, see, put, do, talk, walk, sleep, make, hand, go, find, look, come, stand, buy, bring, know, pay, mind, hot, learn, want, mean expressions spoken English lessons practise conversation language simple conversational expressions practise

lessons ing  Most important: ing



´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ ™ English pronunciation, public speakèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰≤ƒhç. ¢√öÀE ≤ƒüμ¿† îËߪ’çúÕ. à ¶μ«≠æ-®·Ø√ ÆæJí¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ clarity of think(Ç™-îª-†™x Ææp≠ædûª) Öçõ‰,clarity of speech (´÷ô™x Ææp≠ædûª) Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE Ææp≠ædçí¬ Ç™-*ç-îªúøç ØË®Ω’a-éÓçúÕ. Ñ´’üμ¿u ´Ææ’h†o vocabulary items ÅFo èπÿú≈ î√™« ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† ´÷ô©’, éÌCladvanced level spoken English ´÷ô©’. ¢√öÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ-§ƒô’, N´-®Ωù, ¢√öÀE ¢√úÕ† sentences, ¢√öÀ pronunciation, ´uA-Í®-鬩’ (Antonyms) ÉÆæ’hØ√oç. OöÀûÓ O’ °æü¿-Ææç-°æü¿ °ç-éÓçúÕ.

™«çöÀ ÅA ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† ´÷ô-©ûÓ ´îËa î√™«-¢√-öÀE Ñ ™ ≤ÚüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùçí¬ àßË’ (Increase your word power). îËÆœ O’ É-O Ææ÷-îª-†-©’. á°æp-öÀ-™«Íí O’ ÆæçüË-£æ…©’ ®√ߪ’çúÕ. Ææ´÷-üμΔ-Ø√©’ ´≤ƒh®·, Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úÌîÓa ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰¨»ç éπüΔ? ¢√ô-Eoç-öÀE v°æ¨¡o© Ææçêu ´©x é¬Ææh Ç©Ææuç 鬴a. We wish all our readers a fur™ ¶μ«í∫çí¬ îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púË O’ í¬ í¬ Öçô’çC. (ví¬çC∑-éπçí¬, éπ%ûª-éπçí¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈). ther period of purposeful spoken English course. îËߪ’çúÕ. ´·êuçí¬ NNüμ¿ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úË

(Å´¤†’. 15000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© †í∫ü¿’ •£æ›´’A ´*açC. ûªE-°æ¤púø’ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o necklace Ç úø•’sûÓ é̆oüË.) Chakora: (She) must be a brilliant girl. (ûÁL-¢Áj† °œ™‰x Å®· Öçú≈L.) Champa: Of course. She is. 

2







a) Gandhi was the leader. He preached peace and non violence

(Ç Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ í¬çCμ. Çߪ’† ¨»çA Å£œ«çÆæ©’ ¶Cμç-î√úø’.) Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀF 'Who' ûÓ É™« éπ©-°æ-´îª’a.

Gandhi was the leader who preached peace and non violence. b) Sachin is the cricketer. He has the record for most runs.

I met a man yesterday. He was my schoolmate. schoolmate)

(E†o ØËØÌ-éπ-ûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Åûªúø’

Ø√

2) She is a girl who you can always trust. (= She is a girl + you can always trust her-

Ç Å´÷t®· †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø÷ †´’t-ü¿-T† Å´÷t®·). Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ sentences ™ who ´C-™‰-ÆœØ√ ûª°æ¤p™‰ü¿’, simpler èπÿú≈.

She is a girl who you can always tr ust

(Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œ† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Åçü¿’èπ◊ Gμ†oçí¬ ÖçC. Å®·ûË †’´¤y îªéÀûª É*a† Ææ´÷-î√-®Ω¢Ë’ †´’t-ü¿-Tç-ü¿ç-ö«´¤.) reliable = J©-ߪ’-•’™¸ = ÇüμΔ-®Ω-°æ-úø-ü¿-T†/ †´’t-ü¿-T†

Champa: Yea. It is. (Do) you know she is a girl who you can always trust.

(Å´¤†’. ÅçûË. ûª†’ †´’t-ü¿-T† Å´÷t®· ÅE Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Chakora: I do, of course. But isn't she the girl whose essay got the best prize in the last month's competition?

(ÅC ûÁL-ߪ’Íéç? Ç Å´÷t®· ¢√u≤ƒ-E-Íé-í∫üΔ í∫ûª ØÁ© ¢√uÆæ-®Ω- §ÚöÙx Öûªh´’ •£æ›´’A ´*açC?)

Champa: That's right. She got a cash prize of Rs.15000/-. With it she bought the necklace she wears now.

EXERCISE

advanced level ken English forms

(Ö†o-ûª-≤ƒn®·)spoéÌEo Ñ lesson ™ îª÷üΔlç. (Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ Ñ forms †’ éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.) È®çúø’ sentences †’ who, which, whose, where ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ á™« éπ©-°æ-´îÓa ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊çüΔç. é¬Ææh

= Sachin is the cricketer who has the record for most runs.

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπüΔ? Present day English (ÑØ√öÀ English) ™ whom üΔüΔ°æ¤ Åçûª-Jç-*-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿E, üΔE •ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ Who ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´’E. îª÷úøçúÕ:

M.SURESAN Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. The man who I met yesterday was my 1) Chakita is the girl who told me about it. schoolmate. (E†o á´-J-ØÁjûË éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oØÓ, 2) She is a girl who you can always trust. Åûªúø’ Ø√ schoolmate- ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– E†o3) Isn't she the girl whose essay got the best ØË †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-ûª†’ Ø√ schoolmate. §ƒûª prize in the essay competition. English ™ Å®·ûË The man whom I met ... 1) Chakita is the girl. She told me about itÅE ´Ææ’hçC. ´·êuçí¬ spoken English ™ Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †÷ 'Who' ¢√úÕ Â°j† É*a† Whom É°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’.) °j sentence Ñ éÀçC sentence (1) ™™« éπ©’-°æ¤û√ç. sentences †’ éπ©-°æôç ´©x ´Ææ’hçC éπüΔ? Chakita is the girl who told me about it.

He is the leader (who) everyone admires.

ÅGμ-´÷-Eç-îªúøç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´úøç)

3) Isn't she the girl? + Her essay got the first prize = Isn't she the girl whose essay got the prize?

á´J (whose) ¢√u≤ƒ-E-ÈéjûË 1st prize ´*açüÓ, Ç¢Á’ Ѣ˒ éπüΔ? ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’- 1st prize ´*açC Ñ¢Á’ ¢√u≤ƒ-EÍé éπüΔ? a) He is the student whose books were stolen.

Ñ Å¶«s®· °æ¤Ææh-鬙‰ á´®Ó üÌçT-Lç-î√®Ω’. b) The man whose car was lost is my friend = friend = friend

á´J é¬È®jûË §Ú®·çüÓ Åûªúø’ Ø√ §Ú®·† é¬®Ω’ Ø√ üË. É™« ´’†ç who, whose, which ¢√úÕ sentences éπ©’-°æ-´îª’a. ÉçéÌEo NüμΔ©’ ´îËa lesson ™.

3-A. Dilemma = fix; (Dilemma- úÕ™„´’ Fix ÅØ√o ÅüË Å®Ωnç. ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – £æ«èπ◊\-©-ûÓ-§ƒô’ Nüμ¿’©÷ Öçú≈L. – ™„ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = ÆæçCí∫l¥/ Åö í∫’îªaôç, GTç-îªôç, etc. Éö ûÓîªE °æJ-ÆœnA. Dilemma x resolution (E®Ωgߪ’ç) Pronunciation: Åéπç-°æE – éπç ØÌéÀ\ A B We all know about Lakshmana's 4-E. Vice = wickedness = ü¿’®√t®Ω_ç/ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 1. Accompany A. fix dilemma = ©éπ~ t-ù’úÕ ÆæçCí∫l¥ °æJ-Æ œnA Accompany x avoid (´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç) îÁúø’/ ü¿’®Ωy u-Ææ†ç. Vices †’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ 2. Burden B. agitate ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– Whether to stay with ´uÆæ-Ø√©’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. 2-C. Burden = load = •®Ω’´¤/ ¶μ«®Ωç. 3. Dilemma C. load Sita to protect her or obey her comA man of many vices = î√™« ´uÆæ-Ø√The burden of the school bag is too 4. Vice D. go with mand to go in search of SriRama©’†o ´uéÀh. heavy for the children to carry = 5. Spin E. wickedness Ææ÷\©’ Ææç* °œ©x©’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª Æ‘ûª-ûÓØË ÖçúÕ ÇN-úø†’ ®ΩéÀ~ç-îª-úø´÷, Drinking, gambling (Wü¿ç), sex F. turn ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ÇNúø Çïc v°æ鬮Ωç ®√´·úÕ éÓÆæç ™«çöÀ-´Fo vices. Drugs èπÿú≈ vice. •®Ω’´¤. ANSWERS Indulge in vice = ´uÆæ-Ø√-EéÀ ™†-´úøç/ Å®·ûË burden áèπ◊\-´í¬ •®Ω’´¤, ¶«üμ¿u- ¢Á∞¡x-úø´÷? ÅE. The left parties are in a dilemma ûª © ’ ÅØË Å®Ω n ç ûÓ ¢√úø û √ç. ´uÆæ-Ø√© §ƒ©p-úøôç. 1-D. Accompany= go with = whether to support the nuclear deal He has the burden of educating his He indulges in all vices = Åûª-E-éπEo (äéπ-JûÓ) éπLÆœ ¢Á∞¡xúøç. or to get out of the coalition and face son and marrying off his daughter. ´uÆæ-Ø√©÷ ÖØ√o®·. a mid term poll = Sita accompanied SriRama to the ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊ îªü¿’´¤, èπÿûª’®Ω’ °Rx ¶«üμ¿u- ¢√´’-°æ-é¬~ © ÆæçCí∫l¥ÆœnA– Åù’ ä°æpçü¿ç N≠æ- Vice x virtue (Ææ’í∫’ùç). forests = Å®Ωùu¢√≤ƒ-EéÀ Æ‘ûª X®√-´·-úÕûÓ (éπLÆœ) ¢ÁRxçC. Wherever he goes she ûª© •®Ω’´¤ Çߪ’-†-éÀçé¬ ÖçC. ߪ’ç™ Congress †’ Ææ´’-Jnç-îªúø-´÷ ™‰üΔ Sita (Lord Rama's wife) was a He has a huge debt burden = accompanies him = Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRûË ÆæçéîΩg熒ç* ¢ÁjüÌ-©T ´’üμ¿uç-ûª®Ω áEo-éπ-©èπ◊ woman of great virtue (Ææ’í∫’-ù-´A). Çߪ’-†èπ◊ °ü¿l ®Ω’ù¶μ«®Ωç ÖçC. Ç¢Á’ èπÿú≈ ÅûªEûÓ (éπLÆœ) ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC. Æœü¿l¥-´’-´-úø´÷? ÅØË ÆæçC-í∫l¥ç™ ÖØ√o®·. Truth, honesty - É´Fo virtues. Match the words A with their meanings under B

Duties should accompany rights =

(admire =

She is a girl who you can trust = She is a girl you can trust.

5-F. Spin = turn =

T®Ω-T®Ω A®Ω-í∫úøç (ûª† ô÷d û√†’ A®Ω-í∫úøç. A top (¶Ôçí∫®Ωç) spins = ¶Ôçí∫®Ωç T®Ω-T®Ω A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

The Earth spins around its axis = axis)

¶μº÷N’ ûª† ô÷d û√†’ (Åéπ~ç = A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. Spin bowling = •çA T®Ω-T®√ ûª†-ô÷d û√†’ AJ-Ííô’x bowl îËߪ’úøç. Spin Åçõ‰ A°æpôç èπÿú≈. Kumble spins. B. Agitate = ÇçüÓ-∞¡† îËߪ’úøç. BCs are agitating for more reservareservations tions = BC

´®√_©’ áèπ◊\´ éÓÆæç ÇçüÓ-∞¡† îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®·. Agitate = shake.

Be agitated = We are agitated about the increasing number of kidnaps = Kidnaps

ÇçüÓ-∞¡† îÁçü¿úøç.

áèπ◊\-´´úøç ´©x ´’†ç ÇçüÓ-∞¡† îÁçü¿’-ûª’Ø√oç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 27 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Pradhan: What are you reading?

2

Pradhan: How do you find the book that you are reading now?

(àç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)

Pramukh: (I am reading) the book (that) you gave me yesterday

(†’Ny-°æ¤púø’ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç ᙫ ÖçC?) Pramukh: Quite interesting.

(E†o †’Ny*a† °æ¤Ææhéπç)

Pradhan: Here is another book on the same subject. Read this too.

(ÅüË N≠æ-ߪ’ç-O’ü¿ ÉC ÉçéÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç. ÉC èπÿú≈ îªü¿’´¤) Pramukh: Let me finish the one I am reading now.

(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC/ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-TçîËCí¬ ÖçC/ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-T-≤ÚhçC) Pradhan: But our friends Prakash and Prasad who read a lot of such books find it not so good.

(É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç °æ‹JhîË-ߪ’F.)

Pradhan: Pranav, whose book you are reading now, wants it back tomorrow.

(†’´¤y îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-†oC, v°æù¢˛ °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅC Åûª†’ Í®°æ¤ 鬢√-©ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’)

Pramukh: I'm afraid I can't finish it so soon. Couldn't you ask him to let me have it for a few more days?

(Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ØˆC °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-™‰ØË¢Á÷. ÉçéÌEo ®ÓV©’ Ç °æ¤Ææhé¬Eo Öç-éÓ-E´’tE Åúø-í∫¢√?)

Pradhan: The time for which he would let me have it was four days. The days that have passed are already six. It won't look nice to ask him for some more time. Any way I'll try. He may not mind it.

(Åûª†’ ††’oç--éÓ-´’-†oC Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV™‰. Å°æ¤púË Ç®Ω’-®Ó-V-™„j-§Úߪ÷®·. ´’Sx Éçé¬Ææh time Åúø-í∫úøç Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’. Å®·Ø√ v°æߪ’Ao≤ƒh. Åûª-ØË-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.)

(é¬F É™«çöÀ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ î√™« îªC¢Ë ´’† N’vûª’©’ v°æé¬≠ˇ, v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛©èπ◊ Åçûªí¬ †îªa™‰ü¿’)

Å®·ûË that/ which- È®çúÕç-öÀE èπÿú≈ ´C™‰ßÁ·îª’a. ÅC best/ simple.

sentences who, which, that, whose, where and when practise conversation lesson

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷¨»ç. É™«çöÀ *†o-*†o †’ éπL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç ¢√úÌa. ÉC ´’†ç îËÆœ ¢√úø-í∫-L-TûË ´’† èπ◊ Éçé¬ Eçúø’-ü¿†ç ´Ææ’hçC. Å™«çöÀN ´’†ç Ñ ™ îª÷ü∆lç:

I have seen the movie (which/ that) you wanted me to see (that/ which omit best)= I've seen the movie you wanted me to see.

Pradhan: When exactly did you meet them?

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

3) You are reading Pranav's book. He wants it back-

Pramukh: Just at the time when you left me for home

1) I am reading the book that you gave me yesterday.

Pramukh: Yea. That reminds me. I met them yesterday at the book shop where good second hand books are sold.

(Ç. í∫’®Ìh-*açC. ´’ç* second hand books Ţ˒t Ç shop ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.)

(Correct

2) Let me finish the one I am reading now.

í¬ †’´¤y Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ÉçöÀéÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·-†-°æ¤púø’.)

3) Pranav whose book you are reading now wants it back.

Pradhan: I see. (

Å™«í¬)








-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù





401

4) The time for which he lent me this book was four days.

îËߪ’ôç

OöÀE éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç– †’´¤y v°æù¢˛ °æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. ü∆†o-ûª†’ 鬢√-©ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’- whose ¢√úøü∆ç. Pranav whose book you are reading wants it back. a) Parasurama's guru was Siva. Parasurama could not bear Rama breaking Siva's bow. whose

(á´-J-üÁjûË) ûÓ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç:

I studied at that college ..

Pramukh: Is the book that you have better than this?

(F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç DE-éπçõ‰ ¶«í∫’çü∆?) Pradhan: It is for the person who reads it to decide. In these matters everyone has their opinions.

(îªC-¢Ë-¢√∞¡Ÿx E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç ÅC. É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x á´J ÅGµ-v§ƒßª÷©’ ¢√∞¡x¢Ë.) Pramukh: I do agree with you there. Tastes differ as rivers differ.

(†’´¤y îÁ°œpçC ؈’ ä°æ¤p-éÌç-ö«†’. †ü¿’© F∞¡x™«Íí ´’†’-≠æfl© ÅGµ-®Ω’-©÷ ûËú≈í¬ Öçö«®·.) tastes differ as rivers differ- (≤ƒ¢Á’ûª) = ™éÓ-Gµ-†o-®Ω’*”/ °æ¤vÈ®-éÓ-•’Cl¥, >£æ«y-éÓ-®Ω’*.

EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B A

B

1. Clout

A Metal ware

2. Wield

B Rent

3. Hardware

C Slow

4. Reign

D Handle

5. Lease

E Rule F Power G split

KEY: 1-F. Clout= Power=

Ææû√h (¨¡éÀh, °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ– ´·êuçí¬ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x†÷, ¶«í¬ úø•’sç-úøôç ´©x ´îËa ¨¡éÃh, °æ©’-èπ◊-•úŒ).

Kumar has the clout to get the contract= contract (influence)

§Òçü¿-í∫© ¨¡éÀh

(Ææû√h), °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ èπ◊´÷-®˝-èπ◊-Ø√o®·.

YSR's opinions carry a lot of clout with congress high command including Sonia Gandhi=

5) The days that have passed are éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ È®çúø’ sentences six. éπL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Who, whose, which, that, 6) It is for the person who reads it to ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√ßÁ÷ decide. îª÷¨»ç. ÉC é¬Ææh advanced stage of conversational aspect. Åçõ‰ éÌçîÁç 7) I met them at the book where °j≤ƒn-®·éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çC. ´’†ç Ææ綵«-≠œçgood second hand books are îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ spoken English ™ á°æ¤púø÷ sold. *†o-*†o sentences ¢√úø’ûª÷ äéπ M.SURESAN 1) I am reading the book= N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æp™‰ç éπü∆? Å™« îÁ°œpØ√ àüÓ ØËØ√ °æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’Ø√o. *†o °œ©x©’ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†-ô’xç-ô’ç-üË-é¬E, Åçûª °æJ-°æ-éπyûª à °æ¤Ææhéπç? - That you gave me yesterday. Ö†o-ô’dç-úøü¿’. †’´¤y E†o É*a† °æ¤Ææhéπç. Ééπ\úø That èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Sunil was here yesterday. He is my classwhich ¢√úÌa. mate. É™« ņúøç™ ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûËspoken lan2) Let me finish the book (that) you gave me guage ™ É™«çöÀ *†o sentences †’ äéπ-öÀí¬ yesterday– ÉC-èπÿú≈ °j sentence ™«Íí È®çúø’ éπL°œ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Éçé¬ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC, É™«... sentences éπLÊ° Nüµ¿ç. Sunil who was here yesterday is my classmate. É™«çöÀ sentences ™ that é¬F which é¬F (E†o Ééπ\úø Ö†o sunil Ø√ classmate) ¢√úÌa. ®√†’-®√†’ that áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

≤ÚE-ߪ÷-í¬çDµ Ææ£æ… congress ÅCµ≥ƒe-†-´-®√_Eo v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËߪ’-í∫© Ææû√h YSR èπ◊ ÖçC. 2-D. Wield= Handle (verb)= (1)

(àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’) ´’† Åü¿’-°æ¤™ Öç-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç. A Boy of ten years cannot wield a motor cycle= motor cycle handle

°æüË∞¡x èπ◊v®√úø’ †’ Åü¿’-°æ¤™ ÖçîËߪ’-™‰úø’ (Ç éÓ™‰úø’/ ¶µ«®√Eo ¢Á÷Æœ, ü∆Eo Åü¿’-°æ¤™éÀ ûÁa-èπ◊ØË ¨¡éÀh Åûª-EéÀ Öçúøü¿’)= A bike is unwieldy for a ten yearold boy.

Congress ™ YSR î√™« ÅCµ-鬮√Eo «-®·-≤ƒhúø’. unwieldy X manageable 3-A. Hardware= Metal ware=

Ɇ’-´·-™«çöÀ ™£æ…-©ûÓ ûªßª÷-®Ω-®·† ´Ææ’h-´¤©’, °æE-´·ô’x, °æJ-éπ-®√©’– ´·êuçí¬ í∫%£æ«-E-®√t-ù«-EéÀ, ߪ’çvûª-≤ƒ´’-vTéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. ware= ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. (2) Computer ™E ߪ’çvûª electronic ¶µ«í¬©’. (X software = Computer †’ ¢√úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷TçîË programs, etc.) 4-E. Reign= Rule.

The teacher found the class unwieldy because it had about a hundred students= class control

§ƒ©†/ §ƒ©-Ø√-鬩ç.

(2) YSR wields a lot of clout in congress

Xéπ%-≠æg-üË-´-®√-ߪ’© §ƒ©† ¨»çA, ≤˘¶µ«-í¬u-©èπ◊ Ê°®Ìç-CçC.

Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©’†o Ç îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

´çü¿´’çC Çߪ’†

(Ééπ\úø wield= ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç-™«çöÀN «-®·ç-îªúøç)=

Reign- (pronunciation-

È®®·Ø˛)=

Srikrishnadevaraya's reign is known for its peace and prosperity= During the reign of Congress = Congress

§ƒ©-†™.

éÀ

b) The lease is for a period of ten years= c) He gets a lease of Rs. 10000 a month= lease= lease holder= tenant. A second lease of life=

ÅüÁl-é¬©ç °æüË∞¡Ÿx.

ØÁ©èπ◊ °æC¢Ë© ÅüÁl. éı©’ (§Ò™«Eo éı©’-éÀ-´yúøç). ÅüÁl-èπ◊-†o-¢√®Ω’/ éı©’-ü∆®Ω’=

´’®Ω-ù«ç-ûªéπ v°æ´÷ü¿ç †’ç* •ßª’-ô-°æúøôç/ éÓ©’-éÓ-´úøç. He narrowly escaped death=

vûª’öÀ™ î√´¤ ûª°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

He has a second lease of life=

´’Sx ï†t áAh-†õ‰x. G. Split= <©úøç.

The party split in two= Party (split- split- split).

È®çúø’í¬
üµ¿†’Ææ’q– ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆?

5) The days that have passed are six= Days have passed. They are six. 6) It is for the person who reads it to decide it= It is for the person to decide it. Which person- the one who reads it. 7) I met them at the book shop + Good second hand books are sold= I met them at the book shop where good second hand books are sold. 8) I studied at that college + You are talking about it= You are talking about the college where (in which) I studied = college

†’´¤y ´÷ö«x-úø’í∫’JçîË. ûª’-†oC ؈’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊†o É™« È®çúø’ sentences †’ éπ©-°æôç ¶«í¬ practise îËߪ’çúÕ.

v°æ¨¡o: 1.

Your invitation has been rather at a short notice.

D®Ω`-é¬-Léπ ÅüÁl (¶µº÷´·©’, ¶µº´-Ø√-™«xçöÀ ¢√öÀE áèπ◊\´ 鬙«-EéÀ ÅüÁl-éÀ-´yúøç/ Åçü¿’´©x ´îËa ÅüÁl/ ¶«úø’í∫/ éÀ®√®·) ûª† Ææn™«Eo ÅüÁl-éÀ-î√aúø’.

bow=

4) The time for which he lent me this book was four days= He lent me this book + The time was four days.

5-B. Lease= Rent.

a) He leased out his site to the factory factory=

Parasurama whose guru was Siva could not bear Rama breaking his bow.

2. I would rather they all would. rather

Ééπ\úø èπ◊ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? 3. Presume ᙫ Öîªa-Jç-î√L? – G.¨»-®Ωü¿, à©÷®Ω’ ï¢√•’: 1) Rather= é¬Ææh/- éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\-´/ (-´’-†èπ◊ É•sçC éπ-L-Tç-îËç-ûª/ -´’-†-éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰-†çûª) Your invitation has been rather at a short notice=

O’ °œ©’-°æ¤-†èπ◊ ¢Ë’ç ÆæpçCç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ´u´Cµ é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´= ´’´’tLo O’®Ω’ °œL-*† Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ, ¢Ë’ç ûª-ߪ÷È®j ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ time ÆæJ-§Ú-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. 2) I would rather= I'd rather- Ééπ\úø rather Åçõ‰ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ--´-úøç= äéπ-ü∆-E-éπç-õ‰ ÉçéÓ-ü∆Eo áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úøôç. I'd rather have coffee than tea=

؈’

tea

éπç-õ‰

coffee

E áèπ◊\´ É≠æd°æ-úø-û√-†’. v°œ'Wu¢˛’– 'Wu— ™ ï ™«. 'Wu— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç.

3) Presume- pronunciationsize

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 30 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007 Q:

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ agree + infinitive (Agree to go; Agree

Kindly clarify about the idiomatic usage of the verb 'agree'. We say, a) We agree with you, b) We agree to your proposal, c) We agree on the dates fixed.

to pay, etc) 3) Agree=

(Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ) äéπ ÅçU-é¬-®√-EéÀ ®√´úøç (éÌçûª Ωa ûª®√yûª). We agreed on the 29th as the date

We do not have a clear idea about the context in which these form of the idiom should be used. - S. Sivaprasad, Machilipatnam

A:

of the meeting =

Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç 29´ ûËCí¬ E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√oç/ äéπ ÅçU-é¬-®√-EéÀ ´î√aç.

Agree

ûª®√yûª ´îËa preposition, ü∆E Å®√n© ûËú≈†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. 1) Agree= àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªúøç/ àé¬-Gµ-v§ƒßª’ç Öçúøôç. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Å®·ûË Agree with somebody.

4) If two or more reports about an incident are the same, they agree with each/ one another =

äéπ-ü∆-EûÓ äéπöÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç

He agreed with me about the need to hold a meeting =

Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’ØË N≠æߪ’ç™ Åûªúø’ Ø√ûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nçî√úø’/ ÅûªúÕ, Ø√ ÅGµ- idiomatic v§ƒßª’ç äéπõ‰.

a) The information I received does not agree with your report of it =

Ø√èπ◊ ´*a† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç, †’NyÆæ’h†o report äéπöÀí¬ ™‰ü¿’.

usage

b) His story agrees with what the police have said =

(Agree + with people)

2) Agree =

ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç/ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îªúøç, ´·êuçí¬ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ´’†-éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰-†-°æ¤púø’, ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ¢Á·ü¿ô †îªa-†-°æ¤púø’, Agree to something. a) The management agreed to the postponement of its decision =

ûª† E®Ωg-ߪ÷Eo ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç ÅçU-éπJç-*çC. (Agree to + an idea/ proposal)

b) The management may not agree to a reduction in the hours of work =

°æE

í∫çô©’ ûªT_ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç ÅçU-éπ-Jçîªéπ§Ú-´îª’a. c) After some argument, he agreed to pay what I had wanted =

éÌçûª ¢√ü¿ç ûª®√yûª ؈-úÕ-T-†çûª îÁLxçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-î√úø’. Q:

ÅûªúÕ éπü∑¿, police ©’ É*a† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç äéπöÀí¬ØË ÖçC. 5) Agree with something = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Ç¢Á÷Cç-îªúøç/ Ææ´’tAç-îªúøç.

3)

5) Difference between funeral & cremation. 6) Difference between cool & cold. 7) Difference

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 402

A:

í∫’Jç* N´-

Intransitive verbobject verb. answer verb.

†’ Å®√nEo •öÀd, time of †’•öÀd áEo®Ωé¬-©’-í¬-ØÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa) 2) Transitive verb Åçõ‰, object Ö†o verb. á´-JE? üËEE? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´îËa

™‰E

1) Principal verb action (Tense)

verb. He sees me every day. Verb- sees=

simple, complex and compound sentences 1. In spite of his poverty, he is honest. (simple) Though he is poor, he is honest. (complex) He is poor, but he is honest. (compound) 2. Owing to illness, he was absent. As he was ill, he was absent. He was ill and so he was absent. 3. Incase of working hard, you will pass. If you work hard, you will pass. You must work hard, and then you will pass. 4. Incase of not working hard, you will fail. Unless you work hard, you will fail. You must work hard otherwise you will fail. 5. He came in order to talk to me. He came, so that he could talk to me. He came and talked to me. 6. Soon after his arrival we left. As soon as he come, we left. He came and at once we left. 7. On seeing/ having seen the police, the thief ran away. When the thief saw the police, he ran away. The thief saw the police and he ran away. - A. Sudhakar, Bhiknoor

ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®√n©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.

wedding. - P. Sreenivasarao, Pithapuram

1) A dictionary gives the definitions, meanings, and explanations of words. A thesaurus gives lists of synonyms without detailed explanation.

2)

intransitive verbs

éÀçC

Naxals/ Maoists conduct recce (reconnaissance) about their targets

(¢√∞¡Ÿx ©éπ~uçí¬ áç-

èπ◊†o ´’†’-≠æfl© í∫’Jç*) 3) 'Privilege' in sentences like, "I feel it a privilege .../ I have the privilege .../ I take it (as) a privilege ...". (we don't say, I take the privilege ...) something of which you feel proud and lucky privilege)

funeral & cremation

4) I have read in the Hindu "36 foot Ganesh idol". We have to use feet. But here foot is used, why?

marriage &

îª÷≤ƒhúø’/ éπ©’-≤ƒhúø’, á´-JE? Ans: me. 鬕öÀd see transitive (object Ö†o) verb.

- P. Sivanagaraju, Musunuru

Q:

ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ' Ææ*-¢√-©-ߪ’ç™ †éπq™¸q È®éÃ\— . È®éÃ\? ü∆E spelling àN’öÀ? 'I take privilege' - privilege usage ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’.

(´’†ç í∫®Ωyçí¬, Åü¿%-≠dçæ í¬ ¶µ«Nç-

îË-üË-üÁjØ√

4) 36 foot Ganesa idol is correct. We say, "The idol is 36 feet tall" or "It is a 36 foot tall idol". He is six feet tall= He is a six foot tall man. That is the accepted usage. 5) A funeral is the religious ceremony or ceremonies performed at the death of a person. Cremation is the burning of a dead body as different from burial which means laying the body underground.

He agr eed with me

´îª’a?

A:

1) Dictionary - Thesaurus

2) I came to read What is

between

†’´¤y ´’®Ω-ù-P-éπ~†’ Ç¢Á÷C-≤ƒh¢√?

í¬ be forms (am, is, are, ©†’ áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-

JçîªçúÕ. 3. Ø√èπ◊ ÉçTx≠ˇ ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿’– Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

Q:

a) Do you agree with death punishment =

1. Principal verb was, were)

2. Transitive, Intransitive verbs

2

M.SURESAN

Åçõ‰ á´-JE? üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o

®√E

¢ËÊÆh

go there every day. Verb- go = ¢Á∞¡xúøç– á´®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡xúøç?/ üËEéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç?Answer ®√ü¿’ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE go, intransitive verb. 3) I don't know English well./ I am not good at English/ poor at English.

A:

7 sets of simple, complex and compound sentences set simple, compound, complex sentences phrase conjunctions

O’®Ω’

®√¨»®Ω’. v°æA ™†÷ Åçü¿’™ ÖçúË © Å®√n©’ äéπõ‰ éπü∆. Å®·ûË ¢√öÀ™x ©’, ©÷ ûËú≈ Ŵa. ´îËa é¬E Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰.

simple, complex, compound Set 1: 1) In spite of = = 3) but =

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà = 2) though = Å®·ûË/ é¬F. Set 2: 4) Owing to = Åçü¿’-´©x = 5) As = áçü¿’-´-©x†çõ‰ = 6) and so. Set 3: 7) In case of = Ç °æJ-Æ œn-A™ = 8) If =Å™« Å®·ûË = 9) and then = Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ Set 4: 10) In case of = 11) unless = Å®·ûË ûª°æp = 12) Otherwise = ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Set 5: 13) in order to = Åçü¿’èπ◊ = 14) so that = Åçü¿’-éÓÆæç = 15) and = Åçü¿’èπ◊ ûÓúø’. Set 6: 16) soon after = ¢ÁçôØË Ç ûª®√yûª = 17) as soon as = 18) at once = ¢ÁçôØË Set 7: 19) on seeing = having seen = îª÷úøôç ´©x = 20) when = Å°æ¤púø’ = 21) and = ´’Sx. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ

Q:

ÉC ´’ç* question. British English, Recce (JÈé) ûÁ©’-í∫’™ È®éÀ\ ÅE ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Reconnaissance (Jé¬EÆˇØ˛Æˇ– é¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’èπ◊û√ç) èπ◊ British short form Recce, American English, Recon. OöÀéÀ Å®Ωnç ¨¡vûª’´¤ ≤ƒn´-®√©’, ¨¡éÀh ≤ƒ´’-®√n u©’, éπü¿-L-éπ-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπ-Jç-îªúøç, ü∆úÕ-îËÊÆ ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ.

1)

2)

Ææçߪ·-éπhçí¬, §ƒúÕ-°æ-J-v¨¡´’, ÅA-¨¡-ßÁ÷éÀh– Ñ °æü∆-©èπ◊ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ô-™‰-N’öÀ? éÀçC ´÷ô-©èπ◊ ûËú≈©’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

6) Cool- comfortable- anything cool gives us comfort and is pleasant. 'Cold' makes us feel uncomfortable. Cool water is what we like to drink, where as cold water is not pleasant to drink. Cool = cold = (The coffee has gone cold, I can't drink it)

xE,

îªLí¬ Ö†o/ x-•-úÕ-

§Ú-®·†.

7) Marriage is the union of a man and a woman resulting in their living together as a husband and wife. Wedding is the religious ceremony at which a man and a woman marry each other. Marriage is also their legal relationship. He married her is more common than he wedded her. Wedded the meaning of married is out dated.
InventionComputer, TV, cell phone-

àüÁjØ√

éÌûªhí¬ Ææ%≠œdç-îªúøç. É´Fo Inventions

™‰E ¢√öÀE Ææ%≠œdç-îªúøç.
Discovery- Ö†o ü∆EE éπ†’éÓ\´úøç, ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒClimate - Weather Test- Examination Jí¬ îª÷úøôç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. Invention - Discovery Anthem - Song
AnthemUûªç– äéπ ü˨»-EéÃ, ñ«AéÃ, ã ÆæçÆæ \%-AéÀ Elementary - Primary îÁçC† v°æï-©èπÿ 3) Date of birth †’ v°æ û Ë u éπ v§ƒ´·êuç Christian era ™ ᙫ Jointly/ together Ö†o §ƒô, v°æûËuéπ ®√ߪ÷L? Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ´÷vûªç 4) W.e.f. °æ‹Jh ®Ω÷°æç àN’öÀ? §ƒúËC. 'ï†-í∫-ù-´’†— ´’† ñ«Bߪ’ Uûªç– 5) °Rx ®ÓV†, JÂÆ-°æ{Ø˛ ®ÓV† ´üµ¿÷-´-®Ω’-©†’ national anthem (National song ņç). ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’E ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-î√L?
Song Åçõ‰ à §ƒõ„jØ√. - Challa Devadas, Vemulapadu
Elementary- v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-ü¿-¨¡™  ÖØ√o (´·êuçí¬ A: 1) Ææçߪ·-éπhçí¬ = Jointly/ together Nü¿u)elementary questions - ´’¯L-éπ-¢Á’i† – §ƒúÕ-°æ-J-v¨¡´’ =Dairy industry ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ. ÅA-¨¡-ßÁ÷éÀh= Exaggeration
Primary- v§ƒü∑¿-N’-éπ-¢Á’i†/ ´·êu-¢Á’i† Nü¿u N≠æ2) Climate = äéπ v°æüË-¨¡°æ¤ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω°æ¤ Ææí∫ô’ QûÓߪ’ç™ Elementary education (American) = ≠æg-ÆœnA (áçúø, ¢√†, îªL, ûË´’, °æJ-ÆœnA– Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Primary education (British) = education for §Òúø-´¤Ø√) people from 5 years to 11 years old.
Weather- v°æüË-¨¡°æ¤ äéπ-®ÓV QûÓ-≠æg-Æ œnA. This is of primary importance = ÅA ´·êu
Test, Exam Åçûª °ü¿lD, ´·êu-¢Á’içD é¬ü¿’. ¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. Test äéÓ\-≤ƒJ exam èπ◊ •ü¿’-©’í¬ í¬F, exam 3) ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ ®√Ææ’h-†oüË Christian Era. äéπJ èπ◊ Åü¿-†çí¬ í¬F E®Ωy-£œ«çîË °æKéπ~. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ date 12'3'1987 Å®·ûË ÅC Christian Era. ´·êu-¢Á’i† ûËú≈. äéπ Nü∆u-®Ω|ûª qualification É°æ¤úø’ ´’†ç Ö†oC 2007 Christian Era™ØË. §Òçü¿-ú≈-EéÀ ®√ߪ÷LqçC, exam ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬F, 4) With effect from- àüÁjØ√ Å´’™xéÀ ´îËa û√Kê’/ test é¬ü¿’. Modern English ™ examination èπ◊ ØÁ©/ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç •ü¿’©’ exam ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. examination î√™« 5) i) Wish you a long and happy married life. ví¬çC∑éπç. É°æ¤púø’ Åçûª ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’, India ™ ii) May yours be a long and happy married ûª°æp. life.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 1 -ï-†-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sugandhi: (Do) you remember Sunayana? She brought me a dress from Singapore.

Look at the following pairs of sentences from the conversation above.

(Ææ’†-ߪ’† í∫’®Ω’hçü∆? ûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ Æœçí∫°æ‹®˝ †’ç* dress ûÁ*açC.)

1) (Do) you remember sunayana? She brought me a dress from Singapore.

Supushpa: (Do) you mean your childhood friend? She lives in Kolkota. Isn't that the one?

2) (DO) you mean your childhood friend? She lives in Kolkota.

(

†’´y-ØËC F *†o-Ø√öÀ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’®√LE í∫’Jç* éπü∆? ûª†’ éÓ™¸-éπ-û√™ Öçô’çC Ǣ˒ éπü∆?)

(°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E éÀçC ¢√é¬u© ïûª-©†’ îª÷úøçúÕ.)

3) The lecturer has given me an assignment. I have to complete it tomorrow. 4) You are a lucky girl. Your lecturer gives easy assignments.

Sugandhi: Yes. That she is. She is coming home to tea with me. How about joining us?

5) Last night you went to a movie. How was it?

(Å´¤†’. ûªØË ÅC. ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ öÃéÀ ´≤ÚhçC. †’´¤y èπÿú≈ ®√èπÿ-úøü∆?)

7) You are giving tea to Sunayana. You have to make arrangements for it.

Supushpa: I'm afraid I can't. The lecturer has given me an assignment. I have to complete it by tomorrow.

Ñ sentence pairs (¢√é¬u© ïûª©) †’ äéπ-öÀí¬ éπ©°æ-ú≈-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoü∆lç: îª÷úøçúÕ:

(؈’ ®√™‰†’, sorry. ´’† lecturer Ø√éÓ assignment É*açC. ؈’ ü∆Eo Í®°æ-öÀ™-°æ© °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L.) Sugandhi: My lecturer gave me an assignment as well. But I finished it yesterday itself.

Ø√èπÿ É*açC assignment. Å®·ûË ØˆC E†oØË îËÊÆ-¨»†’.)

(´÷

lecturer

Supushpa: You are a lucky girl. Your lecturer gives easy assignments.

(†’´¤y Åü¿%-≠d-æ ´ç-ûª’-®√-LN. O’ lecturer ÅFo Ææ’©-¶µº-¢Á’i† ÉÆæ’hçC.)

6) He has directed four movies so far. They have all been crowd pullers.

1) (Do) you remember Sunayana. She brought me a dress from Singapore = (D0) you remember Sunayana Who brought me a dress from Singapore.

¢√úÕ È®çúÕç-öÀF éπL§ƒç éπü∆?)

2) (Do) you mean your childhood friend? She lives in Kolkota = Do you mean your

a) He is the lucky guy. His essay got the first prize= he is the lucky guy whose essay got the first prize =

grocery = éÀ®√ù« éÌô’d ; provisions = éÀ®√ù« Ææ®Ωèπ◊©’, °æ°æ¤p©’, *çûª-°æçúø’ etc. Ééπ\úø ´’†ç îª÷ú≈-LqçC, buy ûª®√yûª shop ´·çü¿’ ´îËa preposition 'from' áéπ\ú≈ ´ü¿©ç ÅE (DEo í∫’Jç*) next lesson ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.)

Åûªúø’ Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’úø’. ÅûªúÕ ¢√u≤ƒ-EéÀ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ •£æ›-´’A ´*açC = á´J ¢√u≤ƒE-ÈéjûË ¢Á·ü¿öÀ •£æ›-´’A ´*açüÓ ÅûªúË Éûªúø’. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – ûª† ¢√u≤ƒ-EéÀ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ •£æ›´’A §ÒçC†ûªúø’ Éûªúø’.

403

Åûªúø’ íÌ°æp †ô’úø’, ÅûªúÕ ÆœE-´÷-©Fo v°æñ«-ü¿®Ωù éπ©N. Whose ûÓ join îËü∆lç.

He is a great actor

Å™«Íí

6) He has directed four movies so far. They have all been crowd pullers

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀF É™« éπ©-§Òa éπü∆? He has directed four movies so far all of which have been crowd pullers. which

ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’d, É™« ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈

èπÿú≈ éπ©-°æ-´îª’a,

The four movies he has directed so far have all been crowd pullers. [The four movies (which) he has directed so far have all been crowd pullers.]

A doctor who specialises in hear t diseases

Sugandhi: Last night you went to a movie. How was it?

(éÓ™¸-éπ-û√™ Ö†o F *†o-Ø√öÀ ØË≤ƒhEo í∫’Jç-îËØ√ †’´y-ØËC?)

(E†o ®√vA ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«x´¤.

ᙫ ÖçC?) Supushpa: You certainly missed it. It was really interesting. I went with two of my cousins. They really liked it.

(†’´¤y Eïçí¬ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. ´’ç* ÆœE-´÷†’. ÅC î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. ´÷ cousins Éü¿l-JûÓ ¢Á∞«x†’. ¢√∞¡x-éπC †*açC.) Sugandhi: The director is Nirdesac. So it must have been good.

(ü∆E ü¿®Ωz-èπ◊úø’ EÍ®l-¨¡é˙ éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE ¶«í∫’çúË Öçô’çC.) Supushpa: He has directed 4 movies so far. They have all been crowd pullers.

(Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ Ø√©’í∫’ *vû√-©èπ◊ ü¿®Ωz-éπûªyç ´£œ«ç-î√-ú≈-ߪ’†. ÅFo ïØ√-éπ-®Ω{-鬙‰.) Sugandhi: Well, I must be going. I've to make arrangements.

(ÆæÍ®. ؈’ ¢Á∞«x-Léπ. à®√pô’x îËߪ÷L.) Supushpa: What arrangements?

(àç à®√pô’x?) Sugandhi: I told you.

(îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆?) Supushpa: Oh now I remember. You are giving tea to Sunayana. You have to make arrangements for it.

(Ç í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Ææ’†-ߪ’†èπ◊ tea ÉÆæ’hØ√o´¤ éπü∆. Åçü¿’èπ◊ †’´¤y à®√pô’x îÁߪ÷uL.) Sugandhi: Bye. ☺

The grocery from which we buy our provisions is shut = The grocery which we buy our provisions from is shut = The grocery we buy our provisions from is shut.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

childhood friend who lives in Kolkota?

☺

assignments ÉÆæ’hçüÓ, ¢√∞¡Ÿ} O’Í®/ ÅC †’¢Ëy – ÉC ÅÆæ-£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ûÁ©’í∫’– ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´’†ç ÅØËC Ææ’©-¶µº-¢Á’i† assignments ÉîËa lecturer Ö†o Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-®√-LN †’´¤y)

b) He is a great actor. His films are all popular =

(Who

assignments

☺

2

☺

éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ sentences †’ äÍé sentence í¬ éπ©°æúøç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– Who, which, that, whose, where, etc. ¢√úÕ. ´’JéÌEoçöÀE É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. ÉC éÌClí¬ éπ≠dçæ 鬕öÀd ´’Jç-ûªí¬ practise îËߪ’úøç Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

whose films are all popular. 5) Last night you went to a movie. How was it? = Let's join these two sentences. sentences

E†o ®√vA ÆœE-´÷-Èé∞«}´¤. ᙫ ÖçC? Ñ †’ È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ éπ©-§Òa.

This is how we use 'Who' to join two sentences. Some more examples.

M.SURESAN i) How was the movie to which you a) My friend took me to a doctor. He went last night? specialises in heart diseases = My friend OR took me to a doctor who specialises in heart diseases. ii) How was the movie which you went to, last b) She is our classmate Surekha. She gets the night? top score in every subject = class(i) to which you went, (ii) mate subject top which you went to score sentence Sentence (i) ....to which you went She is our classmate Surekha who gets the Modern English top score in every subject. Which you went to last night? correct. 3) The lecturer has given me an assignment. I sentences which have to complete it by tomorrow. (Lecturer Which best. assignment How was the movie you went to last night? sentences which simplest

Ç¢Á’ ´÷ Ææ’Í®ê. v°æA ™†÷ Ç¢Á’ ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ô’çC – OöÀE äÍé í¬:

Ø√éÓ É*açC. Í®°æ-öÀéÀ ؈C °æ‹Jh †÷ É™« îËߪ÷L.) Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√úÕ éπ©-°æ-´îª’a. The lecturer has given em an assignment which I have to complete by tomorrow. who which second sentence begin

(´’†¢√úøû√ç. ´Ææ’h´¤©éπ-®·ûË ≠æfl© N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iûË ¢√úøû√ç) ÉC éÌClí¬ Ç™-*ÊÆh ÉçéÓ ûÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ èπÿú≈ éπ©-°æ-´îª’a– îËÆœ. I have to complete by tomorrow the assignment which the lecturer has given me. sentences which better.

É™«çöÀ ߪ’úøç

™ îª÷úøçúÕ –

BÊÆ-ßÁ·îª’a. BÊÆ-

The lecturer has given me an assignment I have to complete by tomorrow/ I have to complete by tomorrow the assignment the lecturer has given me.

îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆ °j È®çúø’ sentences ™ which ™‰ü¿’. Which ¢√úË-îÓô that èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ÉC éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ í∫´’-Eçî√ç. 4) You are a lucky girl. You lecturer gives easy assignments whose

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀF éπL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç (á´J ™„éπa-®Ω®˝ Ææ’©-¶µº-¢Á’i†

ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ

™ ÅE ´≤ÚhçC.

™

Åçûª Ç¢Á÷-ü¿ßÁ÷í∫uç é¬ü¿’. ™ ÉC îµ√çü¿Ææç. ņúøç Å®·ûË È®çúø’ ™†÷ ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. BÊÆÆœ éÀçCNüµ¿çí¬ Å†úøç ÉC èπÿú≈.

v°æ¨¡o: V verb. V1 = (verb1) = present tense. V2 = (verb2) = past tense. V3 = (verb3) = past participle. V4 = (verb4) = present participle.

Åçõ‰

°j† ®√Æœ-†-´Fo éπ®Ω-ÍédØ√? OöÀE í∫’Jç* èπ◊x°æhçí¬ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – Èé. π◊-ô’ç-•-®√´¤, ¢Áj®√, ê´’tç ï¢√•’: O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ-†N correct. V Åçõ‰ verb Ææy®Ω÷°æç, to go, to see etc. ÉN infinitives. OöÀ í∫’-Jç-* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ î√-™« -N-´-®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-L-§ƒç. îª÷úøçúÕ. V1= Present simple tense.

a) He has copied his answer from a book. It is here = answer copy join

Åûªúø’ ûª† †’ Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç †’ç* î˨»úø’. ÅC-éπ\-úø’çC. Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀF

îËÊÆh, The book from which he has copied his answer is here = The book he has copied his answer from is here (Which

™‰èπ◊çú≈).

b) He kept his books in this bag. It is lying here bag The bag in which he kept his books is lying here = The bag he kept his books in is lying here (which

(Åûªúø’ ûª† °æ¤Ææh鬩’ Ñ éπ\úø °æúÕ ÖçC) =

™ °ö«dúø’. ÅC™‰èπ◊çú≈).

7) You are giving tea to Sunayana. You have to make arrangements for it, Which

ûÓ Â°j È®çúø÷ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç.

You have to make arrangements for the tea (which) you are giving to sunayana. He bought the House. His brother wanted to buy it too = He bought the house (which) his brother wanted to buy too.

Åûªúø’ éÌØ√-©†’-èπ◊†o ÉçöÀE ¢√∞¡} ņo/ ûª´·túø’ éÌØ√o®Ω’. V3- Past participle - e.g.: gone, taken verbs V1, V2

™«çöÀN. ÉN

鬴¤, ™«í∫. Past participle ´·çü¿’ àüÁjØ√ 'be' form ´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’, be form + participle, verb Å´¤-ûª’çC.

e.g.: The shop is closed (verb - is - be form + closed - past participle)verbs passive voice Have/ has/ had/ shall have/ would have + past participleverbs

É™«çöÀ ™ Öçö«®·.™‰èπ◊çõ‰ É™«ç-öÀN

Å´¤-û√®·. e.g.: He would have gone [verb-would have + gone (pp) ]

b) She takes coffee in the mornings. (takesV1)

V4= Present participle- going, coming 'ing' forms. Past participle 'ing' forms (present participles) verbs 'be' form be form + ing form verbs

c) I went to the doctor yesterday (went-V2)

He is going [verb-is(be)+ ing]

e.g.: go, goes, take, takes etc. a) I go to the part once a week (go-v.)

d) She took milk this morning (took-V2)

´·çü¿’ éπL°œ

™«çöÀ ™«í∫ ÉN– èπÿú≈ 鬴¤. OöÀÖçõ‰ØË Å°æ¤púø’, Å´¤-û√®·.

She is coming [verb-is(be)+ing]

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 3 -ï-†-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Visesh: You are in a very smart shirt today. Where did you buy it?

(†’´¤y ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o shirt î√™« Ø√Wí¬_ ÖçC. áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤?) Sasesh: I usually buy all my clothes from smartdress. I bought this there as well.

(Ø√ ü¿’Ææ’h-©Fo ؈’ smartdress ™ éÌçö«. ÉC èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úË.)

Visesh: Seems to be the good sort.

(´’ç*-®Ω-éπç-í¬ØË (´’ç*¢√úÕ-™«Íí) éπE°œ-Ææ’hØ√o-úø-ûªúø’.) Sasesh: He really is. He is one of the people who like company.

(Eï¢Ë’. Éûª-®Ω’© ≤ƒ£æ«-Ωuç éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊-ØË¢√-∞¡x™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.) Visesh: I like to meet him.

(ÅûªúÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.)

Visesh: You were talking to a tall guy yesterday. Who was he?

Sasesh: You will have the opportunity when he comes here next week.

(E†o †’´¤y §Òúø’í¬_ Ö†o äéπ-ûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. á´-®Ω-ûªúø’?)

(´îËa-¢√®Ωç Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ Fé¬ Å´-é¬-¨¡-´·ç-ô’çC.)

Sasesh: Don't you remember? He is Raghu. I spent my last summer with him. He is my distant cousin.

(í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü∆ Fèπ◊? éÀçü¿öÀ ¢ËÆæN™ Åûª-úÕûÓØË ÖØ√o ؈’. Ø√èπ◊ ü¿÷®Ω°æ¤ cousin Åûªúø’.) Visesh: Yea. I remember now. But why did you go to him? I usually remember something about his helping you.

(Å´¤†’. É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC Ø√èπ◊. ÅÆæ©’ †’´¤y ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ áçü¿’-Èé-∞«}´¤? Åûªúø’ FÍéüÓ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’úøç í∫’Jç* ÅÆæp≠ædçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hçC Ø√èπ◊.) vague (= ÅÆæp-≠d-¢ æ Á’i†) X clear. (vague- ¢Áß˝’í˚) Sasesh: You were out of town at the time. I had to spend time with someone. So I went to him. He is very good at a number of games. Chess is one of them. I learnt it from him.

2













lessons that, where, when

™ ´’†ç who, whose, which, ©ûÓ È®çúø’ sentences †’ ᙫ éπ©§ÒîÓa ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆? Ñ lesson ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç ü∆ØËo îª÷úø-¶-ûª’Ø√oç Å®·ûË éÌçûª ûËú≈ûÓ. -´·çü¿’í¬ ´’†ç prepositions í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†oC (§ƒûª lessons ™) ¶«í¬ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. Prepositions Åçõ‰: above, after, í∫ûª È®çúø’

along, at, before, between, by, down, for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, out of, over, since, through, under, up, with, without

™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’.

a) Of which college are you a student? = college b) Which college are you a student of? - (a), (b) (b), (Preposition- 'of' common.

†’´¤y à

Nü∆u-JnN? =

©™ *´®Ω ¢√úÕçC) áèπ◊\´ †’´yC à shop ™ éÌØ√o´¤? = Which shop

did you buy it from? (From which shop did you buy it?

ņç) ÅC éÓÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ î√èπ◊ 鬢√L= I want a knife to cut it with. (with *´®Ω ¢√ú≈ç.) ÉC í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ– É°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ sentences †’ join îËÊÆô°æ¤púø’ °j sentences ™™« preposition *´®Ω ¢√úøôç correct.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

404

Now look at the following pairs of sentences and observe how we can join them with the preposition in the end.

6) He is good at a number of games. Chesss is one of them = Chess is one of the number of games he is good at. ( games chess 7) Have you seen the cricket bat at my place? He used to practise with it = Have you seen at my place the cricket bat he used to practise with? sentence pairs preposition Spoken English conversation effective pairs of sentences which, that, whose, where, and when omit omit examples prepositions 1) We cut the fruit with this knife. It is very sharp. a) This knife which we cut the fruit with (prep) is very sharp. b) This knife we cut the fruit with is very sharp.

Åûª-úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ ´*a†

™

äéπöÀ)

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, °j (¢√é¬u© ïûª*´®Ω ®√´ôç. ©†’) éπL-°œ-†-°æ¤púø’, ™ É™«Íí éπ-©’-°æ¤û√ç. É™« ¢√úÕûË î√™« í¬ Öçô’çC. ´’† ÅEoçöÀ™ ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. °j èπÿú≈, ¢√öÀE éπL-Ê°-ô-°æ¤púø’ ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ î˨»ç éπü∆. îËÊÆ ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç, É™« *´®Ω ´îËaô’x. Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀE É™« éπ©’-°æ-´îª’a:

This knife we cut the fr uit with..

(Ç Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ †’´¤y Ü∞x ™‰´¤. á´®Ó äéπJûÓ time í∫úø-§ƒ-L-í∫ü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√∞¡⁄}®Ω’ ¢Á∞«}†’. Åûªúø’ Çô©’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-û√úø’. ¢√öÀ™ chess äéπöÀ. ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅC ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√o.) Visesh: I now understand why you play the game so well.

(É°æ¤púø’ Ø√éπ-®Ωn-´’-®·uçC †’¢Áyçü¿’èπ◊ chess Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-û√¢Ó.) Sasesh: Have you seen the cricket bat at my place? He used to practise with it. He gave it to me.

(´÷ Éçöx cricket bat îª÷ÊÆ Öçö«´¤ †’´¤y. Åûªúø’ ü∆EûÓØË practise îËÊÆ¢√úø’. ÅC Ø√éÀ-îËa-¨»-úø-ûªúø’.) EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A

B

1. Hatch

A. Offend

2. Rude

B. Dishonour

3. Abuse

C. Quarrel

4. Scandal

D. Impolite

5. Dispute

E. Brood F. Refined G. Polished

KEY:

1-E. Hatch = Brood =

(°æèπ~◊©’) í∫’úøx†’ §ÒCT í∫’úø’f †’ç* °œ©x©’ •ßª’-öèπ◊ ´îËa™« îËߪ’-úøç. All the eggs have been hatched=

ÅEo í∫’úøx†’ç* °œ©x©’ •ßª’öéÌ-î√a®·. The eggs are about to hatch =

í∫’úøx-™ç* (í∫’úø’x-°õ‰d à v§ƒù„jØ√) °œ©x©’ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ®√¶-ûª’-Ø√o®·, à éπ~ùç-™-ØÁjØ√. To hatch (a plan) = àüÁjØ√ ®Ω£æ«Ææu °æü∑¿-é¬Eo/ èπ◊vô†’ ®Ω÷§Òç-Cç-îªúøç.

OöÀE

place, positions, time, or

1) You are in very smart shirt today.

Where did you buy it? = Where ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ nouns/ pronouns did you buy the smart shirt you ´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. OöÀE î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ are in? (In *´®Ω ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆?) §ƒûª lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç. 2) I usually buy all my clothes from Who, whose, etc. ©ûÓ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ smartdress. I bought this there as sentences †’ éπL-Ê°-ô-°æ¤púø’ preposiwell = I bought this from smarttions áéπ\úø ¢√ú≈-©-ØËC î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† dress where I usually buy all my M.SURESAN N≠æߪ’ç Modern Spoken English ™. clothes from (from- prep) Prepositions †’ sentences *´®Ω 3) You were talking to a tall guy yesterday. Who ¢√úøôç É°æpöÀ ¢√úø’éπ. was he? = Who was the tall guy you were In which class are you? (†’¢Ëy class?) to, yesterday? (to- prep) Ñ sentence ™, preposition (prep) sentence 4) talking He is Raghu. I spent my last summer with ´·çü¿’çC éπü∆? Å®·ûË Modern English him = He is Raghu, who I spent my last sum(´·êuçí¬ Spoken English) ™, sentence *´®Ω mer with. (with- prep) ´Ææ’hçC preposition, É™«. 5) I had to spend time with someone. So I went Which class are you in? (†’¢Ëy class ™ to him = I went to him to spend time with. ÖØ√o´¤?/ †’¢Ëy class?) (with- prep)

™ which ¢√úÕ éπL§ƒç. b) ™ which ™‰èπ◊çú≈ éπL§ƒç. (b) ™™« éπ©-°æ-úø¢Ë’ ¶«í∫’çô’çC. Ææ’©¶µºç èπÿú≈.

a)

method

Terrorists hatched the plan to kill MS Benazir Bhutto even before she returned to Pakistan = Benazir Bhutto §ƒé˙èπ◊ ®√éπ-´·çüË Bv´-¢√-ü¿’©’ Ç¢Á’ £æ«ûªuèπ◊ èπ◊-vô °æØ√o®Ω’. 2-D. Rude = Impolite = Ill mannered-

Éûª-®Ω’©°æôx íı®Ω´ ´’®√u-ü¿©’ îª÷°æ-éπ-§Ú´úøç/ ¢Á÷ô’/ ¢Á·®Ωô’í¬ v°æ´-JhçîË.

He was rude enough not to offer even a seat to his visitor =

ÉçöÀ-éÌ-*a† ÅA-C∑E èπÿ®Óa-´’E èπÿú≈ îÁ°æp-†çûª ¢Á·®Ωô’ Åûªúø’. She told him rudely to get out =

à´÷vûªç ´’®√uü¿ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-úÕE •ßª’-ô-Èé-∞¡x-´’çC. Rude X Refined (Ææç≤ƒ\®Ωçí∫©) 3-A. Abuse = Offend =

ü¿’®√s¥-≠æ-™«-úøôç/ ØÓöÀ-éÌ-*a-†ô’x AöÀd Åíı-®Ω´°æ®Ω-îªúøç. The two cricketers abused each other and it took some time for the umpire to calm them-

Ç Éü¿l®Ω’ cricketer ©’ äéπ-J-ØÌ-éπ®Ω’ ¶«í¬ Aô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡}†’ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†°æ-®Ω-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ umpire èπ◊ éÌçûª Æ洒ߪ’ç °æöÀdçC. He abused me for no fault of mine =

Ø√ ØË®Ωç àç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ††’o Åûªúø’ ØÓöÀ-éÌ-*a-†ô’d Aö«dúø’/ ü¿’®√s¥-≠æ-™«-ú≈úø’. Abuse X Praise/ Commend

(¢Á’a-éÓ-´úøç) Abuse èπ◊ Éçé¬ Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®·. Spoken English ™ ÉC ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úøû√ç. N’í∫û√ Å®√n©’ ûª®√yA lesson ™. 4-B. Scandal = Dishonour=

Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ Cví¬s¥ç-ûª-°æ-®ΩîË îÁúø’ v°æ´-®Ωh†, îÁúø’ ´u´-£æ…-®√©ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç = scam. Lalu Prasad Yadav was involved in the fodder scandal =

°æ¨¡Ÿ-´¤© ¢Ë’ûª èπ◊綵º-éÓùç™ ™«©÷v°æ≤ƒü˛ ߪ÷ü¿¢˛èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçü¿ç-ö«®Ω’/ É®Ω’-èπ◊\-Ø√oúø’ = (involved)

2) I am looking for a stick. I want to beat the dog with it join

(؈’ éπv®Ω éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hØ√o. ü∆EûÓ èπ◊éπ\†’ éÌõ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊)– OöÀE îËÊÆh: a) I am looking for a stick which I want to beat the dog with. b) I am looking for a stick I want to beat the dog with.

a) is more common and more accepted than (b).

ÉN éÌçîÁç éπ≠dçæ . Åçü¿’-éπE ¶«í¬ O©’†oçûª English îªü¿-´çúÕ. Q.

People in public service should guard themselves against scandals=

v°æñ«-ÊÆ-´™ Ö†o-¢√-∞Î}-´-®Ω-®·Ø√ Cví¬s¥ç-A-éπ®Ω ü¿’¨¡a-®Ωu©ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ñ«ví∫-ûªh-°æ-ú≈L. Scandal X Honour/ Glory

(=íı®Ω´ç/ ¢Áj¶µº´ç)

5-C. Dispute = Quarrel. Border dispute = River waters dispute =

N¢√ü¿ç. ÆæJ-£æ«ü¿’l N¢√ü¿ç. †D ©

N¢√ü¿ç.

Nobody buys disputed property-

N¢√-ü∆™x Ö†o ÇÆœhE á´®Ω÷ é̆®Ω’.

Dispute X Agreement good G. Polished = mannered. He is a polished young man = manners (Refined synonym).

Ææç≤ƒ\®Ωçí∫©/

´’ç*

Ö†o ߪ·´-èπ◊úø’. DEéÀ èπÿú≈

îËߪ’çúÕ.

i) Applications called for for the post of ... for

-Ñ -¢√éπuç-™ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´-î√a? ii) Ex èπ◊ former èπ◊ ûËú≈ -à-N’-öÀ?

Most Ministers are involved in some scandal or the other =

î√™«-´’çC ´’çvûª’©’ v°æï-©†’ Cví¬s¥ç-ûª-°æ-®ΩîË îÁúø’ v°æ´-®Ωh†, ü¿’¨¡a®Ωu©ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

practise

- A. Kiranmai, Hyderabad

A.

Applications called for, for the post of... for for, Applications - Applications called for = Applications which have been called for. for, for the post of =

Ééπ\úø

È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω÷x Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ èπ◊

È®çúÓ

Ç ÖüÓuí∫ç éÓÆæç. Å®Ωnç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. Q. Biodata, Resume èπ◊ ûËú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? ii) Ex= former-

- GVSM Patnaik, Chinamerangi

A.

Biodata

Åçõ‰ äéπJ @Nûª N´-®√©’– ´·êuçí¬ @N-ûªç™ ≤ƒCµç-*† N´-®√© ñ«Gû√. (Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª©ûÓ) ´’†ç Job application ™ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æÍ®aN. Resume (È®Vu-¢Á’ß˝’– Vu, size ™ ñ¸ ™«) = ´’†ç ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ apply îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, ´’† application ™ ÉîËa ´’† Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª©’, Éçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’/ É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ îËÆœ† ÖüÓu-í¬-© N´-®√©’. Biodata éπç-õ‰ Resume ™ áèπ◊\´ N´-®√L≤ƒhç. Resume ™ v°æA N´®Ωç É≤ƒhç. Resume (American English) = Curriculum Vitae (CV) (British English) Resume etc

èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç– äéπJ v°æÆæçí∫ç, ¢√uÆæç, ™E ´·ë«uç-¨»©’/ summary.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 6 -ï-†-´-J 2008 Q.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

i) Assent, Consent;

ii) Astonished, Surprised; iii) Avenge, Revenge; iv) Bill, Act-

-Ñ -°æ-ü∆© Å®Ωn¶µ‰ü¿ç N´-Jç--îªí∫-©®Ω’. – áç.®Ωç-í∫ߪ’u, É©xçü¿ i) Assent = ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o-¢√J ÅçU-鬮Ωç/ ÅçU-鬮Ωç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ßª’úøç.

A.

❖ We were astonished at the six year old boy's memory and his ability to do complicated mathematics =

Ç ÇÍ®∞¡x ¶«©’úÕ Å°æ‹®Ωy ñ«c°æ-éπ-¨¡éÀh, à ÆæçéÀx-≠d-¢æ Á’i† ™„éπ\-™„jØ√ îËߪ’í∫-©-í∫úøç, ´÷èπ◊ Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-Tç-*çC. (Astonish = ´’†ç ®√®·™«, ≤ƒnù’-´¤™« EL*§Ú-ßË’çûª Ǩ¡a®Ωuç). iii) Avenge - ´’†èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ¢√JéÀ ïJ-T† ÅØ√u-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´’†ç v°æB-鬮Ωç ≤ƒCµç-îªúøç. eg: He avenged his father's death =

ûª† ûªçvúÕE îªç°œ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æB-鬮Ωç B®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

The president assented/ gave his assented to the bill passed by the parliament = Parliament bill

❖ I was surprized at his presence there =

Åûª-†-éπ\úø Öçúøôç îª÷Æœ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-ߪ÷†’ (Åûª-†-éπ\úø Öçö«-úø-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’/ ÖØ√oúø’).

Q.

1. Each, every

éπ~vA-ߪ·-©†’ îªç°œ ûª† ûªçvúÕ é¬®ΩhO®√u-®Ω’-b†’-úÕE îªç°œ†ç-ü¿’èπ◊, °æ®Ω-¨¡Ÿ-®√-´·úø’ v°æB-鬮Ωç B®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ❖ Revenge = ´’†èπ◊ ïJ-T† ÅØ√u-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´’†ç v°æB-鬮Ωç B®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç.

Avenge, Revenge

¢√∞¡x °RxéÀ ûªçvúÕ Ææ´’t-Aç-î√úø’/ ņ’-´’-Aç-î√úø’. È®çúø’ ´÷ô©÷ ví¬çC∑-éπ-¢Á’i-†¢Ë. °j† îÁ°œp† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. ii) Astonished, surprized- Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéà ŮΩnç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-´úøç ÅØË. Å®·ûË, surprized Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ņ’-éÓE °∂æ’-ô† àüÁjØ√ ïJ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ éπLÍí ¶µ«´ç. Astonish Åçõ‰ surprize éπçõ‰ î√™« áèπ◊\´ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç– Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-Tç-îËC ÅE. ÅÆæ©’ Ü£œ«ç-îªE N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ï®Ω-í∫-úøç-´©x éπLÍí Ǩ¡a®Ωuç.

Duryodhana took revenge on Pandavas because he felt insulted by Drowpadi =

vüˆ°æC ûª††’ Å´-´÷-Eç-*ç-ü¿ØË ¶«üµ¿ûÓ ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†’úø’ v°æB-鬮Ωç B®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. iv) Parliament/ Assemblies ™ Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç §ÒçC† B®√t†ç– Bill. ÅC ®√≠æZ-°æA/ Governor ÅçU鬮Ωç §ÒçC† ûª®√yûª îªôdç– Act Å´¤-ûª’çC.

Corporate Corporate hospital, corporate industries, corporate culture -

Hyderabad

Get going. Don't hangout here any longer =

v°æA

It is convenient to/ for me. etc.

É™«çöÀ ©™ àC ®√ߪ÷L? àüÁjØ√ ®Ω÷™¸ Öçü∆?

sentences

™

to, for

3. He sold half of his property.

Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ of ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ®√ßÁ·î√a? Åçö«ç éπü∆? Woollen clothes †’ †’ golden medal, wooden horse †’

4. Cotton clothes, iron box wool clothes, gold medal wood horse

Å-ØÌî√a?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 405

M.SURESAN

car

É™« ¢Á∞¡xúøç/ É™«-¢Á-Rx† v°æA

car

4.

É™« cars ¢Á∞¡xúøç/ ÅEo cars É™« ¢Á∞¡xúøç (Åéπ\-úø’†o ÅEo cars É™« ¢Á∞¡xúøç) îª÷¨»†’. 2. Useful to somebody = äéπ ´uéÀhéÀ (to) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç, useful for something= äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç (for)

- T. Siva, Nandikotkuru

1. Each Every

Åçõ‰ ã group ™ v°æA ´Ææ’h´‹/ v°æA ´uéÀh (äéÌ\éπ\) ÅE. Åçõ‰ ã group ™ ÅFo/ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÅE. Ééπ\úø Ö†o v°æA Ŷ«s-®·éà 㠰æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC.

Every boy here has a book=

a) Tools are useful to mechanics for their repairing work= (for repairing work), mechanics to mechanics)

´’®Ω-´’t-ûª’©’ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊

°æJ-éπ-®√©’

Each, Every

èπ◊

(

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç. (Fèπ◊/ ´uéÀhéÀ) for your research F °æJ-¨-üµ¿-†èπ◊/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ)

b) This book is useful to you (

Convenient for somebody for something

Ééπ\úø Ö†o Ŷ«s-®·-©ç-ü¿-Jéà °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√o®·. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ: Each of them received a gift =

¢√∞¡x™x v°æA äéπ\®Ω÷ äéÓ\ •£æ›-´’A §Òçü∆®Ω’. Every one of them received gifts =

¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’ §Òçü∆®Ω’. English to Telugu to dictioEnglish naries author

èπ◊

à N Å®·ûË ¶«í∫’ç-ö«ßÁ÷ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.

- K. Vijay, Kadapa

A.

É°æp-öÀéà ߪ’ù

¨¡çéπ-®Ω-Ø√-®√-

Telugu to English Dictionary, the best.

Q.

I request you to kindly let me know the Indirect speech for this: "Do you go to Agra this year?'' she said to Kamala.

- A. Bunganna, Kurnool

A.

She asked Kamala if she would go to Agra that year.

Q.

1. Future tense will

™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË shall, © ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 2. Mayor èπ◊ feminine noun - Mayoress éπü∆! ´’J Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøèπ◊ lady Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ mayoress ÅØ√L. Mayor Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. áçü¿’èπ◊?

Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, ™ ¢√öÀ-E ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. ´’í∫-¢√-∞¡x-ÈéjØ√, Çúø-¢√-∞¡x-ÈéjØ√ äÍé °æü¿ç ¢√úøôç É°æpöÀ °æü¿l¥A.

Whom - Who

3. Spoken English-367 lesson Who gave this news to you? Who did give this news to you?

™

eg: She is a great singer (Songstress =

í¬ßª’E ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’) 3. Who ûÓ Question begin îËÆ œ-†-°æ¤púø’, ü∆E é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ûª®√yûª helping verbs like do, does & did ņ-èπÿ-úøü∆? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ®√´¤ . ÉC who = á´®Ω’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕûË. 4. The point is why you didn't tell this to English ™ á´-JE, á´-JéÀ, ÅØË É°æ p öÀ me ÅE îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Question word ûª®√yûª whom •ü¿’©’ who ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å®Ω n ç ûÓ helping verb ®√¢√L éπü∆? Why didn't Whom ¢√úøéπç É°æpöÀ English ™ ™‰ü¿’) ( you tell this to me ÅE ®√ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü∆? who †’ á´-JE á´-JéÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ whom - T. Vijayapal, Vijayawada •ü¿’©’ ¢√úÕûË Å°æ¤púø’ questions ™ who ûª®√yûª do, does, did ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ (helpA. 1. Shall, will ûËú≈©’ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ Éçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ ÖØ√o®·. îª÷úøçúÕ. ing verbs) ¢√úøû√ç.

ÅE îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Å-™«

ᙫ ®√ÆœØ√ correct. î√™« ´’ç* v°æ¨¡o. Cotton, iron N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, ¢√öÀéÀ cotton/ iron ûÓ îËÆœ† ÅØË Å®Ωn-N’îËa adjectives èπÿú≈ cotton, iron. Åçü¿’-éπE cotton cloth/ clothes, iron trunk, iron rod Åçö«ç. Wool N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ wool ûÓ îËÆ œ† ÅE Å®Ωnç ´îËa adjective, woollen ÅE ¢ËÍ® ÖçC 鬕öÀd woollen clothes Åçö«ç. Ééπ •çí¬®ΩçûÓ îËÆœ† ÅE Å®Ωnç, gold èπÿ ÖçC. Golden èπÿ ÖçC. Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ ¶µ«≠æ™ •çí¬-®Ω°æ¤ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ gold áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC. •çí¬-®Ω°æ¤ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ golden ÅØË ´÷ô†’, áèπ◊\-´í¬ ≤ƒ£œ«-ûªuç™ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. •çí¬-®Ωç-™«çöÀ (Åûªuçûª N©’´ Ö†o) ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË (•çí¬-®Ω°æ¤ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈) golden, ņúøç ¢√úø’éπ (usage). Wool, woollen ™«í¬ØË, wood, wooden. Wooden- îÁéπ\-ûÓ-îË-Æ œ†– wooden furniture; wooden chair, etc. (wood work= îÁéπ\-°æE). Wooden èπ◊ ´’®Ó Å®Ωnç, ´·êç™ ¶µ«¢√-™‰-O’ éπ-E°œç-îª-E. Ñ †ô’úø’ ûª† ¢Á·£æ«ç™ ¶µ«¢√-™‰-O’ îª÷°æ-™‰-úø’. (†ô-†-®√ü¿’).

؈’ AJ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ car ≤˘éπ-®Ωuçí¬ Öçô’çC. É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ rules Öçúø´¤, ÉN ¢√úø’éπ. îªü¿-´-úøç-´©x, dictionary, grammar books ≤ƒßª’çûÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË. ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ

ÉC Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’ (Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ NE°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈).

This actor's face is wooden =

A car will be convenient for me for my movements =

2. Mayor, actor, poet, etc feminine forms (Mayoress, actress, poetess, Modern English etc)

He said this in an aside =

3. Half of his property = Half his property-

†÷ îª÷¨»†’.

I saw every car pass by =

Each boy here has a book =

Q.

Éçéπ-†úø÷. à´÷vûªç Ééπ Ééπ\úø Öçúøèπ◊. ÉC ñA≠æç™E ´÷ô. Mars = Åçí¬-®Ω-èπ◊úø’ Venus = ¨¡Ÿvéπ-ví∫£æ«ç. 4. Side = °æéπ\†. Aside = äéπ-JéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÉçéÌ-éπ-JûÓ ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒu©’ ´÷ö«x-úøôç. 3.

I saw each car pass by =

ûËú≈ -à-N’-öÀ?

Half of the fruit is bad.

A.

Corporate = äéπ °ü¿l ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆænèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*†. Corporate hospital = (v°æ¶µº’ûªy/ üµ¿®√tÆæ’°æOöÀ Å®√n©’ àN’öÀ? vûª’-™«x) ÊÆ¢√-ü¿%-éπp-ü∑¿çûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈, ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωçí¬ 2. Hang out Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? -D-E-E ¢√éπuç™ ™«¶µ«-Ê°-éπ~ûÓ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË ÇÆæ’°ævA. ᙫ, à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? Corporate Industries = °ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√u§ƒ®Ω 3. Men are from mars and women from ÆæçÆæn©’ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË °æJ-v¨¡-´’©’. venus - Ñ ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Corporate culture = -¢√u-§ƒ®Ω Ææ çÆæn© †´’t-鬩’, ü¿%éπp-ü∑∆©÷, 4. Side, Aside Å®Ωnç, Æœ ü ∆l¥ç-û√©÷, working habits. ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ᙫ Side, Aside 2. Hangout = äéπîÓô’ †’ç* ¢ÁRxÖ°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? §Ú-èπ◊çú≈ Åéπ\úË ûªî√aúøôç. - Naaz Sultana,

°æü∆-EéÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

Don't hangout her e any longer

2. It is useful to/ for me.

A.

Q.

Parasurama avenged his father's killing by Karthaveeryarjuna by killing Kshatriyas =

Ç¢Á÷-Cç-*† èπ◊ ®√≠æZ-°æA ÅçU-鬮Ωç ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. ❖ Consent= ņ’-´’A/ ņ’-´’-Aç-îªúøç. The father gave his consent/ consented to their marriage =

2

Her delivery of dialogues is wooden =

Ç¢Á’ (†öÀ) Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™x £æ…´-¶µ«-¢√™‰ç éπE°œç-¤. (Dialogues °æ©-éπúøç îËûª-é¬ü¿’.)

Who gave it to you =

FéπC á´®Ω’ Éî√a®Ω’?

Q.

Who did you give it to? = Who saw you there? =

E†o-éπ\úø á´®Ω’ îª÷¨»®Ω’? Who did you see there? =

†’´y-éπ\úø á´JE îª÷¨»´¤. Ñ

™

ÅØËC

é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? Why you didn't tell this to me Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç, †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿-ØËC, ÅE Å®Ωnç, Question é¬ü¿’ 鬕öÀd helping verb ®√ü¿’, ®√èπÿúøü¿’. The point is why you didn't .. ņúøç correct. Nobody knows where he is (Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ á´-Jéà ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’)– ..where he is = áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ– question é¬ü¿’-éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE Where is he ņç... Where he is ņ-úø¢Ë’ correct.

O’®Ω’

19.08.2007 ™

ÅE ÅØËC á°æ¤púø÷ ®√¨»®Ω’. é¬F äéπ\õ‰ Öçô’çC éπü∆? ( ü∆Eo É™« îÁÊ°h ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆?

†’´yC á´-J-éÀ-î√a´¤?

4. The point is why you didn't tell this to me? sentence Why you didn't tell this to me, question

Spoken English Out of the six best in the class she is the top best superlative) Out of the six top students in the class she is the best.

- P. Srinivas, Vegayammapeta

A.

Best

ÅØËC äéπ\õ‰ Öçú≈-©E ņ™‰ç éπü∆? One of the best ÅØËC ¢√úø’éπ™ ÖçC éπü∆? He is one of the best students in the class of the six top students, she is the best,

Åçö«ç éπü∆? È®çúÓC,

ņo-°æ¤púø’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç– ´÷´‚-©’í¬ top Åçõ‰ ÅEoçöx íÌ°æpC/ Åçü¿-J™ íÌ°æp-¢√®Ω’ ÅE éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ top ÅØËC äéπ-JÍé/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EÍé.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 8 -ï-†-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Tejas: Vihar, you've been searching for a book. Is this it?

(†’´¤y ã °æ¤Ææhéπç éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. ÉüËØ√ ÅC?)

Tejas: It is not just reading, you know. I have to study it and make notes. Just a few days. Let's say the weekend.

(ÅC Íé´©ç îªü¿-´ôç é¬ü¿’-éπü∆. ü∆Eo ¶«í¬ °æJ-Q-Lç* îªCN notes ®√Ææ’éÓ¢√L. éÌCl ®ÓV©’. Ñ ¢√®√çûªç ņ’éÓ.)

Vihar: That certainly it is. Where did you see it?

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅüË. áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-*çC Fèπ◊?) Tejas: You lent it to Vinai. He asked me to give it back to you.

(†’´yC N†-ß˝’-éÀ-î √a´¤. DEoîËaߪ’´’-Ø√oúø’.) Here it is. (ÉCíÓ)

Åûªúø’

Fèπ◊

Vihar: OK then. But do let me have it.

(ÆæÍ®. é¬F Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç ´÷vûªç É´¤y) Look at the following sentence pairs from the dialogue above. 1) You've been searching for a book. Is this it?

Vihar: How forgetful of me. I lent the book to him. I clean forgot it.

(áçûª ´’A-´’-®Ω°æ¤ Ø√èπ◊! Åûª-úÕéà °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√a†E °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷-ØËo†’.) Tejas: What's the book about?

2) You lent it to Vinai. He asked me to give it back to you. 3) I had lent it to him. I clean forgot about it. 4) It is a wonderful book. It tells us how to develop self confidence. 5) The author has a son. He is famous too.

(üËEo í∫’Jç* °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅC?) Vihar: It's a wonderful book. It tells us how to develop self confidence.

6) He writes books on the same subject. They are well known too.

(Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC. Çûªt-N-¨»yÆæç ᙫ °ç-éÓ-¢√™ îÁ°æ¤hçC.)

7) Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao recommended their books to me. He conducts training programmes on the same subject.

Tejas: How about lending it to me for a few days?

(éÌEo ®ÓV-©-§ƒô’ Ø√é¬-°æ¤-Ææhéπç É≤ƒh¢√?) Vihar: Certainly, but let me finish it. This author has a son. He is famous too.

Who, whose, which, that, when, where senjoin tences

(Åûªúø’ èπÿú≈ ÉüË N≠æ-ߪ÷© O’ü¿ ®√≤ƒhú≈?)

2) You lent it to Vinai. He asked me to give it back to you.

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀF, É™«çöÀ sentences E éπL-Ê°--ô°æ¤púø’ é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. éÌClí¬ éπ≠dçæ . îª÷úøçúÕ. Vinai who you lent the book to, asked me to give it back to you. Vinai who you lent the book to = Vinai to whom you lent the book - whom who to

É°æ¤púø’ É™« Åçö«-®ΩE ´’†ç

¢√úø-ôç-™‰-ü¿E, ü∆E-•-ü¿’©’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»ç.

A: I gave the book to Satish. B: Who to? (To whom

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

•ü¿’©’) = á´-JéÀ? 3) I lent the book to him. I clean forgot about it = I clean forgot (that) I lent it to him.

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç

©ûÓ È®çúø’ ᙫ îËßÁ·îÓa (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. ¢Á·ü¿ô ††’o ü∆Eo °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’F. îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? Ñ ®Ωîª-®·ûªéÌéπ éÌúø’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Åûª†’ èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Ê°®Ω’-†o-¢√úË.)

Tejas: Does he write on the same subjects too?

2

406

[I bought a pen yesterday. It is this. Pen, subject sentence which/ that omit

é¬ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE îËߪ’-í∫©ç.) éπL-Ê°-ô-°æ¤púø’

This is the pen which/ that I bought yesterday = This is the pen I bought yesterday. 5) The author has a son. He is famous too = The author has a son who is famous too.

(Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’.)

(Åûª-úÕéÀ °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√a†’. ÅC ؈’ Ñ≤ƒJ ÅüË °æü¿l¥-A™ é¬Ææh §Òúø’-í¬öÀ (Å´¤†’. ÅûªúÕ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Ê°®Ω’- sentences ᙫ join îËߪ’-í∫-©¢Á÷ ûÁ©’-Ææ’´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷†’ = Åûª-úÕéÀ °æ¤Ææhéπç †o¢Ë.) Éî√a-†E ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷†’) èπ◊çü∆ç. É™« join îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, ûÁ©’-í∫’™E Tejas: Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao recom- ¢Á·ü¿öÀ sentence, English ™ *´®Ω 4) It is a wonderful book. It tells us mended their books to me. He also con- ®√´îª’a; Éçü¿’èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπ¢Ë’ Ŵa. ´’†ç how to develop self confidence. join îËÆ œØ√ Å®Ωnç ´÷vûªç ducts training programmes on these sub- ᙫ It is wonderful book which (that) ´÷®Ωèπÿúøü¿’. ÅC ´·êuç. jects. tells us how to develop self confiM.SURESAN (¢√∞¡x °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îªü¿-¢√-©E ´’† lecturer 1) You've been searching for a book. dence. Is this it? - book- inanimate (ÅîË-ûª-†-¢Á’i†/ Sambasiva Rao îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Çߪ’† èπÿú≈ Ñ (Ééπ\úø ´’†ç which/ that, ´C-™‰ßª’ú≈EéÀ ™‰ü¿’. v§ƒùç-™‰E– Åçü¿’-éπE which ûÓ join îË≤ƒhç.) N≠æߪ÷™x Péπ~ù ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’©’ E®Ωy-£œ«-≤ƒh®Ω’.) áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, Ééπ\úø which/ that ûÁL-Ê°C, sentence Is this the book which you've been searching Vihar: When do you think you can finish the subject í∫’Jç*.) for? book? ÅüË sentence No.1 ™ Å®·ûË which/ that, Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx which ´C-™‰(°æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-í∫-©†E ņ’èπ◊çô’book í∫ ’ Jç* îÁ§ƒh®·. Ééπ\úø book subject ßÁ·-îªaE. Ø√o´¤?) é¬ü¿ ’ . Åçü¿ ’ é π E which/ that, ´C-™‰-ßÁ·îª’a. Is this book you've been looking for. EXERCISE I

EXERCISE II

Join the following pairs of sentences using who, whom, whose, which/ that.

Match the words under A with their meanings under B

1) He has two sons. They are the same height as he. (who)

A

B

1. Braggart

A. Sideview (of head)

2) There are two rooms upstairs. They have not been used for years. (which/ that)

2. Profile

B. Stink

3. Deserve

C. Wish

3) Is that your teacher? His son left for the states last week. (whose)

4. Stench

D. Earn

5. Frown

E. Boaster

4) A few attended the lecture. They found it interesting. (who/ that) 5) This pen is Ramesh's. He is not here now. (whose)

ANSWERS

F. Glare G. Outline

KEY:

1-E. Braggart = Boaster =

íÌ°æp©’ îÁ°æ¤péÌ-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ v°æí∫-™«s¥©’ °æL-Íé-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Brag = Boast = v°æí∫-™«s¥©’ °æ©-éπôç/ íÌ°æp©’ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç.

1) He has two sons who are the same height as he.

Team India did not live up to its brag=

2) There are two rooms upstairs which/ that have not been used for years.

¶µ«®Ωûª ïô’d ûª† v°æí∫-™«s¥©’ Eïç îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC.

3) Is that your teacher whose son left for the states last week? 4) The few who attended the lecture found it interesting. 5) Ramesh whose pen this is is not here.

Uttarakumara (the Mahabharatam) was a braggart/ boaster=

¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™ Öûªh-®Ω-èπ◊-´÷-®Ω’úø’ v°æí∫-™«s¥-©-´÷J. Each political party boasts of its achievement=

v°æA §ƒKd û√†’ ≤ƒCµç-*-†-ü∆E í∫’Jç* íÌ°æp©’ îÁ°æ¤péÌç-ô’çC.

2- A, G. Profile = Sideview (of head), Outline (sideview of a person's head & face),

°æéπ\-†’ç* îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ äéπ ´uéÀh ´·ê-Í®ê (áü¿’-öÀ-†’ç* îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬èπ◊çú≈). NT RamaRao had an impressive profile = NT ®√´÷-®√´¤ ¢Á·£æ«ç (sideview) ´’†-Ææ’q-†’ -Çéπô’d-èπ◊-ØËC. äéπ-JE/ äéπ-ü∆E í∫’Jç* ´·êu-¢Á’i† N´-®√©’ èπÿú≈ profile.

Let me have a profile of the company = Ç éπç°E N´-®√©’ (ü∆E îªJvûª ÆæçéÀ~-°æhçí¬) Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’°æ¤. High profile = v°æ´·-ê-¢Á’i†. He is a high profile actor. 3-D. Deserve= Earn=

Å®Ω|ûª §Òçü¿úøç.

Kumble deserves to be the captain = Captain

í¬ ÖçúË-ü¿’èπ◊ èπ◊綉xèπ◊ ûªT† Å®Ω|ûª ÖçC.

Most ministers don't deserve to be ministers =

´’çvûª’™x áèπ◊\-´-´’çC Ç °æü¿-´¤-©èπ◊ Å®Ω’|-©’-鬮Ω’. (earn = v°æA¶µº, éπ%≠œ ´©x Å®Ω|ûª Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-´úøç) He deserves the punishment/ to be punished =

Åûªúø’ Ç Péπ~èπ◊ Å®Ω’|úø’. undeserving = Å®Ω|-ûª-™‰E.

who

´·êuç.

Omit

îËߪ’ôç

6) He writes books on the same subject. They are well known too. sentences He writes books on the same subjects which are well known too which books subject

Ñ È®çúø’

†÷

ÅE éπL§ƒç ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ í∫’Jç* îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈, ü∆EéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o í∫’Jç* îÁ°œp-†-ôx-´¤-ûª’çC. 鬕öÀd É™«çöÀ Ææ´’Ææu ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, which ûÓ éπLÊ° °æØË-™‰-èπ◊çú≈, and ûÓ éπL-°œûË problem Öçúøü¿’.

The stench of cor r uption fills India

Vihar: He does. They are well known too.

Ééπ\úø †’

He writes books on the same subject and they are famous too. which

™‰èπ◊çõ‰ 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, É™« éπ©’-°æ¤û√ç.

The books (which/ that) he writes on the same subject are famous too.

(Ééπ\úø

which/ that

´C-™‰-ßÁ·îª’a)

7) Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao recommended their books to me. He conducts training programmes on the same subject. = Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao who recommended their books to me conducts training programmes on the same subject.

Ñ sentence pairs (¢√é¬u© ïûª-©)†’ éπ©-°æúøç éÌçîÁç éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i-†üË. Åçü¿’-éπE é¬Ææh practice Å´Ææ®Ωç. O’®Ω’ join îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·-†çûª ´÷vû√† ÅüµÁj-®Ωu°æ-úø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’, îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷, practise îËÆæ÷h Öçõ‰ ÅüË ´Ææ’hçC. 4-B. Stench= Stink =

ü¿’®√y-Ææ†/ éπç°æ¤/ èπ◊∞¡Ÿx éπç°æ¤.

The stench of the dead bodies at the place of the accident filled the air =

¨¡¢√© ü¿’®√y-Ææ† (èπ◊∞¡Ÿx, éπç°æ¤) ûÓ EçúÕ-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿-éπ\úø í¬©çû√.

The stench of corruption fills India =

¶µ«®Ωû˝ Åçû√ ÅN-FA èπ◊∞¡Ÿx-éπç-°æ¤ûÓ EçúÕ ÖçC.

The stench of something burning could be felt strongly = X fragrance 5-F. Frown = Glare =

àüÓ é¬L† ü¿’®√y-Ææ† ´≤ÚhçC. (Ææ’¢√-Ææ†) ØÌÆæ©’ *öÀxç* éÓ°æç/ Bv´ ÅÆæ-´’tA ûÁ©-°æúøç. The minute I turn on the TV, I see a frown on my dad's face = TV on

؈’ îËÊÆh î√©’, ´÷ Ø√†o ¢Á·£æ«ç-O’ü¿ ØÌÆæ©’ *öÀxç-°æ¤ûÓ éÓ°æç/ ÅÆæ´’tA Öçö«®·. frown = éÓ°æç, ÅÆæ-´’tAûÓ ØÌÆæ©’ *öÀxç-îªúøç. Elders frown at youngsters talking of love and sex =

*†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx vÊ°´’, ¨¡%çí¬®Ωç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúøôç °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œp-Ææ’hçC. Glare = éÓ°æçí¬ îª÷úøôç. He glared at me when I asked for more salary = frown X smile.

áèπ◊\´ @ûªç ÅúÕ-T-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√¢Áj°æ¤ éÓ°æçí¬ îª÷¨»úø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 10 -ï-†-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ramesh: Do you know if Jagadish is back from the US?

(àç ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπ◊, Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* cell phones Fèπ◊ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊û√®·. ÅEo ®Ω鬩 cell phones market ™ ¢Á©’x-¢Á-ûª’h-ûª’-Ø√o®·.)

(ïí∫-D≠ˇ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †’ç* AJ-íÌ-î√aú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC FÍé-¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Naresh: Of course he is. He landed in Chennai a few days ago. I don't remember exactly whether it was last Wednesday or Thursday, but he called me from Chennai one of those days.

(´î√a-úø’™‰. éÌEo-®Ó-V© éÀçü¿õ‰ îÁØÁj o™ Cí¬úø’. •’üµ¿-¢√-®Ω¢Á÷, í∫’®Ω’-¢√-®Ω¢Á÷ í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’ é¬F, Ç È®çvúÓ-V™x äéπ-®ÓV Ø√èπ◊ phone î˨»úø’.) Ramesh: He told us that he would get us some books from the US. Any idea if he has brought them or not?

(Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †’ç* ´’†-Íé¢Ó °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ûÁ≤ƒh-†Ø√oúø’. ûÁî√aú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅØË-üË-´’Ø√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Naresh: No. He said he would call you too. Didn't he?

(™‰ü¿’. Fèπÿ phone îË≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√oúø’. îËߪ’™‰ü∆?) Ramesh: He must have. I haven't had my cell about me for the past few days.

(îËÊÆ Öçö«úø’. éÌCl-®Ó-V-©’í¬ Ø√ cell Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’.) Naresh: Why? What happened?

2

Ramesh: Help me choose one.

(Ø√éÌ-éπöÀ

select

îËÆœ-°ô’d).

Naresh: Depends on whether you want an ordinary cell or one with additional features like Camera, FM radio, etc.

(FÈé-™«çöÀ cell 鬢√™ ü∆E-O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçô’çC– ´÷´‚©’ cell 鬢√™, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Åü¿-†°æ¤ features- Camera, FM radio ™«çöÀN ÖçúËü∆ ÅØË-ü∆-Eo-•öÀd.) Ramesh: Depends on my pocket too, doesn't it?

Naresh:

(ÅC Ø√ û√£æ«-ûª’-†’-•öÀd èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC éπü∆?) It certainly does. (ÅçûË-éπü∆)

Ramesh: Let

us

I do not know whether/ if he did it or his brother=

ÅC îËÆœçC Åûªú≈ ÅûªúÕ ûª´·tú≈ ÅØËC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. È®çúÕçöÀ/ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u– ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Ñ whether/ if ¢√úøû√ç. I am unable to say whether I am happy or sad

see

tomorrow.


(Í®°æ¤ îª÷ü∆lç).





-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

407

ØËØË îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’= Ø√o†’, ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oØ√, ü¿’”êçí¬ ÖØ√oØ√ ÅE.

6) I am not sure if I can get the same kind of piece again. 7) Depends on whether you want an ordinary cell or one with additional features. 1) Is Jagadish back from the US? Do you know: sentences if/ whether

(ïí∫-D≠ˇ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †’ç* AJ-íÌ-î√aú≈? †÷ FÍé-´’Ø√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)– Ñ È®çúø’ ûÓ éπL-°œûË: Do you know if Jagadish is back from the US (or not)?

2) Was it last Wednesday or Thursday? + I don't remember = I do not remember whether/ if it was last Wednesday or Thursday.

Has he come? Do you know?

(à´’-®·çD?) Ramesh: It hit the floor as it slipped from my pocket. The cell technician doubts if it can be repaired at all.

3) Has he brought them or not? (Have you) any idea? = (Have you) any idea whether/ if he has brought them or not?

2) ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– Direct speech ™ 4) The cell phone technician doubts if it can be ûÓ Ö†o 'Non Wh' questions †’ repaired at all = Can it be repaired at all (or not)? + The cell phone technician doubts. îËߪ’úøç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? É°æ¤púø’ Indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, (Ø√ ñ‰•’-™ç* ñ«J ØË©-O’ü¿ °æúÕçC. Åü¿-Ææ- ¢ËÍ® Å®√n-©ûÓ ¢ËÍ® ®Ωéπçí¬ îËߪ’úøç ûÁ©’5) Is it an expensive piece or not? + I do not If/ whether ¢√úø-û√-´’E. Lçé¬ °æE-îË-Ææ’hçü∆ ÅE Ç cell technician Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ñ know = I do not know if/ whether it is an îËߪ’úøç "Can you do it?" he said to me. èπ◊ ņ’-´÷-†çí¬ ÖçC). expensive piece (or not) ™ î√™« (Direct speech) Naresh: I do not know if it is an expensive 6) Can I get the same kind of piece? + I am not ™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√ú≈Lq ´Ææ’hçC. He asked me if (whether) he could piece, but it is very nice to look at. M.SURESAN sure = I am not sure whether/ if I can get the îËü∆lç. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E do it. same kind of piece. (ÅC êK-üÁjçü∆ é¬ü∆ ÅØËC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ Has he come? Do you know?


é¬F, îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC). Ñ sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ whether/ if sentence (= ¢√úø’ ´î√aú≈? Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)– Ñ È®çúø’ sen- Now look
at the following sentences from the ´’üµ ¿ u ™ ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆? É™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ sentence †’ Ramesh: You let it is expensive. I am not sure if tences †÷ É™« join îË≤ƒhç: passage above. ´’†ç if/ whether ûÓØË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-´îª’a. I can get the same kind of piece Do you know whether/ if he has come or not? 1) Do you know if Jagadish is back from the US? again. = Åûª-ØÌ-î √aúÓ ™‰üÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? a) Is he is going to help me? + It is doubtful= 2) I don't remember exactly whether it was last sentences †’ éπ L Ê °çîª ÷ ¨»ç éπ ü ∆? É™«çöÀ If he is going to help me (or not) is doubt(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅC î√™« êK-üÁjçüË. Å™«ç-öÀC ful/ It is doubtful if he is going to help me. ÉçéÓöÀ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çü∆ ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ ü¿’èπ◊, whether é¬F if é¬F àü¿-®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa. Å®·ûË Wednesday or Thursday. áèπ◊\-´í¬ whether ¢√úø-ô¢Ë’ ÆæÈ®jç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ 3) Any idea if he has brought them or not? ņ’-´÷-†¢Ë’) b) Is he a Congressman or TDP man? + It is very difficult to say = If/ whether he is a Naresh: Don't worry. You can get much better whether Åçõ‰ Å´¤Ø√?/ é¬ü∆? ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’. If éÀ 4) The cell phone technician doubts if it can be repaired at all. Congressman or TDP man is difficult to pieces than that for a much less price. Å´¤Ø√?/ é¬ü∆? ÅØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éûª®Ω Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ say. The market is flood with all kinds of ÖØ√o®·. (If= Å®·ûË ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC éπü∆?) 5) I do not know whether it is an expensive Å®·ûË If *†o-´÷ô´úøçûÓ, ÅüË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. piece. cells.

EXERCISE I Practise the following aloud in English. Ram:

Åûª-†-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúÓ ™‰úÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Ø√È陫 ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC? Åûª-†-éπ\-úÕéÀ •ßª’-©’-üË-®√ú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. Ram: FÍé-´’Ø√o ņ’-´÷-†´÷ ¢√úø-Ææ©’ ¢Á∞«hú≈ ™‰ú≈ ÅE? Som: Å™« ÅE é¬ü¿’. Åûªúø’ Ñ®ÓV ¢Á∞«hú≈ Í®°æ¤ ¢Á∞«hú≈ ÅØËüË Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æߪ’ç. Ram: Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRxØ√ èπÿú≈, Ñ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç-èπ◊ç-ö«ú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅE Ø√ ¶µºßª’ç. Som: ؈’ Åûª-úÕE Ñ N≠æߪ’ç á´-JûÓ îªJa-≤ƒh-´E Åúø-í∫úøç ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. Officer ûÓØ√ Çߪ’† PA ûÓØ√ Åûªúø’ îªJaç-îª-¶-ßË’C? Ram: Ø√èπÿ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Som:

ANSWER

Ram: Do you know if he is there? Som: How do I know? I don't even know if he has started for the place or not. Ram: Do you doubt if he has started or not? Som: Not that. What I don't know is whether he will start today or tomorrow. Ram: My fear is even if he goes there whether he will remember this or not. Som: I forgot to ask him who he is going to discuss the matter with the Officer or his PA? Ram: I don't know either.

Who, whose, which, that, when, where sentences join join join Spoken English common. Real life situations practise

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç

EXERCISE II Match the words under A with their meanings under B A B 1. Fuss A. Dodge/ Avoid 2. Renew B. Stopgap 3. Circumvent C. Injury 4. Trait D. Complain 5. Makeshift E. Characteristic F. Resume G. Rotate. KEY: 1-D. Fuss= Complain=

*†o*†o N≠æ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* †Ææ/ íÌúø-´-°-ôdúøç/ ÖvüË-éπ-°æ-úøôç.

He fusses over a few rupees he had to spend extra =

È®çúø’ ´‚vúø÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-™„-èπ◊\´ ê®Ωa-®·ç-ü¿E àç †Ææ °úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ (àç ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ).

"Mom, I bunked just one class in a whole month. Why fuss so much about it" =

Å´÷t ØÁ© ¢Á·ûªhç™ ؈’-¢Á-∞¡xçC äéπ\ class èπ◊ éπü∆. áçü¿’-éπçûª íÌúø´ îË≤ƒh´¤ ü∆Eo í∫’Jç*? Don't make a fuss about small things. Get on with the work =

*†o *†o N≠æ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* íÌúø´ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ °æE-é¬F. fussy= v§ƒ´·-êuç-™‰E N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ °æöÀdç--éÌØË. She is fussy about even about the water she drinks =

´÷´‚-©’í¬ û√Íí F∞¡x N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ņ´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æöÀdçÊ°. fussy x easy going.

2-F. Renew = Resume =

°æ¤†”-v§ƒ-®Ωç-Gµç-îªúøç/

°æ¤†-®Ω’-ü¿l¥-Jç-îªúøç. We have to renew our driving licenses which expire this month end = expire driving licenses

ÅßË’u ´’†

Ñ ØÁ™«-ê-®Ω’ûÓ °æ¤†-®Ω’-ü¿l¥-Jç--éÓ-¢√L.

The lease is for 6 years. It can be renewed further =

ÅüÁl 鬩ç ÇÍ®∞¡Ÿx. Ç ûª®√yûª ü∆Eo ´’Sx é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-´îª’a. 鬩-°æ-J-N’A Å®·-§Ú-®·ç-ûª-®√yûª ´’Sx §ÒúÕ-Tç-îªôç renew. Renewed vigour= éÌûªh ¨¡éÀh, éÌûªh Öû√q£æ«ç. Renew X Terminate. 3-A. Circumvent= Dodge/ avoid.

ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç: ´’† ü∆J-Íé-ü¿-®·Ø√ Åúøfç-´ÊÆh ô÷d AJT ¢Á∞¡xúøç. Road èπ◊ Åúøfçí¬ í∫’ôd©÷, éÌçúø©÷ Öçõ‰, road, ¢√öÀE circumvent îËÆæ’hçC. Åçõ‰ ü∆E ô÷d AJT ¢Á∞¡ŸhçC) áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË Å®Ωnç: äéπ îªö«dEo, Å≤˘-éπ-®Ωuçí¬ Ö†o E•ç-üµ¿-††÷ ûÁL-Ní¬ ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îªúøç. He is circumvented the tax law by registering a part of his property in his brother-in-law's name =

°æ†’o îªôdç ûª†èπ◊ ´Jhç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊, ûª† ¶«´-´’-JC Ê°®Ω éÌçûª ÇÆœh ®√¨»úø’. For every law, there is a circumvention = v°æA îªö«dFo Ö©xç-°∂œ’ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ üÌúÕf üÓ´ àüÓ Öçô÷ØË Öçô’çC (ÉC English proverb). Circumvent X Confront (áü¿’-®Ó\-´úøç).

4-E. Trait = Characteristic =

©éπ~ùç

(äéπJ

Ææy¶µ«-´ç-™E ©éπ~ùç) a) Honesty, truth and non violence were the important traits of Gandhi=

Eñ«-ߪ’B, Ææûªuç, Å£œ«çÆæ, í¬çDµ Ææy¶µ«-´ç-™E ´·êu ©éπ~-ù«©’. b) Most traits are hereditary = î√™« ©éπ~-ù«©’ ´ç¨¡-§ƒ-®Ωç-°æ®Ωuç. 5-B. Makeshift= Stopgap = temporary =

û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË. a) The speaker made his speech from on a makeshift stage =

û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ à®Ωp-®Ω-*† ¢ËCéπ O’C-†’ç* Çߪ’† v°æÆæç-Tç-î√úø’.

b) Madamme Curie, the discoverer of radioactivity carried on her experiments in a make shift lab = Mme Curie lab

Åù’-üµ∆-Jtéπ ¨¡éÀhE éπ†’-í̆o ûª† °æJ-¨-üµ¿† Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ à®Ωp®Ω--èπ◊†o (°æé¬\ é¬E) ™ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-*çC. Stopgap = v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ à®Ωp-®Ω--éÌØË ´ÆæA, °æé¬\ ´ÆæA ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊. Makeshift/ Stopgap X Permanent

É´Fo èπÿú≈ English. O’ îËߪ’çúÕ.

high frequency words in Spoken conversation practice

™ ¢√úÕ

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -ï-†-´-J 2008 Q.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

1.

éÌEo ÇKdÆ‘ •Ææ’q-©Â°j ÅE Öçô’çC. DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? 2. English ™ °æü∆© ÆæÈ®j†

ÉC äÍé Åéπ~®Ωç, È®çúø’ ¨¡¶«l-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Å™«Íí È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Åéπ~-®√©’ äÍé ¨¡¶«lEo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Å™«Íí '≠æ— ¨¡¶«l-EéÀ tion, ssion, shun É™« ÉEo spellings ´≤ƒh®·. Puff - rough (ff = gh = °∂ˇ) Though (Ééπ\úø gh éÀ N©’-´-™‰ü¿’)– É™« °æü¿l¥A Åçô÷ ™‰E spelling, pronunciation ´©x,

picket

pronunciation phonetics (IPA)

ô’Ø√oç

ü∆y®√ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çéπü∆? ´’J

English is not a phonetic language

áçü¿’-éπç-ö«®Ω’? 3. Hello, Good morning one and all ÅE äéπ group of members †’ wish îËߪ’-´î√a? 4. Sister concern company Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? 5. Glad to see you- So am I... Ééπ\úø So am I Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

So am I

English, unphonetic.

3.

îËߪ’-´îª’a

4. Sister concern/ company company, company sister concern (company). concern = company

ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç éÀçü¿ Ö†o äéπ ´÷†uç éÀçü¿ Ö†o ÉçéÓ

5. Glad to see you =

ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o. So am I = Å™«Íí ÖØ√o.

Åçõ‰ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé ÅüË ßª÷ïéÀ

؈÷ (ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬)

6. Nerd = 1)

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? 7. Sale, Sell Å®Ωnç, ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

- M.Navitha, Nalgonda

/ Old fashioned/ bore

´‚®Ω’^úø’

2) computers

1. Picket is the name of an area in Hyderbad, just as Koti, Sultan Bazar are. RTC bus Picket (Picket bus .

O’ü¿ ÅE Öçõ‰ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ÅØË v°æüË-¨»-EéÀ) ¢Á∞Ïx ÅE Å®·ûË Picket ÅØË English ´÷ôèπ◊ Å®Ωnç, strike (Ææ¢Á’t) îËÆæ’h†o é¬Jt-èπ◊©’, á´JF factory, company ™EéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ Åúø’f-éÓ-´úøç. 2. IPA ™‰èπ◊çú≈, English ™E letters of alphabet (a, b, c, ... z) èπÿ ÅN ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«l-©èπÿ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´©x, English spelling is unphonetic Åçö«ç. C E éÌEo-îÓôx, éπ, éÌEo-îÓôx 'Ææ—í¬†÷ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.

™ ÇÆæéÀh ¶«í¬ Ö†o-¢√úø’. 7. Sale = Å´’téπç; Sell= Å´’túøç.

M.SURESAN

-ü¿-ߪ’-îËÆœ -Ñ Ææç-üË£æ…-©-†’ -B®Ωaí∫-©®Ω’. 1) Ææçû√-°æ-Ææ-¶µº†’ English ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? Condolence meeting ÅØÌî√a? 2) ≤ƒt®Ωéπ *£æ«oç Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? -ü¿-ߪ’-îËÆœ 3) Functions Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç* English ™ ᙫ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L?
' ¢ËC-éπ-†-©ç-éπ-Jç-*† °ü¿l-©èπ◊, Æ涵ºèπ◊ NîËa-Æœ† ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊, vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©èπ◊, Ç£æfi-ûª’-©èπ◊ Ø√ £æ«%ü¿-ߪ’°æ‹-®Ωyéπ †´’-≤ƒ\-®√©’—— 4) ' áçûª busy í¬ ÖØ√o èπÿú≈ °œ©-´-í¬ØË NîËa-Æœ†ç-ü¿’èπ◊, ´’´’tLo ´’Eoç* Æ涵ºèπ◊ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûÓ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hØ√oç. ¢√JéÀ ¶µºí∫-´ç-ûª’úÕ éπö«éπ~ç Ææü∆ Öçú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç—— 5) ' ... ¢√-J-E -¢Ë-Céπ-†-©çéπ-Jç-î√-Lqç-Cí¬ éÓ®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oç—— 6) ' ¢√®Ω’ Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ûª´’ Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo ´÷ûÓ °æçèπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷èπ◊ áçûÓ Ç†ç-ü¿çí¬ ÖçC—— 7) ≤ƒt®Ωéπ/ Ææçû√-°æ-Ææ-¶µº™x ¢Ë®Ω’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√®Ω’. ¢√J èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷A ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª÷ îªE-§Ú-®·† ´uéÀhéÀ ´’†ûÓ/ ´’†èπ◊ ¢√JûÓ Ö†o ņ’-•çüµ¿ç í∫’Jç* ÆætJ≤ƒhç-éπü∆! -Å°æ¤p-úø’ -á-™« -´÷-ö«x-ú≈-L? OöÀ -í∫’-Jç* à¢ÁjØ√ books üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√ߪ÷? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 8) Letter Writing Books á´-JN BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? 9) O’®Ω’ having A†-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç* ¢√ú≈©Ø√o®Ω’. é¬E ã lesson ™ (1) Having lost his parents in

ņ’-éÓ-´úøç ÅØ√o®Ω’. ´’J ¢√éπuç™ 'ņ’-èπ◊çö«— ÅØ√o®Ω’. N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

2. What does the glass contain?/ What's there in that glass

= (Ç í¬xÆˇ™ à´·çC?) 3. I was at college (™ ÖØ√o†’). DEo I was in college í¬ ®√-ßÁ·î√a? - N.Suguna Santhi, Vizag

Q.

A. 1. Think

= Ç™-*ç-îªúøç/ ņ’-éÓ-´úøç – È®çúø-®√n©÷ ÖØ√o®·. 'ņ’-éÓ-´úøç— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ think = suppose. I think so = ؈™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Think about it = ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ.

2. Both are correct. 3. I was at college - correct. college

äéπ Ççí∫x C†-°æ-vA-éπ™ ´*a† ¢√®Ωh-™E ´÷ô©†’ Ééπ\úø v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. "All I can say is

A.

that I have full faith in the Judiciary. I am thankful to the people of the country..."

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 408


I, We, They You singular Plurals?
Direct, Indirect speech eg: He asked "Have you seen her anywhere?" He asked me if (whether) I had seen her anywhere, If (whether)

ÉN,

I am grateful to the people of I am thankful the country No reference is made to divine beings

ÅØ√L éπü∆? ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úÕ-†ô’x?

éπü∆? Å™« èπÿú≈ Å-ØÌî√a? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

- P.Arun Prasad, Vizag

™« ™‰ü∆

5) May I now request Sri .... to come up the dais and take his/ her seat.

í∫’Jç* *†o ņ’-

6) We are grateful to them all for sparing their valuable time to us.

´÷†ç.

Åûªúø’ ÅúÕ-í¬úø’, ' F´¤ Ç¢Á’-ØÁ-éπ\úÁjØ√ îª÷¨»¢√?——. DEE

The Member of Legislative Assembly ?


Councillor

èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ article àC ®√¢√L? Nobody/ anybody ûª®√yûª has/ have àC ´Ææ’hçC? Singular or plural? Verb àC? He, She, It ©’ III person singular ™«? ™‰ü∆ II person ™«?

7) Our heartfelt condolences to the bereaved family. The late ---- (Name of the dead person) was closely associated with this institution and helped the institution to grow. We remember with gratitude his/ her contribution to the institution. May his/ her soul rest in peace. English for various occasions books

-Å-A-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ -Ç£æ…y-†ç .. Éçü¿’™




©’ áçü¿’-éÌ-≤ƒh®·?

äéπ Book ™ D & Ind speech í∫’Jç* îªC¢√†’. ü∆E™ 4 types °æJ-Q-Lç-î√-©-Ø√o®Ω’. 1.

Statements (2) Yes/ No Questions (3) Wh & How Questions (4) to infinitives (Command & Request)

ple on the dais, the other guests, the audience and the other invitees. 4) We are extremely happy to have amidst us, Sri ...... , who inspite of their being busy have taken the time off to be here this evening. May god shower his blessings on them!

É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ ûÓ Öçö«®·. îª÷úøçúÕ. 8) Letter Writing èπ◊ English Grammar & Composition O’ü¿ à standard book Å®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’. 9) Having ¢√úøèπÿúø-ü¿E îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ à lesson ™ èπÿú≈. Am having/ is having/ are having- Ñ expressions èπ◊ éπLT Öçúøôç (possession) ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. A†úøç/ û√í∫úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. éπLT Öçúøôç (äéπ-JéÀ äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ ÖçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç) ®√ü¿’. Having lost his parents- É™«çöÀ expressions ™ having, verb form ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Ñ having èπÿ, éπLT Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´îËa have èπÿ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ØË-™‰ü¿’. Having lost his parents= ûªLxü¿ç-vúø’-©†’ éÓ™p-´úøç ´©x– É™«çöÀ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Å™«Íí have gone/ has seen/ had done ™«çöÀ expressions ™ have/ has/ had èπÿ éπLT Öçúøôç ÅE Å®Ωnç ´îËa have/ has/ had èπÿ Ææç•çüµ¿ç à´÷vûªç ™‰ü¿’. Having gone, has done etc ™ have, has ©’ verb forms ´÷vûª¢Ë’– §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-©’ -ÉC í∫´’-Eç-î√L.





At college

≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ standard English ™ ™ ÖØ√o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ I was in the college ØË-†’ ÅØ√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. There are 1800 students in the college = College ™ îªC-¢Ë-¢√∞¡Ÿx 1800 ÅE. I studied at that college = ؈’ college ™ îªC-¢√†’.

Ééπ\úø

í∫’Jç* Éî√a®Ω’. eg: I. He said "I am very happy."' DEéÀ He Said that he was very happy í¬ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. II. He asked me "Are you happy?". DEE He asked me if I was happy í¬ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Ééπ\úø If áçü¿’èπ◊? He asked me •ü¿’©’ He told/ said his childhood, parental love is new to them. me he was happy ÅØÌî√a? (2) Having made the mistake repentance III. He asked me "why are you happy?". DEE filled him. (3) Having seen his mother after a He asked me why I was happy í¬ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. long time was a great joy for him. (4) Having IV. He said to me "Buy a Computer". DEE He been elected unanimously, he felt very happy. told me, to buy a computer. OöÀ í∫’Jç* 4 ÆæJ-ßÁi’-†-ü¿-Ø√o®Ω’. Having phrase Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Åçõ‰ speech © í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Have †’ áEo-®Ω-é¬-©’í¬ ¢√úÌa? – -äéπ -§ƒ®∏Ω π◊®√-©’, éπ®Ω÷o-©’ ->-™«x.
M.L.A./ M.P. © ´·çü¿’ à article †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷- A. 1) Ææçû√-°æ-Æ涵º = Condolence Meeting Tç-î√L. °æ‹Jh ÅvG-¢Ë-≠æ-Ø˛†’ îÁGûË The Ö°æ-ßÁ÷- 2) ≤ƒt®Ωéπ *£æ«oç = Memorial. Tç-î√™«? Åçõ‰ The Member of Parliament/ 3) My hearty welcome to the distinguished peo-




suppose = I think he is watching the T.V.

You are right. Thankful = üË´¤-úÕ °æôx éπ%ûªïcûª†’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’Íé ¢√úøû√ç. ´÷†-´¤© °æôx éπ%ûª-ïc-ûªèπ◊ grateful to somebody Åçö«ç, Å™«ØË ÅØ√L. üË´¤-úÕ-Èéj-ûËØË, Thankful Åçö«ç, Å™« Åçõ‰ î√©’. Thankful to God ÅE ņ-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ grateful èπÿú≈. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Thankful Åçõ‰ØË üË´¤-úÕÍé ÅE. I am Thankful I have such good parents = Ø√éπ-™«çöÀ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ üË´¤-úÕéÀ éπ%ûª-VcúÕE/ éπ%ûª-Vc-®√-©†’. (í∫´’Eç-îªçúÕ: Thankful ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Thankful to God é¬ü¿’.)

May I now r equest .. to ..

Q.




Q. 1. Think = Ç™-*ç-îªúøç,

E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊

(so) am I =

6. The nerd

A.

2


Have possess=own=

¢√úË Nüµ∆©’: 1) Have= éπLT Öçúøôç

(Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ am having/ is having/ are having ¢√úøç). 2) Have= A†úøç/ û√í∫úøç (am having/ is having/ are having Ñ Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç). 3) Present perfect, past perfect tenses ™ verb ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, v°æûËuéπ Å®Ωnç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Auxiliary/ helping verb í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. 4) Having seen/ Having gone ™«çöÀ expressions ™ èπÿú≈, have ÅØËC participle ™ ¶µ«í∫¢Ë’, îª÷Æœ/ îª÷Æœç-ûª-®√yûª/ îª÷úø-ôç-´©x ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ. Having gone èπ◊ èπÿú≈ É™«çöÀ Å®√n™‰ ´≤ƒh®·.
MLA, MP © ´·çü¿’ an ¢√úøû√ç, a é¬ü¿’ (MLA, MP = áç.ᙸ.á., áç.°œ. éπü∆? Å Ç É Ñ á à â ä ã ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u English ´÷ô-©-´·çü¿’ an ¢√úøû√ç).
Nobody/ Anybody III person singular (He/ she) has general sense a MLA, MP The A/ An or The lessons A/ The Councillor.

鬕öÀd ¢√úøû√ç ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª. °æ‹Jhí¬ ™ ¢√úÕûË, ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË, °∂晫Ø√ °∂晫Ø√ Åçõ‰ ´Ææ’hçC. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬© éÓÆæç §ƒûª îª÷úøçúÕ. Person

Singular

I

I

II

You

III

He, She, it

Plural We

(†’´¤y)

You

(O’®Ω’)

They


You

ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ plural verb ¢√úøû√ç. †’ direct †’ç* indirect èπ◊ ´÷JÊÆh, BÊÆÆœ that ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. 2) Wh questions †’ Indirect ™éÀ ´÷JÊÆh quotations BÊÆÆœ 'Wh' word ûÓØË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ééπ\úø asked ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Tell ®√ü¿’. 3) Non Wh questions Å®·ûË, quotations BÊÆÆœ, Whether/ if ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ééπ\úø asked Having done his duty, he went home for ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC– Tell ®√ü¿’. rest = ûª† duty °æ‹Jh-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊E/ °æ‹®Ωh-´-úøçûÓ 4) Buy a Computer- ÉC imperative sentence Åûªúø’ Nv¨»çA éÓÆæç ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«}úø’. (Åúø-í∫úøç/ Çñ«c-°œç-îªúøç, etc). É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx tell/ ask Having seen it, I understand why people àü¿-®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa. Éçé¬ N´-®√©’ 鬴-LÊÆh §ƒûª are talking like that = ؈C îª÷úø-ôç-´©x Ø√éπ-®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓçC Åçü¿®Ω÷ áçü¿’-éπ™« Åçô’Ø√o®Ó. lessons îª÷úøçúÕ. 1) Statement quotations

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 15 -ï-†-´-J 2008 Q.

She, Women, Lady, Girl -

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Q.

A.

- MVS Kondala Rao, Visakhapatnam

A.

She

Åçõ‰ O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’ÆæØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Women = Æ‘Y©’. Lady Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ Æ‘Y ÅØË. Å®·ûË ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Æ‘Y ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, Woman ÅØË Åçö«ç. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Lady ÅØË ´÷ô É°æpöÀ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’.

Women, Lady

Q.

1. He developed skills while he was working in police department. (or) He developed skills when he was working in police department. While éÀ when éÀ usage î√™« confusion í¬ ÖçC. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

inside

éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

1. Ever =

†’´¤y á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ London ¢Á∞«x¢√? Ñ ™°æ©. Get the vegetables. Meanwhile

(¢√∞¡Ÿx Çúø’-ûª’-†oçûªÊÆ°æ‹ Åûª-úø’ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’)– Ééπ\úø when ®√ü¿’. 2. In = ™; Inside = ™°æ©. ¶«í¬ ™°æ-LéÀ Öçõ‰ inside Åçö«ç. ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. a) The box was hidden in the room. b) The box was hidden somewhere inside the room. A room B room

éÀ Å®Ωnç, ™. éÀ Å®Ωnç ™°æ© áéπ\úÓ. In= ™. Inside = ¶«í¬ ™°æ©. 3. That omit îËߪ’úøç, áéπ\-úÁjØ√ ÆæÍ®, ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’.

≤Ò®Ωçí∫ç (tunnel) í∫’çú≈ §Úûª’çC. äéπ Æ洒ߪ’ç ¢Á·ûªhç.

8. through out =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 409

Throughout his stay here he was helpful to others = M.SURESAN

Åûª-úÕéπ\úø Ö†oEo ®ÓV©’/ Ö†oç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ Éûª®Ω’©èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»úø’. 9. else/ or else = ™‰éπ-§ÚûË.

We have to advise them Q.

1. Some words in English are - i ( sound, some are e ( sound.

â)

c) Fill -

e.g.: a) I ( sound words are: fight, kite, might, night, wife, knife, ride.

â)

b) E sound words are: kill, mill, silk, nill, grim, kiss, miss, big - How to recognize their sound with respect to these words. If there is any rule to identify please mention.

(É)

c) Mention the pronunciation of these words: Fill, live, milestone, file, hive

°∂œ™¸,

Live =

i) With regard to; ii) In regard to; iii) In reference to; iv) Where of; v) Where on; vi) Where in.

- Gurram Shankar, Keshavapatnam

A.

1. a)

≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ äÍé syllable Ö†o ´÷ô™E spelling ™ 'i' ûª®√yûª consonant ´*a (a, e, i, o, u é¬E ¨¡¶«l©’) *´®Ω e Öçõ‰ Å™«çöÀ ´÷ô-™E 'e' E â í¬ pronounce îË≤ƒhç. Å™«Íí single syllable Ö†o ´÷ô™ gh, i ûª®√yûª ´ÊÆh üΔEo â í¬ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Åçü¿’-éπE O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† first set of words †’, fait, kait, mait ... -™« pronounce îË≤ƒhç. b) O’ È®çúÓ set of words ™, i ûª®√yûª double consonant (u) ®√´úøç, *´®Ω e ™‰†çü¿’-´©x, i E É í¬ pronounce îË≤ƒhç. Kill, mill, nill, kiss, miss - i followed by double consonants, and no e in the end. So 'i' has the sound of . Big, grim etc e 'i'

É ™ *´®Ω ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.

E É í¬

Q.

™„j¢˛ = •AéÀ Ö†o/ Ææ@-´-¢Á’i†/ ߪ’üΔ-®Ωn-¢Á’i† – Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o. Live (™„j¢˛) telecast - ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o N≠æߪ÷Eo Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ îª÷°œç-îªúøç (TV ™). 2. i) With regard to = Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç-í¬/ Ç N≠æߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç*- with regard to = In

¶«í¬ îªü¿’´¤. 鬙‰´¤.

™‰éπ-§ÚûË

1. a) We have to advice them.

°j ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®é˙d. ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ àN’öÀ? v°æ鬮Ωç b correct éπüΔ? Å®·ûË äéπ ¢√uéπ-®Ωù °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ have to advice (N) ÅE ÖçC. ÅC Åa-ûª§ƒp? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Have to + V1

2. a) If he runs fast, he will catch the bus. b) If he runs fastly, he will catch the bus correct? fast adverb adverb fastly

regard to.

ii)

Study well, else/ or else you can't pass = pass

b) We have to advise them.

Live =

Å®·ûË In regard to éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’éπ.

à ¢√éπuç †’

with regard to

ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç N≠æߪ’ç (í∫’Jç*) ØËØËç îÁ°æp™‰†’. iii) In reference to with (about).

3. If I drop the chalk piece, it will break to pieces (or) break into pieces. Which is correct? 4. a) He is dead. b) He is died + V3 Object verb She is died

ÉN È®çúø÷ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? b ¢√éπuç S + H.V Ææ÷vûªç v°æ鬮Ωç p.v. ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a? ™‰E èπ◊ p.v. Öçúøü¿’ éπüΔ? äéπ ÅE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç--î√®Ω’. Ç¢Á’ îªç°æÆœE-´÷™ •-úÕçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ ÅC ÆæÈ®jç-üËØ√? -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’-.

áèπ◊\-´í¬ reference to Åçö«ç = üΔEo í∫’Jç*

With reference to your application, please attend an interview on ... = application Interview

O’ í∫’Jç*, Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ èπ◊ ®ΩçúÕ. O’®Ω’ ... ûËD† iv) Where of = of which = Åçü¿’™ (¶μ«í∫çí¬) The book where of the sentences are a part = The book of which the sentence are a part =

Ñ ¢√é¬u©’ ¶μ«í∫çí¬

Ö†o °æ¤Ææhéπç. He bought some land where of (of which) he gave an acre to his sister. v) Where on/ Where upon = - He called her a liar where on/ where upon she walked out-

üΔE °∂æL-

ûªçí¬/ ü¿J-N’™«

Åûªúø’ Ç¢Á’†’ Å•-üΔl¥-©éÓ®Ω’ -Å-Ø√o-úø’. üΔE-O’ü¿ Ç¢Á’ Åéπ\-úÕoç* ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC (Ç é¬®Ω-ùçí¬). vi) Where in= Åçü¿’™= in which. I showed him the letter where in he found the amount clearly written=

Ç ¢Á·ûªhç Ææp≠ædçí¬ ®√Æœ Ö†o ñ«•’†’ Åûª-úÕéÀ îª÷§ƒ†’.

°j ¢√öÀ™ Ééπ\úø éπüΔ? í¬ èπÿú≈ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a?

break into pieces

With regard to his health, I can't say anything =

with regard to 2. Could you mention the meanings of these phrases in Telugu.

L¢˛ = •ûªéπúøç/ @Nç-

îªúøç.

É)

– Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? that áéπ\úø ¢√ú≈™, áéπ\úø ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøüÓ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

While they were playing, he was studying -

train

Ç

O’®Ω’ èπÿ®Ω©’ ûÁçúÕ. Ñ™-°æ© ؈’ ņoç ´çúø’û√†’.

I am told that there are many crocodiles in the lake.

While/ When he was reading something the police entered the room.

The train travels through a tunnel =

I will cook the rice =

3. I am told there are many crocodiles in the lake. (or)

îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Åûªúø’ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-†o°æ¤púø’– Ç °æE-îË-Ææ’h†o 鬩ç Åçû√. When he was working..= Åéπ\úø °æE-îË-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ When ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, Ç Ææ´ ’-ߪ ’ç™ á°æ¤púÓ äéπ-°æ¤púø’, Å°æ¤púø°æ¤púø’, î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x. While Åçõ‰ Ç Æ洒ߪ’ç ¢Á·ü¿©’ †’ç* *´J ´®Ωèπ◊. Å®·ûË continuity Åçûª important 鬆-°æ¤púø’ when Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa. while Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa.

á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√/ á°æp-öÀ-ÈéjØ√

b) Have you ever been to London? =

while, when

áèπ◊\-´í¬ ã

Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢Ájü¿uç î˨»úø’. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-úÕéÀ éÌçûª úøGs-î√aúø’. 5. still later = Ç ûª®√yûª/ Éçé¬ ûª®√yûª.

Ææûªu-§ƒ-©† Çߪ’† ´·êu ©éπ~ùç. ´·êç, éπ†’o, I came late. He came still ´·èπ◊\-B®Ω’ = fealater = meanwhile ture. äéπ v°æüË-¨¡°æ¤ ØËØË Ç©Ææuç. Åûª-úø’ Ø√éπçõ‰ ¶μ˜íÓ-Réπ ©éπ~ùç = feaÇ©Ææuç. ture. Magazines/ Newspapers ™E QJ{éπ. 6. still further- Éçé¬. 4. moreover = ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈. Still further delay will be dangerous. The doctor not only treated him. Moreover Éçé¬ Ç©Ææuç Å®·ûË v°æ´÷-ü¿¢Ë’. he gave him some 7. through = í∫’çú≈. money =

I am always ready to help you =

2.

Doctor

©éπ~ùç.

Truthfulness was the important feature of his character. =

Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’

áéπ\úø ¢√ú≈™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

- B.Appala Raju, Visakhapatnam A. 1. While action continuing during a period of time While he was working... =

3. feature =

a) I am ever ready to help you =

One finds difficulty in answering phone call even inside one's own home.

áéπ\úø

È®ç-úÕç-öÀ Å®√n-©÷ -äéπ-õ‰ – -´’ç-úÕ-§Ú-ßË’ – -Å-E.

- G. Naresh, Armoor

A.

2. One finds difficulty in answering phone call even in one's home. (or)

- in

Inflammable = Flammable.

1) ever 2) meanwhile 3) feature 4) more over 5) still later 6) still further 7) through 8) throughout 9) else, or else.

§ƒûª-®Ó-V™x Ö†oûª ´®√_-©/ -´ç-Q-èπ◊© Æ‘Y©†’ ladies ÅØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’uç v°æ¶μ«-´ç-´©x É°æ¤púø’ à ´-®√_-EéÀ îÁçC† Æ‘Y©-ØÁj-Ø√ women ÅØË Åçö«ç. Ææ¶μº™x v¨ûª-©†’üËlPç* v°æÆæç-TçîË ladies and gentlemen ÅØË expression ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ lady N’T-L-ÖçC. äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J éÓ°æç-™-í¬F, áí∫-û√-R-éÀ-í¬F, éÌç-îÁç formal í¬ í¬F Çúø-¢√-∞¡x-†’ lady Åçô’çö«®Ω’. Girl Åçõ‰ Å´÷t®· ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπüΔ. Q.

°vö-Lߪ’ç ö«uçéπ®˝ ¢Á†-鬩 Highly ÅE ®√Æœ Öçô’çC. éÌ-Eoç-öÀéÀ In -O’-ü¿ -ûÁ-©x®Ωçí∫’ °æ‹Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. -O-öÀéÀ ÆæÈ®j-† Å®√n-©’ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. Inflammable

Ñ °æüΔ-©†’ áéπ\úø, á°æ¤púø’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ N´Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

- M. Satyanarayana, Hyderabad.

2

- R.Chittibabu, Tanuku

A.

1. Sentence b correct. Have to advice (N) 1) Have to plain infinitive 2) Advice verb (advise)

ûª°æ¤p.

ņúøç ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøû√ç. é¬ü¿’ 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø

¢√úøç. 2) Fast èπ◊ adverb fast ´÷vûª¢Ë’. fastly ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. 3) It will break into pieces, correct. Break it to pieces

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

4) Die past participle died. Die intransitive verb (verb without an object). We don't use the past participle of an intransitive verb after a 'be' form. So he is died - wrong. Dead = Adjective. 'Be' from (is) adjective He is dead - correct.

éÀ

Åçõ‰ î√´úøç – ÉC

îªE-§Ú-®·†/ îªE-§Ú®· Ö†o – ûª®√yûª ¢√úøû√ç. 鬕öÀd

Is died (be from + PP(V3) of an intransitive verb)

ÅÆæ©’ verb é¬ü¿’ í∫üΔ? She is died á´®Ω’/ áéπ\úø ¢√úÕØ√ ûªÊ°p. Ç¢Á’ îªç°æ-•-úÕçC = She is killed. (She has been killed).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 20 -ï-†-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Q. Please

clarify the following doubts and give example of each one in telugu translations.

4) Nothing else =

2

ÉçÍéç ™‰ü¿’.

I can only pity you. I can do nothing else =

ØËEo†’o ñ«L ûª©-îª-í∫-©†’ (-ØË-†’ -F°j -ñ«-L îª÷°æí∫-©-†’). Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ØËEçÍéç îËߪ’-™‰†’. 5) Nobody else = ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’.

1. Anything else

Nobody else can play so well as Sachin =

2. Anybody else

Ææ*Ø˛™« ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ Çúø-™‰®Ω’. ÉçÈé-éπ\-úø-®·Ø√.

3. Someone else

6) Somewhere else -

4. Nothing else

We can't find it here. Let's look for it somewhere else =

5. Nobody else 6. Some where else 7. If conditions lessons and 3

´‚úø’ ®Ω鬩’ ÅE ûÁ©’Ææ’. -É-C™ îªC-¢√†’. é¬F condition 2 ´®Ωéπ-öÀ á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’. àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. - Anthati Penchalaiah, Rajampeta

A. 1) Anything else -

ÉçÍé-´’Ø√o Öçü∆?

Have you anything else to say? =

O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒpLqçCçÍé-´’Ø√o Öçü∆? 2) Anybody else = ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o. Anybody else in Sita's position might not have gone to the forests with her husband =

Æ‘ûª °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x ÉçÈé-´®Ω’Ø√o ¶µº®ΩhûÓ Å®Ω-ù«u-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√®Ω’ é¬Í®¢Á÷. 3) Someone else = ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o.

ÅC-éπ\úø ™‰ü¿’. ÉçÈé-éπ\-úø-®·Ø√ ÖçüË¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. (É°æ¤púø’) ؈’ †’´y®·ûË (ÅßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’) Ç °æE îË≤ƒh†’. (îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’– Present ™)

Main clause + 1st RDW

™ would/ should/ could/ might ´Ææ’hçC. Condition II É°æp-öÀ (present) N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª’çC).

7) If I were you, I would do it=

Condition III

Anything else/ Anybody else

(Åûª-úø’ ††’o îª÷Æœ Öçõ‰, Ø√ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ç-úË-¢√-úË– îª÷úø™‰ü¿’, ´÷ö«xúø™‰ü¿’. ÉC Past ™ Å®·-§Ú-®·† Ææç°∂æ’-ô†.

If he took the medicines, he would be cured =

Åûª-úø’ Ç ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’éÓ-´-úø-´’çô÷ ïJ-TûË (ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’), Åûª-EéÀ †ßª’-´’¯-ûª’çC (É°æ¤púø’ Å´ü¿’). ÉC condition II. DØÓx, If ûª®√yûª, were é¬F, past

I can't help you. Ask someone else =

simple Doing

(Past Word)

ØËFoèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-™‰†’. ÉçÈé-´-J-†Ø√o Åúø’í∫’.

é¬F ´Ææ’hçC;

If he had seen me, he would have talked to me

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 410

éÀç-C-¢√-öÀéÀ -Å®√n-©-†’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

1. In connection with 2. In the wake of 3. By dint of 4. By virtue of 5. For the sake of 6. In accordance with 7. In compliance with

A.

1) In connection with= 10) In reference to/ with reference to= 16) in/ with regard to=

(Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h†o) N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*/- ü∆E í∫’-Jç-*.

In connection with/ in reference to/ with reference to/ in regard to/ with regard to the books you have asked for, I wish to tell you that I cannot lend them to you at present =

†’´¤y ††o-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææh-鬩 N≠æ-ߪ’ç™/- °æ¤-Ææh-é¬-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*/- °æ¤-Ææh-鬩 í∫’Jç*, ¢√öÀE Fèπ◊ ØËE-°æ¤p-úÕ-´y-™‰-†E îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√o†’. í∫´’-Eéπ: Ñ expressions ÅFo ví¬ç-C∑éπç.

In accordance with/ In compliance with 8. In consequence with (of) 9. In lieu of

Spoken English

™ ü∆ü∆-°æ¤ -¢√úøç.

Formal written English in regard to with regard to, in reference to with reference to

™ -OöÀ éπçõ‰

¢√-úøéπç áèπ◊\´. OöÀ™x èπÿú≈

éπçõ‰

10. In reference to (and)

áèπ◊\´ ¢√-úø-û√ç.

with reference to

2) In the wake of =

11. In the event of 12. On account of 13. Owing to 14. With a view to 15. With an eye to 16. In regard to (and) with regard to 17. In course of 18. On behalf of 19. conformity 20. by reason of 21. agreeable to 22. by means of 23. in favour of 24. not withstanding 25. in association with

ü∆E °∂æL-ûªçí¬ (äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ûª®Ω’¢√-A °æJ-ù«-´÷©’, ´·êuçí¬ îÁúø’ °æJ-ù«-´÷-©†’ í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°p-ô°æ¤p-úø’ ÉC ¢√úøû√ç. a) The cyclone brought in its wake, floods and epidemics =

ûª’-§ƒ-†’ ûª®√yûª °æJù«-´÷-©’í¬ ´®Ω-ü¿©÷, Åçô’¢√u-üµ¿’-©÷- ´-î√a®·. b) In the wake of his unthought of action, we had to hang down our heads in shame =

Åûª-úÕ ÅØ√-™-*ûª Ωu -°∂æ-L-ûªçí¬ ´’†ç Æœí∫’_ûÓ ûª©-´ç-éÓ-¢√-Lq -´-*açC. c) Cricket lovers in India protested in the wake of wrong umpiring =

ûª°æ¤púø’ umpiring ü¿J-N’-™«/ -ü∆E °æJ-ù«-´’çí¬ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ cricket ÅGµ-´÷-†’©’ E®Ω-Ææ-†- ûÁ-L-§ƒ®Ω’. 3) By dint of = äéπ °æü¿l¥-A-ü∆y®√= 22) by means of He achieved success by dint of his hard =

26. away from 27. in comparison to 28. instead of 29. due to. - MV Subrahmanyam, Chillakur, Nellore

ûª† -éπ%≠œ ü∆y®√ Åûª-úø’ Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµç-î√úø’. (by dint of = ûªü∆y®√) 4) By virtue of = Ç é¬-®Ω-ùçí¬. He got the job by virtue of his experience.

(Åûª-úÕ Å†’-¶µº´ç 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª-úÕ-é¬ -Ö-üÓuí∫ç ´*açC).

By virtue of being the collector, he is superior to the other officials = Collector

Å´-ôç-´©x Åûª-úø’ N’í∫-û√ -Å-Cµ-é¬-®Ω’-©-éπçõ‰

áèπ◊\´ 5) for the sake of =

would have + past participle/ should have + past participle/ could have + participle / might have + past participle

é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.

If he had consulted me, I would have given him correct advice.

= Åûª-úø’ ††’o Ææçv°æ-Cç* Öçõ‰, (Ææçv°æ-Cç-‰ü¿’) ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ ÆæÈ®j† Ææ©£æ… Éaç-úË-¢√úÕ-E (É´y-™‰ü¿’) ÉC past.

M.SURESAN

In the event of an accident, call no 108 Q.

Ééπ\úø If ûª®√yûª, had been/ had + past par´Ææ’hçC. Main clause ™

ticiple

He saved all the money with a view to buying a house =

É©’x -éÌØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ Åûª-úø’ úø•’s §Òü¿’-°æ¤-îË-¨»úø’.= 15) With an eye to - ÉC èπÿú≈ with a view to ™«í¬ØË. 17) In the course of = éÌçûª/ -ûª-T-†ç-ûª-鬩ç í∫úÕ-î √éπ. She got married and in the course of time became a mother of two children. In the course of their journey they visited a number of places =

éÌ®Ω-èπ◊/- éÓÆæç.

Gandhi sacrificed his life for the sake of HinduMuslim unity.

£œ«çü¿÷ ´·Æœxç âéπuûª éÓÆæç í¬çDµ v§ƒù«-©-Jpç-î√úø’. v°æé¬-®Ωç/ -Å-†’-í∫’-ùçí¬.

6) In accordance with =

The marriage took place in accordance with Hindu customs =

£œ«çü¿÷ Çî√®√-© v°æ鬮Ωç Ç Â°Rx ïJ-TçC. 7) In compliance with= E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊ •ü¿’l¥-©’-í¬/- E-•ç-üµ¿-†©èπ◊ ņ’-í∫’-ùç-í¬/- Ç-üË-¨»-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç. In compliance with the orders from the government, the boys were admitted into the hostel =

ûª´’ v°æߪ÷ù Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ î√-™« v°æüË-¨»©’ îª÷¨»®Ω’. ûª®Ω-°∂椆.

18) on behalf of =

I am signing on behalf of my minor children =

Ø√ ¢Á’i†®˝ °œ©x© ûª®Ω-°∂椆 ؈’ Ææçûªéπç °úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. E•ç-üµ¿†©èπ◊ -Å-†’-í∫’ùçí¬/ ÇüË-¨»†’-≤ƒ®Ωç.

19) In conformity with =

In conformity with your orders we are starting for Delhi =

O’ ÇüË-¨»© v°æ鬮Ωç -¢Ë’ç úµÕMxéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç. 20) By reason of = 12) on account of. 21) Agreeable to =

v°æ¶µº’ûªy ÇüË-¨»-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç Ç °œ-©x-©†’ £æ…Ææd™x îË®√a®Ω’. 8) In consequence of = ûªûªp¥L-ûªçí¬. In consequence of his foolish actions he lost all his property =

Åûª-úÕ ´‚®Ω^°æ¤ Ωu© °∂æL-ûªçí¬ ÇÆœh Åçû√ §ÚíÌ-ô’dèπ◊-Ø√oúø’. In consequence with ™‰ü¿’. 9) In lieu of = Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’.

ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç.

I am agreeable to this proposal =

Ñ v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿-†èπ◊ ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. (äéπ-JéÀ) ņ’-èπÿ©çí¬.

23) In favour of =

The umpire ruled in favour of the Australian team

In the event of/ On account of

The company offered them cash in lieu of the prize he had won =

Åûª-úø’ Èí-©’-èπ◊†o úøGs-*açC.

prize

11) In the event of = If

èπ◊ •ü¿’-©’í¬ éπç°-F Åûª-úÕéÀ

èπ◊ ņ’-èπÿ©çí¬ ûª† E®Ωgߪ’ç

24) notwithstanding = In spite of =

(Ç °æJ-Æœn-A™).

In the event of an accident, call no 108.

(v°æ´÷ü¿ç ïJ-T-ûË/ -ï-J-Íí- °æ-J-Æœn-A™, no 108 èπ◊ phone -îË-ߪ’çúÕ) 12) On account of = Åçü¿’-´©x = because of = 13) owing to: On account of the rain/ because of the rain/ owing to the rain the match was cancelled =

´®Ω{ç 鬮Ω-ùçí¬

= Australian team umpire.

Éî√aúø’

match

®Ωü¿l-®·çC. 14) With a view to = Ç Ö-üËl-¨¡çûÓ.

25) In association with =

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà Ææçߪ·éπhçí¬.

The State Government in association with the company is starting a hospital =

®√≠æZ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ÉçéÓ company ûÓ éπLÆœ ÇÆæ’°ævA v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ÚhçC. 26) Away from = Ç´-©-/- ü¿÷-®Ωçí¬ 27) In comparison to = §ÚLa îª÷ÊÆh A is much better in comparison to B. 28) Instead of =

•ü¿’©’

29) Due to = Owing to.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -ï-†-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Midhun: What's biting you? Why do you look so worried?

Midhun: You'd better request the principal for a few more days' time.

(-E-ØËoç ¶«-üµ¿Â°-úø’-ûÓç-C? -áç-ü¿’éπç-ûª-™« ¶«üµ¿°æ-úø’-ûª’-†oô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)

(´’J-éÌEo ®ÓV© Æ洒ߪ’ç É´y-´’E principal †’ request îÁ®·u/ îÁߪ’uúøç ´’ç*C)

Aslesh: I have to pay the fees tomorrow. I haven't the money to pay. I don't know what to do.

(Í®°æ¤ ؈’ fees éπö«dL. Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰ü¿’. àç îËߪ÷™ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’)

2

Aslesh: I don't think he will allow me any more time. I'll try, any way. But you haven't told me where to meet this uncle of yours? Is his bank in this place?

(Çߪ’† Ø√éÀçé¬ time É≤ƒh-úøE ņ’-éÓ-´úøç ™‰ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. é¬F †’´¤y O’ ´÷´’ߪ’uØÁéπ\úø éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√™ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’† bank Ñ Ü∞x-ØËØ√?) ¢Á∞«xL?/ áéπ\úø, á°æ¤púø’, ᙫ îËߪ÷L? ™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√Midhun: Yes. It is. I am just wondering when to ©†’ ûÁLÊ° expressions ņo-´÷ô. OöÀE Ææ´’-ߪ÷-†’see him. He is not easy to meet. Wait. èπÿ-©çí¬ ¢√úø-ôç-´©x ´’† conversation î√™« sim(Ñ éπ≠dçæ ü∆õ‰-üÁ-™«íÓ ††’o îÁ°æpF. é¬Ææh Let's go home. I'll ask my dad to call ple í¬ natural í¬ Öçô’çC. Practise îËߪ’çúÕ. Fèπ◊ îÌ®Ω-´çô÷ Öçõ‰ àü¿-®·Ø√ bank him and see if he is in. I'll have my dad †’ç* Nü∆u-®Ω’ùç §Òçü¿-´îª’a.) ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ áü¿’®Ì\ØË °æJ-ÆœnA– É°æ¤púËç talk to him about it. Let's go. enterprizing = îÌ®Ω-´-í∫© îËߪ÷™ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. ÅE éπü∆? DEéπçö«ç.. (Å´¤†’. Ééπ\úË. Çߪ’†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç 1) What to do. (= àç îËߪ÷™) Aslesh: I don't know which bank to go to. I Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’. Öçúø’. ´÷ ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«lçdon't know anybody connected with a) Åûª†’ àç îËߪ÷™ E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ °æü¿. ´÷ Ø√†o†’ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ phone îËÆœ any bank. = He is unable to decide what to do bank ™ ÖØ√oúÓ (à bank èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}™ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. Bank b) ûª®√yûËç îËߪ÷™ Ç¢Á’ ™‰üÓ éπ†’-éÓ\-´’ç©ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿çÖçúË à ´uéÃh Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’üË.) ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-®·çC. ö«†’. ´÷ Midhun: I know who we can go to for help. My She has forgotten Ø√†o†’ Çߪ’-†ûÓ distant uncle is a bank manager. He is what to do next. Ç çí∫ x ¶ µ « ≠ æ ù 411 ´÷ö«x ú Õ ° œ ≤ ƒh . ) close to our family. (≤ƒßª’ç-éÓÆæç á´J ü¿í∫_-J-Èé-∞«x™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´÷ ü¿÷®Ω°æ¤ ´÷´’ߪ’u bank manager. ´÷ èπ◊ô’ç-•çûÓ Çߪ’† ÆæEo£œ«-ûªçí¬ Öçö«úø’.) Aslesh: So? (Å®·ûË?) Aslesh: Thank you. That's kind of you. Midhun: I will take you to him and ask him if he (Very important- í∫´ ’-Eç-îªçúÕ: àç


can help you îËߪ÷™ ûÁL-ߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’ ™«çöÀ senSpoken English ™ daily real life tences ™, 'àç îËߪ÷™— ÅØËC ¶µ«í∫-¢Á’i-†(؈’ E†’o Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√†’. situations ™ ¢√úË expressions ™ °æ¤púË What to do Åçö«ç. Å™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Çߪ’-ØË-´’Ø√o Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©-úË¢Á÷ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ÉC-´-®Ω-éπöÀ lesson ™ Whether/ 'àçîË-ߪ÷-L-°æ¤púø’?— ÅØËüË äéπ sentence Åúø’-í∫’-û√†’) if © Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? É°æ¤púø’ Å®·, Ç Å®Ωnç ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊, "What to do Aslesh: Come on, Midhun, I have to pay the ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω Å™«ç-öÀüË ´’†èπ◊ Eûªu-@-N-ûªç™ now?" ņúøç ÆæÈ®j† English é¬ü¿’. éÀçü¿ fees tomorrow. How can I wait till you áü¿’-®ΩßË’u ÆæçC-í¬l¥-©†’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË M.SURESAN compare (A) and (B). take me to your uncle and do all these expressions îª÷ü∆lç. things. Look at the following expressions from the (A) I want to know what to do now? (ØËØËç îËߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o– Ééπ\úø What to do, äéπ sen(àçôç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y? ؈’ fees éπö«d-LqçC conversation above: tence ™ ¶µ«í∫ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø ÉC correct. Í®°æ¤. O’ ´÷´’ߪ’u ü¿í∫_-JéÀ †’´¤y ††’o BÆæ’- 1) I don't know what to do. ÈéR} Å´Fo îËÊÆ-ü∆é¬ ØËØÁ™« Çí∫-í∫-©†’?) 2) Let me tell you how to get over this difficulty. (B) I have no money. What to do now? (Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. àç îËߪ÷-L-°æ¤púø’?– Ééπ\úø Midhun: Can't you borrow money from some- 3) I don't know which bank to go to. What to do now ÅØËC sentence ™ ¶µ«í∫ç-é¬ü¿’. 4) I know who we can go to. one till you get the bank loan? ¢ËÍ® sentence ™«í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç – ÉC ûª°æ¤p.) ÉC (Bank loan ´îËa-´-®Ωèπÿ á´-J-ü¿-í∫_-È®jØ√ Å°æ¤p 5) I don't know who to approach for a bank loan. 6) I'm just wondering when to see him. î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. É™«çöÀ ûÁa-éÓ-™‰¢√?) Ææ ç ü¿ ® √s¥ ™x, Åçõ‰, àçîË-ߪ÷-L-°æ¤púø’? = What is to °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™  éπE-°œçîË pattern: 'Wh' Aslesh: That's exactly the problem. I don't be done now? ( What to do? é¬ü¿’, é¬ü¿’.) word + Infinitive (to + Ist Regular doing word. know who to approach for a hand loan What ('wh' word) + to do (Infinitive) í∫´’-Eç-î √®Ω’ Kumar: We've waited for an hour. Jeevan hasn't of a few thousand rupees. éπ ∆. °j expressions (those underlined) ÅFo come. (í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ îª÷¨»ç. @´Ø˛ Éçé¬ ®√™‰ü¿’.) (ÅüË Ø√ Ææ´’Ææu. éÌEo ¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© Å°æ¤p- èπÿüú≈ words ûÓ begin ÅßË’u¢Ë ÅE. Åçõ‰ àç Kesav: What's (what is) to be done now? (É°æ¤p-úËçéÓÆæç á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«x-©-ØËC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç îËߪ÷™,'Wh'á´Jo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√™, áéπ\-úÕéÀ, á°æ¤púø’, ᙫ îËü∆lç?/ îËߪ÷L?) (É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx What to do? ûª°æ¤p) ™‰ü¿’) Midhun: Let me tell you how to get over the difficulty. If only you are a little enterprizing you can approach a bank for an educational loan.

2. Let me tell you how to get over the difficulty =

Ñ éπ≠dçæ ᙫ ÅCµí∫N’çî√™ ††’o îÁ°æpF. a) He has told her how to do it =

ÅüÁ™« îËߪ÷™ ÅûªØ√¢Á’èπ◊ îÁ§ƒpúø’. b Please show us how to separate these two =

)

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀF ᙫ ¢Ë®Ω’-îË-ߪ÷™ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. 3. I don't know which bank to go to = bank

à

èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x™ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’.

A) She can't decide which dress to wear for the party = Party éÀ à dress ¢ËÆæ’éÓ¢√™ Ç¢Á’ ûË©’aéÓ-™‰-éπ§Ú-ûÓçC.

I don't know what to do

EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A

B

1 Forgive

A Sharp

2 Longing

B Repeat

3 Hitch

C Reduce

4 Recur

D Excuse

5 Steep

E Extending F Obstacle G Yearning

KEY: 1 - D. Excuse = Pardon =

éπ~N’ç-îªúøç.

Oh God, please forgive us our sins =

üË´¤ú≈ ´÷ §ƒ§ƒ-©†’ éπ~N’ç. To err is human but to forgive is divine =

§Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x ´÷†´ Ææ£æ«ïç, éπ~N’ç-îªúøç üÁj´-í∫’ùç. (Divine = üË´¤-úÕéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†) I can never forgive him for what he has done to me =

Ø√éπ-ûªúø’ îËÆœç-ü∆-EéÀ ؈-ûª-úÕE á†o-öÀéà éπ~N’ç-îª-™‰†’.

(forgive - present; forgave - past; forgivenpast participle) Forgive X Retaliate

(Jö«-L-ßÁ’-ß˝’ö¸) = üÁ•s-èπ◊üÁ•s/ v°æB-鬮Ωç B®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç. (Hit back). 2 - G. Yearning = •©-¢Á’i† éÓJéπ/ ûª°œç-*-§Ú-´úøç/ ¶„çí∫-°-ô’d-éÓ-´úøç a) The boy is unable to study well because of his longing for home/ longing for his mother, etc =

ÉçöÀ-O’ü¿/ ûªLx-O’ü¿ ¶„çí∫-´©x ÆæJí¬ îªü¿-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

b) I have a longing to hear his voice again=

ÅûªúÕ íÌçûª’ NØ√-©ØË é¬çéπ~™ ÖØ√o†’ ؈’. c) We can understand his longing to hear her songs =

Ç¢Á’ §ƒô-©†’ NØ√-©ØË ÅûªúÕ éÓJ-éπ†’ ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫©ç. Long = éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç/ ¶„çí∫-°æ-úøôç. Longing x Indifference (ÅØ√-ÆæéÀh) 3 - F. Obstacle = ÅúøfçéÀ/ Ææ´’Ææu/ Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç/ É•sçC. àüÁjØ√ °æE™ éÌClí¬ Ç©-≤ƒuEo éπ©’-í∫-ñ‰ÊÆ ÅúøfçéÀ.

a) In spite of the rain the programme went off without any hitch=

´®Ω{ç ´*a-†-°æp-öÀéà 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç àç Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ïJ-T-§Ú-®·çC. b) I foresee a few hitches on our walking tour= (foresee=

´’† §ƒü¿ßª÷vûª™ éÌEo *†o É•sçü¿’©’ áü¿’-®Ω-´¤-û√-ߪ’E ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o ´·çüË Ü£œ«ç-îªúøç)

c) There was a hitch towards the end of the programme because of the drizzle =

鬮Ωuvéπ´’ç *´®Ω† ûª’°æp®Ω ´©x é¬Ææh É•sçC éπL-TçC. 4 - B. Recur = repeat = ´’Sx ´’Sx Ææ綵º-Nç-îªúøç, °æ¤†-®√-´%-ûª-´’-´úøç a) The Maoist violence recurs frequently in the backward regions of the state =

®√≠æZ ¢Á†’-éπ-•-úÕ† v§ƒçû√™x ´÷NÆˇd £œ«ç≤ƒ-é¬çúø ´’Sx ´’Sx ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª÷ØË Öçô’çC.

b) Some illnesses recur and surgery is the only permanent cure for them =

éÌEo ¢√uüµ¿’©’ ´’Sx ´’Sx ´Ææ’hç-ö«®·. Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√-öÀéÀ ¨¡ÆæY *éÀûËq ¨»¨¡yûª E¢√-®Ωù.

c) The earthquake recurred three times and damaged the area permanently=

B) He didn't tell me which book to refer to =

à °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo îª÷ú≈™ Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. 4) I know who we can go to =

´’†ç á´-J-ü¿-í∫_JéÀ ¢Á∞«}™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. a) á´-JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-î √™ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴úøç ™‰ü¿’= I don't see who to consult (see= understand) b)

Åçü¿®Ω’ Ŷµºu-®Ω’n©÷ °æE-éÀ-´÷-L-†-¢√∞Ïx. á´-JE ᆒo-éÓ-¢√-©-ØËC °ü¿l v°æ¨¡o = All candidates are equally bad. The big question is who to elect

5) I don't know who to approach for help

ÉC-èπÿú≈

sentence (4)

™«í¬ØË.

6) I am just wondering when to see him =

Åûª-ØÁo-°æ¤púø’ éπ©-¢√™« ÅE Ç™-*-Ææ’hØ√o. a) á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ FÍé-´’Ø√o îÁ§ƒpú≈?

=

Did he tell you when to start? b)

°æØÁ-°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷™ FÍé-´’Ø√o idea Öçü∆?= (Do you have/ Have you) any idea when to complete the work?

7) a)

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç éÓÆæç áéπ\úø ¢Áü¿-鬙 é¬Ææh îÁ°æ¤p = Please tell me where to look for the book?

b)

Ñ ®√vAéÀ áéπ\úø Evü¿-§Ú-¢√™ îª÷°œç = Show me where to sleep for tonight.

¶µº÷éπç°æç ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x ®√´-úøçûÓ Ç v§ƒçûªç Åçû√ ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬ üÁ•s-AçC. 5 - A. Sharp = (éÌçúø©’/ °æ®Ωy-û√©’/ ¢Á’ô’x ™«çöÀN) Eö«-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o/ Eúø’-°j†/ ¢√©’ ûªèπ◊\´í¬ ÖçúÕ áÍé\ç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Ö†o. 1) The car rolled down the steep mountainside = 2) The old man found it difficult to climb up the steep flight of stairs =

Eö«-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o °æ®Ωyûªç ¢√©’-O’ç* éÀçü¿èπ◊ üÌJx-§Ú-®·çü∆ 鬮Ω’.

Eö«-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o Ç ¢Á’õ„x-éπ\úøç Ç ´·Ææ-™«-ߪ’-†èπ◊ éπ≠d-æ ´’-E-°œç-*çC. Flight of stairs = ¢Á’ôx èπÿ®Ω’p. üµ¿®Ω-™«xç-öÀN äéπ\-≤ƒJí¬ N°æ-K-ûªçí¬ Â°®Ω-í∫ôç = Steep rise in prices. The prices of vegetables have risen steeply/ sharply over the past week =

í∫ûªç ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV™x èπÿ®Ω-í¬-ߪ’© üµ¿®Ω©’ N°æ-K-ûªçí¬ Â°J-í¬®·. (sharp Åçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË Å®Ωnç = °æü¿’-ØÁj†. é¬F Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç, äéπ\-≤ƒ-Jí¬, Eúø’-°æ¤í¬ ÅE) steep x gradual/ moderate.

Gradual = véπ´’, véπ´’çí¬. Moderate = äéπ ¢Á÷Ææh®Ω’– (Moderate price = áèπ◊\¢√, ûªèπ◊\¢√ é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ ¢Á÷Ææh®Ω’ üµ¿®Ω/ Ææ®Ω-Ææ-¢Á’i† üµ¿®Ω).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 24 -ï-†-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Abhijith: Hi Adbhuth, weren't you supposed to be in Vijayawada today? How come I see you here?

(†’´¤y Ñ®ÓV Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø™ Öçú≈-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ?) Adbhuth: You're right. I was told to be in Vijayawada today. But because of a last minute change in the programme I had to cancel my trip.

(Eï¢Ë’. †Eo-¢√∞¡ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø™ Öçúø-´’Ø√o®Ω’. é¬E *´J EN’≠æç ´÷®Ω’p-´©x Ø√ v°æߪ÷ùç ´÷†’-éÓ-¢√Lq ´*açC) Abhijith: Who's responsible for the change?

Abhijith: I think he is soon going to be replaced; the present director, I mean.

(ûªy®Ω-™ØË Çߪ’†’o ´÷®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«, ÅüË, É°æ¤p-úø’†o director †’.) Adbhuth: What good that's going to be?

(Åçü¿’-´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï-†-¢Ë’çöÀ?) Abhijith: The company will be placed on the path to growth.

(Company ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ ´÷®Ω_ç™ Öçô’çC) Adbhuth: How are you so sure of it?

(Åçûª éπ*aûªçí¬ á™« îÁ°æp-í∫-©´¤?) Abhijith: The new director may prove more efficient than the present one. At least that is what is hoped.

This house was built ten years ago=

Ñ É©’x °æüË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô éπôd-•-úÕçC– (á´®Ω’ ´÷®Ω’p-†èπ◊ 鬮Ωùç?) Spoken Telugu ™ É™« ņç éπü∆? Ñ É©’x (ÉçöÀ E) °æüË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô éπö«d®Ω’ Åçö«ç. Adbhuth: Our director is. He is believed to have (éÌûªh director É°æ¤p-úø’†o director éπçõ‰ told the manager to change the proÆæ´’-®Ω’n-úø’í¬ ÖçúÌa. Å™« ÅE éπFÆæç Ééπ\úø Spoken English ™ passive voice gramme. Å´-Ææ®Ωç. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, á´®Ω’ éπö«d-®ΩE é¬èπ◊çú≈, éπöÀdçC ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’) (verb) á°æ¤púø’ ÅØË N≠æ(´’† director. Programme ´÷®Ωa-´’E Adbhuth: OK. Let's hope ߪ÷-EéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. ÅçûË Åûªúø’ manager èπ◊ îÁ°œp-†ô’x †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’) so too. -é¬-èπ◊çú≈ subject (°æE Abhijith: What on earth for? (áçü¿’èπ◊?) (´’†´‚ Å™«Íí îË-Æœç-üÁ-´®Ω’) ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’ éÌçîÁç NÆæ’í¬_ ÅØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, on earth Åçô’çö«ç ÇPü∆lç) Ç çí∫ x ¶ µ « ≠ æ ù 412 passive ¢√ú≈-LqçüË.


Adbhuth: Who knows? We are expected to follow orders. That's what I do. So long as I am paid properly why should I bother?

2

2) I was told to be in Vijayawada today. Verb - was told (PV) 3) He is believed to have told the manager. Verb - is believed (PV) 4) We are expected to follow orders. Verb - are expected (PV) 5) So long as I am paid properly. Verb - am paid (PV) 6) That's well said. Verb - is said (PV) 7) Programmes are often changed.

W hat on ear th for?

(á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’? ´’†ç ¢√∞¡x Çïc©’ §ƒöÀç-î√-©E ¢√∞¡x-†’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. ؈’ îËÊÆD ÅüË. Ø√èπ◊ Ø√ The Road has been repaired= É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç Advanced level of @ûªç ÆæJí¬_ ÅçüË-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ø√ÍéçöÀ?ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ Spoken English ™éÀ Åúø’-í∫’-°-úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Road repair Å®·çC (îËߪ’-•-úÕçC ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈L?) ņ-èπ◊çú≈). Ñ ü¿¨¡™ ´’†ç ´·êuçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Abhijith: That's well said. Our director is con- LqçC Ææçü¿-®√s¥-†’-≤ƒ-®Ωçí¬ passive voice Road repair îËÆ œç-üÁ-´®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ sidered very efficient. But aren't such ¢√úøôç. îÁ ° æp™‰ç 鬕öÀd passive- has been sudden changes a waste of money? English ™ ´·êuçí¬ Spoken repaired - Ééπ\úø Å´-Ææ®Ωç. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx Difficult to believe efficiency and English ™ O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ passive ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Spoken English ™ passive M.SURESAN wastage can go together. Å´Ææ-®Ω-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. voice ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ´’ç*-ü¿E (¶«í¬ îÁ§ƒp´¤. ´’† director †’ î√™« Éçûª è π ◊ ´ ·çü¿ ’ î√™«≤ ƒ®Ω ’ x îÁ § ƒpç. ´·êuçí¬ v°æ A The lunch was cooked by my sister. Ææ´’-®Ω’n-úÕí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ-≤ƒh®Ω’. é¬E É™«çöÀ Çéπ-Æœtéπ active voice ™E verb †÷, passive ™éÀ ´÷®Ω a ú ø ç í∫ ´ ’E çî ª ç úÕ – by my sister- ÉC î√™« ÅÆæ-£æ«ïç. ´÷®Ω’p-´©x úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ éπü∆? ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç, úø•’s ´©x (grammar éÓÆæç), ¶µ«¢√Eo passive ™ ûÁL-ߪ’- Éçûª-éπçõ‰, My sister cooked the lunch (active) ´%ü∑∆ éπLÆœ Öçö«-ߪ’E †´’tôç éπ≠dçæ .) ñ‰-ߪ’úøç î√™« Néπ%-ûªçí¬, éπ%ûªéπç (artificial) í¬ ÖçúÕ, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬, Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ ÖçC éπü∆? efficient = É°∂œ-≠ˇ-Ø˛ö¸– Spoken English ™ Ææ£æ«-ïûªyç ™°œ-Ææ’hçC. -Å-™«í∫-E '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = Ææ´’-®Ω’n-™„j†; passive voice ¢√ú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅÆæ©’ ™‰ü¿E é¬ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çü∆ç: Active voice ™ subjects efficiency= É°∂œ-≠ˇ-Ø˛Æ œ– '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Verb ûÁLÊ° °æEéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç É¢√yLq ´*a, Ç °æEE îËÊÆ I, we, you, he, she, they, someone, nobody, a Adbhuth: True. Programmes are often changed subject ´’†èπ◊ clear í¬ îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·-†-°æ¤úË, passive man, the boy, etc people, etc Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE passive ™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´-úø¢Ë’ ´’ç*C, Åçü¿ç only because of improper planning. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç, Ææ£æ«ïç. (By me, by us, ™«çöÀ expressions ®√èπ◊çú≈). Improper planning is the result of inefeg: This house was built ten years ago. ficiency.

Verb - was built (was- be form + built - past

(Eï¢Ë’. Programmes ûª®Ωîª÷ ´÷®Ωaúøç, participle- voice - passive) ÆæÈ®j† v°æù«-Ré𠙉éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´©xØË. ÆæÈ®j† í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? Verb, be form + past participle v°æù«-Ré𠙉éπ-§Ú-´úøç, ÅÆæ-´’-®Ωnûª °∂æL-ûª¢Ë’.) (PP) í¬ Öçõ‰ ÅC passive. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ''•úø’—— ÅE inefficiency= ÉE-°∂œ-≠ˇ-Ø˛Æ œ– Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= ÅÆæ-´’-®Ωnûª EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A B 1. Awkward A. Terrify 2. Twist B. Vary 3. Landscape C. Clumsy 4. Scare D. Delicate 5. Fluctuate E. Bend F. Scenery G. Straighten KEY: 1-C. Awkward= Clumsy =

àüÁjØ√ °æE -îË-ߪ’-úøç™ éπçí¬®Ω’°æúøôç, í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞¡ç.

a) As he walked up the stage, he appeared very awkward =

¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ †úÕ* ¢Á∞Ïx-ô-°æ¤púø’ î√™« ûªúø-•-úø’ûª÷, éπçí¬-®Ω’í¬ éπE-°œç-î√úø’.

b) 'Have you any money?' 'I'm sorry, I don't have any' he said. awkwardly = 'F ü¿í∫_®Ω úø¶‰s-¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆?— '™‰ü¿’,— ÅØ√o-úø-ûªúø’ É•sç-Cí¬ ¢Á·£æ«ç-°öÀd c) She tried to dance but she was quite awkward = dance

Ç¢Á’ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-*çC, é¬F î√™« éπçí¬-®Ω’í¬ ûªúø-•-úÕçC.

Awkward -

Çéπyú˛ (éπyú˛– bird ™«í∫)– Ç ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Awkward situation- É•sç-C-éπ®Ω °æJ-ÆœnA. O’Jç-öÀéÀ °œL-*† friend, O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, O’ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©-ûª-úÕE Å´-´÷-EÊÆh O’ position î√™« awkward í¬ Öçô’çC. Awkward Åçõ‰ Å≤˘éπ-®Ωu-¢Á’i† ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. He sat in an awkward position. Awkward ful/ adroit =

(éπçí¬®Ω’, ûªúø-¶«ô’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) $ skillî√éπ-îª-éπuçûÓ, Awkward (É•sçCéπ®Ω¢Á’i† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) $ graceful (£æ›çü∆í¬). 2-E. Twist = Bend = ´çîªúøç. Twisted rod = ´ç*† éπúŒf. (Twist - Twisted - Twisted) He twisted my arm behind my back =

Ø√ îËAE ¢Á†-éπèπ◊ ¢Á’L-A-§ƒpúø’. The road twists and turns too often =

Ç road ´’K ´çéπ®Ω A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC/ ´çéπ-®Ω-öÀç-éπ-®Ωí¬ Öçô’çC. As she fell she twisted her neck =

Ç¢Á’ °æúÕ-§Ú-´ôçûÓ ¢Á’úø AJ-T-§Ú-®·çC. Twist Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpç-ü∆Eo ´véÃ-éπ-Jç* îÁ°æpúøç. When he reported the matter to me he twisted what his father had said =

Now look at the passive expressions used in the conversation above. 1) Weren't you (= Were you not) supposed to be in Vijayawada today? verb = were supposed (PV)

Ø√ûÓ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o îÁ°œpç-ü∆Eo ´÷Ja/ ´véÃ-éπ-Jç* îÁ§ƒpúø’. (¢√∞¡x Ø√†o îÁ°œpç-üÌ-éπöÀ, Åûª†’ Ø√ûÓ îÁ°œpç-Cç-éÌ-éπöÀ) Twist X straighten (= ´çT Ö†o-ü∆Eo ≤ƒ°∂‘í¬ îËߪ’úøç) 3-F. Landscape = Scenery= v°æéπ%-A-ü¿%¨¡uç. The landscape of Kashmir is beautiful=

é¬Qt®˝ v°æéπ%-A-ü¿%¨¡uç Ææ’çü¿-®Ωçí¬ Öçô’çC. The landscape of Araku valley is enchanting=

Å®Ωèπ◊ ™ߪ’ ü¿%¨¡uç ´’çvûª-´·-í∫’l¥Lo îËÆæ’hçC. enchanting = Çéπ-ô’d-èπ◊ØË, ´’çvûª-´·-í∫’l¥©’ îËÊÆ. 4-A. Scare = Terrify= ¶µºßª’ç éπL-Tç-îªúøç The sudden appearance of the dog scared the child =

ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Ç èπ◊éπ\ éπE-°œç-îªúøç, Ç Gúøf†’ ¶µºßª’-°-õ‰d-ÆœçC.

The thought of death punishment scared the murderer =

´’®Ω-ù-Péπ~ í∫’Jç* Ç™- Ç £æ«çûª-èπ◊úÕ™ ü¿úø-°æ¤-öÀdç-*çC. The sight of our headmaster scares us = ´÷ headmaster éπE-°œÊÆh î√©’, ¢Ë’ç ¶µºßª’-°æ-úÕ-§Úû√ç. Scare X reassure (üµÁj®ΩuçûÓ ÆœnN’-ûª-°æ-úøôç)

Verb - are changed (PV) 8) He is going to be replaced. Verb - is going to be replaced (PV) 9) That's what is hoped. Verb - is hoped (PV)

1) You are supposed -

´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’™– (E†’o/ F í∫’Jç*) ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ a) You are supposed to be the leader =

†’´¤y Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕ-´E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ (ņ’-éÓ•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤) b) You are supposed to be in Delhi today =

†’Oy-®ÓV úµÕMx™ ÖØ√o-´E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ – á´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ó ûÁ©’-°æúøç O©’-é¬-éπ-§ÚûË É™« Åçö«®Ω’.

2) I was told =

a) We were told you were going to buy a flat=

†’¢ËyüÓ

flat

é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´E ´÷ûÓ á´®Ó ÅØ√o®Ω’.

b) This was reported to the Principal =

ÅC Principal èπ◊ á´®Ó îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. (ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç*) †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

3) He is believed =

Tendulkar is believed to be the best batsman in the world =

õ„çúø’-©\®˝ Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp batsman ÅE Åçü¿®Ω÷ †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. 4) We are expected = ´’†Lo ÇPÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. 5) I am paid = ؈’ îÁLxç-îª-•-úø-û√†’– ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’™– Ø√èπ◊ îÁLx-≤ƒh®Ω’. É™«Íí N’í∫-û√N èπÿú≈. More in the next lesson. On seeing the policeman, the thief was scared and I felt reassured = Police

†’ îª÷úø-í¬ØË üÌçí∫èπ◊ ü¿úø-°æ¤-öÀdçC, Ø√èπ◊ üµÁj®Ωuç éπL-TçC. 5-B. Fluctuate = Vary = ´÷®Ω’ûª÷ Öçúøôç ûª®Ω-îª’í¬– °æJ-´÷-ùç™, Ø√ùu-ûª™, üµ¿®Ω™. The price of petroleum fluctuates in the international market =

Åçûª-®√b-Bߪ’ N°æ-ùÀ™ °vöLߪ’ç üµ¿®Ω©’ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ö«®·. Fluctuating voltage = Current voltage ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† ´÷®Ω’p©’. His mood fluctuated between the happiest and the saddest =

ÅûªúÕ ´’†-ÆœnA ÅA ÆæçûÓ≠æç †’ç* ÅA ü¿’”ë«-EéÀ ÜTçC. Fluctuate X Persist (= äÍé ÆœnA™ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫úøç). This price has persisted for the past few weaks =

Ñ üµ¿®Ω í∫ûª éÌCl ¢√®√-©’í¬ (äÍé Nüµ¿çí¬/ ´÷®Ω’p©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈) é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûÓçC. D) Delicate = Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i†. A baby's skin is delicate = Gúøf Ωtç Ææ’Eo-ûªçí¬ Öçô’çC. An egg shell is delicate = éÓúÕ í∫’úø’f °çèπ◊ Ææ’Eoûªç. Delicate X tough (ü¿%úµø-¢Á’i†).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 27 -ï-†-´-J 2008

v°æ¨¡o:

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

1. To be + pp form

í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. DEo à N-üµ¿çí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ to be won èπ◊ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? 2. Would be í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. Would be + pp form †’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ would be done, would be won Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

Would be - -á-™« Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L?

3.

ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ äéπ °æEE îË®·-≤ƒh†’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ à´’-Ø√L? ؈’ Ç °æEE îË®·-≤ƒh†’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ à´’-Ø√L? 4. éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ àN éπÈ®é˙d?

7.

Ééπ\úø ÅEo ®Ω鬩 ÂÆjéÀ∞¡Ÿx Å´’t-•-úø-û√®· ņ-ú≈-EéÀ All types of cycles will be sold here ÅØ√L éπü∆? All types of cycles are sold here ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ Åçö«®Ω’? ü∆E Å®Ωnç ÅEo ®Ω鬩 ÂÆjéÀ∞¡Ÿx Ééπ\úø Å´’t•úÕ ÖØ√o®· ÅE ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆? – -Å-Gµ->-û˝, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

ï¢√•’: 1. to be + pp (am/ is/ are/ shall be/ was/ can be, etc + past participle) form verb passive voice

™

™ Öçô’çC. (pp = past participle ÅE ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆?) To be won = Èí©’--éÓ-•-ú≈-Lq† ņoô’x. Three prizes to be won=

More work to be done =

b) What does the poet say?

îËߪ’-•-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ (îËߪ÷-Lq†) °æE Éçé¬ ÖçC. 2. Would be - DE í∫’-Jç-* Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jç-î√ç. í∫ûªç-™ç* ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ îÁ°æpú≈-EéÀ ÉC ¢√úøû√ç.

II. a) Where does she goes? b) Where does she go? III. a) What does he thinks? b) What does he think? 5. 2nd RDW

†’ Question ûÓí¬F, not ûÓí¬F îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ does ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆? ´’J does †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ 1st RDW áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’? ÅC ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü∆? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 6. Am, is, are v°æÆæ’hûªç Öçúø-ö«Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤ƒh®· éπü∆? am+pp, is + pp, are+ pp ©†’ ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? Was come ûª°æ¤p ÅE îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. é¬F was + pp, were + pp í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-¨»®Ω’ éπü∆! Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ was + pp à Nüµ¿çí¬ ûª°æp-´¤-ûª’çC? He is come éπÈ®é˙d Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ He was come áçü¿’èπ◊ ûª°æ¤p?

v°æ¨¡o:

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 413 I thought that he would be there =

ÅC îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁL-ÆœçC.

amn't I ?

éπü∆ ®√¢√LqçC? éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬙x amn't I í¬, ´’J-éÌEoç-öÀ-™ aren't I í¬ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. Éçé¬ É™«çöÀ ûËú≈©’çõ‰ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’? – G.¢Á÷-£æ«Ø˛, éπçûË®Ω’ ï¢√•’: I am young, aren't I? ņúøç correct. äéπ\ 'I" N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, question tag ™ n't (not) ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, aren't I? ÅE ´Ææ’hçC, ®√¢√L. ÉC ¢√úø’éπ, (usage) 鬕öÀd N´-®Ωù Åçô÷ Öçúøü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçüË. Å®·ûË ´’Sx question tag ™, "I" ûÓ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË am I? ÅØË ´Ææ’hçC. v°æ¨¡o: He said, "I will come here"... Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Indirect Speech ™ come ≤ƒn†ç™ go ´Ææ’hçü∆? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. éπÈ®Fq ØÓôx°j

"I will come here"..

I promise to pay the bearer the sum of one hundred rupees

ÅE ®√Æœ Öçô’çC. ü∆E ¶µ«´ç àN’öÀ? – §ƒ´E, Ææ’üµ¿, ´’ûªqu-°æ¤J, °æPa-´’-íÓ-ü∆-´J ï¢√•’: Å´¤†’. He said that he would go there, correct. Currency notes †’ ´·vCç* «-´’ùÀ îËÊÆ ¶«üµ¿uûª Reserve Bank of India C. Ç bank governor, äéπ ØÓô’-èπ◊†o vü¿´uN-©’´ (monetary value – úø•’s© N©’´)†’ ûÁLÊ° £æ…O’ ÉC. ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-© -ØÓô’†o ¢√È®-´-J-ÈéjØ√ (bearer = ØÓô’†’ §ÒçC†-¢√®Ω’) ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© vü¿´uç (úø•’s) îÁLx-≤ƒh-†E Reserve Bank of India Governor £æ…O’ ÉC.

v°æ¨¡o: What is the difference of Invention and Discovery. – áØ˛. Æœü¿lùg, ®√ߪ’-ü¿’®Ω_ç ï¢√•’: Invention - ™‰E ü∆Eo Ææ%≠œdç-îªúøç – Electric bulb, TV, Telephone

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE, Inventions Åçö«ç. Discovery - Ö†o ü∆Eo ¢Á·ü¿-ôí¬ îª÷úøôç/ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç.

Invention/ Discovery Å¢Á’-J-鬆’ ¢Á·ü¿ô îª÷ÆœçC

Columbus discovered America -

Columbus.

The discovery of the law of gravitation =

¶µº÷´÷u-éπ-®Ω{ù Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo ¢Á·ü¿ô Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-†oC.

3. I will make (somebody) do it/ I will get it/ have it done. 4. 1b, 2b and 3b correct. not/ question 5. 2nd RDW does + 1st RDW Does 2nd Regular Doing Word He likes me X He does not like me likes + not / ? = (does like) correct Does + 1st RDW 6. am + pp/ is + pp/ are + pp- Regular passive voice

would be + pp = would be done, would be seen, etc. He Know that it would be done =

©’, I am young, amn't I ? , I am – É™« ûËú≈í¬ Öçô’-Ø√o®·. 'be' form ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, not ´Ææ’hçC. é¬F 'aren't' áçü¿’èπ◊ ´Ææ’hçC?

I am young, aren't I?

¶µ«®Ω-û˝-îËûª Èí©’-´-•-úø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ¢Ë’ç ņ’-èπ◊Ø√oç (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√oç).

Åûª-úø-éπ\úø Öçö«úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o – ņ’èπ◊-†oC í∫ûªç – Åûªúø’ Öçúøôç Å°æpöÀ †’ç* future 鬕öÀd would be.

'Question Tag' correct, aren't I ? not

°æéπ\†

She hoped that she would be given the prize = Prize We all expected that the match would be won by India = Match match

ûª†éÀ´y-•-úø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E Ç¢Á’ ÇPç-*çC.

Èí©’--éÓ-•-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– Èí©’--èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊) ´‚úø’ •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’.

I. a) What does the poet says?

2

M.SURESAN

†’

ûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. ûÓ ®√ü¿’.

He is seen (is + seen - pp of see) here everyday =

v°æA-®ÓW (Regular) Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø îª÷úø-•-úø-û√úø’. (v°æA-®ÓW Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø éπE°œ≤ƒhúø’.) They are given (are + given - pp of give) coffee every morning =

v°æA Öü¿ßª’ç ¢√∞¡Ÿx coffee É´y-•-úø-û√®Ω’– (¢√∞¡xèπ◊ coffee É≤ƒh®Ω’) Was + pp/ Were + pp- í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† °æ†’-©èπ◊. It was done yesterday - E†o îËߪ’-•-úÕçC They were taken home =

ÅN ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-•-ú≈f®·. í∫´’-Eéπ: be form ûÓ object Ö†o verbs èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ past participle ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ á´-JE/ üËEE ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ verb èπ◊ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ answer ´îËa verbs èπ◊ object Öçô’çC. come- ®√´úøç– á´-JE/ üËEéÀ í¬ ïJÍí °æEE ™ ®√´úø ç?- Answer ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE was come/ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤ƒh®·. were come ®√ü¿’. ûª°æ¤p. I am taught (am + taught - pp of 7. Will be sold Åçõ‰ future ™ Å´’t•úøû√ߪ’E teach) for an hour everyday = nç. Are sold Åçõ‰ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈/ á°æ¤púø÷ (v°æA ®ÓW (Regular) ؈’ í∫çôÊÆ°æ¤ Å®Ω Å´’t√-ߪ’E. Book Shops ™ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™„-°æ¤púø÷ ¶Cµç-îª-•-úø-û√†’. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– Å´’t-••--úúøø--ûû√®· 鬕öÀd are sold ÅØË ÅØ√L. v°æA-®ÓW í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ø√èπ◊ ¶Cµ-≤ƒh®Ω’.)

He is seen her e ever yday v°æ¨¡o: üÁj†ç-C†, v°æéπ%A Ææç•ç-Cµûª, Ææ£æ«ï, -îªJ-vû√-ûªtéπ Å稻-©†’ simple present tense tense

™ ´Jg-≤ƒh®Ω’. ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† °∂æ’-ô-†-©†’ simple past ™ØË îÁ§ƒpL. ÉçúÕ-ߪ÷–-§ƒ-é˙© ´’üµ¿u véÀÈéö¸ ´÷uî˝ vú≈ Å®·uçC. ÉC î√J-vû√-ûªtéπ Å稡ç é¬ü¿’. ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† 鬙«-EÍé. Å®·Ø√ channels ™, News Papers ™ èπÿú≈ Indo-Pak match ends in a draw Åçô÷ match ends ends simple present tense

áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈®Ω’? É™«Íí áØÓo Å稻©’ The talks 'fail' Åçô÷ ûª®Ωîª÷ Í®úÕ-ßÁ÷™x Nçô’Ø√oç. Ê°°æ®Ωx-™ -îª-ü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oç. -É-C learners èπÿ, beginners èπÿ -ûª°æ¤p-úø’ ÆæçÍé-û√-©’ -ÉÆæ’h-†o-õ‰x éπ-ü∆? ÉC à Ææ÷vûªç v°æ鬮Ωç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC? N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. – á. éπ%≠æg-U-û√-®Ω’b†, Eúø-ü¿-¢Ó©’

ï¢√•’: A very good question.

News Paper reporting ™ ´·êuçí¬ headings ™ ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ present simple ™ report îËߪ’úøç ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç* ´Ææ’h†o dž-¢√-®·B (convention). ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ immediate past ™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ÷-©†’ éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x simple present ™ ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰≤ƒhç.

v°æ¨¡o: No Smoking, Missing, Drinking Water, Parking ™«çöÀ v°æéπ-ô-†-©†’ -ing form

™ ®√≤ƒh-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? Do not smoke here, missed ÅE ®√ߪ’´îª’a éπü∆! 'ûª°œp-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ 'missing' ÆæÈ®j† Å®√n-Eo-Ææ’hçü∆? Drinking water èπ◊ 'F∞¡Ÿx û√í∫’-ûª’†o— ÅE Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. û√Íí-F®Ω’†’ Drinking water ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’®Ó ´÷ô/ ®Ω÷°æç™ îÁ°æp-™‰´÷? Å™«Íí parking Åçõ‰ à´’E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? -ü¿-ߪ’-îËÆœ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. walking stick – °œ.¢Á÷-£æ«Ø˛, ïT-û√u© ï¢√•’: Missing Åçõ‰ ûª°œp-§Ú®·† ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Correct. Å®·ûË, Ééπ\úø missing Åçõ‰ éπ†•-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’/ ñ«úø-™‰ü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. 鬕öÀd ûª°œp-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ missing correct ´÷-õ‰. Drinking Åçõ‰ û√í∫’-ûª’†o ÅØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ û√Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.

Eg: I come to express my gratitude to you.

O’èπ◊ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√a†’. Ééπ\úø I have come ÅØÁjØ√ ÅØÌa. Åçü¿’-éπØË news paper headings ™ Twenty die as train derails (Train °æö«d©’ ûª°æp-ôçûÓ 20 ´’çC ´’®Ωùç), Elephants destroys crops in a draw ? and kill villagers (°æçôLo Ø√¨¡†ç îËÆœ ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’ îªç°œ† à†’-í∫’©’) ™«çöÀ headings îª÷≤ƒhç. Å®·ûË The use of simple present for past events, headlines èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æJ-N’ûªç. Headlines éÀçC éπü∑¿-†ç™ (News report/ story ™) ´÷vûªç Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ïJT† day/ date †’ ûÁL°œ, past simple ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. News paper regular í¬ îªü¿-´úøç Å©-¢√-ô-®·ûË learners/ beginners èπ◊ ÖçúË confusion ûÌ©-T-§Ú-ûª’çC. éÌEo TV channels ™ ûª°æ¤pí¬ India won the match ÅE ®√Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. ÉC India wins ÅE é¬F, India has won ÅE é¬F Öçú≈L. India wins ņo-°æ¤púø’ journalistic language Å´¤-ûª’çC. India has won ņo-°æ¤púø’ past action, time not stated Å´¤-ûª’çC. O’ ÆæçüË£æ«ç î√™« ´’ç* ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. working women = ÖüÓuí∫ç îËÊÆ/ îËÆæ’h†o Æ‘Y©’ Å®·ûË walking stick Åçõ‰ †úø’-Ææ’h†o éπv®Ω ÅE ®√ü¿’. ÉC ¢√úø’-éπ™ Å™« ´îËa expression. Printing ink Åçõ‰ printing (´·vCçîËçü¿’) èπ◊ ¢√úË ink ÅØË ´Ææ’hçC é¬F ´·vCçîË ink ÅE ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. missed = éÓ™p-®·† missed chance = (´’†’-≠æfl©’) éÓ™p-®·† Å´-é¬-¨»©’. Ééπ\úø missed, past participle. He missed the chance = Åûª-úø’ Å´-é¬-¨»Eo §ÚíÌô’dèπ◊Ø√oúø’. Ééπ\úø missed - past simple. É™«çöÀN Éçé¬ î√™« ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀE ´’†ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L.

Åçõ‰ †úø’-Ææ’h†o éπv®Ω é¬-ü¿’

walking stick = stick used for walking. writing table = table which we use for writing

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 29 -ï-†-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Amogh: A piece of good news. You've been selected for the college team.

English ™ v§ƒ´·-êu-´·†o passive voice í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. English ™ passive voice (--ã -¨¡Ÿ-¶µº-¢√®Ωh. -†’-´¤y college team èπ◊ èπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç î√™« Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà Ŵ-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøáç°œéπ-ߪ÷u-´¤) ô¢Ë’ Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿F, ņ-´-Ææ-®Ωçí¬ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ Akhil: That's real good news. Are you sure of î√™« Néπ%-ûªçí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-éπü∆? it? ´·êuçí¬– by (á´-J-îËûª) – Ç °æE îËߪ’-•-úÕçC (ÉC (´’ç* ¢√Í®h ÅC. é¬E Eï-¢Ë’Ø√?/ Fèπ◊ Telugu passive form) ÅE ´’†èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†í∫öÀdí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) °æ¤púø’, by X/ Y/ Z ÅE passive voice ¢√úøôç ņ-´Amogh: The team has been announced. Your Ææ®Ωç. °æE-îË-Æ œç-üÁ-´®Ó (subject) éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁL-Æ œ-†-°æ¤púø’, name is on the list. active voice ™ îÁ°æp-úø¢Ë’ Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E (ïô’d†’ v°æéπ-öÀç-î√®Ω’. F Ê°®Ω’ ñ«G-û√™ ÖçC) í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. ´·êuçí¬ Spoken English ™... by Akhil: I am really happy about it. Thank you. me/ him/ you/ us/ her/ them/ it/ somebody ´îËa passive voice ¢√é¬u©èπ◊ ≤ƒn†ç ™‰ü¿’. By ûÓ ´îËa Who else are included in it? (؈’ Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o. Thank passive Öçõ‰ ÅC ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’ ´’ç*C. Now look at the following sentences from you. ÉçÈé-´Jo îË®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ωç-ü¿’™?) Amogh: Our friend Sunil has been dropped. He was found to have a knee problem.

the dialogue above. See if they can be only in passive voice or if they can be better if they are in active voice. ( Sentences passive voice

Ñ (Ææ’F-™¸†’ ´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’. Åûª-EÍéüÓ ¢Á÷é¬L ´÷vûª ¢ Ë ’ îÁ ° æ p í ∫ © ´÷ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´’Ææu ÖçC) passive voice ™éÀ ¢√öÀ E Akhil: When is the match? (Match á°æ¤púø’?) ´÷Ja îÁÊ°h ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Amogh: The match will be held this 15th and Öçö«ßª÷ îª÷úøçúÕ). Ñ players will be asked to report for prac¢√é¬u-©Fo passive. tice from the 3rd onwards. (Match, 15th † Å´¤-ûª’çC. Çô-í¬-∞¡xç-ü¿-JE 3 †’ç* practice èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω-¢√-©ç-ö«®Ω’.) Akhil:

I would have been there too if I had been in town yesterday.

I'd have got all this information myself.

(Ñ Ææ´÷-î√-®Ω-´’çû√ ØËØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-úË-¢√úÕo) Amogh: The winners in the match will be sent to Mumbai to play the finals.

Akhil:

finals

™ ÇúËç-ü¿’èπ◊

This will please my parents no end. Thank you again for giving me this wonderful piece of news. I am really thrilled.

(´÷ Å´÷t-Ø√†oéâ√®ΩhûÓ N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† džçü¿ç éπ©’-í∫’-ûª’çC. Fèπ◊ ´’Sx ´’Sx thanks, Ñ Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î √-®√-EéÀ. Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ °æ¤©-éπ-Jç-ûªí¬ ÖçC) thrill= í∫í∫’-®Ìp-úø’°æ¤/ °æ¤©-éπ-Jçûª. ☯

☯

☯

☯

☯

EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A

B

1 Blossom

A Terrible dream

2 Stigma

B Push

3 Junk

C Pleasure

4 Thrust

D Flower

5 Nightmare

E Heart F Disgrace G Waste

KEY:

Match

ûÁ©’í∫’–

Ñ 15† E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’çC. ´÷´‚©’ match Ñ 15† Öçô’çC/ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

6) Players will be asked to report for practice from the 3rd. verb- will be asked- be form + practice PP - passive=

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Çô-í¬∞¡Ÿx 3 †’ç* èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω’-é¬-¢√-©E Åúø-í∫-•-úøû√®Ω’= Players †’ 3†’ç* practice èπ◊ ®Ω´’tç-ö«®Ω’– 414 ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’.

ûÁ©’í∫’™ Å®·ûË á´®Ω’ v°æéπ-öÀç-î√®Ω’ ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç É´y-èπ◊çú≈, ïô’d v°æéπ-öÀç-î√®Ω’ ÅØË≤ƒhç. á´®Ω’ v°æéπ-öÀç-î√®Ω’? – DEéÀ v§ƒ´’êuç ™‰ü¿’. Éô’´çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x English ™ passive ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úø-í∫©ç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ The selection committee ÅØË N´-®ΩçûÓ, The selection committee has announced the team ÅØÌa. É™« ÅØË •ü¿’©’ passive better éπü∆, selection committee omit îËÆœ. 3) Who else are included? Ñ passive form èπ◊ èπÿú≈ active éπ≠d¢æ Ë’, îËÍ®a-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’鬕öÀd. Ééπ\úø English ™ active ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰†õ‰x.

The team has been announced

(E†o ؈’ Ü∞x Öçõ‰, ؈-éπ\úø ÖçúË-¢√úËo.)

(Ééπ\úø ÈíL-*-†-¢√-∞¡x†’ ´·ç¶„jéÀ °æç°æ¤-û√®Ω’)

™

5) The match will be held this 15th. verb- will be held - 'be' form + PP - passive=

1-D. Blossom= Flower =

°æ‹´¤/ °æ‹©í∫’Ah. ´·êuçí¬ îÁô’d/ ¢Á·éπ\-O’ü¿ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’.

The blossoms on the plants in the garden were very fragrant=

ûÓô-™E ¢Á·éπ\© °æ‹©’ Ææ’¢√-Ææ-†-E-î√a®·. Blossom- ¶«xÆæ¢˛’ (Countable- singular, plural ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa). Mango blossom- ´÷N’-úÕ-°æ‹ûª. Cherry blossom- îÁJ ¢Á·éπ\© °æ‹©’. Blossom Åçõ‰ °æ‹´¤ Néπ-Æ œç-îªúøç ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. Buds blossom in the spring season=

´Ææçûª ®Ω’ûª’´¤™ ¢Á·í∫_©’ Néπ-Æœ-≤ƒh®·/ °æ¤≠œp-≤ƒh®·. Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûªçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ áü¿-í∫-ú≈Eo èπÿú≈ blossom Åçö«ç.

1) You have been selected for the college team= college team

†’´¤y èπ◊ áç°œéπ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f´¤. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– †’´¤y áç°œéπߪ÷u´¤/ E†’o áç°œéπ î˨»®Ω’) verb- have been + selected

7) The winners in the match will be sent to Mumbai. Verb- will be sent- be form + PP - passive voice =

°æç°æ-•-úø-û√®Ω’– ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– ÈíL-*-†-¢√-∞¡x†’ ´·ç¶„jéÀ °æç°æ¤-û√®Ω’. 2) The team has been announced. í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆, °j English senM.SURESAN verb- has been announced- be tences ÅFo verb passive í¬ Ö†o¢Ë. form + pp (passive voice) = Team v°æéπ-öÀç-îª- ÅN passive voice ™ Öçõ‰ØË English ™ ÆæJí¬ •-úÕçC– ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’™– Team v°æéπ-öÀç-î√®Ω’. Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hç-C-éπü∆? 3) Who else are included in the team? Verb- are 1) †’´¤y áç°œéπߪ÷u´¤– DEo passive ™ØË îÁ°æp-í∫©ç. + included (be form + PP) passive = Team ™ áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ á´®Ω’ E†’o áç°œéπî˨»®ΩØËC Ææp≠ædç-í¬ÉçÈé-´®Ω’ îË®Ωa-•-ú≈f®Ω’? ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– Team ™ ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Ñ ¶µ«¢√Eo active ™ îÁ°æpúøç ÉçÈé-´Jo îË®√a®Ω’? èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’– You have been selected. 4) Our friend Sunil has been dropped. Verb- has 2) The team has been announced. DEo active been dropped = be form + PP- passive voice= Sunil ûÌ©-Tç-îª-•-ú≈fúø’. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– voice ™ îÁ°æpôç é¬Ææh éπ≠d¢æ Ë’ éπü∆, á´®Ω’ v°æéπ-öÀçî√®Ω’ ÅØËC Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Ææ’F-™¸†’ ûÌ©-Tç-î√®Ω’. [be form + past participle (PP)]

She blossomed into a fine young girl =

Åçü¿-¢Á’i† Å´÷t-®·í¬ áC-Tç-ü∆¢Á’. His business blossomed into a profitable activity=

ÅûªúÕ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ™«¶µ«© C¨¡™ áC-TçC.

Their friendship blossomed into love =

¢√∞¡x ÊÆo£æ«ç vÊ°´’í¬ áC-TçC. The trees are in blossom = îÁô’x °æ¤≠œp-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. to blossom (ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿úøç/ °æ¤≠œpç-îªúøç) X to decay (†Pç-îªúøç/ éÃ~ùÀç-îªúøç) 2-F. Stigma= Disgrace= Ææ´ ÷ïç °æ®Ω’´¤ ûªèπ◊\´í¬ Åv°æ-A-≠æeí¬ ¶µ«NçîË N≠æߪ’ç/ Ææ´÷ïç Ç¢Á÷-Cç-îªE v°æ´-®Ωh†. Alcoholism is a stigma =

û√í∫’-¶-ûªh-Ø√Eo (-´’-ü¿u -´uÆæ-Ø√-Eo) Ææ´÷ïç Bv´ Åv°æA≠æeí¬/ ÅØ√-¢Á÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ¶µ«N-Ææ’hçC. In the Indian society a woman's remarriage is considered a stigma=

¶µ«®Ωûª Ææ´÷-ïç™ Æ‘Y È®çúÓ Â°R} îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç °æ®Ω’´¤ ûªèπ◊\´/ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøE °æEí¬ ¶µ«N-≤ƒh®Ω’. The stigma of AIDS/ The stigma attached to AIDS makes it difficult to control it = AIDS

†’ í∫’Jç* ŧÚ-£æ«©÷, ÅüËüÓ Åv°æ-A-≠æe-éπ-®Ω¢Á’i†/ Æœí∫’_-°æ-ú≈-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ’çí¬ ¶µ«Nç-îª-úøç-´©x ü∆E Eߪ’ç-vûªù éπ≠d-´æ ’-´¤-ûÓçC.

Pregnancy before marriage/ without marriage is a stigma =

°Rx-´·çü¿’/ °Rx-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ í∫®Ωs¥ç Åv°æ-A-≥ƒe-éπ®Ωç/ Å´´÷-†-éπ®Ωç/ Ææ´÷ïç Ç¢Á÷-Cç-îªE N≠æߪ’ç. Karna carried with him throughout his life the stigma of a casteless man =

ûªèπ◊\´ èπ◊©ç ¢√úøØË Åv°æ-A≠æe éπ®Ω’gúø’ @N-û√çûªç ¢Á÷ߪ÷Lq ´*açC. Stigma X honour (íı®Ω´ç) 3-G. Junk= Waste=

îÁûªh/ E®Ω’-°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-¢Á’i† ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. I want to spend the coming sunday clearing all the junk at home =

Ñ ÇC-¢√®Ωç Éçöx ÖçúË °æE-éÀ-®√E ≤ƒ´÷-†x-Eoç-öÀE §ƒÍ®-ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. He bought that chair in a junk shop=

Åûªú≈ èπ◊KaE °æE-éÀ-®√E ≤ƒ´÷†x shop ™ éÌØ√oúø’. Most TV serials and Indian movies are just junk= TV serials,

ÆœE-´÷™x î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ îÁûªh¢Ë. Junk food= ´’†ç •ßª’ô AØË Ç£æ…®Ω °æü∆-®√n©’. (Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ûªßª÷-È®j, Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ A†í∫LÍí ÅØ√-®Ó-í∫uéπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† AçúÕ– •ñ«®Óx üÌJÍé N’Ja •@b©’, °æ¤†’-í∫’©’ ™«çöÀN) He speaks all junk = -Å-ûª-úø’ ´÷ö«x-úËC îÁûªh. Junk heap = îÁûªh-í∫’-ôd. Throw it on the junk heap =

4) Sunil has been dropped=

Ææ’F-™¸†’ ûÌ©-Tç-î√®Ω’ (á´®Ó îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’ – îÁ°æp-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. v§ƒ´·êuç drop Å®·-†ç-ü¿’Íé, Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ English ™ active éπ≠d¢æ Ë’. ´’Sx The selection committee has dropped Sunil ÅØ√L, selection committee ÅØË extra ´÷ô©’ îËJa) 5) The match will be held this 15th. Ééπ\úø active ™‰†õ‰x– á´®Ω’ match E®Ωy-£œ«-≤ƒh-®Ω-ØËC ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿’-é¬-•öÀd. 6) Players will be asked to report for practice from the 3rd. active Team management will ask the players to report ..

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

Å≤ƒüµ¿uç,

ÅE ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp. É™«çöÀ passive forms Spoken English èπ◊ v§ƒùç. éÀçC-¢√-öÀE èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. a) Immediate action should be taken to check bird flu (pv) = Bird flu

†’ Åü¿’°æ¤ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊

ûªéπ~ù Ωu©’ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. b) A large number of birds have been culled =

°ü¿l Ææçêu™ éÓ∞¡x†’ îªçÊ°-¨»®Ω’. cull = Ææçêu ûªT_ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ¢√uCµ E¢√-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ïçûª’-´¤-©†’, °æèπ~◊-©†’ îªç°æúøç. 4-B. Thrust = Push =

(üËE™°æL-ÈéjØ√) ûÓߪ’ôç.

He Thrust his hands into the pocket and brought out a five hundred rupee note =

ñ‰•’-™éÀ îËAE ü¿÷Ja/ §ÚE*a ã 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©ØÓô’ •ßª’-öèπ◊ B¨»úø’. She thrust past the crowd and ran off =

Ç¢Á’ Ç ï†ç °æéπ\-†’ç* †úÕ* §ƒJ-§Ú-®·çC. I thrust a hundred rupee note in the clerk's hand and I got my certificate immediately =

Ç í∫’´÷≤ƒh îËA™ ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© note °ö«d†’. ÅçûË. ¢ÁçôØË Ø√èπ◊ certificate ´îËa-ÆœçC. Thrust X withdraw (¢Á†éÀ\ ®√´úøç) 5-A. Nightmare = Terrible dream =

¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† éπ©/ ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ņ’-¶µº´ç. Waiting in the queue for Lord Venkateswara's darsanam is a nightmare =

¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ ü¿®Ωz-†ç-éÓÆæç èπÿu™ E©’-îÓ-´úøç ã ¶µºßª’ç-éπ®Ω ņ’-¶µº´ç. Travelling long distances without reservation can be a nightmare=

Jï-Í®y-≠æØ˛ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®√©’ È®j™x v°æߪ÷ùÀç-îªúøç ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ņ’-¶µº´ç 鬴a. He gets nightmares almost every day =

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA-®Ó-W Åûª-úÕéÀ °‘úø-éπ-©©’/ ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† éπ©-™Ô-≤ƒh®·.

ü∆Eo îÁûªh-í∫’-ôd™éÀ NÆœ-È®ß˝’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 31 -ï-†-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Achyuth: Hi Ananth, take this.

(ÅO ¢√úø•úø’ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆?/ -Å-O -¢√-úø’-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’ éπ-ü∆! ¢√<© N≠æ-ߪ’´‚ ÅçûË. ÉCíÓ BÆæ’éÓ. †’´¤y ü∆Eo ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√´¤.)

(ņçû˝, ÉC BÆæ’éÓ.) Ananth: What's it and why give it to me?

☯

(àçôC? Ø√Èéç-ü¿’-éÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Achyuth: Can't you see? It's a wrist watch and it's my gift to you.

☯

☯

☯

☯

éÀçü¿öÀ È®çúø’ lessons †’ç< Important of passive voice í∫’Jç* discuss îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆! ´’†ç (Å®Ωnç-é¬-™‰ü∆? ÅC ¢√î˝. ÅC Ø√ 鬆’éπ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC. Fèπ◊.) 1) °æE-îË-Æ œç-üÁ-´®Ó (subject) ûÁL-Æ œ-†-°æ¤púø’ active Ananth: What's this supposed to be for? What's voice is always preferable and passive voice is to be avoided.

the occasion?

(ÉC üËE-éÓÆæç? àçöÀ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç?)

2) Subject short

Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’, ÅD sentence (îÁ°œpç-üÁ-´®Ó Ææp≠ædçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’– ´·êuçí¬ Â°j O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’– ØË®√© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, ØË®Ωç í¬ ÖçúË-ôx-®·ûË passive voice preferable. ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©÷, áèπ◊\-´-´’ç-C îÁ°œp-†-°æpúø’.) îËÆœç-üÁ-´®Ó Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’, passive ™ØË Passive forms, ´·êuçí¬ Spoken English ™ ¢√ú≈- h) They have been informed of it - ¢√∞¡xéà N≠æߪ’ç îÁ-•’-û√ç. ÉC English ™ °ü¿l ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-J-î√®/ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-J-î√®Ω’. (F ¢√î˝ üÌçT-Lç-îª-•-úÕçC éπü∆?/ F ¢√î˝ Lq-†N: a) He was murdered/ was found murdered. á´®Ó üÌçT-Lç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆?Åçü¿’-éπE Fèπ◊ Be said to/ Be known to/ Be found to/ Be sup- Ñ forms ÅFo èπÿú≈ Spoken English ™ ¢√úË Å´- (îªç°æ-•úÕ Öçúøôç éπE°œç-*çC.) posed to, etc., Ææ®Ωç ÖçC. ¶«í¬ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. 鬆’-éπí¬ É¢√y-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.) b) The bank was burgled/ robbed - Bank ©÷öà Now look at the following sentences from the Ananth: Thank you, but this brand of watches is I/ We (be) told/ informed, etc. îËߪ’-•-úÕçC (Bank ™ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç ïJ-TçC– conversation between Achyuth and Ananth. known to be very expensive, so I can't Oô-Eoç-öÀéÀ ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’: ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’.) accept it. 1) What's this supa) He is said to know all c) Jewellry worth lakhs was stolen = ©éπ~© ®Ω÷§ƒposed to be for? = (ü∑∆uçé˙q. Å®·ûË -É™«çöÀ ¢√<©’ î√™« êKabout it = ¢√úÕéÀ ü∆E ߪ’© N©’´ îËÊÆ †í∫©’ üÌçTLç-ú≈f®· (üÌçí∫ÉC üËE-éπE ņ’-éÓ†’? üÁj-†-Ní¬ Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’-éπE ؈’ N≠æߪ’ç Åç-û√ ûÁ©’ûª†ç î˨»®Ω’). Å™«Íí, v°æ´÷-ü∆-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ passive. BÆæ’éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o.) 2) Your watch was ÆæE Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç çí∫ x ¶ µ « ≠ æ ù 415 d) He was injured in an accident = -Å-ûª-úø’ v°æ´÷stolen Achyuth: Look here. This is just nothing when I ü¿ç™ í¬ßª’-°æ-ú≈fúø’. think of how much you've Achyuth: Your watch was stolen, wasn't it? You haven't had a watch since then. So I thought I would gift you a watch.

helped me. This was awarded to me in some contest, and I have two other watches. It's been idle for some time.

What's this supposed to be for?

(îª÷úø’. †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ îËÆœ† Ææ£æ…ߪ’çûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ÉüË-´’ç-ûª-é¬ü¿’. àüÓ §ÚöÙ ÉC Ø√éÀ-´y-•-úÕçC/ Ø√éÌ-*açC. Ø√éÀçé¬ È®çúø’ ¢√<©’ ÖØ√o®·. ÉC Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE FéÀ-Ææ’hØ√o.) Ananth: I feel a watch is not a necessity. It's worn more as an ornament rather than as a utility. (

¢√-î˝ ÅØËC Å´-Ææ®Ωç é¬ü¿E Ø√ ¶µ«´†. Ö°æßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË ´Ææ’h-´¤í¬ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ü∆Eo Ƕµº-®Ω-ùçí¬ üµ¿J-≤ƒh®Ω’.) utility = Eûªu-@-N-ûªç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË ´Ææ’h´¤

3) This brand of watches is known to be very expensive = brand watches

b) They are known to be great players =

Ñ î√™« êK-ü¿-®·-†-´E ņ’-èπ◊ç-

¢√∞¡Ÿx íÌ°æp véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’-©E Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. This fact is known to all = Ñ Eïç Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. (every one knows it). c) The little girl was found crying for her lost chain =

§ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊†o íÌ-©’Ææ’ éÓÆæç àúø’Ææ÷h éπ-E°œç-*çü∆ *†o-°œ©x.

e) He was taken to hospital (passive)

É™«ç-öÀ-´Fo passive ™ØË îÁ•’û√ç. Practise îËߪ’çúÕ. 3) This brand of watches is known to be very expensive

=

Ñ

brand watches

êK-üÁj-†-´E Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’.

4) This was awarded to me.

ö«®Ω’. 4) This was awarded to me.

M.SURESAN

d) Tendulkar is supposed to be the best batsman in the world =

5) It is worn more as an ornament rather than as a utility. 6) Are n't cell phones widely used?

In all the sentences above, the verbs are all be forms + pps and so are in the passive voice. passive active subject 1st sentence (What's this supconversation posed to be for?)

•£æ›-´’-ûª’©’/ °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√©’ ™«çöÀN áèπ◊\´ passive ™ îÁ•’û√ç. a) Sachin was awarded the man of the match prize. b) He was rewarded for his courage =

Åûª-úÕ ≤ƒ£æ«-

≤ƒ-EéÀ Åûª-úÕéÀ •£æ›-´’A ´*açC.

õ„çúø’-©\-®˝†’ v°æ°æç-îªç™ ÅN ÅFo èπÿú≈ ™ Öç-úø-ö«-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç, 5) It is worn more as an ornament rather than Åûª’u-ûªh´’ -¶«u-ö¸q-¢Á’-Ø˛í¬ Å†’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. ™ ¢√öÀ Ææ p ≠æ d ç í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´™‰x, as a utility Achyuth: Aren't cell phones widely used? Are be supposed to èπ◊ must Å-ØË (îËߪ÷L/ îËߪ’äéπ \ ™ ûª ° æ p . = Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË ´Ææ’h-´¤í¬ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ Ƕµº-®Ωùçí¬ they necessary? èπÿ-úøü¿’ – ¨»ÆœçîË Nüµ¿çí¬ ´îËa) Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Å®·Ø√ ÉC ™ üµ ¿J-≤ƒh®Ω’. (ÂÆ™¸-§∂ÚØ˛q NJ-Ní¬ ¢√úø-•-úø¢√? (¢√úø®√?) e) You are supposed to pay the fees by the 15th î√™« ûª®Ωîª’í¬ NE°œ-Ææ’hçC. ¢√úøçúÕ O’®Ω’ èπÿú≈. ÉC î√™«´’çC îËÊÆ °æE 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ passive. ÅN Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?) = 15 éπ™«x †’´¤y °∂‘V éπö«dL. A: Come, take this money? (ÉCíÓ Ñ úø•’s Ananth: They aren't, for all people. 6) Aren't cell phones widely used? = BÆæ’éÓ.) f) What am I supposed to do now? = ØËØËç (Åçü¿-Jéà é¬ü¿’.) Cell phones ¶«í¬ ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü∆ (v°æï©’)? îËߪ÷-L-°æ¤púø’? (àç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«®Ω’?) B: What's this supposed to be for? (üËE-éπ-†’-éÓ-´’çAchyuth: But aren't they used? So is it with °j † îÁ°œp† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ passive Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ ö«´¤?) ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. watches. Come now. Do take it. You'll Öçô’çü¿E í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çü∆ç. g) We are told to wait here = ´’´’tLo Ééπ\úø ¢Ë* 2) Your watch was stolen = love it. F watch üÌçT-Lç-îª-•-úÕçC/ üÌçT-Lç-î√-È®-´®Ó. Öçúø-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. EXERCISE

blame for it =

Ø√ -

؈’ ü∆EéÀ Eçü¿-°æ-úøû√/ ؈’ ü∆EéÀ ¶«üµ¿uûª -´£œ«≤ƒh. Blame X Praise/ Commend = §Òí∫-úøôç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´úøç. 2-A. Unlikely = Improbable = ÅÆæç-¶µº´ç. probable = Ææ綵ºNçîË/ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç Ö†o. a) India is unlikely to win = ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ÈíLîË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. b) He is unlikely to go = ¢√úø’ ¢Á∞Ï} Ŵ鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’/ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. c) ''Will there be an election soon?'' (ûªy®Ω™  áEo-éπ-™‰-¢Á’i-Ø√ Öç-ö«ßª÷?) ''Quite unlikely'' (™‰†õ‰x/ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’). Unlikely X Likely (Ææ綵º´ç/ ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a) í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. Like (É≠æd-°æ-úøôç/ §ÚLéπ Öçúøôç) èπÿ, likely, unlikely ©èπÿ à Ææç•ç-üµ¿´‚ ™‰ü¿’. 3-E. lntimate = Close = ÆæEo£œ«-ûª-¢Á’i†, ´·êuçí¬ ÊÆo£æ…-EéÃ, ´uéÀh-í∫ûª Ææç•ç-üµ∆-©èπÿ Ñ ´÷ô ¢√úøû√ç.

E†’o î√L-†çûª £«îªa-Jç-î√†’. ûª®√yûª †ØËo-´’-†èπ◊ †’´¤y. c) He always blames it on others = Åûª-úÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Éûª®Ω’©†’ ûª°æ¤p-°æ-úø-û√úø’. (ûª†™ ûª°æ¤pç--èπ◊E), Blame Åçõ‰ EçCç-îªúøç ÅØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Eçü¿ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈. I will take a

ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†’úø’, éπ®Ω’gúø’, ¨¡èπ◊E î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«î√™« v§ƒù-ÊÆo-£œ«-ûª’©’. ûª’©’. Çú≈, ´’í¬ Åvéπ´’ Ææç•ç-üµ∆-EéÀ èπÿú≈ intimate Åçö«®Ω’. Varma and Geetha were supposed to have intimate relationship = -´®Ωtèπ◊, -U-ûªèπ◊ î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«ûª Ææç•ç-üµ∆-©’çúË´E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. Intimate

Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A

B

1 Blame

A Improbable

2 Unlikely

B Ladle

3 lntimate

C Complain

4 Scoop

D Inspire

5 Motivate

E Close F Expel G Include KEY

1-C. Blame = Complain = (Find fault with)

Ç®Ó-°œç-îªúøç/

EçCç-îªúøç/ ûª°æ¤p-°æ-ôdúøç

a) I don't blame any body for my failures = b) Don't blame me later. I have warned you enough.

¢Áj°∂æ-™«u-©èπ◊ ØËØÁ´JF EçCç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’.

Duryodhana, Sakuni and Karna were very intimate = Intimate friends -

X Aloof = For sometime they have been aloof from each other =

¢√®√h°ævA-éπ©’ v°æ-Jç-îª-éπ-´·çüË, àüÁjØ√ ¢√®√h°ævAéπ v°æ-JçîË éπü∑¿†ç/ Ææçîª-©-Ø√-ûªtéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’.

ÖØ√o®Ω’.

5-D. Motivate = Inspire =

ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçúøôç/ éπ©-´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç.

éÌçûª-鬩çí¬ ¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπJéÌéπ®Ω’ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬

Intimate (verb)

Åçõ‰ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç

ÖçC. He has intimated to me his decision to start a business = I don't have any intimation about it from him =

¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-©†o ûª† E®Ωgߪ÷Eo Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-J-î√úø’ (îÁ§ƒpúø’).

ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* Ø√Íéç Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.Intimate (ûÁLߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç)X Conceal (ü∆îªúøç) 4-B. Scoop = Ladle = -ûÓ-úøôç/ üËØÁj oØ√ spoon, í∫Jõ„ (Ladle) ™«çöÀ ü∆çûÓ ûÓúÕ Â°jéÀ Bߪ’úøç. He

scooped up, the tender coconut from the shell after pouring the water in a glass

(Ç éÌ•sJ F∞¡x†’ í¬xÆˇ™ §ÚÆœ† ûª®√yûª *°æp-™E ™‰ûª éÌ•sJE ûÓúÕ B¨»úø’.) ´’†ç Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Ice cream scoops îª÷≤ƒhç éπü∆. Spoon ûÓ ûÓúÕ B≤ƒh®Ω’ 鬕öÀd scoop Åçö«ç. 2) Scoop èπ◊ -ÉçéÓ -Å®Ωnç -ûÓ-úÕ-BÊÆ í∫-J-õ„/ spoon. 3) Scoop Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç– Journalism (¢√®√h°ævA-éπ-©) èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çC. Éûª®Ω

Scoop X Cover.

vÊ°Í®-°œç-îªúøç/ vÊ°Í®-°æù éπL-Tç-îªúøç (≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ ´’ç*-¢√-öÀéÀ) °æ¤J-íÌ-©púøç.

Kumble is a good captain who can motivate his team = captain Only self interest motivates most politicians -

ûª† ïô’d†’ vÊ°Í®-°œçîË/ °æ¤J-íÌ™‰p ´’ç* èπ◊綉x. ≤ƒy®Ωn*çûªØË ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’- Ø√-ߪ’èπ◊-©†’ vÊ°Í®°œ-Ææ’hçC. (¢√∞Ï}ç îËÆœØ√ ≤ƒy®Ωn*çûª† ü∆E ¢Á†’éπ Öçô’çC.) Better salaries and working conditions motivates employees = ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† @û√©’, ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† °æE °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©÷ ÖüÓu-í∫’-©†’ vÊ°Í®-°œçîª/ v§Úûªq-£œ«ç-îª -í∫-©´¤. Motivate X Deter (Ç°æúøç) F-Expel = •£œ«-≠æ \-Jç-îªúøç. a) The principal

expelled the students from the college = Principal, college (Dismissed). b) Two men suspected to have terrorist connections have been expelled from the country. Terrorists

Ç Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’

†’ç* •£œ«-≠æ \-Jç-

î√®Ω’.

ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©-†’ ü˨¡ç -†’ç-* -•£œ«-≠æ \-Jç-î√-®Ω’. G - Include = Add = îË®Ωaúøç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 3 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2008 v°æ¨¡o: éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ -Å®√n-©’ v°æ¨¡o: i) Corps,

ï¢√•’:

– Èé.á-Ø˛.-È®úÕf, £j«vü∆-¶«ü˛

1. a)

Ç Ø√ô-éπç™ †öÀçîªú≈EéÀ É≠æd°æúø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’/ †öÀç-î√-©E ÖçC. b) (í∫ûªç™ v°æü¿-Jzç-*†) Ç Ø√ôéπç™ †öÀç* Öçú≈-Lqç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. (Å´-鬨¡ç ®√™‰ü¿’). 2. a) Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ ’ç îËߪ ’úøç ÆæçûÓ≠æç (É°æ¤púø’) b) (í∫ûªç™) Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’çîËÊÆh ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçúËC/ Åûª-úÕ-éπ°æ¤púø’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’úøç/ îËÆœ Öçõ‰ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË¢√úÕE (Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’™‰ü¿’). 3 a) °æ®Ωuôèπ◊©’ Ç PC∑-™«-©†’ îª÷úøö«-EéÀ É≠æd-°æ-úø’ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ (É°æ¤púø’). b) °æ®Ωuôèπ◊©’ Ç PC∑-™«-©†’ îª÷Æœ Öçõ‰ (í∫ûªç™) ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx (îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’). 4. a) The mechanic was to repair the car todaywas to repair ... today Is to repair mechanic car repair

Éçü¿’™ èπ◊ Å®Ωnç Åçûª ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿’. Åçõ‰ †’ Ñ®ÓV îËߪ÷L ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. (Ñ®ÓV Å®·-§ÚßË’ ™°æ© îËÆœ É¢√y-©E). b) Mechanic Ñ®ÓV car †’ repair îËÆæ’ç-ú≈LqçC (é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’). 5. Åûªúø’ îªE-§Ú-éπ-´·çüË (Åûªúø’ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) Åûª-úÕéà N≠æߪ’ç N´-Jç-îªúøç Ø√ üµ¿®Ωtç. 6. Ç Â°∞¡x-®·† ïçô†’ ÇQ-®Ωy-Cç-îªúøç (ÇQ-®Ωy-Cçîª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) Åûª-úÕéÀ ûª%°œh éπL-Tç* ÖçúËC. v°æ¨¡o: éÀçC-¢√-öÀE -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« -Åç-ö«®Ω’? 1. Ççvüµ¿’© ÆœF Ç®√üµ¿u üÁj´ç NTR

ii)

iii) The crying need of the country is food. iv) I succeeded in neither attempts. v) We should try to bring him round by our argument. vi) Still waters run deep. vii) We should not while away our time unnecessarily. viii) He is a square man in a round hole. ix) The globe-trotter has walked round the world twice. x) The roar of the lion broke the still of the night.

ï¢√•’:

ï¢√•’:

– áç.®Ωç-í∫ߪ’u, É©xçü¿

i) Corps - Pronunciation r NCC National Cadet Corps = Cadet officer

éÓ (®˝– ÉC silent- Åçõ‰ °æ©éπç) = ÂÆjE-éπ-ü¿∞¡ç (È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ N¶µ«-í¬-©’†o ™ èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. NCC = °ü¿l-ü¿∞¡ç. ÉC ñ«Bߪ’ ÂÆjEéπ ü¿∞¡ç. ÂÆj†uç™ í¬ Péπ~ù §ÒçüË-¢√∞¡Ÿx). Corpse - 鬰ˇq = ¨¡´ç.

Polyandry=

§ÚL-ߪ÷çvúŒ= •£æ›¶µº®Ωh %ûªyç (äéπJ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ¶µº®Ωh©’†o (Æ‘Y) (vüˆ°æ-C™«) Polygamy (°æL-í∫N’)= •£æ›¶µ«®√uûªyç= äéπJéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ •A-èπ◊†o ¶µ«®Ωu-©’çúøôç. Pooh-Pooh- °æ‹£ˇ«, °æ‹£ˇ« (v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿-†©÷, Æœü∆l¥çû√©÷, v°æù«-Réπ©÷, Ææ©-£æ…©™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE) àç N©’´ É´y-èπ◊çú≈ îÁûªh, °æE-éÀ-®√-E-´E éÌöÀd§ƒÍ®-ߪ’úøç. He pooh-poohed my theory - Ø√ Æœü∆l¥çûªç îÁûªh ÅE éÌöÀd-§ƒ-Í®-¨»úø’/ ë«ûª®Ω’ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Pooh= àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’-éπç°æ¤ ´Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ ÅØË ´÷ô– '<µ— ™«í∫. Éûª-®Ω’© ideas †’ ë«ûª®Ω’ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅØË-´÷ô– -û˝, ,  ™«í¬.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 416

Poignant-

M.SURESAN

§ƒß˝’†uç'ö¸– £æ«%ü¿ßª÷Eo éπC-La-¢ËÊÆ/ ÖüËy-í∫-°æ-JîË (ÆæEo-¢Ë¨»©’/ ´÷ô™«xç-öÀN).

ii)

uncle except).

´÷

ûª°æp Åçü¿®Ω÷ °Rx-éÀ -´-î√a®Ω’ (Ééπ\úø but=

ü˨»-E-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ Åûªu-´-Ææ®ΩN≠æߪ’ç (crying need) ǣ慮Ωç. iv) ؈’ Ø√ È®çúø’ v°æߪ’-û√o-™ x†÷ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿-™‰ü¿’. v) ´’† ¢√ü¿-†-©-ûÓØË ÅûªúÕE ´’† ´÷®Ω_ç-™ éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊ -®√-¢√L/ †îªa-ñ„-§ƒpL. vi) -E-¨¡a-©çí¬ -Ö-†o -F-öÀéÀ -™ -ûÁèπ◊\-´. (-Åç-ûª’°æ-ôd-E) vii) ´’†é¬™«Eo ņ-´-Ææ-®Ωçí¬ ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

iii)

(While away= waste.) viii)

Åûªúø’ ûª†èπ◊ ņ’-´¤-í¬-E-îÓô/ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x ÖØ√oúø’. Åûªú≈ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x É´’úø-™‰úø’.

An honest man in today's politics is a square peg in a round hole =

ÑØ√öÀ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x Eñ«--ߪ’-B-°æ-®Ω’úø’ É´’-úø-™‰úø’. peg = ¢Ë’èπ◊. square peg= †©’-îª-ü¿-®Ωçí¬ Ö†o -¢Ë’èπ◊ round hole = í∫’çvúøçí¬ Ö†o éπçûª ix) Ç ™éπ-Ææç-î √J (Globe = ™éπç/ v°æ°æçîªç; trotter = Ææçî√J) È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x v°æ°æçîªç ô÷d †úÕ-î √úø’. x) Ç Æœç£æ«-í∫-®Ωb† ®√vA E¨¡z-¶«lEo (stillness)
This will be the scenario

v°æ¨¡o: 1. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ®√ߪ÷-©-†’2.

èπ◊çõ‰ grammar mistakes Öçô’-Ø√o®·. ¶µ«≥ƒ ØÁj°æ¤ùuç °ç-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ, ûª°æ¤p©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ®√ߪ’ú≈-EéÀ -àç -îË-ߪ÷-L? ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-éπç Ææ÷*ç--îªç-úÕ. éÀçC °æü∆© Å®√n©’, Öî√a®Ωù -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. i) spectrum, ii) infrastructure, iii) seeking, iv) mortality, v) delegation, vi) scenario, vii) stream, viii) dispite.

ï¢√•’: 1.

3. BSNL

1. NTR is the Andhra cine idol. 2. If I say once, it is saying a hundred times. 3. BSNL employees staged a half-naked protest/ demonstration (or) BSNL employees paraded half naked. 4. Don't belch in public. 5. You gain weight/ put on weight/ you become fat if you eat out. 6. You have put on weight. Do exercise. 7. Do you have/ have you school/ classes tomorrow? 8. Though his father shouted for him he was in no hurry. Stretching his body he walked at leisure to his father.

Ñ °æü∆© Öî√a-®Ωù, Å®√n-©’ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-©®Ω’.

ii) All but my uncle attended the marriage.

2. If I tell once, it means telling 100 times.

-É-C ÆœE-´÷™ úÁj™«-í˚èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çü∆? ÖüÓu-í∫’©’ Å®Ωl¥ †í∫o v°æü¿-®Ωz† î˨»®Ω’. 4. †©’-í∫’-J™ í∫öÀdí¬ ûˆaèπ◊. 5. Hotel ™ ¶µï†ç îËÊÆh §Òôd ´Ææ’hçC. 6. Fèπ◊ §Òôd ´*açC. áéπq-®˝-ÂÆjñ¸ îË®·. 7. O’èπ◊ Í®°æ¤ Ææ÷\™¸ Öçü∆? 8. ÅûªúÕ ûªçvúÕ í∫öÀdí¬ °œL-*Ø√, ®ΩN E秃-Cí¬ ä∞¡Ÿx N®Ω’--èπ◊E ¢Á∞«xúø’. – N.á-™¸.->.- ®√-V, Xéπ%-≠æg-°æôoç

2

corpse, polyandry, polygamy, pooh-pooh, pooh, poignant.

N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 1. a) I would like to act in that play. b) I should like to have acted in that play. 2. a) To help him would be a pleasure. b) To have helped him would have been a pleasure. 3. a) The tourists would like to see the ruins. b) The tourists would like to have seen the ruins. 4. a) The mechanic was to repair the car today. b) The mechanic was to have repaired the car today. 5. To have explained matters to him before he died was my duty. 6. To have been able to bless the couple would have given him great satisfaction.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

– °œ.È®úÕf¶µ«Ææ\®˝, ®√´÷-°æ¤®Ωç, éπúø°æ

O’®Ω’ ®√ÊÆ-ü∆çöx grammar mistakes Öçô’-Ø√oߪ’E O’èπ◊ ûÁLÊÆh O’èπ◊ correct English ûÁL-Æœ-†-õ‰xéπü∆. O’®Ω’ ®√ÆœçC §Ò®Ω§ƒôE ûÁL-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’, ü∆Eo correct îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç éπ≠dç æ é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’ àü¿-®·Ø√ ®√Æœ†°æ¤púø’ éÌçîÁç English O’éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ† ¢√JéÀ îª÷°œç* correct îË®·ç--éÓçúÕ. ®√ߪ’úøç practice áèπ◊\-´-®·-†-éÌDl, ûª°æ¤p©’ ûªT_-§Ú-û√®·. Living English Structure by Stannard Allen

O’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-í∫© °æ¤Ææhéπç. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ ¶«í¬ BJéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x

Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Current English

2.

îª÷úøçúÕ. ´÷ô© Å®√n™‰ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√öÀE ¢√úÕ† sentences èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. O’ mistakes ûªT_-§Úû√®·. i) Spectrum- ÂÆpéπ¢ Z ˛’– Éçvü¿-üµ¿-†’-Ææ’q-™E é¬çA ®Ωçí∫’© v¨ÏùÀ. ûÁ©x-éÀ-®Ωùç, prism ™ç* ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ éπE-°œçîË é¬çA ´®Ωg-î√-®Ω© v¨ÏùÀ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) He used to write with this pen. ii) He used this pen to write with. iii) Come here.

°j ¢√öÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-ü∆-EéÀ usedn't he?, È®çúÓ-ü∆-EéÀ didn't he?, ´‚úÓ-ü∆-EéÀ don't you? ÆæÈ®j-†¢ËØ√? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

iv)

Spectrum=

à v¨ÏùÀ Å®·Ø√.

The participants were from the ends of social spectrum=

§ƒ™Ô_-†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææ´÷-ïç-™E v¨ÏùÀ ¢Á·ûªhç (Ç *´-®Ω†’ç* – -Hü¿, Ñ *´®Ω ´®Ωèπ◊, íÌ°æp) ÖØ√o-®ΩE. ii) Infrastructure= ÉØ˛-v°∂æ-ÆæZ-éπa (®˝) = äéπ ÆæçÆæn/ ü˨¡ç/ company †úÕ-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ 鬴-©Æœ† ´’¯Léπ Ææü¿’-§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ (basic facilities)-

v) Delegation -

úÁL-Èí-ß˝’-≠ˇØ˛= 1) v°æA-ECµ•%çü¿ç.

Indian trade delegation in the US =

Å¢Á’-J-鬙 Ö†o ¶µ«®Ω-ûª- ¢√-ùÀïu v°æA-ECµ•%çü¿ç. 2) ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æE ÉçéÌ-éπ∞¡xèπ◊ Å°æp-ñ„-°æpôç. The Information minister was happy about the CM's delegation of some of his work=

-´·êu´’çvA ûª† °æE™ éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î √®Ω´’çvAéÀ buildings, electricity, roads, water etc. Å°æpñ„°æpúøç, Çߪ’†èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπL-Tç-*çC. iii) Seeking– Æ‘éÀçí˚– vi) Scenario = ÆœØ√-JßÁ÷ 1) üËØÁj oØ√ §Òçü¿ú≈-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªúøç. 1) ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ éπE-°œçîË ÆœE´÷ éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆†ç– àßË’ He is seeking a good job = §ƒvûª©’ á°æ¤púÁ°æ¤púø’ éπE-°œç-î√L, àßË’ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’ Åûªúø’ ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç §ÒçüË v°æߪ’-ûªoç îËÆæ’há°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ îª÷°œç-î√L ÅE ûÁL-Ê°C. É°æ¤púø’ ü∆Eo Ø√oúø’. screenplay Åçö«ç. 2) ¢Áü¿éπúøç– 2) ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h™ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ᙫ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-û√ßÁ÷ ÅØË I am seeking a good building for my ÅçîªØ√. This will be the scenario in AP- No school = Ø√ school èπ◊ ´’ç* ¶µº´†ç éÓÆæç party will get an absolute majority in the next ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o†’. election. AP ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ *vûªç É™« Öçô’çC- à party éÀ èπÿú≈ ´îËa áEo-éπ™ x éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† majoriiv) Mortality = 1) ´÷†´ Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ´’®Ωùç ty ®√ü¿’. 2) äéπ EKgûª Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ (Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç/ ØÁ©, etc) ïJÍí ´’®Ω-ù«© Ææçêu. (Mortality rate = äéπ vii) Stream = Æ‘¢Z ˛’ – 1) *†o †C 2) v°æ¢√£æ«ç. 3) äÍé ´ßª’Ææ’q, äÍé ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† v°æA-¶µºí∫-© Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ´®Ω_ç. Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ v°æA ¢Á®·u´’ç-C™ áçûª-´’çC ´’®Ω-ùÀç-î√-®ΩØË N´®Ωç viii) Despite = In spite of = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÖ 3) ´’®Ωùç: Hospital Mortality = ÇÆæpvA™ Despite the rain he went out = ´®Ω{çí¬ Ö†o-°æp´’®Ωùç. öÀéà Åûªúø’ -•-ߪ’-ôèπ◊ -¢Á-∞«}-úø’ (O’ spelling ÆæJîª÷-Ææ’-éÓçúÕ- despite correct). Pronunciation ´÷ö«-LöÀ– ö« ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç.

' ؈’ Ææûªuçí¬, üµ¿®Ωt-•-ü¿’l¥-úøØÁj Çüµ∆uAtéπ ñ«c†çûÓ @N-≤ƒh†’. ؈’ ÅGµ´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿’ûª÷, Ø√ èπ◊ô’ç-¶«Eo, Ø√ •úÕE, Ø√ ví¬O’-ù’-©†’, Ø√ ü˨»Eo 2020 Ø√öÀéÀ Åví∫-í¬N’ ü˨¡çí¬ îË≤ƒh†’.—— Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ v°æA-®ÓW îËÊÆ v°æA-ïc™ îË®√a®Ω’. OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ Åçö«®Ó ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. – Èé.¨¡-P-é¬ç-û˝-È®úÕf, í∫’çï-°æ-úø’í∫’

ï¢√•’: Sentences 1 and 2 È®çúÕçquestion tag, 'Didn't he?'. 'Usedn't he?' correct.

öÀéÃ,

èπÿú≈ Å®·ûË É°æ¤p-úÕC ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. Sentence 3 - Come here èπ◊

Q.

Tag: Come here, will you? Imperative sentences (Çïc© ÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©’, Åúø-í∫úøç ûÁLÊ° sentences) èπ◊, question tags á°æ¤púø÷

future forms (shall/ will)

ûÓØË

´≤ƒh®·. Lets go now, shall we? 4) "I pledge to abide by truth and to discharge my duty aided by a spiritual vision. While I seek my growth, I will strive to help my family and village to grow, and to make my country the foremost country in the world".

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 5 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Chethan: As I was on my way home, I ran into your uncle.

Chethan: Go when you like. I've done my job telling you of it.

(؈’ ÉçöÀÈé-∞Ïx-ü∆-J™ O’ Åçèπ◊™¸†’ éπ©-´úøç ïJ-TçC. run into = ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ á´JØÁjØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç/ á´-J-ÈéjØ√ áü¿’-®Ω’-°æ-úøôç

(F É≠ædç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. Ø√ °æE– Fèπ◊ îÁ°æpúøç– Øˆ’ î˨»†’.)

Chandan: Who?

Chandan: By the way, did you talk to Ganesh about our programme next week.

(ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, ´îËa-¢√®Ωç ´’† v§Úví¬¢˛’ í∫’Jç* í∫ù‰≠ˇûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈¢√?)

(á´-JF) Chethan: Your uncle.

(O’ Åçèπ◊™¸†’.) Chandan: (It) Can't be. Unless he cancelled his trip to Nellore.

(ÅÆæç-¶µº´ç. Çߪ’† ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ v°æߪ÷-ù«Eo ®Ωü¿’lîËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp.) Chethan: Yea. That's what he told me indeed. He was supposed to have left for Nellore yesterday morning, but something came in the way and he had to stay back.

(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† Ø√èπ◊ îÁ°œpçD ÅüË. E†o §Òü¿’l† ØÁ©÷x-®Ω’èπ◊ •ßª’-©’-üË-®√-©E ņ’-éÓ´úøç ïJ-Tç-ü¿F, Å®·ûË àüÓ ÅúÌf*a ÇT-§Ú¢√Lq ´*aç-ü¿E ÅØ√oúø’.) Chandan: Oh. Hence my not getting the call from him from Nellore.

(ÅD. Åçü¿’-´™‰x ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ †’ç* Ø√é¬-ߪ’† §∂ÚØ˛ ®√™‰ü¿’.) Chethan: He wants to see you this evening. He said he would call you in the mean time.

Chandan: Because of some work at home I couldn't go to his place. If I had gone I would have known about it.

(Éçöx àüÓ °æE ´©x ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷†’. ¢Á∞¡Ÿxçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Ææ’ç-úËC.) Chethan: He asked me to tell you to see him today.

(ûª†E É¢√y∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ--´’-E FûÓ îÁ°æp-´’-Ø√oúø’.) Chandan: I will, ofcourse provided I can get my bike back in the evening. I've given it for servicing.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, Ø√ ¶„jé˙ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´ÊÆh. ؈’ ü∆Eo ÆæKy-Æœç-í˚éÀ É*a ÖØ√o.) Exercise: Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A

B

1. Rejoice

A. Swarm about

2. Cobbler

B. Physical C. Experience

4. Manual

D. Include

5. Undergo

E. Feel happy

Chethan: Sorry, I haven't been able to get at him. Though I tried his number three to four times yesterday he was out of reach. Unless we go home to him we can't get him.

Spoken English active voice passive voice direct and indirect speech connectivesphrases, clauses and parts of sentences English word order

™

™ØÁjØ√

™ØÁjØ√,

™

È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ (Åûª-úÕE ؈’ °æô’d-éÓ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. E†o ØÁjØ√, †’ éπLÊ° ´÷ô-©†’ ´‚úø’ Ø√©’í∫’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x ÅûªúÕ †ç•-®˝èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ ™ îËÆ œØ√, ÅûªúÕE îË®Ω’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç. î√™« ´·êuç 鬕öÀd, à ´÷ô áéπ\úø ÅûªúÕçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞Ïh ûª°æp Åûªúø’ ´’†èπ◊ üÌJ-Íéô’d ®√¢√™ ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’éÓ-¢√-L. äé𠧃®∏Ω-èπ◊úÕ éÓJé𠙉úø’.) ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ¢√öÀE í∫’Jç* î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ Ééπ\úø ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰Chandan: He is usually at home in the mornÆæ’hØ√oç. Practise îËߪ’çúÕ. ings. That's the best time to see him. Look at the following sentences form the conversation above:

Therefore you go to him tomorrow morning.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Åûªúø’ §Òü¿’l-†-

417

1) Can't be unless he cancelled his trip to Nellore- unless

b) I can't do it unless the boss gives me permission = boss boss

´÷ ņ’-´’-AÊÆh ûª°æp/ ņ’-´’-AÊÆh é¬F ؈C îËߪ’-™‰†’.(´÷ ņ’-´’-AÊÆhØË ØˆC îËߪ’í∫-©†’.) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: unless à °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x äéπ °æE ï®Ω-í∫-í∫-©ü¿’ (present ™ í¬F, future ™ í¬E) ÅØËC ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’Ææ’hçC. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo, Eïç-é¬E ü∆Eo îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’-èπ◊ -É-C ¢√úøç. c) Unless you study well, you can't pass- †’´¤y ¶«í¬ îªC-N-ûËØË ûª°æp †’´¤y §ƒÆˇ Å´-™‰´¤. (îªC-N-ûËØË pass Å´-í∫-©´¤ –present/ future). d) Unless he knows you are here, he will not come =

†’Nyéπ\úø’Ø√o-´E ûÁLÊÆh ûª°æp ÅûªúÕéπ\úø-éÀ®√úø’/ ûÁL-ÊÆhØË ´≤ƒhúø’. unless = Å®·ûË ûª°æp. if= Å®·-ûËØË. unless = if not; if = unless not -ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç unless = Å®·ûË ûª°æp/ Å®·ûË é¬E if = Å®·-ûËØË

U nless he cancelled his trip

(E-†’o -Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çô’Ø√oú≈ߪ’†. ü∆E ´·çü¿’ Fèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.)

3. Infest

2

F. Decrease G. Maker/ Repairer of footwear Key 1-E. Rejoice = Feel happy = Parents rejoice at the success of their children =

ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îªúøç/

džç-Cç-îªúøç.

°œ©x© Nïߪ’çûÓ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’

džçC≤ƒh®Ω’. When she got a good rank in Eamcet her parents rejoiced = Eamcet rank

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ™ ´’ç* ®√´úøç Ç¢Á’ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-Tç-*çC. Kaikayi had cause to rejoice when Rama walked to the forest =

®√´·úø’ Åúø-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç ÈéjÍé®·éÀ džçü¿ç éπL-Tç-*çC./ ÈéjÍé®· džç-ü∆-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç Å®·uçC. We rejoice on the Independence = ≤ƒyûªçvûªu

2) Unless we go to him in the morning, we can't get him.

°æ‹ô ÉçöxØË Öçö«úø’. -Å-ûªúÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅC ´’ç* Æ洒ߪ’ç. 鬕öÀd †’´¤y -Å-ûª-úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ Í®§Òp-ü¿’l† ¢Á∞¡Ÿx.)

3) That's what he told me indeed 4) Hence my not getting the call from Nellore.

Chethan: We can decide the pro5) He will see you meanwhile. gramme ourselves. All that 6) Because of some work at home I M.SURESAN we need to tell him about is couldn't go to his place. how many of his men we 7) By the way did you talk to Ganesh about our require and when we need them. As programme next week. such there is no need to meet him 8) Though I tried his number I found him out of now. reach.

(´’†¢Ë’ v§Úví¬¢˛’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-´îª’a. -Å-ûª-úÕéÀ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-Lqç-ü¿™«x -Å-ûª-úÕ ´’†’-≠æfl©’ ´’†Èéç-ûª-´’çC á°æ¤púø’ 鬢√L, ÅE. v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ Ñ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x ´’†ç Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-†-´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.) Chandan: Ok. As you please.

(F É≠ædç.) CØÓ-ûªq´ç ´’†ç džç-C≤ƒhç. Rejoicing àüÁjØ√ ¢Ëúø’éπí¬/ °æç-úø’í∫í¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤-éÓ-´úøç Rejoice X Mourn (N©-°œç-îªúøç/ ü¿’”"ç-îªúøç) We

´-®·ûË Ø√ §ƒü¿-®Ωéπ~© ™«çöÀ-¢√-öÀE

20 ®Ω÷. ©èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\îËߪ’-†-Ø√oúø’. (•ôd©’, îËߪ’úøç = F èπ◊ F

Å´-Ææ®Ωç) v°æ´-®Ωh† ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-®Ω-éÓ.)

á©’-éπ©’, °æçC-éÌèπ◊\©’, Ñí∫©’ ™«çöÀ É•sç-C-éπ®Ω ïçûª’-´¤©’, üÌçí∫©’ üÓ°œ-úŒ-í¬∞¡Ÿx áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçúøôç. ¢√∞¡x ¶„úøü¿. a) The place is infested with rats = Ç îÓôçû√ á©’-éπ© ´‚éπ™‰. The tables in the eatery are infested with flies = Ç öÀ°∂œØ˛ ÂÆçô-®˝-™ E õ‰•’™¸q Åçû√ Ñí∫™‰. The area is infested with pick pockets and cheats =

Ç v°æü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç ñ‰•’-üÌç-í∫©÷, ¢Á÷Ææ-í¬∞Ïx.

ÅÆ晉ç ïJ-TçüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’çüË, ØËØËç îË°æp-™‰†’ =

ïJ-Tç-üË-N’ö ûÁLÊÆh ؈´’Ø√o îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’.

c) Unless he has the money, he can't buy a car = if he has the money he can buy a car.

It is a thief infested area =

v°æ¨¡o:

Ç v°æü˨¡ç üÌçí∫-©-

´’ߪ’ç.

1. Paper

ÅØË ü∆EéÀ ™‰ü¿’éπü∆? ´’J news Åçö«-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊?

Swarm = A swarm of files/ mosquitoes =

of trouble even to get a small thing done in a govt office =

îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx = Ωt-é¬-

(only) if I know what has happened, I can comment =

´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-õ‰ØË ûª°æp/ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-õ‰ØË é¬F, Ç¢Á ’ éÓ©’ éÓ™‰ü¿’ = 1) unless: Å®·ûË ûª°æp/ Å®·-ûË-é¬E ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ a) Unless you start now you cannot see him = Ç¢Á ’ éÓ©’è π ◊ çô ’çC. †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË ûª°æp †’´¤y -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’Ñ È®çúø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x†÷, Ç¢Á’ ´’çü¿’©’ Éçûª éÓ-™‰´¤. (É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-J-ûËØË †’-´y-ûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- ´®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a/ BÆæ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. N’í∫û√ í∫-©´¤.) ¢√öÀE í∫’Jç* ´îËa-≤ƒJ.

3-A. Infest = Swarm about =

îÁ°æ¤p©’ ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËÊÆ/ ®Ω’©’.

b) Unless I know what exactly has happened, I can't comment =

d) Unless she takes the medicines, she can't recover = If she takes the medicines she can recover =

2-G. Cobbler = Maker/ Repairer of footwear = repair The cobbler wouldn't repair (mend) my shoes for less than Rs. 20/- = shoes repair repair mend. your shoes need mending = shoes repairing Mend your behaviour =

mourn the death of Gandhi on every Jan 30 =

úø•’s éπúÕ-ûËØË éπúÕûË é¬F ®√ü¿’ = úø•’s éπúÕûË ´Ææ’hçC. Fèπ◊ îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? unless Ö†o sentence ™ not ´ÊÆh, if Ö†o sentence ™ not Öçúøü¿’.

9) As such there is no need to meet him.

Ñí∫-©’, üÓ´’--©’ ™«çöÀ éÃô-鬩 í∫’ç°æ¤. Ñí∫-©’/ üÓ´’© í∫’ç°æ¤ (´·êuçí¬ ¢√öÀ´©x ¶„úøü¿.) 4-B. Manual = Physical = ¨»K-®Ω-éπ-¢Á’i†. manual labour = ¨»K-®Ωéπ/ üÁj£œ«éπ v¨¡´’. Computer ©÷, Nü¿’u-îªa ¥éÀh Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´’†’-≠æfl© îËûª’-©ûÓ ïJÍí.Manual X Automatic. Manual Åçõ‰ ´’®Ó Å®Ωnç = ߪ’çvû√©’, ≤ƒüµ¿-Ø√©’ é̆o-°æ¤púø’, ÅN ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ ¢√öÀ ©éπ~-ù«-™‰¢Ó ûÁLÊ° *†o-°æ¤-Ææhéπç. (TV ©’, cell phones é̆o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀûÓ ´îËa °æ¤Ææh-鬩’.) 5-C. Undergo = Experience = ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îªúøç/ ã ņ’-¶µº´ç îªN-îª÷-úøôç. He have to undergo a lot

v°æA ï†-´J 30-†, ´’†ç í¬çDµE ûª©--èπ◊E N©-°œ≤ƒhç.

a) Unless you pay you can't get the certificate = certificate if you pay you can get the certificate = certificate

v°æ¶µº’ûªy 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷™x *†o-°æE îË®·ç-éÓ-¢√-©Ø√o î√™« ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈Lq (ņ’-¶µº-Nç-î√Lq) ´Ææ’hçC. b) parents undergo a lot of agony when their children are ill = °œ©x©’ ï•’s-°æ-úÕûË ûªLxü¿ç-vúø’©’ î√™« é~Ó¶µº†’ ņ’¶µºN-≤ƒh®Ω’. Agony = é~Ó¶µº.Undergo X Avoid/ escape. D. Include = îË®Ωaúøç. He is included in the team = Åûª-úÕE team ™ îË®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’/ Åûªúø’ team ™ ÖØ√oúø’.

plural papers

2. Nobody go(es) there

àC

éπÈ®é˙d? 3. Nobody has/ have a pen.

ï¢√•’:

– Ææ÷®Ω-ñ¸-¶«¶«, É©xçü¿’

1. Paper plural paper

™‰EC, ®√ߪ’-ú≈-EéÃ, printing èπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púË. Paper èπ◊ -Ö†o Éûª®Ω Å®√n©’ = 1) Document (´·êu¢Á’i† °ævûªç) 2) Newspaper. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, paper èπ◊ plural Öçô’çC. I've lost some of my papers = Ø√ °ævû√™x éÌEo §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. (Certificates, ÇÆœhéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† °ævû√© ™«çöÀN) èπ◊

¢√úË

His photo appeared (Newspapers) today =

in

the

papers

Åûª-úÕ -§∂Ò-ö Ñ ®ÓV

°ævA-éπ™x °æúÕçC. 2. Nobody- singular, goes correct. 3.

°j 鬮Ω-ùç-´™‰x,

Åçõ‰

he/ she

鬕öÀd,

has correct.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

verb,

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 7 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Venu: How's the new house you've bought?

(†’´¤y é̆o éÌûªh É©’x ᙫ ÖçC?) Gopal: It's not as such a house, but a set of rooms interconnected. Just a few amenities. That's all.

(ÅC É©xçõ‰ É©’x é¬ü¿’, äéπ-ü∆EûÓ äéπöÀ éπL-Æœ† í∫ü¿’©’. ´Ææ-ûª’-©ç-ûªí¬ ™‰´¤.) amenities = ´Ææ-ûª’©’ Venu: So it's going to take quite some time for you to move in then.

(Å®·ûË Åçü¿’™ îËÍ®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Éçé¬Ææh time °æöÔd-îªa-†o-´÷ô.) Gopal: You can say that. (†’´¤y correct) It needs

2

Gopal: Don't I know it? I had hell with the workers when I was on the job.

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆ àçöÀ? Ø√ É©’x éπô’d-èπ◊çô’†o°æ¤púø’ °æE-¢√∞¡Ÿx †®Ωéπç îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’.) hell= †®Ωéπç. on the job = °æE™/ °æE-O’ü¿ Öçúøôç– Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç– É©’x éπôdúøç. Venu: These construction workers are such callous fellows that they don't care what happens to you.

(Ñ construction workers (û√°‘ ¢Ë’Æ‘Y©’, ´vúøç-í∫’©’, plumbers) ´’†-Íé-¢Á’iØ√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æöÀdç--éÓ®Ω’.) callous= feeling ™‰E.

but, despite, in spite of, however ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-ØË™«/ ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Oô-Though, E oö À é à ŮΩ nç äéπõ‰ – Å®·Ø√/ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ. Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË™«– not ... as such (not ûÓ) áèπ◊\´ ¢√úË B®Ω’™ î√™« ú≈-©’-Ø√o®·. OöÀ™ à È®çúÕç-öÀF ¢√úøû√ç– ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-ØË-N-üµ¿çí¬/ Å™« Åçõ‰ Å™« äÍé sentence ™ ûË¢√úø some repairs and alterations. As such it ç. ÅE é¬ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ÉC Spoken English ™ is not suitable for family to move in. Gopal: That's true. However we can't do without Though (he is) tall, he is not handsome = î√™« common. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. them. (ü∆EéÀ éÌEo ´’®Ω-´’t-ûª’©’, ´÷®Ω’p©’ Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Åûª ú ø ’ §Òúø ’ È í j Ø √ Åçü¿ í ¬úø ’ é¬ü¿’. (He is not handa) He is not as such the leader, but is regarded (Eï¢Ë’. é¬F ¢√∞¡Ÿx ™‰EüË °æ†-´ü¿’ éπü∆?) Ö†o-°æ-∞«† Ç ÉçöxéÀ ´÷®Ωúøç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’.) some though he is tall ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa) = He is as one= Åûª†’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úøçõ‰ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ é¬ü¿’, Venu: When do you expect it to be ready? Venu: OK. I must be going. See you. tall but (he is) not handsome. é¬F Åçü¿®Ω÷ Å™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. (á°æp-öÀéÀ ûªßª÷È®j Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) (ÆæÍ®. ؈’ ¢Á∞«}L.) It is an express train, but it is very slow = b) The car is not as such my own, but I can use Gopal: Not before Vinayaka chavithi, any way, Spoken English ™ ´’†èπ◊ áü¿’-®ΩßË’u Ææ´’Ææu– though it is an express train, it is very slow = ÅC it as long as I want to = though the work is going on fast. °ü¿l N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îËÊ°p °ü¿l express, Å®·Ø√ ÅC î√™« slow. Car Ø√ ≤Òçûªü∆ Åçõ‰ (àüË-¢Á’iØ√ NØ√-ߪ’éπ îªNA ´·çü¿’ ´÷vûªç ´÷ô©’ ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©’é¬ü¿’, é¬F ü∆Eo ؈’ Despite = in spite of = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ÅØË Å®Ωnç, é¬ü¿’, °æE-´÷vûªç ®Ω’í¬_ ≤ƒí∫’-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ.) Ææ’hç-C-í¬F *†o *†o N≠æØ√é¬\-´-©-Æ œ†çûª 鬩ç though, but ™«í¬. OöÀE ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’S} sentence ߪ÷-©-éÌ-ÊÆhØË *èπ◊\™x °æúø’Venu: How much is it going to cost you? ®Ω÷°æç ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC. Ç çí∫ x ¶ µ « ≠ æ ù 418 ¢√úø’-éÓ-´îª’a. ûª’çö«ç. (áçûª ê®Ωa-´-¶-ûÓçC Fèπ◊?) (Despite ¢√úøéπç é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç, Gopal: Despite all the care I am ví¬çC∑éπç. Spoken English ™ Å®Ω’ü¿’) taking, it is likely to exceed Rs. 4 lac. Such matters as these often cost more than our estimates.

1) As such=

It's not as such a house..

(؈’ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªh©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ñ lesson ™ éÌEo *†o N≠æ-ߪ÷© †o-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ø√©’í∫’ ©éπ~© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ü∆öÀ-§Ú´îª’a. É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷-™„-°æ¤púø÷ ´’† Åçîª-Ø√- Å®Ωnç, ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. (Last les©†’ ü∆öÀ-§Ú-ûª÷ØË Öçö«®·.) son ™ î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ¢√úË, if, Venu: Provided you personally supervise what- unless ©†’ îª÷¨»ç. Å™«çöÀN ´’J-éÌEo ever the masons, the carpenters, the É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.) plumbers and the electricians do.

(û√°‘¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´vúøç-í∫’©’, F∞¡x-°j-°æ¤©’ ´÷Í®a-¢√∞¡Ÿx, electricians îËÊÆ °æEE †’´¤y ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çúÕ îË®·ç--èπ◊ç-õ‰ØË.) Gopal: That's right. Our supervision always makes a lot of difference.

(ÅçûË. ´’†ç Åéπ\úø ÖçúÕ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ î√™« ûËú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.) Venu: It's rather tiring and a big strain not only on your pocket, but also on your mind and body.

(É™«çöÀ °æE é¬Ææh NÆæ’í∫’ éπL-Tç-îË-C-í¬ØË Öçô’çC. úø•’s êÍ®a é¬èπ◊çú≈, ´’†-Ææ’èπ◊, ¨¡K-®√-EéÀ èπÿú≈ v¨¡¢Ë’.) EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B A B 1. Bluff A. Basic 2. Incentive B. Advanced 3. Staunch C. Trick 4. Surpass D. Inducement 5. Fundamental E. Strong F. Excel G. Secretive KEY: 1-C. Bluff = Trick -

Å•-ü∆l¥©’ îÁ°œp ûª°æ¤p-ü∆J °æöÀdç-îªúøç/ ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-îªúøç/ •’é¬-®·çîªúøç.

He bluffed to me that he was a CBI man = CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation)

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) It's not as such a house, but ...

c) The PM as such doesn't decide matters. There is the cabinet and more importantly Mrs Sonia Gandhi =

v°æüµ∆†´’çvA Çߪ’-†í¬ Çߪ’ØËç E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-éÓ®Ω’. Çߪ’† ´’çvA-´®Ω_ç, Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ ≤ÚE-ߪ÷-í¬çDµ -ÖØ√o-®Ω’-éπü∆?

M.SURESAN

2) As such it is not suitable for a family to move in.

Å®·†°æpöÀéÃ. Ñ ´‚úø÷ äéπõ‰. àC ¢√úÕØ√ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰.

3) Not before Vinayaka chavithi any way, though the work is going on fast.

a) Though/ Although/ Even though he is rich, he leads a simple life =

4) Despite all the care I am taking it is likely to exceed Rs. 4 lac.

b) Though he can speak Telugu, he doesn't =

5) Provided you personally supervise what they do.

Åûªúø’ ûÁ©’í∫’ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-L-T-†-°æp-öÀéà ´÷ö«x-úøúø’.

6) The workers are such callous fellows that they don't care what happens to you.

c) Though many do not like him, they follow him

7) That's true. However we can't do without them. That he always carries a gun with him is just a bluff =

ûª†ûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ ûª’§ƒéà Öçô’ç-ü¿E ÅûªúøØË ´÷ô©’ ´öÀd •÷ô-éπ¢Ë’/ •’é¬-®·çÊ°.

They bluffed their way past the security to the minister =

á´-J¢Á÷ ÅE îÁ°æ¤p-éÌE/ •’é¬-®·ç* ¶µºvü¿û√ Æœ•sç-C-E-ü∆öÀ ´’çvA-ü∆é¬ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. 2-D. Incentive = Inducement = v§Úû√q-£æ«éπç/ vÊ°®Ω-ù«ç¨¡ç. ã ÆæçÆæn-™E ÖüÓu-í∫’©’ áèπ◊\´ Ææ´’®Ωnçí¬, Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ °æE-îË-ÊÆ™« v§Úûªq£œ«ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´Ææ’h/ üµ¿† ®Ω÷°æç™ ÉîËa •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’, commission (@û√-EéÀ Åü¿-†çí¬), °æüÓ-†oA (promotion) ™«çöÀN. Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©-éÀîËa merit prizes/ scholarships èπÿú≈ incentives. The chance of getting bribes acts as an incentive in some government departments =

ûª†’ éÀ Ææç•çCµç*† ¢√úÕ-†E †´’t-•-L-é¬úø’/ •’é¬-®·çî√úø’. ´·êuçí¬ àüÁjØ√ °æE-îË-®·ç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ àüÓ íÌ°æp £æ«Ùü∆™ Ö†o-¢√-∞¡Ÿxí¬/ íÌ°æp £æ«Ùü∆™x Ö†o-¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ¢√∞¡Ÿxí¬ •’é¬-®·ç-îªúøç, bluffing.

éÌEo v°æ¶µº’ûªy ¨»ê™x ©çî√©’ §ÒçüË Å´-鬨¡ç v§Úû√q£æ«-éπçí¬ °æE-îË-Ææ’hçC. Inducement= vÊ°Í®-°æù/ °æ¤J-éÌ-©púøç.

She bluffs that she is the close relative of the DIG = DIG

His taking alcohol is the result of his friend's inducement =

éÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω ö«d-†oE Ç¢Á’ îÁ°æ¤p-éÌç-öçC (àüÓ ¢Á÷Ææç îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊)– Åçû√ •÷ôéπç.

He says he can speak three or four languages, but I doubt he is bluffing =

Åûªúø’ ´‚úø’ Ø√©’í∫’ ¶µ«≠æ©’ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. é¬F Ø√ ņ’-´÷†ç Åûªúø•ü∆l¥©’ îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√o-úøE /Åçû√ •÷ô-éπ-´’E.

2) Though= although= even though=

Åûªúø’ üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÁjØ√ î√™« E®√-úøç-•-®Ωçí¬ @N-≤ƒhúø’.

=

àC èπÿú≈ ††’o ´’Sx ÅûªúÕéÀ ãô’ ¢ËÊÆ™« Ç ´’çü¿’ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Evü¿ éπLTÆæ’hçC. Incentive X Disincentive. Inducement X determent

(E®Ó-üµ¿éπç) í∫öÀd/ •©-¢Á’i†– äéπ-JéÀîËa ´’ü¿lûª’/ äéπJ°æôx NüµË-ߪ’ûª (loyalty) N≠æ-ߪ’ç™.

3-E. Staunch = Strong =

He is a staunch supporter of congress party =

Åûªúø’ Congress party éÀ •©-¢Á’i† ´’ü¿l-ûª’-ü∆®Ω’úø’/ í∫öÀd congress ¢√C. Britain is staunch ally of the US =

vGôØ˛ Å¢Á’-Jé¬èπ◊ •©-¢Á’i† N’vûª-ü˨¡ç. ally (Å™„j) = N’vûª-ü˨¡ç/ N’vûª-§ƒKd, etc. He is a staunch believer in Mahatma's principles =

Åûªúø’ í¬çDµ üµ¿®√t©†’ í∫öÀdí¬ †N’t-†-¢√úø’. Staunch X wavering (E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-™‰éπ ÜT-Ææ-™«úË) 4-F. Surpass = Excel = ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îªúøç. The sales surpassed all our estimations =

Åûªúø’ û√í∫ôç, ÅûªúÕ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úÕ v§Úû√q£æ« °∂æL-ûª¢Ë’. Induce = vÊ°Í®-°œç-îªúøç. The old woman induce the girl to prostitution =

Ç ´·Ææ-™«¢Á’ Ç Å´÷t-®·E ´uGµ-î√®Ωç™éÀ Cç°œçC.

Though he has (a) good command of English, he rarely uses English = English English He has (a) good command of English but he uses English rarely = In spite of his good command of English, he uses it rarely = Despite (Spoken English his command of English, he uses English rarely.

Å´’t-鬩’ ´÷ Åçîª-Ø√-©†’ ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-î√®·/ ü∆öÀ-§Úߪ÷®·. Tendulkar, by scoring this century surpassed himself = score

Ñ ´çü¿ îËߪ’-úøçûÓ õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ ûª††’ ûªØË ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-î√úø’.

Åûª-úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûªúø’ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√úø’ =

™ Å®Ω’ü¿’)

However= but. Sentence English but however

†’ but ûÓ (written ™) v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµçîªç. Å™« v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøû√ç.

Though the book is very useful it is priced high = The book is very useful, but it is high priced. = In spite of the book being useful/ In spite of the usefulness of the book, it is high priced = Despite (In spite of the book/ being useful/ usefulness of the book, it is high priced = The book is very useful. However, it is high priced. but sentences

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéà üµ¿®Ω ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\¢Ë =

ûª®√yûª ™«í¬ØË)

î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ Åûªúø’ É≠ædç-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûª-úÕØË È®çúø÷ ņ’-Ææ-J-≤ƒh®Ω’. Nothing would induce me to vote for him again = The drug induces sleep=

Observe the following.

(í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ééπ\úø ¢√úÕûË, Ñ äéπõ‰ Å®·-§Ú-´úøç.)

Japan excels all the western countries in technology =

≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ ®Ωçí∫ç™ ï§ƒØ˛ §ƒ¨»aûªu ü˨»-©†’ ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-*çC. Surpass/ excel X underperform (´’†ç ÇPç-*-†-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ≤ƒCµç-îªúøç) 5-A. Fundamental = Basic = ¢Ë’L-®Ω-éπ-¢Á’i†/ v§ƒü∑¿-N’éπ (ÅA-´·-êu-¢Á’i†) Violence is against the fundamental principles of Hinduism =

£œ«çÆæ ÅØËC £œ«çü¿÷ v§ƒü∑¿N’éπ/ ´’¯Léπ Ææ÷vû√-©èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç. Truth is fundamental to Gandhism = Ææûªuç í¬çDµ-ûª-û√y-EéÀ v§ƒü∑¿-N’-éπ-¢Á’i-†C/ ÅA ´·êu-¢Á’i-†C. These are the fundamentals of maths- addition, subtraction, multiplication and division =

èπÿúÕéπ, BÆœ-¢Ëûª, í∫’ù-鬮Ωç, ¶µ«í∫-£æ…®Ωç– ÉN í∫ùÀ-û√-EéÀ ´‚™«©’. Fundamental (v§ƒü∑¿-N’éπç) X Advanced (Ö†o-ûª-≤ƒn®·) Fundamental (´·êu-¢Á’i†) X Secondary (ûªèπ◊\´ v§ƒ´·-êu-´·†o) Food, clothing and shelter are fundamental. The rest are secondary =

èπÿúø’, í∫’úøf, í∫÷úø’ ÉN @Nûª ´·ë«u-´-Ææ-®√©’. N’í∫-û√N ûª®√yûª. G) Secretive = í∫’綵º-†çí¬ ÖçúË Ææy¶µ«´ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 10 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2008 -v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ í∫’-Jç-* -N-´

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 4) & 5) As far as = So far as =

´®Ωèπ◊

As far as I know = So far as I know =

-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 1. You are not supposed to go there. 2.

2

áçûª éπ≠æd-°æ-ú≈fØÓ ®√¨»†’.

Åçûª

3. The fight have taken place between one another/ between each other.

6)

Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. †’´yC îËÆæ’ç-úø-èπÿúøü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’= †’´yC îËÆæ’ç-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

7) I have been to Vijayawada-

؈’ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøèπ◊ ¢ÁRx ´î√a†’. (Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRx-†çü¿’-´©x) Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE. I have been to him=

4. As far as; 5. So far as 6. You are not supposed to have done it. 7. I have been to VijayawadaVijayawada I have been to him

Åçõ‰

Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å™«Íí Åçõ‰ Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ-ØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçü∆?

8. Where as; 9. Have to be taken

ï¢√•’:

؈ûªúÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E/ ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_JéÀ ¢ÁRx ´î√a†’ ÅE. (ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a). 8) Whereas = ûËú≈ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË ´÷ô. He is tall whereas his brother is short =

Åûªúø’ §Òúø’í∫’ é¬F ÅûªúÕ ûª´·túø’ §ÒöÀd. BÆæ’-éÓ-•-ú≈L

9) Have to be taken =

– Ææ÷®Ω-ñ¸-¶«¶«, É©xçü¿’

1) You are not supposed to go there =

These medicines have to be taken for a month-

ã ØÁ©-§ƒ-ô’ Ñ ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’-éÓ-•ú≈L (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– BÆæ’éÓ-¢√L).

†’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç èπÿúø-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’/ †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. a) What is poetry?, b) What is prose?, c) What is novel?, d) What is fiction? simple definitions 2. English prose substance matter tense simple present tenses

– OöÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç* í¬ É´yí∫-©®Ω’. äéπ °æ-ü¿uç -™‰-ü∆ èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ Åçû√ äÍé ™, ÅC-èπÿú≈ ™ØË Öçú≈™«? Ææçü¿®√s¥Eo •öÀd ÅEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a? äéπ *†o °æü¿uç É*a ü∆E ¶µ«´ç N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

3. ''The grass is always greener on the other side is"-

2) I wrote as much as I worked hard. 3) The fight has (fight have fight it has taken place between one another- correct between each other-

é¬ü¿’, Åçõ‰ ®√¢√L) Éü¿l-J-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-´’çC ûªí∫-¢ÁjûË; Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË ûªí∫-¢ÁjûË.

鬕öÀd,

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 419

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? – öÀ.M-™«-í¬-ߪ’vA, û√úË-°æ-Lx-í∫÷úÁç ï¢√•’: 1. (a) Poetry= éπNûªyç / 鬴uç= A piece of writing in metrical lines (measured lines) expressing deep thought, feeling and emotion.

I have had cof fee just now -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Having,

being, getting.

-O-öÀ Å®√n-©-†’

b) To be a captain is difficult = Captain

=

¶«í¬ úø•’sç-úø-ôçûÓ/ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x Åûª-úÕéÀ car ≤Úh´’ûª ÖçC.

-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-©-ûÓ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. -ûÓ -´-îËa prepositions, keeping -Å®Ωnç (2) having + past partici-ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. ple- Having done, having 3) Make, do éÀ -ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? gone, etc äéπ °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç 4) To be, will be – -ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? 5) Future continuous tense -™ will be -•-ü¿’-©’ ´©x/ îËߪ’-úøçûÓ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ M.SURESAN ¢√úøû√ç. to be -¢√-úÌ-î√a? a) Having seen the movie, he can tell us 6) Have (v1), had (v2), had (v3) -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. whether it is good or bad = Ç ÆœE´÷ Have had, had had - -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-L-´yí∫-©®Ω’. îª÷¨»-úø’í¬ Åûªúø’?/ îª÷Æœ-†ç-ü¿’-´©x, ÅüÁ™« ÖçüÓ 7) -N-´÷-†ç take off -Å®·ç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’. -É-™« verb Åûªúø’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©úø’. °æéπ\-† off- -®√-´-úøç, coming up.. í∫’-Jç-* b) Having studied in the college for 2 years, -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. I know a lot about it = Ç college ™ 8) Direct, Interrogative sentence ™ØË-é¬éπ È®çúË∞¡Ÿx îªC-N-†ç-ü¿’-´©x ü∆Eoí∫’Jç* ؈’ î√™« -É-ûª®Ω sentences ™ èπÿú≈ who ´Ææ’hç-ü∆? îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’. -á-™« -Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-L. -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. c) Having gone there, he saw for himself what 9) -éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. kind of place it is = Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç ´©x ÅC 1. -á-´-J -É-≠ædç -¢√-∞¡x-C. 2. -F-´¤ -á-´-J í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æ¤á™«çöÀ v°æüË-¨¡¢Á÷ ûª†èπ◊ û√ØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-Lí¬úø’. ûª’-Ø√-o-¢Ó -Ø√èπ◊ -Å®Ωnç é¬-´-úøç -™‰-ü¿’. 3. -F-´¤ -Ñ Being = Ö†oçü¿’-´©x, Öçúø-ôçûÓ °æ-E -á-´-J-ûÓ-ØÁj-Ø√ -îË®·ç-éÓ-´-a. 4. -Ç -Ø√-©’í∫’ 1) Being ill, he cannot attend college= ï•’sí¬ °æ¤Ææhé¬-©-™ -Ñ È®ç-úø’ °æ¤Ææhé¬-©’ -¶„-ô®˝. Ö†oçü ¿ ’ ´ ©x , Åûªúø’ college éÀ ®√™‰úø’. – -¢Áj.-áÆˇ.-T-J, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø 2) Being tall, he can bowl well= Åûªúø’ §Òúø’í¬_ ï¢√•’: Having (1) éπLT Ö†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ– Öçúø ô ç ´ ©x / Öçúø-ôçûÓ ¶«í¬ bowl îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’. a) Having a car, he can easily go places = 2) & 3) Get, Keep ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô©÷, make, do ©èπ◊ 鬮Ω’ Öçúøôç-´©x Åûªúø’ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Ü∞¡Ÿx A®Ω-í∫ûË ú ≈©÷ §ƒûª lessons ™ N´-®Ωçí¬ îÁ§ƒpç. îª÷úøçúÕ. í∫-©úø’. 4) to be = Öçúø ô ç (á°æ ¤p-úÁjØ√ 鬴a) b) Having cancer, he is unable to move about a) To be here any longer is dangerous = Åûª-úÕéÀ cancer Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x A®Ω-í∫-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Ééπ\úø à´÷vûªç Öçúøôç v°æ´÷-ü¿¢Ë’ (É°æ¤púË). c) Having a lot of money, he can offered car 2) Keep

ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ "I do not want to open the secret" í¬ îÁ°æp-´î√a? Éçé¬ better í¬ á™« îÁ§ƒpL? Å™«Íí interrogative sentence ©™ regular í¬ "why you are going?" éπÈ®é¬d ™‰éπ "Why are you going?" éπÈ®é¬d? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – ´’ØÓ-®Ωç-ïE, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ï¢√•’: 1. ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ -•-ߪ’-ô°ôdúøç/ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-îËߪ’úøç= reveal. I don't want to reveal the secret. 2. Question question verb subject So, why are you going? [(are (verb) + you (subject)] correct.

éπü∆?

´Ææ’hçC.

™ á°æ¤púø÷

ûª®√yûË

Each line, or each set of lines has a definite pattern of syllables, stressed and unstressed. b) Any piece of writing, long or short, on any topic and with a logical sequence of thought. c) Novel = A long story with a definite plot, and having a logical sequence of events. d) Fiction = Any story- a short story or a novel.

Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ à tense Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË narrate îËÊÆ-°æ¤púø’ present tense é¬F, past tense é¬F ¢√úøû√ç. ã English poem †’ É*a Å®Ωnç N´Jç’E ÅúÕ-í¬®Ω’. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ N´-J≤ƒhç. Å®·ûË v°æÆæ’hûªç Ææn™«-¶µ«´ç ´©x É´y-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√oç. 3. ''-§Ò®Ω’-Tç-öÀ °æ¤©x-èπÿ®Ω ®Ω’*—— Å-E– ü∆ü∆°æ¤. ´’†-èπ◊-†oN ¶«í¬ ÖØ√o èπÿú≈, Éûª®Ω’©-èπ◊-†oN -Éçé¬ -¶«í∫’ç-ö«®· ņ’-èπ◊ØË Ææy¶µ«´ç.

2.

(The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence =

éπçîÁèπ◊ Å´-ûªL í∫úÕf Ééπ\úÕ

í∫úÕféπçõ‰ °æîªa†). Had had - the past perfect tense of have - for the earlier of two past actives:

í¬

Öçúøôç éπ≠d¢æ Ë’. (á°æ¤p-úø-®·Ø√) Åçõ‰ future ™ Öçúøôç éπü∆? a) He will be here in a few minutes = Ééπ éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ™x Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úø’ (future).

I had had a Maruthi car before I bought this Honda =

Will be

b) They will be ministers if he becomes the CM= CM (future).

Åûªúø’ Å®·ûË ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’çvûª’-©’í¬ Öçö«®Ω’ 5) Ñ question Åçûª Ææp≠ædçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. future continuous •ü¿’©’ to be ®√ü¿’. 6) Have (pr.tense) - had (past tense) had (past participle) have had, had had verbs have had have had had had have, had, verb form Independent status

OöÀ Å®Ωnç éπLT Öçúøôç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’éπü∆? Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úË OöÀéÀ, ™«çöÀ ™, ™, èπÿ, ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ èπÿ, àç Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. îËߪ’ú≈EéÀ ûÓúøp-úøÉéπ\úÕ ™‰ü¿’. û√®·. ÅçûË. ¢√öÀéÀ I have had 2 cups of coffee so far = verb have had - have + had (past participle of have) - tense present perfecttime

Å®Ωnç– 1) É°æp-öÀûÁLߪ’´-®Ωèπ◊ éπLT Öçúøôç 2) í∫ûªç™ †-°æ¤púø’, éπLT Öçúøôç 3) É°æ¤púø’ àüÁjØ√ BÆæ’-éÓ´úøç (A†úøç/ û√í∫úøç). a) I have had the opportunity once = äéπ\-≤ƒJ Ø√é¬ Å´-鬨¡ç éπL-TçC (Past - time not known). b) They have had three chances so far=

É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´‚úø’ Å´é¬-¨»©’ ´î√a®·. c) I have had coffee just now, I don't want any more = coffee

É°æ¤púË

-v°æ-¨¡o: ' ؈’ Ç ®Ω£æ«Ææuç -•-ߪ’-ôèπ◊ îÁ°æp-ü¿-©--éÓ-™‰ü¿’— ņo ¢√é¬u-Eo

Imagination is its important quality.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Please translate the following sentence in Telugu. "A contract contingent on not happening of some event in future can be enforced if that event becomes impossible."

ï¢√•’: ''¶µºN-≠æu-û˝™ äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’

– >.Ç-®˝.-¢Á÷-£æ«-Ø˛-®√´¤, Å™xç°æ¤®Ωç

ņ’-èπ◊†o °æJ-Æœn-A™/ v§ƒA-°æ-Céπ O’ü¿ èπ◊C-J† ä°æpçü¿ç, Ç Ææç°∂æ’-ô† -ÅÆæç-¶µº-´ç Å®·Ø√ Å´’-™x-éÀ -´-Ææ’hçC.—— (English ¢√éπuç Åçûª- Ææp-≠dçæ í¬ ™‰ü¿’).

BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o. Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: ؈’

Ñ £æ«Ùçú≈ 鬮Ω’ é̆éπ-´·çü¿’ Ø√éÓ ´÷®Ω’B 鬮Ω’ ÖçúËC. 7) Take off, coming up, put out -O-ô-Eoç-öÀ-E prepositional phrases/ phrasal verbs Åçö«ç. ÉN ¶µ«≠æ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ´îËa-¢Ë-é¬F OöÀéÀ rules Åçô÷ Öçúø´¤. ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ''Åçûª ûËLí¬_ éÌöÀd-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’èπ◊ Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo—— Åçö«ç. ûÁ©’í∫’ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ØË English ¢√úÕéÀ, Ñ Å®Ωnç ´’†ç îÁÊ°h-é¬F Å®Ωnç-é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ English phrasal verbs èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. îªü¿-´-úøç-´©x É´Fo ûÁ©’-≤ƒh®·. 8) Direct, Interrogative sentence ™ØË-é¬éπ Indirect speech ™†÷, other kinds of sentences ™ èπÿú≈ who ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆? He asked me who had done it. Ñ sentence Indirect speech ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ statement (Interrogative é¬èπ◊çú≈) èπÿú≈. Ééπ\-úø -èπÿú≈ who ´*açC éπü∆? O’ ÆæçüË£æ«ç àN’ö Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. 9) 1) Every one has their own likes and dislikes. 2) I do not understand who you are talking about. 3) You can get/have this job done by any one you like OR you can get any body to/ have any body do the job OR you can make anybody do the job. 4) Of these four books, these two are better than the other two books. OR These two are the better of the 4 books.

Rapidex book, spoken English lessons, English books

O’

Éûª®Ω îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’. í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. é¬F Éûª®Ω’-©ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ reply ûªy®Ωí¬ É´y-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. àç îËߪ÷™ ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. éÀçC ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. i) I don't try to speak loudly. ii) I try not to speak loudly.

– áÆˇ.-Èé.-ñ«FN’ߪ÷, -Lçí∫-T-J, -†-™Ô_ç-úø ->-™«x

ï¢√•’: üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ ÆæçéÓîªç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, ûª°æ¤p-©’ ´÷ö«x-úø’û√ØË¢Á÷ ÅØË ¶„®Ω’èπ◊ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Öç-úøçúÕ. È®çúø’ -ØÁ-©™x ´÷®Ω’p éπE°œ-Ææ’hçC. i) Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’Aoç-’. (Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq†-°æ¤púø’ Å™« îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç) ii) Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. (Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´’ç*C é¬éπ-§Ú-®·†-°æpúø’).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 14 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Gopal: I discussed the matter with him yesterday for nearly two hours.

Gopal: Yea. Such things do happen. Why some times? Quite often.

(ØËF N≠æߪ’ç E†o Åûª-úÕûÓ È®çúø’ í∫çô-©ÊÆ°æ¤ îªJaç-î√†’)

(Å´¤†’ Å™«çöÀN ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ö«®·. éÌEo≤ƒ-Í®xçöÀ? ûª®Ω--í¬ØË.)

Padma: Hence you couldn't see me yesterday, you mean?

Padma: You can always score high providing/ provided you know the technique of preparation. A thorough study of previous years' question papers will help you know what areas you've to study well. Not always it is necessary to study the subject from end to end.

(Åçü¿’-´©x E†o †’´¤y ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ -§Ú-ߪ÷-†ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?) Gopal: Exactly. He was rather unwilling to come here, but somehow I persuaded him to finally he agreed.

(ÅçûË, Åûªúø’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬Ææh Å®·-≠dçæ -í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’, é¬F ᙫíÓ Åûª-úÕE ä°œpç-î√†’.) persuade = °æÆˇ-¢Á-ß˝’ú˛ (°æÆˇ, bird ™ '•— ™«) = †îªa-ñ„-°æpúøç/ ä°œpç-îªúøç. I can persuade him to join our team = ´’† team ™ îËÍ®ô’xí¬ Øˆ-ûª-úÕE ä°œpçîª-í∫-©†’. Padma: How is he preparing for the exams?

(ûªßª÷-®Ω-¢√-Lq† éÀô’èπ◊ ûÁLÊÆh °æK-éπ~™x áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-´îª’a. éÀçü¿-õ‰-ú≈C question papers °æK-Q-LÊÆh àßË’ Å稻©’ ¶«í¬ îªC-NûË î√™ ûÁL-Æœ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Subject †’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-†’ç* *´-J-´-®Ωèπÿ îªü¿-´úøç á°æ¤púø÷ Å´-Ææ®Ωç é¬ü¿’) Gopal: That's true. OK. Shall we start for the college now?

(Eï¢Ë’.

College

éÀ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ü∆´÷?)

Padma: OK.

(°æK-éπ~-©-È陫 ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’?) Gopal: Quite well, I hope. He is the hard working type. So he is sure to succeed.

(¶«í¬ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Åûªúø’ é¬Ææh éπ≠d-°æ æúË ®Ωéπ¢Ë’. éπ†’éπ Nïߪ’ç éπ©’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿ØË Å†’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o.) Padma: You can't always be sure. Sometimes not withstanding one's efforts, one is not sure of success. There's that element of luck too, isn't there?

Gopal:

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

420

b) It's been raining heavily for the past twenty four hours. Hence the late arrival of a number of trains =

Sukumar is going to marry the girl, notwithstanding his parents' objection =

í∫ûª 24 í∫çô-©’í¬ ¶µ«K ´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω’-≤ÚhçC. Ç é¬®Ω-ùç-í¬ØË È®j∞¡xFo Ç©-Ææuçí¬ îË®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o®·. Å®·ûË hence ví¬çC∑éπç. Conversation ™ ¢√úøç. So, therefore, because ™«çöÀN áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

ûª† ûªLx-ûªç-vúø’©èπ◊ Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ω-ç -Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝ Ç Å´÷t-®·E °∞«x-úø¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Notwithstanding, °æ‹Jhí¬ §ƒçúÕûªuç, ví¬çC∑éπç. ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´îËa nevertheless èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Spoken English™ NE-°œç-îªü¿’ (á´-È®jØ√ ¢√úÕûË Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ñ ví¬çC∑éπ v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ Ééπ\úø c) He is lazy. Hence his unwillingness to work îË®√aç. ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’). = Åûªúø’ •ü¿l-éπ-Ææ’húø’. Åçü¿’Íé à °æE-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπÿ OöÀéÀ •ü¿’©’ ´’†ç ¢√úø-í∫-L-T† ´÷ô©’– In spite É≠æd-°æ-úøúø’. of, though, but, although, even though -OöÀE 2) Rather = éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\¢Ë (´’†èπ◊ †îªaE last lesson ™ N´-Jçî√ç éπü∆? N≠æ-ߪ÷©’) 5) Because of = Åçü¿’-´©x.

He was rather unwilling

Spoken English ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√ú≈-Lq-´îËa con(á°æ¤púø÷ Å™« Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp™‰ç. nectives ÅØË *†o *†o ´÷ô© ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x, ´’†ç áçûª í∫öÀdí¬ v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√, ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË English î√™« correct í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Nïߪ’ç éπ©’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E í∫öÀdí¬ †´’t™‰ç. Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo ´÷ô©’ Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ’-ØËC èπÿú≈ ûÓúø-¢√L éπü∆?) îª÷ü∆lç. Yea. I agree with you there. How hard you've worked or whether you've worked hard at all doesn't matter. Ultimately it is the marks that you get that counts, isn't it?

(Å´¤†’. †’´y-ØËC ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÌçö«. †’¢Áyçûª éπ≠d-°æ æ-ú≈f´¤, ÅÆæ©’ éπ≠d-°æ æ-ú≈f¢√ ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC é¬ü¿’ ´·êuç. *´-JéÀ áEo ´÷®Ω’\©’ †’´¤y ûÁaèπ◊-Ø√o-´-ØËüË ´·êuç, éπü∆?) Padma: That's because of the exam system we have. We sometimes see surprize results- the not so thorough student scoring more than the thorough one.

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above. 1) Hence you couldn't see me, you mean 2) He was rather unwilling.

3) Notwithstanding one's efforts, one is not sure of success. 4) Ultimately it is the marks that you get that matters. 5) That's because of the exam system we have. 6) You can always score high providing you know the technique of preparation. 1) Hence = for this reason =

(ÅC ´’† °æKé~¬ Nüµ∆-†ç-´©x. éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Ǩ¡a®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °∂æL-û√©’ îª÷Ææ’hçö«ç– N≠æߪ’ç Åçû√ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁL-Æœ† Nü∆uJn éπçõ‰, Åçûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’E Nü∆uJnéÀ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ®√´úøç.) EXERCISE:

Match the words under A with their meanings under B A B 1 Aviation A Stop 2 Intentional B Polite and pleasant behaviour 3 Pause C Mark 4 Grace D Doubtless 5 Scar E Aircraft technology F Think G Deliberate Key and explanation: 1) Aviation - (E) = Aircraft technology.

N´÷Ø√© E®√tùç, N´÷-†-ߪ÷†ç, N´÷-†-¨»ÆæYç ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç*† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’/ N´÷-†-ߪ÷†ç.

a) You have to study aviation to become a pilot = Pilot aviation

ÅßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊

2

îªü¿-¢√L.

b) Aviation has advanced tremendously since the Wright brothers flew their plane = Wright brothers

N´÷-Ø√Eo éπE-°öÀd†°æp-öÀ-†’ç* É°æ¤pöÀ´-®Ωèπÿ N´÷-†-¨»ÆæYç v•£æ…tç-úøçí¬ ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ Å®·çC. Civil Aviation = §˘®Ω N´÷† N≠æߪ÷©’ (N´÷-†-ü¿∞¡ N´÷-†-ߪ÷†ç(Air forcemilitary aviation é¬èπ◊çú≈).

Ñ é¬®Ω-ùçí¬.

a) Kumar is quite hardworking. Hence his success =

èπ◊´÷®˝ î√™« éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’/ éπ%≠œ îË≤ƒhúø’. ÅûªúÕ Nï-ߪ÷-E-éπüË é¬®Ωùç.

b) It's difficult to imagine the world without aviation =

N´÷-†-ߪ÷†ç ™‰E v°æ°æç-î√Eo Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´úøç éπ≠dçæ . Avian = °æèπ~◊-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†. Aviation- pronunciation- áß˝’-N-ßÁ’-ß˝’-≠æØ˛ – ßÁ’ß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Avionics - N´÷-Ø√-©™ ¢√úË electronic °æJ-éπ-®√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*† ¨»ÆæYç. 2) Intentional - (G) = deliberate = ÖüËl-¨¡-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπ¢Á’i†. àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-©†o ÖüËl-¨¡ç-ûÓØË îËߪ’úøç. a) His delay in meeting her was intentional =

Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ 鬢√-©ØË/ ÖüËl-¨¡-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπç-í¬ØË Ç©Ææuç î˨»úø’/ 鬢√-©ØË Ç©-Ææuçí¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. b) He withheld the information intentionally = 鬢√-©ØË/ ÖüËl-¨¡-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπç-í¬ØË Åûªúø’ Ç Ææ´÷î√®√Eo ÇÊ°-¨»úø’/ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ®√E-´y-™‰ü¿’. Intentional X Unintentional (ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈) a) My remarks were unintentional = Ø√ ¢√uêu©’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ îËÆœ-†N (ÖüËl-¨¡-°æ‹-®Ωyéπç é¬ü¿’) 3) Pause - (A) = Stop = Çí∫úøç. a) The speaker during his speech paused to have water =

Çߪ’† ûª† Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç ´’üµ¿u™ ǧƒúø’ F∞¡Ÿx û√Ííçü¿’èπ◊.

a) The day is rather hot =

É¢√∞¡ éÌçîÁç áçúø-í¬ØË ÖçC (Åçü¿’-´©x Å≤˘éπ®Ωuç) b) The movie is rather dull =

Ç ÆœE´÷ éÌçîÁç NÆæ’Íí (Åçûª ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿’) M.SURESAN ÉN îª÷úøçúÕ: 1)The movie is dull = ÆœE´÷ ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. 2) The movie is rather dull = ÅçûËç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. 3) The movie is very dull= Ç ÆœE´÷ î√™« îÁûªhí¬ ÖçC. (rather, very éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´.) c) The modern movies are rather noisy =

v°æÆæ’hûª ÆœE-´÷©’ íÌúø¢Ë/ íÌúø-¢Á-èπ◊\´í¬ØË Öçö«®·. 3) Notwithstanding = In spite of = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ. Notwithstanding public opposition, the government wants to postpone the elections =

a) Because of his fever he can't attend class today = Because he has a fever he can't attend class today =

Åûªúø’ ïy®Ωç ´©x/ Åûªúø’ ïy®ΩçûÓ Öçúø-ôç- ´©x class èπ◊ ®√™‰úø’. Because of ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ noun/ ing form ´Ææ’hçC. Because ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ verb ´Ææ’hçC. b) Because of his help I passed the exam. [Because of + help (noun)] = pass = Because he helped me I passed the exam [Because + helped (verb)] pass

ÅûªúÕ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç

´©x ؈’

Åߪ÷u†’.

= Åûªúø’ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’úøç ´©x

Åߪ÷u†’.

6) Providing = Provided = if

Å®·-ûËØË (Condition)

a) Provided/ Providing you pay the money in advance, you can get the books =

†’´¤y ´·çü¿’ úø•’s-éπ-úÕ-ûËØË Fèπ◊ Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™Ô-≤ƒh®·.

b) I don't mind your coming to the movie provided/ providing you pay for your ticket ticket

=F èπ◊ †’´¤y úø•’s °ô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ ÆœE-´÷-éÌÊÆh Ø√Íéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.

c) Provided he is fit he can join the team = fit team

Åûªúø’ í¬ Öçõ‰ (ÇúË ÆœnA™ Öçõ‰) îË®Ìa.

™

v°æñ«-´u-A-Í®-éπûª Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, v°æ¶µº’ûªyç áEo-éπ-©†’ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC. b) Don't hurry. Pause for a while to think about it clearly =

ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úøèπ◊. é¬Ææh Çí∫’ ü∆E í∫’Jç* Ææp≠ædçí¬ Ç™-*ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊.

c) She paused for breath as she spoke very angrily=

î√™« éÓ°æçûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ ÇTçC, Ü°œJ °‘©’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. [Electronic °æJ-éπ-®√™x, pause button Öçô’çC éπü∆? ü∆Eo ØÌéÀ\ûË ÅC ÇT-§Ú-ûª’çC] Pause X resume (´’Sx v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªôç) He resumed his walk after a half an hour's rest =

Å®Ω-í∫çô Nv¨»çA ûª®√yûª ûª† †úøéπ ´’Sx v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√úø’.

4) Grace - (B) = Polite and pleasant behaviour=

†úø-´-úÕ™ £æ›çü∆-ûª†ç/ íı®Ω-´-F-ߪ’ûª.

a) He had the grace to accept defeat =

ûª† ãô-N’E ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îª-úøç™ î√™« £æ›çü∆ûª†ç îª÷°œç-î√úø’/ £æ›çü∆í¬/ íı®Ω-´-F-ߪ’çí¬ ûª† ãô-N’E ä°æ¤p-éÌ-Ø√oúø’. b) True, your daughter married against your will. Now that it's over have the grace to bless her and accept the marriage =

Eï¢Ë’. O’ Å´÷t®· FéÀ≠dçæ ™‰E °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊çC. Å®·-§Ú-®·ç-üËüÓ Å®·-§Ú-®·ç-C-éπü∆? £æ›çü∆í¬ íı®Ω-´-F-ߪ’çí¬ ûª††’ ÇQ-®Ωy-Cç* °RxE Ç¢Á÷Cç. c) Though very elderly, he had the grace to accept his mistakes and apologize =

°ü¿l-¢√-úÁjØ√, ûª† ûª°æ¤p-©†’ ä°æ¤p-éÌE éπ~´÷-°æù éÓÍ® £æ›çü∆/ íı®Ω-´-F-ߪ’ûª Åûªúø’ îª÷°œç-î√úø’. 5) Scar - (C) = Mark = ´’îªa– í¬ßª’ç-´-©x-í¬F, °æ¤ô’déπûÓí¬F éπLÍí Né¬-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´’îªa. a) A knife wound has left a deep scar on his face =

éπAhûÓ Å®·† í¬ßª’ç, ÅûªúÕ ¢Á·£æ«ç-O’ü¿ °ü¿l ´’îªa†’ N’T-LaçC.

b) You can recognize him by the scar on his hand =

ÅûªúÕ îËA-O’ü¿ Ö†o ´’îªa Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ †’´y-ûª-úÕE í∫’Jhç-îª-´îª’a.

c) The scar that the fire has cause hasn't heeled yet =

鬩úøç ´©x Å®·† ´’îªa Éçé¬ ´÷Æœ-§Ú-™‰ü¿’. Heel = °æ¤çúø’, ´’îªa, í¬ßª’ç ™«çöÀN †ßª’´’-´úøç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 17 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2008 Q.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Unveil = =

ÇN≠æ \-Jç-îª-úøç [Veil= ´·Ææ’í∫’. Unveil ´·Ææ’í∫’ ûÌ©-Tç-îª-úøç). üËØÁj oØ√ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿-ôí¬ •£œ«-®Ωç-í∫çí¬ v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-úøç– ´·êuçí¬ Nví∫£æ…©÷, *ûªh-®Ω’-´¤©÷ ™«çöÀ- ¢√-öÀE. Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ éÌûªh †´‚Ø√ cars, Éûª®Ω ¢√£æ«-Ø√™o market ™éÀ Núø’-ü¿© îËߪ’-ú≈Eo èπÿú≈ unveil Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’.
Initiate - ÉE-≠œ-ßÁ’ß˝’ö¸– E ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç. v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªúøç/ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’uô’x îËߪ’-úøç.

1. Launch- unveil- initiate- introduce -

ûËú≈

àN’öÀ? 2. Sounds good! expression meaning? 3. CBFC certified rates (abbreviation full form) 4. It's a girlthing expression

ÅØËC English é¬ü∆? 5. Good bye Åçõ‰ ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬ "bye" îÁ°œp-†-õ‰xØ√? 6. Suomoto statement, slated, busted © Å®√n©’ àN’öÀ? 7. English- Telugu dictionary Ææ÷*ç-îªçúÕ. 8. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ñ ®ÓV school ™‰ü∆? English ™ É™«çöÀ expression Öçô’çü∆? 9. Ñ¢Á’ Ø√èπ◊ ´®Ω’Ææ Å´¤-ûª’çC ņ-ú≈-EéÀ English ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? – G. ÆæB≠ˇ ¶«Hb, ôçí∫’-ô÷®Ω’ A. 1. Launch = Öü¿u-´÷©’, íÌ°æp-¢√-öÀE ≤ƒCµçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ωu©’ ™«çöÀN °ü¿l áûª’h† v§ƒ®ΩçGµç-îªúøçLaunch AIDS eradication campaign= AIDS

E®Ω÷t-©Ø√ (Campaign-

Öü¿u´’ç é¬ç°-ß˝’Ø˛).

Launching serious measures against corruption =

1) The government wants to initiate certain economic reforms =

v°æ¶µº’ûªyç éÌEo ÇJnéπ ÆæçÆæ \-®Ω-ù-©†’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC.

2) The chairman initiated the discussion about the new policies=

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Launch a rocket/ spaceship/ ship).

¢√£æ«† companies éÌûªh-®Ωéπç ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©†’ ™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-ôd-úøç èπÿú≈ launch.

´÷È®\-ö¸-™éÀ ûª´’ éÌûªh ûªßª÷-KE v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°--öÀdç-C Ç company.

market

get I will you get you for that. You bastard!

´÷èπ◊

ûÓ ÖçúË ¢√é¬u©’ î√™« É•sç-Cí¬ ÖØ√o®·. äéπ-îÓô Åçõ‰ E†’o îªçÊ°-≤ƒh†’ ÅE ÖçC. ÉC éπ®Ω-ÍédØ√? É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – Æœ.£«-î˝.-X-üµ¿®˝, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Correct. (F °æE/ F Åçûª’ îª÷≤ƒh†’.) É™«çöÀ expressions ÅFo usage éÀ Ææç•çCµç*-†N. îªü¿-´úøç ´©x OöÀE Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç Å©-¢√ô´¤ûª’çC. Éçé¬ É™«çöÀ expressions ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ dictionary èπÿú≈ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’°æúø’ûª’çC. 1. No one knows when he will come or whether he will come at all. 2. Coordinating conjunctions complex compound 3. Word formation

DE Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ?

A.

Ö†o ¢√éπuç ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC ᙫ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a? èπ◊ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. – ÅçüÁ éπ®Ω’-ù«-éπ®˝, ë«@-Ê°ô, ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ >™«x 1. Åûª-úÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ, ÅÆæ©’ ´≤ƒhúÓ ™‰üÓ á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

2. Coordinating conjunctions- and, but, yet, so, therefore, else, or else, or etc., sentences compound sentences. 3. Word power by Norman Lewis

Ö†o

á°æ¤púø÷

îªü¿-´çúÕ.

Q.

ûª-†ç-ûª -û√-ØË Ç Ø√uߪ’-´‚Jh Ç ÍéÆæ’†’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. (á´®Ó case °ôd-úøç ´©x -é¬-èπ◊çú≈.)
Slated = ã 鬮Ωu-véπ-´’çí¬ Öçúøôç. The inauguration of the bridge is slated for next month= bridge

´îËaØÁ©

v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ-ûªq´ 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç ÖçC. (°æí∫-©-íÌ-ôd-•-úÕ†) Bust= °æí∫©íÌôd-úøç/ üµ¿yçÆæç îËߪ’úøç. He busted the TV = TV E °æí∫-©-íÌ-ö«dúø’.


Busted= broken

B: Sounds good. Here you are =

421

¶«í¬ØË ÖçC (Ø√èπ◊ Ææ´’t-ûª¢Ë’). É-CíÓ BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ.

Could you kindly tell me which of the following is right? 1. a) By whom will have the mango been eaten? b) By whom will the mango have been eaten? 2. a) He asked me which my book was. b) He asked me which was my book. 3. What does the following sentence mean?"I'm afraid you've to wait". a) expressing fear b) expressing inability c) expressing apology d) ordering 4. Are there any particular rules on the placement of 'by agent' in passive voice? Which of the following is more natural? a) The gods are worshipped by her at her husband's side?

3. Central Board of Film Censor fixed rates = censor rates.

a) The company is introducing a new product into the market =

ÅN-FA ´uA-Í®éπ Ωu©’

†’ Åçûª-J-éπ~ç-™éÀ °æç°æ-úøç/ éÌûªh ؈éπ†’ ï©-v°æ-¢Ë¨¡ç îË®·ç-îª-úøç èπÿú≈ launch.

Q.

The judge took the case suomoto =

7. Sankara Narayana's English to Telugu Dictionary.

The gover nment wants to initiate ..

Space ships, rockets

A.

b) The producers are introducing two new actors in the movie.

E®√t-ûª©’ ûª´’ ÆœE-´÷™ éÌûªh Nüµ∆-Ø√-© í∫’Jç-* Ωa†’ Éü¿l®Ω’ éÌûªh û√®Ω-©†’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√®Ω’. 2. Sounds good = OK = ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC.
Introduce= 1) °æJ-îªßª’ç îËߪ’úøç. 2) éÌûªh A: I wish to exchange my ring for your wrist ûªßª÷-K-©†’, †öÃ-†-ô’-©†’, °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©†’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-ôdúøç. watch = Ø√ Öçí∫®Ωç O’éÀ*a O’ wrist watch ؈’ BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.

v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªúøç.

Q.

2

Q.

ÆœE-´÷-©†’

îËÊÆ Ææç°∂æ’ç E®Ωg-®·ç-*† Ñ expression English ™ ™‰ü¿’. 5. Good bye/ bye - ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬ é¬ü¿’. AJT éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-ØËçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 6. Suomoto Statement = äéπ-®Ω-†o-ü∆-EéÀ/ äéπJ éÓJéπ/ Ŷµºu-®Ωn† ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûª´’çûª û√¢Ë’ îÌ®Ω´ BÆæ’-èπ◊E îÁÊ°p-´÷-ô©’/ îËÊÆ ¢√uêu.

4. It's a girl thing-

M.SURESAN

1. ''éÌEo ®Ωçí∫’© °†’o-©’Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’™ Ø√C áv®Ω °†’o——. DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ÅØ√L? 2. Op-ed page Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? 3. ' ®ÓW ÑØ√úø’ Ê°°æ®Ω’ îª÷ÊÆh Fèπ◊ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´Ææ’hçC——. DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æp-úø-¢Á’™«? 4. ''•ñ«-®Ω’èπ◊ §Ú®· Öûªh-®√©’ é̆’-èπ◊\®√——. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx≠ˇ™ ᙫ ÅØ√L? 5. She married him. She got married him. Éçü¿’™ Å®Ωn¶µ‰-ü¿-¢Ë’-¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? 6. ' Vô’d ÖçúË éÓúÕ °æ¤çV. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ éÓúÕ Â°ôd——. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ Åçö«ç? 7. ÅEo °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’ ûÁLÊ° ûÁ©’í∫’ to English dictionary Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – Ç®˝. Né¬Æˇ, éÌç°Lx

b) The gods are worshipped at her husband's side by her. How to determine the placement of by agent? 5. If you were Raju's friend, what advise would you have given him? - Is this sentence correct? - Udaya Kumar Esikela, Tadpatri. A. 1. b) is correct. When a verb has 2/ more words in it, the subject comes after the first word in the verb. Still better than b is who will the mangoes have been eaten by? - But the use of passive here is unnecessary and sounds artificial. Don't you think active voice is natural and simpler here? Who will have eaten the mangoes? (Active) isn't this simpler than such cumbersome .. and ugly construction as by whom ..?

A.

1. Among the coloured pens there, the red one is mine.

Q.

3. If you read the Eenadu every day, you can learn English. 4. Go out and get some cards and covers. 5. She married him - correct. She got married him - wrong.

9.

Ñ¢Á’ Ø√èπ◊ ´®ΩÆæ Å´¤ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ O’ Å®Ωnç, Ç¢Á’†’ O’®Ω’ °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫© ôd-Jéπç -Å-Ø√? Å™« Å®·ûË ü∆EéÀ correct í¬ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË Kindred (éÀçúø-ú˛ – -úøú˛, Bird ™ ™«í∫) ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω Ñ Å®Ωnç ®√´îª’a- Kindred = äéπJ èπ◊ô’ç•ç, ¢√J ü¿í∫_J ö«d©’. (We are kindred and can take her to wife ņ-´îª’a.) Å®·ûË English ¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´’†™«é¬èπ◊çú≈, ´®Ω-Ææèπ◊ ņo-ü¿-´·t∞¡x èπÿûª’®Ωx†’ °Rx îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç not uncommon.

Adjective of quality, Adjective of quantity í∫’Jç* ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. Dictionary ™E adjectives ÅFo OöÀ-O’üË Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçö«ßª÷? Ééπ\-úÕ-Ææ’h†o éÌEo °æü∆©’ Å™«ç-öÀ¢ËØ√ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. eg: Bankrupt, clement, clever, little,

2. Op-ed page = Op-edpage

äéπ newspaper ™ Åçõ‰, editorial page (Ææ秃-ü¿-éÃߪ’ç ®√ÊÆ Ê°>) éÀ opposite (áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o) page - Ñ page ™ ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ ¢√®Ωh©’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√uêu©÷ (comments), ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç-O’ü¿ íÌ°æp ®Ωîª-®·-ûª© ®Ωîª-†©÷ Öçö«®·.

8. Don't you/ we have school today?

sorry, sound, thin, red, blue, small, large, wan, versant.

A.

– °œ.¢Áç-éπ-õ‰¨¸, û√úÕ-°ævA. îªéπ\í¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ adjectives í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? ´÷ô© Å®Ωnç, ¢√öÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁLÊÆh ÅN à parts of speech ÅØËC ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç ÅE O’Í® ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. í∫’ù«Eo ûÁLÊ° adjectives, adjectives of quality. Ææçêu†’ ûÁL-Ê°N adjectives of number, few, some, etc. äéπ ¢Á·û√hEo ûÁL-Ê°N adjectives of quantity- little, some English

much, etc. Dictionary adjectives, adjectives of quality, adjectives of quantity or adjectives of number

™ ÖçúË

í¬

She got married to him, correct. 6. The cock has hair whereas the hen doesn't. 7. Use Telugu-English Dictionary by Sankara Narayana.

Öçö«®·. O’ list ™E

adjectives little adjectives of quality. Small, large (small no, large quantity etc) adjectives of quantity. Spoken English

2. (a) is correct. As the sentence is a statement (not a question), the verb in the second clause should come after its verb. So sentence (a) is correct. 3. Answer is c. I'm afraid = I'm sorry. 4. We usually use passive voice only when the agent is not known or when we are not certain about the agent. So the use of by is most often unnecessary. Where it is necessary, it is better to avoid passive. Compare: a) The steam engine was invented by James Watt (PV) b) James Watt invented the steam engine. Doesn't b) appear natural and simpler than a). So when you know the agent of an action, av is always preferable.

™

ûª°æp N’í∫-û√-´Fo Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd

èπ◊ Ñ v°æÆæéÀh ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç.

Re. rules of the placement of the by agent, it is better placed immediately after the verb. He gave them a book - They were given by him a book is better than they were given a book by him, but both these passive forms are uncalled for. He gave them a book is better, simpler, and natural. a) Why don't you say, she worshipped the gods at her husband's side? Isn't this better than the ugly pv construction in your letter? (a) and (b) are equally bad, and I would advise you to use the av form here. 5. No. It is wrong- correction: If you were Ravi's friend what advice would you give him (not advise, not would you have given him).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 19 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2008 Chitra: Hi, Saila, how about having an icecream? (Icecream

BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?)

Saila: I'd rather have something hot than icecream. (Icecream

éπçõ‰ àü¿Ø√o ¢ËúÕí¬ Açü∆-´’-†’-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Saila: That's not so important. What ultimately matters is affordability and taste.

(Åü¿çûª ´·êuç é¬ü¿’-í∫ü∆? *´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†èπ◊ †îËaC, ´·êu-¢Á’içD, ´’† û√£æ«-ûª’èπ◊ ûªTçü∆ ™‰ü∆, ®Ω’*– É¢Ë éπü∆?) Chitra: That's true. Let me go then.

Ñ lesson ™ èπÿú≈ Spoken English ™ ¢√úøí∫©, ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œçîË Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† *†o *†o ´÷ô© í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªí∫_ô’d (Éçûª áçúø™ èπÿú≈ ¢ËúÕí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†Ø√ OöÀE ¢√úÕûË ´’† conversation î√™« simple í¬, †’´y-†úøç?) Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ î√™« natural í¬ Öçô’çC. èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

Chitra: You mean you want something hot even in this hot weather?

Saila: You heard me.

(؈’ îÁ°œpçC NØ√o´¤ éπü∆?) È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ àüÁjØ√ îÁ°æpôç É≠ædç-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË/ NÆæ’-í∫-®·ûË You heard me Åçö«ç. Chitra: Well, then. You go to the restaurant across the road and have what ever you want hot. Then you get back to the room. In the mean time, I'll have a good cup of icecream and come back to the room.

(Å™«Íí. †’Oy road Å´-ûª© Ö†o £æ«Ùô-™¸-ÈéRx ¢ËúÕí¬ àç BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Ó BÆæ’-èπ◊E room éÌîËaÂÆß˝’. Ñ ´’üµ¿u™ ؈’ ´’ç* icecream AE room èπ◊ îË®Ω’-èπ◊çö«) Saila: That restaurant is awful. I'll go to some other restaurant.

(Ñ £æ«Ùô™¸ ü∆®Ω’-ùçí¬ Öçô’çC. ÉçÍé restaurant ÈéjØ√ ¢Á∞¡û√.) awful = ü∆®Ω’ùç/ ¶µºßª’ç-éπ®Ωç– ´’†èπ◊ †îªaE N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo É™« ´Jg≤ƒhç. Chitra: Indeed it is! I once had something to eat there a month ago, and since then I haven't stepped into it. What they serve is junk.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅC ü∆®Ω’-ù¢Ë’. ØÁ©-éÀçü¿ô Åéπ\úø àüÓ AØ√o. ÅçûË. ´’Sx Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* ü∆E-™éÀ Åúø’í∫’ °ôd-™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x AçúÕ/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´úÕfçîË öÀ°∂œ-Ø˛-™«ç-öÀN îÁûªh) Saila: More over the prices are very high as well.

(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, üµ¿®Ω©÷ áèπ◊\¢Ë.) Chitra: The place is, however clean and tidy, and looks posh.

(Å®·ûË restaurant ´÷vûªç î√™« ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öçô’çC, íÌ°æpí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) posh = î√™« -Ø√-Wèπ◊í¬, êK-üÁj†, üµ¿Eéπ ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç Ö†o. Banjara Hills in Hyderabad is a posh area. The Taj Krishna is a posh hotel. EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B A B 1 Affection A Divide 2 Vertical B Obscenity 3 Split C Impolite 4 Pornography D Unconditional 5 Discourteous E Fondness F Hatred G Straight up KEY: 1) Affection = (E) Fondness =

vÊ°´’/ ÇÊ°éπ~/ É≠ædç (´·êuçí¬ äéπ ´uéÀh-°æôx ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ).

a) Chandram has great affection for his sister =

îªçvü¿çèπ◊ ¢√∞¡x îÁ™„x-©çõ‰ î√™« ÇÊ°éπ~/ vÊ°´’.

b) In movies heroes show great affection for their sisters and are ready to give them heroes their life =

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) I'd rather have something hot than an icecream

èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç: äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Åçûª í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’ rather ¢√úøû√ç. d) I rather believe he is corrupt = Åûªúø’ ÅNF-A-°æ-®Ω’úË ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC (؈çûª í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰†’) e) She rather suspects her husband's character=

2) Indeed it is! 3) ... since then I haven't stepped into it again. 4) What ultimately matters is affordability and taste. 5) In the meantime/ meanwhile I'll have a good cup of icecream.

c) Tarun: You know a man bit a dog?

Rather

Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®ΩhO’ü¿ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÌçûª ņ’-´÷-†¢Ë’/ é¬Ææh ņ’-´÷-E-≤ÚhçC. Rather èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç: Do you call it scarlet? It's rather pale red=

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

422

àçöÃ, ÅC ´·ü¿’®Ω’ á®Ω’°æç-ö«¢√? àçé¬ü¿’, ™‰ûª á®Ω’°æ¤.

FöÀ O’ü¿ †úÕîË ´’E≥ƒ? Eï´÷! (Ê£«∞¡†) é¬Ææh ûÁL-Ní¬ ´÷ö«xúø’. ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬ Å´¤†’, Eïç-í¬ØË/ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ indeed ¢√úøû√ç. Praneeth: Is he a great player? Praphul: Indeed he is!

(EÆæqç-üË-£æ«çí¬/

3) Since =

She is an actor, or rather, a ™ rather dancer. Ç¢Á’ †öÀ. Å™« ÅØË •ü¿’©’ (®√ü¿)èπ◊ Ö†o Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç Ç¢Á’†’ †®ΩhéÀ ņ-´îª’a. îª÷¨»ç. ´’†èπ◊ †îªaEC é¬Ææh áèπ◊\¢Ë ÅE-°œç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ rather Åçö«ç ÅE 2) Indeed = really = Eïçí¬. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? The movie is rather Ñ ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª ´’†™ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ lengthy- Ç ÆœE´÷ °ü¿lüË (°ü¿l-ü¿-´úøç ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? A friend in need is a ¶«í¬-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈-EéÓ é¬®Ωùç) friend indeed = Å´-Ææ-®Ωç™ Çü¿’-èπ◊ØË M.SURESAN ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úË Eï-¢Á’i† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’. a) The book is rather boring = Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç é¬Ææh NÆæ’Íí. The injuries are rather Spoken English ™ Eïçí¬/ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅçûË serious = Ç í¬ßª÷©’ é¬Ææh Bv´¢Á’i†¢Ë. Å®·ûË ÅE Éûª-®Ω’-©†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ rather Ñ éÀçC sentences ™ ¢√úÕ† B®Ω’ indeed ¢√úøû√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. a) 'Sachin is the greatest batsman in the world' (v°æ°æç-îªç-™ ØË Ææ*Ø˛ íÌ°æp batsman) I'd rather have hot coffee than an icecream - Ééπ\úø rather = prefer (äéπ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ 'Indeed he is' (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅçûË) ÉçéÓöÀ áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úøôç). É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x b) Kumar: Are you really going to help him? I would rather èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ I'd rather ÅE (Eïçí¬ Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’¶ûª’-Ø√o¢√?) ¢√úøû√ç. Kesav: Indeed I am- yes/ Yes, (I am), b) She'd rather die than tell a lie = Ç¢Á’ î√´-ö«indeed. (Å´¤†’, éπ*a-ûªçí¬.) E-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’í¬F, Å•ü¿l¥ç ´÷vûªç îÁ°æpü¿’. Indeed †’ Éçé¬ Å´¤Ø√?/ Eï-¢Ë’Ø√? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ c) I'd rather starve than eat in that restaurant Ǩ¡a-®√uEo/ Ê£«∞¡-††’ (†´’t-™‰E N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iûË) = °æÆæh®·Ø√ Öçö«í¬F Ç £æ«Ùô™x ؈’ A††’. ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* (í∫ûªç™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç*)

a) We first met two years ago. Since then we have been close friends=

¢Ë’ç ¢Á·ü¿ô È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* v§ƒù ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’í¬ ÖØ√oç.

1) Rather - last lesson

2) Vertical= (G) Straight up=

Eö«-®Ω’í¬/ E©’-´¤í¬.

a) Palm and coconut trees usually have vertical and straight growth =

û√öÀ, éÌ•sJ îÁô’x ´÷´‚-©’í¬ E©’-´¤í¬ à°æ¤í¬ °®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·. b) The rocket rose vertically = Ç rocket E©’-´¤í¬ °jéÀ ™‰*çC. c) A helicopter can rise vertically whereas a plane cannot = Helicopter

í¬™xéÀ E©’-´¤í¬ ™‰´-í∫-©ü¿’, N´÷†ç ™‰´-™‰ü¿’. Vertical X Horizontal = ¶µº÷N’éÀ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬. Vertical expansion (of a building) = ÅçûªÆæ’h O’ü¿ ÅçûªÆæ’h éπô’d-èπ◊çô÷ §Ú´úøç. d) In some cities there is a ban on vertical expansion of buildings= level

éÌEo †í∫-®√-©™ ¶µº´ûª®√yûª) EÊ≠üµ¿ç ÖçC. 3) Split = (A) = Divide = <©úøç, <©aúøç. Ø√© áûª’h O’ü¿ (äéπ

b) The original Islam religion split in two - the sunny and the shia

= ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ ´·Æœxç ´’ûªç È®çúø’í¬
c) The nuclear pact issue with the US has split the ruling coalition =

-Å¢Á’-J-é¬ûÓ Åù’ ä°æpçü¿ç Å稡ç ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o ÆæçéîΩg v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo
Åçõ‰
(ÅQx-©ûª). ÅQx©ûª ÅÆ涵ºu ¨¡%çí¬-®ΩçûÓ EçúÕ-´¤†o ÆœE´÷©’, éπü∑¿©’, †´-©©’– ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´’†ç blue films (´uèπ◊h-©†’ †í∫oçí¬ îª÷°œçîË *vû√©’) Åçö«ç.

c) He doesn't show his wife any affection =

a) The party split in two because of the differences between the two top leaders =

The government has banned the movie/ novel under the anti pornography act =

Affection X Dislike

d) A man walking on water indeed! Come now, be sensible =

Indeed it is!

[Split (pr.tense) - split (past tense) - split (past participle)]

Affection is always followed by for.

(´’E≠œ èπ◊éπ\†’ éπ®Ω-´úø´÷? åØ√? Å™«çöÀ N≠æߪ’ç ØËEç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. (Ǩ¡a®Ωuç)

éπ*a-ûªçí¬)

ÆœE-´÷™x îÁ™„x∞¡x °æôx áçûÓ vÊ°´’ îª÷°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’, ¢√∞¡x-éÓÆæç v§ƒù û√uí¬-E-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.

ûª† ¶µ«®Ωu-°æôx ÅûªúËç vÊ°´’/ ÇÊ°éπ~ îª÷°œç-îªúø’.

(´’E≠œ èπ◊éπ\†’ éπJ-î√úø’ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Varun: A man biting a dog indeed! I've yet to see such a thing.

´·êu Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊© ´’üµ¿u ´*a† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’-¶µ‰-ü∆© ´©x §ƒKd È®çúø’í¬
Ç ÆœE´÷/ †´-©†’ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ÅQx© ´uA-Í®éπ îªôdç éÀçü¿ EÊ≠-Cµç-*çC.

b) Since/ eversince he came here, he has been playing with us=

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*a-†-°æp-öÀ -†’ç* ´÷ûÓ Çúø’ûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’. Since èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, because = Åçü¿’-´©x. (since = As = because). Since he is rich he can buy a car = car

üµ¿Eèπ◊úø´úøç ´©x,

Åûªúø’

é̆-í∫-©úø’.

Since the prices are up, we are not able to buy a number of things =

üµ¿®Ω©’ °J-T-†ç-ü¿’-´©x, î√™« ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ é̆-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oç. 5) In the meanwhile/ meantime = Ñ ™°æ©. a) I will certainly meet him tomorrow. In the meantime don't tell him I am here =

؈’ Åûª-úÕE Í®°æ¤ ûª°æpéπ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. Ñ ™°æ© ØËE-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o-úøE Åûª-úÕûÓ Å†èπ◊.

b) My car will be ready only tomorrow. In the meanwhile I have to make do with my bike = car ready bike

Ø√ Ø√

Í®°æ-öÀéÀ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Ñ ™°æ© ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√L ؈’.

Pornography

éÀ short form, porn (§Úù˝). °æ*a ¨¡%çí¬®Ωç îª÷Ê° ÆœE´÷. Soft porn = Å®Ωn-†í∫o ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»©’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçúË ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆœE-´÷-™«xç-öÀN. Porn movie =

Pornographic X Decent 5. Discourteous = (C) impolite = Impolite = rude.

´’®√uü¿

îª÷°æE/ ü¿’®Ω’Ææ’ =

a) The student's behaviour to the teacher was discourteous = Teacher

°æôx Nü∆uJn v°æ´-®Ωh† î√™« ü¿’®Ω’Ææ’/ ¢Á·®Ω-ô’í¬ ÖçC. b) His answers were discourteous = ÅûªúÕ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’ î√™« ü¿’®Ω’-Ææ’í¬ ÖØ√o®·. (Courtesy = éπöÃq = íı®Ω´ç/ ´’®√uü¿. Courtesy costs nothing = ´’®√u-ü¿èπ◊ ´’Cç°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’/ ´’®√u-ü¿´©x ´’† úø¶‰sç-§Úü¿’. courtesy = politeness) Discourteous X Courteous (éπöÀ-ߪ’Æˇ – éπ, bird ™ '•— ™«.) D) Unconditional = ¶‰≠æ-®Ω-ûª’í¬. Unconditional withdrawal of strike = ¶‰≠æ-®Ω-ûª’í¬ Ææ¢Á’t Ö°æ-Ææç-£æ«-®Ωù.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 21 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ratnasri: Just as I was coming in, I noticed you watching the TV.

(™°æLéÀ ´Ææ’hç-úø-í¬ØË, †’´¤y úøôç í∫´’-Eç-î√†’)

TV

îª÷Ææ÷hç-

Sreekar: No mom. I had just turned on the TV and you entered.

Sreekar: Even higher than what I've got? It's difficult, mom.

(É°æ¤p-öÀéπçõ‰ Éçé¬-á-èπ◊\´ marks ®√¢√™«? éπ≠dçæ , Å´÷t) Ratnasri: Nothing is difficult. (àD éπ≠dç æ -é¬ü¿’)

°ö«d†’, Éçûª-

Sreekar: Even Teja who is usually first in our class scored less than me last time.

Ratnasri: No more of TV now, get back to your books.

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷ class ™ first Å®·† ûËñ«èπ◊ èπÿú≈ éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ Ø√éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-™Ô-î√a®· ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

(™‰ü¿´÷t. Å™« ؈’ ™ØË †’´¤y ´î√a´¤.) (Éçéπ ´’Sx.)

TV

TV

àç ™‰ü¿’. F °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ B®·

2

Ratnasri: Stop talking and start studying.

Sreekar: Just as you say. I am going back to my books.

Sreekar: The clothes are really good. Your choice is really nice.

Just as, even- Ñ ´÷ô© Å®Ωnç, ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ≤ƒJ. Just as = Å°æ¤púË (äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ïJ-T-†-°æ¤púË)

(†’¢Áy™« îÁGûË Å™«. îªü¿-´-ö«-E-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o ´’Sx.)

(•ôd©’ î√™« ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. F áç°œéπ Eïçí¬ ¶«í∫’çC.)

a) Just as the train started, some one pulled the chain =

(´÷ô-™«°œ îªü¿’´¤ ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°ô’d)

Ratnasri: That's a good boy. I promised to buy you new clothes if you got good score. You got good scores in last week's tests. Accordingly I bought you a shirt and a pair of pants/ trousers for you.

(´’ç*-¢√-úÕN. Fèπ◊ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ¶«í¬-´ÊÆh éÌûªh-•-ôd©’ ûÁ≤ƒh-†-Ø√o†’/ ´÷öÀ-î√a†’. Fèπ◊ éÀçü¿öÀ ¢√®Ωç °æK-éπ~™ marks ¶«í¬ ´î√a®·. ņo v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’ ã shirt, pants BÆæ’éÌî√a†’.) (pair of pants = ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆ pants ÅE, plural í¬ØË ¢√úøû√ç á°æ¤púø÷– ûÁ©’-í∫’™™« pant ņç. äéπõ„jØ√í∫÷ú≈ pants ÅØË Åçö«ç. áEo Å®·ûË ÅEo pairs of pants/ trousers. äéπõ‰ Å®·ûË, a pair of

Ratnasri: Try them on.

Train

(¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊E îª÷úø’, ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ßÁ÷ ™‰¢Ó) Sreekar: OK.

•ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-í¬ØË, á´®Ó

chain

b) Just as the police entered the room, he escaped through the other door=

í∫C-™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-í¬ØË, Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ ü∆y®Ωç †’ç* §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. 2) Just as ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – Åîªaç Å™«Íí. 423

†’¢Áy™« Åçõ‰ Å™«Íí F éÓJéπ v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’ Just as you order = F Çïc v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’ 2) Even = èπÿú≈, Ñ éÀçC ¶µ«´çûÓ: Just as you wish =

a) Even a man like Gandhi made mistakes =

™«í¬®Ω’.

Police

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

'Just as you say' =

í¬çDµ-™«çöÀ Çߪ’† èπÿú≈ ûª°æ¤p©’ î˨»úø’. b) Even in America we can't get things like this =

Å¢Á’-J-鬙 bus © éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ´’† bus ™‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ö«-ߪ’E éÌçü¿-®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. (Even though = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ; even = èπÿú≈) Even = Éçé¬.

a) Just as your mother loves you, every mother loves her child =

Just as you say

pants/ trousers) Sreekar: Oh, thank you, mom, but just one pair. Is that all? (Thanks

Å´÷t. Å®·ûË äéπ ïûËØ√?

ÉçûËØ√?) Ratnasri: Get better marks this time. I promise you a surprize gift. marks

(Ñ≤ƒJ Éçé¬ ´’ç* ûÁaéÓ. †’´y†’-éÓE •£æ›-´’A, ņ’-éÓ-†-°æ¤púø’ É≤ƒh.) surprize gift- ´’†ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E ņ’-éÓ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´îËa gift.

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above.

F ûªLx E†’o vÊ°N’-Ææ’h-†oõ‰x/ ᙫ vÊ°N’-Ææ’hçüÓ, v°æA ûªLx ûª† °œ©x-©-†-™«Íí vÊ°N’-Ææ’hçC.

1) Just as I was coming in I noticed you watching the TV. 2) Just as you say. M.SURESAN 3) Accordingly I bought you clothes. 4) Even higher than what I've got. 5) Even Teja who is usually first in our class, scored less than me.

Å¢Á’J-鬙 èπÿú≈ É™«çöÀ ´Ææ’h´¤©’ üÌ®Ω-éπ´¤.

c) Some people say that our buses are better than even those in the states =

a) He got even higher marks than what he got last time =

éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ éπçõ‰ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

b) He is not happy with the Rs.2 Crore he has. He wants an even higher amount than that = ÅûªúÕèπ◊†o È®çúø’ éÓôx ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©ûÓ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ°æ-úø-ôç-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’. Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ 鬢√-©ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

b) Just as you think you are good, so does everyone think they are good=

†’´¤y ´’ç*-¢√-úÕ-´E †’´y-†’-èπ◊-†oõ‰x/ †’¢Áy™« ņ’èπ◊ç-ö«¢Ó v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: Just as you say = †’¢Áy™« Åçõ‰ Å™«. c) 'Sit here till I come back'

Q.

(؈’ AJ-íÌ-îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úË èπÿ®Óa)

1) Voice, tenses

í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. ÅØË verb èπ◊– °R} îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË, °R} îËÊÆ– ÅØË È®çúø-®√n-©’-Ø√oߪ÷? 3) Despite, in spite of èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ à¢Á’iØ√ ûËú≈ Öçü∆? – Èé.X-éπ%-≠æg- π◊-´÷®˝, ¶«°æôx. A. 1) Lesson 1 to 30 -™  tenses, Lesson 25 90 -™  voice Öçö«-®·- îª÷-úøçúÕ. 2) Marry = °-R} -îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ôç. He married her = Åûª-Ø√-¢Á’†’ °-R} -îËÆæ’ èπ◊-Ø√o-úø’. Marry = °Rx îËߪ’-úøç; He married his daughter (off) to an engineer = ¢√∞¡x -Å-´÷t-®·E Çߪ’† ã engineer èπ◊ -É-*a °Rx î˨»úø’. È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ îÁ-§Òpa °Rx îËߪ’ç-úÕ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ– He married her to an 2) Marry (v)

EXERCISE

2 Wrap= (A) cover = i)

Match the words under A with their meanings under B A 1 Absorb 2 Wrap 3 Frighten 4 Previous 5 Substantial

B A Cover B Terrify C Earlier D Suck up E Shadowy F Large G Hot Key and Explanation: 1 Absorb = (D) Suck in =

1) Immediately after he brought the book home, he wrapped it in brown paper =

°æ¤Ææhéπç ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-í¬ØË, ü∆EéÀ brown paper ûÓ Åôd-¢Ë-¨»úø’. 2) He wrapped the gift article in colourful paper =

(ûË´’-

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE) °‘©’a-éÓ-´úøç. Sponge absorbs/ sucks in water = sponge

FöÀE °‘©’a-èπ◊ç-ô’çC.

Some kinds of phenyl absorb moisture =

éÌEo ®Ω鬩 °∂œØÁj©’ ûË´’†’ °‘™‰a-≤ƒh®·.

A child can't absorb the type of information it gets at school =

§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™x §ÒçüË Ææ´÷-î √-®√Eo/ Nñ«c-Ø√Eo °œ©x©’ Çéπ-Rç°æ¤ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰®Ω’. These springs absorb any amount of shock = springs

Ñ äúÕ-ü¿’-úø’-èπ◊© ´©x éπLÍí áçûª üÁ•sØÁjØ√ ûªô’d-éÓ-í∫-©´¤. (¢Á÷ö«®˝ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©-Eoç-öÀéà shock absorbers Öçö«®·. ÅN í∫ûª’-èπ◊© ®Óúøx™ éπLÍí èπ◊ü¿’-°æ¤†’ ¢√£æ«†ç ûªô’dèπ◊-ØËô’x îË≤ƒh®·) Absorb X emit/ discharge =

•ßª’-ôèπ◊ °æç°æúøç.

éπ°æpúøç; ii) ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ paper ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ pack îËߪ’úøç (°æ¤Ææh-é¬-©èπ◊ Åôd¢Ë-ÊÆ™«).

Ç é¬†’-éπ†’ Åûªúø’ ®Ωçí∫’© Ê°°æ-®˝ûÓ pack î˨»úø’. 3) As it was very cold she wrapped the baby in a blanket = ¶«í¬ îªLí¬ Öçúøôç ´©x Ç¢Á’ Gúøf†’ ü¿’°æp-öÀûÓ éπ°œpçC. 4) The food is wrapped in foil =

Ç A†’-•ç-ú≈-®√Eo ûªí∫-®ΩçûÓ î˨»®Ω’.

(foil)

pack

5) Every thing about the murder is wrapped in secrecy=

Ç £æ«ûªuèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ®Ω£æ«-ÆæuçûÓ éπ°œp ÖØ√o®· (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™– ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ Öçî√®Ω’). Wrap X expose. unwrap=

unwrap/

reveal/

éπ°æ¤p/ ´·Ææ’í∫’ ™«çöÀN ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç.

reveal=

(®Ω£æ«-≤ƒu©’/ Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç) ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç/ •£œ«-®Ω_ûªç îËߪ’úøç/ ¢Á©x-úÕç-îªúøç, expose = •ßª’-ô-°-ôdúøç (®Ω£æ«-≤ƒu©’/ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç) 3 Frighten= (B) Terrify= N°æ-K-ûª¢Á’i† ¶µºßª’ç éπL-Tç-îªúøç/ ¶µºßª’ -v¶µ«ç-ûª’-©†’ îÁߪ’uúøç 1) The sight of the dog frightened the child =

1) In the precious lesson too, there was an exercise on vocabulary = lesson vocabulary exercise 2) In his previous visit, he stayed for only two days =

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿öÀ

™ èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

Åûª-úÕç-ûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, È®çvúÓ-V™‰ ÖØ√oúø’. Previous X Next (ûª®√yA) 5) Substantial = ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬/

2) Your threats do not frighten me =

large 1) The government has allotted substantial funds for Jalayagnam =

F ¶„C-Jç-°æ¤©’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶µºßª÷Eo éπLTç-¤/ F ¶„C-Jç-°æ¤-©èπ◊ ؈’ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø†’.

ï©-ߪ’-ñ«c-EéÀ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬/ Ææ´’%-Cl¥í¬ Eüµ¿’©’ Íéö«®·ç-*çC.

3) We are frightened when we imagine ghosts and spirits =

2) The doctor's treatment has brought about a substantial improvement in the patient's condition = doctor

Ç èπ◊éπ\ éπE-°œç-îªúøç Ç Gúøfèπ◊ ¶µºßª’-v¶µ«çA éπL-Tç-*çC.

¶µº÷û√©’ °œ¨»-î √-©†’ í∫’Jç* Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ ¶µºßª’ç éπ©’í∫’-ûª’çC. Frighten X Reassure = üµÁj®Ωuç/ ¶µº®Ó≤ƒ éπL-Tç-îªúøç. The sight of the police reassured the villagers, frightened by the Maoists =

´÷NÆˇdx éπL-Tç-*† ¶µºßª’çûÓ Ö†o ví¬´’-Ææ’h-©èπ◊ police ¢√∞¡Ÿx éπE-°œç-îªúøç üµÁj®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC. 4. Previous = (C) earlier - Éçûª-èπ◊´·ç-ü¿öÀ.

Ç ¢Ájü¿uçûÓ Ç ®ÓT °æJ-ÆœnA ¶«í¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-úÕçC.

3) There is a substantial increase in the salaries of the employees =

ÖüÓu-í∫’© @û√©’ î√™« ¶«í¬ (áèπ◊\-´í¬) °J-í¬®·. Substantial (Æ涸-≤ƒdç-≠æ™ ¸) X Meagre = Ææy©p-¢Á’i†. The rise in the salary is meagre =

@ûªç °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© Ææy©pç.

engineer/ He married her off to an engineer. marry somebody to somebody

Å®·ûË Â°-R} îËߪ’-úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÅE äéπJ éÌúø’èπ◊-©÷/ èπÿûª’∞¡x N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ØË ¢√-úø-û√ç. ¢√∞¡x- Éü¿l®Ω-´÷t®·-© °Rx∞¡⁄x îËÊÆ-¨»úø’ = He has married his two daughters off. Ééπ\úø off Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Çߪ’† ¢√-∞¡x-†’ °Rx îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o-úø-ØË N°æ-K-û√®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. 3) Despite, in spite of í∫’-Jç-* Ñ ´’üµ¿uØË N´Jçî√ç îª÷úøçúÕ. Q. -O’®Ω’ Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary -Å-E, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English -Å-F ®√-¨»®Ω’. È®ç-úø÷ ¢ËÍ®y®√? American accent éÓÆæç -´’ç-* dictionary Ææ÷-*ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. -

A.

SK Sardar, Nellore

È®çúø÷ äéπ\õ‰. O’èπ◊ Ñ dictionary ™ØË, v°æA °æü∆-Eéà British accent, ü∆E °æéπ\ØË NAME ÅØË abbreviation ûÓ American accent éπ-E°œÆæ’hçC. îª÷úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 24 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2008 Q.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

1. Think, thought

© Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©†’ ÆæN-´-®Ωçí¬ éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ņ’-´CÆæ÷h ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. a) Í®°æ¤ ¢√®Ω’ ´≤ƒh-®ΩE ؈’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. b) Í®°æ¤ ¢√®Ω’ ´≤ƒh-Í®-¢Á÷-†E ؈’ ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. c) E†o ¢√®Ω’ ´≤ƒh-®ΩE ؈’ ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.

A.

1. a) I think they will come tomorrow. b) I think they may/ might come tomorrow. c) I thought they would come yesterday. 2. I thought they would take it correct. I thoughtthought past tense

ņúøç Ééπ\úø (í∫ûªç™ °æE) – ņ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ (í∫ûªç™) ¢√∞¡Ÿx BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ÅØËC future 鬕öÀd would ¢√úøû√ç. He said that he would help me. (Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√oúø’– ņoC í∫ûªç™, Å°æp-öÀoç* future 鬕öÀd would help).

2. I thought that they will take it. I thought that they would take it.

– Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d?

- Madhu, Hyderabad

Q.

1. There is a question in a spoken English- "Are quality soaps available here?" Is it correct expression?

A.

1. Strictly speaking the expression quality soaps is wrong. It should be quality brands of soap, if the reference is to the soap brands of the same company or different companies. Only in commercial language, 'soaps' is used, as for example,

2. What are the steps to be followed in writing a story writing because it is major challenge for X class students including in which tense is should be explain.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

3. If teaching of English attractive to the students what method should be followed English to English or English to Telugu (version) or Translation method for high school students (mother tongue students)

2

424

2. As we are short of space here, we are sorry we can't explain 'story writing' now. We shall do it when time and space permit. Our regrets. (This is a page on spoken English, and so it has the priority.) 3. Depends on the type of students you have. If they are English medium students, English to English is preferable. If on the other hand they are Telugu medium students start with translation method, and gradually take them

4. Comprise is not followed by 'of'. The book comprises ten chapters. 5. Do you have...? = Have you got...? Both the forms show possession. However, do/ does/ did have... is common in American English in statements and in questions (meaning possession). Have you got...? With the meaning of possession in British English in statements and questions.

The book comprises ten chapters 'Godrej Soaps Ltd,' and the use is limited only to business products. In ordinary conversation, however, 'soaps' is not used.

4. America comprises of fifty one states in this sentence does comprise takes of or not? Explain.

A TV serial is also called 'soap.' Here 'soap' (with the meaning of a TV serial) is countable.. I was watching a soap (a TV serial) yesterday. 'How many soaps are telecast by the channel?' - These are OK.

5. What is the difference between do you have, have you got? - G.Shankar, Karimnagar

Q.

1.

lesson - "I went to my uncle's yesterday. They were tidying up their home" tidying up their place Possessive form place

-O’®Ω’ -äéπ

™

-Å-E -É-î√a®Ω’. é¬-F éπü∆? ûÓ ®√ü∆? N´-

Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 2. -´’®Ó lesson ™-

"Perhaps you are afraid you may put on weight" perhaps you are afraid you will put on weight

ÅE

Éî√a®Ω’. é¬F

Å-ØÌa éπü∆? Å®Ωnç N´-JÆæ÷h–

3. Vocabulary ditch "He ditched her after he found another girl friend" "He ditched her after he had found another girl friend"

-™

Q.

-O-öÀ-E -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç--îË -N-üµ∆-†ç -N-´Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. - G. Ram Mohan Rao, Alampuram.

A.

a) He does most of the work, thereby reducing my part of the work=

áèπ◊\´ °æ†çû√ Åûª-úË îË≤ƒhúø’ (ü∆E´©x/ -ü∆E °∂æL-ûªçí¬/ Ç é¬®Ω-ùçí¬) Ø√ ¢√ö« °æE ûªT_Ææ÷h.

é¬ü∆?

- P. Ratnakar, Visakhapatnam 1. Tidying up their home = Tidying up their place. home place

É™«çöÀîÓôx ÅØ√o äéπõ‰.

2.

b) He got elected as an MP and thereby gained a number of privileges and a lot of influence = MP

ÅØ√o

Ééπ\úø, perhaps, 'you are afraid' ÅØË ü∆EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çC éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE, Perhaps you are afraid, is correct. Perhaps you may be afraid Take the second part of the sentence: You are afraid you may put on weightOf course, perhaps and may are not used in the same sentence. Here perhaps goes with are afraid.

Åûª-úø’ í¬ áEo-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’, -ü∆E -´‚-©çí¬/ ûª-ûªp¥-L-ûªçí¬ î√™« v°æûËuéπ £æ«èπ◊\©’, °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ Ææ秃-Cç-î√úø’.

Åçõ‰

ûªÊ°p.

É°æ¤p-úÕC DEéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-

ûª’çC éπü∆?

3. After words like before/ after, had + past participle had + past participle correct. Simple past

¢√ú≈-©ØË E•ç-üµ¿† á°æ¤púø÷ §ƒöÀç-îª-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ´ÊÆh ¢√úÕØ√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.

He returned home after he attended class. After he had attended after

Ééπ\úø ÅØ√o °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’

ÖçC 鬕öÀd.

I went to his college, but he had already left/ left by then. had + pp

É™«çöÀîÓôx éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢√ú≈-LqçüË.

There-for, there-of, there-to, there-upon, there-by, so as to-

É´Fo èπÿú≈ ví¬ç-C∑-éπç-í¬ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ îªôd -Ø√uߪ’ °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ™  ¶µ«í∫çí¬ áèπ◊\´ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. 1) There-by: °j† îÁ°œp-†/- Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ûÁL°œ† ¢√öÀ 鬮Ω-ùç-í¬/¢√öÀ °∂æL-ûªçí¬.

ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬F

A.

There for, there of, there to, so as to-

Q.

ÉC É°æ¤púø’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ éπ†’´’-®Ω’Èíj §Ú®·çC, îªôd-°æ-J-¶µ«-≠æ-™/ ví¬ç-C∑é𠶵«≠æ™ èπÿú≈ á´®Ω÷ -¢√-úøôç ™‰ü¿’. Å®Ωnç: °j† îÁ°œp†/ Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ûÁL°œ† ¢√J/- ¢√öÀ éÓÆæç; ¢√öÀéÀ 鬮Ω-ù-¢Á’i†.

b) The bee worked while the cricket sang

ÅE îª÷¨»†’.

adverbial use: The match is over.

A.

Ç ä°æpç-ü∆Fo, ü∆EéÀ îËJa† Éûª®Ω ≠æ®Ω-ûª’-©†’ -Å-´’-©’ °æ®Ω-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ -Å-†’Ææ-Jç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ É≠æd-°æ-úø’ûª’-Ø√o†’. b) He has the right to use the building and any land attached there to =

Ç éπôd-ú≈Eo, ü∆EéÀ îËJa Ö†o Ææn™«Eo ¢√úø’-èπ◊ØË £æ«èπ◊\ Åûª-úÕéÀ ÖçC. 6) So as to = Åçûªí¬

b) The terrorists were seen crossing the border. Thereupon the security forces opened fire =

ÆæJ-£æ«ü¿’l ü∆ô’-ûª’†o Bv´-¢√-ü¿’-©†’ îª÷Æœ† ¢ÁçôØË/ O’ü¿õ‰ ¶µºvü¿û√ ü¿∞«©’ 鬩’p©’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√®·. 5) There-to = °j† îÁ°œp† ¢√öÀéÀ/ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ -ûÁ-L°œ-† -¢√-öÀéÀ.

Åûª-úÕéÀ Ç ÇÆœhEí¬F, ü∆E™/ ü∆EéÀ îÁçC† ¶µ«í¬-Eo-í¬F Ţ˒t £æ«èπ◊\ ™‰ü¿’.

a) The girls sang while the boys played. (contrast) sense of

®√ï-¨Ï-ê®˝ *®Ωç-@-N- O’ü¿ ¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’-í¬ØË/ îËÆœ-†- O’-ü¿ô Çߪ’† ÅGµ-´÷-†’©’ ®√ï-¨Ï-ê-®˝- O’-ü¿ ü∆úÕ î˨»®Ω’.

b) They are estimating the cost of the house and talking about the repairs needed there for =

èπ◊ ´’®Ó Å®Ωnç used to show contrast ÅE äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ îª÷¨»†’. éÀçC ¢√éπuç-™ while †’ à Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†öx N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

èπ◊

a) Rajasekhar made some comments on Chiranjeevi. There upon the fans of Chiranjeevi attacked him =

Ç éπ-ôdúøç °ü¿l ´’çô™ *èπ◊\-èπ◊çC, ü∆E (Ç ´’çôèπ◊) 鬮Ω-ù«©’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’.

a) He has no right to all the property or any part there of=

M.SURESAN

Ç éπôd-ú≈Eoí¬F, ûªü∆s¥-í¬Eoí¬-F Ç¢Á’ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’. 4) There upon = Åçü¿’O’ü¿ô– ¢ÁçôØË.

a) The building was caught in a huge fire and the causes therefor are not known =

¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç ÉçöÀ üµ¿®Ω†’ ÅçîªØ√ ¢ËÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’. Éçé¬ Ç -ÉçöÀéÀ/ -ÉçöÀéÓÆæç Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’ßË’u repairs í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. 3) There-of= °j†îÁ°œp†/Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁL°œ-† -¢√-J-éÀ/- ¢√-öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†.

Have you is also used in British English with the same meaning as have you got?

b) She hasn't used the building or any part there of =

2) There-for-

1. While

2. 'Over'

on to English - English method. When you use translation method, put them a no of questions on the lesson content and encourage them to answer only in English.

Have you got.. is not used in questions at all in American English. Have got is used in American English to say that someone has something rather than another. eg: I don't have a car, but I've got a bike.

a) She is not so rich as to buy a car = Car

´·çü¿’†o seats §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ §Òçü∆-©E ¢Ë’ç stadium èπ◊ ´·çü¿’-í¬ØË ¢Á∞«xç. c) He is most of the time at home so as to make his son study =

a) I am willing to follow the agreement and any other conditions attached there to =

1. Used to show contrast

Åçõ‰ È®ç-úÕçöÀ ´’üµ¿u Ö†o ¢Áj®Ω’üµ¿uç/ °æ‹Jh ´uA-Í®-éπûª. The girls sang while the boys played Ééπ\úø Girls X Boys, sang, different from played- Ñ Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† ûËú≈/ ¢Áj®Ω’üµ¿uç (contrast) ûÁLÊ°çü¿’èπ◊ while ¢√úøû√ç. He supports the congress while his wife is a congress member of the TDP TDP example bees crickworked sang contrast while et

(Åûªúø’ ´’ü¿l-ûª’-ü∆Ææ ¶ µ º ’ u® √©’) ®Ω ’ ú Á j û Ë Åûª ú Õ ¶µ « ®Ω u heard or said by means of or using:™ èπÿú≈, èπ◊ O’J-*a† È®çúÓ I don't want to say over the telephone èπÿ, èπÿ Ö†o †’ 3. For Å®Ωnç as to be ÅE îª÷¨»†’. ü∆E Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Éçü¿’™ They left him on the battle field for 2. Match Å®·-§Ú-®·çC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, over Ééπ\úø dead. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬ Gopal did it for me ( on adverb. They are well ™ well ™«í∫. account of) Ééπ\úø on account of Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªHeard or said by means of or using Åçõ‰ üËE í∫-©®Ω’. ü∆y®√-ØÁjØ√/ üˆo-®·Ø√ ¢√úÕ N†úøç/ îÁ°æpúøç ÅE. - G. Naresh, Armour

éÌØËçûª üµ¿E-èπ◊-®√©’ é¬ü∆¢Á’.

b) We went to the stadium early so as to get the front seats =

ûª† éÌúø’-èπ◊†’ îªC-Nç-îËç-ü¿’-í¬_†÷, Åûª-úÁ-èπ◊\´ ÉçöxØË Öçö«úø’.

I don't want to say anything over phone = phone phone phone

ü∆y®√/ ©--éÓ-™‰ü¿’.

¢√úÕ/

™ àD îÁ°æp-ü¿-

3. for = as to be =

Ö†o-ô’xí¬ – ÉC äéπ Å®Ωnç. îªE-§Ú-®·† ¢√úÕ-™«í∫ (îªE-§Ú-®·† ¢√úÕE ´C-™‰-Æœ-†ô’x) ÅûªúÕE ´C-™‰-¨»-®Ωéπ\úø. b) I took him for a good man = Åûª-úÕE ؈’ ´’ç*¢√--úÕ-™«í¬-ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o. 2) for = éÌ®Ωèπ◊/ éÓÆæç. Gopal did it for me = íÓ§ƒ™¸ ÅC Ø√ éÓÆæç/ Ø√ éÌ®Ωèπ◊ î˨»úø’. 3) for = on account of = Åçü¿’-´©x – ÉC 3´ Å®Ωnç. I don't like him for he is a bad man = Åûªúø’ îÁúøf¢√úø’, Åçü¿’-´©x (for/ on account of ) Åûª-úøçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. 1) a) They left him for dead =

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 26 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Rahim: You here? Out on an evening?

(†’Ny-éπ\ú≈? ®√-´-úø´÷?)

≤ƒßª’çvûªç

2

Rohit: (Do) You have company on your walks?

•ßª’-öÀ-éÀ-

(Fèπ◊ ûÓúÁ-´-È®jØ√ ´Ææ’hç-ö«®√ F †úø-éπ™.) Rahim: Barely any.

Rohit: Why the surprise?

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ -á-´®Ω÷ -™‰®Ω’.)

Rahim: Because I seldom see you moving out in the evenings.

(†’Oy Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√í¬ Øˆ’ îª÷úøôç Å®Ω’ü¿’ 鬕öÀd.) Rohit: You're right ofcourse. But that's not going to be the case any longer. I no longer want to be at home in the evenings.

Rohit: Don't you feel lonely?

(-äç-ô-Jí¬ -Ö-†o-ô’x -Å-E°œç-îª-ü∆?) Rahim: At no time.

(-á°æ¤p-úø÷ -™‰-ü¿’.) Rohit: (Do you/ would you) you?

mind my joining

3) No longer = Not any longer.

(؈’ FûÓ ®√-´-î√a?) (Eï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË Ééπ Å™« ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Éçöx Öçú≈-©E Éçéπ ņ’-éÓ-´úøç ™‰ü¿’.)

=

Rahim: Most welcome.

Åçûª v°æA¶µº Ö†o Nü∆u-JnE î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ îª÷¨»†’. (ûª°æpéπ ®√.) Rahim: Why this sudden change? b) They seldom meet each other = ¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπ-J-ØÌ




(Éçûª Çéπ-Æœtéπ ´÷®Ω’p áçü¿’-´-©xØÓ.) È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ lessons †’ç< Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™x ´îËa éπ®Ω’ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç Å®Ω’ü¿’. Rohit: Because I've come to realise that éÌEo common phrases îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆? ´’J-éÌEo evenings are enjoyable outdoors. c) I seldom see Kumar helping others = èπ◊´÷®˝ É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. (≤ƒßª’ç-vû√©’ •ßª’õ‰ Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ Öçö«-ߪ’E Look at the following sentences from the Éûª-®Ω’©èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’úøç Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ îª÷≤ƒh†’/ Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬ Øˆ’ îª÷úøôç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o†’ 鬕öÀd.) conversation above. Å®Ω’ü¿’. Rahim: What did you use to do in the evenings 1) ... Because I selearlier? Watching TV serials perhaps.

(Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-™„™« í∫úÕ-Ê°-¢√-úÕN? öÃO Æ‘J-ߪ’™¸q îª÷Ææ÷h-ØË¢Á÷.)

2) Any

dom see you moving out in the evenings.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Rohit: TV serials? I never watch them. I turn on the TV only to watch the news channels. How do you spend your evenings? (

öÃO Æ‘J-ߪ’∞«x? ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ¢√öÀE îª÷úø†’. †÷uÆˇ îµ √ØÁ™ ¸q†’ îª÷ÊÆçü¿’Íé öÃO °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«†’ ؈’. †’´¤y ᙫ í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√´¤ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√©’?)

=

a) We are already late.

2) ... That's not going to be the case any longer.

(É™«. ®Óúø’f O’ü¿, î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç †úø’Ææ÷h.) Rohit: (Do) you do it everyday?

b) We were at the same school, but we never talked to each other = school

¢Ë’ç äÍé ™ îªü¿’´¤-èπ◊Ø√oç é¬F á°æ¤púø÷ ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. c) He never talks bad of others = Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’Jç* îÁúø’í¬ á°æp-öÀéà ´÷ö«x-úøúø’.

3) I no longer want to be at home in the evenings. 4) I never watch them.

Rahim: Scarcely ever do I miss my evening walk.

1) Seldom = rarely =

Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬

a) I've seldom seen a student with such a talent

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ؈’ †úø-´-éπ-§Ú-´úøç Å®Ω’ü¿’.) Exercise: Match The words under A with their meanings under B. A B 1 Cord A Shake 2 Omen B Report 3 Fulfil C Sign 4 Shiver D Disappoint 5 Hearsay E Thin rope F Accomplish G Frown KEY: 1-E; 2-C; 3-F; 4-A; 5-B. EXPLANATION 1-E. Cord = Thin rope =

ü∆®Ωç/ û√úø’. (wire) cord = Telephone ™«çöÀ °æJ-éπ-®√-©-èπ◊çúË wire ´·éπ\. Cordless Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆. Wire ™‰èπ◊çú≈ °æE-îËÊÆ (phone ™«çöÀ) °æJ-éπ-®√©’. They tightened the wire cord around her neck = Ç¢Á’ ¢Á’úø ô÷d wire ´·éπ\†’ GTç-î√®Ω’. He connected the motor to the wheel with a piece of/ length of cord = wire

Ç ¢Á÷ö«-®Ω’†’

´·éπ\ûÓ îªvé¬-

2-C. Omen = Sign = Good omen =

=

EéÀ éπL-§ƒúø’. ¨¡èπ◊†ç.Bad omen ¨¡Ÿ¶µº ¨¡èπ◊†ç.

M.SURESAN

6) Barely any.

a) A cat crossing you on your way out is considered a bad omen =

°œLx áü¿’®Ω’ ®√´úøç

ü¿’¨¡z-èπ◊-†çí¬ ¶µ«N-≤ƒh®Ω’. b) Seeing the picture of god as you get up is a good omen =

™‰´-í¬ØË üË´¤úÕ ¶Ô´’t éπE°œç-

îªúøç ¨¡Ÿ¶µº ¨¡Ÿèπ◊†ç ÆæçÍé-ûª-¢Á’i†/ ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h†’ Ææ÷*çîË, ´·êuçí¬ àüÓ éÃúø’ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’ç-ü¿E Ææ÷*çîË. Ominous =

a) The wicked foursome considered the arrival of Lord Krishna ominous =

ü¿’≠æd îªûª’-≠dß æ ª’ç (ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-Ø√-ü¿’©’) éπ%≠æflgúø’ ®√´-ú≈Eo (®√ߪ’-¶«-®√-EéÀ) àüÓ éÃúø’

5) Scarcely (ever) = Barely = Hardly ever =

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’/ (àüÁjØ√ Ææç°∂æ’ô† ï®Ω-í∫úøç), ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®Ω’ü¿’.

a) She scarcely (ever)/ barely (ever)/ hardly (ever) comes here =

Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´úøç î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’/ ®√ü¿ØË ÅØ√L.

Let's not delay any longer =

5) Scarcely ever do I miss..

(®Ó-WØ√?)

(Æ洒ߪ’ç) Éçé𠙉ü¿’/ Éçéπ-O’-ü¿-™‰ü¿’.

¢√Rxç-éπ-O’ü¿ §ƒ©’ Å´’t®Ω’. Æ‘yö¸q ¢√u§ƒ-®√-EéÀ ´÷®√®Ω’. b) Musharaff can rule no longer = ´·≥ƒ-®Ω°∂ˇ ÉéπO’ü¿-ô °æJ-§ƒ-LçîË v°æ¨Ïo ™‰ü¿’.) 4) Never = á°æp-öÀ-éÃ-™‰ü¿’/ é¬ü¿’. a) He never drinks = Åûªúø’ ÅÆæ©’ û√í∫úø’.

Scar cely ever do I miss..

Rahim: Like this. Out on the road taking long walks.

ü¿’¨¡z-èπ◊†ç,

425

longer

(Æ洒ߪ’ç í∫’Jç*) ÉçÍé-´÷vûªç.

No longer =

a) They will sell milk no longer. They have changed over to sweets business =

ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’-†o-ô’xí¬ ¶µ«Nç-î√®Ω’. b) Kaikeyi's silence as Dasaratha entered her palace was ominous =

ÈéjÍé®· E¨¡z-•lçí¬ Öçúøö«Eo îª÷Æœ éÃúø’ ¨¡çéÀç-î√úø’ ü¿¨¡-®Ω-ü∑¿’úø’. 3-F. Fulfil = Accomplish = ņ’-èπ◊-†oC ≤ƒCµçîªúøç/ éÓJéπ ØÁ®Ω-¢Ë-®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç a) Dr Kalam's urges youngsters to dream of great things and work hard to fulfil them =

íÌ°æp íÌ°æp éπ©©’ éπE ¢√öÀE ≤ƒCµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ØÁ®Ω¢Ë-®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ%≠œîËߪ÷-©E -ú≈éπd®˝ éπ™«ç ÖüÓsüµ¿. urge -Åñ¸ = í∫öÀdí¬ éÓ®Ωúøç/ ÖüÓs-Cµç-îªúøç b) He fulfiled his father's desire that he should becoming an engineer = engineer

ûª†’ 鬢√©†o ûª† ûªçvúÕ éÓJ-éπ†’ Åûªúø’ ØÁ®Ω-¢Ë-®√aúø’. fulfil dreams/ desires/ wishes, etc, ØÁ®Ω-¢Ë®Ωúøç/ ņ’-èπ◊†oC ≤ƒCµç-îªúøç. Accomplish = ≤ƒCµç-îªúøç.

Tendulkar accomplished the rare feat of scoring 38 centuries = 38

ÂÆç-îª-K-©’ éÌöÀd õ„ç-úø’-©\®˝ Å®Ω’-üÁj† °∂æ’†ûª ≤ƒCµç-î√úø’. Accomplish X Fail (N°∂æ-©-´’-´úøç) 4-A. Shiver = Shake - ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-´úøç – ´®Ω{ç/ îªLïy®Ωç/ ¶µºßª’ç ´©x. The boy shivered at the sight of what he thought was a ghost =

ûª†’ ¶µº÷ûªç ņ’-èπ◊-†oC éπE-°œç-îª-í¬ØË Ç °œ™«xúø’ ¶µºßª’çûÓ ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

b) Gone are the days when students shivered at the sight of their teachers =

Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ߪ·©†’ îª÷Æœ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ (¶µºßª’çûÓ) ´ùÀ-éÀ§ÚßË’ ®ÓV©’ §Úߪ÷®·.

c) The poor old women was shivering in the cold of rainy night =

Ç ´®Ω{°æ¤ ®√vA îªLéÀ Ç Ê°ü¿ ´%ü¿l¥ ´’£œ«∞¡ ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-ûÓçC.

´’†ç É°æpöÀÍé Ç©Ææuç. ÉçÍé-´÷vûªç Ç©Ææuç îËßÁ·ü¿’l. b) They can't wait any longer = ¢√RxçÍé ´÷vûªç ¢Ë* Öçúø-™‰®Ω’.

b) His friends hardly/ scarcely/ barely/ recognised him. He had changed and aged so much =

c) They have told him they won't help him any longer.

c) Laxman scarcely/ hardly/ barely fails his team =

(Éçéπ Åûª-úÕéÀ -Ééπ à´÷vûªç Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’¶´’E, ¢√-∞¡Ÿx ÅûªúÕûÓ îÁÊ°p-¨»®Ω’.)

Sending shivers down the spine =

(¶µºßª’çûÓ

´ù’èπ◊ °æ¤öÀdç-îªúøç. The thought of AIDS sends shivers down our spines =

á®·ú˛q†’ í∫’Jç-*† Ç™- ´’†èπ◊ ¶µºßª’çûÓ ü¿úø °æ¤öÀd-Ææ’hçC. Spine = ¢ÁØÁo-´·éπ = back bone. 5-B. Hearsay = Report = Éûª-®Ω’©’ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓí¬ ´’† îÁN†°æ-úøôç/ ´’† îÁN†°æúË N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ (éπ®√g-éπJgí¬ N†úøç) – Eïç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a/ Eï-´’E éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. a) 'Their marriage? Yea, I know about it. But it's only hearsay. =

'¢√∞¡x °-∞«x? Å´¤†’, Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË -Å-C á´®Ó îÁ°æpí¬ N†-úø¢Ë’. (áçûª Eï¢Á÷ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’).

b) Do you know about it for certain?

('FéπC éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?—) 'No. It's just hearsay.'

'™‰ü¿’. á´®Ó Åçô’ç-úøí¬ N†oüË—.) E®√¨¡ éπL-Tç-îªúøç

D. Disappoint =

a) His marks in the exam disappointed his father =

°æK-éπ~™ ÅûªúÕ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ÅûªúÕ ûªçvúÕéÀ E®√¨¡ éπL-Tç-î√®·. b) The movie is really disappointing = Ç ÆœE´÷ E®√¨¡ éπL-Tç-*çC.

ÅûªúÕ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ÅûªúÕE í∫’®Ω’h-°æ-ôd-™‰ü¿’. Åûª-úøçûª ´÷J-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’, ¶«í¬ ´ßª’-≤Ò-îËa-ÆœçC.

-©éπ~ t-ù˝ -ûª-† -ï-ô’d-†’ -E®√-¨¡°æ®Ω-îª-úøç -î√-™« -Å®Ω’-ü¿’/ -E®√-¨¡°æ®Ω-îª-úø-ØË -îÁ-§ƒp-L.

v°æ¨¡o: Ram, °æü∆-©†’ ¢√úÌî√a?

speed, wive verb

í¬

Ram- Rammed -Rammed Speed - Sped - Sped Wive - Wived - Wived

ÉN éπ®Ω-ÍédØ√? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù É´yçúÕ. – áç. ®Ωçí∫ߪ’u, É©xçü¿ ï¢√•’: Ram, speed ´÷vûª¢Ë’ verbs í¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. 1. The bus rammed the truck from behind = bus

™«KE, ¢Á†-éπ-†’ç* A†oí¬ úµŒéÌ-öÀdçC. ´·êuçí¬ äéπ ¢√£æ«†ç ÉçéÓ ¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo •©çí¬ úµŒ é̆úøç, áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢Á†-éπ-†’ç*. 2. Speed 1) ¢Ëí∫-´çûªç îËߪ ’úøç (°æ† ’-™«xçöÀ ¢√öÀE). The work on the project has been speeded up = v§ƒñ„é˙d °æ†’©’ ¢Ëí∫-´çûªç îËߪ’-•ú≈f®· (î˨»®Ω’). Speed -Sped - Sped = ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´úøç. The car sped away on hitting the cyclist = cyclist car

ü¿÷Ææ’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·çC. ™ ´÷´‚©’ ™ í¬ ¢√úø-ö«-EéÀ ™‰ü¿’. í¬ ¢√úÕØ√ î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. Disappoint X Satisfy v ° æ ¨ ¡o: 1. Hospital ™ îËJpç-*Ø√í¬F Åçûªí¬ °∂æLûªç G. Frown= Look angrily (éÓ°æçûÓ îª÷úøôç) ©Gµç-îª-™‰ü¿’. (ÅØ√-¢Á÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬) 2. ÉC Çûªt-£æ«ûªu é¬ü¿E N¨¡y-Æœ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. a) In the beginning a career in the movie was Ñ ¢√é¬u©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷-L? frowned at = ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ®ÓV™x ÆœE´÷ †ô† –°œ.-Ø√®√-ߪ’-ù-®√´¤, Nï-ߪ’-†-í∫®Ωç -Åç-õ‰ °ü¿l©’ éÓ°æ-Tç--èπ◊ØË ¢√-∞¡Ÿx. b) He frowned at me when I pointed to his defects =

ÅûªúÕ ™§ƒ©’ îª÷°œç-îË-Ææ-JéÀ Ø√O’ü¿ éÓ°æçûÓ îª÷¨»úø’. Frown X Smile (*®Ω’-†´¤y)

†’ úµŒéÌöÀd Ç

Wive, prose conversation verb Poetic Not accepted.

ï¢√•’: 1.Though he was admitted in the hos-

pital, there wasn't much improvement/ He was admitted in the hospital but things didn't improve. 2. I am convinced that it is not a suicide.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 28 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vandana: Well, this is a secret. On no account should tell another soul of it.

(Å®Ωn-´’-®·uçü∆? ÉC ®Ω£æ«Ææuç. à 鬮Ω-ùç´©x èπÿú≈ †’Oy N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÓ v§ƒùÀéÀ îÁ°æp-èπÿ-úøü¿’) Varshita: You know very well that at no time have I leaked out a secret. Be assured that it's going to be between you and me.

(á°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ØËØË ®Ω£æ«-Ææu´‚ •ßª’-ô-°-ôd™‰-ü¿E Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÉC ´’E-ü¿lJ ´’üµËu ÖçúË N≠æ-ߪ’-´’E ¶µº®Ó-≤ƒûÓ Öçúø’.) Vandana: I know it very well, of course. You know our classmates Vachana and Vasudha. They are by no means to be trusted with any secret.

(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’† classmates ´îª†, ´Ææ’üµ¿ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? ¢√∞¡xûÓ ´’†ç à ®Ω£æ«Ææuç †N’t îÁ°æp™‰ç.) Varshita: On the one hand they are eager for information, but on the other, they can never keep a secret. There comes the trouble. They are the first people to misunderstand us if they know we have this secret from them.

2

Varshita: Why such a lot of money? It's my cousin's shop and I can get them at substantial concession for you. Rs. 5000/- will do.

(ÅçûÁç-ü¿’èπÿ? ÅC ´÷ cousin shop. Fèπ◊ ´’ç* concession É°œpç-îª-í∫-©†’. ®Ω÷. 5000 î√©’.) Vandana: But still keep it. Just in case. You can always give me back the balance.

(áçü¿’-ÈéjØ√ ´’ç*C. Öç. N’T™‰h Ø√èπ◊ AJ-T-îÁa®·u) Varshita: I am likely to be back on Sunday, or at the most on Monday. Vandana: That's OK. Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above: 1) On no account should you tell another soul of it. 2) ... at no time have I leaked out a secret. 3) They are by no means to be trusted with any secret. 4) On the one hand they are eager for information, but on the other they can never keep a secret.

2) At no time = Not at anytime =

à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™

èπÿú≈. a) At no time during the freedom struggle did Gandhi ask his followers to be violent =

≤ƒyûªçvûªu §Ú®√-ôç™ à Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈ í¬çDµ ûª† ņ’-îª-®Ω’-©†’ £œ«çÆæèπ◊ °æ‹†’-éÓ-´’E îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. b) At no time during his stay here, did he call me = He did not call me at anytime during his stay here =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

426

Åûª-úÕéπ\úø Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ à Æ洒ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ phone îËߪ’™‰ü¿’.

4) On the one hand, on the other... On the one hand = expression

È®çúø’ ¢Áj®Ω’-üµ∆u-©†’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ñ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) On the one hand he wants a car, but on the other he doubts his ability to bear the fuel costs = petrol

´’®Ó-¢Áj-Ê°¢Á÷, ÆæçüË£æ«ç.

b) on the one hand he is against doing a job but on the other he doesn't want to lose the money he gets from the job

= äéπ-°æ-éπ\ØË¢Á÷ ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ’-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E, ´’®Ó°æéπ\ØË¢Á÷ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´©x ´îËa úø•’s ´ü¿-©’-éÓ-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E.

He is by no means innocent

(äéπ-¢Áj-Ê°¢Á÷, ÅFo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√©E ûª£æ«ûª£æ«, ´’®Ó-¢Áj-Ê°¢Á÷ à ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ü∆îª-™‰®Ω’. Åéπ\úË ´Ææ’hçC *éπ\çû√. ´’†ç àüÓ ü∆Ææ’h-Ø√o-´’E ûÁLÊÆh ´’†Lo ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-C-¢√∞Ïx) Vandana: For heaven's sake, you are not going to tell them of this, are you? (

ãJ üË´¤-úÓß˝’, †’¢√y-∞¡xéà N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æp´¤ éπü∆?) Varshita: I am the last, I promise you, to part with this secret to them. Be sure of it. Vandana: That's fine. I believe you. Now about your buying some dresses for me in Chennai. When are you leaving?

(ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË. E†’o ؈’ †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’. É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ Chennai †’ç* dresses ûÁîËa N≠æߪ’ç. †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Varshita: The day after. By the evening train.

(á©’xçúÕ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç) Vandana: I want you to buy 3 very good dresses of the latest cut. Here, take this Rs. 6000/-.

EXERCISE

c) At no time was he seen without a gun =

6) But still keep it. Just in case. Let's now look at some of the conversational expressions shown above.

B

1 Adequate

A Plan

2 Reform

B Friendly

à 鬮Ωùç ´©x-é¬F.

à 鬮Ω-ùç-´-©x-ØÁjØ√ ÆæÍ® †’´¤y 5 ´·çü¿’ ´CL ¢Á∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ O©’-™‰ü¿’, ÅD Ø√ ņ’´’A ™‰èπ◊çú≈.

b) The work shall not be delayed on any account =

à 鬮Ω-ùç-´-©x-ØÁjØ√ ÆæÍ®, °æE Ç©-Ææu´’-´-ú≈-EéÀ O™‰xü¿’.

c) See that the police do not come here on any account = police

©’

Åçõ‰ ûªT† Å®Ω|ûª, ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uçí∫© ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. c) He is not adequate for the task = Åûª-úÕéÀ Ñ °æEéÀ ûªT† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ™‰ü¿’. Adequate X Inadequate. 2) Reform= Change for improvement =

(to guests/ visitors)

ÆæçÆæ \-®Ωù/ ÆæçÆæ \-Jç-îªúøç. 3 Strategy

C Punishment

4 Hospitable

D Ill

5 Penalty

E Enough

a) A lot of reforms have been made in the educational system =

Nü∆u-N-üµ∆-†ç™ î√™«

F Change (for improvement) G Meagre KEY: 1-E, 2-F, 3-A, 4-B, 5-C. Explanations: 1) Adequate= Enough= Sufficient=

î√L†çûª.

a) We don't have adequate water supply during the summer =

¢ËÆæ-N™ î√L-†çûª/ ûªT-†çûª F∞¡} Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ Öçúøü¿’.

b) His knowledge is adequate to teach elementary classes =

v§ƒü∑¿-N’éπ ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’-©èπ◊ ¶Cµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª ñ«c†ç ÅûªúÕèπ◊çC.

NÆæ’-í¬_-í¬F/ éÓ°æç-í¬í¬F, àüÁjØ√ °æE ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ï®Ω-í¬-©-†’èπ◊-†o-°æ¤p-úø’-í¬F ÅØË ´÷ô.

a) For God's/ heaven's sake, listen to me = (

NÆæ’í¬_/ éÓ°æçûÓ) ØË îÁÊ°pC N†’.

ûª’§ƒéà ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÅûªØÁ°æ¤púø÷ éπE°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. 3) By no means = not at all = ÅÆæ©’ é¬ØË é¬ü¿’.

b) For heaven's sake, please finish the work by tomorrow =

a) He is by no means innocent. He can't be cheated so easily.

c) For heaven's sake, don't disturb me =

M.SURESAN 1) On no account/ Not on any account = (For whatever reason) by no means= not by any means a) On no account shall you leave office b) She is not by any means a bad singer. She before 5 and that too without my permisis famous at home as well as abroad = sion = office

à 鬮Ω-ùç-´©xØÁjØ√ Ééπ\úÕéÀ ®√èπ◊çú≈ îª÷úø’.

5) For heaven's sake/ for God's sake/ for goodness's sake/ for Christ's sake =

(éÌçîÁç •A-´÷-©’ûª÷) Í®°æ-öÀéÀ

°æE °æ‹Jh îÁ®·u.

††’o Ø√ °æ E îË Æ æ ’ é ÓF, Åçûª ® √ߪ ’ ç éπ L T çî ª è π ◊ . = ÅûªúËç Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ é¬ü¿’. Åçûª Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ 6) Just in case = ÅüË´’Ø√o Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å®·ûË/ áçü¿’-ÈéjØ√ ´’ç*C/ Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å®·ûË. ¢Á÷Ææ-§Úúø’.

Adequate

Match the words under A with their meanings under B A

5) For heaven's sake, you aren't going to tell them of this secret, are you?

äéπ-¢Áj-Ê°¢Á÷ ÅûªúÕéÀ 鬮Ω’ 鬢√-©E, üµ¿®Ω©’ ¶µºJç-îª-í∫-©Ø√ ÅØË

ÆæçÆæ \-®Ωù©’ ïJ-í¬®·. b) The finance minister has promised a number of economic reforms =

ÇJn-éπ-´’çvA î√™« ÇJnéπ ÆæçÆæ \-®Ωù©’ ûÁ≤ƒh-†E ´÷ô Éî√a®Ω’. 3) Strategy = Plan = ´‹u£æ«ç. a) What is your strategy to overcome this difficulty? =

Ñ Å¢√ç-ûª-®√Eo ü∆õ‰ç-ü¿’èπ◊ F ´‹u£æ«ç àN’öÀ?

b) The defence ministry has worked out a strategy to deal with the border situation =

ÆæJ-£æ«ü¿’l N≠æߪ’ç™ ®Ωéπ~-ù-¨»ê äéπ ´‹u£æ…Eo ®Ω*ç-*çC.

Ǣ˒ç Åçûª °æE-éÀ-®√E í¬ßª’-èπ◊-®√©’ é¬ü¿’. ü˨¡ç™ØË é¬éπ, NüË-¨»-©™ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Ê°®Ω’çC.

c) In spite of the many brands of cars on the market, they are by no means within the reach of the common man = cars

´÷È®\-ö¸™ î√™« ®Ω鬩 Ö†p-°æp-öÀéÃ, ≤ƒ´÷-†’u©èπ◊ Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’™ à癉´¤.

strategic =

´‹u£æ…-ûªtéπ¢Á’i†.

Strategic changes are necessary to be able to face aggression =

ü∆úÕE áü¿’-®Ì\-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´‹u£æ…-ûªtéπ ´÷®Ω’p©-´-Ææ®Ωç. 4) Hospitable = Friendly (to guests/ visitors)=

≤ƒü¿®Ωçí¬ ÇA-ü∑¿u-N’îËa/ ÅA-ü∑¿’©†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°õ‰d Ææy¶µ«´´·†o. A hospitable person receives guests very warmly and is happy when their guests are happy.

a) Take some extra money. Just in case you need it, you can have it =

úø•’s éÌçûª Åü¿†çí¬ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿx. Åçûªí¬ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË Öçô’çC.

b) Let me have your phone number. Not that I'm going to disturb you, but just in case = phone no. phone disturb

Ø√èπ◊ O’ É´yçúÕ. Åçõ‰ îËÆœ N’´’tLo îËü∆l-´’E é¬ü¿’. Åçûªí¬ Å´-Ææ®Ω-¢Á’iûË Öçô’çC éπü∆ ÅE. c) Start an hour early. Just in case ... = äéπ í∫çô ´·çü¿’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’. áçü¿’-ÈéjØ√ ´’ç*C.

¢√û√-´-®Ωùç ¶µºJç-îª-™‰-†çûª îªLí¬ ÖçúÕ áéπ\ú≈ ¢ÁîªaöÀ Çv¨¡ßª’ç üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË, ÅC inhospitable climate/ inhospitable region (v§ƒçûªç). 5) Penalty = Punishment = Péπ~. a) The penalty for this offense is 6 months jail =

Ñ ØË®√-EéÀ 鬮√-í¬®Ωç.

(offense)

Péπ~ Ç®Ω’ØÁ©©

b) Follow the rules or face the penalty =

E•ç-üµ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç †úø-éÓ ™‰ü∆ Péπ~ØÁü¿’®Ó\. a) Indians by nature are very hospitable =

¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’ Ææyûª-£æ…í¬ ÇAü∑¿uç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ≤ƒü¿®Ωçí¬ Öçö«®Ω’. b) No guest ever goes unfed at his home. He is so hospitable =

à ÅAC∑ èπÿú≈ ÅûªúÕçöx ¶µï†ç îËߪ’èπ◊çú≈ ¢Á∞¡}úø’. ÇAü∑¿uç™ Åûª-úøçûª íÌ°æp. Hospitable X Cold = ÅA-ü∑¿’© °æôx E®Ωxéπ~uç. He was very cold to the guests =

ÅA-ü∑¿’©†çûªí¬ Çü¿-Jç-îª-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’. Inhospitable = DEéÀ, hospitable èπÿ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.

c) He paid the penalty for harassing his wife for dowry =

¶µ«®Ωu†’ éπôoç éÓÆæç ¢ËCµç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊, Åûªúø’ ûªT† Péπ~ ņ’-¶µº-Nç-î√úø’. (Pay penalty = Péπ~ ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îªúøç) Penalty X Reward (•£æ›-´÷†ç). Penal = Péπ~èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†. G) Meagre = î√™« ûªèπ◊\-¢Áj†/ Ææy©p¢Á’i† X adequate (î√L-†çûª), plenty (ŧƒ-®Ω¢Á’i†).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 2 -´÷-Ja 2008 Q.

ÉçTx≠ˇ

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ A.

¶µ«≠æ™

imperative sentence sit down, stand up Stand

©™

Å-E -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-úøÅØË °æü∆û√®Ω’? EÍé E©-•-úøôç ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆? ´’J Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ sit down, stand up ©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ sit, stand ņ-èπÿúøü∆? ´’† ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿ®Óa, E©-•úø’ Åçö«¢Ë’ é¬F éÀçü¿ èπÿ®Óa, °jéÀ E©-•úø’ ņç éπü∆? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – ´’ØÓ-®Ωç-ïE, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø

èπÿ, Stand èπÿ î√™« Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®·. ¢√úø’éπ (usage) v°æ鬮Ωç sit down Åçõ‰ E©’-†o ÆœnA (standing position) ™ç* èπÿ®Óa-´úøç. Å™«Íí stand up Åçõ‰ èπÿ®Ω’a†o position †’ç-* E-©’-îÓ-´úøç. Stand = ´÷´‚-©’í¬ E-©’-îÓ-´úøç; He was standing at the station the whole day. Stand up = èπÿ®Ω’a†o¢√∞¡Ÿx E-©’-îÓ-´úøç. He stood up to answer the questions = v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ (Åçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ) èπÿ®Ω’aE Ö†o Åûªúø’ E©’--Ø√oúø’. Å™«Íí, sit Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ èπÿ®Óa-´úøç – We sat for three hours at the station = ¢Ë’ç ´‚úø’ í∫çô-©-§ƒô’ èπÿ®Ω’aØ√oç/ èπÿ®Ω’aØË ÖØ√oç. Unable to stand any longer, he sat down = ÉçÍé-´÷vûªç E-©’-îÓ-™‰éπ (Åçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ E©’-†o) Åûªúø’ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√oúø’.

2

Sit

Q.

1. Please explain me word order and its rules to be followed while using modern English usage. 2. What is the meaning of cleft sentence? Give me some examples. 3. While using question tags, if the stress is on a particular word, it conveys different meaning. eg: "Tomorrow is a holiday isn't it?". If the stress changes from word to word the meaning varies. Please explain in detail. 4. Please explain me enchoative verbs. What are their uses in modern English? 5. Seeing is believing. This is a structure in English. eg: Whether following sentence can be used as an example of the above structure. The best service you are doing to society is refraing from doing the bad things. 6. Doubt relating to usage of between - among. When we refer to more than two things generally we use among. If we have a definite number in our mind between can also be used. For eg: Luxemburg lies between Belgium, Germany and France. Pl. explain.

b) Question/ Interrogative sentence. i) Is

he

here?

verb subject ii) Are

they

helping verb iii) Where 'Wh' word iv) Where 'Wh' word

coming?

subject

main verb

is

he?

vb

sb

is

he

vb

going?

subject

(A 'Wh' word is a word beginning with 'Wh' like.. What, Where, When, Why, Who, Whose, Which and how-usually used for asking questions).

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

427

The exclamatory sentence- a sentence expressing surprize or a sudden feeling. i) What a fool he is! 'Wh' word Noun Sb Vb ii) How hot the day is! 'Wh' word adjective sb vb iii) How she sings! well 'Wh' word Adverb sb vb The word order in the exclamatory sentence is: 'Wh' word+Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb+Subject+Verb. Sometimes the exclamatory sentence may not have the noun/ Adj/ Adv after the 'wh' word. eg: How he shouts! In any version of English including modern English, any sentence has one of the four word orders shown above. (Feel free to write again if you find this answer not clear enough, but let your question be clear). 2) A cleft sentence is a sentence that begins with an 'it clause' or 'that M.SURESAN clause' (clauses begin-

row is a holiday or not, the word holiday is uttered with falling intonation and 'isn't it?' with rising intonation. a) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it? (The speaker is sure that tomorrow is a holiday) b) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it? (The speaker is not sure whether tomorrow is a holiday, so holiday is said with falling intonation and isn't with rising intonation. 4) It is not 'enchoative' but 'inchoative' verb. An inchoative verb expresses a change of state, that is, a change from one condition to another. eg: The college will close for summer vacation on the 12th April. In this sentence, 'will close' (instead of 'will be closed') expresses a change of state (open to closed), happening on its own, without anybody causing it. So, 'will close' (close) is an inchoative verb. So is the verb, 'opened' an inchoative verb in the sentence, The shops opened as usual that day. 5) In one way it is, and in another way, it isn't. Seeing is believing- the structure of the sentence is Subject + Verb + Complement. In the sentence- the best service you are doing to society is refraing from..., if you take the whole clause 'The best you are doing to society' as the subject of the sentence, its structure is the same as that of 'seeing is believing'. However, if you take the subject of the sentence, 'seeing is believing', as a present participle (and not a clause), the sentence, 'The best service...' is not the same structure. The sentences, 'Refraining from evil is doing the best service to society/ Doing the best service to society is refraing from evil- are exactly the same structure as, 'seeing is believing'. 6) Here, between is correct. We use 'between' (and not among) when we refer to an area or any geographical feature (rivers, mountain ranges, etc.) separating two or more points.

(ÉØ˛-éÓ--

Å-öÀ¢˛)

Seeing is believing

A.

– °œ.¢Áç-éπ-ô-Ø√-®√-ߪ’-ù-®√´¤, üµ¿®Ωt-´®Ωç

1. The question is not clear. If you mean the word order in different kinds of sentences here is the answer. a) The Statement/ The assertive sentence (A sentence saying something- eg: The book is on the table. He has not come.) Word order in a statement. The book is on the table subject verb We see here that the statement has the subject (sb) + verb (vb) word order. That is, in a statement the subject comes first and the verb, next.

Q.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx≠ˇ™ ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. 1. v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ ؈’ ë«Sí¬ ÖØ√o†’. É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ à ÖüÓu-í∫´‚ îËߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. 2. †’´¤y, ؈’ Íé´©ç EN’-ûªh-´÷-vûª’©ç. îËÊÆC, îË®·ç-îËC Ç¢Á’. 3. Interview éÀ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’, ´’†Lo interview îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ †©’-í∫’®Ω’ ™‰ü∆ Å®·-ü¿’í∫’®Ω’ Öçö«®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xE N≠ˇ îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ äéÌ\-éπ\-JE good morning (evening) ÅØ√™« -™‰-ü∆ Åçü¿-Jéà éπL°œ äÍé-≤ƒJ good morning all of you ÅE ÅØ√™«? 4. He passed Degree DEéÀ passive voice ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 5. Åûªúø’ ÅûªúÕ ≤ƒy®Ωnç éÓÆæç (Å´-Ææ®Ωç) á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’. áçûª-ÈéjØ√ ûÁTç-îª-í∫-©úø’. éπFÆæç v°∂çú˛ ÅE èπÿú≈ îª÷úøúø’. 6. The shop is open at 10'o clock ņo-°æ¤púø’ shop á´-J-îË-ûª-ØÁjØ√ open îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ The shop opened at 10 ÅØË ÅØ√L éπü∆? – >.¢Áç-éπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, éπçü¿’- πÿ®Ω’

A.

We see there are two kinds of questionsNon 'Wh' questions- Questions without 'Wh' words (eg: questions (i) and (ii) above) and 'Wh' questions- questions beginning with 'wh' words. In both kinds of questions, the subject comes after the verb, or after the helping verb. When there are two/ more words in a question the first of them is the helping verb and the others are main verb. The imperative sentence: (orders, wishes, etc.) In most of them the subject is 'you' but not stated. i) (you) get out - Sb + Vb ii) (you) please come in - Sb + Vb.

1. Right now/ At present I am jobless/ unemployed. (Jobless

Å´’-®√u-ü¿-éπ®Ω °æü¿ç é¬ü¿’.) 2. You and I are just instrumental. It is she that does and gets done everything. 3. Good morning, sirs/ sirs and Madam (s) if both men and women are on the board of interview. 4. The degree was passed by him passive passive. passives lessons passive

Å®·ûË ÉC éÓÆæç É™«çöÀ ¢√úøç – Ñ´’üµ¿u ™E ¢√úøéπç ´*a† O’C Å稻©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.

5. He is very selfish. For his selfish purposes, he doesn't hesitate to cheat. He is upto anything if it serves his purposes.

Q.

éÀçC ÆæçüË-£æ…-©†’ B®Ωaí∫-©®Ω’.

1. A cup is in the saucer (or) on the saucer. 2. The teacher is sitting in the chair (or) on the chair. 3. Wednesday 4. Drought

E ᙫ °æ©-é¬L? E éÌçü¿®Ω’ vú≈ö¸-í¬†÷, ´’JéÌç-ü¿®Ω’ vúˆö¸-í¬†÷ °æ©’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ûÌN’tüÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A éÌûªh ÉçTx≠ˇ õ„é˙dq •’é˙™ drout í¬ ÖçC. ´’J àC éπÈ®é˙d? 5. listen E ᙫ °æ©-é¬L? 6. Every day, daily ¶µ‰ü¿-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? -à-ßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? – ¢Áj. ¶µ«Ææ\-®Ω-®√´¤, ïí∫_-ߪ’u-Ê°ô

A.

1) A cup on a saucer 2) Sit on a simple

(îËûª’-™‰xE) chair/ (îËûª’-©’†o èπ◊Ka)/

Sit in an arm chair

Sit in an easy chair.

6. Open

Ééπ\úø verb é¬ü¿’. Open Ééπ\úø ûÁJ* Ö†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ adjective. The shop is open = Shop ûÁJ* ÖçC. The shop is opened at 10 everyday (Passive) = Shop ûÁ®Ω-´-•úø’-ûª’çC ®ÓW 10 í∫çô-©èπ◊.

ning with 'It' or 'that') and has another clause following it. eg: i) It is this chapter that I found difficult to understand. ii) That is the picture I want you to look at. Sentence No.1 has an 'It clause' (It is this chapter), followed by the other clause, 'That I found...) sentence (2) has a 'That clause' (that is the picture) followed by the other clause 'I want you to look at'. 3) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it. If you are sure that tomorrow is a holiday, the stress on holiday, and isn't it has a fall, that is, holiday and isn't it? are said with a falling intonation. However, if you are not sure whether tomor-

3)

¢ÁØ˛-búÁß˝’– Ø˛b ™E ï ´ûª’h size ™ ñ¸™« LÆˇØ˛ 5) vúˆö¸ 6) Everyday = daily. Å®·ûË daily bread (Eûªuç ǣ慮Ωç) ™«çöÀ expressions ™ daily •ü¿’©’ everyday ®√ü¿’. 4)

Q.

1. It is two pounds heavy. It is two pounds in weight.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®é˙d? ᙫ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L? 2. She is five feet three inches tall. She is five foot three inches tall

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ? 3. It is a 5 foot 9 inch bed. inches inch, pound

Ñ ¢√-úÌî√a? ¢Á·ü¿-™„j-†N àéπ-´-îª-†ç-™ØË ¢√-ú≈-™«? – Ø√T-È®úÕf XE-¢√-Ææ’©’È®úÕf, éπ©’-¢√®· ¢√éπuç™

A.

1) It is two pounds heavy= It is two pounds in weight - Both are correct. 2) She is 5 feet three inches tall correct. She is five foot three inches tall - wrong. Look at the following: a i) She is five feet three inches tall= ii) She is a five feet three inch girl

ņ-úø¢Ë’

b i) The tower is sixty feet tall = ii) It is a sixty foot tall tower. 3) It is a 5 foot 9 inch bed is a 5 feet 9 inch bed

ņç; Åçö«ç.

It

observe the following: a) He bought a bed measuring 5 feet 9 inches = He bought a 5 feet 9 inch bed.

É™«çöÀîÓôx, feet (plural), ¢√úøû√ç.

inch

(singular)

b) He bought the estate for Rs. 2 crore. Rs. 2 crore = 2 crore rupees The estate he bought is a two crore rupee (rupees estate.

(®√ߪ’úøç îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ Åçö«ç) =

é¬ü¿’) üµ¿®Ω©÷ ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´Ææ’h-´¤© ´·çü¿’, singular number (°j† îª÷°œ-†ô’x) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË È®çúø’ units (foot, inches) Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, È®çúÓ-ü∆Eo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ singular í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Example No. 3 (Bed) îª÷úøçúÕ. Measurements,

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 4- ´÷-Ja 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Narayana: Well, you've seen the boy. How do you like him?

Looks - appearance

2

(Ç鬮Ωç) Åçõ‰ Åçü¿çí¬

ÖØ√o®√ ™‰ü∆ ÅE. (Ŷ«s-®·E îª÷¨»´¤ éπü∆? É≠æd-°æ-ú≈f¢√?) Sampanna: Except that he is slightly fat, he is OK, dad.

He fell for her looks. Lakshmi:

(éÌClí¬ ™«´-ØË-é¬F, ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’) Narayana: He isn't as tall as the boy we saw last week, is he?

(éÀçü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† èπ◊v®√-úøçûª §Òúø’é¬\ü¿’ éπü∆?) Sampanna: Of course, no. But this boy is fairer.

(é¬ü¿’. é¬F Ñ Å¶«s®· é¬Ææh-®Ωçí∫’, Åçü¿ç áèπ◊\´) Narayana: Then is he OK for you? Shall I tell the boy's father of it?

(Ç¢Á’ Åçü∆-E-éπ-ûªúø’ ´·í∫’l¥-

úø-ߪ÷uúø’.) And he fits in with your requirement of a software man. What more do you want?

(Åûªúø’ †’´y-†’-èπ◊†o ü∆EéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√úø’, software engineer í¬. ÉçÍéç 鬢√L Fèπ◊? requirement= Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’içC. Our requirement is a good principal for our college= college principal.

´÷ Å´-Ææ®Ωç É°æ¤púø’ ´÷

èπ◊

ã ´’ç*

(Å®·ûË Fèπ◊ †*a-†-õ‰xØ√? Ŷ«s®· ûªçvúÕûÓ îÁ°æpØ√?) Sampanna: But ... (é¬F ...) Narayana: Why the 'but' again? (´’Sx é¬F àçöÀ?) You wanted a

1) Except that = a) Except that it is hot during the summer, Vijayawada is a good place to live in =

ÅüÌ-éπ\-öÀ-ûª°æp/ ÅüË-ûª°æp

¢ËÆæ-N™ áçúø áèπ◊\-´ØË ûª°æp Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ (E´-ÆœçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊) Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ´’ç* ÜÍ®.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

428

3) Ultimately =

*´-JéÀ (ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬)

(ÅÆæ©’) a) It isn't important how well you have studied ultimately it is your marks that count =

b) Except that Sri Rama was unkind to Sita, he was quite admirable =

†’¢Áyç-ûª-¶«í¬ îªC-¢√-´-ØËC ´·êuç-é¬ü¿’. áEo marks FéÌ-î √a-ߪ ’-ØËüË *´-JéÀ ™„éπ\-éÌ-îËaC/ Åçü¿®Ω÷ îª÷ÊÆC.

(Æ‘ûª °æôx éπJ∏-†çí¬ ÖØ√o-úøØË ûª°æp, X®√-´·úø’ ûª°æpéπ ¢Á’a-éÓ-ü¿-í∫_-¢√úË.)

b) Who bother how well you know the subject. Ultimately what marks you get matters/ what matters ultimately is the marks =

what matters ultimately is..

software man from Hyderabad with a salary of more than Rs. 30000. Accordingly we have brought you two software Engineers. What else do you want?

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ °æE-îËÆæ÷h ØÁ©èπ◊ ®Ω÷. 30¢Ë© °j† @ûªç ûÁa-èπ◊ØË software ¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬢√-©-Ø√o´¤. Å™«Íí Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Éü¿lJo BÆæ’-éÌ*a îª÷°œçî√ç. ÉçÍéç 鬢√L Fèπ◊?) Lakshmi:

This boy is to my liking too.

(Åûªúø’ Ø√èπÿ †î√aúø’.) Sampanna: Mom, I need some time to decide.

Lakshmi:

(Å´÷t Ø√èπ◊ éÌçîÁç time 鬢√L E®Ωg®·ç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊) How long? (áçûª Æ洒ߪ’ç?)

Narayana: Look here Sampanna. Looks are important. But what matters ultimately is how good the young man is. I've heard only good reports about him.

(Ææç°æØ√o, îª÷úø÷, Åçü¿ç ´·êu¢Ë’. é¬F ÅEoç-öÀ-éπØ√o ´·êu-¢Á’içC, Ŷ«s®· áçûª-´’ç*¢√úø-ØËC. ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* ؈’ ´’çîË NØ√o.) EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A B 1. Weary A. Unplanned 2. Antique B. Infertile 3. Barren C. Fast 4. Random D. Illness 5. Infirmity E. Ancient F. Silly G. Tired. KEY: 1 - G 2 - E 3 - B 4 - A 5 - D.

(*´-JéÀ Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’ç-éπü∆ ´·êuç? ؈-úÕ-Tç-ü¿™«x é¬Ææh time - È®çúø’-´‚-vúÓV©’. Ç ´÷vûªç Çí∫-™‰®√ O’®Ω’?) Lakshmi:

We can wait, but the boy and his people may not. OK. Take your time, but don't blame us later if the match slips from our hands.

î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ-*-†ç-ü¿’-´©x Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ Å©-Æœ§Ú-®·çC, ÉçÍé ´÷vûªç †úø-´-™‰ü¿’. B) I've just returned from office, and am weary after 9 hours of work =

É°æ¤púË office †’ç* ´î√a†’, 9 í∫çô©’ °æE-îËÆœ ¶«í¬ Å©-Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Weary Åçõ‰ NÆæ’í¬_ Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. I am weary of these classes and exams. Wish very much for a holiday =

¢Á’a-éÓ-ü¿-T†/

(finally).

Sachin is an admirable cricketer.

Ultimately the world champion Australia had to bite the dust =

Admire =

ÅGµ-´÷-Eç* ¢Á’a-

éÓ-´úøç. M.SURESAN

c) I didn't tell him anything except that you are here =

*´-JéÀ v°æ°æçîª í∫ï Çô-í¬∞¡Ÿx ´’öÀd éπ®Ω-¢√Lq ´*açC. ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç, Å´’-J-§Ú-´úøç.

4) fit in with =

a) His actions do not fit in with his words =

ÅûªúÕ îª®Ωu©’, ÅûªúÕ ´÷ô-©èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú´¤ (´÷ô©èπÿ, îËûª-©èπÿ §Òçûª-†-™‰ü¿’) b) This cell phone exactly fits in with my requirements = cell phone

(¢Ë’ç Çí∫’û√ç, Ç Å¶«s®·, ¢√∞¡x-¢√∞¡⁄x Çí∫-Í®¢Á÷. Time BÆæ’éÓ, é¬F Åçû√ Å®·uç-ûª-®√yûª Ñ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ñ«J-§Ú-®·çü¿E ´’´’tLo ņèπ◊.)

a) We both agreed to equal share in profits and accordingly I got Rs.50000/- as my share of the property =

c) Why should I change my habits to fit in with their way of life? =

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) Except that he is slightly fat, he is OK. 2) Accordingly we've brought two software engineers. 3) But what matters ultimately is how good the young man is. 4) And he fits in with your requirements.

™«¶µ«™x Ææ´÷-†-¢√ö« Éü¿l®Ωç BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ä°æ¤péÌØ√oç. Ç v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’ Ø√ ¢√ö«èπ◊ ®Ω÷.50,000 ´*açC.

Ñ class ©÷, exams Åçõ‰ NÆæ’í¬_ ÖçC. ÂÆ©´¤ ´ÊÆh ¶«í∫’çúø’. You weary me = †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ NÆæ’í∫’ éπL-T-Ææ’hØ√o´¤/ ††’o NÆœ-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. 2) Antique = Ancient = v§ƒ<-†-¢Á’i†/ °æ¤®√-ûª-†-¢Á’i† (´·êuçí¬ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’, Ƕµº-®Ω-ù«©’– î√™« §ƒûª 鬙«-EéÀ îÁçC, Åçü¿’-´©x î√™« N©’-¢Áj-†N). a) Antique tables and vessels are on display in the museum = museum tables,

Ç ™ °æ¤®√-ûª† v°æü¿-®Ωz-†™ ÖØ√o®·.

§ƒvûª©÷

¶«í¬ Å©-Æœ-§Ú-®·†.

A) Having walked the long distance, she is weary, and cannot walk any more =

Admirable =

¨»x°∂œ’ç-îª-ü¿-T†.

†’Ny-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o-´ØË N≠æߪ’ç ûª°æp Åûª-úÕ-éÀçÍéç îÁ°æp™‰ü¿’. 2) Accordingly = Ç v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’

b) She bought an antique piece of jewellry at a very high price =

Explanation: 1) Weary = Tired =

Sampanna: It's my opinion that counts ultimately. All that I've asked for is a little time, say two or three days. Can't you both wait?

Fèπ◊ subject ¶«í¬ ´îªa†o N≠æߪ’ç á´®Ω’ °æöÀdç--èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. *´-JéÀ †’¢ÁyEo marks ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o-´-ØËüË ´·êuç/ îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’. c) Ultimately = *ôd-*-´-JéÀ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC

Ç¢Á’ î√™« üµ¿®Ω°öÀd °æ¤®√-ûª† Ƕµº-®Ω-ù«Eo é̆oC. Antique x Modern 3) Barren = Infertile =

E≤ƒq-®Ω-¢Á’i† (¶µº÷N’)/ Húø’/ îªNöÀ (¶µº÷´·© N≠æߪ’ç). a) Most of Rayalaseema is barren =

®√ߪ’-©-Æ‘´’ î√™« ´’ô’èπ◊ E≤ƒq-®Ω-¢Á’i-†C/ ≤ƒ®Ω-´çûªç é¬ü¿’. b) It's a barren land= ÅC ≤ƒí∫’èπ◊ °æE-éÀ-®√E ¶µº÷N’. c) The Nagarjuna Sagar dam has changed a lot of barren land into arable land. (Arable =

≤ƒí∫’èπ◊ °æE-éÌîËa).

b) He wanted my signature on the document and accordingly I signed the document =

Åûªúø’ Ç °ævûªç™ Ø√ Ææçûªéπç 鬢√-©-Ø√oúø’. Ç v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’ ØËØ√-°ævûªç O’ü¿ Ææçûªéπç î˨». barren x fertile

(≤ƒ®Ω-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†).

The Godavari districts are very fertile =

íÓü∆-´J >™«x©’ î√™« ≤ƒ®Ω-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i-†N. (fertilizer= ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ ’† á®Ω’´¤, fertile †’çîË ´Ææ’hçC. fertilize = ≤ƒ®Ω-´çûªç îËߪ’úøç). 4) Random = Unplanned = äéπ plan, °æü∑¿éπç, ´·çü¿Ææ’h Ç™- ™‰èπ◊çú≈, à éπ~ù«-E-ÍéC ûÓÊÆh ÅC îËÊÆ Ææy¶µ«-´ç-í∫©. a) the random killing of people by the terrorists has left many in deep shock =

Nîª-éπ~-ù«-®Ω-£œ«-ûªçí¬ Öví∫-¢√-ü¿’©’ v°æï-©†’ îªç°æúøç î√™«-´’ç-CE Cví¬s¥ç-A™ °æúË-ÆœçC. b) The selection of the players was done at random =

véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’-©†’ äéπ °æü¿l¥A v°æ鬮Ωç é¬èπ◊çú≈/ äéπ v§ƒA-°æ-Céπ/ v°æ´÷ùç ÅØËC ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ-°æ-úÕûË Å™« áç°œéπ î˨»®Ω’.

c) Because of the random parking of cars, it took half an hour for me to get my car out = cars park car Random thoughts =

ᙫ-°æ-úÕûË Å™« îËߪ’-úøç-´©x Ø√ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ûÁîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫çô °æöÀdçC. äéπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπöÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E Ç™-îª-†©’. 5. Infirmity = Illness = ï•’s/ ÅØ√-®Óí∫u ÆœnA. The infirmity of old age keeps him home =

´·Ææ-L-ûª†ç ´©x éπLÍí ÅØ√-®Óí∫u ÆœnA.

Ñ ©èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.

Ø√ Å´-Ææ-®√-

¢√∞¡x @´† Nüµ∆-Ø√-©èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-ßË’-ô’xí¬, Ø√ Å©-¢√ô’x ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ¢√L?

d) The furniture in their office fits in with their desire to give it a modern look = office furniture, office

¢√∞¡x ûª´’ èπ◊ Çüµ¿’-Eéπ Ç鬮Ωç É¢√y-©ØË éÓJ-éπèπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. fits in with î√™« common. O’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™x practise îËߪ’çúÕ. Q.

We had visiting us at this time a nervous first cousin of mine named Briggs Beall. verb 'had visiting' tense had verb past participle (past perfect tense ) had been + verb + ing (past perfect continuous tense )

-Ñ ¢√éπuç-™-E -à -™ -Öç-C? -´÷-´‚-©’í¬ -ûª®√y-ûª éπ-ü∆ ®√-¢√-L -™ -™‰-ü∆ -™ ®√-¢√-L éπ-ü∆. -Ééπ\-úø -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -É-™« ¢√-ú≈®Ó -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. A.

Ch.Silar Saheb, Piduguralla

Ñ sentence ™ verb, had; had visiting é¬ü¿’. Ñ sentence -É-™« commas ü¿í∫_®Ω ÇT îªü¿-´çúÕ– ûËLí¬_ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çC: We had, visiting us at this time, a nervous first cousin = We had, at this time, a nervous first cousin visiting us. sentence verb, had (Past Doing Word Past simple tense). pattern:

É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Ñ

™

-D-E

subject

verb

object

( a phrase)

We + had + visiting us .. = We + had + a nervous cousin visiting us. = We + had + an uncle working as a collector. (Briggs Beall cousin,

O’J*a† ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç, Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Å-ØË ´÷ Åûª-úø’ éπçí¬-®Ω’-°æ-úË- Ææy-¶µ«´ç éπ©-¢√úø’, ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√´ôç ïJ-TçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 2 -´÷-Ja 2008 Q.

ÉçTx≠ˇ

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ A.

¶µ«≠æ™

imperative sentence sit down, stand up Stand

©™

Å-E -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-úøÅØË °æü∆û√®Ω’? EÍé E©-•-úøôç ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆? ´’J Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ sit down, stand up ©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ sit, stand ņ-èπÿúøü∆? ´’† ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿ®Óa, E©-•úø’ Åçö«¢Ë’ é¬F éÀçü¿ èπÿ®Óa, °jéÀ E©-•úø’ ņç éπü∆? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – ´’ØÓ-®Ωç-ïE, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø

èπÿ, Stand èπÿ î√™« Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®·. ¢√úø’éπ (usage) v°æ鬮Ωç sit down Åçõ‰ E©’-†o ÆœnA (standing position) ™ç* èπÿ®Óa-´úøç. Å™«Íí stand up Åçõ‰ èπÿ®Ω’a†o position †’ç-* E-©’-îÓ-´úøç. Stand = ´÷´‚-©’í¬ E-©’-îÓ-´úøç; He was standing at the station the whole day. Stand up = èπÿ®Ω’a†o¢√∞¡Ÿx E-©’-îÓ-´úøç. He stood up to answer the questions = v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ (Åçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ) èπÿ®Ω’aE Ö†o Åûªúø’ E©’--Ø√oúø’. Å™«Íí, sit Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ èπÿ®Óa-´úøç – We sat for three hours at the station = ¢Ë’ç ´‚úø’ í∫çô-©-§ƒô’ èπÿ®Ω’aØ√oç/ èπÿ®Ω’aØË ÖØ√oç. Unable to stand any longer, he sat down = ÉçÍé-´÷vûªç E-©’-îÓ-™‰éπ (Åçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ E©’-†o) Åûªúø’ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√oúø’.

2

Sit

Q.

1. Please explain me word order and its rules to be followed while using modern English usage. 2. What is the meaning of cleft sentence? Give me some examples. 3. While using question tags, if the stress is on a particular word, it conveys different meaning. eg: "Tomorrow is a holiday isn't it?". If the stress changes from word to word the meaning varies. Please explain in detail. 4. Please explain me enchoative verbs. What are their uses in modern English? 5. Seeing is believing. This is a structure in English. eg: Whether following sentence can be used as an example of the above structure. The best service you are doing to society is refraing from doing the bad things. 6. Doubt relating to usage of between - among. When we refer to more than two things generally we use among. If we have a definite number in our mind between can also be used. For eg: Luxemburg lies between Belgium, Germany and France. Pl. explain.

b) Question/ Interrogative sentence. i) Is

he

here?

verb subject ii) Are

they

helping verb iii) Where 'Wh' word iv) Where 'Wh' word

coming?

subject

main verb

is

he?

vb

sb

is

he

vb

going?

subject

(A 'Wh' word is a word beginning with 'Wh' like.. What, Where, When, Why, Who, Whose, Which and how-usually used for asking questions).

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

427

The exclamatory sentence- a sentence expressing surprize or a sudden feeling. i) What a fool he is! 'Wh' word Noun Sb Vb ii) How hot the day is! 'Wh' word adjective sb vb iii) How she sings! well 'Wh' word Adverb sb vb The word order in the exclamatory sentence is: 'Wh' word+Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb+Subject+Verb. Sometimes the exclamatory sentence may not have the noun/ Adj/ Adv after the 'wh' word. eg: How he shouts! In any version of English including modern English, any sentence has one of the four word orders shown above. (Feel free to write again if you find this answer not clear enough, but let your question be clear). 2) A cleft sentence is a sentence that begins with an 'it clause' or 'that M.SURESAN clause' (clauses begin-

row is a holiday or not, the word holiday is uttered with falling intonation and 'isn't it?' with rising intonation. a) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it? (The speaker is sure that tomorrow is a holiday) b) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it? (The speaker is not sure whether tomorrow is a holiday, so holiday is said with falling intonation and isn't with rising intonation. 4) It is not 'enchoative' but 'inchoative' verb. An inchoative verb expresses a change of state, that is, a change from one condition to another. eg: The college will close for summer vacation on the 12th April. In this sentence, 'will close' (instead of 'will be closed') expresses a change of state (open to closed), happening on its own, without anybody causing it. So, 'will close' (close) is an inchoative verb. So is the verb, 'opened' an inchoative verb in the sentence, The shops opened as usual that day. 5) In one way it is, and in another way, it isn't. Seeing is believing- the structure of the sentence is Subject + Verb + Complement. In the sentence- the best service you are doing to society is refraing from..., if you take the whole clause 'The best you are doing to society' as the subject of the sentence, its structure is the same as that of 'seeing is believing'. However, if you take the subject of the sentence, 'seeing is believing', as a present participle (and not a clause), the sentence, 'The best service...' is not the same structure. The sentences, 'Refraining from evil is doing the best service to society/ Doing the best service to society is refraing from evil- are exactly the same structure as, 'seeing is believing'. 6) Here, between is correct. We use 'between' (and not among) when we refer to an area or any geographical feature (rivers, mountain ranges, etc.) separating two or more points.

(ÉØ˛-éÓ--

Å-öÀ¢˛)

Seeing is believing

A.

– °œ.¢Áç-éπ-ô-Ø√-®√-ߪ’-ù-®√´¤, üµ¿®Ωt-´®Ωç

1. The question is not clear. If you mean the word order in different kinds of sentences here is the answer. a) The Statement/ The assertive sentence (A sentence saying something- eg: The book is on the table. He has not come.) Word order in a statement. The book is on the table subject verb We see here that the statement has the subject (sb) + verb (vb) word order. That is, in a statement the subject comes first and the verb, next.

Q.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx≠ˇ™ ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. 1. v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ ؈’ ë«Sí¬ ÖØ√o†’. É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ à ÖüÓu-í∫´‚ îËߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. 2. †’´¤y, ؈’ Íé´©ç EN’-ûªh-´÷-vûª’©ç. îËÊÆC, îË®·ç-îËC Ç¢Á’. 3. Interview éÀ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’, ´’†Lo interview îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ †©’-í∫’®Ω’ ™‰ü∆ Å®·-ü¿’í∫’®Ω’ Öçö«®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xE N≠ˇ îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ äéÌ\-éπ\-JE good morning (evening) ÅØ√™« -™‰-ü∆ Åçü¿-Jéà éπL°œ äÍé-≤ƒJ good morning all of you ÅE ÅØ√™«? 4. He passed Degree DEéÀ passive voice ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 5. Åûªúø’ ÅûªúÕ ≤ƒy®Ωnç éÓÆæç (Å´-Ææ®Ωç) á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’. áçûª-ÈéjØ√ ûÁTç-îª-í∫-©úø’. éπFÆæç v°∂çú˛ ÅE èπÿú≈ îª÷úøúø’. 6. The shop is open at 10'o clock ņo-°æ¤púø’ shop á´-J-îË-ûª-ØÁjØ√ open îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ The shop opened at 10 ÅØË ÅØ√L éπü∆? – >.¢Áç-éπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, éπçü¿’- πÿ®Ω’

A.

We see there are two kinds of questionsNon 'Wh' questions- Questions without 'Wh' words (eg: questions (i) and (ii) above) and 'Wh' questions- questions beginning with 'wh' words. In both kinds of questions, the subject comes after the verb, or after the helping verb. When there are two/ more words in a question the first of them is the helping verb and the others are main verb. The imperative sentence: (orders, wishes, etc.) In most of them the subject is 'you' but not stated. i) (you) get out - Sb + Vb ii) (you) please come in - Sb + Vb.

1. Right now/ At present I am jobless/ unemployed. (Jobless

Å´’-®√u-ü¿-éπ®Ω °æü¿ç é¬ü¿’.) 2. You and I are just instrumental. It is she that does and gets done everything. 3. Good morning, sirs/ sirs and Madam (s) if both men and women are on the board of interview. 4. The degree was passed by him passive passive. passives lessons passive

Å®·ûË ÉC éÓÆæç É™«çöÀ ¢√úøç – Ñ´’üµ¿u ™E ¢√úøéπç ´*a† O’C Å稻©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.

5. He is very selfish. For his selfish purposes, he doesn't hesitate to cheat. He is upto anything if it serves his purposes.

Q.

éÀçC ÆæçüË-£æ…-©†’ B®Ωaí∫-©®Ω’.

1. A cup is in the saucer (or) on the saucer. 2. The teacher is sitting in the chair (or) on the chair. 3. Wednesday 4. Drought

E ᙫ °æ©-é¬L? E éÌçü¿®Ω’ vú≈ö¸-í¬†÷, ´’JéÌç-ü¿®Ω’ vúˆö¸-í¬†÷ °æ©’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ûÌN’tüÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A éÌûªh ÉçTx≠ˇ õ„é˙dq •’é˙™ drout í¬ ÖçC. ´’J àC éπÈ®é˙d? 5. listen E ᙫ °æ©-é¬L? 6. Every day, daily ¶µ‰ü¿-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? -à-ßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? – ¢Áj. ¶µ«Ææ\-®Ω-®√´¤, ïí∫_-ߪ’u-Ê°ô

A.

1) A cup on a saucer 2) Sit on a simple

(îËûª’-™‰xE) chair/ (îËûª’-©’†o èπ◊Ka)/

Sit in an arm chair

Sit in an easy chair.

6. Open

Ééπ\úø verb é¬ü¿’. Open Ééπ\úø ûÁJ* Ö†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ adjective. The shop is open = Shop ûÁJ* ÖçC. The shop is opened at 10 everyday (Passive) = Shop ûÁ®Ω-´-•úø’-ûª’çC ®ÓW 10 í∫çô-©èπ◊.

ning with 'It' or 'that') and has another clause following it. eg: i) It is this chapter that I found difficult to understand. ii) That is the picture I want you to look at. Sentence No.1 has an 'It clause' (It is this chapter), followed by the other clause, 'That I found...) sentence (2) has a 'That clause' (that is the picture) followed by the other clause 'I want you to look at'. 3) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it. If you are sure that tomorrow is a holiday, the stress on holiday, and isn't it has a fall, that is, holiday and isn't it? are said with a falling intonation. However, if you are not sure whether tomor-

3)

¢ÁØ˛-búÁß˝’– Ø˛b ™E ï ´ûª’h size ™ ñ¸™« LÆˇØ˛ 5) vúˆö¸ 6) Everyday = daily. Å®·ûË daily bread (Eûªuç ǣ慮Ωç) ™«çöÀ expressions ™ daily •ü¿’©’ everyday ®√ü¿’. 4)

Q.

1. It is two pounds heavy. It is two pounds in weight.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®é˙d? ᙫ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L? 2. She is five feet three inches tall. She is five foot three inches tall

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ? 3. It is a 5 foot 9 inch bed. inches inch, pound

Ñ ¢√-úÌî√a? ¢Á·ü¿-™„j-†N àéπ-´-îª-†ç-™ØË ¢√-ú≈-™«? – Ø√T-È®úÕf XE-¢√-Ææ’©’È®úÕf, éπ©’-¢√®· ¢√éπuç™

A.

1) It is two pounds heavy= It is two pounds in weight - Both are correct. 2) She is 5 feet three inches tall correct. She is five foot three inches tall - wrong. Look at the following: a i) She is five feet three inches tall= ii) She is a five feet three inch girl

ņ-úø¢Ë’

b i) The tower is sixty feet tall = ii) It is a sixty foot tall tower. 3) It is a 5 foot 9 inch bed is a 5 feet 9 inch bed

ņç; Åçö«ç.

It

observe the following: a) He bought a bed measuring 5 feet 9 inches = He bought a 5 feet 9 inch bed.

É™«çöÀîÓôx, feet (plural), ¢√úøû√ç.

inch

(singular)

b) He bought the estate for Rs. 2 crore. Rs. 2 crore = 2 crore rupees The estate he bought is a two crore rupee (rupees estate.

(®√ߪ’úøç îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ Åçö«ç) =

é¬ü¿’) üµ¿®Ω©÷ ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´Ææ’h-´¤© ´·çü¿’, singular number (°j† îª÷°œ-†ô’x) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË È®çúø’ units (foot, inches) Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, È®çúÓ-ü∆Eo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ singular í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Example No. 3 (Bed) îª÷úøçúÕ. Measurements,

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 4- ´÷-Ja 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Narayana: Well, you've seen the boy. How do you like him?

Looks - appearance

2

(Ç鬮Ωç) Åçõ‰ Åçü¿çí¬

ÖØ√o®√ ™‰ü∆ ÅE. (Ŷ«s-®·E îª÷¨»´¤ éπü∆? É≠æd-°æ-ú≈f¢√?) Sampanna: Except that he is slightly fat, he is OK, dad.

He fell for her looks. Lakshmi:

(éÌClí¬ ™«´-ØË-é¬F, ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’) Narayana: He isn't as tall as the boy we saw last week, is he?

(éÀçü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† èπ◊v®√-úøçûª §Òúø’é¬\ü¿’ éπü∆?) Sampanna: Of course, no. But this boy is fairer.

(é¬ü¿’. é¬F Ñ Å¶«s®· é¬Ææh-®Ωçí∫’, Åçü¿ç áèπ◊\´) Narayana: Then is he OK for you? Shall I tell the boy's father of it?

(Ç¢Á’ Åçü∆-E-éπ-ûªúø’ ´·í∫’l¥-

úø-ߪ÷uúø’.) And he fits in with your requirement of a software man. What more do you want?

(Åûªúø’ †’´y-†’-èπ◊†o ü∆EéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√úø’, software engineer í¬. ÉçÍéç 鬢√L Fèπ◊? requirement= Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’içC. Our requirement is a good principal for our college= college principal.

´÷ Å´-Ææ®Ωç É°æ¤púø’ ´÷

èπ◊

ã ´’ç*

(Å®·ûË Fèπ◊ †*a-†-õ‰xØ√? Ŷ«s®· ûªçvúÕûÓ îÁ°æpØ√?) Sampanna: But ... (é¬F ...) Narayana: Why the 'but' again? (´’Sx é¬F àçöÀ?) You wanted a

1) Except that = a) Except that it is hot during the summer, Vijayawada is a good place to live in =

ÅüÌ-éπ\-öÀ-ûª°æp/ ÅüË-ûª°æp

¢ËÆæ-N™ áçúø áèπ◊\-´ØË ûª°æp Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ (E´-ÆœçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊) Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ´’ç* ÜÍ®.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

428

3) Ultimately =

*´-JéÀ (ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬)

(ÅÆæ©’) a) It isn't important how well you have studied ultimately it is your marks that count =

b) Except that Sri Rama was unkind to Sita, he was quite admirable =

†’¢Áyç-ûª-¶«í¬ îªC-¢√-´-ØËC ´·êuç-é¬ü¿’. áEo marks FéÌ-î √a-ߪ ’-ØËüË *´-JéÀ ™„éπ\-éÌ-îËaC/ Åçü¿®Ω÷ îª÷ÊÆC.

(Æ‘ûª °æôx éπJ∏-†çí¬ ÖØ√o-úøØË ûª°æp, X®√-´·úø’ ûª°æpéπ ¢Á’a-éÓ-ü¿-í∫_-¢√úË.)

b) Who bother how well you know the subject. Ultimately what marks you get matters/ what matters ultimately is the marks =

what matters ultimately is..

software man from Hyderabad with a salary of more than Rs. 30000. Accordingly we have brought you two software Engineers. What else do you want?

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ °æE-îËÆæ÷h ØÁ©èπ◊ ®Ω÷. 30¢Ë© °j† @ûªç ûÁa-èπ◊ØË software ¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬢√-©-Ø√o´¤. Å™«Íí Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Éü¿lJo BÆæ’-éÌ*a îª÷°œçî√ç. ÉçÍéç 鬢√L Fèπ◊?) Lakshmi:

This boy is to my liking too.

(Åûªúø’ Ø√èπÿ †î√aúø’.) Sampanna: Mom, I need some time to decide.

Lakshmi:

(Å´÷t Ø√èπ◊ éÌçîÁç time 鬢√L E®Ωg®·ç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊) How long? (áçûª Æ洒ߪ’ç?)

Narayana: Look here Sampanna. Looks are important. But what matters ultimately is how good the young man is. I've heard only good reports about him.

(Ææç°æØ√o, îª÷úø÷, Åçü¿ç ´·êu¢Ë’. é¬F ÅEoç-öÀ-éπØ√o ´·êu-¢Á’içC, Ŷ«s®· áçûª-´’ç*¢√úø-ØËC. ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* ؈’ ´’çîË NØ√o.) EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B. A B 1. Weary A. Unplanned 2. Antique B. Infertile 3. Barren C. Fast 4. Random D. Illness 5. Infirmity E. Ancient F. Silly G. Tired. KEY: 1 - G 2 - E 3 - B 4 - A 5 - D.

(*´-JéÀ Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’ç-éπü∆ ´·êuç? ؈-úÕ-Tç-ü¿™«x é¬Ææh time - È®çúø’-´‚-vúÓV©’. Ç ´÷vûªç Çí∫-™‰®√ O’®Ω’?) Lakshmi:

We can wait, but the boy and his people may not. OK. Take your time, but don't blame us later if the match slips from our hands.

î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ-*-†ç-ü¿’-´©x Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ Å©-Æœ§Ú-®·çC, ÉçÍé ´÷vûªç †úø-´-™‰ü¿’. B) I've just returned from office, and am weary after 9 hours of work =

É°æ¤púË office †’ç* ´î√a†’, 9 í∫çô©’ °æE-îËÆœ ¶«í¬ Å©-Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Weary Åçõ‰ NÆæ’í¬_ Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. I am weary of these classes and exams. Wish very much for a holiday =

¢Á’a-éÓ-ü¿-T†/

(finally).

Sachin is an admirable cricketer.

Ultimately the world champion Australia had to bite the dust =

Admire =

ÅGµ-´÷-Eç* ¢Á’a-

éÓ-´úøç. M.SURESAN

c) I didn't tell him anything except that you are here =

*´-JéÀ v°æ°æçîª í∫ï Çô-í¬∞¡Ÿx ´’öÀd éπ®Ω-¢√Lq ´*açC. ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç, Å´’-J-§Ú-´úøç.

4) fit in with =

a) His actions do not fit in with his words =

ÅûªúÕ îª®Ωu©’, ÅûªúÕ ´÷ô-©èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú´¤ (´÷ô©èπÿ, îËûª-©èπÿ §Òçûª-†-™‰ü¿’) b) This cell phone exactly fits in with my requirements = cell phone

(¢Ë’ç Çí∫’û√ç, Ç Å¶«s®·, ¢√∞¡x-¢√∞¡⁄x Çí∫-Í®¢Á÷. Time BÆæ’éÓ, é¬F Åçû√ Å®·uç-ûª-®√yûª Ñ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ñ«J-§Ú-®·çü¿E ´’´’tLo ņèπ◊.)

a) We both agreed to equal share in profits and accordingly I got Rs.50000/- as my share of the property =

c) Why should I change my habits to fit in with their way of life? =

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) Except that he is slightly fat, he is OK. 2) Accordingly we've brought two software engineers. 3) But what matters ultimately is how good the young man is. 4) And he fits in with your requirements.

™«¶µ«™x Ææ´÷-†-¢√ö« Éü¿l®Ωç BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ä°æ¤péÌØ√oç. Ç v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’ Ø√ ¢√ö«èπ◊ ®Ω÷.50,000 ´*açC.

Ñ class ©÷, exams Åçõ‰ NÆæ’í¬_ ÖçC. ÂÆ©´¤ ´ÊÆh ¶«í∫’çúø’. You weary me = †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ NÆæ’í∫’ éπL-T-Ææ’hØ√o´¤/ ††’o NÆœ-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. 2) Antique = Ancient = v§ƒ<-†-¢Á’i†/ °æ¤®√-ûª-†-¢Á’i† (´·êuçí¬ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’, Ƕµº-®Ω-ù«©’– î√™« §ƒûª 鬙«-EéÀ îÁçC, Åçü¿’-´©x î√™« N©’-¢Áj-†N). a) Antique tables and vessels are on display in the museum = museum tables,

Ç ™ °æ¤®√-ûª† v°æü¿-®Ωz-†™ ÖØ√o®·.

§ƒvûª©÷

¶«í¬ Å©-Æœ-§Ú-®·†.

A) Having walked the long distance, she is weary, and cannot walk any more =

Admirable =

¨»x°∂œ’ç-îª-ü¿-T†.

†’Ny-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o-´ØË N≠æߪ’ç ûª°æp Åûª-úÕ-éÀçÍéç îÁ°æp™‰ü¿’. 2) Accordingly = Ç v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’

b) She bought an antique piece of jewellry at a very high price =

Explanation: 1) Weary = Tired =

Sampanna: It's my opinion that counts ultimately. All that I've asked for is a little time, say two or three days. Can't you both wait?

Fèπ◊ subject ¶«í¬ ´îªa†o N≠æߪ’ç á´®Ω’ °æöÀdç--èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. *´-JéÀ †’¢ÁyEo marks ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o-´-ØËüË ´·êuç/ îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’. c) Ultimately = *ôd-*-´-JéÀ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC

Ç¢Á’ î√™« üµ¿®Ω°öÀd °æ¤®√-ûª† Ƕµº-®Ω-ù«Eo é̆oC. Antique x Modern 3) Barren = Infertile =

E≤ƒq-®Ω-¢Á’i† (¶µº÷N’)/ Húø’/ îªNöÀ (¶µº÷´·© N≠æߪ’ç). a) Most of Rayalaseema is barren =

®√ߪ’-©-Æ‘´’ î√™« ´’ô’èπ◊ E≤ƒq-®Ω-¢Á’i-†C/ ≤ƒ®Ω-´çûªç é¬ü¿’. b) It's a barren land= ÅC ≤ƒí∫’èπ◊ °æE-éÀ-®√E ¶µº÷N’. c) The Nagarjuna Sagar dam has changed a lot of barren land into arable land. (Arable =

≤ƒí∫’èπ◊ °æE-éÌîËa).

b) He wanted my signature on the document and accordingly I signed the document =

Åûªúø’ Ç °ævûªç™ Ø√ Ææçûªéπç 鬢√-©-Ø√oúø’. Ç v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’ ØËØ√-°ævûªç O’ü¿ Ææçûªéπç î˨». barren x fertile

(≤ƒ®Ω-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†).

The Godavari districts are very fertile =

íÓü∆-´J >™«x©’ î√™« ≤ƒ®Ω-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i-†N. (fertilizer= ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ ’† á®Ω’´¤, fertile †’çîË ´Ææ’hçC. fertilize = ≤ƒ®Ω-´çûªç îËߪ’úøç). 4) Random = Unplanned = äéπ plan, °æü∑¿éπç, ´·çü¿Ææ’h Ç™- ™‰èπ◊çú≈, à éπ~ù«-E-ÍéC ûÓÊÆh ÅC îËÊÆ Ææy¶µ«-´ç-í∫©. a) the random killing of people by the terrorists has left many in deep shock =

Nîª-éπ~-ù«-®Ω-£œ«-ûªçí¬ Öví∫-¢√-ü¿’©’ v°æï-©†’ îªç°æúøç î√™«-´’ç-CE Cví¬s¥ç-A™ °æúË-ÆœçC. b) The selection of the players was done at random =

véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’-©†’ äéπ °æü¿l¥A v°æ鬮Ωç é¬èπ◊çú≈/ äéπ v§ƒA-°æ-Céπ/ v°æ´÷ùç ÅØËC ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ-°æ-úÕûË Å™« áç°œéπ î˨»®Ω’.

c) Because of the random parking of cars, it took half an hour for me to get my car out = cars park car Random thoughts =

ᙫ-°æ-úÕûË Å™« îËߪ’-úøç-´©x Ø√ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ûÁîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫çô °æöÀdçC. äéπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπöÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E Ç™-îª-†©’. 5. Infirmity = Illness = ï•’s/ ÅØ√-®Óí∫u ÆœnA. The infirmity of old age keeps him home =

´·Ææ-L-ûª†ç ´©x éπLÍí ÅØ√-®Óí∫u ÆœnA.

Ñ ©èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.

Ø√ Å´-Ææ-®√-

¢√∞¡x @´† Nüµ∆-Ø√-©èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-ßË’-ô’xí¬, Ø√ Å©-¢√ô’x ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ¢√L?

d) The furniture in their office fits in with their desire to give it a modern look = office furniture, office

¢√∞¡x ûª´’ èπ◊ Çüµ¿’-Eéπ Ç鬮Ωç É¢√y-©ØË éÓJ-éπèπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. fits in with î√™« common. O’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™x practise îËߪ’çúÕ. Q.

We had visiting us at this time a nervous first cousin of mine named Briggs Beall. verb 'had visiting' tense had verb past participle (past perfect tense ) had been + verb + ing (past perfect continuous tense )

-Ñ ¢√éπuç-™-E -à -™ -Öç-C? -´÷-´‚-©’í¬ -ûª®√y-ûª éπ-ü∆ ®√-¢√-L -™ -™‰-ü∆ -™ ®√-¢√-L éπ-ü∆. -Ééπ\-úø -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -É-™« ¢√-ú≈®Ó -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. A.

Ch.Silar Saheb, Piduguralla

Ñ sentence ™ verb, had; had visiting é¬ü¿’. Ñ sentence -É-™« commas ü¿í∫_®Ω ÇT îªü¿-´çúÕ– ûËLí¬_ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çC: We had, visiting us at this time, a nervous first cousin = We had, at this time, a nervous first cousin visiting us. sentence verb, had (Past Doing Word Past simple tense). pattern:

É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Ñ

™

-D-E

subject

verb

object

( a phrase)

We + had + visiting us .. = We + had + a nervous cousin visiting us. = We + had + an uncle working as a collector. (Briggs Beall cousin,

O’J*a† ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç, Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Å-ØË ´÷ Åûª-úø’ éπçí¬-®Ω’-°æ-úË- Ææy-¶µ«´ç éπ©-¢√úø’, ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√´ôç ïJ-TçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 6 -´÷-Ja 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Spoorthi: Hi Keerthi, hasn't the rain blown over yet? Do look out the window.

(´®Ω{ç Éçé¬ ûÁJ-°œ-´y-™‰ü∆? éÀöÀéà ûÁJ* îª÷úø’.) Keerthi: Don't you hear the pit-a-pat? There hasn't been any let up for an hour now. As I see, there won't be any, for another half an hour.

(¢√†-°æ-úø’-ûª’†o ¨¡•lç FÍéç NE-°œç-îª-úø癉ü∆? í∫çô-ÊÆ-°æ-öÀ†’ç* ûÁJ-°œ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ °æúø’ûª÷ØË ÖçC éπü∆? ÉçéÓ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁJ°œ´yü¿ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Spoorthi: Won't it ever stop?

(ÅÆæ-™«-í∫ü∆ Ñ ¢√†?) Keerthi: But why are so impatient?

(Åçûª ÅÆæ-£æ«-†çí¬ ÖØ√o-¢ËçöÀ?) Spoorthi: See, owing to this untimely rain, we aren't able to go out. Rain is certainly enjoyable but not when you want to go to a movie.

2

Spoorthi: A movie is different you know. Any way, I want to go to movie and go, I will. In case you wish to join me you are welcome. Aarthi will give me company if you don't.

(ÆœE´÷ á°æp-öÀéÀ ¢ËÍ®™‰. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ؈’ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’, ûª°æpéπ ¢Á∞«h†’. †’´‹y ®√¢√©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ®√. †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ company É´y-éπ-§ÚûË ÇJh ÉÆæ’hçC) Keerthi: All right. Please yourself. Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) Hasn't the rain blown over yet? 2) There hasn't been any let up. 3) Owing to this untimely rain we aren't able to go out. 4) Seeing that you have an assignment to complete ... 5) I want to see the movie so that after some diversion ... 6) You can listen to music in order to feel fresh.

(îª÷úø’. Ñ Å鬩/ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ´*a† ´®Ω{ç ´©x ´’†ç •ßª’-ô-Èé-∞¡x-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√oç. ´®Ω{ç džç-ü¿¢Ë’, é¬F ´’†ç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«x-©-†’èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

429

Politics are full of controversies =

4) Seeing that -

îª÷Ææ÷hçúøôç/ îª÷úøôç ´©x

®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x á°æ¤púø÷ N¢√-ü∆™‰. controversial= (éπçvô-´-≠æ™ ¸– 'éπ— éÌClí¬ '´— éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´í¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)= N¢√-ü∆-Ææp-ü¿-¢Á’i†.

a) Seeing that she did not have any money, I couldn't ask her to pay up =

His controversial remarks have led to group clashes =

Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç îª÷Æœ/ ™‰ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÆœ úø•’s îÁLxç-î√-©E Åúøí∫™‰éπ§Úߪ÷.

ÅûªúÕ N¢√-ü∆-Ææpü¿ ¢√uêu©’ ´®Ω_ Ææç°∂æ’-®Ω{ùèπ◊ ü∆J-B-¨»®·. c) The communal clashes have blown over and the village is back to normal =

´’ûª Ææç°∂æ’-®Ω{ù©’ Ææü¿’l-´’-ùÀ-í¬®·. ví¬´’ç ´÷´‚©’ °æJ-Æœn-AéÀ ´*açC. 2) Let up = (Å©x®Ω’x, ´®Ω{ç, ï•’s©’, ¶«üµ¿©’ ™«çöÀN ûªí∫’_-´·êç °æôdúøç)

b) Seeing that there wasn't enough food for more than one, I ate out =

äéπ-J-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´’çCéÀ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’çûª™‰-ü¿E ûÁLÆœ/ îª÷Æœ ؈’ •ßª’ô ¶µçîË-¨»†’. 5) So that = Åçü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’ (ÖüËl¨¡ç ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊) a) He is conducting social service camps so that the poor can benefit =

Ther e hasn't been any let up

Keerthi: Seeing that you have an assignment to complete by tomorrow, I just can't imagine your thinking of going to a movie.

(Í®°æ-öÀéÀ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷-Lq† assignment °ô’dèπ◊E, †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«x-©-†’-éÓ-´úøç ؈’ Ü£œ«ç-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o.) Spoorthi: I want to see the movie so that after some diversion, I can, with a fresh mind, resume my assignment.

(ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oC, ÆœE´÷ †’ç* ´*a† ûª®√yûª, é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’p ûª®√yûª fresh mind ûÓ assignment ´’S} v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-´-îªaE.) diversion = îËÆæ’h†o °æE †’ç* é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’p resume = °æ¤†” v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªúøç Keerthi: Instead, you can listen to some music in order to feel fresh.

(ü∆E-•-ü¿’©’, û√ñ«í¬ ÆæçUûªç NØÌ-aí¬)

feel

ÅßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊

EXERCISE

A

´®Ω{癫ç-öÀN, Å©x-®Ωx -™«ç-öÀN, Åçô’-¢√u-üµ¿’-™«xç-öÀN ÇT§Ú-´úøç/ Ææ´’-Æœ-§Ú-´úøç.

BhÆˇí∫úµ˛™ †éπ q ™ „ j ô x £œ « ç≤ƒé¬çúø Éçé¬ a) The cyclone has blown over and there is ûª í ∫ ’ _ ´ ·êç °æ ô d ™ ‰ ü ¿ ’ / Å™«Í í calm around = é̆≤ ƒí ∫ ’ û ÓçC. ûª’§ƒ†’ ÇTçC, °æJ-Ææ®Ω ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ù-´’çû√ Blow over, Let up- È®çúø÷ v°æ¨»çûªçí¬ ÖçC. M.SURESAN î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË-N. b) The controversy over the cricketers' 3) Owing to= because of= Åçü¿’-´©x/ Ç é¬®Ω-ùçí¬. behaviour has blown over and they are back to serious game =

véÀÈé-ô®Ωx †úø-´úÕ í∫’Jç* N¢√ü¿ç Ææ´’-Æœ-§Ú-®·çC/ Ææü¿’l-´’-ùÀ-TçC. ¢√∞¡}çû√ Çô O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd °úø’-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡x ü¿%≠ædçû√ Çô-O’-CéÀ ´’RxçC. controversy- éπçvô-´Æ‘– 'éπ— éÌClí¬, '´— áèπ◊\´í¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç– N¢√ü¿ç. Arunkumar's statements let to a controversy = Å綉-ü¿\®˝ O’ü¿ Å®Ω’-ù˝-èπ◊-´÷®˝ ¢√uêu©’ N¢√-ü∆-EéÀ ü∆J-B-¨»®·. Ants hoard food =

Match the words under A with their meanings under B B

1. Hoard

A. Cheer

2. Applaud

B. A small, thin creature

3. Worm

C. back part

4. Rear

D. Amass

5. Jovial

E. Merry F. Gloomy G. Grand

1) Hoard = Amass -

úø•’s/ üµ∆†uç-™«çöÀN èπÿúø-

¶„-ôdúøç a) Misers

(°œÆœ-Ø√-®Ω’©’) hoard money- úø•’s Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ê®Ω’a-°-ôd-èπ◊çú≈ èπÿúø-¶„-úøû√®Ω’. b) Traders hoard stocks = ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω’©’ Ææ®Ω’èπ◊©’ ü∆îË-≤ƒh®Ω’, (ÅN éÌ®Ωûª Ö†o-°æ¤úø’ áèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ Ţ˒tç-ü¿’èπ◊) Black marketers and hoarders = <éπöÀ •ñ«®Ω’™ Ţ˒t-¢√∞¡Ÿx (E©y-îË-Æœ† Ææ®Ω’-èπ◊†’, éÌ®Ωûª Ö†o°æ¤úø’ ¶«í¬ üµ¿®Ω °ç* Ţ˒t-¢√∞¡Ÿx)

a) Owing to ill health, he gave up his job =

Hoard X squander (≤ƒ\yçúø) = Nîªa-©-N-úÕí¬ ê®Ω’a-°öÀd ´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’úøç. 2) Applaud = Cheer = æp-ôx-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ ´’† ¢Á’°æ¤p†’/ £æ«®√{Eo ûÁ©-°æúøç. a) Every one stood up to applaud as Tendulkar scored his 100th run =

õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ ûª† †÷®Ó °æ®Ω’í∫’ Bߪ’-í¬ØË Åçü¿®Ω’ ™‰* æpô’x éÌöÀd ¢Á’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. b) As she finished her song, the audience applauded her =

Ç¢Á’ §ƒô °æ‹®Ωh-´-úøçûÓ v¨ûª-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ éπ®Ω-û√-∞¡üµ¿y-†’-©ûÓ Ç¢Á’†’ ¢Á’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Applaud X denounce (°∂æ÷ô’í¬ N´’-Jzç-îªúøç– ´·êuçí¬ •£œ«-®Ωç-í∫çí¬) 3) Worm = A small creature = Ææ÷éπ~ t (*†o) v§ƒùÀ– véÀN’, *†o *†o °æ¤®Ω’-í∫’©’ a) He threw the flour away as there were worms in it =

°œçúÕ™ °æ¤®Ω’-í∫’-©’ç-úø-ôç-´©x Åûªúø’ ü∆Eo §ƒÍ®-¨»úø’. îÁü¿-°æ¤-®Ω’-í∫’©’, ´’öÀd™, Å°æ-J-¨¡Ÿv¶µº v°æüË-¨»™x/ F∞¡x™ éπE-°œçîË °æ¤®Ω’-í∫’-©Fo èπÿú≈ worms.

his old age =

¢√®Ωl¥-éπuç™ î√L-†çûª úø•’sçúËçü¿’-èπ◊í¬†÷, É°æpöÀ†’ç* Åûªúø’ úø•’s §Òü¿’°æ¤ îËÆæ’hØ√oúø’. (Å®·ûË so that •ü¿’©’ to ¢√úøôç simpler.)

He is working hard so that he can get a rank = He is working hard to get a rank. 6) In order to = to =

Åçü¿’èπ◊

a) Reserve your ticket in advance in order to avoid last minute rush =

*´J EN’≠æç £æ«ú≈-´¤úÕ ûª°œpç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ticket ´·çüË reserve îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ.

b) Owing to rise in prices the common man finds it difficult to lead a good life =

b) Walk fast in order to catch the bus = Walk fast to catch the bus =

üµ¿®Ω©’ °J-T-†ç-ü¿’† Ææí∫ô’ ´’E≠œ ´’ç* @Nûªç í∫úø-°æ™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Owing to = Due to; Å®·ûË due to á°æ¤púø÷ 'be' form ûª®√yûË ¢√úøû√ç. The chutney had worms in it =

û√®·.

b) He is saving money from now so that he can have enough money in

ÅØ√-®Óí∫uç ´©x/ 鬮Ωùçí¬ Åûªúø’ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

<´’©’ Ç£æ…-®√Eo èπÿúø-¶„-úø-

KEY: 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C, 5-E. Explanation:

There has been no let up in the naxalite violence in Chattisgarh =

1) Has (not) blown over: Blow over =

Ê°ü¿-¢√-∞¡}éÓÆæç ÅûªúŒ ≤ƒç°∂œ’éπ ÊÆ¢√ PG-®√©’ E®Ωy£œ«-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

Ç îªöÃo™ °æ¤®Ω’-í∫’-©’-Ø√o®·. Worms were crawling on the dead body =

Ç ¨¡´ç O’ü¿ °æ¤®Ω’-í∫’©’ §ƒèπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o®·. Earthworm = ¢√†-§ƒ´·; silk worm = °æô’d-°æ¤®Ω’í∫’; Bookworm = °æ¤Ææh-鬩 °æ¤®Ω’í∫’– ÅüË-°æ-Eí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’ç-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. °æçúøx™ èπÿú≈ °æ¤®Ω’-í∫’-©’çö«®·– The mango had worms in it. 4) Rear= back part- ¢Á†’é𠶵«í∫ç He sat in the rear of the bus =

•Æˇ™ ¢Á†’éπ Æ‘öx èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√o-úø-ûªúø’. The tractor had a trailer attached to the rear of it = Tractor

¢Á†’éπ ã trailer ûªT-Lç* ÖçC. (¢Á÷ö«®˝ ¢√£æ«-Ø√™x rear mirror Öçô’çC– ¢Á†’éπ ´îËa ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©†’ driver èπ◊ îª÷Ê° Åü¿lç) Rear wheels = back wheels (¢Á†’éπ îªv鬩’). í∫’v®Ωç-™«çöÀ ïçûª’-´¤©’ ¢Á†’éπ é¬∞¡x-O’ü¿ ™‰´ôç– rearing. The horse reared and sped away-

Bus to

Åçü¿’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úø-´çúÕ. In order ¢√úË •ü¿’©’, á°æ¤p-úø-®·Ø√ ÆæÍ®, to ¢√úøôç ´’ç*C.

a) People like his company because he is jovial =

Åçü¿®Ω÷ Åûª-úÕûÓ Öçú≈-©†’èπ◊çö«®Ω’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ éπ©’-°æ¤-íÓ-©’í¬ †NyÆæ÷h Öçö«úø’ 鬕öÀd.

b) She always has a jovial smile on her face and that endears her to all =

Ç¢Á’ á°æ¤púø÷ Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬, ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπ-¢Á’i† *®Ω’-†-´¤yûÓ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-´©x Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ Åçü¿-Jéà ÅGµ´÷†ç. Endear = É≠ædç/ ÅGµ-´÷†ç éπL-Tç-îªúøç. He has endeared himself to every one in his office because of his good nature =

ÅûªúÕ ´’ç* Ææy¶µ«-´ç-´©x Åûªúø’ Åçü¿J ÅGµ-´÷Ø√Eo §Òçü∆úø’. Jovial X Serious. F) Gloomy= sorrowful/ sad=

Nî√-®Ω-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†/

ü¿’”ê-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†. He appeared very gloomy because of his father's recent death =

Ç í∫’v®Ωç ¢Á†’éπ é¬∞¡x-O’ü¿ ™‰* °æ®Ω’-í∫ç-ü¿’-èπ◊çC.

ûª† ûªçvúÕ Ñ ´’üµ¿uØË îªE-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ Åûªúø’ Nî√-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.

Rear X Front.

Gloomy X Cheerful.

5) Jovial = Merry =

†NyÆæ÷h ÖçúË.

Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬, éπ©’-°æ¤-íÓ-©’í¬,

Gloomy Gloomy X bright.

Åçõ‰ <éπ-öÀí¬ Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÖçC.

Å°æ¤púø’

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 9 -´÷-Ja 2008 Q.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

1. Compound sentence sentence

†’ í¬

complex simple

´÷®Ωa-

´î√a? 2. Compound, complex, compound complex sentence English

3. He took the jar which was on the table and broke it into pieces. (CDCX). Simple: Taking the jar from on the table he broke it into pieces. 2.

Å´-Ææ-®√-Eo-•öÃd, ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË/ ®√ÊÆ Å稻Eo •öÃd, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÃd Öçô’çC. Å®·Ø√, ´÷ö«x-úËô-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç Ñ type of sentence ¢√ú≈L ÅE Ç™-*ç* ¢√úøç-í∫ü∆? Å™« Å®·ûË ØÓöx †’ç* ´÷ô©’ ®√´¤. Ç™-*-Ææ÷hØË ÖçúÕ-§Úû√ç. à sentence ™ îÁ§ƒp-©-ØËC automatic í¬ ´îËa-Ææ’hçC. ´’†èπ◊ regular practice ´¤çõ‰. Spoken English ™ áèπ◊\´ short sentences (not

¢√é¬u-©†’ ™ ®√ÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’, ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ véπ´’ç àN’ö ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.

- Seshanna, Adoni

A.

1.

´÷®Ωa-´îª’a.

eg 1: The book is about gardening and has sold well because it is very useful Compound, (CDCX)

always simple, may be complex/ compound too speech Complex prepare Simple .. Simple: Very useful, senthe book tence about gardening has sold well. choice sentence select 2. Very few know and fewer still have heard about what exactly happened. (CDCX) Simple: Very few know about the happening, still fewer hearing 430 about it.

-†’

í¬) ¢√úøû√ç. àüÁjØ√ É¢√y-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’, ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø÷ Å®·ûË í¬ Å´¤û√ç éπ†’éπ, Å°æ¤púø’ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´’†èπ◊ Öçô’çC. ÅçûË-é¬E îËÆæ’-èπ◊E ´÷ö«xúøç éπü∆?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Q.

'éπÊ°∂— -Å-Ø√-L éπ-ü∆-

™ tenses †’ 12 A. 1. English ™ à °æE á°æ¤púø’ ïJTçü¿E ûÁ©-°æ-úøç™, ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ áçü¿’èπ◊ N¶µº->ç-î√®Ω’? tenses (verb ûÁLÊ° °æE ïJ-T† Æ洒ߪ’ç), v°æA tense ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´®Ωh-´÷†ç, ¶µº÷ûª-鬩ç, èπ◊ ´÷Í® form of the verb, î√™«, î√™« ´·êuç. ûÁ©’¶µºN-≠æuû˝ 鬩ç ÅE í∫’™ tenses v§ƒ´·êuç î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. ´‚úø’ ®Ω鬙‰ éπü∆? Sir -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ correct ûÁ©’-í∫’™ à °æE á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-Tç-ü¿-ØËC ûÁLÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, time expressions (É°æ¤púø’, Í®°æ¤, 2. News papers Ê°®Ωx Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, í∫ûªç™ etc) O’ü¿ áèπ◊\´ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøû√ç. ûËú≈´·çü¿’ 'The" ÅØË article ®√¢√L ™„ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ç ¶µ«≠æ© B®Ω’ ÅçûË. éπü∆? eg: The Hindu, The New Indian Express. é¬E DC Ê°®Ω’ 2. DC ´·çü¿’, paper title ™ print îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. é¬E ´·çü¿’ áçü¿’èπ◊ Öçúøü¿’? ü∆E í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, The Deccan Chronicle ÅØË ÅØ√L. 3. Respected Sir, Dear Sir, SirOöÀ™ àC correct? 3. Sir ÅØËüË correct. Dear Sir, Respected Sir, ÆæÈ®j† - A. Sudhakar, Bhiknoor English usage é¬ü¿’. 1. English

O’®Ω’ ´™„x-¢Ë-ߪ’çúÕ. á´®Ó äéπ®Ω’ §Ú®· ®ΩçúÕ. 6. Any one who hasn't written? Åçü¿J ü¿í∫_®Ω ÖØ√oߪ÷? ™‰¢√? 7. Have all of you got books?/ Do all ®√®·ç--éÓçúÕ. äéπJ ûª®√yûª äéπ®Ω’. of you books?/ Have all of you Åçü¿®Ω÷ ®√®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o®√? books? 27. ÉC á´-JüÓ ÉîËa-ߪ’çúÕ. 8. You should write this every day. 28. ≤ƒ®˝! ¢Ë’´· °œ©’--èπ◊E ®√´÷? M.SURESAN 9. Has any one yet to show (üËEE? 29. ÉC Åçü¿-Jéà éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûÓçü∆? ÅE îÁ § ƒpL éπü∆?) their homework/ exercise, 30. Éçûª-™ØË íÓ© áçü¿’èπ◊ îËÆæ’h-Ø√ov®√? etc./ Is there anyone who has yet to show? 31. Éçé¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓE¢√∞¡Ÿx á´-È®jØ√ ÖØ√o®√? 10. Haven't you studied/ learnt answer to the 32. Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¶«í¬ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊E ®√¢√L Í®°æ¤. third question. 33. ´’J-éÌ-Cl-ÊÆ-°æ-öÀéÀ §ƒÆˇ- ¶„™¸ éÌúø-û√®Ω’. §Úü¿’-´¤-í¬E 11. Ifthekhar, have you got it written? 34. ¢Ë≥ƒ-™‰-ßÁ·ü¿’l! ؈’ ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®√? 35. Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç´©x £æ…ï-®Ω’-é¬-™‰éπ§Úߪ÷†’. 12. Stay off/ stand at some distance. 13. I am going to bank to deposit the cheque. 36. N’´’tLo îªü¿-´-´’çõ‰ îªü¿-´-Í®ç-öÀ®√?

19. You've learnt the answers to three questions. Learn two more tomorrow.

20. Don't you study unless I ask you to? Don't you learn otherwise? 21. You said you couldn't read. Have you learnt? 22. Come forward. 23. Mugup/ Memorise/ cram. 24. One of you go and come back. 25. Do all of you have it? 26. You get it/ Have it written one by one. Have all of you got it written? 27. Give it to whose it is. 28. Sir, shall we call them? 29. Are all of you able to see it?/ Do all of you see it? 30. Why are you making a noise? 31. Anyone/ is there anyone who has yet to learn?

- Md. Irshad Alibaig, Kandukur

14. Do remember everything. If you forget you will be beaten.

1. O’®Ω’ îªü¿’-´¤-éÌ-î√a®√?– Åçõ‰ O’ Å®Ωnç, îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊E ´î√a®√? ÅØ√? Å™« Å®·ûË, Have you come

15. How long ago did I tell you?/ How long is it since I told you.

33. In a short while the pass bell goes. Wait till then.

2. Don't slander/ backbite others.

16. Is any one yet to come?

3. How much they have written isn't important. How neatly they have written is.

17. Study them till you learn.

34. Non sense. Why didn't you tell me when I asked you?

prepared?

4. Have all of you shown _?

Q.

O’®Ω’ cafe Öî√a-®Ωù í∫’Jç* N´-JÆæ÷h 'Íé°∂ˇ— é¬ü¿’ 'éπu°∂ß˝’— ÅE îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. é¬E DEE 'éπÊ°∂— ÅØ√L éπü∆? (The 'a' in cafe sounds like that of 'a' in cat. Åçõ‰ 'Èé— èπ◊, 'éπ— èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ¨¡•lç.) éπü∆. Cafe ™ ™E ™E ™E a- Ñ ¨¡¶«lEo ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ᙫ îª÷°œ≤ƒhç? é¬uö¸, ¶«uí˚, ¶«uçé˙ ÅE ߪ’ ´ûª’hûÓ îª÷°œ≤ƒhç éπü∆? Å™«Íí cafe ™E a †’ èπÿú≈ ߪ’ ´ûª’hûÓØË îª÷°œ≤ƒhç. Åçü¿’-éπE cafe †’ éπ°∂ß˝’ Å†ç – éπu°∂ß˝’ Åçö«ç, °æ‹Jhí¬ 'ߪ’— ´ûª’h °æ©-éπèπ◊çú≈. Strictly speaking, cat, bag, bankOöÀ™x é¬uö¸, ¶«uí˚, ¶«uçé˙, ÅE é¬, ¶«, ¶«uç, D®√`-©’í¬ ®√ߪ’úøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ÅN ÅFo èπÿú≈ Åô’ D®Ω`´‚ é¬ü¿÷ Éô’ v£æ«Ææy´‚ é¬ü¿’. 'Èé— èπ◊ 'éπ— èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ¨¡•lç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ îª÷Ê° äÍé äéπ Nüµ¿ç– éπu.

5. Ravi, write down the names of those who shout/ make a noise.

23. 24. 25. 26.

- P. Babu, Geddanapalli

A.

Q.

Don't slander/ backbite others

éÀçC- -¢√é¬u-©-†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ -Å-Ø√-™ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ í∫-©®Ω’. 1. O’®Ω’ îªü¿’-´¤-éÌ-î√a®√? 2. °æéπ\¢√∞¡x-O’ü¿ î√úŒ©’ îÁ°æpèπ◊. 3. áçûª ®√¨»-®Ω-†oC é¬ü¿’ ´·êuç. áçûª- F-ö¸í¬ ®√¨»-®Ω-†oC ´·êuç. 4. Åçü¿®Ω÷ îª÷°œç-î√®√? 5. ®ΩO! ÅJ-*† ¢√∞¡xÊ°®Ω’x ®√®·! 6. ®√ߪ’E¢√∞¡Ÿx á´-È®jØ√ ÖØ√o®√? 7. Åçü¿-Jéà °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÖØ√oߪ÷? 8. OöÀE †’´¤y ®ÓW ®√Ææ÷h Öçú≈L. 9. Éçé¬ îª÷°œçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx á´-È®jØ√ ÖØ√o®√? 10. ´‚úÓ v°æ¨¡o ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰ü∆? 11. É°∂œh-鬮˝! †’´¤y ®√®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? 12. àß˝’! ü¿÷®Ωç ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ ï®Ω-í∫çúÕ 13. ¶«uçèπ◊™ îÁèπ◊\-¢Ë-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. 14. Åçü¿®Ω÷ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓçúÕ. ´’Ja-§Úߪ÷ç ÅE îÁ§ƒp®√! ûª†’o©’ °æúø-û√®·. 15. áEo®ÓV-™„jç-C®√ O’èπ◊ îÁ°œp! 16. ®√¢√-Lq†¢√∞¡Ÿx á´-È®jØ√ ÖØ√o®√? 17. ÉN ´îËaç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ É¢Ë ØË®Ω’a-éÓçúÕ. 18. Ééπ†’ç* ®√éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷¢Ó F Ææçí∫A ûË©’≤ƒh? 19. Ñ®ÓV 3 v°æ¨¡o©’ îªC-¢√®Ω’ éπü∆? Í®°æ¤ 2 v°æ¨¡o©’ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊E ®ΩçúÕ. 20. ؈’ îÁÊ°h-ØËØ√ O’®Ω’ îªC-¢ËC? ™‰ü¿çõ‰ îªü¿-´®√? 21. îªü¿-´úøç ®√ü¿-Ø√o®Ω’. ´*açü∆? 22. ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ®ΩçúÕ!

Q.

2

(üËEo–?)

1. Please explain the meaning and context of .. a) not with standing, b) hitherto, c) on the cards, d) on the ropes.

2. Suggest some good and comprehensive books for 'Idioms and phrases' and 'phrasal verbs'.

Cafe - pronunciation- K ae f e i 'a', cat a, bag a, bank

3. I have a pocket size dictionary of HARRAP'S (London) Company. I now wish to have a big and concised one of that company. Where can I get it from? - D.KondalaRao, Srikakulam

A.

1. a) Notwithstanding = In spite of.

18. If you don't come from at least now, I'll see your end/ you've had it.

on the ropes, hitherto .. -Å-ç-õ‰ .. Not withstanding her wealth, she leads a simple life = She is wealthy, but she leads a simple life. Notwithstanding the police presence, thieves entered the house = Though the police were present, thieves entered the house. b) Hitherto = till now. i) The survey revealed certain hitherto unknown facts = The survey brought certain facts, not known to any one till now. ii) Hitherto he has been smoking. He has started drinking too= Till now he has been smoking, ..

c) On the cards = likely to happen = may happen. A new plan to provide houses to the houseless is on cards = A plan will soon be there to provide house to the houseless. d) On the ropes = in a very bad situation - about to be defeated. Having lost 6 wickets for just 85 runs, the home team is on the ropes... the home team will be defeated. 2. Mcmordy's Book of Idioms, and Cambridge International Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. 3. The best is Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Buy this and you don't need the books mentioned in (2).

32. You must all come well prepared tomorrow.

35. I didn't attend because I didn't know. 36. Why don't you study when I ask you to?

-á,- -É, -Å, -ä, -Ö ? Q.

English u

A.

a, e, i, o, u Vowels (vowels)

™ vowels áEo Åçõ‰ a, e, i, o, (á, É, Åß˝’, ä, ߪ·) ÅØË Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j-†C? á, É, Å, ä, Ö ÅE éπü∆ îÁ§ƒp-LqçC. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. - B. Prabhakar, Husnabad.

ÉN ¨¡¶«l©’ é¬ü¿’, Åéπ~-®√©’. ņo-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ¶µ«≠æ-™E Åa©’ ÅE Ê°®Ì\ØË ¨¡¶«l© í∫’JçîË Åçö«ç. Ç ¨¡¶«l-©†’ Ææ÷*çîË Åéπ~-®√-©†’ vowels ņ™‰ç. Å®·ûË O’®Ω-†oô’xí¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ñ Åéπ~-®√©’ (a, e, i, o, u) á, É, Å, ä, Ö ¨¡¶«l-©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøç. English speech ™ ûª®Ω Ö°æ-ßÁ÷TçîË 20 vowels sounds †’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. ÅEoç-öÀF îÁ°æp™‰ç 鬕öÀd vowels Åçõ‰, a, e, i, o, u äéÌ\-éπ\-öÀí¬, È®çúø’ Åéπ~®√©’ éπLÆœ, ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«l©’ ÅØ√L. (Language is speech. Not writing.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 11 -´÷-Ja 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Sampreeth: Who were you talking to yesterday?

(ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ؈’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúøØ√? †’´y™« à´’-†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’.)

(E†o †’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Santhript:

Don't you know? You talk as if you hadn't seen him. It was Vallabh I was talking to.

(Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆? ÅûªúÕo îª÷úø-†ô’x ´÷ö«xúøèπ◊. ؈’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†oC ´©x-¶µ¸ûÓ) Sampreeth: As soon as I came, he left, and it was rather dim. So, I wasn't sure it was Vallabh.

(؈’ ®√í¬ØË Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Å°æ¤púø’ ´’Ææéπ <éπ-öÀí¬ ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE Åûªúø’ ´©x-¶µ‰Ø√ ÅE ®Ω÷úµÕí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’). Santhript:

Santhript:

Take it easy old boy.

(àüÓ ÅØ√oØËx. Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓèπ◊.) Sampreeth: You needn't say that either. I am the last man to take you amiss.

(ÅC èπÿú≈ †’´¤y îÁ°æp-éπ\-Í®xü¿’. E†’o á°æ¤púø÷ ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ†’.) Take somebody amiss = äéπJo ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç Santhript:

Why didn't you ask me yesterday itself?

In no circumstances can there be any misunderstanding between us.

(à °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x èπÿú≈ ´’† ´’üµ¿u ´’†-Ææp®Ωn©’ ®√´¤)

(E†oØË Ñ N≠æߪ’ç áçü¿’-éπ-úø-í∫-™‰ü¿’?) Sampreeth: I had some thing more important on my mind. You remember too I was in a great hurry.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

3) Even if you were in a hurry you could have asked me 4) I am the last man to take you amiss 5) In no circumstances can there be any misunderstanding between us 6) Thank you all the same

´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC: As if/ as though ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, ü∆E ûª®√yûª verb á°æ¤púø÷ was/ were/ PDW (Past Doing Word) ¢√úøû√ç. Å™« ¢√úÕûË, É°æpöÀ (present) Ææçí∫A ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’Ææ’hçC. ÅüË had been/ had, pp ¢√úÕûË past N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC.

1) As if/ As though =

431

(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç àüÓ Ø√ •’v®Ω™ ÖçC. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ؈-°æ¤púø’ î√™« ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o†E Fèπÿ í∫’®Ω’hçC.)

Å®·-†ô’x, é¬F é¬ü¿’. ÉC Spoken English ™ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ î√™« áèπ◊\¢Ë. 鬕öÀd ¶«í¬ practise îËü∆lç.

d) Why do you look at me as if I was/ were a cheat?= (As if I wasBritish, As if I wereAmerican) was/ were

ØËØËüÓ ¢Á÷Ææí¬-úÕ†®·†ô’x îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o-¢ËN’öÀ Ø√ ¢Áj°æ¤?

You talk as if you hadn't seen him

Santhript:

Even if you were in a hurry you could have asked me

(ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o èπÿú≈ ††o-úÕT ÖçúÌa éπü∆?).

But why are we wasting time on something past? Why all that enquiry about Vallabh? Do go and see him if you want to.

(Å®·Ø√ Å®·-§Ú-®·ç-ü∆E í∫’Jç* Éçûª Æ洒ߪ’ç áçü¿’èπ◊ ´%ü∑∆? Åçûª Nî√-®Ωù„ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´©x-¶µ¸†’ í∫’Jç*– éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ¢ÁR} éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ.) Sampreeth: As if I wouldn't if I wanted to. You don't need to say that.

EXERCISE Match the expressions under A with their meanings under B A B 1. Keep back A. Faultless 2. Display B. Escape punishment 3. Sound C. Bend 4. Get away with D. withhold 5. Stoop E. Reveal F. Exhibit G. Unhappy KEY: 1-D, 2-F, 3-A, 4-B, 5-C. Explanation: 1) Keep back = Withhold =

(Ø√ †´’téπç ÅüË) Santhript:

OK. Shall we have some drink? Shall I get you some coffee?

(àüÁjØ√ û√í∫’-ü∆´÷? ´’ç* É´yØ√ Fèπ◊?) (Coffee

û√í¬-©-E-°œç-îªúøç ™‰C-°æ¤púø’. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà thanks) Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) You talk as if you hadn't seen him 2) As soon as I came he left

ûª† í∫ûª @Nûªç í∫’Jç-*† éÌEo ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¢√Ææh-¢√-©†’ ´’†èπ◊ îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ÇÊ°-¨»-úøE/ ü∆î√-úøE Ø√ ņ’-´÷†ç. b) Don't keep anything back from him. It is important that he know everything that concerns him =

ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω àD ü∆îª-´ü¿’l/ ÅûªúÕéÀ ûÁL-ߪ÷-Lq† à Ææ´÷î√®Ωç Ç°æ-´ü¿’l. Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææç•çCµç-*† ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ ÅûªúÕéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ´·êuç. keep back X reveal (ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’úøç)

a) I suspect he has kept back from us some important facts about his earlier life =

v°æü¿-®Ωz†. a) There was a display of excellent batsmanship by Rohit sharma = batsmanship (batsman

®Ó£œ«-û˝-¨¡®Ωt

îªéπ\öÀ ØÁj°æ¤ùuç) v°æü¿-Jzç-î√úø’.

Q. 1. "We arranged to meet at 7:30 but she never turned up." "We arranged to meet at 7:30 but she didn't turn up yet."

-Ñ ¢√é¬uEo

Å-E îÁ°æp-´î√a?2. éÀçC ¢√é¬u©’ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

Why didn't you turn up to the party yesterday? Sorry! I am not going to turn up my duty to-day. Kavitha didn't turn up to yesterday class? I've been waiting for her since 3:30 pm but she didn't turn up yet. - P. Sumalatha, Hyderabad.

A.

1) We arranged ..... but she never turned up = We arranged .... but she did not turn up. Yet

Ééπ\úø ¢√úøç.

b) The hawkers displayed their wares on the pavement = road platform

OCµ™ Å´·t-èπ◊-ØËO’ü¿ ¢√∞¡Ÿx, ûª´’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ v°æü¿-Jzç-î√®Ω’.

Hawkers = peddlers = (shops

Oüµ¿’™x Å´·t-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

™‰E-¢√∞¡Ÿx)

pavement = road èπ◊ È®çúø’ ¢Áj°æ¤™« §ƒü¿-î√-®Ω’-©-éÓÆæç áûª’hí¬ éπõ‰d platforms. Platform/ foot path ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô©’ 鬴¤. Pavement ü∆EéÀ correct Ê°®Ω’. Pavement dwellers = pavement

O’ü¿ E´-ÆœçîË ¢√∞¡Ÿx.

c) There was a display of the latest model jewellery at the ornament show=

†í∫© model

v°æü¿-®Ωz†™ û√ñ« Ƕµº-®Ω-ù«© v°æü¿-®Ωz†

ÖçC. Display X conceal.

'Never turned up' is almost the same as 'did not turn up' (Never turned up = she did not turn up =

Ç¢Á’ -®√-ØË-™‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á’ ®√™‰ü¿’.) Yet = Éçé¬/ É°æp-öÀéÃ. ÉC has not turned up = Ç¢Á’ É°æp-öÀéà ®√™‰ü¿’, ÅØË Å®Ωnç. Did not turn up/ Never turned up = (í∫ûªç) Ç¢Á’ ®√™‰ü¿’.

e) He talks as if/ as though his bowling alone bowling helped his team to win= team Present As if/ As though verb- helped (Past Doing Word). bowling

ûª† ´©x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûª† Èí©’-Ææ’h-†oô’x (É°æ¤púø’– ™) Åûªúø’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-û√úø’/ Åûª†çô’çö«úø’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ûª®√yûª (ûª† ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Nï-ߪ÷-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùçé¬ü¿’).

ØËØËüÓ ÅûªúÕ °æE-´’-E-≠œ-ØÁj-†ô’x Ø√èπ◊ Çïc©’ ñ«K îËÆæ’hç-ö«úø’. (؈-ûªúÕ °æE-´’-E-≠œE é¬ü¿’)

coffee

Sampreeth: Don't feel like it now. Thanks all the same.

2) Display = exhibition =

ÇÊ°-ߪ’úøç. àüÁjØ√ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç/ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç °æ‹Jh-í¬-í¬F, éÌçûªí¬F îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ü∆ߪ’úøç.

a) He orders me about as if/ as though I were his servant =

Sampreeth: I am sure of that too.

M.SURESAN

b) She behaves as if she alone knew the truth =

Ç¢Á’ äéπ\-ü∆-EÍé Eïç ûÁL-Æœ†ô’x v°æ´-Jh-Ææ’hç-ü∆¢Á’. (Ç¢Á’ äéπ\-ü∆-EÍé é¬ü¿’, Éûª-®Ω’©èπ◊ éÌçûª-´’ç-CéÀ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’Ææ’)

f) He is shivering as if he had seen a ghost=

Åûª-úËüÓ ¶µº÷û√Eo îª÷Æœ-†ô’x (îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’) ´ùÀ-éÀ§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Ééπ\úø As if/ as though ûª®√yûª verb, had + pp - ÉC past action †’ (îª÷Æœ-†ô’x) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

c) You look as though you didn't have anything to eat so far =

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ àN’ A†-†ô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y. (AØ√o´¤ é¬F A†-†çûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.) 3) Sound = faultless

(™°æç-™‰E). a) Though he is eighty years old, he enjoys sound health =

Åûªúø’ 80 à∞¡x ¢√úÁj†°æp-öÀéÃ, î√™« Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.

b) His financial position is sound =

4) Get away with = escape punishment =

ûª°æ¤p-îËÆœ Péπ~

ûª°œpç--éÓ-´úøç. a) Though he grabbed a lot of land he got away with it =

áçûÓ ¶µº÷N’ éπ¶«b îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀéà Åûªúø’ Péπ~-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ûª°œpç--èπ◊Ø√oúø’.

ÅûªúÕ ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnAéÀ àç úµÓ鬙‰ü¿’/ î√™« ¶«í¬ ÖçC.

b) Don't drive without your helmet on. You cannot get away with it = Helmet

c) The advice he gives is always sound =

™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√£æ«†ç †úø-°æèπ◊. Péπ~°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ûª°œpç--éÓ-™‰´¤.

d) A Sound mind in a sound body =

c) It is surprising that he got away with just 3 months in jail though he cheated people of lakhs of rupees =

Åûª-úÕîËa Ææ©£æ… á°æpöÀéà ´’ç*üË.

¨»K-®Ω-é¬-®Óí∫uçûÓ §ƒô’ ´÷†-Æœ-é¬-®Óí∫uç. e) Sound thinking = ÆæÈ®j† Ç™-îª-Ø√-Ææ-®ΩR. Of an unsound mind = ´’A ÆœnN’-ûªç-™‰E. Sound X unsound (ÆæJ-í¬-™‰E)

©éπ~© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á÷Ææç îËÆ œ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûªúø’ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©© jail Péπ~ûÓ ûª°œpç-éÓ-´úøç Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC. 5) Stoop = Bend = ´çí∫úøç/ Cí∫-ñ«-®Ωúøç.

d) I've been waiting for since 3.30, but she (till hasn't turned up yet. Yet= now) have + pp / has + pp Past Doing Word (did turn)

-É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊

ņo-°æ¤púø’, ¢√-úø-û√ç. ®√ü¿’. Q. 1. àéπ-é¬-©ç™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o È®çúø’ Ωu-©†’ îÁ°æp-ú≈EéÀ O’®Ω’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùí¬– "Gita is singing and working at the same time" ÅE Ê°®Ì\-Ø√o®Ω’. 2) a) Turn up to - wrong. turn up for, correct. "Gita is working while singing songs" (Uûª (Why didn't you turn up for the party yes§ƒô©’ §ƒúø’-èπ◊çô÷ °æE-îË-Ææ’hçC) ÅØÌ-a-í∫ü∆? terday?). 2. Ravi is eating while watching T.V. (®ΩN öÃO b) Sorry, I am not going to turn up for duty îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çô÷ ņoç Açô’-Ø√oúø’) ÅØÌ-a-í∫ü∆? today. (my duty Ééπ\úø ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.Turn up ûª®√yûª, for ®√¢√L, duty/ party etc. ´·çü¿’) 3. Åûª-úÕéÀ dance Åçõ‰ interest ņ-ú≈-EéÀ– "He is interested in dance" ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’? c) Kavitha didn't turn up for yesterday's class.

Ééπ\úø ¢√úø’-ûª’†oC, Å®·Ø√, ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†oC É°æpöÀ (present) N≠æߪ’ç.

a) He stooped to kiss the little boy =

Ç *†o °œ™«x-úÕE ´·ü¿’l-°-ô’d-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´çí¬úø’ Åûªúø’.

b) She stooped to pick up her ring which had slipped down =

ñ«J-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-®·† Öçí∫®√Eo BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ éÀçü¿èπ◊ ´çTçC.

c) Politicians stoop to any level for their selfish purposes =

ûª´’ ≤ƒy®Ωn-v°æ-ßÁ÷-ï-Ø√©-éÓÆæç ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-Ø√-ߪ’-èπ◊©’ à ≤ƒn®·-ÈéjØ√ Cí∫-ñ«-®Ω’-û√®Ω’.

d) I can't stoop to lying just for a thousand rupees =

Íé´©ç ¢Ë®· ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© éÓÆæç Å•-ü∆l¥©’ îÁÊ°p ≤ƒn®·éÀ ؈’ Cí∫-ñ«-®Ω-™‰†’. °j list ™, keep back, get away with ™«çöÀ expressions †’ phrasal verbs Åçö«ç.

He interests in dance 4. Pronunciation dictionary - Madhavan, Hyderabad. A. 1) Gita is singing and working at the same time = Gita is singing while she is working/ while she is at work/ as she is singing = Gita is working while singing - OK. 2) Ravi is eating while watching the TV - OK. 3) He interests He is interested (dance 4) Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English.

èπ◊

ÅE ®√ßÁ·-a-í∫ü∆? Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Åçõ‰ Åûª-úø’- Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπLÅçõ‰ T-≤ƒhúø’ ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆? ™) ÖçC. Åûª-úÕéÀ ÇÆæéÀh

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 13 -´÷-Ja 2008 Q.

1.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2. Let my advice be followed- correct.

' ¶µ«≥ƒ äéπ\-≤ƒJ îÁ°œpûË ´çü¿-≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ°œp-†õ‰x.— Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

2. Follow my advice. passive My advice should be followed Let my advice be followed

DEE

™

ÅE ®√ßÁ·î√a?

™‰ü∆

ÅØ√™«? 'éπN-ûª©’—– ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

3.

4. What a beautiful buildHe ing is it! exclaimed that what a beautiful building it was

DEE

- KSR, Marturu 1. If Bhasha says so once, he has said it a hundred times/ If Bhasha says so once, it is saying so a hundred times.

Q.

1) But then they have had their heroes too.

¶µ‰ü¿ç -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. ™ èπ◊ áçü¿’-éÌ-Ææ’hçC? Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ™ ÅA-°ü¿l °æü¿ç àN’öÀ? ؈’ E†’o vÊ°N’-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí ؈’ EéÀ FûÓ ÊÆo£æ«ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’ ÅE ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? - V Purushotham, Ammakkapeta heroes

Å®·Ø√ ¢√-∞¡x ´-®Ωèπÿ) ÖØ√o®Ω’.

¢√∞¡xèπÿ (Éçûª-

a) I have had three cups of coffee 3 cups so far = of coffee

É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ؈’ û√T ÖØ√o†’.

Q.

4.

'He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful building'

®√ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

ÅØ√L. äéπ sentence/ clause/ phrase ™ äéπ ´÷ô†’ í∫’Jç* îÁ°æ‹h, Ç ´÷ô ¢Á†-éπ´îËa ÉçéÓ ´÷ô, ´·êuçí¬ äéπ pronoun.

5. Antecedent:

a) He stopped the ball and threw it at the stumps. sentence ball, it antecedent (It, ball

Q.

Ñ ™ èπ◊ †’ í∫’Jç* îÁ§ÚhçC éπü∆?)

DE™ èπ◊,

432

1. I am talking

èπ◊,

I am speaking

The teacher spoke to the students about the exams= teacher

èπ◊ ûËú≈

®√†’†o °æK-éπ~© í∫’Jç* Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ûÓ àN’öÀ? ´÷ö«x ú ≈®Ω ’ . (Çߪ ’ † ´÷ö«x ú ø í ¬ Nü∆u® Ω ’ n © ’ NØ√o®Ω’) 2. ؈’ Fèπ◊ ÆœE´÷ îª÷°œ-≤ƒh†’. DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ I We talked about our school days = ´÷ •úÕ will show you a film ÅØ√™«? I will take you ®ÓV© í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊Ø√oç. (Ééπ\úø Ö†o ¢√∞¡xç- VD Anand, Koppole a film ÅØ√™«? ü¿®Ω÷ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†ô’x). Ñ A. 1) Speak ´·êu-¢Á ’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷© çü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ talk •ü¿’©’ í∫’Jç* formal í¬ á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ Speak - talk Ææspeak ¢√úø™‰ç éπü∆? ´÷ö«x-úøôç. Speak Åçõ‰ ´÷ö«x-úø’2) I will show you a film, correct é¬ü¿’. I will take èπ◊ç-ô’-†o-¢√-J™ äéπ®Ω’ N’í∫û√ ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ you to a film, correct. ´÷ö«x-úø-û√®Ω’. Talk, á°æ¤púø÷ ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷© I will show you a film Åçõ‰ Ç film †’ (cineí∫’JçîË é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. 鬩-Íé~-§ƒ-EéÀ éÌçûª-´’çC ma †’) O’®Ω’ B¨»®Ω’, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îª÷°œ-≤ƒh-®ΩØË Å®Ωnç ´·îªa-ö«x-úø’-éÓ-´úøç, Ææ綵«-≠œç--éÓ-´úøç talk Å´¤´Ææ ’hçC. ûª’çC. Speak É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©èπ◊ ¢√úøç.

b) She gave me a book which was very interesting. which (pronoun) book antecedent.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2) Sports & Games, get - obtain, steal - rob 3) I am a student, aren't I? question tag aren't I 4) 5) I love you

1)

3. Poems/ Verses/ Compositions/ Pieces of poetry.

M.SURESAN

b) They robbed him of his watch and chain = watch

T hey have had their her oes too

Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Å®Ωnç, Have, had ©†’ °æéπ\-°æ-éπ\ØË Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-*† -éÌEo ¢√é¬u©’ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’.

A.

(My advice should be followed is the passive of "You should follow my advice")

¶µ«≥ƒ äéπ\-≤ƒJ îÁ°œpûË ..

ÅE ®√ßÁ·î√a? 5. Grammar ™ antecedent Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A.

2

Be form + participle

b) He has had this car for a year now = car car

í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωçí¬ Åûª-úÕéà ÖçC (ÅûªúŒ †’ éπLT ÖØ√oúø’)

c) He has just had his dinner =

Åûª-úÕ-°æ¤púË ¶µçîË-¨»úø’. Ééπ\úø tense - present perfect form: Have/ has + pp of 'have' (had) 2)

È®çúÕç-öÀéà ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç, véÃúø, véÃú≈ éπ™«-§ƒ-©-Eoç-öÀF éπL°œ sports Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË ´÷´‚-©’í¬ äÍé≤ƒJ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u/ È®çúø’ ïôx ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, áèπ◊\-´-´’çC ´’üµ¿u äÍé-≤ƒJ ïJÍí §ÚöÃ-©†’ sports Åçö«®Ω’. Running race (°æ®Ω’í∫’ °æçüÁç), high jump, long jump-

éπ-LÆœ V3, -Å-™«Íí Be form + ing éπ-LÆœ V4 Å-´¤-û√®· éπ-ü∆. é¬-E– ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ö«úø’, îËÆæ÷h ÖçúÕ Öçö«úø’, ´Ææ÷h Öçö«úø’ ™«çöÀ clear í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’E verbs èπ◊ -Ñ ÅÆæ-´÷-°æéπ -véÀ-ߪ÷ ®Ω÷§ƒEo -á-™« ¢√úøû√ç? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. - P Janaki Rao, Salur A. V3 Åçõ‰ØË Past Participle éπü∆? Å™«Íí Íé´©ç '...ing' form ØË V4 Åçö«®Ω’. Strictly speaking (correct í¬ Å®·ûË) Past Participle (V3), Present Participle (V4)- ing form verbs 鬴¤. O’®Ω-†oô’x ÅN ÅÆæ-´÷-°æéπ (Non finite) verbs. ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ö«úø’ = He must have gone. be for m + .. îËÆæ÷h ÖçúÕ Öçö«úø’ = He must have been doing it. ´Ææ÷h Öçö«úø’ = He must be coming. °j sentences ™ verb - must have + pp, would have been + ing, and must be + ing. Ñ sentences ™ Íé´©ç past participle, Íé´©ç present participle ¢√úø-™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆. ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ 'be' form, must have + pp form ™ ÖØ√o®·. ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ö«úø’. îËÆæ÷h ÖçúÕ Öçö«úø’, ´Ææ÷h Öçö«úø’– ÉN Non finite verbs (ÅÆæ-´÷-°æéπ véÀߪ’©’) 鬴¤. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ñ verbs ÅN ûÁLÊ° °æE-é¬-™«Eo (past) éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. O’®Ω’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçC– Íé´©ç past participle èπÿ, be form + past participle/ have/ has/ had, etc + pp èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈, 2) Íé´©ç '...ing' form èπÿ, be form + ing form èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈. Íé´©ç 'pp' (V3), Íé´©ç '...ing' form, verbs 鬴¤. Past participle ®Ω÷§ƒEo ¢√úøû√ç, é¬F, verb í¬ é¬ü¿’. eg: a) The book given to him- Åûª-E-éÀ-´y-•-úÕ† °æ¤Ææhéπç (Åûª-E-éÀ-*a† °æ¤Ææhéπç– ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’) b) The song sung at the party= party ™ §ƒúø-•-úÕ† (§ƒúÕ†) §ƒô. c) The man talking to the woman (Íé´©ç... ing from) = Ç Æ‘YûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-ûª†’. d) The girl reading the book = °æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’†o Å´÷t®· a), b) ©™ Íé´©ç pp, c) d) ™ Íé´©ç '..ing' form ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆, é¬E ÅN verbs 鬴¤.

Q.

a) He got the permission

É™«çöÀ¢√öÀ™x äÍé-≤ƒJ áèπ◊\-´-´’çC §ƒ™Ô_ç-ö«®Ω’, áèπ◊\´ (È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπçõ‰) áèπ◊\´ team ©’ §ƒ™Ô_-†-´îª’a– É™«çöÀN sports. Å™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, äÍé-≤ƒJ, Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u, È®çúø’ ïô’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ƒ™Ô_ØË véÃúø©’– Tennis, football, cricket ™«çöÀN, games. get = §Òçü¿úøç = obtain. Å®·ûË get, ´÷´‚©’ spoken form, obtain ví¬çC∑éπç. Éçé¬ get = §Òçü¿úøç/ ûÁa-éÓ-´úøç/ Ææ秃-Cç-éÓ-´úøç/ BÆæ’-èπ◊- ®√-´úøç. obtain= §Òçü¿úøç ´÷vûª¢Ë’, ÅC èπÿú≈ v°æߪ’ûªo °∂æL-ûªçí¬. Get ™ v°æߪ’ûªoç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. compare:

Man, person, candidate-

ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Man= ´’í∫-¢√úø’.

Åûªúø’ ņ’-´’A §Òçü∆úø’. Å®·ûË, î√™« ví¬çC∑éπç.

obtain

a) He got his degree b) He obtained his degree b)

v¨¡´’ Öçü¿E ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ üÌçT-Lç-îªúøç. äéπ-JéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡x ´Ææ’h´¤ Åvéπ-´’çí¬ BÊÆ-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç (®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬). Rob= üÓ°œúÕ îËߪ’úøç– äéπJ ´Ææ’h´¤ •©-´ç-ûªçí¬, üˆ®Ω-b†uçí¬ ™«éÓ\-´úøç. a) He stole my pen= Ø√ pen üÌçTLç-î√úø’. Steal

OöÀE ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™

Q.

- M.Satyanarayana, Hyderabad.

Åûªúø’ Åçü¿-¢Á’i† ¢√úø’.

Man - person

´’E-≠œéÀ ´’®Ω-ùÀçîË Ææy¶µ«´ç ÖçC (Ééπ\úø Man= ´’E≠œ= ´÷†-´¤©’= °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl©’, Æ‘Y©’ éπL°œ). Å®·ûË ´’í∫, Çúø-¢√-∞¡x†’ í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊, man É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. No man can live for ever= á´y®Ω’ èπÿú≈ ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬ á©x-鬩ç @Nç-îª-™‰®Ω’– Ééπ\úø no man Åçõ‰ à ´’í∫-¢√-úÁjØ√ ÅE é¬ü¿’ éπü∆, Çúø-¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ ÅE. °j† îÁ°œp-†ô’x, Çú≈ ´’í¬ Éü¿lKo ÖüËl-Pç* îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, Ñ ®ÓV™x man ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. Å™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ¢√úË-´÷ô person= ´uéÀh (°æ¤®Ω’-≠æflúø’/ Æ‘Y) Man doesn't live for ever- ÉC old fashioned. É°æ¤púø’ îÁÊ°p-B®Ω’: A person doesn't live for ever= à ´uéÃh á©x-鬩ç @Nç-Ω’. Candidate = ŶµºuJn. (áEoéπ, °æKéπ~, áç°œ-éπ-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ §ÚöÃ-îËÊÆ)

Ñ È®çúø’

-O-öÀéÀ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-* -Ø√-©’í∫’ - K. Sandhya, Chirala

™ èπÿú≈,

äéπõ‰

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ,

´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’h-†o°æp-öÀéÃ. È®çúø’ sentences

As, Although; But, also

èπÿ Å®Ωnç 1) ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’h-†o-°æp-öÃéà ¢Ë’ç •ßª’-öÀ-Èé∞«xç. 2) •ßª’-öÀÈé∞«xç ¢Ë’ç, ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’h-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ. Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ üËE™ èπÿú≈ As ®√ü¿’. As= Åç-ü¿’-´©x. ÉC ¢√úÕûË ´îËa Å®Ωnç: ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’´©x •ßª’-öÀ-Èé∞«}ç ÅE. -D-EéÀ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’-éπü∆. You can't eat the cake and have it too- ÉC English ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª = Å¢√y 鬢√L, •’¢√y 鬢√L Åçõ‰ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ ÅE. DEo O’J*a† È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, sentence *´®Ω too ¢√úø-ô¢Ë’ correct. Sentence No.1 ™ èπÿú≈ How can you eat the cake and have it too? ņ-úø¢Ë’ ÆæJ. (cake A†-ØÁjØ√ AØ√L, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Öç-éÓ-ØÁjØ√ Öç-éÓ-¢√L. cake †’ Açô÷ ÅC Å®·§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ ᙫ? ÅE Å®Ωnç).

A.

1)

5th/ 7th/ 9th month pregnant woman is given new bangles etc)

(vÊ°´’) èπ◊ (vÊ°-N’ç-îª-úøç) -™«í¬ (ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úø’) èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’, ÊÆo£æ«ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Be friend ÅE ÖçC, Å®·ûË ü∆EéÀ– äéπ-JûÓ ÊÆo£æ«ç °ô’déÓ-´úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

1. __ it was raining we went out, 2. We went out __ it was raining. sentences although correct; Although= Although it was raining=

are a chip off the old 1. Æ‘´’çûªç, 2, F´¤ èπÿú≈ Ç û√†’ ´·éπ\¢Ë, 2) You block- but this expression is 3. ¢Ë’†-Jéπç. OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ Åçö«®Ó limited to the ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. Æ‘-´’ç-û√-Eo -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? members of a

Æ‘´’ç-ûªçèπ◊ correct í¬ suit ÅßË’u English °æü¿ç ™‰ü¿’– ü∆Eo English ™ ´Jgç* N´-Jç-î√-LqçüË. (A ceremony in a

v) I am friends with you/ I am your friend. Love verb form love friend verb form

1. As, Although; 2. But, also -

Q.

- P.B. Bharat, Hyderabad.

iv) FLOCCINAUCINIHILIPILIFICATION (29 letters- Longest non technical word)

Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-©-†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A.

He is a handsome man= Man= Man is mortal=

´’E≠œ.

b) He obtains the permission =

¢√∞¡x-ûªúÕ -†’, íÌ©’Ææ’†’ ™«èπ◊\-Ø√o®Ω’. 3) ÉC î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç. ÅC ¢√úø’éπ (usage). English ´÷ûª%-¶µ«≠æí¬ éπ©¢√∞¡Ÿx Å™« Åçö«®Ω’ 鬕öÀd, Åçü¿®Ω÷ Å™«ØË ÅØ√L.

family. Shaun Pollock is a great cricketer. After all he is a chip off the old block (His father Greame Pollock was also a great cricketer)

in English. 3) No exact equivalent for The word nearest to is consangnity (blood relation). Consanguineous married is the marriage between a young man and a young woman, who are first cousins (having common grand parents). In the Indian tradition the marriage is between first cousins, one of whom is the cousin of the other on the mother's side.

¢Ë’†-Jéπç ¢Ë’†-Jéπç

(¢Ë’†-Jéπç)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 16- ´÷-Ja 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nirukta: Why don't you put off your trip just by a couple of days?

(F v°æߪ÷ùç ã È®çvúÓ-V©’ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?) put off = ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’úøç The exam has been put off = °æKéπ~ ¢√®·ü∆ °æúÕçC Vimukta: I've reserved my journey. How can I postpone it?

(Jï®˝y îËÊÆ-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ᙫ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’†’?) Nirukta: We can have the ticket cancelled and the reservation made for another day, say saturday. (Ticket cancel

îËÆæ’-èπ◊E ÉçéÓ ®ÓVèπ◊, Åçõ‰ ¨¡E-¢√-®√-EéÀ ´’Sx reserve îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-aéπü∆)

Vimukta: That'll be the last thing I am going to do. How are you sure of my accommodation on the saturday train?

(Ç °æE ´÷vûªç îËߪ’†’ ؈’. ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç train ™ Ø√èπ◊ berth üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’ç-ü¿E †´’téπç Öçü∆ Fèπ◊?)

(ûª†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ-¢√-∞¡Ÿx-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, O’ ņoߪ’uèπ◊ ÅC éπ≠dçæ 鬴a. ¨¡E-¢√-®√-EéÀ ¢√®√çûªç Öçô’çC éπü∆/ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ¢√®√çûªç éπü∆?) Nirukta: I am sure even then my brother can manage it just the same.

(Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´÷ ņoߪ’u ᙫíÓ äéπ™« ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫-©-úøØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC.) Vimukta: And when will he do it?

(ÅüÁ-°æ¤púø’ îË≤ƒh-ú≈-ߪ’†.) Nirukta: As soon as he comes home, we will talk to him about it. Let's see.

(´÷ ņoߪ’u Ç N≠æߪ’ç îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-úø’™‰. Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅûªúÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’. éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Fèπ◊ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç berth üÌJÍ陫 îËߪ’í∫©úø’.) manage = àüÁjØ√ °æE îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫úøç Vimukta: Even if he has people to help him, it may be difficult. There will be certainly the weekend such on saturday. EXERCISE Match the words and expressions under A with their meanings under B.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) That will be the last thing I am going to do. 2) Even if he has people to help him it may be difficult.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Çü∆ߪ’ç °æ†’o ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’© ü∆úÕ à üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÕéà É≠ædç Öçúøü¿’. (¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬢√-©-†’èπ◊-ØË-¢√-öÀ™x ÅC *´-JC)

433

3) All the same/ just the same = but. a) I didn't help him much. He thanked me all the same/ just the same =

؈-ûª-úÕéÀ îËÆœ† Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åçûª áèπ◊\-¢ËO’ é¬ü¿’, Å®·Ø√ Ø√éπ-ûªúø’ thanks îÁ§ƒpúø’.

b) He certainly is a good friend of mine. All the same he doesn't tell me everything about his earnings =

Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* N’vûª’úË. Å®·Ø√ ûª† Ææ秃-ü¿† í∫’Jç* ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æpúø’.

B

´’†-éπ-Ææq©’ É≠ædç-™‰E N≠æߪ’ç/ ´uéÀh/ v°æü˨¡ç, a) A hospital is the last place we wish to go to =

B Lazy

3. (To) Sweat over C Unusual D Heavy

a) He went back on his promise of providing us all facilities during our stay there =

Åéπ\úø ¢Ë’ç Ö†o Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´÷èπ◊ ÅEo ≤˘éπ-®√u©’ éπLp-≤ƒh-††o ´÷ô-©†’ Åûªúø’ E©-¶„ô’d-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.

b) She is not one to go back on her word =

ûª†’ É*a† ´÷ô†’ E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓE ´uéÀh é¬ü∆-Núø.

b) Even if I have to walk all the way, I will go there =

b) As soon as he came in he switched on the TV = TV on

ÉC Åçõ‰, even although éÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω.

†’Ny°æ¤púø†o ´÷ô†’ †’´¤y E©-¶„-ô’dèπ◊ç-ö«-´ØË ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.

ØËEç-öÀéÀ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ¢Á∞Ïh Éçöx-¢√∞¡Ÿx éÓ°æp-úø-û√®Ω’. Folk Åçõ‰ 'ñ«†-°æü¿— ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Folk tales = ñ«†-°æü¿ í¬ü∑¿©’, Folk dance = ñ«†-°æü¿ †%ûªuç, Folk music = ñ«†-°æü¿ ÆæçUûªç – •’v®Ω-éπ-ü∑¿©’, °æ™„x-°æ-ü∆©’ ™«çöÀN. Hi, folks = ´’† friends †’ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ É™« Åçö«ç/ °œ©’-Ææ’hçö«ç. 3) To sweat over = v¨¡N’ç-îªúøç/ àüÁjØ√ v¨¡´’°æúÕ-îË-ߪ’úøç, sweat = ’ô.

Srirama helped his father to keep/ fulfil his promise to Kaikeyi =

pitable than the towns folk =

°æôo-¢√Ææ v°æï-©-éπçõ‰ ví¬´÷™x v°æï©’ ÇAü∑¿uç (Çü¿-®Ωù) áèπ◊\´ îª÷°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’. b) The working class folk in most countries lead a mechanical life =

î√™« ü˨»™x v¨»N’-éπ-´®Ω_ v°æï©’ ûª´’ @N-û√Eo ߪ÷çvA-éπçí¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.

éÀç-C -¢√-öÀ-™ -à-C éπÈ®èπ◊d? 1) Two hours is/ are over. 2) Five hundred rupees is/ are in my hand. 3) He, you and I attended the meeting. You, he and I attended the meeting. 4) Soft skills

-Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ- -´’-üµ¿u -ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ?

5) Holidays, vacations, 6) Tradition - custom, 7) Suggestion - advice - P.Srinivasa Rao, Pithapuram

a) I really sweated over the book =

؈’ Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ ®√¨»†’/ ؈’ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈f†’. b) The Indians sweated over the victory in the match = Match

î√™« v¨¡´’-°æúÕ ÈíL-î√®Ω’ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx match ÈíL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« v¨¡´’°æ-ú≈f®Ω’.

c) He sweated over the report the whole night =

Ç J§Ú®˝d ûªßª÷-®Ω’îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√vûªçû√ v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈fúø-ûª-úø’.

A. The

following are the correct ones because any amount of money and any period of time are singular.

1) Two hours is over (correct) 2) Five hundred rupees is a big amount (correct) 3) You, he and I - correct 4) Soft skills - personality development including communication skills, time management, positive attitude, goal setting and decision making.

(´uéÀhûªy Né¬Ææç)

Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈

Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω´‚ †úø-¢√-Lq-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«h†’.

c) The folks at home will be angry if I go home late =

X®√-´·úø’ ü¿¨¡-®Ω-ü∑¿’-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-ú≈fúø’, Çߪ’† ÈéjÍé-®·-éÀ-*a† F Fail ´÷ô†’ E©-¶„-ô’d-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. G Common Dreams are fulfiled= éπ©©’ -ØÁ®Ω-¢Ë®√®· Key: 1-F, 2-A, 3-E, 4-B, 5-C. 2. Folk = Community = äéπ ûÁí∫èπ◊/ 1) To go back on = fail - É*a† ´÷ô ´®√_-EéÀ îÁçC† v°æï©’. The village E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´úøç/ ´÷ô N°∂æ-©folk= ví¬´’-Ææ’h©’/ äéπ ví¬´’ç-™ -E-¢√∞¡Ÿx. ´’-´úøç. a) The village folk are more hosE Work hard

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*aØ√ ؈-ûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø†’.

c) Hope you don't go back on what you've said now =

2. Folk

†’´yC é̆-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, é¬F ü∆Eo îª÷úÌ-a-éπü∆. 4) As soon as = ¢ÁçôØË/ ûªéπ~-ù¢Ë’

a) Even if he comes here I will not talk to him =

M.SURESAN

´’†ç Åûªuçûª ûªèπ◊\´ É≠ædçûÓ ¢Á∞Ïx-îÓô’ ÇÆæ’°ævA/ á´®Ω’ èπÿú≈ ÇÆæ’-°æ-vAéÀ ¢Á∞Ïxçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úø®Ω’.

c) You may not buy it. Just the same/ all the same you can see it =

a) This lecturer is very sincere. As soon as he takes the attendance, he begins teaching = lecturer. Attendance (time waste

2) Even if =

1) The last thing/ the last person/ the last place, etc = etc.

É*a† ´÷ô†’ E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-´úøç

Q.

c) An income tax raid is the last thing any rich person wants =

3) I am sure my brother can manage it all the same. 4) As soon as he comes back we will talk to him about it.

Go back on X fulfil/ keep =

5 Peculiar

= ؈’ Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ Çê-®Ω’† éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úË Åûªúø’/ Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç Ø√éπ-Ææq©’ É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’.

(ÉçöÀéÀ ®√í¬ØË ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç. îª÷ü∆lç)

1. (to) go back on A Community

4. Sluggish

b) He is the last person I want to meet

That will be the last thing

Nirukta: My brother can manage that. He knows people who can help us in that. He can certainly manage a berth for you on saturday.

A

2

if, even though, though,

Çߪ’† î√™« *ûªh-¨¡ŸCl¥ Ö†o BÆæ’-èπ◊†o ¢ÁçôØË ¶üµ¿† v§ƒ®Ωç-GµîËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈) ≤ƒhúø’ ™°æ-LéÀ ´*a† ¢ÁçôØË

ûÁJ-*†

¢ÁçôØË, Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©Fo Å´·t-úÁj-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

4) Sluggish = lazy =

•ü¿l-éπç-í∫©/ •ü¿l-éπçûÓ Ö†o/ î√™« ´’çü¿-éÌ-úÕí¬ Eü∆-†çí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o. a) The police investigation of the crime has been sluggish =

Ç ØË®Ωç ü¿®√u°æ¤h î√™« ´’çü¿-éÌ-úÕí¬, Eü∆-†çí¬ ïJ-Tç-Cç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊.

a) Chandra's behaviour at the party was peculiar =

E†o party ™ îªçvü¿ v°æ´-®Ωh† Nçûªí¬ ÖçC. b) The Telangana issue has put the government in a peculiar situation =

ûÁ©ç-í¬ù Å稡ç/ N≠æߪ’ç v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo î√™« Nçûª °æJ-Æœn-A™ Öç*çC/ °æúË-ÆœçC.

b) If he continues to be sluggish he can't finish the work in time =

Åûª-úÕ™« ´’çü¿-éÌ-úÕí¬/ •ü¿l-éπ-Ææ’h-úø’í¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’ûª÷ Öçõ‰ Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-™‰úø’. c) The work on the project is very sluggish =

Ç -v§ƒ-ñ„èπ◊d °æ†’©’ î√™« ´’çü¿-éÌ-úÕí¬ Eü∆-†çí¬ ≤ƒí∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®·. sluggard = •ü¿l-éπ-Ææ’húø’. (Ææxí∫ú˛ – í∫ú˛, bird ™ '•— ™«í∫.)

c) The drink had a peculiar taste = Ç §ƒFߪ’ç ®Ω’* î√™« Nçûªí¬/ ´÷´‚-©’-é¬-E-Cí¬ ÖçC. d) He is peculiar OK, but we have to bear with his peculiarities for some time =

Sluggish X fast 5) Peculiar = unusual =

´÷´‚-©’é¬E/ ´÷´‚-©’-éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Ö†o/ Nçûªí¬ Ö†o.

5) Holidays

Åçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ é¬©ç ´îËa ÂÆ©´¤©’. Vacations Åçõ‰ àéπGT† áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’ ÂÆ©-´¤©’ ®√´úøç. a) We have three holidays during this week -

Ñ ¢√®Ωç™ 3 ®ÓV©’ ÂÆ©´¤. (´‚úø’-®Ó-V©÷ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ ®√†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’– ´‚úø’-®Ó-V-™«xçöÀ ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o ÂÆ©´¤©’ vacation é¬ü¿’.) b) The court is on vacation = éÓ®Ω’d ÂÆ©´¤™ x (î√™« ®ÓV-©-§ƒô’ äÍé-≤ƒJ) ÖçC. c) Vacation usually extends over weeks and is continuous.

î˨»úø’.

c) As soon as the shop opened, all the copies of the book were sold out = Shop

Åûªúø’ é¬Ææh Nçûª, é¬F éÌçûª-鬩ç ÅûªúÕ Nçûª ûªû√yEo ´’†ç ¶µºJç-î√LqçüË. Peculiar X ordinary/ normal/ general.

6) Tradition

Åçõ‰ Ææçv°æü∆ߪ’ç. äéπ Ææ´÷-ïç™ î√™«-é¬-©çí¬ v°æï©’ §ƒöÀçîË @´†KA. Éç-ü¿’-™ ¶µ«í∫ç, custom = dž-¢√-®·B– custom is a part of the tradition. A custom is a habit/ practice of a group of people, and carried on by generation. A number of customs make a tradition. Tradition

ņo-°æ¤púø’ é¬Ææh ´’ûª Ææç•çüµ¿-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ÅØËC èπÿú≈ Ææ’p¥JÆæ’hçC. 7) Advice = Ææ©£æ…; suggestion = Ææ÷. ´’†ç advice É*a-†-°æ¤púø’ É™« îÁ®·u ÅE Åçö«ç. Ææ÷ Å®·ûË, ؈’ îÁÊ°pC èπÿú≈ Ç™-*ç ÅE Å®Ωnç. Ææ÷ (suggestion) éπçõ‰, advice (Ææ©£æ…) í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpúøç Å´¤-ûª’çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 18 ´÷-Ja 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Irfan: Still in the same job? Won't you change?

(ÅüË ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ Ö-Ø√o¢√? ´÷®Ω¢√ †’´¤y?) Ricky: Why should I? I am quite happy with the job I am in.

(áçü¿’èπ◊ ´÷®√L? ؈’ îËÆæ’h†o ÖüÓuí∫ç Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC.) Irfan: Won't you change even if you get a better job?

(†’´¤y ÉüË ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ ÖçúÕ ´·J-T-§Ú-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E ØË-†’ -Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x-úøôç, àüÓ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úÕí¬ F O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊†o v¨¡ü¿l¥, Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’Í®ç-™‰ü¿’.) rot = ´·J-T-§Ú-´úøç/ èπ◊Rx§Ú´úøç rot, rotted (past tense), rotten (pp) rotten egg =

§ƒúÁj-§Ú-®·† í∫’úø’f it's a rotten movie = îÁûªh ÆœE´÷ Ricky: Thank you.

Ricky: I'll, in case it doesn't mean my moving out of here. I like the place so much.





Look at the following expressions from the conversation above.

(´÷®Ω-û√†’, ؈’ Ñ Ü®Ω’ NúÕ* ¢Á∞¡xE °æéπ~ç™. Ñ Ü®Ωçõ‰ Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç.)

1) I'll, in case it doesn't mean my moving out of this place.

(Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç ´*aØ√ ´÷®Ω¢√?)

Irfan: That's foolishness. In such a case you can never grow.

(ÅC ´‚®Ω^ûªyç. -Å-™« Å®·ûË Fèπ◊ °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© Öçúøü¿’.) Ricky: We hardly ever agree on these matters. I am contented with what I have. You're ambitious.

(Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ´’†èπ◊ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ-JéÀ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. Ø√èπ◊†o ü∆EûÓ Øˆ’ ûª%°œh-°æ-úø-û√†’. FÍé¢Á÷ é¬çéπ~ áèπ◊\´.) Ambition = Çé¬çéπ~. @N-ûªç™ ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ Å¢√--y©ØË/ îËߪ÷-©ØË éÓJéπ political ambition= ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x °æü¿N éÓÆæç/ °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ éÓÆæç/ ÅCµ-鬮Ωç éÓÆæç Çé¬çéπ~

Åûªúø’ éÀ ´*aØ√ ®√éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ úø•’s éπö«d-LqçüË. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ ®√´-úø¢Ë’ ´’ç*C éπü∆?

2) In such a case you can never grow. 3) We hardly ever agree on these matters. 4) Otherwise how can one come up?

a) Whether he attends the party or not he has to pay. In such a case isn't it better to attend the party = party b) He will be here whether you like it or not? In such a case you'd better call him =

5) I do it lest you rot in the present job. 1) In case = if = suppose =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Å®·ûË, (Å™« ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰)

434

FéÀ≠dçæ ÖØ√o -™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ÅûªúÕéπ\-úø’ç-ö«úø’. Å™«çô-°æ¤púø’/ -Ç °æJ-Æœn-A™ ÅûªúÕE °œ©-´-úø¢Ë’ ´’ç*C.

c) He hardly ever walks. He always goes by car =

Åûªúø’ †úø-´-ô-´’çô÷ Öçúøü¿’. á°æ¤púø÷ é¬Í®. é¬éπ-§ÚûË/ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË

4) Otherwise =

a) Follow the rules. Otherwise you will be in trouble =

E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ §ƒöÀç. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË *èπ◊\™x

°æúø-û√´¤. b) Every party tries please the minorities otherwise it can't get their votes =

v°æA §ƒKd ¢Á’iØ√--J-ö醒 ÆæçûÓ-≠æ°æJîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hçC. ™‰éπ-§Ú-ûË ¢√∞¡x ãô’x ®√´¤. 5) lest = Å™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊ = so that ... not

In such a case you can never grow

Irfan: One needs to be ambitious otherwise how can one come up?

(á´-J-ÈéjØ√ Çé¬çéπ~ Öçú≈-LqçüË éπü∆? ™‰éπ-§ÚûË á´®Ω÷ °jéÀ ®√™‰®Ω’.) one = á´-È®j-Ø√-ÆæÍ®

a) In case he comes here, please let me know = (if he comes here)

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*a-†-ôx-®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ„®·u.

b) In case you need my help, feel free to ask me =

3) Hardly ever =

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰†õ‰x.

a) In our school days we hardly ever liked each other = school

´÷ ®ÓV™x ´÷èπ◊ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ-JéÀ °æúËC é¬ü¿’ (äéπ-®Ωçõ‰ äéπ-JéÀ É≠ædç ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’.)

a) Start early enough lest you (should) miss the train = Train

ûª°œp-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´·çü¿’-í¬ØË •ßª’©’üË®Ω’.

b) I carried an umbrella lest I (should) get drenched =

ûªúø-´-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ íÌúø’í∫’

°æô’d-Èé-∞«x†’. c) He paid her enough money lest she (should) complain later =

ûª®√yûª àç ņ-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËçFèπ◊ Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç ü¿’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª úø•’s Éî√a-úø-ûª†’. Å®·ûË, ÅúÕ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçéÓ-*ç-îª-´ü¿’l Incase, lest- ÉN éÌçîÁç ví¬çC∑éπç. b) She pampers her daughter so M.SURESAN (Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Åúø’í∫’). much that she hardly ever notices Incase •ü¿’©’ If ¢√úøôç simpler. Å™«Íí lest (E†’o îª÷úø-í¬ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, †’Oy N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ c) In case of an accident call 108 = v°æ´÷ü¿ç ïJher faults = •ü¿ ’ ©’ so that... not ¢√úøôç simpler. ÉN Ééπ\úø îªJa-≤ƒh-´E. ÉçÍé-üÁjØ√ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿÷, é¬Ææh T-†-ôx-®·ûË 108 éÀ phone îËߪ’çúÕ. N´J ç-*çC ´’†ç ¢√-úø-ö«-EéÀ é¬ü¿’. Éûª-®Ω’©’ ¢√úÕûË Ç¢Á ’ ûª † èπ ÿ ûª ’ ®Ω ’ E áçûª í¬®√• çí¬ îª ÷ Ææ ’ è π ◊ ç´÷®Ω’p éÓÆæç?) 2) In such a case = Å™« Å®·ûË/ Ç °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’™x/ ´’†èπ ◊ Å®Ωnç ÅßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊. ô’çü ¿ ç õ‰ , Ç èπ ÿ ûª ’ ® Ω ’ ™ à ûª ° æ ‹ p í∫ ´ ’E çî ª ü ∆¢Á ’ . Irfan: I do it lest you rot in the present job. It's Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’. pamper = í¬®√•ç îËߪ’úøç just friendly interest, nothing more. Ricky: No sooner did I see you than I thought you would discuss just this. Why not something else just for a change?

EXERCISE Match the expressions under A with this meanings under B. A

B

1. Put up with

A. Cause

2. Lead to

B. Destruction

3. Optimistic

C. Release money

4. Ransom

D. Tolerate

5. Havoc

E. Hopeful F. Repetition G. Slave

Key: 1-D; 2-A; 3-E; 4-C; 5-B. EXPLANATIONS 1) Put up with = Tolerate =

Æ棜«ç-îªúøç/ ¶µºJç-îªúøç/ Ææ£æ«-†çûÓ Öçúøôç.

a) The Pandavas had to put up with all kinds of humiliation from the Kauravas =

éı®Ω-´¤©’ îËÆœ† ÅEo ®Ω鬩 Å´-´÷Ø√©†’ §ƒçúø-´¤©’, ¶µºJç-î √Lq ´*açC. humiliation = Å´-´÷†ç

b) It's difficult to put up with the unclean atmosphere here =

Ééπ\úÕ Å°æ-J-¨¡Ÿv¶µº ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç ¶µºJç-îªúøç éπ≠dçæ .

c It's impossible to put up with him =

)

Åûª-úÕE ¶µºJç-îªúøç/ Åûª-úÕûÓ ØÁí∫’_èπ◊ ®√´úøç Å≤ƒüµ¿uç. 2) Lead to = Cause = 鬮Ω-ù-´’-´úøç/ ü∆J Bߪ’úøç a) The husband's illtreatment of his wife led to their divorce = (illtreatment)

¶µ«®Ωu†’ Ç ¶µº®Ωh

ÆæJí¬ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ¢√∞¡x Nú≈-èπ◊-©èπ◊ 鬮Ω-ù-¢Á’içC.

b) The failure to take timely decisions leads to all kinds of troubles =

Ææ鬩ç™ E®Ωg-ߪ÷©’ BÆæ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´úøç î√™« ņ-®√n-©èπ◊ ü∆J BÆæ’hçC. c) His misconduct led to his dismissal from service =

ÅûªúÕ ü¿’v≠æp-´®Ωh† Åûª-úÕE ÖüÓuí∫ç †’ç* ûÌ©Tçîªú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ù-¢Á’içC. lead = ´·çü¿’çúÕ †úÕ-°œç-îªúøç/ ü∆J îª÷°æúøç; leader = †úÕ-°œç-îË-¢√úø’, Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ 3) Optimistic = Hopeful = ´’ç*E ÇPçîË a) I am optimistic about India's victory in the match =

§ÚöÙ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.

b) He had his father released after paying a ransom of Rs 10 lakh = (ransom)

10 ©éπ~© Núø’-ü¿© Ææ’çéπç îÁLxç* ûª† ûªçvúÕE NúÕ-°œç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 5) Havoc = Destruction =-N-Ø√-¨¡-†ç/ †≠ædç a) The cyclone caused great havoc in the coastal area =

éÓ≤ƒh v§ƒçûªç™ ûª’-§ƒ--†’ °†’ -N-Ø√-¨¡-Ø√-Eo éπL-Tç-*çC.

b) Duryodhana played havoc with the lives of the Pandavas =

ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†’úø’ §ƒçúø-´¤© @N-ûªç™ °ü¿l †≥ƒdØËo éπ©í∫ñ‰¨»úø’.

c) Ishant Sharma played havoc with the Australian batsmen = batsmen

ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ èπ◊ É≥ƒçû˝ ¨¡®Ωt B®ΩE †≥ƒdEo éπL-Tç-î√úø’. ÅN-FA ™‰E ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E Fèπ◊†o †´’téπç/ Ǩ¡ F. Repetition = ´’Sx ´’Sx îÁ°æpúøç/ îËߪ’úøç Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. (repeat îËߪ’úøç)

b) I don't share your optimism about a corruption free India =

c) The lack of fitness among our players doesn't give me the optimism about their winning = fitness

´’† Çô-í¬-∞¡x™ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´©x ¢√∞¡x Èí©’°æ¤ °æôx ؈çûª Ǩ»-´-£æ«çí¬ ™‰†’.

Optimism X Pessimism 4) Ransom = Release money = Money/ amount which kidnappers demand to release the person they have abducted (kidnapped) = Kidnap kidnappers

Núø’-ü¿© îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ úø•’s

kidnap = abduct

a) His repetition of the mantram did him some good =

Ç ´’çvû√Eo ´’Sx ´’Sx ÖîªaJç-îªúøç Åûª-úÕéÀ éÌçûª ´’ç* îËÆœçC.

b) His repetition of the misdeed made every one angry = (repeat)

Ç Åéπ%ûªuç Åûªúø’ îËߪ’úøç Åçü¿-

´’Sx/ ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ Jéà éÓ°æç éπL-Tç-*çC. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: Repetitive = ´’Sx ´’Sx ´îËa îËÆœ† ´uéÀhE a) His speeches are repetitive = ÅûªúÕ ÅúÕÍí Ö°æ-Ø√u≤ƒ©’ äÍé N≠æߪ’ç °æ¤†-®√-´%ûªç ÅßË’u-Ní¬ Öçö«®·. (éÌûªh-ü¿†ç ™‰ü¿’)

a) The kidnappers demanded a ransom of Rs 1 lakh to release the abducted child = kidnappers

áûª’h-Èé-Rx† Gúøf†’ NúÕ-°œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ©éπ~ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-úÕ-í¬®Ω’.

b) The themes of Indian movies are repetitive =

¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ’ ÆœE-´÷© éπü∑∆稡ç á°æ¤púø÷ °æ¤†-®√-´%ûªç (´’Sx ´’Sx äÍé éπ-ü∑∆ç¨¡ç – éÌûªh-ü¿†ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) Å´¤-ûª’ç-ô’çC.

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀçC-¢√-é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™éÀ ņ’-´-Cçîªç-úÕ. a) Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ¢Áûª-éπí¬ ¢Áûª-éπí¬ üÌJ-éÀçC. b) Ç •’ôd™ Ö†oN é¬ßª’™«? °æ∞«x? c) ؈’ ´÷ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©èπ◊ È®çúÓ éÌúø’-èπ◊†’. d) Ñ ´’üµ¿u ؈’ Åûª-úÕE °æöÀdç--éÓ-´úøç ™‰ü¿’. e) Ñ ®ÓV ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø’ í∫çô-©-§ƒô’ ´’ç* èπ◊†’èπ◊ °æöÀdçC. f) °æK-é~¬-£æ…™x ؈’ EØËo í∫´’-E-Ææ’hç-ö«†’. g) ´÷¢Ó-®·-Ææ’d©’ ü˨¡ç-™ØË ÅA °ü¿l Ææ÷h§ƒEo ´’† ®√≠æçZ ™ EJtç-îª-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. h) Åûª-úÕE Ééπ\-úøèπ◊ ®Ω´’t†’. i) Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-†E ®√Æœ´¤y. j) Åûªúø’ îËÆæ’h†o ≤ƒ£æ«-≤ƒ©’ v°æï© ¢Á’°æ¤p §Òçü∆®·. k) ߪ‚®Ω-°ˇ™ îªL áèπ◊\´. l) ؈†o ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Åûª-úÕéÀ éÓ°æç ´*açü∆? – Ɯ£«-î˝.-Ææ’-üµ∆-éπ®˝, -Å-Mx°æ¤®Ωç ¢Á’ü¿é˙

ï¢√•’:

a) I found the answer/ solution after a lot of/ a long search. b) Are the fruit(s) in the basket raw or ripe? c) I am the second son of my parents. d) Oflate I haven't been caring about him. e) I had a good nap for two hours this afternoon. f) I'll be observing only you in the exam hall. g) The Moists are going to put up the largest domed edifice English in the whole country.

EéÀ

(-Ææ÷h-§ƒ-

™ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’)

h) Tell him to come here. i) Give it in writing that you will not go there. j) His daring acts have won the praise of the people. k) Europe is very cold. l) Did he get angry at my words?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 20 ´÷-Ja 2008 Q.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Finite Verbs, Non-Finite verbs Gerund, Present Participle Gerund verb + noun A running track), participle verb + adjective (A running stream) running verb, stream noun ticiple

5) Doing Words (I RDW, II RDW, PDW),

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ÅüË-N-üµ¿çí¬ 6) shall/ should/ will/ would etc., + 1st èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ RDW (see spoken English lesson No. ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Åçõ‰ 24) – OöÀØË finite verbs/ verbs Åçö«ç. ÅF ( Å™«Íí Non finite verbs- 1) The infinitive (to go, Åçõ‰ ÅE to sing, etc) 2) The ...ing form (going, ã ví¬´’®˝ °æ¤Ææhcoming, singing etc.,) 3) The past parÅØËC éπç™ îªC-¢√†’. Ééπ\úø ticiple (given, sung, etc). Non finite verbs, verbs ÅØËC éπü∆. ´’J ÉC par- 鬴¤. ¢√öÀ-†™« Non finite verbs ņ-úøç-´©x, Past ᙫ Å®·uçC? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. participle †’ V3 ņ-úøç-´©x ´’†èπ◊ éπLÍí confusion - K.Ravi, Pollanki. Åçû√ Éçû√ é¬ü¿’. Non finite verbs ÅØË ´÷ô ´’®ΩA. ´’† Spoken English lessons ™ 6 forms of *-§ÒçúÕ. ¢√öÀE verbs 鬴ØË Å†’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púË O’®Ω’ the verb (Verb èπ◊ Ö†o 6 ®Ω÷§ƒ©’) Éî√aç-éπü∆: ÆæJí¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’/ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’. O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úËç1) 'Be' forms, 2) 'Be' form + ...ing form ü¿’èπ◊, ®√ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Gerund, Past participle ûËú≈ ûÁL3) Be form + Past participle 4) Have/ ߪ’-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Noun ᙫç-öÀC ÅE ûÁL-Ê°C adjective ÅE í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©’. has/ had/ shall have/ will have, etc + pp Q.

Can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, have, has questions v1 eg: can help, could do, will sing, etc. verb can, could, etc., helping verbs question:

Please explain how to use verbs to question form. verb Can, could, should, have, had, has, will, would, shall, may, might verbs eg. seen v.conv2, conv3 - G.Anilkumar, Hyderabad.

v°æ¨¡o™x

OöÀE °æ¤púø’, OöÀ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷

à ®Ω÷°æç™ Öçú≈L? ™«çöÀN Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÊÆh

¢ËöÀ™ Öçú≈L?

The verb in a question always comes before the subject.

eg: Is he your friend? is (verb), he (subject) Is he coming? is (helping verb), he (subject) Verb helping verb, main verb. question verb helping verb subject

(Åûªúø’ F ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’ú≈?) ´·çü¿’ ´≤Úhç-C(Åûªúø’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈?) Ééπ\úø èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’çõ‰ È®çúÓ ´÷ô ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ûª®√y-ûªûª®√y-ûª-í¬F ´÷vûª¢Ë’

Ééπ\úø éπü∆?

´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô 鬕öÀd í¬F, Öçô’çC. Q.

1. This house is my brother's in-law.

™ ¢√úÕ-†´Ææ’hçC. É™« ´*a-†Å´¤-û√®·.

°æ¤púø’, Å´¤Ø√? Å°æ¤púø’

™«çöÀN

A.

2

Can

you

Helping verb subject

help me?

Q.

1) ' ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aú≈? †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x¢√?—— -Å-ØË -ü∆-E-E -O’®Ω’ Did he come here, or did you go to him? ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. DE™ †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x¢√ ÅØË ¶µ«´ç Ææ’p¥Jç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? 2) ؈’ ®√Ø√ ´ü∆l ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊? Shall I go to the station with you or not? Ñ Sentence ™ '®√Ø√— ÅØË ¶µ«´ç Ææ’p¥Jç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 3) äéπ English book ™ a) I was out of station ™‰ü∆ b) I was not in town ņ-´îª’a ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’, O’®Ω’ ´÷vûªç out of station ÅE ņ-èπÿ-úøü¿’ ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’. OöÀ™ àC, áçü¿’èπ◊ éπÈ®éÓd? N´-Jç-îª-í∫©®Ω’.

É™«-´-≤ƒh®·, Ñ verbs questions ™. OöÀE í∫’Jç* ÉC-´-®Ω™  î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ îÁ§ƒpç. îª÷úøçúÕ.

A.

5)

O’ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ÆæÈ®jçüË.

Å®Ωnç, †’´¤y ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞«x¢√? ÅE. Å®·ûË Åéπ\-úÕéÀ= ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπÿ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ

-

Ø√èπ◊ Åçûª õ„j´· Öçúøü¿’ – I have no much time to watch T.V.

BÆæ’-éÓ-´ü¿’l.

You don't take that much of risk.

؈’ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©© †’ç* N’´’tLo éπ©¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. I've been thinking to meet you since 3 months. Is it correct? If it is correct, the verb think is not used in progressive tenses, is it? So how is it correct?

I don't know much about them.

risk

6)

(Present)

4)

îËߪ÷L. ¢√úÕ´™‰x ؈’ ®ÓV Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√¢√-Lq´-Ææ’hçC.

¢√∞¡Ÿ} ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. They are walking while talking.

Did you go to him?

435

M.SURESAN

††’o 鬕öÀd àO’ ņ-™‰ü¿’. If you had done it, you would have been scolded.

8) I don't quite know. Please translate in telugu.

FûÓ éπL-Æœ-®√Ø√? Will you come to me? =

†’´¤y Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ´≤ƒh¢√? English writers (English ´÷ûª%-¶µ«≠æí¬ éπ© ®Ωîª-®·-ûª©’) Å®·ûË out of station (Ü∞x-™‰®Ω’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Å™« ®√Æœ Öçúø®Ω’. Out of station (á´-È®jØ√ Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬F, ÉçÍé Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬F) English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøç= be out of town ņ-úøç correct.

ÅØ√oç.

Q.

b) I don't have/ haven't the time to watch the TV

80 Rupees has been charged for

c) You don't take so much of risk/ that kind of risk.

ņo-°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’-îÓôx not ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. '™‰ü¿’— ÅØËçü¿’èπ◊ äéπ-îÓ-ôØË (sentence) not ´Ææ’hçC.

2) I told him the same thing

Åçö«ç. È®çúø’ éà ŮΩnç äéπõ‰ ņ’-éÓçúÕ, Å®·ûË ´÷ô™x ûËú≈ ÖçC éπü∆?

- Madhav, Hyderabad

I would walk two miles every morning.

îËÆæ’hçö«ç ™ èπÿú≈ éπü∆. Å´¤ûª÷ Öçúø-´îª’a éπü∆! ¢√úÌî√a? àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈L? 2. éπÈ®çô’ ´*açC. O’®Ω’ O’ °æE é¬E-´yçúÕ. 3. ¢√∞¡Ÿx Èí©’-≤ƒh-®ΩE ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o†’. ؈’ èπÿú≈ Å™«Íí ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx≠ˇ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L?

can't

¢√®Ωçí¬ áçü¿’èπ◊ (Èíj®√|-ï®Ω’) Åߪ÷u-´ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÅC Å®·ûË áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√´--úøç-™‰ü¿’? ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊,

Which one is correct among these sentences?

™ èπÿú≈

correct. Nobody

- N. Amareswari Tirupathi

A.

Would

(Brother-in-law-Singular, Brothers- in-law- Plural) 2) a) I don't know much about them.

We should attend the classes more regularly. Present Future walk Present Future attend Would, should

- Sarma & Seenu, Bathupuram

3) Why have you been absent for a week= absent correct. Why have you not been/ why haven't you been coming to class? sentences

1.

The following are correct.

80 Rupee has been charged for....

F´™‰x ؈’ Éü¿çû√

ÅØËC ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Öçü∆? èπ◊ 'Nobody can't èπ◊ Å®Ωn-¶µ‰-ü¿-¢Ë’-¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? 2) '؈’ ÉüË-´÷ô Åûª-úÕûÓ îÁ§ƒp†’— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ÅØ√L? 3) F´¤ í∫ûª-¢√®Ωç ®ÓV-©’í¬ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©èπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√´-úøç-™‰ü¿’? ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Why have you been absent for a week? ÅØÌî√a?

A.

1) This is my bother-in-law's home. This is/ these are my brother-inlaw's house/ homes (plural)

9) 80 Rupees have been charged for giving an application

I have to do all this only because of you (future)

1) 'Nobody can't understand me' 'Nobody can understand me' understand me'

A. 1) No body can understand me ņôç

7)

F´™‰x ؈’ Éü¿çû√ îËߪ’-´-©Æœ ´Ææ’hçC

3) I've 3 nephews and 2 nieces. Do nephews and niece have plural form?

Q.

Shall I go with you?=

3) 1) Did you go to him, correct

Which is correct?

Ø√èπ◊ ¢√∞¡x í∫’Jç* Åçûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ –

†’´¤y Åçûª

F ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√Ø√ É°æ¤púø’?

4) They are talking and walking/talking while walking/they are walking as they are talking/they are walking and talking as well. 5) I have been thinking of meeting you for the past/ the last three months. Think can be used in the progressive tense with the meaning of 'intend' 6) I have to do all this because of you (present) I will have to do all this because of you (future) 7) Because it was I/me he didn't say anything. If it had been someone else....

I don't know much about them

This house is my brother in-law's. 2)

Shall I come to you now?=

- P.Murali Krishna, Pedanindrakolanu.

main verb (v1)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2) ÉC èπÿú≈ ´’ç* v°æ¨¡o. Come Åçõ‰, ®√´ôç ÅE; Å®·ûË Ø√/´÷/-´’† ü¿í∫_-JéÀ äéπ®Ω’ ®√´-úøç, Ø√/´÷/-´’-†ûÓ äéπ®Ω’ ®√´-ú≈Eo ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ come Åçö«ç. ´’†ç ÉçéÌ-éπ-JûÓ éπL-Æœ-¢Á-∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ come ņç, Å°æ¤púø’ go Åçö«ç.

†’ past †’ç* future ûÁLÊ°ç-ü¿’Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈, past habits (í∫ûªç™ Å©-¢√-ôx†’) ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

3) Nephews- Plural of nephew Nieces - plural of niece.

I/ he/ somebody would walk 2 miles every morning = etc. We should attend the class more regularly = Class

†úÕ-îË-¢√-

úÕE/ ¢√úø’,

èπ◊ Æævéπ´’çí¬ ¢Á∞«xL (´’† Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ NCµ/ E•ç-üµ¿†). Å®·ûË regular Åçõ‰ØË Æævéπ-´’çí¬ ÅE éπü∆– DEéÀ more regularly ÅE comparative Öçúøü¿’. Öçõ‰ regular, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ irregular Å´¤-ûª’çC.

Present future: We shall/ will walk two miles every morning. would/ Present future should 2) The power is back. Carry on your work. 3) I think they will win. 4) So do I I think so too.

èπ◊

®√ü¿’.

(؈÷ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊ç-

ô’Ø√o)

Q.

(ÖüËl¨¡ç Öçúøôç)

8)

Ø√éπç-ûªí¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’/- Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.

9) Eighty rupees has been charged for...

éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ Åçö«®Ω’? 1. Ñ õ‰•’™¸ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öçü∆? 2. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ ™‰ü∆? 3. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îË®·-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†’. 4. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îÁ®·u. 5. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îË®·ç-î√†’. 6. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îËߪ’Ø√? 7. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îË®·≤ƒh. 8. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îÁߪ’u†’. 9. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îË®·ç-’. 10. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îË®·ç. 11. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç î˨»†’. 12. †’¢Ëy ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îËÆæ’éÓ. 13. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. 14. ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç-í¬ØË ÖçC. - Dontula Premalatha, Adilabad

A.

1. Is this table clean? 2. Isn't it clean? 3. I am getting cleaned

it

4. Clean it 5. I've (have) got it cleaned 6. Shall I clean it? 7. I'll get it cleaned 8. I don't clean it 9. I don't get it/ have it cleaned 10. Get/ have cleaned 11. I've cleaned it 12. Clean it yourself 13. It's not clean 14. It's clean.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

it

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 ´÷-Ja 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sakhya: Thank you very much. But for you I wouldn't have got this kind of marks in the exam.

(†’´¤y ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰/ F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰éπ§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, °æK-éπ~™  É™«çöÀ marks ´îª’aç-úË-N- 鬴¤.) Sneha: You're welcome. It isn't much that I did. Your effort helped you too.

(؈’ îËÆœçC °ü¿lí¬ àO’-™‰ü¿’. F v°æߪ’ûªoç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÅüË Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úÕçC.) Sakhya: I wish to give you a treat. Tell me when you are free so that I can fix a date.

(Fèπ◊ party É¢√y-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. FÈé-°æ¤púø’ ë«SØÓ îÁ°æ¤p, date fix îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Sneha: Make it any day after the day after tomorrow.

(á©’xçúÕ ûª®√yûª à ®Óï-®·Ø√ ÆæÍ®.) Sakhya: That's OK. It'd be really fine. Where shall we go? Who else shall I call?

(¶«í¬ØË Öçô’çC. áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞¡ü∆ç? ÉçÈé´JE °œ©-´†’?) Sneha: You're the host. You decide.

(†’´¤y éπü∆ ÇAü∑¿uç ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. †’´¤y E®Ωg-®·ç.)

(à £æ«Ùô™¸ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? Ææ’®Ω’-*Ø√ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ≠ævúø-ÆæØ√? vÊ°´’, v°‘A-©†’ èπÿú≈ °œ©-´Ø√?) Sneha: Either of the places is OK. Yea. Call them.

EXERCISE Match the expressions under A with their meanings under B. B

1. Blow up

A. Wide

2. Worldly

B. Torture

3. Extensive

C. Unquestionable

4. Persecution

D. Destroy

5. Indisputable

E. Tall G. Extreme

KEY: 1-D, 2-F, 3-A, 4-B, 5-C.

EXPLANATIONS 1) Blow up = Destroy = Bombs sives)

üµ¿yçÆæç-îË-ߪ’úøç/ Ê°™‰aߪ’úøç. ™‰ü∆ Ê°©’úø’ °æü∆-®√n©’ (explo¢√úÕ Nüµ¿yç-≤ƒ-EéÀ °æ‹†’-éÓ-´úøç.

a) Terrorists, tried to blow up the Parliament building = Terrorists, bombs/ explosives Parliament

ûÓ

†’ èπÿ™‰a-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√®Ω’.

v°æ¨¡o:

☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) But for you I wouldn't have got this kind of marks. 2) Tell me when you are free so that I can fix a date. 3) Either of the places is OK. 1) But for you =

But for

†’¢Ëy ™‰èπ◊çõ‰.

But for something/ But for somebody =

™‰èπ◊çõ‰/ ¢√∞Ïx ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰. a) But for Krishna's help the Pandavas would not have won =

éπ%≠æflgúÕ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’¢Ë’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ §ƒçúø´¤©’ ÈíL-ç-úË-¢√®Ω’ é¬ü¿’.

•ü¿’©’ É™« èπÿú≈ îÁ°æp-´îª’a:

If Krishna had not helped the Pandavas, they would not have won =

ÅüË

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

b) But for Tendulkar India would have lost the match = match

436

ߪ·çõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ úËC.

2) So that =

But for Lord Krishna's help the Pandavas would not have won.

a) I came here so that I can see you = I came here to see you. b) People invest so that they can make profits = People invest (only) to make profits. 3) Either of =

È®çúÕç-öÀ™/ Éü¿l-J™ àüÁjØ√/ á´-È®jØ√. Ç È®çúø’ pens ™, àüÁjØ√ BÆæ’éÓ.

a) Of the two pens, take either =

M.SURESAN

b) Naxalites have blown up a number of police stations = police stations

†éπq-™„jô’x î√™«

†’

Ê°™‰a-¨»®Ω’. 2) Worldly = Practical =

3) Extensive = wide =

c) Does either of them know where I am =

¢√Rx-ü¿l®Óx á´-Jéπ®·Ø√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ ØËØÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oØÓ?

Åçü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’

àç ÇPç-îªèπ◊çú≈ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-îËÊÆçûª Å™˜-éÀèπ◊úËO’ é¬ü¿-ûª†’. worldly = materialistic (É£æ«-™ -é¬-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†) $ spiritual = Çûªtèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†/ Çüµ∆u-Atéπ¢Á’i†. spirit = soul = Çûªt)

O’ü¿ NÆæh %ûª °æJ-¨-üµ¿†©’ ïJ-T-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ü∆E E¢√®Ωù Éçé¬ ûË©-™‰ü¿’. extensive X limited (°æJ-N’-ûª-¢Á’i†) 4) Persecution = torture = ¢ËCµç°æ¤/ *vûª-£œ«çÆæ.

ü˨¡ç™ ¢ËCµç-°æ¤©’ ûª°œpç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ -ûªÆ‘x-´÷ -†-vÆ‘-Ø˛ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ §ƒJ-§Ú-¢√Lq ´*açC. Subject to = ¶«üµ¿èπ◊/ ®Óí¬-EéÀ í∫’®Ω-´úøç flee - fled (P.T) - fled (P.P) = §ƒJ-§Ú-´úøç persecute X comfort (Ü®Ωô éπL-Tç-îªúøç)/ support (¶«Ææôí¬ E©-´úøç) 5. Indisputable = unquestionable = EJy-¢√-ü∆ç-¨¡¢Á’i†. question Åçõ‰ v°æ¨¡o/ v°æPoç-îªúøç ÅØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ N¶µ‰-Cç-îªúøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC dispute = N¢√ü¿ç a) His right to the property is indisputable = Ç ÇÆœhéÀ Åûª-úÕ-èπ◊†o £æ«èπ◊\ EJy-¢√-ü∆稡ç.

a) Galileo was subjected to persecution for stating that the earth goes round the sun =

b) That Tendulkar is the greatest batsman is batsman indisputable =

È®jûª’© Ææ´’Ææu© O’ü¿ NÆæh %-ûª-¢Á’i† Åüµ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËߪ÷-©E ´·êu-´’çvA ÇüË-Pç-î√®Ω’.

b) The cyclone has caused extensive damage to crops =

°æçô-©èπ◊ NÆæh %-ûª-¢Á’i† †≠ædç éπL-Tç-*çC

ûª’§ƒ†’. c) Extensive research has been done into cancer but a cure is yet to be found = Cancer

a) He pooh-poohs whatever his father says =

¢√∞¡x Ø√†o àC îÁ°œpØ√, ÅC Å®Ωn-®Ω-£œ«-ûª-´’E éÌöÀd §ƒÍ®-≤ƒhúø’/ ™„éπ\îËߪ’úø’. b) Many pooh-poohed Galileo's theories =

b) Taslima Nasreen had to flee to India to escape the persecution in her country =

a) Harbhajan Singh was the betenoire of the Australian team till recently = Australia

ïô’dèπ◊ éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπÿ, £æ«®Ωs¥-ï-Ø˛-Æœçí˚ Åçõ‰ØË ´’çôí¬ ÖçúÕçC. b) Saddam Hussain was the betenoire of

indisputable X dubious (doubtful) questionable G. Extreme

ûª†

George Bush = George Bush

èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’

II. 1. I will go and come back. 2. I will go with you/ I'll accompany you. 3. These rules/ regulations/ provisions should be/ shall be/ must be/ have to be implemented strictly/ without fail. shall be

(E•ç-üµ¿-†© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ N’í∫û√ ¢√öÀéπçõ‰ ÆæÈ®jçC).

4. These certificates must be enclosed with the application/ candidates shall enclose these certificates with the application. 5. When did you see him (last)? last =

*´-J-≤ƒJ

6. I saw him long ago.

=

(N¢√-ü∆ç-¨¡-¢Á’i†) N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† (Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’

N´-Jçî√ç.)

°æúøE ´uéÀh Ææü∆lç £æ›ÊÆØ˛.

Å®·ûË,

Èí-M-LßÁ÷ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√-©†’ î√-™«-´’çC îÁûªh ÅE éÌöÀd-§ƒ-Í®-¨»®Ω’/ A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç-î√®Ω’. Betenoire (¶„-ö¸-Ø˛¢√)= ´’†èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ †îªaE N≠æߪ’ç/ ´uéÀh ('Åûª-úøç-õ‰ØË Ø√èπ◊ ´’çô— ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ).

õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ ÅA íÌ°æp ÅØËC EJy-¢√-ü∆稡ç.

Ææ÷®Ω’uúÕ îª’ô÷d ¶µº÷N’ °æJ-v¶µº-N’-≤Úhç-ü¿E îÁ°œp†çü¿’èπ◊ ÈíM-LßÁ÷ (¨»ÆæY-Vcúø’) ¢ËCµç°æ¤©èπ◊ í∫’®Ω-ߪ÷uúø’.

I Pooh-pooh -

äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo, äéπ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo, Å®Ωnç ™‰E-ü¿E éÌöÀd-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’úøç.

NÆæh %-ûª-¢Á’i†.

a) The Chief Minister has ordered an extensive study of farmers' problems =

™˜éπuç Ö†o/ v§ƒ°æç-*-éπ-

b) He is too worldly to help others for nothing =

.

†’´¤y Ø√ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ´≤ƒh¢√, ؈’ F ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ®√Ø√? àüÁjØ√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊.

E†’o îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√a†’. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: b) People invest so that they can Either of = È®çúÕç-öÀ™ / Éü¿l-J™ àüÁjØ√/ á´-È®jØ√ make profits = ™«¶µ«©’ í∫úÕç-îËç-ü¿’Íé Any of = È®ç-úÕç-öÀéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀ™ x/ Éü¿l-J-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-´’ç-C™, àüÁjØ√/ á´-È®jØ√. á´-È®jØ√ °ô’d-•úÕ Â°úø-û√®Ω’. Å®·ûË, so that •ü¿’©’ to ¢√úø-´îª’a. ÅC simpler èπÿú≈.

c) But for the loan from the bank he could not have gone to the US for studies = Bank

®Ω’ù¢Ë’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, Åûªúø’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úø’ é¬úø’.

b) Will you come to me or shall I come to you? Either is OK for me =

a) I came here so that I can see you =

õ„çúø÷-©\Í® ™‰éπ-§Ú™ ãúÕ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-

ï¢√•’: ÅØË

°æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. Ñ éÀç-C ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷-L? 1. ؈’ ¢ÁRx ´’®Ω™« ´≤ƒh†’. 2. ؈’ FûÓ èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh†’. 3. Ñ E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å´’©’ 鬢√L. 4. Ñ ÆæJd-°∂œ-Èéô’x Å°œx-Íé-≠æ-†’ûÓ §ƒô’ ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ ïûª -îË-ߪ÷L. 5. †’´¤y Åûª-úÕE í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»´¤? 6. ؈’ Åûª-úÕE î√™«-鬩ç éÀçü¿ô îª÷¨»†’. 7. Åûª-úÕE ¢Á·†oØË îª÷¨»†’. III. Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ™ idioms and phrases èπ◊ Ö†o v§ƒüµ∆†uç àN’öÀ? IV. Should, must àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈L? – °œ.á-Ø˛.-N.-®Ω-´’-ù-¶«•’, A®Ω’-°æA II.

Sakhya: OK then.

¢Á’i†. ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ Ñ ™éπç™ ´’† @N-û√-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç*-†-ü∆Eo worldly Åçö«®Ω’. ´’†-èπ◊†o ÇÆæ’h©’, úø•’s, °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ, †í∫©’, ´Èíj-®√-©Fo ´’† worldly possessions (ÇÆæ’h©’) a) He is good at managing worldly affairs. v§ƒ°æç*éπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç™ Åûªúø’ Côd. (ûª† ÇÆæ’h-©÷-™«ç-öÀ-¢√-öÀE ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©úø’) Practical Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ÅüË Å®Ωnç ü∆ü∆°æ¤. ´’†¢Ë’ç îËߪ’-í∫©ç, îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’-´©x ´îËa ™«¶µº-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ´’†ç Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÆœ ¢√∞¡x Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §Òçü¿-í∫-©-í∫úøç – É™« ™˜éÀéπçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√-∞¡x†’ worldly Åçö«ç.

F. Practical

I. Pooh-pooh, Betenoir

(È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àü¿-®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’. ¢√Rx-ü¿lKo °œ©’´¤.)

But for you I wouldn't have got...

Sakhya: Which of the two restaurants do you think will be better- Suruchi or Shadrasa? Shall I call Prema and Preethi?

A

2

IV.

¢√öÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç î√™« áèπ◊\¢Ë. ÅN Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ¶µ«≠æ™ ¶µ«í∫ç. ´÷´‚©’ Spoken English ™ should †’ ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x must ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË should éπçõ‰ must èπ◊ force áèπ◊\´. You should do it = †’´yC îËߪ÷L. You must do it = †’´yC îËߪ÷L ÅE í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpúøç.

v°æ¨¡o:

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L? 1. éÌ¢ÌyAh ÇJ-§Ú-®·çC (á´®Ω÷ Ç®Ωp-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË) 2. ؈’ éÌ¢ÌyAh ÇÍ®p-¨»†’ 3. ü∆®Ωç ûÁT-§Ú-®·çC (á´®Ω÷ ûÁç°æ-™‰ü¿’) – °œ.P-´-®√´¤, É©xçü¿’

-ï-¢√-•’:

7. I saw him just the day before/ only the day before.

1. The candle is out/ has gone out.

III.

3. The thread has snapped.

î√™« v§ƒüµ∆-†u¢Ë’ ÖçC. Ççí∫x ¶µ«≠æ-™ØË é¬ü¿’, à ¶µ«≠æ-™-ØÁjØ√ ÆæÍ® idioms,-ûª phrases Öçö«®·.

2. I put out the candle.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 25 ´÷-Ja 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

v°æ¨¡o: Please clarify following doubts and write examples for each doubt. 1. I wish you would stop smoking. 2. I wish Saturday.

today

was

3. I wish she would be quiet. 4. I shall writing a letter being written by me

DEo A letter shall be -Å-ØÌ-î√a? 5. In spite of, despite Å™«Íí Although/ though ©†’ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x ¢√úø-û√®Ó N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 6. On the other hand Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – á.°çîª-©ßª’u, ®√ïç-Ê°ô

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. I wish you would stop smoking = You

smoke and I don't like it. I wish that you stop smoking. 2.

É¢√∞¡ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Å®·ûË áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’†’! (É¢√∞¡ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË ¶«í∫’ç-úËC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC – I wish today was. Today-present, Was-past tense. DE-•-ü¿’©’ were èπÿú≈ ¢√-úÌa – v°æÆæ’hûªç -ÅÆæç-¶µº-´¢Á’i† ¢√öÀéÀ, v°æÆæ’hûªç B®ΩE éÓJ-éπ-©èπ◊ É™« was/ were ¢√úøû√ç. I wish he were here = -Å-ûª-úÕ-éπ\úø É°æ¤púø’ Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’†’! 3. I wish she would be quiet = Ç¢Á’ E¨¡z-•lçí¬ Öçú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o (Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púø’ íÌúø´ îË≤ÚhçC, ÅE). DEéÀ I wish she were quiet èπÿ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eü∆lç: I wish she would be quiet =

Ç¢Á’ E¨¡z-•lçí¬ Öçú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o – ÉC É°æ¤púø’ í¬F, future ™ í¬F

I wish she were/ was (were-American; was-British) quiet -

ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC.

ÉC

É°æ¤púø’ (Ç¢Á’ E¨¡z-•lçí¬ Öçúøôç) ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’. 4. O’®Ω’ I shall be writing a letter Åçô’-Ø√o-®Ω-†’èπ◊çö«. DEéÀ passive

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

v°æ¨¡o:

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Partnership 24 runs off 37 balls.

°j ¢√éπuç™ off èπ◊ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ü∆EéÀ •ü¿’©’ from ®√ÊÆh ûª§ƒp? 2. Get together party éÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? 3. India win by 5 wickets ᙫ éπÈ®é˙d? ™„j¢˛ õ„L-é¬-Æˇd™ ÉçúÕߪ÷ Èí©-´-í¬ØË Â°j õ„jöÀ™¸ ¢Ë≤ƒh®Ω’. Win èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ past tense Å®·† won Öçú≈L éπü∆? – úÕ.vÊ°-´’-©ûª, ÇC-™«-¶«ü˛

ï¢√•’:

1. Off 37 balls = 37 balls

Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø '†’ç*—/ '™— ÅE Å®Ωnç. Off †’ç*/ 37 balls ™ ÅE. 2. Get together party ņç. Get together ÅØ√o Åçö«ç, Party ÅØ√o Åçö«ç. †©’-í∫’®Ω÷ éπ©Æœ Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ party îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç/ àüÁjØ√ AEû√T Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úø-°æúøç -Å-E -Å®Ωnç. 3. Newspaper, TV headings ™ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ïJT-§Ú-®·ç-üÁjØ√ present tense (present simple) ™ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. ûª®√yA Report ÉîËa-ô°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûªç present perfect ™‰ü∆ past simple ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

A. 1. Messrs 2. Matricide 3. Utter 4. Bluff 5. Evasion 6. Eviction 7. Gypsy 8. Uplift, lift up

ÉN È®çúø÷ äÍé Å®√nEo É≤ƒhߪ÷? ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

voice, grammar for grammer's sake, the

M.SURESAN

°œûª%£æ«ûªu Fratricide = ≤Úü¿-®Ω-£æ«ûªu, etc., Cide = v§ƒù’©†’ îªçÊ° ´’çü¿’©’ Pesticide = véÀN’ <úø-°æ¤-®Ω’-í∫’© Ææç£æ…-JùÀ Insecticide = éÃôéπ Ø√¨¡E Genocide = äéπ ñ«A ¢Á·û√hEo îªçÊ°-ߪ’úøç

letter shall/ will be being written letter passive English I shall be writing a letter- direct simple passive

ÅØÌa. (Ø√ ®√ߪ’-•-úø’ûª÷ Öçô’çC.) ÉC ûÁ©’-í∫’îËûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË ™ ™ØË é¬ü¿’, èπÿú≈ -ÅÆæ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. í¬ í¬ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ™ îÁ§ƒp-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. éπü∆. 5 & 6. OöÀéÀ 424 - 42 Lessons îª÷úøçúÕ.

6. Eviction = to make somebody vacate a place.

(äéπ v°æüË-¨»Eo/ ÉçöÀE ë«S îË®·ç-îªúøç.) a) The Municipal authorities evicted the people occupying its land =

ûª† Ææn™«Eo Çvéπ-N’ç-èπ◊†o ¢√∞¡x†’ ´·-Eq-§ƒ-Löà ë«S îË®·ç-*çC.

b) The court ordered the eviction of the land grabbers from the Government land =

v°æ¶µº’ûªy ¶µº÷´·©†’ ÇvéπN’ç-*-†-¢√-JE ë«S îË®·ç-î √-©E court ÇüË-Pç-*ç-C. 7. Gypsy = ´’† ®√≠æZç™E ©ç¶«-úŒ©’, á®Ω’-éπ©’ ™«í¬ Europe ™ äéπ Ææçî√-®Ω-ñ«A. Hitler, Jews (ߪ‚ü¿’) ñ«AE ¢Á·ûªhç îªçÊ°-ߪ÷-©- 8. Uplift = ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ Rural uplift projects = ví¬O’-ù«-Gµ-´%Cl¥ °æü∑¿-鬩’ †’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 鬕öÀd Åûª-úÕC genocide. Social uplift = ≤ƒ´÷->éπ ÅGµ-´%Cl¥. Infanticide = P¨¡Ÿ-£æ«ûªu 3. Utter = total = °æ‹Jh. Lift up = üˆo®·Ø√ °jéÀ ™‰°æúøç In utter sorrow she committed suicide = °æ‹Jh He lifted up his head = -Å-ûª-úø’ -ûª© °jÈé-û√húø’. N≥ƒ-ü¿çûÓ Ç¢Á’ Çûªt-£æ«ûªu îËÆæ’-èπ◊çC. Nobody lifted up a finger when the boy His utter carelessness caused the accident teased the girl in public = Åçü¿-J-´·çü¿÷ Ç = Åûª-úÕ °æ‹Jh E®Ωxéπ~uç v°æ´÷-ü∆Eo éπL-Tç-*çC. Å´÷t-®·E àúÕ-°œ-Ææ’h†o Ŷ«s®·¢Áj°æ¤ äéπ\-®Ω’-èπÿú≈ 4. Bluff = •’é¬-®·ç-îªúøç ¢Ë™„Ah îª÷°æ-™‰ü¿’. He bluffed to the people of the village that B. Housemaker é¬ü¿’, Homemaker Å-´¤-† ’. he was a revenue official = ûª†’ revenue É°æ¤púø’, homemaker †’ housewife éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\ÅCµ-é¬-J-†E Ç ví¬´’-Ææ’h-©†’ •’é¬-®·ç-î√úø’. ´í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å¢Á’-J-鬙 Å®·ûË house Bluff Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ lessons ™ N´-Jçî√ç worker É°æpöÀ ¢√úø’éπ. îª÷úøçúÕ. C. As dull as ditch water - ÉC English idiom = 5. Evasion = áíÌ_-ôdúøç/ áí∫-¢Ëûª î√™« ÅØ√-Ææ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†/ extremely boring. Evasion of taxes is common all over the The movie/ novel is as dull as ditch water = world = °æ†’o© áí∫-¢Ëûª v°æ°æç-îªç™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. Ç ÆœE´÷/ †´© î√™« bore í¬ ÖçC. a) He was punished for his evasion of duty = D. Over the counter = (´’çü¿’© ™«çöÀN) Duty áíÌ_-öÀd-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕéÀ Péπ~-°æ-úÕçC. Doctor's prescriptions ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ é̆-í∫b) He evaded a direct answer = Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ü∆ô L-TûË, we buy them over/ across the counter. -¢Ë-¨»úø’. (evade duty/ taxes, etc)

As dull as ditch water B.

É°æ¤púø’ î√™«-´’çC house wife ņ-ú≈-EéÀ •ü¿’©’ íı®Ω-´-¶µ«-´çí¬ '£æ«˜Æˇ-¢Ë’-éπ®˝— Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. ÉC éπ®Ω-ÍédØ√?

C. The lecture was as dull as ditch water. D. You can buy most of the cold remedies over the counter -

Ñ È®ç-úø’ ¢√é¬u© Å®Ωnç

àN’öÀ?

ï¢√•’:

–áØ˛.XE-¢√-Ææ’-©’-È®úÕf, éπ©’-¢√®·

A. 1. Messrs is the plural of Mister (Mr).

î√™« ´’çC Ê°®Ω’x îÁ°æ¤h-†o-°æ¤púø’ v°æA Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ Mr. ¢√úË •ü¿’©’, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ Messrs ¢√úøû√ç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ææ®ΩyX ™«í¬. Mr. Reddy,

Mr Naidu and Mr. Sastry = Messrs Reddy, Naidu and Sastry. Company Messrs M/s M/s Larsen & Turbo company

1. Quarterly/ Half yearly/ Annual examinations Quarterly/ Half yearly/ Annual examination

Åçõ‰ éπÈ®é¬d? ™‰éπ

Ê°®Ωx™ Öçõ‰, ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈ í¬ Ææ÷*≤ƒhç. ´uèπ◊h© Ê°®ΩxûÓ ÖçúË ´÷vûª¢Ë’)

Åçõ‰ éπÈ®é¬d? 2. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ passive voice -™ ®√--ߪ’-úø-¢Á’-™«? 1. I shall go to market 2. I go to market

©’ ´uèπ◊h© †’ (ÉC ´·çü¿’

M/s Johnson and Johnson, etc. 2. Matricide =

4. I waited

ï¢√•’:

437

Patricide =

éÀçC °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’, v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

v°æ¨¡o:

3. I went market

2

cide

´÷ûª%-£æ«ûªu/ ûªLxE îªç°æúøç. Åçõ‰ îªç°æúøç, suicide = Çûªt-£æ«ûªu

– ¢Áj.í¬-ߪ’vA, ÇÆœ-§∂ƒ-¶«ü˛

1. Quarterly/ Half year/ Annual Examinations Correct.

v°æ¨¡o:

ņ-úø¢Ë’

2. 1st, 2nd and 3rd sentences verb, go object (shall go, go, went). Go verb ( answer Object verbs Imperative sen(Intransitive verbs) tences passive I waited wait, Intransitive verb passive Imperative sentences Intransitive passive

™ ÅØËC ™‰E Åçõ‰ á´-JE/ üËEéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç ÅE v°æPoç-®√ü¿’). ™‰E èπ◊çõ‰ èπ◊ ™ ûª°æp Öçúøü¿’. ™ èπÿú≈ 鬕öÀd ®√ü¿’. Å®·ûË ™ (Çïc©’, éÓJ-éπ©’ ûÁL-Ê°N) èπ◊ Öçô’çC. é¬F ÅC î√™« éπ%ûªèπÿú≈ éπçí¬ Öçô’çC.

e.g. AV: Please go away (request). PV: You are requested to go away. AV: Wait here. PV: You are asked to wait here.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L? 1. ؈’ ü∆®√Eo ûÁçÊ°¨»†’. 2. Éçöx ™„jô’x ÇJ-§Ú-ߪ÷®· (á´®Ω÷ Ç®Ωp-™‰ü¿’) 3. Éçöx ™„jô’x ¢ÁL-í¬®· (á´®Ω÷ Æœyî˝ ¢Ëߪ’-™‰ü¿’) 4. Éçöx éπÈ®çô’ §Ú®·çC. 5. éπÈ®çô’ ´*açC. 6. Ø√ îÁ°æ¤p©’ ûÁT-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. –°œ.P-´-®√´¤, É©xçü¿’

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. I cut the thread/ I snapped the thread. 2. The lights have gone out/ are off. 3. The light is back/ The lights/ lamps are back/ The lights (lamps) are on again.

4. The power is off/ out; The power has gone off/ out. 5. The power is back. 6.

´’†ç ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ ¢√úË îÁ°æ¤p-©èπ◊ English™ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. Chappals ÇçUx-éπ-Jç-*† £œ«çD-´÷ô – English ¢√∞¡xèπ◊, Americans èπÿ ÅC Å®Ωnç-é¬ü¿’, ¢√-∞¡Ÿx -Å™«çöÀ îÁ°æ¤p©’ ¢√úø®Ω’ é¬-•-öÀd. ¢√∞¡Ÿx Éçöx ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úË slippers §ƒü¿ç °j¶µ«-í¬Eo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´‚Æœ Öç-ûª’çC. ´’† belt shoes, ¢√∞¡x sandals. Shoes, ankle éÀçü¿èπ◊ Öçö«®·. Boots, ankle °jéÀ Öçö«®·. Åçü¿’-´©x Ø√ îÁ°æ¤p©’ ûÁT-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. Åçõ‰, The straps of my footwear has snapped ÅØ√L. Footwear Åçõ‰ à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† §ƒü¿-®Ω-éπ~-®·Ø√. Straps = °æöÃd©’. Shoes have worn out = shoes ÅJ-T-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ ûÁ©’í∫’ ´÷ö«x-úø-•-úø’†’ ÅE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ Telugu is spoken in Andhra Pradesh ÅØ√™«? ™‰ü∆ Telugu is being spoken in Andhra Pradesh

ÅØ√™«? È®çúÕç-öÀéà ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? –Èé.Ø√-í∫-îÁjûª†u, §ƒßª’-éπ-®√-´¤-Ê°ô

-ï-¢√-•’:

Telugu is spoken in AP= AP

™ ûÁ©’í∫’ ´÷ö«x-úø-•-úø’†’– á°æ¤púø÷– Åéπ\úÕ ¶µ«≠æ ÅC, ÅE Å®Ωnç.Telugu is being spoken in AP= É°æ¤púø’ AP™ ûÁ©’í∫’ ´÷ö«x-úø-•-úø’ûª÷ ÖçC/-É-°æ¤p-úø-éπ\úø ûÁ©’í∫’ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ ÖØ√o-®ΩE Å®Ωnç. ÉC ÆæJé¬ü¿’ éπü∆?Çç-vüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸-™ á°æ¤púø÷ ´÷ö«x-úËC ûÁ©’Íí éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE Telugu is spoken cor-

rect. Telugu is being spoken in APIncorrect.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 27 ´÷-Ja 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Please explain how to use backdrop word. 2. The pronunciation of 'The and A'. Some times 'The' pronounced and some other times Aand please give detail examples.

ü¿ C.

á

Å

3. Please explain Adversity is the touch stone of friendship.

ï¢√•’:

a) The budget frees the farmers from the repayment of bank loans. Against this backdrop, it is clear that it is an election budget = against this backdrop.

Ñ ØË°æ-

ü∑¿uç™ îª÷ÊÆh =

b) It is against the backdrop of the Godhra incident that communal clashes began in Gujarat = The Godhra incident explains the communal trouble in Gujarat. 2. Please refer to Spoken English lesson No.3 for the correct pronunciation of 'The'. The article 'a' is pronounced as when it has no stress, and as when it is stressed. 'a' book -

Å -'á— ´÷´‚-©’í¬ °æL-éÀûË, Å éÌçîÁç ØÌéÀ\ °æL-éÀûË, ´÷´‚-©’í¬ á í¬ N†-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. (Å îÁ°æp-úøç. ؈’ äéπ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo í∫’JçîË îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√o†’ ÅE ØÌéÀ\-°æ-L-éÀûË, Å°æ¤púø’, á book Åçö«ç.)

– -Ö-¢Á’t£æ«-E, û√çúø÷®˝

1. Backdrop actually means the curtain that is at the back part of the stage, forming the background. But backdrop used in the expression, 'against this backdrop' means, the circumstances and general conditions in which an event takes place.

3. Very different situations in life are the real test of friendship = You know that a friend of yours is a real friend when he helps you in difficult situations.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

convincing verb, am convincing verb be from + ... ing form. present participle independent

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -á-™« ®√-ߪ÷-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. -Å-™«Íí ¢√uéπ-®Ωù ®Ω÷°æç™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Ñ

I. 1. I am convincing her. (present participle) 3. We have convinced her (past participle) 4. You are very convincing (adjective) 5. She has a speaking part in the school play (adjective)

™

1. I shall be twenty next Saturday.

III.

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√èπÿúøüÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ÉçTx≠ˇ– ûÁ©’í∫’ ví¬´’®˝, ÉçTx≠ˇ ví¬´’-®˝™ modal verbs í∫’Jç* N´--Jç-îË °æ¤Ææhé¬-©’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

Å®·ûË éÌçü¿®Ω’ grammarians, didn't he/ Å--Ø√-©ç-ö«®Ω’, everyone = v°æA äéπ\®Ω÷ (Çú≈, ´’í¬) ÖçúÌa éπü∆ ÅE. Å®·ûË Modern English ™ É™«çöÀ îÓôx they ¢√úø’-Èéj-§Ú-®·çC.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ question tag ûÁL°œ, ¢√öÀE N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – Ææ’üµ¿, §ƒ´E; ´’ûªqu-°æ¤J, °æPa-´’-íÓ-ü∆-´J

ï¢√•’:

2. Three centuries have been made by Laxman, haven't they? passive voice Laxman has made three centuries, hasn't he? simpler

1. Everyone attended the meeting, didn't

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

†’ í¬ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? 2. She is now convinced, Ééπ\úø convinced, she is interested ™ interested ™«í¬, past participle, Å®·ûË ÅC adjective í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. 3. We have convinced her - Ééπ\úø convinced (pp), verb ™ ¶µ«í∫ç (Have/ has/ had etc., + past

(Å®·Ø√ Ééπ\úø Ñ Å†-´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆? ņ-úøç

éπü∆?)

II. Will be/ shall be 'be' subject forms Will know, shall know (will/ shall + 1st RDW) subject action words.

ÉN ÖçúË ÆœnAE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·.

438

îËÊÆ °æ†’-©†’ ûÁLÊ°

English

™ WILL be know Å-ØË verb form ™‰ü¿’. ´’ç* grammar book àü¿-®·Ø√ modals †’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC – Wren and Martin ûÓ Ææ£æ…. IV. 1. You are astonishing everyone = †’´¤y Åçü¿JF Ǩ¡a-®Ωuç™ ´·çîÁ-ûª’h-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. III.

You ar e astonishing ever yone

IV. 1.You are astonishing everyone.

4. You are very convincing convincing adjective (The book is interesting interesting

Ééπ\úø O’®Ω † oô’x 2. You are astonishing. ™, ™«í¬). 3. Everyone was astonished. 5.Speaking part - Ééπ\úø ...ing form adjec4. The writing is very bhorned. tive ™«í¬ °æE-îË-Ææ’hçC. Interesting book – Èé.†-®Ω-Æœç-£æ…-È®úÕf, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ™ Interesting ™«í¬. äéπ-´’-E≠œ/ ´Ææ’h´¤ ï¢√•’: á-™«ç-öÀ-üÓ îÁÊ°pC, adjective. I. I am convincing- Ééπ\úø present participle Å®·†

2. You are astonishing =

1. So-called

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? 2. He got killed- Ñ ¢√éπuç éπ®Ω-ÍédØ√? È®çúø’ past forms °æéπ\-°æ-éπ\ØË ®√èπÿ-úøü¿’ éπü∆? 3. ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-F-ߪ·úø’ – DEéÀ ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü¿ç àN’öÀ? 4. She encircling her being – DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? – Èé.áÆˇ.Ç®˝., ü¿Jz

ï¢√•’:

3. Everyone was astonished = 4. The writing is very bhorned?

b) The so called world champions in cricket, the Australians, had to accept defeat at the hands of the Indians =

v°æ°æçîª Nñ‰-ûª©’í¬ °œ©-´-•úË ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ’†’x, ¶µ«®Ωû˝ îËûª’™x ãôN’E ÅçUéπ-Jç-î√Lq ´*açC.

c) The so called expert in English has made these mistakes =

Ççí∫xç™ E°æ¤-ù’úø’í¬ Ê°®Ω’-†o Çߪ’† Ñ ûª°æ¤p©’ î˨»úø’. 2. He got killed - Correct. Ééπ\úø killed past tense é¬ü¿’, past participle.

™‰ü¿’. Ñ ´÷ô

ÉC Å®Ωnç 鬴-úøç™ ™‰ü¿’.

ii) Conditional sentence sentence

2. a) We should save the trees from being cut down.

When/ provided you work hard, you will succeeded = condiWhen/ provided you work tional sentence hard - Condition. when = provided = if.

ûÓ ¢√éπuç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* éÌEo Öü∆£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ É´yç-úÕ. ii) Å™«Íí ¢√é¬u-EéÀ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ if ™‰ü∆ had ™‰èπ◊çú≈ conditional sentence à®Ωp-úø’-ûª’çü∆?ᙫ?

b) He was against the treasures being sent to France. – being

Å®Ωnç

àN’öÀ? 3. Orlando told Gonymede that he had advised his brother to get ready for the marriage the next day and that he himself would have loved to get married to his Rosalind [As you like it.]

Åçúø-®˝-™„jØ˛ îËÆœ† ¢√éπu-¶µ«-í¬-EéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç îÁ°æp -í∫-©®Ω’. 4. I have been down, suh, to see ol' – DEéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? – Èé.á-Æˇ.-Ç®˝. ´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’

ï¢√•’:

1. i) Given the freedom that he wants, he can achieve anything =

Åûª-úÕéÀ 鬴-©-Æœ† ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç Åûªúø’ É´y-•-úÕûË (Åûª-úÕ-éÀÊÆh Åûª-úË-üÁjØ√ ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫-©úø’)

Given - past participle

3. Deserves to be appreciated/ has to be appreciated.

Thrown out of job, he is starving =

4. She encircling her being-

ûÌ©-Tç-îª-•úÕ, Åûªúø’ °æÆæ’h-©’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. Å®Ωnç -™‰ü¿’.

bhorned/ bhorsed? English

M.SURESAN

1. i) Past participle

°j È®çúø’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù™x

v°æñ« ÊÆ´-èπ◊-©-†-•úË Ñ ®√ïéÃߪ’ Ø√-ߪ’-èπ◊©’ -ûª-´’ éÓÆæ-¢Ë’ °æ-EîËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’.

Åçü¿®Ω÷

Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.

Å™« ņ-•úË/ Å™« °œ©-´-•úË.

a) These politicians, the so called servants of the public, serve only themselves =

†’´¤y Ǩ¡a®Ωuç

éπL-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

-v°æ-¨¡o:

1. So called =

they? she?

1. Everyone attended the meeting. 2. Three centuries have been made by V.V.S.Laxman in the Sydney play ground.

participle)

2. It will be Diwali in a week. 3. We will know our exam results in May – will be know

™ ¶µ«í∫ç. ®Ω÷°æç –

-v°æ-¨¡o:

Ééπ\úø

2. She is now convinced (past participle)

II. Simple future tense

2

Thrown - past participle

ÖüÓuí∫ç †’ç*

ûÁLÊ° ûª’çC.

Åçõ‰ O’ Å®Ωnç condition †’ Å®·ûË, If, had ™‰èπ◊çú≈ à®Ωp-úø’-

†’´¤y éπ≠d-°æ æ-úÕûË Nïߪ’ç §Òç-ü¿’-û√-´¤. ÉC éπü∆? Ééπ\úø

Before you pay the fees, you cannot be admitted = fees Before you pay the fees, condition

-O’®Ω’ èπÿú≈

éπ-ôdéπ -´·ç--ü¿’ -N’--´’t-Lo -îË®Ω’aéÓ-™‰ç. -Ééπ\úø éπü∆.

2. Cutting down = (Active voice) = being cut down (Passive voice) from cutting down from being cut down = Passive 'be' form being He was against sending the treasures to France (AV) = France He was against the treasures being sent to France (Passive)being passive construcverb form tion

†®Ω-éπúøç †’ç* (†®Ω-éπ-èπ◊çú≈) †®Ω-éπ-•-úøôç †’ç* (†®Ω-éπ-•™ Å´-Ææ®Ωç, Åçü¿’èπ◊ úø-èπ◊çú≈) – ¢√úøû√ç. Å™«Íí, Ç Eüµ¿’-©†’ èπ◊ ûª®Ω-Lç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûªúø’ ´uA-Í®éπç = Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ É™«çöÀ îÓôx èπ◊ v°æûËuéπ Å®Ωnç àç Öçúøü¿’ – ÅC ™ ™ ¶µ«í∫ç. 3. Rosalind †’ °Rx-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûª†èπ◊ èπÿú≈ džç-ü¿çí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E (îÁ§ƒpúø’). 4. Suh Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø Ç ´÷ö«xúË Åûªúø’, Sir †’ pronounce îËÊÆ Nüµ¿ç, Å™«Íí ol' èπÿú≈ all †’ pronounce îËÊÆ Nüµ¿ç.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. ¢Á·í∫-´÷ôç, *ûªh-¨¡ŸCl¥ °æü∆-©†’ Ççí∫xç™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? Hesitation, demur, modest

™«çöÀN ÆæÈ®j† Å®√nEo (¢Á·í∫´÷ôç) Ææ÷*-≤ƒhߪ÷? Sincerity ņo °æü¿ç *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥éÀ ÆæJ-§Úü∆? 2. 'Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’— ņo Å®Ωnç™ 'I wouldn't know ' ÅE éÌEo †´-©™x îªC-¢√†’. 'I don't know' ÆæÈ®jçC é¬ü∆? – -Ç®˝.-áç.-N.-á-Ø˛.®Ω´÷-é¬ç-ûª®√-´¤, N¨»-ê-°æôoç

ï¢√•’: 1.

¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç– Unassertiveness. *ûªh-¨¡ŸCl¥ – Sincerity. Hesitation - Ææ稡ߪ ’ç, ÉC-é¬Ææh ¢Á·£æ«-´÷--ö«-EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω. Å®·ûË, correct í¬ lack of assertiveness = ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oC E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫-L-Íí-¨¡éÀh ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøç, ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÆæJ-§Úü¿’. Demure/ modest - ´·êuçí¬ Çúø¢√∞¡x N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ – Éûª-®Ω’© ü¿%≠œdE ÇéπJ{ç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË -Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Demur - ÅÆæ-´’t-Aí¬ Öçúøôç. 2. I don't know - Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ ÅE ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å†úøç. I wouldn't know - Ø√Íéç ûÁLߪ’ü¿’, ü∆E N≠æߪ’ç Å-E éÌç-îÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpúøç.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1.

'Ææçߪ·-éπhçí¬— °æü∆-EéÀ Ççí∫x-°æü¿ç àN’öÀ? -Ö-ü∆: ߪ·´-®√ñ¸ Æœçí˚, vÍí¢˛’ Æœtû˝ Éü¿l®Ω÷ Ææçߪ·-éπhçí¬ ´÷uØ˛ Ç°∂ˇ C ÆœKÆˇ Å¢√®Ω’f Èí©’--èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. 2. •çü˛èπ◊ Ççí∫x-°æü¿ç àN’öÀ? ´÷¢Ó-®·-Ææ’d©’ Í®°æ¤ ®√≠æZ •çü˛èπ◊ °œ©’-°æ¤- -É-î√a®Ω’. DEo Ççí∫xç™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? – N.®√-ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

ï¢√•’: 1.

2.

joint. Yuvraj and Greame Smith won the man of the match award jointly/ They won the award jointly.

Ææçߪ·éπh =

•çü˛èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† Ççí∫x-°æ-ü¿ç-™‰ü¿’. A ņ-´îª’a.

total/ general strike

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 30 ´÷-Ja 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Mihir: Don't poke fun at me. I hate to see you bursting into laughter like that.

(††’o Çô-°æ-öÀdç-îªèπ◊. †’´¤y Å™« °æí∫-©-•úÕ †´yúøç Ø√Íé-´÷vûªç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’.) Akhil: Take it easy Mihir. It's just an innocent joke.

2

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) Don't poke fun at me. 2) Your joke is out of place. 3) Why are you so worked up? 4) I am running short of time. 1) Poke fun:

(Å™« ¶«üμ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊, ûËLí¬_ BÆæ’éÓ. ÅüË ü¿’®Ω’-üËl-¨¡ç™‰E joke.) Mihir: Your joke, let me tell you, is out of place.

(F

joke

èπ◊ ÉC Æ洒ߪ’ç é¬ü¿E îÁ°æ¤hØ√o).

Akhil: Why are you so worked up?

(áçü¿’-éπçûª ÇçüÓ-∞¡†/ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖØ√o´¤?) Mihir: You would be, as well, if you were in my place. Here I am running short of time to finish my work, and you disturb me by your silly jokes.

(†’´¤y Ø√ ≤ƒn†ç™ Öçõ‰ †’´¤y èπÿú≈ Ø√™«í¬ ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†-ûÓØË Öçö«´¤. °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ time ™‰éπ ؈’ ¶«üμ¿-°æúø’-ûª’çõ‰ F Å®Ωnç-™‰E jokes ûÓ ††’o disturb îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤)

Çô-°æ-öÀdç-îªúøç/ ÍíL-îË-ߪ’úøç/ áí∫-û√R îËߪ’úøç/ Å°æ-£æ…Ææuç îËߪ’úøç

a) Neeraja has no sense of time and place. She pokes fun at every body as if she were very smart =

F®Ω-ïèπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷, áéπ\ú≈ ÅØË Ç™- Öçúøü¿’. ûªØËüÓ ´’£æ… ûÁL-¢Ájç-üÁj-†ô’x Åçü¿-JF áí∫û√R îËÆæ’hç-ô’çC.

b) Don't poke fun at his clothes. He isn't as well as off as you are =

ÅûªúÕ ü¿’Ææ’h©’ îª÷Æœ †´yèπ◊/ áí∫-û√R îËߪ’èπ◊. Åûªúø’ F Åçûª üμ¿E-èπ◊úø’ é¬úø’.

Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ÆæJ-鬴¤) °æôx Ææçû√°æç

condolence =

äéπJ ´’®Ωùç

Åçûª éÓ°æç ûÁa-éÓèπ◊. Åçûª

b) Her jokes were out of place in a serious situation like that =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù

439

Åçûª í∫çHμ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æJ-Æœn-A™ Ç¢Á’ jokes ÅÆæç-ü¿®Ωs¥çí¬ ÖØ√o®·.

Why ar e you so worked up?

Akhil: I'm sorry, old boy. I am ready to lend a hand to help you complete your work. Let me know. What can I do for you?

c) Poking fun at others is certainly bad manners =

c) Informal clothes are out of place when you attend an interview =

Éûª®Ω’©†’ Å°æ£æ…Ææuç îËߪ’úøç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ü¿’v≠æp-´-®ΩhØË. (Sorry N’vûª´÷, F °æE °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ 2) Out of place = ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs ¥-¢Á ’i†/ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh†’. ØËØËç îËߪ’-í∫-©ØÓ îÁ°æ¤p.) Ææ´’-ߪ÷ -Ææç-ü¿-®√s¥©’ ™‰E Mihir: That's being a friend. Dictate these addresses to me as I write. (Friend

Åçõ‰ Å™« Öçú≈L. Ñ address ©’ †’´¤y îªü¿’-´¤-ûª÷çõ‰ ؈’ ®√Ææ’hçö«.) EXERCISE

Match the expressions under A with their meanings under B.

Interview Shirts, jeans

èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ ü¿’Ææ’h©’ (T ™«çöÀN) ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Öçö«®·/ Ææ´’-ßÁ÷-*-ûªçí¬ Öçúø´¤.

M.SURESAN

c) The ointment soothed the pain of the injury = ointment

1. Soothing

A. Very small

í¬ßª’ç ¶«üμ¿ †’ç* Ç Ö°æ-¨¡-´’†ç éπL-Tç*çC. Soother = °œ©x©’ àúø-´-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡x ØÓöx °õ‰d rubber °‘éπ

2. Covet

B. Allot

Soothe X Aggravate/ Upset/ Irritate

3. Minute

C. Surround

Aggravate =

4. Harp on

D. Comforting

5. Set aside

E. Hint

A

B

F. Desire G. Continue to talk about KEY : 1-D; 2-F; 3-A; 4-G; 5-B. EXPLANATION 1) Soothing = Comforting =

Ö°æ-¨¡-´’†ç/ Ü®Ωô

éπL-TçîË/ ãüΔ®Ω’p éπL-TçîË Soothe = ãüΔ®Ω’p/ Ü®Ωô/ Ö°æ-¨¡-´’†ç éπLTçîªúøç Soothe - Soothed (past & past participle) a) The music was very soothing to her in the troubled state of her mind =

*é¬-èπ◊í¬ Ö†o Ç¢Á’ ´’†-Ææ’èπ◊ Ç ÆæçUûªç Ü®Ωô éπL-Tç-*çC.

b) He found the words of his teacher very soothing when he lost hope of success =

Nïߪ’ç°j E®√¨¡ §ÒçC†°æ¤púø’ Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢√∞¡x öÃ˝ ´÷ô©’ î√™« ãüΔ®Ω’p éπL-Tç-î√®·.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Twenty five minutes is enough for you to get rapped is

¶«üμ¿-©†’, éπ≥ƒd-©†’ áèπ◊\´ îËߪ’úøç Upset = ´’†-Ææ’†’ *®√èπ◊/ ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†èπ◊ í∫’J-îË-ߪ’úøç Irritate = ´’çô-™«çöÀ ¶«üμ¿ éπL-Tç-îªúøç/ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªúøç 2) Covet = Desire = î√™« í¬úμøçí¬ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç. a) Who doesn't covet to be a CM?/ the position of a CM? = CM CM

í¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ á´®Ω’ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ®Ω’?/ °æü¿-NE é¬çéÀ~ç-îª®Ω’?

1. Correct. Any period of time/ any amount of money is singular. 2. a) It would have led to the escalation of violence.

= ÅC £œ«çÆæ/ üˆ®Ωb†uç °J-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ üΔJ BÆœ ÖçúËC. (Å™« 鬙‰ü¿’)

-N-ï-ߪ÷-EéÀ *£æ«oçí¬ ÉîËa

c) The director long coveted the chance to make a movie with that hero =

Ç £‘«®ÓûÓ äéπ *vûªç îËߪ÷-©E Ç ü¿®Ωz-èπ◊úø’ î√™«-é¬-©çí¬ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊Ø√oúø’. Coveted = î√™«-´’çC áèπ◊\´í¬ é¬çéÀ~çîË.

cups,

Covet X Despise

(ÅÆæ-£œ«uç--éÓ-´úøç/ üËy≠œç-îªúøç) DEo N’E-ö¸í¬ pronounce îËÊÆh Å®Ωnç, EN’≠æç. é¬F ¢Á’i†÷u-ö¸í¬ pronounce îËÊÆh Å®Ωnç, (A) very small = î√™« *†o/ Ææ÷éπ~ t-¢Á’i† ÅE. Minute particles = Ææ ÷éπ~ t-¢Á ’i† éπù«©’/ Ææ÷éπ~ t¢Á’i† ´·éπ\©’

3) Minute =

a) Even a minute quantity of cyanide is deadly = Cyanide

(äéπ ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’†ç) -áç-ûª -ûªèπ◊\-¢Áj-Ø√ v§ƒù«ç-ûªéπç Å´¤-ûª’çC.

b) Minute gold particles were strewn all over the place =

*†o-*†o •çí¬®Ω’ ´·éπ\©’ ØË©çû√

°æúÕ ÖØ√o®·. îÁ™«x-îÁ-ü¿’-®Ω’í¬ °æúÕ Öçúøôç Minute X Enormous (°ü¿l) Strewn =

î√™« 鬩çí¬ Ç ™ ÖüÓuí∫ç éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ ؈’.

4)

Harp on = continue to talk about =

äÍé N≠æߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ÅüË °æEí¬ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’ç-úøôç (Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ NÆæ’í∫’ °æ¤öÀdç-îË™«)

a) Meet him a hundred times, he always harps on the falling standards of education =

In cricket the World cup is a coveted trophy = Cricket teams) trophy.

Çߪ’†’o ´çü¿-≤ƒ®Ω’x éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ, Çߪ’-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ °æúÕ -§Ú-ûª’†o NüΔu v°æ´÷-ù«© í∫’JçîË ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ NÆœ-T-≤ƒhúø’.

b) Lest it should lead to escalation of violence = sentence

°j ¢√é¬u© ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? – â.Ææûªu-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù, û√öÀ-°æJh

™ v°æ°æçîª éπ°ˇ ÅØËC Åçü¿®Ω÷ (ÅEo é¬çéÀ~çîË

£œ«çÆæ/ üˆ®Ωb†uç °®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ – ÉC é¬ü¿’, Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd °j ¢√éπuç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªúøç éπ®Ω-ÍédØ√? lest = so that not = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ 2. a) It would have led to escalation in violence. ÖçúË ç ü ¿ ’ èπ ◊ . b) Lest it should lead to escalation in violence îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπüΔ, °j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™ Å®Ωnç äéπöÀ é¬ü¿’. - Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ äÍé Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçüΔ? 3. How did I do on others? DE ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç 3. How did I do on others - DEéÀ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. Something is missing in the group of words. àN’öÀ? – Èé.áÆˇ.Ç®˝., ü¿Jz -v°æ-¨¡o:

ï¢√•’:

Trophy = medals, etc.

b) I have long coveted the chance of having a job in that company = company

1. a) This is the first time to go there. b) This is the first time to have gone there. 2. a) The Romans were the first people to see the animal. b) The Romans were the first people to have seen the animal.

Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’ç ™‰C-°æ¤púø’. b) On seeing their favourite hero, the crowd worked itself up into great excitement = hero

¢√∞¡x ÅGμ-´÷† éπE°œç-îª-í¬ØË Ç ï†ç ûÁí∫ Öû√q£æ« °æúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ (¢√∞¡x Öû√q-£æ…-EéÀ °æôd-°æ-í¬_©’ ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈-§Ú-®·çC).

c) Why is he so worked up even at the mention of my name =

Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ Nçõ‰ØË Åçûª éÓ°æç ûÁaèπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-úË-N’öÀ? 4) Run short of = éÌ®Ω-ûªí¬ Öçúøôç a) Hurry up we are running short of time = ûªy®Ω°æúø’ time ™‰ü¿’ ´’†èπ◊. b) I doubt if we can complete the project if we run short of funds like this = project

É™« ´’†èπ◊ Eüμ¿’©’ éÌ®Ωûªí¬ Öçõ‰ ´’†ç °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-©´÷ ÅE Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«çí¬ ÖçC. 3) Work somebody/ Yourself up/ É´Fo Spoken form of English ™ î√™« be worked up into = üËEo í∫’Jç-îª- common. O’ Spoken English Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ ®·Ø√ Ç¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-´úøç/ ÖvüË-éπ-°æ-úÕ-§Ú- ÉN ¢√úøçúÕ, practise îËÆœ. ´úøç/ ÅÆæ-£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ ™†-´úøç.

a) Claps and cheers are out of place at a condolence meeting =

Ææçû√-°æÆæ-¶μº™ æpô’x, ÍéJç-ûª©÷ ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Öçö«®·. (Å™«çöÀ Ææçû√°æ

a) Don't work yourself up into such anger. There isn't any need for it =

ï¢√•’:

1. a) This is the first time (for him) to go there =

Åûª-úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç ÉC ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ. (Éçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’/ D-E ûª®√yûª ¢Á∞Ïx Å´-鬨¡ç Éçé¬ ´îª’aç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.) b) This is the first time (for him) to have gone there =

(í∫ûªç™) Åûª-úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç ÅC/ ÉC ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ. Ç ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ Åûª-úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸxçúÌa. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø This èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ that Åçõ‰ØË Å®Ωnç ÆæJí¬ ´Ææ’hçC.

2) a) The Romans were the first to see the animal = Romans refer time

¢Á·ôd-¢Á’-ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-J Ç ïçûª’-´¤†’ îª÷¨»®Ω’. (´’†ç îËÆæ’h†o ™)

b) Don't harp on your past failures. Think of what you can do to win in future =

F í∫ûª ¢Áj°∂æ-™«u-©†’ í∫’JçîË ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Öçúøèπ◊. ¶μºN-≠æu-ûª’h™ ᙫ Èí©-´-í∫-©¢Ó Ç™-*ç.

c) All through his speech the speaker was harping on good old days =

Çߪ’† Ö°æØ√uÆæç ¢Á·ûªhç §ƒûª ®ÓV© í∫’JçîË ´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’.

Harp on, phrasal verb 5) Set aside (

ÉD phrasal verb) = Allot = Íéö«-®·ç-

îªúøç a) He set aside half an hour every morning for yoga =

Çߪ’† v°æA ®ÓW Å®Ω-í∫çô ßÁ÷í¬èπ◊ Íéö«®·ç-î√úø’.

b) He has set aside a part of his savings for his daughter's marriage =

ûª†’ §Òü¿’°æ¤ îËÆæ’-èπ◊†o ¢Á·ûªhç™ éÌçûª ¶μ«í¬Eo èπÿ-ûª’®Ω’ °R}éÀ Íéö«-®·ç-î√úø’. Set aside èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç = °j court éÀçC court B®Ω’p†’ éÌõ‰d-ߪ’úøç. The high court set aside his conviction by the court lower court = high court

éÀçC éÌõ‰d-ÆœçC.

Conviction = Judge

™ Åûª-úÕéÀ °æúÕ† Péπ~†’

NCμçîË Péπ~

b) The Romans were the first to have seen the animal =

(´’†ç v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h†o Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ´·çü¿’) Ç ïçûª’-´¤†’ îª÷Æœ-†-¢√-∞¡x™  Romans ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx.(´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oC, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¨¡û√•lç ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰, Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË Ç ïçûª’-´¤†’ îª÷Æœ-†-¢√-∞¡Ÿx-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x™ x Romans ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx.) Å®·ûË 2 (a) éÃ, 2 (b) éà ֆo-ûË-ú≈†’ Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç-éÓ-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’; 2(a) simple and direct. í∫-´’-Eéπ: -´÷-Ja 27-† -v°æ--J-ûª-¢Á’i-† -≤Úpéπ-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ–438 ™ ã §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊úø’ ÅúÕ-T† v°æ¨¡o™ 'you are astonishing every one' ÅE ÖçC. -Ç -¢√éπuç -ûª°æ¤p. Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç™ èπÿú≈ ÅüË ¢√éπuç -´-*aç-C.é¬-F 'you astonish every one' ÆæÈ®j-† -v°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. í∫´’-Eç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 1 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

v°æ¨¡o:

ÅØË Ç™- áçü¿’èπ◊ ´*açC O’èπÿ? Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªúøç éπü∆?

1. Enquiry, Inquiry

äéπ-õ‰Ø√? 2. Bidding ÅØË °æü¿ç invitation èπ◊ °æ®√u-ߪ’-°æ-ü¿´÷? 3. Matrimony, wedding èπ◊, propitious -auspicious èπ◊ °æ®√uߪ’ °æü¿´÷? 4. Awesome, spanking, kick-ass, slap-up, rattling, classic excellent

Ñ °æü∆-©Fo °æü∆-EéÀ °æ®√u-ߪ’-°æ-ü∆-™‰Ø√? 5. Ø√´’-éπ-®Ωù ¢Ëúø’-éπ†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ appellation ceremony ™‰ü∆ denomination function ÅØÌî√a? 6. Betrothal, engagement äéπ-õ‰Ø√? 7. Reception èπ◊ ovation ÅØË °æü¿ç ¢√úÌî√a? 8. That's non of your business Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? 9. ´’†èπ◊ á´-È®jØ√ thanks îÁGûË ´÷´‚-©’í¬ it's ok ™‰ü∆ welcome Åçö«ç. é¬F äéπ £œ«çD ÆœE-´÷™ mention not ÅE NØ√o†’. DEo à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a? 10. äéπ Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† time †’ Ææ÷*ç-îËô-°æ¤púø’ AM ™‰ü∆ PM ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆? ¢√öÀéÀ •ü¿’©’ morning the 9 O' clock, evening six O' clock

ÅE ¢√úÌî√a?

É´Fo Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ™ éÃ, èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈ N´-Jçî√ç îª÷úøçúÕ. Propitious = ņ’-èπÿ-©-¢Á’i† (´’† v°æߪ’-û√o© Nïߪ÷-EéÀ) (°æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ ™«çöÀN)

a) The time is not propitious for the start of a new business Auspicious =

Ç ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-´·-£æfi-®√h† (Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™) Çߪ’† Ç éπôdúøç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-*-†ô’x v°æéπ-öÀç-î√úø’. Auspicious ÅØËC ´’ç*-®Ó-Vèπ◊, ´·£æfi®√h-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çC Propitious - Ææü¿-´-é¬-¨»-EéÀ/ ņ’-èπÿ© °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’-©èπÿ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çC. 4. Kick - ass ûª°æp N’í∫-û√-´Fo excellent èπ◊ synonyms –

6.

Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË betrothal, old fashioned, É°æ¤p-úÁ´®Ω÷ ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Engagement ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC. 7. È®çúø÷ äéπöÀ é¬ü¿’. Reception - Ç£æ…y-Ø√-EéÀ, Nçü¿’-©’-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•çCµç*ç-C. Ovation v¨ûª©’, ÆæGµ-èπ◊©’, vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©’ æpô’x éÌöÀd, ¢Á’°æ¤p, Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 440 ûÁ©-°æúøç, ´éπh©’, v°æü¿-

äéπ-õ‰Ø√? – ߪ·.Å-ïß˝’ π◊´÷®˝, ÇC-™«-¶«ü˛ Enquiry - British, Inquiry -

Boarding House -

î√™« íÌ°æpí¬, ´’†™ íÌ°æp ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo éπL-Tç-îË-Cí¬ – Impressive ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Å®·ûË, spanking, rattling, slap-up Ñ ´‚-úÕç-öÀ-F nouns ´·çü¿Í® ¢√úøû√ç, äçô-Jí¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈. a) It's a rattling good movie. b) He treated us to a slap-up dinner c) The car sped off at a spanking pace spanking

8.

M.SURESAN

-

†’ ´·êuçí¬ ¢Ëí¬-EéÀ ´‚-úÕç-öÀ-™ ´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. 2. é¬ü¿’. Bid Åçõ‰ v°æߪ’ûªoç, ¢Ë©ç §ƒúøôç, ¢Ë©ç, 5. ņç. Christering (véÀÆæ-Eçí˚) Å-ØÌa. Å®·ûË àüÁjØ√ °æE-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ îË≤ƒh-†çô÷ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ -D-EéÀ èπÿú≈ correct í¬ Å®·ûË, church ™ chris®√´úøç (´·êuçí¬ tender/ contract © tians Ø√´’-éπ-®Ω-ùç- -ÅE Å®Ωnç. Naming ceremony N≠æ-ߪ’ç™). ÅÆæ©’, bid, invite ÅØËN synonyms ÅØÌa.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

b) He often smiles at her. She doesn't like it =

Åûªúø’ ÜJÍé Ç¢Á’†’ îª÷Æœ †´¤y-û√úø’. ÅC 1. It, it's -© í∫’-Jç-* -N-´®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ É≠ædç -™‰ü¿’. 2. Passive voice -™  by -Å-ØË preposition é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ It's = It is - ÉC ´·êuçí¬ Spoken English éÌ--Eo≤ƒ®Ω’x to èπÿ-ú≈ -´Ææ’hç-C. To -á°æ¤p-úÁ°æ¤p-úø’ - form. £æ«ú≈-N-úÕ™ It is Å-†-ú≈-EéÀ -•-ü¿’-©’, it's ÅØË´Ææ’hç-üÓ-- Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-©-ûÓ -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. Ææ’hçö«ç. 3. 'Enough' -Ö-î √a¥®Ω-ù-ûÓ Ææ£æ… usage -†’ ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. 2. É™«ç-öÀN î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. -4. 1. -Ç-ûªtíı®Ω-´ç 2. -vÊ°-´’-ïç-ô 3. Enough = Ɇ°∂ˇ– † ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = î√L3. -´’-´’-û√-†’®√í∫ç 4. éπ-Lp-ûªç †çûª/ î√L-†Eo. 5. Ææç-v°æ-ü∆-ߪ’ç 6. -Ű椮Ω÷°æç a) I haven't enough money to buy a car = Car 7. ÆæÆæu-¨»--u-´’-©ç 8. -ûª®Ωç 9. °æç-î √çí∫ç éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª úø•’s Ø√ ü¿-í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’. – -Ñ -´÷-ô-©-èπ◊ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ °æ-ü∆-©’ -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. b) He packed enough clothes for his weekend – -áç.®√-´’ç->, -´’-ü¿-Ø√°æ¤®Ωç journey = ¢√®√ç-ûª°æ¤ v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ é¬-¢√-Lq-†-Eo -ï-¢√-•’: -ü¿’Ææ’h-©’ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’. 1. It = ÅC/-ÉC– ´·êuçí¬ ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ ´÷ö«x-úø’- 4. 1) Self respect; 2) Couple; ûª’-†o N≠æ-ߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√-úø-û√ç. 3) Love and attachment; 4) Fictitious; a) Your pen is on the table. It has been there since yesterday = pen table

O’ü¿ ÖçC.

6) Unprecedent/ rare; 8) Generation;

9) Almanac.

-v°æ- ¨¡o:

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1.

-´÷ éÌ--∞«®·-éÀ -F-∞¡Ÿx -´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. -ØË-†’ -F-∞¡Ÿx °æ-ö«d-L. 2. GçüÁ -áéπ\-úø -Öç-C?-Gç-üÁ-™ F--∞¡Ÿx-Ø√o-ߪ÷? 3. -Ø√èπ◊ -´-vïç -™«ç-öÀ -äéπ ®√®· -üÌ-JéÀç-C. – Ñ -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« °æ-™é¬-L? – -É®√p¥-Ø˛, -†ç-ü∆u-©

-ï-¢√-•’:

1. We are getting water through our tap. I should draw water. 2.

5) Tradition; 7) Greenery;

GçüÁèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Pail (bucket) Å-ØÌa. Å®·ûË Éü¿ç-ûª ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’.

Where is the pail? Is there water in the pail? 3) I found a stone. It looks like/ appears to be a gem.

Er. Naveen Kumar, Er.B.Vaikuntam (nouns) Er

É-™« -¢√-úË °æ‹-Jh -´uèπ◊h-© Ê°®Ωx -´·ç-ü¿’ ®Ω÷°æç -à-N’-öÀ? -Æ‘Y-© Ê°®Ωx -´·ç-ü¿’ èπÿ-ú≈ -É-™« -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´-î√a? -D-E -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ? – -¶µ«®Ω-A, Ææç-üµ¿-u, £æ«-†’-´’éÌç-úø

-ï-¢√-•’: Doctor Engineer

©èπ◊, Dr ™«, Ñ´’-üµ¿u- ´’-†-üË-¨¡ç™ © Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ Er ÅE ®√Ææ’èπ◊çô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Engineers Çúø-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË, ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’- èπÿú≈ ¢√-úÌa. Å®·ûË ÉC Åçûª accepted abbreviation é¬ü¿’, Dr (Doctor) ™«í¬.

11.

himsentence I am very happy, having met him/ Having met him, I am very happy correct = I am happy to have met him.

ÉC

1. a) I am very happy to have met him. b) I am very happy being met him.

– Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

2. i) No matter, ii) in no time

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? 3. i)Being an educated, ii) Having been educated – 4.

™ ǣ慮Ω §ƒF-ߪ÷-©¢Ë’t ü¿’é¬-ù«©’. ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ´úøf† Nçü¿’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, ÅA-ü∑¿’™‰ ´úÕfçèπ◊ØË Nçü¿’. Lunchonette = ´÷´‚©’ ¶µï†ç (simple meal) ´úÕfçîË *†o-ûª-®Ω£æ… Ç£æ…-®Ω-¨»© – ÉC American É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Road House = High ways ™ main road °æéπ\† ÖçúË üµ∆¶«© ™«çöÀN. ÉC-èπÿú≈ old fashioned. É°æ¤p-úøçûª ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Canteen - ÉC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆? factories, schools, colleges ™ ¢√öÀéÀ ņ’-•ç-üµ¿çí¬ †úÕîË °∂æ©£æ…-®Ω¨»©. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Å®√n-©ûÓ (canteen ûª°æp) ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†oN – Restaurant, eatery and snackbar.

9. Mention not/ No mention cor. rect

-v°æ-¨¡o:

OöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ü¿´·tçõ‰ ®√... îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.. DEo ÉçTx≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

5. Which would you rather be?

DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? 6. The flowers smell sweet He looks cold He worked hard Subject + verb + adj or adverb adjectives adverbs

Ñ E®√t-ùç™ *´®Ω Ö†o °æü∆-©†’ í¬ ¶µ«Nç-î√™«? ™‰ü∆ í¬ ¶µ«Nç-î√™«? – Èé.X-E-¢√-Ææ-®√´¤, ´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’

ï¢√•’:

1. a) I am very happy to have met him = I am very happy that I met him (some time ago) on some past occasion) -

؈-ûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ (í∫ûªç™) ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o†’.

b) I am very happy being met

é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?

Åçõ‰

2. i) No matter =

´÷´‚©’ £æ«Ùô™«x é¬èπ◊çú≈, private houses ™ Åçü¿-Jéà é¬èπ◊çú≈ éÌçûª-´’ç-CéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ •Ææ, ǣ慮Ω Ææü¿’-§ƒ-ߪ÷-©’-†o- îÓô’.

Buffet = Railway stations/ trains/ bus stations

®Ωz-èπ◊©’ ™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ ´Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ ûÁLÊ° £æ«®Ω{üµ∆y†ç. ÅC Féπ-†-´-Ææ®Ωç/ ÅC Fèπ◊ Ææç•çCµç-*çC é¬ü¿’. ü∆çöx †’´¤y ûª©ü¿÷-®Ωaèπ◊.

é¬ü¿’ DE N≠æߪ’ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ûÁL§ƒç. Spoken English ™ AM/ PM ņç. Morning/ Evening ÅØË Åçö«ç. ÅFo äéπõ‰ Å®·ûË spoken language ™ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†oN. Dress, Clothes, Clothing ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Costume - áèπ◊\´ †-öÃ-†-ô’-©’ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ØË

10.

American.

F E†o--öÀ -†’ç* Å-C -Å-éπ\úË ÖçC.

ü¿’Ææ’h-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. N’í∫û√ °æü∆-©Fo ví¬çC∑éπç, §ƒçúÕûªuç. Get up ÅØËC ü¿’Ææ’h©’ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª appearance †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Rigout – üµ¿Jç* (§ƒçúÕûªuç). 12. ÅØÌa. é¬F felicitation áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÆæØ√t-Eç-îªúøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç– ÉC-èπÿú≈ §ƒçúÕûªuç. Spoken English ™ ¢√úøç. 13. Bistro- (American) ´’†ü˨¡ç™ *†o tea stall ™«çöÀC. (´’†ü˨¡ç™ Ñ ´÷ô Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’)

That's non of your business

13. Bistro, Roadhouse, Boarding house, Lunchonette, Snackbar, Buffet, Canteen

È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰,

=ÉC ņ’-èπÿ-©-¢Á’i† Æ洒ߪ’ç é¬ü¿’. ¨¡Ÿ-¶µºéπ®Ω-¢Á’i-†

b) At the auspicious moment, he declared the building open =

äéπ-õ‰Ø√? 12. Congratulations •ü¿’©’ felicitation ¢√úÌî√a?

1.

Åçõ‰

3. Matrimony = Wedding = Marriage synonyms. lessons marriage wedding

11. Raiment, attire, apparel, vestures, habiliments, clobber, garments, get-up, rigout, costume, dress, clothing

ï¢√•’:

Invite

2

educated person she is respected =

Ç¢Á’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-†o-ü¿´úøç ´©x, Åçü¿®Ω÷ Ç¢Á’†’ íı®ΩN-≤ƒh-®Ω’.

ii) Having been educated =

îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-†oçü¿’ ´©x (í∫ûªç™) àüË-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÃ

a) No matter what you say, I can't believe you =

†’¢Ëy´’Ø√o ÆæÍ®, ؈’ E†’o †´’t™‰†’.

b) No matter where he is the police will not leave him =

-Å-ûª-úÁéπ\-úø’-Ø√o ÆæÍ® -§Ú-MÆæ’-©’ -Å-ûª-úÕ-E -´-ü¿-©®Ω’. ii) In no time = ņ-A-é¬-©ç-™ ØË, î√™« ûªèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤™. a) If only you have the money, you can buy the car in no time =

Fèπ◊ úø•sçô÷ Öçú≈™‰ é¬F, 鬮Ω’ é̆úøç áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤?

b) Fans gathered in no time to see their favourite star =

ûª´’ ÅGµ-´÷† û√®Ω†’ îª÷ÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ ÅGµ-´÷-†’©’ éπ~ùç™ í∫’N’í∫÷ú≈®Ω’. c) If you are ready, we can go there in no time =

†’´¤y Æœü¿l¥çí¬ Öçõ‰, ´’†ç Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁçôØË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´îª’a.

3. i) Being an educated (person)/ Being educated =

îªü¿’´¤-èπ◊-†o-¢√-∞¡Ÿxí¬ ÖçúÕ/ Å´úøç ´©x

a) Being educated/ Being an

Having been educated in England, he speaks English like the English - England

™ îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-úøçûÓ/ îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´úøç ´©x, Åûªúø’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ¢√∞¡x™«, English ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’. 4. Come on, let's have it out/ come if you dare. 5. Which would you rather be?

†’´¤y à Nüµ¿çí¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ áèπ◊\´ É≠æd°æ-úø-û√´¤? a) What would you rather be a hero or a fan of a hero? =

à Nüµ¿çí¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç Fèπ◊ – hero í¬Ø√, hero ÅGµ´÷-E-í¬Ø√?

6. The flowers smell sweet, he looks cold - sweet and cold adjectives. He works hard - hard adverb. Sweet and cold

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√öÀE O’®Ω’ îª÷°œ† sentences ™ adjectives í¬ ¶µ«N≤ƒhç. (Sweetly, coldly- adverbs) Hardadverb. (Hardly -

v¨¡N’ç* – ÉC ¢ËÍ® Å®Ωnç, ü∆ü∆°æ¤

™‰ü¿E)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 3 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

v°æ¨¡o:

b) In five years from now, he will have been practising a doctor = doctor practice practice continue

É°æp-öÀoç* âüË-∞¡xèπ◊ Åûªúø’ í¬ îËÆæ’hç-ö«úø’. Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË Ç®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i Å°æp-öÀ-éÀçé¬ Å´¤-ûª÷ç-ô’çC. 2) Kindly Åçõ‰ ü¿ßª’ûÓ ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆? á´--J-ØÁj-Ø√ ´’®√u-ü¿-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ àüÁjØ√ ÅúÕ-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô, please •ü¿’©’.

1. Please tell me 'Future perfect continuous tense' in telugu meaning. Give one (or) two examples 2. What is difference of 'kindly and respect' . 3. Resume (or) Bio-data 4.

please/ kindly let me have your address = address

®√ߪ’úøç- write, Çúøôç- play. É™«çöÀ words †’ verbs Åçö«ç. ¢√öÀE nouns í¬ á°æ¤púø’, ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L? ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? – G.¶µ«-Ææ\®˝, †çü∆u©

éÌçîÁç O’

É´yçúÕ. íı®Ω´ç. Kindly, á´JØÁjØ√ respect É*a àüÁjØ√ ÅúÕ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. kindly ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – ü¿ßª÷-Ææy-¶µ«´ç Ö†o. Respect =

ï¢√•’:

3. Resume and Biodata: Not much different.

1) Future perfect continuous -

Resume- Details like your address, Date of birth, age, qualification from the highest to the least, previous service and experience,

¶µºN-≠æu-û˝™ äéπ Æ洒ߪ÷-EéÀ ´·çü¿’ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i Ç Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπÿ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’ûª÷ Öçô’çC ņ’-èπ◊ØË action èπ◊, future perfect continuous tense ¢√úøû√ç. a) I shall have been attending a class by this time tomorrow = class attend Attend

Í®°‘§ƒöÀéÀ ؈’ Å´¤ûª÷ Öçö«†’. Å´úøç Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË v§ƒ®Ω綵º-¢Á’i, Í®°æ¤ Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç-™ -èπÿú≈ continue Å´¤ûª÷ Öçô’çC.

v°¨æ ¡o:

1.He supported nuclear energy, adding we have to find new sources. 2. The three men took a house for rent claiming to be Ayurvedic doctors. 3. He sat back waiting for noise subsiding. 4. He came out with a loaded remark, telling them you are doing good job.

2

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

441

first mentioning the present position and last your earliest job- in this order. Biodata: Details of your DOB, age, experience and qualifications in a proper order. Both are submitted when applying for a job. Most companies now prefer the format of Resume- Pronounced(British), (American)size

È®Vu--¢Á’ß˝’ È®ï--¢Á’ß˝’ ï, ™ ñ¸™«í∫. Write- ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ verb í¬ØË (®√ߪ’úøç) ¢√úøû√ç. DEo noun í¬ á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç. (Newspaper, Magazine © ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-™ xE ¢√u≤ƒ-©†’ write-up Åçö«ç. ÅC noun)

Play - verb

Å®·ûË Çúøôç.

(Played - past tense; played - pp) They play hockey very well.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx £æ…éà î√™« ¶«í¬ Çúø-û√®Ω’) Play (Noun) - 1) Çô 2) Ø√ôéπç

(´®Ω{ç ´©x Çô ®Ωü¿’l-îË-ߪ÷Lq ´*açC.) b) Kalidasa wrote a number of Plays

(é¬R-ü∆Ææ’ î√™« Ø√ô-鬩’ ®Ω*ç-î√úø’)

Listening to the music, he is dancing

°j ¢√é¬u™x underline îËÆœ† ing forms àßË’ tense ™ à N-üµ¿-¢Á’i† action ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√-ßÁ÷ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 5. To E result í¬ èπÿú≈ ®√≤ƒh-®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. ᙫ? 6. This is to certify that. -Ééπ\-úø to †’ ᙫ Å®ΩnçîË-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. – -áÆˇ.íı-K-¨¡çéπ®˝, -§ƒ-´’-v®Ω’ ï¢√•’: '...'ing' form äéπ °æEE îËߪ’úøç/ îËÆæ’h†o/ îËÆæ÷h, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC present, past or future ÅØËC, ÅC ´îËa sentence ™E verb †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Has she forgotten all the help she had had from you?

Éçü¿’™ had, had ÅE È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-™«? äéπ\-≤ƒJ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷TÊÆh î√©’- éπü∆? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 2. Is it your family? Is that your grand mother?

1. He supported Nuclear energy adding that to find new we had (have sources =

2. The three men took a house for rent claiming to be Ayurvedic doctors=

Çߪ·-Í®yü¿ ¢Ájü¿’u©ç ÅE îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊çô÷ É©’x ÅüÁlèπ◊ BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’. BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’– Past, 鬕öÀd claiming èπÿú≈ past.

3. He sat back waiting for the noise subsidingsubsiding (... ing form) He sat ... for the noise to subside-

Ééπ\úø

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Ææü¿’l-´’-ùÀ-Íí-´-®Ωèπ◊

dž’-èπ◊E èπÿØ√oúø’.

Had had= Had+past participle of have (had)- Past perpast actions fect tensepast action

É°æ¤púø’

Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §ÒçCçC.

What is it ?

ÅØ√o that ÅØ√o ' ÅC—— ÅØË Å®Ωnç éπü∆? Ñ È®çúø’ °æü∆-©†’ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-L? – ¨¶µº, ØÁ©÷x®Ω’

ï¢√•’:

1. Has she forgotten all the help she had had from you-

Did she forget? past action.

(ÅC) ´’-®Ω-*-§Ú-

®·çü∆– È®çúÓ Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x

had had

¢√úøû√ç.

She had her breakfast and then went out= Breakfast (1st Past action- had + PP of have (had) )

BÆæ’-èπ◊E

§Ò®Ω-

§ƒô’. -É-™« -Öç-ú≈-L– Did she forget all the help she had had from you? Or Has she forgotten all the help she has had from you?

v°æ¨¡o: The principal wished the students all success structures or sentence patterns

™«çöÀ

ûÓ ÉçTx≠ˇ

a) Walking down the road, he saw a very tall man= Road (Walking- past)

™ †úø’Ææ÷h (†úø’-Ææ’hç-úøí¬) -î√-™« §Òúø’í¬_ Ö†o ´uéÀhE îª÷¨»úø’.

•ßª’-öÀ-Èé-RxçC. ´’†ç üËE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o¢Á÷ ÅC ÅE. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x It é¬F that é¬F ¢√úÌa.

2) It =

improve

îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ, Íé´©ç OöÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† °æ¤Ææhéπç Öçü∆? – G.Ææ’-ïß˝’, Ææûª’h-°æLx

ÅØ√o®Ω’. éπü∆? éπü∆? ´·çü¿’ áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’? – °œ. ®√´÷-†çü˛, ´’™«\-ñ¸-TJ, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

ï¢√•’:

1) Home somebody's home

´·çü¿’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ to é¬F, my/ his/ her/ their/ ÅE é¬F ņç. Home ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, á´J í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷, ¢√J É™‰x ÅE Å®Ωnç. He is going home (Åûª-úÕE í∫’Jç* îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç. 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø ÅûªúÕ ÉçöÀÍé ÅE Å®Ωnç. To ®√ü¿’/ his home ®√ü¿’) She left her pen at home (Ç¢Á’ ûª† pen (¢√∞¡x) Éçöx ´’®Ω-*§Ú-®·çC. They brought the body home = Ç ¨¡¢√Eo ÅûªúÕ ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’éÌ-î√a®Ω’. 2) Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ N´-Jç* ÖØ√oç. Few = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿E Å®Ωnç. Few minutes = No minutes. A few = small number (ûªèπ◊\´ Ææçêu™) ÉC English usage (¢√úø’éπ).

O’éÃ

A Guide to patterns and usage in English by AS Hornby (Oxford)

Å®·ûË,

Standard Grammer book patterns

à

English

™ Å®·Ø√ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·.

(pre-

îËÆæ’h-

†’

result

ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ É™« ¢√-úø-û√ç.

The coffee is too hot to drink=

û√í∫-™‰-†çûª ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçC (û√í∫-úøç-™‰-C-°æ¤púø’– to drink Ééπ\úø result †’ ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC éπü∆? too... to drink= û√í∫-™‰-†çûª.) I was able to finish the work =

°æE-°æ‹-Jh-îË-ߪ’-úøç ïJ-TçC. To finish = °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-úøç–

O’èπ◊ î√™«

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.

result of my ability.

6) This is to certify that ...

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ûÓ îªJaÆæ÷h, Í®°æ¤ ؈’ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø™ Öçö«†’ (Discussing- Ééπ\úø future)

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Will you take me home on your bike ÅØ√o®Ω’.

ï¢√•’:

5) To

b) I will be in Vijayawada tomorrow, discussing the topic with my friends=

2. ''The programme will begin in a few minutes'' few minutes plural 'a' article sinfew minutes singular gular

(I past action- had + pp of have- had had).

dance

鬕öÀd.

Did she forget the help she had had from you? =

´·çü¿J ¢√úøû√ç.

ÆæçUûªç Nçô÷ sent)

To +1st RDW (to go, to come, etc)

form, past, verb, came past

™ †’ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊

È®çúø’

Is that your sister?

it

M.SURESAN

c) Listening to the music, he is dancing-

Ø√oúø’.

O’®Ω’ -î√-™« ´’ç*°æE îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-®Ωçô÷, äéπ Å®Ωn-Ææ-£œ«-ûª- ¢√uêu î˨»úø’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ...ing

Ñ ¢√é¬uEo will you take me to home on your bike ÅØ√L éπü∆? O’®Ω’ preposition 'to' †’ áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-îª-™‰üÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

F ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç*

What is that ?

4. He came out with a loaded remark telling them, 'you are doing a good job'=

Ééπ\úø ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’) éÌûªh ´†-®Ω’©’ éπ†’-íÌ-Ø√-©ç-ô÷ (-Éçé¬ Åçô÷,) Åù’-¨¡-éÀhE Çߪ’† Ææ´’-Jnç-î√úø’. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ Ééπ\úø adding= Éçé¬ Åçô÷ (Åçõ‰ ´·çü¿’ îÁ°œpç-ü∆-EéÀ Éçé¬ îËJa Åçô÷)– Ééπ\úø adding- Past éπü∆, Ææ´’-Jnç-îª-úøç, Past 鬕öÀd.

(Drama)

a) The play had to be cancelled because of rain.

†’ É™« Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-

¢√L: That... = tify =

Ñ °ævûªç™ ûÁL-°œ† N≠æߪ’ç, to cerEï-´’E ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, this is = Ñ °ævûªç ÖçC (É´y-•-úÕçC).

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Thank, thankful ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 2. ÇJ-§ÚßË’ D°æç. DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 3. £æ«ûª’úø’/ £æ«ûª’-®√©’†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ó ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. 4. Award ÉîËa ¢√∞¡x†’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æûËuéπ °æü¿ç Öçü∆? 5. ÅûªúÕ @Nûªç ÇJ-§ÚßË’ D°æç. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? – á. éπ%≠æg-U-û√-®Ω’b†, Eúø-ü¿-¢Ó©’ ï¢√•’: 1) Thank you, Thanking you äéπ-JéÀ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç– ÉC ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. Thank him, Thank her - É´Fo correct. Thankful (Adjective) †’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ üË´¤-úÕéÀ éπ%ûª-ïcûª-©’ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Thankful to God ņç. Thankful Åçõ‰ God °æôxØË. ´’†’-≠æfl© °æôx é¬ü¿’. Åéπ\úø God omit îË≤ƒhç. Thank E verb í¬ á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. 2) Light about to go out/ to be snuffed off.

£æ«ûª’-úø’/ £æ«ûª’-®√©’. (The deceased ņ-´îª’a, Å®·ûË îªE-§Ú-®·†¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅØË Å®Ωn¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC, £æ«ûªu-´©x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈) 4) Award ÉîËa ¢√∞¡x†’ -ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æûËuéπ¢Á’i† ´÷ô Åçô÷ àC-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË Ç Å-®ΩnçûÓ Award giver/ award conferor ÅE ņ-´îª’a. Confer= •£æ›-´’A/ °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç v°æü∆†ç îË-ߪ’-úøç ( A conferred the 3) The murdered=

award on B) 5) His life is like a light about to go out/ about to be snuffed out.

v°æ¨¡o: Çé˙q°∂æ®˝f -ߪ‚-E-´-Jq-öà -vÂ°Æˇ, Ƒ°∂-™¸, -G-GÆœ, -ã-J-ߪ’ç-ö¸ -™«çí˚-´’-Ø˛ ûª-C-ûª®Ω ÆæçÆæn-©- -≤Úpéπ-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ éÓ®Ω’q -§ƒ®∏√-©’, Æ‘-úŒ-©’ -á-™« -©-Gµ≤ƒh-ßÁ÷ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. – Èé.°œ.°æ¤®Ω’-≥Ú-ûªhç, -û√-úÕ°æ-vA ï¢√•’: °ü¿l †í∫-®√-™xE à °ü¿l °æ¤Ææh-鬩 shop ™ Å®·Ø√ ÉN üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. O’èπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Çߪ÷ companies èπ◊ ®√ÊÆh ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. -Éç-ô®˝-ØÁ-ö¸ -ü∆y®√ -N-´®√-©’ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-a.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 6 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sowrabha: You haven't started yet. Aren't you going?

(†’Nyçé¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-úø癉ü∆?) Narmada: Who says I'm not? I'm just waiting for the traffic to ease off a bit.

2

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. ÅÆæ©’ ü∆J ûª°æp-™‰´¤. Ñ road ¢Áç•-úÕ-¢ÁRx I crossing ü¿í∫_®Ω áúø-´’¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ ´‚úÓ É™‰x Ææ’ÆœtûªC. Ñ °æE-™‰-èπ◊çõ‰ ØËFoûÓ ´îËa-ü∆ØËo.) Narmada: OK, then. I'm off.

(ÆæÍ®. ؈’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’Ø√o) (á´-®Ωç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ ؈’ ¢Á∞¡}úøç ™‰ü¿E. Traffic ®ΩDl ûªí∫’_-ûª’ç-üË-¢Á÷-†E îª÷Ææ’hØ√o.)

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

Sowrabha: You won't be starting for another hour in that case. The peak traffic hour will last that long at least.

1) I am just waiting for the traffic to ease off a bit

(Å™« Å®·ûË, ÉçéÓ í∫çô-í¬_F †’´¤y •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰´¤. éπFÆæç Åçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·Ø√ Öçô’çC.) Narmada: You must know better. I have been here for hardly for two days and I thought that it might thin out in just half an hour. By the way, what's the name of the street Susmitha lives in and how do I get there?

(FÍé ûÁL-ߪ÷L Ø√éπçõ‰/ †’¢Ëy correct 鬴a. ØËE-éπ\-úø’-†oC ÆæJí¬ È®çvúÓ-V©’ èπÿú≈ é¬ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ã Å®Ω-í∫ç-ô™ ®ΩDl ûªí∫’_-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’èπ◊Ø√o. ÅC ÆæÍ®, Ææ’Æœtûª ÖçúË OCµ Ê°Í®çöÀ? Åéπ\úÕ-éÀ -á-™« ¢Á∞¡}úøç?)

2) The peak traffic hour will last that long 3) Named after the great freedom fighter and first CM of Andhra State 4) I thought that it might thin out in half an hour. 1) Ease off=

ûªí∫’_-´·êç °æôdúøç/ ¢Á’©xí¬ ûªT_

ÇT-§Ú-´úøç. a) It is only after an hour that the rain showed signs of easing off =

ã í∫çô-ÊÆ-°æöÀ ûª®√yûË ¢√† ûªí∫’_-´·êç °æõ‰d Ææ÷îª-†©’ éπE-°œç-î√®·.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

442

a) The crowd that had collected to see the street fight thinned out as the police arrived = police

©’ ®√í¬ØË OCµ §Òö«x-ô†’ îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫’N’-í∫÷-úÕ† ï†ç °æ©-îª-•-úÕ§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. (î√™«-´’çC ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’)

b) Forests are thinning out forcing wild animals into villages and towns =

Åúø-´¤©’ °æ©-îª-•-úÕ-§Ú-´úøç ´©x ´†u-´’%-í¬©’ ví¬´÷©’, °æôd-ù«-™xéÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îªéπ ûª°æp-úøç-™‰ü¿’.

c) As the rain eased up, the crowds that had gathered at the shops and restaurants thinned out = shops, restaurants

´®Ω{ç ûªí∫’_-´·êç °æôd-í¬ØË ™ í∫’N’-í∫÷-úÕ† ï†ç °æ©-îª-•-ú≈f®Ω’.

2) Peak hour/ Peak time/ Peak season =

a) Summer is the peak season for the railways =

È®j™‰y v°æߪ÷-ù«©’ ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçúË Æ洒ߪ’ç ¢ËÆæN.

b) During the peak season mangoes sold at Rs 200 a dozen =

¶«í¬ T®√éà ֆo Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´÷N’-úÕ-°æçúø’x ®Ω÷.200èπ◊ úøïØ˛ îÌ°æ¤p-† -Å-´·t-úø-ߪ÷u®·.

c) From 9 to 11 in the morning, and from 5 to 9 in the evening are the peak traffic hours in any city = traffic

à †í∫-®Ωç™ Å®·Ø√ §Òü¿’l† 9 †’ç* 11 ´®Ωèπ◊, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5 †’ç* 9 ´®Ωèπ◊ ®ΩDl ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC. [Peak Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? °æ®Ωyûª Pê®Ωç ÅE – Åûª’u†oûª ≤ƒn†ç/ ≤ƒn®· ÅE.

it might thin out in an hour

Sowrabha: Not to easy to forget it. It's Tanguturi Street. Named after the great freedom fighter and first CM of Andhra State, the late Tanguturi Prakasam.

(ÅC ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-´úøç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’. ÅC ôçí∫’-ô÷J OCµ. ≤ƒyûªç-vûªu-ßÁ÷-üµ¿’úø÷, Ççvüµ¿ ®√≠æZ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´·êu-´’çvA éÃ.¨Ï. ôçí∫’-ô÷J v°æ鬨¡ç Ê°®Ω’ °ö«d®Ω’ ü∆EéÀ.) (The late = éÃJh-¨Ï-≠æfl-™„j†) Narmada: (Are) you sure that I can go there easily?

(Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ؈’ Ææ’©-¶µºç-í¬ØË ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©-†E Fèπ◊ †´’téπç Öçü∆?) Sowrabha: Oh, sure. You can't miss the way. You just go straight down the road, and turn left at the next crossing. The third house on the right is Sushmita's. I would go with you, if I did not have this work to do. EXERCISE Match the expressions under A with their meanings under B A

B

1 Wither

A Try

2 Endeavour

B Lessen

3 Relapse

C Trickle

4 Lighten

D Inform

5 Seep

E Dryup F Revert G Add

KEY: 1-E, 2-A, 3-F, 4-B, 5-C. EXPLANATIONS: 1) Wither = (E) Dryup=

áçúÕ-§Ú-´úøç/ ¢√úÕ-§Ú-´úøç/

-´-úø-L-§Ú-´úøç. Withered flowers =

¢√úÕ-§Ú-®·† °æ‹©’. Withered leaves = ¢√úÕ† Çèπ◊©’. a) The plant has withered in the hot sun =

áçúø ¢ËúÕéÀ ¢Á·éπ\ áçúÕ-§Ú-®·çC (îªE-§Ú-®·çC) b) After a bout of typhoid he looks withered = Typhoid

üÁ•s-´©x Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ F®Ω-Æœç-*-†ô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. (bout = ï•’s ûªí∫-©úøç/ Ç ï•’s-´¤-†o-鬩ç)

b) The leader's grip on the party eased off after its defeat in the elections

3) Name after = English common expression-

ÉC

= §ƒKd í∫ûª áEo-éπ™ x ãúÕ-§Ú-®·ç-ûª-®√yûª Ç Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕéÀ ü∆E-O’ü¿ °æô’d ûªT_-§Ú-®·çC.

™ î√™« í¬ ¢√úË á´-J-ÈéjØ√ Ê°®Ω-®·Ø√ °ôdúøç.

c) The price situation doesn't seen to ease off at all in the near future =

ÆæO’°æ ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h™ üµ¿®Ω© °æJ-ÆœnA ÅÆæ©’ ûªÍí_ô’x éπE-°œç-îª-úøç-™‰ü¿’. d) With the departure of all the guests the pressure on mom has eased off =

ÅA-ü∑¿’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ Å´’t O’ü¿ äAhúÕ ûªT_-§Ú-®·çC. eased off = eased up - Åçõ‰ ease off •ü¿’©’ ease up èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ÉC Spoken English ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œçîË expression (Phrasal verb). Practise îËߪ’çúÕ. DEéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω Å®Ωnç Ö†oüË, sentence no 4 ™ thin out îª÷úøçúÕ. Thin out = °æ©-îª-•-úøôç. c) We water plants to keep them from withering =

áçúÕ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á·éπ\-©èπ◊ F∞¡Ÿx §Ú≤ƒhç. d) Our hopes have withered away = ´’† Ǩ¡-©Fo ÖúÕ-T-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. Wither X refresh/ renew/ revive = AJT °æ‹®Ωy°æ¤ ¨¶µº §Òçü¿úøç. The greenery has revived with the recent rain =

Ñ ´’üµ¿u ¢√†© ´©x °æîªa-ü¿†ç ´’S} °æ¤çV-èπ◊çC/ °æîªa-ü¿†ç AJ-íÌ-*açC. 2) Endeavour = (A) Try = v°æߪ ’-Aoç-îªúøç, v°æߪ’ûªoç. Try/ attempt éπçõ‰ ÉC é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç. Pronunciation- ÉØ˛-úÁ´. a) It shall be the endeavour of every citizen to serve the country selflessly =

E≤ƒy®Ωnçí¬ ü˨»-EéÀ ÊÆ´ îËߪ÷-©-ØËC v°æA §˘®Ω’úÕ v°æߪ’-ûªoçí¬ Öçú≈L. b) I will endeavour my best to serve the country =

Ø√ ü˨»-EéÀ ÊÆ´ îËÊÆç-ü¿’Íé ؈’ ¨»ßª’-¨¡-èπ◊h™« éπ%≠œ îË≤ƒh†’. c) His endeavours were all in vain = ÅûªúÕ v°æߪ’-û√o-©Fo ´%ü∑∆ Åߪ÷u®·.

à

a) They named the child after its grandfather= M.SURESAN

Ç Gúøfèπ◊ ûª† û√ûª Ê°®Ω’ °ö«d®Ω’.

b) Nellore district will soon be named after the late Potti Sreeramulu =

ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ >™«xèπ◊ ûªy®Ω™  -C-´çí∫-ûª §ÒöÀd X®√-´·©’ Ê°®Ω’ °ôd-†’-Ø√o®Ω’. (The late = C´ç-í∫ûª, éÃJh-¨Ï-≠æfl©’) c) He named his son after his favourite film star =

ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊èπ◊ Åûªúø’ ûª† ÅGµ-´÷† ÆœE´÷ †ô’úÕ Ê°®Ω’ °ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 3) Relapse = (F) Revert =

àüÁjØ√

´·´’t-®Ωçí¬ ≤ƒÍí Æ洒ߪ’ç.

a) The peak of his playing career is past =

ÅûªúÕ véÃú≈ ¢√u°æ-éπç™ Åûª’u-†oûª ≤ƒn®· ü∆öÀ-§Ú®·çC. (É°æ¤púøçûª íÌ°æpí¬ Çúø-ôç-™‰ü¿’) b) He is now at the peak of his acting career=

Åûªúø’ ûª† †ô-†™ Åûª’u-†oûª ≤ƒn®·™ ÖØ√oúø’.] Peak season (¶«í¬ T®√éÃ/ ´·´’t-®Ωçí¬ Ö†o Æ洒ߪ’ç) X Lean season (Åçûª T®√éÃ/ ´·´’t®Ωç ™‰E Æ洒ߪ’ç.) a) The railways propose to reduce fares during the lean season =

T®√éà ™‰E Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x îµ√Kb©’ ûªT_ç-î√-©E È®j™‰y v°æA-§ƒ-C-≤ÚhçC.

b) The city bus is the best during lean traffic hours = city bus

®ΩDl ¶«í¬ °æ©-îªí¬ Ö†o°æ¤púø’

Öûªh´’ç. c) The milk prices go up during the lean procurement time =

§ƒ© ÊÆéπ-®Ωù ¶«í¬ ûªT_ ÖçúË Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ §ƒ© üµ¿®Ω©’ °®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·. (Lean Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆ – Ææ†oE.) He is lean and tall = Åûª†’ Ææ†oí¬ §Òúø’í¬_ Öçö«úø’. -Ñ -Å®Ωn-ç-ûÓ lean x fat.

AJT (Åüµ∆y-†çí¬ Ö†o) ߪ’üµ∆-Æœn-AéÀ ®√´úøç/ ï•’s-™«ç-öÀN A®Ω-í∫-°-ôdúøç (†ßª’-´’ßË’u•ü¿’©’)

ûª†’ áç-èπ◊†o Ŷ«s-®·E °R} îËÆæ’-èπ◊E, ûªLx-ü¿çvúø’-©èπ◊ °R}-éÌ-úø’-èπ◊†’ ¢ÁCÍé ¶«üµ¿uûª/ •®Ω’´¤ ûªT_ç-*çC.

a) He had a relapse of jaundice and died because of that =

b) His getting a job, he lightened his father's burden =

鬢Á’®Ω’x A®Ω-í∫-°-ôdúøç ´©x Åûªúø’ îªE§Úߪ÷úø’. b) He relapsed into silence =

é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ ´÷ö«xúÕ ´’S} E¨¡z-•l-¢Á’i-§Ú-ߪ÷-úø-ûªúø’. c) After a break of a few months he relapsed into drugs =

ÖüÓuí∫ç §Òçü¿-úøç-´©x ûª† ûªçvúÕéÀ ¶«üµ¿uûª ûªT_ç-î√-úø-ûª-úø’. c) The tax burden on senior citizens has been lightened =

éÌEo ØÁ©© N®√´’ç ûª®√yûª Åûªúø’ ´’S} drugs BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’.

´ßÁ÷-´%-ü¿’l¥© O’ü¿ °æ†’o ¶µ«®Ωç ûªT_çC. (Bv´-ûª®Ωç îËߪ’úøç) 5) Seep = (C) Trickle = ¶Ôô’d-¶Ô-ô’dí¬ Eü∆-†çí¬ ûË´’-îË-®Ωúøç/ ûªúø-´úøç.

d) A few minutes after coming to, she relapsed into unconscious state =

a) Whenever it rained water seeped through the ceiling and walls =

ûÁL-¢Ì-*a† éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ-©Íé Ç¢Á’ ´’S} Ææp %£æ« éÓ™p-®·çC.

´®Ω{ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x éπ°æ¤p, íÓúø-©-™ç* ûË´’ 鬮Ω’-ûª’çC/ éπ°æ¤p íÓúø©’ ûË´’ ûË´’í¬ Å´¤-û√®·.

Relapse X Progress. 4) Lighten = (B) lessen-

Lighten X Intensify

b) Blood seeped through the bandage = Bandage

®ΩéπhçûÓ ûË´’í¬ ÖçC.

•®Ω’´¤/ ¶«üµ¿uûª™«xçöÀN

ûªT_ç-îªúøç. a) By marrying a boy of her choice she lightened her parents' burden of searching for a groom =

c) Because of defective construction water is seeping =

E®√tù ™°æç-´©x F∞¡Ÿx-é¬J íÓúø©’ ûË´’í¬ ÖØ√o®·. Seep X Dry.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 8 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

v°æ¨¡o: 1.

President Ms Prathiba Patil said here on Monday that her Govt. hopes that the agreement becomes possible.

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ v°æA-¶µ«-§ƒ-öÀ™¸ Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ Mrs ¢√ú≈L éπü∆ Ms áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈®Ó N´Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 2.

Yours truly, Yours sincerely, Yours obediently, Yours affectionately, Yours faithfully, Yours lovingly

¢Á·ü¿-™„j† ¢√öÀéÀ Å®√nEo, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-

ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. ™ Thanking you, ûª®√yûª 鬴÷ ( , ) áçü¿’èπ◊ °ö«d™ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 4. Idioms èπ◊ Phrases èπ◊ ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ? –°œ.X-E-¢√-Ææ-®√´¤,°œ®∏√-°æ¤®Ωç -ï-¢√-•’: 1. °∞Îkx† Æ‘Yߪ÷ é¬ü∆ ÅE ÆæçüË-£æ«çí¬ Ö†o°æ¤úø’ Ms ¢√úøû√ç. °∞Îkx† Æ‘Y©’ ¢√J É≥ƒdEo•öÀd Mrs ¢√úø’-éÓ-´îª’a. ™‰ü∆ Ms (miss) ¢√úø’-éÓ-´îª’a. °Rx é¬E Æ‘Y© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ miss °æ‹Jhí¬ ®√≤ƒhç. ¢√∞¡x É≥ƒd-E≥ƒd©’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’ Ms ¢√úøôç °æü¿l¥A. °∞Îkx† ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ °æ¤öÀdç-öÀ-¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀ-Ê°Í® °ô’d-éÓ-´úøç É≠æd¢Á’iûË èπÿú≈ Ms ÅØË ®√≤ƒhç. Nú≈-èπ◊©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊†o ¢√J-Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈ ÅüË. 2) Letter ´·Tç°æ¤-™ ¢√úË yours truly, yours faithfully ™«çöÀ expressions †’ subscription Åçö«®Ω’. Yours truly: ´’†èπ◊ Åçûªí¬ °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰E ´uèπ◊h©èπ◊, °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh-¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ®√ÊÆ formal letters èπ◊ ¢√úË subscription: Yours truly. sir/ madam/ 3.

Letters

dear sir/ dear madam ™«çöÀ Ææç¶-üµ¿-†©’ ¢√úÕ-†°æ¤púø’ Yours truly, ÅE ®√Æœ Ææçûªéπç °úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ÉC American usage ™ áèπ◊\´. Yours faithfully (O’ N¨»yÆ槃-vûª’-úÁj†). ÉC ´·êuçí¬ official letters ´·Tç°æ¤-™ ¢√úË subscription. v°æ¶µº’-û√y-Cµ-é¬-®Ω’-©èπ◊, °j ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’-©èπ◊, official í¬ ´’†-éπçõ‰ superior status ™ Ö†o-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ®√ÊÆ Öûªh-®√™x ¢√úË subscription. sir/ madam ÅE Ææç¶-CµçîË letters èπ◊ ÉC ¢√úøû√ç. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ DE •ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ yours truly ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’, ´·êuçí¬ American usage ™. Yours sincerely ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ† ¢√∞¡x†’ mr/ mrs/ miss/ X/ X-´’-A – -O-öÀûÓ ¢√∞¡x -Ê°®Ω’ûÓ Ææç-¶-Cµç-*-†-°æ¤púø’, ´’† friends èπ◊ ®√ÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’ yours sincerely, ÅE ®√≤ƒhç. American usage Å®·ûË sincerely yours, (Å®Ωnç: O’ †´’té¬-EéÀ §ƒvûª’-úÁj†)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2

Öûªh-®√™x ¢√úË subscription. Åûªuçûª ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’, ņo-ü¿-´·t©’, Åéπ\-îÁ-™„x∞¡Ÿx, ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh©’, Ç°æhN’vûª’©’ ™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊, yours lovingly/ with love/ love ÅE ®√≤ƒhç. (Lots of love ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç) ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©èπ◊ ®√ÊÆ Öûªh-®√-©†’ Dear friend/ My dear friend -Å-E -v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-úøç Ææ-Jé¬-ü¿’. My dear -Å-E friend Ê°®Ω’ ®√ߪ÷L. My dear Nagaraj/ Priyanka; Dearest Priyanka friends names

443

Ææ®Ωç. 4) Phrase a group of words without a verb. In response to your letter phrase verb group of words. outside the class hours Phrase phrase

Nagaraj/

ÉN O’ Å®·ûË) 3) Thanking you -Å-E à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† letter ™ØÁjØ√ ®√ߪ’-

Åçõ‰

(O’ Öûªh-®√-EéÀ Ææpçü¿èπ◊ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ÉC Å™«Íí èπÿú≈. Å®Ωnç, ™E NúÕ ´÷ô© Å®√nEo •öÀd ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. ü∆E ¢Á·ûªhç Å®Ωnç, ü∆E-™E ´÷ô© Å®√nEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*ç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC. Idiom ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ group of words. Å®·ûË Idiom ¢Á·ûªhç Å®√n-EéÃ, Åçü¿’™ Ö†o ´÷ô© Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúøü¿’. Idiom ™E NúÕ ´÷ô© Å®√nEo •öÀd Idiom ¢Á·ûªhç Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ™‰ç. Å≤ƒüµ¿uç 鬴a èπÿú≈. eg: The long and (the) short of - ÉC Idiom. DE Å®Ωnç– ≤ƒ®√稡ç ÅE. †í¬)– ÉC ™‰E

The Mango tastes sweet

v°æ¨¡o: 1. véÀÈéö¸ 鬢Á’ç-ô-K™ 'welcome boundary'

ņo °æü¿ç ¶«í¬ NE-°œÆæ’hçC. DE Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? 2. B.Ed. Åçõ‰ Bachelor of Åçõ‰ Education, D.Ed. Diploma in Education. äéπ-îÓô 'of' ´’®Ó-îÓô 'in' áçü¿’èπ◊ ´î√a®·? 3. äéπö °æôdù §ÚMÆˇ ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛†’ I town Police Station Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ist town police station ņ-èπÿúøü∆? 4. The Text Booklet is printed in found (4) series, viz. A,B,C,D. viz.

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ °æ‹Jh ®Ω÷°æç, Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? – °œ.X-E-¢√Æˇ, Å´’t-éπ\-Ê°ö¸-

-ï-¢√-•’:

Welcome boundary = boundary boundary Welcome news=

≤ƒyí∫-Aç-îª-ûª-T† džçü¿ç

Åçõ‰ Ç éπ-L-Tç-îËC. ≤ƒyí∫-Aç-îª-ûª-T† (Åçûª džç-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ¢√®Ωh) Bachelor (B.A., B.Sc) ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ x ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ 'of', Diploma ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ 'in', usage. DEéÀ rule Åçô÷ àç ™‰ü¿’. (¢√úø’éπ=usage). Ééπ\úø one town Åçõ‰ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ °æôdùç ÅE Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’– one town = †í∫-®Ωç™ äéπö N¶µ«í∫ç/ v°æü˨¡ç (Area) èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ÅE. Å™«Íí 2 town Åçõ‰ °æôd-ùç™ È®çúÓ Area èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ÅE. Viz. Abbreviation for namely = ¢Á·ü¿-©’í¬-í∫©/ ¢Á·ü¿-™„j†. All the former Telugu actors viz ANR, NTR, SVR, Savithri, etc = ANR, NTR, SVR,

≤ƒNvA †ô’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷.

¢Á·ü¿-™„j†

í∫ûª

Yours obediently: students Teachers/ Headmasters/ Principals subscription

ÉC

°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

¢√∞¡x èπ◊ ®√ÊÆ-ô(ûª´’ NüµË-ߪ·-úÁj† ÅØË

Yours affectionately (Yours affectionately yours lovingly,

É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-éπ-™-™‰ü¿’.)/ (ÅÊ°éπ~/ ÅGµ-´÷†ç/ vÊ°´’ûÓ ÉC ´’† ö«d-©èπ◊ ®√ÊÆ

v°æ¨¡o: ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÀ O™„j-†ç-ûª vocabulary ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ´·êu´÷ ™‰ü∆ sentence structure ´·êu´÷? Sentence Structures ¶«í¬ practise îËߪ’úøç ´·êu´÷ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çõ‰ Å¢Ë ´≤ƒh-ߪ÷? ÅÆæ©’ total structure S+V+O éπü∆. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ î√™« °ü¿l ¢√éπuç ™«çöÀC Ææ¶-b„èπ◊dí¬, î√™« °ü¿l¢√éπuç object í¬ Öçô’çC. É™«ç-öÀ -¢√-öÀE frame îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ᙫ? 'E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÌ*a †’Ny-*a† áv®Ω-®Ωç-í∫’- <-®Ω†’ °œ-©x¢√úø’ Çúø’-èπ◊çô’ §Ò®Ω-¶«-ô’† ûªí∫’-©-¶„-ö«dúø’.— Éçü¿’-™ <®Ω(s)+ °œ©x-¢√úø’(o)+ ûªí∫-©-¶„-ôd-úøç(v). É™«çöÀ §Òúø’-í∫’ -¢√-é¬u©’ ᙫ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? Main rules ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. – -ߪ·.XE-¢√-Ææ-®√´¤, ï®Ω’-í∫’´’Lx (v°æé¬-¨¡ç->™«x) -ï-¢√-•’: 1) English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L, ®√ߪ’í∫©í¬M Åçõ‰ ´’†ç áçûª English îªC-NûË Åçûª-¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË Å™« îªC¢Ëô°æ¤púø’ Ç sentence structures, usage, new words, ÅN ᙫ use î˨»-®ΩØË ¢√öÀ O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd Öç* îªü¿-¢√L. Åçü¿’Íé Reading benefits the prepared rye and sentence structure mind.

ã ®Ωîª-®·ûª ®√Æœ† ᙫ ÖçüÓ í∫´’-EÆæ÷h îªü¿-¢√L. îªü¿-´-úøç °æ‹®Ωhߪ÷uéπ ´’† mind ™E auto register Ç v°æßÁ÷-í¬-©†’ Åv°æ-ߪ’-ûªoçí¬ ´’†ûÓ °æL-éÀÆæ’hçC, ®√®·-Ææ’hçC. Prepared mind and eye éÀ Öü∆-£æ«®Ωù: Newton ´·çü¿’ î√™«´’çC °æçúø’x éÀçü¿ -°æ-úøôç îª÷¨»-®Ω’é¬F ¶µº÷N’éÀ Çéπ-®Ω{-ù-¨¡éÀh Öçü¿ØËC Çߪ’†éÌéπ\-úÕÍé Ææ’p¥Jç-*çC. îªC-¢Ë-ô°æ¤púø’ sentences í∫´’-EÊÆh î√©’. Å™«Íí vocabulary èπÿú≈. Word lists •öÃd°æ-ôd-úøç ´©x ®√ü¿’. îªü¿’-´¤ûª’çõ‰ à´÷ô ᙫ- ¢√-ú≈™ èπÿú≈ (Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ é¬èπ◊çú≈) ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. 2) Subject of a sentence äéπ\ ´÷ôí¬/ äéπ phrase (Group of words without a verb)/ clause

äéπ

Öçúø-´îª’a.

a) The Mango tastes sweet- Subject- Mango (one word)

úøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Letters ™ ´·Tç*, subscrip®√Æœ Ææçûªéπç °úøû√ç á°æ¤púø÷. Thanking you correct letter ™ ü∆EéÀ ≤ƒn†ç-™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ü∆E ûª®√yûª comma Öçú≈™« Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü∆ ÅØË îª®Ωa ņ-´matter tion

M.SURESAN

b) The book explaining the procedure is in our librarysubject- The book explaining the procedure = phrase (group of words without a verb)

2.

äéπ

c) The book I was reading yesterday is very interesting. Subject- The book ... yesterday- clause (group of words with a verb)

3.

'î√™« °ü¿l ¢√éπuç, subject í¬, î√™« °ü¿l-¢√éπuç object í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ®√¨»®Ω’. Subject, object ÅEo éπL-°œ-ûËØË éπü∆ ¢√éπuç ÅßË’uC. Subject, object í¬ éπE°œçîË Â°ü¿l-¢√-é¬u©’, O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊-ØË™« ¢√é¬u©’ (sentences) 鬴¤. ÅN °j† îª÷°œç-*† Nüµ¿çí¬ Â°ü¿l, °ü¿l phrases/ clauses ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-û√®·. Subject í¬F, objects é¬F ¢√ôç-ûª-ôÅ¢Ë sentences 鬴¤ éπü∆. Sentence Å¢√y-©çõ‰ °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç Öçú≈L. Subject/ Object äéπ\õ‰ °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç É´yü¿’. 'E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç... ûªí∫©¶„ö«dúø’.— Ñ sentence èπ◊ English:

4.

Ñ sentence †’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Éçü¿’™ °œ©x-¢√úø’ (our boy) O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†ô’x object (o) é¬ü¿’. subject (S) éπü∆. Got burnt- ÉC verb (V). üËEo ûªí∫-©-¶„-ö«dúø’? Sari E 鬕öÀd sari, object (o), subject (s) é¬ü¿’. The red sari which you gave us yesterobject day when you come to us (object) clauses Spoken English written English complicated structure Clipped sentences Spoken English short sentences writreader strain ten english

¢Á·ûªhç í¬ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Å°æ¤p-úøC È®çúø’ Å´¤-û√®·. Å®·ûË ™ á°æ¤p-úø÷, ™ áèπ◊\-´-≤ƒ®Ω’x É™«çöÀ ¢√úøç. áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç ™, ™. Å°æ¤púø’ èπ◊ Öçúøü¿’. Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçûª §Òúø’í∫’ ¢√é¬u© Å´-Ææ®Ωç àN’öÀ?

great = Åûª-úÕ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæ ≤ƒ®√稡ç -Åç-û√ ûª†’ íÌ°æp¢√úÕ-†E. í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆?Idiom ™E long èπ◊, short èπ◊ é¬F, '≤ƒ®√ç¨¡ç— Å-ØË Å®√n-E-éÀí¬F áéπ\ú≈ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. long, short †’ •öÀd idiom Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ™‰ç. ÉC idiom èπ◊ phrase èπ◊ ûËú≈. ûÁ©’í∫’™ èπÿú≈ idioms (ñ«B-ߪ÷©’/ Ø√†’úÕ) ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Eg: †úø’ç-¢√-©a-úøç= Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Pronunciation, pronounciation OöÀ™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

DE

Our boy while playing got burnt by chance the red sari you gave us yesterday when you came to us.

The long and (the) short of his speech is that he is

5. 6. 7.

I deserved it deserve

ÅØË expression Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ´·êuçí¬ èπ◊ Å®Ωnç à´’öÀ? Advertisement Ñ °æü∆Eo à N-üµ¿çí¬ pronounce îËߪ÷L? Åúøy-õ„j-Æˇ-¢Á’çö¸ ÅØ√™« ™‰ü∆ Åúøy-öÀ-Æˇ-¢Á’çö¸ ÅØ√™«? 'Vote of thanks' ÅØË Idiomatic expression èπ◊ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Content Ñ °æü∆Eo é¬çõ„çö¸ ÅE °æ©-鬙« -™‰-ü∆ éπçõ„çö¸ ÅØ√-™«? 'It is been a wonderful experience'. Ñ ¢√éπuç à tense ™ ÖçC? Enough/ anough – OöÀ™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? – áç. Ææ’Í®≠ˇ, ¶„©xç-°æLx

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Pronunciation, Correct. 2) I deserved it = 1) Deserve=

Ø√é¬ Å®Ω|ûª ÖçúÕçC. 2) Ø√èπ◊ ûªT† Å®Ω’|-©-´ôç. a) I deserved the prize= Prize èπ◊ Å®Ω|ûª Ø√èπ◊ç-úÕçC. (Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-LqçC Ç prize) ¨»ÊÆh ïJ-TçC.

b) I did the wrongthing. So I deserved the punishment =

؈’ ûª°æ¤p î˨»†’. Ø√éà Péπ~ °æú≈-LqçüË.

3)

Advertisement Pronunciation: British: Bird

Å-úÌy-öÀ-Æˇ-¢Á’ç-ö¸ ™ • '™«í¬—, úÌy ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. American= Åúøy(®˝)õ„jñ ¸-¢Á’çö¸– ñ¸ size ™ z -™«, tise ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 4) Vote of thanks - Éçü¿’™ vote èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ™«ç-†-v§ƒßª’ç (formal) í¬ éπ%ûª-ïcûª ûÁLÊ° *†o v°æÆæçí∫ç ÅE. 5) äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ Ö†o N≠æߪ’ç, äé𠧃vûª ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ Ö†o ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ content †’– é¬çõ„ç-ö¸í¬ pronounce îË≤ƒhç ('é¬ç— ´’K Åçûª D®Ω`ç é¬ü¿’) ûª%°œhí¬ Ö†o/ -ûª%-°œh-°æ-úÕ†/ ûª%°œh-éπ-L_çîË ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å®·ûË éπçõ„ç-ö¸í¬ pronounce îË≤ƒhç, -õ„ç ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 6) It is been a wonderful experience – ÉC ÆæÈ®j† sentence é¬ü¿’. DEéÀ ÆæÈ®j† form, It's (It has) been a wonderful experience= ÅC î√™« Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† ņ’-¶µº´ç– – úÌy –

tense - present perfect ('be' form).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 8 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

v°æ¨¡o: 1.

President Ms Prathiba Patil said here on Monday that her Govt. hopes that the agreement becomes possible.

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ v°æA-¶µ«-§ƒ-öÀ™¸ Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ Mrs ¢√ú≈L éπü∆ Ms áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈®Ó N´Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 2.

Yours truly, Yours sincerely, Yours obediently, Yours affectionately, Yours faithfully, Yours lovingly

¢Á·ü¿-™„j† ¢√öÀéÀ Å®√nEo, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-

ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. ™ Thanking you, ûª®√yûª 鬴÷ ( , ) áçü¿’èπ◊ °ö«d™ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 4. Idioms èπ◊ Phrases èπ◊ ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ? –°œ.X-E-¢√-Ææ-®√´¤,°œ®∏√-°æ¤®Ωç -ï-¢√-•’: 1. °∞Îkx† Æ‘Yߪ÷ é¬ü∆ ÅE ÆæçüË-£æ«çí¬ Ö†o°æ¤úø’ Ms ¢√úøû√ç. °∞Îkx† Æ‘Y©’ ¢√J É≥ƒdEo•öÀd Mrs ¢√úø’-éÓ-´îª’a. ™‰ü∆ Ms (miss) ¢√úø’-éÓ-´îª’a. °Rx é¬E Æ‘Y© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ miss °æ‹Jhí¬ ®√≤ƒhç. ¢√∞¡x É≥ƒd-E≥ƒd©’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’ Ms ¢√úøôç °æü¿l¥A. °∞Îkx† ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ °æ¤öÀdç-öÀ-¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀ-Ê°Í® °ô’d-éÓ-´úøç É≠æd¢Á’iûË èπÿú≈ Ms ÅØË ®√≤ƒhç. Nú≈-èπ◊©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊†o ¢√J-Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈ ÅüË. 2) Letter ´·Tç°æ¤-™ ¢√úË yours truly, yours faithfully ™«çöÀ expressions †’ subscription Åçö«®Ω’. Yours truly: ´’†èπ◊ Åçûªí¬ °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰E ´uèπ◊h©èπ◊, °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh-¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ®√ÊÆ formal letters èπ◊ ¢√úË subscription: Yours truly. sir/ madam/ 3.

Letters

dear sir/ dear madam ™«çöÀ Ææç¶-üµ¿-†©’ ¢√úÕ-†°æ¤púø’ Yours truly, ÅE ®√Æœ Ææçûªéπç °úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ÉC American usage ™ áèπ◊\´. Yours faithfully (O’ N¨»yÆ槃-vûª’-úÁj†). ÉC ´·êuçí¬ official letters ´·Tç°æ¤-™ ¢√úË subscription. v°æ¶µº’-û√y-Cµ-é¬-®Ω’-©èπ◊, °j ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’-©èπ◊, official í¬ ´’†-éπçõ‰ superior status ™ Ö†o-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ®√ÊÆ Öûªh-®√™x ¢√úË subscription. sir/ madam ÅE Ææç¶-CµçîË letters èπ◊ ÉC ¢√úøû√ç. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ DE •ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ yours truly ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’, ´·êuçí¬ American usage ™. Yours sincerely ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ† ¢√∞¡x†’ mr/ mrs/ miss/ X/ X-´’-A – -O-öÀûÓ ¢√∞¡x -Ê°®Ω’ûÓ Ææç-¶-Cµç-*-†-°æ¤púø’, ´’† friends èπ◊ ®√ÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’ yours sincerely, ÅE ®√≤ƒhç. American usage Å®·ûË sincerely yours, (Å®Ωnç: O’ †´’té¬-EéÀ §ƒvûª’-úÁj†)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2

Öûªh-®√™x ¢√úË subscription. Åûªuçûª ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’, ņo-ü¿-´·t©’, Åéπ\-îÁ-™„x∞¡Ÿx, ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh©’, Ç°æhN’vûª’©’ ™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊, yours lovingly/ with love/ love ÅE ®√≤ƒhç. (Lots of love ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç) ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©èπ◊ ®√ÊÆ Öûªh-®√-©†’ Dear friend/ My dear friend -Å-E -v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-úøç Ææ-Jé¬-ü¿’. My dear -Å-E friend Ê°®Ω’ ®√ߪ÷L. My dear Nagaraj/ Priyanka; Dearest Priyanka friends names

443

Ææ®Ωç. 4) Phrase a group of words without a verb. In response to your letter phrase verb group of words. outside the class hours Phrase phrase

Nagaraj/

ÉN O’ Å®·ûË) 3) Thanking you -Å-E à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† letter ™ØÁjØ√ ®√ߪ’-

Åçõ‰

(O’ Öûªh-®√-EéÀ Ææpçü¿èπ◊ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ÉC Å™«Íí èπÿú≈. Å®Ωnç, ™E NúÕ ´÷ô© Å®√nEo •öÀd ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. ü∆E ¢Á·ûªhç Å®Ωnç, ü∆E-™E ´÷ô© Å®√nEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*ç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC. Idiom ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ group of words. Å®·ûË Idiom ¢Á·ûªhç Å®√n-EéÃ, Åçü¿’™ Ö†o ´÷ô© Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúøü¿’. Idiom ™E NúÕ ´÷ô© Å®√nEo •öÀd Idiom ¢Á·ûªhç Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ™‰ç. Å≤ƒüµ¿uç 鬴a èπÿú≈. eg: The long and (the) short of - ÉC Idiom. DE Å®Ωnç– ≤ƒ®√稡ç ÅE. †í¬)– ÉC ™‰E

The Mango tastes sweet

v°æ¨¡o: 1. véÀÈéö¸ 鬢Á’ç-ô-K™ 'welcome boundary'

ņo °æü¿ç ¶«í¬ NE-°œÆæ’hçC. DE Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? 2. B.Ed. Åçõ‰ Bachelor of Åçõ‰ Education, D.Ed. Diploma in Education. äéπ-îÓô 'of' ´’®Ó-îÓô 'in' áçü¿’èπ◊ ´î√a®·? 3. äéπö °æôdù §ÚMÆˇ ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛†’ I town Police Station Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ist town police station ņ-èπÿúøü∆? 4. The Text Booklet is printed in found (4) series, viz. A,B,C,D. viz.

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ °æ‹Jh ®Ω÷°æç, Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? – °œ.X-E-¢√Æˇ, Å´’t-éπ\-Ê°ö¸-

-ï-¢√-•’:

Welcome boundary = boundary boundary Welcome news=

≤ƒyí∫-Aç-îª-ûª-T† džçü¿ç

Åçõ‰ Ç éπ-L-Tç-îËC. ≤ƒyí∫-Aç-îª-ûª-T† (Åçûª džç-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ¢√®Ωh) Bachelor (B.A., B.Sc) ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ x ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ 'of', Diploma ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ 'in', usage. DEéÀ rule Åçô÷ àç ™‰ü¿’. (¢√úø’éπ=usage). Ééπ\úø one town Åçõ‰ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ °æôdùç ÅE Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’– one town = †í∫-®Ωç™ äéπö N¶µ«í∫ç/ v°æü˨¡ç (Area) èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ÅE. Å™«Íí 2 town Åçõ‰ °æôd-ùç™ È®çúÓ Area èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ÅE. Viz. Abbreviation for namely = ¢Á·ü¿-©’í¬-í∫©/ ¢Á·ü¿-™„j†. All the former Telugu actors viz ANR, NTR, SVR, Savithri, etc = ANR, NTR, SVR,

≤ƒNvA †ô’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷.

¢Á·ü¿-™„j†

í∫ûª

Yours obediently: students Teachers/ Headmasters/ Principals subscription

ÉC

°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

¢√∞¡x èπ◊ ®√ÊÆ-ô(ûª´’ NüµË-ߪ·-úÁj† ÅØË

Yours affectionately (Yours affectionately yours lovingly,

É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-éπ-™-™‰ü¿’.)/ (ÅÊ°éπ~/ ÅGµ-´÷†ç/ vÊ°´’ûÓ ÉC ´’† ö«d-©èπ◊ ®√ÊÆ

v°æ¨¡o: ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÀ O™„j-†ç-ûª vocabulary ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ´·êu´÷ ™‰ü∆ sentence structure ´·êu´÷? Sentence Structures ¶«í¬ practise îËߪ’úøç ´·êu´÷ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çõ‰ Å¢Ë ´≤ƒh-ߪ÷? ÅÆæ©’ total structure S+V+O éπü∆. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ î√™« °ü¿l ¢√éπuç ™«çöÀC Ææ¶-b„èπ◊dí¬, î√™« °ü¿l¢√éπuç object í¬ Öçô’çC. É™«ç-öÀ -¢√-öÀE frame îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ᙫ? 'E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÌ*a †’Ny-*a† áv®Ω-®Ωç-í∫’- <-®Ω†’ °œ-©x¢√úø’ Çúø’-èπ◊çô’ §Ò®Ω-¶«-ô’† ûªí∫’-©-¶„-ö«dúø’.— Éçü¿’-™ <®Ω(s)+ °œ©x-¢√úø’(o)+ ûªí∫-©-¶„-ôd-úøç(v). É™«çöÀ §Òúø’-í∫’ -¢√-é¬u©’ ᙫ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? Main rules ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. – -ߪ·.XE-¢√-Ææ-®√´¤, ï®Ω’-í∫’´’Lx (v°æé¬-¨¡ç->™«x) -ï-¢√-•’: 1) English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L, ®√ߪ’í∫©í¬M Åçõ‰ ´’†ç áçûª English îªC-NûË Åçûª-¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË Å™« îªC¢Ëô°æ¤púø’ Ç sentence structures, usage, new words, ÅN ᙫ use î˨»-®ΩØË ¢√öÀ O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd Öç* îªü¿-¢√L. Åçü¿’Íé Reading benefits the prepared rye and sentence structure mind.

ã ®Ωîª-®·ûª ®√Æœ† ᙫ ÖçüÓ í∫´’-EÆæ÷h îªü¿-¢√L. îªü¿-´-úøç °æ‹®Ωhߪ÷uéπ ´’† mind ™E auto register Ç v°æßÁ÷-í¬-©†’ Åv°æ-ߪ’-ûªoçí¬ ´’†ûÓ °æL-éÀÆæ’hçC, ®√®·-Ææ’hçC. Prepared mind and eye éÀ Öü∆-£æ«®Ωù: Newton ´·çü¿’ î√™«´’çC °æçúø’x éÀçü¿ -°æ-úøôç îª÷¨»-®Ω’é¬F ¶µº÷N’éÀ Çéπ-®Ω{-ù-¨¡éÀh Öçü¿ØËC Çߪ’†éÌéπ\-úÕÍé Ææ’p¥Jç-*çC. îªC-¢Ë-ô°æ¤púø’ sentences í∫´’-EÊÆh î√©’. Å™«Íí vocabulary èπÿú≈. Word lists •öÃd°æ-ôd-úøç ´©x ®√ü¿’. îªü¿’-´¤ûª’çõ‰ à´÷ô ᙫ- ¢√-ú≈™ èπÿú≈ (Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ é¬èπ◊çú≈) ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. 2) Subject of a sentence äéπ\ ´÷ôí¬/ äéπ phrase (Group of words without a verb)/ clause

äéπ

Öçúø-´îª’a.

a) The Mango tastes sweet- Subject- Mango (one word)

úøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Letters ™ ´·Tç*, subscrip®√Æœ Ææçûªéπç °úøû√ç á°æ¤púø÷. Thanking you correct letter ™ ü∆EéÀ ≤ƒn†ç-™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ü∆E ûª®√yûª comma Öçú≈™« Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü∆ ÅØË îª®Ωa ņ-´matter tion

M.SURESAN

b) The book explaining the procedure is in our librarysubject- The book explaining the procedure = phrase (group of words without a verb)

2.

äéπ

c) The book I was reading yesterday is very interesting. Subject- The book ... yesterday- clause (group of words with a verb)

3.

'î√™« °ü¿l ¢√éπuç, subject í¬, î√™« °ü¿l-¢√éπuç object í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ®√¨»®Ω’. Subject, object ÅEo éπL-°œ-ûËØË éπü∆ ¢√éπuç ÅßË’uC. Subject, object í¬ éπE°œçîË Â°ü¿l-¢√-é¬u©’, O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊-ØË™« ¢√é¬u©’ (sentences) 鬴¤. ÅN °j† îª÷°œç-*† Nüµ¿çí¬ Â°ü¿l, °ü¿l phrases/ clauses ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-û√®·. Subject í¬F, objects é¬F ¢√ôç-ûª-ôÅ¢Ë sentences 鬴¤ éπü∆. Sentence Å¢√y-©çõ‰ °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç Öçú≈L. Subject/ Object äéπ\õ‰ °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç É´yü¿’. 'E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç... ûªí∫©¶„ö«dúø’.— Ñ sentence èπ◊ English:

4.

Ñ sentence †’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Éçü¿’™ °œ©x-¢√úø’ (our boy) O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†ô’x object (o) é¬ü¿’. subject (S) éπü∆. Got burnt- ÉC verb (V). üËEo ûªí∫-©-¶„-ö«dúø’? Sari E 鬕öÀd sari, object (o), subject (s) é¬ü¿’. The red sari which you gave us yesterobject day when you come to us (object) clauses Spoken English written English complicated structure Clipped sentences Spoken English short sentences writreader strain ten english

¢Á·ûªhç í¬ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Å°æ¤p-úøC È®çúø’ Å´¤-û√®·. Å®·ûË ™ á°æ¤p-úø÷, ™ áèπ◊\-´-≤ƒ®Ω’x É™«çöÀ ¢√úøç. áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç ™, ™. Å°æ¤púø’ èπ◊ Öçúøü¿’. Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçûª §Òúø’í∫’ ¢√é¬u© Å´-Ææ®Ωç àN’öÀ?

great = Åûª-úÕ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæ ≤ƒ®√稡ç -Åç-û√ ûª†’ íÌ°æp¢√úÕ-†E. í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆?Idiom ™E long èπ◊, short èπ◊ é¬F, '≤ƒ®√ç¨¡ç— Å-ØË Å®√n-E-éÀí¬F áéπ\ú≈ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. long, short †’ •öÀd idiom Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ™‰ç. ÉC idiom èπ◊ phrase èπ◊ ûËú≈. ûÁ©’í∫’™ èπÿú≈ idioms (ñ«B-ߪ÷©’/ Ø√†’úÕ) ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Eg: †úø’ç-¢√-©a-úøç= Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Pronunciation, pronounciation OöÀ™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

DE

Our boy while playing got burnt by chance the red sari you gave us yesterday when you came to us.

The long and (the) short of his speech is that he is

5. 6. 7.

I deserved it deserve

ÅØË expression Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ´·êuçí¬ èπ◊ Å®Ωnç à´’öÀ? Advertisement Ñ °æü∆Eo à N-üµ¿çí¬ pronounce îËߪ÷L? Åúøy-õ„j-Æˇ-¢Á’çö¸ ÅØ√™« ™‰ü∆ Åúøy-öÀ-Æˇ-¢Á’çö¸ ÅØ√™«? 'Vote of thanks' ÅØË Idiomatic expression èπ◊ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Content Ñ °æü∆Eo é¬çõ„çö¸ ÅE °æ©-鬙« -™‰-ü∆ éπçõ„çö¸ ÅØ√-™«? 'It is been a wonderful experience'. Ñ ¢√éπuç à tense ™ ÖçC? Enough/ anough – OöÀ™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? – áç. Ææ’Í®≠ˇ, ¶„©xç-°æLx

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Pronunciation, Correct. 2) I deserved it = 1) Deserve=

Ø√é¬ Å®Ω|ûª ÖçúÕçC. 2) Ø√èπ◊ ûªT† Å®Ω’|-©-´ôç. a) I deserved the prize= Prize èπ◊ Å®Ω|ûª Ø√èπ◊ç-úÕçC. (Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-LqçC Ç prize) ¨»ÊÆh ïJ-TçC.

b) I did the wrongthing. So I deserved the punishment =

؈’ ûª°æ¤p î˨»†’. Ø√éà Péπ~ °æú≈-LqçüË.

3)

Advertisement Pronunciation: British: Bird

Å-úÌy-öÀ-Æˇ-¢Á’ç-ö¸ ™ • '™«í¬—, úÌy ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. American= Åúøy(®˝)õ„jñ ¸-¢Á’çö¸– ñ¸ size ™ z -™«, tise ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 4) Vote of thanks - Éçü¿’™ vote èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ™«ç-†-v§ƒßª’ç (formal) í¬ éπ%ûª-ïcûª ûÁLÊ° *†o v°æÆæçí∫ç ÅE. 5) äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ Ö†o N≠æߪ’ç, äé𠧃vûª ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ Ö†o ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ content †’– é¬çõ„ç-ö¸í¬ pronounce îË≤ƒhç ('é¬ç— ´’K Åçûª D®Ω`ç é¬ü¿’) ûª%°œhí¬ Ö†o/ -ûª%-°œh-°æ-úÕ†/ ûª%°œh-éπ-L_çîË ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å®·ûË éπçõ„ç-ö¸í¬ pronounce îË≤ƒhç, -õ„ç ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 6) It is been a wonderful experience – ÉC ÆæÈ®j† sentence é¬ü¿’. DEéÀ ÆæÈ®j† form, It's (It has) been a wonderful experience= ÅC î√™« Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† ņ’-¶µº´ç– – úÌy –

tense - present perfect ('be' form).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 10 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Subodh: Oh, you are late. You've upset my whole programme.

(†’´¤y Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a´¤. Ø√ programme Åçû√ ûª©-éÀçü¿©’ î˨»´¤.) upset= (1) ´’†ç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊-†oN ÅÆæh-´uÆæhç Å®·§Ú-´úøç. upset= (2) éÓ°æp-úø-ôç/worry é¬-´-úøç) Pranav: I'm sorry. My bike broke down on the way and it took an hour for me to have it set right. (Sorry,

´’üµ¿u™ Ø√ bike îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. ü∆Eo ´’Sx ÆæJîË®·ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫çô-°æ-öÀdçC.)

Subodh: I'm afraid if we go now we'll be breaking in on the meeting of the our boss and the MD. The boss had told me that he had an important meeting with the MD and that at this time we couldn't meet him alone.

(´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ ¢ÁRûË ´’† boss, MD (Managing Director) © meeting èπ◊ Åçûª®√ߪ’ç éπ-L-T≤ƒh-¢Ë’-¢Á÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ûª†èπ◊ MD ûÓ ´·êu-¢Á’i† meeting Öçü¿E, ûª†F time ™ äçô-Jí¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-´’E ÅØ√oúø’.)

Pranav: Exactly.

(ÅüË)

Subodh: Is it being wise? May not the culprits give us trouble?

(ûÁL-¢Áj† °æØËØ√ ÅC? Ç ûª°æ¤pîËÆœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†O’ü¿ °æúÌa éπü∆?) culprit= üÓ≠œ/ -ØË-®Ω-Ææ’núø’ Pranav: How will they know?

(¢√∞¡x-È陫 ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC?) Subodh: (Are) you sure of that? Then OK.

(Ç †´’téπç Fèπ◊çü∆? Å®·ûË ÆæÍ®.) Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) My bike broke down on the way 2) We'll be breaking in on meeting of our boss and the MD. 3) We shall miss the opportunity of confiding certain things in him.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Pranav: So what shall we do now?

(Å®·ûË -´’-†ç É°æ¤púø’ àç îË-ߪ÷L?)

444

(F cell ÖçC éπü∆? F bike îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·† N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ phone îËÆæ’ç-úÌ-a-éπü∆?)

a) The pandavas always confided in Lord Krishna =

agriculture =

Nü¿’u-îªa ¥éÀh Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç ´u´-≤ƒ-ߪ÷Eo üÁ•sB-ÆœçC. Break down Åçõ‰ ´’®Ó Å®Ωnç ´’†-Ææ’-™ E ¶«üµ¿†’ Ç°æ¤-éÓ-™‰éπ éπ∞¡x-F∞¡Ÿx °ô’d-éÓ-´úøç When I told her the news she broke down= a) ØËØ√-Núøèπ◊ Ç ¢√®Ωh îÁ°æp-í¬ØË éπ∞¡x-F∞¡Ÿx °ô’d-èπ◊çC, ü¿’”ë«Eo Ç°æ¤éÓ-™‰éπ.

(Çߪ’-Fo-®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ´’†èπ◊ î√™« ´·êuç. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Åûª-úÕûÓ éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ îÁ°æ¤p-éÌØË Å´-é¬-¨»Eo éÓ™pû√ç.)

Halfway people left halfway through the meeting =

Subodh: Are you talking about some one breaking into his office and making away with important files?

b) As one of the LPG plants broke down cooking gas is in short supply =

(†’´y-ØËC Çߪ’† office ™éÀ á´®Ó v°æ¢Ë-Pç* éÌEo files üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËߪ’úøç í∫’Jçî√?)

ߪ’çvû√™x äéπöÀ îÁúÕ-§Ú-´úøç ´©x ´çô éÌ®Ω-ûªí¬ ÖçC. Break down Åçõ‰ Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç éπ-©í∫úøç Å-ØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

EXERCISE Match the words/ expressions under A with their meanings under B B

1 Perfume

A Foul smell

2 Stink

B Exactly (on time)

3 Bawl

C be fond of

4 On the dot

D Throw

5 Have a soft spot for

E Scent F Silence G Shout.

3 G, 4 B, 5 C.

Explanations:

°æJ-´’∞¡ç/ Ææ’¢√-Ææ†

a) The jasmine is a flower with the sweetest perfume =

î√™«/ Åûªuçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† Ææ’¢√-Ææ†/ °æJ-´’∞¡ç ÖçúË °æ¤´¤y ´’™„x

b) The pak captain broke down unable to bear the defeat =

ߪ’çvû√-™«xç-öÀN îÁúÕ-§Ú-´-úøç/ °æE-îË-ߪ’éπ §Ú´-úøç/ ÇT--§Ú-´-úøç. a) The bus full of passengers broke down half way through the level crossing =

1) Perfume = (E) Scent =

Sorry, ´’Sx ´≤ƒhØËx. †’¢ËyüÓ °æE-O’-ü¿’-Ø√o´¤. Féπ-úø’fûª-í∫-©-úøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ߪ÷ï-´÷-Ø√u-EéÀ é¬Jtéπ Ææç°∂æ÷-©èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u Ωa©’ in = äéπ-JE †N’t, ´’† Ççûª-®Ωç-T-èπ◊©’í¬ N°∂æ-©-´’-ߪ÷u®·/ ¢√öÀéÀ Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç éπL-TçC. 3) ¶µconfide « N ç* ´’† ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒu©Fo ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îÁ°æp-úøç. b) The breakdown of power has affected

1) Broke down = past tense of break down =

Pranav: Our seeing him today is very important. If we can't, we shall miss the opportunity of confiding certain things in him.

KEY: 1 E, 2 A,

a) The talks between the management and workers' union has broken down=

My bike br oke down

Subodh: You have your cell. You could have called me and told me of your bike breaking down.

A

2

ü∆ô’-ûª’ç-úøí¬ ´’üµ¿u™ v°æߪ÷-ùÀbus îÁúÕ-§Ú®· ÇT-§Ú-®·çC. through= ´’üµ¿u™, A number of

Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç ´’üµ¿u™ î√-™«-´’çC ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. LPG gas

c) you can find a wide range of perfumes in that store =

M.SURESAN

a) He has no manners. He broke in on us when we were discussing something = manners

Åûª-úÕéÀ ™‰ü¿’. ¢Ë’¢Ë’üÓ îªJaç--èπ◊çô’çõ‰ ´’üµ¿u™ Åúø’f-°æ-ú≈fúø’/ ´*a Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç éπL-Tç-î√úø’.

b) Sorry, I'll come later. You appear to be in serious work and I don't like to break in on you = b) Not having been cleaned for days, the bathroom is stinking =

á´JûÓ†÷ ûª† ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒu©’ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-†çûª í∫öÀd ´’†-Ææ’-†o-¢√úø’. Q.

1. A child is crying question tag child male, female pronoun

A.

1) A child is crying, isn't it? Child English 'It'

ÅØË ¢√é¬uEo ™ ®√ߪ÷-©çõ‰ ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ ÅE ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ àC? 鬕öÀd ûªT† 2. I am a boy ÅØË ¢√éπuç™ question tag aren't I ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√ߪ÷L? ¢√éπuç™ helping very àC Öçõ‰ ÅüË ®√Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – Èé.®√-ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, x-í∫-Jí∫

-†’ ™ ≤ƒ--üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ Åçö«®Ω’. Gúøf Åçõ‰ ´’í¬/ -Çú≈ 鬴a. Åçü¿’-éπE ÅC English ™ It Å´¤-ûª’çC.

2) I am a boy, aren't I?

Ééπ\úø Question tag, aren't I ÅØË ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC ¢√úø’éπ (usage). Are ÅØËüË helping verb.

4. On the dot = (B) exactly on time

éπ*a-ûªçí¬

ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ. Ç ü¿’é¬-ùç™ NÆæh %ûª v¨ÏùÀ °æJ-´’-∞«-©†’/ Åûªh-®Ω’©†’ †’´¤y îª÷úÌa. d) There is no mistaking who it is. The perfume gives her out =

á´-®Ω’-Ø√o-J-éπ\úø ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ™‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á’ ¢√úË ÅûªhÍ® Ç¢Á’ Öçü¿E ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC/ Ç¢Á’†’ °æöÀdçîËÆæ’hçC. É°æ¤púø’ perfume •ü¿’©’ spray ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. perfume bottle èπ◊ sprayer (´‚ûª ØÌéÀ\ûË ´çöÀ O’CéÀ ï©’x™« °æúË à®√pô’) -Öç-úø-ôç-ûÓ -Ç perfume †’ -´’-†ç spray -(-ï-©’x-™«°æ-úË-ô’x) îËÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE É°æ¤púø’ perfume †’ spray ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçô’Ø√oç. perfume x stink/ stench (éπç°æ¤) 2) stink (A) = foul smell = ü¿’®√y-Ææ†. fowl = îÁúø’/ Å-Ø√£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†.

®ÓV© ûª®Ω-•úÕ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ ≤ƒo-Ø√-© í∫-C í∫-ü¿’©Fo éπç°æ¤ éÌúø’-ûÓç-C. c) His name stinks in this area =

Ñ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ωç-õ‰ØË ÅÆæ-£œ«uç--èπ◊ç-ö«-®Ω’ (-Å-ûª-úÕ Ê°J-éπ\úø èπ◊∞¡Ÿx éπç°æ¤ éÌúø’-ûª’-†o-ü¿E) Stink (present) - stank/ (past) - stunk (past participle) Stinking

(éπç°æ¤ éÌúø’-ûª’†o) x fragrance (Ææ’¢√-Ææ† éπLT Ö†o.) Fragrance = Ææ’¢√-Ææ† = perfume 3) Bawl = (G) shout =

Å®Ω-´úøç/ íÌúø-´-îË-ߪ’úøç/ íÓ©-°-ôdúøç, î√™« éÓ°æçûÓ/ ®√ü∆l¥çûªç îËߪ’úøç.

a) As soon as he came in he bawled at the secretary for not completing the work =

´
a) The train arrived at 4.15 on the dot = Train correct í¬/ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ 4.15èπ◊ ´*açC. (äéπ ÂÆéπ†’ èπÿú≈ ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈) b) I'll be here at 5 on the dot/ at 5 sharp =

ØËE-éπ\úø éπ*a-ûªçí¬ 5 í∫çô-©èπ◊ Öçö«. (on the dot = sharp = ņ’-èπ◊-†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ éπ*a-ûªçí¬) 5) Have a soft spot for = (C) be fond of =

(äéπJ °æôx v°æûËuéπ ÅGµ-´÷†ç Öçúøôç)

secretary

a) The stink from the rotting carcasses filled the place =

b) Don't bawl orders at me. I am not your servant =

èπ◊∞¡Ÿx-ûª’†o Ç ïçûª’-´¤© éπ∞Ï-•-®√© †’ç* ´Ææ’h†o éπç°æ¤ûÓ Ç v°æüË-¨¡-´’çû√ EçúÕ-§Ú®·çC. rotting = èπ◊∞¡Ÿx-ûª’†o/ ´·®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o. carcass pronunciation - é¬éπÆˇ – ïçûª’´¤© ´’%ûª-üË-£æ…©’ (´·êuçí¬ Â°ü¿l ïçûª’-´¤-©-N).

Ø√ O’ü¿ ÅJ* Çñ«c-°œç-îªèπ◊. ØËØËç F °æE -´’-E-≠œE 鬆’.

b) The perfume of roses filled the room =

í∫’™«-H© Ææ’¢√-Ææ-†ûÓ í∫C EçúÕ-§Ú-®·çC/ Ææ’¢√-Ææ† í∫CE Eç°œçC. Perfume Åçõ‰ Åûªh®Ω’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. °æJ-´’∞¡ vü¿´uç éπL-°œ† vü¿¢√©’, ´’†ç äçöÀéÀ ®√Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËN èπÿú≈ perfumes.

b) He is too strong minded to confide in any one =

captain

Level crossing

èπ◊-©ûÓ EçúÕ† Ç

ãôN’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰éπ pak éπ∞¡x-F∞¡Ÿx °ô’d-èπ◊Ø√oúø’. 2) Break in on = äéπ îÓöÀéÀ ¢ÁRx Åéπ\úÕ¢√∞¡x °æEéÀ Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç éπL-Tç-îªúøç.

§ƒçúø-´¤-™„-°æ¤púø÷ ¢√∞¡x ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒu©Fo éπ%≠æflg-úÕûÓ îÁ°æ¤p-éÌ-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

c) Your bawling can't threaten me. Cool down = Bawl

F Å®Ω’-°æ¤©’ -†-ØËoç ¶„C-Jç-¤. ûªí∫’_. Åçõ‰ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ àúø’-°æ¤©’/ °úø-¶Ô-•s©’ °ôdúøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

If someone has a soft spot for some one else=

äéπ-J-°æôx ÉçÈé-´-J-ÈéjØ√ v°æûËu-é¬-Gµ-´÷†ç Ö†o°æ¤púø’, (¢√∞¡x O’ü¿ Ñí∫ ¢√©-E´yç/ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ à Ææ£æ…-ߪ’¢Á’iØ√ îË≤ƒhç/ ¢√∞¡x ûª°æ¤p©’ ´’†èπ◊ éπE-°œç-¤.) a) Drona had always a soft spot for Arjuna =

vüÓù’-úÕéÀ Å®Ω’-b†’-úøçõ‰ v°æûËu-é¬-Gµ-´÷†ç. b) Most people have a soft spot for their home town/ home =

î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ ¢√∞¡x ÆæyÆæn©ç °æôx v°æûËu-é¬-Gµ-´÷†ç Öçô’çC. Have a soft spot for x be prejudiced against (prejudice =

E®√-üµ∆-®Ω-¢Á’i† ü¿’®Ω-Gµ-v§ƒßª’ç).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prahlad: Very difficult to get on with Nishit. No knowing when he loses his temper. (Nishit ûÓ ¢Ëí∫úøç éπ≠d¢ æ Ë’. ¢√úÕ-Èé-°æ¤púø’ éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.) Prasen: So it is. I've experienced it as well. That's why I am very careful how I talk to him.

(Å´¤†’ Ø√èπÿ ņ’-¶µº´ç Å®·uçC. Åçü¿’éπØË ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçö«†’.) Prahlad: That's quite bad of him. He can't always expect people to bear his temper. I don't care whether I am friends with him or not, but the next time I'll make it clear to him that enough is enough.

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Åûªúø’ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ÅûªúÕ éÓ§ƒ†oç-ü¿®Ω÷ v°æA-≤ƒK ¶µºJç-î√-©-†’-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿’ éπü∆? Åûª-úÕûÓ ÊÆo£æ«ç ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Ø√Íéç ¶«üµ¿-™‰ü¿’. Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷vûªç ؈’ îÁÊ°p≤ƒh†’ Éçéπ î√Lç’E.) Prasen: Nothing wrong in that, I assure you. His younger brother Nishal is so sweet tempered. What a contrast!

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ †’´¤y ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’, -ØË-†’ éπ*aûªçí¬ îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√o.ÅûªúÕ ûª´·túø’ áçûª Eü∆-†-Ææ’húÓ. Éü¿lJ ´’üµ∆u áçûª ûËú≈!) Contrast = ûËú≈/ ¢Áj®Ω’üµ¿uç

Prahlad: Still behaviour matters, you know

2

.

(Å®·Ø√ †úø-´úÕ ´·êuç éπü∆?) Prasen: Why these observations now?

(É°æ¤púŒ ¢√uêu-©Fo áçü¿’èπ◊?) Prahlad: This morning I called him and asked him to return my books that I had lent him a week ago. He flew into a rage and blasted me over the phone.

(-É¢√∞¡ Öü¿ßª’ç ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿ Åûª-úÕ-éÀ-*a† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ AJT É´’tE ÅúÕí¬. ÅçûË phone ™ È®*a-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.) Prasen: Did he return the books?

(°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ AJ-T-î√aú≈?) Prahlad: He did, of course. He came to me, threw them on my face and left in a huff.

(Éî√a-úø’™‰. ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÌ*a °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√ ¢Á·£æ…-†-éÌöÀd éÓ°æçí¬ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.) Prasen: That's just like him. (¢√úøçûË.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

b) A man of such temper is unfit for teaching = teaching

èπ◊

b) If you can bear my mother-in-law's temper. You can bear anything =

a) Ramana lost his temper at his child's spilling the milk =

†’´¤y ´÷ Åûªh- éÓ§ƒEo ¶µºJç-îª-í∫-L-TûË àüÁjØ√ ¶µºJç-îª-í∫-©´¤. 3) Sweet tempered = ØÁ´’t-üÁj†/ Eü∆† Ææy¶µ«´ç Ö-†o (´·êuçí¬ îªçöÀ °œ©x© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™)

Åçûª éÓ°œ≠œd Ææy¶µ«´ç éπ©-¢√úø’ °æE-éÀ-®√-úø’. 1) Lose temper = Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ éÓ°æp-úøôç.

§ƒ©’ ä©éπ-¶-Æœ† §ƒ°æ-O’ü¿ ®Ω´’ùèπ◊ áéπ\úø-™‰E éÓ°æç ´*açC. b) Don't lose your temper. Let's try to understand the situation =

Åçûª éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊/ ÖvüË-éπ-°æ-úøèπ◊. °æJ-ÆœnA-E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç.

445

a) She is such a sweet tempered baby =

Eü∆† Ææy¶µ«´ç Ö†o/ †´¤y-ûª’çúË §ƒ°æ Ç °œ©x. b) His sweet temper endears him to all =

ÅûªúÕ ØÁ´’tC Ææy¶µ«´ç ÅûªúÕE Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd°æúË™« îËÆæ’hçC. endear = É≠æd-°æ-úË™« 4) Fly in to a rage/ a temper=

Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ éÓ°æçûÓ ÖvüË-éπ-°æ-úøôç.

Don't lose your temper Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

Prahlad: He has already lost a good number of friends because of his temper. Why doesn't he change?

(ûª† ÅÆæ-£æ«-†ûª ´©x É°æ¤p-öÀÍé î√™«-´’çC ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©-†ûªúø’ éÓ™p-ߪ÷úø’. ´÷®ΩúËçöÀ?)

1) No knowing when he loses his temper. 2) He can't always expect us to bear his temper. 3) His younger brother is so sweet tempered 4) He flew into a rage sentences temper Spoken English Practice

°j ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÅØË-´÷ô ™ éÓ°æ éπ E ° œ ≤ Úh ç C éπ ü ∆. DEo Prasen: He can learn from his brother who is so Ææ y ¶µ « ¢ √Eo ûÁ L Ê °çü ¿ ’ èπ ◊ áèπ ◊ \´í¬ ¢√úø û √ç. sweet tempered. ª’çúÕ. (ØÁ´’t-ü¿-Ææ’h-úÁj† ûª† ûª´·túÕE îª÷Æœ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ- îËßTemper = *†o *†o 鬮Ω-ù«-©Íé áèπ◊\´ éÓ°æç ´îª’a éπü∆.) îª ÷ °œ ç îË Ææ y ¶µ«´ç. ´·êuçí¬ sudden í¬ éÓ°æpúË But one thing. For all his bad temper Ææ y ¶µ « ´ç, Ææ È ® j† 鬮Ωùç ™‰èπ◊çú≈. he is good at heart and quite helpful. a) That temper of his makes him enemies of all= (Å®·ûË äéπ N≠æߪ’ç. Åçûª éÓ°œ≠œd Ç éÓ°œ≠œd Ææy¶µ«-´¢Ë’ ÅûªúÕéπç-ü¿-JE ¨¡vûª’-´¤-©†’ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà Åûªúø’ ´’ç* ´’†-Ææ’-†o-¢√úø’, îËÆæ’hçC. Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-é¬K.) EXERCISE Match the expressions under A with their meanings under B A

B

1. Gossip

A. Stroke

2. Caress

B. Coax

3. Hug

C. Idle talk

4. Cajole 5. Fond

D. Affectionate E. Embrace F. Encourage G. Hate

Key: 1 - C, 2 - A, 3 - E, 4 - B, 5 - D. 1. Gossip= (C) Idle talk (Idle = Gossip= 1)

¶µºJç-îª-úøç. a) I don't want to work with him. Difficult to bear his temper =

e) She is a gossip. No one believes her =

a) As he watched the TV, he caressed the dog in his lap = TV

îª÷Ææ÷h, ûª† ä∞xE èπ◊éπ\†’ E-´·®Ω’-ûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’.

´’%ü¿’-´¤í¬ Ç Gúøf†’ EN’-Jç-ü∆¢Á’. (stroke = vÊ°´’†’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’%ü¿’-´¤í¬ E´’-®Ωúøç) 3) Hug = E) Embrace = éıT-Lç--éÓ-´úøç a) The mother hugged her child and lifted it up to kiss it =

ûªLx Gúøf†’ éıT-Lç-èπ◊E ´·ü∆l-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ áûª’h-èπ◊çC.

†’ bowl îËߪ’-ôçûÓ éÓ°æçûÓ ÜT-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

bats-

b) No use flying into a rage/ a temper. Try to convince me =

éÓ°æçûÓ *çü¿’-©’-ûÌ-éÀ\ûË Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç-™‰ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ †îªa-ñ„°æ¤p. Be in a temper = éÓ°æçûÓ Öçúøôç. No use talking to him as he is in a temper =

¢√úÕ-°æ¤púø’ î√™« éÓ°æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úÕûÓ É°æ¤púø’ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç Öçúøü¿’. ÉN èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. Quick/ fiery / violent temper = éÓ°æçûÓ ÖvüË-éπ°æ-úÕ-§Ú-´úøç.

ÅûªúÕûÓ éπLÆœ ؈’ °æE-îË-ߪ’†’. ÅûªúÕ éÓ§ƒEo ¶µºJç-îª-úøç éπ≠dçæ .

a) The mother cajoled her son into marrying a girl of her choice =

b) She caressed the child gently =

°æ¤é¬®Ω’.

äéπJ éÓ§ƒEo

d) All film magazines are full of gossip =

a) He can never make it good in his profession. He spends most of his time gossiping =

èπ◊ ûª† °æôx v°æûËu-é¬-Gµ-´÷†ç Öçü¿E

2) Bear somebody's temper =

Q. 1.

éÀ ing ¢√úø-´î√a?; 2. Till, Until äÍé meaning É≤ƒhߪ÷?; 3. °œçí¬ùÃE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?; 4. Nothing doingN´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.; 5. Lend, borrow, owe, debt - Å®√n-™‰N’-öÀ?; 6. í∫’çúø’ îË®·ç-îª-ú≈Eo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?; 7. Anybody, Anyone - Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπ-õ‰Ø√?

î√™« ÆœE-´÷™x éıT-Lç-ûª©’ ´’K áèπ◊\-´-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’. ¶µ«®Ωûª ¢√®√h ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅFo §Ú-éÓ©’ éπ•’®Ωx 4) Cajole = B) Coax= •’ïb-Tç* á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ (ÆœE´÷ û√®Ω©’, ØË®Ω-Ææ’n© N≠æ- àüÁjØ√ °æE-îË-®·ç--éÓ-´úøç/ Aߪ’uöÀ ´÷ô©’ îÁ°œp Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ °æE-îË-®·ç--éÓ-´úøç. ߪ÷-©ûÓ é¬©ç í∫úÕ-Ê°-≤ƒh®·.)

Ç¢Á’ Öûªh °æ¤é¬®Ωx ´’E≠œ. Ç¢Á’†’ á´®Ω÷ †´’t®Ω’. 2) Caress = (A) stroke = •’ïb-Tç-°æ¤í¬ E´’-®Ωúøç.

b) Gossip has it that the boss has a soft spot for his secretary= Boss secretary

your temper.

b) Most movies show the hero and heroine hugging too often =

°æF-§ƒ-ô°æF§ƒô™‰-èπ◊çú≈) = °æ¤é¬®Ω’/ ™‰-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊ØË/ Å´’t-©-éπ\© éπ•’®Ω’x). (´·êuçí¬ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’Jç*, ¢√∞¡x Ææç•ç-üµ∆© í∫’Jç*) 2) Å™« éπ•’-®√x-úø’-éÓ-´úøç, Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’Jç* Ö†o-O-™‰-EO îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç. 3) Å™« éπ•’-®√x-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. ¢√úø’ ûª† ´%Ah™ °jéÀ ®√úø’. á°æ¤púø÷ Éûª-®Ω’© í∫’Jç* §Ú-éÓ©’ éπ•’-®ΩxûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√úø’.

Å®Ωnç Å®·çC éπü∆? 'F éÓ§ƒEo §ƒÍ®-Ææ’-éÓèπ◊. ÅC á´Jéà Åéπ\Í®xü¿’— ÅE. Ééπ\úø M.SURESAN lose = §ƒÍ®-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç) Don't lose your temper = éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊ = keep

c) Almost all Indian News channels are just gossip channels. How much time they spend on gossip! = channels channels.

ÆœF °ævA-éπ-©Fo (à û√®Ω á´JØÓ vÊ°N’ç*, ¢ËÈ®-´-JØÓ Â°Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü¿ØÓ, à hero Nú≈èπ◊©’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oúÓ ÅØË N´-®√-©ûÓ) °æ¤é¬-®ΩxûÓ EçúÕ Öçö«®·.

Bowler, Batsman man

(äéπ Petrol bunk ™ É™« ÖçC. Don't lose your temper-Nobody wants it.

a) The minute the bowler bowled him the batsman flew into a rage/ a temper =

éÌúø’-èπ◊E •’ïb-Tç*/ ´’ç* éπ•’®Ω’x îÁ°œp ûª†èπ◊ †*a† Å´÷t-®·E °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËô’x îËÆœçü∆ ûªLx.

b) He cajoled the boy into agreeing to do the work =

Åûªú≈ èπ◊v®√úÕE •’ïb-Tç*, °æEîË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÌ-ØË™« î˨»úø’.

c) He coaxed information out of him =

ÅûªúÕE •’ïb-Tç* Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ®√•-ö«dúø’. 5) Fond = (D) Affectionate = ÇÊ°-éπ~-í∫©/ vÊ°´’-í∫© a) The scene shows the fond embrace of the mother and the child = scene

Ç ûªMx Gú≈f ņ’-®√-í∫çûÓ/ ÅÊ°-éπ~ûÓ éıT-Lç-éÓ-´úøç îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC.

b) I have fond memories of my school school days =

Ø√èπ◊ Ø√ ®ÓV© í∫’Jç* B°œ/ É≠æd-¢Á’i† -ñ«c°æ鬩’-Ø√o®·. fond x averse = N´·-êçí¬ Ö†o I am averse to the idea = Ø√é¬ idea É≠æd癉ü¿’.

A.

Say, see form

- G. Balakrishna Reddy, Kandrapadu. 1) Say

èπ◊, see éÀ 'ing' form ÅEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x†÷ ¢√úøû√ç. ¢√úø-EC am/ is/ are + seeing. Am/ is/ are saying ¢√úø-´îª’a. Am/ is/ are seeing. 1) éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç (îª÷úøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a. He is seeing the doctor this evening. 2) äéπ-JûÓ í∫úø-°æ-úøç (´·êuçí¬ vÊ°N’-èπ◊©’) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ Am/ is/ are seeing ¢√úøû√ç. The boy and the girl are seeing a lot each other =

¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπ-JûÓ äéπ®Ω’ î√™« Æ洒ߪ’ç í∫úø’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ (vÊ°N’-èπ◊©’ 鬕öÀd) Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Am/ is/ are seeing ØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. 2) Till= until. 3) China/ Porcelaine (china áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’) 4) ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’/ Åçü¿’èπ◊ ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÓ†’/ Å™« O™‰xü¿’. 5) lend= Å°œp-´yúøç/ Å®Ω’-N-´yúøç. borrow= Å°æ¤p BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. owe= Å°æ¤pç-úøôç. (He owes me Rs.1000/- = Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ 1000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-°æ¤p-Ø√oúø’.) Debt= Å°æ¤p. He has cleared debts = Åûªúø’ Å°æ¤p©’ BÍ®a-¨»úø’. 6) Tonsure = ö«ç≠æ; Clean shaven Å-E èπÿ-ú≈ -Åçö«ç. 7) äéπõ‰.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 15 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

v°¨æ ¡o: 1. I too, I also, I myself

I myself = I myself am not going. There is no question therefore of my wife going there =

ØËØË.

äÍé Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒhߪ÷? 2. Must be, should be

äÍé Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒhߪ÷? OöÀ™ àC

powerful? 3. Die

éÀ ´‚úø’ ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. 4. English ™ éÌEo verbs ´·çü¿’ 'A' áçü¿’èπ◊ îË®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’?

Öü∆£æ«®Ω-ùèπ◊

wake - awake, lone - alone, wait -

await. - G. Balakrishna Reddy, Kandrapadu.

ï-¢√-•’: 1. I too= I also. Å®·ûË Modern usage ™

ØËØË- ¢Á-∞¡x-úøç -™‰ü¿’. Ééπ Ø√ ¶µ«®Ωu ¢Á∞Ïx -v°æ-¨Ïo-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. 2. Must is more powerful than should. 3. Die (present) - Died (past) - Died (past participle) 4.

éÌEo verbs ´·çü¿’ A îËJÊÆh ÅN Adjectives Å´¤-û√®·. Åçõ‰ -Å®·†/ Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ/ Ö†o/ Ö†o-ô’-´çöÀ -Å®√n-©-ûÓ. Awake = ¢Ë’©’-èπ◊E Ö†o, alone = äçô-Jí¬ Ö†o (Å®·Ø√ lone ÅØËC verb é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) Wait = await. È®çúø÷ verbs. Wait for = await.

áèπ◊\´í¬ me too Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Spoken English ™ also Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ as well Åçö«®Ω’. He is a student, isn't he?

(Åûªúø’

student

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

éπü∆?) (Å´¤†’. ؈’ èπÿú≈)

'Yes. Me as well.'

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Home, House - -O-öÀ ûËú≈ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. È®çúø÷ future forms. Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ ´’üµ¿u éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? – îªçvü¿-¨Ï-ê®˝, Nï-ߪ’-†-í∫®Ωç ï-¢√-•’: 1) Home èπ◊ House èπ◊ ûËú≈ Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x explain î˨»ç. §ƒûª lessons îª÷úøçúÕ. 2) Should, would È®çúø÷ future from the past, Åçõ‰ past ™ç* future †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Å®·ûË should †’ É™« ¢√úøôç old fashioned. É°æ¤p-úÁ-´®Ω÷ ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Would Å™« ¢√úøû√ç. He said that he would help me. (Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√oúø-ûª-úø’). Åûªúø’ -ņoC í∫ûªç™. ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-†-†úøç, ņ-o°æp-öÀoç*, future. Å™«çô°æ¤púø’, would ¢√úøû√ç. Should present day English ™ orders, necessity ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. 2.

Should, would

He should be here at 10. I should start now or I'll miss the train = train (Necessity) clear lessons

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√L ™‰éπ§ÚûË

É´Fo í¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ÖØ√o®·. îª÷úøçúÕ.

446

Åçü¿ü¿’. ™

v°æ¨¡o: 1) He was coming to me every morning. 2) He came to me every morning. 3) He would come to me every morning.

Ñ ¢√é¬u© Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√? ņoç ´÷úÕ-§Ú-®·çC (´÷úÕ-§Ú-´úøç) 5) ؈’ ÅL-í¬†’ (Å©í∫úøç) 6) îÁô’d-O’ü¿ °œôd ¢√LçC (¢√LçC) 7) DEéÀ È®çúø’ °æ¤´¤y©’ °æ‹≤ƒ®· (°æ‹ßª’úøç) 8) ´÷N’úÕ îÁô’dèπ◊ È®çúø’ é¬ßª’©’ 鬨»®· (é¬ßª’úøç) 9) °Eq™¸ îÁéπ\úøç. 10) Åéπ~-®√©’ ûª’úÕ-Ê°-ߪ’úøç. -O-öÀ-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« -Å-Ø√-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. – öÀ, †-O-Ø˛- π◊-´÷®˝, ¢Ëîª-Í®ùÀ

4)

ÆæÈ®j† sentence é¬ü¿’. DEéÀ v°æA-®ÓW Åûªúø’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ´îËa-¢√úø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’, was coming Ééπ\úø ÆæÈ®j† verb é¬ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ééπ\úø í∫ûªç™ (Åûªúø’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√´úøç) äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ (éÌçûªé¬-©ç-§ƒô’ v°æA-®ÓV é¬èπ◊çú≈) ïJ-T† °æE-é¬ü¿’ éπü∆.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. 'To whom soever it may concern' DE Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Usage ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. v°æ¨¡o: á´÷t®Óy 2.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Walked, asked ™«çöÀ °æü∆© *´®Ω ed E ï-¢√-•’: 1. 't'

í¬ Öîªa-Jç-î√-©-Ø√o®Ω’. éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç ™‰ü¿’, ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 2. dignify = 'dIgnI/ fai Éçü¿’™ I èπ◊, f èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u Uûª áçü¿’éÓ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. 3. Candidate †’ é¬uçúÕ-úÁ-ß˝’ö¸ ÅØ√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË Dr. S. Lakshminarayan úÕéπ{-†-K™ é¬uçúÕ-úøö¸ ÅE ÖçC. àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? – >.L-"ûª, π◊®ΩN

He came to me ever y mor ning

ï-¢√-•’: 1) He was coming to me every morning

= Åûªúø’ °æCç-öÀéÀ Ééπ\úø’ç-ú≈L... (Order)

2

If I were a king I could rule the country very well. I

ûª®√yûª

were

ÅØËC

ᙫçöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´Ææ’hçüÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 3. Affect, effect OöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈, usage ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 4. Letters ™ Thanking you ÅE ®√ߪ’úøç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ææ••’? Thanking you ÅØË structure éπÈ®é¬d é¬ü∆? ™‰ü∆ Thank you ÅE ®√ߪ÷™«? – áçúÕ. Å@ñ¸, *†o-é¬-°æJh ï-¢√-•’: Certificates, Important information, ÇÆæ’h© ûªí¬-ü∆-©†’ í∫’Jç-*† N≠æߪ÷™«xçöÀN á´-JéÀ ûÁ©-§ƒ™ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’, •£œ«-®Ωç-í∫çí¬ ûÁL-°œûË, ¢√öÀ™ ÇÆæéÀh Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√©ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ To whomesoever it may concern ÅE v°æéπ-öÀ≤ƒhç/ ®√≤ƒhç. DE Å®Ωnç Ñ éÀçC N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ÇÆæéÀh/ Ñ éÀçC N≠æߪ÷©ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç, éπ©-¢√-È®-´-J-ÈéjØ√ ÅE Å®Ωnç. Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√®Ω’ Ééπ\úø ûÁL-°œ† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-©E èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. 2) ÉC v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æߪ’ç. ØËØË (É°æ¤púø’) ®√V-ØÁjûË (ÅßË’u v°æ¨Ïo ™‰ü¿’), ü˨»Eo îªéπ\í¬ §ƒL-≤ƒh†’. (®√V Å´yúøç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË, ÅC Å´yü¿’, ü˨»Eo îªéπ\í¬ §ƒLç-îË-D ™‰ü¿’ ÅE). É™«çöÀîÓôx were/ past forms ´≤ƒh®·. ûª®√yûª N¶µ«-í∫ç™ would/ should/ could/ might ®√¢√L. ÉC N´-®Ωçí¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’ lessons ™ ûÁL§ƒç îª÷úøçúÕ. 3) §ƒûª lessons îª÷úø-í∫-©®Ω’. 4) Thanking you ®√ߪ’úøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. (O’èπ◊ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª÷ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ñ phrase correct, Å®·ûË letters ™ ¢√úø-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’ èπÿú≈.) v°æ¨¡o: 1. Fly = áí∫’®Ω’, áí∫’-®Ω-¢Ëߪ·. Ñ verb ï-¢√-•’: ™«í¬ transitive, intransitive verb í¬ 1. Oxford Dictionary ™«çöÀ °æE-îËÊÆ véÀߪ’-©†’ í∫’Jç* v°æûËu-éπçí¬ ´’ç* dictionaries É™«çöÀ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ´÷®Ω_ç îÁ°æpçúÕ. °æü∆©†’ Ææp≠ædçí¬ N´-J2. -Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ English ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? ≤ƒh®·. é¬Ææh ã°œ-éπûÓ îª÷-úøí∫-L-T-ûË .. Åûªúø’ ´çí¬-úø’. 2. He bent down éÌ´’t ´ç-Tç-C. The branch bent down Ç¢Á’ ņoç AE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. She is feeding somebody. – Èé. XE-¢√-Ææ-®√´¤, °æ¤L-¢Áç-ü¿’©

He came to me every morning =

(Å°æ¤púø’ í∫ûªç™) v°æA-®ÓW Öü¿ßª’ç Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®ΩéÀ ´î√aúø’/ ´îËa-¢√úø’.

He would come to me/ used to come to me every morning =

v°æA Öü¿ßª’ç Åûªúø’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌîËa-¢√úø’ (Ç ®Ó-V™x).

4) The rice is charred. 5) To be cross/ to get cross/ to be in a mood/ a nasty mood. 6) The bird alighted on the tree 7) The tree has put on two flowers (put on flowers) 8) The mango tree has borne two fruit (English fruit = = fruit) (bear fruit =

™

é¬ßª’/ °æçúø’. äÍé- îÁô’d é¬ßª’©’/ °æçúø’x îÁô’d-é¬-ߪ’©’ é¬ßª’úøç)

9) Sharpening the pencil.

v°æ¨¡o: As clear as mud = Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç éπ≠ædç ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. Telugu to English úÕéπ{-†-K™ Ñ ¢√éπu¢Ë’ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. É™«çöÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ú≈-EéÀ Telugu to English úÕéπ{-†K Öçü∆? – ¨Ï≠æ†o, ÇüÓE ï-¢√-•’: É™«çöÀ ´÷ô© expressions Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– ÉçTx≠ˇ dictionary ™x üËØÓx†÷ üÌ®Ωéπ´¤. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ à ûÁ©’í∫’ - English dictionary ™ èπÿú≈, word meanings ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçö«®·. Usage, Idioms (English) ûÁLÊ° Telugu - English dictionary Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ á´®Ω÷ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. As clear as mud ™«çöÀ expressions, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Longman's dictionary

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ ûª°æpéπ üÌ®Ω-èπ◊-û√®·. Å®·ûË ¢√öÀéÓÆæç dictionary ¢Áü¿’-èπ◊ûª÷ Öç-úø™‰ç éπü∆. Standard English authors ®√ÊÆ books, novels, standard English magazines, journals

îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅN ûªí∫’-©’-ûª’ç-ö«®·. Å™« ´’†ç ¢√öÀE Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’.

10) Eraze/ rub off letters.

(MRO), (MEO), (MLA), how are you), is it), (This is)

áO’u¢Ó £æ«¢√y®Ω÷u ¢ËK->ö¸ (where ( CÆ‘ñ¸ – ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷C-Jí¬ Ææçüµ¿’-©’-îËÆæ÷h éπL°œ °æ©-éπèπÿ-úø-ü¿E, NúÕ-N-úÕí¬ (áçÇ-®˝ã, áçÑ¢Ó, áçá-™¸à) °æ©-é¬-©E Åçö«®Ω’. Eï-¢Ë’Ø√? – áç. ´’ü¿-Ø˛-¢Á÷-£æ«-Ø˛-®√´¤, N’®√u-©-í∫÷úÁç ï-¢√-•’: éπL°œ °æ©-éπ-èπÿ-úø-ü¿ØË rule àO’-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË abbreviation N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, ü∆ØÓx Ö†o Åéπ~-®√©’ ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«l-©†’ ´÷vûªç correct í¬ pronounce îËߪ ÷-LqçüË éπü∆. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo Ææçüµ¿’©’ éπ©-´-éπ§Ú-´îª’a. MRO = á¢˛’-Ç-ã-Ö ˛ (Ö èπ◊ -§Ò©’x)– Ééπ\úø ÆæçCµ, R †’ British English ™™«, Ç Åçö«´÷ ™‰ü∆ American English ™™«, Ç®˝ Åçö«´÷ ÅØË ü∆E-O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öç-ô’çC. This is N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, CÆœñ ¸ ÅE éπLÊ° Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ üˆo-®·Ø√ v§ƒ´·êuç É*a °æ©-é¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o°æ¤púø’, This Éñ¸ important Åçô’çö«ç. (Ééπ\úø This èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç. Å™«Íí Where is it èπÿú≈. Where É>ö¸?/ ¢Ë| (-®˝)Éñ¸ it? etc. á¢Á’t™‰u

M.SURESAN

éÌç-îÁç practise îËÊÆh ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ à éπ≠dçæ ™‰èπ◊çú≈- askt, lookt ÅE pronounce îËߪ’-í∫©ç. Å™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ Öîªa-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø™«x í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊E -Å-™« Åçô÷ Öçõ‰, ´’†-éπC Å™« Å©-¢√-õ„j-§Ú-ûª’çC. 2. I éÀ f éÀ ´’üµ¿u Uûª O’È®éπ\úø îª÷¨»®Ω’? Ñ Uûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ü∆EéÀ v§ƒ´·-êu´‚ ™‰ü¿’. 3. é¬çúÕ-úÁ-ß˝’ö¸/ é¬çúÕ-úø-ö¸– Ñ È®çúø÷ correct Öî√a-®Ω-ù™‰. àüÁjØ√ ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË (é¬ç-úÕúÁß˝’ö¸) áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. 'read' ´‚úø’ tense ©†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. 2. ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´Ææ’hØ√o, ´’ç* accent ´÷vûªç ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’. ᙫ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L? 3. ≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx≠ˇ öÃ*ç-í˚™ ÂÆöÀ™¸ 鬢√-©E éÓJéπ. DEéÀ úÕvU-ûÓ-§ƒ-ô’í¬ ÉçÍéç îËߪ÷L? – ¨»u´’©, N¨»-ê-°æôoç ï-¢√-•’: 1) Read èπ◊ past tense and past participle (read) †’ red (È®ú˛) í¬ØË pronounce îË≤ƒhç. Kú˛ ņúøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. 2) ´’ç* accent ®√¢√-©çõ‰ phonetic symbols ¶«í¬ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊E English news telecasts regular í¬ N†çúÕ. ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ ÆæÈ®j† accent ´Ææ’hçC. 3) Spoken English trainer í¬ settle Å¢√y-©çõ‰, degree ûª®√yûª P.G îËÆœ, Diploma In Teaching English (CIEFL, Hyderabad) course îËߪ’çúÕ.

v°æ¨¡o: 1) Be ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ past tense- was/

Can't but situation = ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ °æJ-Æ œnA ÅE, past perfect tense èπ◊ Certainly = ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’. Is ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ was Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀéà ûËú≈ ÖçC éπü∆? Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆. Å™«-é¬-èπ◊çõ‰ is I can't but go now = ؈’ ¢Á∞¡xéπ ûª°æp-ü¿-éπ\èπ◊ àN’öÀ? úÕéÀ (Ø√ éÀ≠dçæ ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Éûª®Ω’©, °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©, 2) î√™«-´’çC ´÷ô™x 'é¬çö¸-•ö¸— Åçô’ç- •©-´çûªç ´©x.) ö«®Ω’. ü∆†®Ωnç ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ ÅØ√? Å™«Íí I'll certainly go there = ؈’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ 'certainly' ÅØ√o 'ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ— ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆. Ñ °æü∆Eo áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-Ω’? ¢Á™‰ü∞¡-û¿’.)√†’ (á´®Ω÷ ††’o •©-´çûªç îËߪ’úøç 3) Sorry, apology èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 3) Sorry= Nî√-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’/ *çA-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ 'éπ~´÷-°æù— ÅØË Å®Ωnç éπü∆. Apology = éπ~´÷-°æù. -ÑÈ®çúÕç-öÀéà ûËú≈: àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x OöÀE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷T≤ƒh®Ó Sorry: I'm sorry I am late = Ç©-Ææuçí¬ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – Èé. XüËN, ¨¡%çí∫-´-®Ω-°æ¤-éÓô ´*a†çü¿’èπ◊ *çA-Ææ’hØ√o. ؈’ ûª°æ¤p-îË-¨»†’ 鬕öÀd *çA-Ææ’hØ√o.) ï-¢√-•’: 1) be ÅØËC ÅEo be forms èπÿ (Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îËÆœ† ûª°æ¤pèπ◊ ´’†ç-ûªô- ´’†ç ´Jh-Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË to be = is. 鬕öÀd be *çAÊÆh sorry. Apology Åçõ‰ éπ~´÷-°æù (is) èπ◊ past tense, was/ were, past peréπü∆. Apology E demand îË≤ƒhç. fect, been. Is - present tense éπü∆? Apology îÁ•’û√ç. äéπ®Ω’ sorry Å®·ûË 2) Can't but = îËߪ’-éπ-ûª-°æpü¿’. He can't (*ç-AÊÆh) ¢√∞¡x-°æ¤púø’ apology îÁ°æp-´îª’a. but go there = Åûª-úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xéπ ûª°æpü¿’. were been - were tense

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 17 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Puneeth: (Would you) mind waiting (for) a bit? once my mom comes back we can start. (é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ ÇÍíç-ü¿’èπ◊ FÍé-¢Á’iØ√ Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ω´÷?/ Çí∫’-û√¢√? ´÷ Å´’t AJT ®√í¬ØË ´’†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωü∆ç.) Kundan: Not at all. I'm not in any hurry.

2

Japan has surpassed the US in the production of fuel efficient cars = petrol

ûªèπ◊\´ ûÓ áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕîË é¬®Ωx ûªßª÷-K™ ï§ƒØ˛ Å¢Á’-J鬆’ N’ç*-§Ú-®·çC.

Puneeth: Showing in that old theatre, if it is still drawing crowds, the movie has to be very good. (

(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Ø√Íéç ûÌçü¿-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’™‰.) Puneeth: Shall I make you some coffee in the mean time? (

Ñ™°æ¤ Fèπ◊ éÌçîÁç 鬰∂‘ îËߪ’Ø√/ É´yØ√?)

Kundan: Oh, that'd be welcome. (I) haven't had anything for hours.

(Å™«Íí. éÌEo í∫çô©’í¬ ØËØËç BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.) Puneeth: Do you wish to have anything to eat? (

à´’Ø√o Açö«¢√?)

Kundan: I don't feel like it now. Coffee would do.

(àO’ AØ√-©-E-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. î√©’.)

Coffee

Puneeth: What about this movie we're going to? Is it good? (´’†ç ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’†o Ñ ÆœE´÷ ¶«í¬ØË Öçü∆?)

Kundan: Shot mostly abroad, the movie includes some sights that are a real treat to the eyes, it seems.

Released three weeks ago = ´‚úø’-¢√-®√© éÀçü¿ô Núø’-ü¿© îËߪ’-•úÕ– (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: ´‚úø’-¢√-®√© éÀçü¿ô Núø’-ü¿-©®·u ...)

Mind=

Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç îÁ°æpúøç/ ÇÍé~-°œç-îªúøç/ Ŷµºuçûª®Ωç Öçúøôç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ñ ´÷ô©’ éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuçí¬ ÅE-°œç-*Ø√, Would you mind ...?/ Mind (áèπ◊\´ ¶µ«í∫ç NüË-¨»™x *vAç-*† Ñ ÆœE´÷™ éÌEo ü¿%¨»u©’ éπ†’o-©-°æç-úø’-´í¬ ...? English ™ î√™« common. ´’†ç îËÊÆC, Öçö«-ߪ’ô.) îÁÊ°pC, Å´-ûªL ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ É•sçC éπL-Tç-îË™« Öçõ‰ ´’†ç îËߪ’éπ, îÁ°æpéπ ûª°æp-éπ-§ÚûË, Å°æ¤púÕ™«– Would treat ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç = ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’úøç; ÅA-ü∑¿’©/ Éûª-®Ω’© °æôx ´’†ç îª÷Ê° ´’®√uü¿, Çü¿-®Ωù ™«çöÀN. you mind/ Mind? Åçö«ç– O’Íé-´’Ø√o Ŷµºuç-ûªÉéπ\úø Å®Ωnç treat= Nçü¿’. ®Ω´÷?/ O’Í®ç ņ’-éÓ-®Ω’-éπü∆? ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ. If you don't mind ÅE èπÿú≈ He giving a birthday treat today. Åçö«ç. Éçü¿’èπ◊ Ææ’´·-êÆæpç-ü¿† (Ŷ‰s. Å™«çöÀüËç (É¢√y∞¡ Åûªúø’ °æ¤öÀd-†¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Not at ®ÓV Nçü¿’ ÉÆæ’h-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 447 all™‰üÅçö«ç. Ø√oúø’.)

3) Directed by Darshak, and starring such big names directed, past participle.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, Å®Ωnç– EÍ®l-Pç-îª-•úÕ. Directed by Darshak = ü¿®Ωzé˙ îË direct îËߪ’•úÕ. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: ü¿®Ωzé˙ direct îËÆœ†.) 4) The collections recorded so far = Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ recorded, past participle; Å®Ωnç: É°æp-öÀ´-®Ωèπ◊ †¢Á÷ü¿’ îËߪ’-•-úÕ† (´÷´‚-©’í¬: É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ †¢Á÷-üÁj†) 5) Shot mostly abroad Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ shot - past participle of shoot (*vû√Eo *vB-éπ-Jç-îªúøç) – Å®Ωnç: *vB-éπJç-îª-•úÕ.

Shall I make you some cof fee?

Kundan: Released three weeks ago it's running to pack houses still.

(´‚úø’-¢√-®√© éÀçü¿ô Núø’-ü¿-™„j-†-°æp-öÀéà Éçé¬ EçúÕ† halls ûÓ †úø’-≤ÚhçC.) Puneeth: (It's) not surprising directed by darshak and starring such big names.

(Åçü¿’™ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-¢Ë’-O’-™‰ü¿’, ü¿®Ωzé˙ ü¿®Ωz-éπ-ûªyçîËÆœ, °ü¿l-°ü¿l û√®Ω©’ †öÀç*-†-°æ¤púø’.) Kundan: The collections recorded so far is really astounding. Expected to hit an all time high, it has already surpassed the producer's estimates.

(Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ †¢Á÷-üÁj† collections î√™« Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®·. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ, Ééπ´·çü¿’ ™‰†çûªí¬ íÌ°æp collections Öçö«-ߪ’E ÇP-≤Úh†o Ñ *vûªç, E®√tûª Åçîª-Ø√-©-E-°æp-öÀÍé ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC.) Astounding = N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-TçîË An all time high = Éçûª-èπ◊-´·-†’°æ¤, Ééπ´·çü¿’ éπçõ‰ íÌ°æpí¬ surpass= ü∆öÀ-§Ú-´úøç /N’ç*-§Ú-´úøç EXERCISE Match the words under A with their meanings under B A

Åçûª §ƒûª theatre ™ Çúø’ûª÷ Éçûª´’çC vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©†’ ÇéπJ{-≤Úhç-ü¿çõ‰, Ç *vûªç íÌ°æpüË Åߪ·uç-ú≈L.)

B

1. Anticipation

A. Exploit

2. Profiteer

B. Temple

3. Shrine

C. Peak D. Expectancy E. Suppose

KEY: 1-D, 2-A, 3-B. Explanation: 1) Anticipation = (D) Expectancy-

àüÁjØ√ ï®Ω’í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E/ ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’ ü∆E-éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç. áEo-éπ© °∂æL-û√©’/ °æKé~¬ °∂æL-û√©’/ ã ´uéÀhE éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’, àç ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’çüÓ ÅE Öûª\ç-®∏ΩûÓ (Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ éπçí¬®Ω’/ ¶µºßª’çûÓ) áü¿’-®Ω’ -îª÷-úøôç.

a) In anticipation of a good rank in the exam, he promised a party to his friends rank = friends party

°æK-éπ~™ ´’ç* ´Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË Ü£æ«ûÓ ûª† èπ◊ É≤ƒh-†E ´÷öÀ-î√aúø’

a) A: Would you mind/ Mind my sitting here?/ if I sit here?

Puneeth: Yea. The theatre is old, and the road to it, repaired just a year ago, is now in a bad shape thanks to the quality of our municipality works.

Kundan: Isn't that your mom coming?

(Ç ´Ææ’h-†oC O’ Å´’t-é¬ü∆?) Puneeth: Sure she is. We can start now.

(Å´¤†’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ´’†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω´îª’a.) Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) Puneeth: (Would you) mind waiting a bit? Kundan: Not at all.

b) We waited with anticipation to meet the great leader =

Ç íÌ°æp Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úÕo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Öûª\ç-®∏ΩûÓ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷¨»ç. c) She cooked extra food in anticipation of more guests =

áèπ◊\´ ÅA-ü∑¿’-™ Ô-≤ƒh-®ΩØË Ç™-îª-†ûÓ Ç¢Á’ áèπ◊\¢Ë ´çúÕçC. Anticipation Åçõ‰ ´·çü¿’-îª÷°æ¤ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Anticipation X Retrospect ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† N≠æ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç*/ í∫ûªç í∫’Jç* Ç™- In retrospect, I now see I made a mistake=

í∫û√Eo í∫’Jç* Ç™-*ÊÆh ؈’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»-†E Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓçC. 2) Profiteer = (A) Exploit - Eû√u-´-Ææ®Ω ´Ææ’h-´¤™«xçöÀN éÌ®Ω-ûªí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, ¢√öÀE áèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω-©èπ◊ -ÅN’t Åvéπ´’ ™«¶µºç §Òçü¿úøç. a) Cement and steel dealers are trying to profiteer following the hike in taxes on them =

Ééπ\úø repaired, pp of repair. Å®Ωnç= repair îËߪ’-•-úÕ†. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: repair Å®·†/ repair Å®·. É™« use of past participle English ™ î√™« common ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, ≤˘éπ-®Ωu-´çûªç èπÿú≈.

B: Oh, not at all. You are welcome.

Ç hall §ƒûªC. Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé∞Ï} M.SURESAN ®Óúø’f àú≈C éÀçü¿ repair î˨»®Ω’. Å°æ¤úË Åüµ∆y-†çí¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-®·uçC, ´’† ´·E-Æœ-§ƒ-Löà °æ†’© Ø√ùuûª B®ΩC.)

(E®Ω-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωçí¬. ûª°æpéπ èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ.)

a) Some of the songs sung at the party were sweet= party

b) A: (Would you) mind giving me your pen?

(O’

pen

Ç ™ §ƒúø-•úøf §ƒô©’ (éÌçûª´’çC §ƒúÕ† §ƒô©’) ´’üµ¿’-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®·.

É≤ƒh®√?)

b) The match began an hour ago is still on =

B: Not at all. Here you are.

í∫çô éÀçü¿ô v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-•-úÕ† (´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûÁ©’í∫’: í∫çô éÀçü¿ô v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i†) Ç match Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª÷ØË ÖçC.

(àç °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’. Éü¿’íÓ, BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ.) ÉC Spoken English ™ common, ´·êuçí¬ ´’†ç íı®Ω-Nç-îË-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’. Practise îËߪ’çúÕ.

c) The candidates chosen for the scholarships deserve them. (Scholarships

èπ◊ áç°œéπ îËߪ’-•úøf (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: áç°œ-Èéj†) Ŷµºu-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Å®Ω’|™‰. Past participle †’ É™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªúøç ´©x, ´’† sentences, short Å´¤-û√®·. *†o sentences ûÓ áèπ◊\´ ¶µ«´ç ûÁ©-°æ-´îª’a. ¶«í¬ practise îËߪ’çúÕ.

2) Released three weeks ago, its running to packed houses. released, past participle (pp) of release. PP V3 (Third form of the verb PP verb PP

Ééπ\úø

Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’ Íé´©ç á°æ¤púø÷ •úË ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.

E ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ÅE). Å®·ûË é¬ü¿’. éÀ Å®Ωnç, •úÕ†,

Æœ¢Á’çö¸, Öèπ◊\-O’ü¿ °æ†’o©’ °çîª-úøçûÓ, ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω’©’ ¢√öÀE áèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω-©-éπN’t Åvéπ´’ ™«¶µ«©’ §Òçü¿’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. b) The government has warned traders against profiteering in essential commodities =

Eû√u-´-Ææ®Ω ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Åvéπ´’ ™«¶µ«-©èπ◊ Nvéπ-®·çîª-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω’Lo £«îªa-Jç*çC. Profiteer X Lose. 3) Shrine = (B) Temple =

í∫’úÕ/ í∫’úÕ-™«çöÀ

°æNvûª/ v§ƒ®Ωl¥Ø√ ´’çC-®√©’. a) At Tirumala is the shrine of Lord Venkateshwara =

A®Ω’-´’-©™ X ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ ǩߪ’ç ÖçC. b) He spent his retired life visiting all the shrines in India =

ûª† °æü¿O N®Ω-´’ù ûª®√yûª í∫’∞¡⁄x íÓ°æ¤-®√©’ ü¿JzÆæ÷h @Nûªç í∫úÕ-§ƒ-ú≈-ߪ’†.

áèπ◊\´ ¶µ«í∫ç NüË-¨»™x *vB-éπJç-îª-•úÕ. (*vB-éπ-Jç-*†/ *vB-éπ-Jç*.

6) The road repaired a year ago.

(ØËE-éπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-´úøç O’Íé-´’Ø√o Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ω´÷?. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: ØËE-éπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-´î√a?)

(

Shot mostly abroad =

Q.

1. As elusive as a pickpocket

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? 2. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ éÌ-Eo °æ-ü∆-©èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπ °æü∆©’ ®√ߪ÷©çõ‰ éÌEoçöÀ´·çü¿’ non, ´’J-éÌ-EoçöÀ´·çü¿’ un, ÉçéÌ-EoçöÀ´·çü¿’ im, dis ÅØË °æü∆©’ ®√≤ƒhç. OöÀéÀ à¢Á’iØ√ Ææ÷vû√©’ ÖØ√oߪ÷? 3. Bank – shore ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ? – áÆˇ. °æö«d-Gµ-®√¢˛’, ïí∫_-ߪ’u-Ê°ö A. 1. Elusive Åçõ‰ îËAéÀ *éπ\E. Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ üÌ®Ω-éπE üÌçí∫©’, ØË®Ω-Ææ’n©’, îËAéÀ üÌ®Ω-éπE îË°æ©’, îË->-éπ\E Å´-é¬-¨»©÷ É™«çöÀN elusive. pickpockets (-ñ‰-•’üÌçí∫©’) -îË-AéÀ -*éπ\®Ω’ Ææ’-©¶µºçí¬. -Åç-ü¿’éπ-E -ñ‰-•’-üÌçí∫-™«x -îË-AéÀ -*éπ\-E -¢√-∞¡x-†’ as elusive as a pickpocket Åçö«ç. 2. É™« ´uA-Í®é𠶵«¢√-©†’, Å®√n-©†’ ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊, ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ îËÍ®a, 'un-' 'in-', 'non-' 'dis-' ™«çöÀ ¨¡¶«l-©†’ prefixes Åçö«ç. Ñ ¨¡¶«l-©†’ Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ÷vû√™‰ç ™‰´¤. à ¶µ«≠æ †’ç* English ™éÀ ´÷ô-´-*aç-ü¿ØË ü∆Eo-•öÀd, Ñ prefixes ¢√úøéπç Öçô’çC. 3. †C äúø’f– bank. Ææ´·-vü¿°æ¤ äúø’f shore.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 20 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Snehit: This is one of the books published recently on the subject of child labour.

éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç past participle Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç English conversation ™ áçûª áèπ◊\´í¬ (¶«©-é¬-Jtéπ ´u´Ææn O’ü¿ Ñ´’üµ¿u v°æ-Jç-*† Öçô’çüÓ îª÷¨»ç-éπü∆? Past participle èπ◊ •úÕ†/ •úÕ°æ¤Ææh-鬙x ÉüÌ-éπöÀ.) †-ô’-´çöÀ ÅØË Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh-ߪ’E ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Samhit: Why are you showing it to me? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’ îª÷ü∆lç. Look at the following sentences from the dia(Ø√Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ îª÷°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Snehit: My uncle has written it; those who have read it say it is very good.

(ÉC ®√ÆœçC ´÷ ¶«¶«ß˝’. ü∆EE îªC-N-†-¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ ÅC î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿-Ø√o®Ω’.) Samhit: That's a topic debated quite often nowadays. In spite of the ban on it, child labour continues unchecked.

(Ñ ®ÓV™x ûª®Ωîª÷ Åçü¿®Ω÷ îªJa-Ææ’h†o N≠æߪ’ç ÅC. ¶«©-é¬-Jtéπ ´u´Ææn†’ EÊ≠-Cµç-*†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åü¿’-°æ¤-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ≤ƒT-§Ú-ûª÷ØË ÖçC.) Snehit: This is perhaps one of the laws made only to be broken.

(Ö©xç-°∂œ’ç-îËç-ü¿’Íé îËÆœ† îªö«d™x ÉüÌ-éπ-õ‰¢Á÷.) Samhit: (It's) not so simple as it looks. Perhaps it will take some more time.

(éπE-°œç-îËçûª Ææ’©-¶µº-¢Á’i† Ææ´’ÊÆuç é¬ü¿C. ÉçéÌçîÁç é¬©ç °æúø’-ûª’çC, °æ‹Jhí¬ Å´’-©-ßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Snehit: How about giving the book a look?

logue above: 1) This is one of the books published recently 2) That's a topic debated quite often 3) ... it remains unchecked 4) This is one of the laws made only to be broken 1) One of the books published on the topic= (Published- past participle)

(Åü¿’°æ¤ îËߪ’-•-úø-èπ◊çú≈) ÅC Åü¿’°æ¤ îËߪ’-•-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçöçC (ü∆EéÀ Åü¿’°æ¤ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ §ÚûÓçC– ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’).

Ñ Å稡ç-O’ü¿ v°æ-Jç-îª-•-úÕ† °æ¤Ææh-鬙x äéπöÀ. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– Ñ a) It remained closed for several days = Å稡ç-O’ü¿ v°æ-J-ûª-¢Á’i† °æ¤Ææh-鬙x ÉüÌ-éπöÀ. (í∫´’-Eéπ: î√™«-®Ó-V-©-§ƒ-ôC ´‚ߪ’-•úË ÖçC. (´÷´‚©’ English ™ î√™« verbs èπ◊ past tense, past ûÁ©’í∫’– î√™« ®ÓV-©-§ƒ-ôC ´‚ÊÆ ÖçC.) participle äÍ陫 Öçö«®·. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅC b) Several children vaccinated developed past tense Å´¤reactions= ûª’çü∆, PP Å´¤-ûª’çü∆ öÃé¬-L-´y-•úøf (vacciÅE ÆæçüË£æ«ç éπ©’-í∫’ûª’çC. Ñ ÆæçüË£æ«ç nated- PP) î√™«Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ´’çC °œ©x©èπ◊ ÅC-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 448 past tense ®√ü¿’. °æ-úø-™‰ü¿’.

Newspaper Head lines

™ past participle ¢√úøéπç î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. Ñ éÀçC Newspaper head lines study îËߪ’çúÕ– past participle use ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. a) BJP leaders Arrested on their protest March=

(

Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo ã≤ƒ-Í®-´’Ø√o îªü¿’-´¤-û√¢√?)

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. ÅÆæ©’ ØËØË E†’o Åúø-í∫-¶ûª’Ø√o.) Snehit: It's not as interesting as a novel certainly, but it does give us a lot of information. Reading it certainly adds to our general knowledge.

(†´-™«xí¬ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ™‰ü¿’-é¬F ´’†èπ◊ î√™« N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çD °æ¤Ææhéπç. ´’† general knowledge °ç-ûª’çC.) Samhit: Your comparing it with a novel is meaningless. If it were a novel about child labour, the comparison would be right.

Past tense

´ÊÆh subject Ç °æE îËÆœ†ô’x ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Eg: The book published last week. Ééπ\úø published, past tense í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰, Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æ-Jç-*çC ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æ-Jç-°æ-•-úø’-ûª’ç-üËí¬F, v°æ-Jç-îªü¿’ éπü∆. 鬕öÀd v°æ-Jçîª-•úø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´ÊÆh ÅC past participle ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÉçéÓ îª÷úøçúÕ.

(´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– öÃ鬩’ ¢ËÆœ† î√™« °œ©x-©-éπ-C-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’)

M.SURESAN example

a) The man killed was about fifty years old b) The man killed the snake. (a)

™ killed, past tense í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ç ´’E≠œ îªç§ƒúø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. á´-JE? DEéÀ Ñ sentence ™ ï¢√•’ ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd Éçü¿’™ killed, past participle Å´¤-ûª’çC, Ç îªç°æ-•úøf Snehit: My uncle is good at making things inter´’E≠œ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 50 à∞¡x-¢√úø’. ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ esting. Holding reader's attention on a Åçö«ç– Ç îªE-§Ú-®·† ´’E≠œ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 50à∞¡x-¢√úø’. matter like this one isn't possible for É™« ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, past tense èπÿ, past pareveryone. ticiple èπÿ difference. (N≠æ-ߪ÷Lo ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-îËô’x îËߪ’úøç ´÷ 2) This debated quite often: ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¶«¶«-®·éÀ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. É™«çöÀ Å稡ç-O’ü¿ îªJaç-îisª-•-úaø’-ûtopic ª ’ †o Å稡 ç ÉC (ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ D†oç-ü¿®Ω÷ §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊© ÇÆæéÀhE EL°œ Öçîªúøç Åçü¿-Jéà îªJa-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’). ≤ƒüµ¿uç-é¬ü¿’.) a) The question raised often is whether Samhit: How about lending it to me for a couple Chiranjeevi will enter politics or not – Éçü¿’™ of days? raised - PP of raise = ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢Ëߪ’-•úË (î√™«(Ø√éÓ È®çúø’®Ó-V©- §- ƒô’ Ç °æ¤Æhéæ çπ É´y-í©-∫ ¢√?) ´’çC ™‰´-ØÁûËh) v°æ¨Ïo *®Ωç-@N ... ÅE. Snehit: Oh, sure. Have it. b) The book selected for the prize = •£æ›-´’-AéÀ Samhit: Thank you. áç-éÓ-•úøf °æ¤Ææhéπç (•£æ›-´’-AéÀ áç°œ-Èéj† Snehit: Welcome °æ¤Ææhéπç). (†’´¤y ü∆Eo novel ûÓ §Ú©aúøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ÅC ¶«©-v¨¡´’ Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬ ®√Æœ† novel Å®·ûË, Å™« §Ú©aúøç correct Å´¤-ûª’çC)

she came back, the necklace was missing' was missing past continuousnecklace

Ééπ\úø

ÅØËC éπE°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

I knew I was missing the movie - Movie

éÓ™p-ûª’-Ø√o-†E/ §ÚíÌô’dèπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, was missing past continuous. È®çúø’ v°æßÁ÷í¬©’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd correct Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’, ÅC à tense, à part of speech ÅØË îª®Ωa ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆?

Whose necklace was lost/ was missing yesterday? was missing past continuous

' E†o á´J ØÁéπxÆˇ §Ú®·çC—— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ

ÅØ√o®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆! DEE ᙫ ¢√ú≈®Ó N´-Jçîª-í∫-©®Ω’. - Ashok, Hyderabad A. Where necklace was missing- Ééπ\úø missing, was missing ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ past continuous é¬ü¿’. Missing Ééπ\úø, The, book is interesting ™ interesting ™«í¬ adjective. 'When

Q.

d) Three Held in a Murder Case=

. 1. 'i' in 'Na ive' is always written or printed . . like i (double dot over i) why? 2. Are energy forms like electricity, magnetism, heat, light.. material nouns or abstract nouns? Explain why?

£æ«ûªu-Íé-Ææ’™ ÅÈ®Ææ’d îËߪ’-•-úÕ† ´·í∫’_®Ω’. ûÁ©’í∫’ Headline: £æ«ûªuÍé-Ææ’™ ´·í∫’_J ÅÈ®Æˇd) (held= arrested.

e) Halltickets Not Received =

Åçü¿E

Ç §Úö«xô™ *ç°æ-•úøf ÅûªúÕ *J-T† ÅûªúÕ shirt éÌûªhC)

shirt

(§Úö«x-ô™

b) His torn shirt showed his poverty=

ÅûªúÕ *J-T†/ *ç°æ-•úøf shirt ÅûªúÕ Ê°ü¿-J-é¬Eo îª÷°œç-*çC. O’®Ω’ îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’, Ñ past participle Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬Eo ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 3. I am married. Is it the passive form as I am married (by someone) or married is used as an adjective? How can we know? 4. Are Americans following Britain English or following their own. I have asked this because in some grammar books written by Norma Lewi, who is native Author of America. I found 'meter' instead of 'metre' and so many. - Ch. Govardhan, Pidathapolur A. 1) The i in Na.ive is always printed with double dots to indicate that both the vowels 'a' and 'i' are pronounced, as na-Ive and not as neive. 2) All these nouns are abstract nouns. But when light means a lamp it is a common noun.

halltickets.

f) One Killed and Six Injured In Road Accident=

(îªç°æ-•úøf äéπ®Ω’, í¬ßª’-°æ-®Ω-îª-•úøf Ç®Ω’-í∫’®Ω’) ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– ®Óúø’f v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ äéπJ ´’®Ωùç, Ç®Ω’-í∫’-JéÀ í¬ßª÷©’.

ûª®√yûª; ™ ´·çü¿’ ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. È®çúø’ ™†÷ Å®Ωnç ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™– *J-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅE. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.

a) His shirt, torn in the fight, is new=

c) Govt. Appeal Turned Down in Supreme court=

Ææ’v°‘ç-éÓ®Ω’d™ ûÓÆœ°æ¤-îªa-•úøf v°æ¶µº’ûªy Å°‘p©’. (ûÁ©’í∫’ °ævA-éπ™: v°æ¶µº’ûªy Å°‘p©’†’ ûÓÆœ°æ¤-*a† Ææ’v°‘ç-éÓ®Ω’d/ Ææ’v°‘çéÓ®Ω’d ûÓÆœ-°æ¤-*a† v°æ¶µº’ûªy Å°‘p©’)

™

áç°œ-éπîË-ߪ’-•úøf (áç°œ-éπ-®·†) Ŷµºu®Ω’n©’ §Òçü¿’-û√®Ω’. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– áç°œ-éπ-®·† Ŷµºu®Ω’n©èπ◊ orders ûªy®Ω™ ´≤ƒh®·) Å®·ûË PP ´·çü¿’ ¢Á†-éπ-™„j-†-°æ¤púø’ ÅEo-îÓö«x äÍé Å®Ωnç ®√†-éπ\®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Å°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L.

BJP

áü¿’-®Ω’-é¬-©’p™x é¬La-îªç-°æ-•úøf ´÷N-Æˇd©’. (ûÁ©’í∫’ °ævAéπ Headline- áü¿’-®Ω’-é¬-©’p™x Éü¿l®Ω’ ´÷NÆæd x é¬La-¢Ëûª)

b) His torn book shows his carelessness. Sentence (a) PP, torn book (b) torn (PP) book sentences The candidates selected will soon get orders= The selected candidates= orders

îËߪ’-•úøf

b) Two Maoists shot dead in encounter =

4) This is one of the laws made. (made- PP)

= îËߪ’-•úøf î√™« îªö«d™x ÉüÌ-éπöÀ. (îËÆœ† îªö«d™x ÉüÌ-éπöÀ). Past participle èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. a) The book torn was mine - *ç°æ-•úøf (*J-T-§Ú-®·†) °æ¤Ææhéπç Ø√C.

Arrest

E®Ω-Ææ† ßª÷vûª™  Ø√ߪ’èπ◊©’.

.. laws made only to be br oken

Samhit: Oh sure. I was about to ask you myself.

Q.

3) It remains unchecked- unchecked (PP)

EXERCISE Write News headlines in English for the following, using past participles. a)

´·í∫’_®Ω’ õ„v®Ω-JÆæ’d© E®Ωsçüµ¿ç (E®Ωsç-Cµç-îªúøç= detain) b) Ê°ü¿-©èπ◊ °æö«d© °æç°œùÀ (°æçîªúøç= Distribute) c) ü¿’¶«ß˝’™ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ é¬Jt-èπ◊© ´’®Ωùç (PP of Kill ¢√úøçúÕ) d) Ø˧ƒ™¸™ áEo-éπ© E®Ωy-£æ«ù (hold= E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªúøç). ANSWERS a) Three terrorists detained b) Pattas distributed to the poor c) Three Indian labourers killed in Dubai d) Elections held in Nepal

3) In 'I am married', married is an adjective, like interested in 'I am interested'. We know it is not the passive form because in the passive form we use the object, I am married to him/ her. In this sentence, am married is passive. In the sentence, I am married- married is an adjective. 4) Americans follow American English and not British English. The official spelling book in the US is Webster's Dictionary (Webster was an American and he was solely responsible for American spelling.) In other aspects like pronunciation and usage too, only American English is accepted in the US.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 22 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛


Susen: You look so tired, why? people moving to new homes should apear happy.

Æ洒ߪ’ç °æúø’-ûª’çC.) Susen: Isn't yours the newly painted house, the third one on the right side of the street?

(àçöÀ? Å©-Æœ-§Ú-®·-†ô’x éπEp-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? éÌûªh ÉçöÀéÀ ´÷Í®-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçú≈L éπü∆?) Prasen: A new home does make me happy, but moving into it is not such an easy thing. Packing and moving do take the life out of you. Believe me I haven't had a wink of sleep for three days now.

(éÌûªh É©xØËC ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ®Ω¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’, é¬F Åçü¿’-™éÀ ´÷®Ωúøç Ææ’©-¶µº-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’O’ é¬ü¿’. ≤ƒ´÷†’x §ƒué˙îËߪ’úøç, ¢√öÀE ûª®Ω-Lçîªúøç v§ƒùç §Úûª’ç-ü¿-†’éÓ. ´‚vúÓ-V-©’í¬ Ø√èπ◊ äéπ\ èπ◊†’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿çõ‰ †´·t.) Take the life out of some one = v§ƒùç Bߪ’úøç. The money lender is taking the life out of the farmer for the money he lent him =

(FC Ç OCµ™ èπ◊úÕ ¢Áj°æ¤† ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢ËÆœ† ´‚úÓ É™‰x-éπü∆?) Prasen: That's the one. Susen: Isn't your accommodation paid for by your company?

(F ´Ææ-A/- Éç-öÀéÀ ÅüÁl éπç°FßË’ îÁLx-Ææ’hçü∆?) Prasen: Not the whole of it, just 60% of it.

(Å®·ûË †’´¤y Ç °æEE ≤ƒ´÷†’x §ƒué˙ îËÆœ, ûª®Ω-LçîË éπç°FéÀ Å°æpñ„-§ƒp´¤ éπü∆?) professional = à °æØÁjØ√ äéπ ´%Ahí¬, Ææ秃-ü¿-†èπ◊ îËÊÆ.

patience =

(¢Á·ûªhç é¬ü¿’. 60 ¨»ûªç ´÷vûª¢Ë’) Susen: Wish you a happy life in your new home.

(éÌ-ûªh Éçöx †’´¤y ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) Prasen: Thank you.

lessons lesson  participle (...ing form) uses

Ç ´úŒf ¢√u§ƒJ ûª†’ É*a† Å°æ¤pèπ◊, Ç È®jûª’ v§ƒù«©’ véÀûªç È®çúø’ ûÓúË-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’/ BÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. îª÷¨»ç. Ñ Money lender = ´úŒf ¢√u§ƒJ present Susen: But you've engaged professional packers and movers for the job.

2

™


Past participle

™

ûÁ©’-

Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Look at the following

™„éπ\©’ ¶CµçîË öÃΩxèπ◊ î√™« ã®Ω’p Å´-Ææ®Ωç II '...ing' form èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç äéπ-°æE îËߪ’úøç

(؈çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-´-úøç °æôx ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æç ´*açC.) c) He is not keen on our attending the function=

2) Packing and moving into a new home isn't such an easy thing =

¢Ë’´÷ 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷-EéÀ £æ…ï®Ω’ 鬴úøç °æôx Åûª-úÕéÀ Åçûª °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’. ≤ƒ´÷†’x §ƒué˙ îËߪ’úøç, éÌûªh ÉçöÀéÀ ´÷®Ωúøç Åçûª Keen = v¨¡ü¿l¥/ °æöÀdç°æ¤ Öçúøúøç. Ææ’©-¶µº-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’. He is keen on going to the US = uses a) Watching Indian movies can be boring = Åûªúø’ Å¢Á’Jé¬ ¢Á∞«x-©ØË °æöÀdç°æ¤/ °æô’d-ü¿-©ûÓ ÖØ√oúø’) ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆœE-´÷©’ äéπ ´uéÀh äéπ °æE-îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ωx ¢ÁçôØË îª÷úøôç NÆæ’í∫’ éπL_ç-îª- 's ûÓé¬F/ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ é¬F ...ing form ¢√úøû√ç. ´îª’a. a) Every one observed Prasanth's/ Prasanth -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 449 b) Smoking is injurious talking to the girl = v°æ¨»çû˝ Ç Å´÷t-®·ûÓ to health = ´÷ö«xúøôç Åçü¿®Ω÷ í∫´’Eç-î√®Ω’.

He enjoys taking long walks

Professional players =

Tennis

b) The students' / students shouting of Slogans wasn't to the liking of the principal =

Nü∆u-®Ω’n© EØ√-ü∆© íÌúø´

´%Ahí¬, Ö§ƒ-CµéÓÆæç õ„EoÆˇ ÇúË véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ Professional actors = ´%Ah°æ®Ω-¢Á’i-† †ô’©’. Professional x Amateur = Ææ®Ω-ü∆-éÓÆæç îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. (´’†™ î√-™«-´’çC amateur photographers actors éπü∆?)

sentences above.

/

Prasen: They are not so careful how they pack and move. You must supervise their work, or else your goods are damaged.

(Åçûª ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ àçîËߪ’®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx, -§ƒuéÀçí˚ Å®·Ø√, ûª®Ω-Lç-îª-úø-¢Á’iØ√, F °æ®Ωu-¢Ë-éπ~ù Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’† ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ §ƒúø-´¤û√®·.)

from

the

dialogue

v°œEq-°æ-™¸èπ◊ †îªa-™‰ü¿’.

1) People moving into new homes should appear happy. 2) ... but moving into a new home is'nt such an easy thing. 3) Packing and moving do take the life out of you.

§Òí∫-°‘-©aúøç Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ £æ…E-éπ®Ωç. Ø√©’íÓ ¢√éπuç™ arranging èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

c) Everyone was shocked at Kesav's/ Kesav talking like that =

4) Arranging things in a new home takes the life out of us =

Í騡¢˛ Å™« ´÷ö«xúøôç °æôx Åçü¿®Ω÷ Cví¬s¥çA îÁçü∆®Ω’.Be used to (Å©-¢√ô’çúø-ôç/ °æJ-§ƒöÀ 鬴úøç), enjoy (džç-Cç-îªôç), give up (´÷ØËߪ’úøç), Mind (Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ûÁ©°æúøç) = Object to, Prefer äéπ ü∆E-éπØ√o ÉçéÓöÀ áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úøôç. Practise- OöÀ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ Noun í¬F ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ 'ing' form í¬F ´Ææ’hçC. Infinitive ®√ü¿’.

éÌûªh Éçöx ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ωlúøç ´’† v§ƒù«Lo ûÓúË-Ææ’hçC. (Å®·üÓ ¢√éπuç èπÿú≈ ÅçûË).

M.SURESAN

4) There is, of course, arranging things in the new home. 5) Sleeping in a new place does make a difference.

5. Sleeping in a new place does make a difference =

a) i) I am used to the heat of Vijayawada.

éÌûªh îÓô E-vCçîªúøç, ´’†èπ◊ é¬Ææh ûËú≈í¬ ÅEp-Ææ’hçC. (Ø√èπ◊ Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø áçúø-¢ËúÕ Å©-¢√õ‰. Heat-noun) ÉD '....ing' form Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Spoken I am used to getting up early. ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ '...ing' form èπ◊ ´îËa Å®√n©’ 1) àüÁjØ√ English Susen: And then, there is of course arranging ™ É™« '....ing' form ¢√úøôç î√™« ii)(Ø√èπ äéπ-°æE îËÆæ’h†o, ◊ °çü¿-™«úË ™‰´úøç Å©-¢√ô’. Getting-ing things in the new home. That you have ûª®Ω. form) 2) äéπ °æE îËߪ’úøç, to do it yourself. Éçé¬ É™« èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç: äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE îËߪ’úøç b) i) He enjoys sweets. (sweets A†-ú≈Eo Åûªúø’ (Ç ûª®√yûª ¢√öÀ-†-Eoç-öÀF Ææ®Ωlúøç ÖçCí¬. 3) äéπ-°æE îËÊÆ.. ÅØË Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ ÅØË Å®Ωl¥çûÓ. džç-C-≤ƒhúø’.Sweets-noun) 1) People moving into new homes should His coming here makes everyone happy = ÅC †’¢Ëy îË≤Ú\-¢√L.) ii) He enjoys taking long walks. appear happy = Prasen: That's right. That has taken me a whole Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´úøç Åçü¿-Jéà džçü¿ç éπLTÆæ’hçC. (î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç †úø´ú≈Eo Åûªúø’ džç-C-≤ƒhúø’/ éÌûª h Éçöx é À ´÷Í ® ¢√∞¡ Ÿ x Ææ ç ûÓ≠ æ ç í¬ éπ E ° œ ç î √L. couple of days. Still it is'nt over. Kumar's buying the site was a wise move = Åûª E éÀ ≠ d ç æ ) a) Students doing engineering have good job (Å´¤†’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’-®Ó-V©’ èπ◊´÷®˝ ÇÆæn-™«Eo é̆úøç ûÁL-¢Áj† °æE. c) i) He gave up his job for an acting career. opportunities = °æöÀdçC. Å®·Ø√ Éçé¬ ÅC °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’.) úÕ: É™«çöÀ îÓôx, Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE (†ôØ√ ¢√u°æéπç éÓÆæç Åûªúø’ ûª† ÖüÓu-í¬Eo ´÷ØËÉç>-F-Jçí˚ îªC¢Ë Nü∆u-®Ω’l¥-©èπ◊ ´’ç* ÖüÓu-í¬-´-é¬- í∫îË´ß’-ª’Eúøç-çîªçÅØË Susen: Sleeping in a new place makes a differÅ®ΩnçûÓ my, our, your, his, her, their + ¨»úø’/ ´C-™‰-¨»úø’.) ¨»©’Ø√o®·. ence as well. ing form ´Ææ’hçC. Gave up + job (noun) b) Vehicles plying the highway have to pay a (éÌûªhîÓô EvCçîªúøç èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh ûËú≈ØË.) a) I don't like your coming late to class. toll = ii) He gave up smoking Prasen: Yea. Takes some time, adjusting to the (†’´¤y é¬xÆæ’èπ◊ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ®√´úøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’.) Ñ -®Ω£æ«-ü∆-J-™ ¢Á∞Ïx ¢√£æ«-Ø√©’ ö™¸ îÁLxç-î√L. (smoking ´÷ØË-¨»-úø-ûª†’.) new place. My father was angry at my getting such low gave up + smoking ...ing form). (Å´¤†’. éÌûªh îÓô’èπ◊ Å©¢√ô’ °æúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ c) Teachers teaching maths need a lot of b) marks friend, I knew he had came.

Practise the following aloud in english. Pradhan:

-Å-ûªúÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´úøç í∫’Jç* Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Pravesh: ¢√∞¡xéπ\ ûª† friend ûÓ ´÷ö«xúøôç îª÷úøí¬ØË Ø√éπ-®Ωn-´’-®·çC -Å-ûªúÌ-î√a-úøE. Pradhan: -Å-ûªúÕ™« suddení¬ ®√´ôç Ø√éÀ≠dç æ Öçúøü¿’. -Å-ûªúÕ-éπ\-úø’çõ‰ îª÷Ææ’éÓ´úøç (attend on) °ü¿l ûª©-ØÌ°œp. Pravesh: ÅûªúÕE äçôJí¬ ´CL ¢Á∞¡xúøç bad manners éπü∆? Pradhan: Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç í∫ ’Jç* FÍé-´ ’-®·Ø√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Pravesh: ØËEçé¬ -Å-ûªúÕE éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. Answer Pradhan: Do you know about his coming here? Pravesh: When I saw his sister talking to her

É®Ω’-èπ◊\E èπÿ®Óa-´ü¿’l.) ÉÆæ-ÍéÊÆh ®√©-†çûª ï†ç ( Öü∆. Ñ ®ÓV A®Ω’´’--™x ÉÆæ-ÍéÊÆh ®√©-†çûª ï†ç ÖØ√o®Ω’.)

Pradhan: I don't like his coming suddenly like this. when he is here attending on him is a headache.

2.

Pravesh: Leaving him alone will be bad manners

A. 1. Sitting crowded/ to sit crowded/ to crowd (Don't sit crowded on the same bench) (The bench is cramped/ crowded. Why don't some of you move out? = Bench

Pradhan: (Have you) any idea of his going? Pravesh: I haven't met him yet.

–-á-Ø˛.-vQ, -A®Ω’°æ-A

É®Ω’í¬_ ÖçC. O’™ éÌçûª´’çC ´îËa-ߪ’çúÕ. 2. DEéÀ ûªí∫_-ô’dí¬ àO’-™‰ü¿’. -Å®·-ûË É™« ÅØÌa. Crowd too thick to let even sand grains to pass.

Q. 1.

Q.

éÀç-C ¢√é¬u-©†’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷-™ ûÁ-©’°æç-úÕ. É®Ω’-èπ◊\E èπÿ®Óa-´úøç (Öü∆: äÍé •©x°j Åçü¿®Ω÷

≤Úpéπ-Ø˛ Éç-T-x≠ˇ §ƒ®∏√©’ E®Ωç-ûª-®√-ߪ’çí¬ É´yúøç éπçõ‰ ´çüÓ, È®çúø’-´ç-ü¿™  §ƒ®∏√-©ûÓ äé𠶵«í¬Eo ´·Tç*, Ç ûª®Ω-¢√ûª Åú≈y-Ø˛qú˛ §ƒ®∏√-

A.

©ûÓ ´’®Ó ¶µ«í∫ç ¢Á·ü¿©’ °öÀd Öçúø-´îª’a éπü∆? Ñ ≤ÚpéπØ˛ Éç-Tx≠ˇ §ƒ®∏√©’ á°æp-öÀéÀ °æ‹®Ωh´¤-û√®·? Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™  ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ O’J-*a† ¢√öÀ™  áEo §ƒ®∏√©’ îªC-NûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC? – áÆˇ.-¢Áç-éπö¸, °œ.A-®Ω’-´’™¸ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ ¶µ«≠æ ÅØËC ´·êuçí¬ English ™«çöÀC á°æ¤púø÷ ´÷®Ω’-ûª÷ØË Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-Íé Éçé¬ É™« É-Ææ’h-Ø√oç. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Eûªu-@-N-ûªç™ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’ßË’u ´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ 200 lessons î√©’. -Å®·-ûË ÉçéÌçîÁç ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ practice éÓÆæç Ñ Lessons ÉÆæ’hØ√oç. Advanced Stage™ØË ´’†ç ÖØ√oç. É°æ¤púø’ É™« ÉÆæ÷hç-úøôç ´©x O’®Ω’ English™ touch™ -Öç-úÕ éÌûªhN ØË®Ω’a-éÓí∫©’í∫’-û√®Ω’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 24 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Q.

2.

1. Accent Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’°æçúÕ.

Too, also, so do, either

©’ äÍ陫 ÅE-°œ≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀE ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tçî√™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. 3. Phrasal verbs èπ◊ v°æû√u-´÷oߪ’ç Öçü∆? ¢√öÀ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç àN’öÀ? Example- adjust = make do. Å™«Íí phrasal verbs, Idioms †’ conversation ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÊÆh effective í¬ Öçô’çü∆? - K.Babji, Sankavaram

A.

Accent

Åçõ‰ ߪ÷Ææ. äéπ ü˨¡ç/ äéπ v§ƒçûªç/ >™«x v°æï©’ äé𠶵«≠憒 ´÷ö«xúË B®Ω’. ´’† ûÁ©’-í∫’-¶µ«-≠æØË éÓ≤ƒh v°æï©’ ´÷ö«xúË B®Ω’ (Coastal area accent), ®√ߪ’-©-Æ ‘´’ v°æï©’ ´÷ö«xúË B®Ω’ (Rayalaseema accent) and ûÁ©ç-í¬ù™ ´÷ö«xúË B®Ω’ (Telangana accent) ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ éπü∆. äéπJ accent †’ •öÀd ¢√∞Ïx v§ƒçûªç v°æï™ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. We all speak English with an Indian accent = ´’†ç Åçû√ English †’ ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ߪ÷ÆæûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøû√ç. Important - É秃-È®dçö¸ – ÉC ÉçúÕ-ߪ’Ø˛ accent. É秃-ôçö¸, §ƒ ØÌéÀ\°æ-LéÀ pronounce îËÊÆh ÅC British accent Å´¤-ûª’çC.

Åçõ‰ stress ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. ™ äéπ ´÷ô™E àüÁjØ√ ¨¡¶«lEo ØÌéÀ\ °æL-éÀûË, Ç ¨¡•lç O’ü¿ accent/ stress Öçô’çC. English - Éçü¿’™ ´’†ç (Indians) UxE ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç– ÉçUx≠ˇ ÅE. Å®·ûË Ñ °æü¿ç™ Éç O’ü¿ stress. accent Öçô’çC. ÉçUx≠ˇ – ÉçéÌçîÁç force ûÓ °æ©’èπ◊û√ç. Åçõ‰ English †’ pronounce îËÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’, the accent is on 'in'. 2) Too, also, so do, either – -O-öÀ í∫’-Jç-* Éçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL§ƒç, îª÷úøçúÕ. 3) Phrasal verbs ¢√úøôç ´©x ´’† ¶µ«≠æ simple í¬ natural í¬ Öçô’çC. Phrasa verbs ¶µ«≠æ™ Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ¶µ«í¬©’. Let's adjust with what we have ņúøç éπçõ‰ Let's make do with what we have Åçõ‰ ¶µ«≠æ natural í¬ Öçô’çC éπü∆. (Adjust éÌClí¬ ví¬çC∑éπç 鬴a). Phrasal verbs †÷, idioms †÷ ¢√úÕ-ûËØË ¶µ«≠æ î√™« effective í¬ Öçô’çC.

2

Accent English

Q.

1.

Does it have a name? third person singular Does it have a name

2.

How go your studies/ How does go your studies

3.

Going two hours earlier is better than to be late by two minutes ..

àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

ÉC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

4.

I don't have at home the tablets I usually take I don't have the tablets at home which I usually take

ÅØ√o®Ω’. ü∆Eo

5.

So have I, like to

Åçõ‰ ûª§ƒp? Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰ Å®√nEo

- V. Narayana Reddy, Giddalur

É≤ƒhߪ÷? A.

(Does go, verb Subject you

éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

鬕öÀd ÅØ√L éπü∆.

1) Question gular has Does have

鬆°æ¤púø’ not ûÓ, III person sin´Ææ’hçC. Question ™, notûÓ Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? 2) How go your studies? (F îªü¿’-¢Á™« ÖçC?)/ How goes life? (@Nûªç ᙫ ÖçC?) É´Fo °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô©’. Studies, plural éπü∆? How does your studies go? ņúøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. How does go your studies? Éçé¬ ûª°æ¤p.

3)

2.

1. Spoken English, Grammar, Dictionary éÀ í¬F usage of word book ´’ç* books (English-Telugu) îÁ°æpçúÕ. O’Í®-´’Ø√o ®√-¨»®√? He get married her. He get to do. It get written. He got done the work. get, got

Ñ

Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. He would like to have done to have done

Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. à-ßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈™, áEo Å®√n-©’ç-ö«ßË’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 4. Past ™, future ™í¬F Åûª-ú≈-°æE îËߪ÷L. DEo English ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 5. Could ÅØËC Future tense ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√a? (ÅEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ). He said ''He could do the work''. Åçõ‰ Åûªúø’ future ™ îË≤ƒh-úøØ√? past ™ îË-¨»-úøØ√? îËÆæ’hç-úË-¢√-úøØ√? 6. Would do èπ◊ îË-¨»-úøØË Å®Ωnç Öçü∆?He said ''He would do the work'' Åçõ‰ îËÆæ’hç-úË-¢√úøØ√? Future ™ îË≤ƒh-úøØ√? Usages ûÁ©’°æçúÕ. 3.

- Venkata Rao, Guntur

A.

1) Grammar & usage Living English structure by Stannard Allen.

èπ◊ O’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-

°æúË °æ¤Ææhéπç,

Q.

House full, full of house; Nonvegetarian, not -vegetarian; Only vimal, vimal only Over, up example eg:

OöÀ™ ©èπ◊ ûËú≈ -†’ ÅE

àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? àN’öÀ? ®√ߪ’-´î√a? A.

1) House Full

cinema hall Seats /

Åçõ‰

EçúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. -ë«-S-™‰´¤ Tickets ÅFo Å´·t-úø-®·§Úߪ÷®· ÅE Å®Ωnç. ûÁ©’Ææ’éπü∆ Ééπ\úø house= cinema hall/ theatre ÅE. Full of house ņç éπü∆? House èπ◊ Å®Ωnç É©’x ÅØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, à éπôdúøç (building) -Å®·-Ø√ -Å-E Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’

èπ◊

Correct.

Ééπ\úø, ؈’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË É©’x ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËC tablets ØËí¬F, ÉçöÀE é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? 鬕öÀd ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. 5) So have I. ÉC ÉçéÌ-éπJ ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Ø√èπÿ ÖçC, ÅE ÆæpçCçîË ¢√éπuç. 'I have a car' (Ø√èπ◊ car ÖçC) 'So have I'(Ø√èπÿ ÖçC) Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, I like to ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

ûÓ

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

450

Q.

He seems to have gone =

4)

ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h ÖçúË ´’ç* M.SURESAN

Get married =

°Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç (get, married ûÓ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. He get to do it •ü¿’©’ He has got to do it ņúøç correct. Got Ééπ\úø has got ÅØË verb ™ ¶µ«í∫ç. DEéÀ v°æûËuéπçí¬ Å®Ωnç Öçúø-C-éπ\úø. He has got to do it = Åûª-úøC îÁߪ÷u-LqçüË. 3) He would like to have done it - ÅC (í∫ûªç™) îËÆæ’ç-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úË-¢√úË– îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. To have done = í∫ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ îËÆæ’ç-úøôç. To have done it in the circumstances is really great =

Å™«çöÀ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x Å™« îËÆæ’ç-úøôç (Åûª-ú≈-°æE î˨»úø’) íÌ°æp N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’.

ÉN ï®Ω’-í∫’-

2) Non-Vegetarian (Not-Vegetarian

é¬ü¿’)= ¨»é¬-£æ…-®Ωç-é¬E/ ¨»é¬-£æ…-J-é¬E ´uéÀh. Ñ Å®√n-©ûÓ Å®·ûË NonVegetarian, Correct. Non ÅE üËE´·ç-ü¿-®·Ø√ îËJÊÆh ÅC-é¬-EC ÅE. Indians x Non-Indians (¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’-é¬-E-¢√®Ω’/ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ßË’-ûª-®Ω’©’). Not vegetarian äéπ-´÷-ô-é¬ü¿’, È®çúø’ ´÷ô©’= ¨»é¬-£æ…®Ωç/ ¨»é¬-£æ…J é¬ü¿’.

1)

I have no money-

ÉC

correct=

Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω

ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

I haven't (have not) any money/ I haven't correct, the money-

Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ™ àüÁjØ√

I haven't any money =

Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·-

é¬Ææh

He had to do it =

Åûª-ú≈-°æE îËߪ÷Lq ´*açC/ îËߪ’éπ ûª°æp-™‰ü¿’, î˨»úø’ (Past).

Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω (üËE-ÈéjØ√ 鬴-©-Æœ†) úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Why don't you buy a car? =

(†’´¤y car áçü¿’-éÌ\-†´¤?) = (Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω Åçü¿’-é¬\-´-©-Æœ†) úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-é¬\´-©-Æœ† ÅE Å®Ωnç ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ, the ¢√úøû√ç. 'You haven't paid the fees yet' = (†’Nyçé¬ fees éπôd-™‰ü¿’) I haven't the money

†’´¤y £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢ÁRûË Åûª-úÕE ņ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ áéπ\úÁjØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a (ÅC ≤ƒüµ¿uç).

6)

Ø√ ü¿í∫_Í®ç úø•’s ™‰ü¿’.

I haven't the money=

If you go to Hyderabad, you could run into him=

ÆæÈ®j†

He gets/ got married to her, correct.

House = Parliament/ Assembly/ Council/ Meeting -

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? à Nüµ¿çí¬ v°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Vis-a-vis

I have not money-

™ Åûªú≈ °æE-îÁ-ߪ÷uL. 5) Could- future ™ possibility (≤ƒüµ¿u-´’ßË’u/ ï®Ω-í∫-í∫© N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo) ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.

鬴¤.

™ îÁ§ƒpç éπü∆. Business House = ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn.

2.

úø•’s-™‰ü¿’.

He must do it/ He will have to do it/ He should do it = future

2) He get married to her. He get to do itsentences

lessons

I have no money. I have not money.

- Dhana, Hyderabad

A.

†ô’xØ√oúø’.

English - Telugu spoken English book

™‰ü¿’. ØËEçé¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

1.

Å®Ωnç ûËú≈ûÓ.

Dictionary, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of current English.

ûª’†o v°æüË-¨»©’ èπÿú≈.

- GLT Ram, Secunderabad.

go

4) I don't have the tablets at home which I usually take. home which I usually take =

He gets/ got mar ried to her Q.

Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’, does èπ◊, ®√¢√L éπü∆?)

´’üµ¿u™

He said he could do the work (He could do the work, inverted commas

™ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’) Å®Ωnç Åûªú≈ °æE îËߪ’-í∫-©’-í∫’-û√-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. Åçõ‰ Ñ sentence ™ could past ØË ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓç-Céπü∆? 7) Would do èπ◊ îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ (¢√úø’-éπí¬ í∫ûªç™) ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. While at school, he would do it everyday = School He used to do it.

'I haven't the money' =

(Åçü¿’-é¬\-´-©-Æœ† úø•’s Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’) (OïO– ï, size ™ ñ¸ ™«) = ü∆EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç*. Q. 1. Function, Celebration, Reception OöÀE í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 2. Wedding, Marriage OöÀE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. vis-a-vis

2)

- Meduri Satyanarayana, Hyderabad

™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ÅC Åûªúø’ v°æA®ÓW îËÊÆ-

¢√úø’. =

He said he would do the work = he would do it, inverted commas

Åûªúø’ Ç °æE

îË≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√oúø’, Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ™ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. 4) ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo •öÀd, only 3) Over Åçõ‰ äéπ-ü∆-E°j ÅE Å®Ωnç. position Öçô’çC. He wears only There is a map on the wall over the Vimal clothes = Åûªúø’ á°æ¤púø÷ table= Table èπ◊°j† áéπ\úÓ (Table N´’™¸ ü¿’Ææ’h™‰ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. (ÉçÍé O’ü¿-ØË -é¬-èπ◊çú≈), íÓúøO’ü¿ map ÖçC. éπç°-FN ¢√úøúø’). He only wears He jumped over the wall = O’-CVimal= Åûªúø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ N´’™¸ ü¿’Ææ’h©’ †’ç* ü¿÷é¬úø’, Å´-ûª-L-¢Áj-°æ¤. ¢Ë Ææ’èπ◊çö«úø’– ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ ¢√öÀE ¢√úø®Ω’. up = °jéÀ. He climbed up the hill Å®·ûË , He wears Vimal only= He = éÌçúø-°jéÀ áé¬\úø’. wears only Vimal- Ééπ\úø Vimal only His office is up the stairs = ¢Á’ôxÅØ√o, Only Vimal ÅØ√o äéπõ‰ éπü∆? °j† ÅûªE office ÖçC. 5) Example èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† abbreviation Eg Up Åçõ‰ ã Cèπ◊\ ¢Áç•úË ÅØË Å®Ωnç ØË, ÉC Latin ¶µ«≠æ †’ç* ´*a† èπÿú≈ ÖçC. His home is further Exempligratia (áÈíbç°œx-vÍí-≠œßª÷) èπ◊ up the road= ÅûªúÕ É©’x Ñ ®Óú˛ abbreviation. Eg éÀ correct Å®Ωnç, for ¢Áç•úË ü¿÷®Ωçí¬/ *´®Ω ÖçC. example = Öü∆£æ«®Ω-ùèπ◊, ÅE.

A.

Function: Independence day function, marriage function

¢Ëúø’éπ/ Öûªq´ç.

(≤ƒç°∂œ’éπ,

´’ûª-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Öûªq-¢√©’) Celebration: The way in which we conduct a function-

äéπ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo– °Rx, °æ¤öÀd†-®ÓV, Nïߪ÷-©†’ Åçü¿Ko Ç£æ…y-Eç* °∂æ’†çí¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ´úøç. Reception: àüÁjØ√ birthday, marriage ™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ÉîËa Nçü¿’, tea party, etc. Marriage, wedding ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰– °Rx ÅE. Å®·ûË wedding ņo-°æ¤púø’, °Rx Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ïJÍí ´’ûª Ææç•ç-üµ¿-¢Á’i† °æN-vûªçí¬ ¶µ«NçîË ûªçûª’ °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©èπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç Öçô’çC. The marriage took place last year = ¢√∞¡x °Rx éÀçü¿-õ‰-ú≈C ïJ-TçC. The wedding took place with due ceremony=

ûªT† Ææçv°æü∆-ߪ’çûÓ (Ææçv°æ-ü∆-ߪ’-•-ü¿l¥çí¬) Ç Â°Rx ïJ-TçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 27 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sanket: What do I read in this newspaper here? 'Maoists slaughtering Tribals'.

(Ñ ¢√®√h-°æ-vA-éπ™  ؈’ àç îªü¿’-´¤ûª’Ø√o†’? 'TJ-ï-†’-©†’ Üîª-éÓûª éÓÆæ’h†o ´÷N-Ææ’d©’—.) Satwik: The Chattisgadh Government is yet to learn a lesson or two from the Andhra Pradesh Government in checking the atrocities of the Maoists.

(´÷NÆˇd Åéπ%û√u-©†’ Ç°æ-úøç™ BhÆˇí∫úµ˛ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç †’ç* Éçé¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.) Learn a lesson or two- ÉC äéπJ ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ éÌçûª ØË®Ω’aéÓ´úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ English ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ¢√úË expression. There is a lesson or two I can learn from you about spending money carefully =

úø•’s ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ ê®Ω’a-°õ‰d N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ F ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* éÌçûª ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L ؈’.

Sanket: Here's another piece of news under the heading, 'Kutch Rising from the Ruins'.

(ÉçéÓ-¢√®Ωh, Ñ heading éÀçü¿: 'PC∑-™«© †’ç* °jéÀ ™‰Ææ’h†o éπî˝—.) Satwik: I've read it. It's interesting. (It) tells us how Kutch, levelled to the ground in the 2001 earthquake, Kutch has developed into a thriving industrial centre.

(؈’ îªC-¢√-†C. î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. 2001 ¶µº÷éπç-°æç™ ØË©-´’-ôd-¢Á’i† éπî˝ (í∫’ï-®√û˝-™E v§ƒçûªç) Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† §ƒJ-v¨»-N’éπ Íéçvü¿çí¬ á™« ´%Cl¥ îÁçCçüÓ îÁ•’-ûª’ç-ü¿C.)

English Newspaper ©™ Headlines (´·ë«u稻©’ ûÁLÊ° Headings) ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ Â°j† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ûÁL-°œ-†-ô’xç-ö«®·. ´’† English speaking ØÁj°æ¤ùuç °ç-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English Newspapers îªü¿-´úøç ÅEo Nüµ∆™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Åçü¿’™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ English Newspapers ™ Headings Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ´úøç î√™« ´·êuç. éÌûªhí¬ îªü¿-´úøç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-õ‰d-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ Ñ headings é¬Ææh Nçûªí¬ ûÓ≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀE Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË Nüµ¿ç É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. English News headings éÌEo sentences í¬ Öçö«®·, ´’J-éÌEo Phrases (Groups of Words Without Verbs - Verbs ™‰E °æü¿-Ææ-´·-ü∆-ߪ÷©’) í¬ News Headlines ™ '...ing' form áèπ◊\-´í¬ éÌClÖçö«®·. Ñ phrases ´‚úø’ ®Ω鬩’: 1) Phrases é¬-©ç-™ØË éπ*aûªçí¬ ï-JÍí N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. with '...ing' forms 2) Phrases with infinitives and é¬-E, äéÓ\-≤ƒJ '...ing' form ûÓ Ö†o headlines 3) Phrases with past participles. (Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË É°æ ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’: Íé´©ç '...ing' form (going, coming, Kutch Rising From Ruins = PC∑-™«© †’ç* °jéÀ etc), verb é¬ü¿’. Be form ûÓ éπLÆœ Ö†o '...ing' form ™‰ Æ æ ’ h † / ÅGµ ´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿’ûª’†o éπî˝. ÉC É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’´÷vûª¢Ë’ verb (am going, is singing, etc). Å™«Íí ûª ’ †o N≠æ ß ª’ç. Infinitive (to go, to sing, etc) verb é¬ü¿’. Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ØË Íé´©ç past participle (seen, eaten, given, a) Counting going on in Byelections = Ö°æ áEoéπ™x é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’†o (É°æ¤púø’) ãôx ™„éÀ\ç°æ¤. liked, etc) verb é¬ü¿’. ü∆E-´·çü¿’ be form Öçõ‰ØË (is seen, are eaten, has been given, will be liked, b) Cement Dealers Hoarding Stocks = ≤ƒdèπ◊©†’ etc) ÅN verbs. Åvéπ-´’çí¬ E©y îËÆæ’h†o Æœ¢Á’çô’ ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω’©’. ÉC News headlines sentences í¬ Öçõ‰ Åçü¿’™ èπÿú≈ É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o N≠æߪ’ç. verbs Ist Regular hoard= Åvéπ-´’çí¬ Ææ®Ωèπ◊ Doing Words (present E©y-îË-ߪ’úøç (éÌ®Ωûª Ö†osimple) í¬ Öçö«®·, °æ¤púø’ ÅCµéπ üµ¿®Ω-©-éπ-¢Ë’tçí∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Ç çí∫ x ¶ µ « ≠ æ ù 451 ü¿’èπ◊) report îËÆæ’hØ√o èπÿú≈.

2

b) Satyam To Open Software Centres In Somemore Centres = (Computers)

´’J-éÌ-Eo-îÓôx ≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ Íéçvü∆©’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-†’†o Ææûªuç

c) Public Distribution Streamlined =

System

To

Be

v°æñ«-°æç-°œùà Nüµ∆-Ø√Eo îªéπ\-C-ü¿l-

†’†o v°æ¶µº’ûªyç. (Ééπ\úø to be streamlined = to be + PP of streamline= ÉC to streamline èπ◊ passive form- îªéπ\-C-ü¿l-•-úø-†’†o v°æñ«-°æç-°œùà ´u´Ææn ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. é¬E ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å™« ņç éπü∆. d) New Bridge To Be Opened For Traffic Next Month =

®√éπ-§Ú-éπ-©èπ◊ ´îËa ØÁ©-†’ç* ûÁ®Ω-´-•-úø†’†o éÌûªh´çûÁ†. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – ´îËa ØÁ© †’ç* (®√éπ-§Ú-éπ-©èπ◊) éÌûªh ´çûÁ† v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç. Newspaper Headings †’ É™« Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. EXERCISE Practise News headlines for the following in English. 1)

éÌûªh N´÷-Ø√-v¨¡-ߪ÷Eo v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-†’†o ≤ÚE-ߪ÷í¬çDµ(...ing form ¢√úøçúÕ) 2) N¨»-ê™ ®√vA-°æ‹ô N´÷Ø√©’ CÍí Ææü¿’-§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ûªy®Ω™  v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Sanket: 'BSNL to extend its services to more vilEg: India Wins the Second Test (Infinitive ¢√úøçúÕ) É°æ ¤ p úø ’ Infinitives ûÓ (to go, to lages'. This is another news headline. (È®çúÓ test ™ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Èí©’°æ¤/ È®çúÓ come etc) ûÓ ´îËa Headings îª÷ü∆lç. 3) ûªy®Ω-™ ØË ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ ´Ææ’h†o Olympic ñuA (Torch) ('´’J-éÌEo ví¬´÷-©èπ◊ ÊÆ´-©†’ NÆæh-Jç-îª-†’†o test †’ ÈíL-*† ¶µ«®Ωû˝) – Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç(... ing form ¢√úøçúÕ) É´Fo ûªy®Ω™ØË éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’ î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç- Match Èí©-´úøç, Ééπ\úø BSNL') ¢√öÀE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Royal Challengers †’ ãúÕç-*† Kolkata Knight 4) Satwik: That's really welcome news. Whatever past Å®·Ø√ heading ™ ´÷vûªç preRiders (Sentence í¬ RDW ¢√úøçúÕ) 4) Government To Implement New India's progress in other fields, its sent simple (Regular Doing Words) Pay Scales from 2006 = éÌûªh ¢Ëûª- 5) éÌûªh ¢Á÷úø™ ¸q†’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-ôd-†’†o ´÷®Ω’A (Infinitive progress in communications during the ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ü∆E-éÀçü¿ N´-®√©’ ´÷vûªç ¢√úøçúÕ). Ø√-©†’ 2006 †’ç* (¢Á†’éπ ûËD †’ç*) past tense ™ Öçö«®·. îª÷úøçúÕ: last ten years has been amazing. M.SURESAN ANSWERS Å´’© ’° æ ® Ω î ª † ’†o v°æ ¶ µ º ’ ûª y ç. (Eïçí¬ ÅC ≤ƒyí∫-Aç-°æ-ü¿í∫_ ¢√®Ωh. N’í∫û√ India Wins II Test 1) Sonia Gandhi Inaugurating The New Airport. ®Ωçí¬™x ¶µ«®Ωû˝ v°æí∫A ᙫ ÖØ√o, com- India, on Thursday, won the second test implement = Å´’-©’-îË-ߪ’úøç 2) Night Landing Facilities To Begin Soon In against Australia by 36 runs. Tendulkar and 5) and 6) Government to open three more IITs munications ®Ωçí∫ç™ ´÷vûªç Åü¿’s¥-ûªçí¬ Visakha. and 7 more IIMs = Éçé¬ ´‚úø’ IIT ©†’, 7 IIM Laxman top scored for India. ÖçC.) 3) Olympic Torch Coming To India Soon (í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç ¶µ«®Ωû˝, ÇÊÆZ-L-ߪ÷°j È®çúÓ õ„Ææ’d™ 36 ©†’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-†’†o v°æ¶µº’ûªyç. amaze= î√™« Ǩ¡a-®√uEo éπL-Tç-îªúøç. 4) Kolkata Knight Riders Defeat Royal a) Symonds To Play For Hyderabad = £j«ü¿-®√°æ®Ω’-í∫’© ûËú≈ûÓ Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµç-*çC.) Sanket: Government to implement new pay Challengers. ¶«ü˛ ûª®Ω-°æ¤† Çúø-†’†o ÂÆj´’çú˛q. É°æ¤púø’ phrases (verbs ™‰E group of words) ûÓ scales from 2006. This is another head5) Maruthi To Introduce New Models. Ö†o Headlines îª÷ü∆lç. line here. (ÉçéÓ head line: éÌûªh ¢Ëûª† ÊÆ\∞¡x†’ 2006 Look at the following from the conversaShe was ill, but/ yet she manQ. 1. Though/ although/ inspite of Ñ ´‚úø÷ tion above: †’ç* Å´’-©’-°æ-®Ω-îª-†’†o v°æ¶µº’ûªyç.) aged to smile = though/ äÍé Å®√nEo*aØ√, àßË’ Ææçü¿®√s¥™x ᙫ- ¢√-ú≈™ although/ even though she was Satwik: This is the election year, you know. The 1) Maoists Slaughtering Tribals ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. a) She was very ill. She manill, she managed to smile. government is going all out to please 2) Kutch Rising From Ruins aged to smile at everyone. b) They mass Inspite of ûª®√yûª noun/ ...ing every section of voters. 3) BSNL To Extend Its Services To More Villages copied yet they failed- Ñ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ OöÀE form é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. Inspite of her (ÉC áEo-éπ© Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éπü∆? v°æA ´®Ω_ç 4) Government To Implement New Pay Scales ᙫ Ö°æ ß Á ÷ T çî √L? illness (noun)/ inspite of being From 2006 ãô®Ωx†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-J-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ÅEo-N(..ing form) she managed to 2. The meeting had hardly started when slogan üµ∆™« v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ÚhçC.) 5) Government To Open 3 More IITs In The smile. DEo hardly ûÓ á™« v§ƒ®Ω ç G µ ç shouting began. Coming Year Go all out = ÅEo Nüµ∆™« v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªúøç 2. Hardly had the meeting started when slogan î√L? Öü∆£ æ « ® Ω ù © ûÓ N´J çî ª í ∫ © ®Ω ’ . Sanket: Government to open 3 more IITs in the 6) It Is To Start 7 More IIMs shouting begun. (Hardly ûÓ begin îËÊÆh sub3. Ç®Ó-í∫u-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† P¨¡Ÿ-ï-†-Ø√-©-éÓÆæç Ωu©’ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©coming year- this is perhaps the best of 1) Maoists Slaughtering Tribals - (ÉC '...ing'ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ measures to birth control babies are ject ´·çü¿’ had ´Ææ’hçC.) form Ö†o headline = TJ-ï-†’-©†’ Üîª-éÓûª éÓÆæ’h†o the news in the papers today. a) He had hardly left the theatre when it needed ņ-´î√a? DEo éπÈ®-èπ◊dí¬ á™« ®√ߪ÷L? (Éçé¬ ´‚úø’ IIT ©†’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-†’†o ´÷N-Æˇd©’ (Slaughter = Üîª-éÓûª/ ¢Ë’éπ©’, íÌvÈ®© started raining = Hardly had he left the - A.Penchalaiah, Rajampeta theatre when it started raining. v°æ¶µº’ûªyç. •£æ›¨» ÑØ√öÀ ¢√®Ωh-©-Eoç-öÀ™ ™«çöÀ ïçûª’-´¤-©†’ ¢√öÀ ´÷çÆæç-éÓÆæç ´Cµç-îªúøç.) A. 1. a) i) Though/ Although she was ill, she Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ: b) Supriya had hardly bought the book ÉüË-ØË¢Á÷ ´’ç*-¢√®Ωh.) managed to smile at every one. when some one stole it = Hardly had a) Iran President Visiting India = ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ Satwik: It is to start 7 more IIMs too. Supriya bought the book when some one ii) Inspite of being ill/ Inspite of her illness ®√†’†o/ ´Ææ’h†o É®√Ø˛ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’. (Éçé¬ 7 IIMs †’ èπÿú≈ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-†’çC.) stole it. she managed to smile at everyone. (visiting= Ææçü¿Jzç’†o.'...ing' formSanket: And the OBC quota to be implemented c) The sun had hardly risen when the birds b) i) Though/ Although they mass copied Heading™) from this year too. began to sing = Hardly had the sun risen they failed. b) Congress Preparing For Byelections = (´’Sx OBC quota èπÿú≈ Ñ Ææç´ûªq®Ωç when the birds began to sing. ii) Inspite of mass copying they failed. Ö°æ áEo-éπ-©èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-´’-´¤-ûª’†o é¬çvÈíÆˇ. †’çîË Å´’-©-´-†’çC.) d) He had hardly got his degree when he

Gover nment To Open 3 Mor e IITs

Satwik: Wait. Someone is calling. Let me attend to it.

(Çí∫’. á´®Ó Ø√èπ◊ îª÷úøE.)

phone

îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

(Preparing- ...ing form) c) HUDA Acquiring More land = HUDA.

¶µº÷N’E ÊÆéπ-Jç-îª-†’†o ÊÆéπ-Jç-îª-†’†o.

acquiring=

´’J-éÌçûª

Though, although, even though, but, yet, inspite ofsentence construction

Oô-Eo-öÀéà ŮΩnç Å®·Ø√/ Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ. Å®·ûË, OöÀE ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. Ñ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ.

got a good job = Hardly had he got his degree when he got a job. 3. Measures are needed to control the birth of babies (to check population growth.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

bg-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 29 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ritwik: The Civil Supplies Department to arrange the sale of cooking oil and redgram through fair price shops.

(´çô †÷ØÁ, éπçC-°æ°æ¤p î¯éπ-üµ¿-®Ω© ü¿’é¬-ù«© ü∆y®√ Å´’t-é¬-EéÀ à®√pô’îËߪ’-†’†o §˘®Ω-Ææ-®Ω°∂æ-®√-©-¨»ê.) Satwik: Who says that? (á´-®Ωç-ô’-Ø√o-®ΩC?) Ritwik: It reads so here. That's according to a media release by the Director, Civil Supplies.

(Å™« ÅE ÖçC-éπ\úø. §˘®Ω-Ææ-®Ω-°∂æ-®√© Director Núø’-ü¿© îËÆœ† O’úÕߪ÷ °ævûªç v°æ鬮Ωç.) Satwik: Perhaps it follows a spate of protests and demonstrations by some sections of the people and the opposition parties in the recent weeks.

(éÌEo ´®√_© v°æï©, N°æ-é¬~ © E®Ω-Ææ-†©÷, v°æü¿®Ωz-†© 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ é¬´îª’a.) Ritwik: The price rice in the recent months has been unprecedented. In a bid to control prices the government might have taken the decision.

(véÀûªç ØÁ©™x üµ¿®Ω© °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ†oúø÷ ™‰†çûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC. üµ¿®Ω-©†’ Eߪ’ç-vAç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Ñ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’èπ◊-†’ç-úÌa.) unprecedented = Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ™‰E-N-üµ¿çí¬ Satwik: The minister in a media conference attributes the price rise to international price situation.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) The Civil Supplies Department to arrange the sale of cooking oil and red gram through fair price shops = (Red gram = 2) That's according to a media release by the Director, Civil Supplies. 3) ... it follows a spate of protests and demonstrations by some sections of people and the opposition parties. 4) The price rise in recent months has been unprecedented. 5) In a bid to control prices the Government might have taken the measure. 6) The Government alleges that traders have been hoarding stocks.

2

éπçC-°æ°æ¤p)

A Govt of India media release= Media

Newspaper lowing =

èπ◊ Núø’ü¿© îËÆœ† ¶µ«®Ωûªv°æ¶µº’ûªy Ææ´÷-î√®Ω°ævûªç/ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç. Press/ Media release †’ Press/ Media hand out ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. Media conference = O’úÕߪ÷ reporters èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ à®√pô’ îËÊÆ Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç.

1) The Civil Supplies Department to arrange the sale of cooking oil and red gram =

´çô†÷-ØÁ, éπçC-°æ°æ¤p Å´’t-鬩’ à®√pô’ îËߪ’-†’†o §˘®ΩÆæ-®Ω-°∂æ-®√-©-¨»ê. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç, É™« to arrange ÅE infinitive †’ headings ûÓ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩE.

The Govt will take all measures to check the price rice, the minister told a media conference here on friday =

üµ¿®Ω-©†’ Åü¿’-°æ¤™ ÖçîË îª®Ωu-©†’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-´’E ´’çvA ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç à®√pô’ a) Government to take stern action against hoarders - ÉC sentence é¬ü¿’. Infinitive ûÓ îËÆœ† O’úÕߪ÷ (J§Ú-®Ωd®Ωx) Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨¡ç™ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Ö†o phrase ´÷vûª¢Ë’– News headlines ™ Media briefing = O’úÕߪ÷ ¢√JéÀ Ææ´÷-î √-®√Eo ÉC ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç– N´-Jç-îªúøç. Å®Ωnç– Åvéπ´’ Brief= N´-®Ωù/ N´-JçE©y©’ îËÊÆ-¢√-J°j îªúøç/ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç/ Ææ´÷Bv´ Ωu©’ BÆæ’-éÓÇ çí∫ x ¶ µ « ≠ æ ù 452 î√®Ωç ÅçCç-îªúøç. †’†o v°æ¶µº’ûªyç.

™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË ÉçéÓ °æü¿ç– ü∆E ü¿J-N’™«/ ¢Áç•úÕ.

Following the Minister's assurance, the people withdrew their agitation =

´’çvA £æ…O’ É´y-úøçûÓ/ É*a† ûª®√yûª v°æï©’ ûª´’ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† (agitation) N®Ω-N’çèπ◊Ø√o®Ω’. Following the rice in prices, the common man finds life difficult =

üµ¿®Ω©’ °®Ω-í∫-úøçûÓ ≤ƒ´÷-†’u© @Nûªç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC. 4) Unprecedented = ´·†’-°-†o-úø’-™‰E. Unprecedented rain has hit the farmers hard=

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-†oúø÷ ™‰E Bv´ ´®√{©’ È®jûª’-©†’ üÁ•s-B-¨»®·. 5) In a bid- ÉC English newspapers ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ éπE-°œçîË °æü¿ç. Bid= attempt= v°æߪ’ûªoç

The price rise .. unpr ecedented

(äéπ O’úÕߪ÷ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨¡ç™ ´’çvA üµ¿®Ω© °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿-©èπ◊, Åçûª-®√b-Bߪ’ üµ¿®Ω© °æJ-Æ œnA 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’.)

Ritwik: That may be the government stand but that isn't the whole reason for it. It's the failure of the government to rein in prices.

(ÅC v°æ¶µº’ûªy ¢ÁjêJ 鬴a, é¬F ÅC °æ‹Jh é¬-®Ωùç ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. üµ¿®Ω©†’ Åü¿’°æ¤-îË-ߪ’úøç™ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ¢Áj°∂æ-©u¢Ë’ ÅC.) Satwik: Wait. I read some thing sensational here. 'A baba sacrifices a child and drinks its blood'.

(Öçúø’. Ééπ\úÓ Ææçîª-©-†-¢√®Ωh éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. 'Gúøf†’ •L*a ®Ωéπhç-û√-T† ¶«¶«—.) Ritwik: That's really shocking. Just can't understand how people tolerate these fake swamijis.

(ÅC î√™« Cví¬s¥ç-A-éπ®Ωç. v°æï©’ Ñ éπ°æ-ô≤ƒy-´·©†’ ᙫ ¶µºJ-≤ƒh®Ó Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’.) Satwik: This is how it goes. 'A seven month old baby ...'

b) CM to visit town today = CM.

2) That's according to a media release by the Director, Civil Supplies.

´·êu-¢Á’i† ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ O’úÕߪ÷èπ◊ N´-Jç-î√®Ω’. salient= (ÂÆß˝’-L-Åçö¸)= ´·êu-¢Á’i†/ í∫´’-Eç-îª-ü¿í∫_ features = ©éπ~-ù«©’

In a bid to get the votes of the minorities the Govt is showing special interest in their welfare =

(O’úÕߪ÷) Åçõ‰ ¢√®√h v°æA3) A spate of protests and demonéπ©÷, Í®úÕßÁ÷, öÀ-.N. ´Èíj®√.M.SURESAN strations. Media- Plural of Medium. Ééπ\úø spate= ¢Á©’x´. protest= E®Ω-Ææ†/ ´uA-Í®-éπûª. Medium Åçõ‰ Medium of Mass demonstration= äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´’ü¿lûª’/ ´uA-Í®Communication = î√™« ´’çCéÀ ¢√®Ωh-©†’ ûÁLéπûª ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫’ç°æ¤í¬ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË v°æü¿-®Ωz†. Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ (communicate îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊) ¢√úË There were protests and demonstrations ≤ƒüµ¿†ç- Newspaper, TV, Radio, etc. Print against land take over by the Govt for SEZ = Media = ¢√®√h °ævA-éπ©’. Electronic Media = TV, v°æûËuéπ ÇJnéπ ´’çúøL (SEZ) éÓÆæç v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ¶µº÷´·Radio ™«çöÀN. Print Media †’ Press ÅE ©†’ ≤ƒyDµ†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ E®Ω-Ææ-†©’/ èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’. v°æü¿-®Ωz-†©’ ïJ-í¬®·. Media release = ¢√®√h-≤ƒ-üµ¿-Ø√© (Print and elec´’† ü˨¡ç™ É™«ç-öÀN– protests, demonstratronic media) ü∆y®√ v°æï-©èπ◊ N≠æ-ߪ ÷-©†’ tions, hunger strikes (E®√-£æ…-®Ω-D-éπ~©’), relay ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, v°æ≤ƒ®Ωç éÓÆæç, á´-È®jØ√ media èπ◊ fasts (ïô’x, ïô’xí¬ äéÓ\-®ÓV E®√-£æ…®Ω Déπ~©’), Núø’-ü¿© îËÊÆ Ææ´÷-î√®Ω °ævûªç. rally (ÜÍ®-Tç-°æ¤í¬ ï†ç ¢Á∞¡xúøç)– î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù¢Ë’ Press Release = °ævAéπ©-éÀîËa Ææ´÷-î √®Ω °ævûªç. éπü∆.

¢Á’iØ√-J-öé ãô’x §ÒçüË v°æߪ’-ûªoç™, v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ¢√J ÆæçÍé~´’ç °æôx v°æûËuéπ v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°æ¤-ûÓçC. welfare = ÆæçÍé ~´’ç 6) Allege = E®√-üµ∆-®Ω-¢Á ’i† ¢√uêu©’/ Ç®Ó-°æ-ù©’ îËߪ’úøç. (Eïç-é¬-´îª’a é¬E Çüµ∆-®√©’ ™‰´¤) allegation = Ç®Ó-°æù.

Media

Ritwik: Stop it. I can't hear the details. Have the police acted in the matter?

(Ç°æ¤. ØËØ√ N´-®√-©†’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’. à´’Ø√o Ωu BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®√?)

Q.

1. Gandhi would often say that, he was an ordinary man. past

Police

ÉC í∫ûªç™ ( ™) ïJ-T† °æE-éπü∆? would Ééπ\úø ¢√úøôç ü∆y®√ Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? Eñ«-EéÀ DEo

Satwik: They've taken him into custody for interrogation.

(¢√∞¡x-ûª-úÕE Åü¿’-°æ¤-™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ v°æPoçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊) Ritwik: Thank God, they've nabbed him. But it's hundred to one he'll be punished soon.

(§ÚØËx ¢√∞¡x-ûª-úÕE arrest î˨»®Ω’. Å®·ûË ÅûªúÕéÀ Péπ~-°æ-úøôç ´÷vûªç ûªy®Ωí¬ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’) Spoken English improve îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English newspaper îªü¿-´úøç î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç. Åçü¿’™ ¶µ«≠æ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ´·çü¿’í¬ é¬Ææh éπ≠dçæ ÅE-°œç-a v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-èπ◊-©èπ◊. í∫ûª È®çúø’ lessons ™ English newspaper Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ᙫíÓ éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-L-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

The Police foiled the bid of the demonstrators to force their way into the secretariat=

Ææ*-¢√-©-ߪ’ç-™éÀ •©-´ç-ûªçí¬ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-î √-©†o v°æü¿-®Ωz-èπ◊© v°æߪ’-û√oEo police ©’ N°∂æ©ç î˨»®Ω’. foil= äéπJ v°æߪ’-û√oEo Åúø’f-éÓ-´úøç

The project director briefed the media about the salient features of the proproject= Project ject director

†í∫-®√-

EéÀ ®√†’†o

fol-

future Gandhi used to say that, he was an ordinary man

ÅØ√L éπü∆? éÀç-C-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? a) Í®°æ¤ ´÷èπ◊ †™«x ´Ææ’hçC. b) Í®°æ¤ ´÷èπ◊ †™«x ®√ü¿’. c) †™«x ´≤ÚhçC GçüÁ©ûÓ F∞¡Ÿx °æô’d-éÓçúÕ. d) O’èπ◊ †™«x ®ÓW áEo í∫çô©’ ´Ææ’hçC? e) †™«x F∞¡Ÿx °æöÀd Öç√? 2.

3. Sandals, flip-flops, mules, slipfoot wears pers

Ñ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ´’†ç ûÌúÕÍí ™„ü¿®˝ îÁ°æ¤p©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 4. ƒ-B-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

5. Make food/ tea.. prepare food/ tea.. - Meer Mukarram Ali, Hyderabad

OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

A.

1. Would, future from the past

´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, past habit, past practice †’ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ regular/ repeated í¬ ïJ-T† °æEE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ would (=used to) ¢√úøû√ç. Gandhi would often say = Gandhi often used to say = Would = used to.

í¬çDµ ÅØË-¢√®Ω’/

îÁÊ°p-¢√®Ω’.

2. a) We get water tomorrow. b) We don't get water tomorrow.

The dead woman's parents alleged that their son-in-law killed their daughter

= Å©’xúË ûª´’ èπÿûª’Jo îªç§ƒ-úøE ´’%ûª’-®√L ûªLxü¿çvúø’©’ Ç®Ó-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

b) The Minister alleged that the opposition was politicising everything =

v°æA N≠æ-ߪ÷Fo v°æA-°æ-é¬~ ©’ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-ߪ’E ´’çvA Ç®Ó-°œç-î√®Ω’.

c) Water is coming. Collect/ draw water in your bitcher English

(GçüÁèπ◊ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ ´÷ô ™ ™‰ü¿’.)

d) For how many hours do you get water? e) Don't you draw water and store it? belt shoes 3. SandalsMules(heel) cover

´’†ç ÅØËN. ´’úø´’ †’ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈, §ƒü¿ç ´·çü¿’ ¶µ«í∫ç ´÷vûªç cover îËÊÆ, ´·êuçí¬ Çúø¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√úË high heeled foot wear (Éçöx ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úËN). Flip-flops= ´’† Hawai slippers (Éçöx ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úËN). Slippers= ÉN-èπÿú≈ Éçöx ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√®Ω’. §ƒü¿ç ´·çü¿’¶µ«í∫ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´‚ÆœÖç*, Flat í¬ Öçö«®·.

Footwear = footwear. (footwears

à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† îÁ°æ¤p-©-®·Ø√ °j´Fo èπÿú≈ footwear ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’). = §ƒü¿-®Ω-éπ~©’. Shoes/

footwear boots/ mules, etc.

í∫´’-Eéπ: °j´Fo èπÿú≈ western ™ØË ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, flip-flops/ ûª°æp. ´’†ç ¢√úË îÁ°æ¤p©’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√úø®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE ™ ¢√öÀéÀ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ ´÷ôÅØË £œ«çü¿’-≤ƒnE ™‰ü¿’. ™ ¢√úøû√ç. ´÷ô†’ ´’†ç ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. ÉC 4. Chapathi ÅØË. 5. Make/ prepare food/ tea- È®çúø÷ (make, prepare) éπÈ®Íéd. Å®·ûË prepare éÌçîÁç ví¬çC∑éπç. Make simple - Make ņ-úøç better. countries slippers English English Chappal English English

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 1 -¢Ë’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Q.

1. A police recruit was asked during exam, what would you do if you had to arrest your own mother? He said 'call for back up'. 2. Do you know... what did the potato chip say to the battery? well, guess... It said: If you are Eveready I am Frito Lay.! 3. A girl phoned me the other day and said. Come on over, there's no body home, I went over Nobody was home! 4. A baby monkey asks his father, Father why are we so ugly? The father says to him don't stress my son you should see the one who is reading this! We want to know the meaning of remarkable phrases underlined above and we will be thankful to you if you explain the whole meaning of the joke fourth one. - Rahaman, Kothapally

Q.

1. Being their faithful servant, finally Nasreen cheated them.

3. Being it is one of the finest product of Wipro, it is today known to every consumer. 4. Being she was disgraceful in public by Ravi, she has decided not to talk to him now onwards. 5. Been my watch damaged I returned it to the shop. 6. Been beaten by her teacher, Reshma has been not interested going to school. 7. Been our companion for the past 6 months, she is not often coming to us, as she became a famous anchor of TV programmes. 8. Mr.Sadiq is now improved been learning English for the past 6 months.

°j ¢√é¬u™x ûª°æ¤p-©’çõ‰ ¢√öÀE ÆæJ-CCl, ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. - Sravani, Nandyala A. 1) Being ÅØËC, continuous form of 'be'. 1) Present continuous, past continuous tenses passive

Q.

1.

éÀçC ¢√éπuç™ îªúøç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

past perfect tense

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-

Eg: We are from 'so and so' association. We had applied for permission to use the function hall. May I know whether we have the permission? - J. Govardhana Rao, Vijayawada.

1) Be seated

ÅØËC passive voice éπü∆! ´’J á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ Please be seated ņoC Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-îªúøç ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√? N°æ-K-û√®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçü∆ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. 2) 'áØÓo— ņo ´÷ôèπ◊ old English v°æ鬮Ωç 'Howmanyeth' ņo °æü¿ç ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√? – S. Kumar, Kurnool

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

453

a) Having been a man of peace, Gandhi never got angry= Gandhi

¨»çA-é¬-´·-èπ◊-úø’í¬ Öçúø-ôçûÓ (í∫ûªç™ éπü∆?) Çߪ’-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ éÓ°æp-úË¢√-úø’-é¬ü¿’. Having been + pp éÀ Å®Ωnç: Å™« îËߪ’-•-úø-ôç-ûÓ – passive Å´¤-ûª’çC.

îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûÓçC–

É°æ¤úø’. b) The terrorist was being questioned by M.SURESAN the police (Terrorist police - passive of past continuous.

Having been cheated once, he was careful the second time=

äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úø-ôçûÓ (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ), È®çúÓ≤ƒJ Åûªúø’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.

©îË v°æPoç-°æ-•-úø’ûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’– í∫ûªç™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™) 2) Being †’ Å™« Öçúøôç ´©x/ Ç é¬®Ω-ùçí¬ ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úøû√ç.

1) Being their faithful servant, Nasreen finally cheated them =

¢√∞¡xèπ◊ N¨»y-Ææ-§ƒ-vûª’-®√-™„j† ÊÆ´èπ◊-®√-©’í¬ Öçô÷ *´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡xØË ¢Á÷Ææç îËÆœçC.

2) Being she is very intelligent she succeeded in dealing with the situation- Being Being group of words verb sentence being she is -being, sentence correct form: is -

Being intelligent, she dealt with him cleverly =

ûÁL-¢Ájç-Cí¬ Öçúø-ôçûÓ/ ûÁL-¢Ájç-ü¿-´úøç ´©x, Åûª-úÕûÓ ûÁL-Ní¬ ØÁí∫’_-éÌ-*açC. Being rich, he can easily buy a car = üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’úÕí¬ Öçúø-ôç-´©x Åûªúø’ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ car é̆-í∫-©úø’. Íé´©ç been ¢√úøç. Having been ¢√úøû√ç. Å®Ωnç: í∫ûªç™ Å™« Öçúø-ôçûÓ. 1) His last drawn pay was Rs. 5000/- is correct, because it refers to a pay drawn in the past, and as he no more draws the pay.

2) In the example, we had applied is unacceptable. Since it is a past action the time of which isn't stated, it should be, 'We have applied'.

I was tired of walking.

10. By using an adjective clause

I wanted to take rest.

11. By using an adverb clause

Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’

Q.

a) The machine is being repaired (p.v. of present continuous)= Machine repair

A.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ àC ÆæÈ®j† ¢√éπuç–

His last drawn full pay is Rs.5000

Q.

you can get if necessary. Back up in computing means a copy of file you keep and use if the original is lost. In this joke, it means that the candidate for the police job means that he alone can't arrest his mother, he needs extra support. This means his mother is too dangerous/ difficult for him to deal with alone! 2) Eveready as you know is a famous brand of battery. Frito lay here, I think, is also the brand name of some substance made of glass and used for technical purposes. 3) The girl says, 'come on over, there's nobody home'. He went there expecting the girl to be alone at home, but 'nobody' (including the girl) was at home! The girl fooled him. 4) Who is the one reading this joke? You, I or for that matter, anyone who is reading the joke. The father monkey means that the reader of the joke is ugly, and so the son monkey need not feel bad about being ugly.

©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. OöÀéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ ¢√é¬u©’, °j ¢√é¬u©’ ûªßª÷®Ω’-îË-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ÷îª-†©’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.

1. By using a participle

2. By using an absolute phrase 3. By using an infinitive 4. By using a preposition with a noun or gerund 5. By using a noun or phrase in apposition 6. By using an adverb or adverb phrase 7. By using both and not only but also, as well as 8. By using for and so 9. By using a noun clause

- Seshanna, Adony

A.

O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊-†oC direct í¬ simple í¬– I was tired of walking, so I wanted to take rest ÅE îÁ°æp-í∫-LT†°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω-úÕ-T†Eo Nüµ∆-©’í¬, confuse îËÊÆ grammatical terms ¢√úÕ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-éÓ-´úøç Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? ÉN spoken English lessons éπü∆. ´’†ç îÁ°æp-ü¿-©--èπ◊-†oC, simple í¬ direct í¬ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-éÓ-¢√-™‰-í¬F,

Q.

É™« ™

ûÓ Ö†o ¢√úøç. (°j ™, É™« ®√´¤). Ñ

Being intelligent she succeeded ... OR She, being intelligent, succeeded in .. (Being word groups is

Åçö«ç. ™ ™‰EC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)

Ö†o

èπ◊ ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

His last drawn full pay was Rs.5000 2.

A. 1) Back up here means extra help or support

A.

1) Be seated is the passive of "Please seat yourself." please seat yourself (please) be seated, (please) simple

Å´¤†’.

Å®·ûË ÅØËC §ƒçúÕûªuç (O’®√Æ‘-†’-©’-éπçúÕ Å†oô’x). ņ-úøç ÆæÈ®jÅçü¿’-´©x í¬ îª÷Ê°C. †üË. ÅüË ÆæÈ®j-†C, ´’®√uü¿ 2) Howmanyeth ÅØËC old English é¬ØË-é¬ü¿’. Ñ expression, Gwynn ÅØË Englishman, English, ûÁ©’í∫’ È®çúø÷ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ† °æçúÕ-ûª’úø’ suggest îËÆœ† ´÷ô. Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô standard spoken English é¬ü¿’. Standard dictionaries ™ áéπ\ú≈ record 鬙‰ü¿’. ´’†ç Ñ ´÷ô ¢√úÕûË ´’ç* English ûÁL-Æ œ† î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωl¥ç é¬ü¿’.

Being she is ver y intelligent ..

2. Being she is very intelligent, she succeeded in dealing the situation.

†’

2

1) Some words in English are sound, some are sound. How to recognise their sound?

A.

1) Pronunciation

2) A person holds M.A., M.Phil, Ph.D. etc, holds studied

Öûªh´’ ûªßª÷-K™x ÅC äéπ-ô-´úøç ´©x–

(Åçü¿®Ω’ ë«û√-ü∆®Ωxèπÿ ÅC ûÁ©’Ææ’) é¬ü¿’) in public (®ΩN îËûª •£œ«®Ωç-í∫çí¬ Å´-´÷-Eç-îª-•-úøôç´©x/ ûÓ ...) 5) Been my watch - Been É™« ¢√úøç. Been á°æ¤púø÷ having ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x: My watch having been damaged (Ø√ watch üÁ•sA†-úøçûÓ) damage îËߪ’-•-úø-ôçûÓ), I returned it to the shop (ü∆Eo ؈’ shop ™ AJT-îËa-¨»†’) Ééπ\úÕ*a†ô’x ®√ÊÆh, ÉC past ØË ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª’çC. 4) Being disgraced (disgraceful by Ravi, she has decided not ...

6) Having been beaten by her teacher, Reshma has not been ... 7) Having been our companion for the past 6 months, she often comes to us, though she has become a famous ... 8) Mr Sadiq has been trying to improve his English for the past 6 months.

í∫’-Jç-* ûªy®Ω™

Ééπ\úø

ņ-èπ◊çú≈ ņ´î√a?

-N-´-J≤ƒhç. 2) A person holds M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., and PGCTE holds degrees, properties Degree

- G.Shankar,

Keshavapatnam

grammar for the sake of grammar grammatical exercise

üµÓ®Ω-ùÀ™ ã îËÆ œ-†ç-ü¿’-´©x ´îËa ™«¶µº-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Å™«çöÀ Ωa´©x confusion ûª°æp ÉçÍéç Öçúøü¿’. Å®·Ø√ O’èπ◊ 鬢√-©-†’èπ◊çõ‰ Ñ éÀçü¿ Éî√aç îª÷úøçúÕ. ´’†ç English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-L-T-†-°æ¤púø’ à ¶µ«¢√Eo ᙫçöÀ sentence ™, à parts of speech ¢√úÕ ûÁ©-§ƒ-©ØËC ´’†èπ◊ ü∆†çûªôüË ûªúø’-ûª’çC. 1) Tired of walking, I wanted to take rest (Tired of walking - Tired - P.P) 2. Being tired (of walking)/ The walking tiring me, I wanted ... (Abs. phrase: Being tired the walking tiring me)

Ééπ\úø

Åçõ‰ ™«çöÀN

éπLT í∫ûªç™ Öçúøôç. á°æ¤púÓ ûÁa-èπ◊E Öçúø-´îª’a. é¬F Ç degree ´’†-Èé-°æ¤púø÷

3) Too tired to walk, I (to walk- infinitive) 4)

sentence of - prep, walking - gerund 5) I, the walker, (walker, in apposition to I) being tired of walking ... 6) Being too tired of walking I wanted to take rest. (Being too tired adverb phrase) 7) I was both tired and desired/ wanted rest I was not only tired, but also wanted to take rest. 8) I wanted take rest, for I was tired I was tired so I wanted to take rest. 9) That I was tired made me want to take rest (NC)

O’®Ω’ É*a†

™

éπü∆?

©™ ÉüË ÖçC. ¢√öÀE É™« Ææ´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

3) Being one of the finest products of wipro (wipro Being it is having it is today known to all customers.

(Å)

(ã)

sentences (2), (3), (4), (5) mistake

O’

(We continue to hold it.) So holds here is correct. Using past tense here is wrong.

Öçô’çC.

He holds the post of VC (Now) He hold the post of VC (in the past) Degrees are things, which once we get, we continue to have. So holds is correct.

10) I who was tired of walking wanted to take rest. (Adj cl) 11) As I was too tired, I wanted to take rest (Adv cl)

É™« NNüµ¿ ®Ω鬩 sentences äÍé ¶µ«¢√Eo-îËaN ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ O’®Ω’ parts of speech, phrase, different kinds of phrases, clause and different kinds of clauses lessons Spoken English standard grammar book study

í∫’Jç* èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ¢√L. ¢Ë’ç Ééπ\úø ÉîËa Íé´©ç O’ü¿ 鬕öÀd, OöÀE í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-‰ç. à Å®·Ø√ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’çúÕ, O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 4 -¢Ë’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sisir: The Government had ordered a probe into the collapse of a part of the dam under construction, said spokesperson of the public works department.

Karim: But you know public memory is short. They soon forget all about it and raise hell only when another such incident takes place.

(E®√t-ùç™ Ö†o dam ¶µ«í∫ç èπÿL-§Ú-´-úøç°j v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Nî√-®Ωùèπ◊ ÇüË-Pç-*ç-ü¿E v°æñ«-°æ-†’© ¨»ê v°æA-ECµ äéπ®Ω’ ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’.)

(ûÁLÆœçüËí¬ v°æï© ñ«c°æ-éπ-¨¡éÀh î√™« ûªèπ◊\´/ ¢√∞Ïx-ü¿-®·Ø√ ûªy®Ωí¬ ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-û√®Ω’. ´’Sx É™«çöÀ °∂æ’ô† ÉçéÓöÀ ïJ-TûË Å°æ¤púø’ ´’Sx íÌúø´ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.) raise hell= íÌúø´ îËߪ’úøç.

Karim: Is anything new about it in our country? This isn't first of such incidents either. Obviously it's a lack of quality in construction.

Sisir: That's true. ☯

☯

☯

☯

☯

(ÉüËç °ü¿l éÌûªh-é¬ü¿’ éπü∆ ´’† ü˨¡ç™? English news head lines, reporting ™ ¢√úË É™«çöÀ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†™x ÉüËç ¢Á·ü¿-öÀD é¬ü¿’. expressions í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ E®√t-ùç™ Ø√ùuûª ™°æç ÅE Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁ©’- ´’J-éÌEoçöÀE îª÷ü∆lç. Look at the following sentences from the ≤ÚhçC.) dialogue above. obviously= Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-Æ œ-§Ú-´úøç Sisir: The opposition has flayed the government, the officials and the contractors for the mishap.

(N°æéπ~ç v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo, ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωx†’, ©†’ Bv´çí¬ N´’-Jzç-*çC.)

contractor

2

1) The government had ordered a probe into ... 2) The opposition has flayed the government. 3) What are the casualties? 4) According to unconfirmed reports 8 dead and a good number rendered homeless.

Karim: What are the casualties?

(áçü¿®Ω’ ´’®Ω-ùÀç-î√®Ω’? áçü¿-JéÀ í¬ßª÷-©ßª÷u®·?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Sisir: According to unconfirmed reports, 8 dead and a good number rendered homeless, says this paper.

454

We must address ourselves to the problem of pollution =

¢√û√-´-®Ωù 鬩’≠æuç Ææ´’-Ææu†’ ´’†¢Ë’ Ç™-*ç* °æJ-≠æ \-Jç--éÓ-¢√L. The Chief Minister's speech did not address the basic problems=

´·êu-´’çvA v°æÆæçí∫ç ´’¯Léπ Ææ´’-Ææu© °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç í∫’Jç* àO’ ûË©a-™‰ü¿’. (Ñ ´‚úÓ Å®Ωnç é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç. Spoken English ™ ¢√úøç. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ deal with Åçö«ç). 1) Probe = enquiry = Nî√-®Ωù. ÉC èπÿú≈ English news papers ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ éπE-°œçîË ´÷ô. àüÁjØ√ ü¿’®Ω`-ô†/ èπ◊綵º-éÓùç/ Åvéπ-´÷©’ ïJ-í¬-ߪ’ØË °∂œ®√uü¿’©’ ´ÊÆh Åçü¿’-™E Eñ«©’ E®√l¥-Jç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ¶«üµ¿’u©†’ í∫’Jhç* PéÀ~ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËÊÆ Nî√-®Ωù (enquiry)/ ü¿®√u°æ¤h.

3) Casualties =

äéπ ü¿’®Ω`-ô-†™ í¬ßª’-°æ-úøf-¢√∞¡Ÿx,

´’®Ω-ùÀç-*-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx. a) The casualties following the landslide are very high =

éÌçúø îªJߪ’ èπÿ©-úøç-´©x ´’®Ω-ùÀç-*†-¢√∞¡Ÿx, í¬ßª’-°æ-úøf¢√∞¡Ÿx áèπ◊\¢Ë.

b) Fortunately there were no casualties in the building collapse in Ameerpet =

ÅO’-®˝Ê°ô™ ¶µº´†ç èπÿ©-úøç™ (èπÿL† °∂æ’ô-†™) Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h ´’%ûª’©’, éπ~ûª-í¬-vûª’©’ á´-®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’. 4) Unconfirmed reports = vüµ¿’´-°æ-úøE ¢√®Ωh© v°æ鬮Ωç ÅE. (ÉC newspapers ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ éπE-°œçîË ´÷ô. Åçõ‰ Åçûªí¬ Çüµ∆-®√-™‰xE ¢√®Ωh© v°æ鬮Ωç ÅE.) a) According to unconfirmed reports reaching here, the chinese have moved their forces closer to the border than before =

Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´Ææ’h†o vüµ¿’´°æ-úøE ¢√®Ωh© v°æ鬮Ωç– îÁjØ√ •©í¬©’ ÆæJ-£æ«-ü¿’lèπ◊ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’-éπçõ‰ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ´î√a®·. DEéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç official sources = ÅCµ-é¬-Jéπ ´®√_©’. Åçõ‰ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ÅCµ-é¬-J-éπçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ÊÆ/ •£œ«-®Ωç-í∫-°æ-®ΩîË Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç v°æ鬮Ωç. reliable sources = †´’t-ü¿-T† ´®√_©’. (reliable = †´’t-ü¿-T†. source = ¢√®Ωh-©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´‚©ç – Ééπ\úø ´®√_©’.)

We must addr ess ourselves

(vüµ¿’´°æ-úøE Ææ´÷î√®Ωç v°æ鬮Ωç, îªE§Ú-®·-†-¢√®Ω’ 8 ´’çC é¬í¬, î√™«-´’çC E®√-v¨¡ßª·-©-ߪ÷u®Ω’.)

Karim: Let me read the rest. Official sources, however, put the number of dead at 2, and those homeless at 32. The Govt has announced Rs 5 lakh ex-gratia for the families of the dead and total rehabilitation for the homeless.

(N’í∫-û√C, ؈’ îªü¿’-´¤-û√†’. ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω-´-®√_©’ îªE-§Ú-®·çC Éü¿l-®ΩE, E®√-v¨¡-ߪ·©’ 32 ´’çü¿E ÅçîªØ√ ¢ËÆæ’h-Ø√o®·. v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ´’%ûª’© èπ◊ô’綫-©èπ◊ ®Ω÷.5 ©éπ~©’, E®√-v¨¡-ߪ·©èπ◊ °æ‹Jh °æ¤†®√-¢√Ææç v°æéπ-öÀç-*çC.) homeless = E®√-v¨¡-ߪ·©’. exgratia = Ö*ûª Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç. put the number = Ææçêuí¬ í∫’Jhç-îªúøç/ ÅçîªØ√ ¢Ëߪ’úøç. Sisir: Addressing a media conference, the chief minister has announced a probe and assured that all those guilty will be punished.

(O’úÕߪ÷ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨¡ç™ ´·êu-´’çvA v°æÆæçTÆæ÷h, Nî√-®Ωùèπ◊ ÇüË-Pç-îª-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ üÓ≠æfl©ç-ü¿Ko PéÀ~-≤ƒh-´’E £æ…O’ Éî√a®Ω’.) guilty= üÓ≠æfl-™„j† assure= £æ…O’ É´yúøç Q.

5) Official sources, however, put the number of dead ... 6) The govt has announced an ex-gratia payment of Rs 5 lakh. 7) Addressing a media conference the CM has assured ...

¢Á·ü¿ô

no.7

îª÷ü∆lç.

7) Addressing a Addresssentence Address

°j îªúøç. èπÿú≈.

...

DEéÀ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – *®Ω’-Ø√´÷. é¬F ™ Å®Ωnç, äéπ-J-†’-üËl-Pç* v°æÆæç-TçÅçõ‰ v°æÆæçí∫ç/ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç ÅE

§ƒ®Ωx-¢Á’çö¸ v°æA Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç™ ™é˙-Æ涵º, ®√ïu-Æ涵º Ææçߪ·éπh Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»-†’o-üËl-Pç* v°æÆæç-T-≤ƒh®Ω’.

b) In his address to the students the chief guest advised them to be industrious =

Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©-†’-üËl-Pç* îËÆœ† v°æÆæç-í∫ç™, ¢√∞¡x†’ ¶«í¬ éπ%≠œ îËߪ÷-Lqç-Cí¬ ´·êu ÅAC∑ Ææ©£æ… Éî√a®Ω’. Address Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC (°j Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ é¬ü¿’). àüÁjØ√ äéπ °æJ-Æœn-AE, Ææ´’-Ææu†’ í∫’Jç* Ç™-*ç* ü∆Eo ᙫ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª-í∫-©¢Á÷ ûË©aúøç. Q.

2. What are the difference of words complain- complaint. Please explain with examples. - B. Bhaskar, Nandyal

A.

1. Please refer to spoken English lesson No 66. 2. 'Complain' is a verb. 'Complaint' is a noun. When we are not happy about something, we complain about it.

b) The police will register our complaint We complain= we make a complaint.

conference

a) At the beginning of every session of the Parliament, the President addresses a joint session of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha = President,

1. What are the difference of words say and tell.

a) When something is stolen we complain to the police

media

(°∂œ®√uü¿’ îË≤ƒhç)

(°∂œ®√uü¿’).

a) Committee to probe into the diversion of Rs 2 per kilo rice=

È®çúø’ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© éÀ™ Gߪ’uç Åvéπ´’ ®Ω¢√ù«/ ûª®Ω-Lç°æ¤ í∫’Jç* ü¿®√u°æ¤h îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ éπN’öÃ.

1) Å¢Á’-J-é¬ûÓ Åù’ ä°æpç-ü∆Eo êçúÕç-*† CPM. (flay/ condemn ¢√úøçúÕ) b) A thorough probe will reveal several irreg2) ÅÂÆçHx, éıEq-™¸†’ ÖüËlPç* v°æÆæç-Tç-îª-†’†o í∫´-®Ωo®˝. ularities in all govt departments= èπ~◊ùo-¢Á’i† 3) ®Ω÷úµÕ-é¬E ¢√®Ωh© v°æ鬮Ωç ´’%ûª’© Ææçêu 12. ü¿®√u°æ¤h v°æA v°æ¶µº’ûªy ¨»ê-™E î√™« Åvéπ-´÷-©†’ 4) BC hostel ™ N≥ƒ-£æ…®Ωç ´úøf† N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ü¿®√u¢Á©xúÕ îËÆæ’hçC. °æ¤hèπ◊ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ÇüË-Pç-*çC. reveal= ¢Á©x-úÕç-îªúøç/ ûÁ©-°æúøç. 5) Ç ¢√®ΩhLçé¬ vüµ¿’´°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. 2) Flay = ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç Ωtç ´©-´úøç, é¬F Ééπ\úÕ ANSWER Å®Ωnç (English °ævA-éπ™x ¢√úËC)– EP-ûªçí¬ N´’-Jzç- 1) CPM flays/ condemns/ denounces Indo îªúøç, ü¿’ߪ’u-•-ôdúøç. American nuclear deal. E®Ωy-£æ«ù B®Ω’°j N°æ-é¬~ ©Fo v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo ü¿’ߪ’u-•ö«d®·.

b) The CPM has flayed the government over its delay in compensation to the displaced = CPM

2) Governor to address the assembly and the council. 3) The death toll/ The number of dead is 12, according to unconfirmed reports. 4) Government orders probe into food poisoning incident in BC hostel. 5) The news has not been confirmed/ The news is yet to be confirmed/ There is no confirmation of the news. (Toll = Death toll -

E®√y-Æœ-ûª’©èπ◊ É¢√yLq† †≠æd-°æ-J-£æ…®Ωç™ ñ«°æuç ü¿’ߪ’u-•-öÀdçC. í∫’Jç* v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo displace= (project ©’, £œ«çÆæ-©ûÓ v°æï-©†’) ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁL-Æœ† Å®Ωnç– ¢√£æ«E®√y-Æœ-ûª’-©†’ îËߪ’úøç. Ø√-©èπ◊ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ´Ææ÷-©’-îËÊÆ ®Ω£æ«-ü∆J °æ†’o. flay= condemn (êçúÕç-îªúøç)/ denounce Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç ã ü¿’®Ω`-ô-†™ ´’%ûª’© Ææçêu.)

1) 'I' plural lar or plural? Students

ÅE Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? You ÅØËC singuèπ◊ ᙫ ¶Cµç-î√L? 2) What do they do? DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ¢√éπuç™ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x do Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? 3) ú≈N’ö¸, £æ…uö«q°∂ˇ °æü∆©’ ᙫ ÇN-®Ωs¥-Nç-î√®·? OöÀ Å®Ωnç à-N’öÀ? 4) Deluxe ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? 1) I

M.SURESAN

a) All the opposition parties flayed the government for the poor maintenance of BC hostels = BC hostels

- G. Ashok, Godhur

A.

EXERCISE Practise aloud the following in English.

á°æ¤púø÷ singular éπü∆. Plural ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’çC? (I = ؈’– äéπ-JØË ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC– 鬕öÀd á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ singular.) 2) What do they do? = ¢√∞Ïxç îË≤ƒh®Ω’ (´÷´‚-©’í¬). What do they do after class?= Class ûª®√yûª ¢√∞Ïxç îË≤ƒh®Ω’? (®ÓW). Éçü¿’™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ do, helping verb. È®çúÓ do, main verb.

3) Damn it Damn = Damn it, Damn it, my plans are all upset =

™ (üË´¤úø’) §ƒ°æ¤-©†’ †®Ω-é¬-EéÀ °æç°æúøç. ¨»°æ-Ø√®Ωnç/ Aô’dí¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ü¿’ç°æ-ûÁí∫/ °‘úø, ņoô’x. , Ø√ °æü∑¿-é¬-©Fo ûª©-éÀç-ü¿’-©-ߪ÷u®·. Hats off = ¢Á’a-èπ◊çô÷ ÅØË ´÷ô/ ñ£æ…®Ω’x. Hats off to the way Tendulkar batted= Tendulkar bat îËÆ œ† Nüµ∆-EéÀ ñ£æ…®Ω’x. Western countries ™ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢Á’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ûª© O’ü¿’†o hat BÆœ, îËûÓh Ü°æ¤-û√®Ω’. Hats off = (ö°‘©’) BÆœ Ü°æúøç. Åçü¿’-´©x hats off Åçö«ç. 4) Deluxe= Luxurious = N™«-Ææ-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†. (Oxford dictionary îª÷úøçúÕ. ÉC French †’ç* English ™éÀ ´*a† ´÷ô.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 13 -¢Ë’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Rashid: What happened to the reservoir scam?

(Ç

reservoir

èπ◊綵º-éÓùç à¢Á’içC?)

Bhagat: The minister has strongly denied that he or any member of his family had any hand in it.

(ûª†-èπ◊-í¬F, ûª† èπ◊ô’ç• Æ涵º’u™x á´-J-éÀ-í¬F Åçü¿’™ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç ™‰ü¿E ´’çvA í∫öÀdí¬ Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) Rashid: The leader of the opposition has lashed out at the minister's role in the allotment of contracts or in the execution of the works.

(contracts Íéö«-®·çîË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ °æ†’© E®Ωy-£æ«ù™ ™§ƒ©èπ◊, N°æéπ~ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ ´’çvAE Bv´çí¬ N´’-Jzç-î√úø’.)

Rashid: No incidents of violence or any such thing?

(£œ«ç≤ƒ-ߪ·ûª Ææç°∂æ’-ô†™«xçöÀ¢Ëç ™‰´¤ éπü∆?) Bhagat: None. The voter turn out is 60%. Not so bad, after all. 60%

(ãô’ îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ´*a-†-¢√J Ææçêu Åçûª ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’, à¢Á’iØ√.) after all = à¢Á’iØ√

Rashid: It's only in states like Bihar that we come across rigging, booth capturing and general violence. rigging, polling booth

(H£æ…®˝ ™«çöÀ ®√≥ƒZ™x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´’†ç © Çvéπ-´’ù, üˆ®Ω†b uç îª÷≤ƒhç.) rig = Åvéπ´’´÷®Ω_ç™ áEo-éπ© °∂æL-û√©’ v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËߪ’-úøç (-Éç-ü¿’™ üˆ®Ω†b uç Öçúøü¿’. ãô®Ωx†’ úø•’s-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËߪ’úøç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. DE-éÀçéÓ´÷ô fixing = cricket matches ™™«.)

Bhagat: The party has also passed a resolution condemning the government inaction at the rising prices and the inflation.

(°®Ω’-í∫’ûª’†o üµ¿®Ω© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Ωu BÆæ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈Eo, vü¿¢Óu-©s-ù«Eo êçúÕÆæ÷h Ç §ƒKd B®√t†ç îËÆœçC.) Rashid: All this is all right. That is normal in a democracy. But the way the leaders are trading abuses at one another, and calling one another names is really regrettable.

2

Bhagat: Politicians often dismiss as baseless such allegations in news papers.

He denied me the permission to go home -

ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ø√é¬-ߪ’† ņ’-´’A É´y-™‰ü¿’. deny Ééπ\úø = refuse a) The minister denied that he made such a remark about Gandhi =

Belt shops Eߪ’ç-vûª-ù™ v°æ¶µº’ûªy ¢Áj°∂æ-™«uEo ´’†ç Åçü¿®Ωç êçúÕ≤ƒhç. b) The BJP has condemned the IndoAmerican nuclear deal =

¶µ«®Ωû˝ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ Åù’ ä°æpç-ü∆Eo BJP êçúÕç-*çC. B®√t-Ø√Eo Ç¢Á÷-Cç-îªúøç/ B®√t-Eç-îªúøç. Pass a resolution

í¬çDµE í∫’Jç* ûª†’ Å™«çöÀ ¢√uêu îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿E ´’çvA ÅØ√o®Ω’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

455

b) The M.L.A. has denied that he has made insulting remarks about any caste

=

a) The conference passed a resolution condemning the action of the terrorists

= õ„v®Ω-J-Ææ’d© Ωu-©†’ êçúÕÆæ÷h, Ç Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç äéπ B®√t-Ø√Eo Ç¢Á÷-Cç-*çC.

b) The party unanimously passed a resolution/ resolved unanimously to support the govt's policy =

politicians mostly ar e dishonest

(Åü¿çû√ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC.N´’-®Ωz©’ v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’uç™ ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ù-¢Ë’. Å®·ûË Ç Ø√ߪ’èπ◊©’ äéπ-JØÌ-éπ®Ω’ -ü¿÷≠œç-éÓ-´úøç, Aô’d-éÓ-´úøç Eïçí¬ í∫J|çîªü¿Tç-Cí¬ ÖçC.) regrettable = *çAç-îªü¿T† Bhagat: I fully agree with you. The public conduct of the leaders has hit an all time low. Their abusive language makes us wonder what kind of leaders we have elected.

(†’´¤y ņoü∆çûÓ Øˆ’ àéöµºN-Ææ’h-Ø√o. ´’† Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊© •£œ«-®Ωçí∫ v°æ´-®Ωh† á†oúø÷ ™‰†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ≤ƒn®·éÀ Cí∫-ñ«-JçC. ¢√∞¡x Aô’x, ¶µ«≠æ îª÷Ææ’hçõ‰ -ᙫçöÀ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-©†’ ´’†ç ᆒoèπ◊-Ø√o´÷ ÅØË Ç™ ´Ææ’hçC.) public conduct = v°æï© ´’üµ¿u™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ äéπJ v°æ´-®Ωh† hit = (Ééπ\úø) û√éπúøç/ ûªí∫-©úøç. All-time low = á†oúø÷ ™‰†çûª ûªèπ◊\´. All-time high = á†oúø÷ ™‰†çûª áèπ◊\´. The prices of essential commodities have hit an all time high = expression conversation Rashid: That's true. What do you think of the elections in Karnataka.

Eû√u-´-Ææ®Ω ´Ææ’h-´¤© üµ¿®Ω©’ á†oúø÷ ™‰†çûª áèπ◊\´í¬ ÖØ√o®·. Ñ O’ ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. (Eï¢Ë’. éπ®√g-ôéπ à´’ç-ö«´¤?)

-á-Eoéπ-©

N≠æߪ’ç

Bhagat: They have passed off peacefully says this paper.

(ÅN v°æ¨»çûªçí¬ ïJ-T-§Úߪ÷ߪ’E Ê°®Ì\ç-öçC Ñ paper.) pass off = ïJ-T-§Ú-´úøç Q.

1. ' ؈’ Xé¬çû˝ áéπ\-úø’Ø√oúÓ ÅE Ç™-*ç-î√†’—— ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ I thought that where Srikanth was? (wh clause + s + v)

Å-ØÌî√a? 2. Infact èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. 3. Wh ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u clause ©™ wh + s + v, wh + v + s Ö†oõ‰x how ûÓ á™«íÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. You called me a few days back (O’®Ω’ éÌCl ®ÓV© éÀçü¿ô Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»®Ω’) – ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√?

(®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ °ævA-éπ™x ´îËa Å™«çöÀ Ç®Ó-°æù©†’ E®√üµ∆-®Ω-´’E ûÓÆœ-°æ¤-a-û√®Ω’.) Rashid: That's no surprize. Politicians mostly are dishonest.

à èπ◊™«Eo í∫’Jç* Å´-´÷-†-éπ®Ω ¢√u-êu©’ îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿E MLA ÅØ√o®Ω’. c) He has denied all the words that have been reported in the media =

the minister's role in the allotment of contracts... 3) The party has also passed a resolution condemning the govt's inaction 4) The way the leaders are trading abuses, and calling one another names... 5) They have passed of peacefully says the paper 6) The voter turm out is 60% 7) Politicians often dismisses newspaper reports as baseless allegations. 1) The Minister has strongly denied. deny =

Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç, é¬ü¿-†úøç – ؈™« ņ-™‰ü¿’/ Ç ´÷ô ؈’ ņ™‰ü¿’ ņúøç (Éûª®Ω Å®√n©’ – á´-J-ÈéjØ√ àüÁjØ√ É´y-éπ-§Ú-´úøç.

4. ' ؈’ Ñ áí¬b-¢˛’™ é¬yL°∂j Å¢√y-©çõ‰ áEo ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L—— ÅE Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ– How many marks will I be got in this exam to qualify

Å-ØÌî√a? 5. ¶«uö¸q--´’Ø˛ ¶«í¬ Çúø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ – He starts to hit the ball Å-ØÌî√a? - -V.Sekhar, Hyderabad A.

1) I thought where Srikanth was correct. A clause with a 'wh' word (what, where, etc) doesn't have 'that' before the 'wh' word. He knows why she is here. 'wh' word that

(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úÁçü¿’-èπ◊çüÓ Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø ´’†ç ´·çü¿’ ¢√úøç.)

4) Trading abuses and calling names =

Aô’d-éÓ-´úøç/ äéπ-J-ØÌ-éπ®Ω’ ü¿÷≠œç-éÓ-´úøç. a) The leaders traded abuses at each other =

äéπ-®Ìo-éπ®Ω’ Aô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ Aôdúøç (•÷ûª’©’ ¢√úøôç) calling names = fool, rogue ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ ¢√úøôç

Media

™ ´*a† ¢√®Ωh©’ ûª†’ ņ-™‰ü¿E Çߪ’† ÅØ√oúø’.

(ÅüËç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ®Ωç é¬ü¿’. 2. The leader of the opposition has M.SURESAN áèπ◊\´´’çC ®√ïéÃߪ’Ø√-ߪ’lashed out at the minister's èπ◊©’ Eñ«--ߪ’B ™‰E-¢√∞Ïx.) role... (í∫´’-Eéπ: Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’, Ñ Lash out = EP-ûªçí¬ N´’-Jzç-îªúøç. (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç §ƒ®∏Ωç éÓÆæç éπLpç-*-†¢Ë. ¢√Ææh-¢√-EéÀ §ÚLéπ Íé´©ç éÌ®Ωú≈, éπv®Ω-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ ¶«í¬ üÁ•s-ûª-T™‰ Nüµ¿çí¬, é¬éπ-û√-S-ߪ’¢Ë’) •©çí¬ éÌôdúøç/ ¶«ü¿úøç.) Newspapers ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË expressions whip = éÌ®Ωú≈ í∫’-Jç-* îªJa-Ææ’h-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆? ´’J-éÌEo Ééπ\úø îª÷ü∆lç. whip lash= éÌ®Ωú≈ üÁ•s. 1) The minister has strongly denied that he or Gulf countries ™ ØË®Ω-Ææ’h-©èπ◊ whip lashes Péπ~í¬ any member of his family had any hand in it. NCµ-≤ƒh®Ω’. 2) The leader of the opposition has lashed out at a) Rain lashed the state the whole of yesterday =

E†oçû√ ´®Ω{ç ®√≥ƒZEo üÁ•s-B-ÆœçC/ èπ◊C-Ê°-ÆœçC. b) The CPM lashed out the govt's move to declare a number of areas as SEZs =

v°æûËuéπ ÇJnéπ ´’çúø-∞¡Ÿxí¬ î√™« v°æüË-¨»-©†’ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-ú≈Eo CPM ü¿’ߪ’u-•-öÀdçC. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ flay †’ ÉüË Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úøôç îª÷¨»ç. 3) Condemn - ÉC èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ lash, flay ™«çöÀ ´÷ô. üˆo-®·Ø√ êçúÕç-îªúøç, N´’-Jzç-îªúøç

abuse=

b) He called me names, but I kept quiet =

††’o Ø√Ø√-´÷-ô©’ ÅØ√oúø’, ØËØËO’ ņ-™‰ü¿’. 5) Pass off peacefully = v°æ¨»ç-ûªçí¬ ïJ-T-§Ú-´úøç a) The discussions passed off peacefully =

Ωa©’ v°æ¨»ç-ûªçí¬ ïJ-í¬®·. b) We expect the polls to pass off peacefully=

áEo-éπ©’ v°æ¨»ç-ûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√-ߪ’ØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√oç. 6) The voter turnout = ãô’ -¢ËÊÆ ¢√J Ææçêu. a) The voter turnout was rather poor = ãô’ ¢ËÆœ† ¢√J Ææçêu é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\¢Ë. b) We have yet to know the percentage of member turnout =

Æ涵º’u© £æ…ï®Ω’ Ææçêu ¨»ûªç Éçé¬ ûÁL-ߪ÷Lq ÖçC. 7) Baseless allegations = E®√-üµ∆-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ç®Ó-°æ-ù©’ a) The allegations were proved baseless =

Ç®Ó-°æ-ù©’ E®√-üµ∆-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-Ní¬ ûË™«®·. b) Whatever the media report, politicians dismiss them as baseless =

a) All of us condemn the inability of the govt's failure to check the belt shops =

O’úÕߪ÷ à´’Ø√o ®√ïéÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ ¢√öÀE E®√-üµ∆-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-Ní¬ ûÓÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’.

2) Infact = truly/

What (wh What is your name? word) + is (v) + your name? (s)

Eñ«-ߪ’A. Å®·ûË, DEo ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùçí¬, Å™«é¬éπ-§Úí¬ ÅØË Å®Ωnç (´uA-Í®-éπçí¬) ´îËaô’x ¢√úøû√ç.

Eg: I wasn't late. Infact I was there earlier than all others =

ØËØËç Ç©-Ææuç-é¬ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ´·çüË ØË-†-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o†’.

He is not short. In fact he is taller than any of us =

ÅûªúËç §ÒöÀd-é¬ü¿’. Ç ´÷ô-éÌÊÆh Åûªúø’ ´’†ç-ü¿-J-éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í∫’. (Eñ«-EéÀ Åûªúø’ ´’†ç-ü¿J-éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í∫’) 3) I know how he got the book - How he got the book 'wh' clause How (wh) + he (s) + got (v)

Ñ

™

v°æ¶µº’ûªy Nüµ∆-Ø√Eo Ææ´’JnÆæ÷h Ç party àéπ-vU-´çí¬ B®√t-Eç-*çC. unanimously= àéπ-vU-´çí¬

Éçü¿’™

You called me a few days ago (a few days back - wrong) 4) How many marks should I/ have I to get in the exam to qualify? shall/ must/ have to/ has to get will I get? Will I be got wrong form of the verb (will I get

áEo ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-

¢√L Åçõ‰ ÅØ√L éπü∆? ®√¢√L ÅE é¬ü¿’.

5)

Åçõ‰ ´≤ƒh®· ÅE Å®Ωnç, ÉC ÅØ√L– é¬E Ééπ\-úøC

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’) -Å-ØÌ-a.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 15 -¢Ë’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Devnath: The Speaker of the Assembly appealed to the opposition to let the proceedings of the House go on calmly.

(ÅÂÆçHx Ωa©’ v°æ¨»ç-ûªçí¬ ≤ƒí∫-E-¢√y-©E Speaker v°æA-°æ-é¬~ -©èπ◊ Nïc°œh î˨»®Ω’.) Srinath: But the opposition continued their protests and slogan shouting. The Speaker adjourned the house for an hour.

(é¬F v°æA-°æ-é¬~ ©’ ûª´’ E®Ω-Ææ-†-©†’, EØ√-ü∆L--´y-ú≈Eo é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-î√®Ω’. Speaker Æ涵º†’ í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢√®·-ü∆- ¢Ë-¨»®Ω’.)

2

2) The Speaker adjourned the House. 3) The plea of some of the leaders for a higher outlay in the budget for the welfare of the backward classes... 4) The founder of the new party has called for rooting out of corruption. 5) He has asserted that once his party come to power... 6) Well, that's the news digest today. 7) Let us see if we get some late news on the TV.

°j¢√öÀ™ x î√™« expressions assembly éÀ Adjourn = äéπ EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπ◊ Æ涵«/ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N. Assembly Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»©’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o court 鬮Ωu-éπ-™«-§ƒ-©†’ ÇÊ°-ߪ ’úøç (¢√®·ü∆ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™, English newspapers ™ °j ´÷ô©’ ¢Ëߪ’úøç) NJ-Ní¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ö«®·. The Speaker adjourned the house for 2 days 1) The Speaker ... appealed: Appeal = Nïc°œh = ¨»Ææ† Æ涵«üµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’ È®çvúÓ-V-©-§ƒô’ Æ涵º†’ ÇÊ°(¢Á†’-éπ-•-úÕ-†-´-®√_© ÆæçÍé~´’ç éÓÆæç •úÁ-bö¸™ îËߪ’úøç. ¨»®Ω’/ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ë¨»®Ω’. ´’J-éÌçûª áèπ◊\´ Íéö«-®·ç-î√-©†o éÌçü¿®Ω’ a) The leader appealed to the people to do The Judge adjourned the case for a fortØ√ߪ’-èπ◊© Nïc-°œhE Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-î√®Ω’.) their bit to the progress of the country = night= ã °æéπ~秃ô’ Srinath: The founder of the new party has ü˨¡ v°æí∫-AéÀ ûª´’case †’ Ø√uߪ ’ ´ ‚Jh called for the rooting out of corruption ´çûª’ û√´· éπ%≠œ-îË¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ë¨»®Ω’. ߪ÷-©E, Ç Ø√ߪ’in politics. He has called for the end of Sine Die = E®Ω-´-Cµèπ◊úø’ v°æï-©èπ◊ Nïc°œh dynastic rule. Ç çí∫ x ¶ µ « ≠ æ ù éπ ç í¬, ´’S} à ûËD ÅE 456 î˨»úø’. (éÌûªh §ƒKd Ææç≤ƒn-°æ-èπ◊úø’ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x ÅN-FûÁL-Ê°ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. AE Ææ´‚-©çí¬ ûÌ©-Tç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ °œ©’-°æ¤-E-î√a®Ω’. ¢√®Ω-Ææûªy §ƒ©† Åçû√-EéÀ èπÿú≈ °œ©’-°æ¤-E-î√a®Ω’.) Devnath: He has asserted that once his party is ¨»Ææ†-Ææ-¶µº© Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»-†ç-ûª®Ωç (Ææ´÷ b) We appeal to you to support us voted to power, there will be true ¢ Ë-¨»©’ ´·TÆœ† ûª®√yûª)... in our fight for justice = Ø√uߪ’ç democracy and the people will have The House is adjourned Sine Die éÓÆæç ´÷ §Ú®√-ôç™ O’ ´’ü¿l-ûª’èπ◊ real power. (ÂÆj † ú ø®‚/ ÂÆj†-úŒ-ߪ’¢˛’)– îªôd-Æ涵º E®ΩNïc°œh îËÆæ’hØ√oç/ Ŷµºu-Jn-Ææ’hØ√oç. (ûª´’ §ƒKd ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™éÀ ´ÊÆh Eï-¢Á’i† v°æñ«´C µ é π ç í¬ ¢√®·ü∆ °æúÕçC. Appeal Åçõ‰ Nïc°œh îËߪ’úøç ÅØË ≤ƒy´’uç Öçô’ç-ü¿E, v°æï-©Íé Eï-¢Á’i† 4) To call for/ to give a call for = é¬èπ◊çú≈ Nïc°œh ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÅCµé¬®Ωç Öçô’ç-ü¿E Çߪ’† ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’.) °œ © ’° œ ´ yúø ç / v°æï-©†’ àüÁjØ√ °æEéÀ c) His appeal fell on deaf ears = Srinath: What do you say about the film hero M.SURESAN °æ ¤ J í Ì© púø ç . ÅûªúÕ Nïc-°œhE á´®Ω÷ NE-°œç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’. entering politics? a) The leader has called for united fight (ÆœE´÷ Ø√ߪ·-èπ◊úÕ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç í∫’Jç* (To fall on deaf ears = NE-°œç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç) against anti democratic forces = Åv°æ-ñ«†’¢Ëy-´’ç-ö«´¤?) 3) Nïc°œh/ Ŷµºu-®Ωn† ÅE appeal èπ◊ Ö†o Å®ΩnçûÓ ≤ƒyN’éπ ¨¡èπ◊h-©èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ âéπuçí¬ §Ú®√-ú≈-©E Devnath: That's welcome, so long as the intenÉçéÓ-´÷ô, plea (°‘x). tions are good. Ø√ߪ ’-èπ◊úø’ °œ©’-°æ¤-E-î√aúø’. Make a plea for = Nïc°œh îËߪ’úøç. (ÖüËl-¨»©’ ´’ç*-¢ÁjûË ÅC ≤ƒyí∫-Aç-°æ-ü¿-TçüË?) b) The chief guest has given a call for a betThe murdered girl's parents made a plea for Srinath: Well, that's the news digest today. ter education system = ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Nü∆u-N-üµ∆-†çspeedy detection of the guilty and punishLet's see if we get some late news on éÓÆæç ´·êu ÅAC∑ °œ©’-°æ¤-E-î√a®Ω’. ment = £æ«ûªuèπ◊ í∫’È®j† ¶«Léπ ûªLx-ûªç-vúø’©’ ûªy®Ωí¬ the TV. üÓ≠æfl-©†’ °æô’d-éÓ-¢√-©E, PéÀ~ç-î√-©E Nïc°œh î˨»®Ω’. 5) Assert = àüÁjØ√ ü¿%úµøçí¬ ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æpúøç. (ÑØ√öÀ ¢√®√h Ææçví∫£æ«ç ÅD. TV ™ (Plea ņo-°æ¤púø’ Åçü¿’™ éÌçûª ÖüËyí∫ç a) The minister asserted in the House that à´’Ø√o û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh-™Ô-≤ƒh-ßË’¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç.) Öçô’çC.) there were no irregularities in his ministry Spoken English üµ∆®√-∞¡çí¬ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ English = ûª† ¨»ê™ ᙫçöÀ Åvéπ-´÷©÷ ™‰´E ´’çvA news paper reading î√™« Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC éπü∆. 2) The Speaker adjourned the House. ¢Á·ü¿ô í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË éÌçûª Å©-¢√-õ„j-ûËØË é¬F English news- house îª÷ü∆lç. ´’†ç Ñ ´÷ôèπ◊ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË lesson Ææ ç ü¿ ® Ω s ¥ ç ™ house = Å®Ω n ç – É©’x . Å®·ûË , b) The accused asserted his innocence = Ç paper™ ¶µ«≠æ Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. ÅC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ÅÂÆçHx (¨»Ææ-†-Æ涵º)/ ¨»Ææ-†-´’ç-úøL (legislative EçC-ûª’úø’ ûª† E®Ól-≠œ-û√yEo í∫öÀdí¬ ûÁ©’-°æ¤English newspaper ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ éπE-°œçîË ´’J-éÌEo council)/ Parliament - É™«çöÀ îªôd-Ææ-¶µº©’ àüÁjØ√ °æü∆©’, expressions É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. ûª’-Ø√oúø’. (ØË®√Eo ÅçU-éπ-Jçîªúø癉ü¿’) 鬴a. Lower House = Loksabha, Upper Look at the following sentences. Éçûª -èπ◊-´·çü¿’, deny Åçõ‰ ã N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ņoô’x House = Rajyasabha. House Committee = 1) The Speaker of the Assembly appealed to the ä°æ ¤ p é Ó-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ü∆EéÀ Assembly/ council/ parliament ™E Æ涵º’u-©ûÓ opposition to let the proceedings of the House assert, ´uA-Í®éπç. îª÷úøçúÕ: à®√p-õ„j† committee. go on calmly. Devnath: The plea of some of the leaders for a higher outlay in the budget for the welfare of the backward classes was accepted by all.

He denied any irregularities in his ministry = He asserted there were no irregularities. c) No one believed his assertion that he was innocent =

ûª†’ E®Ól≠œ ÅE Åûªúø’ í∫öÀdí¬ Å†úøç á´®Ω÷ †´’túøç ™‰ü¿’. Assert = ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æpúøç, Assertion = ØÌéÀ\-îÁÊ°p N≠æߪ’ç. 6) Newsdigest- digest (úÁjïÆˇd/ úÕïÆˇd) áèπ◊\´í¬ Ñ ´÷ô†’ @Jgç-éÓ´úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. a) A child can't digest that kind of food = Ç Gúøf Å™«çöÀ Ç£æ…-®√Eo @Jgç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’.

b) He is unable to digest the fact that his dearest friend has cheated him =

ûª† v§ƒùÊÆo-£œ«-ûª’úø’ ûª††’ ¢Á÷Ææç î˨»-úøØË Ææû√uEo Åûªúø’ @Jgç-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Ñ lesson Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ digest (Ééπ\úø pronunciation - úÁjïÆˇd ´÷vûª¢Ë’) èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, Ææçví∫£æ«ç/ ÆæçéÀ~°æhç. Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç/ report/ ví∫çü∑¿ç/ ¢√uÆæç/ ¢√®Ωh-™E ´·ë«uç-¨»-©’çúË Ææçví∫£æ« ®Ω÷°æç/ ÆæçéÀ~°æh ®Ω÷°æç–

The Speaker Adjour ned the House

Q.

1) How many people have you invited? How many people did you invite-

ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ? 2) Let me go Åçõ‰ ††’o ¢Á∞¡xF ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆. Let Åçõ‰ ņ’-éÓ-´-úøç ÅØË ´’®Ó Å®Ωnç ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Öçü∆? 3) He had been to Delhi Åçõ‰ Åûªúø’ úµÕMx ¢ÁRx ´î√aúø’ ÅE Å®Ωnç. Ñ ¢√éπuç past perfect continuous ™ ÖçCéπü∆. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Regarding èπ◊ Å®Ωnç uses ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. 4) When are you leaving for Kashmir Åçõ‰ F¢Á-°æ¤púø’ é¬Qt-®˝èπ◊ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆. F¢Á-°æ¤púø’ é¬Qt-®˝èπ◊ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó ÅE ņ-ú≈-EéÀ When you are leaving for Kashmir Å-ØÌî√a?

5) So far, obviously

í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-J-ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ éÌúø’èπ◊ØÁj†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ í∫®Ωy-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o†’. Being, having been Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* îÁ°æpí∫-©®Ω’. – V.Sekhar, Hyderabad A.1) How many people have you invited? = Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ áçûª´’çCE °œL-î√´¤? (°œ©-¢√-Lq-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx Éçé¬ ÖØ√o®√? °œ©’°æ¤Lçé¬ Å®·-§Ú-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. °œ©’-°æ¤-©èπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç, °œL-*† time èπ◊ é¬ü¿’) How many people did you invite? = (¢Á·ûªhç) áçûª-´’ç-CE °œL-î√´¤? ÉC í∫ûªç™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷EéÀ (Ç Æ洒ߪ’ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC) °œ©’-°æ¤©’ Åߪ÷u®·. áçûª-´’ç-CE °œL-î√´¤ ÅE. 2) Let Åçõ‰ ņ’-éÓ-´-úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. Let x be equal to 100 (Let x = 100) Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, x 100 èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Öçü¿E. Å™« ÅØË •ü¿’©’ suppose s = 100, Åçõ‰ ņ’éÓ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. 6)

3) He went to Delhi = Delhi Time He has gone to/ has left for Delhi, He went to Delhi better. 'He went to Delhi yesterday' OK.

®√™‰üÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

¢Á∞«xúø’. (AJT ´î√aúÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd,

éπçõ‰

He had been to Delhi - Delhi

ÉC

¢ÁRx AJT

´îËa-¨»úø’– È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç.

digest (famous magazines, Reader's Digest

™E-´Fo èπÿú≈ íÌ°æp ®Ωîª-†© Ææçví∫£æ« ®Ω÷§ƒ™‰.) Newsdigest- ¢√®√h Ææçví∫£æ«ç– Ææçví∫-£œ«ç-*† (´·ë«uç-¨»©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖçúÕ, ņ-´-Ææ®Ω N´-®√©’ ™‰E) ¢√®Ωh©’. Just post me with the latest newsdigest =

û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh© Ææçví∫-£æ…Eo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ø√éπç-Cç. Post - Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç– ¢√®Ωh-©†’, N´-®√-©†’ ÅçCç-îªúøç. a) This news paper is always upto date. It posts us with the latest in every field =

Ñ ¢√®√h °ævAéπ û√ñ«í¬ Öçô’çC. v°æA ®Ωçí∫ç-™E û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh-©†’ ´’†éπçC-Ææ’hçC.

b) He keeps the manager posted with all the happenings = manager

Åûªúø’

ÅEo Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†© N´-®√©†’ èπ◊ ÅçCÆæ÷hØË Öçö«úø’.

7. Let us see if we get some late news ... Late news, old news-

ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. late news = É°æ¤p-úÕ-°æ¤púË ÅçüË ¢√®Ωh©’. old news = §ƒûª (Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æ œ-§Ú-®·†) ¢√®Ωh©’. late news ÅçCç-îªí∫LÍí °ævA-éπ©’, TV news channels áèπ◊\´ Çü¿-®Ωù §Òçü¿’-û√®·. Obviously = clearly =

î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬

Å®Ωn-´’ßË’u/ Ææp≠ædç. He doesn't talk to me much. Obviously he doesn't like me =

Ø√ûÓ áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«x-úø-úø-ûªúø’. Åçõ‰ ؈çõ‰ Åûª-úÕéÀ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿-ØËC Ææp≠æd-¢Ë’í¬. He suggested that we eat out. Obviously there wasn't enough food for all of us =

I had been to my sister's place last week =

í∫ûª-¢√®Ωç ؈’ ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ/ ÜJéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. Åéπ\-úÕoç* AJT ´îËa-¨»†’, 鬕öÀd had been. Had been, past perfect, correct é¬F usage v°æ鬮Ωç É™« Åçö«ç. 4) ÅØÌa. Please tell me when you are leaving for Kashmir = †’´¤y é¬Qt®˝ á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢Ó, Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p. 5) So far = É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊. So far I have not met him = ØËE-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Åûª-úÕE éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’.

£æ«Ùô™x Açü∆ç ÅØ√o-úø-ûªúø’. Åçõ‰ ü∆†®Ωnç/ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC éπü∆? Éçöx ´÷ Åçü¿-JéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ¶µï†ç ™‰ü¿E. 6) I am proud of being his son = Çߪ’† éÌúø’í¬_ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ (éÌúø’-èπ◊-ØÁj-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊) ؈’ í∫®Ωy-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o– É°æ¤púø’. Kumar is proud of having been his son= Çߪ’† éÌúø’í¬_ ÖçúÕ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ (í∫ûªç™) èπ◊´÷®˝ í∫Jy-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’– Çߪ’† (father) É°æ¤púø’ •AéÀ™‰®Ω’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 20 -¢Ë’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prachand: Cases had been booked against erring gas distributors, said the Director civil supplies authority.

The nation is going to the polls next year =

(Åvéπ-´÷©èπ◊ äúÕí∫-úø’-ûª’†o gas °æç°œ-ùÃ-üΔ®Ω’© O’ü¿ case ©’ °ôdúøç ïJ-Tç-ü¿-Ø√o®Ω’ §˘®Ω Ææ®Ω-°∂æ-®√© ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’©’.) erring = ûª°æ¤p îËÆæ’h†o; error = ûª°æ¤p/ §Ò®Ω-¶«ô’

Prachand: But the exit polls point to a neck and neck race between BJP and BSP. Not always do these polls prove to be correct.

Prabhat: India boasts of making progress and still we are starved for cooking gas. What a pity!

(¶μ«®Ωû˝ àüÓ °æ¤®Ó-í∫-N’-≤Úhç-ü¿E íÌ°æp©’ îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊çö«ç. Å®·ûË ´’†ç ´çô gas èπ◊ èπÿú≈ É•sçC °æúø’-ûª’Ø√oç. áçûª ü¿’®Ωü¿%≠ædç.) starve = AçúÕ ™‰éπ °æÆæ’hç-úøôç starve of something = üËE-éπØ√o éÌ®Ωûª Öçúøôç pity = ñ«L; Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç. It's a pity that he hasn't been selected= Åûªúø’ áç°œéπ é¬éπ-§Ú-´úøç ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç/ Nî√-®Ω-éπ®Ωç

2

´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ñ«A ¢Á·ûªhç áEo-éπ™x §ƒ™Ô_-†¶-ûÓçC.

(Å®·ûË exit polls BJP, BSP ©èπ◊ üΔüΔ°æ¤ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† seats ®√´-îªaE -ûÁ-©’°æ¤ûª’-Ø√o®·. Ñ ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ ÊÆéπ-®Ω-ù©’ ÅEo Ææ´’-ߪ÷-™x†÷ ÆæJ-鬴¤.) exit= -•-ߪ’-ôèπ◊ ®√-´-úøç Prabhat: Any way the congress is going to have the worst of it all.

(àü¿-®·-ûËØËç congress ÅEoöx Åüμ¿´’ ÆœnA™ ÖçC.) Prachand: The intelligence agencies have their own estimate of the results.

Prachand: India has definitely progressed, no doubt, and is progressing. But the reality is far short of the hype about the progress.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù

457

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above: 1) Cases had been booked against erring gas distributor, said the civil supplies authorities. 2) But the reality is far short of the hype about the progress. 3) The gallup poll on the Karnataka elections predict a clear majority for the BJP. 4) But the exit polls point to a neck and neck race between the BJP and the BSP. 1) ...., said the civil supplies authority. Civil supplies authority= §˘®Ω Ææ®Ω-°∂æ-®√© ÅCμ-é¬J/ §˘®Ω Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ ߪ’çvû√çí∫ç– Ration Gߪ’uç, éÀ®Ó-ÆœØ˛

Ñ N°æ-ûª\®Ω °æJ-Æœnûª’™x ´’†´’çû√ -âéπuçí¬ Öçú≈-©E v°æüμΔ-†-´’çvA ñ«AéÀ Nïc°œh î˨»®Ω’. crisis= N°æûª’h/ Ç°æü¿. (wÈéjÆ œÆˇ)– Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ, appealed the prime minister ÅE ¢√éπuç *´®Ω, á´®Ω’ îÁ°œpçD ®√´úøç. 2) But the reality is far short of the hype Reality = ¢√Ææh´ç, hype = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo/ ´Ææ’h´¤†’/ ûªßª÷-KE/ äéπ ´uéÀh íÌ°æp-ûª-Ø√Eo/ ÆœE-´÷†’ í∫’Jç* áçûÓ °∂æ’†çí¬, ™‰E íÌ°æp-ûª-Ø√Eo Åçôí∫úø’ûª÷ îÁ°æpúøç/ N¨Ï≠æ v°æî√®Ωç îËߪ’úøç/ Ç®√s¥ôç îËߪ’úøç. a) Inspite of all the media hype, I found the movie dull= magazines, TV channels, etc.,)

™«çöÀ Ææ®Ω’èπ◊-© °æç°œùà ´u´Ææn.

O’úÕߪ÷ (¢√®√h

the r eality is far shor t of the hype

(¶μ«®Ωû˝ ÅGμ´%Cl¥ ≤ƒCμç*çC, ≤ƒCμ≤ÚhçC èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË üΔEo í∫’Jç* v°æî√®Ωç éπçõ‰ ¢√Ææh´ç î√™« ûªèπ◊\¢Ë.) reality = ¢√Ææh´ç far short of = î√™« ûªèπ◊\´

His marks are far short of his father's expectations = marks

Åûªúø’ ûÁa-èπ◊†o ÅûªúÕ ûªçvúÕ ÇPç-*† üΔE éπçõ‰ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´.

Prabhat: Look at this. The gallup poll on the Karnataka elections predicts a clear majority for the BJP, according to this newspaper.

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´’†ç á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ îÁ§ƒp-®ΩE English ™ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, He/ She said ÅE v§ƒ®ΩçGμ≤ƒhç. üΔE ûª®√yûª ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo indirect speech ™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç. Å®·ûË newspaper ™ î√™«-´-®Ωèπ◊, N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ´·çü¿®Ω îÁ°œp, ûª®√yûª he/ she said ÅØÓ said he/ she ÅØÓ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.

(v°æ¶μº’ûªy í∫÷úμøî√®Ω ´®√_©’, ¢√∞¡x ÅçîªØ√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o®Ω’.) Prabhat: I wonder what's going to happen in Telengana.

M.SURESAN

Q.

Åéπ-úø-N’é˙/ §Úöà °æK-éπ~™x Ö°æßÁ÷í∫°æúË éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’.

analyse, contrast, describe, comment, compare, illustrate, elucidate, enumerate, trace, elaborate, discuss, argue, differentiate,evaluate, examine, assess, on what, in what, for what, explain, bringout, point out, outline, interpret, give an account, determine, characterise, review, to what, substantiate, critically evaluate, summaries, categorise. - K.P.V. Rao, Vizag

A.

Analyse =

N¨Ïx-≠œç-îªúøç Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç v°æA Å稻Eo èπ~◊ùoçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ´úøç/ N´Jç-îªúøç. Contrast = È®çúÕç-öÀ-èπ◊†o ûËú≈©’ °æJ-Q-Lçîªúøç. X Compare = §ÚL-éπ©’ ûÁ-©’°æúøç; Illustrate = ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ (≤ÚüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùçí¬) ûÁ-©’°æúøç; Describe= ´Jgç-îªúøç. Elucidate = Explain = Elaborate = N´-Jçîªúøç/ ÆæN-´-®Ωçí¬/ ÆæN-Ææh-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ-©’°æúøç= bringout.

Discuss= Argue =

îªJaç-îªúøç, Comment = ¢√uë«u-Eç-îªúøç; Enumerate = äéÌ\-éπ\-öÀí¬ äéπ-üΔE í∫’ù«-©†’/ Å稻-©†’ ûÁ-©’°æúøç Differentiate = ûËú≈©’ N´-Jç-îªúøç. Evaluate = Assess = ÅçîªØ√ ¢Ëߪ’úøç; Examine = °æJ-Q-Lç-îªúøç, Point out = îª÷°œç-îªúøç; Trace = äéπ ´%û√hçûªç NNüμ¿ °æJ-ù«-´÷-©†’ ûÁ-©’°æúøç; Outline= ô÷éÃí¬ N´-Jç-îªúøç; Give an account of = ´%û√hçûªç ûÁ-©’°æúøç; Review = ÆæO’-éÀ~ç-îªúøç, Interpret = ´’†èπ◊ ûÓ*† Nüμ¿çí¬ N´-Jç-îªúøç; Determine = E®Ωl¥-Jç-îª-úøç; Characterise = ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ ûÁ-©’°æúøç; In what/ To what/ For what - É´Fo °æ‹Jh ¢√é¬u-Eo-•-öÀd-í¬F Å®Ωnç é¬-´¤. Substantiate = E®Ω÷-°œç-îªúøç (ÇüμΔ-®√-©ûÓ) Critically evaluate = N´’-®Ωz-Ø√-ûªt-éπçí¬ ÅçîªØ√ ¢Ëߪ’úøç Summarise = véÓúŒ-éπ-Jç-îªúøç/ Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ ûÁ-©’°æúøç Categorise = ûÁí∫-©’í¬ N¶μº->ç-îªúøç.

(îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπüΔ, N≠æߪ’ç ´·çü¿®Ω îÁ°œp, *´®Ω á´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ó ûÁ-©’°æ-úøç) = vü¿¢Óu-©s-ù«Eo Åü¿’°æ¤™éÀ ûÁîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç îËߪ’-´-©-Æœç-ü¿™«x îËÆæ’hç-ü¿E, Íéçvü¿ ÇJnéπ ´’çvA *ü¿ç-•®Ωç £æ…O’ Éî√a®Ω’. É™«çöÀ sentences ™ sequence of tenses Åçûªí¬ §ƒöÀç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.

¶μ«®Ω-û˝™ íÌ°æp °æü¿-´¤™x Ö†o-¢√∞¡x °œ©x-© í∫’-Jç-* áçûÓ íÌ°æpí¬ v°æî√®Ωç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. ®√£æ›™¸ í¬çDμ í∫’Jç* ïJÍí °∂æ’† v°æî√®Ωç DEéÓ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù. à §ƒKdéÀ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç à®Ωp-JîË ¢Á’ñ«-Jöà ®√éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE, Gallup polls ñÆæuç. Hung assembly/ parliament = ÅÂÆçHx/ parliament ™ à §ƒKdéÀ v°æ¶μº’û√yEo à®Ωp-JîË majority ®√éπ-§Ú-´úøç. Å°æ¤púø’ éÌEo §ƒKd© éπ©-®·éπûÓ ÆæçéîΩg (coalition) v°æ¶μº’ûªyç à®Ωpúø’-ûª’çC. É°æ¤púø’ Íéçvü¿ç™ UPA ™«çöÀC. 4) The exit polls point to ... Exit polls polls polls

èπÿú≈ äéπ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† survey. Gallup áEo-éπ©’ ïJ-Íí-´·çü¿’ E®Ωy-£œ«-≤ƒh®Ω’. Exit áEo-éπ© ®ÓV†, ãô’¢ËÆœ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ´Ææ’h†o ¢√JE, ¢√È®-´-JéÀ ãô’ ¢Ë¨»®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E, °∂æL-û√-©†’ ÅçîªØ√ ¢ËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ïJÊ° ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ ÊÆéπ-®Ωù. Exit = •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ®√´úøç. •ßª’-ô-éÌ-îËa-¢√J ÅGμv§ƒßª’ ÊÆéπ-®Ωù 鬕öÀd DEo exit poll Åçö«ç.

b) We should stand united in this moment of crisis, appealed the prime minister to the nation=

Q. When, while –

2) When he saw his sister, he felt happy =

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Lo N´-JçîÁ™„xLo îª÷úø-í¬ØË ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈fúø’. (äéπ Æ洒ߪ’ç Åç-û√)

îªí∫-©®Ω’.

'While' refers to a period

1 a) I saw her when she was going out. b) I saw her while she was going out2 a) He was studying when she was cooking. b) When he was studying, she was cooking.

àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? A.

áçûª íÌ°æpí¬ v°æî√®Ωç îËÆœØ√/ îËÆœ†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç -Ç ÆœE´÷ îÁûªh-í¬ØË ÖçC.

b) There's always a lot of hype in India about the children of those in high offices. For example, look at that hype about Rahul Gandhi =

a) The government is doing every thing to contain inflation, assured Mr Chidambaram, union finance minister.

(ûÁ©ç-í¬-ù™ àç ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓç-ü¿-ØËC ÇÆæ-éÀhéπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’.) (ÉC îª÷úø’. éπ®√g-ôéπ áEo-éπ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Prachand: Let's wait and see. (¢Ë* îª÷üΔlç.) ïJ-T† gallup poll v°æ鬮Ωç, BJP éÀ Ææp≠æd- Prabhat: That's all we can do. ¢Á’i† ¢Á’ñ«-Jöà ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E Ñ °ævAéπ (´’†ç îËߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-ü¿çûË.) éπü∑¿†ç.) Newspapers ™ áEo-éπ-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç*, §˘®Ω Ææ®ΩPoll Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπüΔ v°æñ«-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç, ´·êuçí¬ °∂æ-®√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç* ¢√úË °æü¿-ñ«-™«Eo É°æ¤púø’ éÌçûª áèπ◊\´ v°æï© ¶μ«¢√Lo v°æA-Gç-Gç-îª-í∫© ã ´®Ω_ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ report îËÊÆ NüμΔ†ç èπÿú≈ °ævA-éπ™x v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† °æü¿l¥-A™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-E≤ƒhç. ÅC ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’/ Å™«çöÀ ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ’-ÊÆ-éπ-®Ωù. ûÁLÊÆh ´’†ç newspaper Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫©ç. The polls = áEo-éπ©’

°ævA-éπ©’,

1) While I was watching the TV, he was studying seriously = TV

؈’ îª÷Ææ’h†o Æ洒ߪ’ç™ (Ç Ææ-´’ߪ’ç ¢Á·ûªhç) Å-ûª-úø’ îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’ – ÉC continuous.

- KS Krishna Metpalli

2) While she was busy (during the time she was busy), he was chatting with his friends =

When = at/ during the time that something happens =

äéπ-°æE ïJ-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø’/ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ Ö†o

Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™. While = During the time that something happens= While, whenwhile continuous action sentences correct. 1 a) I saw her when she was going out =

äéπ-°æE ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ Ö†o Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™. È®çúø÷ üΔüΔ°æ¤ äéπõ‰ ÅE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC †’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ éπüΔ. Å®·ûË èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç. O’J-*a† È®çúø’ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’ •ßª’-ô-Èé-Rx-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ îª÷¨»†’. (¢Á∞¡x-úøç îª÷¨»†’) b) I saw her while she was going out = Ç¢Á’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª÷ Öçúøí¬ Øˆ’ îª÷¨»†’. 2) Both are correct. Å®·ûË Ñ È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, when •ü¿’©’ while better. When referes to particular point of time. 1) When I knocked at his door, his dog barked =

Åûª-úÕ ûª©’°æ¤ ؈’ ûªöÀd†°æ¤púø’ Å-ûª-úÕ èπ◊éπ\ ¢Á·J-TçC. (Ç éπ~-ùç™)

Ç¢Á’ ûª† °æE™ BJ-éπ-™‰E Æ洒ߪ’ç Åçû√ Åûª-úø’ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ûÓ éπ•’®√xúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Q. Prosthodontia, Denture Åçõ‰ àN’ö ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. - Ratna kishore, Hyderabad

A.

Prosthodontia = Prosthodonties, Periodontal, periodontologyhighly technical Spoken English medical dictionary

éπô’dúø’ °æ∞¡Ÿx Å´’-®Ωaúøç.

É´Fo èπÿú≈ ü¿çûª ¢ÁjüΔu-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† °æüΔ©’. ™ ¢√úËN鬴¤. OöÀ Å®√n-©èπ◊ îª÷úøçúÕ. Denture (O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ-†ô’x DUTURE é¬ü¿’)= éπ%vA´’ °æ†’o – Acrylic ûÓé¬-F metal ûÓé¬-F îËÆœ-†N. Ñ ®ÓV™x Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† °æ∞¡x ®Ωçí∫’†’ §ÚL† °œçí¬ùà éπ%vA´’ °æ∞¡Ÿx üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o®·. ÉN N’T-L† Ææ£æ«-ï¢Á’i† °æ∞¡x†’ §ÚL Öçö«®·.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 22 -¢Ë’ 2008 v°æ¨¡o: 1. What is the origin of

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ for his feat. Money was collected on the spot from those watching the game, a hat was bought on the spot and it was presented to Stephenson.

'Hat-trick' and how did it derive? 2. What is the difference between 'curriculum vitae' and resume? 3. Though the news are past, headings are present indefinite tense in the newspaper, why?

This feat of taking three wickets, from then onwards came to be known as a Hattrick. In the beginning bowlers who got Hattrick were presented hats. The term later was extended to other games like hockey, football etc. 2) In American usage curriculum vitae and resume (pronounced) È®Wu-¢Á’ß˝’/ È®ï-¢Á’ß˝’ – ï size ™ 'ï— ™«í∫) are the same. They are

a. 'Chaudhary seeks open hearing' (heading) Pakistan chief Justice Iftikar Chaudhary who was removed by Pakistan President... sought open hearing...

- N.Satyam Emerald, Ramakrishnapur

resume. A resume is brief. 3) That is a journalists convention. Even in Spoken English, we sometimes say 'I come here to seek your support,' though we say this after reaching the place, that is after the action is completed. In English, the present simple sometimes is used to refer to immediate past.

Origin of the word 'Hattrick' Originally in 1858. An English bowler Stephenson who in1858 took three wickets in three balls in a row got a hat as a present

a) and b) - The headline is usually in the present tense and the report following it is in the present perfect/ past simple, depending on whether the time is stated or not. This has been explained in our earlier answers to the

details of your educational qualifications, the jobs you have done, your experience,

b. 'Centre sits on proposal'(heading)

etc., with your name and address which you

A proposal submitted by the state...

send when you apply for a job. Usually cur-

Please clarify my doubts.

riculum vitae is more detailed than a

ï¢√•’:

v°æ¨¡o:

Kindly let me following doubts be clarified, and give examples in English and Telugu.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

458

Do it right now =

2. Not Now, At present, Now itself be used instead of Right Now? 3. Are there 'right then', 'right here', 'right there' words in english?

5. What is the difference between 'might have done' and 'must have done'? What is the question form to these sentences? 7. What is the difference between keep asking and keep on asking. - Ravi, Hyderabad

ï¢√•’: 1) A Right now = Now itself = É°æ¤púË/

I can't give you the

2) 'Now itself' can be used instead of 'right now', but not now or at present. 'Right now' shows greater urgency than now/ at present.

Ships sail in the sea

Ñ È®çúÕöx àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? V Ramakrishna, Rajahmundry.

ï¢√•’: ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ææ´·vü¿ç™ ņ-´îª’a é¬-F,

English™, ™ (in) ÅE ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊ØË î√™«-îÓôx, 'on' ´Ææ’hçC. 'on the list, on the train, on the plane, etc.

ÉC Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N´-Jçî√ç îª÷úøçúÕ. Ships sail on/ across the sea - correct (in the sea - wrong)

FéÀ°æ¤púø’ ¢ÁçôØË/ É°æp-öÀ-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ Ç úø•’s É´y-™‰†’. †’´¤y Çí¬L.

°v ¨æ o¡ : éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Å®Ωnç îÁ°æpçúÕ.

9.

1. a. Ramesh is about to sell. b. Ramesh is about to be sold. 2. a. Rani is going to sell. b. Rani is going to be sold. 3. i) Turner prize to be declared today. ii) Main film yet to be certified. iii) The world is said to be created out of nothing iv) To err is human. v) The wind having been failed. (p.v. p.p) 4. i) Seeing is believing. ii) None but fools have ever believed it. iii) None of his poems are well known. iv) Do you know the where and when of the happening. v) I can't say the how and where of it. 5. Whatever, whichever

™ -Ñ -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -Å-†’-´-Cç-îªç-úÕ.

á°æ¤p-úÁ™«

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? ®√´· íÌvÈ®†’ †úÕ-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o-úø’. 7. Ææ®Ω∞¡ XüË-NE †úÕ-°œ-Ææ’hçC. 8. Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ ´’ç* ǣ慮Ωç BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L.

îËÆæ’ç-

úÌa (ÆæçüË£æ«ç).

brother

§ÒöÀd.

b) North Indians prefer tea whereas South Indian like coffee =

7) Keep asking = Keep on asking Don't keep/ Don't keep on asking me the same

Must have done =

îËÊÆ Öçö«úø’, ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. He might have gone = ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. He must have gone = ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ö«úø’, ÆæçüË-£æ«ç™‰ü¿’.

question

Question forms: Might he have done it? =

áEo-éπ©’ ûªT† Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ï®Ω-í∫-†çü¿’ ´©x Åûªúø’ Åüµ¿uèπ~◊úÕí¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

Åûªúø’ ®√Æœ† éπNûªyç àD v°æÆœCl¥ îÁçü¿™‰ü¿’. iv) Fèπ◊ ÅC -á°æ¤púø’ áéπ\úø ïJ-TçüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? (The when and where of an event =

5)

ã Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ïJ-T† Ææn©ç, Æ洒ߪ’ç) v) ÅC ᙫ á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçüÓ Øˆ’ îÁ°æp-™‰†’. Whatever = à¢Á’iØ√/ àüÁjØ√. whichever = àüÁjØ√

1. a) Whatever the price, I will buy the car =

üµ¿®Ω àüÁjØ√/ áçûÁjØ√ ØËØ√

car

†’ éÌçö«†’.

b) Whatever your reason, you are late =

鬮Ω-ùç -à¢Á’iØ√ †’¢√y-©-Ææu¢Ë’.

v°æéπ-ô† ØËúø’). 2

. = ÅüË v°æ¨¡o Åúø’í∫’ûª÷ Öçúøèπ◊ ††’o.

He continuous to be the president by default =

good food.

iii)

b)

ÆœE-´÷†’ Éçé¬ certify îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC/ Éçûª´-®Ωèπÿ ÆœE´÷ certify Å´-™‰ü¿’. iii) v°æ°æçîªç/ N¨¡yç ¨¡⁄†uç †’ç* Ææ%≠œd Å®·uçü¿E Åçö«®Ω’. iv) §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x ´÷†´ Ææ£æ«ïç. v) ÉC correct é¬ü¿’ – The wind having failed ÅE Öçú≈L. Å®Ωnç, í¬L ņ’-èπÿ-©çí¬ Oߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ.. (Ø√´ ™«çöÀN éπü¿-™‰x-ü¿E). 4) i) éπ∞¡xèπ◊ éπE-°œç-îËC †´’t-ü¿-TçüË (éÌçü¿®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h© v°æ鬮Ωç)= éπ∞¡xèπ◊ éπE°œç-îËC Å•ü¿lç Å´ü¿’ éπ-ü∆. ii) ´‚®Ω’^©’ ûª°æp ÉçÈé-´®Ω’ ü∆Eo †´’t-™‰ü¿’.

Åûªúø’ §Òúø’Íí, é¬F ÅûªúÕ

tice has not been done...

right Å®·ûË Åçõ‰ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ January †’ç*.

5) Might have done = Perhaps he did it =

ï¢√•’: 1. a) ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ (üËØÓo) Å´’t-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

ii)

two things/persons, etc. a) He is tall, whereas his brother is short =

Whereas (Because) The court feels that jus-

- Thirupathi Rao, Potli

(Turner Prize

6) 'Whereas' is used to compare and contrast

¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç* Åûª-E-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’.

éÌçü¿®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊çõ‰ ؈’ NØ√o†’. 10. °æJ-Èí-û√h-©çõ‰ ¨¡éÀh 鬢√L.

®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ Å´’t-•-úø-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ = ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇ†’ á´®Ó Å´’t-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. 2. a) and 2 b) - °j Å®√n-™«x-í¬ØË. 3. i) to v) - É´Fo News paper headlines. Lessons 450 to 457™ OöÀE í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. -îª-ü¿-´ç-úÕ. i) Ñ ®ÓV v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-úø’-ûÓç-C Turner Prize

Åûªúø’ îËÊÆ Öçö«ú≈?

He has been here right from January =January

He demanded his money back and right then and there, I gave him back his money =

The man, the police wanted was right there but they didn't recognise him=

Must he have done it? =

from

È®ç-úø÷ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. January

ûª† úø•’s 鬢√-©-†oüË ûªúø-´¤í¬, Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ Åéπ\-úÕéπ-éπ\úø ؈-ûª-E-éÀ-îËa-¨»†’.

4) 'Right from January' is more or less the same as 'from January' –

Åûªúø’ îËÆæ’ç-úÌî√a?

Öûªh®Ω ¶µ«®ΩBߪ·©’ -öà É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’, Å®·ûË ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®ΩBߪ·©èπ◊ 鬰∂‘ É≠ædç. Law/ Court Language™ whereas ÅE sentence ¢Á·ü¿öx ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, 'Åçü¿’-´©x— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

M.SURESAN

3) Yes. There are. 'right then' = Right at that time =

§ÚM-Ææ’-©èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† ¢√úø-éπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’ Å®·Ø√ ¢√∞¡x-ûªEo í∫’Jhç-îª-™‰ü¿’. He is right here`, just in front of you = ¢√úÕ-éπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’, F áü¿’-®Ω’í¬.

money right now. You have to wait =

Ééπ\-úÕ-éÀ-éπ\úË Ñ N≠æߪ’ç B®√t†ç îËÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç.

É°æp-öÀ-éÀ-°æ¤púø’/ ¢ÁçôØË /Ñ éπ~ùç™ ؈’ îª÷°œçîª-í∫-©†’ Fèπ◊, Åûª†’ áô’´çöÀ¢√úÓ.

Ç éπ~ùç-™ØË.

6. What is the correct meaning of 'where as'.

Right here let's settle the matter =

¢ÁçôØË -Ç °æ-E îÁ®·u.

Right now I can show you what kind of man he is =

4. What is the difference between 'from January' and 'right from January'?

É°æpöÀéÀ°æ¤púË/ ¢ÁçôØË.

same question.

v°æ¨¡o: Ships sail on the sea

Headline is usually in the pr esent tense

1. What is the correct meaning of 'Right Now?'

6.

2

a) Whichever book you want/ whichever is the book you want, you can find it in that shop =

9) I overheard some people talking. 10) You need energy to run.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. There isn't any way you please with elbows. 2. He was held down by some ropes.

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. 3. I am having a one rupee note ÅE äéπ úÕéπ{-†K™ ÖçC. ´’J having†’ (possession) ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ éπü∆. I have one rupee note ÅØ√L éπü∆. ü¿ßª’-îËÆ œ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. – Gurram Shankar, Shankarapatnam

ï¢√•’: 1) There

isn't any way you please

with your elbows =

7) Sarala is walking Sridevi.

F ¢Á÷îË-ûª’-©ûÓ †ØËoç ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-ôd´¤ = ¢Á÷îË-ûª’-©ûÓ èπÿú≈ ¶«Cµ-≤ƒh´¤. 2) Held down = °jéÀ ™‰´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçîªúøç = û√∞¡xûÓ éπõ‰dÆœ °jjéÀ- ™‰-´-èπ◊çú≈ î˨»úø’. Hold down = éÀçü¿ ÖçúË™« îËߪ’úøç = 3) I am having a one rupee note ÅE Ö†o dictionary ÆæÈ®jçC/ ´’ç*C é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.

8) If you want to be healthy, you should eat

I have a one rupee note, correct.

Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ† °æ¤Ææhéπç àüÁjØ√/ Fé¬\-´-©ÆœçC à °æ¤Ææh-éπ-¢Á’iØ√, Ç shop™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC. b) Whichever team plays well will get an award of Rs. 10000 =

¶«í¬ ÇúË à ïô’dÈéjØ√, ®Ω÷.10000 •£æ›-´÷†ç ´Ææ’hçC. 6) Ramu is walking the sheep.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 27 -¢Ë’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Midhun: You look run down Chandan.

(îªçü¿Ø˛ †’´¤y î√™« F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπE°œ-Ææ’hØ√o¢˛.) (be) run down = F®Ω-Ææçí¬/ éπ∞¡ ûªT_/ *éÀ\-§Ú®· Öçúøôç

Chandan: The rise of course is substantial. It is that that keeps me going, with all the strain.

(°®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© ´÷vûªç °∂æ’†çí¬ØË ÖçC. Åçûª v¨¡¢Á’iØ√ èπÿú≈, ÅüË ††’o Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-Ííôô’x îË≤ÚhçC.)

Chandan: You can say that.

(†’´y™« ņ-úøç™ ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’.) Midhun: But why?

(Å®·ûË áçü¿’-éπE?) Chandan: The pressures of my new position after promotion are telling on me. My work has doubled and I leave office rather late.

2

Midhun: Whatever the rise, it is not worth the candle, if you can't keep yourself well. Health first and anything else next, you know.

(@ûªç áçûª áèπ◊\-¢ÁjØ√, F Ç®Óí∫uç üÁ•s-AØË °æéπ~ç™ Åü¿çûª ´·êuç/ N©’-¢ÁjçC é¬ü¿’. ¢Á·ü¿ô Ç®Óí∫uç, Ç ûª®√yûË àüÁjØ√.) Chandan: I think one more month and I'll have got used to it.

is still run down =

Åûªúø’ 鬢Á’®Ωx †’ç* éÓ©’èπ◊-†o°æp-öÀéà Éçé¬ F®Ω-Ææçí¬, •©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.

b) Though from a village, she didn't take much time to catch up with the ways of the city =

b) The hard work is definitely telling on her. She is really run down.

ví¬O’ù ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç †’ç* ´*a-†-°æp-öÀéà ǢÁ’ †í∫®Ω @N-û√-EéÀ ûªy®Ω-™ØË Å©-¢√ô’ °æúÕçC/ †í∫®Ω @´-†-¨Îj(ÉçéÓ ØÁ©, Ç ûª®√yûª Ø√éÀC Å©-¢√õ„j Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ Phrasal Verbs ÖØ√o®· îª÷úøçúÕ. LE ûªy®Ω-™ØË Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊çC. §Úûª’çC.) 5) Keep something/ somebody going = é̆-≤ƒ1) Telling on 2) be run down Midhun: Let's hope so. All the best. I'd rather be Midhun: But you had been after it till you got it, °j ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ¢Á·ûªhç Å®Ωnç. Ç¢Á’ Å©-Æœ-§Ú®· éπ∞¡-ûª°œp Ííô’x îª÷úøôç. going. Bye. and now you don't seem to be happy. éπE°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ç¢Á’ a) The hope that her husband, though missing, (Å™«Í í ÇPü∆l ç . ØË † ’ °æúø’-ûª’†o v¨¡´’ is still alive keeps her going = ûª† ¶µº®Ωh ûª°œp-§Ú(ÅC ´îËa´®Ωèπÿ ü∆E ¢Áçô°æú≈f¢˛, B®√ ÅC ¢Á∞¡-û√-Eçéπ. ¶„j.) Ç¢Á’ O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç ®·Ø√, Éçé¬ •AÍé ÖØ√o-úø†o Ǩ¡ Ç¢Á’†’ @Nç-îËô’x ´*a† ûª®√yûª Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Ö†oô’x Now look at the following îª÷°æ¤-ûÓçC. (Is îËÆæ’hçC/ Ç Ç¨¡ ´™‰x Éçé¬ Ç¢Á’ •A-èπ◊çC. ™‰´¤.) (v°æ¢Á÷-≠æØ˛ ûª®√yûª Ø√ éÌûªh £æ«Ùü∆™E äAh∞¡Ÿx Ø√ O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°œÆæ’h-Ø√o®·. Ø√ °æE È®çúÕç-ûª-™„jçC. Ç°∂‘Æˇ -†’ç-* Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´Ææ’hØ√o.)

Chandan: For one thing, the work is heavy and tiring and for another I am unable to catch up with the new technology. Spending hours getting used to it.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

phrasal verbs from the dialogue above.

telling on).

459

b) Assured supply of milk from the villages around keeps the milk products factory going =

It's not wor th the candle

(äéπ-õ‰¢Á÷ °æE î√™« áèπ◊\´. Å©-Ææô éπL-TçîË-≤ÚhçC; È®çúÓC Ñ éÌûªh õ„é¬o-©-@éÀ Å©¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. ü∆EéÀ Å©-¢√-ô’-°æúË Phrasal verbs Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ í∫çô© éÌDl Æ洒ߪ’ç OöÀ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’ç-ö«®·. ¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ verb. Å®·ûË Ç verb °æúø’-ûÓçC..) ´÷´‚©’ Å®√n-EéÀ Ñ éπ©-®·-éπ™ Ö†o°æpöÀ Midhun: Didn't you foresee all this before you ü∆Eéà Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúøü¿’. ÉN English wanted the promotion. %-¶µ«-≠æí¬ Ö†o ¢√∞¡xÍé ûÁ©’≤ƒh®·. (v°æ¢Á÷-≠æØ˛ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ É´Fo Ü£œ«ç-îª- ´÷ûª ´’†èπ ◊ èπÿú≈ Å©¢√õ„jûËØË Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ™‰ü∆ †’´¤y?) É°æ¤púø’ É™«çöÀN éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. Chandan: I did of course, but couldn't understand that this would be as difficult as this. Moreover I had a fear that if I didn't take the promotion, I might be edged out by the new boss.

(ûÁ©’Ææ’ Ø√èπ◊, Å®·ûË Éçûª éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ÅçûËé¬-èπ◊çú≈, v°æ¢Á÷-≠æØ˛ BÆæ’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË ´÷ éÌûªh ¶«Æˇ ††’o •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ûÓÊÆ v°æ´÷ü¿ç Öçü¿E èπÿú≈ ¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈f†’.) Midhun: Atleast is the increase in pay worth the trouble?

(éπFÆæç F @ûªç™ °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© F éπ≥ƒd-EéÀ ûªí∫_ô’d Öçü∆?)

-v°æ-¨¡o: When we are born, we cry and others laugh. We should try to live in such a way that when we die, others should cry and we should laugh.

Åçõ‰ tell onèπ◊ Å®Ωnç, v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æúøç ÅE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆? a) The fear of exams is telling on the little girl. She is quite nervous and tensed up =

-v°æ-¨¡o:

é¬ü¿’.)

I. What did Venu's mother tell him last night? 1) Venu's mother told you to keep your shoes polished and ready last night. 2) Venu's mother told your shoes are polished last night. 1 or 2? II. i) Venu's books and bag are keeping.

– °j È®ç-úø’ Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-™x -à-C éπÈ®é˙d?

Assured = guaranteed c) Have this bread to keep you going till lunch =

Ñ v¶„ú˛ A†’, ©çî˝ ´®Ωèπ◊ ÇéπL ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊. d) I have enough money to keep me going till I get my first salary =

Ø√ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ @ûªç ´îËa ´®Ωèπ◊ ï®Ω’-í∫’¶«ôßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω î√L-†çûª úø•’sçC. b) His quick temper is telling on his relations with 6) Not worth the candle = Åçûª v°æßÁ÷-ï-†-éπ®Ωç 1) You look run down others = <öÀéà ´÷öÀéà éÓ°æpúË ÅûªúÕ Ææy¶µ«´ç Éûªé¬ü¿’/ v¨¡´’èπ◊ ûªí∫_ °∂æLûªç. 2) The pressures of my work... are telling on me. ®Ω’-©ûÓ ÅûªúÕ Ææç•ç-üµ∆-©†’ üÁ•s-B-≤ÚhçC. a) The remuneration he got for the job was not 3) ... I am unable to catch up with the new tech- (Run down èπ◊ Éûª®Ω Å®√n©’ î√™« ÖØ√o®·. ÅN worth the candle = Åûªú≈ °æEéÀ §ÒçC† §ƒJ-ûÓnology. ûª®√yûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.) ≠œ éπç Åûªúø’ °æúøf v¨¡´’èπ◊ ûªTç-C-é¬ü¿’. 4) ... I feared to I might be edged out. Tell on, conversation™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE°œçîË b) I'm not going to try for the job. The place is too 5) It is that that keeps me going expression. O’®Ω÷ ¢√úøçúÕ. far off to be worth the candle = Ç ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ 6) It's not worth the candle (ÉC phrasal 3) To catch up with = Å´-í¬-£æ«† îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç/ ã ØË ØËç v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-¶-´-úøç-™‰ü¿’. ÅC ´’K ü¿÷®Ωç, verbé¬ü¿’. Idiom. ü∆E í∫’Jç* Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË éÌûªh N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúøôç. v¨¡ ´’èπ◊ ûªT† °∂æLûªç ™‰†ç-ûªí¬. N´Jçî√ç.) a) Though trained, it will take some time for the Å®·ûË, not worth the candle ¢√úø’éπ véπ´’çí¬ ûªT_1) To look run down/ appear run down = ÅLoffice staff to catch up with the use of comÆœ-§Ú®· F®Ω-Æœç-*-†ô’x éπE°œç-îªúøç puters = Péπ~ù §ÒçC†°æp-öÀéÃ, éπç°æ‹u-ô®Ωx ¢√úøéπç §Ú-ûÓçC. Å´-Ææ-®√Eo •öÀd Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªçúÕ. í∫’Jç* Å´-í¬-£æ«† §Òçü¿-ú≈-EéÀ/ Å©-¢√-ô’°æúøö«-EéÀ To be run down = F®Ω-Æ œç* Öçúøôç Ç°∂‘Æˇ Æœ•sç-CéÀ éÌçûª-é¬©ç °æúø’-ûª’çC. a) Though he has recovered from Jaundice, he M.SURESAN

ii) Venu's books and bag is keep. - Which is correct?

-ï-¢√-•’:

- B. Hanumantha Rao, Macherla

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) A good friend is one who helps us in problems. ii) A good friend is a help us with problems - What is correct answer in these lines? II. A house is a place to live in, which protects us heat, cold and rain. Which

II. i) Venu's books and bag are keeping. ii) Venu's books and bag is keep.

¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’.

-Ñ È®ç-úø’ -

it

¢√úÌî√a?

-ï-¢√-•’:

of

ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC? –B. Hanumantha Rao, Macherla

I. i) A Good friend is one who helps with problems. correct. II.

ÉC ¢√úÌa. Å®·ûË

-v°æ-¨¡o:

sentence A house is a place to live in, and it protects us from heat, cold and rain.

éÌClí¬ ´÷®√aL. É™«:

III. i) What are climbers?

ÅØËC

éπü∆? 鬕öÀd are climbers ÅØË

of water =

F∞¡x ßÁ·éπ\

1. I am getting used to marriage. 2. As many as 500 people attended the function

-–-O-öÀ-éÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ§ƒô’ Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. - MV Subramanyam, Chillakuru

1) Am getting used to = Be used/ get used to =

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®é˙d? IV. Liquid is solid form of water?

Ééπ\úø

Åçö«ç. IV. of = ßÁ·éπ\;

-ï-¢√-•’:

ii) What is climbers?

*´®Ω ®√ü¿’.

-Éç-ü¿’-™ -ûª°æ¤p-©’ -äéπöÀ: ûª®√yûª á´JûÓ îÁ°œpç-ü¿-ØËC ûÁL-ߪ÷L éπü∆?; È®çúø’: Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ your shoes ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC, his ÅE éπü∆ ®√¢√L?; ´‚úø’: last night (past éπü∆?) ņo°æ¤púø’ shoes are ®√ü¿’, shoes were polished ´Ææ’hçC. Å´¤Ø√?

≤ƒn†ç™

III. i) What are climbers?

told him last night to keep his (your) shoes polished and ready. Last night

2) Venu's mother told your shoes are polished last night. told

Climbers, plural

I. Who is a good friend?

I. What did Venu's mother tell him last night?

(¢Ëù’ -¢√-∞¡x Å´’t ÅûªúÕûÓ ®√vA àç îÁ°œpçC?) DEéÀ – °j ¢√é¬u™x àüÁjØ√ ûª°æ¤p Öçü∆? O’®Ω’ É*a† answers È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àD ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. 1) What did Venu's mother tell him? ņo v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, N´Jç-îªçúÕ. Venu's mother told him ÅE ®√¢√L éπü∆, told - Sudha, Pavani, Veeravasaram (W.G.Dist) you ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? 鬕öÀd ÅC, Venu's mother -ï-¢√-•’: Ç ¢√éπuç É™« Öçú≈L. When we are born, we cry and others laugh. We should try to live in such a way that when we die, others cry and we laugh. (other should cry and we should laugh

°æK-éπ~© ¶µºßª’ç Ç *†o°œ-©x™ éπE°œ-≤ÚhçC/ v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æ¤ûÓçC. Ç¢Á’ éπçí¬-®Ω’í¬, Gí∫-°æ-öÀd-†-ô’xçC.

ô÷d Ö†o ví¬´÷© †’ç* E®Ωç-ûª®Ω-¢Á’i†/ éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† §ƒ© Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ ´©x Ç §ƒ© Öûªp-ûª’h© §∂ƒuéπdK éÌ≤ƒ-í∫’-ûÓçC.

correct.

Å©-¢√ô’°æúø’-ûª’Ø√o†’. Å©-¢√ô’°æúøôç/ éÌûªhü¿†ç §Ú´-úøç/ §ƒûª-•-úø-ôç. -D-E í∫’-Jç-* §ƒûª lessons™ î√-™« N´-®Ωçí¬ -É-î √aç. îª÷úøçúÕ.

2) As many as 500 people attended the function. as many as 500 impress

Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ Åçûª °ü¿l ´’çC ü∆é¬ ´î√a®Ω’! ÅE, Éûª-®Ω’Ææçêu™ – îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-úøç. ©†’ I gave him as much as Rs. 1000/- = -Å-ûª-úÕéÀ ØË-†’ ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç É´y-™‰ü¿’ 1000 -®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-©’ É-î√a-†’ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 29 -¢Ë’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Samuchitha: Hi Nirupama, can you even think of it? My walking all the 5 km last night home from the party?

(†’´yC ņ’-éÓ-ØÁjØ√ ņ’-éÓ-í∫-©¢√? Party †’ç* ÉçöÀéÀ 5 éÀ™ -O’-ô®Ω÷x ؈’ †úÕ-*-®√-´úøç?) Nirupama:

I was in the same position as well. I thought of walking home, but I didn't feel up to it. Fortunately Nikhila gave me a lift and dropped me home.

(Ø√D ÅüË °æJ-ÆœnA. ÉçöÀéÀ †úÕ* ®√¢√©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬F Åçûª îËߪ’-í∫-©-†-E-°œçîª-™‰ü¿’. Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h E"© lift É*a ´÷ Éçöx †ØÌo-C-L-°-öÀdçC.)

Samuchitha: By the way, some thing very surprising. I saw Nikhila and Akhila together last evening. Are they friends again?

(ÅC-ÆæÍ®. î√™« Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. E"©, Å"© ´’Sx éπL-Ææ’çúøôç îª÷¨»†’ E†o. ´’Sx ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÊÆo£œ«ûª’-©-ߪ÷u®√?) Nirupama:

Don't you know? They have kissed and made up. They are friends like never before.

(Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆? ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’Sx äéπ-õ„j-§Úߪ÷®Ω’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ™‰†çûª ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-™„j-§Ú-ߪ÷-J-°æ¤púø’.) Samuchitha: Happy to hear that.

Samuchitha: What a bore Kumar was last night!

Nirupama:

(NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.) ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo phrasal verbs í∫’Jç* (èπ◊´÷®˝ áçûª NÆœ-Tç-î √úÓ E†o ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Phrasal verbs á°æ¤púø÷ ´’† prac®√vA!) tice °j Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçö«®·. ´’†ç áçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ He always is! He talks shop when- ´’† conversation ™ ¢√öÀE ever we meet him. He tires us with ¢√úÕûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ í∫’®Ω’hç-ö«®·. his work as a software man all the time.

(Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ NÆœ-T-≤ƒhúø’! á°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ÅûªúÕE éπLÆœØ√ ûª† ÖüÓuí∫ç í∫’JçîË ´÷ö«x-úøû√úø’. Software ´’E-≠œí¬ ûª† ņ’¶µº-¢√Lo îÁ•’ûª÷ NÆœ-T-≤ƒhúø’.)

2

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

2) talk shop =

-´’-† ´%Ah, ¢√u°æ-é¬-©†’ í∫’Jç*

b) Why do you rub him up the wrong side by rising that issue =

Ç N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúø ô ¢ Á ’ çü¿ ’ èπ ◊ , Çߪ ’ †èπ ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îª-úø-¢Á’ç-ü¿’èπ◊? a) Well, we are at a marriage. Would you stop 5) Be right on the nail = correct í¬ îÁ°æpúøç/ talking shop? Remember, not all of us are Ü£œ«ç-îªúøç, etc. doctors = ´’†ç °Rx-éÌî√aç. O’ ´%Ah ¢√u°æ-鬩 a) You are right on the nail when you say he is N≠æߪ÷©’ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Ç°æ¤-û√®√? Ééπ\-úø’†o not the man for the job = Åûªúø’ Ç °æEéÀ ûªí∫úø’ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ωç doctors é¬ç. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. (Åçõ‰ °RxéÌ*a† Éü¿l®Ω’ ņúøç™ †’´¤y î√™« correct. doctors ¢Ájü¿uç b) The newspaper was right on the nail when it wrote that the government would certainN≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x-úø’ly gag the press if only it had an opportunièπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-®Ω-†oty = Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀûË v°æ¶µº’ûªyç °ævA-éπ© ØÓ∞¡Ÿx -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 460 ´÷ô.) ØÌÍé\-Ææ’hçC ÅE Ç °ævAéπ ®√ߪ’úøç éπ*aûªçí¬ correct. ´÷ö«x-úøôç.

Would you stop talking shop?

Samuchitha: Nischaya is his exact opposite. She claims that once. She is out of office she doesn't talk about it and she is as good as her word.

(E¨¡aߪ’ èπ◊´÷®˝èπ◊ °æ‹Jh ´uA-Í®éπç. Office •ßª ’ô office N≠æ-ߪ ÷©’ ´÷ö«x-úø-†ç-ô’çC. Ç ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’dèπ◊ç-ô’çC.) Nirupama:

Yea. In fact you rub her up the wrong side if you even just refer to it.

(Å´¤†’. ÅÆæ©’ ´’†-´÷-v°æ-ÆæéÀh ûÁÊÆhØË ûª†èπ◊ éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçC.) Samuchitha: How good your relations with others are depends on how and what you talk about to them.

(Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ F Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’ ᙫ Öçö«ßª’-ØËC †’´¤y ¢√∞¡xûÓ á™« ´÷ö«x-úøû√´¤, àç ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-´-ØË-ü∆-Eo-•öÀd Öçö«®·.) Nirupama:

You are right on the nail. I agree with you there completely. The less you talk of yourself, the better, always.

(†’´¤y îÁ°œpçC correct. FûÓ Øˆ’ °æ‹Jhí¬ àéÃ-¶µº-N-Ææ’hØ√o. ´’† í∫’Jç* ´’†ç áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª ´’ç*C.)

1) ... I didn't feel up to it 2) He always talks shop whenever we meet him 3) She is as good as her word ( phrasal verb 4) In fact you rub her up the wrong way/ wrong side if you even refer to it. 5) You are right on the nail 6) They have kissed and made it up

b) We are here to enjoy the party. No talking shop please = party

†’´¤y correct. à v°æ¶µº’-ûªy´‚ §ƒ®Ω-ü¿®Ωzéπûªèπ◊ ņ’èπÿ-©ç-é¬ü¿’. Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ †’´¤y correct. transparency = §ƒ®Ω-ü¿-®Ωz-éπûª– ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒu©’/ íÓ°æuç ÉC é¬ü¿’) ™‰èπ◊çú≈ v°æï©èπ◊ ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©-°æúøç.c) If you talk shop, others find you a 6) Kiss and make it up = §ƒûª éπéπ~©÷, §Úö«x-ô©÷ bore = F ´%Ah/ ÖüÓu-í¬© N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’çõ‰ Éûª-®Ω’©èπ◊ †’´¤y bore ´’®Ω*§Ú®· ®√@-°æ-úøôç. M.SURESAN a) You expect YSR and NCB to kiss and make ÅE-°œ-≤ƒh´¤. it up! That'd never happen. = YSR, îªçvü¿3) As good as one's word = á´-È®jØ√ ņo-´÷ô ¶«•’ ®√@-°æ-úø-û√-®Ωç-ö«¢√?/ YSR, NCB ´’üµ¿u 1) Feel up to it/ feel up to something = äéπ °æE Eïç îËߪ’úøç/ ņo-´÷ô v°æ鬮Ωç †úø’--éÓ-´úøç. ÆæßÁ÷üµ¿u Öçô’ç-ü¿ç-ö«¢√? ÅC ÅÆæç-¶µº´ç. îËÊÆ ã°œéπ/ Öû√q£æ«ç Öçúøôç. a) He said he would help me and he was as b) Politics make strange bed fellows = ®√ï-éÃa) I do jog for about 4 to 5 km everyday, but good as his word= Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-†ßª÷™x N*vûª ≤ƒçí∫-û√u-™‰-®Ωp-úø-û√®·. yesterday, some how I didn't feel up to it.= Ø√oúø’, Ç ´÷ô Åûªúø’ E©-¶„-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. v°æA-®ÓV ؈’ 4, 5 éÀ.O’. jog (¢√uߪ÷-´’ç™ You can find irreconcilable foes kissing and ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Eü∆-†çí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûªhúøç) îË≤ƒh†’. é¬E b) The officer promised immediate action, but making it up = ®√@-°æ-úøE v°æûªu-®Ω’n©’ §ƒûª-éπ-éπ~©’ I doubt if she is going to as good as her E†o ´÷vûªç Ø√é¬ ã°œé𠙉éπ-§Ú®·çC. ´’®Ω-*-§Ú®· ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©-´úøç Å≤ƒ-üµ¿u-¢Ë’-O’-é¬ü¿’ word= Ç ÅCµ-é¬J ¢ÁçôØË îª®Ωu BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†çC b) Because of her age aunt Prameela didn't 1) Politics make strange bed fellows = é¬F Ç¢Á’ ûª† ´÷ô†’ E©-¶„-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’çü∆ ÅØËC feel up to visiting my sister in the hospital ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x Nçûª Nçûª ≤ƒçí∫-û√u-™‰-®Ωp-úø-û√®·. Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. and seeing her baby = 2) There is no permanent friendship or enmity (°ü¿l´ßª’Ææ’´©x v°æO’© Åûªhߪ’uèπ◊ ÇÆæ’-°æ-vAéÀ ¢ÁRx 4) Rub somebody up the wrong side/ way= in politics = éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªúøç ´÷ îÁ™„xLo, §ƒ°æ†’ îª÷ÊÆ ã°œé𠙉éπ-§Ú-®·çC.) ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x ¨»¨¡yûª ÊÆo£æ…©’, ¨¡vûª’-û√y©’ Öçúø´¤. c) You look weak. Do you feel up to walking a) Talk to him of the present day cinema and 3) Politics is the last refuge of the scoundrel = the distance? = F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Åçûª you are sure to rub him up the wrong side= FA-´÷-L†¢√∞¡x *´J ¨¡®Ωù’ (Çv¨¡ßª’ç) ®√ï-éÃü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-í∫-©¢√?/ †úÕîË ã°œéπ Öçü∆? †’´¤y Çߪ’-†ûÓ É°æpöÀ ÆœE´÷ §Úéπ-úø-©†’ í∫’Jç* ߪ÷©’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: 1) Feel up to ûª®√yûª noun é¬F ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œp-≤ƒh´¤/ Ñ ´‚úø’ English ™ famous proverbs. ...ing form é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. 2) feel up to á°æ¤púø÷ É°æpöÀ ÆœE´÷ §Úéπ-úø-©†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úøôç not ûÓ, ã°œé¬, ¨¡éÀh ™‰ü¿E îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπÿ, question Çߪ’-†èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îª-úø¢Ë’. ™†÷ ¢√úøû√ç. b) The boys finished the game at 5 =

´’†ç džç-Cç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´î√aç. ü¿ßª’-îËÆ œ ≤Òçûª/ ´%Ah N≠æ-ߪ÷© Ææçí∫A ´ü¿’l.

The car was stopped by the protesters = car car was stopped correct

Ç

Å®·CçöÀéÀ (í∫ûªç™) °œ©x©’ Çô ´·Tç-î˨»®Ω’. Q.

1. The boys - (finish) the game by five. 1. will finish, 2. will have finished, 3. finished –

-Ñ -¢√éπuç-™–

-à-C ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç

-Å-´¤-ûª’ç-C? 2. The car (stop) when the police signalled 1. was stopped, 2. stopped, 3. had stopped –

-Ñ -¢√éπuç-™–

-à-C ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç

Å-´¤-ûª’ç-C? – P. Venkateswara, Madanapalle

A.

1. a) The boys will finish the game at 5 = (future)

Å®·CçöÀéÀ °œ©x©’ Çô ´·T-≤ƒh®Ω’.

c) You are right on the nail there. No government is for transparency =

c) The boys will have finished the game by 5=

Å®·ü¿’ ™°æ-©-í¬F Å®·CçöÀ-éÀ-í¬F °œ©x©’ Çô ´·Tç-îË-Ææ’ç-ö«®Ω’. (Å°æpöÀ ™°æ© Å®·§Ú-ûª’çC)

2. The car stopped and the boys jumped out of it = car stopped correct

鬮Ω’ ÇTçC, °œ©x-©ç-ü¿’-™ç* •ßª’-öèπ◊ Èíçû√®Ω’ – Ééπ\úø ÅØËC éπü∆? The car was stopped ÅE á°æ¤p-úøç-ö«®Ω’? car ™°æ© Ö†o ¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬èπ◊çú≈ car •ßª’ô Ö†o ¢√∞¡Ÿx ü∆EéÀ Åúø’f-ûª-TL ÅC ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ éπü∆?

E®Ω-Ææ-†-é¬-®Ω’©’ †’ ÇÊ°-¨»®Ω’ – ¢√∞¡x îËûª Ç°æ-•-úÕçC. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å-´îª’a.

The car stopped when the police signalled; The car had stopped when the police signalled sentences correct.

Ñ È®çúø’

3) The Police has signalled and the car stopped = Police signal

Éî√aúø’. 鬮Ω’ ÇTçC– ÉC ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ïJ-ÍíüË. Subordinate clause Past Perfect ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùçí¬ Öçúøü¿’. The car was stopped when the police signalled = Police, signal car

É´y-í¬ØË

¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Å®√n™-ûÓ

1) The car stopped when the police signalled = Police signal car

¢Ëߪ’í¬ØË/ ¢Ëߪ’úøçûÓ ÇTçC – È®çúø÷ äÍé-≤ƒJ ïJ-í¬®·.

2) The car had stopped when the police signalled= Police signal car Car signal

Éî√aúø’. Å°æp-öÀÍé ÇTçC. Çí∫úøç ÉîËa ´·çüË ïJTç-ü¿E– Å™« ïJÍí Å´-é¬-¨»©÷ Öçö«®· éπü∆.

†’

á´®Ó Ç§ƒ®Ω’. The car stopped --- . Car signal

ÇTçC

police

É´y-í¬ØË.

The car had stopped --- . = signal car

É´y-éπÇTçC. Before, after ©’ ¢√úÕ†°æ¤púø’ ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† °æEéÀ, past perfect Åçûª °æöÀdç°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’. ´·çüË

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

c) However cleverly you may cheat, you will be found at last. 6. a) So good a man is he that all respect him. b) So cold was it that many died.

Q.

c) He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀE Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 1. a) I would rather you went by air. b) They would rather you paid them by cheque. 2. a) I move that Mr. Gupta be appointed Chairman. b) It is suggested that a ring road be built to relieve the congestion. c) We recommended that the subscription be increased to ten rupees. 3.

underline part í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. éÀçC ¢√é¬u©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. a) There was not a woman present but wept to hear such news. b) They elected Rama than whom no better boy ever went to school.

4.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©-ûÓ-Ææ£æ… ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Structure èπÿú≈ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. a) Had I not seen this with my own eyes I would not have believed it. b) Had I the wings of a bird I would fly away. c) He would be happier were he honester.

7. a) As you have made your bed so you must lie on it. b) As he has lived so will he die. c) As the twig is bent the branch will grow. - M.V.Subramaniyam, Chillakur

A.

1. Would rather= wish/ prefer

(É≠æd-°æ-úøôç) I'd rather you went by air = †’´¤y plane ™ ¢Á∞¡x-úø¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ / ¢ÁRûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.

They'd rather you paid them by cheque= cheque

†’´¤y Ø√o®Ω’

ü∆y®√ îÁLxç-î√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-

Would rather

í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL§ƒç. 2. (a), (b) and (c) ™ be appointed, be built, be increased- É´Fo should be appointed/ built/ increased èπ◊ short forms. Move (v°æA§ƒ-Cç-îªúøç), suggest (Ææ÷*ç-îªúøç), recommend (Æœ§∂ƒ®Ω’q îËߪ’úøç) OöÀ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ should clause í¬F, noun í¬F, ...ing form í¬F ´Ææ’hçC.

Åéπ\úø éπFo∞¡Ÿx °ô’d-éÓE Æ‘Y Åçô÷ ™‰ü¿’. (... not a woman but ... ÉC old fashioned- É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’) (b) Ééπ\úø no better ever went to schoolwent to school= O’ sentence Å®Ωnç= Rama éπçõ‰ íÌ°æp Nü∆uJn ™‰úø’/ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. Å™«çöÀ ®√´÷†’ ᆒo-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx. 4. a) Had I not seen= If I had not seen= ؈’ îª÷Æœ Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË (îª÷¨»†’) b) Had I the wings of a dove= Ø√Íé-í∫-†’é𠧃´¤®Ωç ™«í¬ È®éπ\©’ç-úø’çõ‰= If I had the

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

461

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

†’¢Áyçûª ûÁL-Ní¬ ¢Á÷Ææç-îË-ÆœØ√. 6. a) So good a man is he ... = He is so good a man ... =

Åûª-úÁçûª ´’ç*-¢√-úøçõ‰ ..

b) So cold was it that many died = It was so cold that many died =

c) Were he honester= If he were honester= honest comparative honester

î√™«-´’çC îªE§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’, Åçûª îªLí¬ ÖçC.

Åûªúø’ Éçûª-éπçõ‰ Eñ«-ߪ’-B-í∫-©-¢√-úÁjûË (é¬úø’). Å®·ûË èπ◊

c) He spoke in such a low tone that few could hear him=

á´Jéà NE-°œç-îª-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ íÌçûª’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-úø-ûª†’.

¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’.

M.SURESAN

7. a) As you have made your bed you must As so lie on (so you ... so as

é¬ü¿’. ´ÊÆh ®√ü¿’, ´ÊÆh ®√ü¿’)= †’´¤y F °æéπ\†’ à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ 鬕öÀd Åéπ\úË °æúø’-éÓ-¢√L. b) ᙫ •A-é¬úÓ Å™«Íí îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. c) Ö°æ-¨»ê ´çT-†çü¿’èπ◊ éÌ´’t °®Ω’-í∫’ûª’çC.

üË´ûª ´*a îÁ°œpØ√ (Åçõ‰ à °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x†÷)

happens

b) Whichever road we take we shall be too late.

Had I the wings of a dove...

Q.

ņ-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Friends with Å-ØÌî√a ? 2. Date èπ◊ Dated èπ◊ ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. àC áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L. 3. She bought a blue long ribbon. DEo ÆæJîË-ߪ’úøç ᙫ?

A.

1. Friendship with with him lasted twenty years =

1. Friendship with

- M. Eswara Rao, M. Venkatapuram

ÅØÌa. ņ-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E áéπ\ú≈ ™‰üË. My friendship Åûª-úÕûÓ Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆo£æ«ç É®Ω¢Áj à∞¡Ÿxç-úÕçC. (Åûª-úÕûÓ Ø√ ÊÆo£æ«ç É®Ω-´-ßË’u∞¡Ÿx é̆-≤ƒ-TçC) Friends with èπÿú≈ correct.

a) The minute he saw the neighbouring boy, he became friends with him. b) In just a few days, he became friends with most of the boys in the class= class

éÌCl ®ÓV-™xØË Åûªúø’ ™ î√™«´’ç-CûÓ ÊÆo£æ«ç î˨»úø’/ î√™«-´’çC ÊÆo£æ«ç §Òçü∆úø’. 2. Date= û√Kê’/ ûËD. dated= °∂晫Ø√ û√K-ê’†/ ûËD†. This letter is dated 20th May = Ñ Öûªh®Ωç May 20 ´ û√K-ê’† ®√¨»®Ω’/ Ñ Öûªh®Ωç ûËC, 20 May. 3. She bought a long blue ribbon- correct. Long, blue - ÉC ÆæÈ®j† ´®ΩÆæ. Q.

c) However cleverly you may cheat=

d) were an angel to tell me= If an angel were to tell me=

e) What would you answer did I ask such a question? a) Whatever keep calm.

؈’ E†’o Å™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o ÅúÕ-TûË/ Åúø-í∫-´’çô÷ ïJ-TûË (ÅC ï®Ωí∫ü¿’/ ؈’ E†o™« Åúø-í∫†’) 5. a) Whatever happens= à¢Á’iØ√ ÆæÍ® b) Whichever road we take= ´’†ç à ü∆J† ¢ÁRxØ√

wings of a dove

d) Were an angel to tell me such a thing of you, I would not believe it.

5.

e) Did I ask you such a question= If I asked you such a question=

3. (a)

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. 1. ņoç °ôd-´’E é¬∞«x-¢Ë∞«x °æú≈fúø’. 2. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÌçîÁç í∫®Ωyç-èπÿú≈ °æ¤ô’d-éÌ-*açC. 3. á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ A†úøç °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’çü∆, ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ü∆´÷ ÅE Åûªúø’ ņ’-éÓ-≤ƒ-í¬úø’. 4. ®Ωçí∫’ ¢Ë®·ç--éÓ-í¬ØË ÆæJ-§Úü¿’, ¶«í¬ Ç®Ω-¶„-ô’déÓ-¢√L. 5. Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø’ Nçõ‰í¬. 6. ¢√úÕ ´·îªa-ô™ ¢√úø’-Ø√oúø’. 7. ÉçÍé-´·çC? ¢√úø’ ü∆çöx ´·E-T-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’, •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ Ø√Ø√ ûªçö«©’ °æú≈fúø’. T©T™« éÌô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Çê-®Ω’èπ◊ àüÓ äéπ-™«í¬ ¶«N™ †’ç* áTJ •ßª’ô °æú≈fúø’.

Q.

1. What is the structure and meaning of following sentences? i) It appears to be some juice. ii) He swallowed some tablets to be relieved of it. iii) Good books are still to be written. 2. Which sentence is correct? Please explain about them. A. i) Do you know where is she going? ii) Do you know where she is going? B. i) I know what is the reason? ii) I know what the reason is? 3. What are the Active Voice formations (sentences) of following sentences? a) She is interested in tennis. b) We are worried about his health. c) Gandhi was born in 1869.

8. îª÷ÊÆh à´·çC? 9. ûª† Eí∫-Eí∫-™«úË -†-©x-®Ωçí∫’ éπE-°œÊÆh äô’d. 10. ¢√-úÕ éπúø’°æ¤ ´’çúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. 11. °æ®Ω’-ÈíAh éπE-°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ §ƒJ-§Ú-®·çC. 12. Å°æpöÀ †’ç* üÁߪ÷u-EéÀ, üË´¤úÕ °æúø-èπ◊çú≈ §Ú®·çC. 13. éÌçîÁç <éπöÀ °æúÕûË î√©’. 14. Ñ °æ*aéπ F Å•s ≤Ò´÷t? 15. >çéπ *éÀ\-ûËí¬! 16. ¢√úø’ *éπ\ØË ™‰ü¿’. 17. ¢√úø’ îª*a-†ô’d ä°æ¤p-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. - M. Surendra Reddy, Mallaram

A.

4. If I want to improve my communication skill, what should I do? - B. Venkata Rao, Talavaram A. 1. i) It (sub) + appears (verb) + to be (infinitive) + some juice (complement) ii) He (sub) + swallowed (verb) + some tablets (object) + to be relieved (passive infinitive) + of (prep) + it (obj of prep) iii) Good books (sub) + are (verb) + still (adverb) + to be written (passive infinitive). 2. A ii) is correct, because the sentence is not a question and so you can't have verb + subject pattern. It is a statement and the subject she comes first and then the verb 'is going' B ii) is correct for the same reason as above.

1. He begged for food

2. She developed a little conceit 3. He just wanted the eating to be over/ to be finished and get out as soon as possible. 4. It isn't just enough to get painted, you have to have it dried. 5. But he wouldn't listen 6. He is enjoying himself/ He is absorbed in his own affairs. 7. It was almost over. He was drowned; he had a hell of trouble to get out; he struggled a lot. Finally, somehow, he managed to jump out of the well. 8. What was there to see?

3. a) She is interested in tennisHere interested need not be taken as a part of the verb, but as an adjective in the form of a past participle. Interested is almost always used as an adjective and not as a past participle forming part of a passive verb. Still, the active form of the sentence can be: Tennis interests her. b) His health worries us. Here too, Worried in the sentence, 'We are worried ...', worried is an adjective (like interested) c) Gandhi was born in 1869. Born is an intransitive verb (having no object), so it has no passive voice.

9. I could swear that his shining black colour couldn't be seen. 10. He was furious. 11. She fled and disappeared. 12. Since then God and Satan (the devil) have fallen out with each other. 13. It's just enough if it gets a little dark. 14. This grass is not your property, is it? 15. The deer wouldn't be caught. 16. He hasn't been caught at all. 17. He had to agree/ He could not help agreeing/ He could not but agree.

°j ¢√é¬u-©-EoçöÀ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ûÁLÆœ†°æ¤púË ¢√öÀéÀ Ææ®Ω®·† English expressions îÁ°æp-í∫©ç. Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo•öÀd ´÷ô© Å®Ωl¥ç Öçô’çC éπü∆?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 3 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Suswara: Hi Suvidha, What's new?

digestion =

(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?) Suvidha: Nothing except that I am impatient to get back to Vizag.

2

úÁj/ úÕñ„-¨¡a-Ø˛ = @®Ωgç

Suswara: A few more weeks here and I am sure you will get used to it all. Just don't worry.

(àO’™‰´¤. á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Áj-ñ«í˚èπ◊ -A-J-T- ¢Á-Rx §Úü∆´÷ ÅE Öçúøúøç ûª°æp.)

(´’J éÌEo ¢√®√©’ ï®Ω-í∫F, ÅEoç-öÀéà ũ¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-û√´¤/ ¢√ôç-ûªô¢Ë Ææ®Ω’n-èπ◊-§ÚSuswara: So soon! Why at all? I thought you û√®·. àç Worry Å´yèπ◊. ûÌçü¿-®Ω-§ƒô’ E®Ωghad come here for good. Isn't that ߪ÷©’ BÆæ’-éÓèπ◊.) what you told me? Haste = ûÌçü¿-®Ω-§ƒô’ (Å°æ¤p-úË! ÅÆæ-™„ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? Hasty = ûÌçü¿-®Ω-§ƒ-õ„j† †’Ny-éπ\úø ÖçúÕ-§Ú-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´î√a´†’èπ◊Ø√o. Suvidha: I think I'll get adjusted too, but I can't ÅüË-éπü∆ †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ îÁ°œpçC?) bet on it. When I got the transfer on Suvidha: I did and I thought so too. But somehow I feel like getting back?

promotion, I didn't bargain for this Kind of situation. I do like this place and want to be here but my health is bothering me.

(Å´¤†’ îÁ§ƒp†’. ؈÷ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o†’. é¬F áçü¿’éÓ ¢ÁRx§Ú¢√-©-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.) Suswara: But why? Aren't your new colleagues here good to you? Anything against the office environment here? Don't you like your promotion?

(Å®·ûË áçü¿’èπ◊? Ééπ\úø F Ææ£æ…-üÓu-í∫’©’ F°æôx ÆæJí¬ ™‰®√? Ééπ\úÕ Ç°∂‘-Ææ’ ¢√û√-´®Ωùç FÍé-´’Ø√o v°æA-èπÿ-©´÷? F v°æ-¢Á÷-≠æ-Ø˛ FéÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü∆?) Suvidha: I have nothing against my colleagues here. They are bending over backwards to please me, so I can be here. They prefer me to their previous boss. I do enjoy my promotion too.

(

؈’ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊ç-ô’ç-C™‰ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o é¬E Åçûª †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. Promotion O’ü¿ •CM Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ É™«çöÀ °æJ-Æ œnA Öçô’ç-ü¿E Ü£œ«ç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Ñ Ü®Ωçõ‰ Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’ é¬F Ø√ Ç®Óí∫u¢Ë’ é¬Ææh

¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬.

- Åûªúø’ ü˨¡ç ´CL ¨»¨¡yûªçí¬ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’/ ´’Sx-®√úø’. b) Here, take this TV it's yours for good- ÉCíÓ, Ñ TV BÆæ’éÓ. ÅCçéπ FüË. a) He has left the country for good

Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√-©çõ‰ Åúø’í∫’ ÅC-î√©’.) c) The new teacher is bending/ falling/ leaning over backward to please the students = teacher

Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ¢Á’°æ¤p-§Òç-üËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç éÌûªh Nüµ∆™« v°æߪ÷-Ææ-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

4) To blame it on somebody/ something = äéπ-JE/ Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ¢Ë’ç NúÕ- äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo EçCç-îªúøç/ ûª°æ¤p-°æ-ôdúøç/ 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ §Úߪ÷ç, é¬F îª÷°œç-îªúøç. Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷vûªç a)The doctor blames his illhealth on lack of exer¢Ë’ç ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬ cise = ÅûªúÕ ÅØ√-®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢√uߪ÷´’ç NúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷-´’-†’-èπ◊ç- ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úø¢Ë’ Åçô’Ø√o®Ω’ ú≈éπd®˝. b) I blame his failure on his laziness = ÅûªúÕ 462 ô’Ø√o. ≤Ú´’-J-ûª-†¢Ë’ ÅûªúÕ ¢Áj°∂晫u-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç Åçö«†’ ؈’.

c) We have separated before, but I think it is for good this time =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Do something for good

(Ø√ Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-í∫’-©†’ ÅØ√LqçüËç ™‰ü¿’. ØËEéπ\-úø’ç-üËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ÅEo Nüµ∆™« ††’o ÆæçûÓ-≠æ°-õ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ÷Ææ °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o ¶«Æˇ éπçõ‰ ØËØË É≠ædç. Ø√ v°æ-¢Á÷-≠æ-Ø˛ èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’.)

ÇçüÓ-∞¡† éπ-L-T-≤ÚhçC.) Suswara: I'm sure you are going to get over it. You'll be all right and you're going to be here for years.

Ç ÅEo

c) He blames his poverty on everybody except his unwillingness to

(Åçõ‰, Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ¢Ë’ç NúÕ-§Ú®· workhard = Åûªúø’ ûª† Ê°ü¿J-é¬-EéÀ Åçü¿JF 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç, é¬F Ñ≤ƒJ Ç Å´-鬨¡ç îª÷°œ-≤ƒhúø’, éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úøE -ûª-† ™‰ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«) British English ™ DEo ûª-û√y-Eo ûª°æp. for good and all ÅF Åçö«®Ω’. Blame it on someone/ something = 2) Have nothing against somebody/ some thing = Have no complaints about some body/ something =

blame some body/ something for something. 5) Agree with -

DE ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’– ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îªúøç. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç, ǣ慮Ωç/ M.SURESAN Suswara: Then what else is wrong? äéπ-JE/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Å®·-≠dûæ ª/ °∂œ®√u- ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç ™«çöÀN äéπ-JéÀ °æúøôç/ suit Å´úøç. (´’Jç-ÍéçöÀ F¶«üµ¿?) ü¿’©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. a) Outside food doesn't agree with me = Outside Suvidha: I think I'd blame it on the climate. It food doesn't suit me = •ßª’öÀ ǣ慮Ωç Ø√ äçöÀéÀ a) I have nothing against the teachers- its only doesn't appear to agree with me. The Suvidha: I Hope so too. the fees that I complain about = öÃ-Ωx O’-ü¿ °æúøü¿’. food here doesn't either. (؈÷ Å-üË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o.) ¿ Ø√Íéç-™‰ü¿’. -°∂‘-V-© N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ Ø√ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç Åçû√. b) He left for home for good as the climate here (Ééπ\úÕ ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ù«Eo ûª°æ¤p-•-ö«dLq ´≤ÚhçC. ´’†ç daily life situations™ ûª®Ω’-îª’í¬ NØË phrasal b) He said he had nothing against any body. He did not agree with him = Ééπ\úÕ QûÓ-≠æg-ÆœnA Åûª-úÕéÀ Ø√èπ◊ °æúø’-ûª’-†oô’x éπ†-°æ-úøô癉ü¿’ èπÿú≈. verbs ´’J-éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ¢√öÀE ´’† conver- just blamed his fate = ûª†èπ◊ á´-J-O’ü∆ à N-üµ¿ °æúø-†ç-ü¿’-´©x Åûªúø’ ¢√∞¡x ÜÈ®Rx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Ééπ-®√úø’. Ééπ\úÕ AçúŒ Ø√èπ◊ °æúøôç ™‰ü¿’.) sation ™†÷ practise îËü∆lç. c) Does the food here agree with you?= Ééπ\úÕ ¿-¢Á’i† éÓ°æ´‚ ™‰ü¿-Ø√oúø’. NCµE Aô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Suswara: Why do you think so? ǣ慮Ωç Fèπ◊ °æúø’-ûÓçü∆? Look at the following sentences from the 3) Bend over backwards/ fall over backwards = (Å™« áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) conversation above. äéπJo ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-J-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¨¡ûª-N-üµ∆™« v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªúøç/ 6) I can't bet on it - can't bet on something = Åçûª-†-´’téπçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. Suvidha: I haven't been well for even two days 1) I thought you had come here for good. v°æߪ÷-Ææ-°æ-úøôç. ÉC î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† running since I came here. I've had some digestion problems too.

(´®Ω’-Ææí¬ È®çúø’ ®ÓV©’ èπÿú≈ ؈’ Ç®Óí∫uç-í¬-™‰†’ Ééπ\úÕ éÌ*a†°æpöÀ †’ç*. é¬Ææh Å@Jh Ææ´’-Ææu©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®·.) Two Days Running - Ééπ\úø Running èπ◊ continuously EJy-®√-´’çí¬ -Å-E èπÿ-ú≈ -Å®Ωnç.

(-O-ô-Eoç-öÀ -†’ç-* -•-ߪ’-ô °æ-úøí∫-©´-ØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC. †’´¤y ûªy®Ω™ ØË ¶«í∫’ç-ö«´¤, Ææç´-ûªq®√-©§ƒô’ Ééπ\úË Öçö«´¤.)

2) I have nothing against my collages. 3) They are bending over backwards to please me.

expression. a) Congress people bend over backwards/ fall over backwards to get the favour of the Nehru- Gandhi family =

a) 'Will Chiranjeevi's party form the next government?'

(Ñ≤ƒJ v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo *®Ωç-@N §ƒKd à®Ωp-®Ω’-Ææ’hçü∆?) ØÁv£æfi – í¬çDµ 'Well, I like the idea, but I can't bet on it.' èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-© ņ’-ví∫£æ«ç §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬çvÈíÆˇ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¨¡ûª-N- (ÅC Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. é¬F Åçûª †´’t-éπçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o.) 5) It doesn't appear to agree with me. 6) I think i'll get adjusted too, but I can't bet üµ∆™« v°æߪ÷-Ææ-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. (Ç èπ◊ô’ç•ç ņ’-ví∫£æ«ç éÓÆæç b) I'll be happy if they win, but I can't bet on it = ¢√®Ω’ üËE-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’.) on it. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÈíLÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’. é¬F Ø√éπçûª †´’téπç He had the fever for 3 days Running = °j expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç ûª®Ωîª÷ Nçô÷ b) Don't bend over backwards to please me. If ™‰ü¿’. ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ not ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. you want my help, just ask. -´‚-úø’ ®ÓV©’ EJy-®√-´’çí¬ -Å-ûª-úÕéÀ ïy®Ωç ´*açC. Öçö«ç. É´Fo èπÿú≈ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢√úË¢Ë. (††’o ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-J-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçûª v°æߪ÷-Ææ-°æ-úøèπ◊. Fèπ◊ Ø√ Running = without a break 1) Do some thing for good - Ééπ\úø for good Åçõ‰ 4) I think I'd blame it on the climate.

shall, should, will, should, can, could, may, might, not 1st form of must the verb Do, does, did not 1st form Have to, has to, had to not 1st form of the verb

Åûªúø’ fail Åߪ÷u-†E ä°æ¤p-èπ◊- The tree is bare = îÁô’d Çèπ◊™‰xéπ ¢Á÷úø’í¬ ÖçC. ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœí∫’_-°æ-ú≈fúø’. The ground is bare of grass or tress = Ç ØË©- O’ü¿ ûª®√yûª ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ 3. Bare = †í∫o-¢Á’i† = naked. Å®·ûË bare •ôd- áéπ\ú≈ °æ*a-éπ-í¬F îÁô’x-í¬F ™‰´¤. ¢√úøû√ç. ûª®√y-ûª ´ÊÆh ©ûÓ éπ°æpE ¨¡K®Ω ¶µ«í¬-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç, Bare arms = Çî√a¥-ü¿-†-™‰E -îË-ûª’©’ ´Ææ’hçC. Q. 1.I have not received any information from naked à •ôd©÷ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓE ´uéÀhE ´Jgç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Bare walls stood where once there had been a ûª®√yûª ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç. you as yet. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ not ûª®√yûª building = äéπ-°æ¤púø’ éπôdúøç Ö†o Ç îÓô ¢Á·çúÕ´Ææ ’ h ç C. She stood naked on the beach = Ç¢Á’ †í∫oçí¬ íÓ-úø©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®·.ÉD bareèπ◊, naked èπÿ ûËú≈ receive ÅE Öçú≈L éπü∆. 2. Ashamed of, ashamed to + 1st RDW ´÷vûª¢Ë’ E©-•-úÕçC. 4. go - slow = °æE Å®·-≠dç æ í¬ Eü∆-†çí¬ îËߪ’-úøç– 2. i) ashamed of, ii) ashamed for, Ashamed for ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úø û √ç. She walked barefooted / She walked in bare Ææ¢Á’tèπ◊ •ü¿’©’. iii) ashamed to do ü¿ßª’-îËÆ œ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ He was ashamed of his behaviour. feet (part of the body). The workers are on go - slow = é¬Jt-èπ◊©’ °æEE N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Ééπ \ úø ashamed of ûª ® √yûª now (behaviour) He had just a loin cloth on. The body waste Eü∆-†çí¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ûª´’ E®Ω-Ææ†/ Å®·-≠dû æ ª ´uéπhç-îË3. Bare, naked Ñ È®çúø’ °æü∆-©†’ àC áéπ\úø ®√´úøç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. upward and his legs were bare = ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ ûÁ-©°æçúÕ. Ashamed of ûª®√yûª 'ing' form èπÿ-ú≈ ®√-´-a. e.g. †úø’-´·èπ◊ ´÷vûªç àüÓ í∫’úøf--ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’, †úø’-´·-°j†, The government is going slow on the matter = 4. Go slow Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-ûÓ-§ƒô’ Å®Ωnç îÁ°æpçúÕ. was ashamed of getting up so late. é¬∞¡x-O’ü¿ •ôd-™‰x´¤. v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Åçûª Öû√q£æ«ç éπ†-•-®Ω-îªôç –K. Malyadri Reddy, Guntur She Ashamed to ûª®√yûª, Ist RDW ´Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√ ¢Á÷úø’í¬ Ö†o ü∆Eo bare Åçö«ç. ™‰ü¿’. àüÓ Eü∆-†çí¬ îË≤ÚhçC. A. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’/ ™‰ü¿’ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ not üËE Infinitive ´Ææ’hçC.He was ashamed to adjust ´·çüÁjØ√/ üËE ûª®√y--ûÁj-Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË

that he had failed =

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 5 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sambhav: These fruits aren't any good. Why did you buy them at all?

(Ñ °æçúËxç ¶«í¬-™‰´¤. †’´y-Ææ-™„ç-ü¿’-éÌ\Ø√o´¤ ¢√öÀE?)

Sambhav: This cousin of yours, Gowrav, I agree is really good. Any one will take to him at first sight.

(O’ Ñ cousin, íı®Ω¢˛ Eïçí¬ ´’ç*¢√úË. ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’Ø√o. á´È®jØ√ îª÷úø-í¬ØË Åûª-úøçõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’)

Vaibhav: The season is almost over. Good fruits are hard to come by.

(Ñ °æçúøx-鬩ç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®·-§Ú-´-*açC. ´’ç* °æçúø’x üÌ®Ω-éπúøç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC) Sambhav: We could have done without them, couldn't we? No fruit is better than bad fruit.

Vaibhav: You are right. Sambhav: OK. I have made some tea. What about the putting the cups out?

(ÆæÍ®x. ؈’ öà î˨»†’. Cups •ßª’-ôèπ◊ B≤ƒh¢√?) (ÅN ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ¶«í∫’çúËC éπü∆? îÁúÕ-§Ú- Vaibhav: Why not? (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) ®·† °æçúø’x AØË-éπçõ‰ ÅÆæ©’ A†-èπ◊çú≈ Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç daily life situations ™ Öçúøôç ¢Ë’©’ éπü∆?) ¢√úË/ NØË spoken English expressions ûÁ©’-Ææ’Vaibhav: Don't go on like that. Eat them or èπ◊çü∆ç; OöÀE ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úøü∆ç. Å°æ¤púø’ ´’† English, conversational ease (Ææ綵«-≠æù« leave them. (Å™« ´÷ö«xúøôç Ç°æ¤. Açõ‰ A†’, ≤˘©¶µºuç)ûÓ î√™« Ææ£æ«ïçí¬, simple í¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ™‰ü¿’) Now look at these expressions. Sambhav: All to the good then. I won't have 1) Hard to come by = üÌ®Ω-éπúøç éπ≠dç æ. them and I shan't fall ill.

2

a) Honest politicians are hard to come by =

(

Å®·ûË ÆæÍ®. ؈’ ¢√öÀE A††’ ï•’s °æúø†’)

Eñ«-ߪ’-B-í∫© ®√ï-éÃߪ’-Ø√-ߪ’-èπ◊©’ üÌ®Ωéπúøç éπ≠dçæ / ®√ïéÃߪ÷™x Eñ«-ߪ’-B-í∫©-¢√∞¡Ÿx Å®Ω’ü¿’.

Vaibhav: Yea. You're right. I shouldn't have bought them. I was on my way back home when I saw these fruits. I bought them without knowing that I was throwing away good money on bad fruit.

a) He made all that fuss over a few rupees =

Ç é¬Ææh úø•’sèπ◊ Åçûª ®√ü∆l¥çûªç î˨»-úø-ûªúø’

a) Talk to him of cricket and he just goes on like that for hours = cricket

Åûª-úÕûÓ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúø’. ÅçûË. Ééπ í∫çô© ûª®Ω-•úÕ ÅüË-°æEí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Öçö«úø’.

b) If I don't get back home before 9, there'll be a lot of fuss = 9

™°æ© ØËE©’x îË®Ω-éπ-§ÚûË Â°ü¿l ®√ü∆l¥çûªç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. make a fuss of = v§ƒ´·-êuç-™‰E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-O’ü¿ ÅA v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°æúøç.

b) He goes on like that, viewing the TV. There's no stopping him= TV

Åûª-úø™« îª÷Ææ÷h ÖçúÕ-§Ú-û√úø’. Åûª-úÕE Ç°æ-úø-´’çô÷ Öçúøü¿’. a) Don't make a fuss of your dog now. Mind your guests first = F èπ◊éπ\†’ í∫’Jç* Åçûª 5) All to the good = ÅD ´’ç*üË. (ïJ-ÍíC/ ïJÇü¿’®√l °æúø-éÀ-°æ¤púø’. ´·çü¿’ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ ÆæJí¬ TçC ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oC é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, ÅD ´’† ´’ç*Íé ņ-úøç)/ ÅD ´’† ´’ç*Íé/ Å™« Å´-úøç Çü¿Jç. èπÿú≈ äéπç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC. b) Mom, stop fussing,

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

about me. I'll be all

463

right in a day or two

a) He missed the train but it was all to the good because it had an accident = train train accident

Åûªúø’ Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´’ç*üË Å®·çC. Ç èπ◊ Å®·çC.

Honest politicians ar e har d to come by

(Å´¤†’. †’´y-†oC Eï¢Ë’. ¢√öÀE é̆’ç-ú≈LqçC é¬ü¿’. ØËEç-öÀéÀ AJT ´Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ñ °æçúøx†’ îª÷¨»†’. °æE-éÀ-®√E °æçúøx-O’ü¿ úø•’s ûªí∫-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ OöÀE éÌØ√o†’) Sambhav: Where were you coming from? Vaibhav: I had been to the station to see off my cousin.

(´÷ cousin †’ OúÓ\©’ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊

train station

™ áéÀ\ç* èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’)

b) Those were the days when jobs were hard to come by =

c) Computer trained people aren't hard to come by these days = Computer

Péπ~ù Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx üÌ®Ω-éπúøç Åçûª éπ≠dçæ é¬D ®ÓV™x.

Ç °æçúÁxç-ü¿’-éπçûª üµ¿®Ωí¬ ÖØ√o®·? (Ç °æçúøxèπ◊ Åçûª üµ¿®Ω áçü¿’èπ◊?) üÌ®Ω-éπúøç éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçü∆? ÉC î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç spoken English ™. O©-®·-†-°æ¤púø™«x ¢√úøü∆ç. (ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ ´’K/ ÅAí¬ ´’®√uü¿ îË≤ƒh´¤ 2) Fuss over = á´-J-°æôxØÁjØ√ ÅA v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°æúøç/ †’´¤y. Éçûª áçúø™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷ °œ©x-©-°æö«x, ÅA-ü∑¿’-©-°æö«x ´’K Çü¿-®Ωù îª÷°æúøç/ îÁ°æ¤p. Åûª-úøçûªô Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©-úø’-í∫ü∆?) ÇA-ü∑¿uçûÓ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ ÖéÀ\-J-G-éÀ\J îËߪ’úøç.

(؈-A-C∑í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅAí¬ ´’®√uü¿ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. 鬕öÀd ؈’ ¢√∞¡x†’ Åçûª ¶«í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ È®j™„-éÀ\ç* ´*a†ûªúø’, ؈’ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢ÁRûË Ø√éπEo Ææü¿’-§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ éπLpç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçûª’-™‰E v¨¡´’°æ-úø-û√úø’.)

a) I'd think twice before visiting him. He fusses over me. I feel really uncomfortable =

ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞Ï}ç-ü¿’èπ◊ äéπ-öÀéÀ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x Ç™*≤ƒh. ûª†’ ÖéÀ\J GéÀ\J îË≤ƒhúø’ (ÅAC∑ ´’®√uü¿-©ûÓ). Ø√èπ◊ é¬Ææh Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuçí¬ Öçô’çC. b) She fusses over the child too much; that's likely to spoil it =

earning much more as a TV anchor =

Ç¢Á’ ÆœFû√®Ω 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´’ç*üË Å®·çC. É°æ¤p-ú≈¢Á’ TV anchor í¬ î√™« ¶«í¬ Ææ秃-C-≤ÚhçC. 6) To see off = To send off = OúÓ\©’ îÁ°æpúøç

a) I can do without a car, because I don't move out much = car

a) He was too busy even to see his wife and children off on their holiday trip = station train

c) Living beings cannot do without oxygen = oxygen oxygen

a) Politicians take no end of trouble to stay in power =

M.SURESAN d) Why are the fruits so high priced? Are they hard to come by? =

Sambhav: You do fuss over your guests. You needn't have gone in this hot sun. He can find his way about, can't he?

Vaibhav: I fuss over my guests because they fuss over me when I am their guest. This guy that I've just seen off takes no end of trouble to make me comfortable when I visit him.

= Å´÷t, Ø√ í∫’Jç* Çü¿’-®√l-°æ-úøôç Ç°æ¤. äéπöÀ È®çúø’ ®ÓV™x ؈’ ¶«í¬ØË Öçö«†’ (¶«í∫-´¤-û√†’). 3) Do without = àü¿-®·Ø√ ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË í∫úÕ-Ê°-ߪ’úøç/ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç

ÖüÓuí¬©’ Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ üÌ®Ω-éπE ®ÓV-©N.

b) It was all to the good that she didn't make it to the screen; she is

¶µ«®√u-°œ©x©’ ÂÆ©-´¤-©èπ◊ áéπ\úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o ¢√∞¡}†’ •ßª’ô áèπ◊\´ A®Ω-í∫†’, 鬕öÀd ™ áéÀ\ç* OúÓ\©’ îÁÊ°pçûª BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ í∫úÕ-Ê°-ߪ’-í∫-©†’. èπÿú≈ ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿-ûª-úÕéÀ. b) A minister cannot do without a secretary = b) They gave him a warm send off = Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’çvA, secretary ™‰èπ◊çú≈ í∫úø-°æ-™‰úø’/ ´’çvAéÀ ǧƒu-ߪ’-ûªûÓ OúÓ\-L-î√a®Ω’. secretary î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç. 7) Take no end of trouble = áçûª v¨¡¢Á’iØ√ °æúøôç. ؈’

™‰èπ◊çú≈ v§ƒù’©’ Öçúø-™‰´¤/ v§ƒù’-©èπ◊ î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç. do with = Å´-Ææ®Ωç. a) I can do with some coffee. Any good coffee shop here? = coffee coffee shop

®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-Ø√-ߪ’-èπ◊©’ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊ áçûª v¨¡¢Á’iØ√ °æúø-û√®Ω’

b) Parents take no end of trouble to educate their children =

î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç àü¿-®·Ø√

°œ©x-©†’ îªC-Nç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªLx-ü¿çvúø’©’ áçûª v¨¡¢Á’i-Ø√-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. 8) Take to some body/ something = á´-È®j oØ√/ üËØÁj oØ√ É≠æd-°æ-úøôç/ ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îªúøç

b) She could have done with some money this morning. I didn't have any =

a) He did not take to the new job and left it in a week =

Ø√èπ◊ É°æ¤púø’. Ééπ\úø ´’ç* Öçü∆?

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ç Gúøf-°æôx Ç¢Á’ ÅA-v¨¡ü¿l¥ §Òü¿ ’ l † úø • ’s Å´Æ æ ® Ω ´ ’® ·çC. Ø√ ü¿ í ∫ _ Í ® ç ™‰éπ-§Úîª÷°æ¤-ûª’çC/ ¶«í¬ í¬®√•ç îËÆæ’hçC. ÅC Ç ®·çC. Gúøf†’ §ƒúø’-îË-ßÁ·îª’a. fuss = *†o *†o N≠æ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* áèπ◊\´ Çü¿’®√l 4) Go on like that= ÅüË üµÓ®ΩùÀí¬ àü¿-®·Ø√ îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç (Continue to do something) °æúøôç/ ®√ü∆l¥çûªç îËߪ’úøç.

éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç Åûª-úÕ-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøçûÓ, ü∆Eo ¢√®√-EÍé ´C-™‰-¨»úø’.

b) Every one took to the new actor in his first appearance =

Ç †ô’úÕ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ *vûªç/ Ø√ôéπç-ûÓØË Åçü¿®Ω÷ Åûª-úøçõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’.

Octave)

Q.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’-Ø√™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. í¬L™ °œôd†’ îª÷Æœ ´’≤ƒ™« †÷J-†ô’x. 2. à äéπ\®Ω÷ ØÓ®Ω’ ¢Á’C-°œûË äô’d. 3. 鬴÷ç-üµ¿’-úÁj† ߪ’ï-´÷E. 4. ©í∫oç Æœü¿l¥ç. ¢Á·í∫’-úø’-°-∞«}©’ üÌJ-éÀûË N°∂æ’oç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ N¢√£æ«ç ≤ƒüµ¿uç. 5. Ææ°æh-Ææy-®√© °æ©-éπ-Jçûª, £æ«%ü¿-ߪ÷© °æ¤©-éπ-Jçûª. 6. ü¿R-ûª’-©Â°j ü¿´’-†-é¬çúø.

7. •A-´÷-LØ√ °æöÀdç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’. 8. A†o ÉçöÀ ¢√≤ƒ©’ ™„éπ\-°-õ‰d-¢√úø’. 9. Ææçví¬-´’-Ææ÷p¥Jh. 10. •ü¿l-éπç™ £æ…®·, Çîª-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ØÓ-éÓE Ç™-©’ á†oúø÷ Ö†o-AéÀ ûÓúøp-úø´¤.

(éÓúÕ-°œ-©x-™«xçöÀ ¢√öÀE) ™„éπ\-°-öÀd-†ô’x. 2) Curse me if even one opened their mouth = Damned be the one that opened their mouth. 3) Lascivious

(©Æ‘-N-ߪ’Æˇ= 鬴÷ç-üµ¿’-úÁj† Åçõ‰ 鬴’çûÓ éπ∞¡Ÿx ´‚Ææ’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·† ÅE ®√éπ-§Ú-´îª’a é¬E 鬴’ç áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçúË ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC)

- K.Nagaraju, Gabbeta (Warangal dist.)

A.

O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ-†¢√-ô-Eoç-öÀéà English ™ ´’éÃ\éÀ ´’éÃ\í¬ Å®Ωnç ´îËa ¢√é¬u©’ Öçúø´¤. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´îËa ¢√é¬u©’ éÌEoç-öÀEÆæ’hØ√oç. 1) Counting the eggs before they are hatched =

í∫’úøx†’ §Òü¿-éπ\-´·çüË °æèπ~◊-©†’

land lord. 4)

proverb English Everything but the bride and the groom is set the wedding

ÆæÈ®j†

™ ™‰ü¿’.

5) The melody/ the harmony of the musical notes thrilling the heart.

6) Savagery/ Onslaught on the dalits/ atrocities on the dalits 7)

His/ my/ her etc appeals/ pleas fell on deaf ears/ He was deaf to our pleas/ appeals.

á´®Ω÷ •A-´÷-LØ√ ÅØËC îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.

8) Biting the hand that feeds =

ņoç °öÀd† îË-ûª’-©ØË éÌ®Ω-éπ-úøç. (A†o ÉçöÀ ... Ñ Ø√†’-úÕéÀ ÆæÈ®j-†-CüË)

9) The spirit of combat/ fighting spirit 10) One can never prosper if they find ease in laziness, and if their thoughts are not translated into actions.

(Ææ°æhÆæy®√©’=

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 8 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

2. what kind of person is he? what sort of person is he?

-à-C correct ?

- Rajkumar, Darsi

A. Q.

1.

éÀç-C ¢√é¬u™x à-N ÆæÈ®j-†-¢Ó, -Å®√n-©-ûÓ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. I like you so much. I like you very much.

Q.

1) Active voice

†’ç* passive voice ™éÀ áçü¿’èπ◊ ´÷®√aL? I am married ™ passive form ™ object Öç-ú≈-©-E -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. I am married to him/ her He was murdered ÉC passive éπü∆. DE™ object -à-N’-öÀ?2) Mind, enjoy, practise, be used to etc. ™«çöÀ °æü∆©-´·ç-ü¿’ noun/ infinitive ®√-¢√-©-Ø√o®Ω’. -¢Ë-© °æ-ü∆-©’ -Öçö«®·éπü∆! ¢√öÀ-ØÁ™« í∫’Jhç-î√-L? eg: He enjoys taking long walks. 3) Phrase openings, Accepted phrases

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù©’ ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. 4) noun/ adv/ adj clauses Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? éÌEo Öü∆£æ«-®Ωù©’ ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. a) Can you tell me when he left? b) When he left is still a mystery. c) Do you remember the day when he left? d) How could he know the result when he left before the end? e) They invited him again even when he left once without saying good bye. Please explain the use of 'when he left' given above sentences.

1. much =

î√™«.

I like you so much (American) = I like you very much (British) sentences correct.

†’´yçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ áçûÓ É≠ædç = = †’´yçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç– È®çúø’ èπÿú≈ 2. What kind of/ sort of ...? È®çúø÷ correct. (natural) been repaired. (Municipality)

í¬ Öçô’çC. The road has Å™«Íí °æ¤®Ω/ †í∫-®Ω-§ƒ-©-éπ-ÆæçÆæn ®Óúøx†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. (ÅC ü∆E ¶«üµ¿uûª) ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËC ´·E-Æœ-§ƒ-Löà ÅE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd, The municipality maintains roads ÅE Ééπ\úø active ™ îÁ§ƒhç. DEo passive ™ îÁ°æpúøç é¬Ææh éπ%ûª-éπçí¬ Öçô’çC. (The Ææ£æ«ïç

3) Phrase openings sentence phrases. eg: In my opinion ... To tell you the truth ... Regarding that matter ... To be frank expressions

Åçõ‰

v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ (Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ¢√úË (Eïç îÁ§ƒpߪ’ç™); ©çõ‰); (Ç N≠æߪ’ç (Ö†o-ü¿’-†oô’x îÁGûË ...) í∫’Jç*...), ÅEo èπÿú≈ ´’† í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Ñ Ç™-îª-†-©†’ ´÷ô™x îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ O©’ éπLp-≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Ñ phrase openings ™ finite roads are managed by the municipality) É™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd, ´’†ç îÁÊ°pC Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ verbs èπÿú≈ ®√´îª’a. É´Fo èπÿú≈ conversation Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬, Ææp≠ædçí¬ Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ à voice ™ ™ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’, éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x ÅN Üûª°æ-ü∆-©’í¬ ´Ææ’hç-ö«®· ≤ƒüµ¿u¢Á÷, Ç voice èπÿú≈ (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ ™ ¢√úøû√ç. ÅçûËî√™«-´’çC, ´÷ö«x-úËí¬F voice ´÷®√a-©ØË ´·çü¿’, ´’Í®ç/ ÅC ÆæÍ®E•ç-üµ¿† áéπ\ú≈ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 464 é¬F/ Å´¤†÷/ Éçûªéà ... ™‰ü¿’.

Accepted phrases: Conversation/ spoken English phrase/ idioms: wishes (Have a good time, Have a nice day, A happy journey forexpressions (Never mind/ just mal May I ...?/ don't worry, I'm afraid, I have news for you expressions We had better, We'd rather, you see ..., No idea, etc. spoken English phrases. idioms

™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË OöÀ™x ™«çöÀN), í¬ ¢√úË ™«çöÀN), Éçé¬ ™«çöÀ Öçö«®·. ûª®√yûª É™«ç-öÀN ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ™ ´’†ç ÅA ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË OöÀ™x éÌEo 鬴a, éÌEo Üûª-°æü∆-©’-í¬†÷ Öçö«®·. 2) Noun/ ing form ûÓ follow ÅßË’u (Infinitive ®√èπ◊çú≈) É™«çöÀ expressions î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·, é¬F ¢Ë© °æü∆©’ ´÷vûªç ™‰´¤. 4) Clause Åçõ‰ A

C an you tell me when he left?

- A.Sudhakar, Peddamalla reddy

A.

Q.

1)

áçü¿’èπ◊ ´÷®√aL, active †’ç* passive èπ◊? ´÷®Ωa-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ´÷®√a-©E E•ç-üµ¿-Ø√-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË îÁÊ°p N≠æߪ’ç Ææ÷éπ~ tçí¬, Ææp≠ædçí¬ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊-í¬†’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd, active voice ¢√ú≈™«, passive voice ¢√ú≈™« ÅØËC ûÁ©’Ææ’hçC. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Road repair Å®·çC– Ñ ¶µ«¢√Eo English ™ active ™ ûÁ©-°æúøç éπ≠dç æ . áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ®Óúø’f JÊ°®˝ á´®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’ ÅØËC éπ*a-ûªçí¬ °∂晫-Ø√¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅE îÁ°æp-™‰ç-éπü∆. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ passive

1) In an old lesson you gave time sequence of a sentence... Time, date, month, year.. but after that you don't follow the sequence. Kindly understand the doubt and rectify it. eg) In the lesson- 'on a January evening', 'on Sunday morning', but my doubt is 'on an evening of January', on morning of Sunday'. Which one is correct?
Please explain the difference between the sentences. As the train went through the tunnel / As the train was going through the tunnel .. It became suddenly dark. - Anamika, Hyderabad A. 1) The correct sequence is Time, day, date, month and year/ Day, date, month, year and time. No connection between the sequence given above and example you want to be clear about.

group of words with a verb. Noun Clause: Noun

îËÊÆ °æE, Å™«Íí äéπ sentence èπ◊ subÅE ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’, ¢√öÀéÀ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ Å®Ωnç ject í¬ Öçúøôç, äéπ verb èπ◊/ äéπ preposition èπÿ 2) Married Ééπ\úø, I am interested in àO’ Öçúøü¿’. Å™«Íí Ñ phrase open- object í¬ Öçúøôç, äéπ clause éπ†’éπ-îËÊÆh ÅC noun cricket ™ interested ™«í∫ adjecings). Some more examples of clause. Å™«Íí äéπ clause †’ adjective í¬/ tive- Åçõ‰ äéπ í∫’ù«Eo/ ÆœnAE ûÁLÊ° phrase openings: °æü¿ç. 'be' form °æéπ\† + ed, + ied, adverb í¬ ¢√úÕûË, ÅC adjective/ adverb clause 1) How about ...?/ What about ...? + d ™«çöÀN ´*a-†çûª ´÷vû√† ¢√öÀE Å´¤-ûª’çC. à standard grammar book™ Å®·Ø√ 2) Unfortunately/ fortunately past participle ņ’-èπ◊E, ÅC verb Ñ N´-®√-©’ç-ö«®·. îª÷úøçúÕ. ÉC spoken English 3) Pity that ... (he couldn't come) ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ¶µ«Nç*, passive ņ’-éÓèπ◊ Åçûª Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç é¬ü¿’í∫ü∆? Ééπ\úø N´-Jç-‰ç. M.SURESAN 4) If don't mind ... (O’éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË) 4 a, b sentences ©™ when he left ÅØËC noun ´úøç §Ò®Ω-¶«ô’. Å®·ûË I am married to him/ her- Ééπ\úø to ûª®√yûª object ÖçC 5) It would be no use ... clause, á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«}úÓ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Sentence d (á´-JE?– Ç¢Á’†’/ Åûª-úÕE) 鬕öÀd, am married 6) The best way to.. (ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ´’ç*´÷®Ω_ç..) ™ *´-JéÀ ´·çüË ¢ÁRûË ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, sentence e ™, Ééπ\úø passive. 7) Supposing that he ... (ņ’éÓ...) goodbye îÁ°æp-èπ◊Ø√o ¢ÁRx-†-°æp-öÀéà ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, adverb He was murdered (by somebody)- Ééπ\úø by 8) According to ... clauses. Sentence c ™ the day when he left, somebody ™ somebody object. ÅC á´®Ó ûÁL9) Even if ... (Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈) adjective clause (Åûª†’ ¢ÁRx-†-®ÓV ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). ߪ’ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ´C-™‰≤ƒhç. 鬢√-©çõ‰ object îË®Ω’a-éÓ10) On the occasion (Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™) ´îª’a (by somebody ™«). é¬E ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆?

a) On a January evening= On the evening of one of the 31 days in January. The evening of which day? The speaker is not clear about it. b) On Sunday morning= On the morning of a particular Sundaythe speaker and the listener know which Sunday it is. c) On an evening in (not of) January- same meaning as on a January evening. d) On the morning of Sunday= (b) on Sunday morning- the morning of a particular Sunday- the speaker and the listener know which Sunday it is. Neither of the sentences is correct. sentence can be improved as: As the train entered the tunnel, it became suddenly dark. Suddenly implies a particular moment, so you cannot use 'went' or 'was going' here as they refer to a prolonged or continuous action.

Q.

1) Interrogative sentences wh forms helping verb Who gave it to you? ; Who did give it to you?

™

ÖØ√o,

Q.

1. Abbreviations

†’ small letters ™ ®√ßÁ·î√a? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ w.e.f., i.e., e.g., a.m., p.m., viz ™«çöÀN *†o Åéπ~®√™x éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-ö«®·. ÉN éπÈ®ÍédØ√?

®√¢√-Lqç-üËØ√? ©™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? áçü¿’èπ◊?

2) How long has he been out? How long has he gone out?

2. Mineral water, distilled water, purified water

ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†ü∆-, é¬ü∆? áçü¿’èπ◊? 4) †’¢√y-°æE îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-™‰¢√? -Å-ØË ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠æfl™ ᙫ ®√≤ƒhç? 3) Will you come or not?

- Mohan Rao, Ongole

A.

1)

'who' (wh word) questions questions helping verb

äéπ

ûÓ ´îËa

™†÷,

'what'

ûÓ ´îËa

™†÷,

®√ü¿’. Å™«Íí who came here yesterday? ™«çöÀ ™ helping verb ®√ü¿’. Å®·ûË •ü¿’©’ ¢√úÕûË– É°æ¤púø’ spoken English ™ whom ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’– Åéπ\úø ®√¢√L. Who gave it to you? correct. Who did it? questions whom who helping verb

Who (Whom) did you meet yesterday? =

†’´¤y E†o á´-JE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤? •ü¿’©’) did you give the book to? = E†o á´-J-éÀ-î√a´¤ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç? Å™«Íí What happened yesterday?/ What happened? Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ helping verb ®√ü¿’. 2) How long has he been out = Åûªúø’ áçûª-é¬-©çí¬ •ßª’-ô’-Ø√oúø’? ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç= áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·çC Åûªúø’ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢ÁRx? How long has he gone out?- This sentence is wrong. DE •ü¿’©’ How long is it since he went out?= Åûªúø’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢ÁRx áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ®·çC? ņúøç better. Who (To Whom

3) Correct 4) Can't you stop/ avoid doing it?

©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -à´’-Ø√-L?

- P. Lingam, Nagpur

A.

1.

ᙫ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a– Capitals ™Ø√/ small letters ™Ø√ ÅØËC, ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-†’ç* Ç abbreviation à letters ™ ÖçD ÅØË Ç†-¢√-®·-B-E-•öÀd Öçô’çC. ´·êuçí¬ Latin, Greek languages †’ç* ´*a† abbreviations small letters ™ Öçö«®·. a.m., p.m. British language ™ small letters; American English ™ AM, PM (Capitals) 2. Mineral= êEïç– Ö°æ¤p, Éûª®Ω saltsÉ´Fo êE-ñ«©’, É™«çöÀ êE-ñ«-©ûÓ ¨¡ŸCl¥°æ-®Ω-*† FöÀE Mineral water Åçö«ç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ DEéÀ Ê°®Ω’ ™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç °ôd-´îª’a– êEï ï©ç ÅE. Distilled water= é¬* ´*a† ÇNJE x•-®Ω-îªí¬ ´îËa ¨¡Ÿü¿l¥-ï©ç. ÉD ¨¡Ÿü¿l¥-ï-©¢Ë’. Purified water= ¨¡Ÿv¶µº-°æ-®Ω-*†/ E®Ωt-©-¢Á’i† F∞¡Ÿx– purified water, distilled water 鬴îª÷a, ™‰ü∆ mineral water 鬴a.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 12 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Third Anniversary! Dear Readers, Here is a cause for celebration for us! Today is the THIRD ANNIVERSARY of our SPOKEN ENGLISH PAGE!! This page on Spoken English started on June 12, 2005, completes its third year of publication today and is entering its fourth year. On this occasion, we share our joy with the readers who have benefited from the page and with its well wishers as well. We are extremely happy at the popularity it has enjoyed and the enthusiastic response it has evoked among the readers. We feel privileged to have been of help and encouragement to all those wishing to speak English fluently and confidently. We are glad to have guided a number of others in improving their English speaking ability. The large number of letters we receive every day from our readers requesting us to clear their

doubts shows how popular the Spoken English page is and how much interest it has generated. We do welcome the doubts of the readers. However, we regret that in spite of our best efforts, limitations of space do not let us attend to all of them promptly. The response and the interest of the readers have been very encouraging and we assure them that we will make every effort to make it still more useful for them. We welcome your suggestions for the further improvement of this page.

í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ í∫ü∆: think much of/ not think much of ÅØË simple expression ûÓ áçûª ¶µ«´ç Ææ’p¥Jç°æñ‰ßª’´îÓa– ÅC natural Spoken English èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h. 2) For that matter = Ç´÷-ô-éÌÊÆh/ Éçé¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰. ÉC ´’†ç ¢√úø-ü¿í∫_ î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† accepted phrase- ´’† Spoken English Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’d îËÆæ’hçC.

Wishing you all success in your attempts to improve your Spoken English skills. - M.Suresan

M.SURESAN

a) Money plays an important part in our elections. I strongly believe it. For that matter every Indian knows =

Ravali: We are getting the place done up. The decorators will be in soon.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

465

Ravali: How was last night's concert? Did I miss a lot?

´’† áEo-éπ™x úø•’s §ƒvûª î√™« ÖçC. ü∆Eo ؈’ †´·t-û√†’ Ç ´÷ô-éÌÊÆh Ç N≠æߪ’ç Åçü¿Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’.

Lasya: Happy to hear that, Bye.

(ÆæçûÓ≠æç, ´≤ƒh.) English conversation accepted phrases

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:

(àç ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. †’´¤y áèπ◊\¢Ëç éÓ™p-™‰ü¿’. ÅüË´’çûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’– ؈-ØËC Ææ’Æœtûª í¬†ç í∫’Jç*.) (؈™« ņúøç í∫’Jç* †’¢Ëyç ņ’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, í¬ßª’Eí¬ Ææ’Æœtûª Åçõ‰ Ø√éπç-ûª-°ü¿l ÅGµv§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿’.)

1) I never thought much of Susmitha as a singer.

Lasya: For that matter, even the accompaniments were not good. For all the publicity that the concert got, it surely was a disappointment.

3) For all the publicity the concert got, it was a disappointment.

Ravali: But her sister Vandana is different. She is really talented. The minute it is known... she is giving a concert, people make a beeline to attend it.

(é¬F ¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ ´çü¿† N≠æߪ’ç ¢Ë®Ω’. ûª†èπ◊ Eï-¢Á’i† v°æA¶µº ÖçC. Ç¢Á’ éπîËJ îËÆæ’hç-ü¿†o N≠æߪ’ç N†-í¬ØË.. v°æï©’ ´®Ω-Ææ-éπöÀd E©-•-úøû√®Ω’, Ç¢Á’ ÆæçUûªç NØËçü¿’èπ◊.) Lasya: She knows the ropes, and what her listeners want. That way Susmitha cannot hold a candle up to Vandana.

(Ææ’Æœt-ûª-éπçõ‰ ´çü¿† î√™« áèπ◊\´ practise îËÆæ’hçC. ûª† Ê°®Ω’ üÁ•s-Aç-ô’ç-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç Ææ’Æœtûª ví∫£œ«ç-îªü¿’. áçü¿’èπ◊ v¨¡´’-°æ-úøü¿’?) Lasya: By the way, why are things all over the place? What's up?

(ÅC-Ææ-Í®-é¬E àçöà ɩxçû√ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’-Ø√o®·? àçöÀ Ææçí∫A?)

ÉC èπÿú≈ O’ îËߪ’çúÕ.

2) For that matter even the accompaniments were not good.

conversation

3) for all = In spite of =

™

practise

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ.

a) For all the reputed players they had, the two teams lost all the matches

= íÌ°æp Ê°®Ω’†o Çô-í¬∞¡Ÿx Ç È®çúø’ ïôx™ Ö†o°æpöÀéà ÅN ÅEo §ÚöÙx†÷ ãúÕ§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

4) The minute she gives a concert, people make a beeline to attend it. 5) She knows the ropes.

b) For all his effort, what he got was very little =

6) ... her reputation is at stake.

Åçûª v¨¡´’-°æ-úÕ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûªúø’ §ÒçC† v°æA-°∂æ©ç î√™« ûªèπ◊\´.

1) Think much of (Past tense and PP - thought) Think a lot of

= àüÓ íÌ°æpí¬ Å†’-éÓ-´úøç=

c) For all his wealth, he isn't all that happy. His health is a matter of worry for him

a) He thinks much of/ a lot of his ability to make speeches =

= Åçûª úø•’sØ√o, Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ à癉-úø-ûªúø’. ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç ÅûªúÕE ¢√uèπ◊©-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC. b) I don't think much of his attainment as an 4) Make a beeline (something) = A†oí¬ äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ actor = †ô’-úÕí¬ Çߪ’† ≤ƒCµç-*† °∂æ’†ûª í∫’Jç* Ø√éπçûª íÌ°æp ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’ç-™‰ü¿’. †ô†™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç, Çvûª’-ûªûÓ. a) The minute the filmstar arrived in the town, Çߪ’-†-éπçûª íÌ°æp-ûª†ç Öçü¿E ؈’-éÓ-´-úøç-™‰ü¿’. Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒ-L-´y-úøç™ ûª† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç í∫’Jç* Çߪ’† î√™« íÌ°æpí¬ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.

her fans made a beeline to her hotel =

c) No one thinks much of Indian politicians' honesty =

a) Let him drive. He knows the ropes = drive drive

Åûª-úÕE îËߪ’F. Åûª-úÕéÀ ᙫ îËߪ÷™ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

b) If I were you, I wouldn't take up the job. I'm sure you don't know the ropes =

6. Being one of the finest products of wipro being it is having it is today. is

Éçü¿’™

éÀç-C ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ -á-™« -îÁ§ƒp-L? ÅûªúÕ ´ü¿l †’ç* ؈’ Fèπ◊ úø•’s É°œp-≤ƒh†’. 2. O’èπ◊ v¨¡´’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ™„çúÕ. ؈’ ûÁ°œp-≤ƒh†’ èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ. 3. Åûªúø’ úø•’s É´y-éπ-§ÚûË ØËØË Fèπ◊ úø•’s éπõ‰d-≤ƒh†’. 4. ÅûªúÕ îËûª Ç °æE îË®·-≤ƒh†’. 5. Being ûÓ future tense îÁ°æpçúÕ.1.

®√èπÿ-úøü¿’ éπü∆.

- Azamtulla, Anantapur 1. I will make him give/ pay you the money/ I'll get him to pay you the money/ I'll have him pay you the money. 2. Why trouble yourself? I'll get it for you 3. If he doesn't give you the money I'll pay it to you. 4. I'll make him do it. 5. No future tense, in fact no tense for 'being' 6.

A. Q.

b) We should not let the factory close down. Hundreds of jobs are at stake factory

=Ñ E ´‚ûª-°æ-úø-E-´y-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ´çü¿© ÖüÓu-í¬©’ §ÚßË’ v°æ´÷ü¿ç ÖçC.

c) I can't let my daughter marry that good for nothing fellow. Our family prestige is at stake =

Ø√ èπÿûª’®Ω’ Ç °æE-éÀ-®√E¢√úÕE °∞«xúøôç ؈’ ä°æ¤p-éÓ†’. Ø√ èπ◊ô’ç• °æ®Ω’´¤, v°æA≠æe §ÚßË’ v°æ´÷ü¿ç ÖçC. At stake î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE-°œç-îË-´÷ô. ´’† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™x ¢√úøü∆ç. Stake = °æçü∆™x/ Wü¿ç™ °õ‰d °æùç/ é¬ÊÆ-ô-ô’´çöÀ °æçüÁç úø•’s/ ´Ææ’h´¤; °æçüÁç é¬ßª’úøç. a) Dharmaraja staked his kingdom in the game of dice; he staked even his wife =

ûª† ®√ñ«u-ØËo-é¬éπ ûª† ¶µ«®Ωu†’ èπÿú≈ °æçüÁçí¬ Â°ö«dúø’ üµ¿®Ωt-®√V Wü¿ç™ b) The stake is Rs.100 per round = äéπ-≤ƒJ Çôèπ◊ °æçüÁç ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’.

ÆœE´÷ û√®Ω Ü∞xéÀ ´*açü¿E ûÁL-ߪ’í¬ØË ÅGµ-´÷†’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ A†oí¬ Ç¢Á’ hotel èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’.

¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊© Eñ«-ߪ’BE í∫’Jç* á´y®Ω÷ Åçûª íÌ°æpí¬ Å†’-éÓ®Ω’.

(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ᙫ §ƒú≈™ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ûª† v¨ûª™‰ç 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ó ûª†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅÆæ©’ Ææ’Æœtûªèπÿ ´çü¿†èπ◊ §ÚL-Íé-™‰ü¿’.) Ravali: Vandana practises much more than Susmitha. Susmitha doesn't realise that her reputation is at stake. Why doesn't she work hard?

v°æï-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ´®ΩÆæ-éπöÀd A†oí¬ E†’o îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? †’´yçûª íÌ°æp-¢√-úÕ¢Ëç é¬ü¿’. 5) Know the ropes = äéπ °æE ᙫ-îË-ߪ÷™ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç.

She knows the r opes

Ravali: If you don't mind my saying so, I never thought much of Susmitha as a singer.

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh, Ç °æéπ\ ¢√®·-ü∆u©÷ àO’ ¶«í¬-™‰´¤. É*a† v°æî√®ΩçûÓ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ éπîËJ î√™« E®√-¨»-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC.) accompaniments= éπîËK™x §ƒô-§ƒ-úË-¢√∞¡x °æéπ\ ÖçúË ¢√®·-ü∆u©’– ´’%ü¿çí∫ç, ûª•™« ™«çöÀN.

b) (Do) you expect people to make a beeline to see you? You are not that great =

؈’ F °æJ-Æœn-A™ Öçõ‰ Ç °æE-îË-ߪ’†’. Fé¬-°æE í∫’Jç* àO’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿E Ø√ †´’téπç. b) I didn't like the movie at all. Nor did any of show somebody the ropes = äéπ °æE ᙫ my friends for that matter = Ø√é¬ ÆœE´÷ îËߪ÷™ äéπ-JéÀ ØË®Ωpúøç ÅÆæ©’ †îªa-™‰ü¿’. Ç ´÷ô-éÌÊÆh ´÷ friends 6) At stake = àüÁjØ√ §ÚßË’/ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊ØË v°æ´÷ü¿ç á´yJéà †îªa-™‰ü¿’. Öçúøôç. c) He never touches liquor or for that matter party should win this election. The Åûªúø’ ´’ü¿uç a) The never even smokes = PM's job is at stake = Ñ áEo-éπ™ x §ƒKd ´·ô’d-éÓúø’, Éçé¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Æœí∫-È®ö¸ èπÿú≈ ûª°æpéπ Èí©-¢√L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ v°æüµ∆-†-´’çvA °æü¿-NÍé û√í∫úø’. v°æ´÷ü¿ç.

(¢Ë’ç ÉçöÀE Å©ç-éπ-Jç--éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. Å©ç-éπJç-îË-¢√®Ω’ ®√¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.)

™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË ûÁ © ’Æ æ ’ è π ◊ çô’Ø√oç éπü∆. É´Fo (E†o éπîËJ ᙫ ÖçC? ØËØË´’Ø√o î√™« ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Üûª-°æ-ü∆-©’í¬ ´Ææ’hç-ö«®·. ÉN daily life sitéÓ™p-ߪ÷Ø√?) uations ™ ¢√úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·. Lasya: Don't you worry. You didn't miss much. It ¢√öÀ™ ´’J-éÌEo É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. wasn't that good- I mean Susmitha's singing.

2

®√èπÿ-úøü¿’.

Q.

éÀçC ûÁ©’í∫’ °æü∆-©†’/ ´÷ô-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’çö«®Ω’? ñ«Bߪ’ç, †’úÕ-鬮Ωç, °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ, ¢√úø’éπ °æü¿ç, ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª, Ø√†’úÕ, FA ¢√éπuç, Ææ÷éÀh. – G. Vishal, Karimnagar A. ñ«Bߪ’ç/ †’úÕ-鬮Ωç= Idiom. °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ/ ¢√úø’éπ °æü¿ç= usage. ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª/ Ø√†’úÕ= proverb. FA-¢√éπuç/ Ææ÷éÀh= precept. Q. He has a lesson. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. Ééπ\úø has ¢√úøéπç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? – D. Sailaja, Adoni

A.

Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd– 1) ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω §ƒ®∏Ωç ÖçC 2) Åûªúø’ §ƒ®∏Ωç (í∫’ù-§ƒ®∏Ωç) ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. Has ¢√úøéπç correct.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 15 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Praful: I want to meet Pramod. Any idea where he lives.

Prasen: No body in town can hold a candle to him in that. He has taste.

(v°æ¢Á÷-ü˛†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. áéπ\-úø’çö«úÓ à´’Ø√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

(Ü®Ω’ ¢Á·ûªhç™ á´®Ω÷ Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÅûªúÕéÀ ≤ƒöÀ-®√®Ω’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’ç* ÅGµ-®Ω’* ÖçC.)

Prasen: Yea. He lives next door to Prabhat. Of course you have Prabhat's address, don't you?

(v°æ¶µ«û˝ ÉçöÀ °æéπ\ØË. Fèπ◊ v°æ¶µ«û˝ É©’x ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆.) Praful: And that reminds me. Did Prabhat get the job? You perhaps know he attended the interview for appointment to the position of a branch manager of a company?

(Ç ´÷ôçõ‰ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Prabhat èπ◊ -Ç ÖüÓuí∫ç ´*açü∆? àüÓ Company branch manager ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ interview èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-úøE Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ-†’-èπ◊çö«.) Prasen: He almost took the job but on second thoughts decided against it. His joining the company means his leaving his old parents alone here.

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ îËJ-†õ‰d Å®·uçCé¬F é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç* ´÷ØË-¨»úø’. Ç company ™ îË®Ωúøç Åçõ‰ ´ßª’Ææ’´’Rx† ûª† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©E äçô-Jí¬ ´C™‰ßª’úø¢Ë’-†E Å®Ωnç Å´-úøçûÓ ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.) Praful: He should have thought over the matter before he applied for the job.

Praful: But I'm afraid he is too busy to do our house up. He undertakes quite big jobs.

(´÷ ÉçöÀE Å©ç-éπ-JçîË BJéπ Åûª-úÕ-èπ◊ç-úøüË¢Á÷. Åûªúø’ °ü¿l °ü¿l °æ†’©’ -îË°æ-úø-û√-úø’.) Prasen: Don't worry. He will oblige you. We are all friends you know.

(àç worry Å´èπ◊. F °æE ä°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ö«-úø’™‰. ´’†ç Åçû√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©ç éπü∆?) oblige= Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç/ îËߪ’úøç

(

Eï¢Ë’. F íÌçûª’ Nçô÷çõ‰ Fèπ◊ ï©’•’ ´îËa-ô’dçC. àN’öÀ N≠æߪ’ç?)

Praful: You can say that. Don't you see my running nose? Wait a minute. I feel like blowing my nose.

(Eï¢Ë’. Ø√ é¬Í® ´·èπ◊\ éπE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿÷? Öçúø’, é¬Ææh <ü¿F.) running nose = é¬Í®´·èπ◊\ blow the nose = <ü¿úøç Prasen: By the way, why do you want to see Pramod now? Is it urgent?

°æK-éπ~©’ ÆæO’-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ éπçí¬®Ω’, ¶µºßª÷-©èπ◊ ™†-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. on second thoughts = ´’Sx Ç™-*ç-*† O’ü¿ô/ ´’J-éÌçûª Ç™- ûª®√yûª/ °æ¤†-®√-™- O’ü¿ô ´’†Ææ’ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç.

a) I'll talk the matter over with my father and take a decision/ decide =

Å™«Íí,

ã N≠æߪ’ç îªJaç-îªúøç.

´÷ Ø√†oûÓ Ç N≠æߪ’ç îªJaç* E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«/ E®Ωg-®·(Å™«Íí ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) ≤ƒh†’. 5) Coming on = ï•’s/ ¶«üµ¿©’ ™«çöÀN v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Spoken English ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œçîË phrases ´’Ja) I thought I'd buy a house, but on second 鬴úøç/ ÅßË’u Ææ÷îª-†©’ éπE-°œç-îªúøç. DØÁo°æ¤púø÷ is éÌ-Eoç-öÀ-E- -É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. thoughts I wanted to go in for a flat = coming/ are coming ®Ω÷°æç-™ ØË ¢√úøû√ç. Look at the following a) I feel I have a fever coming on = Ø√ÍéüÓ É©’x éÌçü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, expressions from the ïy®Ω ç ´îËa-ôd-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. é¬F é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç-*† conversation above: b) The indications are that a cold wave is ûª®√yûª ´’†Ææ’ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊E 1) He lives next door to coming on = îªL-í¬-©’©’ OîË Ææ÷îª-†©’ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 466 flat éÌçü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Prabhat Ø√o®·. Praful: I hope so.

2) And that reminds me

b) We shall meet him. No. On second thoughts let him come to us =

3) He almost took the job but on second thoughts decided against it

Praful: We're getting our home done up, and I want to consult Pramod about it. He is good at interior decoration you know.

(´÷ ÉçöÀE é¬Ææh Å©çéπJÆæ’hØ√oç. Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÅûªúÕE Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Å-©ç-鬮√-©†’ í∫’-Jç-* Åûª-úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆?) interior decorations = ÉçöÀ/ building ™°æL Å©ç-éπ-®Ωù If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you. gone come

Ééπ\úø •ü¿’©’ éπü∆ ¢√ú≈-LqçC. É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u©’ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’îÓôx îª÷¨»†’. Åéπ\ú≈ go ®Ω÷°æ¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈®Ω’. F ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ´≤ƒh†’, FûÓ ´≤ƒh†’, F ´ü¿lèπ◊ ´îËa-¢√-úÕE É™« áü¿’öÀ ´uéÀh ´ü¿lèπ◊, ûÓ Å†o-°æ¤púø’ go ¢√úøôç ᙫ éπÈ®èπ◊d? come ®Ω÷°æç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈L éπü∆? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. - G. Sambasiva Rao, Vijayawada

™ come ´·êuçí¬ äéπJ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ, ¢√Rxçöx/ ¢√∞¡} Ü∞x Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, ¢√R}ç-öÀéÀ/ ¢√∞¡} ÜJéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√-úø-û√ç.

6) Do something up =

Å©ç-éπ-Jç-îª-úøç/ à ´Ææ’h-´¤ç-ú≈-Lq†îÓô, Ç ´Ææ’h´¤†’ -Öç*, É©’x ™«çöÀN Ææ®Ωlôç =

a) As soon as he gets up he does his bed up =

Evü¿ ™‰*† ¢ÁçôØË °æéπ\ ÆæÍ®l-≤ƒh-úø-ûª-úø’.

b) They are doing up the hotel for tourist season = Hotel

4) He should have thought over the matter

-Å-ûª-úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡ü∆ç ´’†ç. äü¿’l™‰. é¬Ææh Ç™-*ÊÆh -Å-ûª-úË ´’† ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√´úøç ÅØËC Ø√ éÌûªh E®Ωgߪ’ç.

5) Your voice suggests you have a cold coming on

c) On second thoughts he wouldn't go to a movie =

c) The bed looks done up. Perhaps no body has slept on it =

¢Á·ü¿ô ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ´’Sx Ç™-*ç--èπ◊E/ Ç E®Ωgߪ’ç ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊E ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’.

7) Hold a candle to - Not hold a candle to not

6) We are getting our home done up

M.SURESAN

7) No body in town can hold a candle to him 1) Next door=

°æéÀ\©’x

a) He lives next door to me =

ÅûªúÕ É©’x ´÷

On second thoughts (British) = On second thought (American). expression. Practice

ÉC î√™«-´’ç-*

°æéπ\ØË/ ´÷ °æéÀ\™‰x Åûª-úÕC b) We are next door neighbours =

îËü∆lç.

¢Ë’ç °æéπ\-

Have no second thoughts about (Something) =

c) The office is next door but one to the beauty parlour = beauty parlour office.

a) I have no second thoughts about buying car that car =

°æ-éπ\† É∞¡x-¢√∞¡xç.

üËE N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ äÍé E®Ωg-ߪ’çûÓ Öçúø-ôç.

ûª®√yA É©’x

(ÅC ÆæÍ®, É°æ¤púø’ v°æ¢Á÷ü¿’†’ áçü¿’èπ◊ éπ©¢√©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? Åçûª Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?)

English

Think over the matter = Think the matter over. Talk over the matter = Talk the matter over =

Tidy up/ decorate

Prasen: That's true. Your voice suggests you have a cold coming on. What's the matter.

A.

The exams are round the corner and the students are naturally tensed up =

We ar e getting our home done up

(Åü¿çû√ job èπ◊ apply îËÊÆ-´·çü¿’ Ç™*çèπ◊E Öçú≈LqçC.)

Q.

2

ûª®√yA É™‰x Ç

2) And that reminds me =

Ç ´÷ôçõ‰ í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç´©x ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊®√´úøç.)

So elections are round the corner. That reminds me. When is Chiranjeevi announcing his party? =

Å®·ûË áEo-éπ©’ ÆæO’-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o-ߪ’-†o´÷ô. Ç ´÷ôçõ‰ í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC. *®Ωç-@N ûª† §ƒKdE á°æ¤púø’ v°æéπ-öÀ-≤ƒh®Ó? round the corner = ü¿í∫_®ΩéÌÆæ’h†o/ ÆæO’-°œ-Ææ’h†o

Ç éÌØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ç™-*çîË v°æÆæÍéh ™‰ü¿’, éÌçô’-Ø√o†’.

b) Do it at once. Have no second thoughts =

Ç °æE ¢ÁçôØË îÁ®·u. È®çúÓ Ç™- ´ü¿’l. äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç í∫’Jç* Ç™*ç-îª-úøç ¶«í¬/ BJí¬_.

4) Think over a matter =

a) What have you decided? No hurry. Think over the matter and let me know =

Q.

(á°æ¤púø’ Fèπ◊ 鬢√-LqØ√ ؈’ F ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊/ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ O’ Ü-JéÀ ´≤ƒh†’)

Í®°æ¤ ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u/ ¶«¶«®· ´Ææ’hØ√oúø’ (´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ/ ´’† ÜJéÀ) ÉçéÓîÓô Ö†o-¢√∞¡} ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, come ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’, é¬F go ¢√úøéπç áèπ◊\´. Where are you now? At college? Wait, I'll go to meet you there/ I will soon be there = college

†’¢Áy™Ø√? éπ\-úø’-Ø√o-N-°æ¤púø’? Å®·ûË Åéπ\úË Öçúø’. ØË ´Ææ’hØ√o, E†’o éπ-©’Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ûªy®Ω™ -Åéπ\-úø’çö«.

2) I am going to the station. Why don't you go with me? = station

Èé∞¡ŸhØ√o. ®√èπÿúøü¿÷?

†’

ÆæJl† °æéπ\ ÆæJl-†õ‰d ÖçC. á´®Ω÷ ü∆EO’ü¿ °æúø’-èπ◊†oô’d ™‰ü¿’.

ÅE ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. á´y®Ω÷ ≤ƒ-öÀ®√®Ω’/ àD ≤ƒöÀ- ®√-ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

a) No modern player of cricket can hold a candle to Sachin = cricket

É°æpöÀ Ææ*Ø˛Èé´y®Ω÷ ≤ƒ-öÀ™‰®Ω’.

Çô-í¬-∞¡x™

b) The sons of the great actors of the past can not hold a candle to their fathers =

í∫ûª íÌ°æp †ô’© éÌúø’-èπ◊-™„-´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡x ûªçvúø’-©èπ◊ ≤ƒöÀ®√®Ω’. Hold a candle to ûª°æp N’í∫û√ expressions ÅFo – Ñ lesson ™ N´-Jç-*† ¢√öÀ™, Spoken English ™ î√™« common. ¢√öÀE ¶«í¬ practise îËÆ œ O’ English conversation Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ.

àç E®Ωg®·çî√´¤? ûÌçü¿Í®ç ™‰ü¿’. Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç ¶«í¬ Ç™-*ç--èπ◊E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ®Ω.

I will come to you whenever you want me

My uncle is coming tomorrow =

°æ®√u-ô-èπ◊© Æ洒ߪ’ç éÓÆæç -¢√-∞«x éÌûªhí¬ éπE°œç-îËô’d îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

†’´‹y

؈’ Ø√ûÓ

3) If you had been at office then, I would have gone there for your advice = Office Office (go)

†’´y-°æ¤púø’ ™ ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, Ææ©£æ… éÓÆæç èπ◊ ´îª’aç-úËü∆Eo Å®·ûË Indian centext™ °j Ææçü¿®√s¥-©-Eoç-öÀ™ come ¢√-úø-û√ç. ÅC Åçûª acceptable é¬ü¿’.

1. Helping Verbs

í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îª í∫-©®Ω’. -à-ßË’ Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-î√-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. 2. Ææy®Ω_ç, †®Ωéπç, †®Ω-éπ-ߪ÷-ûª†– -O-öÀ-E Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -îÁ°æpç-úÕ. 3. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'í¬®Ω’— •ü¿’-©’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à-´’-Ø√L? - G. Anil Kumar, Hyderabad

A.

1. Helping Verbs 180-210

í∫’-Jç-* lessons ™ N´-Jçî√ç, îª÷úøçúÕ.

2. Heaven, hell, horrors of hell. 3.

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ í¬®Ω’ = Mister Q. Command èπ◊ order èπ◊ ûËú≈ à¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? - D.Sailaji, Adoni

A.

Command, order

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË ÅCµ-é¬-J-éπçí¬, ã ÅCµ-é¬J ûª† ÅCµ-é¬-®√Eo NE-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h ÉîËa Öûªh®Ω’y command. Command ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕÍé ÅCµ-鬮Ωç ÖçC. Order á´È®jØ√, ÅCµ-鬮Ωç ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ÉîËa Çïc 鬴a. a) The captain of a ship commands. b) The house owner ordered the servant to get out. (House owner official order command command order

èπ◊ ÅCµ-鬮Ωç ÖçúÌa. é¬F é¬ü¿’) †’ èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úÌa. é¬F †’ èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ÅEoîÓö«x ¢√úø™‰ç. ÅC

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 17 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Q.

1. Ist class to Vth Class

™E °œ©x-©èπ◊ ÊÆdñ¸Â°j† ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ´÷ö«xúÕçîË °æü¿l¥-AE ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. 2. éÀçC¢√öÀ-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 1. ¨¡Ÿ¶µº´·£æfi®Ωhç, 2. Ø√†-¶„-ôd-úøç (FöÀ™ Ø√†-¶„-ôdúøç, ´÷ô Ø√†aúøç) 3. ≤ƒí∫-D-ߪ’-úøç. - MCFG Narsing Rao, Adilabad

A.

Q.

1.

¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô *†o-°œ-©x©’, Åçõ‰ I †’ç* V class Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ ´’†ç ®ÓW ¢√úË ´Ææ’h-´¤©†’, ®ÓW îËÊÆ °æ†’-©†’ English ™ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ØËJpç-îªçúÕ. ûª®√yûª This is a book; That is a pencil- É™«çöÀ *†o *†o ¢√é¬u©’ practise îË®·ç-îªçúÕ. Is, are, am, was, were © Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ„°œp practise îË®·ç-îªçúÕ. (NCERT, CBSE course ©èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-Æœ† books Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç). ¢Á’©x-¢Á’-©xí¬ È®çúø’

1.a) I shall have completed the work. b) I should have completed the work. 2. a) I will have completed the work.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ´‚úø’ *†o *†o sentences, äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ í∫’Jç*, äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpçúÕ, îÁ°œpçîªçúÕ. Stage °j† ¢√∞¡xûÓ à N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úÕç-î√™, make a list of it. *†o *†o classes, I to III ´®Ω-éπ-®·ûË, ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ω’x, ¢√∞¡x parents' names, ¢√∞Îxç-ûª-´’çC ņo-ü¿-´·t©’, Åéπ\-îÁ-™„x∞¡Ÿx– É™«ç-öÀN ´÷ö«x-úÕç-îªçúÕ. 4th, 5th class °œ©x©ûÓ Éçé¬Ææh éπ≠d-¢ æ Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ´÷ö«x-úÕç-îª-´îª’a. ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: Stage O’ü¿ ´÷ö«x-úøôç äéπ v°æûËu-éπ-´’-®·† v°ævéÀߪ’ ÅØË ¶µ«´ç ¢√∞¡x™x éπ©-í∫-E-´y-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ¢√∞¡x†’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ English ™ØË ´÷ö«x-úø-´’-†çúÕ, ¢√∞¡x-ûÓ†÷ O’®Ω’ English ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ. 2. 1) ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-´·-£æfi®Ωhç: Auspicious time/ moments/ occasion, 2) Ø√†-¶„-ôdúøç = soak, 3) ≤ƒí∫-D-ߪ’úøç = stretch

Q.

2

1. Generally, we use the word 'QUESTION BANK'. But there will be a lot of questions in it. So, we have to use 'QUESTIONS BANK'. Why don't we use this? 2. 'QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS' 'QUESTION AND ANSWERS' Which of these is correct?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

A.

467

- N. Vishnupriya, Anantapur 1. Though a question bank has a number of questions, the word, question in question bank, as 'stamp' in stamp collection, or as

key in a keypunch, is used as an adjective, telling us something about the noun following it. What kind of bank? - A question bank. What kind of collection? - Stamp collection, etc. An adjective has no number (singular/ plural). Hence question bank is correct. 2. In the expression, questions and answers, you have a number of questions and each question has an answer - many questions and many answers. So you cannot say question and answers. You have to say, 'Questions and answers'.

The rich ar e getting richer, and the poor, poor er

b) I would have completed the work. 3. a) I can have completed the work.

Q.

b. We have had enough of it too.

4. a) I may have completed the work. b)I might have completed the work.

OöÀéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 2. a. Sorry for

5. a) I need have completed the work.

b. Wedded-too

b) I ought to have completed the work.

. OöÀ Å®√nEo, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬Eo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 3. a. üµ¿†-´çûª’úø’ á°æ¤púø÷ üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’-úø’-í¬ØË Öçö«úø’. Hü¿-¢√úø’ á°æ¤púø÷ Hü¿-¢√-úø’-í¬ØË Öçö«úø’. DEéÀ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª Öçõ‰ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. b. It is my pen, this is my pen. OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? It, this Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬Eo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

c) I must have completed the work.

°j ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. - K. Rama Krishna, Khammam

A.

1.a)

؈’ future ™ äéπ Æ洒ߪ÷-EéÀ/ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™°æ¤ Ç °æE °æ‹Jh îËÆæ’ç-ö«†’. (Not definite)

b)

Ç °æE -É°æp-öÀÍé °æ‹JhîËÆœ -Öç-ú≈-Lqç-C (é¬-F -îË-ߪ’-™‰-ü¿’). 2. a) ØËØ√-°æE future ™ ã Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ/™°æ© éπ*a-ûªçí¬ °æ‹Jh îËÆæ’ç-ö«†’ (definite) b) ØËØ√-°æE °æ‹Jh îËÊÆ-¢√úÕo (é¬-F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) (í∫ûªç™) 3. a) ØËØ√-°æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-©’-í∫’-û√†’ b) ØËØ√-°æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-™‰_-¢√-úÕØË (í∫ûªç) é¬-F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ 4. a) ØËØ√-°æE °æ‹Jh îËÆæ’ç-úÌa (É°æ¤púø’) b) ØËØ√-°æE îËÆæ’ç-úË-¢√-úÕ-ØË¢Á÷ (í∫ûªç™) 5. a) ØËØ√-°æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçúÕçC (é¬-F ؈’ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) b) Ç °æE °æ‹Jh îËÆ œ Öçú≈LqçC (ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿uûªí¬) é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ c) ØËØ√-°æE °æ‹Jh îËÊÆ Öçö«†’ (îË-≤ƒ†’) I should have done it = îËߪ÷-LqçC, îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. I ought to have done it = ÉC FAí¬/ ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬ îËߪ÷-LqçC, îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. I ought to have taken my old father to hospital =

-´-ߪ’Ææ’-´’-Rx-† Ø√†o†’ ÇÆæp-ô-™¸èπ◊ BÆæ’Èé-∞«x-LqçC, (é¬F BÆæ’Èé∞¡x-™‰ü¿’) Q. Çé˙q-°∂æ®˝f Åú≈yØ˛q f ©®Ωo®˝ úÕéπ{-†-KE -Ö-†o-C -Ö-†oô’xí¬ English to Telugu á´-È®jØ√ ®√¨»®√? ´÷È®\-ö¸™ Öçõ‰ °æ¤Ææhéπç Ê°®Ω’, ®Ωîª-®·--ûª Ê°®Ω’, üµ¿®Ω ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. – D. Seshanna, Aadoni A. á´®Ω÷ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ÅC copy right book. 鬕öÀd ü∆Eo ¢√∞Ïx v°æ-Jç-î√L. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ v°æ-Jç-îª-™‰ü¿’.

A.

1. a. My strength is the strength of 10 because my heart is pure.

b) I could have completed the work.

M.SURESAN

1. He remembers the school where he studied. relative pronoun 'where' remembers verb qualify

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ÅØËC ÅØË †’ ᙫ îËÆæ’hçC, Å®√nEo ᙫ N¨¡-D-éπ-J-Ææ’hçC?

2. Show me the house where he was where assaulted. relative pronoun was assaulted verb qualify Relative pronoun absence

ÅØË ¢√éπuç™

ÅØË

ÅØË Å®√nEo ᙫ îËÆæ’hçC? ™ ü∆E Å®Ωnç™ à ´÷®Ω’p Öçô’çC? 3. Relative Pronouns èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* Restrictive or Defining, Continuative Non-defining

°æü∆©

í∫’Jç* N´Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A.

- Chinni, Nalgonda sentence Where Relative pronoun Where pronoun relative pronoun Where sentence conjunctionphrases sentences clauses 'Where' school He studied in the school. He remembers it. sentences where He remembers the school where he studied. qualify Conjunction Relative Pronoun qualify noun

1)

Ñ

™

ÅØËC

é¬ü¿’. é¬ü¿’, 鬕öÀd, ÅÆæ-©-´yü¿’. Ñ ™ È®çúø’†’, ´÷-ô-©†’, †’, †’ éπL-Ê°-°æü¿ç. Ééπ\úø í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. ÅÆæ©’

†’

Ñ È®çúø’ ûÓ éπ©’-°æ¤û√ç–

üËEF

èπÿú≈ -üË-EF îËߪ’ü¿’. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o

îËߪ’ü¿’.

Ø√ £æ«%ü¿ßª’ç E®Ωt©-´’-´-úøç-´©x Ø√ •©ç °æC-´’çC •™«EéÀ Ææ´÷†ç. b. ÅC î√™‰x, Éçéπ Åéπ\Í®xü¿’. (àüÁjØ√ ´’†ç NÆæ’-í∫’-°æ¤-õ‰d-´-®Ωèπ◊ ņ’-¶µºWe Nç-*-†-ôx-®·ûË have had enough of it too).

e.g.: How about a movie this evening?

(ÅD î√L-†çûª Çú≈ç. ÉçéÌü¿’l) Åçõ‰– 'Nî√-J-Ææ’hØ√o ÅC ïJ-T-†çü¿’èπ◊— ÅE éπü∆?

2. a. Sorry for

b. Wedded-too= She has completed her studies and is wedded too= too=

Ç¢Á’ îªü¿’-¢Áj-§Ú-´-úø¢Ë’ èπÿú≈ é¬èπ◊çú≈ °Rx èπÿú≈ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.

3. a. The rich are getting richer, and the poor, poorer. correct. This is my pen = pen. It is my pen = pen pen

È®çúø÷

(î√L-†Eo îª÷¨»ç. ÉçéÌ-ü¿’l™‰).

í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

The school

where he studiedschool qualify/ modify

Ééπ\úø where í∫’Jç* îÁ°æ¤hçC, ÅçûË-í¬E verb †’ îËߪ’ü¿’. 2) Ñ v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ èπÿú≈ °j Ææ´÷-üµ∆†-¢Ë’. 3) Defining relatives who, which, that sentence omit sentence The man who helped you at Tirupathi is my cousin. who omit

´’†ç

Q.

ORTHODOX

A.

Orthodox =

His friend, who studies in the US, who studies met him yesterday. in the US = America sentence friend friend America additional information only sentence friend Spoken English practise defining, non-defining Spoken English

Ééπ\úø ™ îªü¿’´¤ûª’†o ÅE. é¬F Ñ ™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¶µ«´ç: ÅûªúÕ Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úøE. Ç ™ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-úø-ØËC ÅE. é¬F Ñ ™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¶µ«´ç: Åûª-úÕ Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úøE. îËÆæ’h-†o-éÌDl àC àC ÅØËC ´’†Íé ûÁ©’Ææ’hçC. ØË®Ω’aèπ◊ØË ü¿¨¡™ Ñ ûËú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç Åçûª ´·êuç é¬ü¿’.

ÉC Ø√ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†o (à í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷) Ç Ø√C.

†’ Å®Ωnç- -Ææ£æ… ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. - Kesava Rao, Vijayawada

™ îËߪ’™‰ç. ÅN ™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¶µ«í∫ç.

(Ééπ\úø îËߪ’™‰ç éπü∆? ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, á´®Ω’ Ø√ cousin? ÅØË question èπ◊ Fèπ◊ A®Ω’-°æ-A™ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÆœ† ´uéÀh ÅE ï¢√•’. ÉC Ñ sentence èπ◊ ´·êuç. Non defining relatives ûÓ ´îËa clauses sentences éπçõ‰ ´·êuç 鬴¤. Åü¿-†°æ¤ Ææ´÷-î√-®√Eo ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√öÀE ¢√úøû√ç.

Çúø-ü∆´÷?)

'We have had enough of it too'.

b.

(É¢√y∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞¡-ü∆´÷?)

chess

(Å®·ûË

'We have had enough. No more please'.

- S.Satish, Kodempaka.

Q.

'How about a game of chess, then?'

1. a.

Q.

ÆæØ√-ûª-†-¢Á’i† – î√™«-é¬©ç †’ç* ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†o (†´’t-鬩’, Ææçv°æü∆-ߪ÷©’ ™«çöÀN) v§ƒ<† Ææçv°æü∆-ߪ÷©, †´’t-鬩, @´† Nüµ∆-Ø√© °æôx íı®Ω´ç ÖçúÕ, ¢√öÀ v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’ †úø’--èπ◊-ØË-¢√®Ω’ orthodox. v§ƒ<† £œ«çü¿÷ Ææçv°æü∆-ߪ÷-©†’ Å´-©ç-GçîË ´uéÀh an orthodox Hindu. Orthodox medicine = Ææçv°æ-ü∆ߪ’ ¢Ájü¿uç. a) I need paper to write the answers to these questions (uncountable). b) I have a paper to show my right to the property (countable). a) un-countable b) countable paper paper

-Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x ™ í¬ ™ í¬ †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-®ΩE ûÁ©’-Ææ’ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖçC-éπü∆. èπ◊-ØË-üÁ™«? È®çúÕç-öÀ™

- D. Sailaja, Adoni

A.

®√ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ, print îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË paper uncountable. Paper Åçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i† °ævû√©’, certificates ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å®·ûË countable. The paper Åçõ‰ newspaper ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Ç Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ paper, countable. Q. 1. She returned quickly than I expected. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ûª°æ¤p à¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? 2. §Ò©-´÷-®Ω-ú≈-Eo (Açô’-†o-°æ¤púø’, û√í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’) ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à-´’ç--ö«®Ω’?

- Pavani, Sudha, Veeravasaram

A.

1)

؈-†’-èπ◊-†o-ü∆-E-éπØ√o ûªy®Ωí¬ AJ-T-´-*açC ÅE éπü∆ sentence Å®Ωnç? Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø ´’†ç comparative degree ¢√ú≈L éπü∆? 鬕öÀd She returned more quickly than I expected ÅØ√L. Comparative degree ™‰èπ◊çú≈ than ®√ü¿’.

2) get choked/ choke. She choked as she was eating fast =

ûªy®Ω-ûªy-®Ωí¬ A†-úøç-´©x §Ò©-´÷-JçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 19 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Likhit: What's up? You and the others were discussing something seriously.

(àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓç-C-éπ\úø? †’´¤y, N’í∫-û√-¢√∞¡Ÿx àüÓ î√™« Bv´çí¬ îªJaç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’)

Nishit: As I've said we are late. The chances are that we may get the left overs. So let's skip rice and have some snacks instead.

Nishit: That's where you are wrong. The minute you see a group of people you think they are in a serious discussion.

(؈-†oô’x ´’†ç lunch èπ◊ É°æ¤púø’ late. àüÓ Åúø’í∫’ ¶Ôúø’í∫’N AØ√Lq ´Ææ’hçC. 鬕öÀd ¶µï†ç ´C-™‰Æœ °∂æ©£æ…-®Ω-¢Ë’-´’Ø√o îËü∆lç.)

(Åéπ\úË †’´¤y §Ò®Ω-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. ´·í∫’_®Ω’ †©’-í∫’®Ω’ éπL-Ææ’ç-úøôç îª÷ÊÆh î√©’, ¢√∞ÏxüÓ îª®Ωa™ ÖØ√o-®Ω-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤) Likhit: Nothing of the sort. I sure saw you talking about something very seriously.

(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. O’Í®üÓ î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÓ-´úøç îª÷¨»-ØËo†’) Nothing of the sort = Å™«ç-öÀ-üËç-™‰ü¿’/ ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. Spoken English ™ î√™« common. Practise îËߪ’çúÕ. Nishit: Cut that out and let's go for lunch. We are a bit late, so if the what we want to eat is off the menu, we have to take what's going.

2

Likhit: Whatever you say.

(†’¢Ëyç îÁÊ°h ÅüË). Daily life situations ™ conversation ™ ´’JéÌEo î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† phrases and expressions îª÷ü∆lç Ñ lesson ™. Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) What's up?

c) Don't lord it over us. We are not your servants =

´÷O’ü¿ °ûªh†ç «®·ç-îªèπ◊. ¢Ë’ç F ÊÆ´-èπ◊©ç é¬ü¿’.

5) There's no knowing/ There's no saying=

3) We have to take what's going - What's

2) Nothing of the sort

ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç/ îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. going = What's available =

3) We have to take what's going 4) Don't lord it over me like that 5) There's no knowing when you are upset and when you are pleasant 6) I felt left out 7) We may get only the left overs

(Ééπ Ç°æ¤, ´’†ç ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿. ´’†ç éÌClí¬ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç, ´’†ç AØ√-©-†’°j´Fo èπÿú≈ ´’† Ææ綵«≠æ-ùèπ◊ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ï-û√yEo èπ◊†oC Å®·-§ÚûË Åéπ\úø àü¿’çõ‰ ÅC AØ√L.) (naturalness) É≤ƒh®·. ÉN ¢√úË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ î√™«ØË Menu (¢Á’†’u) Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆? Hotels/ Öçö«®·. O©-®·-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x/ Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†°æ¤púø™«x restaurants ™ ǣ慮Ω °æü∆-®√n© °æöÀdéπ – ¢√öÀ OöÀE ¢√úø’ûª÷ Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. °æJ-´÷ùç, üµ¿®Ω-©ûÓ. Likhit: Don't lord it over me like that. You aren't my boss, are you?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Ü®Ω-éπØË Ø√èπ◊ ÇüË-¨»©’ ñ«K-îË-ߪ’èπ◊. †’¢Ëyç Ø√ boss 鬴¤ éπü∆?)

véÀûªç-≤ƒ-J-éπçõ‰ Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷N’-úÕ-°æçúø’x î¯éπE ņ’-èπ◊çô’-Ø√o¢√? Å™«çöÀüË癉ü¿’. Ç´÷-ô-éÌÊÆh Ñ≤ƒÍ® áèπ◊\´ v°œßª’çí¬ (áèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω©’) ÖØ√o®·.

468

Nishit: Why are you so cross today? There is no telling/ knowing when you get upset and when you are pleasant.

àC üÌJ-éÀûË ÅC.

a) They couldn't get the kind of fruit they wanted. So they had to make do with what was going =

¢√∞¡x-é¬\-´-©-Æœ† ®Ωéπç °æçúø’x üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE üÌJ-éÀ-†-¢√-öÀ-ûÓØË Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-¢√Lq ´*açC. Make do with= Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´úøç– DEoç-ûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N´-®Ωçí¬ îªJaçî√ç. b) What's going now in the college is only Civil Engineering seats. The seats in other branches have been filled = college Civil Engineering seats branches seats

É°æ¤pú≈ ™ ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ èπ◊-û√®·/ ë«Sí¬ ÖØ√o®·. N’í∫û√ Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. 4) Lord it over = °ûªh†ç «®·ç-îªúøç.

üÌ®Ω’™

a) As things stand now, (there's) no knowing/ saying which party will win the next elections=

É°æpöÀ °æJ-Æœn-AE •öÀd îª÷ÊÆh ´îËa áEo-éπ™x à §ƒKd Èí©’-Ææ’hçüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’/ îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oç. b) (There's) no knowing when the inflation will come down=

vü¿¢Óu-©sùç á°æ¤púø’ ûªí∫’_-ûª’çüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. c) No knowing when this will end=

ÉüÁ-°æ¤púø’ ´·í∫’-Ææ’hçüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’. 6) Feel left out- Past tense & past participlefelt left out=

ÆæÈ®j† v§ƒ´·êuç/ í∫’Jhç°æ¤/ ´’®√uü¿ É´y-èπ◊çú≈ ´C-™‰-¨»-®ΩØË ¶µ«´ç. a) When they did not ask her to the movie she felt left out =

Don't lor d it over me like that

(àçôçûª éÓ°æçí¬ ÖØ√o-N-¢√∞¡ †’´¤y? †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ éÓ°æpúø-û√¢Ó, á°æ¤púø’ Ç£æ…xü¿çí¬ Öçö«¢Ó îÁ°æp™‰ç)

Likhit: I'm sorry I hurt you. But let me tell you this. When I saw you all talking together, I felt left out and that did upset me.

(E†’o ¶«üµ¿-°-öÀd-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Nî√-J-Ææ’hØ√o. é¬F ÉC îÁ°æpF. O’®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷ éπLÆœ ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰ ††’o O’®Ì-C-™‰-Æœ-†ô’x ÅE-°œç-*çC. ÅC Ø√èπ◊ é¬Ææh éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-*çC)

1) What up?

– àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçCéπ\úø?/ àN’öÀ

N≠æߪ’ç? a) There's a big crowd in front of the Collector's Office. What's up?= Collector

鬮√u-©ßª’ç ´·çü¿’ °ü¿l í∫’ç°æ¤çC. àN’öÀ N≠æߪ’ç? / àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC?

b) I don't know what's up, but I saw him chasing somebody=

àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçüÓ/ N≠æߪ’ç àN’ö ûÁ L ß ª ’ ü ¿ ’ í ¬F, ¢√-úÁ´-JØÓ ûª®Ω-´’úøç îª÷¨»†’. Nishit: Let me assure you again it wasn't that 2) Nothing of the sort = Å™«ç-öÀ-üËç-™‰ü¿’ serious. I don't even remember what we a) Me insulting him? Nothing of the sort = ؈’ were talking about. Åûª-úÕE Å´-´÷-Eç-îª-úø´÷? Å™«çöÀ-üËç-™‰ü¿’. (Åçûª ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç àç ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÓ´úø癉ü¿’ ¢Ë’ç. ÅÆæ™‰ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-D-í∫÷ú≈ Nothing of the sort = Nothing of the kind. ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷.) b) (Do) You think mangoes are cheaper this Likhit: OK then. Let's eat. I'm hungry.

season than in the last season? Nothing of the kind. In fact they are dearer this year =

(ÆæÍ®x. ¢ÁRx ¶µçîËü∆lç. Ø√èπ◊ Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC) Q.

ÉçTx≠ˇ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ ÆæÈ®j† °æ¤Ææhéπç îªCNûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çü∆? ™‰ü∆ Spoken English Centre èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x™«? ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. - A.M.N., Nizamabad

A.

È®çúø÷ Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’. ´’ç*

Spoken English Coaching Centre ™ îªü¿-´-úøç-ûÓ-§ƒô’, Åéπ\úø ¢√®Ω’ recommend îËÊÆ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-

éπ´‚ Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’. O’èπ◊ ÑØ√úø’ Spoken English lessons ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-†’ç* îªCN practise îËߪ’çúÕ. Íé´©ç grammar ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ´©x English ´÷ö«x-úøôç ®√ü¿’. Q.

1. You must work hard. Or you will not get good marks. 2. You must run quickly. Then only you may catch the bus. 3. She is very shy, otherwise she can enjoy parties. 4. He is lazy. He may not get good marks.

5. She had come early. So the teacher did not punish her. 6. I had no garden. So I did not grow flowers.

°j ¢√é¬u-©†’ if Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. If Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úøç-™E Eߪ’-´÷©’, E•ç-üµ¿-†-©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ENOUGH Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Å™«Íí enough Ö°æ-ßÁ÷TçîË Nüµ∆†ç N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. The fruit is ripe, she can pick it. 2. He is not very good. I can't believe him. 3. You are quite old. You can earn your bread. - P Azharuddin, Somandepalli

A.

É™«çöÀ sentences ™ if ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ¢Á·ü¿ô ¢√öÀE correct í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. If ¢√úÕ sentence ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË™« sentence ´÷®√aL. Take sentence 1 for example. Sentence 1 Å®Ωnç: †’´¤y v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈L ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ´’ç* marks ®√´¤. - Ééπ\úø if ¢√ú≈-©-†’-

a) He sits in his seat all the time lording it over his co workers, though they are his equals = seat

Ç¢Á’†’ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ ®Ω´’tE °œ©-´-éπ§Ú-´-úøçûÓ Ç¢Á’ ûª††’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-*†ô’x ņ’èπ◊çC.

b) I do feel left out if you don't mention me in your speech =

F Ö°æ-Ø√u-Ææç™ Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°æp-éπ-§ÚûË, Ø√èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† í∫’Jhç-°œ-´y-™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøû√. 7) Left overs- Åçü¿®Ω÷ A†í¬ N’T-L† ǣ慮Ω áçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ ûª† ™ èπÿ®Ω’aE ûª†ûÓ °æü∆-®√n©’. Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-í∫’-©-O’ü¿ a) The left overs at the dinners were enough to feed at least 10 adults= °ûªh†ç «-®·-Ææ’hç-ö«-úø-ûªúø’. M.SURESAN Ç Nçü¿’™ Åçü¿®Ω÷ A†í¬ N’T-L-§Ú-®·† ǣ慮Ωç ´’†¢Ë’ç °æE-îË-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈, 10 ´’çC °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. °ü∆l, *Ø√o ÅE èπÿú≈ îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ Éûª-®Ω’©†’ Çñ«cb) He grew up feeding on the left overs of his °œç-îªúøç, lord it over Åçõ‰. ÉC bad manners. b) Being the only child in the family he is pampered and lords it over even elders=

Ç èπ◊ô’ç-•ç™ äÍé °œ©x-¢√-úø-´-úøçûÓ í¬®√•ç îË≤ƒh®Ω’. ¢√úË¢Á÷ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’ èπÿú≈ Çñ«c-°œ-Ææ’hç-ö«úø’. Pamper= í¬®√•çîËߪ’úøç= spoil. Pampered child = spoilt child = í¬®√•ç ´©x îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·† Gúøf.

èπ◊çõ‰, Å™«-îË-ÊÆh-ØË-é¬F ÅØË idea ®√¢√L éπü∆? Åçõ‰ sentence †’ É™« ´÷®√aL. †’´¤y v¨¡´’-°æ-úÕ-ûËØË ´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´≤ƒh®·.= If you work hard, you will get good marks. Same applies to the second sentence- If you run quickly you may catch the bus. Sentence 3: Otherwise = or. 鬕öÀd ÉC èπÿú≈ sentence 1 ™«í¬ØË: If she is not shy she can enjoy parties. Sentence 4: Åûªúø’ ≤Ú´’J Åçü¿’-éπE ´’ç* marks ®√´¤. If °úÕûË, Åûªúø’ ≤Ú´’-J-é¬-éπ-§ÚûË ´’ç* marks ®√´îª’a. If he is not lazy, he may get good marks. Sentences 1 to 4, or, otherwise, ûÓ Ö†o sentences †’, Éûª®Ω related sentences ûÓ if ûÓ éπ©-§ƒ-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, not ™‰E sentences ™ not °ôdúøç, not Ö†o sentences ™ not BÊÆ-ߪ’-úø¢Á÷ îËߪ’-´îª’a. 5th and 6th sentences, Sentences 1 to 4 ™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, past situation †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’-éπE if ûÓ, past perfect (had been/ had +

father's master =

ûª† ûªçvúÕ ßª’ï-´÷E Éçöx N’T-L-§Ú-®·† Ç£æ…-®ΩçûÓ Åûªúø’ °J-í¬úø’. c) They fed the left overs to the poor=

û√´· A†í¬ N’T-L† Ç£æ…-®√Eo Ê°ü¿-¢√-∞¡x-èπ◊ É-îËa-¨»®Ω’. past participle) ®√¢√L. Sentence 5: If she had not come early, the teacher would have punished her (Ç¢Á’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ®√éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, teacher PéÀ~ç-îË-¢√úË = ûªy®Ωí¬ ´*açC. Teacher PéÀ~ç-îª-™‰ü¿’) 6) If I had had a garden, I would have grown flowers (Ø√Íé-ûÓô Öçúø’çõ‰, °æ‹©’ °çîË-ü∆Eo =

ûÓô-™‰ü¿’, °æ‹©’ °çîª-™‰ü¿’) II. 1) The fruit is ripe enough for her to pick it. (She can pick it, for her to pick it 鬴úøç

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) 2) He is not good enough for me to believe him. (I can not believe him •ü¿’©’ for me to believe him ®√´úøç îª÷úøçúÕ) 3) You are old enough to earn your bread (You can earn your bread •ü¿’©’ to earn your bread ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ) °j sentences enough ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, È®çúÓ sentence/ clause, to ûÓ begin ÅßË’u infinitive phrase

™

í¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 22 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ A.

2

1. A very good question. Comprise is almost the same as consist, but there is a slight difference. Comprises = include/ have some thing/ somebody as parts or members =

Q.

´Ææ’h-´¤†’/ ´uèπ◊h-©†’ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ éπLTÖçúøôç/ ¶µ«í∫ç é¬-´-úøç.

1. Comprise, Consist, Contain, I don't discriminate these three words. What is the difference among them? Please explain.

a) Maths comprises Algebra, Trigonometry, etc.= Algebra, Tringonometry,

-´÷u-ü∑˛q-™

2. Why are you nit your braid to the last? Why are you braiding your braid to the last?

¶µ«í∫çí¬ Öçö«®·. b) The cabinet comprises the Prime Minister and the other ministers = Cabinet

ïúø áçü¿’èπ◊ *´J ´®Ωèπ◊ Å©’x-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? °j ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√? ÜúÕ§Úûª’çC ÅE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 3. È®°æp-¢Ë-ߪ’èπ◊, îª÷Ææ÷hØË Öçúø’ DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 4. °æ‹ï îËÊÆ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™, ´çô îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, Æ‘Y© Å©ç-éπ-®Ωù í∫’Jç* ïJÍí Ææ綵«-≠æù -™x-E °æ-ü∆-©’ É-´yí∫-©®Ω’. - Bangaru Sarada, Eluru.

™ v°æüµ∆†-´’çvA, Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’©÷ Öçö«®Ω’. Consists of (of á°æ¤púø÷ ®√¢√L) = A fan consists of (éπLTÖçúøôç) a motor and three blades = Fan ™ ã motor, 3 blades Öçö«®· (fan ¢√öÀE éπLT Öçô’çC.) The book consists of ten pages = Ç °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ 10 Ê°@-©’-Ø√o®·. The party consists of 8 members.

Q.

1. Let me know the underlined phrase 'that' in the following sentences whether it refers to So or Because. a. The patient states that he banged his right arm hard against a door that it turned black and blues the way around. b. He states that he has not chosen to take his blood pressure medication that his blood pressure has been okay.

6. What is the difference among the phrases 'quantity, amount and degree and abundant-plenty'? In what kind of sense can these adjectives are used? Can we use all these adjectives to explain numerical and abstract expressions? 7. In how many days you are going to give lessons on pronunciation in Eenadu. I think, being humble, it had better if I know pronunciation by you at an earliest since it

2. He is noticing that his legs get tighten and tired as he is walking that he sits down and rest and he is able to get up and go again.

contain =

äéπü∆çöx ÉçéÓöÀ Öçúøôç.

a) The glass contains some milk =

í¬xÆæ’™

§ƒ©’-Ø√o®·. b) The medicine doesn't contain alcohol= alcohol 2) Why are you plaiting/ knitting your braid to the last?/ to the end? (Better) Answer: Because the plaits may fall off 3) Stare/ keep staring.

Ç

™‰ü¿’.

´’çü¿’™

make such mistakes. Or is it that you didn't hear it properly? 2. In this sentence too there are mistakes which native speakers of English/ careful users of English do not make. 1) 'is noticing' is wrong. It should be 'he notices' 2) Gets tighten should be 'gets tightened'. 3) 'As he is walking' should be, 'As he walks'. I am unable to understand what the doctor meant when he dictated the sentence. Are you sure you

4) Worship= Kneel= God) = =

éÌ©-´úøç, -Ç®√-Cµç-îª-úøç, Pray = v§ƒJnç¢Á÷éπ-J-©xúøç, Prostrate (before ≤ƒ≥ƒdçí∫ †´’-≤ƒ\®Ωç îËߪ’úøç; decorate Å©ç-éπ-Jç-îªúøç, floral= °æ‹© (flowers) èπ◊ chant= ´’çvû√-™«xç-öÀN/ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†, U-û√™«xçöÀN/ üË´¤úÕ Ê°®Ωx™«çöÀN ´Lxç-îªúøç; meditate = üµ∆uEç-îªúøç; meditation = üµ∆u†ç; bow = ûª©-´ç-îªúøç pay obeisance = NüµË-ߪ’-ûªûÓ ûª©-´ç-îªúøç. îªúøç

N≠æߪ’ç v§ƒ´·êuç éÓ™p-´-îªaE ®√ï-éÃߪ’ §ƒKd©’ ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. Ééπ\úø while éπçõ‰ As/ because ¶«í∫’ç--úË-üË¢Á÷! be slated= ņ’-èπ◊†o programme, (鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç) v°æ鬮Ωç ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’ Ææç°∂æ’-ô†. a) The match is slated for next week = ņ’èπ◊†o 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç (programme) v°æ鬮Ωç match ´îËa-¢√®Ωç ï®Ω-í∫-†’çC. b) The building was slated to be opened last month itself=

ņ’-èπ◊†o 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç v°æ鬮Ωç éÀçü¿öÀ ØÁ©-™ØË Ç éπôdúøç v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬢√LqçC.

The match is slated for next week

In this sentence the phrase that refers to what? I think it refers to So, with the meaning because, is not it? 3. You have suggested to read novels by present day writers. Can you please mention their names? 4. While Karnataka slated to go for polls in May 2008, political parties hope that the issue will be sidelined. What is the exact telugu meaning of this sentence? Here in the sentence the phrase 'slate' what does it mean? 5. Jack was on time for session and appeared some what well put together though he was dressed somewhat flamboyantly. What would be the meaning of the phrase 'well put together'?

Q.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

is a great need for me to know about it rather than knowing about it as merely improving the knowledge. 8. Either have I to read Times of India or the Hindu to improve English from the colloquial point of view.

A.

- S Mohinuddin, Kurnool. 1. (a) 'that' in the sentence means so that = as a result. b) 'that' in the sentence is wrong. 'As' or 'because' in its place would have been correct. But are you sure that the sentence was dictated by a white American native speaker of English? They don't

1. 'KANGAROO'

ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† Öî√a-®Ωù àN’öÀ? éÌçûª-´’çC 'é¬uçví∫÷— ÅE, ´’J-éÌç-ü¿®Ω’ 'é¬uçí¬®Ω÷— ÅE Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. àC ÆæÈ®j-†C? 2. The statue of liberty is at the entrance to New York harbour. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ entrance ÅØËC àN’öÀ? common noun? abstract noun? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Entrance †’ common noun í¬ á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? abstract noun í¬ á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? 3. He built a stone wall. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ stone wall ÅØËC compound word. é¬F stone (noun) ÅØËC wall (another noun) †’ modify îËÆæ’hçC. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ stone ÅØËC objective Å´¤-ûª’çü∆? - M. Anirudh, Aswapuram

A.

1. Correct pronunciation of kangaroo is

469

é¬uçí∫®Ω÷ (é¬u, cash ™ '鬗 ™«) 2. Entrance Ééπ\úø common noun. Entrance Åçõ‰ ü∆y®Ωç, ûª©’°æ¤, á´È®jØ√, àüÁjØ√ áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√ v°æ¢Ë-PçîË îÓô’ (ü¿®√yñ«/ gate/ passage, etc) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ÉC common noun. Entrance Åçõ‰ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç = àüÁjØ√ ¢√u°æ-éπç™ §ƒ™Ô_-†úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÖçC. Å°æ¤púø’ entrance abstract noun Å´¤-ûª’çC. His sudden entrance into politics surprized everyone= ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x ÅûªúÕ Åéπ-≤ƒtû˝ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç Åçü¿-JF Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-J*çC. Ééπ\úø entrance, abstract noun. 3. Stone ÅØËC adjective Å´¤-ûª’çC, stone wall ÅØË phrase ™– college student ™ college ™«, village atmosphere ™ village ™«. Å®·ûË Spoken English èπ◊ Ñ îª®Ωa Åçûªí¬ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.

Q.

heard the dictation correctly? This sentence (No2) as such doesn't make any sense. Perhaps what the doctor wanted to say was, "He notices that his legs get tightened and tired as he M.SURESAN walks and that when he sits down, and rests, he is able to get up and go again" this makes some sense, doesn't it? 3. The novels that can help you improve your spoken English skills are those by James Hadley Chase, Harold Robins, Jeffrey Archer, Robert Ludlum, Irwing Wallace, John Grishan, Sidney Sheldon, etc. Chase is the best. 4. The sentence should be, 'While Karnataka is slated to go for polls ...' = May 2008

éπ®√g-ô-éπ™ ™ áEo-éπ©’ ïJÍí v°æù«-Réπ Öçúøôç ´©x, Ñ

ûª®√yûª ´ÊÆh ÅC éπü∆. éÀçC¢√é¬u™x ÆæÈ®j-†-¢Ë¢Ó ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

1. a) I don't know who he is. b) I don't know who is he. 2. a) I don't know how many hours she sleeps. b) I don't know how many hours does she sleep. 3. a) I don't know who they are. b) I don't know who are they. The below 6 sentences are in statement structure. wh, question words (who, when, wher etc) helping verbs wrong

é¬F

ûª®√yûË ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. éπü∆? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

1. Hemanth is the man who can give the information. 2. I don't know who can go there. 3. The people who are not interested in games can go home. 4. I don't know who will go there today.

6. Quantity= amountused especially with uncountables. Quantity can sometimes be used with countables too. Amount, unlike quantity refers to a sum of money. (A large quantity of drugs/ weapons, etc. A large amount of money) Degree = extent She has intelligence of a high degree. A certain degree of skill is required to do the job. Abundant and plenty are not directly connected with 'Amount/ quantity/ degree' Abundant = large in quantity or number = plentiful. Abundant patience is required to do this kind of job. (Abundant water, money, etc = large quantities of water or money) 'Abundant' is used with uncountables. Plenty also means a large amount of or a large number of. Plenty of eggs/ milk etc. 7. It will be very soon. 8. You are perhaps right, but in the TOI the expressions/ words are too colloquial to understand.

(à ¢Ë’-

®Ωèπ◊ ÅE).

5. He is sending his boy who will fetch the bike. 6. He is out with another customer who is buying a new bike. - Anand Sekhar, Secunderabad.

'Wh' question words (why, when, where, who etc) helping question structure verbs

A.

Sentences 1 (a) (b), 2 (a), (b), 3 (a), (b) 1(a), 2(a), and 3 (a) correct. 'wh' words begin clauses statements questions 1(a)

O’J-*a†

5. Well put together= clean and tidy

1) The man who can give the information = information Information

á´-È®jûË É´y-í∫-©®Ó Ç ´’E≠œ – ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: É´y-í∫-L-T† ´’E≠œ. Å™«Íí

2) Who can go there (part of a statement) =

á´®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©®Ó – ´÷´‚©’ ©™, ûÁ©’í∫’ – ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-L-T-†-¢√®Ω’ ™‰ áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ people who are not interested in ûÓ ÅßË’u Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, ÅN 3) The games = Games ™ ÇÆæ-éÀh- ™‰-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx. ´÷vûª¢Ë’é¬F, who will go = á´®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡-û√®Ó/ 鬴¤ éπü∆? BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ– Å®Ωnç– Åûª-úÁ- 4) ... ¢Á ∞ Ï x ¢ √-∞Îx-´®Ó ´®Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Éçü¿’™ Åûª-úÁ´®Ó 5) ... his boy who will fetch the bike = ÅØËC question é¬ü¿’. 'Å-ûª-úÁ-´®Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’— ÅØË statement ™ ¶µ«í∫ç. Bike ûÁîËa ûª† èπ◊v®√-úÕE Åçü¿’-éπE ÅC subject + verb structure 6) With another customer who is buying ™ØË Öç-ô’ç-C. 'Wh' words questions a new bike= éÌûªh bike †’ éÌçô’†o / -ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç, é¬F questions ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éÌØË ÉçéÓ customer ûÓ... °j sentences ™E 'wh' clauses †’ ¢√úøç, statements ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† sentences ¢√öÀéÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω- É™« Å®Ωnç -îË-Ææ’èπ◊çõ‰ ÅN questions Å-E°œçù©’. O’ Éûª®Ω sentences ™ (II sec- ¤, statements í¬ØË éπ-E°œ≤ƒh®·. Å°æ¤púø’ tion - sentences 1 to 6 †’ É™« Å®Ωnç- subject + verb order correct Å-E°œ-Ææ’hçC. îË-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 24 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Q.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Åûªúø’ áEo-éπ™x §Úöà îËÊÆh – Åûªúø’ Èí©’-≤ƒhúø’. (ÅûªúÕ°æ¤púø’ áEo-éπ™x §ÚöÃ-îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’) É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ 'If clause'™ were (singular subject èπ◊ èπÿú≈)í¬F, III Doing word (past simple) í¬F ´Ææ’hçC, main clause ™ would/ should/ could/ might ´Ææ’hçC.

1. Tenses lessons cuss Second conditional clause

-†’ í∫’Jç* -à-ßË’ ™ disî˨»®Ó Ç -™„-Ææ-†x -ØÁç-•®Ω’x ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. †’ í∫’Jç* -2. N´Jçîª-í∫-©®Ω’.

– SriKrishna Das, Tenali A. 1. Lessons 20 onwards . 2. Second Conditional clause, Improbable present eg: If I were the CM you would be my finance minister. CM CM

(v°æÆæ’hûªç ÅÆæç-¶µº´ç)†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Å®Ωnç ؈’ É°æ¤púø’ †’ Å®·ûË (؈’ †’ Å´úøç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË– ÅC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ éπü∆?) †’´¤y Ø√ ÇJnéπ ´’çvAN Å´¤-û√´¤ (ÉD ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’).

If he contested the elections. He would win.

2

If he got a chance, he could prove his talent.

Åûª-úÕéÀ Å´-鬨¡ç ´ÊÆh– É°æ¤púø’ ®√ü¿’, Åûªúø’ ûª† v°æA-¶µº†’ ®Ω’V´¤ îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©úø’ – ÉD ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’. If she knew she would win, she might participate

Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E ûÁLÊÆh– ûÁLÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’, Ç¢Á’ §ƒ™Ô_-†-´-îËa¢Á÷. Q. Happy x unhappy Å®·ûË stop x non stop Å´¤-ûª’çC áçü¿’èπ◊?Un, non à N-üµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷- K.Nagadivya, Tatipaka Tç-î√-L? A. Happy éÀ opposite un happy, é¬F, stop éÀ opposite non stop 鬆-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Non Åçõ‰ äéπ ûÁí∫èπ◊ îÁç-ü¿-E (Åçõ‰ äéπ ûÁí∫èπ◊ îÁçC† ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬) ÅE Å®Ωnç.

Non-stop, stopping opposite, stop interesting question. Non Christians non Christians

èπ◊ (ÇÍí)

O’C

Åçõ‰ 'é¬E— ÅØË Å®Ωnç/ Éûª®Ω ÅØË Å®Ωnç. (wÈéjÆæh-´¤©’), (wÈéjÆæh-´¤©’ é¬E-¢√®Ω’ – OJ™ wÈéjÆæh´ ñ«AéÀ îÁçü¿E ¢√È®-´-È®jØ√ – Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Å¢Ìya) ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ: unchristian = wÈéjÆæh-¢√-EéÀ -N®Ω’-ü¿l¥-¢Á’i-†.

Q.

If I wer e the C.M. .. Q. 1. You are serious.

´·J-éÀ-¢√-úø-™xE @´† °æJ-Æœnûª’©’ ¶µºßª÷Eo, ÅÆæ-£æ…uEo éπL-T-≤ƒh®· – ¶µºßª’ç-éπ®Ωç. Appalling = ¶µºßª÷Eo ÅÆæ£æ…uEo éπL-TçîË.

You are being serious.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

-Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ Ö†o ûËú≈-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 2. Appalled at something. Appalling. -Ñ °æü∆© Å®Ωnç™E ûËú≈-©†’ ûÁ©°æçúÕ. 3. Afford °æü∆Eo ᙫ v°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫©®Ω’. 4. Should have, Could have, Would have Ñ °æü∆© Ææ´·-ü∆-ߪ÷Eo ¢√é¬u™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç*†°æ¤púø’ ᙫçöÀ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçüÓ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

B.C. Hostels ™ °œ©x-©èπ◊ °õ‰d AçúÕ, ¢√J-°æôx v°æ´®Ωh† ¶µºßª÷Eo, ÅÆæ-£æ…uEo éπL-T-≤ƒh®·– ¶µºßª’çéπ®Ωç. 3. Afford = àüÁj-Ø√-éÌ-†-í∫©/ §Òçü¿-í∫©/ ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îªí∫© ≤Ún´’ûª.

5. Should have been, Could have been, Would have been

a) With his income he cannot afford a car = car

- Santhi, Ongole

b) Being rich, he can afford a much better house =

The food and treatment given to boys and girls in B.C. Hostels is appalling =

à Å®√nEo ´uéπhç îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

A.

1. You are serious -

†’´¤y serious í¬ ÖØ√o´¤ É°æ¤púø’ /Öçö«´¤ (´÷´‚-©’í¬/ F Ææy¶µ«´ç ÅC 鬴a)

You are being serious =

É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y

serious

í¬ ÖØ√o´¤. ¶µºßª’ç, ÅÆæ£æ«uç §Òçü¿úøç

ÅûªúÕ Çü∆-ߪ’çûÓ Åûªúø’

2. Appalled at we are appalled at the living conditions in slums = Q. Make, get, as, ing forms

a) He should have a car because he travels a lot car =

î√™« v°æߪ÷ùç îË≤ƒhúø’ 鬕öÀd ÅûªúÕéÀ

...ing -

èπ◊ Ö†o NÆæh%û√®√n-

Öçú≈L.

îËÆæ÷h.

considering our future relations = ´’† ¶µºN≠æuû˝ Ææç•çüµ∆-©†’ ü¿%≠œd™ Öç-èπ◊E. e.g. Considering of our future relations. 2) I am confirming = ؈’ vüµ¿’´°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ – ÉC sentence 2. I am confirming èπ◊ I confirming èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? I confirming = ؈’ vüµ¿’´°æ-®Ω’Ææ÷h – ÉC sen- M. Sashidhar, Anaparthi tence é¬ü¿’. spoken English A. Make, get and as ©†’ í∫’Jç* î√™« -N°æ¤-©çí¬ Q. ÉçTx≠ˇ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ O’ Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ lessons ™ N´-Jçî√ç. lessons ûÓ§ƒ-ô’ ÉçTx≠ˇ C†-°æ-vA-éπ©’, éπü∑¿© °æ¤Ææh鬩’, °œ©x© text books îªü¿’-´¤-û√†’. Dictionary '...ing' form ÅØËéπ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. áèπ◊\-´í¬ -J°∂æ®˝ -îËÆæ’hç-ö«-†’. -Dç-ûÓ 80% Å®Ωnç Å´¤1) äéπ °æE-îËÆæ÷h/ îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ ûª’çC. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ paragraphs, letters ®√Ææ’hça) Walking down the street, he saw his ö«†’. é¬F ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰éπ§Úûª’-Ø√o†’. ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’friend = OCµ ¢Áç•-úÕ †úø’Ææ÷h-/ †úø’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, °æ-ú≈-©çõ‰ àç îËߪ÷™, à éÓùç™ éπ%≠œ-îË-ߪ÷™ Åûªúø’ ûª† ÊÆo£œ«ûª’úÕE îª÷¨»úø’. ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

™‰-N’öÀ? 1. ing form ´·çü¿’ ´ÊÆh ᙫ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

b) Entering his home, he found things all over the floor

= ÉçöxéÀ v°æ¢Ë-PÆæ÷h-ØË /v°æ¢ËPç*†°æ¤púø’/ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-í¬ØË ØË©-O’ü¿ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ °æúø’ç-úøôç îª÷¨»úø’. c )'...ing' =äéπ- °æE îËߪ’-úøç

Sitting in class for five hours a day is not easy = class

®ÓVèπ◊ Å®·ü¿’ í∫çô©’ ™ èπÿ®Óa´úøç Ææ’©-¶µºç é¬ü¿’. d) Smoking is bad = Æœí∫-È®ö¸ û√í∫ôç îÁúø’.

- G. Venkatagiri, Chowlamaddi A.

Åûªúø’ ÖçC.)

O’®Ω’ English improve îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† °æü¿l¥ûª’-©ØË Å†’-Ææ-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Dictionary refer îËߪ’-úøç é¬Ææh ûªT_ç-îªçúÕ. Speaking áèπ◊\´ practice ´©x ´Ææ’hçC. ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ÅØËC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Å´-鬨¡ç Ö†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x, ûª°æ¤p ´÷ö«xúøû√-ØË¢Á÷ ÅØË ¶µºßª’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úËÆæ÷h ÖçúøçúÕ. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ¢√®√-™xØË î√™« improvement éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’, practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

470

M.SURESAN

A.

üµ¿E-èπ◊-úø-´ôç ´©x ¢√úø-í∫-L-í¬úø’. (Ç ≤Ún´’ûª Åûª-úÕéÀ

We could have a lot of leisure those days =

Q.

Ç ®Ó-V™x ¢Ë’ç î√™« Nv¨»çA §Òçü¿-í∫-L-Íí¢√∞¡xç. I would have = I wish to have. I would have coffee instead of tea = Tea coffee

•ü¿’©’

؈’ úÕvU ûÁ©’-í∫’- O’-úÕߪ’ç Nü∆u-JnE. ≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx≠ˇ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ C.I.E.F.L. ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. ÅÆæ©’ C.I.E.F.L. ´·êu ÖüËl¨¡ç àN’öÀ? Éçü¿’™ ÉçTx≠ˇèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* ᙫçöÀ éÓ®Ω’q©’ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ØË Å´é¬¨¡ç ÖçüÓ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. - M. Snehalatha, Narsampeta

b) He could have a car -because he was rich = car

é̆-™‰úø’.

üµ¿E-èπ◊-úø-´úøç ´©x, É°æ¤p-úø’†o ÉçöÀ-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Éçöx ÖçúË ≤Ún´’ûª Åûª-úÕ-èπ◊çC. (Afford ûª®√yûª buy ¢√úøç.) 4. Should have = Öçú≈L. Could have = Öçúøí∫LÍí °æJ-Æ œnA í∫ûªç™. Would have = Öçúøôç.

Idol worship is unchristianism = Nví∫-£æ…-®√-üµ¿† wÈéjÆæh´ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√-EéÀ/ wÈéjÆæh-¢√-EéÀ N®Ω’ü¿l¥ç (ûªí∫-EC) Å™«Íí It's an unhindu practice = ÅC Å£j«ç-ü¿´ Ωu. Opposites form îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ un-, in-, im-, dis-, ™«çöÀN ´≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË OöÀ™  à ´÷ô ´·çü¿’ àC ¢√ú≈-©-ØËC Ç ´÷ô à ¶µ«≠æ †’ç* English ™éÀ ´*açC, Öî√a-®Ωù« ≤˘©¶µ«uEo (convenience of pronunciation) •öÀd Öçô’çC.

é¬F

èπ◊ é¬ü¿’.

BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’ ؈’. Öçúø-´-©-ÆœçC (í∫ûªç™)

5. Should have been =

O’ present qualification, O’®Ω’ áç-èπ◊†o carreer †’ •öÀd CIFFL ™ O’èπ◊ à course Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ü¿-ØËC Öçô’çC. î√™«course ©’ ÖØ√o®·.CIFEL Ê°®Ω’ É°æ¤púø’ IIEFL. Website browse îËߪ’çúÕ. N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’-≤ƒh®·.

éÀçC¢√öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. Åûªúø’ é¬∞¡Ÿx Ñúø’a-èπ◊çô÷ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. 2. •çúÕ™ °vö©’ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. Åçü¿’-éπE •çúÕE †úÕ-°œç--èπ◊çô÷ °vö™¸ •çèπ◊ ´®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢ÁRx °vö©’ éÌöÀdç--èπ◊-Ø√o-úø’. 3. Ö†oC Ö†o-ô’dí¬ îª÷-úø’. ™‰E-ü∆Eo -Ü£œ«ç-îªèπ◊. 4. I'd Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? áéπ\úø Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? - S. Srikanth, Hyderabad.

é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Could have been =

Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-üË (í∫ûªç™) é¬F

™‰ü¿’. Would have been =

ÖçúËüË/ ÖçúË-¢√úË

é¬F™‰ü¿’. (í∫ûªç™) OöÀE í∫’Jç*† N´-®Ωù éÓÆæç §ƒûª îª÷úøçúÕ.

lessons

Q. 1. I am pursuing my M.B.A., she is pursuing her B.Tech. my M.B.A., her B.Tech degree his, my, her MBA/ MCA/ B.Tech

É™« © ´·çü¿®Ω

ÅE ÅE ¢√úø-´î√a? ÉN Åçü¿-Jéà Ææ´÷†¢Ë’ éπü∆. ÅÆæ©’ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d °æü¿l¥A?

2.

Lecturer/ Professor/ Reader in English/ Dean Deemed University? Abroad I went abroad I went to abroad My husband is abroad in abroad Oxford Dictionary Speak/ Talk Two or more people are having a conversation Having standard books are having, having

OJ ´%Ah™ Ö†o ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? 3. ÅØË °æü∆Eo ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ÅØ√™«? ™‰ü∆ ÅØ√™«? ™‰ü∆ ÅØ√™«? N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 4. ™ OöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ N´-JÆæ÷h– ÅE ¢√éπu E®√tùç ÖçC. ÅØËC A†úøç, û√í∫-ú≈-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L éπü∆? ™ èπÿú≈ ÅØËC ¢ËÍ® Å®√n-©èπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ó N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. - P. Narayanamma, Nidadavolu A. 1. My MBA, her B.Tech-

ÉC usage -English ™ Å™« ņúøç ¢√úø’éπ. My, her, his ™‰èπ◊çú≈ I am doing MBA, She is pursuing, B.Tech

ņúøç èπÿú≈ correct. 鬕öÀd ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* Åçûª Ç™-*ç-îª-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË, pursuing

A.

1. He is dragging his feet/ slogging 2. The vehicle ran out of petrol. So he walked it upto the petrol bunk and had it filled. 3. See things as they are; don't imagine. 4. I'd = I had/ I would

(Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd)

studying English 2. Lecturer -

ÅØËC é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç. Spoken ™ doing ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Ñ ´%Ah™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx teaching (¶üµ¿†) Íé °æJ-N’ûªç Å´¤-û√®Ω’. O∞¡x-°æE ´·êuçí¬ ¶üµ¿ØË. Readers, teaching ´÷vûª¢Ë’ í¬èπ◊çú≈, research (°æJ-¨-üµ¿†) îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’, research îËÊÆ-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ guidance É≤ƒh®Ω’. Professors teaching ûÓ§ƒô’, research guide îËߪ’-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡x ¨»ê §ƒ©-Ø√-´u-´-£æ…-®√©’ èπÿú≈ îª÷Ææ’hç-úø-´îª’a. Reader éπçõ‰ Professor £æ«Ùü∆ áèπ◊\¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈, áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº-¢√Eo èπÿú≈ Ææ÷*ç-îª-´îª’a. ņ’-¶µº´ç ¶«í¬ ÖçúÕ, subject O’ü¿ ¶«í¬ °æô’d†o ¢√∞Îx-´-®ΩØ√o £æ«Ùü∆ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Professor 鬴a. 3. Abroad = NüË-¨¡ç™/ NüË-¨»-EéÀ. I went abroad, correct. (Abroad Åçõ‰ØË NüË-¨»EéÀ ÅE 鬕öÀd.) Å™«Íí Her husband is abroad ÅØË Åçö«ç. abroad Åçõ‰ NüË-¨¡ç™ ÅE Å®Ωnç 鬕öÀd. 4. am/ is/ are having A†úøç, û√í∫-úøçé¬èπ◊çú≈ Éûª®Ω Å®√n-©ûÓ î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Problem, conversation ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™. Å®·ûË conversation N≠æ-ߪ’ç™am/ is/ are having î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’, ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´-úø¢Ë’ ´’ç*C.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 26 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 3. b) Being rich, he can buy anything.

2

(üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÕí¬

Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x......) b) Being tall, he can touch the roof

Q.

1. Being a teacher I should be an ideal to my students.

Ñ ¢√éπuç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? -Éç-ü¿’-™ to ÅØË preposition ¢√úøôç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? 3. Being †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h È®çúø’ ™‰ü∆ ´‚úø’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ É´y-í∫-©®Ω’. Being ÅØË °æü∆Eo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ àßÁ÷ Å®√n-©ûÓ ¢√úø-´îÓa ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. '؈’ Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ߪ·-úÕE Å®·-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ °œ©x©èπ◊ ؈’ Çü¿-®Ωz-´ç-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈L— ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ °j ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√éπuç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Ñ Å®Ωnç ´îËa english sentence îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. 4. As if†’ àN-üµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tçî√™ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 5. Though,although, inspite of Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-™-ûÓ -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. 6. Ironically -D-E-E -à Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ -îÁ°æpí∫-©®Ω’.

(§Òúø’í¬_ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x/ Öçúø-ôçûÓ......) c) Being a teacher ... èπ◊ O’J-*a† ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç correct Ñ sentence èπ◊ Ñ meaning ´Ææ’hçC. 4. As if/ As though = Å®·-†-ô’x-é¬F, é¬ü¿’. a) She behaves as if she were very rich =

2.

- Md. Ayub Ahmad, Choutpalli

A.

Q.

1. & 2. Absolutely right. Ideal to is correct as well.

ûªØË î√™« üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’®√©®·†ô’x (é¬F é¬ü¿’) v°æ´-Jh-Ææ’hç-ü∆¢Á÷. b) He looked at me as though I were guilty =

®ÓV©§ƒ-ô’ -à-O’ A†-†ô’x (é¬F AØ√o´¤) éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. She looks as if she were rich = üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’-®√™„j-†ô’x (é¬F é¬ü¿’) éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. She looks like a rich woman = üµ¿E-èπ◊-®√™«x éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûÓçC (Å®· ÖçúÌa).

6. 1) Ironically = in a way that the meaning of what you say is the opposite of what you wish to say. eg: oh, you got 10 marks out of 100.

She looks as if she wer e rich Q.

£œ«çü¿÷ †÷uÆˇ-Ê°-°æ-®˝™ éÀçC ¢√éπuç™ 'chin blame' ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. ü∆E Å®Ωnç N´Jç-îªçúÕ. Over the past two years, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has taken on the 'chin blame' for every security failure in every part of the country. - Satyam , Ramakrishnapuram There is no such expression as chin blame in English. There is the expression, Take on the chin = Eg. He took his defeat on the chin = He accepted his defeat without complaint =

Åçô’Ø√oç.

471

v°æA ¶µºvü¿-û√-¢Áj-°∂æ-™«u-EéÀ ûª†-O’ü¿ ´*a† Eçü¿†’ E•s®ΩçûÓ ¶µºJç-î√®Ω’ ÅE ¶µ«´ç. (Ééπ\úø ÅE îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-¢√L?)

-M. Anjaneyulu, K. Nageswarao, Molagavalli.

A.

M.SURESAN

Q.

Excellent! You are really great

(Fèπ◊ 100èπ◊ 10 ´÷®Ω’\-™Ô-î√aߪ÷? Ŷs! î√™«-íÌ°æp ´÷®Ω’\™‰! †’´¤y íÌ°æp-¢√-úÕ¢Ë.

2) Ironically - of a situation which is the opposite of what you have expected. Eg: I travelled by car so that I can reach the place sooner than by bus. Ironically the car broke down on the way and I reached the place much later than the bus. car (Bus car bus ironical. car

éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿®Ω îË®Ì-îªaE ™ •ßª’-™‰l-®√†’. éπçõ‰ î√™« é¬F ´’üµ¿u™ îÁúÕ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ, ´·çü¿’ îËÍ®çÇ©-Ææuçí¬ îË®√†’. ÉC ü¿’èπ◊ ™ •ßª’-™‰l-JØ√ Ç©Ææuç Å´úøç).

Too- enough, since-for idioms and phrasal verbs

© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. †’ í∫’Jç* ÅüË-N-üµ¿çí¬ °æ‹Jhí¬ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. - K. Usharani, Kurnool. A. Too Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√ ï®Ω-í∫-†ç-ûªí¬ áèπ◊\´ ÅE. He is too weak to walk = †úø-´-™‰-†çûª •©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’ = He is not strong enough to walk. (too weak = not strong enough) = †úÕ-îËçûª •©ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oúø’) The food is too bad to eat = The food is not good enough to eat. connection -too = so that... not.

ÉD OöÀ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ

Watch =

í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç/ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†oç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ îª÷Ææ÷h Öçúøôç. Look = üËE-†®·Ø√, á´J†-®·Ø√ îª÷úøôç, ¢√∞¡x/ ¢√öÀ ¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷úøôç, Watch ņo-°æ¤púø’ é¬Ææh °æK-éπ~í¬ îª÷≤ƒhç, look Åçõ‰ îª÷úøôç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ (í∫´’-Eç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Ö†oçûª v¨¡ü¿l¥ Öçúøü¿’).

ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç

He is too weak to walk = He is so weak that he cannot walk. Since he is weak, he cannot walk = He cannot walk, for he is weak/ He cannot walk. For he is weak Idioms & Phrasal Verbs

É°æ¤púø’

N´-J-Ææ’hØ√oç îª÷úøçúÕ.

21. Ñ ®ÓV™x Å´÷t-®·©’, Ŷ«s-®·©’ •J-ûÁ-Tç*, N-îªa©-N-úÕí¬ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. 22. °æK-éπ~©’ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·. 23. °æK-éπ~©’ Ö†oEo®ÓV©’ ä∞¡Ÿx ü¿í∫_-®Ω-°-ô’d-èπ◊E îªü¿-´çúÕ. 24. éÓ®Ω’d Åûª-úÕ°j äéπ ≠æ®Ωûª’ NCµç-*çC. 25. Ø√ ÇÆœh ¢Á·ûªhç FÍé ÉîËa≤ƒh. 26. Ø√ ÇÆœh F Ê°®Ω’ O’ü¿ ®√≤ƒh. 27. ÇÆœh á´J Ê°®Ω’ O’ü¿ ÖçC? 28. Ñ ØÓô’ îÁ©xü¿’, *J-T-§Ú-®·çC. 29. F É≠æd¢Á·*a-†ô’d ÜÍ®í∫’. 30. é¬xÆæ’™ Cèπ◊\©’ îª÷úøèπ◊. 31. ؈’ Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Åûª-úÕE ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ F∞¡Ÿx †N’-™«úø’. 32. ¢√úø’ í∫’ôéπ©’ ¢ËÆæ’hØ√oúø’. 33. ÉçúÕ-ߪ÷èπ◊ ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç á°æ¤púø’ ´*açC ņ-ú≈-EéÀ When did India become free? When did India got freedom?

È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

34.

¶„©÷Ø˛ Ê°L-§Ú-®·çC. 35. öÃ˝ ††’o víıçúø’-ô’d Ø√©’-í∫’-≤ƒ®Ω’x °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûªh-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. 36. öÃΩ’ -†-†’o ¶„ç*-O’ü¿ E™a-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. 37. öÃΩ’ Ø√ûÓ íÓúø-èπ◊Ka ¢Ë®·ç-î√®Ω’. 38. öÃΩ’ í∫’ç@©’ B®·ç-î√®Ω’. 39. Åûªúø’ ¢√∞¡x Å´’t O’ü¿ ¶„çí∫-°-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 40. F Ææû√h E®Ω÷-°œç--éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ÉüË ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç. - M. Nagaraju, Tallavalasa.

A.

We looking the aeroplane when it is taking at the ground

ņ-èπÿ-úøü∆? OöÀ ´’üµ¿u Ææç•çüµ∆Eo OöÀE -à-ßË’ Ææçü¿®√s¥™x ¢√úø-û√®Ó ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

ûª† ãô-N’E E•s-®Ωçí¬ ¶µºJç-î√úø’/ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-î√úø’, -á´-JF, üËFo EçCç-îªèπ◊çú≈. The Hindu ™ sentence O’®Ω’ É™« îª÷Æœ Öçö«®Ω’. PM Manmohan Singh has taken on the chin - The blame far every security failure = taken on the chin, the blame....

Watch, Seeing, Looking Ñ ´‚úø’ °æü∆©†’ -à-ßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úø-û√®Ó ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

We watch the aeroplane when it is taking at the ground

à éπ-≥ƒd-†o®·Ø√/ éÀx≠dæ °æJ-Æœn-A-ØÁjØ√ ¶«üµ¿°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ≤ƒèπ◊©’ ¢Áûª-èπ◊\çú≈ E•s-®ΩçûÓ ¶µºJç-îªúøç.

Q. éÀçC ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æpçúÕ. 1. éÓ®Ω’d Åûª-úÕéÀ °æ-üË-∞¡x éπJ∏† 鬮√-í¬®Ω Péπ~ NCµç-*çC. 2. ´’%ûª’úÕ ûª®Ω°æ¤ •çüµ¿’-´¤©’ üµ¿®√o î˨»®Ω’. 3. Åûªúø’ •©-£‘«-†-¢Á’i† §ƒKd™ Öçúøôç ´©x Åûª-úÕéÀ ÆæÈ®j† í∫’Jhç°æ¤ ©Gµç-îª-™‰ü¿’. 4. Éçûª ïJ-TØ√ ¢√úÕéÀ •’Cl¥-®√-™‰ü¿’. 5. üË´-≤ƒn-†ç™ ¶µºèπ◊h©’ éÀô-éÀ-ô-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. 6. üË´-≤ƒn-†ç™ ¶µºèπ◊h© ®ΩDl î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC. 7. Ø√èπ◊ @N-ûªç™ äéπ\ éÓJéπ N’T-L-§Ú-®·çC. 8. F ûªLxü¿çvúø’©’ F O’ü¿ áØÓo Ǩ¡©’ °ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. 9. ¢√∞¡x Ǩ¡-©Fo ÅúÕ-ߪ÷-¨¡-©-ߪ÷u®·. 10. E†’o à îËÆœØ√ §ƒ°æç ™‰ü¿’. 11. û√T† ¢Á’iéπç™ ¢√úø’ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúÓ ¢√úÕÍé Å®Ωnç 鬴úøç ™‰ü¿’. 12. •Ææ’q ÇT-´¤†o Çö†’ úµŒéÌ-ôd-úøçûÓ Ñ v°æ´÷ü¿ç ïJ-TçC. 13. û√T 鬮Ω’ †úø-°æúøç ´©x ®Óúø’f °æéπ\† °æúø’-èπ◊†o °æC´’çC é¬∞¡x-O’-ü¿’í¬ é¬®Ω’ §ÚE-î√aúø’. 14. ¢√úø’ ÅçûË. ÅüÓ õ„j°æ¤. 15. Ç¢Á’ °æKéπ~ §ƒÆˇ 鬙‰-ü¿E Bv´ ´’†-≤ƒh-§ƒ-EéÀ í∫’È®jçC. 16. ´Ææç-ûª-é¬-©ç™ îÁô’x *í∫’-J-≤ƒh®·. 17. îÁߪ’uE ûª°æ¤pèπ◊ °æ-üË-∞¡x ñ„j©’ Péπ~ ņ’-¶µº-Nç-î√†’. 18. †’´¤y ûª°æ¤p îËÆœ Eçü¿ ¢√úÕ-O’ü¿éÀ ØÁúø-û√-¢ËçöÀ? 19. ¢√úø’ Nçõ‰í¬ ÅE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ – He wouldn't listen Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çü∆? îÁGûË Nçõ‰í¬, îÁGûË NØ√o¢√? OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 20. ¢√úø’ ÅEoç-öÀéà ûÁTç-îË-¨»úø’.

i) Though/although he is rich he doesn't spend much = in spite of being rich he doesn't spend much. ii) Though/although he takes long walks, he is not tired = In spite of taking long walks, he is not tired.

c) You look as though/ as if you hadn't eaten for days=

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

A.

5. Though/ although = in spite of

ØËØËüÓ üÓ≠œ-†-®·-†ô’x (é¬F ؈’ üÓ≠œE é¬ü¿’) Ø√ -¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷¨»úø’.

1) The court convicted him to/ sentenced him to/ awarded him ten years rigorous imprisonment.

2) The relatives of the deceased/ dead person staged a dharna. 3) Being a member of a party not so prominent he lacks recognition.

21) Boys and girls these days are unrestrai ned/ show no restraint (in their behaviour) 22) Exams are approaching. 23) During the exams study with all seriousness.

4) Inspite of what has happened he hasn't learnt a lesson.

24) The court has imposed a condition/ restriction him.

5) The Devasthanam is crowded with devotees.

25) I'm ready to give you my whole property.

6) There are a large number of devotees in the temple/ There is a large crowd of devotees in the temple.

26) I will write my property in your name.

7) I have one unfulfilled desire in my life.

27) In whose name is the property? 28) The note is torn and doesn't go/ It's a bad note, it's torn.

8) Your parents have a lot of hope on you/ many hopes on you.

29) Go to hell

9) All their hopes have been shattered.

31) When I asked him about it he blinked

10) You deserve the worst punishment. 11) He doesn't realise what he is doing in his drunken state/ Totally drunk he doesn't/ is not able to realise what he is doing. 12) The accident resulted from a bus hitting a standing auto. 13) Driving drunk, he ran the car over the legs of ten people sleeping on the roadside. 14) He is rather odd. 15) She is very upset at not passing the exam. 16) Trees put on new leaves in the spring

30) Pay attention to what's going on in the class

(F∞¡Ÿx †N’-™«úø’ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. Blink = éπ∞«x-®Ωp-úøç) 32) He is gulping (àç îÁ§ƒp™ ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ í∫’ô-éπ©’ ¢Ë¨»úø’ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÉC ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ English ™ Ñ ¶µ«¢√-EéÀ expression ™‰ü¿’) 33) Both are correct. 34) The balloon blew up 35) The teacher asked me to run 4 times around the ground. 36) The teacher made me stand up on the bench.

17) For a crime that I did not commit I underwent a ten year jail term.

37) The teacher made me sit against the wall.

18) Why do you blame him for your fault?

39) He is longing for his mother.

19) He wouldn't listen, Did you listen?

40) This is the time to prove your mettle

38) The teacher made me do sit-ups

20) He is desperate.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 29 -W-Ø˛ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Karpura: Which train are you going to book your tickets by?

Difference conversational expressions (Spoken English common) expressions practise conversation simple English

ûÓ ´îËa ÅEoç-öÀéà ™ î√™« (à train ™ †’´¤y öÀÈéô’x book îËÆæ’-éÓ- ûËú≈ ÅØË Å®Ωn¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Ç †’ ´’†ç ¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) îËÊÆh ´’† éÀçü¿ îª÷°œ-†ô’x Harathi: It's going to make no difference; I î√™« í¬ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúÕ, ´’†èπ◊ mean whether it's mail or Circar ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-ÆæØË ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC. Express. Only upper berths are availÅ™«Íí matter (noun) èπ◊ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† Å®√n©’– able. °æü∆®Ωnç ÅE, ®√ûª, Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒ-™«xçöÀ ¢√öÀ™x N≠æ-ߪ÷(àü¿-®·-ûËØËç? £æ«˜®√-¢Á’-®·™¸ Å®·Ø√ ©E. Å®·ûË matter (verb) èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– v§ƒ´·êuç Ææ®√\®˝ express Å®·Ø√. üËØÓx-†-®·Ø√ Öçúøôç ÅE. Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æupper berths ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®·.) ߪ÷-©†’, °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™x ¢√úÕ† Nüµ¿çí¬ N°æ¤-©çí¬ Karpura: But then the time of your reaching ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E, ´’† conversation ™ èπÿú≈ practise does matter. The earlier you reach the îË ü∆lç. better. Look at the following sentences from the dia(é¬E †’´¤y îÁØÁj o îËÍ® Æ洒ߪ’ç ´·êu-¢Ë’éπü∆? †’¢Áyçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ îËJûË Åçûª logue above: 1) It's going to make no difference ´’ç*C.) Harathi: It does, of course. But the trouble is that the mail reaches Chennai too early in the morning. I'd rather take the Circar Express as it reaches Chennai after day break.

(Å´¤†’ ´·êu¢Ë’. Å®·ûË *Íé\-N’-ôçõ‰ ¢Á’®·™¸ îÁØÁj oéÀ ´’K ¢Ëèπ◊´ØË îË®Ω’-ûª’çC. ؈’ Circar Express ™ØË ¢Á∞¡xúøç ´’ç*-ü¿†’-èπ◊çö«, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ÅC îËÍ®-Ææ-JéÀ ¶«í¬ ûÁ™«x-J-§Ú-ûª’çC.) Day break = §Òü¿’l-§Ò-úø’°æ¤, ûÁ©x-¢√-®Ωúøç. Karpura: Yea. That makes a difference. You can't go alone by auto when it is dark.

auto

Harathi: It makes little difference if some one receives me at the station and takes me home.

(á´-®Ω-®·Ø√ station èπ◊ ´*a ††’o ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-RûË Åçûª Ææ´’Ææu Öçúøü¿’) Karpura: It's all one whether you reach too early in the morning or after day break so long as you've some one with you.

(FûÓ á´-®ΩØ√o ÖçúË-ôx-®·ûË ´’K §Òü¿’l† îË®Ω-úø-¢Á’iØ√, ûÁ™«x-J† ûª®√yûª îË®Ω-úø-¢Á’iØ√ äéπõ‰) Harathi: I expect my cousin to receive me, but I am not sure. So, just to be on the safe side, I think I'll take the Circar Express.

(´÷ cousin ´≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, é¬F Åçûª †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. áô’-¶®· áöÔ-*aØ√ ´’ç*C, Ææ®√\®˝ express ™ØË ¢Á∞¡û√.) Karpura: I think so too. You'll have no problem.

(؈÷ ÅüË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Å™«-ÈíjûË à Ææ´’≤ƒu Öçúøü¿’.) Harathi: How about going with me to the station for booking the ticket?

îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ø√ûÓ èπ◊ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿÷?)

station

Karpura: I have yet to finish the assignment I have to submit tomorrow.

(Í®°æ¤ ؈’ submit îËߪ÷-Lq† assignment Éçé¬ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’.) Assignment = äéπ-JéÀ Å°æp-Tç-*† °æE– Ééπ\úø home work ™«çöÀC. submit = °æ‹Jh-îËÆ œ îª÷°œç-îªúøç (Teacher/ lecturer ™«çöÀ-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊) Harathi: No matter what you have to do, you should go with me.

(FÍé-°æ-†’Ø√o, †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ ®√¢√-LqçüË) Karpura: OK; Let's go then. English conversation difference, matter Difference

´÷ô©’,

2) But then the time of your reaching does matter (matters) 3) That makes a difference

Make no difference = does not make any difference.

v°æ¶µ«´ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç =

do/

üË¢Ëç-ü¿-®˝íıú˛ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´-úøç-´©x §ƒKd-O’ü¿ à v°æ¶µ«´ç Öçúøü¿E (†≠ædç à癉-ü¿E) TDP Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ ¶µ«N-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

b) It makes no difference to your health what exercise you do. All that is needed is some exercise =

4) It makes little/ no difference 5) No matter what you have to do, ...

c) A good knowledge of English makes a lot of difference to your career = English

6) But the time of your reaching does matter

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

ûËú≈ Öçúøôç, Ç ûËú≈´©x v°æ¶µ«´ç Öçúøôç.

472

´·êu´÷?/ à¢Á’içC ¢Á∞«lç.)

™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ûËú≈ ÅE.

a) Saying the right thing at the right time makes a difference in others' opinion about you =

ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ÆæÈ®j† N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æpúøç/ ´÷ô-©-†úøç, F O’ü¿ Éûª®Ω’-©-èπ◊†o ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo ´÷®Ωa-í∫©ü¿’/ ´÷®Ω’p ûÁÆæ’hçC/ ü∆E-O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æ¤-ûª’çC. (ûËú≈ éπ©’-í∫-ñ‰Ææ’hçC.)

M.SURESAN

b) Timely rain does make a lot of difference to crops =

Ææ鬩 ´®√{©’ °æçô© O’ü¿ í∫öÀd v°æ¶µ«-´¢Ë’ îª÷°æ¤-û√®·. (Ææ鬩 ´®√{-©-´©x °æçô™ î√™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC, ´’ç*éÀ) (Does make = makes. àüÁjØ√ ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ É™« 1st Regular Doing Word (RDW) •ü¿’©’, Do + 1st RDW, II RDW •ü¿’©’ does + 1st RDW; PDW •ü¿’©’ (did + 1st RDW) ¢√úøû√ç. i) I know him = Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. I do know him = Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-§Ú-´úøç àN’öÀ? (¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-ÆæE ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æpúøç) ii) She speaks English = Ç¢Á’ English ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª’çC. She does speak English (of course) Ç¢Á’ English ´÷ö«x-úø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç àN’öÀ? (¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC) iii) I saw him entering the room = í∫C™ Åûªúø’ v°æ¢Ë-P-Ææ’hç-úøí¬ îª÷¨»†’. I did see him entering the room = Åûªúø’ í∫C™ v°æ¢Ë-P-Ææ’hç-úø-í¬ ØË-†’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îª÷¨»†’. c) A 0.1 degree difference in body temperature makes all the difference between life and death = temperature degree 0.1

´’E≠œ (ïy®Ωç Ö†oûËú≈ @´-†t-®Ωù Ææ´’Ææu °æ¤púø’) ™ 0.1 鬴a. úÕvU ûËú≈ûÓ ´’E≠œ •ûª-éπúø¢Á÷ î√´úø¢Á÷ ûËL-§Ú-ûª’çC. (Öü∆: 105.9 – ´’E≠œ •ûª-éπúø¢Á÷ î√´-úø¢Á÷ ûËL-§Ú-ûª’çC. (Öü∆: 105.9 – ´’E≠œ •AéÀ ÖçúÌa. 106 – ´’E≠œ îªE-§Ú-´îª’a)

d) Your ability to speak in English makes a lot of difference to the treatment you get from others = English

F ´÷ö«xúË ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Éûª-®Ω’©’ E†’o îª÷ÊÆ Nüµ∆-Ø√Eo v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËÆæ’hçC. (F English ´©x FéÀîËa ´’®√u-ü¿™  ûËú≈ Öçô’çC)

Ééπ\úø Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, îª÷ü∆lç. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx v§ƒ´·êuç, v§ƒüµ∆†uç/ v§ƒ´·êuç éπLT Öçúøôç. °j sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, †’´yéπ\úø îËÍ® Æ洒ߪ’ç ´·êuç ÅE. (Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ does matter= matters Å®·ûË ´·êuç ÅE ØÌéÀ\ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ does matter)

a) Your making a speech does not matter. What does matter/ matters is your presence =

†’´y-éπ\úø Ö°æ-†u-Æœç-îªúøç ´·êuç é¬ü¿’. F´-éπ\úø Öçúøôç ÅØËC î√™« ´·êuç.

b) She quit the job because her children mattered more to her than the job =

(Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ’´·-êçí¬ ™‰úø’)

What does it matter? Am I not here to help you?

(àçöÀ Å®·ûË? ØËØËxØ√ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊?)

f) What clothes you wear, how you talk, and how confident you appear matter a lot in an interview = interview interview

†’¢Ëyç •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤, ᙫ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√´¤, áçûª üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh-´-ØËC ™ î√™« ´·êuç/ OöÀéÀ ™ î√™« v§ƒüµ∆†uç Öçô’çC. They make a lot of difference to your chances of getting the job =

îÁ´’-ö-úøa-EüË Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµç-îª-™‰®Ω’)

Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´’®√uü¿ É´y-™‰ü¿’. Åü¿çûª ™‰éπ-§Ú-´´·êuç é¬ü¿-†’éÓ, é¬E Åü¿-ûªúÕ ú≈Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. i) 'I left my pocket comb at home' (Ø√ *†o ü¿’¢Áy† Éçöx ´C-L-°öÀd ´î√a†’) 'Does it matter now? Think of the exam ahead'.

(Åü¿çûª ´·êu´÷ É°æ¤púø’? ®√ߪ÷-Lq† °æKéπ~ N≠æߪ’ç Ç™-*ç) îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Difference, matter ûÓ ´îËa expressions. ÉN ¶«í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ O’ Spoken English™. O’ English èπ◊ ≤˘©¶µºuç, Ææ£æ«-ïûªyç Öçô’çC. Q.

"Don't forget sending me your new address and the phone number."

rection: Don't forget to send me your new address and phone number. senerror... forget sending). forget tence '-ing' form

(É*a†

™ ûª®√yûª ´ÊÆh, àüÁjØ√ îËÆœ† °æE ´’®Ω-*§Ú-´-úøç ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

a) She forgot calling you = She forgot she had called you= phone

E†’o °œL-*†/ Fèπ◊ îËÆœ† N≠æߪ’ç ´’®Ω-*§Ú-®·çC. (îËÆœ† °æE -´’®Ω-*-§Ú-´-úøç) b) She forgot to call you = E†’o °œ©-´-úøç/ phone -îË-ߪ’-úøç Ç¢Á’ -´’-®Ω-*-§Ú-®·çC (îËߪ÷Lq†/ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊†o °æE -´’®Ω-*-§Ú-´-úøç)

It is easy to preach others.

-D-E-E -É-™« èπÿ-ú≈ ®√-ßÁ·-î√a -ûÁ-©’°æí∫©®Ω’. a) Preaching others is easier.

-Éç-ü¿’-™ -ûªÊ°p-N’-öÀ?

- M.S. Madhu, Vijayawada.

’ô) á´®Ω÷

h) He didn't show proper respect to me. Not that it matter, but it shows his bad manners = manners

ØËØÁçûª ê®Ω’a-°-úø-û√-†-ØËC é¬ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊ ´·êuç. ؈’ °öÀd† úø•’sèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† v°æA°∂æ©ç §Òçü∆Ø√ ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC ´·êuç.

àüÁjØ√ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’®Ω-*§Ú-´-úøç/ ´’®Ω-*-§Úéπ§Ú-´-úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, forget ûª®√yûª infinitive ¢√-úø-û√ç, ... ing form ¢√úøç. 鬕öÀd O’ sentence, 'Don't forget sending me your... number,' èπ◊ cor-

g) What matters is not what you speak. What matters/ does matter is how you speak =

You cannot get success without sweating for it = (sweat=

c) How much I spend doesn't matter to me. What matters is whether I can get a good return for my money =

A.

†’´¤y ÖüÓuí∫ç §ÒçüË Å´-é¬-¨»-©-O’ü¿ ¢√öÀ v°æ¶µ«´ç î√™« Öçô’çC.

†’¢Ëyç ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-´-ØËC é¬ü¿’ ´·êuç, †’¢Áy™« ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-´-ØËC ÅÆæ©’ ´·êuç. (°j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ you Åçõ‰ '†’´¤y— ÅØË é¬†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’. É™«çöÀ sentences ™ you Åçõ‰ á´-È®jØ√ ÅØË Å®Ωnç áèπ◊\´.

ÖüÓuí∫ç éπçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ °œ©x©’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´·êuç 鬕öÀd Ç¢Á’ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰-ÆœçC.

Q.

™‰ü¿’) (Åü¿çûª ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ™

e) 'He is not willing to help me'

°æJñ«c†ç F ´%Ah-¢√u-°æ-é¬-©-O’ü¿ î√™« v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æ¤-ûª’çC.

But the time of your reaching does matter. matter matter

Car

(´’†

'Does it matter? Let's take a Taxi' Car ? Taxi

a) TDP leaders feel Devender Goud's leaving the party makes no difference to it =

†’¢Ëyç ¢√uߪ÷´’ç îË≤ƒh-´-ØËC é¬ü¿’ v°æüµ∆†ç, ¢√uߪ÷´’ç àüÓ äéπúø’çúøôç ÅØËC ´·êuç.

Make a difference =

d) 'We don't have our Car'

It makes little/ no dif fer ence

(Eï¢Ë’. ûËú≈ ÖçC. <éπöx äçô-Jí¬ ™ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰´¤ éπü∆?)

(Ticket book

2

b) It is easy to preaching others. c) To preach others is easy. d) With other preaching is easy. - Anthati Penchalaiah, Rajampeta

A.

Important: Preach to Preach others, wrong. Preach to others sentence 1 ( It is easy preach others) Preaching others is easier- sentence (a) Preaching to others easier comparative meaning, incomplete... easdegree ier than.... b) It is easy preaching others- to preaching To preach It is easy to preach to to others others. (c) To preach to others (d) Sentence

ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷

®√¢√L.

ÅØ√L 鬕öÀd èπÿú≈ ûªÊ°p.

™ È®çúø’ ûª°æ¤p©’ éπü∆? ÅØ√L, È®çúø’: äéπöÀ, ÅØË §ÚL-éπ- ™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úÕûË, ÅE Öçú≈L. ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Åçö«ç– ™ èπÿú≈ ÅE é¬ü¿’, Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’ Öçú≈L éπü∆. 鬕öÀd.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 3 -V-™„j 2008Yoga:

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Has Kusala bought that car after all?

(Éçûªéà èπ◊¨¡© Ç

car

é̆oü∆?)

Kshema: Not that I know of. I met her just the day before and she didn't say anything about it.

(à¢Á÷ ´’J; Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ™‰ü¿’. ¢Á·†oØË ûª††’ éπL-¨»†’ ؈’. Ç N≠æߪ’ç ûªØËO’ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊) Yoga:

She was particular about it. No matter what I said, and no matter what the price would go for it.

(Ç car éÌØ√-©E °æô’d-ü¿-©í¬ ÖçC. ØËØÁçûª îÁ°œpØ√, Ç car áçûª üµ¿È®jØ√ ûª†’ éÌØËç-ü¿’Íé E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊çC.) Kshema: It's all the better if she buys it. She will be spending more if she goes for a new car. That will cost more than this.

(Ñ car é̆-úø¢Ë’ †ßª’ç. éÌûªh-鬮Ω’ éÌçõ‰ DE-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ üµ¿Í® Öçô’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ωa-´¤-ûª’çC.) Yoga:

2

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) Not that I know of. I met her the day before and she didn't say anything about it. 2) No matter what I said, and no matter what the price she'd still buy it 3) It's all the better if she buys that car 4) to be on the safe side she had better have some more practice 5) I reached the other side just in the nick of the time. 6) ... Though I stood there grinding my teeth at the driver. 7) It'd have been a hit and run case 8) (It) doesn't matter 1) Not that I know of = expression

Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†çûª´®Ωèπÿ ™‰ü¿’/ é¬ü¿’. Ñ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’†èπ◊ áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË ûªô-Ææn-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®·. à¢Á÷! Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ†çûª´®Ωèπÿ ™‰ü¿’– Å-E ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ î√™«≤ƒ®Ωxçô’çö«ç éπü∆? Åçü¿’èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô, 'Not

Let her first make sure of her driving. Can she drive well?

that I know of'

(¢Á·ü¿ô ûª† driving O’ü¿ †´’téπç ûÁaéÓF. ¶«í¬ØË drive îËߪ’-í∫-©ü∆?)

a) Kinnera: Has she a house here?

Kshema: I saw her driving two or three times but was not on the car when she drove. To be on the safe side she had better have some more practice before she buy's this car.

(Ç¢Á’-Íé-´’Ø√o Ééπ\úø É©’xçü∆?)

Pragna: No matter. I can wait till tomorrow =

°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Í®°æ-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Öçúø-í∫-©†’.] No matter what ÉC °j ¢√öÀéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o ÉçéÓ expression - Å®Ωnç – àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ÆæÍ® (ï®Ω-í¬-LqçC ïJT B®Ω’-ûª’çC) a) I'll meet the officer no matter what =

àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ÆæÍ®,

E éπLÆœ B®Ω-û√†’.

b) No matter what, I'll be there tomorrow =

*´-J-éπ~-ùç-™/- Åçû√ Å®·-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™, Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h police -¢√-∞ Ô}-*a Ç Å´÷t-®·E ®ΩéÀ~ç-î √®Ω’.

b) There will be no use coming to me in the nick of time =

*´-J-éπ~-ùç™ Ø√ü¿-í∫_-®Ω-éÌ-ÊÆh- ØËØËç

àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ÆæÍ® Í®°æ¤ ؈-éπ\-úø’çö«. ÉC èπÿú≈ ´’†-èπ◊ -î√-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫áèπ◊\-´í¬ °æúË ¢√úøçúÕ. Å®Ωnç = ÅC Éçé¬ ´’ç*C/ ´’ç*-ü¿®·çC, Åçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ÅE.

3) All the better expression- conversational -

473

a) The curry was all the better for the ten minutes extra frying =

c) He came in the nick of time when the plane was about to start = Plane airport

•ßª’-™‰l-Í®-´·çü¿’, èπ◊ ´î√a-úø-ûª-úø’. In the nick of time èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω Å®Ωnç ÖçúË ÉçéÓ *´-J-éπ~-ùç™

expression - In the eleventh hour. a) In the eleventh hour oxygen was given to him and he was saved = oxygen

*´-J-éπ~-ùç™ Åûª-úÕéÀ Éî√a®Ω’, Åûª-úø’ •A-é¬úø’. b) Eleventh hour decisions usually go wrong =

Not that I know of

(ûª†’ car †úø°æ-úøç ؈’ È®çúø’-´‚úø’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»†’. -Å®·-ûË ûª†’ drive îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ ØËØ√ car ™ -™‰Ë†’. àüË-¢Á’i-Ø√/ -àD ï®Ω-èπ◊\çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊, car éÌØË-´·çü¿’ ´’J-éÌçûª driving practice îËÊÆh ´’ç*C.) Yoga:

(ÅC ´’ç*üË) Kshema: (Do you) know what happened yesterday? I was crossing the road in heavy track. A car almost hit me. Just in the nick of time I reached the other side. It was hair-breadth escape.

(EØËoç- ï-J-TçüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? traffic áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ road ü∆ô’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. äéπ -鬮Ω’ ††’o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ úµŒ éÌöÀdçC. ÅC ïJÍí éπ~ù«-EéÀ ´·çü¿’ ؈-´-ûª-LéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊Ø√o. (¢Áçvô’-éπ- ¢√-Æœ™ ûª°œpç--èπ◊Ø√o). The car sped away though I stood there grinding my teeth at the driver. It could have been a hit and run case.

(Ç car driver O’ü¿ °æ∞¡Ÿx -éÌ-®Ω’-èπ◊ûª÷ E©’Ø√o- ؈’, car ´÷vûªç ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ¢ÁRx-§Ú®·çC. úµŒéÌöÀd §ƒJ-§ÚßË’ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† Åߪ·uç-úËüË E†o). Yoga:

You're lucky to be alive. Your 'yoga' was good.

(Éçé¬ •A-èπ◊ç-úøôç F Åü¿%-≠d¢æ Ë’. F 'ßÁ÷í∫ç— ¶«í∫’çC.) Congrats. Kshema: Thank you. Oh, sorry. I owe you a hundred rupees. Sorry I've delayed. I'll give it this evening. (Sorry.

ØËFoéÓ ´çü¿-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’© Å°æ¤pØ√o†’ éπü∆? Ç©Ææuç Å®·çC, É´yúøç. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÉîËa-≤ƒh†’.)

Yoga:

Doesn't matter. I can wait.

(°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ØËØ√-í∫-í∫-©†’.) Kshema: You are such a good friend. Daily life situations sions

™ ¢√úË ´’J-éÌEo expres´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. OöÀ frequency (¢√úË-≤ƒ®Ω’x) î√-™« áèπ◊\´. î√-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®· ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’. ¶«í¬ simple expressions é¬-´-úøç ´©x conversational ease Öçô’çC.

èπÿ®Ω °æC EN’-≥ƒ--™„-èπ◊\´ ¢Ëí∫úøç ´’ç*üË Å®·çC. (°æC EN’-≥ƒ™„-èπ◊\´ °æöÀdØ√ ´’ç*üË Å®·çC, èπÿ®Ω áèπ◊\´ ®Ω’*í¬ Öçü¿E)

(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ééπ\úø É©’x†o Ææçí∫A Ø√èπ◊ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’/ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†çûª ´’ô’èπ◊ ™‰üË) b) Satvik: Ritwick has phoned, hasn't he?

(-JAyé˙

It will of her good.

phone

îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?)

Karthik: Not that I know of

(îËÆœ-†ô’x Ø√Íéç -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’/ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†çûª ´’ô’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’) ÉC Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úøçúÕ. 2) No matter = à--üË-¢Á’i†-°æp-öÀéÃ/ áçûÁjØ√

M.SURESAN

b) It's all the better he doesn't know Telugu. We can say whatever we like of him =

¢√úÕéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§Ú-´-úøç ´’ç*üË Å®·çC. ¢√úÕ í∫’-Jç-* a) No matter how hard he tried, he could not ´’†ç à¢Á’iØ√ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a. get her love = Åûª-úø’ áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√, Ç¢Á’ 4) To be on the safe side = É•sçC ™‰èπ◊çú≈ vÊ°´’†’ §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ (´·çü¿’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬)/ üËE-ÈéjØ√ ´’ç*C/ b) No matter what you say, I don't believe you áçü¿’-ÈéjØ√ ´’ç*C. want to help me = †’¢Áyçûª/ †’¢Ëyç îÁ°œpØ√ a) Rs. 1500 may be enough, but take a little †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh´E ؈’ †´’t†’. more, just to be on the safe side = °æC-Ê£«†’ c) No matter where you live, they will still trou´çü¿© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ î√©’. é¬E üËE-ÈéjØ√ ´’ç*C ble you = †’¢Áy-éπ\-úø’Ø√o, Fèπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶«üµ¿ éπ-L-Té¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ BÆæ’Èé∞¡Ÿx. Ææ÷hØË Öçö«®Ω’. b) The road is safe, but just to be on the safe [Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lesson ™ no matter èπ◊ -Ö-†o side take some one with you = Ç road v°æ´÷-ü¿-¢Á’içüËç é¬ü¿÷, áçü¿’-ÈéjØ√ ´’ç*C. á´-®ΩoÉçéÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? °∂æ®√y™‰-ü¿’™‰ ®·Ø√ ûÓúø’ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿx. ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ no matter ¢√úøû√ç. eg: Pranav: I'm sorry I can't lend you my book today sorry.

= Fèπ◊ -Ñ®ÓV Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç É´y-™‰†’,

Q.

1)

c) Take another copy of the letter, to be on the safe side = letter copy

áçü¿’-ÈéjØ√ ´’ç*C, Ç

ÉçéÓ

BÆæ’éÓ.

She looks upon sex as a commodity to be exploited to the fullest for her own personal gratification. To be exploited

DEéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? 2) ÉçTx≠ˇ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’èπ◊-ØË¢√∞¡xèπ◊ éπ´‚u-EÍé-≠æØ˛ Æœ\™¸q ᙫ °ç§Òç-Cç--éÓ-¢√™ Ææ÷îª-†©’ É´y-í∫-©®Ω’. 3) This turns out to be particularly unfortunate. DEéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç îÁ°æpí∫-©®Ω’. 4) Because of, by means of, in accordance with- ÉN àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷T-≤ƒh®Ó -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. - G.Suresh, Guntur.

*´-J-éπ~-ùç™.

a) Luckily the police arrived in the nick of time and saved the girl =

îËߪ’-™‰†’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Kasturi: Not that I know of.

officer

5) In the nick of time =

*´-J-éπ~-ùç™ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË E®Ωg-ߪ÷©’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûª°æ¤p-´¤ûª’ç-ö«®·.

c) He got such low marks because of his eleventh hour preparation = marks

Æœü¿l¥ç-é¬-´-úøç-´©x Åûª-úÕéÀ ûªèπ◊\´

*´-J-éπ~-ùç™ ´î√a®·.

6) Grinding my/ his/ somebody's teeth = (Grind, ground - past tense and past participle)

éÓ°æçûÓ °æ∞¡Ÿx -éÌ-®Ω-éπ-úøç

a) He ground his teeth as the speaker criticised him =

Ö°æ-Ø√u-Ææ-èπ◊úø’ ûª††’ N´’-Jz-Ææ’hçõ‰ Åûª-úø’ éÓ°æçûÓ °æ∞¡Ÿx -éÌ-®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

b) She grinds her teeth even at the mention of her divorced husband's name =

NúÕ-§Ú-®·† ûª† ¶µº®Ωh Ê°®Ω’ Nçõ‰- î√©’, Ç¢Á’ °æ∞¡Ÿx éÌ®Ω’-èπ◊\çô’çC, éÓ°æçûÓ. 7) Hit and run case = Road Accidents N≠æߪ’ç™, accident éπL-TçîË driver (ÉçéÓ- ¢√-£æ«-Ø√Eo, á´-È®jØ√ ´uéÀhE úµŒéÌöÀd† driver) ûª† ¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo Ç°æ-èπ◊çú≈ §ƒJ-§Ú-´-úøç. a) He died in the hit and run accident= 鬮Ω’ úµŒéÌE, 鬮Ω’ Ç°æE accident ™ Åûª-úø’ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. b) He is a hit and run driver and everybody knows it = Accident driver

©’ îËÆœ ¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo Ç°æÅûª-úø’. Åûª-úøç-ü¿-JéÃ

èπ◊çú≈ ¢ÁRx-§ÚßË’ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

8) It doesn't matter = It's no matter = no matter =

°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’.

´®Ω{ç 鬮Ω-ùçí¬

match

b) By means of =

®Ωü¿l-®·çC. ûªü∆y®√.

He came up in life by means of hard work =

A.

1)

Ç¢Á’ Sex †’ (¨¡%çí¬-®√Eo) ûª† ≤ƒy®Ωn ûª%°œhéÓÆæç ¢√úø’-éÓ-ü¿-T† ´Ææ’h-´¤í¬ îª÷Ææ’hçC. 2) Communication Skills ᙫ °ç§Òç-Cç-éÓ-¢√™ Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jç* ÖØ√oç. 3) ´·êuçí¬ ÉC î√-™« ü¿’®Ωü¿%-≠æd-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ’çí¬ ûªßª÷-È®jçC. 4) a) Because of = Ç é¬®Ω-ùçí¬. The match was cancelled because of the rain =

-v¨¡-´’ -ü∆y®√ Åûª-úø’ @N-ûªç™ °jéÌ-î√aúø’. By means of his contacts he can get anything done =

ûª†-èπ◊†o Ææç•ç-üµ∆© ü∆y®√ Åûª-úø’ -à °æØÁjØ√ îË®·ç-îª-í∫-©úø’. c) In accordance with = Ç v°æ鬮Ωç. In accordance with the agreement she should vacate the house =

ä°æpçü¿ç v°æ鬮Ωç Ç¢Á’ É©’x ë«SîËߪ÷L.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 6 -V-™„j 2008 Q.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ B: I would be, indeed =

Indeed, Rather than

©èπ◊ -Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’-öÀ? -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -O-öÀ ¢√-úø’éπ í∫’-Jç-* -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. - P.Sreenivasulu, Hyderabad.

Å´¤†’. ÅC Eï¢Ë’. 3) Indeed -†’ ´·çü¿’ ņo-´÷-ôèπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπçí¬ ´îËa Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. He wasn't disappointed at all. Indeed he was happy =

A.

Indeed -†’ -Gµ-†o Ææç-ü¿®√s¥™x -¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ -Å®√n-©’ üµ¿y-Eç-îË-™« -¢√-úø-û√ç. 1) Indeed= Eïçí¬ (really) A friend in need is a friend indeed.

(Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÀ ´îËa ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úË Eïçí¬/ Eï-¢Á’i† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’) 2) Indeed -†’– 'Å´¤†’ ÅC éπ®Ωé˙d—/ 'Å´¤†’ ÅC Eï¢Ë’— – ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. A: Would you be happy if I gave you some more money?

2

-Å-ûªúø-Ææ©’ E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. Éçé¬ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√úø’. Rather than= È®çúø’ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú©’Ææ÷h äéπöÀ ÉçéÓü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅE comparative degree ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ rather than ¢√-úø-û√ç. Éçé¬ preference (É≠ædûª) ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

Q.

I'd rather starve than eat that food =

1. Thirteen day training programme for the teachers. heading A thirteen day training Thirteen days training

Å™«çöÀ ǣ慮Ωç AØËç-ü¿’éπçõ‰ ؈’ °æÆæ’h -Öç-úËç-ü¿’Íé É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’ = Rather than eat

2. The Prime Minister left New Delhi on a four day visit to Australia-

í¬ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ÅE-í¬E, ÅE-í¬E ®√ߪ’-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü∆?

1. Billet-doux,

love

letter

äéπ-õ‰Ø√? 2. Epistle, Missive

©’ à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i†

3. Vale, Valedictory function, farewell, send off, Adieu

3. Vale = Valley = Vale poetic.

™ߪ’.

äéπ-õ‰Ø√?

5. Baccy,

ÅØËC

äéπ-õ‰Ø√?

Tobacco,

snout,

guvnor,

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

boss

äéπ-õ‰Ø√? 6. Molestation, Nuisance, Mutation, Alteraction, Vicissitude, Variation

É´Fo äéπ-õ‰Ø√?

7. Nihilism, Terrorism 8. Lucubration

–

Nocturnal study

äéπ-õ‰Ø√?

9. Noontide, Noon, Noon time- eventide, evening, eve

äéπ-õ‰Ø√?

- U. Ajay Kumar, Adilabad.

A.

O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† ´÷ô© Ææ´·-ü∆-ߪ÷© (sets of words) ™ éÌEo sets, synonyms, î√™« áèπ◊\´ sets ™E ´÷ô™x äéπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπöÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰EE ÖØ√o®·. éÌEo sets ™E éÌEo ´÷ô©’ î√™« ví¬çC∑-éπ-¢Á’i-†N, formal written English ™ èπÿú≈ î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ éπE-°œç-îËN. Spoken English ™ ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úø-EN– ¢√úÕØ√ á´JéÀ Å®Ωnç é¬èπ◊çú≈ communication break éπL-Tç-îËN. O’K °æü∆-©†’ áéπ\-úø-†’ç* ÊÆéπ-Jç-î√®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’úø癉ü¿’; ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç, à Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E 4, 5 ´÷ô-©†’ äÍé set ™ îª÷°œç* É´Fo äéπ-õ‰Ø√ ÅE Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. O’èπ◊ ¢√öÀE ᙫ N´-Jç-î√™ Å®Ωnç 鬴-úøç-™‰ü¿’.

-Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ -á-™« -îÁ-§ƒp-L? 8. ÖvûËp-é~¬-©ç-鬮Ωç 1. ûª† ü¿’®Ω’Ææ’ v°æ´-®Ωh-†ûÓ Nü∆u-©-ߪ÷Eo 9. Nví∫-£æ…Eo ÇN-≠æ\-Jç-î√®Ω’. v¶µº≠æfld °æöÀdç-î√úø’. 10. ®Óúø’f °æéπ\† ´®Ω{-°æ¤-F-öÀéÀ °ü¿l ´’úø’2. ÆæØ√t-Ø√Eo E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªúøç/ ÆæØ√t† 鬮Ωuí∫’™« à®ΩpúÕ •vÈ®©’, ü¿’†o-§Ú-ûª’©’ véπ´’ç. ™«çöÀ °æ¨¡Ÿ-´¤-©èπ◊ véÃú≈¨¡-ߪ’-¢Á’içC. 3. ´’† í∫’®Ω’-ûª®Ω ¶«üµ¿u-ûª-ØÁ-JT v°æ´-Jhç-î√L. DE°j ¢ÁçôØË ÆæpçCç* ûªT† Ωu 4. Çߪ’† ñ«AéÀ îËÆœ† ÊÆ´©’ ¢Á©-™‰-EN. BÆæ’-éÓ-´’E ´·Eq-°æ™¸ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’-©†’ 5. éπ©ç, £æ«©-´·-©çü¿’ °∂æ’†’úø’. éÓ®Ω-úø-¢Á’içC. 6. °æçúÕûª °æJ-≠æ\%ûªç. - Y. Gayathri, Asifabad. 7. ûª†-üÁj† ¨ÎjL™ 1.

éÌçü¿®Ω’ Grammar Depth í¬ îÁ•’û√ç Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. ´’J-éÌç-ü¿®Ω’ Grammar Deep í¬ îÁ•’û√ç Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Éçü¿’™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? 2. Tenses ™ perfect continuous tense ©èπ◊ passive form (voice) áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. – V.B. Naidu, Ganapathi, Bhimavaram

A.

1. Grammar deep

474

Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Terrorism èπÿ, Nihilism èπÿ Ææç•çüµ¿ç àç Öçü¿E ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îª-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? O’®Ω’ ´’ç* dictionary ≤ƒßª’ç BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. Ñ Spoken English lessons ™ ´÷´‚©’ daily life situations ™ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’, ¢√öÀ ¢√úø’éπ í∫’Jç* ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûÁLߪ’ñ‰ßª’-í∫©ç, í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. 1. Billet- doux (G-©ö¸úø÷)= love letter. Å®·ûË Billet- doux, french ´÷ô– á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ £æ…≤ƒu-EéÀ ™‰ü∆ ví¬çC∑-éπçí¬ ¢√úË-´÷ô, Åçü¿-Jéà ŮΩnçé¬éπ§Ú´îª’a. 2. Epistle - ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç - Jesus ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ņ’-îª-®Ω’©’ ®√Æœ† Öûªh-®√™x àüÁjØ√. ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç = àüÁjØ√ ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* Ææ’D-®Ω`-¢Á’i† ™‰ê– ví¬çC∑éπçí¬ é¬F ™‰ü∆ £æ…≤ƒu-E-éÀ-í¬F ¢√úË-´÷ô. ´÷´‚©’ Öûªh-®√-EéÀ ÉC- ¢√úøç. Missive Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ´·êu- N-≠æ-ߪ’ç í∫’Jç-* Ææ’D-®Ω`-¢Á’i† ÅCµ-é¬-Jéπ ™‰ê– ví¬çC∑éπç, £æ…≤ƒu-EéÀ ¢√úË´÷ô. ´÷´‚©’ Öûªh-®√-©èπ◊ Ñ ´÷ô ¢√úøôç îµ√çü¿-Ææçí¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.

Q.

Q.

™ îËߪ’-úøç Ææçv°æü∆ߪ’ç. ÅC ûª°æ¤pí¬ Å†’-éÓ®Ω’. 2. ÅC ÆæÈ®j-†üË.

Study late into the night

Öûªh-®√©’? 4. Venality, Bribery

Å®·ûË

- Pavani & Sudha, Matsyapuri

(Éçé¬Ææh úøGsÊÆh †’´¤y ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh¢√?)

1. You are correct. It should be 'A thirteen day-tour' 'A thirteen days' tour' correct. Newspaper Headlines articles (A/ an and the) omit

ÅE-í¬F, ÅE-í¬F ®√ߪ’úøç

Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√?

that food I'd starve.

Q.

A.

DEE

í¬ îÁ•’û√ç ņúøç correct. 2. Perfect continuous tenses èπ◊ passive form î√™« Å≤˘-éπ-®Ωuçí¬, éπ%ûª-éπçí¬ grammar éÓÆæç grammar í¬ (English ®√ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ, ´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÀ é¬èπ◊çú≈) éπ-E°œÆæ’hçô’ç--C. (have/ has/ had/ shall have/ will have been being + PP)– ÉD ¢√öÀéÀ passive - ÉC áçûª É•sç-C-éπ-®Ω¢Á÷ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆?

Q.

A.

Valediction= OúÓ\©’ °æ©éπúøç, ´·êuçí¬ ã OúÓ\©’ Æ涵º™– ÉC î√™« §ƒçúÕûªuç, ´÷´‚©’ OúÓ\-©’èπ◊ ¢√úøç. (´uèπ◊h© •%çü∆-EéÓ, Nü∆u-®Ω’n© M.SURESAN Ææ´‚-£æ…-EéÓ, v°æûËu-éπ Æ涵º™ °æLÍé OúÓ\©’). Valedictory function= °j† ûÁL°œ† ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ à®√p-ô’-îË-Æœ† Æ涵º/ ¢Ëúø’éπ Farewell= OúÓ\©’. Give/ say a farewell = OúÓ\©’ îÁ°æp-úøç (ã ´uéÀh ÉçéÓ-´uéÀh/ ´uèπ◊h-©èπ◊)= sendoff= ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’†o ´uéÀhE ≤ƒí∫-†ç-°æúøç. Adieu = goodbye – ÉC §ƒûª-üÁj-§Ú-®·çC. v°æÆæ’hûªç ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. 4. Venality= úø•’s-éÓÆæç FA-´÷-L† °æ†’©’ îËߪ’úøç= bribery= -©ç-îªç. È®çúø÷ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË Venality ví¬çC∑éπç. Spoken English ™ Å®Ω’ü¿’. 5. Baccy= ¶«uéÀ (British English ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’– ¶«u, Bank ™ ba ™«)= Tobacco. Snout èπ◊ Tabacco èπ◊ àçÆæç-•çüµ¿ç? Snout Åçõ‰ °æçC ™«çöÀ ïçûª’-´¤© ´·èπ◊\, ØÓ®Ω÷ éπL°œ. Guvnor= boss (Guvnor- British Eng)

2. Conducting/ organising a felicitation ceremony (English

™ Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. -Ñ -´÷-ô Åçûªí¬ ÆæJ-§Úü¿’. ÆæØ√t† 鬮Ωuvéπ-´÷-©èπ◊ Ççí∫x Ææçv°æü∆-ߪ’ç™ Åçûª v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰ü¿’)

3. We should behave with a high sense of responsibility/

4. The services he rendered to the nation are invaluable. 5. He is good at writing and forming as well. 6. Emended by scholars. 7. In his/ her own style.

1. Active Voice 6

™ verb 12 ®Ω÷§ƒ™x Ö†oô’x ®√¨»®Ω’. ´’®ÌéπîÓô verb ®Ω鬩’ ÅØ√o®Ω’. àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? 2. Pratibha Plus ™ èπÿú≈ ÉçTx≠ˇ ví¬´’Í® ÉÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. -ví¬-´’®˝èπ◊ -v§ƒ-´·-êuç -É-´yí∫-©®Ω’.

Q.

1. Active Voice 12 forms passive voice 8 forms 6 forms English voice verb six forms- 1) be form 2) be form + ...ing form 3) be form + pp (passive) 4) Have/ has/ had/ shall have/ will have, etc + pp 5) Doing words 6) Shall/ should/ will/ would etc + 1st Regular Doing Word -

™E Å®·Ø√ Å®·Ø√, Ç ™ØË Öçö«®·. Å®·Ø√ Ñ

èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. OöÀ™ Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

9. Unveiled the statue. 10. Buffaloes are lolling about in the large puddle (of rain water) along the margin of the road. The Municipal authorities are requested to respond and take immediate action to end this.

©èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ™‰ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’ éπü∆. áçü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆, N´-

- P. Srinivasa Rao, Pitapuram

™E à

OöÀ™ äéπ-öÀ-í¬ØË Öçô’çC. ™ Vocabulary (words- ¢√öÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç) ®√ߪ’úøç™ ÖüËl¨¡ç grammar ûÓ¶«ô’ §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ °æü¿ Ææç°æ-ü¿†’ èπÿú≈ °ç-éÓ-¢√-©E.

2. Pratibha Plus

ÖvûËp-é¬~ -©ç-鬮Ωç– DEéÀ ÆæÈ®j† °æü¿ç ™ ™‰ü¿’.

English

1. Consonant sounds V, W

™E

™ à

8.

2. Present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future perfect continuous, future continuous tense passive voice transitive verbs

- S. Satyanarayana Murthy, Kakinada

A.

Ñ nuisance È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ àçöÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç? ÅÆ晄™« ´*açC O’é¬ Idea? Molestation- ¨»K-®Ω-éπçí¬, ™„jçTéπçí¬ ´·êuçí¬ °œ©x-©†’ £œ«çÆœçîªúøç. Nuisance = *é¬èπ◊, ¶«üµ¿ éπL-Tç-îªúøç. Mutation - @´-¨»≤ƒYEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô– ´’†’-≠æfl-©, îÁôx, ïçûª’-´¤© u-°æ-ü∆-®√n©’, ¢√öÀ Ææçûª-A™ îÁçüË -´÷®Ω’p. Alteraction = Ñ ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Vicissitude = äéπJ @N-ûªç™E ´’©’-°æ¤©’, Ææ´’Ææu©÷. Variation = ûËú≈/ ´÷®Ω’p. 7. Nihilism = N’ü∑∆u¢√ü¿ç. v°æ°æç-îªç™ ´’ûª, ≤ƒç°∂œ’éπ †´’t-é¬-©èπÿ, Çî√-®√-©èπÿ à N©’-¢√-™‰ü¿’, ÅN °æE-éÀ®√-´ØË ûªûªyç. Terrorism = Bv´ £œ«ç≤ƒ-¢√ü¿ç. 8. Lucubration (î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’) = Nocturnal study (Å®Ω’ü¿’) = ®√vA°æ‹ô î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ v¨¡N’ç* îªü¿-´úøç. Study late into the night Åçõ‰ Åçü¿-Jéà ŮΩnç Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? 9. äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË noontide ví¬çC∑éπç. O’®Ω’ à book of synonyms †’ç-îÓ ÊÆéπ-Jç-*† ´÷ô-©†’ Ééπ\úø ÅúÕ-T-†-ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«çöÀ °æ¤Ææh-鬩™ Ö†o ´çü¿™«C ´÷ô-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-úøç éπ≠dçæ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-™†÷ ÅN Spoken English ™ N-E°œç-îË-N é¬-´¤.

We should conduct ourselves, conscious of our serious responsibility.

1. He ruined the institution by his high handed behaviour.

6. Molestation,

A.

1.

°j ´-®ΩÆæ °æ∞¡x†’ éÀçC °ü¿-NéÀ û√éÀÊÆh ´îËa ¨¡•lç V. ÉC F èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω. °ü¿-´¤-©†’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp- Ø√-©’-éπ†’ flat í¬ Â°öÀd Öîªa-JçîË ¨¡•lç 'W'. V, W ©èπ◊ É™« î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. 2. ÉC Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ N´-Jçî√ç. OöÀéÀ passive î√™« éπ%ûª-éπçí¬, grammar éÓÆæç grammar í¬ Öçô’çC. OöÀéÀ passive î√ü¿Ææhçí¬ Öçô’çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 8 -V-™„j 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Arogya: Kundan made a fool of himself yesterday, didn't he?

(èπ◊çü¿Ø˛ E†o äöÀd ¢ÁvJ-¶«-í∫’-©-¢√-úÕ™« v°æ´-Jhçî√úø’ éπü∆?)

Iswarya: Things are going to be different from Monday. The class hours will be from 8 to 3, instead of from 10 to 5 as they are now.

Iswarya: Yes, by making jokes that were all out of place.

(Å´¤†’, ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥-¢Á’i†

jokes

(ûª††’ Éûª-®Ω’©’ Çô-°æ-öÀd-Ææ’h-Ø√o-®ΩE Åûª-úÕ-éπ®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’. Eïçí¬ ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* ؈’ ¶«üµ¿-°æúø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’.) Iswarya: I tried to warn him, but he took it amiss. He thought I was discouraging him out of envy.

Arogya:

(≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç †’ç* °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ ´÷®Ω-û√®· éπü∆. Classes É°æpöÀ™«í¬ 10 †’ç* 5 ´®Ωèπ◊ é¬èπ◊çú≈ 8 †’ç* 3 ´®Ωèπ◊çö«®·.)

¢ËÆœ.)

Arogya: He wasn't aware that others were poking fun at him. I was really sorry for him.

2

Arogya: That certainly is a change for the worse. We have to get up rather early in the morning .

(Ñ ´÷®Ω’p ´©x îÁúË. §Òü¿’l† Éçé¬Ææh ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰¢√Lq ´Ææ’hçC.) Iswarya: (There is) no helping it. Things are not in our hands.

Éûª®Ω’©’ Åúøèπ◊\çú≈ØË Ææ©-£æ…L*a ¢ÁvJ-¢√-úÕ-´-E-°œç--èπ◊ç-ö«-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊? 2) Out of place - ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥-¢Á’i†

(ûª°æpü¿’. ´’† îËûª’™x àO’ ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.) (ÅûªúÕE £«îªa-Jç-î√-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’. é¬F High frequency expressions used in daily Åûªúø’ ††’o ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ØËØËüÓ real life situations í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆? Ñ®Ω{uûÓ ÅûªúÕE E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†-†’-èπ◊- É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. ÉN èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Ø√oúø’.) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫°æúË ´÷ô©’. î√™« ≤˘éπ®Ωuçí¬ Öçö«®·. What was the matter with him? Why ´’† ´÷´‚©’ ¶µ«¢√©’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ OöÀE Å´-鬨¡ç couldn't he understand that you meant ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-úøçúÕ. well.

(à¢Á’iç-ü¿-ûª-úÕéÀ? †’´¤y Ææü¿’-üËl-¨¡ç-ûÓØË îÁ§ƒp´¤ é¬F áçü¿’-éπ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Iswarya: He didn't quite catch what I was trying to drive at.

c) Why make a fool of yourself by offering advice unasked =

475

(؈’ àç îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’h-Ø√oØÓ Åûªúø’ ví∫£œ«ç-‰ü¿’.)

a) His jokes were out of place on such a serious occasion = jokes b) Nothing ill of the dead. That will be out of place at a condolence meeting =

ÅûªúÕ

Ç í∫çHµ-®Ωçí¬ Ö†o Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ î√™« ÅÆæç-ü¿®Ωs¥çí¬ ÖØ√o®·.

îªE-§Ú®·†¢√∞¡x†’ í∫’Jç* îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å™« ´÷ö«x-úøôç Ææçû√-°æ-Ææ-¶µº™ ÅÆæç-ü¿®Ωs¥çí¬ Öçô’çC.

c) Her black dress was out of place for the auspicious occasion = dress d) Your comments are out of place =

Ç ¨¡Ÿ¶µº Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ÅÆæç-ü¿®Ωs¥çí¬ ÖçC. Ç¢Á’ †©x F ¢√uêu©’ Ææçü¿-®Ós¥-*ûªçí¬ ™‰´¤.

c) Would she take it amiss if I offered help =

؈’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅçCÊÆh Ǣ˒´’Ø√o ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊çô’çü∆?. amiss = ûª°æ¤p/ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ Something is amiss some where = áéπ\úÓ àüÓ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’/ ûª°æ¤pçC. 5) What was the matter with him? Matter with (somebody) =

àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?

à¢Á’içC (á´-J-ÈéjØ√) a) What is the matter with the doctor? He doesn't want to treat patients any more = Doctor

à¢Á’içü∆ èπ◊? ®Óí∫’-™„´JF îª÷úø-†ç-ô’Ø√oúø’? (îª÷úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ ņ’èπ◊çô’-Ø√oúø’)

b) ''Is anything the matter? You don't look all right" =

''à¢Á’iØ√ Å®·uçü∆?/ àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? ÆæJí¬ Ö†oô’x ™‰´¤?——

"Nothing's the matter. I'm perfectly OK" =

''àO’ 鬙‰ü¿’. ؈’ îªéπ\-í¬ØË ÖØ√o.—— Ñ matter ûÓ ´îËa expressions O™„j-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úÕ, O’ conversation ™ ¶µ«í∫ç îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. 6) Mean well = Ææü¿’-üËl-¨¡çûÓØË ´÷ö«x-úøôç/ v°æ´-Jhç-îªúøç.

What was the matter with him?

Arogya: Don't worry. If the worst comes to the worst he will stop talking to you. You won't be the worse off for it after all.

(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Åçûªí¬ Å®·ûË à´’-´¤ûª’çC FûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´÷ØË-≤ƒhúø’. ÅçûËí∫ü∆? ü∆E-´©x FÍéç †≠ædç ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.)

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above: 1) Kundan made a fool of himself 2) ... by making jokes that were out of place 3) He wasn't aware that others were poking fun at him 4) I tried to warn him but he took it amiss 5) What was the matter with him? 6) ... you meant well 7) If the worst comes to worst

3) Poking fun at somebody =

b) You only make a fool of yourself if you interfere in the affairs of a husband a wife =

b) If you don't take me amiss, your attending the function is not good = function

Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ÍíL-îËߪ’úøç/ Çô-°æ-öÀdç-îªúøç/ Å°æ£æ…Ææuç îËߪ’úøç.

a) Everyone was poking fun at his fatness =

Past Tense and Past Participle- meant (well) a) I meant well when I told him not to eat so much. He took it amiss and felt I was against his eating =

Åûª-úÕE ÅçûÁ-èπ◊\´ AØÌ-ü¿lE ؈’ Ææü¿’üËl-¨¡ç-ûÓØË ÅØ√o. Åûªúø’ ††’o ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’, Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÅûªúÕ ™«´¤ Ø√ÍéüÓ Åûªúø’ A†úøç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿-†’-èπ◊E. í∫’Jç* áí∫-û√R îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ b) When elders chide us they mean well = °ü¿lM.SURESAN (Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™) ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†Lo Ææü¿’-üËl-¨¡ç-ûÓØË (´’ç* éÓÆæ¢Ë’) ´’çü¿(ÅçûË™‰. ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, ††’o F scooter L-≤ƒh®Ω’. chide = ´’çü¿-Lç-îªúøç/ éÓ°æp-úøôç .. b) Don't poke fun at his poor clothes = Åûª ú Õ O’ü¿ ÉçöÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω Cç°æ¢√?) îª ´ éπ •ôd © í∫ ’ Jç* Í í Lî Ë ß ª ’ èπ ◊ . 7) If the worst comes to the worst = Åü∑¿-´’-°æ-éπ~ç™/ Arogya: Not at all, though my scooter is not as 1) Made a fool of himself- Make a fool of oneï®Ω -í∫-èπÿ-úø-E-ü¿çô÷ ïJ-TûË/ £‘«Ø√A£‘«† °æéπ~ç™. c) Poking fun at others for whatever reason is self. Ééπ \ úø oneself •ü¿ ’ ©’ himself/ herself/ good as before I had it repaired. a) He is willing to join the army. He feels that if bad manners = à 鬮Ω ù ç´©x Ø Á j Ø √ Éûª ® Ω ’ ©†’ themselves etc.. àüÁ j Ø √ ¢√úÌîª ’ a. (àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’/ ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË the worst comes to the worst, he will die = Çô°æ ö À d ç î ª ú ø ç îÁ ú ø ’ v°æ ´ ® Ω h Ø Ë . Make a fool of oneself = ¢Á v J¢ √∞ ¡ x ™ « éπ E °œ ç î ª ú ø ç scooter repair îË®·ç*† ûª®√yûª Åçûªèπ◊ ÂÆj†uç™ îËÍ®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úø-ûªúø’. ´’£æ… Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊. ´’† ´÷ô©, îËûª©´©x/ †´¤y© §ƒ©-´úøç. 4) Took it amiss = Past tense of take it amiss = ´·çü¿’†oçûª ¶«í¬™‰ü¿’.) Å®·ûË ûª†’ îªE-§Ú-û√-úøçûË éπü∆ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûªúø’. ŧƒ®Ω n ç îË Æ æ ’ é Ó´ úø ç . a) He made a fool of himself by talking about Iswarya: Then don't mind me. You just get b) If the worst comes to the worst, I may have a) Don't take me amiss, but you had better, things he did not know = ûª†èπ◊ ûÁLߪ’E N≠æalong. I'll walk home. to sell my property = ï®Ω-í∫-èπÿ-úø-E-ü¿çô÷ ïJ-TûË, wear better clothes = †’Nyçé¬ ´’ç* •ôd©’ ߪ ÷ © í∫ ’ Jç* ´÷ö«x ú Õ ûª † ûÁ L N û ª è π ◊ \´ û ª † ç (Å®·ûË †ØÌo-C-™„®·u. †’´¤y é¬Eß˝’. ؈’ ؈’ Ø√ ÇÆœhE Å´÷tLq ´Ææ’hç-üË¢Á÷! ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C. É™« ņoç-ü¿’èπ◊ ††o-§ƒ®Ωnç îª÷°œç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’/ ¢ÁvJ-¢√-úÕ™« éπ†-°æ-ú≈fúø’/ †´¤y-©†úÕ* ¢Á∞¡û√ ÉçöÀéÀ.) c) She wants to marry anyone but him. If the îËÆæ’-éÓèπ◊/ à´’-†’-éÓèπ◊. §ƒ-©-ߪ÷uúø’. Iswarya: I understand that. By the way, (would you) mind dropping me at home on your scooter?

Arogya: No, No. I can still manage it. Don't worry.

(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ ᙫíÓ™« E†’o BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡û√-†’™‰.) Q.

1. Fortune 500 companies, fortune 500 clients

OöÀ Å®Ωnç,

Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. 2. Maruthi Inc/ Bharathi Inc Inc

*´®Ω †’ ᙫ îªü¿-¢√L? DE Ö†o Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

3. Don't try to imitate your friends. Leave that to Daffy and Elmer. Daffy and Elmer

Ééπ\úø àN’öÀ? Ñ ¢√éπuç °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

Åçõ‰

4. A twitching rabbit is less likely to make it than a cool cucumber

Ñ ¢√é¬uEéÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?Spoken v°æûËu-éπûª àN’öÀ? 6. Manners makesth a man Åçõ‰ à--N’öÀ? Makesth DEE ᙫ Öîªa-Jç-î√L? 7. ´’†Ææ’ îªçîª-©-¢Á’içC, ´’†-Ææ’ûÓ Ç™-*ç-îªèπ◊, ¢Á’ü¿-úø’ûÓ Ç™-*ç. -D-E-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 5. Institute Academy English Academy

èπ◊

- Neena Nair, Hyderabad

¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh© N≠æ-ߪ÷™x éπLpç--èπ◊çõ‰ F ¢ÁvJ-ûª†¢Ë’ •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC/ ´‚®Ω’^-úÕ™« éπE-°œ-≤ƒh´¤. A.

1. Fortune magazine (companies)

ÅØËC äéπ American Magazine. v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç, ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn © ≤ƒç´-ûªq-Jéπ Å´’t-鬩 N©’´ (†í∫-ü¿’™) Çüµ∆®Ωçí¬ Åûªu-Cµéπ Å´’t-鬩’ îËÆœ íÌ°æp ™«¶µ«©’ í∫úÕçîË 500 ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn© ñ«Gû√ ûªßª÷®Ω’-îËÆœ v°æéπ-öÀÆæ’hçC. Ç ñ«G-û√™ îÓô’-îË-Ææ’èπ◊†o company ©†’ Fortune 500 company ©çö«®Ω’. Ç ñ«G-û√™ îË®Ω-í∫-©-í∫úøç äéπ ÆæçÆæn îËÊÆ Å´’t-鬩 N©’-´èπÿ, ûªü∆y®√ §ÒçüË ™«¶µ«-©èπ◊ äéπ Ææ÷*éπ. Ç ñ«G-û√™ îË®Ω-í∫-©-í∫úøç v°æA-≥ƒe-ûªtéπ N≠æߪ’ç.Å™« í∫’Jhç°æ¤ §ÒçüË Companies Fortune 500 Clients Å´¤-û√®·. 2. Maruti Inc/ Bharathi Inc- OöÀ™ x Inc= Incorporated = Ltd = Limited. -´’-† -üË-¨¡ç-™ Company Ê°®Ωx *´®Ω Ltd (Limited), America™ Inc (Incorporated) èπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç. Åç-õ‰ Ñ company © ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’© ¶«üµ¿uûª °æJ-N’ûªç ÅE.Ñ

†’¢Ëy-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË/ †’´¤y ††’o ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, †’Oy èπ◊ ®√´ü¿’l (®√´úøç ´’ç*-C-é¬ü¿’).

3.

F ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©†’ ņ’-éπ-Jç-îª-´ü¿’l. (copy îËߪ’´ü¿’l). Ç °æE Daffy (´uéÀh Ê°®Ω’ 鬴a/ Fool ÅE Å®Ωnç ®√´îª’a), and Elmer (´uéÀh)èπÿ ´C™„ß˝’. Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌéπJE copy îËߪ’-úøç †’´¤y îËߪ’-ü¿-T† ´’ç* °æØËç é¬ü¿’ ÅE. 4. éπçí¬®Ω’ éπçí¬-®Ω’í¬ ÖçúË èπ◊çüË©’ éπçõ‰ àç xéπ∫-ü¿-©E (ÖvüË-éπ-°æ-úøE) üÓÆæé¬ßª’ †ßª’ç ÅE. English ™ as cool as cucumber Åçõ‰ àç ÖvüË-éπ-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈, Ææçߪ’-´’†ç éÓ™p-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. èπ◊çüË©’ üÓÆæ-é¬ßª’ éπçõ‰ N©’-¢ÁjçC. Å®·ûË éπçí¬®Ω’ éπçí¬®Ω’í¬ ÖçúË èπ◊çüË©’ éπçõ‰ ÖvüË-éπ-°æ-úøE üÓÆæ-é¬ßª’ (èπ◊çüË-©çûª N©’-´-™‰ü¿’) †ßª’ç ÅE. Åçõ‰ éπçí¬®Ω’í¬ ÖçúË-¢√-∞¡x-éπçõ‰ éπçí¬®Ω’ °æúøèπ◊çú≈ balanced í¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx †ßª’´’E. 5. Institute - Nü¿u, ´%Ah, ´%Ahéπ´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Péπ~ù«– É™«çöÀ ÖüËl-¨»©’†o ÆæçÆæn.

worst comes to the worst, she would remain unmarried =

ÅûªúÕE ûª°æp ÉçÈé´JØÁjØ√ °∞«x-ú≈-©†’-èπ◊ç-öçC. Åü∑¿-´’-°æ-éπ~ç™ ÅN-¢√-£œ«-ûª-í¬ØË ÖçúÕ§Ú-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC. Indian Institute of Sciences, Institute of Engineering and Technology, etc. Institution.

´·êuçí¬ ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ Nü∆u ´%ûª’h-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ÆæçÆæn

Academy-

àüÓ äéπ subject/ ®Ωçí∫ç™ v°æûËuéπ Péπ~ù ÉîËa/ v§Úûªq-£œ«çîË ÆæçÆæn/ éπ∞«-¨»©, etcAcademy of Arts/ Academy of music, etc. Spoken English Academy English

Åçõ‰ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Péπ~ù ÉîËa ÆæçÆæn ÅE. Å®·ûË Academy É™«çöÀ *†o *†o ¢√öÀéÀ ¢√úøôç ÆæJé¬ü¿’. î√™« v°æA-≥ƒe-ûªt-éπ-¢Á’i†, Ö†oûª v°æ´÷-ù«©’†o ÆæçÆæn†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Academy Åçö«ç. 6. v°æ´-®Ωh† äéπ-JE ´’E-≠œí¬ îËÆæ’hç-ü¿E = ´’E≠œ íÌ°æpûª†ç ¢√J v°æ´-®Ωh-†-†’-•öÀd ÅE. Maketh- Old English for make. 7. Mind wavers; don't let your mind think, let your brains do it.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 10 -V-™„j 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Åçõ‰ am/ is/ are/ was/ were ûÓ éπLÆœ à®ΩpúË verbs. OöÀéÀ ÖçúÌa/ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. I am eating bread - Ééπ\úø am eating (verb)èπ◊ object bread She is running- Ééπ\úø verb is running èπ◊ object ™‰ü¿’.

2. 'Be' structure 'be' forms objects

™«çöÀ

Q.

1. I have been able to maintain regularity. passive voice tense

DEE

™ ᙫ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. ÉC à ™ ÖçC? 2. Be structure Åçõ‰ à-N’öÀ? DE-ØÁ™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷T-≤ƒh®Ω’? DE™ verb ™‰ü∆ object Öçö«ßª÷? 3. What is the difference between past continuous and past perfect continuous. 4. ''I go through fire and fire to enrich my english communication skills.''

-Å®Ωn-¢Ë’N’-öÀ?

- V. Pavankumar, Hyderabad

A.

1. The verb in the sentence is have been. This is a 'be' form and 'be' forms don't have passive voice. The tense of 'have been' is present perfect.

Q.

A.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©’ ÆæÈ®j†¢ËØ√?

1. He paid a deaf ear to our instructions.

(Åûªúø’ í∫C-™éÀ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’

îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’)

Past perfect continuous tense talks of an action that had started earlier than, and continued till another past action.

-Ñ -¢√éπuç

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

- Y. Gayatri, Asifabad

5.

give the meanings and examples for the following words.

i) so well as ii) as much as

x) To be able to + V1 (i.e. to be able to solve)

M.SURESAN

¢Á·ü¿ô singular, plural Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. Singular (number) Åçõ‰ àéπ-´-ç, Åçõ‰ äéπJE, äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’, äéπ-ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°pC. Plural (number) = •£æ›-´-

4.

ïJ-Íí-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ Åûªúø’ ¢Ëí∫çûÓ †úø’¢Ëí∫ç °æ¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. (Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË Åçü¿’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.) Ø√ communication skills °ç-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûª éπ≥ƒd-E-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’/ áçûÁjØ√ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-û√†’. 'go through fire' §ƒûª ¢√úø’éπ.

ç Åçõ‰ È®çúø÷, Åçûª éπçõ‰ singular (He, She, it) ûÓ II áèπ◊\-´†’ í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°pC. RDW (comes, goes, takes, does etc.) and 'has' ¢√úøû√ç. I Åçõ‰ ؈’ ÅE. ؈’ áçûª´’çC? äéπ\Í® éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE You-II person singular = I á°æ¤púø÷ singular- ü∆EûÓ ´îËa †’´¤yYou-II person plural = verbs singular í¬ØË Öçú≈L O’®Ω’. Å®·ûË, you †’ sinéπü∆. I RDWs (Go, come, gular (†’´¤y)í¬ ¢√úÕØ√ take etc.,) have, had, shall/ plural (O’®Ω’)í¬ ¢√úÕØ√ ü∆EûÓ ´îËa verb á°æ¤púø÷ will etc. + have etc., I person plural í¬ØË Öçô’çC. ÉC singular (I), I person plural ¶µ«≥ƒ ©éπ~ùç. (we) II person singular and plural (you), III person plural I ûÓ have ¢√úÕ-†çûª ´÷vû√† ÅC (they) ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. III person plural é¬ü¿’. I á°æ¤púø÷ singular.

money I spent is equal to the money he spent.

(Åûªúø’

A†oçûª Ç¢Á’ A†-™‰ü¿’)

xiv) Commencement of xv) Request to/ Requested to

iv) Refer to =

Åçûª=

xii) As a result xiii) For the commencement of

xvi) Ward to attend - B. Ashok, Warangal

A. i) So

well as- an expression of comparison and saying that one thing is not equal to another.

No one can sing so well as SP = No one has the ability to sing like SP. SP can sing better than others. ii) As much as = such an amount/ quantity. I spent as much (money) as he did = The

He points to my mistakes always =

-Å-ûª-ØÁ°æ¤p-úø÷ Ø√ ûª°æ¤p©†’ îª÷°æ¤-û√úø’. Pointing to the car= Car

†’

îª÷°œÆæ÷h.

iii) So much of = such a quantity of/ such an amount that much of I don't have so much (of) money.= I don't have that much (of) money.

xi) Points to / pointing to

*†

™ ÖçC ™†÷ ÖçC. Å™«Íí èπÿú≈ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√a? - N. Ashok, Khammam.

She cannot eat as much as he does.

ix) At which

°æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ v°æ-Jç-

I is singular or plural please clarify. IInd person you singular plural you I

b) He had been driving at 100 Kmph when the accident took place = Accident (II past action) 100 Kmph 100 Kmph

He points to my mistakes always

iii) So much of/ that much of iv) refer to v) of having vi) for having vii) with respect to viii) As we know that

Spoken English for you Publisher's address: Emerald Publishers, 15A First Floor, CASA Major Road, Egmore, Chennai 600008.

°∞¡x-ßË’uçûª ´®Ωèπ◊, (°∞¡x-®·çC í∫ûªç™) Ç¢Á’ í¬ °æE îË-≤ÚhçC. (°∞¡x-´éπ ´·çü¿’ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, °Rx ´®Ωèπ◊ teacherí¬ °æE-îË-ÆœçC)

A.

-É-C

correct.

Because of the breach in the

Q.. Please

- S. Anil kumar, Potkapalli

a) She had been working as a teacher till she got married = (II Past action) teacher

476

sluice the tank has been emptied of water.

≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ English ´÷ö«x-úË¢√∞¡Ÿx due to ûÓ sentence v§ƒ®ΩçGµç-Ω’. Owing to/ because of ûÓ begin îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Ñ sentence †’ É™« correct îËßÁ·îª’a.

5. He comes once in a blue moon.

°æ¤Ææhéπç ´÷ v§ƒçûªç™ ©Gµç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ °æGx-≠æ®˝q ÅvúøÆˇ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.

tinuous (had been + ...ing).

Q.

1. correct

4.

4. Due to breach of sluice the water in the tank go out and tank become fallow/ vacant.

Spoken English for you

í∫ûªç™ È®çúø’ °æ†’™x äéπöÀ ´·çüË v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i È®çúÓ °æE ´®Ωèπÿ é̆-≤ƒ-TûË -Å-C past perfect con-

3. correct

3. You are my well wisher.

A.

When he entered the room, I was watching the TV = At the time of his entering the room, I was watching. The action of 'watching' was going on. TV

2. Many a time (not many times)

2. Many a times I told you to work properly.

Q.

3. Past continuous (was/ were + ...ing) talks of an action, continuing at a point of time in the past.

Åçûª úø•’s (üËE-ÈéjØ√ 鬴-©Æœ-†çûª úø•’s) Ø√ü¿-í∫_-®Ω-™‰ü¿’= v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îªúøç=

Talk about.

a) The CM always refers to the achievements of his government = CM

á°æ¤púø÷ ûª† v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ≤ƒCµç-*† ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’hçö«®Ω’. v) Of having = éπLT Öçúøôç. He is proud of having such a car= Å™«çöÀ car Ö†oç-ü¿’-éπ-ûªúø’ í∫®Ωy-°æ-úø-û√úø’. vi) For having= éπLT Ö†oç-ü¿’èπ◊/ Ö†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ I envy him for having such a house = Å™«çöÀ

Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ -à-´’-Ø√-™ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. á) WØ˛™ ´®√{©’ °æúø-û√®·. G) ¶«uçé˙™ îÁé˙ ï´’-îË-¨»†’. (¶«uçé˙™E Ø√ áéıç-ö¸™ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Æœ) áçúø©’ ¶«í¬ ´·C-®√®· úÕ) áçúø™ ØËØÁ-éπ\-úøèπÿ ®√†’. É) Åéπ\úø ÇT† •Ææ’q™ Éü¿l®Ω’ áé¬\®Ω’, ´·í∫’_®Ω’ Cí¬®Ω’. á°∂ˇ) Çö©’ áéπ\-èπÿ-úøü¿’ >) ûª© •ßª’ô°ôdèπ◊ £«î˝) ´’†ç ûª®√yA ÊÆb->™ Cí∫’û√ç 2. 3 day orientation programme on teaching English. Two thousand only.

É©’x Åûª-úÕéÀ Ö†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçC. vii) with respect to = ü∆EE í∫’Jç*/ Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÌÊÆh. With respect to your abilities, they are not suitable for the job = (F -¨¡éÀh ≤ƒ-´’®√n u-© N-≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ -´ÊÆh, -Å-N Ç -Ö-üÓuí¬--EéÀ Ææ-J-§Ú-´¤) viii) As we know that = ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Ææ’ç-úøôç´©x/ ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ é¬•öÀd. As we know that he is here, let us consult him= Å-ûª-úø’ -Ééπ\-úø -Ö-Ø√oúø-E ûÁ-LÆœ-†ç-ü¿’-´-©x -´’-†ç -Å-ûª-úÕ-E Ææç-v°æ-C-ü∆lç. ix) At which= ü∆E O’ü¿ô. He said something at which she was angry= Åûª-úø’ àüÓ ÅØ√oúø’, Å-C Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-*çC. x) To be able to do/ understand etc., = îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫úøç. She is able to walk now = Ç¢Á’ †úø-´-í∫-©’-í∫’ûÓçC°æ¤p-úø’. To be able to solve = °æJ-≠æ \-Jç--îª-í∫-©-í∫úøç. xi) Points to / pointing to = îª ÷°æ¤-ûª ’-Ø√o®Ω’/ îª÷°œÆæ÷h.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™xE day, thousand ÅØË °æü∆-©†’ plural ™ days, thousands ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’? - G. Vishal, Karimnagar A. 1. a) It rains in June b) I credited the cheque into my account in the bank c) The sun has got/ become very hot d) I don't go out in the (hot) sun e) Three got down from and two got into the bus that stopped there. f) We shouldn't get into autos. g) Don't keep your head out h) We get down at the next stage. 2.

ÅC ¢√úø’éπ

(usage)

鬕öÀd.

Q. 1. 2.

xii) As a result = Ç °∂æL-ûªçí¬. He wasted time, as a result he failed = Åûªúø’ time waste î˨»úø’. ü∆E °∂æL-ûªçí¬

Åûªúø’ ûª§ƒpúø’. xiii) For the commencement of = We are waiting for the commencement of the programme.

ü∆-E v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ«-

EéÀ.

鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ«-EéÀ ¢Ë’-´· áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’hØ√oç. xiv) Commencement of = v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç, The commencement of that programme depends on the arrival of the Chief guest =

鬮Ωu-véπ-´’ç -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç é¬-´-úøç -Å-ØË-C -´·-êu -Å-A-C∑ ®√-´-úøç -O’-ü¿ -Ç-üµ∆®Ω°æ-úÕ -Öç-ô’ç-C. xv) Request to= (äéπ-JéÀ) Ŷµºu-®Ωn†. He made a request to us to help him. (Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç éÓÆæç Ŷµºu-Jnç-î√úø’) Requested to Å-ØË -v°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰-ü¿’. xvi) Ward to attend îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† °œ©x/ °œ©x-¢√úø’. I have a ward to attend to = ؈’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq† °œ©x/ °œ©x-¢√úø’ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Ward = äéπJ Ææç®Ω-éπ~-ù™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

Made of, made from

OöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç™ ûËú≈--©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. °çèπ◊©’ (ÉçöÀ °jéπ-°æ¤p-O’ü¿ ¢√úËN), éÌçîÁç °ü¿lí¬ÖçúË •çí∫-∞«-°ç-èπ◊©’– Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ äÍé °æü¿ç Öçü∆? ™‰ü∆ ¢ËÍ®y-®Ω’í¬ °œ©’-≤ƒh®√?

- Pavani, Sudha, Matsyapuri (W.G.Dt)

A. 1.

äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ ûªßª÷-È®j† ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ Åçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úÕ† ´·úÕ-°æ-ü∆®Ωnç éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçõ‰ ÅC made of.

Tables are made of wood = Tables

îÁéπ\ûÓ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’-•-úø-û√®·. (´÷-´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– îÁéπ\ûÓ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤û√®·) Tables ûªßª÷-È®j† ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈

îÁéπ\ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ô’çC. Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûªßª÷-È®j† ´Ææ’h-´¤™ ü∆E ´·úÕ-Ææ-®Ω’-èπ◊©’ éπ†-°æ-úø-éπ-§ÚûË ÅC made from. Paper is made from bamboo pulp=

é¬Tûªç ¢Áü¿’®Ω’ í∫’Vb-™ ç* ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC. (ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤ûª’çC). Paper ™ ¢Áü¿’-®Ω’-í∫’Vb éπE-°œçîªü¿’. 2. °çèπ◊èπ◊ English, tile - à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† °çéπ-®·Ø√. A tiled house = °çèπ◊-öÀ©’x. ´’†ç •çí∫-∞«-°çèπ◊©’ ÅØËN ´’çí∫’∞¡⁄®Ω’ (éπ®√g-ôéπ) °çèπ◊©’ – Mangalore tiles. •çí∫-∞«-°ç-èπ◊©’ ÅØË-´÷ô ᙫ ´*açüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -V-™„j 2008-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 6. 7.

2

Ø√Èéç-ü¿’éÓ ÅßÁ÷-´’-ߪ’çí¬ ÖçC. ¶µº´-Ø√-©èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË ÜÆæ-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? - L. Nookaraju, Narsipatnam

A. Q.

1.

Ææ÷\-©’ ´®˝\-•’-é˙™ É*a† Dictionary áéπq-®˝ÂÆj-ñ¸ í∫’-Jç-* Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Dictionary ™ confuse †’ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’çõ‰ ´·ç-ü¿’, ¢Á†éπ Ê°@--™x constable/ content †’ îª÷≤ƒhç. OöÀ™ head word †’ ᙫ í∫’Jhç-î√L? É™«çöÀ áéπq-®˝-ÂÆj-ñ¸-©†’ ᙫ §∂ƒ™ 鬢√L?

- G.Shankar, Keshavapatnam

A.

-îË-ôèπ◊ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. Winnowing (îÁJÍí, ûª÷®√p-®Ω-¶ÊÆ) tray ÅØÌa. 2. - ´·ç-ûª, -îÁç-• ’– È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ewer. ÉC É°æ¤púøçûªí¬ English ™ ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. 3. È®çúø÷ ÆæÈ®j-†¢Ë. 4. Both are correct. 5. I can't hit/ strike/ fight anyone. I don't have the strength.

2. I am having good books, Ramu is having a big top-

Ñ ûª®Ω£æ… ¢√é¬u-©†’ éÌEo ÉçTx≠ˇ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©™ îª÷Ææ’hçö«ç. OöÀ ¢√úø’éπ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.

1.

6. I am confused; I don't know why. 7. Rods

Q.

1. In this exercise the student is to say whether the word 'confuse' is found a) On the same page as the head words (words at the left and the right top corner of the page in the dictionary) are found, b) On a page, after the head words page, or c) on a page before the head words page. In the alphabetical order, 'confuse' comes much earlier than 'constable' and 'content', so the answer is c. In confuse, f comes after n, whereas in 'constable' and 'content' 's' and 't' follow con; 's' and 't' come much later than f.

1. Rather, Rather than differences

ÅØË °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√? OöÀ †’ îÁ°æpçúÕ. 2. Wedge Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? 3. Monopthong Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? DEéÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù É´yçúÕ. 4. as well as Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? 5. äé𠶄ç*™ Éü¿l®Ω’ èπÿ®Óa-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææn©ç ÆæJ-§Úûª’çC. Å®·ûË Åçü¿’™ †©’-í∫’-®Ω’ É®Ω’-èπ◊\E èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√o®Ω’. ´’J Ééπ\úø É®Ω’-èπ◊í¬ ÖçC ņ-ú≈EéÀ conjusted í¬ ÖçC Å-ØÌî√a?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2. 'Am having' and 'is having' in these sentences are wrong. Correct sentences: I have good books and Ramu has a big top.

Q.

To whom are you talking?, Who are you talking to?

A.

477

1.

v¨¡´’-™ E å†o-û√uEo dignity of labour Åçö«ç. ´’† °æE ´’†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç, ÅC ´’† '°æ®Ω’-´¤èπ◊ ™°æç— Å†’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈. ´’† É©’x ´’†ç Üúø’a-éÓ-´úøç, ´’† •®Ω’´¤©’ ´’†¢Ë’ ¢Á÷ߪ’úøç, ´’† ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ´’†¢Ë’ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. Éûª®Ω’-©ûÓ, èπÿL-¢√∞¡xûÓ îË®·ç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ á´-J-°æE ¢√®Ω’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç, °æ®Ω’´¤ ûªèπ◊\´, v°æA-≠æeèπ◊ ¶µºçí∫ç ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ – ÅC dignity of labour. 2. Off ÅØËC, verb é¬ü¿’. ÅC past tense ÅßË’u v°æ¨¡o-™‰ü¿’. éπ†’éπ Switched off (Past tense of switch off) = D§ƒ©’ ÇÍ®p-¨»®Ω’. Switch off (Present tense)- ÇJp-¢Ë®·/ ÇÍ®p-≤ƒh®Ω’. They switch off lights by ten = °æC-éπ™«x D§ƒ-™«-Í®p≤ƒh®Ω’.

- P. Krishna Murthy, Secunderabad.

¢√u´£æ…-Jéπç.

™ ÉC ¢√úø’éπ.

(Å™«çöÀüËç îËßÁ·ü¿’l) ÅE ņúøç éπçõ‰ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpúøç. îÁ°æpúøç, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÅØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ practice/ practise àü¿®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ = Ŷµ«uÆæç îËߪ’çúÕ. Practise îËߪ’çúÕ = Ŷµºu-Æœç-îªçúÕ. Prepone, English ™ ™‰ü¿’– English ´÷ûª%¶µ«-≠æí¬ éπ©-¢√-JéÀC Å®Ωnç-é¬ü¿’. Q. 1. Éçöx Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË îËô†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 2. ´·çûª†’ Ewer, ´’J îÁç•’†’ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈†’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ? 3. wúÁj´®˝ •Ææ’q áèπ◊\-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. The driver is getting into the bus- The driver is boarding the bus.

àC éπÈ®éÓd îÁ°æpí∫-©®Ω’. ؈’ •Ææ’q Cí¬†’. I got down the bus, I get off the bus- àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? 5. ØËØÁ-´-JF éÌôd-™‰†’. Ø√èπ◊ Åçûª •©ç ™‰ü¿’.

Q.

1. ¶µ«≠æ, v§ƒçû√-©-†’•öÀd Öî√a-®Ωù ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çô’çC éπü∆! ´÷ûª%-¶µ«-≠憒 Åéπ~-®√-Ææ’u©’, E®Ω-éπ~-®√-Ææ’u©’ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ¶µ‰ü¿ç éπE-°œÆæ’hçC. E®Ω-éπ~-®√-Ææ’u©’ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ Parts of

ÅØËC ᙫ ¢√ú≈L? ü∆E Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Ñ È®çúø’ °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√? OöÀE ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? 8. non, none ©†’ ᙫ °æ©-é¬L?

™, ´·êuçí¬ ¢√úË-îÓô ¢√úø’-

Don't you worry, Spoken English Don't you worry, Don't you do any thing of the sort you don't ...

4.

- DSR Murthy, Hyderabad

7. Unless, although

To whom are you talking= Who are you talking to. Present day English Spoken English whom who 'To whom are you talking?' correct

ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ á´JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’? = Who is he talking to? (To whom is he talking é¬ü¿’). Was/ is Ææçü¿®√s¥Eo •öÀd ¢√úø-û√ç-éπü∆? Q. Don't you worry àç ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊ ÅE Åçô’Ø√o®Ω’. é¬F You don't worry ÅE Öçú≈L éπü∆? Å™«Íí Practise îËߪ’çúÕ. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ àC éπÈ®é˙d? Postpone èπ◊ opposite advance éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? prepone ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ éπü∆. ´’J -éÌEo úÕéπ{-†-K-©™ prepone ÖçöçC. áçü¿’èπ◊? A.

usage (¢√úø’éπ), and Idiom (Ø√†’úÕ), ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡x Öî√a-®Ωù Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç. DEéÀ English news telecasts O™„j-†ç-ûªí¬ N†úøç ´’ç* ´÷®Ω_ç. 2. Leaving no stone unturned = ¨»ßª’-¨¡-èπ◊h™« éπ%≠œ-îË-ߪ’úøç/ à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† v°æߪ’-ûªo´‚ ´ü¿-©èπ◊çú≈ îËߪ’úøç.

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©™ DE-E ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? 2. Switched off ņúøç ûª°æ¤p-éπü∆! È®çúø’ Past tense ©’ ¢√-úÌî√a? Switched ÅØ√™«? Switch off ÅØ√™«? àC éπÈ®é˙d?

6. To be

- D. Sailaja, Adoni.

™

1. Dignity of labour

I will leave no stone unturned to have a house of my own =

Ø√ ≤Òçûª ÉçöÀE §ÒçüËçü¿’èπ◊ ÅEo Nüµ∆™« v°æߪ’Ao≤ƒh†’. Q.

1. I saw him at the zoo. I happened to see him at the zoo.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u© Å®Ωnç – ؈’ Åûª-úÕE W ´ü¿l îª÷¨»†’. é¬F ¢√éπu E®√t-ùç™ ´÷®Ω’p ´*açC. à °æJ-Æœn-A™ happened + to + v1 Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç?

2. The news had spread around IndiaThe news had spread through out India. The news had spread across India.

Ñ ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u© ´’üµ¿u ¶µ‰ü¿ç àN’öÀ? 3. He went to pushkarghat to have a holy dip. He went to pushkarghat to be taken a holy dip. to have to be

They switch of f lights by ten

OöÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. äéπ-ü∆EéÀ •ü¿’©’ ´’®Ì-éπöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a? A.

Q.

- E. Lilly, Gooty

A.

1. Rather, Rather than

í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç. Ñ ´’üµ¿u-èπÿú≈ ã≤ƒJ N´-Jçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. 2. °ü¿l °ü¿l ü¿’çí∫-©†’, éÌçûª éÓÆœ ´C-L-°-õ‰d´·çü¿’, Ç
M.SURESAN

Prepositions Åv°æ-ߪ’-ûªoçí¬ ¢√J ´÷ô© ü∆y®√ Åéπ~-®√-Ææ’u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. é¬F ¢√öÀ N≠æߪ’ç E®Ωéπ~-®√-Ææ’u-©èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ¢√®Ω’ ¶µ«≠憒 ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫©®Ω’. ÇçÍíx-ߪ·-©™ E®Ω-éπ~-®√-Ææ’u©’ Öçö«®Ω’ éπü∆! ´’J ¢√®Ω’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ†’ îªéπ\í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√®Ω’. Å™«ç-öÀC ´’†ç ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ¢√uéπ-®Ωù N≠æ-ߪ÷-©Fo ûÁL-ÆœØ√ Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠憒 ņ-®Ω_-∞¡çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰éπ §Úûª’Ø√oç. äéπ ÇçÍíx-ߪ·úø’ ´’†ûÓ ¶µ«≠œç-*-†°æ¤púø’ ÅûªE ¶µ«≠憒 ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú´îª’a. DEE ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ àçîË-ߪ÷L? 2. Leaving no stone unturned ÅØË phrase Å®Ωnç, ü∆E v°æßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

Vijayawada as well as Guntur is hot during the summer=

Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø, í∫’çô÷®Ω’ Ñ È®çúø÷∞¡⁄x/ Nï-ߪ’-¢√úË é¬èπ◊çú≈ í∫’çô÷®Ω’ èπÿú≈ ¢ËÆæ-N™ ¶«í¬ ¢ËúÕí¬ Öçö«®·. 5. Cramped Åçö«ç. Congested Åçõ‰ ï†-Ææ´’t®Ωnç, É®Ω’-éÀ-®Ω’-èπ◊í¬ Ö†o v°æüË-¨»©’, †í∫-®√©’. Benches ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ ¢√úøç. Room (í∫ü¿’©èπ◊) ¢√úøû√ç. ï†ç áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçúÕ Åçü¿-JéÀ ÆæJ-§ÚE í∫C. 6. to be = Öçúøôç. To be here is dangerous= Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç. 7. unless = Å®·ûË ûª°æp: Although = though = even though = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ. OöÀ í∫’Jç* î√-™«≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. 8. Non- Ø√Ø˛– (Ø√ ´’K D®Ω`ç-é¬ü¿’) None - †Ø˛

the speech, Tenses, Degree of Comparison,

- Gopinath, Amudalavalasa.

A.

1.

E®Ω-éπ~-®√-Ææ’u-©’-èπÿú≈, grammar ™ ñ«c†ç™‰èπ◊çú≈, ûª´’ ´÷ûª%-¶µ«-≠憒 correct í¬ØË ´÷ö«x-úø-û√®Ω’ éπü∆. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ parts of speech ™«çöÀN ûÁL-ߪ’éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ¢√∞¡x ¶µ«≠憒 ´’†ç ûª°æ¤p °æôd-™‰çéπü∆? DE-´©x, äé𠶵«≠æ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ knowledge of grammar Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆? ¶µ«≠æ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-L-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ grammar Å´Ææ®Ωç é¬ü¿’. Regular practice. North India ™E ûÁ©’-í∫’-¢√∞¡Ÿx £œ«çD îªéπ\í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’. é¬F £œ«çC grammar ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? ´÷ö«x-úøôç-´©x, Éûª-®Ω’©’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ N†-úøç-´©x, ¶µ«≠æ ûªy®Ωí¬ ´Ææ’hçC. English èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. English ¢√∞¡x English Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, knowledge of grammar Åçûªí¬ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. English ™E ´÷ô©’ (vocabulary),

A.

•ü¿’©’ ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a?

Ö°æ-

- K. Srinivasa Rao, Darsi

1. a) I saw him at the zoo =

™ éπ-E-°œç-î√úø’/ ؈-ûª-úÕE

Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ zoo ™ îª÷¨»†’.

zoo

b) I happened to see him at the zoo = zoo Zoo

؈-ûª-úÕE ™ îª÷úøôç ûªô-Æœnç-*çC/ ™ Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûªô-Ææn-°æ-ú≈fúø’. a) ™ ؈-ûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ ÅØË ¶µ«´ç Ææ’p¥JÆæ’hçC. b) ™EC ņ’éÓE Ææç°∂æ’-ô†. 2. Ñ ´‚úÕçöx, The news had spread across India, correct. N’í∫û√ È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Å®Ωnç – Ñ ¢√®Ωh ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Åçû√ ¢√u°œç-*çC. 3. Åûªúø’ °æNvûª ≤ƒo†ç-éÓÆæç °æ¤≠æ \®Ω °∂æ’ö«d-EéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Ñ sentence ™ to have, correct. To be taken a holy dip – DE-éπ-®Ωn癉ü¿’. ÉC ûª°æ¤p, to have •ü¿’©’ ÉC ¢√úø-èπÿúøü¿’. Q. Simple Present tense ™ Subject Singular í¬ Öçõ‰ Verb èπ◊ s îË®√aL. ™‰ü∆ Subject Plural í¬ Öçõ‰ Verb èπ◊ s îË®Ωa-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. cut (v1) - cut (v2) - cut (v3) - cutting (v4) – DEE í∫´’EÊÆh v1, v2, v3 ©’ äÍé Nüµ¿çí¬ ÖØ√o®·. É™«çöÀ Verbs †’ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’. Ñ Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† Verbs †’ Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç* Simple present tense ™ He cuts trees, They cut trees Å®·ûË, Ñ Verb †’ Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç* °j ¢√é¬uEo Simple Past ™ à Nüµ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ÷L? - B.Raghu, Godasalapalli

A.

ÉN

Regular/ weak verbs.

He cuts trees - simple past They cut trees = simple past ple present time expressions tense/ present tense

¢√úË

ÉC 鬢Ìa, simèπÿú≈ 鬢Ìa. É™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç †’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd past ÅØËC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫©ç.

They cut trees here every day (simple present) They cut the trees here last week (simple past)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 15 -V-™„j 2008Mohit:

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

It is surprising. I haven't seen you for days. What's the matter?

Mohit:

(Ǩ¡a®Ωuç. éÌCl-®Ó-V-©’í¬ †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ éπE°œç‰ü¿’. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?)

Sobhan: Well, let me try.

Sobhan: You know very well that I signed up for the personality development programme, don't you? It was a three day programme which ended yesterday.

2

I speak from experience.

(Ø√ ņ’-¶µº-´çûÓ Øˆ™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o) (††’o v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªF) Mohit:

Do it and wish you all success.

(é¬Eß˝’, Fèπ◊ Nïߪ’ç îËèπÿ®√©ØË Ø√ éÓJéπ) Daily life situations ™ ¢√úË very common (؈’ ´uéÀhûªy Né¬Ææç course ™ îË®√-†E expressions îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. ÅN ´’† Spoken ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆? ÅC ´‚úø’ ®ÓV© 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç. English î√™« Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x îË≤ƒh®·. ´’J-éÌEo expressions É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. E†oØË °æ‹®Ωh-®·uçC.)

Mohit:

(Do) you feel you are benefited from it?

1) You know very well that I signed up for a personality development course, don't you?

(ü∆E-´©x ™«¶µºç §ÒçC-†ô’d Féπ-E-°œ-≤Úhçü∆?)

2) It pays to attend courses like that

Sobhan: Certainly. It pays to attend courses like that.

3) I found that what they teach us don't work in real life situations.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Å™«çöÀ courses BÆæ’-éÓ´úøç´©x éπ*a-ûªçí¬ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçô’çC.)

4) Theory is one thing and practice is quite another.

Mohit:

I attended two such courses. I've found that what they teach us in them do not work in real life situations.

5) You still have a negative attitude

(Å™«çöÀ courses ؈’ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o. ¢√öÀ™x îÁÊ°p-ü¿çû√ Eï @N-ûªç™ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ü¿E Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Sobhan: I've yet to see. It's only yesterday that the course was completed. I have to try it in my daily life situations.

2) It pays =

ü∆E-´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçô’çC.

a) It pays to improve your communication skills = Communication skills

DEéà ü∆Eéà î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC.

°ç§Òç-Cç--éÓ-

a) Being interested in politics is one thing and taking part in active politics is another =

b) Connections with those in high positions certainly pay=

®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x ÇÆæéÀh Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ, véÀߪ÷-Q© ®√ïéÃߪ÷™x §ƒ™Ôx-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC.

´-úøç-´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçô’çC. Ö†o-ûª-≤ƒn-®·™ Ö†o ´uèπ◊h-©ûÓ Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ °æE-îË-≤ƒh®·.

c) Watching the TV doesn't always pay= TV (It's a waste of time

478

4) This is one thing and that is quite another =

îª÷úø-ôç-´©x ÅEo¢Ë∞¡™« v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçúøü¿’. ÅE) 3) don't work: (´’† Ç™-îª-†©÷, plans ™«çöÀN) °æE-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç/ ¢√öÀ-´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. a) My plans did not work. I was disappointed

b) To preach is one thing and to practise is quite another =

Ö°æ-üË-Pç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ, Çîª-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ

î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. c) To know about a place from books is one thing and to see it is another =

äéπ v°æüË-¨»Eo í∫’Jç* îªCN ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç, Ç v°æüË-¨»Eo îª÷úøôç äéπöÀ é¬ü¿’. 5) Negative attitude = N´·ê ¢ÁjêJ, (ÉC Spoken English ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE°œçîË expression é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ´’ç*üË) 'üËE-´™«x à v°æßÁ÷ï†ç Öçúøü¿’— ÅØË ûªûªyç.

Watching the TV doesn't always pay

(ÅCçé¬ Øˆ’ îª÷ú≈Lq ÖçC. E†oØË éπü∆ Ç course °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC. Ø√ Eï @N-ûªç™ ¢√öÀE v°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√Lq ÖçC.) Mohit:

Theory is one thing and practice is quite another. You'll soon see. Not all that you learnt there can be practised.

(Æœü∆l¥ç-û√-©èπÿ, Çîª-®Ω-ùèπÿ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. Åéπ\úø ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o´Fo ´’†ç Çîª-®Ω-ù™ °ôd™‰ç.) Sobhan: I now see that the courses you've attended haven't benefited you much. You still have negative attitude.

(Ç éÓ®Ω’q©’ FÍéO’ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç îËèπÿ-®Ωa-™‰-ü¿E É°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓçC. FéÀçé¬ N´·ê ¢ÁjêJ §Ú™‰ü¿’.)

1) Sign up for:

äéπ course ™í¬F, Péπ~-ù™í¬F îË®Ωú≈-EéÀ/ îËÍ® ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ Ê°J-´yúøç.

1. Set out, Set in, Set of, Set down

èπ◊ -Å®√n-©’

îÁ°æpçúÕ? 2. As, to be sentence

à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? As èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E Å®Ωnç à N-üµ¿çí¬ ´Ææ’hçC? 3. By à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, By out, By of, By out Å®√n©†’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ? 4. Ø√èπ◊ ÉçTx≠ˇ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©-†’çC. ü∆EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ As, as well as, as ´’üµ¿u™ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√é¬uEo ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? îÁ°æpçúÕ? - SD Khader Basha, Nellore

A.

1. Set out = Begin a journey =

1) v°æߪ÷ùç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-úøç = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç. (´·êuçí¬ ü¿÷®Ω v°æߪ÷ùç). set out ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, àüÁjØ√ °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-úøç, °æ‹†’-éÓ-´-úøç.

He set out to break the world record in record swimming =

Ñûª™ v°æ°æçîª †’ ÅCµ-í∫-N’çîª-ú≈-EéÀ °æ‹†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Set in = v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç é¬-´-úøç (´·êuçí¬ Åçûª ´’ç*N é¬EN) Summer has already set in = ¢ËÆæN Å°æ¤púË v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC (áçúø©’ ¶«í¬ é¬Ææ’h-Ø√o®·)

Ø√ v°æù«-R-éπ™‰ç °æE-îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ î√™« E®√-¨¡-îÁç-ü∆†’.

a) I thought I'd sign up for the NCC but on second thoughts dropped the idea= NCC

b) Kesav: This is the way you can get the job =

™ îËÍ®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ê°J-ü∆l-´’E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬F é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç-*† ûª®√yûª ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o. b) More people than expected signed up for the blood donation programme=

®Ωéπh-ü∆† 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷-EéÀ ņ’-èπ◊-†o-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-´’çC Ê°Jî√a®Ω’.

c) He wanted to sign up for the course, but the high fee held him back = course fee (Hold back=

îË®√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. é¬F úÕE ÇÊ°-ÆœçC.

Set of -

Q.

=

Åûªú≈ ™ ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´-´úøç ÅûªÇ°æúøç)

Ñ ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. A set of = éÌEo ´Ææ’h-´¤©/ ´uèπ◊h© •%çü¿ç A set of books = °æ¤Ææh-鬩 ÆæN’A. A set of boys = éÌçü¿®Ω’ ¶«©’®Ω •%çü¿ç Set down = write down = ®√ߪ’-úøç, ´’®Ω-* §Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.

M.SURESAN

Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ †’¢√y ÖüÓuí∫ç Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-í∫©´¤.

Kumar: No. that won't work. I shall only end up jobless =

™‰ü¿’. ÅüËç °æE-îË-ߪ’ü¿’. Å™« Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ÖüÓuí∫ç ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË/ E®Ω’-üÓu-T-í¬ØË N’T-L-§Úû√. c) Things don't work the way we want them to =

a) To think that we cannot learn English is a sign of a negative attitude = English

´’†èπ◊ ®√ü¿’™‰ ņ’-éÓ-´úøç N´·ê ¢ÁjêJ.

b) We can never win if we have a negative attitude =

´’†èπ◊ N´·ê ¢ÁjêJ Öçõ‰ ´’†ç Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµç-‰ç. Negative attitude X Positive attitude (Ææ’´·ê ¢ÁjêJ) a) ´’†ç à °æE-îË-ߪ’™‰ç/ ´’†èπ◊ ´’ç* ï®Ω-éπ\-§Ú´îª’a/ ´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç Ææ°∂æ©ç é¬ü¿’ – Negative attitude. b)

´’†ç Ç °æE-îË-ߪ’-í∫©ç/ îËÆœ îª÷ü∆lç, °∂æL-ûª-¢Ë’-ü¿®·Ø√/ ´’†èπ◊ Nïߪ’ç ©Gµ-Ææ’hçC – Positive attitude.

´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†oN ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’x °æE-îË-ߪ’´¤/ °æEîË-ߪ’´¤.

He as well as his sister is here = sister sister

Åûª-úø÷, Éü¿l®Ω÷ Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o®Ω’. (Åûª-úË-é¬éπ, Åûª-úÕ èπÿú≈) Åûª-úÕ As èπ◊ -Ö-†o Å®√n©’ N´-Jçî√ç éπü∆. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√L. ÉC îªü¿-´í¬ îªü¿-´í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. Q. Why do you like your friend? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷a) He set down his experiences in his dairy = üµ∆-Ø√-©’í¬– a) I like my friend because she is Åûª-úø’ ûª† ņ’-¶µº-¢√-©Fo ûª† diary ™ ®√¨»úø’ loving and kind to me. b) I like my friend (§Òçü¿’°æJ-î√úø’) because she loves and kind to me. È®çúø÷ b) The warden set down the rules of the éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? hostel = £æ…Ææd™ ¸ E•ç-üµ¿-†-©†’ warden ®√¨»úø’ - M.Chandrika Mahalakshmi, Perumandra (NCµç-î√úø’) A. a) She is loving - Ééπ\úø is loving verb é¬ü¿’. is 2. As = ´™„/ -é¬-•-öÀd/ -Åçûª (§ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’) verb, loving adjective, He is a loving husa) He talks as his father does = Åûª-úø’ ¢√∞¡x band ™ loving ™«. Ø√†o-™«Íí/ ´™„ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’. b) I like my friend because she loves and kind b) As = Åçü¿’-´©x/ 鬕öÀd = As it is expensive I to me Åçûª correct é¬ü¿’. Correct form of the don't want to buy it = ÅC êK-ü¿-´-úøç ´©x ؈’ sentence. I like my friend because she loves éÌ-†’éÓy¢√-©-†’-éÓ-´-úøç-™‰ü¿’. me and is kind to me. Ééπ\úø loves, verb. c) §ÚLéπ = She is as tall as her sister = Ç¢Á’ Sentences a éÀ, b éÀ structure ™ ûËú≈ ÖçC. ûª† Åéπ\çûª/ Åéπ\™« §Òúø’í∫’. Q. 1. Play, Show, Game, Sport OöÀE áéπ\úø, 3. By - DEo Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ N´-Jçî√ç, á°æ¤púø’,ᙫ ¢√ú≈L? îª÷úøçúÕ. By of, By out- Ñ expressions 2. Brilliant, Intelligent, Clever, Genius OöÀ English ™ ™‰´¤. í∫ ’ Jç* èπ ÿ ú≈ îÁ ° æ p çúÕ . 4. As N≠æ-ߪ’ç- °j† N´-Jçî√ç éπü∆? - Maduri satyanarayana, Hyderabad As well as = 1) Åçûª ¶«í¬. A. 1. Play- Çô/ Çúøôç– áèπ◊\-´í¬ Çúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçI cannot sing as well as her = ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. Ç¢Á’ Åçûª ¶«í¬ ؈’ §ƒúø-™‰†’. Play = Çô ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† As well as = 2) È®çúÕçöx, Éü¿l-J™ È®çúø÷/-É-ü¿l®Ω÷. véÃúø Å®·Ø√ 鬢Ìa.

Because of rain the play ended =

´®Ω{ç ´©x Çô ÇTçC/ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. (play Åçõ‰ Ø√ôéπç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC) Play = game = sport Å®·ûË, game ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØÓ, È®çúø’ ïôx ´’üµ¿uØÓ ïJÍí véÃúø– Cricket, Tennis, Chess, etc. Sport Éü¿l®Ω’ ™‰ü∆ áèπ◊\´ ´uèπ◊h©’ äÍé-≤ƒJ §ƒ™Ô_ØË véÃúø– running race, high jump, long jump, etc. 2. Brilliant =

Å≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† ûÁLN/ v°æïc éπ©, Éûª®Ω’©†’ Ǩ¡a®Ωu-°æ-JîË/ Éûª-®Ω’-©™ íÌ°æp ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπL-TçîË ûÁLN ûËô©’, ØË®Ω’p– A brilliant scientist/ idea/ performance (v°æü¿-®Ωz†) (´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†/ brilliant sun shine, etc) Intelligent, clever - Ñ È®çúø÷ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰– î√™« ûÁLNéπ©, üËØÁj oØ√ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊ØË ¨¡éÀh, Ç™-*ç-îª-í∫© ¨¡éÀh. Å®·ûË intelligent °æ¤ô’d-éπûÓ ´îËa í∫’ù«-EéÀ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç; clever äéÌ\-éπ\°æ¤púø’, ´’†ç Ææ秃-CçîË, °ç§Òç-Cç--éÌØË ûÁLN ûËô©’ 鬢Ìa. Clever èπ◊, éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, ¢Á÷ÆæçîËߪ’-í∫© ÅØË negative Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. a) An elephant is an intelligent animal. is a clever animal. b) A fox Genius

(†éπ\) . Å≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† ûÁL-N-ûË-ô©’, v°æñ«c §ƒô¢√©÷, ØÁj°æ¤ùuç. He is a writer of genius. É™«çöÀ ©éπ~ù«©’†o ´uéÀh èπÿú≈ genius. ÅEoöÀ éπØ√o íÌ°æpC– Genius. ü∆E ûª®√yûª, brilliant, Ç ûª®√yûª intelligent/ clever.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 17 -V-™„j 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Charith: The boss wants us to start work in two days. He doesn't want is to be delayed any longer.

(´’† boss È®çvúÓ-V©éπ™«x °æE ¢Á·ü¿-©’°ôd´’çô’-Ø√oúø’. ÉçÍéç Ç©Ææuç é¬èπÿúøü¿ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) Manasa: Why such a short notice?

2

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) Why such a short notice? 2) He always takes us by surprise. 3) There's no helping it. 4) What does he take us for. 5) It's all fixed up.

(Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ Ææ´’-ߪ’´÷?) Charith: He always takes us by surprise. There's no helping it. Come what may we have to do it.

(Çߪ’† á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†èπ◊ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’ éπL-TÆæ’hç-ö«úø’. ÅC ûª°æpü¿’. àüË¢Á’iØ√ ´’†ç îËߪ÷-LqçüË). Manasa: What does he take us for? Machines or human beings?

(´’†Lo à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-ú≈-ߪ’†? ߪ’çvû√©Ø√, ´’†’-≠æfl-©Ø√?)

6) We'll have to put up with this nuisance manager, I feel. 7) It all boils down to this. c) There's no helping bribing officers to get things done. The system is like that=

a) It all boils down to this: power cuts will increase =

°æ†’©’ 鬢√-©çõ‰ ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ©çîªç É´yéπ ûª°æpü¿’. ´u´Ææn Å™« ÖçC. 4) To take someone for something = äéπJ í∫’Jç-* ņ’-éÓ-´úøç.

b) It all boils down to our working for more hours with less pay =

8) Will you see about the files. 9) Sooner send than done. 10) Go about the files.

Ééπ\úø notice èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, àüÁjØ√ °æEéÀ ´’†-éÀîËa í∫úø’´¤/ ´u´Cμ.

1) At a short notice-

a) We give you three months' notice to vacate the house=

a) What do you take us for- your servants? =

É©’x ë«S îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©© í∫úø’´¤ ÉÆæ’hØ√oç.

à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ ´’´’tLo– F ؈éπ-®Ωx´÷? b) Don't take her for a fool. She can outsmart you =

Charith: It's all fixed up. There's no changing it now.

(Åçû√ E®Ωgߪ’¢Á’i§Ú-®·çC. ´÷Í®aüËç ™‰ü¿çü¿’™).

ÇNúËO’ ´‚®Ω’^-®√-©-†’-éÓèπ◊. Féπçõ‰ ûÁLN ûËô©’ îª÷°æ-í∫-©ü¿’.

´’†ç

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù

Manasa: We'll have to put up with this nuisance manager, I feel. It all boils down to this: do what the boss says or get the hell out of here.

c) Because of his appearance I never took him for the scientist he is =

479

Nü¿’u-û˝-éÓûª °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. ÉD ≤ƒ®√稡ç/ ´·ë«u稡ç.

´·ë«u稡ç àN’-ôçõ‰ ´’†ç ûªèπ◊\´ @ûªçûÓ áèπ◊\´ í∫çô©’ °æE-îË-ߪ÷©E.

c) The CM's acting in a silent movie boils down to his not uttering a dialogue with any scope for controversy = CM

´‚éÙ †öÀç-îªúøç ≤ƒ®√ç¨¡ç– N¢√-üΔ-EéÀ û√NîËa Ææç¶μ«-≠æù‰D Öîªa-Jç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. 8) See about something = (äéπ\ N≠æߪ’ç) îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç.

What do you take us for?

(Ñ ûª©-ØÌ°œp manager †’ ¶μºJç-î√Lqçüˆ†’-èπ◊çö«. DE ≤ƒ®√稡ç àN’-ôçõ‰ boss îËÊ°pC N†’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢ÁRx§Ú ÅE). Charith: No use complaining. Will you see about the files that are important for the information we've to give? Meanwhile, I'll attend to the classification.

(Aô’déÓ´úøç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç É¢√y-Lq† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç í∫’Jç* îª÷≤ƒh´¤ éπüΔ? ؈’ ¢√öÀ ´K_-éπ-®Ωù à®√pô’ îË≤ƒh). Manasa: I'll see to it, but first of all let me have something to eat. It's lunch time.

(ÅC îË≤ƒhØËx, é¬F ´·çü¿’ †ØËo-ü¿Ø√o A†F. É°æ¤púø’ ¶μï† Æ洒ߪ’ç). Charith: Do have your lunch, but see that the files are ready in an hour.

(¶μçîË®·. é¬F ã í∫çôéπ™«x îË®·).

files ready

b) It's impossible for anyone to do it at such a short notice= c) The boss asked him to quit without notice= boss

àç ´u´Cμ/ í∫úø’´¤ É´y-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË Åûª-úÕE ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰-ߪ’-´’-Ø√oúø’. (¢ÁçôØË ÅûªúÕo ÖüÓuí∫ç †’ç* ûÌ©-Tç-î√®Ω’) 2) Take by surprise= Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-îªúøç.

Charith: But till then you've to do what you are told to do. Go about the files and get them ready in an hour.

(Åçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ Fèπ◊ îÁ°œpçC †’´¤y îËߪ÷LqçüË. Ç files í∫’Jç* îª÷Æœ ¢√öÀE ready îÁß˝’).

Åçû√ E®Ωg-ߪ’-¢Á’i-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lqç-ü¿çû√ Eüμ¿’-©-éÓÆæç îª÷úø-ô¢Ë’.

Åûª-E-éπ\úø Ö†oô’dçúÕ éπE-°œç-îªúøç ´÷é¬-¨¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC.

b) It's all fixed up. You are the first to go =

b) His resigning the job took us all by surprise=

Åçû√ E®Ωg-ߪ’-¢Á’i-§Ú-®·çC. ¢Á·ü¿ô ¢Á∞«x-LqçC †’¢Ëy.

Åûªúø’ ®√@-Ø√´÷ îËߪ’úøç ´÷鬨¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC.

c) Nothing is fixed up. The boss has to decide = Boss

c) Her singing at the party took us all by surprise= party

Ç¢Á’ Tç-*çC.

Éçé¬ àç èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.

™ §ƒúøôç ´÷é¬-¨¡a®Ωuç éπL-

6) Put up with =

éÌçûª-鬩ç-§ƒô’ Ñ vü¿¢Óu-©s-ù«Eo ûªô’d-éÓ-¢√-Lqç-üË-†E v°æ¶μº’ûªyç ÅçöçC.

a) Prasad: Have we to pay the amount?

(´’†ç Ç ¢Á·ûªhç îÁLxç-î√-Lqç-üËØ√?) Pramod: There's no helping it if we want to join the course.

b) (It's) difficult to put up with him. He is such a nuisance =

´÷ Ø√†o ¢Á∞¡x-´’ç-ö«úø’. îÁ°æpúøç ûËLÍé.

éÀ †úÕ*

No sooner said than done

ÅØË expression èπÿú≈ ÖçC– D†®Ωnç– †’´¤y îÁ°æp-úø¢Ë’ Ç©Ææuç, ؈’ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥ç ÅE. Anand: Will you make arrangements for my stay? Amrit: No sooner said than done.

(O’®Ω’ îÁ°æp-úø¢Ë’ Ç©Ææuç. ÉCíÓ, É°æ¤púË îË≤ƒh) 10) Go about = (Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç) = äéπ °æE v§ƒ®ΩçGμçîË ÆæØ√o-£æ…©’ îËߪ’úøç. a) As soon as the funds are ready, I'll go about the construction =

Eüμ¿’©’ Æœü¿l¥ç é¬í¬ØË,

E®√tùç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμ-≤ƒh†’.

™ îË®√-©çõ‰ ûª°æpü¿’) ûª©-ØÌ°œp¢√úø’. 7) It all boils down to this =

áéπ\ú≈ éπE-°œç-îªúøç-™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç †úø-¢√-LqçüË. ûª°æpü¿’.

Å®Ωnç ÉüË.

Bad, Dangle, Bank, Valid, Nap, Narrow, Bouquet, Author, Shout, Maoism, Sauce, Narrow, Contemptuous, Congestion, Unique, Louse -

-Ö-î√a®Ω-ù í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

- A. Madhav, Hyderabad

A.

a) Dad wants me to walk to college. Sooner said than done = college

Åûª-úÕE ¶μºJç-îªúøç éπ≠dçæ . Åçûª

b) No bus in sight. We have to walk the distance. No helping it= Bus

Q.

àç ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†°æ-úøèπ◊. ÅA-ü∑¿’© •Ææ à®√pôx N≠æߪ’ç ؈’ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊çö«. 9) Sooner said than done = îÁ°æpúøç ûËLÍé îËߪ’-úø¢Ë’ éπ≠dçæ .

(Ø√ •Ææèπ◊ à®√pô’x îË≤ƒh¢√?) Æ棜«ç-îªúøç/ ¶μºJç-îªúøç/

a) The government says we've to put up with the inflation for some more time =

îËߪ’™‰ç.

course

b) Don't worry. I'll see about the arrangements for the guests' stay =

ûªô’d-éÓ-´úøç

ÅC-ûª-°æpü¿’/ üΔE í∫’Jç* ´’†¢Ë’ç

(´’†ç

E®Ωg-®·ç-î√-

= ؈’ Æœü¿l¥ç îË≤ƒh†’. †’´¤y èπ◊Ka© N≠æߪ’ç îª÷≤ƒh¢√?

LqçüË.

3) There's no helping it- No helping something=

Manasa: Give me half an hour more they will be ready.

(ÉçéÓ Å®Ω-í∫çô É´¤y. ؈’ ¢√öÀE ready îË≤ƒh). Ñ lesson ™ daily real life situations ™ ÅA ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ conversation ™ NE-°œçîË ´’JéÌEo ´÷ô©’ îª÷üΔlç. É´Fo ´’† ¢ÁjêJ (attitude) †’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ÊÆ expressions, conversation ™ Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ¶μ«í¬©’ èπÿú≈. OöÀE Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ´*a†°æ¤púø™«x practise îËüΔlç.

a) It's all fixed up. All that we have to do is wait for the funds =

M.SURESAN

a) His sudden appearance here took us all by surprise=

Manasa: Sooner said than done. I am sure I'm going to quit this job, once I get a better job.

(îÁ°æpúøç ûËLÍé, îËߪ’úø¢Ë’ éπ≠dçæ . Éçûªéπçõ‰ ´’ç*-Ö-üÓuí∫ç ´ÊÆh, ÉC ´C-™‰-≤ƒh-ØËo†’).

ÅûªúÕ ¢√©éπç îª÷Æœ Åûªúø’ scientist ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ ؈’. 5) Be fixed up = E®Ωg-ߪ’¢Á’i-§Ú-´úøç.

Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ ´u´-Cμ™ ÅC îËߪ’úøç á´-Jéà ≤ƒüμ¿uç-é¬ü¿’.

a) I'll make the hall ready. Will you see about the chairs for the guests? hall

Bad, Dangle, Bank, Valid, Nap, Narrow - Ñ ´÷ô-™ xE 'a' E, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ û√ö«èπ◊, îÁ§ƒpúø’ ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™x-E 'ö«—, '-§ƒp— -™« °æ-©é¬-L, Å®·ûË D®Ω`ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Bouquet- •’Èéß˝’ – 'Èé— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Author - Çüμ¿(®˝)– Ñ ´÷ô™ 'Ç— †’ °ü¿-´¤©’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ N°œp, Ø√©’éπ °æéπ\©’ °jéÀ ´ç*, 'Ç— Åçõ‰ ´îËa ¨¡•lç. DEéÀ, 'art' (Çö¸)-™E 'Ç— èπ◊ ûËú≈ ÖçC. 'Ç(®˝)-ö¸—-™E Ç †’, °ü¿-´¤©’ Ø√©’éπ flat í¬ Öç* Åçö«ç. Shout ™E ou, Maoism ™E ao- -OöÀE now ™E ow ™« °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.

üΔE ≤ƒ®√稡ç/

b) He has already gone about getting the permission =

ņ’-´’A éÓÆæç v°æߪ’-û√o©’ ¢Á·ü¿©’ °ö«d-úø-ûªúø’.

Now pronunciation- †¢˛ é¬ü¿’, Ø√¢˛ é¬ü¿’, †– -Åç-ûª v£æ«Ææyçí¬ é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈, -Ø√– Åçûª D®Ω`´‚ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Ø√©’éπ flat í¬ Â°-öÀd, °ü¿-´¤©’ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ îËJÊÆh ´îËa ¨¡•lç. Sauce ™E 'Ç— ¨¡•lç = author -™ -E 'Ç— ¨¡•lç. Narrow ™E ow ¨¡•lç °æ‹Jh ã é¬ü¿’. ÉC éÌçîÁç go, no ™ ™« °æ-©é¬-Lq -Öç-ô’ç-C. ÉC v°æûªu-éπ~çí¬ °æ-LéÀ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’°æ®Ω-îË N≠æߪ’ç– ®√ûª™  ≤ƒüμ¿uç é¬ü¿’. ®√ûª™ îª÷°œØ√ îμ√çü¿-Ææçí¬ Öçô’çC. Contemptuous = éπØ˛-õ„-¢˛’pa-ÅÆˇ Congestion – éπØ˛-ï-ÆæaØ˛ Unique - ߪ·Fé˙ Louse - (now ™™«) ©¢˛q (© é¬Ææh D®Ω`ç) îÁ§ƒpç éπüΔ. ÉN v°æûªu-éπ~çí¬ °æLéÀ NE°œç-îª-´-©-Æœ† ¨¡¶«l©’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 22 -V-™„j 2008 Neeraj:

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

It's very clever of you, making Sarath pay for you too.

Mukund: I want my section changed. That makes the work light for me.

(¨¡®Ω-û˝†’ Fèπ◊ èπÿú≈ îÁLxçîËô’x îËߪ’-úøç™ î√™« ûÁLN îª÷°œç-î√´¤.)

(Ø√ section ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©-†’çC. Åçü¿’-´©x °æE-¶µ«®Ωç ûªí∫’_-ûª’çC.)

Mukund: Yea, you can say that. Imagine my surprize when he asked the bearer to charge it upto him.

(Eï¢Ë’. Åûªúø’ bearer ûÓ ûª†èπ◊ bill É´’t-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ø√ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç †’´¤y Ü£œ«ç-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË.) Neeraj:

Did he offer to pay the bill?

(Åûªúø’

bill

éπúø-û√-†-Ø√oú≈?)

Neeraj:

Unfortunately he knows better than to listen to me in such matters.

(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Åûªúø’ É™«çöÀ N≠æߪ÷™x Ø√ ´÷ô N†úø’.) Mukund: But you are so close.

(O’®Ω’ î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ Öçö«®Ω’ éπü∆?) Neeraj:

He believes in, and makes me understand,'Thus for and no further'?

Mukund: He did, for sure.

(á´®Ω’ áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Öçú≈™ Åçûª-´-®ΩÍé Öçú≈-©ØË N≠æߪ’ç †´·t-û√-úø-ûªúø’.)

(Å´¤†’. Eïçí¬.) Neeraj:

Didn't Bhavan join you?

2

Mukund: I'm disappointed.

b) It's very bad of him to ill treat his wife =

ûª†

¶µ«®Ωu†’ ¶«Cµç-îªúøç ÅûªúÕ ü¿’®√t®Ω_ç. c) It was foolish of Dharmaraja to gamble with Sakuni =

¨¡èπ◊-úÕûÓ Wü¿-´÷-úøôç üµ¿®Ωt-®√V

b) Get over it and start a new life =

Ç ¶«üµ¿

†’ç* ûË®Ω’éÓ. éÌûªh @Nûªç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç. c) It took months for her to get over the Jaundice =

鬢Á’®Ωx †’ç* éÓ©’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ØÁ © ©’ °æ ö À d ç C. (Ø√èπ◊ E®√-¨¡í¬ ÖçC.) 2) Charge it to some one/ charge some one 5) Pardon!: á´-È®jØ√ îÁ°œpçC ´’†èπ◊ NE-°œç-îª-†-°æ¤púø’, Mukund: He is yet to get over the shock of his Neeraj: Don't worry. I'll still try. With any luck for some thing = äéπJE îÁLxç-îª-´’-†úøç. bad score in the last exam. ´’Sx ÉçéÓ-≤ƒJ îÁ°æpç-úøE ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Åúø-í∫úøç. (I) he may consider. a) Charge the drinks to me, and my room rent (§Ú®·† exam ™ ´*a† ûªèπ◊\´ Beg your pardon ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. ´·êuçí¬ (°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. Åü¿%≠ædç and food to the company = §ƒF-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ Ø√ ´÷®Ω’\© shock †’ç* Åûª-úÕçé¬ ûË®Ω’-éÓ°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ/ ´’†-éπçõ‰ °j ≤ƒn®·™ Ö†o-¢√-∞¡xûÓ/ Ű涫í∫’çõ‰ Åûªúø’ Ç™-*ç-îª-´îª’a.) ™‰ü¿’.) ü¿í∫_®Ω ´Ææ÷©’ îËߪ’çúÕ/ Ø√ ê®Ω’aí¬ BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ/ J-*-ûª’-©ûÓ É™« Åçö«ç. Å®Ωnç: à´’-Ø√o®Ω’? ÅE. Mukund: Thank you. ؈’ îÁLx-≤ƒh†’, Ø√ í∫C ÅüÁl, ǣ慮Ωç company Pardon ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç– éπ~N’ç-îªçúÕ (sorry) (N†-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊, Neeraj: That's a pity. His failure was the least Daily conversation ™ ´îËa ´’J-éÌEo high freê®Ω’a™ ®√ߪ’çúÕ/ †’ç* ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îÁ°æpçúÕ ÅØËçü¿’èπ◊) expected. ´Ææ÷©’ îËߪ’çúÕ. (ÅC ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç. Åûªúø’ fail 鬴úøç quency spoken English Catch = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, °æô’d-éÓ-´úøç éπü∆? Ééπ\úÕ expressions Ñ lesü∆ü∆°æ¤ á´®Ω÷ ņ’-éÓ-EC.) b) All expenses of Å®Ωnç, NE-°œç-îªúøç. Mukund: Pardon! I didn't quite catch what you son ™ îª÷ü∆lç. OöÀE ministers are Pardon, I couldn't catch you = éπ~N’ç-îªçúÕ, O’®ΩÅ´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x said. to the gov†oC Ø√èπ◊ NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. ´’®Ó-´÷®Ω’ îÁ°æp®√? -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 480 charged ernment = (àçöÃ? †’´y-†oC ؈’ ÆæJí¬ NØËxü¿’.) ¢√úøçúÕ. 6) I could use some cofNeeraj: I was saying fee. Ééπ\úÕ 'use' Å®Ωnç, few expected Spoken English™ 鬢√L/ Bhavan to É≠ædç ÅE. ÉC î√™« ¶«í∫’çscore so low. ô’çC, Spoken English (¶µº´-Ø˛èπ◊ Åçûª ™. ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\a) We could use a good dinner before going at the following sentences ™Ô-≤ƒh-ߪ’E ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á´®Ω÷ ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ ÅE Look ´’çvûª’© ê®Ωaçû√ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç †’ç* to a movie, couldn't we? = ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞Ïx-´·çü¿’ from the dialogue above: Åçô’Ø√o.) ´Ææ÷-©-´¤-ûª’çC. ´’ç* dinner ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆?/ ´’†-éÀ-≠d¢ æ Ë’ 1) It's very clever of you. Mukund: Oh, by the way, there's something you c) What's the bill? Charge it to me, éπ ü ∆? 2) ... he asked the bearer to charge it can do for me. But first I could use please = Bill áçûª? Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* b) You could use a good drink, I am sure = FéÀup to him. some coffee. BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. °æ¤púø’ ´’ç* §ƒFߪ’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC 3) He did, for sure. (ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ îËߪ’-í∫© ≤ƒßª’ç d) He charged her Rs. 800/- for Ø√èπ◊. 4) He is yet to get over the shock of M.SURESAN äéπ-ô’çC. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ é¬Ææh coffee repairing the TV = TV repair c) I could use some hot stuff in this cold his low score. û√í¬-©-†’çC.) îË Æ œ † çü¿ ’ èπ ◊ Ç¢Á ’ ü¿ í ∫ _ ® Ω †’ç* áEN ’C ´çü¿ © weather = Ñ îª©xöÀ ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ùç™ àüÁjØ√ ¢ËúÕí¬ 5) Pardon! I didn't quite catch what you said. Neeraj: Oh, sure. I feel like some good coffee ®Ω ÷ §ƒßª ’ ©’ BÆæ ’ è π ◊ Ø √oúø ’ . AØ√© E ° œ ≤ ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. 6) I could use some coffee. too. Let's go to some good restaurant. 3) For sure = éπ*a-ûªçí¬/ EÆæqç-üË-£æ«çí¬. 7) Put in a good word for some one = äéπ-JE 7) .. putting in a good word for me .. But what can I do for you? (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Ø√èπÿ coffee û√í¬-©ØË ÅE-°œ- 1) It's very clever of you= ÅC F ûÁL-N-ûË-ô©’. a) She will be back on Monday, for sure = Ç¢Á’ recommend/ Æœ§∂ƒ-®ΩÆæ’ îËߪ’úøç. (¢√∞¡x í∫’Jç* éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç AJT Ééπ\-úø’ç-ô’çC. ´’ç*í¬ îÁ°æpúøç). ≤ÚhçC. ´’ç* £æ«Ùô-™¸-Èé∞«lç. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ É™«çöÀ expressions ´’J-éÌEo É™« ¢√úø-´îª’a. It's b) One thing is for sure. No party will get a) His brother-in-law got the job because he very good/ kind/ bad/ foolish of some one îËߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-üË-N’öÀ?) enough majority to form the government in put in a good word for him. = Åûªúø’ recom(you/ him/ her/ them etc.) = ¢√∞¡xé¬ í∫’ù«-©’-Ø√oMukund: How about putting in a good word for the next elections. äéπöÀ ´÷vûªç éπ*aûªç. ´îËa mend îËߪ’úøç ´©x ÅûªúÕ ¶«´-´’-JCéÀ Ç ßª ’ E îÁ ° æ p úø ç . me with our boss. Isn't he your áEoé π ™ x à §ƒKd é à v°æ ¶ µ º ’ û√yEo à®Ω p ® Ω î Ë •©ç ®√ü¿ ’ . ÖüÓuí∫ç ´*açC. cousin? a) It was really great of Dharmaraja to save the Kouravas from the Gandharvas = í∫çüµ¿- 4) To get over = ¶«üµ¿/ ï•’s †’ç* éÓ©’-éÓ-´úøç/ b) He has none to put in a good word for him (Ø√ í∫’Jç* ã ´’ç* ´÷ô ´÷ man®Ω’y© ¶«J-†’ç* ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-Ø√-ü¿’-©†’ ®ΩéÀ~ç-îªúøç üµ¿®Ωt- ´÷´‚©’ ÆœnAéÀ ®√´úøç/ ûË®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç. ager ûÓ îÁ°æp-èπÿ-úøü∆? Åûªúø’ F cousin = Åûª-úÕE recommend îËÊÆç-ü¿’-Èé-´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. a) Indira Gandhi never got over the untimely ®√V íÌ°æp-ûª†ç. éπü∆?) (English ™ recommend ví¬çC∑éπç, Put in a death of her son Sanjay Gandhi = ûª† good word for somebody/ put in a word in Neeraj: Yes, he is. What do you want from ´’†-Èé-´-®Ω-®·Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç-îËÊÆh, ´÷´‚©’ thanks éÌúø’èπ◊ Ææçï-ß˝’-í¬çDµ Å鬩 ´’®Ωùç ´©x ¶«üµ¿ him? somebody's favour- ÉN Spoken Language éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊– It's very/ so kind of †’ç* ÉçC-®√-í¬çDµ éÓ©’-éÓ-ØË-™‰ü¿’. you Åçö«ç. forms). (Å´¤†’. FÍéç 鬢√L ÅûªúÕ †’ç*?) (Bhavan

ÅN¢Ëéπç.

O’ûÓ ®√™‰ü∆?)

Put in a good wor d for some one

Å®·ûË in respect of ¢√úË î√™«îÓôx ¢√-úÌa. ÅC simple.

about

He said the same thing in respect of/ about those books =

Q.

1. In respect of 2. by virtue of 3. be regarded 4. any how 5. mind blowing 6. exchange - change

– -O-öÀ -Å®√n-™‰-N’-öÀ? -ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? A.

1. In respect of =

Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Lo í∫’Jç*/ °æ¤Ææh-鬩 N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úø-üË ÅØ√oúø’. 2. By virtue of: Because of = Åçü¿’-´©x. By virtue of her age she can't apply for the job = apply

- A Sridhar, Oripenta

Ç¢Á’ ´ßª’Ææ’ ´©x/ Ç¢Á’ ´ßª’Ææ’ é¬®Ω-ùçí¬, Ç¢Á’ Ç ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

ü∆Eo í∫’Jç*/ Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™.

By virtue of being a CM, he can travel at Govt expense = CM

1) The rule does not say anything in respect of the students of private schools = Private schools students

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, Ç E•ç-üµ¿† àç îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’. 2) They want to go to court in respect of the property =

Ç ÇÆœh N≠æߪ’ç™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx éÓ®Ω’dèπ◊ ¢Á∞«x©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.

é¬-´-úøç´©x Çߪ’† v°æ¶µº’ûªy ê®Ω’a-ûÓ v°æߪ÷ùç îËßÁ·îª’a. 3. Be regarded - Regard = °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç/ ņ’-éÓ-´úøç. Be (am/ is/ are, etc..) regarded = °æJ-í∫-ùÀç--úø-ôç (PV)

Gandhi is regarded as a Mahatma = Gandhi

äéπ ´’£æ…-ûª’t-úÕí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’Ø√oúø’. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – í¬çDµE ´’£æ…-ûª’túÕí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ≤ƒhç) He wants to be regarded as great = Åûªúø’ íÌ°æp-¢√-úø’í¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-°æ-•ú≈©E ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. 4. Anyhow - 1) àüË-¢Á’iØ√ = any way. I knew he wouldn't come, but any how I invited him/ I invited him any way =

Åûªúø’ ®√úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ é¬F àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Åûª-úÕE ؈’ Ç£æ…yEç-î√†’. 2) Any how = É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x (-ã °æü¿l¥-A™‰-èπ◊çú≈). He put the things in the box anyhow and the box wouldn't close =

Ç Â°-õ„d™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’d °ö«dúø’, ÅC-°æ¤púø’ ´‚Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ™‰ü¿’.

5. Mind blowing =

Cví∫s¥´’/ Cví¬s¥çA éπL-TçîË.

a) Some of the feats in the circus were mind blowing = Circus feats

™-E éÌ--Eo éπL-Tç-îË-Ní¬ ÖØ√o®·.-

Cví∫s¥´’

b) The way the husband cut off his wife's head and carried it to the police station is mind blowing = police station (shocking)

¶µ«®Ωu ûª© †JéÀ èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-Rx† Nüµ¿ç Cví¬s¥çA éπL-T-≤ÚhçC. 6. Exchange = ´÷JpúÕ – äéπ-ü∆Eo*a -•-ü¿’-LçéÓ-öÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. They exchanged rings = ¢√∞¡Ÿx Öçí∫®√©’ ´÷®Ω’aèπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. äéπJ Öçí∫®Ωç ÉçéÌ-éπJü∆EûÓ ´÷JpúÕ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Change= ´÷®Ω’p/ ´÷®Ωúøç. There is a change in the rule = E•ç-üµ¿-†™ ´÷®Ω’pçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 27 -V-™„j 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Visisht: The whole city was plunged into darkness for an hour last night. I ended up almost crashing into a lorry.

(E†o ®√vA í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ †í∫-®Ω-´’çû√ <éπöx ´·E-T-§Ú-®·çC. *´-JéÀ ؈’ ã ™«KéÀ úµŒéÌ--†oçûª °æ†-®·çC) Vikranth: What's so surprising about it? These things do happen. I think it was due to the power cut.

(Åçü¿’™ Åçûª Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-úË-üË-´·çC? É™«çöÀN ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«®·. ÅC Nü¿’uûª’h éÓûª ´©x ņ’-èπ◊çö«.) Visisht: But isn't the power cut from 3 to 6 in the evening? I am talking about the power going off at 9.

(Nü¿’uûª’h éÓûª ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 3 †’ç* 6 ´®Ωèπ◊ éπü∆? ؈’ ´÷ö«x-úËC 9 í∫çô-©èπ◊ current §Ú´úøç í∫’Jç*) Vikranth: Power supply is erratic these days. It doesn't fit in with the government's promise of limiting the power cut to regular hours.

2

complicated = thoroughly =

ÆæçéÀx-≠d-¢æ Á’i†/ Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ØË-é¬E èπ~◊ùoçí¬/ °æ‹Jhí¬

Vikranth: (It was) quite a surprize win for the government. It had almost written off the support of some of the parties.

(ÅC v°æ¶µº’-û√y-EéÀ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Nï-ߪ’¢Ë’. éÌEo §ƒKd© ´’ü¿lûª’ O’ü¿ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ †´’téπç éÓ™p-®·ç-ü¿C) Visisht: I did expect the government to sail through. After all, horse-trading is not new to us.

(؈’ Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ àüÓ-N-üµ¿çí¬ ´’ü¿lûª’ ûÁa-éÓ-´úøç ´’†èπ◊ éÌûËhç é¬ü¿’-éπü∆?) Vikranth: OK. Let's wind up our discussion here. How about taking a good walk along the tankbund.

(ÆæÍ®™‰. Éçéπ Ωa ´·Tü∆lç. ¢Áç•úÕ é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ †úø’-ü∆l´÷?)

Tankbund

Visisht: Sorry, I don't feel up to it. I am tired. (I) wish to go home and take rest. (Sorry,

b) Stock market prices which had plunged last week recovered with the UPA victory = stock market UPA

véÀûªç ¢√®Ωç °æûª-†-¢Á’i† Èí©’-°æ¤ûÓ éÓ©’-èπ◊-Ø√o®·.

c) He plunged into the river to save the drowning child =

´·E-T-§Ú-ûª’†o Gúøf†’ ®ΩéÀ~ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûªúø’ †C-™éÀ ü¿÷é¬úø’.

d) The robber plunged a knife into the man's chest =

Ç üÓ°œ-úÕ-üÌçí∫ Åûª-úÕE éπAhûÓ §ÒúÕ-î√úø’.

e) Soon after Gandhi's returned from South Africa he plunged into politics=

Åçûª ã°œé𠙉C-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊. Å©-Æœ§Úߪ÷. ÉçöÀÈéRx Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E ņ’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 481

(Nü¿’uû˝ Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ äéπ °æü¿l¥-Aí¬ Öçúø-ôç-™‰D ®ÓV™x. v°æA-®ÓW EKgûª Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ (éÓûª) °æJ-N’-ûªçí¬ØË Öçô’ç-ü¿†o v°æ¶µº’ûªy £æ…O’éÀ §Òçûª† èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’) erratic= äéπ °æü¿l¥A ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Visisht: The whole nation is crying out for more power and we are unable to step up our power generation.

üµ¿®Ω©’,

ü¿éÀ~-ù«-v°∂œé¬ †’ç* AJT ®√í¬ØË, í¬çDµ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™xéÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pçî√úø’/ ´·E-T-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. (´·êuçí¬ Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ, sudden í¬ îËߪ’úøç)

a) The crying need of the hour is a leader of great leader =

v°æÆæ’hûªç ü˨»-EéÀ Åûªu-´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†C ã íÌ°æp Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’.

b) Full employment is the crying need of the hour =

°æ‹Jh ÖüÓu-Tûª É°æpöÀ Åûªu-´-Ææ®Ω N≠æߪ’ç. v°æÆæ’hûª/ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†o

of the hour =

Ææ´’-ߪ’°æ¤ 4) It had written off - to write some person/ something off =

äéπ ´uéÀh/ ã N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* Ǩ¡ ´ü¿-©’-éÓ-´úøç. ´·êuçí¬ ´Ææ÷-©’-é¬E ¶«é醒 ´ü¿’©’-éÓ-´úøç/ Ǩ¡ ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´úøç.

a) The company has written off the amount as a bad debt company

= ´Ææ÷©’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E ¶«éÃí¬ Ç Ç ¢Á·û√hEo ´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊çC.

b) The old parents have written off their son as totally unhelpful =

Ç ´·ÆæL ûªLxü¿çvúø’©’ ûª´’ éÌúø’èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-O’ü¿ Ǩ¡ ´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.

.. cr ying out for a cor r uption fr ee govt

(ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç áèπ◊\´ current 鬢√-©E °∂æ’≠æ°-úø’-ûÓçC, Daily real life situations ™E con´’†¢Ë’¢Á÷ Nü¿’u-ü¿’-ûªp-AhE °çîª-™‰-éπ-§Ú- versation ™ áü¿’-®ΩßË’u ´’J-éÌEo expressions Ñ lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç. ûª’Ø√oç) Å®·ûË Ñ≤ƒJ expressions are of a step up= °çîªúøç/ áèπ◊\´ îËߪ’úøç slightly higher level. ÉC èπÿú≈ pracVikranth: That's exactly why our central governîËü∆lç, ´’† daily language ™ tise ment wants to sign the nuclear deal ¶µ « í∫ ç îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. with the US. It will give us what we need very badly- plenty of electric power.

(ÆæJí¬_ Åçü¿’Íé ´’† Íéçvü¿ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Å¢Á’-J-é¬ûÓ Åù’ ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©-†’èπ◊ç-öçC. ´’†èπ◊ ´·êuçí¬ é¬´-©-Æœ†– Nü¿’u-îªa ¥-éÀhE ÅC-Ææ’hçC.) Visisht: It's not as simple as all that, friend. It's all very complicated. I doubt how many politicians that voted on the confidence motion know thoroughly about it.

(Åçûª Ææ’©-¶µº-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’O’ é¬ü¿C. ÅÆæ©’ ¢Á·†o N¨»y-Ææ-B-®√t-†ç™ ãõ‰-Æœ† ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-¢√-ü¿’™x áçûª ´’çCéÀ ü∆E í∫’Jç* èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ-ØËC Ø√éπ-†’-´÷†¢Ë’.)

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above

2) Fit in with:

¢Á·ü¿öx Ééπ\úø °æE-îË-Ææ’h-†o¢√-∞¡xûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

M.SURESAN

- A Sridhar, Oripenta

A.

Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 2. grace or god's grace? àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? 3. turnkey Å®Ωnç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 4. Benchmark Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ᙫ -¢√-ú≈L? 5. Earmark †’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a? 6. Grams èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 7. Abbreviation for telegram Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? 8. Bindover Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 9. Boost Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? 10. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ Åçö«®Ω’? a) †’´¤y ´≤ƒh-†çõ‰ ØË ´ü¿lç-ö«Ø√? b) †’´¤y ´≤ƒh-†çõ‰ ؈’ ´ü¿lç-ö«†’.

b) Your arrangements do not fit in with your plans =

F à®√pô’x F

ÅC ´ü¿’©’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªhç

d) I've written off our leaders and parties as good for nothing =

´’† Ø√ߪ’èπ◊©’, §ƒKd©’ üËEéà °æE-éÀ-®√®ΩE ؈’ Ǩ¡ ´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊Ø√o. 5) To sail through = í∫çúøç í∫úÕ* í∫õ„d-éπ\úøç. a) The UPA has sailed through the confidence vote = UPA

v°æ¶µº’ûªyç í∫çúøç í∫úÕ* í∫õ„d-éÀ\çC. Èí©’-°æ¤èπ◊ Ç ïô’d í∫çúøç í∫úÕ* í∫õ„d-éÀ\çC.

b) The team sailed through to a win =

c) No one expected him to sail through to success in the exam =

°æK-éπ~™ í∫çúøç í∫úÕ* Åûªúø’ ØÁí∫’_-û√-úøE á´®Ω÷ ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. 1) The whole city was plunged into darkness c) Where do I fit in here? You are all doctors 6) Wind up - wound up (PT & PP) = ´·Tç-îªúøç and I am an engineer = ØËE-éπ\úø ᙫ É´’-úø2) It doesn't fit in with ... leader wound up his speech with an û√†’? O’®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷ doctors; ؈’ engineer †’. a) The 3) The whole nation is crying out for more power. appeal to the students to serve the society 3) Cry out for = î√™« Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-ü∆-E-éÓÆæç Ç®√-ô4) It had written off the support of some of the = Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ Ææ´÷-ï-ÊÆ´ îËߪ÷-Lqç-Cí¬ éÓ®Ω’ûª÷, °æ-úøôç/ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç. parties. Çߪ’† ûª† Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒEo ´·Tç-î√úø’. a) Having lost its parents the child is crying b) Let's wind up the show = Ñ v°æü¿-®Ωz††’ 5) I did expect the govt to sail through out for parental love= ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©†’ §ÚíÌ-ô’dÉçûª-öÀûÓ ´·Tü∆lç. 6) Let's wind up our discussion here. èπ◊†o Ç Gúøf ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© vÊ°´’éÓÆæç Ç®√-ô-°æ-úø’- c) Because of losses they have decided to 1) Plunge (Past tense & PP: Plunged): °æúÕ-§ÚûÓçC. wind up their business = †≥ƒd-©-´©x ¢√u§ƒ-®√Eo ´úøç/ ü¿÷éπúøç/ ´·†-í∫úøç/ ´·çîªúøç b) The country is crying out for a corruption ´‚ÊÆ-ߪ÷-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx. a) He climbed up the tower and plunged to his free government = ü˨¡ç ÅN-FA ™‰E v°æ¶µº’ûªyç death = Tower O’C-ÈééÀ\ °æúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ î√´¤ éÓÆæç Ç®√-ô-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-ûÓçC. éπL-Í홫. (Tower O’C-ÈééÀ\ °æúÕ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’– DEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çüË, crying need = î√™« Å´-Ææ-®Ωv°æ´÷-ü¿-´-¨»ûª’h 鬴a/ Çûªt-£æ«û√u 鬴a) ¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç.

؈’ ´≤ƒh-†çõ‰ †’´¤y ´ü¿lç-ö«¢√? d) ؈’ ´≤ƒh-†çõ‰ †’´¤y ´ü¿lç-ö«´¤. 1. Elect, Select

Suit

a) In the beginning he found it difficult to fit in with the people working here =

c)

Q.

ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç/

鬴úøç/ É´’-úøôç

c) It's too big an amount to be written off =

1) Elect = President =

ᆒo-éÓ-´úøç. They elected him ÅûªúÕE Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ á†’o-èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx. †©’-í∫’-È®j-ü¿’-í∫’®Ω’ éπLÆœ ã ŶµºuJnE ᆒo-éÓ-´úøç. Select = áç-éÓ-´úøç/ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. He selected this shirt from among the ten shirts there= shirts shirt

Åéπ\-úø’†o 10 ™ Åûªúø’ Ñ †’ áç-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’/ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. (ÉC äéπ\Í® îËßÁ·îª’a/ áèπ◊\´ ´’çD îËßÁ·îª’a) É≠æd-°æ-úø-ô-´’E èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç.

2) God's grace. correct 3) Turnkey=

É´yúøç.

¢ÁçôØË ¢√úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îËÆœ

°æü∑¿éπç v°æ鬮Ωç ™‰´¤.

The company executes projects on a turn key basis =

v§ƒñ„-èπ◊d-©†’ ¢√úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖçúË™« ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îËÆœ ÉÆæ’hçC Ç éπç°F. 4) Benchmark = Ø√ùuû√ v°æ´÷ùç.

Sachin's play is the benchmark against with other players can be judged = Sachin

≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo éÌL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. 5) Earmark - 1) Íéö«-®·ç-îªúøç.

Éûª®Ω véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’© †’ v°æ´÷-ùçí¬

(usually passive)

50% of the seats are earmarked for backward classes = seat

50 ¨»ûªç ©’ ¢Á†’-éπ-•-úÕ† ´®√_-©èπ◊ Íéö«®·çî√®Ω’. 2) äéπ °æEéÀ/ ÖüËl-¨»-EéÀ üËE-ØÁjØ√, á´JØÁjØ√ ņ’-éÓ´úøç/ í∫’Jhç-îªúøç. Rahul Gandhi is earmarked as the future PM of India =

¶µ«N v°æüµ∆-Eí¬ ®√£æ›-™¸-í¬çDµ í∫’Jhç--úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’/ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.

6) American spelling of Gramme. 7) Abbreviation for telegram Company telegram telegraphic address

éÌEo ©’ ûª´’èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®ΩûÓ °æçÊ°ç-ü¿’-éÀîËa Ê°®Ω’. ÉC ®√ÊÆh ™ ´÷ô©’ ûªT_ §Òü¿’°æ¤ Å´¤ûª’çC. 8) Bindover = (ØË®√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*) àüÁjØ√, à v°æü˨¡ç-™-ØÁjØ√ ïJÍí ØË®√-©èπÿ, äéπ-J°j ïJÍí ᙫçöÀ üˆ®Ω-bØ√u-EéÃ, á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¶«üµ¿’u-©’í¬ îËߪ’úøç. ÉC Police ©’ Ø訽 îªJvûª Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x†’ éπôdúÕ îËÊÆ Nüµ¿ç. 9) Boost = v§Úû√q£æ«ç, ´’ü¿lûª’ É´yúøç. 10. a) If you wish to come you're welcome. b) I am against your coming/ if you want to come, I will say no. c) If I want to come, Will you say no? d) If I want to come, you will say no.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 29 -V-™„j 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

'Can I have your pen?' 'of course you can' (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈). Éçé¬ 'ÅC ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆?— ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.

Q.

'Did India lose in the finals?'

1.

' Åûª-úÕE Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç îÁߪ’u¢√?—— – DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 2. "How do you do?" ņo-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç AJT ÅüË ¢√éπuç îÁ°æpúøç Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ᙫ Å´¤ûª’çC? 3. Of course †’ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? 4. ' F éÓÆæç áEo É•sç-ü¿’-™„-ü¿’-®Ì\-Ø√oØÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁLߪ’ü¿’?——– DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 5. Å¢√-®Ω’fèπ◊, J¢√-®Ω’fèπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 6. ' ØËEçûË— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’-Ø√L? 7. ' ¢Áüµ¿´ (îÁûªh) Ææ©-£æ…-L-´yèπ◊— – DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

(ÉçúÕߪ÷

1) Won't you/ wouldn't you/ why don't you/ introduce him to me?/ How about introducing him to me?

2) "How do you do?"

†’ v°æ¨¡o ®Ω÷°æç™ Ö†o Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. ÅC English ¢√∞¡x Ææçv°æü∆ߪ’ç. 3) éπ*a-ûªçí¬/ ÅçûË-éπü∆/ ÅC ¢ËÍ® îÁ§ƒp™«? Ñ Å®√n™‰ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Å†’-´’A É´y-ú≈EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

Q.

äéπJ ÊÆ´-©èπ◊, íÌ°æp-ûª-Ø√-EéÀ, v°æA-¶µºèπ◊ ÉîËa •£æ›-´’A, G®Ω’ü¿’, Ææû√\®Ωç. Award- ´÷´‚-©’í¬ éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ äéπJ éπ%≠œ/ v°æA¶µºèπ◊ í∫’Jhç°æ¤. Reward- äéπ EKgûª¢Á’i† °æEéÀ ÉîËa •£æ›-´’A. a) Reward for good behaviour (´’ç* †úø-´úÕéÀ °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç) b) The father rewarded the son for his good score in the exam

(°æK-éπ~™ ´’ç*

´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ •£æ›-´’A) éπ%≠œ, v¨¡´’èπ◊ v°æA-°∂æ©ç èπÿú≈

reward. 6) I am what I am/ That's what I am. 7) Don't give stupid/ useless advice.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

1. Who knows the answer?

(Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ûª°æ¤p-éπü∆? -O’®Ω-™« -¢√-ú≈®Ω’. Ééπ\úø whom •ü¿’©’ who Öçú≈-L-éπü∆? 2. What brings you here? ÅØ√o®Ω’. Ñ ¢√éπuç simple present ™ ÖçC éπü∆. You ûÓ verb èπ◊ s îË®Ω-ü¿’-éπü∆, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ question form ûÓ do/ does ¢√ú≈-L-éπü∆? 3. ' à £æ«Ùô-™¸™ Öçö«®· °æ‹K©’?—— DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? DE™ sub, verb, object àN’öÀ? ¢√öÀE ᙫ Å´’-®√aL? 4. Gold Rush Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ÉC ¢√úø’-éπ™ Öçü∆? 5. Certainly, O.K., Of course.. OöÀ-´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 6. O’®Ω’ "She went/ left for the U.S. last week ÅØ√o®Ω’. Left Åçõ‰ ´ü¿-©úøç éπü∆. ´uA-Í®éπ Å®Ωnç ®√ü∆? ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'á´-JéÀ— ÅE ¢√úÕ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, English ™ know èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ÅE îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ I/ we/ you/ he/ she/ it/ they/ who ÅØË Åçö«ç, me/ us/ him/ her/ them/ whom ®√ü¿’. 2) Simple present ™ he/ she/ it èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ verb èπ◊ 's' or 'es' îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. What/ who ûÓ éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x question èπ◊ do/ does ®√ü¿’, ´·êuçí¬ 'who' ûÓ. Who does know/ who does like ™«çöÀ question forms ™‰´¤.

Q.

we - subject, do get (=get)- verb.

- Lakshmana Rao, Jangareddygudem A. 1. Either-orEither Guntur or Vijayawada will be the venue of meeting =

ÅüÁjØ√/ÉüÁjØ√ (È®çúÕç-öÀ™/ Éü¿l-J™)

482

àúÕç-öÀéÀ Ç

train Vijayawada

´ü¿’-©’-ûª’çC.

´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æç éπL-TçîË v°æ´÷-ü∆-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æúÕ Ø√ girl friend †’ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé∞«x.

- A. Penchalaiah, Rajampeta A. 1) On the other hand= ..., on the other hand

ÉC on the one hand ÅØË phrase ™ ¶µ«í∫ç. °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç Gµ†oçí¬, ´·êuçí¬ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ Ö†o ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ûÁ©-§ƒ-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ñ phrase ¢√úøû√ç. Å®Ωnç: äéπ-¢Áj-Ê°¢Á÷... ÉçéÓ-¢Áj-Ê°¢Á÷...

a) On the one hand he wants to see the film actor, but on the other he doesn't want to miss the class= class

Åûª-úÕéÀ äéπ-¢Áj-Ê°¢Á÷ Ç †ô’úÕo îª÷ú≈-©E ÖçC, ´’®Ó-¢Áj°æ¤ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-´úøç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’.

b) On the one hand she knows she can't go alone, but on the other (hand) she is unwilling to ask for other's help=

(äéπ-¢ÁjÊ°¢Á÷) ûªØË¢Á÷ äçô-Jí¬ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. ´’®Ó-¢Áj°æ¤ Éûª-®Ω’© ≤ƒßª’ç Åúø-í∫úøç ûª†-éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. 2) At the risk of= Åçûª v°æ´÷-ü¿-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÃ/ î√™« v°æ´÷-ü∆-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æúÕ – (´·êuçí¬ ´’† ûÁL-N-™‰-Eûª†ç •ßª’-ô-°æúË v°æ´÷ü¿ç/ Éûª-®Ωxèπ◊ éÓ°æç éπLTçîË Nüµ¿çí¬) a) At the risk of angering my father, I took my girl friend to a movie=

Q.

4)

The train leaves Vijayawada at 7 =

í∫’çô÷-®Ω’-í¬F, Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøí¬F Ç Æ涵ºèπ◊ ¢ËC-éπí¬ Öçô’çC. Neither - nor (È®çúÕç-öÀ™  àD-™‰ü¿’) I like neither idly nor puri= Ø√èπ◊ ÉúŒx É≠æd癉ü¿’, °æ‹K É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’.

1. On the other hand. 2. At the risk of 3. Quondam friend 4. Read between the lines. 5. Red letter day. 6. To and fro. 7. White elephant. 8. Wear and tear. 9. While away. 10. Go to the wall.

1. Demise, Die, Expire, Pass away ...

OöÀ

´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

áéπ\-úÁjØ√ •çí¬®Ωç ÖçC ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E í∫’ç°æ¤©’ í∫’ç°æ¤-©’í¬ v°æï-©-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç. 5) Certainly= of course= éπ*a-ûªçí¬/ correct. OK = ÆæÍ®™‰/ all right. 6) Left ÅØËC leave èπ◊ past tense. Leave Åçõ‰ ´C-™‰-ߪ’-úø-´’ØË Å®Ωn¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, äéπ v°æü˨¡ç ´C-L-¢Á-∞¡xúøç (= •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωúøç/ ¢ÁRx-§Ú´úøç) ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jçîªí∫©®Ω’. -Ñ -¢√é¬u-©-†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. á) ´®Ω-ü¿©’ H¶µº-û√qEo Ææ%≠œd-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. G) †≠æd-§Ú-®·†¢√JéÀ Æ‘áç °æé¬\ É∞¡Ÿx éπöÀd-≤ƒh´’E £æ…O’ Éî√a®Ω’. Æœ) Ç °æúø´ FöÀ™ ´·ET-§Ú-®·çC. -úÕ) v°æ¶µº’ûªyç É*a† £æ…O’-©†’ ØÁ®Ω¢Ë-®Ωa-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC. -É) ¢√ߪ·-í∫’çúøç Å©p- °‘-úø†çí¬ ´÷Í® Å´-é¬-¨¡ç ÖçC.

-Ñ °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’.

1)

3) Where/ In which restaurant do we get puris?

Q. 1. Either - or, Neither - nor, though - but, not only but also 2.

Though= but = Though he is rich he does not spend much = He is rich but he doesn't spend much =

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ,

Å®·ûË.

Åûªúø’ üµ¿E-èπ◊úÁj†°æp-öÀéà áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a-°-ôdúø’ = Åûªúø’ üµ¿Eèπ◊úø’ é¬F áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a °ôdúø’. Not only but also = ÅüËí¬éπ ÉC èπÿú≈. He is not only handsome but also clever =

Åûªúø’ Åçü¿-í¬úË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’ èπÿú≈. 2. a) The floods are causing havoc. b) The CM has assured those affected/ the victims that proper houses would be built for them. c) The boat sank. d) The government hasn't been able to keep its promises. e) The cyclonic wind is likely to turn into a depression.

a car can be a white elephant

- B.Viveka Satyanandam, Korukonda

A.

™ ãúÕ-§Ú-®·çü∆?)— ÅçûË-í¬éπ ´’Í®-´·çC)

5) Award-

- Dr.Ramesh, J.Krishna, Rajapuram

A.

finals

'of course, it did' ( 4) You don't know how much trouble I faced for your sake.

2. Dismissal, removal, retrench

OöÀ Å®√n-

©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. - N.Pentaiah, Ghatkeswar

A.

1. Demisecompany/

äéπ Å®Ωnç– äéπ ÆæçÆæn/ ´u´Ææn/ °æü∑¿éπç. OöÀ Åçûªç ™‰ü∆ N°∂æ©ç ÅE. ´’®Ωùç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ îªôd-°æ-J-¶µ«-≠æ™, ví¬çC∑-éπçí¬ í¬F, £æ…≤ƒu-EéÀ í¬F ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√®Ω’. ´÷´‚©’ spoken/ written English ™ ¢√úø®Ω’. Die- îªE-§Ú-´úøç- Indian English ™ ´’®Ωùç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉC ¢√úøôç î√™«-´’çC ûª°æ¤pí¬

M.SURESAN

b) The government wants to sign the nuclear pact even at the risk of our independence =

´’† ≤ƒyûªçvû√uEo éÓ™pßË’ v°æ´÷-ü∆-EéÀ èπÿú≈ Æœü¿l¥-°æúÕ, ´’† v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Å¢Á’-J-é¬ûÓ Åù’ ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC. 3) Quondam friend= §ƒûª-é¬-©°æ¤ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’. ÉC î√™« ví¬çC∑éπç/ §ƒçúÕûªuç. Quondam •ü¿’©’, one-time ¢√úøôç ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. 4) Read between the lines= find out a meaning not directly stated-

°jéÀ éπE-°œç-îªE Å®Ωnç

(äéπ ®Ωîª-†™) Reading between the lines, I am sure she wants a share in the property =

Ç¢Á’ îÁÊ°p-ü∆-EéÀ °jéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’E Å®Ωnç, ûª†èπ◊ ÇÆœh™ ¢√ö« 鬢√-©E.

5) Red letter day- A very important day/ A day that we can't forget easily. Aug 15 is a red letter day in the history of India. 6) To and fro = to and from =

Åô’ Éô’

a) In his worry he was walking to and fro in the room =

Å´’-®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ¶µ«Nç*, demise/ expire ÅE ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Die Å´’-®√uü¿éπ®Ω¢Á’i† °æü¿ç-é¬ü¿’; Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ¶µ«≠æ™ ¶µ«í∫ç. Demise/ expire, die éÀ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøôç– ´÷´‚©’ spoken/ written English ™ îµ√çü¿Ææçí¬, ví¬çC∑-éπçí¬ Öçô’çC. Expire: üËE-ÈéjØ√ 鬩ç îÁ©xúøç. äéπ °ævû√-EéÀ/ ä°æpç-ü∆-EéÀ/ °æü¿-NéÀ 鬩ç ü∆öÀ-§Ú®· ÅC à´÷vûªç Å´’™x ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. ´’çü¿’© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈ äéπ EKgûª 鬩ç ûª®√yûª ¢√úø-EN date expired Å´¤-û√®·. Expire èπ◊ î√´¤ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÖçC, Å®·ûË ÉC î√™« ví¬çC∑éπç– spoken English ™ §ƒçúÕûªuç Å´¤-ûª’çC.

ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†ûÓ í∫C™ Åô’ Éô’ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. b) You will be paid I class to and fro charges =

È®çúø’-¢Áj-°æ¤™«

I class charges

Fèπ◊ îÁLx-≤ƒh®Ω’.

7) White elephant= a very expensive thing=

î√™« êK-üÁj† ´Ææ’h´¤/ N≠æߪ’ç. In these days of spiralling oil prices, a car can be a white elephant= car

°vö™¸ üµ¿®Ω©’ N°æ-Kûªçí¬ Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o Ñ ®ÓV™x, ¢√úøôç î√™« ê®Ωa-®·† N≠æߪ’ç. 8) Wear and tear= Å®Ω’-í∫ ’-ü¿© (´Ææ ’h-´¤©’, ´·êuçí¬ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-™«xçöÀN) The cost of a thing goes as decreasing because of a wear and tear =

Å®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿-©-´©x ´Ææ’h´¤ üµ¿®Ω ûªT_-§Úûª÷ Öçô’çC. 9) While away = 鬩çí∫úÕ-Ê°-ߪ’úøç °æF-§ƒ-ö«-™‰-èπ◊çú≈. While he is very busy, his brother whiles away time watching the TV= TV

Åûªúø’ BJ-éπ-™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰, ÅûªúÕ ûª´·túø’ îª÷Ææ÷h 鬩ç í∫úÕ-Ê°-Ææ’hç-ö«úø’. 10) Go to the wall= ã company/ ÆæçÆæn Eüµ¿’© éÌ®Ω-ûª-´©x †≠æd-§Ú-´úøç/ N°∂æ-©-´’-´úøç, ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. The company went to the wall because of mismanagement of funds= company

Eüµ¿’© ߪ’ï-´÷†≠æd-§Ú-®·çC/ †uç™ ™§ƒ-©-´©x ´‚ÊÆ-ߪ÷-Lq†/ Cèπ◊\-ûÓ-îªE °æJ-ÆœnA à®Ωp-úÕçC.

Pass away- îªE-§Ú-´úøç– Die ÅØË ´÷ô ¢√úøôç É≠ædç-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ÉC ¢√úÌa. ÉC conversational. Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωn´’ßË’u ´÷ô èπÿú≈. 2) Dismiss- ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç. ÉC ´·êuçí¬, °æü¿-N™/ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ Ö†o-¢√-JE PéÀ~ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç. Remove èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÉçûË. °æü¿N/ ÖüÓuí∫ç †’ç* ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç, Péπ~í¬/ v°æB-é¬-®Ωçí¬. Retrench éÀ ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç– v°æ¶µº’ûªyç/ company ê®Ω’a ûªT_ç--éÓ-´-ú≈-E-éÀ-í¬F, §Òü¿’-°æ¤-éÓ-Ææç-í¬F ÖüÓuí∫’-©†’ BÊÆ-ߪ’úøç retrench. ÉC Péπ~/ v°æB鬮Ωçé¬ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 31 -V-™„j 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Åûª-úø’ -Å®Ω-í∫ç-ôí¬ cricket Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ (É°æ¤púÕçé¬ Çúø’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oúø’) ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Present Perfect - Å°æpöÀ†’ç* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊. Present Perfect Continuous - Å°æpöÀ†’ç* Éçé¬. Å®·ûË Ñ ûËú≈ Åçûªí¬ §ƒöÀç-îª-†-éπ\®Ω™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ I have been waiting for you for the past one hour. (Present Per. Cont) ÅØË sentence BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Ñ sentence, wait îËÆæ’h-†o¢√∞¡Ÿx, á´-J-éÓÆæç wait îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ó, ¢√∞¡xûÓ, ¢√∞¡Ÿx-´-*a†-°æ¤púË Å†-í∫-©®Ω’ éπü∆? ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´îËa-Æœ† ûª®√yûª waiting Å®·-§Ú-®·-†õ‰x éπü∆? Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø Present Perfect Continuous Tense †’ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ïJ-T† °æEÍéí¬F, Éçé¬ continue Å´¤-ûª’†o action èπ◊ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? DEo•öÀd, ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ÊÆC: Present Perfect èπÿ, Present Perfect Continuous Tense èπÿ -ûË-ú≈ Åçûªí¬ ™‰ü¿E. Å®·ûË continuity E áèπ◊\´ stress îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤úø’ Pr. per. cont. tense better.

R.M.V.N. Ramakantha Rao, Visakhapatnam Q.

È®Ø˛ Åçú˛ ´÷JdØ˛ ¢√uéπ-®Ωù °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ véÀߪ’†’ Present Perfect Tense -™ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈™ îªJaÆæ÷h: "To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present moment" Present Perfect Continuous Tense "The Present Perfect continuous is used for an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing". confusion

ÅE ÖçC. ´’Sx í∫’Jç*

èπÿú≈ Å™«Íí ®√Ææ’çC.

ÉC é¬Ææh îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

èπ◊ í∫’-JîËÆæ’hçC. N´-Jç-

A. Present Perfect Tense talks of an action continuing up to the present moment, where as Present Perfect Continuous denotes an action starting in the past and continuing even now.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

He has played cricket for half an hour now cricket

Å®Ω-í∫ç-ôí¬ Çú≈úø’– É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊. Éçé¬ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oú≈/ ÇÊ°-¨»ú≈ ÅØËC Ñ tense clear í¬ ûÁ-©’°æü¿’. Present Perfect ÅüË Continuous Å®·ûË (He has been U. Ajay Kumar, Adilabad

Q. Thingumabob = anonymous?

Q. Nom de plume = Agnomen = cognomen = soubriquet ?

A. Anonymous= (letters

-Ñ °æü∆-©Fo Ææ´÷-Ø√-®Ωn-é¬-™‰Ø√? äéπõ‰ = Nickname- ´÷®Ω’Ê°®Ω’ = ´’®Ó Ê°®Ω’. English ™ nickname Åíı-®Ω´ Ææ÷îªéπçé¬ü¿’.

Q. Perdition, subversion, spiflication, havoc, dilapidation, annihilation, devastation, extermination, damnation, extirpation, desolation

äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. Perdition, damnation =

§ƒ°æ¤©’, î√´¤ ûª®√yûª §ÒçüË †®Ω-éπ-ߪ÷-ûª†. ¨»°æ-Ø√-®√n-©èπ◊ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. N’í∫û√´÷ô-©Fo Ø√¨¡†ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ synonyms.

Q. Funeral song = cremation song = plaintive song = elegy = dirge = threnody? A. Plaintive song =

N≥ƒü¿ Uûªç. îªE-§Ú-®·†¢√J ñ«c°æ-鬮Ωnç ®√ÊÆ éπNûªyç. N’í∫-û√-´Fo äéπ\õ‰. Å®Ωnç– îª®Ω-´’-Uûªç. Elegy =

Q. Repository, necropolis, crematorium, crematory, cemetery, burial ground, grave yard. A. Repository

(ECµ)– N’í∫û√ ´÷ô-©ûÓ DEéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Crematorium = Crematory = (´’%ûª-üË-£æ…©) ü¿£æ«-†-¨»© (¨¡t¨»†ç)

´†-¶µ-ï† ßª÷vûª. éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. Picnic= outing = fete champetre = - Fete champetre- French English

¶µï† ´÷ô–

N£æ…-®Ω-ߪ÷vûª ™ Å®Ω’ü¿’. Junket = Ææ®Ωü∆ߪ÷vûª, ´·êuçí¬ v°æñ«-üµ¿-†çûÓ. (´’† ´’çvûª’©’ v°æ¶µº’ûªy ê®Ω’aûÓ NüË-¨»©’ AJ-T®√-´-úøç ™«çöÀC) Jaunt = Ææ®Ωü∆ v°æߪ÷ùç Q. Journey = peregrination = travel äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. Journey = Travel = Peregrination (§ƒçúÕûªuç) Q. Rialto= Market= Bazar É´Fo äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. äéπõ‰. Q. Thorough fare = main road. éπÈ®Íé-dØ√? A. Correct.

Q.

A.

鬙¸ ÂÆçô®˝, G.°œ.ä. Æœ•sç-CéÀ võ„iEçí˚ ÉîËa ¢√®·Æˇ wõ„j-†-®˝í¬, English Language Trainer í¬ career áç-éÓ¢√-©†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Åçü¿’-èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª©’, éÓ®Ω’q© N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. O’ Ǩ¡ßª’ç î√™« ´’ç*üË. O’®Ω’ 1) English & îËߪ÷-LqçC–

Necropolis= burial ground = grave yard = cemetery

(´’%ûª-üË-£æ…-©†’)

(¨¡t¨»†ç)

äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. Ñ éÀçC ¢√öÀéÀ ûª°æp N’í∫û√ ¢√öÀ-éÌÍé Å®Ωnç, ¢Ë¨¡u©E. Drab †’ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. Wench= Çúø-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ é¬Ææh Å´’-®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´÷ô. Courtesan = ¢Ë¨¡u, Å®·ûË §ƒûª-®Ó-V™x ®√V-©éÌ-©’-´¤™ üË´-ü∆-Æ‘-©-™«çöÀ¢√∞¡Ÿx. É°æpöÀ ¢Ë¨»u-´%-Ah™ Ö†o Æ‘Y©-éÀC ´Jhç-îªü¿’.

Language CDs Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç BÆæ’-éÓ´úøç. 3) English speaking ¶«í¬ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. 4) Call centre training/ Accent training courses courses institutes

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™  E®Ωy-£œ«çîË î√™« ÖØ√o®·.) ™ îË®ΩçúÕ. Péπ~ù §Òçü¿çúÕ. ÉC î√™« ´·êuç. áçûª O©’çõ‰ Åçûª English îªü¿-´çúÕ– ´·êuçí¬ novels ™«çöÀN. É™«çöÀ

™«çöÀN

¢ÁçôØË îËߪ’-úøç. 2) °j ¢√∞¡x

™ v°æA

ÉîËa ûÓ

°æ‹úÕa-°õ‰dîÓô’

Q. Moll, demirep, wench, drab, trollop, tramp, havlot, pro, whore, floozy, strumpet, scarlet woman, courtesan, adulteress, bawd, prostitute-

Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad Diploma course in communication skills 5) Eenadu spoken English Institute/ lessons lesson British Council/ Oxford/ conversation friend (s) English Cambridge practice

™

Æœü∆l¥ç-ûª-°æ-®Ωçí¬ 'shall' First persons ™ futurity E, second and third person ™ compulsion (command, promise, threat) E Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. Å™«Íí 'will' First Persons ™ certainty E, second and third person ™ futurity E Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC éπü∆. é¬F v°æÆæ’hûªç Ñ û√®Ω-ûª-´÷u©’ ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË shall †’ will †’ indiscriminate í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. °jí¬ shall î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’í¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√? A. Modern English usage ™ shall èπÿ, will èπÿ ûËú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Åçûª-Jç-*-§Ú-®·çC. American English ™ shall ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. I and we ûÓ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ shall ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’, ÅC èπÿú≈ -î√-™« ví¬ç-C∑éπç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. we/ I shall be happy,

Tramp=

Ê°®Ω’ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-E/ -Å-ñ«c-ûª/ -Ææç-ûªéπç ™«çöÀN). Thingamabob = Ææ´’-ߪ÷™‰E EéÀ ÆæJí¬ í∫’®Ω’h®√E ´Ææ’h-´¤/ -´uéÀhéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô.

Q. Picnic, junket, jaunt, outing, fete champetre=

SK Abbas, Nellore

Q.

•ü¿’©’, I/ we will be happy/ ÅØË ÅØË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. British English ™ èπÿú≈ shall ¢√úøéπç I and we ûÓ questions èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, ÅD offers/ suggestions èπ◊ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’, Shall I make you some coffee/ shall we start? ™™«. ÉC ÆæÈ®j-†ü∆ é¬ü∆ ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç Educated people with English as mother tongue ᙫ ´÷ö«xúø-û√-®ΩØËü∆Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC éπü∆? Å™«çöÀ¢√∞¡x ¢√úø’éπ v°æßÁ÷-í¬™‰ standard Å´¤-û√®·. Usage is I/ we shall be late late

more powerful than grammar or dictionary

ÅØË Ææ÷éÀh ÖçúøØË ÖçC éπü∆. Native speakers ¢√úË expressions éÌçûª-é¬-™«-EéÀ dictionary/ grammar ™ accept Å´¤-ûª’ç-ö«®·. ÅC ´’†ç ÆæÈ®jçüË ÅE accept îËߪ÷LqçüË. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Åçü¿’-´©x language simplify Å´¤-ûÓçC. ÅC ´’ç*üË.

He has been playing cricket ..

playing cricket for the past half an hour)

A.

483

2

O’ îËߪ’çúÕ.

´·çü¿’

A.Sridhar, Oripenta Q. Cost to cost sale A.

Åçõ‰ ? é̆o üµ¿®ΩÍé Ţ˒t-ߪ’úøç ™«¶µºç ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈/ ûªßª÷®Ω’îËÆ œ† ê®Ω’aûÓ ™«¶µºç-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ Å´’túøç. Q. Up date Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Up date= Ñ éπ~ùç ´®Ωèπÿ ïJT†/ Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ Ææ´÷-î√®√Eo ´÷®Ω’p-©†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ´úøç/ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’úøç. Q. Upto date Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Up to date= û√ñ«/ †÷ûª†. Q. Bubbly Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Bubbly= 1) †’®Ω-í∫©’/ •’úø-í∫©ûÓ Ö†o (§ƒF-ߪ’ç-™«ç--öÀN)

Juggler= 4, 5 ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ (•çûª’-™«xçöÀ ¢√öÀE) í¬™x-Èé-í∫-ͮƜ àD éÀçü¿-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ °æô’d-éÌ-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx = Prestidigitator= Necromancer= îªE-§Ú-®·-†¢√J Çûªt-©ûÓ Ææ綵«-≠œç-îª-í∫© ¨¡èπ◊h-©’-†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Sorcerer = ¶µº÷ûª vÊ°ûª °œ¨»îª ¨¡èπ◊h-©-ûÓ à¢Á’iØ√ îË®·ç--éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√∞¡Ÿx -Å-E. Wizard = ´÷çvA-èπ◊-úø’/- éπ-E-éπô’d Nü¿u ûÁL-Æ œ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Å®·ûË à ®Ωçí∫ç™ Å®·Ø√ ØÁj°æ¤-ùuç-éπ-©-¢√-∞¡x†’ èπÿú≈ Ç ®Ωçí∫ Wizard Åçö«®Ω’. Sachin is a

¢Ë¨¡u, Å®·ûË î√-™«

Å®Ω’ü¿’. Adulteress=

¶µº®Ωhé¬E¢√JûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o Æ‘Y Adulterer= ¶µ«®Ωu-é¬E ¢√JûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿çéπ© °æ¤®Ω’M.SURESAN ≠æflúø’. Pro= DEéÀ ¢Ë¨¡u ÅØË Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. àü¿-®·Ø√ ¢√u°æé¬Eo ´%Ahí¬ éπ©-¢√∞¡Ÿx– professionals- DEéÀ abbreviation 'Pro'. É°æ¤púø’ ≤ƒEߪ÷ O’®√b– Pro = Professional Tennis Player (Ç¢Á’ ´%Ah, tennis véÃúø.) Q. Exorcist, warlock, conjurer, charmer, enchanter, magician, juggler, necromancer, sorcerer, wizard, prestidigitator

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰Ø√? A. ÅFo Éçvü¿-ñ«-©ç/ -´÷-ߪ÷-ñ«©ç/ í¬®Ω-úŒéÀ Ææç•çCµç-*† ´÷ô™‰, Å®·ûË ûËú≈-©’-Ø√o®·. Exorcist = ÅB-ûª-¨¡-èπ◊h-©ûÓ ´’†’-≠æfl©èπ◊ °æõ‰d -ü¿ßª÷u-©†’ ´ü¿-©-íÌ--úø-û√-´’E îÁ°æ¤p-éÌ-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Warlock = -îË-ûª-•-úÕ-™«ç-öÀ-N îËߪ’-í∫-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx -Å-E. Conjurer = àO’-™‰EîÓô ´Ææ’h-´¤-©-†’/- ´’-†’-≠æfl-©†’ éπ†-°æ-úËô’d îËߪ’-í∫-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx. (ë«Sí¬ Ö†o îËA™ úø•’s-™«ç-öÀN éπ†-°æ-úËô’x îËߪ’-í∫-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx). Charmer = ´’çvûª-ñ«-©çûÓ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ûª´’-°æôx Çéπ-J{ç°æ-ñ‰-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ Ææ¢Á÷t-£æ«-†-¨¡-éÀh-í∫-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx = Enchanter = -´÷-ç-vAéπ -¨¡-èπ◊h-©ûÓ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ´¨¡ç îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx 2) á°æ¤púø÷ Öû√q-£æ«çí¬, ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçúË, jokes îËÆæ÷h. Q. Impact Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Impact= v°æ¶µ«´ç, The impact of oil prices =

·®Ω’ üµ¿®Ω© v°æ¶µ«´ç Q. Punch

dialogue

Åçõ‰

àN’öÀ? A. Punch dialogue =

Å-A ´·êu-¢Á’i†/ ´·ë«uéπ-®Ω{ù éπL-T† dialogue.

Q.

áéπ\-úø -á-™« -Ö-†o-C -Åéπ\-úø -Å-™«Íí– -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

A. As is, where is

Q. A. Q. A.

Q. A.

batting/ cricket Wizard. The boy is a computer Wizard (Computer Hai, Hi Hi correct. Jeopardy, menace, peril, hazard, danger, breakneck breakneck (breakneck speed)

™ E°æ¤-ù’úø’) Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

ÅØËC

Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√? äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË †’ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. N’í∫û√ ¢Ëí¬-EéÀ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u™ èπÿú≈ *†o *†o ûËú≈-©’-Ø√o®·. Hospital = infirmary = dispensary äéπ-õ‰Ø√? äéπõ‰ 鬴¤. Infirmary Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ÇÆæ’°æ-vûË, Å®·ûË àüÁjØ√ ã ÆæçÆæn™/ ã factory ™E -¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÊÆ -ÇÆæ’°æ-vA (NúÕí¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈)– ÅC Ç ÆæçÆæn™  ¶µ«í∫ç. Dispensary= -ÇÆæ’°æ-vA-™  ´’çü¿’©’ éπL°œ ÉîËa ¶µ«í∫ç.

Q. Vade-mecurm= handbook= bibelot= leaflet

äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. Vade-mecurm= bibelot= pocket book. Leaflet= folder= printed

Ææ´÷-î √®Ω °ævûªç– ´’úø-ûª-°-öÀd† È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ê°@© Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Ö†o paper.

Q. layout

Q. Dark horse

A. layout = roads

A. Dark horse =

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? É∞¡Ÿx, É∞¡x Ææn™«©, †’ îª÷°œçîË plan Q. Beehive Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Beehive = ûËØÁûª’-õ„d Q. Bump Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Bump = (áûª ’h°æ™«x© N≠æߪ’ç™) áûª’hí¬ Ö†o v°æü˨¡ç/ úµŒ é̆úøç/ úµŒ éÌôdúøç. Q. Washed out Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Washed out = 1) áèπ◊\´ Öûªéπ-úøç ´©x ®Ωçí∫’ ¢ÁL-Æœ-§Ú-®·† (•ôd©’). 2) ÅL-Æœ-§Ú®· F®ΩÆæçí¬ Ö†o

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Åçü¿J Åçîª-Ø√©èπ◊ N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬ á´®Ω÷ ņ’-éÓE Nüµ¿çí¬ ã §ÚöÙ ÈíL-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ àüÁjØ√ §ÚöÙ á´®Ω÷ Ü£œ«çîªE KA™ ÈíL-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ïô’d Q. Under dogs Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Under dogs = ãôN’ §ƒ©-´¤û√-®ΩE/ ãôN’ §ƒ©ßË’u ´uèπ◊h©’/ ïô’x. (´’†èπ◊ ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬, àüÁjØ√ §Úöà ïJ-Íí-ô°æ¤púø’, ´’† ≤ƒ†’¶µº÷A Åçû√ ãúÕ-§Ú-ûª’†o ´uéÀh/ ïô’d (under dog) °æôx Öçô’çC.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 3 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2008-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Seeout =

2

äéπ-JE ûª©’°æ¤ ´®Ωèπ◊ ≤ƒí∫-†ç-°æúøç

a) Please wait. I'll see you out =

Çí∫çúÕ. ûª©’°æ¤ ´®Ωèπ◊ ´≤ƒh-ØËo†’. b) Don't worry. I'll see myself out= J. Appalaswamy Naidu, Seripeta Q.

éÀçC phrasal N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

verbs

Å®√n©’, Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ

look through, brought round, breakout, hang on, see out, see through, see of, see off, pass out, pass off, pass over. A. Look through= Carefully examine=

ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬

°æJ-Q-Lç-îªúøç. Look through the files and see if you can find the certificate =

Ç files †’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ °æJ-Q-Lç* Ç ¢√öÀ™ áéπ\-úÁjØ√ ÖçüË¢Á÷ îª÷úø’.

O’®√-í∫çúÕ. ØËEéπ ¢Á∞¡û√.( Ñ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç áèπ◊\´) Éûª-®Ω’© ¢Á÷Ææ°æ¤ Ç™-îª-†-©†’ ví∫£œ«ç-îªúøç.

See through =

Krishna saw through the idea of Duryodhana to have him hound. 3) I should read the newspaper every day.

-ûª-†-†’ -•ç-Cµç-î√-©-ØË -Ç-™-îª-† -ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†’-úÕéÀ ®√-´-úøç éπ%-≠æflg-úø’ ví∫£œ«ç--î√--úø’. See of = É™«çöÀ expression ™‰ü¿’.

He tried to pass off as a rich man but others could see through his attempt =

certificate

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Bring round (P.T. Brought round) Bring someone round/ around =

¢Áj°æ¤ A°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç/ ´’† ´÷ô NØËô’x îËߪ’úøç/ ä°œpç-îªúøç. In the beginning she was against joining the company, but somehow I brought her round to accepting the job =

Péπ~ù ´·Tç--èπ◊†o ¢ÁçôØË ÅûªúÕéÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´*açC. Pass off = Pass off as ™ ¶µ«í∫ç – äéπ®Ω’ äçéÌéπ-J™« «´’ùÀ 鬴úøç.

484

äéπ-JE ´’†

A. I too correct, so am I/ so do I/ so did I/ so would I, etc..., better.

é¬F ü∆E éπçõ‰

1) So would I -

™ îËÍ®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’-éπ-Ææ©’ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’, é¬F ØËØ√-¢Á’†’ ᙫíÓ ä°œpç-î√†’. Break out= (¢√uüµ¿’©’/ ߪ·ü∆l¥-™«xç-öÀN) v°æ¶©úøç. Cholera broke out in the area last month and claimed a number of lives =

Ç v°æüË-¨¡ç™ éπ©®√ v°æ¶L î√™«-´’ç-CE •L-íÌçC. Hang on = Wait (past & past participle- hung on) I told him to go but he hung on, I don't know why =

Åûª-úÕE ¢ÁRx-§Ò-´’t-Ø√o†’, é¬F Ééπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’/ ûªî√a-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. áçü¿’éÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. R.M.V.N.Ramakantha Rao, Visakhapatnam Q. Will

ûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-ßË’-ü∆-EéÀ (Íé´©ç -¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h†’ Ææ÷*çîË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x) would ¢√úøôç v°æë«uûª Ççí∫x ¢√®√h-°æ-vA-éπ™x èπÿú≈ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. É™« ¢√úøôç Ççí∫x ¶µ«≠æ Ææyîªa¥-ûª†’ éπMh-îË-ߪ’úøç é¬ü∆? A. Independent í¬ (Main clause ™) would †’ future Ææ÷*ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøôç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’ ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æp-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. It is certainly incorrect. (The Hindu ™«çöÀ v°æë«uûª °ævA-éπ™  èπÿú≈ ûª°æ¤p©’ é¬Ææh ûª®Ωîª÷ éπE°œ-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o®·. U. Ajay Kumar, Adilabad Q. Aliment, Grab, Repast, Comestible, Pabulum, Nosh, Victuals, Substenance Food

É´Fo èπ◊ °æ®√u-ߪ’-°æ-ü∆™«? A. O’®Ω’ î√™« Sets of Synonyms ®√¨»®Ω’. Å´Fo O’®Ω’ àüÓ book of synonyms ™ †’ç* BÆœ ®√Æœ†N éπü∆? ÅN synonyms 鬕õ‰d Ç book ™ synonyms í¬ ®√¨»®Ω’. Éçéπ ÅN synonyms Å´¤û√ߪ÷, 鬢√ ÅØË ÆæçüË£æ«ç áçü¿’èπ◊ O’èπ◊? Å®·ûË äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√-L-éπ\úø. Synonyms í¬ Ö†o ´÷ô©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç ÖçúË-Ní¬ Öçö«®·. ÅçûË-í¬E ÅEoç-öÀéà éπ*aûªçí¬ äÍé Å®Ωnç Öçúø´¤. éÌEo ´÷ô©’ synonyms Å®·†çûª ´÷vû√†, ¢√öÀ-†-Eoç-öÀF äÍé Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’-°æ-úøü¿’. O’J-*a† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ set of synonyms ™ aliment É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ™‰ü¿’. grab Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ¶«í¬ busy í¬ ÖçúÕ (BJé𠙉éπ) àüÓ Ø√©’í∫’ ¢Á’ûª’èπ◊©’ A†-úøç, È®çúø’ í∫’éπ\©’ û√í∫-úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Repast, comestible, victuals- É´Fo ví¬çC∑éπç, ǣ慮Ωç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓØË. Pabulum ¢√úø’-

See off-

Åûª-úËüÓ üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÕí¬ îª™«´’ùÀ Å´¤-ü∆-´’E îª÷¨»úø’, é¬F Éûª®Ω’©’ ÅûªúÕ v°æߪ’-û√oEo ví∫£œ«ç-î√®Ω’. Pass over = ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç

The minister passed over the important details of the subject =

≤ƒí∫-†ç-°æúøç/ Oúø’-éÓ-L-´yúøç.

I am going to the station to see off my friend = station

Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úÕE ≤ƒí∫-†ç-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Pass out = Ææp %£æ« ûª°æpúøç

èπ◊

Severely injured he passed out on his way to hospital=

M.SURESAN

´’çvA ´·êu-¢Á’i† N´-®√©†’ ´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’. Q. áü¿’-öÀ-¢√®Ω’ ´’†ûÓ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´’†ç

He passed out and was appointed immediately =

27.07.08 Hindu Page 4 headline Nuclear deal vital than winning polls more vital

™

™

ÅE

ÖçC îª÷úøçúÕ,

ÅE Öçú≈-LqçC) ÅØË phrases èπ◊, ÅØË °æü∆-Eéà ŮΩn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Q. Take a call, Factored into Redux

A. Take a call: to receive a phone call (usually in offices/ institutions etc). The person who takes (receives) the call need not be the

éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Nosh = ´’†ç 'èπÿúø’— ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ ÆæJ§Ú-ûª’çC. food/ something to eat/ eatablesÉ™«çöÀ ´÷´‚©’ ´÷ô-©’ -¢√-úÌ-a ´’†ç. éÌEo ´÷ô©’ àü¿-®·Ø√ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç (standard book) ™ synonyms ÅE ®√Ææ’-†o-°æ¤púø’ synonyms í¬éπ ´’Í®-´’-´¤-û√®·? ¢√öÀ-éπ®Ωnç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπ-öÀ-í¬ØË Öçö«®· éπü∆? áöÔ
äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. Cant ûª°æp N’í∫û√´Fo group ™ ®√ü¿’.

synonyms. Cant

Oô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√? ûª°æp N’í∫-û√-´Fo synonyms ¢Ëúø’éπ, party ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´-úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Q. Inferno = hell, Heaven = paradise éπÈ®ÍédØ√? A. Å´¤†’. †®Ωéπç, Ææy®Ω_ç.

better.

2) A asked B, "Does your school have a big library?" A. 1) A asked B when the wedding was going to take place.

2) A asked B if their school had a big library. Q.

éÀçC °æü∆-©èπ◊ plural forms ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. echo, deer, history

A. echoes, deer, histories Q.

éÀçC-ë«-S™ àç ´Ææ’hçüÓ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. a. Ramesh has always got his ------ in his book. No wonder he has no time for game (mouth, nose) b. We have to ------ permission from the minister to start a school in our village (get/ obtain)

A. 1) Nose 2) get, obtain obtain

È®çúø÷ éπÈ®Íéd, Å®·ûË

ví¬çC∑éπç.

2) I've never been to Hyderabad. person who is called. "You had a call when you were away. Your secretary took the call". Factor into: To include some thing when you are planning something don't forget to factor in/ into the increase in the costs of cement and steel when you calculate the cost of constructions.

We want Ramarajya redux =

®√´’-®√ïuç

AJT ®√¢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. No one wants the autrocious practices of the middle ages redux =

´’üµ¿u-ߪ·-í¬© Åéπ%û√u©’ ´’Sx ï®Ω-í¬-©E á´®Ω÷ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ®Ω’. Q. A. Millington-Ward ®√Æœ† 'Use of Tense in English' °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø ©¶µºu-´’-´¤-ûª’çüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. Redux= bring back/ revive = AJT ûË´-úøç/ A. Ñ very useful book É°æ¤púø’ üÌ®Ω-éπ-úøç ™‰ü¿’. Ææç°∂æ’-ô† °æ¤†-®√-´%ûª-´’´úøç. Q. Ruffian, rowdy, rogue, varlet, rapscallion, bully, villain, swindler, rascal, scamp, trickster, scoundrel, miscreant, carrikin, hooligan, wrongdoer, bun

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. ÅFo èπÿú≈ synonyms = ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úø’. Q. Animadversion = criticism äéπ-õ‰Ø√?

Q. Circumjacents, surroundings

¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Q. Adjacent = near éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. Adjacent Åçõ‰ dž’-éÌE Ö†o–

Our home is adjacent to the department storeNear = Adjacent, near - synonyms-

ü∆Eo dž’ü¿í∫_®Ω. îª÷¨»®√? Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç™ é¬Ææh ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿÷. dž’-èπ◊E Ö†oC, ü¿í∫_Í® Å´¤-ûª’çC. °æéπ\ØË ÖçC éπ†’éπ. È®çúø’ ´÷ôMo äÍé Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úø™‰ç éπü∆?

A. animadversion = criticism Q. Songful, Dulcet, Enphonious, canorous, luscious, mellifluous

äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. äéπõ‰ – í¬† ´÷üµ¿’-®√u-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç*.

Q. Exultation, exhilaration, ecstasy, felicity, delectation Q. Far-out, topnotch, superfine, alphaplus

Q. Filthylucre, money, doubloon, dibs, pelf, spondulix A.

tophole,

äéπ-õ‰Ø√?

A. Circumjacents

éÌE Ö†oüË ´÷ É©’x.

äéπ-õ‰Ø√? Ñ A. äéπõ‰– ÅN’-û√-†çü¿ç.

Q. Soiree, bevy, beano, gala, fete, carnival, revelry A. Bevy

1) I'd like an ice cream.

éπçõ‰

1) A said to B, "When is the wedding to take place?"

agreement, disagree-

Bv´-í¬-ߪ÷-©ûÓ Åûªúø’ -ÇÆæ’°æ-vAéÀ -¢Á-∞Ï} -ü∆-J-™ Ææp %£æ« ment ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’≤ƒhç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ á´-È®jØ√ I like sweets Åçõ‰, ´’†èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÅN É≠ædç Å®·ûË I too éÓ™p-ߪ÷úø’. ÅE îÁ•’û√ç. Å™«Íí éÀçC ¢√é¬u©èπ◊ agreement, ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç– Péπ~ù °æ‹Jh-îË-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç disagreement ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.

I'd like too

3) So should I, I should too éπçõ‰ better. éÀçC Direct Speech ™E ¢√é¬u-©†’ Indirect Speech ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫©®Ω’.

Q.

Bring someone r ound

Company

ÉC

2) Nor have I/ Neither have I/ I haven't either.

smashing,

©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. äéπõ‰ – farout ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’– D†®Ωnç Åçü¿-J-éπç-õ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Öçúøôç. Q. Drunkard, souse, sot, alky °æ®√u-ߪ’-°æ-ü∆-™‰Ø√? A. Å´¤†’.

Åçõ‰ úø•’s ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçü∆? úø•’s ÅØË Å®Ωnç Dibs èπ◊ ûª°æp ÅEo-öÀéà ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË lucre- Åçõ‰ØË úø•’s ÅE Å®Ωnç. Filthy lucre= °çô/ ¢Áüµ¿´/ §ƒ°œ≠œe úø•’s= pelf. N’í∫û√ ¢√öÀ™x, money ûª°æp N’í∫û√ ´÷ô©’, úø•’s ÅE Å®Ωnç ´îËa¢Ë é¬F, Åçûª íı®Ω´v°æü¿-¢Á’i† ´÷ô©’ 鬴¤. ûÁ©’-í∫’™, °œéπ\©’, é¬Ææ’©’, ûÁj©ç É™«çöÀ ´÷ô™«x.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 5 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nisanth: I didn't quite catch what you said. Could you repeat it?

(O’®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ N†-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îÁ°æp®√?) Visisht: I was saying that but for your help I couldn't have completed the job.

(O’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰ ØËØ√°æE °æ‹Jh-îËߪ’-™‰éπ §ÚßË’¢√úÕE Åçô’Ø√o.) Nisanth: That's nothing. You would do as much for me if I needed your help.

(Ø√ painter Ø√èπ◊ î√™« E®√¨¡ éπL-Tç-î√úø’. Åçû√ éπçí¬S îËÊÆ-¨»úø’.) Visisht: Next time when you do up your place, let me know. I will send my painter over.

(O’®Ω’ ´’Sx O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ëü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊-†o°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æpçúÕ. ´÷ painter†’ °æç°æ¤-û√†’.) Nisanth: That's not going to be in the near future. Already I've burnt my fingers enough. It really cost me a fortune to have the whole place painted.

(ÅçûËç ™‰ü¿’ ™‰çúÕ. Ø√èπ◊ O’ ≤ƒßª’ç 鬴LÊÆh O’®Ω÷ îË≤ƒh®Ω’ éπü∆?) Visisht: Yea. I am anxious to get my turn to help you.

(O’èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç éÓÆæç ØËØÁ-ü¿’®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’hØ√o.) Nisanth: When you help me the same holds good for you; I mean what you've said to me.

(O’®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ O’èπÿ ÅüË ´Jh-Ææ’hçC; Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ Ø√ûÓ Å†o ´÷ô©’.) Visisht: Ok, Ok from now on, I will have to see you off and on. Hope you don't mind that.

(ÆæÍ®xçúÕ. É°æpöÀ †’ç* N’´’tLo ؈’ Å°æ¤p-úø°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq ´Ææ’hçC. O’Íéç Ŷµºuçûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?) Nisanth: You are most welcome. But make sure I am in town when you want to see me. Just give a call before you wish to me. I see that your home has had a new coat of paint. It's all the better for it.

2

(ÅC É°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púË é¬ü¿’™‰. É°æp-öÀÍé îËûª’©’ 鬩’a-èπ◊Ø√o. ¢Á·ûªhç ÉçöÀéÀ ®Ωçí∫’-™‰-®·ç-îËçü¿’èπ◊ î√™«ØË ê®Ωa-®·çC.) Visisht: True. Things have become so expensive now a days. I've learnt my lesson too. I'll just as soon leave the, home unpainted than have it painted at such an expense. It has landed me in debt as well.

8) ... and he was as good as his word. 9) He made a mess of everything. 1) But for = Without =

ÅC ™‰ π◊çõ‰/ ÅüË ™‰ π◊çõ‰

Åûªúø’, Å®·ûË Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ö«úø’. b) He usually keeps good health but is ill off and on/ on and off because of his old age =

´÷´·©’í¬ ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í¬ØË Öçô’çC. Å®·ûË Â°ü¿l ´ßª’Ææ’ ´©x Å°æ¤p-úø’-°æ¤púø’ ï•’s°æúø-û√úø’. í¬çDµßË’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Å£œ«ç≤ƒ ´÷®Ω_ç™ ≤ƒyûªç-vû√uEo c) He attends classes off and on = Åûªúø’ classèπ◊ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ §Òçü¿-í∫-LÍí-üË é¬ü¿’. Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hç-ö«úø’. b) But for my teacher's help I wouldn't have 5) Burn one's fingers = îËûª’©’ 鬩’a-éÓ-´úøç– (Eï¢Ë’. Ñ ®ÓV™x ÅFo ¶«í¬ êK-ü¿-®·- passed the exam = ´÷ teacher ≤ƒßª’¢Ë’ ÅN-¢Ë-éπ-¢Á’i† √u °æJ-ù«-´÷Lo ¶µºJç-îªúøç. §Ú-ߪ÷®·. Åçûª ê®Ω’a °öÀd ®Ωçí∫’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ؈’ Pass ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕE é¬ü¿’. a) I burnt my fingers by investing in film produc¢Ë®·çîªúøç éπçõ‰, ÅÆæ©’ ®Ωçí∫’ ¢Ë®·çîª-èπ◊çú≈ c) But for his drunken behaviour the party went tion I'll never do it again = ÆœE´÷ Bߪ÷-©E off well = ÅûªúÕ û√í∫’-¶ûª’ v°æ´-®Ωh† ûª°æp party Öçúøô¢Ë’ °ô’d-•-úÕ-°öÀd îË®· 鬩’a-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ´’Sx Ç °æE Åçû√ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. ´’ç*C. ü∆E-´©x îËߪ’†’. 2) Turn = á π◊\-´í¬ N†- b) He doesn't want a political career. He is afraid éÌçûª Å°æ¤p™x °æúË Å®Ωnç A°æpúøç. he may burn his fingers = Åûªúø’ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷-©†’ èπÿú≈ °æú≈f.) Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç ¢√u°æ-éπçí¬ Â°ô’d-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÓ-´úøç ™‰ü¿’. îËûª’©’ 鬩’aNisanth: That's being -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 485 é¬F ´çûª’/ Å´-鬨¡ç. sensible. OK. èπ◊ç-ö«-ØË¢Á÷ ÅE ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. (Åü¿çûª ûÁL-¢Áj† °æE-é¬-ü¿F, ü∆E °æJ-ù«-´÷©’ ûª†-éπ-†’-èπÿ-©çí¬ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îªaE/ û√†’ †≠æd-§Ú-¢√Lq´Ææ’hçü¿E ÅûªúÕ ¶µºßª’ç.) 6) Make sure = E®√l¥-Jç--éÓ´úøç/ ®Ω÷úµŒ îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç a) But for Gandhi India could not have got Independence in the nonviolent manner =

I will have to see you of f and on I must be off. See you soon. Feel free to call me

. (Å™« îËߪ’úøç – Å°æ¤p-îË-ߪ’èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ûÁL-¢Áj-†-°æE. ÆæÍ® Éçéπ ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL. ´’Sx éπ©’-≤ƒh†’. -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ÆæçüË-£œ«ç-îª-éπçúÕ.) sensible = ûÁL-¢Áj†

(O’èπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç. Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ ††’o éπ©-¢√©-†’-èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’, ؈’†oD, ™‰ED ë«ßª’ç îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. O’®ÌîËa ´·çü¿’ Ø√éÓ-≤ƒJ phone îËߪ’çúÕ. O’ ÉçöÀéÀ Ñ´’üµ¿uØË ®Ωçí∫’ ¢Ë®·ç*-†-ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’-´©x É©’x ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ éπE-°œ≤ÚhçC.)

a) Whose turn is it drive now? = Car

É°æ¤púø’

†úø-°æúøç á´J ´çûª’?

b) When his turn to cook came he pretended illness but had a full meal first the same =

´çô îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ ÅûªúÕ ´çûª’ ®√í¬ØË ï•’s †öÀç-î√úø’ é¬F ¶µï†ç ´÷vûªç ´ü¿M.SURESAN ™‰xü¿’. Visisht: The painter has done a good job of it. Visisht: Bye then. He has given it very good finish. Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ continuity ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω- c) Please wait your turn in the queue = O’ ´çûª’ ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ èπÿu™ Çí∫çúÕ. (°®·ç-ô®˝- ûª† °æE î√™« ¶«í¬ î˨»úø’. ùçí¬ ¢√úË éÌEo expressions Ñ lesson™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’´’ç*í¬ éπE-°œ-≤Úhç-C-°æ¤púø’.) èπ◊çü∆ç. ÉN O©-®·-†Eo ≤ƒ®Ω’x O’ conversation™ 3. Hold good = Eï-´’-´úøç/ ´Jhç-îªúøç Nisanth: How long did he take to finish the practiceîËÆ œ O’ ¶µ«≠æ™  ¶µ«í∫çí¬ îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. a) Gandhi's teachings hold good even 60 years painting? Look at the following expressions from the after his death = í¬çDµ îªE-§Ú-®·† Å®Ω¢Áj à∞¡xèπ◊ (®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢ËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕéÀ áçûª-鬩ç dialogue above. èπÿú≈ Çߪ’† ¶üµ¿-†©’ ´Jh-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o®·/ Eï-´’-´¤°æöÀdçC?) 1. But for your help I couldn't have completed ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®·. Visisht: He said he'd finish it in a week, and he was as good as his word.

(¢√®√Eéπ™«x ´·T-≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’, Å™«Íí ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.) Nisanth: The painter I had, was a big disappointment. He made a mess of everything.

the job. 2. I am anxious to get my turn to help you. 3. ... the same holds good for you. 4. I will have to see you off and on. 5. Already I have burnt my fingers. 6. Make sure I am in town. 7. The painter has done a good job of it.

case has been posted to next Monday Client case Client: Yes, I know that. What will happen that day?

-ØË-† ’

-îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†’.

™

í∫’-Jç-* -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. ´’üµ¿u

N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. §ƒvûª †ô†, Åçõ‰ á´®Ó äéπ®Ω’ í¬ Ü£œ«ç-èπ◊E ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷ö«xúË îË®·ç-îËçü¿’èπ◊ ÉüÌéπ ´÷®Ω_ç. ´’üµ¿u ïJÍí Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ Éü¿l®Ω’ ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÕç-îªúøç. É™« èπÿú≈ -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-a.

1) Lawyer - Client Lawyer: Come on in, Mr. Client. You know our

@ûªç N≠æߪ’ç™ °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl-©èπ◊ ´JhçîËC Æ‘Y©-èπÿ\ú≈ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC. 4)Off and on/ on and off = Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ = Occasionally/ Now and again

a) He plays well usually but disappoints on and off/ off and on =

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ¶«í¬ØË Çúø-û√úø’

(®ΩçúÕ ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√-®√-EéÀ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ë¨»®Ω’.

case. Nothing has happened. (´’†ç case °öÀd ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω È®çúË-∞¡x-´¤-ûÓçC. Éçûª-´®Ωèπ◊ àO’ ï®Ωí∫™‰ü¿’.)

(Å´¤†’. Ø√éπC ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ç ®ÓV à´’´¤-ûª’çü¿çúÕ?)

Lawyer: That's nothing unusual. When you go to court you must be prepared for it. Court

O’

M. Pratap, Warangal Q. B.Ed. Communicative English Role Play Lawyer-Client, Teacher-Student roleplay A. Role Play = (doctor/ lawyer/ teacher/ student) English practice Lawyer - client, teacherstustudent dents Spoken English

b) What holds good for men in matters of salary holds good for women as well =

(ÅüËç ÈéRxûË Å™«çöÀ

Lawyer: We are ready for arguments. But the Opposite lawyer may ask for an adjournment.

Å≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωù N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’. ¢√öÀéÀ Æœü¿l¥°æúÕ Öçú≈L.)

(´’†ç ¢√ü∆-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ØË ÖØ√oç. é¬F Å´-ûªL Lawyer ¢√®·ü∆ Åúø-íÌa.)

Client: But you said in the beginning that it would be disposed of in a year and a half.

Client: What are our chances of winning?

(´’†ç ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ᙫ ÖØ√o®·?) Lawyer: Just don't worry. We have good chances of winning. The opposition case is weak. That's why their lawyer is asking for adjournments. case

(àç ÇçüÓ-∞¡† °æúø-éπçúÕ. Å´-ûªL ¢√∞¡x •©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖçC. Åçü¿’Íé ¢√∞¡x ™«ßª’®˝ ÅEo ¢√®·ü∆©’ Åúø’í∫’ûª’-Ø√oúø’.) Client: It is nearly two years since we filed our

(Å®·ûË O’®Ω°æpöÀ-†’ç* Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™Ê° ûËL-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÅØ√o®Ω’ éπü∆?) Lawyer: The situation was then different. However I am going to press for early hearing.

(Å°æpöÀ °æJ-ÆœnA ¢ËÍ®. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ûªy®Ωí¬ hearing èπ◊ ´îËa-ô’xí¬ -äAhúÕ BÆæ’-éÌ-≤ƒh†’.) Client: Thank you. 2) Teacher- Student Student: Good morning Sir.

a) (Do) you want to see the CM? Have you made sure he is in town? = CM

†’ éπ©’Ææ’ éÓ¢√©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? Çߪ’† Ü∞x ÖØ√oúÓ ™‰üÓ ®Ω÷úµŒ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?

b) Before a bank lends money it makes sure that the borrower can repay the amount = Bank

®Ω’ù«-LîËa ´·çü¿’ Ç Å°æ¤p BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx AJT îÁLxçîª-í∫-©-®√ -™‰-ü∆ -Å-E E®√l¥-®Ωù/ ®Ω÷úµŒ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. c) Before you try to correct others, make sure you are =

Éûª-®Ω’© ûª°æ¤p-©†’ ÆæJ-îËÊÆ ´·çü¿’ †’´¤y ÆæJí¬_ ÖØ√o-´E ®Ω÷úµŒ °æ®Ω’éÓ. 8) As good as one's word = îÁ°œp† ´÷ô†’ E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-´úøç. a) He said he would help him and he was as good as his word =

Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. Ç ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

b) Harischandra/ word =

Karna was as good as his

£æ«J-¨¡aç-vü¿’úø’/ éπ®Ω’gúø’ ´÷ô ÇúÕ ûª°æp-™‰ü¿’. 9) Make a mess of something = Åçû√ §ƒúø’ îËߪ’úøç. a) He never does anything well. He makes a mess of everything =

Åûªúø’ à °æF ÆæJí¬ îËߪ’úø’. v°æAD §ƒúø’îË≤ƒhúø’.

Teacher: Good morning. Have you done the homework? (Homework Student: Here it is sir. You've given us four sums. I have been able to do two. The other two are too different for me. Could you help me with them Sir?

î˨»¢√?)

(O’®Ω’ 4 ™„éπ\©’ Éî√a®Ω’, È®çúø’-îË-ߪ’í∫-Lí¬-†’. N’í∫û√ È®çúø÷ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ N≠æߪ’ç™ O’ ≤ƒßª’ç -é¬-¢√L) Teacher: That's what most of the students have said. They have had problems with the same sums.

(î√™«´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©üË ÅØ√o®Ω’. áèπ◊\´ ´’çCéÀ Ç ™„éπ\©’ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’). Student: Are you explaining them, Sir? (O’®Ω’ ü∆Eo îÁ•’-û√®√?) Teacher: Yes, go back to your seat. I'll work them out for you .

(Å´¤†’. F îÓöxéÀ AJ-T-¢Á∞¡Ÿx. ¢√öÀE ؈’ îËÆœ îª÷°œ≤ƒh)

Student: Thank you Sir.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 7 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2008-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

D. Ganesh, Perumali Q. Cell, Jail, Prison, Trial -

OöÀ Å®√n-©Fo äéπõ‰Ø√? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Jail = Prison = 鬮√-í¬®Ωç. Jail, Prison È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. Cell Åçõ‰ 鬮√-í¬-®Ωç™ ë„jD©†’ ÖçîË äéπ í∫C. v°æA Jail/ Prison ™ cells áØÁj oØ√ ÖçúÌa. Police Station ™E lockup í∫C èπÿú≈ cell. Trial èπÿ °j ¢√öÀéà àç Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰ü¿’ Trial Åçõ‰, äéπ ´uéÀh ØË®Ω-Ææ’nú≈, é¬ü∆ ÅE ûË™‰aç-ü¿’èπ◊ court ™ ïJÍí Nî√-®Ωù. Q. é¬èπ◊© í∫’ç°æ¤-†’ Murder ÅF, éπ°æp-© -í∫’ç-°æ¤†’ Army ÅE ņoõ‰x– Éçé¬ É™«çöÀ ´’çü¿© í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpçúÕ. A. íÌvÈ®© ´’çü¿– A flock of sheep. ´©™ ´’†ç °æô’d-éÓ-í∫-L-T† îË°æ©’– a catch/ a

èπ◊éπ\©’/ °æçü¿’©’/ °œ©’x©’ ™«çöÀ ïçûª’-´¤©’ äéπ\≤ƒJí¬ ÑØË °œ©x-©-í∫’ç°æ¤- litter, etc Q. Exams ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’– American English †’ ¢√úÌî√a? A. India ™ ÅC Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç é¬ü¿’. Q. Tall ÅØË adjective E Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* Noun, Adv, verb í¬ ´÷Í®a éÌEo ¢√é¬u©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Tallness- noun= §Òúø’í∫’. Å®·ûË DE Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. Ñ ´÷ô Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, áèπ◊\´í¬ §Òúø’í∫’/ áûª’h ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ tallness •ü¿’©’ height ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Tall- adv- Stand tall ÅØË idiom ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, tall, adverb í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. DE Å®Ωnç, à °æJ-Æ œn-AØÁjØ√ áü¿’-®Ó\-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ Öçúø-í∫©.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2

eg: Some animals can hear much better than humans. Singular A human being

A. Being =

Öçúø-ôç-´©x. Being a human = ´÷†-´¤-úÕí¬ Öçúøôç ´©x. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, O’ sentence, Being a human, he behaved like a ghost èπ◊– ´÷†-´¤úÁj Öçúø-ôç-´©x vÊ°ûªçí¬ v°æ´-Jhç-î√-úøØË N°æ-K-û√®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.Though a human (´÷†-´¤úÁj ÖçúÕ èπÿú≈/ ´÷†´¤-úÁj-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) he behaved like a ghost= vÊ°ûªçí¬ v°æ´-Jhç-î√úø’ ÅØË ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. È®çúÓC– ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´’E≠œ/ ´÷†-´¤úø’ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ 'a human being' Åçö«ç. Human Åçõ‰ ´÷†´ (= ´’E-≠œéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† -Å-ØË -Å®Ωnç-ûÓ-ØË -¢√-úø-û√ç, é¬-F

486

í¬ Å®·ûË,

ÅØË Åçö«ç.

Q. It being a hot day, it is better to take an umbrella. It

¢Á·ü¿ö

É™«çöÀ ™ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. (¢√† ´≤ÚhçC) É™«. Ééπ\úø èπ◊, Å™«Íí v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ ÖçúË èπ◊ éÌEo v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Å®√n©’ ™‰´¤.

haul of fish;

îË°æ© Ææ´‚£æ«ç (†C/ Ææ´·vü¿ç™)- A shoal/ school of fish ØÁ´’-∞¡x-í∫’ç°æ¤/ Æœç£æ…-©-í∫’ç°æ¤– A pride of peacocks/ lions

It being a hot day.. Virendra Sehwag stood tall among the Indian players=

•∞¡xèπ◊, ®Ωü∑∆-©èπÿ °æ‹ØËa áü¿’l©’/ í∫’-v®√-©’ – A team of oxen/ horses. ûÓúË∞¡x/ ¢Ëô-èπ◊-éπ\© í∫’ç°æ¤- A pack of wolves/

¶µ«®Ωû˝ Çôí¬∞¡x™ OÍ®ç-vü¿-ÂÆ£æ…yí˚ (äéπ\úË) à °æJ-Æœn-A-ØÁjØ√ áü¿’-®Ó\-í∫-L-í¬úø’, N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ, í∫®Ωyçí¬. Tall- Verb í¬ ¢√úøç.

hounds;

Ñí∫©/ üÓ´’©/ ûËØÁ-öÃ-í∫©/ à éÃô-é¬-©-üÁjØ√/ <´’© í∫’ç°æ¤/ ü¿çúø’- A swarm; éÓúÕ/ ¶«ûª’ °œ©x© Ææ´‚£æ«ç- A brood;

Q. Being a human- He behaved like a ghost. M.SURESAN

Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çü∆? G. Ravi Babu, Nirmal Q. Journalist, Reporter, News Contributor, Stringer, Columnist

Reporter- ¢√®√h-°æ-vAéπ Æœ•sç-C™ äéπ®Ω’. O∞¡x†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N™‰-êJ

°æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª÷ OöÀE àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úø-û√®Ó N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Columnist - Contributor

A. Reporter, Stringer, ColumnistJournalists =

O∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ §ƒvAÍéߪ·©’. ¢√®√h-°æ-vA-éπ™x Éûª®Ω °ævAéπ™x (magazines ™«çöÀ) ®√ÊÆ-¢√®Ω’.

Stringer- O∞¡Ÿx ¢√®√h-°æ-vAéπ Æœ•sçC é¬ü¿’ (Åçõ‰ ØÁ©-ÆæJ @ûªç-O’ü¿ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-

Åçö«ç– ïJÍí Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©†’ ¢√®√h °ævA-éπèπ◊ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.

¢√-∞¡Ÿx-鬮Ω’) é¬F ã ¢√®√h-°æ-vA-éπèπ◊ N™‰-ê®Ω’x (reporters) ™‰E-îÓô ïJÍí

B. Premlal, Gandhari Q.

A.

Q. A.

Q.

éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? °∂æ©ç, ÅCµéπ °∂æ©ç, Åûªu-Cµéπ °∂æ©ç. ÉC Economics èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç. °∂æ©ç= returns, ÅCµ-éπ-°∂æ©ç= very good returns, Åûªu-Cµ-éπ-°∂æ©ç= optimum returns. Nü¿u (education) ûª°æpE ؈’ îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’. ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’ç* @Nûªç Öçú≈L.

A. I don't say education is bad, but it should be coupled with good life. Q.

ûª† ´’£œ«-´÷-®Ωn¢Á’i ´’†ç @Nç-î√L.

A. We must live for His grace.

Q. Keep your mouth be shut Mind your tongue Why should I?

DEo ÅE ÅE îÁ°æp-´î√a? °j ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ îÁ°æp´î√a?

A. Keep your mouth shut (Keep your mouth be shut Mind your tongue= Why should I? = reply

é¬ü¿’– ÉC ûª°æ¤p)= ØÓ®Ω÷t≤Ú\. ØÓ®Ω’ Åü¿’-°æ¤™ °ô’déÓ/ ´÷ô©’ ñ«ví∫ØËØËç-ü¿’éπ™« ûªhí¬ ®√F. îÁ§Òpa. îËߪ÷L?– ÉD Å®Ωnç– É™«

Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©†’, éπü∑¿-Ø√-©†’ °ævA-éπ™èπ◊ ®√ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. O∞¡xèπ◊ ®Ωîª-†èπ◊ Éçûª ÅE §ƒJ-ûÓ-≠œéπç Öçô’çC. Columnist- O∞¡Ÿx °ævAé¬ Æœ•sçC 鬢Ìa/ é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. O∞¡Ÿx °ævA-éπ-©™ àüÓ äéπ QJ{éπ (feature) E®Ωy-£œ«-Ææ’hçö«®Ω’. °ævA-éπ-©™ column/ columns (°ævAéπ Ê°@™ ÖçúË E©’´¤ ¶µ«í∫ç/ ¶µ«í¬©’) ®√Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’ 鬕öÀd, colum-

O∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ Journalist ™‰. ÑØ√úø’ °ævA-éπ™ ®√ÊÆ, èπ◊©-D-°ˇ-†-ߪ’u®˝, †÷®√F, ®√´’-îªç-vü¿-í∫’£æ« ™«çöÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Contributor °ævA-éπ-©èπ◊, newspapers èπ◊, magazines èπÿ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* ®√ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. O∞¡Ÿx journalists 鬆-éπ\-®Ω™‰ü¿’. nists.

Anita, Khammam

îª÷Ææ÷h/ îª÷úøôç. ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷úøôç ´©x ™«¶µºç àN’öÀ? DEo Seeing that the boy was weak, I helped ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ What is the use of seeing him= Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ ÅE movies? •©-£‘«-†çí¬ Å†úøç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? ôç îª÷Æœ/ Seeing movies is .. Öçúø É°æ¤púø’ îª÷Ææ’hçîª÷Ææ÷h ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ úøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ≤ƒßª’ç î˨»†’. am/ is/ are seeing ÅE ņç (see éÀ Seeing movies is a waste of time= îª÷úøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, am/ is/ are + ing ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷úøôç Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%ü∑∆. form ™‰ü¿’) Å®·ûË seeing ¢√úÌa. Å®Ωnç,

O. Jeevan Wesley, Guda (Visakhapatnam Dist)

A human = ´’-E-≠œ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøç. Å®·ûË 'ߪ’çvûª¢Á÷/ ïçûª’-¢Ó-é¬ü¿’, ´’EÊ≠— ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ, humans ÅE plural ¢√úøû√ç. A human ÅE singular ¢√úøç.

-áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-úø-û√®Ω’?

A. It being a hot day, it is better to take an umbrellasentences 'it' senIt is raining tence / It is dangerous to walk in the middle of the roadit sentences there

Q.

Q.

A.

Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ö†o-ô’-´çöÀ ®Ω£æ«-Ææu-¢Ë’-N’öÀ?

A. What's the secret of the matter? Q.

Å™« Å®·ûË á™«?

A. If so, how? Q.

Q.

Q.

áçTL

A. Spittle

vÊ°¢˛’ äéπ ´’ç* ¶«©’úø’ Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ ûª† ûª´·túø’ îÁúøf-¢√úø’.

A. Prem is a good boy but/ while/ whereas his brother is bad. Q.

èπ◊-Ø√o†’ (Åçü¿’™ ÆæçüË-£æ«ç-™‰ü¿’) ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ. ' †’´¤y Eïçí¬ Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒEo éÓ™p-ߪ÷´¤— ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, You missed, I met him yesÅØË ¢√é¬u-EéÀ you did miss... ÅE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’. terday ÅØË Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí I do know him (I ÉC past tense ™E know him •ü¿’©’), He ¢√éπuç 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø you does sing (He sings I did meet him .. •ü¿ missed ÅØ√L éπü∆. DE ’©’) ™«çöÀ sení∫’Jç* ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. tences, Ø√éπ-ûªúø’ ûÁLߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç àN’öÀ? Åûªúø’ §ƒúø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç àN’öÀ? You did miss ÅE í∫öÀdí¬ ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æp-ú≈-EéÀ Åçö«ç. (§ƒúø-û√úø’) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, Åçö«ç. I did meet him yesterday= E†o ؈ûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-

Q.

(Ö´·t ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). äéπ®Ω’ éÌçûª AE ´C-L† °æü∆®Ωl¥ç– áçT-LéÀ English ™ ´÷ô-™‰ü¿’. Å™« AE ´C-L† °æü∆-®√nEo left over Åçö«ç. looked ©’é˙dí¬ îªü¿-¢√-©E O’®Ìéπ ™„Ææ-Ø˛™

Åûª-úÕE îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.

A. Whenever I think of seeing him, I just forget it.

A. You can stay with us for today/ How about staying with us for today?/ Why don't you stay with us for today? Q.

You can stay with us .. A.

îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ÉC ᙫ ≤ƒüµ¿uç? K ûª®√yûª, ed (look + ed) ´ÊÆh ü∆Eo pronounce îË≤ƒhç. ÅC Öî√a-®Ωù.

A.

t

í¬

Ñ®ÓV ´÷ûÓ ÖçúÕ ¢Á-RûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. (™‰ü∆) Ñ®ÓV ´÷ûÓ ÖçúÌaí¬.

-ØË-†’ M.A. English îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†’. -Åç-ü¿’èπ◊ -á-™« -v°œÊ°®˝ é¬-¢√--L? M.A. English îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ¢Á·ü¿ô O’®Ω’, History of English Literature, Background to the study of Literature books prescribed text books guides Writing practice

™«çöÀ îªü¿îªü¿´çúÕ. Ç ûª®√yûª ≤ƒßª’çûÓ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. ´çúÕ– ¶«í¬ Öçú≈L.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 10 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2008-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

A. For the time being= For the present= temporarily. "I don't know when the power will be back. For the time being let's have a candle." (Current

á°æ¤p-úÌÆæ’hçüÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ, éÌ¢Ìy-AhûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç)

A. Premkumar, Rajampet


And so = Therefore = Because of that.

Q. Please explain the following doubts and their meanings with examples.

I don't have enough money and so (therefore) I don't want to buy the car = Because I don't have enough money, I don't want to buy the car.


For the time being.
And so
As long as


As long as= Till something continues.


Please explain whether the following statement is true or false

As long as we are lazy, we can never come up = During the time that we are lazy we can never come up.

1 (A.V.) I shall be eating a mango.

(´’†ç ≤Ú´’-®Ω’xí¬ Ö†oç-ûª-é¬©ç ´’†ç °jéÀ ®√™‰ç.)

(P.V.) A mango will be being eaten by me.


We don't use passive voice forms for future continuous tense (shall be +ing/ will be +ing). It looks very awkward.

2 (A.V.) She will be watching a movie. (P.V.) A movie will be being watched by her (is it correct or not)

Kumar, Bhimadole. Q. Advice

èπ◊

Q.

Suggestion

èπ◊ ûËú≈ ûÁ-©’°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Advice Åçõ‰ Ææ©£æ…; suggestion (Pronunciation Ææï-¨¡aØ˛) Åçõ‰ Ææ÷. †’Ny™« îÁß˝’. ØËîÁ-°æ¤h-Ø√o-†’í¬. Ø√ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’éÓ. ÉC advice. †’´y-™«-îËÊÆh ᙫ Öçô’çC? é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç– ÉC suggestion. ÉC-èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç–

J. Bhaskar, Bangalore

This is the summary of his speech =

Q. The task of recording business transaction is described as the art of book-keeping. Task A.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Task = äéπ®Ω’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE

Q. Depreciation will be charged at 10% on the book value of the asset i.e. on Rs.9000/- (i.e 10,000 - 1,000) and so on. , so, on

487

He acknowledged the books I sent him =

Sundry debtors, sundry creditors.

Please give him a receipt for the money he has given you =

There were a few books and sundry other things in the room =

Sundry =

Åûªúø’ O’éÀ*a† úø•’sèπ◊ ®ΩQü¿’

Prompt

= ÆæÈ®j†

time

èπ◊.

He was there promptly at 10 =

10éÀ ÆæJí¬_ Åéπ\-

úø’-Ø√oúø’ Åûªúø’.

Q. Acknowledgement - Acknowledge - receipt prompt - summary - summarise, correspondent - sundry-debtor, sundry-creditor - in the mean time - I am sure that ..

Sundry creditors = *†o *†o ®Ω’ùü∆-ûª©’. (*†o, *†o ¢Á·û√h©’ Å°œp-*a-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx) The debt to sundry creditors amounted to Rs. 10 lakh =

Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ -

*†o, *†o Å°æ¤p-©¢√∞¡xéÀ-¢√y-Lq† ¢Á·ûªh¢Ë’ 10 ©éπ~©’. Summary = ≤ƒ®√稡ç. Summarise = ÆæçéÀ~°æhç îËߪ’úøç/ äéπ Ö°æØ√uÆæç/ ®Ω ≤ƒ®√ç-¨»Eo ®√ߪ’úøç.

N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. Acknowledgement =

àüÁjØ√ ´’†ç §ÒçC-†çü¿’èπ◊, ´’†ç ÅC §Òçü∆-´’E îÁ°æpúøç/ ®√Æœ É´yúøç. Q.

O’®Ω’ éπçöÀ Ç°æ-Í®-≠憒 à ú≈éπd-®Ω’ûÓ îË®·ç-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’?

ÅO ÉO ÅFo éπL°œ.

Ç í∫C™ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh鬩÷, Éûª®Ω éÌEo (Åçûª ´·êuç é¬EN– ÅO, ÉO, -Å-Fo) ´Ææ’h-´¤©÷ ÖØ√o®·. In the mean time = Ñ™-°æ©. I'm sure = ؈’ í∫öÀdí¬ †´·t-ûª’Ø√o. OöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-Lçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´Jçî√ç– §ƒûª lessons îª÷úøçúÕ.

É´yçúÕ.

ûª† ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰ü¿F, Éûª-®Ω’-™„-´-JéÓ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å°æ¤p-îË-ߪ÷Lq ´*aç-ü¿-F, É™« àüËüÓ ... (so on...) îÁ°æ¤p-éÌ-î √aúø’.

Q.

Q.

؈’ ú≈éπd®˝ îËûª ´÷ Ŷ«s-®·éÀ öÃ鬩’ ¢Ë®·çî√†’.

A. Which doctor did you go to for your eye operation/ who was the surgeon?

A. I got the doctor to/ I had the doctor vaccinate my child.

Q.

Q.

Q.

O’ûÓ ÉçTx≠ˇ îÁ°œpç--éÓ-¢√-©E ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.

Q.

O’ îËûª Éç-Tx≠ˇ ®√®·ç--éÓ-¢√-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC Ø√èπ◊.

A. I wish to have English written by you. Q.

O’®Ω’ G.°œ. îÁé˙ îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o®√?

A. (Have you) had your BP checked? Q.

Åûª-úÕéÀ •xú˛ õ„Æˇd îË®·ç-î√®√?

A. Have you got his blood tested?/ blood test done? Q.

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ≠æflí∫®˝ îÁé˙ îË®·ç-î√¢√? áçûª ÖçC?

A. Did you get her sugar checked? How much is it? Q.

O’®Ω’ éπçöÀ Ç°æ-Í®-≠æØ˛ á°æ¤púø’ îË®·ç--èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?

A. When will you have your eye operation ?

ûÓ

O’®Ω’ à ú≈éπd-®Ω’ûÓ éπçöÀ Ç°æ-Í®-≠憒 îË®·ç- -èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?

®√ØË-

®√ü¿’.

ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ èπ◊ èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd °j ¢√öÀ™x àüÓ äéπöÀ ®√¢√L.

A. Rajesh brings in cash = Rajesh brings cash in =

Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰ = ®√ñ‰≠ˇ ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç-™éÀ †í∫ü¿’ ûÁ≤ƒhúø’/ ûÁî√aúø’ °ô’d•úÕ Â°õ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊.

Q. Cash comes into the business. Therefore cash account is debited. Which account is to be credited? Rajesh is the giver. But one should not debit or credit the proprietor's account. one should A.

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ í∫’Jç* N´Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. †í∫ü¿’ ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™éÀ ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd ü∆Eo ê®Ω’a™x (debit) îª÷§ƒL. Å®·ûË á´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ proprietor ™„éπ\™x ï´’©’ ê®Ω’a©÷ îª÷°æ-èπÿ-úøü¿’. One = á´-È®jØ√ ÆæÍ®. should = ûª°æpéπ îÁߪ÷uL. One should know one's limits = á´-È®jØ√ ÆæÍ® ¢√J £æ«ü¿’l©’ ¢√®Ω’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. One should follow traffic rules = á´-È®jØ√ ÆæÍ® traffic E•ç-üµ¿†©’ §ƒöÀç-î √L.

Q. By communication, we mean the process of passing information as well as understanding from one person to another. 1) It is involved in all human relations. 2) It is the nervous system of any organised group.

¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¢√éπuç™ in áçü¿’èπ◊ ´*açC, È®çúÓ ¢√éπuç™ nervous Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Communications ü∆E™ îËJ ÖçC ÅE îÁ§ƒp©çõ‰ in Öçú≈-LqçüË éπü∆. involved in = äéπ-ü∆ØÓx îËJ Öçúøôç Rajesh brings in cash to provide capital for nervous system = ´’† üË£æ«ç™E Ø√úŒ his business. Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Å®Ωnç -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ ´’çúø©ç. ´’† ®Ωéπh-v°æ-Ææ-®Ωùèπ◊ Ø√úŒ-´’ç-úø©ç áçûªí∫-©®Ω’. Brings èπ◊ cash èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u in ´Ææ’hçü∆? ´·-êu¢Á÷ äéπ ´uèπ◊h© Ææ´‚-£æ…-EéÀ communicaÉéπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç é¬u≠ˇ™ ÅØ√? ü¿ßª’-ñ‰Æœ N´-Jç-îªtions Åçûª ´·êuç ÅE. í∫-©®Ω’.

A. I feel like having a face to face talk with you A. I wish to have English taught by you.

He might have done that.

= ≤ƒ®√稡ç

؈’ °æç°œ† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ -ûª-†’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-†oô’x Çߪ’† ûÁL-§ƒúø’. Receipt = ®ΩQü¿’.

Let god have his way.

A. III person singular (He/ She/ it) have III person singular + shall/ should/ can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ need etc have He/ She/ it have

Ç E¢Ë-Céπ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’çúÕ. Correspondent = äéπ ¢√u§ƒ®Ω/ Nü∆u-ÆæçÆæn ûª®Ω-°æ¤† Öûªh-®Ω-v°æ-ûª’u-ûªh-®√©’ ïJ-Ê°-¢√úø’/ News paper/ magazines ™ ®√ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

M.SURESAN

®√Æœ´yçúÕ

He was saying that he had no money, that he had to borrow to help others, so on and so on.. =

Q.

Please summarise the report = (Please give a summary of the report)

O’®Ω’ °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-èπ◊-†oô’xí¬ Ø√èπ◊

í∫-©®Ω’. A. ûª®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿©-†’ °æ¤Ææh鬙x †¢Á÷-ü¿’-îË-Æ œ† ÇÆœh N©’´™ 10 ¨»ûªçí¬ ™„éÀ\-≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçõ‰ ®Ω÷. 10000 N©’´ Ö†o ÇÆœh Å®·ûË 10] (1000) ûªT_ç*, 9000 O’ü¿ ™„éπ\-éπ-úø-û√®Ω’. É™«... So on = É™«, Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬, ´Èíj®√, ´Èíj®√

ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. O’ûÓ Ø√èπ◊ ´·-ë«-´·" ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©E ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.

Çߪ’† Ö°æØ√uÆæç ≤ƒ®√稡ç ÉC.

I want an acknowledgement for the book I've given you = (I want an acknowledgement = I want you to acknowledge)

Ñ ¢√éπuç Å®√nEo °æü∆© Å®√n-©†’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-

K. Nagamani, Tadpatri

eg.

suggestion.

He was ther e pr omptly at 10

à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ 3rd person singular + have ¢√úø-û√¢Á÷ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

O’®Ω’ ú≈éπd®˝ îËûª O’ Å´÷t-®·éÀ öÃ鬩’ ¢Ë®·≤ƒh®√?

A. Which doctor are you going to for your eye operation? / who is your surgeon?

A. Will you have your daughter vaccinated (by the doctor)

Q.

Q.

Q.

Åûª-úÕéÀ ÊÆdö¸ ¶«uçé˙™ ™Ø˛ É°œp-≤ƒh-†-Ø√o†’.

A. I told him I would get him/ help him to get a loan in SBI. Q.

£«ú˛-´÷Ææd®˝ äéπ-Ê°ü¿ Nü∆u-JnE úÕvU ´®Ωèπ◊ Ö*-ûªçí¬ îªC-N-≤ƒh-†-Ø√o®Ω’.

A. A Head master offered to educate a poor student freely up to degree. Q.

®ΩN äéπ 鬙‰ñ¸ éπöÀd-≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’ Ê°ü¿-N-ü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊.

A. (Have you) Had your urine tested?

A. Raju told me he would get a ration card for me.

A. Ravi said he would start a college for poor students.

Q.

Q.

Q.

O’®Ω’ ߪ‚JØ˛ õ„Æˇd îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o®√? Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ≤ƒ\Eçí˚ B®·ç-îª-´’E ú≈éπd®˝ îÁ§ƒpú≈?

®√V Ø√èπ◊ Í®≠æØ˛ 鬮Ω’f É°œp-≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. O’®Ω’ Çé˙q-°∂æ®Ω’f úÕéπ{-†-K©’ ûÁ°œp-≤ƒh®√?

®√´· Ø√ ¶„jé˙ JÊ°®˝ îË®·-≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’.

A. Did the doctor tell her/ to have a scan taken?/ advise a scanning for her?

A. Are you going to get Oxford Dictionaries?

A. Ramu said he would get my bike repaired.

Q.

Q.

Q.

A. Where do you get these medicines from?

؈’ G.°œ. -îÁé˙ îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o†’.

O’®Ω’ Ñ ¢Á’úÕ-Æœ†’x áéπ\úø †’ç* ûÁ°œp-≤ƒh®Ω’?

A. I had/ got my BP checked.

Q.

Q.

A. What shall I/ we get (for) you?

؈’ ™«u¶¸ õ„éÃo-≠œ-ߪ’-Ø˛ûÓ ≠æflí∫®˝ îÁé˙ îË®·ç-èπ◊çõ‰ 100 / 170 Öçü¿-Ø√oúø’.

A. I had my sugar checked and the lab technician said it was 100 / 170.

Q.

O’èπ◊ àN’ ûÁ°œpç-îª-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? áéπ\úø †’ç* É™«çöÀ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ûÁ°œpç--éÓ-´îª’a?

A. Where can we get these books from?/ How can we order these books?

®√V ´÷ 鬮Ω’ JÊ°®˝ îË®·-≤ƒh-†E îÁ°œp, îË®·ç-îª-™‰ü¿’.

A. Raju said he would get our car repaired but he hasn't. Q.

-Ç-ߪ’-† É©’x JÊ°®Ω’ îË®·ç--èπ◊E ¶«úø’-í∫™ úø•’s °æô’d-éÓ-´’-Ø√oúø’.

A. He told us to get the repairs done at our cost and deduct it in the rent.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 12 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2008-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Auditorium= 1) Theatre hall

M. Satyanarayana, Hyderabad Q. Manner, honour, respect A.

– -OöÀE ᙫ

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Manner= Nüµ¿ç/ KA. He

behaved in a bad manner= î√™«îÁúøf (Nüµ¿ç)í¬ v°æ´-Jhç-î√úø’. Manners = v°æ´-®Ωh†. Bad manners = ÆæJ-é¬E v°æ´-®Ωh†, Good manners = ´’ç* v°æ´-®Ωh† Honour= äéπ®Ω’ §ÒçüË íı®Ω´ç. She had the honour of being the leader of the group =

Q. A.

Ç •%çü∆-EéÀ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-®√-Lí¬ ÖçúË íı®Ω´ç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ü¿éÀ\çC. Respect= ´’†ç ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-°æôx îª÷Ê° íı®Ω´ç -™‰-ü∆ ´’† °æôx Éûª-®Ω’©’ îª÷Ê° íı®Ω´ç. Theatre, Auditorium, Hall OöÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. Theatre= Ø√ôéπ/ NØÓü¿ v°æü¿-®Ωz-†-¨»©. American English ™ ÆœE´÷ hall. ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – Ø√ôéπ éπ∞¡.

™í¬F, ÆœE´÷ ™í¬F, vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©’ èπÿ®Ω’aØË ¶µ«í∫ç 2) NØÓü¿ 鬩-Íé ~-§ƒ©’ (§ƒô/ Ø√ôu éπîË-K©’) Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒ©’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-úË- hall. í∫´’-Eéπ: English ™ Cinema Åçõ‰ † *vûªç é¬ü¿’. † *vû√©’ îª÷°œçîË Æœ-E´÷ hall. Cinema Åçõ‰ Íé´©ç building ´÷vûª¢Ë’. † *vûªç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English ™ film/ movie/ picture Åçö«®Ω’. Pavani & Sudha, Matsyapuri

ûª®√yûª of, about ©†’ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Care of– äéπ-JéÀ ÖüËl-Pç-*† Öûªh®Ωç ¢√J-Ê°-®ΩØË ÉçéÌ-éπJ address èπ◊ °æçÊ°-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç. To Sri Prasad, C/o Sri Prakash- Ééπ\úø C/o = Care of. Prasad èπ◊ ´’†ç ®√ÊÆ Öûªh®Ωç, Prakash èπ◊ °æç°æ-´’E. Care about something/ somebody = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æôx/ äéπ-J-°æôx ÇÆæéÀh/ v¨¡-ü¿l¥/ Çü¿’®√l éπ†-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç etc.

K. Nagamani, Tadpatri Q.

Q.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

-´÷èπ◊ äéπ ´’ç* ÅüÁl É©’x îª÷úø-´’E ®√VûÓ îÁ§ƒp†’.

A. I told Raju to look for good house we can take for rent.

®√V -´÷èπ◊ äéπ ´’ç* ÅüÁl É©’x îª÷≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.

A. Raju said he would fix us a good house for rent.

a) All that he cares about is money =

Q. Care

488

b) I can't see him hurt. I really care about him =

Åûªúø’ í¬ßª’°æúÕûË Øˆ’ îª÷úø-™‰†’. ÅûªúÕ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ø√èπ◊ v¨¡-ü¿l¥ ÖçC.

c) The Government doesn't care about environmental problems = Q.

Q.

öÃ˝ -Å™«p¥-¶„ö¸q ®√®·ç* °œ©x-©èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Cü¿l-´’E îÁ°œpçC.

A. Teacher get the children to/ have the children write the alphabet/ letters of the alphabet and let them trace it.

°æ®√u-´-®Ωù Ææ´’-Ææu© O’ü¿ v°æ¶µº’-û√y-EéÀ v¨¡-ü¿l¥ ™‰ü¿’. All India Radio News ™ äéπ-°æ¤púø’ The situation is returning to normalcy ÅE ¢√úË¢√®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’ normalcy ≤ƒn†ç™ normal ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. È®çúø÷ ¢√úø-´î√a ™‰ü∆ normal ØË ¢√ú≈™«? -O-öÀ í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Ææ÷dúÁçôx†’ °æK-éπ~-©èπ◊ ¶«í¬ îªC-Nç-îªçúÕ.

A. Make the students study well for the exam. Q.

Q.

ÅûªúÕ

v¨¡ü¿l¥çû√ úø•’s í∫’JçîË.

O’®Ω’ Ø√ûÓ ví¬´’®˝ îÁ°œpç--èπ◊ç-ö«®√?

A. Will you have me teach you grammar. Q.

O’ ÇÆœh ´÷èπ◊ ®√®·≤ƒh®√?

A. Will you pass on your property to us?/ Will you settle your property in our favour?

To be good is dif ficult Q.

O’èπ◊ É©’x á´®Ω’ éπöÀd-≤ƒh®Ω’?

Q. Bond

A. Tell him to get the bond drafted/ written.

Q.

Q.

-Å™«p¥-¶„ö¸q °œ©x© îËûª ¶«í¬ CClç-îªçúÕ.

A. Have/ Let the children trace the alphabet thoroughly. (Alphabets letters of the alphabet

ņç

ÅØÌa)

J.Bhaskar, Bangalore Q.

A. Q. A.

Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A.

Q.

®√®·ç-îª-´’E Åûª-úÕéÀ îÁ°æpçúÕ.

A. Who will get the house built for you?

Åûªúø’ ´÷ûÓ Å-vT¢Á’çö¸ ®√®·ç-èπ◊Ø√oúø’.

A. He had the agreement signed by us. Q.

®√V, ®√´·ûÓ ØÓö¸-q ®√®·ç-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

A. Raju has Ramu to write the notes for him.

Q. You don't make it not it

†’ Núø-DÊÆh You do make ÅE ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. DE í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-

M.SURESAN

A.

ÉN American Eng™ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Å®Ωnç– ´÷-´‚©’ °æJ-ÆœnA. Normal- Ææí∫ô’, ´÷-´‚©’ °æJ-Æ œnB/ Ææçêu/ ¢Á·ûªhç The situation is returning to normal = °æJ-Æ œnA ´÷´‚-©’èπ◊ AJ-T-´-≤ÚhçC.

S. Ananda Rao, Giduthuru Q. He is standing there. He stood there-

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ à¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? -Å-™«Íí He is sitting there/ He sat there- ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. He is standing there = Åûª-úÕ-°æ¤púø’ Åéπ\úø E©’aE ÖØ√oúø’. He stood there = Åûª-úøéπ\úø E©’a-Ø√oúø’ (í∫ûªç™) É-üË ûËú≈– He is sitting there èπÿ, He sat there èπÿ. Q. What is your father's name? Ééπ\úø apostrophe Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? A. Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Q. ؈’ Ç®Ó ûª®Ω-í∫A îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’. DEo ÉçTx≠ˇ™ áEo ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. A. I am studying in VI class/ I am doing VI class/ I am in VI class. Q. Clause sentence

£«ú˛-´÷-≤ƒd®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ 鬙‰-ñ¸™ Æ‘ö¸ É°œp-≤ƒh†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.

A. H.M. said he would get me admitted into the college/ ... get me admission.

鬩ç í∫úÕ*† éÌDl, Ø√í∫-®Ω-éπûª °®Ω-í∫-úøçûÓ ´’†’-≠æfl© éÓÈ®\© Ææçêu©’, ®Ωé¬-©’ °J-í¬®·. ©®Ω’. Civilization = Ø√í∫-®Ωéπûª A. You don't make it= You do not make it (you in number = Ææçêu-™ . '™— ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ 'in' ¢√ú≈L Tell us about/ talk about yourself do make it not é¬ü¿’). ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úË-ôéπü∆? °æ¤púø’ don't, ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ do not Åçö«ç. É°æ¤púø’ îËÆæ’h†o ÖüÓu-í¬Eo áçü¿’èπ◊ NúÕ-*-°-úø’-ûª’Q. Adjective, adverb ©†’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, Ø√o®Ω’?/ NúÕ-*-°-ö«d®Ω’? Q. Why should business letters be brief- D†®Ωnç ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? àN’öÀ? Should †’ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈™ A. Adjective Åçõ‰ äéπ ´’E≠œ/ ´Ææ’h´¤, etc. Why are you giving up the present job = N´-JçîË ™„ÆæØ˛ ØÁç•®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. (áçü¿’èπ◊ -N-úÕ-*°-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?)/ Why did you ᙫç-öÀC ÅE ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç. A. Business letters èπ◊x°æhçí¬ áçü¿’-èπ◊ç-ú≈L? give up the last job? (áçü¿’èπ◊ ´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’?) A tall boy ᙫçöÀ Ŷ«s®·? Tall (§Òúø’-Èíj†) Should †’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ lesson no. 40 to 50 N’´’t™‰o áçü¿’èπ◊ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? Ŷ«s®·. Ééπ\úø Tall, adjective. ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. Why should we take you? The building is beautiful - Building ᙫ Q. Our fore fathers and grand parents perhaps O’ •™«©’, •©-£‘«-†-ûª© í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpçúÕ. ÖçC? Beautiful (Åçü¿ç)í¬ ÖçC– 鬕öÀd beaudid not know the transistors and television Tell us about your strengths and weaknesstiful, adjective. sets, air travel to mention a few. D†®Ωnç es ᙫçöÀ, á-ô’-´çöÀ ÅØË v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ ´îËa Ææ´÷üµ∆†ç àN’öÀ? Mention í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. éÀx≠æd °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x ᙫ ´u´-£æ«-J-≤ƒh®Ω’? Adjective. A. ´’† °æ‹Ky-èπ◊©÷, û√ûª-´·-û√h-ûª-©èπ◊ •£æ›¨» tranHow do you face a crisis? äéπ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC?/ ᙫ î˨»®Ω’? ÅØË sistors, televisions, N´÷† v°æߪ÷-ù«©’– ÉN -O’ ¶µºN-≠æuûª’h v°æù«-R-éπ©’ àN’öÀ? v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ ´îËa ï¢√•’ Adverb. éÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’/ Éçé¬ î√-™«ØË (= to mention only What are your future plans? He played well- Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ Çú≈úø’? ᙫ a few) - •£æ›¨¡ ûÁLÆœ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Çú≈úø’? ¶«í¬ (well) ÅØË Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´Ææ’hçC. áèπ◊\´≤ƒn®· ÖüÓuí∫ç ÖçC îË≤ƒh®√? Mention= îÁ°æpúøç. 鬕öÀd well, adverb. Please mention your name= O’Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°æpçúÕ. Are you prepared to take a job of a higher status? Q. With passage of time and the growth of Q. To be, have, has to be, as per í∫’Jç* N´-Jçîª-í∫-©®Ω’. civilisation human wants have increased in Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç í∫’Jç* à¢Á’iØ√ Åúø-í∫-ü¿-L-î√®√? number and variety. D†®Ωnç N´-Jç*, civilisa- A. To be = Öçúøôç. Have you/ Do you have any questions to To be good is difficult = ´’ç*í¬ Öçúøôç éπ≠dç æ. tion, in í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. ask about this job?

éÀç-C ¢√é¬u©--†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Interview ™ O’ í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpçúÕ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

A. Normalcy/ Normalitylish

A.

Q.

èπÿú≈ subject, predicate éπLT Öç-õ‰, èπ◊ DEéÀ ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ? Clause èπ◊ Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçú≈-©E ™‰ü¿’, subject, predicate Öçõ‰ î√©’. Sentence èπ◊ °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç Öçú≈L éπü∆. ¶úÕ-í∫’ç-úø’†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

A. Clean shaven/ tonsured head.

I, we, you and they have to be/ He, she and it has to be =

ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ Öçú≈Lq ®√´úøç.

They have to be/ should be/ must be here =

¢√Rx-éπ\úø ûª°æpéπ Öçú≈L. She has to be careful = As per =

Ç¢Á’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L.

Ç v°æ鬮Ωç.

As per the rules of the school students have to come in uniform = uniform

Ææ÷\™¸ E•ç-üµ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç ™ØË ®√¢√L. Q. The sunday shops are closed Åçõ‰ sunday shops ´‚ߪ’-•-úø-û√-ߪ’E Å®Ωnç. ´’J É°æ¤púø’ ´‚ߪ’-•-ú≈fߪ’ØËçü¿’èπ◊ à´’-Ø√L? A. Sunday shops èπÿ on Sunday, shops èπÿ ûËú≈ ÖçC. Sunday shops Åçõ‰ ÇC-¢√-®√©’ èπÿú≈ ûÁJ* ÖçúË shops. On sunday, shops are closed ÅE Öçú≈L O’ sentence. Å®Ωnç, ÇC-¢√®Ωç, shops ´‚ÊÆ≤ƒh®Ω’ ÅE– v°æA ÇC-¢√®Ωç ïJÍí N≠æߪ’ç. ï®Ωí∫-™‰-ü¿E é¬ü¿’, D†®Ωnç. Shops have been closed = Shops ´‚ߪ’-•ú≈f®·. (á°æ¤púÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) Shops were closed on that Sunday= Ç ÇC¢√®Ωç, shops ´‚ߪ’-•-ú≈f®·– Ééπ\úø í∫ûªç™ °∂晫Ø√-®ÓV ÅE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd, were closed. Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 14 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2008-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Kishore, Chemudugunta Q. 1. Don't forget sending me your new address and the mobile number.

Ñ

¢√éπuç™ àüÁjØ√ ûª°æ¤p Öçõ‰ îÁ°æpçúÕ. 2. You have occupied my seat. What is the part of speech of 'my' here. Are there any other variations in using the same word as different parts of speech.

B.Bhaskar, Nandyal. Q. Please explain 4 types of sentence with two examples and telugu meanings. 1. assertive sentence, 2. Interrogative sentence, 3. Imperative sentence, 4. Exclamatory sentence

A. 1. No error. But there is a difference between 1) Don't forget sending me your address .. and 2) Don't forget to send me your address. Sentence no. 1) means, you have sent me your address, and don't forget it. Sentence no 2) means, I don't have your address, I need it and don't forget to send it. So, strictly speaking the sentence, Don't forget sending me your address is correct. 2. 'My' here is a possessive adjective. This is the only part of speech of 'my' Inominative me - objective pronouns mine - possessive

}

Exclamatory sentence = Ǩ¡a-®√uEo, ÖüËyí¬Lo ûÁLÊ° ¢√éπuç. a) How tall he is! = Åûª-úÁçûª §Òúø’íÓ!

4)

b) Alas! How she suffered! =

äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îÁÊ°p ¢√éπuç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

= Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø éπ%≠æg äúø’f† ÖçC.

b) India is not a small country =

Anthati Penchalaiah, Rajampeta

1) It is easy to preach to others

Q. 1. Please explain correct answer and meanings for the following questions. It is easy to preach others. Preaching others is easier. To preach others is easy. It is easy to preaching others. With others preaching is easy. 2. Some snakes are only poisonous. Only some snakes are poisonous. A. 1. First of all, 'preach' should always be followed by 'to'. For this reason, all the sentences you've given are wrong. Any of the following is correct.

2) Preaching to others is easy 3) To preach to others is easy all of them have the same meaning =

Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ¶Cµç-îªúøç Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’ ÅE. 2. Some snakes are only poisonous = They have the only quality of being poisonous; they don't have any other quality. This is meaningless, so the sentence is not correct.

Ñ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

ÅßÁ÷u! Ç¢Á’ áçûª ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úÕçüÓ!

A. 1. Assertive sentence- A sentence which states something=

a) Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishna

2

489

Only some snakes are poisonous = of all the snakes in the world, some only are poisonous, not all of them.

¶µ«®Ωû˝ *†o-ü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’.

2. Interrogative sentence =

I wish I had the wings of a dove

v°æ¨¡o©’ ¢ËÊÆ ¢√é¬u©’

a) Where is your father?

= O’ Ø√†o áéπ\úø?

b) Is she a good singer? =

Ç¢Á’ ´’ç* í¬ßª’-ØËØ√?

3. Imperative sentence:

Y. Gayathri, Asifabad

ÇïcL´y-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË

¢√é¬u©’: a) Get out =

¢ÁRx§Ú,

b) Don't move =

éπü¿-©èπ◊

U.Srinivasa Rao, Zarugumalli Q.

Q. God, Govt., India etc., capital letters

äéπ ¢√é¬uEo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ áØÓo ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ éÀçCN-üµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. 1. Åçü∆© †ô’úø’ ¨¶µº-Ø˛-¶«-•’†’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ îÁØÁjo ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. 2. ؈’ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o îÁØÁjo Åçü∆© †ô’úø’ ¨¶µº-Ø˛-¶«-•’†’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ. 3. îÁØÁjo ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o ؈’ Åçü∆© †ô’úø’ ¨¶µº-Ø˛-¶«-•’†’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ. 4. Åçü∆© †ô’úø’ ¨¶µºØ˛ ¶«•’†’ îÁØÁjo™ îª÷úøö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Å™«Íí ÉçTx-≠ˇ-™-èπÿú≈ äéπ ¢√é¬uEo frame îËÆœ ü∆ØËo ¢Á†èπ◊\, ´·çü¿’èπ◊ A°œp ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a? ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Å®Ωnç ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çü∆?

A.

Q.

1. I want to go Chennai to see the pretty/ beautiful actor Sobhan babu. 2. To see the beautiful actor Sobhan babu I wish to go Chennai. A.

ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u-©™ ´÷ô© ´®Ω’-Ææ-éπçûª v§ƒ´·êuç-™‰ü¿’. à ´÷ô sentence ™ áéπ\úø ´*aØ√ Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰í¬ Öçô’çC, O’®Ω-†oô’x N¶µºéÃh v°æûªu-ߪ÷© ´©x. O’J-*a† Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù™‰ Åçü¿’èπ◊ Eü¿-®Ωz†ç. Å®·ûË English sentences ™ word order ´÷JûË Å®Ωnç ´÷Í® v°æ´÷ü¿ç ÖçC. 1) Sachin hit the ball, 2) The ball hit Sachin -

A.

R.Balu, Miryalaguda

2. To see Sobhan babu I ...

Q.

A. Q. A.

Q.

A.

' ∂' í∫ ’®Ω’h, rural ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™x, 'a' ¨¡¶«lEo Ææ÷*Ææ’hçC. Ñ ¨¡•lç 'Å— èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ Öçô’çC é¬E 'Å— é¬ü¿’. 'Å— °æL-Íé-ô-°æ¤púø’, ØÓ®Ω’ °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁ®Ω’≤ƒhç. é¬F '∂' ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«lEo Öîªa-Jç-îËM.SURESAN ô-°æ¤púø’ ØÓ®Ω’ î√™« éÌClí¬ ûÁJ*/ ûÁJ< ûÁ®Ω-´-èπ◊çú≈ 'Å— -Å-Ø√-L. éÌEo úÕéπ{-†-K™x Öî√a-®Ωù éÓÆæç must not - mustn't - mdsn- ÅE Öçô’çC. ᙫ Öîªa-Jç-î√™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Mustn't ØÓ®Ω’ ûÁ®Ω-´-èπ◊çú≈ ´’Ææ-Ø˛dÅE °æ©éπçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ N†-°æúË Ææ ¨¡-•lç™ '∂' NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Environment - áEy-®√-Ø˛-¢Á’çö¸ éπÈ®é¬d áØ√y-Ø˛¢Á’çö¸ éπÈ®é¬d Åçõ‰ R silent í¬ Öç-ú≈-™«? Environment - pronunciation ÉØ˛-¢Áj-®Ω-Ø˛-´’-Ø˛ö¸ –®ΩØ˛, ´’-Ø˛-ö¸ – OöÀE Éçü∆éπ ûÁ-L°œ-†ô’x, ØÓ®Ω’ ûÁJ< ûÁ®Ω-´-èπ◊çú≈ °æ©-éπçúÕ – '¢Áj— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-éπçúÕ. Contribute - kon- trib'u-t, cooler - ko''l'er. Åéπ~®√-©-°j† '–— Öçõ‰ ᙫ Öîªa-Jç-î√L. üËEéÀ D®Ω`ç, üËEéÀ D®Ω`ç-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ Öîªa-Jç-î√™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. O’®Ω’ îª÷Æœ† dictionary v°æ鬮Ωç, Åéπ~-®√-©-°j† ' " — Öçõ‰ Ç Åéπ~-®√©’ ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«lEo ØÌéÀ\,

book = A book = An egg = Boy = boy there is my brother = articles,

Q. A. Q.

D®Ω`çí¬ °æ©-é¬L. ' ' — í∫’®Ω’h Ö†o Åéπ~-®√-©†’, ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç – D®Ω`ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈. ' – — Ñ í∫’®Ω’h O’ dictionary v°æ鬮Ωç, u †’ 'Å— ™« (fun ™ ™«) é¬èπ◊çú≈, 'ߪ‚—™« °æ©-é¬L ÅE Ææ÷*ç-îËçü¿’èπ◊ ÖçúÌa. Oxford/ Cambridge ™«çöÀ dictionaries pronunciation †’ Ææ÷*çîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË í∫’®Ω’h©’ ¢ËÍ®, Å¢Ë standard. Phrasal Verbs †’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ à´’ç-ö«®Ó ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. Phrasal Verbs †’ véÀߪ÷ Ææ´÷-≤ƒ©’ ņ-´îª’a. éÀçC¢√öÀ™ àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) "Is there anything I can get you? " (or ) "Can I get you anything?" 2) "Can you open the window? " (or) "Do you open the window?"

A.

äéπ °æ¤Ææhéπç egg = í∫’úø’f, äéπ í∫’úø’f, °œ©x-¢√úø’. The Åéπ\-úø’†o Ç ¶«©’úø’ ´÷ ûª´·túø’. É™« ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª ¢√úË °æü∆© Å®√n-©†’ °æJ-N’ûªç îË≤ƒh®·. Q. Precis writing ™ ´‚úÓ ´çûª’ °æü∆-©èπ◊ èπ◊Cç* ®√ߪ’-´’ç-ö«®Ω’. Precis ®√ÊÆ Nüµ∆-Ø√Eo ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Precis writing èπ◊ É*a† ¢Á·ûªhç °æü∆-©†’, a, an, the ûÓ Ææ£æ…– É´Fo words (°æü∆©’) 鬕öÀd, ü∆Eo ´‚úø’ûÓ ¶µ«Tç*, ÅEo ´÷ô-©èπ◊ èπ◊Cçî√L. Q. °æü∆© ´·çü¿’ àßË’ °æü∆-©’çõ‰ ¢√öÀéÀ independent status Öç-úøüÓ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. °æü∆-©-Eoç-öÀéÃ, ûÁ©’-í∫’™™« independent status Öçô’çC. Å™« ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÅN °æü∆-™„™« Å´¤û√®·?

È®ç-úø÷ correct, ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Å®√n-©ûÓ; 1) ØËFoèπ◊ ûËí∫-L-Tç-üË-´’Ø√o Öçü∆? ØËFo-Íé-´’Ø√o ûÁîËaü∆? 2) éÀöÀéà é¬Ææh ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh¢√? †’´¤y ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Ç éÀ-öÀéà ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh¢√? (ûÁJîË Öç-û√¢√?) R.Ramakrishna, Vijayawada

°æ¤Ææhéπç,

Q.

A.

Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ é¬éπ-§Úí¬, °æ‹Jh ´uA-Í®éπç éπü∆. Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ îÁ°œp† English sentences ™– 1. I want to go to Chennai, to see.. O’®Ω’ ´÷JaçC, sentence ™E words é¬èπ◊çú≈ clauses †’. Clauses/ phrases position ´÷JÊÆh meaning ´÷®Ω-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. word position ´÷JÊÆh ´÷vûªç meaning ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. I want to go to Chennai to Sobhan babu ņúøç, I want to go to Sobhan babu to see Chennai - È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? ÉD í∫´’-Eç-î√Lq N≠æߪ’ç.

¢√éπuç ´’üµ¿u™ ´*aØ√ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’ éπü∆. God èπ◊ Ææç•çCµç* Åûª-úø’, Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ņo-°æ¤púø’ he, his èπÿú≈ capital letters ®√ߪ÷™«? ´’ûªçûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, Åçü¿®Ω÷ éÌLîË äÍé üË-´¤úø’ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ Å®·ûË, God á°æ¤púø÷ G (Capital G) ûÓØË ®√ߪ÷L. Ñ ¶µ«´çûÓ God èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, He/ His/ Him ņo-°æ¤púø’, Capital H ¢√úøû√ç. Å™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√ߪ·-üË-´¤úø’, ´®Ω’-ù-üË-´¤úø’, vÊ°´’-üË-´¤úø’ (´’†t-ü∑¿’úø’) ™«çöÀ NNüµ¿ ®Ω鬩 üË´¤∞¡x†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúË-ô°æ¤púø’ small 'g' ØË ®√≤ƒhç. Ñ god èπ◊ plural èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ god of love, god of success - É™«çöÀ god ´·çü¿’, the ´Ææ’hçC. ÅüË äÍé üË´¤úø’ ÅE ´u´£æ«-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø’, the ®√ü¿’ God ´·çü¿’. Ñ god, gods èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ®√ÊÆ pronoun, he/ him etc, èπ◊ small h ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Economy, Economics OöÀE áé¬-†N’, áéπ-Ø√N’é˙q ÅØ√™«? Éé¬-†N’, Ééπ-†-N’é˙q ÅØ√™«? ÆæÈ®j† Öî√a-®Ωù ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Economy - Éé¬-†N’ –'鬗– ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Economics - -ÑéπØ√-N’é˙q– Éçü¿’™ 'Ñ— éÌClí¬ ûªèπ◊\-´í¬, 'Ø√— ¶«í¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Pronunciation ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ dictionary ™ ¢√úË

Q.

A.

ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ äéπ °æü¿ç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Öçô’çC. äéπ ¢√éπuç™, Ê°®√-ví¬-°∂ˇ™ äéπ °æü∆Eo í∫’Jhç-îªúøç ᙫ? °æü¿ç Åçõ‰ English ™ word- DØËo ´÷ô ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. Å®Ωnç ÉîËa ¨¡¶«l© éπ©-®·-éπ†’ °æü¿ç/ ´÷ô/ word Åçö«ç. The book is on the table = Ñ sentence ™ the, book, is, on, the tableOöÀ™ v°æA äéπ\öà °æü¿¢Ë’/ word. ¢√éπuç™ articles èπ◊ independent status Öçô’çü∆ ™‰ü∆ ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿’ Ö†o °æü¿çûÓ éπLÆœ äéπ °æü¿çí¬ à®Ωp-úø-û√ߪ÷? Öçúøü¿’. A/ an, the- ÉN English ™ articles. A/ an = äéπ/ àüÁjØ√. The = Ç. É™« OöÀéÀ Å®√n©’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, OöÀE independent í¬ sentence ™ ¢√úøç. OöÀ Å´-ûª© Ö†o °æü¿ç Å®√nEo ÉN -N-´®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰≤ƒh®·.

Q. I wish I had wings of a bird. I wish I had the wings of a bird.

È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? A. I wish I had the wings of a dove, correct. Wings of a dove wings question wings of a answer dove the

ņo-°æ¤púø’, Å-ØË èπ◊ Å-ØË ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Å´-Ææ®Ωç Åéπ\úø. ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h©’ ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ *´-®Ω™ I request you to ... ÅE ņ-ú≈-EéÀ •ü¿’©’ I request that I may be ... ÅØ√-©E NØ√o†’. àC ÆæÈ®j†üÓ ûÁ©’°æçúÕ.

à

Q.

A. I request you to/ to be kind enough to I request that I may be ...

Å-†-úøç™ ûªÊ°pç-™‰ü¿’. éÌç-îÁç ņ-´-Ææ®Ω §ƒçúÕûªuç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 17 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2008Chinmaya: Can we go out in this weather? It looks like it's going to rain again.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Chinmaya: OK. Let's now look for those books.

(ÆæÍ®. Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™„-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oßÁ÷ îª÷ü∆lç °æü¿.) (Ñ ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ùç™ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-í∫-©´÷? Daily conversation ™ real life situations ™ ´’Sx ´®Ω{ç ´îËaô’x éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC). ¢√úË expressions í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. ¢√öÀ™ Tanmaya: The chances are it will rain again ´’J-éÌEo Ñ lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. OöÀE ´’†ç and that too, very heavily. The sky Ææçü¿®√s¥Eo•öÀd ¢√úÕûË, ´’† English î√™« ¢√u´-£æ…-Jis overcast. éπçí¬, Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†-ôd-E°œ-Ææ’hçC. Practice (´’Sx ¢√ØÌîËa Ææ÷îª-†™‰ ÖØ√o®·. Å-D îËߪ’çúÕ. î√™« °ü¿lí¬. -Çé¬-¨¡-´’ç-û√ 鬮Ω’-´’-•’s Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: éπ-¢Ë’tÆœç-C.) Chinmaya: So what shall we do? (-Å®·-ûË -îË-ü∆lç?) 1) It looks like it's going to rain. Tanmaya: I am in a fix too. The book we want to get from Saranya is very important and she will be leaving in an hour.

(Ø√èπÿ àç îËߪ÷™ ûÓîª-úøç-™‰ü¿’. ¨¡®Ωùu ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ´’†ç ûÁa-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o °æ¤Ææhéπç î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’içC; ûªØË¢Á÷ ã í∫çô™ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûÓçC.) Chinmaya: Look. It's started drizzling again. If we get out now, we are sure to get drenched.

(îª÷úø’, Å°æ¤púË ûª’ç°æ®Ω ¢Á·ü¿-™„jçC. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç •ßª’-™‰l-®√-´’çõ‰ °æ‹Jhí¬ ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Úû√ç.) Tanmaya: But we need the book.

(é¬F Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ´’†-éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç.) Chinmaya: Excuse me. For all that you say I don't think much of it.

Tanmaya:

(à´’-†’-éÓèπ◊. †’¢Ëyç îÁ°œpØ√ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç O’ü¿ Ø√Íéç Åçûª íÌ°æp ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿’.) You don't? (™‰ü∆ Fèπ◊?)

Chinmaya: Sorry, no. There are much better books on the subject than that. (Sorry,

™‰ü¿’. Åçûªéπçõ‰ Ç subject O’ü¿ î√™« ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√o®·.)

Tanmaya: Then why were you all ears to Saranya when she was praising the book.

2) The chances are it will rain again and that too very heavily. 3) The sky is over cast. 4) I am in a fix. 5) For all that you say, I don't think much of that book. 6) Why were you all ears to saranya? 7) All in good time. 8) Mind what you're about.

c) It looks like there will be another tsunami = ÉçéÓ Ææ’Ø√N’ ´îËa™« ÖçC/ ÅE-°œ≤ÚhçC. 2) That too = ÅC-èπÿú≈/ Åçü¿’-™ †÷/ ü∆E-éÀûÓúø’. a) Do you want me to all the way, and that too in this hot sun? =

Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω-´‚ †úø-´-´’çö«¢√ ††’o, Åçü¿’-™†÷ Éçûª áçúø™?

(†’´yFo Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. ØËØËç Åçûª v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.) Tanmaya: Ok. Now that we can't go to Saranya in this bad weather, will you at least show me the books you say are much better.

(™‰ü¿’. ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL. Å´’t Ø√ éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ÷h Öçô’çC. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ cousin èπÿú≈ ´≤ÚhçC.)

a) Not many think much of Ganguly nowa days =

í∫çí∫÷-ME í∫’Jç* î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ íÌ°æp ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰C-°æ¤púø’.

-Å-ûª-úø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææí∫ç úø¶‰s Éî√aúø’, ÅD î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬. 3) Overcast= Ç鬨¡ç ¶«í¬ ´’¶‰sÆœ Öçúøôç/ 鬮Ω’ ´’•’s-©ûÓ Öçúøôç.

b) She doesn't think much of the Chiranjeevi effect =

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ *®Ωç-@N v°æ¶µ«´ç O’ü¿ Åçûª íÌ°æp ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰†-ô’dçC. a) The sky being overcast, the fisherman did 7) Be all ears = Åûªuçûª ÇÆæéÀhûÓ v¨¡ü¿l¥í¬ N†úøç/ îÁ´¤©-°æp-Tç-îªúøç. not set out into the sea = Ç鬨¡ç ¢Ë’°∂æ÷-´%-ûª¢Á’i a) She was all ears for her lover's words = ûª† Öçúø-ôç-´©x, Ç -ñ«-©-J Ææ´·-vü¿ç-™éÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. 1) Look like = D†®Ωnç, ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æ œçüË – §ÚLéπ v°œ ߪ·úÕ ´÷ô-™«¢Á’ Åûªuçûª v¨¡ü¿l¥ûÓ/ îÁ´¤-©-°æpÖçúøôç. äéπü∆E™«/ äéπ-J™« ÉçéÓöÀ/ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ b) The sky was overcast and we got wet in the Tç* NçöçC. drizzle = 鬮Ω’-´’-•’s©’ éπN’t ÖçC Ç鬨¡ç, ¢Ë’ç Öçúøôç. b) I am all ears for your story. Please start = V©’x ™  ûª ú Õ ¨ »ç. She looks like her sister = Ç¢Á’ ûª† Åéπ\/ îÁ™„xF éπü∑¿ v¨¡ü¿l¥í¬ NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√o. ™«xØË ÖçC. 4) Be in a fix/ get in a fix= éÀx≠dæ °æJ-Æ œn-A™ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç. (§Ú©açúÕ: All eyes) Öçúøôç. ÉC î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùçí¬ ¢√úË ´÷ô. 7) All in good time = ûªy®Ω-™ ØË/ ï®Ω-í¬-Lq† Ææ´’-ߪ’ça) We'll be in fix if we lose this money too ™ØË. ï®Ω-í¬-LqçC ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´’-ߪ’ç-™ØË Å†’-èπ◊-†oô’d = Ñ úø•’s èπÿú≈ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ -´’-†ç î√™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC, ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úøèπ◊, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. É•sç-ü¿’™x °æúøû√ç. a) 'Mom, when will the food be ready?' We've got ourselves in a fix by investing in -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 490 b) this (Å´÷t, ņoç á°æ¤púø’ -ûª-ߪ÷®Ω-´¤-ûª’ç-C?) business

It looks like it is going to rain DEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çüË

look alike =

=

Ñ ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ °ô’d•úÕ Â°öÀd *èπ◊\™x °æú≈fç/ àO’ §ƒ©’-§ÚE ÆœnA™ ÖØ√oç. Be in a fix Åçõ‰ áô÷ ûË©’a-éÓ-™‰E ÆœnA èπÿú≈ – To

Åûªúø’ Åa ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o-™«ØË Öçö«úø’.

b) A number of movies/ novels are woven around look alikes

M.SURESAN

do or not to do something

5) For all that/ for all etc =

=

- L. Nageswara Rao, Gudivada

A. I got married =

؈’ °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’– °∂晫Ø√ ®ÓV†/ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™. I was married = ؈-°æp-öÀéÀ N¢√-£œ«-ûª’-úÕE. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ sentence ™ °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ ÅØË °æEéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç.

'All in good time, boy, all in good time'

=

a) He is his father's look alike

î√™« ÆœE-´÷©’/ †´©©’ äÍé §ÚL-èπ◊-†o-¢√∞¡x ô÷d ÅLx-†¢Ë. Å®·ûË It looks like it's going to rain ÅØË ´÷ô™x (ÆæÍ®. ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç ¶«í¬-™‰E Ñ °æJ-Æœn-A™ looks like èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ÅE-°œç-îªúøç/ éπE-°œç-îªúøç. ´’†ç ¨¡®Ωùu ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x™‰ç 鬕öÀd, ûª† a) He looks like having been beaten = Åûªúø’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†oü∆E-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç F ¶«í¬ üÁ•s©’ A†oô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. ü¿í∫_®Ω’Ø√o-ߪ’Ø√o¢Ë, ¢√öÀE îª÷°œç.) b) The teacher looks like having seen our Chinmaya: Wait. All in good time. I'll get them to tricks = ´’† ¢Ë≥ƒ-©†’ teacher ví∫£œ«ç-*-†-ô’xçC/ you as soon as the weather clears. ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. (Çí∫’ é¬Ææh ã°œ-éπ-°æô’d. ûªy®Ω-™ØË îª÷Æœ≤ƒh. Ñ ´’•’s-O-úøF.) Tanmaya: OK. I'm stopping because of you. Q. I have had a car - Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Mind what you're about. You have had possession èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµçgiven the word. *çü∆? - Abhijeet, Hyderabad (ÆæÍ®. ØË-Ø√-T§Ú-ûª’Ø√o F ´©x. †’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o¢Ó, àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó, í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓ. A. I have had a car ™ have, present perfect tense †’ ûÁLØ√èπ◊ ´÷öÀ-î√a´¤.) Ê°-´÷ô. DEéÀ have éπLT Chinmaya: You won't be disappointed. How Öçúøôç (possession) èπ◊ about having meal with me at my place now? I don't know what mom Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Had °j sentence ™ have has cooked. You'll have to take pot èπ◊ past participle. luck. I got married., I was married. Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ (†’´¤y E®√¨¡ îÁç-ü¿èπ◊. ´÷ Éçöx Q. àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? ¶µçîËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü∆ Ø√ûÓ. ´÷ Å´’t àç He has left for Bombay. He has gone to ´çúÕçüÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ´’† Åü¿%≠ædç Bombay. Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ Öçü∆? éÌDl/ àü¿’çõ‰ ü∆EûÓØË ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L.) Tanmaya: No, I have to go. Mom will be waiting for me. Moreover my cousin is coming.

Not think much of = äéπ-JE í∫’Jç* Ææü¿-Gµv§ƒßª’ç/ íÌ°æp ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Öçúøéπ-§Ú-´úøç (áèπ◊\-´í¬ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ not ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç)

b) He gave just half the money and that too after a lot of delay =

äÍ陫 Öçúøôç. The brothers look alike = Ç Å†o-ü¿-´·t©’ äÍ陫 (´’®Ω-®·ûË ¨¡®Ωùu Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬--†oçûªí¬ §Òí∫’- Öçö«®Ω’. úø’-ûª’çõ‰ Åçûª v¨¡ü¿l¥í¬ NØ√o-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊?) look alike - É™« èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç–

Chinmaya: You imagine things. I was not all that interested.

2

(ûªy®Ω-™ØË ¶«•÷.) b) He got what he wanted, all in good time =

Åûªúø’ 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊-†oC §Òçü∆úø’, ÅD ûªy®Ω-™ØË/ ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ’ç-™ØË. 8) Mind what you're about = †’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’Ø√o¢Ó ñ«ví∫ûªh! ÉüÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ Â£«îªa-Jç-îªúøç. a) 'I have decided to contest the elections'

ÅØË O’´÷çÆæ. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ

(؈’ áEo-éπ™x §Úöà îËߪ÷-©E E®Ωg-®·ç-èπ◊Ø√o.)

a) For all its batting power, India lost the match = Batting batting

'Mind what you're about. It'll cost you all that you've earned in the last 10 years'.

¨¡éÀh Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ/ áçûª ¨¡éÀh Öçõ‰ØËç, ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ãúÕ-§Ú-®·çC.

b) For all that I worked, I got very little =

(†’¢Ëyç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-¢Ó ñ«ví∫ûªh/ Ç™-*ç. í∫ûª °æüË∞¡x™ †’´¤y Ææ秃-Cç-*ç-ü¿çû√ ê®Ωa-®·-§Ú-ûª’çC)

ØËØÁçûÓ îËÆœ-†-°æpöÀéà Ø√éÌ-*açC ûªèπ◊\¢Ë.

b) Mind what you're about. You're going to face a strong opponent -

c) For all our claims of democracy, only the rich have all the power=

àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢Ó ñ«ví∫ûªh! î√™« •©-¢Á’i† v°æûªuJnØÁü¿’-®Ó\-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤.

´’†C v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’uç ÅE áçûª îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéà üµ¿E-èπ◊-©üË ÅCµ-鬮Ωç Åçû√.

È®çúÓ sentence ™, N¢√-£œ«-ûª’-úÕE ÅØË ¶µ«¢√-EéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç ÖçC.

Q.

He has left for Bombay = He has gone to Bombay. Q. 1. How could you ever get admission in that ever school? Ever

A.

Ééπ\úø Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç àN’öÀ? Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-éπ-§ÚûË Å®Ωnç™ ´îËa ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

2. Some other brands will then be as cheap as this or even cheaper. then Then stress

Ééπ\úø áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’? Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç°æúø’-ûª’çC? îªúøç ´©x à ¶µ«´ç°j - B. Sarada, Eluru

A. 1.

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ever Åçõ‰ á°æp-öÀéà ÅE Å®Ωnç. Å®·ûË É-™«ç-öÀ sentences ™ ever Åçõ‰ ÅÆæ©’ ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC, Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ´uéπh-°æ-J-îËçü¿’èπ◊. O’®√ school ™ ÅÆæ©’ admission ᙫ §Òç-ü¿-í∫-©®Ω’?ņoô’d.2. then = Å°æ¤púø’ (Å°æ¤p-úø’/ Ç °æJ-Æ œn-A™)

Æœ§ƒ-®·© A®Ω’-í∫’-¶«-ô’†’ Sepoy mutiny ÅØ√™«? Soldiers mutiny ÅØ√™«? Éçí∫xç-ú˛™ Æœ§ƒ-®·E à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ´’†-üË-¨¡ç™ sepoy ņo°æü¿ç ᙫ Æœn®Ω-°æ-úÕçC? - P. Mohan, Jagityal Sepoy ÅØËC Hindi/ Urdu ´÷ô. ≤ƒyûªç-vû√u-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωyç British military officers éÀçü¿ °æE-îËÊÆ ÅA éÀç-C≤ƒn®· ÂÆjE-èπ◊-©†’ sepoy Å-ØË¢√∞¡Ÿx. Ñ ´÷ô ´·êuçí¬ British ÂÆjE-èπ◊-©èπ◊, ¶µ«®Ωûª ÂÆjEèπ◊-©èπÿ ûËú≈ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË-¢√®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†üË-¨¡ç™ sepoy •ü¿’©’ Jawan (ï¢√Ø˛) -¢√-úø’ûª’Ø√o®Ω’. Sepoy É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Jawan, Indians English. Sepoy, Jawan, Soldier-

Q.

É´Fo äéπõ‰. ÂÆjE-èπ◊úø’ ÅE. O’®Ω’ E†o Éçöx ÖØ√o®√?– -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’-Ø√-L? Were you at home yesterday/ Was you at home yesterday? - M. RatnaKishore, Miryalaguda

A. You=

†’´¤y/ O’®Ω’. †’´¤y ÅE ¢√úÕØ√, O’®Ω’ ÅE ¢√úÕØ√, you ûÓ ´îËa verb á°æ¤púø÷ plural. Åçü¿’éπE you are/ were Åçö«ç. You was ņç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 24 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2008-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

J. Krishna, Rajapuram

Roll over -

°æéπ\™ °æúø’-èπ◊E äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ ¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫úøç. Royalty = ®√ï-Jéπç. Signing off = Radio/ TV programmes ´·Tçîªúøç/ Öûªh-®√© *´®Ω, 'ÉçûË Ææçí∫-ûª’©’— ÅE ®√ߪ’úøç. Éçé¬ ´’† Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª÷ Ææçûªéπç °ôdúøç. Accessories = ¢√£æ«-Ø√©’/ ߪ’çvû√™«xçöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Å´-Ææ®Ωç é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Åü¿-†çí¬ Å´’Í®a ≤ƒ´’vT –

Q.

†÷uÆˇ-Ê°-°æ-®Ωx™ missing v°æéπ-ô-†©’ ´Ææ’hç-ö«®·. Missing ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ missed ÅE ®√ÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπüΔ. Å™«Íí No smoking, No parking, Drinking water ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE ing form ™ ®√≤ƒh-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? Do not smoke here, Do not park your vehicles here ÅE ®√ÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπüΔ. A. Smoking, drinking, parking - É™«çöÀ ´÷ô™x 'ing' form éÀ Å®Ωnç Ç °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç ÅE (§Òí∫-û√-í∫úøç, û√í∫úøç, ¢√£æ«-Ø√©’ E©-°æúøç). No smoking/ parking, etc- §Òí∫-û√-í∫úøç/ ¢√£æ«Ø√©’ E©°æúøç èπÿúøü¿E. Do not smoke/ Do not park, etc éπçõ‰ No smoking/ No parking simpler éπüΔ? Q. Bearer, Butler, Waiter, Server, Steward ...

OöÀéÀ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? A. Bearer Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√ ûÁîËa ¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ¢Á÷ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅE Å®Ωnç. Restaurants ™ Ç£æ…®Ω °æüΔ-®√n©’ ÅçCç-îË¢√-JéÀ Ñ ´÷ô ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’, ¢√úøç. Butler = °ü¿l-°ü¿l/ Ææç°æ-†’o© É∞¡x-™ xE °æE-¢√-∞¡x™  ´·ê’uúø’ – The chief man servant. Waiter = server = Restaurants, Nçü¿’©’, parties ™ ´úÕfç-îË-¢√®Ω’. Å®·ûË Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ standard English ™ waiter ÅØË-´÷ô áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Server ÅØË ´÷ô áèπ◊\´ ´’†- ü˨¡ç™ØË NE-°œÆæ’hçC. Restaurants ™ ´úÕfç-îË-¢√-JE waiter ÅØË °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’. (Waitress = Ñ °æ†’©’ îËÊÆ Çúø-¢√∞¡Ÿx) Steward = Restaurants/ clubs/ bars ™ ´úøf††’ Åï-´÷-®·≠œ îËÊÆ ´uéÀh/ °ü¿l °ü¿l C¢√ù«™x (Estates) ™ ÇÆæ’h© ´u´-£æ…-®√-©†’ îª÷ÊÆ-¢√úø’. (Stewardess = Ñ °æ†’©’ îËÊÆ Æ‘Y) A. Sridhar, Oripenta Q. Shop-shoppe, novelties, passing cloud, phonetics, big burn, affordable, ring master, echo tourism, picket, out post, big furn, roll over, royalty, signing off, accessories..

OöÀE-

N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. Shop = ü¿’é¬ùç/ Åçí∫úÕ =

Shoppe - Old spelling of shop - used now only in shop names Shop, shoppe, pronunciation

Ææ’hçC. äéπõ‰)

(ü¿’é¬-ù«© Ê°®Ωx™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ É°æ¤púø’ éπE-°œÈ®çúÕçöÀ

Novelties =

Car/ bike/ cycle accessories - musical horns, bells,

Éûª®Ω Å©ç-é¬-®√©’/ ≤ƒ´’vT, í¬®Ω’, X †’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. í¬®Ω’, X = Mr/ Ms (miss)/ Mrs. Q.

Q. I want to go to America. I want to go America.

Q.

¶„jé˙ O’ü¿ Åô÷, Éô÷ éπü¿-©-´ü¿’l.

A. Don't sway; steady. Q.

áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ îª÷úÌü¿’l.

Q. Q.

ÉC Åúø-í∫-ú≈Eo ûÁLÊ° †’´¤y Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©¢√? ÅE Ç¢Á’†’ Åûª-úø-úÕ-

°æ¤Ææh-鬩Fo ¶«uí˚™ °ô’déÓ.

í¬úø’–

A. Put all the books in your bag. Q.

"Will you start tomorrow?" He said to her-

°Eq™¸ ≥ƒ®˝p îËÆæ’éÓ.

A. Sharpen your

ÉC Åúø-í∫-úø¢Ë’ éπüΔ? = †’´¤y Í®°æ¤ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? ÅE Ç¢Á’†’ Åûª-úø-úÕ-í¬úø’ – He asked her if she

pencil.

ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬E´¤y (àüÁjØ√ °æE îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’)

Q. Smell, odour

Q.

491

A. "Can you understand English?" He said to hersentenceEnglish IS- He asked her if she could understand English.

A. It's hot, don't touch it.

A. Hurry up.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù

öÃO

¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçC, ´·ô’d-éÓ-´-ü¿’l (-û√-éπ-´ü¿’l).

A. I want to go to America- Correct.

ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Smell = ¢√Ææ†; Odour = °∂æ÷õ„j† ¢√Ææ† Q. Shop Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ ÖçúË M/s Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. M/s = Plural of Mr (Mister) = Ææ®ΩyX Q. Mrs Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Mrs - °∞¡x-®·† Çúø-¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ωx -´·ç-ü¿’ îËÍ®a °æ-ü¿ç.

sit

A. Don't watch the TV too long.

Q.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

2

was starting the next day. Q. Mani says, "I am ready" Mani says that she is ready report Mani said that she was ready Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb present reported speech tense or future

Ææ÷\™¸èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx õ„j¢˛’ Å®·uçC, ûÌçü¿-®Ωí¬ A†’.

Å-E, -Å-E -Åç-ö«ç. é¬-F -ÉçéÌéπ-JéÀ

A. It's time for School/ Time's up; eat fast. Q.

°æéπ\-¢√-úÕéÀ éÌçîÁç °ô’d (AØË-ô-°æ¤púø’)

-îËÊÆ-ô°æ¤p-úø’ Å-E éπ-üΔ- Å-Ø√-L? †’ ™ á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç? Q. éÌçîÁç ÊÆ°æ¤ °æúø’éÓ. ™ Öçõ‰ ™ A. Lie down for sometime. ´÷®Ω ü Δ? Q. ´·çü¿’í¬ £æ«Ùç ´®Ω’\ ®√Ææ’-èπ◊E, ûª®√yûª Çúø’-éÓ-´-ú≈-A. éÌEo ØÁ©© ûª®√yûª/ éÌçîÁç Æ洒ߪ’ç ûª®√yûª/ EéÀ §Ú. éÌEo ®ÓV© ûª®√yûª ´’†ç ´‚úÓ ´’E≠œéÀ report A. Do the homework first and then go out to îËߪ÷Lq†°æ¤púø’, Mani says ņç éπüΔ? (an play. hour/ two days/ some time ago) Mani said Q. *®Ω’-AçúÕ áèπ◊\-´í¬ A†èπ◊. ÅØË Åçö«ç éπüΔ? (Mani says two days ago A. Don't eat too much of snacks. A. give him/ her some (of what you're eating)

Don't watch the TV too long K.Ramesh Rao, Nagarjuna Sagar Q. Please give list of Vocabulary kangaroo words for the benefit of readers. eg: market= mart, spoil= soil etc..., A. A Kangaroo word has in its spelling, a smaller word which is its synonym. Devilish - evil, lineage - line, Destruction - ruin, Nourished Nursed, Instructor - tutor, Curtail - cut, Assured - sure, Deceased - dead, Falsities lies, Deliberate - Debate, variegated - varied, Pantaloons - Pants, Satisfied - sated, Instantaneously - instantly, Boundaries Bounds and so goes the list.

Åçûª N©’´ îËߪ’E, Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-Æœ† ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ – éÌEo ®ÓV© Å©ç-é¬-®√-EéÀ, ¢√úø-é¬-EéÀ °æE-éÌîËa ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Passing cloud - ûË™‰ ¢Ë’°∂æ’ç – ´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω-´-EC. Phonetics = ã ¶μ«≠æ-™ E ´÷ô©/ ¨¡¶«l© Öî√a®Ωù MV Subramanyam, Chillakur ûÁLÊ° ¨»ÆæYç Big burn - big = °ü¿l, burn = é¬L† í¬ßª’ç. Ñ éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Q. îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷ ®√®·. A. Read as you write. È®ç-úÕçöÀF éπL-°œûË ´îËa °æü¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Q. ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ îªü¿’´¤ A. Readout when you write. Afford = é̆-í∫-©-í∫úøç/ ê®Ω’a °ôd-í∫-©-í∫úøç, I can't afford a car. Q. öÃO îª÷Ææ÷h A†-´ü¿’l. Affordable = é̆-í∫-L-T†. Affordable prices = A. Don't watch the TV while you eat. é̆-í∫-L-T† üμ¿®Ω©’. Q. AØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ öÃO îª÷úø-´ü¿’l.and so goes the list. Ring master = Circus ™ ïçûª’-´¤©Ø√úÕç-îªúøç, A. Don't eat while you watch the TV. Éûª®Ω NØ√u-≤ƒ-©†÷ îË®·çîË ¶«üμ¿u-ûª-©’†o circus éπ∞«- Q. AØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ö«x-úø-´ü¿’l. é¬-®Ω’úø’. A. Don't talk while you eat. Ecotourism = °æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊©’, °æ®√u-´-®Ω-ù«-EéÀ £æ…E éπL¶„jé˙ áèπ◊\. A. Get up on the bike. Tç-îªE Nüμ¿çí¬ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË N£æ…®Ω v°æߪ÷-ù«©’ Q. Q. ¶„jé˙ Cí∫’. A. Get off the bike. (Holiday tours); ´·êuçí¬ °æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊©’ îÁLxçîË Q. ߪ ‚ E§∂ ƒ ç ¢Ë Æ æ ’ éÓ. A. Wear your uniform. úø•’s éÌçûª °æ®√u-´-®Ωù °æJ-®Ω-éπ~-ùèπ◊ ¢√úË °æü¿l¥-A™ Q. ߪ ‚ E§∂ ƒ ç N°p®·u. A. Take off the uniform. Picket = 1) Ææ¢Á’t ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ÆæçÆæn, factory Q. à à Ææ ¶ „ b è π ◊ d © ’ £æ « Ùç ´®Ω ’ \ Éî√a®Ω’? ™EéÀ á´®Ω÷ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ Ç°æúøç. 2) üˆo-®·Ø√ Ææç®Ω-éÀ~ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Eߪ’-N’çîË A. In which subjects do you have homework. ÂÆjE-èπ◊©/police © •%çü¿ç. Q. £æ«Ùç ´®Ω’\ °æ‹Jh-îË-¨»¢√? out post: 1) ¨¡vûª’-´¤© éπü¿-L-éπ†’ í∫´’-Eç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ A. Have you done/ finished your homework? ´·êu ÂÆjEéπ ≤ƒn´®Ωç †’ç* ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ ÖçúË Q. Í®°æ¤ Ææ÷\™¸ ÖçüΔ? ÂÆj†u N¶μ«í∫ç. Å™« ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ ÖçúË *†o A. Do you have school tomorrow? Police stations. Q. £æ«Ùç ´®Ω’\ ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°ô’d. 2) ´÷®Ω’´‚© ví¬´’ v§ƒçû√™x ÖçúË *†o A. Start doing/ begin your homework. police Station/ ¶μº´† Ææ´·-üΔߪ’ç. Q. N’T-L† £æ«Ùç ´®Ω’\ á°æ¤púø’ ®√≤ƒh´¤? Big furn - Ñ ´÷ô áéπ\ú≈ ™‰ü¿’. A. When will you do the rest of the HW?

Q.

ņç éπüΔ?) Å°æ¤púø’ reporting verb éπ*aûªçí¬ past tense Å´¤-ûª’çC éπüΔ? ´’†ç É™«çöÀ N≠æA. Finish your studies ߪ÷™x Ö†o E•ç-üμ¿-†-©†’ Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË early and then go to ´®ΩÍé §ƒöÀ≤ƒhç. E•ç-üμ¿-†© ´©x Å®Ωnç îÁúÕ-§ÚßË’ bed. v°æ´÷ü¿ç Öçõ‰ E•ç-üμ¿-†-©†’ ´C-™‰≤ƒhç. Q. ´’éÀ\éÀ ´’éÀ\ vö«-Ø˛q-™‰ö¸ Ééπ\úø exercise/ exam ™ Mani says ÅE îËߪ’èπ◊. Öçõ‰ Åéπ\úø says present tense Å´¤-ûª’çC M.SURESAN A. Don't translate word Å-ØË-C í∫´’-Eç-î√L. NúÕí¬ ´’†ç á°æ¤púÓ îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊†o to word. N≠æߪ’ç Å®·ûË said ÅØË Åçö«ç. Q. öÃO éÌçîÁç ≤˘çú˛ °ç. Q. Would, Could †’ present tense ™ spoken A. Raise the volume. English ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ÅN á°æ¤púø’ Q. v°∂œñ ¸-úÓ®˝ áèπ◊\´ÊÆ°æ¤ BÆœ Öçîªèπ◊. ¢√ú≈L? How could he? So could I OöÀ Å®Ωnç A. Don't keep the fridge open too long. àN’öÀ? ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? Q. ؈’ áèπ◊\´ÊÆ°æ¤ Éçéπ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-™‰†’. A. Å´¤†’. would †’ ´·êuçí¬ 1) wish ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 2) Question ®Ω÷°æç™ Ö†o requests ûÁL-Ê°çA. I can't stay here any more. ü¿’èπ◊ (Would you lend me your book?) 3) Q. Åûªúø’ ´Ææ÷h Öçúø-´îª’a. ( doubt + present conOffers èπ◊ (Would you have some coffee?), 4) tinuous) àüÁjØ√ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’† É≥ƒdE≥ƒd©†’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, A. He may be coming. like/ love/ hate/ prefer ûÓ (I would love to Q. Åûªúø’ ´Ææ÷h ÖçúÕ Öçúø-´îª’a.(doubt + past conhear her sing)- É™« present tense ™ tinuous) ¢√úøû√ç. A. He might have been coming. Could present tense ™ ¢√úøéπç– 1) possibility Q. Åûªúø’ ûª°æpéπ ´Ææ÷h Öçö«úø’.(Must + present (≤ƒüμ¿uûª) ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ (Be careful. He could continuous) defeat you = Åûªúø’ E†’o ãúÕç-a ñ«ví∫ûªh). A. He must be coming. 2) Question ®Ω÷°æç™ Åûªuçûª ´’®√uü¿í¬ (would Q. Åûªúø’ ûª°æpéπ ´Ææ÷h ÖçúÕ Öçö«úø’.( Must + past éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬) request îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊. °çü¿-™«úË îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊E °æúø’éÓ.

continuous)

Could you lend me some money (please)?

A. He must have been coming. Q.

Å™«Íí

doubt + future continuous.

A. He may be coming/ coming. Q.

Å™«Íí

He will perhaps

be

Must + Future continuous.

A. He must be coming. K. Kamala, Vizianagaram Q. Direct and Indirect Imperative sentence

speech

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™– Åçõ‰ Çïc©’, Ŷμºu-®Ωn-†©’, Åúø-í∫úøç ÅØ√o®Ω’. Ñ Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç-•ç-Cμç-* éÌEo ¢√é¬u©’ îÁ°æpçúÕ.

(é¬Ææh úø•’s Å°œp-≤ƒh®√?) – É™«. OöÀ í∫’Jç* N´®Ωçí¬ OöÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† lessons ™ îª÷úøçúÕ.Q. Phrasal verbs -Å-Eoç--öÀéÀ Å®√n© ’ úÕéπ{-†-K™ üÌ®Ω-éπúøç ™‰ü¿’. Put off, put on, put through, put up, put up with -É-™«ç-öÀ -¢√-öÀ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’Ææ’éÓ-´-úø-¢Á’-™«? A. Cambridge International Phrasal Verbs

Dictionary

of

´’ç* Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ω °æ¤Ææhéπç. üΔE Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 26 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2008A.Sudhakar, Bhiknur Please define these words: Surrealism, existentialism, impressionism, symbolism, puritanism, naturalism, realism, transcendentalism, multiculturalism. A. All these words are related to art, literature and philosophy. Surrealism = A style of art and literature in the 20th Century. In this type of art and literature unconnected things are shown in combination, as in a dream, to express what's happening in some body's mind

(Ñ ¨ÎjL ´®Ωg*-vû√™x, ≤ƒ£œ«-ûªuç™, ´’† £æ«%ü¿ßª÷çûª®√-∞«™x ïJÍí ¶μ«¢√-©†÷, Ç™-îª-†-©†÷ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω Ææç•ç-üμ¿ç™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ü¿%¨»u-©†÷, éπ©™x™« éπL°œ îª÷°æ¤û√®Ω’.) Existentialism = Åí∫´’uíÓîª-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ñ v°æ°æçîªç™ Å®Ωnç ¢ÁAÍé •ü¿’©’, ûª´’ Ωu-©èπ◊ û√¢Ë’ ¶«üμ¿’u-©-´’E ¢√CçîË ûªûªyç (Philosophy). Impressionism: Again a term from art = *vûªéπ-∞¡èπ◊, ´·êuçí¬ ûÁj©-´®Ωg *vû√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*çC– ®Ωçí∫’© (colours) ûÓ ®Ωçí∫’© îμ√ߪ’© (shades of colour) ûÓ ´’E≠œ ¶μ«¢√-©†’, ÖüËy-í¬-©†’ îª÷°æ-úøç, ´’E≠œ ¢Á·£æ«ç™ Ç ¶μ«¢√©’ îª÷°æ-úøç •ü¿’©’.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ A.

Å™«çöÀ rule àO’ ™‰ü¿’. Suffixes ≤ƒ-üμΔ®Ω-ùçí¬ ´÷ô© parts of speech †’ ´÷®Ω’-≤ƒh®·. à ´÷ôûª-®√yûª à suffix †’ îËJÊÆh à part of speech -Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-ØËC, 1) Ç ´÷ô à ¶μ«≠æ-†’ç* English ™éÀ ´*açD, 2) Öî√a-®Ω-ù«-≤˘-©¶μºuç (ease of pronunciation) †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. éÌEo nouns †’ verbs í¬ ´÷Í®a examples:

Q.

Note - notify; sanctity- sanctify; solid-solidify; beauty- beautify.

Q.

Adjectives verbs examples: wide - widen; broad - en; weak - en; dead - en; etc list

A. If you lose sight of your goal, victory shall never be yours.

†’

T.Satyanarayana, Vempadu

í¬ ´÷Í®a

É™« îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ô÷-§ÚûË Â°ü¿l Å´¤-ûª’çC. *´®Ω er, or, ar ©ûÓ à®Ωp-úø’-ûª’Ø√o®·. OöÀéÀ à¢Á’iØ√ ®Ω÷™¸ Öçõ‰ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫©®Ω’. A. Å™«çöÀ rule Åçô÷ àç ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË t *´-®Ω-´îËa ¨¡¶«l-©èπ◊ áèπ◊\-´í¬ '--or' ´Ææ’hçC. N’í∫û√ letters b, d, g, m, n, etc., *´-®Ω-´îËa¢√öÀéÀ, '-er' îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. Å®·ûË ÉC èπÿú≈ ÅEoîÓö«x-é¬ü¿’. '-ar' ´îËaC î√-™« ûª-èπ◊\´. ÅC, '-er', '-or' ™«çöÀ agent noun suffix é¬ü¿’. English ¶μ«≥ƒ-°æ-J-ù«-´’ç™ ã v°ævéÀߪ’ üΔy®√ ´îËa-ü¿C. Q. Agent nouns

ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ v°æ¨¡o©’ áEo ®Ω鬩’, ÅN àN’öÀ? ¢√öÀE à Nüμ¿çí¬ classify îË≤ƒh®Ω’? äéÌ\éπ\ question word ûÓ áEo ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ v°æ¨¡o©’ Åúø-í∫-´îÓa ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. v°æûËu-éπçí¬ question patterns °j† °æ¤Ææhéπç à¢Á’iØ√ Öçõ‰ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. English ™ two types of questions- 1) 'Wh'

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù

492

Q. Suffixes - fy - en ish adjectives nouns adjectives

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ Nouns †’ verb í¬ ´÷®Ωa-ú≈-EéÀ, ™«çöÀ suffix ûÓ nouns †’ í¬ ´÷®Ωa-ú≈-EéÀ à¢Á’iØ√ ®Ω÷©’ ÖçüΔ? †’ Ç N-üμ¿çí¬ verbs í¬, ™‰üΔ àßË’ í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´îÓa ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. eg: strength - strengthen, threat - threaten, specify, electrify, satisfy etc.,

Q.

©é~¬uEo ´C-L-°-úÕ-ûË Nïߪ’ç F ü¿J-üΔ-°æ¤-™xéÀ ®√ü¿’. üμ¿®Ωtç Åçõ‰ éπ®Ωh´uç, °æ®√-ߪ’-ùûª, ÆæüΔ-î√®Ωç.

A. Duty is devotion and adopting a good means to a good end Q.

E®Ωç-ûª®Ωç v¨¡N’ç-îË-¢√-úÕE îª÷Æœ ãôN’ ¶μºßª’-°æ-úø’ûª’çC.

Q. Q. Q. Q. Q. Q.

Éûª-®Ω’-©Â°j †´’téπç û√û√\-Léπç. F°j Fèπ◊-†oC ¨»¨¡yûªç.

àC û√ØÁj Fü¿-JéÀ îË®Ωü¿’. ¨Cμç*, ≤ƒCμç-î√L.

鬩ç FéÓÆæç Çí∫-ü¿E ûÁLÊ° ≤ƒüμ¿†ç í∫úÕ-ߪ÷®Ωç.

A. The clock is a device that reminds you that time waits for none.

(≤ƒ†’-èπÿ-©-¢Á’i†)

éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Q. Handling charges A.

à ´Ææ’h´¤©ÈéjØ√ ´’† order •’é˙ îËÆæ’èπ◊E ¢√öÀE îË®Ω-¢Ë-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, v°æߪ÷-ù«-©èπ◊ tickets book îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ company ©’ ´Ææ÷©’ îËÊÆ ®Ω’Ææ’ç.

A. Your faith in others is fleeting. Your faith in yourself is lasting. Q.

A. Restraint A. Favourable A. Understanding A. Sensation A. Background A. Rage (against some one/ some thing)

A.V. Subba Rao, Oripenta

A. Defeat dreads the ever industrious. Q.

Ææçߪ’-´’†ç ≤ƒ†’-èπÿ-©ûª Å´-í¬-£æ«† Ææçîª-©†ç ØË°æü∑¿uç E°æ¤p©’ îÁ®Ω-í∫úøç

Q. Osteoporosis A.

´ßª’Ææ’ Â°j•-úøôç ´©x, á´·-éπ©’ í∫’©xí¬, °∞¡Ÿ-Ææ’í¬ ûªßª÷-®ΩßË’u ¢√uCμ.

Q. Ether A.

ûËL-éπí¬ ÇN-È®j§ÚßË’ äéπ ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’† vü¿´ç– ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ ´’ûª’h ûÁ°œpç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

Q. Down town

Nothing comes to you on its own Q. Go there, go over there

Q.

Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ ûËú≈†’

ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿx/- ¢Á-∞¡x-úøç. Go over there = ÉC-èπÿú≈ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á-∞¡x-úø¢Ë’, Å®·ûË Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞Ïxçü¿’èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ üΔöÀ¢Á∞¡x-úøç–- äéπ í∫C-ØÓ/ ã v°æüË-¨»ØÓo/ ã Ü®Ω’ØÓ/ ã †-CØÓ/ ã Ææ´·-vüΔØÓo -üΔ-öÀ é¬-´-a.

Q. M.SURESAN

a) Please go over to the director in the next room =

°æéπ\-í∫-C™ Ö†o ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ– (í∫C- üΔöÀ ¢Á∞«xL)

director

ü¿í∫_-JéÀ

US for better opportunities. c) Go over there and see what's happening =

G. Narsing rao, Adilabad.

éÀç-C-¢√-öÀE -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ó -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. Q. í∫´’uç Æœn®Ωçí¬ Öçú≈L. ´÷®Ω_ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ E®Ωg-®·ç-éÓ-¢√L. v°æߪ’ûªoç ®√@-™‰E üμÓ®Ω-ùÀ™ ≤ƒí¬L. Å°æ¤púË Nïߪ’ç ´’†-ü¿-´¤-ûª’çC. A. Have your goal fixed. Fix the means to accomplishing it. Pursue it unwaveringly. Victory shall be yours.

A.

´’ûª-¢Ë’-üÁj-ûËØËç ´’E≠œ ´’ç*¢√úÁjûË î√©’.

A. What religion a person is not important. His goodness is.

A. Go there =

Åéπ\-úÕ-éÀ-¢ÁRx (ÉçéÓ-îÓ-ô’/ -í∫-C/- Ü®Ω’, etc 鬴a) àç ï-®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçüÓ îª÷úøçúÕ. Q. Dictionary ™ outwit èπ◊ Å®Ωnç get the better of Questions- starting with 'Wh' words. (What, by being more intelligent ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’. Ééπ\úø of When, Where, Who, Whom, Whose, Which by È®çúø’ prepositions äÍéîÓô ´î√a®·. É™« and Why) - the answers to these questions äÍé-îÓô È®çúø’ prepositions Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a? are statements. àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îÓa N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 2) Non-Wh Questions- °j 'Wh' ´÷ô™-ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç é¬EN (am, is, are, was, were, can, A. î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·, ´·êuçí¬ phrasal verbs ¢√úË-ôcould, shall, should, will, would, etc ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç°æ¤púø’ a) You don't know who passed by in ¶μº-´’-ßË’uN)– OöÀéÀ answers, yes or no. your absence b) I am signing in by ten tomorÉçûªéπçõ‰ ¢ËÍ® questions patterns ™‰´¤. OöÀØË row. É™« á†oØ√o ®√´-a-éπüΔ? É´Fo áèπ◊\´ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´÷Ja ´÷Ja Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’çö«ç. phrasal verbs, idioms, ûª®√yûª, passive voice Q. ''؈’ ÉçTx≠ˇ öÃ˝ Å®·-†çûª ´÷vû√-† ÉçTx≠ˇ ™ ®√´îª’a. °æü¿-ñ«-©-´’çû√ ûÁL-ߪ÷-©E àO’ ™‰ü¿’.—— DEE The disease he was cured off by the doctor ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. was typhoid. àüÁj-¢Á’iØ√, Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, A. Just/ simply because I am an English teacher ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË, É™«ç-öÀN correct í¬ØË ¢√úø’I can't be expected to know the whole vocabûª ’çö«ç. ulary in English./ That I am an English teacher is no reason why I should know all the words in English.

A. We savour only those victories we struggle to accomplish.

Q.

b) Many young Indians are going over to the

Q.

§Ú®√úÕ ≤ƒCμç-*† Nïߪ÷™‰ ´’†èπ◊ Åûªuçûª v°œßª’-¢Á’i-†N.

A. Nothing comes to you on its own. You should go after it and achieve it.

Symbolism: In art and literature using symbols to convey ideas.

*£æ…o©’/ í∫’®Ω’h©ûÓ ¶μ«¢√©†÷, Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©†÷ ûÁ©°æ-úøç– ´’®Ω-ù«Eo ûÁ-LÊ°çü¿’èπ◊ ÇJ-§Ú-ûª’†o D°æç-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ, N≥ƒ-üΔEéÀ ¢Á÷úø’-¢√-J-†ô’x îª÷°æ-úøç ™«çöÀC. Puritanism: Q©ç, v°æ´-®Ωh†, †úø-´úÕ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©™ áô’-´çöÀ ûª°œp-üΔEo éπ~N’ç-îª-™‰éπ§Ú´-úøç/ ¢√öÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©ûÓ ÅAí¬, éπ*aûªçí¬ Öçúøôç. Naturalism: ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ´uèπ◊h-©†’ ÅN/ ¢√∞¡⁄} ÖçúË Nüμ¿çí¬/ Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ îª÷°æ-úøç/ *vAç-îª-úøç. Realism: Ææç°∂æ ’-ô-†-©†’, ´uèπ◊h-©†’ ¢√Ææh´ ®Ω÷°æç™, ´·êuçí¬ ÅØ√-£æ…xü¿éπ®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†÷ Å™«Íí îª÷°æ-úøç. (ÆœE-´÷™x ¨¡´-ü¿-£æ«† ü¿%¨»u©÷, vèπÿ®Ω£æ«ûªu©’ ™«çöÀN Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ ïJÍí B®Ω’™ îª÷°æ-úøç DEéÀ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù) Transcendentalism: Çûªt-ñ«c†ç/ Çûªt-v°æ-¶-üμ¿çûÓ Ææû√u-ØËy-≠æù îËߪ’-úøç. Multiculturalism: Gμ†o ÆæçÆæ \ %-ûª’© éπ©-®·éπ ´’ç*-ü¿ØË ûªûªyç.

2

Nü¿u Åçõ‰ Åéπ~®Ω ñ«c†ç é¬ü¿’. ÆæÈ®j† C¨¡†’ îª÷Ê°üË Nü¿u.

A. Mere literacy is not education. Real education defines your direction. Q.

Ñ @Nûªç Å°æ‹®Ωy ´®Ωç. üΔEE îªJ-û√®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ.

A. Life is a great boon. Make it worthwhile. Q.

v°æA Ææ´’Ææu °æJ-≥ƒ\-®Ωç-™†’ éÌûªh Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ Hïç Öçô’çC.

A. In the solution to a problem lies the seed of a new problem. Q.

áûªh-®·† Pê-®√-EéÀ îË®√-©çõ‰ ûª©-´ç* ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒí¬L.

A. To scale a high peak you have to bend your head and proceed. Q.

áçûªöÀ Pê-®Ω-¢Á’i-Ø√ ØË© †’çîË v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç.

A. Even the highest peak has its base on the ground. M. Rangaiah, Illendu

éÀçC °æ-üΔ-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? Q. ÅGμ-¢√ü¿ç A. Salutation/ obeisance Q. áüËl´ A. Mockery/ ridicule Q. áçúø-í∫-ôd-úøç A. Expose Q. ÆæpçCçîªúøç A. Respond Q. °æ®√-´’-Jzç-îªúøç A. Enquire about/ after (some one's well-being) Q.

§ƒ®Ω-ü¿-®Ωz-éπûª Q. í∫J|ç-îªúøç Q. °æ¤çúø’ Q. í∫>b Q. ≤ƒ®√稡ç

A. Transparency A. Deplore A. Sore A. Scabies

äéπ †í∫®Ωç™E ¢√u§ƒ®Ω v°æü˨¡ç– E¢√Ææ Ææn™«-EéÀ Gμ†oçí¬. Q. K.G. Basin Åçõ‰ éπ%≠æg, íÓüΔ-´J ¶‰Æ œØ˛– éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. Krishna Godavari Basin- Ç †ü¿’© °æK-¢√-£æ«éπ v§ƒçûªç. Ç †ü¿’©èπ◊ È®çúø’¢Áj°æ¤™« ÖçúË v§ƒçûªç (Åçü¿’-™E *†o-*†o à®Ω’©’ Ç †ü¿’™x éπ©’Ææ÷h) Q. campaign A. Öü¿u´’ç Q. carnival A. Ææç•®Ωç/ ¢Ëúø’éπ/ ¢Ë’∞« Q. catchment area A. äéπ †C/ Ææ®ΩÆæ’q™éÀ ´®Ω{ç F®Ω’ v°æ´-£œ«çîË v§ƒçûªç. Q. saga A. O®Ω’© ≤ƒ£æ«Ææí¬ü∑¿ Q. Inflow A. †ü¿’-™ xéÀ ´®√{© ´©x ´*a îËÍ® F®Ω’. Q. Shade-shadow ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Shade = áçúø/ ¢Á©’ûª’®Ω’ °æúøE îÓô’. Shadow = Fúø Q. Just do it A. Ç °æE îËÂÆß˝’/ ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊çú≈ °æE îª÷úø’. Q. Just like that A. üΔE™«í¬ØË/ ÅC ÅçûË/ àüÓ -Å™«. Q. Hands free A. Telephone ™«çöÀ °æJ-éπ-®√©†’ îËûÓh °æô’d-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøí∫© Ææü¿’-§ƒßª’ç. Q. Kitty party A. Åçü¿®Ω÷ îªçüΔ-™‰-Ææ’-èπ◊E îËÆæ’èπ◊ØË party Q. Kitty Bank A. Ê°é¬-ô™ Åçü¿®Ω÷ °æùçí¬ Â°õ‰d úø•’s ¢Á·ûªhç – ÈíL-*-†¢√∞¡Ÿx BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËC Q. •£æ›-´·ê v°æñ«c-¨»L ÅØË-üΔ-EéÀ Multifaced or Multifaceted àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? A. Versatile genius. Multi faced =

î√™« ´·ë«©’ Ö†o. î√™« ¢Áj°æ¤-©’†o. A multifaceted problem = NNüμ¿/ •£æ› Å稻©’†o Ææ´’Ææu Q. Norms A. v°æ´÷-ù«©’ (Standards). Multi faceted =

A. Summary/ Sum and substance/ Gist/ Synopsis

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 28 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2008-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Akarsh: Hello, is this 6454406 please?

ûÁL-ÆœçüË. Å®·ûË ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’© ´’üµ¿u ¶«í¬ ’-´¤†o ¢√JûÓ free í¬ØË ´÷ö«x-úøû√ç. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Vishal: Yes, who is speaking please? É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶ßË’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ °æöÀdç--éÓ-†(Å´¤†’, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-üÁ-´-®ΩçúŒ?) éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ´’†-éπçûª °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E-¢√-∞¡xûÓ phone ™ Akarsh: I am Akarsh. May I speak to Niriksh? ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’– (؈’ Çéπ®˝{†’. EKé˙~ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÌî√a?) 1. ´’† voice (íÌçûª’) î√™« clear í¬ Öçú≈L. Vishal: Sorry. He's just gone out. (He) won't be 2. ´’†ç îÁÊ°pC Eü∆-†çí¬ äéÓ\-´÷ô Ææp≠ædçí¬ N†back for an hour. °æ-úË™« ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´’ç*C. Å™«-é¬-éπ-§ÚûË Å´-ûª(≤ƒK. ûªE-°æ¤púË •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«xúø’. äéπ- í∫ç-ô-èπ◊L-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ÆæJí¬ N†-°æ-úøéπ repeat îËߪ÷-Lqí¬F AJ-T-®√úø’.) ´-Ææ’hçC. ÅC waste of valuable phone time. Akarsh: May I know who is speaking? 3. Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁÊ°pC ´’†ç ã°œí¬_ N†o ûª®√yûË (á´®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?) ÆæpçCç-î√L. Vishal: I am Vishal, Niriksh's elder brother. ´’†-éπç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ: ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ Anything important, Akarsh? ¶µ«≠æ™x éπçõ‰ English ™ Thanks (éπ%ûª-ïcûª), Sorry (؈’ Niriksh ņo N¨»-™¸†’. à´’Ø√o (éπ~´÷-°æù) If you don't mind (´’®Ó™« ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çõ‰/ ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ’´÷?) Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË) May I... (´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Åúø-í∫ôç) Akarsh: Yes, it is. I am his classmate. We have ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. ÉN phone conversation ™ éπ*aan exam the day after and I want to ûªçí¬ §ƒöÀ≤ƒhç. Ééπ please N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æp-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ borrow a book from him. It's urgent. éπü∆. (Å´¤†’. ´·êu¢Ë’. ؈-ûª-úÕ classmate †’. ´÷èπ◊ á©’xç-úÕ äéπ °æKéπ~ ÖçC. Åûª-úÕ-†’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√L Ø√èπ◊. î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç.) (£æ«™, ÉC 6454406 -†ç-•Í®-Ø√?)

Vishal: I'm afraid you've to wait till he is back.

(Åûªúø’ AJ-íÌ-îËaçûª´®Ωèπÿ O’®Ω’ LqçüË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)

wait

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

îËߪ÷-

493

2

Sankar: I'm afraid you can't. He is busy/ He is attending a meeting/ He is in a meeting.

(Çߪ’-†ûÓ É°æ¤púø’ ´÷ö«x-úø™‰-Í®¢Á÷. Çߪ’† busy í¬ / meeting ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

Sujana: Sorry, I'm going out too. Is it important? I'll leave a message for her in that case.

Eswar: When is he likely to be free? Sankar: Sorry. No idea Sir. Could you ring up again after half an hour?

(ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿çúŒ. ã °œ©’-≤ƒh®√?) Ring up = Phone îËߪ’úøç.

Å®Ω-í∫çô

ûª®√yûª

Eswar: Will he be available surely then?

(ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿ç-úÕ. v°æߪ’-Aoç* îª÷úøçúÕ.) îª÷¨»-®Ω’-í∫ü∆ phone ´*a† ´uéÀh Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’™ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ É™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC Ææ綵«-≠æù.

Vishal:

™ ´’†ç

(Åûª-úÕéÀ cell phone ™‰ü∆? Ç †ç•®˝ é¬Ææh í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC– ÆæÈ®j† number Íé phone É≤ƒh®√?) If he had one you would know it, as î˨»´÷ ™‰ü∆ ÅE E®√l¥-Jç-éÓ-´úøç. Åçü¿’-éπE, -´·ç-ü¿’í¬ you are classmates. (Åûª-úÕéÀ cell Öçõ‰ O’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç ÅØËC. Öçúø-ü¿’-éπü∆? O’®Ω’ classmates 鬕öÀd.) 1) Is it/ Is this (´’†ç-îËÊÆ

Akarsh: He was telling us he would buy one, so I thought he had.

(´÷ûÓ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’ ûª†’ éÌØ√o-úË¢Á÷ ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o.)

cell

éÌçö«-†E.

Vishal: No chance. Dad's against it.

(Ç v°æ¨Ïo-™‰ü¿’. ´÷Ø√†o ä°æ¤p-éÓ®Ω’.) Akarsh: Then could you pass on the message? Could you ask him to call me back as soon as he is home.

(Å®·ûË Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úÕéÀ îÁ•’-û√®√? ÉçöÀéÀ ®√í¬ØË Ø√èπ◊ phone îÁߪ’u-´’E îÁ•’-û√®√?) Vishal: But I'm going out too, and no idea when I'll be back.

(؈÷ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o, á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhØÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.)

O’®Ω’ phone îËÆœ† ´uéÀh É°æ¤púø’ Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’™ ™‰úø’ ÅE ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ I'm afraid/ I'm sorry, ™«çöÀ expressions ¢√úÕûË î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. ÉO practise îËߪ’çúÕ. ´’Sx ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ.

phone con(English)

≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ versation

Sridevi: Is this 24111213 please? Srivalli: Yes. Who do you want please? M.SURESAN

™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-¢√∞Ïx áû√h®√ ™‰ü∆ ÅE vüµ¿’OéπJç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊

(-Å-´¤-†’. á´®Ω’ 鬢√-©çúŒ O’èπ◊?) Sridevi: I wish to speak to Sripriya. Is she there? I am Sridevi.

number) ... Please? phone

Am I speaking to Niriksh, please? Is this Niriksh?

(éÌçîÁç ’-´¤í¬) (°j È®çúÕçöÀéà ŮΩnç– Øˆ’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC EK-é˙~ûÓ-ØËØ√?). DEéÀ phone receive îËÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-¢√∞¡x Ææpçü¿†: Yes, speaking. (ØËØË EKé˙~ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’Ø√o) Who is this please? (O’È®-´-®ΩçúŒ?) May I know who is speaking? (´÷ö«x-úËüÁ´®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’-≤ƒh®√?) ÉN ¶«í¬ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. Now, look at the conversation below: Govind: Hello, can I speak to Mr. Gopal please?

(íÓ-§ƒ-™¸ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÌî√a?)

(Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô îÁ°æ¤p. ®√í¬ØË ††’o éπ©´-´’E quiz èπ◊ prepare ÅßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Sujana: OK. I will write it down for her to see it as soon as she is back. (OK.

ûª†’ ®√í¬ØË îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ ®√Ɯ°öÀd ¢Á∞¡-û√†’.) ÉC phone ´*a† ´uéÀh ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√JéÀ Ææ´÷î√®Ωç ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ message ®√Æœ, Öçîªúøç. Offices ™ °æE-îËÊÆ ¢√JéÀ ÉC î√™« ´·êuç. Official í¬ message ᙫ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™ ´îËa lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç. í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-´-©-ÆœçC Opening the conversation: Hello, is this .... (number) please/ Is this (name of the person called)? / Am I speaking to (name of the person called)? / Can I speak to (name of the person called)? etc. Response to the above: Yes, (name of the person called) speaking, and who is this please? / May I know who is speaking?

Phone ´*a† ´uéÀhE °œ©-¢√-Lq-´*a, Å´-ûª-L-¢√-∞¡x†’ line (Xv°œ-ߪ’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Ç¢Á’ ™ ÖçúøçúÕ Å†úøç: Please hold on/ Please hold the line/ Could you hold on? etc. Öçü∆ Åéπ\úø?؈’ XüË-NE.)

Srivalli: She is out right now. (She is) expected back in two hours.

M. Srihari Babu, Ongole

éÀçC -¢√-öÀ-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æpçúÕ. Q. éÌçîÁç ûªèπ◊\´.

(v°æÆæ’hûªç Ç¢Á’ ™‰C-éπ\úø. È®çúø’ í∫çô© ûª®√yûª ®√´îªa-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç.) Can I take your message for her? (Ç¢Á’-Íé-´’Ø√o îÁ§ƒp™«?) Sridevi: I won't be able to call her again today. Please pass on this message to her. There is an important meeting tomorrow at 5 in the evening. She has to attend it without fail.

(É¢√∞¡ ´’Sx ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊ phone îËߪ’-™‰†’. Ñ ´÷ô ÇN-úøèπ◊ îÁ°æpçúÕ. Í®§Ú ´·êu-¢Á’i† Akarsh: (Is there) No one else at home? (á´-®ΩçúŒ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC?) meeting ÖçC. ûª†’ ûª°æpéπ £æ…ï-®Ω-¢√y--L.) (Éçöx ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ ™‰®√?) Govind: I am Govind here. (؈’ Govind) Srivalli: Sure. I'll tell her. (ûª°æpéπ îÁ•’-û√†’) Vishal: I'll do one thing. I will write out a mes- Ganesh: I'll call Gopal. Please hold on/ hold É™« phone ™ 鬢√-Lq† ´uéÀh ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ sage for him and leave it here. Which the line while I call him. ûÁ L ß ª’°æ-®√a-Lqç-üË-´’Ø√o Öçõ‰ É™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC Ææ綵«number are you calling from please? (Gopal †’ °œ©’-≤ƒh†’. line ™ Öçúøç-úÕ.) ≠æù. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù îª÷úøçúÕ. (Å®·ûË ØËØÌéπ °æE-îË-≤ƒh†’. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ®√Æœ- Govind: I'll wait. (Öçö«†’) °-úø-û√-E-éπ\úø. O’Í® number †’ç* phone îª÷¨»®Ω’éπü∆? line ™ ÖçúøçúÕ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ please Supriya: Hello, I am Supriya here, can I speak îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) to Sulekha please? hold on/ hold the line Åçö«ç. Éçé¬Ææh ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Akarsh: It is 2626267. It's urgent please. (؈’ Ææ’v°œßª’†’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. Sulekha ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ could you please hold (on)/ hold the Vishal: I understand. I'll see that he'll get back line? ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÌî√a.) to you. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ phone ´*a† ´uéÀh ÉçéÓ phone ™ Sujana: Hi Supriya. I am Sujana. Sister is out (Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC. ®√í¬ØË -O’èπ◊ phone îËÊÆ™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çõ‰ visiting one of our aunts. (She) will be îª÷≤ƒh.) back only at 2. Could you just wait? He/ she is busy on Akarsh: Thank you. another line/ He is (busy) talking to someone (ØËØË Sujana, ´÷ Åéπ\ ´÷ aunt ¢√Rxçelse Åçö«ç. Vishal: You're welcome. öÀéÀ ¢ÁRxçC.) Ñ lesson ™ English ™ telephone conver- É°æ¤púø’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. Supriya: Tell her to call me back when she sation ᙫ- îË-ߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Eswar: Hello, this is Eswar. Can I speak to gets home, with you. Sambhu? Phone conversation ´÷´‚©’ conversation (-Éç-öÀéÀ ®√í¬-ØË -Ø√èπ◊ -§∂Ú-Ø˛ -îË-ߪ’-´’-E ™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ é¬Ææh polite (´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬), formal í¬ (؈’ Eswar †’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. ¨¡ç¶µº’ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p.) Öçú≈-©†o N≠æߪ’ç/ Öçô’ç-ü¿†o N≠æߪ’ç Åçü¿-Jéà ´÷ö«x-úÌî√a?) Ganesh: Who is speaking please?

Supriya: That's fine. The message is, that she should meet me as soon as she can so that we can prepare for the quiz ahead.

(Å°æ¤púø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®√ Çߪ’†?) Sankar: Don't know sir. Just take a chance and see.

When is he likely to be fr ee? Akarsh: Hasn't he a cell? Could you give me the number?

(ÅßÁ÷u, ؈÷ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. àçöÀ ÅüË´’Ø√o ´·êu´÷? Å™« Å®·ûË message ´CL ¢Á∞¡-û√™‰, ®√Æœ) Message- ¢√®Ωh/ N≠æߪ’ç/ Ææçü˨¡ç

(á°æ¤púø’ Çߪ’† BJí¬_ ÖçúÌa?)

A. This is a little less. Q.

éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´.

A. This is a little too much/ more. Q.

ÅÆæ©’ ™‰ü¿’.

A. There isn't any at all. Q.

¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´.

A. (There is) too much of it. Q.

¶«í¬ ûªèπ◊\´.

A. (There is) too little of it. Q.

鬰∂‘™ ≠æflí∫®˝ ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC.

A. The coffee has less sugar than I like. (The coffee could have a little more sugar.) Q.

áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC.

A. There is more sugar than I like. Q.

éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC.

A. There is a little more sugar than I like. Q.

ÅÆæ©’ ™‰ü¿’.

A. There is no sugar at all in the coffee. Q.

¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´.

A. There is too much of sugar in the coffee. Q.

¶«í¬ ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC.

A. There is too little sugar in the coffee. Idiomatic take some more sugar.

í¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ The coffee could (éÌçîÁç ûªèπ◊\´) The coffee is too sweet - ´’K áèπ◊\´. é¬Ææh

A little more sugar and the coffee could be fine etc.

é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 31 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2008 Nagaraju, Srikakulam

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Q. ÉC îª÷Æœ Åûªúø’ îªLç-*-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. A. He was shaken/ moved at the sight. Q.

éπ†o-ûªLx Gúøf†’ Ţ˒t-Æœ† °∂æ’-ô† †í∫-®Ωç™ îÓô’îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çC.

A. The city was the scene of a mother selling off her own child. Q.

ÉC °æ©’-´¤-JE éπçô-ûªúÕ Â°öÀdç-*çC.

A. It brought tears to many. Q.

ûª©-éÀç-ü¿’-©’í¬ ûª°æÆæ’q îËÆœØ√ †’´¤y Ñ °æE îËߪ’-™‰´¤.

A. Try/ struggle as you might, you can never do it. Q.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Q.

A. I am/ live near your office/ close to your office.

éÀçC ≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Q. èπ◊éπ\ é¬ô’èπ◊ îÁ°æ¤p-üÁ•s.

Q.

A. Tit for tat

؈’ O’ Ç°∂‘-Ææ’èπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-™ØË ÖØ√o†’. Åûªúø’ ü˨¡ç éÓÆæç ûª† Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒyFo û√uí∫ç î˨»úø’.

A. He sacrificed his all for the country. Q.

A. Fellow human being. Q.

ü˨¡ NüË-¨»™x ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ ´÷®Ω’ ¢Á÷-T-§Ú®·ç-C.

A. He is known at home and abroad. Q.

A. One swallow doesn't make summer Q.

A. You fall in the pit you dig for others.

éÓ®Ω’d Åûª-úÕ-éÀ ¶„®·™¸ ´’çW®Ω’ îËÆœçC.

A. The Court has granted him bail.

Q.

èπÿöÀ-éÓÆæç éÓöÀ Nü¿u©’.

Q.

Åûªúø’ éÓ®Ω’d †’ç* ÊÆd Ç®Ωf®˝ ü¿éÀ\ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

A. Dasera comes only once a year.

A. He obtained a stay order from the court.

Q.

Q..

Åûªúø’ °æC ©éπ~© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ N®√-∞¡çí¬ Éî√aúø’.

A. He donated Rs. 10 Lakh.

v°æA ´’E-≠œéÀ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’-ç -´-Ææ’hçC. Q.- -âéπu-´’-ûªu-¢Ë’ -•-©ç. A. Unity is strength.

؈’ ûª©’--èπ◊çõ‰ à¢Á’iØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’.

A. Once I decided to do/ think of doing something, I can do it. Q.

؈’ äéπ ö«È®_ö¸ °ô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC ´-®Ωèπ◊ try îË≤ƒh.

reach

ÅßË’u-

A. Once I set myself a target, I keep trying till I reach it/ I don't rest till I reach it. Q.

؈’ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ äéπ-≤ƒJ †´·t-û√†’. Ç †´’téπç Öç-èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ help îË≤ƒh†’.

A. I trust any body just once. If I find them trustworthy, I definitely help them.

A. Every dog has his day. Q. English-English, English-Telugu

à dictionary í¬ Öçô’çüÓ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. ÅC O’ English °æJ-ñ«c-Ø√Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. O’®Ω’ English meanings Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-TûË English to

éÓúÕ í∫’úø’x °ôdúøç.

-

A. Hen laying eggs. Q.

îÁ®Ω-°æ-èπ◊®√ îÁúË´¤.

A. All struggle for a morsel of food.

°æ†’o NCµç-îªúøç

Q.

Q.

Q.

É©x-©-éπ-í¬ØË °æçúøí∫ é¬ü¿’.

Q.

Q.

A. Cat littering kitten.

¢Á·Ææ∞¡x

A. The worse is yet to come Q.

Ææ’v°‘ç-éÓ®Ω’d DE°j ÊÆd NCµç-*çC.

A. Impose/ Levy a tax

°œLx °œ©x©’ °ôdúøç.

´- ·çü¿’çC °æçúø’í∫.

A. Supreme Court has stayed this.

A. He is deep/ lost in his penance.

ü¿Ææ®√ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ äÍé≤ƒJ ´Ææ’hçC.

Q.

≤ƒöÀ ´÷†-´¤úø’

Q.

Åûªúø’ ûª°æ-Ææ’q™ E´’-í∫o-¢Á’i-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

2

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

††’o á°æ¤púø’ ®Ω´’tç-ö«®Ω’?

A. When shall I come? / When do you want me to come?

494

advantage

U. Srinivas, Jarugumalli Q.

ÉçTx≠ˇ †’ç* ûÁ©’-í∫’-™éÀ ¢√é¬uEo ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü∆ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ éÌçûª ¶µ«´ç™ ûËú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. éπÈ®-èπ◊dí¬ ¶µ«¢√-EéÀ ÆæJ-°æ-úË-N-üµ¿çí¬ á™« frame îËÆæ’-éÓEnglish best. ¢√L. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Éçöx ™„jô’x ÇJ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. The lights have gone out Åçõ‰ ™„jô’x •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«x®· ÅE éπü∆. éπÈ®èπ◊d ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ ûÁ©’í∫’ûÓ §Ú©’a-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çü∆? §Ú©’a-èπ◊çõ‰ éÌçîÁç ûËL-éπ-´¤-ûª’çü∆ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’? A. à È®çúø’ ¶µ«≠æ™ x èπÿú≈ äÍé ¶µ«¢√-EéÀ ¢√úË words/ phrases (´÷ô©÷/ ´÷-ô© Ææ´‚-£æ…©’) word to Q. §ƒ©-èπÿ®Ω, íÓ®Ω’-*-èπ◊\úø’, ¶Ô•s®Ω’x OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  word correspondence (´’éÃ\éÀ ´’éÃ\í¬ Å†’à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ¢√ü¿ ç) èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. correct English ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ A. Spinach, Cluster beans, Cowpeas. ûÁ©’í∫’ûÓ §Ú©’a-éÓ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË ÉC éÌçûª´®ΩÍé corP. Gopal, Tirupathi rect Å´¤-ûª’çC. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ lights ÇJ-§Ú-ߪ÷éÀçC future tense ™E ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ߪ’ØË •ü¿’©’ lights/ current §Úߪ÷®·/ §Ú®·çC Åçö«ç éπü∆. ûÁ©’í∫’ ´÷ô© §ÚLéπ Öçúø-ö«Eo•öÀd Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ņ’-´-CÊÆh î√™« ´®Ωèπÿ (°æ‹Jhí¬) é¬ü¿’; éÌçûª Q. I shall talk. Ææ’©¶µºç 鬴a. A. I shall talk - ؈’ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√†’ (future™)

Ever y dog has his day Q.

v°æéπ%-AE Ç≤ƒy-Cç-îªúøç.

Q..

A. Enjoying/ savouring the beauty of nature. Q.

v°æéπ%-AE Ç≤ƒy-Cç-î√-©E á´-JéÀ ÅE-°œç-îªü¿’ îÁ°æ¤p?

A. Who doesn't feel like enjoying the beauty of nature? Q.

Q.

Éçûª-é¬-™«-EéÀ, ÉEo ®ÓV-©èπ◊ F ´·êç™ *®Ω’-†´¤y îª÷úø-í∫-L-í¬†’.

A. After a long time/ At last/ After so many days I am able to see a smile on your face. Q.

Åûªúø’ Éçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøôç ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø™‰ü¿’.

A. I haven't seen him so happy before. Q.

Éü¿çû√ F °æ¤ùu¢Ë’. àN’ É*a F ®Ω’ùç B®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫-©†’.

A. All thanks to you. Nothing I can do can clear me from your obligation. Q. Just thanks

ÅE îÁ°œp F ®Ω’ù«Eo B®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰†’.

A. A mere thank you can not free me from my indebtedness to you. Q.

A. He has approver. Q.

v°æ¶µº’ûªyç †éπq-™¸qûÓ îª®Ωa©’ ï®Ω-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊çC.

A. The Govt has agreed to negotiations/ hold negotiations/ talks with the Nexalities

´’Sx †’´¤y Ñ ÉçöÀ ô’d°æéπ\-©èπ◊ ´î√a¢Ó Æ棜«ç-îËC ™‰ü¿’.

A. I can't tolerate seeing you any where around this place.

Åûªúø’ Åv°æ‹-´-®˝í¬ ´÷J§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. turned

an

†’´¤y Åv°æ‹-´-®˝í¬ ´÷JûË Péπ~ ûªí∫_-´îª’a.

A. If you turn an approver, you may get remission in your punishment. Q.

M.SURESAN

Ééπ\úø’çúÕ É•sç-C-°æúË •ü¿’©’ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRûË §ÚßË’üË-´·çC?

A. What do we lose if we go there instead of facing all the troubles here? M.Chandu, TB.Palem Q.

éÀçC ¢√öÀéÀ

plural

a) Salesman

b) Musulman c) youngman

鬶ßË’ ¶µ«®Ωu, 鬶ßË’ ¶µº®Ωh, °œLx-éπ∞¡x Å´÷t®·, °œLx-éπ∞¡Ÿx, îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-†o-¢√úø’– OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

A. Would be wife/ husband. Cat-eyed girl, cat eyes, educated person. Q. Lawyer, Pleader, Advocate, Vakil

àN’öÀ? A. Lawyer =

A. Bunganna, Munagalapadu

A. I shall be talking - future

Q. Please let me know the other form of the sentence "Agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define wisdom." The starting words of your sentence should have "No sooner".

™ äéπ EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç™/ °∂晫-Ø√ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´÷ö«xúø’-ûª÷çö«†’. I shall be talking to him at 5 tomorrow -

Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç âCçöÀéÀ ؈ûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Öçö«†’.

ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. a) Salesmen b) musalmans c) young men Q.

Q. I shall be talking.

– -O-öÀéÀ ûËú≈

No sooner ---------

Q. I shall have talked.

™ ã Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ

Please let me know the other forms also if any.

I shall have talked to him by this time tomorrow =

A. No sooner do we define wisdom, than the argument ceases.

A. I shall have talked = Future

´·çü¿’ ´÷ö«x-úËÆœ Öçö«†’. Í®°‘-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ؈ûªúÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úËÆœ Öçö«†’.

Q. I shall have been talking. A. I shall have been talking = Future

™ ã Æ洒ߪ÷-EéÀ ´·çüË ´÷ö«x-úøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* Ç Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ω-èπÿ-í¬F, Ç Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Éçé¬-í¬F ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Öçö«†’. I shall have been talking to him by this time tomorrow = Í®°‘§ƒöÀéÀ ´·çüË ´÷ö«xúøfç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, ѧƒöÀ´®Ωèπÿ / Éçé¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Öçö«†’.

îªôdç ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√úø’. äéπ-JE Ææ´’-Jnç-îË-¢√®Ω’– îªôd-°æ-®Ωçí¬ Â°jÈ®çúÕç-öÀéà ŮΩnç – Ø√uߪ’-¢√C. Pleader Åçõ‰ Q. C´ç-í∫ûª ´·êu-´’çvA èπÿú≈ ÅüË Å®Ωnç – Å®·ûË §ƒûª-®Ó-V™x ÉC ¢√úËA. The late CM ¢√®Ω’, îªôdç (Law)™ degree ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√. É°æ¤púø’ Q. Ø√ éÓÆæç äéπ\ éπFo-öÀ-¶Ôô’d Å®·Ø√ 鬮Ω’a. Ñ ´÷ô ¢√úø’-éπ-™-™‰ü¿’. Vakil ÅØ√o ÅüË, É°æ¤púø’ M. Ram Naik, Hyderabad ÅC î√©’. ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Kindly shed a drop of tear for me. That'll do Q. House, Home, Apartment, Building -O-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ Q. F ´·çü¿’ ؈’ áçûª? Q. †’´¤y ´ÊÆh î√©’. Ø√èπ◊ ÉçÍéO’ ´ü¿’l. ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. It is just enough if you come. I don't want any- A. House - É©’x (à É©x-®·Ø√) A. What am I before you? thing more. Home = ´’†ç á´JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ Q. Ø√ ´·çü¿’ F´¤ áçûª? Q. O’ É©’x îª÷-úÌî√a äéπ-≤ƒJ? ¢√®Ω’ E´-ÆœçîË É©’x, èπ◊ô’ç-•çûÓ; A. What are you before me? A. Can I see your house once? Apartment = flat/ a set of flats. Q. ÅÆæ©’ Fèπ◊ ؈’ ᙫ éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’? Q. àú≈C AJ-Íí-Ææ-JéÀ E†’o éÓöÃ-¨¡y-®Ω’-úÕE îË≤ƒh†’. Building = éπôdúøç ¶µº´†ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ A. How do I appear to you? A. I will make you a millionaire by the turn of the Q. For the water came lip to my lips. Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Q. ÅÆæ©’ Ø√ í∫’Jç* àN’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? year. ûÁ©’í∫’™ Å®Ωnç îÁ°æpçúÕ. A. What do you take me for? Q. Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-Lq† úø•’s ᙫ ®√•-ô’d-éÓ-¢√™ Ø√èπ◊ A..For the water came lip to my lips é¬ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö« upto my lips Ø√ °ü¿-´¤© ´®Ωèπ◊ (Åçûª ™ûª’í¬) Q. Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i† ûÁ©’Ææ’. A. Sensitive F∞¡ Ÿx ´îËa-¨»®·. A. I know how to get the money due to me. Advocate =

P. Mohan, Jagityal Q. Dispensary, Hospital, Nursing home, Clinic

© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Dispensary = ÇÆæ’°ævûª’™x ´’çü¿’©’ éπLÊ° N¶µ«í∫ç. (äéπ-°æ¤púø’ ÇÆæ’°ævA ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úË-¢√®Ω’. É°æ¤pú≈ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’). Hospital = ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ ÊÆ´-©ç-CçîË ÇÆæ’°ævA – ¢Ájü¿uç §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷vûªç ´*a ¢ÁRx-§ÚßË’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ (Outpatients) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Åéπ\úË éÌEo ®ÓV©’ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ´Ææ-ûª’©’ Ö†o (In patients) ÇÆæ’°æ-vA. Clinic = äéπ/ éÌEo ¢√uüµ¿’-©èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ *éÀ-ûªq-©çCçîË ÇÆæ’°æ-vA– Eye clinic/ ENT clinic (îÁN, ´·èπ◊\, éπçöÀ ¢√uüµ¿’-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’)/ family planning clinic, etc. Nursing home = Private doctors †úÕÊ° ÇÆæ’°ævA. Standard English ™ Nursing home èπ◊ ´·êuçí¬ ´%ü¿’l¥-©èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÊÆ ÇÆæ’°ævA ÅE Å®Ωnç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 2 -ÂÆ-°dç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sindhura: Hello, I am Sindhura here; may I speak to Mandaara please?

(£æ…™, ؈’ Æœçüµ¿÷-®Ω†’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. ´’çü∆-®ΩûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a?) Sahana: You mean Ms Mandaara Mukund, our Manager?

(O’®Ω-ØËC ´÷ Manager, X´’A ´’çü∆®Ω ´·èπ◊çü˛ûÓØ√?) (Ms = Æ‘Y N¢√-£œ«û√, é¬ü∆ ÅE ûÁL-Ê°çü¿’èπ◊ É≠ædç ™‰†°æ¤púø’, N¢√-£œ«-ûª-®·Ø√ ¶µº®Ωh ÉçöÀ-Ê°®Ω’ ¢√úø-†-°æ¤púø÷ Ö°æßÁ÷-TçîË Ææç¶-üµ¿Ø√ °æü¿ç) Sindhura: Exactly.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬) Sahana: I'm afraid you can't right now. She is in an important meeting.

(Ma'm: Madam Pronunciation-

èπ◊ short form. ´÷¢˛’)

(´’†ç °œLîË ´uèπ◊h© Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°œp) place/ home,

Sindhura: Any other way you can help me?

please? 2)

Å™«Íí ´’†ç °œ©’Ææ’h†o ´uÍéh ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o®√ ÅE E®√n-Jç--èπ◊ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Am I speak-

(O’®Ω’ Ø√éÀçÍé´’Ø√o îËߪ’-í∫-©®√?) Sahana: I can certainly take a message. You can leave a message, if it's not private.

(O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¢√®Ωh Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÅçCçîªí∫-©†’, Åü¿çûª ´uéÀh-í∫ûªç é¬éπ-§ÚûË, O’®Ω’ Ø√éπC îÁ°æpçúÕ) Sindhura: OK. Perhaps that's the best I can do. Here it is: I left behind my chain at her place last night. I hope it is safe. Tell her from me to keep it safe. I'll collect it from her when I visit her next Friday.

(O’J-°æ¤p-ú≈-¢Á’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰®Ω’. Ç¢Á’ ´·êu¢Á’i† O’öÀç-í˚™ ÖØ√o®Ω’)

(ÆæÍ®. É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-ü¿™«x ÅüË Å†’-èπ◊çö«. Ø√ íÌ-©’Ææ’ ¢√Rxçöx ´C -™‰-¨»†’. ÅC ¶µºvü¿ç-í¬ØË Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. ´îËa ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-

Sindhura: Oh, is that why I haven't been able to get her on the cell for an hour now?

(Åçü¿’ÍéØ√ Ç¢Á’ Ø√éÓ í∫çô †’ç* ÂÆ™¸™ üÌ®Ω-éπúøç ™‰ü¿’) Sahana: You're right.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Å´¤†’, Åçü¿’Íé) Sindhura: I'm a close friend of hers and this is personal and urgent. Would you

2

495

ing to so and so, please? / Is this so and so, please 3)

Åçö«ç.

(éπ≠d-´æ ’çúŒ. O’öÀçí˚ ÅßË’uç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Åçûª®√ߪ’ç éπL-Tç-îª-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûª¢Á’i† ÇüË-¨»-©’-Ø√o®·.)

O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊çC ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊ ÅçCçîªí∫©†’. Official/ formalí¬ message (¢√®Ωh) É´yúø´’çõ‰ î√™« ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ É¢√yL? Am I speaking to so and so? ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ÅN (Messages) ®√Æœ Öçî√L. ï¢√-•’í¬, É™«: Yes, speaking (phone ´*a-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx phone BÆæ’1) Date : Call for (á´-JéÀ ´*açC Phone): ---èπ◊çõ‰) and who's this please? Åçö«ç. 2) Call/ message from (á´J †’ç* phone):---4) -§∂Ú-Ø˛ ´*a-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’™ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’; ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ I'm sorry/ I'm afraid he/ she is not 3) Time of call: ---here; / he/ she is out right now; will be back 3) a) Will call again (´’Sx Phone îË≤ƒh®Ω’)at --(time)/ after/ in --- (- minutes/ half an hour/ an in ---minutes/ hours ÅØÓ Åçö«ç. 5) - §∂Ú-Ø˛ ´*a-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx -§∂Ú-Ø˛ Åçü¿’-éÌØË ´®Ωèπÿ line™ hour etc.,) É™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îËÆœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx, àüÁjØ√ message (¢√®Ωh) ÖçúøçúÕ, °œ©’-≤ƒh†’ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Please hold (on)/ please hold the line ÅçCç-îª-´’çõ‰: Message: ---- (èπ◊x°æhçí¬, ´·êu¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç Åçû√ Åçö«ç. ÖçúËô’x) Ñ Lesson™ -É-*a-† conversation™E message ®√Æœ Ms. Mandaara Mukundèπ◊ îª÷°œç-î√-LqçC É™«:

Sahana: I'll convey this to her. I do understand the importance of the matter. I'll ask her to M.SURESAN call you as soon as the meeting ends.

Sahana: I'm sorry. There's no helping it, ma'm, but I have my instructions. Hope you can understand.

(ûª°æpü¿’, éπ~N’ç-îªçúÕ. ØËØËç îËߪ’-™‰†’. Ø√ ÇüË-¨»©’ Ø√èπ◊-Ø√o®· éπü∆? O’®Ω®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫©-®Ω-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’)

É°æ¤púø’ Official/ formal phone conversation™ ¢√úË English ´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† B®Ω’, °j Ææ綵«≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-Eçî√ç éπü∆? -§∂Ú-Ø˛ ´*a† ´uéÀh ¢ÁçôØË Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’™ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, ¢√∞¡x†’ -§∂Ú-Ø˛ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ °œ-L-îË O™‰x-†-°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æù™E éÀçC ´÷ô©†’ ¢√úøû√ç. 1) You mean Ms. Mandaara Mukund, our Manager?

Is this (phone no.) Please?/ Is this

Q. 'You have a car' What is the question tag of it? A. You have a car, don't you?

A. Admit to/ Admit into a hospital. "In" Q. A.

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. If an employee was having a bad day. -Ñ ¢√éπuç-™ having -¢√-úø-ôç éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√? Have †’ am/ is/ are/ was/ were having form ™ problem/ difficulty éÀ ¢√úø-´îª’a. - Åçü¿’-éπE He was having a bad day (a difficult/ unpleasant day).

K. Nagamani, Tadpatri Q. Tahsildar application

-ûÓ Ñ

™

sign

Q. Congress

éÓ-´’E O’èπ◊ á´-®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’? -

èπ◊ ¢Ë®·çîªçúÕ.

A. Who told you to get the certificate signed by the Tahsildar? Q. Collector sign

Ñ

O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊.

sign

èπ◊ Flight áEo í∫çô-©èπ◊ ÖçüÓ éπ†’-éÓ\-´’E îÁ-•’-û√¢√?

5) Message: Ms Sindhura forgot her chain in your place/ home. Wants it to be kept safe at home/ locker till her next visit next Friday. To call Ms Sindhura as soon as the meeting ends.

É™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ (Åçõ‰ official/ formal 鬆-°æ¤púø’) ´’†ç ´’¯"éπçí¬ (ØÓöÀ-´÷-ôûÓ/ oral) message phone §ÒçC†¢√JéÀ ÅçCçî√-©çõ‰.

îË®·-≤ƒh¢√?

A. Will you ask him to find out when the flight to America is/ the time of the flight to America.

S. Satyanarayana Murthy, Kakinada Q. Active Voice, Passive Voice

-© í∫’-Jç-* N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. Verb †’ Active Voice -†’ç-* Passive Voice- ™éÀ - ´÷-Ja-†°æ¤p-úø’ Voice -´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-C éπ-ü∆. í∫-ûª-ç-™ -O’®Ω’ -´÷®Ω-ü¿’ -Å-Ø√oÍ®-N’-öÀ? ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ü¿-E -O’Í® éÀç-C -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-©’ -É-î√a®Ω’. The enemy has bombed these bridges (active voice) has + p.p.

The bridges have been bombed by enemy (passive voice) have been +p.p.

A. Can you/ you will get the minister to sign my file?

Q.

Q. Students

Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ °æC ©éπ~©’ ÉÊÆh É´’tE îÁ°æpçúÕ. - - Ééπ\-úø -¢√éπuç objectûÓ begin -Å-´¤-ûª’ç-C é¬-•-öÀd bridges plural -™  -Öç-C é¬-•-öÀd have -¢√--ú≈®Ω’. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ™‰ü¿’. Verb ™ -´÷-®Ω’p -Öç-C éπ-ü∆. A. Tell him to give me Rs.10 lakh or nothing has +.p.p(active) at all. (10 ©éπ~©’ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË àO’-´ü¿’l). have been +.p.p.(passive) -Ééπ\-úø passive™ Tell him to give me..... or leave it (îÁGûË îÁ°æpçúÕ been -Å-ü¿-†çí¬ -´-*aç-C. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ™‰ü¿’) ü ¿ ß ª ’ î ËÆœ -voice -´÷-J-†°æ¤p-úø’- tense ´÷-®Ω’-ûª’ç-üÓ Q. Ø√-ûÓ grammar îÁ°œpç--éÓ--ç -ÅØ√o®Ω’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’. ™ ‰ ü Ó N -´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. The students don't want me to teach them A. §Ò®Ω § ƒô ’-† voice ´÷®Ω-ü¿’ -Å-E ®√--¨»ç. grammar. Voice ´÷-J-†°æ¤p-úø’ tense ´÷-®Ω-ü¿-E -ví∫£œ«ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

äéπ-JéÀ äéπ®Ω’ Ç-†q®Ω’x îÁ°æ¤pèπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.

A. The students are getting one another to answer the questions. Q.

-á´-È®-´®Ω’

Answers

îÁ°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’?

A. Who are all those that have got the answers given? Q.

؈’ é¬çvÈí-Æˇèπ◊

vote

¢ËÆœ, ¢Ë®·ç* ÈíL-°œ-≤ƒh†’.

A. I'll vote for congress, get others to vote for it and make it win.

îË®·ç--

¢Ë-ߪ’ç-úÕ,

Q. America

application

îË®·-≤ƒh-†-Ø√o®Ω’

ûÓ Ø√ °∂j™¸™

vote

A. Vote for congress and make others vote for it.

A. The Collector said he would get the application signed for me. Q. Minister

Q. My father has been admitted to hospital or in hospital which is the correct usage?

4) Time of Call: ---- AM/ PM

3) Put me through-

G. Shankar, keshavapur.

(-ví¬ç-C∑éπç) = éπN. Avon (áß˝’-´Ø˛) –Shakespeare ïEtç-*† Stratford -ví¬´’ç Ñ †C äúø’f† ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE Shakespeare †’ Bard of Avon Åçö«®Ω’.

2) Call for: Ms. Mandaara Mukund, Manager

Ms. Mandaara, a/ one Ms Sindhura called you/ (Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ñ ´÷ô -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤ƒh†’. N≠æߪ’ç 2) I'm afraid, you can't right now. You had a call from a/ one Ms Sindhura an hour v§ƒ´·êuç Ø√éπ-®Ωn-¢Á’içC. O’öÀçí˚ Å®·- 3) Could you put me through to her? 4) I can certainly take a message. You can leave ago. She left her chain behind at your place last §Ú-í¬ØË O’èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛îËߪ’-´’E îÁ•’-û√†’.) night it seems. She wants you to keep it safe at ´’†ç Phone Conversation™ ¢√úË English a message. °j ´ Fo Å®Ω n ç Å´¤ û ª ’ Ø √o®· éπ ü ∆? home/ in a locker till she visits you again Friday. ´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† B®Ω’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. 1) O’®Ω ’ °œ © ’Æ æ ’ h ç C/ ´÷ö«x ú ≈© † ’è π ◊ çC X´’A É™« Öçô’çC. ÉüËç ÅÆæ©’ éπ≠d-¢æ Á’iç-Cí¬ éπ†-°æ-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’ ´’J-éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-L-°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. ´’çü∆®Ω ´·èπ ◊ çü˛ û ÓØ√–í∫ ´ ’E çî ª ç úÕ . éπü∆. ´’†ç Éçûª´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çC: Official/ formal. ÉC Practice - îËÊÆh O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC, áçûª Ææ’©-¶µº¢Á÷. 1) ´’†ç -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îËÆæ’h-†oC ÆæÈ®j† 2) É°æ p ö À é À ° æ ¤ p úË O’®Ω ’ ´÷ö«x ú ø ™ ‰ ® Ω † ’èπ ◊ çö«. †ç•®Ω’ÍéØ√ ÅE E®√n-Jç--èπ◊çö«ç.

(Ø√èπ◊ E®√-¨¡í¬ ÖçC. ÅçûªÊÆ°æ¤ ÇÊ° N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿C.)

A. Bard

1) Date: ---3) Call from: Ms. Sindhura

èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’Sx BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«.)

Sindhura: Oh, that disappoints me. The matter can't wait that long.

Q. The Bard of Avon. What is the meaning of the underline part in telugu?

éπ©-°æúøç

Åçö«ç.

mind putting me through to her?

Sahana: I'm afraid I can't. I have strict instructions not to disturb her till the end of the meeting.

phone line

Yes, please and who is this?/

Who is speaking please?

Could you put me thr ough to her? (؈’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ü¿í∫_J ÊÆo£œ«ûª’®√LE. ÉC î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ´uéÀh-í∫ûª N≠æߪ’ç. Ø√é¬-¢Á’†’ éπ©-°æ®√?)

´’†ç ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ØË ´uéÀhéÀ 4) I can take a message -

°j ¢√öÀéÀ Ææpçü¿-†í¬:

Ø√èπ◊ °æC ©éπ~©’ É´’tE Åûª-úÕéÀ îÁ°æpçúÕ.

A. Tell him to give me Rs.10 lakh. Q.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 11 -ÂÆ-°dç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Adbhuta: Oh, what a morning it was! I haven't had the like of it in years!

(Ŷ«s, ᙫ ÖçúÕçüÓ É¢√∞¡ Öü¿ßª’ç! Å™«çöÀ Öü¿ßª’ç ÉØËo-∞¡x™ ؈’ á°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’) Ascharya: Well, what happened?

(@N-ûªç™ éÌçûª ņ’-¶µº´ç Ö†o-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ É¢Ëç °ü¿l Ǩ¡a®Ωuéπ®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ 鬴¤. ´’çîÁjØ√, îÁúÁjØ√ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·. äéÌ\-éπ\-öÀí¬ ï®Ω-í∫´¤) Adbhuta: The only relief is the boss is out of town. Otherwise I'd have had it.

(äéπ\õ‰ é¬Ææh Ü®Ωô éπL-Tç-îËC. Boss Ü∞} ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Ø√ °æE Å®·I overslept and got up late at 7.30. I §Ú-ߪ·ç-úËC.) was late for office by almost an hour. [[[ (´÷´‚-©’-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ Evü¿-§Ú®· °j Ææ ç ¶µ « ≠ æ ù ™ E N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ´’†ç áü¿’-®Ì\ØË 7.30èπ◊ ™‰î√. Office èπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ í∫çô Ææ ´ ’Ææ u © í∫ ’ JçîË ÅE ûÁ © ’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. They are our Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ¢Á∞«x) (àç ïJ-TçC?)

Adbhuta:

Ascharya: Why? You could have made up for your late rising in some other way. What else went wrong?

(F Ç©-≤ƒuEo ÉçÍé Nüµ¿çí¬ØÁjØ√ ûªT_ç--éÓ†’ç-úÌa éπü∆? ÉçÍé-¢Á’iØ√ ïJ-Tçü∆?) Adbhuta: Every thing. The bathroom was flooded, and no water through the tap. Somebody in the house kept the tap on the whole night and the water tank was dry.

(ÅFo†÷.

tank

™ F∞¡xçû√

Ascharya: Things do happen like that some times.

(éÌEo-≤ƒ-®Ωx™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ö«®·) Adbhuta: Wait. You haven't heard the last of it. The washing machine broke down in the middle and the gas cylinder had to be replaced in the middle of cooking.

5) The washing machine broke down. 6) One of the pipes is still leaking. 7) ... the drainage system is choked. 8) ... for people who have seen a bit of life. 1) Haven't seen the like of it: The like of it =

Dhoni =

™«çöÀ¢√∞¡x†’ ´’†ç Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬

îª÷≤ƒhç. b) A record crowd attended the meeting. I hadn't seen the like of such a crowd at any other meeting =

Ascharya: I really pity you.

Record

Ææ%≠œdçîËçûª ï†ç Ç Æ涵ºèπ◊ ´î√a®Ω’. Å™«çöÀ ïØ√Eo Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ à Æ涵º™ èπÿú≈ Adbhuta: One of the pipes is still leaking and îª ÷ úø ™ ‰ ü ¿ ’ . the drainage system is choked. 2) Go wrong = ÉCç-ûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´’†ç (Pump ©™ äéπöÀ Éçé¬ é¬®Ω’-ûª÷ØË ¢√ú≈ç. §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ï®Ω-í∫úøç/ àü¿-®·Ø√ ÆæJí¬, Öçú≈ÖçC. Drainage ÍéüÓ Åúø’f-°æ-úÕçC) Lq† Nüµ¿çí¬ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. Ascharya: Nothing surprising in it to people who (E†’o îª÷ÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ ñ«™‰-Ææ’hçC)

a) Something is wrong with him/ Something has gone wrong with him =

have seen a bit of life. Things either good or bad do happen in a row. They never happen alone.

Åûª-úÕ™ àüÓ ûª°æ¤pçC.

Nagaraju, Srikakulam.

Q Spoken English institute

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©†’ ÉçTx≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ í∫-©®Ω’. Q. ®√-ïéÃ-ߪ’ -§ƒ-Kd °-ôd-úøç. A. Starting a political party Q. -§ƒ-Kd Ê°®Ω’ -ë®√È®jç-C. A. The name of the party has

A To start/ Starting a spoken English institution.

.

°-ôd-úøç.

. -§ƒ-Kd Ê°®Ω’ -v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-úøç. .

A To announce/ Announcing the name of the party. Q

. -´·ç-ü¿Ææ’h -á-Eoéπ-©’ -´-îËa -Å-´é¬-¨¡ç -™‰-ü¿’. A. There is no likelihood of advance polls/ Advance polls are unlikely. Q

. -á-Eoéπ-©’ -´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. . Q. -§ƒ-Kd-™ ç-* -•-ߪ’-ôèπ◊- -´-îËa-ߪ’-úøç. A. To quit/ Quitting a party. A The elections are coming.

c) Something has gone wrong between the friends. They are not in good terms now = friends

Ç ´’üµ¿u™ àüÓ îÁúÕçC. ¢√J Ææç•ç-üµ∆L-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJí¬ ™‰´¤. What's wrong? Ñ expression English conversation ™ î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùçí¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçô’çC. àC §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’í¬ ïJ-TØ√ ÉC ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

d) "I am not going to office today."

(ØËE-¢√∞¡

office

èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xúøç ™‰ü¿’) "What's wrong?"

(à´’-®·çC?)

496

e) "I wish to leave immediately."

(؈’ ¢ÁçôØË ¢ÁR}-§Ú-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

îÁ´’-ôí¬ Ö†o ¢Á·£æ…Eo Åü¿lúøç ûÓ) èπÿú≈ mop.

It was very sultry and every one in the room was mopping their face =

î√™« îÁ´’ôí¬ ÖçúÕçC. Ç í∫C™ Åçü¿®Ω’ ¢Á·£æ…©’ ûª’úø’--èπ◊çô’-Ø√o®Ω’. b) The tap is leaking and the drainage is choked. Call the plumber.

(°æç°æ¤ é¬J-§Ú-ûÓçC, drainage ™ F∞¡Ÿx EL-*-§Úûª’-Ø√o®·. Plumber †’ °œ©’´¤.) Choke = F∞¡Ÿx §ƒ®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ EL-*-§Ú-´úøç (§Ò®Ω-§Ú´úøç/ §Ò©-´÷-®Ωúøç èπÿú≈) Plumber = Taps (éÌ∞«-®·-©†’) pipes (F∞¡x °j°æ¤-©†’), Drainage †÷ repair îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx

.

Q Black out

. -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? A. a) Nü¿’uû˝ Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç ´©x éπLÍí <éπöÀ. b) v°æ¶µº’ûªy/ Police Ççéπ~©, ÇüË-¨»© ´©x °ævA-éπ©’/ TV (Media) v°æï-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î √®√Eo ÅçCç-îª-™‰éπ§Ú´-úøç (Black

"Is anything wrong?"

(à´’Ø√o §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ïJ-Tçü∆?/ àN’öÀ N≠æߪ’ç) Bathroom flooding, tap leaking (leaking taps)/ The washing machine has broken down/ breakdown of the washing machine.

out

ÉçC-®√-í¬çDµ

of

news.

NCµç-*† emergency Ææ-´ ’-ߪ ’ç-™  media°j Ççéπ~© ´©x É™«çöÀ black out éÌ-†≤ƒTç-C.) c) Å°æ-≤ƒt-®Ωéπ ÆœnA™ °æúÕ-§Ú´úøç/ û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ îª÷°æ¤/ ñ«c°æ-éπ-¨¡éÀh éÓ™p-´úøç. d) ߪ·ü¿l¥ Ææ´ ’-ߪ ’ç™ ¨¡vûª ’ N´÷-Ø√©’ bomb ü∆úÕ

These are all more or less everyday problems (More or less =

éπü∆? ü∆ü∆°æ¤) OöÀ-ûÓ-§ƒô’ the choking of the drainage system = ´·®Ω’-í∫’-F®Ω’ ÇT-§Ú-´úøç. Drain= ´·®Ω’-í∫’-F®Ω’ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷®Ω_ç/ 鬩’´

Tap leaking, breakdown of the washing machine, electric fuse blowing off (fuse repair fix

§Ú´úøç)– Oô-EoöÀF

îËߪ’úøç,

Åçö«ç.

a) The bathroom is flooded. Let's mop it = Bathroom

F∞¡xûÓ EçúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. ü∆Eo ûª’úø’ü∆lç. Mop= 1) ûªúÕí¬ Ö†o ØË©†’ ûª’úø-´úøç, mop ûÓ. 2) §Òúø-¢√öÀ éπv®Ω *´-®Ω† Å´’-Ja† cotton û√∞¡x èπ◊çîÁ/ plastic °æ©éπ. (ØË©-O’ü¿ EL-*† F∞¡x†’ ÅüËlç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ûÓÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç)

îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫’Jhç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Q. Shoved- -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? ÖçúË™«, °æôd-ù«™x/ †í∫-®√™x A. Shoved- Past tense of D§ƒ©’ ¢ÁL-Tç-îª-èπÿ-úøE °æJ- shove = ûÓߪ’úøç/ ØÁôdúøç, ÆœnA. ¢Á·®Ω-ô’í¬. Q. First Off- -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? Q. Roof top - -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? A. First Off- éπ*aûª-¢Á’i† Å®ΩnçûÓ A. ÉçöÀ °jéπ°æ¤p– éπ°æ¤p °j¶µ«í∫ç É™«çöÀ expression àD-™‰ü¿’. Q. She did get your rock off- •£æ›¨» O’®Ω’ DEo first half Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? (¢Á·ü¿öÀÆæí∫ç– N®√´’ç ´·çü¿öÀ A. She did get your rocks offÆæí∫ç) èπ◊ §Ò®Ω-•úÕ Öçö«®Ω’. Get rocks off= 1) ¨¡%çí¬®Ω Q. Pisses off- -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? véÃúø/ Ææ綵-í∫ç™ éπLÍí Ææ^©†ç A. Pissed off- a) Piss off- äéπJE 2) ´’†èπ◊ džç-ü∆-EoîËa °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç. get out ÅØË •ü¿’©’ ¢√úË-´÷ô. Q. It is deadly to him. Piss Off = Get out. A. ÅûªúÕéπC ´’®Ω-ù«ç-ûªéπç/ î√´¤†’ Be pissed of- äéπJ´©x/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ NÆœT-§Ú-´úøç. . éπL-Tç-îËC. (Åçûª v°æ´÷-ü¿-¢Á’içC) Q Refil ™ ink -Å®·-§Ú®·ç-C. I am pissed off with his A. The refil has run out of ink/ behaviour. (ÅûªúÕ v°æ´-®Ωh†ûÓ is exhausted/ is dry. ؈’ NÆœ-T-§Úߪ÷) . Q (Piss Åçõ‰ ´‚vûªNÆæ-®Ωb† -Cy-B-ߪ’ -N°∂æ’oç. îËߪ’úøç– é¬Ææh •÷ûª’ éÀçü¿-™„éπ\– A. DEéÀ correct English ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’, English ¢√∞¡x-é¬-†-´’téπç go to toilet/ bathroom •ü¿’©’)

(hand ker-

chief

Plumbing = pipes, drainage

Water

èπ◊ Ææç•ç-

Cµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç. Break down =

ߪ’çvû√©’

îÁúÕ-§Ú-´úøç. Oô-Eoç-öÀF repair îËߪ’úøç– fix.

(≤ƒoØ√© í∫C ¢Á©’x-´M.SURESAN ´úøç (FöÀûÓ EçúÕ-§Ú-´úøç), °æç°æ¤-F∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ωúøç, washing machine °æE-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç) a) Rarely do we see the likes of Sachin and Å™«ç-öÀC/ Å™«çöÀ N≠æߪ’ç/ Ææç°∂æ’-ô†.

(Åçûª-öÀûÓ Å®·-§Ú-™‰ü¿’ (Ø√ éπ≥ƒd©’). ´’üµ¿u™ washing machine îÁúÕ-§Ú®·çC. ´çô Å´¤-ûª’ç-úøí¬ cylinder ´÷®√aLq ´*açC.)

Q

Ç àüÓ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·-†-ô’dçC.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Sachin, Dhoni

been confirmed.

b) Something has gone wrong with the washing machine = washing machine

What else went wr ong?

Bathroom

Åçû√ F∞Ï}. Éçöx á´®Ó ®√vûªçû√ pump A°œp °ôd-úøçûÓ, ë«S)

every day problems. Let us have a look at them and how they are expressed in English. Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above: 1) I haven't had the like of it in years. 2) What else went wrong? 3) The bathroom was flooded. 4) You haven't heard the last of it.

2

a) A plumber can fix the leaking taps and the pump choking of drains = drain plumber fix (repair)

鬮Ω’-ûª’†o

F∞¡Ÿx §ƒ®ΩE îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’.

©†’,

©†’,

b) The cycle mechanic took just ten minutes to fix the puncture to the tube = Puncture repair (fix)

†’ °æC EN’-≥ƒ™x Åçõ‰ fix †’ à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i†

repair

î˨»úø’. ÈéjØ√ ¢√úÌa.

a) When the fuse blow off, fortunately the electrician was at hand to fix it = Fuse repair electrician

§Úí¬ØË ü∆Eo ¢ËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊/ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, ü¿í∫_-®Ω-™ØË ÖØ√oúø’. Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h

b) Call me when the fuse blows off the next fuse lights time. I can fix it = repair

Ñ≤ƒJ §Ú®·, ÇJ-§ÚûË ††’o °œ©-´çúÕ, ؈’ îËߪ’-í∫©†’.

c) There is none here to fix the problem in the fan = Fan repair

îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ Ééπ\úø á´y®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. Fix - äéπ Ææ´’Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç éπ†’-éÓ\-´úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. The government feels it can fix the problem of hoarding =

Åvéπ´’ E©y© Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç éπ†’-éÓ\-í∫-©-†E v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ¶µ«N-≤ÚhçC. on your performance/ Your chances of getting the job depends on your performance.

second obstruction/ second hindrance

™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Å®·ûË

(È®çúÓ ÅúøfçéÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ņ-´îª’a. CyBߪ’ N°∂æ’oç– È®çúÓ ®ÓV Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ– the inauspicious (Ũ¡Ÿ-¶µº-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†) break on the second day ÅØÌa. Q. ¢Á-©’-ûª’®Ω’ Ææ-J-í¬ -™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøç-ûÓ Ç-ôèπ◊ -Åç-ûª®√-ߪ’ç éπ-L-Tç-C. A. Bad light interrupted the

Q

. îË-ûª’-©’ é¬-™«éπ -Çèπ◊-©’ °æ-ô’déÓ -´-úøç. A. Damming a river after the waters have flowed out =

F∞¡Ÿ} §ÒJx-§Ú-®·† ûª®√yûª †CéÀ dž-éπôd ¢Ëߪ’úøç. (crying over spilt milk= äL-éÀ§Ú®·† §ƒ©èπ◊ *çAç-îªúøç)play/ The play was interrupt. Q Ææ Ø √uÆæ ç °æ¤-aéÓ. ed because of bad light. . A Become a Sanyasin. Q. Å-ûª-úø’ -Fèπ◊ Å-Eo -N-üµ∆-™« -ûª-T-† . Q B ®Ω n ç , v °æ ≤ ƒ-ü¿ç. ´®Ω’-úø’. . A B®Ω n ç – DEéÀ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÆæÈ®j-†A. He is a suitable groom ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Å-A (bride-groom) for you in ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ´îËa ´÷ô libationevery way. Å®·ûË ÉC-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-éπ™  Q. -F performance †’ -•-öÀd- job ™‰ü¿’.-Å-´é¬-¨»-©’ -Öç-ö«®·. v°æ ≤ƒü¿ç – Offering (ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç A. Your job opportunity/ oppor°õ‰ d ǣ慮Ωç). tunity to get a job depends

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 16 -ÂÆ-°dç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

P. Babu, Somandepalli

ÉC ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª-¢√-úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ÉC ¢√úø’éπ, -ü∆-E-™-E ®Ω鬩’ Å®Ωn-´’-´úøç é¬Ææh éπ≠dçæ . Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. If he were Doctor, I would consult him. (Åûªúø’ A. If clause - An If clause is a group of Doctor Å®·ûË, ÅûªúÕE ؈’ Ææçv°æ-C-≤ƒh†’. Åûª-úø’ words beginning with 'If' and having a Doctor é¬úø’, Åçü¿’-éπE ؈’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-’/ Ææçv°æ-Cçverb in it. If ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i verb ÖçúË îª-úøç ™‰ü¿’) group of words †’ If clause Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË ’ éπü∆? -É-C improbable (Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™‰E/ Ææ綵ºÉ™«çöÀ If clauses ≠æ®Ω-ûª’©’ (conditions) ûÁL-Ê°-´- Nç-ûÁE’Ææ ) present (v°æÆæ’hûªç). ®·ûË ¢√öÀE conditional clauses Åçö«ç. Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ 4. Imaginary past– -Ü£œ«ç-èπ◊-ØË í∫-ûªç/ -E-ïçé¬-E-C conditional clauses Ø√©’-í∫-®·Ø√ ´’†èπ◊ confusion If he had started earlier, he would have seen éπL-Tç-îËN ´‚úË. her = é¬Ææh ´·ç-üË •ßª’-©’-üË®Ω’ç-õ‰ Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ îª÷ÊÆConditional Clauses (If clause expressing a condition) Ö†o sentence ™ main clause (a ¢√úË. (Åûªúø’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË®√úø’, Åçü¿’-éπE Ç¢Á’†’ clause with complete meaning) èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC. îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.) É™«ç-öÀN -Ø√-©’í∫’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Öçö«®·. If clause verb- had been/ had + past participle 1) Éçü¿’™ îÁÊ°pN á°æ¤púø÷ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·/ Eïç.

So that =

Q. If clause

a) If you heat a substance, it expands.

(´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ¢ËúÕ-îËÊÆh ÅC ¢√uéÓ-*-Ææ’hçC/ ü∆E °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.)

size

b) If you turn to the east in the morning, you see the sun.

(§Òü¿’l† ûª÷®Ω’p--¢Áj°æ¤ AJ-TûË Ææ÷®Ω’uúø’ éπE-°œ-≤ƒhúø’.) Ñ È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, If (conditional) clause ™, main clause ™ verbs present tense ™ØË Öçö«®·. If clause ™ îÁ°œpçC ïJ-TûË, main clause ™C éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

(past perfect) Main clause verb- would should have/ could have/ might have been or would have/ should have/ could have/ might have + past participle.

2

àüÁjØ√ ïJ-

Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊. He started early so that he can reach the place on time =

Ææ´’-ߪ÷EéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊-ØË-ô’xí¬/ îË®Ω’-èπ◊ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊í¬-†’ Åûªúø’ °çü¿™«úË •ßª’-©’-üË-®√úø’. Have a room mate so that you may not feel lonely = room mate

Q.

ã †’ îª÷Ææ’éÓ, äçô-J-ûª†ç ņ’¶µº-Nç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Provided that = if = Å®·ûË / Ç °æéπ~ç™.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Had better, had rather, would rather, sooner than, rather than. Had better -

Ææ©£æ… ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË-´÷ô. †’´¤y °çü¿-™«úË F •é¬-®·-©Fo Evü¿ §Ú´úøç ´’ç*C. îÁLxç-*-†-ôx-®·ûË/ îÁLxçîË°æéπ~ç™ Fèπ◊ Ç¢Á’ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ´’ç*C. É≤ƒh®Ω’. have/ Had rather - Ñ expression English ™ ™‰ü¿’. b) I will go there proWould rather = ´’† É≥ƒdEo ûÁLÊ° expression vided (that) you pay for äéπ öÀ îËߪ’-ú≈Eéπçõ‰ ÉçéÓöÀ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æúøôç. my travel = Ø√ v°æߪ÷ù ê®Ω’a©’ †’´¤y ¶µºJÊÆh/ I would rather starve than eat in that restaurant = Ç £æ«Ùô™x AØËçü¿’éπçõ‰ °æÆæ’hç-úËçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æúø-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 497 ¶µ¢Á∞ºJ¡-ûçîË√†’. °æéπ~ç™ ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ û√†’ ؈’. (starve = °æÆæ’hç-úøôç) sooner than = Åçûªéπçõ‰ ûªy®Ωí¬. a) Provided that you pay all your fees dues you will get your hall ticket = fees hall ticket

You had better go to bed early She had better stop taking coffee = coffee

No wher e else do you see this system

Sentence A: Verb in 'If' clause - heat present tense; verb in the main clause - expands - present tense.

b) If he had consulted me, I would have given him good advice =

He recovered sooner than the Doctor had expected = Doctor

ņ’é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç. E•ç-üµ¿-†©÷, èπ◊†o ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø-ûª-úø’. Recover = éÓ©’-éÓ-´úøç. Å®·ûË would sooner îªôd °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ™ áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. than ÅØ√o rather than ÅØ√o Å®Ωnç – would rather As though = Å®·-†ô’x, é¬-F, -é¬ü¿’ He speaks as though he were very (°j† N´-Jçî√ç éπü∆)™« äéπ-°æE éπçõ‰ ÉçéÓ °æE clever = àüÓ î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úø-®·-†ô’x îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æ-úøôç. I would sooner starve than eat in that restau(é¬ØË-é¬úø’) ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’. Provided

Åûªúø’ ††’o Ææçv°æ-Cç* Öçõ‰ (Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-™‰ü¿’) Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ ´’ç* Ææ©£æ… Éaç-úË-¢√-úÕ-E – Sentence B: If clause verb - turn - present (É´y-™‰ü¿’). Éü¿çû√ ïJ-T-§Ú-®·çC– -Ü-JÍé ņ’tence; Main clause verb - see - also present èπ◊çö«ç, Å™« ïJ-TûË/ ï®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË ¶«í∫’ç- M.SURESAN tense. As though = As if. ´·êuçí¬ facts of science/ universal truths úËD.. É™«. ü∆-E-E í∫’-Jç--* îË-ߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-üËIn as much as = Ç ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊. O’™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆-E-E imaginary past Åçö«ç. îËÊ°pô°æ¤púø’ É™« ´Ææ’hçC. In as much as he knew about it, he went on Éçü¿’-™ØË ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπç: ÉC í∫ûªç™ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ M.V. Subrahmanyam, Chillakur talking = ûª†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œç-ü¿çû√ Åûªúø’ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç. Q. éÀçC conjunctions èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ÉÆæ÷h, ÖØ√oúø’. ÉC out dated - ¢√úø’-éπ™  ™‰ü¿’. If I opened the door/ whenever I opened the Else - some -, every-, any-, no-, ©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωçᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. door/ I always saw him standing there. ¶µ º ´ ’ßË’u ´÷ô©-ûÓ (some one, every one, any In order that, On condition that, Even if, So ؈’ ûª©’°æ¤ ûÁJÊÆh, Åûª-úø-éπ\úË E©-•úÕ éπ†-°æ-úË-¢√úø’. where, no where É™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ) éπL°œ ¢√úÕûË, that, Provided that, As though, In as much If clause verb- opened (simple past) Éçé¬ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Question words, 'wh'- ûÓ as, As if, Else, Lest main clause verb- saw (also simple past) begin ÅßË’u ´÷ô-©ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC. A. In order that = ÅC ïJÍíçü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’. °j È®çúÕçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç™ Åçûª confusion ™‰ü¿’. Some one else was there besides him = He worked hard in order that he may have É°æ¤púø’ ÉN îª÷ü∆lç. Åûª-úÕ-ûÓ-§ƒô’, Éçé¬ á´®Ó ÖØ√o-®Ω-éπ\úø. enough money in his old age = He worked a) If he comes here, his mother will be happy No where else do you see this system = hard in order to have enough money in his (-Å-ûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´ÊÆh ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hçC) = Ñ °æü¿l¥A ÉçÈé-éπ\ú≈ éπ†-°æ-úøü¿’. old age = He worked hard to have enough Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠œçîË Or else = ™‰éπ-§ÚûË = otherwise money in his old age = He worked hard so Å´-é¬-¨¡´‚ ÖçC. ÉC probable present. (v°æÆæ’hûªç/ Come exactly at 7 daily as else you will lose that he may have enough money in his old Future ™ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç Ö†o N≠æߪ’ç) If clause age = ´·ÆæLûª†ç™ î√L-†çûª úø•’sçúËçü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’ your job = ®ÓW àúÕç-öÀéÀ ®√¢√L, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË F ÖüÓuí∫ç comes- present tense. Main clause - will be §Úûª’çC. Åûªúø’ î√™« éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-¨»úø’/ v¨¡N’ç-î√úø’. future tense. lest = so that not = Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. In order that/ in order to/ to/ so that = Åçü¿’b) If he can come at 7, he can/ will be able to èπ◊-í¬†’. OöÀ™ In order that/ in order to é¬Ææh He took enough care lest some one (should) meet her. deceive him = ûª††’ á´®Ω÷ ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-Å-ûªúø’ àúÕç-öÀéÀ ®√í∫-L-TûË – (®√´îª’a- – Ç Å´-鬨¡ç ví¬çC∑éπç. to/ so that, simple. ÖçC) Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓí∫LÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. ÉC They are collecting money in order to that ü¿’èπ◊ Åûªúø’ ûªí∫’ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. they may help/ in order to help / so that they may Q. Object of a preposition Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Subject, èπÿú≈ v°æÆæ’hûªç/ future ™ Ææ綵º´ç. If clause verb - can come- present tense help/ to help the flood victims = ´®Ωü¿ ¶«Cµ-ûª’-©èπ◊ Object ÅØËN verb Íé Öçö«®· éπü∆. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù(future implied) - Main clause- can meet/ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx úø•’s §Úí∫’-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. will be able - present (future implied) On condition that = Ç ≠æ®Ω-ûª’èπ◊ ™•úÕ; A. Preposition èπ◊ -üËEE/ á´-JE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ DEE probable present Åçö«ç. I will give you the loan on condition that you ´îËa answer, object of the preposition. 3) a) If he saw me here now/ were to see repay it by this month end = Ñ ØÁ-™«-ê-®Ω’-™°æ¤ †’´¤y a) They threw stones at the police – Ééπ\úø me here now, he would be/ would feel very AJ-TîËa ≠æ®Ωûª’ O’ü¿ Fèπ◊ ؈’ Å°œp≤ƒh†’. preposition 'at' éπü∆? At whom? Åç--õ‰ police -Å-ØË angry The Principal re-admitted him on condition answer ´Ææ÷hç-C éπ-ü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ police is the object Ñ sentence Å®Ωnç î√™« Ææp-≠dçæ í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. that he will not repeat what he has done = Åûªúø’ of the preposition, 'at'. Åûª-úÕ-°æ¤púø’ †Eo-éπ\úø îª÷úøôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (ïJÍí îËÆœçC ´’Sx îËߪ’-†ØË ≠æ®Ω-ûª’-O’ü¿ ÅûªúÕE principal ´’Sx b) The police are searching for the terrorist Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’) -Å-ûª-úÕéÀ î√™« éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçC. (ÉD îË®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Ééπ\-úø preposition, for = éÓÆæç. á´-J-éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’) – Ééπ\úø tenses í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Even if = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ; Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ Ø√o®Ω ’? terrorist éÓÆæç, 鬕öÀd terrorist, Ééπ\úø object If clause: Past simple/ were (even for singu-

rant = I would rather starve than eat in that restaurant. Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûËú≈†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ÉN habits †’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤ƒhߪ÷? 1. I would take milk in the morning.

past

2. I used to take milk in the morning. A. 1)

؈’ §Òü¿’l-†- §ƒ©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æúø-û√†’/ (í∫ûªç™) É≠æd-°æ-úË-¢√-úÕE. 2) ؈’ §Òü¿’l† §ƒ©’ û√Íí¢√úÕE. Q. Wren & Martin ™ explanation ™ govern, modify, qualify ÅØË °æü∆©’ ¢√ú≈®Ω’. OöÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Govern - äéπ ´÷ô ÉçéÓ ´÷ô†’/ phrase †’ govern îËÊÆh Ç ´÷ô, Ç ÉçéÓ ´÷ô†’/ phrase †’ ¢√úË Nüµ∆Eo ¨»Æœ-Ææ’hçC. The Government of India. Ééπ\úø India is governed by the preposition 'of'. Modify - äéπ-´÷ô Å®√nEo ÉçéÓ-´÷ô áèπ◊\´ îËߪ’úøç. ≤ƒ--üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ á™«? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†çí¬ ´îËa ´÷ô, ÉçéÓ ´÷ô†’ modify îËÆæ’hçC. Adverb, verb †’/ adjective †’/ ÉçéÓ adverb †’ modify îËÆæ’hçC. He sang well. ᙫ §ƒú≈úø’? Well. 鬕öÀd Well, sang †’ modify îËÆæ’hçC. Qualify - í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†’ ûÁ©-°æúøç – adjective îËÊÆ-°æE (´Jgç-îªúøç). He is a tall boy. Ééπ\úø tall boy †’ ´Jg-≤ÚhçC. So, the adjective 'tall' qualifies the noun, boy.

Nagaraju, Srikakulam

éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-E -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ó -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. Q. üË-´¤-úÕéÀ -ØÁj-¢Ë-ü¿uç °-ôd-úøç. A. Making an offering to god. Q. ¢Á·èπ◊\ -B®Ω’aéÓ-´-úøç. a) Even if the Chief Minister asks me to con- of the preposition, 'for'. lar subjects)- saw; Main clause- would/ should/ A one's vows. test, I won't = CM ††’o §ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ’-´’E ÅúÕ-TØ√/ îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ verb ûª®√yûª preposition ´ÊÆh, °j Q.. Fulfil could) might + Ist Regular Doing Word. û ª © F ™ «-©’ Ææ-´’-Jpç-éÓ-´-úøç. ÅúÕ-TØ√ èπÿú≈ ؈’ §ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ’†’. senteces ™ ´÷C-Jí¬ - î√™« verbs ûª®√yûª prepob) If I were very strong, I could beat him. . A Offering of hair. sitions ´Ææ’hç-ö«®· éπü∆? eg: look at, pay for, jump ؈’ •©-´ç-ûª’-úÕ-†®·-ûË (鬆’), ¢√úÕE ãúÕç-îª-í∫-©†’. Contest = §Úöà îËߪ’úøç/ §ÚöÃ. . Q Å ´ ’t¢ √J éÀ é¬-†’éπí¬ -É-´y-úøç. b) Even if the CM recommends you, I won't into, etc. - Å™«-´-*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ preposition (é¬E É°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’-™‰†’) . A Making/ offering a gift/ something give you the job = CM E†’o recommend îËÆ œØ√/ ûª®√y-A-´÷ô (á´JE, üËEE -Å-ØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ If clause; If I were strong - verb - were - Main deity. îËÆœ-Ø√-èπÿú≈ ؈’ Fèπ◊ ÖüÓuí∫ç É´y†’. ´îËaC), object of the preposition Å´¤-ûª’çC. clause verb - could beat.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

to the

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 21 -ÂÆ-°dç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Punya: Has Moksha come back?

Punya: You've guessed aright. Let's make it at 6.

(†’´¤y ÆæJ-í¬ØË Ü£œ«ç-î√´¤. ÇJç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«lç)

(¢Á÷éπ~ AJ-íÌ-*açü∆?) Priya: She has. I met her yesterday.

Priya: OK.

(´*açC. E†o ؈’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’)

2

b) The dents on the car show that it has bumped against something = car

´’†ç éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ phrasal verbs †’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. Phrasal verbs Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (ûª† v°æߪ÷ù«©†’ í∫’Jç* D®Ω`çí¬ îÁ°æpúøç ´’†èπ◊ – È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’ç-ö«®·, äéπ phrasal verb - Åçü¿’™ äéπöÀ verb, N’í∫-û√N preposition/ ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ô’dç-ú≈--™‰) adverbí¬ ÖçúË *†o ´÷ô©’ – at, for, in, into etc. Account = ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´’†ç account Åçõ‰ Å®·ûË äéπ phrasal verb ¢Á·ûªhç Å®√n-EéÃ, Åçü¿’™ ™„éπ\©ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. ÖçúË äéÓ\ ´÷ô Å®√n-Eéà àç Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúøü¿’. ÉC Account Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç/ Ææç°∂æ’-ô´’† conversation™ ¢√úø’-ûª’çõ‰ practice O’ü¿ ††’ í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ îÁ°æpúøç. Å®Ωn´’ßË’u N≠æߪ’ç. Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Priya: She did of course. It seems while her Eûªu-@-N-ûªç™ ¢√úø-í∫© phrasal verbs ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

Ç üËEéÓ úµŒ éÌçü¿E ü∆E-O’ü¿ ≤Òôd™‰ ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª’-Ø√o®·. Dent= ≤Òôd 3) Hang out = äÍéîÓô î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ í∫úø-°æúøç– °æE ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√.

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above. 1) She must have launched into a long account of her travels. 2) .... their car bumped against the pavement. 3) She used to hang out with Moksha all the time. 4) Moksha and she used to while away their time...

b) She hangs out at the beauty parlour wasting all her money on beauty care = beauty parlour

Punya: She must have launched into a long account of her travels.

cousin was driving her home in Chennai, their car bumped against the pavement.

(Ç °æØË îËÆœçC. ûª† cousin ûª††’ ÉçöÀéÀ car ™ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çõ‰ -Å-C pavement èπ◊ úµŒ éÌöÀdç-ü¿ô.) pavement = Road èπ◊ È®ç-úø’ -¢Áj-°æ¤© ÖçúË é¬L-¶«ô, ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûª°æ¤pí¬ platform Åçô’çö«ç. DEéÀ ÉçéÓ-´÷ô Kerb. American - side walk. Pavement dwellers = É©’x ™‰éπ pavement O’ü¿ØË @Nç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. dwell - live; dweller = people who live Punya: Hope they are safe.

a) He hangs out at the park most of the evenings = park

î√™« ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√©’ Åûªú≈ í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√úø’, °æØËç-™‰éπ.

™

á°æ¤púø÷ ™ØË í∫úø’-°æ¤-ûª’çC, Ç¢Á’ Ç ≤˘çü¿®Ωu §Ú≠æ-ùèπ◊ úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ÷h. Hangers out = äéπîÓô áèπ◊\´ Æ洒ߪ’ç í∫úÕ-Ê°¢√∞¡Ÿx (àO’ ûÓîªéπ)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

498

The police have rounded up the hangers out at the park after 10.30. =

5) A real doll = idiom.

Priya: Nothing very serious fortunately, but Moksha's ankle is badly sprained. She is walking with a limp.

(Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h Åçûª °ü¿l í¬ßª÷™‰ç ™‰´¤, é¬E ¢Á÷éπ~ <©-´’çúø (é¬LéÀ §ƒü∆Eo éπLÊ° éé’) ¶«í¬ ¶„ùÀ-éÀçC. é¬Ææh èπ◊çô’-ûª÷ †úø’-≤ÚhçC.) Sprain = ¶„ù’èπ◊/ ¶„ù-éπúøç Punya: Sorry to hear that. I must go and see her then.

(NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢ÁRx îª÷ú≈©-®·ûË.) Priya: You know her cousin, Kaivalya, don't you? She was here for two years. She used to hang out with Moksha. Don't you remember?

(ûª† cousin Èéj´©u Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? Ééπ\úø È®çúË-∞¡ŸxçC. á°æ¤púø÷ ¢Á÷éπ~-ûÓØË ÖçúËC. Fèπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü∆?) Punya: I do of course. I know Kaivalya. Moksha and she used to while away their time shopping, going to movies or chatting.

(áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’? Èéj´©u Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ûª†÷ ¢Á÷éπ~ á°æ¤púø÷ àüÓ äéπöÀ éÌçô÷, ÆœE-´÷-©-Èé-∞¡Ÿûª÷, éπ•’®Ω’x îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊çô÷ 鬩ç í∫úÕ-Ê°-¢√∞¡Ÿx.) Priya: She is a real doll, this Kaivalya, with her round face, dimples, dark round eyes.

5) She is a real doll 6) The long and short of it all is that she is cute. 7) Likely this evening, in any case, tomorrow. 8) You've guessed aright. 1) Launch into =

10.30 ûª®√yûª park ™ í∫úø’-°æ¤-ûª’†o¢√®Ωçü¿-JF police ©’ Åü¿’-°æ¤-™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. 4) While away = Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬, •ü¿l-éπçûÓ é¬©ç í∫úÕ-Ê°-ߪ’úøç

î√™« Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ í¬ ûª†’ Åçûª °jéÀ ®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC.

b) Being a real doll, she has set quite a number of hearts afire =

î√™« Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh é¬-´-úøç ´©x î√™« ߪ·´ £æ«%ü¿-ߪ÷-©†’ Ç¢Á’ éπ©-´-®Ω-°-öÀdçC. (Set afire = set fire to = ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç – ûªí∫-©-¶„-ôdúøç. Ééπ\úø éπ©-´-®Ω-°-öÀdçC) 6) The long and short of = ≤ƒ®√稡ç = ÅÆæ©’ N≠æߪ’ç èπ◊x°æhçí¬ – ÉC èπÿú≈ idiom ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Phrasal verb é¬ü¿’. Phrasal verb Å®·ûË äéπ ´÷ô verb í¬ Öçô’çC. a) You have said enough. The long and short of it is that you are not at fault -

(Å´¤†’. î√©’. †’´¤y îÁÊ°p ´÷ô© ≤ƒ®√稡ç Åçû√ Ç Å´÷t®· î√™« Åçü¿-¢Á’içü¿E) cute = Åçü¿-¢Á’i† Priya: So when are you going to see Moksha? If I have the time, I'll go with you as well.

A.V. Subba Oripenta

Rao,

Q. Pylon A.

Q. Fellowship A. A.

Punya: Likely this evening, but in any tomorrow.

case,

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç 鬴a ™‰ü∆ Í®°æ¤) Priya: If it is tomorrow, it will be in the evening, won't it?

(Í®°æ-®·ûË, ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’ éπü∆?)

b) The long and short of his speech was that his party alone could serve the country

¢√u-§ƒ®Ωç-™/ -§ƒ-J-v¨»-N’éπçí¬ -áç-ûÓ Ææ秃-Cç* ûªü∆y®√ °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ, ≤Ún´’ûª °ç-èπ◊†o ´uéÀh.v°æ´·ê/ ´·êu-¢Á’i†/ °æ©’-èπ◊-•-úÕ-í∫© ´uéÀh

Q. Pilot project

A.

1) îªçü∆ 2) üÓ£æ«ü¿ç/ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-úøç/ -ûÓ-úøpúË N≠æߪ’ç.

A.

îªçü∆

Q. enterprenuer A. enterprenuer

– Pronunciation Ççô-v°-Ø√(®˝)– Å®Ωnç ≤ƒ£æ«-ÆæçûÓ áçûÓ Â°ü¿l áûª’h† °ô’d-•úÕ Â°öÀd ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç †úÕ°œ ™«¶µºç §ÒçüË-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

Q. swap A.

A.

Q. melo drama

àüÁjØ√ v°æù«-Réπ/ project áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-´’-´¤-ûª’çüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç- Q. enterprises ü¿’èπ◊ v°æßÁ÷-í¬-ûªt-éπçí¬ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË A. Company/ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç. °-ü¿l -á-ûª’h-† project. ü∆E ïߪ÷-°æ-ï-ߪ÷-©-†’-•öÀd, ≤ƒ£æ«-≤Ú-Ê°-ûªçí¬ Â°ô’d-•-úÕûÓ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË (plural) ü∆Eo é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-úø´÷, ´÷†’-éÓ-´- ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç.Enterprises ´·êuçí¬ company Ê°®Ω x ™  éπ E -°œ-Ææ’hç-C. úø´÷ ÅØËC E®Ωg-®·-≤ƒh®Ω’.

îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ äéπ °æE îË°æöÀd °æ‹Jh îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† úø•’s. Price: äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, àüÁjØ√ ÊÆ´†’ §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊ îÁLxçîË üµ¿®Ω. The cost of construction of a house =

É©’x éπõ‰dç-ü¿’-éπßË’u ê®Ω’a.

The price of the building =

Ç éπôdúøç (¶µº´†ç, É©’x,

Q. feedback

1) äéπ °æE áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¶«í¬ ïJTçC, ™§ƒ-™‰-´’Ø√o ÖØ√oߪ÷, áçûª- Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ωçí¬ -Ö-Ø√o-ߪ’-E Éûª-®Ω’© -†’ç-* -´-îËa Ææ©£æ…, N´’®Ωz, Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç. 2) Mike ©’ amplifier ©™ ´îËa ¨¡•lç.

=

Q. subscription

Q. contribution

Q. Big shot

A.

î√™« áûª’h™ Nü¿’u-Bh-í∫-©†’ éπLÊ° ¶«í¬ áûªh-®·† metal Ææh綵«©’. High voltage wires †’ ¶«í¬ áûª’h™ ÖçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

≤ƒçí∫ûªuç

Q. Tycoon

A.

(Å®·ûË ¢Á÷éπ~-ØÁ-°æ¤púø’ îª÷≤ƒh´¤? Ø√èπ◊ BJèπ◊çõ‰ ؈’ FûÓ ´ü∆l-´’E)

îÁ°œpçC î√©’. †’´¤y îÁÊ°p-ü¿çû√/ îÁÊ°pü∆E ≤ƒ®√稡ç, ûª°æ¤p FC é¬ü¿E.

Çߪ’† Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç ≤ƒ®√稡ç Åçû√, ûª† party äéπ \õ‰ ü˨»-EéÀ ÊÆ´ îËߪ’-í∫-©-ü¿E. a) We whiled away our time watch7) In any case = àC à¢Á’iØ√/ àC ïJ-T-†-°æp-öÀéà = ing the TV and playing cards = üË-E í∫’Jç-îª-®·Ø√ ÉC èπÿú≈ phrasal verb é¬ü¿’. Prepositional TV îª÷Ææ÷h, Ê°é¬ô Ç-úø’ûª÷ 鬩ç í∫úÕÆæ’D-®Ω`çí¬ Öû√q£æ«çûÓ îÁ°æp-úøç/ M.SURESAN phrase. Ê°¨»ç Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬, •ü¿l-éπçûÓ. ´Jgç-îª-úøç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ôdúøç. a) I am likely to go there in a day or two; in any b) Don't while away your time. Do some thing a) Just mention the US, and he launches into case before thursday = ØËØÌéπöÀ È®çúø’ ®ÓV™x solid = F time Å™« í∫úÕ-Ê°Ææ÷h ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’-éÓèπ◊. an account of his tour to the place = †’´¤y Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞Ôxa; àüË-¢Á’iØ√ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç ´·çü¿Í® í∫öÀdí¬ àüÁjØ√ îË®·. Å¢Á’-Jé¬ Ê°È®-û√h-´çõ‰ î√©’/ Ê°È®-ûªh-úø¢Ë’ Ç©Ææuç, ¢Á∞¡û√. ¢√úø’ ûª† °æ®Ωu-ô† O’ü¿ Ææ’D-®Ó`-°æ-Ø√uÆæç É≤ƒhúø’. c) He has a lot of property to fall back upon, b) There is no use complaining now. In any b) She launched into a narration of her expeso he just whiles away his time = Åûª-úÕéÀ 鬴case we aren't going to get back the money riences as the only woman in her office = ©-Æœ†çûª ÇÆæ’hçC, ÇÆæ®√ ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊. Åçü¿’-éπE - É°æ¤púø’ ¶«üµ¿-°æúÕ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Ç ûª† office ™ ûªØÌ-éπ\-ûË Æ‘Yí¬ ûª† ņ’-¶µº-¢√-©†’ Å™« 鬩ç í∫úÕ-Ê°-Ææ’hç-ö«úø’, àç îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈. úø•’s ´’†èπ◊ AJT ®√ü¿’. í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îªôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-öÀdçC. To fall back upon = éπ≥ƒd™ x Åéπ\-®Ω-éÌîËaçü¿’èπ◊ 8) Guess aright = ÆæJí¬ Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´úøç. Give an account of = ã ´%û√hçûªç (N≠æߪ’ç) a) The old woman has none to fall back upon a) ''That's the car you want to buy, isn't it?" N´-®Ω-ùí¬ îÁ°æpúøç. Narration = éπü∑¿†ç – üˆo®·Ø√ = Ç ´·Ææ-™«-N-úøèπ◊ éπ≥ƒd™ x Åéπ\-®Ω-éÌ-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ÇÆæ(Ç car ØË éπü∆ †’´¤y éÌ-Ø√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC?) éπü∑¿™« îÁ°æp-úøç. Narrate= (éπü∑¿) îÁ°æpúøç. ®√í¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. 'You've guessed aright. How do you know, 2) Bump against = úµŒ éÌôdúøç = Crash into/ hit/ (Correct í¬ØË Ü£œ«ç-î √´¤. ᙫ ûÁ©’Ææ’ Fèπ◊?) b) He has a little savings in the bank to fall knock against. back on/ upon = àüÓ ÇÆæ-®√-éÌ-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊/ Åéπ\-®Ωb) She guessed aright that the police were a) The car bumped against a lamp post and looking for her = ûª† éÓÆæ¢Ë’ police ©’ îª÷Ææ’héÌ-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ bank ™ §Òü¿’°æ¤ îËÆæ’-èπ◊†o rested on the kerb = Ç car light Ææh綵«Eo úµŒ Ø√o-®ΩE Ç¢Á’ ÆæJ-í¬_ØË Ü£œ«ç-*çC. ≤Ò´·tçC. éÌô’dèπ◊E pavement O’ü¿ EL-*çC.

(î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC Èéj´©u, í∫’çvúøöÀ éÀç-C °æ-ü∆-©èπ◊ -Å®√n-©’ ¢Á·£æ«ç, -≤Ò-ôd -•’-í∫_©’, †©xöÀ í∫’çvúøöÀ éπ∞¡Ÿx.) -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

Punya: Yea, enough. The long and short of it all is that she is really cute.

phrasal verb

a) Though a real doll, she never made it good as a model = model

She is a r eal doll

(¢√∞¡xÍéç 鬙‰-ü¿-†’èπ◊çö«)

î√™« Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh. ÉC

é¬ü¿’,

´÷JpúÕ/ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç.

A. melo drama =

ÅA ü¿’”êç/ ÅA£æ…Ææuç/ ÅA-vÊ°´’/ ÅA û√uí∫ç– É™« ÅFo ÅAí¬ îª÷°œÊÆh ¢√Ææh-N-éπçí¬ Ö†o éπü∑¿©’, Ø√ô-鬩’, ÆœE-´÷©’– ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆœE-´÷©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅFo melo dramas (having too much of sentiment to be realistic.)

Q. cost - price

-Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ -ûË-ú≈ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. Cost - äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊,

etc)

üµ¿®Ω.

Q. help desk, help line A.

àüÁjØ√ ÆæçÆæn NE-ßÁ÷-í∫-ü∆-®Ωxèπ◊ Ö*ûª Ææ£æ…ߪ’ Ææ´÷-î√-®√-©ç-CçîË à®√pô’. Help desk= Ææn©ç, Help line = phone.

Q. protem speaker A.

éÌûªhí¬ à®√p-ô-®·-†

Assembly/

Parliament, Speaker

†’ ᆒo-èπ◊-ØË´-®Ωèπ◊ Æ涵« ´u´-£æ…-®√-©†’ †úÕÊ° û√û√\-Léπ speaker.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 23 -ÂÆ-°dç-•®Ω’ 2008 A. Sridhar, Oripenta

éÀ-ç-C-¢√-öÀéÀ -Å®√n-©’ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Q. Basic Instinct A. ØÁjïç/ ØÁjï-í∫’ùç Q. blue mat A. ÉC °æü¿ç é¬ü¿’, America ™ ã

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Q. night out

A.

Q. dam good

A.

Q. turbonator

A.

Bowler Singh

company Q. blue print A.

Ê°®Ω’. Blue Print = 1) ´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’-©èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æù«-Réπ. eg: A blue print for the development of atomic energy -

Åù’-¨¡éÀh ÅGµ-´%-Cl¥éÀ v°æù«-Réπ. 2) §ƒûª ®ÓV™x v°æûËuéπ FL-®Ωçí∫’ é¬Tûªç O’ü¿, building ©, ߪ’çvû√© photo copy (eg: A blue print of the proposed building - v°æA-§ƒC-Ææ’h†o building plan) Q. awesome A. Ææçv¶µº-´÷-¨¡a-®√u©’ éπLTçîË– Åçûª Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ¶µºßª’ç, íı®Ω´ç, é¬Ææh ÇçüÓ-∞¡† éπL-TçîË (ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»©’/ ü¿%¨»u©’/ 鬮√u©’) Q. wake-awake A. wake - Evü¿-™‰-°æúøç. Awake = ¢Á’©-èπ◊-´í¬ Ö†o Q. sleep-asleep A. sleep - Evü¿-§Ú-´úøç. Asleep Evü¿-§Ú-ûª’†o Q. loud-aloud A. loud - Gí∫_-È®j† Aloud - Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ (he spoke in a loud voice; He was speaking aloud) Q. rise-arise-arose A. rise -

Q. ultimatum Q. police combing Q. covert Q. core committee

Q. punch dialogue

Q. boom

Q. stamina Q. namkeen Q. inter act Q. zinc food

Q. dare devil

Q. count down

A. Wait for = Await - await

ví¬çC∑éπç *´J £«îªa-Jéπ – Ç ûª®√yûª Ééπ îªÍ®u A. Police ©’ ØË®Ω-Ææ’h© éÓÆæç í¬Lç-îªúøç A. ®Ω£æ«-Ææu-¢Á ’i† X overt (¶«£æ…-ô-¢Á’i†) A. Core committee = ã ÆæçÆæn™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† Íéçvü¿ Ææç°∂æ’ç A. Punch Dialogue = Ææ綵«≠æù ¢Á·ûªhç™ ÅA ´·êu¢Á’i† dialogue. A. Boom = 1) (¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™) N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿©/ Å´’t-鬩 ñ®Ω’. 2) •÷ç ÅE NE-°œçîË ¨¡•lç. A. Ææûª’h´ A. ÉC English ´÷ô-é¬ü¿’. A. á´JûÓ-†-®·Ø√ ´÷ö«x-úøôç, éπLÆœ °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç, etc. A. zinc = ߪ’¨¡ü¿ç– äéπ metal (™£æ«ç) zinc food èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç-™‰ü¿’. A. v°æ´ ÷-ü∆-©èπ◊ ™„éπ\-îË-ߪ’èπ◊çú≈, à ≤ƒ£æ«-≤ƒ-E-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úË-¢√®Ω’. A. °j ÅçÈé †’ç* (100 ™‰ü∆ 10 †’ç*) Ææ’†o ´®Ωèπ◊ ™„éÀ\ç-îªúøç, bombs, rockets ™«çöÀN Ê°™‰açü¿’èπ◊ ´C-™‰ç-ü¿’èπ◊. 2) ´·£æfi®Ωhç ü¿í∫_-®Ω-°æ-úøôç. A.

Q. frustration

A.

Harbhajan

ûª©-§ƒí¬ ô’d-èπ◊E NÈéô’x °æúø-íÌ-úø-û√úø’. (terminate - Åçûªç îËߪ’úøç; terminator - Åçûªç îËÊÆ¢√úø’ – Åçü¿’-éπE ÅûªúÕE Å™« ´u´-£æ«-J-≤ƒh®Ω’) E®√¨¡ ´©x éπLÍí EÆæp %£æ«/ E®Ω’-û√q£æ«ç

A. Sudhakar, Bhiknoor Q.

v°æA Éçô-®Ω÷yu™ 'Tell us about yourself' ÅE Åúø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’. DEéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ Å¶µºuJn •ßÁ÷-úË-ö«ûÓ-§ƒô’ àN’ îÁ§ƒpL? A. Tell us about yourself ņo-°æ¤púø’ first, Ê°®Ω’ îÁ•’û√ç – My name is so and so ÅE begin îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ (English medium LKG, UKG °œ©x™«x), I am so and so; I am from (O’ ÜJ Ê°®Ω’), location (District, nearest important city, O’ family background (Agriculture/ business/ ser-

Everyone of the boys knows what he has to doeveryone pronoun he, verb knows. pronoun agreement.

Ééπ\úø èπ◊ Åçü¿’-éπE

èπÿú≈

ÉC

The boy knows what he is expected to do, and what he is capable of doing. boy consistent (uniform he pronoun pronoun consistency.

Ééπ\úø í¬) ÅØË

•ü¿’©’, ¢√úøôç

Give milk to the child after it boils. it boils milk child noun, it. after it boils

Ééπ\úø after ÅE éπü∆ ÖçC, èπÿ, èπÿ pro鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ §ƒ©’ ´’J-T† ûª®√yûª ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ Gúøf ´’J-T† ûª®√yûª ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆, it, child èπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Öçúøôç ´©x, É™«çöÀ N°æ-K-û√®Ωnç, pronoun ambiguity (ÆæçüË£æ«ç) ´©x ´Ææ’hçC. É™«çöÀN °ü¿lí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ-éπçúÕ.Correct ÅE ûÓ*çC ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ. G. Madhusudan Suryapet Q.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 499

¢√JÍé Å®Ωnç é¬éπ-§ÚûË ´’†-¢Á’çûªöÀ ¢√∞¡xç ņ-ú≈-EéÀ English ™ "When

they

could

not

Q. Knowledge and Wisdom A. Knowledge-

Nñ«c†ç/ äéπ subject îªü¿-´-úøç-´©x, °æ¤Ææh-鬩, °æJ-¨-üµ¿-†-©-´©x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æߪ’ç. Wisdom- ñ«c†ç– @Nû√†’¶µº-¢√© ´©x, Ç™-© ´©x ´’†ç §ÒçüËC.

Q. Location and situation A. Location=

v°æü˨¡ç= situation. Å®·ûË situation èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, °æJ-ÆœnA. I don't want to face such a situation again= Å™«çöÀ °æJ-Æ œnA ´’Sx áü¿’-®Ó\¢√-©E ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊.

Q. Wishes and Congratulations A. Wishes=

éÓJ-éπ©’/ Çé¬ç-éπ~©’. äéπ-JéÀ (´’ç*) àü¿®·Ø√ ï®Ω-í¬-©ØË Çé¬ç-éπ~(©’) Congratulations= á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ ≤ƒCµÊÆh ´’†ç ûÁLÊ° ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ ´’ç*/ íÌ°æp °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îË-ô°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç wishes/ best wishes îÁ§ƒhç. ¢√∞«x°æE Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûªçí¬ °æ‹Jh-îË-Æœ†-°æ¤púø’ congratulations îÁ§ƒhç.

Who did you lear n it fr om?

™‰´úøç/ Evü¿-™‰´úøç/ E©-•-úøôç = Arise - Ææ´’-Ææu-™«xç-öÀN ûª™„-ûªhúøç Arise from - üËE-´-©x-®·Ø√ éπ©-í∫úøç (Ææ´’-Ææu-™«xçöÀN). Å®·ûË Arise = rise. Rise èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n©’ DEéà ÖØ√o®·, é¬F Ç Å®√n-©ûÓ arise §ƒçúÕûªuç. Q. round-around A. Round - í∫’çvúøöÀ/ ô÷d. Around = ô÷d. Q. right-aright A. Right = ÆæÈ®j†. Aright = ÆæJí¬. Q. flight-aeroplane A. Flight = °æéÀ~/ N´÷†ç áí∫-®Ωúøç; N´÷† v°æߪ÷ùç Q. wait-await

®√vûªçû√ ¢Ë’™Ô\E Öçúøôç. î√™« ¶«í∫’†o. Ñ ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Turban ûª©-§ƒí¬,

2

Q. Time table Schedule

and

vice, etc), your siblings (ûÓ•’-ô’dunderstand that after all A. Time table= à Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ àC ï®Ω-í¬™ ûÁLÊ° ´¤©’), your education (school and °æöÀdéπ= Schedule. what we are" Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Úcollege), present occupation, É™« schedule èπ◊ ¢ËÍ® Å®√n©’: 1) Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç §ÒçC† à ûª’çü∆? îÁ§ƒpL. ´’†èπ◊ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ äéπ v°æ ù «R È é j Ø √. A. When even they can't/ when they minute Æ洒ߪ’ç É≤ƒh®Ω’. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ 2) äéπ ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-Æœ† ÅCµ-é¬-Jéπ ñ«G-û√©’. themselves can't understand it, áèπ◊\´ Æ洒ߪ’ç èπÿú≈ É≤ƒh®Ω’. what about us?/ how can we Å°æ¤púø’, O’ interests, hobbies Jhansi, Mangalagiri after all? M.SURESAN ™«çöÀN îÁ§Òpa. Q. -E-†o é¬xÆæ’-™  -áç-ûª-´®Ωèπ◊ -îÁ°æ¤pèπ◊-Ø√oç? Q. A, An, The ÉN articles éπü∆. OöÀE demon- Ravuri Sridevi, Jammulapalem A. What did we learn yesterday? strative adjectives Åçö«-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«Q. °æ¤Ææ-hé¬-©’ -îË-ûÓh °æ-ô’dèπ◊-E -îª-ü¿-´ç-úÕ. Q. Barrage and Reservoir ®Ω-ù-©ûÓ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. A. Barrage (Pron: British •®√ñ¸– ñ¸, measure A. Hold your books in your hands and read A. °∂晫-Ø√C ÅE ûÁLÊ° (demonstrate îËÊÆ) adjec™ su ™«/ American- ¶«Jñ¸) Åçõ‰ F∞¡Ÿx §ÒJx§Ú- them. tives ™« Öçö«®· 鬕öÀd– a/ an- äéπ/ àüÁjØ√/ Ç. èπ◊çú≈, ´®Ω-ü¿-F∞¡Ÿx v°æ´÷ü¿ç éπL-Tç-îª-èπ◊çú≈, Ç°œ Q. -Åç-ü¿®Ω÷ £æ«Ùç-´®Ω’\ -îË-¨»®√?- Q. Who, that, which © Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ ÖçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπõ‰d •©-¢Á’i† íÓúø. A. Have all of you done the home work? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Reservoir- F∞¡x†’ E©y-îËÊÆ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ à®Ωp-úÕ†/ Q. -Åç-ü¿®Ω÷ -™‰-* ®√-´-ü¿’l. -äéπ-J -ûª®√y-ûª -äéπ®Ω’ A. Who = á´®Ω’? Who is he? (Çߪ’-ØÁ-´®Ω’?) who ´÷†´ EJt-ûª-¢Á’i† -¨¡ßª’ç. ®Ωç-úÕ. has done this? (ÉC îËÆ œç-üÁ-´®Ω’?) who = Q. G.O. and Proceeding A. Don't all of you come to me at the same time. whom = á´JE/ á´-JéÀ etc. A. G.O.- Government Order- v°æ¶µº’ûªy îªö«dEo Å´’Come one by one. Who did you learn it from? = †’´yC á´J ©’î Ë Ê Æ Nüµ ∆ Ø √Eo ûÁ L Ê° v°æ ¶ µ º ’ ûª y Çñ«c ° æ v ûª ç . G.O. Q.- Åç-ü¿®Ω÷ -°-ü¿lí¬ -îª-ü¿-´ç-úÕ. ü¿í∫_®Ω ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤? Núø’-ü¿© é¬EüË îªö«d-EéÀ 鬮Ωu-®Ω÷°æç Öçúøü¿’. A. All of you read aloud. Who did you defeat? = †’¢Óy-úÕç*çC á´JE? Proceeding: v°æ¶µº’-ûªyç-™ E NNüµ¿ ¨»ë«-Cµ-°æ-ûª’©’ Q. ´·ç-ü¿’í¬ £æ«Ùç -´®Ω’\ -îª÷≤ƒh. -ûª®√y-ûª é¬xÆˇ Who did they give it to? = ü∆Eo ¢√∞¡Ÿx á´-J-éÀ(Heads of Departments) ûª´’ ¨»ê™x G.O. îÁ-•’-û√-†’. î√a®Ω’? Å´’-©’-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ñ«K-îËÊÆ °ævûªç. A. I'll first check your home work and then teach That = Ç. Q. Certificate and Diploma the lesson. Give me that book (Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç É´¤y) A. Certificate- 1) äéπ-JéÀ Ö†o Å®Ω|-ûª-©†’ ûÁLÊ° That- Relative pronoun. °ævûªç. Vicky, Karimnagar This is the book that I gave him yesterday= Certificate Course= àü¿-®·Ø√ subject ™ Péπ~ù Q. India win by 5 wickets. v°æûªuéπ~ v°æ≤ƒ-®Ωç™ öÃO™ ؈-ûª-úÕ-éÀ-*a† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉüË. §ÒçC/ °æKéπ~ ®√Æœ Ç subject ™ Å®Ω|ûª ûÁa-èπ◊- ÉçúÕߪ÷ Èí©-´-í¬ØË Ñ õ„jöÀ™¸ ¢Ë≤ƒh®Ω’. Win •ü¿’©’ Which E 'à—? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ question ÅúÕ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ course. won ®√¢√L éπü∆. ¢√úøû√ç. Diploma: 1) Degree Certificate ™«çöÀ Nü∆u-®Ω|A. Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ§ƒpç. News Paper ûª†’ ûÁLÊ° °ævûªç. Which book is yours? (à °æ¤Ææhéπç FC?) Headings/ TV Headings ™, ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† 2) äéπ EKg-ûª-é¬-©ç™ àü¿-®·Ø√ subject ™ §ÒçüË Which E that ™« relative pronoun í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-ÈéjØ√ Present Simple ¢√úøû√-®ΩE. Péπ~ù- Diploma course ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’. This is the book which gives you the inforQ. Kurnool, Cuddalore, Allahabad -™«ç-öÀ Ê°®Ωx-™  mation you want = O’é¬\-¢√-Lq† Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç ÉîËa Q. Receipt and counterfoil Å-†-´Ææ®Ω -Åéπ~®√-©’ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊? Kurnool, Kadapa°æ¤Ææhéπç ÉüË. A. Receipt= ®ΩQü¿’, Counterfoil= †éπ©’ Å-E -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√Ææ’éÓ-™‰ç? Q. Pronoun agreement, pronoun consistency, Q. Electronics and Electricals A. É´Fo British ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’† Ü∞¡x Ê°®Ωxèπ◊ ¢√úÕ† É°æppronoun ambiguity Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ A. Electronics- Electronic °æJ-éπ-®√-©™ Nü¿’uû˝ √ ´÷JÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. É°æ¤púø’ Cuddapah ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. v°æ¢√-£æ…Eo Åüµ¿u-ߪ’-†ç-îËÊÆ ¨»ÆæYç (Electron èπ◊ öÀ†’-ÈéjØKadapa ÅØË Spell îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆. Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†) A. É´Fo Technical terms- grammar †’ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ Q. Get together party -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ? îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´îËaN. É¢Ëç ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË correct Electricals- Ñ ´÷ô áèπ◊\-´í¬ Shops boards í¬ English ´÷ö«x-úøôç ≤ƒüµ¿u¢Ë’. Å®·Ø√ éÀçü¿ N´O’ü¿ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ´÷´‚©’ ¶µ«≠æ™ electrical A. †©’-í∫’®Ω÷ éπLÆœ ûËFöÀ Nçü¿’/ dinner îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. J-Ææ’hØ√oç. ÉN ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË English îªéπ\í¬ ÅØË Åçö«ç– Å®Ωnç– Nü¿’uûª’hèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†/ Nü¿’u-îªa ¥éÀhûÓ °æE-îËÊÆ. ´÷ö«x-úÌa/ ®√ßÁ·îª’a.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 25 -ÂÆ-°dç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

500th Lesson on Spoken English Dear Readers, Here is our 500th lesson on Spoken English. Starting on June 12, 2005, this course in Spoken English has had an uninterrupted run so far. A page on Spoken English, three to four times a week, along with a page on Vocabulary/ Grammar Made Easy, running for a period of three years and a quarter and still going on is perhaps a record. And we must thank you, the readers for your whole-hearted and enthusiastic support. Our plan for the lessons: Each lesson is a continuation of the previous lesson. At the same time, even the new reader is sure to find in it some thing very useful for improving his/ her Spoken English skills. Your numerous letters with your questions on and doubts about Spoken English encourage

us to be of even greater help to you. To make our lessons more effective and useful we are planning innovations. We are going to start shortly lessons on advanced English speech skills. We assure you, however, the lessons will be in the same simple and easily understandable style of the earlier lessons. We are confident that you will certainly respond to them and learn them with the same enthusiasm as now or even with more enthusiasm. This course is for you; therefore we welcome your suggestions for its greater usefulness. We look forward to your and our well-wishers' continued support, and assure you of our best services. - M.Suresan

2

1) All that we could scrape together was about Rs. 3000 2) That's no where near our need 3) ... people playup anything not local 4) I wish they could keep it down 5) That will serve the purpose 6) Mom's (Mom has) set the table 7) We have to help ourselves 8) I don't want you to ask me to help myself more than I can eat. 9) You are now twenty going on to 21 10) our friend's exhibit has won an award at the ongoing science fair. 1) Scrape together =

ÅA éπ≠dçæ ûÓ àü¿-®·Ø√

[email protected]

§Úí∫’îË-ߪ’-í∫-©-í∫úøç. 1) They could scrape together just three or four books by the poet = ÅA éπ≠dç æ -O’ü¿ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Advaith: How much have you been able to col- Vedanth: We can do nothing. We've to bear it; Ç éπ N ®√Æœ † È ® çúø ’ , ´‚úø ’ °æ ¤ Æ æ h é ¬©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ that's all. It's the festive season. lect for the party we've thought of havÊÆéπ J çî ª í ∫ L í ¬®Ω ’ . ing? (ü∆EE ´’†ç àç îËߪ’™‰ç, ¶µºJç-î√-LqçüË. 2) Can we scrape together a team for the ÉC °æçúøí∫ Æ洒ߪ’ç (´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o party éÀ áçûª´’ô’èπ◊ match on Thursday? = í∫’®Ω’éπü∆.) §Úí∫’-îË-ߪ’-í∫-L-í¬´¤?) ¢√®Ωç match èπ◊ ´’†ç ã ïô’dèπ◊ Vedanth: Not much, I'm afraid. All that we could Advaith: OK. Mom has set the Çô-í¬-∞¡x†’ §Úí∫’îË-ߪ’-í∫-©´÷? table. Let's eat. I'm -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 500 scrape together was about Rs. 3000, and that's nowhere near our need.

Home Minister Bv´-¢√-ü¿’© ´©x v°æ´÷-ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ûªèπ◊\´ îËÆœ ´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’. (Åçûª v°æ´÷-ü¿-¢Ë’O’ ™‰ü¿-Ø√oúø’) 4) Keep (something) down = ¨¡•lç, íÌúø-´-™«çöÀ ü∆EE ûªT_ç-îªúøç. a) Could you please keep your voice down? =

é¬Ææh íÌçûª’ ûªT_ç* ´÷ö«x-úø®√? b) Keep the volume of the TV down. Don't you see I'm studying for an exam? = TV

íÌúø´ ûªT_ç. ؈’ °æK-éπ~èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-†E éπE-°œç-îª-úøç-™‰ü∆? Keep (somebody) down = ÅùÀ-*-°-ôdúøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. For centuries the Hindu society has kept the Dalits down =

¨¡û√-¶«l-©’í¬ £œ«çü¿÷ Ææ´÷ïç ü¿R-ûª’©†’ ÅùÀ*°-öÀdçC. 5) Serve the purpose = äéπ °æEéÀ àüÁjØ√ ÆæJ-§Ú´úøç/ °æE-éÀ-®√-´úøç.

That will ser ve the purpose

(ÅçûËO’ ™‰ü¿’. áçûÓ éπ≠ædçûÓ ´’†ç §Úí∫’îËߪ’-í∫-L-TçC ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’™‰.) I'm afraid = (Ééπ\úø) I am sorry

´‚úø’-¢Ë©

hungry. No one to serve us, as mom's gone out. We have to help ourselves.

3) He scraped together the money for his children's education by selling off his old house =

ûª† °œ©x© îª ü ¿ ’ ´¤ éÓÆæ ç ûª † §ƒûª É©’x Ţ˒tÆœ Advaith: That's quite disappointing. Our estiàüÓ éÌçûª úø • ’s ÊÆéπ J çî ª í ∫ L í ¬úø ’. mates are around Rs. 9000. A large scrape= Í ® èπ ◊ ™ «çöÀ ¢√öÀ û Ó üË † o®·Ø√ chunk of the amount goes to the UéÀ ¨¡ Ÿ v¶µ º ° æ ® Ω î ª ú ø ç / äéπ ü ∆E éÀ Åçô’èπ◊-†o singer and his band. M.SURESAN Vedanth: I'll eat but I don't want you ü ∆E E UÍ é ߪ ’ úø ç . (î√™« E®√-¨»-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. ´’† Åçîª-Ø√©’ to ask me to help myself to more than Scraping the floor of paint marks= ØË©-O’C ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 9000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’. ü∆ØÓx I can eat. That's the trouble in eating paint ´’®Ω-éπ-©†’ Uéπúøç. áèπ◊\´¶µ«í∫ç í¬ßª’-èπ◊-úÕéÀ, ÅûªúÕ band èπÿ with you. É¢√yLq Öçô’çC.) (¶µçîË-≤ƒh†’, é¬F ؈’ A†-í∫-L-T-†-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ Scape through/ Scrape = ÅA éπ≠dçæ -O’ü¿ ØÁí∫_úøç, Chunk = ¶µ«í∫ç, band = ¢√ü¿u •%çü¿ç áèπ◊\´ ´úÕfç--éÓ-´’E ††’o •©-´ç-ûª pass 鬴úøç. a) If he can scrape through the exam his -°-öÔdü¿’. FûÓ ÅüË Ø√èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿.) Vedanth: Why should we have an out of town (Å´’t ¶µï-Ø√EéÀ Åçû√ Æœü¿l¥ç îËÆœçC. Ø√é¬-éπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC. ´’†èπ◊ ´úÕfç-îËç-ü¿’-Èé-´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. ´’†èπ◊ ´’†ç ´úÕfç--éÓ-¢√-LqçüË.)

band? I think we can make do with a local band. That will serve the purpose, I think.

Advaith: OK. I leave it to you. I'm aware you are now 20 going on to 21, and you know what suits you best.

(•ßª’-öÀ-†’ç* ´îËa band áçü¿’èπ◊ ´’†èπ◊? ≤ƒnEéπ band ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´îª’a ņ’èπ◊çö«. ü∆çûÓ ´’†èπ◊ °æE ïJ-T-§Ú-ûª’çC)

(ÆæÍ®™‰. Åü¿çû√ FÍé ´C-™‰-Ææ’hØ√o. FéÀ-°æ¤púø’ 20 à∞¡Ÿx °æ‹®Ωh®·u 21™ Åúø’-í∫’-°-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. FÍéC ´’ç*üÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-ÆæE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.)

Advaith: Yea. That appears to be the best in the circumstances. We are unable to rake up the money for anything better.

Vedanth: A piece of interesting news for you. Our friend Visisht's exhibit in the on going science fair has won an award.

(Å´¤†’. Ñ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x ÅüË Öûªh´’ç ÅE-°œ≤ÚhçC. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ Éçéπ üËEéà ´’†ç úø•’s §Úí∫’-îË-ߪ’-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oç.) Vedanth: I think people play up anything not local. Some of our local bands and singers are even better than those from outside.

(•ßª’-öÀ†’ç* ´îËa üËE-í∫’-Jç-îª-®·Ø√ ï†ç íÌ°æpí¬ îÁ°æ¤p-éÌç-ö«®Ω’. ´’† Ü∞x Ö†o í¬ßª’-F-í¬-ߪ’-èπ◊©’, band •ßª’-öÀ†’ç* ´îËa ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.) Advaith: The mike blasing from outside is really deafening. I wish they could keep it down.

(Ŷ«s! •ßª’ô mike £æ«Ù®Ω’ îÁ´¤úø’ éπL-Tç-îËô’dçC. ûªT_ÊÆh ¶«í∫’çúø’.)

father will be happy/ If he can scrape a pass in the exam, his father will be happy pass marks marks pass

´’†èπ◊ í¬xÆæ’ äéπöÀ 鬢√L, é¬F Ñ mug ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’ç-C™‰.

b) We need a car. A bike may not serve the purpose =

´’†èπ◊

car

Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

Bike

Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÀ ÆæJ-§Úü¿’. ¶µï†ç ´úÕfçîËçü¿’èπ◊ ÅFo Æœü¿l¥ç îËߪ’úøç. DE ûª®√yûª serving (´úÕfç-îªôç) ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

6) Set the table/ lay the table =

a) My sister has set the table. Mom will serve the lunch =

´÷ îÁLx/ Åéπ\ ¶µï-Ø√-E-éπFo Æœü¿l¥ç îËÆœçC. ´÷ Å´’t ´úÕf-Ææ’hçC.

b) The table is set and mom's going to serve ready the dinner = plates, spoons ready

¶µï-Ø√-E-éπçû√ í¬ ÖçC (éπçî√©’, Åçû√ îËߪ’úøç.) Å´’t ´úÕfç-îª-¶-ûÓçC. 7), 8) Help oneself = (¶µï-†ç™) àüÁjØ√ ´úÕfç--éÓ´úøç ûª´’èπ◊ û√´·.

= Åûªúø’ (ÅA éπ≠dçæ ûÓ) Å®·ûË î√©’ (éπFÆæ ûÓ) ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’/ éπFÆæ ûÓ Å®·ûË î√©’, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ÆæçûÓ≠œ-≤ƒhúø’.

a) If you want a little more sugar in the coffee, help yourself. The sugar bowl is on the table =

b) The Manmohansingh Govt scraped a victovotes ry by just a few votes =

b) As he was hungry, he helped himself to some more rice =

Íé´©ç éÌEo ûËú≈ûÓ ´’ØÓt-£æ«-Ø˛-Æœçí˚ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ØÁí∫_í∫-L-TçC. (FéÓ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ¢√®Ωh. É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o 3) Play up = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ™‰E-v§ƒ-´·êuç É´yúøç. a) He plays up his Telugu medium backscience fair ™ ´’† friend NP≠ˇd v°æü¿-Jzçground to justify his poor English = ûª† *† ´Ææ’h´¤èπ◊ •£æ›-´’A ´*açC.) English Åçûª ¶«í∫’çúøéπ-§Ú-´-ú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ ûª† Exhibit = Exhibition ™ v°æü¿-JzçîË ´Ææ’h´¤. ûÁ©’í∫’ O’úÕߪ’ç í∫’Jç* ÅAí¬ îÁ•’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. Advaith: Really? Very great indeed. He should b) He plays up his injury to dodge work = °æE give us a party then. áíÌ_õ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊ 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ ûª† í¬ßª÷Eo ´’K áèπ◊\´ Vedanth: We'll ask him tomorrow. îª÷°æ¤-û√úø’. (í¬ßª÷Eo ≤ƒèπ◊í¬ îª÷°æ¤-û√úø’) (Í®°æ¤ Åúø’í∫’ü∆ç) DEéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç, play down. äéπ-ü∆E v§ƒ´·êuç ûªT_ç* îª÷°æúøç. Daily real life situations ™ ´’†ç ¢√úË î√™« Å®Ωn´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† phrasal verbs ´’J-éÌEo a) Every party plays down the achievements of the opposition party = Ñ lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ÉN ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø’ ûªúø’-´·-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø-í∫-L-TûË ´’† conv°æA party, v°æA-°æ-é¬~ ©’ ≤ƒCµç-*-†-¢√-öÀE ûªèπ◊\´ versation î√™« impressive í¬ Öçô’çC. îËÆœ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC. Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue above.

a) We need a glass, but let's use this mug. It'll serve the purpose =

b) The home minister played down the threat of the terrorists =

F coffee ™ Éçé¬ °æçîª-ü∆®Ω 鬢√-©çõ‰ ¢ËÆæ’éÓ. °æçîª-ü∆®Ω §ƒvûª table O’üË ÖçC. Çéπ-Lí¬ Öçúø-ôçûÓ Åûªúø’ ´’J-éÌçîÁç ņoç ´úÕfç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 9) going on = (´ßª’Ææ’ N≠æߪ’ç) äéπ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ Åúø’-T-úø-¶-´úøç. a) She is now 16, going on 17 =

ûª†-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ 16 EçúÕ, 17 ®√¶-ûÓçC. b) You are now going on 18, and you will have the voting right =

FéÀ-°æ¤púø’ 18 ®√¶-ûÓçC, ü∆çûÓ¶«ô’ ´Ææ’hçC. 10) on going = v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o.

vote

£æ«èπ◊\

a) Who will win the on going match? =

É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o

match

á´®Ω’ Èí©’-≤ƒh®Ω’?

b) The on going debate on reservations will continuous for some time =

v°æÆæ’hûªç reservations O’ü¿ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o Ωa ´’J-éÌç-ûª-鬩ç é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 28 -ÂÆ-°dç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Gokul: Hi Kailas, how are you?

c) Same here. Thank you.

í∫çûËÊÆ ¢√úÕE. Ø√èπ◊ ÅA É≠æd-¢Á’i† ¢√u°æéπç – ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç.)

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?) Kailas: Fine. Thank you. How are you?

(¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o†’. †’¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?) Gokul: Fine too. Thank you. Long time, no see. What's the matter?

(¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o. Thank you. éπLÆœ î√™« 鬩-¢Á’içC. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) Kailas: (I had) been out of town for quite some time. My uncle wanted my help in some matter.

(éÌEo ®ÓV-©’í¬ ÜJ-™-™‰†’. ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’uÍéüÓ ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√-Lq-´ÊÆh ¢Á∞«x). Gokul: Isn't he a businessman?

(Çߪ’† ¢√u§ƒJ éπü∆?) Kailas: Yes. He is. In fact I went there to be of help to him in his business.

(Å´¤†’. ÅÆæ©’ ؈’ ¢ÁRxçC Çߪ’† ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç™ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úËç-ü¿’Íé.) Gokul: Isn't his ice cream business?

(Çߪ’-†C âÆˇvéÃç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç éπü∆?) Kailas: Yes, it is. He was short of hands to manage the sales which had gone up by more than 50%. The sales had been helped along by the hot weather early this summer.

(Å´¤†’, ÅüË. 50 ¨»û√E éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ °JT† Å´’t-é¬-©†’ îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª ´’çC ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Ñ ¢ËÆæN ¢Á·ü¿öxE áçúø Å´’t-鬩’ °®Ω-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ ¶«í¬ ûÓúøp-úÕçC.)

(°æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤) greetingèπ◊ ¢√úË Éûª®Ω expressions.

Kailas: Distance lends charm to the eye. Business isn't the cat walk that you imagine is to be.

(ü¿÷®Ω°æ¤ éÌçúø©’ †’†’°æ¤. †’´y-ØËçûª Ææ’©’´¤ é¬ü¿’.)

Business

2

a) How are you getting on?

ÅØËC

b) How goes the word with you?

Gokul: Depends on how you look at is.

c) How is it with you?

(†’´¤y ü∆EE í∫’Jç* îª÷ÊÆ B®Ω’†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC.)

d) How is everybody? (

Kailas: OK. Let's agree to disagree.

vèπÿú˛ ™‰ü¿’. èπ◊ô’ç-•ç™ Åçü¿-JF èπ◊¨¡©ç

ÅúÕ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊) î√™« 鬩ç ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰...

c) Sorry, We can't finish the job by the week end. We are short of hands =

Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ ¢Ë’ç °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ’™‰ç. ´’†’-≠æfl©’ / Æœ•sçC éÌ®Ωûª ÖçC / î√L-†çûª Æœ•sçC ™‰®Ω’.

(ÆæÍ®x. Fèπÿ Ø√èπ◊ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’) î√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC éπü∆ ´’†ç °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ a) Long since we met; how are you? ´÷ô©’(Greeting)ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E. äéπ-≤ƒJ °æ¤†-®√-´%ûªç b) Ages since we met; What's the matter? îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç Eûªuç ¢√úË ´’J-éÌEo (´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ߪ·í¬-™„jçC. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) expressions èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Age = ߪ·í∫ç (-Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç)

d) We need at least two more hands in the department =

´÷ ¨»êèπ◊ Åü¿-†çí¬ éπFÆæç ´’®Ó

Éü¿l®Ω’ Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above:

c) Long time, no see.

3) Help along = àüÁjØ√ Ææ’©’´¤í¬ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ ïJ-Ííôô’x îËߪ’úøç / ¢Ë’©’-éπ-©-í∫úøç / Üûª-N’-´yúøç.

1) a) How are you?

(î√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC îª÷Æœ.) î√™«-鬩ç ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊E, Å™« éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç î√™« Ũ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË,

b) Longtime, no see

a) Availability of Scientists is helping along our space programmes =

a) Hi, who do I see here, Naveen?

2) He was short of hands. 3) The sales had been helped along by the hot weather... 4) Business isn't my cup of tea.

(àçöÀ †OØËØ√, Å•s, áçûª 鬩-¢Á’içüÓ E†’o îª÷Æœ)

´÷ ¨»êèπ◊ Åü¿-†çí¬ ¨»ÆæY-Vc©’ Öçúøôç ´©x Åçûª-Jéπ~ 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷©’ ®Ω’í¬_ ≤ƒí∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®·.

b) Oh, Naveen, is it you? What do I owe this pleasure to?

b) Government's lineancy is helping along the belt shops =

(†OØ˛, †’¢ËyØ√? áçûª-é¬-™«-EéÀ? àç Åü¿%≠ædç?)

5) If I were you, I would jump at the opportunity. 6) It's a career after my heart.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 501

c) Oh, what a privilage to see you, though after a long time.

v°æ¶µº’ûªy Öü∆-Æ‘-†ûª ¶„™¸d ≥ƒ°æ¤©èπ◊ Üûª-

N’-≤ÚhçC. 4) Not my cup of tea = Ø√èπ◊ †îªa-EC / Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-îª-EC. É™«Íí, not his / her/ their.... á´-J-üÁjØ√ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. (Tôd-EC).a) Maths is not his cup of tea = í∫ùÀ-ûªç™ Åûª-úÕéÀ ÇÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’/ Åûª-úÕéÀ É≠æd-¢Á’içC é¬ü¿’. b) Social service is not the Politician's cup of tea =

It's a job after my hear t

Gokul: Why don't you join him? Isn't he pre poned to take you as a partner?

1) a) How are you? =

heart.

a) Fine. Thank you. How are you?

b) India is short of crude oil reserves.

(ØËØË †’¢Áj y-ûËØ√, Å™«çöÀ Å´-鬨¡ç ´ÊÆh áTJ

b) (I'm) fine too. Thank you.

¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ vèπÿú˛ Ç®·™¸ E©y© éÌ®Ωûª ÖçC / î√L-†çûª

Rajia Sultana, Bollavaram Q. principle verb intransitive

äéπ ¢√éπuç™ †’ transitive í¬ í¬ ¢√ú≈®Ó ¢ÁçôØË ûÁ©’¢√ú≈®Ó A. Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ᙫ? A. Verb èπ◊ á´-JE/ á´-JéÀ/ DEE/DEéÀ ÅE ¢√ú≈®√? Question ¢ËÆœ ü∆EéÀ answer ´ÊÆh, Ç verb transitive, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ intransitive. Q. He trained in acting in the film institute. Ééπ\úø verb transitive í¬ Öçü∆? intransitiveí¬ S Raj, Warangal Öçü∆? Q. Ø√èπ◊ ÉçTx≠ˇ -¶«í¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√©E ÖçC. ü¿ßª’-îËÆ œ A. He trained in acting... Ééπ\úÕ verb, trained = ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°æpçúÕ. Péπ~ù §Òçü∆úø’. á´-JE/ á´-JéÀ/ DE-E/- D-EéÀ A. Living English Structure by Stannard Allen (üËE™ é¬ü¿’) Péπ~ù §Òçü∆úø’? ņo v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ îªü¿-´çúÕ. îªü¿-´ôç, ´÷ö«x-úø-ôç practice answer ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, Ñ sentence™ îËߪ’-ç-úÕ. train intransitive. Q. Foreign language ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç* Q. Reshma Sultana trains her students in gymúÕéπ{-†K ™‰ü∆ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. nastics Ééπ\úø verb transitive í¬ ¢√ú≈®√? ™‰ü∆ A. Creford Dictionary intransitive í¬ ¢√ú≈®√? Q. ؈’ v°æA-®ÓV -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ †÷uÆˇ Ê°°æ®˝ îªü¿’-´¤-û√†’. A.He trained her in acting Ééπ\úø á´Jo train î˨»úø’? ņo v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ç¢Á’†’ ÅE •ü¿’©’ ´Ææ’hçC. DE-´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçü∆? 鬕öÀd Ñ sentence™ train transitive A. v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ÖçC Q. Change †’ transitive, instransitive Q. Root, Route OöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? È ® çúø ’ Nüµ ∆ © ’í¬ ¢√úÌî√a? A. Root = ¢Ë®Ω’; Route = ´÷®Ω_ç. , Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? È®çúø÷ correct. - I saw = ؈’ îª÷¨»†’/ Ø√èπ◊ éπE-°œç-*çC. I did see = ؈’ éπ*aûªçí¬ îª÷¨»†’ ÅE ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpúøç.

5) Jump at an opportunity/ offer =

Å´-鬨¡ç ´ÊÆh

(ÉC é¬Ææh formal) - Åçõ‰ ´’†ç Åçûªí¬ ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓE ¢√JûÓ) ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’? ÉC ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† (†’´¤y Çߪ’†ûÓ éπ©-¢Ì-a-éπü∆? E†’o Åûªuçûª ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ OöÀ E ¶«í¬ v§ƒéà dÆˇ îËü∆lç. §ƒ®Ωd-†-®˝í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ É≠ædç (Greeting) ´÷ô éπü∆? Å®·ûË, How É°æ ¤ p úø ’ ´’†ç N’í∫û√ expressions ™‰ü∆?) are you? ÅØË-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç Hello îª ÷ ü∆l ç : Kailas: Business isn't my cup of tea. My choice (name), Hi, ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç éπü∆? 1) Short of hands - à °æE-ÈéjØ√ î√L-†çis a software job; that's why I'm doing Å®·ûË í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç àN’M.SURESAN ûª-´’çC Æœ•sçC ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. MCA; Don't you understand it? ôçõ‰, ´’†-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’, ´’† °j¢√-∞¡x†’ i) Short of = éÌ®Ω -ûªí¬ Ö†o (Ø√èπ◊ business †îªaü¿’. Ø√ áç°œéπ Software °æ©-éπ-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ Hi ņç. Hello, Good morning / ÖüÓuí∫ç. Åçü¿’-éπØË Øˆ’ MCA îËÆæ’h-Ø√o. Å®Ωnç Good evening / Good afternoon, Sir Åçö«ç. Ææ´’- a) We are short of cash. Would you accept a ߪ÷-Eo-•öÀd – Åçõ‰ ÉC formal. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ (for- cheque? é¬ü∆?) mal) 'Hello, Good morning sir, How are you? ´÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω †í∫ü¿’ éÌ®Ω-ûªí¬ ÖçC/ î√L-†çûª †í∫ü¿’ ™‰ü¿’. Gokul: If I were you, I would jump at such an îÁèπ◊\ °æ¤îª’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®√? opportunity. That's a career after my DEéÀ ï¢√•’í¬ Å´-ûªL ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæpçCçîË B®Ω’:

Vicky, Karimnagar Q. I saw I did see

Ææç°∂æ’-ÊÆ´ ÅØËC ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’¢√-ü¿’-©èπ◊ Tôd-EC.

áTJ í∫çûÁ-ߪ’uúøç. a) Who won't jump at the offer of CM's post? =

´·êu-´’ç-vûªßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç ´ÊÆh á´®Ω’ áTJ í∫çûÁߪ’u®Ω’?/ á´®Ω’ É≠æd°æ-úø®Ω’? b) The minute he was offered the post he jumped at =

ÖüÓu-í¬-´-鬨¡ç ®√í¬ØË Åûªúø’ áTJ

í∫çûË-¨»úø’. b) After one's heart =

éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊-†oC

a) It's a job after my heart =

ÅC Ø√èπ◊ †*a†

ÖüÓuí∫ç. b) I named my daughter Lakshmi because it's a name after my heart =

Ø√èπ◊ ©éÀ~ t ÅØË Ê°®Ω’ É≠ædç 鬕öÀd ´÷ Å´÷t-®·éÀ Ç Ê°®Ω’ °ö«d†’.

His acting in the movies has changed him a lot. verb transitive

forms

She seems... to have changed a lot =

The doctor told him to give up smoking. He decided to do it. past time (Yesterday) He decided correct. 'decided' independent sentence He has decided

Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊

-Å®Ωnç é¬-´-úøç -™‰-ü¿’. -ü¿-ߪ’-îËÆ œ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ-†’-©èπ◊ have/ ûª’çü∆? has + PP (Past Participle) ¢√-úø-û√ç. ´’®Ìéπ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù After six months on her job Rehana came back here from the United Time ûÁL-Æ œØ√, Å®·-§Ú-®·† ¢ËÍ® N≠æߪ’ç v°æ≤ƒh States. But she seems to have put on weight -N-Ææ’hØ√o past doing word ¢√-úø-û√ç. and have changed a lot that I hardly, recogHe has decided to do it (E¨¡a-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.) nised her. Ééπ\úø verb transitive ™‰ü∆ á°æ¤púø’? Time ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úøç ™‰ü¿’. E¨¡a-®·ç--éÓ-´-úøç intransitive. ïJ-TçC. A. Sultana train her student - á´Jo train He decided to do it - Ñ sentence Ö†oC îË≤ÚhçC?– ûª† students†’ – So, 'trains' is Ö†oô’dí¬ Å®·ûË ûª°æ¤p. Time expression ™‰ü¿’ transitive. 鬕öÀd. Å®·ûË Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† Ææç°∂æ’-ô† His acting ... has changed him Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç, past™ °∂晫-Ø√ time ÅE Ééπ\úø á´Jo Åçõ‰ him ÅE ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆ ï¢√•’. ûÁL-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ He decided, correct. Eg: He consulted the doctor yesterday. 鬕öÀd Change Ééπ\úø transitive. Ééπ\úø

Å´¤-

Ç¢Á’ ´÷J-†-ô’dçC (Ç¢Á’ á´-JF ´÷®Ωa-™‰ü¿’) 鬕öÀd, Change Ééπ\úø intransitive. V.Kasturi, Peda Kakani Q. He has decided to do it / He decided to do it. She realised the fact/ she has realised the fact / She had realised the fact. verb

-Ñ

°∂晫--Ø√

Ééπ\úø Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ™ ÅE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆? Å™«çô°æ¤púø’,

´÷´‚©’í¬ ™ ®√ü¿’. Å™«Íí N’í∫û√ È®çúø÷.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

®√¢√L.

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 30 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2008A. Bunganna, Munagalapadu

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ A.

Q. Please let me know the Active Voice for have you ever been bitten by a dog? A. Has a dog ever bitten you? Q. "My brother is not taller than I." I found this sentence in study material. Is it correct? A. My brother is not taller than I/ me.

Q. A.

What you found in the study material is correct.

S. Sriram, Hyderabad

ain't, I'd, There's, He's, Who's, Won't, We're, I've A. Ain't = Isn't (Is not) I'd= I had/ I would-

Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd

There's = There is/ There has

Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo

•öÀd He's = He is/ He has

(ñ«ví∫ûªh), (v¨¡ü¿l¥) È®çúø÷, (Åûªuçûª) ÅØËü∆EûÓ éπLÆœ ÖØ√o®·. ņo Å®ΩnçûÓ) – Åçõ‰ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé í∫’ù«Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª’-Ø√o®· 鬕öÀd, has gone ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’, Å®·-ûË have gone ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.Located, situated Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ usage †’ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. Located ÅØ√o situated ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. '°∂晫-Ø√ îÓô, °∂晫-Ø√ °æJ-Ææ-®√™x, °∂晫-Ø√ ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†o— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. OöÀE ´·êuçí¬ v°æüË-¨»-©èπ◊, ¶µº´-Ø√-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. The village is located/ situated at the foot of the hills =

Q. Obama is a regular guy, ain't he? heading

ņo †÷uÆˇ Ê°°æ®˝ èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? A. Obama véπ´’ç ûª°æpE (Ééπ\úø regular èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ÅC ¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ¢ËÍ® Å¢Ìya). ´’E≠œ (Guy) éπü∆? Ain't he? - ÉC ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ Black Americans, Isn't he? ÅE question tag èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Isn't he? = Is he not? (Å´¤†’ éπü∆?) Q. éÀçC short forms èπ◊ °æ‹Jh °æü¿ç, Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’.

care attention utmost (Utmost care and utmost attention

Ééπ\úø

Ç ví¬´’ç Ç éÌçúø© Cí∫’-´† ÖçC. Å®·ûË situated ÅØËC Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ ã °æJ-Æœn-A™ Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ†÷ ¢√úøû√ç.

2

†í∫-®Ωç™ î√™«-´’çC Ø√¨¡-†-´’-ߪ÷u®Ω’. Q. Ø√èπ◊ Grammar ¶«í¬ØË ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo words

A.

search

îËߪ÷Lq ´Ææ’hçC. Å™« é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ àç îËߪ÷L? English reading ¶«í¬ practice Öçõ‰ Ç ÆæçéÓîªç Öçúøü¿’. O™„j-†çûª English îªü¿-´çúÕ. News telecasts N†çúÕ.

But this year the figure has reached 1470, this year correct.

Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπÿ ÅE. (Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Éçé¬ Å®·-§Ú™‰ü¿’)– 鬕öÀd has crossed ÅØË Åçö«ç. Finally this year, they have managed èπÿú≈. Ñ é¬®Ωùç ´©x correct

Sainath, Kamalakuru Q. There was no explanation as to why it should breach at the exact place, time and on the same day. as to A.

Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.Ñ -¢√éπuç-™ Å-´Ææ®Ω-´÷? Situated in such circumstances, he is helpÆæJí¬_ ÅüË v°æüË-¨¡ç™, ÅüË Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™, ÅüË ®ÓV† less = Ç °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’™x Åûªúø’ EÆæq-£æ…-ߪ·úø’. í∫çúÕ á™« °æúÕçC ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ N´-®Ωù ™‰ü¿’/ Q. Shakespeare ®√Æœ† 'Julius Caesar' ™ The ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç N´-Jç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË O’Jmost unkindest cut ... ÅE äéπ ¢√éπuç Öçô’çC. *a† sentence ™ as to ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç, ûª°æ¤p èπÿú≈. N≠æߪ’ Bv´-ûª†’ •öÀd double superlatives ¢√úøAs to ™‰éπ-§ÚûËØË O’J-*a† sentence correct. éÌEo´î√a? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ≤ƒ®Ω’x éÌçûª-´’çC about èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ as to A. Double Superlative ´’†-™«ç-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√úøôç ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. éπ*aûªçí¬ ûªÊ°p. Å®·ûË O’®ΩQ. Alleged, Allegedly OöÀE †oô’x N≠æߪ’ Bv´-ûª†’ ûÁL-Ê°çᙫ °æ©é¬L? ü¿’èπ◊ most unkindest ÅE A. Å™„ñ ¸f '™„— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç; -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 502 Shakespeare ™«çöÀ íÌ°æp Å™„ñ ¸fL.

Q. After a break up with Aishwarya, Salman has had many ups and downs. has past doing verb A. After the break up with Aishwarya... has had correct

ÉD Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å®Ωnç– Ç¢Á’ûÓ NúÕ-§Ú-®·† ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª †’ç-* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπÿ ÅØË éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE has had (has + PP) correct.

Q. After a long time we saw her at a party. verb have seen

Ñ ¢√éπuç™

We're = We are I've = I have

M. Satyanarayana, Hyderabad Q. Emporium, Mall, Shop, Show room, Store, Merchant, Employ, Job

OöÀE áéπ\-úÁ-éπ\úø Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Emporium - °ü¿l ü¿’é¬ùç – ´·êuçí¬ äéπ ®Ωéπ¢Á’i† ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ Ţ˒t îÓô’. Cloth Emporium ÉC old fashioned - É°æ¤púøçûªí¬ ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. England, US™. Mall - ü¿’é¬-ù«© Ææ´·-ü∆ߪ’ç ÖçúË Â°ü¿l ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ¨»© – ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ÊÆ´-©†’ Ţ˒t shops Ææ´·ü∆ߪ’ç. DEØË Shopping Mall ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’. Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô ´·êuçí¬ American. Shop = ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’/ ÊÆ´-©†’ §ÒçüË à ü¿’é¬-ù¢Á’iØ√– Book shop, Mechanic shop, etc. ÉC ´·êuçí¬ British. Show room = Å´’té¬E-èπ◊†o ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ Çéπ-®Ω{ùÃߪ’çí¬ v°æü¿-Jzç* Ţ˒t °ü¿l Shop. Britain, America ©™ Show room ©’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ Cars/ Electrical goods v°æü¿-®Ωz-†èπÿ, Å´’t-é¬-Eéà à®Ωp-®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’. Store = ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ Ţ˒t °ü¿l ü¿’é¬ùç = Department store. America ™ à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† Shop -ØÁjØ√– °ü¿lC/ *†oC/ äÍé ®Ωéπç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ Ţ˒t shop †’, store Åçö«®Ω’. Merchant = ¢√u§ƒJ/ ´®Ωh-èπ◊úø’ Employ = ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ Eߪ’-N’ç-îªúøç/ äéπ °æE Å°æp-ñ„-°æpúøç. In the employ of = äéπ company/ ÆæçÆæn ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ Ö†o/ äéπ ´uéÀh (somebody) É*a† ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ °æE-îËÊÆ. Job = ÖüÓuí∫ç Job holder = ÖüÓuT. Pavani, Sudha, Matsyapuri Q. Utmost care and attention has gone into the making of this product. has have

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ≤ƒn†ç™ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü∆? É™«çöÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù©’ éÌEo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

¢√úÌî√a?

A. After a long time we saw her at a party. time Party Recently have/ has + PP

Ééπ\úø Ææçü¿®√s¥Eo •öÀd Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊çö«ç. Å®·-§Ú-®·çC 鬕öÀd. Åçõ‰ á°æ¤púø÷ ´Ææ’hçC.

She told me that she was waiting for you

Who's = Who is; Won't = Will not

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ¢√ú≈™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

¢√ú≈™,

S.Krishna Hyderabad

Prasad,

Q. It was indeed bureaucracy at work. Reactive rather than proactive. proactive

-Ñ Å®Ωnç °æü¿ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’- ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ, Å™«Íí ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ °æçúÕ. Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. 1. ´·-úø-ûª©’, ´·úø-ûª-©’í¬ Ö†o ´’†’A. Reactive = Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ïJ-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø’/ ïJT† ≠æfl© ´·ë«Eo ¢Ájü¿uç ü∆y®√ ´·úø-ûª©’ ûª®√yûª ü∆E îÁúø’ °∂æLû√Eo ÇÊ° v°æߪ’ûªoç. ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îËÆœ, ߪ’´y-†çí¬ éπE-°œç-îËô’x Proactive = Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ï®Ωí∫éπ-´·çüË Ü£œ«ç* îËߪ’úøç. îÌ®Ω´ûÓ îª®Ωu©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊E ü∆E îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√©’ Mounika, Guntur 2) éπôd-ú≈-©èπ◊, É∞¡}èπ◊, ´÷®Ω’p©’, îË®Ω’p©÷ ®√èπ◊çú≈ îª÷úøôç. M.SURESAN Q. ¢√Ææ’h-†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? îËÆœ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃߪ’çí¬ îËߪ’úøç. Q. ¶µºï† (°j ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’© ¢Á’°æ¤p-éÓÆæç) îËߪ’ú≈Eo A. ¢√Ææ’h Åçõ‰ à Nüµ¿çí¬ É©’x éπúÕûË ßª’ïQ. Deterioration Ñ °æü∆Eo ᙫ Öîªa-Jç-î √L? ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ´÷-EéÀ à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† °∂æL-û√-©’ç-ö«®· ÅE îªJaçîË A. úÕöÀJÅÈ®ß˝’≠ˇØ˛ – È®ß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. ¢√Ææ’h ¨»≤ƒY-EéÀ English™ ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. ÉçöÀ Q. Woo, woes Öî√a-®Ωù, Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. Flattery/ Sycophancy (ÆœéÓ-§∂ƒEq) = ¶µºï† Ç鬮Ωç, design, Åçü∆©’, £æ«çí∫’©’– É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ A. Woo - Öî√a-®Ωù – ´‹– äéπJ ´’ü¿lûª’ §ÒçüË (§Òí∫úøh ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). Åüµ¿u-ߪ’-Ø√Eo Architecture Åçö«®Ω’. Q. -üË-´¤-úÕéÀ -îËÊÆ -¶µº-ï-†-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’úøç. Q. Please give me Åçö«®√? ™‰ü∆ Please give to A. üË ´¤úÕ ¶µºï-†èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô English™ ™‰ü¿’. All parties in India woo the minorities. me Åçö«®√? Me Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ÅE éπü∆? éÌEo Choral (•%çü¿) recital (§ƒúøôç) of hymns (¶µ«®Ωû˝™ §ƒKd©Fo ¢Á’iØ√-J-öé ´’ü¿lûª’ §ÒçüË situations ™ for me, to me ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ use (£œ « çñ¸– ñ¸, size ™ ñ¸™«– hymn- Uûªç) Å-ØÌv°æ ß ª ’ ûª o ç îË Æ æ ’ h ç ö «®·.) îË≤ƒh®Ω’? îª ’ a. ´÷´‚©’í¬ bhajan Åçö«®Ω’. Woes Öî√a® Ω ù – ¢Ó¢˛ – b ¶«üµ ¿ © ’, É•sçü ¿ ’ ©’. A. Please give me (something)/ Please give Meera bhajans, etc.). ( The woes of Sita Æ‘ û ª ¶«üµ ¿ © ’/ éπ ≥ ƒd © ’. something to me ņúøç correct. Please give Q. Bid àßË ’ Ææ ç ü¿ ® √s¥ ™ x Ö°æ ß Á ÷ T ≤ ƒh ® Ω ’ ? to me ņç. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, A. Kotireddy, Bitragunta please give me... ÆæÈ®j-†üË é¬F, sentence °æ‹®Ωh- A. bid = 1) ¢Ë©ç-§ƒ-ô™ §ƒúøôç. Q. She did tell me that she was waiting for you. ®·-†ô’x é¬ü¿’. É™« ÅÆæç-°æ‹Jhí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, 2) ¢Ë©ç™ äéπJ §ƒô. She told me that she was waiting for you. Please give to me ûª°æ¤p. 3) ã °æEE ØËEç-ûªèπ◊ îË≤ƒh-†E Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç °j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ à¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? Q. Fear, afraid É¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¶µºßª÷Eo ûÁLÊ° °æü∆©’ (Tenders ™«çöÀN). ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. ÖØ√oߪ÷? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùûÓ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 4) v°æߪ’ûªoç, v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’úøç. A. Fright, horror, dread, panic, terror, awe, etc. 5) Good Morning, good bye ™«çöÀN îÁ°æpúøç. A. She did tell me that she was waiting for you Å®·ûË ¢√öÀE ᙫ- ¢√-ú≈™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. ÉçéÓ = FéÓÆæç ûª†’ wait îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†E éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°œpçC. V. Kasturi, Pedakakani N≠æߪ’ç fear = 1) ¶µºßª’ç, 2) ¶µºßª’-°æ-úøôç. (Ç¢Á’ îÁ°œpçC ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ÅE ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æp-úøç) The sight caused fear in the child = Q. O’®Ó Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ particular time †’ mention (Ç¢Á’ îÁ°æp-úøç éπ*aûªç) îËÊÆh past doing verb ¢√úø-û√-´’E îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. é¬F Ç ü¿%¨¡uç °œ-©x-¢√-úÕéÀ ¶µºßª’ç éπL-Tç-*çC. She told me that she was waiting for you = äéπ C†-°æ-vA-éπ™ É™« ÖçC. Children fear dogs = °œ©x©’ èπ◊éπ\-©èπ◊ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úøFéÓÆæç wait îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†E îÁ°œpçC. û√®Ω’. Ñ ¶µºßª’°æúøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË fear = be Last year the no. of jaundice cases has not Q. Face lift

éπ´¤©’/ ®Ωîª-®·-ûª©’ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, ´’†ç Åçü¿’-™E ¶µ«¢√Eo ví∫£œ«ç*, ûª°æ¤p†’ ´C-™‰≤ƒhç. éπ´¤-©èπ◊ Å™« ¢√úË ÊÆyîªa ¥ ÖçC.(¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) Ñ ÊÆyîªa ¥†’, poetic license Åçö«ç.

afraid of. Q. Ruin, destruction ruined my day A.

- Å®Ωnç -äéπ-õ‰-Ø√?You have ᙫçöÀ situations ™ ¢√úøû√ç. Ruin èπ◊, destruction èπÿ ûËú≈ ÖçC. Ruin = Ø√¨¡†ç; Destruction = üµ¿yçÆæç. He ruined her life = Ç¢Á’ @N-û√Eo Åûªúø’ Ø√¨¡†ç î˨»úø’. The company was ruined = Ç company Ø√¨¡†-´’-®·uçC (C¢√∞« BÆœçC). The destruction of the city in the bombing ruined the life of many = Bomb

´©x üµ¿yçÆæ¢Á’i†

crossed the 350 but this year the figure has touched 1470. Finally this year they have managed to find a solution. particular time mention Past doing verb

Ééπ\úø

î˨»®Ω’ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆, N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Last year the number of cases has crossed last year time has crossed Last year the number of cases crossed (Past Doing Word (PDW) correct.

Ééπ\úø ÅE ¢√úøôç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

îÁ-•’-ûª÷

Rahul, Khammam

Q. Spoken English English pronunciation A.

ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. éÓÆæç à¢Á’iØ√ é¬uÂÆô’x, Æ‘úŒ©’ Öçõ‰ N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Spoken English éÓÆæç 'A Living English Structure' by Stannard Allen- îª-ü¿-´ç-úÕ. Pronunciation ØË®Ω’a-éÓ--´ú≈-EéÀ °-ü¿l book shops ™ CDs üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·.

University of English and Foreign Languages CIEFL) CDs

(´·†’-°æöÀ

¢√∞¡x

éÌ-†ç-úÕ.

ņ--úø¢Ë’

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 2 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

G. Shankar, Keshavapatnam. Q. Could you give me the meanings of these phrases. For instance, Even while, Even since, By and large, Elan and ease, Knives ad forks. A. For instance = for example.

P. Suresh Varma, Palakollu. Q.

Every chapter of the book is interesting- for instance this chapter itselfchapter chapter.

v°æA °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ωç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊, Ñ

Ñ

Even while = Even as some thing is happening. Even while I was telling him not to smoke, he lit a cigaratte. (Smoke

îÁßÁ·u-ü¿lE îÁ•’-ûª’ç-úø-í¬ØË Åûªúø’ Æœí∫-È®ö¸ ´·öÀdç-î√úø’) Even since ™‰ü¿’, Ever since – Å°æpöÀ †’ç*; Ever since he came here he began troubling others =

Åûªúø’ Ééπ\úÕéÀ ´*a† éπ~ùç †’ç* Éûª®Ω’©†’ É•sçC °úø’ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oúø’. By and large = î√™« ´’ô’èπ◊. By and large he was successful in his attempts = Åûªúø’ ûª† v°æߪ’-û√o™x î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü∆úø’. By and large students are satisfied with his teaching.

®√®·ç-îªúøç, îªC-Nç-îªúøç, îË®·ç-îªúøç OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. ®√®·ç-îª-úøç, îªC-Nç--îª-úøç, îË®·ç-îª-úøç ™«çöÀN causative verbs Åçö«ç. OöÀéÀ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEoç-öÀéà make ¢√úø-´îª’a, î√™« îÓôx 'have', 'got' èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. I'll make him phone you = Åûª-úÕûÓ Øˆ’ phone îË®·-≤ƒh†’ = I'll get him to phone you = I'll have him phone you - É™« ÅEoç-öÀéà v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ. Q. Future ™ ïJ-T-§Ú-ûª’çC. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) ï-Jí∫’çô’ç-C ÅØË ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx≠ˇ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. It shall happen = Future ™ ûª°æpéπ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. It shall have happened = Future ™ ´’†ç ņ’èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ïJT Öçô’çC. Q. Would Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Would Ö°æßÁ÷í¬©†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµûª lessons îª÷úøçúÕ. K.Nagadivya, Tatipaka

With elan and ease =

Å´-M-©í¬ ¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûªçí¬, Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ¨ÎjL™ àü¿®·Ø√ îËߪ’úøç.

a) He performed the feat with elan and ease = (circus) feat

Ç -†’ -Å-ûª-úø’ Å´-M-©-í¬/ -Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ Åéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’¢Á’i† KA™ î˨»úø’.

as short as Gopal' or No other boy is as short as Gopal, 'short' is in positive degree. In your sentence (2) and (3), shorter, and shortest are in comparative and superlative degrees respectively.

Q. Happy x unhappy stop x nonstop

2

KSR, Marteru. Q. Fused

participle

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? DEE á°æ¤púø’ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷ -T-≤ƒh®Ω’? A. Fused participle here, participle refers to the present participle, observe.

(-N-ü∆u®Ω’n-©’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬®√´--ú≈Eo ™ ™,

Æ棜«ç-Ω’)

Å´¤-ûª’çC. èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. É™« í¬ ÖçúÕ, ü∆E ´·çü¿J, ™ (ßÁ·éπ\ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, Ç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÉC ™ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ÅüË éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ™

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 503

Å®·ûË áçü¿’-éπ-´¤-

Q.

Students' coming late is not tolerated. teachers a) Students' coming late coming late (coming- present participle- used as a gerund) subject- singular, so, is not tolerated, correct b) Students apostrophe Students subject plural is tolerated (singular verb) Gerund subject noun/ pronoun, possessive case gerund, fused participle standard spoken/ written English Students coming late are not tolerated better. Q. Compound gerund

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? D--ØÁo-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’?

N¨¡y-Ææ-Fߪ’ ´®√_© ¶µí∫ôd.

A. Information from reliable sources. Q.

†’´¤y 鬕öÀd Ü®Ω’-èπ◊-Ø√o ´’È®-´-®Ω-®·Ø√ Å®·-´¤çõ‰ îÁç°æ îÁ∞¡Ÿx´’E-°œç-ç-úË-¢√-úÕE.

A. It's you. It is had been someone else, I'd have slapped them hard. Q.

¢√úÕE ûª†oúøç îª÷Æœ Ç¢Á’ ñ«ví∫ûªh °æúÕçC.

A. His being spanked alerted her/ she became alert an seeing him spanked. Q. A. Should we fear just because you are a policeman?

†’´¤y §ÚM-ÆˇN Å®·-†çûª ´÷vû√† ¢Ë’ ¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈™«? G. Prasanth, Godhoor.

Q. Guide, Directory, Diary, Almanac, Calender

OöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Guide - A guide gives information about a particular subject 1) - A tourist guide / A TV guide, etc.

äÍé N≠æ-ߪ’ç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´y-í∫© °æ¤Ææhéπç

By and lar ge he was successful

b) She sang with elan and ease =

Ç¢Á’ Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ ¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûªçí¬ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ §ƒúÕçC. Knives and forks = AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË spoons, knives (î√èπ◊©’), forks. Q. They produce in an audience an effect peculiar to the theatre. Here article 'an' is suitable or not? A. Correct (Audience - collective form - countable as a group) Q. Could you suggest a good grammar book for intermediate level by native speaker.

A. I saw him coming here and talking to some one. coming, talking gerunds sentence compound gerund

ûª’çC? Un, Non OöÀE ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-î√™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. à °æü∆-E-ÈéjØ√ ´·êuçí¬ adjectives (í∫’ù«©’ ûÁLÊ° °æü∆-©)èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ 'un' îËJÊÆh, ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC unhappy (ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-™‰E) unjust (ÅØ√u-ߪ’-¢Á’i†), etc.

Ééπ\úø, ÅØË È®çúø÷ Åçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ †’ äÍé ™ ¢√úÕûË ÅN Å´¤-û√®·. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.

Avoiding smoking is good for Avoiding, smokhealth ing compound gerund. I saw him coming here and talking to some one. coming, talking gerunds sentence compound gerund Q. An elderly man An elder man

M.SURESAN

Non èπÿú≈ ´uA-Í®-é¬-®√n-Eo-Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË ÅC 'un-, 'in-' (in- èπÿú≈ ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ÉÆæ’hçC) Åçûª strong é¬ü¿’. 'Non', adjectives Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éûª®Ω parts of speech ©ûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

Ééπ\úø ´®Ω-Ææí¬,

¢√úøôç èπÿú≈

Ééπ\úø, ÅØË È®çúø÷ Åçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ †’ äÍé ™ ¢√úÕûË ÅN A. Raymond Murphy's Elementary Grammar. D.L. Rao, Suvarnapuram. Å´¤-û√®·. Linganna, Adilabad. Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’ éπü∆. Q. ؈’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ NE-°œç-î √-©ØË §ƒú≈†’. Q. My father's three brothers lived with their ÅE áçü¿ ’ èπ ◊ ņè πÿ-úøü¿’? A. I sang so that she would hear me/ I sang only families in the same house, but by far, my A. Elder- °ü¿l/ elderly- °ü¿l Å®·† Åçü¿’-éπE to be heard by her. father was the most liberal. Ééπ\úø 'by far' Ö°æelderly man Åçö«ç. ßÁ÷í∫ç, Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’, -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-L-´yí∫-©®Ω’. Q. F´¤ Åûª-úÕéÀ NE-°œç-îËô’d §ƒú≈L. He is the elder of the two - ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Óx Åûª†’ °ü¿l. A. By far = àü¿®·Ø√ N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéπçõ‰ ´’ç*í¬/ Åüµ∆y- A. Sing in such a way that he hears you. Elders of the family = èπ◊ô’ç• Â°ü¿l©’. äéπ-JE Q. á°æ¤púø’, áéπ\úø à´’-´¤-ûª’çüÓ á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ᙫ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °ü¿l- ÅE singular í¬ ¢√úøç. †çí¬ Öçü¿E îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC? a) By far Punjab/ Punjab by far is the most Q. ¢√éπuç™ that of †’ á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’?Since industrialised state in India = ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ E A. Who knows what happens and when. the age of 15 the only control on me was that ÅEo ®√≥ƒZ™x °æçñ«¶¸ §ƒJ-v¨»-N’-éπçí¬ ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ Q. Off we went through a series of left and right of my sister. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ that of Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? îÁçCçC. turns, traffic lights and even a short jaunt up A. O’ sentence ™ that of my sister èπ◊ ™, that = b) This is by far the safer than any other a one-way lane the wrong way. Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ the control. Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ¢√úÕ† control èπ◊, method = N’í∫û√ °æü¿l¥-ûª’© éπçõ‰ Ñ °æü¿l¥A Å®Ω n ç àN’öÀ ? that refer îËÆæ’hçC. Ææ’®Ω-éÀ~ûªç. A. èπ◊-úÕ, áúø-´’©’ A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷, traffic lights ü∆ô’-èπ◊çô÷, eg: His car is more beautiful as his brother's = Shyam Raj, Hyderabad. Éçé¬ one way Ææçü¿’-†’ç* ü¿÷Ææ’-èπ◊-§Úûª÷ ûª°æ¤p His car is more beautiful that (=the car) of his brother= His car is more beautiful than -ü∆-J™ Å™« ¢ÁRx-§Úߪ÷ç. Q. Gopal is the shortest of the three. Can we say the above superlative sentence like this- Gopal is the shortest of them all. A. a) Gopal is the shortest of the three = b) Gopal is the shortest of them all - (Both) (a) and (b) are correct. However, note this point. An adjective is in one or the other of three degrees only if there is a comparison. If there is no comparison, that is, if you are not comparing two or more things with one another, the adjective is not in any degree. The sentence, Raju is a short boy' does not compare Raju's height with any other persons. So here 'short' is an adjective, but has no degree. If you say, 'Raju is (is not)

his brother's car.

U.S.S. Pranav, Hyderabad.

éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Q. O’ Ø√†o îÁ°œpçC éπÈ®Íéd ÅE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ Q. Ø√èπ◊ éπ®Ωt°æöÀd O’ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. What your father said, is correct ™‰ü∆ What A. It's my misfortune to work under you. your father said was correct ÅØ√™«? What Q. ïJ-Íí-üËüÓ ï®Ω-í∫E. your father has said, is/ was correct ÅØ√™«? A. Let what happens happen. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Q. Åçü¿®Ω÷ v°æ¨»ç-ûªçí¬ Öçúøí¬ ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’-ü∑¿-†-°æ-ú≈L? A. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd What your father said was correct/ is correct - È®çúø÷ correct. O’ Ø√†o A. When others aren't bothered at all, why îÁ°œpçC Å°æ¤púø’ (past ™) Correct = was cor- should I? rect. (Åûª-úø-éπ\úø past ™ ÖØ√o-úøØÓ. Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬). Q. FüËç §Ú®·çC, é¬Í®ç éπ®Ωt N´÷-†-¢Á’iØ√ éÌçö«´¤. O’Ø√†o îÁ°œpçC É°æp-öÀéà correct ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ What A. How does it matter to you? Why just a car, your father said is correct ÅE Åçö«ç. you can buy even a plane.

Directory:

äÍé ´®√_-EéÀ îÁçC† v°æï©, N≠æ-ߪ÷©†’í∫÷Ja, ¢√∞¡x addresses, Éûª®Ω N´-®√-©†’ ûÁ-LÊ° °æ¤Ææhéπç – A Telephone (¢√u§ƒ®Ω N´-®√©) Directory/

directory/ Trade A Medical directory etc.,

Diary Calender Almanac Q. Module, booklet, brochure, hand book, manual, pamphlet A. Module list 1) Colleges, Universities unit module 2) module. module Booklet = booklet.

C†-îª-®Ωu- ®√ÊÆ °æ¤Ææhéπç éπü∆? D-E í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æp-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆ AC∑, ¢√®Ω-†-éπ~-vû√©’ ûÁ-LÊ° °æçî√í∫ç.

OöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? èπ◊ Ñ ™E N’í∫û√ ´÷ô-©èπ◊ àN-üµ¿¢Á’i† Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰ü¿’ – ™ äéπ Péπ~ù« N≠æ-ߪ÷© †’ Åçö«ç. äéπ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ¶µ«í∫´‚, 3) äéπ v°æù«Åçö«ç. R-éπ-™E äé𠶵«í¬Eo èπÿú≈ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Åôd©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, °æ¤Ææhéπ Éçü¿’™ äÍé ®Ω÷°æç™ ÖçúË *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç-*† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Öçô’çC. à *†o °æ¤Ææh-é¬-†o-®·Ø√ booklet Åçö«ç. Brochure (pron- v¶Ô≠æ– British; American v¶≠懮˝.) = äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ÊÆ´© v°æî √®Ωç (Advertisement) EN’ûªhç, Ç ´Ææ’h´¤/ ÊÆ´-©†’ í∫’Jç* Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç, ¶Ô´’t-©ûÓ N´-JçîË *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç. Handbook = äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √-Lq† Nüµ∆Ø√Eo ûÁLÊ° *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç– Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉD manual äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË handbook ÅØËC Éûª®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷©’– ´çô, Ç®Óí∫uç/ ¢√uߪ÷´’ç/ ´Ææ’h-´¤© repair N≠æ-ߪ÷©†’ èπÿú≈ ûÁLÊ° °æ¤Ææhéπç. Manual = ߪ’çvû√©÷, ¢√£æ«-Ø√©’, é̆o-¢√-öÀE í∫’Jç*† N´-®√©’, ¢√öÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ Nüµ∆©’ ûÁLÊ° °æ¤Ææhéπç. Pamphlet = DEo ´’†-üË-¨¡ç™ äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ÊÆ´ v°æî√-®√®Ωnç ¢√úË éπ®Ω-°ævûªç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Pamphlet Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’hûªç v°æï©’ ¶«í¬ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°œ-Ææ’h†o N≠æߪ’ç (topic of current interest) E îªJaçîË ¢√uÆæç– Öü∆: Terrorism; °æôx v°æ¶µº’ûªy ¢Áj°∂æ-™«uEo -ûÁ-LÊ° ¢√uÆæç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ v°æéπ-ô† ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ ÉîËa éπ®Ω-°ævûªç, English ™ hand bill. Q. Salary, Remuneration, Honourarium– ûË-ú≈? A. Salary = ÖüÓu-TéÀ ÉîËa ØÁ©-ÆæJ @ûªç. Remuneration = äéπ °æEéÀ Éçûª ÅE ÉîËa §ƒJ-ûÓ≠œéπç (äéπ course E®Ωy-£œ«ç--îËçü¿’èπ◊, äéπ ÊÆ´ ÅçCç--îËç-ü¿’èπ◊) Honourarium - ÉC èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ §ƒJ-ûÓ-≠œ-éπ¢Ë’. Å®·ûË Honourarium äéπ ÊÆ´ ÅçCç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á·ûªhçí¬ (rate -v°æ-ÆæéÀh ™‰èπ◊çú≈) ÉîËa íı®Ω´ ®Ω’Ææ’ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 5 - ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

B. Lalitha, Vijayawada.

A. Krishna Geetarjuna, Nidadavolu.

Q. Wren & Martin high school grammar book Active voice Passive voice

Q. 1. BJP was to meet in chennai on July 21. NDTV 24x7 head lines

™

¢√®Ωh© ™ V™„j 18† Ñ ¢√éπuç îª÷¨»†’. V™„j 21 ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h†’ Ææ÷*≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ will meet ÅE-í¬E, meets ÅE-í¬E, is to meet ÅE-í¬E ™‰ü∆ is meeting ÅEí¬-F Öçú≈L. é¬F was to meet Åçõ‰ ᙫ éπÈ®èπ◊d. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ ¢√éπuç Indirect ™ ÖçúÕ ´·çü¿’ ´÷ô©’ ™°œç-î√-ߪ’-†’-éÓ-¢√™«? °jí¬ ÅC indirect ™ îÁ°æp-´-©-Æœ† Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç é¬ü¿’- éπü∆.

†’ í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´’E éÀçC ¢√é¬uEo Éî√a®Ω’.

The enemy have defeated our army. key book answer The army had been defeated by the enemy present perfect tense has been Had been past perfect tense

DEéÀ

™

-

ÅE ÖçC. Ñ ¢√éπuç ™ ÅE ®√¢√L éπü∆. Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ÅØËC ™ ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆, N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. The army has been defeated ņúøç correct passive voice. You are right in saying that the verb in the passive should be, has been. The sentence in the key perhaps has a printer's mistake.

2. Immediate past action

†’ simple present ™ îÁ°æpúøç ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC.eg: I come to seek your help. ´
Q.

1. This is the book of which I was talking =

؈’ à °æ¤Ææhéπç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oØÓ ÅC ÉC. 2. Of which book are these the pages?

Ñ pages à °æ¤Ææh-é¬EN (üËEN)?

3) For some reason best known to himself suddenly he went away. A. 1) Be but advised = let (somebody) advise you =

Ñ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’éÓ.

2) But that you are my brother = brother

†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊

3) For some reason best known to himself =

Åûª-úÕéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûÁL-Æœ† 鬮Ω-ù«© -´-©x = ( à 鬮Ωùç îËûªØÓ/ áçü¿’-îË-ûªØÓ) Laxman Goud, Joharapuram. Q.

Eûªu @N-ûªç™ ¢√úø-í∫-LÍí idioms Ö†o ´’ç* dictionary Ê°®Ω’ Ææ÷*ç-îªçúÕ.

A. Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary of Current English (Seventh Edition 2005) sayings and proverbs

™E

*´J Ê°@™x ÖçúË ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©’. ÅN O’®Ω’ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ØË Nüµ¿çí¬ Eûªu @N-ûªç™ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùèπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·.

K.R.Aachari, Vaikuntapuram.

Pavani, Sudha, Matsyapuri.

Q. I am going to go to go, come verbs

Ñ ¢√éπuç™

ûª®√yûª

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 504

course. The present participle here (going) does the work of a noun, as it (going) acts as the object complement of the verb, had seen. He seen me on my way .........

é¬éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰.

ÉC E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª ÅE ®√¢√L ¢√Í®h. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø éπü∆.

M. Nageswara Rao, Peda Avutapalli.

áØÓo ™‰ü∆ á†o´ ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ °æü¿ç ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ™‰ü¿-Ø√o®Ω’. Of which ÅØË expression èπ◊ Å®Ωnç áØÓo ™‰ü∆ á†o¢√ ÅØË éπü∆, ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. á†o´ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† English expression ™‰ü¿E î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x Ææ÷*çî√ç.Of which Åçõ‰ 'á†o´— ÅØË Å®Ωnçé¬F ü∆EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω Å®Ωnçé¬F ®√ü¿’. Of which = ü∆E/ ü∆EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†.

2) But that you are my brother, I must have killed you.

2. BJP decides to postpone its National Executive Meet. decided A. 1. Was to meet - wrong - no doubt about it.

2

Q. She has been ill for the last three months. for

Ñ ¢√éπuç™

This sentence is wrong, as 'seen' is only a past participle and so, not a verb. Perhaps there is a printer's mistake here, or you have copied it wrongly, please check up. It must be, He saw/ He said he had seen me on .... the railway station.

S. Shakir Ahmed, Kurnool. Q. Transitive, Intransitive verbs verb transitive intransitive collect, check, pause verbs transitive Intransitive

í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’ -ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. ¢√éπuç™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ü∆Eo í¬ ¢√ú≈®Ó í¬ ¢√ú≈®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-´úøç ᙫ? ™«çöÀ †’ í¬, í¬ á™« ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’? A. Transitive verb Åçõ‰ object Ö†o verb á´JE? üËEE? Å-ØË v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´îËa verb. Eg: give = É´yúøç, üËEo É´yúøç Åçõ‰ Ææ´÷üµ∆†ç üˆo-®·Ø√ É´yúøç ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. 鬕öÀd give transitive. Å™«Íí see îª÷úøôç, üËEo îª÷úøôç – °∂晫Ø√ ¢√JE ÅE Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ÖçC. 鬕öÀd ÉN transitive verbs. á´-JéÀ, üËEéÀ ņo v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´îËa verbs èπÿú≈ transitive. Object ™‰E verbs intransitive verbs. OöÀéÀ á´JE, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o©’ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√ü¿’. Eg: go = ¢Á∞¡xúøç; á´-JE/ üË-EE/ á´-JéÀ/ üËEéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç? Ñ v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√--©’ -™‰-´¤. 鬕öÀd go, intransitive. Å®·ûË äÍé verb èπ◊ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ Å®√n©’ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ äéπ Å®ΩnçûÓ transitive, ÉçéÓ Å®ΩnçûÓ intransitive Å¢Ìya. Eg: collect = 1) ÊÆéπ-Jç-îªúøç – Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉC transitive, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, üËEo ÊÆéπ-Jç-îªúøç Åçõ‰ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç/ stamps / books/ addresses ™«çöÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’ ´≤ƒh®·. Ñ Å®√n-©ûÓ ÉC transitive. Collect - 2) í∫’N’-í∫÷-úøôç, äéπîÓô îË®Ωúøç, ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ intransitive - üËEo í∫’N’-èπÿ-úøôç/ îË®Ωúøç ņov°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√ü¿’. Water collected in front of the room = í∫C ´·çü¿’ F∞¡Ÿx îË®√®·/ ELî√®·. A large crowd collected there - °ü¿l Ææç-êu-™  ï†ç í∫’N’-èπÿ-ú≈®Ω’ (intransitive). Check = ≤Úü∆ îËߪ’úøç / ûªE& îËߪ’úøç/ °æK-éÀ~çîªúøç – üËEo/á´-JE Åç-õ‰ Ææ-´÷-üµ∆†ç ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd transitive Å´¤-ûª’çC. Check Åçõ‰ vüµ¿’O-éπ-Jç-îªúøç,- ÉçéÌéπ-J-ûÓ. He checked with his brother- ûª† brother ûÓ ÆæJ-îª÷-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Pause = Ç°æ-úøç– transitive-.

I come to seek your help

Y. Kumar, Hyderabad.

I am ready to go/ come or I am about to go/ come

¢√úø-´î√a? ü∆EéÀ •ü¿’-©’í¬

Q. He has bought the car this morning. He has gone to Agra this year. this time specify present perfect A. The past simple tense is used for a past action the time of which is clearly stated. That is, if the action took place at a specified time in the past, the tense to be used in past simple, in spite of the use of, 'this'.

™‰ü∆

since

àC ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.

A. She has been ill for the last three months .

´‚úø’ ØÁ©-©’í¬ – ÉC Éçûª¢√ú≈©E †©¶µ„j à∞¡x éÀçü¿ô 鬩 çí¬ ÅE îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’. ´÷ ´÷≤ƒd®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. îËÊÆh since Åçõ‰ °∂æ-™«-Ø√ ®ÓV/ í∫çô/ A. I am going = ؈’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Ææ ´ ’ߪ ’ ç †’ç* ÅE. I am going to go = ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Q. v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ñ«K-îËÊÆ Öûªh-®Ω’y™x O’Í® ÅØ√o®Ω’ éπü∆ †©¶µ„j à∞¡x éÀçü¿ô O’ M.SURESAN G.O.M.S. No. ÅE R.C. No. ÅE ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷≤ƒd®Ω’ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ’-´’E, ÅC ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. M.S., R.C. Åçõ‰ àN’ö Å°æpöÀ ´÷ô. É°æ¤púø’, present day English ™ He bought a car this morning èπÿ He has N´Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. going to go ( ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’) going to come gone to Agra this year èπÿ ûËú≈ ÖçC, È®çúø’ A. G.O. = Government Order (®√¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’) ÅØËN Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç Å®·-§Úsentences èπÿ common í¬ this Ö†o-°æpM.S. = Manuscript ( ®√ûª -v°æA) ߪ÷®· – both in British and American öÀéÃ. This morning ÅE á°æ¤p-úøçö«ç? Morning R.C.No. = Reference number. English™. Åçü¿’-éπE É°æ¤p-úøN ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. Å®·-§Ú-®·-† -ûª-®√yûË éπü∆? (´’üµ∆u-£æ«o-¢Á÷/- ®√-vûÓ/Q. There is no chair to sit on, no pen to write ≤ƒ-ߪ’ç-vûª¢Á÷ Åçö«ç) Åçõ‰ ´’†ç Å®·-§Ú-®·-† E.V. Sindhura, Deepak, Tadipatri. and no table to work at. Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†Æ洒ߪ’ç™ ïJ-T† action †’, Ç Æ洒ߪ’ç ûª®√yûª Q. O’®ÌéπîÓô They are watching the T.V. ÅE, with Sit on a chair ÅØ√™«?Sit in a chair üË Ø √? ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø past simple I think my mother is watching the T.V. ÅE ÅØ√™«? ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ®√¢√L (bought) é¬F this year ņ- ®√¨»®Ω’. T.V. ´·çü¿’ the ÅØË article Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ A. ÆæÈ®j-†üË. îËûÁû©ª’-©’-°’†oæ-í∫-©®Ωèπ’◊Ka. (Arm chair)/ Easy chair úøç™ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Ñ year Å®·-§Ú-™‰-ü¿ØË éπü∆ éπü∆? The T.V. Åçõ‰ T.V. set †’ refer îËÆœ-†-ô’d- ™«çöÀ-´-®·ûË, sit in; îËûª’-™‰xE èπ◊Ka Å®·ûË sit on (Å®·-§ÚûË last year Åçö«ç. Å°æ¤púø’ past sim- Å-´¤ûª’çC. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ÅØ√L. ple ¢√ú≈L éπü∆?)A. T.V. set †’ T.V. programmes †÷ Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™  This year ™ -á°æ¤p-úø’ -Å-ØË-C éπ-*a-ûªçí¬ -ûÁ-©°æ- üËEo îÁ°æp-ú≈-E-éπ-®·Ø√ T.V. ÅE-í¬F, the T.V. ÅE-í¬F Rajan k, Yadavole. †°æ¤p-úø’, -Ñ Ææç-´-ûªq®Ωç-™ -Ç-ߪ’-† -Ç-ví¬èπ◊ -¢Á-Rx - ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË á´-®Ω-®·Ø√/ àüÁjØ√ T.V. ™ Q. Once you wrote two sentences the following Ö-Ø√o-úø’ -Å-ØË -Å®Ωnç-ûÓ He has gone to Agra this éπE-°œç-îªúøç. àüÁjØ√ T.V. programme T.V. ™ ÖçC way in spoken Englishyear, éπ®ΩÍéd(Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ He has been to Agra, ÅE îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊, on T.V./ on the T.V. Åçö«ç. Sunil told me he had seen you going some better). ÅüË jan/ feb/ sep this year ÅE time where. specify îËÊÆh Åûªúø’ Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç, january ™ G. Maheswari, Secunderabad. He seen me on my way to the station to Agra ¢Á∞«xúø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.He has gone to Agra Q. If he had money, he could have paid to receive my uncle. in January this year ņúøç Ææ•-¶‰Ø√?(January Ramu. The above underline parts seem to be Å®·§Ú-®·-† -ûª-®√yûª) Observe the difference If he had money, he would have paid to ÅE ¢√-úÌî√a?

between a) and b) below. a) It has happened this month. b) It happened in the first week of this month. Do you see the difference? sentence (a) talks of an action of this month at no specified time- so the tense is present perfect. Sentence (b) talks of an action at a specified time ( I week of this month - I week's past), so the tense is past simple. a) They have done it three times this century. b) They did it three times in the first half of this century.

鬕öÀd this ÅE Ö†oçûª ´÷vû√† present perfect ¢√úøôç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Time specify îËÊÆh past simple ¢√úøû√ç.

Ramu.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Ñ È®çúø’ sentences ÆæÈ®j-†N 鬴¤. Correct form of the sentences: 1. If he had had the money, he would have paid to Ramu.

(ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, ®√´·èπ◊ îÁLxç-îË-¢√úË.)

2. If he had had the money, he could have paid Ramu.

(ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰ ®√´·èπ◊ îÁLxç-îª-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË.)

S. Rechana Arshia, Joharapuram. Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x bold îËÆœ† °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’ àN’öÀ?

1) Be but advised and I'll send you there.

unusual. Generally we use present/ past participle forms as adjectives and nouns. If we use them as verbs in our sentences, they should come after helping verbs ( be / have forms). But you used them as verbs without helping verbs. I think this is not proper way using the participles. Please clear my doubt and give lessons on the topic of infinitives (continuous, perfect infinitives).

A. ....... had seen you going somewhere. Your point here is that 'going' being a present participle, should be used as a noun/ adjective or, if it is used as a verb, it should have a helping verb before it. You are right, of

He paused the tape recorder tape recorder

†’ Ç-§ƒ-úø’. Çí∫úøç – Intransitive. He paused in his speech - Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç ÉÆæ’h-†o°æ¤púø’ é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Çí¬úø’ – intransitive. Q. Idioms °j °æô’d ≤ƒCµç-î √-©çõ‰ ᙫçöÀ °æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿¢√L? Idioms dictionary éÌçõ‰ Åçü¿’™ -¢Ë-©idioms Öçö«®·. Eûªuç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË Idioms éÓÆæç à °æ¤Ææhéπç ´’ç*C? A. Mcmordie's book of Idioms -îª-ü¿-´çúÕ. Éçü¿’™ daily life ™ ¢√úË idioms í∫’Jç* î√-™« N´-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. Pause =

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 7 - ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

P.L.N.Rao, Warangal Q.

large = area conversational Q. Put on, wear, dress A. i) Put on =

¢Áj¨»-©uç™,

Ñ Æœ©-•Æˇ É°æp-öÀÍé °æ‹Jh 鬢√L. é¬F, 鬙‰ü¿’. -Ñ -¢√éπuç ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æpçúÕ.

A.The syllabus should have been finished by now, but I haven't finished it. Q. Wanted Marketing Executives Verb Form. Wanted present, past, p.p. verb? A. Wanted - Past Participle Q. Instruction Booklet supplied with application form Future Instruction Booklet supplied Past doing Verb A. Instruction Booklet supplied with the application form = Instruction booklet will be supplied with ....... supplied, will be supplied past participle

Åçûª

ûÌúø’-éÓ\-´úøç/ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç •ßª’ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-ô-°æ¤púø’, àüÁjØ√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ, ≤ƒo†ç ´Èíj®√ ûª®√yûª ü¿’Ææ’h©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç,

put on. ii) Wear He wears white always/ He wears spects/ a watch, etc. iii) Dress = 1) self/ selves add He dresses himself in lalchi and pyjamas =

ÉC à

ÅØËC

´÷´‚-©’í¬ üµ¿Jç-îªúøç.

™ à

üµ¿Jç-îªúøç – DEéÀ – îËߪ÷L. Åûªúø’ ™«Ma °jï´÷ üµ¿J≤ƒhúø’. Dress = 2) ü¿’Ææ’h©’ – Çúø-¢√J, °œ©x© ü¿’Ææ’h©’. ´’í∫-¢√J ü¿’Ææ’h©†’ dress ņç. clothes Åçö«ç.

ÅE Ê°°æ®Óx Éî√a®Ω’. ÉC †’ Ææ÷*Ææ÷h îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ´’J ÅØËC éπü∆. ûÁ©-°æçúÕ?

Åçõ‰,

¶µ«í∫ç,

™

í¬.

T.Siva, Nandikotkur. Q.

Q. A. Q. A.

éÀçC-¢√öÀ Å®Ωn ¶µ‰ü∆-©†’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù© ü∆y®√ N¨¡-ü¿-°æ-®Ω-îªçúÕ.

Cool, Cold Cold = A. Cool = Q. Go to bed, sleep A. Go to bed = sleep =

xE;

™ °ü¿l.large, big é¬ü¿’.

Round, around Round = around Over, above i) over = above. His office is the small room above/ over the fancy shop = Fancy office. The picture hanging on the wall is above/ over the table.

äéπ-ü∆-E-°j†/ äéπ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ áûª’h† Ö†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ,

2

éπE ü∆E ´·çü¿’ 'a' ¢√úøç. So, Scissors are a useful instrument, correct. A pair of scissors Pair, singular, So a pair of scissors is... Q. a) Deduct in form A. b) Merge into, with a) Deduct from - correct b) Merge into, merge with correct. i) All the smaller banks in the area merged with the larger bank.

äéπ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊,

Åçö«ç.

ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª

äéπ word (´÷ô™) Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Ö-îªa ¥-Jç-îª-í∫© ¨¡¶«lEo syllable Åçö«ç. Sentence ÅØË ´÷ô sen, tense ÅØË È®çúø’ ¨¡¶«l© éπ©-®·éπ. 鬕öÀd sentence ÅØË ´÷ô™ sen, tense ÅØË È®çúø’ syllables ÖØ√o-ߪ’†o ´÷ô. Disyllabic = A word of two syllables (eg. sentence) Trisyllabic = A word of 3 syllables. eg: construction - con struc tion.

(äéπ-ü∆-EûÓ äéπöÀ

éπLÆœ§Ú´úøç) ii) All colours merge into white

(äéπ ü∆E™

Q.

éÀçC- -¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. The wicked foursome considered the arrival of Lord Krishna ominous.

A.

Ç ü¿’≠æd îªûª’-≠dß æ ª’ç éπ%≠æflgúÕ ®√éπ†’ ü¿’¨¡z-èπ◊-†çí¬/ îÁúø’E Ææ÷*ç-îË-Cí¬ Å†’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Omen = ¨¡èπ◊†ç. Ominous = ü¿’¨¡z-èπ◊†çí¬ Ö†o. Q.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 505

´’†ç Æ洒ߪ’ç í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ A.M., P.M. ©’ ¢√úøû√ç. ᙫ ¢√ú≈L? ÅÆæ©’ °æ‹Jh Å®√n©’ àN’ö îÁ°æpçúÕ?

Q.

NM-†-´’-´úøç)

éÌô’d °j† Ö†o *†o í∫C

Evü¿èπ◊ Ö°ævéπ-N’ç-îªúøç, EvCç-îªúøç (Evü¿™ Öçúøôç)

A.

©™ àC ®√¢√L? ©™ àC ®√¢√L?

È®çúø÷

ÅûªúÕ

îªLí¬

éπûÁh®Ω

Gandhi was whiter than white which few others before and after him have been.

A. AM -

®√vA 12.01 †’ç* ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12.00 ´®Ωèπ◊. PM - ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12.01 †’ç* ®√vA 12.00 ´®Ωèπ◊. Spoken English™ AM, PM ¢√úøç.

AM = Ante Meridiem PM = Post Meridiem Q. Conditional clauses (If clauses)

ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ? ¢√úøôç èπÿú≈?

All colours mer ge into white

Q. Begin, commence, start A. Begin = commence = start. infinitive (to + 1st RDW)/... Begin ing form/ noun Start + noun/... ing Start + infinitive Commence Q. Ago, back, before A. Ago - Two days ago = back

ûª®√yûª

Jç-îªí∫©®Ω’.

Å®·ûË äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ ¢Áj°æ¤-†èπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ over ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. The mob jumped over the wall = Ç ´‚éπ íÓúø ü¿÷éÀçC. ii) Above = over = äéπ ≤ƒn®·éÀ N’ç*†/ äéπ-≤ƒn®· éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´.

¢√úø-´îª’a; áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’; Åçûª ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. §ƒçúÕûªuç/ ví¬çC∑éπç.

´·çü¿’/ véÀûªç ®ÓV© véÀûªç – Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

È®çúø’ ¢√úøôç

He came here two days ago (correct) He came here two days back (wrong) He came here two days before(wrong) = Before. i) He had given me the book before I asked for it =

äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô†, Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´·çü¿’

؈’ Åúøí∫éπ ´·çüË Ø√èπ◊ Åûªúø’ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√aúø’.

ii) That was before the Independence =

ÅC ≤ƒyûªç-vû√u-EéÀ ´·çü¿’. Q. far, long, distant A. far = How far is Delhi from Agra? =

úµÕMx Çví¬ †’ç* áçûª ü¿÷®Ωç? Agra is not far from Delhi = úµÕMx †’ç* Çví¬ ü¿÷®Ω¢Ë’ç é¬ü¿’. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Questions ™†÷, ü¿÷®Ωç é¬ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ not ûÓ far †’ ¢√úøû√ç. Far offÅØË phrase ™†÷ ¢√úøû√ç. ÅçûË-é¬F, Hyderabad is far from Delhi - ÅE Öûªh far †’ not ™‰èπ◊çú≈ (ü¿÷®Ωç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ¢√úøç. ü¿÷®Ωç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ distant/ a long way off/ a long way from (a place) Åçö«ç. Long = ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ (éπv®Ω-™«xç-öÀN)/ éπü∑¿©’/ *vû√©’ ™«çöÀN – §Òúø-¢Áj†. ´’†™ î√™«-´’çC long †’ ü¿÷®Ωç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’ ÅC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Q. Speak, talk A. Speak, talk 305-310) Q. Also, too A.

ÉC Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lesson (No ™ N´-Jçî√ç, îª÷úøçúÕ.

ÉC Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ 2, 3 ≤ƒ®Ω’x -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-¨»ç. §ƒûª lessons îª÷úø-í∫-©®Ω’. Åúø’-í∫’- ¶µ«í∫ç; ´‚©ç. Çüµ∆®Ωç. °æJ-´÷-ùç, v§ƒ´·-êuç™ °ü¿l

A.

a) The plane is flying at 30000 ft. above the ground =

ii) We waited over (for more than) two hours. iii) It costs over Rs.2000/iv) There are over 30 students in the class. Q. Under, below A. Under = below. under

°æ¤púø’ – ü¿÷®Ω-ü¿-®Ωz-Ø˛™ v≤Ú\™¸ O’ü¿ – Who will win ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. ÉC ÆæÈ®j-ç-üËØ√? ü¿í∫_J ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h™ ïJÍí N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ Simple Present ™ îÁ§ƒpL éπü∆? Åçõ‰ Who win the match ÅE Öçú≈L éπü∆? Ñ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo B®ΩaçúÕ.

the match

A.

Å®·ûË Åçõ‰ äéπ-ü∆E éÀçü¿ ÅE é¬F, äéπ ü∆EûÓ éπ°œp ÅE-é¬F ¢√úøû√ç.

i) The box is under the table. ii) The book was under the files. Below

Åçõ‰ äéπ ü∆EéÀ ¶«í¬ Cí∫’-´† Ö†o (¶«í¬ éÀçü¿í¬ Ö†o) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. While he stood on the roof she stood below on the road Road Q. What, which A. What = Which = What book do you want? =

éÀçü¿ Ö†o

Åûªúø’ éπ°æ¤p-°j† E©-•-úø’çõ‰, Ç¢Á’ O’ü¿ E©-•-úÕçC.

àC/ àç/ à? Ö†o ¢√öÀ™x àC?

FÍé

°æ¤Ææhéπç

鬢√L? Which book do you want?=

(äéπ-îÓô Ö†o °æ¤Ææh-

A.

鬙x) FÍé °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√L? Q. Near, near by, near to A. Near = He lives near the College. The College is next to the park. He lives somewhere nearby = College. Park

ü¿í∫_-È®j†/ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o

°æéπ\† ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Öçö«úø’.

Q.

Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\úÓ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ

éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

a) A scissors is a useful instrument b) A scissors are a useful instrument A. Scissors plural.

È®çúø÷ é¬ü¿’.

á°æ¤púø÷

Q.

Åçü¿’-

ÆæÈ®j-çüË. ü¿í∫_J ¶µºN-≠æu-û˝™ ïJÍí N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ á°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√ßÁ÷ éπ*aûªçí¬ Time ûÁL-ÊÆhØË, simple present ¢√úøû√ç. He comes here next week. Ééπ\úø next week ÅE time éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd, comes Ééπ\úø correct. Time ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’ will/ shall ÅØËN éπÈ®èπ◊d. R. Sangam Naidu, Kovvur.

Q.

A. Conditional Clauses lessons

èπ◊ §ƒûª îª÷úøçúÕ. î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´Jçî√ç.

Q.

´’†ç ´’† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™x ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ O.K. ÅØË °æü¿ç ¢√úøû√ç. ÅÆæ©’ O.K. Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?ü∆E °æ¤ô’d-°æ‹-®Óy-ûªh-®√-™‰-N’öÀ?

ûª†èπ◊ ´·çü¿÷, ûª®√yûª á´®Ω÷ N´-®Ωù Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ™‰†çûª E®Ωt-©çí¬ í¬çDµ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ûÁA.LߪOK’Eèπ◊ N≠æÆæßÈ®ª’j†ç. éÌçûª -´’çC v°æ鬮Ωç American Ééπ\úø whiteèπ◊ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç Ol (all) Korekt (correct) (All ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ÅØË Å®·† Å®√nEo îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË. expressionèπ◊ abbreviation right ÅE. •£æ›¨» Ééπ\úø white = pure = E®Ωt- ´’J-éÌç-ûª-´’çC v°æ鬮Ωç Red Indian ¶µ«≠æ-™xE ©-¢Á’i† ÅØË¢Á÷. Å™« Å®·ûË sen- ´÷ô. -Å®·-ûË àO’ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. tenceèπ◊ Å®Ωnç °j -N-üµ¿çí¬ -Öç-ô’ç-C.

¶µº÷N’éÀ M.SURESAN 30000 Åúø’-í∫’© áûª’h† N´÷†ç áí∫’-®Ω’-ûÓçC. É™«çöÀ îÓôx over ®√ü¿’. Over†’ ´·êuçí¬ ´ßª’Ææ’/ ´u´Cµ/ Ææçêu/ úø•’s ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ A. Sathyanarayana, Hyderabad. ¢√úøû√ç. Q. ¶µ«®Ωû˝–§ƒéÀ-≤ƒn-Ø˛© ´’üµ¿u õ„Æˇd ´÷u’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†oi) He is over 18 and has the voting right.

ü¿÷®Ω-¢Á’i†

Q. Base, basis A. Base = basis = Q. Big, large A. i) Big =

ÆæN´-®Ωçí¬

ûÁ©’-í∫’-™ Å®Ωnç -N-´-

K.Manickyam, Chittoor.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç ûÁ©-°æç-úÕ Q. If he came, I would help him. A. Q. If you worked hard, you would get good marks. A. Q. The horse would kick, if you went near it. A.

¢√úø’ ®√úø’, ®√´úøç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË.

†’´y éπ≠d°æ æúøôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’).

†’´¤y ü∆E ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xúøç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (ÅC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’).

Q. I would bring a toy for you if I went to the market. A. market

؈’ éπçô÷ ¢ÁRûË, (؈’ ¢Á∞Ïx °æJ-ÆœnA ™‰ü¿’). Ñ -¢√é¬u-™x If clauses-

1) 2) 3) 4)

If If If If

he came you worked hard you went near itI went to the market -

°æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl© Ê°®Ωxèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ Mr. Öçîªúøç ´’†èπ◊ ûÁLÆœçüË. ¢√®Ω’ N¢√-£œ«-ûª’©’ 鬴a, é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. é¬F, OöÀ™x îÁÊ°pN ï®Ω-í∫-´¤.Æ‘Y© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ N¢√-£œ«-ûª’-©èπ◊ Mrs. ÅE, N¢√£æ«ç ÉC ïJ-TûË sentence È®çúÓ ¶µ«í∫ç™ îÁÊ°pC é¬E ¢√JéÀ Miss. ÅE ¢√úøû√ç. áçü¿’-éπE? Æ‘Y©™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. ÉD ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’. Åçõ‰ È®ç-úø÷ -ï®Ωí∫-´¤ N¢√-£œ«-ûª’-©èπ◊, èπ◊´÷-J-©èπ◊ äÍé °æü¿ç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª- (Improbable)Å-E -Å®Ωnç ´î√a? ûÁ©-°æçúÕ? M. Peter Chowdary, Vizag.

°Rx ûª®√yûª ¶µº®Ωh ÉçöÀ Ê°®Ω’ ¶µ«®Ωu ÉçöÀ-Ê°-®Ω’í¬ ´÷®Ωúøç Ææçv°æü∆ߪ’ç Åçü¿’´©x, N¢√-£œ«-ûª’-©èπ◊ Mrs, ÅN-¢√-£œ«-ûª’-©èπ◊ Miss ņúøç ¢√úø’-éπ®·uçC. Å®·ûË Ñ ®ÓV™x °∞¡x-®·† Æ‘Y©’ èπÿú≈ ¢√J ¶µº®Ωh ÉçöÀ-Ê°-®Ω’ûÓ °œ-L°œç--éÓ-´úøç É≠ædç-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, °∞¡x®·çC ÅE ûÁ©’°æúøç É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ Miss ÅE °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Miss ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ ®√ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Ms ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.

Q. Year by year. year after year.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u© ´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? OöÀE ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Year by year - Ææç´-ûªq®Ω, Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ/ àú≈-C-Íé-ú≈-CéÃ, Year after year = à∞¡x ûª®Ω-•úÕ His income grew year by year = àú≈-C-Íé-ú≈-CéÀ ÅûªúÕ Ææ秃-ü¿† °J-TçC.

syllable) Mono syllabic, Di syllabic, Tri syllabic words

Year after year he hoped that his son would return =

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ?

ÇPçî√úø’.

Æœ©-•™¸ (

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Éçü¿’™ ´’Sx

à∞¡x ûª®Ω-•úÕ Åûªúø’ ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊ ®√éπ†’

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 9 - ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

K.SambasivaRao, Anantapuram Q. Co-relative conjunctions

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ¢√öÀE ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. ïûª-©’í¬ ´îËa conjunctions, correlative conjunctions ÅN: a) Both... and

b) Either ... or c) Just as... so

d) Neither ... nor e) Not only... but also f) Whether...or

¶μº®Ωhçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ¶μºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. Åûª-úÕE áü¿’-®Ì\ØË üμÁj®Ωuç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. b) Frightened= Åéπ-≤ƒt-ûª’hí¬ ¶μºßª÷-EéÃ, Cví∫s¥-´’èπ◊ í∫’Jé¬-´-úøç. She was frightened at the right of the robber with a gun=

ûª’§ƒ-éÀûÓ Ö†o Ç -üÌçí∫-†’ îª÷úø-í¬ØË Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¶μºßª’ç °æ¤öÀdçC. (Åéπ-≤ƒt-ûª’hí¬, Cví∫s¥-´’ûÓ) c) Terrify = ¶μºßª’çûÓ ´ù’èπÿ, Bv´-¢Á’i† ¶«üμ¿ éπ-L-Tç-îª-úøç.

conjunctions words phrases (groups of words without verbs) clauses (groups of words with verbs)

ÉN Éûª®Ω

™«í¬ØË

û√®·.

†’, The memory of the maoist gunning down the vil†’ lagers terrifies her even today = ´÷¢Ó-®·Ææ’d Ç †’ éπ©’-°æ¤- ví¬´’-Ææ’n-©†’ é¬La îªç°œ† -ñ«c°æ-鬩’ ¶μºßª’çûÓ Ç¢Á’™ ´ù’èπÿ, ¶«üμ¿ °æ¤öÀd-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.

a) Both Rama and Krishna are the avatars of Vishnu.

(®√--´·-úø’, éπ%-≠æflg-úø’ Éü¿l®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ -N-≠æflg-´¤ Å-´-û√®Ω-¢Ë’) b) Either coming here or calling him makes no difference = phone

Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´--úøçé¬F, ¢√úÕéÀ îËߪ’-úøç-é¬F È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. (ÅC-é¬F, ÉC-é¬F, Åûª-úø’-é¬F, Éûªúø’ é¬F)

A. Sudhakar, Biknur. Q. Structural word, content word

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™ ®Ωîª-†™ ¶μ«¢√Eo

A. Content Words-Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and adverbs.

ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’ ÉN ™‰éπ-§ÚûË

¶μ«´ç -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’ éπüΔ? Structural Words: ¢√éπu E®√t-ù«-EéÀ (sentence structure èπ◊) Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’ßË’u ´÷ô©’ -

c) Just as you talk back when you are offended, so will your son when he is offended =

Articles (a/an and the), Prepositions (on, in, into, at, etc), conjunctions (and, but, etc,) determines (any, each, some, etc.)

Fèπ◊ éÓ°æç ´ÊÆh †’´¤y áü¿’®Ω’ îÁ°œp-†ô’x, F éÌúø’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úÕéÀ éÓ°æç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ -Fèπ◊ -á-ü¿’®Ω’ îÁ•’-û√úø’.

d) Neither he nor his brother is honest =

Å- -ûª-úø÷ Eñ«--ߪ’-B-°æ-®Ω’úø’ é¬-úø’, Å-ûª-úÕ ûª´·túø÷ é¬úø’. (È®çúÕç-öx àD ™‰ü¿’, Éü¿lJ™ á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’) e) Not only but also = ÅüËé¬éπ, ÉC èπÿú≈. Not only time, but also troubles others =

¢√úÕ Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%ü∑Δ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Éûª-®Ω’-©†÷ É•sç-C-°-úøû√úø’. f) Whether... or = Å´¤Ø√ é¬üΔ. I don't know whether he will come or not/ I don't know whether or not he will come here. whether

•ü¿’©’

'if'

¢√úø-´îª’a.

Y.V. Srilakshmi, Bommanampadu. Q. Polite forms

™ suggestion èπ◊ Advise èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ éπüΔ. Usage ™ à¢Á’iØ√ ´÷®Ω’p ÖçüΔ? Å™«Íí, fear, frightened, terrified, afraid ©èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈-©†’ N´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. A. 1) Polite forms Åçõ‰ ´’®√u-ü¿†’ ûÁLÊ° words, model verbs. would, could ûÓ question forms ™ ´îËa sentences/ expressions a) Could you explain this again? b) Would you wait for a minute?

É™«ç-öÀN. Oô-Eoç-öÀE èπÿú≈ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ §ƒûª lessons ™ Éî√aç îª÷úøçúÕ. 2) Advise Åçõ‰ Ææ©£æ… É´yúøç. I advise you to buy the book and read it.

(Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌE îªü¿-´-´’E ؈’ Ææ©£æ… ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’.) Suggestion - Åçõ‰ Ææ÷. suggest Åçõ‰ Ææ÷*çîªúøç– ÉC advise Åçûª •©çí¬ îÁ°æp-úøç é¬ü¿’. Ç °æEîËÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-üË¢Á÷?– ÉC suggest îËߪ’-úøç. Ç °æE îË®· †’´¤y, Fèπ◊ ´’ç*C– ÉN advising. I advise you to stop smoking.

(Æœí∫-È®ö¸ ´÷†’éÓ.) I suggest that you stop smoking.

(†’´¤y Æœí∫-È®ö¸ ´÷†-úøç ´’ç*C.) You do it/ you had better do it/ why don't you do it?

É´Fo

Q.

NüΔuJn

prose/ poetry

üΔy®√

A. I don't utter a word against others, nor do I take a word. Q.

'°œôd éÌçîÁç, èπÿûª °∂æ’†ç— Å®√n-EoîËa ÉçTx≠ˇ ñ«Bߪ’ç àüÁjØ√ Öçõ‰ îÁ°æpçúÕ?

A. Appearances are deceptive-

(Ç鬮Ωç -´-©x Ææy¶μ«´ç ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’) Q. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  á©’xç-úÕE 'Day after day' Åçö«®√? ™‰üΔ Tomorrow next day Åçö«®√? àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? A. The day after tomorrow Åçö«ç. Day after day = ®ÓV© ûª®Ω-•úÕ tomorrow next day ûª°æ¤p-.

KSR, Marture. Q.

îªü¿’´¤ ÆæçüμΔu ®√E ¢√úÕéÀ ãô’-£æ«èπ◊\ ü˨»-EéÀ °†’´·°æ¤p. îªü¿’´¤ ÆæçüμΔu ®√E¢√úÕéÀ -©-Gμç-îË °æü¿N ü˨»-EéÀ éÌJN. Ñ ´÷ôLo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

A. Voting right for the illiterate is a disaster to the country. An office for the illiterate is the nation's ruin.

Anil, ponnur.

Q. Being lost his wife. Having lost his wife.

Ñ ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. †’´¤y Ø√ •®˝húË §ƒKdéÀ -Ç£æ…y-Eç-îª-•-ú≈f´¤.

Q.

A. You have been invited to... Q.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√? ûª°æ¤p.

A. Being lost his wife -

Having lost his wife. correct -

†’´¤y Ø√ •®˝húË §ƒKdéÀ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤.

A. You are being invited to... Q.

†’´¤y Ø√ •®˝húË §ƒKdéÀ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îª-•-úø-û√´¤

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 506

Q.

¶μ«®Ωu §Ú´--úøçûÓ/ §Ú´--úøç-´-©x Ñ úø•’s ´÷ Ø√-†o-èπ◊ -É-îËa≤ƒh.

A. You will be invited to...

A. I'll give the money to my father.

Q.Could I leave the school a little early?

Q

°∂‘V éπöÀd ´≤ƒh?

A. I'll pay the fees and come

DEéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç îÁ°æpçúÕ?

Her eyes ar e as blue as flowers

does he waste his

É™«çöÀ îÓôx

sentences

ÉçTx≠ˇ™ ᙫ °æ©é¬L?

advise.

How about/ what about doing it? If I were you, I would/ wouldn't do itsuggestions.

É´Fo

3) Fear =

¶μºßª’-°æ-úøôç – ´·êuçí¬ üμÁj®√uEo éÓ™p-´-úøç

a) She fears her husband =

Q.

´÷ Ø√†o†’ °œL-îÌ≤ƒh.

A. I'll call my father and come

Q. à ®ÓV îÁ°œp† §ƒ®∏Ωç Ç ®Óñ‰ îªü¿-´-´’E îÁ°æ¤hØ√o†’. é¬F O’®Ω’ îªü¿-´úøç ví∫£œ«ç-îª-´-©-Æ œ† ´·êu-N-≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ™‰ ü ¿ ’ . N’´’tLo àç îË ß ª ÷ ™ îÁ°æpçúÕ?– DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ A. é¬Ææh ûªy®Ωí¬ (´÷´‚-©’-éπØ√o) ؈’ -¢ÁàN’öÀ? ᙫ °æ © é ¬™ îÁ ° æ p çúÕ ? ∞Ôxî√a school †’ç*? (´’®√u-ü¿í¬ perÖ§ƒ-üμΔu-ߪ·úø’ §ƒ®∏Ωç ´·Tç-*† ûª®Ω’A. I tell you to learn a lesson the day it is taught, mission Åúø-í∫-úøç) ¢√ûª NüΔu-®Ω’l¥-©ûÓ v§ƒéÃdÆˇ îË®·ç-î√-Lq† but you don't do it. What shall I do with you? Q. At all, after all, by now í∫’Jç* N´°æü¿l¥-ûª’-©†’ ûÁ©-°æç-úÕ. Q. ؈’ -´-*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -Å-ûª-úø’ éÓ°æp-ú≈fúø’. Jç* äéπ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù É´yçúÕ. A. Prose üΔy®√ Vocabulary (meaning A. He was angry because I had come. A. At all = ÅÆæ©’. He didn't like the and use of words), sentence conQ. Ç鬨¡ç ÉçûªvéÀûªç ´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©xí¬ ÖçC. äéπ\-≤ƒ-Jí¬ movie at all = Åûª ú Õ é ¬ Æœ E ´÷ ÅÆæ © ’ M.SURESAN struction, expressing an idea in difáv®Ω-•-úÕçC. é¬éÀ-™„-éπ\©’, Æœç£æ…-´-™-éπ†ç .. OöÀE no/ not ûÓ ¢√-úø-û√ç) †îª a ™ ‰ ü ¿ ’ . (áèπ ◊ \´ í¬ ferent ways, and writing skill (®ΩîªØ√ ØÁj°æ¤ùuç). ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒh®Ω’? After all = Éçûª-îËÆ ‘ After all the trouble I have Poetry ´©x Ü£æ…-¨¡éÀh, ÅC ´uéπh-°æ-JîË Nüμ¿ç, A. Till a short while ago the sky has been white, taken, I have got only one hundred rupees = Vocabulary ´®Ωg-Ø√-¨¡éÀh ™«çöÀN °ç§Òç-Cç--éÓand it has turned red suddenly. ØËEçûª éπ≠d-°æ æú≈f Ø√éÌ-*açC ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ÷™‰. ´îª’a. Guess/ Guess work / Unreliable figures, After all, how much money you have is Q. -à-¢Áj-Ø√ éÌEo -´’ç-* Novels Ê°®Ω’x îÁ°æpçúÕ. Revision. important, not how you got it àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Fü¿-í∫_A. éÌEo Novels Åçõ‰ à ÖüËl-¨»-EéÀ? á´-JéÀ? NüΔu-®Ω’nÈ®çûª úø•’sç-ü¿-ØËC ´·êuç, †’¢Áy™« Ææ秃-Cç-î√-´-E- S. Narasimga Rao, Karimnagar. ©é¬? ¶üμ¿-èπ◊-©é¬? General reading é¬? ÅØË é¬ü¿’. Q. í∫ûªç™ Having í∫’Jç* ®√¨»®Ω’. àüÁjØ√ 鬮Ω-ù«-EéÀ üΔE-E -•öÀd Öçô’çC.By now = Ñ §ƒöÀéÀ èπÿú≈ Having ´Jh-Ææ’hçC éπüΔ? *†o-°œ-©x-©èπÿ, É°æ¤p-úÕ-°æ¤púË english™ v§ƒOùuç By now the programme should have started ÖüΔ: having met my friend I went away. äéπ Ææ秃-Cç--éÌç-ô’†o ¢√JéÀ, Short stories ûÓ = Ñ §ƒöÀ-éÀ/Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç ví¬´’®˝èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ °j Nüμ¿çí¬ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-îª-úøç ´’ç*C. OöÀéÀ RK Narayan, Åߪ·uç-ú≈-LqçC (Å´-™‰ü¿’). îª÷¨»†’. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. -Ééπ\-úø ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Tagore, Raja Rao, Ruskin Bond, Mulkraj Q. That's what my family won't see. ûªT-†-ô’xí¬ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ®√´-úøç-™‰ü¿’. Anand, Anitha Das ™«çöÀ ¶μ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ®Ωîª-®·-ûª© DEéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç îÁ°æpç-úÕ. Ççí∫x ®Ωîª-†-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-îªúøç ´’ç*C. English - ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. A. ÅüË ´÷ èπ◊ô’ç•ç îª÷úø-EC/ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-EC. îªçü¿-´÷´’ ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. A. Å´¤†’. Having lost his wife, he felt lonely = Q. Her eyes are as blue as flowers. Q. She is a good girl. D-EéÀ simple sentence ÆæJ-§Ú¶μ«®Ωu §Ú´--úøç-´©x Åûª-úø’ äçô-J-ûª†ç ņ’-¶μº-N-Ææ’hA. Ç¢Á’ -éπ∞¡Ÿx °æ‹©çûª F©çí¬ Öçö«®·. (English ûª’çC éπüΔ. D-Eo- She is a girl and is good Ø√oúø’. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ blue eyes É≠ædç) (compound), She is a girl who is good (comHaving walked all the distance, I feel tired = Q. Some words in the story that you may not plex) ™éÀ ´÷®√a-Lq† 鬮Ω-ù«Eo ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. ÅEo Åçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-úøç-´©x Ø√èπ◊ Å©-Ææ-ôí¬ ÖçC. know. Ééπ\úø that Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ¢√é¬u© meaning, context äéπ\õ‰ éπüΔ? ÉC practice (talking practice) ´©x- ´-Ææ’hçC. A. That you may not know = Ééπ\úø that èπ◊ A. Å™« ´÷®√a-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç áçûª Ææ’©Å®Ωnç, which ÅE (à ´÷ô-™„jûË Féπ®Ωnç é¬-¢Ó ¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωl¥-´’-ßË’ô’x ´÷ö«x-ú≈L, ®√ߪ÷L ÅØËC ´’†Ch. Raghukiran, Nagavaram. ÅE) Ææ’™ Öç-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ áô’-´çöÀ sentence OöÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’-™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îªçúÕ. ¢√ú≈™ ÅüË ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. O’J-*a† example, Q. This exercise can be done as many times Q. DE°j Ææçûªéπç îËߪ’úøç ´©x ûª´’èπ◊ †≠æd-¢Ë’O’ ™‰ü¿’. Grammar for the sake of grammar (¢√uéπ-®Ωùç as you like in a day. Ééπ\úø can be done A. You don't lose anything by signing here/ éÓÆæç ¢√uéπ-®Ωùç) Ŷμºu-Æ œç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? you've nothing to lose if you sign here. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. A. Can be done = îËߪ’-•-úø-í∫-©´¤ (´÷´‚©’ Q. Ééπ\úø ¢√£æ«-Ø√©’ EL-°œûË O’Íé †≠ædç. ûÁ©’í∫’ – îËߪ’-í∫-©´¤) A. Lakshmi Narayana, Yellandu. A. If you park your vehicle here you will have Q. '؈’ èπÿú≈ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’— ÅØË ¢√é¬uEo trouble. Q. '°æ¤vÈ®éÓ •’Cl¥ >£æ«yéÓ ®Ω’*— ÅØË ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Ææ´÷† I also didn't see it. ÅØ√™«? Å®√n-EoîËa ÉçTx≠ˇ ñ«Bߪ’ç àüÁjØ√ ÖçüΔ? Q. Çߪ’† °æü¿-´¤© éÓÆæç úø•’s©’ ¢Áü¿-x ´uéÀh. I didn't also see it ÅØ√™«? A. Tastes differ as rivers differ (äéÓ\- †C äéÓ\ A. Money doesn't matter to him if only he can get I too didn't see it ÅØ√™«? -®Ω-éπçí¬ Ö†oô’d, äéÌ\-éπ\J ÅGμ-®Ω’* äéÓ\-®Ω-éπçí¬ an office. I didn't see it too. ÅØ√™«? îÁ°æpçúÕ. Öçô’çC/ ™éÓ-Gμ†o ®Ω’*”) Q. Ééπ\úø Ææçûªéπç °ô’d. Q. '؈’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ äéπ ´÷ô ņ†’. ´÷ô °æúø†’— A.I didn't see it too/ I didn't see it either. A. Sign here

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-eÇ-C¢√®Ωç 12- ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ch.Raghukiran, Nagavaram (Nizamabad)

A. Throughout - from the beginning to the end: The hero is seen throughout the movie =

Q.

Ç ÆœE´÷ Åçû√ (¢Á·ü¿©’ †’ç* *´®Ω ´®Ωèπ◊) £‘«®Ó éπE-°œ-≤ƒhúø’.

éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©-†’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -ûÁ-©’°æ í∫-©®Ω’.
Ñ ®ÓV ≤ƒ´÷†’ é̆’-éÓ\-¢√L= -

Throughout the movie my favourite place is (throughout)... my favourite place

I've to make some purchases today.





Ç ûª®√yûª èπ◊ Å®Ωnç Ééπ\úø ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç ™‰ü¿’.

Q. Came into being

Ñ ®ÓV ßÁ÷í¬ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ îËߪ÷L = A. Came into being =

I must do yoga today.


= ÆœE´÷ ¢Á·ûªhç

ÖEéÀ™éÀ ®√´úøç/ Öçúøôç

Ø√èπ◊ ¶„jé˙ éÌØËçûª ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç(úø•’s) ™‰ü¿’ =

v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´úøç

I can't afford a bike

The Universe came into being several billion years ago

= î√™« ´çü¿© éÓôx à∞¡x éÀçü¿ô N¨¡yç ÖE-éÀ™éÀ ´*açC.

Ø√èπ◊ É©’x éÌØËçûª ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ™‰ü¿’ = I can't afford a house of my own.

Riaz Pasha, Warangal.

Q. I would rather they all would (please explain briefly again)

Q. What is the different between 'been and being'.

A. I'd rather they all would =

A. Been independent use Have, had, shall have, etc., 'be' forms form

èπ◊

™‰ü¿’.

¢√∞Ïx-°æE îËÊÆh/ Åçü¿’èπ◊ Ææ´’t-AÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. I'd rather = I prefer (؈’ É≠æd°æ-úøû√)

2

Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† Express Distribution

ÆæçÆæní¬ ®Ω÷§Òç-ü¿úøç. èπ◊ Å®ΩnçûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. A. Mission = ´’† ¶µºN≠æuûª’h†’ í∫’Jç* ´’†-èπ◊†o ü¿%¨»uEo Eïç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç ņ’-Ææ-Jç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ØË ´÷®Ω_ç, Nüµ¿’©’.

Q. MISSION

Q. 1) To focus on customers loyalty & make it the goal of our organization. 2) To encourage our people for adoption of new technologies, processes and system for improved, reliable and speedy service. 3) To relentlessly monitor to reach a minimum net service level of 98% delivery. A. 1)

(´÷) ´’† ë«û√-ü∆-®Ω’© ÅGµ-´÷†ç §Òçü¿ôç ûÓ éπLÆœ †’ O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd °ôdúøç, ü∆Eo ´’† ÆæçÆæn í∫´’uçí¬ îËÆæ’hçC. îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. Being = Öçúøôç ´©x/ Öçúø-ôçûÓ Q. Are you a coffee free? 2) ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj†, †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i†, Ææûªy®Ω ÊÆ´-©ç-Cç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Being ill he can't move = ï•’sûÓ Öçúøôç ´©x/ A. Ñ group of words sentence é¬ü¿’, Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. éÌûªh ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ °æJ-ñ«c†ç, N†÷ûªo °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’ Å´Öçúø-ôçûÓ Åûªúø’ éπü¿-©-™‰úø’. 鬕öÀd •£æ›¨» O’®Ω’ îª÷Æœ† sentence, 'Are you ©ç--Gç-îË™« ´’† Æœ•sçCE §Úûªq-£œ«ç-îªúøç. Q. Do you came? and Did you come? a coffee freak?' 3) 98 ¨»ûªç Eéπ®Ω ÊÆ´-©ç-CçîË ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? freak Åçõ‰ üËE™-ØÁjØ√ N°æ-K-ûª≤ƒn®·éÀ îËÍ®-N-üµ¿çí¬ ´’† ÊÆ´-©†’ ¢Á’i† ÅGµ-´÷†ç, ÇÆæéÀh Ö†oA. Do you come? = †’´¤y regular í¬ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ E®Ωç-ûª- ®√-ߪ’çí¬ EÍ®l-Pç-îªúøç.¢√∞¡Ÿx. Are you a coffee ´Ææ’hç-ö«¢√? -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 507 Do you came - ûª°æ¤p. Did you come? =


Proboscis =

v°æ¶Ô-ÆœÆˇ – '¶Ô— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç
Superb =

Ææ÷u°æ®˝s – '°æ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç; °æ, '•— ™«í¬.

freak?

O’®Ω’

Coffee

Ŷ„x-ß˝’≠æØ˛ – '¶„xß˝’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-é¬L.
Drought =

vúˆö¸
Pigeon =

°œ>Ø˛ – '°œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç
Chaos =

Èéߪ’Æˇ – 'Èé— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
Tyrant =

õ„j®Ωçö¸– 'õ„j— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
Tyrrany =

öÀ®ΩE – 'öÀ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç
Martyr =

´÷ô(®˝) – '´÷— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Q. I turned off the light.

Q. She goes to her friends on sunday. (

Ç¢Á’ ¢√∞¡x ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-© ÉçöÀéÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC.)

friends to her friends'. (s


Have a greatful heart.= (Grateful, Greatful

Q . Much into (I am not much into Vastu. Is it correct or not?)

A. Read as much English as you can, listen to English news channels and speak english whenever you have a chance.

A. Crossing one's fingers =

(´’† °æü∑¿-

鬩’ °∂æL-≤ƒh-ߪ’E ÇPç-îªúøç)

؈’ îÁߪ÷u-LqçC î˨»†’. °∂æLûªç Öçô’ç-ü¿ØË ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. -

F °jØ√, Éûª-®Ω’© °jØ√ éπ~´÷-í∫’ùç Å©-´-®Ω-éÓ. Nûª-®Ωù (ü∆†) Q©ç éπLT Öçúø’.

A.

Q. What should I do to get used to Foreign English?

Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ?


Be forgiving of yourself and others =
Be generous =

I've finished what I have to do. I am crossing my fingers =

Just crossing someone finger

O’ †’ç* Éûª-®Ω’©’ ÇPçîË -ü∆-E éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬ O’®Ω’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ É´y-í∫-©-í¬L.

I have seen this in Spoken English and my doubt is in the question house / home not mentioned.

Hoping our plans will be successful (Keep one's fingers crossed)

Q. Meanings and usage of below written.


Marry the right person. This one decision will determine 90% of your happiness or misery =

Fèπ◊ ûªT† ´uéÀhE °Rx îËÆæ’éÓ. -Å-üË 90 ¨»ûªç ´®Ωèπ◊ F ÆæçûÓ--≥ƒ-Eoí¬E, ü¿’”ë«-Eoí¬-E -E®Ωg®·Ææ’hç-C.

ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC = She goes ûª®√yûª apostrophe í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. ÅC Öçõ‰ØË friends 'ÉçöÀéÀ— ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. She goes to her friends (friends èπ◊ apostrophe ™‰ü¿’) = Ç¢Á’ ûª† friends ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC. friends' - friends + ' - É™« apostrophe ¢√úÕûË, house/ home Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. É™«çöÀ îÓôx house or home ¢√úøôç ûª°æ¤p èπÿú≈.

Q. Mean by ppt (V3) past participle?

(suggestions for success)

A. The sentence is correct. Has + Past Participle indicates an action M.SURESAN starting in the past (1989) and continuing till now. You are correct in saying that
Give people more than they expect and do it has + pp talks of an action just completed. cheerfully = This is its other use, in addition to the above.

A. Signing off =

A. Mean -Past Participle - Meant

éÀç-C ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -Å®Ωnç -îÁ°æpç-úÕ.

ÅGµ-´÷-†’™«?

Q. He has worked since 1989 (but 'has' shows just passed out actions only) please explain.

Q. Signing off

Öûªh-®√Eo ´·Tç-îªúøç (ÉçûË Ææçí∫ûª’©’ ÅE *´®Ω ®√ߪ’úøç)

Q.

=

Ç¢Á’ ¢√∞¡x

éπ%ûª-ïcûª éπL-T-´¤çúø’


Persistence,

°æô’d-ü¿©,

Persistence,

°æô’d-ü¿©,

é¬ü¿’)

Persistence =

°æô’d-ü¿©


Discipline yourself to save money on even the most modest salary =

@ûªç áçûª ≤ƒ´÷-†u-¢Á’i-†-üÁjØ√, §Òü¿’°æ¤ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË™« E†’o †’´¤y Eߪ’ç-vAç-éÓ.
Treat every one you meet like you want to be treated =

E†’o Éûª-®Ω’©’ ᙫ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Ó, Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ †’´¤y Å™«Íí îª÷úø’.
Commit yourself to quality =

Ø√ùu-ûªèπ◊ •ü¿’l¥-úÕ¢Áj Öçúø’. A. Be not much into = Not to be interested in or doing something. I am not much into vastu =

G. Narsing Rao, Adilabad. Q. VISION

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. Vision = î√™« Ü£æ«ûÓ ûÁL-Ní¬ ´’†ç ®Ω*ç--èπ◊†o v°æù«-Réπ v°æ鬮Ωç, ´’† ¶µºN-≠æuûª’h†’ í∫’Jç* ´’†-èπ◊†o ü¿%¨¡uç.(-Ç-™-îª-†).


Be loyal, Be honest =

NüµË-ߪ’ûª, Eñ«-®·B éπL-T- -Öçúø’.
Be a self-starter =

™


Oblation =

I am cr ossing my fingers

í∫ûªç™ – (ã EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç™) †’Ny-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√a¢√? Q. Login and logout ûË-ú≈ -ûÁ©°æç-úÕ. A. Login = Computer™ °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªúøç Log out = Computer™ ´’†ç îËÆæ’h†o °æE ´·Tç-îªúøç. Q. Sign in and Sign out ûË-ú≈ -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. A. Sign in = äéπ-îÓô v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Visitors register ™ Visitors îËÊÆ Ææçûªéπç. Computer ™ e -mail °æçÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Internet ™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îªúøç. Sign out; 1) äéπ v°æü˨¡ç †’ç* •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞Ïx-ô-°æ¤púø’ register ™ Ææçûªéπç îËߪ’úøç. e-mail °æç°œç-*† ûª®√yûª Internet †’ç* E≠æ \-N’ç-îªúøç.

bird

I turned the light off. I turned off it. I turned it off

OöÀ™ àN ÆæÈ®j-†¢Ó ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. A. I turned off it ûª°æp N’í∫-

û√-´Fo ÆæÈ®j-†¢Ë. Q. Phrasal Verbs

†’ á°æ¤púø’ Núø-DÆœ ®√-ߪ÷-™

N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. Verb, preposition it Phrasal verb verb particle (preposition/ adverb) rule

´’üµ¿u ®√ü¿’. ™E, †’ á°æ¤púø’ Núø-D-ߪ÷-©-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† àD ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úø’-éπ†’ •öÀd ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË.

Åçô÷

M. Satyanarayana, Hyderabad. Q.Fine, well, good, fantastic, superb, wonderful

Ñ °æü∆-©†’ á°æ¤púø’, áéπ\úø, ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? ûª°æp N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀ†Eoç-öÀF àüÁjØ√ î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿E îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Well Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ (N’í∫û√ ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç – ¶«í∫’†o). Fantastic = î√™« ¶«í∫’†o/ Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i†)/ íÌ°æpí¬ Ö†o. Excellent = Superb = î√™« íÌ°æpí¬ Ö†o (´·êuçí¬ ÅüË ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀ-éπçõ‰), °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i† (ÉçÍéç ûª°æ¤p°æôd™‰ç) Wonderful = íÌ°æp džç-ü∆Eo éπL-TçîË/ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i†. Well = °j¢√-öÀ-™ E well†’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ nouns ´·çü¿’ ¢√úøç. Well = (Ç®Óí∫uç) ¶«í¬-Ö†o. àüÁjØ√ °æE á´-È®jØ√ ¶«í¬-îËÊÆh – He has done it well Åçö«ç éπü∆– Å™«Íí He played/ understood (something) well Åçö«ç. OöÀ-éπ-Eoç-öÀéà Ů√n©’ Éçé¬ î√™« ÖØ√o®·. ´’ç* dictionary îª÷úøçúÕ.

A. Well

R. Sridevi, Jammulapalem (Prakasam Dist)

ÉöÃ-´© ¢√®Ωh-™xéÀ ´*a† 'CERN' °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ÉC French Acronym ÅE °ævA-éπ™x îªCQ. Cut to (song is not cut to one place to one
Stop blaming others. Take responsibility for ¢√†’ DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? place, is it correct or not?) every area of your life = A. CERN ÅØËC French acronym. Q. To be the most admired and successful A. Cut to = é¬ü¿’ Cut from... to - In Movies/ TV, Éûª ® Ω ’ © †’ EçCçî ª è π ◊ çú≈ Fèπ ◊ Ææ ç •çC µ ç * † N≠æ ß ª ÷ (Abbreviation ™E letters éπL-°œûË °æü¿ç-™«í¬ express distribution company in India by etc = to move quickly from one scene to ©-Eoç-öÀéà F¢Ë ¶«üµ¿uûª ´£œ«ç. üµ¿yEçîË ´÷ô Acronym). meeting and exceeding our customers, another. eg. The scene cuts from the forest CERN èπ◊ french ¶µ«≠æ™  Å®Ωnç Council of expectation of services. -D-E -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ? T. Siva, Nandikotkur. to the palace. (Ç ü¿%-¨¡uç î√™« ûªy®Ωí¬ ÅúøN European Nuclear Research = A. ´’† ÊÆ´©Â°j ´’† NEß Á ÷ í ∫ ü ∆® Ω ’ ©èπ ◊ †o Ǩ¡ © ’ ûª % °œ h Q. éÀçC-¢√öÀ Pronunciation ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. †’ç* ®√ï-¶µº-´-Ø√-EéÀ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC -) ߪ‚®Ó-°œ-ߪ’Ø˛ Åù’ °æJ-¨-üµ¿Ø√ ´’çúøL. éπ-®Ωçí¬ B®Ωaúøç, Ç Ç¨¡-©†’ ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îªúøç ü∆y®√,
Menace = Q. Throughout (Throughout the movie my ¶µ « ®Ω û ˝ ¢Á · ûª h ç ™ØË Åûª u çûª ÅGµ ´ ÷†ç §ÒçüË , ¢Á’†Æˇ – '¢Á’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. favourite place is ... is it correct?) Ø√èπ◊ ¢√Ææ’h™ °ü¿l ÇÆæ-éÃh-™‰ü¿’, Åçûª ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ èπÿú≈.

Q.

Éûª®Ω’© O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ îÌ®Ω´ îª÷°œç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 14 ÅéÓ-d-•®Ω’ 2008Ananda Rao, Guntur

A.


Q. What is the difference between these pairs of words.
specially - especially
till - until
speak - talk
though - although Especially =

v°æ´·-êçí¬/ ´·êuçí¬.

All farmers in the state, especially those growing cotton and tobacco are in trouble =

®√≠æZç-™E È®jûª’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷, ´·êuçí¬ °æAh, §Òí¬èπ◊ °æçúÕç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx É•sç-ü¿’™x ÖØ√o®Ω’. Specially = v°æûËu-éπçí¬. The train is being run specially to clear the festival rush =

°æçúø’í∫ û√éÀúÕ-E ûªô’dèπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ Ñ È®j©’ †úø’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.





till = until Speak formal = speak a language. Speak a few words on the occasion =

Å®Ωnç, é¬Ææh ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç – ¶µ«≠æ ´÷ö«x-úøôç

Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô©’ ´÷ö«x-úøôç. Talk - Åçûª ´·êuç-é¬E N≠æߪ ’ç í∫ ’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úøôç. ´÷´‚©’ °œî√a-§ƒöÀ™«çöÀ Ææ綵«-≠æù – talk.


Though = Although Q. Using the word 'actor' to the females, correct or not? (I have seen in the newspaper.) A. Actor, author, singer, poet

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Q. I have some doubts with regard to Degrees of comparison. Generally we say... beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful. But why can't we say... beautiful - less beautiful - least beautiful. eg: 1. She is the least beautiful girl in the class. She is less beautiful than any other girl in the class. No other girl in the class is no little beautiful as she. 2. She is one of the least beautiful girl in the class. She is less beautiful than many other girls in the class. Very few girls in the class are as little beautiful as she. 3. Radha is less beautiful than sita. Sita is not so little beautiful as Radha. Can we write the sentences as above?

-Ñ -

¢√é¬u-©-†’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. Yes. We can say so. Less beautiful and least beautiful are comparative and superlative respectively, too.

Your sentences in eg No. 2) are correct- grammatically, but the positive degree (as little beautiful as) is not proper usage. Isn't it more convenient to say, sita is not so/ as beautiful as the other girls in the class.

Q. Thank you sir, Thanking you sir. - which is correct? A. Thanking you, sir, - correct

éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’-™éÀ ᙫ ´÷®√a™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Åûªúø’ Æ涵º™ ´÷ö«x-úøôç éπ*aûªç. be bound

3) Here again 'little' is better avoided before beautiful. Omitting 'little' before beautiful, makes the sentence sound better without changing the meaning in any way.

I am bound to take care of my old parents =

Here are the translations: Literal translations look awkward.

Q. We are bound to be late.

´’†ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ late Å´¤û√ç. èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç (Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ é¬ü¿’)– äéπ °æE îËߪ÷-Lq† ¶«üµ¿uûª Öçúøôç.

1) Class ™E Åçü¿-J™ Æ‘ûª ûªèπ◊\´ Åçü¿ç éπ©C/ ûªèπ◊\´ Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh. (Sup) Comp: Class ™E à Éûª®Ω Å´÷t-®·-éπØ√o Æ‘ûª Åçü¿ç ûªèπ◊\´. Positive: à Éûª®Ω Å´÷t®· Æ‘ûªçûª Åçü¿ç ûªèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’. 2) Class ™ ûªèπ◊\´ Åçü¿-¢Á’i† Å´÷t-®·™x Æ‘ûª äéπA (Sup) Comp: class ™E áèπ◊\-´-´’çC Å´÷t-®·-©-éπçõ‰ Æ‘ûª Åçü¿ç ûªèπ◊\´. Pos: Æ‘ûªçûª ûªèπ◊\´ Åçü¿-¢Á’i† Å´÷t-®·©’ class ™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. 3) ®√üµ¿ Æ‘ûªéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ Åçü¿-¢Á’içC– compar-

´%ü¿’l¥-™„j† ´÷ ûªL-ü¿ç-vúø’-©†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† ¶«üµ¿uûª Ø√èπ◊çC. Q. She got to go there tomorrow. A. She got to go tomorrow =

é¬ü¿’, She has got to go there Ç¢Á’ Í®°æ¤ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ¢Á∞«xLq ÖçC/ ¢Á∞¡xéπ ûª°æpü¿’.

Q. We are likely to get approval. A.

Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC.

Q. She is opt to hesitate a lot. A.

Ç¢Á’ î√™« ÆæçüË-£œ«ç-îª-´îª’a (àüÁjØ√ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊). Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£œ«çîË Ææy¶µ«´ç ÖçC.

Q. He is due to start as a courier early. A.

Åûªúø’

courier

í¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-®√Lq ÖçC.

ative.

Q. We are obliged to you. A.

Positive:

Fèπ◊ ¢Ë’ç ®Ω’ù-°æúÕ ÖØ√oç (éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’ ûÁ©-°æúøç)– é¬Ææh formal.

Q. He is supposed to do that work. A.

A. Both are correct.

Ch. Raghukiran, Nagaram Q. What is the difference between- Games and sports, Revolt and Revolution, Report and statement, Cash and Amount, Rate and Price, Speed and Fast, Hai and Hellow, Poem and Rhyme, Details and Particulars, Whole and Total, Blue and Indigo, Award and Reward, Staff and Faculty. 508

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

ÅC Åûªúø’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE/ Ç °æE îËߪ÷LqçC Åûªúø’.

Q. We had rather leave this place.

ņç. We would rather leave the ¢Ë’ç Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ¢ÁRx§Ú´-ú≈-EÍé É≠æd-°æ-úø’ûª’Ø√oç (Ééπ\úø ÖçúËç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰).

A. Had rather place =

FL/ F©ç ´·ü¿’®Ω’ F©ç Award= äéπ®Ω’ éπ†•-JîË v°æA-¶µºèπ◊/ éπ%≠œéÀ •£æ›-´’A/ °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç. Reward- v°æ-A-°∂æ©ç– äéπ °æE Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûªçí¬ °æ‹JhîËÆœ-†çü¿’èπ◊ ÉîËa •£æ›-´’A. Staff = äéπ ÆæçÆæn Æœ•sçC. Faculty = Universities, Colleges ™ ÖçúË ¶üµ¿Ø√ ¨»ê; Maths faculty, English faculty, etc.; Ç ¨»ê™ ÖçúË Åüµ∆u-°æéπ ´®Ω_ç. Indigo-

K.B. Nardas, Cheriyala Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ-©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. á´-È®-´-®Ì-î√a®Ω’?

A Who all have come?

.

Q.

®√üµ¿ Æ‘ûªçûª Åçü¿-¢Á’i† Å´÷t®· é¬ü¿’.

VLG Raju, Srikrishnapatnam. Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ÅØ√™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. O’èπ◊ Í®°æ¤ Ææ÷\©’ Öçü∆?

A. Do you have classes/ school tomorrow? (or) Is your school/ will your school be open tomorrow? / Is tomorrow a working day for your school? Q.

؈’ •®˝húË îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ´÷ØË-¨»†’.

Q.

àçöÀ Éçé¬ éπ•’®Ω’x, N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’ îÁ°æpÍ®?

Q.

.

Sports

Åçõ‰ Éü¿l®Ω’, È®çúø’ ïôx éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´’çC §ƒ™ÔxØËçü¿’èπ◊ O©’†o véÃúø©’ - Running race, Swimming

Ñ Â°†’o™ Éçé˙ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC/ ÉC §ƒ®Ω-úøç ™‰ü¿’/ ®√ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’.

A The pen has run out of ink. It isn't writing any more.

.

Q.

Ñ Â°†’o †úø’-Ææ’hçC. DEéÀ ņúøç ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çü∆? A. ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.

This pen is writing

Q. I had no other object than to beat him

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ ? in the ways of life of a people, society, counA. ¢√úÕE éÌôdúøç ûª°æp Ø√éÀçÍé üµËu-ߪ’-´‚ ™‰ü¿’. try, or world- a revolution has good results Q. Shake èπ◊ gender form Öçô’çü∆? Öçõ‰ È®çúø’ almost always. forms ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Report- A presentation of the important details of a meeting or Incident- äéπ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»Eo/ A. ÉC arab ´÷ô. ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Q. Chameleon Åçõ‰ ÜÆæ-®Ω-¢Á-Lx ÅE Å®Ωnç, Å®·ûË °∂æ’ô-††’ í∫’Jç* ûÁLÊ° E¢Ë-Céπ. ¢Á·ûªhç °æü∆Eo ᙫ ÖîªaJç-î√L? Statement: ¢√uêu– äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´’† A. éπO’LÅØ˛– 'O’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° comment. Cash- †í∫ü¿’– Money in the form of currency Q. NÆæh-®√-èπ◊-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? notes and coins. A. ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’– eating leaves ÅØÌa. Amount- The amount of money (úø•’s 'Éçûª— Q. ´·çü¿’ °Rx ï®Ω-í∫-E-´yçúÕ. °∞¡x-ߪ÷uéπ ÅEo Ææçí∫ÅE îÁ°æpúøç) Å®·ûË 'Éçûª— ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ amount ûª’©’ ÅçûË. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? †’ üËEéπ®·Ø√ ¢√úøû√ç- Amount of money/ A. Let the marriage go on first. Once the marAmount (quantity) of water, etc. riage is over, everything will settle down (ÅEo Rate- äéπ éÀ™ / úøïØ˛/ litre/ meter üµ¿®Ω Ææçí∫-ûª’©’ ÅçûË Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’) 'everything will settle down' ÅFo Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊ç-ö«®·. Price- éÌ-†o Ææ®Ωèπ◊/ ´Ææ’h-´¤© ¢Á·ûªhç üµ¿®Ω. Speed- The rate at which a thing moves, as 60 Q. Stomach, Abdomen È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√? Kms/ Hour. A. Abdomen= îµ √B éÀçC ¶µ«í∫ç – Éçü¿’™ §Òôd (stomach), °ü¿l Ê°í∫’, *†o Ê°í∫’ Öçö«®·. Fast- moving at great speed, very quickly. stomach = §Òôd ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Speed is a noun, 'Fast' is an adverb. Hai- Hi- More common- Informal greeting.

Pavani, Sudha, Matsyapuri

´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-´·†o ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-JçîË B®Ω’. Hello- slightly formed greeting éÌçîªç ´’®√u-ü¿ûÓ °æ©-éπ-JçîË Nüµ¿ç. Poem= °æü¿uç, Rhyme= Åçûªu-v§ƒÆæ È®çúø’ ´÷ô©’ äÍé ¨¡•lçûÓ Åçûª-´’-´úøç- Live and give, kiss

Q. Computers, key boards, adaptors, chargers

and miss, sit and hit - These pairs of words rhyme with each other because they end in the same sound. Details = particulars =

Q.

Whole refers to quantity or a group, total refers to number. Whole and total are synonyms.

A. He could not have even the last look at his mother.

.

A What more?/ What else?

A. I stopped celebrating my birth day.

Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢√∞¡x´’t *´J îª÷°æ¤ èπÿú≈ ü¿éπ\-™‰ü¿’.

A Have you seen a boy going this way?

ball, chess etc.

A. I had am =

é¬ü¿’; I'd (I would) as well stay where I É°æ¤p-úø’ ؈’†oîÓôØË ÖçúËç-ü¿’-éÀ-≠d-°æ æ-úø’-ûª’-

Ñ ü∆J† äéπ Ŷ«s®· ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-úøí¬ îª÷¨»®√?

Åçõ‰ Éü¿l-J-´’üµ¿u, È®çúø’ ïôx ´’üµ¿u ïJÍí véÃúø - cricket, foot-

Q. I had as well stay where I am.

Ø√o†’.

Blue-

A. Games

A®Ω’í∫’-¶«ô’– ÅCµ-鬮Ωç/ ÅCµ-鬮Ωç™ Ö†o¢√-JéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ü∆úÕ. N°æx´ç – ≤ƒ´÷->éπ (social) ®√ï-éÃߪ’, Éûª®Ω ®Ωçí¬™x ´îËa °†’-´÷®Ω’p- a great change

He is certain to address the meeting.

A.

àéπ-°æ-Bo-v´-ûª’úø’. ÅØÌa. Å®·ûË äÍé Æ洒ߪ’ç™ äé𠶵«®Ωu éπ©¢√úË English ™ monogamist. Åçõ‰ äé𠶵«®Ωuèπ◊ Nú≈-èπ◊-L*a È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ ÉçéÓ ÇN-úø†’ °∞«x-úÕØ√, monogamist ÅØË Åçö«ç. @N-ûª-´’çû√ äÍé ¶µ«®ΩuûÓ í∫úÕ-Ê°-¢√úø’ (àéπ-°æ-Bov´-ûª’úø’) ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English ™ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. Q. I am talking with/ to you. àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? A. Monogamist

etc. 2) In this example too, it is better M.SURESAN Revoltto avoid 'little' before the positive degree. We can as well say, 'very few girls in the class are Revolutionas beautiful as she'.

K. Ramakrishna, Khammam.

A.

Q.

He is supposed to do that work

™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©†’ Çú≈, ´’í¬ Éü¿l-Jéà ְæ-ßÁ÷Tç-îªúøç ¢√úø’-Èéj-§Ú-®·ç-C-°æ¤púø’. ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’, ≤˘éπ-®Ωuçí¬ Öçô’çC èπÿú≈.

Q.

2

É™« à NüËQ ´Ææ’h´¤ îª÷ÆœØ√ ¢√öÀ°j ´·vCçîË ûªßª÷K N´-®√-©-ûÓ-§ƒ-ô’í¬ äéπ-îÓô capital letters ™ CE ÅE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ´·vCç* Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ Conformity with Environment ÅE Å®Ωn´÷? ¢ËÍ® Å®Ωnç Öçü∆? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. CE = Certified Ecofriendly = °æ®√u-´-®Ω-ù«-†’-èπÿ-©¢Á’i-†-Cí¬ vüµ¿’Oéπ-Jç-*çC.

N´-®√©’

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 16 ÅéÓ-d-•®Ω’ 2008-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

G. Govinda Rao, Visakhapatnam.

Q. The earlier producers are rich and solvent enough to the take the failures in their stride.

Q. Albeit

A.

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? äéπ ¢√é¬uEo DEE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Albeit = Although/ though/ even though = albeit old fashioned.

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ. Å®·ûË ví¬çC∑éπç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Q. éÀçü¿ Åçúø-®˝-™„jØ˛ îËÆ œ† °æü∆-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ °æ®√u-ߪ’-°æ-ü∆Eo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Trend of small movies took a nosedive with all and sundry jumping into the bandwagon. A. Take a nosedive =

üµ¿®Ω©÷, N©’-´©÷ ™«çöÀN Åéπ-≤ƒt-ûª’hí¬ N°æ-K-ûªçí¬ °æúÕ-§Ú-´úøç. Jump into the bandwagon = ¢Ë©ç-¢ÁvJí¬ áèπ◊\´ ´’çC îËÆæ’h†o °æE-E ´’†´‚ îËߪ’úøç, Å™«çöÀ í∫’ç°æ¤™ äéπ-®Ω-´úøç, ¢√J-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’†´‚ Ê°®Ω’ §ÒçüËç-ü¿’-éÓÆæç. AP politicians are eager to jump into the pro Telengana bandwagon = AP

§ƒûª E®√t-ûª©’ üµ¿E-èπ◊©÷, ûªT-†çûª úø•’s E©y©÷ Ö†o-¢√®Ω’ (solvent) Å´-úøçûÓ, ¢√®Ω’ ¢Áj°∂æ-™«u©-†’, äúÕ-ü¿’-úø’-èπ◊-©†÷ ûªô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Solvent = Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÀ 鬴-Lq-†çûª †í∫ü¿’ Öçúøôç. take failures in their stride = ¢Áj°∂æ-™«u-©†’ ûªô’déÓ-´úøç

Q. The craft village strikes a right chord. A. Crafts village =

éπ∞¡© (´·êuçí¬ îËA-°æ-†’©) v§Úû√q£æ«ç éÓÆæç à®Ωp-®Ω*† v°æûËuéπ colony/ v°æü˨¡ç.

Q. Today, financiers diktat is the last word. A.

Ñ ®ÓV†

financiers

A.

If more than one person deliberate,

ã N≠æߪ’ç O’ü¿ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ éπLÆœ Ç™-*ç-îªúøç (deliberate).

i) The meal is getting ready. Meanwhile have some bread = bread

Éçûª™ é¬Ææh

Q. No let-up in Olive Ridley killings. A. Olive Ridley turtles

(äéπ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† û√¶‰∞¡Ÿx)†’ ¢Ëö«úÕ îªç°æ-ôç™ áúø-ûÁ-J°œ ™‰-ü¿’ (Åúøfç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ≤ƒí∫’-ûª÷ØË ÖçC).

Ææ´÷-ñ«Eo °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω ´uA-Í®éπ ´®√_-©’í¬ <™‰a/ Núø-DÊÆ BJP v°æߪ’-û√o© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÖçúøçúÕ. A. Penchalaiah, Rajampet.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 509

Q. Please clarify the following doubts.

¶µï†ç Æœü¿l¥-´’-´¤-ûÓçC. A†’.

ii) I was planning to go there. In the meantime this happened =

؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çô’Ø√o. Éçûª™ ÉC ïJ-TçC. Q. 'To' Preposition Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’-öÀ?

Q. Beware of BJP bid to polarise society. A.

Ñ ´’üµ¿u™/

Éçûª™.

Ç v°æï™x ÆæÈ®j† ¶µ«¢√Eo/ ≤ƒ†’-èπÿ© Ææpçü¿-††’ éπL-Tç-îË-Cí¬ ÖçC. Strike the right chord = ÆæÈ®j† ¶µ«¢√Eo éπL-Tçîªúøç.

Q. I have my innings for over three decades.

ûÁ©çí¬ù ¢Ë®√p-ô’†’ Ææ´’-JnçîË ¢√J™ îËJ-§Ú-¢√-©E ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-¢√-ü¿’©’ ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. (ãô’x/ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’©Gl¥ éÓÆæç). Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ Öü¿£æ«Jç-*† ¢√éπuç™ jump into the bandwagon ¢√úøéπç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Jump into the bandwagon ´·êuçí¬ ´’†’-≠æfl© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ØË ¢√úøû√ç, O’ sentence ™™« *†o ûª®Ω£æ… ÆœE-´÷©èπ◊ é¬èπ◊çú≈.

Meanwhile (meantime) =

The crafts village strikes the right chord = crafts village

üË *´J ¨»Ææ†ç.

´‚úø’ ü¿¨»-¶«l-©’í¬ Ø√ 鬮Ωu-éπ-™«-§ƒ©’ ≤ƒí¬®·. Q. Take objection, take exception èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰– Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ûÁ©-°æúøç/ ÇÍé ~-°œç-îªúøç. Q. Discussion èπ◊, Deliberation èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Discussion = Ωa. Deliberation = ã E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’ ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Ç™-*ç-îªúøç.

2

Let's drink to the health of our respected foreign guests

Åçõ‰? èπ◊ î√-™« Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®·. Let's drink to the Ééπ\úø, to éÀ Å®Ωnç, 'éÓÆæç— ÅE. (Çߪ’† Ç®Óí∫uç éÓÆæç). Q. 'According to' èπ◊ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? A. According to Åçõ‰, v°æ鬮Ωç ÅE. ÉC äéπ phrase; to èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπ¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç àO’-™‰ü¿’. A. To health of -

I wish I spoke per fect E nglish

With the formation of PRP, a number of TDP leaders and members have jumped into the bandwagon= PRP TDP

à®√pô’ûÓ î√™«-´’çC Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©÷, Ææ-¶µº’u©÷, Åçü¿’™ N’í∫-û√-¢√-J-ûÓ-§ƒô’ îËJ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Q. B.J.P. not apologetic about Hindutva. A.

£œ«çü¿÷ûªy Æœü∆l¥çûª N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ BJP ™ °æ¨»a-û√h°æ üµÓ®ΩùÀ/ ûª°æ¤p î˨»ç, éπ~N’ç-îªçúÕ ÅØË üµÓ®ΩùÀ éπE-°œçîªúøç ™‰ü¿’.

Q. He debunked that astrology is a science. A.

ñuA-¨»zÆæYç, ã ¨»ÆæY-´’ØË N≠æߪ÷Eo Çߪ’† •÷ôéπç -Å-E éÌöÀd-§ƒ-Í®-¨»úø’. Debunk = ÅüÓ •÷ôéπç/ Eïç-™‰-ü¿E Å´-Ê£«∞¡† îËߪ’úøç.

Q. The festival showcased Rajkapoor's performance. A.

Ç Öûªq´ç ®√ñ¸-éπ-°æ‹®˝ †ô-††’ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ v°æü¿Jzç-*çC. To show case = üˆo-®·Ø√ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ éπ†-°æ-®Ωîªúøç.

Q. 'Awara' rendered Rajkapoor a household name in Soviet. A.

'Ç¢√®√— *vûªç ´‚©çí¬ Soviet Russia ™ ®√ñ¸éπ-°æ‹®˝ Ê°®Ω’ ÉçöÀçö« ¢√úË/ NE-°œçîË ´÷õ„j§Ú-®·çC.

Q. Artists are run- of- the- mill type. A.

Åçü¿’-™E éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’©’ î√™« ´÷´‚©’ †ô-††’ v°æü¿-Jzç-î√®Ω’. Run-of-the-mill = NP-≠dû æ ª àO’-™‰E î√™« ´÷´‚™„j†. Å®·ûË ÉC ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊ (Ééπ\úø éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’©èπ◊ ™«í¬) ¢√úø®Ω’. éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’© v°æü¿-®Ωz† éπü∑¿©÷, *vû√©’, Ø√ô-é¬-™«xç-öÀN éÌûªhü¿†ç àO’-™‰éπ á°æ¤púø÷ îª÷ÊÆ ™«çöÀ-Ní¬ Öçõ‰, ¢√öÀE run-of-the mill Åçö«ç.

Q. Viswanath, the person betrays no vestige of sterling success. A.

´uéÀhí¬ N¨¡y-Ø√-ü∑˛™  Çߪ’† ≤ƒCµç-*† íÌ°æp Nï-ߪ÷© *£æ…o-™‰N éπE-°œç-¤ (Åçõ‰ Çߪ’† Åçûª Eí∫Jy ÅE) betray = (Ééπ\úø) v°æü¿-Jzç-îªúøç, vestige = Å´-¨Ï≠æç. sterling = íÌ°æp.

Q. The admirer sang paens about the actor.

C. Swetha, Railwaykodur.

éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª÷ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-L-´yí∫-©®Ω’.

Q.

Ææ÷dúÁç-ö¸qE v°æ¨¡o©’ ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ Ñ v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ džq®˝ îÁÊ°p-¢√∞¡Ÿx îËûª’©’ °jÈé-ûªhçúÕ ÅØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ rise Q. He exhibited all his poetical reperyour hands Åçö«®Ω’. îËûª’©’ CçîªçúÕ ÅØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ 2. Neither of my sisters is married. toire. put down hands ņúøç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? 3. Neither of them has a car. A. Repertoire (J°æö«y) = Repertory = A. 1. Rise your hands ņç- Raise your hands 4. Neither of us saw it happen. ã éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’úø’/ éπ∞«-é¬-JùÀ/ éπ∞«-ÆæçÆæn v°æü¿- M.SURESAN Åçö«ç. A. 1. É°æ¤p-úø’- ؈’ öà BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’/ Jzç-îª-í∫© Ø√ôu, ÆæçUûª, Ø√ôéπ, Éûª®Ω Rise = ™‰´-úøç, E©-•-úøôç, áü¿-í∫-úøç. û√í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. éπ∞«ç-¨»-©Eo éπL°œ. Raise = (üˆo-®·Ø√) áûªh-úøç, îËûª’-™„-ûªh-úøç 鬕öÀd, 2. ´÷ Åéπ\-©’/ -îÁ-™„x-Rx-ü¿l-J™ á´-Jéà °Rx-é¬-™‰ü¿’. He exhibited all his poetical repertoire = raise your hands. 3. Ç Éü¿ l J ™ á´J éà 鬮Ω ’ ™‰ ü ¿ ’ . Çߪ’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† éπN-û√ç-¨»-©-Eoç-öÀE v°æü¿-Jzç-î√úø’. Students rise when the teacher enters 4. ´÷ Éü¿ l J ™ á´®Ω ÷ ÅC ï®Ω ’ í ∫ ’ û ª ’ çú ø í ¬ Q. In Nair of Kerala, women reigns supreme for class. îª ÷ úø ™ ‰ ü ¿ ’ . centuries. Put down your hands, correct. Q. Hardly, Scarcely, No sooner °æü∆-©†’ àßË’ A. Íé®Ω-∞¡™  Ø√ߪ’®Ωx ´®Ω_ç™ ¨¡û√-¶«l-©’í¬ Æ‘Y©’ ÅCµ-é¬Ææ ç ü¿ ® √s¥ ™ x ¢√úø û √®Ó û Á © ’°æ í ∫ © ®Ω ’ . Q. N’´’tLo ™„jØ˛ v°æ鬮Ωç v°æ¨¡o-©-úø’-í∫’û√ -Å-†-ú≈-EéÀ ®√Eo «-®·ç-î√®Ω’. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ I shall ask you questions in line A. Hardly/ Scarcely= 1) Å®Ω ’ ü ¿ ’ í ¬/ ü ∆ü ∆°æ ¤ ™‰ ü ¿ ’ . O’ sentence clear í¬ ™‰ü¿’, ûª°æ¤p©’ èπÿú≈ wise ÅØ√™« ™‰ü∆ In a line wise ÅØ√™«? He hardly comes here = ÖØ√o®·. ü∆EéÀ correct form: A. I will ask you questions in linewise/ in a Åûªúø’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ´≤ƒhúø’. Among Nairs of Kerala, women have reigned linewise- É¢Ëç ņç. I shall ask you quesHe scarcely knows me = supreme for centuries tions one by one/ one after another/ by turns/ ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’-. Reign supreme = E®√-ôç-éπçí¬ §ƒLç-îªúøç. in the order of your seats, etc. Åçö«ç. 2) Hardly= scarcely= No sooner... than= äéπ ®Ωçí∫ç™ Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp-¢√-®Ω’í¬ ¢Á©’-íÌç-ü¿úøç. By turns = ´çûª’© v°æ鬮Ωç. äéπ °æE ïJU, ï®Ωí∫éπ´·çüË/ ïJ-T† ¢ÁçôØË. Balamurali Krishna reigns supreme in classiIn the order of - Ç ´®Ω’-Ææ™ . Hardly/ scarcely did he see/ had he seen the cal music = ¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ ÆæçU-ûªç™ ¶«©´·®Ω-S-éπ%≠æg Q. E†’o °æK-éπ~™ °∂®·™¸ îË≤ƒh ņ-ú≈Eo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp. police when he ran away= No sooner did he ᙫ ÅØ√L? see/ had he seen the police than he ran away Q. MLA has espoused the cause of Pulichintala = Åûªúø’ §ÚM-Ææ’†’ îª÷Æ‘/ îª÷úø-í¬ØË/ îª÷Æœ† A. I will fail you. project. ¢ÁçôØË, §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Q. 'éÌçúø-í∫’®Ω’h— DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? Nü∆u-®Ω’nA. Espouse a cause = äéπ Ǩ¡-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æ‹Jh ´’ü¿l©èπ◊ §ƒ®∏Ωç îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’dQ. éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A-´yúøç/ äéπ ÖüËl-¨»-EéÀ ¶«Ææ-ôí¬ Öçúøôç. éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ äéπ éÌçúø-í∫’®Ω’h ÖçC ÅE îÁ•’-ûª’çö«ç Q. The company is gearing up for expansion A. 1) I wish I spoke perfect English = éπü∆. (Éçü¿’™ 'gear' ņo °æü∆-EéÀ ¢Á÷ö«®Ω’ ¢√£æ«-Ø√™x ؈’ îªéπ\öÀ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. A. éÌçúø-í∫’®Ω’h = Landmark - àüÁjØ√ îÓô’/ É©’x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË gear °æü∆-Eéà ¢√úø-éπç™ ≤ƒ®Ω÷°æuç 2) If only I was/ were better looking = áéπ\-úø’çüÓ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, ¢√öÀéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖçúË Öçü∆?) ØËEç-éÌçîÁç Åçü¿çí¬ Öçõ‰...! v°æ´·-ê-¢Á’i† v°æü˨¡ç. A. Ç ÆæçÆæn ûª† ÅGµ-´%-Cl¥éÀ ÆæçÆœ-ü¿l¥-´’-´¤-ûÓçC. (gearA.

§ƒô-©ûÓ §Òí∫-úøôç

(sing paeans)

ing up) Q. We are meandering aimlessly in lawns.

1. I am having tea now =

G. Naresh, Armoor.

Q. Whether, Meanwhile sentence formation

°æü∆© Å®√n©’ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰Æœ, ™ OöÀE à N-üµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷A. à í∫´’u´‚ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ áô’-•-úÕûË Å™« A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’Ø√oç. T-≤ƒh¢Á÷ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. (Lawns = °ü¿l °ü¿l ¶µº´-Ø√© ´·çü¿’ Åçü¿ç éÓÆæç A. Whether Åçõ‰, Å´¤Ø√, é¬ü∆ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Â°çîË °æ*a-í∫úÕf plots) ¢√úøû√ç. Q. Vizag vignettes. Q. The element of art and creativity in film makI don't know whether he is here or not = A. Vignettes (N†uö¸) = ã ´uéÀhE, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo ûÁLÊ° ing, with due apologies is non-existent. ÆæçéÀ~°æh ®Ω/ Í®ë«-*vûªç. Ééπ\úø ÖØ√oúÓ, ™‰üÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. A. with due apologies = Ñ ´÷ô-©-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ~N’çVizag vignettes = ¢Ájñ«í˚èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æ-ߪ÷Whether you like it or not you have to do it = îªúøç, é¬F ņ-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-™‰†’. (éπ~´÷-°æù éÓ®Ω’ûª÷ ©†’ -ûÁ-LÊ° *vû√-©’/ ®Ωîª-†©’. Fèπ◊ †*aØ√, †îªa-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ †’NyC îËߪ÷-LqçüË. Ñ ´÷ô-©ç-ô’Ø√o).

Cinema Halls, Colleges, Govt. Offices, temples landmarks

É´Fo í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úøû√®·. §ƒ®∏Ωu N≠æ-ߪ÷™x àüÁjØ√ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÁLÊ° éÌçúø-í∫’®Ω’h ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ landmark ¢√úøç. I will tell you something to remember these things by=

É´Fo í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ ã N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh†’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 19 ÅéÓ-d-•®Ω’ 2008-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

K.S.R., Martur, Prakasam.

a)

Q. Be were)

®Ω÷§ƒ©’ (is, am, are, was, Å®·ü¿’. ´’J, be E éπL-°œûË Ç®Ω-´¤-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-®·-í∫ü∆, been, be ®Ω÷°æç áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’? A. be ®Ω÷§ƒ©’, am, is, are, was, were, ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, 'be' *´-®Ω´îËa verbs- shall be, will be, should be, would be, can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought be, dare be, need bebeen verbs- have been, has been, had been, shall/ should/ will/ would/ can/ could/ may/ might have been.

Éçé¬

*´-®Ω-´îËa

Been- be

®Ω÷°æ¢Ë’, é¬E ÅC

verb

é¬ü¿’.

Q. I have heard about her. I have heard of her -

OöÀ-´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. I have heard about her = I have heard of her. Q. Absolute Phrase

(Ŷ¸-Ææ-©÷uö¸ vÊ°∂ñ ¸) Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç?

A. Being a holiday, I did not go to school that day = sentence Being a holiday absolute phrase.

Ñ

™,

ÅØËC

English ™ á°æ¤púø÷, à phrase Å®·Ø√, ü∆EéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o-ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* îÁ°æ¤hçC. (Phrase = A group of words without a verb). Ééπ\úø Being a holiday ÅØË phrase, I éÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖçC. Åçü¿’´©x ü∆EéÀ Being a holiday, I Åçõ‰, ؈’ ÂÆ©¢Áj†ç-ü¿’-´©x ÅØË N°æ-K-û√®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. É™« ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o subject èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E phrase †’ absolute phrase Åçö«ç. So,

äéπ °æE îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç– To walk such a long distance is not easy =

Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´úøç Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’. b) äéπ °æE îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ (purpose) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. He came here to see me = ††’o îª÷ÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’. c) äéπ °æE îËߪ÷-©ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. I want to go home = ØËEç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. È®çúÓ non-finite verb- '...ing' form- going, coming, etc. '...ing' form èπ◊, infinitive èπ◊ ™«Íí äéπ °æE îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Walking the distance is not easy = Ç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´úøç ûËLÍéç é¬ü¿’ = To walk the

2

Q. He is not a teacher, isn't he? A. He isn't a teacher, isn't he? -

öÃîªÍ®ç ņúøç.

Åûªúø’ é¬ü¿’-í∫ü∆?

Q. Scarcely had the game started when it began to rain. A.

Çô ¢Á·ü¿-©®‚ Å´-í¬ØË ´®Ω{ç v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å®·çC.

Q. No sooner had he heard the news than he started off. A.

Ç ¢√®Ωh N†o ¢ÁçôØË Åûªúø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®√úø’.

Q. Hardly had I finished the work when the picture started. A.

Ministers are bound to serve the public =

´’çvûª’©’ v°æñ«-ÊÆ-´èπ◊ •ü¿’l¥™„j ÖØ√o®Ω’. ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç Öçúøôç, ûª°æpéπ ï®Ωí∫-úøç. a) He is liable to go there = -Å-ûª-úøéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞Ïx Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Be liable to =

b) They are liable to be punished if they cross limits =

¢√∞¡Ÿx £æ«ü¿’l-O’-JûË ûª°æpéπ Péπ~-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. Å´-鬨¡ç Öçúøôç. '...ing' form èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, äéπ °æE îËÆæ÷h, äéπ (Åûªúø’ à Q. Barely had I gone there when he went out. °æE îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬. éπ~-ù«†o®·Ø√ ®√´îª’a – ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC) A. ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁSx¢Á-∞¡x-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË/ ¢Á∞¡x-í¬ØË Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§ÚWalking along the street, I ran into my
Be on the point of = ã °æE îËߪ’-¶ûª÷ Öçúøôç. ߪ÷úø’. friend = Road ¢Áç•úÕ †úø’Ææ÷h/ †úø’-Ææ÷hç-úøí¬ He was on the point of buying the car when I Q. I can wait unless and until he come. ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úÕo stopped him = Åûªúø’ car é̆-¶ûª÷ Öçúøí¬ A. Ñ sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. îª÷¨»†’. (Åûªúø’ ´ÊÆh-ØË-é¬F, ´îËaç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ØË-†’ -Ç-§ƒ†’. 3) ´‚úÓ non finite verb, ؈’ -wait í∫-©-†’ É™« ņç Q. How do we use the following modal idioms in Past Participle- seen, -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 510 éπü∆? Åûªúø’ ´ÊÆhØË é¬F ؈’ conversation. Do give telugu translations distance is not easy.

Ø√ °æE °æ‹®Ωh®‚ Å´-í¬ØË/ Å®·† ¢ÁçôØË *vûªç ¢Á·ü¿-©-®·çC.


be apt to = He is apt to come here any moment

also. Had as well, had best, can't help, can't bear, can't stand, must needs, may as well, can't help but, can't make nothing of, can you beat it, will be able to, may be able to, should be able to, would be able to, might be able to, would have been able to

I am bound to go ther e

Being a holiday, I did not go to school that day- wrong. correct form,

DEéÀ

That day being a holiday, I did not go to schoolthat day being a holiday =

Ééπ\úø ®ÓV ÂÆ©¢Áj†çü¿’-´©x.

Ç

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ¢√öÀE Ö°æßÁ÷-TçîË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Finite verbs Öçõ‰ØË, complete meaning ÖçúË group of words, sentence Å´¤-ûª’çC. Finite verbs í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îÁ§ƒpç, ´’Sx ÉçéÓ-≤ƒJ N´-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. ÉN 6 ®Ω÷§ƒ™x (forms) Öçö«®·. 1) Be forms (°j† ûÁL§ƒç éπü∆? ÅN.) 2) Be form + ... ing form- am going, is taking, has been doing, should have been coming, etc. 3) Be form + Past Participle- am seen, is done, will be given, would have been completed etc. 4) Have/ has/ had/ shall have/ will have, etc + Past Participle- Have seen, has done, shall have gone, etc. 5) Doing words: Ist Regular Doing Word (I RDW), IInd Regular Doing Word (IInd RDW), Past Doing Word (PDW). IInd RDW

PDW

come

comes

take

takes

came took

give

gives

gave

see

sees

saw

do

does

did, etc.

6) Shall/ should/ will/ would/ can/ could/ may/ might/ must, etc + I RDW shall do, can see, may talk, etc.

´÷vûª¢Ë’ finite verbs. ÉN Ö†o groups of words, ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-û√®· ûª°æp sentences 鬴¤. ÉN éÀçü¿èπ◊ ™„éπ\èπ◊ ®√´¤. éÀçCN non-finite verbs. Ñ

6 classes of verbs

Non finite verbs: phrases verbs

1) The infinitive- to + Ist RDW- to go, to walk, to see, etc. Infinitive

Å®Ωnç: îª÷úø-•-úÕ†, BÆæ’-éÓ-•-úÕ†, É´y-•-úÕ† ÅE.

èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´‚úø-®√n-©’-Ø√o®·.

wait

îËߪ’†’ Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Åûªúø’ ´îËaçûª´-®Ωèπ◊ (until he comes) ؈’ wait îËߪ’-™‰†’ Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫©ç.)

The man seen at the book store is my neighbour = Book store

™ îª÷úø-•-úÕ† Çߪ’† (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– Book store ™ éπE-°œç-*† Çߪ’†) ´÷ °æéÀ\ç-ö«-ߪ’†. The stone thrown by the boy =

Q. Finite, non finite verbs

Ist RDW

taken, given, etc.

M.SURESAN

Ç °œ™«xúÕ îËûª NÆæ-®Ω-•úøf ®√®·. – ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– Åûªúø’ NÆœ-J† ®√®·. ÉO finite and non finite verbs. Q. I brought it for him. Indirect object èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ preposition ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ´’J Ñ ¢√éπuç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. Indirect object èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ preposition ®√èπÿ-úøü¿ØËç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? I sold the book to Harish - Ééπ\úø Harish, Indirect object éπü∆? ü∆E-´·çü¿’ to ÅØË prep ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? Å®·ûË, It Indirect object í¬ Ö†o°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûªç Sub + Verb + Direct object + Prep + Object of the prep- pattern ®√ü¿’. I sold him the book- Ñ sentence ™, Indirect object, him †’, I sold the book to him - Ééπ\úø, him †’, object of the preposition 'to' í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. 'It' N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ É™« ®√ü¿’. Åçü¿’-´©x, I brought it for him ÅØË Åçö«çé¬F, I brought him it ņç. Q. preposition èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† E®Ωy-ç ûÁ©°æçúÕ. ¢√éπuç™E Éûª®Ω °æü∆-©ûÓ Ö†o Ææç•ç-üµ∆Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ÊÆ °æü∆Eo preposition Åçö«®Ω’. éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? I came on foot ™ on èπ◊, Éûª®Ω °æü∆-©èπ◊ à ®Ωéπ¢Á’i† Ææç•çüµ¿ç ÖçC? A. Preposition äéπ sentence ™E ´÷ô©èπ◊†o Ææç•çüµ¿ç ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. É°æ¤púø’ I came on foot- on foot ™ 'on' èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, †úø-éπ† ÅE. ´’† ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N¶µºéÃh v°æûªu-ߪ÷©’, English ™ prepositions ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Ææy¶µ«-¢√Eo éπLT Öçö«®·.

ÅØË ™‰ü¿’. •ü¿ ’ ©’ áèπ ◊ \´ ¢√úø ’éπ. Q. We can't wipe out this evil unless á´-J-ÈéjØ√ Ææ©£æ…, Ææ÷îª-†-L-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. and until the individual thinks so. You had better start now = O’J-°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-©’A. v°æA-´uéÃh ™‰ü¿’ ņ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ, ņ’èπ◊ç-õ‰ØË ûª°æp, ´’†ç Ñ üÓ≥ƒEo E®Ω÷t- üË-®Ωúøç ´’ç*C.
can't help = ûª°æpü¿’. Lç-‰ç.

Q. They were asked to maintain sanitation failing which action would be initiated against them. (How do we use the phrase failing which) A.

A. Had as well, had best expression had best had better

°æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µºûª §ƒöÀç-î√-©E ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°æp-•-ú≈f®Ω’. Åçü¿’™ (§ƒJ-¨¡Ÿü¿l¥ uç §ƒöÀç-îª-úøç™) ¢√∞¡Ÿx N°∂æ-©-´’-®·ûË (failing which) éπJ∏† Ωu©’ ¢√JO’ü¿ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç--úø-û√®·.

Q. In 50 n.p., 60 n.p, - here n.p. stands for? A. np = Naye paise,

É°æ¤púø’ OöÀØË Â°j≤ƒ (singular), Åçô’Ø√oç. ü˨¡ç™ Åù«©’, °jÆæ©’ (Å°æpöÀ °æü¿l¥A v°æ鬮Ωç, äéπ ®Ω÷§ƒ®· = 192 °jÆæ©’) BÊÆÆœ, ®Ω÷§ƒ-®·éÀ ´çü¿-°j-Ææ©’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-öÀd-†°æ¤úø’, éÌûªh °jÆæ-©’†’, †ßª÷ (hindi for new) paise ÅE ´u´-£æ«-Jç-î√®Ω’. Ç ûª®√yûª, 100 °jÆæ© ™„éπ\ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø-éπç-™éÀ ´î√aéπ †ßª÷ BÊÆ-¨»®Ω’. paise (plural)

If you want good education, you can't help spending money =

´’ç* îªü¿’´¤ 鬢√-©çõ‰ úø•’s ê®Ω’a °ôdéπ ûª°æpü¿’.
can't bear = ¶µºJç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç = can't stand

We can't bear the heat of Vijayawada in summer = We can't stand the heat ...

Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø™ ¢ËÆæN áçúø ¶µºJç-‰ç =


must needs = here =
May as well-

ûª°æpéπ – He must needs come Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√éπ ûª°æpü¿’. áç°œéπ ûÁ©-°æúøç– (ÅC îËÊÆ •ü¿’©’, ÉC îÁßÁ·ua éπü∆ ÅØË Å®Ωnç.) Instead of going to a cinema, you may as well watch the movie on the TV at home = Hall TV

éÀ ¢ÁRx ÆœE´÷ îª÷ÊÆ •ü¿’©’, Éçöx èπÿ®Ω’aE ™ îª÷úÌa éπü∆?
Can't help but = Can't help. ´÷´‚©’í¬ can't help ÅØÓ, can't but ÅØÓ Åçö«ç, 'ûª°æpü¿’— ÅØË Q. How do we use the following semi-modals in Å®ΩnçûÓ. conversation. Do give telugu translations
You can't help walking = †úø-´éπ ûª°æpü¿’ = You also. be at a loss to, be supposed to, be can't but walk. ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ You can't help but bound to, be liable to, be apt to, be on the walk ÅE, help, but éπL°œ ¢√úøç. Å®·ûË Ñ ´’üµ¿u point of. íÌ°æp Ççí∫x Å¢Á’-J-éπØ˛ ®Ωîª-®·-ûª-L™« can't help but A. In all the expressions, we can use any 'be' ÅE ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. form instead of 'be'.
Can't make nothing of it- ÉC ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô é¬ü¿’.
be at a loss to (understand) = Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓcan't make anything of it ™‰ü∆ can make noth™‰-èπ◊ç-úøôç. ing of it ÅØ√L. Å®Ωnç– Ø√Íéç Å®Ωnç 鬴úøç ™‰ü¿’ I am at a loss to understand how he died so ÅE. suddenly = Åçûª Åéπ-≤ƒt-ûª’hí¬ á™« îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úÓ I can't make anything/ I can make nothing of Ø√éπ-®Ωn-´’-´-úøç-™‰ü¿’. what he is saying = Åûª-úøç-ô’-†oC Ø√Íéç Å®Ωnç-鬴úøç ™‰ü¿’.
be supposed to = ņ’-éÓ-•-úøôç. He is supposed to be the greatest actor of
Can you beat it? DEéÀ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç àç ™‰ü¿’. Beat Åçõ‰ ãúÕç-îªúøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ K. Ramakrishna, Ongole the day. ÑØ√öÀ ¢Ë’öÀ-†-ô’-úÕí¬ Åûªúø’ ņ’-éÓ-•-úø’Can you beat him? Åçõ‰ †’´¤y ¢√úÕE ãúÕç-îªûª’-Ø√oúø’ (Åûª-úÕ-E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’) Q. What are the telugu translations to the below í∫-©¢√ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
be bound to = éπ*a-ûªçí¬ àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷Lq ®√´úøç/ given sentences.
Will be able to = îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫úøç. Future ™ îË Ê Æ •ü¿ ’ l ¥ ú Õ í ¬ Öçúø ô ç. He is a teacher, is he? would/ should/ can/ could/ may/ might be A. He is a teacher, is he? - Åûªúø’ öÃîª-Í®Ø√? ÅE
I am bound to go there tomorrow = Í®°æ¤ ؈-éπ\able to - OöÀéÀ Lesson No. 35 - 38 îª÷úøçúÕ. úÕ é À éπ * aû ª ç í¬ ¢Á ∞ «x L . ´uçí∫uçí¬ Åúø-í∫úøç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 21 ÅéÓ-d-•®Ω’ 2008-

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vasoo: Hi Swapna, finished your assignment?

(Ææy-§ƒo ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç--ö¸ °æ‹®Ωh-®·uçü∆?) Assignment = Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ §ƒ®∏√uç-¨»© O’ü¿/ ÖüÓu-í¬-©’, ´%ûª’h™x Ö†o-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ Å°æp-Tç-*† °æE).

ject

Project

Swapna: (I'm) still on the job. How about lending a hand? Sasi has promised to help, but for some reason best known to herself has been hanging back. I did help her a lot when the going wasn't good for her.

(Ç °æE O’üË ÖØ√o. é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’èπÿ-úøü∆? ¨¡P ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-†E ´÷ô É*açC, é¬F áçü¿’-éπØÓ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ®√´-úøç ™‰ü¿’. ûª† °æ†’©’ ÆæJí¬_ ï®Ωí∫†°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ûª†èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç î˨»†’).

O’ü¿ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’Ø√oߪ’E îÁ§ƒpúø’. ÅN Fèπ◊ Ö°æ ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úÌa.) = v°æù«Réπ v°æ鬮Ωç îËÊÆ °æE àüÁjØ√. äéπ v°æù«-Ré¬ v°æ鬮Ωç F®Ω’ ´%-ü∑∆ §Úèπ◊çú≈ E©y-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ †ü¿’-©èπ◊ ú≈u¢˛’-©†’ éπúøû√ç. 鬕öÀd ¢√öÀE v§ƒñ„-èπ◊d©’ Åçö«ç.

Swapna: Then why don't you put me on to him? I am impatient to finish the assignment. I want to have it done and dusted.

(Å®·ûË Ø√é¬-ߪ’-††’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËߪ’¢√? Ñ assignment á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ Å®· §Úûª’çü∆ ÅE ÖçC Ø√èπ◊. °æ‹Jh îËÊÆ-ߪ÷©-†’çC.)

2

1) To be on the job =

äéπ-°æE îËÆæ÷h/ O’üË Öçúøôç (ÉC Phrasal verb é¬ü¿’). a) You wanted him to clean and tidy up the house. He is on the job =

¢√úÕE †’´¤y É©’x ¨¡Ÿv¶µº-°æ-J* Ææ®Ωl-´’-Ø√o´¤. Åûª-úø’ -Ç °æE-O’üË ÖØ√oúø’.

b) Don't worry. We have some of our best men on the job. Your house will be completed in time =

about you =

°æJ-Æœn-ûª’-©’ -Å-†’-èπÿ-Lç-*-†çûª ´®Ωèπÿ ´’†Lo á´®Ω÷ à-O’ ņ®Ω’.

b) The going hasn't been very good for Ganguly and Dravid for sometime now =

í∫çí∫÷-MéÃ, vü∆Nú˛èπÿ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ ¶«í¬-™‰´¤.

O’Í®ç ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-éπçúÕ. ´÷ ´’ç* °æE-¢√-∞¡x™ let down - to let somebody down = éÌçü¿®Ω’ O’ °æE-O’üË ÖØ√o®Ω’. O’ É©’x Ææé¬-©ç™ 5) To îË ≤ ƒh -´’†o Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç É≤ƒh-´’†o ´’ü¿lûª’ É´y-èπ◊çú≈ Vasoo: Sasi isn't the type. Some powerful rea°æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’çC. Vasoo: Make it tomorrow evening then uncle is E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç. son must be holding her back. c) I don't know why, but I feel like sleeping when likely to be at our place then. My friend let me down by denying his (Å™«ç-öÀC é¬ü¿’ ¨¡-P. àüÓ •©-¢Á’i† 鬮Ωùç on the job = áçü¿’éÓ -ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿’. °æE™ Ö†o- a) promised (Å®·ûË Í ® °æ ¤ ≤ƒßª ’ çvûª ç î Ë ≤ ƒh . ´÷ ¶«¶«®· help = Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-†E ´÷ô É*a† ûª-†-†’ Ç°æ¤ûª÷ Öçú≈L.) °æ¤púË Ø√èπ◊ Evü¿ §Ú¢√-©-E-°œÆæ’hç-C. ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÌ-≤ƒhúø’). Ø√ ÊÆo£œ « û ª’úø’ (´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈) ††’o Swapna: I know too that she isn't one to let Phrasal verbs †’ í∫’Jç* éÌçûª 2) To hang back = (àü¿-®·Ø√ °æE-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊) ¢Á†’Éçûª è π ◊ ´·çü¿ ’ E®√¨ ¡ ° æ J î √ú ø’.down a friend in need. She must be é¬-úøôç/ ÆæçüË-£œ«ç-îª-úøç. Phrasal verbs Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? ûÁ © ’Æ æ ’ è π ◊ Ø√oç . b) He let down his team down by his poor bathaving some reason, I know. What I a) She is hanging back from äéπ verb - ü∆E ûª®√yûª, äéπ ting = îÁûªh ¶«u-öÀçí˚ îËÆ œ ûª†Â°j áçûÓ Ç¨¡©’ °ô’dfeel is she could let me know of it signing the agreement = Preposition(s) / adverb(s), èπ◊†o ûª† ïô’d†’ -Å-ûª-úø’ E®√-¨¡-°æ-J-î√-úø’. (¨¡P Å´-Ææ-®Ωç™ Ö†o ¢√∞¡x†’ ´C-™‰ÊÆ ®Ωéπç ´*a, ¢√öÀ™ äéÌ\-éπ\-ü∆E Å®√n-EéÃ, ä°æpçü¿ç O’ü¿ Ææçûªéπç îËÊÆç- c) Hope you will not let me down by not being -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 511 é¬ü¿E Ø√èπÿ ûÁ©’Ææ’. àüÓ é¬®Ωùç ÖçúÕ Öçú≈-©E ¢√öÀE éπL°œûË ´îËa ¢Á·ûªhç Å®√n-Eéà ü¿’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ ¢Á†’-é¬-úø’-ûÓçC. present at the voting. I am counting on your èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’vote = -ã-öÀçí˚èπ◊ ®√´-úøç Å-ØËC àN’-ôçõ‰ ÅüËüÓ Ø√èπ◊ ´÷E ††’o E®√-¨¡-°æ®Ω-îªèπ◊. F îÁ§Òp-a éπü∆ ÅE). ãô’ O’ü¿ØË ØË-†’ -Çüµ∆®ΩVasoo: I think she works °æ ú ø ’ û ª ’ Ø√o. for a firm that

I am still on the job

keeps her busy. She moves about a lot too because of her job.

à-O’ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ü∆Eo Åçö«ç.

Phrasal

verb

(

ûª†’ °æE îËÊÆ éπç°-F ûª-†-ØÁ°æ¤púø÷ BJéπ eg: to put out = (Lights, ´’çô©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öç-ûª’çC. Ç °æE-´©x A®Ω’-í∫’úø’ ™«çöÀN) -ÇÍ®p-ߪ’-úøç îª÷úøçúÕ. Ééπ\úø put èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\¢Ë). Å®√n-E-éÀ-, out Å®√n-E-éÀ-, put out ¢Á·ûªhç Å®√nfirm = company. Eéà Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. 鬕öÀd put outSwapna: Well, she can tell me of it. You know Å-ØË-C phrasal verb. Ñ Lesson ™ éÌEo very well the kind of help I need from phrasal verbs îª÷ü∆lç. her, I can have only from her. She has the information I need.

(ÅC Ø√ûÓ îÁ§Òp-a-éπü∆? ûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ îËߪ’-í∫-L-T† Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ûªØÌ-éπ\ûË îËߪ’-í∫-©ü¿’/-ØË-Ø√¢Á’ ü¿í∫_Í® §Òçü¿-í∫-©†’. Ø√é¬\-¢√Lq† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ûª† ü¿í∫_Í® ÖçC.) Vasoo: You are wrong there. I forgot to tell you. My uncle works on the same project. He told me yesterday he has some books on the subject. I'm sure they can be of help to you.

(Åéπ\úË §Ò®Ω-•-úø’-ûª’Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y. Fèπ◊ îÁ°æpúøç ´’Ja-§Úߪ÷. ´÷ ¶«¶«®· èπÿú≈ ÉüË proN. Sashi, Hyderabad. Q. Have had / has had

Ñ °æü∆-©†’ á°æ¤púø’, áéπ\úø ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´Jç-îªçúÕ.

A. Have had/ has had = have / has + past participle of have =

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ ´’†-èπ◊ç-úøôç/ í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púÓ ûÁL-ߪ’E Æ洒ߪ’ç™ Öçúøôç. Åûª-

c) She has had coffee already and doesn't want any more =

Ç¢Á’ 鬰∂‘ BÆæ’-èπ◊çC, ÉçÍéO’ Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-© í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. He is gone. He is prepared. Questions are given. The box is broken. The above four sentences are passive sentences or not? If they are not passive voice

äéπ-J-E ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËߪ’-úøç.

a) I don't have what you need, but I can put you on to one who can help you with it =

F éπ´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’içC Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω -™‰ü¿’, é¬F Fé¬ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫© ´uéÀhE °æJ-îªßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©†’. b) If you can do it, do it don't put me onto anyone else =

2) For reasons best known to herself, she has been hanging back.

†’´¤y îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûËØË îË®·. ÅçûË-é¬E ÉçÈé-´J ü¿í∫_®Ωéà ††’o °æç°æèπ◊. a) I was about to tell her the secret but held back 7) Done and dusted = °æ‹Jh-îË-Æ œ† (phrasal verb in the last minute = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ø√ ®Ω£æ«Ææuç îÁÊ°p-ߪ÷é¬C C Idiom). ©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†’-í¬F, *´J éπ~ùç™ ÇÊ°-¨»†’.

3) ... some powerful reason must be holding her back.

b) What's holding you back? why don't you join us for the picnic =

1) I am still on the job.

4) I did help her a lot when the going wasn't good for her. 5) She isn't the one to let down a friend in need. 6) Why don't you put me on to him. 7) I want to have it done and dusted.

à 鬮Ω-ùç-´©x †’¢√y-T-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o¢˛? ´÷ûÓ °œéÀoé˙èπ◊ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿’? 4) Good Going = °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’©’ ņ’-èπÿ-Lç-îª-úøç/ äéπ °æE ¶«í¬ îËߪ’úøç. Å®·ûË Going is good Åçõ‰ °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’©†’èπÿLç-îª-úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. a) So long as the going is good, none complains

sentences, please explain them in detail with examples. A. The first two sentence are not passive, though the verbs there are, be forms+pp. In sentence 1, 'gone' talks about his state of being 'gone' In prepared talks about preparedness active voice try (They prepare) him

(¢ÁRx-†-¢√úÁj ÖØ√oúø’).

2) (Æœü¿l¥-°æúÕ ÖØ√oúø’). OöÀ È®ç-úÕçöÀéà îËߪ’çúÕ, ®√´¤. ®√´îª’a., é¬F ÉüË Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’.) 3) and 4) are passive sentences.

Ñ é¬®Ω’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ´‚úË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ ÖçC.úÕéÀ E†oöÀ †’ç* ïy®Ωçí¬ ÖçC.

b) The other students rushed ahead to see the VIP, but he hung back, watching what would happen =

N’í∫û√ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©çû√ Ç N.-â.°œ.E îª÷ö«d-EéÀ áí∫-•-úÕûË, Åûªúø’ ´÷vûªç àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çüÓ îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á†-èπ◊ç-úÕ§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.M.SURESAN 3) To hold back = Ç°æ-úøç/ Çí∫-úøç (îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊†o °æEE/ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o N≠æLook at the following sentences from the conߪ÷Eo îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç). versation above.

a) I have had this car for 3 years now = b) He has had this fever since yesterday =

6) To put (somebody) on to (somebody else) =

A. Penchalaiah, Rajampet Q.

éÀçC¢√-öÀ-E N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.


I will have none of you. I will have none of you = I will have none of it

O’È®-´®Ω÷ Ø√éÌü¿’l. ÅØË ¢√éπuç, †’´¤y Å®·ûË, îÁÊ°püËO’ ؈’ N†-ü¿-©’--éÓ-™‰ü¿’ ÅØË Å®√n-EoÆæ’hçC.



Be off. Be off = get out. To go by to go by = to go according to something. I go by what you say =

†’´¤y îÁÊ°pü∆-Eo -Å-†’-Ææ-Jç* ؈’ îË≤ƒh.

a) Here is my Spoken English lesson for the Newspaper, done and dusted = Spoken English lesson

®√ߪ÷-Lq† °æ‹®Ωh-®·§Ú-®·çC.

-¢√®√h°æ-vAéπèπ◊ ÉCíÓ,

b) They brought all the furniture, done and dusted =

¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ-Ko-˝ °æ‹JhîËÆœ ¢√∞¡Ÿx BÆæ’-éÌ-î√a®Ω’. ÉC É°æ¤p-úÕ°æ¤p-úø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´Ææ’h†o ´÷ô. practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

°æ-´®˝ -¢Ë’-ØË-ñ¸-¢Á’ç-ö¸-™ °æçñ«¶¸ -N-¨¡y-N-ü∆u-©-ߪ’ç áç.-G.-á. ´’£æ«J{ ü¿ßª÷-†çü˛ N¨¡y- îªçúŒ-í∫-úµ˛-™E °æçñ«¶¸ N¨¡y-N-ü∆u-©ßª’ç, ߪ‚E-´-Jqöà N-ü∆u-©-ߪ÷-EéÀ ņ’-•ç-üµ¿çí¬ Ö†o £æ«®√u-Ø√-™E ØË≠æ- G>-ØÁÆˇ Ææ÷\™¸ áç.G.-á.(-â.G., £«î˝.-Ç®˝., •ßÁ÷õ„-é˙)™ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç éÓÆæç ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h©’ Ç£æ…y-Eç-*çC. †™¸ °æ´®˝ wõ„jEçí˚ ÉØ˛-Æœd-ô÷uö¸ 'áç.G.á. v§Úví¬¢˛’ ÉØ˛ °æ´®˝ ¢Ë’ØË-ñ ¸-¢Á’ç-ö¸—- éÓ-®Ω’q™ v°æ¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h©’ Ç£æ…y-Eç-*çC. áç°œéπ : †´ç-•®˝ 16† ïJÍí é¬uö¸–2008 °æKéπ~ ≤Ú\®Ω’ ü∆y®√ áç°œéπ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Å®Ω|-ûª©’ : G.É. ™‰éπ ûªûªq-´÷† °æK-éπ~™ ÅEo ÂÆN’Ææd-®˝q™ Ææí∫-ô’† éπFÆæç 60 ¨»ûªç ´÷®Ω’\©’ç-ú≈L. ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h : v§ƒÂÆp-éπdÆˇ, Å°œx-Íé-≠æØ˛ §ÚÆæ’d ü∆y®√ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊çõ‰ ®Ω÷.1000©èπ◊ National Power Training Institute, Faridabad Ê°®Ω’°j úÕ.úÕ.- BÆœ N†-A-°ævûªç ïûª-îËÆœ °æ秃L. ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸ www.ntpi.nic.in †’ç* èπÿú≈ úˆØ˛-™ú˛ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. -´·-êu-¢Á’i-† -ûË-D-©’-: -ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h-© -ñ«-K: -ÅéÓd-•®˝ 1 -†’ç-* -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’iç-C. -Å°œx-Íé-≠æ†x Æ‘yéπ-®Ω-ùèπ◊ *´JûËD : 2009 °∂œv•-´J 23. ví∫÷°ˇúÕÆæ \-≠æ-Ø˛, -Éç-ô®Ω÷yu-©’: 2009 -´÷-Ja 26, 27.

Å®Ω|-ûª©’ : 1. áç.G.-á.(-•-ßÁ÷-õ„é˙) éÓ®Ω’qèπ◊: •ßÁ÷ -ÂÆj-ØÁq-Æˇ™ úÕvU ™‰ü∆ °œ.>.-úÕvU™ éπFÆæç 50 ¨»ûªç ´÷®Ω’\©’ ®√¢√L. 2.áç.G.á.(£«î˝.-Ç®˝, Éûª®Ω éÓ®Ω’q-©èπ◊) : éπFÆæç 50 ¨»ûªç ´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ úÕvU ™‰éπ ûªûªq-´÷† éÓ®Ω’q îËÆœ Öçú≈L. áç°œéπ : †´ç-•®˝ 16, 2008† ïJÍí é¬uö¸ °æKéπ~ ≤Ú\®Ω’ Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬ áç°œéπ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h : v§ƒÂÆp-éπdÆˇ, ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h §∂ƒ®√-©†’ ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸ †’ç* úˆØ˛-™ú˛ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Éûª®Ω N´-®√©èπ◊ ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸ www.ubs.puchd.ac îª÷úÌa. -´·-êu-¢Á’i-† -ûË-D-©’-: 1. ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h© ñ«K: ÅéÓd-•®˝ 15 †’ç* †´ç-•®˝ 15 ´®Ωèπ◊. 2) ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h© Æ‘yéπ-®Ω-ùèπ◊ *´J ûËD: †´ç-•®˝ 15. *®Ω’-Ø√´÷: Chairman, University Business School, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 23 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

S. Sriram, Hyderabad Q. By pass road

†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™

à´’-Ø√L? ´’Rxç°æ¤ ü∆J/ ®Ω£æ«-ü∆J ÅØÌa. Q. (Bank) Pass book †’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ à´’--ØÌa? A. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô-™‰ü¿’. Q. ®√´’-ߪ ’u†’ Ramayya ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ Ramaiah ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. 'ߪ’u— èπ◊ iah ᙫ ÆæJ- §Ú-ûª’çC? A. Indian names N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh, ÆæÈ®j† ¨¡¶«lEo ûÁLÊ° à spelling Å®·Ø√ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Standard spelling Åçô÷ àç Öçúøü¿’. Q. ü¿Ææ®√ ÂÆpLxçí˚ 'Dussehra' éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. British §ƒ©† Å´-¨Ï≠æç Ç spelling (Dussehra). Dasara Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC, Cuddapah èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Kadapa ÅE -¢√-úÌ-a. A.

A. 'See' has the meaning of 'meet' too. With the meaning of 'meet' 'see' can be used in the am/ is/ are + ing form. In the sentence, 'you are always seeing strange things', the word 'see' has the meaning of imagining With this meaning, am/ is/ are seeing is used, but it is not correct. 'You always see strange things' is certainly better.

(Ü£œ«ç--

éÓ-´-úøç).

One of the meanings of 'think' is, having ideas, words or pictures in your mind about something' 'am/ is/ 'What are you thinkare thinking' ing?' -

(äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* ´’†èπ◊ éπ-LÍí Ç™-îª-†©’, ´÷ô©’, ü¿%¨»u©’). Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a. üËEo í∫’-Jç-* Ç™-*-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?/ àç îÁ§ƒp-© -†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ü∆Eo í∫’-Jç-* N≠æߪ’ç àç Öç-C ´’†-Ææ’™ ÅØË-é¬F, †’¢Ëyç Ç™-*-Ææ’h-Ø√o-´E é¬ü¿’. Ç Å®ΩnçûÓ 'I was just thinking it was a good idea' - (Ç, àç ™‰ü¿’ ÅC -´’ç* Ç™-îªØË ÅE°œç-*çC Ø√èπ◊) correct.

G. Shankar, Keshavapatnam Q. What is/ are the difference between the sentences which are as follow under.

Nagasrinivas, Chirala Q.

i) I don't try to speak loudly. ii) I try not to speak loudly. A . i) ii)

Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-’. Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh†’– È®ç-úÕçöÀéà ŮΩnç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ -äéπ-õ‰.

2

P. Srinivasu, Tatiparthi. Q. May I request you to clarify the following doubts. He started to run. He started running.

-O-öÀ -´’-üµ¿u ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ?

A. He started to run = He started running

He is going to pay the bill tomorrow= bill He will pay the bill

Å-ûª-úø’ îÁLxç-îª-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’– ÉC éπçõ‰ éπ*aûªç. (He shall pay the bill = Åûª-úø’ G™¸ îÁLxç-î√L-

Q. I like to play cricket. I like playing cricket.

Í®°æ¤

A. I like to play cricket = I like playing cricket (cricket

Çúøôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ )

Order/ rule)

In these contexts, to play = playing; to start = starting.

P. Simhachalam, Vijayawada Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ-™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îªçúÕ. ÂÆ©-´¤© í∫’Jç* ÅúÕ-TûË ≤ƒ®˝ à´’-Ø√o®Ω’?

A. What did the teacher say about holidays?

í∫ûªç™ †’ç* Éçé¬ îËÆæ’hç-úøí∫-LÍí ¢√úÕE ņ-ú≈-EéÀ could have + p.p. + ing form ¢√úø´î√a?

´’E/ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿-E îÁ°æp-úøç.

(°æ®Ω’í∫’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√úø’)

Q.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 512

Éûª-®Ω’© ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©†’ ´’†ç íı®Ω-Nç-î√™‰ ûª°æp, ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª÷-©†’ ¢√∞¡x°j ®Ω’ü¿lèπÿúøü¿’.

A. We should only respect

He is to pay (be form + infinitive) the bill =

Åûª-úø’ bill îÁLxç-î√L/ îÁLxç-î√Lq ÖçC (Éçé¬ îÁLxç-îª-™‰ü¿’) He was to pay the bill = í∫ûªç™ Åûª-úø’ bill îÁLxç-î√Lq ÖçúÕçC (îÁLxç-î√úø’ èπÿú≈ ÅØË Å®Ωnç, ≤ƒüµ¿uç) Q. ÉçTx≠ˇÂ°j °æô’d ≤ƒCµç-î √-©çõ‰ ´÷ûª%-¶µ«≠æ ûÁ©’-í∫’°j °æô’d Öçú≈-©E Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ņ’¢√ü¿ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ (ÉçTx≠ˇ †’ç* ûÁ©’í∫’) îªCN Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™«? ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ sentence structures practice îËÆ œ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ¢√™«? Sentence structure èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* éÌEo ņ’-¢√ü¿ °æ¤Ææh鬩 Ê°®Ω’x îÁ°æpçúÕ. A. English ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-ߪ÷-LqçüË. ÆæçüË-£æ«ç-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ´’† Ç™-îª-†©’ Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ ´’†-¶µ«≠æ èπÿú≈ Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçô’çC. ûÁ©’í∫’ ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçõ‰, ¶µ«´- Ææp≠æd-ûª °®Ω’í∫’-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ English ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç Ææp≠ædçí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫©ç. Structures practise îËÆœ-†çûª ´÷vû√† English °j °æô’d-®√ü¿’. Sentence ™ °æü∆© Å´’-Jéπ (structure) É™« Öçú≈L ņ’-èπ◊E, Ç v°æ鬮Ωç (´÷ö«xúË-ô°æ¤púø’) °æü∆-©†’ Å´’-®Ωaç- éπü∆? English ´÷ö«x-úøE ¢√∞¡x-´’üµ¿uí∫ü∆ ´’†ç Öçô’Ø√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE next best áçûª O©’çõ‰ Åçûª English îªü¿-´-úøç ´©x ™«¶µº-°æ-úøû√ç. Grammar knowledge, structures Åçûªí¬ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø´¤. Å´-鬨¡ç *éÀ\-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x, ûª§Úp, ä§Úp ´÷ö«x-úË-ߪ’-úøç, O©-®·-†çûªÊÆ°æ¤ English N-†-úøç (TV newscasts) O©-®·-†çûª English îªü¿-´-úøç Öûªh-´’´÷®Ω_ç. Q. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  standard grammar books Ê°®Ω’x -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. A. O’èπ◊ ´’ç* Grammar books: 1) Essential

I alone can do it

Q. i) I alone can do it. ii) I can do it alone. A . i)

ØËØÌ-éπ\-úÕØË ÅC îËߪ’-í∫-©†’ ii) ؈C äéπ\-úÕí¬ (Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) îËߪ’-í∫-©†’.

Q. i) The mother loves Amitab better than me. ii) The mother loves Amitab better than I. A . i)

Ç ûªLx ††’o vÊ°N’ç-îËç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰ ÅN’-û√-¶¸†’ áèπ◊\´ vÊ°N’-Ææ’hçC = Ç ûªLxéÀ Ø√°j éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ÅN’-û√¶¸ O’ü¿ vÊ°´’ áèπ◊\´ ii) ÅN’-û√-¶¸†’ ؈’ vÊ°N’ç-îËçü¿’ éπØ√o Ç¢Á’ áèπ◊\´ vÊ°N’-Ææ’hçC = ÅN’-û√¶¸ °æôx Ø√èπ◊†o vÊ°´’-éπØ√o Ç¢Á’ vÊ°´’ áèπ◊\´.

A. Could have p.p. ing form p.p been Been p.p.

He could have been (p.p.) doing it for two days now =

Q. ؈’ Ø√ @N-ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ ≤ƒCµç-î √Åûª-†C È®çúø’Lq† Æ洒ߪ’ç ´*açC. ®Ó-V© véÀûªç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬ A. The time has come when I îÁߪ’u-í∫-©’í∫’ûª’ç-úË-¢√-úË (é¬E îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú- M.SURESAN should achieve something in life. ߪ÷úø’) Q. Å®·Ø√ éπ≥ƒd©’ ´’†èπ◊ îÁ°œp ´≤ƒhߪ÷ àçöÀ? 鬙«-EéÀ ûªí∫_-ô’dí¬ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§ÚÅ®·ûË, îËߪ’-í∫-Lí¬úø’ (î˨»úø’ èπÿú≈) ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´-úø¢Ë’. 鬢√-©çõ‰ He has been able to do it Å-Ø√-L. Q. í∫ûªç™ †’ç* Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ ÖçúËC ņ-ú≈-EéÀ A. We can't anticipate/ No knowing when we face troubles. We've to get adjusted with would have + P.P. + ing form ¢√úÌî√a?

A. Sudhakar,Peddamallareddy (Nizamabad) A. It would have been going on for sometime = Q. You told us in the previous lessons about 'if conditions' have no shall, will, should and would in them. But I have seen some sentences like (a) If you will wait a moment I'll fetch a chair (b) I should be very grateful if you would do that for me. Please clarify. A. In sentences like a) If you will wait a moment... the 'if' clause is not a conditional clause. It is a request, and so the rule that will/ shall/ would/ should should not be used in it does not apply here. In your sentences, If you will wait = Just wait a moment, and... if you would do that = please do that. So you see that not all clauses beginning with 'if' are conditional clauses. A conditional clause expresses a condition. That is, what the main clause states will happen only if what the subordinate clause (beginning with 'if' some times) states happens. eg: If he gets the job, his mother will feel happy. Here his mother will feel happy on condition that he gets the job. If you pay more, you can travel A/C = on condition that you pay more, you can travel A/C.

ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ ÖçúËüË é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. It has been going on for sometime past = Q.

í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ ÖçC. í∫ûªç †’ç* Éçé¬ îËߪ÷Lq ÖçúËC É™«çöÀ expressions †’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ᙫ ûÁ©’-°æ-´îª’a? OöÀÍé-¢Á’iØ√ structure Öçü∆?

A. Somebody- he/ she/ they, etc, should have been doing it-

¢√-∞¡xC îËÆæ÷h Öçú≈-LqçC, é¬F îËߪ’-

úøç ™‰ü¿’. They must have been doing it for sometime now =

¢√∞¡xC éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îËÆæ÷h ÖØ√o®Ω’. à ´’ç* Grammar book Å®·Ø√ OöÀE N´-Jç-îªí∫-©ü¿’. Q. Éûªúø’ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, ؈’ ÉEo ®ÓV© †’ç* Ééπ\úø Öçúøí∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’çõ‰ ¢√úÕE é¬ü¿’– -D-E-E -É-™« Å-ØÌî√a? If he is no, I couldn't have been living here for such this time. A.

ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. É™« ÅØ√L. If he had not been here I could not have been here for such a long time.

(Åûª-úø’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰),

(-ØËEç-ûª-鬩-N’éπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-LÍí¢√--úÕ-E-鬆’– Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬†’) Q. Åûª-úø’çõ‰ ؈’ îËÆæ’hçúË¢√úÕE ņ-ú≈-EéÀ If he is, I ™ ®√´¤ éπü∆. Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. would have been doing it ņ-´î√a? 1. I'm seeing her tomorrow. Åûªúø’ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Øˆ’ îËߪ÷Lq ´îËaC ÅE ņ-ú≈-EéÀ 2. You're always seeing something ᙫ Åçö«ç? strange. A. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, If he had been here, I would to 3. I was just thinking it might be a good have been doing it Åçö«ç. idea.

Q. Present continuous some verbs see, think, know, understand etc., am + is + are + ing form

™

others' opinions but not impose our opinions on them.

Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ Å®·-†-ôx-®·ûË ¢√úø-´îª’a. ûª°æp ÉçÍé ¢√úø-ö«-EéÀ ™‰ü¿’.

them/ take them in their stride.

Q.

®Ω°∂æ·èπ◊ F ÂÆ™¸-§∂ÚØ˛ í∫’Jç* îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´’ç* °æE î˨»´¤. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ¶«u™„Ø˛q §∂ÚØ˛™ ¢Ëߪ’-´’E ´’† ñ‰•’©’ *©’x©’ îËÊÆ-¢√úø’.

A. You did a good thing, not telling Raghu about the cell phone. Otherwise he'd have made a hole in our pockets by ... (Balance phone

™ ¢Ëߪ’-úø-´’çõ‰ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’) Q. ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ 鬙«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† will/ shall + infinitive, be form + going to, Be about to, simple present tense, present continuous tense, (am, is was) be + to

í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. OöÀE ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆? I/ We + shall, he/ she/ it/ they + will- Åçûª éπ*a-ûªç-é¬E ¶µºN-≠æûª’h†’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰≤ƒh®·. I shall be here again- ØËE-éπ\úø ´’Sx Öçö« (éπ*aûªç é¬ü¿’) He will go tomorrow- Í®°æ¤ ¢√úø’¢Á-∞«húø’ (éπ*a-ûªç-é¬ü¿’) ÅüË I/ we + will- ´÷ö«xúË ¢√∞¡x E®Ωg-ߪ÷Eo, ÖüËl-¨»Eo, ¢√∞¡Ÿx- ´÷ô É´y--ú≈Eo ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. He/ she/ it/ they + shall- orders (Çïc©’), E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, ´÷ô É´y--ú≈Eéà -¢√úø-û√ç. Å®·ûË, Modern English ™ ´·êuçí¬ spoken form ™, will ÅEoç-öÀéà ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. äéπ E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’Íé he/ she/ it/ they shall ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. shall be/ will be doing- ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h™  ņ’-èπ◊†o ã Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ, ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ ÖçúË °æEéÀ -îÁ-•’-û√ç. I shall/ will be discussing this matter with him tomorrow-

Í®°‘ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Åûª-úÕûÓ

îªJa-Ææ’hç-ö«†’. Be (am/ is/ are/ was/ were) going to do (something)=

English Grammar 2) Advanced English Grammar by Reymond Murphy. Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-´-Cç-îªçúÕ. Let me sleep over it.

A.

é¬ÊÆ-§ƒí∫’. ††’o é¬Ææh E®Ωg-®·ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊.

time

BÆæ’éÓF, ü∆Eo í∫’-Jç-*

Q. Stop kidding, and don't even joke about it. A.

F

jokes

Ç°æ¤.

kidding = joke

îËߪ’-úøç

Q. Wake up, sleep head. You were no.1 not any more, I suppose. A. Sleepy head, sleep head - Sleepy head = Wake up, sleepy head. You were no.1. Not any more =

é¬ü¿’ Evü¿-¢Á·£æ«ç (°æ‹Jhí¬ Evü¿-´’ûª’h -†’ç* éÓ©’-éÓ-E¢√∞¡Ÿx). ¢Ë’™\, Evü¿ ¢Á·£æ«´÷. äéπ-°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y ØÁç.1. É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿’.

Q. Stop yapping and get the hat out of my house. A.

°œ*a-°œ-*aí¬ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îËô’d ¢√í∫èπ◊. §Ú, Ééπ\-úÕoç*. (Get out)

Q. Are you no nuts? This is Vijayawada. A.

FÍé-´’Ø√o °œîÁa-éÀ\çü∆? ÉC Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø.

Q. If you speak another word you're fired. A.

ÉçéÓ-´÷ô ´÷ö«x-ú≈-´çõ‰ F ÖüÓuí∫ç Üúø’-ûª’çC. (fire = ÖüÓuí∫ç †’ç* ûÌ©-Tç-îª-úøç).

¶µºN-≠æu-û˝™ àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 26 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2008 D. Umapathi, Adilabad Q. Let me know the difference between 'Surety' and 'Guarantor', which words being used various places in finance and banking sectors. Is there any legal terminology demands to write like 'Guarantor' instead of 'surety'. Please give some examples with usage. A. 'Guarantor' is a general term (a non legal word) which means a person who agrees to be responsible for somebody's behaviour in general or accepts the responsibility to see something happens. 'A 'Surety' is a legal word. It means 1) an amount of money offered as a promise that you will repay a debt (on your/ someone else's behalf), appear in court, etc., 2) a person who takes the responsibility to repay a debt if the debtor fails to repay the debt, appear in court on their behalf.

V Madhulalitha, Tadipatri Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©-†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Opposition

A. The opposition leaders had a dharna staged by their party men.

î√™«-´’çC v°æï©’ ®√≠æçZ ™ ´’ü∆uEo EÊ≠-Cµçî√-©E éÓ®Ω’-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’.

O’®Ω’ úø•’s©’ É≤ƒh-´’çõ‰ ؈’ ´≤ƒh†’. ™‰ü¿çõ‰ ®√†’.

A. I won't come unless you pay. Q.

Åûªúø’ ûª† ûªLxE ÇÆæ’-°æ-vA™ îª÷°œ-≤ƒh-†E îÁ°œp, îª÷°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.

A. He said he would take his mother to hospital but didn't. Q.

O’®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ ÉçTx≠ˇ ØËJp-≤ƒh-†E îÁ°œp ØËJpç-îª-™‰ü¿’.

A. You said you would teach me English, but you didn't. Q.

°Rx-èπÿ-ûª’®Ω’ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©†’ éπ†’-èπ◊\E ´÷èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’-´’E ®√VûÓ îÁ§ƒp†’.

A. I told Raju to find out from the brides parents and phone us. Q.

á´®Ω’, á´-JE éÌö«d®Ω’?

A. Who beat who? Q.

á´®Ω’ Fèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh-´’E îÁ§ƒp®Ω’?

A. Who told you they would phone you? Q.

ñ«Ø˛ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒp®Ω’.

A. John told me he would call me. Q.

Æ‘Y© £æ«èπ◊\-©èπ◊ ´’ü¿lA*a, §Ú®√-úË-¢√®Ω’. ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ àü¿-®·Ø√ ®√Æœ °õ‰d-¢√®Ω’ (¢√u≤ƒ©’, ví∫çü∑∆©’ ™«çöÀN) Q. O’ ņo-ü¿-´·t™x †’´¤y áØÓo-¢√-úÕN? ÅE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ᙫ Åúø-í¬L? A. DEéÀ English ™ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô-™‰x´¤. Q. 'É™«í∫®·ûË á™«?—, 'éπ©-é¬©ç ´Jn©’x—. Ñ ¢√é¬u-©-†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? Ghost Writer =

A. 'If this is so, how can we get on?' 'May you live long with all prosperity.'


Add up =

°®Ω-í∫úøç.

The amount he saved added upto Rs. 10,000/-

= ûª†’ ü∆-èπ◊†o ¢Á·ûªhç 10 ¢Ë©-ü∆é¬ Â°J-TçC.
Add up to = ÆæÈ®j† 鬮Ω-ù-´’-´úøç. He hasn't attended classes for a week. What does it add up to?. He doesn't like studies= classes

¢√®Ωçí¬ Åûª ú ø ’ èπ ◊ ®√´úø ç ™‰ ü ¿ ’ . 鬮Ω ù ç ûÁ © ’-Ææ÷hØË Q. That's why wife treats husband like toxic ÖçC éπ ü ∆? Åûª ú Õ é À îª ü ¿ ’ ´¤ É≠æ d ç ™‰ ü ¿ ’ . waste - Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
Agree with = àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªúøç. He doesn't agree A. Åçü¿’-éπØË ¶µ«®Ωu ¶µº®Ωh†’, N≠æ-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´u®Ωn °æü∆-®Ωnçí¬ with his father in the matter of dowry = éπôoç îª÷Ææ’hçC. N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Åûªúø’ ûª† ûªçvúÕûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îª-úøç ™‰ü¿’. Q. All that you can afford ..
Aim at = ©éπ~uçí¬ Â°ô’d-éÓ-´úøç. Both Lalu and A. †’´¤y é̆-í∫-L-Tç-ü¿™«x- All that you can afford is Mayavathi are aiming at PM's office = ™«©÷, just a cycle = †’-´¤y é̆-í∫-L-Tç-ü¿™«x äéπ ÂÆjéÀ-™ ¸´÷ߪ÷-´B Éü¿l®Ω÷ PM °æü¿-NE ©éπ~uçí¬ Â°ô’d-èπ◊´÷-vûª¢Ë’. Ø√o®Ω’. Q. áØ˛-ÂÆj-éÓx-°‘-úÕߪ÷ Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?
Allow for = °æJ-í∫-ù-†-™ éÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. It shouldn't A. Encyclopedia = Nñ«c† cost more than Rs.20000/Ææ®ΩyÆæyç. ´’†èπ◊ 鬢√Lq† à even after allowing for the N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç-îª-®·Ø√ ûÁLߪ’recent rise in prices = üµ¿®Ω© -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 513 °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© °æJ-í∫ù†™éÀ BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o ñ‰ßª’í∫© °æ¤Ææhéπç.

I worked in the company for a year. I can answer for the quality of their products = company

Ç ™ ؈’ äéπ àú≈C °æE-îË-¨»†’. ¢√∞¡x ûªßª÷-K© Ø√ùu-ûªèπ◊ ؈’ °æ‹< É´y-í∫-©†’. 2) Ææçñ«®·≠‘ Éa-éÓ-´úøç= I am doing it on your advice. You have to answer for the consequences =

F Ææ©£æ… ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ØËF °æE-îË-Ææ’hØ√o. °∂æLû√-©èπ◊ FüË ¶«üµ¿uûª/ †’¢Ëy Ææçñ«-®·≠‘ Éa-éÓ-¢√L.
Answer to = ï¢√-•’-ü∆-Kí¬ Öçúøôç. He answers only to the Managing Director of the company = M.D.

Ç ÆæçÆæn

Íé Åûªúø’ ï¢√-•’-ü∆K. îÁLxç-îªúøç.


Ante up = If you want a good Engineering degree you have to ante up at least 60 to 70 thousand rupees =

´’ç* Éç>-FJçí˚ Nü¿u 鬢√-©çõ‰, éπFÆæç 60 ¢Ë© †’ç* 70 ¢Ë© ´®Ωèπÿ îÁLxç-î√Lq Öçô’çC. (up the ante = üˆo®·Ø√ °çîªúøç, ´·êuçí¬ üµ¿®Ω-©†’)
Arrive at = äéπ îÓöÀéÀ/ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ îË®Ωúøç.

I've asked them over for Deepavali

A. A large number of people want a ban on liquor in the state. Q.

A. Feminist =

2

leaders

ûª´’ §ƒKd 鬮Ωu-éπ-®Ωh© îËûª üµ¿®√o îË®·ç-î√®Ω’.

Q.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

á´®Ω’, á´-JE éÌöÀdç-î√®Ω’?

A. Who got whom beaten?

J. Krishna, Rajapuram Q.

åö¸ ≤ÚJqç-í˚èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. àü¿-®·Ø√ ã °ü¿l ÆæçÆæn ü∆E-éπ-´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† *†o-°æ-†’-©†’ ûª´’ ÖüÓu-í∫’©èπ◊ é¬èπ◊çú≈, •ßª’-öÀ¢√-JéÀ Å°æp-Tç-îªúøç, BPO = Business Process Outsourcing =

¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ éÌEo v°ævéÀ-ߪ’-©†’, •ßª’-öÀ¢√-J-ûÓ îË®·ç--éÓ-´úøç. î√™« telephone éπç°-F©’, ¢√∞¡x G©’x© ûªßª÷-KE, ûªßª÷-È®j† G©’x-©†’, customers èπ◊ °æç°æ-ú≈Eo, éÌEoéÌEo-îÓôx ¢√öÀE ´Ææ÷©’ îËߪ’ú≈Eo Éûª®Ω ÆæçÆæn©èπ◊ Å°æpT-Ææ’hç-ö«®·– ÉC BPO. Å™«Íí °ü¿l, °ü¿l 鬮Ω’x ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îËÊÆ ÆæçÆæn©’, ¢√öÀé¬\-¢√-Lq† horns, screws, nuts, head lamps ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE *†o •ßª’öÀ company ©ûÓ îË®·ç--éÓ-´úøç èπÿú≈ BPO. Q. °∂N’-EÆˇd, °∂æ’Æˇd È®jô®˝– OöÀéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

Naga Srinivasa, Chirala. Q.

éÀçC Phrasal verbs èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÆæÈ®j† Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

ü∆E üµ¿®Ω 20000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ N’ç-îªü¿’.
Allow of = Ææ’≤ƒüµ¿uç îËߪ’úøç. The delay in the release of books allows of only one reason- the government wants to help black marketeers.

Accord with, Account for, Account, Ace out, Ache for, Act out, Act up, Add up, Add upto, Agree with, Aim at, Allow of, Allude to, Amount to, M.SURESAN black market Angle for, Announce against, Announce for, Answer for, Answer to, Ante up, Arrive at,
Allude to = The minister Arse about/ around, Ascribe to, Ask after, Ask in his speech alluded to the past governaround, Ask for, Ask in, Ask out, Ask over/ ment's failures = round, Aspire to.

The train arrived at Hyderabad at 12 noon.


Arse about =

(ÉC-é¬Ææh •÷ûª’ ´÷ô) = °ü¿l©, íı®Ω-´-F-ߪ·-© Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-EC – v§ƒ´·-êu癉E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ûÓ Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%-ü∑∆ îËߪ’úøç. He arses about talking about films.


Ascribe to =

äéπ-JéÀ äéπ í∫’ùç (´·êuçí¬ îÁúø’ í∫’ùç) Öçü¿E îÁ°æpúøç/ ™‰E í∫’ù«©’ Åçô-í∫-ôdúøç. Don't ascribe selfishness to me = Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒy®Ωnç Åçô-í∫-ôdèπ◊.
Ask after = äéπJ ßÁ÷í∫-Íé ~-´÷©’ Nî√-Jç-îªúøç. He asked after you = F èπ◊¨¡©ç í∫’Jç* ÅúÕ-í¬úø’ Åûª úø’. ûª† v°æÆæç-í∫ç™ ´’çvA í∫ûª v°æ¶µº’ûªy ¢Áj°∂æ-™«u-©†’ í∫’Jç* v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-î√®Ω’
Ask around = üËEo í∫’Jç-îª-®·Ø√ ¢√éπ-•’-îË-ߪ’úøç/ Nî√-Jç-îªúøç. (°æ®Ó-éπ~çí¬). I asked around at office if anybody could help
Amount to = 1) éÌçûª ¢Á·ûªhç Å´úøç. The fares = §ƒ®∏Ωu°æ¤Ææh-鬩 Núø’-ü¿©™ ñ«§ƒu-EéÀ äéπ 鬮Ω-ù¢Ë’ ≤ƒüµ¿uç– ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ≤ƒ-ߪ’°æ-ú≈-©-†’éÓ-´-úøç. °æ®Ó-éπ~çí¬ v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îªúøç.


Accord with = The government's actions are not in accord with their policies =

ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç.

v°æ¶µº’ûªy Ωu©’ ü∆E Nüµ∆-Ø√-©èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç ™‰ü¿’/ ¢√J Nüµ∆-Ø√-©èπ◊, Ωu-©èπ◊ §Òçûª-†-™‰ü¿’. §Òçûª-†-™‰ü¿’ ÅØË-ü∆-Eo áèπ◊\´í¬- not ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
Account for = 1) 鬮Ωù-´’´úøç/ N´-Jç-îªúøç. The traffic jam accounts for the delay of my arrival = Traffic jam

鬮Ωùç´©x Ø√ ®√éπ Ç©Ææuç Å®·çC. 2) äéπ ¢Á·ûªhç/ Ææçêu Å´úøç: Andhras account for 50% of the pilgrims to Sabarimala = ¨¡•-J´’© ߪ÷vA-èπ◊™x 50 ¨»ûªç Ççvüµ¿’™‰.
Ace out = defeat = ãúÕç-îªúøç. The Indian team aced out Australia in the last test match = í∫ûª test match ™ ¶µ«®Ωûª -ïô’d ÇÊÆZ-L-ߪ÷†’ ãúÕç-*çC.
Ache for= áèπ◊\-´í¬ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç/ ûª°œçîªúøç. The child is aching for a mother's love =

to the place and back amount to a thousand rupees =

Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRx AJ-íÌ-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ 1000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Å´¤ûª’çC. 2) äéπü∆EéÀçü¿ ™„éπ\-´úøç/ äéπü∆EûÓ Ææ´÷†´’´úøç your behaviour amounts to violation of duty = F v°æ´-®Ωh† NCµ Ö©xç°∂æ’† éÀçCéÀ ´Ææ’hçC/ ûÓ Ææ´÷†ç.
Angle for = äéπ-ü∆Eo éÓ®Ω’éÓ´úøç (•ßª’-öÀéÀ îÁ°æpèπ◊çú≈). He is angling for Prime ministership = ÅûªúÕ ü¿%≠œd v°æüµ∆E °æü¿N O’ü¿ ÖçC.
Announce against = (®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x) äéπ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕ-éÀ-í¬F, §ƒKdéÀí¬F •£œ«-®Ωç-í∫çí¬ ´uA-Í®-éπûª ûÁ©-°æúøç. The very people who announced against the party are getting ready to join it now =

•£œ«-®Ωçí∫çí¬ Ç §ƒKdéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπûª ûÁL-°œ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx, É°æ¤pú≈ §ƒKd™ îËÍ®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. The teacher made the students act out the
Announce for x Announce against = äéπ lesson on Ekalavya- àéπ-©-´u O’-C §ƒ®∏√Eo Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕéÀ/ §ƒKdéÀ •£œ«-®Ωç-í∫çí¬ ´’ü¿lûª’ ûÁ©-°æúøç = teacher °œ©x©ûÓ †öÀç-°æ-ñ‰-Æ œçC. A number of TDP members have announced
Act up = 1) (ߪ’çvû√©’/ Å´-ߪ’-¢√©’) °æE-îË-ߪ’-éπfor PRP = TDP Æ涵º’u©’ î√™«´’çC PRP èπ◊ •£œ«§Ú-´úøç. As Kumble's shoulders acted up, he ®Ωç-í∫çí¬ ´’ü¿lûª’ ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. missed the last test = èπ◊綉x ¶µº’ïç ÆæJí¬ °æE-
Answer back = (´·êuçí¬ °œ©x©’) °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ îË-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøçûÓ í∫ûª test Çúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. •ü¿’©’/ áü¿’®Ω’ îÁ°æpúøç. 2) °œ©x-™«xçöÀ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅAí¬ v°æ´-Jhç-îªúøç. The The mother told the child not to answer back teacher made the boy stand as he acted up = ûª†èπ◊ áü¿’®Ω’-îÁ-§Òp-ü¿lE Gúøf†’ ûªLx í∫ü¿-´÷-®·ç= ÅAí¬ v°æ´-Jhç-îª-úøç ´©x teacher ÅûªúÕE E©-¶„*çC. ö«dúø’. Don't act up. you may face trouble =
Answer for = 1) Éûª-®Ω’©èπ◊ †´’téπç, Ø√ùuûª ÅAí¬ v°æ´-Jhç-îªèπ◊. *èπ◊\™x °æúø-í∫-©´¤. (´Ææ’h-´¤© N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈) í∫’Jç* -¶µº®Ó≤ƒ É´yúøç. ûªLx vÊ°´’-éÓÆæç ûª°œç-*-§Ú-ûÓçC.
Act out = ã Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo, éπü∑¿†’ †ô-†™ îª÷°æúøç-

me/ I asked around for any vacant house =

á´®Ω®·Ø√ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©-Í®-¢Á÷-†E Nî√-Jçî√†’/ àü¿-®·Ø√ É©’x ë«Sí¬ ÖçüË-¢Á÷-†E ¢√éπ•’ î˨»†’.
Ask for = á´-J-éÓ-Ææ-¢Á’iØ√ Åúø-í∫úøç. The boss was asking for you after you had left office = †’´¤y Ç°∂‘Æˇ ´CL ¢ÁRx† ûª®√yûª boss E†’o í∫’Jç*/ F éÓÆæç ÅúÕ-í¬úø’.
Ask in = Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªúøç ´’† ÉçöxéÀ. When I saw him standing in the sun, I asked him in =

Åûªúø’ áçúø™ E©--•úÕ Öçúøôç îª÷Æœ, ÅûªúÕE ؈’ ÉçöxéÀ °œ-L-î√†’/ Ç£æ…y-Eç-î√†’.
Ask out = ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’†o/ ¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊†o îÓöÀéÀ Éûª®Ω’©†’ Ç£æ…yEç-îªúøç. He asked his girl freind out to a movie. = -ûª-† girl freind -†’ Æœ-E-´÷èπ◊ Ç£æ…yEç--î √-úø’.
Ask over = á´J†-®·Ø√ ÉçöÀéÀ Ç£æ…yEç-îªúøç. I've asked them over for Deepavali = ¢√∞¡x†’ D§ƒ-´-RéÀ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ Ç£æ…yEç-î√†’= ask around.
Aspire to = ≤ƒCµç-î √-©ØË Çé¬çéπ~ Öçúøôç. He is aspiring to be the next CM- ûª®√yA CM í¬ Öçú≈-©E Åûªúø’ Çé¬çéÀ~-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Gandhi never aspired to any position or power =

à °æü¿-´¤-©†’, ÅCµ-é¬-®√Eo í¬çDµ á†oúø÷ Çé¬ç-éÀ~ç-îª-™‰ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 28 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

K. Rama Rao, Poluru.

M. Aakamsha, Hyderabad.

Q. Your brother who rides a motor-cycle does not use a helmet. Advise him to use a helmet. It would be better for you, using a helmet.

Q. Should have been, Could have been be forms Question tags should or have).

DEéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç

ÉC éπÈ®é˙d Å´¤-ûª’çü∆? ™‰ü∆ Éçé¬ à´’-®·Ø√ Öçõ‰ îÁ°æpçúÕ.

A. It'll be better for you to wear a helmet/ It's better for you to wear a helmet/ You had better wear a helmet best).

(ÉC ÅEoç-öÀ™

Q. How do you do? do?

DEéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç How do you Å´¤-ûª’çü∆? ¢ËÍ® à´’-®·Ø√ Öçü∆? A. ÅçûË, How do you do? ņúø¢Ë’ How do you do ´·çü¿’, thank you îË®Ωa-´îª’a. Q. How are you? ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ I am fine Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç Å´¤-ûª’çü∆? é¬ü∆? A. Thank You, I am fine. How are you, ÆæÈ®j† response.

Q. Return these books to the library

¢√öÀ™ à´’-´¤-ûª’çC? a) Making a request b) Offering a suggestion

ÅØËC éÀçC

É™«çöÀ ᙫ BÆæ’-èπ◊E

èπ◊

®√ߪ÷L? (

A. Should have been, could have been Question tags, should, could form

èπ◊ îË≤ƒhç.

ûÓØË

He should have been here by now, shouldn’t he? She could have been a collector, couldn’t she? Q. Split infinitives

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ᙫ ´Ææ’hçüÓ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-

©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰,

Ñ ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, èπ◊, ´’üµ¿u à ´÷ö« ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E request

you

A. They should have done it =

¢√∞¡xC îËÆœ Öçú≈LqçC (é¬E îËߪ’™‰ü¿’)

Q. They will have done it; they would have done it. A. They will have done it = Future time

You don’t need to go (need - main verb)

™ äéπ èπ◊ îËÊÆÆœ Öçö«®Ω’.

b) British English: Need they go now?

They would have done it =

(need - helping verb) =

¢√∞¡xC îËÊÆ ¢√∞Ïx

American English:

(é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’)

A. Infinitive to + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word) - to go, to come, to sing, etc. infinitive to 1st RDW rule. I

2

to

kindly

-©èπÿ -

help

me.

Do they need to go now?

Q. They can have done it; they could have done it.

Need English

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ British Englishèπ◊, American èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ èπÿú≈ ûËú≈ ÖçC. British English™ needèπ◊ Å®Ωnç, have to/ must ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË áèπ◊\-´í¬ question™/ notûÓ ´Ææ’hçC.

A. They can have done it =

(É°æ¤púø’) îËߪ’í∫LT Öçö«®Ω’/ Å®·-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa – ÉC áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøç. They could have done it = ¢√∞¡xC îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√∞Ïx é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

Ñ sentence ™ to help infinitive. To, help- ©èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u kindly ®√´úøç ´©x- -- Q. They may to kindly help, split infinitive. (Infinitive †’ Núødone it. D-ߪ’úøç). I request you to help me kindly ņ™‰ç. áçü¿’éπçõ‰ (kindly (ü¿ßª’ûÓ) me ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd. Å™« -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 514 ®√´úøç ´©x help ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ

have done it;

Need I see the officer now?

they might have

a) British English: officer to see the officer?)

A. They may have done it = They might have done it =

ØËE-°æ¤púø’

îËÊÆÆœ ÖçúÌa.

A. Return the books to the library request/ suggestion/ order

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ †’ îª÷ÊÆ Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆?

How dare you do that?

ÉC

Å´¤Q. They must have done it; ûª’çü∆ ÅØËC ÅC îÁÊ°p-¢√∞¡x éπç®∏Ω-üµ¿y-EE •öÀd Kindly ü¿÷®Ω¢Á’i Å®Ωnç ÆæJí¬ ®√éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE. Öçô’çC. é¬Ææh í∫öÀdí¬ îÁGûË order. éÌçîÁç *´J Åçü¿’-éπE éÌçü¿®Ω’ to kindly help ņúøç A. They must have done it = îËÆ œ ´÷ô†’ áèπ◊\´ üµ¿yEûÓ Åçõ‰ suggestion. É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. Öçú≈L ¢√∞¡Ÿx, Å®·-§Ú®· Öçô’ç-ü¿ØË Please îË®Ωa-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Ç üµ¿yEûÓ Åçõ‰ request, Å®ΩnçûÓ. Grammar v°æ鬮Ωç É™« ®√ߪ’úøç ûª°æ¤p. statement ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. They must have passed the Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ É™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªúøç ¢√úø’Èéj exam = Exam pass ÅßË’u Öçú≈L. §Ú®·çC. Otherwise they wouldn’t have got ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç request ņ-úøç-™ØË M.SURESAN Irfan, Nandyal. the job = ™‰éπ§ÚûË ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ job ´îËaC Q. á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ ®√vA 9.00 í∫çô-©èπ◊ éπLÊÆh à´’E N≠ˇ ü¿ßª’ûÓ ÅØË ¶µ«´ç ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd request é¬ü¿ ’ (´*açC) îËߪ÷L?either good evening, or good night. ¢√úÕûË Kindly ¢√úø†´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. Q. They need have done it; they ought have I request you to help me î√©’. He told me A. Good evening Åçö«ç. ®√vA-°æ‹ô Åçû√ ´÷ö«xúÕ done it; they seem have done it. to slowly drive the car. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ to slowly drive, NúÕ-§Ú-ßË’-ô-°æ¤púø’, Evü¿-§ÚßË’ ´·çü¿’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ good Ééπ \úø dare, need, seem, ought © ûª®√yûª to split infinitive- ûªÊ°p. He told me to drive the car night ÅØ√L. ´Ææ ’ h ç C éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x OöÀE to ûÓ á™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tçslowly, better. Split infintive Å®·Ø√ split îËߪ’E Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? î√™ îÁ°æpçúÕ. infinitive Å®·Ø√ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’. ؈’ Í®°æ¤ É©’x ë«S îËÆæ’hØ√o†’. They ought to have done it = ¢√∞¡xC (ûª´’ Q. Vocabulary °ç-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ à¢ÁjØ√ °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©’çõ‰ A. I am vacating tomorrow. üµ¿®Ωtçí¬ / ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿u-ûªí¬) îËߪ÷-LqçC, é¬F îËߪ’ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’? ™‰ü¿’. Q. ؈’ F∞¡Ÿx °æö«dL. GçüÁ áéπ\úø ÖçC? A. áçûª English îªC-NûË, Åçûª Vocabulary °çQ. They dare have done it. -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. A. I have to draw/ collect water where’s the veséÓ-´îª’a. Vocabulary O’ü¿ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ èπÿú≈ î√™« sel? (GçüÁèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô english™ ™‰ü¿’.) A. Dare èπ◊ È®çúø®√n-©’-Ø√o®·– ÖØ√o®·. Q. Vote of thanks Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 1) Ææ¢√©’ îËߪ’úøç 2) áçûª üµÁj®Ωuç? ÅØË ¶µ«´ç. Q. ÅçûË-éπü∆?-Å-†-ú≈-EéÀ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™  -à-´’-Ø√-L? Ææ¢√©’ îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓØË dare to ´Ææ’hçC. A. Vote of thanks Åçõ‰ Ææ-¶µº -*-´®Óx ´·êu ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊, A. Isn’t it so? He dared me to a fight = †-†’o -Å-ûª-úø’ §Úö«x-ôèπ◊ Éûª®Ω Ç£æ›-ûª’-©èπ◊, Æ涵º ≤ƒ°∂‘í¬ †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ£æ«-éπ- Q. 'Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’— -†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? Ææ¢√©’ î˨»úø’. Jç-*† Åçü¿-JéÃ, éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’úøç. A. Then/ in such a case Dare = ≤ƒ£æ«-Æ œç-îªúøç/ áçûª üµÁj®Ωuç ÅE ques¢Á·ü¿ô, Chief guest (´·êu ÅAC∑)/ President/ Q. 'ᙫíÓ™«— -Å-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« -îÁ-§ƒp-L? tion™ Ç üµÁj®Ωuç-™‰ü¿’, ÅE negative™ ¢√úøû√ç. Chairman (Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊©’)/ Guests of honour A. Somehow or the other. Ééπ\úø to ®√ü¿’. (íı®Ω´ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊) Thanks îÁ•’û√ç. Q. Can èπ◊ able to èπ◊ ¶µ‰ü¿ç èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îÁ°æpçúÕ. How dare you do that? = ÅC îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûª It’s my privilege now/ I have the privilege A. Can = îËߪ’-í∫-LT Öçúøôç – ÉC ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç üµÁj®Ωuç Fèπ◊? now to propose a/ the vote of thanks. îË Æ æ ÷ h ÖçúÌîª ’ a, ™‰ é π § Ú´ îª ’ a. He dare not face her = Ç¢Á’†’ áü¿’-®Ì\ØË üµÁj®Ωuç First of all, on behalf of (ûª®Ω-°æ¤†) The Able to = îËߪ’-í∫-LT, îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ÅûªúÕéÀ ™‰ü¿’. Association (Æ涵º†’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îË-¢√®Ω’), and on I can play cricket = ؈’ cricket Çúø-í∫-©†’. my (own) behalf, I’d like to thank Sri/ Smt... Need †’ È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç – (Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Çúøôç ïJ-Tçü∆ ™‰ü∆ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) for her presence here on this occasion. 1) Main verb í¬ I need your help = F Inspite of his/ her busy schedule, but she I am able to cricket = É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ cricket ÇúøÆæ£æ…ߪ’ç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç she doesn’t need any has accepted our invitation and be here, í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’ èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË È®çúÕçmore money = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÉçÍéO’ úø•’s Å´Ææ®Ωç and thanks to him/ her once again for his/ öÀéà Åçûª ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. ™‰ü¿’. her valuable message (Ææçü˨¡ç). 2) Need as a helping verb - ÉC áèπ◊\-´í¬ Next, our thanks go to Sri/ Smt.... for... question ûÓ†÷, ™‰ü∆ not ûÓ†÷ ¢√úøû√ç. K. Chandu, Sirisilla. We like to thank also Sri.../ Smt... You need not pay now = †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ îÁLxç-îªQ. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Smt/ Sri... next deserve our thanks for... †-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. They shall have done it; We thank also those who decorates the Need ¢√úø-éπç™ British, American EnglishA. They shall have done it = ¶µºN≠æuûª’h™ äéπ stage, etc., © -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ ÖçC. time ™°æ © ¢√∞¡ x C îË Æ œ Öçú≈L. Finally we thank all those who are present American English ™ need †’ helping They shall have finished the work by the time here for their valuable presence. verb í¬ ¢√úøôç î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. ÉC †´‚Ø√ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ´’† Ü£æ«, ¶µ«≥ƒ ñ«cØ√Eo I return = ؈’ AJ-íÌîËa ÆæJéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æE °æ‹Jh-îËÆœ a) British English™ You need not go Öçú≈L. •öÀd Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. (need - helping verb) = Q. They should have done it.

(must/ have I

Do I need to see the officer now? American English: officer

¢√∞¡xC îËÆœ

ÖçúÌa.

c) Giving an order d) Making a statement

†’ îª÷ú≈™«?

b) He need not have gone there - British English: ¢√úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’. (é¬F ¢Á∞«xúø’) – ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈

Öçú≈LqçC. He didn’t need to go there - American English

¢Á∞Ïx Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ (¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa/ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa) í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC– American English™ need áèπ◊\-´í¬ main verb; DE ûª®√yûª °j† ûÁL-°œ-†ô’x ‘to’ ´Ææ÷hç-ô’çC. Seem Åçõ‰ Å™« éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE éπü∆: seems ûª®√yûª to be/ to + 1st RDW (do, go, take etc.,)/ to have + past participle (pp)

´≤ƒh®·.

a) He seems to be a good fellow =

Åûªúø’ ´’ç*-¢√-úø’í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. b) He seems to like it = ü∆EE Åûªúø’ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’†oô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. c) He seems to have gone home = Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢ÁRx§Ú-®·-†-ô’dçC. Ought to - äéπ °æEE ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿u-ûªí¬ îËߪ’úøç (must - Çïc/ Å´-Ææ®Ωç) He ought to take care of his children = ûª† °œ©x©†’ í∫’Jç* Åûªúø’ v¨¡ü¿l¥ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L (üµ¿®Ωtç, ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿uûª) You ought to have given him some respect; after all he is much older than you =

Åûª-úÕéÀ †’´¤y ´’®√uü¿ É¢√y-LqçC; àüË-´’-®·Ø√ Åûªúø’ Féπçõ‰ î√™« °ü¿l éπü∆?

K. Krishnaiah, Rajampeta. Q.

-Å-ûª-úË éπü∆ E†o ´*açC? yesterday? ÉC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

is not he who came

A. Is he not the one/ Isn’t he the one who came yesterday? Q. He is a man who came yesterday. This is he (man) who came yesterday.

OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? ™‰ü∆ ÆæÈ®j† -¢√éπuç -ûÁ-©’°æç-úÕ. A. This is the man (one) who came yesterday. Q.

éÀçC¢√öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ-™éÀ ´÷®ΩaçúÕ. – F ®Ω’ùç ؈’ B®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. – °Rx™ ¢√úË ÅéÀ~ç-ûª©’

A. I am ever indebted to you/ I can’t repay your debt. Termeric coated rice

ÅØÌa, é¬F,

English

ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô-™‰ü¿’.

American English:

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

™

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 30 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

K. Krishnaiah, Rajampeta. Q. ᙫ §Ú¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?

N.V.Krishna Rao, Hyderabad. Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æpçúÕ. ؈’ E†o Ü®Ω’ ¢Á∞«x†’. How do you thinking to go. A. I was out of town yesterday. (à Ü®Ω’ ¢ÁRxçD È®çúø÷ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? îÁ°æp-†-°æ¤púø’) A. È®çúÕç-öÀ-™  àD correct é¬ü¿’. à ÜÈ®jØ√ ¢ÁRx AJT ´*a† ûª®√yûª, Ç Ü®Ω’ How do you planning...? Ñ O’ (Hyerabad ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç) ¢Á∞«x†’ / ¢ÁRx-´-î √a†’ sentence ™, verb ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? O’®Ω’ How are you ÅE îÁ°æpúøç. planning to go? ÅØ√L, ™‰ü∆ How do you plan to I had been to Hyderabad (yesterday). go? ÅØ√L. Do... planning, ¢Ë’ç ûÁL-°œ† Ç®Ω’ Q. ؈’ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á∞«x†’. forms of verbs ™ ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆: Ç six forms of verbs A. I went to (ÜJ Ê°®Ω’) ÉN: 1) Be forms (am, is, are, was, were, 'be', 'been' Q. ؈’ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡-û√†’ Í®°æ¤. A. I am leaving for/ going to/ I will leave for/ will *´®Ω ´îËaN.) go to (ÜJ Ê°®Ω’) – ÜJ-Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°æp-†-°æ¤púø’ – I will 2) Be forms + .. ing form (am going, has been How do you planning to go.

be out of town/ I won't be in town tomorrow.

singing, etc) 3) Be form + past participle (Passive voice) (am seen, was done, should be taken, etc.)

Q.

4) Have, has, had, shall have, should have ... etc + past participle (Have seen, has gone, should have known, etc.)

Q.

5) Doing words: 1) Ist regular doing words (go, come, sing, walk, etc.) 2) IInd Regular doing words (goes, comes, sings, walks, etc) and 3) went, gave, sang etc.,.) and

Ñ ™ àüÓ äéπöÀ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøü¿’. O’ Ñ ™, °j† ûÁL™ àD ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE O’®Ω’ é¬ü¿’. Öçú≈L. Å™«Íí Éçü¿’™ èπÿú≈, ™‰ü¿’. ÅØ√L.

G. Viajayakumar, Anantapur. Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©’ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. The box is very heavy for me to lift

.

A. The box is too heavy for me to lift Very heavy for me to lift heavy and I can't lift it

éπÈ®é˙d.

ņç.

ņúøç Very

ņ-´îª’a.

Q. The film is too good. A.

DEéÀ N´-®Ωçí¬ ÉçÍé-ü¿Ø√o îËJÊÆh correct í¬ Öçô’çC. The film is good èπÿú≈ correct, Å®·ûË Å™« ņo Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ûÁL-ߪ÷L. The film is too good; I don't want to miss it. The film is too good for me to miss

(؈’ ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ¶«í∫’çü∆ ÆœE´÷)/ ؈’ ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿E Åçö«ç.

Q. It was too hot yesterday. A. Correct.

´’†ç à°æF îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ. Too á°æ¤púø÷ é¬Ææh negative sense ÉÆæ’hçC.

Q. He is bad dressed. A. He is badly dressed

ņúøç

correct.

A. Lately Late in his life

Åçõ‰ Ñ ´’üµ¿u ÅE Å®Ωnç, Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ÅE Åçõ‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ÅE. He married late ņúøç correct.

Q. He is very stronger than I. A. He is much stronger than I - correct. Very stronger

ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’, é¬-F ¢√úø’éπ é¬ü¿’.

Q. The three sisters quarrelling with each other. A. The three sisters quarrelling with each other sentence verb Are/ were/ will be etc. quarrelling verb (be form + ing form) sentence correct

ÉC

Å´¤-ûª’çC.-

؈’ Ü®Ω’ ¢ÁRx ®√í∫-©Ø√?

A. Can I go to ... and return? Q.

°æ†’© ´AhúÕ ´©x ؈’ Ü®Ω’ (Åéπ\-úøèπ◊) ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.

é¬ü¿’,

An idiom is also a group of words, but in the case of an idiom, the meaning of the idiom as a whole has no connection with that of any word in the idiom. eg: The long and short of. This is an idiom. The expression means the most important facts about a situation (without all the details)/ the summary of a writing/ a speech. The long and short of his speech is that he is correct and that the others are wrong = The summary of his speech is he is right and others are wrong. So you see that the words 'long' and 'short' have no connection with the most important details/ summary. Such an expression is an idiom. 515

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

continuous tense

™ ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ¢√úø’-éπ-®·†ç-ü¿’-´©x -Å-C ¶µ«≠æ üµ¿®Ωt-¢Á’içC. Q. Deal in ÅØË °æü∆Eo '¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ’úøç— ÅØË Å®Ωnç™, Deal with ÅØË °æü∆Eo 'E®Ωy-£œ«ç— ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? A. Deal ûª®√yûª ´îËa preposition †’ •öÀd Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωúøç èπÿú≈ usage N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ éπü∆. É™«çöÀ expressions †’, deal in, deal with phrasal verbs Åçö«ç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ äéπ-J-O’ü¿ éÓ°æç ´*aç-ü¿çö«ç éπü∆? Ééπ\úø äéπ-J-O’ü¿ ÅØË áçü¿’-éπØ√L? äéπ-JûÓ éÓ°æç ´*aç-ü¿E áçü¿’-éπ-†-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? Åçõ‰ àç Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç îÁ•’û√ç? Ç ¶µ«≠æ B®Ω’ ÅçûË ÅE îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË. English ™†÷ ÅçûË. M. Ravichandra Reddy, Hyderabad Q.

éÀçC °æü∆-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ó ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. ®Ó©’, ®Óéπ-L-•çúø, §Òvûªç, °æîªaúÕ, °æ°æ¤p-í∫’Ah, ®Ω’•súøç A. ®Ó©’ = Mortor- Å®·ûË ÉC ´’†ç ¢√-úË ®Ó©çûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’. G. Shankar, ®Óéπ L • çúø = Pestle (Â°Æˇ ™¸) A. Because of pressure of work I Shankarapatnam. °æîªaúÕ = Chutney §Òvûªç = Grinder, couldn't / I am unable to leave town/ Q. O’®Ω’ äéπ-îÓô The student admitgo to (ÜJ Ê°®Ω’) °æ°æ¤p-í∫’Ah = Pestle, ®Ω’•súøç = Grind ted to having taken drugs ÅE Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ņ’-´-Cç-îªçúÕ. Q. ÇJnéπ É•sç-ü¿’© ´©x ؈’ éπ©-¢√-Lq† ®√-¨»®Ω’. Éçü¿’™ having ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC, ؈’ ´÷ Å´’tèπ◊ °æîªaúÕ ü¿çîª-úøç™ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’´uéÀhE éπ©-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. taken Åü¿†ç éπü∆. ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫°æ-úø-û√†’. A. Money problems kept me from ©®Ω’. û√í∫-ú≈-EéÀ, A†-ú≈-EéÀ having A. I help mother in making/ grinding chutney. M.SURESAN meeting the person I had to meet / I ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆ Å™«Íí Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Q. ؈’ ´çô© ®Ω’*E Éõ‰d °æÆœ-í∫-ôd-í∫-©†’. couldn't meet the person I had to meet, having î√©’ éπü∆. A. I can easily sense the flavour of cooking because of money problems. A. Admitted to having drugs = Drugs éπLT Ö†oô’x ´çô™ àN’ ûªèπ◊\-¢ÁjçüÓ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ví∫£œ«ç-îª-í∫-©†’. ä°æ¤p-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Admitted to having taken drugs = Q. S.Ramulu, Hyderabad. A. I can easily grasp what is wrong in the cookDrugs BÆæ’-èπ◊-†oô’x (°æ¤îª’a-èπ◊-†oô’x) ä°æ¤p-èπ◊-†oô’x. ing of an item. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? Having taken ™ having, helping verb éπü∆ Q. ®Ó©’, ®Ω’•’s-®Ó©’ äéπ-õ‰Ø√? ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ °æü∆''Fèπ◊ Åçûª Æ‘Ø˛ ™‰ü¿’.—— having done, having seen ™-™«, have °æ¤îª’a-éÓ´úøç Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√ú≈-©çõ‰ The student admit- ©’-Ø√oߪ÷? ''؈’ Fèπ◊ †î√aØ√?—— A. 'Mortor' is the only word, nearest in meaning ted to having had drugs Åçö«ç. A. You don't measure up to that. to all of them. Q. äéπ úÕéπ{-†-K™ I am having a one rupee note Do you like me? Åçü¿-J-éà -éπ-L°œ äéπ °ü¿l ®Ó©’ Öçô’çC, ÅE ÖçC. Having †’ (possession) ™ ¢√úø-èπÿ- Q. ví¬´’ç™ ü∆EÍ é ¢ Á ’ i Ø √ Ê°®Ω’çü∆? úøü¿’ éπü∆. I have a one rupee note ûª§ƒp? P.Siva Rao, Yellandu. A.The village mortor ÅØÌa. Having à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Q. Kindly explain the difference between bath A. I am having a one rupee note ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’, I have A.Sudhakar, Peddamallareddy and bathe (Nizamabad) a one rupee note ņ-úø¢Ë’ correct. Can I say... I am bathing. Please wait. Q. 'In order of' à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úø-û√®Ó N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Q. Why choose I (we) shall and you, (he, she,it) A. Both has two meanings in British English will for the future tense? A. In the order of: Ç ´®ΩÆæ véπ´’ç™ 1) As a noun, and A. Shall and will are natural aspects of the a) In the order of numbers = Ææçêu© ´®Ω’Ææ 2) As a verb. English language. Can we explain why véπ´’ç™ Students are sitting in the order of I have a bath every morning = I bath every ¢Á∞¡û√ç is used with ¢Ë’´·, and, ¢Á∞¡-û√†’ is their roll nos. = Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ¢√J roll number morning. I am bathing is correct. used with ؈’? They are just parts of the lanvéπ´’ç™ èπÿ®Ω’aE ÖØ√o®Ω’. guage. I bath every morning (British English)

I bathe every morning (American English)

Q. He married lately in life.

é¬ü¿’.

A. Can I go?

A. A phrase is a group of words without a verb. eg: In case of doubt; on the occasion of his marriage, etc.

You don't measur e upto that

6) Shall/ should/ will/ would/ can/ could etc + Ist RDW (shall take, will give, can take, should 6 forms give, etc). sentence sentence How do you planning to go? group of words 6 forms sentence How do you plan/ How How do you are you planning? thinking to go? verb How do you think of going?

°œ† ®√ÆœçC

؈’ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©Ø√?

2

™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Åç-õ‰ Ö†oô’x; Å°æ¤púø’

In any case I have a bath/ I take a bath is more common than I bath / I bathe. Q. What is the difference between a sentence and a clause. A. A sentence is a group of words with a complete meaning. (To have the complete meaning, the group should have a verb in it.) A clause is a group of words with a verb. eg: If he comes here; Because he sang well; Whenever I go there. Even a sentence is a clause because it is also a group of words with a verb. Q. What is the difference between a phrase and an idiom.

b) The officers were seated in the order of their importance =

Ç ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’ ûª´’ v§ƒ´·êuç véπ´’ç™ ÇÆ‘-†’-©-ߪ÷u®Ω’. Q. Let's sum up Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ -í∫-©®Ω’. A. Let us sum up = ´’†ç îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊†o îªJaç-*† N≠æߪ÷©’, ÆæçéÀ~-°æhçí¬ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ´’®Ó≤ƒJ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç. B. Vijaya Raju, Sangareddy. Q. Love, appear, owe, own, think continuous tense

™«çöÀ °æü∆-©†’ ™ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’? A. Love, appear, owe, own, think ™«çöÀ verbs continuous tense ™ ®√éπ-§Ú-´úøç English ¶µ«≥ƒüµ¿®Ωtç/ ¢√úø’éπ (usage). English ´÷ûª%¶µ«-≠æí¬ Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç* Ñ verbs †’

Present simple (go, come, see, sees, goes, etc) is used sometimes to denote immediate future, especially when we are definite about the time, it's not a new practice. a) I go there tomorrow. b) She comes here next week. Shall/ will is used for future in general compare: a) She comes here next week. b) She will come here next week. In a) her coming is definite, and b) her coming is not so certain. That's the difference between the use of shall/ will for future and the present simple for future.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 2 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Durga: You cannot tell Ram from Lakshman. I've seen other twins, but no pair so close as these two.

(®√¢˛’, ©éπ~ tù˝©™ á´-È®-´®Ó îÁ°æp™‰ç. ؈’ Éûª®Ω éπ´© °œ©x-©†’ îª÷Æœ ÖØ√o. é¬F ´’K Éçûª §ÚLéπ©’†o éπ´©©†’ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’) Venkat: True. I've seen them a good number of times, but telling them apart, - I give up.

(Eï¢Ë’. ¢√∞¡x-ØËo†’ áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»ØÓ, é¬F á´®Ω’ á´®Ó îÁ°æpúøç™ ؈’ îËûª’-™„-ûËhÆæ’hØ√o.) Give up = v°æߪ’ûªoç N®Ω-N’ç--éÓ-´úøç Durga: But there is some thing that helps. While Ram is quite tidy and always smartly dressed, Lakshman is shabby.

(Å®·ûË ´’†èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æúËüÌéπ-ô’çC. ®√¢˛’ à¢Á÷ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬, ´’ç* •ôd-™‰-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰, ©éπ~ tù˝ éÌç-ûª Ũ¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öçö«úø’. Tidy = ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öçúøôç – ´’†’-≠æfl©’, Ææn™«©’, É∞¡⁄x. Tidy x Shabby = ÅÆæ£æ«u¢Á’i† Venkat: Yea, I have observed that too. Lakshman just doesn't bother what kind of clothes he wears.

(Å´¤†’. ÅD ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. ᙫçöÀ •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úÓ ÅÆæ©’ °æöÀdç-éÓúø’ ©éπ~ tù˝) Durga: Infact, Ram's clothes can set him apart even in a crowd.

(ÅÆæ©’, áçûª ï†ç-™-ØÁjØ√ ®√¢˛’ •ôd©’ ÅûªúÕ v°æûËu-éπ-ûª†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·)

1) You can't tell Ram from Lakshman. 2) ... but telling them apart, - I give up. 3) Ram's clothes can set him apart even in a crowd. 1) Tell onething from another -

äéπ-ü∆-EéÃ/ ´uéÀhéÃ, ÉçéÓ-ü∆-EéÃ/ ´uéÀhéà ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç/ îÁ°æp-í∫-©-í∫úøç.

a) It is difficult to tell an Indian from a Pakistani

(¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-©èπÿ, §ƒéÀ-≤ƒn-F-ߪ·-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ îÁ°æpúøç éπ≠dçæ – Éü¿l®Ω÷ äÍ陫 Öçö«®Ω’ ÅE)

2

expressions English common. simple expressions. Daily life situations

Ñ

™ î√™« î√™«

™ ¶«í¬ Ö°æßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·.








English there, it sentences begin there/ it

™

©ûÓ îËߪ’úøç î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. ûª ® Ω î ª ÷ É™« ûÓ sentence begin b) He, speaking English?! He cannot tell 'a' îËÆœ†°æ¤púø’, ¢√öÀéÀ v°æûËuéπ¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç Öçúøü¿’. from 'b'. Åûªúø’ English ´÷ö«x-úø-ô´÷?! Sentence begin îËÊÆç-ü¿’Íé ¢√úøû√ç. OöÀE à Åûª-úÕéÀ a èπ◊, b èπ◊ ûËú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. tense ™ØÁjØ√ ¢√-úÌa. c) I can't trust him with a car. He cannot tell a a) There are 40 colleges in this city = Ñ †í∫steering wheel from a gear = Car†’ ÅûªúÕûÓ ®Ωç™ 40 éπ∞«-¨»-©-©’-Ø√o®·. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. There drive îË®·çîªúøç Ø√èπ◊ †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’ (ÅûªúÕ drièπ◊ ÖçúË 'Åéπ\úø— ņo Å®Ωnç Ééπ\úø Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. ving -O’-ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’). -Å-ûªúÕéÀ steering wheel èπ◊, gear èπÿ ûËú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. b) There are a four students here = Ééπ\úø 2) Tell something apart = ûËú≈ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç. †©’í∫’®Ω’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©’-Ø√o®Ω’. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ there èπ◊ v°æûËuéπ¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç a) 'Can you tell one Indian àO’ ™‰ü¿’. (Å™« Öçõ‰ Åéπ\úø movie from another?' (äé𠆩’-í∫’®Ω’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©’-Ø√o-J-éπ\úø ÅØË ¶µ«®Ω- B-ߪ’ ÆœE-´÷èπÿ ÉçéÓ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 516 N°æ-K-û√®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆? °j ÆœE-´÷èπÿ ûËú≈ îÁ°æp-í∫-©¢√?) È®çúø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x†÷), 'No, I can never tell them apart. a) 40 colleges are in the city ņúøç Only the actors are different. é¬F, Fights, duets and dances are b) 4 students are here ņúøç é¬F there in every movie.' Åçûª ÆæÈ®j† English ¢√úø’éπ é¬ü¿’. (Ŷ‰s, ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰†’. û√®Ω™‰ ¢Ë®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE there ¢√úøû√ç. Å™«Íí 'It' fights, duets, Ø√ö«u©’ Åçû√ èπÿú≈. ÅC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈ senäÍé ®Ωéπç) M.SURESAN tence begin îËÊÆç-ü¿’Íé ¢√úøû√ç.

I can't tr ust him with a car Venkat: I will speak to Lakshman about it. Tell him to be a little tidier and smarter.

(Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ©éπ~ tù˝ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√†’ ؈’. é¬Ææh ´’ç* •ôd©’ ûÌúø’-èπ◊\E éÌçûª îª÷úø-í∫L-Ííô’d éπ†-°æ-úø-´’E îÁ•’û√) Durga: You had better.

(Å´¤†’. Å™« îËߪ’úøç ´’ç*C.) ÉC éπ´© °œ©x© §ÚL-éπ©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Ææ綵«≠æù ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆. ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’, v°æüË-¨»©†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-Ê°-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√J §ÚLéπ©èπÿ, ûËú≈èπ◊ ¢√úË phrasal verbs †’ í∫’Jç* É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. ÉN î√™« simple expressions. O’ Spoken English î√™« Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ ÖçúË-™« -îË≤ƒh®·. Éûª-®Ω’©’ O’®Ω’ ¢√úø’ûª’†o Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©®Ω’. Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above: EXERCISE 1

éÀçC¢√öÀE There/ It ûÓ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. 1) Ñ table O’ü¿ 10 °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√o®·. 2) Ç í∫C™ áçûª ´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©’Ø√o®Ω’? 3) Ç ®Óñ„ç-ü¿’éÓ î√™« îªLí¬ ÖçúÕçC. 4) †’Nyçûª §Òü¿’lØËo ™‰´úøç îª÷úøôç î√™« N*vûªçí¬ ÖçC. 5) †’´¤y îÁÊ°p-ü∆çöx -ã point ÖçC. 6) ´’£æ…-¶µ«-®Ω-ûªç™ DE v°æ≤ƒh-´† (reference) ÖçC. 7) ÅûªúÕE E†o Ééπ\úø îª÷úøôç Ǩ¡a®Ωuçí¬ ÖçúÕçC. surprize = Ǩ¡a®Ωuç 8) Çé¬-¨¡ç™ éÓö«-†’-éÓôx (billions) †éπ~-vû√-©’-Ø√o®·. 9) °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçüË-´-®Ωèπ◊ àD îÁ°æpúøç éπ≠dçæ . 10) Ééπ\úø 10 questions ÖØ√o®·.

3) Set (something/ somebody) apart =

a) It is easy to learn English = English

b) It is boring to wait for so long = To wait (infinitive)/ waiting for so long is boring.

ÉN í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: a) It is raining b) It is very hot today c) It is a long time since we met

d) It is about 300 Km from here to Hyderabad.

(Ééπ\úÕ †’ç* £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ 300 éÀ.O’.) (É°æ¤púø’ °æCç--¶«´¤ Å®·uçC). †’ É™« ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªúøç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ.-

e) It's 10.15 now time, date, day, distance, weather 'it'

A. Penchalaiah, Rajampeta Q. It is easy to preach others options

DEéÀ ™ àC éπÈ®éÓd N´-Jç-îª-

éÀçC í∫-©®Ω’.

1. Preaching others is easier. 2. To preach others is easy. 3. It is easy to preaching others. 4. With others preaching is easy. A. It is easy to preach to others to

ÅØ√L, preach ûª®√yûª ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√ú≈L, á´-JéÀ ¶Cµç-îªúøç ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊.-É-üË -Å®Ωnç -É-îËa -É-ûª®Ω sentences.1. Preaching to others is easy (preaching to comparison easier 2. To preach to others is easy (preach to 3. It is easy to preach to others- easy to ing form It is easy, preaching to others. sentence 4.

ûª®√yûª

®√¢√L, ņç)

ûª®√yûª

ûËú≈ éπE-°œç-îªúøç/ N©-éπ~ùçí¬ Öçúøôç. a) We have very good batsmen but Tendulkar's talent is distinct. It sets him apart from the rest = batsmen

´’†èπ◊ î√™«- ´’ç* ÖØ√o®Ω’. é¬F õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ v°æA¶µº ÅûªúÕéà N’í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xèπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª’çC.

b) IITs' excellence sets them apart from the other engineering institutions. IIT

© ®√ùÀç°æ¤ ¢√öÀE N©-éπ~-ù-¢Á’i†Ní¬ îË≤ƒh®·.

c) You can tell him apart even in a crowd. There is always some thing in him that sets him apart =

(í∫’ç°æ¤™ èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕ-Eõ‰d °æõ‰d-ߪ’-í∫©ç. N’í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xéπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ éπ-E°œç-îË-ô’x îËÊÆ N©-éπ~ùûª Åûª-úÕ™ àüÓ ÖçC.)

ANSWERS 1) There are ten books on this table. 2) How many students are there in the room? 3) Some how it was very cold that day. 4) It is very strange for me to see you get/ getting up so early in the morning. 5) There is a point in what you say. 6) There is a reference to it in the Mahabharatam. 7) It was surprizing to see him here yesterday. 8) There are billions of stars in the sky. 9) It is difficult to say anything until we get the full information. 10) There are ten questions here.

ØË®Ω’aéÓ´úøç Ææ’©¶µºç. b) It will be difficult for you to get tickets if you delay = tickets

Ç©Ææuç îËÊÆh

üÌ®Ω-éπúøç éπ≠dçæ .

c) "Will it take long to learn English thoroughly" = English

èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« 鬩ç

(´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E

î√™« 鬩-¢Á’içC)

™‰†-°æ¤púø’,

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ®√¢√L.)

ûª®√yûª ... ¢√úøç – DEØË É™« ÅØÌa. Ñ °æ‹Jhí¬ ûª°æ¤p.

S. Mohinuddin, Gowligeri (Kurnool)

°æúø’-ûª’çü∆? "No. It won't take longer than a few months if you practise regularly." practice

(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. Æævéπ´’çí¬ îËÊÆh È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©©-éπçõ‰ °æôdü¿’.) d) It's in his nature to put off things = ¢√®·-ü∆©’ ¢Ëߪ’úøç ÅûªúÕ Ææy¶µ«-´ç-™ØË ÖçC. Å®·ûË It ûÓ begin îËÊÆ î√™« sentences †’ Infinitive ûÓí¬F, .... ing form ûÓí¬F v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-a. a) It is bad to smoke = To smoke (infinitive) is bad = Smoking is bad.

EXERCISE 2

éÀçC Ææ綵«-≠æù English ™ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. Sentences v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ there, it ¢√úøçúÕ. Preethi: E†o class ™ áçûª´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©’Ø√o®Ω’? Sahithi: 10 ´’çC èπÿú≈ ™‰®Ω’. Preethi: Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ class èπ◊ ®Ω°œpç-îªúøç (to make students attend classes)

éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC. Sahithi: •£æ›¨» E†oöÀ ¢√û√-´-®Ωù-¢Ë’¢Á÷? E†oçû√ ïúÕ¢√† èπ◊®Ω’Ææ÷h îªLí¬ ÖçC. Preethi: éÌçûª-´ ’çC teachers ®√éπ-§Ú-´úøç èπÿú≈ Ǩ¡a®Ωu¢Ë’. Sahithi: E†o classes cancel îËÆæ’çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC.

ANSWERS Preethi: How many students were there in the class yesterday? Sahithi: Hardly ten/ There were hardly ten students in the class Preethi: It is (becoming) difficult to make students attend classes. Sahithi: Perhaps it was the weather yesterday. It was raining cats and dogs yesterday. It was cold too. Preethi: It is surprizing that some teachers didn't come either yesterday. Sahithi: It would have been better if we had cancelled classes yesterday.

Q. Kindly clarify doubts in the following sentence structures. 1. They have been able to persuade them. 2. She must have been able to notice them. Structure: (must have been able to + p.v.) 3. They might have been able to solve the problem. Structure: (might have been able to + p.v.) A. 1. They have been able to persuade them= They have succeeded in making them agree. 2. She must have been able to notice them = She certainly has noticed them. 3. They might have been able to solve the problem = Perhaps they had the ability to solve/ did not have the ability to solve the problem (doubt)

K.R. Achari, Vykuntapuram Q. He promised to come, but he never turned up. promised - turned past actions Promised remote past had promised (Wren & Martin grammar & composition book Going to go, come clarify

Ééπ\úø éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE

È®çúø÷ ÅØËC ®√¢√L éπü∆

™

ÅØË v°æßÁ÷í∫ç ûª®√yûª ®√´E ´÷ öÃ˝ îÁ°œp-†ô’x í∫’®Ω’h. îËߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.

ÖçC).

A. He had promised to come, but never turned up correct, had promised standard writers of English

ņ-úø¢Ë’ é¬F ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ÅØËC Åçûª ûª°æ¤p èπÿú≈ é¬ü¿’ – É™« ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Going to go, Going to come English

- Modern

™ ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 4 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ramprasad, Kovvur.

´÷ö«x-úøí∫LT Öçú≈L. DEØË Åçö«®Ω’. É™« ÖçúÌa

Q.

Æ涵º©’, Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»©’, Ææü¿-Ææ’q©’, ¢ËCéπ© O’ü¿ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ´÷ö«x-úø-´-©Æœ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ņ’-ÆæJçî√Lq† °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’, v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç, ´·Tç°æ¤ ᙫ Öçú≈©ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©Â°j à¢Á’iØ√ tips ÅçCç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Æ涵º©’, Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»©÷ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË B®Ω’ È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ÖçúÌa. 1) äéπ ´uéÀh Emcee (Master of Ceremonies) í¬ ´u´-£æ«-JÆæ÷h, TV ™ anchor/ compere (éπç°œ-ߪ÷®˝)™« 鬮Ωu-véπ-´’ç-™E Å稻©†’ äéπü∆E ûª®√yûª ÉçéÓ-ü∆Eo announce îËߪ’úøç. 2) Æ涵ºèπ◊ Åüµ¿u-éπ~ûª (Presiding) ´£œ«çîË ´uéÀh (President/ Chairperson) 鬮Ωu-véπ-´ ’ç™E Å稻©†’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ v°æéπ-öÀç-îªúøç. 1) Emcee E®Ωy-£æ«ù: Emcee í¬ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îË-¢√®Ω’ ´’ç* ´éπh™„j Öçú≈L, -v§Ú-ví¬-¢˛’™E Å稻© ´®Ω’Æ憒 ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ -§ƒx-Ø˛ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. à Å稡ç á´JéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çüÓ ´·çüË ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. Emceeing îËÊÆ¢√∞¡Ÿx û√´· ûÁLÊ° N≠æ-ߪ÷©†’ ´·çü¿’í¬ practice îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË v¨ûª-©èπ◊ NÆæ’í∫’ éπ©-í∫-èπ◊çú≈, NØÓü¿ç éπLÍ홫 Ææ´’-ߪ’-Ææ÷p¥-JhûÓ ¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’-í∫-LT Öçú≈L. Æ涵« v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç: Good evening everybody/ to you all. This is (Emcee Ê°®Ω’) Welcoming you on behalf of (á´J/ à ÆæçÆæn ûª®Ω-°æ¤ØÓ Ç Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°æpúøç) to this evenings function/ event. In a few moments from now the

1)

extemporizing

f)

I invite...

2) It's now my pleasure to invite... 3) I feel it a great honour to invite ... 4) Sri/ Smt .... will now do us the honour of being present on the dais. 5) Now sri/ smt... will grace the dais with his/ her presence on the stage.

2

É™« áçûª-´’çC ´÷ö«x-úÕûË, Åçûª´’ç-CF °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ ¢√JûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕç-*† ûª®√yûª presentation Mementos

of

(ñ«c°œéπ©’) É´yúøç. MC É™« ÅØÌa. Sri... so and so/ Smt... so

É™« îÁ°æ¤pand so will do us the favour of accepting this èπ◊çô÷ ¢Á∞Ôxa. °j† îÁ°œp-†N †´‚-Ø√èπ◊ small memento (-´’¢Á’çö) from us/ a small ´÷vûª¢Ë’ – Ææçü¿-®Ós¥-*-ûªçí¬ MC (Emcee) ûª† token (í∫’®Ω’h) of our gratitude for his/ her Ü£æ…-¨¡éÀh (imagination)ûÓ, ¢√é¬a-ûª’-®ΩuçûÓ presence this evening. à´’-®·Ø√ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Ñ mementosèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ prize distribution a) Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÇÆ‘-†’-©-ߪ÷uéπ Garlanding/ Giving (•£æ›-´’-ûª’© v°æü∆†ç) ÖçúÌa. Our students bouquets - ´÷©©’ ¢Ëߪ’úøç/ °æ¤≠æp-í∫’-î √a¥will now have the honour of receiving prizes L-´yúøç. ÉC È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ îËßÁ·îª’a. form Mr./ Ms... 1) äéÓ\-´uéÃh stage O’ü¿èπ◊ ®√í¬ØË Çߪ’†/ g) Æ涵º ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ´·T-Æ œ-†õ‰x – Ç¢Á’èπ◊ É´yúøç. 2) Åçü¿®Ω÷ É°æ¤púø’, Vote of thanks - ´çü¿† stage O’ü¿ èπÿ®Ω’a†o ûª®√yûª Ææ´’-®Ωpù – Æ涵ºèπ◊ NîËa-Æœ† ´·êu Åçü¿Jéà äÍé-≤ƒJ É´yúøç – á´-È®-´-JéÀ á´®Ω’ É¢√y™ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 517 ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊/ Åüµ¿uéπ~ûª ´£œ«ç-*-†-¢√JûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°öÀd, Æ涵º†’ ïߪ’´·çüË ®√Ææ’-èπ◊E, ¢√J Ê°®Ωx†’ v°æü¿ç îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ v¨ûª-©-ûÓ-Ææ£æ… °œ©-´úøç ... so and so Åçü¿ J éà thanks îÁ°æp-úøçûÓ Æ涵º (°∂晫-Ø√-¢√∞¡Ÿx) will garland so and ´·í∫ ’ Æ æ’hçC. so (°∂晫-E-¢√-∞¡x†’) present a Ééπ \úø èπÿú≈ on behalf of ..., bouquet (•’Íé)to so and so. I thank so and so (°∂晫-Ø√-¢√∞¡Ÿx), for b) Åçû√ Å®·† ûª®√yûª ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ such and such a thing (°∂晫-Ø√-¢√-öÀéÀ) Æ涵º ñuA ¢ÁL-Tç-îª-úøçûÓ (lighting ... ÅE °æüË-°æüË I thank, I thank ÅE of the lamp) ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤M.SURESAN repeat îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ -¢ÁÈ®j-öà éÓÆæç Our

™«çöÀN 'be' forms éπü∆. Verb IIIrd ™ Ñ be forms ™ üËE-ûÓ-†-®·Ø√ PP îËJÊÆh Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤p-úøC Passive Voice. have been form verb

He is seen here every day - verb - is (be form) + seen (PP of see) has been done ( has been - be form) + done (PP of do) ; should be taken (should be - be form) + taken (pp) verbs of the IIIrd form.

ÉN

Have/ has / had /shall have/ should have/ will have/ should have / would have / could have ... have Past Participle (PP)

4´ ®Ω÷°æç:

É™«

He has seen the book. They would have gone home, etc.,

(v¨ûª-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ èπÿ®Óa´’E v§ƒ®Ωn†). 2. ¢ËCéπ (Dais-úøߪ÷Æˇ é¬ü¿’ úÁß˝’Æˇ) O’ü¿ ÇÆ‘-†’-©-ßË’u-¢√-∞¡x†’ ¢ËCéπ O’Cèπ◊ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªúøç. ÉC ÇÆ‘-†’-©-ßË’u¢√∞¡x v§ƒ´·-êu-û√ -véπ-´÷Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC.

a) We begin our programme now - On of the organization behalf of and on my behalf, I invite Sri ... (Head of the organization to come up the dais and take his/ her seat. So and so will escort him/ her to his/ her seat

(ûª®Ω-°∂æ¤-†) (Æ涵º†’ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË ÆæçÆæn) ÆæçÆæn ÅCµ-°æA)

( ¢ËCéπ v¨ûª-©èπ◊ î√™« ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, Åçûª-ü¿÷-®Ω´‚ äéπ\Í® äçô-Jí¬ †úÕ* ®√´úøç É•sç-Cí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ã Éü¿l-JE, Çߪ’††’/ Ç¢Á’†’ ¢ËCéπ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Áçô-¶„-ô’dèπ◊E ®Ω´’tçö«ç– escort - (ûÓúø’ ®√´úøç). b) É°æ¤púø’ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îª-´-©-Æ œ† ´uéÀh, Æ涵ºèπ◊ Åüµ¿u-éπ~ûª ´£œ«ç-îË-¢√-®Ω’-í¬E/ ´·êu ÅA-C∑-í¬F, Éü¿l®Ω÷ ¢ËÍ®y-®Ω-®·ûË ¢Á·ü¿ô Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-©†’ ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ °œ©-¢√L. Åçü¿’èπ◊ É™« îÁ§Òpa: I now have the pleasure of inviting up the dais Sri/ Smt ... who will preside over the function/ meeting. So and so will accompany him/ her to the dais. Accompany-

Åé¬ç-°æE – ûÓúø’ ®√´úøç. c) President ûª®√yûª Chief guest Ç ûª®√yûª ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ ®√¢√Lq Öçõ‰ ¢√JF ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ Ç£æ…y-E≤ƒhç. Å®·ûË I now invite, I now invite ÅE äÍé-´÷-C-J -NÆæ’í∫’ éπ-LÍí Nüµ¿çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈, é¬Ææh -¢ÁÈ®j-öÃí¬ Öçúøôç î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Ééπ\úË MC (Emcee) íÌ°æp-ûª†ç ûÁ© ’-Ææ ’hçC – Å™« -¢ÁÈ®j-öÃí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ ´·çü¿®Ω practice îËÆæ’-èπ◊†o ´÷ô©’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Å°æp-öÀ-éπ°æ¤púø’ (without preparation) ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬

I request all the gathering to stand in silence as the prayer song is sung (Prayer

Åçö«ç. î√™« èπ◊x°æhçí¬ Öçúøôç ´’ç*C – È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ N’çîªèπ◊çú≈) Ééπ\úÕ †’ç* Æ涵« 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷©èπ◊ Çüµ¿u-éπ~ûª ´£œ«ç-îË¢√®Ω’ (President/ Chairperson) announce îËߪ’ôç äéπ ®Ωéπç; MC ßË’ announce îËߪ’úøç È®çúÓ Nüµ¿ç. President announce îËÊÆ °æü¿l¥-A™ Å®·ûË MC É™« Åçö«®Ω’: I now request the president of the evening's function/ meeting to conduct the proceedings, Programme sheet

ÅE, †’ Çߪ’†/ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÅçCç-îªúøç. MCßË’ continue îËÊÆ °æü¿l¥-A™ – c) Welcome address Öçô’çC. ≤ƒyí∫ûª ´îªØ√©’– ÉN á´-®Ω®·-Ø√ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Åçü¿JF v¨ûª-©-ûÓ-Ææ£æ… ≤ƒyí∫-Aç-îªúøç. d) Introduction of the President/ Chief Guest:

Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊©’/ ´·êu ÅA-C∑E Æ涵ºèπ◊ °æJîªßª’ç îËߪ’úøç. ÉC Æ涵ºèπ◊ ´·çü¿J ®Óñ‰ ¢√J N´-®√-©†’ ÊÆéπ-Jç*, á´-J-ûÓ-†-®·Ø√ °æJ-îªßª’ç îË®·ç-îªúøç.

Mr .../ Ms ... so and so will now introduce the Chief Guest

ÅüË ¢√éπuçûÓ (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ °æ¤öÀd† ûËD, ÆæyÆæn©ç, Nü¿u, ÖüÓuí∫ N´-®√©’, ≤ƒCµç-*-†N – É™«çöÀ N´-®√©’). e) ûª®√yûª President/ Chief Guest's speech. MC, The President/ Chief Guest will now address the gathering/ will give his/ her valuable message/ will do us the honour of giving his/ her valuable message/ we shall now have the pleasure of listening to so and so President/ Chief Guest

ÅØË ´÷ô-©ûÓ Ö°æØ√uÆæç ¢Á·ü¿©’°ôd-ú≈Eo v°æéπ-öÀ-≤ƒh®Ω’.

thanks are due to/ our thanks go to/ so and so deserve our thanks/ we are grateful to so and so/ our gratitude to so and so for .../ a great thank you to ...

ÉN ´‚úø’ –

1) Ist Regular Doing Word (Ist RDW), 2) IInd Regular Doing Word (IInd RDW) and 3) Past

Doing

Word

(PDW)

OöÀéÀ

Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’: Ist RDW

IInd RDW

PDW

come

comes

came

teach

teaches

taught

sing

sings

sang

talk

talks

talked

like

likes

liked

smell

smells

smelt

Ist RDW I, we, you and they RDW He, she, it

OöÀ™x ûª’çC. MC ÅC announce îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Ç ûª®√yûª v§ƒ®Ωn† (prayer) îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Ééπ\úø, May

Doing words.

5´ ®Ω÷°æç: ÉN

All lay loads on a willing horse event will start and may I request all the audience to be seated.

*´®Ω ´îËa-C

-à-ü¿®·-Ø√ +

IInd

†’,

†’,

ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

(°∂晫-Ø√-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´÷ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆-©èπ◊

Å®Ω’|©’)

ÅE ´·Tç-îª-´îª’a. í∫´’-Eéπ: The Chief guest/ so and so with

his/ her auspicious hands give away the prizes usage English auspicious

(ûª´’ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† îËûª’-©ûÓ – Ñ ™ ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√úø-éπ§Ú-´úøç ´’ç*C. Å™«Íí ÆæØ√t-Eç-îªúøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ felicitate ÅØË ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Honour Åçõ‰ î√©’. Felicitate ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´’ç*C. ¢√úøôç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’ èπÿú≈. Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ felicitations ÅØË ´÷ô felicitations to you! ÅE, O’èπ◊ Ææ’ê-Ææç-ûÓ-≥ƒ©’ éπ©’-í∫’-í¬éπ! ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÌa; ÉC èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ All happiness to you ÅE ¢√úÌa. ÉN Æ涵º©÷, Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»©’ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç, ´·Tç°æ¤ E®Ωy£æ«-ùèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† tips. ´’JEo N´-®√©’ specific í¬ àüÁjØ√ Æ涵º†’ Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊E, ´÷ô©ûÓÆæ£æ… E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-´-©-Æœ† Nüµ¿ç ´’®Ó Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. P.S. Reddy, Guntur Q. '

á°æ¤p-úø-®·Ø√ ¢Á÷ÊÆ-¢√J O’ü¿ØË Éçé¬Ææh ¶µ«®Ωç °æúø’ûª’çC— ÅE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ All lay loads on a willing horse Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çü∆? A. ¢Á÷ÊÆ¢√J O’ü¿ØË Éçé¬Ææh ¶µ«®Ωç °æúø’-ûª’çC = All lay loads on a willing horse - correct.

N. Srinivas Rao, Nutakki (Guntur) Q. Verb

3, 4, 5 ®Ω÷§ƒ© í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Verb 3´ ®Ω÷°æç (IIIrd form) - Be form + Past Participle (PP) - Am/ is / are / was / were, be shall be / should be / will be / been have would be etc., been/ has been, shall have been, should

*´®Ω

´îËa

™«çöÀN, *´®Ω

´îËa

ᙸ.-°œ.-ÂÆö¸–2008 ™«çÍíyñ¸ °æçúÕö¸ wõ„jEçí˚ éÓ®˝q™ v°æ¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË á™¸.-°œ.-ÂÆö¸ –2008 ØÓöÀ-°∂œ-Íé-≠æØ˛ Núø’-ü¿-™„jçC. Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª©’: 1.ûÁ©’í∫’ °æçúÕö¸:G.á. (ûÁ©’í∫’ Lô-Í®-˝), ™‰ü∆ G.á.(-ã-J-ßÁ’ç-ô™¸ ™«çÍíy-ñ ¸– -ûÁ-©’í∫’)™‰ü∆ ûÁ©’í∫’ äéπ Ç°æ{-†™¸ Æ涄-bèπ◊dí¬ àüÁjØ√ úÕvU ™‰ü∆ áç.á.(-ûÁ-©’í∫’). 2. £œ«çD °æçúÕö¸: £œ«çD Ç°æ{-†-™¸í¬ úÕvU ™‰ü∆ áç.á.(-£œ«çD) 3. Ö®Ω÷l °æçúÕö¸: G.á.™ Ö®Ω÷l ™‰ü∆ áç.á. (Ö®Ω÷l). ´ßª’Ææ’: 2008 V™„j 1 Ø√öÀéÀ 19 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’ EçúÕ Öçú≈L. í∫J≠æd °æJ-N’A ™‰ü¿’. ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h: ÅEo v°æüµ∆† §Ú≤ƒd-°∂‘-Ææ’©’ ™‰ü∆ É–ÊÆ¢√ Íéçvü∆™x ®Ω÷.150 îÁLxç* §Òçü¿-´îª’a. °æ‹Jh îËÆœ† Å°œx-Íé-≠æ-†x†’ ûª´’ >™«xèπ◊ îÁçC† úÁjö¸ ÂÆçô-®Ωx™ Ææ´’-Jpç-î√L. ´·êu-¢Á’i† ûËD©’: 1. ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h© Nvéπߪ’ç: †´ç-•®Ω’ 6 †’ç* v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç. 2. °æ‹Jh-îË-Æœ† ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h-©†’ °æç°æ-ú≈-EéÀ *´J ûËD: †´ç-•®Ω’ 27 3.áçvôØ˛q õ„Æˇd ûËD: úÕÂÆç-•®˝ 14 Éûª®Ω N´-®√-©èπ◊ †´ç-•®Ω’ 3 Ø√öÀ -v°æ-´·-ê Ççí∫x -C-†°æ-vA-éπ©’ îª÷úÌa.

â.â.öÀ. ñ«¢˛’ – 2009 ü˨¡ç-™E v°æ´·ê ÉçúÕ-ߪ’Ø˛ ÉØ˛-Æœd-ô÷uö¸ Ç°∂ˇ õ„é¬o-©@ (â.â.-öÀ)-©™ áç.á-ÆˇÆœ. v°æ¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË áç.á-ÆˇÆœ. ñ«¢˛’ (JAM)- 2009 v°æéπô† ¢Á©’-´-úÕçC. Ñ °æKéπ~ ü∆y®√ â.â.-öÀ.-©™ áç.á-ÆˇÆœ./áç.á-ÆˇÆœ.– -°œ-£«-î˝.úÕ. úø’ußÁ’™¸ úÕvU v§Úí¬-´·-©ûÓ§ƒô’ â.â.öÀ. ®Ω÷K\™ ´‚úË∞¡x áç.Æœ.á, áç.õ„é˙. éÓ®Ω’q™x ÅúÕt-≠憒x ©Gµ-≤ƒh®·. É-ûª®Ω -N-´®√-©èπ◊ -¢Á-¶¸ÂÆj-ö¸ www.jam.iitkgp.ac.in

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

ûÓ

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 6 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

T. Siva, Nandikotkur. Q. Across, through; alone, lonely

© Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬Eo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. 1) Across = äéπ ¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ ¢Áj°æ¤-†èπ◊ Åúøfçí¬. He drew a line across the page - page èπ◊ Åúøfçí¬ Uûª U¨»úø’. He walked across the street = ®Ó-úø’fèπ◊ äéπ ¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ ¢Áj°æ¤†èπ◊ †úÕ-î√úø’.
áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ – The bank is just across the road from my place = Bank ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ áü¿’®Ω’-í¬ØË road Å´-ûª© -Öç-C. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø Across from Åçö«ç.
äéπ v°æü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç - MS Subbalakshmi is

a) There was a photo below the tube light on the wall = tube light photo

Cí∫’-´† ã

èπ◊ éÀçü¿/

Ç Â°õ„d†’ éÀçü¿ ü∆î√úø’. under = äéπ-ü∆E éÀçü¿ – Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ under, below äéπ\õ‰. Å®·ûËunder Åçõ‰ äéπ-ü∆E éÀçü¿ØË – His certificate lay under the book on the table = ÅûªúÕ certificate Ç table O’C Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç éÀçüË ÖçC.

ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç áç.áÆˇ. Ææ’•s-©-éÀ~ tE íÌ°æp í¬ßª’Eí¬ éÌE-ߪ÷-úø’-ûª’çC.

Ñ ¢√®Ωh †í∫®Ωç ¢Á·ûªhç ¢√u°œç-*çC. 2) Through = í∫’çú≈, ü∆y®√

íÓúø O’C ÖçC.

b) He hid the box below the table = table

acclaimed across the country as a great singer = The news has spread across the city =

Look at the following too:

the sea =

Ææ÷®Ω’uúø’ Ææ´·vü¿ç O’ü¿ v°æé¬Pçî√úø’. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ = Ææ´·vü¿ç O’ü¿ Ææ÷®Ω’uúÕ ¢Á©’í∫’ °æúÕçC) Å®·ûË He jumped over the fence ÅØË Åçö«ç; jumped above ņç. Below = äéπ ü∆EéÀ ¶«í¬ éÀçü¿/ Cí∫’-´†.

a) He has passed intermediate (Past time not stated) b) He passed intermediate in 2007 = 2007 Inter time

Åûªúø’ ™ §ƒÆˇ Åߪ÷uúø’ – ûÁL-Æœ† í∫ûªç.

Q. Past Perfect Tense

She was looking through the key hole =

Imp: The number of clauses in a sentence = the number of verbs in the sentence.

-Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ...

N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo

í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x´·çü¿J ™ îÁ•’û√ç.

a) I went to his place yesterday at 4, by then he had gone out =

E†o ؈’ ÅûªúÕ ÉçöÀéÀ 4 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé Åûªúø’ •ßª’ôèπ◊ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ – È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-L-éπ\úø – 1) ؈’ ÅûªúÕ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç

Ñ´’üµ¿u 鬩ç™ (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ö-î√a-®Ω-ùûÓ èπÿúÕ†) ÉçTx-≠ˇ –- ûÁ-©’í∫’ úÕéπ{-†-K-©†’ î√™«´’çC °æGx-Íé-≠æØ˛q

He alone knows the tr uth = Ç¢Á’ û√∞¡ç éπçûª í∫’çú≈/ ™ç*/ ü∆y®√ îª÷Ææ÷h ÖçC.

E®√y-£æ«-èπ◊©’ Núø’-ü¿© î˨»®Ω’. A Åéπ~-®ΩçûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô© Öî√a-®Ωù äéπ úÕéπ{-†-K™ äéπNüµ¿çí¬ ´’®Ó úÕéπ{-†-K™ äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ ÖçC. È®çúø’ úÕéπ{-†-K-©™ É*a† °æü∆-©’ –- Ö--î√a-®Ω-ù É™« Ö-Ø√o®·. OöÀ™ àC ÆæÈ®j† Ö-î√a-®ΩùÓ îÁ°æpçúÕ? Aback = ᶫé˙; Aback = Ŷ«é˙ Abandon = ᶫç-úøØ˛ Abandon = Ŷ«ç-úøØ˛ Abate = ᶉö¸ Abate = Ŷ‰ö¸ Abide = ᶄjú˛ Abide = Ŷ„jú˛ Ablaze = ᶉxñ ¸ Ablaze = Ŷ‰xñ ¸ Abode = á¶ú˛ Abode = Ŷú˛

b) He knew about it through his sister =

¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ ü∆y®√ Åûªúø’ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 3) Alone, lonely; Alone = äéπ\Í®/ äçô-Jí¬; lonely = äçô-Jí¬. a) He alone knows the truth = Eïç ÅûªúÕéÀ äéπ\úÕÍé ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø, alone •ü¿’©’ lonely ¢√úøç. b) She felt alone = she felt lonely = Ç¢Á’ äçôJí¬ / äçô-J-ûª-†çûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûÓçC. c) She lives alone in that home = Ç Éçöx Ç¢Á’ äéπ\ûË ÖçöçC. Ééπ\úø lonely ®√ü¿’. d) She is alone = äçô-Jí¬ ÖçöçC. She is lonely= Ç¢Á’ äçôJûª†çûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’ûÓçC. Q. To rule, to rule over © ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈†’ N¨¡-D-éπ-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. To rule = à©úøç. äéπ ü˨»Eo, ®√ñ«uEo, ≤ƒv´÷-ñ«uEo. To rule over = äéπ v§ƒçûªç/ v°æü˨¡ç/ ü˨¡ç O’ü¿ ÇCµ-°æûªuç «-®·ç-îªúøç. a) Asoka ruled Magadha = Ũ-èπ◊úø’ ´’í∫üµ¿ ®√ñ«uEo §ƒLç-î√úø’. b) Asoka ruled over a vast empire= Ũ-èπ◊úø’ N¨»-©-¢Á’i† ≤ƒv´÷-ïuç O’ü¿ ÇCµ-°æ-û√uEo «®·ç-î√úø’/ ≤ƒv´÷-ñ«u-EéÀ ÇCµ-°æûªuç ´£œ«ç-î√úø’. Q. Fight with, fight against ©†’ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? ¨¡vûª’-´¤ûÓ §Ú®√-úø-ö«Eo à´’E ®√ߪ÷L? i) Fight against somebody = äéπ-JûÓ §Ú®√úøôç/ ߪ·ü¿l¥ç îËߪ’úøç. a) Indians fought against the British for Independence. British

(≤ƒyûªçv-ûªuç éÓÆæç ¢√JûÓ §Ú®√-ú≈®Ω’.) b) India fought against Pakistan = ¶µ«®Ωû˝, §ƒé˙ûÓ §Ú®√-úÕçC/ ߪ·ü¿l¥ç îËÆœçC. ii) fight with = ¢√Cç-îªúøç/ ¢√ü¿’-™«-úø’-éÓ-´úøç. ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’

a) They fought with each other over/ about who should sit in the chair =

á´®Ω’ èπ◊Ka™ èπÿ®Óa-¢√-©ØË N≠æߪ’ç O’ü¿ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√ü¿’-™«-úø’-èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’. b) He often argues with the teachers = Åûªúø’ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ teachers ûÓ ¢√C-Ææ’hç-ö«úø’. Q. Over, above, below, under © Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬Eo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. Above, over = äéπ-ü∆-E-°j† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ È®çúÕç-öÀF ¢√úÌa. The Sun shone/ over

b) I came to know that he had cheated me =

††’o Åûªúø’ ¢Á÷Ææç î˨»-úøE ؈’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ – È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç – Å®·ûË ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-úøç ´·çü¿’, Åçü¿’éπE had cheated (had + pp - past

perfect).

M.SURESAN

K. Rama Rao, Poluru (Prakasam). Q. I am not a teacher

A. Viayawada Emesco Publication dictionary pronunciations correct.

™ Ææ÷*ç-*† ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

2) Åûªúø’ •ßª’ôèπ◊ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´úøç. È®ç-úø÷ past. Å®·ûË Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx§Ú´úøç ´·çü¿’ ïJ-TçC. 鬕öÀd had gone (had + pp past perfect) ¢√ú≈ç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 518

È®ç-úÓ-C

Aback, Abandon, Abate, Abide, Ablaze, Abode 'A' 'b' eg: above =

OôEoçöÀ™ †’ 'Å— ™« °æ©-é¬-L, ü∆E ¨¡¶«lEo ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. ûª®√yûª ´îËa Å '¶˜— – 'Å— ¨¡•lç N-F N†-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ '¶˜— ¨¡•lç áèπ◊\-´í¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.

A. I am not a teacher is correct.

éÀçC ¢√öÀéÀ

èπ◊ am I éπÈ®é¬d? áçü¿’-éπE? èπ◊ question tag 'am I?'

Question tag

A. Present Perfect(form of the verb, I/ we/ you/ they have + Past participle; He/ she/ it + has + Past Participle (PP) - Have gone, has seen etc. We use this tense for a past action, time not stated time

í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç, ïJ-T† ûÁ-L-ߪ’-†°æ¤p-úø’. They have seen that movie = ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»®Ω’ – í∫ûªç™; á°æ¤púø’ ÅØËC îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’. Q. Past Tense †’ -á-™« -¢√-ú≈-L? A. í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC ÅE îÁ°œp†°æ¤púø’ Past simple tense (Past doing word - saw, went, gave, etc) ¢√úøû√ç. They saw the movie yesterday = ¢√∞¡Ÿx E†o ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»®Ω’. -´’-JéÌ-Eo -îª÷-úøç-úÕ.

a) He has taken my book (has taken - present perfect -

Åûªúø’ Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ – í∫ûªç, Å®·ûË, í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púø’ ÅØËC îÁ°æp™‰ü¿’)

b) He took my book last night - (took - past simple tense) time

Åûªúø’ E†o Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’Ø√oç) èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. (E†o ÅE

eg: He bought a big car sentence verb bought. clause - He bought a big car meaning complete main clause sentence simple sentence.

Ñ ™ äÍé 鬕öÀd Éçü¿’™ äÍé Ééπ\úø 鬕öÀd ÉüË ÉüË Åçü¿’-éπE ÉC

ÖçC –

b) Complex sentence: A sentence with one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. verbs sentence verbs clauses

Åçõ‰ Åçü¿’™ äéπöÀ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Öçú≈L. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ äéπ ™ Öçõ‰ ÅEo 鬕öÀd. áEo eg: The car which he bought is big. Ééπ\úø bought äéπ verb, is È®çúÓ verb. Åçü¿’-éπE Éçü¿’™ È®çúø’ clauses: 1) The car which he bought = Åûªúø’ é̆o car - Meaning not complete subordinate clause. 2) (The car) is big meaning complete - subordinate clause. The car which he bought is big, complex sentence.

°ü¿lC –

鬕öÀd

c) Compound sentence: A sentence with two or more main clauses. verbs caluses

Åçõ‰ Éçü¿’™ Öçú≈-©-†o-´÷ô. èπÿú≈ È®çúø’/ áèπ◊\´ èπÿ °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç Öçú≈L. ÅEo

eg: He bought a car and it is big. i) He bought a car car meaning complete - main clause

éÌØ√oúø’ –

ii) And it is big = main clause. type of sentence two types of sentences standard forms of transformation

†’ N’í∫û√ í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a. éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀE îª÷ÊÆ ´·çü¿’, Ñ °æü¿ç Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Inspite of/ despite = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ÉC ´ÊÆh

Q. I am young.

simple sentence. Though/ although/ even though = complex.

A. I am not a teacher, am I?

Å®·†°æpöÀéà – ÉC ´ÊÆh / é¬F/ Å®·ûË/ Å®·-†-°æpöÀéà – ÉN ´ÊÆh But/ yet/ and yet = compound.

Q. I am not hungry. A. I am not hungry, am I?

Inspite of his bad health, he works hard =

Q. I am not a boy, am I?

ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í∫’ç-úø-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æEîË-≤ƒhúø’. Verb - works - only one - so only one

A. I am not young, am I?

M.A.K.Chakravarthi, (East Godavari)

Nadakuduru

Q.

§˘®Ωg-N’éÀ Fool Moon ņúøç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? ÅÆæ©’ Ææ´÷üµ∆†ç Full Moon ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç.È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-™ -à-C éπÈ®èπ◊d? A. Full Moon ņúøç correct. Fool moon Åa- ûª°æ¤p. Q. Simple, Complex Sentences

a) Simple sentence - A simple sentence has only one main clause. It may have a phrase = a group of words without a verb.

ÅC °ü¿lC –

A. I am lucky, aren't I?

Q. I am not a teacher.

2) That I am here.

É™« äéπ

Q. I am lucky.

A. I am young, aren't I?

éÀçC tense © Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬Eo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ -ûÁ-©’°æç-úÕ. Present Perfect †’ á°æ¤p-úø’ -¢√-ú≈-L?-

©’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.

A. I am a teacher, aren't I?

Q.

™ 鬕öÀd Ñ

ÖØ√o®· – ™ 2

È®çúø’

Åûªúø’

Q. I am a teacher.

M Rangaiah, Yellandu.

He knows that I am here sentence verbs knows, am sentence clauses -1) He knows

Ñ

A Past Perfect Tense - verb form - Had + Past Participle (PP) for the 1st of 2 or more past actions had + pp - past perfect

P. Ramakrishna, Vijayawada. Q.

2

and

Compound

í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpçúÕ.

A. 1) a) A clause: A group of words with a verb eg: If she comes here, ... b) A main clause: A clause with complete meaning eg: She knows me = meaning complete.

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ؈’

ûÁ©’Ææ’.

c) A subordinate clause eg: A clause without complete meaning eg: When he went there = 6 forms of verbs

Åûª-†-éπ\úÕ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-´í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o®· ™‰ü¿’. (O’èπ◊ éπü∆)

clause - simple sentence. Though/ although/ even though his health is bad, he works hard. sentence Verbs -1) is 2) works. Though his health is bad - subordinate clause - sentence - complex. His health is bad, but/ yet/ and yet he works hard =

D†®Ωnç, °j

Å®Ωnç

äéπõ‰.

ÅüË Å®Ωnç – ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’. é¬F/ Å®·ûË Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’.His health is bad - one main clause But/ yet/ and yet - second main clause.so - this is a compound sentence. Simple, compound, complex standard convertions i) Infinitive (to go, to come, to dance, etc), ii) ...ing form (going, coming, singing, having, etc) and iii) past participle (gone, seen, sung, given, etc) verbs groups of words, clauses

OöÀE äéπ ®Ωéπç

†’ç* ÉçéÓ ®Ωé¬-EéÀ ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÖØ√o®·. ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç

鬴¤. Åçü¿’-´©x ÉN Ö†o 鬴¤.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 11 - †-´ç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ch.V.Satyanarayana, Ravikampadu (W.G.Dt.) Q. Please doubts.

clarify

the

. Illegal= îªôdç ä°æ¤p-éÓ-EC Lawless = 1) îªôdç Å´’-©’-é¬E v°æüË-¨»©’ – Åéπ\úø îªö«d©’ °æE-îË-ߪ’´¤, Åéπ\úÕ v°æï©’ îªö«dEo ÅÆæ©’ ™„éπ\-îËߪ’®Ω’. 2) îªôdç Åçõ‰ ©éπ~uç-™‰E.

Suggestion

- Advice á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈L? A. Suggestion Åçõ‰ Ææ÷. Advice = Ææ©£æ… suggestion, advice Åçûª strong é¬ü¿’.

Group clashes are common there, as it is a lawless area=

îªôdç °æE-îË-ߪ’E îÓôC, Åçü¿’-éπE ´®Ω_ Ææç°∂æ’-®Ω{-ù©’ Åéπ\úø ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ωùç. (Lawless roads = îªôd °æJ-®Ω-éπ~-ù-™‰E, üΔJ üÓ°œ∞¡Ÿx, £æ«ûªu©’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ïJÍí ®Ω£æ«-üΔ®Ω’x) Illegitimate = Ææ´÷ïç éπô’d-¶«-ôxèπ◊ N®Ω’-ü¿l¥-¢Á’i† An illegitimate child = N¢√-Ê£«-ûª®Ω Ææç•çüμ¿ç ´©x °æ¤öÀd† Gúøf.

a) Go ahead and buy that house; that's my advice to you =

é¬E´¤y. Ç É-©’x- éÌØËß˝’. ÅC

Ø√ Ææ©£æ…. ÉC äéπ-°æE îËߪ’-´’E/ îËßÁ·-ü¿lE í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpúøç (advice äéπJ E®Ωgߪ÷Eo v°æ¶μ«-Nûªç îËßÁ·îª’a) b) How about buying that house?

Q. How to express the following dialogues in English.

Why don't you buy it? Just think over it=

Ç É©’x éÌØÌîËa¢Á÷ îª÷úø’. é̆-èπÿ-úøüΔ? – ÉC suggestion (Ææ÷)– éÌçõ‰ ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ îª÷úø’, ÅE E®Ωg-ߪ÷Eo ¢√JÍé ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç. Q. Rather, Rather than Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ᙫ ¢√ú≈L? A. Ratherèπ◊ Rather than èπÿ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Rather = (´’†èπ◊ †îªaE N≠æߪ’ç). é¬Ææh áèπ◊\¢Ë ÅØË ¶μ«´ç. a) The movie is rather boring = Ç ÆœE´÷ é¬Ææh NÆæ’Íí. b) The place is rather distant = Ç v°æü˨¡ç é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ω¢Ë’. Rather than - äéπ-üΔ-E-éπçõ‰ – §ÚL-éπ© ’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Rather than take the trouble of going to the cinema, I'd like to sit at home and watch the TV = Cinema hall TV

Èé∞Ïx v¨¡´’ °æ-úø-ôç éπçõ‰ Éçöx îª÷úøö«-EÍé É≠æd-°æ-úøû√. He would rather die than tell a lie = î√´-ØÁjØ√ îª≤ƒh-úø’-í¬E, Å•ü¿l¥ç ´÷vûªç îÁ°æpúø’. Q. Home - House ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tçî√L? A. Home- ´’†ç -´’† èπ◊ô’ç• Ææ¶μº’u-©ûÓ E´-Æ œçîË É©’x home. At home = Éçöx Åçõ‰ á´-JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ ¢√∞¡x É©’x ņo ´÷ô. My home, his home, etc ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. a) He went home = Åûªúø’ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ b) I left my cell at home = Ø√ cell (´÷) Éçöx ´’J-*-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. House = E´-Æ œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ °æE-éÌîËa à É©x®·Ø√. These houses were built a century ago = Ñ É∞¡Ÿx ¨¡û√•lç Ø√öÀN. Q. Indirect speech™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’ Direct speech ™-E go ÅØË verb, Indirect speech™ come í¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ É™« ï®Ω’í∫’-ûª’çC? á°æ¤púø’ ï®Ωí∫ü¿’? A. Direct †’ç* Indirect èπ◊ ´÷Ja-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x come, go Å´-†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’. Go á°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈ come Å´ü¿’. Go, go í¬ØË Öçô’çC. Tense ´÷®Ωúøç ûª°æp. Å®√nEo •öÀd come, go Å¢Ìya, ÅD Å°æ¤púø-°æ¤púË. ÅçûË-í¬F, come ´*a†°æ¤púø™«x go Å¢√y©E ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç ´·êuç grammar rule é¬ü¿’. èπÿ®Ω’aE

eg: Direct speech: ''she told the beggar to go away,'' said he to me.

á) îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ®√ߪ’çúÕ. G) í∫’ç@∞¡Ÿx Bߪ’çúÕ. Æœ) ´çí∫’E îªü¿-´çúÕ. úÕ) íÓúø-èπ◊Ka ¢Ëߪ’çúÕ. A They are not 'dialogues', but only sen-

.

a) Write without from memory.

Q. Illegal - lawless - illegitimate Dictionaries

àN’öÀ? ᙫ ¢√ú≈L? Å®Ωnç äÍ陫 Öç-öç-C.

-© ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ ™ OöÀ

Uses: Politicians believe in making lay while the sun shines =

I have some doubts in English, explain me.

D°æç Öçúø-í¬ØË É©’x îªéπ\ ¶„ô’déÓ--¢√-©-ØË -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-Eo ®√-ïéÃ-ߪ’ -Ø√-ߪ’èπ◊-©’ -†-´·tû√®Ω’. So they make money while in power = -Åç-ü¿’éπ-E -Å-Cμ鬮Ωç -Ö-†o°æ¤p-úË, -Åç-C-†ç-ûª Ææç-§ƒCç-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

Q.

vÊ°N’ÊÆh, üËy≠œÊÆh, AúÕûË, éÌúÕûË, vÊ°¢Á’iûË, ≤ƒy®Ωn-¢Á’iûË– É™«çöÀ °æüΔ-©†’ English™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? give + able = givable, giveèπ◊, able add îËߪ’úøç üΔy®√ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ àN-üμ¿çí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Lovable, forgivable °æüΔ-©†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. vÊ°N’ÊÆh= If/ when we love üËy≠œÊÆh = If/ when we hate

b) do sit - ups.

AúÕûË = If/ when we scold éÌúÕûË = If/ when we beat vÊ°¢Á’iûË = If there is love ≤ƒy®Ωn-´’-®·ûË = If there is self-

c) Bend and read.

ishness/ If we are selfish

d) Lean against the wall with bent knees.

giveable / giveable =

Q. He comes on time He comes in time

éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? ™‰üΔ éπÈ®é¬d? A. In time = Time èπ◊ é¬Ææh ´·çü¿’ ´*a ready í¬ Öçúøôç. On time = Time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_.

able

A. Sridhar,Kadapa. Q.

éÀçC °æüΔ-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

 Floor birds

P. Balu, Siddipet(Medak) Q. English

†’ ÆæúÁ-Ø˛í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-©çõ‰ î√™« éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçöçC? ´÷®Ω_ç àN’öÀ? English ®√¢√©çõ‰ ¢Á·ü¿ô àN’ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L? Tense, Articles, Prepositions ™ ¢ËöÀE Ææ´’-®Ωnçí¬ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çõ‰ éπFÆæç 50 ¨»ûªç ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©’-í∫’û√ç? ÉçTx≠ˇ ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’çõ‰ îÁ°æpçúÕ. A. O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ-ØË-N’-ôç-õ‰ ¶„®Ω’èπ◊ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, ûª°æ¤p îË≤ƒh-¢Ë’¢Á÷ ÅØË ¶μºßª’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úË-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’. Å™« Çûªt N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË improve Å´¤-ûª’çC. English newspaper Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√, é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ îªü¿-´úøç î√™« ´·êuç. *†o *†o story books in English îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷ Öçúøôç èπÿú≈ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’- °æ-úø’-ûª’çC.

A. The sun rises only in the east, why not in the west?/ The sun rises only in the east, but not in the west, why? Q.

éÀçC ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. É-´-Fo ≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª©’ (proverbs) Cats and dogs = It's raining cats and dogs

ïúÕ-¢√† èπ◊®Ω’-≤ÚhçC ÅØË Åçö«ç.

 Make lay while the sun shines. Make lay while the sun shines =

áçúø Ö†o°æ¤púË, í∫úÕf áçúËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-L / áçúø-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L – ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'D°æç Öçúø-í¬ØË É©’x îªéπ\-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L— éÀ Ææ´÷†ç.

 Slow and study wins the race. steady

wins

the

race

=

EüΔ†ç, E©-éπúø Ö†o-¢√∞Ïx °æçüÁç-™ Èí©’-≤ƒh®Ω’. ûÁ©’í∫’ ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª – EüΔ-†¢Ë’ v°æüμΔ†ç.  Haste makes waste

P.MuktheswaraRao,Gurajala (Guntur).

A. Like, dislike, love, hate, hope, wish, want, envy, etc., these verbs express feelings. Q. What is the difference among below sentences. a) We go to Madras for summer. b) We are going to Madras for summer. c) We are going to go to Madras for summer. A. i) We go to Madras for summer = We go to Madras every summer.

¢√u§ƒ®Ω/ ¢√ùÀïu Å稻©’ – ´Ææ’h-´¤© ™«çöÀN.

marketing

 Universal appeal The story of the Ramayanam has a universal appeal.

Åçü¿JF Çéπ-J{çîË/ Åçü¿-Jéà ÇÆæéÀh éπL-TçîË –

 Exposure 1)

áçúø, ¢√†, í¬L ûªT-™‰ô’x Ç®Ω’ •ßª’ô Öçúøôç, Öçîªúøç. Because of exposure to the sun, the door is cracking =

Exposure to American culture improved her English = English

has

Å¢Á’-J-éπØ˛ ÆæçÆæ \%A ¶«í¬ ´%Cl¥

ņ’-¶μº´ç ´©x Ç¢Á’ îÁçCçC. 3) Eïç •ôd-•-ߪ’©’ îËߪ’úøç:

The paper's exposure of the scams of the ministers has made it the enemy of the govt =

´’çvûª’© èπ◊ç¶μº-éÓ-ù«-©-†’ •ßª’-ô-°-ôdúøç ´©x v°æ¶μº’-û√y-EéÀ °ævAéπ ¨¡vûª’-¢ÁjçC.  Holding hands

îËûª’©’ °æô’d-éÓ-´úøç.  Shut out

Haste makes waste =

ûÌçü¿-®Ω-§ƒô’ ´©x †≠æd¢Ë’.

 Sweet are the uses of adversity. Sweet are the uses of adversity =

éπ≥ƒd© Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç Bߪ’í¬ Öçô’çC = éπ≥ƒd© ´©x èπÿú≈ ¢Ë’©’ éπ©’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

 The crown and glory of life is character.

@Nû√-EéÀ ¨¶μº èπÿÍ®aC Q©¢Ë’.  Prevention is better than cure.

¢√uCμ ´*a† ûª®√yûª †ßª’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰, ®√èπ◊çú≈ Ç°æúøç/ E¢√-Jç-îªúøç ´’ç*C. îÁúø’ ïJT† ûª®√yûª °∂æL-û√-©†’ áü¿’-®Ì\ØË éπçõ‰ îÁúø’ ï®Ω-í∫èπ◊ç-ú≈ îª÷úøôç ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.  A friend indeed is a friend in deed. Correct form of the proverb:A friend in need, is a friend indeed = indeed =

ÅÆæ-™„j† N’vûª’úø’.

We were horror stricken at the sight of the man killing his wife.

áçúø ûªT-™‰-ô’xç-úøôç ´©x, ûª©’°æ¤™ °æí∫’-∞Ôx-î√a®·. 2) àüÁjØ√ ņ’-¶μº´´’ßË’u °æJ-Æ œnA.

 Casts and dogs.

and

 Horror stricken

É´y--ü¿-T†

lovable =

Slow

ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. = îÁéπ\ûÓ îËÆœ† ØË©

 Commercial aspects

îËJÊÆh – ûªT†

Å®ΩnçûÓ,

Floor birds Floor board

¶μºßª’-v¶μ«ç-ûª’-©-´úøç –

vÊ°N’ç-îª-ü¿-T† forgivable = éπ~N’ç-îª-ü¿-T† X unforgivable = éπ~N’ç-îª-®√E M.SURESAN Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Ææ÷®Ω’uúø’ ûª÷®Ω’pØË áçü¿’èπ◊ Öü¿-®·-≤ƒhúø’? °æúø-´’-®Ω† Öü¿-®·ç-îª-èπÿ-úøüΔ?

Now would you please tell me how many Emotional verbs are there in English and explain me all of these Emotional verbs.

Meaning is always more important than any grammar rule.

-

á´J éπ®Ωtèπ◊ ¢√Í® ¶«üμ¿’u©’.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 519

seeing/

eg: Direct speech: ''come here,'' he said to the child.

É™« ´÷®Ωaúøç Å®Ωnç éÓÆæ¢Ë’. ÅE ™ ņç éπüΔ. ÅØË Åçö«ç. ÅC í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.

Every man is the architect of his own destiny =

T.Bhaskar, Mandapeta.

tences. A dialogue means a conversation.

Q. Please clarify my doubts. We use 'ing' form for some perceptional verbs. But it take an other meaning. We called these verbs as Emotional verbs.

Indirect speech: He told the child to go there. To come there English To go there

iii) We are going to go to Madras for summer = Very soon we are starting for Madras to be there in summer.

The cr own and glor y of life is character

Indirect speech: He told me that she had told the beggar to go away. go, come Come go

áéπ\ú≈ Å´yü¿’. †’ Å®Ωnç éÓÆæç î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç.

ii) We are going to Madras for summer = We are going in the coming summer

A

following

2

Å´Ææ-®Ωç™ Çü¿’-èπ◊ØË N’vûª’úË Eïç.

 Every man is the architect of his own future.

äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™éÀ ®√F-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ îËߪ’úøç/ à N≠æ-ߪ÷E-ÈéjØ√ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçîªúøç. a) The Dalits in the olden days were shut out of temples =

í∫ûªç™ ü¿R-ûª’-©†’ í∫’∞¡x-™xéÀ

®√E-îËa¢√®Ω’ é¬ü¿’. b) Eversince he leaked out my secrets, I have been shutting him out of my thoughts =

Ø√ ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒu-©†’ Åûªúø’ •ßª’ô °öÀd-†-°æpöÀ †’ç*, Ø√ Ç™-îª-†©èπ◊ Åûª-úÕE ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öç-ûª’-Ø√o†’/ ÅûªúÕéÀ Ø√ Ç™-îª-†©’ îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’.

 Go up 1) He is going up the social ladder very fast =

üμ¿®Ω-™«xç-öÀN °®Ω-í∫úøç. 2) áü¿í∫úøç –

Ææ´÷ïç EîÁa-†™ °jéÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ = Ææ´÷ïç™ ÅûªúÕ ÆœnA/ ÅûªE ≤ƒ´÷->éπ ÆœnA ¶«í¬ áü¿’í∫’-ûÓçC. 3) Theatres ™ ûÁ®Ω ™‰´úøç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 13 - †-´ç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nishant: What I am saying is serious. What are you playing at? Why don't you listen?

(؈’ îÁÊ°pC ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. †’¢Ëyç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? N†-¢ËçöÀ?) Nischal: Don't hit the roof, buddy. I'm listening. Go ahead.

(Åçûª-éÓ-°æp-úøèπ◊, N’vûª´÷. ؈’- Nç-ô’Ø√o. é¬E-ß˝’.) Nishant: Sobhith is coming to town tomorrow. He is an outstanding player of the guitar. He is performing at the Rotary auditorium tomorrow.

(Í®°æ¤ ¨Gµû˝ Ü∞xéÀ ´Ææ’hØ√oúø’. Åûªúø’ íÌ°æp Tö«(®˝) ¢√ü¿u-é¬-®Ω’úø’. Rotary v§ƒçí∫-ùç™ éπîËK îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.) Nischal: So what? (Å®·ûË?) Nishant: You know we went to school together. Let's meet him and ask him over to dinner.

Åçü¿-Jéà ŮΩn-´’ßË’u Nüµ¿çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ éÌEo éÌEo expressions ÖØ√o®·. ÉN ´’† Spoken English †’ î√™« Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x îË≤ƒh®·. Å™«çöÀN éÌEo É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. Look at the following sentences: 1) What are you playing at? 2) He is an outstanding player of the guitar. 3) We went to school together. 4) We shall put across to him the idea. 5) He must be tied down with his own programmes. 6) Put forward the idea. 7) Dad's trying to talk me out of the music school idea, but I am going keep at it. 8) The only thing is he shows off when girls are around. 9) He stands out from the other guitarists.

2

"What are your children"

(O’ °œ©x™‰ç

îË≤ƒh®Ω’?) "One of them goes to school, and the other is doing B.Tech"

(äéπ®Ω’ Ææ÷\-©’èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’, ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ B.Tech îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.) 4) To put across - àüÁjØ√ N≠æߪ’ç N´-Jç-îªúøç, †îªa-ñ„Ê°p v°æߪ’-ûªoç™. a) I tried to put across the idea of starting a business, but dad wouldn't agree =

àü¿Ø√o ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒh-†ØË Ç™- ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ N´-Jçî√. é¬F Çߪ’†çü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÓ™‰ü¿’. b) He is a great teacher. He can put across even difficult things in a very easy manner

a) He is a great actor, OK, but he is a bit of a show off =

Åûªúø’ íÌ°æp †ô’úË é¬F é¬Ææh áa™„-èπ◊\-´-§Ú-ßË’-¢√úË.

b) For the little talent he has, he is too much of a show off =

Åûª-úÕ-èπ◊†o v°æA¶µ‰¢Á÷ ûªèπ◊\´, é¬F áa™‰¢Á÷ áèπ◊\´. EXERCISE Practise the following in English

Sasi: Tara:

´’†ç picnic èπ◊ ¢ÁRûË á™« Öçô’çC? áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? Å®·ûË ´÷ Ø√†o†’ Åúøí¬L éπü∆? É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Çߪ’† é¬Ææh ´uAÍ®éπç. Sasi: N´-Jç* îª÷úø’

She never shows of f

(¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç äÍé Ææ÷\™x îªü¿’-´¤èπ◊Ø√oç. ÅûªúÕE ´’†ç éπLÆœ dinner èπ◊ °œ©’ü∆lç.) Nischal: But why? (áçü¿’-éÀ-ü¿çû√?)

1) be playing at something =

Nishant: We shall put across to him the idea of our starting a music school. We can ask him to give lessons once or twice a week in our school.

(´’†ç ÆæçUûªç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»© start îËÊÆ N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úÕéÀ îÁ°œp ¢√®√-E-éÓ-®Óñ È®çúø’ ®ÓV™ ´’† °œ©x-©èπ◊ ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ωp´’E Åúø-íÌa) Nischal: But isn't he very busy? He must be tied down with his own programmes.

(é¬F Åûªúø’ î√™« BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ Öçö«úø’éπ-ü∆? ÅûªúÕ programmes ÅûªúÕéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√®· éπü∆?) Nishant: He can't turn me down. We are that close.

(††’o é¬ü¿-†-™‰úø’ ¢√úø’. ¢Ë’´’çûª ÆæEo-£œ«ûª’©ç.) Nischal: OK. Put forward the idea to him and see what he saying. A trial costs nothing. I'm with you.

(-Å-ûªúÕ-éπC îÁ°œp îª÷úø’ à´’ç-ö«úÓ. v°æߪ’Aoç-îªúøç ´©x §ÚßË’üËç ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ FûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-N-Ææ’hØ√o.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 520

àüÓ îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç (îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE é¬èπ◊çú≈). ÉC î√™« Ö°æßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† expression. ´’†ç îÁÊ°pC N†-èπ◊çú≈/ îËߪ÷-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE ´C-™‰Æœ ÉçÍé-ü¿Ø√o îËÆæ’hØ√o, éÓ°æçí¬, ÅÆæ-£æ«-†çí¬ ÅØË ´÷ô. á°æ¤púø÷ 'be' form + ing form ®Ω÷°æç-™ØË ¢√úøû√ç. a) He was playing at something when the discussion was going on =

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ´’çvAéÀ N´-Jç. àç îÁ•’-ûª’çüÓ îª÷úø’. 6) Put forward = v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-îªúøç

Bv´çí¬ îª®Ωa ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª÷çõ‰ àüÓ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’, °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈.

b) You are now asking me what he said? What's the idea? You were there, weren't you? What were you playing at when he was speaking? =

ÅûªØËç îÁ§ƒp-úøE É°æ¤púø’ ††’o Åúø’í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? àçöÀ F Ææçí∫A? †’´yéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆? Åûªúø’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†o°æ¤púËç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? á´-®ΩØ√o °æ®Ω-üµ∆u-†çí¬ ÖçúÕ ÅÆæ©’ N≠æߪ’ç O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd Öçîª-éπ-§ÚûË, É™« ´’çü¿-L≤ƒhç. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. 2) Outstanding = î√™« íÌ°æp/ Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† a) Sachin's 40 centuries in test cricket is an outstanding achievement = Test cricket

™ Ææ*Ø˛ éÌöÀd† 40 ¨¡ûª-鬩’ Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† Nïߪ’ç.

(´÷ Ø√†o music school °öÔd-ü¿lE †îªa îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬F Ø√Íé¢Á÷ °ö«d-©E ÖçC.)

c) MS Subbulakshmi was an outstanding exponent of Karnatic Music =

Nishant: Quite nice. The only trouble is he shows off when girls are around. But when it comes to playing the guitar, he stands out from the other guitarists.

(´’ç*-¢√úË. é¬F *éπ\-™«x °æéπ\† Å´÷t-®·©’çõ‰ áa-©’-§Ú-û√úø’. -T-ö«®˝ -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ØÁj-ûË, N’í∫û√ Tö«-J-Ææ’d-©†’ N’ç*-§Ú-û√úø’.) Nischal: Don't I know that? I have a CD or two of his.

(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆? ÅûªúÕ äéπö È®çúÓ Ø√ü¿í∫_®Ω ÖØ√o®·.)

CD

©’

Nishant: Well, I must be going. See you in the evening.

(ÆæÍ®, ØË¢Á∞«xL°æ¤púø’. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’ü∆lç.)

a) The minister put forward the idea that scarce items be sold through fair-price shops =

M.SURESAN

b) In diagnosis this doctor is outstanding = doctor

(Ñ ¨Gµû˝ ᙫç-öÀ-¢√úø’?)

Çߪ’† íÌ°æp Teacher. ÅA éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† N≠æߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ î√™« Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’uô’x N´-Jç-îªí∫-©úø’.

c) Put this across to the minister. See what she says =

Nishant: Dad's trying to talk me out of the music school idea but I am going to keep at it.

Nischal: What kind of guy is this Sobhit.

=

®Óí∫-E-®√l¥-®Ω-ù™ Ñ î√™« íÌ°æp. diagnosis = ®Óí∫ E®√l¥-®Ωù.

éπ®√g-ôéπ ÆæçU-ûªç™ áçáÆˇ Ææ’•’s-©éÀ~ t íÌ°æp ØÁj°æ¤ùuç éπL-T-Ø√¢Á’. Exponent = àüÁjØ√ ®Ωçí∫ç™ íÌ°æp ®√ùÀç°æ¤/ ØÁj°æ¤ùuç Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Ms Sobha Naidu is an exponent of Kuchipudi dance =

¨¶µ«-Ø√-ߪ·úø’ èπÿ*-°æ‹úÕ Ø√ôuç™ ®√ùÀç°æ¤ Ö†o †®ΩhéÀ. 3) Go to School/ College/ University togethClassmate, er - Spoken English Schoolmate, Collegemate Go to school/ college/ university together playmate we played together

™ (Ææ£æ« Nü∆uJn) -Å-ØË

´÷ô© éπçõ‰ ÅØË ´÷ôØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Å™«Íí ÅØË-ü∆Eéπçõ‰ ÅØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ Åçö«®Ω’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Spoken English ™ I am/ He is a student ņúøç éπçõ‰ I go/ He goes to school/ College ÅØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ Åçö«®Ω’.

éÌ®Ωûªí¬ Ö†o ´Ææ’h-´¤©†’ î¯éπ üµ¿®Ω© ü¿’é¬-ù«© ü∆y®√ -Å-N’tç-î√-©-E Çߪ’† v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’. b) Einstein put forward the theory of relativity =

≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo âØ˛Æ‘dØ˛ v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’.

5) Be tied down with/ tie somebody down =

•çD-©-´úøç/ •çD îËߪ’úøç. a) I want to go places, but my children's studies tie me down/ but I am tied down by my children's studies =

àüÓ Ø√©’-í∫÷∞¡Ÿx AJT ®√¢√-©E éÓJéπ, é¬F ´÷ °œ©x© îªü¿’-´¤©’ ††’o éπöÀd-°æ-úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.

b) She wants to give up the job and practise dancing, but is tied down by family responsibilities =

ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰Æœ Ø√ôuç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©-†’ç-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊ é¬F èπ◊ô’ç• ¶«üµ¿u-ûª-©’ Ç¢Á’†’ •çD îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®·. 7) Talk somebody out of something = - äéπ °æ-E -îË-ßÁ·-ü¿l-E †îªa-ñ„Ê°p v°æߪ’ûªoç--/ -¢√-J-ç-îª-úøç. a) I tried to talk him out of playing video games, and succeeded = Video games

´÷ØË-ߪ’-´’E Åûª-úÕéÀ †îªa-ñ„Ê°p v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆœ ´÷Epç-îª-í∫-L-í¬†’. b) The opposition is trying to talk the government out of acquiring land for SEZs, but it is going ahead =

v°æûËuéπ ÇJnéπ ´’çúø-∞¡xèπ◊ ¶µº÷ÊÆ-éπ-®Ωù ´ü¿lE v°æA-°æ-é¬~ ©’ ¢√J-Ææ’hØ√o v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ´·çü¿’-ÈéRx§ÚûÓçC. 8) To show off = áa©’ §Ú´úøç/ íÌ°æp-©’ -îª÷°æ-úøç. a) For a person of her ability she is quite modest. She never shows off =

Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o ≤ƒ´’-®√n u-EéÀ Ç¢Á’ î√-™« Eí∫Jy. á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp©’ -îª÷°æü¿’/ áa-©-èπ◊-§Úü¿’.

b) Tendulkar never shows off for all his greatness as a batsman = batsman

Åçûª-íÌ°æp Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà õ„ç-úø÷-©\®˝ á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp-©èπ◊ §Úúø’/ áa©’ §Úúø’. Å™« íÌ°æp©’ îª÷°œç--èπ◊-ØË-¢√-∞¡x†’ 'a show-off' ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç.

(put

across

¢√úøçúÕ) Tara: éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ Ø√é¬-ߪ’† áçûª îÁ§ƒpúÓ, ¢Á∞ Ôx-ü¿lE. *´JéÀ Çߪ’†’o ä°œpç-î√†’. (Talk ... out of ¢√úøçúÕ) Sasi: ´÷ cousin ïߪ’†’ èπÿú≈ ®Ω´’tE Å-úø’-í∫’-û√. Ç¢Á’ college ¢Á·û√hEéÀ íÌ°æp í¬-ߪ’E. (outstanding ¢√úøçúÕ) Tara: ûª†èπ◊ é¬Ææh áa©’ èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\-¢Ëí¬? (show off ¢√úøçúÕ) Sasi: ÅC Eï¢Ë’, Å®·ûË ÅC ûª°æp î√™« ´’ç*üË. Tara: ¢Ë’ç éπLÆœ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊Ø√oç school ™. O’ cousin Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ǢÁ’ í∫’Jç* Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Sasi: OK. O’ Ø√†oûÓ ´÷ö«xúø’. ANSWER Sasi: How about a picnic? Tara: Why not? But I've to ask dad. He isn't very much for such things. Sasi: Put it across to him and see what he says. Tara: Last time he tried a lot to talk me out of it. somehow I was able to pursuade him. Sasi: I will ask my cousin Jaya along too. She is an outstanding singer in the whole college. Tara: She is a bit of a show off too/ she shows off a bit too. Sasi: That's true. But for that she is very good. Tara: We went to school together. Though she is your cousin, I know her better. Sasi: OK. Talk to your father.

A.Sridhar, Oripenta (Kadapa) Q. Promo preview

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Promo preview- Éçü¿’™ promo, promotion èπ◊ short form = äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ÊÆ´ Å´’téπç °çîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËÊÆ v°æéπ-ô-†©’ (advertisement), ´·êuçí¬ pop (Åüµ¿’-Ø√-ûª† ÆæçUûªç) CD © Å´’t-é¬Eo music °çîËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Preview = äéπ *vû√Eo/ TV show †÷, ¢√öÀ Núø’-ü¿©èπ◊ ´·çüË éÌçûª-´’çC v°æûËuéπ Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îª÷°æúøç/ äéπ pop music CD E Núø’-ü¿-©èπ◊ ´·çüË, éÌçûª´’çCéÀ v°æü¿-Jzç-îªúøç, NE-°œç-îªúøç. Promo preview = v°æî √®Ωç éÓÆæç ÖüËl-Pç-*† CD/ Movie/ TV show ©†’ (´·êuçí¬ Pop music èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*) Núø’-ü¿-©èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ éÌçûª-´’çC v°æûËuéπ Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’-©èπ◊ îª÷°æúøç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 16 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2008

'Is your

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Madhu, Hyderabad.

D. Seshanna, Adoni

P. Srinivasa Rao,

Q. I guess, I wonder, I am afraid

Q.

Pithapuram

ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©ûÓ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. A. I guess = ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô ’-Ø√o†’/ Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o†’ I wonder = ÆæçüË-£æ«çí¬ Öçúøôç dad at home?' (O’ Ø√†o Éçöx

ÖØ√o®√?) 'I wonder'

(ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’)

I wonder who is in =

™°æ© á´-®Ω’-Ø√o®Ó

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰†’) I'm afraid = I doubt =

Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. (àü¿-®·Ø√ îÁúø’ N≠æߪ’ç/ É≠ædç-™‰E N≠æߪ’ç îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.) 'Has he passed? (¢√úø’ pass Åߪ÷uú≈?) 'I'm afraid no' (™‰ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö« pass Å´-™‰-ü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬E îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçéÓîªç) fail

(Åûªúø’ ´’Sx Åߪ÷uú≈?) 'I'm afraid yes.'

relax (v.a) A. CP Brown Dictionary Edition viations

î√™« Editions ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ îª÷Æœ† ™ O’®Ω’-ü¿-£æ«-Jç-*† abbreéπE°œç‰ü¿’. ´’®Ó Edition îª÷Æœ îÁÊ°pçü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒhç. Q. Delexical verbs ´ÊÆh ¢√öÀéÀ sentence ™ Å®Ωnç Öçúø-ü¿E îªC-¢√†’(live, have, make, take, do hold, keep, set, gave) OöÀ™  à verb †’ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-üÁ™«? ÉNé¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´·êu-¢Á’i† delexical verbs Éçé¬ à¢Á’iØ√ ÖØ√oߪ÷? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. Delexical verbs Åçõ‰, v°æûËuéπ Å®Ωnç-™‰E, ¢√éπu E®√t-ù«-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË verbs.

1. The English words for left hand writing and right hand writing and also both hands writing persons. A. No special words or expressions for left

Q. '36 foot Ganesh idol' feet

ÅE äéπ ¢√éπuç™ ÖçC. ÅØ√L éπü∆. A. 36-foot Ganesh idol ņ-úø¢Ë’ correct. Ééπ\úø 36

hand writing and right hand writing.

Q. Difference and usage for idioms and phrases.

Ambidextrons means capable of doing any-

A. Idioms - a group of words -

Éçü¿’-™E äéÌ\éπ\ ´÷ô Å®√n-Eéà ¢Á·ûªhç Å®√n-Eéà Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúøü¿’– eg: Run short of = éÌ®Ω-ûªí¬ Öçúøôç. We are running short of time = ´’†èπ◊ time ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC/ ûªT_-§ÚûÓçC. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Ééπ\úø run Å®√n-EéÃ, short Å®√n-Eéà run short of éπL-°œûË ´îËa Å®√n-Eéà Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰ü¿’. Å™«çöÀ

thing with both the hands. Q. Difference and usage of words admit, allow, permit.

Ééπ\úø Å´¤-ûª’çC. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 521 ÅØË •ü¿’©’, ÅE Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí Allow: Agree that something is true Ñ ™ or correct. èπÿú≈ "I allow that they have superior ™ bating strength" ™ ™ É™«çPermit: This is formal, official and Å®·Ø√ öÀ´Fo legal: Cell phones are not permití¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ted on the campus. M.SURESAN èπ◊) Q. What is the difference between cool and N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓÉ™«çöÀ cold. ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? úø-í∫-LÍí-¢√-∞¡x-éÀ-´Fo ûÁLߪ’ü¿’. ´’†ç -èπÿú≈ ÅN A. Cool = Fairly cold but pleasant - cool ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫©ç. É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE breeze, cool shade, etc. °æöÀdç--éÓ-éπçúÕ. Cold = having a temperature lower than the

The job would

have been done by him. Q. I will say, I would say

´’üµ¿u ûËú≈-†’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. I will say = ؈’ îÁ•’-û√†’, future ™. If he asks me about it, I will say I don't know anything about it =

Åûªúø’ ††’o Ç N≠æߪ’ç ÅúÕ-TûË Ø√Íéç ûÁLߪ’-ü¿E îÁ•’û√†’. I would say = ´’†èπ◊ ÅE-°œç-*† N≠æߪ’ç îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊, I would say... Åçö«ç. I would say that on any day he is better than his brother =

àØ√-öÀ-éπ-®·Ø√ ÅûªúÕ ûª´·túÕ éπçõ‰ ¢√úË †ßª’-´’E Åçö«/ ÅE Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç. Q. What is the reason, what could be the reason

´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. What is the reason? = 鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’çöÀ? What could be the reason? = 鬮Ωùç à¢Á’i Öçô’çü¿¶«s?! Q. Voice I shall be writing a letter A letter shall be being written by me

™

†’

ÅE

®√ßÁ·î√a? A. I shall be writing a letter future continuous tense, perfect continuous tenses passive form English usage future continuous passive form

ÉC

èπ◊ ÖØ√o ¢√úø®Ω’. ™ ÅN ™‰´¤. Å™«Íí èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Ææ÷vûªç v°æ鬮Ωç, O’®Ω’ ÖØ√o ÅC ¢√úø’éπ™ Ææ÷*ç-*† ™‰ü¿’. ÅC ¢√úøØË ¢√úø®Ω’. Q. I shall have eaten a mango †’ A mango will have been eaten by me ÅØÌî√a? éÀçC ¢√öÀE ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Ææ÷vûª v°æ鬮Ωç

shall : helping verb

have : helping verb

verb

†’ à´’çö«®Ω’? eaten: main verb. been í∫’Jç* N´-Jç* àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. The mango will have been eaten by me-

Éçü¿’-™E verb- will have been eaten. Ñ verb ™ will have been ¢Á·ûªhç, Helping verb; eaten - Main verb. 'been' Have/ has/ had/ shall have/ should have/ will have/ would have etc., been be form

èπ◊ äçô-Jí¬ à Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰ü¿’. ûª®√yûª

´ÊÆh

normal temperature and unpleasant.

P.V. Ramanarao, Visakhapatnam Q.

O’®Ì-éπ-îÓô since †’ present perfect ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈©E îÁ°œp äéπ\ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Éî√a®Ω’. Since †’ present perfect, present perfect continuous, past perfect ©™ ¢√úÌa éπü∆. 1. He has been ill since yesterday (present perfect)

A. Penchalaiah, Rajampet

A. Admit = Agree, most unwillingly that something is true. "That was a mistake on my part, I admit."

eg: I take a walk in the park'take' delexical verb I walk take a walk Just have a look at it sentence 'have' delexical verb. Don't make a habit of it make, Give it a push give, Do a favour do, delexical verbs English fluent (Spoken English improvement technical English

done the job.

Ç °æE Ø√îËûª îËߪ’-•úÕ ÖçúËC =

Å´¤-ûª’çC.

Q. I have got some doubts in English. Kindly clarify the same.

(Ç –

fail Å´¤††’-èπ◊çö«– Åߪ÷u-úøE ûÁLÆœ, Ç N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æpúøç É≠ædç-™‰éπ îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç.) Q. ؈’ Ç °æE îËÆ œ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕE, Ç °æE Ø√ûÓ îËߪ’•úÕ ÖçúËC. ÅØË-¢√-öÀéÀ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. ؈’ Ç °æE-îËÊÆ ÖçúË ¢√úÕE = I would have

Ñ

Æœ.°œ.-v¶˜Ø˛ úÕéπ{-†-K™ words °æéπ\† v.n., n.s., v.a ÅE Öçö«®· OöÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Relax (v.n), relaxation (n.s), to

To put the car t befor e the horse

'Has he failed again?'

been :

2

2. She has been suffering since monday (present perfect continuous) 3. He had not seen her since yesterday (past perfect) A. Present Perfect Since

™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ since ¢√ú≈L ÅE îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ present perfect ¢√ú≈L ÅE îÁ§ƒpç. Åçõ‰ Present Perfect Continuous ™ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? Present perfect continuous ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa. Past perfect two past actions Ö†o-°æ¤p-úø’-í¬F, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd äéπ past action ´·çü¿J past action ÅE Ææ’p¥Jç-*-†-°æ¤p-úø’-í¬E ¢√úøû√ç

Q. Difference and use for advice and suggest. A. Advice = Telling a person that it will be good to do/ not to do something. Suggest = To offer an idea/ propose a plan for somebody to think and if they find it good, to put into action. Q. Difference and usage for excuse, pardon, apologise, forgive. A. Excuse - to forgive, pardon is more formal and concerns very serious things. Apologize= ask somebody to excuse - ask for forgiveness.

Q.

'AN’t-È®-éÀ\çC— (鬩’, îË®·) ņ-ú≈-EéÀ English ™ ÆæÈ®j† °æü¿ç ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. benumbed = AN’t-È®-éπ\úøç. My legs are benumbed. Numbed ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. A numbing pain = AN’t-È®-éÀ\çîË/ ¢Á·ü¿’l¶«-J-§Ú-ßË’çûª ¶«üµ¿. Q. Öü¿ßª ’ç †’ç* éπ© ’-Ææ ’-éÓ-™‰-ü¿E éÌçûª-´ ’çC ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Good Morning îÁ•’-û√®Ω’. ÉC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. é¬ü¿’. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Å®·ûË good evening ÅØË Åçö«ç. P. Srinivasarao, Pithapuram Q. Explain the kinds of conjunctions and their use. A. Coordinating conjunctions: But, yet, so, therefore, etc. Subordinating conjunctions: though, before, after, if, etc.,

N.V.Krishna Rao, Hyderabad. Q. Man booked for attacking Indians -

Ñ ¢√é¬uEéÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. ¶µ«®ΩB-ߪ·© O’ü¿ ü∆úÕ-îË-Æ œ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´uéÀh-O’ü¿ case †¢Á÷ü¿’. Q. Plaintiff, Defendant Ñ °æü∆©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Plaintiff = °∂œ®√uü¿’ (court ™) îËÊÆ-¢√®Ω’. Defendant = °∂œ®√u-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫’È®j† ´uéÀh. A.Sridhar, Oripenta (Kadapa Dist)

A. Meal - singular, Meals- plural.

Q. To put the cart before the horse -

Q. What is the difference between kill and murder, funeral and cremation. A. Kill - put an end to the life of any creature Murder - ending the life of a human being. Funeral = the religious ceremony followed for burying or cremating a dead person. bury = laying a dead person underground/ in their grave

véÀûªç Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ¢√∞¡Ÿx éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª, Åûªúø’ èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-´·çü¿’ Ç¢Á’†’ äéπ-≤ƒÍ® éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

Cremation = the ceremony of burning a dead body.

K. Sanjeeva, Kishanguda (R.R. Dist)

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ éπü∆, 3 èπ◊ ®√¢√L é¬F -ã -†-´-™x -Å-E -Öç-C éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√? A. Somebody á°æ¤púø÷ singular- he/ she éÀ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøû√ç. Somebody have ÅE print ûª°æ¤p-°æúÕ Öçô’çC. Somebody has - correct.

Åçõ‰

Q. Difference and usage of meals and meal.

eg: Since their meeting last year, he had visited her just once before he left for the states = US

Q. Somebody have dual character in the world. somebody 3rd person rd person has have

expression - idiom. Phrase a group of words. eg: Inspite of his wealth, because of his pride, etc.

Q.

Ææ*-¢√-©-ߪ’ç™ †éπq™¸q È®éÃ\. È®éÃ\ îÁ°æpçúÕ.

spelling and

meaning

A. Recce- Short form of reconnaissance -

¨¡vûª’´¤©-/ -¢√-J ≤ƒn-´®√-© í∫’Jç* Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπJç-îªúøç– N´÷Ø√©’, ´’†’-≠æfl© ü∆y®√. Ææ*-¢√-©-ߪ’ç™ È®éÀ\– Ææ*-¢√-©-ߪ’ç™ ©éπ~uçí¬ Â°ô’dèπ◊†o ´uèπ◊h-©†’/ v°æüË-¨»-©†’ í∫’Jç-* Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπ-Jç-î√-®ΩE.

-D-E-E -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ à´’çö«®Ω’? A. ûª©-éÀç-ü¿’©’ îËߪ’úøç (í∫’v®Ωç´·çü¿’ •çúÕ Â°ôdúøç) To start your meal with curds/ butter milk and not with curry or pappu is putting the cart before the horse =

¶µï†ç èπÿ®Ω/ °æ°æ¤pûÓ v§ƒ®ΩçGµç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ °®Ω’í∫’/ ´’>b-í∫ûÓ v§ƒ®ΩçGµçîªúøç. ´·çü¿’C ¢Á†é¬, ¢Á†-éπC ´·çü¿’ îËߪ’-úø¢Ë’. Q. To play to the gallery - -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? A. v°æ渚’ Çéπô’d-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ´’çCéÀ É≠æd¢Á’i† °æ†’©’ îËߪ’úøç/ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ îÁ°æpúøç, ÅN ´’ç*´®·Ø√ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√. The CM and the opposition leaders are only playing to the galleries by announcing welfare measures - CM,

v°æA-°æ-é¬~ -©-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæçÍé~´’ °æü∑¿-鬩’ v°æéπ-öÀç-îªúøç, v°æ渚’ Çéπô’déÓ-´-úøç -éÓ-Ææ¢Ë’/ áèπ◊\´ ´’çCéÀ É≠æd¢Á’i† Nüµ¿çí¬ †úø’-éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’, ´’ç<, îÁúø÷ í¬LéÀ ´C™‰Æœ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 18 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

A. Sudhakar, Nizamabad Q.

éÀçC Adverbsèπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª÷ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-L-´yçúÕ.

Often, never, always, sometimes, generally, usually, just, almost, nearly, quite, hardly, scarcely, ever, scarcely ever, hardly ever, nearly always, seldom, rarely, occasionally, frequently, already. A. Often =

ûª®Ω-í¬. He often visits me = Åûªúø’ ûª®Ωîª÷ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-J-éÌ-Ææ’hç-ö«úø’.
Never = á°æ¤púø÷ ™‰ü¿’/ é¬ü¿’/ á†o-öÀéà é¬ü¿’. He never comes here = Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ÅÆæ©’ ®√úø’/ á°æp-öÀ-éÃ-®√úø’. Duryodhana never liked the Pandavas =

ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†’-úÕéÀ §ƒçúø-´¤-©çõ‰ ÅÆæ©’ Tôdü¿’/ á°æ¤púø÷ Tõ‰d-C-é¬ü¿’.
Always (X never) = á°æ¤púø÷/ ÅEo-¢Ë-∞¡™« He is always in Vijayawada. He never goes out =

The bus stops here sometimes and sometimes doesn't = bus

éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x ûª’çC, éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Çí∫ü¿’. =

usually

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ = They are ¢√∞¡Ÿx ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷

éπLÊÆ Öçö«®Ω’.
Ocassionally = occasionally =

Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø÷. We meet ¢Ë’ç Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø÷ éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çö«ç (á°æ¤púø÷ é¬ü¿’)


Frequently = often
Already = I've already seen the movie twice =

'mundans' dull, very ordinary)
endogamous =

ÅC é¬ü¿’,

´’† °æJ-Ææ-®√™x ≤ƒnEèπ◊-©ØË Â°∞«xúË °æü¿l¥A. -O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ-†-ô’x 'endogamons'

É°æpöÀÍé / Å°æpöÀÍé

ØËE-°æpöÀÍé


ontology

I went to station at 10. The train had already train left =


miniature =

ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊ 10 í∫ç-ô-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC.

Q.

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ éÀçC °æü∆-©èπ◊, N´-®Ω-ù©’ É´y-í∫-©®Ω’.

Phrases

´’† @N-û√Eo ÖE-éÀE îªJaçîË ûªûªyÆæ÷éπ~ t-¢Á’i†/ äéπ °ü¿l ´Ææ’h´¤ *†o


strand = 1)

èπ◊

Q. Please explain the following:
Birds of feather will fluck together.

¨»ÆæYç. †´‚Ø√.

G.Shankar,Keshavapatnam, (Karimnagar).

G. Durga Prasad, Tiruvuru.

é¬ü¿’.

Ç ÆœE-´÷†’ È®çúø’≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»†’.

§Úí∫’ (û√úø’-™E) 2) †C, Ææ®ΩÆæ’q, Ææ´·vü¿ç äúø’f 3) áô÷-¢Á-∞¡x-™‰E ÆœnA™ EÆæq-£æ…-ߪ’çí¬ á´J†-®·Ø√ ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç. The children were stranded in the forest.

äÍé -®Ωéπç È®éπ\© °æèπ~◊©’ äÍé-îÓô îË®Ωû√®· = äÍé í∫’ùç, ¢ÁjêJ éπ©-¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπ-öÀí¬ Öçö«®Ω’.
Don't rob peter to pay paul.

äéπJ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s í∫’ç> ÉçéÌ-éπJéÀ´yúøç, àüÓ ü∆†ç îËÆœ-†ô’x ÅE°œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊.
Every bird must hatch its own eggs.

á´J °æ-†’©’ ¢√∞Ïx îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. Éûª®Ω’© O’ü¿ Çüµ∆®Ω-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈. (Hatch = °æèπ~◊©’ í∫’úø’x §Òü¿-í∫úøç)

I har dly like him

Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Nï-ߪ’¢√-úø-™ ØË Öçö«úø’. Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ü∆öÀ á°æ¤púø÷ ¢Á∞¡xúø’.
Sometimes = éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x/ Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’.


Generally

Nearly always = nearly always together =

2

Ééπ\úø Çí∫’-

=

≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬/

´÷´‚-©’í¬. Generally/ usually he comes here in the evenings =

≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬/ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûªç-°æ‹ô ´≤ƒhúø’.
just = 1) É°æ¤púË. He has just left = Åûª-úÕ-°æ¤púË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. 2) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ (áèπ◊\-´-é¬ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) – It's just Rs. 100/- = It's only Rs. 100/- = ÅC ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. He left just five minutes ago = Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púË âü¿’ EN’-≥ƒ© véÀûª¢Ë’ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Just because you like apples don't say that they are the best of the fruits = apples

Fèπ◊ †*a-†çûª ´÷vû√-† ¢√öÀE °æçúøx™ íÌ°æpN ņ™‰´¤. 3) Just = exactly = éπ*a-ûªçí¬ 'Are you happy because you are elected? (†’´¤y áEoéπ®·†çü¿’´©x ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?) 'Just so' (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åçõ‰) 4) àüÓ Å™«. Sachin isn't just a batsman like any other batsman = Ææ*Ø˛ àüÓ Éûª®Ω batsman ™«çöÀ ¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. (v°æûËu-éπûª ÖçC ÅûªE™)
Almost = ü∆ü∆°æ¤. It is almost 2 years since we met each other = ÅûªúÕE ؈’ éπLÆœ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ È®çúË-∞¡x-®·çC. He spent almost Rs. 10 Lakh on the house = Almost = nearly

Ç ÉçöÀ éÓÆæç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ®Ω÷. °æ-C ©éπ~©’ ê®Ω’a°-ö«dúø’.
Quite = ¶«í¬ØË It's quite a big building = ÅC °ü¿l éπôd-úø¢Ë’ (é¬ü¿-†™‰ç) She is quite beautiful = Ç¢Á ’ Åçü¿-í∫ûËh (ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’) I am quite happy with what I have = Ø√èπ◊†o ü∆çûÓ Øˆ’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖØ√o.
Hardly = scarcely = hardly ever = scarcely ever = seldom I hardly like him = I scarcely like him.

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰†õ‰x = Åûªúøçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’ =

He hardly/ scarcely ever comes here =

ÅûªúÕéπ\úÕéÀ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ®√úø’/ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ´≤ƒhúø’ – ®√†õ‰x.
Rarely = Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ They rarely meet each other = ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ äéπ-JØÌ-éπ®Ω’ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

Straightforward, verbalism, pluralism, in the light of, flipside, holistic, social fabric, an optimal pathway, parameters, teleological, mundans, endogamons, ontology, miniature, strand, jurisprudence, entrenchment, slackened, cognisance, heralds, axiology, emulation, appraisal, mala adjust.

jurisprudence = îªôd, Ø√uߪ’ ¨»Ææ Yç. -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 522 1) í∫öÀdí¬ §ƒûª’-èπ◊-§Ú-´úøç. 2) Çûªt-®Ω-éπ~-ù-éÓÆæç ÂÆjE-èπ◊©’ ûª´¤yèπ◊ØË í∫’çô©’. entrenchment = Ææúø-Lç-îªúøç, v°æߪ’-û√o™«xçöÀ ¢√öÀE. slackened = Å´-í¬-£æ«† îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç, í∫’Jhç-îªúøç. heralds = ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’ Ææç°∂æ ’-ô-†-©èπ◊ M.SURESAN A. Straight forward = ´’†-Ææ ’™ ÆæçÍéûªç. Ö†oC Ö†o-ô’xí¬ éπ°æôç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ axiology = ØÁjAéπ N©’-´© Æœü∆l¥çûªç/ Ç©ç-é¬-Jéπ îÁ°æpúøç/ ´·èπ◊\-Ææ÷-öÀí¬ §Ú´úøç. ØÁjAéπ N©’-´© E®√l¥-®Ωù.
verbalism = ´÷ô-èπ◊- ´÷ô – ´’éÃ\-éÀ- ´’-éÃ\í¬ emulation = íÌ°æp-¢√-JE ņ’-Ææ-Jç*, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ææ´÷– ņ’-¢√-ü¿ç-í¬F, äéπ®Ω’ ņo-´÷-ô-©-†’-í¬F, †çí¬, ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ íÌ°æpí¬ áCÍí v°æߪ’ûªoç. àN-üµ¿-¢Á’i† ´÷®Ω’p-©’- ™‰-èπ◊çú≈ Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ Appraisal = N©’´ éπôdúøç îÁ°æpúøç/ ®√ߪ’úøç. Maladjustment = Unsuitability = èπ◊ü¿-®ΩE §Òûª’h
pluralism = Ææ´÷-ïç™ ¶µ«≥ƒ, ≤ƒçÆæ \ %-Aéπ, ´’ûª, ®√ï-éÃߪ’ ¢ÁjNüµ¿uç. V. Narasimha Rao, Ongole.
in the light of = ü¿%≥ƒd u – In the light of Q. Please change these sentences into the concessions announced = v°æéπ-öÀç-*† Indirect Speech. Ææúø-Lç-°æ¤© ü¿%≥ƒd u.
He said "I was a doctor."
flip side = àü¿-®·Ø√ Ç™-îª-†™, °æü∑¿-éπç™, He said that he had been a doctor. ¢√ü¿ç™ ´’†èπ◊ ņ’-èπÿ-©ç-é¬E Å稡ç/
He said to me "They were in hyderabad. îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√©’. The flip side of the SEZs is that a number of farmers are rendered homeless =

v°æûËuéπ ÇJnéπ ´’çúø∞¡x N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÅÆæ©’ ïJ-ÍíC, ´’†èπ◊ ņ’-èπÿ-©ç-é¬E Åç¨¡ç – È®jûª’©’ E®√y-Æœ-ûª’-©-´úøç. The flip side of the medicine is that it weakens the patients =

Ç ´’çü¿’ îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√©’ àN’-ôçõ‰, ®Óí∫’©’ •©-£‘«-†’-©-´úøç.
holistic = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Å®Ωnç-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’ûªoç™ Ç N≠æߪ’ç ¢Á·ûªhç °æJ-Q-Lç-îªúøç, Ç N≠æߪ’ç NNüµ¿ Å稻™x äéÌ\-éπ\-öÀí¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈: We should find a holistic solution to the problem of child labour =

¶«© é¬Jt-èπ◊© Ææ´’Ææu °æJ-≥ƒ\-®√-EéÀ ü∆E-™E NNüµ¿ Å稻-©-Eoç-öÀF ¢Á·ûªhçí¬ °æJ-í∫-ù-†-™éÀ BÆæ’éÓ¢√L.
social fabric = ≤ƒ´÷->éπ ´u´Ææn an optimal pathway = Åûª’u-ûªh-´’-¢Á’i† ´÷®Ω_ç/ Åûªuçûª Ææ’í∫´’ ´÷®Ω_ç
parameters = °æJ-N’-ûª’©’/ Å´-üµ¿’©’ (limits)
teleological =

Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’, °∂æ’ô-†©’ üËØÓo ≤ƒCµç-îËç-ü¿’Íé ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·, Åçü¿’-´-©x (´’†ç ≤ƒCµçîË N≠æߪ’ç 鬮Ω-ùç-í¬ØË ÅN ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√-ߪ’ØË û√Ayéπ Æœü∆l¥çûªç –philosophical theory)
mundane (´’çúÁ-ß˝’Ø˛) = ÅØ√-Ææ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†,

He told me that they had been in Hyderabad. Q. Pease tell me what are the meanings of the sentences in Telugu.
Oh, I call it double - faced.

ÅC ®Ωçí∫’©’ ´÷Í®a ûªûªyç.
Neither of you cared to put up with me.

O’ Éü¿l-J™ á´®Ω÷ Ø√ûÓ ã®Ω’pûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-™‰ü¿’.
He was seventy two a fortnight last sunday.

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√-®√-EéÀ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ 72 à∞¡}éÓ °æéπ~ç (15 ®ÓV©’) ûªèπ◊\´/ éÀ-ç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√-®√-EéÀ Çߪ’†èπ◊ °æéπ~ç ûªèπ◊\´ 72 à∞¡Ÿx. Shankar, Adilabad. Q. Many a night as he lay in the dark, tired and hungry, he would unleash his imagination.

Ééπ\úø many a night Ö°æß - ÷Á í∫ç, Å®Ωçn , ¢√úø’éπ û- ©-Á ’°æçú- .Õ A. Many a night = Many nights - Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπõ.‰ Å®·ûË Many a night, poetic Åçõ‰ é¬Ææh éπNûªyç. Many a night ûª®√yûª ´îËa verb á°æ¤ú÷ ø singular. Many a man is ruined because of his greed =

î√™«-´’çC ´’†’-≠flæ ©’ ü¿’®√¨¡ ´©x Ø√¨¡†- ´- ’-ß÷ª u®Ω’. îª÷¨»-®’Ω é- πü∆, Many a man is, man ûª®√yûª verb, is singular.


Virtue is its own reward.

Ææ’í∫’-ù«-EéÀ •£æ›-´’A Ææ’í∫’-ù¢Ë’ – àüÓ ÇPç* ´’ç*í¬ Öçúøôç é¬ü¿’ é¬-¢√-LqçC, ´’ç* éÓÆæ¢Ë’ ´’ç*í¬ Öçú≈L.


Falsehood is idious. Falsehood is hideous (idious hideous =

é¬ü¿’ – ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†) = Å•ü¿l¥ç ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-

¢Á’içC.
A cracking door awakened the dog.

ûª©’°æ¤ éπü¿-Léπ ´©x Å®·-†- îª-°æ¤púø’ èπ◊éπ\†’ ¢Ë’™Ô\-L-°œçC.
A burent child dreads the fire.

鬩’a-èπ◊†o Gúøf E°æpçõ‰ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC = 鬙‰çûª ´®Ωèπ◊ Gúøfèπ◊ E°æ¤p N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
His tattle coat needs mending. His tattered (tattle coat needs mending = coat

é¬ü¿’) Çߪ’† *®Ω’-í∫’© èπ◊ èπ◊ô’x Å´Ææ®Ωç.


All are not saints to go to the church. All are not saints that go to the church =

í∫’∞¡xèπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√∞¡xçü¿®Ω÷ °æN-vûª’©’ 鬮Ω’. Saints = °æN-vûª’©’/ ®Ω’≠æfl©’. All are not saints to go to the church

é¬ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.
He had his jest and they had his estate.

Çߪ’† ’-ûª\-J-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’, Çߪ’† ÇÆœhE ¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬ñ‰-¨»®Ω’.
Sinologist èπ◊ Å®Ωnç îÁ°æpçúÕ. DEéÀ ûÌN’tüÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Marks gainer matching™ A person interested in ChinaÅE ÖçC. ÉC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? Sino = îÁjØ√èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†/ Indo Åçõ‰ Indiaèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµ. Glogy = Åüµ¿u-ߪ’†ç/ Nñ«c†ç. Sinology = îÁjØ√†’ í∫ ’Jç* Åüµ¿u-ߪ ’†ç/ îÁjØ√†’ í∫’Jç* -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-©’ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç. Sinologist = îÁjØ√†’ í∫’Jç* °æ-J-¨ -Cµç-îË-¢√--∞¡Ÿx.
Future Tense ™ à ¢√éπuç É*aØ√ ü∆E Passive Voice (P.V.) ™ be form - will be ´Ææ’hçü∆? eg. A.V.: Ravi will marry sita. P.V.: Sita will be married by Ravi. Ravi (he) will marry Sita (she).

Ééπ\úø he and she äÍé group 鬕-öÀd will, shall ´÷®Ω’p-©’ç-úø´¤. Sita (she) will be married to (by ®√C-éπ\úø) Ravi.
A.V: I shall buy a car. P.V.: A car will be bought by me. A.V:

I shall subject

Ééπ\úø

´≤ÚhçC. PV™, A car (it) Å´¤-ûª’çC. 鬕öÀd will ¢√úøû√ç.

PV: A car will be bought by me.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 20 -†-´ç•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

G. Shankar, Shankarapatnam. Q. My promise will come into effect from today itself. What is the reflexive pronouns indicate here. Even as mention the area of using of the reflex pronouns and when do we use this pronouns. What is the difference between EMPHATIC Pronouns and REFLEXIVe Pronouns. How do we get an idea of whether it is Emphatic or Reflexive. A. Today itself itself, reflexive pronoun emphatic pronoun.

™,




ÉC




The president himself came down the stage to congratulate him= President stage




-Å-´¤-†çõ‰ é¬ü¿-E™‰, é¬ü¿çõ‰ -Å-´¤-†-E™‰, Çúø-¢√J ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Å®√n™‰ ¢Ë®Ω’™‰. If they yes, they mean no, if they say no, they mean yes, women never mean what they say.


Hammer in hammer throw


Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? íÌ©’-Ææ’èπ◊ éπöÀd† •®Ω’-¢Áj† Ɇ’°æ í∫’çúø’. é¬v¢Ë’ú˛ ÅE °œL-°œç--éÓ-¢√-©E Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l éÓJéπ My cherished wish is to be called a comrade

noun. You are deceiving yourself = reflexive (yourself)

E†’o †’¢Ëy

¢Á÷Ææç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ – ÉC

M. Satyanarayana,

Ego, egocentric, egoism, egoist, egotist, altruist, introvert, extrovert, ambivert, ego maniac, ascetic. A. Ego =

Å£æ«ç, egocentric = ≤ƒy®Ωn *çûª†ç, egoism= Å£æ«ç-¶µ«´ç– ØËØË-íÌ°æp/ ØËØË ´·êuç ÅØË ¶µ«´ç Öçúøôç, egoist = Å£æ«ç-¶µ«N, egotist = á°æ¤púø’ ûª††’ í∫’JçîË ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√úø’, altruist = û√uí∫, ü∆†-•’Cl¥ éπ©-¢√úø’, introvert = Åçûª-®Ω’tê’úø’– ´·¶µ«-´çí¬ ûª´’ Ç™©†’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-E-¢√®Ω’, extrovert (X introvert) = •£œ«-®Ω’t-ê’©’– Åçü¿-JûÓ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ éπ©’-°æ¤-íÓ-©’í¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx-, ambivert = °j È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’-í¬†÷ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, egomaniac = á°æ¤púø’ ûª††’ í∫’Jç*, ûª† v§ƒ-´· ë«uEo í∫’Jç* íÌ°æpí¬ ´’K áèπ◊\-´í¬ ņ’-éÌE, Éûª®Ω’-©èπ◊ é¬Ææh v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx– ÉC é¬Ææh Néπ%ûª ´’†-Ææhûªyç, ascetic = éπFÆæ Å´-Ææ-®√-©ûÓ ÅA E®√-úøç-•-®Ωçí¬ Çü¿-®√z-©ûÓ •A-Íé-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ N®√-í∫’©’/ ®Ω’≠æfl©’. Gandhi was an ascetic.

Dr. Sri., Tirupati.

'Åûªúø’ v°æ¢√-£æ…-EéÀ ´uA-Í®éπ C¨¡™ ¢Á∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀÀ °æõ‰dé¬©ç – v°æ¢√-£æ«-C-¨¡™ ¢Á∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ °æõ‰d 鬙«-EéÀ È®öÀdç°æ¤.— -Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ-™éÀ ᙫ ´÷®√a™ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. The time the swimmer takes to swim against the current stream is twice the time he takes to swim along/ down the stream/ current.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 523

Q. Power, current, light

Ñ °æü∆©†’ á°æ¤púø’, áéπ\úø, ᙫ ¢√ú≈L? A. Power = ¨¡éÀh Nü¿’u-îªa ¥éÀh current - v°æ´-£œ«çîË Nü¿’u-îªa ¥éÀh, ´’†ç Eûªuç ¢√úËC x static electricity = tery

E¨¡a-©çí¬ Ö†o Nü¿’uû˝ ™x ÖçúËC.

Åûª-úÕE í∫’Jç*

ÅûªúË ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’ Q. éÀçC °æü∆-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.


once in a while

Hyderabad

He always talks about himself - himself reflextive.

K.S.R., Martur (Prakasam)





last but not least

Ç ´®Ω’-Ææ™ *´-®Ω-é¬F, íÌ°æp-ûª†ç, v§ƒ´·êuç™ í¬èπ◊çú≈ – Last but not least, I last but not least, I thank sri somaraju- *´-Jí¬ Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ, v§ƒ´·-êuç™ àç ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ≤Ú´’-®√V í¬JéÀ -Ø√ ´çü¿†ç.
He made known his desires.

ûª† éÓJ-éπ-™‰¢Ó ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-¨»úø’– àüÓ îËߪ’úøç/ îÁ°æp-úøç ´©x – By critisising the PM, he made known his desires- he wants to be the next PM =

Q.

´’† ü˨¡ç™ ÅEo ´®√_-©èπ◊ îÁçC-†-¢√-JéÀ Sri/ Mr. ÅE Ææç-¶-Cµç-îª-´î√a? £œ«çü¿’-´¤©’ é¬E-¢√-JE Sri/ Srimathi Manmohan singh

ÅE

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. -´÷ Ü∞x •ñ«-®Ω’-éÌéπ Múø®˝ ÖØ√oúø’. á´y--Jéà Åéπ~®Ωç ´·éπ\ ®√ü¿’.

Ææç-¶--Cµç-îª-´î√a?

Sri

ņ-úøç™ ûªÊ°pç-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? A. Ææç¶-Cµç-îª-´îª’a. Å®·ûË é¬Ææh £æ«Ùü∆™ Ö†o-¢√-JE, ´’†-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√-JE Mr ņúøç é¬Ææh ´’®√uü¿ ûªèπ◊\´í¬ ¶µ«N-≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçü¿’´©x í¬®Ω’ îË®Ωaúøç ´’ç*C. X/ X´’A E®Ω-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωçí¬ á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. é¬F ÅN-¢√-£œ«ûª Æ‘YE X´’A ņ™‰ç éπü∆? N¢√£œ«û√, é¬ü∆ ÅE ûÁL-ߪ’úøç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’-éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ í¬®Ω’ îËJÊÆh É•sçC Öçúøü¿’. Q. ®Óí∫ E®Ó-üµ¿éπ ¨¡éÀhE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ¢Ájü¿u-¨»ÆæY °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. Immunity.

We have too many of them - a leader for a street, none of them, educated.

؈’ ¢Á∞«x-™‰¢Á÷.

´·çü¿’- îÁ-°œpç-ü∆EéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬/N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬. 'Have you finished?' (†’´¤y °æE °æ‹Jh î˨»¢√?)




؈’ ¢ÁRx Öçú≈-Lqç-üË¢Á÷.




؈’ ¢Á∞«xLq ´Ææ’hç-üË¢Á÷.

'No. On the contrary, I haven't begun yet.'




ÅEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x




ÉEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x -

(™‰ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ (Åçü¿’èπ◊ N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬) ØËEçé¬ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-ØË-™‰ü¿’)
as & when

As and when you pay the money you will get the papers-

Å¢√y-LqçC á°æ¤púø®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’ –

†’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ úø•’s©’ îÁLxÊÆh Å°æ¤púË Fèπ◊ °ævû√©’ ´≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË as é¬F when é¬F ¢√úÕûË î√©’. As and when éπL°œ ¢√úøôç ÆæÈ®j† ¢√úøéπç é¬ü¿’.
all this while

éÓúÕ ´÷ç≤ƒEo *ÈéØ˛, ¢Ë’éπ ´÷ç≤ƒEo ´’ôØ˛, °æçC ´÷ç≤ƒEo §Ú®˝\ ņo-ô’dí¬ ØÁ´’-L, °œôd, èπ◊çüË©’, îË°æ, á©’éπ, *©’éπ, §ƒ´·, >çéπ, ´’E≠œ ûªC-ûª®Ω @´¤© ´÷ç≤ƒ-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. v°æûËuéπ¢Á’i† ´÷ô-©’-™‰´¤. Flesh Åçõ‰ à ´÷çÆæ¢Á’iØ√, ´·êuçí¬ ´’E≠œ ´÷çÆæç. Q. ÅvG-¢Ë-≠æ-†xèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* éÌEo ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh鬩’, -Å-N üÌJÍé *®Ω’-Ø√-´÷©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. A. à General knowledge book Å®·Ø√ O’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. Q. He had better go negative form

èπ◊ question ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

May be I will go/ Perhaps I will go/ I may go. Perhaps/ May be I have to go. I should have gone, perhaps. Perhaps I will have to go. As often as that. This often/ so often.


ÅçûªÊÆ°æ¤




Éç-ûªÊÆ°æ¤

So long/ that long. So far.


ÅC ïJ-T-†ç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹.She was doing everything to cook for them, while all this while they were watching the TV= TV

¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´çúÕ-°-ôd-ú≈-E鬢Á’ v¨¡N’Ææ÷h Öçõ‰ Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ ¢√∞¡Ÿx îª÷Ææ÷h èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√o®Ω’.


his days are numbered When the cancer set in, he knew his days were numbered = Cancer

î√´¤ ÆæO’-°œç-îªúøç.

®√í¬ØË ûª† ´’®Ωùç ÆæO’-°œç-*ç-ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.
at large 1) The disease which affected only two in the beginning, spread to the whole village at large -

¢Á·ûªhçí¬ –

Q.

äéπ-J-ü¿l-JéÀ ≤ÚéÀ† ¢√uCµ Ç ûª®√yûª Ç ¢Á·ûªhç ví¬´÷-EéÀ ¢√u°œç*çC. 2) At large = °æ®√-K™ Ö†o– The prisoner is at large- Ç ë„jD °æ®√-K™ ÖØ√oúø’.


from hand to mouth He leads a hand to mouth existence =

î√M-î√-©E @Nûªç– î√M-î√-©E úø•’sûÓ @Nûªç í∫úø’-°æ¤-ûª’Ø√oúø’.

Q.

and

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Oô-Eoç-öÀE Spoken English ™ ¢√úÌî√a? ™‰ü∆? written English ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úËN ÖØ√oߪ÷?Öçõ‰ ÅN àN’öÀ?

àéπG-TE/ N®√´’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ – He taught us for ´‚úø’ í∫çô-©-§ƒô’ à N®√´’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷èπ◊ Çߪ’† §ƒ®∏Ωç îÁ§ƒpúø’. The Company grew in leaps and bounds = Company

N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† ¢Ëí∫çûÓ.

Ç î√™«/ N°æK-ûª-¢Á’i† ¢Ëí∫çûÓ ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ ≤ƒCµç-*çC.

I must go. I will (definitely) go. I had to go. I have to go. I will have to go.

A. I come/ will be coming. I will be coming once a week, etc. I will be coming till.... I will be coming correct. Q.

Ñ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x†÷

éÀçC-¢√öÀéÀ Ê°®Ì\†o Å®√n©’ ÆæÈ®j†-¢ËØ√?é¬éπ-§ÚûË ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.

Unless sachin plays, India will not win.

3 hours at a stretch
laps & bounds

؈’ ¢ÁRx B®√L Åçõ‰ I must go. ؈’ ¢ÁRx B®Ω’û√†’ ÅØ√-©çõ‰ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

؈’ ¢Á∞«xLq ´*açC – ؈’ ¢Á∞«xLq ÖçC – ؈’ ¢Á∞«xLq Öçô’çC– -É-N éπÈ®Íé d-Ø√? ؈’ ¢Á∞«xLq ´≤ÚhçC – Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. éπÈ®Íéd. ؈’ ¢Á∞«xLq ´≤ÚhçC. I have to go. Q. ؈’ ´Ææ’hç-ö«†’ (regular í¬ Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’) ؈’ ´Ææ÷hç-ö«†’ (future ™ regular í¬ Å°æ¤p-úø°æ¤púø’). ؈’ ´Ææ’hç-ö«†’ (future ™ äéπ õ„j¢˛’ ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’). °j ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x èπÿú≈ I will be coming ÅØË Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? é¬éπ-§ÚûË ¢Á·ü¿öÀ, È®çúÓ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?


At a stretch form

A. He had better not go. Q.




M.SURESAN

A. Saiprasad, Kusthapur.

I might have gone.

؈’ ¢Á-∞¡-û√-ØË¢Á÷.


on the contrary On the Contrary -

ÅÆæ-©’ -Å®Ωnç v°æ¢√£æ«ç. light = ¢Á©’í∫’/ D°æç Q. Power, Energy, strong Ñ °æü∆-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫©®Ω’. A. power = energy = ¨¡éÀh strong = •©-¢Á’i†.

v°æüµ∆-†-´’çvAE N´’-Jzç-îªúøç ü∆y®√ ûª† éÓJ-éπ†’ •ßª’-ô-°-ö«dúø’ – ûª†’ v°æüµ∆E 鬢√-©E. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
؈’ ¢ÁRx ÖçúË-¢√-úÕ-ØË¢Á÷.




bat-

current -

á°æ¤púÓ äéπ-°æ¤púø’/ Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ – A peg or two once a while is OK pegs

á°æ¤púÓ äéπ-°æ¤púø’/ Å°æ¤p-úø´’ü¿uç BÆæ’-éÓ°æ¤púø’, äéπö È®çúÓ ´úøç, °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’.

P. Srinivasa Rao, Hyderabad. Q.

N°∂æ-©-´’-´-úøç-´©x – äéπ ´uéÀh îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´©x, ÉçéÓ ´uéÀhéÀ Ç Å´é¬¨¡ç ®√´úøç/ äéπ ´uéÀh court ™ Ææçñ«®·≠‘ îÁ°æp-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´©x Å´-ûªL §ƒKdéÀ ņ’-èπÿ-©çí¬ B®Ω’p É´yúøç. He is a president by default = éÌûªh president †’ ᆒoéÓ-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´©x v°æÆæ’h-ûª-ç -Ö-†o ´uÍéh president í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. Judgement by default = Case ™ äéπ °æéπ~ç ¢√®Ω’ Court èπ◊ ®√†ç-ü¿’†, Å´-ûªL °æéπ~ç ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ņ’èπÿ-©çí¬ ÉîËa B®Ω’p – ÉC î√™« formal, spoken English ™ ¢√úøç Åçûªí¬.

Y ou ar e deceiving yourself

ÅçûªöÀ¢√úË CT-´*a Åûª-úÕE ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-î√úø’. ÅûªúË/ Ǣ˒/ ØËØË– É™« Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x himself, herself, myself, etc- ÅE ¢√úÕûË, Å°æ¤púø’, self *´®Ω ´îËa pronouns, emphatic pronoun. Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈– He killed himself = Åûª-úÕE ÅûªúË îªç°æ¤-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ – É™« Å®Ωnç ´ÊÆh reflexive pro-

Q.

¢Ë’´· èπ◊éπ\†’ °ç-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. We are bringing up/ raring up a dog

(ÅûªúË Ç¢Á’-éπ™«

îÁ§ƒpúø’) ÅûªúË ÅE ØÌéÀ\ îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd §ƒ´·-ë«uEo Ææ÷*çîË Nüµ¿çí¬ ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æpúøç.)

Ø√èπ◊-™‰E ¶«üµ¿ FÈéç-ü¿’èπ◊? When I am not worried, why should you?

é¬ü¿’.

He himself told her so - Here, himself is emphatic pronoun- emphatic


by default

îªü¿’´¤ Ææçüµ∆u- ®√-E-¢√-JéÀ °æü¿-´¤©’ Öçúøôç ´©x Nü∆u-´ç-ûª’-úÕéÀ N©’´ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ §Ú®·çC. As the uneducated corner all the positions, the educated have no value




2

Ææ*Ø˛ Çúø-éπ-§ÚûË ÉçúÕߪ÷ Èí©-´ü¿’. A. Correct. Q. Unless Sachin plays, Sehwag will play. A.

Ææ*Ø˛ Çúø-éπ-§ÚûË (-ØË) ÂÆ£æ…yí˚ Çúø-û√úø’. ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø unless èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, If ®√¢√L. If Sachin doesn't play, Sehwag will play.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 23 -†-´ç•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

J.V. Jayaprakash, Proddatur Q. Please clarify the doubts in this sentence. "I could not understand why my wife and I had to suffer". Some teachers say 'why' is a conjunction and some teachers say 'had' is a verb. Some teachers say 'why' is a relative adverb and some teachers say 'had to' is a modal auxiliary and 'suffer' is the main verb. A. Why Adverb, It's not a conjunction. I could not understand the reason why ... why, relative conjunction. had to suffer - 'had to' is modal, and 'suffer' is a main verb.

Ééπ\úø

ņo-

°æ¤púø’,

Q. scrutiny, checking, verification and observing.

°æJ-Q-©† Checking= ûªE& ÆæJ-îª÷-úøôç (ï®Ω-í¬-Lq† Nüµ¿çí¬ ïJ-Tçü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅE)/ vüµ¿’´°æ-®Ω--éÓ-´úøç– äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC Eï´÷, é¬ü∆ ÅE. Observing= í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç; ¢√uë«u-Eç-îªúøç

Q.

éÀçC °æü∆© Å®√n-©†’, ¢√öÀ ¶µ‰ü∆-©†’ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Trophy, cup, shield. A. Trophy = äéπ °æçüÁç™ ÈíL-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hí¬ Nñ‰-ûª©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ãúÕ-§Ú®·-†-¢√J ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ Trophy ÅØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. 鬩-véπ¢Ë’ù« ÅC Nï-ߪ÷-EéÀ í∫’®Ω’h, Ç ûª®√yûª Nñ‰-ûª-©éÀîËa •£æ›-´’A Å®·uçC. DØËo memento ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. cup = Nï-ߪ÷-EéÀ *£æ«oçí¬, •£æ›-´’-Aí¬ ÉîËa cup - ÉC *†o cup †’ç*, °ü¿l §ƒvûªí¬ ÖçúÌa. shield = ÉC èπÿú≈ §ÚöÙ  Nñ‰-ûª-©-éÀîËa •£æ›-´’ûË – Å®·ûË ÉC °æ‹®Ωyç ߪ·ü∆l¥™x ÂÆjE-èπ◊©’ ¢√úË ú≈©’ ®Ω÷°æç™ Öçô’çC.

a) After his death, his sons separated

Verification =

(ÅûªúÕ ´’®Ωùç ûª®√yûª éÌúø’-èπ◊©’ NúÕ-§Úߪ÷®Ω’) - Simple (separated - äÍé verb Ñ

Q. examine, search, scanning, testing, inspect. A. Examine =

°æK-éÀ~ç-îªúøç search = ¢Áü¿-éπúøç Scanning = EP-ûªçí¬ °æJ-Q-Lç-îªúøç/ °æK-éÀ~ç-îªúøç Testing = °æK-éÀ~ç-îªúøç Inspect = ûªE& îËߪ’úøç

™)

(Åûªúø’ ´’®Ω-ùÀç-*† ûª®√yûª éÌúø’-èπ◊©’ NúÕ-§Úߪ÷®Ω’) Ééπ\úø after ûª®√yûª (had) died, ÅØË verb ®√´--úøçûÓ separated ûÓ È®çúø’ verbs Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·. After he had died- subordi-

鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-™xE Æœ•sçC

nate clause, COMPLEX.

™ ¶üµ¿†

Æœ•sçC. Crew = etc.

sentence

b) After he (had) died, his sons separated

Q. staff, faculty, crew. Faculty = College/ University

G. Shylaja, Kusthapur

Éçé¬- -N-´®Ωçí¬ îª÷-úøçúÕ.

A. Scrutiny=

A. Staff =

2

so

the

sentence

is

c) He (had) died and then his sons separated.

¢√£æ«-Ø√© Æœ•sçC – bus, ship, plane,

A. The building which is being pulled by them is 100 years old =

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ '¢√∞¡xûÓ °æúø-íÌ-ôd•-úø’-ûª’†o— ÅØË Å®Ωn¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. ¢√∞¡x-ûÓ °æúø-íÌ-ôd•-úø’-ûª’†o building, 100 Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©C ÅE sentence Å®Ωnç. Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ Which building is being pulled down by them? = à building ¢√∞¡xûÓ °æúø-íÌ-ôd-•-úø’-ûÓçC? Q. Which is planting tree? àüÁjûË îÁôx†’ Ø√ô’ûª÷ ÖçüÓ ÅE Å®Ωnç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. Which is planting tree? = àC îÁôx† ’ Ø√ô’ûÓçC – DE-éπ®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’ -éπü∆.

The eagle is the mascot of the US

Q. nonsense, bitch, stupid, rogue, idiot, rascal, scoundrel. A. Nonsense -

Å®Ωnç-™‰E ´÷ô©’/ °œ*a ´÷ô©’/ Æ洒ߪ’ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç-™‰E ´÷ô©’ – °œ*a îË≠d©æ ’. Bitch = Çúø-èπ◊éπ\, Å®·ûË ÉC áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢Ë¨¡u ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Æ‘Y©†’ Å´-´÷-†-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Ææç¶-Cµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Stupid = Idiot = ´‚®Ω’^©’ stupid movie/ stupid jokes, etc - É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x stupid èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – unintersting and dull ÅE, ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œçîË. Rogue = ¢Á÷Ææ-í¬-úÁj† ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úø’ Scoundrel = ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úø’ Rascal = Rogue = ü¿’®√t-®Ω_°æ¤ ¢Á÷Ææ-í¬úø’, Å®·ûË rascal †’ English ™ Aô’d-°æ-ü¿çí¬ Å†’-éÓ®Ω’. ÅGµ-´÷-†çûÓ ÅØË °æü¿çí¬ (´’†ç *†o-¢√-∞¡x†’, üÌçí∫ ¢Áüµ¿´) ņoô’x ¶µ«N-≤ƒh®Ω’.

Q. logo, muscat, symbol, emblem, motto. A. Logo = trade mark =

ã éπç°F/ ÆæçÆæn Ö°æ-ßÁ÷TçîË *£æ«oç. Emblem= ÉC èπÿú≈ *£æ«o¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ÉC äéπ ñ«A, ü˨¡ç, ®√≠æZç, †í∫-®Ω-§ƒ-Léπ ÆæçÆæn©’ ûª´’ í∫’®Ω’hí¬ ¢√úË *£æ«oç. The Asoka pillar with the three lions and the wheel is the national emblem of India =

´‚úø’ Æœç£æ…©÷, îªvéπç Ö†o Ũéπ Ææh綵ºç ¶µ«®Ωûª ñ«A *£æ«oç. Mascot (muscat é¬ü¿’) Åü¿%-≠æd-éπ-®Ω-¢Á ’iç-Cí¬ ¶µ«NçîË ïçûª’´¤, ´’E≠œ à ¶Ô´’t-®·Ø√. The eagle is the mascot of the US = Å¢Á’-Jé¬ mascot - í∫®Ω’-úø-°æéÀ~. Symbol - à *£æ«o-¢Á’iØ√ Motto - äéπ ÆæçÆæn/ ´uéÀh †¢Ë’t Çü¿®Ωzç – äéπ *†o ¢√éπuç ®Ω÷°æç™– Ææûªu-¢Ë’´ ïߪ’ûË- ™«. ´÷´‚©’í¬ ÉC logo, emblem ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Öçô’çC. Q. quick, soon, urgent, immediately. A. Quick -

ûªy®Ωí¬/ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ Soon = ¢ÁçôØË. äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ïJ-T† ¢ÁçôØË. (Quick ÅØËC, éπü¿-L-éπ™  ¢Ëí∫ç ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC– Soon = ûÌçü¿-®Ωí¬, äéπ N-≠æߪ’ç ûª®√yûª) urgent = Å´-Ææ-®Ωçí¬/ ņ’-èπ◊†o ¢ÁçôØË ï®Ω-í¬-Lq† immediate = ûªéπ~ùç.

M. Satyanarayana, Hyd.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ È®çúø’

Q. End, close, finish; hardware, iron, steel -

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 524

Ñ °æü∆© í∫’Jç*

verbs

È®çúø’

1) He (had) died

COMPOUND sentence.

É™« Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷®Ω’p©’ îËÆæ’èπ◊çô÷ phrases †’ clauses í¬/ clauses †’/ phrases í¬ ´÷®Ωaúøç M.SURESAN practise îËߪ’úøç Å´-Ææ®Ωç. DEéÀ éÌçûª Let's close this chapter as soon as possible Ü£æ« é¬¢√L, éπ≠dçæ é¬ü¿’. = O©-®·-†çûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Ñ chapter ´·Tü∆lç. P. Ravikumar, Aiza. Finish = °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’úøç. Q. Who was the son of Dasaratha ¢√éπu E®√tùç He has finished his home work. v°æ鬮Ωç ÉC -v°æ¨¡o. DE Å®Ωnç: ü¿¨¡-®Ωü∑¿’úÕ èπ◊´÷-®Ω’Finish Åçõ‰ ûª’C-¢Á’-®Ω’í∫’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç úÁ-´®Ω’?é¬-F 'ü¿¨¡-®Ω-ü∑¿’úÕ èπ◊´÷-®Ω’-úÁj-†-ô’-´çöÀ The chair lacks finish = Ñ èπ◊KaéÀ é¬Ææh ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’/ (®√´·úø’)— ÅE éÌEo Spoken English °æ¤Ææh-鬙x Çéπ-®Ω{ù ™‰ü¿’. (N’í∫û√ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ÆæJí¬ ÖçúÌa) îª÷¨»ç. ᙫçöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å™« ®√ßÁ·îª’a? Iron= Ɇ’´· A. Who was the son of Dasaratha? Ñ sensteel= Öèπ◊\ (Éçöx ¢√úË §ƒvûª©’– stainless tence É™«Íí Ö†oôx®·ûË D-EéÀ -Å®Ωnç ü¿¨¡-®Ω-ü∑¿’úÕ steel) èπ◊´÷-®Ω’-úÁ-´®Ω’? ÅØË. Å®·ûË Sri Rama, who Hardware - ¶µº´-Ø√© éπôd-ú≈-©èπ◊ ¢√úË É†’°æ, was the son of Dasaratha, killed Ravana ÉûªhúÕ, éπç, Öèπ◊\ ≤ƒ´’vT– ¢Ë’èπ◊©’, buckets, Ééπ\úø who was the son of Dasaratha ÅØËC í∫úÕ-ߪ’©’ ™«çöÀN. question é¬ü¿’. ¢Á·ûªhç sentence ™ ÅüÓ ¶µ«í∫ç. É™« sentence ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ M.A.K. Chakravarthi, Nadakuduru 'ü¿¨¡-®Ωü∑¿’úÕ èπ◊´÷-®Ω’-úÁj† ®√´·úø’— ÅØË Å®Ωnç Q. Simple, Complex and Compound ´Ææ’hçC. Sentences í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpçúÕ. Q. Which is being pulled down by them. ÉC A. Simple, Compound and Complex senv°æ¨¡o éπü∆. é¬F 'àüÁjûË ¢√∞¡xûÓ °æúø-íÌ-ôd-•-úø’ûª÷ tences: ÖçüÓ Ç (éπôdúøç)— ÅE Å®Ωnç ÖçC. ÉC ᙫ Standard Conversions ≤ƒüµ¿uç? Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. close Åçõ‰ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÖçC/ ´·Tç-îªúøç.

Simple

Complex

Compound

1) Inspite of/ despite

Though/ although/ even though

But/ yet/ and yet

2) without/ but for

If/ unless

or/ otherwise/ or else

3) because of

becasuse

so/ therefore

1. A tallman was here

A man who was tall was here.

A man was here and he was tall.

though/ although/ even though he is rich, he spends little

He is rich but/ yet/ and yet he spends little.

3. Without his telling me, I will not go.

only if he tells me, I will go/ unless he tells me, I will not go

He should tell me (to go); or else/ otherwise I will not go.

4. Because of his illness he is absent.

Because he is ill, he is absent.

He is ill, so he is absent.

(Tall man - phrase clause - A man who is tall

DØËo

îË-ßÁ·îª’a ÅE)

2. Inspite of/ Despite

(Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) Inspite of/ Despite his wealth he spends little.

A. The man, who came to a large city .... =

°ü¿l †í∫-®√-EéÀ ´*a† Ç ´’E≠œ. = îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’

ûª®√yûª ÅûªúÕ éÌúø’-èπ◊©’ NúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Ñ È®çúø’ main clauses 鬕öÀd ÉC

The match has ended = Match

á´-È®jûË äéπ °ü¿l °æôd-ù«-EéÀ ´î√a®Ó? ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÆæJ-§Úûª’çü∆?

clauses = 2) And then his sons separated =

ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. End = Åçûªç, *´J ü¿¨¡ close = ´‚ߪ’úøç finish= °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’úøç/ ûª’C-¢Á’-®Ω’-í∫’©’.

Q. Who came a large city.

Who came to a large city?=

á´®Ω’ ´î√a®Ω’

°ü¿l †í∫-®√-EéÀ? Q. Who travelled from here to there.

á´-È®jûË Ééπ\úÕ †’ç* Åéπ\-úøèπ◊ v°æߪ÷ùç î˨»®Ó? ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆? Who travelled from here to there? = Ééπ\úÕ †’ç* Åéπ\-úÕéÀ á´®Ω’ v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-î√®Ω’? éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?

A. Passengers, who travelled from here to there =

Ééπ\úÕ †’ç* Åéπ\-úÕéÀ á´-È®jûË v°æߪ÷-ùÀçî√®Ó ¢√∞¡Ÿx = Ééπ\úÕ -†’ç-* Åéπ\-úÕéÀ v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-*† v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊©’.... É™« who/ which/ whose ûÓ ´îËa clauses sentence ™ ¶µ«í∫ç Å®·-ûËØË O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊†o Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. éπÈ®Íéd.

U.Hari, Tandoor. Q. Why the words THE, A pronounce in different ways like The A-

ü¿ – C, the as 'C—

à – Å.

A. We pronounce before English words beginning with any of the Telugu sounds, The idea

Å, Ç, É, Ñ, Ö, Ü, á, à, â, ä, ã, å (C) egg (áí˚), The (C) ant, The (C) (â), The (C) owl (噸), etc.

Before English words beginning with other than the Telugu sounds from to the is pronounced as

Å

å,

ü¿.

The building, the University, etc.

(ü¿)

(ü¿)

tree, The

(ü¿)

A is mostly pronounced as when we want to stress it

Å, and only (äéπ\õ‰, àüÓ äéπ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ØÌéÀ\ °æL-Íé-ô-°æ¤púø’), we pronounce it as, á.

Q. What is exact meaning of 'Back drop of.' Kindly explain its usage with example. A. Back drop= 1) The drop curtain at the back of a stage in a theatre (drama hall), 2) All that we can see around us when an event takes place. The roaring Sea provided a back drop to the fight between the two =

¢√J §Úö«x-ôèπ◊, £æ«ÙÈ®-ûª’h-ûª’†o Ææ´·vü¿ç ØË°æ-ü∑¿uçí¬ ÆæJ-§Ú-®·çC. 3) äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ / ïJ-Íí-ô°æ¤púø’, ü∆EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†/ ü∆E-é¬\-®Ω-ù-´’ßË’u °æJ-Æœnûª’©’. eg: The communal clashes broke out against the backdrop of the comments the people of one community made against the other=

äéπ ´®√_-EéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√®Ω’, ÉçéÓ ´®Ω_ç O’ü¿ îËÆœ† ¢√uêu© ØË°æ-ü∑¿uç™ ´®Ω_ Ææç°∂æ’®Ω{ù v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-®·çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 30 -†-´ç•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

G. Shankar, Keshavapatnam Q. Could you suggest material for JL of English and its titles. Even as where they can be had from. A. Material for Junior Lecturers in English prepared by various writers is available in all good book stalls. The best thing is to have a thorough knowledge of the History of English Literature from spencer to the 20th century, various movements in Eng. Literature, and different forms of literature. Q. What is / are the difference between the accent and stress. A. Accent and stress, broadly speaking means more or less the same. However, Accent means the way a language is spoken and pronounced by different groups of the speakers of the language - for example, we have British accent of English - English as spoken and pronounced by the British, American accent - American way of speaking and pronouncing English language, Scottish (people of Scotland) accent, etc.

°æçC ´÷ç≤ƒEo §Ú®˝\ ņo-ô’xí¬ ØÁ´’L, °œôd, èπ◊çüË©’, îË°æ, á©’éπ, *©’éπ, §ƒ´·, >çéπ, ûªC-ûª®Ω @´¤© ´÷ç≤ƒEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. ¢√öÀéÀ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ´÷ô©’ ™‰´¤. ÅEoç-öÀéÀ general í¬ meat Åçö«ç. Q. NvüÓ-£æ›©’, Öví∫-¢√-ü¿’©’, ü¿’çúø-í∫’©’, EçC-ûª’©’, °∂æ÷-ûª’èπ◊©’ Ñ °æü∆-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-Ø√-®√n-EîËa ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü∆-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. Öví∫-¢√-ü¿’©’ = terrorists ü¿’çúø-í∫’©’= hooligans/ miscreants/ ruffians

NvüÓ-£æ›©’ = °∂æ÷ûª’-èπ◊©’ = saboters (pron: ¨»•--ö«ñ¸), Sabotage (pron: ¨»•--õ‰ñ ¸– 'ñ¸—, measure ™ 'ï— ™«) EçC-ûª’©’= The Accused. Q. Define and explain the following about cricket stadium. A.
Pavilion

2

Robes, Fabric, Now, Through, From the beginning, React

°æ-ü∆-©- Å®√n-©-†’ -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù©-ûÓ -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. A Erect = vertical

.

(Eôd-E-©’-´¤í¬)
Straight

= ´çéπ®Ω ™‰èπ◊çú≈/ ´ç°æ¤©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, ÉC Eôd-E-©’-´¤-í¬ Öçúø´îª’a, Horizontal í¬†÷ (¶µº÷N’éÀ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬) Öçúø-´îª’a, à Cèπ◊\-™-ØÁjØ√ Öçúø-´îª’a. éπü¿-L-éπ™, go straight Åçõ‰ ´’üµ¿u™ áéπ\ú≈ ´’©’°æ¤/ Çí∫úøç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Ø訽Ւ äéπ-îÓ-öÀ-Èé-∞¡}úøç. àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤ ûª† ô÷d û√†’ A®Ω-í∫úøç Rotate ¶Ôçí∫®Ωç – A top rotates. The earth rotates around its axis - ¶µº÷N’ ûª†îª’ô÷d û√†’ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

(Ũ-èπ◊úø’ °ü¿l ≤ƒv´÷-ñ«uEo §ƒLç-î√úø’.) c) The British ruled India for 200 years =

¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ vGöÀ-≠æ®Ω’x 200 -à∞¡Ÿx §ƒLç-î√®Ω’. d) The British ruled over the largest empire in the World =

v°æ°æç-îªç-™ØË ÅA-°ü¿l ≤ƒv´÷ñ«uEo vGöÀ-≠æ®Ω’x §ƒLç-î√®Ω’.
Dumb Åçõ‰ ´‚í∫ –- ´÷-ô-®√éπ§Ú´-úøç /´÷--ö«xúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç ´©x, ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç.
´÷´‚-© ’í¬ ¢Áç•-úÕç-îª-úøç/ ņ’-Ææ-Jç--îª-úøç following. Following him were his brothers-

It was a success altogether

Stress is the extra force with which we pronounce a syllable in a word. eg : In the word, 'above', there are two syllables 1)a (∂) 2) bove (bΛv), In pronouncing this word, we stress the second syllable bΛv. That is, we use extra force while uttering 'bΛv'. The stress is on the second syllable. We also say that the accent is on the second syllable. Q. Could you give me the meanings of phrases of the following in telugu. A.
In tune with In tune with =

ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬.

In tune with the changing tastes of the customers, the company is designing new footwear = customers company

´÷®Ω’-ûª’†o ņ’í∫’-ùçí¬, Ç ©†’ ®Ω÷§Òç-C-≤ÚhçC.

ÅGµ-®Ω’-©èπ◊ éÌûªh ®Ω鬩 §ƒü¿-®Ω-éπ~-


Underscores Underscore = underline =

´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË/ ®√ÊÆ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x àüÁjØ√ ´·êuç ÅE ûÁ©-°æúøç.

The frequent terrorist attacks underscores the need for tighter security =

ûª®Ωîª÷ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª’†o Öví∫-¢√-ü¿’© ü∆úø’©’ °æöÀ≠æe ¶µºvü¿ûª Å´-Ææ®Ω v§ƒ´·-ë«uEo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·.

Sports ground èπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™ØË ÖçúË í∫’ú≈-®Ω癫çöÀ pavilion éπôd-ú≈Eo (°æ-N-©u-Ø˛ – 'N— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’èπ◊û√ç) Åçö«ç. ´·êuçí¬ players (ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o §ÚöÙ  §ƒ™Ô_çô’†o véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’), Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’©’ èπÿ®Ω’aØË ´ÆæA.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 525

ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’ N≠æߪ’ç/ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©

ÆæçÍéûªç. To herald =

ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©èπ◊ ÆæçÍé-ûªçí¬ Öçúøôç/ X鬮Ωç ôdúøç. a) Viresalingam's Rajasekhara Charitam heralded the novel era in Telugu literature =

éπçü¿’-èπÿJ OÍ®-¨¡-Lçí∫ç ®Ω*ç-*† ®√ï-¨Ï-ê®Ω îªJûªç, ûÁ©’í∫’ ≤ƒ£œ«-ûªuç™ †´-™«- ¨¡-é¬-EéÀ (era) Ç®Ω綵ºç Ææ÷*ç-*çC/ ÆæçÍé-ûª-¢Á’içC.

b) Sri Sri's poetry heralded the age of free verse in Telugu =

XX éπNûªyç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ îªçüÓ-•ü¿l¥ç é¬E éπN-ûªèπ◊ X鬮Ωç öÀdçC.

A.Sudhakar, Peddamallareddy. Q. C.I.E.F.L.

™ M.Phil (Eng), P.G.D.T.E. îËߪ÷-©çõ‰ 鬢√-Lq† Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª©’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.

A M.A. Degree in English Language and literature.

.

Q. P.G.D.T.E., C.I.E.F.L. D.S.C.

™ îªC-N† Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ ™ Å´-鬨¡ç Öçü∆? ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ ûÁ©’-°æ-

The earth revolves round the sun -

Each student paid Rs. 10/- head student


Pitch

v°æA ûª™« °æC-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’©’ Pitch (Cricket)= The area îÁLxç-î√-®Ω’. marked out between the two ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 'v°æB— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, each ÅØ√o M.SURESAN sets of stumps- the bowlers every ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰ – Å®·ûË bowl on it and the bats men face the balléÀçü¿ N´-Jç-*† Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i† ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-î√L. Stumps èπÿ stumps èπÿ ´’üµ¿u bowlers Each Åçõ‰ äéπ Ææ´‚£æ«ç™ Ö†o v°æA ´Ææ’h´‹/ ûª´’ •çAE bowl îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, bats men ´’E≠œ ÅE. ¢√öÀE áü¿’-®Ì\-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ à®Ωp-®Ω-*†
Every ņo-°æ¤púø’ Ç Ææ´‚-£æ«-´’ç-ûª-öÀéÃ/ Åçü¿v°æü˨¡ç. Jéà ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.


Dressing room

Dressing room =

véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ ûª´’ •ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Çô N®√´’ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ǣ慮Ω §ƒF-ߪ÷©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Nv¨»çAéÀ ¢√úË í∫C.
Gallery

1) vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©’ èπÿ®Ω’a-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’ô’x ¢Á’ô’xí¬ EJtç-*† Ææn©ç. Ñ ´Ææ-AéÀ tickets üµ¿®Ω Éûª®Ω ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’© éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´. 2) *vûª/ P©p ´Èíj®√ éπ∞¡© v°æü¿-®Ωz† E®Ωy-£œ«çîË

Every Indian knows the story of the Bharatham = each each Indian...

¶µ«®Ωûªç éπü∑¿ v°æA ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-úÕéà (=¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-©ç-ü¿-JéÃ) ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø ¢√úø™‰ç éπü∆? ņç. ÉçéÓ ûËú≈ each, every ØË –– Every ņo-°æ¤púø’, éÌçîÁç °ü¿l Ææ´‚£æ«ç (group) ™Å--Fo/-Åç-ü¿®Ω÷. Each Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷†o °∂晫Ø√ Ææ´‚£æ«ç (group) ™E, v°æA- ä-éπ\öÃ/ äéπ\®Ω÷ ÅE. Each student there got some prize or the prize other =

Åéπ\-úø’†o v°æA Nü∆uJnéà àüÓ äéπ ´*açC. Åéπ\úø Ö†o v°æA äéπ\-Jéà ÅE.


Out field

véÃú≈ ¢Á’iü∆-†ç™ v°æü˨¡ç.

boundary

éÀ É´-ûª© Ö†o


Curator

1) véÃú≈ ¢Á’iü∆-Ø√Eo Çôèπ◊ ņ’-´¤í¬ ÖçúËô’x Æœü¿l¥-°æ-JîË ÅCµ-é¬J. 2) Museum, picture gallery ©†’ Ææç®Ω-éÀ~çîË ÅCµ-é¬J
Ground

curator

èπ◊ Ææ£æ«-éπ-JçîË véÃú≈ ¢Á’iü∆-Ø√Eo Æœü¿l¥çîËÊÆ °æE-¢√∞¡Ÿ}.
Stands

vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©’ èπÿ®Ω’a-E-í¬F, E©’a-E-í¬F Çô îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ à®Ωp-®Ω-*† ´ÆæA (ü∆ü∆°æ¤ gallery)

È®çúø’ È®∞¡Ÿx Ø√©’-í∫E Åçü¿®Ω’ °œ©x-©èπÿ ûÁ©’Ææ’.
Fight against = §Ú®√-úøôç. Fight with = ¢√Cç-îªúøç – DEo í∫’Jç* ´’Jçûª N´-®Ωçí¬, Ñ ´’üµ¿u lessons ™ØË N´-Jçî√ç, îª÷úøçúÕ.
ã abbreviation ™E Åéπ~-®√-©Fo äéπ- °æ-ü¿çí¬ üµ¿yEÊÆh, ÅC Acronym. 2) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
Palindrome = A word that reads the same from the beginning to the end/ end to the beginning. eg: Madam Madam

îªC-N-Ø√ éÀ— ™«.

Ñ ´÷ô áô’-- †’ç* ÅØË ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'éÀöÀ-


Rule, Rule over

T. Siva, Nandikotkur. Q. Erect, Straight, Rotate, Revolve Each,

,

Every, Fight against, Fight with, Acronym ,

P.Lingam, Nagapuram.

Palindrome,

Q.

Following, All together, Same, Garments,

Rule,

Every boy knows that two twos are four =

eg: 1) WHO (World Health Organization)

véÃú≈ ¢Á’iü∆†ç
Grounds men

í∫-©®Ω’. A. -Å-´é¬-¨¡ç ÖçC. éÓúÕ-´÷ç-≤ƒEo *ÈéØ˛, ¢Ë’éπ ´÷ç≤ƒEo ´’ôØ˛,

ÉçéÓ

äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ ô÷d ´Ææ’h´¤ A®Ω-í∫úøç -

Ææ÷®Ω’uúÕ îª’ô÷d ¶µº÷N’ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.
Each - È®çúÕç-öÀ- éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ö†o ¢√öÀ™x v°æBC/ v°æA-¢√®Ω’.

hall.


Heralds Herald =


Revolve -

Rule over,

Dumb,

È®çúø÷ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰ §ƒLçîª-úøç. Å®·ûË, §ƒLçîË NÆ‘h®Ωgç ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´-®·ûË, Rule over Åçö«ç. a) Ashoka ruled for 30 years (Ũ-èπ◊úø’ 30 à∞¡x-§ƒô’ §ƒLç-î√úø’.)b) Ashoka ruled over

Åûª-úÕ-E ¢Áç•-úÕÆæ÷h Åûª-úÕ ≤Úü¿-®Ω’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’. Following the advice of the doctor, he gave up smoking = Doctor

Ææ©-£æ…†’ ņ’-Ææ-Jç* Åûªúø’ smoking ´÷ØË-¨»úø’. The following = Ñ éÀçü¿ îÁ°œp-†/- ûÁ-L°œ-†.
All together = Åçü¿-®Ω÷ -éπ-LÆœ - The students, all together helped the teacher = Nü∆u-®Ω’n©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ teacher èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. Å®·ûË all together •ü¿’©’, All of them, all the students better. Altogether =

°æ‹Jhí¬, ¢Á·ûªhç.

a) He gave up smoking altogether = smoking

-

°æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷ØË-¨»úø’.

Å-ûª-úø’

b) There were sixty men altogether =

áöÔ
Åéπ\úø ¢Á·ûªhç 60 ´’çC ÖØ√o®Ω’. c) It was a success altogether =

áöÔ
v°æA N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™†÷ -Ç Å†o-ü¿-´·t-™Ô-éπõ‰ (§ÚL-éπ-©’-Ø√o®·).

2) He sent the same greetings to all =

Åçü¿-Jéà äÍé ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’ °æ秃ú≈ߪ’†. ü¿’Ææ’h©’/ -´≤ƒY-©’ – Ñ ´÷ô- é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç. DE •ü¿’©’ clothes ¢√úøôç ´’ç*C.
Robes = ®√îª-J-é¬-EéÃ, £æ«Ùü∆èπÿ *£æ«oçí¬ üµ¿JçîË -´ÆæYç – ¶µº’ñ«-©- O’ü¿ †’ç* üË£æ…Eo ´ü¿’-©’í¬ éπ°æ¤pûª÷ ØË©†’ û√Íé °ü¿l- -´ÆæYç.
Fabric = -´≤ƒY-©’, sofa covers, curtains èπÿ ¢√úË á™«çöÀ -´ÆæY-´’®·-Ø√ – Cotton/ Silk/
Garments =

Polyester, etc.
Now =

É°æ¤púø’, Right now= É°æ¤púË/ Ö†o- °æ∞«ØËo/ ¢ÁçôØË. a) He is coming now= Çߪ’-E-°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. b) Do it right now= É°æ¤púË -îÁߪ÷u-°æE/ ¢ÁçôØË îÁß˝’.
Through = í∫’ç-ú≈/ -ü∆y®√/ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç ¢Á·ûªhç. He was here through the day= ®Óïçû√ ÖØ√oúø’.
Right through = ¢Á·ü¿-©’- †’ç* *´J ´®Ωèπ◊ (without a break). Right through his stay here, he troubled every one =

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø Ö†oçûªÊÆ°æ¤ Åçü¿-J-F É•sç-C- °-ö«dúø’.
From the beginning – ÉC èπÿú≈ °j¢√öÀ™«ØË = ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ -†’ç*/ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç †’ç* Right from the beginning = ¢Á·ôd- ¢Á·-ü¿öÀ †’ç*/ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*† éπ~ùç- †’ç*.
React = Do something in response to something else -

äéπ-ü∆-EéÀ Ææpçü¿-†í¬ à¢Á’iØ√ îËߪ’úøç.

a vast empire.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 2 -úÕÂÆç•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

T. Sunil, Cheriyal.

How long is it since you came?

Q. Study, read

OöÀE àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Read Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ îªü¿-´úøç – Newspapers, Novels ™«çöÀN –




ØËØÌ*a ÉçûªÊÆ°æ-®·Ø√ O’®Ω’ °æöÀdç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’. It is long since I came and you have taken no notice of me

We read Newspapers, novels, etc.

.

Study

Q. I am done I have done He has gone

a) Students study their text books, notes, etc.

A. I am done

Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ °æJ-Q-Lç*, v°æA N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Å®Ωnç-îË-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ v°æߪ’-AoÆæ÷h îªü¿-´úøç.

b) He is studying maths now, and wants to study physics later Physics

´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’, ûª®√yûª äéπ class îªü¿-´úøç èπÿú≈

É°æ¤púøûª†’ í∫ùÀûªç îªü¿’îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. study.

Q. The police has arrested a theif. The police have arrested a thief.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. The police have arrested, correct. Police plural. Police singular number, A police man/ A police person

á°æ¤púø÷ èπ◊

-

Ééπ\-úø’†o †®Ωh-èπ◊™x Ç¢Á’ äéπ®Ω’.

ØËØÌ*a áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·uçC? How long is it since I came?




èπ◊,

M.Laxman, Kakinada. Q.

èπ◊, He is goneèπ◊, èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈-©†’ N¨¡-D-éπ-Jç-îªçúÕ. = ؈’ °æE-°æ‹-Jh-îË-¨»†’/ Ø√ °æE

Ø√èπ◊ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ éÌEo °æü∆-©†’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-î √™ ûÁL-ߪ’-úø癉ü¿’. ÅN: by,

tend their children =

though, suppose, regard, tend, asto, apart, by means of, apart from, somehow, as of, even as, even then, even since, for all, and out of.

°æ‹®Ωh-®·uçC. ؈’ î˨»†’. ÉC sentence é¬ü¿’. ؈’ î˨»†’, üËEE ÅØËC ûÁLߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ÉC sentence é¬ü¿’. He is gone = Åûª†’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ = He has gone. Å®·ûË He is gone ņo-°æ¤púø’, 'Åûª-úø’—èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç. He has gone ™ '¢Á∞«x-úø’—èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç. Q. He was going to schoolèπ◊, He used to go to

2

I have done = I have done -

Ñ °æü∆-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ îÁ°æpí∫-©®Ω’. A. By – 1) passive ™ object ´·çü¿’ by ¢√úøû√ç – äéπ-J-îËûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. eg: She was murdered by her husband







Apart = 1) separately - keep the two apart = Apart from = Apart from being rich, he is well read (too) =

Ç È®çúÕç-öÀF/ ¢√Rx-ü¿lKo ¢Ë®Ω’í¬ Öç. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈,

(¶µº®Ωh îËûª îªç°æ-•-úÕçC).

Q. The news are wrong. The news is wrong.

2) È®çúÕçöÀéÀ Ö†o ûËú≈ à ¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, 'by' ´·êuçí¬ Øˆ’ Past continu-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 526 ¢√úø û√ç. ous tense èπ◊, used to èπ◊ cona) He is taller than her by 5 cms fuse Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’. àçîË-ߪ÷™ Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’, 5 ÂÆç.O’. §Òúø’í∫’. îÁ°æpçúÕ. b) The price has been raised by ten A. Past continuous èπ◊, used to èπ◊ rupees = üµ¿®Ω 10 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-ü∆é¬ ÅÆæ©’ Ææç•ç-üµ¿¢Ë’ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, O’®Ω’ con°çî√®Ω’. fuse 鬢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. 3) Time N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ äéπ time èπ◊/Åçûª-èπ◊Past continuous í∫ûªç™ äéπ EKgûª ´·çüË . Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ Ö†o °æEE ûÁ©’M.SURESAN eg: a) He will be here by 6 O' clock °æ¤-ûª’çC. Used to 1st RDW á°æ¤púø÷ í∫ûªç™ ¢√úø’-éπí¬ ïJÍí °æEE í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-ûª’çC. = Åûªúø’ Ç®Ω’ í∫çô-©-éπ™«x (6 í∫çô-©èπ◊/ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ – Ç®Ω’ ü∆ô-èπ◊çú≈) He was going to school = Åûª-†-°æ¤púø’ school èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. (Past™ äéπ EKgûª Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™). b) By then the damage was done - Å°æp-öÀÍé †≠ædç ïJ-T-§Ú-®·çC. He used to go to school = Åûªúø’ schoolèπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx¢√úø’, v°æA-®ÓW/ v°æA-¢√®Ωç/ v°æA ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç, etc.
Though = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà Though it was difficult, he was willing to do Q. Past continuous tense†’ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x Ö°æit = ÅC éπ≠dç æ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûªúø’ ü∆Eo ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó N´JÆæ÷h éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-L-´y-í∫-©®Ω’. îË Ê Æçü ¿ ’ èπ ◊ ä°æ ¤ p è π◊-Ø√oúø’. A. was + ...ing/ were + .... ing = ÉC verb form
Suppose = if = Å®·ûË/ Ç °æéπ~ç™. in the past continuous.

Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? á°æ¤púø÷ í¬ØË ¢√úøû√ç – DEéÀ Öçúøü¿’, DE ´·çü¿’ ®√ü¿’. Åçü¿’éπE Q. ¢Á÷Ææ-í¬-úÕE Ççí∫xç™ cheater ÅØ√™«? ™‰ü∆ cheat ÅØ√™«? A. Cheater °æü¿ç English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Cheat = 1) ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’úøç 2) ¢Á÷Ææ-í¬úø’. Q. English™ äéπ °æü¿ç noun †’ç*, verb †’ç*, adjective †’ç* adverb í¬ Öçö«®·. ÉN Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-®Ωçí¬ Ö†o °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo Ææ÷*ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’? A. Å™« ûÁ© ’-Ææ ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English, Å™«çöÀ Éûª®Ω standard dictionaries ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ᙫ ®√ߪ ÷™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.
Ææ´·vü¿ç ¢Á·ûªhç ÉçTx≠ˇ ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰, Åçü¿’™ éπFÆæç FöÀ Gçü¿’´¤ Åçûª-èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ ®√ü¿’. If English were an ocean, my knowledge wouldn't be even be a drop in it.

´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ °j °j ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’†o Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´®Ω{ç ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. °æúø’ûª÷ ÖçC).

´’†èπ◊ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Öçúø´¤. ´’†¢Ë’ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’-©èπ◊ ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Öçú≈L/ ´÷®√L. Not always do circumstances favour us. We should change according to circumstance.




Ø√èπ◊ ´*a† éπ©™ O’®Ω’ àüÓ Ææ´’-ÆæuûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-®Ωô. I dreamt that some problem was troubling you/ My dream showed you having some problem.

Q. Please give me good advise to learn English in easy ways. A. The best way to learn English is to start speaking it immediately, and read as much English as you can. Read the English newspaper regularly.

G. Srinivas Rao, Email. Q. I will not let him see the movie. As well as I will not take him to the movie.

Ñ ¢√é¬u™x him ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª èπÿ-úøüÓ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’.

to

áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-úø

A. 'I will not let him see the movie' is correct. 'Let' in sentences like the above is never followed by the infinitive.

T. Satyanarayana, Vempadu. Q.


I used to go to movies often those days =




Ç ®ÓV™x ؈’ ûª®Ωîª÷ Æœ-E´÷©èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx¢√úÕE. (Repeated action in the past). Q.

؈’ ¢Á∞«xL. Ééπ ؈’ Öçö«†’. ÅE ÂÆ©´¤ BÆæ’èπ◊-ØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ I must be going. Bye Bye Åçô’Ø√o®Ω’. I must go ņ-´î√a? ™‰ü∆ I must go èπ◊, I must be going èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. A. I must go ÅØÌa. é¬F I must be going ÅØËC áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC. Q. Improbable condition èπ◊,Impossible condition èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Improbable condition Åçõ‰ ÉC ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. ï®Ω-í∫úøç Åçô÷ Å®·ûË ü∆E °∂æLûªç É™« Öçô’çC ÅE. Impossible condition Åçõ‰ Å≤ƒ-üµ¿u-´’E. ´·êuçí¬ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-†-ü∆Eo, ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, ï®Ω-í∫-EC, ïJ-í∫’çõ‰ ᙫ ÖçúËC ÅE Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË °æJ-ÆœnA. Q. Adjectives, Adverbs èπ◊ îÁçC† comparative forms †’ than v°æßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ àßË’ Ææçü¿®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’? A. ´·êuçí¬ È®çúÕç-öÀE/ Éü¿l-JE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa-†°æ¤púø’, éÀçü¿ ûÁL-°œ† °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x than ®√ü¿’. eg: 1) He is the taller of the two.

(¢√Rx-ü¿l®Óx Åûª-ØÁ-èπ◊\´ §Òúø’í∫’.) éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. O’®Ω’ ´*a áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·uçC?

Suppose you win a crore rupees in a lottery what will you do?

I was walking down the street when it started raining = road (Road

2) She is among the better dancers here

†’´¤y ™«ô-K™ éÓöÀ ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ ÈíL-î√-´-†’éÓ/ ÈíLÊÆh, †’¢Ëyç îË≤ƒh´¤? É™«çöÀ îÓôx suppose •ü¿’©’ if ¢√úø-´îª’a. Regard = 1) íı®Ω´ç - Have/ Show. great/ some/ little regard for somebody = á´-J°j †®·Ø√ íÌ°æp/ éÌClí¬/ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ (little) íı®Ω´ç îª÷°æúøç. 2) My regards to so and so = °∂晫-Ø√-¢√-JéÀ Ø√ ÅGµ-¢√-ü∆©’. (´’†ç Öûªh-®√™x 'ÅúÕ-í¬-†E— îÁ°æpçúÕ á™«íÓ -Ç -N-üµ¿çí¬). 3) äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç – I regard (consider) Sachin is the greatest batsman in the world = batsman




Regard as

ûª®√yûª

as

´Ææ’hçC,

consider

ûª®√yûª

®√ü¿’.

In this/ that regard = As regards/ In regard to/ with regard to something/ somebody =

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™/ Ç N≠æ-
















-

°ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√∞¡xûÓ ûª†-èπ◊†o Ææç•ç-üµ∆-©-´©x Åûªúø’ à°æØÁjØ√ îË®·ç--éÓ-í∫-©úø’. Somehow = áçü¿’-éπØÓ Some how I am not able to believe him = áçü¿’-éπØÓ ÅûªúÕ-E ؈’ †´’t-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. Somehow or the other = ᙫ-íÓ-ä-éπ™« á™«íÓ äéπ-™«í∫’/ ᙫÈíjØ√ ÅûªúÕE -Ñ®Ó-V °æô’d-èπ◊E, ÅûªúÕéÀ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒpL. As of = äéπ Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, é̆≤ƒÍí – As of today, tea will no more be served free to employees = Ñ ®ÓV †’ç* Æœ•sç-CéÀ tea Ö*-ûªçí¬ É´y-•-úøü¿’. Even as = äéπöÀ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úø-í¬ØË îËßÁ·-ü¿lE îÁ•’-ûª’ç-úø-í¬ØË / îÁ•’ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’, Åûªúø’ ´·öÀdç-î√úø’. Even then = Å°æp-öÀéÃ/ Å®·Ø√ / Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà Åûª-úø’ 鬢√-©-†o-ü¿™«x Éî√a†’, Å®·-†°æpöà Åûªúø’ ûª%°œh-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. Even Since - Ñ ´÷ô-™‰ü¿’, ÅCEver since = Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Ever since he came here, he has been troubling every one =







Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*a-†-°æpöÀ †’ç* v°æA-¢√-∞¡x†’ É•sçC °úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. For all = Åçü¿-JéÃ, ÅEoç-öÀéà – DEÍéç v°æûËuéπ Å®Ωnç-™‰ü¿’. once for all/ once and for all = *´-J-≤ƒ-Jí¬ Let's settle it once for all = DE N≠æߪ’ç àN’ö *´-Jí¬ ûË™‰aü∆lç. Out of = äéπ-ü∆-ØÓxç* /™ Out of the 30 students in the class, 20 passed = class 30 pass

™E Nü∆u-®Ω’n™x 20 ´’çC Åߪ÷u®Ω’. Q. éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.


That man seems tired.

Åûªúø’ Å©-Æ œ-§Ú-®·-†ô’x Å©-Æœ-§Ú-®·-†-ô’x-Ø√oúø’


†éπq-Lïç

N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh... Tend = 1) üµÓ®ΩùÀ îª÷°æúøç/ äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ îËÊÆ ûªûªyç éπLT Öçúøôç. We tend to postpone things = ´’†ç á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√®·-ü∆-¢ËÊÆ ûªûªyç éπLT Öçö«ç/ üµÓ®ΩùÀ éπ†°æ-®Ω’≤ƒhç. He tends to show off sometimes = éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Åûªúø’ áa-©èπ◊ §ÚßË’ üµÓ®ΩùÀ îª÷°œ-≤ƒhúø’. vÊ°´÷-Gµ-´÷-Ø√©’, ÅÊ°éπ~ éπLT Öçúøôç Mothers

Ç °æü¿l¥A ´©x, Åç-ü¿’-´‚-©çí¬

I gave him all that he wanted. Even then he was not satisfied =

ü∆E/ ¢√∞¡x

In/ with regard to naxalism ... =

By means of =

Even as I was telling him not to smoke, he lit a cigarette = smoke cigarette

ߪ’ç™

N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh.




Somehow or the other I should find him today, tell him of it =

Ææ*-Ø˛†’ v°æ°æç-îªç-™ØË ÅA-íÌ°æp í¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ-≤ƒh†’. Å®·ûË í∫’®Ω’hç--

éÓçúÕ.

üµ¿E-èπ◊úË é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ îªC-N-†-¢√úø’ èπÿú≈.

By means of his connections with those in high positions he can get anything done =

school

A. News singular plural a/ an The news is wrong - correct.




As to = 1) With regard to = Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ 2) I do not know as to why he did it = Å™« áçü¿’èπ◊ î˨»úÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø as to ¢√úøéπç ņ-´-Ææ®Ω §ƒçúÕûªuç, ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç ´’ç*C.

He seems to be happy

(´’£œ«∞« §ÚMÆˇ Å®·ûË)

ûª©’x©’ °œ©x-©†’ vÊ°´’ûÓ

îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’/

He seems to be happy.

Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Ö†o-ô’x-Ø√oúø’/ Ö†oô’x éπE-°œ-≤ƒhúø’.


My fear is that he will fail.

Åûªúø’ fail Å´¤-û√-úË-¢Á÷-†E Ø√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç/ ¶µºßª’ç.


He got the house repaired. .

É©’x ´’®Ω-´’tûª’h îË®·ç-î√úø’




He found him sleeping.

Åûªúø’ Evü¿-§Ú-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’/ §Úûª’ç-úøôç îª÷¨»úø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 4 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

KSR, Martur. Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. °œ©x©÷ ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ®√≠æZ í∫´-®Ωo®˝í¬ Nüµ¿’©’, ¶«üµ¿u-ûª©’ -îË°æ-ôd-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Nüµ¿’©’ àN’-ôçõ‰ – A. Dear Children, I am about to assume office as Governor of the state. My duties and responsibilities are...


Accept representations/ Express regrets.


†’ ÅE -Åç-ö«È®çü¿’èπ◊?Å™«Íí 103 †’ †’ 100 and 4, 105 †’ 100 ÅE °æ©’-èπ◊-û√-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? A. English ™ äéπ ñ«Gû√ (list) ™E *´J Åç¨¡ç ´·çü¿’ 'and' ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√L. Åçü¿’-´©x 2008 ™, 8 *´J ´÷ô/ Ææçêu 鬕öÀd, ü∆E-´·çü¿’, and ®√¢√L. Å™«Íí 103 = a/ one hundred and

Memoranda,

- Two thousand eight - American Rs. 15,680/- Rs. Fifteen thousand six hundred eighty only - Bank/ American (Rs. Fifteen thousand six hundred and eighty only - British)

ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫ç °æ©-éπúøç – Ææûª\-Jç-îªúøç.

v¨¡ü∆l¥ç-ïL °∂æ’öÀç-îªúøç – Ææçû√°æç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’úøç.

Bv´ Nv¶µ«ç-AE, NÆætߪ÷Eo ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç.




Q.

Ææçv¶µº-´÷-¨¡a-®√u©’ – Ææçûª%-°œhE ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç. Expressing surprize expressing satisfaction.

and

¨»x°∂œ’ç-îªúøç – ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷A ûÁ©-°æúøç. Nçü¿’©’ NØÓ-ü∆-©èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω-´úøç – èπ◊¨¡© v°æ¨¡o©’ Åúø-í∫úøç. Participating in dinners and banquets, and indulge in small talk.

êçúÕç-îªúøç – éπ©-´-®Ω-§ƒ-ô’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω-´úøç.




í∫J|ç-îªúøç – í¬È®f-Ø˛™ Ææçîª-Jç-îªúøç.

Condemning and being upset Denouncing and moving about in the garden.

™ h áçü¿’èπ◊? Delli áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬èπÿ-úøü¿’? ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-†’ç* English ™ Å™«Íí spell îËÆæ’hçúøôç ´©x ÅC Å™«Íí Æœn®Ω-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-®·çC. Q. Enjoy ûª®√yûª yourself ´Ææ’hçü¿-E áéπ\úÓ îªC¢√†’. é¬F Å™« ®√E Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ î√-™« í∫´’-Eçî√†’. àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´Ææ’hçüÓ, á°æ¤púø’ ®√üÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Enjoy ûª®√yûª – self ÅEo îÓö«x-®√ü¿’. enjoy éÀ object Öçõ‰ – self/ selves Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. object Öçü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, enjoy what? ÅE question ¢ËÊÆh answer ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ object Ö†oô’x. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ – Self/ selves Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. We enjoyed the dinner- Ééπ\úø enjoyed what Åçõ‰, enjoyed the dinner ÅE answer ´Ææ’hçC. 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø we enjoyed ourselves ņç. We enjoyed during the vacation (ÂÆ©-´¤™ x ¢Ë’ç ÆæçûÓ-≠æç ņ’-¶µº-Nçî√ç) Ééπ\úø we enjoyed what during the vacation. ÂÆ©´¤™ x üËEo enjoy î˨»ç? Åçõ‰ ï¢√•’ ®√ü¿’. Ééπ\úø ourselves éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

Éçûª íÌúø-´í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’/ Ñ £æ«ú≈-N-úÕ™/ Ñ °æ†’-©Fo ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úøí¬ ØËØË E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰†’. M.P. Nageswara Rao, Hyderabad. Q.


a) He enjoys music b) He enjoys himself when his father is away c) We are leaving for Kashmir tomorrow. we are going to enjoy ourselves in Kashmir. d) We are going to enjoy our stay in

éÀçC ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. †÷ûª† í∫%£æ«v°æ¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«-é¬ç-éπ~©’. Congratulations on your entering your new home. Wish you all happiness and prosperity in your new home.




éÌûªh Ææ÷\ô®˝ éÌE †úÕ-°œ-Ææ’h-†oçü¿’èπ◊ Fèπ◊ ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«-é¬ç-éπ~©’. Wish you a happy ride on your new vehicle.




NüË-Q-ߪ÷-†ç îËÆœ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Fèπ◊ ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«-é¬ç-éπ~©’. Congratulations on your successful completion of foreign travel/ welcome home from abroad/ after your foreign travel.




F´¤ ûªLx-N é¬-¶-ûª’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«-é¬ç-éπ~©’. Congratulations on you are going to be a mother.




°æü¿-O- N-®Ω-´’ù îËÆœ-†ç--ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷ ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«-é¬ç-éπ~©’. Wish you a happy and peaceful retired life.




F´¤ Å≠æd-â-¨¡y-®√u-©ûÓ ´Jn-™«x-©E Ç ¶µºí∫-´ç-ûª’-úÕE v§ƒJn-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. May god bless you with all prosperity.




D®√`-ߪ·-≥ƒt-Ø˛-¶µº´.


















Q.




áEo-éπ™x ÈíL-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«-é¬ç-éπ~©’.




°æK-éπ~™x §ƒÆˇ Å®·-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«-é¬ç-éπ~©’.

Congrats on your victory in the elections. Congrats on your success in the exam.

A.V. Subba Rao, Oripenta. Q.




(¢√uÆæ’úø’ ®√Æœ† ví∫çü∑∆™x ¶µ«®Ωûªç ÅA íÌ°æpC). Å™«Íí Éûª®Ω ®Ωçí¬™x èπÿú≈. Pilot = N´÷-Ø√©’ †úÕ-Ê°-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Quilting = Quilt (äéπ- ®Ω-éπ-¢Á’i† G∞¡x©’ G∞¡x-©’í¬ éπE°œçîË °æ®Ω’°æ¤) ûªßª÷®Ω’îËߪ’úøç. Pretermit - Ñ ´÷ô English é¬ü¿’. Block - ÅúøfçéÀ/ Å´-®Óüµ¿ç. Misorile - äéπ file ™ Öçî√-Lq† paper †’ ÉçéÓ file ™ °ôdúøç. Neck to neck - °æçüÁç™ ÆæJ-Ææ-´÷-†çí¬ ®√´úøç (Éü¿l®Ω÷, Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-´’çC) Poaching- îªôd-N-®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬/ üÌçí∫-ûª-†çí¬ ïçûª’-´¤©†’ ¢Ëö«-úøôç. Puppet show - éé’/ -ûÓ©’ ¶Ô´’t-™«ô. Bar testing book - -Jail ™ ûªE& E®Ωy-£æ«ù N´®√© °æ¤Ææhéπç. Haul = ™«í∫úøç/ Ñ-úøyúøç. A five wicket haul = 5 wickets ™«Íí-ߪ’úøç = °æúø-íÌ-ôdúøç. Fellowship - American Universities ™ course àüÁjØ√ îªC-¢Ëç-ü¿’èπ◊ research îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÉîËa scholarship ™«çöÀC. Pull out - îËÆæ’h†o °æE ´÷ØË-ߪ’úøç/ N®Ω-N’ç--éÓ´úøç.

Thahereem, Yellandu.

May you live long.

We enjoyed ourselves during the vacation.

Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.

many books, but the Bharatam is his master piece.

I can't take any decision in this hurly- burly=

K. Satyanarayana, Narsipatnam. Q. Delhi A.


Mind block =

Åçö«ç. Hurry burry ÅØË-´÷ô english™ ™‰ü¿’. Å™«Íí hurrily/ burrily ÅØËC èπÿú≈ English é¬ü¿’. Caste provides the mind block Hurly - burly ÅØË ´÷ô ÖçC Engamong many for mingling with lish ™. Å®·ûË ü∆Eéà hurry éà M.SURESAN others = Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ éπL-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Hurly - burly Åçõ‰ èπ ◊ ©ç Ç™î ª † ÅúÌf Æ æ ’ h ç C. í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ-∞¡çí¬/ £æ«ú≈-N-úÕí¬/ íÌúø-´-íÌ-úø-´í¬ Ö†o
Master piece - äéπJ íÌ°æp °æE– Vyasa wrote °æJ-ÆœnA.

ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªúøç – ÇLç-í∫†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç.




The Lashkar-e-toiba is the 527 master mind behind the Mumbai blasts/ Masterminded the Mumbai blasts.

äÍé Ç™-îª-†ûÓ •’v®ΩEç-°æ¤-èπ◊E, ÉçÍé Ç™-îª-††’ îÌ®Ω-E-´y-éπ§Ú-´úøç.

Praising and sympathising


-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

A. I am in a hurry/ a great hurry

éÃJhç-îªúøç – éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’úøç. Congratulating and embracing.




ô©’ îª÷°œç-îªúøç. ؈’ î√™« ûÌçü¿-®Ωí¬ ÖØ√o†’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ à´’-Ø√L? I am hurry burry or I am hurrily burrily. Which is the correct one .

pleasure

Appreciating and expressing gratitude.






¢Ë’ç éÌûªhí¬ ®Ω÷§Òç-Cç-*† ´Ææ’h-´¤™ ´÷ ë«û√-ü∆®Ω’© ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©Fo §Òçü¿’-°æ-Jî√ç. Incorporation = NM†ç îËߪ’úøç/ Åçûª-®√s¥-í∫-´’´úøç. The -incorporation of the social service group into the party = ≤ƒç°∂œ’éπ ÊÆ¢√-Ææ-N’-A §ƒKd™ NM-†-´’-´úøç – §ƒKd™ Åçûª-®√s¥-í∫-´’-´úøç. Touch up - ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’©’ Cü¿lúøç. Mastermind ¢Ë’üµ∆N (´·êuçí¬ Ø訽 °æü∑¿-é¬-©†’ ®Ω÷§Òç-Cç* Å´’©’°æ®Ω-îª-úøç™)/ Å™«çöÀ ûÁL-N-ûË-

gone out of order/ something is wrong with the machine. Q. So that

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Åçü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬

A. So that = - Start early so that we can be there on time

= ´’†ç Ææ´’-ߪ÷EéÀ Åéπ\úø ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË®Ω’. Q. Even then N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Even then = Å°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈. I told him not to come. Even then he came = Åûª-úÕE ®√´ü¿lØ√o†’, Å°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ (îÁ°œp-†-°æp-öÀ-èπÿ\ú≈) /Å®·Ø√ ´î√aúø’. Q. As well as Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. As well as = ÅD, ÉD èπÿú≈/ Éü¿l®Óx, Åûª†÷, Éûª†÷ èπÿú≈.

Caste pr ovides the mind block

Expressing deep shock and surprize.


We have incorporated the ideas of our customers in our new product -

2008 - Two thousand and eight- British

´çü¿†ç Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªúøç – Ö°æ-†u-Æœç-îªúøç.

Paying homage express condolences.


äéπ °ü¿l-ü∆-E™ éÌEo *†o¢√-öÀE ¶µ«í¬-©’í¬ îË®Ωaúøç.

Å®·ûË, American usage, bank °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ™ ´çü¿© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ûª°æp, ¢Ë© †’ç*, *´J Ææçêu ´·çü¿’ 'and' ¢√úø®Ω’.

Welcoming and extending hospitality to visitors - honour people.


A.
Incorporate

three, etc.

Accept salutes - Make speeches.


lowship, pull out.

Kashmir. 2000 and 8 Q. 2008 100 and 3, 104 and 5

Nïc-°æ¤h©’ Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªúøç – Nî√®Ωç ¢ÁL-•’-îªaúøç.

2

éÀçC °æü∆-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Incorporation, Touch up, Mastermind, Mind block, Master piece, Pilot, Quilting, Pretermit, Block, Misorile, Neck to neck, Poaching, Puppet show, Bar testing book Haul, Fel-

,

îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’- – DEE îÁ§ƒpL?

English

™ ᙫ

A. I am not able to do it. Q. I sold my car I have sold my car A. I have sold my car. time I sold my car last week. Q. Machine

í∫ûªç™ ؈’ Ø√ 鬮Ω’†’ Å´÷t†’. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÅØ√™« ™‰ü∆ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ÅØ√™«? (á°æ¤púø’ ÅN’tçD îÁ°æp†-°æ¤púø’). îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·çC ™‰ü∆ é¬L-§Ú-®·çC -– Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

A. The machine is out of order / in repair/ has

Sri Rama as well as Sri Krishna is worshiped in India =

¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ X®√´·úÕØË é¬ü¿’ Xéπ%≠æflgúÕE èπÿú≈ éÌ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’.

Q. As far as possible A. As far as possible =

≤ƒüµ¿u-¢Á’i-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊

I'll try to help you as far as possible =

Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒüµ¿u-¢Á’i-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ú≈-EÍé v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. Q. Other than Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Other than = ÅC é¬èπ◊çú≈/ ûª°æp. Other than Ram, everyone passed = ®√¢˛’ ûª°æp N’í∫û√ ¢√®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷ pass Åߪ÷u®Ω’. Q. I will have to be. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tçî√L? A. I will have to be = ؈’ç-ú≈Lq ´Ææ’hçC. (ûª°æp-E-ÆæJí¬). I will have to be there at 10 (future). Q. Åûª-úÕéÀ äéπ 鬮Ω’ ÖçC. DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  he has a car ÅØ√™« ™‰ü∆ he have a car ÅØ√™«? ÉüË ¢√é¬uEo question form ™ Does he has ÅØ√™« ™‰ü∆ Does he have a car ÅØ√™«? A. He has a car. Does he have/ has he a car? Q. Could not have expected

Ñ ¢√é¬uEo á°æ¤púø’

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L. A. Could not have expected =

ÇPçîªí∫LT ÖçúË¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. Q. úø•’s©’ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ Bߪ’çúÕ. DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL. A. Take out the money/ Get the money out. question Q. I used to go to movies. form What do you used to do

Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ

Öçô’çü∆? ņ-´î√a?

A. Did you use to go to movies? What did you use to do? Q. Shall be had

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?

A. A car shall be had by you a car =

= You shall have Fèπ◊ 鬮Ω’çC. Q. E†o äéπ-ûª†’ £æ…ï®Ω’ 鬙‰ü¿’. DEo He was absent ÅØÌî√a? A. ÅØÌa. Saikiran, Srikakulam. Q. I am used to doing the shopping. I am used to walking long distances.

OöÀ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. be used to = îËÊÆ-¢√-úø’éπ/ Å©-¢√-ô’ Öçúøôç. 1) Ø√èπ◊ shopping Å©-¢√õ‰/ îËÊÆ¢√úÕE/ ü∆ØËo. 2) î√™« ü¿÷®√©’ †úÕîË Å©-¢√-ô’çC Ø√èπ◊.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 7 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

M. Ratna Kishore, Hyderabad.

N.V. Krishna Rao, Hyderabad.

Q.

Q.

í∫’®Ω’h-éÌ-î√a´¤ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ remember, recollect, recall OöÀ™  àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? A. Remember = í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊®√´úøç. I remember seeing him somewhere = Åûª-ØÁoéπ\úÓ îª÷Æœ-†ô’d í∫’®Ω’h-éÌ-≤ÚhçC. Remember is something coming to our mind, without our attempt. - remember)

(´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç

™‰èπ◊çú≈ØË ´’† •’v®Ω-™éÀ ´îËaC Recall/ Recollect - í∫ ’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁîª ’a-éÓ-´úøç (v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆœ) He does not recollect the contents of the letter

= Ç Öûªh-®Ωç™E N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Åûª-úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√-´-úøç ™‰ü¿’ (v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆœØ√) Try to recollect what he told you = Fèπ◊ ÅûªúËç îÁ§ƒpúÓ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç. Q. Please explain the usage of the word 'concern'. I couldn't understand this sentences. 1. It is a matter of concern. 2. Cause for concern. A. Concern = 1) Worry.

éπL-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. It is a matter of concern = It (The matter) causes/ is causing us (serious) worry / we are seriously worried about it (The matter) cause for worry = reason for worry. concern = 2) a Company or business. Tata - Mcgraw Hill is a publishing concern (Book publishing company).


Important matter - our concern now is to protect the country from terrorists =

´’†éÀ°æ¤púø’ ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ü˨»Eo Bv´¢√-ü¿’© †’ç* ®ΩéÀ~ç-îªôç.






Interest: Teachers' concern for the progress of their students = Teachers' interest in their students' progress'. To be worried = I am concerned about his health = I am worried about his health. To be connected with = I am not concerned with my brother's affairs = I have no connection with my brother's affairs - it concerns all of us = It affects all of us.

Shalini, Penugonda. Q.




I guess I would go for some one like 'Kiran Bedi'.

=

Ñ §ƒöÀéÀ E®Ωg-®·ç--ú≈-LqçD é¬F 鬙‰ü¿’.

؈’ éÀ®Ω-ù˝-¶‰-úŒØË áç-èπ◊ç-ö«-†-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. (I guess = ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.)

Would have been decided

I guess if I had to make a choice it would be - someone like 'Kiran Bedi'.

A.

=

áç°œéπ îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√Lq ´ÊÆh, éÀ®Ω-ù˝-¶‰úŒ ™«çöÀ-¢√-∞¡xÍé ¢Á·í∫’_-îª÷-°æ¤-û√†’. Q. éÀçC ¢√éπuç™ 'come to' à Å®√n-EoÆæ’hçC?

Shaik Fayaz Pasha, Dharoor.

E®Ωg-®·ç-°æ-•-üËD, é¬F 鬙‰ü¿’.

Q.

Can have been decided =

E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•úÕ Öçúøí∫-©’_-ûª’çC – ÉC -Åç-ûªí¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’ It could have been decided = í∫ûªç™ ÅC E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•úÕ Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’, é¬F 鬙‰ü¿’.

He managed to loosen the wire and come to us

.

A. come to us =

´÷ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ®√´-úøç. äéπJ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊/ äéπ îÓ-öÀéÀ. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u© Å®√n-©†’, ûËú≈†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

If he had been here, it could have been decided by now =

come to =

Åûª-E-éπ\úø ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éÓ-•úÕ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíüË (E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éÓ -í∫-LÍí¢√Í®) é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’.


I saw a man who is going on a donkey. A. I saw a man who is going on a donkey -

ûª°æ¤p.

The team appears to have been decided =


I saw a man going on donkey. A. I saw a man going on donkey. correct = I saw a man who was going on a donkey.

Does Suneetha have any friends in railway booking Suneetha 3rd person has have

O’®Ìéπ îÓô

ÅØ√o®Ω’? Å®·ûË Å®·-†ç-ü¿’-´©x ®√¢√L éπü∆. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ áçü¿’èπ◊ -´-*aç-üÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Does have ÅØ√o has ÅØ√o äéπõ‰. Has, goes, sings ™«çöÀ verbs questions ™í¬E, not ûÓí¬E ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ Does have/ does go/ does sing. etc Å´¤-û√®· éπ-ü∆. Å®·ûË ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Does Sunitha have any friends... = Has Sunitha any friends... Have

ïô’d (™E Çô-í¬∞¡Ÿ}) E®Ωg-®·ç-°æ-•-úøfõ‰d ÖçC.

ÉC

ÉC äéπ\ N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ØË.

A.V. Achari, Vizag.

°®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o ØË®√©’ ´’†èπ◊ Çü¿’®√l




A.

It should have been decided by now

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

It should have been decided by now

We are all concerned about the rise in the crime rate =





2

Q.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 528

éÀçC °æü∆-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. àßË’-é¬-™«™x à N-üµ¿çí¬ OöÀE v°æßÁ÷Tçî√™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Tobe decided, will be decided, can be decided, shall be decided, may be decided, might be decided, have been decided, has been decided, had been decided etc.,

president Chandrababu Naidu who was to participate yesterday in Janmabhoomi did not come to the meeting The TDP President Chandrababu Naidu yesterday who was to participate in Janmbabgoomi had not come to the meeting

ņúøç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

™‰ü∆

ņúøç éπÈ®é¬d? Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ ÆæÈ®j-†C

àC? A. Chandrababu who was to have participated in Janmabhumi programme yesterday did correct. Who was to not turn up. have

ÉC ûª®√yûª ®√´úøç ´·êuç. Had not come ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Q. Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’ûª’-Ø√oúø’. He feels happy to be going back to home Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË ÉüË ¢√é¬uEo past ™ future ™ ûÁ©-§ƒ-©çõ‰ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. He feels happy to be going back home to home

Q.

K.

Vasavi,

éÀçC ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Å®√nEo ÆæN-´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’.

°æéπ\† á°æ¤púø÷, í¬F ´Ææ’hçC.

Hear, Sing etc (IRDW)

؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ îË®Ω’-éÓ-éπ-´·çüË E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-

•-úÕçC. Shall be decided = in future.

éπ*a-ûªçí¬ E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•-úø’-

ûª’çC,

It shall be decided only after receiving all the applications = applications

Å-Eo ´*a† ûª®√y-ûªØË ÅC E®Ωg-®·ç-î√L/ E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•-ú≈L. May be decided = E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•-úø-´îª’a. It may be decided in a day or two = äéπöÀ È®çúø’ ®ÓV™x ÅC E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•-úø-´îª’a. (E®Ωg-ߪ’ç BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.) Might be decided - ü∆ü¿°æ¤ may be decided èπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç (May éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÆæçüË£æ«ç) Has/ Have been decided - Time ûÁLߪ’E í∫ûªç™ E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•-úøôç. The name has been/ the names have been decided =

E®Ωg-ߪ’-¢Á’i-§Ú-®·çC/ E®Ωgߪ’ç Å®·-§Ú-

ߪ÷®·. Will have been decided = future

™ Å°æp-öÀéÀ




He noticed her while she is weeping in her bedroom -

Ç¢Á’ ûª† ¶„ú˛-®Ω÷-¢˛’™ àúø’-Ææ’hç-úøí¬, àúø’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»úø’.
He noticed her while she was crying = Ç¢Á’ àúø’-Ææ÷hç-úøí¬ Åûª†’ îª÷¨»úø’/ í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. A. He noticed her while she was (is é¬ü¿’) crying in her bedroom, He noticed her weepcorrect. ing in her bedroom

– È®çúø÷

He noticed her weeping in her bedroom =

Ç¢Á’ àúø’-Ææ’hç-úøôç Åûª†’ í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u© Å®√n©’ ÆæÈ®j-†¢Ó é¬üÓ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.


We will help you prepare for the exam. We will help you in preparing for the exam.

áí¬b-¢˛’èπ◊ v°œÊ°®˝ 鬴-úøç™ ¢Ë’ç ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úøû√ç.


We will help you to prepare for the exam.

áí¬b-¢˛’èπ◊ v°œÊ°®˝ 鬴-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Ë’ç ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úøû√ç. To prepare for, In preparing for OöÀ™  àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? A. We will help you prepare for the exam = O’®Ω’ exam èπ◊ ÆæçÆœü¿l¥ç Å´-úøç™ ¢Ë’ç ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úøû√ç = We will help you in preparing for the exam.

Past: He felt happy to be going back home Future: He will feel happy to be going back home.

Should have been decided =

ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ We will help you to DEo omit îËßÁ·îª’a) prepare for the exam. É´Fo correct, ÅEoç-öÀéà äÍé meaning 鬕öÀd.

Í®°‘-§ƒ-öÀéÀ E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•úÕ Öçô’çC. E®Ωg-®·ç--îª-•ú≈LqçC, é¬F é¬-™‰ü¿’.

™«çöÀ

I Regular Doing Word

Are you hear me? Do you hear me? Are you understand? Do you understand?

ņç, ÅØË Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí ÅE ņç éπü∆, ÅØË Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí Is he know? ņç, Does he know? Åçö«ç.

鬕öÀd

V. Pandu Ranga, Polamuru(E.G.Dist). Q. What is he like? like

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Ééπ\úø

ÆœnA àN’öÀ?

A. What is he like? = like look?

Åûªúø’ ᙫ Öçö«úø’? Ééπ\úø èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, '™«— (ᙫ™). ÉC How does he (Åûª-úÁ™« éπE-°œ-≤ƒhúø’?) èπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç.

M. Nagarjun Babu, Pedavadlapudi. Q. Kumar what are you doing now? What do you now?

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®éÓd

N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Kumar, What are you doing now? - correct Kumar, What do you now – ÉC sentence é¬ü¿’. What do you do now? ņúøç correct = É°æ¤púËç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

B. Sateesh, Nellore. Q.

v•£æ«Ùt-ûªq-¢√©’, Öûªq-¢√©’, <öÃ-Ê°-éπ©’ OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’çö«®Ω’? A. Major festival - v•£æ«Ùt-ûªq-¢√©’ ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ ü¿í∫_J °æü¿ç. Öûªq-¢√©’ = festivals. Ê°é¬ô = playing cards. Q. †’´¤y ÉçéÓ Â°Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ problem ™ °æúø-û√´¤ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ éÀçC È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?




It will have been decided by this time tomorrow =

í¬F,

®√ü¿’.

Q. She said, showing her chopped

E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•úÕ Öçô’çC.

é¬ü¿’.

'Be' forms (am, is, are, was, were, etc) 'ing' form past participle

úÓèπ◊\-§Ú-®·† ûª† é¬∞¡x†’ îª÷°œÆæ÷h/ îª÷°œ-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, îÁ°œpçC

E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq ÖçC– legs. M.SURESAN The date is to be decided = Ç A. úÓèπ◊\-§Ú-®·† ûª† é¬∞¡x†’ îª÷°œÆæ÷h û√Kèπ◊ Éçé¬ E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq ÖçC. (ê®√®Ω’ 鬙‰ü¿’) Ç¢Á’ ÅçC. will be decided = future ™ E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•-úø’Q. éÀçC È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ûª’çC. The date of the marriage will be Without notice of him I have done it. decided soon =°Rx ûËD ûªy®Ω™  E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•-úø’Without notice of him have I done it. ûª’çC. A. È®çúÕç-öÀéà ŮΩnç äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË without notice of Can be decided = E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•-úø-í∫-©ü¿’. him have I done it ņ-úøç ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. It can be decided only by him = Ç E®Ωgߪ’ç ÅûªúÕ îËûªØË BÆæ’-éÓ-•-ú≈L. (ÅûªúË Ç E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’- A. Radha, Kovvur. éÓ-í∫-©úø’) Q. éÀçC ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É*a† Å®√n©’ Had been decided = Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË/ í∫ûªç™ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? ÉçéÓ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊ ´·çüË E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-•-úÕçC –

àC

Do you OK? Are you OK? OöÀ™  àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. äéπ\-≤ƒJ Six forms of verbs í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓçúÕ,

She said while showing her chopped legs. A.

È®çúÕç-öÀ™  éπÈ®èπ◊d?

Do you understand? Are you understand?

A. To be decided =

It had been decided before I reached the place =

E†o ï†t-¶µº÷-N’™ §ƒ™Ô_-†-´-©-Æœ† îªçvü¿-¶«•’ O’öÀç-í∫’èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ The TDP

A. Radha, Guntur.

Q. Do you hear me? Are you hear me?

If you marry again, you will fall in troubles. If you married again, you will fall in troubles. A. If you marry again you will fall into troubles correct. Q.

How many episodes? How many episodes do we have?

Éçéπ áEo á°œ-≤Úúø’x ÖØ√o®· ņ-ú≈-EéÀ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

A. How many more episodes do we have? / How many more episodes are there?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 14 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2008 Vineeth: (Have you) heard the news? Sunil was quite lucky. The police caught a man red handed as he was lifting his hand to strike at Sunil.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Sunil ´’ç* ®Ωéπç, v°æ¨»ç-ûª-¢Á’i† @Nûªç í∫úø-§ƒ-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø ÇÆæhçû√ Ţ˒tÆœ, ¶„çí∫’-∞¡⁄®Óx Æœn®Ω°æ-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

Ñ ¢√®Ωh NØ√o¢√? Ææ’E™¸ Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’úË. á´®Ó Åûª-úÕ-E éÌôd-ú≈-EéÀ îÁßÁ’u-ûªh-¶-ûª’çõ‰, police ©’ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.

Vineeth: Is it going to be soon? We'll be missing him a lot if he goes away.

Sumanth: But why should any body try to hit him? He is quite nice and minds his business. He is the harmless type.

ÅC ûªy®Ωí¬ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓçü∆? Åûªúø’ ™‰éπ§ÚûË ´’†èπ◊ ¢ÁL-Aí¬ Öçô’çC.

ÅÆæ©’ á´-È®jØ√ Ææ’E-™¸†’ éÌõ‰d v°æߪ’ûªoç áçü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ÷L? ´’ç*-¢√úË éπü∆, Éûª®Ω’© ñLéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúø’. Mind his business= ûª† °æE -û√†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. harmless = ŧƒ-ߪ’-éπ-®Ωç-é¬E/ éÃúø’ îËߪ’E. Vineeth: Things are not what they seem, buddy. Sunil is not that innocent. He is quite good to us, but that is only one side of the coin. He can be tough when toughness is needed.

´’†èπ◊ éπE-°œçîË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπÿ, ÅÆæ©’ N≠æߪ÷-©èπÿ î√™« ûËú≈ N’vûª´÷. Ææ’E™¸ Åçûª Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊-úËçé¬ü¿’. ´’†-°æôx ´’ç*-í¬ØË Öçö«úø’, é¬F ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’E ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç ÖçC. í∫öÀd-ü¿†ç Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË í∫öÀdí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©úø’. tough= í∫öÀdí¬ Öçúøôç, Innocent= Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊-úÁj†

a) I caught him red handed while he was trying to steel my books =

Ø√ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ üÌçT-L-Ææ’hç-úøí¬/ üÌçT-L-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤úø’ ¢√úÕo ؈’ °æô’d-èπ◊Ø√o†’.

Sumanth: Disposing of property is not something that can be overnight. He expects to move out by this yearend, or the beginning of the next.

b) The vigilance people caught him red handed while accepting a bribe from some one =

ÇÆœhE Ţ˒t-ߪ’úøç äéπ\ ®ÓW™ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ àú≈C *´-®Ω-™-í¬F, ´îËa àú≈C Ç®Ωç-¶µºç-™-í¬F ¢Á∞«}-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. Dispose of = ÇÆœh ™«çöÀN Ţ˒t-ߪ’-úøç; settle îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç Overnight = äéπ\-®Ó-V-™ -ØË

Catch some one red handed = catch someone in the act of.

Vineeth: It's good for him, though we miss him. Let's pray for his peaceful life.

2

á´-J-†’çîÓ ©çîªç BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çúøí¬ E°∂æ÷-¢√∞¡Ÿx Åûª-úÕE °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. He was caught in the act of snatching a chain around a woman's neck =

äéπ Æ‘Y íÌ©’Ææ’ ™«Íí-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†o-°æ¤púø’ Åûªúø’ üÌJ-éÀ-§Úߪ÷úø’ 2) Born with silver spoon in one's mouth =

°æ¤ôd-úø¢Ë’ üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÕí¬/ üµ¿Eéπ èπ◊ô’ç-•ç™ °æ¤ôdúøç.

b) He's cheated her, so she has a score to settle with him =

Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ ¢Á÷Ææç î˨»úø’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ç¢Á’ ÅûªúÕ O’ü¿ éπéπ~ B®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√Lq ÖçC.

c) We have a score to settle; when shall We meet? =

´’†ç ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç ÖçC; á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç? 6) To bide the time = ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç éÓÆæç ¢Ë* Öçúøôç (àüÁjØ√ Ωu BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊)

a) Don't think he won't act. He is just biding the time =

-Å-ûªúËç îËߪ’-úø-†’-éÓèπ◊. ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç-éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

b) Bide your time. Your turn will come too =

That's only one side of the coin

Sumanth: What do you mean?

(àçöÀ †’´y-ØËC?) Vineeth: He is quite rich; born with a silver spoon in his mouth. His cousins envy him. He and they are at logger heads with each other. As they try often to harm him, he's become tough too. They had had him beaten some time ago, and he hit back by engaging some goons.

Åûªúø’ î√™« üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’úø’ °æ¤ô’d-éπ-ûÓØË. ÅûªúÕ cousins èπ◊ Åûª-úøçõ‰ Ñ®Ω{u. ÅûªúÕéà ¢√∞¡}èπÿ ÅÆæ©’ °æúøü¿’. ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√∞¡xûª-úÕéÀ éÃúø’ ûª©-°-ôd-úøç-´©x, Åûªúø÷ éπ®Ω’í¬_ ûªßª÷-®Ω-ߪ÷uúø’. Åûª-úÕE ¢√∞¡Ÿ} éÌöÀdçîË v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’-úøç-´©x, ûª†÷ á´®Ó rowdy ©ûÓ éÌöÀdç-î √úø’. goons = í∫÷çú≈©’. Sumanth: So you mean that the attack on him today was their cousins' desire to settle their old scores with him?

Åçõ‰ †’´y-†úøç, É¢√y∞¡ ÅûªúÕ O’ü¿ ï-J-T-† ü∆úÕ -Å-ûª-úÕ cousins §ƒ-ûªéπéπ~ B®Ω’aèπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ -îËÆœç-üË-Ø√?-Vineeth: Exactly. But they are no match for Sunil. He is quite clever. He knows when to bide his time and when to attack. Perhaps this time he was off his guard.

éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅçûË. é¬F ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææ’-E-™¸èπ◊ ≤ƒöÀ®√®Ω’. Åûªúø’ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. á°æ¤púø’ ÅùÀT Öçú≈™, á°æ¤púø’ ü∆úÕ-îË-ߪ÷™ ÅûªúÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ≤ƒJ •£æ›¨¡ à´÷J ÖçúÌa. Sumanth: Any way, we are happy he is safe.

àüÁjØ√ ÆæÍ®, Åûªúø’ Íé~´’ç ÅC ÆæçûÓ≠æç.

´’†ç Åûªúø’ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË a) Jawaharlal Nehru was born ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úÌa. é¬F with a silver spoon in his -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 529 ÅûªúÕéπC ´’ç*C. Åûªmouth = ØÁv£æfi °æ¤ô’d-éπ-ûÓØË úÕéÀ v°æ¨»çûª @Nûªç X´’ç-ûª’úø’/ Çí∫®Ωs¥ X´’ç-ûª’úø’ Öçú≈-©E ´’†ç éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊çü∆ç. b) He was not born with a silver ´’†-éÌé𠶵«≠æ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´îËa-üÁ-°æ¤púø’? spoon in his mouth. His wealth is Åçü¿’™E idioms ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’, hard earned = ÅûªúËç X´’ç-ûª’-úÕí¬ ¢√öÀE ´’† conversation ™ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-†’°æ¤ôd-™‰ü¿’. ÅûªúÕ Ææç°æü¿ Åçû√ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ ≤ƒ-®Ωçí¬ ¢√úø-í∫-L-T-†-°æ¤púø’. Idioms Åçõ‰ Ææ秃-Cç-*çüË. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? ñ«B-ߪ÷©’. ÉN v°æA ¶µ«≠æ3) One side of the coin = äéπJ ™†÷ Öçö«®·. ÉN éÌEo ´÷ô© Ææy¶µ«´ç/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ äéπ Å稡ç M.SURESAN Ææ´‚£æ«ç. Å®·ûË Ç ´÷ô© Ææ´‚£æ«ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. (ÉçéÓ Å稡ç èπÿú≈ ÖçC) (group of words) ¢Á·û√hEéÀ ´îËa Å®√n-EéÃ, Ç Ææ´‚a) He makes donations to charities - That's £æ«ç-™E äéÌ\éπ\ ´÷ô Å®√n-Eéà Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúøü¿’. only one side of the coin. The other side Phrasal verb èπÿú≈ ÅçûË-éπü∆? Å®·ûË phrasal of the coin is he is a land grabber too = verb †’ á°æ¤púø÷ verb í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Idiom verb 鬆Åûªúø’ N®√-∞«©’ (üµ¿®Ωt-é¬-®√u-©èπ◊) É≤ƒh-úø-ØËC äéπ éπ\-Í®xü¿’. eg: to put up with = ¶µºJç-îªúøç/ Æ棜«çÅ稡ç. Å®·ûË ÉçéÓ Å稡ç èπÿú≈ ÖçC– îªúøç. ÉC phrasal verb, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ DEE verb í¬ ÅûªØÓ ¶µº÷éπ-¶«b-ü∆®Ω’. ¢√úøû√ç. Éçü¿’™ put ÅØË verb ÖçC. Idiom ™ b) What you know is just one side of the verb Öçúø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE phrasal verbs coin. There's the other side - that he is ûÓ§ƒô’ idioms èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’† spoken not the innocent you think he is = Fèπ◊ ûÁLEnglish Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ Öçô’çC. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÆœçC Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† äéπ Å稡ç idiom èπ◊ example, †úø’ç-¢√-©aúøç– Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆, ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ÉçéÓ Å稡ç ÖçC, ÅûªúÕ v°æ´-®Ωh-†™, Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç/ °æúø’-éÓ-´úøç. DEéÀ †úø’-´·èπÿ, †’´y-†’-éÌ-ØËçûª Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊-úËç-é¬-ü¿-ûªúø’. ¢√©a-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’-éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE ÉC idiom. 4) Be at logger heads = ÉC î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NEÅ™«Íí English ™ In one's look/ In somebody's °œçîË idiom - Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u Bv´ ¶µ‰ü∆Gµv§ƒ-ߪ÷©’/ look= In somebody's opinion = äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ´’†-Ææp-®Ωn-©ûÓ äéπ-JûÓ äéπ-JéÀ °æúø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç/ ¢√Jv°æ鬮Ωç ÅE. He is good in my look = Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ´’üµ¿u §Úö«xô Öçúøôç/ ¨¡ûª%ûªyç Öçúøôç. ߪ’ç™ ¢√úø’ ´’ç*-¢√úË. Dçöx look èπÿ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. idiom/ phrasal verb Å®√na) YSR and Chandrababu are always at ©†’ ¢√öÀ-™E ´÷ô© Å®Ωnç-´©x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ™‰ç ÅE logger heads with each other = ¢√Rx-ü¿l-Jéà ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆? äéπ\ éπ~ùç °æúøü¿’. Ñ lesson ™ English ™ î√™« ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË b) India and Pakistan are at logger heads idioms éÌEoç-öÀE îª÷ü∆lç. over the handing over of terrorists to Look at the following expressions from India = ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ Öví∫-¢√-ü¿’©†’ Å°æp-TçîË N≠æthe conversation above. ߪ’ç™ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ §ƒé˙èπÿ §Òûª’h èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-úøç-™‰ü¿’. 1) The police caught red handed a person/ caught a person red handed. 2) That's only one side of the coin. 3) He is borm with a silver spoon in his mouth.

c) The childless wife and the husband are at logger heads over adopting a child and are likely to separate =

Ææçû√†ç ™‰E Ç ü¿ç°æ-ûª’-©èπ◊ ü¿ûªhûª N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ §Òûª’h èπ◊ü¿-®Ωúøç ™‰ü¿’, Nú≈-èπ◊©’ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.

Vineeth: I am sure he will come up with an ace up his sleeve very soon. He is quite clever at such matters.

4) He and they are at logger heads.

àüÓ äéπ Ç™-îª-†ûÓ ´’Sx ´≤ƒh-úø-ûªúø’. ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’ Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x.

6) He knows when to bide the time.

§ƒûª éπéπ~©’ B®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç/ àüÁjØ√ Å°æ-J-≠æ \%-ûªçí¬ Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç--éÓ-´úøç.

7) He was off his guard.

a) Why should anyone attack him for noth-

Sumanth: But Sunil, all said and done, is the good sort and would go to any length to have a peaceful time. So he proposes to sell all his property with and settle in Bengaluru.

5) The attack on him today was their attempt to settle old scores.

5) Settle old scores/ Have a score to settle =

8) Come up/ Have an ace up his sleeve.

ing? Perhaps someone had an old score

É°æ¤púø’ äéÌ\-éπ\-öÀí¬ OöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

to settle (with him) =

1) Caught red handed- Past tense of catch red handed =

ØË®Ωç îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬ °æô’d-éÓ-´úøç.

á´-È®jØ√ àç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ áçü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕ-O’ü¿ ü∆úÕ îË≤ƒh®Ω’? §ƒûª éπéπ~-™‰¢Ó Öçö«®·.

é¬Ææh ã°œéπ °æô’d. F ´çûª’èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. 7) Off somebody's guard =

Çü¿-´’-J* Öçúøôç/ éπ≥ƒd©†÷, Ç°æü¿©†÷ áü¿’-®Ì\-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç.

a) He was off guard when his enemies threw bombs at him

= Åûªúø’ Çü¿-´’-®Ω* Ö†o°æ¤púø’ ¨¡vûª’-´¤-©-ûªúÕ O’ü¿ ¶«ç•’©’ NÆœ-®√®Ω’.

b) The Police caught the thief off guard = police

üÌçí∫ à´’-®Ω’-§ƒ-ô’† Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ©’ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Be on your guard = F ñ«ví∫-ûªh™  †’´¤yçúø’ 8) Have an ace up one's sleeve = Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ¢√úø’ ÈíL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ ´’† ü¿í∫_®Ω ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ Öç-èπ◊†o Ç™-/ °æü∑¿éπç/ éé-éπ-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç. a) I am surprised he is so calm. He must be having an ace up his sleeve =

Åûª-úøç-ûª v°æ¨»ç-ûªçí¬ Öçúøôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC. àüÓ Öçü¿-ûª-úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω, ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’E ´’®Ωtç.

b) He is not afraid of his officer. He knows some of his secrets. That must be the ace up his sleeve = officer

Åûªúø’ ûª† Åçõ‰ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úøúø’. Çߪ’† ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒu-™‰¢Ó Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ¢√öÀE •ßª’-ô-°-úøû√-úø-ûªúø’. K.Satyanarayana, Vizag. Q. For

-†’ period of the time í¬ Ö°æßÁ÷-T-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ Present perfect tense ™ ®√ߪ ÷-©E îªC-¢√†’. é¬F éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Simple past™ èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. ÉC éπÈ®èπ◊d Å´¤Ø√? é¬ü∆? A. Simple past ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ÅC correct èπÿú≈. eg: The British ruled India for 200 years = British 200 ruled, simple past for, period of time tense

¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ à∞¡Ÿx §ƒLç-î√®Ω’. Ééπ\úø éπü∆? äéπ èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç, ÅC á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√, à ûÓØÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. éÀç-C -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.

a) I am going to Hyderabad. I will be there for three days (future) b) He lived here for 10 years - 10 (past simple). c) He has lived here for the past ten years =

à∞¡Ÿx Çߪ’-

E-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’ í∫ûªç™

í∫ûª °æüË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ (°æüË∞¡x véÀûªç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ´-®Ω-èπÿ/- Éçé¬) Åûª-E-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’

(present perfect).

-í∫-´’-Eéπ: -≤Úpéπ-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -Ééπ°j -v°æ-A -Ç-C-¢√®Ωçv°æ--J-ûª-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-C.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 21 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2008

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

J.Anil Kumar, Tadpatri, Anantapur Q. I read in Newspapers that the population of India reached to one billion i.e. 100 crores. Asma Jahangir is the billionth baby of India. With this we can understand that the value of one billion is 100 crores. But when I was going through the dictionary the other day to find out the meaning of some English words, accidentally I saw the meaning of billion. I was shocked to see that the meaning of billion is given as one lakh crores. In some other dictionaries it is said as a number which has 12 cyphers after 1. I request you to throw light on this matter and give the correct value for billion. A. The correct amount of One billion is, One thousand million. A million = One thousand thousand. One billion = 1000 000 000 = One hundred crore. This is the correct figure.

 Counter A.

When I complained about it he countered me by saying the opposite

He is an orphan so he has no concept of parental love =

£œ«ûÓéÀh

A. Homily/ good advice  Input A. 1)

A.

Westerners can have no concept of our caste system =

´’† èπ◊©-´u-´Ææn §ƒ¨»a-ûª’u-©èπ◊

Å´-í¬-£æ«† é¬ü¿’.

 Output

Though he is a Hindu, he has very clear concept of other religions too =

A. i)

Åûªúø’ £œ«çü¿÷ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Éûª®Ω ´’û√-© í∫’Jç* ´’ç* Å´í¬-£æ«† ÖçC. äéπ engineer, äéπ bridge †’ design îËÆæ’h-†o°æ¤púø’, bridge °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª ÅC ᙫ Öçô’çC ÅØËC, °æ‹®Ωh-®·† bridge ü¿%¨¡uç, ÅûªúÕ ´’†-Ææ’™ ¢Á·ü¿õ‰ éπE°œÆæ’hçC – Ñ ü¿%¨¡uç, con-

ߪ’çvû√©’ É´y-í∫-©-¨¡éÀh, éπü¿-Léπ. ii) Computer †’ç* ´’†èπ◊ ûÁLÊÆ Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç. iii) äéπ ´’E≠œ/ ÆæçÆæn/ ߪ’çvûªç äéπ EKgûª 鬩ç™ îËߪ’-í∫© °æE.

 Hang over A.

Q. He was not sorry for having been deceived.

Åûªúø’ ÅØ√ü∑¿ Åçü¿’-éπE ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© vÊ°´’ í∫’Jç-* Å´-í¬-£æ«† Åûª-úÕéÀ ™‰ü¿’.

ߪ’çvû√© ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-™ éÀ áéÀ\çîË Nü¿’u-îªa ¥éÀh. 2) computer ™éÀ áéÀ\çîË Ææ´÷î√®Ωç. 3) äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´’†èπ◊ ´îËa Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç, Ç™-îª-†©÷, ÅGμ-v§ƒßª÷©’. 4) äéπ course ™E subject ™E ¶üμ¿-Ø√ç-¨»©’.

Mullakunti Sudhakar, Kurnool Q. On every monday in Chaduvu column you are giving some modern expressions to readers in Eenadu which have become the part of modern English usage now. As a reader of your column I am happy to know and to learn this kind of new expressions you have been giving. Please let me know how do you know that such sort of expressions/ words have come into use in present day English? For this, what kind of books you read and refer? Because I too want to know like you, that such expression/ words are becoming modern in the present usage. Suggest me what should I do for this. And also suggest me a simple and good thesaurus dictionary to improve my vocabulary as a learner at the beginning juncture.

Concept Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç í∫’Jç-* Å´-í¬-£æ«†, ´’† ´’†-Ææ’™ üΔE-èπ◊†o ®Ω÷°æç.

´uA-Í®éπç/ v°æA-èπÿ©ç Argument X Counter argument



2

´’ü¿uç/ ´÷ü¿-éπ-vü¿-¢√u©/ ´’ûª’h °æüΔ-®√n© v°æ¶μ«´ç™ N’TL ÖçúËC.

cept.

¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-®·-†çü¿’èπ◊ ÅûªúËç Nî√-Jç-îªúøç/ ¶«üμ¿°æ-úøôç ™‰ü¿’. For having been deceived = ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-îª-•-úÕ†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.

Q. He is in the habit of taking exercise daily. A.

Åûª-úÕéÀ ®ÓW ¢√uߪ÷´’ç îËÊÆ Å©-¢√ô’ ÖçC. (¢√uߪ÷´’ç) îËÊÆ. éÀçC ¢√é¬u©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ îÁ°æpçúÕ. of taking =

Q. She would see the books she read. A.

ûª†’ îªC-N† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ îª÷ÊÆC (í∫ûªç™).

Q. A writer has to avoid common things which are known to all. A.

She is an avid dance student

A. To know the modern expressions in English, all that you have to do is read standard English magazines like the India Today, The week, and newspapers like the Times of India. Further browse the web for new additions to the English vocabulary. You'll find them. Once you see them, practise them by using them in sentences of your own. The other thing you've to do is read books of English fiction by novelists like Chase, Harold Robins, Geoffrey Ascher, etc. Imp: You must be ready to spot a new expression and study its use in the book.

A.V.Subba Rao, Onipenta, Kadapa. Q.

éÀçC¢√öÀ í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.  1) Introvert

2) Extrovert

A. 1)

Åçûª-®Ω’t-ê’©’ – ¢√∞¡x Ç™-îª-†©’ ¢√∞¡x™ØË Â°ô’d-èπ◊E, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-°æ-èπ◊çú≈, Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ éπ©-´-èπ◊çú≈ äçô-Jí¬ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æúË¢√∞¡Ÿx X 2) •£œ«-®Ω’t-ê’©’– Åçü¿-JûÓ éπ©’-°æ¤-íÓ-©’í¬ ÖçúÕ, ûª´’ Ç™-îª-†©†’ Éûª®Ω’©ûÓ °æç-èπ◊ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

 Possessiveness A.

´’† ´Ææ’h´¤O’ü¿ ´’†Íé ÅCμ-鬮Ωç, ´’´’ûª Öçú≈L ÅØË ûªûªyçûÓ, Éûª-®Ω’©’ üΔEo ņ’-¶μºNç-îªúøç/ üΔEûÓ Ææç•çüμ¿ç °ô’déÓ´úøç ¶μºJçîª-™‰-E-ûª†ç. ûªLxéÀ ûª† äÍé äéπ éÌúø’èπ◊ O’C ´’´’-鬮Ωç– ÅûªúÕ ¶μ«®Ωu (ûª† éÓúøL)†’ èπÿú≈ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√Fߪ’E ûªûªyç.

 Much more A.

î√™« áèπ◊\´- He has much more property than I have = His property is much more than mine =

Ø√ ÇÆœh éπçõ‰ î√™« áèπ◊\´.

 Commutators A. Commutators Commuter

ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. ÅC Å®· ÖçúÌa. Å®Ωnç = ®ÓW ÉçöÀ †’ç* î√™« ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Ö†o ÖüÓuí∫ç îÓöÀéÀ bus/ train ©™ v°æߪ÷ùç îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

 Puttage A.

Concept Schools E®√y-£æ«-èπ◊© v°æ鬮Ωç Concept school Åçõ‰ -Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 530 Å®Ωnç Åéπ\úÕ °œ©x©ûÓ §ƒ®∏√©’ •öÃd°æ-öÀdç*, °æK-éπ~™x áèπ◊\´ marks ´îËaô’x îªC-Nç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ subjects ™E N≠æ-ߪ÷© °æôx Å´-í¬-£æ«† éπL-TçîË ÖüËl¨¡çûÓ ¶CμçîË schools ÅE. Concept school èπ◊ ÉD Å®Ωnç ÅE ¢√öÀ E®√y-£æ«èπ◊-©èπ◊ ûª°æp ´’È®-´-Jéà ŮΩnç é¬ü¿’.

Ñ ´÷ö ™‰ü¿’ English ™. •£æ›¨» ÉC footage Å®· Teach the student the concept of a ÖçúÌa. Å®Ωnç – äéπ ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»Eo M.SURESAN subject, let them not mug up the îª÷Ê° -†-*vûª ¶μ«í∫ç/ v°æî√®Ωç subjects = NüΔu-JnéÀ N≠æߪ’ç Å´-í¬-£æ«† éÓÆæç Å´-Ææn©’ °æúË ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-©†’ ÅßË’uô’x ¶Cμç; ¢√∞¡xûÓ §ƒ®∏√-Lo •öÃd °æöÀdç-îªèπ◊. îª÷°œçîË îª©-†-*vûª ¶μ«í∫ç.  Warmonger  Coastal Corridor A. ߪ·üΔl¥©’ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ØË¢√∞¡Ÿx, ¨»çAéÀ •ü¿’©’/ A. Ææ´·vü¿ B®Ωç ¢Áç•úÕ ´÷®Ω_ç/ ®Ω£æ«-üΔJ. éπߪ÷u-EéÀ 鬩’ü¿’¢Ëy-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Corridor = È®çúø’ ¢Áj°æ¤© Ö†o í∫ü¿’© ´®Ω-Ææ©  Avid ´’üμ¿u† ÖçúË ´÷®Ω_ç/ †úø´. A. üËE °æôx-®·Ø√ ¶«í¬ Öû√q£æ«ç/ Çûª’-®Ωûª éπ©.  Shops Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ M/s ÅE Öçô’çC Åçõ‰ He is an avid watcher of the TV = Åûªúø’ Messers ÅE Å®Ωl¥´÷? TV Çûª’-®Ω-ûªí¬/ Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ îª÷≤ƒhúø’. A. Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË M/s (Messrs), äéπJ éπçõ‰ She is an avid dance student = Öû√q£æ«ç/ áèπ◊\´ ´uèπ◊h© Ê°®ΩxûÓ ÖçúË Company Ê°®ΩxÍé Çûª’-®Ω-ûªûÓ dance ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ô’çC/ Dance °æôx ¢√úøû√ç: M/s San and San (È®çúø÷ ´uèπ◊h© Ç¢Á ’èπ◊ î√™« Öû√q£æ«ç/ Çûª’-®Ωûª. Ê°Í®x)/ M/s Rao and Naidu, etc. ÅçûË-é¬F  commit Éûª®Ω Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ ¢√úøç. M/s Reliance Corporation Ltd., ņúøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’, ÅN A. äéπ °æE îËߪ’úøç – ´·êuçí¬ îÁúø’. Commit ´uèπ◊h© Ê°®Ω’x 鬴¤ 鬕öÀd. suicide/ murder/ rape/ theft, etc.  Messers Åçõ‰?  Commitment A. Messrs, Mr (Mister) èπ◊ plural. A. Commitment to somebody = äéπ-J-éÀ-*a† ´÷ôèπ◊ •ü¿’l¥™„j Öçúøôç.  General store, Medical store © ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ plural ™ General stores, Commitment to something = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Medical stores ÅE Öçô’çC? áçü¿’-éπE? EéÀ éπô’d-•úÕ Öçúøôç. A. äÍé ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ Ţ˒t ü¿’é¬-ù«Eo We all appreciate Loksatta's commitment Stores Åçö«®Ω’. Medical Stores - ´’çü¿’©’ to clean politics = E≠æ \-∞¡çéπ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ (´÷vûªç) Ţ˒t shop. General Stores ™é˙-Ææû√h éπô’d-•úÕ Öçúøö«Eo ´’†-´’çû√ ¢Á’a≤ƒ´÷-Ø√u-´-Ææ-®√© ´Ææ’h-´¤-©¢Ë’t shop. èπ◊çö«ç.  Module A.

(´·êuçí¬ College/ University) ™ äéπ ¶μ«í∫ç. 2) È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ¶μ«í¬©’ éπL°œ ûªßª÷®ΩßË’u ߪ’çvûªç-™E Ç ¶μ«í¬©’, Modules. 3) äéπ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ©éπ~uçûÓ îËÊÆ Computer Programme ™E ¶μ«í∫ç. 4) ¢Óu´’-؈-éπ™x Ææyûªç-vûª-¢Á’i† ¶μ«í∫ç.  Concept school ™ concept Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. ÉC Å®Ωnç °æ®Ωnç ™‰E -´÷-ô. •£æ›¨» ¶μ«®Ω-û˝™  ÅD Ççvüμ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ ûª°æp ÉçÈé-éπ\ú≈ ¢√úø®Ω’. ÉçÈé-éπ\ú≈ Ñ ´÷ô Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. 1) àüÁjØ√

There is no commitment on the part of the Govt to the welfare of the people =

course

v°æï©

ÆæçÍé~´’ç °æôx v°æ¶μº’ûªyç éπô’d-•úÕ ™‰ü¿’. M. Laxman, Kakinada.

®Ωîª-®·-ûª©’ Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† ≤ƒ´÷†u¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ´C-™‰ßª÷L.

Q. i) Here are some rules given for good spelling.

ii) We witnessed a very good rush this year compared to last year.

-O-öÀ-™

given, compared

-à -Å®√n-©-E≤ƒh®·? É´y-•-úÕ†; are given = É´y-•-úÕ-†N. ii) compared = §ÚLÊÆh. compared to last year = éÀçü¿õ‰-ú≈-CûÓ §ÚLÊÆh.

A. i) Given =

K. Satyanarayana, Visakhapatnam Q. I am a teacher question tag- Aren't I I am not teacher negative statement Am I not a teacher tag form Aren't I a teacher

èπ◊,

Å´¤-ûª’çC.

ÅØË éÀ Åçõ‰ ÆæJ§Ú-ûª’çüΔ? ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ™ ™«í¬ ÅØ√™«?

A. Correct question tags: I am a teacher, aren't I? I am not a teacher, Am I (Am not tag)

èπ◊,

am I -

ÅØËC

correct question

Q. Ever, never

-©-†’ èπÿ-ú≈ present perfect -™-ØË -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ω-E -îª-C-¢√-†’. é¬-E éÌ-Eo≤ƒ®Ω’x present simple -™ -†÷ -îÁ°æ¤ h-Ø√o®Ω’. Is it correct? Please explain.

A. Ever =

á°æ¤p-úÁj-Ø√/- á-©x-°æ¤púø÷– DEo à tense ûÓ ØÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË ´·êuçí¬ questions ™ éÌEo éÌEo expressions ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√-úø-û√ç.

a) All that he ever does is to complain = complain (Does - present simple)

¢√úø’ îËÊÆ-ü¿çû√,

îËߪ’-úø¢Ë’.

b) Does he ever help you? (Question - does help - present simple - question) Did he ever ...? simple past

É™«Íí,

ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç

™.

c) Has he ever helped you? Present perfect.

FÈé°æ¤p-úÁjØ√

Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»ú≈?– Never †’ Éçé¬ frequent í¬ -Å-Eo ¢√-úø-û√ç.

tenses

™

a) He never comes here (Pr. simple)

éÀçC ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Q. The judge ordered him to be punished. A.

Ø√uߪ’-´‚Jh Åûª-úÕE PéÀ~ç-î√-Lqç-Cí¬ Çñ«c-°œçî√úø’.

Q. We have made him what he is. A.

b) He never came here when he was here (past simple) c) I will never see you again (future) tense

Å®Ωnç ÆæJí¬ Öçõ‰ à

É™« ™ØÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Ñ®ÓV Åûª-úÕE ÉçûªöÀ-¢√-úÕE îËÆœçC ¢Ë’¢Ë’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 4 -ï-†-´-J 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

V. Narasimhamurthy,

Vijaya, Mehaboobnagar.

Chinnayyapalem (EGDt)

Q. As if

Q.

E†o öÃ˝ ´’†éÓ assignment Éî√a®Ω’ éπüΔ? á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-´’Ø√o®Ω’ ´’†Lo? ņ-ú≈-EéÀ when did he ask us to complete it?

ÅØ√o®Ω’.Assignment complete îËߪ’-´’E Çߪ’† ´’†èπ◊ á°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC éπüΔ. When will be the assignment asked to complete us?

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. By the way, the teacher gave us an assignment yesterday. When does he want us to complete it? ambiguity

É™« Åçõ‰

Öçúøü¿’.

When did he ask us to complete it?

Åçõ‰ O’®Ω-†oô’d Assignment complete îËߪ’´’E á°æ¤púø’ ÅúÕí¬®Ω’? ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. °j† îÁ°œp-†-ôd-®·Ø√, when are we to complete the assignment ÅØ√o Ç ÆæçüË£æ«ç Öçúøü¿’. Sk. Wahed Ali, Adilabad. Q. To have, not to, unless Was going, had been going continuous tence

OöÀ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç N´-Jç-îªÑ È®çúø’ © ´’üμ¿u -ûË-ú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. To have = éπLT Öçúøôç/ Öçúøôç – àü¿Ø√o, á´-J-éπØ√o. í∫-©®Ω’.

To have a car these days is not a big thing= car

Q.

ÅØË v°æßÁ÷-í¬Eo à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. A. As if = Å®·-†ô’x, é¬F é¬ü¿’. a) He speaks as if he were very rich = ûªØËüÓ üμ¿†-´ç-ûª’-úø-®·-†ô’d ´÷ö«x-úøû√úø’ Åûªúø’, (é¬F Åûªúø’ üμ¿†-´ç-ûª’úø’ é¬ü¿’) b) She behaves as though/ as if she were clever =

Ç¢Á’ ûÁL-N-éπ©C é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, ûÁL-Ní∫-©-üΔ-E™« v°æ´-Jh-Ææ’hçC. Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC: As if ûª®√yûª clause ™ verb á°æ¤púø÷ were í¬ Öçô’çC. Q. éÀçC ¢√éπuç éπÈ®éÓd é¬üÓ îÁ°æpçúÕ. If she had been alive she would have felt happy. A. Correct Zilani, Madanapalli. Q. While speaking English grammatically usage must be there. How to develop good communication skills in English. What are the activities we have to do to develop Spoken English. Give me necessary suggestions to develop fluent English skills.

2

؈’ áí¬b-¢˛’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL.

A. I have to go to exam

.

Q. Being with a winner you makes a winner. A.

correct form : Being with winner makes you a winner =

DE

Nñ‰-ûªûÓ ≤ƒçí∫ûªuç, ´’†Lo Nñ‰-ûª-©’í¬ îËÆæ’hçC. (´’†ç @N-ûªç™ Nïߪ’ç §ÒçC-†-¢√-∞¡xûÓ Öçõ‰, ´’†´‚ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿’û√ç) Q. ؈’ G.á-Æ ‘q(-G-ï-ú˛Æ œ) °æ‹Jh î˨»†’. áç.á. °∂œ™«Ææ°∂‘ îËߪ÷©çõ‰ úÕvU™ áçûª °æ®Ωqç-õ‰ñ ¸ Öçú≈L. Éçé¬ à éÓ®Ω’q îËÊÆh ¶«´¤ç-ô’çüÓ Ææ©£æ… É´yçúÕ. A. MA Philosophy îËߪ÷-©çõ‰ à Degree Å®·Ø√ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. MA Philososphy éÀ °ü¿l prospects ™‰´¤. Lecturer Å¢√yL, ™‰üΔ competitive exams èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-¢√yL. O’™«çöÀ science students, science Computers / MBA Course better.

PG/

BE.d/

©’ îËߪ’úøç Career

èπ◊

®√vA-éÀ-®√vûË éÓöÃ-¨¡y®Ω’úÕE Å´yí∫©-†-†’-éÓ-´úøç, ´’†ç éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊-†oô’d ÅFo ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√-ߪ’-†’éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’. Q. A wet blanket A.

à N≠æ-ߪ’ç°jØ√ Öû√q£æ«ç îª÷°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈, Éûª®Ω’© Öû√q-£æ…Eo F®Ω’-í¬-Í®a-¢√®Ω’.

Q. A bird's eye view A.

N£æ«ç-í∫-O-éπ~ùç – áûªh-®·† v°æü˨¡ç †’ç* éÀçC N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-Eoç-öÀF OéÀ~ç-îªúøç – äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-Eoç-öÀF Çéπ-Rç°æ¤ îËÆæ’-éÓ´úøç.

Q. To cut a sorry figure. A.

îËûª-é¬-E-¢√-úÕ™«/ ÅÆæ´’®Ω’núÕ™« éπ†-°æ-úøôç.

Q. A thankless task A.

All str uggle for a morsel of food

Ñ ®ÓV™x Öçúøôç °ü¿l N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’-O’ é¬ü¿’. 1) To have + pp - To have gone =

(äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ)

í∫ûªç™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç. To have gone there was my big mistake =

؈-éπ\-úÕ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xúøç Ø√ °ü¿l §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’. Å®·ûË ûª°æp.

2) unless =

a) Unless you work hard you can't pass = pass

†’´¤y éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-NûË ûª°æp

鬴¤.

b) How can I see him unless I know where he is =

Åûª-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ ûÁLߪ’çüË Åûª-úÕE ØËØÁ™« éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’? 3) was going = ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’ He was going home when I saw him yesterday =

ÅûªúÕE ؈’ E†o îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’Ø√oúø’.

She was going to college when the accident took place = college

v°æ´÷ü¿ç ïJ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC (í∫ûªç). Had been going = í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i, ÉçéÓ °æE ïJÍí ´®Ωèπ◊ é̆-≤ƒÍí °æE. Ç¢Á’

He had been going to college until he got this Job = II past action) college

Åûªúø’ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´îËa-´-®Ωèπÿ/ ´îËa-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ ( èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’-Ø√oúø’. (îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ – ´·çü¿®Ω v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i job ´îËa-´-®Ωèπÿ continue Å®·uçC)

We have to pick it up by reading, as we have little opportunity of listening to speakers of Enlgish. Read English newspapers and magazines; short story books and novels. Listen to English news telecasts. Speak English whenever you get an opportunity.

éÀçC ≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Q. èπ◊éπ\-é¬-ô’èπ◊ îÁ°æ¤p üÁ•s. A. Tit for tat.

´·çü¿’çC ¢Á·Ææ∞¡x °æçúøí∫.

A. The worst is yet to come Q.

. É©’x Å©-éπ-í¬ØË °æçúøí∫ é¬ü¿’.

A. One swallow doesn't make summer

.

Q.

îÁ®Ω-°æ-èπ◊®√ îÁúË´¤.

A. You fall in the trap if you lay for others. Q.

had been going - past perfect continuous

A. All struggle for a morsel of food

èπÿöÀ éÓÆæç éÓöÀ Nü¿u©’.

N. Chakradhara Rao, Agiripalli(Krishna Dt).

Q.

Q.

A. Unity is strength.

äéπ Éçô-®Ω÷yu™ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ £‘«®Ó-®·Ø˛ ÅçC. DE™

ÅE Öçú≈L

éπüΔ.ÉüË Éçô-®Ω÷yu™

DE™ ÅØË éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? Å™«Íí í∫ûªç™ O’®Ω’ ÅE ¢√ú≈®Ω’, Åçõ‰ ¶«´¤ç-ô’çC éπüΔ, N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Interview ™ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†o°æ¤púø’ Ç heroine ûª†’ í∫ûªç™ Fair (Åçü¿çí¬/ á®Ω’°æ¤/ ûÁ©’°æ¤ colour) í¬ ÖØ√o†’, É°æ¤púø’ ™‰†’, ÅØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ Åçõ‰ was, ÆæÈ®j-†-üË-éπüΔ? Ç¢Á’ ®Ωçí∫’ É°æ¤púø’ ûªT_ ÖçúÌa, ´·èπ◊\ B®Ω’ ´÷J ÖçúÌa. I look the character - ÉC correct. ؈’ †öÀ-Ææ’h†o §ƒvûª-™«ØË éπ†-°æ-úø-û√†’ ÅØË ¶μ«´çûÓ. Driving a bike ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa, ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’.

M.SURESAN

M. Chandu, Nalgonda.

Q.

ÅØÌa.

âéπu-´’-ûªu¢Ë’ •©ç.

Q.

v°æA ´’E-≠œéÀ äéπ-®ÓV(Æ洒ߪ’ç) ´Ææ’hçC. A. Every dog has his day. Q. îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊E ´·®Ω-´úøç, îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊E àúø-´úøç. A. DEéÀ ÆæÈ®j† English ¢√éπuç ™‰ü¿’. Q. ™°æ© ™Ôö«®Ωç, °j† °æö«®Ωç.

.

Q.

؈’ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL. A. I have to go out.

A.

They are both software men. Having lost their job, they are (sailing) in the same boat = software

äÍé í∫úø’f °æJ-Æœn-A™ Öçúøôç –

§ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊†o Ç °æ-J-Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

Jarajapupeta (vizayanagaram)

ÖüÓu-í¬©’ ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ äÍé í∫úø’f-

Q. To rest on one's laurels.

≤ÚpÈéØ˛

ÉçTx≠ˇ

îªéπ\í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ ´·êuç. î√™«-´’çC ÆæJí¬_ Ö-îªaJç-îª-™‰®Ω’. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ ÉçTx≠ˇ °æüΔ-©†’ ᙫ Ö-îªaJç-î√™, Oxford Dictionary E ᙫ Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. Oxford Dictionary ûÓ¶«ô’ CD èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. Ç CD O’èπ◊ pronunciation N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Dictionary *´®Ω Ö†o symbols ( ∫ = ship - ≠œ°ˇ™ , ≠æ, – É™« ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù©’) Ŷμ«uÆæç îËߪ’çúÕ. Ééπ stress Ææçí∫-AéÀ ´ÊÆh Ñ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ: Above - ∂'bΛV Éçü¿’™ b °j† ' í∫’®Ω’h ÖçC éπüΔ. ÉüË stress mark. Above, pronunciation: Å•¢˛– Éçü¿’™ È®çúø’ ¨¡¶«l-©’-Ø√o®·. 1) Å 2) •¢˛. Stress mark, '•— O’ü¿ ÖçC. 鬕öÀd üΔEo ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 'Å— üΔüΔ°æ¤ °æ©éπç – É™« stress pattern ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éӴa. Éçé¬ é¬¢√-©çõ‰ TV ™E English news bulletins, English N†çúÕ. Å™« Nçô÷çõ‰ ´’†èπÿ Å©-¢√-ô-®·-§Ú-ûª’çC.

A.

A. Subba Rao, Oripenta(Kadapa).

Q. To rise to the occassion

éÀçC¢√öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A.

Pronounciaton

à∞¡x éÀçü¿ô îËÆœ† ØË íÌ°æpí¬ Å†’-èπ◊çô÷ v°æÆæ’hûªç Å™«çöÀ v°æߪ’-û√o™‰ç îËߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’. Q. Blood and Iron A. A.

A.

A.

´’†èπ◊ ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬, ´’†ç éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊†o Nüμ¿çí¬, ´’†èπ◊ ¢Ë’©’ éπL-Í홫 ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ņ’-éÓ´úøç.

ÅO, ÉO, ÅFo – Åçûª ´·êuç é¬EN – Among the things in the room was a box with odds and ends -

Ç í∫C-™E ´Ææ’h-´¤™x ÅO, ÉO, ÅFo ¢ËÆœ† °õ„d äéπ-ô’çC.

éÀx≠dæ Ææ´’-Ææu†’, N°æ-ûª’h†’ áü¿’-®Ì\-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†¨¡éÀh ߪ·èπ◊h-©Fo èπÿúø-í∫-ô’d-èπ◊E Nï--ߪ·-©’í¬ E©-´úøç, ´’†-Loç* ÇPç-*† °∂æL-û√Eo ÅçC´yúøç – Whenever India faced defeat Dravid rose to the occasion and saved the country.

¶μ«®Ωû˝ ãô-N’E áü¿’®Ì\-†o°æ¤p-úø™«x, vüΔNú˛ Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ ûªí∫_ô’d ¨¡éÀh-ߪ·-èπ◊h-©Fo ¢√úÕ ü˨»Eo Çü¿’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Q. To look for trouble A.

Q. A wishful thinking

¢√úø-éπç-™éÀ

Q. Odds and ends.

A. Correct

Öü¿ßª’ Ææ÷®Ω’uúÕE Ç®√-Cμç-îªúøç.

Account books have made way for computers (Account books Computers

üΔJ-´yúøç/ ´÷J-§Ú-´úøç – èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ´î√a®·.)

≤ƒ£æ«Ææ Ωu-©èπ◊ °æ‹†’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√®Ω’. Q. Eüμ¿’© ÊÆéπ-®Ωù ÅØË-üΔ-EéÀ Funds mobilization éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

A.

DEéÀ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç àO’-™‰ü¿’.

Q. To make way

û√T† ¢Á’iéπç™ ´îËa üμÁj®Ωuç.

Q. To worship the rising sun.

í∫ûª ¢Áj¶μº-´çûÓ í∫úÕ-Ê°Ææ÷h éÌûªh-¢ËO’ ≤ƒCμç-îªéπ §Ú´úøç – He scored his only century years ago and is now resting on past laucentury rels =

A.

.

v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ω °æJ-ÆœnA †’ç* ®ΩéÀ~ç--éÓ-´úøç = I acted innocent to save my skin = ††’o ®ΩéÀ~ç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å´÷-ߪ’-éπûªyç †öÀç-î√†’.

Q. To sail in the same boat

Q. Dare Devil

A. I have to go to toilet/ I need to go to toilet

A. I have to have a bath

Q.

A.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? Q. ؈’ ņoç AØ√L. A. I have to eat. Q. ؈’ ö«ß˝’-™„-ö¸èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL. ؈’ ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ÷L.

A.

Q. Dutch courage

A. All that glitters is not gold.

Q.

Q. To save one's skin

R.Sangam Naidu,

Learn to add 'please' when you ask for others help. (Give me suggestions - Please give me suggestions - understand the difference).

was going - past continuous

I was fair and had a small sharp nose like Muntaz did I am fair and have small, sharp nose like Muntaz had When you see me with jewellery, costumes on the sets. I look the character I look the character expression Bike driving riding

ÅJ-ÂÆ©’, ©úø÷f©’, 鬮Ω-°æ‹pÆæ, N’®∏√®·, •÷È®©’, ´úø, °Ææ®Ω -Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 531 üÓ¨¡, ÖLxüÓ¨¡, í¬È®©’(°Ææ®Ω, N’†°æ, ¶Ô•s®Ω) OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ó îÁ°æpçúÕ. A. É´Fo English ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁLߪ’E ´çô鬩’. Åçü¿’-éπE English ™ OöÀéÀ ¢ËÍ® Ê°®Ω’xç-úø´¤. OöÀØË English spellings ûÓ ®√Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË.

eg: Cooking everyday in a household is a thankless task =

Éçöx v°æA-®ÓV ´çô îËߪ’úøç °∂æL-ûªç-™‰E v¨¡´’.

Q.

A. To master usage read as much English as you can. Usage cannot be learnt as grammar can be.

¢Á’°æ¤p/ v°æA-°∂æ©ç/ Éûª®Ω’© éπ%ûª-ïcûª §Òçü¿E v¨¡´’.

N¢√-üΔ-EéÀ üˆ®Ω-bØ√u-EéÀ í∫’®Ω-´úøç/ éπ≥ƒd©’ éÓJûÁ-a-éÓ-´úøç – If you don't pay the money you are looking for trouble - úø•’s©’ éπôd-éπ§ÚûË Fèπ◊ éπ≥ƒd©’ ûª°æp´¤/ ¶«üμ¿©’ ûª°æp´¤.

eg: To think that you can become a millionaire over night is wishful thinking =

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 11 -ï-†-´-J 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

B.V.Satyanandam,

giving from average chapter Are giving being given

Korukonda (E.G. Dt.) Q. Spoken English "I have a head ache" Countables a, an 'Head ache' plural

™ ÅE

í∫ûªç™ ´·çü¿’ ´≤ƒh®· éπü∆. èπ◊ Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆. N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. Head ache, cold (ï©’•’), cough (ü¿í∫’_), fever É´Fo countable singulars. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿’ (¢√öÀE ´÷´‚-©’í¬ singular í¬ØË ¢√úøû√ç) a ¢√ú≈-LqçüË. Q. ÉçTx-≠ˇ-™ E 26 Åéπ~-®√-©†’ ᙫ Öîªa-Jç-î √L? °ü∆© éπü¿-Léπ ᙫ Öçô’çC? A. a, e, i and o OöÀE Öîªa-Jç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¨¡¶«l©’ íÌçûª’-™ç* ´≤ƒh®·. Ø√©’éπ ¢√úøç. U pronounce îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√©’éπ *´J ¶µ«í¬Eo ÅçT-LéÀ ¶«í¬ û√éÀ≤ƒhç. b = H, c = Æ‘, d = úŒ (Ø√©’éπ flat í¬ Â°öÀd é̆†’ °j°æ∞¡x *í∫’-∞¡xèπ◊ û√éÀ≤ƒhç. f = á°∂ˇ (Ø√©’éπ ¢√úøç) g = @, h = áß˝’î˝ j = ñ„ß˝’, k =ë„ß˝’, l = ᙸ , M = á¢˛’, n = áØ˛ (Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ Ø√©’éπ ¢√úøç) p = °œ, q = èπÿu , r = Ç(®˝) s = áÆˇ (Ø√©’-éπèπ◊ Åçûªí¬ °æE-™‰ü¿’) t = -öÃ, v = N (°j°æ-∞¡x†’ éÀçC °ü¿NéÀ û√éÀ≤ƒhç) w = ´ (°ü¿-´¤©’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) x = áé˙q, y = ¢Áj (wai), z = zed/ zee (US). îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ´÷vûª¢Ë’

îªC-¢√†’. A.

ûªÊ°p.

ÅE äéπ-îÓô ûªÊ°p¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Are ÅE Öçú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

Are given - correct.

Are given

= É´y-•-úø-û√®·.

B. Nazeer, Ahmed Anantapur.

Q. Gonna, wanna

What if the train is late = Train late

Å®·ûË (äéπ-¢Ë∞¡)?

What if he comes here now? =

äéπ¢Ë∞¡ Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´úøç ïJ-TûË As with - DEéÀ v°æûËuéπ¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç àO’ ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË É™« ¢√úÌa:

gotta,

OöÀE ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? A. Gonna = ûªy®Ω-ûªy-®Ωí¬, Åçûªí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-E¢√∞¡Ÿx, Going to †’ É™« Åçö«®Ω’. He's gonna kill ye (you) = Gotta = got to, wanna = want to.

Q. E-commerce

™ 'one - off sales' ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. One - off sales = äÍé-≤ƒJ/ äéπ\-≤ƒJ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ïJÍí Å´’téπç. Q. What if, as with ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √™ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. A. What if = (Å™« Å®·ûË) à´’-´¤-ûª’çC?

2

Åûªúø’ E†’o îªç°æ-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’, Å™«Íí

Q. By selling, By seeing

É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE ¢√é¬u™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÊÆh ᙫçöÀ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC? By selling = Å´’téπç ü∆y®√/ ´©x By seeing = îª÷úøôç ´©x/ ü∆y®√

P. Sankar Lingam, Warangal Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u© Å®Ωn ¶µ‰ü¿ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

1) The Mango trees, which were given some of that new fertilizer, produced very good fruit. 2) The Mango trees which were given some of that new fertilizer produced very good fruit.

'He is rich'

(Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ Ö†o-¢√úø’) (؈C †´’t†’) Believe in = àüÁjØ√ ÖçC ÅE †´’túøç a) I believe in God = ؈’ üË´¤-úø’-Ø√o-úøE †´·t-û√†’. I don't believe it!

b) Christians and Muslims do not believe in rebirths, whereas Hindus do =

´’®Ω’-ï†t Öçü¿E wÈéjÆæh-´¤©’, ´·Æœxç©’ †´’t®Ω’, £œ«çü¿’-´¤©’ †´·t-û√®Ω’. Believe in Jesus Christ = véÃÆæ’h†’ Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªúøç – Çߪ’††’, Çߪ’† îÁ°œpçC †N’t Çîª-Jç-îªúøç. Believe in Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ´’ç*-ü¿F, ņ’-Ææ-®Ω-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†-ü¿F ¶µ«Nç-îªúøç. a) Gandhi believed in peace =

Live and let Live

Q. When I reached the station, the train had left. Before I reached the station the train had left preposition

ÅØË Ñ ¢√é¬uEo

v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™

í¬ ®√ߪ’-´î√a? ¢√éπuç ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü∆?

A. When I reached the station, the train had left station train = Before I reached the station the station train train had left =

؈’ §Ú-®·çC.

èπ◊ îËÍ®-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ

¢ÁRx-

؈’ èπ◊ îËÍ®-´·çüË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC. È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. Q. äéπ ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√uÆæç™ have you seen the film Mass? ÅØË ¢√éπuç ÖçC. DE™ article 'the' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªúøç ûª°æ¤p éπü∆. Film name îÁÊ°p-ô°æ¤púø’ the ¢√úøç éπü∆? The P.M. Manmohan ņç éπü∆. The P.M. or P.M. Manmohan Åçö«ç éπü∆. éπÈ®-èπ◊dí¬ á™« ÅØ√™ îÁ°æpçúÕ. A. The ÅØËC film èπ◊í¬E, Mass èπ◊ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? The film († *vûªç) common noun 鬕öÀd, the ¢√ú≈L. The P.M., Mr. Manmohan Singh ņ-úø¢Ë’ correct. Å®·ûË Mr. Manmohan Singh, P.M. of India Åçö«ç. Pavani, Sudha, Matsyapuri (W.G. Dt). Q. To take stock/ stalk of the situation is usage radio news stock stalk

ÅØË ™ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ÅC ™‰ü∆ Ø√ àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. To take stock of the situation (stalk é¬ü¿’) = ÅÆæ©’ Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-Tç-üË-N’öÀ? áçûª ï®Ω-í¬LqçC, áçûª ïJ-TçC? ÅE äéπ-≤ƒJ ÅçîªØ√ ¢ËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç. Q. Pistle ûÓ 'Point blank range' ™ †’ç* 鬙«aúø’ Åçö«®Ω’. Ñ Point blank range Åçõ‰ àN’ö Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Point blank range = î√™« ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬, Åçõ‰ pistol ´’E≠œ û√Íéçûª ü¿÷®Ωç™ Öç* 鬩aúøç. Q. India levelled the three test match series = three test match series (object) singular plural

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ÅØËC Å´¤-ûª’çü∆ ™‰ü∆ Å´¤-ûª’çü∆ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Level = Ææ´’ç îËߪ’úøç series - singular K.R. Achari, Vaikuntapuram

Q. In staff selection, out of 17 questions from arithmetic, only one or two questions are

As with children, so with the very old. They need a lot of care =

A

í¬çDµ ¨»çA ´’ç*-ü¿F, ņ’-Ææ-®ΩùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†-ü¿F ¶µ«Nçî√úø’.

b) Politicians don't believe in honesty =

. È®çúÕç-öÀéÃ

Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Comma © ´©x Å®Ωnç ´÷Í®C éÀçC sentence ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x:

°ü¿l-¢√∞¡x†÷ *†o -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 532 °œ©x-™«xÍí î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’a) He rectified the trouble in the car éÓ-¢√L. which cost us a lot of money. Q. •ûª’èπ◊, •A-éÀç Åçõ‰ live - let live b) He rectified the trouble in the car, ÅE îª÷¨»†’. é¬F Ééπ\úø let ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç which cost us a lot of money. éπü∆. Let í∫’Jç* éÌçîÁç N´-®Ωçí¬ a) (Comma ™‰ü¿’) – áèπ◊\´ ê®Ωa-®·† Ç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Car ™E repair †’ Åûªúø’ ÆæJ A. Let = allow = (äéπ-°æE) îËߪ’-E-´yúøç. îË ¨ »úø ’ – Åçõ‰ car èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’aLet live Åçõ‰ •A-éÀç ÅE é¬ü¿’. M.SURESAN ®·ç-ü¿E. •ûª-éπE´¤y ÅE. Live and let Live = b) (CommaûÓ) Ç Car ™E ê®Ωa-®·† repair †’ †’´¤y •ûª’èπ◊, ÉçéÌéπJE •ûª-éπ-E®·u. Åûªúø’ ÆæJ î˨»úø’ – Åçõ‰ repair èπ◊ ê®Ωa-®·çLet him go = ¢√úÕE ¢Á∞¡xF. ü¿E. Let them know this = ÉC ¢√∞¡x†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓE´¤y Å®·Ø√ É™«çöÀ ambiguity (ÆæçüË£æ«ç) ®√èπ◊çú≈ Let us go = ¢Á∞«lç °æü∆. ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊, sentence ¢Ëꨒ ®√ÊÆh clear í¬ Å®Ωnç Q. Explosive, defensive, attractive, creative Å´¤-ûª’çC. É™«çöÀ adjectives èπ◊ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. a) He rectified the trouble and it cost us a A. Explosive: 1) Ê°™‰ Ææy¶µ«´ç Ö†o lot. 2) Ê°©’úø’ °æü∆®Ωnç b) He rectified the trouble in the car. The car Defensive = Ææ´’-Jnç--èπ◊ØË, ®Ωéπ~-ù™ Ö†o. cost us a lot attractive = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i†. Q. éÀçC °æü∆-©-†’ -á-™« -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √-™  -ûÁ-©’°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. creative = Ææ%ï-Ø√-ûªtéπ ¨¡éÀh Ö†o. Nevertheless and notwithstanding. É´Fo adjectives (´®Ωg† ´÷ô©’) – °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’, A. It was raining heavily. Nevertheless/ but/ yet ü¿%¨»u©’, ´uèπ◊h©†’ ´Jgç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. he went out = ´®Ω{ç ¶«í¬ èπ◊®Ω’-≤ÚhçC. Å®·Ø√ Q. O’®Ω’ äéπîÓô 'She is of Indian origin settled Åûª ú ø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«xúø’. in U.S.A.' ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. Ééπ\úø 'of' ÅØËC Notwithstanding/ Inspite of the heavy rain Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? be + of OöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. he went out = ¶«í¬ ´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω’-Ææ’hØ√o Åûªúø’ A. Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’. be of Indian origin = ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ •ßª ’ ö À È é ∞ «x ú ø ’ . ´‚™«-EéÀ/ Ææçûª-AéÀ îÁçC† (Ééπ\úø of = éÀ). Q. äéπ †÷uÆˇ îµ √ØÁ-™ ¸™ to killing of acid ÅE K. Satyanarayana, Visakhapatnam îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Q. Believe in Jesus Christ. Believe in me, him, A. to killing of acid = DEéÀ Å®Ωnç-™‰ü¿’. °æ‹Jh senhis ©’ éπÈ®èπ◊d Å®·ûË believe it ™ believe tence ÉÊÆh ûª°æp Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ™‰ç. killing of ûª ®√yûª in áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’? Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü∆? acid Åçõ‰ ´÷vûªç Å®Ωnç-é¬ü¿’. Could you explain please. Q. Lead, term - Ñ °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. Believe in èπ◊ believe èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ î√™« ûËú≈ A. Lead = ´·çü¿’çúÕ †úÕ-°œç-îªúøç/ Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ÖçC. ´·çü¿’-çúøôç/ Ø√ߪ’-éπûªyç ´£œ«ç-îªúøç. Believe = äéπ®Ω’ îÁ•’-ûª’-†oC/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Term = 1) °æü¿ç Eï-´’E †´’túøç. 2) (plural ™) ≠æ®Ω-ûª’©’. a) She believed he would marry her = Terms of appointment = ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ Åûªúø’ ûª††’ °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-úøE Ç¢Á’ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ≠æ®Ω-ûª’©’ (conditions) †N’tçC. 3) EKg-ûª-é¬©ç – Period b) The Police did not believe his words/ He will be the president for a term of 2 what he said = ÅûªúÕ ´÷ô-©†’/ Åûªúø’ years = È®çúË∞¡x 鬙«-EéÀ Çߪ’† Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ îÁ°œpçC Police ©’ †´’t-™‰ü¿’. Öçö«úø’.

®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x ÖçúË- ¢√-∞¡xèπ◊, Eñ«-ߪ’B ´’ç*-ü¿ØË/ ņ’-Ææ-®Ω-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†-ü¿ØË ¶µ«´ç ™‰ü¿’. Believe in a person = (him/ her etc) =

äéπ®Ω’ ´’ç*¢√∞¡xF, Nïߪ’ç ™«çöÀ-¢√-öÀE ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫-©-®ΩØË †´’téπç. Many believed in Gandhi and were ready for any sacrifice =

î√™«-´’çC í¬çDµÂ°j †´’t-éπçûÓ (Çߪ’†’o ņ’-Ææ-Jç*) û√uí¬-©èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. Q. ü¿’¶«®·¢√úø’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ à´’çö«®Ω’? °∂晫Ø√ v§ƒçûªç-¢√úø’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ᙫçöÀ suffix †’ ¢√ú≈L? He is from vizag - He is vizagite. He is local - He is localite. He is from Saudi - He is ----? A. Dubaiite =

ü¿’¶«-®·-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

He is from Vizag = Vizag (singular- Vizagite)

¢√∞¡Ÿx =

Vizagites

He is from Saudi = He is a Saudiite. Localite ÅØË ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. ≤ƒnE-èπ◊úø’ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Local ÅØË Åçö«ç. Local èπ◊ È®çúø’ Å®√n©’: 1) ≤ƒnE-éπ-¢Á’i† – äéπ-îÓô Ö†o A Local School = ≤ƒnEé𠧃®∏Ω-¨»© (´’†ç îÁ•’-ûª’†o v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Ö†o) 2) ≤ƒnE-èπ◊©’: They are locals here = ¢√Rx-éπ\úÕ ≤ƒnE-èπ◊©’/ Ñ v°æüË-¨»-EéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx. äéπ v°æüË-¨»-EéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√®Ω’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÉîËa suffix, convenience †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. v°æü˨¡ç Ê°®Ω’ *´®Ω vowel (a, e, i, o, u ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«l©’) ´ÊÆh – ite Åçö«ç, ™‰ü∆ an Åçö«ç. Bombaite/ Mumbaiite (Bombay/ Mumbai vowel (Delhiite/ Chennaiite, etc.)

*´®Ω

äéÌ\-éπ\-≤ƒJ

´Ææ’hçC éπü∆?)

-an/ -n

®√´îª’a.

Indian, Kolkatan etc. '-i' Hyderabadi etc.

éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x,

(É) ®√´îª’a.

v°æü˨¡ç Ê°®Ω’, *´®Ω er'/ '-r' ®√´îª’a.

consonant

- Irani, Iraqi,

(£æ«©’x) ´ÊÆh,

'-

Landoner/ Newyorker

É´Fo èπÿú≈ Öî√a-®Ω-ù« -≤˘-©-¶µ«uEo (convenience of pronunciation) †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. Åçûª strict í¬ §ƒöÀç-î√-Lq† rule Åçô÷ ™‰ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 18 -ï-†-´-J 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vasisht: Hi Vasanth, what's wrong? You don't seem to be well at all.

(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? †’¢Ëyç èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ Ö†oô’d éπE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’.) Vasanth: You can say that. It's my heel. It's been playing me up for a week now.

(Å´¤†’. †’´y™« ņ-úøç™ ûªÊ°pç-™‰ü¿’. Ææ´’Ææu Ø√ ´’úø´’. ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV-©’í¬ ††’o ¶«Cμ≤ÚhçC.) Vasisht: I see you walk with a limp. Haven't you seen a doctor yet?

(†’´¤y èπ◊çô’ûª÷ †úø-´úøç í∫´’-Eç-î√ØËo†’. Éçé¬ doctor †’ îª÷úø-™‰üΔ?) (limp - èπ◊çôúøç) Vasanth: Yea, that's been at the top of my agenda ever since I had the problem. But then mom with her home remedies and uncle with his physical exercises have been in the way. They seem to suggest that I see a doctor only as a last resort.

(EüΔ-†çí¬ Ç¢Á’éà N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç ÅßË’uô’x îÁ°æ¤p. Å™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Ç¢Á’†’, Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁjüΔuEo N´’-JzÊÆh Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œp-≤ƒh´¤.) Vasanth: Don't I know how to get my mother round?

(´÷ Å´’t†’ ᙫ ä°œpç-î√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’üΔ?) éÌçûª-鬩ç véÀûªç ´®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç î√™« phrasal Phrasal Verbs Åçõ‰ verbs, idioms îª÷¨»ç. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Verb ûª®√yûª preposition/ adverb ™«çöÀ combination phrasal verb. ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ phrasal verb ¢Á·ûªhç Å®√n-EéÃ, Åçü¿’™ ÖçúË äéÌ\éπ\ ´÷ô Å®√n-Eéà àç Ææç•çüμ¿ç Öçúøü¿’. e.g.: to put out - Ñ phrasal verb Å®Ωnç, ´’çô©’/ D§ƒ©’ ÇÍ®p-ߪ’úøç. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπüΔ? ÇÍ®p-ߪ’ú≈-EéÃ, put/ out Å®√n-Eéà àç Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. É™«çöÀC phrasal verb. Idioms ÅØ√o üΔüΔ°æ¤ ÅüË. Å®·ûË idiom á°æ¤púø÷ verb 鬆-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ up and

2

Agenda

= Ææ¶μº©÷, Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»™x îªJaçîË Å稻© ñ«Gû√.

a) To stay in power by whatever means is at the top of YSR's agenda/ high on YSR's agenda =

b) What he says makes sense =

à Nüμ¿ç-í¬-ØÁjØ√ ÅCμ-é¬-®Ωç™ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫-úø¢Ë’ ¢Ájá-≤ƒq®˝ °æü∑¿-éπç™ v§ƒüμΔ-Ø√u稡ç.

c) It always makes sense to invest in real estate

b) To prove it has nothing to do with the Satyam affair is high on/ at the top of the agenda of the government =

= Ææn™«™x °ô’d-•úÕ Â°ôdúøç á°æ¤púø÷ Ææ•-•-®·†/ ûÁL-¢Áj† °æØË.

Ææûªuç èπ◊ç¶μº-éÓùç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ûª´’Íéç Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿E ®Ω’V´¤ îËߪ’-úø¢Ë’ v°æ¶μº’ûªy v°æüμΔ† ©éπ~uç.

Make sense of something =

üËØÁj oØ√ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç.

a) I am not able to make sense of this letter =

Ñ Öûªh®Ωç Ø√Íéç Å®Ωnç 鬴úøç ™‰ü¿’.

What he says makes sense

(Ñ Ææ´’Ææu ´*a†-°æpöÀ †’ç* üΔEÍé ؈’ áèπ◊\´ v§ƒ´·êuç Éî√a†’. é¬F Å´’t ûª† í∫%£æ«¢Ájü¿uç, ´÷´’ߪ’u ûª† exercise Ææ÷îª-†ûÓ Ø√èπ◊ Åúø’f°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. ÅFo N°∂æ-©-¢Á’i-ûËØË Øˆ’ ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«x©ØË Ç™- Ö†o-ô’dçC ¢√∞¡xèπ◊.) Home remedies = í∫%£æ« ¢Ájü¿uç Vasisht: The sooner you see a specialist the better for you. If you delay any more the chances are that you may end up in a hospital.

(†’¢Áyçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ú≈éπd-®˝†’ Ææçv°æ-CÊÆh Åçûª ´’ç*C. ÉçÍé-´÷-vûªç Ç©Ææuç îËÆœØ√ †’´¤y ÇÆæp-vA™ îËÍ® Å´-é¬-¨»©’ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hØ√o®·.) Vasanth: I think that makes sense.

(ÅC ûÁL¢Áj† °æE ņ’èπ◊çö«.) Vasisht: You'd better hurry up. You've delayed already. These things tend to get chronic. Even now I do not know how you are able to put up with this pain.

(†’´¤y ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æúø’ Å®·ûË. É°æp-öÀÍé î√™« Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤. É™«ç-öÀ-´Fo Å™«Íí ÖçúÕ §Úû√®·. Ç ØÌ°œp ᙫ ¶μºJçîª í∫©’-ûª’Ø√o¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’.) Vasanth: I knew it did call for quick action but mom wouldn't let me.

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, É™«çöÀ Ææûªy®Ω Ωu©’ Å´Ææ-®Ω-´’E. é¬F Å´’t ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç ™‰ü¿E ÇT§Úߪ÷.) Vasisht: Only specialists can deal with such complaints. Quackery leads you no where and is even dangerous.

(E°æ¤-ù’©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©®Ω’. N’úÕ-N’úÕ ñ«c†ç ´©x àO’ Å´-éπ-§Úí¬, v°æ´÷ü¿ç èπÿú≈.) Quackery = ¢Ájü¿uç ûÁLߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’úøç. Quack = ¢Ájü¿u-N-üΔu-®Ω|-ûª©’, ¢Ájü¿u °æJ-ñ«c†ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Vasanth: I'll certainly talk mother into letting me see a specialist this evening. I can't bear this pain any more. It's hurting quite a lot.

(E°æ¤-ù’-úÁj† doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ؈’ ¢Á∞«h-†E ´÷ Å´’t†’ ä°œp≤ƒh. Ñ ¶«üμ¿ ØËEçéπ ¶μºJç-îª-™‰†’. î√™« ØÌ°œpí¬ ÖçC.) Vasisht: Just put it across to her and take her with you to the doctor. You irritate her if you rubbish her or her treatment.

3) The last resort =

*ôd-*-´J Ωu. N’í∫û√ Ωu-©Fo N°∂æ-©¢Á’i† ûª®√yûª *´-Jí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË îª®Ωu. a) We treat strike only as a last resort = Ææ¢Á’t ÅØËC ¢Ë’´· îË°æõ‰d *´J Ωu ´÷vûª¢Ë’. (N’í∫û√ Ωu-©Fo N°∂æ-©¢Á’i† ûª®√yûË ´÷ *´J ÅÆæYçí¬ Ææ¢Á’tèπ◊ Cí∫’û√ç).

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 533 coming ÅØË idiom BÆæ’-èπ◊çüΔç. D†®Ωnç, °jéÀ ´Ææ’h†o ÅE. An up and coming actor = ¶«í¬ °jéÌM.SURESAN Ææ’h†o †ô’úø’ ÅE. '°jéÌ-Ææ’h†o— ÅØË ¶μ«¢√-EéÀ upèπ◊, comingèπ◊í¬F Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. ÉC idiom.

É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™ ´*a† phrasal verbs/ îª÷üΔlç. ÉN Spoken English™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œç-îËN, î√™« simple í¬ ÖçúËN. ¶«í¬ practice îËÆœ O’ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úøçúÕ. idioms

1) It's been playing me up. 2) That's been at the top of my agenda. 3) As a last resort. 4) The chances are that you may end up in a hospital. 5) That makes sense. 7) I'll certainly talk mother into letting me see a doctor. 8) You irritate her if you rubbish her or her treatment. 9) Don't I know how to get my mother round? 1) Playing me up - Play somebody up -

b) 'Don't worry' said the doctor. 'We will go for amputation only as a last resort' =

'¶«üμ¿°æ-úø-éπçúÕ. N’í∫û√ ¢ÁjüΔu-©Fo N°∂æ-©-¢Á’i-ûËØË, *´J °æü¿l¥-Aí¬ ¢Ë’ç amputationèπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøû√ç— ÅØ√oúø’ ú≈éπd®˝. Amputation = ¨¡ÆæY-*-éÀ-ûªqûÓ septic Å®·† Ŵߪ’-¢√Eo (鬩’/- îË-®·-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE) BÊÆ-ߪ’úøç. 4) The chances are... ÉC O’ conversation èπ◊ ´’ç* Üûªç. Å®Ωnç = àüÁjØ√ ïJÍí Å´-é¬-¨»©’ç-úøôç. If you continue to postpone things the chances are that you'll never do them =

6) I knew it did call for quick action.

äéπ-JéÀ

¶«üμ¿ éπL-Tç-îªúøç/ Ææ´’-Ææu©’ ûÁ*a-°-ôdúøç a) Pakistan by sheltering terrorists is playing India up =

Öví∫-¢√-ü¿’-©èπ◊ Çv¨¡-ߪ’-N’*a §ƒéÀ≤ƒnØ˛ ¶μ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ Ææ´’-Ææu©’ ûÁ*a-°-úø’-ûÓçC.

b) You've played me up enough. Don't ask for trouble from me.

†’´¤y Ø√éπ\-L-Tç-*† ¶«üμ¿©’/ Ææ´’-Ææu©’/ É•sç-ü¿’©÷ î√©’. Ø√ ´©x É•sç-ü¿’©’ ®√èπ◊çú≈ îª÷Ææ’éÓ. (Éé𠆆’o É•sçC °ôdúøç Ç°æ¤. ÉçÍé-´÷vûªç ؈’ Ü®Ω’éÓ†’.) Ééπ\úø 'Ask for' ÅØË phrasal verb îª÷úøçúÕ. Ask for, ´·êuçí¬ troubleûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Ask for trouble ÅE Å®Ωnç– É•sç-ü¿’©’ éÌE-ûÁ-a-éÓ-´úøç.

= Åûªúø’ îÁÊ°pC FÍé´’Ø√o Å®Ωnç Å´¤ûÓçüΔ? àüÁjØ√ Ωuèπ◊ Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçúøôç/

Ææ÷*ç-îªúøç a) The Satyam scam calls for better government supervision of corporate bodies =

Ææûªuç èπ◊ç¶μº-éÓùç 鬮Ìp-Í®ö¸ ÆæçÆæn-©-O’ü¿ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† v°æ¶μº’ûªy Åï-´÷-®·≠‘ Å´-Ææ-®√Eo Ææ÷*-≤ÚhçC.

b) His condition calls for immediate medical attention =

ÅûªúÕ °æJ-ÆœnA ûªéπ~ù ¢Ájü¿uç Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’E Ææ÷*≤ÚhçC/ ÅûªúÕ °æJ-Æœn-AéÀ ûªéπ~ù ¢Ájü¿u Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.

7) Talk somebody into something =

äéπ-JéÀ äéπ N≠æߪ÷Eo †îªa-ñ„-°æpúøç/ ä°œpç-îªúøç.

a) I didn't like the bike but the sales-man there talked me into buying it = Ç bike Ø√éÀ≠dç æ ™‰ü¿’ é¬F, Ç ÊÆ™¸q¢Ë’Ø˛ üΔEo éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ä°œpç-î√úø’/ †îªañ„§ƒpúø’. b) You can never talk me into voting for him =

†’¢Áy-°æp-öÀéà ††o-ûª-úÕéÀ ãô’ ¢ËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ä°œpç-îª-™‰´¤/ †îªa-ñ„-°æp-™‰´¤.

c) He talked the minister into giving him the contract

If land grabs and sale of govt. lands continue the chances are that there will be no land left for public purposes. =

= ûª†èπ◊ Ç é¬çvö«èπ◊d ÉîËa™« ´’çvAéÀ Åûªúø’ †îªa-ñ„-§ƒpúø’.

¶μº÷éπ-¶«b©÷, v°æ¶μº’ûªy ¶μº÷´·© Å´’téπç ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ Öçõ‰ v°æñ -°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©èπ◊ ¶μº÷N’™‰èπ◊çú≈ §ÚßË’ Å´-é¬-¨»-©’-Ø√o®·. end up = ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç-îª-E/ -á-ü¿’-®Ω’-îª ÷-úøE °æJ-Æœn-A™ °æúøôç. Whoever thought that Raju would end up in jail jail? =

®√V

™ °æúø-û√-úøE á´-®ΩØ√o ņ’-èπ◊-

Ø√o®√? a) They had a chance meeting on train and ended up as wife and husband = Train

™ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ *´-JéÀ ¶μ«®√u-¶μº-®Ωh-©’í¬ ´÷®√®Ω’ (¢√∞¡x™« Å´¤-û√-®ΩE ¢Á·ü¿ô ¢√∞¡x-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’).

b) I thought she would do all the work, but I ended up doing it =

If you delay anymore, you are asking for trouble =

2) At the top of somebody's agenda = High on someone's agenda

a) Government allotting all contracts to Maytas doesn't make sense at all = contracts Maytas

v°æù«-R-éπ™ x/ °æü∑¿-鬙x/ äéπ®Ω’ îËߪ÷-©-†’-éÌØË °æ†’™x Åûªuçûª v§ƒüμΔ†uç ÉîËa Å稡ç.

6) Call for =

b) Can you make sense of what he is saying?

É™« ¢√®·üΔ ¢ËÆæ÷h §Úûª’çõ‰ †’¢√y °æE á°æ¤púø÷ îËߪ’-™‰E °æJ-ÆœnA ®√´îª’a.

ÅEo °æ†’©÷ Ǣ˒ îËÆæ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ¢√ô-Eo-öÀF ØËØË îËÊÆ °æJÆœnA ´*açC. 5) Make sense = Ææ•-•’í¬ éπEpç-îªúøç/ Ææ•-•’-í¬ -Öç-úøôç/ Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬ éπE-°œç-îªúøç.

ÉçÍé-´÷vûªç Ç©Ææuç îËÆœØ√ †’´¤y É•sç-ü¿’©’ éÌE-ûÁ-a-éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’.

Åûªúø’

îÁÊ°pC Ææ•-•’-í¬ØË ÖçC.

ÆæçÆænÍé v°æ¶μº’ûªyç ÅEo É´yúøç àç Ææ•-•’í¬ ÅEpç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’/ Ææ••’í¬ ™‰ü¿’.

8) Rubbish somebody/ something = äéπ-JE/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ü¿’¢Á’t-Ah-§Ú-ߪ’úøç (Bv´çí¬ N´’-Jzç-îªúøç). a) YSR and Chandrababu are rubbishing each other about their contacts with Satyam computers = ¢Ájá-Æˇ-Ç®˝, îªçvü¿-¶«•’ Ææûªuç éπç°æ‹u-ô-®˝qûÓ äéπ-J-èπ◊†o Ææç•ç-üμΔ© N≠æ-ߪ’¢Á’i ü¿’¢Á’tAh §ÚÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. b) He rubbished all my attempts to help him as half hearted = Åûª-úÕéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ v°æߪ’-û√o-©-EoçöÀF Å®ΩéÌ®Ω/ ´’†-Ææ÷p¥Jhí¬ ™‰´E éÌöÀd-§ƒ-Í®-¨»úø’. 9) To get some one round = äéπJE ´’† Ç™-îªØ√ NüμΔ-Ø√EéÀ ´÷®Ωaúøç/ ´’†ç îÁ°œpçC ÆæÈ®jç-ü¿E ÅE-°œç-îªúøç/ †îªa-ñ„-°æpúøç a) He did not agree in the beginning to give up smoking but the doctor got him round = ¢Á·ü¿ô Æœí∫-È®ö¸ ´÷ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-™‰ü¿’, é¬F ú≈éπd®˝ ÅûªúÕéÀ †îªa-ñ„-§ƒpúø’. b) Try as I might, I am not able to get him round to my point =

áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ †îªa-ñ„-°æp™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 25 -ï-†-´-J 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Pradeep: Last night I went to your place but I couldn't find you there.

(E†o ®√vA O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. †’´y-éπ\úø éπE-°œç‰ü¿’.) Sandeep: You mean, to my old room? Don't you know I've moved out?

(Åçõ‰ †’´¤y Ø√ §ƒûª ®Ω÷¢˛’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x¢√?) (Fèπ◊ ûÁLߪ’ü∆ ؈’ ®Ω÷¢˛’ ´÷J-†ô’d.) Pradeep: Is that why you are here now?

(Åçü¿’-éπØ√ †’Ny-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?) Sandeep: Yea. A few days ago I moved into this more spacious room. It's just a few hundred yards off from my office. Don't you see?

(Å´¤†’. È®çúø’ ´‚vúÓ-V© éÀçü¿õ‰ ¶«í¬ °ü¿lüÁj† Ñ ®Ω÷¢˛’èπ◊ ´÷®√†’. Ø√ Ç°∂‘Æˇèπ◊ ÉC éÌCl ´çü¿© í∫ñ«© ü¿÷®Ωç™ØË ÖçC. Å®Ωnç 鬴-õ‰xü∆?) Pradeep: This is a nice place. Well ventilated and airy. But why didn't I know?

(Ñ ®Ω÷¢˛’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. ¢Á©’ûª’®Ω’, í¬M ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hØ√o®·. Å®·ûË Ø√Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÁLߪ’-™‰ü¿’?) Ventilated = ¢Á©’ûª’®Ω’ ¶«í¬ ´îËa.

Sandeep: I knew you'd say that, but you don't understand the pleasure you get when you are lazy! How sweet laziness is!

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ †’´y™« Åçö«-´E, é¬F îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ àO’ °æE-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç áçûª ´’üµ¿’-®Ω¢Á÷ Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.) Pradeep: OK then. I'm off. See you.

(ÆæÍ®x. ؈’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o.) -Ñ≤ƒ-J ´’J-éÌEo phrasal verbs îª÷ü∆lç.

3

4) far from = almost no = Spoken English expression. practise

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’.

ÉC

™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË O’®Ω÷ îËߪ’çúÕ. ņ’-èπ◊†o ü∆EéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬/ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

c) She took it all amiss. My intention was never to hurt her =

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

a) She is far from happy in her new job =

1) Don't you know I have moved out?

b) A: Is he still supporting TDP?

ûª† éÌûªh ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ Ç¢Á’- àO’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’.

2) I moved into this more spacious room. 3) I just wanted to take you by surprize.

(Åûªúø’ Éçé¬ öÀ.úÕ.°œ.E •©-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈?) B: Far from it. He wants to join the PRP.

4) I'm far from pleased. (ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. °œ.Ç-®˝.-°œ.™ îË®√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oúø’?)

5) That was the last thing on my mind. 6) Don't take it amiss.

c) He, singing?! far from it.

7) But the colours don't fit in with the room. 8) I want to laze about for the rest of the day.

(Åûªúø’ §ƒúø-ô´÷?! Å™«çöÀüËç ™‰ü¿’.)

Åçû√ ûª°æ¤pí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆¢Á’. Ø√Èé-°æ¤púø÷ Ç¢Á’†’ ØÌ°œpç-î√-©ØË ÖüËl¨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. 7) Fit in with = Suit Å´úøç/ ņ’-èπÿ-©çí¬ Öçúøôç/ ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Öçúøôç. a) Their plans to move into a new building fits in with their plans to expand their business =

éÌûªh ¶µº´-†ç-™éÀ ´÷®√-©ØË ¢√∞¡x Ç™, ¢√u§ƒ-®√-Gµ-´%Cl¥ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©ØË ¢√∞¡x °æü∑¿-é¬-EéÀ ņ’-í∫’ùçí¬ØË ÖçC.

b) Politicians' actions do not fit in with their words =

®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-Ø√-ߪ’èπ◊-© îËûª©’ ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô©èπ◊ ņ’í∫’-ùçí¬ Öçúø´¤.

I'm far fr om pleased (far

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 534

Sandeep: I just wanted to take you by surprise. That's all.

(Fèπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å™« î˨»†’. Åçûªéπçõ‰ àç ™‰ü¿’.) Pradeep: I'm far from pleased.

(Ø√èπ◊ ÅçûËç †îªa-™‰-ü¿C/ Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC.) Sandeep: Sorry. That was the last thing on my mind. Don't take it amiss. (

≤ƒK. Fèπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªúøç ÅÆæq©’ Ø√ ÅGµ-´’ûªç é¬ü¿’. †-†’o -Å-§ƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓèπ◊.)

Pradeep: But doesn't this room cost you more than that? If the room is bigger the rent must be higher as well.

(Ñ í∫C ´©x Fèπ◊ ê®Ω’a áèπ◊\´ éπü∆? í∫C °ü¿l-ü¿-®·ûË, ÅüÁl èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\¢Ë éπü∆?) Sandeep: The difference isn't much.

(Åçûª ûËú≈ à癉ü¿’.) Pradeep: But the colours don't fit in with the room. Further the south of the room opens on to the dirty back yard of the house at the back of the room. (

é¬F Ñ ®Ωçí∫’©’ í∫-CéÀ Åçûª Å´’-J-éπí¬ -™‰-´¤. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ í∫-C ü¿éÀ~ùç, ¢Á†’éπ ÖçúË ÉçöÀ îÁûªh °®Ω-úø’†’ îª÷≤ÚhçC.) Sandeep: But they are going to clean it up in the next few days. That won't be a problem.

(È®çúø’ ´‚vúÓ-V™x ü∆Eo ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îËߪ’ -¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Åü¿çûª °ü¿l Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿’.) Pradeep: I want to go to the railway station and book a ticket home next week. Coming with me?

(؈’ È®j™‰y ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊ ¢ÁRx ÉçöÀéÀ -öÀÈéö¸ Jï®Ω’y îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. ´≤ƒh¢√?) Sandeep: I'm afraid no. I want to laze about for the rest of the day. (

≤ƒK. ™‰ü¿’. Ñ ®Óïçû√ à °æF ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Nv¨»ç-Aí¬ í∫úø-§ƒ©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)

Pradeep: I know it goes against your grain to move about even a little, you lazy bones.

(éπü¿-©-úøç, é¬Ææh-®·Ø√ A®Ω-í∫úøç ÅØËC F Ææy¶µ«-¢√-EÍé Nü¿’ü¿l¥ç ÅE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, •ü¿l¥-éπ-Ææ’hú≈.)

(´÷ é¬ü¿’.)

9) Lazy bones.

M.SURESAN

DEo ´’†ç áèπ◊\-´í¬ éπü¿-©úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ØË ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË, Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç, É©’x ´÷®Ωúøç – äéπ É©’x ´CL °öÀd ÉçéÓ Éçöx îË®Ωúøç. IMP: DEo î√™«-´’çC shift Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Shift èπ◊ É©’x ´÷®Ωúøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç English ™ ™‰ü¿’. 'Move' ÅØË Åçö«®Ω’. a) We are moving house next Monday = ¢Ë’ç ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç É©’x ´÷®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç. b) This place is no good for me. I am thinking of moving =

Ñ É©’x Ø√Íéç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. É©’x ´÷®√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Move in = äéπ Éçöx éÌûªhí¬ îË®Ωúøç. c) A: 'Why are you here?' (†’¢Áyç-ü¿’-èπ◊-Ø√o-Néπ\úø?/ †’¢ËyçöÀ Ééπ\úø’-Ø√o´¤?) B: 'Don't you see I have moved in?'

(؈’ É©’x´÷J, Ñ Éçöx îË®√-†E éπE-°œçîªúøç ™‰ü∆?) d) A: Isn't Mr.Naresh here any more? (Naresh

†’ç* ü¿÷®Ωç

5) The last thing on somebody's mind =

10) Go against (somebody's) grain. 1 & 2) Move (Past tense and Past Participle - Moved)-

Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©®Ωnç ü¿÷®Ωç.)

My college is not far from the Bus stand = college bus stand

´’†ç ņ’-éÓE/ ´’† Ç™-™x ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç. a) Insulting him is the last thing on my friend =

ÅûªúÕE Å´´÷Eç-îªúøç ÅØËC, Ø√ Ç™-îª-†™ØË ™‰ü¿’/ Ø√ ÖüËl¨¡ç à´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’.

b) A marriage now is the last thing on her mind. =

É°æ¤púø’ °Rx îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç ÅØËC Ç¢Á’ ´’†Ææ’™ØË ™‰ü¿’/ °Rx N≠æߪ’ç Ç™*çîªúøç ™‰ü¿’.

c) Going with you is the last thing on my mind. =

FûÓ ¢Á∞¡xúøç Ø√ ÅGµ-´’ûªç à´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. ã N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûª°æ¤pí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç.

6) Take something amiss =

a) When I told him not to buy a car now, he took it amiss =

ÅûªúÕE É°æ¤púø’ 鬮Ω’ éÌØÌ-ü¿lçõ‰ ÅC ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

b) Don't take my words amiss. I was just joking =

Ø√ ´÷ô©†’ ûª°æ¤pí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ´ü¿’l. àüÓ ñé˙í¬ ÅØ√o, ÅçûË.

c) The story of the police does not fit in with what the relatives of the murdered man

say = §ÚMÆˇ éπü∑¿-Ø√-EéÀ, £æ«ûª’úÕ •çüµ¿’´¤©’ îÁÊ°pü∆EéÃ à §ÒçûªØ√ ™‰ü¿’. 8) Laze about = î√™« Nv¨»ç-Aí¬ ´’†-èπ◊†o BJéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo à °æF ™‰èπ◊çú≈ í∫úÕ-Ê°-ߪ’úøç. a) While the ant toiled all through the summer the grasshopper was lazing about =

¢ËÆæ-N™

<´’ v¨¡´’°æúø’ûª’çõ‰ N’úøûª ´÷vûªç Ææ®Ωü∆í¬ ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ í∫úÕ-

(grasshopper)

Ê°-ÆœçC. b) Why don't you study instead of lazing about the whole day? =

®Óïçû√ ≤Ú´’-J-ûª†çûÓ í∫-úÕÊ°-•-ü¿’-©’ àüÁjØ√ îªü¿-´-èπÿ-úø-ü¿’? 9) lazy bones = ≤Ú´’-J-§Úûª’. a) You lazy bones, be up and about = àß˝’ ≤Ú´’K, ™‰* Åô÷ Éô÷ A®Ω-íÌa éπü∆? b) You lazy bones, get out of bed = àß˝’ ≤Ú´’K, Evü¿™‰. (Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-™„j† ¢√∞¡xûÓ áéπ\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç). 10) Go against somebody's grain = äéπJ Ææy¶µ«-¢√-EéÀ Nü¿-®Ω’l¥-¢Á’i†/ N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬ Öçúøí¬. a) Serving the people goes against the grain of the politicians =

v°æñ«-ÊÆ´ ®√ï-éÃߪ’Ø√-ߪ’èπ◊-© Ææy¶µ«-¢√EéÀ N®Ω’ü¿l¥ç.

b) It goes against his grain to speak truth =

Eïç îÁ°æpúøç ÅûªúÕ Ææy¶µ«-¢√-EÍé N®Ω’ü¿l¥ç.

É°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç ™‰ü∆?)

B: No. He moved out a week ago.

(™‰®Ω’. ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿ É©’x ë«SîËÆœ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.)

áØ˛.-£«-î˝.-á.-â.™ Ç®˝.-Ç-®˝.G. íı£æ«A È ® j ™ ‰ y Jvèπ ÿ ö ¸¢Á’çö¸ ¶®˝f, (Ç®˝.-Ç-®˝.G.) íı£æ«A ÂÆdØÓ-ví¬-°∂æ®˝ §ÚÆæ’d©’

e) My friends are no longer in Vijayawada. They have moved to Hyderabad.

«í∫ç °æ©’ §ÚÆæ’d© ¶µºKhéÀ ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h©’ Ç£æ…y-E-ØË≠æ-†™¸ £j«¢ËÆˇ Åü∑∆-Jöà ǰ∂ˇ ÉçúÕߪ÷ é¬çvö«é˙d N¶µ ≤Úh ç C. OöÀ™ ™« ÅÆœ-ÂÆdçö¸ 5. ÂÆéπ~Ø˛ Éç>-F®˝–8, °æü¿l¥-A™ °æ©’ §ÚÆæ’d© ¶µºKhéÀ ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h©’ Ç£æ…y-E-

(Ø√ v°∂çú˛q É°æ¤púø’ Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø™ ™‰®Ω’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ ´÷®√®Ω’.) 3) to take (somebody) by surprise = äéπ-JéÀ Ǩ¡u®Ωuç éπL-Tç-îªúøç. a) Hei, When did you come? you took me by surprise really =

£œ«ß˝’, †’´¤y á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√a´¤? Ø√èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπLTç-î√´¤.

b) He took me by surprise by suddenly changing his job =

îÁ§ƒp-°-ôd-èπ◊çú≈ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´÷J Ø√èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-î√úø’. / Åûªúø’ Ö†oô’dçúÕ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´÷®Ωúøç Ø√èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC.

c) His marrying her took me by surprize =

Åûªú≈ Å´÷t-®·E °∞«x-úøôç Ø√èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπLTç-*çC.

≤ÚhçC. 1) ÂÆdØÓ-ví¬-°∂æ®˝ – 164 2) Åéıç-õ„çö¸ – 37, 3) WE-ߪ’®˝ £œ«çD vö«Ø˛q-™‰-ô®˝ – 02, 4) °æ®Ωq-†™¸ ÅÆœ-ÂÆdçö¸q: 25. Å®Ω|-ûª©’: 1. ÂÆdØÓ-ví¬-°∂æ-®˝èπ◊ õ„Ø˛h ™‰ü∆ ûªûªq-´÷†ç, ≥ƒ®˝d£æ…uçú˛ Æ‘pú˛ EN’-≥ƒ-EéÀ 80 °æü∆-©’ç-ú≈L. éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ Ø√™„ú˛b ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ. ´ßª’Ææ’: °∂œv•-´J 1 Ø√öÀéÀ 25 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’ ü∆ô-èπÿ-úøü¿’. 2. Åéıç-õ„ç-ö¸èπ◊ 鬴’®˝q úÕvU, éπ´’-J{-ߪ’™¸ Åéıç-öÀç-í˚™ 5 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ņ’-¶µº´ç -Öç-ú≈-L. ´ßª’Ææ’: °∂œv•-´J 1 Ø√öÀéÀ 30 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’ ü∆ô-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h: @ûª-¶µº-û√u©’, Jï-Í®y-≠憒x, ûªC-ûª®Ω N´-®√-©èπ◊ ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸: www.nhai.org. îª÷úÌa. °æ‹Jh îËÆœ† Å°œx-Íé-≠æØ˛ °æçÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ *´J ûËD: °∂œv•-´J 27.

WE-ߪ’®˝ Éç>-F®˝–42, võ„®·F ÅÆœ-ÂÆdçö¸ ÊÆd≠æØ˛ ´÷Ææd®˝ –45, ®√ï-¶µ«≠æ ÅÆœ-ÂÆdçö¸ –15, ÂÆdØÓ-ví¬-°∂æ®˝–75, ÅÆœ-ÂÆdçö¸ ™éÓ Â°j©ö¸–720 §ÚÆæ’d-©’-Ø√o®·. Å®Ω|-ûª©’: ÅÆœ-ÂÆdçö¸ ™éÓ Â°j©ö¸ §ÚÆæ’d-©èπ◊ °æüÓ ûª®Ω-í∫AûÓ §ƒô’, Ææç•ç-Cµûª võ‰ú˛™ â.öÀ.â. ™‰ü∆ úÕ§Òx´÷ ÉØ˛ ¢Á’é¬-E-éπ™¸/ á©-éÀ-Zéπ™¸/ á©-é¬Z-Eé˙q/ Çö-¢Á·-¶„j™¸ Éç>-F-Jçí˚ Öçú≈L. ÂÆdØÓ-ví¬-°∂æ®˝ §ÚÆæ’d-©èπ◊ °æüÓ ûª®Ωí∫-AûÓ §ƒô’ ÉçTx≠ˇ ÂÆdØÓ-ví∫-°∂‘™ úÕ§Òx´÷ ÆæJd-°∂œ-Èéö¸ (õ„j°œçí˚ Æ‘pú˛ EN’-≥ƒ-EéÀ 40 °æü∆©’, ≥ƒ®˝d-£æ…uçú˛ 80 °æü∆-©’ç-ú≈L). ÊÆd≠æØ˛ ´÷Ææd-®˝èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ úÕvU Öçú≈L. WE-ߪ’®˝ Éç>-F-®˝èπ◊ Éç>-F-Jçí˚ úÕ§Òx´÷ Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h, °∂‘V, áç°œéπ Nüµ∆†ç, Jï-Í®y-≠憒x ûªC-ûª®Ω N´-®√-©èπ◊ ¢Á¶¸ÂÆjö¸ îª÷úÌa. www.rrbguwahati.org.gov.in

´·êu-¢Á’i† ûËD©’: 1. ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h© ñ«K: ï†-´J 17 †’ç* v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC. 2. °æ‹JhîËÆœ† Å°œx-Íé-≠æØ˛ Æ‘yéπ-®Ω-ùèπ◊ *´J ûËD: °∂œv•-´J 17.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

3

A. Bungana, Munagalapadu (Kurnool) Q. Please let me know the three tenses of the verb 'LEAD' and the pronunciation and also of READ, BEAT. A. Lead - Present tense; led (Past tense and past participle).

(Mú˛)

Q.Let me know the synthesis of the two sentences. She read some books. She will read them again. A. She will read the same books she read. Q. Please let me know if the following sentences are correct or not. a. I remember having met him before.

îËߪ÷-©ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ à®Ωp-úÕ† ü˨»© èπÿôN’. Pronunciation - éπØ˛-≤Ú-≠œßª’ç.
late night

®√vA ¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l-§Ú-®·† ûª®√yûª.

®√vA î√-™« §Òü¿’l-§Ú-ߪ÷éπ ïJÍí Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç. (ÂƆq®˝) A. Senser ÅØË ´÷ô-™‰ü¿’. sensor = ¢Á©’-ûª’®Ω’, ¨¡•lç, ÅL-éÀúÕéÀ ÆæpçCç* ߪ’çvû√-©†’, °æJ-éπ-®√-©†’ °æE-îË-®·çîË ≤ƒüµ¿†ç. ¶µºvü¿ûªéÓÆæç ¶«uçèπ◊©’, ÂÆjEéπ 鬮√u-©ßª÷™«xçöÀ ¢√öÀ™x OöÀE Å´’®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’, üÌçí∫-©/- ¨¡-vûª’-´¤© ÖE-éÀE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊.


tempo
network A.

A. Aryan is not taller than some other boys = some other boys are at least as tall as Aryan. This box is less heavy .... correct.

≤ƒyDµ†ç/ Èéj´Ææç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ´’† ≤ƒ´’-®Ωn uç™ ´’†-èπ◊çúË ÅA †´’téπç – ÉC°æ¤púøçûª ¢√úø-éπç™ ™‰ü¿’.


resort A.

1) ®Óúøx, ´÷®√_© ÅLxéπ 2) éπç°æ‹u-ô®Ωx N≠æ-ߪ’ç™:

Nv¨»çA /véÃúø© ØÁ©-´¤©’ –Ooty™« 2) äéπ Ωu îË°æ-ôdúøç/ °æ‹†’-éÓ-´úøç/ §ƒ©p-úøôç He resorted to cheating others - Åûªúø’ ¢Á÷≤ƒ-EéÀ §ƒ©pú≈fúø’.


back water

ņ’-Ææç-üµ∆-†¢Á’i Ö†o, äéπ-ü∆-EûÓ äéπöÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o éπç°æ‹u-ô®Ωx ÅLxéπ. 3) Åçûª-Ææqç-•ç-üµ∆-©’†o ´uèπ◊h©, ÆæçÆæn© Ææ´‚£æ«ç. ( A

Q 'Be' forms would have been..

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? shall have been, É™« ¢√öÀE ¢√úø’ûª÷ Öçö«®Ω’. OöÀ í∫’Jç* N´-J-≤ƒh®√? Was/ were ™«çöÀ be forms †’ ᙫ ¢√ú≈L? verb ©†’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √L? Ø√èπ◊ Ñ Tense©™ ÆæçüË-£æ…-©’-Ø√o®·. Past continuous tense, past perfect tense, future continuous tense, future perfect tense

OöÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫©®Ω’. A. 'Be' forms Åçõ‰ 'Öçúøôç— ÅØË Å®√n-Eo–-N-Nüµ¿ ®Ω鬩’í¬ ÖçúË Æœnûª’©’ – É°æ¤púø’, á°æ¤púø÷ Öçúøôç, í∫ûªç™ Öçúøôç, ¶µºN-≠æu-û˝™  Öçúøôç, Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç, Öçúø-´îª’a– É™« 'Öçúøôç— ÅE Å®Ωnç ÉîËa verbs, 'be' forms. Ñ éÀçC´Fo 'be' forms. Åçõ‰ Oô-EoöÀF üËE-ûÓ†÷ éπ©-°æ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úÕûË, 'Öçúøôç— NNüµ¿ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬, NNüµ¿ 鬙«™x ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

A.


venture


clear cut

¶µ«K °ô’d-•úø’©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-GµçîË/ îËÊÆ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç. (≤ƒ£æ«ÆæçûÓ èπÿúÕ† °æE– Ç ≤ƒ£æ«Ææç °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªhç™ °ô’d-•úÕ Â°ôdúøç 鬴a).


picket

1) Ææ¢Á’t Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ á´-JF 鬮√u-©ßª’ç/ factory ™éÀ ¢Á∞¡x-E-´y-èπ◊çú≈ Åúø’f-ûª-T™‰ ´uéÀh/ ´uèπ◊h©’ (é¬Jt-èπ◊©’/ Æœ•sçC). 2) ÂÆjEéπ ≤ƒn´-®√-©†’ °æJ-®ΩéÀ~çîË ÂÆjE-èπ◊úø’/ ÂÆjE-èπ◊© Ææ´‚£æ«ç/ ¨»çA ¶µºvü¿ûª©†’ 鬧ƒ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ÖçúË §ÚMÆæ’©’. 3) éπçîÁ ¢ËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË í∫’çï©’ (¢Á·† °æü¿’-†’í¬ îÁéÀ\-†N).


crystal clear,

™«)


cross check

´’†-éπç-C†/ ´’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o Ææ´÷-î√-®√Eo/ ÅçÈ驆’, ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ È®çúÓ≤ƒJ ÆæJ-îª÷-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç. ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ èπÿúÕ† ÅçÈé© ¢Á·û√hEo Calculator ûÓ ÆæJîª÷Ææ’èπ◊çö«ç– ÉC cross check. ´’†èπ◊ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ´’®Ì-éπJ ü∆y®√ ®Ω÷úµÕ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç.


countdown A. Rockets bomb time

°j Ææçêu †’ç* äéπöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ éÀçCéÀ ™„éÀ\ç-îªúøç. ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE v°æßÁ÷-Tç-îË-°æ¤púø’/ Time ™«çöÀN Ê°™‰aç-ü¿’èπ◊, ÂÆéπ-†’ûÓ Ææ£æ… ÆæÈ®j† èπ◊ ïJ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ñcount down ¢√úø’ûª÷ Öçö«®Ω’. °j ÅçÈé †’ç* 1 (äéπöÀ) ´®Ωèπ◊ ™„éÀ\ç-îªí¬ØË, rocket °jÈé-í∫-ÊÆ™« ™‰ü∆ time bomb ü∆†ç-ûªô ÅüË Ê°™‰™« à®√pô’ Öçô’çC. The count down for our exams has begun =

´’† °æK-éπ~© Æ洒ߪ’ç ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌ-*açC.
consortium,

äÍé Ǩ¡-ߪ’çûÓ/ v°æù«-R-éπûÓ °æE-îËÊÆ ´uèπ◊h©, ÆæçÆæn© ü˨»© èπÿôN’. Aid India consortium (¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç

M.SURESAN

E®√-¨¡/-E-Ææp %£æ«

éÀçC ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü∆-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®√n©’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’.

A.

v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ«Eo Ææ÷*çîË °∂æ’ôdç, 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç Ææp≠æd¢Á’i†, EJl¥-≠d¢æ Á’i†


access A.

v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç (äéπ îÓöÀéÀ) /äéπ-´uéÀhE ÆæO’-°œç* ´÷ö«xúË Å´-鬨¡ç
Æ‘ñ ¸(spelling) A. cease - Çí∫ôç/ Ç°æúøç; seize = ™«éÓ\-´úøç, ≤ƒyDµ†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç seige = (ÂÆjEéπ ≤ƒn´-®√-©†’) ´·ôd-úÕç-îªúøç
like-alike- ´’-üµ¿u -ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? A. She is like her mother - Ç¢Á’ ûª† ûªLx ™«Íí Öçô’çC. she and her mother are alike = Ç¢Á’, Ç¢Á’ ûªLx äÍ陫 Öçö«®Ω’.

A.

should will

A. A.

must have to

ߪ·ü∆l¥Eo éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx

has to


walk away with A.

àüÁjØ√ Å´-M-©í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡xúøç,

Prize

had to

© ™«çöÀN.

need

äéπ îÓöÀ †’ç* ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´úøç

dare


walk over A.

Ææ’©-¶µº-¢Á’i† Èí©’°æ¤ E. Kondala Rao, Golagamudi (Nellore Dt.)

might ought

have been

Q. What are the meanings of underline words in the following sentences.

A.

have

considering students today think out-of-the-

has

box and aren't considering run of the mill

had

courses at all.

shall have

With the limited jing bang that was invited

should have

for Aish and Abhi's wedding.

will have

equivalent words for the following.

Ñ ´÷ô©’ ... 'out of the box, jing-bang' English ™ ™‰´¤.

can have could have must have may have

Ñ A. Blinge

ÅØË ´÷ô èπÿú≈ English™ ™‰ü¿’. •£æ›¨» binge à¢Á÷. Binge éÀ Å®Ωnç q îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç.. ´·êuçí¬ Açô÷, û√í∫’ûª÷. Q. éÀç-C °æü∆-©èπ◊ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™  Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
鬮Ω-ù-ï-†’túø’ = (born with purpose ÅØËC ÆæÈ®jç-üËØ√?) A. Born for a purpose


A.

A. Flexibility


°æô’d-N-úø’°æ¤

been

would have

Q. Blinge


Hub

Íéçvü¿ç/Central point
T.M.C ™ C Åçõ‰ èπÿuÂÆ-èπ◊\©’ T.M. Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. -FöÀ °∂æ’† °æJ´÷ù«Eo ûÁLÊ° éÌ©-ûª©’ – cusec -

ought


walk away from A.

be

may might

What are the meanings and English

¶µºvü¿û√ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπ-Jç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æûËuéπ 鬮Ωuvéπ´’ç

could

¢Ë’üµ∆N/ ¢Ë’üµ¿Ææ’qèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*†

A. College bunk bunk


Intelligence special drive

can


warmonger,

°æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊-©èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-îË/-¢√-∞¡x†’ Çéπ-J{çîË Ææn™«©’.

Åçô÷ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† expression àD-™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ 1) *†o ü¿’é¬ùç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´’†-üË-¨¡ç™ ¢√úøû√ç; 2) °æE/-•úÕ áíÌ_ôdúøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
free ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ O.C.Åçö«®Ω’.O.C. Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. British East India Company ´’† ü˨»Eo §ƒLÆæ’h†o ®ÓV™x, OC (OCS) = On Company Service - Ç company ÊÆ´™ îËÊÆ °æ†’-©Fo Company ßË’ ¶µºJç-î √-Lq-´ÊÆh ÅC free. ÉC standard English abbreviation é¬ü¿’.

would

®√vûªçû√ ¢Ë’©’-éÓ-´úøç
zinc foods Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Zinc foods é¬ü¿’, Junk food - éÌ´¤y†’ °çîË ÅØ√-®Ó-í∫u-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† AçúÕ.


college bunk

A.

shall

was, were


intellectual


places of tourist interest A.

Am, is, are

A.


frustration

Q.

Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç


night out

Smugglers'/ thieves' network)


curtain raiser

†C Ææ´·-vü∆Eo éπL-ÊÆ-îÓô, Ææ´·-vü¿°æ¤ û√éÀúÕéÀ ¢Á†èπ◊\ ´’∞Ïx †C F∞¡Ÿx


data A.

A.

A.

A.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 535

A. Sridhar, Onipenta

A.

car engine.

She is like her mother

Can we say 'This box is less heavy than that.' Is it correct?

A.

A.

Ü°æ¤/ ¢Ëí∫ç– ´’†ç îËÊÆ °æ†’™x, ÆæçU-ûªç™ Ü°æ¤

Q. We generally give the comparative degree in positive sense. e.g. : Savithri is taller than Sita. But I found it expressed in a negative sense. Aryan is not taller than some other boys in the class.

crystal

Ö-ûªp-Ah -îËÊÆ


capture

A.

ߪ·ü∆l¥™x ÂÆjE-èπ◊-©èπ◊ ®Ωéπ~ù É´y-ö«-EéÀ °∂œ®Ωç-í∫’©’, ûª’§ƒ-èπ◊©’ Å´’-®Ω’a-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o •©-¢Á’i† C¢Á’t, ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Æœ¢Á’çö¸ concrete ûÓ EJt-≤ƒh®Ω’.

Srinivasa Naik, Visakhapatnam

Å--ØË

A.

A.

î√-™« Ææp≠ædç (Ææp¥öÀéπç–

A. Bavarian Motor Works German automobile company


cocksure

Q. No sooner did the teacher enter the class than all the students stood up. Please rewrite this by using 'Hardly.'

A.

Åçõ‰

àN’öÀ?-


bunker

A. All are correct.

A.


B.M.W.


senser

c. I remember to have met him before.

A. Hardly had the teacher entered the class when the students stoodup.

Thousand million cusecs.

A. Late night Late night show = II show. A late night meeting =

b. I remember that I have met him before. d. I remember meeting him before.

äéπ ÂÆéπ†’™ v°æ´£œ«çîË FöÀ °∂æ’† °æJ´÷ùç TMC -

'be' forms

´‚úø’

sets:

1) am, is, are, was, were 2) shall be, should be...

É™« *´®Ω

'be'

´îËaN.

3) have been, has been, had been, shall have been, should have been .... been

É™« *´®Ω ÖçúËN. Ñ 'be' forms ûÓ 'ing' form é¬F, Past participle (O’®ΩØË V3) éπL-°œûË am going, was seen ™«– O’èπ◊ °æ†’-©†’ ûÁLÊ° verbs (Action Words) ´≤ƒh®· (Öçúøôç é¬èπ◊çú≈). OöÀE í∫’Jç* O’èπ◊ Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ Å®Ωnç 鬢√©çõ‰, spoken English lesson Nos. 2,3,4,12 and 20 îª÷úøçúÕ.

°æîÁa-†-í∫©’, ´·úÕ ¨Î†í∫©’

A. Bengal Gram

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 8 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

A.Yesuratnam, Venkatayapalem (W.G.Dt.)

A. 'Why not'? is a very common question in English. We use it usually to agree with some one. A: Shall we go to a movie? B: Why not? It is used also as a short form of questions beginning with why. Why not discuss the matter with him? = Why don't you/ we discuss the matter with him? We use it some times to disagree with others too. A: Why do you want to go now? B: Why not?/ Why not, may I know? V. Kalyani, Jagitial (Karimnagar dt.) Q. Went off off

home

English Subject

îÁ°œp Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’-éÓ´ü¿’l. ü∆EéÀ •ü¿’©’, English Novels, English îªçü¿-´÷´’ ™«çöÀN ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´çúÕ. English news telecasts ®ÓW -îª÷-úøç-úÕ. DE-´©x î√™« v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçô’çC.

Q. What is the meaning of 'Why not'?

work

îËߪ’úøç ´·çü¿’, °æúø’-éÓ-´úøç ûª®√yûª éπü∆. ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† past action: had done - had+done (PP/V3)

Md. Abdul Khuddus, Visakhapatnam Q.

3

™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-

؈’ äéπ ví¬´’®˝ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ tensesèπ◊ Ææç•çCµç-*† éÌEo ¢√é¬u-©†’ ņ’-´-C-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo ¢√é¬u©’ Å®Ωnç 鬴úøç ™‰ü¿’. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ ¢√öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ N´-J-≤ƒh®√? He writes a letter (present indefinite tense).

A. He writes a letter - writes - present simple tense He writes a letter sentence He writes a letter once a week/ twice a month/ every day etc. regularity

véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤Ñ ûª’çC. Å®·ûË, èπ◊ Åçûª ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. ÅüË

™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ ¢√úÕûË, ¢√®√-E-éÓ≤ƒJ/ØÁ©èπ◊ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x/ v°æA-®ÓW ÅE (véπ´’ç ûª°æpE ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa™«) ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’

ûª’Ø√oç. Q. I shall have read your book before I reach Hyderabad (future perfect tense). A.

verb shall have read- shall have + past participle of 'read' -

Ééπ\úÕ

ÉC ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™°æ© ïJÍí °æEE ûÁ-©’°æ¤ûª’çC. £j«ü¿-®√¶«ü˛èπ◊ îËÍ®-´·çüË Øˆ’ F Öûªh-®√Eo îªC-¢ËÆœ Öçö«†’. Q. He has been doing his home work for two hours (present perfect continuous tense). A. He has been doing his home work for two hours now - present perfect continuous tense

á°æ¤púø÷ í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-

class/work/village class/work/village.

ûª’†o °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Åûªúø’ È®çúø’ í∫çô-©’í¬ home work îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’– È®çúø’ í∫çô© véÀûªç (past™) v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* Éçé¬ îËÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 536 ¢√úÕûË, Å°æ¤púø’ sentenceèπ◊ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Åûªúø’ ¢√®√-E-éÓ≤ƒJ/ ØÁ©èπ◊ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x... Öûªh®Ωç ®√≤ƒhúø’ ÅE.

Q. She had been living here from 1980 to 1990 (past perfect continuous tense). M.SURESAN

Q. He wrote a letter yesterday (past indefinite tense). A. He wrote a letter yesterday -

E†o ®√¨»úø’ (°æE

í∫ûªç™ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC). Q. He will do his home work (future indefinite tense). A. He will do his home work -

Åûªúø’ home work îË≤ƒhúø’ (Éçé¬ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’, îËߪ’-¶-û√úø’) – will do - future simple tense.

Q. He is writing a letter (present continuous tense). A. He is writing a letter -

ÉC É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ Ö†o °æE – Åûªúø’ Öûªh®Ωç ®√Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

Q. He was reading a Novel (past continuous tense). A. He was reading a Novel (past) (Continuing at some time in the past) Novel

í∫ûªç ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’†o °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. (Å°æ¤púø’ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) Åûªúø’

Q. He will be doing his home work (future continuous tense). A. He will be doing his home work -

¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’çúË °æE. (Home work îËÆæ’hç-ö«úø’).

A. She had been living here from 1980 to 1990 correct meaning sentence past perfect

ÉC Åçûª ´îËa é¬ü¿’. DEo èπÿú≈ ™«í¬ØË í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-CµçîË ¢√úøû√ç.

He has been living here from 1980 - 1990 when he got a transfer = 1990 transfer

™ Åûª-úÕéÀ ÅßË’u-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø 1980 †’ç* Öçô’-Ø√oúø’. í∫ûªç-™E È®çúø’ °æ†’™x äéπöÀ ´·çüË v§ƒ®Ω綵º¢Á’i È®çúÓ °æE ´®Ωèπ◊ continue Å®·ûË, ´·çü¿’ °æEéÀ past perfect continuous tense ¢√úøû√ç. Q. By next March I shall have been completing 20 years of service (future perfect continuous tense).

Ñ ¢√éπuç áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’? Ñ èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ™ ®√ü¿’. ÉC ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´·çü¿’í¬ ÖçC. v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, Ç Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπ◊ é̆-≤ƒÍí °æEE future perfect continuous tense ™ îÁ•’û√ç.

A. By next March... sentence future perfect continuous tense Future

By this time next Sunday, I shall have been travelling to Hyderabad =

´îËa ÇC-¢√®Ωç Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ؈’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ÷ùç îËÆæ÷h Öçö«†’. (ÇC-¢√®Ωç Ñ Æ洒ߪ÷EéÀ ´·çüË v°æߪ÷ùç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ’çûÓ èπÿú≈ é̆≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’çC).

Q. He has completed his home work (present perfect tense).

P.J. Pranai Raj & S.K. Saifullah, Giddalur.

A. He has completed his home work-

Q. Please explain my doubts.

Åûªúø’ home work î˨»úø’. (°æE Å®·-§Ú-®·çC í∫ûªç™. é¬F, á°æ¤púø’ ÅØËC éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’). §Ú©açúÕ: He completed home work one hour ago = äéπ í∫çô véÀûªç home work °æ‹Jh î˨»úø’. (í∫ûªç™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁL-Æœ† Æ洒ߪ’ç– í∫çô-véÀûªç– ïJ-T† °æE).

A. a) 'Complete' means, having every part something should have, every detail, and every fact that is necessary. e.g. : This book has complete information about the subject = the book has all information that is there about the subject.

Q. He had done his home work before he slept (past perfect tense).

'Complete' also means, as much as is possible.

A. He had done his home work before he went to bed -

e.g. : The work is complete (nothing undone) with this meaning, it is equal to 'whole'.

Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ °æ†’-©†’ – È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-†¢Ë – í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å®·ûË È®çöÀ™ äéπöÀ ´·çü¿÷, äéπöÀ ûª®√yûª ïJ-í¬®· éπü∆ –

a) complete b) entire c) whole.

The

whole

Q. a) Minimize b) Reduce c) Lower A. a) Minimize = Make as small as possiblereduce something to as little as possible. e.g. : We have tried to minimize the trouble to you = We have tried to make the least trouble for you. (It cannot be made less). b) Reduce = Make something less or smaller in size. e.g. : a) The manager reduced the salaries (Made the salaries less).

How beautiful the r ose is!

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç †’ àßË’ àN’öÀ? Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ω’? A. Went off = ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Went ûª®√yûª away/ off ´Ææ’hçC. á´-È®jØ√ ¢Á∞¡xúøç Å®·-§Ú-®·çü¿E éπ*aûªçí¬ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊; ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ off/away ™‰èπ◊çú≈ went ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøôç, ´·êuçí¬ ¢√éπuç™ ™ äé𠶵«í∫ç *´®Ω í¬F, ¢√éπuç *´®Ω í¬F went ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’. Q. She tore up the letter without reading it. ÅØË Ñ ¢√éπuç™ up ÅØË °æü¿ç áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tçî√L? Up èπÿú≈ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ω’? A. Tear up = Paper ™«çöÀ-¢√-öÀE ´·éπ\©’, ´·éπ\©’í¬ *çîªúøç. Tear Åçõ‰ *çîªúøç ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Q. Apostrophe E possessives ûÁ©’-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√®Ω’ éπü∆? é¬F, O’®Ω’ í∫ûªç™ theirs, yours, hers, ourséÀ apostropheáçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’? ÅÆæ©’ DEo àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? However Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. Ours, yours, hers, and theirs, its- ÉN possessive pronouns- OöÀéÀ apostrophe and/s ¢√úø-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, apostrophe ™‰èπ◊çú≈ØË, ÅN possession ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. N’í∫û√ nouns N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ possession ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, apostrophe and s äéπõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç. Apostrophe and s ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË confusion èπ◊ Ç≤ƒ\®Ωç ÖçC. Actor = †ô’úø’; Actor's = †ô’úÕ/†ô’úÕ ßÁ·éπ\. É™« possession (äéπ-JéÀ îÁçC† N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊) 's ¢√-úø-û√ç. ÉçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, àüÁjØ√ °æü¿ç™ äéπ Åéπ~®Ωç/¨¡•lç ™°œÊÆh, ü∆Eo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ apostrophe ¢√úøû√ç. Isn't = Is not; Don't = Do not (É™« î√™«-îÓôx not™ O ™°œçîªú≈Eo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ apostrophe ¢√úøû√ç). Ma'am = Madam - Ééπ\úø 'd' ´C-™‰-Ææ’hØ√oç. 鬕öÀd, ü∆E •ü¿’©’ apostrophe ¢√ú≈L. Q. ؈’ °‘@ î˨»†’. Æ涄-bèπ◊d™  perfect Å®·Ø√ Spoken English™ poor. ؈’ éπ∞«-¨»-©™ teach îËü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. DE-éÓÆæç ≤ÚpÈéØ˛ ÉçTx≠ˇ éÓ®Ω’q (È®çúø’ ØÁ©©’) î˨»†’. Å®·ûË, ؈’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©ØÓ ™‰üÓ ÅE ÆæçüË-£æ«çí¬ ÖçC. 鬕öÀd, ´·çü¿’í¬ w°j´’K §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ ÉçTx≠ˇ ¶Cµç-î√-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Ø√ Ç™- ÆæÈ®jç-üËØ√? ûªT† Ææ©£æ… É´y-í∫-©®Ω’. A. ÆæÈ®jçC é¬ü¿’. éπ∞«-¨»-©™ teach îËÊÆ Nü∆u-®Ω|ûª O’èπ◊çõ‰, üµÁj®ΩuçûÓ, Çûªt-N-¨»y-ÆæçûÓ Åéπ\úË teaching v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªçúÕ. O’®Ω’ ´’†Ææ’ Â°öÀd English improve îËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ éÌCl-é¬-©ç-™ ØË English ™ ¶«í¬ communicate îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. Éçü¿’-éÓÆæç v°æûËuéπçí¬ Elementary School ™

=

b) The trips have been reduced from five to three = Trips

†’ 5 †’ç* 3 èπ◊ ûªT_ç-î√®Ω’.

c) 'to lower' also has the meaning of making something less or smaller. They lowered the prices of their products = They reduced the prices... 'To lower' has another meaning = to make something go down (opposite of 'raise'). e.g. : He raised his hand but immediately lowered it (= brought it down). 'To lower' also means to do something that makes you less respected. e.g. : Don't lower yourself by borrowing money (= If you borrow money, others respect you less). Q. Advice, suggestion. Explain the difference in the usage of those words. A. Suggest means to give somebody an idea, or put a thought in somebody's mind *indirectly. Advice means an opinion you give others about what they should do. This is stronger than suggestion. Q. What is the similar expression to the below given 'The Rose is very beautiful'. a) How beautiful the Rose is! b) How beautiful is the Rose! A. Sentence a) is equivalent to 'the Rose is very beautiful'. b) is a question. When you say "How beautiful is the Rose?" You want to know how much its beauty is. Anjali, Karnataka Q. Helping words

ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ °∂晫Ø√ v§Úví¬ç °∂晫Ø√ îµ√†-™¸™ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ 'only on POGO', 'only on DD1' Åçö«®Ω’. On Åçõ‰ °j†/-O’ü¿ ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ 'only in POGO', 'only in DD1'ÅE ®√ߪ’-´îª’a éπü∆! Ø√ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo B®Ωaí∫-©®Ω’. A. TV, Radio ™«çöÀ visual (ü¿%¨¡u), Audio (v¨¡´ù) media N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, TV™, Radio™ ÅE ûÁ©’í∫’™ Åçö«ç. é¬F English™, É™«çöÀ îÓôx Åçõ‰ TV™/ Radio™/ °∂晫Ø√ Channel™– É™« ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´îËa ¢√ô-Eo-öÀéà on ÅØË Åçö«ç. e.g. : The programme went on/aired on the TV/ the Radio/ on Channel 10/ Channel 9/ ETV, etc. On rule (usage).

´©x ÅØË

-áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-ú≈-©-ØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Éçü¿’àO’ ™‰ü¿’. ÉC ¢√úø’éπ

b & c) Entire = whole - The entire

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 15 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Suhrid: Hi Pramod, Why do I see you alone? What's happened to Sasir? Didn't you tell me you'd bring him along?

(ûª†-™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡x-O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿ØË §ƒ®∏Ωç ¨¡P®˝ ´’†èπ◊ ØË®√púø’. ÅûªúÕ •ü¿’©’ ´’†ç ÉçÈé´JØÁjØ√ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L.)

(†’´¤y äçô-Jí¬ éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ?¨¡P-®˝èπ◊ à¢Á’içC?¨¡P®˝ àúŒ? FûÓ-§ƒô’ Åûª-úÕF BÆæ’éÌ-≤ƒh-†-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?)

Pramod: But, that will take sometime for us to break the new comer in.

Pramod: I did, but I waited and waited for him, saw no signs of him and started as I didn't want to be late.

(Å®·ûË Åûª-úÕéÀ/ éÌûªh-¢√-úÕéÀ Å©-¢√-ô-ßË’uçü¿’èπ◊ Æ洒ߪ’ç °æúø’-ûª’çC éπü∆?)

(îÁ§ƒp†’ Eï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ÅûªúÕ éÓÆæç îª÷Æœ îª÷Æœ, ÅûªúÕ ñ«úø-™‰O’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-ßË’Ææ-JéÀ, ؈’ Ç©Ææuç é¬èπÿ-úø-ü¿E ´îËa-¨»†’.) Suhrid: I just can't figure out what's wrong with him. He is never on time. I never bargained for this kind of disappointment when I wanted him here this evening.

(ÅûªúÕ Ææ´’-ÊÆuçö Ø√éπ-®Ωnç-é¬-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ üËEéà Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ®√úø’. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvû√-EéÀ Åûª-úÕE Ééπ\úÕéÀ ®Ω´’t-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ñ E®√¨¡ áü¿’-®Ω-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E ؈’ ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.) Pramod: I'm telling you now. I never count on him in matters like this.

(É°æ¤púø’ Fèπ◊ îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√o. É™«çöÀ N≠æߪ÷™x ؈ûªúÕ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø†’.)

Suhrid: We have no other way. Sunil is worth a try. He has the talent in him, and the break in period will be short.

(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç-™‰ü¿’. Ææ’F™¸ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’-ü¿-T-†-¢√úË. Åûª-úÕ™ v°æA¶µº ÖçC. Åçü¿’´©x Péπ~ù 鬩ç èπÿú≈ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë Öçô’çC.)

2)

3

Bargain for [Past Tense (PT) & Past Participle (PP) - Bargained for] =

´’†ç, ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ņ’éÓE N≠æߪ’ç/ àüÓ Å†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÉçÍéüÓ ï®Ω-í∫úøç.

b) I am sure you won't let us down =

a) When he played the game of dice, Dharmaraja never bargained for the loss of his kingdom =

Pramod: That is an idea, but what are we going to do for this party?

üµ¿®Ωt-®√V Wü¿ç ÇúËçü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-¢Á’i†-°æ¤úø’ ®√ïuç §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«-úø-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. (ÉC èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\´ notûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç í∫´’Eç-î√L.)

(ÅC ´’ç* Ç™-îªØË. Å®·ûË É°æ¤úŒ §ƒKd-Íéç-îËü∆lç?)

b) When I applied for the job here I didn't bargain for this kind of hard work =

Suhrid: OK, then. Let's now sit and give some thought to the layout of the programme.

Ñ ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ ØËEç-ü¿’™ Éçûª áèπ◊\´ °æE Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.

c) A husband without understanding was not

c) Many farmers feel that the Government has let them down by helping land grabber in the name of SEZ =

v°æûËuéπ ÇJnéπ ´’çúø-∞¡xèπ◊ ¶µº÷ÊÆ-éπ®Ωù Ê°®Ω’ûÓ éπ¶«b-ü∆-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÆœ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ûª´’†’ ´·ç*ç-ü¿E î√™«-´’çC È®jûª’©’ ņ’èπ◊çô’Ø√o®Ω’.

d) I told him I'd attend the party and I can't let him down in the last minute =

ÅûªúÕ §ƒKdéÀ ´≤ƒh-†E ´÷öÀ-î√a†’. *´J EN’-≠æç™ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ ؈ûªúÕE E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ω-îª-™‰†’.

We could not figure out her intentions

Suhrid: It never dawned on me to consult you before I thought of calling him. Yea, you know better about him, and you have more experience of organizing such matters.

(Åûª-úÕE °œL-îË-´·çü¿’ E†’o Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-©ØË Ç™-îªØË Ø√èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’. Å´¤†’.. ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* Ø√éπçõ‰ FÍé ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªúøç-™ Ø√éπçõ‰ Fèπ◊ áèπ◊\´ -Å-†’-¶µº-´ç -Öç-C.) Pramod: Why don't you advise him? Why don't you tell him to be more reliable?

(Åûª-úÕéÀ F¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ©£æ… É´y-èπÿ-úøü¿’? é¬Ææh Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-í∫© ´uéÀhí¬ Öçúø-´’E îÁ§Òp-aí¬?) Suhrid: I have, a number of times, but he just laughs it off.

(î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ°œp îª÷¨»†’. é¬F, Åûªúø’ àç îÁ°œpØ√ †Ny ÆæJ-°-úø-û√úø’.) Pramod: OK. If he can let us down like this, he will miss out on the fun we're going to have at the party, though his songs won't be there.

(ÆæÍ®x. ´’†Lo™« †N’tç* ´C-™‰ÊÆh, -Å-ûªúø’ èπÿú≈ Ééπ\úø ïJÍí NØÓ-ü¿-´’çû√ éÓ™p-û√úø’. ´·êuçí¬ ÅûªúÕ §ƒô©’.) Pramod: At least let us enjoy the party without thinking of him. Just don't worry. I am sure we can carry it off without Sasir's participation.

(Ééπ ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç-* -Ç-™-*ç-îªèπ◊ç-ú≈ ´’†ç §ƒKdE džç-Cü∆lç. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. ¨¡P®˝ §ƒvûª ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ´’†ç DEo Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç îËߪ’-í∫-©-´’ØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC.) Suhrid: Well, Sasir has taught us not to rely on the likes of him. We should try to find some one to fill his place. M. Lakshmi, Hyderabad

ÅØËC preposition™ ÖçC. con™ èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Have+PP ûÓ èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. For Åçõ‰ 'éÓÆæç, †’ç*— ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. Éçé¬ à¢Á’iØ√ Å®√n-©’-Ø√oߪ÷? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ? A: For Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ-†-ô’dí¬ 'éÓÆæç— ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÖçC. Å®·ûË '†’ç*— ÅE ´÷vûªç ™‰ü¿’. Have/ has +PP ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, for èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, Éçûª-鬩çí¬/ Éçûªé¬©ç§ƒô’ ÅE. Q: For junction

†’´¤y ††’o

¶µºçí∫-°æ-®Ω-îª-´E †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’.

6) Miss out on something =

éÓ™p-´úøç.

a) The discount sale

is just for one more day Hurry up or You'll miss out on a good bargain = Discount Sale

what she bargained for when she married him =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 537

ÅûªúÕE °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰E ¶µº®Ωhí¬ Öçö«-úøE Ç¢Á’ ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. 3) Count on (PT and PP counted on) =

(ÆæÍ®. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç èπÿ®Ω’aE, ´’† 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ v°æù«-R-éπ†’ Æœü¿l¥ç îËü∆lç). Layout = Plan

ÉçéÌ-éπ\-®ÓV ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ûªy®Ω-°æúø’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç* ¶‰®Ωç éÓ™p-û√´¤. b) The traffic jam held me up and I missed out on the funny part of the movie =

Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç/ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E †´’túøç. M.SURESAN

´’†ç Phrasal Verbs ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o véπ´’ç™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ daily life situations™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œçîË ¢√öÀE É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. Look at the following Phrasal Verbs from the dialogue above: 1) I just can't figure out what's wrong with him. 2) I never bargained for this kind of disappointment. 3) I never count on him in matters like this

.

4) ... he just laughs it off

.

5) If he can let us down like this... 6) ... he will miss out on the fun. 7) ... we can carry it off without Sasi's participation

.

8) It will take some time for us to break him in

.

9) Let's give some thought to it. 1. Figure out (Past tense and Past Participle Figured out) =

Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. (üËØÁj oØ√/ á´-J-ØÁjØ√). áèπ◊\-´í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰éπ §Ú´úøç ÅØË ü∆Eo not ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. a) We could not figure out her intentions = Ç¢Á’ ÖüËl-¨»-©†’ ¢Ë’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷ç. b) I am unable to figure out what you want exactly =

FéπÆ晉ç 鬢√™ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-úøç-™‰ü¿’.

c) Have you figured out the money you need for the journey?

v°æߪ÷-ù«-EÈéçûª Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Á÷ à´’Ø√o -™„Íé\-¨»¢√?/ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?

(Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø È®çúË∞¡x §ƒô’ °æE î˨»úø’/ Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ °æE-îË-¨»úø’ ÅE.)for Åçõ‰ because (Åçü¿’´©x) ÅØË ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. I like him for he is good = Åûª†’ ´’ç*¢√úø-´ôç ´©x Åûª-úøçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . Q: Up äéπ word ûª®Ω’¢√ûª ´Ææ’hçC. e.g. : Flared up, further up, slideit up É™« àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¢√úø-´îª’a? A: O’J-*a† expressions ™ up, Ç expressions Å®√nEo é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ îËÆæ’hçC. up = Éçé¬Ææh.

a) She is counting on my taking her to the interview place = Interview

îÓöÀéÀ ¢Á∞Ïxçü¿’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ Ø√ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø’ûÓçC/ ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡-û√-†ØË †´’téπçûÓ ÖçC.

b) She is counting on her getting money on time and is planning to buy things =

Ææ´’-ߪ÷EéÀ úø•’s îËA-éÌ-Ææ’hçü¿ØË †´’téπçûÓ Ç¢Á’ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-´’¯-ûÓçC.

c) Don't count on my joining the picnic tomorrow. I've an exam coming = picnic

Í®°æ¤ ؈’ èπ◊ ´≤ƒh-†E °æ‹Jh †´’téπç °ô’d-éÓèπ◊. Ø√éÓ °æKéπ~ ´≤ÚhçC. 4) Laugh something off = Åçûª v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰E N≠æߪ’çí¬ †´¤yûª÷, éÌöÀd-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’úøç, †Ny, ÆæJ°ôdúøç. a) Sure of a majority, he laughed all the objections off/ laughed off all objections =

¢Á’ñ«-Jöà ´≤Úhç-ü¿ØË †´’téπçûÓ, ÅEo Ŷµºuçûª®√-©†÷ ÅûªúÓ †´¤yûÓ ÆæJ-°-ö«dúø’.

b) When I asked him when he would repay me, he just laughed it off =

Ø√ úø•’s á°æ¤púø’ AJ-T≤ƒh-´E ÅúÕ-TûË †Ny îÁ©’x-¶„-ö«dúø’ (Éçé¬ -É-´yúøç àçô-ØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa™«).

c) Don't laugh it off. Just tell me clearly whether you passed or failed = pass fail

éπ*aûªçí¬ îÁ°æ¤p. †’´¤y Åߪ÷u¢√?

†Ny Ü®Ω’-éÓ-´ü¿’l. Åߪ÷u¢√,

5) Let (somebody) down (PT & PP: let ...) =

ņo ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´úøç (´·êuçí¬.. ´÷ô É*a Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç). a) She let him down in the last minute by voting against him =

*´J EN’-≠æç™ Åûª-úÕéÀ ´uAÍ®-éπçí¬ ãô’-¢ËÆœ ÅûªúÕo ´·ç*çC. Flare up = Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ (sudden í¬) °ü¿lí¬ v°æé¬-¨¡´ç-ûªçí¬ ´’çúøôç. flare = é¬çAûÓ ´’çúøôç, ûªèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤. further up = Éçé¬Ææh ´·çü¿’èπ◊/ Éçé¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞¡xúøç/ ï®Ω-í∫úøç, etc., Further = Éçé¬ Move further up, please = Éçé¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç ï®Ω-í∫çúÕ. Go further up and turn left = Éçé¬ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢ÁRx áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ. Slideit up = ÉC èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. ÉçéÌçîÁç (up) ñ«®ΩaçúÕ.

vö«°∂œé˙ ®ΩDl †Ø√o-°æ-úøç-´©x ÆœE´÷™ £æ…Ææu ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»Eo éÓ™p-ߪ÷†’. c) We didn't have a TV when I was a child and I missed out-on a lot of fun = TV

Ø√ *†o-ûª-†ç™ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ î√™« NØÓü¿ç éÓ™p-ߪ÷†’. 7) Carry off = Nï-ߪ’ç/-•-£æ›-´’-ûª’©’ §Òçü¿úøç. a) The Indian team carried Healthsurance trophy = Healthsurance trophy

off

¶µ«®Ωû˝ E Èí©’--èπ◊çC.

the

ïô’d

b) They carried off the day winning all prizes = prize

ÅEo ©÷ Èí©’--èπ◊E Ñ ®Óïçû√ Nï-ߪ’çûÓ ÖØ√o®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx.

c) Indian team can't carry it off without Dhoni =

üµÓF ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ïô’d Èí©-´-™‰ü¿’. 8) Break (something/ somebody) in =

àüÁjØ√ éÌûªh °æEéÀ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúË™« îËߪ’úøç.

a) He was worried about starting the new job, but didn't take long to break in =

éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ᙫ Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L?ÅE ņ’-èπ◊çC í¬F, ûªy®Ω-í¬ØË Ç¢Á’ ü∆EéÀ Å©¢√ô’ °æúÕçC.

b) I' am afraid I require some more time to break myself in =

Ñ ÖüÓu-í¬EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúËçü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ Éçé¬Ææh Æ洒ߪ’ç Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-†’-èπ◊çö«. Break in, éÌûªh îÁ°æ¤p-©èπ◊, éπ∞¡x-ñ -∞¡xèπ◊, éÌûªh ®Ωéπç •ôd©èπÿ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç– ÅN Å©-¢√ô’ °æúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. The shoes have a break-in period =

Ç îÁ°æ¤p©’ Å©-¢√ô’ ÅßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬Ææh Æ洒ߪ’ç °æúø’-ûª’çC. Å™«Íí ïçûª’-´¤-©†’ (áü¿’l©÷, í∫’v®√-©-™«ç-öÀN) ´’*aéπ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈Eo èπÿú≈ break in Åçö«ç. It will take some more time for me to break the horse in =

í∫’v®√Eo ´’*aéπ îËÆæ’-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ é¬Ææh Æ洒ߪ’ç °æúø’-ûª’çC.

Q: Used to

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ü¿ßª’-îËÆ œ

ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A: Used to -

í∫ûªç™ ¢√úø’-éπí¬ îËÊÆ °æEE É™«

Åçö«ç. a) He used to meet me regularly =

Å°æpöx

Åûªúø’ †ØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË¢√úø’. b) I used to take long walks those days =

Ç

®ÓV™x ؈’ î√™« ü¿÷®√©’ †úÕ-îË-¢√-úÕE. c) He used to waste money on clothes =

Åûªúø’ ü¿’Ææ’h© O’ü¿ úø•’s ¶«í¬ ´%ü∑∆ îËÊÆ-¢√úø’.

He has worked here for 2 years now.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 22 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

A. Sridhar, Onipenta Q:

Ñ °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. Data base, 2. Energetic, 3. Cuttif, 4. Toned milk, 5. Pasteurized milk, 6. Portfolio, 7. Mission impossible, 8. Mind block, 9. Polyphonic ring tones,

10. Open cast 11. Fire brand, 12. Tomboy, 13. Flameboyant, 14. Long last, 15. Last long 16. Search light, 17. Spot light, 18. Lime light, 19. Profile, 20. Body language, 21. Roking, 22. Trekking, 23. Dam nonsense, 24. Struggle, 25. Special drive, 26. Enclave,27. Bullsheet, 28. Killer instinct, 29. Basic instinct, 30. Just like that, 31. Gallop poll, 32. Aggressive, 33. Derivative, 34. Joint venture, 35. Hard talk.

(¶Ôí∫’_ í∫†’©’),

(Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀéà ûËú≈ èπÿú≈ îÁ°æp-

í∫-©®Ω’.),

A:

1 = á°æ¤p-úøçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ îª÷ÊÆçü¿’èπ◊, ¢√úø’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ Computer ™ E©y ÖçîË Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç. 2 = ®Ω’-Èéj†, Öû√q-£æ«-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†, •©-¢Á’i†. 3 = Ñ ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. 4 = éÌ´¤y ¨»ûªç ûªT_ç-*† §ƒ©’. 5 = §ƒ©’, ´’ü¿uç-™«çöÀ °æüΔ-®√l¥©’ NJ-T§Ú-èπ◊çú≈/ °æ¤L-Æœ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËÊÆ v°ævéÀߪ’. Pasteurization (French ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh Lewis Pasteur éπE-°-ö«dúø’). Å™« îËÆ œ† §ƒ™‰ Pasteurized milk. 6 = á) ´·êu-¢Á’i† °ævû√©’, ¶Ô´’t©’ °ô’dèπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË case (°õ„d). G) *vûª-é¬-®Ω’©÷, éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’©÷, Photographers UÆœ†/ BÆœ† *vû√© Ææç°æ¤öÀ. Æœ) äéπ- ´uéÀhéÀ Ö†o business shares (NNüμ¿ éπç°-F™x ¢√ö«©’). úÕ) äéπ ´’çvA E®Ωy-£œ«çîË ´’çvAûªy ¨»ê. 7) Å≤ƒ-üμ¿u-¢Á’i† ¶«üμ¿uûª. 8) ´’†-èπ◊†o Ç™-îª-†ØË correct ņ’-èπ◊E ÉçéÓ Ç™- ´’† -•’-v®Ω-™éÀ îÌ®Ω-•-úø-F-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. 9) NNüμ¿ ®Ω鬩 ÆæçUûª ¨¡¶«l© Ææ¢Ë’t-∞¡-†çûÓ èπÿúÕ†

23) Å®Ωnç, °æ®Ωnç ™‰E ´÷ô©÷/ îËûª©÷. 24) §Ú®√ôç, v¨¡´’. 25) v°æûËuéπ éπ%≠œ, v°æߪ’ûªoç, ´·êuçí¬ éÌçûª-´’çC v°æï©’ éπLÆœ Ææ´’-≠œdí¬, ™‰üΔ Ææç≤ƒní∫ûªçí¬ îËÊÆC. 26) äéπ-ü˨¡ç/ †í∫-®Ωç-™E v°æü˨¡ç – Ñ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ E´-ÆœçîË ¢√J ´’ûªç, ¶μ«≥ƒ ÆæçÆæ \%-ûª’©’ ü˨¡ç/ †í∫-®Ωç™E N’í∫-û√-¢√J ¶μ«≥ƒ ÆæçÆæ \%-ûª’©èπ◊ Gμ†oçí¬ Öçö«®·. 27) Bull sheet é¬ü¿’, bull shit = ÉC ü¿÷≠æù, A®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√Eo ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç. ´’®√u-ü¿-Ææ’h©/ °ü¿l-¢√J Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-EC. Å®Ωnç– äéπ®Ω’ îÁÊ°pü¿çû√ •÷ôéπç, ûÁL-N-™‰-EC, îÁûªh ÅE ü¿÷≠œç-îªúøç. 28) ´·êuçí¬ ÉC véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√úøû√ç. v°æûªu-JnE ãúÕçî√-©ØË °æô’d-ü¿©– ÉC Ææ£æ«ï í∫’ùçí¬ ¶μ«Nç-*-†-°æ¤púø’. 29) Ææ£æ«ï í∫’ùç/ °æ¤ô’déπûÓ ´îËa üμÓ®ΩùÀ. 30) Å™«ØË/ Ü®Ω-éπØË.

3

A: a) I won't (will not) have the money. b) He will not (won't) have a cell. Q: Bunny makes Mahalaxmy fall head over heels for him = meaning, phrasal verb

DE

ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’? A: Headover heels = °æ‹Jhí¬ vÊ°´’™ °æúøôç. Bunny ´’£æ…-©éÀ~ tE ûª†ûÓ °æ‹Jhí¬ vÊ°´’™ °æúËô’x îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’.

A: Our office is open from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M. sentence verb 'is' - 'be' form. sentence open verb adjective.

Ñ

™

™ Ö†o— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

îËߪ÷L. (NCμí¬, ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬).

form. Q:

'á°æp-öÀ-´®Ωèπ◊— ÅØË °æüΔ-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† ÉçTx≠ˇ °æüΔEo ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’? A: How long/ till when/ till what time? = á°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊? D.R. Jagitial.

They shall not come her e again

ring tones.

10) áèπ◊\´ ™ûª’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ ¶μº÷N’ Ö°æ-J-ûª©ç (surface) éÀçü¿ØË ¶Ôí∫’_ ÖçúË í∫†’©’. 11) v°æ¶μº’ûªyç, îªö«d-©èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ È®îªa-íÌöÀd, ûªüΔy®√, ¢√öÀ™ x ´÷®Ω’p-©èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. 12) DE Correct spelling: Zombie á) F®Ω-Ææçí¬ û√¢Ë’ç °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢Á÷, áçü¿’èπ◊ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢Á÷ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´’çü¿-éÌ-úÕí¬, EÊÆh-ïçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. G) éπC™‰ vÊ°û√©’ (African, West Indies ü˨»-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx †¢Ë’t v°æ鬮Ωç). 13) «-éÃí¬, Çûªt-N-¨»y-ÆæçûÓ Ö†o; (ü¿’Ææ’h©’) ´·ü¿’®Ω’ ®Ωçí∫’ûÓ gaudy í¬ éÌöÔd-*a-†-ô’xçúË. 14) At long last = *ôd-*-´-JéÀ. 15) î√™«-é¬©ç ´’ØËo. 16) ®√vA-°æ‹ô ¶μºvü¿-ûª-éÓÆæç ÅA -v°æ-é¬-¨¡-´ç-ûªçí¬ ÖçúÕ, Åô÷ Éô÷ A°æp-í∫-L-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ ÖçúË lights. ´·êuçí¬ ¨¡vûª’-´¤© îÌ®Ω-¶«-ô’†’ îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬. 17) äÍé- äéπ v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† é¬çA-°æ¤ç-ïçûÓ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o ´Ææ’h´¤ O’ü¿-°æúË D°æç. 18) To be in the limelight = v°æñ«-ü¿%-≠œd™  °æúøôç, v°æï© ü¿%≠œdE §Òçü¿ôç. 19) á) Sideview of a person's face - ´uéÀh áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, °æéπ\ †’ç* îª÷Æœ†°æ¤púø’, ´’†èπ◊ éπE-°œçîË ´·ë«-éπ%A. G) äéπ-JE/ Company E í∫’Jç-*† N´-®√©’. 20) ´’†ç-E-©’aØË, èπÿ®Ω’aØË, îª÷ÊÆ, ´’† Å´-ߪ’-¢√©†’ éπCÊ° B®Ω’†’ •öÀd, ´’† ¢Ájê-JE, ¶μ«¢√-©†’, ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç– üË£æ«-¶μ«≠æ©’ ņ-´îª’a. 21) Ü°æôç. 22) v¨¡´’-ûÓ-èπÿ-úÕ† Ææ’D-®Ω`-¢Á’i† (î√© ü¿÷®Ωç) †úøéπ.

'ûÁ®Ω*

Ñ sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ÅC ®ÓW Ø√ îËûª ûÁ®Ω-´-•-úø’-ûª’çC ÅE. Ééπ\úø verb, is (be form) + opened (PP) - III

Ñ ¢√éπuç *´®Ω áçü¿’èπ◊ ´*açC? üΔE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç

A: Our teacher hasn't told us how we should have to do it - should do it = have to do it =

é¬ü¿’,

It is opened by me everyday -

Q: Our teacher hasn't explained to us to how we should do have to do it have to do it

àN’öÀ?

Ñ

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 538 31) äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç*, ´·êuçí¬ áEo-éπ© N≠æߪ’ç™ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË v°æñ«-Gμv§ƒßª’ ÊÆéπ-®Ωù– à §ƒKdéÀ M.SURESAN áçûª Nï-ߪ÷-´-鬨¡ç ÖçC? ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Gallup ÅØË Çߪ’† Ñ ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ ÊÆéπ-®Ωù NüμΔ-Ø√Eo éπE-°-ö«dúø’. 32) ü¿’úø’èπ◊-í¬ -Ö†o. 33) ´’®Ó üΔ†’oç* °æ¤öÀd†. ûÁ©’í∫’™E ´÷ô©’ î√-™«´®Ωèπ◊, derivatives from Sanskrit. ÆæçÆæ \%ûªç †’ç* ´*a-†N. 34) Ææ´’≠œd ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç. 35) Ö†oC Ö†oô’x îÁ°æpúøç. Sai kumar, Hyderabad. Q:

O’®Ω’ °æ©’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ÉçTx≠ˇ í∫’Jç* N´-J-Ææ’h-†oçü¿’èπ◊ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’. éÌûªhí¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†o Phrasal verbs í∫’Jç* ´’JEo N´-®√-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√-®ΩE ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ ´*a† éÌEo Doubts †’ clarify îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. If I were the owner of that car, I would keep it cleaner than I would keep my own home... already clean

Ééπ\úø ûª† ÉçöÀE í¬ Öçèπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 'é¬®Ω’†’ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ¨¡Ÿv¶μºçí¬ Öç-èπ◊çö«†’— Åçô’-Ø√oúø’. Ééπ\úø é¬®Ω’éÃ, £æ«Ù¢˛’éà ȮçúÕ-çöÀéà I would keep ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’. N´-JçîªçúÕ. A: If I were the owner ÅE ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, ؈’ É°æ¤púø’ Ç Car owner 鬆’, Å®·† °æJ-Æœn-A™, (É°æ¤púøC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’) ÉçöÀ-éπçõ‰ é¬®Ω’†’ áèπ◊\´ ¨¡Ÿv¶μº-ûªûÓ Öç-èπ◊ç-ö«†’, ÅE. Ééπ\úø would †’ ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†oô’xí¬ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. If I were the C.M., I would make you a minister = C.M.

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ †’ 鬆’. Å´ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË, E†’o ´’çvAE îË≤ƒh†’. I would make you - Ééπ\úø O’J-*a† ¢√éπuç™ ´÷CJ would èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 'É°æ¤púø’— ÅE é¬ü¿’. ؈’ Æœ.áç. 'Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’— ÅE. Q: a) I don't have the money now = É°æ¤púø’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰ü¿’. ´’J 'É°æ¤púø’ / Í®°æ¤ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s Öçúøü¿’— Åçõ‰ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L? b) He doesn't have a cell: Åûª-úÕéÀ ÂÆ™¸ ™‰ü¿’. ´’J 'Åûª-úÕéÀ ÂÆ™¸ Öçúøü¿’— Åçõ‰ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L?

Q: a) °æ¤ùuç, b) üΔ†ç c) üμ¿®Ωtç d) áçTL, áçT-L-F®Ω’, áçTL ņoç, áçTL ®Ìõ„d – OöÀéÀ ÉçTx≠ˇ °æüΔ©’ ®√ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A: a) °æ¤ùuç ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. Eternal bliss/ earn merit (°æ¤ùuç Ææ秃-Cç-îªôç)/ merit - É™« NNüμ¿ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ îÁ•’-û√®Ω’. b) üΔ†ç, üμ¿®Ωtç = charity. c) áçTL – Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’ A†í¬ (éÌ®Ωí¬_) N’T-LçC, ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. á´-È®jØ√ AE äCL °öÀd† Ç£æ…-®√Eo left over(s) Åçö«®Ω’. Q: Pickup, Wakeup. É™«çöÀ áØÓo °æüΔ©’ éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x pick me up, wake me up, I woke up í¬ ´≤ƒh®·. à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x OöÀ ´’üμ¿u™ pronoun ´Ææ’hçC? ®Ω÷™¸q àN’öÀ? A: OöÀE Phrasal Verbs Åçö«ç. OöÀ ´’üμ¿u pronoun ®√´-ö«-EéÀ äéπ rule Åçô÷ à癉ü¿’. ¢√úø’éπèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† N≠æߪ’ç ÅC. ¢√úøí¬ ¢√úøí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. K. Chandu, B.Y.Nagar, Sirisilla. Q: Why doctor? Why through Vishnu?

™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u-©†’ O’®Ω’ í∫ûªç™ Éî√a®Ω’. OöÀ™ verb àC? O’Í®¢Á÷ verb ™‰EüË ¢√é¬u©’ Öçúø-´E îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ´’J °j ¢√é¬u™x verb ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ? Spoken English ™ É™«ç-öÀN ¢√úø-´îª ’a ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰.. í∫ûªç™ O’®Ω’ He coming slowly ÅE Öçõ‰ ûª°æpE îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ´’J °j ¢√é¬u©’ ᙫ ÆæÈ®j-†¢Ó îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Why doctor?/ Why through Vishnu? conversational/ Spoken English common. why

É™«ç-öÀN î√™«

ÉC

™ ûÓØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) 'shall we watch the match?' (Match

îª÷üΔl´÷?) (ã, ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈)– ÉC question é¬ü¿’.

'Why not?'

b) Doctor: Have an X-ray taken (X-ray

B®·ç--éÓçúÕ). Patient: Why, doctor? (áçü¿’-éπçúŒ?) – Ééπ\úø 'áçü¿’èπ◊— ÅE Åúø-í∫-ô¢Ë’ ûª°æp, sentence é¬ü¿’. c) Why through someone? = ¢√∞¡x üΔy®√ áçü¿’èπ◊? É™«çöÀ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç, ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'Wh' words ûÓØË ´Ææ’hçC: Where?/ When?/ How?/ Why?/ Who? etc., He coming slowly ™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, °j v°æßÁ÷í∫ç °æE-éÀ-®√ü¿’. Q: Our office is open from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M. ÅE í∫ûªç™ O’®Ω’ ®√¨»®Ω’. Ñ ¢√éπuç ûª°æ¤p éπüΔ?

from

Q: The word 'tense' comes from the Latin 'tempus' Has come from (or) came simple present tense

ÅE äéπ ví¬´’®˝ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ îªC-¢√†’.

ņ-ú≈-EéÀ •ü¿’-©’í¬ ØË áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? A: Ééπ\úø come/ comes from Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ÅC üΔØÓxç* °æ¤öÀdç-ü¿E– ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ ÖçúË N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’/ ÉC idiom - DEéÀ tense rules ´Jhç-¤. Q: No preposition is used before some wordsthis, next, last etc., in, on

ÅE äéπ Éçô-Kt-úÕ-ߪ’ö¸ ©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Èíjú˛™ îªC-¢√†’. O’Í®¢Á÷ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. àC éπÈ®éÓd N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A: This ´·çü¿’ áçü¿’èπ◊ preposition ®√ü¿’? In this Åçö«ç éπüΔ? Next, Last- ÉN adjectives ¢√öÀéÀ prepositions ®√´¤. ÉC ¶μ«≠æ ©éπ~ùç. Ch. Ramesh, Rekonda. Q:

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ÅØË Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ don't know ¢√úø-û√®√, ™‰üΔ haven't know †’ ¢√úø-û√®√? ´·êuçí¬ know Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

Haven't known the book? Don't know the book?

°j ¢√é¬u™x àC ÆæÈ®jçC? A: I don't know about the book =

Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç

í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. I haven't known about the book =

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊

Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. V. Koteswara Rao, Kotturu. Q:

Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ Ççí∫xç™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. ´’ØÓt-£æ«Ø˛ 'áØÓo— v°æüμΔE? A: DEéÀ English ™ ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ ¢√úË expression àD™‰ü¿E Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ§ƒpç. Q: äéπ-≤ƒJ O’®Ω’ will, shall í∫’Jç* ®√Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ You shall, He shall ÅE ¢√ú≈®Ω’. Shall ÅØËC I and We °æéπ\† ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈-©E 鬙‰-@™ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. A: a) You/ He °æéπ\† shall ¢√úÕûË, order (ûª°æp-EÆæ-Jí¬ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE), E•ç-üμ¿-†-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. b) You/ He/ She/ it/ they + shall express orders, rules, duties, warnings and promises. c) You shall complete the work before the evening = (order).

°æE ≤ƒßª’ç-vûªç-™°æ¤ °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L

d) No one (he/ she) shall smoke here - (rule) e) They shall not come here again = (warning).

¢√∞¡Ÿ} ´’Sx

Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿’

f) You shall have my support = (promise).

Ø√ support Fèπ◊ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Öçô’çC ÉO you/ he/ she/ it/ they ûÓ shall Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. Q: Lord - feminine gender àN’ö ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A: Lord èπ◊ feminine gender lady.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -´÷-Ja 2009 A. Bunganna (Kurnool Dist.)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Munagalapadu

Q. Please let me know the past tense and past participle forms of 'read' and 'beat'. A. Read - Past tense and Past Participle - Read (Pronounced 'Red'). Beat - Past tense: Beat (Pronounced same as the present tense form in pronunciation) Past Participle: beaten. K. Satyanarayana, Narsipatnam Q. Duration tense simple past

†’ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË for †’ perfect ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈-©E îªC-¢√†’. éÌEo-îÓôx ™ èπÿú≈ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ÅC áçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j-†C? I have waited here for one

past =

í∫ûªç; speed = ¢Ëí∫ç. •£æ›¨» O’®Ω’ fast èπ◊ speed èπÿ ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-Í®¢Á÷.Fast = ¢Ëí∫ç Ö†o/ ¢Ëí∫-´ç-ûª¢Á’i†; speed = ¢Ëí∫ç. This is a fast train = ÉC ¢Ëí∫çí¬ v°æߪ÷ùÀçîËÈ®j©’. It travels fast = ÉC ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC. The speed of the train = È®j©’ ¢Ëí∫ç. Q. Dead, died, death Ñ °æü∆-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Dead = îªE-§Ú-®·†; (îªö«d-™«xç-öÀN) Å´’-™ x-™‰E. Died = îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’/ îªE-§Ú-®·çC.

9. Measure up =

Åçîª-Ø√-©èπ◊ ûªT†ô’d íÌ°æpí¬ Öçúøôç. 10. °æ¤®Ó-í∫AéÀ ÅúøfçéÀ/ Å´-®Óüµ¿ç – His absence from the team is a serious set back to it =

Åûªúø’ ïô’d™ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç, ïô’dèπ◊

Bv´ Å´-®Óüµ¿ç. 11 & 12 : Refer to dictionary.

A. Proper =

13.

î√´¤.

Q. Proper, native

hour.

ÆæÈ®j†.

e.g: I have waited here for two hours =

ØËE-éπ\úø É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ È®çúø’ í∫çô-©’í¬ áü¿’-®Ω’îª÷-¨»†’. (Éçé¬ îª÷Ææ’hØ√o†’ ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC).

í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púÓ äéπ í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ØËE-éπ\úø áü¿’-®Ω’- îª÷-¨»†’. I will wait for you for 10 minutes = ؈’ F éÓÆæç °æ-C EN’-≥ƒ©’ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-≤ƒh†’ (Future ™). India had to wait for more than a century to become free = ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ç ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç §Òçü¿ú≈-EéÀ äéπ ¨¡û√•lç éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´é¬©ç áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷ú≈Lq ´*açC. G. Raju, Rajavommangi (E.G.Dist.)

؈’ ûÁ©’í∫’ O’úÕߪ’ç Nü∆u-JnE. Spoken English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©-† ’-èπ◊ç-ô ’-Ø√o†’. v°æÆæ ’hûªç SGT í¬ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ÉçTx≠ˇ ™„éπa-®Ω-®˝í¬ áü¿-í¬©-†’çC. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ IIEFL ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. Éçé¬ á™«çöÀ éÓ®Ω’q©’ îËߪ’-´îª’a. 鬩 ´u´-CµE N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. v°æÆæ’hûªç M.A. English ü¿÷®Ω-Nü¿u ü∆y®√ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ÉçTx≠ˇ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. é¬F ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. A. O’®Ω’ MA ûª®√yûª EFLU (IIEFL é¬ü¿’) Q.

Certificate Course in English, DTE (Diploma in Teaching English) Courses

™«çöÀ îËßÁ·îª’a. ´·çü¿’í¬ O’®Ω’ O©-®·-†°æ¤úø™«x ÉçTx≠ˇ îªü¿-´úøç, ´÷ö«x-úøôç, ®√ߪ’úøç îËÆæ’hç-úøçúÕ. O’®Ω’ ´÷éÀ-°æ¤púŒ Öûªh®Ωç English™ ®√Ææ’ç-úÌa éπü∆.

M. Satyanarayana, Hyderabad

OöÀE á°æ¤púø’, áéπ\úø ᙫ

¢√ú≈L? A. More -

ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púË ¢√úøû√ç. äéπü∆-E éπçõ‰, N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. She is more intelligent than he. (ÅûªúÕ éπçõ‰ – §ÚLéπ). His salary is more than hers.

(Ç¢Á’ @ûªç éπçõ‰ ÅûªúÕ @ûªç áèπ◊\´) Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x over/ excess ¢√úøç. Over - ÅCµéπç – ÆæÈ®j† ü∆Eéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ – Ééπ\úø §ÚLé𠙉ü¿’ éπü∆. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ over †’ ÉçéÓ °æü¿ç ´·çü¿’ îËJa ¢√úøû√ç – Over do, over act, over exercise etc.

ÅCµéπç/ ÅN’ûªç/ ´’K.

He has excess of confidence = He has over confidence. Police excesses They indulge in excess (indulge in =

A. Made him/ her bite the dust.

¶µ«®Ωû˝èπ◊, §ƒé˙èπ◊ – Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ ´’üµ¿u Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’. 14. ņ’-èπ◊†o v°æ鬮Ωç ïJÍ홫 à®√p-ô’-îË-ߪ’úøç.

Q.

v°Ɯ-úÁçö¸ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ Å®·CçöÀéÀ ´îËa™« à®√pô’x ïJ-í¬®·. 15. áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË Å®Ωnç – éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç.

Ridicule/ scoff/ mock. éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-´-Cç-îªçúÕ.


He's head over heels in love. A.

Åûªúø’ vÊ°´’™ ûª©-´·-†-éπ-©’í¬ ÖØ√oúø’.


I think they will tie the knot. A.

I put her under your wings

I waited there for one hour =

Q. More, over, excess

Bilateral relations between India and Pak =

The President is scheduled to come here at 5 PM. -

Åûªúø’ ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ †í∫-®√-EéÀ (ô’d-°æ-éπ\© Ü∞Ïxç é¬èπ◊çú≈) îÁçC-†-¢√úø’. Native = äéπ v°æüË-¨»-EéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√®Ω’.

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC ÆæÈ®j-†C? A. For †’ duration ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ à tense ™†-®·Ø√ ¢√úøû√ç, ¢√ú≈-LqçüË.

üÁj y§ƒ-éÀ~éπ = È®çúø’ ´®√_© ´’üµ¿u.

Öçö«®·). English Chandamama, English™ ´Ææ’h†o Vidyabharathi ´÷Ææ-°æ-vAéπ ¢Á·ü¿ô îªü¿´çúÕ. ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª °ü¿l novelsèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. Q. éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.
´’öÀd éπJ-°œç-î √úø’, áüËl¢√ îËߪ’úøç

°æü∆-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

He comes from Nellore proper =

I waited there for one hour.

Excess -

4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Å®√n©èπ◊ dictionary îª÷úøçúÕ.

(Past tense of 'die'). Death =

3

§ÚM-Æˇ©’ ÅAí¬ v°æ´-Jhç-îªúøç. ´’K ÅAí¬ îËÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’/ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. §ƒ©p-úøôç). Q. Past, speed Ñ °æü∆-©†’ ᙫ ¢√ú≈L? A. Past, speed - ÉN È®çúø÷ °æ‹Jhí¬ ¢Ë®Ω’.

véÃú≈-§Úöà -Å-ØË -Å®Ωn-´‚ -Öç-C. Q. éÀç-C ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îª -í∫-©®Ω’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 539

a) Value added services b) Make the most of now c) You may have to enter the password d) Coffee at its best e) Simple the best.

I am a native of Nellore =

´÷C ØÁ©÷x®Ω’. .

B Chandini Nisar, Ananthapur Q.


M.SURESAN

A. a) Value added services =

Åü¿-†°æ¤ N©’´ûÓ ÉîËa ÊÆ´©’ – Åçõ‰, ´÷´‚©’ ÊÆ´© éπçõ‰ é¬Ææh Ø√ùuûª Ö†o ÊÆ´©’. b) ¶µºN-≠æuû˝™  à´’-´¤-ûª’çüÓ ûÁLߪ’ü¿’ 鬕öÀd É°æpöÀ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© †’çîË Åûªuçûª ™«¶µºç §Òçü¿úøç.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 'éπ©©’ éπ†çúÕ—

A. Dream/ Dream on.


Ñ Öçí∫®Ωç F ¢Ë©’èπ◊ °ô’déÓ.

A. Wear the ring/ Put on the ring.


Åvéπ´’ ®Ω¢√-ù«Â°j ÅCµ-鬮Ω ߪ’çvû√çí∫ç îª÷Æ‘-îª÷-úø†ô’x ´u´-£æ«-J-≤ÚhçC.

A. The official machinery is turning a blind eye to the illicit transport.
Have a nice day. Have a happy period. A. Have a nice day = Have a happy period =

Ñ ®ÓV O’èπ◊ ¶«í∫’ç-ú≈-©E. O’®Ω’ (äéπ îÓô/ äéπ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç) ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úø-§ƒ-©E ´÷ éÓJéπ.
It can be of significant value ÅØËC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. Correct. ü∆EéÀ íÌ°æp N©’´ ÖçúÌa.
Let 'R' be a relation. A. 'R'

†’ •çüµ¿’´¤ ņ’éÓ/ ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. éÀ î√™« Å®√n-©’-Ø√o-ߪ’E NØ√o†’. OöÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. Mean 1) Å®Ωnç 2) ÖüËl-Pç-îªúøç 3) Ææí∫ô’ 4) Fîª-¢Á’i†
'°æçîª-¶µº÷-û√© ≤ƒéÀ~í¬— A. English™ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô©’ ™‰´¤. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ É™«çöÀ †´’t-鬩’ ™‰´¤ 鬕öÀd.
Mean

N. Suresh Babu, Anantapur Q.

éÀçC °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. referenced 2. referential 3. refer to 4.context 5. speed up 6. conclusive 7. exclusive 8. inclusive 9. measure up 10. set back 11. pointed to 12. commodity 13. bi-lateral 14. schedule (verb) 15. meet.

A. 1. Referenced =

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç v°æ≤ƒh-´† Ö†o °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’, °ævû√-©†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’úøç. Each section of his research paper is referenced.

2. Adjective form of reference. 3. v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îªúøç: He referred to you while we were discussing the matter - Ç îª®Ωa™ F N≠æߪ’ç v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-î√úø’.

Let's make the most of the money we have now =

É°æ¤púø’†o úø•’s†’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-èπ◊çü∆ç. c) O’®Ω’ computer ™E Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ password †’ ë«S™ Eç°æçúÕ. d) v•£æ…tç-úø-¢Á’i† coffee = ´’ç* coffee Åçõ‰ É™« Öçú≈L. e) ÉçÍéç îÁ°æp-éπ\-Í®xü¿’. ÉC Öûªh´’ç – äéπ\ ´÷ô™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰.
Å´’t é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÉçÈé-´®Ω’ îÁ•’-û√®Ω’? A. Who will; if mother doesn't?


ÅûªúÕûÓ ††’o °æJ-îªßª’ç îË®·ç. DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

A. Get/ Have me introduced to him.
A.

îËûª-•-úÕE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√-©-EîËa ÅEo ´÷çvAéπ v°ævéÀ-ߪ’-©†÷ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ black magic Åçö«®Ω’.

G. Rambabu, Tenali Q. Main film yet to be certified or censored.

ÅC ÂÆØ√q®˝ Å®·-†ö«x? 鬶-ûª’çü∆? ûÁL-ߪ’ -ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. A. Yet = Éçé¬; àüÁjØ√ Å´-™‰ü¿’/ Éçé¬ é¬¢√Lq ÖçC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. He is yet to come = Åûª-Eçé¬ ®√¢√Lq ÖçC, Åçõ‰ ®√™‰-ü¿ØË éπü∆. Main film yet to be censored or certified = censor/ certify

ÅÆæ©’ ÆœE´÷ Éçé¬ ÖçC; Åçõ‰ Å´-™‰-ü¿ØË éπü∆.

Å¢√Lq

P. Simhachalam, Vijayawada Q. Spoken English novels, short stories

Éçv°æ‹¢˛ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ O’JîËa îªü¿-¢√L ¢√u≤ƒ-©-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ÅØ√o®Ω’ éπü∆? Ææ®Ω-∞¡-¢Á’i† ¶µ«≠æ™ ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ áéπ\úø ©Gµ-≤ƒh®·? A. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  *†o, *†o éπü∑¿©’ îªü¿-´úøç, *†o, *†o story books (ÉN book shops™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®· – *†o Classesèπ◊ non-detailed booksí¬

¢√∞¡Ÿx °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-®Ω-†’èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
I don't want to steal his thunder. A.

ÅûªúÕ íÌ°æpü¿Ø√Eo ؈’ éÌõ‰d-ߪ÷-©-†’-éÓ-´-úø癉ü¿’. (°æE äéπ-JC, Åçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’°æ¤p-§Òç-ü¿ôç ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’) – Éûª-®Ω’©’ äéπ íÌ°æp °æE îËÊÆ-´·çüË ´’†ç Ç °æE-îËÆœ ´’ç* Ê°®Ω’ Ææ秃-Cç-îªúøç.


I put her under your wings. A.

Ç¢Á’†’ F Ææç®Ω-éπ~-ù™ Öç-ûª’Ø√o.


It's three miles as the crow flies. A.

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ®Óúøx†’ ņ’Ææ-Jç* ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈, äéπîÓ-öÀéÀ °æéÀ~-¢Á∞Ïx ´÷®Ω_ç™ ü¿÷®Ωç.


She's no spring chicken. A.

Ç Å´÷t®· Åçûª *†o °œ™‰xç é¬ü¿’. – '*†o ¶ÔÊ°pç é¬ü¿’— ÅE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçô’çö«ç.

Sreenu, Narasapuram Q. Sravani: Put down her books. Pavani: Put away her books.

Ñ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®√nEo ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Who is tidier? Ñ v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. Pavani is the tidier - put down books - table

O’ü¿ °ôdôç/ °æúË-ߪ’úøç. Put away = ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ äéπ-îÓô Öçîªúøç/ ü∆ߪ’úøç. Tidy = ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬, Å´’-J-éπí¬ Öçúøôç. Q. Sudha: You must have your shoes polished. Sindhu: You must have polished your shoes. Whose shoes are not cleaned? Need to be polished? A. Sudha's shoes need polish. You must have your shoes polished = shoes polish polish

F´¤ F îË®·ç--éÓ-¢√L – Éçé¬ †’´¤y îª-™‰ü¿’.

†’ îË®·ç-

You must have polished your shoes = shoes polish

†’´¤y †’ îË®·ç--èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. (Åçü¿’-éπØË F ÅN ¢Á’®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·)

Q. She said, "I go to church". She said, "I go to church every Sunday". Indirect speech simple past

°j -¢√é¬u-©’ ™ éÀ -´÷®Ω-û√-ߪ÷? A. È®çúÕç-öÀéà Indirect speech ™ simple present èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ simple past ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË äéÓ\≤ƒJ future †’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ simple present ¢√úøû√ç. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x future †’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’ would ¢√úøû√ç. Direct speech: She said, "I start teaching from tomorrow." Indirect speech: She said that she would start teaching from the next day.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -´÷-Ja 2009 A. Bunganna (Kurnool Dist.)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Munagalapadu

Q. Please let me know the past tense and past participle forms of 'read' and 'beat'. A. Read - Past tense and Past Participle - Read (Pronounced 'Red'). Beat - Past tense: Beat (Pronounced same as the present tense form in pronunciation) Past Participle: beaten. K. Satyanarayana, Narsipatnam Q. Duration tense simple past

†’ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË for †’ perfect ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈-©E îªC-¢√†’. éÌEo-îÓôx ™ èπÿú≈ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ÅC áçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j-†C? I have waited here for one

past =

í∫ûªç; speed = ¢Ëí∫ç. •£æ›¨» O’®Ω’ fast èπ◊ speed èπÿ ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-Í®¢Á÷.Fast = ¢Ëí∫ç Ö†o/ ¢Ëí∫-´ç-ûª¢Á’i†; speed = ¢Ëí∫ç. This is a fast train = ÉC ¢Ëí∫çí¬ v°æߪ÷ùÀçîËÈ®j©’. It travels fast = ÉC ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC. The speed of the train = È®j©’ ¢Ëí∫ç. Q. Dead, died, death Ñ °æü∆-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Dead = îªE-§Ú-®·†; (îªö«d-™«xç-öÀN) Å´’-™ x-™‰E. Died = îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’/ îªE-§Ú-®·çC.

9. Measure up =

Åçîª-Ø√-©èπ◊ ûªT†ô’d íÌ°æpí¬ Öçúøôç. 10. °æ¤®Ó-í∫AéÀ ÅúøfçéÀ/ Å´-®Óüµ¿ç – His absence from the team is a serious set back to it =

Åûªúø’ ïô’d™ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç, ïô’dèπ◊

Bv´ Å´-®Óüµ¿ç. 11 & 12 : Refer to dictionary.

A. Proper =

13.

î√´¤.

Q. Proper, native

hour.

ÆæÈ®j†.

e.g: I have waited here for two hours =

ØËE-éπ\úø É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ È®çúø’ í∫çô-©’í¬ áü¿’-®Ω’îª÷-¨»†’. (Éçé¬ îª÷Ææ’hØ√o†’ ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC).

í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púÓ äéπ í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ØËE-éπ\úø áü¿’-®Ω’- îª÷-¨»†’. I will wait for you for 10 minutes = ؈’ F éÓÆæç °æ-C EN’-≥ƒ©’ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-≤ƒh†’ (Future ™). India had to wait for more than a century to become free = ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ç ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç §Òçü¿ú≈-EéÀ äéπ ¨¡û√•lç éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´é¬©ç áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷ú≈Lq ´*açC. G. Raju, Rajavommangi (E.G.Dist.)

؈’ ûÁ©’í∫’ O’úÕߪ’ç Nü∆u-JnE. Spoken English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©-† ’-èπ◊ç-ô ’-Ø√o†’. v°æÆæ ’hûªç SGT í¬ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ÉçTx≠ˇ ™„éπa-®Ω-®˝í¬ áü¿-í¬©-†’çC. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ IIEFL ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. Éçé¬ á™«çöÀ éÓ®Ω’q©’ îËߪ’-´îª’a. 鬩 ´u´-CµE N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. v°æÆæ’hûªç M.A. English ü¿÷®Ω-Nü¿u ü∆y®√ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ÉçTx≠ˇ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. é¬F ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. A. O’®Ω’ MA ûª®√yûª EFLU (IIEFL é¬ü¿’) Q.

Certificate Course in English, DTE (Diploma in Teaching English) Courses

™«çöÀ îËßÁ·îª’a. ´·çü¿’í¬ O’®Ω’ O©-®·-†°æ¤úø™«x ÉçTx≠ˇ îªü¿-´úøç, ´÷ö«x-úøôç, ®√ߪ’úøç îËÆæ’hç-úøçúÕ. O’®Ω’ ´÷éÀ-°æ¤púŒ Öûªh®Ωç English™ ®√Ææ’ç-úÌa éπü∆.

M. Satyanarayana, Hyderabad

OöÀE á°æ¤púø’, áéπ\úø ᙫ

¢√ú≈L? A. More -

ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púË ¢√úøû√ç. äéπü∆-E éπçõ‰, N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. She is more intelligent than he. (ÅûªúÕ éπçõ‰ – §ÚLéπ). His salary is more than hers.

(Ç¢Á’ @ûªç éπçõ‰ ÅûªúÕ @ûªç áèπ◊\´) Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x over/ excess ¢√úøç. Over - ÅCµéπç – ÆæÈ®j† ü∆Eéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ – Ééπ\úø §ÚLé𠙉ü¿’ éπü∆. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ over †’ ÉçéÓ °æü¿ç ´·çü¿’ îËJa ¢√úøû√ç – Over do, over act, over exercise etc.

ÅCµéπç/ ÅN’ûªç/ ´’K.

He has excess of confidence = He has over confidence. Police excesses They indulge in excess (indulge in =

A. Made him/ her bite the dust.

¶µ«®Ωû˝èπ◊, §ƒé˙èπ◊ – Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ ´’üµ¿u Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’. 14. ņ’-èπ◊†o v°æ鬮Ωç ïJÍ홫 à®√p-ô’-îË-ߪ’úøç.

Q.

v°Ɯ-úÁçö¸ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ Å®·CçöÀéÀ ´îËa™« à®√pô’x ïJ-í¬®·. 15. áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË Å®Ωnç – éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç.

Ridicule/ scoff/ mock. éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-´-Cç-îªçúÕ.


He's head over heels in love. A.

Åûªúø’ vÊ°´’™ ûª©-´·-†-éπ-©’í¬ ÖØ√oúø’.


I think they will tie the knot. A.

I put her under your wings

I waited there for one hour =

Q. More, over, excess

Bilateral relations between India and Pak =

The President is scheduled to come here at 5 PM. -

Åûªúø’ ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ †í∫-®√-EéÀ (ô’d-°æ-éπ\© Ü∞Ïxç é¬èπ◊çú≈) îÁçC-†-¢√úø’. Native = äéπ v°æüË-¨»-EéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√®Ω’.

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC ÆæÈ®j-†C? A. For †’ duration ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ à tense ™†-®·Ø√ ¢√úøû√ç, ¢√ú≈-LqçüË.

üÁj y§ƒ-éÀ~éπ = È®çúø’ ´®√_© ´’üµ¿u.

Öçö«®·). English Chandamama, English™ ´Ææ’h†o Vidyabharathi ´÷Ææ-°æ-vAéπ ¢Á·ü¿ô îªü¿´çúÕ. ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª °ü¿l novelsèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. Q. éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.
´’öÀd éπJ-°œç-î √úø’, áüËl¢√ îËߪ’úøç

°æü∆-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

He comes from Nellore proper =

I waited there for one hour.

Excess -

4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Å®√n©èπ◊ dictionary îª÷úøçúÕ.

(Past tense of 'die'). Death =

3

§ÚM-Æˇ©’ ÅAí¬ v°æ´-Jhç-îªúøç. ´’K ÅAí¬ îËÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’/ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. §ƒ©p-úøôç). Q. Past, speed Ñ °æü∆-©†’ ᙫ ¢√ú≈L? A. Past, speed - ÉN È®çúø÷ °æ‹Jhí¬ ¢Ë®Ω’.

véÃú≈-§Úöà -Å-ØË -Å®Ωn-´‚ -Öç-C. Q. éÀç-C ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îª -í∫-©®Ω’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 539

a) Value added services b) Make the most of now c) You may have to enter the password d) Coffee at its best e) Simple the best.

I am a native of Nellore =

´÷C ØÁ©÷x®Ω’. .

B Chandini Nisar, Ananthapur Q.


M.SURESAN

A. a) Value added services =

Åü¿-†°æ¤ N©’´ûÓ ÉîËa ÊÆ´©’ – Åçõ‰, ´÷´‚©’ ÊÆ´© éπçõ‰ é¬Ææh Ø√ùuûª Ö†o ÊÆ´©’. b) ¶µºN-≠æuû˝™  à´’-´¤-ûª’çüÓ ûÁLߪ’ü¿’ 鬕öÀd É°æpöÀ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© †’çîË Åûªuçûª ™«¶µºç §Òçü¿úøç.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 'éπ©©’ éπ†çúÕ—

A. Dream/ Dream on.


Ñ Öçí∫®Ωç F ¢Ë©’èπ◊ °ô’déÓ.

A. Wear the ring/ Put on the ring.


Åvéπ´’ ®Ω¢√-ù«Â°j ÅCµ-鬮Ω ߪ’çvû√çí∫ç îª÷Æ‘-îª÷-úø†ô’x ´u´-£æ«-J-≤ÚhçC.

A. The official machinery is turning a blind eye to the illicit transport.
Have a nice day. Have a happy period. A. Have a nice day = Have a happy period =

Ñ ®ÓV O’èπ◊ ¶«í∫’ç-ú≈-©E. O’®Ω’ (äéπ îÓô/ äéπ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç) ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úø-§ƒ-©E ´÷ éÓJéπ.
It can be of significant value ÅØËC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. Correct. ü∆EéÀ íÌ°æp N©’´ ÖçúÌa.
Let 'R' be a relation. A. 'R'

†’ •çüµ¿’´¤ ņ’éÓ/ ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. éÀ î√™« Å®√n-©’-Ø√o-ߪ’E NØ√o†’. OöÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. Mean 1) Å®Ωnç 2) ÖüËl-Pç-îªúøç 3) Ææí∫ô’ 4) Fîª-¢Á’i†
'°æçîª-¶µº÷-û√© ≤ƒéÀ~í¬— A. English™ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô©’ ™‰´¤. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ É™«çöÀ †´’t-鬩’ ™‰´¤ 鬕öÀd.
Mean

N. Suresh Babu, Anantapur Q.

éÀçC °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. referenced 2. referential 3. refer to 4.context 5. speed up 6. conclusive 7. exclusive 8. inclusive 9. measure up 10. set back 11. pointed to 12. commodity 13. bi-lateral 14. schedule (verb) 15. meet.

A. 1. Referenced =

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç v°æ≤ƒh-´† Ö†o °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’, °ævû√-©†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’úøç. Each section of his research paper is referenced.

2. Adjective form of reference. 3. v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îªúøç: He referred to you while we were discussing the matter - Ç îª®Ωa™ F N≠æߪ’ç v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-î√úø’.

Let's make the most of the money we have now =

É°æ¤púø’†o úø•’s†’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-èπ◊çü∆ç. c) O’®Ω’ computer ™E Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ password †’ ë«S™ Eç°æçúÕ. d) v•£æ…tç-úø-¢Á’i† coffee = ´’ç* coffee Åçõ‰ É™« Öçú≈L. e) ÉçÍéç îÁ°æp-éπ\-Í®xü¿’. ÉC Öûªh´’ç – äéπ\ ´÷ô™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰.
Å´’t é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÉçÈé-´®Ω’ îÁ•’-û√®Ω’? A. Who will; if mother doesn't?


ÅûªúÕûÓ ††’o °æJ-îªßª’ç îË®·ç. DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

A. Get/ Have me introduced to him.
A.

îËûª-•-úÕE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√-©-EîËa ÅEo ´÷çvAéπ v°ævéÀ-ߪ’-©†÷ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ black magic Åçö«®Ω’.

G. Rambabu, Tenali Q. Main film yet to be certified or censored.

ÅC ÂÆØ√q®˝ Å®·-†ö«x? 鬶-ûª’çü∆? ûÁL-ߪ’ -ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. A. Yet = Éçé¬; àüÁjØ√ Å´-™‰ü¿’/ Éçé¬ é¬¢√Lq ÖçC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. He is yet to come = Åûª-Eçé¬ ®√¢√Lq ÖçC, Åçõ‰ ®√™‰-ü¿ØË éπü∆. Main film yet to be censored or certified = censor/ certify

ÅÆæ©’ ÆœE´÷ Éçé¬ ÖçC; Åçõ‰ Å´-™‰-ü¿ØË éπü∆.

Å¢√Lq

P. Simhachalam, Vijayawada Q. Spoken English novels, short stories

Éçv°æ‹¢˛ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ O’JîËa îªü¿-¢√L ¢√u≤ƒ-©-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ÅØ√o®Ω’ éπü∆? Ææ®Ω-∞¡-¢Á’i† ¶µ«≠æ™ ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ áéπ\úø ©Gµ-≤ƒh®·? A. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  *†o, *†o éπü∑¿©’ îªü¿-´úøç, *†o, *†o story books (ÉN book shops™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®· – *†o Classesèπ◊ non-detailed booksí¬

¢√∞¡Ÿx °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-®Ω-†’èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
I don't want to steal his thunder. A.

ÅûªúÕ íÌ°æpü¿Ø√Eo ؈’ éÌõ‰d-ߪ÷-©-†’-éÓ-´-úø癉ü¿’. (°æE äéπ-JC, Åçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’°æ¤p-§Òç-ü¿ôç ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’) – Éûª-®Ω’©’ äéπ íÌ°æp °æE îËÊÆ-´·çüË ´’†ç Ç °æE-îËÆœ ´’ç* Ê°®Ω’ Ææ秃-Cç-îªúøç.


I put her under your wings. A.

Ç¢Á’†’ F Ææç®Ω-éπ~-ù™ Öç-ûª’Ø√o.


It's three miles as the crow flies. A.

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ®Óúøx†’ ņ’Ææ-Jç* ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈, äéπîÓ-öÀéÀ °æéÀ~-¢Á∞Ïx ´÷®Ω_ç™ ü¿÷®Ωç.


She's no spring chicken. A.

Ç Å´÷t®· Åçûª *†o °œ™‰xç é¬ü¿’. – '*†o ¶ÔÊ°pç é¬ü¿’— ÅE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçô’çö«ç.

Sreenu, Narasapuram Q. Sravani: Put down her books. Pavani: Put away her books.

Ñ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®√nEo ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Who is tidier? Ñ v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. Pavani is the tidier - put down books - table

O’ü¿ °ôdôç/ °æúË-ߪ’úøç. Put away = ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ äéπ-îÓô Öçîªúøç/ ü∆ߪ’úøç. Tidy = ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬, Å´’-J-éπí¬ Öçúøôç. Q. Sudha: You must have your shoes polished. Sindhu: You must have polished your shoes. Whose shoes are not cleaned? Need to be polished? A. Sudha's shoes need polish. You must have your shoes polished = shoes polish polish

F´¤ F îË®·ç--éÓ-¢√L – Éçé¬ †’´¤y îª-™‰ü¿’.

†’ îË®·ç-

You must have polished your shoes = shoes polish

†’´¤y †’ îË®·ç--èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. (Åçü¿’-éπØË F ÅN ¢Á’®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·)

Q. She said, "I go to church". She said, "I go to church every Sunday". Indirect speech simple past

°j -¢√é¬u-©’ ™ éÀ -´÷®Ω-û√-ߪ÷? A. È®çúÕç-öÀéà Indirect speech ™ simple present èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ simple past ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË äéÓ\≤ƒJ future †’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ simple present ¢√úøû√ç. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x future †’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’ would ¢√úøû√ç. Direct speech: She said, "I start teaching from tomorrow." Indirect speech: She said that she would start teaching from the next day.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 8 -´÷-Ja 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Satphala: What's keeping you so busy? Not to be seen at all?

(áçü¿’-´©x Åçûª BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o´¤? ÅÆæ©’ éπE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’?) Suchitra: Me? Busy? You must be out of your mind to say that.

(ÅC é¬ü¿’™‰. Éü¿çû√ ÇJnéπ ´÷çü¿uç -´-©x. éÀçC-≤ƒn®· ÖüÓu-í∫’© †’ç* °jéÀ °æC ¨»ûªç ÖüÓu-í∫’-©†’ ûÌ©-Tç-î√-©E îμÁj®ΩtØ˛ ÇüË-¨¡çûÓ ´·úÕ°æ-úÕ† N≠æߪ’ç.) Satphala: What next then?

2

a) The workers are on strike against the company's decision to lay off workers =

(Å®·ûË ûª®√yA ´÷õ‰çöÀ?) (ØËØ√? BJé𠙉èπ◊ç-ú≈Ø√? Å™« Åçõ‰ Fèπ◊ •’v®Ω ™‰†õ‰d.) Satphala: I say that again. I haven't seen you for a whole week now. What does that mean? Something must be keeping you busy.

(Ç ´÷õ‰ ´’Sx Åçö«-ØËo†’. E†’o ¢√®Ωçí¬ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’ ؈’. üΔ†®Ωnç àçöÀ? àüÓ E†’o BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ îËÆæ’h-†o-ü¿ØË éπüΔ?) Suchitra: True. We haven't met for a week, but that doesn't mean I am busy. In fact I've been quite idle and have been lazing about. (idle =

°æØËç-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç)

Satphala: Have you been on leave or what?

(ÂÆ-©-¢Ë-¢Á’i-Ø√ °ö«d¢√?) Suchitra: No. No need of that I am among those the company has laid off. Looking for another job.

(Éçûª-´-®ΩÍéç ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ üΔ-èπ◊†o úø•’s Ñ àú≈CéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Ñ™-°æ© Ø√ ØÁj°æ¤-ù«uEo °ç-èπ◊çö«, Å´-鬨¡ç éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷≤ƒh.) éÌCl鬩çí¬ ´’†ç English ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË ÅAÆæ-®Ω-∞¡-¢Á’i† Phrasal Verbs í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπüΔ? Å™«çöÀ ´’J-éÌEo high frequency phrasal verbs †’ (ÅN ´’† conversation ™ Ææçü¿-®Ós¥*ûªçí¬ ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ´÷´‚©’ English èπÿú≈ ûÁLߪ’†õ‰x) É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. °j conversation Åçû√ ÖüÓuí∫ç éÓ™p´úøç, üΔEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç*† N≠æߪ÷-©†’ í∫’Jç* ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπüΔ.

ÖüÓu-í∫’©/ é¬Jtèπ◊© ûÌ©-Tç-°æ¤-†èπ◊ éπç°F E®Ωg-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ Ææ¢Á’t îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. b) Following the economic slow down, at least, 2 million employees may be laid off in the next few months in the US and Europe

= ÇJnéπ ´÷çü¿uç 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ Å¢Á’-Jé¬, ߪ‚®Ω-°ˇ-©™ üΔüΔ°æ¤ 20 ©éπ~© ´’çCE ÖüÓuí¬© Eç* ûÌ©-Tç-îª-´îª’a.

c) Because of the losses, the workers fear a lay off =

†≥ƒd© ´©x ÖüÓu-í∫’© ÖüΔy-Ææ† Öçúø´-îªaE ÖüÓu-í∫’©’ ¶μºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ñ lay off (ÖüÓu-í∫’-©†’ ûÌ©-Tç-îª-úøç)èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç*†¢Ë ´’®Ó È®çúø’ expressions - 7) to get the sack, 9) to get the pink slip- Ñ È®çúÕçöÀE èπÿú≈ É°æ¤púø’ îª÷üΔlç.

You must be out of your mind

(™‰ü¿’. Ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÉçÍéç ™‰ü¿’. ÖüÓuí∫ç™ç* ûÌ©-Tç-*† ¢√∞¡x™x ØËØÌ-éπüΔEo. ÉçéÓ ÖüÓuí∫ç éÓÆæç ¢Á-ûª’-èπ◊\çô’Ø√o.) Satphala: I'm really sorry to hear that. How's it I didn't know about it?

(Eïçí¬ ¶«üμ¿í¬ ÖçC N†-ú≈-EéÀ. Éçûª´-®Ωèπÿ Ç N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ§Ú-´-úø-¢Ë’çöÀ?) Suchitra: Not a piece of happy news to share with others, is it? In fact I was hoping to get ahead in the company, when this news came as a bolt from the blue.

(ÉüËç ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ¢√®Ωh é¬ü¿’í∫üΔ Éûª®Ω’©ûÓ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊? ÅÆæ©’ Ñ éπç°-F™ ¶«í¬ °jéÌ-≤ƒh-†E ÇP-Ææ’h†o Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ °œúø’-í∫’-™«çöÀ Ñ ¢√®Ωh ´*açC.) share = ¶μ«í∫ç ÅØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç, ¢√®Ωh©÷ ™«çöÀ-¢√-öÀE Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ îÁ°æpúøç. Satphala: The company will be the poorer for loosing you. You were taking on more responsibility than you were asked to. They were even taken up with, you said the way you handled your responsibility. Suchitra: Yea. I got the sack when I least expected it. Well, that's an experience too. Perhaps I can hope for a better thing.

(Å´¤†’. ؈-†’-éÓ-†-°æ¤púø’ ÖüÓuí∫ç §Ú®·çC. §ÚF™‰. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç ´Ææ’hç-üË¢Á÷.) Satphala: That's exactly the way to take it. But I must say I did not expect you to get the pink slip.

(ÅD †’´¤y ņ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† B®Ω’. é¬F ؈’ îÁ§ƒpL, E†’o ûÌ©-T-≤ƒh-®ΩE ؈-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.) Suchitra: No. It's got to do with the Chairman's laying down that 10% of the employees should go, following the economic slow down, and that starting from the junior most. economic slow down =

Suchitra: Nothing for the present. I have enough savings to last till this year end. In the mean time I'll sharpen my skills, update my knowledge and wait for an opportunity.

ÇJnéπ ´÷çü¿uç

7) To get the sack (Past tense & past participle- got the sack) =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 540

ÖüÓuí∫ç Üúøôç

(ÖüÓuí∫ç §Ú´úøç) a) A number of software engineers have already got the sack and a few more are likely to be sacked = software (computer)

Look at the following dialogues from the conversation above. 1) You must be out of your mind to say that

M.SURESAN

2) I've been lazing about 3) I am among those the company has laid off 4) I was hoping to get ahead in the company when the news came as a bolt from the blue 5) You were taking on more responsibility than you were asked to 6) They were taken up with you, you said 7) I got the sack when I least expected it 8) I am in for trouble 9) I did not expect you to get the pink slip 10) ... The Chairman's laying down that 10% of the employees must go 1) Be out of one's mind =

ûÁL-N-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ´‚®Ω^çí¬ v°æ´-Jhç-îªúøç, Å®Ωnç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úøôç.

a) Quitting job now and starting a business? You must be out of your mind =

àçöÀ, ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰Æœ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç °úø-û√¢√? Fèπ◊ Eïçí¬ °œîÁa-éÀ\çC (ÅC ´‚®Ω^ûªyç).

b) I was out of my mind to have told him I'd help him. I didn't know he was the bad sort. =

-Å-ûª-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh††úøç ؈’ ´’A -ûª°œp ņo ´÷ôí¬ ÖçC. -Å-ûª-úø’ ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. 2) Laze about/ laze around = °æF-§ƒö« ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ≤Ú´’-J-ûª†çí¬ Nv¨»ç-Aí¬ Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo í∫úø-°æúøç. a) We lazed about/ around the first few holidays picknicking and watching the TV =

¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ÂÆ©´¤ ®ÓV©÷ Nv¨»çAí¬, °æF-§ƒö« ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ≤Ú´’-J-ûª†çí¬ í∫úÕ-Ê°¨»ç. b) He does nothing. He lazes around living off his father's property =

-Å-ûª-úË°æF îËߪ’úø’. ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ÇÆœh-O’ü¿ •A-Íé-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’, Nv¨»ç-Aí¬ é¬©ç ¢Á∞¡x-•’-aûª÷. c) Don't laze around. Do something = ≤Ú´’-Jûª†çûÓ Æ洒ߪ’ç í∫úÕ-Ê°-ߪ’èπ◊. àüÁjØ√ îË®·. 3) To lay off = ÆæçÆæn †≥ƒd© °∂æLûªçí¬ ÖüÓu-í∫’-©†’, é¬Jt-èπ◊-©†÷ ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç.

É°æp-öÀÍé î√™«-´’çC ÖüÓu-í∫’-©èπ◊ ÖüÓuí∫ç §Ú®·çC. Éçé¬ éÌçûª-´’ç-CéÀ §Ú´îª’a.

b) Because of the shoddy job she does, she got the sack =

°æE-Ææ-Jí¬ îËߪ’éπ§Ú´úøç ´©x Ç¢Á’ ÖüÓuí∫ç ÜúÕçC. (Ç¢Á’†’ ûÌ©-Tç-î√®Ω’) shoddy = (°æE) ÆæJí¬_ îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç His repair of my car was shoddy = Åûªúø’ Ø√ car †’ ÆæJí¬ JÊ°®˝ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Her cooking is shoddy = Ç¢Á’ ´çô ÆæJí¬ îËߪ’ü¿’. Ñ ´÷ô î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«®Ω’. O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. üΔüΔ°æ¤ ÖüÓuí∫ç §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ÉçéÓ-´÷ô .. 9) to get the pinkslip = ÖüÓu-í∫ç-™ ç* ûÌ©-Tçîªúøç/ ÖüÓuí∫ç §Ú´úøç. a) following the recession, a number of employees are afraid they may get the pink slip =

ÇJnéπ´÷çü¿uç ´©x î√™«-´’çC ÖüÓuí∫’©’ ûª´’ ÖüÓuí∫ç §Ú´-îªaE ¶μºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. (Recession = ÇJnéπ ´÷çü¿uç – ¢√u§ƒ-®√©’, ÊÆ´-©èπ◊ T®√éà ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç, †≥ƒd©’ §Òçü¿-úøç)

b) The company has decided to give the manager the pink slip =

¢Ë’ØË-ï®˝†’ ûÌ©-Tç-î√©E éπç°F E®Ωg-®·ç-*çC. 4) To get ahead = îËÆæ’h†o ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ °jéÀ-®√-´úøç, ûªy®Ω-ûªy-®Ωí¬ promotion §Òçü¿úøç. a) Unless you work very hard and put in extra work, you cannot get ahead in the company

†’´¤y ¶«í¬ v¨¡N’ç* Åü¿-†çí¬ °æEîËÊÆh ûª°æp Ñ éπç°-F™ °jéÀ ®√™‰´¤.

b) The deserving certainly get ahead in the company. It encourages merit and industry=

Å®Ω|ûª Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx Ñ éπç°-F™ ûª°æpéπ °jéÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’. Ñ ÆæçÆæn v°æA-¶μº†’, éπ%≠œE v§Úûªq-£œ«-Ææ’hçC. To deserve = Å®Ω|ûª Öçúøôç To come as a bolt from the blue = °œúø’-í∫’-§ƒô’ ™«çöÀ ¢√®Ωh/ °∂æ’-ô†. The news of his death came as a bolt from the blue=

ÅûªúÕ ´’®Ωù¢√®Ωh °œúø’-í∫’-§ƒô’™« û√éÀçC. Bolt = Thunder bolt = °œúø’í∫’ Blue = sky = Ç鬨¡ç

6) Be taken up with =

Çéπ-J{-ûª’-©-´úøç

I am quite taken up with the little child. =

Ç *†o Gúøf ††’o °æ‹Jhí¬ Çéπ-J{ç-*çC/ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ´·ü¿’lí¬ ÖçC. 5) To take on = ¶«üμ¿uûª BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. The manager likes her because she is willing to take on any responsibility =

Ç¢Á’ à ¶«üμ¿uûª-ØÁjØ√ Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd, ¢Ë’ØË-ï-®˝èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ É≠ædç. 8) Be in for = àüÓ îÁúø’ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-´úøç. a) If you continue to be late any more, you are in for trouble =

Éçéπ à´÷vûªç Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*aØ√ F °æE Å®·-†õ‰d/ Fèπ◊ Péπ~ °æúø’-ûª’çC.

b) She never thought she would be in for punishment =

ûª†èπ◊ Péπ~ °æúø-¶-ûÓç-ü¿E Ç¢Á’

ņ’-éÓ-ØË-™‰ü¿’. K. Achari, Vaikuntapuram Q. A. Applications shall be submitted in person to ...... B. Applications shall be produced by the candidate .... C. Hall tickets will despatched .....

be

D. Candidates shall be selected .....

Åçúø-®˝-™„jØ˛ îËÆœ† verbs í∫’Jç* ÆæçüË-£æ…-©’Ø√o®·. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¢√éπuç™ shall be submitted Åçõ‰ Ææ´’-Jpç-îª-•-úø-û√®· ÅE éπüΔ Å®Ωnç. Ææ´’Jpç-îª-•-ú≈L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√¢√-©çõ‰ should be submitted or shall have to be submitted

ÅE ®√¢√L éπüΔ. È®çúÓ ¢√éπuç™ E•ç-üμ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç îËߪ÷L ÅØË ü¿%≠œdûÓ ¢√ú≈L 鬕öÀd, should be produced or shall have to be produced

ÅE ®√¢√L éπüΔ. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. 1) Shall be, shall be + PP with he, she, it and they Applications (They) -

– Ééπ\úø á°æ¤púø÷ E•ç-üμ¿-†-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Applications shall be submitted - ÅN submit îËߪ’-•-ú≈L – Rule/ Order. Should ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ Order/ Necessity E ûÁLÊ°C. Rules ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ should Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. Hall tickets will be issued – Hall tickets they 鬕öÀd They + will - future - É´y-•-úøû√®·. Ééπ\úø rule v°æÆæ-éÀh-™‰ü¿’. Candidates (they)shall be selected - áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-éÓ-•-ú≈L/ ûª°æpéπ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-éÓ-•-úø-û√®Ω’. Shall have to be produced - ÉC ņ-´-Ææ®Ω ví¬çC∑éπç/ §ƒçúÕûªuç. Shall be produced Åçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ °æö«-ö-°æçûÓ ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC éπüΔ? A, B - ©™ E•ç-üμ¿-†©’ Ééπ\úø shall be + pp •ü¿’©’ shall have to be + pp ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. C, D ©™ - Simple Future.

JV Jayaprakash, Proddatur Q. Please clarify the following doubts.

äéπ ÉEy->-™‰-ô®˝ 'papers are given' ÅE ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬F Ééπ\úø papers have given ÅØ√L éπüΔ. am/ is / are + V3 üËEéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Am/ is/ are + pp - regular actions - passive. 1) Stars are seen at night.

(îª÷úø-•-úø-û√®·)

2) I am examined by the doctor once every month.

(°æKéπ~ îËߪ’-•-úø-û√†’)

3) He is paid Rs. 2000/- every month.

(îÁLxç-îª-•-úø-û√úø’) Papers have given = Papers have been given =

Ê°°æ®Ω’x ÉîËa¨»®· – Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ? É´y-•-ú≈f®· (É´yúøç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 15 -´÷-Ja 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nipun: What a relief! The officer has given the thumbs up for the proposals we sent for approval two weeks ago.

(Å•s! °ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ ØÁAh -†’ç* Cç°œ†ôx®·çC. ´’†ç È®çúø’ ¢√®√© éÀçü¿ Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç éÓÆæç °æç°œ†/ Ææ´’-Jpç-*† v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿†-©†’ Ç¢Á÷-Cç-î√®Ω’.) Nishanth: Why have you to wait so long for something that's for the public good? Why don't they give you a free hand in such matters?

(v°æñ« v¨Ïߪ’Ææ’q (public good) éÓÆæç ÖüËl-Pç*† ¢√öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ Åçûª-鬩ç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-ú≈™«? É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Fèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ É¢Ìya éπüΔ?)

(Å´¤†’. †’´¤y î√™« éπÈ®-èπ◊dí¬ Ææ´’Ææu†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. ´îËa ´÷JaÈéjØ√ Ø√ Nüμ¿’©’ ´÷®√a-©E Åúø’í∫’û√†’. Ñ °æE Ø√ v§ƒù«©’ ûÓúË-≤ÚhçC.) Nishanth: You had better. OK. I must be leaving. I have a tennis match coming and need some practice. I haven't had any for a week now.

(Ç °æE îÁ®·u. ÆæÍ®. ØË ¢Á∞«x-Léπ. Ø√èπ◊ (-ûªy®Ω-™-ØË) õ„EoÆˇ ´÷uî˝ -ÖçC. éÌç-ûª practice Å-´Ææ®Ωç. äéπ ¢√®Ωçí¬ practice ™‰ü¿-Ææ©’.) Nipun: How I wish I played Tennis too!

(؈÷ õ„EoÆˇ ÇúÕûË áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.)

Nipun: That's red tape. Very common in all government offices. Some private organizations are no exception.

Nishanth: Who's stopping you? Have a go at it sometime next week. You're going to be free then.

(ÅüË red tape. v°æ¶μº’ûªy 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷™x ÅA ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ωùç. éÌEo w°j¢Ëô’ ÆæçÆæn©÷ N’†-£æ…®·ç°æ¤™‰ç 鬴¤.)

(E†’o á´-®√-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’? ´îËa-¢√®Ωç á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ v°æߪ’-Aoç. Å°æ¤púø’ Fèπ◊ éÌçûª ë«S Öçô’çC éπüΔ?)

Nishanth: But that only delays things unnecessarily. The file you put up today takes two days to go to the top official. It takes another two days to return to you. Then there's the usual time taken to put it into action.

Nipun: Sure. I'll.

Å™«Íí

2 Thumbs

down

Åçõ‰, Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç §Òçü¿-éπ -§Ú-´úøç, ûÓÆœ-°æ¤-îªaúøç, v°æü¿-®Ωz† v°æï© ¢Á’°æ¤p §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. a) The project was given the thumbs down because it costs too much =

´’K ê®Ωa-®·ç-ü¿-´úøç ´©x Ç v§ƒñ„èπ◊d Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç §Òçü¿™‰ü¿’.

b) His action in the movie got the thumbs down =

Ç *vûªç™ ÅûªúÕ †ô† ¢Á’°æ¤p §Òçü¿-™‰ü¿’. Thumb = îËA ¶Ôô-†-¢Ë©’ éπüΔ. ¶Ôô-†-¢Ë©’ •ßª’öÀèπ◊çúË™« °œúÕ-éÀL ´‚ߪ’úøç, ¶Ôô-†-¢Ë©’ °jÈéAh îª÷°æúøç– Thumbs up = Åçû√ Ææ´uçí¬ ÖçC/ Ç¢Á÷-Cç--î√ç/ -Å-E, ÅüË ¶Ôô† ¢ËLE éÀçü¿èπ◊çúËô’x îª÷°œûË thumbs down àO’/ àüÓ ÆæJí¬ ™‰ü¿’ ÅE Å®Ωnç. 2) Give a free hand = ÊÆyîªa ¥ É´yúøç.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈.)

b) I've had enough of partnership business. I want to wash my hands of it and have a business of my own =

¶μ«í∫-≤ƒy´’u ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç Ø√éÌü¿’l. Éçéπ (NÆæ’-ÈíAh §Úߪ÷†’). üΔEo ´C-Lç--èπ◊E, Ø√ ≤Òçûª ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç °ô’d-éÓ-¢√-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

c) Don't tell me any more. I want to wash my hands of you =

ÉçÍéç ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. Ééπ FûÓ Ææç•ç--üμ¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-ü¿-©--éÓ-™‰ü¿’ ؈’. 6) Get out of hand = Åü¿’°æ¤ ûª°æpúøç/ Åü¿’-°æ¤™  °ôd-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. a) Following recession, unemployment is getting out of hand=

ÇJnéπ´÷çü¿uç ´©x, E®Ω’üÓuí∫ Ææ´’-Ææu†’ Åü¿’-°æ¤™ °ôd-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oç.

b) As the crowd got out of hand the police started a lathi charge =

It's thumbs up for Rehman's music

(é¬F Åçü¿’-´©x ņ-´-Ææ®Ω Ç©Ææuç ûª°æp àç ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ? †’Oy®ÓV Æœü¿l¥ç îËÆœ °jéÀ °æçÊ° °∂j©’ °j Å-Cμ-é¬JéÀ îËÍ®-Ææ-JéÀ È®çvúÓ-V©’. ´’Sx Ç ÅCμ-é¬J Ææçûªéπç Å®·u Fèπ◊ AJT ´îËaçü¿’èπ◊ ÉçéÓ È®çvúÓ-V©’ °æúø’-ûª’çC. Ç ûª®√yûª üΔEo Çîª-®Ωù™ °õ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Æ洒ߪ’ç ᙫ†÷ Å´¤-ûª’çC.) Nipun: OK. I have my hands full now. (I have) very little hope of being free even for this weekend. Even if it means my working on Sunday, I will do it. I will wash my hands of it and be free the whole of the next week.

(ÆæÍ®. É°æ¤púø’ Ø√ îËûª’-©-Eçú≈ °æE ÖçC. Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√EÈéjØ√ BJí¬_ Öçö«-†ØË Ç¨¡ ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. ÇC-¢√®Ωç °æE îËߪ÷Lq ´*aØ√ îË≤ƒh†’. Ñ °æE ´ü¿’-©’a-èπ◊E ´îËa ¢√®Ω´’çû√ BJ-éπí¬ Öçö«.) Nishanth: Yea. That's better. Finish off the work before it goes out of hand. I'm afraid you've taken on more than you can do. In future don't bite off more than you can chew.

(Å´¤†’. ÅüË ´’ç*C. à °æØÁjØ√ ´’†ç îËߪ’™‰†ç-ûªí¬ Ê°®Ω’èπ◊§ÚßË’ ´·çüË îËÊÆ-ߪ’úøç ´’ç*C. Ééπ´·çü¿’ †’´¤y îËߪ’-í∫-L-T† üΔE-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ØÁAh-ØË-Ææ’-éÓèπ◊.) Nipun: I'll certainly keep that in mind. Infact I've been so tied up with the work here that it's months since I have been to a movie.

(ÅC í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊ç-ö«†’. ÅÆæ©’ Ééπ\úÕ °æEûÓ BJé𠙉éπ-§Ú-´úøçûÓ ÆœE´÷ îª÷Æœ ØÁ© Å®·uçC.) Nishanth: I understand that. The trouble is that you can't put on hold any part of the work. Whatever you deal with is to be done promptly.

(؈’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. Ææ´’-ÊÆuç-ôçõ‰ F °æE™ àD èπÿú≈ Ç°æ-™‰´¤. †’´¤y îËÊÆ °æ†çû√ Å°æpöÀéπ°æ¤púø’ îËߪ÷-LqçüË.) Nipun: That's right. You've put your finger on the problem. At least next March, I'll ask for a change of duty. This work is taking the life out of me.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 541 Phrasal Verbs/ Idioms practice

™ ¶μ«í∫çí¬ Ñ ¢√®Ωç ´’JéÌ-Eoç-öÀE îª÷üΔlç. é¬Ææh v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°œÊÆh Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å©¢√ô’°æúÕ M.SURESAN ´’† conversation ™ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁLߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ØË éπÈ®-èπ◊dí¬ ¢√úË-Ææ’hçö«ç. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ÉN Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ î√™« Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’uN èπÿú≈. Åçü¿’éπE ¶«í¬ practice îËüΔlç. Look at the following expressions from the conversation above. 1. The officer has given the thumbs up for the proposal. 2. Why don't they give you a free hand in such matters? 3. That's red tape. 4. I have my hands full now. 5. I'll wash my hands of it and be free. 6. Finish off the work before it gets out of hand 7. In future don't bite off more than you can chew. 8. I am so tied up with the work here... 9. The trouble is that you can't put on hold any part of the work. 10. You've put your finger on the problem. 1) Thumbs up =

Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç, ņ’-´’A

a) A good number of Railway projects from our state did not get the centre's thumbs up =

´’† ®√≠æZç v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-*† î√™« È®j™‰y v§ƒñ„-èπ◊d©’ Íéçvü¿ç Ç¢Á÷ü¿ç §Òçü¿-™‰ü¿’.

b) It looks like his parents' thumbs up for his marrying the girl he loves =

Åûªúø’ vÊ°N’ç-*† Å´÷t-®·E °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅûªúÕ ûªLxü¿çvúø’©’ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊-ØË™« ÖØ√o®Ω’. Thumbs up Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç ÆœE-´÷©’, °æ¤Ææh-鬙«xçöÀ à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† v°æü¿-®Ωz-ØÁjØ√ v°æñ«--ü¿-®Ωù/ v°æñ«¢Á÷ü¿ç §Òçü¿úøç. Åçü¿J ¢Á’°æ¤p §Òçü¿úøç. a) Really grand. A.R.Rehman's Millionaire' =

It's thumbs up for music in 'Slumdog

íÌ°æp N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’. Ææx¢˛’-ú≈í˚ N’L-ߪ’-F®˝™  È®£æ…tØ˛ ÆæçUûªç Åçü¿J ¢Á’°æ‹p §ÒçCçC.

a) The Government doesn't always give a free hand to the police in dealing with law and order problems =

îªôdç E®Ωy-£æ«ù Å´’™x §ÚM-Ææ’-©èπ◊ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç °æ‹Jh ÊÆyîªa ¥ É´yü¿’.

b) I will join your company if you give me a free hand in financial matters =

ÇJnéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥-E-ÊÆhØË Øˆ’ O’ éπç°-F™ îË®Ω-û√†’. 3) Red tape = Ç°∂‘-Ææ’™x °æ†’©’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’K áèπ◊\´í¬ -î√ü¿-Ææhçí¬ ®Ω÷©’q, °æü¿l¥-ûª’© v°æ鬮Ωç §Ú´úøç, Åçü¿’-´©x éπLÍí ņ-´-Ææ®Ω ñ«°æuç. a) Because of red tape getting a ration card or a certificate in government offices takes a lot of time =

Å´’™x ÖçúË E•ç-üμ¿-†-©†’ ´’K -î√ü¿-Ææhçí¬ Å†’-Ææ-Jç-îªúøç ´©x Í®≠æØ˛ é¬®Ω’f-©’-é¬F, v°æ¶μº’ûªy 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷™x àüÁjØ√ ÆæJd-°∂œ-Èéö¸ §ÒçüËç-ü¿’-èπ◊-é¬F î√™« é¬©ç °æúø’-ûª’çC.

b) The old man died before he got his pension. The reason - the red tape in Govt. Offices =

Ç ´%ü¿’l¥úø’ °†{Ø˛ ®√éπ-´·çüË îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. 鬮Ωùç – v°æ¶μº’ûªy 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷™x ņ-´-Ææ®Ω -î√ü¿-Ææh°æ¤ E•ç-üμ¿-†© ´©x Ç©-Ææu¢Ë’. 4) Have one's hands full now = BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. a) I have my hands too full to help you now =

Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’ ؈’.

b) With the elections announced, every politician has his hands full now =

áEo-éπ©’ v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-ôçûÓ v°æA ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-¢Ëû√h BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oúø’.

c) She has her hands already full with her own children. I don't want my child to be an additional burden=

É°æp-öÀÍé Ç¢Á’èπ◊†o ´·í∫’_®Ω’ °œ©x™h Ç¢Á’ Ææûª-´’ûª´’´¤ûª÷ ÖçC. Ø√ Gúøf†’ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’ Ææç®Ω-éπ~ùèπ◊ ´CL Ç¢Á’ •®Ω’´¤ °çîª-™‰†’. 5) Wash hands of = Ææç•çüμ¿ç ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´úøç/ îËûª’©’ ü¿’©’-°æ¤-éÓ-´úøç/ ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-´úøç a) I am no longer interested in this old car. I want to wash my hands of it =

Ñ §ƒûª é¬®Ω’ O’ü¿ Ø√Íéç ÇÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’. DEo ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-¢√-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.

Å©xJ ´‚éπ©’ Åü¿’°æ¤ ûª°æpúøçûÓ §ÚM-Ææ’©’ ™«K∏©’ v°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√Lq ´*açC. c) Prices are getting out of hand =

üμ¿®Ω©’ Åü¿’°æ¤ ûª°æ¤p-ûª’-Ø√o®·/ Eߪ’ç-vAç-‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√oç.

7) To bite off more than one can chew =

Å©-N-é¬E °æE îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ °æ‹†’-éÓ-´úøç. ´’†ç îËߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-üΔ-Eéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ¶«üμ¿uûª ØÁAh† ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. a) Mom is quite busy at home. Now she has taken up this job which is tiring. She has bitten off more than she can chew =

Å´’tèπ◊ ÉçöÀ-°æØË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. É°æ¤p-úË¢Á÷ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ îËJçC. ¶«í¬ ÅL-Æœ-§Ú-ûÓçC. ûª†èπ◊ ´©x-é¬E°æ-E ØÁAh-ØË-Ææ’-èπ◊çC (îËߪ’-™‰-üΔ-¢Á’).

b) If you try to root out corruption in India, you will be biting off more than you can chew =

¶μ«®Ω-û˝™ ÅN-F-AE E®Ω÷t-Lç-îªúøç ´©x-é¬E/ ≤ƒüμ¿uç-é¬E °æE ØÁAh-ØË-≤Ú\-´-úø¢Ë’ (îËߪ’úøç).

8) Be tied up with = 4) Have one's hands full =

BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç

a) All officers are tied up with the elections now and are unable to attend to their usual duties =

ÅCμ-é¬-®Ωxç-ü¿®Ω÷ áEoéπ-©-ûÓ ûª©-´·-†éπ-©’í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ´÷´‚©’ Nüμ¿’©’ °æöÀdç--èπ◊ØË ÆœnA™ ™‰®Ω’.

b) I am tied up with my regular job and have no time for earning on the side =

Ø√èπ◊†o ÖüÓu-í∫ç-ûÓØË BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. ¢ËÍ® Nüμ¿çí¬ úø•’s Ææ秃-CçîË Æ洒ߪ’ç ™‰ü¿’. 9) Put on hold = ¢√®·üΔ ¢Ëߪ’úøç. °æE Ç°œ Öçîªúøç (Åúøfç-èπ◊© ´©x) a) The government has put on hold some of its projects for want of funds =

Eüμ¿’© éÌ®Ωûª ´©x v°æ¶μº’ûªyç éÌEo v§ƒñ„-èπ◊d-©†’ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ Ç°œ Öç*çC.

b) His appointment has been put on hold for want of some information =

àüÓ éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ, ÅûªúÕ Eߪ÷-´’-é¬Eo ¢√®·üΔ ¢Ë¨»®Ω’. 10) Put a finger on the problem = Ææ´’-Ææu†’, ï•’s†’ éπ*aûªçí¬ í∫’Jhç-îªúøç. a) I know he has some problem but I am not able to put my finger on it =

¢√úÕ-ÍéüÓ Ææ´’Ææu Öçü¿E ûÁ-©’Ææ’, é¬F ÅC éπ*aûªçí¬ ÉD ÅE îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o.

b) The doctor put the finger on the problem when he said Kumar was over eating =

ÅAí¬ A†úø¢Ë’ èπ◊´÷®˝ Ææ´’-ÆæuE, ú≈éπd®˝ ÅûªúÕ Ææ´’Ææu†’ éπ*aûªçí¬ îÁ§ƒpúø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 22 -´÷-Ja 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

K. Sambasiva Rao, Tanuku Q. Future plans simple present, present continuous

†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ

¢√úøû√ç. Ç È®çúÕçöÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Future plans †’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’é¬F, future †’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ simple present, present continuous ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË future ™ °æE á°æ¤púø’ éπ*aûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çüÓ îÁ°æpí∫-L-T-†-°æ¤púø’ Åçõ‰ time of future action ûÁL-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ future actions èπ◊, present simple, present continuous ¢√úøû√ç. Will be/ shall be, will/ shall + 1st RDW •ü¿’©’. I will go there soon/ next week. (Åçûª éπ*aûªçí¬ é¬ü¿’) I am going there tomorrow. (éπ*aûªç) (Present continuous) I meet him, next week. Q. I wish I had a car. simple present, simple past A. I wish I had a car I had a car car Car

(éπ*aûªç)

É™« éπLÆœ ´≤ƒhߪ÷? Ééπ\úø ņo°æ¤púø’, Ø√éÀ-°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’. Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«´¤çô’çC ÅE ņ’-éÓ-´úøç – É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ B®ΩE éÓJéπ. É™«çöÀ B®ΩE éÓJéπ-©’ ûÁL-Ê°-ô-°æ¤púø’ I/ we/ they wish, He/ she wishes Past Doing Word (Past simple)

ÅE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç*

ûª®√yûª

M. Bharat Kumar, Hyderabad Q. Which of the following is correct? 1. Suresh went to Hemanth's house (should I indicate time) 2. Suresh went to Hemanth's house yesterday/ day before yesterday. A. Usually when you use the past simple tense for a past action at a definite time, unless it is indicated by the context. I went to Hemanth's home Yesterday/ the day before yesterday - correct. I have been to Hemanth's home (no time mentioned) - correct. Usually 'have gone' is not used with, I, we or you. Instead 'have been' is used. 'Have gone' with I/ we/ you suggests that I am, we/ you are on the way to a place or at that place. Being there, it is impossible for me, us or you to tell people back at the place you've started from, that I/We/ you have gone. So we use 'have been to (a place)' in such circumstances. Q. 1. Suresh came to my home. 2. Suresh came to my house.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.

2

Q. Might

¢√úø’-éπ†’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Might - Past form of 'may'

(í∫ûªç™ ïJ-Íí-üË¢Á÷ – ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) I thought that he might come =

Åûªúø’ ´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷ ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Might - É°æ¤púø’ (Present ™) ¶«í¬ ÆæçüË£æ«çí¬ ÖçúË N≠æߪ’ç. They might help you. Try = ¢√∞¡Ÿx Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-Í®¢Á÷ (î√™« ÆæçüË£æ«ç). v°æߪ’-Aoç. Ch. Spandana, Bonala Q. Conditional sentences Type-I, Type-II, TypeIII

OöÀE N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. I. Condition: a) Probable present If he comes here his mother will be happy =

-Å-ûªúÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´ÊÆh ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hçC (-Å-ûªúø’ ´îËa Å´-é¬-¨¡´‚ ÖçC, ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠œçîË Å´-é¬-¨¡´‚ ÖçC)–

ii) If I had been there, I wouldn't have allowed it =

؈-éπ\úø ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, ؈C ï®Ω-í∫-E-îËa¢√úÕE 鬆’. (؈’ ™‰†’, ÅC ïJ-T-§Ú®·çC). Ééπ\úø ´’†ç ¢√úø-í∫-L-T† Éûª®Ω

Verbs. If Clause (Conditional Clause) Had been/ Had + PP (Past Participle)

Main Clause Would have been Should or Could have + PP Might Q. Simple, compound, complex sentences

}

†’

í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Simple, Compound and Complex sentences. a) CLAUSE - a group of words with a verb. eg. If he comes here comes verb group of words, Clause. b) Main Clause clause - He knows English. c) Subordinate Clauseclause- When he meets you next. d) No of clauses in a sentence = No. of verbs in the sentence. He knows that she is here =

ÉC

She wishes she wer e rich

ÅØË

Ö†o 鬕öÀd

ÉC

°æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç

Ö†o

¢√úøû√ç. I wish I attended the function.

(Ç Functionèπ◊ ؈’ ¢ÁRûË áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC) – ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. She wishes she were rich = ûª†’ üμ¿E-èπ◊-®√™„j Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC. ÅE ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. Q. Do forms ÅØËN is/ was/ are / were/ am ©ûÓ§ƒ-ô’í¬ ´≤ƒhߪ÷? What we did was not, perhaps, entirely sporting Ñ ¢√éπuç™ É™« ¢√úøôç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. What we did was ... Ééπ\úø do form (did)ûÓ was (be form) ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’. What we did was not, perhaps, entirely sporting – Ééπ\úø did èπ◊, was èπ◊ àO’ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Did äéπ verb, was ÉçéÌéπ verb. What we did = ¢Ë’ç îËÆ œçC. Was perhaps not entirely sporting = Åçûª °æ‹Jhí¬ sporting é¬üË¢Á÷. (Sporting = Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË ûªûªyç – üËEo í∫’Jç-îª-®·Ø√ Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ éÓ°æç ûÁa-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈) Q. Neither E ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ Inversion form ´Ææ’hçüΔ ®√üΔ? éÀçC ¢√éπuç™ DE Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Neither were we. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Neither †’ subject í¬ treat îËÊÆh we place ™ üΔE objective form us Öçú≈L éπüΔ? A. Neither- †’ sentence or clause beginning ™ ¢√úÕûË Inversion ´Ææ’hçC. He is not here, neither is his wife (inversion) They were not told, neither were we. Neither of Inversion Neither were we neither subject we Q. Primary purposes Post office, Bed, Bustand, Railway station, Hospital, School, Church etc. the

Å®·ûË

®√ü¿’. é¬ü¿’,

Å-E ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûªç ™, éπüΔ. †’ Ææ÷*ç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’

™«çöÀ °æüΔ© ¢√úøç. é¬F éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x ¢√ú≈®Ω’. ´·çü¿’ É™« ¢√úøôç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

1. Why do we go to the Hospital? (for medical checkup). 2. Why do we go to the post office? (We go to the post office to buy stamps and covers). Primary purpose A. we patients sentences Grammatical

Ééπ\úø ÅØËC é¬ü¿’ v°æ¨¡o. O’JÅçõ‰ ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ *a† v°æ¨¡o™x é¬ü¿’ éπüΔ? Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† ´‚úø÷ èπÿú≈ ÆæÈ®j†N 鬴¤. í¬ ÅN Öçú≈-Lq† Nüμ¿ç: 1) Why do we go to a hospital? (a = any) a) For a medical check up. 2) Why do we go to a post office (a = any)

Probable present -

ÉC

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 542 3. Suresh was at my home. 4. Suresh spent whole of his holidays at my home. A. Suresh came to my home/ M.SURESAN my place - correct, and so is Suresh was at my home (correct). 4) Correct. Q. What is the meaning of below sentence? My home is at Abids half a km off Grand trunk road. Is the above sentence indicate Grand trunk road is half a km from Abids or My home is half a km from Grand trunk road. A. My home is at Abids, half a Km distant from the Ground Trunk Road. Q. If we are having visitors, the house will need a good cleaning. Is it correct? A. If we are having visitors, the house will need a good cleaning - correct. (House-any building where people can live. Home - a place/ house where we live with our family. However, house may sometimes mean the place we live in with our family when we refer to it in a General way. e.g: We don't find a thing in the house just when we need it. Suresh, Devarapalli Q. As soon as

†’ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úø-´îÓa

N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. As soon as =

¢ÁçôØË.

As soon as he saw the police he ran away =

§ÚMÆæ’†’ îª÷Æœ† ¢ÁçôØË Åûªúø’ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. †’ á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a? A. Would- í∫ûªç (Past) †’ç* future †’ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. He said he would help her = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√oúø’ (í∫ûªç™) Could - Past Ability í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁLÊ° Nüμ¿ç. Q. Would, could

He could be a CM because he had been an actor =

Åûªúø’ †ô’-úÕí¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’. Åçü¿’-´©x ´·êu-´’çvA Å´-í∫-L-í¬úø’ (í∫ûªç – ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç)

É°æ¤púø’í¬F, ™í¬F ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: future

'If' clause/ conditional clause (If he comes here) Verb, 'comes', present tense,

™

Main Clause (His mother will feel happy) Verb - will feel- future tense. verb forms.

™ ´’†ç ¢√úøí∫LÍí Éûª®Ω

Éçü¿’™

If Clause

Main Clause

(Conditional Clause

(

≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁLÊ°

clause)

Å®Ωnç

Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ü¿E. Ñ sentence ™ È®çúø’ verbs ÖØ√o®· éπüΔ? 1) knows 2) Is Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ sentence ™ È®çúø’

clauses - 1) He knows 2) That she is here. He knows = - Main Clause. - meanthat she is here = ing not complete subordinate clause. main clause sentence - sim1) ple sentence verb sentencesimple sentence. has eg: He has a beautiful car verb clausemain clause simple sentence. sentence He has a car which is beautiful. verbs -1) has, 2) is clausesMain Clause 1) He has = car 2) a car which is beautiful car - subordinate clausecomplex sentencesubordisentence complex nate clause

Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – DEéÀ °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç

°æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç ÖçúË clause)

Am/ is/ are/ I RDW/

Shall/ will/

II RDW (go/ goes, take/

can/ may.

ÖçC

Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçü¿E

äÍé äéπ

takes)

Ö†o

Åçõ‰ äÍé

b) Improbable

Present

Conditional-

v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫-EC. Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’ ®√úø’/ ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’, ®√´úøç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË, ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hçC (¢√úø’ ®√†÷-®√úø’, ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-ô´‚ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’)

ii) If I were a Minister, you would be my P.A. = PA PA

؈’ ´’çvAí¬ Öçúøôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (É°æ¤púø’), †’´¤y Ø√ í¬ Öçö«´¤/ E†’o Ø√ í¬ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’ (ÅD ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’, ÉD ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ – É°æ¤púø’.) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: If clause ™, 'I' singular Å®·Ø√, verb - were (plural). É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ´’†ç ¢√úø-í∫-L-T† Éûª®Ω verbs. If Clause

Main Clause

(Conditional)

Would/ should/

(Past doing word-

Ö†o

Éçü¿’™

i) If he come here, his mother would be happy =

were/ PDW

°æ‹Jh-é¬E

Could/ might be or Would/ should/

鬕öÀd äÍé 鬕öÀd ÉC

äÍé

ÅüË

Ñ

™ È®çúø’

ÖØ√o®·. Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ Åûª-úÕéÀ ÖçC –

Öçô’çüÓ ÅC (Åçü¿-¢Á’i-† – DEéÀ Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ÉC Ö†o ´÷ô.

à )

Åçü¿çí¬

Åçõ‰,

ņo-

3) He has a car and it is beautiful car verbs sentence 1) has, 2) is. clauses. car a) He has a car = - main clause. b) and it is beautiful = main clause. sentence main clauses clauses compound sentence. Main Clause - Simple sentence. One main Clause + 1 or more subordinate clauses - Complex sentence. 2 or more main clauses - Compound sentence.

Åûª-úÕéÀ ÖçC. ÅC Åçü¿-¢Á’içC. È®çúø’ Ñ ™– ÅN, Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ Åûª-úÕéÀ

ÖçC. Å®Ωnç

°æ‹®Ωh-®·çC

took, went, sang, etc-

could/ might +

Past tense forms)

1st RDW (take, go, sing etc)

c) Impossible past -

ÉC Å®·-§Ú-®·† N≠æߪ’ç. Å®·-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC, ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æߪ’ç, ïJ-í∫’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC – ÅØË °æJ-ÆœnA™ ¢√úøû√ç. i) If she had started earlier, he would have seen her =

Ç¢Á’ é¬Ææh ´·ç-ü¿’í¬ •ßª’-™‰lJ Öçõ‰, Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ îª÷ÊÆ-¢√úË. (Ç¢Á’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ •ßª’-™‰l-JçC – Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’)

ÅC Åçü¿-¢Á’içC. DEéÀ Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC – ÉD Ñ ™ È®çúø’ È®çúø’ Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Öçõ‰ ÅC îª÷úøçúÕ: äÍé

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 29 -´÷-Ja 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Suyodh: Hi you appear to be very busy.

really surprised.

(î√™« BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o-ô’d-Ø√o´¤?) Sukeerthi: You can say that. I've been working at this problem tidying up since yesterday and still have a lot more to do.

(Å´¤†’ Eï¢Ë’. Ñ Ææ´’Ææu í∫’Jç* E†oöÀ †’ç* Ææûª-´’-ûª-´’-´¤-ûª’Ø√o. Éçé¬ îËߪ÷-LqçC î√™« ÖçC.) Suyodh: Certainly you are going all out to make the house look attractive, but you know, an old house is an old house.

(Eï¢Ë’. áçûª BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊Ø√o, Åéπ\ Ç °æEéÀ ´÷vûªç ᙫíÓ äéπ™« éÌçûª Æ洒ߪ’ç ÉÆæ’hçC.) Sukeerthi: That only shows 'where there is a will, there is a way.'

(Åçü¿’-´©x ûÁL-ÊÆC àN’-ôçõ‰.. ´’†Ææ’çõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç Öçô’ç-ü¿E.) Suyodh: She asks me to help her, but never find myself upto it. Just to please her, I put on an act of tidying up. She is too smart to be taken in and tells me off, and to get out.

(Ñ ÉçöÀE Åçü¿çí¬ îËߪ÷-©E ÅEo v°æߪ’-û√o©÷ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. é¬F §ƒûª É©’x §ƒûª É™‰x éπü∆?) Sukeerthi: The house is old, true, but it is spacious and airy. No new building can match it in comfort and convenience.

(É©’x §ƒûªüË. Å®·ûË î√™« N¨»-©-¢Á’içD, í¬M ¢Á©’ûª’®Ω’ ¶«í¬ ´îËa-D†’. ≤˘êuç, ≤˘éπ-®√u™x éÌûªh éπôd-ú≈-™‰O DEéÀ ≤ƒöÀ®√´¤.)

(ûª†èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-´’E ††o-úø’-í∫’-ûª’çC, é¬F Ç°æE ´÷vûªç îËÊÆ ã°œéπ Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’éπE àüÓ îËÆœ-†ô’x †öÀ≤ƒh. Åçûª ¢Á÷Ææ-§ÚßË’çûª ûÁL-N-™‰-EC é¬ü¿’ Ç¢Á’. ü∆çûÓ ††’o AöÀd ¢ÁRx-§Ò-´’tç-ô’çC.) Sukeerthi: That's really bad of you. You ought to help her.

(ÅC ûª°æ¤p. †’¢√y-¢Á’èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-ú≈L.) Suyodh: Oh, No. That's not my cup of tea, whatever you say.

Suyodh: You seem to be thinking a world of your place. You don't mind going to any length to keep it neat and tidy.

2

9) I never find myself up to it.

É°æ¤púø’ underline Phrasal idioms

°j† îËÆ œ† verbs/

Å®Ωnç, ¢√öÀ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç: O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. °j expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ °æEéÀ, v¨¡´’èπ◊, ÉçöÀ ¨¡Ÿv¶µº-ûªèπÿ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†´E. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. 1) Go all out to = àüÁjØ√ ≤ƒCµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûª v¨¡´’ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç. a) Gandhi would go all out to make peace even with the worst enemy =

•ü¿l¥ ¨¡vûª’-´¤ûÓ ¨»çA èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ í¬çDµ áçûª v¨¡´’-ÈéjØ√ ¢Á†’-é¬-úË¢√®Ω’ é¬ü¿’.

He went all out to get his party ticket to stand for the election = party ticket

ü¿’èπ◊ ûª† °æ-ú≈fúø’.

áEo-éπ™x §Úöà îËÊÆç§ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûÓ v¨¡´’-

a) Politicians think nothing of swallowing public funds =

v°æñ«-üµ¿-Ø√Eo N’çí∫úøç î√™« Ææ’©-¶µº-¢Á’içCí¬/ Åçûª Å≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ’çí¬ Å†’-éÓ®Ω’.

b) I find it difficult to travel long distances, whereas my sister thinks nothing of it =

Ø√Íé¢Á÷ ü¿÷®Ω v°æߪ÷-ù«-©çõ‰ éπ≠dçæ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC, ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u ÅC Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. 6) spick and span = Åûªuçûª °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µº-¢Á ’i†, ´·êuçí¬ É∞¡Ÿx, GLfç-í∫’©’ ™«çöÀN. ÉC î√™« Ö°æßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´÷ô (O’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úøçúÕ). a) What if their house is small? They keep it spick and span =

¢√∞¡x É©’x *†o-üÁj-ûË-ØËçöÀ? î√™« îªéπ\í¬ Åü¿l癫 °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µºçí¬ Öç-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

2) Think a world of =

äéπJE í∫’Jç*, äéπ-ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ´’†èπ◊ î√™« íÌ°æp ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Öçúøôç.

b) Everything about the studio is spick and span; not even a speek of dust anywhere =

Think nothing of something

(O’ É©xçõ‰ FÈéçûÓ íÌ°æp ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Ö†o-ô’dçC. ü∆Eo ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬, Å´’-J-éπí¬ ÖçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûª v¨¡¢Á’iØ√ °æúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Féπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.) Sukeerthi: I find real pleasure in it. It's a labour of love for me.

(Å´¤†’. Eï¢Ë’. É©’x Ææ®Ωlúøç Ø√éÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’i† v¨¡´’.) Suyodh: How different we are, though so close! You think nothing of it whereas I just can't even think of doing it.

(Åçûª ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-©-¢Á’i† ´’†™ áçûª ûËú≈! É©’x Ææ®Ωlúøç †’´¤y *öÀ-éπ™ îËÊÆ-°æ-Eí¬ Å†’èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. Ø√Íé¢Á÷ -Ç- Ç™-îª-ØË-®√ü¿’.) Sukeerthi: It all depends on how you look at it. Your place looks spick and span as well. Your sister is there to do it up, even if you don't.

(àüÁjØ√ ´’†ç ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ņ’-èπ◊ØË ü∆Eo-•öÀd Öçô’çC. (éπ≠dçæ ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ éπ≠dçæ , Ææ’©¶µºç ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ’©¶µºç.) O’ É©’x èπÿú≈ Åü¿l癫 ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öçô’çC. †’´¤y îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ O’ Åéπ\ ÖçC éπü∆ É©’x ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ ÖçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Suyodh: You are right there. Sister some how squeezes it into her tight work. I am Suresh, Devarapalli Q. Talk, said

© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Talk = ´÷ö«x-úø-ôç Say = îÁ°æpúøç Q. While †’ á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √L? A. While - 1) È®çúø’ °æ†’-©†’ v°æ≤ƒhNÆæ÷h äéπöÀ ïJ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ ï®Ω-í∫-ú≈Eo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) He thinks a world of his son who isn't all that great =

ûª† éÌúø’-èπ◊†’ í∫’Jç* Çߪ’† áçûÓ íÌ°æpí¬ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. ÅûªØËç Åçûª íÌ°æp¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 543 (Ç. Ø√´-©x-é¬ü¿’. †’¢Ëy´’Ø√o ņ’. Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰E°æE ÅC.) Sukeerthi: Suit yourself.

b) She thinks a world of her ability to dance =

M.SURESAN

(ÆæÍ®. F É≠ædç)





She thinks no end of her talent as a singer.


´’† Eûªu-@-N-ûªç™ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωn-´’ßË’u Phrasal verbs/ idioms -†’ í∫’-Jç-* É°æ¤púø’ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç. OöÀûÓ Spoken English î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬, Åv°æ-ߪ’ûªoçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†oô’d ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) You certainly go all out to .... 2) You seem to be thinking a world of your place. 3) You don't mind going to any length .... 4) It's a labour of love for me 5) You think nothing of it. 6) Your place looks spick and span. 7) Your sister is there to do it up. 8) Sister somehow squeezes it into her tight work.

-A. Neither... nor = ÅD-™‰ü¿’/ ÉD-™‰ü¿’. Neither my friends nor I am interested in it =

ü∆E™ ÇÆæéÀh Ø√èπÿ ™‰ü¿’, Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©èπÿ ™‰ü¿’. M.Chandrashekar, Srikalahasti Q. Will

ûª† Ø√ôu v°æA-¶µº†’ í∫’Jç* Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« íÌ°æp ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’¢Ë’ ÖçC. DE-èπ◊†o Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË ÉçéÓ expression 'think no end of' (î√™« íÌ°æpí¬ Å†’-éÓ-´-úøç).

ûÓ äéπ ¢√éπuç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ÅC E®Ωg-ߪ’¢Á÷, ÖüËl-¨¡¢Á÷ ᙫ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L? ûËú≈†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. A. I/ we ™ will ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púË E®Ωgߪ’ç/ ÖüËl-¨»Eo a) While his parents toiled, he enjoyed himûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. self= ¢√∞¡x ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ éπ≠d-° æ æ-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’/ eg: I will buy the car whatever the price = üµ¿®Ω áçûÁjØ√ Ç car †’ ؈’ éÌçö«†’/ éÌE- B-®Ω-û√†’ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø’-ûª’çõ‰, Åûª-úË¢Á÷ q îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úø’. (E®Ωgߪ’ç). (Toil = éπ≠d-° æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç/ v¨¡N’ç-îªúøç) We will meet him (ÅûªúÕE ¢Ë’ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«ç.) b) While they are putting themselves to - Intention (ÖüËl¨¡ç) – ´÷èπ◊ ÅûªúÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË such trouble, you are laughing at them = ÖüË l¨¡ç ÖçC. Åçûª v°æߪ÷-Ææ- ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æúø’-ûª’çõ‰/ °æúø’ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y †´¤y-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. B. Venkatesh, Kovvur Q. Neither (or) nor -Å®√n-Eo -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-ûÓ N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. -

í¬ßª’-Eí¬ ûª† v°æA-¶µº†’ í∫’Jç* Ç¢Á’ áçûÓ íÌ°æpí¬ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC/ í∫®Ωyçí¬ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. 3) Go to any lengths/ go to great lengths =

´’†ç ≤ƒCµç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-ü∆Eo ≤ƒCµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûª v¨¡´’-ÈéjØ√ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç. a) Now a days parents go to any length/ great lengths to educate their children =

ûª´’ °œ©xLo îªC-Nç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ØËöÀ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ áçûª v¨¡´’ÈéjØ√ ¢Á†’-é¬-úøôç ™‰ü¿’.

b) He did go to great lengths to make a mark as a film actor but could not succeed = (cinema)

*vûª éπ∞¡™ Ê°®Ω’ §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûÓ v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈fúø’ é¬F Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿-™‰ü¿’.

4) Think nothing of something = To find something very easy =

à °æE-ØÁjØ√ î√™«

Ç Ææ÷dúÕßÁ÷ î√™« °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µºçí¬ Öçô’çC. áéπ\ú≈ ü¿’´·t éπùç ÅØËC éπE-°œç-îªü¿’. speek = î√™« *†o ´·éπ\. A speek in the ocean = ´’£æ…Ææ-´·-vü¿ç™ î√™« *†o ´Ææ’h´¤. 7) Do up = É©’x ™«çöÀN °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶µºçí¬ ÖçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ®Ωlúøç. a) I cannot start now. I have to do up the home before I leave =

É°æ¤púË •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰†’. •ßª’-™‰l-Í®´·çü¿’ É©xçû√ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç îËߪ÷L. b) The house hasn't been done up = É©’x ÆæJl-†ô’xí¬ éπ†-°æ-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ´Ææ’h-´¤-©çû√ *çü¿®Ω ´çü¿®Ωí¬ °æúÕ ÖØ√o®·. Do up the bed = °æéπ\ Ææ®Ωlúøç. Do up hair = Æ‘Y©’ Vô’d Ææ´-Jç* neat í¬ ïúø-¢Ë-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç / Å©ç-éπ-Jç-éÓ-´úøç. a) Find oneself upto something = äéπ °æE îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçÆœ-ü¿l¥ûª/ ´’†Ææ’ Öçúøôç. b) I don't feel up to telling the parents that their child's condition is serious =

Ç ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©èπ◊ ûª´’ Gúøf °æJ-ÆœnA î√™« Bv´çí¬ Öçü¿E îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†-Ææ \-Jç-îª-úøç-™‰ü¿’.

c) I don't feel upto standing in the long queue for a movie ticket =

ÆœE´÷ öÀÈéö¸ éÓÆæç Åçûª §Òúø-¢Áj† èπÿu™ E©•úøôç Ø√´-©x-é¬ü¿’. Ñ feel up to áèπ◊\-´í¬ not ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç – Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç/ É≠æd癉ü¿ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å†’-éÓ-´úøç. Å-™«Íí ¢√é¬u-©’ ÆæÈ®j-†-¢Ó, é¬--¢Ó -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

É-C éπÈ®Íéd

 I will be happy to see him. A.

Åûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ îª÷-ú≈f-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç (éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ Éçé¬). éπÈ®Íéd.

 He shall be here tomorrow. .  When shall you come next week. you/ he/ she/ it and they shall questions  She shall help you.

- Å-ûªúø’ Í®°æ¤ -É-éπ\úø éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçö«úø’. éπÈ®Íéd

ÉC ûª°æ¤p. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ûÓ ™ ¢√úøç.

Ç¢Á’ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷L (Åç-ûª ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’).  When shall you be free? When will you be free?  I will come next week. Correct  I shall try it. I shall try it - correct.

Åçõ‰

 We will meet again tomorrow. .  It will not be sir. correct.  She will have my help. Correct. Shall and will lessons 1-20

correct

(Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd)

í∫’Jç* N-´-Jç-î√ç, -îª÷-úøç-úÕ.

™ -

K.L.N.Rao, Tenalai Q. Did you think su-do-ku easy? Did A. . Did you think it was easy? Did you know.......? past form, 'did' usage, grammar rule apply 'Did you know it?' challenge

-Ñ -¢√éπuç-™ -¢√-úø-ôç éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√? éπÈ®Íéd ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬, Å™« ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? ÉC Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ÅE ¢√-úø-û√ç. ÉC DEéÀ é¬ü¿’. ÉC Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? í¬ Åúø-í∫ôç. ÅE

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 5 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

T. Venkateswara Rao, Repalle Q. 1. Do, make

© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈†’

ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. Do , make ûËú≈: Do Åçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ àü¿-®·Ø√ °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç. e.g: Have nothing to do = ë«Sí¬ Öçúøôç, àç °æE-™‰éπ. do a job = °æE/ ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ’úøç. do cooking, cleaning etc (Ç °æ†’©’ îËߪ’úøç). make = ´·êuçí¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’úøç. Make Cement (Æœ¢Á’çö¸ éπç°-F©’)/ make chapathis (ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’úøç)/ Make clear (Ææp≠ædç îËߪ’úøç)/ Make a noise (do noise ņçéπü∆?)/ make a decision (E®Ωgߪ’ç îËߪ’úøç/ BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç) Q. Let we go ņ-´î√a? Let us go èπ◊ Let we go èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Let we go ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Let ûª®√yûª me/ us/ him/ her/ it/ them ´≤ƒh®·. I/ we/ he/ she/ they ®√´¤. Q. Spoken English èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* à dictionary ´’ç*C? A. Spoken English dictionary

©çô÷

v°æûËu-éπçí¬ ™‰´¤. L.S.N.Murthy, Hyderabad Q.

b) I did not need to go to Chennai to meet him. He happened to be here when I wanted to see him =

îÁØÁj oéÀ ¢Á∞«x-Lq† Å´Ææ®Ωç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC. ؈-ûª-úÕE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-†o°æ¤púø’ Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’. c) You ought not do such things = Å™«çöÀ °æ†’©’ îËߪ’úøç ÆæJé¬ü¿’/ FA-é¬ü¿’ (Present Tense) You ought not to have done it = (Past).

†’´y-™«çöÀ

°æE îËÆæ’ç-ú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’.

Q.

®√vA Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’iûË – Ééπ\úø Å®·† °æéπ~ç™ ÅE condition †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC 鬕öÀd ÉC conditional clause. Rule: No future tense in conditional clause - conditional clause tense, will, shall

Åçõ‰,

K. Aravind, Kandukur A.

2

™ ™«çöÀN ®√´¤.

future

J. Mahesh, Penta (Srikakulam)

@®Ó ö«©-È®Ø˛q Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? áçûª-´÷vûªç Æ棜«ç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´úøç, îªö«d© Ö©xç-°∂æ’††’/ *†o-*†o ûª°æ¤pLo èπÿú≈. e.g: There is zero tolerance in some of the gulf countries =

í∫™¸p¥ ü˨»-©™ îªö«d© Ö©xç°∂æ’††’ à´÷-vûª´‚ Æ棜«ç-Ω’ – éπJ∏† Péπ~©’ NCµ≤ƒh®Ω’ – *†o-*†o ûª°œp-ü∆-©-èπÿ\ú≈.

Q. I am a boy, aren't I? question tag I am a boy, amn't I? I am a boy, aren't I?

a) No sooner did he come/ had he come here, Than he met the officer (Did he come = He came) b) Never does he lie = He never lies (lies = does lie)

-Å-†o-¢√é¬u-EéÀ

- äéπ-îÓ-ô

Å-E -´’®Ó -Å-E -Öç-C.È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-™ -îÓ-ô -à-C éπÈ®èπ◊d ? A. Am á°æ¤púø’ question tag ™ ´*aØ√ Aren't I? Å´¤-ûª’çC. 鬕öÀd I am a boy, aren't I? Å-†-úø¢Ë’ correct.

Janardhanara Rao, Bangalore

I am young, aren't I?

Q. I had haven't money because I didn't study M.A. in English literature since 2003.

Å®·ûË, 'I am not bad' ÅE stem (Question tag Öç-úË senstence ™ statement ¶µ«í∫ç) Öçõ‰, ´’Rx question tag, 'Am I?' Å-†-úø¢Ë’ correct.

c) Rarely did he meet her = He rarely meet her (met = did meet) Q. Rather, rather than

°æü∆© ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ´’†èπ◊ †îªaE N≠æ-ߪ’ç é¬Ææh áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË Öçü¿E°œÊÆh rather Åçö«ç. é¬Ææh ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. a) The movie is rather dull - Ç ÆœE´÷ é¬Ææh NÆæ’Íí/ ÅçûËç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. b) The book is rather expensive = Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç é¬Ææh êK-üÁjçüË. c) I am rather tired = ؈’ é¬Ææh ÅL-Æ œ-§Úߪ÷.

A. Rather -

Rather than: Prefer to =

There is zero tolerance in some countries

ÅvúøÆˇ îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’í∫chairman ¢√-JéÀ Åçö«ç. Çúø-¢√-JéÀ chairperson Åçö«ç. Chairwoman ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ-èπÿ-úøü¿’? A. Chairwoman ņ-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E àO’-™‰ü¿’. ņ-´îª’a. ûªÊ°pç-é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË ¨¡û√-¶«l© ûª®Ω-•úÕ woman Åçõ‰ à Æ‘YÈéjØ√, lady Åçõ‰ Ö†oûª ûª®Ω-í∫-AéÀ îÁçC†, íı®Ω-´-F-ߪ·-®√-™„j† Æ‘Y ÅØË ¶µ«´ç Ö†oç-ü¿’† î√™«´’çC Chairwoman •ü¿’©’ Chairperson áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Q. õ„j¢˛’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ 4 a.m. ÅØ√™« ™‰ü∆ 4 A.M. ÅØ√™«? A. a.m. (®√vA 12 †’ç* °æí∫©’ 12 ´®Ωèπ◊) British. A.M. - American. Å®·ûË A.M. •ü¿’©’ AM ÅEèπÿú≈ ®√ßÁ·îª’a.

I am not bad, am I? I am not short, am I?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 544

M.SURESAN

A. I haven't had enough money since 2003, so I didn't study M.A. English Literature sentence

ÉD

ÆæÈ®j†

Q. How are

O’ ¶µ«¢√-EéÀ. you ´C†? ´C-††’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ 

B. Srinivasa Rao, Visakhapatnam

à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. ´C† = sister-in-law

Q. 'On' 'to'

Ñ È®çúø’ prepositions †’ ¢Áçô, ¢ÁçôØË á™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a? A. on to - on + infinitive form ™ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.

Q. I will have been studying an MLISC since 2007. Future perfect continuous since

e.g: He went on to describe something =

A. I will have been studying MA English since 2009, correct

ÉçÍéüÓ îËÆœç-ûª-®√yûª, ü∆Eo ´Jgç-îªúøç ¢Á·ü¿-©’°-ö«dúø’.

™

®√ü∆? Ñ ¢√éπuç ¢√-úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’.

鬴a é¬F Åçûª-

She went on to sing, after making the speech =

Q. As soon as, no sooner than, as long as etc.,

°-öÀdçC.

A. As soon as = No sooner than =

Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç ûª®√yûª §ƒúøôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-

OöÀE N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ¢Á†’-¢Áç-ôØË As long as = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†oç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹/ ïJ-T-†ç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹.

First to Kolkata and then on to Guahati =

¢Á·ü¿ô éÓ™¸-éπ-û√èπ◊, Ç ûª®√yûª íı£æ«-AéÀ. K. Chandu, Sirisilla

a) As long as you stay here you can use my car car =

Q. Soon after, immediately after, at once

†’Ny-éπ\-úø’-†oç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ Ø√

©†’ àßË’ Å®√n-©ûÓ, à Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ó N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. Soon after = äéπ °æ†-®·† éÌCl-ÊÆ-°æ-öxØË. Soon after he arrived here, he went to see his friend =

Ééπ\-úÕéÀ îËJ† é¬ÊÆq°æ-öxØË ûª† ÊÆo£œ«ûª’úÕo éπ©-´-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Immediately after = ¢Á†’-¢Áç-ôØË/ ûªéπ~-ù¢Ë’ Immediately after buying the car, he went to temple = car At once = immediately = I gave him the money, at once he left = I gave him the money and he left immediately. past forms Q. Dare, need, ought

é̆o ¢ÁçôØË/ ûªéπ~-ù¢Ë’ í∫’úÕ-Èé-∞«xúø’. ¢Á†’-¢Áç-ôØË. Å-ûªúÕéÀ úøGs-î√a†’ ¢ÁçôØË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ =

©èπ◊ ÖØ√oߪ÷? Öçõ‰ Å¢Ëçö ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. OöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©†’ èπÿú≈ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. ÖØ√o®·. e.g: a) He did not dare to face her = Ç¢Á’ áü¿’-ô-•úË üµÁj®Ωuç -Å-ûªúÕ-éÀ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC. (Éûª®Ω tenses ™ èπÿú≈ É™« ¢√úø-´îª’a)

¢√úø’-éÓ-

´îª’a. b) As long as he was there we couldn't do anything =

-Å-ûª-úøéπ\-úø’-†oç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ ´’†¢Ë’ç îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷ç.

N. Pentaiah, Aliabad Q.

éÀç-C ¢√é¬u™x äéπö ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†C ÅE ûÁL§ƒ®Ω’. ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’hèπ◊ am •ü¿’©’ will ¢√ú≈L éπü∆. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-Jç-îª- í∫-©®Ω’ 1. Don't worry if I am late tonight. 2. Don't worry when I am late tonight. 3. Don't worry when I will be late tonight. 4. Don't worry if I will be late tonight.

A. If I am late tonight

ÅØËC

conditional clause

Å´¤-ûª’çC. clause - a group of words with a verb conditional clause - A clause expressing a condition = clause -

äéπ ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁLÊ°

are I?

ņç.

G. Padmavathi, Vizianagaram Q.

2003™ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s©’ ™‰†çü¿’† áç.á. ÉçTx≠ˇ îªü¿-´-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷†’. °j ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

-Ééπ\-úø

؈’

†’Ny-°æ¤púø’ Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ´’ç*C Åûªúø’ ®√@-Ø√´÷ îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ You had better to meet him now, He is about to resign ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’. Ñ ¢√éπuç ûªéπ~ù ´®Ωh-´÷-Ø√Eo Ææ÷*Ææ’hçC. O’®Ω’ had better ¢√ú≈®Ω’. Had í∫Aç*† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC éπü∆. °j ¢√éπuç ᙫ éπÈ®èπ◊d Å´¤-ûª’çC?

A. You had better meet him now (you had bet ter to meet him now

é¬ü¿’). Ééπ\úø had better, †’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçüË é¬F, †’ é¬ü¿’ – had ÅE Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ. àç îËÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC ÅE-í¬F, àç îËߪ÷L/ àç îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC ÅEí¬F îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ had better ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC ¶µ«≠æ™ ¢√úø’-éπèπ◊ (usage) èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç. 鬕öÀd tenses rules Ééπ\úø ´Jhç-¤. Q. ¢√é¬uEo never, rarely, often, no sooner, hardly ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü∆ É™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ inversions ´≤ƒhߪ’E ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. Öü∆: He is about to resign past future

I rarely meet him - Rarely do I meet him. As soon as I come in - No sooner do I come in. I can never understand him - Never can I understand him. Inversion

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Inversion ™ Ææ÷*ç*† ¢√é¬u©’ Affirmative, Interrogative sentences ™ àN Å´¤-û√®·? Inversion ™ Ê°®Ì\†o ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Inversion Åçõ‰ 'ûª©-éÀç-ü¿’©’— ÅE Å®Ωnç. statement (Assertive sentence) ™, subject ´·çü¿’, ûª®√yûª verb (sub+vb) ´≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË statement †’ ´’†ç, No sooner... than, rarely, never ™«çöÀ adverbs ûÓ v§ƒ®ΩçGµç-*†°æ¤púø’, statement (Assertive sentence) ™ ÖçúË, subject + verb order ûª©-éÀç-ü¿’™„j, verb + subject í¬ ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË, Ééπ\úø verb †’ äéπ\ verb í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, ü∆E Helping/ Auxiliary verb, Main verb í¬ Núø-DÆœ ¢√öÀ-´’-üµ¿u™ subject Öçû√ç.

äéπ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ÉçéÓöÀ É≠æd-°æúøôç. i) I'd rather watch the match on the TV than go to the play ground =

véÃú≈-ÆænLéÀ ¢ÁRx îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰, Éçöx öÃO™ îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’. ii) I'd rather die than tell a lie = î√´ØÁjØ√ îª≤ƒhí¬F Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ°æp†’. S.G.Syamsunder, Metpalli Q. 1. The C.M. will arrive Nellore. 2. The C.M. arrives Nellore. 3. The C.M. is arriving Nellore. 4. The C.M. is going to arrive Nellore. 5. The C.M. is about to arrive Nellore.

°j ¢√é¬u©Fo ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈, v°æûËu-éπûª©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. 1. The CM will arrive in Nellore - ÉC indefinite future- Åçûª éπ*aûªçé¬E future action †’ ûÁ©’-ûª’çC. 2. The CM arrives in Nellore - ÉC Newspaper head lines ©™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√®Ω’ – ÉC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ immediate past action, Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púË ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† past †’ ûÁLÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ journalism (Newspapers) ™ØË ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Å®·ûË, The CM arrives tomorrow/ day after tomorrow/ coming wednesday time future

ÅE ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-L-TûË ÅC ™ éπ*aûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. 3. ...is arriving in Nellore= ØÁ©÷x-®Ω’èπ◊ îË®Ω’-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’/ îË®Ω-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’– É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o/ ¢ÁçôØË ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’ N≠æߪ’ç. 4. The CM is going to arrive = ´îËaÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’– éπ*aûªçí¬ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’†o N≠æߪ’ç. 5. ...is about to arrive = ... ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ´îËa-¨»®Ω’ – ´îËa-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ – Ééπ éÌCl éπ~ù«™x ïJÍí N≠æߪ’ç. Gowri Naidu, Anakapally Q. Gowri has been playing cricket since 7.00 am. Gowri has been playing cricket from 7.00 am. From, since tenses

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ©†’ àßË’ ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ó ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Has been playing / Has played ™«çöÀ pre-

sent perfect continuous / present perfect verbs 'since' tense from (past) since from

™ Ö†o ûÓ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøç. Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç ™ äéπ ¢√úøû√ç, -´÷vûª¢Ë’é¬F Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 12 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2009


Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Jaypee Rao, Tirupati.

A. From the table = table

ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç*. O’ü¿-†’ç*. Shall we call it a day? = É¢√-RdéÀ Ééπ ´·Tç-ü∆´÷?/ ÇÊ°ü∆l-´÷?

Q. 'Admissions are open' tense? Simple present sub + verb + ing + obj pattern

From on the table = table

ÉC à Å®·ûË,

v°æ鬮Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? áçü¿’-´©x? Ééπ\úø open (ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o/ ûÁ®Ω-* Ö-†o) adjective, verb é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd tense v°æÆæ-éÀh-™‰ü¿’. They open shop at 9 every morning Ééπ\úø open (ûÁ®Ω-´-úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) verb Å´¤-ûª’çC, Tense - simple present. Å™«Íí He opens shop ™ opens, simple present. Simple present ™ +ing form ®√ü¿’ éπü∆? Å™« ´îËaC continuous tenses ™ØË éπü∆?
N. ®√üµ∆-éπ%≠æg, àô’- πÿ®Ω’. Q. O’®Ω’ -îÁ°œp-† éÌEo ¢√é¬u©Â°j Ææç-üË£æ…-©’-Ø√-o®·. -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A.

1. Leela told me yesterday she had bought some sarees... 2. She told me the day before she had given away most of them. 3. Prasanth told me that you had bought a bike




Tenali Parvathalu, Nagar Kurnool.

Q.

àüÁjØ√ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨¡ç™ Éü¿l-J-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-´’çC Ö†o°æ¤púø’ ¢√JE wish îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ 'Good morning sirs' ÅØ√™«?™‰ü∆ 'sir' ÅØ√™«? A. Good Morning Sirs ÅØË ÅØ√L.
Q.

P. Rambabu, Kadapa.

Ççí∫x C†-°æ-vA-éπ™ éπ∞¡xèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† äéπ adver™ äéπ Å´÷t®· É™« Åçô’çC..

tisment

'I never realised I had got used to seeing an unclear world. No more compromising on clear vision now'.

Ñ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®√nEo N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. ÅÆæp-≠dç æ í¬ v°æ°æç-î√Eo îª÷Ææ÷h, Åü¿çûËØË¢Á÷-†E ü∆E-éπ-©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷-††o N≠æߪ’ç ؈’ ví∫£œ«ç-‰ü¿’. Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† îª÷°æ¤-é¬-¢√-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ®√@-°æúË v°æÆæ-Íéh-™‰ü¿’.

2

syllable é¬í∫-L-TçC. é¬F, ÅüË °æü¿ç™ mple syllable 鬙‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC éπü∆? DEéÀ àüÁjØ√ ®Ω£æ«Ææu Ææ÷vûªç Öçü∆? ûÁ©’°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. O’®Ω’ É*a† °æü∆™x *ôd-*-´®Ω ‘e’ Ö†o §Ò©’x®√-´-úøç, English ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ¢√∞¡} ¶µ«≠憒 Öîªa-JçîË Å©-¢√-ô’†’ •öÀd ´*açC. English ™ Åîªaç English ´÷ô-©ûÓ §ƒô’ Latin, French ™«çöÀ ¶µ«≠æ-™xç* ´*a†-N î√™« ÖØ√o®·. English ¢√∞¡} Å©-¢√ô’ ´÷ô-™E ¢Á·ü¿öÀ syllable †’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-éπ-úøç. Åçü¿’-´©x ´÷ô *´J ¨¡•lç, •©£‘«-†-°æúÕ, §Ò©’xí¬ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ April †’ Old English ™ Aprille- àv°œ© ÅØË¢√∞¡Ÿx. Å®·ûË 'àv°œ©—™E '-à— (First syllable) †’ áèπ◊\-´- ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-éπ-úøçûÓ ÅC April (àv°œ™¸) Å®·§Ú-®·çC. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. Ê°ô ÅE *´®Ω -´îËa Ææn™«-©- Ê°-®Ωx†’, Ê°ô ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ê°ö¸ Åçô’çö«ç (eg: Ameerpet, Amberpet, Governorpet, etc). O’®Ω’ îª÷°œç-*† °æü¿ç

A. If you had not saved me, I would have been killed (correct) correct, If you...., I would have died I would have been killed = I would have died=

– ÉD ņ-úøç èπÿú≈ éπ®ΩÍéd. îªç°æ-•-úË-¢√úËo. îªE-§Ú-ßË’-¢√úËo.




K. Subba Rao, Dornakal

Q. 1.

'؈’ ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h™ Åûª-úÕéÀ úø•’s©’ -É-¢√y-Lq Öçô’çC— Ñ ¢√é¬uEo Ççí∫xç™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L? 2. '؈’ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’— DEéÀ 'I would like to go' ņ-´î√a? 3. äé𠧃vûª-™E F∞¡x†’ ´’®Ó §ƒvûª™ -§Ú-ߪ÷-©-E Ççí∫xç™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 4. Spoken English ¶«í¬ ®√¢√-©çõ‰ O’ ¢√u≤ƒ©’ perfect í¬ îªC-NûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çü∆?

A. 1) I will have to pay him 2) I am thinking of going out. I would like to go =

I make cof fee ever y mor ning

¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u©÷ past perfect ™ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. é¬F, Å-N indirect speech ™ èπÿú≈ Ö†oõ‰x éπü∆? that áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’? ´‚úÓ¢√éπuç past perfect ™ØË îÁ°æp-´îª’a éπü∆? that áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-ú≈®Ω’? àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈-L? A. É™«çöÀ sentences ™ that ¢√úÕØ√ äéπõ‰, ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ äéπõ‰. Spoken English ™ Å®·ûË, that ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√úøç.


Q. As if - As though

© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç? Lest E -á-™« -¢√-úø-û√ç? A. As if = As though = Å®·-†ô’x, é¬F é¬ü¿’ a) He speaks as if/ as though he were clever =

ûªØËüÓ Â°ü¿l ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕ™« (é¬F é¬ü¿’) ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-úø’.

b) She behaves as if/ as though she knew everything =

ûª†Íé Åçû√ ûÁL-Æœ-†ô’x (àO’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’†-°æp-öÀéÃ) v°æ´-Jh-Ææ’hç-ü∆-¢Á’. Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC. As if/ as though ûª®√yûª, was/ were, past tense forms ®√´-úøç, wereBritish, was- American

Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

(so that... not

Start early lest you (should) miss the train = Train Start early so that you may not miss the train.

ûª°œp-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’ =

Lest ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ ®√éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. é¬F ®√´¤.


should will/ may/ can

´ÊÆh ´Ææ’hçC, ™«çöÀN

A. He is come/ They are come are, like He is gone/ they are gone.. is not uncommon in Spoken English. Here 'is come' is not in passive. ‘Come’ here is more or less indicative of the state in which ‘he’ is.

Q.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 545


P. Trimurthulu, Bhimavaram.

®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ Ææç¶-üµ¿M.SURESAN ÅE †™ ®√ߪ’-èπÿ-úø-ü∆? 2. Ø√èπ◊ v¨¡ü¿l¥ ÖçC ņ-ú≈-EéÀ I am interested ÅØ√o®Ω’. ÉC passive voice ™ ÖçC éπü∆? I interested éÀ I am interested éÀ Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. 1. Sir ņ--úø-ç-™  鬢√--Lq-†çûª respect -ÖçC, Åçü¿’-éπE respected sir ņ-úøç ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç, ÆæÈ®j† English èπÿú≈ é¬ü¿’. 2. I am interested ™ interested ÅØËC past participle Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ü∆Eo ´’†ç passive í¬ BÆæ’éÓ-´ú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç– Ééπ\úø interested Åçõ‰ v¨¡ü¿l¥ Ö†o ÅE Å®Ωnç. Ç Å®ΩnçûÓ adjective í¬ ¢√-úø-û√ç. (I am interested = ؈’ v¨¡ü¿l¥ Ö†o-¢√-úÕoí¬ ÖØ√o†’) - I am tall ™ tall ™«. (ÅD adjective) I interested = ؈’ v¨¡ü¿l¥-éπ-©’-í∫-ñ‰-¨»†’. I interested him in maths = Åûª-úÕéÀ maths ™ v¨¡ü¿l¥ éπL-Tç-î√†’. Ééπ\úø interest I Doing

D.V. Narayana Rao, Gollapudi.

í∫ûªç™ O’®Ω’ äéπ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†ç™ take off your feet from on the table ÅE Ê°®Ì\-Ø√o®Ω’. Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ prepositions Öçú≈™«? Take off your feet from the table Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπü∆? Shall we call it a day Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?




Her action interests me =

Ñ È®çúø’ °æü∆-©†’ àßË’ Ææçü¿®√s¥™x ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’? 2. 'Concern' Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? DEo á°æ¤púø’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’? A. Make- Present Tense véπ´ ’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ (Regular) í¬ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊ -¢√-úø-û√ç. I make coffee every morning.

؈’ v°æA-®ÓW (Regular) coffee ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-≤ƒh†’. ÅüË, he, she, it Å®·ûË makes Åçö«ç. She makes coffee everyday= Ç¢Á’ v°æA-®ÓW 鬰∂‘ ûªßª÷®Ω’îËÆæ’hçC. Made- past tense - í∫ûªç™ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’-úøç. He made tea for me = Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ tea î˨»úø’. Concern = 1) ÇçüÓ-∞¡† (worry).

Ç¢Á’ †ô† Ø√èπ◊

v¨¡ü¿l¥ éπ-©’í∫-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC. She interested him =

It is a matter of concern for me =

Ç¢Á’ Åûª-E™ v¨¡ü¿l¥ Ø√éπC ÇçüÓ-∞¡† 2) Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†.

éπ-©’í∫ñ‰-ÆœçC.


K. Nagesh, Nidadavole.

Q. 1. Make, made

Word.

Srinivas Sangoju, Husnabad.

Q. You have told 'The bus is come' is right. How can it be sir? In my view the sentence is in passive voice. But all the verbs do not have passive form. Only transitive verbs have passive form. 'Come' is intransitive verb. How can we change it into passive?




spelling

Q. 1. Letters 'Respected sir'

Y. Raju, Kotapadu, Vizag

Lest =

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ïJ-Tç-ü¿üË. Öî√a-®Ωù ´÷JçC, Å™«Íí ÖçúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. Temple O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oô’x, äÍé syllable Ö†o´÷ô é¬ü¿’. Temple ™ È®çúø’ syllables ÖØ√o®·. 1) Tem 2) Ple. Syllable †’ spelling •öÀd é¬èπ◊çú≈ pronunciation †’ •öÀd E®Ωg®·≤ƒhç. eg: Choose- äÍé syllable. A syllable is an independent unit of sound. Spelling èπÿ, syllable èπÿ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰ü¿’. äéπ -´÷-ô™ áEo ¨¡¶«l©’çõ‰, ÅEo syllables Ö†oô’x. English ™ spellings éπçô÷ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Ææ÷vû√©’ ™‰´¤.

¢Á∞¡}ú≈-EéÀ É≠æd°æúø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. É≠æd-°æ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ¢Á∞«}-©E ņ’-èπ◊ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûËú≈ ÖçC éπü∆. É≠æd°æ-úøfçûª ´÷vû√† ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-éÓ†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ éπü∆. É≠æd°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-éӴa. Åçü¿’-éπE È®çúø÷ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’. 3) Pour the water in that vessel (§ƒvûª) into

A. Krishna Gitarjuna, Nidadavolu.

éπL-TçîË N≠æߪ’ç.

a) It is something concerning you =

Q. Abide, awake, choose, come, give, hide, make, take, ate vowel - 'e'

É™« ´’È®ØÓo °æü∆™x *´®Ω ÖØ√o, §Ò©’x-í¬ØË Öîªa-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. pen, lend, send, mend, tender ©™ vowel 'e' ´©x 'á— é¬-®ΩçûÓ pe, le, se, me, te, nde Öîªa-J-Ææ’hØ√o®Ω’. Temple ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ, *´J 'e' ©’ °æ†’©’ ¢ËÍ®y-®Ω’í¬ ÖØ√o®·. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ °æü∆™x vowel í¬ ÖØ√o, ú˛, é˙, ñ¸, ¢˛’ ©’í¬ØË ÖØ√o®· ûª°æp Æœ©¶¸x (syllable) 鬙‰ü¿’. È®çúÓ ´®Ω’Ææ °æü∆™x vowel ÅüË e ´©x Æœ©¶¸x Å®·çC. ´’J É™« ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ °æ†’©’ îËÆæ’h-†o°æ¤púø’ e E °æ‹Jh ≤ƒn®· vowel í¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îª-´î√a? vowel v§ƒüµ∆†uç ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ´·çü¿’ Öü¿-£æ«-Jç-*† °æü∆™x e ®√ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË ûª°æ¤pí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-î√™« ™‰éπ ÉN ≤ƒdçúø®˝d ÂÆpLxçí˚™«? Temple ™ t 'e' ´©x

(worry)

ÅC Fèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† (E†’o í∫÷Ja†) N≠æߪ’ç FÈéç-ü¿’-éπC? 3) A business company = ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn It is a profitable concern= ™«¶µ«™x †úø’-Ææ’h†o ÆæçÆæn. 4) v§ƒ´·êuç. My main concern is to educate my children = Ø√ °œ©x-©†’ îªC-Nç-îª-úøç Ø√èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç. b) How is it your concern? =


Q.

Doni Nagaraju, Kadapalem

''†’´¤y ††’o ®ΩéÀ~ç* Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË Øˆ’ §ÚßË’ -¢√-úÕE——. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo Ççí∫xç™ If you had not saved me, I would been killed Å-ØÌî√a? I would been killed •ü¿’©’ I would have died Å-ØÌî√a? Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ ´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

this vessel.

4) ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©-®ΩØË †´’t-éπç-ûÓØË ÉN v°æ-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. DEéÀûÓúø’ O’®Ω’ èπÿú≈ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ practice îËߪ’-úøç Å´-Ææ®Ωç.


B. Vinod Kumar, Korutla

Q. 1. Punch line, by line, Tag line

ÅØË ´÷ô-©èπ◊

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n-™‰-N’öÀ? 2. 3.

III Class, IIIrd Class I never saw this type of cinema. I never see this type of cinema.

©™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? 4. ؈’ äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ ü¿Ææ®√ ÂÆpLxç-í˚†’ Dussehra í¬ îªC-¢√†’. ü¿Ææ®√ ÂÆpLxç-í˚†’ áEo ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a? A. 1) a) Punch line = äéπ joke ™ é¬E, éπü∑¿™  é¬F, éé-éπçí¬, ´·çü¿’- ï-J-T† N≠æ-ߪ÷© ü∆y®√ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰E, Åûªuçûª £æ…Ææu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† (joke Å®·ûË), Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ AJÍí ´’©’-°æ¤†’ (éπü∑¿-©®·ûË) ûÁ-LÊ° *´J ¢√éπuç/- °æçéÀh. b) By line = Newspapers/ Magazines ™ ´îËa ¢√u≤ƒ© ®Ωîª-®·-ûª© Ê°®Ω’xçúË Line. c) Tag line - Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ Ñ ´÷ô-™‰ü¿’. 2) I, II, III - Ææçêu-©†’ É™« Roman numerals ™ ®√Æœ-†-°æ¤úø’ Ist, IInd, IIIrd ņç. ÉC ¢√úø’éπ. (§Ú©açúÕ: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) 3) I never saw this type of movie = Past ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ØËE-™«çöÀ movie îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Cinema Åçõ‰ ÆœE-´÷-£æ…©’. The Cinema = *vûª °æJ-v¨¡-´’/ -*-vûª-éπ∞¡. ÆœE-´÷™ îª÷°œçîË îª©-†-*vûªç = Movie/ film/ picture. sentence I never saw this type of cinema when I was there better. I never see this type of movie =

Å®·ûË O’

™

(Åéπ\úø

؈’†o°æ¤púø’, í∫ûªç™) ņúøç

É™«çöÀ *vûªç ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø†’. O’ sentences È®çúø÷ correct, ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Å®√n-©ûÓ. Å®·ûË ¢Á·ü¿öÀ sentence èπ◊ í∫ûªç™ à time ™ ÅE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫-L-TûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. 4. Dussehra, ÅØËC ´’†ç British §ƒ©-†™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√R}-*a† spelling, Kadapa èπ◊ Cuddapah ™«. Dasara - ÉC best spelling, simplest 鬕öÀd.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 19 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

P. Ramajoga Rao, Visakhapatnam Q. Open the door Let the door be opened passive form. Walk fast you are requested to walk fast passive form

ÅØË ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ÅØËC Å™«Íí

It's mine = It is mine.

-Åç-õ‰ äéπ-îÓô

ÅØËC ÅE îªC-¢√†’. éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?Å®·ûË open the door èπ◊ èπÿú≈ you are requested to open the door ÅE ÅØ√L éπü∆. ü¿ßª’-îËÆ œ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Walk fast èπ◊ passive form "You are asked/ requested to walk fast." ÉC O’®Ω-†o--ô’xí¬ àüÓ Passive Voice éÓÆæç Passive ÅE îÁ°æp-úø¢Ë’. ÉC Grammar äéπ\õ‰ ´·êuç ņ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√J N°æ-Kûª üµÓ®ΩùÀ ´©x ´îËaüË. English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈fEéÀ, îªéπ\í¬ ®√ߪ’-ú≈-Eéà Grammar äéπ ´÷®Ω_ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ÅçûË-é¬F Grammar is all -Å-†’éÓ-´-úøç Ææ-´’ç-ïÆæç é¬-ü¿’. Grammar éÌçûª èπÿú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’èπ◊çú≈ English îªéπ\í¬ ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™«-´’çC ÖØ√o®Ω’. ´’†ç ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJí¬_ ´’†- ¶µ«-¢√Lo ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ßª’í∫-L-TûË grammar ûÁL-ÆœØ√ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË ûÁLߪ’úøç èπÿú≈ ´·êu¢Ë’, §Ò®Ω§ƒô’x îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. á°æ¤púÓ äéπ-°æ¤púø’ ûª°æp ´’†ç Let the door be opened ÅE ņç. î√™«´®Ωèπ◊ "Open the door" ÅØË Åçö«ç.You

It's gone = It has gone. Q. Now it is at winning line present participle

A. Now it is at the winning line winning Present Participle, used as an adjective. correct

Ééπ\úø

Å®·Ø√ O’®Ω’ ü∆-Eo í¬ ¢√úø-í∫-L-T-†-°æ¤púø’, ÅC à éÓ´èπ◊ îÁçC† ´÷ô ÅØËC ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆? Q. He has been there a number of times. DE™ a Å´-Ææ®Ωç àN’öÀ? few - a few, little - a little °æü∆™x a ´©x Å®Ωnç™ ´÷®Ω’p Öçô’çü∆? A. Number ÅØËC countable singular. 鬕öÀd ü∆E ´·çü¿’ 'a' ®√´-LqçüË. Few èπ◊, a few èπÿ, little, a little èπ◊ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. Few (countables èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç)

èπÿú≈ ´’†ç î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ formal context ™ Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË ´’† schools, colleges exams ™ É™«çöÀ sentences ´÷®Ω’\© éÓÆæç ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√-LqçüË. É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o©’ °æKéπ~™x ÉîËa-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ÅüÓ Ææ®Ωü∆.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 546

A. How about = What about.

A. Penchalaiah, Rajampet.

Q.

Q.

Chakrayapalem

Q. Not bad

Åçõ‰ very good ÅØ√o®Ω’. ´’J °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’/ ã´÷-Cí¬ ÖçC ņ-ú≈-EéÀ à´’-Ø√L?

A. Not so bad. will you come to class after you will have taken meals.

¶µï†ç î˨»éπ é¬xÆˇèπ◊ ´≤ƒh¢√? ÅE Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-ç-üËØ√?

Will you come to class after you take the meal?/ after you have taken the meal? correct.

é¬ü¿’. ÉN

It is a tail

(ÉC ûÓéπ) /

It has a

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®Ωnç M.SURESAN

Åûª-E-éÀ-éπ\úø ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’ – ™‰†õ‰x. A few = à¢Ó éÌEo/ àüÓ éÌçûª-´’çC. He has a few friends here =

Ééπ\úøûªúÕéÀ (ûªèπ◊\´ Ææçêu™) éÌçûª-´’çC ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«Íí little èπÿú≈. Little †’ uncountables (™„éπ\ °ôd-EN; milk, sugar, rice ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-)ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Little = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰†õ‰x.

2. Cambridge Book of Idioms (Cambridge University Press)

Chandu Sivanjaneyulu, (Guntur Dist)

A. Today's paper have you read? =

He has few friends here =

1. A Book of English Idioms: by Mc mordie

Knowledge of idioms is important, as important as that of usage. But the important point is, idioms are a part of usage so there is no question of which is important and which is not. Perhaps you are confused between use and usage. 'Use' is how we use a word/ Phrase in a sentence. 'Usage', on the other hand, is, with what meaning, in what context and how a certain expression is used. For example, 'With a view to' is followed always by a noun or an 'ing form and not by the plain infinitive. This is usage. We get all these by reading a lot. If we practice idioms, it is good up to an extent, but our reading will help us to know the proper use of idioms.

ņ-èπÿ-úøü∆? àC ÆæÈ®jçüÓ N´-Jç-îª-

í∫-©®Ω’.

¢√Rx-ü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u Åçûª ÊÆo£æ«¢Ë’ç ™‰ü¿’ – ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰†õ‰x. I had a little milk in the morning = ؈’ Öü¿ßª’ç é¬Ææh (éÌClí¬) §ƒ©’ BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o. Q. How about, What about © ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

= Almost none negative

™‰†õ‰x– ´Ææ’hçC.)

A. Try the following books:

†’

V2 Verb

ņo-°æ¤púø’ Ñ®ÓV paper, îªü¿-´úøç Å®·uçü∆? ÅE. Ñ ®ÓV, á°æ¤púø’? ÅE éπ*aûªçí¬ Time ûÁ©’°æúøç ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd Have you...? Åçö«ç. (Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ Ñ®ÓV ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) §Ú©açúÕ: Did you read the paper this morning?- Ééπ\úø Öü¿ßª’ç ÅE éπ*aûªçí¬ time ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’Ø√oç. Å®·ûË, Did you read the paper? †’ °ü¿l ûª°æ¤pí¬ Å†’-éÓ-†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’. ÅC èπÿú≈ ´÷´‚™‰. Q. O’®Ì-éπ-îÓô Åéπ\-úøèπ◊ á°æ¤p-úÁ-∞«x´¤? ņ-ú≈Eo When did you go there ÅØ√o®Ω’. áü¿’öÀ ´uéÀh äéπ v°æü˨»-EéÀ ¢ÁRx ´*a† ûª®√yûË éπü∆ Å™« ņ-í∫©ç. 鬕öÀd Ç ¢√é¬uEo When have you been there ņ-´î√a? A. ¢ÁRx ´*a† ûª®√yûË Å™« Åúø’-í∫’û√ç. Å™« Åúø-í∫úøç (When did you go there?) Å´-ûªL ´uéÀh AJT ´*a† ûª®√yûË Å†-í∫©ç éπü∆. Ééπ\úø Have you been there before? (Åéπ\-úÕéÀ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o¢√?)– ÉD éπ®ΩÍéd. (Fé¬ v°æü˨¡ç ûÁ©’≤ƒ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) 鬕öÀd When did you go there? ņúøç èπÿú≈ correct. When have you been there? Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé-°æ¤p-úøØ√o ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ correct.

Q. I would like to learn English Idioms and usage for my improvement in English. But I don't know whether to start my learning first with Idioms or usage for achieving complete mastery over them. Is it good to learn English Idioms first, before starting to learn English usage? So please suggest me whether to keep my focus first either on Idioms or usage.

Q. It's a tail

Åçö«ç – V 1,

'He Sung' BÆæ ’éÓçúÕ. O’ °æJ-¶µ«≠æ™ Ééπ\úø sung ÅØËC V3. He sung Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àç ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. (§Ú©açúÕ– He Sang - sang-V2) Å®Ωnç – Åûªúø’ §ƒú≈úø’ ÅE. The Song was sung (was + V3) - É°æ¤púø’ Was sung ÅØËC Verb. (ÅûªE îËûª §ƒô §ƒúø-•-úÕçC) Ñ V1 (Verb 1), V2 (Verb 2), V3 (Verb 3) ÅØË °æü∆©’ ¢√úøôç ´©x V3 E èπÿú≈ Verb ņ’-èπ◊ØË Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Å™«Íí î√™«-´’çC §Ò®Ω-°æ-úø-ûª’çö«®Ω’. ü∆Eo V3 ņ-èπ◊çú≈ Past participle ņçõ‰ Ñ confusion àO’ Öçúøü¿’. (؈’ V2 †’ past participle í¬ îª÷°œç* Öçõ‰ ÅC §Ò®Ω§ƒõ„j Öçúø-´îª’a). Q. Ñ ®ÓV Ê°°æ®˝ îªC-¢√®√? ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Have you read today's paper? ÅØ√o®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Ñ ®ÓV ÅE time ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆. Did you read today's

paper?

Nasrin Nigar, Kurnool

A.

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ winning é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. ü∆Eo

ÅØËC à´’-Ø√L?

ÉC, ´÷C-Jí¬ é¬ü¿’.

Q. We can see only few people who are free from the cold fever. A. Be free from =

There is little milk in the glass = There is glass almost no, milk in the glass =

Ç

™

§ƒ©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰´¤ – ™‰†õ‰x. There is little friendship between the two =

¶µï†ç ûªßª÷®˝ (Meals ready) ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. é¬F ¶µï†ç singular éπü∆.Mealsèπ◊ singular form meal éπü∆.Meal ready ÅE ®√ߪ’-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? A. Meals Ready (¶µï†ç ûªßª÷®Ω’)– ÉC äéπ®Ω’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ AØË ¶µï†ç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? Åçü¿®Ω÷ AØË ¶µï-Ø√©’ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE Meals Ééπ\úø correct. Q. 'They cut forests' ÅØË ¢√éπuç™ cut V1 (Åçõ‰ simple past). V2 á°æ¤p-úø÷ verb é¬-ü¿’. V2 (past participle) -´·ç-ü¿’ be form í¬-F, have, has, had -´-*a-†°æ¤p-úË -verb Å-F -O’®Ω’ í∫-ûªç-™  îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. -ÅÆæ-©’ V1 - Åç-õ‰ present verb, V2 Åç-õ‰ past verb, -V3 Åç-õ‰ past participle éπ-ü∆. °j -¢√éπuç-™ V1 é¬-F, V2 é¬-F -´Ææ’hç-C éπ-ü∆. V1 Å®·-ûË -Ç -¢√éπuç -'¢√®Ω’ Å-úø-´¤-©-†’ -†®Ω’èπ◊-û√®Ω’— Å-F. -V2 Å®·-ûË '¢√®Ω’ -Å-úø-´¤-©-†’ -†-JéÀ-¢Ë-¨»®Ω’—. Å-E -Å®Ωnç -´Ææ’hç-C éπ-ü∆. V2 E past participle í¬ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’? A. They cut forests - Ééπ\úø 'cut' (subject they Å®·ûË) V1 (present simple) Å¢Ìya, -V2 (past simple) Å®·Ø√ Å¢Ìya. V3 E past

éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x Åçúø-®˝-™„jØ˛ îËÆœ† ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª÷ ¢√é¬uEo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. His eyes are sore and running.

àüÁj-Ø√ §Òçü¿-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç.

P. Mohan, Karimnagar Q. Located, situated

© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? OôE àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈L? A. Located = situated = àüÁjØ√ -ã v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Öçúøôç, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. Golconda is located / situated a few Km off H'bad = Golconda Hyderabad

èπ◊ éÌEo éÀ.O’© ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçC. Q. Climate èπ◊ weather èπ◊ ¶µ‰-ü¿ç àN’öÀ? A. Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç §Ò-úø-´¤Ø√ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡°æ¤ QûÓ-≠æg-Æ œnA climate. äéπ v°æüË-¨¡°æ¤ äéπ-®ÓV QûÓ-≠æg-Æ œnA weather. Q. Come èπ◊ come on èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Come = ®√. come on = ®√ ÅE Éçé¬ í∫öÀdí¬îÁ°æpúøç.

He has few friends her e

are asked/ requested to walk fast

Q.

participle

tail (-DEéÀ ûÓéπ ÖçC) ÅE È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a éπü∆. ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? A. It's -Å-ØË contraction- †’ Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-Eo -•-öÀd It is í¬ It has í¬ -BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«ç.

2

Come on! We don't have much time left = time

®√ (í∫öÀdí¬ Å†úøç), ´’†-Èé-èπ◊\´

™‰ü¿’. Q. News plural

èπ◊ singular àC?Miss, Mrs, Mr èπ◊ - à-N’-öÀ? A. News á°æ¤púø÷ singular. ü∆EéÀ plural ™‰ü¿’. Miss èπ◊ plural Misses. Mrs èπ◊ plural ™‰ü¿’. Mr èπ◊ plural messrs (M/s). Q. Die èπ◊ ing form ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L? A. die - dying Q. Shopping

ÅØË °æü¿ç ᙫ ´*açC? ü¿’é¬ùç. To shop = ü¿’é¬-ùç™ é̆úøç

A. Shop = shopping.

=

Q. What is the difference between discovery and invention? A. Discovery = (Columbus discovered America), (Newton discovered the law of gravitation-

Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îª÷úøôç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç/

ví∫£œ«ç-îªúøç

¶µº÷´÷u-éπ-®Ω{ù Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo ¢Á·ü¿ô Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’/ (ví∫£œ«ç-î√úø’). Invention = éÌûªh N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Ææ%≠œdç-îªúøç, ®Ω÷§ÒçCç-îªúøç. Baird invented television = Television †’ Baird Ææ%≠œdç-î √úø’/ ®Ω÷§Òç-Cç-î √úø’. Q. Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’í∫’ C† °ævA-éπ™ x éπE-°œçîË èπÿçGçí˚ ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ spelling àN’öÀ? A. Combing = í¬Lç°æ¤/ áéπ\ú≈ ´ü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ¢Áü¿-éπúøç (Vô’d™ ü¿’¢Áy† – comb Ê°©’, ´’öÀd ™«çöÀ-¢√-öÀE °æô’d-èπ◊-†oô’d). Penchalaiah, Vathalur Q. My sone has hurt himself

Q. The President came in the nick of time.

Åçõ‰ ´÷ Ŷ«s®· ûª†-èπ◊-û√ØË ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. ™‰ü∆ ûª†-èπ◊-û√ØË í¬ßª’-°æ-®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. é¬F äéπîÓô ´÷ Ŷ«s-®·éÀ üÁ•s-ûª-T-LçC ÅE ÖçC. ÉC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. He hurt himself- Ééπ\úø himself O’®Ω-†oô’x reflexive pronoun. Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ ´’† ÆœnA™ Ö†o-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω÷ ûª´’-†’-û√´· í¬ßª’°æ-®Ω’-éÓ®Ω’ éπü∆? àüÓ v°æ´÷-ü¿-´-¨»ûª÷h/ Åñ«ví∫ûªh ´©x ûªT-L† üÁ•s-®·ûË É™« ņúøç english usage. Q. A†-ú≈-EéÀ à´·çC?Å-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  -á-™« -Å-úøí¬-L?

A. In the nick of the moment =

A. Is there anything to eat?

A. His eyes are sore and running = (sore etc) (running) sore eye = Running = Running nose =

ÅûªúÕ éπ∞¡Ÿx ´’çôûÓ ¶«üµ¿, ØÌ°œp, F∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’ûª’Ø√o®·. ¶«üµ¿í¬ Ö†o éπ∞¡Ÿx (éπ∞¡x-éπ-©éπ ´©x) 鬮Ω’-ûª’†o. (Ééπ\úø éπ∞¡x-F∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ωúøç). Å™«Íí é¬Í® ´·èπ◊\. e.g: He can't attend school as his eyes are sore =

éπ∞¡Ÿx ´’çô-©’í¬ F∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ωôç ´©x Åûªúø’ Ææ÷\™¸èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’. *´-J-éπ~-ùç™

a) The doctor arrived in the nick of the time and saved the patient = Doctor

*´-J-

éπ~-ùç™ ´*a, ®ÓTE 鬧ƒ-ú≈úø’. b) Don't delay till the nick of the moment =

*´-J-éπ~ùç ´®Ωèπÿ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’èπ◊.

Q.

Eïç E©-éπúø O’ü¿ ûÁ©’Ææ’hçC ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ àüÁjØ√ proverb Öçõ‰ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Truth will out (ÉC will ûª®√yûª be ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ correct)- english saying, Eïç E©-éπúø O’ü¿ -ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 3 -¢Ë’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

B. Sarada, Eluru

Q. Come, do

´·çü¿’ would ´îËaô’d éÌEo ÖüΔ-£æ«®Ω-ù©’ É´yçúÕ. I have planted six rose-bushes so far this morning. Éçü¿’™rose-bushes Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

Q. Why? what's (what has) he been upto? -

-O’®Ìéπ-îÓ-ô

-Åç-õ‰– àç? àç î˨»-úË-N’öÀ? ÅE N´-Jç-î√®Ω’. Å®·ûË î˨»úø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç Ö†o °æü¿ç Éçü¿’™ áéπ\úø ÖçC? Upto áçü¿’èπ◊ ´*açC? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. What's he been upto?- Ééπ\úø be upto èπ◊ idiomatic í¬ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úË-N’öÀ? ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. äéπ group of words ™E ´÷ô-©èπ◊ äéÌ\-éπ\-üΔE Å®√n-EéÃ, ¢Á·ûªhç ¢√öÀ Å®√n-Eéà Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úø¢Ë’ idiom/ usage ©éπ~ùç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈, †úø’ç ¢√©aúøç ÅØË ´÷ôèπÿ Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ÅØË-üΔE Å®√n-Eéà Ææç•çüμ¿ç à癉ü¿’ éπüΔ? ÅC practice ´©x ´’†èπ◊ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çC, ´’†ç èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË correct í¬ ¢√úË-Ææ’hçö«ç.

She hopes he would do it. Would you have a cup of coffee?

She hasn't gone any where.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.

(O’ question èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ÉEo ®ÓV©÷ °æ‹ï áéπ\úø Öç-C ÅE. Ééπ\úË ÖçC, áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ ÅE ï¢√•’.)

Q. The two boxers did their best to knock each other out. A.

Ç Éü¿l®Ω’ boxers (´·≠œd-ߪ·-üΔl¥©’ îËÊÆ-¢√®Ω’) äéπ®Ìo-éπ®Ω’ ãúÕç-î √-©E î√™« v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√®Ω’.

¢√Rx-ü¿l®Óx äéπ-JûÓ äéπ-JéÀ °æúøü¿’. Stand Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç– Æ棜«ç-îª-úøç/-¶μº-Jç-îªúøç, áèπ◊\´ not ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

A. I wish I lived in a big city... =

؈’ °ü¿l †í∫®Ωç™ Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çüÓ! (É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ °ü¿l †í∫-®Ωç™ ™‰†’). Country = ü˨¡ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬ü¿’, ví¬´’ç/ ví¬´÷©’ ÅØË Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®·.

Q. I wish I was 55.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 547

A. I wish you'd = I wish you would ... =

†’´yC

îËߪ÷-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ. Q. I wish I had planned things properly. I wouldn't have got into this mess now. A. I wish I had planned things properly = plan plan

ÆæJí¬ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ (í∫ûªç™) ¶«í∫’ç-úËC. ÆæJí¬ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.

Q. I was in time to wave Tarun bye bye at the airport.

OúÓ\©’ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ îËûª’-

©÷-°æúøç Q. Towards the evening -

≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-EéÀ–

towards the evening.

Towards the end =

*´-®Ωèπ◊

Q. Thanks for your concern. A.

O’ Çûª’-®Ω-ûªèπ◊ üμ¿†u-¢√-üΔ©’

(concern) (

´’´’tLo í∫’Jç*)

Q. We got to the airport in time to have a coffee before checking in. A.

™°æ-L-Èé-∞Ïx-´·çü¿’ (before BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË time ÖçúÕçC.

checking in) coffee

Q. I was about to close the door when just in time I remembered my key. A.

†’ past progressive ûÓ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ÅüÁ-™«íÓ éÌEo ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ É´y-í∫-©®Ω’.

M.SURESAN A. He was wishing to return home as soon as possible =

O©-®·-†çûª ûªy®Ω™ ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«x-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ (í∫ûªç™) Åûªúø’– é¬F ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ progressive tense ™ ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´-úø¢Ë’ ´’ç*C.

R. Chaitanya, Nellore Q.

Q. I wish you'd learn to read and write.

A.

Q. Wish

Ø√éÀ-°æ¤púø’ 55 à∞¡Ÿxçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC! (Ø√ ´-ߪ’-Æœ-°æ¤púø’ ÅC-é¬ü¿’)

A. To wave bye bye =

ûª©’°æ¤ ´‚ߪ’-¶-ûª’çõ‰ (About to close the door) Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÆæJí¬ û√∞¡ç îÁN í∫’®Ω’h-éÌ-*açC.

Q. In turn A. In turn =

He took an egg this morning.

Ééπ\úø egg èπÿú≈ countable, singular. Åçü¿’-éπE üΔE-´·çü¿’ 'an'. a = an = äéπ. Å®·ûË Å, Ç, É, Ñ, Ö, Ü, á, à, â, ä, ã, å– Ñ ¨¡¶«l©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-´’ßË’u English ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ an ¢√úøû√ç. N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀ´·çü¿’ a ¢√úøû√ç.

Åçö«ç.

†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìhî√a´¤ ÅØË üΔEo I got you Åçö«´÷? ™‰üΔ I get you Å-ØÌî√a? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. I got you = Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. I get you = Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωn´’-´¤-ûÓçC. †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-î√a´¤ = Now I remember you. Q. Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púø’ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçüΔ? ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Does she want to go home now ÅØ√™«? ™‰üΔ Does she think of going home now ÅØ√™«? A. Does she want to go home now? = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’çüΔ?/ Ç¢Á’ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©E éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-öçüΔ?

Does she think of going home now? =

Q. I wish I lived in a big city. It is so boring in the country.

A.

think of himself? (Main verb)

Q.

O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ äéπ-JûÓ äéπ®Ω’ Ææ®Ω-üΔí¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√-®ΩE ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†’.

Q. They cannot stand one another's presence. A.

he (Subject)

a book, a girl, a tree etc. an elephant, an ant, an idea etc. Uncountable ´·çü¿’ a/ an ®√ü¿’. ïߪ’ç, Å°æ-ï-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. A. ïߪ’ç = success (v°æߪ’-ûªoç™) Victory/ conquest (ߪ·üΔl¥-™ x) Å°æ-ïߪ’ç – failure (v°æߪ’-û√o™x) defeat = (ߪ·ü¿l¥ç/ §ÚöÙ x). Q.

It's r eally boiling hot in her e

Q. I hope that you all enjoy each other company. A.

What does (Helping verb)

(coffee

A. She has been here only.

K.Vijay, Sindhanur, Karnataka

Åçü¿’-éπE– -Ééπ\-úø -Ñ -¢√éπuç-™ – -Å-ûª-úÕ í∫’Jç* -Å-ûªúË-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊,

A. I hope you'd (you would) come.

BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®√? ņ-úø-í∫úøç ´’®√u-ü¿í¬) Rose bushes - í∫’™«H ¢Á·éπ\©’/ §Òü¿©’ Q. Present perfect continuous tense ™ would †’ -á-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh-¢Á÷ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. Present perfect continuous tense ™ would ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? -'would' á°æ¤púø÷, future from the past í¬/ formal requests/ wishes/ past practices ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Q. Where has pooja been all these days? Ñ v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ᙫíÓ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

2

´çûª’© ¢√Kí¬/ äéπJ ûª®√yûª äéπ®Ω’

؈’ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀ ´ü¿l ™‰úø’. DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ He had not at home, when I went for him Å-ØÌî√a?

A. Whenever I went for him place he was not at home/ not in/ out. Q.

î√™« ¶«í∫’çC éπüΔ ÅØË-üΔ-EéÀ O’®Ω’ äéπ-îÓô Isn't it really wonderful? ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. Is it really wonderful? Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ÅC Eïçí¬ ¶«í∫’çüΔ ÅØË-éπüΔ? ´’J Is it not really wonderful? Åçõ‰ ¶«íÓ-™‰ü¿’ ÅE éπüΔ. ûª°æp-®·ûË N´Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Is it really wonderful? ÅC Eïçí¬ íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçüΔ? É™« ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ ´îËa ¶μ«´ç ÅúÕ-Íí-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ üΔE í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ÅC íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçüΔ ™‰üΔ ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢ËÊÆ v°æ¨¡o ÅC. ÅC Eïçí¬ íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC éπüΔ? Åçõ‰ ÅC íÌ°æpí¬ ™‰üΔ? ÅE Å®Ωnç. Åçõ‰ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-¢√--JéÀ ÅC íÌ°æp-í¬ØË ÖçC, NØË-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÅC íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçüΔ ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢ËÊÆ v°æ¨¡o ÅC. Q. ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* Åûªúø’ à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ What he thinks about him? Å-ØÌî√a? A. What he thinks of him? ÉC v°æ¨¡oí¬ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. English ™ O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπüΔ? English ™ questions ™, á°æ¤púø÷ verb ´·çüÌ-Ææ’hçC, Ç ûª®√yûª subject ´Ææ’hçC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, Helping verb, Main verb È®çúø÷ Öçõ‰, Helping verb ´·çü¿÷, Ç ûª®√yûª subject, üΔE ûª®√yûª Main verb ´Ææ’hçC. Ééπ\úÕ verb- thinks- ÉC 2nd Regular Doing Word. ÉC question ™ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, does think Å´¤-ûª’çC. Not ûÓ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ does think Å´¤-ûª’çC. Does think ™ does, helping verb.

Ç¢Á’ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçüΔ? ؈’ 鬰∂‘ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’ (v°æA-®ÓV). I take coffee Åçö«ç. I take the coffee ņ-èπÿúøüΔ? A. The ¢√úøéπç. äéπ ´÷ô ´·çü¿’ 'The' ¢√ú≈™« ™‰üΔ ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ç ´÷ô ´·çü¿’, à (which) ÅE question ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç. üΔEéÀ answer ´ÊÆhØË the ¢√úøû√ç. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ¢√úøç. I take coffee- Ééπ\úø à (which)- coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’? Ééπ\úø Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd 'the' ¢√úøç. I like the coffee at that restaurant = Ç restaurant ™ coffee Ø√éÀ≠dç æ. à coffee Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ?– Ñ v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ ï¢√•’, Ç restaurant ™ coffee ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. 鬕öÀd Ñ sentence ™ coffee ´·çü¿’, 'the. Cotton grows in India = ¶μ«®Ωû˝™  °æAh °æçúø’ûª’çC. à (Which) cotton? - No answer. So no Q.

'the' before 'cotton' in this sentence. The cotton grown in India is not of good quality = (Which cotton)? (grown in India) answer the cotton

¶μ«®Ωû˝™ °æçúË °æAh Åçûª Ø√ùu-¢Á’içC é¬ü¿’. à °æAh ÅØË v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ¶μ«®Ωû˝™ °æçúË °æAh ÅE ÖçC 鬕öÀd, Ééπ\úø Åçö«ç. Q. A, An, the ÅØËN á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. ™„éÀ\çîË ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’/ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ countables Åçö«ç– book, pen, teacher, man, mother etc.- Oô-Eoç-öÀF ÉEo, Éçûª-´’çC ÅE Ææçêu™x îÁ§ƒhç. 鬕öÀd ÉN countables. ™„éπ\-°-ôdE ¢√öÀE Åçõ‰ éÌ©-ûª-™ -é¬F, •®Ω’-´¤-™ é¬F îÁÊ°p¢√öÀE uncountables Åçö«ç– milk, rice, sugar ™«çöÀN. countables èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, singular number, plural number Öçö«®·. uncountables †’ á°æ¤púø÷ singular í¬ØË ¢√úøû√ç. ¢√öÀéÀ plural Öçúøü¿’. ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ ´÷vûªç a/ an ®√´¤. Countables èπ◊, singular, plural Öçö«®· éπüΔ? ã countable singular ™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, üΔE´·çü¿’ a é¬F an é¬F éπ*aûªçí¬ ¢√ú≈-LqçüË. He bought a pen yesterday. Ñ sentence ™, pen - countable. ÅC singular éπüΔ? Åçü¿’éπE 'a pen' ÅØ√oç.

P. Sujatha, Sindhanur, Karnataka

éÀçC ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Q. ؈÷ Ç Å´÷t-®·-™«Íí Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. A. I wish I was/ were like that girl. Q.

Ñûª 鬢√-©çõ‰ FöÀ-™éÀ ü¿÷é¬L. FöÀ-™éÀ Cí∫-EüË Ñûª ®√ü¿’.

A. Unless you get into water you can't learn swimming. Q.

Í®°æ¤ °æK-éπ~©’ à é¬xÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®·? / Í®°æ¤ °æK-éπ~©’ á´-J-èπ◊-Ø√o®·?

A. Which classes/ who have/ will have exams tomorrow? Q.

Å©xJ îËÆœ† ¢√∞¡xçû√ É™« ®ΩçúÕ.

A. All those who made a noise, come here. Q.

´÷C îªü¿’-´¤èπ◊ ûªí∫_ °∂‘V.

A. Our fees are in proportion to our education. Q. It's really boiling hot in here. But we have no choice. You see it is like an oven in here. It's really boiling hot outside.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x in áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ó ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. In here (here èπ◊ •ü¿’©’– Ééπ\úø ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Out/ over there (there èπ◊ •ü¿’©’– Åéπ\úø ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Spoken English ™ ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ωùç. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ v°æ¨¡o©’ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. It has been very hot for the past two days. She has worn the same saree for a week. A. 1) How hot has it been here for the past two days 2) How long has she worn the same sari?/ What has she worn for a week? Q. 1) Which class are you in? 2) Which class are you studying in?

Ñ È®çúø’ v°æ¨¡o©’ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? OöÀéÀ Ææ´÷-üμΔ-†çí¬ I am studying in 10th class ÅE ®√-ßÁ·î√a? A. È®çúø÷ correct. Å®·ûË which class are you doing? ņúøç Spoken English ™ ¶«í∫’çô’çC. Å™«Íí I am doing 10th class, better. Q. Hey, Oh, Yeah, Oh really, Hi, Oh yes, Ah, Hai pronunciation, meaning, usage

Ñ °æüΔ© ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Hey/ Hai/ Hi =

°œ©-´úøç. Yeah (ߪ÷)

äéπ-JE °æ©-éπ-Jç-îªúøç, äéπ-JE

= Yes.

Oh, really? =

Eï´÷? ;

Hi

(£j«).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 10 -¢Ë’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Jagan: So you failed to live up to your dad's expectations. Is that your worry?

(Å®·ûË †’´¤y O’ Ø√†o ÇPç-*-†çûª íÌ°æpí¬ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤. ÅüËØ√ F ¶«üμ¿?) Ratna: That's right. I did my best and you know that.

(Å´¤†’. Ø√ ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl ؈’ î˨»†’. Fèπÿ ûÁ©’Ææ’.) Jagan: By all accounts, of course. Perhaps your dad's expectations are too high.

( Ç N≠æߪ’ç ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ Åçü¿®Ω÷ Åçö«®Ω’. •£æ›¨¡ O’ Ø√†o ´’K áèπ◊\´ ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√oÍ®¢Á÷.) Ratna: Yea. That he does. He wants his children to have access to the best institutions in the country.

(Å´¤†’. ÅüË î˨»-ú≈-ߪ’†. ü˨¡ç-™ E Åûª’u-ûªh´’ ÆæçÆæn-™x ûª† °œ©x-©èπ◊ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç Öçú≈-©E Çߪ’† ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.) Jagan: That he has a right to, and there's no denying it. But nothing wrong if he goes easy on you. So long as you make your efforts sincerely, and don't take things easy, what's there to complain about?

lowly feeling =

2

No access = Access barred/ Access denied =

èπ◊çí∫-B-Ææ’h†o Ç™-

Jagan: That's the spirit, boy.

(ÅD É°æ¤púø’ 鬢√-Lq† Öû√q£æ«ç.) Ratna: By the way, uncle, did your friend's son get the scholarship amount he had been expecting?

(ÅCÆæÍ®-í¬F ´÷´’ߪ÷u, O’ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úÕ éÌ-úø’éÀ\ ûª†’ ÇP-Ææ’h†o ≤ƒ\©-®˝-≠œ°ˇ ´*açüΔ?)

v°æ¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ ņ’-´’A ™‰ü¿’. Computer ™E éÌEo files †’ îª÷ÊÆ O™‰x-éπ-§ÚûË access denied/ access barred

Jagan: He did of course, but that was too little, too late.

Å-E éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. 3) No denying = é¬ü¿-ØËC ™‰ü¿’ (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç EJy¢√-ü¿çí¬ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç)

(®√´-ú≈-EéÀ ´*açC. Å®·ûË ÅC Åçûªçûª ´÷vûª¢Ë’, ÅD î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬.)

a) There is no denying that Dr. Abdul Kalam is the father of the modern rocketry in India =

Ratna: That's a pity. So what's he going to do about it?

(ÅC î√™« ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç. ûª†’ àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’Ø√oúø’?) Jagan: He has accepted it. But whilst he was at it. he had the offer of another scholarship. That is going to be a good amount.

ú≈éπd®˝ Å•’l™¸ éπ™«¢˛’ ¶μ«®Ωû˝ Çüμ¿’-Eéπ ®√Èéö¸ Nñ«c-Ø√-EéÀ Çü¿’uúø’ ÅØËC é¬ü¿-†™‰ç/ é¬ü¿-†-™‰E N≠æߪ’ç.

b) There is no denying that a knowledge of English communication skills is essential to a good career = English communication skills

´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ ¢√u°æ-é¬-©èπ◊ î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç á´®Ω÷ é¬ü¿-†-™‰®Ω’.

(BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Å®·ûË Åûªú≈ °æE™ Ö†o-

there at that time, so the police picked him up =

Ç Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Åûª-†-éπ\-úø -áç-ü¿’-èπ◊-Ø√oúÓ îÁ°æp™‰ç. Åçü¿’-éπE §Ú-MÆæ’-©’ -Åûª-úÕ-E °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. 8) To get over = ´’†-©-†’ ¢ËCμ-Ææ’h†o Ææ´’-Ææu†’/ ¶μ«¢√Eo ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-´-úøç.a) The father is unable to get over the feeling that he hasn't done enough for his son's future =

ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊ ¶μºN-≠æu-ûª’hèπ◊ ûªØËç îËߪ’-™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷-†ØË ¶μ«´ç Ç ûªçvúÕE Oúø-ôç-™‰ü¿’.

b) She finally got over the feeling of neglect at home=

ûª††’ ûª† èπ◊ô’ç•ç E®Ωx-é¬~ u-EéÀ í∫’JîË-Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË ¶μ«-¢√-Eo Ç¢Á’ *´-JéÀ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊çC. 9) Weigh (somebody) down = èπ◊çí∫-D-ߪ’-úøç a) The feeling of loneliness is weighing her down =

Go easy on the youngsters

(Å™« ņ’-èπ◊ØË £æ«èπ◊\ Çߪ’-†èπ◊çC. ÅC á´®Ω÷ é¬ü¿-†-™‰®Ω’. é¬F Çߪ’† O’ O’ü¿ Åçûª Bv´ûª îª÷°œç-îªèπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ °ü¿l ûªÊ°pç-é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’ ´’†Ææ÷p¥-Jhí¬ O’ v°æߪ’-û√o©’ îËÆæ’h-†oç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹, àO’ Ææúø-Lç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†oç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹, °ü¿l ûª°æ¤p °æö«d-Lqç-üËç-™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ?)

Ratna: That's my point too. He observes that we, especially me, are always on the go. There were occasions when he wanted me to relax too but I never let up.

(ÅüË Øˆ-ØË-D†÷. Çߪ’† í∫´’-E-Ææ÷hØË Öçö«úø’, ¢Ë’ç, ´·êuçí¬ Øˆ’ á°æ¤púø÷ BJ-éπ™‰-èπ◊çú≈ °æE-îË-Ææ÷hØË Öçúøôç. Éçé¬ Çߪ’† ††’o é¬Ææh Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-´’†o Ææçü¿-®√s¥©÷ ÖØ√o®·. ØËØË Ø√ v¨¡´’ á°æ¤púø÷ ûªT_ç-îª-™‰ü¿’.) Jagan: Take it easy. He will soon know. Some times there's no accounting for the results of our efforts. But be sure. Your hard work won't go waste. It will certainly stand by you in some other manner.

(¶«üμ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. Çߪ’Ø√ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. éÌEo≤ƒ®Ω’x ´’† éπ%≠œéÀ ´îËa °∂æL-û√-©†’ í∫’Jç* ´’†ç àç îÁ°æp™‰ç. F éπ%≠œ á°æp-öÀéà ´%ü∑Δ é¬ü¿’. ÅC Fèπ◊ ÉçéÓ Nüμ¿çí¬ ûÓúøp-úø’-ûª’çC.) Ratna: That's my hope too. If only dad looked at it so! I still feel that I've let him down when I look at him.

(Ø√ Ǩ» ÅüË. Ø√†o èπÿú≈ Ç N-üμ¿çí¬ Å†’èπ◊çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC! Çߪ’†’o îª÷Æœ†-°æ¤púø™«x Ø√éπE°œ-Ææ’hçC Çߪ’† Ǩ¡©’ ´´·tîË-¨»-†E.) Jagan: The sooner you get over such a feeling the better for you and your dad too. Look to the future. Don't let the past weigh you down.

(Ç ¶μ«´ç †’¢Áyçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ Fèπÿ, O’Ø√-†oèπÿ Åçûª ´’ç*C. í∫ûªç E†’o èπ◊çT-§Ú-ßË’™« îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’.-) Ratna: Thank you, uncle. Your words have argued me out of my lowly feeling. I will try to let my success in the next attempt speak for itself.

(î√™« ü∑Δuçé˙q, F ´÷ô©’ ††’o Ø√ †÷u†û√ ¶μ«´ç †’ç* •ßª’-ô-°æ-úË™« î˨»®·. ´îËa v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ Ø√ Nï-ߪ’¢Ë’ ††’o í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úË™« îËÆæ’hç-C.)

4) Go easy on somebody =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 548 °æ¤púø’ ÉçéÓ ≤ƒ\©-®˝-≠œ°ˇ ´*aç-ü¿-ûª-úÕéÀ. ÅC ´’ç* ¢Á·ûªh¢Ë’.)

M.SURESAN

Ratna: That's good. OK. Uncle, I must be off. See you.

(´’ç*C. ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL. ´≤ƒh-´’J.) Jagan: Bye.

¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçúÕ, ´’† Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù†’ Ææ®Ω-∞¡-ûª®Ωç, Ææ£æ«ïç îËÊÆ ´’J-éÌEo Phrasal Verbs †’ É°æ¤púø’ îª÷üΔlç. OöÀE O’ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úøçúÕ. É´Fo èπÿú≈ Åçü¿-Jéà Åçõ‰ ¢√úË-¢√-JéÃ, NØË-¢√-∞¡xèπÿ Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωn´’-ßË’u¢Ë. Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above: 1) By all accounts 2) Have access to 3) No denying 4) Go easy on somebody 5) Be on the go 6) Let up 7) No accounting for 8) To get over 9) Weigh somebody down 10) Too little, too late. 1) By all accounts = From all accounts =

Åçü¿®Ω÷ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊ØË N≠æߪ’ç/ Åçü¿®Ω÷ Å-ØË ´÷ô. a) By (from) all accounts Sachin is the greatest batsman that Cricket has ever seen =

too

late

b) He wants to go easy on his subordinates =

´%ü¿l¥ ü¿ç°æ-ûª’©èπ◊ Ø√uߪ’-¢Á’iûË ïJ-TçC, é¬F ÅC î√Mî√-©-†çûª, î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬.

´®Ωü¿ ¶«Cμ-ûª’©èπ◊ ÅçC† Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ Ωu©’, î√L-†çûªí¬ ™‰éπ§Ú-´-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ -Ç-©Ææ-uçí¬ Åç-üΔ®·.

°œ©x© O’ü¿ Åçûª äAhúÕ Â°ôd-éπçúÕ. ÆæçÆæn™x ¢√∞¡x†’ °æúËÆœ îªC¢Ë ߪ’çvû√-©’í¬ îËßÁ·ü¿’l.

b) Justice was done to the old couple, but it was too little and too late =

ûª-† -éÀç-C ÖüÓu-í∫’© O’ü¿ Åûª-úø’ Åçûªí¬ -äAhúÕ Â°ôd-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

c) The Doctor advised him to go easy on his walking and other exercises =

¢√éÀçí˚ Éûª®Ω ¢√uߪ÷-´÷© Bv´-ûª†’ ûªT_ç-îª-´’E ú≈éπd®˝ Å-ûª-úÕéÀ Ææ©£æ… Éî√aúø’.- 5) Be on the go = Be on the move = BJé𠙉éπ °æ†’-©-O’ü¿ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úøôç.

P. Sujatha, Sindhanur, Karnataka Q. In respect of

a) There has been no let up in the terrorist threat to India =

Bv´-¢√-ü¿’© ´--©x v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ ¶μ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ à´÷vûªç Ü®Ωô *éπ\-úøç ™‰ü¿’.

b) There has been no let up in the rain since yesterday =

¶μ«®Ωû˝ O’-ü¿ §ƒé˙ üËy≥Ú-ü¿u-´÷Eo ûªT_çîª-úøç ™‰ü¿’. 7) There's no accounting for (something) = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç. a) There's no accounting for taste, is there?

= äéπJ ÅGμ-®Ω’--©èπ◊ 鬮Ωùç Öçúøü¿’ éπüΔ? äéÌ\-éπ\-JéÀ äéÌ\éπ\ üΔE-O’ü¿ É≠ædç Öçô’çC, üΔ-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’-O’ -Öç-úø-ü¿’ ÅE Å®Ωnç)

Å®√nEo

äéπ-üΔ-EéÀ Ææç•çCμç*/ Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬.

In respect of your application for a job you will hear from us soon = application

Ééπ\úø ؈’- îË-J-†-°æpöÀ -†’ç-* ÅÆæ©’ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o.

Ç¢Á’Èé°æ¤p-úø÷ BJ-èπ◊ç-úøü¿’, Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√-∞¡x Ø√†o-èπ◊ -Ç-¢Á’ûÓ -Ç-¢Á’ °-Rx N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«xúË Ææ´’-ߪ’¢Ë’ Öçúøôç ™‰ü¿’. 6) Let up = ûªí∫_-úøç/ ûªT_ç-îª-úøç (v¨¡´’-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE)/ Ü®Ωô *éπ\-úøç.

idiom

A. In respect of =

a) Ever since I joined here I've been always on the go =

b) She is always on the move, so her dad finds no time to talk to her of her marriage =

ÅØË

ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

ÖüÓuí∫ç éÓÆæç O’®Ω’ í∫’Jç*/ èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç* °æç°œ† O’®Ω’ ´÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ûªy®Ω-™ØË Nçö«®Ω’. Q. Formal, informal; formal words, informal words formal language, informal language

Åçõ‰ àN’-öÀ?Å™«Íí © í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. A. Formal = éÌEo éÌEo °æü¿l¥-ûª’©÷ íı®Ω´ ´’®√uü¿©÷, ™«çîμª-Ø√©’ §ƒöÀç-î√-Lq† °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’. Ææ¶μº©÷ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»™x ´’†-éπçõ‰ °j≤ƒn®·™ Ö†o¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø÷, ´’†ç íı®Ω-Nç-î√-Lq-†¢√-∞¡xûÓ ¢Á’L-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø÷ §ƒöÀç-î√-Lq† °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©Fo formal. ÉçöÀ-éÌ-*a† ¢√∞¡x†’ Ç£æ…y-Eç* èπÿ®Óa-´’†úøç, ´’ç*-F-∞¡x-úø-í∫úøç – É´Fo formalities. Å™« ¢Á’L-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç formal í¬ Öçö«ç. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úË ¶μ«≠æ formal language. Å™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’ §ƒöÀç-î√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰éπ§Ú-´úøç informal. ´’† èπ◊ô’ç-•ç™E ¢√∞¡xûÓ, ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ûÓ îª†’-´¤í¬ ´’Ææ-©’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ´’†ç informal í¬ Öçö«ç. Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’ informal. Q.

¢√é¬u© ´’üμ¿u™ in which ÅE ´Ææ÷h Öçô’çC. DE Å®√nEo ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù©ûÓ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. This is the city in which there is the temple of Kanaka Durga.

(éπ†-éπ-ü¿’®Ω_ í∫’úÕ à v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ÖçüÓ Ç v°æü˨¡ç/ †í∫®Ωç É-üË). ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ÅØË Nüμ¿ç – éπ†-éπ-ü¿’-®Ω_´’t í∫’úÕ Ö†o v°æü˨¡ç ÉüË.

b) No accounting why people vote for a party =

Maths is the subject in which I am weak =

c) There's no accounting for his presence

؈’ ÆæJí¬ îËߪ’-™‰E Ææ¶è„b π◊d ´÷uü∑˛q. In which = áçü¿’™ Å®·ûË ÖçüÓ ÅC.

ã §ƒKdéÀ v°æï©’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ãõ‰-≤ƒh®Ó îÁ°æp™‰ç.

´·êu-´’çvA ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçü¿-Jéà ņ’-´’A Öçúøü¿’.

=

a) The relief measures to the flood victims were too little and too late =

c) Pakistan hasn't let up its hate campaign on India =

b) Not all have access to the chief minister =

little,

a) Go easy on the youngsters. Don't put them in residential institutions and make them learning machines = Residential

b) I've never been to Kashmir but it's a lovely place, by all accounts =

Åûªúø’ N´÷Ø√-v¨¡ßª’ç ÖüÓuT é¬-´úøç-ûÓ Åûª-úÕéÀ N´÷Ø√-v¨¡-ߪ’ç™ áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç ÖçC.

Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Ö™«xÆæçí¬ Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ Öçö«úø’. àD Åûª-úÕ-E èπ◊çí∫-D-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç/ Ø√uߪ’ç ™«çöÀN Å®Ω-éÌ-®Ωí¬ Åçü¿-úøç, ÅD v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰†çûª Ç©-Ææuçí¬.

E†oöÀ †’ç* èπ◊®Ω’-Ææ’h†o ¢√†-ûÓûÁJ°œ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC.

a) He has access to any place in the airport, as he is an airport employee =

b) He is always in high spirits. Nothing can weigh him down =

(á´®Ωo®·Ø√) Åçûª Bv´çí¬ -äAhúÕ Â°ôd-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç.

véÀÈéö¸ îªJ-vûª™ Ææ*Ø˛ Åçûª íÌ°æp ¶«uö¸q-´’Ø˛ ™‰úøØË N≠æߪ’ç Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÅØËüË. ØËEç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ é¬Qt®˝ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’, é¬F Åçü¿®Ω÷ Åçö«®Ω’ ÅC î√™« Ææ’çü¿®Ω v°æüË-¨¡-´’E. 2) Have access to = äéπ v°æüË-¨»-EéÃ/ äéπ ´uéÀhE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç/ ņ’-´’A Öçúøôç.

10) Too

äçô-J-ûª†ç Ç¢Á’†’ èπ◊çí∫-D-≤ÚhçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 17 -¢Ë’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

C. Janardhan, Nalgonda Q. You can count on me

Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. You can count on me = Ø√ O’ü¿ †’´¤y ÇüμΔ-®Ω-°æ-úø-´îª’a (Fèπ◊ ؈’ ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh†’) To count on = (äéπ-J-O’ü¿) ÇüμΔ-®Ω-°æ-úøôç. Q. O’®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ É°œpç-*† öÃO °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. The T.V. you got for me is not working/ Something is wrong with the T.V. you got for me. Q.

éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

a) Ain't b) gonna c) gotta d) kinda A. Ain't = am not American blacks I ain't going there = I am not going there educated

(ÉC

¢√úø’éπ

¢√úøç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË-éπüΔ? -Å-ûª-úø’ home work °æ‹Jh î˨»úø’ – DØËo ®Ωéπ-®Ω-é¬-©’í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ -Å-ûª-úÕ £æ«Ùç´®˝\ °æ‹®Ωh-®·uçC/ ÅûªúÕ £æ«Ùç´®˝\ Å®·uçC – É™«. ï†-í∫-ù-´’† §ƒúø-üΔ´÷ Ééπ? ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç éπüΔ, '°æ‹Jh-îË-üΔl´÷— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. 'Be through' (= complete) - ÉC idiom English ™. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Q. If I have any time left that day, I will go to your place. If left will go will come A. If = If you pay the money, I will give you the books =

ÅØËC á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L. ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√éπuç ®√ߪ’-èπÿ-úøüΔ? ®√ߪ’-èπÿ-úøüΔ? Å™« Å®·-ûËØË/ Ç °æJÆœn-A-™ØË.

•ü¿’©’

†’´¤y úø•’s éπúÕ-ûËØË Øˆ’ Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-

¢√úË ´÷ô-é¬ü¿’.)

≤ƒh†’.

gonna = going to

If you know English, you can get a good job =

gotta = got to I've gotta go there = I've got to go there =

؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«xL. kinda = Kind of It's a kinda fish = It's a kind of fish. Q. Till, until

© -Å®Ωnç

-ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. A. till = until

Fèπ◊ ÉçTx≠ˇ ûÁLÊÆh (ûÁL-Æœ-†-ôd-®·ûË), ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-©´¤. a) If I have any time = Ø√Íé-üÁjØ√ Æ洒ߪ’ç Öçõ‰.. b) If I have any time left = Ø√Íé-üÁjØ√ Æ洒ߪ’ç

2

for the past/ for the last ten days. P. Shyamson, Kotaiah Camp Q. Would, should, could, might

à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úøû√®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. i) Will

èπ◊ past form í¬ would ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ †’ç* ¶μºN-≠æuûª’h ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊. He says he will meet me (He says = ÅûªE-°æ¤p-úøç-ô’-Ø√oúø’, he will meet me = ††’o éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E. É°æpöÀ (present) †’ç* future îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ will (meet) ¢√ú≈ç éπüΔ. éÀçC ¢√é¬uEo îª÷úøçúÕ. He said (Åûª-†-Ø√oúø’, í∫ûªç™) he would meet me (††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E) ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«-†E. Åûªúø’ í∫ûªç™ îÁ§ƒpúø’ Åçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç, í∫ûªç †’ç* future ™éÀ, 鬕öÀd would ¢√ú≈ç.

I missed you yester day ii) 'would'

ÉçTx≠ˇ ¶μ«≠æ™ verb ™‰E ¢√é¬u©’ Öçúø-´E äéπîÓô îªC-¢√†’. What about your food on the journey? Ñ ¢√éπuç™ verb àC?

A. What about your food on the journey?/ How about your food on the journey? sentence English conversation

É™«çöÀ¢√öÀE ÅE ņ™‰ç. ´÷´‚(Ææç¶μ«-≠æù) ©’í¬ OöÀE á´-JûÓ†®·Ø√ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç Ç Ææç-í∫ûËN’öÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

How/ What about your friends? Are they coming? =

O’ v°∂çú˛q Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ? ¢√∞Ôx-Ææ’hØ√o®√? Q. ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u© *´®Ω éπy¨¡aØ˛ ´÷®˝\ °úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u© *´®Ω °ôdúøç ™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπE? How about/ What about your new bike =

F éÌûªh ¶„jé˙ Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ? (ᙫ ÖçC?) A. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç éπüΔ? é¬üΔ? ÅE Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üμΔ-®Ωùçí¬ ¢√úøû√ç éπüΔ? DEéÀ English ™ Ææ´÷-†¢Á’i-†N ™‰´¤. (Question tags ûª°æp). É°æ¤púø’ Ñ éÀçC sentence îª÷úøçúÕ. Why (do you) read the newspaper. You can watch the news on the TV. = Newspaper

áçü¿’èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤-û√´¤. ¢√®Ωh©’ öÃO ™ îª÷úÌ-a–É™« ÅØË •ü¿’©’ ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ '¢√®Ωh©’ öÃO™ îª÷úÌa éπüΔ?— ņúøç Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC éπüΔ? äéπ ¶μ«≠æ-™ç* ÉçéÓ ¶μ«≠æ-™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îËô°æ¤púø’ ᙫ Öçõ‰ Å™« ņ’-´-CÊÆh é¬Ææh éπ%vA´’çí¬ Öçô’çC. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ †’´¤y E†o O’öÀçí˚èπ◊ ®√-™‰-ü¿’ -Å-ØËç-ü¿’éπç-õ‰ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’? ņúøç áèπ◊\´ Å®√nEo ÉÆæ’hçC. Hi Priya you're not to seen = '†’´¤y éπE-°œç-îªúøç-™‰ü¿’— éπçõ‰ †’¢ËyçöÀ éπE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’?/ †’´¤y éπE-°œç-îª-úøç-™‰üËç? ņúøç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC ÅØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ Question mark (?) English ™ ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ¢√úø-û√ç.' ?— ™‰èπ◊çú≈ èπÿú≈ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-´îª’a, °ü¿l ûËú≈ Öçúøü¿’. Q. a) He is through with his home work. b) He has completed his home work.

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u© ´’üμ¿u Ö†o ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. He has completed his home work. He's through with his home work. O’®Ω†oô’x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ sentence, È®çúÓ sentence éπçõ‰ Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å®·ûË conversation (Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù)™ variety éÓÆæç á°æ¤púø÷ äÍé-´÷ô

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 549 N’T-LûË. N’TL Ö†o) sentence a, b © ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ M.SURESAN ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπüΔ? c) ´’†ç Ö†o-îÓöÀéÀ á´È®jØ√ ®√´úøç = come go = á´-È®jØ√ áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√ ¢Á∞¡xúøç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ؈’ ´≤ƒh†’ ņúøç Ææ£æ«ïç. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ I will go to your place ņúøç áèπ◊\´. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ É°æ¤púÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ I am coming Åçö«ç. Q. Being ÅØËC passive voice ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç éπüΔ. é¬F éÀçC ¢√éπuç™ passive ™ ™‰ü¿’. (left =

A jubilant union minister Sharad Pawar after being elected president of the board of control for cricket in India, in Kolkata on tuesday.

DEo ᙫ í∫’Jhçî√™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. ..... after being elected ... Ééπ\úø being elected (O’®Ω-†oô’x being + v3) passive voice Å´¤ûª’çC, ᆒo-éÓ-•úøf ûª®√yûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

Being seen [being + v3 (PP)] there isn't (passive) good =

Åéπ\úø îª÷úø-•-úøôç ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’. (Åéπ\úø éπE-°œç-îªúøç ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’). K. Srikala, Rayagada (Orissa) Q. 1. I miss you. 2. I am missing you. tense missing you

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ -ûË-ú≈ -à-N’--öÀ?à ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’. I am ÅÆæ©’ ¢√-úÌî√a ™‰üΔ? 3. E†o ؈’ E†’o N’Æˇ Åߪ÷u†’. DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? 4. äéπ °æC-®Ó-V©’ N’Æˇ Å®·u, °æü¿-éÌçúÓ ®ÓV éπLÆœ, °æC ®ÓV©’ E†’o N’Æˇ Åߪ÷u†’ ÅE ᙫ îÁ•’û√®Ó ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. i) I miss you = †’´¤y ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç Ø√èπ◊ éÌ®Ω-ûªí¬ ÖçC = †’´¤y-™‰E ™ô’ ņ’-¶μº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ii) I am missing you èπ◊ èπÿú≈ °j Å®Ωn¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË Ñ form (am missing / is missing / are missing) ¢√úøéπç î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. I miss/ he (she) misses ÅØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ Åçö«ç. iii) I missed you yesterday. iv) 11

´ ®ÓV É™« îÁ°æpçúÕ:

I have missed you

Might- may

èπ◊ past form 'might'. í∫ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ Å®· ÖçúÌa ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. i) I thought he might come = ÅûªúÌ≤ƒh-úË-¢Á÷†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. (Past doubt) ii) Might †’ present ™ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. He might help you = Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-´-îËa¢Á÷. They might come = ¢√∞Ôx-≤ƒh-Í®¢Á÷? (î√™« ÆæçüË£æ«ç)

A. Raghupathi, Naidupet (Nellore Dist) Q. Simple present

B. Sattibabu, Kadiam Q.

(Politest

¢Ë®· ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Å°œp≤ƒh®√? form of request)

A. Uses of would:

-†’ question form ™ present (É°æ¤p-úø’)™ î√™« íı®Ω-´çí¬ request èπ◊/ permission èπ◊/ offer (àüÁjØ√ Éûª®Ω’©’ Åúøèπ◊\çú≈ ´’†ç É´y-úøç) èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) Would you lend me your book for a day? (request)

äéπ ®ÓVèπ◊ O’ °æ¤Ææhéπç É≤ƒh®√?

b) Would you let me sit here? = (permission)

O’®Ω’ †Eo-

éπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-E-≤ƒh®√?

c) Would you like some coffee? = coffee (offer).

é¬Ææh BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®√? (B≤Ú\çúÕ) – iii) Would †’ past habit (í∫ûªç™ Å©-¢√-ô’í¬ îËÆœ-†-°æ-EéÀ) ¢√úøû√ç. Those days I would play cricket every evening =

Ç ®ÓV™x ؈’ v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç véÀÈéö¸ ÇúË-¢√-úÕE. iv) Would = wish = éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç. I would (wish to) buy such a car soon = ûªy®Ω™  Å™«çöÀ é¬®Ω’ éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Should †’ Çïc (order) É´yú≈-EéÀ, NCμí¬ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æEéÀ, Å´-Ææ®Ωç ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. a) You should be here at 10 every day = order)

†’Ny-éπ\úø ®ÓW 10éÀ Öçú≈L (

b) I should stay at office from 10 AM - 6 PM.= 10 (Duty).

†’ç* 6 ´®Ωèπ◊ ؈’ Ç°∂‘-Æˇ™

Öçú≈L

c) I should start now or I will miss the train =

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√L, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ wõ„jØ˛ ûª°œp§Ú-ûª’çC. (Å´-Ææ®Ωç) Could - ÉC i) Can èπ◊ past form - Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’®√n uEo ûÁLÊ°C.

Ramarao was an actor, so he could become a CM =

®√´÷-®√´¤ †ô’úø’ 鬕öÀd ´·êu-´’çvA é¬í∫-L-í¬úø’. ii) àüÁjØ√ ï®Ω-íÌa ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç, present ™. Be careful with him. He could be dangerous =

Åûª-úÕûÓ ñ«ví∫ûªh Ææ’´÷. Åûªúø’ v°æ´÷-ü¿-é¬J é¬-´îª’a. It could rain = ´®Ω{ç ®√´-îËa¢Á÷. iii) Question form ™ could †’ ÅA ´’®√u-ü¿éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ŷμºu-®Ωn-†-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Could you lend me Rs. 1000? = äéπ

èπ◊ Simple future èπ◊ È®çúÕç-öÀéà äÍé ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC éπüΔ. ÖüΔ: I do ؈’ îË≤ƒh†’. (Simple Present) I will do. ؈’ îË≤ƒh†’.(Simple Future) ûËú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Tense †’ •öÀd verb form ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ´÷Í®çûªí¬ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷®Ωü¿’. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ á°æ¤púø’ äéπ-°æE ïJÍíC time words (Í®°æ¤, ®ÓW, v°æA-ØÁ©, E†o, ¢Á·†o)†’ ¢√úÕ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç. English ™ tense †’ •öÀd verb ®Ω÷°æç ´÷®Ω’ûª÷ Öçô’çC, ûÁ©’í∫’™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈. I do it (regularly) = ؈’ (®ÓW ¢√®√-E-éÓ-≤ƒJ/ ØÁ©èπ◊ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x etc) îË≤ƒh†’. I will do = ؈’ îËߪ’-¶-û√†’ = ûªy®Ω™  îË≤ƒh†’/ Ø√ É≠ædç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ îË≤ƒh†’. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ °æE ïJÍí Ææ´’-ߪ÷-Eo-•öÀd verb ®Ω÷°æç ´÷®Ωü¿’ é¬E English ™ °æE-ï-JÍí Ææ´’-ߪ÷-Eo-•öÀd verb form ´÷J-§Úûª÷ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’Íé ´’†èπ◊ English Åçûª confusing í¬, éπ≠dç æ í¬ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. äéÓ\≤ƒJ future ™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC ÅE ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ future èπ◊ simple present form èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. She takes the exam next week = Ç¢Á’ ´îËa¢√®Ωç °æKéπ~ ®√Ææ’hçC = She is taking the exam next week (present continuous èπÿú≈ ¢√úø´îª’a) = She will take the exam next week. Å®·ûË, will take - takes ... (next week)/ is taking (next week) Åçûª éπ*aûªç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. V. Suresh Kumar, Mukurala Q. Have to, Should

©èπ◊ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ÉN äÍé Å®√n-Eo-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. é¬F, OöÀE àßË’ Ææçü¿®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈®Ω’?

We have to respect our constitution. We should respect our constitution.

OöÀ™ ÆæÈ®j-†-üËC? A. Should èπÿ, have to èπ◊ Åçûª ûËú≈- ™‰ü¿’. È®ç-úÕçöÀF Çïc-L-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊, ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçúË °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Å®·ûË E•ç-üμ¿†©’ -ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ should áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Candidates should be at the exam hall by 10 = rule

NCμí¬ Öçú≈L £æ…™x. ÉC ûÓçC.

†’ ûÁ©’°æ¤-

Candidates have to be in the exam hall by 10 rule

Öçú≈L éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ÅE.

ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’-éπ™«

ņç. We have to respect our constitution =

®√ñ«uç-í¬Eo ´’†ç íı®Ω-Nç-î√L (ÅC ´’†- NCμ). We should respect our constitution = ´’†ç ®√ñ«uç-í¬Eo íı®Ω-Nç-î√L– ÉC ´’† éπ®Ωh´uç – ´’†ç E•ç-üμ¿† v°æ鬮Ωç èπÿú≈ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 31 -¢Ë’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Md. Yakub Ali, Yellandu

A. I used to go there Did you use to go there?/ Where did you use to go ? What did you use to do?

ØË-EC îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’ Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?A. I am not able to do it. Q. '؈’ í∫ûªç™ 鬮Ω’ Å´÷t†’— ÅE îÁ°æpú≈-EéÀ I sold, I have sold, I had sold ©™ àC ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†o Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, I have sold the car, I sold the car È®çúø÷ correct. Å®·ûË 'I had sold the car' Independent sentence í¬ ûª°æ¤p. I have sold the car- ؈’ car Ţ˒t-¨»†’ (Å´’túøç ïJ-TçC ÅE). Ééπ\úø have sold (have + pp), time (à ®ÓV/ à ØÁ©/ à Ææç´ûªq®Ωç ÅE) îÁ°æpE past action. v§ƒ´·êuç Å´’tú≈EÍé é¬F, ÅN’t† time èπ◊ é¬ü¿’.

Q. Shall be had

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ÉC Passive verb. äéπ-J-Íé-üÁjØ√ ûª°æpéπ Öçô’çC. (éπLT Öçúø-•-úø’-ûª’çC) ÅE. Whatever you want, it shall be had = F ÍéC鬢√-LqØ√, F´C éπLT Öçö«´¤ (FéπC ûª°æpéπ Öçô’çC future™).

A. Shall be had =

Do you want a car? it shall be had (by you) = car future

Fèπ◊

Q. As far as

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Ç ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊/ Åçûª-´’-ô’èπ◊ As far as I can see = Ø√ éπ†’-îª÷°æ¤ ¢Ë’®Ω™ / ؈’ îª÷úø-í∫-L-T-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊/ Ø√éπ®Ωnç Å®·-†ç-ûª´-®Ωèπÿ.

A. As far as =

D†®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ؈’ Ţ˒t-¨»-†ØË. ¢√úÕ†°æ¤púø’, á°æ¤p-úø-N’tçD éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©-§ƒL.

b) His parents educated her as far as they could =

Ç¢Á’ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ Ç¢Á’†’ îªC-Nç-îª-í∫-LT-†çûª ´®Ωèπÿ îªC-Nç-î√®Ω’.

(á´®Ó Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* üµ¿®Ω ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´·çü¿’-éÌî√a®Ω’, E†o 鬮Ω’ Ţ˒t¨»†’). É™« ÉC correct.

A.

If you want to improve the situation you must take the bull by heart.

Ææ´’Ææu †’ç* ûª°æ¤p-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ áü¿’-®Ó\´úøç. He was losing in business, but he took the bull by the horns =




¢ËÆæ-N™ Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø äéπ-õ‰ é¬èπ◊çú≈ í∫’çô÷®Ω’ èπÿú≈ ¢ËúÕ-í¬ØË Öçô’çC.

b) My parents as well as my sister have come =

´÷ Å´÷t Ø√†o™‰ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ Åéπ\ èπÿú≈ ´*açC. As well as ûÓ È®çúø’ subjects †’ °j sentences ™™« ¢√úÕûË verb ¢Á·ü¿öÀ subject †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. a) He as well as his children has come = He, his children subjects as well as subject 'he' verb, has come. subjects order sentence-

Çߪ’†, Çߪ’† °œ©x©÷ ´î√a®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Ñ È®çúø’ †÷, ûÓ éπL§ƒç ¢Á·ü¿öÀ 鬕öÀd ÅüË ´÷®√a´’-†’-éÓçúÕ Å°æ¤púø’ His children as well as he have come. Ééπ\úø ¢Á·ü¿öÀ subject 'His children (they) 鬕öÀd, verb 'have come' Å´¤-ûª’çC. So that Åçõ‰ Åçü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬/ àüÁjØ√ ïJ-Ííô’x/ ïJ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊/ Åçü¿’èπ◊ ÅE. a) Study well so that you may pass = §ƒÆˇ ÅßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ ¶«í¬ îªü¿’´¤. b) He started early so that he might avoid the queue =

èπÿu™ E©-•-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûªúø’ ´·çüË •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’. So that •ü¿’©’ 'to + 1st RDW' (Infinitive) ¢√úÌa.

é¬ü¿’,

feel blue.

Å®Ωnç E®√-¨¡ûÓ

Q.




'ÅC é¬L-§Ú-®·çC— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ÅØ√™« ™‰ü∆ It was burnt ÅØ√™«.

It burnt

Åûªúø’ ´’®Ω-ùÀç-î√úø’ =

Q. The leaves are green in colour. What colour is the leaves? What colour are the leaves?

DEo v°æ¨¡o™« ÅØ√™« Åúø-í¬-©çõ‰ ÅØ√™«? What colour are the leaves? - Correct. Ééπ\úø leaves plural éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE 'are' correct. Å®·ûË What is the colour of leaves? Åçö«ç colour singular 鬕öÀd.

A. Subba Rao, Onipenta Q.


He was cast down at the sad news of his future.

E®√-¨»E-Ææp %-£æ«-©ûÓ Öçúøôç/ E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«çûÓ èπ◊çT-§Ú´úøç – àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ ï®Ω-í∫úøç ´©x. He was cast-

down/ downcast at the sad news of his future =

ûª† ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h†’ í∫’Jç* îÁúø’/ Nî√-®Ω-éπ®Ω-¢Á’i† ¢√®Ωh NE Åûªúø’ èπ◊çT-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’/ úŒ™« °æúÕ§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

A. I will have to be = should be = must be =

Öçú≈L. ؈’

Í®°æ-éπ\úø Öçú≈L. '¢√∞¡Ÿx absent Åߪ÷u®Ω’— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ they were absent ņ-´î√a? A. ņ-´îª’a. Q. I used to go there Ñ ¢√é¬uEo v°æ¨¡oí¬ Åúø-í¬©çõ‰ what do you used to do ņ-´î√a?













Nagarjuna sagar talepond.

A.

ÅC talepond é¬ü¿’, tailpond - ÉC Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Engineering °æü¿ç.

dam

Çí∫E £œ«çÆæ, üˆ®Ωb†uç, •© É°æ¤púø’ -v°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Å®·ûË Ñ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’.

Biodata and resume

Resume = A brief account of your qualification, experience etc. Biodata (British) = Resume (American) Sound and noise

Test = Not always so formal as an exam.


A. Plan = A detailed programme of what you want to do, to achieve/ do something. Idea = The thought of doing something. Idea - I Stage; Plan - II Stage


Commission and committee

A. Commission = A group of people appointed by the government and having powers to find out control/ make rules about something. Committee = A group of people selected by anybody (Not necessarily government) to study a problem and suggest solutions.


Craft and drawing

A. Craft = Any work done by hand

Deputy and vice

A. Deputy = Vice


Against and versus

A. Against = Opposite, used generally versus = used mostly in sports- almost the same as against.

Q. How many brothers have you? How many brothers do you have?

OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? A. How many brothers have you? = How many brother do you have?

FÈéç-ûª-´’çC

≤Úü¿-®Ω’©’ = Å®·ûË, How

many brother have you? British; How many brothers do you have?American.

Q. Yet, so that, else, ago, before A.

¢Á·ü¿-™„j† ¢√öÀE

ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. Yet = Éçé¬/ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ =

till now I haven't (have not) seen the movie yet =

ØËEçé¬ Ç

ÆœE´÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. I have yet to see the movie =

ØËEçé¬ Ç ÆœE´÷ îª÷ú≈Lq ÖçC. (É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπÿ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’) So that = ÅC ïJ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ Reserve the öÀÈéô’x ´·çüË èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.

Noise = unpleasant sound.


Plan and idea

tickets so that we can avoid the queue = reserve

A. Sound = usually pleasant to hear

©èπ◊


Hitler followed the policy of blood and iron. A. Blood and Iron = expression

Scrutiny and checking

A. Biodata = Information about oneself their qualifications, experience etc.,




Examination and test

A. Examination (exam) = a very formal test of one's ability.

Song and anthem

Check = verify- to see if the information given is correct or not.


Stork and crane

A. Stork and crane = more or less the same kind of water birds. storks are black and white and build nests on tops of tall buildings. Cranes are mostly white and stay away from humans.

A. Scrutiny = a thorough examination to see how far something is true or correct.

éÀçC ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u™x Uûª-U-Æœ† ¶µ«í¬-EéÀ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Castdown = downcast = depressed =

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?




S.G. Syamsunder, Metpalli

A. Song = Any song; Anthem = a religious or sacred (Holy) song.

D. Usha, Nandyala

A.

èπ◊ îË®√-©ØË ÖüËl¨¡çûÓ ûª† Nï-ߪ÷Eo 鬧ƒ-úø’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Places of tourist interest Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? °æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊-©†’ ÇéπJ{çîË v°æüË-¨»©’. Nodal ´u´Ææn Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Íéçvü¿-¢Á’i-†öÀd.

Q. What is the difference among the following. He is dead.

Talent and performance

A. Talent = Ability to understand and do some thing / cleverness.

§ÒçC† Nï-ߪ÷Eo 鬧ƒ-úø’-éÓ-´úøç, áéπ\ú≈ ãúÕ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈. He looked to his laurels

G. Pavani, Karimnagar

àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

A. He died = He was dead He died =

A. A.

A. It is burnt.

Raju is a good runner, the champion will have to look to his laurels.

after the first victory as he wanted to reach the finals = finals




He started early to avoid the queue.

I will have to be there tomorrow =

A.

A. You have/ There is a biscuit packet in your pocket. Take it out.

He died




e.g. : Dance performance = Doing a dance in public.




™‰ü∆

Airstrip = A small place for landing and taking off of airplanes.

The student looked blue on seeing the question paper.

èπ◊çT§Ú-´úøç/ ÅüµÁj-®Ωu-°æ-úøôç. He felt blue on Ç ¢√®Ωh N†-í¬ØË Åûªúø’ E®√-¨¡-°æ-ú≈fúø’.

؈’ †úø-´-í∫-L-T†çûª ü¿÷®Ωç †úø’-≤ƒh†’, Ç ûª®√yûª •Æˇ áèπ◊\-û√†’. M.SURESAN Q. 'O’ ñ‰•’™ GÂÆ\ö¸ §ƒuÈéö¸ ÖçC éπü∆. ü∆Eo •ßª’-ôèπ◊ Bߪ’çúÕ.— Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

Q. He was dead

A. Helipad = A place for landing and taking off of helicopters.

hearing the news =

take a bus =

(¶Ô´’t©’ Uߪ’úøç).

Helipad and airstrip

Performance = Doing of something, especially in public.

A. look blue

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 550

a) Vijayawada as well as Guntur is hot during summer =

water colours, etc.


ÅûªúÕ ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ †≥ƒd™Ô-Ææ’hç-úËN. Å®·Ø√ üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ Ç °æJ-Æ œnAE áü¿’®Ì\-Ø√oúø’.

He felt blue on hearing the news

DEo í∫ûªç™ È®çúø’ °æ†’©’ ïJT Öçõ‰, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ °æEéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. I had sold the car - äÍé °æE 鬕öÀd É™« ņç. Q. As well as, so that Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. As well as = ÅüË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÉC èπÿú≈/ ü∆çûÓ ÉC èπÿú≈

Q.




c) I will walk as far as I can, and after that

had sold - had + pp -

Q. I will have to be

í∫’Jhç°æ¤/ éπ%ûª-ïcûª §Òçü¿E v¨¡´’ §ƒJ¨¡Ÿ-ü¿l¥ u-°æ-E-¢√J v¨¡´’ á´J í∫’Jhç°æ‹/ éπ%ûªïcû√ §Òçü¿E °æE.

Ø√ éπ†’-îª÷-°æ¤-¢Ë’®Ω ü¿÷®Ωç™ à 鬮Ω÷ ™‰ü¿’.

Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ÅN’t† time -ûÁ-LÆœ-Ø√ èπÿú≈ time ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

A work for which no one is grateful collecting taxes is a thankless task.

Sanitation worker's job is a thankless job/ task = (Municipal)

a) As far as I can see, there isn't any car =

I sold the car last week/ yesterday etc.

e.g. : Someone offered me very good price for the car yesterday. I sold the car.

A.

鬢√™«? ÅC Fèπ◊ ûª°æpéπ Öçô’çC–

™.

I sold the car. verb- sold (past doing word/ past simple). car sold (time/ month/ year, etc)

Å®·ûË




Ñ ï¢√•’ ´îËa v°æ¨¡o:

Q.

2

(îËA °æE/

£æ«Ææh-éπ∞¡)

-îÁ®·u, èπÿu™ E©-•-úø-

He started early so that he may not be late =

Ç©Ææuç Å´-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ´·çüË •ßª’-™‰l®√úø’ (Åçü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬). Else = ÉçÍéçöÀ?/ ÉçÈé-´®Ω’?/ ÉçÈé-°æ¤púø’? ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ. What else? (ÉçÍéçöÀ?) Who else? (ÉçÈé´®Ω’?) When else? (ÉçÈé-°æ¤púø’?) ™«çöÀ expressions ™ ¢√úøû√ç.or else = ÅC é¬éπ§ÚûË. Pay now or else you will lose the chance =

É°æ¤púø’ úø•’s éπô’d, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Å´-鬨¡ç éÓ™pû√´¤.

Drawing = Draw pictures with pen, pencils,

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 7 -W-Ø˛ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

B. Sujatha, Tirupathi

He would have gone there - verb would have gone - Should have + PP -

Q. He ordered me to keep the shop open until his purchases are complete. are are comcomplete pleted

Åûª-úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ

¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úË, é¬F ¢Á∞¡}-™‰ü¿’. É™« O’Í®-üÁjØ√ BÆæ’-èπ◊E, States of being (Öçúøôç) ûÁLÊ° verb forms, be form + ing/ PP - actions (°æ†’-©†’) í∫’Jç* ûÁLÊ° actions words form îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ≤ƒn†ç™ Öçú≈L éπü∆. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. He ordered me to keep the shop open until his purchases were complete. This is the correct sentence. 'were completed' is correct too, but 'complete' is equally correct. 'complete' is an adjective like 'open'. The shop was opened = The shop keeper opened the shop. The shop was open = The shop was not closed.

.

A All persons above 18 will be issued identity cards before the end of November.

.

My work is completed = My work is in a completed state.

.

something. e.g.: pursuit of happiness =

Chasing the pursuit of the deer by the tiger do something as a hobby.

džç-ü∆-EéÀ ÅØËy-≠æù 2)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 551

Q. 'Be' forms

áEo ®Ω鬩’? ¢√öÀE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.

A. 'Be' forms: 3 sets:

A. I got this job opportunity only because of him. My present position owes to him. Q. A.

-F-´¤ -á-ØÓo èπ◊-´÷®Ω’-úø-´¤?D-EéÀ English ™‰-ü¿’.

S.Md. Ghouse Mohiuddin, Kadapa Q.

éÀçC ÉçTx≠ˇ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. The old man is too weak to walk. The old man is so weak that he can not walk.

A. The old man is too weak to walk =

Ç Â°ü∆lߪ’† †úø-´-™‰-†çûª •©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’ = The old

3) ¢√u°æéπç

mitigate = to reduce/ lessen suffering

was, were 3) 'been'

Has any body injured in the accident - wrong.

*´®Ω ´îËaN

shall have been should has will had would shall can should could be will may would have been can might could must may have to might has to must had to 1) a) I am in this room (verb - am ('Be' form) =

v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îªúøç.

Ééπ\úø v°æ≤ƒh-´†/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úøôç ¶µ«®Ω-û√Eo í∫’Jç*. 2) Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç §Òçü¿úøç/ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªúøç Let us have a list of phone numbers for reference. Telephone numbers

Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ¢√öÀ ñ«Gû√ Öç-èπ◊çü∆ç. 3) Ææ©£æ… §Òçü¿úøç – He started doing it without reference to his elders = Åûªúø’ °ü¿l-¢√∞¡}†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ÅC îËߪ’úøç ¢Á·ü¿-©’°-ö«dúø’.

؈’ èπÿ®Ω’aE ÖØ√o†’ –

2) a) She has been a teacher for the past two years (verb - has been - be form = teacher

í¬ ÖçC)

b) She has worked/ has been working as a teacher for the past two years (verb- has worked (has + PP)/has been working - has been (be form) + working (ing form) = teacher - action)

Ç¢Á’ È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬

í¬ °æE

îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’

3) They should have been there yesterday (verb - should have been - 'be' form

=

¢√∞¡Ÿx E†o Ééπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC, é¬E ™‰®Ω’) 4) They should have been studying yesterday (verb - should have been - be form + studying (ing form) = - action)

¢√∞¡Ÿx E†o îªü¿’-´¤-ûª÷çú≈-LqçC, é¬E îªü¿-´-™‰ü¿’ É™« áØÁj oØ√ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Å™«Íí, have /has/

had/ shall have/ should have/ will have/ would have, etc + past participle - action

Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. He would have been there - verb - would have been - be form =

Åûª-úø-éπ\úø ÖçúË-¢√úË.

Q. Is 'never' used only sentence form in present perfect tense? Doesn't used in question form? Please explain. My mother has never travelled by air Has my mother never travelled by air? (question form).

(´÷ Å´’t á°æ¤púø÷ N´÷†ç™ v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-îª-™‰ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

A. It is better to avoid 'never' in the present perfect tense. 'Never' means, not at any time, in the past, present or future. Present perfect refers to the time till now. So 'My Mother has not travelled by air so far' is better than, 'My Mother has never travelled...' But people do use 'never' with the present perfect tense, and we can't say it is totally wrong. Q.

deployment = 1) To move soldiers and weapons to important places for ready action.

M.SURESAN

A. Reference = 1) The reference here is to the Bharatham -

èπÿ®Óa-´úøç –

Ç Â°ü∆l-ߪ’† áçûª •©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖØ√o-úøçõ‰, Çߪ’† †úø-´-™‰úø’. Q. Very few kings of the world are as great as Akbar (positive degree)

Akbar is greater than most other kings of the world (comparative degree). Akbar is one of the greatest kings of the world (superlative).

´‚úø’ úÕvU-™xE ¢√é¬u-©†’ í∫-©®Ω’. A. 1) Positive Degree - î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ ´’çC ®√V©’ Åéπs®˝ Åçûª íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡Ÿx 2) Comparative - Åéπs®˝ î√™«-´’çC ®√V© éπçõ‰ íÌ°æp-¢√úø’. 3) Superlative - Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp ®√V™x Åéπs®˝ äéπúø’. Q. Exclamatory sentences éÌEo what ûÓ éÌEo How ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤-û√®·. Ñ ûËú≈ áçü¿’èπ◊? Öü∆: How beautiful the rose is! ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-

Q. Please explain about the word 'Reference' with example in telugu.

ÖØ√o†’– É°æ¤púø’)

Ö°æ-

¨¡-´’†ç (¶«üµ¿-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-†’ç*) éπL-Tç-îªúøç.

Has anybody injured means if anyone has injured someone. Your idea is to find out if anybody has been injured = if because of the accident anybody has got injured.

b) I am sitting in the room (verb - am sitting - am + ing = action)

man is so weak that he cannot walk =

°æ¤L >çéπ†’ ¢Ëö«-úøôç.

A. Was any body injured in the accident?- Correct

1) Am, is, are

é¬F ™‰úø’.

íÓ®Ωç-ûª©’ éÌçúøç-ûª©’ îËߪ’úøç/ ÅA-¨¡-ßÁ÷éÀh. pursuit: 1) searching/ quest (ÅØËy-≠æù) for

Which is correct, what is the difference between them.

S.Satyanarayana Murthy, Kakinada

Ç¢Á’ È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬

exaggerate = make too much of too little/ to make small things appear great.

ÅûªúÕ é¬®Ω-ùçí¬ØË Ø√éà Ŵ-鬨¡ç/ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´*açC. ™‰ü∆ Ø√éà ƜnA ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ ÅûªúË é¬®Ω-èπ◊úø’.

What do I call you?

A You are correct. The correct expression is, 'complete with all particulars' .

´îËaN

äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ î√™«´’ç-CéÀ/ äéπ ´uéÀhéÀ ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o v°æA¶µº.

Has anybody injured in the accident?

Q. It must be complete in with all particulars complete completed

'be'

vast talent = a large number of people in a group/ a person having a lot of natural ability to do something.

´’®Ó Nüµ¿çí¬ á™« îÁ§Òpa?

Q. Was any body injured in the accident?

*´®Ω

laureate: íÌ°æp Ææû√\®Ωç/ °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç §ÒçüË íÌ°æp-¢√®Ω’ – A Nobel Laureate = Nobel °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®√Eo Åçü¿’-èπ◊-†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

Q It has been decided to issue identity cards to all persons above 18 before the end of November.

My work is complete = over

Q.

The Indian diaspora in the US.

DEo ´’®Ó Nüµ¿çí¬ á™« îÁ§ƒpL?

Vivek Satyanandam, Korukonda

2)

äéπ ü˨»-EéÀ îÁçC† v°æï©’, Ç ü˨¡ç NúÕ* ¢ÁRx ÉçéÓîÓô Æœn®Ω-°æ-úøôç–

A. He said no/ He denied it.

similarly

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ≤ƒn†ç™ Öçú≈L éπü∆.

A. Diaspora: The moving away of the people of one country to another.

V. Suryarao, Vizag Q. 'No' he said

2

éÀçC °æü∆-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Diaspora, Laureate, vast talent, exaggerated, pursuit, mitigate, deployment, Intensity, perennial, Indigenously, convention, consumption.

2) To use something correctly and effectively. intensity = severity =

Bv´ûª

perennial = Continuous/ happening again and perennial again rivers = rivers which are never without water e.g.: the Krishna, the Ganga etc.)

áúø-ûÁ-J-°œ-™‰E. (†ü¿’© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™

indigenously = produced/ born/ growing within the country, without being brought from other countries. = Some brands of cars are indigenously produced in India = cars

ÆæyüËP/ üËQ-ߪ’çí¬.

éÌEo ®Ω鬩 ¶µ«®Ω-û˝-™ØË (NüË-¨»© †’ç* Cí∫’-´’A îËÆæ’éÓ-èπ◊çú≈) ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-≤ƒh®Ω’. convention= 1) A common practice(dž-¢√-®·B) 2) Conference (Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç) consumption = A†úøç/ û√í∫úøç; NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç Q. Please specify some good books for phrasal verbs, letter & essay writing. A. Books for phrasal verbs: Cambridge guide to phrasal verbs. (Phrasal verbs in use - by Michael McCarthy and Felicity O'Dell). There are many good books on letter writing on the market. K. Konda Babu, Denduluru Q.

éÀçC ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Ñ Ê°°æ®Ω’ Ñ ®ÓV-üËØ√? ™‰ü∆ á°æp-öÀC Ñ Ê°°æ®Ω’ (à ®ÓVC)?

A. Is it today's paper?/ Is this today's paper? Q.

Ø√èπ◊ ´·©’x í∫’a-èπ◊çC. ™‰ü∆ Bí∫/ Üîª UÆæ’-èπ◊E í¬ßª’-¢Á’içC.

A. A thorn has got/ is stuck in Q. A. These rules apply to you also Q. A. What do I call you? Q. A. All these (people) are connected with him

Ñ E•çüµ¿-†-©’ O’èπÿ ´Jh-≤ƒh®·.

à´’E °œ©-¢√L/ ᙫ °œ©-¢√L E†’o?

O®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

What a beautify flower the rose is! How What

ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©-®·ûË ü∆E Å®Ωnç ᙫ Öçô’çC. ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©-®·ûË ü∆E Å®Ωnç ᙫ Öçô’çC. A. Exclamatory ™ what éà how éà ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ ûËú≈ Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ É™« ®√´îª’a. How beautiful the rose is! = í∫’™«H áçûª Åçü¿-¢Á’i† °æ¤¢Óy! What a beautiful flower the rose is! = à--N’ Åçü¿-¢Á’i† °æ¤´¤y í∫’™«H! Q. Alas! Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? What a pity! Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Alas = ÅßÁ÷u! (ü¿’”ë«Eo ûÁLÊ° Ǩ¡a-®√u-®Ωnéπç) What a pity! = áçûª ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç! Ch.Venkata Ramana Reddy, Kareemnagar Q. This house belongs to me for a long time. This house has belonged to me for a long time.

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

A. This house belongs to me for a longtime correct.

ÉC ûªÊ°p. Ñ éÀçC È®çúø÷

This house belongs to me = correct.

Ñ É©’x Ø√C.

É™« Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉC

This house has belonged to me for a longtime =

Ñ É©’x î√™«-é¬-©çí¬ Ø√C. ™ for a long time = î√™« -é¬-©çí¬ Å†o-°æ¤púø’, éÌçûª-鬩ç véÀûªç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ´-®Ωèπÿ/ Éçé¬ – Ñ Å®Ωnç ®√¢√-©çõ‰ English ™ present perfect ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√--úøû√ç. Åçü¿’-´©x Sentence (2)

'has belonged' correct. Q. When I reached the meeting hall the president already had started his lecture.

Ñ

¢√éπuç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. When I reached the meeting the president had already started his lecture - correct.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 14 -W-Ø˛ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

T. Gangasingh, Adilabad Q. I have excellent command over English. I have excellent command of English. Which sentence is correct? A. I have (an) excellent command of English correct. elder than to Q. Elder is used to refer to relations with in the family and it is followed by to A. 'Elder' is not followed by to. 'Elder' is used only to refer to the members of the same family, and is used as follows: a) He is the elder of the two sons of my friend/ of the two he is the elder. b) My brother is my elder and my sister is his elder.

O’®Ì-éπ-îÓô ûª®√yûª ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬F ØËØÌ-éπ-îÓô

é¬F

é¬F ¢√úøç

ÅE îªC-¢√†’. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

G. Shankar, Kesavapatnam Q. I saw the following line on a reputed publisher's book. Professor N.Krishnaswamy is one of India's leading experts on language and linguistics. Here when one of follows 'the' so that why did not use here 'the'? A. Prof Krishnaswamy is one of India's leading experts on ... Here, leading has 'India's' before is, so we don't use 'the' before 'India's' or 'leading'. Look at this: Prof K is one of the leading experts ... Here 'the' is used before 'leading' because 'leading' is not qualified by any other word. Q. Please give me detail explanation of simple, compound, complex some what difficult to me. A. We have explained these more than once in these columns. Just the same, we are explaining once again. A clause is a group of words with a verb. eg: If she asks for me ('asks' is a verb, so 'If she asks for me' is a clause). So are, groups of words each with a verb (underlined) a) When the exams begin; b) He helps me a lot, etc. A main clause has complete meaning. eg: a) He is recovering fast b) He knows etc. A clause without complete meaning is a SUBORDINATE CLAUSE a) Wherever you are (verb)- meaning not complete- so a subordinate clause. So are clauses like, 'because they are here,' 'though India is progressing', etc. The number of clauses in a sentence = the number of verbs in the sentence. Imp: The infinitive (to go, to sing, to go - to + 1st RDW), the '...ing' form (going, coming, singing, etc.) and the Past Participle (given, sung, gone, talked, etc) are not verbs. A simple sentence has only one main clause, that is, only one verb. eg: She has a musical voice- Has is the only verb here, and so the sentence has only one clause- the sentence itself- and as the meaning is complete, it is a main clause. So the sentence is a simple sentence. So is the following: How can I walk on a hot day like this? Only one verb, 'can walk' in the sentence- so only one clause- 'How can I walk' in the sentence, its meaning is complete, so it is a main clause. So, 'How can I walk on a hot day like this?' is a simple sentence. A complex sentence has one main clause, and one or more subordinate clauses. eg: How can I walk on a day like this which is hot? Two verbs in the sentence: 1) Can walk, and 2) is. So there are two clausesa) How can I walk?- This clause has complete meaning, so it is a main clause.

b) On a day like this which is hot - no complete meaning for this clause, so it is a subordinate clause. This sentence, therefore is a complex sentence. A sentence with 2 or more clauses is a compound sentence. The day is hot and how can I walk on such a day?Here again there are two clausesa) The day is hot- This clause has complete meaning, so it is a main clause. b) And how can I walk on such a day?- this is another main clause, as it has complete meaning too. So the sentence, 'The day is hot and how can I walk on such a day?' has two main clauses, so it is a compound sentence. This is the difference between the simple, the complex and the compound sentence. How to change one kind of sentence to another? This is not so difficult. The most important thing is, when we change one kind of sentence into another, the meaning and the tense should not change. There are however some standard patterns.

(áçúøí¬ Ö†o

É™«çöÀ ®ÓV†)

b) Before he this joined Company, he was a student Complex c) He was a student and then he joined this company Compound 4) a) After coming here, he earned a lot of money - Simple b) After he came here he earned a lot of money - Complex c) He came here and (then) earned a lot of money - Compound. 5) a) She was too weak to walk - Simple b) She was so weak that she could not walk - Complex c) She was very weak and so she could not walk - Compound. simple, compound and complex

ÉO èπ◊ Ææç•çCµç-*† ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’. ´·êuçí¬ àC verb, àC é¬ü¿’, ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç, Å®Ωnç, tense ´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç important.

2

Drop = (He dropped her name from the list. He dropped (discontinued) Engineering course.

´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç /Ç°æúøç.

Eliminate =

ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç (éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x îªç°æúøç ü∆y®√)/ (§ÚöÃ-™xç*) ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç Terminate = to put an end to = Åçûªç îËߪ’úøç 3) Meeting= Æ涵º/ Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç Discussion = Ωa; Summit - ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç °æ®Ωy-ûª-P-ê®Ωç; Å®·ûË summit meeting èπ◊ short form í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’. Summit = Åûªuçûª Ö†o-ûª-≤ƒn-®·™/ NNüµ¿ ü˨»©/ ÆæçÆæn© Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©/ ´·êu ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’© Ææ´÷¢Ë¨»©’/ Ωa©’. Parishad - ÉC English ´÷ô-é¬ü¿’. ûÁ©’Íí – ÆæçÆæn/ èπÿôN’, etc. Conference = äéπ Å稻Eo îªJaç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ç Å稻EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´uèπ◊h©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ƒ™Ô_ØË Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç. convention = 1) äéπ ´%AhéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†-¢√J Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç 2) dž-¢√-®·B. Interview = äéπ ŶµºuJn ¨¡éÀh ≤ƒ´’-®√n u-©†’, ´uéÀhû√yEo ÅçîªØ√ ¢ËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË ´’¯"éπ (face to face/ oral) °æKéπ~. Seminar = íÓ≠œe. äéπ Å稡ç°j, äéπJ °æJ-¨ -üµ¿†Â°j (research) Åüµ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËÊÆ-¢√J íÓ≠œe. (Ñ ´’üµ¿u DEE äéπ ÆæçÆæn, ¢√öÀ Öûªp-ûª’h© ÊÆ´© v°æî√-®√-EéÃ, Å´’t-鬩 ÅGµ-´%-Cl¥éÀ à®√pô’ îËÊÆ Æ涵ºí¬ ûª°æ¤pí¬ ¢√úø’ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Congress: NCµ, Nüµ∆-Ø√©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊, B®√tØ√©’ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ äéπ Ææ´÷-êuèπ◊ îÁçC† NNüµ¿ ´®√_© v°æA-E-üµ¿’© Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç, èπÿôN’. Centre = Íéçvü¿ç– ¢√u§ƒ-®√-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç*, ´Ææ’h-´¤©’, ÊÆ´©’ ©GµçîË îÓô’ (ü∆ü∆°æ¤ shop) Bunk = •úŒf– *†o *†o Eû√u-´-Ææ-®√-©†’ Ţ˒t *†o ü¿’é¬ùç Store = ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªhç™ E©y îËÆ œ Ţ˒t °ü¿l ü¿’é¬ùç/ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç Market = N°æùÀ– NNüµ¿ ®Ω鬩/ äÍé-®Ωéπç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©¢Ë’t ü¿’é¬-ù«© v°æü˨¡ç Garage = Car ™«çöÀ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©†’ Öç-éÌØË/ ´’®Ω´’tûª’ îËÊÆ v°æü˨¡ç Point = Shop (¢√u§ƒ®Ω N≠æ-ߪ’ç™) Company = ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç/ ü¿’é¬ùç. Mill = üµ∆Ø√uEo °œçúÕ-îËÊÆ, §Òô’d BÊÆ, ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ (Paper, Cotton ™«çöÀN) ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îËÊÆ ßª’çvû√-í¬®Ωç. Junction = È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷®√_©’ éπLÊÆ èπÿúøL. Shop ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Cell = 1) *†o É®Ω’èπ◊ í∫C/ Jail í∫C. 2) äéπ ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ °æE-îËÊÆ ®Ω£æ«Ææu •%çü¿ç– °j† îÁ°œp† shop Ææç•ç-Cµ-ûª ´÷ô-©èπÿ, DEéÀ àç Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰ü¿’. Depot = 1) Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ææ®Ω-èπ◊-©†’ E©y ÖçîË îÓô’. 2) Bus © ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE ´’®Ω-´’tûª’ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úËîÓô’– Bus Depot. Emporium = §ƒûª-•-úÕ† ´÷ô– °ü¿l ü¿’é¬ùç/ äÍé ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† ´Ææ’h-´¤©†’ Ţ˒t ü¿’é¬ùç Booth = *†o-éÌô’d– ´Ææ’h-´¤-©-¢Ë’tç-ü¿’èπ◊, ÊÆ´-©ç-Cç-îËçü¿’èπ◊– ÉC •L-≠d-¢æ Á’i† éπôdúøç é¬èπ◊çú≈, û√û√\-Léπ ´ÆæA ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Exhibitions ™ stalls †’ èπÿú≈ booths Åçö«®Ω’. Enterprise = °ü¿l °ô’d-•-úÕûÓ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË Â°ü¿l ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç. äéπ\ cell ûª°æp °j´÷-ô-©Fo, ´’† ü˨¡ç™ shop/ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ÅE loose í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’, ¢√öÀ ûËú≈-©ûÓ EN’ûªhç ™‰èπ◊çú≈.

She has a musical voice G.Suresh, Varshakonda Q. What is the difference among the following. 1) Tempest, Tornado, Cyclone, Blizzard, Look at the following: Typhoon, Whirlpool, Thunderstorm, a) Inspite of the high price of Hurricane. it he bought it - simple 2) Delete, Cancel, Dismiss, Remove, sentence. Suspend, Debar, Drop, Eliminate, M.SURESAN b) Though the price of the Terminate. car was high, he bought it. - Complex 3) Meeting, Discussion, Summit, Parishad, c) The price of the car is high, yet/ still/ but Convention, Conference, Interview, he bought it - compound. Seminar, Congress. Observe that all the sentences above has 4) Centre, Bunk, Store, Market, Garage, Point, the same meaning, and of course, the verbs Company, Mill, Junction, Station, Cell, are in the same tense. Depot, Emporium, Booth, Enterprise. table You find standard patA. 1) Blizzard = terns of transformation. eg: If a simple sentence has 'Inspite of/ Cyclone = despite' phrase, the complex sentence has, 'though/ although/ even though' clause (subHurricane = ordinate) and the compound sentence has but/ yet/ still/ nevertheless clauses.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 552

éÀçC

îª÷úøçúÕ.

£œ«´’-§ƒ-ûªçûÓ èπÿúÕ† ûª’§ƒ†’– îªLüË-¨»-©™ èπ◊®Ω’-Ææ’hçC. ûÁ®Ω©’ ûÁ®Ω-©’í¬ Â°†’-í¬-©’-©ûÓ OîË ûª’§ƒ†’ – Ææ´’-Q-ûÓ≠æg ´’çúø-™«™x áèπ◊\´/ Ö°p†. °†’-í¬-©’-©ûÓ Ææ´·vü¿ç O’ü¿ †’ç* B®Ωv°æ-üË-¨»©èπ◊ áTÊÆ ûª’§ƒ†’ – ´·êuçí¬ °æPa´’ Åö«xçöÀé˙ B®Ω-v§ƒç-û√™x. COMPLEX COMPOUND SIMPLE Tempest = Bv´-¢Ë-í∫çûÓ í¬©’-©ûÓ Though/ although/ But, yet, 1. Inspite of Ææ´·vü¿ç O’ü¿ †’ç* B®Ω-v§ƒç-û√© noun/ ...ing form eventhough nevertheless O’ü¿’í¬ éπ™x-™«Eo Ææ%≠œdçîË ûª’§ƒ†’ – Because/ as/ 2. Because of/ so/ and so/ °æPa-´’-üË-¨»-©™ áèπ◊\´. in view of/ since + verb and therefore Tornado - N°æK-ûª-¢Á’i† ¨¡éÀhûÓ, î√™« on account of/ NØ√¨¡ ç éπL-Tç-îª-í∫© Ææ’úÕ-í¬-©’-©ûÓ owing to/ èπÿúÕ† ïúÕ-¢√† – Öûªh®Ω Å¢Á’-J-鬙 Being + noun/ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. ...ing form. 3. Before/ After + Typhoon - Ææ´’-Q-ûÓ≠æg ´’çúø-™«™x ÅABefore/ after + and then noun/ ...ing form verb ¢Ë-í∫çûÓ èπÿúÕ† í¬©’-©ûÓ OîË ûª’§ƒ†’. very and so 4. too... to so that... not Whirlpool = Ææ’úÕ-í∫’çúøç OöÀûÓ éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’: Thunderstorm - Ö®Ω’´·©’ ¢Á’®Ω’-°æ¤-©ûÓ èπÿúÕ† ñ®Ω’ 1 a) Inspite of/ despite his bad health, he used ¢√†. to work hard- Simple 2) Delete = äéπ ñ«G-û√-™ ç*/ ®Ωîª-†-™ ç* / comb) Though/ Although/ Even though his puter ™ç* ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç = remove health was bad, he used to work hard cancel = ®Ωü¿’l îËߪ’úøç Complex Dismiss = 1) °æü¿-N-™ ç* ÖüÓu-í∫’-©†’, Nü∆u-©-ߪ÷c) His health was bad, but/ and yet he ™xç* Nü∆u-®Ω’n©†’ ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç; worked hard - Compound. 2) ¢√ü¿-†©’/ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√-™«xç-öÀN ÆæJ-é¬-ü¿E éÌöÀd2) a) Because of his bad health, he resigned §ƒ-Í®-ߪ’úøç. Simple Remove = ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç, äéπ v°æü˨¡ç †’ç* ´uèπ◊h-©†’, b) Because his health was bad, he resigned ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’. - Complex Suspend = û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ EL-°œ-¢Ë-ߪ’úøç c) His health was bad so he resigned/ and therefore he resigned - Compound Debar = ÅCµ-é¬-J-éπçí¬ Åúø’f-éÓ-´úøç/ ņ’-´’-Aç-îª-éπ 3) a) Before his joining this company, he was -§Ú-´úøç a student - Simple

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 21 -W-Ø˛ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Arshiya Begum, Anantapur Q. 6 crores which were in the procession of Suryanarayana.

Åçúø®˝-™„jØ˛ îËÆœ† ¶μ«í¬-EéÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. In the possession of = äéπJ ÅDμ†ç™/ äéπJ ü¿í∫_®Ω. (In the procession é¬ü¿’. procession = ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤) Rs.6 Cr which was (were ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’ – úø•’s áçûª ¢Á·ûªh-¢Á’iØ√ singular) in the possession of Suryanarayana = Ææ÷®Ωu-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o/ ≤ƒyDμ-†ç™ Ö†o 6 éÓôx ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’. Q. á´J °œ©x©’ ¢√J ü¿í∫_®Ω Öçõ‰ ´’ç*C. DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. It is better children are with their parents / (It's) better for a child to be with its parents. Q. 'Be + of'

í∫’Jç* Å®Ωnç 鬴úøç ™‰ü¿’. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Be of (Ééπ\úø 'be' •ü¿’©’, à be form Å®·Ø√ – am/ is/ are, was, were, etc.) ¢√úø-´îª’a – 'be of' combination î√™« word combinations ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC. 1) She is of the opinion (Ç¢Á’ ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç) 2) ... the property is of the school = the property is the school's = 3) They are of the same age =

ÅC Ææ÷\™¸ ÇÆœh.

äÍé ´ßª’-Ææ’-†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx. É™« á†o-®·Ø√ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Å®Ωnç Ü£œ«ç-éÓ-´îª’a.

äéπJ ÇDμ-†ç™ Ö†o/ äéπJéÀ îÁçC† ´Ææ’h´¤/ ÇÆœh. This building is my possession = Ñ éπôdúøç Ø√èπ◊ îÁçCçC/ Ø√ ÇÆœh. Q. äéπ ¢√éπuç *´®Óx the earliest ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. Ééπ\úø üΔE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. The earliest = ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’ At the earliest = O©-®·-†çûª ûªy®Ω™ . a) He was the earliest to come = Åçü¿J éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’ Åûªúø’ ´î√aúø’. b) I will meet you at the earliest = E†’o O™„j-†çûª ûªy®Ωí¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. Q. Get í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Get = §Òçü¿úøç, ûË´úøç, ≤ƒCμç-îªúøç É™« Éçé¬ î√™« Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®·. J. Veerraju, Jonnalapadu Q. question tags  Open the door, will you? Open the door, won't you? A. Open the door, will you? - correct. Please open the door, won't you?- correct.  Don't play the chess, will you? A. Don't' play chess, will you? - correct.

éÀçC

The tourists would like to have seen the ruins.

°æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊©’ Ç PC∑-™«©†’ îª÷Æœ Öçõ‰ (í∫ûªç™) ¶«í∫’ç-úËü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.



The mechanic was to repair the car today. A. The mechanic was to repair the car today -

Ch. Narasimha Rao, Gogannamatham (E.G.Dt.) Q.

ÉC ûª°æ¤p. 

The mechanic was to have repaired the car today. A. The mechanic was to have repaired the car today =

A. See off = send off =

A.

éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? 

To have been able to bless the couple

I saw her off at the station =

a) First I was a bit confused, but soon things were beginning to fall into place =

¢Á·ü¿ô Ø√èπ◊ í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ-∞¡çí¬ Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’, Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ äéÌ\-éπ\öà ŮΩnç 鬴úøç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-¢Á’içC. È®çúÓ Å®Ωnç: °æü∑¿-鬩’, ´‹u£æ…© ™«çöÀN ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o Nüμ¿çí¬ ï®Ω-í∫úøç/ Å´’-J-§Ú-´úøç. b) As the writer began to write, words began to fall into place, without much effort =

Please open the door, will you? Please open the door, could you? A. Please open the door, won't you? correct, Q. Pronoun A. Nominative Objective pronoun pronoun

üËØÓx-ØÁjØ√/ á´-J-™-ØÁjØ√ àüÁjØ√ íÌ°æp í∫’ùç îª÷úøôç. a) Her father doesn't know what she sees in her lover to fall in love with him =

Ç¢Á’ vÊ°N’-Ææ’h†o Åûª-úÕ™ àç íÌ°æp-ûª†ç îª÷ÆœçüÓ ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ Å®Ωnç 鬴úøç ™‰ü¿’.

ØË

Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª ®Ω*ç-îªúøç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ôd-í¬ØË, Åv°æ-ߪ’ûªoçí¬ ®Ωîª-†™ ´÷ô©’ Å´’-J-§Ú-≤ƒ-í¬®·/ Öçú≈-Lq-†-îÓô °æúÕ§Ú-ߪ÷®·. O’ ¢√éπuç, 'It has fallen into place' í¬ BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’ üΔE Å®Ωnç, Ç N≠æߪ’ç éπÈ®-èπ◊dí¬ Å†’-èπ◊-†o-ô’d-í¬ØË ïJ-TçC. Q. The agency on the charge apart from negligence. A. Apart from = a) Apart from giving me some money, he helped me in other ways too =

Åçúø-®˝-™„jØ˛ îËÆœ† °æüΔ© Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈/ ÅüË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈

Ø√éπûªúø’ úøGs-´y-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ N’í∫û√ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x èπÿú≈ ≤ƒßª’ç î˨»úø’.

Apart from negligence, he has laziness too =

Åûª-úÕéÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-O’ü¿ v¨¡ü¿l¥ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ §Ú´-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ (ÖüΔ-Æ‘-†ûË é¬èπ◊çú≈), •ü¿léπç èπÿú≈. Q. éÀçC °æüΔ© Å®√n-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

a) Focus on b) war-footing c) respectively d) prior e) possession A. a) Focus on =

ü¿%≠œd/ v¨¡ü¿l¥ ÍéçvD-éπ-Jç-îªúøç, v§ƒ´·êuç É´yúøç. b) On a war footing = ߪ·ü¿l¥-v§ƒ-A-°æ-Céπ† – à N≠æ-ߪ÷EÈéjØ√ Åûªu-Cμéπ v§ƒ´·êuç É*a, üΔEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† °æ†’©’ Åûªuçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îËߪ’úøç. The construction of the dam is taken on a war footing =

Ç ú≈u¢˛’ E®√tùç ߪ·ü¿l¥ v§ƒA-°æ-C-

°j† îÁ°œp-†ô’d. ™E ®Ωé¬-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

I We You He She It They Q.

M.SURESAN

me us you him her it them

Possessive pronoun mine ours yours his hers its theirs

éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

1. Kalidasa is a Indian Shakespeare. 2. Kalidasa is the Shakespeare of India. 3. Kalidasa is a Shakespeare of India. 4. Kalidasa is the India Shakespeare. A. Kalidasa is the Shakespeare of India - the only correct form. K.R.Reddy, Hyderabad Q.  I would like to act in that play. A. I would like to act in that play =

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

Ç Ø√ô-éπç™ †öÀç-î√-©E ÖçC Ø√èπ◊ – É°æpöÀéà Éçü¿’-éπ-´-鬨¡ç ÖçC.

 I should like to have acted in that play.. A. I should like to have acted in that play =

Ç Ø√ô-éπç™ ؈’ †öÀç* Öçõ‰.. (Ø√ôéπç Å®·-§Ú®·çC – ؈’ †öÀç-îª-™‰ü¿’).

 To help him would be a pleasure. A.  To have helped him would have been a pleasure. A.

Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ÷-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ.

éπ† îË°æ-ö«d®Ω’. c) respectively = A, B and C are respectively the sons of D, E and F = A, B, C D, E, F (D A E B, F C). d) Prior = Prior to joining IAS, she was a lecturer =

Ç ´®Ω-Ææ™.

© èπ◊´÷éÌúø’èπ◊

â.á.-áÆˇ.™ îËÍ®-´·çü¿’ Ç¢Á’ ™„éπa-®Ω-®˝í¬ ÖçúËC.

Åûª-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÆœ Öçõ‰ (í∫ûªç™ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ´îª’açõ‰) ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË¢√úÕE.

 The tourists would like to see the ruins. A.

°æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊©’ Ç É≠æd°æúø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

P-Cμ™«-©†’

îª÷úøö«-EéÀ

see in (somebody) =

äéπJE ™°æ-LéÀ BÆæ’Èé∞¡xúøç As soon as the car arrived with the new officer in it, the staff saw him

would have given him great satisfaction. A.

in =

 Mr. Swamy is to be meet at the airport. A. (Is to be met, passive passive form

I saw my guest out and went back to my computer =

éÌûªhÇ°∂‘-Ææ®˝ Ö†o é¬®Ω’ ®√í¬ØË, Æœ•sç-ü¿çû√ •ßª’ôèπ◊ ´*a Çߪ’††’ ™°æ-LéÀ ûÓúø’-B-Ææ’-Èé-∞«x®Ω’. See out = a) äéπ-JE íı®Ω-´çí¬ ≤ƒí∫-†ç-°æúøç Ø√ ÅA-C∑E ≤ƒí∫-†ç°œ Ø√ éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. b) äéπ-°æE °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ ™‰üΔ Ç °æE-èπ◊†o Æ洒ߪ’ç í∫úÕîË ´®Ωèπ◊ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫úøç.

≤ƒyN’E ´’†ç N´÷-Ø√-v¨¡-ߪ’ç™ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓûÁ©’-í∫-†’¢√L. Åçûª-ÆæJí¬_ Öçúøü¿’) ¢√ü¿ç

àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊ ¢ÁRx

See in = see (something) in (something) some body =

Ç Â°∞¡x-®·† ïçô†’ ÇQ-®Ωy-Cç* Öçõ‰ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ûª%°œhí¬ ÖçúËC.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 553

OúÓ\©’/ OúÓ\©’ îÁ°æpúøç/

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ OúÓ\©’ îÁ§ƒp†’.

To have explained matters to him before he died was my duty.

Çߪ’† îªE-§Ú-éπ-´·çüË Çߪ’†éà N≠æߪ’ç N´-Jç-î√Lq† ¶«üμ¿uûª Ø√O’ü¿ ÖçúÕçC (Çߪ’† îªE§Ú-ߪ÷úø’).

†’ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ

≤ƒí∫-†ç-°æúøç.

¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ Ñ ®ÓV é¬®Ω’èπ◊ ´’®Ω´’tûª’ îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC.



verbs

see off, see out, see in , see of, pass out, pass down, pass as.

The mechanic is to repair the car today =

¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ é¬®Ω’†’ Ñ®ÓV JÊ°®˝ îËߪ÷L.

éÀçC Phrasal ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

Kalidasa is the Shakespeare of India

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? DEéÀ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Å®Ωn¢Ë’ç ™‰ü¿’. 1) äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ´’†-éπ®Ωnç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúÕ, Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ Å®Ωnç 鬴úøç ¢Á·ü¿©’ °ôdúøç.

©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ éÌúø’èπ◊ , éÌúø’èπ◊ ´·çü¿J.

A.

™ ÆæÈ®j-†N ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

Q. It has all fallen in the place. A. Fall in place Fall into place =

®Ω’©’



e) Possession =

2

K.S.R., Martur Q.  This meant a lot to me. A.  It was unlikely that she was lying about her not going to Guntur. A.

I want to see this assignment out and leave for the U.S. =

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Ñ °æE °æ‹®ΩhßË’u ´®Ωèπ◊ é̆-≤ƒTç* Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-û√†’.

ÅC Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç, í∫ûªç™.

He saw out his last years of service in Delhi =

 Is there no such thing as a gentleman? A.

ûª† ÖüÓu-í∫ç-™E *´J Ææç´ûªq®√©’ úμÕMx™ °æ‹Jh î˨»úø’. Sea of - DEéÀ v°æûËuéπ Å®Ωnç àO’-™‰ü¿’. Pass out - 1) become unconscious = Ææp %£æ« ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç.



a) She nearly passed out when she saw the boy knocked down by a lorry = lorry

Ç¢Á’ í∫’çô÷®Ω’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xE N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Å•-ü¿l¥-´÷úÕ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a/ Eï¢Ë’ Åߪ·uç-úÌa.

°ü¿l ´’E≠œ ÅØË-¢√∞Ïx ™‰®√ Ñ ™éπç™? (v°æA¢√∞¡⁄x ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_-™‰Ø√?)

In order to have a well-rounded and complete the case. A. sentence Well rounded =

Ñ °æ‹Jhé¬-™‰ü¿’. ÅEo Ææ’í∫’-ù«©’/ ØÁj°æ¤-ù«u©’ Ö†o.



A.

How he pulled himself together in the face of what must have been a shock, when he found the wrong man dead!

§Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’† ÅÆæ©’ ´uéÀh é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÉçÈé-´®Ó îªE§Ú®· Öçúøôç éπL-Tç*-† Cví∫s¥´’ †’ç* Åûªúø’ ᙫ éÓ©’-èπ◊-Ø√oúÓ?

A.

 A.

 A.

a) The tradition is passed down in their family from the father to =

®ΩÆœ-èπ◊© ¢Á’°æ¤p†’ éπ~N’ç-îªçúÕ (®ΩÆœ-èπ◊úø’ 鬕öÀd ¢Á’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓçúÕ).

Ç Ææçv°æ-üΔߪ’ç ¢√Rxçöx äéπ ûª®Ωç †’ç* ÉçéÓ ûª®√-EéÀ ´Ææ÷hçô’çC. Pass as = Pass for = äéπ®Ω’/ äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ ÉçéÌéπ®Ω’/ ÉçéÓ ´Ææ’h-´¤í¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç.

I did not know about the projected divorce between her and her husband.

Though a Tamilian, his telugu is so good that be can pass as an Andhra =

 Excuse the admiration of a Connoisseur. A. 

úμŒéÌ-ôdúøçûÓ éÀçü¿-°æúÕ Ö†o Ç °œ™«x-úÕE îª÷Æœ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ üΔüΔ°æ¤ Ææp %£æ« ûª°œp-†çûª °æØÁjçC. b) Britain ™ ÂÆjE-èπ◊©’/ §ÚM-Ææ’©’ Péπ~ù °æ‹Jh îËÆæ’èπ◊E, Péπ~ù« ÆæçÆæn© †’ç* •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡xúøç. Pass down = Çî√®Ω ´u´-£æ…-®√©’, îªü¿’´¤ ™«çöÀN ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ °œ©x-©èπ◊ ØË®Ωpúøç/ °œ©x©’ §Òçü¿úøç

¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ – ¶μ«®√u-¶μº-®Ωh©’ Nú≈-èπ◊©’ BÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®ΩØË N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Projected divorce = Planned divorce (divorce BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√©ØË ÖüËl¨¡ç). I know from his voice that the man of iron was shaken to the soul.

Åçûª ´’ØÓ-üμÁj®Ωuç Ö†o ´uéÀh èπÿú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬ îªLç*-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøØË N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ Çߪ’† éπç®∏√Eo •öÀd ûÁL-Æœ-§Ú-®·çC. One word now as to how I myself stood at that time.

؈’ Ç éπ~ùç™ à °æJ-Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o-†-†o-üΔEo í∫’Jç* äéπ\-´÷ô (îÁ•’-û√†’).

Åûªúø’ ûªN’-∞¡Ÿ-úÁj-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ÅûªúÕE Ççvüμ¿’-úø-†’èπ◊ØËçûª ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’í∫’ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’.

V. Srinivas, Narasapuram Q.

éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. ؈’ §∂Òö CÍíç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ÷dúÕ-ßÁ÷èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’.b) §∂Òö -B®·ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ -´÷ -Å-´’t-†’ Ææ÷dúÕ-ßÁ÷èπ◊ BÆæ’Èé-∞«x-†’.

a)

A. a) I went to the studio to have my photo taken. b) I took my mother to the studio to have her photo taken.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 28 -W-Ø˛ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

M. Rakesh, Hyderabad Q.

Éçô-®Ω÷yu-©èπ◊ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ tell me about yourself Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Å™«çô-°æ¤púø’ à Nüμ¿çí¬ îÁGûË ¢√∞¡Ÿx satisfy Å´¤-û√®Ó ü¿ßª’-îËÆ œ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. O’´Fo Interview skills èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† î√™« Ææçü¿-®Ós¥-*ûª v°æ¨¡o©’. O’®Ω’ îÁÊ°p Ææ´÷-üμΔ-Ø√©’ ´’ç* body language ûÓ, Çûªt-N-¨»y-ÆæçûÓ, EüΔ†çí¬ Öçú≈L. v°æA-´÷ö« Interviewer èπ◊ N†-°æúËçûª Ææp≠ædçí¬, ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ îÁ§ƒpL. éπçí¬®Ω’ áéπ\ú≈ éπE-°œç-îª-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ´’†ç ûª°æ¤p îÁ§ƒh-¢Ë’¢Á÷ ÅØË ÆæçüË£æ«ç áéπ\ú≈ ®√E-´y-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Q. Éçô-®Ω÷yu™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ÅúÕÍí v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ ᙫ Ææ´÷üμΔ†ç îÁ§ƒp™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Interview ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ÅúÕÍí v°æ¨¡o© Ææ´÷-üμΔ-Ø√©’: Tell me about your self = O’í∫’-Jç* ´÷èπ◊ îÁ°æpçúÕ. ÉC O’ Ê°®Ω’ûÓ, My name is/ I am so and so; ûª®√yûª, O’ age and qualification, O’Í®ü¿Ø√o job ™ Öçõ‰ Ç job ™ O’ experience îÁ°æpçúÕ. ÉC O’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ interview Å®·ûË, O’ qualifications ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø’ O’ degree BÆæ’-èπ◊çD îÁ°æpçúÕ. DE ûª®√yûª O’ family background - O’ ûªLx, ûªçvúÕ O’ siblings (ņo-ûª-´·t∞¡⁄x, Åéπ\-îÁ-™„x∞¡Ÿx) í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpçúÕ– ¢√∞Ïxç îªü¿’-´¤ûª’çD, àç îËÆæ’hçD ´Èíj®√ N´-®√©’. Q. Hobbies and strengths and weaknesses

ÅØË °æü¿ç é¬ü¿’).

Å°æ¤púø’

´÷vûª¢Ë’

é¬èπ◊çú≈)

ÅE îÁ°æp´îª’a. Åçü¿’èπ◊ Eü¿-®Ωz†çí¬, you tell the

My strength is my interest in Engineering/ my self confidence/ my ability to mix freely with others/ to make friends easily, etc.

(Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ O’®Ì-éπ-≤ƒJ O’ í∫’Jç* Ç™-*ç--èπ◊E O’™ Ö†o •™«©’ àN’ö Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E, üΔØËo O’ strength í¬ îÁ°æpçúÕ. ÅçûË-í¬F àüÓ îÁ§ƒp-L-í¬-•öÀd îÁGûË interviewer ™ Åü¿çûª †´’téπç éπL-Tç-îËC (convincing) í¬ Öçúøü¿’. Éçü¿’èπ◊ O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE– Åçûª-®√-ߪ÷©’ (disturbances) àO’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ èπÿ®Ω’aE, àé¬-ví∫-ûªûÓ Ç™*ç*, O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊-†o-ô’dí¬ O’ •™«-©-†-Eoç-öÀE é¬Tûªç O’ü¿ ®√Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. Ç points ÅEoç-öÀE ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ °æJQ-Lç*, O’ father/ mother/ sister/ brother ûÓ îªJaç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí O’ •©-£‘«-†-ûª© N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈. Eïçí¬ interview †’ O’®Ω’ serious í¬ BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰

O’®Ω’

career prospects apart (career prospects I am specially interested in Electronics

™ éÀçîª-°æ-JîË °æü¿ç é¬ØË-

interviewer of your marks in Physics in Intermediate exam. You can also talk of any piece of electronic equipment you have developed.

Q. What to speak of standing first, he can't even pass the exams. A. What to speak of English

Q. I can do the sums (maths

Srinivas, Nizamabad

™ very, fast È®çúø÷ Å´¤-û√ߪ÷? ™‰üΔ very - adverb, fast Å´¤-û√ߪ÷? A. Very, fast Ñ È®çúø’ èπÿú≈ adverbs. Adverbs 1) adjectives †÷ 2) verbs †÷ 3) Éûª®Ω adverbs †÷ èπÿú≈ modify îË≤ƒh®·. -Åç-õ‰ ¢√öÀ -Å®√n-Eo áèπ◊\-´ -îË≤ƒh®·/ -¢√-öÀ í∫’-Jç-* -îÁ-§ƒh®·. -Å®·-Ø√ ÉN correct forms ÅE ûÁL-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Spoken English N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç* ÅN à parts of speech ÅØË îª®Ωa ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç éπüΔ?

Å®√nEo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. I can do the sums =

ùçí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. I could have done the sums =

Hold a I class Bachelor's/ Master's degree in --- subject. I took my degree in the year ______. I am/ come from an agricultural/ business/ employee's/ rural family. My father is ______, and my mother is ______. I have a sister and/ a brother. I am the youngest/ younger/ eldest/ elder of the brother(s) and sister(s). My brother/ sister is a ______. I had all my education in ____ city/ town. My hobbies are ______. My aim is to be/ become a _______.

N’´’tLo í∫’Jç* O’®Ω’ éÀçC Nüμ¿çí¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. (ÉC ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù ´÷vûª¢Ë’.) I am Rajesh/ My name is Rajesh. (I am Rajesh My name is .... better). I was born and brought up in _____ I had my schooling I studied up to X class better spoken English form) and Intermediate education (in Medium) at Kothagudem. I hold a B.Tech Degree in ECE from JNTU, having taken the exam in 2006.

éπçõ‰

(O’®Ω’ (ÉC

°æ¤öÀd†, °J-T† Ü®Ω’).

ņúøç éπçõ‰

e.g.: Suppose your strength is your ability to make friends. Explain then how in times of need your friends have helped you on many occasions- You can mention a specific example- when your brother needed medicine in an emergency about one o'clock in the morning, your friend, a medical shop owner open the shop, and got medicine for real personal experienceshim-

É™«çöÀ îÁ°æpúøç ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Å™« îÁ°æp-úøç-´©x O’èπ◊ ´’ç* marks °æúË Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Å™«Íí O’ weaknesses N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈. Suppose O’ •©£‘«†ûª Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ †¢Ë’t-ߪ’úøç ÅE îÁ§ƒh®Ω-†’-éÓçúÕ, Åçü¿’-´©x O’èπ◊ ïJ-T† †≠ædç îÁ°æpçúÕ– specific and concrete instance- DEéÀ ÖüΔ-£æ«®Ωù– N’´’tLo †N’tç* O’´©x Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §ÒçC, ÆæJí¬_ O’èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ îËߪ’-í∫-L-T† Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ US èπ◊ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·† O’ so called friend Ææçí∫A îÁ°æpçúÕ. É™« O’ real life experience îÁGûË O’èπ◊ marks °æúø-û√®·. Å®·ûË DEéÀ ÉçéÓ supplementary question Åúøí∫-´îª’a. O’ weakness †’ ÅCμ-í∫-N’ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ (to overcome your weakness) O’Í®ç v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? ÅE. Å°æ¤púø’ ÅC-èπÿú≈ O’ personal experience †’ç* îÁ°æpçúÕ. ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æúÕ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ´·êuçí¬ friends †’ í∫’Jç* à ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ®√†E. Å®·ûË É´Fo English ™ O’®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©í¬L– ÅD ÆæçéÀ~°æhç (brief) í¬. Q. Why did you take ECE? ÅE ÅúÕ-TûË á™«? A. Tell me/ us about yourself ÅØË question èπ◊ answer ÉîËa-ô-°æ¤púø’, why did you choose/ why do you think you are fit for ECE? ÅØË questions ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ Åúø-í∫®Ω’. ÅC ûª®√yûª Åúø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’.

Q. I could not help laughing. She could not help scolding.

A. Beforehand =

ECE branch has better job/ career prospects than any other branch. What about your suitability for the branch?

É™« ï¢√•’

îÁGûË ¢ÁçôØË Å®·ûË

ÅØË v°æ¨¡o Åúø-í∫-´îª’a.

- Ñ -¢√éπuç-™

A What is the reason for your going earlier (than usual) Earlier going Earlier went Question went did go Why did you go correct. earlier?

.

Åçö«ç. ņç éπüΔ? •ü¿’©’ Åçö«ç – ņúøç

Å-†ç.

™

b) Why did you go early/ earlier? (Past)

É°æ¤púø’ O’ ë«û√™

balance

I have to buy a car. convert these A.V. sentences into P.V. A. I want to buy a car -

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ´’†ç Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’iûË ´÷vûªç àç?

A. Q. How lovely the garden is!

ÅC áçûª Åçü¿-¢Á’i† ûÓô! (î√™« Åçü¿-¢Á’i-çC)

ûÓô áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ! (î√™« Åçü¿ç) éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ Åçúø-®˝-™„jØ˛ îËÆœ† °æüΔ-EéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Å®√nEo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Shankar is timid student. That is, Shankar is shy.

A. That is =

Åçõ‰.

Q. The Professor spoke grimly to the student. That is, the professor spoke angrily. A.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ÅüË Å®Ωnç. Q. 'a cake walk' Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ. A. î√™« Ææ’©¶μºç. Q. He is kind to his subjects. Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. Åûªúø’ (Ç ®√V) ûª† v°æï© °æôx ü¿ßª’í¬ Öçö«úø’. Q. Make the most of now Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. É°æ¤púø’†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo/ Å´-é¬-¨»Eo ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’éÓ. Q. No less a person than the C.M. hoisted the flag.

DEéÀ

PV

™‰ü¿’.

I have to buy a car - PV: A car had to be bought (by me).

What though we happen to be late? Q. What a lovely garden it is!

®Ω÷.12000.

Q. I want to buy a car.

M.V.Subrahmanyam, Chillakur

A.

´·çü¿-Ææ’h-í¬ØË ¢√®Ωç ´·çü¿’-í¬ØË

As of now the balance in your account is Rs. 12000.

c) Why will you go early/ earlier? (Future).

Q.

-Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ?

Å®·ûË Beforehand I wish you a happy married life ™«çöÀ- sentences ¢√úøç. É™«çöÀîÓôx, In advance Åçö«ç. Q. As of now èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. As of now = É°æpöÀ °æJ-Æ œn-A™/ Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ/ É°æ¤púø’.

a) Why do you go early? (Present)

A.

Before hand

A week beforehand =

O’®Ω’ E†o ûªy®Ωí¬ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-®Ω-†-ú≈-EéÀ Åçö«ç. ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ-èπÿ-úøü¿’. DEo ´‚úø’ ©™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A.

-Ñ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. ؈’ †´y-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-™‰-éπ§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ç¢Á’ Aôd-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-™‰-éπ§Ú-®·çC.

P.Johnson, Chinarikatla what is the reason for your earlier earlier went going tenses

Q.

ØËØ√ ™„éπ\©’

îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí¢√úÕØË (é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’)

Q. Before hand I wish you a happy married life.

Q.

M.SURESAN

Ç ™„éπ\©’ ؈’ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’. Ñ ™«çöÀ ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-

I can have done the sums sentence wrong. Can have done verbs

È®çúø’ adverbs ¢Áçô-¢Áç-ôØË ´≤ƒhߪ÷? A. È®çúø’ adverbs äéπ-üΔ-E-¢Áçô äéπöÀ ´≤ƒh®·.

Q.

àüÓ Å°æp-öÀéπ°æ¤púø’ ņ’-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç ÅØËÊÆh Åçü¿’-´©x ¢Ë’©’í¬èπ◊çú≈ éÃúË ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª’çC.) Ç ûª®√yûª O’ strengths O’È陫 Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úÕçD îÁ°æp-í∫-©-í¬L.

ÆæÈ®j†

™) Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊

I can have done the sums.

Q. He runs very fast adverbs - adjective

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 554

expression

Ñ

é¬ü¿’.

How lovely the gar den is!

í∫’Jç* Éçô-®Ω÷yu™ Åúø’í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. OöÀ í∫’Jç* ᙫ îÁGûË ¶«í∫’çô’çC? A. O’ hobbies (BJ-éπ-¢Ë-∞¡™ x O’®Ω’ ÇÆæ-éÀhí¬ îËÊÆ N≠æߪ÷©’) îÁ°æpçúÕ. ÉN îÁÊ°pô°æ¤púø’ é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îÁ°æpçúÕ. O’®Ω’ My hobby is film music ÅØ√o-®Ω†’-éÓçúÕ, Ç ûª®√yûª ´îËa supplementary questions èπ◊ O’®Ω’ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ Öçú≈L. O’ favourite singer, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´*a† °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®√© í∫’Jç* ûª°æ¤p-™‰xèπ◊çú≈ îÁ°æp-í∫-©-í¬L. Ç ûª®√yûª O’ ambitions/ goals (O’®Ω’ @Nûªç™ à´’-¢√y-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’çD) îÁ§ƒpL. Ç ûª®√yûª O’ strengths and weaknesses (O’ •™«©’, •©-£‘«-†-ûª©’) í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒpL. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Ø√ strengths °∂晫Ø√N ÅE îÁ°œp-†°æ¤púø’, üΔEéÀ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’, ÅN O’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúøf Ææçü¿-®√s¥©÷ Åúø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’. O’ weaknesses •©-£‘«†-ûª©’ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, Ç •©-£‘«-†-ûª©’ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ O’®Ω’ BÆæ’èπ◊†o Ωu-™‰-N’ö îÁ°æp-´’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ O’ •©-£‘«-†-ûª-©-´©x O’Í® Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ᙫ †≠æd-§Ú-®·çD îÁ°æp´’†-´îª’a. Å®·ûË hobbies, strengths and weaknesses O’ü¿ ´îËa v°æ¨¡o©’, O’®Ω’ O’ talking/ telling the interviewers about yourself ûª®√yûË ¢Ë≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE Tell us about yourself O’®Ω’ ¢√Rx-*a† time (two to three minutes)™ ´·Tç-îË-ߪ÷L. Two to three minutes °j N´-®√©Fo Ææ÷n©çí¬ îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√®·.

ņúøç,

At present I am jobless/ unemployed. (jobless English I come from an agricultural/ business/ Govt employees'/ job holders family. My father is ______; my mother is ______; I have an elder/ a younger brother/ sister. He/ She is ______, I want to be -----(your ambition/ goal in life). I spend my leisure time ------ (your hobbies).

2

Q. But, as

©†’ relative pronouns í¬ á™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. But, as †’ relative pronouns í¬ spoken English ™ ¢√úøç – ¢√úÕûË î√™« ví¬çC∑-éπçí¬, §ƒçúÕûªuçí¬ Öçô’çC. Written, formal English ™ èπÿú≈ ÉC î√™« bookish í¬ Öçô’çC. V. Srinivas, Narasapuram Q. If we practice idioms, it is good upto an extent. practise verb practice noun

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ÅØË èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ÅØË ¢√úÕØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰üΔ? A. Å™«¢√úøôç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË American English ™ practice †’ noun í¬, verb í¬ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Practise as a verb, American English ™ ™‰ü¿’. G. Shankar, Kesavapatnam Q. Please clarify this in telugu.

"Material up to this point is for the use of the teacher. Please do not make students read the material, or use it for any other purpose." A.

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ/ Ñ°j† îÁ°œp† Å稻©’/ N≠æߪ’ç öÃ˝ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. NüΔu-®Ω’n©ûÓ üΔEo îªC-Nç-îª-éπçúÕ, ÉçÍé Nüμ¿çí¬†÷ üΔEo ¢√úø-éπçúÕ.

Æœ.áç. ÅçûªöÀ ´uéÀh °æû√-é¬Eo áí∫-®Ω-¢Ë-¨»úø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 5 -V-™„j 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

P.Johnson, Podili

A.

Q. Am I right

ÅØË question tag Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç. DEéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ Am not I right? ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ-èπÿ-úøü¿’? A. 'Am I right?' ÉC question, question tag é¬ü¿’. I am not right, aren't I? Ééπ\úø 'Aren't I?

Q. She would not have loved him anyless if he was not rich. A.

Question tag. I am not right, am I? question tag.

DE™

'Am I'?

She would not have loved him any the less (not any the less = even if he had not been rich.

'Am I right'?, 'Am I not/ I not right'? questions question tags

´÷vûª¢Ë’, ÅØË

ÉN È®çúø÷ 鬴¤.

èπ◊, correct question ®√ü¿’.

ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç ®√èπ◊çú≈),

Q.

A. If the sentence is, 'The reason why he is here is...', 'why' is certainly a conjunction. If the sentence is 'I do not know why he is here', 'why' is an adverb, modifying 'know'. Q. I would like to know more about Adjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts. Please explain them in detail by giving examples.

ing form

éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x

¢√úøéπç ÆæÈ®j-çüËØ√?

All these sigments having thousands of polling booths.

J.V. Jaya Prakash, Proddatur Q. Please be explained whether the word 'why' can be used as a conjunction or not as there is no such usage in dictionaries.

Åûªúø’ üμ¿E-èπ◊úø’ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Åûª-úÕE Ǣ˒ç ûªèπ◊\´ vÊ°N’ç-îËC é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† sentence ™ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ÖçC. The correct form of the sentence-

ÅØËC

'I am right' sentence tag, 'Aren't I'?- 'Amen't I?

í∫’çô÷®Ω’ †’ç* äçíÓ-©’èπ◊ ûª† èπ◊ü¿’-°æ¤© v°æߪ÷ùç™ °æ∞¡Ÿx -á-™« éÌô’d-èπ◊çD ´Jgç* ¢√∞¡x†’ °æéπ-°æéπ †Nyç-î√úø’.

A.

sentence without verb)

é¬-ü¿’ phrase (group of words ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Phrase í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Éçü¿’™ '...ing' form use ÆæÈ®j-çüË. Sigment ÅØËC ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô-é¬ü¿’. üΔE ÆæÈ®j† ®Ω÷°æç segment = N¶μ«í∫ç.

2

Q.

Ç°æ-ü¿l¥®Ωt ´·êu-´’çvAE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’çö«®Ω’? A. Ç°æ-ü¿l¥®Ωt ´·êu-´’çvA = Interim CM Q. Citizens' Interface counter

Åçõ‰

àN’öÀ? A. Citizens' Interface counter = counter.

V. Srinivas, Narasapur

§˘®Ω v°æ¶μº’ûªy Q.

Ææç•ç-üμΔ©

S.D. Puri, Nirmal Q. A dog is a faithful animal (a dog means all dogs), The peacock is a beautiful bird -

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC ÆæÈ®jçüÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. A dog = Any/ every dog is a faithful animal

ÉC

(à èπ◊éπ\-®·Ø√/ v°æA èπ◊é¬\).

¢Ë-© Ö†o) Ñ N¶μ«-í∫ç™.

'The'

®√ü¿’).

Q. Business, trade

¢√úÕØ√ Å®Ωnç,

To represent a class = To represent the whole class.

Ö†o (éπLT

´·çü¿’, ´Ææ’hçC;

A. Prasanthi, Hyderabad

The peacock = All Peacocks.

All these segments having thousand of polling booths polling booths =

A. A 108 Ambulance attendant, Correct; 'An' (Hundred a an

é¬ü¿’.

The dog = All dogs.

É™«çöÀîÓôx 'a/ an' ¢√úÕØ√, *´-®Ωèπ◊ äéπõ‰ Å´¤-ûª’çC.

ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†-é¬-®Ω’©’ vôé˙© õ„j®Ωx-™E í¬LE BÆœ-¢Ë-¨»®Ω’. DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ The agitators deflated the tyres of the trucks Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çüΔ? A. ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Q. An 108 ambulance attendant ÅE äéπîÓô îªC-¢√†’. Ééπ\úø 108 ´·çü¿’ an ¢√ú≈™«?

OöÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ Å´’túøç, é̆úøç, ûªßª÷®Ω’îËߪ’úøç, ÊÆ´-©†’ ÅçC-çîª-úøç üΔy®√ úø•’s îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç/ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç. Commerce = ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ÊÆ´-©†’ Å´’túøç, é̆úøç ™«çöÀN E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªúøç/ N°æùÀ. Trade = äÍé ü˨¡ç ™°æ©í¬F, È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ü˨»© ´’üμ¿uí¬F ´Ææ’h-´¤© véπߪ’, Nvéπ-ߪ÷© v°ævéÀߪ’/ ¢√ùÀïuç.

A. Business =

They r efused to be swayed

A. Adjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts are highly technical terms- we can still speak/ write correct without knowing what they are. Anyway, now that you want to know, here are they: Adjunct: An adverb/ a phrase that adds to the meaning of a verb in a sentence. a) I know him well - well - adjunct. b) He replied in sorrow- In sorrow- adjunct. Conjunct and disjunct are terms used in music.

Artists were at the receiving end with the E.C.'s tough decision. A. To be at the receiving end = to be the person to suffer, and not be the person to cause suffering. EC éπJ∏† E®Ωg-ߪ’ç-´©x éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’©’ ¶«Cμ-ûª’-©-ߪ÷u®Ω’. (¶«üμ¿-°æ-úøôç, éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’© ´çûª-®·çC). Receiving end (¶«üμ¿ °æúË-´çûª’)$ Giving end (¶«Cμç-îË-´çûª’) Till now he has been at the giving end, but from now he will be at the receiving end =

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¶«Cμç-îË-´çûª’ Åûª-úÕ-ü¿-®·ûË É°æpöÀ †’ç* ¶«üμ¿-°æ-úË-´çûª’ (Receiving end) Åûª-úÕ-ü¿-´¤ûª’çC. Å®·ûË O’J-*a† sentence ™E ¶μ«¢√-EéÀ 'be at the receiving end' ¢√úøéπç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Q. Refusing to be swayed by the carrots held out to them.

Ééπ\úø having = éπLT Ö†o. Ééπ\úø, Åçõ‰ Ñ group ™ verb ™‰ü¿’. ÉC sentence é¬ü¿’.

ÅØË

phrase

´·éÓ\-ù°æ¤ §ÚöÃE sentence - áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ÉC complete meaning Ö†o group of words 鬕öÀd. Ééπ\úø 'experiencing' †’ NúÕ-´÷-ôí¬ BÆæ’éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, 'is experiencing' ÅØË verb ™ ¶μ«í∫çí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ '...ing' form Ééπ\úø correct.

èπ◊ Ææç•ç-

†ßª÷ØÓo (´’ç* ´÷ô©’ îÁ§Úp, Ǩ¡ îª÷§Ú, àüÓ Çéπ-®Ω{ù îª÷°œçîÓ) ¶μºßª÷ØÓo (¶μºßª’-°öÀd) Éûª-®Ω’©ûÓ °æE îË®·ç--éÓ´úøç. They refused to be swayed... them= ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îª÷°œç-*† Ǩ¡-©èπÿ/ Çéπ-®Ω{-ù-©èπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ™Ôçí∫-™‰ü¿’. Q. People are now up in arms against the government.

v°æ¶μº’ûªyç O’ü¿ A®Ω-í∫-•úË üμÓ®Ω-ùÀ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx.

Q. The world will withness an hour of darkness.

v°æ°æçîªç ã í∫çô-§ƒô’ <éπ-öÀE ņ’-¶μº-Nç-îª-¶ûÓçC.

Q. He left people in splits by talking about how his teeth chattered on the bumpy ride from Guntur to Ongole.

ûÌçúøç à†’-í∫’ äéπ\-üΔ-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçô’çC. Öü¿u´’ E®√tùç. Q. É≠ædç Öç-õ‰ îË®· ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ´÷ØË®·. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? Building campaign =

A. As you like; do it or leave it. Q.

A†-ú≈-EéÀ à´·çC?-D-Eo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ Åúø-í¬L?

A. What's there to eat? Q. 'Don't live on the edge; live off it.' A. 'Live on the edge' -

ÉC English idiom. Å®Ωnç: v°æ´÷-üΔ-©ûÓ @Nûªç í∫úø-°æúøç. On the edge (usually of danger) = (v°æ´÷ü¿°æ¤) Åç†. Don't live on the edge; Live off it = Ñ bike v°æéπ-ô† Å®Ωnç: °æ®Ωy-ûª°æ¤ Åç† v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ bike †úø-°æúøç é¬ü¿’, °æ®Ωyûª°æ¤ -Åç--üΔ-öÀ -Å-´-ûª-LéÀ bike -†-úø°æ-ç-úøE. Åçõ‰ Ç bike ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç °æ®Ωyûª Åç üΔçõ‰çûª ¨¡éÀh éπ©-ü¿E. Q. 'In response to' Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Åçü¿’èπ◊ Ææpçü¿-†í¬/ ÆæpçCÆæ÷h. Q. ''á´®Ω’ éÌúÕûË ¢Á’içú˛ C´’t-A-®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çüÓ ¢√úË °æçúø÷—— DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? á°æpúø÷

A.Sridhar, Onipenta Q. Economical, Financial -

OöÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈

àN’öÀ? A. Economically =

ÇJn-éπçí¬ 1) äéπ Ææ´÷-ïç-™E ¢√u§ƒ®Ω, ¢√ùÀïu, Ææç°æ-ü¿© ÅGμ-´%-Cl¥éÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç* 2) ¢Á*açîË úø•’sèπ◊, Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ûªí∫_ô’d ÊÆ´©’, N©’-´©’, ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ©GμçîË Nüμ¿çí¬. Financially = úø•’sèπ◊, ¢√u§ƒ-®√™x °ô’d-•-úÕéÀ Ææç•çCμç*† Nüμ¿çí¬.

Q. Red alert, High alert, Enclave, Saunt, Middle East countries, Oriental

°æüΔ© Å®√n©’

A. If your head reels when some one hits you, that's pandu for you. = head reels).

(C´’t-A-®Ω-í∫úøç = ûª©/ éπ∞¡Ÿx

N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Carrot and stick policy=

A.

trunk is exclusive to the elephant = M.SURESAN

Q. Ongole segment is experiencing a triangular contest.

A. Red Alert =

Cμç*† °æü¿ç ÉC.

A.

OöÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. äéπ-JéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’/ äéπüΔE ´©x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ ´îËa ™«¶μ«©’. Exclusive = äÍé-üΔ-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*†. The

A. Exclusive profits =

N¶μ«í∫ç áü¿’®Ì\çöçC – ÉC

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Carrot and stick policy

Q. Exclusive profits, Building campaign-

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 555

A. Ongole

K.S.R. Marturu Q.

B. Shabnam, Anantapur.

A®Ω-í∫úøç

°†’ v°æ´÷ü¿ç Öçü¿E ûÁLÊ°

£«îªa-Jéπ. High alert =

Åûªuçûª ñ«í∫-®Ω÷-éπûª äéπ v°æü˨¡ç ´’üμ¿u™ Ç v°æüË-¨»-EéÀ îÁçC†¢√®Ω’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ °æ®Ω’©’ Ææ´‚-£æ«çí¬ E´-ÆœçîË îÓô’ = colony. Gova till 1961 was a Portugese enclave = 1961 ´®Ωèπ◊ íÓ¢√ Portugese ´©Ææ v°æüË-¨¡çí¬ ÖçúËC. Saunt - Ñ ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Saunter - Nv¨»ç-Aí¬, <èπÿ-*çû√ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ EüΔ-†çí¬ †úø-´úøç. Middle East Countries = ´’üμ¿u v§ƒîªu-üË-¨»©’ = ÇƜߪ÷ ØÁj®Ω’A, Ѩ»†u Çv°∂œé¬ êçú≈© ü˨»©’. Oriental = ûª÷®Ω’p ü˨»-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† x Occidental = °æúø-´’®Ω ü˨»-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† Enclave =

Q. Day-by-day

èπ◊ day to day èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Day by day = ®ÓV ®ÓVèπÿ; Day to day = üÁjEéπ/ üÁj†ç-C† = äéπ ®ÓVèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*†/ Eûªu-@-N-û√-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç*†. Q. lay down èπ◊ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. îªö«d©’/ E•ç-üμ¿-†©’ ™«çöÀN NCμç-îªúøç. Q. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÌúø’-èπ◊©’ ÖØ√o ™‰èπ◊Ø√o äéπõ‰ (ûª† éÌúø’-èπ◊©’ àO’ °æöÀdç--éÓ-®ΩØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) A. Son or no son makes no/ little difference to her./ Her having a son is as good as not having one. Q.

°æ*aC, îËü¿’ OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. Raw/ unripe = °æ*a. bitter = îËü¿’.

Q. Ballads, Chivalry, Viz, Revival, Insignia, Subdued -

Ñ °æüΔ© Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. ñ«†-°æü¿ Uû√©’ (Ççí∫xç™). Chivalry = Ææ£æ«%-ü¿-ߪ’ûª, íı®Ω´ ´’®√u-ü¿-©ûÓ èπÿúÕ† v°æ´-®Ωh†, ´·êuçí¬ Æ‘Y© °æôx. (ÉC ´·êuçí¬ English/ European ü˨»© ÆæçÆæ \%AéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´÷ô.) Viz = Namely = éÀçü¿ ûÁL-°œ†. e.g: I met the

A. Ballads =

following officers, viz., (namely) the District Collector, the Joint Collector, and the Revenue Officer =

؈’ Ñ éÀçC ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’-©†’ Åçõ‰ >™«x éπ™„-éπd-®˝†’, Ææçߪ·éπh éπ™„-éπd-®˝†’, È®¢Á†÷u Ç°∂‘-Ææ-®Ω’†’ éπL-¨»†’. Revival = °æ¤†-®Ω’-ü¿l¥-®Ωù = éÌçûª-é¬-©ç-§ƒô’ ÇΩù™ ™‰E îªö«d-©†’, Ææçv°æ-üΔ-ߪ÷-©†’, °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©†’ °æ¤†-®Ω’-ü¿l¥-Jç-îªúøç (AJT v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-îªúøç). Insignia = äéπ ÆæçÆæn™  Ææ¶μº’u©’ ÅE Ææ÷*ç-îËôô’´çöÀ ™‰üΔ äéπJ £æ«ÙüΔ†’ ûÁL-Ê°-ô’-´çöÀ *£æ«oç (symbol or badge). ´‚úø’ Æœç£æ…©÷ Ũ-éπ-îªvéπç ´’† ñ«A/ ¶μ«®Ωûª ñ«AéÀ insignia. Subdued = ÅùÀT Ö†o/ Åçûª Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ™‰E. Q. What is the correct method while doing signature? A. It should be in one's hand writing, not all letters in capitals but in the script alphabet. English capitals

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´’†ç ™ ®√ÊÆ Åéπ~®√™x (ÅFo é¬èπ◊çú≈. ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç ´’† Ææçûªéπç ᙫí∫®·Ø√ °öÔda. Å®Ωnç-é¬-éπ-§ÚûË brackets™ üΔE éÀçü¿ ´’† Ê°®Ω’ ®√ߪ÷L.)

G.Shankar, Kesavapatnam Q. Words can not be learnt parrot-fashion. What is the meaning of this word parrot-fashion. A. Parrot fashion = Like a parrot; learning or repeating without thinking or understanding. Q. I was come yesterday. I had come yesterday. What is the difference between them. A. I was come yesterday - WRONG. I had come yesterday - I arrived here yesterday, before something else happened.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 12 -V-™„j 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Phonetics = The study of speech sounds and how they are formed.

Md. Ghouse Mohiuddin, Kadapa Q.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀ-E ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -ûÁ-©’°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

Shakespeare is greater than any other English poet. (Comparative) A.

Semantics = The study of the meanings of words in a language - how the meanings of some words change over a period and how words develop different meanings.

Ççí∫xç™ à Éûª®Ω éπN éπØ√o Shakespeare íÌ°æp-¢√úø’.

Q. Very few kings of the world are as great as Akbar. (positive) A.

Sociolinguistics: The study of the way language is affected by the differences in social classes, places and sex (Male/ female)

v°æ°æç-îªç™ î√-™« ûªèπ◊\´ ´’çC ®√V©’ Åéπs-®Ωçûª íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

Q. Akbar is greater than most other kings of the world (comparative) A.

Psycholinguistics = studying how the human mind produces and processes language.

v°æ°æç-îªç™ î√™« ´’çC ®√V© éπØ√o Åéπs®˝ íÌ°æp-¢√úø’.

Language acquisition = learning a language.

Q. Akbar is one of the greatest kings of the world.(superlative) A. Q.

Language Lab =

Nñ«cØ√Eo °ç§Òç-Cç--èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊, éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ üΔy®√, Æ‘úŒ™x pronunciation, grammar, conversational language ™«çöÀN ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ØË ´ÆæA. (a facility which helps us to

v°æ°æç-îªç-™E Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp ®√V™x Åéπs®˝ äéπúø’. éÀçC exclamatory ¢√é¬u-©†’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -N-´-Jçîª-í∫-©®Ω’. Ñ ¢√é¬u™x á°æ¤púø’ how ¢√ú≈™, á°æ¤púø’ what ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. How beautiful the rose is!

learn a language through computers).

2. What a beautiful scene this is!

Morphology = A branch of linguistics dealing with words, their structure and meanings.

3. What a wonderful creature an elephant is!

Q.

2

Éçé¬ á´-È®jØ√, Éçé¬ à¢Á’iØ√ îÁ•’-û√¢√. Éçé¬ ÅØË-üΔ-EéÀ ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü¿ç.

A. Anything more you wish to say?

(ÉçÍé-üÁjØ√ û√¢√?)

îÁ•’-

Anything more/ Any more =

A. Serve (the) rice and (the) curry. Q.

Ŷ«s-®·éÀ ņoç AE-°œç-î√L, ≤ƒo†ç îË®·ç-î√L, ≤ƒo†ç îË®·ç.

A. I/ You, etc., have to feed him, bathe/ wash him. Bathe him/ wash him. Q.

àO’-™‰ü¿’. ÜJÍé èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√o†’.

A. Nothing. I am idle. Q.

îªE-§Ú-®·† Çߪ’† Çûªtèπ◊ ¨»çA éπ©-í¬-©E ´’†ç Åçü¿®Ωç éπLÆœ Å®·ü¿’ EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´’¯†ç §ƒöÀüΔlç.

A. Let's observe five minute silence (silence for 5 minutes) so that his soul may rest in peace.

A. 1.

Ç í∫’™«H áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ! (áçûÓ Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC) 2. Ñ ü¿%¨¡uç -á-ç-ûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ! (î√-™« Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC) 3. à†’í∫’ áçûª Åçü¿-¢Á’i† v§ƒùÀ! (î√-™« Åçü¿´’-®·çC) Exclamations how ûÓ ¢√úÕØ√, what ûÓ ¢√úÕØ√ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË, what ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-´’ßË’u exclamations ™, what ûª®√yûª noun é¬F adjective + noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.

™ start áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. Q. John said, 'I eat mutton' †’ indirect speech ™ ®√ÊÆh John said that he ate mutton Å´¤ûª’çC. é¬F direct speech ™ speaker present indefinite ™ îÁ°œpçC report speech ™ simple past tense í¬ ´÷®Ω-úøçûÓ correct version Å´¤-ûª’çüΔ? A. É™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ Indirect speech éÀ ´÷Ja-†-°æ¤púø’, past ™ regular action ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ would ¢√úøû√ç. Å°æ¤p-úø’ He said he would eat mutton (regularly) ÅØÌa. Å®Ω’ü¿’. ¢√úøû√ç.

Éçé¬ Éçé¬ á´-È®jØ√ Q. ņoç °ô’d, èπÿ®Ω ¢Á®·u. Anybody else =

Spoken English Written begin

G.Shankar, Keshavapatnam Q. Please explain the meanings of these words: 1) sorcerer 2) exorciser 3) strapped 4) trellised balconies

Do anything with perseverance

What a leader Gandhi was!

ûÓ

ûª®√yûª

Å®·ûË, ´Ææ’hçC.

How

How great he is! How + great (adjective) How slowly he walks! How + slowly (adverb) Q. Don't you know English? negative answer

DEéÀ affirmative, N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Yes, I know. Å®·ûË spoken English ™ Don't you know English? ÅØË question èπ◊, a) No, I don't (negative) (ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊) b) Yes, I do (affirmative) (ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊) Åçö«ç. Q. Don't you know this news? DEéÀ affirmative, negative answer ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. °j question ™ ™«í¬ØË– Negative - No, I don't (know) Affirmative - Yes, I do (I know) Q. Improve, develop A. Develop=

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 556

Q. Typology of Indian A. He had/ got me beaten. Languages = The study of Q. the languages spoken in A. My leg is hurt/ I've hurt my leg. M.SURESAN various parts of India and My leg is benumbed. how the culture and other aspects of the Q. areas affect the people of the area. A. Don't know why. Linguistic Phonetics = phonetics = the Q. study of speech sounds and how they are produced. A. He seems to be drunk/ He seems to be R.Rajasekhar, Lingasamudram. intoxicated/ He seems to be on the horse. Q. Q. 1) with a view to 2) with regard to A. In my view it is wrong. 3) with respect to 4) In view of 5) Here with, Q. here in, hereby, hereafter 6) Therewith, A. Go and lie down/ take rest. thereby, thereafter, therein 7) for the time Q. being A. Do anything with perseverance. with a view to getting good A. 1) Q. marks he is studying hard A. 10 die after consuming adulterated liquor. 2) with regard Q. to her behaviour, it is very good = with A. I had to do it. respect to (3) Q. 4) In view of = because of A. By and by they will know.

¢√úø’ ††’o éÌöÀdç-î√úø’.

OöÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ´%Cl¥îÁçü¿-úøç, °æJ-ù«´’ç (´÷®Ω’p)

áçü¿’-éπØÓ ´’J ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’.

¶«í¬ ´’ûÁh-èπ◊\-ûª’-†oô’x ÖçC (Ç©\-£æ…™¸ †-°æ¤púø’). Ø√ ü¿%≠œd™ ÉC ûª°æ¤p. ¢ÁRx °æúø’éÓ.

à °æE Å®·Ø√ °æô’d-ü¿-©ûÓ îËߪ÷L.

Ç ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ –

éπMh ≤ƒ®√ û√T °æC ´’çC ´’%A.

üΔEo í∫’Jç*, Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh

؈’ ÅC îËߪ÷Lq ´*açC. ®√†’-®√-†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

In view of the bad weather, the match will be cancelled.

Q.

= DEûÓ; Herein = Éçü¿’™; Éçü¿’-´‚-©çí¬; Hereafter = É°æp-

Q.

5) Herewith Hereby =

´%Cl¥îÁçü¿-úøç, ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-´-úøç, áèπ◊\-´-´-úøç.

A.Sudhakar, Bhiknur Q. Please define these words- Phonology, Syntax, Phonetics, Semantics, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Language Acquisition, Language Lab, Morphology, Typology of Indian Languages, Linguistic Phonetics. A. Phonology = The study of speech sounds (the sounds of the words in our speech) of a language. Syntax = The way words are arranged to form a sentence and the rules of grammar connected with it. (The rules of the construction of sentences). Computer - the rules telling us how words and phrases must be used in a computer language.

û√T-

éÀçC¢√öÀ-E -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

îÁçü¿-úøç. Improve=

†’´¤y ´*a Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC.

鬩’èπ◊ üÁ•s ûªT-LçC.鬩’èπ◊ AN’tJ °æöÀdçC.

What + a leader (noun) Exclamation how begin adjective/ adverb

Q.

A. If you had come, it would have been good.

öÀ-†’ç*. 6) Therewith = thereafter =

¢√úø’ îÁúø’ Å©-¢√-ôxèπ◊ Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈fúø’.

A. He got into bad habits.

éÌûªh °æJ-Æœn-ûª’-©èπ◊ Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈L.

A. You must get used to new circumstances. Q.

¢√úø’ Ç Nüμ¿çí¬ Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈fúø’.

üΔçûÓ; thereby = Åçü¿’-´©x; Ç ûª®√yûª; therein = Åçü¿’™. 7) for the time being = v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ؈’ äéπ-°æéπ\ îÁßÁ·u--ü¿lE îÁ•’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’. ¢√úø’ î˨»úø’.

A. He is used to it.

A. Even as I was telling him not to (do it) he did it.

K.L.N.Rao Tenali

Q.

Q.

Öü¿-ߪ÷ØËo 鬩-éπ%-û√u©’ B®Ω’aéÓ, B®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L.

A. Have your wash and other things in the morning itself. Q.

A. Whirlwind tour.

Q. Begin, start, commence A. Begin, start

A. It's as important to learn English, as it's to learn Telugu.

Commence commence

A.

1) = ´÷çvA-èπ◊úø’; 2) = ü¿ßª’uç-°æ-öÀd† ¢√∞¡x-™xç* ü¿ßª÷uEo §ƒ®Ω-üÓ-™‰¢√∞¡Ÿx. 3) Strapped = úø•’s ûªèπ◊\-´-í¬ -Öç-úø-ôí¬-F, ÅÆæ©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøçí¬E. 4) Trellised balcony = ©ûª©’ Å©’x-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ à®√pô’ îËÊÆ îÁéπ\© ´© ÖçúË balcony (Balcony ¢Ë’úø O’ü¿ †’ç* •ßª’-öÀéÀ îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’†o ´®Ωçú≈). P. Sujatha, Sindhanur, Karnataka Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u© Å®Ωn ¶μ‰üΔEo ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.

I am very happy today. I am so happy today. A. I am very happy (British) = I am so happy (American) -

Ø√ÈéçûÓ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC/ Ø√Èéçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçüÓ! Q. éÀçC ´÷ô© ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’ö ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) Money - wealth - treasure 2) Children - kids 3) Process - method - way A. 1) Money =

úø•’s– ´·êuçí¬ †í∫ü¿’/ Bank ë«û√© ®Ω÷°æç™. Wealth = Ææç°æü¿ – úø•’s-ûÓ-§ƒô’ Æœn®Ω, îª®Ω ÇÆæ’h©’– É©’x, §Ò™«©’, é¬®Ω’x ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-ûÓ-Ææ£æ…. Treasure = ECμ– ´·êuçí¬ ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ í∫’ôdí¬ §ÚÆœ Öç*† úø•’s, †í∫©’ ´Èíj®√. 2) Children = Kids. Å®·ûË Kids ¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç (Spoken form ™ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç). 3) Process = v°ævéÀߪ’– äéπ °∂æLûªç éÓÆæç/ °∂æL-û√-Ø√o-Pç* üΔE ≤ƒüμ¿† éÓÆæç ü¿¨¡-©-¢√-Kí¬ Å†’-Ææ-JçîË NüμΔ-Ø√©’. Method = °æü¿l¥A– äÍé N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo NNüμ¿ °æü¿l¥-ûª’™x îËßÁ·îª’a. Ééπ\úø ü¿¨¡-©-èπ◊ -Åçûª v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰ü¿’. Way = NüμΔ†ç. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ᙫ îËߪ÷-©ØË Ç™-.

Q. She fell and fractured her arm. He fell down and broke his leg. fell down He called me up last night call up

¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¢√éπuç™ ÅE ®√¢√L éπüΔ. áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’? Ñ ¢√éπuç™ àN’ö ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. She fell down and fractured her arm better. Fall down Fall (down

Ææ’-úÕí¬-L °æ®Ωu-ô-†.

ûÁ©’í∫’ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç áçûª Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Á÷, ÉçTx≠ˇ ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´úøç èπÿú≈ ÅçûË Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

™

´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ ᙫ

ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC? üΔüΔ-°æ¤í¬ äéπõ‰. ÅØ√o v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμçîªúø¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ví¬çC∑éπç. Spoken English ™

Åçõ‰

ņ-úø¢Ë’ ûª®√yûª ¢√úøôç, éÀçü¿-°æ-úøôç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) -Åç-õ‰ ÅØË Å®√n-Eo-Ææ’hçC. °æûª†ç/ Cí∫-ñ«-®Ωúøç/ ÅüμΔy-†-´’-´úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç áèπ◊\´ Ææ’p¥JÆæ’hçC. Call up a person/ Call a person up = äéπ ´uéÀhéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’úøç. He called me up last night = Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ E†o ®√vA §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»úø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 19 -V-™„j 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ The theme of Paradise Lost is the fall of man.

A.Upendar, Khammam. Q.

í∫û√-EéÀ (Past) Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† v°æ¨¡o-©†’ did, was, were ©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* Åúø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’. Å®·ûË OöÀE àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-î√™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. O’ v°æ¨¡o-™ ØË Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ÖçC– 'í∫û√-EéÀ— (past) Ææç•ç-Cμç* ÅE. ÅüË ¢√öÀ, Åçõ‰– was, were, did © Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. -Å®·-ûË was, were í∫ûªç™ -Öç-úø-ôç -Å-ØË -Å®Ωnç-ûÓ, was, singular subjects ûÓ 'ÖçúË-¢√úø’/ ÖçúËC/ ÖØ√oúø’/ ÖçC— (ÅFo í∫ûªç™), ņo Å®√n-©ûÓ, were, plural subjects ûÓ 'ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ÖçúËN/ Ö†oN/ ÖØ√o®Ω’– í∫ûªç™) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. He was here yesterday- Åûªúø’ E†o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’. The book was on the table last night (E†o®√vA Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç table O’ü¿ ÖçC.) The students were happy- NüΔu-®Ω’n©’ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’ (í∫ûªç™). Q. v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ (present) Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† v°æ¨¡o-©†’ do, is, are, has, have ©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* Åúø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’. ¢√öÀE àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tçî√™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

M. Satyanarayana, Hyderabad. Q. Yes, right, correct, real, fact

Ñ °æüΔ-©†’ á°æ¤púø’, áéπ\úø, ᙫçöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈L? A. Yes = Å´¤†’. Do you read the news paper?

(¢√®√h-°æ-vAéπ îªü¿’-´¤-û√¢√?) yes = (Å´¤†’) Right = Correct = ÆæÈ®j†. That is the right/ correct answer =

ÅC ÆæÈ®j†

ï¢√•’. Real =

Eï-¢Á’i†/ ¢√Ææh-´-¢Á’i†/ ߪ’üΔ-®Ωn-¢Á’i†. Eï @N-ûªç™.

In real life =

Though he plays the villain in movies, he is a good man in real life =

ÆœE-´÷™x ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úÕ §ƒvûª ¢ËÆœØ√, Eï @N-ûªç™ Åûªúø’ ´’ç*-¢√úø’. Fact = Eïç/ ߪ’üΔ®Ωnç. It is a fact that he was here yesterday

Åûªúø’ E†o Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o-úø-ØËC ¢√Ææh´ç/ Eïç. Ñ °æüΔ© ¢√úø’-éπ†’ N´-Jç-

Q. Full, all, total, net

2

©†’ †N’tç-îË-¢√®Ω’; Bogus injury = ™‰E í¬ßª’ç Ö†oCí¬ îª÷°æúøç (¢Á÷Ææ-TçîË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ.) Dummy= 1) •ôd© shops ™ •ôd©’ ûÌúÕT v°æü¿-®Ωz†èπ◊ °-õ‰d ´’E≠œ ¶Ô´’t. 2) †éÀM ´Ææ’h´¤ - dummy pistol - Pistol Ç鬮Ωç éπLT, Eïç-é¬E pistol. 3) ¶Ô´’t 4) °œ©x©’ àúø´èπ◊çú≈ ØÓöx ÖçîË °‘éπ. Duplicate = copy (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´uéÀh-™«çöÀ §ÚL-éπ-©’†o ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´uéÀh). °ævû√© copies. Fake = bogus = †éÀM (¢Á÷Ææç îËÊÆ ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ) Q. What is the difference between stare glance, soap - detergent, global - international, clothes - cloths, parliament - assembly, plot - house, stand by captain - stand in captain, register - registration, increase enhance, opera - orchestra, journal- maga-

Printing=

´·vCç-îªúøç. ´÷´‚©’ Ç£æ…®Ω °æüΔ-®√n©ûÓ§ƒô’ ´’ü¿uç Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ îËÊÆ Restaurant. Club- véÃú≈, Éûª®Ω 鬮Ωu-éπ-™«-§ƒ©’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îË-¢√J Ææç°∂æ’ç, üΔE building- cricket, Golf club, Pub-

foot-ball club, walkers' club, Book Lovers' club, etc. Cartoon-

NØÓü¿ç éÓÆæç ¢√®√h °ævA-éπ-™«xçöÀ ¢√öÀ™x ´uèπ◊h©/ ´Ææ’h´¤© ®Ω÷§ƒ™xE v°æ´·ê ©éπ~-ù«©’/ ´·ê éπ´-R-éπ-©†’ áèπ◊\´ îËÆœ îª÷°œçîË ¶Ô´’t©’. Cartoon movie= Å™«çöÀ éπC™‰ *vû√-©ûÓ èπÿúÕ† -†-*vûªç. Caricature= 1) ´uèπ◊h© v°æ´·ê üË£æ« ©éπ~-ù«-©†’, ´·ê éπ´-R-éπ-©†’ ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´ îËÆœ îª÷Ê° ¶Ô´’t. 2) Å°æ-£æ…Ææuç îËÊÆ ÖüËl¨¡çûÓ ´uèπ◊h© í∫’Jç* £æ…Ææu-éπ-®Ω®Ω. Trainer= Coach. Å®·ûË Coach †’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ véÃú≈-®Ωçí∫ç™ ¢√úøû√ç.

Do you r ead the news paper?

A. am, is, are questions statements Am/ is/ are '...ing' form/ past participle

™ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, ™†÷ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´÷vûª¢Ë’, (Éçéπ, ûÓ éπ©-°æèπ◊çú≈) ¢√úÕûË, É°æ¤púø÷/ á°æ¤púø÷ Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Are you there? (†’´y-éπ\úø É°æ¤púø’ ÖØ√o¢√?)/ (O’®Ω-éπ\úø ÖØ√o®√?) Is he happy? (Åûªúø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oú≈?) Where is the book? (Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø ÖçC? – É°æ¤púø’) Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u© Å®√nEo ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 557

A. Stare =

A.

îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Full = °æ‹Jhí¬, Eçúø’í¬. The bottle is full =

M.SURESAN

Ç Æ‘≤ƒ Eçúø’í¬ ÖçC. I don't know the full story =

What should I do What have I to do What must I do.

°æ‹Jh éπü∑¿ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. All = ÅFo/ Åçü¿®Ω÷.

-´‚--úÕç-öÀ -Å®Ωnç -äéπ-õ‰ – É°æ¤púø’ ØËØËç îËߪ÷L?

Ø√¢Ë.

All these books are mine =

Ñ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©Fo

All are here = Total = The total amount he gave me is just this =

Ééπ\úø Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ¢Á·ûªhç.

A.Sudhakar, Peddamallareddy. Q. What is the difference between Idiom, Phrase and Proverb. Please clarify. A. Phrase = A group of words without a verb. eg: In the evening; on his advises etc. Idiom: A group of words the meaning of which has no connection with the any word in the group. eg: To drive someone up the wall = to make a person very angry. Proverb = A wise saying, usually a wellknown phrase/ sentence which gives advice or says something generally true. eg: All that glitters is not gold. Q. Imagery, diction, syntax, figures of speech, rhythm and theme. Please explain these words with example of a poem. A. Imagery = words or expressions used by poets/ writers in their poems to create in readers' minds, pictures of places and persons. This includes figures of speech, description, etc. Diction = The choice and use of words in literature; the way a person pronounces words. Syntax = The construction/ structure of a sentence and the rules of grammar connected with it. Figures of speech: A word/ phrase used with a meaning different from its usual meaning, to create a picture in the mind. eg: As dry as dust - This figure of speech = very dry. Rhythm = A strong regularly repeated sounds of music. Theme = Subject matter

zine, publishing - printing, pub - club, cartoon - caricature, trainer - coach, president - chairman, among - inter - between, army - military, tenure - period.

Åûªúø’ Ø√éÀ-*a† ¢Á·ûªhç ÉüË. Net = ÅEo BÆœ-¢Ë-ûª-©÷-§Ú†÷. Net salary = ÅEo N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤©÷ §Úí¬, îËA-éÌîËa @ûªç. P.Lingam, Nagapuram. Q. Chess board

°j† chess & draught board ÅE Öçô’çC. Draught Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. Draught (vú≈°∂ˇd) èπÿú≈, chess ™« äéπ Çô. Q. áEo-éπ©’, ÆæÍ®y©’ Åüμ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËÊÆ ¨»ÆæYç ÂƧ∂ƒ-©@ ÂÆpLxçí˚ àN’öÀ? A. Psephology ('P' silent) Q. What is the difference among the discount, off, subsidy, rebate. A. Discount =

v°æéπ-öÀç-*† üμ¿®Ω™ éÌçûª ¨»ûªç ûªT_ç°æ¤. Off = éÓûª (üμ¿®Ω™  ) = üΔüΔ°æ¤ discount. Subsidy = ´Ææ’h-´¤© üμ¿®Ω™ x éÌçûª ¨»ûªç v°æ¶μº’ûªyç/ ÆæçÆæn ¶μºJç-îªúøç. Rebate = 1) discount 2) v°æ¶μº’-û√y-EéÀ ´’†ç îÁLxç-î√-Lq† ≤Ò´·t-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ îÁLxç* Öçõ‰, ´·êuçí¬ °æ†’o °æúË ÇüΔߪ’ç ®Ω÷°æç™, -Ç Åü¿†°æ¤ ≤Ò´·t v°æ¶μº’ûªyç ´’†èπ◊ AJT É´yúøç (Tax

rebate). Q. What is the different among the Bogus, Dummy, Duplicate, Fake. A.

O’

question What is the difference... (differ-

ent

é¬ü¿’) ÅE Öçú≈L. ÅÆæ-™„j† ´Ææ’h-´¤í¬/ ´uéÀhí¬ îª™«-´’ùÀ ÅßË’u †éÀM ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´uéÀh ¢Á÷Ææ-TçîË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ. Bogus currency (†éÀM úø•’s ØÓô’x); Bogus doctor = ú≈éπd®˝ é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ú≈éπd-®˝í¬ Éûª-®Ω’Bogus =

ÖJN’ îª÷úøôç; glance = ã éπ~-ùçÊÆ°æ¤ ´÷vûªç îª÷úøôç. Soap= Ææ•’s; detergent= •ôd©’/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ¨¡Ÿv¶μºç-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË §ÒúÕ/ vü¿´ç. Global = v°æ°æç-îª-¢√u-°æh-¢Á’i†, ÅEo ü˨»-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*†; International = ÅEo ü˨»-©èπ◊ Ææç•çCμç*çC é¬èπ◊çú≈ éÌEo ü˨»©èπ◊ ´’üμ¿u (È®çúø’ ü˨»© ´’üμ¿u èπÿú≈) Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† Clothes = •ôd©’; cloths – Ñ ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. cloth - í∫’úøf (a piece/ pieces of a sheet/ sheets of cloth, etc) Parliament; Assembly -

È®çúø÷ äéπ ü˨¡°æ¤ îªö«d-©†’ îËÊÆ îªôd-Ææ-¶μº©’. Å®·ûË ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ü˨¡ç ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ îªö«d©’ îËÊÆC, Parliament. Assembly: äéπ ®√≥ƒZEéÃ, äéπ v°æüË-¨»-Eéà îªö«d©†’ îËÊÆC, îªôd Ææ¶μº. Plot = äéπ ûÓôèπ◊/ E®√t-ù«-EéÀ (building) Íéö«-®·çîË Ææn©ç. House plot/ garden plot/ vegetable plot, etc. Stand by-

Å´-Ææ®Ω Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË– ÉC ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊ é¬ü¿’. Standby generator = Nü¿’uû˝ Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ EL-*§Ú-®·-†-°æ¤púø’ Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÀ ¢√úË generator. Stand by captain- ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Stand in captain = captain, ûª† ¶«üμ¿uûª ´£œ«ç-îª-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’, captain í¬ ´u´-£æ«-JçîË ´uéÀh. Register- 1) †¢Á÷ü¿’ îËߪ’úøç/ †¢Á÷-ü¿-´úøç 2) †¢Á÷ü¿’ îËÊÆ °æ¤Ææhéπç. Registration= †¢Á÷ü¿’ Increase = enhance. Å®·ûË enhance †’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ abstract ideas ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. This enhanced his reputation = É-C ÅûªúÕ v°æA-≠æe†’ °ç*çC.Opera = ÆæçUûª Ø√ôéπç, Orchestra = ¢√ü¿u Ææ¢Ë’t-∞¡†ç. Journal- äÍé ´%AhéÀ/ äÍé subject èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç*† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ÖçúË °ævAéπ journal. Medical Journal, Computer Journal etc. Magazine=

ÅEo ®Ω鬩-¢√-JéÀ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-TçîË °ævAéπ. ã °æ¤Ææhéπç/ ®Ω ´·vü¿ù ü¿í∫_®Ω ™éÀ Núø’-ü¿© îËÊÆ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´£œ«çîË

Publishing= market

†’ç* ¶«üμ¿uûª.

Chairman = President. Among=

Éü¿l-J-éπçõ‰/ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ö†o¢√öÀ ´’üμ¿u. Between- Éü¿l-JéÀ/ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ´’üμ¿u Inter= Åçûª®˝, (International= Åçûª-®√b-Bߪ’) Army = ¶μº÷ÊƆ– ¶μº÷O’tü¿ §Ú®√úË ÂÆjE-èπ◊©’ (N´÷-Ø√©/ ãúø© †’ç* é¬èπ◊çú≈) Military= ≤ƒßª·üμ¿ ÂÆjE-èπ◊-©ç-ü¿-JéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç*. Tenure= period. (NüΔu-Ææç-Ææn™ x ´÷vûªç period ÅØË Åçö«ç) Q. °æü¿N Üúøôç, ÖüÓuí∫ç §Ú´úøç ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ ¢√úË °æü¿ç ÜÆœdçí˚, DE ÂÆpLxçí˚ àN’öÀ? A. Ousting (åÆœdçí˚, ÜÆœdçí˚ é¬ü¿’). Q. Senior, super senior ņoô’x super junior ÅØÌî√a? A. Super junior •ü¿’©’ sub junior Åçö«ç. Q. äéπ éπ´®Ω’ °j† This is a bio-degradable cover ÅE ®√Æœ ÖçC. DE Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? A. Biodegradable= í¬L, áçúø, ¢√†, ´’öÀd, F∞¡Ÿx ™«çöÀ v°æéπ%A ¨¡èπ◊h-©-´©x éÃ~ùÀç-*-§ÚßË’. ´÷´‚©’ é¬T--ûªç biodegradable éÃ~ùÀç* ´’öÀd™ éπL-Æœ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Plastic- é¬ü¿’ (î√™« ®Ω鬩’) ´÷Ææ-°æ-vAéπ O’ü¿ Ö†o plastic, biodegradable Åçõ‰ 鬩-véπ-¢Ë’ù« éÃ~ùÀç-*- ´’öÀd™ éπL-Æœ-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿E. Q. C.C. Camera ™ C.C °æ‹Jh Ê°Í®-N’öÀ? A. C.C.= Closed Circuit = °æJ-N’ûª v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ïJÍí N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îª÷°œçîË TV Camera. Q. What is the difference among - Block, Desk, Unit, Section, Class, Pool, Chapter, Category, Classification, Segment, Zone, Department, Rank Grade, Sector, Ward, Constituency, Series, Group. A. Block =

Ææ´·-üΔߪ’ç, Desk = ®√ûª-•©x, Unit = äÍé ©éπ~-ù«-©’†o ´Ææ’h-´¤©, äéπ-üΔ-E-éÌ-éπöÀ Ææç•çüμ¿ç Ö†o ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ææ´‚£æ«ç/ ´®ΩÆæ. äÍé N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´uèπ◊h© Ææ´‚£æ«ç, Section = N¶μ«í∫ç, Class = ûª®Ω-í∫A/ v¨ÏùÀ/ ´®Ω_ç. Pool = F∞¡x ´’úø’í∫’, ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ææ´·-üΔߪ’ç, Chapter = °æ¤Ææh-éπç-™E ÅüμΔuߪ’ç, Category = N¶μ«í∫ç, Classification = N¶μº-ï†, Segment = ¶μ«í∫ç/ N¶μ«í∫ç, Zone = ´’çúø©ç, Department = 鬮√u©ßª’/ éπ∞«-¨»-©™E ¨»ê. Rank= v°æA-¶μº-†’-•öÀd E®Ωg-®·çîË ≤ƒn†ç, Grade= v°æA-¶μ«-v¨ÏùÀ/ Ø√ùuûª. Sector= N¶μ«í∫ç= Ward/ (†í∫-®√™xE v°æüË-¨»©’), Constituency = EßÁ÷-ï-éπ-´®Ω_ç, Series = äéπ-üΔEûÓ äéπöÀ Ææç•çüμ¿ç Ö†o ´Ææ’h-´¤©’/ Ωu©’, Group = ´®Ω_ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 26 -V-™„j 2009 Anindya: What are you driving at, Sampurna? (Do) you mean you aren't upto doing all that work yourself?

(àçöÀ †’´yç-ô’çC? Ñ °æ†çû√ †’¢Ìy-éπ\-üΔ-EO îËߪ’-™‰-´Ø√?) Sampurna: Yea, nor do I know quite well how to go about this kind of work.

(Å´¤†’. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ É™«çöÀ °æE ᙫ îËߪ÷™ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.) Anindya: My problem is I don't know at all how to do it. I think we need advice on this matter.

(Ø√ Ææ´’Ææu àN’-ôçõ‰ Ø√éà °æE ÅÆæ©’ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ á´J Ææ©£æ… Å®·Ø√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊çö«.) Sampurna: Why don't we approach Prasuna?

(v°æÆæ÷††’ ÅúÕT ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úøüΔ?) Anindya: She is out of town on business and will not be back until tomorrow evening.

(ûª†’ °æE O’ü¿ ÜÈ®-RxçC Í®°æ-öÀ-üΔé¬ ®√ü¿’.)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Ñ lesson †’ç* ´’†ç Spoken English ™ ¢Á·ü¿ô ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o Å稻-©†’ é¬Ææh °æ¤†-¨¡a-®Ωù (Revise) îËÆæ’-èπ◊çüΔç. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Ñ phrasal verbs Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. 1) drive at 2) go about. Drive at: try to say =

îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o

N≠æߪ’ç. Though I tried my best I could not see what they were driving at =

áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ ¢√∞Ïxç îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√o-®Ω-ØËC/ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oD ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷. 'Driving at' †’ ´·êuçí¬ ''†’¢Ëy´’çô’-Ø√o¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-õ‰xü¿’/ Éçûªéà F´ØË-üËçöÀ?—— ÅE üμ¿yEçîËô’x ¢√úøû√ç. He spoke for 20 minutes without any one understanding what he was driving at =

Åûª-ØË´’ç-ô’-†oD/ àç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oD á´-Jéà ŮΩnç 鬆ô’x 20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’. 2) To go about = àüÁjØ√ °æE ¢Á·ü¿©’°ôdúøç. a) Now that you have a chance to do it how do you go about it?

= É°æ¤púø’ Fé¬-°æE îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ´*açC éπüΔ? ᙫ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç--ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

2

1) advice No plural - advices wrong. An advice/ a good advice/ a useful advice/ an important advice all wronga/ an a piece of advice/ a few pieces of advice

Ææ©£æ…,

Oô-EoçöÀ ûª°æ¤p.

´·çü¿÷ Å®·ûË

ÅØÌa.

2)

furniture uncountable a furniture/ two or three furnitures An item/ a piece of furniture, two or three items/ pieces of furniture Furnitures

Å™«Íí

èπÿú≈

鬕öÀd ¢√úøôç èπÿú≈

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

´÷vûªç ņç.

3) The same applies to the word 'news' s news plural news singular. a/ an This is good news - Correct. The news is bad - Correct. a good news/ an important news, etc. wrong.

¢√®Ωh©’). *´J ´©x v°æ´÷ü¿ç ÖçC. é¬F üΔE-´·çü¿’ ®√ü¿’.

†’ á°æ¤p-úø÷

(¢√®Ωh/ ņ’-èπ◊ØË

(àçöÃ, ¢√®Ωç™ ÉC ´‚úÓ-≤ƒJ Ç¢Á’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡xúøç. à °æE-O’ü¿ Åçûª BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC ûª†’?) Anindya: Don't you know she has a job now? she is working for a company dealing in furniture; I think she has a share in it too.

(Fèπ◊ ûÁLߪ’üΔ ûªE-°æ¤púø’ ã furniture company ™ ÖüÓuí∫ç îË≤Úhç-ü¿E? üΔØÓx ûª†èπ◊ ¶μ«í∫ç èπÿú≈ Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.) Sampurna: Oh, that's news to me. She never told me of it. How long has she been in it?

(ÉC Ø√èπ◊ éÌûªh ¢√®Ωh. Ø√Èé-°æ¤púø÷ îÁ°æp-™‰üΔ¢Á’. áçûª-é¬-©çí¬ °æE-îË-≤ÚhçüÓ?) Anindya: Why, it's already two months since she started it. Perhaps you know she worked earlier for a company promoting herbal products.

(Å´¤†÷, Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ´†-´‚-Léπ© ´Ææ’h-´¤© ûªßª÷-K© company éÀ °æE-îËÆœç-ü¿E Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπüΔ.) Sampurna: Yes. She keeps herself busy same way or the other. The most important product was the one for hair.

(Å´¤†’. àüÓ äéπ Nüμ¿çí¬ á°æ¤púø÷ °æEîËÆæ÷hØË Öçô’çC. ¢√∞¡x ´·êu-¢Á’i† ûªßª÷K ûª© ¢Áçvô’-éπ-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç*çC.) Anindya: She is good at gathering information about jobs that pay. She's made quite a lot of money too.

(´’ç* ÇüΔߪ’ç ´îËa °æ†’© í∫’Jç* Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπ-Jç-îª-úøç™ ûª†’ íÌ°æpüË. î√™« Ææ秃-Cç-*çC èπÿú≈.)

b) I know what is to be done but I do not know how to go about it =

àç îËߪ÷™ ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬F ᙫ M.SURESAN îËߪ÷L ÅØËüË ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ éÀçC N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í∫´’-EüΔlç: countables Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ™„éπ\-°-ôd-í∫-L-T-†N 1, 2, 3 ... É™«. Book, Pen, Teacher, Child, Tree- É´Fo countables - OöÀE ´’†ç numbers ™ Åçõ‰ Ææçêu™x one book, 2 books, 10 teachers, 4 children Uncountables

Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰-EN – Åçõ‰ äéπöÀ, È®çúø’, °æC ÅE îÁ°æp-™‰-EN- eg: sugar, milk, rice, etc. English

èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*-†ç-ûª-´’-ô’èπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçC- countables èπ◊, singular number (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤, äéπ ´’E-≠œE í∫’Jç* ûÁL-°œûË), plural number (äéπöÀ éπçõ‰ / äéπJ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´Ææ’h-´¤©†’, N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úÕûË) Öçö«®·. Uncountables èπ◊ plural Öçúøü¿’. Å®·ûË ûÁ©’í∫’™ countables ņ’-èπ◊-ØËN English ™ î√™«-´-®Ωèπ◊ uncountables . Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀéÀ English™ plurals Öçúø´¤. ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ 'a'/ 'an' ®√ü¿’. Å™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE ´’†ç Ñ lesson ™E conversation ™ ¢√ú≈ç. Uncountables ¢√úÕ† Ñ éÀçC sentences †’ (ÅFo °j conversation ™E¢Ë) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) I think we need advice on this matter advice - uncountable (U) 2) She is working for a company dealing in furniture- furniture (U) 3) Oh, that's news to me - news (U) 4) The most important product was the one for hair- Hair (U)

(´’†ç Ç¢Á’ AJT ´îËaçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ é¬îª’-éÓ¢√-LqçüË Ñ °æ†-ßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊. Ñ ´’üμ¿u™ ´’†ç àç îËߪ÷™ é¬Tûªç O’ü¿ ®√üΔlç.)

6) Let's note down on paper what we have to do- paper (U)

(ÆæÍ®. Ø√Íéç Ŷμºuçûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.)

A. Injure = hurt; harm; damage =

5) She is good at gathering information- information (U)

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπüΔ. °j ´÷ô-©Fo uncountables Åçõ‰, ¢√öÀ™x ¢ËöÀF plurals ™ ¢√úøç. ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ a/ an ¢√úøç.

í¬ßª’-°æ-®Ω-

îªúøç/ éÃúø’ îËߪ’úøç. Produce = to cause the birth of to make to show to create etc.

(ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îËߪ·), (Ææ%≠œdç)

Melodious = (of music) sweet

(°æ¤öÀdç-); (îª÷°œç)

(´’üμ¿’-®Ω-¢Á’i†

– ÆæçUûªç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™) Community = a group people living in the same area and having the same beliefs, customs and way of life. In India it is often used with the meaning of 'a religion' or 'caste'. Constitution:

(®√ñ«uçí∫ç)

A person's health and the ability of their body to fight illness.

I have news for you - Right.

2)

4) English hair uncountable hairs

(äéπ ´uéÀh üË£æ« ÆœnA Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç*) 3) the parts that form something (äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’/ ´u´-Ææn†’ ®Ω÷§Òç-CçîË ¶μ«í¬©’)

™

(¢Áçvô’éπ/ ¢Áçvô’-éπ©’) Åçõ‰ Öçúøü¿’.

a) She has beautiful dark hair - Right. b) There is a hair in the tea - Wrong. There is hair/ a piece of hair in the tea - Right (Hairs, Science ™ ´·êuçí¬ ïçûª’-´¤©, ¢Á·éπ\© ©éπ~-ù«-© í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’) 5) Information (Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç)– ÉC èπÿú≈ 'news' ™«Íí uncountable. Åçõ‰ an information/ a useful information É™«çöÀ ¢√úø-é¬-™‰O ÆæJ-鬴¤. A piece of information/ pieces of information ÅØÌa.

Glide = move smoothly and quietly - The wheels of a train glide on the rails

(äJ-°œúÕ,

¨¡•lç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ éπü¿-©úøç) Mere= Only. He gave me a mere ten rupees (He gave me only ten rupees - complaining) She is a mere child. What does she know?

(Ç¢Á’ °æÆœG-úËf. Ç¢Á’Íéç ûÁ©’Ææ’?) (Å´-鬨¡ç).

Opportunity = a chance

We are waiting for a piece of information OK.

In this school you have an opportunity to learn music =

Informations (plural of information)

Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC.

Ñ •úÕ™ ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ØË

É™« îÁ•’û√ç.

Sampurna: I think we've to wait till she is back for us to do this work. In the mean time let's note down on paper what we have to do.

Anindya: Ok. That suits me fine.

éÀçC °æüΔ© í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Injure, Produce, Melodious, Community, Constitution, Glide, Mere, Opportunity, Scythe, Lime, Honourable.

1) The laws and principles which a government of a country should follow

I have a news for you - Wrong

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 558

Q.

Åçö«ç.

What ar e you driving at? Sampurna: Isn't it the third time in a week she is out? What's keeping her so busy?

C.Bharath Kumar, Kodumur.

èπÿú≈

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. 6) Paper paper - uncountable paper/ two or three papers English

¢√úË

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ®√ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, ´·vCç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçõ‰ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, a ņúøç ÆæÈ®j† é¬ü¿’.

A sheet of/ sheets of paper; a slip/ slips of paper; a piece of/ pieces of paper paper paper countable document

ÅØÌa – èπ◊†o Éûª®Ω Å™«Íí Åçô’çö«ç. Å®·ûË †’ í¬ØË ¢√úøû√ç. Å®√n-©ûÓ °ævû√©’ – ´’† Ç Éûª®Ω Å®√n©’: 1) ÇÆœh £æ«èπ◊\-©†’, ä°æpç-üΔ-©†’ ®√Ææ’-èπ◊ØË é¬T-û√©’, 2) ´’† certificates; 3) °æJ-¨-üμ¿Ø√ °ævû√©’ (Research papers) Ñ Å®√n-©ûÓ paper countable Å´¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ Ñ Å®√n-©ûÓ paper ´·çü¿’ a/ an ¢√úÌa. Papers -ÅE plural èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Here is an important paper about my right to the property =

Ñ ÇÆœh O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊†o £æ«èπ◊\†’ ûÁLÊ° ´·êu-¢Á’i† °ævûªç ÉCíÓ. b) His papers on the effects of smoking won him an award = Smoking

v°æ¶μ«´ç í∫’Jç* Çߪ’† °æJ-¨-üμ¿Ø√ °ævû√-©èπ◊ •£æ›-´’A ´*açC. Paper/ The papers = News papers. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ paper, countable. a) His photo appeared in a local paper this morning = photo

äéπ ≤ƒnEéπ (¢√®√h) °ævA-éπ™ ÅûªúÕ

´*açC.

b) All the papers published this news =

ÅEo ¢√®√h-°æ-vA-éπ©÷ Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo v°æ-Jç-î√®·.

Scythe = a long curved knife fixed to a long wooden handle used to cut grass -

í∫úÕfE E©-•úÕ éÓÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ §Òúø-¢Áj† éπv®Ω *´®Ωo Å´’-Ja† §Òúø-¢√öÀ ´çéπ®Ω éπAh. Lime = 1) Ææ’†oç (íÓúø-©èπ◊ ¢ËÊÆ) 2) °æ*a E´’t-é¬ßª’ (lemon) Honourable = Respectable = íı®Ω-´-F-ߪ·™„j† – The honourable (Hon'ble) CM of A.P. G. Rambabu, Tenali. Q. Kool, cool

OöÀ™ àC ÆæÈ®jçC? é¬ü¿’. Cool, correct. Q. Smash, damage, spoil, ruin - -O-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Smash = ´·éπ\©’ ´·éπ\-©’í¬ °æí∫-©-íÌ-ôdúøç– N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† ¨¡•lçûÓ. He smashed the bottle = Ç Æ‘≤ƒ†’ •ü¿l©’/ ´·éπ\©’, ´·éπ\©ßË’uô’d °æí∫-©-íÌ-ö«dúø’. Damage = îÁúø-íÌ-ôdúøç/ üμ¿yçÆæç îËߪ’úøç/ £æ…E éπL-Tç-îªúøç/ üÁ•s-ûª-T-™‰ô’d îËߪ’úøç. A. Kool - English

He damaged the car by his reckless driving = car car

Åñ«-ví∫-ûªhí¬ †úø-°æ-úøç-´©x Åûªúø’ îÁúÕ-§Ú-ßË’™«/ èπ◊ üÁ•s-ûª-T-™‰™« î˨»úø’. Spoil = îÁúø-íÌ-ôdúøç. He spoiled all my plans = Ø√ °æü∑¿-鬩EoçöÀF Åûªúø’ îÁúø-íÌ-ö«dúø’. Ruin = Ø√¨¡†ç/ Ø√¨¡-†-´’-´úøç. His drinking ruined his health = ÅûªúÕ û√í∫’úø’ ÅûªúÕ -Ç®Óí¬uEo Ø√¨¡†ç îËÆœçC. His carelessness led to his ruin = ÅûªúÕ Åñ«-ví∫ûªh ÅûªúÕ Ø√¨¡-Ø√-EéÀ üΔJ-B-ÆœçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 2 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nishanth: Hi, Visisht, You didn't attend college yesterday. Why?

(E†o †’´¤y áçü¿’-éπE? Visisht:

college

Åü¿%-≠æd-´-¨»ûª’h Åéπ\úÕ doctor îª÷°æ¤ ûªy®Ω™ØË ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E ¶μº®Ó≤ƒ Éî√a®Ω’.)

éÀ ®√™‰ü¿’,

I had work at home. I thought I could finish it before college time, but that took longer than I had thought.

Visisht:

That's good news. I feel relieved.

(ÅC ¨¡Ÿ¶μº-¢√®Ωh. ÅC Ø√é¬\Ææh Ü®Ω-ôí¬ ÖçC.)

(Éçöx °æ†’ç-úÕçC. College time éπçõ‰ ´·çüË °æ‹Jh îËßÁ·îª’a††’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F ؈-†’-èπ◊†oüΔE-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë °æöÀdçC.)

Nishanth: His mom vowed that she would perform poojas at temple if he became normal.

Nishanth: You missed an interesting demo on how soap is made. There was a man from Washwell Soap Company. The chemistry association had invited him to give us the demo.

(¢√úÕéÀ †ßª’-¢Á’iûË í∫’∞x °æ‹ï©’ îË®·-≤ƒh†E ¢√∞¡x´’t ¢Á·èπ◊\-èπ◊çC.) Vow = v°æAïc îËߪ’úøç/ ¢Á·èπ◊\-éÓ-´úøç.

(Ææ•’s ᙫ ûªßª÷®Ω’îËßÁ·îÓa ûÁLÊ° v°æü¿®Ωz†-†’ -†’-´¤y éÓ™p-ߪ÷´¤. ´’† éπ∞«-¨»© Chemistry Association -¢√-∞¡Ÿx 'Washwell' Ææ• ’s© Company E Ç v°æü¿-®Ωz† E®Ωy-£œ«çî√-Lqç-Cí¬ Ç£æ…yEç-î√®Ω’.) Demo = Demonstration =

v°æü¿-®Ωz†, ´·êuçí¬ àüÁjØ√ v°ævéÀߪ’/ °æE ᙫîË-ߪ÷™ îª÷°œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊.

Visisht:

I saw him this morning. He is progressing.

a) We use about three to four cakes of soap a month =

´’†ç ØÁ©èπ◊ 3, 4 Ææ•’s G∞¡x©†’ ¢√úøû√ç. (3 or 4 soaps ņç)

b) Please give me soap. (Please give me a soap

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’) = Ø√èπ◊ ÆæGs-´yçúÕ. c) Please give me some soap ÅE -èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa. Work (= °æE) èπÿú≈ English ™ uncountable. (äéπ °æ†’çC, È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ†’-©’ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷L ÅE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņoô’d English ™ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’). He has gone out on work/ on some work = (some)

Åûªúø’ °æE/ àüÓ

(-É¢√∞¡ Öü¿ßª’ç Åûª-úÕE îª÷¨»†’. éÓ©’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) Nishanth: I'll see him tomorrow.

(؈’ Í®°æ¤ îª÷≤ƒh†ûªúÕE.)

°æEO’ü¿ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«xúø’. ÅØÌa. Å®·ûË work •ü¿’©’ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ¢√úøû√ç. 'Job' ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´’†ç ÖüÓuí∫ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË job èπ◊ äéπ®Ω’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. A lot of work job

c) His works will soon be published =

ÅûªúÕ ®Ωîª-†©’ ûªy®Ω™ v°æ-J-ûª-´’-´¤-û√®·. Å™«Íí Iron. Iron = 1) Ɇ’´· – Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Iron, uncountable. Åçõ‰ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, a/ an Iron, Irons ÅE ¢√úøç. Iron = 2) ÉÆ‘Y °õ„d– (Iron box ÅE English ™ ņç). Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Iron countable. a) He bought an iron yesterday = E†o Åûª-úÌéπ ÉÆ‘Y °õ„d éÌØ√oúø’. b) He bought iron yesterday = E†o Åûªúø’ Ɇ’´· éÌØ√oúø’.

Teachers take class Taking care of the guests is his job =

I had known about it but I couldn't help giving it the miss. The work at home was important.

(Ø√èπ◊ üΔEo í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F ´ü¿’-©’éÓ-´úøç ûª°æp-™‰ü¿’.) Nishanth: But you went to temple as usual perhaps.

(é¬F ´÷´‚©’í¬ í∫’úÕéÀ ´÷vûªç ¢Á∞«x´-†’-èπ◊çö«.) Visisht:

Visisht:

2

That I did of course. By then I had finished my work.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ¢Á∞«x. Å°æp-öÀéÀ Ø√ °æE °æ‹JhîË-Êƨ».) Nishanth: There's some thing more you should know. In the chemistry lab, acid fell in Sai's eyes. Very unfortunate, you know. They rushed him to hospital. Fortunately the doctor there assured us that his sight would be normal soon.

(†’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçC Éçé¬ ÖçC. Chemistry lab ™ ≤ƒ®· éπçöx acid °æúÕçC. ÅûªúÕE ÇÆæp-vAéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«x®Ω’.

ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ÅûªúÕ °æE. Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç, work (uncountable) = job (countable) Åçõ‰ a job/ an urgent job/ two or three jobs ÅØÌa.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 559

éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ ´’†ç Countables, I have two or three jobs to do before I go í∫’Jç* ´’Sx to bed = °æúø’-éÓ-¶-ßË’-´·çü¿’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Uncountables èπ◊ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’-Ø√o®·. M.SURESAN plural Öçúø-ü¿E, ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ a/ an I am going out on an important job = ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿F ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ã ´·êu¢Á’i† °æE-O’ü¿ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Å™«çöÀ uncountables ´’J-éÌEo É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Å®√n-©’†o äÍé ´÷ô, èπ◊çüΔç. countable Å´¤-ûª’çC, ÉçéÓ Å®ΩnçûÓ äéπ Å®Ω n ç ûÓ Look at the following from the dialogue above: uncountable Å´¤-ûª’çC. 1) I had work at home. Work èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç °æE éπüΔ? Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ work, uncountable ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Å®·ûË 2) You missed an interesting demo on how work èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç 'ví∫çü∑¿ç—/ '®Ω— ÅE- èπÿú≈ soap is made. ÖçC. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ work countable, Å°æ¤púø’ work N’í∫û√ uncountables èπ◊ ™«í¬ØË soap (Ææ•’s), ´·çü¿ ’ a/ an ®√´îª’a. Works (ví∫çü∑Δ©’) ÅE plurwork (°æE) èπÿú≈ uncountables. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀéÀ al ¢√úÌa. plurals Öçúø´¤. ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ a/ an ®√ü¿’. a) Hamlet is a work by Shakespeare = ´’†ç shop ™ éÌØË Ææ•’s G∞¡x†’ A cake of Hamlet, Shakespeare ví∫çü∑¿ç/ ®Ω. soap Åçö«ç, paper †’, a sheet/ sheets of b) The works of Shakespeare are great = paper; a slip/ slips of paper ņoô’x. Shakespeare ®Ωîª-†©’ íÌ°æpN. uncountables

P. Srinivasa Rao, Pithapuram

Q. The difference between bribe and corrupt.

Q. I would like to know the clarifications of the following questions.

A. 1) Bribe' is the cash or anything given to a person to make him do something illegal 2) To bribe means to give cash or kind given to some one to make them do illegal things.

The difference between moral values and ethical values. A. Moral Values = Beliefs a society has about what is moral and what is not. Ethical values = Beliefs the members of a profession (doctors/ teachers/ priests/ lawyers, etc) have about what is right or wrong in their profession. eg: A doctor with ethical values does not use their knowledge to harm their patients. Q. He knows telugu as well as English. This is a complex sentence. Please analyse the main clause and subordinate clause in the sentence. A. He knows Telugu as well as English - This is a compound sentence, because 'as well as' is a conjunction meaning 'and' The complex sentence for this is: He knows Telugu while he knows English. But this sentence is rather odd and had not better be used. It is turning a sentence into complex just for the sake of turning.

(©çîªç);

Corrupt: Immoral; A corrupt person is immoral and does illegal things- by accepting bribes, by doing bad things to please important people, and by earning money in bad ways. Q. Please define concept school. A. There is no such thing as 'a concept school. In Andhra Pradesh certain institutes use the expression to mean, a school where students are taught to understand a subject, as different from a school which makes stu'Concept' dents learn by mugging up actually means the actual idea or a principle behind something. Teaching means teaching the concept and not, as most residential/ public schools do, train student in mugging up lessons. A good school is always a concept school.

(•-öÃd).

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation between Nishanth and Visisht. 1) You didn't attend college yesterday.

2) You went to temple as usual. 3) They rushed him to hospital.

´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√-∞¡xèπÿ, NØË-¢√-∞¡xèπÿ ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iûË, ÅC countable/ uncountable Å®·Ø√ 'the' ¢√úøû√ç. Where is the post office here? = Ééπ\úø post office áéπ\-úø’çC? (Post Office ÅúÕ-Íí-¢√-∞¡xèπÿ, îÁÊ°p¢√-∞¡xèπÿ Éü¿lJéà ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æߪ’ç 鬕öÀd, the Post Office. Å™«Íí The railway station/ the bus station/ the MRO's Office etc.)

Å®·ûË éÌEo îÓ-ô’x, v°æüË-¨»©’ éÌEo v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† °æ†’-©èπ◊ EÍ®l-Pç-*-†-Ní¬ Öçö«®·. Å™«ç-öÀ-îÓ-ôxèπ◊ Ç °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿’ the ¢√úøç. eg: Students and teachers go to school/ college (the school/ the college

é¬ü¿’) (¶μºéÀh-éπ-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx) go to temple/ (´’Æ‘ü¿’) (The temple/ the é¬ü¿’). Students attend class (the class é¬ü¿’) Teachers take class (the class é¬ü¿’)

The devout church/ mosque church/ the mosque

Judges/ Advocates/ Litigants go to court (the court

é¬ü¿’).

Q. What is synergy school? and please define synergy. A. Synergy is a technical word. The meaning is, the extra energy, power, success etc that we can get when two or more people or companies working together- Combinedly. Synergy school = Two or more schools combining with one another. Q. What is the usage of As to? A. As to = about/ regarding. As to spoken English, the simpler your language is, the better it is = Talking about/ Referring to spoken English, the simpler the language is, the better it is. Q. In the dictionary 'pull up' is given such a way pull up (pull something up) to (cause to) come to a stop. Here what is the meaning of cause to? A. To cause to = to make/ to be the cause of. To pull up (a car, etc) = To cause to (To make) stop a vehicle that a person is driving. eg: He pulled up by the side of road = He brought his car to a stop/ stopped his car by the side of the road.

-á-™¸.-â.Æœ. ™„j°∂ˇ Ɇ÷q-È®Ø˛q 鬮Ìp-Í®-≠æØ˛ (ᙸ.-â.Æœ.) ÇJn-éπçí¬ ¢Á†’-éπ-•-úÕ† (-É.-G.Æœ.-) NüΔu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ ᙸ-âÆ‘ íÓ™„fØ˛ WHx ≤ƒ\©-®˝-≠œ°ˇ Æ‘\¢˛’†’ v°æéπ-öÀç-*çC. Ñ °æü∑¿-éπç™ ¶μ«í∫çí¬ ü˨¡-¢√u-°æhçí¬ 1000 ´’çC NüΔu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ ≤ƒ\©-®˝≠œ°ˇ©†’ ´’çW®Ω’ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Å®Ω|-ûª©’: 2008–09 NüΔu Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ Éçô-®˝™ éπFÆæç 60 ¨»ûªç ´÷®Ω’\©’ §ÒçC Öçú≈L. OJ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© èπ◊ô’ç• ÇüΔߪ’ç Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ ®Ω÷.60000 üΔô-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ü¿-®Ω-ë«Ææ’h: ÇØ˛-™„j-Ø˛™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h îËߪ÷L. ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h, Å®Ω|-ûª©’ ûªC-ûª®Ω N´-®√-©†’ ᙸ.-â.Æœ. ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆj-ö¸™ îª÷úø-´îª’a. -™‰-üΔ ûª´’ ÆæO’°æ ᙸ.â.Æœ. v¶«ç<™ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-´îª’a. ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆj-ö¸: www.licindia.in ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’hèπ◊ *´JûËC: Çí∫Ææ’d 16.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 9 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Hem: Hi Prem, (I have) not seen you for days. You look run down too. What's the matter?

(î√™« ®ÓV-™„jçC E†’o îª÷Æœ. F®Ω-Ææçí¬ èπÿú≈ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. àN’öÀ N≠æߪ’ç?)

Prem: You can say it again and again. My head was in a bandage and both my cheeks were in plaster. My ankle was in a plaster cast. I had an injection twice every day.

Prem: I've been in bed for the past week. I am just out.

Hem:

(í∫ûª¢√®Ωçí¬ Øˆ’ ´’çî√-†-°æ-ú≈f†’. É°æ¤púË é¬Ææh •ßª’-ô-éÌ-î√a†’.) But why? (à´’-®·çC?)

Prem: I had an accident, not major though. I escaped with just sprains and bruises, but they were enough to keep me in bed. Thank God, I had no fractures.

(Ç ´÷ô †’¢Áy-Eo-≤ƒ-È®kxØ√ ÅØÌa/ ´’Sx ´’Sx ÅØÌa. ûª© ô÷d éπô’d. îÁç°æ©-O’ü¿ plaster. Ø√ <©-´’çúø – 鬩÷, §ƒü¿ç éπLÊ° éé’ – plaster éπô’d™ ÖçúÕ-§Ú-®·çC.) Hem: (Are) you able to walk normally now?

(´÷´‚©’í¬ †úø-´-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?) Prem: No. I limp a little even now. The doctor told me not to mind it but just keep walking like that.

2

b) In spite of the heavy work at home, she is never run down =

Éçöx Åçûª-°æE ÖçúÕ-èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’ F®Ω-Ææçí¬/ Å©-Æœ§Ú-®·-†-ô’dç-úøü¿’. 4) To do with - ÉC î√™« ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ éπE-°œçîË phrasal verb, spoken English ™ DEE È®çúø-®√n-©ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. i) î√©úøç (To be enough)/ î√©-†’-éÓ-´úøç/ ÆæJ°-ô’d-éÓ-´úøç. a) I can do with Rs. 15000 a month, but certainly not with less than that. =

(Ø√èπ◊ accident Å®·çC, *†oüË Å†’éÓ. ¶„ù’-èπ◊©’, úÓèπ◊\-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ ûª°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√o†’. é¬F Å¢Ë ††’o ´’çî√† °æúË-¨»®·. üË´¤úÕ ü¿ßª’-´©x á´·-éπ©’/ éÃ∞¡Ÿx N®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’.)

(™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh èπ◊çô’ûª÷ †úø’≤ƒh. ú≈éπd®Ω’ üΔ†oçûª °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, Å™«Íí †úø’Ææ÷h Öçúø-´’-Ø√oúø’.)

ØÁ©èπ◊ 15000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ î√©’ Ø√èπ◊/ Åçûª-öÀûÓ ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓí∫-©†’. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\-´ûÓ Ø√´©x é¬ü¿’.

Hem: Good for you. Hope you'd be normal soon.

Hem: But how didn't I know it? No one told me of it.

(´’ç*üË. ûªy®Ω-™ØË ´÷´‚©’ ÆœnAéÀ ´≤ƒh-´E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o.)

b) In these days of rising prices no body can do with anything less than Rs.5000 a month.

(Å®·ûË Ø√È陫 ûÁL-ߪ’™‰D N≠æߪ’ç? á´®Ω÷ Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰üË?)

2) Bruise=

àüÁjØ√ ®√Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç-´-©x-í¬F, ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’†o-°æ¤púø’ éÀçü¿-°æ-úø-ôç-´©xí¬F Ωtç ™‰*-§Ú-´úøç/ úÓèπ◊\-§Ú-´úøç/ ®√-èπ◊-§Ú-´úøç.

When the bike brushed past him he had bruises on his sides =

-¶„jé˙ Åûª-úÕE ®√Ææ’-èπ◊çô÷ ¢Á∞¡x-úøç-´©x, ÅûªE °æéπ\©’ úÓèπ◊\-§Ú-ߪ÷®·/ ®√-èπ◊Ø√o®·. (Bruises Å®·†°æ¤púø’ Ωtç ™‰*-§Ú®· ´’çôí¬ ÖçúÕ, éÌCl-®Ó-V© ûª®√yûª †©x-•-úø’-ûª’çC). 5) Cuts and scratches = éÓûª©’, UÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç, î√èπ◊™«xçöÀ ¢√öÀ-´©x, ¢√£æ«-Ø√© Í®èπ◊©’ ûªí∫-©úøç ´©x éπLÍí éÓûª©’, UÆæ’-èπ◊-§Ú-´-ú≈©’. OöÀ-O’ü¿ ¢ËÊÆ band aid ™«çöÀN. plaster = °æöÃd. 3) Fracture = á´·éπ (bone) í¬F, éé’ (joint) í¬F N®Ωí∫úøç.

You look r un down

Prem: The doctor wanted me to do with the fewest visitors. He didn't want me to be disturbed. He said the fewer visitors I had the earlier would I be out of the hospital. So my people alone knew about it.

(ú≈éπd®˝ O™„j-†çûª ûªèπ◊\-´-´’çC Ææçü¿-®Ωz-èπ◊©’ ´îËa™« îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´’-Ø√oúø’. áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´-´’çC ´ÊÆh Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Øˆ’ •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø-û√-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. Åçü¿’-éπE ´÷ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûª°æp ÉçÈé-´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’.) Hem: How serious was it?

(áçûª -Æ‘-J-ߪ’Æˇ àN’öÀ?) Prem: Not very. I had bruises, and an ankle sprain. There were cuts and scratches too.

=

üμ¿®Ω©’ °®Ω’í∫’ûª’†o Ñ ®ÓV™x ØÁ©èπ◊ 5000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ à´÷vûªç î√-©-´¤/ á´®Ω÷ ØÁ©èπ◊ 5000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©ûÓ ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-™‰®Ω’. ii) To do with èπ◊ È®çúÓ Å®Ωnç– to be connected with = Ææç•çüμ¿ç Öçúøôç.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 560 Now look at the following expressions from the conversation above.

a) The Court concluded that he had nothing to do with the murder =

M.SURESAN

1) You look run down.

Åûª-úÕéÃ Ç £æ«ûªuèπÿ à Nüμ¿-¢Á’i† Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿ØË éÓ®Ω’d E®√l¥-Jç-*çC. to do with †’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ not ûÓ, nothing ûÓ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

2) I escaped with just sprains and bruises. 3) Thank God, I had no fractures. 4) The doctor wanted me to do with the fewest visitors.

b) I am a heart specialist. I have nothing to do with skin diseases = Heart specialist

5) There were cuts and scratches too.

؈’ †’. Ø√èπ◊ Ωt-®Ó-í¬-©ûÓ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.

6) I would have been run over by a lorry.

(Åçûª Bv´-¢Á’i†¢Ëç 鬴¤. úÓèπ◊\§Ú-´úøç, <©´’çúø ¶„ù’èπ◊. éÓûª©÷, Uûª©÷ èπÿú≈.) Hem: What exactly happened?

(ÅÆ晉ç ïJ-TçC?) Prem: While I was walking along the road, a bike hit me from behind and I fell on the road, fortunately I rolled to a side of the road and hit the pavement. Otherwise I would have been run over by a lorry.

7) My head was in a bandage and my cheeks were in plaster. 8) My ankle was in a plaster cast. 9) I limp a little even now.

Ñ expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ ÉC-´-®Ω™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-†o¢Ë. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç by way of revision. 1) be/ look run down =

(؈’ ®Ó-ú˛ ¢Áç•úÕ †úø’-Ææ’hçõ‰ ¢Á†éπ †’ç* ¶„jé˙ úμŒéÌ-öÀdçC. ؈’ éÀçü¿-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Åü¿%-≠d´æ ¨»ûª÷h ®Óúø’f-éÌ-éπ-¢Áj°æ¤ üÌJx Ê°-¢˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸ ü¿í∫_®Ω Çí¬†’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ™«K éÀçü¿ °æúË-¢√úËo.)

F®Ω-Æœç*, E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«çí¬

éπE-°œç-îªúøç. a) After the bout of jaundice, he still looks run down =

鬢Á’®Ωx ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈, Åûª-úÕçé¬ F®ΩÆæçí¬/ •©-£‘«-†çí¬/ Å©-Æœ-†ô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. (Bout = ¢√uCμ îËÊÆ üΔúÕ)

Hem: Thank your stars.

c) She is a maths lecturer. What has she to Maths lecturer. do with English. English

Ç¢Á’ Ç¢Á’èπÿ èπÿ Ææç•çüμ¿ç àN’öÀ? É°æ¤púø’ accidents ™«çöÀN ïJ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ éπLÍí ¶«üμ¿©’, üΔEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´÷ô©’ English ™ îª÷üΔlç. 2) Sprain= ¶„ù’èπ◊. ¶«í¬ ûªT-L† üÁ•s-´©x, °jéÀ éπE°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈, éπC-LûË éπLÍí ØÌ°œp, äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ ¢√°æ¤ûÓ. a) There is a sprain in my neck = ¢Á’úø ¶«í¬ ¶„ùÀ-éÀçC. b) Sprain of the knee joint = ¢Á÷é¬L éé’ ¶„ù’èπ◊.

a) he had a fracture in the leg/ His leg was fractured =

ÅûªúÕ é¬©’ NJ-TçC. ÅûªúÕ á´·-éπ©’ î√™«-îÓôx NJ-í¬®·. Bandage = á´·-éπ©’, éÃ∞¡Ÿx NJ-TØ√, ¶„ùÀ-éÀØ√ í¬ßª÷-™„jØ√ ¢ËÊÆ éπô’d. Plaster cast = á´·éπ NJ-T-†-°æ¤púø’, Ç Å´ßª’´ç éπü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢ËÊÆ °æöÃd (Plaster of Paris ûÓ– DØËo POP cast Åçö«®Ω’.) Sling = îË®· Bandage/ POP cast ™ Ö†o°æ¤púø’ îËAE ¢Á’úø-ô÷d ¢Ë™«-úø-D-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢ËÊÆ í∫’úøf. 6) To be run over = àüÁjØ√ ¢√£æ«-†ç-éÀçü¿ °æúøôç. a) The child was run over by the car = Ç é¬®Ω’ éÀçü¿ Gúøf °æúÕ-§Ú-®·çC/ Gúøf-O’-ü¿-†’ç* é¬®Ω’ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·çC. ¢√£æ«-Ø√© -ߪ÷éÀq-úÁç-ôxèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´÷ô©’. Hit/ knock down = ¢√£æ«†ç úμŒ éÌôdúøç. b) He had multiple fractures =

b) A lorry hit him/ knocked him down as he was crossing the street =

®Ó-ú˛ üΔô’-ûª’çúøí¬

™«K ÅûªúÕo úμŒéÌ-öÀdçC. c) A lorry ran over him =

™«-K ÅûªúÕ O’ü¿ †’ç*

¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·çC.d) The bike rammed (into) the car =

é¬®Ω’-†’

¢Á†-éπ-†’ç* -¶„jé˙ úμŒéÌ-öÀdçC. e) The lorry rammed (into)/ hit the car head on =

-™«-K áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ ´*a 鬮˝-†’ úμŒéÌ-öÀdçC.

(F Åü¿%≠ædç ¶«í∫’çC.) G. Ashok, Godhur Q.

ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ éÀçC v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üμΔØ√©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Cash book ™ credit †’ Cr ÅE, debit †’ Dr ÅE abbreviate îËÆæ’hØ√oç. é¬F Dr ™ r ÅØË Åéπ~®√Eo áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√oç? A. Debit Åçõ‰ drawn amount 鬕öÀd Dr Åçö«®Ω’. ÉC Accounts, Commerce, Banking èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æJ-N’-ûª-¢Á’i† abbreviation. ´÷´‚©’ language ™ ÉC ¢√úø®Ω’. Q. What is Green Field Airport? A Green field airport:

.

ã N¨»-©-¢Á’i† v°æü˨¡ç, üΔE ü¿JüΔ-°æ¤™x à E®√t-ù«©÷, éπôd-ú≈©÷ ï®Ω-í∫EîÓôx EJtçîË N´÷-Ø√-v¨¡ßª’ç. Éçü¿’™ í¬L, ¢Á©’-ûª’®Ω’ ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ v§ƒüμΔ-†u-N’-≤ƒh®Ω’. O™„j-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ Nü¿’uû˝ ¢√úËô’x, áèπ◊\´ Ææ÷®Ωu-é¬çA, Ææ£æ«ï ¢Á©’-ûª’®Ω’ ´îËaô’x îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’. Q. Å´’%-ûª†’ Amrutha ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ Amritha ÅE ®√≤ƒh-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊?

a) She has put in a lot of work, so that she can get a good score = marks

A

. Å´’%ûªç – DEo Åv´·ûªç ÅE ®√ߪ’ç. ´’%– ÉC °æ‹Jhí¬, v´· ™« °æ©éπç – 'vN’—éÀ, 'v´·—èπ◊ ´’üμ¿u ¨¡•lç, éπ%≠æg™, 'éπ%—™« – É™« ´vô-Ææ’úÕ Ö†o ¨¡¶«l-©Eoç-öÀéÀ, 'i' ®√ߪ’-úø¢Ë’ correct. Q. Put off, put up, put on, put in- OöÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Put off = Postpone (¢√®·üΔ ¢Ëߪ’úøç) Don't put off till tomorrow what you can do to day.

´’ç* Ææ秃Cç--éÓ-´-îªaØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ Ç¢Á’ î√™« v¨¡´’-°æ-úÕçC.

b) He has already put in 10 years experience =

Åûª-úÕ-°æp-öÀÍé °æüË∞¡x ņ’-¶μº´ç §ÒçC ÖØ√oúø’.

Q. What is the difference among ship, boat, steamer, launchi. A Boat =

.

°æúø´ (´÷´‚©’ ûÁúøxûÓ †úÕ-Ê°C) ÇN-J-¨¡éÀh/ diesel ûÓ †úÕîË ßª’çvûªç Ö†o î√™« °ü¿ l Ø√´ – Steamer - ÇN-J-¨¡éÀh ÇüμΔ-®Ωçí¬ Put up = v°æü¿-Jzç-îªúøç (ØÁj°æ¤-ù«uEo, §Ú®√-ö«Eo, †úÕ î Ë Ø√´. etc) Launch = Diesel/ Petrol ûÓ †úÕîË *†o Ø√´ a) The enemy did not put up any fight. (Launchi é¬ü¿’.) b) The Indian team put up a great perforQ. Do you know, did you know í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îªmance. í∫ © ®Ω ’. Put on = •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. . A Do you know = Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? (É°æ¤púø’) He put on his shirt and went out. Did you know = Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Put in = DEéÀ î√™« Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®·. ÅEoöx (Do - present; did - past éπüΔ?) áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË Å®√n-©’ ¢√úøôç, v¨¡N’çîªúøç. Ship =

Q. If Raju had been honest, he would have returned the money. have has

îÓô

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Ö†oáçü¿’èπ◊ ®√èπÿ-úøüÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need 'has' Have 'has'

.

ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’. ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.¢√úøôç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

Q. What is the difference between map-picture, divide-bifurcation, caution-warning, advicesuggestion, cool-cold, heat-hot. A Map - The outline of the earth's surface or of a country or a place.

.

Picture = any drawing –

à ¶Ô-¢Á’i tØ√.

Bifurcate = to divide into two parts (Roads, rivers etc). Divide = to separate into two or more parts. Caution = Warning. Advice =

Ææ©£æ…; Suggestion = Ææ÷ Cool = xE; Cold = îªL-í¬- Ö†o Heat = ¢ËúÕ; Hot = ¢ËúÕí¬ Ö†o.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 16 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

S.Satyanarayana Murthy,

ii) the '...ing' form (going, coming, walking, etc. '...ing' forms 'be' form 'be' form, 'ing' form finite verb

Kakinada

í∫´’EçîªçúÕ– ÉN Íé-´-©ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ´’Sx DE´·çü¿’ ´ÊÆh, éπL°œ Å´¤-ûª’çC. eg: a) Going home - Ééπ\úø going Íé´©ç '...ing' form ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 鬕öÀd finite verb é¬ü¿’. b) I am going home- Ééπ\úø 'going' ´·çü¿’, 'am' - be form ÖçC– am going- Ééπ\úø verb. Íé´©ç '...ing' form †’ present participle Åçö«ç. iii) Past participle (PP) ÉçéÓ non-finite verb. taken, written, seen, loved, etc. ÉN èπÿú≈ finite verbs 鬴¤. OöÀ´·çü¿’ 'be' form ¢√úÕûË, Å°æ¤púø’ 'be' form + PP, verb Å´¤-ûª’çC Passive Voice ™.

Q. Can, could, will, would, shall, may, might, have, has -

OöÀE v°æ¨¡o™x ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ OöÀ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ V1 ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-Ø√o®Ω’. v°æ¨¡o™x èπÿú≈ Past, Present perfect tenses ™ has ´*a†-°æ¤púø’ É™«Íí Öçô’çüΔ, N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, need (not), ought 1st Regular Doing Word V1 have to, has to, had to 1st Regular Doing Word 1st Regular Doing Word have, has, had have to, has to, had to (Have, has, had to I RDW

ûª®√yûª, (O’®ΩØË ´Ææ’hçC). ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçü¿E

ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒpç. í∫´’EçîªçúÕ. ´îËaC ûª®√yûª é¬ü¿’ ûª®√yûª. © ´Ææ’hçC). ûª®√yûª ´ÊÆh, üΔE ûª®√yûª Perfect tenses ™ ´îËa have/ has/ had ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ past participle ´Ææ’hçC.

Taken into custody by police-

Ééπ\úø

eg: They have to go (verb: have to + 1st RDW)

verb

'taken'

Íé´©ç

PP

´÷vûª¢Ë’.

finite

é¬ü¿’.

He was taken into custody was taken - taken 'be' form (was) was taken verb

They have gone (verb: have + Past participle (PP)

Ééπ\úø ´·çü¿’†o ûÓ Å´¤-ûª’çC.

éπL°œ

2

Q. Hat

èπ◊ cap èπ◊ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Hat – ´’çü¿ç áèπ◊\´í¬ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ í∫öÀdí¬ ÖçúÕ ûª© O’ü¿ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, †’ü¿’-®Ω’ûÓ §ƒô’ ûª© °æéπ\©, ¢Á†’éπèπ◊ áçúø ûªí∫-©-èπ◊çú≈ Åç©’ Öçö«®·. Cap – ¢Á’ûªhí¬ ÖçúÕ, †’ü¿’öÀéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ áçúø ûªí∫-©-èπ◊çú≈ Öçô’çC. Dictionary ™ ¶Ô´’t©’ îª÷úøçúÕ. Q. Chatting, chit chat äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. äéπõ‰. Q. Ç©Ææuç Å´’%ûªç N≠æç. EüΔ-†¢Ë’ v°æ-üμΔ†ç. Ñ ≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. A. OöÀéÀ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ -¢√é¬u-©’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ™‰´¤. Q. ´’†-Ææ ’çõ‰ ´÷®Ω_-´·ç-ô ’çC. Ñ ≤ƒ¢Á ’-ûª† ’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Where there is a will, there is a way.

Convent Medium School Convent

Ñ °æüΔEo ´’† ü˨¡ç™ English ÅØË ûª°æ¤p Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç Christian nuns (´’ûªç/ üË´¤úÕ ÊÆ´èπ◊ ÅçéÀ-ûª-¢Á’i-§Ú®·, @N-û√çûªç éπ†u-©’í¬ ÖçúË¢√∞¡Ÿx; Mother Theresa èπÿú≈ äéπ nun; ¢√JE sisters ÅE °œ©’≤ƒhç.) E´-Æ œçîË îÓô’. Convent èπÿ, school èπÿ à Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. ü˨¡ç™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ English Medium Schools, Ñ convents ™E sisters E®Ωy-£œ«çîªúøç ´©x ¢√öÀE convent schools ÅØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. ®√†’ ®√†’, schools ÅØË ´÷ô §Ú®·, convent school ÅØË Å®Ωnç-™ éÀ ´*açC. Techno School - ÉC v°æûËuéπ Å®Ωnç Ö†o ´÷õ‰ç é¬ü¿’. Ñ schools ™ èπÿú≈ v°æûËu-éπûËç Öçúøü¿’.

She has to go (verb: has to + 1st RDW) She has gone (verb: has + pp) They had to pay (verb: had to + 1st RDW) They had paid (verb: had + PP) Q. Verbs

™ finite, non-finite é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢ËÍ® à¢Á’iØ√ ÖØ√oߪ÷? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Finite, non finite verbs é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’Í® ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† verbs ™‰´¤.

Wher e ther e is a will ther e is a way Q. Peripherals

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 561

Finite verbs have 6 forms: i) 'be' forms (am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ shall be, etc)

sentence finite verb meaning complete sentence

ã

ii) 'be' form + '...ing' form (am going/ will be dancing, etc)

§ƒô’ 鬢√L. Å°æ¤púË ÅC Å´¤-ûª’çC.

iii) 'be' form + past participle (Is seen, shall be done, etc) (Passive voice) iv) shall, should

Éçü¿’™ came ÅØË finite verb ÖçC. Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh®·uçC 鬕öÀd ÉC sentence. When he came here yesterday- Ñ group of words ™, 'came' finite verb é¬F, Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-´™‰ü¿’. ÉC sentence é¬ü¿’, DEo clause Åçö«ç.

can, could may, might

+ 1st RDW

must, need

(shall go, have to

have to, has to

meet, etc)

(A clause is a group of words with a verb)

had to, ought to v) The Doing Words:

™„éπ\ v°æ鬮Ωç

The I Regular Doing Word (RDW)

II RDW

eg:

go

goes

sing

sings

sang

kill

kills

killed

like

likes

liked

smell

Past doing word

smells

went

smelt

have

had shall have should have will have

Non finite verbs, verbs

鬴¤.

A.V.Subba rao, Onipenta Q.

Q. Bringing out

éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. In any case, in that case, in the case of, in case of.

A. In any case =

àüË-¢Á’iØ√

In any case he will be here tomorrow =

àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Åûªúø’ Í®°œ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úø’. In that case = Ç °æéπ~ç™/ Å™« ïJ-TûË A: I can not go with you (FûÓ Øˆ’ ®√™‰†’) B: In that case I'll go alone (Ç °æéπ~ç™ ؈’ äçôJí¬ ¢Á∞¡û√) In the case of = Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh/ ÇN≠æ-ߪ’ç™

has

+ PP.

In the case of imported goods, there are taxes =

can have

Cí∫’-´’A îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ´Ææ’h-´¤© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ °æ†’o-©’ç-ö«®·. In case of = Å™« ïJ-TûË;

could have

In case of rain, the meeting will be put off =

would have

may have might have must have

°j´Fo

M.SURESAN

He came here yesterday.

will, would

vi)

èπ◊ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈L. üΔçûÓ-

finite verb forms.

Non finite verbs: i) The infinitive (to + 1st RDW): to go, to come, to sing, etc. 1st RDW to plain infinite

(äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´·çü¿’, ™‰èπ◊çú≈ èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh®·. Å°æ¤p-úøC Å´¤-ûª’çC)

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Computer ûÓ éπL°œ¢√úË Éûª®Ω ≤ƒüμ¿-Ø√©’ Monitor, Printer, Fax ™«çöÀN. Q. ÇJnéπ´ ÷çü¿uç Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. Economic depression - ûªßª÷-È®j† ´Ææ’h´¤©èπ◊, ÊÆ´-©èπ◊ v°æï©´ü¿l úø•’s ™‰†ç-ü¿’† -T®√éà °æúÕ-§Ú®·, ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ´’çü¿-Tç-îª-úøç. E®Ω’üÓuí∫ç áèπ◊\´ 鬴úøç ™«çöÀN. Q. Sub prime Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. Sub prime - DEo sub prime lending ÅE áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Å®Ωnç: ÆæÈ®j† guarantee (security) ™‰èπ◊çú≈, áèπ◊\´ ´úŒféÀ, áèπ◊\´ ¢Á·ûªhçûÓ, É*a† ®Ω’ùç AJT îÁLxçîªí∫©®Ó ™‰üÓ ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ ÉîËa high risk ®Ω’ù«©’/ û√éπô’x. Q. Wide spread Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√u°œç* Ö†o A.

î√™« Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®·. áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úË Å®Ωnç: äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Ææ’©¶μºçí¬ éπE°œç-îËô’x, Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’uô’x îËߪ’úøç. The job brings out the efficiency in him = Ç ÖüÓuí∫ç Åûª-úÕ-™E ≤ƒ-´’-®√n u-Eo •ßª’-ô-°-úø’-ûÓçC. Q. State wide Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. ®√≠æZ-¢√u°æhçí¬. Q. That is it Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. ÅD Ææçí∫A. Q. v°æßÁ÷-ï-èπ◊úø’– Ñ ´÷ô†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. Worthy Guy/ man. Q. By the way, by the by A.

äéπ-õ‰Ø√?

äéπõ‰.

Alexander G.G., Hyderabad.

´®Ω{ç ´ÊÆh Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç ¢√®·üΔ °æúø’-ûª’çC. Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?

Q. What next, what is next -

Q. Model school, convent, techno school, play school ...

A. What next = What is next?

A. Model School = Secondary School Schools Model Schools

Q. Now

Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ ´’J right now Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Now = É°æ¤púø’; right now = É°æ¤púË Q. Fullers earth Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? üΔEo áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’? A. ´≤ƒYEo ¨¡Ÿv¶μº-°æ-®Ω* üΔEo ´’çü¿çí¬ îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË äéπ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† •çéπ-´’öÀd.

OöÀ í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. í∫ûªç™ B.Ed. Colleges/ Teachers' Training schools

èπ◊ ņ’-•ç-üμ¿çí¬ †úÕÊ° †’ ÅØË-¢√®Ω’. Ö§ƒ-üμΔuߪ’ Péπ~ù §ÒçüË¢√®Ω’ Ééπ\úø ¶Cμç-î√Lq ´îËaC, practical experience éÓÆæç. É°æ¤púø’ Çü¿-®Ωz-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† §ƒ®∏Ω¨»© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ schools Ê°®Ωx™ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

6th standard JEE, etc.

†’ç* EAMCET/ IIT °æK-éπ~-©èπ◊ Péπ~ù ÉîËa school ÅE E®√y-£æ«-èπ◊© Å®Ωnç 鬶©’. Play school = pre school = •úÕ™  îËJpçîªûªí∫_ ´ßª’Ææ’ ™‰E *Ø√o®Ω’©†’ ÇúÕçîË ÆæçÆæn©’. LKG/ UKG éπç-õ‰ ´·çü¿’ °œ©x-©èπ◊ Ñ schools. (British •£æ›¨»

English - Play Group) Q. Company, corporation, enterprise, organisation, limited company, private limited company, holding company ..

Å®√n-©’ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫©®Ω’.

A. Corporation, Enterprize, Limited Company, Private Limited Company, Holding Company company company

É´Fo èπÿú≈ ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn-ØÁjØ√

éÀçü¿èπ◊ ´≤ƒh®·. à ÅØË Åçö«ç. Corporation = î√-™« -°ü¿l company/ äéπ °ü¿l company †úÕÊ° company © Ææ´‚£æ«ç. Enterprize = company/ ¢√u§ƒ®Ω 鬮Ωu-éπ-™«-§ƒ©’/ °ü¿l ´®Ωhéπç. Private Limited company = Éçü¿’™ ¶μ«í∫Ææ’h©’ °æJ-N’-ûªç-í¬ØË Öçö«®Ω’. Éçü¿’-™E ¢√ö«©’ Public (v°æï©’) §ÒçüË O©’-™‰ü¿’. äéπ Private Limited Company ¢√ö«©’ stock market ™ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷-´‚©’ v°æï-©èπ◊ O©’çúøü¿’. ¶μ«í∫-≤ƒy-´·-©ç-ü¿J Ææ´’t-A-ûÓØË éÌûªh ¶μ«í∫-≤ƒy´·-©†’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. Holding company = Éûª®Ω company ©†’ ûª† °æ‹Jh/ §ƒéÀ~éπ °ô’d-•-úÕûÓ †úø’-°æ¤ûª÷, ûª† ≤Òçûª ¢√u§ƒ-®√Eo E®Ωy-£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn. Organization = à ÆæçÆæn Å®·Ø√. ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÊÆn 鬆-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Associations, Clubs, v°æñ«-£œ«ûª 鬮Ωu-éπ-™«-§ƒ©’ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË ´uèπ◊h© Ææ´‚£æ«ç, É™«çöÀ-´Fo ÆæçÆæn™‰. Q. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual – OöÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Lesbian = Éûª®Ω Æ‘Y©ûÓ ÆæyLçí∫ Ææç°æ®Ω\ç ïJÊ° Æ‘Y. (Éûª®Ω Æ‘Y© °æôx sexual í¬/ ™„jçT-éπçí¬ Çéπ-J{ûª’-®√©ßË’u Æ‘Y) (Homo sexual) Gay = ÆæyLçí∫ Ææç°æ®Ω\ üμÓ®ΩùÀ Ö†o °æ¤®Ω’-≠æflúø’ (Homo sexual) Bisexual = Éûª®Ω °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl©/ Æ‘Y© °æôx Çéπ-J{ûª’©ßË’u °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl-©’/ Æ‘Y©’. (Biology ™ Å®·ûË Æ‘Y, °æ¤®Ω’≠æ ©éπ~-ù«©’ Ö†oô’´çöÀ v§ƒùÀ.) Trans sexual = Æ‘Yí¬ Öçú≈©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ØË °æ¤®Ω’≠æflúø’, ¨¡ÆæY*éÀûªq üΔy®√ Æ‘Yí¬ ´÷Í® °æ¤®Ω’-≠æflúø’/ °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl-úÕí¬ Öçú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’èπ◊E ¨¡ÆæY *éÀûªq üΔy®√ °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl-úÕí¬ ´÷Í® Æ‘Y.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 23 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

N. Siva, Ananthapur

M. Ratna Kishore, Kotabommali

Q. verb

Q.

´·çü¿’ preposition ûª®√yûª ´îËa °æüΔ© Å®√n©’ ᙫ Öçö«®·? ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ offtake, offbeat Ñ °æüΔ© Å®√n-©†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. Å™«çöÀ ´÷ô©èπ◊ ´îËa Å®√n©’ ´·çü¿’†o preposition †’ •öÀd Öçö«®·. e.g.: off = Å´-ûª-LéÀ, ü¿÷®√-EéÀ É™« î√™« Å®√n-©’Ø√o®· éπüΔ. Å®·ûË offtake ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ offbeat N≠æߪ’ç - beat (beaten) Åçõ‰ éÌûªhü¿†ç-™‰E/ §ƒûªC ÅE. off = Å´-ûª-LéÀ/ Ç´© ÅE Å®Ωnç. 鬕öÀd offbeat = §ƒûª-•-úÕ† üΔEéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ = éÌûªh-ü¿†ç Ö†o/ ´÷´‚©’ é¬E – É™« ´≤ƒh®·, É™«çöÀ ´÷ô© Å®√n©èπ◊ ´’®Ó ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù Intake. In = ™/ ™°æ© éπüΔ. 鬕öÀd Intake = ™°æ-LéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË -Å-ØË Å®Ωnç (ǣ慮Ωç/ äéπ ÆæçÆæn™ àö« îË®Ω’a-èπ◊ØË NüΔu-®Ω’n© Ææçêu etc.) ´Ææ’hçC. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.  úμÕMxéÀ ØËØÌ-éπ\-úÕF ¢Á∞¡x-™‰éπ E†’o ¢Áçô-¶„-ô’d-èπ◊E §Ú´úøç ™‰ü¿’, FûÓ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´*a °œ©’-èπ◊ §Úûª’Ø√o†’. A. I am taking you to Delhi not because I can't go on my own, but because I need you on the journey/ in Delhi.  A. I had some clothes stitched.

؈’ •ôd©’ èπ◊öÀdç-î√†’.

Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.  It would be lovely to go to U.S.A. A.  He took the friday off to get the work done. A.

2

§Úûª’çC. Make/ pull a long face =

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.  Eïçí¬ ÅûªúÕ ï†t üμ¿†uç. A. His life is blessed.  É°æp-öÀûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ´îËa °æC Ææç´-ûªq-®√™x ¢Ájñ«í˚ ïØ√¶μ« °æC È®ô’x °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

éÓ°æçí¬/

ÅÆæ-£æ«-†çí¬ îª÷úøôç. When asked to wait for a few minutes he

A. The population of Vizag in ten years from now will be ten times its present population.

pulled/ made a long face =



îËÊÆÆœ Öçö«úø’ – éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îËÆœ Öçö«úø’, îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC – ÅúÕT Öçú≈-LqçC – ÅúÕT Öçö«úø’ – ÅúÕ-ÍíÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC. A. îËÊÆÆœ Öçö«úø’ = éπ*aûªçí¬ îËÆ œ Öçö«úø’. = He must have done it.

îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) =

He should

have done it.

ÅúÕT Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F Åúø-í∫-™‰ü¿’) = He should have asked ÅúÕT Öçö«úø’ (Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd) = He might have asked = Perhaps he has asked.  He must have stolen the amount.

é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçúø´’ØËÆæ-

JéÀ Åûªúø’ éÓ°æçí¬ îª÷¨»úø’. It pours cats and dogs =

èπ◊çúø-§Ú-ûªí¬ ´®Ω{ç

èπ◊®Ω’-Ææ’hçC. Q. It has been boon for the last 7 years. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ing form (has been + ing)

ûÓ °æ‹®Ωh-¢√yL. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Å™« 鬙‰ü¿’. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. It has been a boon for the last 7 years = í∫ûª àúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ ÅüÓ ´®Ω癫 ÖçC. Ééπ\úø verb, 'has been' - ÉC 'be' form - 'Öçúøôç— ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Has been + ... ing - has been working/ has been singing present perfect tense -

DE

Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

ÉC

A. He must have stolen the amount =

ÉC

ã (´·êuçí¬ îÁúø’) °æJ-Æœn-AE ¶μºJçîË ÆœnA™ Öçúøôç. verbal = ´÷ô-©ûÓ, abuse = Aô’x/ •÷ûª’©’ Aô’x á°æ¤púø÷ ´÷ô-™xØË Öçö«®· 鬕öÀd verbal abuse Åçûª ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. ('¢Á÷ûª •®Ω’´¤—™« – ¢Á÷ûª ÅØ√o •®Ω’´¤ ÅØ√o äéπ\õ‰ éπüΔ?) abuse Åçõ‰ î√©’.  He was quoted as seeing. A. He was quoted as saying (seeing

é¬ü¿’) =

Çߪ’† Ç ´÷ô©’ ņoô’xí¬ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’.  I hold a degree in B.Com. from S.K.U. having taken the exam in 2007. A. I hold a degree in B.Com I hold a B.Com degree I hold a

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ÅØ√L, ™‰üΔ

An individual is their own master

-Å-¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞¡xúøç áçûª Ææ®Ω-üΔØÓ!

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 562

(àüÓ) °æE °æ‹Jh îË®·ç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç úø÷uöà †’ç* ÂÆ©´¤ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

 In addition to A.  We did not call it a festival for nothing. A.

üΔEéÀ ûÓúø’.

b) Individual freedom is the important aspect of a democracy =

´uéÀhí∫ûª ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç v°æñ«-≤ƒy-´’uç™ ´·ë«u稡ç.

K. Srikumar, Bapatla

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ éπÈ®-é˙d-îËÆœ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.  I do not know that she will pass. A. I do not know whether/ if she will/ pass  She prays the goddess. A. She prays to the goddess  Open page 150. A. Open at page 150  I believe God. A. I believe in God. (Believe = Believe in =

.

.

.

äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC/ äéπ üΔE äéπ N≠æߪ’ç †´’túøç; ÖEéÀ/ ´’ç*-ûª†ç O’ü¿ N¨»yÆæç Öçúøôç)

 This tastes well. A. This tastes good.  Flowers smell sweetly. A. Flowers smell sweet.  She told the truth. A. She spoke the truth.  He had only few rupees left. A. He had only a few rupees left.  She had a little sense. A. She had a little sense - OK.  Draw map of India. A. Draw the map of India.  She is a M.L.A. A. She is an M.L.A.  The foot ball is a good game. A. Football is a good game.  Do not make noise. A. Do not make a noise.  Let him finish the work ( Passive voice

™éÀ ´÷Ja ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’).

Q. Betray, appraises, deplate, prosperity, adversity, mars, extol, voluminous, penetrative, salubrious

Åûªú≈ ≤Ò´·t†’ éπ*aûªçí¬ üÌçT-LçîË Öçö«úø’.

Ü®Ω-éπØË üΔEo °æç-úøí∫ ņúøç ™‰ü¿’. (°æçúøí∫ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ •©-¢Á’i† 鬮Ωùç ÖçC.) Q. Individual èπ◊ áEo Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®·. A. 1) (äéπ) ´uéÀh 2) ´uéÀh-í∫-ûª-¢Á’i† a) An individual is their own master = äéπ ´uéÀh ûª†èπ◊ û√ØË ßª’ï-´÷E.

Q.

'°æEE— ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. – 'Öçúøôç— ÅØË Å®Ωnç é¬èπ◊çú≈ Has been ('be' form) èπÿú≈ present perfect í¬-F, present perfect continuous tense í¬F Å´¤-ûª’çC.

 You must have informed me.

M.SURESAN

Ñ °æüΔ-©†’ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-

ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. vüÓ£æ«ç îËߪ’úøç/ äéπJ ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒu©’ ¢√J ¨¡vûª’-´¤-©èπ◊ îÁ°æpúøç. appraise = äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô†/ °æJ-Æ œn-AE í∫’Jç* N´®√©’ ûÁ©-°æúøç. A. betray =

Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. You must have informed me =

†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ îÁÊ°p Öçö«´¤ (é¬F, ؈’ ´’Ja-§Ú-ߪ÷-ØË¢Á÷) ÅØË Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™. Q. Direct speech †’ç* Indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’ v°æ¨¡o™ ÖçúË verbs ¢√öÀ correspondence past tense ™éÀ ´÷®Ω-û√®·. Need, dare, ought to, must OöÀ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©’°æí∫©®Ω’. A. Need, dare ©†’ helping verb í¬ ¢√úÕûË ¢√öÀE áèπ◊\-´í¬ not ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ questions ™†÷ ¢√úøû√ç. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ did + not + need í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

The constable appraised the S.I. of the facts of the case =

IS: He said that she did not need to come there.

áÆˇ.â.éÀ Ç ÍéÆæ’ í∫’Jç* ߪ’üΔ-®√n-©†’ é¬EÊÆd-•’™¸ N´-Jç-î√úø’/ ûÁL-§ƒ-úø’. deplete (deplate é¬ü¿’) – ûªT_-§Ú-´úøç/ éÃ~ùÀç-îªúøçThe water in the tank is depleting = tank™E F∞¡Ÿx ûªT_-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o®·. prosperity = ¢Áj¶μº´ç/ Ææç°æü¿/ ÅGμ-´%Cl¥.America is a country of prosperity = Å¢Á’-Jé¬ Ææç°æ-†o-¢Á’i† ü˨¡ç/ Ææç°æü¿ Ö†o ü˨¡ç X Adversity (éπ≥ƒd©’). mar = Ø√¨¡†ç îËߪ’úøç. The cyclone has marred the farmers = ûª’§ƒ†’ È®jûª’-©†’ Ø√¨¡†ç îËÆ œçC. extol = ¨»x°∂œ’ç, §Òí∫úø’.

b) DS: He said, 'she dare not come here'.

People extolled his performance in the movie =

IS: He said that she did not dare to come there.

ÆœE-´÷™ ÅûªúÕ †ô-††’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. voluminous = ¶«í¬ °ü¿l-üÁj† 1) °æ¤Ææhéπç 2) TØÁo/ §ƒvûª 3) ´’† °æJ´÷ùç éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ °ü¿lí¬ ÖçúË ü¿’Ææ’h©’. penetrate = îÌa-èπ◊-§Ú-´úøç.

e.g. : a) DS: He said, 'she need not come here'.

c) ought to (DS)/ must - had to (IS) V. Ashok, Kareemnagar

No arrow could penetrate Karna's armour -

Q. We are all indebted to him for holding not only high moral values but also rendering dedicated service.

Ñ ¢√éπuç-™E ûª°æ¤p†’

ûÁ©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. A. We are all indebted to him not only for holding high moral values but also for rendering dedicated service not only, but also 'for' placement )

(Ééπ\úø

-™ -ûª°æ¤p-

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úøç-™, ©’Ø√o®·. Q. éÀçC °æüΔ©†’ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

To lose face, To make a long face, it pours cats and dogs. A. To lose face = If I withdraw from the contest now, I shall lose face =

Å´-´÷-†-°æ-úøôç/ °æ®√-¶μº´ç

îÁçü¿úøç.

É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ §Úöà †’ç* N®ΩN’ç--èπ◊çõ‰ Å´-´÷-†çí¬ Öçô’çC/ °æ®Ω’´¤

éπ®Ω’gúÕ éπ´-î√Eo à ¶«ù´‚ îμËCç-îª-™‰ü¿’. salubrious - ´·êuçí¬ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡°æ¤ Ç®Ó-í∫u-éπ-®Ω¢Á’i†¢√û√-´-®Ωùç. Ooty has a salubrious climate. S. Anukrishna, Anantapur Q.

Bachelor's degree in Commerce I hold a degree in Commerce, having taken the exam in 2007 = 2007 B.Com degree

ÅØÁjØ√

ÅØ√L.

† ïJ-T† §ÒçüΔ†’.

°æKéπ~ ®√Æœ,

 He sealed his first ever open french title. A. French open title (Tennis match)

ûª† @N-ûªç™ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ™ Nïߪ’ç Ææ秃-Cç-èπ◊Ø√oúø’. Q. éÀçC °æ-üΔ-©†’ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.  In the first place A. 1)

¢Á·ü¿-öÀí¬/ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ N≠æߪ’ç/ ÅÆæ©’.

a) I like him for more than one reason. In the first place, he helps everyone. In the second place, he is quite simple, etc.

(Åûª†çõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« 鬮Ω-ù«™‰ ÖØ√o®·. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC Åûªúø’ Åçü¿-Jéà ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-û√úø’; È®çúø’...)

b) In the first place, how a man in jail could get a cell phone?

(ÅÆæ©’ -ñ„j-©’-™ -Ö-†o -´uéÀhéÀ ÂÆ-™¸-§∂Ú-Ø˛ ᙫ ´*açC?)

 Under review A. under review =

ÆæO’-éπ~™ Öçúøôç.

The implementation of the Rajiv Arogyasri Pathakam is under review =

®√@¢˛ Ç®Ó-í∫uX °æü∑¿éπç ÆæO’-éπ~™ ÖçC. (áçûª´®Ωèπÿ ÆæJí¬ Å´’-©´¤-ûÓçC, ™Ææ’-í∫’-™‰çöÀ, -¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-J-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ BÆæ’-éÓ¢√-Lq† Ωu©’ – OöÀ°j Ωa = review)

 So called A. So called = The so called leader of the poor has earned a lot of money = (so called)

ņ-•úË.

Hü¿-¢√-∞¡x Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕí¬ °œ©-´-•úË Åûªúø’ î√™« úø•’s Ææ秃-Cç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ (ÅûªúÕE Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úøç-ö«®Ω’. Eïçí¬ é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a/ Å®Ω|ûª ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a).

 In response to A. In response to I did not get any reply in response to my enquiry =

üΔEéÀ Ææpçü¿-†í¬.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x Åçúø-®˝-™„jØ˛ îËÆ œ† °æüΔ-©†’ ÖüΔ£æ«®Ωù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.  She gave me a knowing wink. A.

'N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©’Ææ’— ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ†’o-éÌ-ôdúøç.

 They are often on the receiving end of verbal amuse from angry customers. A. On the receiving end of verbal abuse (amuse

é¬ü¿’) = î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x éπÆd-´æ ’®Ωx Aô’x ¶μºJçîË °æJ-Æœn-A™ Öçúøôç. As/ on the receiving end (of something) =

Ø√ Nî√-®Ωùèπ◊ Ææpçü¿-†í¬ Ø√èπ◊ à •ü¿’©÷ ®√™‰ü¿’.  approach A.

1. ÆæO’-°œç-îªúøç; 2. ≤ƒßª’ç éÓÆæç äéπJ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xúøç; 3. ¢ÁjêJ.

The car approached the post offfice and stopped =

é¬®Ω’ §Ú≤ƒd-°∂‘-Ææ’†’ ÆæO’-°œç* (ü¿í∫_-®ΩéÌ*a) ÇTçC.

A. Let the work be finished (by him).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 30 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2009 G. Shankar, Keshavapatnam.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Q.

Q. Which article is suitable for represent whole nationality?

Ñ Ææ´’-Ææu†’ ÅûªúË Ææ%≠œdç-î√úø’ ņúøç éπçõ‰ Ñ Ææ´’ÊÆu Åûª-úÕE Ææ%-≠œdç-*çC ņúøç Ææ´’ç-ï-Ææçí¬ Öçô’ç-üË¢Á÷?

eg: The elephant is a huge animal.

A. It would be correct to say/ wouldn't it be correct to say that the problem created him rather than to say he created the problem (?)

Dog is a faithful animal. A. 'The' before a countable singular represents a whole class, as in the sentence. The elephant is a huge animal A before a countable singular means 'any' A dog is a faithful animal = Any dog is a faithful animal. So as in the examples above, a or the before a countable singular can be used to refer a whole class in general. In effect they mean the same. However, not to use either 'a' (an) or 'the' before a countable singular is wrong. Q. Recently I have passed M.A.(Eng). I want to do a course at EFLU in Hyderabad. Which course shall I do? Could you suggest me. A. The best thing for you to do will be Diploma in Teaching English (DTE) at the University of English and Foreign Languages.

Q.

This is its tail its - possessive adjective.

Ééπ\úø

This tail is its Its - possessive pronoun. - This is his book - 'his' possessive adjective; This book is his sessive pronoun)

Ééπ\úø

(§Ú©açúÕ

††’o AöÀdç-î√-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªèπ◊.

4. He seems to be coming from the hotel. 5. He seems to have come from the hotel. 6. He seems to have been coming from the hotel. 7. He appeared to be coming from the hotel. 8. He appeared to have come from the hotel. 9. He appeared to have been coming from the hotel. 10. He seemed to be coming from the hotel. 11. He seemed to have come from the hotel. 12. He seemed to have been coming from the hotel.

Ééπ\úø

A. Don't try to make me scolded. Q.

2

†’´¤y Åúøfç ÖØ√o´¤ é¬Ææh °æéπ\èπ◊ ûª°æ¤péÓ.

A. You are in my way. Please step aside.

Ééπ\úø

'his' pos-

I was born in 1979 born, was born, verb to be born finite was born. born passive

– Ééπ\úø,

P. Aruna Ramesh, Julapally.

™ ¶μ«í∫ç– Å®·ûË ¢√úøû√ç.

Q. Please explain in detail, which sentence is correct?

He is a born actor -

1) I am requesting you to kindly grant me one day leave (present continuous) 2) I request you to kindly grant me one day leave (simple present) A. Both are correct, but I request you to is used more frequently. However, as 'to kindly grant me' is a split infinite, some people do not accept it, but it is not so much an error now a days.

born correct.

鬕öÀd,

ÅØËC,

èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷

Ééπ\úø

®Ω÷°æç– ™ØË

born adjective.

verb, adjective

– È®çúø÷

K.Ganesh, Komatipally Q. Please explain below words. That's what, that's how, whosoever.

A. I appear = seem

A. That's what = That's what I am saying = (That's what = That is what)

1) He appears to be coming from the hotel = 4) He seems to be coming from the Hotel.

ÅüË, (ÅüË ÅE ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æp-úøç) ؈’ îÁ°æ¤h-†oD ÅüË.

Åûªúø’ £æ«Ùô™¸ †’ç* ´Ææ’h-†o-ô’x-Ø√oúø’ =

2) He appears to have come from the hotel = = He seems to have come from the hotel.

He is a bor n actor R. Lakshmi, Mandapeta. Q.

That's how =

éÀçC ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ´÷ Ŷ«s®· °æ¤öÀd† ûª®√yûª ´÷èπ◊ ¶«í¬ éπLÆœ ´*açC.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 563

A Our son's birth augured well for us/ Our son's birth turned our fortunes (for the better)

Ch. Govardhan, Pidathapolur.

.

Q.

´÷ Å´÷t®· °æ¤öÀd† ûª®√yûª ´÷èπ◊ ü¿Jvü¿ç °æöÀdçC.

A Our daughter's birth augured ill for us/ the birth of our daughter turned our fortunes for the worse.

.

Q. Backroom boys

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? . A äéπ ´uéÀh/ ÆæçÆæn/ v°æü¿-®Ωz† íÌ°æpûªØ√-EéÀ 鬮Ωèπ◊™„j ¢Á†-éπ†’ç* †úÕ-Ê°-¢√∞¡Ÿx. ¢√∞¡x éπ%≠œ v°æï-©èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ã ÆœE´÷ v°æñ«-ü¿-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ûÁ®Ω°j éπE-°œçîË †öÃ-†-ô’™‰ 鬮Ωùç é¬ü¿’ éπüΔ? ûÁ®Ω ¢Á†éπ ÖçúË §∂Òö-ví¬-°∂æ®Ω’x, Uûª ®Ωîª-®·-ûª©’, ÆæçUûª ü¿®Ωz-èπ◊©’ èπÿú≈ v°æï-©èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ 鬮Ωùç Å´¤-û√®Ω’. O∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ backroom boys. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ã ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn íÌ°æpûªØ√-EéÀ ûª´’ ´‹u£æ«®Ω- üΔy®√ •ßª’ôèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’èπ◊çú≈ 鬮Ω-èπ◊-©-ßË’u¢√®Ω’ backroom boys. Q. ®√üμ¿ ´’†Ææ’ §ƒÍ®-Ææ’-èπ◊çC. A. Radha has lost her heart. (to some one) Q.

§ÚLçí˚ àéπ-°æ-éπ~çí¬ ≤ƒTçC.

A. The poling was one-sided. Q.

Nïߪ’ç ¢√J-ü¿lJ ´’üμ¿u é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ üÓ•÷--™«-úÕçC.

Q. I can speak English. I can speak in English

OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? I can speak English - (É°æ¤púø’) ؈’ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©†’. She can reach here tomorrow - Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ Í®°æ¤ îË®Ω-í∫-©ü¿’ (future) Å™«Íí They may be there now ¢√∞¡x-éπ\úø ÖçúÌa É°æ¤púø’ (Present) They may come tomorrow- ¢√∞¡Ÿx Í®°æ¤ ®√´îª’a èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.

He must come here at 6 everyday. Present future present tense

(v°æA-®ÓW 鬴a/ éÀçü¿

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ÇJç-öÀéÀ ®√¢√L)– 鬴a– DEo-èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

past

Q.

can

could

A. God has offered it to me (without my asking for it)

may

might

must

had to

Q.

will

would

shall

should

Q.

´÷çÆæç ®Ω’* ´’J-T† °æ¤L í∫úÕf Açô’çüΔ?

Çví¬ Å†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË í∫’®Ω’h-éÌ-îËaC û√ñ¸-´’-£æ«™¸.

A. The mention of Agra brings the Tajmahal to our mind. Q.

v°æ´÷ü¿ç Ø√Íé áçü¿’èπ◊ ï®Ω-í¬L? ´’È®-´-J-ÈéjØ√ ïJ-í∫’ç-úÌ-a-éπüΔ?

A. Why should I alone face all this (trouble/ danger, etc)? Why not others?

(old fashioned)

OöÀE ¢ËÍ® Å®√n-©ûÓ

present

™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Ø√èπ◊ ÉçTx≠ˇ´îª’a. I can speak in English = ؈’ ÉçTx≠ˇ™  ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©†’ (O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç é¬éπ-§ÚûË) Q. Its ÅØË possessive pronoun Ö†oô’x îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Its †’ Íé´©ç possessive adjective í¬ØË ¢√úø-û√®Ω’ éπüΔ. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Its - possessive pronoun í¬†÷, possessive adjective í¬†÷ È®çúø’ NüμΔ-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. I can speak English =

Åûªúø’ †’ç* (í∫ûªç™) ´Ææ’h-†oô’x éπE-°œç-î√úø’.

7) He appeared to be coming... =

Å™«ØË.

whosoever (whoever) crosses the line will be punished =

á´-È®jØ√ (ÆæÍ®) Uûª üΔöÀûË Péπ~

10) He seemed to be coming... =

Åûªúø’ (í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púÓ) £æ«Ùô™¸ †’ç* ´Ææ’h-†oô’x éπE°œç-î√úø’.

8) He appeared/ seemed .... = (11) to have come from the hotel =

Åûªúø’ (í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púÓ) £æ«Ùô™¸ †’ç* ´*a-†ô’x éπE-°œç-î√úø’. 9) He appeared/ seemed .... = (12) to have been coming from the hotel =

£æ«Ùô™¸ †’ç* (í∫ûªç™) ´Ææ’h-†oô’x éπE-°œç-î√úø’. Appear = seem = éπ†-°æ-úøôç/ ÅE°œçîªúøç He appears/ seems tired = Åûªúø’ Å-L-Æ œ-§Ú-®·†ô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. She appears/ seems to know the truth =

Eïç ûÁL-Æœ-†õ‰d ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC Ç¢Á’èπ◊. K.R.Achari, Vykunthapuram Q. Unless you work hard, you can't pass.

°æúø’-ûª’çC. whosoever (whoever) =

Ñ ¢√éπuç Å®Ωn-´’-®·uçC. é¬F äéπ ví¬´’®˝ •’é˙™ 'Unless' expresses a condition. It means if not. Unless is negative in sense. So, it should never be followed by not

á´È®j o-Ø√-ÆæÍ®

Whosoever he taught liked his teaching =

Åûªúø’ á´-JéÀ ¶Cμç-*Ø√ ¢√∞¡x-ûª-úÕ ¶üμ¿† É≠æd°æú≈f®Ω’. Whosoever he met here told him the same thing =

(future)

present

A. Does a tiger having tasted flesh go for grass?

6) He seems to have been coming... = hotel

Åûªúø’ úø•’s Ææ秃-CçîËC Å™«ØË/ Åûªúø’ Å™«ØË úø•’s îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. (That's how = That is how) É™«çöÀ Éûª®Ω expressions: That's why = That is why = Åçü¿’-éπØË That's why I like him = Åçü¿’-éπØË Åûª-úøçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . That's where we can meet him = ÅûªúÕE ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓí∫LÍíC Åéπ\úË. That's when = Å°æ¤púË That's when we met each other = -¢Ë’N’ü¿l®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†oü¿°æ¤púË. whosoever = á´-È®jØ√ ÆæÍ®/ á´-J-Èéj-Ø√-ÆæÍ®/ á´J-ØÁj-Ø√-ÆæÍ® (whoever -Å-F -¢√-úÌa)

-Ñ °æ®Ωçí¬ à ¢√éπuç M.SURESAN éÀçCéÀ ´Ææ’hçC? é¬èπ◊çú≈ N’í∫û√ à tense éÀçCéÀ ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Can, may, must – ÉN present tense éÀçü¿Íé ´≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË ÉN simple present tense verbs ™«í¬ definite future †’ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√®·.

A. Victory swayed between the two for a while.

Åúø-èπ◊\ç-ú≈ØË üË´¤úø’ Ø√èπ◊ ´®Ωç Éî√aúø’.

3) He appears to have been coming.... =

That's how he makes money =

Q. I can speak English structure tense Will, shall modals

'Must'

Åûªúø’ £æ«Ùô™¸ †’ç* ´*a-†-ô’x-Ø√oúø’

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø á´JE éπL-ÆœØ√ ÅüË îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Å®·ûË whosoever ≤ƒ-üμΔ®Ω-ùçí¬/ á°æ¤púø÷ îªôd -°æ-J-¶μ«≠æ (Legal language) ™†÷, official communications ™†÷ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Å®·ûË whoever ÅØË ®√≤ƒhç/ Åçö«ç. Q. I do swear, I do believe DEéÀ •ü¿’©’ I swear, I believe ®√ßÁ·îª’a éπüΔ. A. I do swear = ؈’ (ûª°æpéπ) v°æ´÷ùç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. I do believe = ؈’ (éπ*a-ûªçí¬) †´·t-û√†’. I swear, I believe éπçõ‰, I do swear, I do believe ņúøç éπ*a-ûªçí¬/ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. I did see him here yesterday = E†o ØË-†’ Å-ûª-úÕ-E-éπ\úø éπ*aûªçí¬ îª÷¨»†’.

ÅE ÖçC.

ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. 'Unless' should not be followed by not unless clause not unless sentence not

ÖçúË

™

Ö†o

é¬F, é¬ü¿’.

Åçõ‰, ®√èπÿ-úø-ü¿E. ÅçûË™ ®√èπÿ-úø-ü¿-E-

Unless you work hard, you can't pass sentence 'unless clause' Unless you work hard clause not rule

– Ñ

®√ü¿’. ÅD

™

éπ-üΔ – -Ñ Å®Ωnç.

àC? ™

N.Samson, Kamdlagunta. Q. 

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. -†’-´¤y àO’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çõ‰ ؈’ E†’o äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Åúø-í∫-ü¿-©’--èπ◊-Ø√o†’.

A. If you don't mind, I wish to ask you one thing.  A. I don't like at all such things/ I don't like such things at all.

É™«çöÀN Ø√èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ †îªa´¤.

K.Ramakrishna, Ongole. Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x appear, seem ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. He appears to be coming from the hotel. 2. He appears to have come from the hotel. 3. He appears to have been coming from the hotel.

 A. We are villagers/ we are from the village side.

´÷C °æ™„x-ô÷®Ω’. ™‰üΔ ¢Ë’´· °æ™„x-ô÷J E¢√-Ææ’©ç.

 A. Stop all this such useless talk.

éπ•’®Ω’x îÁ°æp-´ü¿’l.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13-- ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2009 A.Thirupathi, Manchiryala Q. I saw a ---- cat. 1) big fat black 2) big black fat 3) fat black big 4) black fat big

°j Ç°æ{-Ø˛q™ àC éπÈ®éÓd N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ´÷´‚-©’í¬

A. I saw a big fat black cat. adjective order. 1) size and then 2) colour. Q. Choose the correct order of adjectives. 1) I rent a furnished large old house. 2) I rent an old large furnished house. 3) I rent a large old furnished house. 4) I rent a furnished old large house. A.

sentence large furnished house.

èπÿú≈ I rented an old Ééπ\úø, old ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC – üΔE °æJ-ÆœnA ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊.

Å™«Íí Ñ

A.V.Subbarao, Onipenta Q.

éÀçC °æüΔ© Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Q. Agenda, Manifesto

Å®√n©’, ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Agenda = ã 鬮Ωu-véπ-´’ç™E Å稡ç/ ã Ωa-™ E √a稡ç. äéπ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ §ƒKdéÀ / äéπ ´®√_-EéÀ Ö†o v§ƒüμΔ-Ø√u稡ç. Manifesto = äéπ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ §ƒKd-èπ◊çúË v°æù«-Réπ/ v°æñ«ÊÆ¢√ç-¨»©’. Q. Billion Åçõ‰ ´çü¿-éÓö«x ™‰üΔ °æC-¢Ë© éÓö«x ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. 100 éÓô’x. Q. Trillion Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. 10,000 éÓô’x. Q. Arcade, Casino, Scenario Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. ´®Ω-Ææí¬ Ö†o shops/ Éûª®Ω éπôd-ú≈© ´·çü¿’ Å®Ωl¥îªç-vüΔ-鬮Ωç (Arch) éπ°æ¤pûÓ Ö†o †úø´ (Passage). Casino = Wü¿¨»©. Scenario - ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç = -†-*vûªç BÊÆ ´·çü¿’ ûªßª÷®Ω’îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË éπü∑Δ-véπ´’ç/ order of scenes in a movie/ drama - É°æ¤púø’ DEo screen play Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. 2) É°æ¤púø’ scenario †’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË Å®Ωnç – ¶μºN-≠æuû˝™ ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†© véπ´’ç, ´’† ܣ櫙. What will be the sce-

1. Automotives 2. Polyphonic 3. Mono.

nario if suddenly Pak hands over terrorists to India? =

A. 1) Motor vehicles

Q. Choice, option, alternate.

OöÀ Å®√nEo ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Choice = Option, Alternate =

È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ üΔE ûª®√yûª È®çúÓC, ´’Sx È®çúÓ-üΔE ûª®√yûª ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC ïJÍí °æü¿l¥A; Alternate days = ®ÓV ´÷Ja ®ÓV. Q. §ƒ´· °æ¤ôd†’, í∫’ôd†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. Snakepit = §ƒ´·-°æ¤ôd; mound = í∫’ôd. Q. Endoment Åçõ‰ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? A. NüΔu-©-ߪ÷©’, ÇÆæp-vûª’©™«çöÀ v°æñ -°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ ÆæçÆæn-©éÀîËa ¶μ«K N®√-∞«©’, ´·êuçí¬ Æœn®Ω-´-†-®Ω’© ®Ω÷°æç™. Q. E´’t-é¬-ߪ’†’ lime, lemon Åçö«®Ω’, àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? A. Lime = °æ*a E´’t-é¬ßª’. Lemon = E´’t-°æçúø’. Q. Scavenger, safaiwala, chowkidar OöÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Scavenger (English) (Hindustani) =

=

Chowkidar (Hindi) - Watchman (English).

A. Five senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch).

°æçîËç-vC-ߪ÷©’ ¢Ë®Ω’, °æçîª-¶μº÷-û√©’ ¢Ë®Ω’. °j† îÁ°œp† Å®·ü¿÷ °æçîËç-vC-ߪ÷©’. °æçîª-¶μº÷-û√©çõ‰ ¶μº÷N’, ÅTo (E°æ¤p), F®Ω’, í¬L, Ç鬨¡ç – ¶μ«®Ω-B-ߪ·© v°æ鬮Ωç. English ™ OöÀE elements Åçö«®Ω’. Å®·ûË English ™ four elements ´÷vûª¢Ë’- – Earth, air, fire and water.

L. Mallika, Chilakaluripet Q.

®Ωîªa-•çúø, Å®Ω’-í∫’†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? Å®Ω’-í∫’†’ Raised platform ÅØÌa. ®Ωîªa•çúø = village bench Å-ØÌa, Ø√uߪ’≤ƒn†ç Å-ØË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’.x Q. Patron, Dean Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Patron = äéπ ÆæçÆænèπ◊ ÇJnéπ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç É*a, v§Ú-ûªq-£œ«ç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Dean = 1) éÌçûª-´’çC priests (-véÀÆ œd-ߪ’-Ø˛ ´’ûªí∫’®Ω’-´¤-©’)°j ÇCμ-°æ-ûªu-´·-†o ´’ûª-í∫’®Ω’´¤. 2) Universities ™ äé𠨻ë«-Cμ-°æA/ NüΔu®Ω’n© véπ´’-P-éπ~ù N≠æߪ’ç îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ØË-v§Ò°∂Ææ®˝.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 564

A.

M.SURESAN

éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. correct. Q.

•÷V†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. •÷V = cobweb, îÁü¿©’ Q. Higgin Bokhans Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. ´uéÀh Ê°®Ω’. Q. No bar Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. No bar = °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’/ Åúøfç-é¬ü¿’ Q. Abstract -Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Abstract = ´’† °æçîËç-vC-ߪ÷-©-éπ-B-ûª-¢Á’i† ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-í∫-L-TçüË - Intelligence = ûÁLN– DEo ´’†ç îª÷úø™‰ç, N†™‰ç, û√éπ™‰ç, ¢√Ææ† îª÷úø-™‰EC. ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç– summary / ÆæçéÀ~°æhç îËÆœçC. Q. G.O.M.S. ™ M.S. Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. G.O.= Government order.

A. Congress

Q.

v°æûËu-éπçí¬

(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æûËu-éπçí¬ -áçÂÆ-ö¸ ®√ÊÆ NüΔu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊). Especially = äéπJéπçõ‰ ÉçéÌéπ-JéÀ áèπ◊\-´í¬/ äéπüΔ-E-éπçõ‰ ÉçéÓöÀ áèπ◊\-´í¬/ ´·êuçí¬ youngsters now a days like to be fashionable especially girls =

É°æpöÀ ߪ·´-B- ߪ·-´-èπ◊©’ §∂ƒu≠æ-†-•’-™¸í¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’, -´·-êuçí¬ Çúø-°œ-©x©’ (´’í∫°œ©x© éπçõ‰ Çúø-°œ-©x©’ áèπ◊\-´í¬). Q. Motel Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Motel = 鬮Óx v°æߪ÷ùç îËÊÆ-¢√-JéÀ -•Ææ, -¢√∞¡Ÿx BÆæ’èπ◊†o í∫C ü¿í∫_Í® é¬®Ω’ -§ƒ®Ω’\ îËÆæ’èπ◊ØË ´Ææ-AûÓ (motor inn/ motor park †’ç* motel combination ûÓ motel ´*açC) Q. Test, exam OöÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Test = äÍé äéπ °æ-Kéπ~– ÉC Degree/ Diploma §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Exam = °æK-éπ~/ -°æ-K-éπ~©’– ÉC Degree/ Diploma §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√≤ƒhç.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©†’ ûÁ©’í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. His eyes closed in what would have seemed to be sleep had it not been for turmoil of the struggle.

A.

Å°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o éπ™x-©¢Ë’ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Åûª-úø’ éπ∞¡Ÿx ´‚Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç Evü¿ Å-E°œç-îËC.

Q. Hajipur has been synonymous with bananas and Ramvilas Paswan. But now it is the bananas that have nothing to worry about.

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?

A. Specially = - This book is specially for those who want to take EAMCET exam.

™ ÅûªúÕ °æJ-ÆœnA áô÷ ûË©-èπ◊çú≈

ÖçC. Q. L.T.T.E. conducted its training in two legs. A. L.T.T.E.

£æ…@-°æ‹®˝ Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-îËaC Å®Ω-öÀ-°æçúø’x, ®√çN-™«Æˇ §ƒ¨»yØ˛. é¬F Ñ ®ÓV™x Å®Ω-öÀ-°æç-úø’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ í∫’®Ìh-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.

Q. She was at her wits end. A.

Ç¢Á’Íéç îËߪ÷™ §ƒ©’-§Ú-™‰ü¿’.

Q. Who is the picture of composure? A.

EPaçûª

(composure)

èπ◊ *£æ«oçí¬ Ö†o-üÁ-´®Ω’?

Q. Mr. K.S.R. tongue lashed the scheme. A.

Íé-áÆˇ-Ç®˝ Ç °æü∑¿-é¬Eo Bv´çí¬ N´’-Jzç-î√®Ω’.

Q. His fate hangs in the balance. A. Q.

Åûª-úÕ °æJ-ÆœnA Åö-Éö ûË©-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. †úÕ-°œç-îËC ؈’, †úÕ-îËC F´¤.

A. I lead, you are to follow. Q.

†’´¤y Açõ‰ ؈’ A†oõ‰x.

A. If you eat, I have eaten/ your eating is my eating. Q.

Åûª-úÕE ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√E-´yúøç Åçõ‰ §ƒ´·†’ °æéπ\† °ô’d-èπ◊-†oõ‰x.

A. Having him near you is having a snake by your side.

Péπ~-ù†’

È®çúø’

ü¿¨¡-©’í¬

Q. Reshuffling is going on. A.

´÷®Ω’p©÷, îË®Ω’p©÷ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®·.

Q. When dust settles on one case of ragging another one rears it ugly head in quick. A.

äéπ ®√uTçí˚ ÍéÆæ’ N≠æߪ’ç °æ‹®Ωh®‚u Å´-éπ-´·çüË/ °æ‹®Ωh-´-í¬ØË ÉçéÓ ®√uTçí˚ ÍéÆæ’ Néπ%ûª ®Ω÷°æç ´’† ´·çü¿’éÌ≤ÚhçC.

Q. They tried to down play it. A.

¢√∞¡Ÿx üΔE Bv´-ûª†’ ûªT_ç* îª÷§ƒ-©E v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hØ√o®Ω’/ Åçûª Bv´-´’-®·ç-üËO’ é¬ü¿ØË ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo éπ-L-Tç-îË v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

Q. He flexed his muscles once again. A.

Åûªúø’ ´’Sx éπߪ÷u-EéÀ 鬩’-ü¿’-´¤y-ûª’-Ø√oúø’/ §Úö«xôèπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-´’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

Q. The management came to take charge of situation. A.

K.S.R. Markapur

A.

M.S = Manuscript. Q. Specially, Especially

Ç °æE ØËØË î˨»-††o ¢√Ææh-¢√Eo @Jgç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o†’/ Å™«çöÀ °æJ-Æœn-AûÓ ®√@-°æ-úø-™‰éπ§Úûª’-Ø√o†’.

Q. His fate hangs in the balance with the congress.

A.

´’†-Ææ’çõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç Öçô’çC ÅØË-üΔ-EéÀ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Where there is a will, there is a way

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. I am yet to come to terms with the reality of having done it.

Q.

Q.

Ç îÁÊ°p N≠æߪ’ç àüÓ Â°ü¿lí¬ îÁ§Òp-aí¬?

ûª† E®Ωy£œ«ç*çC.

I lead, you ar e to follow Ææ¢Ë’t-∞¡-†çûÓ èπÿJa† ÆæçUûªç. (Poly = äéπöÀ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´, phone/ phonic = ¨¡¶«l-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*†) 3) Mono = äéπöÀ/ äéπ-öÀí¬ Ö†o Q. Vowels ™‰èπ◊çú≈ °æüΔ©’ ®√´ç-ö«®Ω’, sky, fly, try É-™«ç-öÀ-N ´≤ƒh®· éπüΔ. A. Ñ ¨¡¶«l™ x y, ai (â)ûÓ Ææ´÷†ç. Vowels, consonants ÅØËN ¨¡¶«l©’. Åéπ~-®√©’ é¬ü¿’. Sky ™«çöÀ °æü¿ç™ y ÅØË Åéπ~®Ωç, ai (â) ¨¡•lç ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. â (ai) ´’J vowel/ diphthong (combination of two vowel sounds) éπüΔ. Q. ´÷@ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ est Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. O’®Ω’ ®√ÆœçC Erst ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. ÉC erstwhile (´·†’°æöÀ = former) èπ◊ èπ◊Cç-*† ®Ω÷°æç. Q. Polygraph test Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Polygraph (test) = lie detector = äéπJ ´÷ô™xE Å•-üΔl¥-©†’ í∫’JhçîË ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. Q. Super, superb OöÀ Å®√n© ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©’°æí∫©®Ω’. A. Super = íÌ°æp/ ¢Ë’™„j† – Å®·ûË DE ¢√úøéπç Modern English ™ ¢Á’©xí¬ ûªí∫’_-ûÓçC. Super †’ Éûª®Ω °æüΔ-©ûÓ éπ-L°œ¢√-úÕûË ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj†, ¢Ë’™„j† ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. He is super rich = î√™« íÌ°æp üμ¿E-èπ◊úø’. Super human = ´÷†-´¤©éπBûª-¢Á’i†. superb = excellent = î√™« íÌ°æp Q. °∂’®√-¢˛èπ◊ ÉçTx≠ˇ ÂÆpLxçí˚, Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. Gherao - Å®·ûË ÉC English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. Bandh (•çü˛)-™« £œ«çü¿÷≤ƒnF ´÷ô– English ¢√∞¡x-éπ®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. Q. Floating area Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Floating area èπ◊ Å®Ωnç v°æûËu-éπçí¬ àO’ ™‰ü¿’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË. Floating = 1) ûË©’-ûª’†o 2) éπü¿’-©’ûª÷ Ö†o (äéπ-îÓô Æœn®Ωçí¬™‰E) 3) ´÷Í®. Q. °æçîËç-vC-ߪ ÷©’, °æçîª-¶μº÷-û√-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

Q.

A. You can say aloud whatever you want to say.

Safaiwala

§ƒJ-¨¡Ÿü¿l¥ u °æE-¢√®Ω’.

Bv´-¢√-ü¿’-©†’ §ƒé˙ ¶μ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ Å°æpTÊÆh, °æJ-Æœn-ûª’-™„™« Öçö«®·.

èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† 2) ÉC ÆæçU-û√-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*çC – NNüμ¿ Ææy®√©

2

ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç °æJ-Æœn-AE ûª´’ Åü¿’°æ¤™éÀ ûÁa-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ ´*açC.

Q. You have to have adequate resources to run them properly. A.

¢√öÀE E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Fèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´†-®Ω’©’/ Ææü¿’§ƒ-ߪ÷-©’ Öçú≈L.

Q. I ought to have known better. A.

؈C Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-†’çú≈LqçC. (ÆæJí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.)

Srinu, Narasapuram. Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊

question tags

ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

1) You needn't spend money, ......? 2) You need to bring a sweater, ......? 3) Someone is coming, .....? 4) Everyone comes with a different style, ....? 5) She needs a lot of help, .....? 6) She needs to do it now, .......? A. 1) You needn't spend money, do you? 2) You need to..., don't you? 3) Someone is coming, isn't he/ she? someone clear he/ she 'they' Someone is coming, aren't they?

(Ææçü¿-

®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd). Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’, (á´®Ó) Åçõ‰ Çú≈, ´’í¬ ÅE ߪ’-ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, ´÷ô ´÷ôéà •ü¿’©’, Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. ÅE.

í¬ ûÁ-LÅØË

4) Every one comes with a different styles, don't they? doesn't he/ she? don't they

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, (3)™ ™«ØË, ÅØË •ü¿’©’, ¢√úø’éπ®·-§Ú-ûÓçC.

5)

She needs a lot of help, doesn't she?

6) She needs to do it now, doesn't she?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 20-- ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

A. Sudhakar, Peddamallareddy Q. You told that clause means a group of words with a verb. 'I believe him honest' - in this sentence 'him honest' is a clause? Why ? It is without a verb. Please clarify this. A. In the sentence, 'I believe him honest' 'him honest' (another way of saying, 'him to be honest) is NOT a clause, because there is no verb. Even if the sentence is 'I believe him to be honest', 'believe him to be honest' is not a clause for there is no verb in that group of words. There can be no clause without a verb. You know the verb has six forms: i) The 'be' forms (am/ is/ are, was/ were, all forms having, 'be' in the end, like shall be, should be, will be, would be, etc., and all having 'been in the end, like have/ has/ had been, should/ would have been, etc.) ii) be forms +... ing forms - am going, was dancing, will be coming, has been acting, etc. iii) be forms + past participle - am seen, was done, will be completed, etc.

Narayan's public persona is that of a helpful man, but in private he is selfish =

Q. Miss, miss out, to give it a miss.. A. Miss =

-ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? éÓ™p-´úøç/ äéπ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-éπ§Ú-´úøç/ àüÁjØ√, á´-È®jØ√ ´’†ûÓ ™‰E ™ô’-´©x ¶«üμ¿-°æ-úøôç. Miss out = omit/ drop - ®√ߪ÷-Lq†, ´÷ö«x-ú≈Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷™x üËØÁj oØ√ ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç. He missed out a few important points in his speech =

Åûªúø’ ûª† Ö°æ-Ø√u-Ææç™ éÌEo ´·ë«uç-¨»-©†’ ´C-™‰-¨»úø’. He missed her speech = Ç¢Á’ Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒEo NØË Å´-é¬-¨»Eo Åûªúø’ éÓ™p-ߪ÷úø’. Give it (something) a miss - ÉC Éçûªèπ◊ ´·†’°æ¤ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç. ´’Sx N´-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. 鬢√-©E ´’†ç à Ææçü¿-®√s¥-E-ÈéjØ√ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË, ´C-™‰ÊÆh ÅC miss out. a) I've eaten a heavy lunch. I will give the dinner a miss tonight =

´’üμΔu£æ«o ¶μï†ç ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´-®·çC. ®√vA ¶μï†ç îËߪ’†’ (´C-™‰-Ææ’hØ√o) b) He gave the meeting a miss = Åûªúø’ Ææ¶μºèπ◊ (鬢√-©ØË) ®√™‰ü¿’. Q. Reach, Reach out .. -ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? A. Reach = îË®Ωúøç. She reached here yesterday = Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ îËJçC (äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ îË®Ωúøç)

2

•ßª’ô Ø√®√-ߪ’ù˝ Åçü¿-Jéà ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úË¢√úø’™« éπE°œ≤ƒhúø’, Eñ«-EéÀ/ Ææy¶μ«-´ç™ Åûªúø’ ≤ƒy®Ωn-°æ-®Ω’úø’. Q. Legend -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? A. Legend = í¬üμ¿– ûª®Ω-ûª-®√-©’í¬ v°æï©’ †¢Ë’t éπü∑¿©’– OöÀ™  éÌçûª ߪ’üΔ®Ωnç, éÌçûª é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a– (®√´÷-ߪ’ùç, ¶μ«®Ωûªç ™«çöÀN) äéπ ´’E≠œ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç ߪ’üΔ-®Ωn-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ÅC †´’t-™‰-†çûª (Eï-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) Å®·ûË, Å°æ¤púø’ Ç ´uéÀh legend Å´¤-û√úø’. Gandhi has become a legend = í¬çDμ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç í¬üμ¿-©’í¬ îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’/ Åçûª íÌ°æp¢√úø’ Eïçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√ú≈ ÅE°œÆæ’hçC.

The US some times plays off India and Pakistan (for its own selfish interests) =

éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¶μ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊, §ƒé˙èπ◊ §Úö«xô °úø’ûª’çC ûª† Ææy™«¶μºç éÓÆæç. tip off = Ö°æpç-Cç-îª-úøç (äéπ-JE í∫’-Jç-* ®Ω£æ«Ææu Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ¢√JéÀ £æ…E-éπ-L-Tç-îË™« ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-éÀ -Åç-Cç-îª-úøç) The villagers tipped off the presence of a Maoist in the village =

ví¬´’ç™ ´÷NÆˇd Ö†o Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç, ví¬´’-Ææ’h©’ §ÚM-Ææ’-©èπ◊ ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ ÅçCç-î√®Ω’. Alternative = 1) v°æû√u-´ ÷oߪ ’ç. äéπ-üΔE •ü¿’©’ ¢√úø-í∫© ÉçéÓ ´Ææ’h´¤ 2) ´÷®√_ç-ûª®Ωç.

Tendulkar is a batting legend = Tendulkar batsmanship

Åçûª íÌ°æpüΔ ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC/ Eï-¢Ë’Ø√ ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC. Ayesha Begum, Anantapur. Q.

a) There is no alternative to this medicine =

Ñ ´’çü¿’èπ◊ v°æû√u-´÷oߪ’ç ™‰ü¿’.

Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. To bring the knives out

He will get the br unt of the attacks

b) There is no alternative to walking for slimming =

Q. A.

™«´¤ ûªÍí_ç-ü¿’èπ◊ †úø-éπ-éπçõ‰ v°æû√u´÷oߪ’ç ™‰ü¿’. based, based on ©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. based = ÇüμΔ-®Ω-¢Á’i† based on = ÇüμΔ-®Ω-°æ-úÕ† a) Dosa is a rice flour based preparation =

iv) Doing words: see sees saw take takes took like likes liked etc v) Have/ has/ had/ shall have/ should have/ will have, etc + PP Have done, has seen, will have gone, etc. vi) shall/ should/ will/ would, etc + 1st Regular doing word. eg: shall go, will see, would find etc. If in a group of words, if there is any of the six forms above, that becomes a clause; not otherwise

Q. 'She didn't attend the party today'. 'She has not attended the party today'. Which one is correct? A. 'She did not attend the party today'correct. Party party Party 'she has not attended the party' 'today' she hasn't come yet

Å®·-§Ú-®·ç-ûª-®√yûª, Å®·-§Ú-®·† éÀ Ç¢Á’ ®√™‰-ü¿E Å®Ωnç. ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ Öçõ‰, Ç¢Á’ ®√™‰-ü¿E îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊, Åçö«ç. ÅE îË®Ωaèπ◊çú≈ Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™, ņúøç ÆæJí¬_ Öçô’çC. Q. We have lived there for 10 years. -à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ -É-™« has/ have + v3 -¢√-úÌ-îÓa -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. ´’†ç äéπ-îÓô í∫ûª °æüË-∞¡Ÿxí¬/ °æ-üË-∞¡x véÀûªç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬ Öçõ‰, Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™, we have lived there for 10 years Åçö«ç. Q. I hereby declare that the benefit under spouse category was not been availed of by me for the last eight years. was has not been

Ééπ\-úø -Ö°æ-¢√-ú≈-™«? ßÁ÷-T-ç-îª-úøç ÆæÈ®j-†-üË-Ø√? A. Correct é¬ü¿’. has not been availed of by me (for the last eight years), correct. G. Govinda Rao, Visakhapatnam Q. Employment

èπ◊,

Gainful employment

èπ◊ -ûË-ú≈

-à-N’-öÀ? A. Employment =

ÖüÓuí∫ç (DEéÀ ´’ç* @ûªç

Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.) Gainful employment =

´’ç* @ûªç ûËí∫LÍí

ÖüÓuí∫ç. Gainful =

Ææç•ç-Cμç*.

éπûª’h©’/ î√èπ◊©’

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 565

úø•’s ´îËa, ´·êuçí¬ ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ

•ßª’-ôèπ◊ Bߪ’úøç. Å®·ûË àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√-EéÀ Åçü¿®Ω÷ éπLÆœ äéπ-JE ¶«üμ¿’u-©’í¬ îËߪ’úøç/ äéπJ O’ü¿ Eçü¿-¢Á÷-°æúøç. The knives are out for DGP = Åçü¿®Ω÷ DGP E ¶«üμ¿’u-©’í¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

Reach out = ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-ߪ’úøç/ äéπJ ¶«íÓ-í∫’™x ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°œçîªúøç.

M.SURESAN The late leader succeeded Q. He will get it wrong sometime A. He will get it wrong some times = mostly in reaching out to the poor =

éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Åûªúø’ ûª°æ¤pí¬ Å®Ωnç-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’/ ÆæJí¬_ Å®ΩnçîË-Ææ’-éÓúø’.

C´ç-í∫ûª ØËûª Ê°ü¿ v°æï-©èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-ߪ’-úøç™/ îË®Ω’-´-´-úøç™ î√™«-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ææ°∂æ-©-´’-ߪ÷uúø’. Q. These canned apricots taste awful The weather was awful

V. Srinivas, Narasapuram

A. To bring the knives out = The knives are out for somebody =

Their concert was really awesome A. awful = awesome = i)

ÅÆæ-£æ«u-¢Á’i†/ îÁúø’ (¶μºJç-îª-™‰-†çûª)– î√™« Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Ö†o, ´’ç* ņ’-¶μº÷-AE éπL-TçîË ii) Cví∫s¥´’ Ææçv¶μº-´÷-¨¡a-®√u-©†’ éπL-TçîË. Sri krishna's revelation of his real form must have been an awesome sight =

Xéπ%-≠æflgúÕ N¨¡y-®Ω÷-°æ-ü¿-®Ωz†ç, Cví∫s¥´’ Ææçv¶μº-´÷-¨¡a-®√u©†’ éπL-Tç* Öçú≈L. Their concert was really awesome = ¢√∞¡x éπîËJ/ v°æü¿-®Ωz† î√™« Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ (¶«í¬) ÖçC. Q. They are healthy & They are in good health & doing well A. Q. Poaching Hunting A. Poaching =

Q. He will get the brunt of the attacks A.

üΔúÕ™ áèπ◊\´ ¶μ«í∫ç ÅûªúÕ O’üË Öçô’çC (™‰üΔ) ÅûªúË ¶μºJ-≤ƒhúø’. (üΔúÕ-´©x áèπ◊\´ ¶«üμ¿ ÅûªúË °æúø-û√úø’). Brunt = áèπ◊\´ ¶μ«í∫ç Q. Ñ ¢√é¬u™xE ÆæçüË-£æ…©’ B®Ωaí∫-©®Ω’. On the basis of proposal - cum - preference A. Q. India and China get underway A. exams Q. Mixed response to VHP bandh call A.

ÅûªúÕ v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿† áç°œéπ ÇüμΔ-®Ωçí¬

v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç Åߪ÷u®·/ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®·. (Ωa©’/ Ææ¶μº©’/ ™«çöÀN) N’v¨¡´’ Ææpçü¿† – éÌçü¿-JéÀ †îªaúøç, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ †îªa-éπ-§Ú-´úøç, éÌçü¿®Ω’ •çü˛ §ƒöÀç-îªúøç ´’JéÌç-ü¿®Ω’ §ƒöÀç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´úøç.

-ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ?

äéπ\õ‰.

éÀ,

éÀ -ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? ¢Ëô EÊ≠-Cμç-*†îÓô, îªôd-´u-A-Í®-éπçí¬ üÌçí∫-ûª-†çí¬ ¢Ëö«-úøôç. Hunting = ¢Ëö«-úøôç. Q. Milieu éÀ, Background éÀ -ûË-ú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? A. Milieu (N’©÷u) = Background ≤ƒ´÷->éπ °æJ-Æ œnûª’©’, äéπ-´uéÀh °æ¤ô’déπ, °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç*. Q. Elite -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? A. Elite = Ææ´÷-ïç™ üμ¿Eéπ, •©-¢Á’i† ¢Ë’üμΔN ´®Ω_ç. (Ö†o-ûª-´®Ω_ç – ÅØÌa) Q. under privileged -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? A. under privileged = Å´-é¬--¨¡®√£œ«ûªu (´®√_©’) Q. Person & Persona & Personality- -O-öÀ -´’-üμ¿u ûË-ú≈-© í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. Person = ´uéÀh Personality = ´uéÀhûªyç; ´uéÀh-Q©ç, †úø-´úÕ éπL°œ. Persona = ´’†ç †©’-í∫’J ´’üμ¿u v°æ´-JhçîË B®Ω’, ÅC ¢√∞¡x™ ´’† †úø-´-úÕE í∫’Jç* éπL-TçîË ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç.

Q. I want to get operated, I want to be operated A. Q. "They would to a village fair" would to A. They would, to a village fair would comma

Q.

È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u© ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ûËú≈ àO’-™‰ü¿’. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Ééπ\úø °æéπ\† Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Å®Ωnç – 1) ¢√∞¡Ÿ} Ç °æ™„x Ææçûªèπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. 2) (Ææç-ü¿®√s¥Eo •öÀd) ¢Á∞¡⁄hç-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. éÀçC °æüΔ©’/ °æü¿-•ç-üμΔ-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Ouster, in favour of, edge out, play-off, tip off, alternative

A. Ouster = in favour of =

ûÌ©-Tç°æ¤ (°æE-™-†’ç*) ņ’-èπÿ-©çí¬ edge out = ØÁõ‰d-ߪ’-úøç play off- play off Mr. A against Mr. B -

Éü¿l-JéÀ

üÓ¨¡ Gߪ’u-°œpçúÕ ÇüμΔ-®Ω ´çôéπç b) My decision is based on the information I got =

-Ø√éÌ-*a† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÇüμΔ-®Ωçí¬/ Ææ´÷î√-®√Eo •öÀd Ø√ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o†’.

A. Sridhar, Onipenta Q. Tension free travel, Tensionless travel -

ûËú≈ -à-N’-öÀ? A. ûËú≈ àO’-™‰ü¿’. Q. éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Free from, Carry off, Pinny language, Soft skills, Automotives, Boarding, Enclave, Avenue. A. free from =

™‰èπ◊çú≈

I am now free from all trouble and worries =

à <èπÿ *çû√ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o-E-°æ¤púø’. Carry off = Take away = BÆæ’Èé-Rx-§Ú-´úøç/ Èí©’-éÓ-´-úøç. She carried off the I prize = Ç¢Á’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ •£æ›-´’A BÆæ’ÈéRx-§Ú-®·çC/ Èí©’--èπ◊çC/ §ÒçCçC. Pinny language - Ñ ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Soft

skills-

Personality

Development

(´uéÀhûªy Né¬Ææç – Ææç°æ‹®Ωg ´uéÀhí¬ áü¿-í∫-úøç), Inter personal relations (´uéÀhéÀ, ´uéÀhéÀ ´’üμ¿u Ææç•çüμΔ©’), communication skills (°æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω Ææ´÷-î√®Ω Å´-í¬-£æ«†) É™«ç-öÀ-´Fo soft skills. Automotives- ¢Á÷ö«®˝ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç*† Boarding- 1) Ç£æ…®Ω Ææü¿’-§ƒßª’ç/ ¶μï†ç 2) íÓúø-©’/ -ØË-©©’/ éÀöÀéé ™«çöÀ-N ´‚ÊÆÆæ÷h îÁéπ\©´’®Ωa-úøç (îªL ü˨»-©™ ÉC Å´-Ææ®Ωç) Enclave- äÍé Çî√®Ω ´u´-£æ…-®√©’-†o éÌçûª-´’çC (äéπ †í∫®Ωç/ ü˨¡ç, etc ™) E´-ÆœçîË Ææn©ç. Avenue - È®çúø’- -¢Áj°æ¤™« îÁô’x†o N¨»-©-¢Á’i† OCμ. Q. Çúø-¢√J ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Å®√n™‰ ¢Ë®Ω’™‰. -D-E-E Ççí∫xç™ -á-™« -Å-Ø√--L? A. Women say one thing but mean another/ women do not mean what they say/ women's words do not mean what they seem to mean.

§ÚöÀ/ §Úö«xô °ôd-úøç, Ææy™«¶μºç éÓÆæç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 27-- ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Addanki prasad, Ongole Q.

Has + PP- Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤ äéπ-JéÀ Öçúøôç/ í∫ûªç™ äéπ-°æ¤púø’ (time îÁ°æp-†-°æ¤púø’) Öçúøôç.

؈’ Ñ ´’üμËu äéπ Éçô-®Ω÷yuéÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-ߪ÷u†’. Åéπ\úø Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo words îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ÅN: know,

OöÀ™  ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ áçü¿’èπ◊ silent Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-ߪ’E ÅúÕ-í¬®Ω’. üΔEéÀ ؈’ followed by consonants ÅE îÁ§ƒp†’. -É-™« î√™« words ™ éÌEo Åéπ~-®√©’ silent Å´¤-ûª’Ø√o®·. áçü¿’èπ◊? OöÀ-Íé-¢Á’iØ√ rules ÖØ√oߪ÷? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. O’®Ω’ îÁ°œp† °æüΔ-™ xE éÌEo letters †’ °æ©-éπ-éπ -§Ú-´-úø-´’-ØË-C ÅN àßË’ ¶μ«≠æ-©- †’ç* English ™éÀ ´-î √-a-ߪ’-ØËüΔEo•öÀd Öçô’çC. 'k' silent í¬ (°æ©èπ◊\çú≈ ÖçúË) ´÷ô©’ î√-™«´’-ô’èπ◊ Latin ¶μ«≠æ †’ç* English ™éÀ ´*a-†N. Å™«Íí 's' silent í¬ ÖçúË ´÷ô©’ French †’ç* English ™éÀ ´*a-†N. É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç: ''It

Brown wash (î√-™« ´’ô’èπ◊ AsiansÇƜߪ÷ ¢√Ææ’©) ¨¡K-®Ω°æ¤ ®Ωçí∫’, brown - ´’†-´’çû√ brown race (íÓ--üμ¿’´’ ´®Ωgç ñ«A).

He has had this car for the past 2 years = car

knowledge, write, bomb, calm k, k, w, b, l

Åûª-úÕéÀ Ñ

È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ ÖçC.

She has had two cups of coffee so far = cups coffee

¢Á·ü¿-™„j-†N.

Ç¢Á’ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ È®çúø’ BÆæ’èπ◊çC. ÅE èπÿú≈ ÖçüΔ? A. Had had - í∫ûªç™ á´--JÈéjØ√ È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’, äéπ-üΔE´·çü¿’ ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ Öçõ‰ ÅC îÁ°æp-ú≈EéÀ had had Åçö«ç.

Brown wash =

Q. Had, had

I had had a bike before I bought this car = car bike

Ñ

éÌØË-´·çü¿’ Ø√èπ◊

ÖçúËC.

The tests showed she had had an attack of this disease earlier =

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Åçûªèπ◊´·çüË Ñ ï•’s ÖçúË-ü¿E °æK-éπ~©’ ûË™«a®·. had had Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç °j† ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’-Ø√o®· í∫üΔ. Å™«Íí had to - í∫ûªç™ NCμí¬ äéπ °æE îËߪ÷Lq ®√´-úøç, ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬.

depends on the Language the word is derived from.''

A. Thanks for not identified

íÓüμ¿’´’ ´®Ωgç ¢√J £æ«¢√/ ÇCμ-éπuûª – ´’†ç ÈíLÊÆh. Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? OöÀ v°æûËu-éπûª àN’öÀ? ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈-™‰-N’öÀ? A. Mail = Post (Öûªh-®√©÷, Reg. post ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE) -BÆæ’Èé-∞Ïx v°æûËuéπÈ®j∞¡x†’ mail trains ÅØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Express = ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ¢Á∞Ïx Super fast = ÅA ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ¢Á∞Ïx Q. ISO 1900 or 2000 ÅE -î √-™«îÓôx ®√Æœ Öçúøôç îª÷¨»†’. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ üΔE Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Q. Mail trains mail trains- express - super fast trains

A. ISO = International Standards Organization

I knew that she had had to resign her job, and resigned. =

Q. Simple present tense sentence subject verb s, es, ies singular verbs

(Åçûª-®√b-Bߪ’ v°æ´÷-ù«© ÆæçÆæn– 1946™ ≤ƒn°œûªç)– ¨»Æ‘Yߪ’, §ƒJ-v¨»-N’éπ, ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn© Öûªp-ûª’h© Ø√ùuûª v°æ´÷-ù«-©†’ éÌLîË ÆæçÆæn. Ñ ÆæçÆæn certify îËÊÆh Ø√ùuûª v°æ´÷ùç Ö†o-ûª-¢Á’i-ç-ü¿E -¶μ«-N≤ƒh®Ω’.

ûª†’ ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ ®√@-Ø√´÷ îËߪ÷Lq ´*a (í∫ûªç™) îËÆœç-ü¿E, -Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC (ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç-™ØË).

™ ™ Öçõ‰ éÀ ´≤ƒh®·. É™« àßË’ èπ◊ ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

2

Sor r y I couldn't place you A.

≤ƒ-üμΔ®Ω-ùçí¬ p, t, k, b, d, g, l, m, n ¨¡¶«l©’ *´-®Ω´îËa verbs èπ◊, s îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. s/ ch ™«çöÀ ¨¡¶«l©’ *´-®Ω-´îËa verbs èπ◊ + es îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. Stresses, Reaches, teaches, etc. (a/e/i/o/u) ¨¡¶«l©’ ´·çü¿®Ω ™‰èπ◊çú≈, y ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u verbs èπ◊, y BÊÆÆœ, + ies îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. Hurry - hurries. (ÉC O’èπ◊ Å©-¢√ô’ v°æ鬮Ωç ûÁLÆœ§Úûª’çC) ÖØ√oߪ÷? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ ™‰´¤.

Q. She has had to endure

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. She has had to endure =

™, ™ †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷T-≤ƒh®Ω’. ¢√öÀE àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈™ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. í∫ûªç™ äéπ Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, 'since' Åçö«ç. Sachin has played/ has been playing since 1989. (1989 †’ç* Ææ*Ø˛ Çú≈úø’/ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) í∫ûªç-†’ç* ÉØËo-∞¡Ÿxí¬, ÉEo ØÁ©-©’í¬, ÉEo ®ÓV-©’í¬, ÉEo í∫çô-©’í¬ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ 'for' Åçö«®Ω’. Sachin has played/ has been playing for the past 20 years =

àN’öÀ? î√L-†çûª (-ûª-T-†ç-ûª) ûªy®Ω-™ØË ´’†ç üΔEo éπ†’-èπ◊\çö«ç. Q. 'O’®Ω’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´≤ƒh-†E îÁ°œp-†-ô’x-Ø√o®Ω’!— Ñ ¢√é¬uEo English ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

™ will, shall ©†’ àßË’ èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L? äéπ ví¬´’®˝ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ I, ©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈-©E ÖçC. Eï-¢Ë’Ø√?

Simple/ indefinite You/ he/ she/ it/ they will future I/ We will - Determination Intention Promise

} (éπ*a-ûªç-é¬E)

(E®Ωgߪ’ç)/ (ÖüËl¨¡ç)/ (´÷öÀ-´y-úøç) Q. ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™x teacher ÅØË °æüΔEo ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Lçí∫-¶μ‰ü¿ç ûÁL-ÊÆ™« îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ ᙫ? A. Teacher- common gender- doctor/lawyer ™«– Åçõ‰ ´’í∫-®·Ø√ 鬴a, Çúø-®·Ø√ 鬴a. É°æpöÀ English ™ ÅEo -´%--ûª’h-©èπ◊ äÍé ´÷ô ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’– ´’í∫/-Çúø ÅØË ûËú≈-™‰-èπ◊çú≈. É-C-´®Ω-™ Songstress (í¬-ߪ ’E), Poetess (éπ´-®·vA), Actress (†öÀ) -Å-E -¢√-úË-¢√®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’ É™«çöÀ ´÷ô© •ü¿’©’, Çúø-¢√-∞¡x-®·Ø√, singer, poet, actor ÅØË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Q. Has had, have had © Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ¢√öÀE à tense ™ ¢√ú≈L? A. Has had- Ñ verb form, has + Past Participle of have; Å™«Íí Had had- Ñ verb form had + PP of have.

Essential English Grammar by Raymond Murphy

O’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.

A. You seem to have said that you will come here.

Omkar, Narsipatnam

Q. In fact, of death, of course

ÅØÌî√a? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Well and good = ´’ç*-üË/- ÆæJ

ÅØË ¢√öÀéÀ Å®√n©’

N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ߪ’üΔ-®√n-EéÀ, Ç ´÷-ô-éÌÊÆh, ÅÆæ-™„jûË. Sachin is a great batsman. In fact he is the greatest batsman in the world = batsman. batsman.

Ææ*Ø˛ íÌ°æp Ç ´÷ô-éÌÊÆh/ ÅÆæ-™„jûË v°æ°æç-îªç-™ØË Åûª-úøç-ü¿-J-™ íÌ°æp of death - DEéÀ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-O’-™‰ü¿’. of course = Å´¤†’ (Ç N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æp-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’/ éπ*a-ûªçí¬) ''Do you like coffee?" (Fèπ◊ coffee É≠æd´÷?) "of course; I do" (Ç N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æp-†éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. éπ*a-ûªçí¬ É≠æd-¢Ë’.) Q. Who woke him up? E Who woke up him ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ-èπÿ-úøü¿’? ÅÆæ©’ Ñ up éÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? DEo áéπ\úø, ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? A. Who woke him up? - É™«çöÀ prepositional phrases ™ him ™«çöÀ objects, verb èπ◊, preposition èπÿ ´’üμ¿u-™ ØË ´≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË Who woke up him? ûª°æ¤p™‰ü¿’, é¬E ¢√úø’éπ ´÷vûªç woke him up. Q.

India Newzealand tour India Newzealand 'White wash, Brown wash wash

¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ E îË≤ƒhç— ÅE îÁ°œpçC. ¢√öÀ Å®√n-™‰-N’öÀ? É™« ûÓ Éçé¬ à¢Á’iØ√ °æüΔ-©’-Ø√oߪ÷? A. White wash = ûÁ©x-¢√∞¡x (Newzealanders ûÁ©x¢√∞¡Ÿx éπ-üΔ?) £æ«¢√/ ÇCμ-éπuûª. ¢√∞¡Ÿx match ÈíLÊÆh.

Thanks for not identifying me = Thanks.

††’o í∫’Jhç-ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å®·Ø√ É™« ņç éπüΔ? í∫’®Ω’h-°æ-ôd-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ sorry = Sorry I couldn't identify/ place you.

ÅØË ¢√éπuç™ going ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª ´ÊÆh áçü¿’èπ◊ ûª°æp-´¤-ûª’çC? î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x going ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª ´Ææ’hçC éπüΔ? A. Home ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤p-úø’- èπÿú≈ 'to' ¢√úøç. Q. Cat, bat, rat, bank ©†’ é¬uö¸, ¶«uö¸, ®√uö¸, ¶«uçé˙©’í¬ áçü¿’èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤û√ç? A. Cat, Bat, Bank ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™x 'a' Ææ÷*çîË ¨¡•lç, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '¢Á∞«x-úø’—™ '∞«x— ûÁLÊ° ¨¡•lç. DEéÀ 'ߪ’— ´ûª’h ü¿í∫_®Ω. Q. I'm going home to to

Raju, AB Palle Q.

A.

A. Groom =

•ôd©÷, Vô÷d™«çöÀN °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-v¶μºçí¬ ÖçúÕ Åçü¿çí¬ éπ-E°œç-îª-úøç. Social grooming... stimuli= ≤ƒ´÷->-éπçí¬ ´uèπ◊h©’ äéπ-J-ØÌ-éπ®Ω’ ÆæpJzç--éÓ-´-úøç, E´’-®Ω-úøç -™«ç-öÀN, ¢Á·ü¿ô ÅN ÖüËl-Pç-*ç-üΔ-E-éπçõ‰ Gμ†o--¢Á’i§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

Q. He might as well have committed the crime in the broad day light.

Åûª-ú≈ -ØË®√-Eo °æ-ôd°æí∫-™‰ -îËÆæ’ç-úÌ-a (®√-vûË é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈).

If he comes here, well and good.

Q. I do not think you will be prepared to admit the possibility of mistake.

If he doesn't I will have to force him to come =

A.

Other than Ramesh all students are present =

®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ûª°æp Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÖØ√o-J-éπ\úø. ÉçÍéD/ ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ é¬ü¿’. None other than Ramesh can do it = ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ûª°æp ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ Ç °æE îËߪ’-™‰®Ω’. None other than sachin can do it = Ææ*Ø˛ ûª°æp ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ ÅC îËߪ’-™‰®Ω’. Q. '¢√úø’ á´-Jéà ŮΩnç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’— Ñ ¢√é¬uEo English ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? He speaks for not being understood for any body

ÅØÌî√a? A. What he says none understands/ None understands what he says.

'í∫’®Ω’h °æôd-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ sorry— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ not identified ÅØÌî√a?

§Ò®Ω-¶«ô’ ≤ƒüμ¿u¢Ë’ -Å-ØË N≠æߪ’ç ä°æ¤p-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ †’´¤y Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√o-´-†’-éÓ†’.

Q. It was all as easy as that. A.

ÅC Åçûª Ææ’©¶μºç.

Q. If you had reported as many murder trails as I have known before hand what line he would take. A.

None other than =

Q.

È®çúø’ ïçûª’-´¤©’ äéπ-üΔE üˣ慩’ ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ E´’-®Ω-úøç üΔy®√ ûª´’ ≤ƒEo-£œ«-û√uEo/ ÊÆo£æ…Eo ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®·, ¢√öÀ ÖEo ¢Á’ûªhí¬ ÖçúÕ, E´’-®Ω-úøç Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰†-°æp-öÀéÃ.

Q. Social grooming activities appear to have become almost independent of their original stimuli.

A.

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´ÊÆh-ÆæJ/ ´’ç*üË. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ؈-ûª-úÕ-E •©-´ç-û√† ®Ω°œpç-î√Lq Öçô’çC. Q. Other than, None other than © usage E N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Other than = ÅC/ -Å-ûª-úø’/ -Ç¢Á’ ûª°æp. I Like any place other than Hyderabad = £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ûª°æp Ø√èπ◊ à Ü®Ω-®·Ø√ É≠æd¢Ë’.

Ñ ´’üμ¿u

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. If two animals wish to tighten their bond of friendship they groom one another even if the condition of their fur hardly warrants it.

Q. Well and good

A. In fact =

Ææ*Ø˛ (í∫ûª) 20 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ Çú≈úø’/

Q. Simple future tense subjects we shall

Åçõ‰

A. We'll (we will) find that out quickly enough =

Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

A. I/ We shall

M.SURESAN

Ç¢Á’ ÅC ¶μºJç-î√Lq ´*açC. (°∂晫Ø√ time ÅE -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-E í∫ûªç™) Q. We'll find that out quickly enough

Q. Present perfect tense present perfect continuous tense since, for

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? OöÀE ᙫ îËߪ÷L? OöÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç* ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-éπ-ç ÖçüΔ? àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* Grammar °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Phrasal verb - äéπ verb üΔE ûª®√yûª preposition/ adverb Öçõ‰ ÅC phrasal verb Å´¤-ûª’ç--C. Å®·ûË, phrasal verb Å®√n-EéÃ, Åçü¿’™ ÖçúË, äéÌ\éπ\ ´÷ô Å®√n-Eéà Ææç•çüμ¿ç Öçúøü¿’. eg: Put out = (´’çô, D°æç ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE) ÇÍ®p-ߪ’-úøç– put Å®√n-EéÃ, out Å®√n-EéÃ, put out ¢Á·ûªhç Å®√n-Eéà àç Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ? 鬕öÀd ÉC phrasal verb. Å™«Íí, put off = postpone, go through= read (îªü¿-´-úøç) ™«çöÀ´Fo-.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 566

Q. Residential spoken English institutions A.

Q. Phrasal verbs form

Åçõ‰ O’ ¶μ«´ç?

Å®·Ø√ °j ¢√éπuç ûª°æ¤p.

Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁL-Æœ-†Eo £æ«ûªu© ñ«úø©’ †’´¤y report îËÆ œ Öçõ‰, Åûª-úø’ à °æçü∑Δ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úø’?– Ñ sentence structure ÆæJ-í¬-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’.

Q. I could not make out what he was at. A.

Åûª-úø’ àç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Øˆ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.

Q. The stormy petrel who had earlier denied of a move to the congress also criticised the T.D.P. at an impromptu media meet. A.

Ñ - Sentence ™ àüÓ üÓ≠æç ÖçC. Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ûÁLÊÆh Å®Ωnç Ü£œ«ç-îª-í∫©ç.

Thanks for

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 4 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

G. Satyanarayanamurthy,

a silver heart. There was a self-possessed young lady connected with these accessories, and Mr. Pitcher was there to construe her.

Kakinada Q. Be forms

Åçõ‰ îËûª-©†’ ûÁLÊ° °æüΔ-™‰Ø√? Spoken English No.5 ™ -ûÁ-L°œ-† be forms 3 sets-

1. Am, is are, was, were. 2. Shall be, should be... 3. Have been, should have been...

üËE-éÀç-ü¿èπ◊ ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.- Å-™«Íí Be' forms ûÁ-LÊ°-C -îË-ûª-©-Ø√, Æœn-ûª’-©-Ø√ ? -O-öÀ í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. 'Be' forms Åçõ‰ Action words (îËûª-©†’ ûÁLÊ° °æüΔ©’) 鬴¤. O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† 3 sets of 'be' forms Spoken English No.5 ™ ûÁL°œ† 'A' éÀçü¿Íé ´≤ƒh®·. Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† 3 sets 'be' forms Éçéπ üËEûÓ éπ©-°æ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úÕûË Öçúø-ö«Eo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûÁ©’°æ¤-û√®·. I will be there tomorrow - Ééπ\úø will be, be form (Öçúø-ö«Eo ûÁ-LÊ° verb) = ؈’ Í®°æéπ\-úø Öçö«†’ (Öçúøôç).

A.

éπü¿’-©’-ûª’†o Velvet, ostritch tips éπ°æ¤p (roof/ canopy) éÀçü¿ äûª’hí¬ Â°jéÀ ü¿’Ny- -Ö-†o •çí¬®Ω’ ´®Ωgç- Vûª’h, sealskin Ææç*, °ü¿l-°ü¿l °æ‹Ææ-©üΔ®ΩçûÓ, ¢ÁçúÕ-™«çöÀ £æ«%ü¿-ߪ’çûÓ Ø˩°j† Öçúøôç, Ç broker í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’, Éçûª-´·-êu-¢Á’i† °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o äAh-úÕ™ °j ´-Ææ’h-´¤©’ éπL-T- Ö†o ߪ·´A Åéπ\úø ÖçC. Mr. Pitcher Ç¢Á’†’ °æJ-QLç-îËç-ü¿’-èπ◊ -Å-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúø’– Ñ translation paras Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’ 鬕öÀd Ñ translation °æ‹Jhí¬ ÆæJ-é¬-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Å®Ωnç ´÷vûªç Ææ÷n©çí¬ ÉC.

A. Sudhakar, Peddamallareddy Q. Please clarify whether the following sentence belongs to the simple or complex sentence.

2

A. a) They wrote that it was time they had thought about settling that matter. b) The students said that they wished that they had brought their guitars.

vote of thanks: Meetings

Q. Please clarify whether sentence is correct or not.

the

following

He walks as though he is slightly lame.

Q. Please translate the following sentences into telugu explaining how the adverbs 'luckily' and 'honestly' function in them. a) Luckily, he escaped unhurt. He escaped unhurt luckily. b) Honestly, he did not get the money. He did not get the money honestly.

I will be ther e tomor r ow I will be going there tomorrow = (Action (Verb will be + going - will be + .....ing)

A. a)

Í®°æ¤ ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ

¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o†’

îËûª)

They will go there = will go - action word)

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 567

She is a singer (verb - is - 'be' form -

Ç¢Á’ -í¬--ߪ’E (í¬ ÖçC– É™« ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņç ņ’-éÓç-úÕ). She sings (Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC – sings – action). She has been a teacher for the past two years (verb - has been - 'be' form teacher

Ç¢Á’

È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬

í¬ ÖçC.)

She has taught/ has been teaching for the past two years (verb - has taught) (has + pp)/ has been teaching (has been + ing) Teach action word = (Action -

È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Ç¢Á’

îË≤ÚhçC

îËûª) ÅFo É™« Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C– Åçûªéπç-õ‰ ´·êuç, ¢√öÀE O’ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úøôç. ´’Sx ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’Ø√oç – í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ – Íé-´-©ç 'be' forms †’ ¢√úÕûË ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 'Öçúøôç.— 'be' form ûÓ ÉçÍé-üÁj-Ø√ ('....ing' form/ Past participle) îËJÊÆh ÅC, action word (îËûª-©†’ ûÁ-LÊ° verb Å´¤-ûª’çC) Padma, Ongole Q.

Word to go, to come; 2) '........... ing' form (going, coming, singing, etc) and 3) Past Participles (gone, taken, eaten, etc.,) are not verbs. Be form + ...ing form - (am going, is going, are coming, etc), Be form + Past participle (are taken, is seen, etc) are verbs.] So the sentence, 'Ramu wants..... two ministers', has only one clause and so it is a SIMPLE SENTENCE.

éÀçC Ê°®√-© -Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -N-´-J-ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. He who has been denied the spectacle of busy Manhattan broker during a rush of business is handicapped for the profession of anthropology. The poet sings of the crowded hour of glorious life.

A.

A. 'Ramu wants the ruling party to dismiss two ministers' - This is a simple senM.SURESAN tence. 'Wants' is the only verb in the sentence. A sentence having only one verb is always a simple sentence. To dismiss two ministers' is a phrase, because it is a group of words without a verb. To dismiss (like to go, to come, to sing, to eat, etc), is only an INFINITIVE and not a verb: [Remember 1) To + I st Regular Doing

¶«í¬ ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçúË Manhattan (New York ™ äéπ ¶μ«í∫ç) ™ éπ~ùç BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË ü¿∞«K (busy broker) ü¿%¨»uEo îª÷úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç Anthropology îªü¿-´ôç °æ‹®Ωh-®·-†ô’x é¬ü¿’. (Åçõ‰ Ñ ü¿∞«K ü¿%¨¡uç ´÷†-´¤© °æ¤ô’d °æ‹®Óy-ûªh-®√©’, Ø√í∫-J-éπû√ °æJ-ù«-´÷©’ ûÁLÊ° Anthropology ™ äéπ ´·êu¢Á’i† Å稡ç. ÅC îª÷úø-™‰éπ§Ú®·-†-°æ¤púø’, Ç ´·êu¢Á’i† Å稻Eo éÓ™p-®·-†õ‰x ÅE, ®Ωîª-®·ûª ¶μ«´ç)

Q. In the midst of this growing and important stress the broker became suddenly aware of a high-rolled fringe of golden hair under a nodding canopy of velvet and ostrich tips an imitation sealskin sack and a string of beads as large as nuts, ending near the floor with

J.V. Jayaprakash, Proddatur Q. Please turn the following expressing a condition 'if'

sentences

a) As it was raining heavily, we decided against going out. b) They asked him to leave the dining-room because he was not wearing a shirt. A. a) If it had not been raining, we would not have decided against going out b) If he had been wearing a shirt, they would not have asked him to leave the room. Q. Please turn the following sentences into indirect speech. a) They wrote "it is time we thought about settling this matter." b) "We wish we had brought our guitars." said the students.

Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h í¬ßª’-¢Ë’ç ûªí∫-©-èπ◊çú≈ ûª°œpç-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. This is the translation. As you yourself say 'luckily' in both the sentences function as adverbs modifying the verb, 'escaped'

¢√∞¡}-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á-∞¡-û√®Ω’ (verb-

b) This sentence is another way of saying, 'To tell you honestly/ Honestly speaking'

(Eïç îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰) Åûª-úÕé¬ úø•’s- ®√-™‰ü¿’. Here 'honestly' speaking'.

modifies

'to

each other:

äéπJØÌ-éπ®Ω’/ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ Å™«ç-öÀN, Éûª-®Ω-¢Á’i-†N each and everyone: v°æA-¢√®Ω÷. Q. ÅÂÆç-HxéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç* §∂Úx®˝ Múø®˝ Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. ÅCμ-é¬®Ω °æé¬~ -EéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√È®j, -ÅÂÆç-Hx 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷© E®Ωy-£æ«ù ¶«üμ¿uûª éπ©-¢√®Ω’. Q. Enquiry ûª®√yûª about ÅØË °æü¿ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´Ææ’hçüΔ? A. ´Ææ’hçC. Q. Notional Increment Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. ܣ慴÷vûª-¢Á’i† °ç°æ¤ – @ûª ¶μºû√u©’ °çîËô°æ¤púø’, v°æÆæ’hûª ´‚©-¢Ë-ûª†ç (Basic pay) O’ü¿ ÉîËa °ç°æ¤ – Ñ ¢Á·û√hEo ¶μºû√u©’ (allowances) ™„éÀ\ç-îËç-ü¿’Íé ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. Q. Fee - Fees ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç– Fee ®Ω’Ææ’´· – ÉC countable, 鬕öÀd D-EéÀ pluralfees = ®Ω’Ææ’-´·©’. fee ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷, 'a' ¢√ú≈L. The doctor charges a fee to treat each and other:

A. He walks as though he was/ were slightly lame.

Ramu wants the ruling party to dismiss two ministers.

tell/

you. Q. Cassorole

Åûª-úÕé¬ úø•’s Eñ«--ߪ’-Bí¬ ®√-™‰-ü¿’/ ¢Á÷Ææç ´©x ´*açC. Here 'honestly', modifies 'get' K. Krishnakanth, Aswaraopet Q. Please tell me which is the correct sentence in the following? why? 1. From today I shall speak in English only. 2. From today I shall speak only in English.

È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. É¢√-Rd †’ç* ؈’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ØË ´÷ö«x-úø’û√ ÅE.

A.V. Subbarao, Onipenta Q. Vowels

Åçõ‰ a,e,i,o,u éπüΔ. ÉN ™‰èπ◊çú≈ N’T-L† 21 Åéπ~-®√©’ consonants ûÓØË °æüΔ©’ ®√´¤ Åçö«®Ω’. sky, spy, why, fly, try Ñ °æüΔ©’ ´î√a®· éπüΔ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Vowels, Consonants - ÉN ¨¡¶«l-™‰-é¬E, Åéπ~-®√©’ 鬴¤. ¨¡¶«l-©†’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç ¢√úË í∫’®Ω’h©’ Åéπ~-®√©’. sky, why, etc., ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™x y, consonant í∫’Í®h Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ, Ñ ¨¡¶«l™ x 'ai' (â) Å-ØË vowel †’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. Q. Awesome Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. Awesome = Ææçv¶μº-´ ÷-¨¡a-®√u-©†’ éπL-TçîË; Åçü¿-¢Á’i†, Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i†. Q. éÀçC °æüΔ© Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Cutlet, agenda, much more, just do, just like that, vote of thanks, each other, each and other( each and everyone.

Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπ-õ‰Ø√?)

1) ™ûª’í¬ ÖçúË §ƒvûª™ vü¿´ç™ ¢Á’Lxí¬ ÖúÕ-éÀçîË ´÷çÆæç ™«çöÀ ǣ慮Ωç 2) Å™« ÖúÕ-éÀç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´‚ûª Ö†o ™ûÁj† §ƒvûª. Q. Carry off Åçõ‰ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Carry (something) off = àüÁjØ√ Èí©’-éÓ-´-úøç. He carried off the I prize. Q. Hosieries

Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Ñ ´÷ô áèπ◊\-´í¬ °ü¿l °ü¿l •ôd© ü¿’é¬-ù«™x, socks, stockings (¢Á÷é¬∞¡x üΔé¬ ´îËa socks), •F†’x, underwear Ţ˒t N¶μ«-í¬-EéÀ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. Q. Power point presentation Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. àü¿-®·Ø√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo computer, slides ûÓ N´Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ à®√pô’ îËÊÆ Ææ¶μº – Cinema Screen ™«çöÀ ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿í¬F, ûÁ©xöÀ íÓúø-O’ü¿í¬F °æúË-N-üμ¿çí¬ ¶Ô´’t©’, N´-®√©’ èπÿJa ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËÆœ† v°æü¿-®Ωz†, N´-®Ωù. Q. Kudos Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. ¢Á’°æ¤p†’ ûÁL-Ê°-´÷ô – Kudos to Indian space A.

scientists for finding water on the moon =

îªçvü¿’-úÕ Ö°æ-J-ûª©ç O’ü¿ F®Ω’ ÖE-éÀE éπ†’-í̆o ¶μ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ¨»ÆæY-Vc-©èπ◊ ÅGμ-†ç-ü¿-†©’ (¢Á’°æ¤p, íı®Ω´ç) G.Venugopal, Karimnagar Q. I rent a large old furnished house. I rent an old large furnished house. Which sentence is the correct? A. I rent an old, large, furnished house. Q. Jame's back is worse than his bite. A. James' (Jame's bark (back worse than his bite = james

é¬ü¿’) is ´-Fo -´öÀd ¶„CJç°æ¤™‰. Åçûª v°æ´÷-ü¿-®Ω-¢Á’i† ¢√úËç-é¬úø’. (¢√úÕ ¶„C-Jç-°æ¤-©èπ◊ ´’†ç ¶μºßª’-°æ-úø-éπ\-Í®xü¿’) é¬ü¿’)

Gurram Shankar, Kasavapatnam Q.

A. Cutlet:

´÷çÆæ°æ¤ ´·éπ\©’ (*†o *†o ¢√öÀûÓ) îËÊÆ °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç agenda: Ææ¶μº©÷/ Ææ´ ÷-¢Ë-¨»™x îªJaç-î √-Lq† Å稡ç/ §ƒKd v°æù«-R-éπ™ ¶μ«í∫ç. much more: î√-™« áèπ◊\´ (ÉçéÌéπ üΔE-éπçõ‰) just do: ´·çü¿’ îÁ®·u. just like that: Å-ü¿-™«Íí/ Åü¿çûË/ üΔE™«Íí

Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

A. Correct spelling - casserole =

He did not get the money honestly =

A.

*´®Ω ´çü¿†

Ææ´’®Ωpù

ÉçC-®√-í¬çDμ îÁ°œp† Ñ éÌõ‰-≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊ Å®√nEo ûÁ©’°æí∫©®Ω’. "Education is a liberating force, and in our age it is also a democratising force, cuttings across the barriers of cast and class smoothing out inequalities imposed by birth and other circumstances."

A.

Nü¿u äéπ N¢Á÷-îª-Ø√-¨¡éÀh. ´’† ®ÓV™x ÅC èπ◊©´’ûª ´®√_©éπB-ûªçí¬ ÅÆæ-´÷-†-ûª©†’ ûÌ©-TçîË v°æñ«≤ƒy´÷u-EéÀ üÓ£æ«-ü¿-°æ-úË- ¨¡éÀh èπÿú≈.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 11 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

ROL Sarma, Nellore Q.

Q. What are your strengths and weak-

≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ ÖüÓu-í¬© éÓÆæç îËÊÆ Éçô-®Ω÷yu™x ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ éÀçC v°æ¨¡o©’ Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ö«-®ΩE NØ√o†’. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ -O-öÀéÀ ᙫ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç îÁ§ƒp™ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. ÉN áçü¿-JéÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√-ߪ’E Ø√ ÖüËl¨¡ç.

1. Tell me about yourself.

(O’ •™«©÷, •©-£‘«-†-ûª©’)

Ñ v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ ï¢√-G-îËaçîËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L. éÀçC ü¿’èπ◊ ´·çü¿Í® ¶«í¬ véπ´’ç™ îÁ§Òpa: (Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ Ææ´÷-üμΔ-Ø√©’ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊, ´’ç* communication skills Å´-Ææ®Ωç) 1. ´’† -Ê°®Ω÷, Ü®Ω’: I am Sarma from Nellore, PS Nellore Dt; AP. family background, parentage, and siblings

O’

(ûÓ•’--ô’d-´¤©’):

Ours is an agricultural/ business family/ family of employees - My father is Mr (Name) and he is a farmer/ businessman/ employee, etc; and my mother is Mrs (Name), employed/ home maker etc.

Q. What do you think will be your job profile?

(O’®Ω’ îËߪ’-¶ßË’ ÖüÓuí∫ Ææy¶μ«-´- Ææy-®Ω÷§ƒ-™„™« Öçö«-ߪ’-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?)

hard and the determination to succeed. 2) I have the willingness to learn too, and always look for opportunities to improve my knowledge. 3) I can make friends easily and that helps to interact with others. 4) I have a

A. Tell me about yourself. plan

2. (a)

nesses?

A. Strengths are: 1) My willingness to work

zeal for life and wish to see the best of it.

•™«©’: 1) éπ≠d-°æ æ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçÆœ-ü¿l¥ûª, Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCμçî√-©ØË E¨¡aߪ’ç. 2) ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ’´·-êûª, Ø√ Nñ«c-Ø√Eo °ç§Òç-Cç--èπ◊ØË Å´-é¬-¨»-©èπ◊ îª÷úøôç. 3) Éûª-®Ω’© ÊÆo£æ«ç §Òçü¿-í∫-LÍí Ææy¶μ«´ç, ûªüΔy®√ ´÷†´ Ææç•ç--üμΔ-©-†’ °ç-éÓ-´-úøç. 4) @Nûªç îªéπ\í¬ Å†’-¶μº-Nç-î√-©ØË éÓJéπ.

2

A. I think it's going to be responsible and highly demanding, but at the same time highly rewarding as well. It is going to be a test of what I have so far learnt. I think it will be a job that will give me job satisfaction. I will have a good pay. It will help me to lead a respectable life.

¶«üμ¿u-ûªûÓ èπÿúÕ Ø√ ¨¡-èπ◊h-©èπ◊ Ææ¢√-©’í¬ ÖçúË ÖüÓuí∫ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o†’. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ üΔE-´©x î√™« °∂æL-û√-©†’ §ÒçüË-Cí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ؈’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o üΔEéÀ Ææ¢√-©’í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Ø√èπ◊ Ñ ÖüÓu-í∫ç -´©x ÆæÈ®j† éπ%≠œ îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a, Ø√èπ◊ °æE- N-≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ææçûª%-°œh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. @ûªç- èπÿú≈ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Åçü¿’-´©x íı®Ω-´Fߪ’¢Á’i† @Nûªç í∫úø-°æ-í∫-©-†-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

My weaknesses: 1) I trust others too easily and too much, and that often lands me in trouble. 2) I get angry easily but as easily forget it. 3) I think I am a little careless with money but am trying to set myself right.

Shaheen nisar, Anantapur Q.

derive, addition to, subject to, liable to, criteria, round up

éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Derive = Ghee is derived from butter =

äéπüΔE†’ç* ÉçéÌéπüΔEo §Òçü¿-úøç. ¢Á†o †’ç* ØÁ®·u B≤ƒh®Ω’ (Bߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC)

Duryodhana derived happiness by troubling the Pandavas =

§ƒçúø-´¤-©èπ◊ éπ≥ƒd©’ éπL-Tç* ü¿’®Óu-üμ¿-†’úø’ ÆæçûÓ≠æç §ÒçüΔúø’.

Some Hindi words are derived from Arabic and Persian = (The Telugu word is derived from the Persian, through Hindi)

éÌEo £œ«çD ´÷ô©’, Å®ΩHs, °æJ{-ߪ’Ø˛ ¶μ«≠æ© †’ç* ´î√a®·. ®ÓV ®Ó--ñ ¸,

What motivates you?

Addition =

b) Your position among your siblings: I am the eldest/ youngest / the second, etc of the two/ three children in the family. Your siblings' occupation, etc.

éÌEo E•ç-üμ¿-†-©èπ◊ ™•úÕ †’¢√y-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ņ’´’A≤ƒh®Ω’. Liable to = Péπ~èπ◊/ Ωuèπ◊ ¶«üμ¿’u-©ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç.

3. a) Your educational qualifications - starting from your highest qualification - university/ college, year of getting the qualification, your specialisation etc b) Your schooling, if there is the time for you to talk of it. 4. Your present job/ occupation, if any.

(´’†ç

É°æ¤púËç îËÆæ’h-†oD, à´’Ø√o îËÆæ’hçõ‰) É-O Tell me about yourself ņo-°æ¤púø’ O’J-´y´-©-Æœ† N´-®√©’. °j† ûÁL°œ† véπ´’ç †´‚Ø√ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd Ç véπ´÷Eo ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-´îª’a é¬F ûÁL-§ƒ-Lq† N´-®√--L-N. Q. What are your career objectives?

(O’ ÖüÓuí∫ ¢√u°æ-鬩 N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ O’Í®ç ≤ƒCμç-î√©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?) A. DEéÀ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç O’È®ç--èπ◊ØË career †’ •öÀd éπüΔ Öçô’çC. O’èπ◊ à profession èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† NüΔu-®Ω|ûª Öçõ‰, Ç profession ™ ®√ùÀç-îª-úøç (occupying/ rising to the top position in the profession) is my objective

(üμËuߪ’ç) ÅE îÁ§Òpa. Éçé¬ ÉC èπÿú≈ îÁ°æp-úøç ´·êuç. Enriching

my knowledge through my association with an esteemed company/ organization like yours and gaining valuable experience. Q. Where do you see yourself in five years?

(†’´¤y ´îËa -Å®·-üË-∞¡x-™ -á-™« (-à ≤ƒn®·-™) Öçö«-†-†’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) A. I hope I will get this job. If I do, I will do my best to be of use to the company and gain a knowledge of my work and valuable experience. I hope it will help me to rise to some good position in this company. In the coming five years, I see myself as a very useful and competent middle level executive in the organization.

Ø√éà ÖüÓuí∫ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ´ÊÆh éπç°FéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úË™« ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. Ñ ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊E, N©’-¢Áj† ņ’-¶μº´ç Ææ秃-Cç--èπ◊ç-ö«-†’. ´îËa -Å®·-üË∞¡x™ Ñ company ™ØË ´’ç* ÆœnA §Òçü¿í∫-©-†-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. ´îËa -Å®·üË-∞¡x™ Ñ company ™ØË, -ߪ÷ï-´÷†u E®Ωy-£æ«-ù«-Cμ-é¬-J-†-´¤-û√†’.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – Ééπ\úø É*a† Ææ´÷-üμΔ-Ø√©’ †´‚-Ø√©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. O’ NüΔu-®Ω|-ûª©÷, O’®Ω’ §Òçü¿-¶ßË’ ÖüÓu-í¬©†’ •öÀd N´-®√-©†’ ´÷®Ω’aéÓçúÕ. Ééπ\úø ¢Ë’ç MBA Qualification Ö†o-¢√JéÀ ÆæÈ®jç-Cí¬ ®√¨»ç. -O’ NüΔu-®Ω|ûªèπ◊ ûªT-†-ô’xí¬ O’®Ω’ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓçúÕ ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o©’ áü¿’-®Ó\-¢√-Lq† interviews èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx ´·çü¿’ î√™« practice Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Åçü¿’-éπE practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 568 Ø√ •©-£‘«-†-ûª©’: 1) Éûª-®Ω’©†’ Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ ´’K áèπ◊\-´í¬ †´’túøç, üΔE-´©x *èπ◊\™x °æúøôç. M.SURESAN 2) Ø√èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçD, Åçûª ûªy®Ω-í¬†÷ ûªT_-§Ú-ûª’çC. 3) úø•’s N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ø√èπ◊ ñ«ví∫ûªh ûªèπ◊\-´-†’-èπ◊çö«, Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ††’o ؈’ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’°æ®Ω-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆæ’hØ√o. Q. What motivates you?

(Fèπ◊ vÊ°®Ωù àC?) A. My desire to be somebody in life. I have a few role models too. My uncle is in an eminent managerial position, and I want to follow in his footsteps. I want to contribute something to society.

@N-ûªç™ -Å-ûª-úø’/ -Ç-¢Á’ °∂晫Ø√ ÅE Éûª-®Ω’©’ ÅØË ÆœnAéÀ ®√´-úøç. Ø√èπ◊ éÌçûª-´’çC Çü¿®Ωz ´uèπ◊h-©’Ø√o®Ω’. ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ´’ç* ߪ÷ï-´÷†u ≤ƒn®·™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. -Ç-ߪ’-† Åúø’-í∫’-ñ«-úø™x †úø-¢√-©E Ø√ ÖüËl¨¡ç. Ææ´÷-ñ«-EéÀ àü¿-®·Ø√ ÊÆ´ îËߪ÷-©-ØËC Ø√ éÓJéπ. Q. What are your achievement?

(FNçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç ≤ƒCμç-î√´¤?) A. Éçü¿’èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üμΔ-†çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤™  O’ Nï-ߪ÷©÷, îªü¿’-´¤™, Éûª®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷™x O’®Ω’ §ÒçC† •£æ›´’ûª’©÷ °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√-© í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. ÖüÓuí∫Ææ’h-©-®·ûË, Ç ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ àç î˨»®Ó Ê°®Ì\-†çúÕ. Q. Why are you interested in our organization? A. Yours is organization of great international repute with its presence in a number of countries. I think it a matter of pride to be associated with an organization of the type. I can learn a lot from you and widen my career opportunities. The working conditions in your organization are very attractive, and the pay is quite good. Your company can provide me a good job relevant to my qualifications.

Åçûª-®√b-Bߪ’ ë«uAûÓ î√™« ü˨»™x Ö†o ÆæçÆæn O’C. O’ ÆæçÆæn-™«çöÀ-üΔ-E-ûÓ Å†’-•çüμ¿ç Ø√èπ◊ í∫®Ωyé¬-®Ωùç. O’-†’ç* ؈’ î√™« ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫-©†’. O’ éπç°-F-™ éπ%≠œéÀ ûªí∫_ -°∂æ-Lûªç, °æE- ¢√-û√-´-®Ωùç î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬. @ûªç èπÿú≈ ¶«í∫’çô’çC. Ø√ NüΔu-®Ω|-ûª-©èπ◊ ûªT† ÖüÓuí∫ç O’ éπç°F™ Ø√èπ◊ ®√í∫-©ü¿’.

Omkar K, Visakhapatnam.

èπÿúÕéπ, îËJéπ. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ûÓúø’í¬, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈. Subject to = (E•ç-üμ¿-†-©èπ◊) ™•úÕ. In addition to =

Subject to rules, you will be allowed to play =

You are liable to prosecution if you trespass =

-O’®Ω’ £æ«ü¿’l-O’-JûË Péπ~èπ◊/ Ωuèπ◊ ¶«üμ¿’u-©ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Criteria = v°æ´÷-ù«©’. What are the criteria for deciding the goodness of a person = äéπ ´uéÀh ´’ç*ûªØ√Eo E®Ωg-®·ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æ´÷-ù«-™‰-N’öÀ? (üËEo•öÀd äéπJ ´’ç*ûª†ç E®Ωg-®·≤ƒhç). Singular - Criterion

Q. Could you kindly clarify the following? 1. Princes Princess

(®√èπ◊-´÷-®Ω’úø’), (®√èπ◊-´÷È®h) ©èπ◊ •£æ›-´-îª-Ø√©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Princes Åçõ‰ ®√èπ◊-´÷-®Ω’©’, ®√èπ◊-´÷-®Ω’úø’ é¬ü¿’. ®√èπ◊-´÷-®Ω’úø’ = Prince (Singular) ®√èπ◊-´÷-®Ω’©’ = Princes (Plural) Princess = ®√èπ◊-´÷È®h (Singular) Princesses = ®√èπ◊-´÷-È®h©’ (Plural) Q. -´u-Gμ-îª-Jç-îª-úøç -Å-ØË -Å®Ωnç-ûÓ dating - Åç-ô’Ø√o®Ω’. Dating Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’ö ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Dating Åçõ‰ ´uGμ-îª-Jç--îª-úøç- é¬ü¿’; äéπ-JûÓ vÊ°´’ -´u-´-£æ…®Ωç Öçúøôç. ´uGμ-îª-Jç-îª-úøç = N¢√-Ê£«-ûª®Ω Ææç•çüμ¿ç Öçúøôç; áèπ◊\´ ´’çCûÓ ™„jçTéπ Ææç•çüμ¿ç Öçúøôç = adultery.

´uGμ-îª-Jç-îª-úøç = Commit adultery ´uGμ-î√J; Adulteress = ´uGμ-î√-JùÀ. Q. Tempo Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. Tempo = äéπ -°æE ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ÖçúË Ü°æ¤. The campaign has acquired tempo = Ç Öü¿u´’ç Ü°æç-ü¿’-éÌçC. Adulterer =

Q. Truth, purity and unselfishness wherever these are present, there is no power below or above the sun to crush the person there off.

DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Ææûªuç, °æJ-¨¡Ÿ-ü¿l¥ûª, E≤ƒy-®Ωnûª Ö†oçûª´®Ωèπ◊/ ÉC Ö†o ´uéÀhE Ñ N¨¡yç™ (Ææ÷®Ω’uúÕ éÀçü¿/ Ææ÷®Ω’uúÕ Â°jØ√ = below or above the sun) ਡéÃh Åù-*- ¢Ë-ߪ’™‰ü¿’. Q. é¬uö¸, ¶«uö¸, ®√uö¸, §∂ƒuØ˛-©™ '-- u — áçü¿’èπ◊? A. Ñ °æüΔ-©™ a °æ-LÍé ¨¡¶«lEo -ûÁ-LÊ° ÆæÈ®j† Åéπ~®Ωç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøç-´©x. Q. Standard spoken C.D.'s †’ suggest îËߪ’çúÕ. Vocabulary éÓÆæç èπÿú≈ Ææ÷-*ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A.

A. UEFL (University of English and Foreign Languages), Hyderabad

¢√JN îª÷úøçúÕ.

Round up =

´’†’-≠æfl-©†’/ ïçûª’-´¤-©†’ àüÁjØ√ ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ äéπ-îÓô îË®Ωa-úøç, ´·êuçí¬ ØË®Ω-Ææ’n-©’í¬ ¶μ«Nç-îË-¢√-∞¡x†’ Åü¿’-°æ¤-™éÀ BÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç. Q. éÀçC ûÁ©’í∫’ °æüΔ© Å®√n-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. §ƒ*°æôd-úøç ™‰üΔ •÷V°æôdúøç, éÓ°œ≠œd. A. be mossy = §ƒ*•ôd-úøç; •÷V°æôdúøç = cobweb; A cob webbed room = •÷V°æöÀd-† -í∫C. éÓ°œ≠œe = po-faced Q. †÷uÆˇ-Ê°-°æ®˝™  îªC-N† éÀçC ¢√éπuç Å®√nEo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Patients with complex blocks in blood vessels with no other option but to undergo open heart surgery can now be treated with Angioplasty. A. Open- heart surgery operation)

(í∫’çúÁ†’ ûÁJ* îËÊÆ éÀ v°æû√u-´÷oߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊†o ®Óí∫’©èπ◊ É°æ¤p-úø’ -Çç->-ßÁ÷-§ƒxÆ‘d-ûÓ -*éÀ-ûªq -îË-ߪ’-´-a. Q. ؈’ ÅûªúÕ-E Å-úÕ-í¬-†E îÁ°æ¤p. DEéÀ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ÆæÈ®j† expression ÖçüΔ? A. Convey my enquires to him. moving on Q. News Channel

™ Åçô÷ ûª®√yûª £«ú˛-™„j-Ø˛q-™éÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú--û√®Ω’. DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. ûª®√yûª N≠æߪ’ç. Q. £æ…®·í¬ ≤ƒ-T-§Ú-ûª ’ç-ü¿-† ’èπ◊-†o -Ø√-´ -äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ -ä®Ωí∫-úøç -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-¢Á’iç-C. A. The smooth sailing ship began to tack/ tilt. ive, able Q. effective & effectable.

°æüΔ-EéÀ *´®Ω ´îËa OöÀéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? îÁߪ’u-í∫-©, Å´y-í∫© ÖüΔ: ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ ´Ææ’hçC éπüΔ. DE í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. effectable ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. àüÁjØ√ ´÷ôèπ◊ -able îËJÊÆh 'ûªT†—/ éπL-T† ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. walkable distance - †úø´í∫πL-T† ü¿÷®Ωç salable = Å´’t-ü¿-T† '-ive' à °æüΔ-E-ÈéjØ√ îËJÊÆh, Ç Ææy-¶μ«´çí∫© ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. effective = effect (v°æ¶μ«´ç) + ive (éπ©) = v°æ¶μ«-´ç-í∫π©.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 19 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2009 Y. Gayathri, Asifabad Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. Ñ ®ÓV î√™« Öéπ\-§Ú-ûªí¬ ÖçC, ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç î√™« ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçC.

A. Today (The day) is very sultry. The weather is hot. Q.

®√†’ ®√†’ á´Jo †´÷t™ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’.

A. Its becoming difficult to know who to believe. Q.

Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç ´*aç-ü¿çõ‰ ûª®√yûª àN’ îË≤ƒh-†-†oC Ø√Íé ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

A. Once I lose my temper, I myself don’t know what I will do. Q.

††o-úÕ-T ™«¶μºç ™‰ü¿’. ¢ËÍ® á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ÅúÕT îª÷úø’.

A. No use asking me. Ask some one else. Q.

Ç°∂‘-Ææ’™ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« °æE ÖçC, ÂÆ©´¤ °ôdúøç O©’ é¬ü¿’.

A. I’m too busy at office to apply for leave. Q.

î√™« -¶«í∫’ç-C.

A. It’s very good. Q.

éÌûªh Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ î√™« éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i†¢√®Ω’.

A. The new Officer is very strict/ He/ She means business/ He (or she) is a no nonsense person.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Villagization:

îÁü¿’-®Ω’-´’-ü¿’-®Ω’í¬ áèπ◊\´ ví¬´÷™x Ö†o v°æï-©†’, äÍé ví¬´’ç™ îË®Ωaúøç – •©-´çûªçí¬, ¢√®Ω’ A®Ω’-í∫’-¶«ô’ üμÓ®ΩùÀ éπ©-¢√-®ΩE ņ’-´÷EÊÆh – Å™« äÍé ví¬´÷-EéÀ îËJa ¢√J O’ü¿ E°∂æ÷ °çîªúøç. Animatronics: ´’®Ω ´’†’-≠æfl©’, ´’®Ω ïçûª’-´¤©’ (Robots) ûªßª÷®Ω’îËÊÆ NüμΔ-©†’ îªJaçîË á©-é¬Z-Eé˙q N¶μ«í∫ç – ´·êuçí¬ ÉN áèπ◊\´ Hollywood ÆœE´÷™x ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Butterfly ballot: ´’üμ¿u™ ´’úÕ* ÖçúÕ, ´’úøûª ü¿í∫_®Ω áEo-éπ© Ŷμºu-®Ω’n© Ê°®Ω÷, N´-®√©’ ÖçúË ballot paper. Ñ °æü¿l¥-A™ ´’†èπ◊ †*a† ŶμºuJn Ê°®Ω’ ®√ߪ’úøç üΔy®√ ´’†ç ãô’ ¢Ë≤ƒhç. °æ‹Jh Åéπ~-®√Ææuûª Ö†o ü˨»-™xØË ÉC ≤ƒ-üμ¿uç. É°æ¤púø’ ÉC §ƒûª •-úÕ-§Ú-®·çC Electronic voting system ¢√úø-éπçûÓ. Roscharch Test - ÉC ã ´uéÀh ´’†-Ææhûªyç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËÊÆ °æKéπ~. Éçü¿’™ ã é¬Tûªç O’ü¿ Æœ®√ (Ink) ’x-û√®Ω’. Ç Æœ®√ ´’®Ωéπ ´’†èπ◊ à Ç鬮Ωçí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçüÓ üΔEo•öÀd ´’† ´’†-Ææhûªyç E®√l¥J≤ƒh®Ω’. Roscharch Ö-î√a-®Ωù – ®Ó≥ƒÆˇ Glonets: í∫%£æ«Ù-°æ-éπ-®Ω-ù«©÷, Ç£æ…®Ω °æüΔ-®√n©÷, ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’-Ø√© Å´’t-鬩÷, é̆’-íÓ∞¡}, áí∫’-´’A, Cí∫’´’ûª’-©èπ◊ éπLpçîË ´ÆæA.

2

Q. Please reply forthwith. A. Correct. forthwith

Å®·ûË ÅØËC §ƒçúÕûªuç. üΔE •ü¿’©’ immediately Åçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.

Q. Do not make castle in the air.

K. Omkar, Visakhapatnam

A. Do not build (make castles in the air = (castle =

•ü¿’©’)

í¬L-¢Ë’-úø©’ éπöÔdü¿’l. éÓô)

ÂÆjE-èπ◊-©’çúË Â°ü¿l-

Q. Henceforth I work hard to get distinction. Henceforth A. Correct. from now on

Å®·ûË •ü¿’©’, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC.

§ƒçúÕûªuç. üΔE (É°æpöÀ †’ç*), ņúøç,

Raju, Darisi Q. You may be cajoled into imagining that your own special trade or your own industry will be encouraged by a protective tariff, but it stands to reason that such legislation must in the long run keep away wealth from the country, diminish the value of our imports and lower the general conditions of life on this is and.

¢√û√-´-®Ωùç î√™« ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçC. äéπ ´®Ω{ç °æúÕûË ¶«í∫’ç-úø’.

A. The weather is so hot. If only it rains! Q.

éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’, Öî√a-®Ωù N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Economic refugee, Food terrorist, Green mail, Agridisarmament, Alphaman, Zombie food, Watch poodle, Villagization, Animatronics, Butterfly ballot, Rorschach test, Glonets, Inforpreneur, Infotainment, Knowbot, Techie, Armageddon, Grandiloquent

A. Economic refugee =

ÇJnéπ ¨¡®Ω-ù«-®Ω’n©’. Ææyü˨¡ç™ ÆæÈ®j† @´-ØÓ-§ƒCμ Å´-é¬-¨»©’ §Òçü¿™‰éπ ¢Á’®Ω’Èíj† Ö§ƒCμ Å´-é¬-¨»© éÓÆæç NüË-¨»-©èπ◊ ´©-Ææ-¢ÁRx Åéπ\úø Æœn®Ω-°æ-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Å®·ûË O∞¡x†’ Economic refugees ÅØË •ü¿’©’ é¬Ææh íı®Ω-´-v°æ-ü¿çí¬ É°æ¤púø’ Economic migrants Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. (Refugee = ¨¡®Ω-ù«Jn) ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† @´† v°æ´÷-ù«© éÓÆæç Nü˨»™x Æœn®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’†o ¶μ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷, Economic migrants.

Food terrorists = food factories

Ç£æ…®Ω °æüΔ-®√n-©†’ °ü¿l-°ü¿l ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îËÊÆ -¶μ«-K -¢Á·-ûªhç A†’ -•ç-ú≈-®√-©†’ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† bacteria, ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’-Ø√©ûÓ ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ N≠æ-v§ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ Bv´-¢√-ü¿’©’ – à ü˨¡ç-°j-ØÁjØ√ éπéπ~ B®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Green mail = äéπ éπç°-F-™ E ¢√ö«-©†’ Ç éπç°FßË’ éÌØËô’x îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ç éπç°F ¢√ö«-©Fo äéπ ¢√ö«-üΔ-®Ω’úø’/ éÌçûª-´’çC ¢√ö«-üΔ®Ω’x/ ´’®Ó éπç°F, Ç éπç°-F™ -î√-™« ¢√ö«©’ éÌE Ç éπç°FE ¢Á·ûªhç éÌØË-≤ƒh-´’E ¶„C-Jç-îªúøç (§Ú©açúÕ – blackmail) Agri disarmament:

ÆæyüË-¨¡ç™ ´u´-≤ƒßª’ Öûªpûª’h© üμ¿®Ω©’, Nü˨»™x ¢√öÀéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ êK-ü¿’í¬ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ç ü˨¡ç †’ç* Cí∫’-´’A îËÆæ’-éÓ-éπ§Ú´úøç/ ÆæyüËQ Öûªp-ûª’h-©ØË NE-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªúøç. Alphaman: Åûªuçûª •©ç/ v§ƒ´·êuç/ ™„jçTéπ °æöÀ´’ Ö†o °æ¤®Ω’-≠æflúø’/ ´’í∫ ïçûª’´¤– ´’†’-≠æfl©/ ïçûª’-´¤© •%çü¿ç™ Zombie food: Ö•sÆæç ™«çöÀ ï•’s-©†÷, Ü• (™«´¤) ¨¡K®Ωç, E®√-Ææ-éπhûª, Å´-í¬-£æ«† ¨¡éÀhE ûªT_çîË, éÌ´¤y (fat)ûÓ èπÿúÕ† ǣ慮Ωç – ´·êuçí¬ éÌ´¤y ÅCμ-éπ-¨»ûªç ÖçúË Ç£æ…®Ωç. Watch poodle: DEo í∫’Jç* Åçûªí¬ ûÁLߪ’ü¿’ – Poodle Åçõ‰ ´÷vûªç äéπ ñ«A èπ◊éπ\ – DE O’ü¿ °JÍí ü¿ôd-¢Á’i† ¶Ôa†’ à Çé¬-®Ωç™ 鬢√-©çõ‰ Ç Çé¬-®Ωç™ éπAh-Jç* °ç-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

A.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 569 Inforpreneur:

(ÉØ˛-§∂Ú-v°-Ø√®˝) = (¢√®√h °ævA-éπ©÷, TV Channels™«) Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç ÊÆéπM.SURESAN Jç* Internet, website üΔy®√ v°æ≤ƒ®Ωç îËÊÆ Ææ´÷-î√®Ω ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω’©’ – Å®·ûË úø•’s îÁLxç-îË-¢√-JÍé Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç §ÒçüË ≤˘éπ®Ωuç Öçô’çC. Blogs (web Ææ´÷-î √®Ω °ævA-éπ©’ †úÕ-Ê°-¢√®Ω’ èπÿú≈ Inforpreneurs) Ñ Ææ´÷-î √®Ω ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç, CD ©’, Audios üΔy®√ èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. ´·êuçí¬ ¢√u§ƒ-®ΩÆæ’h-©èπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† ¢√ùÀïu Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Éçü¿’™ áèπ◊\´í¬ Öçô’çC. (Inforpreneur = information + entrepreneur

(¢√u§ƒJ)

ûªÊ°p éπüΔ?

Q. The roof of the house

F v§ƒùç N©’-¢Ájç-ü¿F, -F Ç™-îªØ√ Ææ®ΩR ÆæÈ®jç-ü¿ØË †´’téπç Fèπ◊çC éπ†’éπ, Ç ûª’°æp©÷ ü¿’•s©÷ EçúÕ-´¤†o v°æü˨¡ç ñLéÀ ¢Á∞¡xèπ◊.

Q. It depends on what you think worth telling. A.

Åü¿çû√ †’´¤y îÁ°æpûªTçüË ÅE ņ’-èπ◊ØË üΔEO’ü¿ ÇüμΔ-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçô’çC. (Åü¿çû√ †’´¤y àC îÁ°æp-ûªTçC, àC-é¬ü¿’ ņ’-èπ◊ØË üΔEo•öÀd Öçô’çC.)

Q. Whip that cracked in the air which was filled no longer with the talking of mynah birds and the barks of pet dogs, but with roars of tigers and gibbering of apes. A. This is only a part of a sentence not a sentence.

¢Á’iØ√ °æèπ~◊© °æ©’-èπ◊-©’, °ç°æ¤úø’ èπ◊éπ\© ¢Á·®Ω’-í∫’-∞¡xèπ◊ •ü¿’©’, °æ¤©’© í¬çvúÕç-°æ¤-©ûÓ éÓûª’© éÀ-îªéÀ-ûÓ EçúÕ-§Ú-®·† Ç îÓô éÌ®Ωú≈ ®ΩóR°œç°æ¤... (¢√éπuç °æ‹Jh-é¬-™‰ü¿’)

Q. What ever gave you the idea? A.

A.

¨»ÆæY Nñ«c-Ø√-EéÀ (Science) •£æ›¨» ûÁLÆœ ÖçúøE ïçûª’´¤... (The English sentence is not complete)

Q. I don’t know what to believe.

éπÈ®é¬d ™‰üΔ house’s roof

éπÈ®é¬d? A. ÅîË-ûª-Ø√-©èπ◊ (v§ƒùç-™‰E-¢√-öÀéÀ) apostrophe and s (‘s) ¢√úøç. The roof of the house ÅØË Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí, table’s legs ņç, legs of the table Åçö«ç.

ņç) N’í∫û√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, Å®√n-Eo-•öÀd à tenses Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa. Q. Bar cum Restaurant Åçö«®Ω’. DE™ cum Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. cum = and Q. ´’†ç ¢Á∞«lç, ´’†ç ¢Á∞«l´÷? Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ let's go ÅØË Åçö«®√? ûËú≈ Öçõ‰ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. üΔüΔ°æ¤ ÅçûË. Å®·ûË... ´’†ç ¢Á∞«lç = we shall go (then); ´’†ç -¢Á-∞«l´÷? = shall we go? ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. Q. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  double consonant †’ á°æ¤púø÷ ÂÆZÆˇ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøüΔ? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Double consonant †’, stress îËߪ’-èπÿ-úø-ü¿-E-é¬ü¿’, single consonant í¬ØË pronounce îËߪ÷L. G. Ashok, Godhur Q. What is the difference among these words. Excellent, outstanding, amazing, nice, marvellous, terrific, brilliant, miracle, superb, magnificent, fantastic, wonderful, delicate. A Amazing, Marvellous, Miraculous (Miracle Wonderful =

A.

Excellent, outstanding, terrific, superb, fantastic = great/ of very good quality Magnificent = Very attractive and impressive

(íÌ°æp-¶μ«´ç éπL-Tç-îËçûª Åéπ-®Ω{-ù-éπ©) Delicate = Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i† (Not very robust

or

strong) Nice = Attractive/ Beautiful Q. What is the difference between: Curriculum - Syllabus, Hard - Rigid, Serious - Severe, After - later. A. Curriculum = The subjects a student studies in a school/ college/ course Syllabus = The list of topics, books, etc a student studies in a subject. Hard = Not easily broken/ bent/ strong. but, 'rigid' is more used in the sense of a person being strict about rules, and behaviour. Serious =

éÓ°æçí¬, Bv´çí¬ Bv´-¢Á’i†. After = later, Å®·ûË, ¢√öÀ- ¢√-úøéπç™ ûËú≈. Severe =

After their marriage they left for the US =

ÅC ÅûªEo ñ«ví∫ûªh°æúË™« îËÆœ ÖçúÌa.

Q. You bear him no good will. A.

Ǩ¡a®Ωuç, Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-Tç-îËçûª

àç †´÷t™/ àC †´÷t™ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úøç ™‰ü¿’.

Q. It would have put him on his guard. A.

é¬ü¿’), íÌ°æpí¬ Ö†o.

Rigid = Not easily broken/ bent/ strong.

ÅÆæ©’ üËE-´©x éπ-L-TçC Fé¬ -Ç™?

Q. Which could not possibly be any animal known to science.

He doesn’t say

éπüΔ ÅØ√-LqçC?

When ( = If) you pay them money, (when you you will get the books. will pay

.

A.

He don’t say anything. A. He don’t say -

ÆæyüËQ ´®Ωh-é¬Fo °æJ-v¨¡-´’-©-†÷ -v§Úûªq-£œ«çîË Ææ’ç鬩 (°æ†’o©) °æü¿l¥A ´©x F ´%Ah ¢√u§ƒ-®√-©èπ◊ Éûª®Ω ü˨»© †’ç* §Úöà ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ®Ωéπ~ù éπ©’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E Fèπ◊ †’´¤y †îªa-ñ„-°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a (†’´¤y †´’t-´îª’a), é¬F Å™« ®Ωéπ~ù éπLpçîË îªö«d© ´©x, ûª®√yûª ûª®√yûª ´’† ü˨»-EéÀ Ææç°æü¿ ü¿÷®Ω-´’-´¤ûª’çD, ´’† @´† v°æ´÷-ù«-©÷ üÁ•sAç-ö«®·.

Q. As you value your life or your reason keep away from the moor.

Infotainment = (Information + entertainment) -

-öÃ-O™x NØÓü¿ç éπL-TçîË Nüμ¿çí¬ Ææ´÷î√®Ωç ÅçCç-îªúøç. Knowbot = computer ©™ search engines (Ææ´÷-î√®Ω ÅØËy-≠æù« ߪ’çvû√©’ – Google, search engines èπ◊ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù) †’ automate (Ææyߪ’çí¬ °æE-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË Nüμ¿çí¬) îËÊÆ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. Techie = Technologist èπ◊ short form = ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ E°æ¤-ù’©’. Armageddon = (The Bible ™) ´’ç*éà îÁúø’éà ´’üμ¿u ߪ·ü¿l¥ç. 2 v°æ°æç-î√Eo Ø√¨¡†ç îËߪ’-í∫© ߪ·ü¿l¥ç. Grandiloquent = ´’† §ƒçúÕûªuç -v°æ-ü¿-Jzç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ °ü¿l-°ü¿l ´÷ô©’ (Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰èπ◊Ø√o) ¢√úøôç, Ö°æØ√u-≤ƒ™x, ®Ωîª-†™x. A grandiloquent speech = §ƒçúÕûªuçûÓ Â°ü¿l °ü¿l ´÷ô-©ûÓ EçúÕ ÖçúË Ö°æØ√uÆæç. Q. Cí∫’´ ¢√é¬u©’ éπÈ®éÓd é¬üÓ ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª÷ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

†’ ᙫ °æ©-é¬L. A. úμÕMx, úμÁLx, úÁL| – É™« °æ©’-èπ◊-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Q. If clause ™«í¬ when clause èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπ-ûË-¢Á’iØ√ ÖçüΔ? When ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ àßË’ clauses ™ àßË’ tense ©’ Öçú≈™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. When clause, conditional clause í¬ ¢√úÕûË, Åçü¿’-™E verb, future tense ™ Öçúøü¿’.

éÀçC Ê°®√-ví¬°∂ˇ, ¢√é¬u©†’ -N-´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

I don’t know what to believe Q.

Q. Delhi

°∞Îkx-† -ûª-®√yûª ¢√∞¡Ÿx ߪ·.-áÆˇ. ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. They got married and later they left for the US =

¢√∞¡Ÿx °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç ûª®√yûª Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.

Åûª-úøçõ‰ Fèπ◊ ÅGμ-´÷†ç ™‰ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 25 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

D. Rojasri, Mogalturu Q.

If he had been alive, he would have been happy to see this =

Åûªúø’ •AéÀ Öçúø’çõ‰ (îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’), Åûªúø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√úË (é¬F Ç Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’)

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ -í∫-©®Ω’. What you are is god's gift to you.

A.

äéπ v°æü˨¡ç Ö†o-îÓô’.

The company is located/ situated in Chennai.

Åûª-ú≈-°æE

îËÆæ’ç-úË-¢√úË, é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. He would have gone =

Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úË-¢√úË,

é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. Q.

Shut up to be appreciated

(üμÁj®ΩuçûÓ/ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ) -E-©’-îÌ-E Åçü¿-Jéà éπ†•--úø’ Åçü¿-Jéà N†-•-úË™« ´÷ö«xúø’. Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†çûË ´÷ö«xúÕ Åçü¿J ¢Á’°æ¤p §Òçü¿’. ÉC ´’ç* ´éπh©’ (speakers) 鬢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ØË ¢√JéÀ, Three golden principles/ rules of public speaking.

àN’ Açõ‰ éπúø’-°æ¤™

gas form

A. Its = It is - It's all right = It is all right.

The peacock and it’s plumes =

ØÁ´’M, üΔE

Q. He dwelt at length on the uniqueness of the welfare programmes.

The hall was made ready in time for the conference =

A. To dwell at length on something = (at length)

He was on time for the meeting =

Q. Some people recognised a potential cash cow in the form of the rapics that would turn gay individuals in to heterosexuals.

Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç ïJ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ E®Ωg-®·ç-*† Ææ´’-ߪ’ç-™Ê° Ç £æ…™¸†’ Æœü¿l¥çî˨»®Ω’. On time = E®Ωg-®·ç-*† Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ éπ*a-ûªçí¬. The train was on time = võ„®·Ø˛ ÆæJí¬_ Æ洒ߪ÷-EéÀ ´*açC.

†’´¤y Å¢Á’-J-鬙 á°æpöÀ †’ç* Öçô’-Ø√o´¤? (á°æpöÀ†’ç*)/ (áçûª 鬩çí¬) Q. †’´¤y á°æp-öÀ-†’ç* ßÁ÷í¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?

A. Since When/ How long have you been practising Yoga?

A. Potential =

He would have been her e Q. A day CL - One day CL

°æçúøí∫ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ •çüμ¿’-´¤© ®√éπûÓ É©’x Åçû√ Ææçü¿-úÕí¬ ÖçC. DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

Q. Will

†’ indirect ™ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ would ¢√úøû√ç. -´’®√-u-ü¿í¬ -´÷-ö«-x-úË Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x– Would you take coffee; Would you given me one ticket

A. A day C.L/ One day CLCL Casual leave CL, One day's CL

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 570

A. The house is buzzing with guests that have arrived for the festival.

S. Satyanarayanamurty, Kakinada

Q.

Q.

I would walk early in the morning during my college days.

Q.

Ééπ\úø O’ ¶μ«´ç Å®·ûË, a day's ÅØ√L. CL èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç É*a, ®ÓV© Ææçêuèπ◊ Åçûª v§ƒ´·êuç É´y-èπ◊çú≈, conversational í¬ Å®·ûË, a day's CL ÅØÌa. Leave letter ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈, a day's CL ÅØÌa. Å®·ûË Official language ™ Ææçêu ´·êuç 鬕öÀd, One day's CL Åçö«ç. Åçõ‰

†’´¤y à é¬xÆæ’™ îªü¿’-´¤ -ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

A. Which class are you/ Which class are you in/ Which class are you studying?

-Åç-ö«ç. í∫-ûªç-™ -îËÆœ-† °æ-†’-©èπ◊, -Å-©-¢√-ôxèπ◊ èπÿ-ú≈ -¢√-úø-û√ç.

M.SURESAN

Æœ´÷x üËEéÀ v°æÆœCl¥?

Employees are allowed one day's CL a month =

A. What is Shimla famous for?

à

text book

ÖüÓuí∫’©èπ◊ ØÁ©èπ◊ äéπ-®ÓV ÂÆ©´¤èπ◊ (´÷vûª¢Ë’) Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC.

†’ç* E†’o v°æ¨¡o-©-úø-í¬L?

-äéπ\ -¢√éπuç-™ -ØÌéÀ\-îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ– I do not know. I would not know -Åç-ö«ç. Present -™ í¬--F, future -™ í¬-F I wish she would be quite -Å-E -¢√-úø-û√ç. -É-N é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ -ÉçÍé-¢Á’i-Ø√ -Öç-ö«-ߪ÷? -ûÁ-©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. -Ñ would have been -Å-ØË verb confusion í¬ -Öç-C. Would have been -Åç-õ‰– -Öç-úË-C, -Öç-úË-¢√-úø’ -Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’. -D-E-E éÀç-C -N-üμ¿çí¬ -Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´-î√a?– Would - é¬-©ç í∫’-Jç-*; have - éπ-L-T -Öç-úø-ôç; been - -Öç-úø-ôç; Would have - éπ-L-T -Öç-úø-ôç? Would have + P.P. í∫’Jç* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. O’®Ω’ 'would' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©Fo correct í¬ ®√¨»®Ω’. Å¢Ë-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ would †’ B®ΩE éÓJ-éπ-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

A. Which book do you want me/ him/ her/ the teacher to ask you questions from?

S.Swathi, M.Pudi

Q.

Q.

I would (= wish) my brother were/ was here

Several students failed in the subject =

´÷ ņo/ ûª´·t-úÕ-éπ\-úø’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úËC!

I would that that car were/ was mine =

Ç é¬®Ω’ Ø√üÁjûË áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’! Would have been èπÿ 1) would 2) have 3) been - OöÀ™ x äéÓ\-üΔE Å®√n-EéÃ, ¢√úø-é¬-Eéà à Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Would have been = ÖçúË-üË- é¬F ™‰ü¿’/ ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬F ™‰úø’. He would have been here if I had invited him =

؈ûªúÕE Ç£æ…y-Eç* Öçõ‰ (í∫ûªç™– ÅûªúÕE Ç£æ…y-EçîË Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç í∫ûªç – É°æ¤pú≈ v°æ¨¡o™‰ü¿’) Åûªúø’ Ééπ\úø ÖçúË-¢√úË (é¬F ™‰úø’ – ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç)

äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ ´÷ö«x-úøôç/ îªJaç-îªúøç. Uniqueness = (äéπ- ûª-®Ω-í∫-AéÀ îÁçC† ¢√öÀ™ x) àÈéj-éπ-¢Á’i†/ Å™«çöÀ íÌ°æpC -ÉçÍéç-™‰E (üΔEéÀ v°æûËuéπ-ûª ÖçC)

Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÆæJí¬_ ´î√aúø’.

È®éπ\©÷.

Q.

-Å®Ωnç– NREGS °æü∑¿éπç Å´’-©-´¤-ûª’†o B®Ω’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E, Ç¢Á’ -C-ví∫s¥-´’ îÁçCçC; Ç¢Á’ Cví∫s¥´’ îÁçCç-ü¿E îÁ°æpúøç, Ç¢Á’ Cví∫s¥´’†’ ûªèπ◊\´ îËÆœ îÁ°æp-úø¢Ë’. To put it mildly he is the worst actor = Åûªúø’ îÁûªh †ô’-úøE îÁ°æpúøç èπÿú≈ ÅûªúÕ îÁûªh †ô-††’ ûªèπ◊\´í¬ îÁ°æp-úø¢Ë’.

E®Ωg-®·ç-*† Ææ´’-ߪ’ç-™Ê°.

A. In time =

Å´¤-ûª’çC.

A. Since when How long have you been in the US?

üΔE; üΔEéÀ Ææç•ç-

Åûªúø’ Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç

BÆæ’-Èé-Rx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Q. On time - In time

†’´¤y á´-JûÓ éπLÆœ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ Öçô’-Ø√o´¤?

Q.

Cμç-*†.

BÆæ’Èé-∞¡xúøç Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç Åûªúø’

He took away my book =

A. What kind of food forms gas?

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀE àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Take away =

BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. †’´¤y §∂ÚØ˛™ á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

A. Who do you live with in Hyderabad? Q.

BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç,

He took my book =

A. Who are you talking to (over/ on phone)? Q.

Sentence

Q. Take - Take away A. Take =

Q. Its, it's

It's = Of it/ belonging to it =

A. Located = Situated.

Ramulu, Sangareddy

Speak up to be heard A.

He would have done the job =

†’-¢Áy-™« -ÖØ√o-´-ØËC Fèπ◊ üË´¤-úÕ-*a† 鬆’éπ/ ´®Ωç. †’´¤y (@N-ûªç™) à´’-´¤-û√-´-ØËC †’´¤y üË´¤úÕéÀîËa 鬆’éπ.

Q. Stand up to be seen

Q. Located - Situated

Would have + PP - e.g.: Would have done, would have gone, would have taken etc.

What you become is your gift to god.

2

éÀçC °æüΔ© ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Many = a large number =

áèπ◊\´ Ææçêu™

Many people attended the meeting.

Å®·ûË many E áèπ◊\-´í¬ not ûÓ (áèπ◊\´ Ææçêu™ ™‰ü¿’/ é¬ü¿’ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ) ¢√úøû√ç. Many students don't know this = î√™«-´’çC NüΔu-®Ω’n-©-éÀC ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. áèπ◊\´ Ææçêu™ (not ™‰èπ◊çú≈) ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, a number/ a large number of Åçö«ç. Several = Åçûª áèπ◊\-´-é¬E Ææçêu™ = not many, but more than a few = éÌEoöÀéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´, î√™«-¢√öÀéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ Ææçêu™. Ç Æ涄èb π◊d™ (éÌçûªéπçõ‰) áèπ◊\-´-´’çC, î√™«´’çCéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\-´-´’çC NüΔu-®Ω’n-©’ ûª§ƒp®Ω’. Q. Grant - Sanction. -O-öÀ -ûË-ú≈ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. A. Grant = É´yúøç, Sanction = Ç¢Á÷-Cç-îªúøç/ ņ’-´’-Aç-îªúøç/ ´’çW®Ω’îËߪ’úøç. He granted me permission to leave =

¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√éπûªúø’ ņ’-´’A Éî√aúø’. The officer sanctioned me a months' leave =

Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ Ø√èπ◊ ØÁ© ÂÆ©´¤ ´’çW®Ω’ î˨»úø’. The Government has sanctioned Rs. 10 crore for the project =

Ç v§ƒñ„-èπ◊dèπ◊ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç °æCéÓôx ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ´’çW®Ω’îËÆœçC.

A.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

O’ ¢√é¬u™x ´’ç* phrasal verbs ÖØ√o®·. ´·çü¿’ ¢√öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. The errors of police have drawn flak (has drawn

é¬ü¿’)

Draw flak = take flak =

ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’, ÆæÈ®j† phrase, to N´’-®Ωzèπ◊ í∫’®Ω-´úøç. Various quarters = NNüμ¿ ´®√_© †’ç* Knee - jerk reaction = ÆæÈ®j† Ç™-îª-†-™‰E Ææpçü¿†/ ÅÆæç-éπ-Lp-ûªçí¬ îËÊÆ Ææpçü¿† Cosmetic approach = °j°j ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_/ Ê°®Ω’èπ◊ ´÷vûªçí¬ (°æ‹Jhí¬, °∂æL-û√-Eo-îËa-Cí¬, Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\-®Ωçí¬ é¬E) ¢ÁjêJ/ NüμΔ†ç. -Ç Sentence -Å®Ωnç = §ÚM-Ææ’© §Ò®Ω§ƒô’x NNüμ¿ ´®√_© N´’-®Ωzèπ◊ í∫’®Ω-ߪ÷u®·. ÅN, §ÚMÆˇ ´u´-Ææn†’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç °æôx, àüÓ -Ø√-´’-´÷-vûªçí¬ Å°æp-öÀéπ-°æ¤púø’ ÅØ√-™-*-ûªçí¬ ÆæpçCç-*†-N-üμ¿çí¬ Öçü¿E. Q. She was shocked, to put it rather mildly to learn the truth about implementation of NREGS programme. A. To put it rather mildly =

´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ ûª†èπ◊ §ÚöÃ-üΔ®Ω’úÕí¬ áC-ÍíC ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. ûª†èπ◊ ≤ƒüμ¿u¢Ë’ ÅE ´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ §ÚöÃ-üΔ-®Ω’-úÕí¬ ûªßª÷-®ΩßË’ Ŵ鬨¡ç Öçü¿E A ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) Therapeutics (The rapics é¬ü¿’) = ¢Ájü¿u NüμΔ†ç. Homosexuals = ÆæyLçí∫ Ææç°æ-®Ω’\©’ – ´·êuçí¬ Éûª®Ω °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl© °æôx (Æ‘Y© °æôx é¬èπ◊çú≈) ™„jçT-éπçí¬ (sexual í¬) Çéπ-J{-ûª’©ßË’u¢√∞¡Ÿx. Heterosexuals (X Homosexuals) = ÆæyLç-Ííûª®Ω Ææç°æ-®Ω’\©’ (Æ‘Y©°æôx Çéπ-J{-ûª’-©ßË’u °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl©’/ °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl© °æôx Çéπ-J{-ûª’©ßË’u Æ‘Y©’) Cash Cow = ™«¶μº-≤ƒ-öÀí¬ ÖçúË ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç. Sentence -Å®Ωnç= ÆæyLçí∫ Ææç°æ-®Ω’\-©†’ ´÷´‚©’ °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl©’í¬ ´÷Í®a ¢Áj-ü¿uNüμΔ†ç ´’ç* ™«¶μº-≤ƒöÀ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ÅE éÌçûª-´’çC í∫’Jhç-î√®Ω’. Q. China has been leaving "Tell-tale signs behind". A. Tell-tale signs =

The errors of police has drawn flak from various quarters as a knee-jerk reaction and a cosmetic approach towards improving, poking in Bihar.

Many - Several

´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ ≤ƒüμ¿u-°æúË.

A thinks that B is his potential rival = B A (B

ïJ-T-†-ô’-´çöÀ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©-†’, àüÁjØ√ (®Ω£æ«Ææuç) Öçü¿E ûÁLÊ° Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† í∫’®Ω’h©’. Sentence -Å®Ωnç = îÁjØ√-¢√∞¡Ÿx ûª´’ Ωu-©èπ◊ Ææç•çCμç-*-† í∫’®Ω’h-©†’/ dž-¢√-∞¡x†’ ´CL ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’Ø√o®Ω’ éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬.

Q. Both questioned his impartiality in a noholds barred attack on the CEO. A. No holds barred =

£æ«ü¿÷l Åü¿’°æ‹ ™‰E -Å®Ωnç = CEO O’ü¿ £æ«ü¿÷l Åü¿’°æ¤™‰E üΔúÕ™ Éü¿l®Ω÷ -Ç-ߪ’-† E-≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπ-ûª†’ v°æPoç-î√®Ω’. (E-≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπ-ûª-°æôx ÆæçüË-£æ…©’ N´-Jç-î√®Ω’) Sentence

J.V. Jayaprakash, Proddatur Q. Please clarify which question tag is appropriate to the sentence given below. You needn't spend money, do you? or need you? You needn't stay long, need you? A. A good question. In the sentence, "You need not (needn't) spend money, do you?", 'need' is a main verb and not a helping verb. But in the sentence, “You needn't stay long”, 'need' is a helping verb. In a question tag, only the helping verb is used. So for the sentence, “You needn't spend money”, the correct question tag is, 'do you?', whereas for the sentence, “You needn't stay long”, the correct question tag is, 'need you?'

àüÁjØ√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo

ûªèπ◊\´îËÆœ îÁ°æpúøç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2009 Narmada: Hi Sourabha, how goes life? How is your new job?

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? F éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ᙫ ÖçC?)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Sourabha: That certainly was so, but in the present job keeps me on the go all the time. That's too hard to bear, you know.

Sourabha: OK. Can't complain. I can't say I am very happy either though.

(¶«üμ¿™‰ç ™‰´¤. Å®·Ø√ ´’K Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬†÷ ™‰†-†’éÓ) Narmada: I thought your present job is better than the former one.

(F §ƒûª ÖüÓu-í¬-E-éπçõ‰ É°æpöÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´’ç*-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o) Sourabha: It certainly is, but the trouble is I've my hands full all the time. No time to relax at office even for a minute.

(Åü¿çûË Å†’éÓ. é¬E Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç ÅÆæ©’ BJÍé ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îË≤ÚhçC. ÅC ¶μºJç-îªúøç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC) Narmada: What's keeping you so busy?

(Åçûª BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ áçü¿’-èπ◊ç-öçC?) Sourabha: The company is pulling out all stops to complete project on hand by the end of the next month. So we are all rushed through all the time. I hope to get a bit of rest the month after the next.

Narmada: If I were you, I'd do this job rather than the old one. It was certainly a dead-end job, wasn't it?

(´÷ éπç°F É°æ¤púø’ E®Ωy-£œ«-Ææ’h†o v§ƒñ„èπ◊d-†’ ´îËa ØÁ™«-ê-®Ω’-™í¬ °æ‹Jh-îË-ÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ ¨¡ûª-N-üμΔ™« v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ÚhçC. Åçü¿’éπE ´’´’t-©oç-ü¿Ko ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ´îËa-ØÁ© ûª®√yûË Ø√èπ◊ é¬Ææh Nv¨»çA üÌ®Ω’èπ◊-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)

(ØËØË F¢ÁjûË, F §ƒûª ÖüÓu-í¬-E-éπØ√o ÉüË îË≤ƒh. F §ƒûª ÖüÓuí∫ç àç ¶μºN-≠æuûª’h ™‰EC éπüΔ?)

Narmada: You are the hardworking type. You will soon rise to the top. Wish you all luck. Bye.

(ÅçûË Å†’éÓ, é¬F *éπ\çû√ éπ~ùç BJ-éπ-™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh Nv¨»çAéÀ èπÿú≈ Æ洒ߪ’ç ™‰ü¿’ -Ç°∂‘Ææ’-™)

2

(†’´¤y éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æEîËÊÆ ®Ωéπ¢Ë’. Åçü¿’ éπE -ûªy®Ω-™-ØË ûª°æpéπ °jéÀ ®√í∫-©´¤. ÂÆ©¢˛) Ñ≤ƒJ English ™ ûª®Ω NE-°œçîË éÌEo Idioms - 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷™x °æE-¶μ«-®√-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*†

idioms Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above. 1) I have my hands full all the time 2) It was a dead-end job 3) My present job keeps me on toes all the time. 4) The company is pulling out all stops to complete the project. 1) To have somebody's hands full = to be very busy = 3) to keep some one on toes.

îª÷üΔlç.

éπ~ùç/ ÅÆæ©’ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç

a) There's no talking to him now. He has his hands full with his daughter's marriage = =

ÅûªúÕûÓ É°æ¤púËç ´÷ö«x-úø™‰ç. ¢√∞¡x´÷t®· °RxûÓ éπ~ùç BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oúø’.

G.G.Rao, Visakhapatnam

the art. The newspaper ‘X’ uses the state-of-the art printing technology =

-Ç °ævAéπ Åûªuçûª Çüμ¿’-Eéπ ´·vü¿ù °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©†’ ¢√úø’-ûª’çC/ Åûªuçûª Çüμ¿’-Eéπ ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ °æJ-ñ«c-†çûÓ ûªßª÷-È®j† ´·vü¿ù« ≤˘éπ-®√uEo ¢√úø’-ûª’çC. Q. As he was very strong èπ◊ very strong as he was èπ◊ ¶μ«¢√-®√n™ x ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. As he was strong = Åûªúø’ •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-´-úøç-´©x As he was strong, he was able to carry such a load = strong as he was, he was able to carry such a load =

Åûªúø’ •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-´-úøç-´©x Åçûª •®Ω’´¤ ¢Á÷ߪ’-í∫-L-í¬úø’ = Åûªúø’ •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-´úøçûÓ Åçûª •®Ω’´¤ ¢Á÷ߪ’-í∫-L-í¬úø’. È®çúø÷ üΔüΔ°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Q. He is an excellent actor èπ◊ He is an actor par excellence èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. He is an excellent actor = Åûªúø’ î√™« íÌ°æp †ô’úø’ He is an actor par excellence = Åûªúø’ †ô’-©ç-ü¿-J™ Öûªh´’ †ô’úø’ Excellent = íÌ°æp Par excellence = Ç ûª®Ω-í∫-A™ ÅEoöÀéπçõ‰/ Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ Q. Mind blowing - Mind boggling ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Mind blowing Cví¬s¥çA, Cví∫s¥´’, Ææçv¶μº-´÷-¨¡a-®√u©’ éπL-TçîË/ N*-vûª-¢Á’i† Sachin's record in batting is mind blowing!

¶«u-öÀçí˚-™  Ææ*Ø˛ Jé¬®Ω’f Eïçí¬ Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-Tç-îËüË/ Ææçv¶μº-´÷-¨¡a-®√u-©†’ éπL-Tç-îËüË. Mind-boggling = (´·êuçí¬ ã Ææ´’Ææu) Å®Ωn-´’-´†çûª/ Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-™‰-†çûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i†/ ÆæçéÀx-≠d¢æ Á’i†, Cví∫s¥-´’†’ éπL-TçîË.LTTE Prabhakaran's capability to carry on attacks on Srilanka was mind boggling =

X©çéπ O’CéÀ üΔúÕ-îË-ߪ’-í∫© á-™¸-öÃ-öÃ-Ñ v°æ¶μ«-éπ-®ΩØ˛ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Ü£œ«çéÓ™‰-†çûª/ Å®Ωnç-é¬E N≠æߪ’ç. È®çúÕç-öÀéà ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωl¥ç, 'C´’t-A-J-Ííçûª— íÌ°æpC/ Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-TçîË N≠æߪ’ç.

2) v°æ´·-êçí¬ éπE-°œç-îªúøç/ v°æ´·ê §ƒvûª ´£œ«çîªúøç.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 571

State of the Art.. technology etc.

Åûªuçûª Çüμ¿’-Eéπ °æü¿l¥-ûª’©/ ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ °æJ-ñ«c†ç/ °æJ-éπ-®√© ¢√úøéπç– Å™«çöÀ °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©ûÓ ûªßª÷-È®jç-üË-ü¿-®·Ø√, state-of-

a) Unfortunately a teacher's job in a private school is a dead-end job =

w°j¢Ëö¸ Ææ÷\™x öÃ˝ ÖüÓuí∫ç áü¿’-í∫÷-¶Ô-ü¿’-í∫÷-™‰E ÖüÓuí∫ç

b) With such qualifications why is he still in that dead-end job?=

Å™«çöÀ NüΔu-®Ω|-ûª-©’çúÕ, Å™«çöÀ áü¿’-í∫÷-¶Ô-ü¿’-í∫÷-™‰E ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ áçü¿’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? 4) Pull out all stops = N¨¡y-v°æ-ߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’úøç/ ¨¡ûª-N-üμΔ™« v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªúøç. The centre is pulling out all stops to end Naxalism =

†éπq-L-ñ«-Eo Åçûªç-ñ‰-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Íéçvü¿ç ¨¡ûª-N-üμΔ™« v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ÚhçC.

Q. I watched out for spectral hitchhikers.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®√nEo ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©ûÓ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. State-of-the art= (latest/ most modern)

áEo-éπ©’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-°æ-úø-ôçûÓ Å¶μºu-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω’ ÅÆæq©’ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’. (Round the corner = (Ææç°∂æ’-ô†) ÆæO’-°œç-îªúøç) 2) A dead-end job = áü¿’í∫÷ ¶Ôü¿’í∫÷ ™‰E ÖüÓuí∫ç (-v°æ-¢Á÷-≠æ-Ø˛/ @ûªç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™)

=

I have my hands full all the time Q.

There's no talking to him now. His daughter's marriage is keeping him on toes. b) With the elections round the corners, the candidates have their hands full/ are on their toes =

Ææ´’-Ææu©÷/ ¶«üμ¿©÷ Ö†o°æ¤p-úø™«x ÅûªúÕ v°æA¶μº v°æ´·-êçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.

Srinu, Darsi Q.

¶μ«¢ÓüËy-í∫çûÓ v¨ûª-©èπ◊ £æ«ûª’h-èπ◊-§ÚßË’ ÆæçUûªç §ƒúøôç. Q. Essential èπ◊, quintessential èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? OöÀE à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√ú≈L? A. Essential = üËE-ÈéjØ√ ÅA ´·êu-¢Á’i†. extremely important - Water is essential for life. Quintessential = fect example of something.

Çü¿-®Ωz-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†.

being a per-

Sachin is the quintessential batsman = .

Ææ*Ø˛

Çü¿-®Ωz-´ç-ûª’-úÁj† ¶«u--ö¸q-´’-Ø˛

Q. Surface and come to fore

èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. To surface = éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ Åñ«c-ûªçí¬/ Åü¿%-¨¡uçí¬ Ö†o ´uèπ◊h©÷/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©÷ v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-´úøç/ Ææp≠ædçí¬ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ éπE-°œç-îªúøç. a) He had disappeared a year ago and surfaced in Srikalahasti a week ago =

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. But times have changed but commoners are now making no bone about their disrespect for the politicians.

A.

Ñ v°æ¨¡o™x ´’ç* Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† idioms and ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. Make no bones = ¶«£æ…-ôçí¬ ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC •ßª’-ôèπ◊ E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ îÁÊ°p-ߪ’úøç. Sentence Å®Ωnç = ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-¢√-ü¿’-©-°æôx ûª´’Íé´÷vûªç íı®Ω-´ç-™‰E N≠æߪ’ç, ≤ƒ´÷†u v°æï©’ ¶«£æ…-ôç-í¬ØË îÁÊ°p-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. phrasal verbs

Q. Soulful rendition A. Soulful Rendition =

A.

Éçü¿’™ idiom - gain mileage - àüÁjØ√ Ææç°∂æ’-ô††’/ °æJ-Æœn-AE ¢√úø’-èπ◊E Ê°®Ω÷, v§ƒ´·êuç §ÒçüËçü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªúøç. ´®Ω-ü¿-™«xçöÀ N°æ-ûª’h-©-°æ¤púø’ öÃ-O -îμ√-ØÁ-™¸q ÅFo Ê°®Ω’ Ææ秃-Cç-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, v§ƒ´·êuç §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπÿ v°æߪ’-AoÆæ’hçö«®·. Sentence Å®Ωnç = Ñ ÅØÁj-Aéπ/ £‘«†-¢Á’i† Ææç°∂æ’-ô†ûÓ Ê°®Ω’ Ææ秃-Cç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤Úhçü¿E v°æï-™«-¢Á’†’ ûª°æ¤p-•-ö«d®Ω’. Heinous = ÅØÁj-A-éπ-¢Á’i†/ £‘«†-¢Á’i†

Q. He saved the day.

Dhoni saved the day for India by his very fast century =

Å®Ωnç = Ø√èπ◊ ü¿ßª’uç °æôd-éπ-§Ú-´úøç Åü¿’s¥ûª¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’.

Q. Pakistan took an 'U' turn. A. Take a U turn (an U turn

é¬ü¿’) = üΔÈ®ç-•-úÕ§Úûª÷ ¢Á†éÀ\ ´’∞¡xúøç. Ñ ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç = §ƒéÀ-≤ƒnØ˛ ´÷ô ´÷Í®a-ÆœçC/ Ê°xô’ °∂œ®√-®·ç-*çC. (´·ç-ü¿-†o´÷-ô†’ é¬ü¿ç-öçC.)

Q. They are protesting against derogatory cartoon. A.

The Police cordoned off the site of the bomb explosion =

¶«ç-•’ Ê°L† Ææn™«Eo §ÚM-Ææ’©’ ô’d-´·öÀd, á´®Ω÷ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ î˨»®Ω’.

Ç éÀçîª-°æ-JîË (derogatory) 鬮Ω÷d-Ø˛ °æôx ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûª´’ E®Ω-Ææ-††’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

Q. He has locked horns with his rival. A. To lock horns =

äéπ-JûÓ N¢√ü¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-´úøç. Å®Ωnç = Åûªúø’ ûª† v°æûªu-JnûÓ N¢√ü¿ç °ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

Sentence

Q. They have no love lost for each other. A. To have no love lost =

Éü¿lJ ´’üμ¿u vÊ°´’/ ÊÆo£æ«ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. Sentence Å®Ωnç = ¢√J-ü¿lJ ´’üμ¿u vÊ°´’/ ÊÆo£æ«ç à癉ü¿’. (No love lost between Samatha and Mamatha)

Q. Corden off

§ÚM-Æˇ©÷, ÂÆjE-èπ◊©÷ ¢Á÷£æ«Jç*/ ´©-ߪ’çí¬ à®ΩpúÕ v°æï-©†’ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ îËߪ’úøç.

Miracle =

Sentence

ûª† ¢Á’®Ω’°æ¤ ÂÆç-îª-K-ûÓ üμÓE ¶μ«®Ω-û˝†’ í∫õ„d-éÀ\ç-î√úø’/ ãôN’ †’ç* 鬧ƒ-ú≈úø’. A. Cordon off (an area) =

ü¿ßª’uç °æôdúøç,

Åü¿’s¥ûªç.

A. To save the day =

b) At the meeting of the party the differences between the two groups surfaced =

ûÁ©ç-í¬ù Ææ´’Ææu ´’Sx

A. Be possessed =

Every TV Channel finds in disasters like floods a chance to gain mileage =

Ç°æü¿ †’ç* í∫õ„d-éÀ\çîªúøç/ O©’-é¬E Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´’ç* °∂æL-û√Eo ûÁ*a-°-ôdúøç. Sentence Å®Ωnç = Åûªúø’ Ç°æü¿ †’ç* í∫õ„déÀ\çî√úø’.

The question of Telangana has come to the fore once again =

Q. It is a miracle I am not possessed.

Q. The people blamed her for trying to gain mileage out of this heinous incident.

àú≈-CéÀç-ü¿ô Åü¿%-¨¡u-¢Á’i† Åûªúø’ ¢√®Ωç véÀûªç Xé¬-∞¡£æ«-Æœh™ v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-ߪ÷uúø’.

Ç §ƒKd Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨¡ç™ È®çúø’ ´®√_© ´’üμ¿u N¶μ‰-üΔ©’ •ßª’-ô-°æ-ú≈f®·/ ûÁ®Ω-°jéÀ ´î√a®·. Come to the fore = 1) v°æ´·êç 鬴úøç/ v§ƒ´·êuç §Òçü¿úøç. (To become prominent)/ v§ƒüμΔ†uç §Òçü¿úøç.

¶μº÷ûª-vÊ°-û√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† (¶μº÷ûªvÊ°û√™«x É°æ¤púø’ éπ†-°æúÕ ´’Sx Åü¿%-¨¡u-´’ßË’u) Hitchhikers = Éûª-®Ω’© é¬®Ω’x, -™«-K-©’ ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ x Ö*-ûªçí¬ v°æߪ÷ùç îËÆœ °æ®Ωu-öÀç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. O∞¡Ÿx é¬L†-úø-éπ† °æ®Ωu-ô† v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç* áéπ\-úÁjØ√, é¬®Ω’x, -™«-K-©’ éπE-°œÊÆh, Åéπ\úø ®Óúø’f-°æéπ\ E©’-E -v°∂‘í¬ -L°∂ˇd §ÒçC, ü¿÷®Ω-v§ƒç-û√--™x °æ®Ωu-öÀ-≤ƒh®Ω’. E®√t-†’-≠æuçí¬ Ö†o ®Óúø’f °æéπ\† Ñ hitchhikers Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ v°æûªu-éπ~¢Á’i -L°∂ˇdèπ◊ îË®·-î√ÊÆh ¢√∞¡Ÿx à vÊ°ûªç/ ¶μº÷ûªç/ ü¿ßª’uç-í¬ØÓ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’ éπüΔ? Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√∞¡x†’ Spectral (ü¿ßª÷u-™«xçöÀ) hitchhikers Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç – Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ v°æûªu-éπ~-´’ßË’u ü¿ßª÷u-™«xçöÀ hitchhikers á´-®ΩØ√o éπE-°œ-≤ƒh-Í®¢Á÷ ÅE îª÷¨»†’.

His best talents come to the fore when there is trouble =

Q. Rhetoric

E ÖüΔ-£æ«-®ΩùûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Rhetoric = v¨ûª-©†÷, §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-©†÷ v°æ¶μ«-Nûªç îËߪ’-í∫© °æü¿-ñ«-©çûÓ îËÊÆ v°æÆæç-í¬©÷, ®Ω©÷; ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-Ø√-ߪ’M.SURESAN èπ◊©÷, ´÷N-≠ˇdx-™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡⁄x ûª´’èπ◊ ņ’-èπÿ-©¢Á’i†, v°æûªu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ v°æA-èπÿ-©-¢Á’i† ¶μ«¢√-©†’ È®îªa-íÌ-õ‰dçü¿’èπ◊ îËÊÆ Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒ©÷, ®Ωîª-†©÷ Éçü¿’èπ◊ ÖüΔ-£æ«®Ω-ù©’. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ v°æÆæç-í¬©÷, ®Ωîª-†™x Åçûª v§ƒ´·êuç ÖçúË Å稻™‰ç Öçúø´¤.

A. Spectral =

Q. His opinion is a figment of imagination. A.

ÅûªúÕ ÅGμv§ƒßª’ç, ÅûªúÕ Ü£æ« éπLpç-*çC. Figment = ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË¢Ë, Eïç-é¬-EN. (ü¿ßª÷u©÷, ¶μº÷û√©÷, É´Fo figments of our imagination).

v§ƒ´·êuç §ÒçCçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2009 Narmada: Hi Sourabha, how goes life? How is your new job?

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? F éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ᙫ ÖçC?)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Sourabha: That certainly was so, but in the present job keeps me on the go all the time. That's too hard to bear, you know.

Sourabha: OK. Can't complain. I can't say I am very happy either though.

(¶«üμ¿™‰ç ™‰´¤. Å®·Ø√ ´’K Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬†÷ ™‰†-†’éÓ) Narmada: I thought your present job is better than the former one.

(F §ƒûª ÖüÓu-í¬-E-éπçõ‰ É°æpöÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´’ç*-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o) Sourabha: It certainly is, but the trouble is I've my hands full all the time. No time to relax at office even for a minute.

(Åü¿çûË Å†’éÓ. é¬E Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç ÅÆæ©’ BJÍé ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îË≤ÚhçC. ÅC ¶μºJç-îªúøç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC) Narmada: What's keeping you so busy?

(Åçûª BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ áçü¿’-èπ◊ç-öçC?) Sourabha: The company is pulling out all stops to complete project on hand by the end of the next month. So we are all rushed through all the time. I hope to get a bit of rest the month after the next.

Narmada: If I were you, I'd do this job rather than the old one. It was certainly a dead-end job, wasn't it?

(´÷ éπç°F É°æ¤púø’ E®Ωy-£œ«-Ææ’h†o v§ƒñ„èπ◊d-†’ ´îËa ØÁ™«-ê-®Ω’-™í¬ °æ‹Jh-îË-ÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ ¨¡ûª-N-üμΔ™« v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ÚhçC. Åçü¿’éπE ´’´’t-©oç-ü¿Ko ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ´îËa-ØÁ© ûª®√yûË Ø√èπ◊ é¬Ææh Nv¨»çA üÌ®Ω’èπ◊-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)

(ØËØË F¢ÁjûË, F §ƒûª ÖüÓu-í¬-E-éπØ√o ÉüË îË≤ƒh. F §ƒûª ÖüÓuí∫ç àç ¶μºN-≠æuûª’h ™‰EC éπüΔ?)

Narmada: You are the hardworking type. You will soon rise to the top. Wish you all luck. Bye.

(ÅçûË Å†’éÓ, é¬F *éπ\çû√ éπ~ùç BJ-éπ-™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh Nv¨»çAéÀ èπÿú≈ Æ洒ߪ’ç ™‰ü¿’ -Ç°∂‘Ææ’-™)

2

(†’´¤y éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æEîËÊÆ ®Ωéπ¢Ë’. Åçü¿’ éπE -ûªy®Ω-™-ØË ûª°æpéπ °jéÀ ®√í∫-©´¤. ÂÆ©¢˛) Ñ≤ƒJ English ™ ûª®Ω NE-°œçîË éÌEo Idioms - 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷™x °æE-¶μ«-®√-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*†

idioms Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above. 1) I have my hands full all the time 2) It was a dead-end job 3) My present job keeps me on toes all the time. 4) The company is pulling out all stops to complete the project. 1) To have somebody's hands full = to be very busy = 3) to keep some one on toes.

îª÷üΔlç.

éπ~ùç/ ÅÆæ©’ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç

a) There's no talking to him now. He has his hands full with his daughter's marriage = =

ÅûªúÕûÓ É°æ¤púËç ´÷ö«x-úø™‰ç. ¢√∞¡x´÷t®· °RxûÓ éπ~ùç BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oúø’.

G.G.Rao, Visakhapatnam

the art. The newspaper ‘X’ uses the state-of-the art printing technology =

-Ç °ævAéπ Åûªuçûª Çüμ¿’-Eéπ ´·vü¿ù °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©†’ ¢√úø’-ûª’çC/ Åûªuçûª Çüμ¿’-Eéπ ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ °æJ-ñ«c-†çûÓ ûªßª÷-È®j† ´·vü¿ù« ≤˘éπ-®√uEo ¢√úø’-ûª’çC. Q. As he was very strong èπ◊ very strong as he was èπ◊ ¶μ«¢√-®√n™ x ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. As he was strong = Åûªúø’ •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-´-úøç-´©x As he was strong, he was able to carry such a load = strong as he was, he was able to carry such a load =

Åûªúø’ •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-´-úøç-´©x Åçûª •®Ω’´¤ ¢Á÷ߪ’-í∫-L-í¬úø’ = Åûªúø’ •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-´úøçûÓ Åçûª •®Ω’´¤ ¢Á÷ߪ’-í∫-L-í¬úø’. È®çúø÷ üΔüΔ°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Q. He is an excellent actor èπ◊ He is an actor par excellence èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. He is an excellent actor = Åûªúø’ î√™« íÌ°æp †ô’úø’ He is an actor par excellence = Åûªúø’ †ô’-©ç-ü¿-J™ Öûªh´’ †ô’úø’ Excellent = íÌ°æp Par excellence = Ç ûª®Ω-í∫-A™ ÅEoöÀéπçõ‰/ Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ Q. Mind blowing - Mind boggling ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Mind blowing Cví¬s¥çA, Cví∫s¥´’, Ææçv¶μº-´÷-¨¡a-®√u©’ éπL-TçîË/ N*-vûª-¢Á’i† Sachin's record in batting is mind blowing!

¶«u-öÀçí˚-™  Ææ*Ø˛ Jé¬®Ω’f Eïçí¬ Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-Tç-îËüË/ Ææçv¶μº-´÷-¨¡a-®√u-©†’ éπL-Tç-îËüË. Mind-boggling = (´·êuçí¬ ã Ææ´’Ææu) Å®Ωn-´’-´†çûª/ Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-™‰-†çûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i†/ ÆæçéÀx-≠d¢æ Á’i†, Cví∫s¥-´’†’ éπL-TçîË.LTTE Prabhakaran's capability to carry on attacks on Srilanka was mind boggling =

X©çéπ O’CéÀ üΔúÕ-îË-ߪ’-í∫© á-™¸-öÃ-öÃ-Ñ v°æ¶μ«-éπ-®ΩØ˛ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Ü£œ«çéÓ™‰-†çûª/ Å®Ωnç-é¬E N≠æߪ’ç. È®çúÕç-öÀéà ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωl¥ç, 'C´’t-A-J-Ííçûª— íÌ°æpC/ Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-TçîË N≠æߪ’ç.

2) v°æ´·-êçí¬ éπE-°œç-îªúøç/ v°æ´·ê §ƒvûª ´£œ«çîªúøç.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 571

State of the Art.. technology etc.

Åûªuçûª Çüμ¿’-Eéπ °æü¿l¥-ûª’©/ ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ °æJ-ñ«c†ç/ °æJ-éπ-®√© ¢√úøéπç– Å™«çöÀ °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©ûÓ ûªßª÷-È®jç-üË-ü¿-®·Ø√, state-of-

a) Unfortunately a teacher's job in a private school is a dead-end job =

w°j¢Ëö¸ Ææ÷\™x öÃ˝ ÖüÓuí∫ç áü¿’-í∫÷-¶Ô-ü¿’-í∫÷-™‰E ÖüÓuí∫ç

b) With such qualifications why is he still in that dead-end job?=

Å™«çöÀ NüΔu-®Ω|-ûª-©’çúÕ, Å™«çöÀ áü¿’-í∫÷-¶Ô-ü¿’-í∫÷-™‰E ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ áçü¿’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? 4) Pull out all stops = N¨¡y-v°æ-ߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’úøç/ ¨¡ûª-N-üμΔ™« v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªúøç. The centre is pulling out all stops to end Naxalism =

†éπq-L-ñ«-Eo Åçûªç-ñ‰-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Íéçvü¿ç ¨¡ûª-N-üμΔ™« v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ÚhçC.

Q. I watched out for spectral hitchhikers.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®√nEo ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©ûÓ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. State-of-the art= (latest/ most modern)

áEo-éπ©’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-°æ-úø-ôçûÓ Å¶μºu-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω’ ÅÆæq©’ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’. (Round the corner = (Ææç°∂æ’-ô†) ÆæO’-°œç-îªúøç) 2) A dead-end job = áü¿’í∫÷ ¶Ôü¿’í∫÷ ™‰E ÖüÓuí∫ç (-v°æ-¢Á÷-≠æ-Ø˛/ @ûªç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™)

=

I have my hands full all the time Q.

There's no talking to him now. His daughter's marriage is keeping him on toes. b) With the elections round the corners, the candidates have their hands full/ are on their toes =

Ææ´’-Ææu©÷/ ¶«üμ¿©÷ Ö†o°æ¤p-úø™«x ÅûªúÕ v°æA¶μº v°æ´·-êçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.

Srinu, Darsi Q.

¶μ«¢ÓüËy-í∫çûÓ v¨ûª-©èπ◊ £æ«ûª’h-èπ◊-§ÚßË’ ÆæçUûªç §ƒúøôç. Q. Essential èπ◊, quintessential èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? OöÀE à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√ú≈L? A. Essential = üËE-ÈéjØ√ ÅA ´·êu-¢Á’i†. extremely important - Water is essential for life. Quintessential = fect example of something.

Çü¿-®Ωz-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†.

being a per-

Sachin is the quintessential batsman = .

Ææ*Ø˛

Çü¿-®Ωz-´ç-ûª’-úÁj† ¶«u--ö¸q-´’-Ø˛

Q. Surface and come to fore

èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. To surface = éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ Åñ«c-ûªçí¬/ Åü¿%-¨¡uçí¬ Ö†o ´uèπ◊h©÷/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©÷ v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-´úøç/ Ææp≠ædçí¬ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ éπE-°œç-îªúøç. a) He had disappeared a year ago and surfaced in Srikalahasti a week ago =

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. But times have changed but commoners are now making no bone about their disrespect for the politicians.

A.

Ñ v°æ¨¡o™x ´’ç* Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† idioms and ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. Make no bones = ¶«£æ…-ôçí¬ ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC •ßª’-ôèπ◊ E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ îÁÊ°p-ߪ’úøç. Sentence Å®Ωnç = ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-¢√-ü¿’-©-°æôx ûª´’Íé´÷vûªç íı®Ω-´ç-™‰E N≠æߪ’ç, ≤ƒ´÷†u v°æï©’ ¶«£æ…-ôç-í¬ØË îÁÊ°p-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. phrasal verbs

Q. Soulful rendition A. Soulful Rendition =

A.

Éçü¿’™ idiom - gain mileage - àüÁjØ√ Ææç°∂æ’-ô††’/ °æJ-Æœn-AE ¢√úø’-èπ◊E Ê°®Ω÷, v§ƒ´·êuç §ÒçüËçü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªúøç. ´®Ω-ü¿-™«xçöÀ N°æ-ûª’h-©-°æ¤púø’ öÃ-O -îμ√-ØÁ-™¸q ÅFo Ê°®Ω’ Ææ秃-Cç-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, v§ƒ´·êuç §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπÿ v°æߪ’-AoÆæ’hçö«®·. Sentence Å®Ωnç = Ñ ÅØÁj-Aéπ/ £‘«†-¢Á’i† Ææç°∂æ’-ô†ûÓ Ê°®Ω’ Ææ秃-Cç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤Úhçü¿E v°æï-™«-¢Á’†’ ûª°æ¤p-•-ö«d®Ω’. Heinous = ÅØÁj-A-éπ-¢Á’i†/ £‘«†-¢Á’i†

Q. He saved the day.

Dhoni saved the day for India by his very fast century =

Å®Ωnç = Ø√èπ◊ ü¿ßª’uç °æôd-éπ-§Ú-´úøç Åü¿’s¥ûª¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’.

Q. Pakistan took an 'U' turn. A. Take a U turn (an U turn

é¬ü¿’) = üΔÈ®ç-•-úÕ§Úûª÷ ¢Á†éÀ\ ´’∞¡xúøç. Ñ ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç = §ƒéÀ-≤ƒnØ˛ ´÷ô ´÷Í®a-ÆœçC/ Ê°xô’ °∂œ®√-®·ç-*çC. (´·ç-ü¿-†o´÷-ô†’ é¬ü¿ç-öçC.)

Q. They are protesting against derogatory cartoon. A.

The Police cordoned off the site of the bomb explosion =

¶«ç-•’ Ê°L† Ææn™«Eo §ÚM-Ææ’©’ ô’d-´·öÀd, á´®Ω÷ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ î˨»®Ω’.

Ç éÀçîª-°æ-JîË (derogatory) 鬮Ω÷d-Ø˛ °æôx ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûª´’ E®Ω-Ææ-††’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

Q. He has locked horns with his rival. A. To lock horns =

äéπ-JûÓ N¢√ü¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-´úøç. Å®Ωnç = Åûªúø’ ûª† v°æûªu-JnûÓ N¢√ü¿ç °ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

Sentence

Q. They have no love lost for each other. A. To have no love lost =

Éü¿lJ ´’üμ¿u vÊ°´’/ ÊÆo£æ«ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. Sentence Å®Ωnç = ¢√J-ü¿lJ ´’üμ¿u vÊ°´’/ ÊÆo£æ«ç à癉ü¿’. (No love lost between Samatha and Mamatha)

Q. Corden off

§ÚM-Æˇ©÷, ÂÆjE-èπ◊©÷ ¢Á÷£æ«Jç*/ ´©-ߪ’çí¬ à®ΩpúÕ v°æï-©†’ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ îËߪ’úøç.

Miracle =

Sentence

ûª† ¢Á’®Ω’°æ¤ ÂÆç-îª-K-ûÓ üμÓE ¶μ«®Ω-û˝†’ í∫õ„d-éÀ\ç-î√úø’/ ãôN’ †’ç* 鬧ƒ-ú≈úø’. A. Cordon off (an area) =

ü¿ßª’uç °æôdúøç,

Åü¿’s¥ûªç.

A. To save the day =

b) At the meeting of the party the differences between the two groups surfaced =

ûÁ©ç-í¬ù Ææ´’Ææu ´’Sx

A. Be possessed =

Every TV Channel finds in disasters like floods a chance to gain mileage =

Ç°æü¿ †’ç* í∫õ„d-éÀ\çîªúøç/ O©’-é¬E Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´’ç* °∂æL-û√Eo ûÁ*a-°-ôdúøç. Sentence Å®Ωnç = Åûªúø’ Ç°æü¿ †’ç* í∫õ„déÀ\çî√úø’.

The question of Telangana has come to the fore once again =

Q. It is a miracle I am not possessed.

Q. The people blamed her for trying to gain mileage out of this heinous incident.

àú≈-CéÀç-ü¿ô Åü¿%-¨¡u-¢Á’i† Åûªúø’ ¢√®Ωç véÀûªç Xé¬-∞¡£æ«-Æœh™ v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-ߪ÷uúø’.

Ç §ƒKd Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨¡ç™ È®çúø’ ´®√_© ´’üμ¿u N¶μ‰-üΔ©’ •ßª’-ô-°æ-ú≈f®·/ ûÁ®Ω-°jéÀ ´î√a®·. Come to the fore = 1) v°æ´·êç 鬴úøç/ v§ƒ´·êuç §Òçü¿úøç. (To become prominent)/ v§ƒüμΔ†uç §Òçü¿úøç.

¶μº÷ûª-vÊ°-û√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† (¶μº÷ûªvÊ°û√™«x É°æ¤púø’ éπ†-°æúÕ ´’Sx Åü¿%-¨¡u-´’ßË’u) Hitchhikers = Éûª-®Ω’© é¬®Ω’x, -™«-K-©’ ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ x Ö*-ûªçí¬ v°æߪ÷ùç îËÆœ °æ®Ωu-öÀç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. O∞¡Ÿx é¬L†-úø-éπ† °æ®Ωu-ô† v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç* áéπ\-úÁjØ√, é¬®Ω’x, -™«-K-©’ éπE-°œÊÆh, Åéπ\úø ®Óúø’f-°æéπ\ E©’-E -v°∂‘í¬ -L°∂ˇd §ÒçC, ü¿÷®Ω-v§ƒç-û√--™x °æ®Ωu-öÀ-≤ƒh®Ω’. E®√t-†’-≠æuçí¬ Ö†o ®Óúø’f °æéπ\† Ñ hitchhikers Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ v°æûªu-éπ~¢Á’i -L°∂ˇdèπ◊ îË®·-î√ÊÆh ¢√∞¡Ÿx à vÊ°ûªç/ ¶μº÷ûªç/ ü¿ßª’uç-í¬ØÓ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’ éπüΔ? Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√∞¡x†’ Spectral (ü¿ßª÷u-™«xçöÀ) hitchhikers Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç – Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ v°æûªu-éπ~-´’ßË’u ü¿ßª÷u-™«xçöÀ hitchhikers á´-®ΩØ√o éπE-°œ-≤ƒh-Í®¢Á÷ ÅE îª÷¨»†’.

His best talents come to the fore when there is trouble =

Q. Rhetoric

E ÖüΔ-£æ«-®ΩùûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Rhetoric = v¨ûª-©†÷, §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-©†÷ v°æ¶μ«-Nûªç îËߪ’-í∫© °æü¿-ñ«-©çûÓ îËÊÆ v°æÆæç-í¬©÷, ®Ω©÷; ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-Ø√-ߪ’M.SURESAN èπ◊©÷, ´÷N-≠ˇdx-™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡⁄x ûª´’èπ◊ ņ’-èπÿ-©¢Á’i†, v°æûªu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ v°æA-èπÿ-©-¢Á’i† ¶μ«¢√-©†’ È®îªa-íÌ-õ‰dçü¿’èπ◊ îËÊÆ Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒ©÷, ®Ωîª-†©÷ Éçü¿’èπ◊ ÖüΔ-£æ«®Ω-ù©’. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ v°æÆæç-í¬©÷, ®Ωîª-†™x Åçûª v§ƒ´·êuç ÖçúË Å稻™‰ç Öçúø´¤.

A. Spectral =

Q. His opinion is a figment of imagination. A.

ÅûªúÕ ÅGμv§ƒßª’ç, ÅûªúÕ Ü£æ« éπLpç-*çC. Figment = ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË¢Ë, Eïç-é¬-EN. (ü¿ßª÷u©÷, ¶μº÷û√©÷, É´Fo figments of our imagination).

v§ƒ´·êuç §ÒçCçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 8 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Jagadish: Hi Ramesh, who have you been talking to over the phone?

(á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ §∂ÚØÓx?) Ramesh: That's my brother Naresh. He was talking about the movie he went to last night. He was telling me he liked it, of course, but it did not go down well with his wife, it seems.

(´÷ ûª´·túø’ †Í®-≠ˇûÓ. ûª†’ E†o ¢ÁRx† ÆœE-´÷†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Ø√ûÓ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’, ÅC ûª†éÀ †*aç-ü¿F, ¢√∞«x-Núø Åçûª É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰-ü¿E.) Jagadish: What was the movie?

(àçö«-Æœ-E´÷?)

Ramesh: All that I can say is that kind of sophisticated action can't be to you liking. You lack taste, my dear.

(؈’ îÁ°æp-í∫-L-Íí-ü¿™«x äéπõ‰. Åçûª Ææ’Eo-ûª¢Á’i† †ôØ√ î√ûª’®Ωuç Fèπ◊ †îªa-ü¿E. Fé¬ ÅGμ-®Ω’-*-™‰ü¿’, N’vûª´÷.) Jagadish: I really wonder what you saw in that movie to go gaga over it?

(Åçûª ä∞¡Ÿx ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç *vûªç™ àç îª÷¨»¢Ó Ø√éπ-®Ωnç-é¬-´-úøç-™‰ü¿’.) Ramesh: No one can hold a candle to my favourite in the matter of action and expression. OK. Let's not argue about it. We can never agree on that.

Ramesh: Ninnu Ne Pelladanu, now showing at Chitramahal. Have you seen it?

1) It did not go down well with his wife 2) It didn't appeal to me 3) You are about it

crazy

4) ... what you've seen in it to go gaga over it.

3) be crazy about =

5) No one can hold a candle to ...

=

É°æpöÀ ߪ·´ûª -§ƒ°ˇ ÆæçUûªç, -v¶‰é˙ -ú≈u-Ø˛q °æôx N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i†/ ´’K °œ*aí¬ ¢Á÷V-°æ-úø’-ûÓçC. b) She is crazy about modern fashions

a) An alliance with PRP did not go down well with a good number of congress leaders

=

†÷ûª† -§∂ƒu-≠æ-Ø˛ °æôx Ç¢Á’èπ◊ °œ*a ¢Á÷V. ÉC èπÿú≈ °j expressions ™«í¬ØË, N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i†, ¢Á÷V-°æ-úøôç ÅE Å®Ωnç.

4) go gaga =

=

v°æ®√-§ƒûÓ §Òûª’h î√™«-´’çC é¬ç-vÈíÆˇ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©èπ◊ É≠ædç-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC/ †îªa-™‰ü¿’

a) The minute he appears on the stage people go gaga over him.

N othing in ... to go gaga over it ! Jagadish: Of course I have. And it didn't appeal to me either.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 572

(Ç, îª÷¨»†’. Ø√Íéç °ü¿l íÌ°æpí¬ ÅE°œç-îª-™‰-ü¿C.) Ramesh: But it did to me. It was really wonderful.

(é¬F Ø√èπ◊ †*açC. î√™« Åü¿’s¥-ûªçí¬ ÖçC Eïç-í¬ØË.) Jagadish: I know; you are the fan of the hero, and even the dullest movie he acts in you are crazy about it, aren't you? How can you like such muck?

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’™‰. †’¢√y †ô’úÕ ÅGμ-´÷-EN. Çߪ’† †öÀçîË à ÅØ√-Ææ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† *vûª-¢Á’iØ√, Fèπ◊ ¢Á÷ñ‰. Å™«çöÀ îÁûªh FÈ陫 †*açüÓ?) Raghunath, Boddapadu. Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Marriages have nothing to do with your partner’s age.

A.

°RxéÀ, ¶μ«®Ωu/ ¶μº®Ωh ´ßª’-Ææ’èπÿ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ Éçü¿’™ ´’ç* Phrasal Verbs/ idioms ÖØ√o®·. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. to do with = Ææç•çüμ¿ç Öçúøôç. Nothing to do with = à Nüμ¿-¢Á’i† Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøç. Q. Women to pop abortion pills in a bid to do away with unwanted pregnancy. A.

Å¢√ç-*μûª í∫®√s¥Eo ÇÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æ‘Y©’ í∫®Ωs¥-v≤ƒ-´ç éπLTçîË ´÷vûª©’ ¢√úø-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ (pop = ØÓöxéÀ ¢ËÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç) To do away with = äéπ- °æ-ü¿l¥-AE ÇÊ°-ߪ’-úøç. a) The school wants to do away with ties as a part of the students' uniform =

NüΔu-®Ω’n© ߪ‚-E-§∂ƒç-™ -õ„i BÊÆ-ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçüΔ Ææ÷\-™¸.

b) The government wants to do away with middle men =

v°æ¶μº’ûªyç ü¿∞«-®Ω’© §ƒvûª†’ ÇÊ°-ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC/Åçûªç-îË-ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC.

Q. This peoples face of Rajamata was not one for which she has been talked about. A. Sentence

ÆæJ-í¬-™‰ü¿’.

Q. That of maharani a politician, one who lent her voice to a cause. A. One who lent her voice to a cause =

äéπ

v°æñ -°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´’ü¿lûª’ É*a† ´uéÀh. Q. Greedy auto drivers egg them on. A.

ü¿’®√¨¡ Ö†o Çö wúÁj´®Ω’x ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ¤J-éÌ-©’p-û√®Ω’/ È®îªa-íÌ--úø-û√®Ω’.

muck=

îÁûªh, °çô. sophisticated= (Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™) î√™« Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i† (Ø√ô-éÃ-ߪ’çé¬E) †ô-Ø√-î√-ûª’®Ωuç. Ñ≤ƒJ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË ´’J-éÌEo Phrasal Verbs, idioms îª÷üΔlç.

b) Shahruk khan is a Hindi actor, but his action goes down well with the people of other languages = ≥ƒ®Ω÷-é˙-ë«Ø˛ £œ«çD-†-ô’-úÁj-†-°æp-öÀéà ÅûªúÕ †ô† Éûª®Ω ¶μ«≠æ© v°æï-©èπÿ †îª’a-ûª’çC. 2) To appeal to = †îªaúøç/ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Öçúøôç

Åûªúø’ ¢ËC-éπ-O’ü¿ éπE-°œç-*† éπ~ùç vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©’ °œ*a-¢√-∞¡x-®·-§Ú-û√®Ω’ (Åçûª ¢Á÷V-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’)

b) There was certainly nothing in the movie for the people to go gaga over it = Åçûª °œ*aí¬ ¢Á÷V-°æ-ú≈-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç Ç *vûªç™ à癉ü¿’. 5) To hold a candle to = (íÌ°æp-ûª-†ç™) Dô’ 鬴úøç, Ææ´’-´’-´úøç/ ÆæJ-ûª÷-í∫úøç a) No other batsman can hold a candle to Sachin as a batsman. = à Éûª®Ω -¶«u-ö¸q-´’-Ø˛ èπÿú≈ Ææ*-Ø˛èπ◊ Dô’®√®Ω’/ Ææ*-†çûª íÌ°æp-¢√-∞¡Ÿx-é¬®Ω’. b) No other holiday spot can hold a candle to Kashmir in its scenic beauty

=

ÆæçU-û√-EéÀ ¶μ«≠æ ™‰ü¿’. ´’ç* ÆæçUûªç Åçü¿J™ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-T-Ææ’hçC/ Çéπ-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’çC.

Q. The government was committed to implement the development programmes in their true spirit. A. Be committed to =

•ü¿’l¥™„j Öçúøôç/ éπô’d-•úÕ Öçúøôç. ÅGμ-´%Cl 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷-©†’ Å´’©’°æJ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç éπô’d-•-úÕ-ÖçC.

Q. Visibly angry with officials for their laxity. A. Visibly =

Åçü¿-Jéà éπ†-•-úËô’x/ ¶«£æ…-ôçí¬. laxity = E®Ωxéπ~uç. ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’© E®Ωxéπ~uç °æôx Çߪ’† ¶«£æ…-ôçí¬ éÓ°æp-ú≈fúø’.

Q. I grew in stature due to T.D.P. A. in stature =

≤ƒn®·™. -ûÁ-©’í∫’-üË-¨¡ç -§ƒ-Kd ´©xØË Ø√ ≤ƒn®· °J-TçC.

Q. The leaders are on a shaky wicket. A. be on shaky wicket/ on a sticky wicket =

Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπ °æJ-Æœn-A™ Öçúøôç. Q. Many people converged on the otherwise sleepy coastal city from villages the affable and plain speaking lady was a source of inspiration and Malasri in the green suit stole the show although the event. Her very presence lent an aura of solemnity and unfalling commitment that transcended beyond the human barriers of language.

´÷´‚-©’í¬ Åçûªí¬ Éûª-®Ω’© ü¿%≠œdE Çéπ-J{ç-îªE Ç Ææ´·-vü¿-B®Ω †í∫-®√-EéÀ ô’d-°æ-éπ\© ví¬´÷-©-†’ç* v°æï©’ ´*a í∫’N’-í∫÷-ú≈®Ω’. ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπ-¢Á’i†, Ö†oC -Ö-†o-ô’xí¬ ´÷ö«xúË Ç ´’£œ«∞¡ Åéπ\úø Ææ÷p¥JhéÀ ´‚©çí¬ ÖçC. Ç é¬®Ωu-véπ´’ç ïJ-T-†çûªÊÆ°æ‹ °æîªa-®Ωçí∫’ -ü¿’Ææ’h-™‰Ææ’èπ◊-†o ´÷™«X v°æ´·-ê-´u-éÀhí¬ EL-*çC. Ç¢Á’ Åéπ\úø Öçúø-ô¢Ë’ Ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ´÷†´ ¶μ«≥ƒ--¶μ‰-üΔ-©éπ-B-ûª-¢Á’i† °æN-vûª-ûª†’, E•-ü¿l¥-ûª†÷ éπLpç-*çC.

Q. Lest there is no meaning for their art. A. Lest there should be no meaning for their art. =

¢√∞¡x- éπ-∞¡ Å®Ωn-®Ω-£œ«ûªç é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ Å®Ωn´ç-ûªçí¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.

=

à Éûª®Ω °æ®Ωu-ôéπ v°æü˨¡ç èπÿú≈ ü¿%¨¡u ≤˘çü¿-®Ωuç™ é¬Qt-®˝èπ◊ ≤ƒöÀ-®√ü¿’. Hold a candle to - phrasal verb -†’ ÆæJ-®√ü¿’, Dô’-®√ü¿’ – -Å-ØË -Å®Ωnç-ûÓ not ûÓØË á°æ¤púø÷, ¢√úøû√ç.

b) The movie failed to appeal to a section of the viewers. = äéπ ´®Ω_ç vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊©èπ◊ Ç *vûªç †îªa-™‰ü¿’/ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

A.

=

a) Music has no language. Real good music appeals to all people.

M.SURESAN

´’K °œ*aí¬ ¢Á÷V-°æ-úøôç.

a) The youth now a days are crazy about pop music and break dance

°j expressions ÅFo, '†îªa-ú≈-EéÀ— Ææç•ç-Cμç-*-†N. îª÷úøçúÕ: 1) Go down well with: †îªaúøç/ äéπ®Ω’ É≠æd-°æ-úøôç.

(†ôØ√, £æ…´-¶μ«-¢√© v°æéπ-ô-†© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ø√ ÅGμ-´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ á´y®Ω÷ Dô’-®√®Ω’. üΔE í∫’Jç* ¢√ü¿ç ´ü¿’l™‰. ´’E-ü¿l-JéÃ Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÅçU-鬮Ωç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’.)

(É°æ¤púø’ *vûª-´’-£æ«™x Çúø’-ûª’†o 'E†’o ØË Â°∞«x-úø†’—. †’´¤y îª÷¨»¢√?)

2

AV Subbarao, Onipenta

´ßª’Ææ’, Ææçêu© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Q.

éÀçC °æüΔ©’/ °æü¿-•ç-üμΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. ÅToéÀ Ç£æ›A 2. ¨¡®Ω-ù«-®Ω’n©’ 3. Åçûª-®Ω’uü¿l¥ç 4. Åçèπ◊¨¡ç 5. ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç, v°æ≤ƒü¿ç 6. Eve 7. Finale 8. àéπ Ææçü∑Δ-ví¬£œ« 9. Trivia 10. Also ran 11. Be run down 12. In the long run 13. On the run 14. Run Across 15. Run after 16. Run away 17. Run a risk

Q. Above, over

àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈L?

A. 1) Go up in flames 2) Refugees/ Fugitives 3) Civil War 4) Goad 5) Offering 6)

äéπ ´·êu-¢Á’i† ®ÓV (´·êuçí¬ ´’ûª v§ƒ´·êuç Ö†o ®ÓVèπ◊ ´·çü¿-öÀ-®ÓV/ ´·çü¿öÀ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç) 7) '°∂œØ√L— = ´·Tç°æ¤ 8) Having a good memory 9) v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰E N≠æ-ߪ÷©’, ´·îªaô’x 10) áEo-éπ™ x, Éûª®Ω NüμΔ© §ÚöÙ x §ÚöÃ-îËÆ œ ãúÕ-§Ú-®·-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx 11) F®Ω-Æ œç* Å©-Æ œ-§Ú-´úøç 12) ´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ ®ÓV™x 13) -§Ú-MÆæ’-© †’ç*, v°æ´÷ü¿ç †’ç* ¨¡vûª’-´¤©’ ûª°œpç-èπ◊ §ƒJ-§Ú-´úøç 14) á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷úøôç/ éπ©-´úøç. àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ îª÷úøôç ûªô-Æœnç-îªúøç (îª÷ú≈Lq ®√´úøç) 15) ¢Áçô-•úÕ ûª®Ω-´’úøç 16) §ƒJ-§Ú-´úøç 17) v°æ´÷-üΔ-ØÁo-ü¿’-®Ì\ØË Å´-鬨¡ç A. DE í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç. ´’®Ó≤ƒJ N´-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. above = over àüÁjØ√ äéπ-üΔ-E-°j† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. The plane flew above/ over the hill= éÌçúø-°j† ... There are two rooms above/ over that floor =

Ç Åçûª-Ææ’h-°j† È®çúø’ í∫ü¿’-©’-Ø√o®·. íÓúø-ü¿÷-éπúøç ™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ Å®·ûË, He jumped over the wall ÅØË Åçö«ç. above ņç. äéπ fixed point °j† ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ above Åçö«ç. The place is 3000 ft above the sea level

(Ææ´·-vü¿-´’-ö«d-EéÀ 3000 Åúø’-í∫’© áûª’h™ ÖçüΔ v°æü˨¡ç)

over

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç.

He is over 50 years; It costs over Rs.100/-

Åçö«ç. éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

Q.

1) Run into 2) Run-of-the mill 3) Run over 4) Run to seed 5) Run up 6) Run against 7) Running fight 8) Make the running 9) In the running 10) Jumbo A. 1) Run into =

ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ á´-È®j oØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’ -éÓ-´úøç. 2) àç éÌûªh-ü¿-†ç-™‰E (a run of the mill movie)/ ÇÆæÍéhç éπL-Tç-îªE/ dull 3) i) §ÒçT-§Ò-®Ωx-úøç. ii) ¢√£æ«†ç ´’E-≠œE/ ïçûª’-´¤†’ úμŒéÌöÀd, ¢√J/ ¢√öÀ O’ü¿’í¬ ¢Á∞¡}-úøç. 4) i) v¨¡-ü¿l¥ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ/ îª÷°æ-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç-´©x Çéπ-®Ω{ù éÓ™p-´-úøç. á´®Ω÷ °æöÀdç--éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ à ´Ææ’h´¤/ ÆæçÆæn Å®·Ø√ éπ∞«-N-£‘«-†çí¬ -Öçúøôç. ii) îÁô’d °æç-úø’x, °æ‹©’, Nûªh-Ø√-©†’ ÖûªpAhîËߪ’-úøç. 5) i) äéπ ´·êu Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ´·çü¿J ®ÓV©’. In the/ during the run-up to the elections there were frequent fights between the two parties =

-á-Eoéπ-©’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’†o ®ÓV™x È®çúø’ §ƒKd© ´’üμ¿u éÌö«xô áèπ◊\-¢ÁjçC. ii) Long jump/ High jump ™«çöÀN îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤p-úø’ Ü°æç-ü¿’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ °æ®Ω’ÈíûËh ü¿÷®Ωç 6) ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ Öçúøôç. 7) é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’†o §Ú®√ôç 8) i) äéπ-°æE áçûª-¢Ë-í∫çí¬ îËߪ÷™ E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-úøç ii) àüÁjØ√ °æEE ´·çü¿’çúÕ †úÕ-°œç-îª-úøç 9) àüÁjØ√ ≤ƒCμçîË-ߪ’-úøç-™ / §ÚöÙ  Nïߪ’ç §ÒçüË Å´-鬨¡ç. 10) i) ´çü¿-™-´’ç-C v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊-©†’ -BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}í∫-© °ü¿l N´÷†ç ii) î√-™«, î√-™« °ü¿l-üÁj†.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 15 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2009 Subodh: Since when have you taken a liking to cricket? I often see you glued to the TV whenever there is a cricket match.

(†’´¤y á°æp-öÀ-†’ç* véÀÈéö¸ Åçõ‰ ÅGμ-´÷-EÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? véÀÈéö¸ ´÷uî˝ Ö†o-°æ¤p-úøçû√ †’´¤y öÃOéÀ Åûª’èπ◊\-§Ú-´úøç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) (Glue = >í∫’®Ω’/ ÅA-éÀç-îªúøç) Pranav: Since the start of the current series. Earlier, it wasn't to my liking, I admit. But somehow it has held me too. I just can't explain that.

(Ñ ´®ΩÆæ ´÷u v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç †’çîË. Åçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’ Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’, ÅçU-éπJ≤ƒh. Å®·ûË Ø√èπÿ ¢√u°œç-*ç-ü¿C. ᙫ ïJ-TçüÓ Øˆ’ îÁ°æp-™‰†’.) Subodh: You used to complain that I was too keen on cricket, and that it didn't deserve the attention the crowds

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Subodh: Whatever you say, I find Cricket much more thrilling. May be you say I have a weakness for it. Call it what you will. The game is like nothing else.

(F¢Ë-´’Ø√o ņ’, véÀÈéö¸ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ Öû√q£æ«ç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC. Åü¿çõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ •©£‘«-†ûª ÅØÌa †’´¤y. à¢Á’iØ√ ņ’. ÉçÍéC èπÿú≈ üΔE™« Öçúøü¿’.) Pranav: How about your brother?

(O’ ûª´·túÕ Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?) Subodh: He has a passion for it. He forgets everything watching cricket.

1) Since when have you taken a liking to Cricket? 2) ... that I was too keen on Cricket 3) You didn't see what.. to make them take to it 4) ... and it has grown on me ever since

üËØÁj oØ√/ á´-È®j oØ√ É≠æd-°æ-úøôç.

6) He has a passion for it.

a) Indians are keen on Cricket =

(¢√úÕéÀ véÀÈéö¸ Åçõ‰ í¬úμø-¢Á’i† ÅGμ-´÷†ç. véÀÈéö¸ îª÷Ææ’hçõ‰ ÅFo ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-û√úø’.) Pranav: That makes two of you then, you crazy guys.

1) Take a liking to something/ somebody = 3) Take to something/ somebody =

àüÁjØ√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo/ á´-È®j oØ√ É≠æd-°æ-úøôç Ç®Ωç-Gμç-îªúøç,

(Fèπ◊ ûÓúø’ ¢√úø-†o-´÷ô, °œîÓa-∞«x®√.)

She has a passion for music (؈’ véÀÈéö¸ Åçõ‰ ÅAí¬ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†E, ïØ√©’ üΔE-°æôx Åçûª v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°æúøç ûªí∫-ü¿F ÅØË ¢√úÕN éπüΔ? Åçûª É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª véÀÈé-ö¸™ à´·çüÓ Féπ®Ωnç é¬ü¿-ØË-¢√-úÕN. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Fèπ◊ °∂æ¤ö¸-¶«™¸ É≠ædç éπüΔ?)

´·êuçí¬ ûªèπ◊\´ 鬩ç-™ØË.

(àç, É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. véÀÈéö¸ N≠æ-ߪ÷E-éÌÊÆh ã≤ƒJ üμÓE ¶«uöÀçí˚ îª÷úøôç ûªôÆœnç-*çC. ÅçûË. véÀÈéö¸ Åçõ‰ Ø√èπÿ ÅGμ´÷†ç °J-TçC. é¬F, É°æp-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ Ø√ v°æü∑¿´’ ÅGμ-´÷†ç °∂æ¤ö¸-¶«-™¸Íé. Ç Çô ÉîËaçûª í∫í∫’-®√pô’ ÉçÍé Çö« É´y-ü¿E °æçüÁç é¬≤ƒh.) Baddi Pappulu, Vykunthapuram

¶«©-´·-®Ω-S-éπ%≠æg ÆæçUûªç N†o ûª®√yûª Ç¢Á’ ¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ ÆæçUûªç O’ü¿ ÅGμ-´÷†ç °ç-èπ◊çC.

Subodh: Just as you are crazy about football.

b) His service to the old and orphans made me take a liking to/ take to him =

´%ü¿’l¥-©èπ◊, ÅØ√ü∑¿ °œ©x-©èπ◊ Åûªúø’ îËÆæ’h†o ÊÆ´ Ø√éπ-ûª-úÕ-O’ü¿ É≠ædç/ ÅGμ-´÷†ç °ç*çC.

(Fèπ◊ °∂æ¤ö¸-¶«™¸ Åçõ‰ °œîÁj a-†ô’x/ †’´¤y °∂æ¤ö¸-¶«™¸ °œîÓa-úÕ-¢Áj-†ô’x.)

c) They met just yesterday, but they have taken a great liking to/ took to each other =

M.SURESAN (Notes: Glued to the TV= current = = present; deserve = first love = match = thrill = crazy = like nothing else =

¢√∞¡Ÿx éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC E†oØË, Å®·Ø√ Éü¿l®Ω÷ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ ¶«í¬ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-ߪ÷u®Ω’. Idiom (ñ«Bߪ’ç): As a fish takes to water = F∞¡xçõ‰ îË°æ-Èéçûª É≠æd¢Á÷, Å™«...

öÃOéÀ Åûª’-èπ◊\-§Ú-´úøç; v°æÆæ’hûª Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç; ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æúË N≠æߪ’ç; Ææ´’-ߪ’-´’-´úøç; Öûª’q-éπûª; N°æ-K-ûªçí¬ ¢Á÷V-°æ-úøôç; àD-™‰-†ç-ûªí¬).

He takes to singing as a fish takes to water =

îË°æèπ◊ F∞Îxçûª É≠æd¢Á÷, Åûª-úÕéÀ §ƒúøôç Åçûª É≠ædç. (Take to èπ◊ Éûª®Ω Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®·, ûª®√yûª îª÷üΔlç.)

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above:

Q.

'üË´¤úø’ ÅØËéπ ®Ω÷§ƒ™x Öçö«úø’— translate it into English.

Q. I have to go or I am to go

ÅØË ¢√é¬uEo ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ present ®Ω÷°æç™ ¢√úø-´-a-éπüΔ? I had to go or I was to go ÅØË ¢√é¬uEo past ®Ω÷°æç™ ¢√úø-´î√a? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ I was to go ņo-°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç Ææp≠ædçí¬ ®√´-úøç-™‰-ü¿E ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. A. I have to go = ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL (Ø√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ ÉçéÌ-éπJ Çïc) I am to go = ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL (ÉçéÌ-éπJ Çñ«c-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç) I had to go = ؈’ ¢Á∞«xLq ´*açC (í∫ûªç™– Ø√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ ÉçéÌéπJ Çïc) (¢Á∞«x†’) I was to have gone (I was to go é¬ü¿’) = ؈’ ¢Á∞«xLq ÖçúÕçC. (¢ÁRx-Öç-úø-´îª’a/ ¢ÁRx-Öç-úø-éπ§Ú-´îª’a)

a) After hearing Dr Balamuralikrishna, she took a liking to/ took to classical music =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 573

Pranav: Why, even now I am. About cricket, I happened to see Dhoni batting once, and it has grown on me ever since. But even now my first love is football. Nothing matches the thrill that the game gives you, I bet.

A. While he was writing I entered = I entered when he was writing. While

A. God is in many forms

áèπ◊\-´í¬ äéπ °æE ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úøí¬ ÅØË Å®Ω n ç ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. when, ï®Ω’-í∫’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ÅE. Q. E†o §ƒ®∏Ωç áçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊Ø√oç?– ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  Q. 'So far so good' Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. A. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. A. How far did we do in the lesson yesterday?/ Q.

2) be keen on some thing/ somebody =

5) May be you say I have a weakness for it

É≠ædç, É≠æd-°æ-úøôç, ¢Á÷V-°æ-úøôç ™«çöÀ-¢√-öÀéÀ ÆæÈ®j† ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ô©’ ÉC-´-®Ω™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ¢√úø-í∫-L-T-†N, ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*-†¢Ë ´’JéÌEo expressions É°æ¤púø’ îª÷üΔlç.

were paying it. You didn't see what anybody could find in cricket to make them take to it at all. You were into football earlier, weren't you.

2

How far did we go in the lesson yesterday?

GT Rohit, Secunderabad

'F´¤ Í®°æ¤ join 鬢√-©E ÇüË-Pç-îª-úø-¢Á’i-†C— – DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

Q.

ÅÂÆçHx Live ™ äéπ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ cleanest ÅØË °æü¿ç ¢√ú≈®Ω’. Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ´*a Dictionary îª÷ÊÆh ™‰ü¿’. Most clean ÅE ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’? a) 'You are instructed to be join tomorrow' b) 'You are instructed to be joined tomorrow' A. Dictionary, Åçõ‰ ã ´’ç* Dictionary îª÷úøçúÕ. Åçü¿’™ O’èπ◊- éπ-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC: clean èπ◊ superlative, c) 'You are instructed to join tomorrow' cleanest ÅE. Most clean é¬ü¿’. Which is correct? Q. äéπ §ÚMÆæ’ ÅCμ-é¬J ÉöÃ-´© ïJ-T† áØ√oÈ®j £æ«ûªuA. (C) is correct ÍéÆæ’ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ N™‰-éπ-®Ω’© Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨¡ç™ "They are Q. 'Åûª-úÕéÀ ßÁ÷í∫uûª (deserve) ÖçC— – ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  not left anything in the room" ÅØ√o®Ω’. ÉC îÁ°æpçúÕ. T. Mallikarjun, Karimnagar They haven't left anything ÅE ™‰üΔ They didA. He deserves it/ He is deserving n't have left any thing ÅE Öçú≈-©†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Q. Respected Sir, Please clarify these doubts. Q. 'If I were a bird I would fly away' - Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Ø√o†’. àC éπÈ®éÓd îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’. He has a car isn't he? question tag Å®Ωnç I °æéπ\† were ᙫ correct Å´¤-ûª’çC? A. 'They haven't left any thing in the room' is ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. ÉC î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç éπüΔ? ÉC v°æÆæ’hûªç correct. A. He has a car, isn't he? - Ééπ\úø isn't he? ÆæÈ®j† ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. If I were a bird = question tag é¬ü¿’ éπüΔ? ؈’ °æéÀ~-ØÁjûË (é¬F °æéÀ~E ÅßË’u v°æÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’) – G. Shankar, Keshavapatnam É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x singualr/ subjects °æéπ\† Q. How to recognise syllables in a particular He has a car, doesn't he? Ééπ\úø question tag, word? Please give some clues to me. èπÿú≈ plural verb (were) ´Ææ’hçC. doesn't he? éπüΔ? e.g. : eventually, extraordinary He has a car, doesn't he? = Åûª-úÕéÀ é¬®Ω’ ÖçC, Q. 'While he was writing, I entered the room' A. An independent unit of sound is a syllable. When he was writing, I entered the room' éπüΔ? Usually a vowel sound (not just any of the letÑ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ ÖçüΔ? while, ters, a, e, i, o and u) makes a syllable. Take Q. Change into passive voice 'She has done her when Åçõ‰ àN’ö, ¢√öÀE ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √™ work'. the word 'sentence'- It has two independent ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. sounds - 'sen' and 'tence' A. Her work has been done

¶μ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-©èπ◊

véÀÈéö¸ Åçõ‰ É≠ædç. b) The boy is not keen on Maths. Why force him to study it? =

í∫ùÀûªç Åçõ‰ Ç èπ◊v®√-úÕéÀ É≠æd癉-ü¿’-éπüΔ? áçü¿’-éπ-ûªúÕo •©-´çûªç îËߪ’úøç? 4) To grow on = véπ´’-véπ-´’çí¬ äéπ-üΔEo/ äéπ-J-O’ü¿ É≠ædç °ç-éÓ-´úøç. Åçõ‰ ´’†™ àüÁjØ√ véπ´’véπ-´’çí¬ É≠ædç éπL-TÊÆh, it grows on us. a) His is not the kind of action you like at first, but it grows on you =

ÅûªúÕ †ô† ´·çü¿’í¬ Fèπ◊ †îªa-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, é¬F §Ú†’ §Ú†’ †’´yC É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√´¤.

b) In most Indian movies, heroines don't like heroes at first, but the heroes grow on them as days pass =

¶μ«®Ω-Bߪ’ *vû√©’ î√™« ¢√öÀ™ x £‘«®Ó-ߪ’-†xèπ◊ ¢Á·ü¿ô £‘«®Ó-©çõ‰ É≠ædç Öçúøü¿’. é¬F véπ¢Ë’ù« ¢√∞¡x-O’ü¿ É≠ædç °ç-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. 5) Have a weakness for = äéπ-üΔ-E-°æôx, ´·êuçí¬ îÁúø’-¢√-öÀ-°æôx ¢Á÷Vç-úøôç (•©-£‘«-†ûª) a) He has a weakness for drink = û√í∫úøç Åûª-úÕéÀ î√™« É≠ædç. b) He has a weakness for cricket = véÀÈéö¸ °æôx Åûª-úÕéÀ î√™« ÅGμ-´÷†ç. Ééπ\úø véÀÈéö¸ ´uÆæ†ç/ îÁúø’ é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ üΔE-´©x Éûª®Ω ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ´CL, §ƒúø-®·-§Ú-´úøç îÁúË ÅE Å®Ωnç. 6) Have a passion for = N°æ-K-ûªçí¬ É≠æd-°æ-úøôç a) Indians have a passion for cricket = véÀÈéö¸ Åçõ‰ ¶μ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-©èπ◊ N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† É≠ædç. b) She has a passion for music/ Music is a passion for her =

ÆæçUûªç Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´©x´÷-L† É≠ædç/ Ç¢Á’ ÅAí¬ É≠æd-°æúË N≠æߪ’ç ÆæçUûªç.

So there are two syllables in the word. Eventually- The syllables in this word: 1) e 2) ven 3) tu 4) al and 5) ly Extraordinary- 1) ex 2) tra 3) di 4) na and 5) ry. Q. Please give me in detail explanation of formal - informal method, which method to be followed in general conversation. I came across these words in a standard grammar book at (EFLU) by N.Krishnaswamy. A. I have explained these terms a number of times in these columns. Please refer to the dictionary for their meanings. When you talk to your parents, your wife and children, your brothers and sisters, your friends, you are informal. When you talk to your superiors, elders, strangers, and respectable people you are formal.

A Sudhakar, Pedda Malla Reddy Q. Some words like, but, put, cut, nut, etc., we are pronouncing in different way. why? A. That is the nature of the English language. English over the centuries has borrowed a large number of words from other languages. The way a word is pronounced depends on the origin of the word (Which language it entered English from) and also certain language processes special to English. No special reason for this. A native speaker of English has little difficulty in these matters.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 22 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nikhila: How goes the game, dear?

(ᙫ ÖçC F °æE?) Karthik: Not at all bad. We've had very good profits. All thanks to you. Your advice was timely and I took the plunge. It paid off.

(v•£æ…tç-úøçí¬ ÖçC. ´÷èπ◊ ´’ç* ™«¶μ«©’ ´î√a®·. Åçû√ F ¢Ë. ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´’-ߪ÷EéÀ †’Ny-*a† Ææ©-£æ…-†-†’-Ææ-Jç* ؈’ ûÁç°æ¤ î˨»/ ≤ƒ£æ«Ææç î˨»†’. üΔE-´©x ™«¶μºç §ÒçüΔ†’.) Nikhila: Very happy to hear that. I tell you again and again. If you play your cards well, nothing stands between you and success.

(î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC ÅC NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. ´’S} ´’S} îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√o†’. †’´¤y ÆæÈ®j† Ωu©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Fèπÿ Nï-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´’üμ¿u ÅúËfç Öçúøü¿’.) Karthik: Manasa was wide of the mark when she strongly suggested that I was investing at the wrong time. You proved right and she, wrong.

(؈’ v°æA-èπÿ© Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ °ô’d-•úÕ Â°úø’ûª’-Ø√o-†E Ø√èπ◊ í∫öÀdí¬ Ææ÷*ç-*† ´÷†Ææ î√™« §Ò®Ω-°æ-úÕçC. †’´¤y éπÈ®-éπdF, Ç¢Á’ ûª°æpF ®Ω’V´-®·çC.)

(ÅC Öûªh-´’-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’, Å™«Íí ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-™‰ü¿’. ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç*-ü¿®·çC.) Nikhila: I am sure another boom in real estate is much on the cards. I advise you to be prepared for it. You can reap a rich harvest.

(Jߪ’™¸ áÊÆdö¸ ´’S} °æ¤çV-èπ◊ç-ô’ç-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ í∫öÀd †´’t-éπçí¬ ÖçC. üΔEéÀ †’´¤y Æœü¿l¥çí¬ Öçú≈-©-ØËC Ø√ éÓJéπ. †’´¤y ¶«í¬ ™«¶μº-°æ-úø-í∫-©´¤.) Karthik: If that happens, I am ready to invest again. I am sure I'll be successful.

2

Reap a rich harvest =

íÌ°æp §Òçü¿úøç.

™«¶μºç

We are going to learn some more phrasal verbs and idioms in this lesson. Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above: 2) If you play your cards right, ... 3) Manasa was wide of the mark

JÆˇ\ BÆæ’-èπ◊E îËÊÆ °æØË-üÁjØ√ ´’†ç ÇPç-*-†ô’x ï®Ω-í∫úøç, ´’† ´‹u£æ…©’ °æü∑¿-é¬-™«xç-öÀN ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’x ï®Ω-í∫úøç.

1) Pay off =

a) He had no hope of winning the elections, but he took a chance and it paid off =

ÈíLîË Ç¨¡ à ´÷vûªç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, àüÁjØ√ °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿E §ÚöÃ-îËÊÆh ÈíL-î√úø’. b) She invested a lakh rupees, without the certainty of a profit and the gamble paid off =

H e took a chance and it paid of f (Å®·ûË, Å™«-í∫E, á°æ¤púø÷ Åñ«-ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúøèπ◊. F Åü¿%≠ædç Åçû√ É∞¡Ÿx, É∞¡x Ææn™«©÷ é̆úøç, Å´’t-úøç-™ØË Öçü¿E Ø√èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) Karthik: That was of course the best bet. I never took any risk and avoided acting on the spur of the moment. That helped me a lot. Gurram Shankar, Keshavapatnam Q. Sir, Please clarify my doubt. Some sentences are like this in one book: 1. They are absent today 2. Admissions are in progress 3. She was present in the class yesterday After 'be form' we use past participle. In these sentences V1 form used. Why? A. A 'Be' form can be followed not only by the past participle but also by the Ist Regular Doing Word - What you call V1. The only thing is when a 'be' form is followed by the past participle, the verb is in the passive voice. A 'be' form can be followed by a noun/ adjective/ complement etc. eg: 1) He is an officer (is - 'be' form + officer noun) 2) They are good (are - 'be' form + 'good' adjective) 3) She was home yesterday [was - 'be' form + home (Complement)] Take your sentences: They are absent/ were present (are/ were 'be' form + absent/ present - adjective) S.P., Nirmal Q. What is meant by 'does' and how it used in English language.

Timely = invest= Boom =

Ææé¬-©-¢Á’i†; °ô’d-•úÕ Â°ôdúøç; äéπ\-≤ƒ-Jí¬ N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿©; M.SURESAN

A. 'Does' is the form of 'do' used with he, she and it. When someone does some thing regularly, we say, He does it every day (His doing it happens everyday) She does the cooking everyday = (She cooks every day) =

Ç¢Á’ ®ÓW ´çô îËÆæ’hçC.

Q. What are equalent words in English for these words: a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

<°æ¤®Ω’ ´’-õ„d©’

´’®Ω-´’-®√©’ (Ê°™«©’) Åô’-èπ◊©’ ¶Ôô’d û√R NÆæh-®√èπ◊ é¬L-

A. a) Puffed rice

b) You mean Vijayawada is pleasant during the summer? You are wide of the mark =

†’´y-†úøç ¢ËÆæ-N™ Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿Ø√? Å®·ûË F ÅçîªØ√ °æ‹Jhí¬ ûª°æ¤p. 4) Throw caution to winds = à ñ«ví∫û√h BÆæ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç/ î√™« Åñ«-ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúøôç. a) He threw caution to winds and lit a cigarette in a petrol bunk =

à ñ«ví∫û√h BÆæ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ °vö©’ •çèπ◊™ Æœí∫-È®ö¸ ¢ÁL-Tç-î√úø’.

b) Dharmaraju threw caution to winds as he played the game of dice =

à Nüμ¿-¢Á’i† ñ«ví∫ûªh©÷ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈/ î√™« E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬/ ´·çü¿’¢Á-†’-éπ©’ Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Wü¿ç Çú≈úø’. Game of dice = §ƒ*-éπ© Çô; Die = §ƒ*éπ dice (plural) = §ƒ*-éπ©’. 5) The best bet = îËߪ’-éπ-L-T† ´’ç* °æE/ ™«GμçîË °æE. If you want to travel fast in Hyderabad your best bet is the city bus =

Ç¢Á’ ©éπ~ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ °ô’d-•úÕ Â°öÀdçC, ™«¶μ«©’ ´≤ƒh-ߪ’ØË †´’téπç ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË; é¬F ÅüΔ-¢Á’èπ◊ ™«¶μºç ûÁ*a °öÀdçC. (Gamble = Wü¿ç/ ™«Gμ-Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË †´’téπç ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË Â°ô’d-•úÕ Â°ôdúøç) 2) Play one's cards right = ûÁL-Ní¬ ´u´-£æ«Jç-îªúøç/ üËØÁj oØ√ Ææ´’-®Ωnçí¬ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªúøç.

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ ûªy®Ωí¬ áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√ ¢Á∞«x-©çõ‰ ÆœöÃ-•-Ææ’q™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç ûÁL-¢Áj† °æE (Çö/ é¬®Ω’ é¬ü¿’, vö«°∂œé˙ ñ«ç Ææ´’Ææu 鬮Ω-ùçí¬.) 6) be on the cards = ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ßË’C.

a) He did not play his cards right and had to forego all his property =

A very interesting cricket series between India and Srilanka is on the cards =

ûÁL-Ní¬ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-ç-ü¿’-´©x ÇÆœh ¢Á·ûªhç §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-¢√Lq ´*açC.

On the spur of the moment =

à Nüμ¿-¢Á’i† °æü∑¿éπç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Å°æp-öÀéπ-°æ¤púø’ Ωuèπ◊ Cí∫úøç;

§ƒéÀ-≤ƒnØ˛ Bv´-¢√-üΔEo v§Úûªq-£œ«ç-îª-ü¿-†úøç, üΔEo ûª°æpç-îªØ√ ¢Ëߪ’-úø¢Ë’.

5) That was of course the best bet

Nikhila: You certainly will be. I am really sorry for Mithun. He is a little careless and so he is back to square one. I am really sorry for him.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 574

a) To say that Pakisthan doesn't encourage terrorism is wide of the mark =

4) You never throw caution to winds. 6) ... another boom in real estate is on the cards.

Nikhila: But at the same time, never throw caution to the winds. I always knew your luck was in real estate.

b) Rice flakes c) Broom.

-N’í∫-û√ -¢√-öÀéÀ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ °æ-üΔ-©’ -™‰-´¤. G. Srinivas, Husnabad. Q. Please explain about: a) gerund suffix b) possessive suffix c) derivational suffix d) inflexional suffix A. A suffix is a sound, added at the end of a word to change its part of speech or some times its meaning. e.g.: Act - (verb); Actor - noun; In this word 'or' is a suffix. 1. A gerund suffix, forms the gerund of a verb. '__ing' is the gerund suffix. go - going (gerund); sing - singing (gerund) etc. 2. 's (Apostrophe and s) is the possessive suffix. A possessive suffix indicates what a person possesses/ has. The woman's sari = sari of the woman.

Åçîª-Ø√©’ î√™« ûª°æp-´úøç/

û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω´úøç.

(ÅüË ïJ-TûË Øˆ’ °ô’d-•úÕ Â°õ‰dçü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’. ؈’ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿’-û√-†E Ø√èπ◊ í∫öÀd †´’téπç ÖçC.)

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. N’ü∑¿’Ø˛ N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«üμ¿í¬ ÖçC. ûª†’ éÌçûª Åñ«-ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçö«úø’. Åçü¿’-´©x, ÅûªúÕ °æJ-ÆœnA ´’Sx ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-éÌ-*açC. Eïçí¬ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«üμ¿í¬ ÖçC.)

3) Wide of the mark =

1) It paid off.

î√™« Öûª\ç®∏Ω éπL-TçîË ´®ΩÆæ véÀÈéö¸ ´÷u’ ¶μ«®Ωûª X©ç-éπ© ´’üμ¿u ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®·.

b) He always plays his cards right and emerges as the winner =

î√™« ûÁL-Ní¬ ´u´-£æ«-Jç*/ Å´é¬-¨»Eo ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’-èπ◊E Nñ‰-ûªí¬ EL-î√úø’.

3. Derivational suffix: Any suffix which forms the derivative (a word formed from another word by adding a suffix). eg: fool (n); fool + ish (suffix)- adjective. Here the adjective foolish is derived from the noun fool by adding the suffix '___ish'. So '___ish' is an example of a derivative suffix. 4. Inflexional suffix: Inflexion = a change in the form of a word, especially a change in its ending to change its function in a sentence or a part of speech. eg: India (Noun); Indian (adjective) '+n' at the end is an inflexion or inflexional suffix. Q. What is the meaning of 'revolutionist'? A. There is no such a word as 'Revolutionist'. you must have mistaken it for 'Revolutionary'. Revolutionary = 1) Causing a great or complete change in the ways of life, beliefs, culture, etc of a people. 2) Connected with change in the political set up of a country/ state. 3) A great person who causes a revolution. Kandukuri Viresalingam was a revolutionary. Q. "Tennyson is not the greatest of all poets". Please change the above sentence into comparative degree. A. You can refer to a grammar book, can't you? Any way the following are the other degrees. Comparative Degree: some poets are greater than Tennyson.

Prabhu, Madurapudi Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. She accused the leaders of being responsible for her poll defeat.

A.

áEo-éπ™x ûª† ãô-N’éÀ Ç Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ ÖØ√o-®Ωçô÷ Ç¢Á’ ¢√∞¡x†’ EçCç-*çC. (Ç Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊© 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ ûª†’ ãôN’ §ƒ©-ߪ÷u-†E Ç¢Á’ ¢√∞¡x†’ EçCç-*çC.)

Q. The police is looking into the Reddy's murder after being threatened by the aid of a lawyer representing him. A. After being threatened = being, passive form 'be' form(passive)

¶„C-Jç-°æ-•úÕ Öçúøôç ûª®√yûª. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ †’ ûÁLÊ° ¶„C-Jç-°æ-•úÕ Öçúøôç ´©x ÅE.

Q. The dangerous rat race that is leaving them lonely and discontent. A.

ûª´’†’ äçô-Jí¬, ÅÆæç-ûª%-°œhûÓ N’í∫’-©’-Ææ’h†o (¶«Cμ-Ææ’h†o) N°æ-Kûª §ÚöÃ. Rat race = ´’†-¨»zçA ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îËÊÆ Bv´-¢Á’i† §ÚöÃ.

Q. Mr. Kumar's offer having not been remotely expected by his friends. A.

ÅûªúÕ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©-ûÓ éÌçûª èπÿú≈ ÇPç-îª-•-úøE (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – ÅûªúÕ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-™«-Pç-îªE) èπ◊´÷®˝ offer. Having not been expected = (í∫ûªç™) ÇPç--úøE.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 29 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sasir: Hi Sarat, I rarely see you nowadays. What might be the reason?

(£æ…ß˝’ ¨¡®Ωû˝, î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? àçöÀ 鬮Ωùç?) Sarat: I'm very hard-pressed for time nowadays. I have to finish my project within the next week and God knows if I will be able to.

(ÅÆæ©’ BJéπ üÌ®Ω-éπ-úøç-™‰ü¿’. ´îËa-¢√®Ωç ™°æ© Ø√ v§ƒñ„é˙d °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷L, Åü¿-´¤-ûª’çüÓ ™‰üÓ Ø√Íé ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ üË´¤úÕÍé ûÁL-ߪ÷L.) Sasir: What is holding you up? I thought you had already completed it. When we met last didn't you tell me that it was almost over?

Sasir: That reminds me. I attended Prof. Nithin's lecture yesterday. Oh, it dragged on and every one got irritable. It dragged on like an Indian movie, you know.

(Å™« Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. E†o ؈’ v§Ò°∂-Ææ®˝ EAØ˛ Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒ-EéÀ ¢Á∞«}†’. ÅC NÆæ’í∫’ éπL-Tç-îËç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ≤ƒTçC. Åçü¿-Jéà *®√èπ◊ éπL-Tç-*çC. ÅC ã ¶μ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆœE-´÷™« ≤ƒTçC.) Sarat: It's always the case. Prof Vasanth who heads my team is quite fast, and I find it difficult to keep up with him, for no fault of mine. Every thing seems to be ranged against me. I don't know what lies ahead for me.

(Fèπ◊ àç Åúøfç ´≤ÚhçC? †’´yC É°æp-öÀÍé °æ‹Jh-îË-¨»-´-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ´’†ç §Ú®·†≤ƒJ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ ÅC üΔüΔ°æ¤ °æ‹®Ωh-®·çü¿-Ø√o´¤ éπüΔ? Sarat: I did but I had unexpected hold-ups at the last minute, not at all of my making. I could not receive at the right time a few papers I needed. I got them only yesterday.

2

Now look at the following sentences from the conversations above: 1) I am hard pressed for time. 2) What's you up?

holding

3) .... I had unexpected hold-ups. 4) I'm sorry your project is dragging on 5) Three weeks passed by before I received them. 6) .... I find it difficult to keep up with him

Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’içC üÌ®Ω-éπéπ

a) Most Indian movies drag on as if they would never end =

a) He will definitely accept this job as he is hard pressed for money =

b) The speeches dragged on till in the end only a few listeners remained. =

1) be hard pressed =

b) With only a few days to go for the elections, the parties are hard pressed for time

Ç Ö°æØ√u-≤ƒ©’ Å™« ≤ƒí∫’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®· NÆæ’-í∫’éπ-L-Tç-îË™«; *´-®Ωèπ◊ éÌCl-´’çC v¨ûª™‰ N’T-™«®Ω’. DEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*çüË, 'drag' = NÆæ’í∫’ éπL-TçîË ´uéÀh/ N≠æߪ’ç/ °æE. (drag = bore)

= áEo-éπ©’ éÌEo ®ÓV™x Öçúø-ôçûÓ, §ƒKd-©Fo Æ洒ߪ’ç üÌ®Ωéπ\ É•sç-C-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·.

a) He is such a drag that nobody wants to talk to him =

Åûªúø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ñ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ îË®Ω-û√úø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ úø•’s î√™« Å´-Ææ-®Ωçí¬/ éÌ®Ω-ûªí¬ ÖçC.

Sasir: Don't you worry. I know you are not the one to give up so easily. You will be able to catch up and finish it on time. Go ahead, bye.

H e is har d pr essed for money 2) To hold something up =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 575

Sasir: You had some such difficulty even earlier, didn't you? I am sorry your project is dragging on.

(àç ¶«üμ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. †’´yçûª ûËLí¬_ ´C™‰ÊÆ ®Ωéπç é¬ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. †’´¤y Ææ鬩ç™ °æ‹Jh-îË-≤ƒh-´E Ø√èπ◊ †´’téπç ÖçC. é¬Eß˝’, ´≤ƒh.)

(Å™«çöÀ É•sçüË Fèπ◊ Éçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿÷ áü¿’®Ω-®·çC éπüΔ? F v§ƒñ„é˙d Éçûª-é¬-©çí¬ é̆≤ƒ-í∫úøç Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ ¶«üμ¿í¬ ÖçC.) Sarat: Three weeks passed by before I received them. That was a lot of waste of time. Besides, I had to attend a lecture programme which ran on for another week.

(Ø√èπ◊ ÅN ÅçüËÆæ-JéÀ ´‚úø’-¢√-®√©’ í∫-úø-*§Ú-ߪ÷®·. üΔçûÓ î√™« Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%ü∑Δ Å®·çC. üΔE-éÀ-ûÓúø’ ã ¢√®Ωç-§ƒô’ ã Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæ 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷-EéÀ ¢Á∞«}Lq ´*açC.)

Notes: Not at all of my making =

M.SURESAN

'Does there breathe a man with soul so dead...' Again, 'a soul so dead' becomes, 'so dead a soul'. The line in the poem then can be read as:

(†´©) äéπ Ø√ôéπç/

NüΔu-®Ω’n©’ ÅüμΔu-°æ-èπ◊úÕ ¢Ëí¬Eo Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

b) My brother walks so fast (It's) difficult to keep up with him =

´÷ ņo áçûÓ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úø’-≤ƒhúø’ Åûª-úÕûÓ§ƒô’ (Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬) †úø-´úøç éπ≠dçæ .

Keep up with = Keep pace with.

b) But for some hold ups the shooting would have ended last week =

corpus fund =

Éûª-®Ω’© †’ç*, Éûª®Ω ´÷®√_© üΔy®√ ã ÆæçÆæn ÊÆéπ-JçîË ´‚©-üμ¿†ç drought hit areas = ÅØ√´%≠œd ¶«Cμûª v§ƒçû√©’ cell phone jammer = ÂÆ™¸-§∂Ú-†xèπ◊ à Ææçü˨¡ç ®√èπ◊çú≈/ ÂÆ™¸-§∂Ú†x †’ç* à Ææçü˨¡ç °æç°æ-èπ◊çú≈ îËÊÆ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç franchise = äéπ éπç°F ûª† Öûªp-ûª’h-©†’, ÊÆ´-©†’ Ţ˒tç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-éÀîËa ņ’-´’A. Q. -≥ƒ°ˇ -´Èíj®√ Æ‘ñ ¸ î˨»®Ω’ Åçö«ç éπüΔ? -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™  Ç °æ-ü¿ç -à-C– cease or seige?

Q. 3 years before, 3 years ago, 3 years back

OöÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? àC á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈L? ´‚úË∞¡x véÀûªç. ûª°æ¤p. ™ èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úË-´÷ô. Q. éÌçü¿®Ω’ 'Å´¤†’— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Ççí∫xç™ 'ߪ÷— Åçö«®Ω’. -Å-™« -Å-ØÌ-î√a?ÉC ya, yea ©™ àC? A. ÅØÌa. Yea. Q. option, choice -O-öÀ í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. option = áç°œéπ, ´’†ç áç-èπ◊-ØËC = choice. Q. debt, debit, credit í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. A. seize A. Dictionary îª÷úøçúÕ Q. E®Ω’-üÓu-TE unemployee Åçö«ç éπüΔ? ÉC Q. ÅÂÆç-HxE ®Ωü¿’l îËߪ’-ú≈Eo à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? dissolve, é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’®Ó °æü¿-¢Ë’-üÁjØ√ ÖçüΔ? resolve ©™ àC ¢√ú≈L?

Q. Once you have said poem has to convert into prose style, please clarify again and give me an example.

Q. everyone, each and everyone

A. In his hands a pen, on his table a book -

A.V. Subbarao, Onipenta

a book on his table - This is what is called the prose order. When you put a line into the prose order you can understand it more easily.

a) The students are unable to keep up with the lecturer =

àç Åúøfç-èπ◊©’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ á©’xç-úÕ-éπ™«x ؈’ Ç °æEE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-í∫-©†’.

A. Jobless/ idle

ÉC ã §Úߪ’ç-™E ã ™„j†’. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ v§Úñ¸™ Å®·ûË ÉC ᙫ Öçô’çC? A pen in his hand,

v°æ¶μº’ûªyç †’ç* Ø√èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ´îËa-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ ´‚úø’¢√-®√™„j §Úߪ÷®·. 6) Keep up with somebody = ÉçéÌ-éπJ ¢Ëí∫ç ´’†ç Åçü¿’-éÓ-´úøç.

a) If there are no hold-ups I will be able to finish the work by the day after (tomorrow) =

ÇûªtûÓ à ´’E≠‘ Öçúøúø’.)

If you read the whole novel/ play you will know its theme. Or if you read the summary of a play/ novel you will know its theme.

= Åûª-úÕE îª÷Æœ ØÁ©©’ í∫úø*§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

b) Three weeks passed by before I got a reply from the Govt. office =

Eüμ¿’© éÌ®Ωûª î√™« v§ƒñ„-é˙d-©†’ ÇÊ°-ÆœçC. éÌ®Ωûª) 3) Hold ups = ÉC èπÿú≈ °j hold up èπ◊ Ææç•çCμç-*çüË = Ç©Ææuç/ ÅúøfçéÀ.

'Does there breathe a man with so dead a soul...?' = Does there breathe (= live) a man with such a dead soul...? = A man does not live with such a dead soul

†´-©-™E éπü∑Δ稡ç

a) Months have passed by since I last saw him

(Paucity =

This is a line from the poem. In prose, the verb comes first in a question, and the verb 'breathes' takes the form 'Does breathe', and then the verb is immediately followed by the subject 'The man'. So 'Breathes there the man...' in prose order can be read as:

(Ø√ôéπç)

Theme = subject matter/ topic.

b) The paucity of funds has held up a number of projects =

e.g.: Breathes there the man with soul so dead?

Novel = A long story which the author tells

Ç ÆœE´÷ áçûª NÆæ’-ÍíÆœçüÓ, îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úø-E-°œç-*çC. 5) Pass by = í∫úø-*-§Ú-´úøç (Æ洒ߪ’ç)

üËØÁj oØ√ ÇÊ°-ߪ’úøç/

éÌEo §ƒKd© ®√≤ƒh-®Ó-éÓ-´©x ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ©’ ´‚úø’í∫ç-ô-©-§ƒô’ ÇT-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

ÅûªúÕ É•sç-ü¿’©èπ◊ ÅûªúË é¬®Ωùç. Be ranged against = v°æA-èπÿ-©çí¬ Öçúøôç. Give up - Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç – ´’†-´-©x-é¬-ü¿’™‰ ÅE ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç. ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – ´÷ØË-ߪ’úøç.

A. Drama = Play = A story shown on a stage in a theatre by actors taking the rolls of the characters in the story

b) The movie was such a drag that I wished I had not seen that =

a) The rasta roko by some political parties has held up traffic nearly for three hours =

His troubles are his own making =

Q. When I was reading drama, play, novel, I could not understand main theme properly. Please clarify what should I do?

Åûªúø’ î√™« ≤ƒí∫-DÊÆ/ NÆæ’í∫’ éπL-TçîË ®Ωéπç (Ææ’Ah) Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úËçü¿’èπ◊ á´®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úø®Ω’.

ÇT-§Ú-´úøç.

Ø√ 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ é¬ü¿’.

A. Sudhakar, Bhiknoor

ÉC Å®·-§ÚüΔ ÅE-°œç-îË™« ≤ƒí∫’-ûª’ç-ö«®· ¶μ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆœE-´÷©’.

É•sç-C-°æ-úøôç.

(Åü¿çûË. ´÷ öÃç Múø®˝ ´Ææçû˝ î√™« ¢Ëí∫ç. Çߪ’† ¢Ëí¬Eo Åçü¿’-éÓ-´úøç î√™«éπ≠dçæ . ÅFo Ø√èπ◊ v°æA-èπÿ-©çí¬ Ö†o-ôd-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. ´·çü¿’ ´·çüËç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’-úøç ™‰ü¿’.)

(Å´¤†’. é¬F ؈’ 鬮Ω-ùç-é¬E, ņ’-éÓE Ç©Ææuç ïJ-TçC *´J EN’-≠æç™. Ø√èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† éÌEo ¢√u≤ƒ©’ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Åçü¿-™‰ü¿’. ÅN E†o ´î√a®·.)

éÌEo Åúøfç-èπ◊©’ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, Ç (ÆœE´÷) ≠æ‡öÀçí˚ §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç °æ‹®Ωh®· ÖçúËC. 4) drag on = NÆæ’í∫’ éπL-Tç-îËç-ûªí¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫úøç/ á°æp-öÀéà é¬üΔ ÅE-°œç-îË-ô’xí¬ ≤ƒí∫úøç.

A. 3 years ago Three years back Three years before - Indirect speech 3 years ago

A. Dissolve.

(Åçûª îª*a-§Ú-®·†

This is how a line in poetry has to be changed into prose order.

Q.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. contingency fund, corpus fund, drought hit areas, cell phone jammer, franchise

A. contingency fund =

¶μºN-≠æuû˝™ Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿ØË ê®Ω’aèπ◊ Å´-Ææ®Ω´’ßË’u Eüμ¿’©’

ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

VLG Raju Srikrishnapatnam

A. Every one = Each and every one

Q.

Q. safari park

A. Debenture -

Åçõ‰ ïçûª’-´¤©’ ÖçúË §ƒ®˝\ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçüΔ? A. ´†u-´’%-í¬©’ ÊÆyîªa ¥í¬ Ææçîª-Jç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬, ¢Ëô†’ EÊ≠-Cμç-*† Å®Ωùuç Q. cash & carry A.

Å°æ¤pí¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈ †í∫ü¿’ îÁLxç-îË™« ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ §ÒçüË Nüμ¿ç.

úÕ¶„ç-˝ – úÕN-úÁçú˛ Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? àüÁjØ√ éπç°F ´uèπ◊h© ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ≤Ò´·t Å°æ¤p BÆæ’-èπ◊-†oô÷d, ÉîËa ´úŒf áçûª ¨»ûªç ÅE ûÁLÊ° îªôd-•-ü¿l¥-¢Á’i† °ævûªç. éπç°F©èπ◊ °ô’d•-úø’©÷, éπç°F NÆæh-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ≤Ò´·t 鬢√-Lq-†-°æ¤púø÷ É™«çöÀ úÕ¶„ç-îª®Ω’x ñ«K îË≤ƒh®Ω’, ´uèπ◊h© ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ®Ω’ù«-©ûÓ ≤Ò´·t Ææ´’èπÿ®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Dividend = äéπ éπç°F ûª† ¢√ö«-üΔ-®Ωxèπ◊, ¢√∞¡x ¢√ö«© E≠æpAh v°æ鬮Ωç °æçîË ™«¶μºç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 6 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Ashish: You are too lineant, my friend. You must put your foot down on the indiscipline among the workers. If you give them an inch they take a yard.

(†’´¤y ´’K ’-N-îËa-®Ωéπç. °æE-¢√-∞¡x™ véπ´’P-éπ~ù ®√£œ«-û√uEo Åù-*-¢Ë-ߪ÷L †’´¤y. †’¢Ìyéπ Åçí∫’∞¡ç Ææn©ç ÉÊÆh ¢√∞¡Ÿx í∫ïç BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.) Ananth: That does not always work. If you make them work against their will, they will do a put up job and how will that help the situation?

(Çé¬--¨¸ûÓ ´*a-†-*-éπ\™«x, Åûªúø’ ûª† ÅGμv§ƒ-ߪ÷™‰oç ´÷®Ω’a-éÓúø’. Éûª-®Ω’© ÅGμv§ƒ-ߪ÷-©†’ °æöÀdç--éÓúø’.) Ananth: So to make the long story short, you don't want any more Akash's consultation, do you?

(Éü¿çû√ áçü¿’èπ◊? èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, Çé¬--¨¸ Ææçv°æ-Cç-°æ¤©’ ´’†-éÌ-ü¿lç-ö«´¤, ÅçûËéπüΔ?) Ashish: That's it. Some times he puts his back up. I can't beat it.

(äéÓ\-≤ƒJ Ø√éπûªúø’ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œp-Ææ’hç-ö«úø’. ÅC ؈’ Æ棜«ç-îª-™‰†’.)

(ÅC ÅEo-¢Ë-∞¡™« °æE-îË-ߪ’ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x É≥ƒd-EéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬/ •©-´ç-ûªçí¬ °æE-îË-®·ÊÆh, ¢√∞ÏxüÓ Â°ü¿l-°æE îËÆœ-†ô’d ´’†èπ◊ ÅGμv§ƒßª’ç éπL-T-≤ƒh®Ω’. üΔE-´©x °æJÆœn-A -àç ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC?)

Ananth: OK, then. Let's put off our decision until after dad arrives. We can settle it then.

Ashish: Do put your mind to it, Ananth. Put your mind to how we can improve the sales of the Company.

(ÆæÍ®, Å®·ûË Ø√†o- -´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç E®Ωgߪ’ç ¢√®·üΔ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çüΔç.) Ashish: I go with you there.. (ÅC ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-èπ◊çö«.)

(üΔEo í∫’Jç* †’´¤y °æ‹Jhí¬ Ç™-*ç. ´’†ç éπç°-F Å´’t-é¬-©†’ ᙫ °ç-îªa-ØË-üΔEO’üË üμΔuÆæ-°ô’d.)

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above:

2

1) Put somebody's foot down on something:

í∫öÀdí¬ (Öèπ◊\-§ƒ-ü¿çûÓ -Å-ù-*¢Ë-ߪ’úøç).

a) The government should put its foot down on belt shops =

v°æ¶μº’ûªyç ¶„-™¸d -≥ƒ°æ¤-©-†’ -Å-ù-*-¢Ë-ߪ÷-L.

b) China has put its foot down on those who were fighting for democracy =

v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’uç éÓÆæç §Ú®√-úø’-ûª’-†o-¢√-JE îÁjØ√ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç Åù-* -¢Ë-ÆœçC. 2) Do a put up job = ¢Á÷Ææç-îËÊÆ ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ Â°j°j ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’©’ Cü¿lúøç. a) Contractors have joined hands with engineers to do a put up job about the road =

é¬çvö«-éπd®Ω’x Éç>-F-®ΩxûÓ èπ◊´’tÈéj \ ®Óúøfçû√ °j°j ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-©’ î˨»®Ω’. b) Her shedding tears over the death of her mother-in-law is only a put up job =

Ç¢Á’

1) You must put your foot down on ......

NüΔu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’uô’x N´Jç-îª-í∫-©úø’. b) Put the idea across to your father and see what he says =

Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îªéπ\í¬ Å®Ωn´’-ßË’uô’x O’Ø√-†oèπ◊ îÁ°œp Çߪ’-ØË-´’ç-ö«úÓ îª÷úø’. 5) Be set in one's ways = EPa-ûª-¢Á’i† ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’çúÕ ¢√öÀE ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. a) Dad is set in his ways. However much I argue, he doesn't change =

´÷Ø√-†oèπ◊ EPa-ûª¢Á’i† ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©’-Ø√o®·. ØËØÁç-ûª-¢√-Cç-*Ø√ Çߪ’† ´÷®Ωúø’.

b) Usually these above the age of 40 are set in their ways. (It's) difficult to change him. 6. To make a long story short =

Åûªh- ´’®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Ç¢Á’ ü¿’”"ç-îª-úøç °j°jÍé.

èπ◊x°æhçí¬

îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰..

Put the idea acr oss to your father Ananth: I am trying my best. I want to take the help of consultant Akash. He is a specialist in labour affairs. He is good at putting across even difficult ideas. I am sure he can solve our problems.

(Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ Çé¬-¨¸-†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Åûªúø’ é¬Jtéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x E°æ¤-ù’úø’. ÅA ÆæçéÀx-≠d-æ N≠æߪ÷©†’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωn´’ßË’u™« N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©úø’.) Ashish: That I don't think is a sound idea. We have been consulting him on too many things.

(Ç Ç™- Ø√éπç-ûªí¬ †îªa-õ‰xü¿’. ÅûªúÕE ´’†ç ´’K áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Ææçv°æ-CÆæ’hØ√oç.) Ananth: What else do we do then?

(Å®·ûË ÉçÍéç îËüΔlç É°æ¤púø’?) Ashish: The trouble with Akash is he is set in his ways and is not open to others ideas.

-äéπ -§ƒ®∏Ωèπ◊-úø’ Q.

3) To put somebody's mind to something =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 576 2) They will do a put up job. 3) Do put your mind to it. 4) He is good at putting across even difficult ideas. 5) The trouble with M.SURESAN Akash is he is set in his ways and is not open to others' ideas. 6) So, to make the long story short, you don't want ....... 7) some times he puts his back up. 8) Then, let us put off our decision until tomorrow. Call, consider, appoint, promote and elect 'as' Q. 'AIDS' 'AIDS' A. A child with congenital AIDS Q. Where I am supposed to go now?

ûª®√yûª

éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ à ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®jçC?

I can run in high-heeled shoe I can run with high-heeled shoe A. I can run in a high heeled shoe - Correct I can run in high heeled shoes is better ( No person can run in one shoe ) Q. Due to psychological reasons some people behave in an abnormal manner Owing to psychological reasons some people behave in an abnormal manner

®√ü¿’. ¢√uCμ Ö†o Æ‘YéÀ ïEtç-*† P¨¡Ÿ-´¤èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC. Åô’-´çöÀ P¨¡Ÿ-´¤†’ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊

Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøüΔ?

ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª

A. Where am I supposed to go now? (Where I am supposed...?

Q. Water scarcity stares villages in the face as

A. Delhi is called national capital territorycorrect.

a) Come now. Put your mind to passing the exam. Don't waste time on TV =

A. Stare in the face =

(Ææ´’-Ææu©’/ ¶«üμ¿©’) ûª°œpç-éÓ-™‰E Nüμ¿çí¬ áü¿’-®Ω’-°æ-úøôç.

Q. Beckoned by the benefactors, A.P. artists are making beeline to chennai.

èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ (Éü¿çû√ áçü¿’èπ◊?) ´’†èπ◊ O≤ƒ©’ ®√´-úøç-™‰-ü¿’.

b) Why don't you make a long story short? You are eating away my time =

Ç îÁÊ°p-üËçö èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îÁ°æ¤p. Ø√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo AØË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. 7. Put some body's back up = *®√èπ◊ °æ¤öÀdç-îªúøç/ éÓ°æç éπL-Tç-îªúøç. (Irritate)

°æ-Kéπ~ ᙫ §ƒÆæ-¢√y™ ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’JçîË Ç™-*ç. -öÃ-O-ûÓ Æ洒ߪ’ç §ƒúø’îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ü¿’l.

a) I don't like him. He puts his back up whenever he speaks like that =

b) He doesn't put his mind to his children's future. He is only interested in his status in society =

b) Don't put your backup. I may do I do not know what =

ûª† °œ©x© ¶μºN-≠æu-ûª’h†’ Çߪ’† àç °æöÀdç--éÓúø’/ üΔEo í∫’JçîË Ç™-*ç-îªúø’. áçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ Ææ´÷-ïç™ ûª† ≤ƒn®·-O’üË Åûª-úÕéÀ v¨¡ü¿l¥. 4) Put across = à N≠æ-ߪ÷-ØÁj oØ√ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Å®Ωn -´’-ßË’uô’x N´-Jç-îªúøç. a) His reputation as a good teacher is well deserved. He can put across even very complex ideas to the dullest students =

Åûª-úøçõ‰ Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. Åûª-úø™« ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ *®√-Íé-Ææ’hçC. Ø√éÓ\°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªèπ◊. ØËØËç îË≤ƒhØÓ

Ø√Íé -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. 8. Put off = Postpone =

A. Benefactors = To make a beeline for =

v§Úû√q-£æ«-èπ◊©’

O©-®·-†çûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ A†oí¬ äéπ-îÓ--öÀéÀ °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’ Bߪ’úøç.

Q. Chennai became a cultural hub with musicians and dancers. A. hub = refer to the dictionary Q. He was surrounded by a bevy of beauties A. A bevy of beauties =

Åçü¿-¢Á’i† Å´÷t-®·© Ææ´‚£æ«ç. (Å´÷t-®·© í∫’Jç*, Ñ 'bevy' Åçö«®Ω’)

Q. He acted in all genre of films A. Genre =

äéπ-ûÁí∫ (ÆæçUûªç, Ø√ôuç, ≤ƒ£œ«ûªuç ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-™xE ûÁí∫©’– ¨»Æ‘Yߪ’, ©Lûª, ñ«†-°æü¿ ÆæçUûªç – ÆæçU-ûªç-™E genres (pronunciation: ïv†–ï, measure ™E 'ï—™«)

Q. The festival show-cased Rajkapoor's performance A. To showcase =

ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√∞Îx-´®Ω÷ Ñ®ÓV îËߪ’-í∫-L-T† °æEE Í®°æ-öÀéÀ ¢√®·üΔ¢Ëߪ’®Ω’.

b) We want to put off the marriage of our daughter until she gets her degree =

ûª† úÕvU ´îËa-üΔé¬, ´÷ Å´÷t®· °Rx ¢√®·üΔ ¢Ëߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç.

Q. Went down the memory lane A.

§ƒûª ñ«c°æ-鬩’ ØÁ´’-®Ω’-¢Ë-Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç

Q. Review of meal scheme on the cards A. On the cards =

ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓçC ûÌçü¿-®Ω-™ØË

Q. The womenfolk went an a spending spree an festive occasion A. Spending spree =

ÅüË-°æ-Eí¬ úø•’s ê®Ω’a-°-ôd-úøç

Ææ®Ω-üΔí¬ Q. A galaxy of VIPs visited to school A. Galaxy = A large group of stars in formation (Applied to film stars too) Q. The minar incident sparked off conflict A. Spark off = cause, be the cause of =

鬮Ω-ù-´’-´-úøç

Q. They made a strong case to continue shipyard in Public Sector A. Make a strong case for something =

äéπ

N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´’ü¿l-ûª’í¬ ¢√ü¿-†©’ îª÷°æ-úøç. v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-úøç, Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬

Q. The classical director has decided to call it a day with film-making A. Call it a day =

¢√®·üΔ¢Ëߪ’úøç.

a) Wise people don't put off till tomorrow what they can do today =

Åûªúø’ íÌ°æp Ö§ƒ-üμΔu-ߪ·-úø’í¬ Ê°®Ω’ §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å®Ω’|úË. ÅA-éπ-≠d-¢æ Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ èπÿú≈ Åçûªí¬ ûÁL-N-™‰E

Å®Ωnç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.

é¬ü¿’) = É°æ¤púø’ ØËØÁ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-L?/ É°æ¤púø’ †ØÁo-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-´’ç-ö«´¤?/ ØËØÁ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©E? Q. éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-©®Ω’. °æ°æ¤p©’, Å©éπ, í∫ç°æ, ¢ÁéÀ\-Jç-îªúøç, Ææç≤ƒ®Ωç, Å©Ææç-ü¿©’, ´uGμ-î√®Ωç, û√ç•÷©ç, ´·ûÁkh-ü¿’´¤, °j ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? È®çöÀéà ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Cereals = üμΔØ√u©’/ °æ°æ¤p©’, Å©éπ = sulking, A. Owing to psychological reasons... Correct. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ sentence †’ 'Due to'ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-îª- í∫ç°æ = basket, ¢ÁéÀ\-Jç-îª-úøç = grimacing/ èπÿ-úø-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’. 'Due to' †’ á°æ¤púø÷ 'be' forms making faces, Ææç≤ƒ®Ωç = family, Å©-Ææç-ü¿©’ = ûª®√yûË ¢√ú≈-©ç-ö«®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’ sentence †’, due cow pea beans, ´uGμ-î√®Ωç = prostitution; û√ç•÷©ç, ´·ûÁkh-ü¿’-´¤-©èπ◊ English ™ ÆæÈ®j† to ûÓ begin îËߪ’-ú≈Eo Åçûªí¬ ÇÍé ~-°œç-îª-†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’. ´÷ô©’-™‰´¤. ÅC Ææ®Ωy ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-§Ú-®·çC. éÌçûª-´’çC gram-äéπ -§ƒ®∏Ωèπ◊-úø’ marians accept îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Q. Delhi is called as National capital territory éÀçC- ¢√é¬u--™x-E éÀx-≠d-¢æ Á’i-† °æ-üΔ-© í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-J-ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Delhi is called National capital territory call

äÍé-üΔEo í∫’Jç* Bv´çí¬ Ç™-*ç-îªúøç/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç O’üË ´’†Ææ’ ÍéçvD-éπ-Jç-îªúøç.

a) To make a long story short, we are not going to get the visas for some time =

àüÁjØ√ °æE -´·-Tç-îË-ߪ’-úøç

Q. He took exception to Vajpayee's remarks

Q. The University is vibrant with academic activity A. Vibrant =

A. Confrontation Face to face

éÓ´úøç.

He raised objection to Vajpayee's remarks A. Took exception to = raised objection =

Ŷμºuç-ûª®Ωç ûÁ©°æ-úøç/ ÇÍé~-°œ-çîª-úøç

îÁjûª-†uçûÓ ÜT-§Ú-´-úøç.

Q. Ministers avoided confrontation

Åçõ‰ØË ´·ë«-´·-" §Úö«x-úø’ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç.

Q. The movie in a run of the mill type A. Run-of-the mill type =

Å-Eo-öÀ-™«, éÌûªh-ü¿†-¢Ë’-O’

™‰èπ◊çú≈.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Chandan: Hi Charan, why are you so dull? I expected to see an ecstatic Charan; not so dull certainly.

(£æ…ß˝’ Ωù˝, àN’-ôçûª E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«çí¬ ÖØ√o´¤? ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒ-A-Í®-éπçûÓ ÖçúË îª®Ωù˝ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Éçûª E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«çí¬ ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’.) Charan:

Why, what is there for me to be so ecstatic about?

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. éπ∞«-¨»© ïô’dèπ◊ ûª†’ ´’Sx Ø√ߪ’-éπûªyç ´£œ«-≤ƒh-úøØË Ç¨¡ûÓ Ö™«x-Ææçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. é¬F Çô-í¬∞¡Ÿx ´÷vûªç Åûª-úøçõ‰ NÆœ-T-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Ø√ ´’ô’dèπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ ÅûªúÕ éÀçü¿ Çúø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ÅØËC °ü¿l •®Ω’-´¤ -Cç-*-†-ô’xçC.) Charan:

(àç? Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçú≈-Lqç-üË´·çC Ø√èπ◊?) Chandan: Haven't you heard of it yet? You've been selected to lead the college cricket team. Isn't that something to be excited about?

(†’Nyçé¬ N†-™‰üΔ? ´’† 鬙‰ñ ¸ véÀÈéö¸ ïô’dèπ◊ Ø√ߪ’-éπûªyç ´£œ«ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ E†’o áç°œ-éπ-îË-¨»®Ω’. ÅC ÆæçûÓ-≥Ú-û√q-£æ…©’ éπL-TçîË N≠æߪ’ç é¬üΔ?) Charan:

Excited? I'm thrilled at it. Thank you, thank you very much for the news. Who did you have the news from?

I felt miserable playing under him too. Not that I expected this captaincy. He is too bossy and does not know how to get the best of his team mates.

(ÅûªúÕ éÀçü¿ Çúøôç Ø√èπÿ î√™« É•sç-Cí¬ ÖçúËC. Åçõ‰ Ñ Èé°dØ˛ °æü¿N Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-©E é¬ü¿’. é¬F, Åûª-úÕC °ûªhç-üΔK •’Cl¥. ïô’d-™E Çô-í¬∞¡x v°æïc†’ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ Bߪ’úøç îËûª-é¬ü¿’.) Notes: 1) overhear = Éûª-®Ω’© ´÷ô©’ ´’† îÁN† °æúøôç. 2) Treat = ÆæçûÓ≠æç ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÉîËa öà §ƒKd, Nçü¿’ etc. Éçü¿’™ ´’†ç Vocabulary items éÌEo îª÷üΔlç. Vocabulary Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπüΔ? äéπ ¶μ«≠æ-™ E

2

=

üË´¤úÕE í∫’Jç* Ç™-*ÊÆh î√©’, ņo-´’ߪ’u, û√uí∫®√-V-™«çöÀ ¶μºèπ◊h©’ džç-üΔ-A-Í®-éπçûÓ §ÒçT-§Ú-ßË’-¢√®Ω’.

b) The spectators were ecstatic as India handed a 2-0 defeat to Srilanka = 2-0

ûËú≈ûÓ ¶μ«®Ωû˝ X©ç-éπèπ◊ éπL-Tç-*† ãôN’ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©†’ ÅN’-û√-†ç-ü¿ç™ ´·çîÁ-AhçC.

c) Gopikas danced ecstatically at the sight of Lord Krishna =

Xéπ%-≠æflgúø’ éπE-°œç-îª-í¬ØË íÓ°œ-éπ©’ Ç†ç-üΔ-A-Í®-éπçûÓ Ø√ôuç î˨»®Ω’. ecstasy = ÅN’-û√-†çü¿ç/ ûª†t-ߪ’ûªyç éπL-TçîË Ç†çü¿ç. 2) excited = ÆæçûÓ-≥Ú-û√q-£æ…-©ûÓ Öçúøôç a) The students were excited when the teacher announced the excursion =

öÃ˝ áé˙q-éπ-®Ω{Ø˛ í∫’Jç* v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-í¬ØË NüΔu-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ÆæçûÓ-≥Ú-û√q-£æ…-©ûÓ §ÒçT§Úߪ÷®Ω’.

What an exciting game Sachin played! b) Who will not be excited at an opportunity of going to the US? =

(ÆæçûÓ-≥Ú-û√q-£æ…™«? Ø√ ä∞¡Ÿx °æ¤©-éπ-Jç-*§Ú-ûª’çõ‰. Ç ¢√®Ωh îÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« ü∑Δuçé˙q, ´’Sx ´’Sx ü∑Δuçé˙q. á´J ü¿í∫_®Ω†’ç* ´*açC Fé¬-¢√®Ωh?) Chandan: It is not yet official. I happened to overhear the physical director and the principal talking about it. So, you are going to lead the team. No treat for us?

(Éçé¬ ÅC ÅCμ-é¬-Jéπç é¬ü¿’. ´’† °∂œ>-éπ™¸ úÁjÈ®-éπd®˝, v°œEq-§ƒ™¸ üΔEo í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úøôç Ø√ îÁN† °æúÕçC. 鬕öÀd, †’´¤y ïô’dèπ◊ ≤ƒ®Ωü∑¿uç ´£œ«ç-îª-¶-ûª’Ø√o´¤. ´÷Íéç §ƒKd ™‰üΔ?) Charan:

Certainly. I shall be delighted to give the treat to not only you but the other members of the team as well. All the while I had been thinking that Sreenath would keep the cap. I'm sure he'll be upset at hearing the news.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. FÍé é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’† ïô’d Éûª®Ω Ææ¶μº’u-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ §ƒKd É≤ƒh. Éçûª-鬩´‚ ؈’ XØ√-ü∑˛èπ◊ Èé°dØ˛ °æü¿N É≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Ñ ´÷ô Nçõ‰ Åûª-úÕéÀ éÓ°æç ®√´îª’a.) Chandan: Sure. He's been very cheerful all these days in the hope that he will lead the college team again. The players, however, are fed up with him. No member of the team likes him. As for me I feel relieved that I am not going to play under him.

P.Srinivasa Rao, Hyderabad. Q.

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ÅØËC áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ éπLT Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø®Ω’ éπüΔ? éπL-T-Öç-úøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ am having/ is having/ are having ¢√úøèπÿúøü¿’. Having ¢√úø-´îª ’a, ¢√ú≈L èπÿú≈ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’. Having a lot of property, he can afford a car =

¶«í¬ ÇÆœh Öçúø-ôçûÓ (éπLT Öçúø-ôç-´©x) Åûª-úÕéÀ é¬®Ω’ éÌØË ≤Úh´’ûª ÖçC. (´’Sx îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√oç, í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓçúÕ: Having, hearing, seeing, wishing, wanting- É™«ç-öÀN ¢√úø-´îª’a; ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-EC, am/ is/ are ©ûÓ Â°j† ûÁL-°œ† ... 'ing' forms.)

3) Be thrilled = Be very excited and pleased =

°æ¤©-éÀç-îËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æç Öû√q£æ«ç §Òçü¿úøç a) When you meet your favourite actor (who are a fan of) you will be thrilled =

M.SURESAN

1) I expected to see an ecstatic charan 2) Isn't that something to be excited about 3) I am thrilled at it 4) I shall be delighted to give... 5) He has been very cheerful all these days 6) ... I feel relieved that I am not going to play under him.

°j´Fo ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒ-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´÷ô©’. ¢√öÀéÀ ´uA-Í®-鬩’ Ñ éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x îª÷úøçúÕ: 7) I am sure he'll be upset 8) The players are fed up with him 9) I felt miserable playing under him 1) ecstatic =

Åûªuçûª džç-ü¿çûÓ Öçúøôç. üΔüΔ°æ¤ ¢Á’i´’-®Ω°æ¤ éπL-TçîË Ç†ç-üΔ-A-Í®-éπçûÓ Öçúøôç.

a) Great devotees like Annamayya and Thyagaraja were ecstatic even as they thought about God

Q.

A.

"The British High Commissioner (embassy) in Dubai immediately welcomed a resolution to the care but condemned the death sentences" welcomed Welcome Past tense welcame

-äéπ °æ-vAéπ-™

ÅE ÖçC. Éçü¿’™ ÅØË ´÷ô éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? é¬üΔ? Welcome èπ◊ Past tense, welcomed. Welcame é¬ü¿’. Ç ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. (Welcome - welcomed - welcomed)

Q. Keep doing Only future Regular doing actions

ÅØË ´÷ô†’

Íé éà ¢√úÌî√a? Keep doing = continue to do = Ç °æE îËÆæ÷h Öçúø’. É°æ¤púø’ îËÆæ’h†o °æEE é̆-≤ƒ-TÆæ÷h Öçúø-´’E Å®Ωnç. Åûªúø’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’– He may be coming/ He must be coming. Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™  àC correct? ¢√úøû√®√?

A.

Q.

c) What an exciting game Sachin played in the last match!

= véÀûªç ´÷uî˝™ Ææ*Ø˛ áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≥Ú-û√q-£æ…-©†’ éπL-Tç-îË-ô’xí¬ Çú≈úÓ!

´÷ô©’, ´’†èπ◊ ¢√öÀ™ ûÁL-Æœ† ´÷ô©’. Ñ≤ƒJ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶ßË’ ´÷ô©’ ÆæçûÓ≠æç/ džç-üΔ-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç*†N:

-O’®Ω’ -äéπ-îÓ-ô -É-™« -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. ''Since then I hadn't been having any problem till this morning" having correct? having

A.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 577

Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx Å´-鬨¡ç °æôx á´®Ω’ ÆæçûÓ-≥Ú-û√q-£æ«çûÓ Öçúø®Ω’?

O’ ÅGμ-´÷† †ô’úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ O’èπ◊ ä∞¡Ÿx °æ¤©-éÀç-îËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπ©’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

b) I was thrilled to receive the award from the president of India =

¶μ«®Ωûª ®√≠æZ-°æA ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* Å¢√®Ω’f Åçü¿’-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ áçûÓ Ç†ç-ü¿çí¬ ÖçC. Thriller = ä∞¡Ÿx í∫í∫’-®Ìp-úÕîË ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»-©ûÓ Öûª\ç®∏Ω éπL-TçîË ØË®√©’/ °∂æ’®√-©ûÓ îª÷Ê° éπü∑¿/ ÆœE´÷. 4) Delighted = î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøôç. a) I am delighted to meet you = N’´’tLo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. b) He was delighted to be included in the team =

ïô’d™ îËJa-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûªúø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-

°æ-ú≈fúø’. 5) Cheerful =

´·êç™, †úø-´-úÕ™  éπE-°œçîË

ÆæçûÓ≠æç. a) Something was wrong. Hari was not as cheerful this morning as he usually is =

àüÓ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ïJ-TçC. £æ«J ´÷´‚-©’í¬ éπE-°œç-îËçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ É¢√∞¡ éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. A. He may be coming =

Åûª-úø’ ´Ææ÷h ÖçúÌa

(É°æ¤púø’) – ÆæçüË£æ«ç. He must be coming =

(ûª°æpéπ) ´Ææ÷hç-ú≈L. Ñ ´÷ô-†’ èπ◊

Q. I would have gone future e.g. : Tomorrow's Chennai meeting has been cancelled, otherwise I would have gone to Chennai tomorrow.

èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´î√a?

Ñ ®Ωéπçí¬ èπÿú≈ îÁ°æp-´î√a? ™‰éπ-§ÚûË É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿®√s¥™x ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. I will have had to go tomorrow = future ™ ¢Á∞«xLq ÖçúËC. Q. Provided Sachin plays, India will wins = Ææ*Ø˛ ÇúÕ-ûËØË India Èí©’-Ææ’hçC. If at all Sachin plays, India will not win = Ææ*Ø˛ ÇúÕØ√ India Èí©-´ü¿’.

b) He has every reason to be cheerful. His son has got the visa to the US =

Åûªúø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ éπE-°œç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Eï-¢Á’i† 鬮Ω-ù«-©’Ø√o®·. ÅûªúÕ èπ◊´÷-®Ω’-úÕéÀ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ O≤ƒ ´*açC! 6) Relieved = àüÁjØ√ Ææ´’Ææu BJ-§ÚûË Â°ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ Cç*-†-ôx-E-°œçîË ¶μ«´†. feel relieved ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. a) Parents are relieved when their daughters' marriages are over =

ûª´’ èπÿûª’∞¡x °Rx∞¡Ÿx 鬴úøçûÓ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ °ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ CT§Ú-®·-†-ôx-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

b) I am/ feel relieved that my last exam is over =

Ø√ *´J °æKéπ~ Å®·-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l-•-®Ω’´¤ CT-§Ú-®·-†ô’x ¶μ«N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. 7) Upset = ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†èπ◊ í∫’®Ω-´úøç/ éÓ°æç ®√´úøç/ éπ©-´-®Ω-°-ôdúøç. a) He is upset at his son's low marks. = ¢√∞¡x¶«s-®·éÀ ´*a† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ÇçüÓ-∞¡Ø√, éÓ°æç éπL-Tç-î√®·/ éπ©-´-®Ω-°-ö«d®·. b) I am sure that the news of his omission from the team will upset him =

ûª††’ ïô’d †’ç* ûÌ©-Tç-î√-®ΩØË ¢√®Ωh Çߪ’†’o éπ©-´-®Ω°-öÀdçC.

8) To be fed up with = to be disgusted =

NÆæ’-Íí-ߪ’úøç. a) Santan was fed up with the frequent power failures and bought a generator =

ûª®Ωîª÷ Nü¿’uû˝ §Úûª÷ ÖçúøôçûÓ NÆæ’-ÈíAh ï†-Í®-ô®˝ éÌØË-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. b) Fed up with the noise and pollution of the city, he retired to the countryside =

†í∫-®√™xE íÌúø´, 鬩’-≥ƒu-©ûÓ NÆœ-T-§Ú®· ví¬´÷™x Æœn®Ω-°æ-ú≈f-ú≈-ߪ’†. 9) Miserable = ¶«í¬ É•sç-ü¿’™x éπ≥ƒd™ x Öçúøôç, ü¿’®Ωs¥-®Ω-¢Á’i†. a) Indians led miserable lives under British rule =

vGöÀ≠ˇ §ƒ©-†™ ¶μ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’ ü¿’®Ωs¥®Ω @Nûªç í∫úÕ-§ƒ®Ω’.

b) She felt very miserable when her husband deserted her =

¶μº®Ωh ûª††’ ´C-™‰-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Ç¢Á’ î√™« ¶«üμ¿©’ °æúÕçC.

ecstatic excited thrilled delighted relieved

Oô-Eoç-öÀéà upset, miserable äéπ ®Ωéπçí¬ ´uA-Í®éπç Å´¤-û√®·.

džç-üÓ-û√q-£æ…™x Åûªuçûª džçü¿ç ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç †’ç* ûªí∫’_ûª÷ ®√´úøç É™«: Ecstatic - thrilled excited - delighted - relieved. (ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ecstatic - ÅEoçöx ûªèπ◊\´ relieved). °j È®çúø’ ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ English Å®√n©’ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? é¬éπ§ÚûË, English sentence éÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®√n©’, ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u™x English Å®√n©’ ûÁLߪ’ñ‰ßª’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Correct. Q. Why because

ÅE î√™«-´’çC Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. ÅC correct é¬ü¿’. Q. îª÷úÌ-î √aúø’– Came to see îª÷úø-¶-ߪ÷úø’ – Went to see - éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. Came to see = îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ ´î√aúø’. îª÷úø-¶-ߪ÷úø’ = Was going to see/ was about to see. Was going to see = îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’ (í∫ûªç™) was about to see = îª÷úø¶-ߪ÷úø’ – Éçé¬Ææh™ îª÷ÊÆ-¢√úË– é¬F îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 20 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

S. Satyanarayana Murthy,

P. Srinivasa Rao, Pithapuram

They have seen him (verb - have seen

Kakinada Q. tence

O’®Ω’ Verb ÆæJí¬ Öçõ‰ØË senéπÈ®-èπ◊dí¬ Öçô’çü¿E ®√¨»®Ω’. ü¿ßª’îËÆœ DE í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Verb Åçõ‰ véÀߪ’ ÅE ûÁ©’Ææ’. Verb 6 forms í∫’Jç* í∫ûªç™ ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. äéÓ\-üΔ-Eéà ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-LÊÆh NüΔu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊, Ö§ƒ-üμΔu-ߪ·©èπÿ î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Öçô’çC. A. She sings well - Ñ sentence, 'she' E í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-ûª’çC. 鬕öÀd, 'she' subject. É°æ¤púø’, Ñ sentence ™ 'she' ûª®√yûª, 'sings' (= §ƒúø’ûª’çC) ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, sentence ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd, 'sings', verb. Å™«Íí Sachin is playing cricket, ÅØË sentence ™, Sachin, subject. Sachin (subject) ûª®√yûª 'is' BÊÆ-Æ œØ√, 'playing' BÊÆ-ÆœØ√, sentence Öçúøü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE 'is playing' ¢Á·ûªhç verb Å´¤-ûª’çC éπüΔ.

2

- have + past participle (pp) of seen) She could have taken it (verb - could have taken - could have + pp of take) V Form of the verb: Doing Words

Q. Visual delight sans histrionics. What does 'sans' mean? A. Sans = without

I Regular II Regular Past Doing Word Doing Word Doing Word come

comes

came

take

takes

took

Q. Govt. likely to import commodities that are in short supply. Can we use 'which' instead of 'that'? Where & when do we use 'that' in this sense?

teach

teaches

taught

A. we can.

™ Ñ ™ àüÓ äéπ ®Ω÷°æç™ Öçô’çC. ÅC ™‰éπÖçúøü¿’. Åçü¿’-´©x äéπ §ÚûË ™, Ñ ™ àüÓ äéπ ®Ω÷°æç ÖçúÕ, Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-®·-ûËØË, Ç Å´¤-ûª’çC. Ç ´’Sx éÀçü¿ ÉÆæ’hØ√oç îª÷úøçúÕ: I Be forms: am, is, are, was, were

}

I set

II set: shall be, should be, will be, would be, can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought to be, have to be, has to be, had to be, need be

-É-´-Fo

'Be'

*´®Ω ´îËa

'be' forms

III set: have been, has been, had been, shall have been, should have been, may have been, might have been, can have been, could have been, must have been, ought have been, would have been, should have been

-É-´-Fo 'been' *´®Ω ´îËaN. °j´Fo 'be' forms. She has been here for the past two days (has been - verb) II Form of the verb (Be form + ...ing form) She is coming here.

verb - is coming

- is (be form) + coming (ing form)

Q. He is a member on the committee

A. He is a member of the committee.

They meet me everyday

A. Since (in this sentence) = At a time after a particular time in the past

(verb - meet - I Regular Doing Word)

= í∫ûªç™ äéπ Ææç°∂æ’ô†/ Æ洒ߪ’ç ûª®√yûª á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√.

- is (be form) + done (past participle) They were arrested. - were (be form) + arrested (past participle of arrest) IV Form of the verb: have has had shall have should have will have would have can have could have may have might have must have

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 578 She takes coffee in the mornings (verb - takes II RDW) I, We, you and they I RDW

Q. What is ex-show room cost. Does it vary from place to place?

ûÓ

¢√úøû√ç, ûÓ II RDW ¢√úøû√ç. M.SURESAN I RDW †’ not ûÓ/ question ™, do + I RDW Å´¤-ûª’çC. I RDW, not ûÓ/ question ™ does + I RDW Å´¤-ûª’çC. He, She, It

A) They meet each other X a) They do not meet each other b) Do they meet each other? B) She sings well X a) She does not sing well b) does she sing well? made, took, danced, etc past doing words. not question did

É´Fo

OöÀE ûÓ í¬F, ¢√úÕûË, ´Ææ’hçC.

™ í¬F

Past Doing Word (PDW) + not/ ? = Did + I RDW She made tea X a) She did not make tea b) Did she make tea? What did she make? VI form of verbs. Shall Should will can could

+ I RDW

- shall + I RDW She can sing well. - verb - can sing - can + I RDW

b) He took cash in lieu of the prize he won =

ûª†èπ◊ ´*a† •£æ›-´’-AéÀ •-ü¿’©’ Åûª-úø’ †í∫ü¿’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 4) By dint of = Åçü¿’-´©x; He came up by dint of hard work = Åûª-úø’ éπ%≠œ ´©x/ ´‚©çí¬ Â°jéÌ-î√aúø’. 5) buck = 1) ´’í∫->çéπ. 2) úø•’s-©èπ◊ ¢√úË ´÷ô (°jÆæ©’/ °œéπ\©’ ņoô’x). Get the buck first and we'll talk of it =

´·çü¿’ °jÆæ©’ °ævö«, ûª®√yûª ´÷ö«x-úø-üΔç. ´’í∫-èπ◊ç-üË©’ èπÿú≈ buck. 6) as if = Å®·-†ô’x, é¬--F é¬ü¿’. He talks as if he were/ was clever =

ÅûªúËüÓ ûÁLNí∫©-¢√-úø-®·-†ô’x (é¬F é¬úø’) ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’. Q. I will be going to Chennai in next week I am going to Chennai in next week

°j ¢√é¬u© ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. I will be going to Chennai next week (in next week

é¬ü¿’) = ´îËa ¢√®Ωç ؈’ îÁØÁj o ¢Á∞«h†’.

Wholesome = Healthy

é¬ü¿’) Å®·ûË I am going to Chennai next ņo-°æ¤púø’, ¢Á∞¡xôç ÅØËC áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç.

Blackish = slightly black. Q. The sentence mentioned below, I read it in the news paper. Chief Minister indicated here on tuesday that the maiden expansion of his cabinet will take place some time in November. Is it a correct sentence? In Indirect speech 'would take place' is to be used in the place of 'will take place'. I would like to ascertain why this expression was like that?

Prabhu, Madhurapudi Q.

A.

Chief Minister ... would take place ....

™

cum usage

îÁ•’-û√®√? A. cum = and Bar = Bar cum restaurant Q. A. Moderate = Moderates = Q. A. Dimple cheeks

. ûÓ èπÿúÕ† °∂æ©-£æ…-®Ω-¨»©

N’ûª-¢√-CE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? N’ûª-¢√C; N’ûª-¢√-ü¿’©’. '≤Òôd-•’-í∫_©’— ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ≤Òôd •’í∫_©’ =

í∫’Jç*

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. His purported killing will put renewed pressure on the govt to clampdown on millitants holed up in the hills.

A. You are correct. The correct sentence here would be

Q. Bar cum restaurant

verb - shall come

Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’

I am going to Chennai next week (in next week

K. Omkar, Visakhapatnam

need

é¬ü¿’)= NüË-¨»-©™ ´‚úø’-¢Áj°æ¤™« ØË© Ö†o Ææ´·-vü¿-¶μ«í∫ç– the Bay

È®çúø’ ÇC-¢√-®√©’ °æE-îË-Æœ-†ç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’ Åûª-úÕéÀ È®çvúÓ-V© ¢Ëûª-Ø√©’ áèπ◊\´ Éî√a®Ω’.

Whole = total/ complete

must

You shall come in the evening.

6. as if

a) They paid him 2 days wages in lieu of the work he did on 2 Sundays =

A. Coward = A person who is afraid of everything.

might ought

3. in lieu of

5. buck

3) In lieu of =

Q. What is the difference between the following words. Coward - Cowardice; Black Blackish; Tragic - Tragical; Whole Wholesome

Tragical - No such word.

2. bay

4. by dint of

of Bengal

Ex-showroom price = Price which does not include the expenses the showroom (in a state/ city) may add to the price.

Tragic = sorrowful/ causing sorrow or sadness

1. abrode

2)

A. Ex-showroom: Here, 'ex' = not including /not adding

Cowardice = The quality/ nature of being afraid.

éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. 1) Abroad (Abrode

Q. This is a sentence from a newspaper: The Govt. on tuesday has suspended two IPS officers. In this sentence definite time is given. Why did they use present perfect tense in the place of simple past tense? A. The use of the present perfect here is wrong. Past simple would be correct here.

may

+ past participle

Q.

A. Terror = very great fear

would

Verb - were arrested

OöÀ-™ -à-C éπÈ®èπ◊d?

Q. What is difference between terror & fear?

- will be (be form) + coming (ing form)

It is done everyday. verb - is done

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ´÷´’üμ¿u Ææç•ç-üμΔ©’ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. He is a member in the committee

éπL-°œûË ´Ææ’hçC.

They will be coming. verb - will be coming III Form of the verb: 'Be' form + past participle - passive voice verbs.

A.

Q. The protest has since been called off. Here what is the meaning of 'since'?

èπ◊

He is my cousin (Is - verb) They were here yesterday (were - verb)

Q. We were on good terms

I Regular Doing Word (I RDW) '-s'/ '-es' II Regular Doing Word (II RDW)

Did she make tea? 6 forms of the verb. English verb, six forms sentence group of words subject, six forms group of six forms words, sentence

G.Rambabu, Nandyal

(His purported killing) (Holed up in the hills) (militants) (clampdown) (renewed) (pressure)

Åûª-úø’ î˨»-úøE îÁ°æp•-úø’-ûª’†o £æ«ûªu éÌçúø™x üΔèπ◊\E Ö†o Bv´-¢√-ü¿’-©-†’ Åù-*¢Ëߪ÷©E v°æ¶μº’ûªyç O’ü¿ ´’Sx äAh-úÕE °ç-ûª’çC. Militant - Millitant é¬ü¿’.

Q. Her tonsured head, choped legs, vermilion mark on forehead were indicators of this being case of human sacrifice. A.

Åûª-úÕ í∫’çúø’ îËÆœ-†- ûª© (Tonsured head), †JÍéÆœ† é¬∞¡Ÿx (Chopped legs), on the forehead (†’ü¿’-öÀ -O’ü¿) Vermillion marks (èπ◊çèπ◊-´’í∫’®Ω’h©’), ÅC †®Ω•L N≠æߪ’ç (the case of human sacrifice) í¬ Öçü¿E (being) ûÁ-L-ߪ’ñ‰ÊÆ™« ÖØ√o®· (were indicators).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 27 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2009

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vaisakh: Sehwag was streets ahead of the rest of the batsmen in this series; that is, except in the last match. He just made mince meat of the bowling.

Vaisakh: Sure. They are very poor fielders. In addition to dropping easy catches, they gave away fours and sixes easily as well.

(Ñ -véÀÈé-ö¸ -´÷u-î˝ Æœ-KÆˇ-™ ÂÆ£æ…yí˚ N’í∫û√ -¶«u-ö¸q--¢Á’-Ø˛ éπçõ‰ áçûÓ íÌ°æpí¬ Çú≈úø’. Åçõ‰ §Ú®·† -´÷u-î˝ ™ ûª°æp. Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡x -¶˜-Lçí˚-†’ *ûª-éπ-¶«-üΔúø’.)

(éπ*aûªçí¬, ¶μ«®Ωû˝ Çô-í¬∞¡Ÿx î√™« Ø√Æœ-®Ωéπç °∂‘-©f®˝q. é¬u-î˝-©’ ´C-™‰-ߪ’-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ø√©’-í∫’©’, Ç®Ω’x Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ ÉîËa-¨»®Ω’.)

Sravan: Oh God! What a form he was in! When he is on the go, there's no stopping him. He is easily among the top notch batsmen in the world.

(Ŷs áçûª -§∂ƒç-™ ÖØ√oúÓ Åûªúø’. Çúøôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’°-úÕûË Åûª-úÕ-ØÁ-´®Ω÷ Ç°æ-™‰®Ω’. v°æ°æç-îªç-™ E Ö†oûª v¨ÏùÀ -¶«u-ö¸q--¢Á’-Ø˛™ Åûª-úÌ-éπúø’.) Vaisakh: The triple century that he missed the other day by a few runs was really out of this world. One should walk a hundred miles to shake hands with him for the splendid knock.

Sravan: Remember Jaunty Rhodes of South Africa? Oh, what a fielder he was! He certainly had a way with holding the ball however much low it flew. He would never drop a catch.

(Fèπ◊ ü¿éÀ~-ù«-v°∂œé¬ ñ«çöà ®Óú˛q í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√oú≈? Ŷs áçûª-íÌ°æp °∂‘-©f®˝ Åûªúø’! áçûª ûªèπ◊\´ áûª’h™ áí∫’-®Ω’-ûª’†o •çA-ØÁjØ√ °æô’déÓ-´-úøç™ Åûª-úÕéÀ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ØË®Ω’pç-úËC. catch á°æ¤púø÷ °æúË-ߪ’-™‰-ü¿-ûªúø’.) Vaisakh: Remember Jaunty Rhodes! Who can ever forget him? He really knocked the spots off the other players in cricket in the last three decades.

2

5) India takes the biscuit for poor fielding. 6) He certainly had a way with holding the ball...

°j´Fo èπÿú≈ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´’†ç ¢Á’°æ¤p (appreciation) †’ ûÁLÊ° idioms. ¢√öÀE N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. 1) Be streets ahead of: Éûª-®Ω’© éπçõ‰ áçûÓ íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçúË ´’†’-≠æfl©’/ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. a) When it comes to technology Japan is streets ahead of India =

≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ v°æí∫A N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh, ¶μ«®Ωû˝ éπçõ‰ ï§ƒØ˛ áçûÓ ´·çü¿ç-ï™ ÖçC.

b) In the matter of Welfare Programmes England is streets ahead of India = England

v°æñ« ¶μ«®Ωû˝ éπçõ‰ áçûÓ

ÆæçÍé~´’ °æü∑¿-鬙x íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC.

India takes the biscuit for cor r uption (éÌEo -®Ω-Ø˛q-™  §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊†o -´‚-úø’ ÂÆç-îª-K-©’ Eïçí¬ NÆætߪ’ç éπL-TçîË N≠æߪ’ç. áçûª ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ-îÁjØ√ ¢ÁRx éπ®Ω -î√-©†ç (Shake hand) îËÊÆ Nüμ¿çí¬ ÖçC ÅûªúÕ Çô.) Sravan: But don't forget; Dhoni was on a ball too. Oh, the way he punished the Sri Lankan bowling! Really marvellous! But having said that, Team India takes the biscuit for their poor fielding. How many easy catches they have dropped in the series!

(Å®·ûË ´’®Ω-*-§Úèπ◊. üμÓF èπÿú≈ ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊´ ûÁLÆœ Çú≈úø’. (Åûª-úÕéÀ -¶«u-öÀçí˚ áçûª ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’≤Ú!) X©çéπ -¶˜-Lçí˚-†’ Åûªúø’ ÖAéÀ ´CL-°-ö«dúø’. Å®·ûË üËEéπüË îÁ§ƒpL. îÁûªh °∂‘-Lfçí˚ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¶μ«®Ωû˝ ïô’d ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ≤ƒn†ç §Òçü¿’-ûª’çC. áEo Ææ’©-¶μº-¢Á’i† é¬u-î˝-©’ ´C-L-¢Ë-¨»®Ó!)

2) Top

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 579 (ñ«çöîÓú˛q í∫’®Ω’hç-úø-ô´÷! á´®Ω’ ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-û√-®Ω-ûªúÕ-E? í∫ûª ´‚úø’ ü¿¨»-¶«l™x °∂‘-Lfçí˚ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ áçûÓ N’ç*-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’!)

'to + V1' can behave as a participle? Like present participle and past participle? If it so please give an example. A. Yes. To+V1 = e.g.: to go, to come, to see etc. There are two participles- the present participle (the ...ing form - going, coming, seeing, etc), and the past participle (what some people call, V3) In some cases the infinitive and the present participle give the same meaning: i) To walk to the place is difficult = walking to the place is difficult. (To walk = walking =

†úø-´úøç)

ii) To smoke/ smoking is bad for health (smoke

îËߪ’úøç) Å™«Íí– ÅEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x é¬ü¿’, éÌEo éÌEo verbs N≠æߪ’ç™ passive infinitive, to be done, to be killed, etc ™, 'to be' omit îËÆ œ ¢√úøû√ç. a) TRS wants the state to be divided = TRS wants the state divided = TRS

®√≠æZç N¶μº->ç-îª-•-ú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-öçC. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx, 'divided' past participle Å´¤-ûª’çC, é¬E ÅC infinitive ™ ¶μ«í∫¢Ë’.

b) No body wants her (to be) killed.

áçûÓ

Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿ç íÌ°æpüË, é¬F ™é¬-B-ûª-¢Á’içüËç é¬ü¿’ (Åçõ‰ Åçûª Åçü¿-¢Á’i-†¢√∞¡Ÿx Éçé¬ î√™«-´’çC ÖØ√o-®ΩE) 4) On a ball = äéπ °æE îËߪ÷-Lq† éÀô’èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ ÅC ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫úøç. a) When it comes to Maths, Chitra is on a ball =

í∫ùÀûªç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, *vûª-éπFo¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’/ í∫ùÀ-ûªç™ ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

b) Harbhajan is certainly on a ball in spin bowling = spin bowling

™ £æ«®Ωs¥-ï-Ø˛èπ◊ ÅEo ¢Á’-∞¡-èπ◊-´©÷ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. 5) Take the biscuit for = Ê°®Ω’ §Òçü¿úøç, îÁúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x a) India takes the biscuit for corruption =

ÅN-FA N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¶μ«®Ω-û˝üË Åví∫-≤ƒn†ç. ¶μ«®Ωû˝ íÌ°æp Ê°®Ω’ ûÁa-èπ◊çC. b) Indians take the biscuit for lack of punctuality =

Ø√ùuûª,

a) His performance in the movie was certainly top notch =

Ç ÆœE-´÷™ ÅûªúÕ †ô† î√™« íÌ°æp v¨ÏùÀ™ ÖçC.

b) Our former President Dr. Abdul Kalam is among the top notch technologists of the world =

Ææ´’-ߪ’-§ƒ-©† ™‰E N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¶μ«®ΩB-ߪ·©’ Ê°®Ω’ §Òçü¿’-û√®Ω’. 6) To have a way with- ÉC î√™« áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†o idiom. Å®Ωnç = àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-úøç-™E éÀô’èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ íÌ°æpí¬ Öçúøôç.

M.SURESAN

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) Sehwag was streets ahead of the rest of the batsmen. 2) He is easily among the top notch batsmen in the World. 3) The triple century... was... out of this World. 4) Dhoni was on a ball too.

O’®Ω’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ éπÈ®é˙dí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-L-T-†-°æ¤púø’, É™«çöÀ Ωa ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç éπüΔ? ÅC infinitive Å®·-ûËØËç, past/ present participle Å®·-ûËØËç? O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úøôç éπÈ®é˙d Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’, O’®Ω’ ¢√úË °æüΔ© Ê°®Ω’x ûÁL-ߪ’-†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ éπüΔ? Q. The same word sometimes behaves as a preposition and adverb in a sentence. How can we differentiate? A. Whether a word is used as a/ an adverb or a preposition depends largely on the meaning. Take for example, 'about'. When about' means, approximately/ nearly/ almost, it is an adverb. The book costs about Rs 100/- (about = nearly - a little less/ more than Rs 100/-). Here 'about' adds to the meaning of the verb, 'costs'. So it is an adverb. But when 'about' means, 'on the subject of'/ 'In connection with' it is a preposition, because it is used before a noun, a pronoun or a gerund to show place, time, direction, position etc. The students are talking about the exam. Here, 'about' is placed before the noun, the 'exams' so it is a preposition. So the meaning of a word and the way it is used in a sentence decide whether it is an adverb or a preposition. He went in - in - adverb. He walked in the playground- in - preposition.

(í∫÷Ja/ í∫’Jç*)

=

ØÁj°æ¤-ùuç-í∫©.

C. Janardhana, Hindupur Q. Sir, please clarify the following doubts:

notch

b) Her beauty is really great but not certainly out of this world =

a) She has a way with children, though she is childless =

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Gúøf©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Gúøf-©ûÓ á™« ¢Á’©-í¬™/ °œ©xLo ᙫ ÇúÕç-î√™ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

´’† °æ‹®Ωy ®√≠æZ-°æA ú≈éπd®˝ Å•’l™¸ éπ™«ç v°æ°æç-îªç-™ØË íÌ°æp ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ E°æ¤-ù’™x äéπ®Ω’. 3) Out of this world = Ñ v°æ°æç-îªç™ ´’†ç îª÷úø-™‰-†çûª íÌ°æp-üÁj†/ ÅA-™éπ.

b) Let's take the problem to him. He has a way with such problems and can help us=

Ñ Ææ´’-Ææu†’ ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡üΔç. É™«çöÀ Ææ´’-Ææu©’ ᙫ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-î√™ Åûª-úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’†èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-í∫-©úø’.

a) Her dance performance the other day was certainly out of this world =

¢Á·†o Ç¢Á’ Ø√ôu v°æü¿-®Ωz† Eïçí¬ ™é¬-B-ûª-¢Á’i-†üË/ Ñ v°æ°æç-îªç™ 鬆-®√-†çûª íÌ°æpC.

Q. I heared somewhere that "All English language can be put into 279 structures." If it so please is there any book dealing that 275 structures? Give me the details of the book. A. That's true. But how many can remember such a large number (275!) structures? Aren't there a good number of people who can speak correct English without knowing these structures? If you can master all of them you can write and speak correct English; true. But it is like saying, 'you can catch a bird by pulling salt on its tail'. Q. Please, suggest me some 'CIEFL' books for Spoken English. A. There are a number of such books from CIEFL, now EFLU. any book can help you.

K. Omkar, Narsipatnam Q. They are all happy all are happy

Q.

üÌçúø-é¬ßª’, -Çí¬-éπ-®Ω-é¬-ߪ’-– -O-öÀ-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. üÌçúø-é¬ßª’ = Gherkin -Çé¬éπ®Ω-é¬ßª’ = Teasel gourd (´÷´‚©’ é¬éπ-®Ωé¬ßª’ = Bitter Gourd) Q. ÂÆEq-õ„j-ï®˝ Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ÂÆpLxçí˚ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Sensitizer = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo, ´·êuçí¬ äéπ îÁúø’/ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ¶«í¬ Å´-í¬-£æ«† éπLpçîË v°ævéÀߪ’/ ≤ƒüμ¿†ç. The essay acts as a sensitiser to the dangers of smoking = Smoking

´©x v°æ´÷-üΔ-©†’ í∫’Jç* Å´-í¬-£æ«† éπLpçîË ≤ƒüμ¿-†çí¬ Ç ¢√uÆæç °æEîË-Ææ’hçC. Q. 'Åûª-úÕéÀ Çí∫Æˇd ØÁ© @ûªç ®√™‰ü¿’— ÅØË ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx≠ˇ™ Salary for the month of August wasn't given ÅØÌî√a?

They

A. He hasn't (has not) got his August salary/ salary for (the month of) August.

A. They are all happy = They all are happy They are all happy better, subject verb

(Salary for the month of August was not given = August

ÅØË áçü¿’-éπç-ö«®Ω’? ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ-èπÿ-úøü¿’?

È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË Å†úøç ¢ÁçôØË ®√´úøç ´’ç*C 鬕öÀd. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ 'Åçü¿®Ω÷— ÅüË N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ v§ƒ´·êuç É¢√yLq ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, They all are happy ÅØÌa.

Çí∫Æˇd ØÁ© @ûªç É´y-•-úø-™‰ü¿’ – ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ØÁ© @ûªç É´y-™‰ü¿’). Q. íÓçí∫÷®Ω†’ Ççí∫xç™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. íÓçí∫÷®Ω = Sorrel leaves.

Q. Who is number 14? A. I am (no 14) I am response. I myself

ÅE ÇÊ°-ߪ’úøç ÆæÈ®j† ûª°æ¤p.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 3 -ï-†-´-J 2010 Alok: So Akhil, you have heard my instructions now about how to operate the computer. Go ahead then.

(Å"™¸, éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ᙫ ¢√ú≈©ØË N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* ؈’ îÁ°œp† Ææ÷îª-†©’ NØ√o´¤ éπüΔ? Éçéπ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç.) Akhil: That's right. The instructions are clear enough and I am ready to start work. But the boss has yet to give me directions for starting the work.

(Å´¤†’. -F Ææ÷îª-†©’ N¨¡-ü¿ç-í¬ØË ÖØ√o®·. °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ Æœü¿l¥ç. é¬F, ´’† ¶«Æˇ Ø√éÀçé¬ ÇüË-¨»©’ É¢√yL °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-GμçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Alok: That's ok then. Start when you will, but in case of doubt, you have the computer manual on the left of the shelf above the computer.

(Å®·ûË ÆæÍ®. F É≠ædç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®ΩçGμç. ÆæçüË-£æ…-™‰-¢Á’iØ√ Öçõ‰ éπç°æ‹u-ô-®˝Â°j† Â≠™¸p¥™ áúø´’ °æéπ\ Ææ÷îª-†© °æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC.)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Alok: Ah, that reminds me. My brief last year was to prepare a guide for our colleagues to work with greater efficiency and less strain. I'm happy to tell you this: the director said that it was essential if the staff intended to be competent without getting strained.

(Ç. Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC. ûªèπ◊\´ äAh-úÕûÓ áèπ◊\´ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uçûÓ °æE-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ äéπ ´÷®Ω_ü¿-JzE ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËߪ’-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. ÉC îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hØ√o: äAhúÕ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç °ç-èπ◊ØË ÖüËl¨¡ç ÖçúË Æœ•sçCéπC î√™« ´·êu-´’E ´÷ úÁjÈ®-éπd®˝ ÅØ√oúø’.) Akhil: Oh, glad to hear that. I'd like to go through it.

(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ÅC îªC¢Ëç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.) Look at the following expression from the conversation above: 1) ... my instructions about how to operate the computer. 2) The loss has yet to give directions for starting the work.

2

(Instructions

´’¯"éπçí¬ ™‰üΔ ®√ûª-°æ‹-®Ωyéπçí¬ Öçúø-´îª’a.) 2) Directions = Çü˨»©’/ Çïc©’– äéπ °æE ᙫ îËߪ÷L? äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤†’ ᙫ ¢√ú≈L? ÅØË Å稻©†’ ûÁL-Ê°N. a) You cannot go wrong. There are clear directions about how many items are to be ordered and in what time =

Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ v°æÆæ-Íéh-™‰ü¿’. áEo ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’, áçûª Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Ç®Ωf®˝ îËߪ÷-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† ÇüË-¨»-©’-Ø√o®·. b) Follow the directions on page 36, and you will have no difficulty in operating the mixie -

36´ Ê°@™E Ææ÷©†’ §ƒöÀç, Ç N’éÃq ¢√úøôç FÍéç éπ≠dçæ é¬ü¿’. (Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤†’ ¢√úøôç í∫’Jç* ÉîËa EÍ®l-¨»©’ directions ņo-´÷ô.)

She has exceeded her brief Akhil: Thank you. Now a days every piece of equipment comes with a manual or a handbook that are very helpful. If only you have the patience to go through them attentively, you don't need anybody's help.

(ü∑Δçèπÿu. Ñ ®ÓV™x à ߪ’çvûªç/ ≤ƒ´’-vT-ûÓØÁjØ√ ã Ææ÷îª-†© °æ¤Ææhéπç ™‰üΔ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ÅN î√™« Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Öçö«®·, -¢√öÀE v¨¡ü¿l¥í¬ îªC¢Ë ã°œéπ Öçõ‰ ÉçÈé-´J Ææ£æ…-ߪ’´‚ Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’.) Alok: That's right. All that you have to do is follow them carefully, and you are successful.

(Å´¤†’. îËߪ÷-Lqç-ü¿™«x Ç °æ¤Ææh-鬙x îÁ°œpçC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Çîª-Jç-îª-úø¢Ë’. ÅçûË. °æE °æ‹®Ωh-´¤ûª’çC.) Akhil: That's so. The company in which I worked last, and that's a pharma company, issued a set of guidelines to the workers for handling poisonous chemicals used in certain varieties of drugs. As a result, the company bagged the prize for its wonderful safety record.

(ÅçûË. ØËEç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ °æE-îË-Æœ† éπç°F™– ÅC §∂ƒ®√t éπç°F– éÌEo ®Ω鬩 ´’çü¿’™x ¢√úË N≠æ-°æ‹-J-ûª-¢Á’i† ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’-Ø√-©†’ ᙫ NE-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç í∫’Jç* éÌEo ´÷®Ω_ü¿-®Ωz-é¬-L-î√a®Ω’. üΔE°∂æLûªç, Ç éπç°-FéÀ Íé~´’-éπ®Ω ¶μºvü¿û√ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x •£æ›-´’A ´*açC.)

3) Manual:

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 580

3) You have the computer manual a) The camera comes with a manon the left of the shelf. ual. Read the manual carefully 4) ... every piece of equipment and you can operate the camM.SURESAN comes with a manual or a handera easily = book. 5) The company issued a set of guidelines for handling... 6) My brief last year was to prepare a guide. b) The manual is not clear about how to Instructions, directions, manual, handbook, replace certain parts of the computer = guidelines, brief -

Èé¢Á’-®√ûÓ§ƒô’ äéπ *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç ´Ææ’hçC. üΔEo †’´¤y ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îªC-NûË Èé¢Á’-®√†’ Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ ¢√úÌa/ ¢√úøôç Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC.

ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC-éπüΔ.. É´Fo Ææ÷îª-†©’, ÇüË-¨»©’, Æ橣慩’ ûÁLÊ° °æ¤Ææh-é¬--©’, ´÷®Ω_ü¿-®Ωz-é¬--©’, °æ¤®Ω-´÷-®·ç-°æ¤©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´÷ô-©E. Oô-EoöÀ Å®Ωnç üΔüΔ°æ¤ äéπõ‰ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ¢√öÀE ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©÷, ¢√öÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©÷ î√™« Gμ†oçí¬ Öçö«®·. ¢√öÀE É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. 1) Instructions: ´÷ô™x é¬F, ®√ûª-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ é¬F ÉîËa Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç– äéπ®Ω’ àç îËߪ÷L? äéπ °æEE ᙫ îËߪ÷L? ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊. a) He has left the washing machine here, and I have no instructions about it all =

Çߪ’† Ç ¢√≠œçí˚ ¢Á’≠œØ˛ Ééπ\úø ´CL ¢Á∞«xúø’, üΔEo í∫’Jç* à Ææ´÷-î√-®Ω´‚/ Ææ÷îª-†©÷ ™‰èπ◊çú≈/ Ø√éÀ-´y-èπ◊çú≈. b) She has clear instructions not to leave office before 5 PM =

≤ƒßª’çvûªç Å®·CçöÀéÀ´·çü¿’ Ç°∂‘Æˇ ´CL ¢Á∞¡xèπÿ-úø-ü¿E Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† Ææ÷/Çü˨¡ç ÖçC.

K. Krishnarao, Bapatla

Q. The weather today is too good.

Q. Please rewrite the following sentences after making necessary correction:

A. The weather today is very good.

The bear had a ring on it's nose. A. The bear had a ring on its (not it's) nose.

'Too' always means, so much that it causes something 'bad'. The car is too expensive = so expensive that I can't buy it

Q. This shirt is too lose for me.

Q. I saw him yesterday only.

A. The shirt is too loose (not 'lose') for me.

A. I saw him only yesterday or better still, I saw him just yesterday.

Q. This coat looks a bit small I'd like to try on it.

ã ≤ƒ´’vT/ °æJ-éπ®Ωç/ ߪ’çvûªç é̆o-°æ¤púø’ üΔEo ᙫ ¢√ú≈™, v°ævéÀߪ’ ü¿¨¡-©-¢√-Kí¬ á™« îËߪ÷™ ûÁLÊ° *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç.

A. This coat looks a bit small. I'd like to try it on. (not, try on it)

Q. Who you want to see?

Q. Let's listen the music. A. Let's listen to the music

Q. The ice cream's good- may I please have little more?

Q. Do you know what is the answer?

A. Please have a little more (Little = no)

A. Do you know what the answer is. (Not 'What is the answer'. This is not a question, but a statement).

Q. His office is quite oppoosite to my house.

A. Who do you want to see?

A. His office is just opposite my house. (Not, opposite to my house).

éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝™E éÌEo ¶μ«í¬-©†’ ᙫ ´÷®√a™ Ç éπç°æ‹u-ô-®˝ûÓ§ƒô’ ´*a† °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. 4) Handbook: ÉC èπÿú≈ manual ™«Íí ߪ’çvûª ≤ƒ´’vT ™«çöÀ- ¢√öÀ ¢√úø-é¬Eo ûÁLÊ° °æ¤Ææhéπç. Å®·ûË Handbook ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ßª’çvûª-≤ƒ-´’vT ™«çöÀ-¢√öÀ N≠æߪ’ç ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√®Ω’ ®√ÆœçüÁj Öçô’çC. Handbook ã ≤ƒ´’vÍí é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éûª®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-Ê°-Cí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçúÌa. ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωùèπ◊.. A Swimmers' Handbook, A Students' Handbook ™«çöÀN èπÿú≈ Öçö«®·. Swimmers' handbook, Ñûª ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ØË¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ωçí¬, Students' handbook äéπ ÆæçÆæn™E NüΔu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Öçö«®·. à N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æ œ†¢√∞¡Ÿx Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊, ´·êuçí¬ Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’ -èπ◊-ØË-¢√-JéÀ ¶«í¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æúË Nüμ¿çí¬ ûªßª÷®Ω’îËÊÆ °æ¤Ææh-éπ¢Ë’ handbook.

ÆœN™¸q (v°œL-N’-†K) – 2010 ߪ‚E-ߪ’Ø˛ °æGxé˙ ÆæKyÆˇ éπN’-≠æØ˛ 2010 Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ ÆœN™¸ ÆæKy-ÂÆÆˇ áí¬b-N’-ØË-≠æØ˛ (v°œL-N’-†K) v°æéπ-ô† Núø’-ü¿© îËÆœçC. ÉçúÕ-ߪ’Ø˛ ÅúÕt-E-ÊÆZ-öÀ¢˛ ÆæKyÆˇ, ÉçúÕ-ߪ’Ø˛ §∂ƒÈ®Æˇd ÆæKyÆˇ, ÉçúÕ-ߪ’Ø˛ §ÚMÆˇ ÆæKyÆˇ ûªC-ûª®Ω Íéçvü¿ v°æ¶μº’ûªy N¶μ«-í¬™x Ŷμºu-®Ω’n-©†’ Eߪ’-N’ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Ñ °æKéπ~ v§ƒü∑¿-N’éπ v°ævéÀߪ’. °æKéπ~ ûËD: ¢Ë’ 23. Å®Ω|-ûª©’: àüÁjØ√ úÕvU Öçú≈L. ´ßª’Ææ’ Çí∫Ææ’d 1Ø√öÀéÀ 21 †’ç* 30 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ´’üμ¿u Öçú≈L. E•ç-üμ¿-†©’: ï†-®Ω™¸ Íéô-TK Ŷμºu-®Ω’n©’ Ø√©’-í∫’-≤ƒ®Ω’x, °∂œ>-éπ™¸ £æ…uçúŒ-é¬u-°ˇú˛ Ŷμºu-®Ω’n©’, ãH-Æ‘©’ 7 ≤ƒ®Ω’x

a) The handbook has nothing about the share markets in the first half of last year =

éÀçü¿-õ‰ú≈C ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å®Ωl¥ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ Ê≠®˝ ´÷È®\ôx í∫’Jç* Ç £æ…uçú˛-•’-é˙™ àç ™‰ü¿’. b) The handbook gives info about how to find accommodation near the university =

ߪ‚E-´-JqöÃéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™ §Òçü¿-í∫© ´ÆæA ≤˘éπ-®√u©†’ í∫’Jç* Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Ç £æ…uçú˛-•’-é˙™ ÖçC. ´÷†’u-´™¸q ÅFo £æ…uçú˛-•’é˙q Å´¤-û√®· é¬F, £æ…uçú˛-•’é˙q ÅFo ´÷†’u-´™¸q é¬ü¿E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπüΔ. 5) Guidelines = ´÷®Ω_-ü¿-®Ωz-鬩’. ÉN °æ‹Jhí¬ ≤ƒCμé¬-J-éπ-¢Á’i-†N. éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i†, v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’/ °æ†’©†’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ã ÆæçÆæn/ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç ñ«K îËÊÆ EÍ®l-¨»©’. a) The factory has issued certain guidelines for handling delicate and highly expensive equipment =

Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i† ÅAêK-üÁj† ≤ƒ´÷-vTE ¢√úË NüμΔ†ç ûÁLÊ° ´÷®Ω_-ü¿-®Ωz-é¬-©†’/ EÍ®l-¨»-©†’ Ç §∂ƒuéπdK ñ«K îËÆœçC. b) The tourism dept has a set of guidelines for the pilgrims to Amarnadh =

°æ®√u-ô-éπ-¨»-ê- Å´’-®˝-Ø√ü∑˛ ߪ÷-vAèπ◊-©èπ◊ -´÷®Ω_-ü¿®Ωzé¬LÆæ’hç-C. (Å´’-®˝-Ø√ü∑˛ßª÷vûª Ææ’®Ω-éÀ~-ûªçí¬ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ÷îª-†©’/ ´÷®Ω_-ü¿-®Ωz-鬩’) 6) Brief = ´’† ¶«üμ¿u-ûª© ’/ Nüμ¿’-©†’ ûÁLÊ° Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç. a) My brief is to collect the dues and credit them into the bank =

Å°æ¤p©’ ´Ææ÷©’ îËÆœ ¶«uçé˙™ éπôdúøç Ø√ ¶«üμ¿uûª (ÅC Ø√éÀ-*a† ¶«üμ¿uûª) b) Your brief is to do what I tell you to do; not to order me about =

-ØË-†’ îÁ°œpçC îÁߪ’u-úøç F ¶«üμ¿uûª; ÅçûË-é¬F Ø√é¬-ïc©’ ñ«K îËߪ’úøç é¬ü¿’. Brief Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lq† Nüμ¿’-™‰- é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-èπ◊ -Å-°æp-Tç-*† °æE. a) I've done my brief =

Ø√èπ◊ -Å-°æp-Tç-*† °æE ؈’ î˨»†’. b) He wanted her to inform Kiran of his duties but not to pay him money. In doing so, she has exceeded her brief =

Ç¢Á’†’ éÀ®Ω-ù˝èπ◊ Åûª-úÕ Nüμ¿’-©†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁ°æp-´’-Ø√o®Ω’, úø¶‰sç îÁLxç-îª-´’-†-™‰ü¿’. Å™« îËߪ’-úøç™ Ç¢Á’ ûª† £æ«ü¿’l†’ ÅA-véπN’ç-*çC (îËߪ’-´’-†o-üΔ-E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ îËÆœçC.) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ñ °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a. áÆ‘q, áÆ‘d-©èπ◊ °æJ-N’-A-™‰ü¿’. ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h: ü˨¡-¢√u-°æhçí¬ áç°œéπîËÆœ† ÅEo v°æüμΔ† §Ú≤ƒd-°∂‘-Ææ’™x ®Ω÷.20 îÁLxç* v§ƒÂÆp-éπdÆˇ, Å°œx-Íé-≠æØ˛ N´-®√-©†’ §Òçü¿-´îª’a. ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h°j áç°œéπ îËÆœ† v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ®Ω÷.50© N©’-¢Áj† ÂÆçvô™¸ Jvèπÿ-ö¸-¢Á’çö¸ °∂‘ ≤ƒdç°æ¤-©†’ ÅA-éÀç-î√L. ´’£œ«-∞¡©’, áÆ‘q, áÆ‘d, °œ.£«î˝. Ŷμºu-®Ω’n©’ °∂‘V îÁLxç-î√-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. °æ‹Jh N´-®√-©†’ ï†-´J 2 Ø√öÀ á秃x-ß˝’-¢Á’çö¸ †÷uÆˇ™ í¬F ™‰üΔ ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆj-ö¸™ îª÷úÌa. ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆj-ö¸: www.upsc.gov.in *´JûËD: °∂œv•-´J 1. *®Ω’-Ø√´÷: The Secretary, Union Public Service Commission, Dholpur House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi -110069

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 10 -ï-†-´-J 2010 Padma: The music is too loud; Why don't you turn it down?

(Ç ÆæçUûªç ´’K Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖçC. é¬Ææh ûªT_ç.)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Abhiram: What is stopping you? If you really concentrate, even deafening noise can't disturb you. The trouble is you lack the power of concentration.

Abhiram: I'm sorry I can't. I can enjoy it only at this volume.

(؈’ ûªT_ç-îª-™‰†’. ≤ƒK, Éçûª Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ Öçõ‰í¬F Ç ÆæçU-û√Eo džç-Cç-îª-™‰†’.) Padma: Then it is noise and not music. It's no different from what the loud speakers blare out during festivals. Temples and other places of worship blast religious music at all hours of the day and even night.

(Å°æ¤p-úøC íÌúø-¢Ë-é¬F ÆæçUûªç é¬ü¿’. °æçúø’í∫-®Ó-V™x ™˜ú˛-Æ‘p-éπ-®Ωx™ ÆæçUûªç Ê°®Ω’ûÓ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ N-E°œç-îË íÌúø-´èπÿ, F ÆæçU-û√-Eéà ûËú≈-™‰ü¿’. í∫’∞¡⁄x, Éûª®Ω v§ƒ®ΩnØ√ Ææn™«©÷ °æí∫©÷, ®√vA èπÿú≈ ´’ûª-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ÆæçUûªçûÓ £æ«ÙÈ®-Ah-Ææ’hç-ö«®·.)

(àç Åúøfç ´*açC Fèπ◊? †’´¤y üμΔuÆæçû√ îªü¿’-´¤-O’ü¿ °úÕûË îÁ´¤úø’ -´-îËaçûª íÌúø´ èπÿú≈ Fèπ◊ ¶μºçí∫ç éπ-L-Tç-îªü¿’. Fèπ◊ ÍéçvDéπ®Ωù ¨¡éÀh ûªèπ◊\´. ÅD ÅÆæ©’ Ææ´’Ææu.) Padma: I'm ordinary mortal. It is impossible for me to work with that racket going on.

(؈’ ´÷´‚©’ ´’E-≠œE. Ç íÌúø´ Å™« é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª÷-Öçõ‰ ؈’ °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç Å≤ƒüμ¿uç.) Abhiram: OK, if you want it so, I am turning it off altogether just for your sake. Let me see how well you are going to write the exam.

Å™«-Íí-é¬F, F éÓÆæç, °æ‹Jhí¬ ÇÊ°-Ææ’hØ√o†’. †’´¤y °æKéπ~ áçûª ¶«í¬ ®√≤ƒh¢Ó îª÷≤ƒh.

2

3) Temples and other places of worship blast religious music. 4) If you really concentrate, even deafening noise can't disturb you. 5) It's impossible for me to work with that racket going on. Turn down, blare out, blast, deafening noise, racket vocabulary

(؈’ Nçô’-†oC §ƒ°ˇ ÆæçUûªç. Fèπ◊ ûÁMüË¢Á÷ îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√o N†’. Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ Öçõ‰ØË §ƒ°ˇ ÆæçU-û√Eo džç-Cç-îª-í∫©ç.

a) The speaker blared over the loud speaker his demand for higher wages =

a) Please turn down the TV. I'm unable to hear what my caller is saying.

vö«°∂œé˙ áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o v§ƒçû√™x (é¬®Ω’, ™«K©’ ¢Á·ü¿-™„j-†N) £æ…®Ω-†x ®Ìü¿/ íÌúø´ ¨¡•l 鬩’-≥ƒuEo éπL-T-Ææ’hçC. Blast = Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ íÌúø´ îËߪ’úøç.

(öÃO é¬Ææh ûªT_ç. Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ† ´uéÀh àç îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ NE°œçîªúøç -™‰ü¿’).

Padma: I've told you and I tell you again I have an exam coming next week, and I want quiet for preparation.

(Fèπ◊ îÁ§ƒp†’, ´’Sx îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. ´îËa¢√®Ωç Ø√èπ◊ °æK-éπ~-©’-Ø√o®·. ؈’ v°œÊ°®˝ 鬴ú≈-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ E¨¡z•lç Å´-Ææ®Ωç.) K.B. Nardas, Hyderabad Q. Please translate the following sentences/ phrases in to English

ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Å™« O’ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ®√´-Lq´-*açC. A I came to you unexpectedly/ I had to be here unexpectedly/ I had to come to you unexpectedly/ I didn't expect to come to you.

.

Q

. éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? Have you been to Mumbai? Had you been to Mumbai?

A Have you ever been to Mumbai?

. Q. 'ÆæçÈé∞¡Ÿx— éÀ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† °æü¿ç àC? A. Hand-cuffs/ shackles. Q. What is the young one of a monkey called? A. Infant. Q. What are both gender forms of the animal donkey? please mention. A Donkey - female; jackass/ jack- male.

. . ≤ƒèπ◊©’ îÁ°æp-´ü¿’l. A. No excuses please. Q. ûªúø-•-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ï¢√•’ îÁ°æ¤p ü¿ßª’-îËÆ œ. A. Don't mince matters. Out with the answer. Q

A. Sudhakar, Peddamallareddy.

Notes: Volume =

grammar, How many that speak Telugu or Hindi know the grammars of the languages? Language is just practice. The more you speak and write it, the better can you write/ speak. Q. What is the difference among the drama, play, novel, short story and prose. Please clarify. A. Drama = Play Novel = A long story/ a writing of fiction (Related and well connected chain of imaginary incidents and imaginary characters). Short story = A story which is short, with imaginary incidents and characters. Prose = Writing Which has no measured lines and very simular to ordinary speech (Not poetry) Q. It is said that English language is a logic, think logic. What is the logic? A. English as language, and as any other language is logical - all languages including English are logical because they have a set pattern and are spoken according to certain rules. In fact, english has illogical spelling and pronunciation systems.

F ´‚u>é˙ ÆœÆd¢æ ˛’ (Æ‘úŒ Ê°xߪ’®˝, úŒOúŒ ™«çöÀN) ¨¡¶«lEo é¬Ææh ûªT_ç-√? Åçûª ¨¡•lçûÓ Ææç¶μ«-≠æù Å≤ƒ-üμ¿uçí¬ ÖçC. Turn up Åçõ‰, volume (¨¡•l °æJ´÷-ùç)†’ °çîªúøç.

a) Please turn up the TV. I'm unable to hear the dialogues = Turn on Turn off =

é¬Ææh öÃO ¨¡•l-°æ-J-´÷-ù«Eo °çîªçúÕ. Ø√é¬ úÁj™«-í∫’©’ NE-°œç-îª-úøç-™‰ü¿’. ( Åçõ‰, öÃO °ôdúøç; ÇÊ°-ߪ’úøç).

Q

. '†’´¤y v°æ¨¡o ï¢√-•’-©†’ NüΔu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ úÕÍédö¸ îËÆæ÷h ®√Ææ’éÓ— – ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æpçúÕ. A. Dictate the questions and answers to other students as you write. Q

. '•÷u®Ó-vé¬ö¸q— Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. v°æ¶μº’-ûªyç™ Ö†oûª ≤ƒn†ç™ ÖçúË ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’©’ (officials).

Q

. '´’†ç öÀÈéô’x Jï®˝y îËÆœ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC— – Ñ ¢√é¬uEo s-hould, ought to Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æpçúÕ. A. We should have reserved our tickets Q. 'He had this car for the past 2 years' 'He has had this car for the past 2 years'

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x- à-C éπÈ®é˙d? A 'He has had this car for the past 2 years'.

. .

Q 'I am going to home' Home to

ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ-èπÿ-úøü¿’? èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿’? A. ÅC english ¢√úø’éπ. Åçü¿’èπ◊ rules Öçúø´¤. Q. éπ©’x UÊÆ Uûª é¬Jt-èπ◊-úÕE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. Toddy Tapper.

T. Mallikarjun, Kareemnagar. Q Please clarify the following doubts.

.

'By heart'

ÅØË °æü¿ç Parts of speech ™ üËEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*çC? ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L?

A By heart - (part of the phrase, 'To know by heart')

.

= àüÁjØ√ éπç®∏Ω-Æænçí¬ ®√´úøç

He knows the poem by heart poem

.

.

M.SURESAN

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) Why don't you turn it down? 2) ...... from what the loud speakers blare out during festivals.

Q What is the grammar? Is it essential to learn to speak English better? A Grammar is the set of rules according to which a language is spoken and written. Not so important or necessary. There are a large number of people who write/ speak correct English without a knowledge of

b) Could you turn down your music system. It's making conversation impossible =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 581 ¨¡•l-°æ-J-´÷ùç. ¨¡•lç à ≤ƒn®·™ ÖçC? ÅØËC. Quiet = v°æ¨»ç-ûªûª, lack = ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøç, Mortal = ´÷†-´¤©’

Åûª-úÕéÀ Ç éπç®∏ΩÆænçí¬ ´îª’a/ îªü¿-´-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË îÁÊ°p-ߪ’-

í∫©úø’ . 'Í®°æ¤ O’®Ω’ Ñ v°æ¨¡o ï¢√-•’-©†’ ñ«c°æéπç îËÆæ’-èπ◊E ®ΩçúÕ— – DEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. Be through with the answers to these quesQ

tions when you come to class tomorrow.

áèπ◊\´ ¢Á÷ûª éπL-Tç-îªúøç, áèπ◊\´

É´Fo èπÿú≈ ¨¡¶«l-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† (°æü¿ Ææ´·-üΔߪ’ç). ´·êuçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ É•sçC éπL-Tç-îËç-ûªí¬ Ö†o ¨¡¶«l-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´÷ô©’. ¢√öÀ-E-°æ¤púø’ N´-®Ωçí¬ îª÷üΔlç. Turn down = TV, radio, two-in-one ™«çöÀ ÆæçUûª °æJ-éπ-®√© ¨¡•lç ûªT_ç-îªúøç.

I was blasting in your ears.. Abhiram: I'm listening to pop music, and if you don't know, pop music can be enjoyed only when it is loud.

Blare/ Blaring =

¢Á÷ûªí¬ Ö†o.

é¬xö¸–2010 -ØË≠æ-†™¸ ™« ÉØ˛-Æœd-ô÷uö¸ ߪ‚E-´-Jqöà '™«—™ Åçúø-®˝-

Ç Ö°æ-Ø√u-Ææèπ◊úø’, ´’Jçûª áèπ◊\´ ¢Ëûª-Ø√© éÓÆæç ûª† úÕ´÷çú˛†’ ™˜ú˛-Æ‘p-éπ®Óx Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ N-E°œçî√úø’.

b) The blaring automobile horns in high traffic areas cause noise pollution =

a) As the sirens of the Police cars blasted through the streets, all traffic came to a halt =

§ÚMÆˇ 鬮Ωx ÂÆj®Ω†’x Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ íÌúø´ îËÆæ÷h ®Óúøx¢Áç•úÕ ¢Á∞¡Ÿhçõ‰, ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ©’ ÆæhçGμç*-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.

b) I was blasting in your ears not to buy the car, and you are paying for it now =

Ç é¬®Ω’ éÌØÌüÓl ÅE F îÁ´¤©’ *©’x©’ °æúËçûª Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ îÁ•’ûª÷ØËÖØ√o. †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ Åçü¿’èπ◊ ņ’-¶μº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. (Pay for some thing = v°æA-°∂æ©ç ņ’-¶μº-Nç-îªúøç) Racket = ÅÆæ-£æ«†ç/ í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞¡ç éπL-TçîË íÌúø´. The school is in a noisy area. The racket of the traffic comes in the way of the teachers' teaching well =

Ææ÷\™¸ î√™« ®ΩDl/ íÌúø´ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ÖçC. Ç íÌúø´ ´©x öÃîª-®Ωxèπ◊ ÆæJí¬ ¶Cμç-îª-úøç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’.

Q 'On to the stage'

. Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? . Ñ expression '¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√®Ω’. é¬F, Éü¿çûª ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. up the stage ņúøç correct. Q. 'How do you do?' Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Introduce îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ 'How do you do' Åçõ‰ ´’Sx How do you do' ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ÅØ√L? A. How do you do? = O’È®™« ÖØ√o®Ω’?/ èπ◊™«≤ƒØ√? 'How do you do?' Åçõ‰ How do you do?' ņúøç English Ææçv°æüΔߪ’ç 鬕öÀd Q. 'Haven't seen you for ages' Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. ߪ·í¬© ûª®Ω-•úÕ E†’o-îª÷-úø-™‰ü¿’/ ߪ·í¬-©-®·çC E†’o-îª÷Æœ. Q. 'üË´¤úø’ ÅØËéπ ®Ω÷§ƒ™x Öçö«úø’— – Change this A

into English. A God is in many forms/ God has many forms.

. Q. '؈’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ îË®Ω’-èπ◊-ØË-Ææ-JéÀ <éπöÀ °æúÕçC— – ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ îÁ°æpçúÕ. A. It was dark by the time I reached Hyderabad.

Å®Ω|ûª: 10+2 ≤ƒn®· ™‰üΔ ûªûªq-´÷† °æK-éπ~™ 50 ¨»ûªç ´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ ÖBh-®Ωgûª ´ßª’Ææ’: 20 à∞¡xèπ◊ N’çîª-®√ü¿’. §ÚÆˇd-ví¬-úø’u-ßË’ö¸ v§Úví¬¢˛’ Å®Ω|ûª: ᙸ.-á-™¸.G./ G.á-™¸.™ 55¨»ûªç ´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ ÖBh-®Ωgûª ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h éÓÆæç The Convenor, CLAT-2010, (NLIU, Bhopal) Ê°Jô ¶μ§ƒ-™ ¸™ îÁ©’x-¶«-ô-ßË’u™« ®Ω÷.2,500 èπ◊ úŒúŒ °æ秃L. *®Ω’-Ø√´÷: Convenor, CLAT-2010,

ví¬-úø’u-ßË’ö¸, §ÚÆˇd ví¬úø’u-ßË’ö¸ v§Úví¬-´·™x v°æ¢Ë-¨»EéÀ 鬴’Ø˛ ™« ÅúÕt-≠æØ˛ õ„Æˇd (é¬xö¸) – 2010 E®Ωy£œ«-≤ÚhçC. ÇÆæéÀh Ö†o Ŷμºu-®Ω’n© †’ç* ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h©’ Ç£æ…y-E-≤ÚhçC. Ñ õ„Æˇd™ Å®Ω’|-™„jûË Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛-™E †™«q®˝ National Law Institute University, ߪ‚E-´-JqöÃ, ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ ™E áØ˛-á-™¸-á-Æˇ-âߪ‚©ûÓ Kerwa Dam Road, Bhopal-462044 Ææ£æ… 11 ´Jq-öÙx ™« éÓ®Ω’q™x v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-´îª’a. ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h Æ‘yéπ-®Ω-ùèπ◊ *´-J-ûËD: àv°œ™¸ 2. Åçúø-®˝-ví¬-úø’u-ßË’ö¸ v§Úví¬¢˛’ N´-®√-©èπ◊.. ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸: www.clat.ac.in

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 17 -ï-†-´-J 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

C.G. Rao, Visakhapatnam.

V. Devakinandan, Hyderabad

Q. Sir,

Q. 'The Curse of Tutenkhamen'

tion

A.

officer (but I could not) =

éÀçC¢√öÀéÀ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ.

2. Punch line, 3. Heartthrob, 4.House hold name.

ÅØË §ƒ®∏Ωç °æüÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A (ûÁ©’í∫’ O’úÕ-ߪ’ç)™ ÖçC. Éçü¿’™ Tutenkhamen ÅØË °æüΔEo ᙫ °æ©-é¬L? ô÷ô-Ø˛-é¬-´’Ø˛

1.Buzzword,

A. 1. Buzzword = A fashionable word about a subject.

Q. He is a man with a quick temper He is a man with a mean nature

Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢√úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á÷V-°æúË ´÷ô.

°j È®çúÕöx

Computer graphics is the buzzword now a days in the cinema circles = computer graphics.

ÆœE´÷ ´®√_™x É°æ¤púø’

Éçü¿’™

≤ƒn†ç™

of

èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌî√a?

'with'

•ü¿’©’

'of'

®√ü¿’.

He is a man with a mean nature = He is a man of a mean nature

Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á÷V-°æúË ´÷ô

(Hitech is the buzzword now 'hitech' 2. Punch line = joke

with

A. He is a man with a quick temper -

Åû√u-üμ¿’-Eéπ ≤ƒçÍé-AÉ°æ¤p-úøç-ü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á÷V°æúË ´÷ô). éπ-ûª†’ ûÁLÊ° ã éπü∑¿™/ ™ éé-éπ-¢Á’i† ´÷ô. 3. Heart-throb = ´’í∫’-´© ´’†Ææ’ üÓ-èπ◊ØË ´’í∫¢√∞¡Ÿx– ´·êuçí¬ †ô’©’, í¬ßª’-èπ◊©’.

Q. Leave letter ...hence I request you to grant me leave for 5 days i.e., from 17.12.09 to ...

Sharook khan is the heart-throb of many a young women across India =

A. ... hence I request you to grant me leave for five days from the 17.12.09...

¶μ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç™ØË î√-™« ´’çC ´’í∫’´© ´’†Ææ’q üÓ-èπ◊ØË ´uéÀh ≥ƒ®Ω÷é˙ ë«Ø˛.

®√Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’

Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ •ü¿’©’ ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´îËa ¢√é¬uEo ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

ÉüË

correct.

Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®

sentence

™‰ü¿’.

Å®√nEo (Failed condi†’) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü¿Ø√o®Ω’ (past ™ failed.) ÖüΔ: I was to meet the

؈’ Ç°∂‘-Ææ-®˝†’ éπ©´™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Åçõ‰ directí¬ negative Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-Ø√o®Ω’. A. I was to go - Ñ expression ÆæÈ®jç-C é¬ü¿’, Åçõ‰ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬, was/ were+infinitive- was to go/ were to know ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE independent í¬ ¢√úø-®ΩE -Å®Ωnç. éÀçC examples îª÷úøçúÕ. a) He believed that they were helping him, but he was to know later that they had cheated him =

ûª†èπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o-®ΩE †´÷túøûªúø’. é¬F ûª®√yûª Åûªúø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’ ûª†-†’¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á÷Ææç î˨»-®ΩE. (äéπ Nüμ¿çí¬ í∫ûªç™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Å°æpöÀ †’ç* future™ ïJÍí N≠æߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC)

He is a man with a quick temper

Transcendentalists = ¶μ«¢√-B-ûª-¢Á’içC. ñ«c†ç ÅE †¢Ë’t-¢√∞¡Ÿx (ñ«c† ≤ƒüμ¿-†èπ◊ ûª®Ω\ç (logic) 鬮Ωu-é¬-®Ω-ù«©’ (reasoning) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´÷®Ω_ç é¬ü¿’, ñ«cØÓ-ü¿ßª’ç ÅØËC üΔ†ç-ûªô ÅüË ´’†èπ◊ ûªõ‰d-N-üμ¿çí¬ (intentive í¬) Öçô’ç-ü¿E †¢Ë’t-¢√∞¡Ÿx) Persecuted = ¢ËCμç°æ¤©èπ◊ í∫’J-é¬-´úøç (Past participle of persecute (¢ËCμç-îªúøç). Indologist = ¶μ«®Ωûª ÆæçÆæ \ %A/ ûªûªyç/ îªJvûª ŶμºuÆœç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Q. éÀçC °æüΔ©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? Å´-í¬-£æ«† Ææü¿Ææ’q, Å´-í¬-£æ«† éπLpç-îªúøç, 鬮Óu†’tê’-©†’ îËߪ’úøç, ņç-ûª-¨¡éÀh¨»©’úø’. A. Å´-í¬-£æ«† Ææü¿Ææ’q = Awareness session/ programme

Å´-í¬-£æ«† éπLpç-îªúøç = creating awareness 鬮Óu-†’t-ê’-©†’ îËߪ’úøç = Make people action minded

4. Household name:

ÉçöÀçö«/ v°æA-Éçö« NE°œçîË ´÷ô – ¶«í¬ v°æñ«-ü¿-®Ωù §ÒçC† ´uéÀh/ N≠æߪ’ç.

Ghantasala was a house hold name till the late 1970s = 1970

*´J Ææç´ûªq®√© ´®Ωèπ◊ °∂æ’çô-≤ƒ© ÉçöÀçö« NE-°œçîË Ê°®Ω’í¬ ÖçúËC. Q. Singer éÀ Vocalist éÀ ûËú≈? A. Singers = í¬ßª’-èπ◊©’; Vocalist = ¢√®·-ü¿u-í¬vûª Ææ¢Ë’t-∞¡-†ç™ (orchestra™) à ¢√®·ü¿uç ¢√®·ç-îªèπ◊çú≈, §ƒô ´÷vûªç §ƒúË¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ´’† ÆæçUûª éπîË-K™x, ¢√®·-ü¿u-í¬∞¡Ÿx é¬èπ◊çú≈ §ƒô-§ƒ-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Bala Muralikrishna, the famous singer, was the vocalist in the sangeetha kacheri (Music concert). Q

. §ƒô, Ííߪ’ç, í¬†ç, Uûªç – OöÀéÀ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Ææ´÷Ø√-®Ωnéπ °æüΔ-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. §ƒô = song; Ííߪ’ç = lyric/ verse; í¬†ç = music; Uûªç = anthem. Q. He had an uncanny knack = A. Uncanny = Ü£æ…-B-ûª-¢Á’i†/ N*-vûª-¢Á’i†/ Åü¿’s¥-ûª¢Á’i† knack = ØÁj°æ¤ùuç Q. The women are marginalised in that society. A. Marginalized = ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-îª-•-úøôç; women are marginalized = Æ‘Y©’ ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ææ´÷ïç ÆæÈ®j† ≤ƒnØ√Eo É´y-úøç-™‰ü¿’. Q. Interesting Ideas have popped up = A. ÇÆæéÀhéπ®Ω-¢Á’i† Ç™-îª-†©’ ûªö«d®· Q. He tends to be more animated in the presence of women. A.

Q Doctors' suicide sparks protests.

.

A. Doctor

Q Doctors' suicide triggered protests.

of

knowledge. A. Encapsulate = use only a few words to express the most important aspects of something =

äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´·ë«uç-¨»-©†’ ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷ô™x N´-Jç-îªúøç (Ñ ´÷ô î√™« ví¬çC∑éπç/ §ƒçúÕûªuç). spectrum = v¨ÏùÀ – Åçõ‰ NNüμ¿ Å稻-©Fo îËJa† äéπ N≠æߪ’ç. Sentence ¢Á·ûªhç Å®Ωnç = Ææ®Ωy Nñ«c-Ø√ç-¨»-©Fo Åçü¿’™ îËJ ÖØ√o®·/ Åçü¿’™ ÉN’úÕ ÖØ√o®·. Q. Women driving two wheelers in city should be cautious/ should be an their guard. A

Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞Ïxçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’, é¬F Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’ (¢Á∞¡xúøç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC). É™« independent í¬ was/ Q. He died of heart attack He died were+infinitive ®√ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'I from heart attack was to go é¬ü¿’— ÅE îÁ§ƒpç, í∫ûªç™. È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? died of, I was to have gone = ¢Á∞«x-LqçC é¬F ¢Á∞¡xM.SURESAN died from ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tçî√™ ™‰ü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xúøç ïJT ûÁ©°æç-úÕ. ÖçúÌîª ’ a ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´≤ƒh®·. A. He died of a heart attack- correct Å®·ûË Ñ Q. He has a car ÅØË-üΔ-EéÀ question tag 'hasn't ´’üμ¿u die from ÅE èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. he?' éπüΔ. ´’J í∫ûªç™ O’®Ω’ doesn't he? ÅØ√o®Ω’. áçü¿’éÓ N´-J-≤ƒh®√? C.V.P. Cherukupalli A. He has a car ™ 'has' main verb. Ééπ\úø has Q. Sir, éÀçC °æüΔ© Å®√n-©†’, ¢√öÀ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈-©†’ = does have; Åçõ‰ does, helping verb. ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Question tag ™ helping verb ´÷vûª¢Ë’ So - very, Sick - ill, ´Ææ’hçC. Åçü¿’-´©x question tag, doesn't he? House - Home, Games - Sports He has a car, doesn't he? É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ: A. So - very: He has gone, hasn't he? (Ééπ\úø 'has' helpSo = Åçûª – I am not so happy about it = ing verb, Åçü¿’-éπE question tag 'hasn't he?' üΔEo í∫’Jç* ؈çûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ™‰†’. Very = î√™«. I am very happy about it = Ç Y. Gayathri, Asifabad N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o. Å®·ûË Q. Sir, éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. American English ™, very •ü¿’©’, 'î√™«— ÅØË Regolith, Dissociatively, Feldspathic, Hydrated Å®ΩnçûÓ 'so' ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Silicates, Reconnaissance, Endogenous, a) I am so happy you've come (American English) = I am very happy you've come =

†’¢Ìy-î√a-´E ؈’ î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o†’. Thank you so much (American English) = Thank you very much (British English) Sick = ill

Çúø-¢√∞¡x Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ Åûªúø’ ´’Jçûª Öû√q£æ«ç îª÷Ê°-üÓμ -®Ω-ùÀ™ Öçö«úø’

Çûªt-£æ«ûªu E®Ω-Ææ-†-©†’ ®ΩT-LaçC. . A. Doctor Çûªt-£æ«ûªu E®Ω-Ææ-†-©†’ °æ¤J-íÌ-LpçC Q. It encapsulates the entire spectrum

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 582

. Cyîªvéπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©†’ †úÕÊ° Æ‘Y©’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L.

b) He did not like to go but he was to go =

(ï•’sí¬ Ö†o) She is ill = She is sick (Ç¢Á’ ï•’sí¬ ÖçC). A sick child = ï•’sûÓ Ö†o Gúøf. Å®·ûË 'sick' Åçõ‰ ¢√çûª’-©’í¬ Öçúøôç (®Óûª éπ©í∫úøç ´©x)/ ¢√çA îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ÅØË Å®√n©÷ ÖØ√o®·. I am sick of politics = Ø√èπ◊ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷-©çõ‰ ¢√çA/ ®Óûª. She is sick = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¢√çûª’©’í¬ ÖØ√o®·. House - home = ÉC î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç. §ƒûª lessons îª÷úøçúÕ.

Diciplic, Bewildered, Obeisance, Transcendentalists, Persecuted and Indologist. A. Regolith =

´’†ç †úÕîË ¶μº÷ Ö°æ-J-ûª©ç (ØË©) éÀçü¿ éÌEo îÓôx ÖçúË éπJ∏-†-¢Á’i† •çúø-§Ò®Ω. Dissociatively = NúÕ-§Ú-ßË’-N-üμ¿çí¬ (He behaved dissociatively = Åûªúø’ NúÕ-§Ú-ßË’Nüμ¿çí¬ v°æ´-Jhç-î√úø’. Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô ¢√úøéπç î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’)– ÉC é¬Ææh technical language ™ áèπ◊\´. Feldspathic = Feldspar èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*†, Å©÷u-N’Eߪ’熒 feldspar ÅØË ´·úÕ-°æ-üΔ®Ωnç †’ç* B≤ƒh®Ω’. Ñ feldsparèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*ç-üË-üÁjØ√, feldspathic. Aluminium is a feldspathic compound. Hydrated silicates -

Games - Cricket, Tennis etc).

ÉC Chemical term éπüΔ? F∞¡x éπù«-©ûÓ ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’-E-éπçí¬ éπL-Æœ-§Ú-®·† (F∞¡Ÿx†o – Núø-D-ߪ’-™‰-E-N-üμ¿çí¬). Silicates = Silicon ´‚©éπç Ö†o °æüΔ-®√n©’ (Glass, cement™ silicon Öçô’çC). Hydrated silicates = F∞¡xûÓ N’R-ûª-¢Á’i† silicon

Games =

Éü¿l®Ω’, Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ïô’x, véÃú≈é¬®Ω’©’

compounds.

Running race, High jump, long jump

Reconnaissance =

Games - Sports:

È®çúËÆœ ïô’x/ Éü¿l®Ω’ ´’†’-≠æfl© ´’üμ¿u ïJÍí

Çô

§ƒ™Ô_-ØËC. ™«çöÀN.

G.T. Lakshmi Saranya, Hyderabad Q. expression

O’®Ω’ í∫ûªç™ I was to go -Å-ØË-C ÆæÈ®j-† é¬ü¿’ ÅE ÅØ√o®Ω’. Åçõ‰ usage ™‰üΔ? ´÷ ´÷≥ƒd®Ω’ I was to go ÅØËC negative

Hydrated =

¨¡vûª’-´¤© ≤ƒn´-®√©’, •™«©’, ¢√öÀ éπü¿-L-éπ-©†’ í∫’Jç* îËÊÆ °æJ-Q-©†. Endogenous = 鬮Ωùç ûÁME ï•’s Disciplic = Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ Ñ ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. Bewildered = í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞¡ °æJ-Æ œn-A™ àç îËߪ÷™ ûÓîª-†-ô’-´çöÀ. Obeisance = ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ ÅùÀ-T-´’-ùÀT ÖçúË NüμË-ߪ’ûª.

ņç-ûª-¨¡éÀh ¨»©’úø’ = Omnipotent äéπ -§ƒ®∏Ωèπ◊-úø’ Q. Sir, éÀçC¢√é¬u™x Åçúø-®˝-™„jØ˛ îËÆ œ† °æüΔ-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Ææ´÷-Ø√-®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. Russia shared the view with India That Pakistan must honour it's obligation to dismantle terrorism. 2. He is the next kin. 3. Management's fear brewing in coal Industry. 4. Drought cut into their earnings. 5. Gainful employment 6. Punishment meted out to them. 7. NTR Jr. has made a headstart 8. Lingering fragrance9. He has roped in almost all the popular artist. 10. Musaraf is cosying up to the U.S. 11. Janata Dal found it difficult to hide it's internal turmoil. 12. The Organisers are going whole hog on arrangements. 13. She suffered a setback. 14. Positive action is better than rhetoric. 15. The public perception about the police is not so good. 16. Buoyed by the overwhelming response to e seva service.

–

Answers: 1. dismantle =

èπÿ™‰a-ߪ’úøç. 2. ÆæO’°æ •çüμ¿’´¤/ ü¿í∫_®Ω ôdç. 3. fear brewing = ¶μºßª’ç Å©-´·-éÓ-´úøç. 4. cut into = éÓÊÆ-ߪ’úøç. ¢√∞¡x Ææ秃-ü¿-†™x é~¬´’ç éÓûª °öÀdçC. 5. ™«¶μº-üΔ-ߪ’-éπ-¢Á’i† ÖüÓuí∫ç. 6. mete = (Péπ~-™«ç-öÀN) NCμç-îªúøç. 7. ´·çü¿çï ¢Ëߪ’úøç; 8. î√™«-ÊÆ-°æ¤ -ÖçúË Ææ’¢√-Ææ†. 9. To rope in = üËØÁj oØ√ ≤ƒCμç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ èπÿú≈ éπ©’-°æ¤-éÓ-´úøç. 10. äéπJ ¢Á’°æ¤p-†èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªúøç, ¢√∞¡xûÓ ÊÆo£æ«ç °ç-èπ◊E. 11. -Åç-ûª®Ω_-ûª Ææ-çé~Ó-¶μºç; 12. Ææç°æ‹Jhí¬ îËߪ’úøç. 13. ÅúøfçéÀ áü¿’-®Ì\çC. 14. ¨¡Ÿ≠æ \ Ö°æ-Ø√u-≤ƒ©’/ °æE-éÀ-®√E ´÷ô©’. 15. §ÚMÆˇ†’ í∫’Jç* v°æñ«-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç ´’ç*-Cí¬ ™‰ü¿’/ v°æï-©èπ◊ §ÚM-Æˇ-©çõ‰ ´’ç* ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿’. 16. e-sava service èπ◊ ´*a† íÌ°æp Ææpçü¿-†ûÓ Öû√q£æ«´çûª’™„j.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 24 -ï-†-´-J 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prabhat: What was Charan driving at? He spoke for about an hour and I couldn’t make head or tail of what he was trying to say. I didn’t know what he was talking.

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ FûÓ àéÃ-¶μº-N≤ƒh. Åûªúø’ î√™« ûªy®Ωí¬ î√™« îÁ•’-û√úø’. Åûªúø’ îÁ°œpçC Å´-ûªL ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Å®Ωn¢Á’içüΔ ™‰üΔ ÅE °æöÀdç--éÓúø’. îÁ°œpçC °æ‹Jh é¬í¬ØË éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ Çí∫úø’.)

(Ωù˝ àç îÁ§ƒp-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√úø’? Åûªúø’ í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ´÷ö«x-úÕØ√ ÅûªúËç îÁÊ°pçü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ûª™«-ûÓé¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.)

Prabhat: Unfortunately age hasn’t improved his communication abilities. I always wonder if I can do anything to improve him, but I realize it’s beyond me.

Pramod: Neither did I. All that I could make of it was that he would be away for some days from the coming Monday.

(´ßª’Ææ’ Â°J-TØ√ ÅûªúÕ ¶μ«´-´u-éÃh-éπ-®Ωù ¨¡éÀh ´÷vûªç °®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. ÅûªúÕE ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ °æJîËçü¿’èπ◊ à´’Ø√o îËߪ’-í∫©Ø√ ÅE Ç™-*≤ƒh á°æ¤púø÷, é¬F, ÅC ØË-†’ îËߪ’-™‰Eü¿E ví∫£œ«-≤ƒh†’.)

(Ø√èπÿ àç Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’. Ø√éπ-®Ωn-´’-®·ç-ü¿™«x, ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç †’ç* éÌEo ®ÓV©’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-úøE.) Prabhat: No, it wasn’t just that. He talked about his buying something next week too. He talked so much for so long and so fast that I could not keep up with what he wanted us to see.

Pramod: I still hope he will improve. I wish to have a good talk with him about it.

(Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-úø-û√-úøØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o. ÅûªúÕûÓ Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’ -èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Prabhat: Wish you all success.

†’´yç-ü¿’™ Ææ°∂æ-©-´’-¢√-©ØË Ø√ éÓJéπ.

2

a) He is such a poor teacher that the students cannot make head or tail of what he teaches = Åûªúø’ Öûªh îÁûªh öÃ˝. Åûªúø’ ¶Cμç-îËC NüΔu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ ûª™«-ûÓé¬ Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. b) I could not make head or tail of what he was driving at =

ÅûªúËç îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√úÓ à¢Á÷-é¬F, Ø√èπ◊ ûª™«-ûÓé¬ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’. Drive at = à N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªúøç. What are you driving at? = àç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y? àN’öÀ †’´¤y îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oC? 2) Make of = Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç a) What I make of his words is that he does not like to go

That book on philosophy is beyond me (ÅC ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬ü¿’. ´îËa-¢√®Ωç àüÓ éÌØË N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’. ´’†ç àç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©ØË N≠æߪ’ç ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-™‰-†çûª áèπ◊\-´í¬, áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’.) Pramod: All that I could grasp was that he would surprise us with something. He explained too what that something was, but I found it over my head.

(Ø√éπ®Ωn-´’®·ç-ü¿™«x ûª†’ ´’†-ÍéüÓ Ç¨¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-îª-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-úøE. ÅC èπÿú≈ àüÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’ é¬F, Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’.) Prabhat: That’s always the case with him. He just says something and we have to rack our brains to understand what he has said.

(ÅûªúÁ°æ¤púø÷ ÅçûË. àüÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’, ÅC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç •’v®Ω íÓéÓ\--¢√-LqçüË.) Pramod: I’m with you there. He says too much and too fast. He just doesn’t care whether he is intelligible or not and doesn’t stay once he’s finished what he has to say.

G.G. Rao, Visakhapatnam Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x under line îËÆœ† °æüΔ-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ææ´÷-Ø√®Ωn-é¬-©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

1. All legislators from Telangana cutting across the party lines are prepared to resign. 2. The reservations issue came to the fore on the side lines of Parliament sessions. 3. With the resignation of Mr.Reddy, other MLAs followed the suit. 4. Prajarajyam does a flip-flop on Telangana. 5. Political/ Religion/ Militant etc., outfit (Literal outfit apply

í¬ îª÷ÊÆh Å´¤-ûª’çC?)

ᙫ

6. This new operation was an unchartered territory for surgeons. 7. He chronicled the events. 8. Hilarious entertainer. 9. A star in journalistic firmament. 10. Mr.Rao spearheaded the campaign. 11. The stand-off between the students and the Vice-chancellor was hijacked.

=

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 583

b) What do you make of this letter? =

Ñ Öûªh-®√Eo •öÀd †’´y®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oüË-N’öÀ?/ Féπ-®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’-†o-üË-N’öÀ?

°j Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™ 'Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç (understand)— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áEo, ᙫçöÀ ´÷ô©’ ¢√-úÌîÓa îª÷üΔlç: Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:

ÅûªúÕ ´÷ô-©†’ •öÀd Ø√éπ®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓçC -Å-ûªúÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿E.

c) Sundar did not know what to make of the information =

M.SURESAN

1) Make head or tail of 2) Make of 3) Keep up with (what he wanted us to see) 4) Grasp 5) To be over somebody’s head 6) Rack one’s brains 7) Intelligible 8) It’s beyond me 1. Make head or tail of something =

äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ÆæJí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç. Å®·ûË Ñ Phrase †’ á°æ¤púø÷, 'àO’ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ not ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç, ûª™«ûÓé¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿ØË ¶μ«´çûÓ.

A. 1. Cutting across =

Ææç•çüμ¿ç™‰èπ◊çú≈/ÅB-ûªçí¬/ û√®Ω-ûª´’uç ™‰èπ◊çú≈. Cutting across party lines = §ƒKd N¶μ‰-üΔ©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈. 2. Come to the fore = v§ƒ´·êuç §Òçü¿úøç/ •ßª’-ô-°æ-úøôç Åçü¿®Ω÷ í∫’Jhç-îË™«. On the sidelines = v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰E ´®√_™ x. 3. Follow suit = ņ’-Ææ-Jç-îªúøç. The leader resigned from the assembly and the others followed suit =

Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ ®√@-Ø√´÷ îËߪ’-úøçûÓ, Éûª-®Ω’©÷ ÅûªúÕE ņ’ÆæJç-î√®Ω’ (followed the suit é¬ü¿’). 4. Flip flop = E©-éπ-úø-™‰E ´÷ô©’/ ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’/ ¢ÁjêJ. ûÁ©ç-í¬ù N≠æß - ª’ç™ E©-éπú- ™-ø E‰ v°ñæ «-®√ïuç ¢Áêj J. 5. Outfit = 1) ÆæçÆæn. ®√ï-éÃߪ’/ ´’ûª-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i† (RSS/ Muslim League ™«çöÀ)/ Bv´-¢√ü¿ (Maoist/ Lashkar-e-Thoiba ™«çöÀ) ÆæçÆæn©’. 2) Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ü¿’Ææ’h©’ = The brides outfit was expensive = °Rxèπÿ-ûª’®Ω’ ü¿’Ææ’h©’ êK-üÁj-†N. 6. Uncharted territory = àO’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’E N≠æߪ’ç (unchartered é¬-ü¿’).

Ç Ææ´÷î√®√Eo ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™ Ææ’çü¿®˝èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË ‘make of’ èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\-´í¬ not ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç, Å®Ωnç 鬴úøç ™‰ü¿ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. 3) Keep up = v°æߪ’-Aoç* Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. a) Listen to him with concentration if you want to keep up =

Féπ®Ωnç 鬢√-©çõ‰ é¬Ææh

àé¬-ví∫-ûªûÓ N†’. b) Learn good English to keep up with some of the greatest writers in English = English

™E íÌ°æp ®Ωîª-®·ûª™x éÌçü¿-JE Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ English ¶«í¬ ØË®Ω’aéÓ. 4) Grasp = Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç/ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ví∫£œ«ç-îªúøç. a) The girl is intelligent enough to grasp even complicated matters =

ÆæçéÀx-≠d-¢æ Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-T-†çûª ûÁL-¢Áj-çüΔ Å´÷t®·.

b) The problem is too difficult to grasp =

Ç Ææ´’Ææu Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωnç é¬EC. 5) Over somebody’s head = äéπJ ¢Ë’üμΔ-¨¡-éÀhéÀ/ ûÁL-NéÀ Åçü¿E N≠æߪ’ç. a) Some parts of the Mahabharatam are over children’s heads =

´’£æ…-¶μ«-®Ω-ûªç-™E éÌEo Å稻©’ °œ©x© ¢Ë’üμΔ-¨¡-éÀhéÀ/ ûÁL-NéÀ Åçü¿´¤/ ÅN ¢√∞¡x-éπ®Ωnç 鬴¤.

b) The lecturer goes over the heads of the students =

Ç -™„éπa®Ω®˝ îÁÊ°pC -N-üΔu®Ω’n-©èπ◊

Å®Ωnçé¬ü¿’. 6) Rack one’s brains =

äéπ N≠æߪ÷Eo Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûÓ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-úøç/ Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç ûÓîª-éπ-§Ú-´úøç.

a) The Central Government is racking its brain over the Telangana issue =

ûÁ©ç-í¬ù N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Íéçvü¿ v°æ¶μº’-û√y-EÍéç ûÓîª-úøç-™‰ü¿’/ ûÁ©ç-í¬ù N≠æߪ’ç áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ Å®Ωnç 鬴úøç ™‰ü¿’/ Cèπ◊\-ûÓ-îªE ÆœnA™ ÖçC.

b) The doctors are racking their brains over the prevention of Swineflu =

ÂÆj y-Ø˛°∂æ‹x-†’ ᙫ E¢√-Jç-î√™ ú≈éπd®Ωxèπ◊ Åçûª’-°æ-ôd-úøç-™‰ü¿’ 7) Intelligible = ´÷ô©’/ ®√ûª Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωnç 鬴úøç a) Though he is still a child, he is quite intelligible =

- ¢√úø’ °æÆœ-°œ©x¢√úË Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÕ´÷ô©’ Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-û√®·.

b) Why do you complain about her handwriting? It is quite intelligible =

Ç Å´÷t®· îËA-®√ûª í∫’Jç* ´÷ô-™„ç-ü¿’-éπç-ö«¢˛? ¶«í¬ØË Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çC éπüΔ? 8) Beyond somebody = äéπ®Ω’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E N≠æߪ’ç. a) That book on philosophy is beyond me =

Ç ¢ËüΔçûªç/ ûªûªy-¨»ÆæYç °æ¤Ææhéπç ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’/ Ø√ Å´-í¬-£æ«†èπ◊ Åçü¿-EC. b) What the politician spoke was beyond the gathering =

Ç ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-¢Ëûªh àç ´÷ö«x-ú≈úÓ ¢√∞¡x Ü£æ«-éπç-ü¿-™‰ü¿’/ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’.

7.

frame of mind = äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´’†-èπ◊çúË Ç™-îªØ√ Ææ®ΩR/ ¢ÁjêJ

Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©†’ ÅN Ææç¶μº-NçîË véπ´’ç™ (ïJ-T† ´®Ω-Ææ™) ®√ߪ’úøç 8. Hilarious = éπúø’-°æ¤•s †NyçîË. 9. Firmament = Ç鬨¡ç. (A star in the journalistic firmament =

°ævA-é¬-é¬-¨¡ç™ û√®Ω). 10. To spearhead =

(Öü¿u-´’ç-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE) ´·çü¿’çúÕ †úÕ-°œç-îªúøç 11. Stand off = v°æA-≠dç æ -¶μº† – N¢√ü¿ç/ §Úö«x-ô™ á´®Ω÷ °æô’d Núø-´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. Ñ sentence èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ûÁLÊÆh é¬F, Å®Ωnç îÁ°æp™‰ç. Q. éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ shades of difference N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. Time limit - Time frame. 2. Mind set - Frame of mind. 3. He gave them generously - He gave them liberally.

In his frame of mind now cannot understand the problem we face = É°æ¤-úøûªúÕ Ç™-îª-Ø√ -Ææ-®Ω-R™/ É°æ¤p-úøûªúø’ Ç™-*-Ææ’h†o °æJ-Æœn-A™ ´’† Ææ´’Ææu Åûª-úÕéÀ Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. 3. Generously = ÖüΔ-®Ωçí¬ (É¢√y-©ØË éÓJ-éπûÓ ÉîËa ´’†-Ææhûªyç). Liberally = üμΔ®√-∞¡çí¬ (¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ É´yúøç) 4. Douse (Dowse) = F∞¡x-™«çöÀ vü¿´°æüΔ-®√n-©ûÓ ¶«í¬ ûªúø-°æ-úøç. Douse fire with water = F∞¡xûÓ/ F∞¡Ÿx §ÚÆœ ´’çô--Ø√-®Ωpúøç. Extinguish = ´’çô†’/ D§ƒEo Ç®Ωpúøç We douse water over fire to extinguish it.

4. Douse fire - Extinguish fire. 5. Well recorded - Well documented. A. 1. Time limit =

鬩-°æ-J-N’A, Time frame = äéπ °æEéÀ Ö†o 鬩-´u-´Cμ. (ã °æE áçûª ÊÆ°æöx ï®Ω-í¬-©-ØËC). 2. Mindset = ´÷®ΩE ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’/ ¢ÁjêJ

5.

Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °ævû√© ÇüμΔ-®Ωçí¬ †¢Á÷ü¿’ îËߪ’úøç, (®√Æœ† N≠æߪ÷Eo °ævû√-©-üΔy®√ E®Ω÷-°œç-îª-í∫-©-í∫úøç).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 31 -ï-†-´-J 2010 A. Sudhakar, Peddamalla Reddy Q. Sir, Please define these words: Linguistics, Phonetics, Discourse analysis and text linguistics, Historical linguistics, Bilingualism, Language planning, The Indian linguistic tradition, Philosophy of language, Language testing, Stylistics, Phonemes, Allophones, Allomorphy, Morphemes. A.

O’®Ω-úÕ-T†´Fo ¶μ«≠æ (Language) èπ◊/ ¶μ«≥ƒ °æJ¨-üμ¿-†èπÿ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† technical N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. O’®Ω’ N´-®Ωù ÅúÕ-T† °æüΔ-©Fo èπÿú≈ äéπ ¶μ«≠æ °æ¤ô’déπ, °æJ-ù«´’ç, üΔE îªJ-vûª™E NNüμ¿ ü¿¨¡-©™ Ç ¶μ«≠æ §ÒçC† ´÷®Ω’p©’, (´÷ô-™x†÷, ®√ûª™†÷), üΔE ¢√uéπ-®Ωùç, Öî√a-®Ωù ¢Á·ü¿-™„j†¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*†-N. ÉN î√™« technical N≠æ-ߪ÷©’, ´÷´‚-©’í¬ grammar èπÿú≈ üΔüΔ°æ¤ ÉçûËéπüΔ? Ø√èπ◊ îËûª-ØÁj†çûª´®Ωèπÿ, Ñ technical N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’, O©-®·-†çûª Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωn-´’ßË’u Nüμ¿çí¬ N´-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

e.g.: praised (praist) buzzed - (buzd)

°j ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù™ praised ™ 't' ¨¡•lç, ™ ¨¡•lç allomorphs. Ñ v°ævéÀ-ߪ’†’ Åçö«ç. Discourse analysis: DØËo discourse study Åçö«®Ω’. written (®√ÊÆ), spoken (´÷ö«xúË) ¶μ«≠憒í¬F, Ææçïc-©ûÓ èπÿúÕ† ¶μ«≠憒í¬F N¨Ïx-≠œçîË NüμΔ-Ø√Eo Discourse Analysis Åçö«®Ω’. Ωa, ®√ûª, Ææç¶μ«-≠æù ´çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x ¶μ«≥ƒ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ °æJ-Q-Lç-îª-úøç DE ´·ëu-üËl¨¡ç. Text linguistics: Communication èπ◊ ¢√úË Texts †’ analyse îËߪ’-úøç (N¨Ïx-≠œç-îª-úøç), Åçõ‰ texts (°æ¤Ææh-鬩, ´÷ô-™ xE ¶μ«≠æ)- ™E ¢Á·ûªhç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo grammar point of view ™ °æJ-QLç-îª-úøç. buzzed d allomorphy

Historical linguistics: The study of the changes in the spoken and written from of a language during its use from the begining, and finding out to which group the language(s) belong(s).

¶μ«≥ƒ v°æßÁ÷-í¬-©†’ Åüμ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËÊÆ N≠æߪ’ç. Å®·ûË literature ™ stylistics Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç éÌçûª ûËú≈í¬ ´Ææ’hçC. This includes the style of writing, choice of words by the writer/ speaker, the use of figures of speech and words, etc.

KK Reddy, Hyderabad Q. Sir, Grammar

éÀçC¢√öÀéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo -ûÁ-L°œ °æ®Ωçí¬ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Would rather/ sooner and prefer/ would prefer; Rather than - would - infinitive; would care - would like; Would have cared (for)/ would have liked; If, even if; Whether.. or - If.. or; Hardly/ scarcely... when... no sooner... than; No matter, however.

Whether... or =

Å®·Ø√, Å´-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√/ ïJ-TØ√,

ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√. Whether he allows me or not I will go =

††o-ûª-úø’ ņ’-´’-Aç-*Ø√ ņ’-´’-Aç-îª-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ؈’ ¢Á-∞¡-û√†’. Whether... or = If ... or = Å´¤-ûª’çüÓ/ Å´üÓ. Nobody knows whether (if) he is there or not =

Åûª-úøéπ\úø ÖØ√oúÓ ™‰úÓ á´-Jéà ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.

She has not told me whether (if) she likes it or not =

Ç¢Á’ üΔEo-≠d-°æ æ-úø’-ûª’çüÓ ™‰üÓ Ø√èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.

Hardly = scarcely = Almost not/ never =

üΔüΔ°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç.

Would you car e for some cof fee? Linguistics: (The scientific study of a language). (grammar), study of the meanings of words syntax and phonology (study of the sounds in a language)

äéπ ¶μ«≠æ B®Ω’-ûÁ-†’o©÷, Ææy¶μ«-¢√© Åüμ¿u-ߪ’†ç. Éçü¿’™ ¢√uéπ-®Ωùç (à ´÷ô ᙫ °æ¤öÀd, (¢√éπu ᙫ Å®√n©’ §ÒçCç-ü¿ØË Å稡ç), E®√tùç), ¶μ«í¬-©’í¬ Öçö«®·.

Phonetics: Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. (organs)

´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, ´’†ç ¶μ«≥ƒ ¨¡¶«l-©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* Öîªa àßË’ Å´-ߪ’-¢√©’ -J-≤ƒh¢Á÷, Ç ¨¡¶«l©’ ᙫ ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ûÁLÊ° ¨»ÆæYç. ÖüΔ: English ™ P ÅØË Åéπ~®Ωç ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«lEo (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '°æ— ¨¡•lç), °j °ü¿N, éÀçC °ü¿-NE éπL°œ îË≤ƒhç. É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îªJaçîË subject phonetics.

Phonemes: A group of similar sounds in a language. phoneme e.g.: In English, take the pronunciation of 'P' in 'pin' and in 'spin'. Pin 'P' spin p English pin p spin p

Åçõ‰ üΔüΔ°æ¤ äÍé ¨¡•lçí¬ NE-°œçîË Åçö«ç. ¨¡¶«l-©-Eoç-öÀF äéπ

™ E °∂œ í¬ Öîªa-J≤ƒhç; ™ E °œ í¬ ÖîªaJ≤ƒhç. Å®·ûË Ñ ¶μ‰üΔEo Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ®Ω’ ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡Ÿx. Ééπ\úø ™ (°∂œ), ™ (°œ) È®çúø÷ äÍé ´®√_-EéÀ îÁçC† ¨¡¶«l-©’í¬ ¶μ«N≤ƒhç. É™« §ÚL-éπ-©’çúË ¨¡¶«l© group †’ phoneme Åçö«ç. °∂œ, °œ èπÿú≈ 'p' phoneme èπ◊ îÁçC-†N. Phoneme †’ / / – Ñ *£æ«oç ¢√úÕ îª÷°œ≤ƒhç. P in pin and in spin †’ /p/ ™« îª÷°œ≤ƒhç. Phone Åçõ‰ ¨¡•lç. äÍé ®Ωéπçí¬ NE°œçîË ¨¡¶«l-©-Eoç-öÀ™ äéÌ\éπ\üΔFo Phoneme Åçö«ç. Morpheme ¶μ«≠æ™  Å®Ωnç ûÁ-©°æ-í∫© ÅA *†o ¨¡¶«lEo Morpheme Åçö«ç. It is the smallest linguistic unit having meaning Å®·ûË morpheme èπ◊, word èπ◊ ûËú≈ ÖçC. Morphemes ÅEoçöÀéà ŮΩnç Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, ¢√öÀ™ v°æA morpheme †÷ word (°æü¿ç)í¬ ¢√úø™‰ç. e.g.: unbeatable - Ñ ´÷ô™ ´‚úø’ morphemes ÖØ√o®· – 1) un, 2) beat 3) -able. OöÀ™ beat èπ◊ ´÷vûªç Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Å®Ωnç ÖçC – 鬕öÀd ÅC, morpheme ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, word èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË, 'un-', '-able' - ÉN È®çúø÷ ´’†ç independent í¬ -¢√-úøç – 'bear' ™«çöÀ ´÷ô© Å®√nEo ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç. 鬕öÀd, 'un-', 'able', morphemes ´÷vûª¢Ë’, words é¬-´¤. Allomorph: ¨¡•lç™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûËú≈ ÖçúÕ Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ ™‰E morphemes †’ allomorphs Åçö«ç. ÖüΔ: Past tense form îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ, verb èπ◊ 'ed' îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. -D-Eo éÌEo Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x 'ed' í¬, éÌEo Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x 't' í¬ Öîªa-J≤ƒhç.

A. Would rather/ sooner/ prefer/ would preferpreferences expressions.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 584

É´Fo ´’† É≥ƒd-©†’, †’ ûÁ-LÊ°

Åçõ‰

Bilingualism 1) The ability to communicate effectively in two languages -

I prefer starving to eating in that restaurant = I would rather starve than eat in that restaurant = I would sooner starve than eat in the restaurant

È®çúø’

¶μ«≠æ©’ M.SURESAN ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©í∫úøç, ņ-®Ω_-∞¡çí¬. 2) È®çúø’ ¶μ«≠æ©’ -Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úøç à °æE-ÈéjØ√. Language planning: ´÷Í® ≤ƒç°∂œ’éπ Å´-Ææ-®√-©’, = ؈’ °æÆæh®·Ø√ Öçö«-†’-í¬F Ç £æ«Ùô™x ´÷vûªç v°æßÁ÷-ï-Ø√-©èπ◊ -Å-†’-í∫’-ùçí¬ äéπ ¶μ«≠æ E®√t-ùç™, A††’. (°æÆæ’hç-úø-ö«-EéÀ áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’ ¶üμ¿-†™, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™, v°æߪ’-Aoç* ´÷®Ω’p©’ Åéπ\úø AØËç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰) ûË´-úøç language planning- ÉC áèπ◊\-´í¬ He prefers death to slavery v°æ¶μº’ûªyç îÌ®Ω-´ûÓ ïJ-ÍíC. Language planning ´’®Ω-ù«ØËo áèπ◊\´ = Åûª-úø’ ¶«E-Ææ-û√y-E-éπçõ‰ is an effort to cause changes in the funcÉ≠æ d ° æ ú ø û √úø ’ . tion, structure or the way it is taught with Rather than travel by that over crowded bus, the goal of effective communication. (ÖüΔ: let us walk/ We had better walk ûÁ©’í∫’ ¶μ«≠æ™ éÌEo ´÷ô©’ éÌEo English ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-†-Ní¬ v°æ¶μº’ûªy °æJ-¶μ«-≠æ™ = Ç ï†çûÓ EçúÕ† •Æˇ™  v°æߪ÷ùç éπçõ‰ ´’†ç ¢√úøôç. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ Çüμ¿’-Eéπ ûÁ©’í∫’ L°œ™ †úø-´-úøç ¢Ë’©’. •’’, •’÷ ™«çöÀ Åéπ~-®√© ûÌ©-Tç°æ¤ èπÿú≈.) É™«çöÀîÓôx would ûª®√yûª infinitive ®√ü¿’. The Indian linguistic tradition: The origin, Would like ûª®√yûª infinitive ´Ææ’hçC. growth and evolution of the languages of India - their structure, grammar, the study of meaning and sentence construction. The philosophy of language deals with the nature, origin and use of language. It is also the study of the nature of meaning, the use of language, the understanding of language, and how language is connected with reality.

(¶μ«≥ƒ Ææy¶μ«´ç, üΔE ´‚©ç, üΔE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç, Å®Ωnç Ææy¶μ«´ç, ¶μ«≠æ ᙫ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çC, ¢√Ææh-N-éπûªèπ◊ Ö†o Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™«çöÀN Åüμ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËߪ’-úøç) Philosophy of language Åçõ‰ 4 ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稻-©†’, 1) Å®Ωnç Ææy¶μ«´ç (The nature of meaning) 2) ¶μ«≥Ú-°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç (use of language) 3) ¶μ«≠æ-™ E ´÷ô©†’ ´÷ö«-xúË-¢√®Ω’ í∫’JhçîË v°ævéÀߪ’ (DEE cognition of language Åçö«®Ω’), 4) ¶μ«≠æèπ◊ ¢√Ææh-¢√-EéÀ Ö†o Ææç•çüμ¿ç (the relationship between language and reality)(study)

OöÀE Åüμ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËߪ’-úøç. Language testing: ¶μ«≥ƒ °æJ-ñ«c†ç °æK-éÀ~ç-îª-úøç. Sytlistics: A branch of linguistics dealing with the varieties of a language its properties, dialogue, accent, etc -

¶μ«≠æ-™ E ¢ÁjN-üμΔu©’, ¶μ«≥ƒ Ææy¶μ«´ç, Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù-™ E

I am tired. I would like to have some sleep. Would like to have = would like + infinitive (to have) =

É≠ædç/ Evü¿-§Ú-¢√-©E ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC.

Would care = would like =

É≠æd-°æ-úøôç/ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´-úøç.

I would like to have some coffee = Ø√èπ◊ Å®·ûË

coffee

û√í¬-©-†’çC. ÅØËC FéÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’Ø√? ÅE ™ØË ¢√-úø-û√ç.

would care questions

Would you care for some coffee?

é¬Ææh coffee BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√? (offerîËÊÆ ¶μ«´çûÓ) Ééπ\úø care = like

= offer

coffee,

Would have cared = Would have liked =

É≠æd-°æ-úøôç ïJ-ÍíüË (í∫ûªç™) I was so tired that I would have liked some coffee = coffee (coffee

Å°æ¤púø’ (í∫ûªç™) î√™« Å©-Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC ™‰ü¿’) If = Å®·ûË If you smoke like this, you will lose health =

†’Ny™« Æœí∫-È®ö¸ û√TûË, Ç®Óí∫uç éÓ™p-û√´¤. Even if = Å®·Ø√ (àC ïJ-TØ√)/ Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ Even if you fly, you cannot reach there before 10 o' clock =

†’´¤y N´÷-†ç™ ¢ÁRxØ√/ ¢Á∞¡xúøç ïJ-TØ√/ ¢ÁRxØ√ èπÿú≈ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ 10 í∫çô© ´·çü¿’ îË®Ω-™‰´¤.

He hardly/ scarcely comes here =

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√úø’.

Hardly when = Scarcely when = no sooner... than = sentence construction complicated

àüÁjØ√ ïJU ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-´·çüË. Å®·ûË é¬Ææh í¬ É™« Öçô’çC. Hardly/ Scarcely had we entered (had + subject + past participle) the room when the phone rang = No sooner had we entered the room than the phone rang

¢Ë’ç í∫C-™éÀ ¢ÁSx-¢Á-∞¡x-éπ-´·çüË phone ¢Á÷TçC. Å®·ûË äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, Hardly/ Scarcely/ No sooner ûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈, subject ûÓØË sentence †’ v§ƒ®ΩçGμç-îª-´îª’a É™«: =

We had hardly/ scarcely entered the room when the phone rang = We had no sooner entered the room than the phone rang. Hardly/ Scarcely/ No sooner clause Verb past perfect tense (had + past participle)

Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç, ûÓ Ö†o ™

™ Öçúøôç.

No matter =

àüË-¢Á’iØ√, áç-ûÁjØ√

No matter where you search you cannot find such a book =

†’¢Áyçûª/ áéπ\úø ¢ÁC-éÀØ√, Å™«çöÀ °æ¤Ææhéπç Fèπ◊ üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’.

No matter how you try you cannot change him =

†’¢Áyçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ Åûª-úÕ-E †’´¤y ´÷®Ωa-™‰´¤. However: ÆæÈ®j† writing/ speaking ™ sentence †’ but ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμçîªç. Å™« v§ƒ®ΩçGμç-î√Lq ´ÊÆh, However ¢√úøû√ç. He was here, but did not see me = He was here. However he did not see me.

G.Shankar, Kesavapatnam Q. Dear Sir, I saw a sentence in a work book (VI class English medium) "Ajit kept the soap in a box. There was already a soap in it". Soap is uncountable noun. But here why did use 'a soap'? It is a government text book and prepared by CIEFL. If there is an exception please clarify it. A. 'A soap' is certainly wrong, even if it appears in a Government publication. As you have said, 'soap' is uncountable, and so, has no 'a'/ 'an' before it. You can point out the error to the CIEFL (now EFLU) Editors of the book. Perhaps it is an oversight/ printer's error.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 7 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

A. Sudhakar, Pedda MallaReddy

He saw the movie yesterday Verb- saw- past simple tensepast action. yesterday action time present perfect Past simple

(Åûªúø’ Ç

Q. What are the differences among the simple present, the simple future the present perfect, the past perfect and the simple past tenses? A. Simple present/ Present simple - e.g.: come, (with I, we, you and they), comes (with he, she and it) - used for regular actions of any type- habits, facts of science, universal truths, repeated actions with words like frequently, often, etc. Simple future - verb form- shall/ will come, shall/ will go, etc. Uses: future actions - I shall see him tomorrow/ He will come here in a few days, etc. The present perfect- verb form- (I, we, you, and they) have + past participle; (he, she, it) has + past participle- e.g.: Have gone/ has gone; have/ has seen, etc.

ÆœE´÷ E†o îª÷¨»úø’)– ÉC èπÿú≈ Å®·ûË ÅE ïJ-T† Ééπ\úø îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√oç. ÉD èπ◊, èπ◊ ûËú≈. He has come (Åûª-úÌ-î √aúø’– verb- has come- present perfect- ´*a† time îÁ°æp-úøç ™‰ü¿’) He came last night (Åûªúø’ E†o ®√vA ´î√aúø’)– verb- came- past simple- E†o ´î√aúø’, ÅE ´*a† time ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’Ø√oç) These are the important differences among the various tenses.

P. Simhachalam, Vijayawada Q.

éÀçC °æüΔ-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-´-Cç*, ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. °æ¤†-®Ω’-üΔ`-öÀç-îªúøç 2. *©-´©’ °æ©-´-©’í¬ 3. Ç¢Ë-ü¿† ´uéπhç îËߪ’úøç 4. †÷ûª-ØÓû√q£æ«ç °©’x-GéÀç-C 5. E®Ω-Ææ† ´uéπhç îËߪ’úøç 6. Ææp≠ædç îËߪ’úøç 7. †®Ωt-í∫-®Ωs¥çí¬ 8. Ææç°∂‘’-¶μ«´ç

2

2 a) New bridge inaugurated (PP) =

v§ƒ®ΩçGμç-úÕ† éÌûªh ´çûÁ†. b) House site pattas distributed (PP)

°æç°œùà îËߪ’•úÕ† É∞¡x-Ææn-™«© °æö«d©’. English ™ Past Participle èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, 'îËߪ’-•-úÕ†— ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. Q. English to Telugu, Telugu to English Translator

í¬ °æE îËߪ’-ü¿-©’--èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Éçü¿’èπ◊ éÓ*çí˚ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ v°œÊ°®˝ 鬢√L? É™« v§ƒéÃdÆˇ Å´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ£æ«-éπ-Jç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω´’ßË’u °æ¤Ææh-鬩 í∫’Jç* ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. O’®Ω’ English †´-©© ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√-üΔ©’, English newspapers ™E reports, ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√®√h-°æ-vA-éπ-™xE report - äÍé N≠æߪ’ç O’ü¿ ÖçúËN §Ú©’a-èπ◊E, ví∫£œ«ç-î√L. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’èπ◊ O’®Ω’ î√™« éπ%≠œ îËߪ÷Lq Öçô’çC. English ™ Ö†o

He saw the movie yester day uses:

matter

1) Past actions, time not stated:

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 585

She has seen the movie - action over (past), time of action not known. 2) Action starting in the past and continuing till now i) They have lived here for the past/ last ten years (they started living here ten years ago and have lived till now) ii) She has sung for 100 movies so far/ till now/ until now. (Right from the time she started singing to this day) iii) He has not seen the movie yet

(Éçûª´-®Ωèπÿ/ Éçé¬ Åûªú≈ ÆœE´÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’– îª÷úø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ïJ-TçC)

The past perfect tense - verb form - had + past participle- e.g.: had seen, had gone, had bought, etc. Uses: The first of two part actions

(í∫ûªç™

ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC) i) He said that he had bought a car. buying is the first past action, and saying is the second action. so 'buying' is in the past perfect tense.

(ûª†’

é¬®Ω’ -éÌ-Ø√o-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’)–

ii) I went to his room but by then he had left

(ÅûªúÕ í∫CéÀ ؈’ ¢Á∞«x†’, é¬F Åûªúø°æpöÀÍé ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´úøç ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† first past action- Åçü¿’-éπE had + past participle

(past perfect tense) The simple past/ past simple- eg: came, went, saw, loved etc. Use: For a past action at a definite time/ time known. I bought the car last year

(؈’ véÀûªç Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éÌØ√o-Ø√ é¬®Ω’-†’)– Ééπ\úø last year ÅE time îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√o†’ – ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† action èπ◊. Past simple á°æ¤púø÷ í∫ûªç™ °∂晫Ø√ Æ洒ߪ’ç (Definite time) ™ ïJ-T† °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Present perfect èπÿú≈, Past action ØË ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC, Å®·ûË present perfect ¢√úÕ†-°æ¤púø’ time îÁ°æpç. He has seen the movie (Åûªú≈ ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»úø’)– verb: has seen- present perfectîª÷úøôç, past ™. é¬F past ™ °∂晫Ø√ Æ洒ߪ’ç ÅE îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’.

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ translate îËÆœ, üΔEo ´’Sx O’Í® English ™éÀ translate îËÆæ’éÓ¢√-L. O’ English translation †’, Original English Passage ûÓ §ÚLa îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çô÷ Öçú≈L. É™« îËߪ’úøç Öûªh-´’¢Á’i† ´÷®Ω_ç. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æí∫-©®Ω’.

´uéπhç îËߪ’úøç 9. §ƒ´¤©’ éπü¿-°æúøç 10. Åúø’-í∫’-©èπ◊ ´’úø’-í∫’-™ Ô-ûªhúøç 11. ñÆæuç îÁ°æpúøç 12. √o-éÓ™« M.SURESAN 13. éπ~çûª´uç 14. ¢Áç°æ-®√x-úøôç 15. å*ûªuç 16. Ç®Ó-°œç-îªúøç 1. Chiru strikes a chord with people 17. Cí∫-ñ«-®Ω’-ûÓçC 18. ´’ü¿lûª’ É´yúøç 19. éπ©2. En masse éπ©ç Í®°œçC 20. èπ◊Ø√-J-©’x-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ 21. ûËô-ûÁ©xç îËÆœçC 22. Ççéπ~©’ NCμç-*çC 23. Bv´çí¬ 3. U - Turn Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? êçúÕç-îªúøç 24. ûª©x-úÕLx §Úûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. 25. éπÆæ-®Ωûª’h 4. Ççí∫x ¢√®√h-°æ-vA-éπ™ x °ü¿l ¢√é¬u-©†’ ᙫ Å®Ωnç 26. ÆæO’-éÀ~ç-î√®Ω’ 27. ÅE-¢√®Ωuç 28. véπ´’-•-Dl¥-éπîËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? ´·êuçí¬ é¬´÷©’ °öÀd† Jç-î√-©E 29. ÇüË-Pç-*çC 30. ¢√uë«u-Eç-î√®Ω’ ¢√é¬u©’ î√™« °ü¿l-Ní¬ Öçö«®·. Å™«Íí 31. éπ®Ω\-¨¡-çí¬. past participle †’ ¢√éπuç™ ¢√úË B®Ω’ Å®Ωnç 鬴-úøç-™‰ü¿’. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ Oô-Eo-öÀF ᙫ Å®Ωnç A. 1. Reiterate 2. Embellish 3. Express anguish 4. A new enthusiasm surged îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 5. Express protest 6. Make clear A. 1) *®Ω’ v°æï™x Ææpçü¿† éπL-Tç-î √úø’. 7. Indirectly 8. Express solidarity 9. Making 2) ´‚éπ Ö´’t-úÕí¬ (Åçü¿®Ω÷ éπLÆœ äÍé-≤ƒJ) moves 10. Toadying 11. Predict/ Foretell/ 3) äéπ ¢Áj°æ¤ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢ÁRx, èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ AJT ÅüË Prophesy 12. Whip 13. Excusable/ ´÷®Ω_ç™ ¢Á†éÀ\ ®√´úøç – É™« îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Pardonable 14. Long for 15. Propriety O©’†o Road ¶μ«í∫ç – ÉC English Åéπ~®Ωç U 16. Complain 17. Deteriorating 18. Support †’ §ÚL Öçô’çC. 19. Cause flutter 20. Languishing 21. Lay 4) îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷ Öçõ‰, éÌçûª-é¬-™«-EéÀ ¢Á’©xí¬ bare 22. Imposed restrictions 23. Condemn Å®Ωn´’´úøç ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’çC. ´·êuçí¬ O’®Ω’ Strongly 24. Seriously worried/ upset English °æü¿ ñ«c†ç °ç-éÓ-¢√L. ´’ç* 25. Exercise 26. Reviewed 27. Inevitable/ Unavoidable 28. Regularise 29. Ordered/ Dictionary Å´-Ææ®Ωç – Paper ¢Á·ûªhç îªC-N† Directed 30. Commented 31. Cruelly. ûª®√yûª, îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçúË éπJ∏† °æüΔ©÷, ¢√öÀ ¢√úø’é¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. Q. éÀçC¢√öÀE ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Dictionary ™. ûª®Ωîª÷ TV ™ English is+suspected + to+have+ past participle News casts èπÿú≈ îª÷Ææ÷h ÖçúøçúÕ. áéπ\úø was+suspected+to+have+ past participle English éπE-°œÊÆh Åéπ\úø îªü¿-´çúÕ. be form (is was)+ understood+to+have+p.p. A. a) His

relatives are + suspected (be from)

to have + committed + the murder (past participle) b) She is suspected to have (be) stolen the (Past Participle) Q.

necklace.

¢√®√h-°æ-vA-éπ™x J§Ú-®˝d-©†’ ing form past participle ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμ-≤ƒh®Ω’ éπüΔ? OöÀE ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L?

A. 1 a) Prime Minister visiting AP today =

Ñ ®ÓV

AP

éÀ ´Ææ’h†o v°æüμΔ-†-´’çvA

b) India signing pact with the US =

ߪ‚áÆˇ ûÓ ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ô’†o ¶μ«®Ωû˝ É™«çöÀîÓôx '...ing' form èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o/ îËÆæ’h†o/ ´Ææ’h†o ... É™« ´Ææ’hçC.

Raja, Yellandu. Q. Please clarify the following doubts and you are requested not to ask me to refer to a dictionary, as I am not understood. 1. Experiment 2. Practical 3. Law 4. Rule 5. Regulation 6. Ordinance 7. Instruction 8. Orient 9. code 10. Society 11. Association 12. Analysis 13. Institute 14. Organisation 15. Restriction 16. Finance 17. Economic. A. Experiment: 1) Usually a scientific test to find out what happens when we try out something new or to know what is correct. 2) An activity/ method we try out to find out what happens in a particular situation. Practical: Connected with real life rather then with ideas or theories. For example, an experiment is conducted to get practical experience - to find out if a theory or idea is correct or not.

Law: A rule enforced by a government in connection with a particular situation. Rule: A Government organisation/ an institution/ a private organisation's statements about what a person should do, should not do, may do, may not do, etc. Regulation: A regulation is also a rule, but a regulation is more about what we should not do rather than what we should do. Ordinance: A law a government enforces/ an act which a government makes without it being passed by an Assembly/ Parliament when they are not in session. It has, however, to be approved by the Assembly/ Parliament later. Instruction: Stating what we should/ should not do - an instruction may not have then force of a rule, regulation or a law. Orient: 1) East (direction) 2) guide or direct Code: 1) A set of rules that the people in a group or society have to follow they may not have the power of a rule/ law. 2) A code language is a kind of secret language used by a group of people. Society: 1) A group of people living in the same area and following the same customs, traditions and patterns of behaviour. 2) A number of persons forming into a group for same common purpose. e.g.: A teachers' society/ A scholars' society. Association: A group of persons of the same profession/ occupation. An association is usually formed to take care of the interests/ rights of its members. Analysis: Studying something very thoroughly to understand it completely. This is done usually by studying each part of a thing/ each aspect of a situation and thus to understand the whole of it. Institute: An organization with a particular purpose- especially an educational institution- or a group of people of a particular profession. Organization: A group of people forming a business, a club to achieve some thing in any field- business, politics, social service etc. Restriction: A rule not allowing you to do some thing. Finance: Money and connected with money. Economic: Connected with the acquiring, spending, investing and the availability or lack of money, etc. Q. Why don't we say 'Economic Minister' instead of saying 'Finance Minister'? A. We say mostly finance minister because it is the responsibility to provide money for the country's plans and programmes. We do not say an economic ministerEconomic here means the study of the generation, spending and availability or the lack of it. However, some countries have Ministers for economic affairs which may mean a finance minister. Lastly please note this: understand the difference between, 'you are requested' (as you wrote in your letter) and, 'I request you'. 'You are requested' is almost an order, while, 'I request you' is a proper request/ plea. Or you can say, 'Please/ kindly do not ask me to refer to a dictionary'.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 14 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

A. Saiprasad, Kusthapur. Q. What is the difference among Advocate, Barrister, Pleader, Lawyer. A. Advocate = Lawyer. court Advocate lawyer advocate

Å®·ûË ´u´-£æ…®Ω °æ-J¶μ«≠æ™  ÅØË áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. †’, ¢√J äéπJ ûª®Ω-°∂椆 ´é¬™«h °æ¤îª’a-èπ◊†o Åçö«®Ω’. ÉC ´’† ü˨¡ç™ ûª®Ω-°∂椆 áèπ◊\´. Barrister = England ™ Ø√uߪ’-¨»ÆæYç ŶμºuÆœç*†¢√∞¡Ÿx. Pleader = Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ (í∫ûªç™) ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™E ™«ßª’-®Ωx†’ (Law degree ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË éÓ®Ω’d™ ¢√Cç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ņ’-´’-AçîË ®ÓV™x) pleader ÅØË ¢√∞¡Ÿx. É°æ¤úŒ °æü¿ç ÅCμ-é¬-J-éπçí¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Q. What are the full forms of various bank accounts given below: S.B. A/C, C.A. A/C, R.D. A/C, A.C.C. A/C, O.D. A/C, C.C. A/C. A. SB A/C = Savings Bank Account

(§Òü¿’°æ¤

ë«û√) CA A/C = Current Account RD A/C = Recurring Deposit Account

Fitment furniture/ ment = Bathroom bathing stool, etc. Pay Scale

ã v°æü˨¡ Ææy¶μ«-¢√Eo •öÀd Åéπ\úø ¢√úË Éûª®Ω ≤ƒ´’vT– e.g. : Bathroom fit™ Å´’Í®a Wash basin, (´’† ü˨¡ç™ fitment †’ †’ç* ÉçéÓ pay scale ûª°æ¤pí¬, äéπ èπ◊ ÖüÓuT ´÷Í®-ô-°æ¤púø’ éÌûªh scale ™ ÉîËa ´‚©¢Ë-ûª†ç level †’ fitment Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’). Commutation = äéπ ™„éπ\ v°æ鬮Ωç ÉÆæ’h†o @û√Eo ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† ™„éπ\™éÀ ´÷®Ωaúøç. Commutation of Pension = Retire Å´¤ûª’†o°æ¤úø’ §Òçü¿’-ûª’†o @û√Eo •öÀd pension ™„éπ\í∫-ôdúøç. Basic = ´‚©-¢Ë-ûª†ç. @ûªç™ éπLÊ° éπ®Ω’´¤ ¶μºûªuç

2

A. Institute, Institution, Association, Society, Organisation, Assembly--

(Dearness Allowance - DA), House Rent.

OöÀ í∫’-Jç-* -É-öÃ-´-™‰ -N-´-Jçî√ç. Academy = NüΔu, éπ∞«, ¨»ÆæY N≠æ-ߪ÷™x v°æûËuéπ Péπ~ù ÉîËa ÆæçÆæn ™‰üΔ ¢√öÀE v§Úûªq-£œ«çîË ÆæçÆæn. Wing = N¶μ«í∫ç; Panel = Committee Camp = NúÕC/ ÖüÓu-í∫’©’/ ÅCμ-é¬®Ω’©’ ûª´’ NCμ EN’ûªhç ¢Á∞Ïx-îÓô’ Federation = Ææ´÷êu – a group of organisa-

Relief =

tions with similar purposes.

üμ¿®Ω©’ °J-T-†-°æ¤púø’, ÖüÓu-í∫’-©èπ◊ Ü®Ω-ôí¬ ÉîËa ≤Ò´·t Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç. Allowance = HRA - (ÉçöÀ ÅüÁl ¶μºûªuç) ™«çöÀN éπ©-°æèπ◊çú≈. Gratuity = ÖüÓuT ÅçCç-*† ÊÆ´-©èπ◊, ¢√®Ω’ retire ÅßË’-ô-°æ¤púø’ (°æü¿O N®Ω-´’ù îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’) àéπ¢Á·ûªhçí¬ ÉîËa ≤Ò´·t. Q. Bhuvaneswar †’ Bhubaneshwar ÅE ®ΩOç-vü¿Ø√ü∑˛ ®∏√í∫÷-®˝†’ Rabindranath Tagore ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’?

 Suspend =

û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ Nüμ¿’-©èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω’-é¬-E´yéπ §Ú´úøç, ÖüÓuT O’ü¿ °∂œ®√u-ü¿’-©†’ Nî√-JçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊; Dismiss = ÖüÓuí∫ç †’ç* ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç.

 Gift = presentation.  Ultimatum (altimatum

é¬ü¿’) – *´J £«îªa-Jéπ, DE ûª®√yûª ´’Sx £«îªa-Jéπ Öçúøü¿’, îªÍ®u; Warning = £«îªa-Jéπ – ÉN áØÁj oØ√ ÖçúÌa.  Courtesy = ´’®√uü¿; ≤˘ï†uç; äéπ-JéÀ îÁçC† ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ Éûª-®Ω’©’ ¢√úø’-èπ◊ØËçü¿’èπ◊ ÉîËa ņ’-´’A; Source = ´‚©ç.  Guidance = ´÷®Ω_-ü¿-®Ωz-éπûªyç – ´·êuçí¬ Â°ü¿l¢√∞¡⁄x, ņ’-¶μº-´-Vc©÷, *†o-¢√-∞¡x-éÀîËa Ææ©-£æ…©’, Ææ÷©’, Ææ´’-Ææu© °æJ-≥ƒ\-®Ω-´÷-®√_©’; Counselling = Ææ´’-Ææu©†’ áü¿’-®Ì\ç-ô’†o ¢√J Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷®Ωnç, ¢√JéÀ üμÁj®Ωuç éπL-Tç*, ¢√J Ææ´’-Ææu©èπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç îª÷Ê° v°æߪ’ûªoç – ´·êuçí¬ ÉC äéπ ´%Ah™ Ö†o íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡Ÿx, Ç ´%Ah-™ØË Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç îª÷Ê° v°æߪ’ûªoç, Ææ£æ«%-ü¿-ߪ’-ûªûÓ.  Insurance = H´÷; Exgratia = ¶«üμ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª ’-†o-¢√-JéÀ, v°æ´ ÷-üΔ© ¶«J† °æúÕ-†-¢√-Jéà ü¿ßª’ûÓ, ≤ƒ†’-¶μº÷-AûÓ (£æ«èπ◊\™« é¬èπ◊çú≈) ÉîËa úø•’s, Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç.  Cancel = ®Ωü¿’l îËߪ’úøç; Delete = omit = ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç; ãN-≠æ-ߪ÷Eo é¬F, éÌçûª-¶μ«-í¬Eo é¬F.  Panic = v°æ´÷-ü¿ç-´©x/ v°æ´÷ü¿ç ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓç-ü¿ØË Ç™- ´©x Ç™-*çîË ¨¡éÀh éÓ™pßË’™« îËÊÆ ÅA¶μºßª’ç; Disaster = N°æûª’h.  Motto = äéπ-ÆæçÆæn/ ü˨¡ç/ ´uéÀh Ǩ¡-ߪ÷-©†’ ûÁLÊ° *†o-¢√éπuç, °æüΔ©’; Slogan = EØ√ü¿ç (´·êuçí¬ Political Parties ûª´’ éÓJ-éπ©’, Ǩ¡-ߪ÷-©†’, ´uA-Í®-éπûª†’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, v°æéπ-öÀç-îËçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË, Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Öîªa ¥-Jç-îª-í∫© ¢√éπuç/ °æüΔ©’ etc... Zindabad, Down, Down ™«çöÀN).

Alliance =

èπÿôN’ – ߪ·üΔl¥™x, ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x éÌEo ü˨»©’/ ´®√_©’ éπLÆœ à®Ωp-úËN. Forum = ¢ËCéπ – v°æï©’ ûª´’-èπ◊†o ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©†’ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ ûÁLߪ’-°æ-®Ωèπ◊ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ Åçü¿’èπ◊ à®√pô’ îËÊÆ Ææ¶μº. Union = äÍé-´%Ah/ ¢√u°æ-éπç™ Ö†o-¢√J Ææç°∂æ’ç Council = ´’çúøL – §ƒ©-Ø√-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æï©/ ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’© ´’çúøL – v°æ¶μº’-ûªy-°æ-®Ω¢Á’i† ™‰üΔ ÆæçÆæn© °æ®Ω-¢Á’i†.

He came up by dint of har d work ACC A/C =

ÉC ™‰ü¿’.

OD A/C = Over Draft Account CC A/C = Cash Credit Account Q.

véÀÈé-ö¸™ double century. Triple century ņoõ‰x 400, 500, 600 ®ΩØ˛q îËÊÆh à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

A. 400 - Quadruple (century) 500 = Quintuple (century

) ) Q. Blood - DEo •xú˛ Åçö«®Ω’. Foot- DEo °∂æ¤ö¸ Åçö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí But, Put... É™«ç-öÀN áØÓo ÖØ√o®·. éÌûªh Ŷμ«u-Ææ-èπ◊-©èπ◊ ᙫ °æ©-鬙 Å®Ωnçé¬E Ñ Aéπ-´’éπ àN’öÀ? É™«çöÀ §Òçûª† ™‰E Öî√a¥-®Ω-ù©’ ᙫ ÇN-®Ωs¥-Nç-î√®·? §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ NüΔu-®Ω’n©’ ÅúÕÍí É™«çöÀ ÆæçüË-£æ…-©èπ◊ Ö§ƒ-üμΔu-ߪ·úÕí¬ á™« Ææ´÷-üμΔ-†-N’-¢√yL? . A ÉC î√™« §ƒûª v°æ¨Ïo éπüΔ? ÉC English Spelling, Pronunciation èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† N≠æߪ’ç. DEéÀ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† °æü¿l¥A Åçô÷ ™‰ü¿’. ÅC ÅçûË ÅE îÁ°æpçúÕ. 600 = Sextuple (century

Q. Explain these words concerned Finance and Salaries. Bonus, Stifund, Increment, Time Scale, Master Scale, Pay, Divident, Fitment, Commutation, Pension, Basic, Relief, Allowance, Gratuity. A. Bonus =

°æEE Ææ´’®Ωnçí¬ îËÆœ ™«¶μ«-©†’ °ç*†çü¿’èπ◊ 鬆’-éπí¬ é¬Jt-èπ◊-©èπ◊ ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç ÉîËa †í∫ü¿’ §ƒJ-ûÓ-≠œéπç. Stipend (Stifund é¬ü¿’) = Péπ~ù 鬩ç™ Péπ~ù §ÒçüË¢√JéÀ îÁLxçîË úø•’s. Increment : @ûªç™ àú≈-C-Íé-ú≈CéÀ °çîË ¢Á·ûªhç Time Scale : 1) (@û√© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™) äéπ EKgûª 鬩 ´u´-Cμ™  ÖüÓuí∫’© v§ƒ®Ωç¶μº ¢Ëûª†ç. (Starting Salary), v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÉîËa increment ûÓ é¬© ´u´Cμ *´®Ω ´îËa í∫J≠æe ¢Ëûª†ç. ÉC É™« ÖçúÌa. 15000 - 2000 - 35000 = ®Ω÷. 15000 -ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-¢Á’i, -à-ú≈-CéÀ ®Ω÷.2000© °ç°æ¤ûÓ 10 à∞¡x™ ®Ω÷.35000 Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E. ÉC time scale. 2)

ã EKgûª 鬩 ´u´Cμ. Master Scale = Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ É™«çöÀ ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. Pay = @ûªç Dividend (Divident é¬ü¿’) – ã company ûª†èπ◊ ´*a† ™«¶μºç™ ¢√ö«-üΔ-®Ωxèπ◊ ¢√J ¢√ö«© E≠æpAh v°æ鬮Ωç °æç°œùà îËÊÆ ≤Ò´·t.

Firm =

¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn •%çü¿ç– ᙫçöÀ v°æñ«-•%ç-ü¿-¢Á’iØ√. -Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 586 League = äéπ -ÖüËl-¨¡ ≤ƒ-üμ¿-†èπ◊ à®ΩpúË v°æï©, ÆæçÆæn©, ü˨»© Ææç°∂æ’ç.. A. äJߪ÷, ¶„çí¬M ¶μ«≠æ™ x '´— èπ◊ Club = äÍé ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ, äÍé Ǩ¡ßª’ ≤ƒüμ¿-†èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, '•— °æ©’-èπ◊-û√®Ω’. véπ´’çûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨¡-´’ßË’u v°æï© Q. What is the difference among M.SURESAN •%çü¿ç. yard, Storage, Plant, Stall, Bureau = v°æ¶μº’ûªy 鬮√u-©†’ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË Shed, Exchange, Cafe. ÆæçÆæn; Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÉîËa 鬮√u-©ßª’ç. A. Yard = An open place for a special purpose/ Q. What is the difference betweenstocking something/ business (üÌúÕf). Crimson - Red, Courtesy - Source, Tender Storage = E©y Öçîªúøç. Auction, Guidance - Counselling, Tribunal Plant = Machinery used in industries - °æJCommission, Insurance - Exgratia, Views v¨¡´’™x ¢√úË ßª’çvûªç/ ߪ’çvû√©’. Ideas, Cancel - Delete, Moratorium Stall = ´Ææ’h-´¤©¢Ë’t ü¿’é¬ùç/ îÓô’. Prohibition, Panic - Disaster, Quotation Shed = éπ°æ¤pûÓ Ö†o N¨»-©-¢Á’i† í∫C, ´·êuçí¬ °æJInvoice/ Estimate, Motto - slogan, Scrutiny v¨¡-´’©’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ E©y Verification, Jail- Prison, Suspend - Dismiss, ÖçîËçü¿’èπ◊ Ñ íÓúø©’, Éô’-éπ-©-ûÓØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Éûª®Ω XeroxPhotostat, Gift-Presentation, ´Ææ’h-´¤-©ûÓ EJtç* ÖçúÌa. Altimatum - Warning Exchange = ´÷JpúÕ; ´÷JpúÕ ïJÍí îÓô’ A.  Crimson = deep/ dark red (Shares ™«çöÀN).  Tender = ¢Ë©ç™ §ƒ™Ô_-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx §ƒúË-§ƒô; Cafe = Ç£æ…®Ω °æüΔ-®√n©’, §ƒF-ߪ÷©’ éÌE, AE ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊ØË ¢Á·ûªhç; û√Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’çúË îÓô’ = Restaurant. Auction - ¢Ë©ç ¢Ëߪ’úøç/ ¢Ë©ç Q. éÀçC Ççí∫x°æüΔ-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ à´’E îÁ°æp-´îª’a?  Tribunal= äéπ Ææ´’-Ææu†’ °æJ-Q-LçîË/ N¢√üΔ©†’ Hotel, Tailors, Gazetted, Xerox, Cabinet, °æJ-≠æ \-JçîË ÅCμ-鬮Ωç Ö†o Ø√uߪ’-≤ƒn†ç; Check book, Auditorium, Classical, Round Commission = äéπ Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç éπ†’figure, Indian ink. èπ◊\-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, E¢√-Jç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπ-JçA. Hotel, Tailor - English - Telugu dictionary îËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ÅCμ-鬮Ωç Ö†o v°æ¶μº’ûªy ÆæçÆæn. îª÷úøçúÕ.  View = ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç; Idea = Ç™-. Gazetted - Gazette (í∫ñ„ö¸) v°æï-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç  Moratorium = °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω ä°æpç-ü¿çûÓ àüÁjØ√ ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç ÅCμ-é¬-J-éπçí¬ í∫´®Ωo®˝ Ê°®Ω’ûÓ îª®Ωu©’, 鬮Ωu-éπ-™«-§ƒ©-†’ û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ ELÊ°-ߪ’úøç; v°æ-JçîË °ævAéπ. Éçü¿’™ v°æ-Jç-*† N≠æߪ’ç Prohibition = v°æ¶μº’-û√y©÷/ ÆæçÆæn©’ NCμçîË Å®·-ûËØË v§ƒ´÷-ùÀéπç. EÊ≠üμ ¿ç. äéπ-≤ƒn®· v°æ¶μº’ûªy ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’© Eߪ÷-´’-鬩’  Quotation = äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ Ţ˒tç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ÊÆ´-©†’ (£æ«ÙüΔ†’ •öÀd), •C-M©’, retirement ™«çöÀ ÅçCç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ äéπ ÆæçÆæn îÁÊ°p üμ¿®Ω; ¢√öÀE Gazette™ v°æéπ-öÀ-Ææ’hçC v°æ¶μº’ûªyç. Å™«çöÀ ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’-©†’ Gazetted Officers Åçö«®Ω’. Invoice = îËÆ œ† °æEéÃ, Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ îËÆ œ† ´Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊, é̆’-íÓ©’üΔ®Ω’úø’ îÁLxç-î√-Lq† ≤Ò´·t N´-®√-©†’ Xerox = °ævû√© †éπ∞¡Ÿx ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËÊÆ °æü¿l¥A = ûÁLÊ° °ævûªç; Photocopy, Cabinet, Cheque (Check é¬ü¿’) book, Auditorium, Round figure, Indian ink Estimate = ´Ææ’h-´¤©/ ÊÆ´© Ææ®Ω-°∂æ-®√-éπßË’u ê®Ω’a OöÀ-éÓÆæç English - Telugu Dictionary îª÷úøçúÕ. ÅçîªØ√. Q. What is the difference among - Institute,  Scrutiny = ûÁL-°œ† N´-®√©’ ÆæÈ®j-†¢√ 鬢√, Academy, Association, Wing, Society, ûª°æ¤p™‰¢Á’iØ√ ÖØ√oߪ÷ ÅE îª÷úøôç; Panel, Camp, Federation, Alliance, Front, Verification = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Eï-¢Á’içüΔ, é¬üΔ, Committee, Organisation, Forum, Union, ÆæÈ®jçüΔ, é¬üΔ, ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’x ÖçüΔ, ™‰üΔ Party, Council, Assembly, Firm, Group, ÅE E®Ωl¥-Jç--éÓ-´úøç. League, Club, Bureau, Institution, Group =

 Jail = Prison.  Xerox = Photostat

G. Rambabu, Nandyal Q. Sir,

éÀçC ¢√é¬uEéÀ Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

We are on good terms. A. Q.

´÷´’üμ¿u Ææç•ç-üμΔ©’ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. éÀçC ¢√é¬u© ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. i) He is a member on the committe ii) He is a member in the committe

A. He is a member of the committee. Q.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. abrode, bay, inlieu of, by u dint of (or) by dint of.

A. Abroad (Abrode

é¬ü¿’) = NüË-¨»-©™ ´‚úø’-¢Áj°æ¤™« ØË© Ö†o Ææ´·-vü¿-¶μ«í∫ç–

bay = Bay of Bengal In lieu of =

the

Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’

a) They paid him 2 days' wages in lieu of the work he did on 2 Sundays =

È®çúø’ ÇC¢√-®√©’ °æE-îË-Æœ-†ç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’ Åûª-úÕéÀ È®çvúÓ-V© ¢Ëûª-Ø√©’ áèπ◊\´ Éî√a®Ω’.

b) He took cash in lieu of the prize he won =

ûª†èπ◊ ´*a† •£æ›-´’-AéÀ •-ü¿’©’ Åûª-úø’ †í∫ü¿’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. By dint of = Åçü¿’-´©x; He came up by dint of hard work =

Åûª-úÕ éπ%≠œ´©x/ ´‚©çí¬ Â°jéÌ-î√aúø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 21 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2010 Subodh: (Have you) had your grub? I have yet to eat, and if you haven't I shall have company.

(F ¶μï†ç Å®·çüΔ? ØËEçé¬ AØ√Lq ÖçC, †’´‹y ¶μçîË-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√èπ◊ company Öçô’çC.) Susmitha: I haven't yet, and that makes two of us. Where shall we eat?

(Éçé¬ ™‰ü¿’ – Åçü¿’-´©x Fèπ◊ ؈’ ñ-úŒ. áéπ\úø ¶μçîËüΔlç?) Subodh: I'd opt for snacks instead of a regular meal. I can't think of a restaurant that can give us a good fare; I mean a place where it pays to eat.

(´÷´‚©’ ¶μï†ç é¬èπ◊çú≈ àü¿Ø√o °∂橣慮Ωç îËüΔl-´’-†’çC Ø√èπ◊. Ééπ\-úÁ-éπ\ú≈ ´’ç* ¶μï†ç üÌJÍé îÓô’ Ø√èπ◊ ûªôdúøç ™‰ü¿’ – Åçõ‰ ´’† úø•’sèπ◊ ûªí∫_ ¶μï†ç üÌJÍé îÓô’.) Susmitha: That's right, but if you can hold out for a while and are game for a little walk I can show you a place you can eat to your heart's content.

(ÅC Eï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç †’´¤y †úø-´-ö«-EéÀ ÂÆj Åçõ‰, F ´’†-≤ƒ®√ A†-í∫L-T† îÓöÀéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á∞«h.)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Subodh: Mom is good at cooking and that keeps me off outside food. Today she is out of town. Otherwise she would have served me up the special food today.

(Å´’t ´çô©’ ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’hçC. Åçü¿’-´©x Ø√èπ◊ •ßª’ô AØË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. É¢√∞¡ Ç¢Á’ Ü∞x ™‰ü¿’. ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ Ø√éîÓV v°æûËuéπ ´çô-é¬-©ûÓ Å†oç °õ‰düË.) Susmitha: Just don't worry. I grew up like that too. When I was young, my grandmother used to feed me with choice sweets and biscuits. She was good at cooking that kind of stuff. Can I ever forget that?

(àç °æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰ ؈÷ F™«Íí °J-í¬†’. Ø√ *†o-ûª-†ç™ ´÷ Å´’t´’t/ ¶«´’t Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* Æ‘y-ô’x, -GÂÆ\-ô’x -îËÆœ °õ‰dC. Å™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x Ç¢Á’ Côd. -ØË-†-C á°æpöÀéà ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-™‰†’.) Subodh: Then come, let's go.

(®√, §ÚüΔç.) Note: 1) heart's content =

´’†-≤ƒ®√/ Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ 2) out of this world. Å°æ‹-®Ωy-¢Á’i†, áéπ\-ú≈-™‰E 3) game for = Æœü¿l¥ç-é¬-´úøç/ 'ÂÆj— ņúøç.

2

1) That makes two of us =

Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç äéπõ‰/ ´’†ç ñúŒ.

a) Oh, you've lost your certificates too? That makes two of us = certificates

†’´‹y §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? Å®·ûË ÉçÍéç? †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ûÓúø’/ ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç äéπõ‰.

b) Has he failed two? That makes two of fail them =

Åûªúø÷ Åߪ÷uú≈? Å®·ûË Ç N≠æߪ’ç™ ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ äéπõ‰. 3) Hold out = E©-üÌ-èπ◊\-éÓ-´úøç/ ã°œéπ °æôd-í∫©í∫úøç/ °æô’d éÓ™p-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. a) Inspite of the enemy being stronger they held out for quite a long time =

¨¡vûª’´¤ •©-¨»L Å®·-†p-öÀéÃ, ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ E©-üÌ-èπ◊\èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’/ v°æA-°∂æ’-öÀç-î√®Ω’.

b) If they can hold out for another ten minutes, they will win the match =

ÉçéÓ 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ E©-üÌ-èπ◊\-éÓ-í∫-L-TûË, ¢√∞¡Ÿx Èí©’-≤ƒh®Ω’.

I haven't had my gr ub yet.. Subodh: (Are) you sure of that? Hope I won't be disappointed. I'm really starving.

(Eï-¢Ë’Ø√? Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω´‚ ¢ÁRx Ø√èπ◊ E®√¨¡ éπ©-í∫-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Eïçí¬ î√™« Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC.) Susmitha: The place is famous for its specialty stuff. The fried rice there is really delicious. It serves Chinese cuisine too which is out of this world. The place is famous for its North Indian delicacies too.

(E†’o ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á∞Ïx îÓô’ éÌEo ´çôé¬-©èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπûª Ö†oC. Åéπ\úÕ Fried rice î√™« ®Ω’*í¬ Öçô’çC. v°æ°æçîªç™ ÉçÈé-éπ\ú≈ üÌ®Ω-éπE îÁjØ√ ´çô-鬩’ èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ North Indian ´çô-鬩èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÅC °öÀdçC Ê°®Ω’.) Subodh: Take me there at once. I can't wait any longer.

(¢ÁçôØË ††oéπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿx. Éçéπ ؈’ ã°œéπ °æôd-™‰†’.) Susmitha: I'm surprised that having been here so long you don't know about this restaurant.

(Éçûª-鬩ç Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ èπÿú≈ Ñ £æ«Ùô™¸ Fèπ◊ ûÁM-ü¿çõ‰ Ø√é¬-¨¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC.) S. Satyanarayana Murthy, Kakinada Q. 1) I think that the following be forms are used in the passive voice only. 1. is, am, are being + V3 - Present continuous 2. was, were being + V3 - Past continuous 3. has, have been + V3 - Present perfect 4. had been + V3 - Past perfect being, been

©†’ passive voice ™ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç. Ñ Verbs -†’ passive ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úø-û√-®Ω-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Active voice ™ ¢√úÕûË á™« ¢√ú≈L? í∫ûªç™ 'be' éÀ past tense been ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’. 'be' Åçõ‰ Öçúøôç ÅE ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. 'be' ®Ω÷§ƒ™‰ is, was ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’. ÉçéÓ ÆæçüË£æ«ç. is, am, are, was, were ´Èíj®√ verbs -Å-Eoç-öÀ-F passive voice éÀçü¿ °æJ-í∫-ùÀçî√™«?ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

2) Snacks, 4) Specialty, 5) Delicious 6) Cuisine 7) Delicacy 8) Feed -

Ééπ

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 587

É´Fo ǣ慮Ω, Ç£æ…®Ω °æüΔ-®√n©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*-†N. OöÀE îª÷üΔlç. 2) Snacks Åçõ‰ ¶μï†ç é¬èπ◊çú≈ Å™«p(°j ¢√öÀ™x (2) & (3) í∫ûªç™ î√™«£æ…®Ωç ÅE, ´’†ç Tiffin Åçô’çö«ç. é¬F ≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç) Tiffin ÅØË ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’. üΔE 4) Keep somebody off something = M.SURESAN •ü¿ ’©’ Snacks ™‰-üΔ refreshments äéπJo äéπîÓöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-F-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç/ (plural ™ØË ¢√úøû√ç), Å™«p-£æ…®Ωç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. °æ©Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. £æ … ®Ω ç ÅE èπ ÿ ú≈ ņ’éӴa. Å™«çöÀ °æ©-£æ…-®Ω-¨»-©†’ e.g.: The police action kept the students off Snackbar/ Refreshments stall ÅE èπÿú≈ the campus = §ÚMÆˇ Ωu NüΔu-®Ω’n-©†’ Tiffin Centres Åçö«®Ω ’ . (´’†ç ´÷´‚© ’í¬ ¢√öÀ E NüΔu-©ßª’ Ç´-®Ω-ù-™-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-E-´y-™‰ü¿’. Åçô’çö«ç) 5) Starve = °æÆæ’hç-úøôç; Å®·ûË '¶«í¬ Çéπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC— 4) Specialty (Speciality ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’)/ Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª÷-Öçö«ç. Specialty food = °∂æ©-£æ…-®Ω-¨»-©©’/ Hotels/ Now look at the following expressions from Restaurants éÌEo, éÌEo ®Ω鬩 ´çôé¬-©èπ◊ v°æÆœCl the conversation above: §Òçü¿ ’ û ª ’ çö «®·. Å™«çöÀ v°æûËuéπ ´çô-鬙‰ 1) That makes two of us 2) I'd opt for snacks, instead of a regular meal 3) If you can hold out for a while 4) The place is famous for its specialty stuff. 5) The fried rice is really delicious 6) It serves Chinese Cuisine 7) The place is famous for its North Indian Delicacies too. 8) ... my grandmother used to feed me with choice sweets...

2) Verb 'is'

È®çúø’ NüμΔ-©’í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’ûª’çü¿E í∫-ûªç-™ ®√¨»®Ω’. 1) Öçúøôç 2) action îËߪ’úøç. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ÉçTx≠ˇ ¶μ«≠æèπ◊ Çߪ·-´¤°æô’d ÅE ¶μ«N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. DE-O’ü¿ N´-®Ω-ù©’ ´’Sx ûÁL-°œûË ¶«í¬ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC.

A. 1) Yes, they are passive forms. Being + PP (Past Participle/ V3), been + PP, are always passive. been '...ing' form active voice.

Å®·ûË, èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. Å°æ¤púøC

ûª®√yûª,

a) He is being given an injection = injection passive injection Verb - is being given - is being + PP (Passive)

Åûª-úÕéÀ

É´y-•-úø’-ûÓçC (É°æ¤púø’) – ÉC (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®·ûË, Åûª-úÕéÀ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ Åçö«ç) – Ééπ\úø

b) He has been given an injection = injection injection sentence verb, has been + PP (Passive)

Åûªúø’ É´y-•-ú≈fúø’ (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – Åûª-úÕéÀ Éî√a®Ω’) – Ñ ™

Specialty foods/ Specialty. a) I like to enjoy the Specialty food of that restaurant =

Ç °∂æ©-£æ…-®Ω-¨»© v°æûËuéπ ´çô-é¬Eo džç-Cç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’.

b) Prawns are the specialty item of the sea side restaurant, 'Sun-n-sand' = Sun-n-sand

Ææ´·vü¿ B®Ωç™ v°æûËuéπ ´çôéπç ®Ìߪ’u©’/ Ç Ö†o °∂æ©-£æ…-®Ω-¨»© ®Ìߪ’u© ´çô-é¬-©èπ◊ Ê°®Ω’. 5) Delicious = ®Ω’*-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†

a) I can never forget the delicious dinner he served as on his birthday =

Åûª-úÕ °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Åûª-úÕ-*a† ÅA ®Ω’*-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Nçü¿’ ØËØÁ-†o-öÀéà ´’®Ω’-´-™‰†’.

b) The mango is among the most delicious of fruits.

Åûªuçûª ®Ω’*-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æçúøx™ ´÷N’úÕ °æçúø’ äéπöÀ. 7) Delicacy = äéπ v§ƒçû√-EéÀ Ê°®Ω’ûÁ*a°õ‰d ´çôéπç. a) Biriyani is a Hyderabadi delicacy. =

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ GJ-ߪ÷-FéÀ °öÀdçC Ê°®Ω’./ GJߪ÷F £j«ü¿-®√-¶«D ´çôéπç b) Sandesh is a delicacy. Bengal is famous for =

¶„çí¬™¸ 'ÆæçüË≠ˇ— ´çôéπç î√© v°æÆœCl¥ îÁçCçC. 6) Cuisine (Pronunciation - éÀy@Ø˛ – @, size ™ 'z' ™« °æ©-é¬L) = a) ´çô NüμΔ†ç; Andhra Cuisine = Ççvüμ¿ °æü¿l¥A ´çôéπç; North Indian Cuisine = Öûªh®Ω ¶μ«®Ω-û√-EéÀ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ´çôéπç. b) àüÁjØ√ Restaurant ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îËÆ œ ´úÕfçîË ´çô鬩’, ´·êuçí¬ êK-üÁj-†N. multi-cuisine restaurant = ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩, NNüμ¿ v§ƒçû√© ´çô-é¬-©†’ ÅçCç-îª-í∫© restaurant. a) She is an adept at cooking, and can cook multi-cuisine fare =

Ç¢Á’ ´çô™ Côd. ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩, NNüμ¿ v§ƒçû√© ´çô-é¬-©†’ Ç¢Á’ ´çúø-í∫-©ü¿’.

b) Chinese Cuisine is in demand now a days =

îÁjF ´çô-é¬-©èπ◊ Ñ ®ÓV™x ´’ç* T®√éÃßË’ ÖçC. AE-°œç-îªúøç, AçúÕ Â°ôdúøç. 2) ïçûª’´¤© ¢Ë’ûª; ïçûª’-´¤-©†’ ¢Ë’°æúøç.

8) Feed = 1)

a) The child care home feeds its children well =

Ç P¨¡Ÿ Ææç®Ω-éπ~ù Íéçvü¿ç™ °œ©x-©èπ◊ ´’ç* AçúË Â°úø-û√®Ω’.

b) In most oldage homes, the old people are not fed well =

î√© ´%üΔl¥-v¨¡-´÷™x ´%ü¿’l¥-©èπ◊ AçúÕ ÆæJí¬ Â°ôd®Ω’. (Are not fed. ÉC feed éÀ passive voice)

c) Who feeds you? Your parents, of course =

Fèπ◊ AçúÕ Â°õ‰d-üÁ-´®Ω’? O’ ûªLxü¿çvúø’-™‰-éπüΔ? d) Cows and buffaloes feed on grass =

Ç´¤©÷, ÍíüÁ©÷ í∫úÕf Açö«®·. Look at the word 'Grub' in the first sentence in the dialogue. 'Grub' also means food. informal.

Å®·ûË ÉC-é¬Ææh Å®Ωnç ¶μï-†¢Ë’, Å®·Ø√ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ´uèπ◊h-©-ûÓØË Ñ ´÷ô ¢√úøû√ç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®·ûË, AçúÕ/ èπÿúø’ ÅØË ´÷ô 'grub' èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. I haven't had my grub yet = Éçé¬ ØËE-¢√∞¡ AçúÕ AØËxü¿’.

Å®·ûË has been/ have been/ had been ÖçúËN/ ÖØ√o®· (They were) ÅØË Å®√n-E-≤ƒh®·– ûª®√yûª '...ing' form èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Å°æ¤púø’ -Å-C Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ OöÀéÀ à voice Öçúøü¿’. have active voice ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å®·ûË Am/ is/ 2) All 'be' formsam shall has been are/ was/ were being ûª®√yûª PP ßË’ ´Ææ’hçC. should had Åçü¿’-éπE 'being' á°æ¤púø÷ passive form ™ØË is shall are will ´Ææ’hçC. should was would Be Åçõ‰ Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ÖçC. Be here. I'll will were can be talk to you again = Ééπ\úø Öçúø’. ØËFoûÓ ´’Sx would have been could ´÷ö«x-úøû√. Be E Öçúøôç- ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ É™«çöÀ can may îÓôx-™ØË ¢√úøû√ç, independent í¬. could might Am, is are, was, were ûª®√yûª PP (V3) ´ÊÆhØË may must ÅN PP ûÓ éπLÆœ passive verbs Å´¤-û√®·. ¢√öÀ might need ûª®√yûª PP ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, ÅN 'be' form èπ◊ NNüμ¿ must ought ®Ω÷§ƒ™„j, É°æ¤púø’ ÖØ√o†’ (I am), É°æ¤púø’ ÖØ√oúø’ °j´Fo 'be' forms. ÉN 'NN-üμ¿- ®Ω-鬩 Öçúø-ö«Eo— (He is...), É°æ¤púø’ ÖçC (She is; It is); í∫ûªç™ ÖçúË¢√úÕE (I was), í∫ûªç™ ÖçúË-¢√úø’/ ÖØ√oúø’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. °j 'be' form ©ûÓ ÉçÍéç éπL-ÆœØ√ àüÓ (he was), í∫ûªç™ ÖçC (She/ It was), í∫ûªç™ °æE îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. 鬕öÀd, ÅN Action ÖØ√o´¤/ ÖØ√o®Ω’ (You were); í∫ûªç™ ÖØ√o®Ω’ Words Å´¤-û√®·. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ûÁL-°œ† forms of verbs îª÷úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 28 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Subodh: I haven't seen you for ages. Have you been tied up at work or what?

(î√™«-é¬-©-´’-®·uçC E†’o îª÷Æœ. °æEûÓ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o¢√ àç?) Pranav: You can say that again. I haven't had breathing space this whole week. Perhaps I have to keep at it for another three or four months to come. Well, to get ahead in the job I have to.

(†’´¤y ÆæJ-í¬ØË ÅØ√o´¤. Ñ¢√-®Ω-´’çû√ Ü°œJ Ææ-©°æ†çûª °æE™ ÖØ√o. É™« ÉçéÓ ´‚úø’Ø√©’í∫’ ØÁ©©’ é̆-≤ƒTçî√L. Ø√ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ °jéÀ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ.) Subodh: When they first took you on, they didn't tell you that you had to slog away like this, did they?

(¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿ô E†’o ÖüÓu-í∫ç-™éÀ BÆæ’èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ †’Nyçûª v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈Lq ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿’í¬.)

Pranav: I turned a new leaf in my life as soon as I left college. My sister's words before she left for the Sates did the trick. That changed me completely.

2

Slog away =

v¨¡´’

-°æ-úøôç °æô’d-ü¿-©í¬ Second thoughts =

éÌûªh Ç™-îª-†©’ (Ø√ @N-ûªç™ ؈’ éÌûªh Ê°@ ûÁJ-î√†’, 鬙‰@ ´ü¿-©-í¬ØË. ´÷ Åéπ\ Å¢Á’-Jé¬èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-´·ç-ü¿†o ´÷ô©’ Ø√™ Ñ ´÷®Ω’p ûÁî √a®·. ؈’ É°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷J-§Úߪ÷.) Subodh: So thank your sister for the change in you. What about your plans of going abroad?

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above: 1) Tied up at work. 2) Keep at it for another three to four months. 3) When they first took you on 4) My sister's words did the trick. 5) Run by my parents and good friends like you.

(O’ Çéπ\-ߪ’uèπ◊ †’´¤y ®Ω’ù-°æúÕ ÖØ√o´¤. F´¤ NüË-¨»-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx Ç™- à´’-®·çC?) Pranav: I have second thoughts about it. The job I am in now is a plum job and promises quick growth. Any way I want to run it by my parents and good friends like you. I have to think through it.

1) Be tied up at work =

BJ-éπ-™‰-†çûª °æE™

Öçúøôç. a) Dad is too tied up at arrangements for my sister's marriage to bother about my marks =

Ø√ ´÷®Ω’\© í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç--éÓ-™‰-†çûªí¬ ´÷ îÁLx °Rx à®√p-ôx™ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’ ´÷ Ø√†o.

Fasting for a day did the trick Pranav: They didn't of course, but I don't mind it. I am learning you know, and I am rather happy about it.

(îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿-†’éÓ, é¬F Ø√Íéç Ŷμºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. °æE ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o Ç Nüμ¿ç-í¬-ØÁjØ√. ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. (BJ-éπ-™‰èπ◊çú≈ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø’-ûª’-†o°æp-öÀéÃ) Subodh: It's amazing to hear you say that. I wonder if you are the same guy who at college never seemed to bother about your future.

(†’´y™« ņúøç Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ Ç¨¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC. 鬙‰@ ®ÓV™x ¶μºN-≠æuûª’h í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç--éÓE †’¢ËyØ√ É™« Åçô’-†o-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«çí¬ ÖçC.) T.Siva, Nandikotkur Q.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´÷-üμΔ-Ø√-©†’ Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

1) It suits --- me. (a) to

(b) no word

2) It suits --- my needs (a) to

(b) no word

3) It is suitable --- me (a) to

(b) for

4) It is suitable --- my needs (a) to

(b) for

5) He is studying --- Class V (a) in

(b) no word

6) A person who lives in London is ----- of London (a) a resident (b) a dweller (c) an inhabitant A. 1 - 5 Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

îª÷úøçúÕ. 6. A resident Q.

éÀçC¢√-öÀéÀ Antonyms ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) Refuse, 2) Reject, 3) Mourn, 4) Overcome, 5) Famous, 6) Notorious, 7) Prosperous, 8) Appreciate, 9) confident, 10) Trust.

A. 1) refuse x agree, 2) reject x accept 3) mourn x rejoice, 4) overcome x surrender 5) famous x obscure 6) notorious x famous 7) prosperous x indigent 8) appreciate x depricate 9) confident x diffident 10) trust x doubt.

(éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´÷vûªç)

Q.

éÀçC ¢√öÀ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) Mystery - Miracle, 2) Mutiny - Revolt, 3) Primitive - Ancient, 4) Round - Around, 5) Lament - Mourn, 6) Also - Too, 7) Each every, 8) Dumb - Mute, 9) Avenge - Revenge,

b) I expected you to be tied up at your exams but I'm surprized that you are watching TV =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 588

F °æK-éπ~-©ûÓ ûª©-´·-†-éπ™„j Öçö«-´E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-í¬F †’´¤y öÃO îª÷Ææ’hç-úøôç Ø√é¬-¨¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC.

(üΔEo í∫’Jç* ´’Sx Ç™-©’ ´î√a®·. ØËE-°æ¤púø’ îËÆæ’h†o ÖüÓuí∫ç î√™« 2) Keep at something = continue to M.SURESAN ´’ç*C, ´’ç* ´%Cl¥ éπL-Tç-îËdo something. ü¿ØË †´’téπç ÖçC. àüÁjØ√ a) He keeps at smoking against doctor's ÆæÍ® ´÷ Å´÷t-Ø√-†o©÷, F™«çöÀ ÊÆo£œ«advice = ú≈éπd®˝ Ææ©-£æ…èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ Åûªúø’ ûª’© Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. üΔEo Æœí∫-È®ö¸ û√í∫’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oúø’. í∫’Jç* BJ-éπí¬ Ç™-*ç-î√L.) b) Keep at (practising) music. You are sure Notes: Turn a new leaf = @Nûªç ÅØË °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ to become a great singer one day = éÌûªh Ê°@ A°æpúøç/ ´÷J-§Ú-´úøç ÆæçUûªç Ŷμºu-Æœ-Ææ÷hØË Öçúø’. ´ü¿-©èπ◊. àüÓ plum job = ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç äéπ-®ÓV íÌ°æp í¬ßª’-èπ◊-®√-L-´-´¤-û√´¤. A. Mystery = something that is very difficult to explain or understand. His death is a mystery = How he died or why he died cannot be explained. =

´’†-éπ-®Ωnçé¬E, áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ àO’ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æߪ’ç. The end of Subhas Chandra Bose is still a mystery =

Ææ’¶μ«-≠ˇ-îªç-vü¿-¶Ææ’ Åçûªç á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’E/ Åçûª’-*-éπ\E N≠æߪ’ç. Miracle = Åü¿’s¥ûªç – An act or an event that does not follow the laws of nature = v°æéπ%A ÆœüΔl¥ç-û√©èπ◊ ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ ïJÍí Nçûª– eg: Baba and such others curing patients by mere touch of their hands; their creating things out of nothing, etc. Mutiny = Refusing to obey the orders of superiors, especially soldiers and sailors refusing to obey the orders of their superiors

Marriage is an ancient custom =

© @ûªçûÓ

b) They did not take her on, in spite of her high qualifications =

Ö†oûª NüΔu-®Ω|-ûª©’ Ö†o°æp-öÀéà ǢÁ’èπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÖüÓuí∫ç É´y-™‰ü¿’. 4) To do the trick = ņ’-èπ◊†o °∂æL-û√-Eo-´yúøç a) The doctor's medicines were no use. Fasting for a day did the trick =

ú≈éπd-J-*a† ´’çü¿’™‰ç °æE-îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. äéπ\-®ÓV °æÆæ’hç-úË-Ææ-JéÀ Ç ®Óí∫ç ûªT_çC (ÇPç-*† °∂æL-û√-Eo-*açC)

b) The officer was delaying my file. I paid him a bribe or Rs. 2000/- and that did the trick = 2000

Ç Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ Ø√ °∂j©’†’ §ƒÆˇ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ û√û√q®Ωç îËÆæ’hçõ‰ ©çîª-N’î√a. üΔçûÓ °æ†-®·çC. (ÇPç-*† °∂æLûªç ´*açC)

5) To run by somebody = to take somebody's advice =

äéπJ Ææ©-£æ…†’ BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç/ Ææçv°æ-

Cç-îªúøç. a) He bought the house only after running it by his uncle =

¢√∞¡x ¶«¶«®· Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË/ ¶«¶«-®·E Ææçv°æ-Cç-*† ûª®√yûË Ç É©’x éÌØ√oúøûªúø’.

b) I have to run it by my parents before I decide on my marriage =

Ø√ °Rx N≠æߪ’ç à E®Ωg-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√, ´÷ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√Lq Öçô’çC/ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√Lq Öçô’çC.

°æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC.

Round (adj) = Around

Every- refers to all the members in a group.

There is a wall round (around) the temple. Around is used more in American English.

Every car has a steering wheel = steering wheel

Lament = to express sadness or sorrow =

(鬮Ω-†o-üΔ-EéÀ

N≥ƒ-üΔEo, Nî√-®√Eo ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç–

Every worker there is well trained =

We all lament the loss of morals political leaders =

Ç NüΔu-®Ω’n-©™ v°æA-¢√J îËA™ ã

among

®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-©-™E ØÁjAéπ °æûª-Ø√-EéÀ ´’†ç Nî√-J-Ææ’hØ√oç/ ´’†-éπC N≥ƒ-üΔEo éπ©’-í∫-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC. Mourn = weep over the death of a person =

äéπJ ´’%AE í∫’Jç* N©-°œç-îªúøç. January 30th is a day of national mourning = 30

Also = too, but 'also' is 'formal', whereas 'too' is 'informal' Too also Spoken English

Ø√í∫-®Ωéπûª °æJù«-´’ç™ ÅGμ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿E ü¿¨¡èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† (üΔüΔ°æ¤ ÅØ√-í∫-®Ω-éπ-¢Á’i†) eg: Primitive tribes = ÇC-´’-ñ«A ûÁí∫©’. (N’í∫û√ Ææ´÷-ïç-ûÓ- §ƒô’ Ø√í∫®Ωéπ-û√-Gμ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿E)

é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ™ too áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. I also like the movie - ví¬çC∑éπç, (Ø√èπÿ Ç ÆœE´÷ †*açC) I like the movie too ÉC ¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç; Å®·ûË I like the movie too èπ◊ È®çúø-®√n©’ ®√´îª’a – 1) Ø√èπÿ Ç ÆœE´÷ É≠ædç 2) Ø√èπ◊ Ç ÆœE´÷ èπÿú≈ É≠æd¢Ë’ ÅE. Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√Lq ´Ææ’hçC.

Even today there are some parts of the world where primitive people live.

Each- refers to the people or things, in a group separately-

v§ƒ<-†-¢Á’i† – ÉC v§ƒ<-†-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéà ÅGμ-´%Cl¥ îÁçC† ´÷†´ @-´-† -Ææ-®Ω-RE Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.

®Ω÷. ††’o ÖüÓu-í∫ç-™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.

Ancient x Modern.

Revolt = Rising against authority especially government

Ancient = of the long past -

a) They took me on, offering a salary of Rs.20000/- a month = 20000

Each/ each of the students has a book in their hand =

ï†-´J ü˨¡ç™ ñ«Bߪ’ Ææçû√-°æ-C†ç. (≤ƒyûªç-vûªuç-éÓÆæç v§ƒù«-©-Jpç-*† ¢√J-°æôx Ææçû√°æç ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’≤ƒhç.)

Primitive = Of the early stages of human development/ Of the undeveloped stages in civilization, old fashioned -

ÖüÓuí∫ç É´yúøç/

Eߪ’-N’ç-îªúøç.

N¢√£æ«ç î√™« v§ƒ<† Ææçv°æüΔߪ’ç.

= °j ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’© Çïc-©†’ Cμéπ\-Jç-îªúøç, ´·êuçí¬ ÂÆjE-èπ◊©÷, Ø√N-èπ◊©÷ ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’© Çïc-©†’ §ƒöÀç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ E®√-éπ-Jç-îªúøç. – îªôdv°æ鬮Ωç à®Ωpúøf v°æ¶μº’-û√y-EéÀ ÅN-üμË-ߪ’ûª v°æéπ-öÀç* ´uA-Í®-éÀç-îªúøç. Mutiny, revolt - synonyms í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.

3) To take somebody on =

éπçõ‰

äéπ •%çü¿ç-™E ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’, ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, v°æA-¢√-JF, v°æA-üΔEo í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úÕ†-°æ¤púø’, each/ each of them Åçö«ç– 'v°æA— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

鬮Ωx-Eoç-öÀéÀ

Öçô’çC.

steering wheel

Öçô’çC)

Åéπ\úÕ °æE-¢√-∞¡}çû√ (v°æB °æE-¢√úø÷) Ææ’P-éÀ~-ûª’™‰. Dumb= unable to speak (´÷ö«x-úø-™‰E) ´·êuçí¬ ´‚í∫. He was born dumb = Åûªúø’ °æ¤ô’d-éπ-ûÓØË ´‚í∫. Å®·ûË ´‚í∫-¢√-∞¡x†’ dumb ņúøç ÆæÈ®j-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Å™« ņúøç ¢√∞¡x†’ Å´-´÷-Eç-îªúøç. Speech impaired Åçö«ç. Mute= silent (´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-LT èπÿú≈ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç) They were mute in fear = ¶μºßª’çûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. Avenge = to punish or hurt some one for the wrong they have done to you, your friends or relatives.

(O’èπ◊, O’¢√-∞¡xèπ◊, O’ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©èπ◊ ïJ-T† ÅØ√u-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æí∫-B®Ω’aéÓ´úøç/ v°æB-鬮Ωç B®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç) Parasurama avenged his father's death by killing all Kshatriyas.

(éπ~vA-ߪ·-©oç-ü¿Ko îªç°œ °æ®Ω-¨¡Ÿ®√-´·úø’ ûª† ûªçvúÕ £æ«ûªuèπ◊ v°æB-鬮Ωç B®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)

Avenge - verb Revenge -

°æí∫/ v°æB-鬮Ωç. ÉC

noun.

He took revenge on his political rivals by defeating them in the elections =

ûª† ®√ï-éÃߪ’ v°æûªu-®Ω’n-©†’ áEo-éπ™x ãúÕç* v°æB-鬮Ωç B®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Avenge E áèπ◊\-´í¬ ´’†Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈, ´’†èπ◊ Ææç•çCμç-*† ¢√∞¡}èπ◊ ïJ-T† ÅØ√u-ߪ÷-EéÀ èπÿ-ú≈ v°æB-鬮Ωç B®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç -Å-ØË -Å®Ωnç-ûÓ -¢√-úø-û√ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 7 -´÷-Ja 2010 Rao: I find time hanging heavy on my hands. It's really boring to have nothing to do, you know.

(Æ洒ߪ’ç ᙫ í∫úø-§ƒ™ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’. îËÊÆçü¿’Íéç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË NÆæ’Íí.) Sita: Agreed, but you can find your time fleeting if only you have the will. Why don't you make reading a habit, now that you have all the time in the world for yourself?

(؈’ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊çö«. é¬F, ´’†-Ææ’çõ‰ time î√™« ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úø-*-§Ú-´úøç í∫´’-E-≤ƒh´¤. îªü¿-´úøç ã Å©-¢√-ô’í¬ îËÆæ’éÓ. Time áçûÓ Ææ®Ω-üΔí¬ í∫úø°æ´îª’a.) Rao: I know there are authors and novels, but I haven't the faintest idea how interesting they can be, I believe books can never hold your attention.

(®Ωîª-®·-ûª©÷, †´-©©÷ Ö†oô’x Ø√èπÿ ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬F, Å¢Áçûª ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Öçö«ßÁ÷ Ø√èπ◊

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ¢√öÀ™ éÌ-Eoç-öÀ-E ÆœE-´÷©’í¬ B¨»®Ω’. Å´Fo î√© Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†N. ¢√öÀE îªü¿’´¤. Time ᙫ í∫úø’-Ææ’hçüÓ FÍé ûÁMü¿’.) Rao: I have seen some of the English movies based on the books that I never read. There is never a dull moment and you are glued to your seat and just keep watching them.

(؈’ îªü¿-´E †´©© ÇüμΔ-®Ωçí¬ BÆœ† éÌEo English ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷-¨»†’. äéπ\ éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-¤. èπ◊KaéÀ -Åûª’-èπ◊\-§Ú®· Å™« îª÷Ææ÷hØË Öçö«ç.) Sita: So they are. The performance of the actors is really spell-binding. You will really enjoy them.

(ÅN Å™«Íí Öçö«®·. †ô’© v°æü¿-®Ωz† ´’çvûª´·-í∫’l¥-©’í¬ îËÆæ’hç-C. -¢√-öÀ-E Eïçí¬ Ç†ç-C≤ƒhç -´’-†ç.) Rao: Ok, I'll try. (v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’.).

2

*´J ´÷ô ´®Ωèπ◊ v¨ûª© ´’†-Ææ’q†’/ ü¿%≠œdE Çéπ-ô’dèπ◊ØË™« ÖçC. b) Her dance couldn't hold the attention of the spectators even for a shortwhile =

é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’ Ø√ôuç vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©-†’ -Ç-éπ-ô’d-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC. 2) Absorbing = very interesting = î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀhéπ®Ωçí¬/ ÉçÍé N≠æߪ’ç Ç™-*ç-îª-™‰-†ç-ûªí¬ Öçúøôç. a) The movie 'Titanic' was so absorbing that none stirred in their seats till the end =

*´J ´®Ωèπ◊ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-™„´y®Ω÷ èπÿ®Ω’a-†o-îÓöÀ †’ç* éπü¿-™‰x-†çûª/ éπü¿-©-E-´y-†çûª ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ≤ƒTçC. Titanic *vûªç. b) Sachin's double century innings the

The magic feats were spell binding ÉÆæ’´’ç-ûª-èπÿú≈ ûÁMü¿’. °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’ -Å-çûª ÇÆæ-éÀhéπ®Ωçí¬ Öçúø-´E Ø√ †´’téπç.) Sita: On the contrary. Some novels can be really very absorbing. James Hadley Chase's Cade, for example, is one. It's really compelling. Some of the novels of Sidney Sheldon are engrossing. They are really page turners. You can't wait to finish them.

(ÅüËç é¬ü¿’. éÌEo †´-©©’ ´’† ´’†Ææ’†’ °æ‹Jhí¬ Çéπ-ô’d-éÌØË™« Öçö«®·. James Hadley Chase †´© Cade äéπ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù. ÅC ´’† ü¿%≠œdE üΔE-O’üË ÖçúË™« îËÆæ’hçC. Sidney Sheldon †´-©©’ ´’† ´’†Ææ’†’ ÇéπJ{ç-îË¢Ë. ÅN Eïçí¬ Ê°@ ûª®√yûª Ê°@ A°æ¤pûª÷ îªC-¢Ë-ô’xç-ö«®·. á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh-îË-≤ƒh´÷ ÅE-°œ-Ææ÷h -Öçô’çC.) Rao: Have you any of them that you can lend me? I'll start on them and see if they can help me pass time.

(F ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅN éÌØËo´’Ø√o ÖØ√oߪ÷ Ø√éÀ-îËaçü¿’èπ◊. ؈’ †´©©’ îªü¿-´úøç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμ≤ƒh. Æ洒ߪ’ç í∫úÕ-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -Å-C ûÓúøp-úø’ûª’çüË¢Á÷ îª÷≤ƒh†’.) Sita: I have a good collection of novels by Chase, Jeffrey Archer, John Grisham, Stephen King, etc. Most of them are crime stories that are rivetting. Some of them have been made into fascinating movies. Just read them and you hardly know how time passes. (Chase, Jaffrey Archer, John Grisham, Stephen, King

®√Æœ† †´©©’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω, ؈’ ÊÆéπ-Jç-*-†N ÖØ√o®·. ´’† ü¿%≠œdE ´’®Ω-©a™‰†çûª ÇÆæéÀh éπL-TçîË ØË®Ω-Ç-üμΔ-Jûª †´©©’ ÅN.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 589 Notes: (Time) hanging heavy on somebody =

Q: Sir, Be form am, is, are

í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îË-ô°æ¤púø’ ©†’, Be - E verbs í¬ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, áéπ\úø Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ω’?

ÇúÕ† éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC.

Ææ*Ø˛ ¢Á·†o Çô-B®Ω’ áçûÓ ÇÆæéÀh-

c) The drama festival promises an

îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ °æØËç ™‰éπ absorbing fare = Ç Ø√ô-éÓ-ûªq´ç Æ洒ߪ’ç ᙫ í∫úø-§ƒ™ ûÁL-ߪ’éπ NÆæ’-í∫ÇÆæ-éÀh-¶μº-J-ûªçí¬ ÖçúË †´’téπç éπL-TE-°œç-îªúøç. ≤ÚhçC. M.SURESAN fleeting = ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫-úø*-§Ú-´úøç [Absorb = °‘©aúøç, Sponge absorbs water ≤ƒpçñ¸ F∞¡x†’ °‘©’-Ææ’hçC, Have the faintest idea = ᙫçöÀ Å´-í¬-£æ«Ø√ ™‰éπÅ™«Íí ´’†-Lo -Çéπ-ô’dèπ◊-ØË-C -à-ü¿-®·Ø√ absorb§Ú´úøç. ing Å´¤-ûª’çC éπüΔ?] Collection = ÊÆéπ-®Ωù/ ÊÆéπ-Jç-*† ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. 3) Compelling = DE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ °j °æüΔ-™«xÍí Look at the following expressions from the 'î√™« ÇÆæéÀh éπL-TçîË— ÅE. ÆœE-´÷-©èπ◊, °æ¤Ææh-鬩èπ◊ conversation above. ¢√úøû√ç. 1) ... hold your attention. Compel Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπüΔ? '•©-´çûªç îËߪ’úøç— 2) ... absorbing. ÅE. Compelling Åçõ‰ '•©-´çûªç îËÊÆ— ÅE. 3) ... compelling. Novel/ Movie -E Compelling ņ-úøç™ ¶μ«´ç: 4) ... engrossing. Ç novel/ movie ´’† ÇÆæ-éÀhE ûª´’-¢Áj°æ¤ •©-´ç5) They are really page turners. ûªçí¬ A°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ö«®·. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀE îªü¿-¢√-©E, 6) Most of them are stories that are rivetting. îª÷ú≈-©E •©-¢Á’i† éÓJ-éπ†’ éπL-T-≤ƒh®·. Åçõ‰ '¢√öÀ 7) They have been made into fascinating †’ç* ü¿%≠œd ´’®Ω-©a-™‰-†çûª ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·— ÅE. movies.

8) There is never a dull moment. 9) The performance of the actors really spell binding.

°j´Fo èπÿú≈ Interesting (ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†/ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-TçîË) ÅØË ¶μ«¢√-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´÷ô©’. ÅEo-öÀéà Ææ÷n©çí¬ Å®Ωnç, 'ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†—. Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ, ¢√öÀ ¢√úø-éπç™ é¬Ææh ûËú≈©’çö«®·. Å™« ¢√öÀ Å®Ωnç, ¢√öÀ ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ´·êuç. ÅN É°æ¤púø’ îª÷üΔlç. 1) Hold somebody's attention = äéπJ ü¿%≠œdE Çéπ-ô’d-éÓ-´úøç/ ü¿%≠œd ´’®Ω-©-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ÊÆ. a) His speech held the attention of the audience till his last word =

Çߪ’† v°æÆæçí∫ç

E. Anil T.N.Palem (Prakasham Dt.)

other day was absorbing = double century

(you) Be here till 10 =

°æC ´®Ωèπ◊ (†’´¤y) Ééπ\úø

Öçúø’. Should be =

Öçú≈L. (Order)/ Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçö«†’/ Öçö«úø’/ Öçö«ç/ Öçö«®Ω’/ Should be can be would be may be Öçô’çC (í∫ûªç †’ç* ¶μºN≠æuûª’h ûÁL-Ê°will be might be could be shall be ô°æ¤púø’). OöÀ™ be îË®Ωa-úøç-´©x ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ ᙫ ´÷®Ω-û√ßÁ÷ He said he would be here = (í∫ûªç™) Åûªúø’ Ø√ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. îÁ§ƒpúø’, ûªE-éπ\úø Öçö«-†E (Would be). A: To be = Öçúøôç; ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ be = Öçúø’ Will be = ¶μºN≠æuûª’h™  Öçúøôç. (Am, Is, Are, Was, Were... É´Fo èπÿú≈ to be Could be = í∫ûªç™ Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç/ Öçúø-´îª’a éÀ NNüμ¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ©’. (É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈). He is here to be our leader = Åûªúø’ ´’† Ø√ߪ’She could be a great singer because her èπ◊úÕí¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ééπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’ (is). mother was a singer = Ç¢Á’ ûªLx í¬ßª’-Eí¬ To be here is dangerous = Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç ÖçúËC (was) 鬕öÀd, Ç¢Á’ í¬ßª’Eí¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-TçC v°æ´÷ü¿éπ®Ωç. (Could be). Would be =

a) Sri Sri's poetry is compelling/ compellingly readable =

XX éπNûªyç ´’† ü¿%≠œdE Çéπ-ô’déÓ-´-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, ´’† ´’†-Ææ’†’ éπöÀd-°æ-úË-ÊÆ™« Öçô’çC.

b) Some of the scenery in the movie are compellingly attractive =

Ç ÆœE-´÷-™E éÌEo v°æéπ%A ü¿%¨»u©’ -ü¿%-≠œd-E éπöÀd-°æ-úË-ÊÆçûª Çéπ-®Ω{ùÃߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√o®·. 4) Engrossing = DE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ 'ü¿%≠œd/ ´’†Ææ’ ´’®Ω-©’a-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Ö-†o— ÅE. a) Even today Mayabazar engrossing movie. =

remains

an

É¢√-RdéÀ èπÿú≈ ´÷ߪ÷•ñ«®˝ ´’† ´’†Ææ’†’ ´’®Ω-©a-™‰-†çûª ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† *vûªçí¬ Öçô’çC.

The car a beauty. It could be expensive = (is). could be =

b) The music concert yesterday was an engrossing fare.

E†oöÀ ÆæçUûª éπîËaJ ´’†-Ææ’†’ Çéπ-ô’d-èπ◊ØË Nçü¿’í¬ ÖçC. fare = Nçü¿’. 5) Page turners = Ñ ´÷ô ÇÆæ-éÀhE Í®Èé-AhçîË °æ¤Ææhé¬-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®Ωnç: ûª®Ω’-¢√A Ê°@™ à´’-´¤-ûª’çüÓ ÅØË Öûª\ç®∏Ω éπL-Tç*, í∫•-í∫¶« Ê°@©’ A°œp îªC-¢Ëçûª ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω¢Á’i† °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo 'A page turner' Åçö«ç. a) The novels of James Hadley Chase are real page turners = James Hadley chase

†´-©©’ Öûª\ç-®∏Ω-¶μº-J-ûªçí¬ í∫•-í∫¶« îªü¿¢√©E°œçîËNí¬ Öçö«®·. b) My novels so far, I know, haven't been very good, but let me promise you my next one will be a page turner =

ØËEç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ®√Æœ† †´-©©’ Åçûª ¶«í¬-™‰-´E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√o-†’, Ñ≤ƒJ †´© ´÷vûªç î√™« ÇÆæéÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Öçô’çC. 6) Rivetting - DE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ 'ü¿%≠œd ´’®Ω-©a-E-´yE— ÅE. a) The Mahabharatam is absolutely rivetting from the start to the finish =

Çü¿uçûªç ü¿%≠œd ´’®Ω-©’a-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ Öçô’çC ´’£æ…-¶μ«®Ωûªç.

b) It is rivetting story about a child's sacrifice to save its mother =

Ç éπü∑¿ ûªLx-éÓÆæç û√uí∫çîËÊÆ Gúøf†’ í∫’Jç*† ü¿%≠œd-´’®Ω©aE-´yE éπü∑¿. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉçéÓ ´÷ô, 'gripping' The novel has a gripping narration = Ç †´© éπü∑Δ-Ææç-N-üμΔ†ç ü¿%≠œd ´’®Ω-©a-E-´yE ÇÆæ-éÀhûÓ Öçô’çC. 7) Fascinating - Åû√u-éπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i†. The feats of the child circus artists were really fascinating =

P¨¡Ÿ éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’© NØ√u-≤ƒ©’ Ææçv¶μº-´÷-¨¡a-®√u©’ éπL-Tç-îË-Ní¬ ÖØ√o®·.

e.g. : The music in the movie is really fascinating =

Å®Ωnç ûÁL-Æœç-Cí¬.

He told us a fascinating story. 8) There is a never a dull moment =

-äéπ\ éπ~-ùç

èπÿ-ú≈ -NÆæ’í∫-E°œç-îªéπ-§Ú-´-úøç. There is a never a dull moment in the movie 'Missamma' =

N’Ææq´’t *vûªç™ äéπ\ éπ~ùç èπÿú≈

NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-îªü¿’. 9) Spell binding =

´’çvûª-´·-í∫’l¥Lo îËߪ’-úøç.

a) That scene in the movie is really spell binding =

ÆœE-´÷™ Ç ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç Eïçí¬ ´’çvûª-´·-í∫’l¥Lo îËÊÆ-Cí¬ ÖçC. b) The magic feats were spell binding = Ç Éçvü¿-ñ«©ç ´’çvûª-´·-í∫’l¥Lo îËÊÆ-Cí¬ ÖçC. I/ We shall be = He/ She/ It/ They will be.

Ç ÅC î√™« êKüÁj Öçúø-

°j¢√-öÀ-éπ-Eoç-öÀéà be îË®Ωaúøç ´©x Öçúøôç ÅØË é¬®Ω’ î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀ °æéπ\† be éÀ •ü¿’©’, go, sing, É°æ¤púø’). ´îª’a ( walk ™«çöÀN ´ÊÆh Çߪ÷ °æ†’©’ îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç Can be = Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç (É°æ¤púø’/ future ™). ´Ææ ’hçC. She can be here in 10 minutes = Ç¢Á’ °æC EN’≥ƒ™x Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’. They can be great = ¢√∞¡Ÿx íÌ°æp ¢√∞¡Ÿxí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©®Ω’. -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -v°æ-A-¶μº -Ç-Ø˛-™„j-Ø˛ -á-úÕ-≠æ-Ø˛-™ -ØË-úø’ May be = Öçúø-´îª’a (É°æ¤púø’ – ÆæçüË£æ«ç) ★ °æ-üÓ-ûª®Ωí∫-A ÂÆj-Ø˛q (-á-Ø˛.-áÆˇ.) They may be there now = ¢√Rx-°æ¤púø’ Åéπ\úø Öçúø-§Ú-≠æ-ù – -Ç®Óí∫u ÊÆ-¢√ÆæçÆæn-©’ ´îª’a (ÖØ√o-Í®¢Á÷ – ÆæçüË£æ«ç). ( ®Ω-·--vA: -ú≈éπd®˝ °œ.-áÆˇ.®Ω-ï-E) Might be = ÖçúÕ Öçúø-´îª’a– í∫ûªç™. ★ Junior Inter Zoology I thought they might be good = ؈-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ (í∫ûªç™) ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’ç*¢√∞¡Ÿxí¬ ÖçúÌ-îªaE (Might be). – Locomotion and Reproduction in Protozoa Shall be = future ™ Öçúøôç. (Writer: Sriram Ravindra) I shall be there tomorrow = Í®°æ¤ ؈-éπ\úø Öçö«†’. http://www.eenadu.net/pratibha_intro/pratibhassc.htm

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 14 -´÷-Ja 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ c) I have got to/ have to see a doctor this doctor evening =

R. Lakshmi

© ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E äéπ ví¬´’®˝ •’é˙™ îªC-¢√†’. üΔE v°æ鬮Ωç I

am going telling you a new lesson

ņúøç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

A. There are two participles - 1) The present participle - The '...ing' form - coming, going, etc. 2) The past participle - formed mostly by adding '-ed' (talked, raided), '-d' (Raised, loved, etc.) or '-t' (smelt, learnt, etc), and some times irregularly (sung, given, taught, etc)

Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd, go, come ûª®√yûª present/ past ´Ææ’hçC. ÅçûË-é¬E á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’.

participle

eg: i) He came running (came + running - present participle)

4. Why did the girl still sit there? 5. With whom did the girl travel?

Q. We have got to get the horse. A.

A.

í∫’v®√Eo üÌçT-Lç-*† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* á´-®ΩØ√o à´’Ø√o ÅØ√o®√? ÅØ√o-úø-ûªúø’. 'àüË-´’-®·Ø√— ÅØ√o†’ ؈’.

Q. But if we are foundout, that's what you are to say. I don't want both of us to be liars. A.

´’†ç üÌJ-éÀûË (¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†Lo °æô’d-èπ◊çõ‰) †’´¤y îÁ§ƒp-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç ÅD. ´’†ç Éü¿l®Ωç Å•-üΔl¥©’ îÁÊ°p-¢√-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Å´úøç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’.

Q. Nevertheless, I hoped in time to learn to ride the way my cousin rode. A.

6. With whom the

DEéÀ èπÿú≈ °j† îÁ°œp† Å®Ωn¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC éπüΔ? (Ç í∫’v®√Eo ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L ´’†ç)

Q. "Who said anything about stealing a horse?" he said. "Any how" I said.

ii) They go satisfied (go + satisfied - past participle)

Å®·ûË, Ñ participles go, come ûª®√yûªØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ à verb ûª®√yûª®·Ø√ ®√´îª’a. Å®·Ø√ àç îÁ§ƒpL/ ®√ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çD clear í¬ Öçõ‰, É™«çöÀ ÆæçüË-£æ…©’ ®√´¤.

3. Why the girl still sat there?

Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ؈’ †’ îª÷ú≈L. (Ø√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç) DEéÀ past tense, had got to/ had to (í∫ûªç™ NCμ/ Å´-Ææ®Ωç)

Q. Sir, Go, Come participle

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ/ é¬F, 鬩véπ¢Ë’ù« ؈÷ ´÷ cousin ™« ≤ƒyK -îË-ߪ’-úøç -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-¢√-©-E (Åçûª-ØË®Ω’p Ææç-§ƒCç-î√-©-E) -Ç-Pç-î√-†’.

2

girl travelled? A.

V V Ramakrishna, Rajahmundry

1. á´®Ω’ -Ç Å´÷t-®·E îËûª’™xÈéûª’h-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’? 2. Ç Å´÷t®· á´Jo îËûª’-™x-Èé-ûª’h-èπ◊çC? 3. ÉC question í¬ ûª°æ¤p. Åçõ‰ question É™« Öçúøü¿’. Why the girl still sat there = Ç Å´÷t®· Éçé¬ Åéπ\-úÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿ®Ω’açüÓ.... ÉC äéπ sentence ™ (question é¬ü¿’) ¶μ«í∫ç 鬴a. Why the girl still sat there I don't know = I don't know why the girl still sat there =

Ç Å´÷t®· Åéπ\úø Éçé¬ áçü¿’èπ◊ èπÿ®Ω’açüÓ Ø√èπ◊ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. 4. Ç Å´÷t®· Åéπ\úø Éçé¬ áçü¿’èπ◊ èπÿ®Ω’açC? (í∫ûªç™) – ÉC question.

It is up to you to take it or leave it Q. Keep someone waiting, working, standing present participle

©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√ú≈-©E ÖçC. DE í∫’Jç* éÌEo ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ É´y-í∫-©®Ω’. A. O’ v°æ¨¡o-™ ØË O’èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ÖçC, í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Keep someone waiting/ working/ standing expressions waiting, working, standing present participles

ÅØË

™,

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 590 U. Rajkumar, Darsi Q.

É´Fo éπüΔ? Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

Ç í∫’v®√-EéÃ, ´÷ èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ Ææç•çüμ¿ç Öçü¿E †´’t-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ééπ\úÕ Ææç•çüμ¿ç Öçúøôç. Åûª-úÕéÃ Ç ØË®√-Eéà à¢Á’iØ√ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ÖçüΔ? Ø√èπÿ Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-Eéà à Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.

c) Why are you here? Have you anything to do with any body here?

áçü¿’èπ◊Ø√oN-éπ\úø? FéÀ-éπ\úø á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√, àüÁjØ√ °æ†’çüΔ?/ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ÖçüΔ? A.

Ç í∫’v®√-EéÀ °æ®Ω’-Èí-û√h-©-E-°œç-*-†ç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ üΔEo ¢Ë’ç °æ®Ω’-Èí-Ahçî√ç. Felt like - past tense of feel like = àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-©-E-°œç-îªúøç I feel like (having) a good cup of coffee = coffee She felt like hitting him =

Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç*

û√í¬-©-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ç¢Á’-éπ-ûªúÕo éÌö«d-©-E-

°œç-*çC. Q. That is up to the horse. A. upto somebody = I can give you only ten rupees. It is up to you to take it or leave it =

ÅC Ç í∫’v®Ωç É≠ædç

äéπ-J≠ædç

Fèπ◊ °æC ®Ω÷§ƒßª’™‰ ØËE-îËaC. BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Ó, ´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Ó F É≠ædç.

Q. You have got to let me try to ride alone. A. have/ has got to = have to/ has to = must/ should =

†’´¤y ††’o äçô-Jí¬ ≤ƒyK îËߪ’-E-¢√yL.

äéπ °æE NCμí¬ØÓ, Å´-Ææ-®√-E-éÀ-í¬ØÓ îËߪ÷Lq ®√´úøç.

a) They have got to/ have to finish the work by the evening =

≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-E-éπ™«x ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æE

Who did the girl travel with?2nd question

DEo O’

ûÓ §Ú©açúÕ. ™«Íí, ÉC é¬ü¿’. Ç Å´÷t®· á´JûÓ v°æߪ÷ùç îËÆœçüÓ.... ÉC ¢√éπuç™ ¶μ«í∫-¢Ë’-éπüΔ? DEo Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’/ á´-Jéà ûÁMü¿’/ †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-´îª’a. îª÷úøçúÕ: With

M.SURESAN

؈-†’-éÓ-´úøç ñ«cØ√Eo °ç§Òç-CçîË Å稻©’ éÌEo Öçö«-ߪ’E. ¢√öÀ™x v§ƒüμΔ†uç É´y-´-©-ÆœçD, àC áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Öçú≈-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-Eéà (A sense of proportion), äéπ Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ÅEo Å稻©÷ °æJ-í∫-ù-†-™éÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç, ¢√öÀ™x ¢ËöÀ-éÀ¢√y-Lq† v§ƒ´·êuç ¢√öÀ-éÀ-´yúøç ÅØËN ´·êuç. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’-éπçõ‰ éπ≠d-´æ ’¯-ûª’-Ø√o®·, NNüμ¿ ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ E°æ¤ù’©èπ◊ Öçúø´©Æœ† v°æûËuéπ °æJñ«c†ç, à¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ °æJ-ñ«c†ç Öçú≈-©-ØËC, üΔE ÆæçéÀx-≠d-ûæ ª-´©x. Nñ«c†ç áçûÓ ÅGμ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿-´îª’a ÅEo Å稻™x†÷. é¬F, ñ«c†ç Åçü¿’èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-ßË’ç-ûªí¬ áü¿-í∫™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË ñ«c†ç ÅØË °æüΔEo E®Ωy-*çîË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, üΔEo °ç§Òç-CçîË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, àé¬-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-úøç -™‰ü¿’. (O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† passage ™ ®Ωîª-®·ûª ´uéÃh-éπ-®Ω-ù™ Ææp≠ædûª (Clarity of expression) Åçûªí¬ éπE-°œç-îªúøç-™‰ü¿’. üΔE-éÀ-ûÓúø’ O’®Ω’ üΔEo copy îËߪ’-úøç™ éÌEo punctuation errors ÖØ√o®·. Åçü¿’-´©x Ø√éπ-®Ωn-´’-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™ éÀ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç î˨»†’.)

Srinivas, Nirmal

6. Sentence 3 question With whom the girl travelled =

whom the girl travelled = Who the girl travelled with (Modern Expression). Can you tell me with whom the girl travelled? = can you tell me who the girl travelled with?

(Ç Å´÷t®· á´JûÓ v°æߪ÷ùç îËÆœçüÓ îÁ•’-û√®√?/ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®√?) I don't know with whom the girl travelled = I don't know who she travelled with =

Ç

Å´÷t®· á´JûÓ v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-*çüÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. Gurram Shankar, Karimnagar.

b) She has got to/ has to report for duty by 10 everyday = (must/ should)

Ç¢Á’ ®ÓW °æCç-öÀ-éπ™«x Nüμ¿’-

Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©-´’üμ¿u ¶μ‰üΔ©’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. à ¢√é¬u©’ ûª§Úp N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. Who lifted the girl in her arm? 2. Who did the girl lift in her arm?

éÌEo ÆæçüË-£æ…-©†’ B®Ωa-í∫-©®Ω’.

Secular India has undergone several convulsions during the past 60 years, so much so that doubts about its survival were entertained by many.

äéπ ¢Ë’í∫-ñ„j-Ø˛™ îªC-N† °j ¢√éπuç™ has undergone ÖçC. 鬕öÀd, are entertained by many ÅE Öçú≈L éπüΔ. A. O’®Ω’ -ûÁ-L°œ† sentence ™ '.... were entertained' ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. Å™« ÅE ÆæÈ®j† sentence ÅF éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp™‰ç. 'so much so,' 'so' ™«í∫ conjunction. When two clauses are joined by a conjunction, the tenses of the verbs in these clauses can be different, so long as we get a meaning.

Ñ sentence îª÷üΔlç. Å°æ¤púø’ üΔE correctness ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. ™˜éÀéπ ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ç (Secular India) Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ áEo äúÕ-ü¿’-úø’-èπ◊-©†’ îª÷Æœç-ü¿çõ‰ üΔE´’-†’í∫úË éÌçûª-´’çC-îË í∫ûªç™ ÆæçüË-£œ«ç--îª-•-úÕç-C (were entertained). DEo ÆæÈ®j† ûÁ©’-í∫’™: í∫ûªç™ éÌçûª-´’çC üΔE ´’†’-í∫úË ÆæçüË-£œ«ç-îËç-ûªí¬ èπÿú≈ ™˜éÀéπ ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ç ûª† 60 à∞¡x îªJ-vûª™ áØÓoä-úø’-üÌ-úø’-èπ◊-©†’ îª÷ÆœçC. Ñ parallel sentence îª÷úøçúÕ.: He has stolen money on several occasions so much so that my money was stolen last week.

Å®·ûË Ç îËßÁ·îª’a.

sentence

†’ Ñ Nüμ¿çí¬

improve

a) '.. so much so that doubts were entertained by many on several occasions in sentence the past. In the past

îËJa Öçõ‰

éÌçûª ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ÖçúËC. b) ... so much so that doubts have been entertained by many Q. Sentence patterns

ÉC îªéπ\í¬ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. í∫’Jç* èπ◊x°æhçí¬ Å®·Ø√

N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Sentence patterns

î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®· éπüΔ? áçûª èπ◊x°æhçí¬ N´-Jç-*Ø√ É°æ¤p-úø’†o Ææn©ç î√©ü¿’. O©’ ¢Áç•úÕ ûªy®Ω-™ØË N´-Jç-îª-í∫©ç.

Q. Dear Sir, I am a teacher of English for primary section I came across a sentence in VII English text of Govt. of A.P. At page no: 64 (English medium) by CIEFL 'Mizoram with an area of 21,087 sq kms, is one of the India's border states'. When Apostrophe, follows "one of" Article 'the' is not used but here why did use. Please comment on in a wide scope. How to rectify the errors in the Govt. Text books.

Q. The BSP, which has been losing its Brahmin support base to the Congress, would welcome whatever upper-cast support it can get in order to add to its Dalit vote base. Amarsingh and his newly launched Lokmanch could come in handy.

A. 'One of the India's border states' is certainly wrong. It should be '...... one of India's border sates.' The use of the article 'the' before 'India's' is wrong in any way. Your point that 'one of' should not be followed by 'the' is not correct either. No connection between 'One of' and 'the'. Look at the following sentences.

Would welcome - this is an example of the use of 'would' in the present too. 'Would' present tense 'Wish to/ like to'

It is one of the country's border states - This is OK. She is one of the 'teacher's favourites = '...one of the India's border states' - In this sentence, 'the' before 'India's' may be a printer's mistake.

Ç¢Á’,

°æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷L. ©èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω-¢√yL

éÀçC -Éç-Tx-≠ˇèπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

There are, I think several factors that contribute to wisdom of these I should put first a sense of proportion to the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialize knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Knowledge surpasses mall aspects but there has been no correlative increase in wisdom. But, agreement ceases as soon as we attempt dedfind wisdom and consider means of promoting it.

I could not believe the horse had anything to do with my cousin. cousin A. phrasal verb, to do with = a) Has he anything to do with the crime? = b) I have nothing to do with the book =

Q. We let the horse run as long as it felt like running. A.

5. Ç Å´÷t®· á´®Óh v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-*çC? (Å®·ûË Modern English ™ Whom ¢√úøéπç ™‰ü¿’. Whom •ü¿’©’ Who ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å°æ¤púø’, with ÅØË preposition, question *´-®Ω-´-Ææ’hçC.

Q. Sir,

ûª´’ öÃ˝ ÅGμ-´÷-Eç-îË-¢√-∞¡x™ äéπ®Ω’.

°j ¢√éπuç™ à éÓ-´úøç ᙫ?

tense

†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-

A. Has been losing present perfect tense.

†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ

™

¢√úøû√ç. can get - can, present tense ability in the future

éπüΔ? Å®·ûË, ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ can

¢√úøû√ç. They can sing well = (present)

¢√∞¡Ÿx §ƒúø-í∫-©®Ω’ (É°æpöÀ

≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç)

He can earn a lot in 3 years from now = (future ability)

´‚úË∞¡xèπ◊ Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ Ææ秃-Cç-îª-í∫-©úø’

鬕öÀd 'can' present tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

future

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 21 -´÷-Ja 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

E. Anil, Bapatla Q. Sir, sub+verb+obj sentence

äéπ ¢√é¬uEo EJtç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? ÅN ™‰èπ◊çú≈ E form îËߪ’-™‰´÷? A. Subject, verb ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√éπuç Öçúøü¿’. object ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd object Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçô’çC. eg: She sings- Ééπ\úø 'she', subject, 'sings', verb. Ç¢Á ’ §ƒúø’-ûª ’çC. ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉC sentence Å´¤-ûª’çC éπüΔ. She sings film songs - Ééπ\úø subject: she, Verb: sings; Object: film songs (Ç¢Á’ ÆœE´÷ §ƒô©’ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC) The child can walk- ÉC ÉçéÓ sentence object ™‰èπ◊çú≈ (Ç Gúøf †úø-´-í∫-©ü¿’). Subject - The child, verb - can walk. 鬕öÀd sentence ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊ object Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. Q. Be, to be, has/ have ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª past participle é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éçé¬ à¢Á’iØ√ adjectives, nouns ®√´î√a? ´ÊÆh à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™?

(i) He gave (AV) given

Åûª-úø’ Éî√aúø’ = He was (Åûª-úø’ É´y-•-ú≈fúø’) Å´¤†’. Object ™‰ü¿’. üΔEéÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd - Å-ûª-úË-N’-î√aúÓ (AV). -Å-ûª-úË-ç -É-´y-•-ú≈f-úÓ (PV) Ñ sentence ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡Ÿx ûÁ©-§ƒL éπüΔ? Å™« ûÁL°œûË sentence complete Å´¤-ûª’çC éπüΔ? Q. Passive voice ™ 'É´y-•-úøôç— ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûª°æp-EÆæ-Jí¬ Öçú≈™«? A. Öçú≈L. To be (am, is, are, etc...) ᙫ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø´îª’a. O’Í® ®√Æœ, ´÷ö«xúÕ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ¶«í¬ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çC. É´Fo èπÿú≈ 'be' forms - will be - future ™ Öçô’ç-C/ -Öçö«úø’/ Öçö«®Ω’/ Öçö«®·. Can be- Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’ (É°æ¤púø’, future ™) Should be - Öçú≈L. Would be - í∫ûªç †’ç* future™ Öçúøôç May be - ÖçúÌa. É°æ¤púø’, ´·çü¿’´·çü¿’ Might be - ÖçúÌa. É°æ¤púø’, ´·çü¿’´·çü¿’ G. Shankar, Keshavapatnam Q. Dear Sir, I have studied a phrasal verb in a Grammar book. That is.. "With a view to set-

2

Q. A Liquor Baron A. A person who has become rich and influential by doing liquor business. (By manufacturing and selling alcoholic drinks- e.g. : Vijay Malya) Baron = Something like a Zamindar (A rich landlord) Q. A Flamboyant youngster A. Flamboyant =

«éÃí¬ Öû√q£æ«çí¬, Éûª-®Ω’-©-éπçõ‰ Gμ†oçí¬ éπE-°œç-îªúøç ´©x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃߪ’çí¬ ÖçúË.

Q. Vizag Vignette A. Vizag Vignette (Pronunciation

N†uö¸) †’ í∫’Jç* ûÁLÊ° *†o ®Ω/ *vûªç

Vizag

Q. A Galaxy of dignitaries A.

v°æ´·ê £æ«ÙüΔ™ Ö†o ´uèπ◊h© Ææ´‚£æ«ç.

(Galaxy = A thick cluster/ group of stars). Q. Raw deal A. Raw deal =

ÆæÈ®j† Ø√uߪ’ç ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´úøç.

As a token of my gratitude A. Be/ to be = am/ is/ are; was/ were; 'be' verbs (shall be, should be, can be, etc), been verbs, (have been, has been, would have been could have been, etc)'be/ to be' past participle Noun, adjective, present participle (... ing form) English

Q. Lady luck.

*´®Ω

ÖçúË *´®Ω

´îËa

É´Fo

NNüμ¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ©’. OöÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ®√¢√-©E ™‰ü¿’.

°æéπ\†

™«çöÀ¢Ë¢Á’iØ√ ®√´îª’a. O’®Ω’ ûÁ-©-§ƒ-©-†’-èπ◊ØË ¶μ«¢√Eo •öÀd ÅÆæ©’ O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’èπ◊Ø√o, ®√ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o Ñ Ç™-îª-†-©Fo ņ-´Ææ®Ω¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, O’ free flow of speech/ writing (üμΔ®√∞¡çí¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈f-EéÃ/ ®√ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊) ÅúøfçéÀ èπÿú≈. ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø’, ®√ÊÆ-°æ¤púø’, àç îÁ§ƒp-L/ ®√ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊-†oD ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªçúÕ. Ñ Ç™-îª-†©’ °ô’d-èπ◊E, ´’†ç 'be' form ûª®√yûª noun ¢√-úø’-ûª’Ø√o´÷, objective/ PP/ ...ing form ¢√-úø’ûª’Ø√o´÷, ÅE Ç™-*Ææ÷h ¶μ«¢√Eo ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îª®Ω’ éπüΔ? O’®Ω’ ûÁ©’í∫’ ´÷ö«xúË°æ¤úø’ à verb (véÀߪ’) ûª®√yûª à part of speech ´Ææ’hçüÓ Ç™-*Ææ÷h ´÷ö«xú≈h®√? O’®Ω’ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC– 'be' form ûª®√yûª, O’®Ω’ °jéÀ ûÁ-L°œ† 'be' forms ûÓ O-™„j-†Eo sentences ®√ߪ’çúÕ. ¢√öÀ™ x 'be' forms ûª®√yûª part participle ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ Éûª®Ω °æüΔ©’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îÓa ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. Å™«Íí have/ hasûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√é¬u©’ îËÆœ îª÷úøçúÕ. O’ v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷üμΔ†ç O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. 'Be' form ûª®√yûª past participle ´ÊÆh verb, passive voice Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤p-úøC ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '•úø’—, '•úøôç— ÅØË Å®√n©-ûÓ -Öçô’çC.

This song is sung at our school everyday. sentence verb - is sung - is - be form + sung - past participle of sing verb, 'be' form + part participle verb passive voice Sentence (is sung)

Ñ

™

Ééπ\úø

鬕öÀd, ™ ÖçC. Å®Ωnç: v°æA ®ÓW Ç §ƒô Ææ÷\™x §ƒúø-•-úø’-ûª’çC ÉüË Active voice ™ Å®·ûË, We (The students) sing this song at our school every day = school

v°æA-®ÓW Ñ §ƒô†’ ¢Ë’ç (NüΔu-®Ω’n©’) ™ §ƒ-úø-û√ç: ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.

Many have seen the movie (Active VoiceVerb: have seen) = The movie has been seen by many. Active Voice Passive Voice

Å®Ωnç: î√™«-´’çC Ç ÆœE´÷ Å®Ωnç: Ç ÆœE´÷ î√™«îª÷¨»®Ω’. ´’çCîË îª÷úø-•-úÕçC. -´’-J-Eo -N-´®√-©éÓÆæç Website -™ -Ö-†o -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.

A.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 591

Åü¿%-≠d-üæ Ë-´ûª.

Q. Lady love

A. (Lady love- Old fashioned. tle the dispute amicably he Modern expressions- Love = the offered Rs. 10,000 to the party". girl a man loves; lover = A man/ Why they didn't use 'ing' form boy a girl loves) after this phrase? Is there any M.SURESAN Q. exception? Please clarify. A. It should have been, "with a view to settling Comes under the scanner the dispute..", and not "with a view to settle A. the dispute". Phrasal verbs like, with a view to, object to, looking forward to (That is, Q. Albeit phrasal verbs ending with the preposition A. Although (Albeit old fashioned) 'to') should be followed by a noun or an Q. Galore ...'ing' form and not by the to + 1st Regular A. Galore = doing word (V ) form.

vʰߪ’Æœ

éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

EPûªçí¬ °æJ-Q-Lç°æ/ °æK-éÀ~ç-°æ-•-úøôç

áèπ◊\´ Ææçêu™ Öçúøôç

1

Q. What methods to be followed for Nursery, LKG, UKG kids to acquire quick response and mention some teaching tools for them. A. First of all, make them talk. Make them practice simple and short sentences like.. 'this is a pen', etc. That's for a beginning. No space here to explain it in full.

Q. Take the backseat

C.G.Rao, Visakhapatnam.

Q. Love ! When you come with the burning lamp of pain in your hand, I can see your face and know you as bliss.

Q.

éÀçC ¢√öÀéÀ Å®√n™x ûËú≈-©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A sikh 'devotee' & A 'devout' sikh. A. Sikh devotee = A devout sikh; but 'a devout sikh' is more religious than 'a sikh devotee'. Q. Recite & Recite from memory. A. Recite = read from memory. Recite from memory is not correct, as recite it self means to read from memory. Q. Renamed & Rechristened A. Renamed = Rechristened Q. Address (an issue) & Solve (an issue). A. Address an issue = Try to solve a problem. Solve = Find a solution to a problem. Q. Determine & resolve A. Determine = resolve Q. A veteran actor A. Q. A veteran cars A. A Vintage car = A veteran car = Car made during the period 1917-1930 and known for its style and interest it creates because of its age; generally a car of the distance past and is known for its style.

éÀçC ´÷ô-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

î√™« ņ’-¶μº-´-Vc-úÁj† †ô’úø’.

A.

v§ƒ´·êuç éÓ™p-´úøç

Q. Take the centre stage A.

v§ƒ´·êuç §Òçü¿úøç.

M. Anjaneyulu & K. Nageswara Rao, Molagavalli, Kurnool (Dt.).

A.

ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-L-ü¿l®Ω÷ ÖüÓu-í∫’™„j È®çúË∞¡x †’ç* Å®·-üË∞¡x ´®Ωèπ◊ Éçöx °œ©x-©†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÌØË °æJ-ÆœnA ™‰†-°æ¤úø’, Ñ nursery©’, LKG (Lower Kindergarten) †’ç* Ø√©’-Íí∞¡x °œ©x-©èπ◊ UKG (Upper Kinder Garten) ©èπ◊ Ç ¶«üμ¿uûª Å°æp-T-≤ƒh®Ω’. ´’†-üË-¨¡ç™ English Medium Schools áèπ◊\-¢Áj† ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª ÉN ´÷´‚-™„j-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. England ™ Å®·ûË Å®·-üË∞¡x ´®Ωèπ◊ °œ©x-©†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ´ÆæA, Å¢Á’-J-鬙 Å®·ûË Å®·-üË∞¡x †’ç* °œ©x© ¶«üμ¿u-ûª†’ ´£œ«çîË ´Ææ-AE Kindergarten (KG) Åçö«®Ω’. Q. ≤ƒ®√, v¶«çD-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç* wines é¬èπ◊çú≈ belt shop ©’ Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. v°æ¶μº’ûªy Licence ©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, Licence Ö†o ´’ü¿uç ü¿’é¬-ù«™x Ææ®Ωèπ◊ éÌE *©x-®Ωí¬, ņ-Cμ-é¬-®Ωçí¬, Licensed Shops ™‰E-îÓô Nvéπ-®·çîË Shops, Belt Shops. Q. Natty Boy A. Natty Boy = Neat and fashionable

îªéπ\í¬ ¨¡Ÿv¶μºçí¬ ´·≤ƒh-¶„j† èπ◊v®√úø’. Q. E®Ω’-üÓu-TE unemployee ņ-èπÿ-úøüΔ? A. E®Ω’-üÓuT = Unemployed; unemployee é¬ü¿’. Q. éÌ•s-J-¶ç-ú≈熒 ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. Coconut. Q. Cab service Q. 1 Single Triple

ÅE, 2 †’ Double ÅE, 3 †’ ÅE Åçö«ç éπüΔ? ´’J 4, 5, 6 ûªCûª®√©†’ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. 4 È®ô’x = Quintuple 5 È®ô’x = Pentuple 6 È®ô’x = Sextuple Q. Sit up Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç GçT∞¡Ÿx ÅØËØ√? A. Å´¤†’. éÌEo îÓôx í∫’ç@©’ Åçö«®Ω’. Q. Aerobics ÅØ√o, ßÁ÷í¬ ÅØ√o äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. Aerobics = £æ«%ü¿ßª’ç, Ü°œ-J-A-ûª’h-©†’ •™-Ê°ûªç îËÊÆ ¢√uߪ÷´’ç. Q. ´’† ü˨¡ç™ °‘@E áç.á., áç.á-ÆˇÆ œ. Åçö«®Ω’ éπüΔ? NüË-¨»™x °‘@E MS Åçö«®Ω’. üΔE Abbreviation ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®√? A. ´’†ç M.Sc ™ Sc E Science èπ◊ abbreviation í¬ ¢√úÕûË, NüË-¨»™x S ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE M.Sc E

(Master of Science) in India = M.S. in America. Q.

A.

DEéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. vʰߪ’Æ‘, ¶«üμ¿ ÅØË ¢Á©’-í∫’-ûª’†o D°æçûÓ †’´¤y ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, F ¢Á·£æ«ç îª÷Æœ, E†’o 'džçü¿ç— ®Ω÷°æçí¬ í∫’Jh-≤ƒh†’.

A.V. Subbarao, Onipenta, Kadapa(dt.) Q. Sir

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 'v°æï-©-îËûª, v°æï© éÌ®Ωèπ◊, v°æï© ´©x—

A. Of the people, by the people, for the people. Q.

áèπ◊\´ Æœí∫-È®ô’x û√Íí-¢√-JE chainsmoker Åçö«®Ω’ éπüΔ? Å™«Íí áèπ◊\-´í¬ ´’ü¿uç û√Íí-¢√-JE à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. Chainsmoker Åçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Æœí∫-È®ô’x û√Íí-¢√-®ΩE é¬ü¿’; Åçûª-éπØ√o Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ – N®√´’ç É´yèπ◊çú≈, Æœí∫-È®ö¸ ¢Áçô, Æœí∫-È®ö¸ ´·öÀdç--èπ◊E û√Íí¢√∞¡Ÿx. E®Ωç-ûª-®√-ߪ’çí¬ ´’ü¿uç û√Íí¢√®Ω’ – always on the horse/ boozer/ sponge. Q.  L.K.G., U.K.G.

éÀ ´·çü¿’ Nursery †’ç* Åçö«®Ω’. ¢Ë’ç îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ Å™« ™‰üË?  Kinder garten Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?

A. Taxi Service (Cab = Taxi)

éπLç-í∫®Ω é¬ßª’†’ watermelon Åçö«®Ω’. ´’J éπ®Ω÷s¥ï °æçúø’†’ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

A. Melon Q. Intake

Åçõ‰? A. ™°æ-LéÀ ¢Á∞ÏxC – ´’†ç BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË Ç£æ…®Ωç; äéπ •úÕ™ îË®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫© °œ©x© Ææçêu, etc. Q. °Rx-îª÷-°æ¤-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. English ™ ™‰ü¿’. Q. Vote on account Budget Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Budget †’ ¨»Ææ-†-Ææ¶μº/ §ƒ®Ωx-¢Á’ç-ö¸™ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-ôd™‰E °æJ-Æœn-A™ û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°õ‰d ï´÷-ê®Ω’a© °æü¿’l. Q. §ƒ´· èπ◊•’Ææç. A. Hood. Q. As a token of gratitude. A. As a token of my gratitude. Q. Hobby, Habit

Ñ È®çöÀ ´’üμΔu ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? BJéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x ´’† Ææ®ΩüΔ éÓÆæç îËÊÆ°æE. BJéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™E ¢√u°æéπç. Habit = Å©-¢√ô’.

A. Hobby =

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 28 -´÷-Ja 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

P. Srinivasa Rao, Hyderabad Q.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀE English ™éÀ ᙫ ņ’-´Cçî√™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. §∂ÚØ˛ éπ©-´-éπ-§ÚûË ÉçéÓ ØÁç•-®˝éÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç. 2. Eïç îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ 3. Ö†oç-ûª™ 4. îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊çô÷ Öçö«ç 5. ûÁ°œpç, É°œpç; à´’-®·ûË ÅC, á°æ¤p-úø-®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’, á´-È®jûË ¢√®Ω’, áéπ\-úÁjûË Åéπ\úø, ᙫ Å®·ûË Å™«, áçûª-®·ûË Åçûª A. 1. If you are not able to get the number, try another number. 2. To tell you the fact/ to speak the fact 3. To the extent possible/ to the extent available 4. We keep talking about 5. Get it, See Some one is given something. whatever it is for, whenever, whoever, wherever, in whatever way, as much as possible... sentences

¢√úË

Å®·ûË É´Fo èπÿú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†ç †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC.

11 •Ææ’q©’ (Ǩ¡a®Ωuéπ®Ωçí¬ îÁ°æpúøç) ûªí∫-©¶„ö«d®Ω’. (ÅEo •Ææ’q©’ – ÅE Ǩ¡a®Ωuçí¬ îÁ°æpúøç) 5. éπE-°œç-îªúøç, £æ…ï-®Ω’-é¬-´úøç. 6. ´’†ç äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îÁÊ°p Nüμ¿ç–

à¢Á’iØ√ ÖçüΔ? ÅEo Ææçü¿®√s¥™ x OöÀ™  üËØÁj oØ√ ¢√úø-´î√a? A. 1. àüÁjØ√ 鬴a.

In terms of the lives lost, at least 10 have been killed, and in terms of money more than 10 lakh rupees might have been spent =

2. If you have to come

(É°æ¤púø’/ ¶μºN-≠æu-û˝™ ®√¢√Lq ´ÊÆh)

§Ú®·† v§ƒù«© Ææçêu í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒp©çõ‰ éπFÆæç °æC v§ƒù«-™„jØ√ §Úߪ÷®·. úø•’s N≠æ-ߪ’çí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ ®Ω÷.10 ©éπ~© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë êÈ®j a Öçô’çC.

and enquired about their condition.

3. He is not here. 4. áçûª simpleí¬ Öçõ‰ Åçûª ´’ç*C. 5. ´÷ô©’ éÌûªhí¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™ éÀ ®√´-úø-´’çõ‰, English ´÷ûª%-¶μ«-≠æí¬ Ö†o v§ƒçû√™x v°æî√®Ω¢Á’i, v°æï©’ ¢√öÀE áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøôç. ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª media üΔy®√, books üΔy®√ N’í∫û√ îÓôx èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´≤ƒh®·. 6. I could walk = í∫ûªç™ †úø-´-í∫-LÍí¢√-úÕE/ (É°æ¤púø’) †úø-´-í∫-LÍí¢√-úÕØË éπüΔ (é¬E Å™«-ï-JÍí O©’-™‰ü¿’). 7. ¢Ë∞Ïx-¢√-úÕE/ ¢Á∞¡⁄hç-úË-¢√-úÕE (used to – a repeated action in the past èπ◊) èπÿú≈

7. Send me either the books or the CDs as the case may be = Books Books, CDs CDs, (As the case may be)

ÅüË™‰. Å®·ûË, Å®·ûË àü¿-®·ûË ÅC/ àC O©-®·ûË ÅC °æç°æ¤. 8. In cursion é¬ü¿’ – Incursion (-äÍé ´÷ô) = ü¿çúø-ߪ÷vûª, üΔúÕ (Invasion) 9. One to one = È®çúø’ N¶μ«-í¬™x äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰. One to one éπL-Æ œ-†-°æ¤púø’ = ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ äéπ-J-

We keep talking about.. Q.

éÀçC ´÷ô-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ¢√úøû√®Ω’.

1. I am literally talking.

8. You might have seen/ heard = /

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 592

2. By means of, By all means, By no means

5. Made an appearance 6. In terms of 7. As a case may be 8. In cursion

(Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©-°æçúÕ) 9. One to one éπL-Æ œ-†-°æ¤púø’ 10. Came to stop 11. Out right minority minister 12. Chemistry Chemistry Match Chemistry

(éÌEo T.V. Channels ™ O’ ¶«í∫’çC, ¢√Rx-ü¿lJ Chemistry Å®·uçC ÅE Åçô÷ç-ö«®Ω’) éÀ Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. 1. ؈’ ¢√úÕ† ´÷ô© Å®Ωnç ´îËa™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o†’. ÖüΔ: Å£æ«-Jo-¨¡©’ éπ%≠œ-îË-¨»†’ – Eïçí¬ØË (éπ*aûªçí¬) ®√vB-°æ-í∫©÷ °æE-îË-¨»†’ Evü¿ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ – É™« ´÷ö«x-úøôç literally speaking. ®Ωéπhç ãúÕa °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç – Eïçí¬ØË ®Ωéπhç é¬Í®™« °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç, Åçõ‰ ®Ωéπhç é¬J†çûª ´®Ωèπ◊ Eïçí¬ØË °æE-îËÊÆh, -üΔ-Eo literally speaking Åçö«ç. 2. By means of - ûªüΔy®√ By means of hardwork = v¨¡´’-°æ-úøôç üΔy®√ By all means = E®Ω¶μºuçûª®Ωçí¬ a: How about giving me the book?

(Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç é¬Ææh É≤ƒh®√?) b: By all means

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈/ E®Ω¶μºuçûª®Ωçí¬) É≤ƒh†’. By no means = é¬ØËé¬ü¿’/ àNüμ¿çí¬†÷ é¬ü¿’. He is by no means my friend = Ø√éπûªúø’ àNüμ¿çí¬†÷ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ é¬ü¿’. 3. Failing which = Å™« ï®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË/ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Pay the amount by next month, failing which I will take action against her =

´îËa ØÁ©-™í¬ úø•’s îÁLxç. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË (Å™« ï®Ω-éπ\§ÚûË) ؈’ Ωu BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. 4. As many as = ÅFo/ Åçûª-´’çC (Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ´uéπhç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç) As many as 100 people lost their lives =

´çü¿´’çC (Åçûª áèπ◊\´ Ææçêu™) ûª´’ v§ƒù«©’ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. As many as 11 buses were burnt down =

-

O’®Ω’ -îª÷ÊÆ -Öç-ö«®Ω’ -N-ØË -Öç-ö«®Ω’.

3. Failing which 4. As many as

You would have seen/ heard =

éÌéπ®Ω’ áü¿’®Ω’ °æúøf-°æ¤púø’ (ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ ™‰èπ◊çú≈). Difficult to find one to one similarity between the members of the two groups =

†’´¤y îª÷Ææ’ç-úË-¢√-úÕ¢Ë/ N†’ç-úË-¢√-úÕ¢Ë é¬F, îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’/ N†-™‰ü¿’. M.SURESAN

Ç È®çúø’ ïôx™ äéπ ïô’d™ äéπ-JéÃ, ÉçéÓ ïô’d™ äéπ-Jéà §ÚLéπ éπ≠dçæ . 10. Ç°œç-îªúøç/ ´÷E-°œç-îªúøç. 11. DEéÀ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ûÁLÊÆh é¬F Å®Ωnç îÁ°æp™‰ç. Out right = °æ‹-Jhí¬, -¶«£æ…-ôçí¬. 12. ¢√Rx-ü¿lJ ¶μ«¢√©, ûª©-°æ¤© éπ©-®·éπ, ¢Ë’∞¡-Nç°æ¤ îªéπ\í¬ èπ◊C-JçC. Q. éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Clarification É´y-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. Sachin had to play -Çú≈Lq ÖçC/ Çú≈úÓ ™‰üÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Which is correct? 2. F´¤ ®√¢√Lq ´ÊÆh – If you have/ had to He is no here/ He is not here/ He is not available here - which is correct?

3. Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø ™‰úø’ –

4. Spoken English English

Correct? 7. I would go Future & Regular & willing actions Lessons Past tense e.g. : (used to)

ÅØËC Íé´©ç Íé ¢√úø-û√-®ΩE ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ éÌEo ™ éÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√ú≈®Ω’. ¢Á∞Ïx ¢√úÕE/ ¢Á∞¡⁄hçúË ¢√úÕE 8. O’®Ω’ îª÷ÊÆ Öçö«®Ω’/ NØË Öçö«®Ω’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ you would have seen/ heard ÅE ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? é¬éπ-§ÚûË á™« îÁ§ƒpL. Å™«Íí O’èπ◊ ûÁLÊÆ Öçô’çC ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ You would have known ÅE Åçô’çö«®Ω’. ÅC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? é¬éπ-§ÚûË á™« îÁ§ƒpL. 9. Put-keep, Bring-Get-fetch OöÀéÀ ûËú≈

You would have seen him if you had been here =

8. You are mean. Q.

éÀçC ûÁ©’í∫’ °æüΔ©’/ ¢√é¬u-©†’ Ççí∫xç™ ņ’´Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) é¬Ææh Ææçߪ’-´’†ç §ƒöÀç-îªçúÕ 2) v°æA-≥ƒe-ûªtéπ 3) Ææ%ï-Ø√-ûªtéπ 4) dž-¢√-®·A 5) Núø÷f®Ωç 6) ÇJn-éπ-´÷çü¿uç 7) ®√ï-éÃߪ’ v°æA-≠dçæ -¶μº† 8) v°æA-°∂æ’-ô† 9) ûª† éÓ°æ¢Ë’ ûª† ¨¡vûª’´¤ 10) é¬Ææh ã°œéπ ´£œ«ç-îªçúÕ 11) ¨»çûªç Ææ´·vü¿ç éπçõ‰ íÌ°æpC 12) Ææ´’-†y-ߪ’çûÓ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îªçúÕ 13) ÇüμΔu-Atéπ 14) üμΔJtéπ Nü¿u 15) °æ®√-´’Jzçîªúøç 16) °æ¤†-®√-™-

A. 1. Observe some restraint 2. Prestigious 3. Creative 4. Convention/ Practice 5. Strange/ Ridiculous

If you had been here, you would have heard it

7. Political deadlock.

S.Md. Ghouse Mohiuddin, Kadapa Q.

7. Where have you been all these days?

†’Ny-éπ\úø Öçõ‰ îª÷Æœ ÖçúË¢√-úÕN (†’Ny-éπ\úø ™‰´¤, îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’). (†’Ny-éπ\úø Öçõ‰, †’´yC N†’çúË ¢√úÕ¢Ë, é¬F, †’Ny-éπ\úø ™‰´¤, N†-™‰ü¿’) 9. put = üËØÁj oØ√ äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ûÁ*a Åéπ\úø °ôdúøç. Put the books on the table. (Table O’ü¿Â°ô’d). Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Put ÅØ√o, keep ÅØ√o äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË äéπJ ü¿í∫_®Ω, Öç-éÓ-´úøç ņo°æ¤púø’, keep ¢√úøû√ç. Keep the books with you = Fü¿-í∫_®Ω ÖçéÓ, Ééπ\úø keep •ü¿’©’ put ¢√úø™‰ç éπüΔ? keep èπ◊ Éçé¬ î√™« Éûª®Ω Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®·, put èπ◊ Ææç•ç-üμ¿ç-™‰-EN. Bring = äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’/ ´’E-≠œE ÅC/ ¢√®Ω’†o îÓô’-†’ç* BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´úøç. Fetch = äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢ÁRx, Åéπ\úÕ †’ç* BÆæ’-èπ◊®√´úøç. Fetch the boy here = †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ Ç èπ◊v®√-úø’†o-îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢ÁRx Ééπ\úÕéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊®√. (Bring the boy here = †’¢√y èπ◊v®√-úÕE – É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y, Åûªúø’ äÍé-îÓô ÖØ√o®Ω’ – BÆæ’èπ◊®√). Get = Bring/ fetch.

come. Which is correct.

™ Simple (Basic) ¢√úøôç éπÈ®é¬d? Advanced English ¢√úøôç ´’ç*üΔ? 5. Spoken English ™ éÌûªhí¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™ éÀ ´îËa ´÷ô©’ ÅEo ®√≥ƒZ-™xE ü˨»™x èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√®√? äéπîÓô °æ¤öÀd† éÌûªh-´÷ô India/ World Åçûªö« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a? ÅN Åçü¿-Jéà ŮΩnç Å´¤-û√ߪ÷? 6. I could walk Åçõ‰ †úø-´-í∫-L-í¬†’/ †úø-´-í∫-LÍí ¢√úÕE/ †úÕîË ¢√úÕE (used to) OöÀ™ àC

6. You haven't been seen/ You haven't been around for a long time.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ Ççí∫xç™éÀ ņ’--´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) ¢Á©x-éÀ™« °æúø’éÓ 2) ¶®Ωx °æúø’éÓ 3) é¬∞¡Ÿx î√°æ¤ 4) é¬∞¡Ÿx ´·úø’éÓ 5) ´·êu-´’çvA •Ææ’q v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ í¬ßª’-°æ-úÕ† v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊-©†’ °æ®√-´’Jzçî√®Ω’. 6) F´¤ î√™«-é¬©ç †’ç* éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. 7) F´¤ Éçûª-鬩ç áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x´¤? 8) F´¤ F-úø´¤

A. 1. Lie supine/ on your back. 2. Lie prostrate/ on your stomach. 3. Stretch your legs. 4. Hold your legs. 5. The CM visited the bus accident victims

6. Recession 8. Resistance 9. Your wrath/ anger is your energy 10. Be patient awhile/ Have some patience. 11. Peace is mightier than the sea. 12. Have some restraint. 13. Spiritualism. 14. Moral/ Spiritual education. 15. Enquire about someone's health. 16. Rethinking. Q. 1)  Coming together is a beginning  Keeping together is a progress  Working together is a success. Coming, Keeping, Working Gerund past participle

Å-ØË °æ-üΔ-©’ èπ◊ -

èπ◊ -îÁç-C-†-¢√ -™‰-üΔ îÁç-C-†-¢√? 2) I have gone to Delhi I have been to Delhi A. 1)

Ñ sentences (1-3)™ ÅFo Gerunds.

keeping, working,

2) I have gone to Delhi - WRONG - Have gone/ has gone -

¢Á∞«x®Ω’/ ¢Á∞«xç/ ¢Á-∞«x†’/

¢Á∞«xúø’/ ¢ÁRxçC. I have gone to Delhi =

؈’ úμÕMx ¢Á∞«x†’. (Åçõ‰ ØËE-°æ¤púø’ úμÕMxéÀ ¢Á∞¡⁄h Å®·Ø√ Öçú≈L, úμÕMx îË®Ω-®·Ø√ Öçú≈L ÅE éπüΔ? Ñ °æJ-Æœn-A™ úμÕMxéÀ ¢ÁRx† N≠æߪ’ç á´®Óh îÁ°æp-í∫©ç? ¢ÁRx, AJT ´*a† ûª®√yûË í∫üΔ îÁ°æp-í∫©ç. Åçü¿’-éπE I/ WeûÓ have gone ÅE ¢√úøç. I have been to Delhi/ We have been to Delhi ÅØË Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí Have you gone to Delhi? ņç. Have you been to Delhi? Åçö«ç. í∫´’-Eéπ: Ñ ØÁ© 21´ ûËD† Spoken English Ææ´÷-üμΔ-Ø√™x §ƒ´· èπ◊•’≤ƒ-Eo Hood Åç-ö«®ΩE §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’† v°æ-J-ûª-´’-®·çC. 'Hood = §ƒ´· °æúøí∫, Sloughing = èπ◊•’Ææç Núø-´-úøç— ÅE í∫´’-Eç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 11 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prasanth: Hi mate, what brings you here? not to be seen around for quite some time?

(àç N’vûª´÷, àçöÀ É™« -´-î√a´¤? éÌçûªé¬-©çí¬ éπE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’?) Chandan: (I’ve) been busy fund raising for the charity show to help an orphanage. How are you getting on, buddy?

(Åûªúø’ F Åçûª ÊÆo£æ«-Q™‰ é¬èπ◊çú≈ †©’í∫’JûÓ í∫úø-§ƒ-©-†’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úø’. EØÌo-éπ≤ƒJ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-ûªØË, Åûªúø’ véÀÈé-ö¸™ áç°œ-éπ-®·† N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-úøçõ‰, üΔE-´©x Fèπ◊ -à-´’®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓç-C?)

(ÅØ√üμ¿ ¨¡®Ω-ù«-©ßª’ Eüμ¿’-©-éÓÆæç E®Ωy£œ«-Ææ’h†o üμ¿®Ωt-v°æ-ü¿-®Ωz-†ûÓ é¬Ææh BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. †’¢Áy™« -ÖØ√o´¤?)

Prasanth: I understand. I look forward to meeting him often, if, as you say he is that type. But you know I don’t like people who get too familiar after meeting just once.

Prasanth: Fine. Thank you. The other day I ran into your friend, what’s his name? He told me he had been selected for the college cricket team, and that you hadn’t been. He was very sorry about it.

(Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ Åûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çüΔ-´’E ÖçC, †’´y-†oô’x Åûªúø’ Ç ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i-ûË. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬ Ø√ N≠æߪ’ç. äéπ≤ƒJ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†çûª ´÷vû√ØË îÌ®Ω´ BÆæ’éÓ-´úøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ Öçúø-ü¿E.) Chandan: He is not the type, let me assure you.

(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. ¢Á·ØÁo-°æ¤púÓ F ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’, ÅûªúÕ Ê°Í®çöÀ? ÅûªúÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. û√†’ 鬙‰ñ ¸ véÀÈéö¸ öⲒèπ◊ áç°œ-éπ-®·†ô÷x, †’´¤y 鬆ô÷x îÁ§ƒpúø’. üΔEéÀ ûª†’ î√™« ¶«üμ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.)

(û√†’ Å™«çöÀ ®Ωéπç é¬ü¿’. ØË îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√oí¬.) Prasanth: That suits me fine then.

(Å™« Å®·ûË ÆæÍ®.)

2

°j Ææç¶μ«-≠æù ¢Á·ûªhç ÊÆo£æ«ç, Åçü¿’èπ◊ Ææç•çCμç-*† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô-©E Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓçC éπüΔ. Ç ´÷ô©Fo °j† ûÁL-°œ† expressions ™ ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀE îª÷üΔlç. Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷ô©÷ ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©†’ °œL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. ‘äéπ®Ω’ ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’— ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. How long will you be here, mate? = †’Nyéπ\-úø -áç-ûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤ç-ö«´¤ N’vûª´÷? °j sentence ™ mate •ü¿’©’ buddy ¢√-úÌ-a. We’ve been buddies since our school days.

(´÷ Ææ÷\™¸-®Ó-V-©-†’ç* ¢Ë’ç ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©ç. Buddies plural of buddy) 3) see more of somebody -

Ééπ\úø see Åçõ‰ éπ©’Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç, ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©’-í¬ØÓ, vÊ°N’-èπ◊-©’-í¬ØÓ.

How ar e you getting on, buddy? Chandan: Oh, you mean Virat? I wish you could see more of him. He is quite warm and likes company. The minute you meet him he makes you feel he is easy to get on.

(Å--ûª-ú≈? N®√ö¸ éπüΔ †’´y-ØËC? ÅûªúÕûÓ †’´¤y °æJ-îªßª’ç °ç-éÓ-¢√-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ. î√™« ÊÆo£æ«-QL. ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©çõ‰ É≠ædç. ÅûªúÕE †’´¤y éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o éπ~ùç †’ç*, î√™« Ææ®Ω-üΔí¬ ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ Ö†o-ôx-E°œ-≤ƒhúø’.) Prasanth: Oh, is he? Is he as amiable as you are? What makes you think that I can hit it off with him?

(Å-´¤-Ø√? F Åçûª ÊÆo£æ« Ææy¶μ«´çí¬ Öçö«ú≈? ÅûªúÕûÓ Øˆ’ ÊÆo£æ«ç îË-ߪ’-í∫©-†E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) Chandan: He is as affable as you are, and quite outgoing. If he talked to you about his selection just after meeting you once, what does that say about him? Gurram Shankar, Sankarapatnam. Q. I came across a sentence in VI standard English medium text book “As I was eating, I ordered for more”. Here ‘ordered’ doesn’t take any preposition. How we take into consideration? A. Yes. You are right. Order doesn’t take any preposition, so ‘order for more’ is wrong. Perhaps it is a printer’s error. K. R. Reddy, Hyderabad Q. Infinitives,

Participles,

Gerunds

í∫’Jç*

N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. To go, to come, to see etc. tives

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE infiniÅçö«ç. DEéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-úøç, ®√´-úøç, îª÷úøôç – É™« Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉN Verbs éÀçü¿ ™„éπ\èπ◊ ®√´¤. To walk the distance is difficult = Ç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-úøç éπ≠dçæ . Infinitive èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç 'ÅE—. I wanted to meet him yesterday = Åûª-úÕ-E E†o éπ©-¢√-©E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Infinitive èπ◊ ´‚úÓ Å®Ωnç, îª÷ú≈f-EéÀ, A†-ú≈-EéÀ, ¢Á∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ ÅE ÖüËl¨¡ç ûÁ-©°æ-úøç. I am here to pay the fees = fees îÁLxç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o†’. He wants that money to buy books = °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕéÀ úø•’s 鬢√L. Participles: a) Present participle b) past participle.

b) She is a warm and caring person and will make a wonderful nurse =

1) and 2) Mate and buddy -

Ç¢Á’ î√™« ÇÊ°éπ~, vÊ°´’ -Ö-†oC. ´’ç* †®˝q é¬í∫©ü¿’. Warm †’ warm welcome/ warm send off/ warm reception ™«çöÀ expressions ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπüΔ? 6) Amiable (à-ß˝’-N’-ߪ’-•’™¸) = î√-™« ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωyéπçí¬, NÆæ’-éÓ\-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË. a) for a boy his age he is amiable = Ç ´ßª’-Ææ’™ Ö†o Ŷ«s®· Å™« ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ éÓ°æç ®√èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç î√-™« -íÌÊ°p. b) She is softspoken and amiable = Ç¢Á’ î√™« EüΔ-†çí¬ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ Öçô’çC. Amiable = 8) affable - Å®·ûË affable (Å°∂æ-¶¸--™ ¸) é¬Ææh ví¬çCμéπç. a) Quite affable he can make friends easily =

a) They have been seeing each other quite often.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 593

¶«í¬ ÊÆo£æ«-QL 鬴-úøç-´©x ûªy®Ωí¬ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©†’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©úø’.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx éÌçûª-鬩çí¬ äéπ-JØÌ-éπ®Ω’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’– vÊ°N’-èπ◊-©’ é¬-´îª’a)

b) Father to daughter: I don’t like your seeing him much

Note: fund raising = Charity show =

Eüμ¿’© ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωù. üμ¿®Ωt-é¬-®√u-EéÀ Eüμ¿’-©éÓÆæç E®Ωy-£œ«çîË v°æü¿-®Ωz†.

(†’´yûªúÕE áèπ◊\´í¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’) 4) Easy to get on = ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îªúøç ûËLéπ

M.SURESAN Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: A: What sort is he? Will he make trouble for us? 1) Hi mate... 2) How are you getting on, buddy? B: On the contrary. He is easy to get on. 3) I wish you could see more of him 4) He is easy to get on 5) He is quite warm 6) Is he as amiable as you are? 5) Warm: 7) What makes you think I can hit it off with Warm = Warm hearted = friendly/ affechim? tionate = 8) He is as affable as you are and quite out a) She is quite warm to guests = going 9) I don’t like people who get too familiar after(Affectionate) meeting just once

(Åûª-úË-®Ωéπç? ´’†-Íé-´’Ø√o É•sçC éπL-T-≤ƒhú≈?) (üΔEéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç. ÅûªúÕûÓ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îªúøç ûËLéπ/ É•sçC °õ‰d ®Ωéπç é¬ü¿’) Éûª-®Ω’-©çõ‰ ÅGμ-´÷†ç, -ÇÊ°éπ~ Ö†o¢√úø’.

b) He has no friends as he is not affable =

ÊÆo£æ«-QLé¬éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ, Åûª-úÕéÀ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ™‰®Ω’. °æJ-îªßª’ç Å®·† ¢ÁçôØË ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©-®·-§Ú-´úøç.

7) Hit it off =

a) Even on their first day in class they hit it class off =

¢Á·ü¿öÀ ™ØË ¢√J °æJ-îªßª’ç ÊÆo£æ…EéÀ üΔJ BÆœçC. b) I don’t hit it off with all and sundry = á´-JûÓ Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡xûÓ (with all and sundry) ؈’ ÊÆo£æ…©’ ØÁ®Ω-°æ†’. 9) familiar = °æJ-îªßª’ç Öçúø-ôç/ ûÁ-LÆœ Öçúøôç. a) I am quite familiar with him though I can’t say we are friends =

Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©ç ņ-™‰†’.

b) She is familiar with my sister as they often meet at the Gym =

(ÊÆo£æ«ç îª÷°œçîË)

-Ç-¢Á ’

‘... ing’ form present participle going, coming, singing verb Walking the distance is not easy =

†’

Åçö«ç = ÉC èπÿú≈ é¬ü¿’. Ç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-úøç ûËLéπ é¬ü¿’. †úø-´-úøç ™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ, Present participle, infinitive äéπõ‰ Å´¤-ûª’çC. To smoke/ smoking is bad for health = Æœí∫-È®ö¸ û√í∫-úøç, Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ îÁúø’.Gerund: Present participle †’ noun ™« ¢√úÕûË, Åçõ‰, subject of a sentence í¬ØÓ, object of a verb/ preposition í¬ØÓ ¢√úÕûË ÅC Gerund Å´¤-ûª’çC. a) Reading is a good habit. Ñ sentence ™ Reading †’ noun -™« Åçõ‰ Subject of the sentence í¬ ¢√ú≈ç 鬕öÀd, ‘reading’ Ééπ\úø gerund. b) He likes watching movies = watching noun object of the verb likes ‘watching’ gerund. noun Present participle (...ing Gerund form) Examples of past participles: gone (Past participle - P.P. of go); sung (P.P. of sing), beaten (PP of beat) talked (PP of talk), liked (PP of like), smelt (PP of smell) etc. verbs i) have/ has/ had/ shall have/ should have/ will have/ would have, etc verbs

ÆœE-´÷©’ †’ îª÷úøôç Åûª-úÕéÀ≠dçæ . Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ™«, í¬ ¢√ú≈ç 鬕öÀd É™« ™«í¬ †’ ¢√úÕûË ÅC Å´¤-ûª’çC.

ÉN èπÿú≈

鬴¤, Å®·ûË OöÀ-´·çü¿’

¢√úÕûË, ¢√öÀûÓ éπ-LÆœ

Å´¤-û√®·.

-(-Å-A-ü∑¿’-©ç-õ‰ -¶«í¬ ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωyéπçí¬/ -ÇÊ°éπ~ í¬ Öçô’çC.)

Ç¢Á’ ´÷ Åéπ\èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’, ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ ûª®Ωîª÷ >-¢˛’™ éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

He has gone (verb - has gone - has +pp)

B. Chennakesavulu, Anantapur

You should have done it long ago

Q.

(Verb: should have done - should have + PP) ii) Past participles ‘be’ forms beforms verbs in the passive voice He is seen there often (verb: is seen - is (be form) + seen (PP) - voice - passive -

´·çü¿’ ûÓ éπLÆœ

Å°æ¤-ú≈

´ÊÆh

Å´¤-û√®·.

Åûª-úø-éπ\úø ûª®Ωîª÷ îª÷úø-•-úø-û√úø’ – ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – Åûª-úø’ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åéπ\úø éπ-E°œ-≤ƒhúø’)

Books are sold here (verb - are (be form) + sold (P.P. of sell) - passive voice -

°æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-éπ\úø Å´’t-•-úø-û√®·. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-éπ\úø Å´·t-û√®Ω’). ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: î√™« verbs èπ◊ past tense form, past participle form äéπõ‰. eg: talk talked (Past tense); talked (Past participle).

Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ ‘be’ form ûª®√yûª ´îËaC past tense form Å´¤-ûª’çüΔ, past participle Å´¤-ûª’çüΔ ÅØË ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a Ñ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. ‘be’ form ûª®√yûª past tense form ®√ØË ®√ü¿’. ´îËaC past participle ´÷vûª¢Ë’. éÌEo verbs Öûªh past partici éÀ •úÕ† ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. The boy seen in the room is my student (Ç í∫C™ -îª÷-úø•úÕ† Ŷ«s®· Ø√ NüΔuJn. The song sung by her at the party is from movie = party party

Ç¢Á’îË ™ §ƒúø-•-úÕ† §ƒô àüÓ ™ ÆœE´÷-™-EC. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: Ç¢Á’ §ƒúÕ† §ƒô)

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†õ‰x Ççí∫xç-™†÷ Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ ´÷ö«xú≈-©çõ‰ ᙫ v°œÊ°®˝ 鬢√L? ᙫ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-î√L? ®ÓVèπ◊ áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ English èπ◊ õ„j¢˛’ Íéö«-®·ç-î√L? A. i) O’®Ω’ English ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©-í¬-©çõ‰, O’ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©ûÓ, O’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o-¢√-JûÓ (¢√∞¡xèπ◊ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh English Å®Ωnç ÅßË’uô’xçõ‰) English ´÷ö«x-úøôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ôdçúÕ. ¢√∞¡Ÿx †NyØ√, O’®Ω’ ûª°æ¤p©’ îË≤ƒh-ØË¢Á÷ ÅØË ¶μºßª’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ ÖçúøçúÕ. ii) English ™ *†o *†o éπü∑¿©’, ¶Ô´’t© éπü∑¿©’ Amar Chitrakatha -´ç-öÀ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ N°æ-K-ûªçí¬ îªü¿-´çúÕ. Åçü¿’™ O’éπ-®Ωn-¢Á’i† °æüΔ-©†’ ¢√úÕ English ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ. iii) Spoken English books ´’ç*N market ™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. ¢√öÀ™ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x àßË’ ´÷ô©’ ¢√ú≈™ dialogue form ™ Öçö«®·. ¢√öÀE O’™«çöÀ éÓJéπ ÖçúË O’ friends, O’ members of the family ûÓ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. ®ÓW Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ îªü¿-¢√-©ØË Eߪ’´’ç à癉ü¿’. English áèπ◊\-´í¬ N†-°æúË ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ùç™ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ English newspaper Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷ ÖçúøçúÕ. Dictionary îªC-¢Ë-ô°æ¤púø’ îª÷úø-éπçúÕ. îªü¿-´-úøç °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª, éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† ´÷ô-™‰-´Ø√o Öçõ‰, ¢√öÀéÀ dictionary Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. TV English news îª÷úøçúÕ. Å®Ωnç é¬éπ§Ú-®·Ø√ îª÷Ææ÷h ÖçúøçúÕ E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈. É™« îËÊÆh ´‚úø’ ØÁ©™x °∂æLûªç éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. Wish you all success!

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 11 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prasanth: Hi mate, what brings you here? not to be seen around for quite some time?

(àç N’vûª´÷, àçöÀ É™« -´-î√a´¤? éÌçûªé¬-©çí¬ éπE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’?) Chandan: (I’ve) been busy fund raising for the charity show to help an orphanage. How are you getting on, buddy?

(Åûªúø’ F Åçûª ÊÆo£æ«-Q™‰ é¬èπ◊çú≈ †©’í∫’JûÓ í∫úø-§ƒ-©-†’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úø’. EØÌo-éπ≤ƒJ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-ûªØË, Åûªúø’ véÀÈé-ö¸™ áç°œ-éπ-®·† N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-úøçõ‰, üΔE-´©x Fèπ◊ -à-´’®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓç-C?)

(ÅØ√üμ¿ ¨¡®Ω-ù«-©ßª’ Eüμ¿’-©-éÓÆæç E®Ωy£œ«-Ææ’h†o üμ¿®Ωt-v°æ-ü¿-®Ωz-†ûÓ é¬Ææh BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. †’¢Áy™« -ÖØ√o´¤?)

Prasanth: I understand. I look forward to meeting him often, if, as you say he is that type. But you know I don’t like people who get too familiar after meeting just once.

Prasanth: Fine. Thank you. The other day I ran into your friend, what’s his name? He told me he had been selected for the college cricket team, and that you hadn’t been. He was very sorry about it.

(Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ Åûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çüΔ-´’E ÖçC, †’´y-†oô’x Åûªúø’ Ç ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i-ûË. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬ Ø√ N≠æߪ’ç. äéπ≤ƒJ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†çûª ´÷vû√ØË îÌ®Ω´ BÆæ’éÓ-´úøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ Öçúø-ü¿E.) Chandan: He is not the type, let me assure you.

(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. ¢Á·ØÁo-°æ¤púÓ F ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’, ÅûªúÕ Ê°Í®çöÀ? ÅûªúÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. û√†’ 鬙‰ñ ¸ véÀÈéö¸ öⲒèπ◊ áç°œ-éπ-®·†ô÷x, †’´¤y 鬆ô÷x îÁ§ƒpúø’. üΔEéÀ ûª†’ î√™« ¶«üμ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.)

(û√†’ Å™«çöÀ ®Ωéπç é¬ü¿’. ØË îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√oí¬.) Prasanth: That suits me fine then.

(Å™« Å®·ûË ÆæÍ®.)

2

°j Ææç¶μ«-≠æù ¢Á·ûªhç ÊÆo£æ«ç, Åçü¿’èπ◊ Ææç•çCμç-*† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô-©E Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓçC éπüΔ. Ç ´÷ô©Fo °j† ûÁL-°œ† expressions ™ ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀE îª÷üΔlç. Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷ô©÷ ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©†’ °œL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. ‘äéπ®Ω’ ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’— ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. How long will you be here, mate? = †’Nyéπ\-úø -áç-ûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤ç-ö«´¤ N’vûª´÷? °j sentence ™ mate •ü¿’©’ buddy ¢√-úÌ-a. We’ve been buddies since our school days.

(´÷ Ææ÷\™¸-®Ó-V-©-†’ç* ¢Ë’ç ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©ç. Buddies plural of buddy) 3) see more of somebody -

Ééπ\úø see Åçõ‰ éπ©’Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç, ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©’-í¬ØÓ, vÊ°N’-èπ◊-©’-í¬ØÓ.

How ar e you getting on, buddy? Chandan: Oh, you mean Virat? I wish you could see more of him. He is quite warm and likes company. The minute you meet him he makes you feel he is easy to get on.

(Å--ûª-ú≈? N®√ö¸ éπüΔ †’´y-ØËC? ÅûªúÕûÓ †’´¤y °æJ-îªßª’ç °ç-éÓ-¢√-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ. î√™« ÊÆo£æ«-QL. ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©çõ‰ É≠ædç. ÅûªúÕE †’´¤y éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o éπ~ùç †’ç*, î√™« Ææ®Ω-üΔí¬ ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ Ö†o-ôx-E°œ-≤ƒhúø’.) Prasanth: Oh, is he? Is he as amiable as you are? What makes you think that I can hit it off with him?

(Å-´¤-Ø√? F Åçûª ÊÆo£æ« Ææy¶μ«´çí¬ Öçö«ú≈? ÅûªúÕûÓ Øˆ’ ÊÆo£æ«ç îË-ߪ’-í∫©-†E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) Chandan: He is as affable as you are, and quite outgoing. If he talked to you about his selection just after meeting you once, what does that say about him? Gurram Shankar, Sankarapatnam. Q. I came across a sentence in VI standard English medium text book “As I was eating, I ordered for more”. Here ‘ordered’ doesn’t take any preposition. How we take into consideration? A. Yes. You are right. Order doesn’t take any preposition, so ‘order for more’ is wrong. Perhaps it is a printer’s error. K. R. Reddy, Hyderabad Q. Infinitives,

Participles,

Gerunds

í∫’Jç*

N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. To go, to come, to see etc. tives

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE infiniÅçö«ç. DEéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-úøç, ®√´-úøç, îª÷úøôç – É™« Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉN Verbs éÀçü¿ ™„éπ\èπ◊ ®√´¤. To walk the distance is difficult = Ç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-úøç éπ≠dçæ . Infinitive èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç 'ÅE—. I wanted to meet him yesterday = Åûª-úÕ-E E†o éπ©-¢√-©E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Infinitive èπ◊ ´‚úÓ Å®Ωnç, îª÷ú≈f-EéÀ, A†-ú≈-EéÀ, ¢Á∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ ÅE ÖüËl¨¡ç ûÁ-©°æ-úøç. I am here to pay the fees = fees îÁLxç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o†’. He wants that money to buy books = °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕéÀ úø•’s 鬢√L. Participles: a) Present participle b) past participle.

b) She is a warm and caring person and will make a wonderful nurse =

1) and 2) Mate and buddy -

Ç¢Á’ î√™« ÇÊ°éπ~, vÊ°´’ -Ö-†oC. ´’ç* †®˝q é¬í∫©ü¿’. Warm †’ warm welcome/ warm send off/ warm reception ™«çöÀ expressions ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπüΔ? 6) Amiable (à-ß˝’-N’-ߪ’-•’™¸) = î√-™« ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωyéπçí¬, NÆæ’-éÓ\-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË. a) for a boy his age he is amiable = Ç ´ßª’-Ææ’™ Ö†o Ŷ«s®· Å™« ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ éÓ°æç ®√èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç î√-™« -íÌÊ°p. b) She is softspoken and amiable = Ç¢Á’ î√™« EüΔ-†çí¬ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ Öçô’çC. Amiable = 8) affable - Å®·ûË affable (Å°∂æ-¶¸--™ ¸) é¬Ææh ví¬çCμéπç. a) Quite affable he can make friends easily =

a) They have been seeing each other quite often.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 593

¶«í¬ ÊÆo£æ«-QL 鬴-úøç-´©x ûªy®Ωí¬ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©†’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©úø’.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx éÌçûª-鬩çí¬ äéπ-JØÌ-éπ®Ω’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’– vÊ°N’-èπ◊-©’ é¬-´îª’a)

b) Father to daughter: I don’t like your seeing him much

Note: fund raising = Charity show =

Eüμ¿’© ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωù. üμ¿®Ωt-é¬-®√u-EéÀ Eüμ¿’-©éÓÆæç E®Ωy-£œ«çîË v°æü¿-®Ωz†.

(†’´yûªúÕE áèπ◊\´í¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’) 4) Easy to get on = ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îªúøç ûËLéπ

M.SURESAN Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: A: What sort is he? Will he make trouble for us? 1) Hi mate... 2) How are you getting on, buddy? B: On the contrary. He is easy to get on. 3) I wish you could see more of him 4) He is easy to get on 5) He is quite warm 6) Is he as amiable as you are? 5) Warm: 7) What makes you think I can hit it off with Warm = Warm hearted = friendly/ affechim? tionate = 8) He is as affable as you are and quite out a) She is quite warm to guests = going 9) I don’t like people who get too familiar after(Affectionate) meeting just once

(Åûª-úË-®Ωéπç? ´’†-Íé-´’Ø√o É•sçC éπL-T-≤ƒhú≈?) (üΔEéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç. ÅûªúÕûÓ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îªúøç ûËLéπ/ É•sçC °õ‰d ®Ωéπç é¬ü¿’) Éûª-®Ω’-©çõ‰ ÅGμ-´÷†ç, -ÇÊ°éπ~ Ö†o¢√úø’.

b) He has no friends as he is not affable =

ÊÆo£æ«-QLé¬éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ, Åûª-úÕéÀ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ™‰®Ω’. °æJ-îªßª’ç Å®·† ¢ÁçôØË ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©-®·-§Ú-´úøç.

7) Hit it off =

a) Even on their first day in class they hit it class off =

¢Á·ü¿öÀ ™ØË ¢√J °æJ-îªßª’ç ÊÆo£æ…EéÀ üΔJ BÆœçC. b) I don’t hit it off with all and sundry = á´-JûÓ Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡xûÓ (with all and sundry) ؈’ ÊÆo£æ…©’ ØÁ®Ω-°æ†’. 9) familiar = °æJ-îªßª’ç Öçúø-ôç/ ûÁ-LÆœ Öçúøôç. a) I am quite familiar with him though I can’t say we are friends =

Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©ç ņ-™‰†’.

b) She is familiar with my sister as they often meet at the Gym =

(ÊÆo£æ«ç îª÷°œçîË)

-Ç-¢Á ’

‘... ing’ form present participle going, coming, singing verb Walking the distance is not easy =

†’

Åçö«ç = ÉC èπÿú≈ é¬ü¿’. Ç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-úøç ûËLéπ é¬ü¿’. †úø-´-úøç ™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ, Present participle, infinitive äéπõ‰ Å´¤-ûª’çC. To smoke/ smoking is bad for health = Æœí∫-È®ö¸ û√í∫-úøç, Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ îÁúø’.Gerund: Present participle †’ noun ™« ¢√úÕûË, Åçõ‰, subject of a sentence í¬ØÓ, object of a verb/ preposition í¬ØÓ ¢√úÕûË ÅC Gerund Å´¤-ûª’çC. a) Reading is a good habit. Ñ sentence ™ Reading †’ noun -™« Åçõ‰ Subject of the sentence í¬ ¢√ú≈ç 鬕öÀd, ‘reading’ Ééπ\úø gerund. b) He likes watching movies = watching noun object of the verb likes ‘watching’ gerund. noun Present participle (...ing Gerund form) Examples of past participles: gone (Past participle - P.P. of go); sung (P.P. of sing), beaten (PP of beat) talked (PP of talk), liked (PP of like), smelt (PP of smell) etc. verbs i) have/ has/ had/ shall have/ should have/ will have/ would have, etc verbs

ÆœE-´÷©’ †’ îª÷úøôç Åûª-úÕéÀ≠dçæ . Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ™«, í¬ ¢√ú≈ç 鬕öÀd É™« ™«í¬ †’ ¢√úÕûË ÅC Å´¤-ûª’çC.

ÉN èπÿú≈

鬴¤, Å®·ûË OöÀ-´·çü¿’

¢√úÕûË, ¢√öÀûÓ éπ-LÆœ

Å´¤-û√®·.

-(-Å-A-ü∑¿’-©ç-õ‰ -¶«í¬ ÊÆo£æ«-°æ‹-®Ωyéπçí¬/ -ÇÊ°éπ~ í¬ Öçô’çC.)

Ç¢Á’ ´÷ Åéπ\èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’, ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ ûª®Ωîª÷ >-¢˛’™ éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

He has gone (verb - has gone - has +pp)

B. Chennakesavulu, Anantapur

You should have done it long ago

Q.

(Verb: should have done - should have + PP) ii) Past participles ‘be’ forms beforms verbs in the passive voice He is seen there often (verb: is seen - is (be form) + seen (PP) - voice - passive -

´·çü¿’ ûÓ éπLÆœ

Å°æ¤-ú≈

´ÊÆh

Å´¤-û√®·.

Åûª-úø-éπ\úø ûª®Ωîª÷ îª÷úø-•-úø-û√úø’ – ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – Åûª-úø’ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åéπ\úø éπ-E°œ-≤ƒhúø’)

Books are sold here (verb - are (be form) + sold (P.P. of sell) - passive voice -

°æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-éπ\úø Å´’t-•-úø-û√®·. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-éπ\úø Å´·t-û√®Ω’). ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: î√™« verbs èπ◊ past tense form, past participle form äéπõ‰. eg: talk talked (Past tense); talked (Past participle).

Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ ‘be’ form ûª®√yûª ´îËaC past tense form Å´¤-ûª’çüΔ, past participle Å´¤-ûª’çüΔ ÅØË ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a Ñ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. ‘be’ form ûª®√yûª past tense form ®√ØË ®√ü¿’. ´îËaC past participle ´÷vûª¢Ë’. éÌEo verbs Öûªh past partici éÀ •úÕ† ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. The boy seen in the room is my student (Ç í∫C™ -îª÷-úø•úÕ† Ŷ«s®· Ø√ NüΔuJn. The song sung by her at the party is from movie = party party

Ç¢Á’îË ™ §ƒúø-•-úÕ† §ƒô àüÓ ™ ÆœE´÷-™-EC. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: Ç¢Á’ §ƒúÕ† §ƒô)

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†õ‰x Ççí∫xç-™†÷ Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ ´÷ö«xú≈-©çõ‰ ᙫ v°œÊ°®˝ 鬢√L? ᙫ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-î√L? ®ÓVèπ◊ áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ English èπ◊ õ„j¢˛’ Íéö«-®·ç-î√L? A. i) O’®Ω’ English ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©-í¬-©çõ‰, O’ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©ûÓ, O’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o-¢√-JûÓ (¢√∞¡xèπ◊ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh English Å®Ωnç ÅßË’uô’xçõ‰) English ´÷ö«x-úøôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ôdçúÕ. ¢√∞¡Ÿx †NyØ√, O’®Ω’ ûª°æ¤p©’ îË≤ƒh-ØË¢Á÷ ÅØË ¶μºßª’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ ÖçúøçúÕ. ii) English ™ *†o *†o éπü∑¿©’, ¶Ô´’t© éπü∑¿©’ Amar Chitrakatha -´ç-öÀ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ N°æ-K-ûªçí¬ îªü¿-´çúÕ. Åçü¿’™ O’éπ-®Ωn-¢Á’i† °æüΔ-©†’ ¢√úÕ English ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ. iii) Spoken English books ´’ç*N market ™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. ¢√öÀ™ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x àßË’ ´÷ô©’ ¢√ú≈™ dialogue form ™ Öçö«®·. ¢√öÀE O’™«çöÀ éÓJéπ ÖçúË O’ friends, O’ members of the family ûÓ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. ®ÓW Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ îªü¿-¢√-©ØË Eߪ’´’ç à癉ü¿’. English áèπ◊\-´í¬ N†-°æúË ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ùç™ ÖçúËçü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ English newspaper Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷ ÖçúøçúÕ. Dictionary îªC-¢Ë-ô°æ¤púø’ îª÷úø-éπçúÕ. îªü¿-´-úøç °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª, éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† ´÷ô-™‰-´Ø√o Öçõ‰, ¢√öÀéÀ dictionary Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. TV English news îª÷úøçúÕ. Å®Ωnç é¬éπ§Ú-®·Ø√ îª÷Ææ÷h ÖçúøçúÕ E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈. É™« îËÊÆh ´‚úø’ ØÁ©™x °∂æLûªç éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. Wish you all success!

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 18 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

R. Lakshmi, Chilakaluripet

T. Siva, Nandikotkur.

Q. Sir,

Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. I accept this award on behalf of a civil rights movement which is moving with determination and majestic scorn for risk and danger to establish a reign of freedom and rule of justice.

A.

éÀçC¢√öÀéÀ ÆæÈ®j† ï¢√-•’-©†’ í∫-©®Ω’.

Q. (a or b)

Ææ÷*ç-îª-

(a) What kind of a tree is this? (b) What kind of tree is this? A. What kind of tree is this?- Correct. What a/an kind of /sort of

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª

É™«

î√™« ÖØ√o®·.

Q. (a) I myself joined duty as a teacher.

Q. Rise, raise, arise, rouse, arouse

(b) I myself joined duty as teacher. A. I joined duty as teacher - Correct. Myself Joined, appointed, elect a/ an

É™«çöÀ

Q. I must ask why this prize is awarded to a movement which is beleaguered and committed to unrelenting struggle; to a movement which has not won the very peace and brotherhood which is the essence of Nobel prize.

Q. (a) This house is to let.

A.

Q. (a) The plants died from want of rain.

É•sç-ü¿’™x *èπ◊\-èπ◊E Öçô÷, Bv´ûª ûªí∫_-èπ◊çú≈ §Ú®√-úø’-ûª’†o Öü¿u´’ç ûª®Ω-°∂椆, ØÓ¶„™¸ •£æ›-´’-AéÀ Åûªuçûª ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¨»çA, ≤˘v¶μ«-ûª%ûªyç (≤Úü¿®Ω ¶μ«´ç) Èí©-´-™‰éπ §Ú®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ Öü¿u-´÷-EéÀ Ñ °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç áçü¿’-éÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ó ÅØËC ؈’ v°æPoç-î√L.

à VerbsûÓ as/to be Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Known, as/ known to be; judge as / to be, find to be; seen as/ seen to be;

®√ü¿’. v°æ´÷-üΔ-©†’, -Ç°æ-ü¿-©-†’ -<μ-ûª\-JÆæ÷h, ÊÆy-îªa ¥, Ø√uߪ’çûÓ èπÿúÕ† §ƒ©-††’ ≤ƒn°œç-î√-©ØË éπ%ûª-E-¨¡aߪ’çûÓ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒí∫’-ûª’†o §˘®Ω-£æ«-èπ◊\© Öü¿u´’ç ûª®Ω-°∂椆 ØËF °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√Eo Åçü¿’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.

2

îÓôx ûª°æ¤p. O-öÀ-ûª®Ω’-¢√-ûª ®√ü¿’.

v°æßÁ÷-í¬Eo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Rise = ™‰´úøç, E©-•-úøôç, (üμ¿®Ω©’ ™«çöÀN) °®Ωí∫úøç. (Rise - rose - risen) = Arise (Å®·ûË DEéÀ °®Ω-í∫-úøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’.)=

(b) This house is to be let. A. This house is to let, Correct.

Q. I believe that what self-centred men have torn down, men other centred can build up. A.

≤ƒy®Ωn *çûª† Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç-*-†-üΔEo Éûª®Ω ´’ç* *çûª† Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx ®Ω÷§Òç-Cç-îª-í∫-©-®ΩE Ø√ †´’téπç.

Q. When our days become dreary with lowhovering clouds and our nights become darker than midnights we will know that we are living in the creative turmoil of a genuine civilisation struggling to be born. A.

¢Ë’°∂æ÷©’ ü¿ôdçí¬ éπ´·t-èπ◊†o °æí∫öÀ Åçüμ¿-é¬-®Ωç™, ´’† ®√vûª’©’ †úÕ-®√vA éπçõ‰ Åçüμ¿-é¬-®Ω-•ç-üμ¿’-®Ω-¢Á’i-†°æ¤púø’ ´’†-éπ®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çC, äéπ ÆœÆæ-™„j† Ø√í∫-J-éπûª ÇN-®√s¥´ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ïJÍí Ææçé~Ó¶μºç ÅE.

M. Rakesh, Hyderabad Q.

Éçô-®Ω÷yu-©èπ◊ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ tell me about yourself Åçö«®Ω’ éπüΔ. So áö«x îÁ§ƒpL, à Nüμ¿çí¬ îÁGûË ¢√∞¡Ÿx satisfy Å´¤-û√®Ó ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫©®Ω’. Å™«Íí CV †´‚Ø√ îÁGûË áçûÓ Ö°æߪ·-éπhçí¬ Öçô’çC.

A. Tell me about yourself. I am Rakesh. I have done B.Tech with ECE. Iam from (your town/ city/ village) Mine is a rural/ urban background. My father is (Profession). My Mother is a Home maker/ House Worker/ Housewife; If employed, how employed. Mention next your siblings (Brothers and Sisters) and what they are

.

Then you talk about your interests. Next, Mention your personal interests/ hobbies. Q.

Ø√ Bio-data -N-´®√-©’ -Ééπ\-úø -ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o-†’.-D-Eo -á-™« ®√-ߪ÷-™ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. My name is M. Rakesh....

A. Biodate/

curriculam

vitae/

Resume

(È®Wu¢Á’– Wu, size ™ z ™«) -ÑNüμ¿çí¬ ÖçúÌa. Ééπ\úø -N-´-Jç-*ç-C †´‚Ø√ CV ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ¢Á·ûªhç É™«ØË Öçú≈-©ØËç ™‰ü¿’. Å´-Ææ-®√© v°æ鬮Ωç ´÷®Ω’p©’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.

A.

A.

Q. Centre said that ‘action was set in motion’ for creation of Telangana State.

™‰°æúøç, áûªhúøç. (Evü¿-™ç*) ™‰°æúøç; ÖvüË-éπ-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç;

Rouse - roused - roused; Arouse - aroused - aroused.

éÌ®Ω-ûª-´©x.

A.

Q.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 594

1)

Verbs of incomplete predication

2) Anomalous finites- Auxiliary Verbs.

Q. (a) She wants the wind blow her husband back to her.

A. M.SURESAN

A. She wants the wind to blow her husband back to her - Correct. (Want + somebody + to do something) Q.

éÀçC¢√öÀE ≤ÚüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùçí¬ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

éÀçC ¢√éπuç™ Underline îËÆœ† °æüΔ©’ à sense ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √®Ó ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

GG Rao, Visakhapatnam

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-Ø√-®√n-©†’ †’úÕ-é¬-®Ω°æ¤ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

í∫ûª éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬. Q. Adjectivesí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-•úø’ material

nouns (eg. cotton clothes, paper boat)

There is ‘truth’ in his comment. There is ‘an element of truth’ in his comment. A.

Íéçvü¿ç üΔüΔ°æ¤ ûª†-îË-AE ¢Á’L-éπ-¶„-ôd-E-*açC = Íéçvü¿ç üΔüΔ°æ¤ •©-´ç-û√-EéÀ ™ØÁjçC.

A. house hold name =

v°æA Éçö« NE-°œçîË Ê°®Ω’.

Q. IT has become a buzzword. A. IT (Buzz word).

ÅØËC î√-™« -îÓôx NE-°œçîË Ø√W-Èéj† ´÷ô.

Q.

éÀçC °æüΔ-©†’/ °æü¿-•ç-üμΔ©†’ N¨¡-D-éπ-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’ The youth have revelled.

A. revel =

î√© Ææ®Ω-üΔí¬ í∫úø-°æúøç.

Q. Next Kin A.

ÆæO’-°æ-•ç-üμ¿’´¤.

Q. Rhetoric A. Rhetoric = 1)

Å©ç-é¬-®√-©ûÓ èπÿúÕ† ¶μ«≠æ; 2) v°æï-©†’ È®îªa-íÌõ‰d Nüμ¿çí¬ v°æÆæç-í¬©’ îËߪ’úøç.

Q. Tourist destination A.

°æ®√u-ô-èπ◊-©†’ Çéπ-J{çîË v°æü˨¡ç.

Å-ûª-úÕ ¢√uêu™ Eïç ÖçC (There is truth...) ÅûªE ¢√uêu™ éÌçûª Eïç ÖçC (There is an

Q. Overwhelming response

element of truth...)

Q. Lingering fragrance

à´’E Åçö«®Ó ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Å™«çöÀ -Ö°ææßÁ÷í¬-EéÀ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Ê°Í®O’ ™‰ü¿’ .

Q. Centre meekly ‘submitted’ to the demand of a failed politician.

used as an adjective; qualified by.... etc .

Centre meekly ‘yielded’ to the demand of a failed politician.

Öç-ö«®·

Ωu v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-¢Á’içC.

Q. ‘Chiranjeevi’ has become a “house-hold name”

Q. Sir,

He has been in Hyderabad for 5 years now. A. For sometime now = for the past sometime / for the last time =

ÉN Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ ÅØË-éπ-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç; ´’ç* grammar book îª÷úøçúÕ; Å®·Ø√ English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÉN ûÁL-ߪ’-†-´Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ?

üΔEéÀ Å´-®Óüμ¿ç éπL-TçC.

Q. Centre allowed itself to be Virtually armtwisted. A.

(b) She wants the wind to blow her husband back to her.

≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ Nñ«c†ç °æK-éπ~© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ûª† ÖE-éÀE îª÷°æ¤-èπ◊çC.

Q. It has ‘suffered a setback.’

È®îªa-íÌ-ôdúøç.

A. The trees died for want of rain. - Correct. phrase - for want of =

Q. I refuse to accept the cynical notion that nation after nation must spiral down a militaristic stairway into the hall of thermonuclear destruction.

ñ«A ûª®√yûª ñ«A (ü˨»-©Fo äéπ-üΔE ¢Áçô äéπöÀ) ÂÆjEéπ ü¿’¨¡a-®Ωu© üΔy®√ Åù’-ߪ·ü¿l¥ NØ√-¨¡-Ø√-EéÀ °æ-ûª†-´’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-ߪ’ØË E®√-¨»-¢√-üΔEo ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÓ†’.

Q. Technology is ‘making’ it’s presence felt’ an examination.

raise = lift =

Ther e is tr uth in his comment A.

A. submitted - wrong; surrendered/ yielded correct.

(Arise - arose - arisen)

Rouse =

(b) The plants died for want of rain.

Ééπ\úø ÆæÈ®j†

© Å®√nEo,

CURRICULUM VITAE (CV-British/ RESUME’) Pronounced Rezumay- American) Sep 2 2009 Rakesh M (Expand M) Door No. xxxxxx Road No:2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500028 Phone: xxxxx Mobile: xxxxx Email: xxxxx Nationality: Indian (If it’s a job in a Foreign Company) Date of Birth: xxxxx Profile (British)/ Objectives (American): Highly motivated Software Technologist seeking A challenging position in a high profile company, willing to learn while eager to contribute to the growth of the Company. Education: 2002-2006 B.Tech (ECE) Aprl 2006 JNTU xx% 1999-2001 Intermediate Mar 2001 Board of Intermediate Edn. AP xx% 1998-1999 X Class Mar 1999 Board of Secondary Edn. AP xx% Jobs Held (British)/ Experience (US): 2006 till date SWE, xxxx Company, Bangalore. Skills: RDBMS: Oracle 7/8i/9i, SQL Server 2000, MS Access, Comp Languages: Java, J2EE, C, C++, C# VB.Net. Languages Known: Fluent in Telugu & English: Familiar with Hindi Personal Interests: Interested in Music & Photography References: 1) xxxxx 2) yyyyy Enclosures: Photocopies of Certificates. The particulars mentioned above are true and correct to the best of my Knowledge. If appointed, I will do my best to rise to my Employers satisfaction. (Signature of the Applicant)

A. A.

ÅAN¨Ï≠æ Ææpçü¿† (overwhelm = -´·-ç-îÁ-ûËh-ôç-ûª). î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ í∫’¶«-RçîË Ææ’¢√-Ææ†.

Q. Internal turmoil. A.

Åçûª”-Ææç-é~Ó¶μºç/ Åçûª”-éπ-©£æ«ç.

°æéπ\-† É*a† CV™ Educational Qualifications ´·çü¿’, Jobs held ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª ÖØ√o®·. Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ Jobs held ´·çü¿’, Educational qualifications ûª®Ω’¢√ûª ÖçúÌa. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Highest qualifications ¢Á·ü¿ô, Ç ûª®√yûª üΔE éÀçü¿ qualification Å™« X Class ´®Ωèπÿ ®√ߪ÷L. Å™«Íí jobs, N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈ ´·çü¿’ ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ îËÆæ’h†o/ *´-®Ωí¬ îËÆœ† Job†÷, Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ îËÆœ† job†’, É™« *´-®Ωí¬ ´’†ç ¢Á·ôd¢Á·-ü¿ô îËÆœ† job†÷ ûÁ©-§ƒL. Éçé¬ Éçü¿’™ ´’†ç special training programme™ à¢ÁjØ√ §ƒ™Ô_E Öçõ‰ ¢√öÀE, Edl. qualifications èπÿ, jobèπÿ ´’üμ¿u ®√ߪ’-´îª’a. CV™ Profile Åçõ‰ ´’† ´uéÀhûªy Ææy®Ω÷°æç objective Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ≤ƒCμç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊-ØËN. Éçü¿’™ @N-ûªç™ ´’†ç àç ≤ƒCμç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊-†oD, Åçü¿’-´©x îË®Ω-¶ßË’ ÆæçÆænèπ◊ ´’†-´©x àç ´’ç* ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†oD îÁ°æp-´îª’a. CV™ References -áç-ü¿’éπç-õ‰, ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æ œ† ¢√J N´-®√-©†’ CV™ ®√ÊÆh, ´’†ç ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ ÆæçÆæn¢√®Ω’, referenceí¬ É*a† ´uèπ◊h© †’ç* ´’† í∫’Jç*† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç, ≤ƒ´’-®√n u©’, •©-£‘«-†-ûª©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-çö«®Ω’. ÉD Biodata Ñ °æü¿ç §ƒûª-•-úÕ-§Ú-®·çC – É°æ¤púøçûªí¬¢√úø-úøç-™‰ü¿’. CV/ Resume ®√ߪ÷-Lq† B®Ω’. ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç CV/ Resume áçûª ÆæçéÀ~-°æhçí¬ Öçõ‰ Åçûª ´’ç*C.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 25 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

P. Ramakrishna, Rajahmundry.

c) Success and happiness (is/ are) the goal of every student

Q. Sir, 'Last but not least'

A.

ÅØË ´÷ô†’ Ñ ´’üμ¿u Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»™x áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ´·êuçí¬ ´·êu ÅA-C∑E ¢ËC-éπ-O’-ü¿èπ◊ °œL-îË-ô°æ¤púø’ Ñ ´÷ô†’ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ñ usage ÅÆæ©’ à ü˨»-EC? É™« ņúøç ÆæÈ®jç-üËØ√? éÌçûª-´’çC ´uèπ◊h-©†÷, éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†÷ äéπ ´®Ω’-Ææ™ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, last but not least Åçõ‰, É™« îÁ°æp-úøç™ á´-J-ØÁjØ√, üËØÁj oØ√ í∫’Jç* *´®Ω îÁ•’-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, v§ƒ´·êuç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, íÌ°æpûª†ç™ ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬-ü¿E. ´®Ω’-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ *´-®Ω-®·-†°æp-öÀéÃ, v§ƒ´·-êuç™ é¬ü¿E. Ñ usage correct. é¬F Ñexpressionî√™«-é¬-©çí¬ î√©-´’çC ¢√úøôç-´©x, Åçûª ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-îªü¿’. É™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ î√™«-é¬-©çí¬ ¢√úø-ôç-´©x '§ƒûª-§ƒõ‰— Å®·-§Ú-®·† É™«çöÀ expression †’ cliche (éÃxÂ≠ß˝’) Åçö«ç.

A. Catlike, childlike -

É™«çöÀ °æüΔ™x 'like'†’ suffix Åçö«ç. suffix Åçõ‰ äéπ °æü¿ç ûª®√yûª üΔE part of speechE ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËÍ®a ¨¡•lç. suffix °æü¿ç é¬ü¿’. Boldly™ '-ly' government™ '-ment' É™«çöÀ ´Fo suffixes. Å™«Íí catlike, childlike ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™x '-like' (Å™«çöÀ ÅE Å®Ωnç ´îËa) suffix. DEo nounèπ◊ îËJÊÆh Å°æ¤p-úøC objective Å´¤-ûª’çC. Cat (°œLx) – noun; Catlike °œLx-™«çöÀ) - objec-

d) The acoustics of the large hall (is/ are) very poor. Please clarify that which verb is suitable here? A. a) Team is a collective noun (the name of a group of persons) and can be used both as a singular and plural. Our team has won/ have won.... both correct. b) She and children - refers to more than and is therefore plural - are waiting - correct. c) Success and happiness (two things- so plural) are the goal of life.

2

tive.

Q. Past was doing, used to do, would be doing

©™ üËEo

¢√ú≈L?

Gurram Shankar, Shankarapatnam.

áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç, past èπ◊. ´’†ç ņ’èπ◊†o Æ洒ߪ’ç (í∫ûªç™) á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ îËÆæ’hçõ‰ was doing ¢√úøû√ç.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 595 K. Srikumar, Bapatla.

A. a) Suprasegmental: (linguistics)

ÉC ¶μ«≥ƒüμ¿u-ߪ’-Ø√-EéÀ èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´÷ô. äéπ´÷ô™ ™‰üΔ ¢√éπuç™ ¶μ«í∫ç é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ç ´÷ô/ ¢√éπuç-™E ¨¡¶«l©’ °æL-Íé-B®Ω’.. à ¨¡¶«lEo ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊-ûª’Ø√oç, à ¨¡¶«lEo ûªèπ◊\´í¬ °æ©’-èπ◊-ûª’Ø√oç (Stress and pitch E) ûÁLÊ° Å稻-©†’ suprasegmental aspects of a language Åçö«ç. Denoting the

©†’ present ™ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úø-´îÓa ûÁ©-°æí∫-©®Ω’.

îË-ߪ÷-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) I'd (I would) like/ love/ have/ hate/ prefer some coffee rightnow.

´’†

É≥ƒd©÷, ÅGμ-´’-û√©÷ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊

3) In the question form to express polite requests, like, would you wait for some time?

e.g. : Why is he here? - suppose you ask this question, with stress on 'he' your idea is: He should not have been here, but he is here. Suppose you stress 'here'- you want to know why 'he' is here and not somewhere else. Suppose you stress 'why',- you want to know the reason. This kind of the raising of voice when you say certain sounds and lowering of it. When you say certain other sounds (Rising intonation and falling intonation) is the suprasegmental aspects of a word/ sentence.

e.g: Mr Manmohansingh, Prime Minister of India - the phrase, Prime minister, used after the noun Mr. Manmohan Singh, refers to Mr. Manmohan Singh. So, 'Prime minister of India' is put in apposition to Manmohan Singh. Q. a) The team (has/ have) won fifteen games b) She and the children (is/ are) waiting for Daddy to come home

(†’´¤y ≤ƒßª’ç-

ØËØÁ-°æ¤púøûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢ÁRxØ√ Åûª-úøC îËÆæ’hç-úË-¢√úø’. Q. Íé´©ç be E Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ à Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC? Losses be won.

2) To say what you like, love, have, hate, prefer etc., in expressions like,

(ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-

c) Apposition: In grammar which refers to a noun/ noun phrase, another noun/ noun phrase, before it, is put in apposition to that noun/ noun phrase.

Whenever I went there he would be doing it =

1) to express a wish; I wish you would help me.

(؈-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ Åûª-ØÁ-´-J-ûÓØÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’h-Ø√oúø’.) É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ.

M.SURESAN

A. Would is used in the present

When we speak, depending on the context we stress certain sounds/ words, more than certain others in a sentence.

b) Falling tone and rising tone: The lowering and raising of your voice when you utter certain sounds, as in the above examples are called the falling tone and rising tone respectively.

When I went to him he was doing it

Q. Would, should

aspects of a sound or sequence of sounds which accompany the consecutive segments (parts) of a word/ sentence, rather than form part of it.

(Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd), èπ◊û√ç)

A. used to habit was doing =

4) To express preference in expressions like

(´’† áç°œéπ

ûÁLÊ°çü¿’èπ◊)

I'd (I would) rather walk than go by bus (= I prefer walking to going by bus) 5) To express something imaginary (what you imagine might happen) If I had a lakh rupees, I would travel to all important cities in India.

(Ø√Íé-í∫-†éπ ©éπ~ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©’çõ‰– ´’† Ü£æ« – ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ ÅEo ´·êu †í∫-®√-©èπÿ ¢Á∞«h.) Q. Our school is in one of the best localities in our town.

Ñ ¢√éπuç-™E ûª°æ¤p†’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Éçü¿’™ à ûª°æ‹p ™‰ü¿’. Q. English ™ errors and rectification èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç*, explanation ûÓ Ö†o °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

Bullies be buttered on toast. A.

‘be’ form ic) won wishes express

¢√úøôç áèπ◊\´ éπNûªyç™ (poetï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ may losses be (ãúÕ-†-´Fo Èí©’îª’ éÓ¢√L) ÅE ‘may’ E îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’, may E ´C-™‰Æœ É™« Åçö«ç. May bullies be buttered on toast= Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ¢ËCμçîË ¢√∞¡x†’ °†ç O’ü¿ 鬙«aL (éÓJéπ). É™«

Q. A) It has stopped raining.

A.

É´Fo °æü¿-´¤© Ê°®Ω’x. Ææ¶μºèπ◊, ¨»Ææ-†-´’ç-úø-LéÀ, ®√ïu-Ææ-¶μºèπ◊ Åüμ¿u-èπ~◊©’. b) ã Ææ-´÷-¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ -Å-üμ¿uéπ~-ûª -´£œ«ç-îË-¢√-∞¡Ÿ-x c) ´·êuçí¬ ã °æGxé˙ LN’-õ„ú˛ éπç°F †úÕÊ° ÅCμé¬-®Ω’© Ææç°∂æ’ç (Board of Directors) ™ ´·ë«u-Cμ-é¬J. éπç°F ´u´-£æ…-®√-©-Eoç-öÀF °æ®Ωu-¢ËéÀ~çîË ÅCμ-鬮Ωç ÖçúË °æü¿-N™ ÖçúË¢√®Ω’. President (Precident é¬ü¿’). a) îÁj®ΩtØ˛™«Íí Ææ¶μº-©èπ◊ Åüμ¿u-èπ~◊-©†’ éÌEo≤ƒ®Ω’x v°Ɯ-úÁçö¸ Åçö«®Ω’. b) ü˨»-üμ¿u-èπ~◊©’ (v°æA-¶μ«-§ƒ-öÀ™ ¸, •®√é˙ 䶫´÷ ™«.) c) éπç°FE, ü˨»Eo •öÀd éπç°F©èπ◊ ´·ë«u-Cμ-°æ-AE v°Ɯ-úÁçö¸ Åçö«®Ω’, îÁj®ΩtØ˛èπ◊ •ü¿’©’. Åçõ‰ éÌEo éπç°F© ´·ë«u-Cμ-é¬-®Ω’-©†’ îÁj®ΩtØ˛ Åçö«®Ω’, ´’J-éÌEo éπç°F™x v°Ɯ-úÁçö¸í¬ ´u´£æ«-J-≤ƒh®Ω’, ´·êuçí¬ Å¢Á’-J-鬙. a) Chairman -

MD - Managing Director; CMD = Chief Managing Director =

ÆæçÆæn©/ éπç°F© ´·êu ÅCμ-é¬-JE É™« èπÿú≈ éÌEo éπç°F©’ °œ©’--èπ◊çö«®·. éÌEo éπç°F™x, îÁj®ΩtØ˛ Åçú˛ ¢Ë’ØË->çí˚ úÁjÈ®-éπd®˝ ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’. CMD - Chief Managing Director - éπç°F™E NNüμ¿ N¶μ«í¬©/ äÍé ÆæçÆæn †úÕÊ° NNüμ¿ éπç°-F© ¢Ë’ØË->çí˚ úÁjÈ®-éπd®Ωx°j† Åï-´÷-®·≠‘ îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. DG = Director General - äéπ ÆæçÆæn ´·êu EÍ®l-¨¡-èπ◊©’. Q. §Úöà °æK-éπ~™ x ûª®Ωîª÷ ´îËa Cloze test, paragraph v°æ¨¡o-©†’ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ O’JîËa Ææ©£æ… àN’öÀ? A. English newspaper îªü¿-´úøç áçûÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫éπ®Ωç.

OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? A. It has stopped raining/ Rain has stopped Correct Q. Let me do

††’o îÁߪ’u-E´¤y. Åûª-úÕE îÁߪ’u-E´¤y. Let them do ¢√JE îÁߪ’u-E´¤y. Ñ véπ´’ç™ Let us do Åçõ‰ 'îËüΔlç— ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ´’J, '´’´’tLo îÁߪ’u-E-´yçúÕ/ îÁߪ’uE´¤y— ÅE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. us = ´’†--Lo/-´’-´’t-Lo. Let us do = ´’†ç îËüΔlç (us = ´’†-Lo Å®·ûË, Let us do = ´’´’tLo îËߪ’-E´¤y (us = '´’´’t-Lo— Å®·ûË.) Let him do

Q. A) I have friends B) I don’t have friends C) I have friends

Q. I have been living in Hyderabad for a year. been part of speech.

F) I haven’t got friends

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ à Ñ Sentence ™ 'have been living' ¢Á·ûªhç verb. 'been' verb™ ¶μ«í∫ç. ÉC à part of speech éÀçCéà ®√ü¿’. ÉC 'be'éÀ part participle. Q. Anna, in a spurt of Cat like temper left Ñ ¢√éπuç™ like à part of speech?

Ñ éÀçC-¢√-öÀE N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

Chairman, Precident, M.D., C.M.D., G.M., D.G.

B) Raining has stopped

A. Common Mistakes in english by FITIKIDES (Published by orient langmans/ langmans Blackswan)

A.

I have no friends

V.L.G. Raju, Srikrishnapatnam

T. Satyanarayana, Vempadu

May bullies be buttered on toast Q. Sir, please clarify these words indetail: a) Suprasegmental, b) Falling - Rising tone, c) Apposition

©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ņ-´î√a? A. ņ-´îª’a - correct Q. Sir,

Å©-¢√-ô’†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ

d) Acoustics- plural. So 'Accoustics are....' is correct.

f) haven’t got friends (British) = B. Q. B), D), F)

D) I haven’t friends E) I have got friends

áØ˛-âöà ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ ØË≠æ-†™¸ ÉØ˛-Æœd-ô÷uö¸ Ç°∂ˇ õ„é¬o-©@ (´®Ωçí∫™¸) Éç>F-Jçí˚, ÂÆjØÁqÆˇ, ¢Ë’ØË-ñ ¸-¢Á’çö¸ N¶μ«-í¬™x áç.á-ÆˇÆœ., °œÂ£«-î˝.úÕ. v§Úví¬-´·™x v°æ¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ Å®Ω’|-™„j† Ŷμºu®Ω’n© †’ç* ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h-©†’ Ç£æ…y-E-≤ÚhçC. °‘£«î˝.úÕ.™ îËJ† ¢√JéÀ Ææd®·-°ç-ú˛èπ◊ Å®Ω|ûª Öçô’çC. ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h†’ ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸ †’ç* úˆØ˛-™ú˛ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. *®Ω’-Ø√´÷: Admissions officer, National Institute of Technology, Warangal- 506021

ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h Æ‘yéπ-®Ω-ùèπ◊ *´-J-ûËD: ¢Ë’ 24 N´-®√-©èπ◊.. ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸: www.nitw.ac.in

úμÕMx õ„éπo-™«->-éπ™¸ ßª‚E-´-JqöÃ

-úMμÕ x õ„éπo-™«->-éπ™¸ ßª‚E-´-Jqöà (í∫ûªç™ úμÕMx 鬙‰ñ ¸ OöÀ í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’ X I don’t have friends = Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©’-™‰®Ω’. = I haven’t friends (rare - British)

A. A) I have friends =

e) I have got friends British = A) I have friends X

Ç°∂ˇ Éç>-F-Jçí˚) 14 Hõ„é˙ v§Úví¬-´·™x v°æ¢Ë¨»EéÀ éıØÁq-Lçí˚ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-†’çC. Éçü¿’™ §ƒ™Ô_-Ø√-©-†’èπ◊ØË Å¶μºu-®Ω’n© †’ç* ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h©’ éÓ®Ω’-ûÓçC. áç°œéπ: àâ-Ñ-ÑÑ ®√uçèπ◊© ÇüμΔ-®Ωçí¬ ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h©†’ ¢Ë’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-¢√-®Ωç™ ñ«K îËߪ’-†’çC. N´-®√-©èπ◊.. ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸: www.dce.edu

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 2 -¢Ë’ 2010 Nikky: So, how are we going now? Will you get your cousin's bike?

Å®·ûË á™« ¢Á∞«hç ´’†ç ´’J? O’ éπ->-Ø˛ ¶„jé˙ à´’Ø√o ûÁ≤ƒh¢√? Benny: I'm afraid no. Certainly not in a city like Bangalore. Riding a bike is a different kind of a ball game here. It can be frightening, with the kind of traffic snarls you have here. I even prefer walking to riding a bike here. But suppose I get my cousin's bike, will you drive?

™‰ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«, ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄-®Ω’-™«çöÀ îÓô -áç-ûª´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø ¶„jé˙ -†-úø°æ-úøç ¢ËÍ® N≠æߪ’ç. Ééπ\úø Ñ ®ΩDl-™ ¶„jé˙ ûÓ©úøç Åçõ‰ ¶μºßª’-¢Ë’-Ææ’hçC. ¶„jé˙ O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡x-úøç-éπØ√o †úø-Íé Ø√-éÀçé¬ É≠ædç Ééπ\úø. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ Ø√ éπ>Ø˛ ¶„jé˙ ûÁÊÆh †’´¤y -†-úÕ°œ≤ƒh-¢√?

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Nikky: I can imagine that. The piercing horns and the din of the vehicles whizzing by you, as you drive, make you so panic stricken that you don't know what you are doing and knock down somebody or something.

؈C Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-í∫-©†’. í∫÷•-í∫’-ß˝’-´’-E-°œçîË £æ…®Ω-Ø˛©÷ °æéπ\ØË ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ¢Á∞Ïx ¢√£æ«-Ø√© ñ®Ω’ ´’†èπ◊ ¶μºßª’ç éπL-Tç*, Ç™-*ç-îªF--ߪ’èπ◊çú≈ îË≤ƒh®·, Ç °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x ´’†¢Ë’ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢Á÷ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-†ç-ûªí¬ üËEØÁjØ√ úμŒéÌ-õ‰d≤ƒhç. Benny: You can say that again. Hyderabad is even worse. Notorious for its high traffic accident rate. The city buses there do not serve a good number of areas. So people have to depend on their own transport. That means more vehicle on the roads and traffic congestion.

2

Notes: A different kind of ball game = Traffic snarls = Traffic jam

î√™« ûËú≈. ´©x éπLÍí

Å´-Ææn©’, §Òúø-´-úøç;

Piercing = piercing horns =

îÁ´¤©’ *©’x©’ §ÒúÕîË horns. Whizz = ÅA¢Ë-í∫çûÓ ü¿÷Ææ’-Èé-∞¡x-úøç; Notorious = îÁúø’-¢√--öÀéÀ Ê°®Ω’§Òç-ü¿-úøç; Congestion = ÆæhçGμç-*-§Ú-´-úøç; ram = úμŒéÌ-ôdúøç; rear = ¢Á†’-éπ-¶μ«í∫ç. Now look at the following expressions from the dialogue above: 1) It can be frightening

E†oØË ØËØÌéπ v°æ´÷ü¿ç îª÷¨»-E-éπ\úø. ÅA¢Ë-í∫çûÓ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh†o -¢Á÷-ö«®˝ÂÆjéÀxÆˇd ÆœöÀ-•-Æˇ†’ ¢Á†éπ †’ç* úμŒéÌ-ö«dúø’. Åéπ\-úÕ-éπ-éπ\úË îªE§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Ç ü¿%¨¡uç ´’J-*-§Ú-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’. Ø√ @N-ûª-鬩ç üΔE ñ«c°æéπç Ø√èπ◊ ¶μºßª’ç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC. Y. Gayatri, Asifabad Q. Previously I have requested to inform the meaning of 'disciplic'. word

é¬-F, Ç áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-‰-ü¿E ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ Ñ word †’ A.C. Bhakti Vedanta Swamy– "Bhagavat-Gita- As It is" ÅØË °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ îª÷¨»†’. Çߪ’† "disciplic" ÅØË word †’ éÀçC Nüμ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’. "But actually the original father of this movement is Lord Krishna himself, since it was started a very long time ago but is coming down to human society by disciplic succession."

I dread to think of what would happen if he knew of it =

3) I am going to dread the memory of the sight 4) ... make you so panic stricken

-Å-ûªúÕ-éÀC ûÁLÊÆh àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-üÓ-†E ¶«í¬ ¶μºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o†’ Ñ proverb (≤ƒ¢Á’ûª) îª÷úøçúÕ. A burnt child dreads fire = äéπ-≤ƒ-J é¬L-ûËØË Gúøf©’ E°æpçõ‰ ¶μºßª’-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. (Åçõ‰ ņ’-¶μº´ç ´©xØË ´’†Íé N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çC) 4) Panic = great fear - ´’†èπ◊ à Ç™- ûÓîªF-ߪ’E ¶μºßª’ç/ Cèπ◊\-ûÓ-îªE ¶μºßª’ç.

5) My uncle... still nervous

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 596

ØËØ√...? èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. ؈’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ -¶„jé˙ O’ü¿ ¢ÁR}-†-°æ¤púø’ î√-™« ¶μºßª’-¢Ë’-ÆœçC. ÅÆæ©’ •çúÕE Åü¿’-°æ¤™ Öç-éÓ-í∫-©Ø√ ™‰Ø√ ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ’-´÷†ç ´*açC. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬ ØË-†’ -¶„jé˙ ¢√úø-†E. Benny: Just yesterday I saw an accident here. A reckless motor cyclist rammed into the rear of a city bus. The guy died on the spot. I just can't forget the scene, try as I might. Perhaps as long as I live, I am going to dread the memory of the accident.

™„éπ\-©çõ‰ Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ ¶μºßª’-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-û√úø’. é¬F ¢√∞¡x -öÃ-˝ -Å-ûªúÕéÀ üμÁj®Ωuç éπL-Tç-îËçü¿’Íéç îËߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’. 3) Dread = v°æ´ ÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á ’i-†-ü¿E Ü£æ« éπL-TçîË ¶μºßª’ç; N°æ-Kûªçí¬ ¶μºßª’-°æ-úøôç.

2) ... I was really scared

The boy is scar ed of maths..! Nikky: Me...? Oh, no. The first time I ever went on a motor cycle I was really scared and had doubts about my ability to control it. You know very well I don't ride bikes.

b) The boy is scared of maths, and the teacher does nothing to reassure him =

Nikky:

†’´y™« ņ-úøç Æ敶‰. £j«ü¿-®√a) Some of the scenes in the hor¶«ü¿’ Éçé¬ Å-üμΔy†oç. áèπ◊\´ ror move frightened the little girl v°æ´÷-üΔ-©èπ◊ °öÀdçC Ê°®Ω’. M.SURESAN = Ç ¶μºßª÷-†éπ *vûªç-™ E éÌEo ÆæEo†í∫®Ωç-™E î√-™«îÓôxèπ◊ ÆœöÃ-•Æˇ ¢Ë-¨»©’ Ç *†o-°œ-©x†’ ¶μºßª’-°-ö«d®·. ´ÆæA ™‰éπ-§Ú--´-úøçûÓ, î√™«-´’çC ≤Òçûª¢√-£æ«-Ø√© O’üË ÇüμΔ-®Ω-°æ-ú≈Lq ´-≤ÚhçC. b) Don't frighten me with all your accounts of Åçü¿’-´©x ®Óúøx-O’ü¿ áèπ◊\´ ¢√£æ«-Ø√©÷, ghosts and spirits at this hour of the night vö«°∂œé˙ Ææhç-¶μº-†. = Ñ ®√vA-¢Ë∞¡ ¶μº÷û√--©’,- vÊ°û√-© í∫’-J-ç-* Even my uncle who has been in ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ ††’o ¶μºßª’-°-ôdèπ◊ Hyderabad for quite some time is still nervous as he takes his vehicle out to go to office I don't know when Indian roads are going to be safe.

éÌçûªé¬©çí¬ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛™ Ö†o ´÷ ¶«¶«-®· É°æp-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ Ç°∂‘-Æˇèπ◊ ¢Á∞Ï-ôx-°æ¤púø’ ¶„jé˙ •ßª’-öÀéÀ BÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶μºßª’-°æ-úø-û√úø’. ¶μ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ®Óúø’x á°æ¤púø’ Ææ’®ΩéÀ~-ûª-´’-´¤-û√-ßÁ÷ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’. A. ii) and iii) correct. If you do good, you shall be awarded =

†’´¤y ´’ç* îËÊÆh Fèπ◊ v°æüΔ†ç îËߪ’•--úø’-ûª’çC. ... You may be awarded = ... v°æüΔ†ç îËߪ’-•-úø´îª’a. Å®·ûË È®çúø’ sentences èπÿú≈ incomplete. ... you shall be/ may be awarded - Fèπ◊ v°æüΔ†ç éπ*aûªçí¬ îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC/ îËߪ’-•-úø-´îª’a– àC v°æüΔ†ç îËߪ’-•-úø-´îÓa îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ? àüÓ medal/ prize ÅE Öçõ‰ sentence complete Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø awarded •ü¿’©’, rewarded (v°æA-°∂æ©ç Öçô’çC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ÅE Öçõ‰ Ç sentences complete Å´¤-û√®·.

a) Some one shouted 'bomb' and the people ran around in panic =

á´®Ó '¶«ç•’— ÅE Å®Ω-´-í¬ØË Åéπ\úÕ v°æï-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ à Ç™-îªØ√ ™‰E ¶μºßª’çûÓ Åô÷ Éô÷ °æ-JÈí-û√h®Ω’.

°j† ûÁL°œ† °æüΔ-©-Eoç--öÀ-F '¶μºßª’ç éπL-TçîË— ÅØË Å®√n©ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. 1) frighten = ¶μºßª ’-°-ôdúøç/ ¶μºßÁ÷û√pûªç éπL-Tç-îª-úøç

b) She panicked at the sight crawling towards the fire =

a) The news of the announcement of results makes many students nervous =

°∂æLû√©’ v°æéπ-öÀ-≤ƒh-®ΩØË ´÷ô î√™«´’çC NüΔu-®Ω’n™ x éπçí¬®Ω’/ ¶μºßª’ç °æ¤öÀd-Ææ’hçC.

c) The thought of a waterless summer frightens everybody =

b) The Police presence here is making me nervous =

F∞¡Ÿx-™‰E ¢ËÆæN í∫’-Jç-* Ç™- v°æA-¢√-∞¡x†÷ ¶μºßª’-°-úø’-ûª’çC. 2) Scare = frighten - scare Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† ¶μºßª’ç éπL-Tç-îª-úø¢Ë’.

Ééπ\úø §ÚM-Ææ’-©’ç-úøôç Ø√èπ◊ éπçí¬®Ω’/ ¶μºßª’ç éπL-T-≤ÚhçC. ´·êuçí¬ àüÁjØ√ ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE îËߪ’-¶ßË’ ´·çü¿’/ Ææ¶μº™  ´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq†°æ¤úø’/ °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ´’†™ ´’†èπ◊ N¨»yÆæç ™°œç-îª-úøç ´©x ´îËa ¶μºßª’ç– nervousness.

a) Being alone in this big building during nights scares me =

®√vA Éçûª -°ü¿l Éçöx äç-ô-Jí¬ Öçúø-ôç Ø√èπ◊ ¶μºßª’ç éπL-TÆæ’hçC.

iii) Platonic =

ÉC ´·êuçí¬ platonic love Å-ØË °æü¿ç™ á°æ¤púø÷ ´Ææ’hçC. Æ‘Y, °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl© ´’üμ¿u ¨»K-®Ωéπ/ ™„jçTéπ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰E vÊ°´’†’ platonic love Åçö«®Ω’. iv) Dunce = stupid = ´‚®Ω’^úø’/ Åñ«cE v) Galvanize = á´--J-ØÁj-Ø√ Ææh•lûª ´C-Lç* °æEéÀ °æ‹†’-èπ◊-ØË-ô’x îËߪ’-úøç/ Öû√q-£æ«-´ç-ûª’©’í¬ îËߪ’-úøç. Gandhi galvanized the illiterate village masses into fighting for freedom =

í¬çDμ E®Ω-éπ~-®√-Ææ’u-™„j† ví¬O’ù v°æï© Ææh•lûª ´C-Lç* ¢√∞¡x†’ ≤ƒyûªç-vûªuç éÓÆæç §Ú®√-úËô’xí¬ î˨»úø’. Q. ´’ç* Öî√a®Ωù, Å®√n© N´-®Ωù, ví¬´’®˝ éÓÆæç à Q. "Law is mighty, necessity is mightier" Å-ØË ¢√é¬uEo comparative degree™ -Ñ -N-üμ¿çí¬ úÕéπ{†-K È®°∂æ®˝ îËÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çüÓ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ؈’ "disciplic" †’ Ééπ\úø äéπ P≠æflu-úø’í¬ Å®Ωnç -ņA. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of ´î√a. îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ÉC éπÈ®é¬d é¬-üΔ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Current English By ASHORNBY. "Necessity is mightier than law." A. O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† sentence ™E Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, Nagaraju, Srikakulam A. ņ-´îª’a. correct. Disciplic succession Åçõ‰ P≠æu-°æ-®Ωç-°æ®Ω ÅE Q. éÀ ç C °æ ü Δ© èπ ◊ Å®√n © ’ ûÁ © ’° æ í ∫ © ®Ω ’ . Q. Please translate these Telugu sentences into Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√Lq Öçô’çC. Disciple = P≠æfluúø’ ÅE 鬕öÀd, disciplic üΔE adjective form Å®· i) Anonymous ii) Depravity. DE Öî√a-®Ωù, Å®Ωnç English P≠æflu-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ÅE Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√Lq ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. iii) Platonic iv) dunce v) Galvinize World Cricket ™ Sachin ûª†-éπçô÷ äéπ v°æûËuéπ Öçô’çC. é¬F, standard English dictionaries A. i) Öûªh-®√©’, ví∫çü∑Δ©’ á´®Ω’ ®√Æœ†¢Ó ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§ÚûË, ≤ƒnØ√Eo Ææ秃-Cç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’/ à®Ωp-®Ω--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ¢√öÀE Anonymous (®Ω·ûª© Ê°®Ω’™‰E) A. Sachin has assured himself of a place in ™ -¢Ë-öÀ-™ èπÿú≈ Ñ ´÷ô record 鬙‰ü¿’. é¬-F, Öûªh-®√©’ (Çé¬-¨¡-®√-´’†o Öûªh-®√©’), ví∫çü∑Δ©’ world cricket. DEo English ™éÀ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-õ‰, ¶μ«≠æ-™éÀ ´’ç* Åç-ö«®Ω’. ´÷ô (Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´÷ô) ´*a-†õ‰d. Q. Fèπ◊ à ™ô÷ ®√èπ◊çú≈ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. Anonymous phone call = ûÁ-L-ߪ’E ´uéÀh îËÊÆ Q. éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™  àC éπÈ®-éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. I will see that you shall lack nothing phone. i) If you will do good you will be awarded. Q. ñ«G-L°j éÓöx ´’çC ¶μ«®Ω-B-ߪ·© ´·vü¿ ii) If you do good you shall be awarded. ii) Depravity = úÕv°æ-´öÀ – v°æ. cat ™ é¬ ™«í¬ = CTyïߪ’çí¬ †¢Á÷-üÁjçC. FA-´÷-L†ûª†ç iii) If you do good you may be awarded.

of her child

ûª† Gúøf Ç E°æ¤p¢Áj-°æ¤ §ƒéπ-ú≈Eo îª÷Æœ† Ç ûªLx N°æ-Kûªçí¬ ¶μºßª’°æúÕ§Ú®·çC Ç™-*ç‰†ç-ûªí¬. Panic stricken = ¶μºßª’ç-üÁ-•sèπ◊ í∫’®Ω-´-úøç 5) Nervous= àç ï®Ωí∫-¶-ûÓçüÓ ÅØË ÇçüÓ-∞¡†/¶μºßª’ç

A. The stamp of crores of Indians has been imprinted/ registered on the moon. Q.

؈’ F éÓÆæç -§Ú-MÆæ’ÊÆd-≠æ-†x ô÷d A®Ω-í∫-™‰†’.

A. I can't go round the police stations for your sake. Q.

Åûª-úÕûÓ °æE-îÁ-ߪ’u-úøç éπ© Eïç 鬴úøç ™«çöÀC.

A. Working with him is my dream realized Q.

Åûª-úÕ-E îª÷Æœ ÅÆæ÷-ߪ’-°æ-úø-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.

A. We need not envy him Q.

v°æûËuéπ ÇJnéπ ´’çúø∞¡x EN’ûªhç îË°æõ‰d ¶μº÷ÊÆ-éπ-®Ωù ´©x ví¬´÷-©èπ◊ ví¬´÷©’ éπ†’-´’-®Ω’-í∫-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-ߪ’E ¨¡Ÿvéπ¢√®Ωç £j«éÓ®Ω’d ¢√uë«u-Eç-*çC.

A. Because of the land acquisition for SEZs, Villages are fast disappearing Q. A. It is not proper for you Q. Athletes march into the stadium behind their National Flags.

ÉC Fèπ◊ ¶μ«´uç é¬ü¿’/ ûªí∫ü¿’

A.

véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ -¢√-J -ñ«-B-ߪ’ °æ-û√é¬-© -¢Áç-ô véÃú≈ ¢Á’iüΔ†ç-™éÀ †úÕ-î√®Ω’. Q. Ææ-*-Ø˛ 29 ÂÆçîª-K-©-ûÓ Ææ’F™¸ í∫¢√-Ææ \®˝ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† ELî√úø’. A. With his 29th century Sachin stood on a par with Gavaskar Q.

Ê°ü¿© ÆæçÍé~´’ °æü∑¿-鬩’ -á-Fd-Ç®˝ -¢Ë-†E ´÷@´’çvA ÅØ√o®Ω’.

A. Ex-minister said that the credit for the Welfare schemes for the poor should go to NTR.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 9 -¢Ë’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Rishabh: Things haven't been going well for Harish. Of late his company has been going under.

Rishabh: But the trouble is he drew too much on his reserves, and that is telling on his ability for reinvestment .

(£æ«K≠ˇ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™‰ç ¶«í∫’ç-úøôç ™‰ü¿’. Åûª-úÕ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç C¢√™« ´÷®Ω_ç™ ÖçC.)

(é¬F *Íé\-N’-ôçõ‰ E©y Eüμ¿’-©†’ áèπ◊\´ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √úø’. ÅC Åûª-úÕ ´’Sx °ô’d-•úÕ Â°õ‰d ¨¡éÀhE üÁ•sB≤ÚhçC.)

Mithun: I'm sorry to hear that. But throughout last year he was on buying spree; acquiring property after property.

Mithun: He built up from scratch. Days were when he had to make do with food that was about to go off.

(NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üμ¿í¬ ÖçC. é¬F véÀûªç Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ¢Á·ûªhç -Å-ûª-úø’ N°æ-K-ûªçí¬ é̆--úø¢Ë’, É∞¡Ÿx, Ææn™«©’ Ææ´’-èπÿ-®Ω’a-èπ◊çô÷) Rishabh: But he is brave. He says whatever the setbacks, he will pull through. Hope he will. He is the good sort, you know.

2

3) Now that it is looking up 4) ... a case of plans going awry 5) Now that it is showing up, his hopes of pulling through may be justified...

(Åûª-úø’ îËA™ àç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ v§ƒ®ΩçGμç-î√úø’. Åûª-úø’ îÁúÕ-§Ú-¶-ûª’†o AçúÕ-ûÓ èπÿú≈ ûª%°œh-°æúøf Ææçü¿-®√s¥©÷ ÖØ√o®·.)

6) He drew too much on his reserves and that it is telling on his ...

Rishabh: I know. Hope things will look up for him.

éÃ~ùÀç-îª-úøç/ ûªJ-T-§Ú-´-úøç, ´·êuçí¬ ¢√u§ƒ-®√©÷, ™«¶μ«©’.

(°æü∑¿-é¬-©Fo N°∂æ-©-¢Á’i-§Ú-´-úø¢Ë’ Åçûª-öÀéÀ 鬮Ωùç, ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Åûª-úÕ Â°ô’d-•úÕ áèπ◊\´ Æœn®√-Æ œh™  °ö«dúø’. véÀûªç Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ¢Á·ûªhç, Æœn®√Æœh ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç Åçû√ éÃ~ùü¿¨¡™  ÖçC. É°æ¤púøC °æ¤çV-èπ◊ç-ô’ç-úø-ôçûÓ ûª†’ í∫õ„d-èπ◊\-û√-†ØË †´’téπç Ææ´’-®Ωn-Fߪ’ç 鬴a)

´’†ç É≠æd-°æ-úË-°æE ÅüË

under unless it prunes its staff = N°æ-K-ûªçí¬ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ M.SURESAN éÌE džç-Cç-îª-úøç. -D-E-E ØË®√© ûª´’ Æœ•sç-CE ûªT_ç--éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈ -¢√-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ê*a-ûªçí¬ C¢√™« BÆæ’hçC. Killing spree = ÅüË°æEí¬ îªç°æ-úøç™ džç(Prune= Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-ßË’ç-ûªí¬ ûªT_ç--éÓ-´-úøç, Cç-îª-úøç. The terrorists are on a killing spree ¢Á·éπ\©’ ¶«í¬ áC-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπAh-Jç-îª-úøç) = õ„v®Ω-J-Ææ’d©’ džç-ü¿çûÓ Åçü¿Ko îªçÊ°-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. 2) Pull through = †≥ƒd-©-† ’ç* éÓ©’-éÓ-´-úøç/ Setbacks = Å´-®Ó-üμΔ©’. sort = kind = ®Ωéπç = Ç®Óí∫uç éÓ©’-éÓ-´-úøç. type.

v•£æ…t-†çü¿ç £æ…Ææuç î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ (v°æߪ’ûªoç Ö†oõ‰d éπE°œç-îªü¿’) Öçô’çC.

Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ

Q. The police were assisted by contingents of paramilitary forces. A. Contingent = A contingent of police= police

ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx)

Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’-éπ-ûª-úø’ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’, Å®·-≠dçæ í¬ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ. Albeit î√™« ví¬çC∑-éπ¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ §ƒûª-¢√-úø’éπ. Q. Upbeat film etc., í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. up beat = ¶μºN-≠æu-ûª’h†’ í∫’-Jç-* Ǩ»-´-£æ«çí¬ Öû√q£æ«çí¬ Öçúøôç. (Optimistic. An up beat mood = Ǩ»-´-£æ«-¢Á’i† ´’†-Æ œnA.) An up beat atmosphere = Ǩ»-´-£æ«-¢Á’i† ¢√û√´-®Ωùç. (´’çîË ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’ç-ü¿†o Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç) Å®·ûË up beat film ÅØËC ÆæÈ®j† expression é¬ü¿’. Ǩ»-´-£æ«-¢Á’i† ÆœE´÷ Öçúøü¿’ éπüΔ? Éçé¬ É™« ÅØÌa. The movie ends on an upbeat note = Ǩ»-´-£æ«-¢Á’i†/ Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ÷îª-†ûÓ ÆœE´÷ ´·í∫’-Ææ’hçC. The govt employees are up beat following the revision of pay scales =

ü¿∞¡ç (äéπ ïô’dí¬, Ææ´‚-£æ«çí¬ ü¿∞¡ç.

Q. He is instrumental for the development of the institute (Instrument

Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√ °æJ-éπ®ΩçéπüΔ?) A. Instrumental = 鬮Ω-ù-¶μº÷-ûª ’-úø-´ôç. Å®·ûË Instrumental ûª®√yûª ¢√ú≈-Lq† preposition, 'for' é¬ü¿’, 'in'.

´’† v°æߪ’-ûªo¢Ë’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ éπLÍí ¶μ«¢Ó-vüË-鬩’.

His song received spontaneous response =

Åûª-úÕ ÆæçU-û√-EéÀ Ææ£æ«ï Ææpçü¿† ©Gμç-*çC = v¨ûª©’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ÆæpçCç-î√®Ω’. Poetry comes spontaneously to her = éπNûªyç Ç¢Á’éπ™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ´îËa-Ææ’hçC.

°æJ-v¨¡´’ ´÷çü¿uç-´©x, Ç †≥ƒd-©-†’ç* éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-í∫-©í∫úøç ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’.

Q.

Æœn®√-Ææ’h© ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ´’Sx °æ¤çV-èπ◊ç-öçC/ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-´¤-ûÓçC.

b) His health hasn't shown any signs of looking up = 4)

A. Bharat has gained irreversible supremacy. Q.

é¬çvÈíÆˇ §ƒ©-†èπ◊ Ω-´’-Uûªç §ƒú≈L.

A. Let's sing the funeral song of the congress rule. Q.

°æéπ-úøsçD ´‹u£æ«çûÓ §ÚM-Ææ’©’ •Æ‘hE Cí∫sçüμ¿ç î˨»®Ω’.

A. The police with their fool proof strategy have made the city inaccessible. Q.

È®jûª’©’ ÇçüÓ-∞¡-†-°æ-ü∑¿ç™ éπü¿ç ûÌé¬\®Ω’.

A. The agitated ryots staged a protest march.

A.

A. We should put an end of the misdeeds of the government.

A. The high command is trying to cover up the damage. Q.

A. The youth alone has the power to change the profile of the present vile politics. Q.

Æœn®√Æœh éπç°-F©’ v°æéπ-ô-†©’ í∫’°œp-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.

A. Real estate companies are on an advertisement spree. Q.

Q.

v°æ¶μº’ûªy Çí∫-ú≈-©èπ◊ ¶μº®Ω-ûª-¢√éπuç °æ©-é¬L.

v°æB Ææçv°æ-üΔ-ߪ’ç-™†÷ Ç®Óí∫u ¶μ«´-†©’ Åçûª-Kx†çí¬ ÉN’-úÕ´¤Ø√o®·.

A. There is an undercurrent of health principles in all religious traditions.

A. The party in power is plotting to have us in its grip.

؈’ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-î√-©-†’èπ◊-†o Ç™-îª-†©’ ûª©-éÀç-ü¿’-©-ߪ÷u®·.

b) The government's efforts to improve rural literacy by 12% last year went awry =

ví¬O’ù Åéπ~-®√-Ææu-ûª†’ 12 ¨»ûªç °çîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç Ωu©’ °∂æLç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ Phrases - 1) go under 2) pull through 3) Look up and 4) go awry - Ææ®Ωy -≤ƒ-üμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE°œçîË phrasal verbs - OöÀE ¶«í¬ practise îËüΔlç.

A. Say - tell; Speak - talk :

OöÀ ûË-ú≈-© í∫’-Jç-* Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´--J-ç-î√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ.

Q. Laureate A. Laureate =

ÆæØ√t-†/ -°æ¤-®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ω ví∫£‘«ûª

Q. Poet Laureate A. Poet Laureate =

Ç≤ƒn-†-éπN.

Q. Name sake - For the name sake of A. name sake -

1) Ê°®Ω’èπ◊ ´÷vûªç, 2) O’Ê°Í® namesake

Q. Caste no bar A. Q.

èπ◊©ç °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’/ Åúøfç é¬ü¿’. é¬∞¡xèπ◊ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË í∫ñ„©b ’ ™‰üΔ °æöÃd-©†’ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

A. Anklet Q.

éπçúøx-éπ-©éπ

A. Conjunctivitis. Q. Spoken English - speak English - spoke English A. Spoken English = English.

Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™x/ ´÷´‚-©’í¬

A.V. Subba Rao, Onipenta

´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË

Speak English = English

Q.

ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ Ñ ÆæçüË-£æ…-©†’ B®Ωa-í∫-©®Ω’. White goods.. Åçõ‰.. A. ´’† É∞¡x™ x ¢√úË Refrigerator, Washing machine, Air conditioner ™«çöÀ °ü¿l °ü¿l Nü¿’uû˝ °æJ-éπ-®√-©†’ White goods ÅF, TV, Radios, Tape recorder, Video ™«çöÀ *†o *†o Nü¿’uû˝ °æJ-éπ-®√-©†’ Brown goods ÅF Åçö«®Ω’. Q. Above all - All above A. Above all All above -

ûª´’†’ îªvéπ-•ç-üμ¿ç™ GTç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅCμ-é¬®Ω §ƒKd èπ◊vô °æ†’o-ûÓçC.

a) My plans for starting a business have gone awry =

ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-èπ◊çõ‰ O’

Q.

£œ«çü¿÷ üμ¿®Ωtç, £œ«çü¿÷-û√y-©†’ äéπ-öÀí¬ îËߪ’-úøç v°æ´÷-üΔEo Ææ÷*-≤ÚhçC (Sinister) Q. éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ᙫ ´uéÃh-éπ-Jç-î √™ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. ÅCμ-≥ƒe†ç ïJ-T† †≥ƒdEo °æ‹ú≈a-©E ûª©-*çC.

Åûª-úÕ Ç®Óí∫uç ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫ßË’u Ææ÷îª-†™‰ç éπE°œç‰Cç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Going Awry = (Awry ÅÈ®j) ´’† °æü∑¿-鬩’, Ç™-™«xçöÀN ûª©-éÀç-ü¿’-©-´-úøç/ ´’†ç ņ’èπ◊-†oô’d ï®Ω-í∫éπ-§Ú-´-úøç.

Q. say - tell; speak - talk

¶μ«®Ωû˝ A®Ω’-í∫’-™‰E ÇCμ-°æûªuç ≤ƒCμç-*çC.

Q. Equating Hinduism with Hindutva is sinister.

ü¿’çúø-í∫’© Çí∫-ú≈©’ N’A-O’-J-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. ¢Ëûª† Ææ´-®Ω-ù-´©x A. The misdeeds (Çí∫-ú≈©’) of miscreants (ü¿’çúø-í∫’©’) have crossed all limits. v°æ¶μº’-ûÓy-üÓu-í∫’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Q. 'èπ◊Aqûª ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷©’— ÅØË Å°æ-v°æü∑¿ †’ç* ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ´·ê-*-vû√Eo ´÷®Ωa-í∫© ¨¡éÀh ߪ·´-ûªÍé ÖçC. The symptoms may disappear spontaneously. A. Spontaneously = without any preparation/ something that comes naturally

a) with the software industry going under, it is doubtful if the company can pull through compa= software ny

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) His business is going under: 2) ... he will pull through Brahmanandam's comedy is spontaneous =

He agreed to help me, albeit unwillingly =

a) Real Estate business is again looking up =

b) The company will certainly go

°æEí¬ îËߪ’-úøç.

Q. Albeit

A. Albeit = although/ though/ even though =

´·êuçí¬ ú≈éπd-®Ω’- v¨¡ü¿l¥ ´©x Ç ®ÓT éÓ©’-éÓ-í∫-L-TçC, ûªy®Ω-™ØË discharge 鬶-ûÓçC. 3) look up = °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’©’ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫´-úøç

Buying spree =

G.G.R., Visakhapatnam

†’ ᙫ ¢√úø-û√®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.

company was going under = ¢√∞¡x ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç éÃ~ùÀ-Ææ’hç-úø-ôçûÓ Å´-ûªL éπç°F †’ç* ´*a† NM†ç v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿†-†’ -ÅçU-éπ-Jç--î√®Ω’. (merge = NM†´’´-úøç/ éπL-Æœ-§Ú-´-úøç)

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 597 Notes: Spree =

c) The patient has been able to pull through, largely because of the doctor's attention and is about to be discharged =

a) They've accepted the merger offer they had from the other company, as their

Hope things will look up for him Mithun: I think it's all a case of plans going awry most of investment has been in real estate, and the whole of last year it was down. Now that it is looking, his hopes of pulling through may be justified.

v°æ¶μº’ûªyç v°æéπ-öÀç-*† éÌEo v§Úû√q-£æ«é¬© °æ¤ùu´÷ ÅE, Ç éπç°F éπ≥ƒd-©-†’ç* í∫õ„d-éπ\-í∫-L-TçC.

1) To go under =

(ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åûª-úÕ °æJ-ÆœnA ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.)

(é¬F üμÁj®Ωuçí¬ØË ÖØ√o-úø-ûª-úø’. áEo Ææ´’-Ææu™„-ü¿’-®Ω-®·Ø√ ÅCμ-í∫-N’ç-îª-í∫-©-†E Åçô’-Ø√oúø-ûª-úø’. ÇPüΔlç Å™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E. §ƒ°æç Åûª-úø’ ´’ç*-¢√úø’.)

b) Thanks to some incentives assured by the government. The company is able to pull through =

ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ Â°j† ûÁL°œ†-´Fo.

Q. All over - over all A. All over Overall -

(äéπ Ææn©ç) Åçûªö« ¢Á·ûªhç/ ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ

Spoke English =

´÷ö«xúø’ Åûª-úø’/ Ç¢Á’, etc

English

´÷ö«x-ú≈®Ω’. Q. ؈’ ™„ô®˝ ®√¨»†’.. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’-Ø√L? I wrote a letter (or)

I written a letter?

A. I wrote a letter, correct. (I Written a letter verb sentence a letter, correct.)

™

°æ‹®Ωh-´ü¿’. éπ†’éπ

™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. I have written

Q. Fourth Estate

ÅE Media †’ Åçö«®Ω’. ´’J N’í∫û√ ´‚úÕç-öÀE– ¨»Ææ† E®√tù, 鬮Ωu-E-®√y-£æ«éπ, Ø√uߪ’-´u-´-Ææn-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

A. 1) The Legislature 2) The Executive, and 3) The Judiciary.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 16 -¢Ë’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

E. Anil, Bapatla Q. Sir,

éÀçC ÆæçüË-£æ…©’ B®Ωa-í∫-©®Ω’.

He has had this car for the past 2 years Or He has this car for the past 2 years

ÅE ®√ߪ’-´îª’a éπüΔ. Ééπ\úø 'éπLT ÖØ√oúø’— ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ Had ¢√úøû√ç éπüΔ! Å®·ûË Has + pp ûª°æp-E-Ææ®√? äéπ C†-°æ-vAéπ-™ 'éπLT ÖØ√oúø’— ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ Has ¢√úÕ üΔE °æéπ\† V3 ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’. Has ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª N’í∫û√ Adj, Adv, Noun etc. à¢Á’iØ√ ´≤ƒhߪ÷? ´ÊÆh ¢√öÀ Å®Ωnç ᙫ Öçô’çC? God has many forms ÅE îªC-¢√†’. Has ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª pp Öçú≈L éπüΔ? A. He has this car for the past 2 years ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Åûª-úÕéÀ È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Ñ car ÖçC ÅE éπüΔ îÁ§ƒpLqçC. È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Åçõ‰, Past ™ start Å®·, É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ/ Éçé¬ ÅE îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕéÀ (he) 鬕öÀd has + past participle of have (had) ÅE ®√¢√L éπüΔ? Åçü¿’-éπE He has had the car for the past two years Åçö«ç.

2

He has helped a number of people, but now he finds himself poor =

ᶄsö¸, á©Kb ÅØË ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ spelling ûÓ Ææ£æ… N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Ŷ„ö¸ (ᶄsö¸) é¬ü¿’ = ØË®Ωç™ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úøôç Q.

Abet.

Åûªúø’ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç î˨»úø’, é¬E É°æ¤púË¢Á÷ ûª†’ Ê°ü¿¢√-úø-ߪ÷u-†E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Vis-a-vis (Oñ«O– ñ« È®çúÕç-öÀE §ÚLa îª÷ÊÆh.

Allergy = (Allergy to dust -

àüÁjØ√ ¨¡K-®Ω-ûª-û√y-EéÀ °æúø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. ü¿’´·t °æúø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. í¬L °‘™‰a-ô-°æ¤púø’, ü¿’´·t èπÿú≈ ™°æ-LéÀ §Ú®· *é¬èπ◊ éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.) Q. Feedback Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? üΔE usage †’ ÖüΔ£æ«-®Ω-ùûÓ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Feedback = Ææpçü¿†; ´’†ç á´-J-ÈéjØ√ àü¿-®·Ø√ îËÊÆh, üΔE í∫’Jç* ¢√∞¡x ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç.

size

™ ñ¸ ™«) =

Indian democracy vis-a-vis Pakistan's rule =

¶μ«®Ωûª v°æñ«-≤ƒy-´÷uEo §ƒéÀ-≤ƒnØ˛ §ƒ©-†ûÓ §ÚLÊÆh... Yet = É°æp-öÀéà ™‰ü¿’– He has not yet come (Åûª-úÕ-°æp-öÀéà ®√™‰ü¿’) = He has yet to come (Åûª-úÕ-°æp-öÀéà ®√¢√Lq ÖçC) Not at é¬ü¿C, Not yet, °j† ûÁL-°œ† Nüμ¿çí¬. Let = (I, We, You, They ûÓ) Ææ´’t-Aç-îªúøç = lets (He, she, it ûÓ) Even = èπÿú≈ – Even Gandhi made mistakes = í¬çDμ èπÿú≈ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x î˨»®Ω’.

Her music performance got a good feedback =

Ç¢Á’ ÆæçUûª v°æü¿-®Ωz† í∫’Jç* ´’ç* ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷™‰ ´î√a®·. B. Dasarath, Konasamudram. Q. Sir, please kindly clarify following doubts, meanings, explanations and usage. Counter, Counterpart, Counterfile, Despite, Being, Atmost, Itself, Apart from that, He finds himself, vis-a-vis, Yet, Notat, Let - Lets,

5) Determination In spite of my advice she would buy the car.

(Ø√ Ææ©£æ… °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, Ç¢Á’ é¬®Ω’ éÌØ√-©ØË E¨¡a-®·ç--èπ◊çC)

6) Polite Offers/ Invitations/ requests: a) Would you have a cup of coffee? (offer b) Would you have dinner with me today?

îËߪ’úøç)

(°œ©’°æ¤) c) Would you wait for a few minutes

(Nñ«c-°æ†) 7) With verbs of option: I would like/ love/ hate/ prefer, etc in the statement form. I would like to have a swim. 8) I would rather go home than attend the boring class. Q. Obstinacy A. Q. Refusal A. Q. Reported 'will' (intention), Reported 'will' (future) A. 'Reported 'will' will future

(´’† áç°œéπ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’úøç)

She will have been singing Has (he, she, it)

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 598

He has a car =

Åûª-úÕéÀ é¬®Ω’çC. He has had a car = Åûª-úÕéÀ È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ é¬®Ω’çC. Compare: He sings for movies = Åûªúø’ ÆœE-´÷-©èπ◊ §ƒúø-û√úø’. He has sung for movies for the past 2 years =

Åûªúø’ È®çúË∞¡Ÿxí¬ ÆœE-´÷-©èπ◊ §ƒú≈úø’/ §ƒúø’ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Has ûª®√yûª éπLT ÖØ√oúø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, noun ´÷vûª¢Ë’ (´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’/ ´’†’-≠æfl-©†÷ Ææ÷*çîË °æüΔ©’) ´≤ƒh®·. He has a son (son - noun) = Åûª-úÕéÓ éÌúø’èπ◊ ÖØ√oúø’. He has a car (car - noun) = Åûª-úÕéÀ é¬®Ω’çC. 'has' ûª®√yûª pronoun ´Ææ’hçC. (Noun ¢√úËîÓ-ôxç-ûªö« pronoun ´Ææ’hçC.) He has it (a car •ü¿’©’) Has ûª®√yûª adjectives, äéπ\-öÀí¬ ®√´¤. Has + adjective + noun ®√´îª’a. He has a beautiful car Has

ûª®√yûª

adj

noun

adverb

®√ØË ®√ü¿’.

God has many forms adj

noun.

'has'

È®çúø’ NüμΔ-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. äéπöÀ éπLT Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ; È®çúÓC, has + past participle (has been, has gone, has known) ™ ¶μ«í∫çí¬. Has + past participle ™ 'has' verb ™ ¶μ«í∫ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Ééπ\úÕ has èπÿ, éπLT Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úË 'has' èπÿ Ææç•çüμ¿ç àç ™‰ü¿’. K. Omkar, Visakhapatnam. Q. Sir,

éÀçC °æüΔ-©†’ English ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? *öÀ-Èé©’, ûª°æÆæ’q, í∫’®Ω’h-îË-ߪ’úøç ÅØË main verb, Çúø-°æ-úø’, E®√-úøç-•-®Ωûª, E®√-úøç-•-®Ω’úø’, ´‚°æ¤®Ωç (äçõ„°j Ö†o C¢Á’t-™«çöÀ ¶μ«í∫ç) A. Snapping the fingers = *öÀ-éπ©’; penance = ûª°æÆæ’q; remind = í∫’®Ω’h-îË-ߪ’úøç, Modesty = E®√-úøç-•-®Ωûª, modest person = E®√-úøç-•-®Ω’úø’, hump = ´‚°æ¤®Ωç. Q. Note down the points Note the points down

OöÀ™ à ¢√éπuç éπÈ®é˙d? A. È®çúø÷ correct.

Even - evenif, whether - if, Reason(s) - Ground(s) - Factor(s), Either - or, Neither - nor, Among Between. A Counter - Refer to a dictionary; number of meanings

.

¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-

èπÿú≈ Çߪ’† û√úø’.

If = Whether =

ÅüΔ, ÉüΔ/ Å´¤Ø√, é¬üΔ ÅE, áç°œéπ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

I don't know if/ whether it is right or wrong =

M.SURESAN

Åûªúø’ ´≤ƒhú≈, ®√ú≈ (ÅE) Åúø’í∫’. Reasons = 鬮Ω-ù«©’; Grounds = ÇüμΔ-®√©’; factors = 鬮Ω-ù«ç-¨»©’. Either, or = ÅüÁjØ√, ÉüÁjØ√ Neither, nor = ÅD-é¬ü¿’ (™‰ü¿’), ÉD é¬ü¿’ (™‰ü¿’) Among = È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o, Éü¿l-J-éπØ√o áèπ◊\-´™.

eg: The principal of one college is the counterpart of the principal of another college. The Prime Minister of one country is the counterpart of the Prime minister of another country.

They discussed among themselves =

Counterfoil (Not counterfile) = one of the two parts of a cheque/ receipt/ bill/ ticket which we keep with us, when we give the other part to others. Despite = (Modern usage) In spite of. In spite of the ban on smoking, people continue to smoke = There is a ban on smoking, but people continue to smoke = Though/ Although/ Eventhough there is a ban on smoking, people continue to smoke

ÅC Ææ®Ó ûª§Úp Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

Ask him if he/ whether he will come or not =

it has a

Counterpart = people in the same position in two different organisations.

Being =

-ÅÆæ-´’t-A/ -ä°æ¤péÓéπ-§Ú-´-úøç

He speaks English even better than English people = English English

ûÓ Å®Ωnç– É°æ¤púø’/´÷´‚-©’í¬

éπLT Öçúøôç

-¢Á·ç-úÕ-ûª-†ç

¢√∞¡x™x ¢√∞¡Ÿx (Éü¿l-J-éπØ√o áèπ◊\-´-´’çC ¢√∞¡Ÿx) îªJaç--èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Between = They divided the property between them

(¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ ÇÆœh °æç-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’– Éü¿l®Ω÷/ È®çúÕç-öÀ-´’üμ¿u)

Q. In official letters, they writes (someone) "have/ have been requested" inspite of "has/ has been requested" is this correct? If so, how it is possible sir? A. I, we, you, they have been she, it has been

ûÓ

ûÓ

Å™« Öçúøôç (´©x)

Being rich he can buy a car =

üμ¿†-´ç-ûª’-úø’í¬ Öçúøôç ´©x Åûªúø’ é¬®Ω’ é̆-í∫-©úø’. At most = At the most = ´’£æ… Å®·ûË/ Åçûªí¬ Å®·ûË It may cost at (the) most Rs. 20/- = ´’£æ… Å®·ûË üΔEéÀ 20 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©’-é¬-´îª’a. Itself = üΔ†ç-ûªô ÅüË, ÅüË, ÅC ´÷vûª¢Ë’ a) A spring door closes itself = vÆœpçí˚ ûª©’°æ¤ üΔ†ç-ûªô ÅüË ´‚Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. b) The TV itself costs Rs.30,000. Other things are extra = TV

´÷vûªç 30,000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’. N’í∫-û√N Åü¿†ç. Apart from = ÅüË é¬èπ◊çú≈; ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈. Apart from the jewels, some cash was also stolen =

†í∫™‰ é¬èπ◊çú≈ éÌçûª úø•’s èπÿú≈ üÌçí∫ûª-†ç™ §Ú®·çC (üÌçí∫-ûª†ç î˨»®Ω’). He finds himself = ûª† °æJ-Æ œnA-E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç–

´Ææ’hçC.

He,

´Ææ’hçC.

K.K. Reddy, Hyderabad. Q. Modal verb - Would -

í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©-°æ-

í∫-©®Ω’. A Would:

.

1) Future form of will from the past. He said that he would help me (Compare: He says that he will help me.) 2) To express the improbability of an action in the present.

(ÅÆæç-¶μº´ç)

If he asked for my help, I would help him (Neither would he ask for my help, nor would I help him. Neither of the two is likely to happen). 3) 'would' expresses a past habit. Those days I would see every movie on the day of its release. 4) For expressing a wish in the present I wish he'd (he would) come.

Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 鬴-úøç ™‰ü¿’. †’ ÖüËl¨¡ç ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊, Å´¤†’, ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç, É™«! I will buy a car soon (؈’ ûªy®Ω™  é¬®Ω’ éÌçö«†’– ÖüËl¨¡ç – intention) He will reach here tomorrow. ÉC future Åûª†’ Í®°œ-éπ\-úÕéÀ îË®Ω-û√úø’.

Q. Habitual A. He will smoke cigarette after cigarette while at serous work - Habit

(´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE îËÆæ’h-†o°æ¤púø’, Æœí∫-È®ö¸ ûª®√yûª Æœí∫-È®ö¸ Å™« 鬩’-Ææ÷hØË Öçö«úø’)

Q. Polite request A. Will you explain this to me once again, (please)? - request =

ÉD ´’Sx ÉçéÓ-≤ƒJ

N´-J-≤ƒh®√? Q. Probability A. Is he coming? That will be trouble again probability -

ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç Öçúøôç (Å®Ωnç – ¢√úÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈? Å®·ûË ´’Sx É•sçüË é¬´îª’a)

Q. Plain stem 'have' + ed A. She will have started (will + have + start + ed) by this time tomorrow -

Í®°‘-§ƒ-öÀéÀ Ç¢Á’ •ßª’-™‰lJ Öçô’çC. ÉC ¶μºN-≠æu-û˝™ äéπ Æ洒ߪ’ç ´·çü¿’-é¬F, Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ é¬F Å®·-§Ú®· Öçô’çC ņ’-èπ◊ØË îª®Ωu†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

Q. Plain stem 'have' + been + ing A. She will have been singing (will + have been + ing) at the function by this time tomorrow =

Í®°‘ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´·çüË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç*, Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ÷EéÀ Ç¢Á’ -Éçé¬ §ƒúø’ûª÷ Öçô’çC. éπîËJ™ future ™ ã Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´·çü¿’ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i, Ç Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈ ≤ƒí∫’ûª÷ ÖçúË îª®Ωu.

Q. 'would rather' A. 'would rather' - shows preference

(´’†

É≥ƒdEo ûÁ-L-ߪ’°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC) I'd rather (I would rather) walk than travel by the crowded bus = city bus

Ç í∫’ç°æ¤ûÓ Ö†o ™ ¢Á∞Ïxéπçõ‰ †úø-´-ö«-EéÀ -É≠æd°æ-úø-û√†’– †úø-´-úø¢Ë’ Ø√èπ◊ (áèπ◊\´) £æ…®·. Q. 'would rather' + 'have' + ed (preference) A.

ÉC í∫ûªç-™ ´’†ç ûÁ-L-ߪ’°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC.

É≠æd-°æúÕ

ï®Ω-í∫EüΔEo

I'd rather have gone home than listen to his boring lecture =

Çߪ’† NÆæ’-Èí-AhçîË Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç N†-èπ◊çú≈ ÉçöÀ-Èé-Rx§Ú®· Öçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ £æ…®·í¬ ÖçúËC. (Å™« îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æúÕ ÖçúË¢√úÕE)– é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’† Ö°æ-Ø√u-ÆæçûÓ NÆœ-T-§Úߪ÷.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 -¢Ë’ 2010 Ravali:

I'm really delighted that you topped the list of successful candidates. Well, how do you feel?

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Ravali:

(Nïߪ’ç §ÒçC† Ŷμºu®Ω’n™x †’´¤y Åví∫-≤ƒn-†ç™ EL-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. FÈ陫 ÖçC?) Manogna: Oh, thrilled of course. It's heartening to know that my hard work has paid off, and I am going to join a top B. School.

(ᙫ Öçô’çC? ä∞¡Ÿx í∫í∫’-®Ìp-úÕ-îËçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. Ø√ éπ%≠œ °∂æLç-*-†çü¿’èπ◊, Öûªh´’ B. School ™ îË-®Ω-¶ûª’†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√-™« Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ ÖçC.) Ravali:

The result this time in general is good. A number of our friends made it to some of the reputed B. Schools.

(¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ñ≤ƒJ °∂æL-û√©’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o®·. ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’™x î√™«-´’çC Ê°®Ω’†o B. Schools™ îËÍ® Å®Ω|ûª §ÒçüΔ®Ω’.)

They could not disguise their glee at my low score either, I mean, last year. I just can't understand how people could be so jealous. But their euphoria is shattered now. They are not even among the top ten.

(Ø√éÌ-*a† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\© í∫’Jç* èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûÁí∫ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. ´’†’≠æfl©’ Åçûª ÅÆæ÷-ߪ’ûÓ á™« Öçúø-í∫-©-®ΩØËC Ø√éπ®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË ¢√∞¡x ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¶μ«´ç É°æ¤púø’ °æö«-°æç-îª-™„jçC. éπFÆæç Öûªh´’ °æC-´’ç-C™ èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡Ÿx-™‰®Ω’.)

2

c) He was delighted on hearing that his application for a scholarship has been accepted = scholarship

ûª†’ èπ◊ °ô’d-èπ◊†o Å°œx-Íé≠æØ˛ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Æ‘yéπ-Jçîªúøç Åûª-úÕ-é¬-†ç-üΔEo éπL-Tç-*çC. Delightful = džç-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† The starnight was really delightful with all the stars turning out in their best appearance = Starnight

Manogna: Let's celebrate the occasion by going to a movie. How about 'Nenu Nuvvu'? I hear it is a feel good movie.

Åçü¿®Ω’ (ÆœE´÷) û√®Ω©÷ ûª´’ íÌ°æp ü¿-®Ωz-†çûÓ v°æ-ûªuéπ~çé¬-´-úøç-ûÓ Ç î√™« -džç-ü¿-üΔ-ߪ’-éπçí¬ ÖçC. 2) Heartening = ÆæçûÓ≠æçéπL-TçîË, v§Úû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†.

(Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo ´’†ç °æçúø’í¬_ îËÆæ’èπ◊çüΔç. '؈÷ †’´¤y— ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷? Åçû√ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-TçîË ÆœE´÷ ÅE NØ√o†’ ؈’.) That suits me fine. (Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’.)

a) It's heartening to see girls equalling or even proving better than boys in a good number of areas =

Ravali:

î√-™« ®Ωçí¬™x ¶«L-éπ©’, ¶«©’-®ΩûÓ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, ¢√∞¡xéπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Öçúøôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ®Ωç.

S he delighted him with the news Manogna: That should raise the spirits of our parents surely. The trainers at our institute must be jubilant about it too. They had been down over the poor showing of the coaching institute last year.

(ÅC ´’† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπLTç-î√L. ´’† ÆæçÆæn-™E Péπ~-èπ◊©’ èπÿú≈ î√™« Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ Öçö«®Ω’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. éÀçü¿-õ‰-ú≈C ´’† ÆæçÆæn Ê°©-´-¢Á’i† v°æü¿®Ωz†ûÓ úŒ™«°æúÕ-§Ú-®·çC.) Ravali:

Your dad must have felt very happy about it.

(O’ Ø√†o- î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æúÕ Öçö«®Ω’.) Manogna: Happy? He is ecstatic about it and so is my mother. They have waited for this hour all along. You remember, last year I could not score so high, and Neela and Aruna were gloating over my not making it to the top.

(ÆæçûÓ-≠æ´÷? °æ®Ω-´-Pç-*-§Ú-ßË’çûª džçü¿ç™ ÖØ√o-®√-ߪ’†. ´÷ Å´’tèπÿú≈. Ñ éπ~ùç éÓÆæ¢Ë’ ¢√-Rxç-ûª-é¬©ç ¢Ë* ÖØ√o®Ω’. Fèπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçüΔ §Ú®·† Ææç´ûªq®Ωç ؈çûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊, F™«, Å®Ω’-ù, î√-™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úÕ- §Úߪ÷®Ω’.) D.Srinivas Reddy, Narsapur. Q. Sir, please give the meanings of these words in detail. Reportedly, Allegedly, One Rambabu, Babus, Full-pledged, Resort, Pull a surprise, Hangs in the balance, Hang by a fast fraying thread, Buck, Tweet, Level-playing, Have a bull run, Age-old, Cascade, Power point presentation, Back drop, Off-campus. A. Reportedly =

Åçü¿®Ω÷ îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ô’-†o-ô’xí¬ Allegedly = ÇüμΔ®Ωç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Eïç ņ-•-úø’-ûª’†o (àüÁjØ√ N≠æߪ’ç, Eï¢Ë’ Åçô’Ø√o®Ω’, é¬F, üΔE-é¬-üμΔ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’, ®Ω’V´¤ îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC) One Rambabu = á´®Ó ®√綫•’ ÅØË Åûªúø’ Babus = v°æ¶μº’ûªy ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’©’

b) Inspite of his illness during the exam, he passed. That's really heartening =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 599

°æK-éπ~™x Åûª-úÕéÀ ï•’sí¬ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûªúø’ ÖBh-®Ω’g-úø-ߪ÷uúø’. ÅC ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ®Ωç.

Notes: B School = MBA College, Make it to something = Poor showing = disguise =

Hearten X Dishearten

a) He was disheartened that none of üËØÁj oØ√ ≤ƒCμçîªúøç his sons came up to his expectations ´’ç*-≤ƒn†ç §Òçü¿-éπ-§Ú-´M.SURESAN = ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊-™„´®Ω÷ ûª†’ ÇPç-*† ≤ƒn®·éÀ úøç, 1) ´÷®Ω’-¢Ë≠æç áü¿ í ∫ é π § Ú´ úøç ÅûªúÕE E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«-°æ-J-*çC. 2) ´’† ¶μ«¢√-©-†’ •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçîª-úøç b) When we think of the levels of corruption (Ééπ\úø) Pay off = °∂æLç-îª-úøç. in India we all feel disheartened = -üË-¨¡ç™E Now look at the following expressions from ÅN-FA≤ƒn®· îª÷Ææ’hçõ‰ E®Ω’-û√q£æ«çéπ©’-í∫’-ûª’çC. the conversation above: 1) 3) 5) 7)

Delighted Raise spirits Ecstatic Glee

2) 4) 6) 8)

Heartening Jubilant Gloat over/ at Euphoria

°j ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ≠æç/ džç-üΔ-EéÀ Ææç•çCμç-*† Å®√n-©-E-≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀ ¢√úøéπç É°æ¤púø’ îª÷üΔlç. 1) Delight = ÆæçûÓ≠æç/ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-Tç-îªúøç. a) His delight knew no bounds when he won the first prize = (Knew no bounds)

3) Raise somebody's spirits = lift somebody's spirits =

áèπ◊\´ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-´ç-ûª’-©’í¬/ áèπ◊\´ Ǩ»´-£æ›-©’í¬ îËߪ’úøç.

a) The thought of the vacation after the exams raised/ lifted the students' spirits -

°æK-éπ~© ûª®√yûª ÂÆ©´¤--™ Ô-≤ƒh-ߪ’ØË Ç™- NüΔu-®Ω’n-©†’ áèπ◊\´ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-®Ω’-©’í¬ îËÆœçC/ ¢√J Öû√q-£æ…Eo áèπ◊\´ îËÆœçC.

¢Á·ü¿öÀ •£æ›-´’A ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ÅûªúÕ ÆæçûÓ≠æç Å´-üμ¿’©’ üΔöÀçC

b) After days of loneliness, the sight of her children raised/ lifted her spirits =

b) She delighted him with the news that she loved him too, and was willing to marry him =

c) There was nothing in the game of the Indian Team to raise/ lift our spirits =

ûª†’ èπÿú≈ ÅûªúÕE vÊ°N’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E, ÅûªúÕE °RxîËÆæ’éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ É≠æd-¢Ë’-††o ´÷ô-©ûÓ Åûª-úÕ-é¬-†çü¿ç éπL-Tç-*çC.

Full fledged (full-pledged

é¬ü¿’) = °æ‹Jhí¬ áC-T†/ Ææyûªçvûª v°æA-°æAh Ö†o.

India is now a full fledged space technology state =

¶μ«®Ωû˝ É°æ¤úø’ °æ‹Jhí¬ áC-T† Åçûª-Jéπ~ °æJ-ñ«c†ç Ö†o ü˨¡ç. Resort = 1) NúÕC (ÂÆ©-´¤™ x, ¢ËÆæN Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x, Nv¨»çA ¢Ë∞¡™x Ææ®Ω-üΔí¬ í∫úø-°æ-í∫© v°æü˨¡ç) Ooty is a summer resort some peo2) ple resort to theft when they need money =

àüÁjØ√ °æEéÀ §ƒ©p-úøôç

úø•’s Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤úø’ éÌçü¿®Ω’ üÌçí∫-ûª-Ø√-EéÀ §ƒ©p-úø-û√®Ω’. Pull a surprise = Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-îªúøç Hangs in the balance = Åö Éö ûË©-èπ◊çú≈ ÆæçCí∫l¥ °æJ-Æœn-A™ Öçúøôç. Hang by a fast fraying thread = ûªy®Ωí¬/ à éπ~ù«-ØÁj oØ√ ûÁT-§ÚßË’ û√úø’èπ◊ ¢Ë™«úø’ûª÷ Öçúøôç (à éπ~ù«ØÁj oØ√ v°æ´÷ü¿ç/ ´·°æ¤p ïJÍí Nüμ¿çí¬)

®ÓV© ûª®Ω-•úÕ äçô-J-ûª†ç ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª ûª† °œ-©x-© -ü¿%-¨¡uç (°œ-©x-©’ éπE°œçîª-úøç) Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Öû√q-£æ…Eo éπL-Tç-*çC.

¶μ«®Ωûª ïô’d Çô™ ´’†èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-TçîËüËO’ ™‰éπ§Ú-®·çC.

Buck = 1)

´’í∫->çéπ/ ´’í∫ èπ◊çüË©’/ ü¿’°œp -¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ – úø•’s – ®Ω÷§ƒ®·/ ú≈©®Ω’, etc. How many bucks? = áEo ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’?/ ú≈©®Ω’x? Tweet = 1) °æèπ~◊© Å®Ω’°æ¤ 2) Internet üΔy®√ äéπ •%çü¿çí¬ à®Ωp-úÕ† ¢√∞¡x Ææç¶μ«-≠æù. Level-playing = §ÚöÙ  §ƒ™Ô_ØË ¢√®Ωç-ü¿-Jéà Ææ´÷Ø√´-鬨¡ç Have a bull run = share market ™ üμ¿®Ω©’ °JÍí 鬩ç. Age-old = v§ƒ<-†-¢Á’i†/ î√™«-é¬-©çí¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™  Ö†o Cascade = *†oï©-§ƒûªç/ N¨»-©çí¬ §ƒßª’-©’í¬ °æúË ï©-§ƒ-ûªç™ äéπ §ƒßª’; àüÁjØ√ °j-†’ç* éÀçCéÀ v°æ¢√-£æ«ç™« °æúËC. Æ‘Y ïúø §ƒßª’©’ ¶«í¬ ´ûª’hí¬ Öçõ‰ èπÿú≈ a cascade of hair Åçö«ç. 2)

4) Jubilant =

ÅN’-ûÓ-û√q-£æ«çûÓ Öçúøôç

a) His supporters were jubilant when he won the elections =

Åûªúø’ áEoéπ™x ÈíL-*-†-°æ¤púø’ ÅûªúÕ ´’ü¿lûª’üΔ®Ω’©’ áçûÓ ÆæçûÓ≠æç/ Öû√q£æ«ç §ÒçüΔ®Ω’.

b) The team with its three victories in the series is jubilant and is hopeful of making it to the finals =

´‚úø’ Nï-ߪ÷-©ûÓ Öû√q£æ«çí¬ Ö†o Ç ïô’d °∂j†-™¸qèπ◊ îË®Ω-í∫-©-´’E Ǩ¡ûÓ ÖçC. (Jubilation = Öû√q£æ«ç) 5) Ecstatic = °æ®Ω-´-Pç*/ ¢Á’i´’-®Ω-*§Ú-ßË’çûª džç-ü¿çûÓ Ö-†o a) Annamayya was ecstatic even at the thought of Lord Venkateswara =

¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω ≤ƒyN’E ûª©--èπ◊ç-õ‰ØË Å†o-´’ߪ’u °æ®Ω-´-Pç-*§Ú-ßË’-¢√úø’.

b) She is ecstatic about her new job as an IAS Officer = IAS Officer

í¬ ûª† éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç Ç¢Á’†’ ÅN’-û√-†ç-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ îË≤ÚhçC. 6) Gloat over/ at = ´’†èπ◊ ïJ-T† ´’ç*éÀ Éûª-®Ω’©èπ◊ ïJ-T† îÁúø’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. a) The Kauravas gloated over/ at their victory over the Pandavas in the game of dice =

Wü¿ç™ §ƒçúø-´¤© ãô-N’E éı®Ω-´¤©’ džç-Cç-î√®Ω’. Dice = §ƒ*-éπ©’ (Plural), Die = §ƒ*éπ (sin-

gular) b) It was shocking to see her gloating over cousin her cousin's misfortunes =

ûª† ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≥ƒdEo îª÷Æœ Ç¢Á’ ´·J-Æœ-§Ú-´úøç Cví∫s¥´’ éπL-Tç-*çC. 7) Glee - ÉC èπÿú≈ üΔüΔ°æ¤ gloat ™«í¬ØË Éûª-®Ω’© ¶«üμ¿©’ ´’†èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-Tç-îªúøç. a) He laughed in glee when his colleague was fired from job =

ûª† Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-TE ÖüÓuí∫ç †’ç* ûÌ©-Tç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ Åûªúø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ †¢√yúø’.

b) She was gleeful, when she heard that he who teased her had failed =

ûª††’ àúÕ°œç*† Ŷ«s®· ûª§ƒp-úøE NE Ç¢Á’ î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠œç-*çC. 8) Euphoria = ´’†Íéç îÁúø’ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ ÅØË ¶μº®Ó≤ƒ. a) Nehru's euphoria was shaken when the Chinese attacked India =

¶μ«®Ωû˝ O’ü¿ îÁjØ√ üΔúÕ ØÁv£æfi-èπ◊†o ¶μº®Ó-≤ƒ†’ üÁ•s-B-ÆœçC.

b) When somebody is drunk they are full of euphoria =

á´-®ΩØ√o ¶«í¬ û√T-†-°æ¤úø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« ¶μº®Ó-≤ƒí¬ Öçö«®Ω’.

Power point presentation =

àüÁjØ√ N≠æߪ’ç N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ computer Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ ûÁ©xöÀ íÓúø/ ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ ¶Ô´’t©’, N´-®√-©†’ (ÆœE´÷ £æ…™¸q™ slides ™«) v°æü¿-Jzç-îªúøç. Back drop = background = ØË°æü∑¿uç. 1) äéπ Ææç°∂æ ’-ô† îÓô’îËÆæ ’-èπ◊ØË °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’. 2) Ø√ô-éπ-¨»-©™x ®Ωçí∫-Ææn©ç ¢Á†’éπ curtain 3)

ÆœE-´÷™x äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª’†o Ææn©ç ¢Á†’éπ ü¿%¨¡uç. Off-campus = NüΔu-©-ߪ÷© Ç´-®Ωù •ßª’ô. correspondence courses ÅFo èπÿú≈ off-campus courses.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 30 -¢Ë’ 2010 Subodh:

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Hello... ?

Susmitha: Hello, who is speaking?

Krishna: Try Vidya and tell her about it, she will pass on the message to him. Or at least she will ask him to talk to you.

(£æ«™ á´®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úËC?) Subodh: I am Subodh here/ This is Subodh. Am I speaking to Susmitha?

(Nü¿uèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ ûª†ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p. ûª†’ é¬Kh-é˙ûÓ îÁ°æ¤ hçC, ™‰ü¿çõ‰ ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-Ææ’hçC.)

[

؈’ Ææ’¶-üμ˛†’ (´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o). ؈’ Ææ’Æœt-ûªûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oØ√?(´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™, Ææ’Æœt-ûËØ√ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûÓçC?) ]

Susmitha: Yes, you are. How are you Subodh?/ Good morning/ Good evening/ Good Afternoon, etc., Subodh. What's the matter?

(Å´¤†’, †’´¤y Ææ’Æœt-ûªûÓØË ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª’-Ø√o´¤ (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’– Ç Øˆ’ Ææ’Æœt-ûªØË) Good morning, etc., àN’öÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) Subodh: We thought of meeting this evening. Remember? Where and when exactly we'll that be?

(´’†ç Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-üΔ´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç. í∫’®Ω’hçüΔ? áéπ\úø, ÆæJí¬_ á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç?)

Nikhila: A good idea. Have you/ Do you have her number? I don't exactly remember it.

(´’ç* Ç™-îªØË. ûª† †ç•®Ω’ F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çüΔ? Ø√éπC ÆæJí¬_ í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’.) Krishna: She is on this number. Try it.

(Ç¢Á’C Ñ †ç•®Ω’. îËÆœ îª÷úø’.) Nikhila: Thank you. 



2

(Fèπ◊ ؈’ éπFÆæç ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»†’ é¬F Ææpçü¿† ™‰ü¿’) Phone îËߪ’úøç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Éçé¬ make/ give a call ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’ give a ring ûÓ ¶«ô’. a) He made a number of calls yesterday, I don't know who to =

E†o Åûªúø’ î√™« §∂Ú†’x î˨»úø’, á´-JéÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

b) Give him a call/ ring to remind him of the programme = programme phone

†’ ¢√úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-ߪ’-







°j ´‚úø’ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù©’ õ„L-§∂Ú-Ø˛èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*†¢Ë ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC éπüΔ? õ„L-§∂Ú-Ø˛™ ´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ã °æü¿l¥A, üΔEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† expressions (´÷ô©’) ¢Ëꨒ Öçö«-ߪ’E Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’†ç §∂ÚØÓx ´÷ö«xúË NüμΔ-Ø√-Eo-•öÀd, Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡Ÿx §∂ÚØÓx ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ᙫ ÆæpçC≤ƒhç ÅØË-üΔ-Eo-•öÀd, ´’† †úø-´úÕ, ´uéÀh-û√yEo Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ ÅçîªØ√ ¢Ëߪ’-´îª’a.

ú≈-EéÀ, äéπ-≤ƒJ

îË®·.

Phone back/ call back/ ring back =

´’†èπ◊ á´-È®jØ√ §∂ÚØ˛îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç •ü¿’©’ É´y-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’/ àüÁjØ√ Ææ´÷î√®Ωç éπ†’-éÌ\E ûª®√yûª §∂ÚØ˛ îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ É™« Åçö«ç, phone îËߪ’úøç èπÿú≈ ÉüË.

Jagadish: (Over phone) Do you have any idea of it?

(üΔE í∫’Jç* FÍé-¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Hello, who is this please? Susmitha: I do of course. How about 7 in the evening at Ruchi Restaurant?

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 600

(Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hç-C™‰. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç àúÕç-öÀéÀ ®Ω’* £æ«Ùô™x éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-üΔ´÷?) Subodh: OK. That suits me fine.

(Å™«Íí. Ø√èπÿ ÅC ≤˘éπ-®Ωuç-í¬ØË Öçô’çC.) 









Suprabhat: Hello, who is this please? Pranav:

I am Pranav here. Can I speak to Suprabhat? Is it Suprabhat?

(؈’ v°æù-¢˛†’. Ææ’v°æ-¶μ«-û˝ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÌî√a) (ÉC Ææ’v°æ-¶μ«-ûËØ√?) Suprabhat: Speaking. (´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’) What's it about? (àN’öà N≠æߪ’ç?) Pranav:

You should tell me. You wanted me to give you a ring at this time. Yea. That's why I am calling.

(†’´¤y îÁ§ƒpL. Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ †’´¤y ††’o §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’-´’-Ø√o´¤. Å´¤†’. Åçü¿’-éπE §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’hØ√o). Suprabhat: Oh, I am sorry I forgot. I want to talk to you about our trip to Tirupathi. Do come down here so we can fix the matter.

(≤ƒK. ؈’ ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. ´’†ç A®Ω’-°æAéÀ ¢Á∞Ïx N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’èπ◊Ø√o. ÆæÍ® É°æ¤p-úÌ-îËaß˝’. ÅFo ûË™‰a-Ææ’èπ◊çüΔç) 









Krishna: Who are you calling?

(á´-JéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Nikhila: Karthik. I have something important to tell him.

(Åçûª éπ*aûªçí¬ Øˆ’ îÁ°æp-™‰†’. éπ†’-èπ◊\E É°æ¤púø’ üΔE í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. ´’Sx §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh†’.) ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç: ÉC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oçûª ´÷vû√† v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’. ÉC §∂ÚØÓx É™« M.SURESAN Phone ringing = Phone ¢Á÷í∫úøç. Give a call (phone îËߪ’úøç) X English ™ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ practice Take/ receive a call (phone ®√´úøç/ îËÊÆhØË, ´’†ç Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬, Å©-¢√-ô’í¬ correct í¬ phone áûªhúøç) ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-LT ´’† communication skills †’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’°æ-®Ω--éÓ-í∫©ç. ´’Sx îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøçûÓ Anup: I called your home yesterday. You were out? Çí∫-èπ◊çú≈ §∂ÚØ˛ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x, practise, practise (؈’ E†o O’ ÉçöÀéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»†’. †’´¤y and keep practising. ´’†ç §∂ÚØÓx English ™ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«x´¤) ´÷ö«x-úÕûË/ °æ©-éπ-JÊÆh ´’† ûª°æ¤p©’ îª÷Æœ Éûª-®Ω’©’ †´¤y-û√-Í®-¢Á÷-†ØË ¶μºßª’çûÓ î√™«-´’çC English ™ Anil: Who took the call? ´÷ö«x-úø®Ω’. Å™«çöÀ ¶μºßª÷-©Fo ´C-™‰Æœ English ™ (á´®Ω’ §∂ÚØ˛ áû√h®Ω’?) ´÷ö«x-úøôç Eߪ’-´’çí¬ Â°ô’d-èπ◊E O’ communica- Anup: I think your cousin received the call. tion skills †’ °ç-éÓçúÕ. (O’ cousin áû√h-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«.) éÀçC N´-®√-©†’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç* í∫’®Ω’hç-Phone áûªh-ú≈Eo lift the phone ÅE èπÿú≈ èπ◊çüΔç. Answer the phone ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. ņ´ îª ’ a. Phone: ÉC Telephone èπ◊ short form. Phone back/ call back/ ring back Åçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†o ´÷ô. ´’†ç ü¿÷®Ω-v§ƒç-ûªç™-E-¢√-JûÓ Ææç¶μ«-≠œç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË ßª’çvûªç. ´’†èπ◊ Phone îËÆœ† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊, é¬ÊÆ-°æ-®·ç-ûª-®√yûª ´’†ç phone îËߪ’úøç éπüΔ? DEéÀ ÉçéÓ-´÷ô 'Return a Telephone É°æ¤p-úøçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ™‰ü¿’. (He has a phone at home)

Call'.

Phone Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ phone îËߪ’úøç. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ É°æ¤púø’ Telephone ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Phone some one= äéπ-JûÓ phone ™ ´÷ö«x-úøôç. Phone ™ ´÷ö«x-úøôç: Phone someone (Phone to some one ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’) = to ring someone = to call some one. American English ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ Call somebody/ Phone somebody Åçö«®Ω’. British English ™ Call/ Phone somebody ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ring somebody ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.

Chandana: Please give me a call if you have any more information about this.

Ramesh: How late is the train?

(é¬Kh-é˙èπ◊. Åûª-úÕéÀ ã ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒpL) Krishna: Oh, I remember. Isn't it about the function?

Sekhar: I am not so sure. I'll find out and phone you back/ call you back/ ring you back.

(Train Naresh: I phoned/ called/ rang (only British English) the railway enquiry. The Train is an hour late.

áçûª Ç©Ææuç?)

(DE í∫’Jç* FéÀçé¬ à´’Ø√o ûÁLÊÆh Ø√é¬\Ææh §∂ÚØ˛ îÁ®·u) Sugandha: I won't. Why should I? You have bad phone manners. You never return my calls/ call me back/ ring me back.

(؈’ îÁߪ’u†’. áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁߪ÷uL? Fèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ ´’®√u-ü¿©’ ûÁL-ߪ’´¤. Ø√ §∂Ú†xèπ◊ Ææpçü¿-†í¬ Fèπ◊í¬ †’¢Áy°æ¤púø÷ Ø√èπ◊ îËߪ’´¤) Be on phone= (äéπ-JéÀ) phone Öçúøôç. a) Madhu: How can I get Madan?

(í∫’®Ìh-*açC. °∂æçéπ{Ø˛ N≠æߪ’ç éπüΔ?) Nikhila: Yea. I am unable to get him. His phone has been busy for 10 minutes now. Wonder who he is talking to.

(Å´¤†’. Åûª-úÕûÓ §∂ÚØÓx ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©’í¬ G@í¬ ÖçC ¢√úÕ §∂ÚØ˛. á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úø¶«s Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤?)

(؈’ È®j™‰y áçÈéj y-KéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»†’. È®j©’ í∫çô Ç©Ææuç) äéÓ\-≤ƒJ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ 'dial' ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’. Dial

108

for Ambulance. (Ambulance phone I called you/ phoned you/ rang you at least three times but there was no response.

鬢√-©çõ‰ 108 éÀ

îËߪ’çúÕ.)

(´’ü¿-Ø˛ûÓ á™« ´÷ö«x-úøôç?) Kiran: Why? He is on phone. I can give you his number.

(àç? ¢√úÕéÀ §∂Ú†’çC. ¢√úÕ †ç•®Ω’ ØËE-´y-í∫-©†’) b) During vacation I am on phone no...

´’†ç phone îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Å´-ûª-L-´uéÀh phone áûªh-éπ-§ÚûË, Å°æ¤púø’, no response (Ææpçü¿† ™‰ü¿’) Åçö«ç. I called you a number of times yesterday but there was no response/ I couldn't get any response.

(؈’ E†o Fèπ◊ áEo≤ƒ®Ω’x phone îËÆœØ√ á´®Ω÷ áûªh-™‰ü¿’/ Ææpçü¿† ™‰ü¿’) ´’†ç phone îËÆœ† ´uéÀh ÉçÈé-´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª’çõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡x phone engaged/ busy Å´¤-ûª’çC. When I phoned him an hour ago, his phone was engaged/ busy = phone

í∫çô véÀûªç ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ îËÊÆh Åûª-úÁ-´-J-ûÓØÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’/ ÉçÈé-´®Ó Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.) Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ NE-°œçîË ¨¡•lç: engaged

tone/ busy tone.

Å®·ûË engaged ¢√úøéπç ®√†’-®√†’ ûªT_-§Ú®·, ¢√úøéπç °®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC.

busy

Youngsters are almost always on the phone. Try their phones at any time, and you are sure to hear the busy (engaged) tone =

Ñ *†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx (ߪ·´-B-ߪ·-´-èπ◊©’) Ñ ®ÓV™x üΔüΔ°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ phone ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-Èé-°æ¤púø’ phone îËÆœØ√, ´’†èπ◊ busy/ engaged tone ´÷vûª¢Ë’ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ´’†èπ◊ phone calls receive îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç NÆæ’í¬_ ÖçúÕ, á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç< phones ®√èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊, receiver †’ BÆœ °æéπ\† °õ‰d-ߪ’úøç = leave the phone off the hook. a) He must have left the phone off the hook. We have been getting the busy tone since the morning = phone receiver busy (engaged) tone

Åûªúø’ °æéπ\† °õ‰dÆœ Öçö«úø’. §Òü¿’l-†’oç* ´≤ÚhçC. Hangup the phone = Ææç¶μ«-≠æù Å®·-§Ú-®·çûª-®√y-ûª-í¬F/ Ææç¶μ«-≠æù é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªúøç É≠ædç-™‰-†-°æ¤p-úø’í¬F, receiver †’ phone O’ü¿ °õ‰dÆœ Ææç¶μ«-≠æù ÇÊ°-ߪ’úøç. a) I no longer wanted to hear his complaints and hungup (the phone) = phone

ØË®√-®Ó-°æ-ù©’ N†úøç É≠ædç-™‰éπ

ÅûªúÕ ¶«üμ¿©’/ °õ‰d¨».

b) He has bad manners. He hangs up the phone in the middle of a conversation =

ÅûªúÕéÀ ´’®√uü¿ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Ææç¶μ«-≠æù ´’üμ¿u™ phone °õ‰d-≤ƒhúø’. S.P. Nirmal. Q. Sir, please clarify these sentences. If I find, I will give it to you. If I found, I would give it to you. A. If I find it, I will give it to you. (If I find, I will give it to you - this sentence is incomplete. If I find, - find what?) = There are chances of my finding it, and once I find it, you will get it. If I found (it), I would return it to you = There is no chance of my finding it, and if at all I find it, I would return it. (Neither am I going to find it, nor is there a chance of my giving it to you) Q. We must go now. We have to go now. A. We must go now = We have to go now =

¢Á∞«xL ´’†ç. Q. While Naveen was cooking, Jyothi was having a bath. A. Naveen's cooking and Jyothi's having a bath were taking place at the same time in the past.

ÂÆ©´¤™x ؈’ Ñ §∂ÚØ˛ †ç•-®Ω’™ Öçö«.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 6 -W-Ø˛ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

I.

Prasad: Perhaps she is busy. Shall I tell her to call you back after she comes or shall I take a message?

Rao: Hello, is this 282264642 please?

(•£æ›¨¡ busy í¬ ÖçüË¢Á÷? ®√í¬ØË O’èπ◊ phone îËߪ’-´’E îÁ°æpØ√? ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ O’Í®-´’Ø√o îÁÊ°p-ü¿’çõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ îÁ°æpçúÕ. ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊ îÁ§ƒh†’)

(£æ«™, ÉC 282264642 ßË’Ø√çúŒ?) Sita: Yes, and who is this please?

(Å´¤-†çúŒ. O’È®-´-®ΩçúŒ?) Rao: I am/ This is Rao (here). Can I speak to Mr. Gopal?

(؈’ ®√´¤/ Ø√Ê°®Ω’ ®√´¤. ؈’ íÓ§ƒ™¸ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a?) Sita: Yes, of course. Please hold on while I call him.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. ™„jØÓx ÖçúøçúÕ. °œ©’-≤ƒh†’.) Rao: This is urgent. Could you make it fast?

(ÉC î√™«

urgent.

é¬Ææh ûªy®Ωí¬ °œ©’-≤ƒh®√?)

Sita: Certainly. It won't be a minute

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, äéπ\-éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ °æôdü¿’)

Pranav: Just tell her that I called and to call me back.

´’†ç Ééπ\úø îª÷ú≈-LqçC: i) Shall I tell her to call you back? = Call back practise

®√í¬ØË O’èπ◊ ÅØËC Ñ

§∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’-´’E îÁ°æpØ√? îËߪ’çúÕ. Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. ii) Shall I take a message? = O’Í®-´’Ø√o îÁ§ƒpLq Öçõ‰ Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æpçúÕ. O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊†o ´uéÀhûÓ îÁ§ƒh†’. I will tell her/ him you've called = O’®Ω’ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»-®ΩE Ç¢Á’ûÓ/ Åûª-úÕûÓ îÁ§ƒh†’.

2

(؈’ ´’Sx §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒhØÁxçúÕ. Ñ number ™ØË éπüΔ Çߪ’† üÌJ-ÍéC?) (Get = phone ™ üÌ®Ω-éπúøç.) Krishna: Yea. This is the number, but call him on extension no. 234. The Operator will put you through/ connect.

(†ç•®˝ ÉüË, Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ extension no. 234 Åúø-í∫çúÕ. Operator ¢ÁçôØË O’ §∂ÚØ˛†’ Çߪ’-†ûÓ Ø訽Ւ éπ©’-°æ¤-û√®Ω’.) (Operator: °ü¿l °ü¿l ÆæçÆæn™ x Ö†o ´·ê’u-©†’ Company phone èπ◊ éπL-Ê°-¢√®Ω’. Extension no.: É™«çöÀ ÆæçÆæn™ x Company phone èπ◊ ´·ê’u©†’ éπLÊ° phone line)

Can I speak to Nar mada, please? ´’†ç Telephone skills †’ í∫’Jç*, üΔEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´÷ô© í∫’Jç* éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oçí∫üΔ? É°æ¤púø’ Telephone ™ ÅÆæ©’ ᙫ Ææç¶μ«-≠œç-î √™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oçûª ´÷vû√† ÆæJ-§Úü¿’. DEo phone ™ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøôç ¶«í¬ Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. O’ communication skills èπ◊ °æü¿’†’ °ôdçúÕ. a) v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μºç™ Ö†o Ææç¶μ«-≠æù îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπüΔ! á´J Phone †ç•-È®jØ√ ÆæJí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’, ÆæçüË-£æ«çí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø÷ E®√l¥-®Ωù îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ É™« v§ƒ®ΩçGμ≤ƒhç. Is this .... (number) please? please ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ. b) ´’† phone number ÅüË Å®·ûË, Yes/ yes, please Åçö«ç. ´’†èπ◊ phone îËÆæ’h-†o-üÁ-´®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’/ ¢√∞¡} éπç®∏Ωç í∫’®Ω’h-°æ-ôd-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’ °j† ņoô’xí¬, 'who is this please?' Åçö«ç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ May I know who this is please?/ May I know who is speaking please?

c)

Åçö«ç. É-™«ç-öÀ -v°æ-¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ-´÷--üμΔ-†çí¬ -´’-†ç, I am/ this is ÅE ´’† Ê°®Ω’ îÁ§ƒhç. (my name is ÅE ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Å†ç. Åü¿çûª ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’) Ç ûª®√yûª ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊-†oC phone áAh-†-¢√-∞¡xûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈, ÉçÈé-´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ -Å®·-ûË, can I speak/ may I speak to Sri/ Mr/ Mrs/ Miss name

(à Ê°È®jûË ÅC)? ÅØ√L. Å®·ûË ´’† ´ßª’-Ææ’-¢√∞¡⁄x/ ´’†-éπØ√o *†o-¢√∞¡⁄x/ ´’†ûÓ ¶«í¬ ’´‹ ÊÆo£æ«çí¬ Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË, Å°æ¤púø’, Sri/ Mr/ Mrs/ Miss ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. d) Phone ´’†ç receive îËÆæ’-èπ◊E, phone á´-JéÌ-*açüÓ ¢√∞¡x†’ °œ©-¢√-Lq-´-*a-†-°æ¤púø’, ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬, '™„jØÓx ÖçúøçúÕ, °œ©’-≤ƒh†’— Åçö«ç éπüΔ? DEéÀ English ™, 'Please hold on/ hold the line; I'll call him ÅE-í¬E, while I call him ÅE-í¬E Åçö«ç. (Be on the line ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’). ÉC ¶«í¬ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. II. Prasad: (Lifting the phone) Hello! Pranav: Can I speak to Narmada, please?

VI.

Prasad: I'm afraid, no. She's gone out.

¢Á÷í∫’-ûª’†o §∂ÚØ˛ áûª’hûª÷)

Sukumar: Am I speaking to Ms Sourabha?

(Å´¤†’. O’Èé-´®Ω’ 鬢√L?) M.SURESAN

(≤˘®Ω-¶μºûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oØ√?) ´÷´‚-©’í¬ØÁjûË– ≤˘®Ω-¶μº-ßË’Ø√ ´÷ö«x-úËC? (Å´¤†’, üËE í∫’Jç* O’®Ω’ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’h-†oC?) ´’†-éπç-ûªí¬ °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰E ´uèπ◊h-©èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ-†°æ¤púø’ Ææç¶μ«-≠æù °j Nüμ¿çí¬ Öçô’çC. O’®Ω’ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Am I speaking to ...? ņúøç î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC, Is it Ms Sourabha Å-†-úøç-éπçõ‰! (Ms Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπüΔ– °∞¡x-®·† Æ‘Y©†’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Mrs Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË Ñ ®ÓV™x °∞¡x-®·çD, ™‰ED ûÁL-ߪ’-E-¢√-∞¡x†’, °∞¡x®· Mrs ÅE °œL-°œç--éÓ-´úøç É≠ædç-™‰-E-¢√-∞¡x†’ Ms (Miss) ÅE Ææç¶-Cμ≤ƒhç. ÅN-¢√-£œ«ûª Æ‘Y©†’ ´÷vûªç ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ Miss ÅØË ®√≤ƒhç.) IV.

Pranav: When will she be back?/ When is she expected back?

Prasad: No idea. Why don't you try her cell? Do you have the number? cell phone

(ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. O’®√¢Á’ éÀ îª÷úøçúÕ. O’ ü¿í∫_®Ω †ç•-®Ω’çüΔ?)

îËÆœ

Pranav: I tried it but no use.

(؈’ v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√-†’-í¬F °∂æLûªç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC)

Receptionist: Sorry, He is in a meeting and won't be in for another hour, can I take a message please? (Sorry, Çߪ’† meeting ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ÉçéÓ í∫çô-´-®Ωèπ◊ ®√®Ω’. à´’Ø√o îÁ°æp´’ç-ö«®√?). Sekhar: No Message, I am Sekhar. I am a personal friend of his. I lost his personal phone no. Just tell him I called and would like him to call me back.

(îÁ§ƒp-LqçüËç ™‰ü¿’. ؈ûªúÕ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úÕo. ÅûªúÕ §∂ÚØ˛ †ç•®˝ áéπ\úÓ §ÒíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊Ø√o. ؈’ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»-†E îÁ°æpçúÕ. ûª††’ Ø√èπ◊ phone îËߪ’-´’E îÁ°æpçúÕ.) Receptionist: Sure, I Will. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) Sekhar: Thank you. 

Ramesh: (Lifting the phone) Hello! Umesh: Can I speak to Mr Ramesh.

(®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a? ÅÆæ©’ °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, may I speak to...? ņúøç ´’ç*C). Ramesh: Speaking. What can I do for you?

(ØËØË ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇ†’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’, àç-öÀ Ææçí∫A?) Ééπ\úø practice îËߪ÷-LqçC, ´’†-Èé-´-®Ω-®·Ø√ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ, O’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a? ÅE ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’, ؈’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’ (speaking) ņúøç. What can I do for you (please)? ÉC î√™« formal. Åçõ‰ ´’†-éπçûª °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E ´uèπ◊h© §∂ÚØ˛ 鬙¸qèπ◊ Ææpçü¿†. Nikhila: (As the phone rings Some one is calling; take the call. I am busy writing something. (Phone Krishna: (Lifting the phone) Hello, who is it please?

áûª’h. á´®Ó §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’...)

The caller (Phone Can I speak to the manager please? Krishna: I'm afraid you've to wait or call again after sometime. He is busy on another phone.

îËÆæ’h†o ´uéÀh):

(´’Sx á°æ¤p-úø’ç-ô’çC Éçöx?/ ´’S} á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?)

Sekhar: Can you put me through to Mr Murthy Senior Manager?

(Æ‘E-ߪ’®˝ ¢Ë’ØË-ï®˝ ´‚JhéÀ éπ©’-°æ¤-û√®√?)

Sourabha: Yes, you are. What's it about?

¢Á÷í∫’-ûª’ç-úøí¬)

(™‰ü¿çúÕ. •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-RxçC.) I'm afraid = I'm sorry. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx, afraid †’, sorry Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

4) Called person, extension

Åçö«ç. ™ Öçõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’

É™« Åçö«ç: Yes, please the call to him/ her (Phone

(Çߪ’†/ Ç¢Á’ ÖØ√o®Ω’). I'll pass Ç¢Á’èπ◊/ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ °æç°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) ÉO Telephone Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™ ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’: ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. Ankith: Hello, is it 098662513456, please? Archana: Could you repeat the number please? Ankith: Isn't is 098662513456? Archana: Sorry, You've got the wrong number. wrong number) ( Archana hangs up/ hooks up the phone. (Phone    Arjun: Try sahadev once again. phone Nakul: (Dialling the numberI don't here the dial tone. The phone is dead. phone Dial tone = beep, beep phone ring Phone is dead: phone phone phone Hang up phone phone Hook up = Ring off She hooked up/ rang off in the middle of the conversation = phone EXERCISE phone English practise Lakshman: Hanumanth:

Å-C Å™« ÅE

°õ‰d-ÆœçC)

Sourabha: (lifting the phone = Hello!

V.

(†®Ωt-ü¿ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a?/ †®Ωtü¿ ÖçüΔçúŒ?)

Ram

Receptionist: Yes. Who do you want please?

III.

Åçö«ç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰,

(´’®Ó-≤ƒJ Ç †ç•®˝ îÁ°æpçúÕ)

Sekhar: Hello, is this Corporation (please)?

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 601

I'm afraid/ I'm sorry he/ she is not here, I'll tell him/ her to call you back/ ring you back/ phone you back as soon as he/ she comes He/ she is quiet busy now/ in a meeting now, He/ She can't answer your call. Can I take a message?

(sorry.

O’®Ω’ é¬Ææh ¢Ë* ÖçúøçúÕ, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’Sx §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’çúÕ. Çߪ’† ÉçéÓ §∂ÚØ˛™ ´’È®-´-J-ûÓØÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’).

The caller: I'd rather call again. This is the number on which I can get him, isn't it?





°j Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™xE expressions í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπüΔ? OöÀE O’®Ω’ ¢√úø-ô¢Ë’ Ééπ N’T-Lç-ü¿çû√. Ç expressions †’ ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷üΔlç: 1) Phone îËÆ œ-†-°æ¤púø’, phone conversation v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μ«-EéÀ/ ´’†ç ÆæÈ®j† phone éÀ î˨»´÷ ÅE E®√l¥-Jç--èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅØË ´÷ô©’. Hello, is this... (no) please? Yes/ yes, please; who do you want? who is this?/ May I know who this is/ May I know who is speaking?

DEéÀ ï¢√•’:

DEéÀ ´’S} Ææpçü¿†: I am (O’ Ê°®Ω’) Can I/ May (O’èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq-†-¢√J Ê°®Ω’) ÅC O’Í® í∫†’éπ Å®·ûË: Yes, speaking ÅØËC ï¢√•’. DçûÓ-§ƒô’, What's it about?/ What can I do for you ÅØÌa. I speak to ...

2) Suppose you take the call, and the called person is different phone phone office called person called person please hold on/ hold the line phone Here's is a call for you/ someone is calling you/ you have a call called person called person = phone

(O’®Ω’ O’èπ◊ é¬èπ◊çú≈, O’ Éçöx/ Å®·ûË, Åçõ‰ ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o Å®·ûË, ÅE

áAh, ™ ÉçÈé-´-J-éπØ√o O’®Ω’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ü¿í∫_Í® Öçõ‰) (™„jØÓx ÖçúøçúÕ)

îËÆœ† ´uéÀhéÀ îÁ°œp,

ÅE

ûÓ Åçö«ç. á´-J-éÌ-Ææ’hçüÓ ¢√®Ω’) 3) Called person ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, Å°æ¤púø’ Åçü¿’-èπ◊-†o-¢√®Ω’ ÅØË-´÷ô:

phone

(´’S} Ææ£æ«-üË-¢˛èπ◊

îËÆœ îª÷úø’) †ç•®˝ ØÌéÀ\†

ûª®√yûª)

´’†ç îËߪ’-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ N†-°æúË ¨¡•lç– Å´¤-ûª’-†oô’x. ´’†ç îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç †’ç* à ¨¡•l´‚ N†-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç îËÆœ† Åçõ‰ °æE-îË-ߪ’-úøç ™‰ü¿-†o-´÷ô. Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπ-üΔ Â°õ‰d-ߪ’-úøç, ™ ´÷ö«-úøxôç Å®·-§Ú-®·Ø√, ´’üμ¿u™ ÅØ√o ÅüË Å®Ωnç. ÇÊ°-ÆœØ√. ´’üμ¿u-™ØË

´÷ö«x-úøôç ´·T-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈, °õ‰d-ÆœçC.

É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù-†’ ™ îËߪ’ç-úÕ. Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ £æ«™, á´-®ΩçúŒ? ؈’ £æ«†’-´’çû˝ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. ®√çí¬-®Ω’-Ø√o®√? Lakshman: ™‰®ΩçúÕ (I'm afraid ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-GμçîªçúÕ). Çߪ’† ¢√∞«x-Núø Æ‘ûªûÓ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«}®Ω’. Hanumanth: á°æ¤púø’ AJ-T-®√-´-îªa-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Lakshman:

(when is he...) ...idea (...message

ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’ ( ¢√úøçúÕ) à´’Ø√o ¢√úøçúÕ) îÁ°æp-´’ç-ö«®√? Hanumanth: Åéπ\-Í®x-ü¿’-™„çúÕ. ´’S} ؈’ phone îË≤ƒh†’. £æ«†’-´’çû˝ phone î˨»-úøE îÁ°æpçúÕ î√©’. Lakshman: Å™«Íí. (ÅE phone °õ‰d-¨»úø’ = He rang off/ He hooked up/ He disconnected.) ANSWER Lakshman: Hello who is this please? Hanumanth: I am Hanumanth here. Can/ may I speak to Sri Ram? Lakshman: I'm afraid he isn't in. He has gone out with his wife sita. Hanumanth: When is he expected back?/ when will he be back? Lakshman: No idea. Can I take a message? Hanumanth: That won't be necessary. I will call back. Just tell him Hanumanth called. Lakshman: OK.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -W-Ø˛ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

I. Sasir:

Hello, may I speak to Mr. Vasanth?

(´Ææçû˝í¬JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a?) Anjani:

May I know who is speaking (Please)?

(á´®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?) Sasir:

I am Sasir here. Mr. Vasanth is expecting my call. Please put me through.

(؈’ ¨¡P®˝, ´Ææç-û˝-í¬®Ω’ F §∂ÚØ˛ éÓÆæ¢Ë’ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’/ ††’o §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’-´’-Ø√o®Ω’) Anjani:

Please hold. I'll put the call through

(é¬Ææh Çí∫çúÕ. O’èπ◊ éπ©’-°æ¤-û√†’) Dialling to Vasanth – ´Ææç-û˝èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ÷h Sir, Mr. Sasir is on line for you.

(O’éÓÆæç ¨¡P-®˝-í¬®Ω’ ™„jØÓx ÖØ√o®Ω’). Vasanth: Put

him through. (Connection To Sasir: Hello, Mr. Sasir, I Appreciate your punctuality you are on the dot.

É´yçúÕ).

(¨¡P-®˝ûÓ: ¨¡P-®˝-í¬®Ω÷, O’ Ææ´’-ߪ’-§ƒ-©† ¶«í∫’çC. îÁ°œp† õ„j¢˛’èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»®Ω’)

(ÉC Åûªu-´-Ææ®Ωç. v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ Ö†o °æüË∞¡x Å´÷t-®·E ¢ÁçôØË ÇÆæp-vAéÀ ûª®Ω-Lç-î√L. Ééπ\úø Ç §ƒ°æèπ◊ v°æü∑¿´’ *éÀûªq îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ á´y®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. O’ ambulance †’ ¢ÁçôØË °æç°œç-îªçúÕ). Yugandhar: Certainly. It'll be on the move in a few minutes. Address, please.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, éÌCl éπ~ù«™x •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’ûª’çC. Address îÁ°æpçúÕ). Purandhar: 21/42 Gandhi Road, Left off the Main Road, next to the Ganganamma temple. 21/42

(-Å-´¤-†’. üËEo í∫’Jç* §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’hØ√o-®ΩçúŒ?) Subhankar: I wish to speak to the Manager please.

(¢Ë’ØË-ï-®˝ûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L) Rudrani: Sorry. She is out on business. Not expected back/ may not be back till after 12 noon. (Sorry.

Ç¢Á’ °æE-O’ü¿ •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. 12 ü∆õ‰ü∆é¬ Ç¢Á’ AJ-T´≤ƒh®Ω-†’-éÓ-´úøç ™‰ü¿’.)

í¬çDµ ®Óúø’f, ¢Á’®·Ø˛ ®Óúø’fèπ◊ áúø-´’-¢Ë°æ¤, í∫çí¬-†´’t í∫’úÕ-°æéπ\.

Subhankar: That's disappointing really. This is something important

Yugandhar: It'll be there in five minutes. If you need anything more, feel free to call us.

(E®√-¨¡-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç î√™« ´·êu¢Á’içC)

(Å®·ü¿’ EN’-≥ƒ™x Åéπ\-úø’ç-ô’çC. ÉçÍé-´’Ø√o 鬢√-©Ø√o, §∂ÚØ˛ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçéÓ-*ç-îª-éπçúÕ.)

May I know who is speaking please?

(á´-®ΩçúŒ, ´÷ö«x-úøôç?) Rudrani: I am Rudrani, her assistant can I be any help please?

C an I be any help please? Sasir:

Good morning, Mr. Vasanth, When shall we meet then? Miss Varsha said she would be along soon. You fix the time and I'll pass the message to her.

(Å®·ûË á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç? ´®Ω{-í¬®Ω’ ûªy®Ω-™ØË ´≤ƒh-†-Ø√o®Ω’. O’®Ω’ õ„j¢˛’ îÁGûË, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÅçC-≤ƒh†’.) Vasanth: Sorry. I'm unable to hear you properly. Could you repeat it please? (Sorry. O’®Ω’ îÁÊ°pC ÆæJí¬ NE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. ´’Sx äéπ-≤ƒJ îÁ•’-û√®√?) Sasir:

I am an my car, though not driving. I'll call you again in five minutes.

(؈’ 鬮Ω’™ ÖØ√o†’. Drive îËߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’-™„çúÕ. ´’Sx Å®·ü¿’ EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh†’) Vasanth: Please do. Or shall I call you?

(Å™«Íí îËߪ’çúÕ. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ؈’ îËߪ’Ø√?) Sasir:

Either way it doesn't matter

(ᙫ Å®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’) Vasanth: Sorry, I'm not able to get you.

(O’®Ω-†oC NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’) Sasir:

I was saying, 'Either way it doesn't matter'.

('ᙫ Å®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’— Åçô’Ø√o). Vasanth: OK.

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-©ûÓ ¶«ô’ ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË îª÷¨»ç ´’†ç. Put somebody through/ put a call through: Calling person †÷ (Phone îËÆæ’h-†o-¢√-∞¡x†÷), called person †÷ (Phone ´*a† ´uéÀhF) éπ©-°æúøç. Could you put me through to Sekhar) =

¨Ïê®˝ûÓ éπ©’-°æ¤-û√®√, é¬≤ƒh? ÉüÁ-°æ¤p-úøçö«ç, ´’†ç á´JûÓ ô’-Ø√o¢Á÷, ¢√∞¡xèπÿ, ´’†èπÿ Receptionist/ Operator í¬F Phone Calls†’ ™°æL ´uèπ◊h-©èπ◊

´÷ö«x-ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç´’üµ¿u, Office ÖçúÕ, •ßª’öÀ éπ©-§ƒLq ´ÊÆh.

II. Purandhar: Hello, is it Dhanwantari Medical Services please? Yugandhar: At your service. What can we do for you?

(O’ ÊÆ´™, àç îËߪ’-í∫-©¢Á÷ îÁ°æpçúÕ) Purandhar: This is an emergency. A ten year old accident victim needs to be rushed to hospital. None to give her even first aid. Rush your ambulance, could you?

É°æ¤púø’ ÉC English™ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. îÁjvûª: £æ«™, v¨»´-ùÀ-í¬-®Ω’-Ø√o-®ΩçúŒ? ®Ó£œ«ùÀ: á´-®ΩçúŒ ´÷ö«x-úËC? îÁjvûª: ؈’ îÁjvûª. v¨»´-ùÀ-í¬-Í®-Ø√çúŒ? ®Ó£œ«ùÀ: é¬ü¿çúŒ (Sorry). Ø√Ê°®Ω’ ®Ó£œ«ùÀ. v¨»´-ùÀ-í¬®Ω’ v°æÆæ’hûªç Åçü¿’-¶«-öx-™‰®Ω’. ØËØË-´’Ø√o ≤ƒßª’°æúø-í∫-©Ø√? îÁjvûª: Thank you; Ç¢Á’ á°æ¤p-úø’ç-ô’ç-ü¿çúŒ? ®Ó£œ«ùÀ: ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ í∫çô©’ °æöÔda. îÁjvûª: Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Ç¢Á’ûÓ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®√? (Message ¢√úøçúÕ) ®Ó£œ«ùÀ: îÁ°æpçúÕ. ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊ îÁ•’-û√†’. îÁjvûª: ØËF Ü∞x Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´®Ωèπÿ Öçö«†’. ¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç áéπ\úø, á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-´’ØË N´-®√-©†’ Ø√èπ◊ phone îËߪ’-´’E îÁ§ƒh®√? ®Ó£œ«ùÀ: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. O’ phone no ÉüË-éπü∆? îÁjvûª: Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ø√ phone no ÖçC. Thank you.

®Ó£œ«ùÀ: (Thank you èπ◊ Ææpçü¿† ®√ߪ’çúÕ.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 602

(؈’ ®Ω’vü∆ùÀ O’Íé-´’Ø√o ≤ƒßª’°æúø í∫-©Ø√?) Subhankar: Not much, I'm afraid. This is something personal. Thank you very much just the same.

O’®Ω’ v°æñ«-£œ«ûª ÆæçÆæn© ûª®Ω-°∂æ¤-†-í¬F, ÊÆ¢√-Ææç-Ææn© ûª®Ω-°∂æ¤-†-í¬F ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o(™‰ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. O’ ´÷ôèπ◊ î√™« °æ¤púø’, Å´-ûª-L-¢√-JéÀ Ü®Ωô éπL-TçîË™« thanks) ´÷ö«x-ú≈L éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, M.SURESAN Rudrani: You are welcome. Is this the phone ´·êuçí¬ phone ®√í¬ØË, ´’† Ææpçü¿†: on which I can get you? As soon as she At your service (please) (O’ ÊÆ´™ ¢Ë’ç comes back I will tell her you called. Can I ÖØ√oç)/ What can we do for you? (¢Ë’ç O’Íéç take a message, at least. îËߪ’-í∫©ç?) ÅE ņúøç î√™« ´·êuç. Å™«Íí You are welcome - ÉC Thank you very ´’† Å´-Ææ-®√-©†’ ûÁ©-°æúøç èπÿú≈ î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿í¬, much éÀ Ææpçü¿†. N°æ-ûª\®Ω °æJ-ÆœnA üµ¿yEçîË Ææy®ΩçûÓ, Eü∆-†çí¬, (O’èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÉüË éπü∆ O’ numÆæp≠ædçí¬ Å´-ûª-L-¢√-JéÀ N†-°æúË™« îÁ°æpúøç practise ber? Ç¢Á’ ®√í¬ØË O’®Ω’ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»-®ΩE îÁ•’îËߪ’çúÕ. Emergency ™ ûªy®Ω- ûªy-®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«xúøôç Ææ£æ«-ï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË Åçü¿’-´©x, Å´-ûª-L-¢√-JéÀ û√†’. éπFÆæç Ç¢Á’ûÓ à´’Ø√o îÁ°æp-´’ç-ö«®√) Å®Ωnç é¬éπ-§Ú-´úøç, ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’Sx ´’†Lo ÉçéÓ-≤ƒJ îÁ°æp- Subhankar: No, she doesn't know me. I will ´’-†úøç – OöÀ-´©x N©’-¢Áj† Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%ü∑∆ Å®·, call her again in the afternoon. Thank you. 鬧ƒ-ú≈-Lq† ´uéÀh v§ƒùç §ÚßË’ °æJ-ÆœnA ®√´îª’a. (™‰ü¿’ ™„çúÕ. ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. ؈’ ´’Sx î√™« Eü∆-†çí¬ (slowly), Ææp≠ædçí¬ (clearly) ≤ƒßª’çvûªç §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh†’. Thank you. ´÷ö«x-úøôç practise îËߪ’çúÕ. v§ƒù«-§ƒßª’ °æJ-Æœnûª’™x Å®·ûË, This is an emergency please Rudrani: Not at all, Bye. Ééπ\úø ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC– 'can I be any ņúøç ´’®Ω*-§Ú-éπçúÕ. î√™« ´·êuç. help?'- ؈’ O’Íé-´’Ø√o ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-í∫-©Ø√?/ ؈’ III. îËߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-üË-´’Ø√o Öçõ‰ îÁ°æpçúÕ. ´’†èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ-†Subhankar: Hello, is this Dravyanidhi Bank ¢√∞¡Ÿx E®√-¨¡-îÁç-ü¿-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’-éÀ™« ņ-´îª’a. Å™« please? (vü¿´u-ECµ ¶«uçÍé-Ø√çúÕ?) é¬éπ-§ÚûË, can I help you?/ can I be of help? ÅE Rudrani: Yes, it is What is it please? èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.

ANSWER: Chaitra: Hello, can I speak to Sravani? Rohini: May I know who this is/ who is this, please?/ who is speaking, please? Chaitra: I am Chaitra. Is it Sravani. Rohini: Sorry, no. I am Rohini. Sravani isn't near at hand/ out. Can I be of any help?/ Can I help you?/ May I help you? Chaitra: Thank you. When can I get her?/ When will she be available?

(ÉC éÌçîÁç

formal).

Rohini: In another two hours/ likely 2 hours. Chaitra: Could you take this message for her? Rohini: Certainly. Go ahead please. I'll pass on the message to her/ pass her the message. Chaitra: Please tell her I'll be in town till tomorrow after noon, and ask her to tell me over phone when and where we could meet. Rohini: Certainly/ Oh surely. You are on this phone, aren't you? Chaitra: She has my phone no. Thank you. Rohini: (You are) welcome/ My pleasure.

U. Srinivasarao, S.Konda

the following sentences/ choose the cor-

E. Anil, Prakasham (Dt.)

Q. English

rect sentence ™«çöÀ exercises ¶µ«≠æ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø´¤. Åçü¿’èπ◊ Gµ†oçí¬ confusion éπL-T-≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´í¬ ´’ç* ´’ç* ®Ωîª-†©’ îªü¿-´úøç ´©x ÆæJí¬ Ö†o sentence †’ °æõ‰dÊÆ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ´Ææ’hçC. Both Geetha and Suresh are students ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç correct ÅØËC, correct English èπ◊ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúÕûË ¢ÁçôØË í∫’Jhç-îª-í∫©ç. (Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø both ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ äéπõ‰ ÅØËC ¢ËÍ® N≠æߪ’ç) Too... To = So that... not - É™«çöÀ sentence transformation èπÿú≈ Å©-¢√ô’, exposure ü∆y®√ (correct English îªü¿-´-úøç/ N†-úøç ü∆y®√) áèπ◊\´í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. É™«çöÀ exercises ÅüË °æEí¬ îËߪ’úøç ´©x ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. Éçûªéπçõ‰ Ææ’©-¶µº-¢Á’i† ´÷®Ω_ç reading as

Q. 'The weather does play an important role in airports on the West Coast'. does Oxford advanced learners 7th edition do, does, did questions, negative statements cases do, does, did

™ ÆæÈ®j† ¢√é¬uEo îªü¿´éπ´·çü¿’ wrong sentences èπÿú≈ ÆæÈ®j-†-N-í¬ØË ÅE-°œ-≤ƒh®·. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Suresh and Geetha both are students.

ÅØËC ÆæÈ®j† ¢√éπuç é¬ü¿’. Both Suresh and Geetha are students

ÅE Öçú≈-©ô. Å™«Íí He is so week to walk (ÉC ûª°æ¤p) He is too week to walk ™‰ü∆ He is so week that he could not walk ÅØ√L. É™«çöÀ *†o *†o ûª°æ¤p-©†’ ᙫ ÆæJ-îË-Ææ’ -éÓ-¢√L? ûÁ©°æí∫©®Ω’. A. É™«çöÀ ņ’-¶µº´ç Åçü¿-Jéà Öçô’çC. wrong sentence right ÅE-°œç-îª-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, É*a† sentence, right Å®·Ø√ Éçü¿’™ àüÓ üÓ≠æç Ö†oô’x èπÿú≈ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Åçü¿’Íé correct

much English as possible.

Ééπ\úø Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. îª÷ÊÆh

†’ áçü¿’èπ◊

ÅØËN ™ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩE © ¢√úø’éπ

™ ÖçC. É™«çöÀ í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx plays •ü¿’©’ does play ¢√úÕûË ü∆EO’ü¿ éÌçîÁç stress áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†oô’x. 'Å´¤†’, éπ*a-ûªçí¬— ņoô’x. Å™«Íí do, did èπÿú≈. I know him = Çߪ’† Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. I do know him = Çߪ’† Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. (ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç àN’öÀ? ÅE.) He bought a car = Çߪ’† 鬮Ω’ éÌØ√oúø’. He did buy a car = Çߪ’† 鬮Ω’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ éÌØ√oúø’. É™« í∫öÀdí¬ ØÌéÀ\îÁ°æp-úøç-éÓÆæç do, does, did Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 20 -W-Ø˛ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

U.Srinivasarao, Singarayakonda.

éÀ to infinitive éÀ ûËú≈ N´Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ to infinitive E verb ÅE, verb E to infinitive ÅE Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Ñ ûËú≈†’ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Verb - Sentence ™ Subject ûª®√yûª à´÷ô/ ´÷ô©’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ sentence ÖçúøüÓ ÅC verb. She sings well. Ñ sentence ™ She, subject (sentence 'She' í∫’Jç* îÁ§ÚhçC 鬕öÀd). She BÊÆÊÆh, ... sings well. Ñ ¶μ«í∫ç™ 'sings' ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, She well DEéÀ Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, ÅC sentence é¬ü¿’– Åçõ‰ subject (She) ûª®√yûª, 'sings' ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, sentence Öçúøü¿’. 鬕öÀd sings, verb. Å™«Íí, They sing only Hindi songs ÅØË sentence ™, sing, verb Å´¤-ûª’çC. He is playing cricket- Ñ sentence ™ He, subject. He ûª®√yûª, is ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ (He playing cricket), playing ™‰éπ-§Ú--ûË (He is cricket) sentence Öçúøü¿’. 鬕öÀd Éçü¿’™ 'is playing' ÅØËC verb. Sing, play, walk, talk, write, go, come, sit, stand- É´Fo verbs.

4. Sub He

Q. Verb

Verb Indirect object Direct object told me a story

É™« î√™« structures ÖØ√o®·. É™« OöÀ ≤ƒßª’çûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈ English îªü¿-´-úøç-´©x (Newspapers, Magazines, etc) ûªy®Ωí¬, ¶«í¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´îª’a. G.Shankar, Kesavapatnam Q. Sir, I saw a sentence in a standard publication. That is in 3rd class English text book. 'Shivaji will soon be shifting here with his family'. Here why did not use 'moving'. A.

É©’x ´÷®Ωúøç, E¢√Ææç/ office ™«çöÀN äéπ-îÓ-öÀ†’ç* ÉçéÓ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ´÷®Ωúøç/ ´÷®Ωaúøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'shift' ¢√úøôç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. 'Move' ÅØË ÅØ√L. Shivaji will soon be shifting ņúøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Moving ÅØË ÅØ√L.

Q. In the same publication in 4th class text book.. "Are we going by taxi then?" Before taxi we use 'in' but here why did use by taxi if there is any exception please clarify.

2

A. Would rather =

áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç/ éÓ®Ω’éÓ-´úøç. I would rather you went by air =

†’´¤y N´÷-†ç™ ¢Á∞¡}-úø¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠ædç/ ؈’ éÓÍ®C. They would rather you paid them by cheque =

Q. To be + ing form; To be + PP-

-†’-´¤y -îÁé˙ -üΔy®√ îÁ-Lxç-îª-úø-¢Ë’ -¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ -É-≠dçæ / -¢√-∞¡Ÿx éÓ®Ω’èπ◊-ØË-C. Q. It is time we started It is time they completed It is time he came. A. It is time we started -

A. To be + ing -- To be going, to be wasting time, to be sleeping, etc =

Çߪ÷ °æ†’©’

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx It is time... Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, Ç Æ洒ߪ’ç üΔöÀ-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿E, É°æ¤p-úø®·Ø√ ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø-´’E. It is time we started = •ßª’-©’-üË-®√-Lq† Æ洒ߪ’ç üΔöÀ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Éçé¬ ´’†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. It is time they completed- (ÉC °æ‹Jh-é¬-™‰-ü¿’)

îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç. a) To be going there every morning is difficult =

®ÓW Öü¿ßª’ç Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé∞¡⁄hçúøôç

éπ≠dçæ . b) To be wasting time is not good =

Æ洒ߪ’ç ´%ü∑Δ îËÆæ’hç-úøôç ´’ç*-C-é¬ü¿’. c) To be spending money like him is not possible for all =

It is time they completed the work =

Åûª-úÕ™« úø•’s ê®Ω’a-°-úø’ûª’ç-úøôç Åçü¿-Jéà ≤ƒüμ¿uç é¬ü¿’.

°æE á°æ¤púÓ °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-LqçC, Éçé¬ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

To be + PP = to be appointed, to be elected, to be seen, to be taken, etc =

It is time he came Present simple tense. I, we, you and they verbs, (sing, play, walk, talk, write, go, etc.) to Infinitives

ÉN

OöÀE, ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. É™«çöÀ

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 603

´·çü¿’,

°úÕûË, ÅN

Å´¤-û√®·.

Verbs: Go, walk, talk, write, etc.

A. By taxi

correct. In taxi By bus/ car/ taxi/ lorry/ plane/ ship On cycle/ bike/ horse back top

Infinitives: to go, to walk, to talk, to write, etc. Infinitives

èπ◊ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd ´‚úø-®√n-©’ç-ö«®·. 1) äéπ °æE îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. To speak English is easy = -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -´÷-ö«x-úø-ôç -ûË-Léπ. To walk such a distance is difficult = Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´úøç éπ≠dçæ . 2) Infinitive èπ◊ È®çúÓ Å®Ωnç– äéπ °æE-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅE (éÓÆæç). He is here to help me = Åûªúø’ Ø√éÀ-éπ\úø ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÖØ√oúø’. I need money to buy books = °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ úø•’s©’ Å´-Ææ®Ωç. 3) Infinitive èπ◊ ´‚úÓ Å®Ωnç– 'ÅE—. He wishes to go home = Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©E éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. He wants to sing = Åûªúø’ §ƒú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. Infinitive, verb é¬ü¿’. îª÷úøçúÕ: go - verb;

To go - infinitive;

sing - verb;

äéÓ\-≤ƒJ,

to

To sing - infinitive.

™‰èπ◊çú≈

infinitive

´Ææ÷hç-ô’çC.

eg: I saw him (to) escape. [ (to escapesentence to escape plain infinitive. Sentence

Åûªúø’ ûª°œpç--éÌE §Úûª÷ç-úøôç Ñ ™, BÊÆÆœ Íé´©ç ¢√ú≈ç– Å®Ωnç: Åûªúø’ ÅC ûª°œpç--èπ◊E §Úûª’ç-úøôç ؈’ îª÷¨»†’). Å®·ûË correct í¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊, to infinitive (to go, to sing, etc) èπÿ, verb èπÿ ûËú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.] Q. ¢√é¬u-©†’ EJtç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’ßË’u, ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ ¢√úË ´·êu-¢Á’i† éÌEo structures ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. A. ´·êu-¢Á’i† éÌEo structures: 1. Subject (Sub.) + Verb + Direct Object She knows English He cut his finger The teacher did (not) explain the chapter 2. Subject + Verb + Infinitive The student tried to score high The teacher wishes to help us. 3. Sub

Verb

Object

Infinitive

(Noun/ Pronoun)

Sunil Chandana

wants me to help him advised Geeta to study well

ņ-úø¢Ë’

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

It is time he came = Åûªúø’ ®√¢√-Lq† Æ洒ߪ’ç á°æ¤púÓ üΔöÀ-§Ú-®·çC/ á°æ¤púÓ ®√¢√-LqçC, Éçé¬ ®√™‰ü¿’. Q. Though known as the smallest continent Australia is actually the largest Island in the World.

Åçö«ç. Éçü¿’™ Åçúø-®˝-™„jØ˛ îËÆœ† phrase èπ◊ ÅE ™‰E M.SURESAN Å®Ω nç àN’öÀ? ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©-éπçö«ç. A. ÅA *†o êçúøçí¬ Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æ œ-†-°æp-öÀéà äé𠧃®∏Ω-èπ◊úø’ Q. Precipitate, precipitation Ñ °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√nEo Q. éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. Ééπ\úø but ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’? Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. Precipitate= 1) v°æ´÷ü¿ç/ Ææ´’Ææu ņ’-èπ◊-†o-üΔ-EThere is no man but wishes to live. éπçõ‰ ´·çüË Ææç¶μº-NçîË °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ éπLpç-îªúøç. There is no rose but has some thorn. A.

sentences no man but = every man; no rose but = every rose. no... but = every

Ñ

™

É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x

(v°æA)

No man but wishes to live = Every man wishes =

v°æA ´’E≠‘ •ûª-éπ-íÓ-®Ω-û√úø’.

No rose but has a thorn = Every rose has a thorn =

v°æA í∫’™«-Héà ´·©’xç-ô’çC. é¬F Ñ ¢√úøéπç î√™« ví¬çC∑éπç. Q. Such as, the same as, the same that OöÀ usage E ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. Such as = Å™«çöÀ/ É™«çöÀ. Books such as the Bhagavadgita teach us the right way to live =

¶μºí∫-´-D_-ûª-™«çöÀ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÆæÈ®j† @´† NüμΔ-Ø√Eo ¶Cμ-≤ƒh®·. The same as = Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√Í®/ Å™«ç-öÀüË. A is the same as B = A, B ™«çöÀ-¢√úË/ B ™«çöÀüË. The same that... sentence †’ •öÀd D†®Ωnç Öçô’çC. Q. It cannot be true It may not be true

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπÿ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ÉC Eïç é¬ñ«-©ü¿’, Å≤ƒüμ¿uç. It may not be true = ÉC Eïç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a (ÆæçüË£æ«ç)

A. It cannot be true =

Q. I would rather you went by air. They would rather you paid them by cheque.

Çߪ÷ °æ†’©’

îËߪ’-•-úøôç. To be appointed to the post is his luck =

Ç °æü¿-NéÀ Eߪ’-N’-ûª’-úø-´úøç ÅûªúÕ Åü¿%≠ædç. To be elected president of a country is not easy =

äéπ ü˨»-EéÀ Åüμ¿u-èπ~◊-úø’í¬ áEo-éπ-´úøç Ææ’©¶μºç é¬ü¿’. Q. I could have written.

-Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰.. 1) ؈’ ®√ߪ’-í∫-LT ÖçúË-¢√-úÕE 2) ؈’ ®√Æœ Öçúø-´îª’a.. OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? A. I could have written DEéÀ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç, O’J-*a† ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC. Å®·ûË, ÅC °æ‹Jhí¬ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç: ؈’ ®√ߪ’-í∫-LT ÖçúË-¢√-úÕØË, é¬F ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Q. éÀçC ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ present participle prepositions ÅE -îª-C-¢√-†’. OöÀ Å®√n©’ ¢√úø’-éπ-©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) Considering his good method of teaching, the fees is not high

a) The company's dismissal of the union leader precipitated a strike by the workers =

2) Barring bad thoughts, he will lead a good life hereafter.

ߪ‚E-ߪ’Ø˛ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕE °æE-™ ç* ûÌ©-Tç-îªúøç Ææ¢Á’tèπ◊ üΔJ BÆœçC/ Ææ¢Á’t °æJÆœn-AE éπLpç-*çC.

3) Regarding your book publication, we are ready to help you.

b) His entering politics precipitated his brother's demand for a division of property =

Çߪ’† ®√ï-éÃߪ’ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç Çߪ’† ≤Úü¿-®Ω’úø’ ÇÆœh °æç°æéπç îËÊÆ °æJ-ÆœnA éπLpç-*çC/ üΔJB-ÆœçC. 2) (Science ™) äéπ N’v¨¡-´’ç-™ E vü¿´, °∂æ’† °æüΔ-®√n©’ ¢Ë®Ω’-é¬-´úøç. (Ö°æ¤p N’v¨¡-´÷Eo ´’J-TÊÆh Ö°æ¤p ûËL ¢Ë®Ω-®·-§Ú-´úøç, ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù) Precipitation = 1) °j† ûÁL-°œ† Ωu©’ ïJÍí °æJ-ÆœnA éπLpç-îªúøç. The leader's death caused the precipitation of a leadership problem =

Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úÕ ´’®Ωùç Ø√ߪ’-éπûªy Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ üΔJ-B-ÆœçC. 2) ´®Ω{-§ƒûªç, £œ«´’(-´’ç-)-§ƒûªç. There was a sudden precipitation leading the streets to be covered with rain water,

Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ ´®Ω{-§ƒûªç ´©x ®ÓúøxEo ï©-´’-ߪ’´’-ߪ÷u®·. Q. Past participle E adjective í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. The torn book = Ééπ\úø torn, tear èπ◊ past participle. Torn book= *E-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç. Torn (PP) °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC, 鬕öÀd, Ñ past participle, adjective í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù. Å™«Íí the deadman ™ dead, the closed factory ™x, dead, closed past participles used as adjectives.

OöÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’™

ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-J-≤ƒh®√?

4) Respecting the idea given by you, I shall act there. 5) Concerning last month's murder, he did not take step so far. 6) Touching her matter, I could not take any step. 7) Pending another call from chennai, we stay here itself. A.

O’®Ω’ ´÷ô© grammatical names ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ ÆæJí¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ®√ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊. ¢√öÀE O’®Ω’ ÆæJí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊E ¢√úø-ö«-EéÀ, ÅN participle prepositions ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. üΔE-´©x O’èπ◊ confusion ûª°æp àç Öçúøü¿’. ¢√öÀ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ¢√úøçúÕ. 1) ÅûªúÕ ´’ç* °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©†’ °æJ-Q-LÊÆh 2) îÁúø’ Ç™-îª-†©’ ûª°œpÊÆh/ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰; é¬F Ééπ\úø barring ¢√úøéπç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. 3) Regarding = Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç*/ Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh 4) †’Ny-*a† Ç™-îª-†èπ◊ íı®Ω-´-N’Ææ÷h/ üΔEo °æJ-í∫ù-†-™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊çô÷ 5) üΔEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç* 6) Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷EéÌÊÆh/ Ææç•ç-Cμç* 7) îÁØÁj o †’ç* ÉçéÓ-≤ƒJ phone ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊. pending = °æ‹Jh-é¬E.

Ñ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 27 -W-Ø˛ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Chandana: How is the new lecturer? Find him OK?

(éÌûªhí¬ ´*a† -™„éπa®Ω®˝ ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’?) Charchita: Top class. Lucky we have such a teacher. A sea of difference between him and the one he replaces. He is knowledgeable and can put things across well enough for even the slow learners to understand.

(Åûª’u-ûªh´’ç. Åô’-´çöÀ -™„éπa®Ω®˝ ´÷èπ◊ç-úøôç ´÷ Åü¿%≠ædç. -Ç-ߪ’-†èπÿ, Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’-Ø√o-ߪ’-†èπ◊ áçûÓ ûËú≈. N≠æߪ’ç ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√úø÷, áçûª ´’çü¿-´’-ûª’-©-ÈéjØ√ îªéπ\í¬ Å®Ωnç ÅßË’uô’x N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©úø’.)

2

1) Knowledgeable =

(´÷èπÿ Å™«Íí ÅE°œç-*çC. à Ææçüˣ櫢Á’i-Ø√ Åúø’í∫’, ¢ÁçôØË B®Ω’-≤ƒhúø’. N≠æߪ’ç ¶«í¬ ÖçC, î√-™« Ææ÷éπ~ tçí¬ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©úø’. ÉçéÓöÀ– éÌûªh N≠æ-ߪ÷Lo ¢ÁçôØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.) Chandana: My brother further says that even as a student he was clued up on the latest computer systems.

(Ç-ߪ’-† NüΔu-Jn-í¬ -Ö-†o°æ¤p-úË éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ éÌûªh-üË-ü¿-®·Ø√ ´ÊÆh ¢ÁçôØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌ-ØË-¢√-úøE ´÷ ņo -îÁ-§ƒp-úø’.--) Charchita: You can say that again. He appears to be determined to get to the bottom of the subject.

(ÅC -î√-™« éπÈ®é˙d. éπç°æ‹-uô®˝ í∫’Jç* èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©ØË E¨¡a-ߪ’çûÓ Ö†oô’d éπ-E°œ≤ƒhúø’.)

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷EéÀ Ææç-•ç-Cμç-*°æJ-ñ«c†ç Öçúøôç. a) She is not a professor far of Physics nothing. She is quite knowledgeable about the subject =

Ç¢Á’ -Ø√-´’-´÷-vûªçí¬ °∂œ->é˙q v§Ò°∂Ææ®˝í¬ -Öç-úø-ôç ™‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ °∂œ->é˙q ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

b) Let's consult this doctor. He is knowledgeable about the latest in the treatment of this complaint =

´’†ç Ñ ú≈éπd®Ω’o éπ©’-üΔlç. Ñ ¢√uCμ *éÀ-ûªq™ Çüμ¿’-Eéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√úø’.

a) Having retired from the profession, I am not acquainted with the latest in the subject =

°æü¿O N®Ω-´’ù îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’-´©x, Ç Ææ-•bèπ◊d-™-E éÌûªh éÌûªh N≠æ-ߪ÷-© í∫’-Jç-* Ø√èπ◊ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. b) Who doesn't like to be acquainted with a movie star? =

ÆœE´÷ û√®Ω-©ûÓ °æJ-îªßª’ç á´-J-

éÀ≠dçæ Öçúøü¿’? 6) Be well up on a subject = 8) be clued up on the subject=

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç.

H e knows the subject inside out Chandana: How many classes have you had of his? Just a few, aren't they? How could you form an opinion so soon?

(-Ç-ߪ’-† é¬xÆæ’-©’ -O’èπ◊ -á-†o-ߪ÷u®·? éÌØËo éπüΔ? -†’-´¤y Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç ᙫ -à®Ωp®Ω-éÓí∫-©´¤?) Charchita: Why, he has week. During convinced us subject inside

taught us a whole this period he has that he knows the out.

(ÅüËçöÀ? -Ç-ߪ’-† ´÷èπ◊ ¢√®Ωç-§ƒô’ îÁ§ƒp-úÕç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. Ñ é¬©ç™ -Ç-ߪ’-†èπ◊ Ææ-•èb π◊d ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-ÆæØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ´÷èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-´-îËaô’d î˨»úø’.) Chandana: My brother is acquainted with him; he says this lecturer is a computer buff and can do almost anything on the computer.

(´÷ ņoèπ◊ -Çߪ’-†-ûÓ °æJ-îªßª’ç ÖçC. -Ç-ߪ’-†èπ◊ èπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ Åçõ‰ -î√-™« ÇÆæéÀh, É≠ædç ÅE, üΔE ´‚©çí¬ éπç°æ‹-u-ô®˝ûÓ üΔüΔ°æ¤ àü¿-®·Ø√ îËߪ’-í∫-©-úøE ´÷ ņo îÁ°æ¤hç-ö«-úø’.) Charchita: So have we found him. Raise a doubt and he has a clarification. He is well up abreast on the subject, and can explain things in a very simple way. And the other thing is he keeps himself abreast of the subject.

K. Omkar, Visakhapatnam. Q.

3) Know something inside out =

äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æ‹Jhí¬/ èπ~◊ùoçí¬/ ™ûª’-§ƒ-ûª’©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 604 Chandana: The college management has to be congratulated on their choice of such a good lecturer.

a) Having been a finance minister for long, Mr. Rosaiah knows the state finances inside out = M.SURESAN

(É™«çöÀ -™„éπa®Ω®˝-†’ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’èπ◊†o ߪ÷ï-´÷-Ø√uEo ÅGμ-†ç-C-çî√-LqçüË.) Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) He is knowledgeable. 2) Put things across. 3) .... that he knows the subject inside out 4) My brother is acquainted with him. 5) .... he is a computer buff.

b) You cannot be any use to your students if you don't know your subject inside out =

F -Ææ-•bèπ◊d í∫’-Jç-* °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁL-ÊÆh-í¬F †’´¤y F NüΔu-®Ω’n-©Íéç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-™‰´¤. 5) Buff = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¶«í¬ ÇÆæéÀh (interest) ÖçúÕ Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. a) An electronics buff, he surprized his professors and friends at college by designing a cell phone with the latest features =

-á-©é¬Z-Eé˙q Åçõ‰ Åûª-úÕéÀ v§ƒùç. ÅüË°æEí¬ üΔEo Åüμ¿u-ߪ’†ç îË≤ƒhúø’. Åû√u-üμ¿’-Eéπ ©éπ~-ù«-©ûÓ ÂÆ-™ ¸-§∂Ú-Ø˛ ®Ω÷§Òç-Cç* ¢√∞¡} -v§Ò°∂Ææ®Ωx-†÷, ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©†÷ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-®Ω-î√úø’.

6) He is well up on the subject. 7) He keeps himself abreast of the latest in the subject. 8) He was clued up on the latest. Knowledgeable, know something, inside out, be acquainted with, buff, be well up on, keep oneself abreast of, be clued up on

– É´Fo èπÿú≈ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\´ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅØË ûËú≈ûÓ ¢√úË words and Phrases. É°æ¤púø’ OöÀ í∫’-Jç-* N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç.

b) She is a movie buff. Ask her anything about movies and she has an answer =

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÆœE-´÷-©çõ‰ v§ƒùç/ ÇÆæéÀh. ¢√öÀ í∫’-Jç-* ÅüË °æEí¬ Åüμ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËÆæ’hçC. à ÆœE´÷ N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ -îÁÊ°p-ߪ’í∫-©’í∫’-ûª’ç-C. 4) Be acquainted with = N≠æߪ’ç/ ´’†’-≠æfl-©ûÓ °æJ-îªßª’ç Öçúøôç. correct é¬ü¿’. Completed (Past simple) ÅE °ö«d-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ past ™ à time ™ complete Å®·çD ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç– Yesterday/ Two days ago/ half an hour ago ™«çöÀ expressions ™‰´¤ éπüΔ? 鬕öÀd completed ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Time îÁ°æpE past action í¬ ÖçC ÉC. Åçü¿’-éπE– He has com-

A master in Q. A English master English A. English master = English teacher English = English Master of (in

ņ-ú≈-EéÀ •ü¿’©’

'éÌCl-®Ó-V©’ í∫úÕ-î√®·— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ éÀçC È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? 1. A few days passed 2. A few days are passed

ÅØÌî√a?

é¬ü¿’) °j† ¶«í¬ °æô’d-†o-¢√úø’. A. A few day's passed Å-†-úøç correct. (are Q. •çí¬-®Ω’-©çéπ ´÷Ææd®˝ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ master at passed = ÅçCç-îª-•-úø-û√®·. All the letters are Bangaru lanka ÅØÌî√a? passed (on) to the boss = Öûªh-®√-©Fo boss èπ◊ A. ņ-´îª’a. ÅçCçîª/ °æç°æ-•-úø-û√®·. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – U. Srinivasarao, S.Konda (Prakasam Dt.) (ÅçC≤ƒhç/ °æç°œ≤ƒhç) Q. NüΔu-®Ω’n©’ ë«S©’ °æ‹Jç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ correct tense Q. F skintone fantastic ÅE hero, heroin ûÓ verb form ᙫ °ö«dL? ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ He ....... ÅØ√oúø’. Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? (complete) his work. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ verb à form A. skintone = Ωt°æ¤ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’/ Ωt ≤˘çü¿®Ωuç ™ ¢√úÕØ√ È®jõ‰ éπüΔ? Åçõ‰, completed, has Q. äçõ„-°j† C¢Á’t-™«çöÀ ¶μ«í¬Eo ´‚°æ¤®Ωç Åçö«ç. completed, was completed, will be completDEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ed, .... Ç ¢√éπuç ¶μ«´ç àN’ö ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ corA. Hump rect form ÉD ÅE ᙫ E®Ωg-®·≤ƒhç? Q. Çúø-°æ-úø’ èπ◊ English àN’öÀ? A. He ..... (Complete) his work. É™«çöÀ sentence A. Sister-in-law (´C†/ Çúø-°æ-úø’) © N≠æߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh Ç™-*ÊÆh ûÁL-Æœ-§Ú-ûª’çC. àC Q. Some what more Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? correct ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç. Complete- ÉC regular action †’ ûÁL-Ê°C éπüΔ! ÅC regular ÅE ûÁLÊ° A. Somewhat more = é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ °æü¿ç– eg: on time/ promptly/ late every day Q. E®√-úøç-•-®Ω-ûª†’ English ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ™«çöÀN. Ñ sentence ™ ™‰´¤ 鬕öÀd complete A. Humility/ modesty/ simplicity

î√™«é¬©ç ÇJn-éπ-´’ç-vAí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x ®Ó¨¡-ߪ’uèπ◊ ®√≠æZ ÇJnéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

pleted the work, correct. He was completed

(Åûª†’ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-•-ú≈fúø’)– É™« ņç éπüΔ. ÉC ûª°æ¤p. He completed ÅØË Åçö«ç. time îÁÊ°h. He will complete the work ÅØÌa. é¬F future ™ à time- tomorrow/ in an hour/ by the evening ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™‰ç ™‰´¤ éπüΔ? 鬕öÀd, ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. He will be completed (=¢√úø’ °æ‹JhîËߪ’•-úø-û√úø’) – É™« ņç. M.Satyanarayana, Hyderabad. Q.

éÀçC °æüΔ-©†’ á°æ¤púø’, áéπ\úø, ᙫ ¢√ú≈L?

1. Lunch, Rice, Food. 2. Nice, Good, Fantastic, Fine. 3. First, Before. A. Lunch = (breakfast)

´’üμΔu£æ«o ¶μï†ç. §Òü¿’l† Å™«p-£æ…®Ωç BÆæ’èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª 3, 4 í∫çô© ´u´-Cμ™ îËÊÆ ¶μï†ç/ ´’üμΔu£æ«oç 1 – 3 í∫çô© ´’üμ¿u)-.

a) Though a Bengali, having been born and bred in Hyderabad, she is well up on/ clued up on Telugu language and Telugu culture =

Ç¢Á’ ¶„çí¬M Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ °æ¤öÀd °®Ω-í∫-úøç-´©x ûÁ©’í∫’ ¶μ«≥ƒ, ÆæçÆæ \%B ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. b) We had better be clued up on/ about the new computer system before we start using it =

Ñ éÌûªh éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ÆœÆdçæ -¢√-úø-ôç ¢Á·ü¿©’°ôd-éπ´·çü¿’ üΔE í∫’-Jç-* ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç ´’ç*C. 7) To keep oneself abreast of something = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷EéÀ Ææç-•ç-Cμç-*-† †÷ûª† °æJ-ù«-´÷©’ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç. a) Though he is in the US, he keeps himself abreast of the goings on in AP =

-Ç-ߪ’-† Å¢Á’-J-鬙 Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ççvüμ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ -àç ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª’-†oD á°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’ç-ö«úø’.

b) What's the latest here? I having been abroad for a few weeks, I couldn't keep myself abreast of the happenings here =

à-N’öÀ éÌûªh N¨Ï-≥ƒ-L-éπ\úø? éÌCl-¢√-®√-©’í¬ NüË-¨»™x Öçúø-ôç-´©x, Ééπ\úø ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o N≠æ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* á°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. 2) Put things across N¨¡-D-éπ-Jç-îª-úøç/ Å®Ωn -´’-ßË’u-™« N´-Jç-îª-úøç. a) A good communicator, Arun Jaitley can put across even very complex ideas = communicator

´’ç* (îªéπ\í¬ Éûª-®Ω’-©-éπ-®Ωn-´’-ßË’uô’x ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx) Å®Ω’-ù˝-ñ„jöÃx ÆæçéÀx-≠d¢æ Á’i† N≠æߪ÷-©†’ èπÿ-ú≈ îªéπ\í¬ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©úø’.

b) The syllabus is above the standard of this class. (It is) difficult to put it across to the class stanstudents of this age group = dards syllabus.

Ñ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçD Ñ ´ßª’-Ææ’NüΔu-®Ω’n-©-éÀC N´-Jç-îª-úøç éπ≠dçæ . °j´Fo èπÿú≈ spoken English ™ ûª®Ω-îª÷- ¢√úË expressions. ´’† Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™x ≤Òçûªç îËÆæ’-èπ◊çüΔç. Rice = Gߪ’uç/ ņoç (ÖúÕ-éÀç-*† Gߪ’uç/ ´çúÕ† Gߪ’uç) Food = ǣ慮Ωç, à -ǣ慮Ω-¢Á’iØ√, °∂æ’†, vü¿´ °æüΔ-®√n© ®Ω÷°æç™ (¶μï†ç §ƒF-ߪ÷-™«xç-öÀN, ´·êuçí¬ ¨¡éÀh-éÓÆæç BÆæ’-¢√L) Nice, Good, Fantastic, Fine = Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ °æüΔ©÷ üË-†o®·-Ø√ ¢Á’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπÿ, àüÁjØ√ î√™« ¶«í∫’çC/ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬/ Åçü¿çí¬/ Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬/ ´’ç* ņ’-¶μº´ç éπL-Tç-îË™« ÖçC ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Å™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤úø’ OöÀ™x äéπ-üΔ-EéÀ, ÉçéÓüΔ-Eéà ŮΩnç™ ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ Å®√n©’ Å®·ûË, Nice = Åçü¿-¢Á’i† Fine = Ø√W-Èéj†, Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i†. First = ÅEoç-öÀ-™  -¢Á·ü¿-öÀC/ ´·çü¿’†o. Before = ïJ-T† Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†™x, üËE-éπØ√o (ÅEoöÀ éπØ√o é¬-†éπ\®Ω-™‰-ü¿’) ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC. His first business was fruits = ÅEoöÀéπ-Ø√o Åûª-úÕ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç °æçúø’x. I studied there before I joined here = Ééπ\úø îËÍ®-´·çü¿’ Åéπ\úø îªC-¢√†’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 4 -V-™„j 2010 P.Simhachalam, Bhimadolu

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ frown upon = He frowned upon his son’s idea of marrying a girl of his choice.

éÓ°æçûÓ îª÷úøôç/ ÅÆæ-´’tA

Q. Sir,

éÀçC¢√öÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÖüΔ£æ«-®Ωù©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

The be-all and end-all; Where abouts; Ferrari; Brown nosing; Stealth call; Break the bank; Graduand; Formal ceremony; Drop the ball; Soap Grafting; Wither on the vine; Frown upon; Perspicuous; Two to tango; Nothing to write home about; Hung upon; Yada yada yada; Put a hex on someone; Go hay wire; Impersonate; Scrimp and save; Shoulder surfing; Stalking horse; Vidiot; Approval from corporate; Herding cats; Round up; Get to; bucket list; Vitiate; Splitsville; Double entendre; Double whammy; Embark on; Have a beef with someone (grudge); Cahoots with; Fouled (sb) own nest.

ûÁ©-°æúøç.

perspicuous = Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å®Ωn-´’ßË’u/ Ææ®Ω-∞¡-¢Á’i† ®ΩîªØ√ ¨ÎjL/ Ææç¶μ«-≠æù« ¨ÎjL. The perspicuous writing made his books very popular.

Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô Åçûª ¢√úø’-éπ™

™‰ü¿’. two to tango =

È®çúø’ îËûª’©’ éπL-ÊÆhØË é¬F æp-ô’xç-úø´¤. (Åçõ‰ ïJT-†-üΔ-EéÀ Éü¿l®Ω÷ 鬮Ω-ù-´’E.)

Don’t blame me for our defeat. It takes two to tango =

ãô-N’éÀ ††’o ´÷vûª¢Ë’ EçCç-îªèπ◊. ´’†ç Éü¿l®Ωç 鬮Ω-ù¢Ë’. (Éü¿lJ ûª°æ¤p© ´©x ãúÕ§Úߪ÷ç.) nothing to write home about = Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√-Lq-†çûª íÌ°æpí¬ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç.

2

Sudhir is only a stalking horse. The real contender is Srinath =

Ææ’Dμ®˝ °jéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éπE-°œçîË §ÚöÃüΔ-®Ω’úø’. XØ√ü∑˛ ÅÆæ©’ §ÚöÃ-üΔ-®Ω’úø’. (Å´-ûªL ´uéÀh ¨¡éÀhE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ XØ√ü∑˛ Ææ’Dμ-®˝†’ §ÚöÃéÀ E©-¶„-ö«dúø’.) vidiot = Electronic gadgets ûÓ ´·êuçí¬ video ≤ƒ´’vTûÓ é¬©ç í∫úÕ-Ê°-¢√∞¡Ÿx. ÉC Éçé¬ standard English usage ™éÀ ®√™‰ü¿’. approval from corporate = ÆæçÆæn †’ç* §ÒçüË Ææ´’tA. herding cats. Herding cats é¬ü¿’, herding cattle = °æ¨¡Ÿ-´¤-©†’ ´’çü¿í¬ îËJa ûÓ©’-Èé-∞¡}úøç.

Suma, Nirmal Q. Sir,

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©’ ¢√öÀ Ççí∫x ņ’-¢√ü¿ç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? †’´¤y §∂ÚØÓx á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? = With whom you are talking on phone? á´-JûÓ éπLÆœ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™  2) †’´¤y Öçô’-Ø√o´¤? = With whom you are living in

1)

Hyderabad? 3)

†’´¤y à é¬xÆˇ™ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? = In which class you are studying?

A. 1) With whom you are talking on the correct question form phone? Question Subject Verb Helping verb Main Verb Subject Verb Helping Verb Main Verb Sentence are talking verb. ‘are’, helping verb, talking, Main Verb.) correct question form- With whom are (helping verb) you (subject) talking (Main Verb) over (on the phone? correct question Modern English Whom Who preposition, to/ with verb question- Who are you talking to over the phone?

– ÉC

H e br own noses and gets on A.

É´Fo èπÿú≈ î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†, ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË phrases. The be all and end all (of life) = @Nûª °æ®Ω-´÷-´Cμ. Eating and sleeping are not the be all and end all of life, is it?

= A†úøç, Evü¿-§Ú-´úøç @Nûª

°æ®Ω-´÷-´Cμ é¬ü¿’éπüΔ? Most people think that amassing wealth is the be all and end all of life. =

Ææç°æü¿ Ææ´’èπÿ-®Ω’a-éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’ @Nûª °æ®Ω-´÷-´Cμ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ î√™«-´’çC. where abouts = áéπ\úø/ à îÓô Ö†oC: Try as it might, the US has no idea about the whereabouts of Bin Laden =

áçûª v°æߪ’Aoç-*Ø√ Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊ GØ˛-™«-úÁØ˛ áéπ\úø Ö†oD/ Çîª÷éà ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. ferrari = ÉC English °æü¿ç é¬ü¿’. î√™« v°æÆ œ-ü¿l¥¢Á’i† Í®Æˇ 鬮Ωx Ê°®Ω’. êK-üÁj† non racing car brand èπÿ-ú≈ -Öç-C. brown nosing = ÅCμ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o-¢√J ¢Á’°æ¤p§Òç-üËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ¢√J-°æôx ÅA ´’®√uü¿ îª÷°æúøç. He doesn’t know work, so he brown noses the manager and gets on = Manager

Åûª-úÕéÀ °æE ûÁLߪ’ü¿’. †’ é¬é¬ °æöÀd í∫úø’-°æ¤-éÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. stealth call = ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’úøç/ ®Ω£æ«Ææuçí¬ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç. The Minister had a stealth call from the mafia leader =

´’çvAE ´÷°∂œßª÷ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’/ ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»úø’. break the bank = ¶«uçèπ◊†’ üÓ-éÓ-´úøç. They broke the bank around 2 AM = §Òü¿’l† È®çúø’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶«uçèπ◊†’ üÓ°œúÕ î˨»®Ω’. graduand: ÉC English ´÷ô-é¬ü¿’. formal ceremony = ≤ƒçíÓ-§ƒç-í∫çí¬ (ÅEo ™«çîμª-Ø√-©ûÓ) ïJÍí ¨¡Ÿ¶μº-鬮Ωuç/ ûªçûª’– Ææçv°æüΔߪ’ •ü¿l¥çí¬ ïJÍí ¨¡Ÿ¶μº-é¬-®√u©’/ Ũ¡Ÿ-¶μºé¬-®√u©’. drop the ball: DEéÀ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç àD ™‰ü¿’. ≤ƒ-üμΔ®Ω-ù -Å®Ωnç-™ -•ç-A éÀç-ü¿ °æ-úË-ߪ’-úøç. soap grafting = ¶«í¬ ÅJ-T-§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéà §ƒÍ®-ߪ’-™‰E Ææ•’s ´·éπ\†’, éÌûªh Ææ•’sèπ◊ ÅAéÀçîªúøç. Å®·ûË ÉC standard English é¬ü¿’. wither on the vine - v§ƒ®Ωç¶μº ü¿¨¡-™ ØË éÃ~ùÀç-îªúøç/ ÇT-§Ú-´úøç– The metro rail project withered on the vine with the Satyams going bankrupt =

Ææûªuç éπç°F C¢√™« Bߪ’úøçûÓ Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢Á’vö È®j©’ v§ƒñ„èπ◊d ÇC-™ØË ÇT§Ú-®·çC.

Shepherds spend time in the morning and the evening herding cattle =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 605

°æ¨¡Ÿ-´¤-©†’ ´’çü¿í¬ îËJa ûÓ©’-Èé-∞¡Ÿûª÷ °æ¨¡Ÿ´¤© 鬰æ®Ω’x 鬩ç í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√®Ω’. round up = í∫’ç°æ¤í¬ äéπ-îÓô îË®Ωaúøç/ India’s game in the match against Åü¿’-°æ¤-™ éÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç- The police Zimbabwe has nothing to write rounded up the gamblers- Wü¿-®Ω’-©çhome about = >綫-¶‰yûÓ ¶μ«®Ωû˝ ü¿-JE §ÚMÆæ’©’ äéπöÀí¬ îË®√a®Ω’/ Åü¿’-°æ¤M.SURESAN ÇúÕ† B®Ω’ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√-Lq† íÌÊ°pç é¬ü¿’. ™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. hung up = phone °õ‰dÆ œ Ææç¶μ«-≠æù ÇÊ°-ߪ’úøç. get to. É™«çöÀ ‘phrase’ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ àO’-™‰ü¿’. He hung up when I asked him about the bucket list: Ñ ´÷ô standard English ¢√úømoney = úø•’s í∫’Jç* Åúø-í¬_ØË §∂ÚØ˛ °õ‰d-¨»úø’. éπç-™éÀ ®√™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô äéπ ÆœE´÷ yada yada yada = ´Èíj®√, ´Èíj®√, ´Èíj®√– à¢ÁjØ√ Ê°®Ω’í¬ ¢√ú≈®Ω’, äéπ ´uéÀh îªE-§Ú-ßË’-´·çü¿’ °æ‹Jh-îËî√™« N≠æ-ߪ÷©’, ¢√öÀ™x éÌEo v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰E-¢ÁjûË, ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ØË °æ†’© ñ«Gû√ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ¢√öÀE îÁÊ°p ã°œ-éπ-™‰éπ yada, yada, yada Åçö«ç. vitiate = To Spoil or reduce the effect of some thing = §ƒúø’-îË-ߪ’-úøç, ÇPç-*† °∂æLûªç According to him, his favourite movie hero is ®√èπ◊çú≈ Åúø’f-éÓ-´úøç. Politics vitiate welfare tall, handsome, bright, kind, yada yada yada.

programmes.

put a hex on someone =

splits ville = ÉC èπÿú≈ standard English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË DEo ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ ü¿ç°æ-ûª’©’ Nú≈-èπ◊©’ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Bucket list, Splitsville Åçü¿-Jéà ŮΩnç é¬éπ -§Ú-´îª’a, Éçé¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ®√™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. double entendre = DE pronunciation: úø•’™¸ Çö«vúø = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç-ûÓ-§ƒô’ •÷ûª’ Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ Ææ’p¥Jç-îË-ô’-´çöÀ °æü¿ç. double whammy = È®öÀdç°æ¤ ¶«üμ¿/ ¶μ«®Ωç/ äé𠶫üμ¿èπ◊ ûÓúø’ ÉçéÓ ¶«üμ¿. embark on = °ü¿l áûª’h† v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-îªúøç.

Éûª-®Ω’© O’ü¿ £æ…Eéπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´’çvûª-¨¡-èπ◊h©’ v°æßÁ÷-Tç-îªúøç– In old stories we see magicians putting hex on others. go hay wire = °æü∑¿-鬩’ v°æù«-R-éπ©’ Åü¿’°æ¤ ûª°æpúøç/ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’d ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´úøç. The company’s plans to open branches abroad went haywire because of the economic recession there =

Ç éπç°F NüË-¨»™x ûª† ¨»ê©’ ûÁ®Ω-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o °æü∑¿éπç NüË-¨»-™xE ÇJn-éπ-´÷ç-ü¿uç-´©x Åü¿’°æ¤ ûª°œpçC/ N°∂æ-©-´’-®·çC. impersonate = äéπ®Ω’ ÉçéÌ-éπ-®Ω’í¬ îª™«-´’ùÀ 鬴úøç/ äéπ®Ω’ ÉçéÌéπ ¢Ë≠æ-¢Á’-ûªhúøç. Thieves impersonated as police and threatened the villagers =

§ÚM-Ææ’© ®Ω÷°æç™ üÌçí∫©’ ´*a ví¬´’-Ææ’n-©†’ ¶„C-Jç-î√®Ω’. scrimp and save = Åûªu-´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†N èπÿú≈ ´÷†’-èπ◊E úø•’s èπÿúø-¶„-ôdúøç– Åûªuçûª §Òü¿’-°æ¤í¬ Öçúøôç. Å™« ´*a† úø•’sûÓ ÉçÍé-ü¿-®·Ø√ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ¶μºN-≠æuû˝ Å´-Ææ-®√© éÓÆæç °j≤ƒ °j≤ƒ èπÿúø-¶„-ôdúøç. They scrimped and saved to give their children a good education = °œ©x©†’ ´’ç* îªü¿’-´¤©’ îªC-Nç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ °j≤ƒ °j≤ƒ èπÿúø-¶„-ö«d®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx. shoulder surfing: Surfing =

Ææ´·-vü¿-°æ¤-ô©© O’ü¿ ûË©’ûª÷ ÇúË Çô. shoulder surfing: Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•-öÀd-í¬F îÁ°æp™‰ç. stalking horse = ´’†-èπ◊†o ÅÆæ©’ ÖüËl¨¡ç ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç ¢√úø’-èπ◊ØË ´uèπ◊h©’. ´·êuçí¬ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x äéπ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úÕ Ææû√h ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕéÀ §ÚöÃí¬ E©-¶„õ‰d v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰E ´uéÀh.

é¬ü¿’ ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿’ Öçô’çC, ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ èπ◊, èπ◊ ´’üμ¿u Öçô’çC. ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’çõ‰, äéπ ÅF, N’í∫-û√ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô†’ ÅF Åçö«ç. (O’ -´÷-ô-©†’ ™ Éçü¿’-™E ûª®√yA ¢Á·ü¿öÀ´÷ô Åçü¿’-éπE ´÷ô, éπüΔ?

é¬ü¿’) ÅØËC Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å®·ûË ™ •ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’, Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ç-úË ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. Å°æ¤púø’ ÆæÈ®j†

2)

question- With whom are you living in Hyderabad? (Question Subject- you, helping verb ‘are’, main verb ‘living’ Whom Who preposition 'with' Verb correct question- Who are you living with in Hyderabad?

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, ÆæÈ®j†

鬕öÀd,

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈,

The company has embarked on an ambitious plan of expansion =

Ç éπç°F NÆæh-®Ωù °æü∑¿-é¬-©†’ °ü¿l-á-ûª’h† v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-*çC. have a beef with someone (grudge). Have a beef with someonecorrect expression Beef about something = Complain about something =

ÉC

é¬ü¿’.

üËEí∫’Jç-îÁjØ√

ÅÆæç-ûª%°œh ´uéπhç îËߪ’úøç. I have a beef about the way he treats me =

††’o Åûªúø’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç™ ؈’ ÅÆæçûª%-°œhE ´uéπhç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’/ ††o-ûªúø’ îª÷ÊÆ Nüμ¿ç (ÅAC∑/ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úÕí¬) ÆæJí¬ ™‰ü¿’. cahoots with. To be in cahoots with = The forest guards are in cahoots with the timber smugglers =

™«©÷< °æúøôç.

éπ©°æ üÌçí∫-©ûÓ Åô-O-¨»-ê-¢√∞¡Ÿx ™«©÷< °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

fouled (sb) own nest. foul somebody’s own nest = Ruin oneself =

ûª´’†’ û√¢Ë’

Ø√¨¡†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. By spending money recklessly he is fouling his own nest =

úø•’s Nîªa-©-N-úÕí¬ ê®Ω’a-°öÀd ûª†-†’-û√ØË Ø√¨¡†ç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

´’-üμ¿u ®√¢√L.) Å®·ûË •ü¿’©’ ¢√úÕ †’ ûª®√yûª °-úÕ-ûË,

Å°æ¤púø’

Å´¤-ûª’çC.

3)

correct form, In which class are you studying?

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

Q.

O’®Ω’ í∫ûªç™ Question tag ™ helping verb Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-©E ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. äéπ ¢√éπuç™ àC helping verb ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L? A. äéπ Verb ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô, helping verb, N’í∫û√ ´÷ô©’ Main Verb Å´¤-û√®·. I am not going - Ééπ\úø Verb, am going. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ´÷ô, ‘am’, helping verb, ‘going’, main verb Å´¤-ûª’çC. She has been sleeping - Ééπ\úø has been sleeping verb. ‘Has been’ helping verb, sleeping - main verb. Question tag

™ á°æ¤púø÷ helping Åçü¿’-™E ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô ´Ææ’hçC.

verb/

She is sleeping, isn’t she? Question tag: is (helping verb) + n’t + subject.

Å®·ûË, sentence ™E verb, sleep Å®·ûË, üΔEo do sleep í¬ BÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç. They sleep well- Ééπ\úø question tag form îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, sleep = do sleep. Å°æ¤púø÷, question tag ™ don’t (do + not) ´Ææ’hçC. They sleep well, don’t they? Å™«Íí, sleeps = does sleep; slept = did sleep. Question tags doesn’t + subject, didn’t + subject

èπÿú≈, ´≤ƒh®·.

í¬

She sleeps well, doesn’t she? She slept well, didn’t she? well won’t., shall question tags

èπ◊,

éÀ

shan’t-

É™« ´≤ƒh®·

™.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 11 -V-™„j 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

E.Anil, T.N.Palem (Prakasam Dist.)

As a verb, ‘travel’ is more used than ‘journey’. For example, ‘He travelled to a number of places’ is more frequent than ‘He journeyed to a number of places’.

Shall, should, will, would, etc... ‘be’ go, come, take, give

Q. Sir,

؈’ ûÁ©’-í∫’-O’-úÕ-ߪ’ç™ îªC¢√†’. É°æ¤p-úË¢Á÷ Class ™ îÁ°œp-†N •öÃd-°æöÀd ®√ߪ÷-©çõ‰ î√™« É•sç-Cí¬ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Sentence †’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«†’. é¬F, ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ would, would be, should, should be, can, can be, could, could be, must, must be, to, to be

© ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’. OöÀ í∫’Jç* N´-J-≤ƒh®√? A. Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, have to, has to, had to Verbs ‘be’ be forms actions go, come, walk, talk, (shall go, will come, should do etc) Shall, should, will, would, etc... ‘be’ (shall be, should be, will be, would be etc.)

¢√ôç-ûªé¬´¤. ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª Å®·Ø√ ®√¢√L ô¢Ë Å´¤-û√®·), ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ (Å°æ¤p-úøN †’ ûÁLÊ° ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©-®·Ø√ ®√¢√L. ( ©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøç ÅE Å®Ωnç.) OöÀE ûÓ ¢√úÕûË NNüμ¿ ®Ω鬩 Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

°æéπ\† í¬F, ™«çöÀ °æ†’-©†’ ûÁLÊ° °æüΔ-©’-í¬F ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøç, short answers ™ ûª°æp. eg: A: Will you do it? will will B: Yes, I will do short shall, should, can, could etc to be = to + action word (come, go etc.) = to come = to go = etc. Q. 1. Every sentence that he spoke was listened to with great attention. 2. All these proposals are good.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ †’ í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. É™«Íí ©èπ◊. Å™«Íí

èπ◊ •ü¿’©’

Öçúøôç,

®√´úøç,

¢Á∞¡xúøç

-O-öÀ í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. 1. Every sentence that he spoke was listened to with great attention =

Åûªúø’ îÁ°œp† v°æA ¢√éπuç î√™« v¨¡ü¿l¥ûÓ NØ√o®Ω’. Ééπ\úø was listened to - passive voice. Å®Ωnç = Ç©-éÀç-îª-•-úÕçC ÅE 2. Ñ v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿-†©Fo ´’ç*¢Ë.

2

D. Laxman, Suryapet. Q.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. Happiness is not pleasure. It is victory? 2. All are not stains, that go to Church? 3. You are what you eat, and what you think. 4. Life is not always easy, but it can be rewarding. 5. If I know what love is, it is because of you.

(vÊ°´’çõ‰ àN’ö Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ é¬•öÀd Åçü¿’-´©x ÉC FC? éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?)

H e is no gr eat singer shall be = future will

}

a) shall go = future will

}

™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç b) can be = É°æ¤púø’, future ™ Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç. She can be here in 10 minutes = Ç¢Á’ 10 EN’≥ƒ™x Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’ (Ability) She can do it = Ç¢Á’ ÅC îËߪ’-í∫-©ü¿’. c) could be = í∫ûªç™ (past) Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç. NTR could be the CM = NTR ´·êu-´’ç-vAí¬ Öçúø-í∫-Lí¬úø’ (í∫ûªç™). NTR could act any role = NTR à §ƒvûª-ØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’. d) May be = Öçúø-´îª’a, É°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ future ™ØÁjØ√. He may be there = Åûª-úøéπ\úø ÖçúÌa. He may go there = Åûª-úøéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. e) Might be = í∫ûªç™ ÖçúÕ Öçúø-´îª’a She thought her husband might be there =

Ç¢Á’ ûª† ¶μº®Ωh Åéπ\-úø’ç-úÌ-îªa-†’-èπ◊çC. Might go = í∫ûªç™ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa. They might go there, I thought =

¢√∞¡x-éπ\-úÕéÀ

¢Á∞Ôx-îªaE ؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. f) Should be must be have to be has to be

}

Öçú≈L (Çïc, Å´-Ææ®Ωç) É°æ¤púø’, future ™

He should be/ must be/ has to be there =

Åûª-úøéπ\úø Öçú≈L (Çïc/ Å´-Ææ®Ωç•öÀd Åûª-úø-éπ\úø Öçú≈L) should go must go have to go has to go

}

A. Sentence 1 and 2 questions question marks

™ Öçúøôç

¢Á∞«xL (Çïc/ Å´-Ææ®Ωç)

They should go/ must go/ have to go there =

¢√∞¡x-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«xL (Çïc, ¢√∞¡x Å´-Ææ®Ωç•öÀd îËߪ÷L Ç °æE). g) had to be = (í∫ûªç™) Öçú≈Lq ®√´úøç (Çïc, Å´-Ææ-®√Eo •öÀd) had to go = ¢Á∞«xLq ´*açC (Çïc, Å´-Ææ-®√Eo •öÀd). He had to be here at 10 = Åûªúø’ °æCç-öÀéÀ Ééπ\-úø -Öç-ú≈-Lq ´*açC. He had to go at 10 = Åûªúø’ °æCç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«xLq ´*açC. äéπõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. shall, should, will, would °æéπ\† ‘be’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´ÊÆh °j† ûÁL-°œ† ü¿¨¡™x Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç; Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√öÀ °æéπ\† °æ†’-©†’ ûÁLÊ° °æüΔ©’ (go, come, sing, walk, etc) ´ÊÆh Çߪ÷ ü¿¨¡™x îËÊÆ °æ†’-©E Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 606 S.Ananda Rao, MVK Varma, Uddandapuram Q. Sir, I would like to know the use of ‘no’ and ‘not’ in a sentence.

M.SURESAN

A: Usually ‘no’ is used as a negative response at the beginning of a sentence and ‘not’ in the middle of a sentence. eg: Is he a singer? No, he is not a singer. Sometimes, ‘no’ is also used in the middle of a sentence for emphasis and in comparisons. He is no singer like you/ He is no great singer. (Note the omission of ‘a’ before great singer. When you use ‘not’, ‘a’ has to be used before ‘great singer’) Q. Can we change the voice of ... 1. Birds fly, 2. He works, 3. You loves. A. The verbs in sentences 1) and 2), ‘fly’ and ‘works’ have no objects. That is, you don’t get answer to the questions, fly/ works... what? (What do they birds fly?/ What does he work?) So they have no passive forms. Sentence 3) ‘you loves’ is wrong. The correct sentence is ‘you love’. Even then the sentence is wrong because the meaning is incomplete. - You love... what?/ whom? suppose the answer is: You love your parents.. Then you have the passive form: Your parents are loved by you. Q. As, Since... Is there any difference in usage of the above words? A. As and since have more than one meaning each. As = 1) because, 2) like Since = 1) because, 2) from some time in the past. With the meaning of ‘because’ there is no difference in their use. As/ since he is tall he can bowl well. Q. What is the difference between ‘Journey Travelling’? A. The difference is in the use of the words, but not in their meaning. We say safe/ happy/ long, etc. Journey; We don’t use these words with travel.

鬴¤ éπüΔ, ´’J ¢√öÀ*´®Ω áçü¿’èπ◊? Å®√n©’: 1. ÆæçûÓ≠æç Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, Ææ®ΩüΔ ÅE é¬ü¿’, Nïߪ’ç ÅE. 2. Ñ sentence -™ stains é¬-ü¿’,

saints. Correct form: All are not saints that go to church = Church/

í∫’úÕ-Èé-∞Ïx¢√-∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ ®Ω’≠æfl-©’/- ¶μº-èπ◊h©’ é¬®Ω’. 3. †’¢Áy-™«çöÀ ¢√úÕ¢Ó, †’´¤y AØË AçúÕE •öÀd, F Ç™-îª-†-©†’ •öÃd Öçô’çC. 4. @Nûªç -Åç-ûª Ææ’©¶μºç é¬ü¿’, é¬F -Å-C Ææûªp¥-Lû√©-†’ -É-´yí∫-©-ü¿’. 5. Ø√èπ◊ vÊ°´’ Åçô÷ ûÁL-Æœç-ü¿çõ‰ ÅC F´©x. Q. éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ ÉçTx≠ˇ °æüΔ©’, Å®√n©’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. éÌMí˚q 2. 鬮Ós-ØË-õ„ú˛ ≤Úú≈ 3. ¢Ë™¸ 4. Ç®Ω’\ö¸ 5. †÷uú˛ 6. ¶«xí˚ 7. Åôd®˝ 8. É秃é˙d A. É´Fo English °æüΔ™‰ éπüΔ? 1) Colleagues = Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-í∫’©’/ (ã ÆæçÆæn™  éπLÆœ °æE-îËÊÆ Æœ•sçC) 2) Carbon ¢√ߪ·´¤ éπL-°œ† ≤Úú≈ 3) Vale = Valley = ™ߪ’ 4) Orkut = email üΔy®√ Ææç¶μ«-≠œç--èπ◊çô÷ -§∂Ò-ö-©’ ´÷JpúÕ îËÆæ’-èπ◊çô÷ äéπ-J-éÌéπ®Ω’ ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª-´’ßË’u •%çü¿ç. 5) Nude = Cí∫ç-•-®Ω-¢Á’i†/ †í∫o-¢Á’i† 6) Blog = ÉC èπÿú≈ Internet üΔy®√ Ææç¶μ«-≠œç-èπ◊çô÷ Ææ´÷-î√®Ω v°æÆæ-®Ω-ù- îË-ߪ’úøç. 7) Utter = °æ‹Jhí¬. There was utter confusion at the meeting =

Ç Ææ¶μº™ °æ‹Jh í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞¡ç ØÁ©-éÌçC. v°æ¶μ«´ç

8) Impact =

The streets were flooded because of the impact of the cyclone =

ûª’§ƒ†’ v°æ¶μ«´ç ´©x Oüμ¿’-©Fo ï©-´’-ߪ’-´’-ߪ÷u®·. G. Ashok, Godhur (Karimnagar Dist.)

Q. Sir, what is the difference among these words? 1. General Knowledge, General Awareness, General Aptitude. 2. Rates, Prices, Charges, Fares. 3. Temporary, Adhoc, Tentative, Provisional 4. Portal, Website, Google, Twitter, Yahoo, Web, Blog, Browsing, Online, Data base. A. 1) General knowledge =

≤ƒüμΔ-®Ωù Nñ«c†ç– ¶μ˜íÓ-Réπ, î√J-vûªéπ, ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ, ¨»Æ‘Yߪ’, ®√ï-éÃߪ’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© °æJ-ñ«c†ç, É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o v°æ´·ê¢Á’i† Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©ûÓ Ææ£æ….

General awareness = °j¢√-öÀ í∫’-Jç-* Å´-í¬-£æ«†– á°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ éπLÍí °æJ-ù«-´÷-©ûÓ Ææ£æ…. General knowledge = General awareness General aptitude - General aptitude

ÅØË ´÷ô ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– DEéÀ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. Aptitude = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÇÆæ-éÀhûÓ èπÿúÕ† v°æA¶μº. 2) Rate = Price per unit = ÉEo ´Ææ’h-´¤-©-èπ◊/Éçûª °æ-J´÷-ù«-EéÀ -Öç-úË üμ¿®Ω. Rs. 100 per dozen. (úøï-†’èπ◊ 100 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© îÌ°æ¤p†); Rs. 250 per meter (O’ô®Ω’èπ◊ ®Ω÷.250 îÌ°æ¤p†); Rs.20 per Kg (éÀ™èπ◊ ®Ω÷.20 îÌ°æ¤p†)– É´Fo rate. Éçûª éÌ©-ûªèπ◊/ °æ-J´÷ù«-EéÀ/ •®Ω’´¤èπ◊ Éçûª üμ¿®Ω Åçõ‰ ÅC rate. I bought these mangoes at Rs. 200 per dozen.

(؈’ Ñ -´÷-N’-úÕ °æç-úøx†’ úøïØ˛èπ◊ ®Ω÷. 200 -îÌ°æ¤p-† éÌØ√o†’– Ééπ\úø áEo °æç-úøx†’ é̆oD, áçûª ¢Á·ûªhç îÁLxç-*-çD ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úøç ™‰ü¿’)– 鬕öÀd ÉC rate. Price = ´’†ç é̆o ´Ææ’h-´¤/ -´-Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊ îÁLxçîË ¢Á·ûªhç üμ¿®Ω. éÀ™ ®Ω÷.20© v°æ鬮Ωç (ÉC rate) 3 éÀ™©’ ®Ω÷. 60©èπ◊ éÌØ√o†’ (ÉC price). Charges = ´Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊, ÊÆ´-©èπ◊, ¢√£æ«-Ø√© O’ü¿ v°æߪ÷-ù«-©èπÿ îÁLxçîË ®Ω’Ææ’´·. Fares = v°æߪ÷ù ê®Ω’a/ -öÀ-Èé\ö¸ üμ¿®Ω. 3) Temporary = û√û√\-Léπ¢Á’i† Adhoc = Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í¬-Lq† °æE û√û√\-Léπçí¬ îËߪ’-úøç/- ´·ç-ü¿Ææ’h v°æù«-Réπ, °æü∑¿éπç, àO’-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ Å´’-©’-îËÊÆ °æJ-≥ƒ\-®Ωç/- à-®√pô’. Tentative = û√û√\-L-éπ-¢Á’i† – v°æù«-Réπ ûªßª÷®Ω-ßË’-uç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ îËÊÆ à®√pô’. Provisional = temporary = û√û√\-L-éπ-¢Á’i†. 4) Portal = ´’†ç ÇÆæ-éÀh -éπ-†-•-®ΩîË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo (business/ news/ science/ shopping website internet Computer

™«çöÀN) í∫’-Jç--* Ææ´÷-î√-®√Eo ûÁ-LÊ° ™éÀ üΔy®√ ´’†ç v°æ¢Ë-PçîË ™). Ææ´÷-î√-®Ω-Íéçvü¿ç ( Website = Internet üΔy®√ á´-È®jØ√ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ ã Company/ ÆæçÆæn ûª†èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cμç-*-† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ¢Á·ûªhç Computer ™ Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’™ ÖçîË -îÓô’. (´’†ç Tata Company í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÓçúÕ. -Ç Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ´’†èπ◊ Ç Company website ™ Öçô’çC, internet üΔy®√) Google- Google Company ¢√®Ω’ ´’†Íé Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç 鬢√-©Ø√o ûÁ-LÊ° website. -É-C äéπ search engine. Twitter = Internet üΔy®√ ´’† ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-©ûÓ, éÌûªh °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’h-©ûÓ Ææç¶μ«-≠œçîË à®√pô’. Yahoo- Internet üΔy®√ Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ Ææç¶μ«≠œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊, letter ®√-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ O©’-éπ-LpçîË company -™‰-üΔ service provider -©™ äéπöÀ. É™«ç-öÀ¢Ë, Hotmail, Gmail, etc. Web = Website Blog =

á´-È®jØ√ ûª´’èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cμç-*-† Ææ´÷î√-®√Eo Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Internet üΔy®√ ûÁ-LÊ° °æü¿l¥A. Browsing = Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç éÓÆæç, Internet ™ ¢Áü¿-éπ-úøç/-îª-ü¿-´-úøç. Online = Ææ´ ÷-î √®Ωç É*a-°æ¤-îª ’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ internet ¢√úøôç. Database = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷EéÀ Ææç-•ç-Cμç-* Computer ™ E-©y-îËÆ œ† ¢Á·ûªhç Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 18 -V-™„j 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

E. Anil, Singarayakonda Q. papers

≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ English News ™ passive voice †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’. Be form + PP Öçô’ç-C-í¬F Passive voice ™ objectèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ byÖçú≈L éπüΔ? By E áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø®Ω’? ÅC passive voice ™ Ö†oö«x? ™‰†ö«x? A. Passive voice ™ á´®√ °æE-îË-¨»®Ω’ Å--E-í¬F, á´J´©x Ç °æE ïJ-Tç-ü¿Eí¬F ûÁ-L-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø÷, ûÁLÆ‘ îÁ°æp-™‰E Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç-™†÷, îÁ°æp-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰E Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x†÷, by + object ¢√úøç. eg: The road was repaired last week (pv) = ®Óú˛ véÀûªç -¢√®Ωç repair îËߪ’-•-úÕçC. Ééπ\úø á´®Ω’ ®Óú˛ JÊ°®˝î˨»®Ω’ ÅØËC îÁ°æp™‰çéπüΔ? (îÁÊ°h, municipality ÅØÓ PWD ÅØÓ îÁ§ƒpL – ÉC ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç/ Åçûª correct í¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-E N≠æߪ’ç éπüΔ? Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø by + obj ´C-™‰-≤ƒh®Ω’. The child was kidnapped last night (pv) (E†o ®√vA Ç Gúøf éÀú≈o°ˇ îËߪ’-•-úÕçC.) (Ééπ\úø éÀú≈o°ˇ îËÆœçC á´®Ó ûÁ-L-ߪ’†-°æp¤úø’, by + object ¢√úø™‰ç éπüΔ?)

Q. Please give the explanation about use of 'do', 'are', 'does' in questions. go, sing, walk, talk verbs A. Do(present simple tense for I, we, you and they not question

ÉC,

™«çöÀ

ûÓ) †’, ¢√úøû√ç.

ûÓ í¬F,

™ í¬F

We go there every day X We do not go there every day (go 'not' Do you go there every day? (go, questions 'Does'goes, sings, walks, talks, verbs (Present simple tense for he, she and it not question

ûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’)

™)

ÉC,

™«çöÀ

ûÓ) -†’ í¬F ¢√úøû√ç.

-ûÓ í¬F

™

She goes there every day X She does not go there (goes + not = does not go) Does she go there every day? (go, question DidPast tense form: went, sang, walked, talked verbs not

™) ÉC

™«çöÀ

†’

ûÓ í¬F

2

It is used in the manufacturing industry =

ÅC °æJv¨¡-´’™x ¢√úø-•-úø’ûª’çC = üΔEo °æJ-v¨¡´’™x ¢√úø-û√®Ω’

(Regular action) The oranges are imported into Britain =

Ç éπ´’-™«-°æç-úøx†’ vGôØ˛èπ◊ Cí∫’-´’A îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ (´÷´‚-©’í¬/ Regular í¬ ïJÍí °æE. éπ´’-™«©’ vGô-Ø˛™ °æçúø´¤, ¢√öÀE •ßª’-öÀ†’ç* Cí∫’-´’A îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Have been/ has been = éÌçûª-鬩ç véÀûªç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ/ Éçé¬ Ö†o N≠æߪ’ç. Rosaiah has been the CM since YSR's death =

¢Áj.á-Æˇ.-Ç®˝. îªE-§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀ-†’ç* (í∫ûªç™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç-†’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ/ Éçé¬) ®Ó¨¡ßª’u ´·êu-´’ç-vAí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. I have been in Vijayawada for the past ten years =

í∫ûª °æüË∞¡Ÿxí¬ (°æüË∞¡x véÀûªç-†’ç* É°æp-öÀ´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬) ؈’ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø™ Öçô’-Ø√o†’.

The books have just been bought Ration cards were distributed to the (pv) villagers ( cards by + object

ví¬´’-Ææ’h-©èπ◊ Í®≠æØ˛ É´y-•-ú≈f®·.) ®√ü¿’. á´-J-ûÓ-ØÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE Q. O’®Ω’ -É-C-´®Ω-™  äéπ ¢√éπuç É™« -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. I would like to have some coffee. Ééπ\úø have ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª PP Öçú≈L éπüΔ? have ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª some coffee ÖçC áçü¿’èπ◊? A. Have ûª®√yûª ÅEoîÓö«x PP ®√¢√-©E áéπ\-úø’çC? I would like to have some coffee ™ have èπ◊ Å®Ωnç (ǣ慮Ωç/ §ƒF-ߪ÷-™«xç-öÀN) BÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç. É™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ have °æéπ\† PP ®√ü¿’. have verb form ™ ¶μ«í∫çí¬ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ (Å°æ¤púø’, have èπ◊ BÆæ’éÓ-´úøç, éπL-T Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®√n©’ç-úø´¤) ´÷vûª¢Ë’, have + PP ¢√-úø-û√ç. I have coffee in the mornings = ؈’ §Òü¿’l† coffee BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«†’. I have taken (have + PP of take) a cup of coffee = have taken (have + PP) have, verb

Ééπ\úø ™ ™ ¶μ«í∫¢Ë’. DEéÀ BÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç/ éπL-T Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. É™«çöÀîÓôx ´÷vûª¢Ë’ have/ has/ had °æéπ\† PP ´Ææ’hçC. Q. Passive voice †’ News papers ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’. áçü¿’èπ◊? Would + PP ´÷CJ question passive voice ™ Öçô’çüΔ? èπ◊x°æhçí¬ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. News papers ™ passive áèπ◊\´ ¢√-úø-ö«EéÀ 鬮Ω-ù«©’, O’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ v°æ¨¡oéÀ*a† Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç™ØË ÖçC éπüΔ? He said (that) it would be done (would be + PP) immediately =

ÅC ¢ÁçôØË îËߪ’-•-úø’-

ûª’ç-ü¿E Åûª-úø’ îÁ§ƒpúø’. 'Will it be done?' he said. indirect speech He asked if it would be done. Would be done? question

DEo

™,

ÅØË

¢√úø-´îª’a.

C. Sumanth, Adilabad Q. Sir, please tell the meanings of these sentences 1. Do you read the news paper?

I, we, you and they have been, he, she, it has been

(ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπüΔ?

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 607

ûÓ

question

™ í¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’,

Have been + past participle/ has been + past participle -

did

´Ææ’hçC. She went there yesterday X She did not go there yesterday not (went

†’

M.SURESAN

Did she go there yesterday? (went, question

™)

´’JEo N´-®√-©èπ◊, spoken lessons ™ îª÷úøçúÕ.

English

¢Á·ü¿öÀ

Manoj Q. Sir, The work is done

Åçõ‰ °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC ÅE Å®Ωn´÷, °æE °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’çC ÅE Å®Ωn´÷? The solution is passed into thistle Åçõ‰ solution pass Å®·-†ô’x Å®Ωn´÷? éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x It is used in the manufacturing industry Åçö«®Ω’. Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh-®ΩE Å®Ωn´÷? Has, been + v3/ have been + v3 í∫’Jç* ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. The Oranges are imported into Britain import

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωn´÷?

Passive voice ™ Ö†o ¢√é¬u-©†’ ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? O’®Ω’ Ñ Å稻-©Â°j ®√Æœ† °æ¤Ææh-éπ-¢Ë’üÁjØ√ Öçõ‰ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. A. The work is done - DEéÀ Å®Ωnç Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd Öçô’çC. The work is done - äéπ Å®Ωnç– °æE °æ‹JhîË-ߪ’-•-úÕçC – Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø °æE í∫’Jç*– ÅC °æ‹®Ωh-®·çCí¬ ÖçC – Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉC, The work has been done ûÓ Ææ´÷†ç. The work is done - ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, véπ´’ç ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ ÅC îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC. (v°æA-®ÓW/ ®ÓW äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÅE) The work is done mostly in the mornings

correct

Are you read the newspaper?'are read' verbs (are (be form) + read (1st Regular doing word) ) Spoken English lessons six forms of the verb-

ÉC ÆæJ-

é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø

Öçúø´¤. îª÷úøçúÕ. Åçü¿’™ í∫’Jç* N´Jçî√ç.)

™«çöÀ

¢Á·ü¿öÀ

í∫ûª 20 à∞¡Ÿxí¬/ 1990 †’ç* (Å°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬) ´÷ ÅØ√o ûª´·túø’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ ÖØ√o®Ω’ (E´-Æœ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’) Tendulkar has played (has + pp of play) cricket since 1989/ for the past 21 years =

õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ 1989 †’ç*/ í∫ûª 21 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ véÀÈéö¸ Çú≈úø’/ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Have been + pp/ has been + pp - ÉC have + pp/ has + pp éÀ passive voice. Åçõ‰ í∫ûª éÌçûª-鬩çí¬ äéπ °æE îËߪ’-•-úø’ûª÷ ÖçC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. a) Cricket has been played in India since the British days =

vGöÀ≠ˇ §ƒ©† ®ÓV© †’ç* ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ véÀÈéö¸ Çúø•úø’ûª÷ ÖçC (Å°æp-öÀ†’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬)

Å®·-†ö«x? ™‰üΔ Å´¤-û√-ߪ’E

Ñ °æE áèπ◊\´í¬ Öü¿ßª’ç îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC ÉC

í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç¶μº¢Á’i É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª’†o °æE.

My brothers (they) have lived (have + past participle of live) in Hyderabad for the last 20 years/ since 1990 =

ûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’)

2. Are you read the news paper? A. Do you read the newspaper? question form.

ûÓ Å®·ûË

¢√úøû√ç ÅE)

(Regular action) The College is closed = College (= The College has been closed) The College is closed for summer every May, June College May and June =

b) They have been taught English for the past ten weeks =

í∫ûª °æC ¢√®√©’í¬ ¢√-R}-éπ\úø -Ççí∫xç -¶-Cμç--úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. have been + PP/ has been + PP E í∫ûªç™ °∂晫Ø√ time ™ ÅE îÁ°æpèπ◊çú≈ Å®·-§Ú-®·† °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. The road has been repaired. (has been + PP of repair) = ®Óú˛ JÊ°®Ω’ îËߪ’-•-úÕçC (í∫ûªç™ JÊ°®˝ Å®·çC, é¬E éπ*aûªçí¬ á°æ¤púø’ ÅE îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’) Two students have been sent out of class =

Éü¿l®Ω’ °œ©x©’ ûª®Ω-í∫A™ç* •ßª’-öÀéÀ °æç°æ-•-ú≈f®Ω’. (•ßª’-öÀéÀ °æç°œçC í∫ûªç™, Å®·ûË í∫ûªç™ éπ*aûªçí¬ á°æ¤púø’ ÅE ûÁ©-°æ-úøç-™‰ü¿’) Compare: The house has been sold =

´‚ߪ’-•-úÕçC.

v°æA

´‚ߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC. ´‚ÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’)

™

(´÷´‚©’

ûÁ©’í∫’:

É©’x Å´’t-•-úÕçC – á°æ¤púø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅØËC ûÁL-ߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’. It was sold last week = ÅC í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç (í∫ûªç™ ã Ææ´’-ߪ÷† Å´’t-•-úÕçC)

c) They have been dismissed (have been + PP) from service =

¢√∞¡Ÿx ÖüÓuí∫ç †’ç* ûÌ©-Tç-ú≈f®Ω’– á°æ¤púø’ -Å-ØË-C éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’)

d) They were dismissed (were + PP) last week.

¢√∞¡Ÿx véÀûªç ¢√®Ωç ûÌ©-Tç-îª-•-ú≈f®Ω’– véÀûªç ¢√®Ωç– ÅE ûÁ©’≤ÚhçC. Have been/ has been + PP = É°æ¤púÕ°æ¤púË (Just now) °æ‹®Ωh-®·† °æEéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. The shop has just been opened (Shop

É°æ¤púË ûÁ®Ω-´-•-úÕçC) The books have just been bought =

°æ¤Ææh鬩’ É°æ¤púø’ é̆-•-ú≈f®·. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, ´·êuç.

Ç

just/ just now

Anil, T.N.Palem Q. Sir, i) contrast - difference; ii) indulge mischief; iii) while - during; iv) which - that. Oxford Dictionary

°j °æüΔ©èπ◊ ™ üΔüΔ°æ¤ äÍé Å®√n-©†’ Ê°®Ì\-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√öÀ-´’üμ¿u ÖçúË Ææy©p ûËú≈-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’? A. Difference- È®çúø’ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈. There is a difference between Cell Phones and land phones = Cell Phones land phones

èπÿ èπÿ ûËú≈ ÖçC. Contrast = Opposite/ ¢Áj®Ω’üμ¿uç/ ´uA-Í®-éπûª. White is the contrast of black = ûÁ©’°æ¤ †©’°æ¤ ®Ωçí∫’èπ◊ ¢Áj®Ω’üμ¿uç/ ´uA-Í®éπç. There is contrast between him and his brother. He is tall whereas his brother is short =

Åûª-úÕéà ÅûªúÕ ûª´·t-úÕéà ¢Áj®Ω’üμ¿uç (°æ‹Jh ûËú≈– N®Óüμ¿ç é¬ü¿’) ÖçC. Åûªúø’ §Òúø’í∫’, ÅûªúÕ ûª´·túø’ §ÒöÀd. tall and short black and white fat and lean bright and dark sweet and bitter

}

Contrast

(¢Áj®Ω’üμ¿uç)

(îËü¿’) Indulge- §ƒ©p-úøôç (îÁúø’ °æ†’©’ îËߪ’úøç/ ´uÆæ-Ø√-©’ç-úøôç). Mischief = Å©xJ/ ü¿’®√t®Ω_ç He indulges in mischief = Åûªúø’ Å©xJ/ ü¿’®√t-®√_-EéÀ §ƒ©p-úø-û√úø’. While = ÅC ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’. While he was studying = Åûªúø’ îªü¿’-´¤ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ During = Ç Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ During his school days = Åûªúø’ Ææ÷\™x îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’†o ®ÓV™x. During her stay here = Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úø’†o Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™. During the elections = áEo-éπ™ x. Which = àC/ à? That = ÅC. Which book is yours? = FüË-°æ¤-Ææhéπç?/ Ééπ\-úø’†o °æ¤Ææh-鬙x FüËC? Which/ that = OöÀE È®çúø’ clauses éπL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. The book which/ that I bought is very useful =

à °æ¤Ææh-éπ-¢Á’iûË Øˆ’ éÌØ√oØÓ (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’; ؈’ é̆o °æ¤Ææhéπç) î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Which éÀ that éà ûËú≈ Åçûª °æöÀdç--éÓ-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 25 -V-™„j 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

K.V. Rao, Visakhapatnam

6. Trigger = spark off = cause.

E. Anil T.N. Palem

Q. Sir,

7. A good night's sleep (Not good night sleep) = Good sleep all the night

Q. Sir, Would, Could, Should, must

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Å®√n™x ûËú≈-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Dictionaries refer îËÆœ-Ø√ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’.

Sound sleep = Good sleep (Any time of the day/ night)

1. Behave yourself - Conduct yourself 2. Pending - Put on hold 3. Give oneself - Take oneself - Find oneself 4. Right - Prerogative 5. Dole out (something) - Dish out (something) 6. Trigger (a debate) - Spark off ( a debate) 7. Good night sleep - Sound sleep 8. Solve (an issue) - Resolve (an issue) A. 1. Behave yourself = Telling somebody to behave properly on an occasion. eg: This is a serious occasion. Behave yourself =

É´Fo

8. Solve = find a way of dealing with a problem.

(äéπ Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç éπ†’-éÓ\-´úøç)/ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îªúøç

The government hasn't yet solved the Maoist problem =

´÷¢Ó®·Ææ’d Ææ´’-Ææu†’ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Resolve = N¢√-üΔ©’/ N¶μ‰-üΔ©’/ Ææ´’-Ææu-©†’ (´·êuçí¬ ¢√üÓ-°æ-¢√-üΔ©’ Ö†o-îÓô) °æJ≠æ \Jç-îªúøç (settle). The border dispute has been resolved =

Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç î√™« í∫çHμ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. ÆæJí¬ v°æ´Jhç. Conduct yourself = Behave in a

ÆæJ-£æ«ü¿’l N¢√ü¿ç °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç/ B®√t†ç Å®·çC.

certain way. I am happy you conducted yourself well on the occasion = I am happy you behaved well on the occasion.

A problem is solved: A dispute/ an issue is resolved.

¢√úø’-éπ†’,

would be + PP, could be + PP, must be + PP, should be + PP, to be + PP

©†’ ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™, áéπ\úø Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Would: Would †’ í∫ûªç †’ç* (from the past) ¶μºN-≠æuû˝ í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. He said (í∫ûªç™ ÅØ√oúø’) that he would buy a car (é¬®Ω’ éÌçö«-†E – í∫ûªç™ç* future) DEûÓ §Ú©açúÕ: He is saying (É°æ¤p-úøç-ô’-Ø√oúø’) that he will buy (éÌçö«-†E É°æpöÀ †’ç* – from the pre-

Should = must = have to (I, We, you & then)/ has to (He, she or it) - Orders, duty and necessity

E ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·.

You should do it = you must do it = you have to do it = (order)

†’´yC îËߪ÷L

I should start now or I'll miss the train = train must, have to, has to). We should be at office from 10 to 5 = office (Duty- I've must be/ should be/ have to be -

ØËE°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√L, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ (Å´-Ææ®Ωç – -

ûª°œp-§Ú-ûª’çC

10 †’ç* 5 ´®Ωèπ◊

™ Öçú≈L.

sent) a car.

É´Fo äéπõ‰)

i) Would be+ PP - passive voice - would

 Would - past habit.

°j

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©ûÓ. He told her that it would be done (PV)

The nation is watching it all with apathy

=

ÅC îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E Åûªúø’ Ç¢Á’ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. ii) Would be+ PP, used after wish. I wish it would be completed before 10 = Could be+PP, should be/ must/ have to be/ has to be+ PP should/ must/ have to/ has to + sing, give, take etc. Passive Voice.

°æC-™Ê°

ÉC °æ‹®Ωh-¢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Å™«Íí

Observe that conduct means behave, but conduct is always followed by a reflexive (yourself/ himself/ herself/ themselves, etc.) He behaved well = He conducted himself well. Behave = conduct oneself. Behaviour = conduct

(é¬Ø˛fé˙d)

2. Pending = waiting for a decision to be taken Pending file = a file on which a decision is yet to be taken. If a matter is pending, people are still thinking about it; only, a decision has to be taken. On the other hand, when something is put on hold, it is stopped for the time being; it has been postponed; it will be taken up again sometime later The project is pending = The project work is continuing but it has not been completed/ settled. The project has been put on hold = The work on/ proposals about the project have been stopped (temporarily) and will be taken up later. 3. Give yourself/ Take yourself/ Find yourself - These expressions are not phrasal verbs, and have no special meaning. Give yourself = provide for yourself Take yourself - no special meaning. Find yourself = If you are not hard working, you will find yourself a failure in life =

†’´¤y ÆæÈ®j† éπ%≠œ îËߪ’-èπ◊çõ‰ @N-ûªç™ N°∂æ-©-¢Á’i†ô’x í∫´’-E-≤ƒh´¤. 4. Right = Moral/ legal claim to do something. Prerogative = a special right or a special advantage a person/ a group has. In Britain the eldest born has the prerogative of becoming the king. (It is the special right of the eldest born to be the king. The other children do nor have this right) 5. Dole out = Give something (money, food, clothes, etc.) to a group of people, one by one, most often as charity

Those days he would take long walks in the mornings =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 608

Ç ®ÓV™x Åûªúø’ î√™«-ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕîË¢√úø’. (í∫ûªç Å©-¢√ô’)

Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. When he was young he would get 1. ؈’ ÆœE-´÷-©Â°j ´’èπ◊\´ °ç-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. up very early and do pooja = ÅûªúÕ 2. ñ«A ©’ EÍ®y-ü¿çûÓ °æJ-éÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. M.SURESAN *†o-ûª-†ç™ (í∫ûªç) §Òü¿’lØËo ™‰* °æ‹ï îËÊÆ¢√úø’ 3. v°æ¶μº’-û√y-EéÀ <´’-èπ◊-öÀd-†-ôx-®·Ø√ ™‰ü¿’. 4. áEo-éπ© véπûª’-´¤ äéπ éÌLéÀ\ -´*açC.  'Would' in the question form is used for formal requests. A. 1. I have developed a liking for movie. Would you help me? = O’®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç 2. The nation is watching it all with apathy. îË≤ƒh®√? (Ŷμºu-®Ωn†– request). 3. The government doesn't feel a bit about it.

4. The

electoral process has reached a decisive stage

Q. 1. Classic example

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?

Classic

í¬

üËEo °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-î√L? 2. It is time to reflect on the progress women and do some introspection.

A. 1. Classic example =

؈’ O’

¶μ«®Ωûª ≤ƒyûªç-vûªu ≤ƒ-üμ¿-† ¨»çA Nïߪ÷-EéÀ íÌ°æp/ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù. 2. Reflect on = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ™ûª’í¬ ÅEo éÓù«-©-†’ç* Ç™-*ç-îªúøç. Introspection = Çûªt-°æ-J-Q-©† Æ‘Y v°æí∫-AE í∫’Jç* EP-ûªçí¬ Ç™-*ç*, Çûªt°æ-J-Q-©† îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† Æ洒ߪ’ç ´*açC. 3. Poised on the edge = Åç† E¨¡a-©çí¬ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, à éπ~ù«-ØÁj oØ√ éÀçü¿-°æ-úÕ-§ÚßË’ ÆœnA. The World is poised on the edge of a nuclear war =

Åù’-ߪ·-ü¿l¥°æ¤ Åç† v°æ°æçîªç ¢Á·ûªhç EL* ÖçC (à éπ~ù«-ØÁj oØ√ Åù’-ߪ·ü¿l¥ v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ °æúÕ-§Ú-´îª’a).

¢√úøôç O’éπ¶μºuç-ûª-®Ω´÷?

 'Would' in the question form is used for making offer. Would you like some coffee? =

BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√?  Used for an imagined event.

liberal in values =

Ææçèπ◊-*ûª ¶μ«¢√©’ ™‰E/

N¨»© ¶μ«¢√©’†o Playful = merry =

Ææ®Ω-üΔí¬ ÖçúË outgoing = †©’-í∫’-JûÓ éπL-Æ œ-§ÚßË’/ Åçü¿-JûÓ îª†’-´¤í¬ ÖçúË.

E Å©¢√ôxèπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh-®ΩE í∫ûªç™ ûÁL§ƒ®Ω’. é¬F, í∫ûªç-™E Å©-¢√-ôx†’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ used to Ö°æßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’ éπ-üΔ? NüΔu-®Ω’n©’ É™«çöÀ usage ü¿í∫_Í® í∫çü¿®Ω-íÓ-∞«-EéÀ í∫’®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. DEo N´-Jç-îª-í∫©®Ω’. A. í∫ûªç™ Å©-¢√-ôxèπ◊ would ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ÅC used to äéπõ‰. He would smoke 20 cigarettes a day those days. = He used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day those days.

(È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰)

Vijaya, Yellandu. Q. Sir,

ûÁ©xöÀ ü¿’Ææ’h™x ÅûªúÕçé¬ Åçü¿çí¬ Öçö«úø’. ™ Ü£œ«ç-èπ◊†o°æ¤púø’.)  I'd (would) rather walk than - go by bus bus

™ ¢Á∞¡x-úøç-éπçõ‰ †úø-´ôç É≠ædç Ø√èπ◊.

 Used after love, hate, prefer, etc. Could - Used as the past form of can -



í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-úø-û√ç. I thought (؈-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ – í∫ûªç™) that he could do it. Åûªúø’ îËߪ’-í∫-©’-í∫’-û√-úøE ؈-†’èπ◊Ø√o†’. Ramarao could be a CM because he was a film actor = ®√´÷-®√´¤ Æœ-F†ô’--úÕí¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ 鬕öÀd, ´·êu-´’ç-vAí¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬úø’. Could †’ '≤ƒüμ¿u-¢Ë’¢Á÷– ÖçúÌa— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç– Present ™ Be careful with him. He could be dangerous

= ÅûªúÕûÓ ñ«ví∫ûªh. Åûª-úø’ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçúÌa. Carry an umbrella. It could rain = íÌúø’í∫’ BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á∞¡Ÿx. ´®Ω{ç ®√´îª’a. (= May rain)  Could in the question form expresses the politest request.

(Åûªuçûª ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†)

Could you lend me your look for a Week? =

¢√®Ω秃ô’ O’ °æ¤Ææhéπç Ø√èπ◊ -É≤ƒh®√?

éÀçC- ¢√-é¬u-™x -à-N ÆæÈ®j-†-¢Ó -N-´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

1) It is of two types; It is two types 2) He is very weak to go; He is so weak to go; He is much weak to go A. 1) It is of two types. It is two types correct. Modern usage, 'It is two types.'

È®çúø÷

2) He is very weak to go, He is so weak to go He is much weak to go He is very week/ so weak, so he cannot go.

He'd (would) look more handsome in white clothes = (white clothes

4. Jovial = Making and enjoying jokes. Fun loving = loving anything that makes us laugh.

Q. Would

é¬Ææh 鬰∂‘

 Used after 'Wish' - I wish he would help me.

£æ«-®Ωù

(´·≠œd)

Dish out = to distribute something to a large number of people. On the day of the festival, the devotees dished out lemon rice and curd rice to hundreds of people

Would you mind my using your phone? = Phone

ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ ÖüΔ-

The achievement of Indian Independence is a classic example of the victory of peace =

©èπ◊

 'Would' in the question form is also used for asking for permission.

3. Poised on the edge. 4. The girl is jovial, fun-loving, liberal in values, playful and outgoing.

ÅFo

È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-鬴¤. èπÿú≈ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

Q.

õ„j©®˝ ü¿í∫_®Ω èπ◊öÀdç-î√†’. (Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.)

A. I had these clothes/ got these clothes stitched by the tailor. Q. Commence dard Dictionary sitive & intransitive

Ñ °æüΔ-EéÀ (vi) (vt) - ÅE stan™ Éî√a®Ω’. Å®·ûË verb traní¬ á™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúø’-ûª’çüÓ

ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. The class commenced exactly at 10 = class

ÆæJí¬_ °æCç-öÀÍé v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-¢Á’içC. Éçü¿’™ Commence, Intransitive They Commenced the show exactly at 10 =

ÆæJí¬_ 10 éÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx v°æü¿-®Ωz† v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-î√®Ω’. Commence = Ç®Ωç¶μºç 鬴úøç - Intransitive Commence = v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-îªúøç - Transitive Q. Sir, once you said in a lesson that 'person' in a singular word but another day you used 'persons' - please clarify. A. Person - Singular

– éπÈ®Íéd ´uéÀh ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Å°æ¤púø’ '´uèπ◊h©’— ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Plural, persons ¢√ú≈-LqçüË éπüΔ. Person èπ◊ Plural ™‰ü¿E ØËØÁ°æ¤púø÷ ņ-™‰üË.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2010 Rasagna: What's wrong? You shiver and tremble as though you had seen a ghost. What's happened?

(à´’-®·çC? à ¶μº÷û√ØÓo, vÊ°û√ØÓo îª÷Æœ-†ô’x ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. àç ïJTçC?) Manogna: You've arrived just a minute late. I had had a narrow escape as I was crossing the road. Look at that truck taking a turn there. It scraped past by me. I'm yet to recover from the shock.

(†’´¤y äéπ\ éπ~-ùç Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a´¤. ®Óú˛ üΔô’ûª÷ Öçõ‰ v°æ´÷ü¿ç ûª%öÀ™ ûª°œpç--èπ◊Ø√o. Åéπ\úø ´’©’°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’ûª’†o ™«KE îª÷úø’. ††’o üΔüΔ°æ¤ ®√Ææ’èπ◊çô÷ §Ú®·çC. Ç ≥ƒé˙ †’ç* ØËEçé¬ ûË®Ω’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.) Rasagna: Your face tells all. Come, have some drink or something. But why were you crossing the road at this point,

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

(Ç v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ ÉçéÓ N°æ-ûª\®Ω °æJ-ÆœnA éπLpç-îª-¶-ߪ÷´¤. Å™«çöÀ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’-™xØË ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Ç™-*ç-îªúøç Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ¶μºßª’çûÓ Ö†o F ¢Á·£æ«ç îª÷úø-í¬ØË Ø√™ v°æ´÷ü¿ °∂æ’çöÀ-éπ©’ ¢Á÷í¬®·.)

®√´úøç ´çöÀ Å稻-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*-†N. Real life situations ™ OöÀ ¢√úøéπç ûª®Ωîª’í¬ NE-°œÆæ’hçC. Practice îËüΔlç.

Manogna: I should be more careful. I've learnt the lesson. OK. I'm sure you are returning from the match. How did it go off?

1) A narrow escape -

(Å´¤ØËx. ØËEç-é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. §ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√o. ÆæÍ® †’´¤y ´÷uî˝ †’ç* AJ-íÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ éπüΔ? ᙫ ïJTçC.) Rasagna: We've won of course, but just by the skin of our teeth. We got them out in the end but it was a close thing.

(´’†¢Ë’ ÈíL-î√-´’-†’éÓ, é¬F ÅA éπ≠dçæ O’ü¿. *´-®ΩéÀ ¢√∞¡x†’ ãúÕçî√ç, é¬F *´J-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞«x-´’-†´÷ ÅØË Nüμ¿çí¬ ≤ƒTçC.)

DE Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπüΔ – ûª%öÀ™ ûª°œpç--éÓ-´úøç.

4) Set the alarm bells ringing =

a) Even if he had been a second late crossing the road, the truck would have knocked him down. He had a narrow escape =

(F ¢Á·£æ«ç îª÷ÊÆhØË ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC. ®√ àü¿Ø√o BÆæ’éÓ. éÌEo Åúø’í∫’© ü¿÷®Ωç™ §ƒü¿-î√-®Ω’©’ üΔõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç Öçõ‰, †’Ny-éπ\úË áçü¿’èπ◊ üΔöÀ-†ô’x? áçûÓ v°æ´÷ü¿ç †’ç* ûª°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ éπüΔ?

Narrow escape = hair- breadth escape = The child had a hair - breadth escape. It rotted off the track as the train approached it =

M.SURESAN

Manogna: I wanted to reach the medical shop across the street urgently - for medicines for my grand dad whose life is hanging by a thread. When I started I didn't see much traffic. Oh, my! see, my feet are still cold with the fright.

(®Óúø’fèπ◊ Å´-ûª© Ö†o ´’çü¿’© ≥ƒ°æ¤™ Åûªu-´-Ææ-®Ωçí¬ ´’çü¿’©’ éÌØ√Lq ´*açC. É°æ¤p-úÓ-Í®§Ú ņo-ô’xí¬ Ö†o ´÷û√ûª éÓÆæç. ؈’ üΔö«-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Åçûª ®ΩDl ™‰ü¿’. Ŷs! îª÷úø’ Ø√§ƒ-üΔ-Lçé¬ îª©x-•-úÕ-§Ú®· ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o®·.)

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above:

E. Anil, T.N. palem. Q. Sir, Grammar rule Questions Sentences

Ñ éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ v°æ鬮Ωç N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. É™«çöÀ ™‰üΔ †’ ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ--¢√-L?

i. Who lifted the girl in her arm? ii. Who did the girl lift in her arm? A. i) ii)

Ç °œ©x†’ á´®Ω’ îËA-™éÀ áûª’h-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’? Ç °œ©x îËA-™éÀ á´JE áûª’h-èπ◊çC? Ééπ\úø sentence ii)™ whom •ü¿’©’ who ¢√ú≈ç. Modern usage™ whom ¢√úøéπç üΔüΔ°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’. who áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ üΔE •ü¿’©’. Who ûª®√yûª ¢ÁçôØË helping verbs ( do, does, did, shall, should, etc) + object (á´-JE, üËEo, á´-JéÀ, üËEéÀ á´-JûÓ, üËEûÓ ™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ ï¢√-•’í¬ ´îËa-´÷ô) ´ÊÆh, üΔFo 'whom' •ü¿’©’ ¢√úÕ† who í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. Who lifted the girl? (Ééπ\úø who ûª®√yûª, i) do, does, did, shall, etc., ™«ç-öÀ helping verb. ii) üΔE ûª®√yûª Object ™«, á´-JE, üËEo... ™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø

1) A narrow escape 2) Taking life into your hands 3) Life hanging by a thread. 4) Set the alarm bells ringing 5) .... Just by the skin of our teeth 6) It was a close thing 7) A close shave

°j expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ v°æ´÷ü¿ç, v°æ´÷ü¿ç †’ç* ûª%öÀ™ ûª°œpç--éÓ-´úøç, ÅA-éπ-≠dçæ -O’ü¿ ØÁí∫’_èπ◊ who = Who did the girl lift? = helping verb

°vö-Lߪ’ç üμ¿®Ω-©Â°j Eߪ’ç-vûªù áAh-¢Ë-ßÁ·-îªaØË Ææ÷îª-†©’ NE-ßÁ÷-í∫-üΔ-®Ω’© í∫’çúÁ™x È®j∞¡Ÿx °æJ-Èí-Ah-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. 5) By the skin of somebody's teeth = ÅA éπ≠dç æO’ü¿ ≤ƒCμç-îª-í∫-©-í∫úøç. a) The team won the match by the skin of its teeth when the lost batsman with one ball to go hit it to the boundary =

*´J •çAE *´J Çô-í¬úø’ ¶˜çúø-KéÀ éÌôd-úøçûÓ Ç ïô’d Ç ´÷uî˝E ÅA éπ≠dçæ -O’ü¿ ØÁT_çC.

b) Caught in the midst of the flames, he was able to escape only by the skin of his teeth

´úøç.

(-ØË-†’ -Å-A éπ-≠d-Oæ ’t-ü¿/ -ûª%-öÀ-™ -ûª°œpçéÓ-´-úøç, -´’-†ç -Å-A éπ-≠d-Oæ ’t-ü¿ Èí-©-´-úøç Ø√é¬\Ææh -ûª-´÷-≥ƒí¬ -Å-E°œ-≤Úhç-C. -ØË-†÷ -•-AéÀ -Ö-Ø√o. -´’-† -öÃç èπÿ-ú≈ Èí-L-*ç-C.) Notes: Scrape (Ééπ\úø) = ®√Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç; fright = Åéπ-≤ƒt-ûª’hí¬ éπLÍí ¶μºßª’ç; In the process = Ç v°æߪ’-ûªoç™; horrified = ¶μºßª’-v¶μ«ç-ûª’-©-´úøç; amuse = †´¤y-°æ¤-öÀdç-îªúøç; Go off = ï®Ω-í∫úøç

Rasagna: In the process you were about to add another emergency. Cool thinking is the need in such a situation. The horrified look you had when I first saw you set the alarm bells ringing.

b) The indications of decontrol of petroleum prices are setting alarm bells ringing in consumers =

¢Áçvô’-éπ-¢√-Æœ™ ûª°œpç--éÓ-

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 609 Manogna: This amuses me. Our win was a close thing and I had a close shave. Thank god, I'm still alive and our team has won.

ÆæJ-£æ«ü¿’l Å´ûª© îÁjØ√ •©-í¬© éπü¿-L-éπ©’ ¶μ«®Ωûª v°æ¶μº’-û√y-EéÀ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† éπL-TçîË v°æ´÷ü¿ Ææ÷*-éπ-©’í¬ ÖØ√o®·.

b) The thief had a harrow escape from being caught by the police, Before they could see him, he hid behind the wall =

By the skin of somebody's teeth when there is a pedestrian crossing a few feet away over there? Weren't you just taking life into your hands?

a) The movement of chinese troops across the border has set the alarm bells ringing for the indian government =

®Óú˛ üΔôúøç äéπ\-ÂÆ-éπØ˛ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’iØ√ ÅûªúÕE ™«K úμŒ éÌØËüË. ûª%öÀ™ ûª°œpç-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. §ÚMÆæ’© ¶«J-†’ç* Ç üÌçí∫ ûª%öÀ™ ûª°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ¢√∞¡xûªúÕE îª÷úø-éπ-´·çüË Åûªúø’ íÓúø ¢Á†’éπ üΔèπ◊\-Ø√oúø’.

á´®Ω’.

Ééπ\úø who ûª®√yûª, did ÖçC, á´Jo Åçõ‰ girl †’ ÅE Å-ØË Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ´≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd, who †’ whom •ü¿’©’ ¢√úÕ-†ô’x. 1. a) Who will help her? = Ç¢Á’-Èé-´®Ω’ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh®Ω’? b) Who will she help? = Ç¢Á’ á´-JéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÆæ’hçC? 2. a) Who will talk to the leader? = Ç Ø√ߪ’èπ◊úÕûÓ á´®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√®Ω’?/ á´®Ω’ Ç Ø√ߪ’èπ◊-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√®Ω’?

¢Áçvô’-éπ-¢√-Æœ™ Gúøf ûª°œpç--èπ◊çC. È®j©’ ÆæO’-°œç-îËç-ûª™ °æö«d© O’ü¿-†’ç* °æéπ\èπ◊ üÌJxçC.

2) (Somebody) taking life into their hands =

= ´’çô© ´’üμ¿u *èπ◊\-èπ◊†o Åûªúø’ ÅA-éπ≠dçæ O’ü¿ •ßª’ô °æú≈fúø’. 6) A close thing = Èí©’°æ¤, ãô-N’éÀ Ææ´÷-Ø√-´-é¬-¨»©’ Öçúøôç. a) finally spain won the match, but it was a close thing =

v°æ´÷ü¿ç éÌE ûÁa-éÓ-´úøç/ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æE-îËߪ’úøç/ v§ƒù«© O’CéÀ ûÁa-éÓ-´úøç.

ÂÆp®·Ø˛ ÈíL-*çC é¬F, *´-J´-®Ωèπ◊ í¬F ÅC ûË©-™‰ü¿’/ *´-J-´®Ωèπÿ Èí©’-°-´-JüÓ ûË©-E-ÆœnA.

a) He took life into his hands by jumping into the river to recover his shirt the current was carrying away =

b) That he won by just fifty votes shows that it was a close things =

v°æ¢√-£æ«ç™ éÌô’dèπ◊§Úûª’†o ≠æ®Ω’d†’ ûÁa-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ †C-™éÀ ü¿÷éÀ ûª† v§ƒù«-©-O’-CéÀ ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

b) You are taking your life into your hands by driving so rashly =

E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ •çúÕ †úø-°æ-úøçüΔy®√ F v§ƒù«© O’CéÀ ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤. 3) Hanging by a thread = N°æ-ûª\®Ω °æJ-Æ œnA

ÇçüÓ-∞¡† éπL-TçîË

v°æ´÷ü¿ Ææ÷îª-†©’

Åûªúø’ ߪ÷¶μ„j ãôx ûËú≈ûÓ Èí©-´úøç ÅØËC, *´J ´®Ωèπÿ Èí©’°æ¤, ãôN’ ûË©EÆœn-AE ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤ÚhçC.

7) A close shave = A narrow escape = A hairbreadth escape =

ûª%öÀ™ / ¢Áçvô’-éπ-¢√-Æœ™  v§ƒù«-§ƒ-ߪ’ç-†’ç* ûª°œpç--éÓ-´úøç.

a) The economy of the state is hanging by a thread and the government is unable to find money for its welfare schemes =

a) It was a close shave. The alertness of the train driver averted the collision =

®√≠æZ ÇJn-éπ-´u-´Ææn î√™« N°æ-ûª\®Ω °æJ-Æœn-A™ ÖçC. ÆæçÍé~´’ °æü∑¿-é¬-©èπ◊ úø•’s éπE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’.

ûª%öÀ™ ûª°œp-§Ú-®·† ŧƒßª’ç ÅC. È®j©’ wúÁj´®Ω’ Åv°æ-´’-ûªhûª ÉçéÓ È®j©’†’ úμŒéÌ-†-ú≈Eo E¢√-Jç-*çC.

b) The life of the within of the road accident is hanging by a thread =

b) The child fell from such a height on a hay stack, and survived. A close shave really =

®Óúø’f v°æ´÷ü¿ ¶«Cμûª’úÕ °æJ-ÆœnA É°æ¤púÓ, ÉçéÓ éπ~ùç-™ØÓ (v§ƒù«§ƒßª’ °æJ-Æœn-A™) ÖçC.

áéπ\úø ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.  indulge  Dalit Bahujan intellectual would conduct a national seminor.  He told his room mate in the morning that he would not attend classes since he was going home for the Ugadi festival. would

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-ú≈Eo, üΔE Å®√nEo ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. O’®Ω’ english news paper ™ use of tenses and conditionals †’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç Å©-¢√-ôßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬Ææh Æ洒ߪ’ç °æúø’-ûª’çC. ã°œí¬_ îªü¿’b) Who will the leader talk to? = To whom ´¤ûª÷ ÖçúøçúÕ. will the leader talk? (ÉC old usage) =  Indulge éÀ Å®Ωnç í∫ûªç™ N´-Jçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. á´JûÓ Ç Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’?  ü¿Rûª •£æ›-ïØ˛ §ƒKd äéπ ñ«Bߪ’ íÓ≠œe (√a í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: To whom/ with whom 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç) E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-†’çC (Would conduct). = Who to/ who with. Who did he go with?  ûª†’ Öí¬C °æçúø’í∫èπ◊ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡⁄h Öçúø-ôç-´©x (Modern English) = With whom did he go? = class©èπ◊ ®√¶-†E ûª† room mate ûÓ Ç ®ÓV Åûªúø’ á´JûÓ ¢Á∞«xúø’? §Òü¿’l† ÅØ√oúø’. Q. Sir, News papers ™ tenses, conditions †’  Would conduct èπ◊ i) wishes to conduct Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç î√™« éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC. éÀçC ¢√öÀE

Ç Gúøf Åçûª áûª’h †’ç* í∫úÕf¢√N’ O’ü¿ °æúÕçC. ûª%öÀ™ v§ƒù«-§ƒßª’ç ûª°œpçC.

(E®Ωy-£œ«çîªíÓ®Ω’-ûª’-†oô’x) á´-®ΩØ√o ǧƒKd ¢√∞¡Ÿx, 'E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-¶-ûª’Ø√oç— (Future ™) ņo ´÷ô-©†’, news paper ™ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, Reported/ indirect speech ™, will conduct èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ 'would conduct' ÅE ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC éπüΔ?  direct speech ™ will not attend èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Reported/ indirect speech ™ would not attend Å´¤-ûª’çC. Q. Sir, O’®Ω’ meanings ¶«í¬ N´-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. é¬F, NüΔu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’içC sentence †’ form îËߪ’úøç éπüΔ? Sentence Patterns †’ Å®√n-©ûÓ N´-J≤ƒh®√? A. Sentence patterns †’ Å®√n-©ûÓ N´-Jç-î √-©çõ‰ î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. é¬F, Åçü¿’-´©x Åçûª v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç èπÿú≈ Öçúøü¿’. ´÷ô© Å®√n©÷, ÅN ¢√ú≈-Lq† Nüμ¿ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o°æ¤púø’ sentence patterns ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ? ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿-´úøç/ N†úøç ´©x sentence formation ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤ûª’çC. ii)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 8 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

S.Satyanarayana Murthy, Kakinada

Q. Don't blame & Don't blame it on me. expressions

Q. Sir, Degree of Comparison

A. Don't blame =

èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-* -O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ-† -Åç-¨»--™x éÌ-Eoç-öÀ-E O’ ü¿%≠œdéÀ BÆæ’-éÌÆæ’h-Ø√o†’.

a) Suman is not so/ as tall as Pavan b) India is not as/ so rich as America c) Kedar does not play as (so) well as Kesava. So/ as tall as; as/ so rich as; as (so) well as Adjective

éÀ ´·çü¿’ so/ as, as so, as (so) ÅE

®√-¨»®Ω’. So/ as, as so,

àüÓ äéπöÀ Öçî√L éπüΔ Â°j -¢√é¬u-™x àC Öçî√L? as ÅØ√o, so ÅØ√o äéπõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçüΔ As = ´™„, ™«í∫, í¬, Åçûª, Åçü¿’-´©x So = Åçûª, (í∫ûªç™ O’®Ω’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-¨»®Ω’) as well as = so well as ÅØ√o äéπ-õ‰Ø√...? as tall ÅØ√o, so tall ÅØ√o äéπ-õ‰Ø√...? Positive degree ™ Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç confusion í¬ ÖçC. as well as/ so well as éÀ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

-Ñ È®çúø’

´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? EçCç-îª-´ü¿’l Don't blame it on me = ††’o ûª°æ¤p °æôdèπ◊/ ††’o ¶«üμ¿’uúÕo îËߪ’èπ◊. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ English ™ ᙫ express îËߪ÷L? v°æï© ¶μ«¢Ó-üËy-í¬Eo áí∫-üÓ-ÆœçC. A. It has aroused the emotions of the people. Q.

Eߪ·-éπh-¢Á’i† Ææ¶μ«-Ææç-°∂æ÷Eo v°æï©’ ûÓÆœ-®√-ï-Ø√o®Ω’.

A. People have rejected the duly constituted house committee. Q.

Ø√uߪ’-≤ƒn-Ø√Eo Çv¨¡-®·ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç §ƒ´¤©’ éπü¿’-°æ¤-ûÓçC.

A. The Government is making moves to approach the Court. Q.

§ƒKd©’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç Æœí∫-°æô’x °æúø’ûª÷ OCμ† °æúø’-ûª’Ø√o®·.

2

Q. No arms beyond this point A.

Ñ Ææn©ç üΔöÀ à Çߪ·-üμΔ©’ BÆæ’Èé∞¡xèπÿúøü¿’/ Çߪ·-üμΔ-©ûÓ Ç Ææn©ç üΔöÀ ¢Á∞¡x-®√ü¿’. (Arms = Çߪ·-üμΔ©’)

Q. of course, of course not A. of course not = "Are you still in need of money?" "Of course not. In fact I can give you some, if you want".

Å´¤†’. ߪ’üΔ-®Ωn¢Ë’/ éπ*a¥-ûªçí¬. é¬ØË-é¬ü¿’.

(ÅüËç é¬ü¿’/ é¬ØË-é¬ü¿’ 鬢√-©çõ‰ ØËFoèπ◊ É´y-í∫-©†’.)

Éçé¬

Q. Infact A. In fact a) Is he as strong as you?

-Ñ phrase -™‰-ü¿’. Conform Çïcèπ◊ ™•úÕ Öçúøôç/ E•ç-üμ¿-†©èπ◊ éπô’d-•úÕ Öçúøôç. In conformity to/ with = (E•ç-üμ¿-†© ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ/ éπô’d-•úÕ ÖçC. His building is in conformity with the of the municipality =

rules

Åûª-úÕ éπôdúøç ´·E-Æœ-§ƒ-Löà E•çüμ¿-†-©èπ◊ ™•úÕ ÖçC.

°j† ¢√úÕ† Nüμ¿ç îª÷úøçúÕ.

(Åûª-úø’ F Åçûª •©-´ç-ûª’ú≈?) b) Yes, he is. In fact he is stronger than I/ me =

A. Parties are after one another's throats and in the process are degenerating to street level fights.

Q. conformably to A. Comformably to to =

Å´¤†’. Éçé¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Ø√éπçõ‰ •©-´ç-ûª’úø’.

Q. in regard to A. With regard to/ (in regard to 'with reference to' ing =

°j†

é¬ü¿’) = regardîª÷úøçúÕ. È®çúø÷

äéπõ‰. Q. in behalf of A. On behalf of (In behalf of The son accepted the award on behalf of his father =

é¬ü¿’) = ûª®Ω-°∂椆.

He ought to have been mor e polite In fact =

A. Not so ... as = not as ... as. A, B Not Not

Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬ü¿’= A is not so/ as great as B ûÓ so... as, as... as È®ç-úø÷ ¢√úÌa. ™‰†-°æ¤úø’ as... as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√-úø-û√ç.

A does not sing as well as B = A does not sing so well as B. (A, B A does not sing as well as B not As... as so... as A sings as well as B

Åçûª ¶«í¬ §ƒúøü¿’) = Å®·ûË, ™‰†-°æ¤úø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√-úø-û√ç. ®√ü¿’. ÅØË Åçö«ç. She is as great as her sister (Ç¢Á’ ûª† Åéπ\çûª íÌ°æpC). Ééπ\úø she is so great as her sister, ûª°æ¤p. She sings as well as her sister (Ç¢Á’ ûª† Åéπ\ Åçûª ¶«í¬ §ƒ-úø’-ûª’çC) She sings so well as her sister - wrong. As + adjective + as as good as = as slowly as = She walks as slowly as a snail =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 610 Q.

a) He is quite tall. In fact he is taller than most of us =

èπ◊™«-©-´’üμ¿u éÃ-™«-ô©’ ´’† ü˨»-EÍé ≤Òçûªç.

Åûª-úø’ ¶«í¬ §Òúø’í∫’. Éçé¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ ´’†™ î√-™« ´’çC éπç-õ‰ §Òúø’Íí.

A. The confrontations among castes M.SURESAN are our country's prerogative. b) You call her bad? In fact she is better than Q. you = A. Political will is vital to finding a solution to the problem. Q. Not at all Q. ii) thanks A. i) A. Government apathy is obvious. Not at all Q. Q. Nothing but A. Our soldiers have fought heroically. Nothing but his coming here A. Q. makes me happy = A. Our ministers find salvation in the service of Srivaru. Q. In this circumstances Q. circumstances = A. In these (this A. Inexpressible feelings of bliss that suffuse the soul.

Ñ Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ææçéπ-©p¢Ë’ v§ƒù«-üμΔ®Ωç.

†’¢√y¢Á’†’ ´’ç*C é¬ü¿ç-ö«¢√? ÅÆæ©’ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ F éπç-õ‰ Ç-¢Ë’ ´’ç*C.

v°æ¶μº’ûªy E®Ωxéπ~uç éπ∞¡xèπ◊ éπúø’-ûÓçC.

é¬ØË é¬ü¿’ ´’†ç

ÅC ûª°æp =

¢√-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´-úøç ûª°æp ÉçÍéO’ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç É´yü¿’.

Ç¢Á’ †ûªh

Åçûª EüΔ-†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’hçC. Åçûª = Å®·ûË As adjecá°æ¤púø®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa 'Åçûª— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. (Not) so adjective/ adverb as - Åçûª é¬ü¿’ ÅE not Ö†o-°æ¤úË ¢√úøû√ç. I. Superlative: He is the tallest boy in the class Comparative: He is taller than any other boy in the class Positive: No other boy in the class is so tall as/ as tall as he. II. a) Comparative: Sudheer is taller than Sumanth Positive: Sumanth is not so tall as/ as tall as Sudheer. b) Comparative: Kalyan is not taller than Kabir. Positive: Kabir is at least as tall as Kalyan. positive not so tall as

™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd,

Drinking bout, Camaraderie, Reflections (in litarary sense), Human endeaver, Yawning gap, A well documented report, Hectic parley.

´’üμ¿’-§ƒ†ç äéπ-ûª-úø´ Camaraderie = ÊÆo£æ« Ææç°∂‘’-¶μ«´ç Reflections (in litarary sense) =

Q. Sir, Singing is my passion and obsession. A. Q. August function, August evening, August institution etc. August

ûª©-°æ¤©’/

Ç™-îª-†©’ Human endeaver =

´÷†-´-v°æ-ߪ’ûªoç Yawning gap = î√-™« áèπ◊\-´- ûËú≈ A well daumented report = Ææç•ç-Cμûª °ævû√-©ûÓ ®Ω÷-§Òç-Cç-*-† E¢Ë-Céπ. Hectic parley = ®Ω’-Èéj†/ BJ-éπ-™‰E ´’çûª-Ø√©’. Bhavani Kishan, Hanumakonda usage

-†’ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

Through proper channel

éÀçC ¢√é¬uEo ûÁ©’-í∫’-™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

§ƒúøôç Ø√ í¬-úμø-¢Á’i† ¢√çîμª, Bv´ Çé¬çéπ~ -Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’-öÀ? íÌ°æp/ Ö†oûª/ NP--≠d-¢æ Á’i†

ÅØË °æ-üΔ-EéÀ

ûÓ)

may have been, might have been, can have been, could have been, must have been, ought have been, should have been, would have been A. may have been = They may have been there =

Öçúø’ç-úø-´îª’a.

éÀçC- phrase prepositions è- π◊ Å®√n©- ’ ûÁ©- ’°æí©-∫ ®Ω’.

with an eye to A. With an eye to = With an eye to be a minister he is trying to please the CM =

Ç ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ/ Ç ü¿%≠œdûÓ.

üΔE °∂æL-ûªçí¬.

Åûª-úÕ ûÌçü¿-®Ω-§ƒô’ Ωu© ´©x (¢√öÀ °∂æL-ûªçí¬) Åûª-úÕ-°æ¤púø’ É•sç-ü¿’™x ÖØ√oúø’. é¬ü¿’) =

You must have been happy to see your enemy defeated =

She should have been here yesterday =

üΔEo °æ¤®Ω-Ææ \-Jç--èπ◊E/ üΔE í∫’-Jç-*

(hectic = very busy)

éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-éÀ -Å®√n-©-†’,

™ †’ç* Oô-Eo-öÀéà Ů√nEo N´-Jç* ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-L-´y-í∫-©®Ω’.

F ¨¡-vûª’´¤ ãúÕ-§Ú-´úøç îª÷Æœ †’´¤y ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æúË Öçö«´¤. Should have been = Öçú≈-LqçC, é¬F ™‰ü¿’.

Q.

´’çvA- é¬-¢√-©-ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ Åûª-úø’ ´·êu-´’ç-vAE ÆæçûÓ≠æ°úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

A. Drinking bout =

Sister-in-law, brother-in-law, grandson, Grand Daughter, Aunt, Great Grand Father/ Mother, Great Grand Son/ Grand Daughter. (V Q. 'Be' forms III set

Q. in reference to A. With reference to (In reference to

Ñ

P. Srinivas, Mahaboobnagar

éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. OöÀ Å®√n©’ Dictionary îª÷ÆœØ√ ûÁL-ߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’.

OöÀ Å®√n-©èπ◊ îª÷úøçúÕ. éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ¢Ë’†-éÓ-úø©’ – ¢Ë’†-´÷´’ – ´’®Ω-ü¿©’ – ´’JC – ´’†-´úø’ – ´’†-´-®√©’ – Åûªh – ´·û√hûª – ´·ûªh´y – ´·E-´’-†-´úø’ – ´·E ´’†-´-®√©’. A. Niece, Uncle (¢Ë’†-´÷´’/ *Ø√o†o/ °ü¿l -Ø√-†o),

Q. in consequence of A. In consequence of = In consequence of his rash actions, he has a lot of troubles now =

é¬ü¿’)

°æJÆœnûª’™x.

Q.

Basically, Earlier, As per, So far, gives rise to, On the other hand, How about?, What about? dictionary A. Q. English

¢√∞¡x-éπ\úø Öçúø’ç-úø-´îª’a. Éçûªèπ◊´·çüË´*a É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Öçúø-´îª’a. might have been = í∫ûªç™ Öçúø’ç-úø-´îª’a. She might have been there = Ç¢Á’ Åéπ\úø (í∫ûªç™) Öçúø’ç-úø-´îª’a. Can have been = Öçúø-í∫-©í∫´îª’a. He can have been helpful = Åûª†’ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úøí∫L-TÖçúø-í∫-©úø’. A situation, usage î√™« rare. Could have been = Öçúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úË, é¬-F ™‰úø’. He could have been a CM = Åûª-úø’ ´·êu´’ç-vAí¬ Öçúø-í∫-LÍí¢√úË (é¬-F 鬙‰ü¿’) Must have been = ÖçúÕ Öçô’çC. éπ*a-ûªçí¬. He must have been happy = ¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçúÕ Öçö«úø’.

´’†-Ææ’™ ´·°œp-J-íÌØË Å´u-éπh-¢Á’i† ´’üμ¿’®Ω ¶μ«¢√©’.

Q.

G.G. Rao, Visakhapatnam.

A. August =

îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’,

´’çvûª’©’ X¢√J ÊÆ´™ ûªJ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

As... as = so... as tive/ adverb as -

©™

á´-®ΩØ√o Å-ØÌa.

´’† ÂÆjE-èπ◊©’ O®Ó-*-ûªçí¬ §Ú®√-ú≈®Ω’.

Åçûª-´’ç* Åçûª EüΔ-†çí¬

Ééπ\úø ™ ÅE ®√ü¿’.

Éçé¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰/ Eñ«-EéÀ. ´·êuçí¬ ´’†ç ´·çü¿’ îÁ°œpç-üΔ-EéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’/ üΔE-Íé-´’Ø√o îË®√a-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤úø’ in fact ¢√-úø-û√ç.

¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ûª®Ω-°∂椆 Çߪ’† éÌúø’èπ◊ Ç °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√Eo Åçü¿’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Q. éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’ ûÁL°œ, ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ É´yçúÕ.

A. Through proper channel =

ÆæÈ®j† ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’© üΔy®√. ´’† °j ÅCμ-é¬-JéÀ °j-†’ç--úË ÅCμ-é¬-JéÀ àüÁjØ√ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-¢√-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’, ´’† °j ÅCμ-é¬-JéÀ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰Æœ, Çߪ’†/ Ç¢Á’ ņ’-´’-AûÓ Ç°jÅCμ-é¬-JéÀ ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ÷L. Å°æ¤púø’, through proper channel Å´¤-ûª’çC. (Channel = ´÷®Ω_ç)

With reference to your application for the job, please appear for an interview tomorrow = Interview Q. in compliance with A. In compliance with (your orders, requests, etc.,) = In compliance with your instructions, I am starting immediately =

O’ ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h í∫’-Jç-*/ °æ¤®Ω-Ææ \-Jç--èπ◊E, èπ◊ ®ΩçúÕ. O’®Ω’ Í®°æ¤ üΔEE ņ’-Ææ-JÆæ÷h/ üΔE v°æ鬮Ωç.

O’ ÇüË-¨»© v°æ鬮Ωç/ O’ ÇüË-¨»©’ §ƒöÀÆæ÷h ¢ÁçôØË •ßª’©’üË®Ω’-ûª’Ø√o. comply = obey = îÁ°œp-†ô’x îËߪ’-úøç.

Ç¢Á’ E†o Ééπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F ™‰ü¿’) Ought have been = Öçú≈-LqçC (FA/ üμ¿®Ωtç) He ought to have been more polite =

Åûª-úÕçé¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Öçú≈-LqçC. é¬F ™‰úø’. Would have been = ÖçúËüË, é¬F ™‰ü¿’. He would have been a CM = CM í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬F ™‰úø’. Q. ought to be, have to be, has to be, had to be, need to be A.

É´Fo -É-C-´®Ω-™ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ É-î√aç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 15 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nihsa, Yellandu.

There isn't (is not) much milk in the glass =

Q. Sir,

Ç í¬xÆæ’™ áèπ◊\´ §ƒ™‰ç ™‰-´¤.

éÀçC °æüΔ©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

He does not have much respect for elders =

Potential, Effect, Affect, Raise, Rise, Result oriented, Factory, Company, Industry, Much, More, Apart from.

´·çü¿’ 鬩ç™ à Nüμ¿ç-í¬-ØÁjØ√ ûªßª÷®ΩßË’u ¨¡éÀh; ii) ≤ƒüμ¿u´’ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç

°ü¿l-©çõ‰ Åûª-úÕéÀ °ü¿l íı®Ω´ç/ áèπ◊\´ íı®Ω´ç/ Åçûª íı®Ω´ç àç ™‰ü¿’. î√-™« áèπ◊\´/ áèπ◊\´ (ÖçC) ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ – a lot of/ a good deal of/ a great deal of Åçö«ç. There is a lot of milk in the vessel = Ç TØÁo™ §ƒ©’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö-Ø√o®·.

a) He has the potential to become a great leader =

A lot of milk was wasted (Right)

A. Potential = i)

Åûªúø’ íÌ°æp Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕí¬ áC-Íí-¨¡éÀh/ ûªßª÷-®Ω-ßË’u-¨¡éÀh í∫©¢√úø’í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. = Åûª-úÕ™ íÌ°æp Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕí¬ ûªßª÷-®ΩßË’u/ áCÍí¨¡éÀh éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC.

b) She can be a potential threat to him =

´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕéÀ v°æ´÷ü¿é¬-J ÅßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Effect = v°æ¶μ«´ç/ ´÷®Ωa-í∫-©-¨¡éÀh. Pollution has an effect on the climate =

Much milk was wasted (Wrong) More - comparative degree of both 'much' and 'many' a) There is more milk in this glass than in that glass (much comparative)

= Ç í¬xÆæ’™éπçõ‰ Ñ í¬xÆæ’™ éÀ áèπ◊\´ §ƒ©’-Ø√o®·.

b) There are more students in this class than in that class =

é¬xÆæ’™

áèπ◊\´

Ç é¬xÆæ’™ éπçõ‰ Ñ ´’çC °œ©x-©’-Ø√o®Ω’

(Comparative of many)

¢√û√-´-®Ωùç O’ü¿ 鬩’--≠æu v°æ¶μ«´ç ÖçC. v°æ¶μ«´ç éπL-Tç-îª-úøç/ ´÷®Ωa-í∫-©í∫-úøç. Pollution affects climate = 鬩’≠æuç ¢√û√-´-®Ωù«Eo ´÷®Ω’-Ææ’hçC.

Affect =

Apart from = 1)

ÅüË/ ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈

Apart from a car, he has also a scooter =

Åûª-úÕéÀ é¬Í® é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ææ÷\ô®˝ èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

2

We are looking forward to enjoy holidays - This is wrong because, here 'looking forward to' is followed by 'enjoy'- a verb. Q. Please clarify briefly about transitive verbs and intransitive verbs and their usage. A. A transitive verb has an object. Put the question whom/ what to the verb. If you get an answer, it is the object of the verb. In such a case the verb is transitive. He saw his friend yesterday. The verb here is 'saw'. Put the question He saw whom? You get the answer 'his friend'- so the verb is transitive. He saw my car yesterday. Here again, put the question, He saw What? and you get the answer, He say my car. So the verb, 'saw' here is transitive. An intransitive verb has no object. That is, if you put the whom/ what to the verb, you don't get an answer.

She can be a potential thr eat to him Raise =

She walks fast. Here the verb is 'walks'. Put the question 'She walks Whom/ What?' and you don't get an answer. So 'walk' is intransitive so are go, sit, stand, etc.

áûªh-úøç/ ™‰°æ-úøç;

He raised his hand to show his support =

ûª† ´’ü¿lûª’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úø’ îÁ®·u áû√húø’. He raised an important question = Åûª-úÓ ´·êu-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o†’ ™‰´-ØÁ-û√húø’. Rise = ™‰´-úøç, E©-•-úøôç, áü¿-í∫-úøç, °®Ω-í∫-úøç.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 611

(Ç¢Á’ á´-JE/ üËEE

†úø’-Ææ’hçC?)

except - Apart from cleaning the room, I have finished all the other work =

2) ÅC ûª°æp –

a) When the teacher enters the class students rise =

í∫C ¨¡Ÿv¶μºç îËߪ’-úøç ûª°æp, N’í∫û√ °æ†çû√ °æ‹Jh î˨»†’. Q. áçûª éπ≠d-° æ æ-ú≈fúÓ Åçûª Ææ’ê-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. -Ñ -¢√é¬u-Eo -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -îÁ°æpí∫-©®Ω’.

b) Whenever fuel prices rise, prices of other things also rise =

A. He is enjoying himself now as much as he worked hard.

A.

Q. Book for you book to you.

Q. Plan of the way

öÃ˝ é¬xÆˇ™ éÀ ®√í¬ØË NüΔu-®Ω’n©’ ™‰≤ƒh®Ω’/ ™‰* E©-•-úø-û√®Ω’/ E©-•-úøû√®Ω’.

Éçüμ¿† üμ¿®Ω©’ °J-T-†-°æ¤púø™«x, Éûª®Ω ´Ææ’h-´¤© üμ¿®Ω©÷ °®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·. Result oriented = °∂æL-û√Eo ≤ƒCμçîË Nüμ¿çí¬ Ö†o. The manager's plan for the increase of sales is result-oriented =

Å´’t-鬩’ °çîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ç ¢Ë’ØË-ï®˝ °æü∑¿éπç °∂æL-û√Eo ≤ƒCμç-îË-Cí¬ ÖçC (Åçõ‰, Ç °æü∑¿éπç ´©x Å´’t-鬩’ °®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·) Factory = éπ®√t-í¬®Ωç Company = ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn Industry = °æJ-v¨¡´’

Q. There is a lot of difference between/ among the students. between - among

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ©†’ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úøû√ç?

A. between - among.

Éü¿lJ -´’-üμ¿u/ È®ç-úÕçöÀ ´’üμ¿u between; Éü¿l-Jéπç-õ„ áèπ◊\´ ´’çC™/ È®ç-úÕçöÀ éπç-õ„ áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀ™ among. There is no difference between the two =

Ç È®ç-úÕçöÀ/ ¢√Rx-ü¿lJ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àç ™‰ü¿’. The three of them divided the money among themselves =

¢√-∞¡Ÿx ´·í∫’_®Ω÷ Ç úø•’s†’ °æç-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’– ¢√∞¡x™ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx. -Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC, among ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√-LqçC -à-N’-ôç-õ‰– Å™«çöÀîÓô Éü¿l®Ω’/ È®ç-úÕçöÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ö-†o -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç. He divided the property equally among his children =

Åûª-úø’ ûª† ÇÆœhE ûª† °œ©x-©-éπç-ü¿-JéÀ (Éü¿lJ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë) Ææ´÷-†çí¬ °æçî√úø’. Much = áèπ◊\´ quantity (áèπ◊\´ ¢Á·ûªhç™– ™„éπ\-°-ôdE¢√öÀE– sugar, milk, rice ™«çöÀN áèπ◊\´ ÅE ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊) Much sugar = î√-™« °æçîª-üΔ®Ω; much milk = áèπ◊\´ -§ƒ-©’– Å®·ûË, much E, áèπ◊\-´í¬ not ûÓ (áèπ◊\´í¬ ™‰ü¿’ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊) ¢√-úø-û√ç.

M.SURESAN

Ééπ\úø to, for ©™ àC Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*Ø√ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çüΔ? A. Book for you = äéπ-J-éÓÆæç ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ öÀÈéôx -™«ç-öÀN é̆-úøç/ reserve îËߪ’-úøç. I've booked tickets for you = Fèπ◊ ؈’ öÀÈéô’x book î˨»†’. Book to = Post üΔy®√/ È®j©’ üΔy®√ àüÁjØ√ °æç°æ-úøç. They have booked the goods to you = ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Post üΔy®√/ È®j©’ üΔy®√ °æ秃®Ω’ O’èπ◊. Gurram Shankar, Keshavapatnam Q. I came across a phrase in Dr. Laxminarayana English Grammar book. After look forward to you clarified to use 'ing' form. But there was no 'ing' form in that sentence. The sentence as follows like "My cousins are look forward to their scheduled visit to Newyork and Montreal". Is there any exception? A. Phrasal verbs like, look forward to, object to, with a view to, committed to, etc., should always be followed by a noun or an 'ing' form. There is no exception to the rule. This is standard usage. The sentence in your letter 'My cousins are looking forward to their scheduled visit' is correct, because, in it, look forward to is followed by 'visit' which is a noun. Observe the following: a) We are looking forward to holidays- here 'looking forward to' is followed by holidays which is a noun. So it is correct. b) We are looking forward to enjoying holidays. Here, 'looking forward to' is followed by 'enjoying'- an 'ing' form. This is correct too.

A. Saiprasad, Kusthapur. Q. Sir, what are the meanings of following words? Production target

A.

ÖûªpAh ©é~¬u©’ (äéπ EKgûª 鬙«-EéÀ à ´Ææ’h´¤ áçûª ÖûªpAh îËߪ÷-©-†’-éÓ-´-úøç)

°æE à ¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊, ¶«í¬ ïJ-TçüΔ ™‰üΔ, áçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ, áçûª ¶«í¬ ïJ-TçC– É™«çöÀ Å稻-©†’ í∫’-Jç-* Éûª-®Ω’© ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç. (O’®Ω’ îËÆœ†/ ≤ƒCμç-*† °æEE í∫’-Jç-* Éûª-®Ω’© ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç)

Q. Accident and fatilities A. Accident and fatalities (fatilities

é¬ü¿’) = v°æ´÷ü¿ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©÷, ¢√öÀ ´‚©çí¬ ´’®Ω-ù«©’.

Q. Procedure failures A. Procedural (Procedure

é¬ü¿’) failures = 鬮ΩuE-®Ωy-£æ«ù v°ævéÀ-ߪ’™ ¢Áj°∂æ-™«u©’. äéπ-°æE îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å´-©ç-GçîË °æü¿l¥A ´©x éπL-T† ¢Áj°∂æ-™«u©’.

Q. Actions followup A. Followup actions (Action followup

é¬ü¿’) äéπ

Ωu ûª®√yûª ¢ÁçôØË BÆæ’éÓ¢√-Lq† Ωu. You finished planning but where is the follow-up? =

°æü∑¿éπç °æ‹Jhî˨»´¤ é¬F üΔE ûª®√yûª

Ωu àC? I have decided to meet him in Chennai, and as a follow up I am starting today itself =

Åûª-úÕ-E îÁØÁj o™ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o. Å™« ņ’-èπ◊†o Ωu ûª®√yA Ωuí¬ Ñ ®√vûË •ßª’-©’-üË®Ω’-ûª’Ø√o. Q. Environmental feedback A.

Íé~´’-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† (v°æ´÷ü¿çé¬E) Ωu©’.

Q. Save your life A.

F v§ƒù«Eo 鬧ƒ-úø’éÓ

Q. Use fire cycle if you know A.

Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ-†ç-ûª-´®Ωèπ◊ °æü¿ç ™‰ü¿’.

English

™

fire cycle

ÅØË

Q. Report in irregularities. A. Report any (in

é¬ü¿’) irregularities = Åvéπ-´÷©’ à¢ÁjØ√ Öçõ‰ ûÁ-L-ߪ’°æ®Ω-. äé𠧃®∏Ω-èπ◊úø’, E®Ωt™¸. Q. What does Sandhya have? Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. What does Sandhya have? = What has Sandhya? =

Ææçüμ¿uèπ◊ àç ÖçC? (Ææçüμ¿u àç éπL-T ÖçC?) Q. ®√ùÀ àN’ éπLT ÖçC? = What has Rani? ®√ùÀ àN’ éπLT ÖçúËC? = What had Rani? éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. Correct. Q. You like this shirt.

DEéÀ ÆæÈ®j†

question tag

àC? A. You like this shirt, don't you? Q. Tag, 'Don't you?' (like = do like) Q.

-Éç-ü¿’-™ 

éÀçC Ø√©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u™x àN éπÈ®é˙d? since, as ©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË NüμΔ-Ø√Eo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. a) Since I haven't much strength, I can't lift this luggage. b) As I haven't much strength, I can't lift this luggage.

d) Since I woke up very late, it was a holiday yesterday. A. (a) = (b). since = because = as =

Åçü¿’-´©x/

áçü¿’-éπçõ‰. c) and d) -

O’®Ω’ Åô’C, Éô÷, Éô’C, Åô÷ ®√¨»®Ω’. O’ sentence ©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç = ØË-†’- E†o Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰´-úøç-´©x, E†o ÂÆ©´¤ ÅE. E†o holiday é¬-´-úøç-´©x, Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰î√†’ ÅE éπüΔ? Å™« ÅØ√-©çõ‰, since/ as/ because yesterday was a holiday I woke up late. Å®Ωnç Å®·çC éπüΔ? Since = As = Because = Åçü¿’-´©x/ áçü¿’-éπçõ‰. (Å®·ûË, As, since ©èπ◊ ¢ËÍ® Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ äéπ ÖØ√o®·. As = ´™„. Since = í∫ûªç™ Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç*). B.V. Subba Rao, Rajahmundry. Q. Sir, please give the meanings of the following sentences. 1. The news of Venkat's is worrying. 2. The news of Venkat is worrying. A. 'The news of Venkat' is worrying is correct. 'The news of Venkat' is OK, but it is more common to say, 'The news about Venkat'.

Use any suitable nouns known by your pupils.

´÷éπC ´·êuç, O’ èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ÅC ´·êuç.

Q. Safe practice A.

¨¡•lç. Alarm = ¶μºßª’ç, ÇçüÓ-∞¡† éπçí¬®Ω’; v°æ´÷-üΔEo Ææ÷*çîË ÆæçÍéûªç; Evü¿ †’ç* ¢Ë’-™Ô\-LÊ° í∫úÕ-ߪ÷-®Ω°æ¤ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. Sound the alarm = v°æ´÷ü¿ç ÅE Ææ÷*çîË ÆæçÍé-û√Eo/ ¨¡¶«lEo ¢Á÷Tç.

Q. Please let me know whether the following sentence is correct.

DEéÀ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ûÁL-ÊÆh-í¬F Å®Ωnç îÁ°æp™‰ç.

Q. We care and your family cares A.

A. Sound =

c) As I woke up very late, it was a holiday yesterday.

üΔJ îª÷°œçîË -§ƒx-Ø˛

Q. Operational feedback A.

Q. Sound and alarm

(Driving

A. To the best of my knowledge, 'known to...' is correct, rather than known by... whatever it is, 'known to' is the use sanctioned by standard dictionaries.

with care is a safe practice)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 22 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

E. Anil, TN Palem Q. Sir, Grammar book clause and phrases i. Noun clause ii. Adjective clause iii. Adverb clause Sentence formation usage Noun phrase, Adjective phrase, Adverb phrase A. Noun clause: Noun clause Noun clause of a sentence Noun 1) Subject of a sentence 2) object of a verb 3) Object of a preposition 4) Complement clause noun clause eg: 1) What he says is true. What he says clause (says verb group of words clause) subject of the sentence noun clause. where he 2) She knows where he is. is clause, knows verb object 'where he is' is a noun clause.

™ í∫’Jç* îªC-N-†-°æ¤púø’

©†’ îª÷¨»†’. ™ OöÀ v§ƒ´·-ë«uEo,

E

ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

©†’ í∫’Jç* èπÿú≈ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. îËÊÆ °æEE, äéπ

îËÊÆh ÅC Å´¤-ûª’çC.

-†’ -´’-†ç

í¬ ¢√-úø-û√ç. ã †’ É™«Íí ¢√ú≈-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ. ÅC Å´¤-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø ÅØË ÅØË ÖçúË é¬•öÀd ÅC 鬕öÀd ÅC Éçü¿’™ ÅØË Å-ØË èπ◊ 鬕öÀd

2) I ate the food in the fridge. 'The food in object of the verb 'ate' the fridge' noun phrase.

ÅØËC

鬕öÀd, ÅC Å™«Íí adjective phrase èπÿú≈. °j sentence™ 'in the fridge', food Å-ØË noun -†’ í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æ¤hçC 鬕öÀd, ÅC adjective phrase.

3) He earned to help others. 'to help others' - adverb phrase, 'earned' verb

ÅØË

†’

í∫’-Jç-* îÁ§ÚhçC 鬕öÀd. ÅØËC verb í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπüΔ? é¬F, äéπ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ subject í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E O’®Ω’ ÅØ√o®Ω’. Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀF í∫’Jç* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

Q. Compliment

Pavan Kumar Reddy, Hyderabad Q. a) The man seen near the school b) The book given to him seen, given past participle verb tense Verbs 6 forms A. The man seen near the school, ( The book given to him

Å-ØË-N Å--E

ûÁ-©’Ææ’. é¬-F ®Ω÷°æç í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. -™ -É-N -™‰-´¤éπ-üΔ? Ææ÷\™¸- ü¿-í∫_®Ω îª÷úø-•-úÕ† ´uéÀh), (Åûª-úÕéÀ -É-´-y•-úÕ† °æ¤Ææhéπç) Ñ È®çúÕçöx Ö†o seen, given past participles ÅE ÅØ√o-®Ω’ í∫üΔ?6 Forms of verbs ™ Íé-´-©ç past participle ™‰-ü¿’-éπüΔ? Be form + pp - verb; Have/

A. Complement, subject complement/ verb complement is used to complete the sentence. The tiger is an animal. ject complement. Tiger

Ééπ\úø

animal - sub(subject)

†’

has/ had/ shall have/ should have, etc + PP - verb. past participle verb the man seen near the school, the book given to him groups of words without verbs, so they are phrases.

í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æ¤hçC 鬕öÀd. He became angry. complement - verb meaning

Íé-´-©ç

angry verb complete

Ééπ\úø

2

†’

é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd

Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈

îËÆæ’hçC 鬕öÀd.

This is what she gave him 3) It depends on when he leaves

(ÅC Åûª-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«húø’ ÅØË üΔE-O’ü¿ ÇüμΔ-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçô’çC) When he leaves ÅØË clause, 'on' preposition èπ◊ object 鬕öÀd 'when he leaves'

is a noun clause. what 4) This is what she gave him she gave him clause complement (sentence complete noun clause. clause, adjective Adjective clause: Adjective clause Adjective noun

Ééπ\úø

ÅØË

†’ 鬕öÀd ÉC èπÿú≈

îËÊÆ-C)í¬ ¢√ú≈ç

äéπ îËÊÆ °æEE îËÊÆh ÅC Å´¤-ûª’çC. á°æ¤púø÷ í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æ¤hçC. (áô’-´çöÀ ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üμΔ-†çí¬) Å™« noun †’ í∫’-Jç-* îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ äéπ clause ¢√úÕûË ÅC adjective clause.

eg: 1) The boy who stood first in the class 'who stood first is my cousin. in the class' clause 'boy' noun 'who adjecstood first in the class' tive clause. 2) The place where he lives is very where he near here. lives adjective clause. Adverb clause: A clause acting as an adverb is an adverb clause. Adverb, adjective Verb adverb clause adverb clause 1) She carries the box wherever she goes. 'Wherever she goes' clause, 'carries' verb

Ééπ\úø Å-ØË ÅØË †’ í∫’-Jç-* îÁ§ÚhçC 鬕öÀd, -Å-ØË-C Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

ÅØËC

†’ í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æ¤hçC, †’/ ÉçéÓ †’ í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æ¤hçC. Ñ °æ†’-©†’ äéπ îËÊÆh ÅC Å´¤-ûª’çC. Éçü¿’™

ÅØË (BÆæ’Èé∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC) ÅØË †’ í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æ¤hçC (¢ÁRx-†-îÓ-öÀ-éπ™«x BÆæ’Èé∞¡Ÿûª’çC) 鬕öÀd, wherever she goes, adverb clause Å´¤-ûª’çC.

2) She is so good that everyone likes her; so... that everyone likes her clause, well adverb adverb clause. 3) He is so tall that he can touch the ceiling so... that he can touch the ceiling clause, tall adjective adverb clause. noun phrase, adjective phrase and adverb phrases Phrase = a group of words without a verb. 1) The book on the table is mine. The book on the table, subject of the sentence 'Noun Phrase'.

Ééπ\úø

ÅØË †’ í∫’-Jç-* îÁ§ÚhçC

ÅØË

鬕öÀd ÅC

Ééπ\úø ÅØË ÅØË îÁ§ÚhçC 鬕öÀd, ÅC

èπÿú≈.

鬕öÀd ÅC

†’ í∫’-Jç-* Å™«Íí,

Q. Is it beautiful? Isn't it beautiful?

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 612 S.P., Nirmal Q. Raghu likes tomatoes and so does Madhu. Raghu likes tamatoes and Madhu too

M.SURESAN

DØËo

ÅE

®√ߪ’-´î√a? A. Raghu likes tomatoes and Madhu does too Does

ÅØ√L. Öçú≈L éπüΔ? ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ®Ω°∂æ· öÔ¢Á÷-ö-©†÷, ´’üμ¿’†’ èπÿú≈ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√úø’ ÅE Å®Ωnç ®√´îª’a.

Q. a) Since I haven't much strength, I can't lift this luggage. b) As I haven't much strength, I can't lift this luggage.

°j ¢√é¬u™x Å®√n™x ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? Since, As ©†’ É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ à E•ç-üμ¿-†©’ §ƒöÀç-î√L? A. Since = as = because. È®ç--úø÷ äéπõ‰. Q. Spastic Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. Spastic = ¢Á’ü¿úø’ ï•’s-´©x éπçúø-®√© éπü¿-Léπ ÆæJ-í¬ -™‰-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç– Ñ ™°æç Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx îËûª’©÷, é¬∞¡x†’ ÆæJí¬ éπü¿-©a-™‰®Ω’. Å®·ûË É°æ¤p-úŒ-´÷ô ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Å™«çöÀ ï•’s†o ¢√-∞¡x†’ spastic ņ-úøç èπÿú≈ ûª°æ¤pí¬ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. Q. Articles, verbs, prepositions ¢Á·ü¿-™„j† Å稻© í∫’Jç* -´’®Ó-≤ƒJ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. O©’--†’-•-öÀd -N-´-J≤ƒhç. K. Sri Krishna Kumar, Bapatla Q. 'They would rather you paid them by cheque'would rather part of speech? paid, verb past form, past participle

-Ñ -¢√éπ-uç-™

-à

-Å®·-ûË -N-´-J-ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

A. Would- Helping Verb rather - adverb sentence paid verb. usage tense, Present/ Future situations cheque

ÉC past (¢√úø’éπ) v°æ鬮Ωç, †’ ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. (†’´¤y üΔy®√ îÁLxç-îª-úøç, ¢√∞¡Ÿx É≠æd-°æ-úø’ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’/ °æ-úø-û√®Ω’ ÅE) They'd (É™«çöÀîÓôx Would °æ‹Jhí¬ ®√ߪ’®Ω’) rather you left immediately = †’-´¤y -¢Áç-ôØË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´-úø¢Ë’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ -é¬-´-©-ÆœçC. ÉC v°æÆæ’hûª N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√, Past tense ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ñ

™ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ

ÅØËüË

– -Åç-ü¿çí¬ -Öç-üΔ? - – Åç-ü¿çí¬ -™‰-üΔ?Åç-ü¿çí¬ -Öç-C éπ-üΔ?– -Å-E È®ç-úø’ Å®√n-©’ -Ö-Ø√o-ߪ÷? -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. A. Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC-éπüΔ?= It is beautiful, isn't it?. à sentence Å®Ωnç üΔEüË – È®çúø’ Å®√n©÷, äéπ-üΔ-E-éÌ-éπöÀ ´uA-Í®éπç éπüΔ? Å-N äÍé sentence ™ ᙫ ´≤ƒh®·?

T. Kaasi Annapurna, Kesavadasupalem Q.

éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. I have written a letter I could have written a letter

A. Smoking = Smoke here Do not Smoke here English

§Òí∫-û√-í∫-úøç, no = èπÿúøü¿’. Do not ÅØ√o, ÅüË, Å®·ûË, No Smoking, éπç-õ‰ simple éπüΔ? ÉC èπ◊ -Ö-†o v°æûËu-éπûª.

K. Divya, Banavasi. Q. Sir, English away, up

™ éÌEo Verbs ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª off, ´çöÀ °æüΔ-©†’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L? ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ go Åçõ‰ ¢Á∞¡Ÿx ÅE Å®Ωnç. 'Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRxçC— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ She went Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπüΔ? Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ She went away ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L? Å™« ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °æ®Ω-¢√-™‰üΔ? Peel ÅØË verb èπ◊ off ÅØË °æü¿ç áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L? I will peel off your skin, if you do it again. Be careful. off

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ ¢√ú≈™«? ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'F Ωtç ´©’-≤ƒh†’— Åçö«ç éπüΔ! ´’J ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ peel ÅØË verb ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπüΔ! üΔEéÀ off áçü¿’èπ◊? Fling (verb) ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª away E ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. 'Ç¢Á’ èπ◊Rx† ô¢Á÷-ö«-©†’ §ƒ®Ω-¢Ë-ÆœçC— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ She flung away rotten tomatoes ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ÅØ√L? ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-J-≤ƒh®√? A. É´Fo èπÿú≈ Usage (¢√úø’éπ) ´©x ¶μ«≠æ™ éÀ îËÍ® expressions. OöÀéÀ É™« ¢√ú≈L, ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ Å-ØË E•ç-üμ¿-†-©’ç-úø´¤. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ É™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’Ø√o-®·-éπüΔ? ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á∞«x®Ω’ – ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. ´î√a®Ω’ – ´îËa-¨»®Ω’ AØ√oúø’ – AØË-¨»úø’ (AE ¢Ë¨»úø’) à ¶μ«≠æ™ØÁjØ√ éÌEo ´÷ô©’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ¢√öÀE Ö†oN Ö†o-ô’dí¬ ¢√úÕûË Åçûª effective í¬ Öçúø-üË¢Á÷ ņo ¶μ«´-†ûÓ éÌçûª í∫öÀdí¬ ÅØ√-©ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ ´÷ö«xúø-ôç´©x ÉN ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´≤ƒh®·. Peel the potatoes - Peel off the potatoes

I could write a letter A. 1.

ØËØÓ Öûªh®Ωç ®√¨»†’. 2. ؈’ Öûªh®Ωç ®√ߪ’-í∫-LÍí-üΔØËo (é¬F ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’) 3. i) Öûªh®Ωç ®√ߪ’-í∫© ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ÖçúËC Ø√èπ◊ í∫ûªç™. ii) ؈’ Öûªh®Ωç ®√≤ƒh-ØË¢Á÷.

K.V. Narender, Jagtial. Q. Hats off

°æü¿ç ᙫ ÇN-®Ωs¥-Nç-*çC? DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a? A. English ¢√∞¡Ÿx hats °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ éπüΔ? á´-®ΩoØ√o ¢Á’a-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ÅGμ-´÷†ç îª÷Ê°ç-ü¿’èπÿ, íı®Ω´ Ææ÷îª-éπçí¬, hat äéπ îËûÓh °jéÀ B≤ƒh®Ω’ (They take off their hats) Åçü¿’-éπE hats off Åçõ‰ ¢Á’°æ¤p -ûÁ-©°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ÆæçÍé-ûªçí¬ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Q. Barrage °æü¿ç P. Sankar Narayana úÕéπ{-†-K™ ™‰ü¿’. Barrage - Reservoir - Dam OöÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Barrage = v°æ¢√-£æ…-EéÀ Åúøfçí¬ éπõ‰d-íÓúø, F®Ω’ ´%-ü∑Δ é¬èπ◊çú≈ E©y îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊. Reservoir = -¨¡ßª’ç (Ææ®ΩÆæ’q). DE-™ E F®Ω’ §ÒJx-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ Åúøfçí¬ EJtç-îËC, dam. Reservoir Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ (Natural) í¬F, ´÷†´ EJt-ûª-¢Á’içC (artificial) í¬-F鬴a. Dam F®Ω’ E©y-îË-ߪ’-ú≈-E-Íéí¬-èπ◊çú≈, Nü¿’u-ü¿’-ûªp-AhéÀ (power generation) èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Dam -´-©x -F-öÀ-E °j°æ¤© üΔy®√, 鬩’-´© üΔy®√ ´C™‰ Å´-鬨¡ç Öçô’çC. Barrage äéπ Åúø’f-íÓúø ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Q. Anthem - Song OöÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? A. Anthem = v°æ¶-üμΔ-ûªtéπ, ÆæçüË-¨»-ûªtéπ Uûªç. (FA¶üμ¿, ÆæçüË-¨»Eo ûÁ-LÊ° -§ƒô) Song = à §ƒô-®·Ø√. Q. C∑ßË’-ô®Ω’x ¢Á·ü¿-™„j†îÓôx No Smoking ÅE ing form ™ ®√≤ƒh-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? ÉC à tense éÀçCéÀ ´Ææ’hçC? 'Do not smoke here' Åçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC éπüΔ!

îÁèπ◊\ A®·u – îÁèπ◊\ BÊÆ-ÂÆß˝’. Go - go away ¢Á∞¡Ÿx – ¢ÁRx§Ú fling - fling away NÆæ’®Ω’ – NÆœ-߽ͮ’ áèπ◊\´ effect éÓÆæç Ñ particles (O’®Ω’ îÁ°œp† verbs ûª®√yûª ¢√úÕ† off, away ™«çöÀ prepositions, adverbs) ¢√úø’-éπ-™ éÀ ´î√a®·. ÉN usage (¢√úø’éπ). OöÀéÀ logic, grammar rules ´Jhç-¤. J. Mounika, Amalapuram Q. How about going to the movie Black? How about Do we go to the movie Black? How about some coffee before going to a movie? Do we take coffee before going to a movie? Shall we take coffee before going to a movie? A. How about = What about. How about a movie this evening? =

-Éç-ü¿’-™

-Åç-õ‰ -Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’-öÀ?-Å-ØÌ-î√a?

-Å-™«Íí

-Å-E -O’®Ω’ í∫-ûªç-™ -ûÁ-L-§ƒ®Ω’. D-E-E

-™‰-üΔ

-Å-ØÌ-î√a? üΔE N≠æߪ’ç/ Ææçí∫A àçöÀ = ¢√öÀ N≠æߪ’ç/ Ææçí∫A àçöÀ? = ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE´÷ Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ? (¢Á∞«l´÷?) What about your brother? = O’ ņo Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ? English ™ conversation (Ææç¶μ«-≠æù) v§ƒ®ΩçGμç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊, How about....?/ What about.....? î√-™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. How about some coffee? = 鬰∂‘ û√í∫’-üΔ´÷?/ 鬰∂‘ à´’Ø√o ÖçüΔ? What about the money you owe me? = Ø√ Å°æ¤p Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ? How about some coffee before going to a movie? = Shall we take coffee before going to a movie. Do we take coffee before going to a movie? =

´’†ç 鬰∂‘ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-üΔ´÷? (Å™«çöÀ Ç™-îª-ØË-´’Ø√o ÖçüΔ?).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 29 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

S.Naresh, Khammam

On time = correct time- The match began on time = Match

í¬

Q.

ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ éÀçC °æüΔ© ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ

ÆæJí¬_ ¢Á·ü¿-©-®·çC. Å®·ûË Can Åçõ‰ îËߪ’-í∫© ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ÖçC, î˨»®√, ™‰üΔ ÅE ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. He can sing = Åûªúø’ §ƒúø-í∫-©úø’. á°æ¤púø’ §ƒú≈úø’/ §ƒúøôç ïJ-TçüΔ ™‰üΔ ÅØËC ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. He is able to sing = Åûªúø’ §ƒúø-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’– §ƒúø’ûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’ éπüΔ, ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√´îª’a. should = must 1) Orders (Çïc©’) 2) Duties (Nüμ¿’©’); (3) Necessity (Å´-Ææ®Ωç) ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√®·.

House - Home, say - tell, speak - talk, in time - on time, can - able to, should - must, intention - opinion.

Can = able to.

A. HouseHouse

à ÉçöÀ-ØÁjØ√/ E¢√-Ææ-ßÁ÷-í∫u-¢Á’i† à éπôd-ú≈Åçö«ç. ØÁj oØ√ The Post Office is in the lane next to the row of houses on the street = Post Office

Ç OCμ-™E É∞¡x -´-®ΩÆæ ÖçC. ûª®√yûª ÖçúË Ææçü¿’™ Ç Home- ´’† èπ◊ô’ç-•-Ææ-¶μº’u-©ûÓ ´’†ç ÖçúË É©’x. Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç Éçöx ÖçC = My book is at home. (in my house é¬ü¿’). ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ Home ´·çü¿’ my, his, her, their- Åçõ‰ 'á´J?— ÅE îÁ§ƒp-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. Å™«Íí î√™«-´-®Ωèπ◊ home ´·çü¿’ 'to' (ÉçöÀéÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ®√ü¿’. a) I am going home = ؈’ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o†’ (I am going to my home- ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’)

1. You should/ must finish the work today (Order) 2. I should be/ must be at office from 10 AM - 5 PM (Duty) 3. I should be at station by 10, or I will miss the train Necessity.

(؈’ °æCç-öÀéÀ ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛™ Öçú≈L, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ È®j©’ ûª°œp-§Ú-ûª’çC)–

2

(v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμ-Ææ’hØ√oç. Â°Ø˛ BÆæ’-èπ◊E ®√ߪ’úøç ¢Á·ü¿-©’°ô’d) 2) Here we go. The match has begun = match

ÅCíÓ, v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç Å®·çC. Q. HTTP, URL Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. HTTP = ÉC Computer °æü¿ç–

Don't = Do not (n't = not)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol = Computer Language (to control)

™

®√Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Eߪ’ç-vAç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË v°æ´÷-ù«©’/ E•ç-üμ¿-†©’. URL = ÉC èπÿú≈ computer èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*çüË. Uniform Resource Locator = Computer web page- WWW (World Wide Web) address.

ÅE

Åçô’çö«ç. üΔE

M.Venkata Reddy, Tanuku Q. I will go to Hyderabad in next weekI will go to Hyderabad next week-

Please attend on our guests b) He left his bother at home =

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC ÆæÈ®jçC? àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úø-û√®Ω’?

Åûªúø’ ¢√∞¡x

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 613

A. I will go to Hyderabad next week. Correct. Day/ month/ week/ year/ hour This, that, Intention = every, next and last in/ on i) a) There are twelve months in a M.SURESAN year Opinion = b) He comes here once every year. ii) a) This happens twice (in) a week. Tell b) This happened last week. 1) Tell (to c) We may go there next week. Q. a) Send me the details about the commisHe told me/ her/ Ram, etc (√) sion you give to us. b) Send me the details about the commisHe told to me/ to Ram, etc (X) sion you give us. 2) Tell object to A. Sentence b: Send me the details of (about Quotations the commission you give us. tell object, it, the book, etc Give tell give 'to' She told me/ her/ Ram that it was true. Give it/ the pen/ the details, etc. to us. Q. Who is the producer of that picture? object 3) Tell Who is the producer for that picture? infinitive of, for She told him to go (√)

ûª´·túÕo Éçöx ´CL ´î√aúø’ ÅØ√-Lq† °æE™‰ü¿’, ûª°æ¤p èπÿú≈) Home Åçõ‰ ≤Òçûª Ü®Ω’/ Ææyü˨¡ç ÅE èπÿú≈. (His home

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’,

My home is Vijayawada/ India. House

ÖüËl¨¡ç– ´’†ç äéπ °æEE, üËEE ü¿%≠œd™ °ô’d-èπ◊E îËÆæ’hØ√oç ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç. ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç.

Åçõ‰ ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈.

This is the latest product from the house of Tatas = Tata

ÆæçÆæn †’ç*...

Say 1) Say

ûª®√yûª ´uéÀh

object

í¬ ®√ü¿’.

´ÊÆh ¢√öÀ-

´·çü¿’

2) Say

ûª®√yûª ´uéÀh í¬ ´*a Ç ûª®√yûª 1) äéπ-®Ω†o ´÷ô-©†’ ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊, 2) Ææ´÷î√®Ωç ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. ´·çü¿’-í¬F, ûª®√y-ûª-í¬F, ®√ü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ¢ÁçôØË á´-JûÓ îÁÊ°pD ®√¢√L.

ûª®√yûª (´·êuçí¬) äéπ-®Ω†o ´÷ô-©†’ ÉçéÌ-éπ-JûÓ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. a) 'All right', she said b) She said, 'let's wait' c) She said that it was not true

ûª®√yûª 'that' clause ®√´úøç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

d) She said to me that it was true 3) say

ûª®√yûª infinitive (to go, to come, to sing ™«çöÀN) ®√ü¿’. She said (to) him to go (x) 4) Say ûª®√yûª, anything, something, nothing,

ûª®√yûª ´uéÀh ®√´îª’a.

ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ ÅØËC ™«çöÀC ´*a† ûª®√yûª ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. ®√ü¿’.

She didn't say anything. She said something/ everything/ so hello/ goodbye.

(Å™«

5) Tell a stroy/ joke/ lie/ joke

ûª®√yûª á´JûÓ ÅE îÁ°æp-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË she tell ´≤ƒh®·.

ÅE ņç.

ÉC ûª°æ¤p.

Talk

Speak

Åçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îË

-ô-°æ¤púø’– Speak to the manager about it = ¢Ë’ØË-ï-®˝ûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ ûË©’a-èπ◊çüΔç– äéπ üμËuߪ÷Eo ´’†-Ææ’™ °ô’d-èπ◊E ´÷ö«x-úøôç. 2. ¶μ«≠æ©’ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç/ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©-í∫úøç speak. She

1. Talk- informal-

Åçûª ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç 鬆-°æ¤púø’– °æ©-éπ-Jç-°æ¤©’, éπ•’®Ω’x, Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù©’ îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ Talk Åçö«ç. They were talking politics. 2. Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç ûÁ©-°æúøç- talk

speaks two or three languages 3.

Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç É´yúøç– 3 or 4 speakers spoke on the

3. Talk

Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøç

occasion. 4. Phone Sriram?

Ææç¶μ«-≠æù v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μ«-EéÀ:

In time =

This class of accommodation is exclusive to ministers =

Ñ ®Ωéπç ´ÆæA v°æûËu-éπçí¬ ´’çvûª’-©èπ◊

´÷vûª¢Ë’. Exclusive show room =

àüÓ äÍé company éÀ îÁçC† Öûªp-ûª’h-©èπ◊ ÖüËlPç-*† showroom. é¬F Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈ éÌEo éπç°F©èπ◊ Exclusive show room ņ-úøç™ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. Exclusive Åçõ‰ äÍé äéπ-JéÀ/ äéπ\-üΔ-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÅE. Q. Attend, Attend to © í∫’-Jç-* -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. A. Attend = £æ…ï-®Ω-´úøç/ to be present. Attend to = ¶«üμ¿u-ûªí¬ äéπ °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç/ îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´úøç. He is attending to the construction of the house =

Ç É©’x éπôdúøç °æE Åûªúø’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oúø’/ ¶«üμ¿u-ûªí¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. She has to attend to her children in the morning =

Ç¢Á’ Öü¿ßª’ç°æ‹ô ûª† °œ©x© N≠æߪ’ç îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. Attend on = ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊, ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ îËߪ’úøç.

Can I speak to

ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´÷-ߪ÷-E-éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’

He was intime at the station and caught the train without any tension = train

ÊÆd≠æ-Ø˛èπ◊ é¬Ææh ´·çü¿’-í¬ØË îË®Ω’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’, à Çü¿’®√l ™‰èπ◊çú≈ áé¬\úø’.

4. Talk talked on the phone to him

Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úøç. Å®·ûË She Åçö«ç. Q. Here we go Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Here we go = v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμ-Ææ’hØ√oç/ àüÓ v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç Å´¤-ûÓçC. 1) Here we go. Take the pen and start writing =

Please attend on our guests while I am away =

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC ÆæÈ®jçC? àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úø-û√®Ó N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’?

؈’ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ´’† ÅA-ü∑¿’© N≠æߪ’ç

îª÷Ææ’éÓ. In government hospitals, doctors do not attend on patients properly =

é¬ü¿’)

ûª®√yûª àü¿-®·Ø√ ™«çöÀN ´ÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’

ûª®√yûª

´Ææ’hçC.

È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC ÆæÈ®jçC? ¢√úø-û√®Ω’?

Ñ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x

A. Producer of the picture, correct. For

Åçõ‰

éÓÆæç, Ç ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. He produced the movie for children. He is responsible for this trouble.

îÁ°œpçC)/

1. Formal-

¢√úøôç ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ pro†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. ûªy®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úË -ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅEo ¨¡¶«l©’ ÆæJí¬ Öîªa-Jçîªç éπüΔ. That is ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ûªy®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ (In hurried speech) That's Åçö«ç. ®√ûª™  Ééπ\úø ¨¡•lç ´C-™‰-Æœ-†ô’d ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ apostrophe ¢√úøû√ç. Q. Exclusive showroom ™E exclusive èπ◊ exclusively Å-ØË °æüΔ-©èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ¶μ«´ç àN’öÀ? A. Exclusive = v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i†/ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ äéπ-J-éÓÆæç/ äéπ-üΔ-E-éÓÆæç ÖüËl-Pç-*†, ÅE.

¢√úøç.

í¬ ´*a ûª®√yûª

4) Tell (object) me/ him/ Ram something/ nothing/ everything Hello/ goodbye

everything, so, hello & good bye.

5) She said a story/ lie/ joke/ truth

Apostrophe nunciation

ûª®√yûª ¢ÁçôØË ™‰èπ◊çú≈) ´uéÀh (à ´uéÀhûÓ îÁ°œpçD) éπ*aûªçí¬ ´Ææ’hçC.

He said me/ him/ Ram (X)

(say

in, on

Hon'ble = Honourable.

A.Satyanarayana, Jannaram. Q. We write 'Yours faithfully,' etc. in letters. "Yours" is not an adjective, but we use it as above. How could it happen kindly clarify it in detail. A. Yours is usually a pronoun. The expression, "Yours faithfully/ sincerely", etc evolved from the original expression "Your faithful servant/ friend", etc. It's a matter of usage, and can't be explained by grammar rules, as in the case of the question tag: "Aren't I?" [I am an Indian, aren't I- actually it should be- amn't I, shouldn't it?]

T. Emmanuel, Nellore Q. Let's (let us) apostrophe (')s 'u' omit A. Let's (= Let us), That's (that is) Apostrophe (') omit apostrophe (')

™

ᙫ îËߪ’úøç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx, E ´’†ç îËÊÆ ¨¡¶«l-EéÀ/ Åéπ~-®√-EéÀ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ áéπ\-úø-®·Ø√ ¢√úÕûË Åéπ\úø ¨¡¶«lEo (¨¡¶«l-©†’)/ Åéπ~-®√-©†’ ´C-™‰-Æœ-†ô’d. à®Ωp-úÕçC?

v°æ¶μº’ûªy ÇÆæ’ -°æ-vûª’™x ®Óí∫’-©†’ ú≈éπd®Ω’x ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø®Ω’. Q. The student is expected to attend school on time intime

éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? ™‰üΔ

A. 'On time' - correct.

éπÈ®é¬d? °j† -É-™«ç-öÀ Öûªh-®√EéÀ*a†

Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç îª÷úøçúÕ. Q. How is the world with you? Good so far. Thanks Thanks

ņ-èπ◊çú≈ A. ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.

ņo-°æ¤púø’ Thank you Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çüΔ?

K.V.S. Sireesha, Jangareddygudem Q.

ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ àüÁjØ√ date, month, year îÁÊ°p-ô°æ¤púø’... eg: "12 August, 1919" ™‰üΔ "1 June, 1940" É™« -Öç-ô’ç-C. Ééπ\úø Twelve August, one June ÅØ√™«? ™‰üΔ Twelfth August, First June ÅØ√™«? Twelfth, First Åçõ‰ ´’J 12th, 1st ÅE °æ¤Ææh-鬙x Öçúø-üË-N’öÀ? A. Date îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, the 12th August/ the 1st June ÅØË ÅØ√L, 12 August 1919, 1 June, 1940 ÅE ®√Æœ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ. Q. Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝q – Ææ®Ω’\u-©®˝q ¢Á·ü¿-™„j-†N ñ«K-îËÊÆô°æ¤púø’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ-™ Present: Ééπ\úø Issue îËÆœ†¢√J Ê°®Ω’ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. eg: Present: RamaRao, M.A.: B.L. é¬F ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Present éÀ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç – v°æÆæ’hûªç ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. é¬F Present Åçõ‰ Ææ´’-Jpç-*†¢√®Ω’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç éπüΔ? A. Circulars ™ present èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ñ«K (issue) îËÆœ-†-¢√®Ω’ Åéπ\úø present (£æ…ïÈ®j ÖØ√o®Ω’) ÅE. Åçõ‰ Ç ÅCμ-é¬J Ææ´’éπ~ç (presence) ™ Ç Ææ®Ω’\u-©®˝ ñ«K Å®·ç-ü¿E. Present Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø v°æÆæ’hûªç ÅE-é¬ü¿’.. £æ…ïÈ®j ÖØ√o®Ω’ ÅE.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 5 ÂÆ°dç-•-®Ω’ 2010 Pradhan: Oh, this work is really tiring. We are working overtime. The work is really killing us. When will the boss let us off?

(Ñ °æE Å©-Æ œ-§ÚßË’™« îË≤ÚhçC. Æ洒ߪ’ç O’J îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ñ °æE Eïçí¬ îªçÊ°-≤ÚhçC ´’†Lo. ´’† ¶«Æˇ á°æ¤p-úø’´-ü¿’-©’-û√úø’?)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Pramukh: That he should, of course. That apart, he is very tenacious. He came up the hard way. Though he doesn't reward us, he is not the one to harm us. Then he is good at his work too. (He is) quite capable of setting an example for us.

Pramukh: Not certainly until the work is finished and it is to be finished by tomorrow evening. The boss is hellbent on the target date, that is, the day after tomorrow.

(ÅC éπ®ΩÍéd. Öçú≈L é¬F ÅC ûª°œpÊÆh Çߪ’† î√™« °æô’d-ü¿© í∫©-¢√úø’. éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ Â°jéÌ-î √aúø’. ´’†èπ◊ v°æA-°∂æ©ç É´y-éπ§Ú-®·Ø√, ´’†èπ◊ éÃúø’ îËߪ’úø’. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ Çߪ’† °æE™ Côd. ´’†èπ◊ ûª†’ Çü¿®Ωzçí¬ E©-•-úø-í∫-©úø’.)

(°æE °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-üΔé¬ ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’, ÅC Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-E-éπ-™«x Å®·-§Ú-¢√L. EKgûª í∫úø’´¤èπ◊ Å®·§Ú-¢√-©E ¶«í¬ °æô’d-ü¿©í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. Ç EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç á©’xçúÕ.)

Pradhan: Might be he is strong willed. That doesn't mean he should lack the human touch. After all, there is a difference between humans and

2

6) Why doesn't he set his mind on pleasing us too? 7) ... he is very tenacious.

°j expressions ÅFo í∫öÀd E¨¡a-ߪ÷-EéÃ, E®Ωg-ߪ÷-Eéà Ææç•ç-Cμç*-†N. üΔüΔ°æ¤ ÅEo expressions èπÿ Å®Ωnç – í∫öÀd E®Ωg-ߪ’çûÓ Öçúøôç/ éπ%ûª-E-¨¡a-ߪ’çûÓ Öçúøôç, ÅE. É-N -î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫°æ-úËN, conversation ™, writing ™ èπÿú≈. 1) To be hell-bent on = î√™« í∫öÀd E®Ωgߪ’çûÓ Öçúøôç, °∂æLûªç àüÁjØ√. a) Jagan is hell-bent on going ahead with his consolation visits

(ãüΔ®Ω’pߪ÷vûª)=

He is hell-bent on a settlement Pradhan: Why is he so intent on it? What difference does a week make? I've heard that the date set is next Monday.

(Åçûª °æöÀdçÊ°N’ö Çߪ’-†èπ◊? äéπ ¢√®Ω¢Á’iûË ´÷vûªç §ÚßË’-üË-N’öÀ? ÅÆæ©’ ´’†ç °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-LqçC ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç ÅE NØ√o†’.) Pramukh: That's true, but the boss is determined to get a pat from his higherups by being the first to get it done, by finishing it ahead of schedule.

(ÅC Eï¢Ë’. é¬F EKgûª Ææ´’-ߪ’ç-éπçõ‰ ´·çüË, ÅD Åçü¿Jéπçõ‰ ´·çüË °æE °æ‹Jh îË®·ç*, ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’©ûÓ ¶μº’ïç ûªöÀdç--éÓ-¢√-©ØË éπ%ûª-E-¨¡a-ߪ’çûÓ ÖØ√oúø’ ´’† ¶«Æˇ.) Pradhan: But we don't find that kind of resolve in him to reward our efforts suitably. Good for him to be so set on climbing up the ladder. But does it mean that he should so trouble us? Why doesn't he set his mind on pleasing us too?

(é¬F, ÅüË E¨¡aߪ’ç ´’† v¨¡´’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ûªT† v°æA-°∂æ©ç É¢√y-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´÷vûªç Öçúøü¿’ Çߪ’-†éÀ. Çߪ’† °jéÀ ®√¢√-©ØË éπ%ûª-E-¨¡aߪ’ç î√™« ´’ç*üË. Åçü¿’-éÓ-Ææ-´’E ´’†Lo É™« É•sçC °ôdúøç Ææ•-¶‰Ø√? ´’†èπÿ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπLTç-î√-©ØË N≠æߪ’ç™ Ç E¨¡a-ߪ’ûªyç ÖçúøüΔ?) D.Srinivas Reddy, Narsapur. Q. Sir, please clarify these doubts 1. Bring down the curtain on, 2. In the wake of, 3. Put his paper, 4. The gods laughed their way to the bank, 5. It is learnt, 6. Stock of the situation, 7. Malafide, 8. Development, 9. Base, 10. stake holders. A.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 614 machines. It is this that makes all the difference to others' estimate of him.

2) Why is he so intent on it? 3) The boss is determined to get a pat from his higher-ups. 4) But we don't find that kind of resolve in him. 5) Good for him to be so set on climbing up the ladder. b) A number of arrests were made in the wake of the bomb blast =

¶«ç•’ Ê°©’úø’ ¢Áç•úË î√™« ÅÈ®-Ææ’d©’ ïJ-í¬®·.

3) Put his papers - No such expression with any special meaning 4) The gods laughed their way to the bank: Laugh all the way to the bank Idiom

ÅØË ÖçC. Å®Ωnç: Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬/ v¨¡´’-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ 鬴-©-Æœ†çûª Ææ秃-Cç* ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úøôç.

¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ¢Á·ü¿©’ °ôd-í¬ØË N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† úø•’s Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ Ææ秃Cç-îË-¨»úø’. ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈fúø’.

The defeat of the ruling party has brought down the curtain on six years of misrule and corruption =

Time was when software people laughed softall the way to the bank = ware

There have been loud protests in the wake of the Emmar Properties scam = Emmar Properties

èπ◊ç¶μº-éÓ-ù«©’ ¢Á©’-í∫’-™éÀ ´*a† ¢ÁçôØË í∫öÀd E®Ω-Æ憩’ NE-°œç-î√®·.

b) Some of the dissidents are hellbent on pulling down the government

= ÅÆæ-´ ’t-A-üΔ-®Ω’™x éÌçûª-´’çC (Åçûª °æô’d-ü¿© í∫©-¢√úË M.SURESAN v°æ ¶ μ º ’ û √yEo °æ ú ø í Ìö «d © ØË (Bv´-¢Á’i†) 鬴a. Å®·ûË üΔ†®Ωnç °æ ô ’d ü ¿ © ûÓ ÖØ√o®Ω ’ . ´÷†-´ûªyç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-©E é¬ü¿’-í∫üΔ? àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπÿ, ߪ’çvû√-©èπÿ ûËú≈ 2) Be intent on = ÉC èπÿú≈ be hell-bent on èπ◊ üΔüΔ°æ¤ Ææ´÷†ç. é¬F, é¬Ææh Bv´ûª ûªèπ◊\´. Öçô’çC éπüΔ? Åçü¿’™ØË ÖçC, a) He is intent on marrying the girl of his Éûª-®Ω’©’ Çߪ’-††’ í∫’Jç*-¢ËÊÆ ÅçîªØ√--™ choice whatever his parents might say -ûË-ú≈.) Note: 1. Target - (ö«Tö¸) = ©éπ~uç. 2. To get a = ¢√∞¡x ûªLx-ü¿çvúø’™‰´’-†o°æpöÀéÃ, ûª†’ ņ’-èπ◊†o pat = ¢Á’°æ¤p §Òçü¿úøç. pat = ¶μº’ïç ûªôdúøç. Å´÷t-®·ØË Â°Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©ØË E®Ωg-ߪ’çûÓ 3. Higher-ups = °j ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’©’. 4. Ahead of ÖØ√o-úø-ûª-úø’. schedule = EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç (Schedule) èπ◊ b) They are intent on getting the CM for the ´·çü¿’í¬ (ahead) 5. To let off = ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç/ inauguration °æE †’ç* Núø’-ü¿© îËߪ’úøç 6. That apart = ÅC = v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μ-ûªq-¢√-EéÀ ´·êu-´’ç-vAE °œ©-¢√-©ØË ûª°œpç* 7. Human touch = ´÷†-O-ߪ’ûª E®Ω g-ߪ’çûÓ ÖØ√o®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx. Now look at the following expressions from í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Hell-bent on, intent on ûª®√yûª.. the conversation above. ing form é¬F noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. 1) The boss is hell-bent on the target date.

É´Fo î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† idioms/ phrasal verbs. OöÀ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ´’ç* English ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ’©’-¢Áj† ´÷®Ω_ç. 1) Bring down the curtain on = ´·Tç-îªúøç áEo-éπ™x ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω-°æéπ~ ãôN’ ÇÍ®∞¡x ü¿’≠æd §ƒ©-†èπÿ, ÅN-FAéÀ Åçûªç °æL-éÀçC. Bring the curtain down - Ø√ôéπç Å®·-§Ú-®·†-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω Cçîªúøç 2) a) In the wake of = ¢Áç•úË/ ü¿J-N’™«

°∂æL-û√™‰¢Á’iØ√ ÆæÍ® ûª† ãüΔ®Ω’p ߪ÷vûª é̆≤ƒ-Tç-î√-©ØË éπ%ûª-E-¨¡a-ߪ’çûÓ/ °æô’d-ü¿©ûÓ ÖØ√oúø’ ïí∫Ø˛.

Once he started his business, he laughed all the way to the bank =

äéπ-°æ¤púø®·ûË ¢√∞¡Ÿx v•£æ…tç-úøçí¬ úø•’s Ææ秃-Cç* ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. The gods laughed all the way to the bank

Å®Ωnç Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd í¬F îÁ°æp™‰ç. 5) It is learnt = ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC. It is learnt that the Congress High Command is against Jagan's 'Odarpu Yatra'. = Congress

ÅCμ-≥ƒe†ç ïí∫Ø˛ ãüΔ®Ω’p ߪ÷vûªèπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπ-´’E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC.

a) He is hell-bent on a settlement (noun)/ getting it settled soon (..ing form) b) They are intent on a new car (noun)/ buying a new car (..ing form) 3) Be determined bent on/ intent on

í∫öÀd E®Ωg-ߪ’çûÓ Öçúøôç ™«Íí)

(Hell-

It is learnt that there might soon be changes =

ûªy®Ω-™ ØË

´÷®Ω’p©’çúÌîªaE

ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC. 6) Take stock of the situation (Stock of the situation

a) Kumar is determined to contest the elections =

áEo-éπ™x §ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ÷-©ØË í∫öÀd E®Ωg-ߪ’çûÓ ÖØ√oúø’ èπ◊´÷®˝.

b) Unless you are determined you can't achieve anything =

Fèπ◊ í∫öÀd-E-®Ωgߪ’ç Öçõ‰-ØËí¬F, †’¢Ëyç ≤ƒCμç-îª-™‰´¤. 4) Resolve = E¨¡aߪ’ç My resolve is to climb up everest = á´-È®Æˇd Pê-®√Eo áé¬\-©ØËüË Ø√ E¨¡aߪ’ç. 5) To be set on something = í∫öÀd °æô’d-ü¿© éπLT Öçúøôç. a) The Naxalites are set on to creating anarchy =

Å®√-îª-é¬Eo Ææ%≠œdç-î√-©ØË éπ%ûª-E-¨¡a-ߪ’çûÓ ÖØ√o®Ω’ †éπq-™„jô’x.

b) Srilanka is set on winning the tri series on their home soil =

ûª´’ ≤Òçûª-í∫úøf O’ü¿ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª’†o ´·éÓ\ù §ÚöÙ Èí©-¢√-©ØË éπ%ûª-E-¨¡aߪ’çûÓ ÖØ√o®Ω’ X©ç-éπ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. 6) Set your mind on = ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ éπ*aûªçí¬ îËߪ÷-©E/ §ÒçüΔ-©E éπ%ûª-E-¨¡a-ߪ’çûÓ Öçúøôç/ áçûª v¨¡´’-°æ-úÁjØ√ ≤ƒCμç--éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÓ-´úøç. a) He has set his mind on IAS and nothing can stop him = IAS

áçûª v¨¡´’-éÓJa Å®·Ø√ ™ îË®√-©ØË í∫öÀd-°æ-ô’d-ü¿-©ûÓ ÖØ√o-úø-ûªúø’. ÅûªúÕE àD Ç°æ-™‰ü¿’.

b) Setting his mind on 'Indian Idol' Sri Ram really sweated for it = Indian Idol

≤ƒCμç-î√©ØË °æô’d-ü¿-©ûÓ X®√ç î√™« v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈fúø’/ éπ%≠œîË-¨»úø’. 7) Tenacious = °æô’d-ü¿© Ö†o; Tenacity = °æô’d-ü¿© = Perseverance.

a) Indira Gandhi was tenacious in her attempt to capture power =

ÅCμ-鬮Ωç îË>-éÀ\ç--èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ ÉçC-®√-í¬çDμ î√™« °æô’d-ü¿-©-Ö-†oC.

b) Tenacious practice alone led him to victory =

°æô’d-ü¿©ûÓ îËÆœ† ≤ƒüμ¿ØË Åûª-úÕéÀ Nï-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ*a-°-öÀdçC.

Practise these expressions and improve your word power.

9) base =

´‚©ç/ ÇüμΔ®Ωç.

a) Industry is the base of a good career

= ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç/ ¢√u°æ-é¬-EéÀ ´‚©ç ´’ç* éπ%≠œ.

é¬ü¿’) = v°æÆæ’hûª °æJ-Æœn-AE ÆæO’-éÀ~ç-îªúøç – à N≠æߪ’ç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´*açD ´Èíj®√.

b) Flour is the base of many eatables =

The government took stock of the antiMaoist actions so far at a meeting with police yesterday =

î√™« A†’-•ç-ú≈-®√-©èπ◊ ´‚© °æüΔ®Ωnç °œçúÕ/ î√™« A†’-•ç-ú≈-®√©’ °œçúÕûÓØË ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤û√®·.

E†o -§Ú-MÆæ’©ûÓ ïJ-°œ† Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨¡ç™ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç ´÷-NÆˇd ´uA-Í®éπ Ωu-©†’ ÆæO’-éÀ~ç-*çC. (Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊†o Ωu© °∂æL-û√©’, Ééπ-´·çü¿’ àç îËߪ÷L™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç-* Ç™-) 7) Malafide (Pron: ´÷©-°∂j-úÕ) = ü¿’®Ω’-üËl-¨¡-°æ‹-J-ûª¢Á’i†/ ü¿’®Ω’-üËl-¨¡çûÓ èπÿúÕ† He invited us to the party with malafide intentions. He wanted to poison us =

ü¿’®Ω’-üËl-¨»-©-ûÓØË ´’´’tLo §ƒKdéÀ Ç£æ…y-Eç-î√úø’. ´÷O’ü¿ N≠æ-v°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 8) Developments = °æJ-ù«-´÷©’/ ´÷®Ω’p©’. The police are carefully watching the developments in the troubled area =

íÌúø-´©’í¬ Ö†o Ç v°æüË-¨¡ç-™E °æJ-ù«--´÷-©-†’ §ÚM-Ææ’ ´®√_©’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ °æJ-Q-L-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.

c) Elections form the base of democracy =

v°æñ«-≤ƒy-´÷uEéÀ ÇüμΔ®Ωç áEo-éπ©’. äéπ ¢√u§ƒ®ΩÆæçÆæn/ ™ °ô’d•úÕ Â°ôdúøç´©x Ç ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn/ ûÓ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç Ö†o ´uéÀh ™‰üΔ

10) Stake-holder project/ system Project/ system Company.

a) The government is a stake holder in Air India and Indian Airlines = Air India, Indian Airlines

N´÷†ÆæçÆæn™ x ¶μ«®Ωûª v°æ¶μº’ûªyç °ô’d-•úÕ Â°ôdúøç´©x, ¢√öÀ ¶«íÓ-í∫’©ûÓ v°æ¶μº’-û√y-EéÀ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç ÖçC.

b) The students are stake holders in the institution they study in =

NüΔu-®Ω’n©’ û√´· îªC¢Ë ÆæçÆæn-©ûÓ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 12 ÂÆ°dç-•-®Ω’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Raju, Kurnool

Rama Rao, Aswaraopeta

Q. We should arrive before dark

Q. Sir,

éÀçC¢√-öÀE N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

DEéÀ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. ['Have been

B) I have home work in addition to office work and other work.

lived' (is a passive form which has no meaning)

2) He is having home work in addition to office work and other work.

(a) We should arrive before dark

¢Ë’ç E´-Æ œç-îª-•ú≈fç – DEéÀ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ] Tenses í∫’Jç-* N´-®Ωù ÖçC. îª÷úøçúÕ.

He has home work in addition to office work and other work.

(b) We would arrive before dark. (c) We shall arrive before dark.

3) He was having home work in addition to office work and other work.

Ñ ´‚úÕçöéÃÀ ûËú≈†’, Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. We should arrive before dark = 1)

'We have been lived here for 10 years' is incorrect.

1) A) I am having home work in addition to office work and other work.

Åçõ‰ ´’†ç <éπöÀ°æúø-éπ-´·çüË îË®√L ÅE Å®Ωnç éπüΔ. é¬-F, Advanced Oxford Learner's Dictionary ™ ´’†ç <éπöÀ °æúø-éπ-´·çüË îË®Ω’û√ç (future) ÅE Å®Ωnç ´îËa-™« ÖçC. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

He had having home work in addition to office work and other work.

´’†ç <éπöÀ °æúË´·çüË îË®√L – ÉC necessity E ûÁL-Ê°-ôx-®·ûË èπÿú≈ future ØË éπüΔ ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. '<éπöÀ °æúø-éπ-´·çüË— Åçõ‰ future éπüΔ?

4) I will be having home work in addition to office work and other work.

2

Lessons 4 to 15

™

Q. Please translate the following sentences.

NüΔu-®Ω’n© éÓJéπ ´’Eoç-îª-ûª-T-†üË. A. The students' request is reasonable

rejoinder.

Q.

Give a befitting reply =

NüΔu-®Ω’n© éÓJ-éπ†’ Å†’-Ææ-Jç* §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©èπ◊ ÂÆ©´¤ É´y-´îª’a.

He r eplied indif fer ently 2) ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç: (ÅFo ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’x ïJTûË) Åéπ\-úÕéÀ <éπöÀ °æúË-´·çüË îË®Ωû√ç– ÉC certainty, but in future. È®çúø÷ correct. È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ future ØË ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®· a) We should arrive before dark = <éπöÀ °æúË-´·çüË îË®Ω’-éÓ-¢√L. b) We would arrive before dark =

1) <éπöÀ °æúË-´·çüË îË®√-©E ´÷ éÓJéπ 2) (á°æ¤púÓ í∫ûªç™– Å©-¢√ô’í¬) ¢Ë’ç <éπöÀ °æúø-éπ-´·çüË îËÍ®-¢√∞¡xç (A past habit) c) We shall arrive before dark = <éπöÀ °æúøéπ´·çüË îË®Ωû√ç (Indefinite future- ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç– îË®Ω-û√-´’E éπ*aûªçí¬ îÁ°æp™‰ç) Q. a) It should be snowing now, according to the weather forecast.

-©-™ ≤ƒ-üμΔ®Ω-ùçí¬ ¢√úøç 鬕öÀd I am/ He is/ He was having/ I will be having a lot of home work 'have'

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, éπLT Öçúøôç. äéπ-JéÀ Öçúøôç 鬕öÀd.

I/ We/ You/ They have homework. He/ She has home work

Q. a) I should have finished the book by Friday. c) I shall have finished the book by Friday.

(b) Hope there would be no classes today.

correct.

I will have home work, I will be having home workI will have home work, better.

Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ Å®√n-©†’, ûËú≈-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ØËØ√ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo (í∫ûª/ §Ú®·†) ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√-E-éπ™«x °æ‹Jh- îË-Ææ’ç-ú≈-LqçC– é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. (b) °æ‹Jh -îË-Ææ’çúË¢√úÕØË é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. (c) ¨¡Ÿvéπ¢√®√-E-éπ™«x (Åçõ‰ ´îËa ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√-E-éπ™«x) °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo °æ‹Jh îËÆæ’ç-ö«†’– future ™ °æ‹®Ωh®· Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-éÓ-´úøç.

A. (a)

Q. (a) Hope there will be no classes today.

ņúøç

I/ We/ You/ They/ He/ She had homeworkCorrect. I/ We... was having home workincorrect.

b) I would have finished the book by Friday.

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈†’, Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. (a) ®ÓúøxFo ï†-Ææç-üÓ£æ«çûÓ Öçú≈L Ñ ®ÓV– (´’çvûÓ/ ÆœE´÷ û√®Ó ´î√a®Ω’/ ®√¶-û√®Ω’ 鬕öÀd) (b) ï†-Ææç-üÓ£æ«çûÓ Öçö«®·– (a) Åçûª éπ*aûªç é¬ü¿’.

È®çúø÷ ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ,

Have/ has/ had having

ûÓ ®√ü¿’– ûª°æ¤p.

am/ is/ are/ was/ were

I will have a car in a week =

ã ¢√®Ωç™ é¬®Ω’çô’çC Ø√èπ◊/ é¬®Ω’†’ éπLT Öçö«†’.

G. Sumanth, Adilabad. Q. Sir,

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ Ççí∫xç-™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. F´¤ C†-°æ-vAéπ îªü¿’-´¤-û√¢√? b) F´¤ C†-°æ-vAéπ îªC-¢√¢√? a)

A. 1. a) Do you read any daily? b) Have you read the newspaper today?/ today's newspaper? Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u™xE Å®√n™x ûËú≈-©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. à ¢√éπuç à tense ™ ÖçC? -Å-Eo tenses èπÿ structures ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. a) We have lived here for ten years.

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈†’, Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. A. Hope there would be no classes today = Hope there will be no classes today =

É¢√∞¡ é¬xÆæ’©’ Öçúø´E ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Å®·ûË, Hope there would be no classes, ¢√úø’éπ áèπ◊\´.

NüΔu-®Ω’n© éÓJéπ Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷-í∫u¢Ë’.

A. The students' request is acceptable. Q.

NüΔu-®Ω’n© éÓJ-éπ†’ Øˆ’ •©-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hØ√o†’.

´·êuçí¬ Ø√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç àN’-ôçõ‰... M.SURESAN am ûÓ having ®√´úøç, is ûÓ, A. I support the students' request was ûÓ, Had ûÓ, will be ûÓ having ®√´úøç. Q. NüΔu-®Ω’n© éÓJéπ Ææ´’ç-ï-Ææ¢Ë’. Present tense ûÓ past tense ûÓ future A. The students' request is reasonable tense ûÓ éπLT Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Â°j ¢√é¬u©’ Q. NüΔu-®Ω’n© éÓJéπ Ææ´·-*-ûª¢Ë’. ®√ßÁ·î√a? A. The students' request is proper A. 'Have' †’ 'éπLT Öçúøôç— 'àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤ äéπ-JéÀ Öçúøôç— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, continuous tense Q. NüΔu-®Ω’n© éÓJéπ Ææ´’ç-ïÆæç é¬ü¿’.

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ Å®√n-©†’, ûËú≈-©†’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. A. a) ¢√û√-´-®Ωù Åçîª-Ø√-†’-•öÀd É°æ¤p-úø-éπ\úø ´’ç èπ◊®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ú≈L– éπ*aûªç b) ¢√û√-´-®Ωù Åçîª-Ø√-†’-•öÀd É°æ¤p-úø-éπ\úø ´’ç èπ◊®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ô’çC. (ņ’-éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’– éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’)

(b) The roads would be crowded today.

Q.

They will be having home work in addition to office work and other work.

b) It would be snowing now, according to the weather forecast.

Q. (a) The roads should be crowded today.

A. We can close the school/ The school can be closed as per the students' wishes.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 615

[Present continuous- am/ is/ are having; Past continuous- was/ were having; Future continuous- shall be/ will be having]

b) We have been living here for ten years. c) We have been lived here for ten years. A. We have lived here for 10 years is almost the same as we have been living here for 10 years =

¢Ë’ç °æüË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Ééπ\-úø’Ø√oç/

Ééπ\-úø’ç-ô’Ø√oç.

Rejoinder = ´’† O’ü¿ Éûª-®Ω’©’ îËÆ œ† ¢√uêuèπ◊, °∂æ÷ô’í¬/ é¬Ææh éÓ°æçí¬/ éÀhí¬ ÉîËa Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç. Retort ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ rejoinder, Å®·ûË Retort ÉçéÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ °∂æ÷ô’í¬/ éÓ°æçí¬/ £æ…Ææuçí¬ ÉîËa Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç. Retort is stronger than

A. The students' request is unreasonable Q.

NüΔu-®Ω’n© éÓJéπ ´’Eoç-îª-ü¿-TçC é¬ü¿’.

A. The students' request is not acceptable/ unacceptable

G.K. Rao, Vizag Q. Sir,

éÀçC °æüΔ© Å®√n-©†’, ¢√öÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Literateur & Literati; Credentials & Testimonials; (Well) Poised & (Well) Balanced; Wear (a shirt) & Don a shirt; Articulation & Diction; Give a rejoinder & Give a retort & give a befitting reply; Threshold & Doorway; Physical exercise & Workout; Behaviour & Demeanour; (One's) Reservation & (One's) Sensitivities; Indifferent & Insensitive; Option & Choice

A. Literateur =

≤ƒ£œ«-B-¢Ëûªh – ≤ƒ£œ«-û√uEo í∫’Jç* ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√®Ω’, ®Ωîª-®·ûª 鬴a – Singular number Literati - Plural - ≤ƒ£œ«-B-v°œ-ߪ·©’. ≤ƒ£œ«ûªuç Åçõ‰ ÅGμ-´÷-Eç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, °æçúÕ-ûª’©’. Credentials = äéπ °æE E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ äéπ °æü¿-NéÀ Å®Ω|ûª éπLpçîË Nü¿u, Péπ~ù (Training), ņ’-¶μº´ç ¢Á·ü¿-™„j-†N. a) She has all the credentials for the job =

Ç ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ ûªT† Å®Ω|-ûª-©Fo Ç¢Á’-èπ◊-Ø√o®·. b) Have you verified his credentials? =

ÅûªúÕ Å®Ω|ûª©’ ÆæJ-îª÷-¨»¢√? °j Å®Ω|-ûª-©†’ ûÁ-LÊ° °ævû√©’/ ÇüμΔ-®√©’. Testimonials =

Well-poised = Well balanced. Poise = Balance.

Ç¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ, ÖvüË-é¬-EéÀ ™†’-é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË Ææy¶μ«´ç, v°æ´-®Ωh†. Wear = Don = üμ¿Jç-îªúøç; Don é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç. ´÷´‚©’ Ææç¶μ«-≠æù™ ¢√úøç. Articulation = ´’†-Ææ’-™ E ¶μ«¢√-©†’ Ææp≠ædçí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫-©-í∫úøç. Diction = ¶μ«≠æ-™ E ´÷ô©’, ¢√öÀ Öî√a-®Ωù, ®Ωîª-†™ v°æÆæç-í∫ç™ ¢√öÀ ¢√úøéπç.

é¬ü¿’, give a fitting reply ûªT† KA™ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç îÁ°æpúøç. Éçü¿’™ éÓ°æç, £æ…Ææuç ™«çöÀN Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Threshold = The floor/ ground under a (Doorway) doorway = Threshold

ü¿®√yñ«/ üΔy®Ω•çü¿®Ωç

éÀçC ØË©

Physical exercise =

¢√uߪ÷´’ç, ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπüΔ. Workout = A period of physical exercise = ¢√uߪ÷-´÷-EéÀ ¢Á*açîË Æ洒ߪ’ç/ 鬩ç. He never misses his twenty minute workout every morning =

à®ÓW èπÿú≈ Åûªúø’ ûª† 20 EN’-≥ƒ© ¢√uߪ÷´’ Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo ´ü¿’-©’-éÓúø’.

Demeanour = The way a person appears and behaves =

äéπ®Ω’ ûª´’ £æ…´-¶μ«-¢√©’ v°æü¿-JzçîË B®Ω÷, †úø-´úÕ. Behaviour = †úø-´úÕ His demeanour was totally professional =

ÅûªúÕ £æ…´-¶μ«-¢√© v°æü¿-®Ωz†, †úø-´úÕ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÅûªúÕ ´%AhE ûÁL-Ê°-Cí¬ ÖçC. Reservations = feelings of doubt about some thing - a plan/ an idea/ success. 'He seems to have reservations about the project =

Ç v§ƒñ„èπ◊d†’ í∫’Jç* Åûª-úÕÍé¢Ó ÆæçüË-£æ…©’†oô’x-Ø√o®·.

Sensitivity = Ability to understand others' feelings

(Éûª-®Ω’© ¶μ«¢√©†’ Ææ’EoûªûªyçûÓ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç)

In her speech she spoke with sensitivity about the condition of the poor =

Ê°ü¿-¢√J ÆœnA °æôx Ç¢Á’ ûª† v°æÆæç-í∫ç™ î√™« Ææ’Eo-ûªûªyç-ûÓ/ Å´-í¬-£æ«†ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÕçC. Indifferent = E®Ωxéπ~uç îª÷°æúøç/ E®Ωxéπ~uçí¬ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îªúøç. He replied indifferently = î√™« E®Ωxéπ~uçí¬ Ææ´÷üμΔ†ç Éî√aúø’. 2) v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°æ-éπ-§Ú-´úøç – Some doctors are indifferent to their patients (v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°æ®Ω’) Insensitivity = Éûª-®Ω’© ¶μ«¢√-©†’, ´’†-Æ œn-AE °æöÀdç--éÓéπ§Ú´úøç/ üÁ•s-B-ÊÆ™« v°æ´-Jhç-îªúøç. I was shocked at the insensitivity of parents to their girl child =

Çúø-°œ©x Å®·† èπÿûª’J ´’†-Ææ’†’ í¬ßª’°æJ-îË™« v°æ´-Jhç-*† Ç ûªLxü¿ç-vúø’©†’ îª÷Æœ Cví¬s¥çA éπL-TçC. Option = Choice Q. He looked at me every other minute. (every minute other

ņ-´îª’a í∫üΔ, áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? äéπöÀ ´÷Ja äéπöÀ

A. Every other = (alternate) [1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th etc.] Every other minute = [Usage

éπ~ùç ´÷Ja éπ~ùç ™ üΔüΔ°æ¤ v°æA-éπ~ùç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç) Q. You don't worry ÅØË-îÓô don't you worry Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÉC v°æ¨»o-®Ωn-éπçûÓ ´Ææ’hçC. Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç™, Å®Ωnç™ ¶μ‰ü¿ç ÖçüΔ? A. You don't worry = Don't you worry. Usage™ Don't you worry v°æ-¨¡o é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË Ææy®√Eo •öÀd ÉC £æ…O’ ÉîËa Statement/ question ÅØËC ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 19 ÂÆ°dç-•-®Ω’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

R.Sangamnaidu, Jarajapupeta. Q.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ question tags -†’ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

a) I am a boy

b) I amn't a boy

b) She has been singing (has been + ing) for the past one hour

í∫çô-ÊÆ-°æ¤í¬ (í∫çô véÀûªç Ç®Ωç-Gμç* Éçé¬) §ƒúø’-ûª÷ØË ÖçC.

N.Raja Rao, Vijayawada. Q.

G.Satyanarayana, Ethakota.

c) I used to drink milk d) Let's go to a picture

Q. David Green Grammar book in In denotes a state of rest or being inside something He is in bed inside bed He is on bed

™

e) Please give me your pen

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ééπ\úø Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ÅE ques®√ü¿’. ÅØË ´Ææ’hçC. ≤ƒüμΔ®Ωù Eߪ’-´÷-EéÀ ÉüÓ N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤.b) I amn't a boy, am I? - ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ ´’Sx. Ééπ\úø Question tag ™ 'am' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ statement ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, Q.tag ™ ´îËaC 'Aren't I?' ÅØË. ´’Sx statement ™ 'not' Öçõ‰ Q.tag ™ 'Am I?' ÅØË ´Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ Q.tags ™ Amn't? ÅE ®√ØË ®√ü¿’.

ÅE, ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùí¬ ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. é¬F, Åûªúø’ ™ ÅØ√L éπüΔ? ™‰úø’ 鬕öÀd A. 'Bed' Åçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç, ´’çîªç/ ´’çîªç °æ®Ω’°æ¤ éπL°œ. Íé´©ç °æ®Ω’°æ¤ ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. °æ®Ω’-°æ¤†’ English ™ mattress Åçö«®Ω’. G∞¡x-©’í¬ èπ◊öÀd† °æ©aöÀ °æ®Ω’°æ¤ quilt. In bed, on bed È®çúø÷ correct, ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Å®√n-©ûÓ.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. If the food is served early then invitees would have had a relaxed meal.

í∫’Jç*

ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª÷

A. a) I am a boy, aren't I? verb, 'am' Amn't I? tion tag Aren't I?

2

A.

understand.

Ñ sentence ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ÆæÈ®j† sentence: If the food is served early the invitees will have relaxed meals =

¶μï†ç é¬Ææh ´·çü¿’í¬ ´úÕfÊÆh, Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’©’ Nv¨»ç-Aí¬ ¶μçîË-≤ƒh®Ω’. Q. "The whole ambiance is wonderful and I couldn't have asked for more" she says. A.

Ñ ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç î√™« Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. Éçûªéπçõ‰ ØËØÁ-èπ◊\´ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-í∫-L-TçC ™‰ü¿’.

Let's go to a movie, shall we? c) I used to drink milk, didn't I? (used = did use. Q.tag Helping verb, did

鬕öÀd ´Ææ’hçC)

Q. Smith got to kiss Depp in a scene. A.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 616

™

d) Let's go to a movie, shall we? Let's = Let us. 'shall we?'

á°æ¤púø÷

É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ÉC usage.

Q.tag

e) Please give me your pen, won't you? Q. The

E äéÓ\-≤ƒJ 'C— ÅE, äéÓ\-≤ƒJ 'ü¿— ÅE îªü¿’-´¤û√ç. '-C, -ü¿-—©-™ -üË-Eo á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈L? A. ûÁ©’í∫’ ¨¡¶«l©’, -Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, áß˝’, ä, å Ñ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ (sounds ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Åéπ~-®√©’ 鬴¤) v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-´’ßË’u English ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’, The 'C— Åçö«ç. N’í∫û√ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ 'ü¿— Åçö«ç. The (C) umbrella (Åç) The (C) author (Ç) The (C) ant (ae) The (C) Indian (Éç) The (C) eagle (Ñ) The (C) end (á) The (C) aisle (áß˝’ – Aisle - È®çúø’ Æ‘ôx ´®Ω’Ææ ´’üμ¿u-üΔJ) The (C) idea (â) The (C) only book (ã) The (C) owl (噸) N’í∫û√ ¨¡¶«l© ´·çü¿’ 'ü¿— Åçö«ç: The (ü¿) university (ߪ‚ 'Å— †’ç* 'å— ´®Ωèπ◊ -ÖçúË ¨¡¶«l™x 'ߪ‚— ™‰ü¿’) The (ü¿) book, the (ü¿) tree, etc. Q. Hotel èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ article A/ An ©™ àC Öçú≈L? áçü¿’èπ◊? A. Hotel - correct pronunciation: £æ«Ùõ„™ ¸– 'õ„— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç – üΔüΔ°æ¤ 'õ‰— ™«: £æ«Ûõ‰™¸. '£æ«Û— ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-™„jçC 鬕öÀd a hotel ÅØË Åçö«ç. Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, áß˝’, ä, å ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u English words ´·çü¿’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 'An' ¢√úøû√ç. N’í∫û√ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ 'a'. An umbrella (Åç); A university (ߪ‚) Q. äéπ ¢√éπuç™ 'For' period of time E ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª÷ ¢√úÕûË, Ç ¢√éπuç™ véÀߪ÷-®Ω÷°æç has/ have+v2 form -Öç-ú≈-™«? -™‰-üΔ has been/ have been + ing form Öç-ú≈™«? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. í∫ûªç-†’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ/ Éçé¬ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËaçü¿’èπ◊ Have/ has + past participle, (v2 é¬ü¿’ O’®Ω-†oô’x, v3) é¬F, Have been/ has been + ... ing é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, period of time ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ for ¢√úøû√ç. a) She has sung (has + past participle of sing) for the past one hour

(í∫çô véÀûªç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ §ƒúÕçC) Éçé¬ §ƒúø’-ûÓçüΔ, ™‰üΔ ÅØËC ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

In bed =

ü¿’°æpöÀ éπ°æ¤p-éÌE °æúø’-éÓ†’ç-úøôç °æ®Ω’°æ¤ O’ü¿. ü¿’°æp-öÀ™ °æúø’-èπ◊-†’ç-úøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉC

M.SURESAN

correct. On bed =

ü¿’°æpöÀ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ °æ®Ω’°æ¤ O’ü¿ °æúø’-èπ◊†’ç-úøôç Q. a) ®Ω´ ’t-Ø√oØ√ ®√! ´Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√ ™‰üΔ (Commanding í¬), b) ؈’ E†’o ®Ω´’t-Ø√oØ√? (Question í¬) – OöÀE Ççí∫xç™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? A. a) I told you to come. Come on. Are you coming or not? b) have I told you to came?

™E G E äéÓ\-îÓô capital letter í¬, äéÓ\-îÓô small letter í¬ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. àC éπÈ®é˙d? A. üË´¤-úÌ-éπ\úË ÅØË †´’t-éπçûÓ üË´¤-úÕE v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îËô-°æ¤púø’, God (G capital) ÅE ®√≤ƒhç. God will reward you = üË´¤úø’ Fèπ◊ v°æA-°∂æ-©N’-≤ƒhúø’. God created the universe = üË´¤úø’ N¨»yEo Ææ%≠œdç-î√úø’. Å®·ûË î√™«-´’çC üË´¤-∞¡x†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úËô-°æ¤púø’, God of rain (´®Ω’ù üË´¤úø’) god of fire (ÅTo) É™« îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, G é¬èπ◊çú≈ g ¢√úøû√ç. The gods of the Hindus = £œ«çü¿’-´¤©’ Ç®√CμçîË üË´¤∞¡Ÿx. Lord Venkateswara is a Hindu god; É™«. Q. Provided that †’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √--™  ûÁ©°æí∫©®Ω’. A. Provided that = If = Å™« Å®·-ûËØË/ Ç ≠æ®Ω-ûª’ûÓ. Q. God

We will admit you provided that you pay the fees fees in full =

†’´¤y ¢Á·ûªhç éπúÕ-ûËØË E†’o ¢Ë’ç îË®Ω’a-èπ◊çö«ç. Q. Spoken English ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅÆæ©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ °æüΔ-©†’ ®√E-´y-èπ◊çú≈ English to English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©ç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F, O’®Ω’ vocabulary ™ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®√n©’ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. DE°j O’ ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç ®√ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. î√™« ´’ç* question. ؈’ ®√Ææ’h†o sentences ¢Á·ûªhç English éπüΔ? üΔEéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’, O’™«çöÀ §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ ´÷ô©èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E, ¢√öÀØË ¢√úËç-ü¿’èπ◊.

äéπ scene ™ Smith, Depp †’ ´·ü¿’l-°-ô’d-èπ◊ØË Å´-鬨¡ç ´*açC.

Q. I want to have the chance to release things that might not necessarily get released otherwise. English - Telugu Dictionary paper words

äéπ ´’ç*

E( èπÿ-ú≈) Ææ÷*ç-îªçúÕ. A. ÉçÍé Nüμ¿ç-í¬†÷ Núø’-ü¿-©-é¬-E-¢√-öÀE Núø’-ü¿© îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç Ø√èπ◊ç-ú≈-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. (Eng- Telugu Dictionary, paper words †’ í∫’Jç* O’®Ω’ ®√ÆœçC Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’)

Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ E®Ωy-îª-Ø√©’ ing form ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©-ߪ÷u®· éπüΔ! Å®·ûË OöÀ™ Ö†o ing form E 'present participle' ÅØ√™«? ™‰éπ Gerund ÅØ√™«? ™‰éπ ing clauses sentences ÅØ√™«? ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Adjectives èπ◊, Ö†o/ Ö†o-ô’-´çöÀ/ Å®·†/ Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Beautiful = Åçü¿çí¬ Ö†o/ Ö†o-ô ’-´çöÀ/ Åçü¿-¢Á’i†/ Åçü¿-¢Á’i†ô’´çöÀ. '...ing' form †’ present participle Åçö«ç. DEéÀ èπÿú≈ î√™« Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x adjectives èπ◊ ™«Íí Å®·†/ Ö†o, Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ/ Ö†o-ô’-´çöÀ ÅE Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®· éπüΔ. Å°æ¤p-úøN adjectives ûÓ Ææ´÷†ç. The singing girl suddenly stopped = Ç §ƒúø’-ûª’†o Å´÷t®· ÇT-§Ú-®·çC. The walking men = †úø’-Ææ’h†o ´’†’-≠æfl©’. Past participle †’ èπÿú≈ adjective í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. We saw only murdered people = îªç°æ-•úøf ´uèπ◊h-©ØË îª÷¨»ç ¢Ë’ç. É™« present/ past participles †’ adjective ™« noun †’ í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË ÅN participle adjectives Å´¤-û√®·. present participle èπ◊ îËߪ’úøç/ A†úøç, É™« 'úøç— ÅE *´-®Ω-´îËa °æüΔ-©’í¬ Å®Ωnç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, üΔEo noun ™« ¢√úøû√ç. Å°æ¤púø’ üΔEE gerund Åçö«ç. Gerund = verbal noun. Åçõ‰ present participle †’ äéπ sentence subject/ object/ object of a preposition í¬ ¢√úÕûË ÅC Gerund. Sitting in class for 5 hours a day is not a joke = class sitting, present participle noun gerund. I like walking = walking gerund.

Q. I have got three years left.

®ÓW 5 í∫çô-©-ÊÆ°æ¤ ™ èπÿ®Óa-´úøç, ûª´÷≥ƒ é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø †’ í¬ ¢√ú≈ç. 鬕öÀd ÅC Å™«Íí †úø-´úøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ) –

A.

Ø√éÀçé¬ ´‚úË∞¡Ÿx N’T-©’-Ø√o®·. Q. éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. a) Hails from

b) Is all set to direct

A. Hails from =

Çߪ’†/ Ç-¢Á’Ü®Ω’/ ÆæyÆæn©ç He hails from Nellore = Çߪ’-†C ØÁ©÷x®Ω’/ Çߪ’† ØÁ©÷x®Ω’èπ◊ îÁçC-†-¢√úø’/ ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ Çߪ’† ÆæyÆæn©ç b) Çߪ’† ü¿®Ωz-éπûªyç ´£œ«ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅFo Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√o®·/ à®√p-ôxFo ïJ-í¬®· (all set).

I object to smoking 'smoking' to preposition object. So, 'smoking' is a gerund.

Ééπ\úø

ÅØË

words îª÷üΔlç. NØ√-¨¡-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† = causing NØ√-¨»Eo éπL-TçîË (causing) -

É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ É*a† a) Destructive = damage = adj.

Q. A senior Chinese official said the boy and his family were living a normal life, but would not say where.

b) Making you feel = (Making) - Adj.

A.

Ç Å¶«s®·, ÅûªúÕ èπ◊ô’ç-•-Ææ-¶μº’u©÷ ´÷´‚©’ @Nûªç í∫úø’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o-®ΩE, ã ´·êu îÁjØ√ ÅCμ-é¬J îÁ§ƒpúø’. Å®·ûË ¢√∞Îx-éπ\-úø’ç-ô’-†oD Çߪ’† îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’-éÀ-≠d-°æ æ-úø-™‰ü¿’ (would not say where) Q. Has done, Had done ©’ È®çúø÷ (õ„j¢˛’ îÁ°æp-éπ-§ÚûË) äéπ-õ‰Ø√? A. ᙫ Å´¤-û√®·?Has done = î˨»úø’/ îËÆ œçC– í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púø’ ÅE ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ îËߪ’úøç Å®·çC, é¬F á°æ¤púø’ ÅE ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. She/ He has done it = Ç¢Á’/ Åûªúø’ (Ç °æE) îËÆœçC/ î˨»úø’. Had done = í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x ¢Á·ü¿öÀ °æE Å®·çC ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. He told me he had done it = ûª†’ ÅC î˨»-†E Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. (Åûªú≈ °æE îËߪ’úøç, Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æpúøç, È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç. Å®·ûË, °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç ´·çü¿’, 鬕öÀd had done. L. Sravya, Laddagiri.

éÀ

ô-°æ¤púø’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊

™ definition ÉîËaûÓ ¢Á·ü¿©’ 鬴úøç

a) destructive = causing damage b) suspicious = making you feel that sth is wrong or dishonest c) colourful = interesting or exciting d) muddling = causing confusion, difficult to

Å™« ¶μ«Nç-îË-ô’x îËÊÆ

c) Colourful = or

NØÓü¿ç éπL-TçîË (Entertaining) Öûª’q-éπ-ûª†’ éπL-TçîË (exciting) d) muddling = í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞¡ç éπL-TçîË (causing) Adj.

N. Nagesh, Rajahmundry. Q. Resign letter

ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. For purely personal reasons, I hereby tender my resignation and request you to relieve me of responsibilities in your organization immediately/ at the end of the notice period.

(´’† Eߪ÷-´’éπ E®Ωg-ߪ÷-©-†’-•öÀd, ¢ÁçôØË é¬F, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, ÉEo ØÁ©© ûª®√yûª é¬F ÅE ûÁLÊ°çü¿’èπ◊– DEo •öÀd) yours faithfully, XXXX

L.B.S. Kumar, Machilipatnam. Q.

Q. Adjectives Dictionary ing form sentence

èπ◊

-N’-´’t-Lo (-E-†’o) -Éç-ûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’ -áéπ\-úÓ -îª÷Æœ-†-ô’x í∫’®Ω’h. -Ñ ¢√é¬u--Eo -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« ®√-ߪ÷-L?

A. a) I remember to have seen you somewhere. b) Could I have see you before c) Where could I have seen you before.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√-®Ωç 26 ÂÆ°dç-•-®Ω’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

APPSC GROUP IV EXAMINATION - 2010 GENERAL STUDIES MODEL GRAND TEST 81. Åçèπ◊-®Ω-îªa ¥ü¿ç ÖçúË Nûªh-Ø√-EéÀ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù– 1) Ç´·ü¿ç 2) *èπ◊\úø’ 3) •®∏√-F 4) ¨¡†í∫ 82. 鬴÷ Çé¬-®Ωç™ ÖçúË à @N ™«®√y†’ ôç•x®˝ Åçö«®Ω’? 1) Ñí∫ 2) ûËØÁ-öÃí∫ 3) üÓ´’ 4) éπ°æp 83. vú≈Æœ®√, ØÁ°ç-C∑Æˇ, ߪ·vöÀ-èπ◊u-™‰-Jߪ÷ ¢Á·éπ\©’ îª÷Ê° v°æûËu-éπûª– 1) ÉN †vûª-ï-EE ≤ƒn°œ-≤ƒh®· 2) OöÀ-†’ç* @´ Éçüμ¿-Ø√©’ ©Gμ-≤ƒh®· 3) å≠æüμΔ-©-E-≤ƒh®· 4) ÉN éÃô-é¬-£æ…®Ω ¢Á·éπ\©’ 84. à éπù«ç-í∫ç™ úÕ.á-Ø˛.á. Öçô’çC? 1) È®j¶-ñ ¢˛’ 2) ¢Á’iöé¬ç-vúÕߪ÷ 3) ™„j≤Ú-ñ ¢˛’ 4) JéÀhéπ 85. éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ Ç´’x´®√{-©†’ éπL-TçîË ¢√ߪ·´¤ àC? 1) 鬮ΩsØ˛ úÁj ÇÈéj qú˛ 2) Ææ©p¥®˝ úÁj ÇÈéj qú˛ 3) 鬮ΩsØ˛ ¢Á÷Ø√-Èéj qú˛ 4) O’ü∑ËØ˛ 86. ïçûª’-´¤™x à éπù-ñ«©ç †’ç* íÓ∞¡Ÿx, ¢Áçvô’-éπ©’ ´çöÀN à®Ωp-úø-û√®·? 1) Ö°æ-éπ∞« éπù-ñ«©ç 2) ÆæçßÁ÷-ïéπ éπù-ñ«©ç 3) éπçúø®Ω éπù-ñ«©ç 4) Ωt-éπ-ù-ñ«©ç 87. °œçúÕ °æüΔ-®√n-EéÀ ÅßÁ÷-úÕØ˛ éπL-°œûË à ®Ωçí∫’ ´Ææ’hçC? 1) á®Ω’°æ¤ 2) °æÆæ’°æ¤ 3) F©ç 4) Çèπ◊-°æîªa 88. ïçûª’´¤™x Æ‘™„ç-ô-Í®-ö«èπ◊ îÁçC† £j«vú≈™ Ø√EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË E®√t-ù«©’– 1) õ„çô-éÀ™¸q 2) È®éπ\©’ 3) ´·çü¿-Jé¬∞¡Ÿx 4) éπ¨»-¶μ«©’ 89. éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ Gμ†o¢Á’i† Nô-N’Ø˛ àC? 1) Nô-N’-Ø˛–á 2) Nô-N’-Ø˛–úÕ 3) Nô-N’Ø˛–Æœ 4) Nô-N’Ø˛–É 90. °æJ-Dμߪ’ Ø√úŒ ´u´-Ææn™ ¢Á’ü¿úø’, ¢Á†’o-§ƒ´· †’ç* ¢Á©’´úË Ø√úø’© Ææçêu– 1) 43 ïûª©’ 2) 12 ïûª©’ 3) 31 ïûª©’ 4) 23 ïûª©’ 91. ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ùç™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçúË à ¢√ߪ·´¤ ¢Á·éπ\èπ◊ °æ®Ó-éπ~çí¬ ©¶μºu-´’¯ûª÷ °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿-©èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷-í∫-°æúø’ûª’çC? 1) 鬮ΩsØ˛ úÁj ÇÈéj qú˛ 2) ØÁjvö-ïØ˛ 3) ÇéÀq-ïØ˛ 4) O’ü∑ËØ˛ 92. ¨»yÆæ-véÀ-ߪ’™ áèπ◊\´ Ωu©’ üËE™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·? 1) £æ«Jûª Í®ù’´¤ 2) ¢Á’iö-é¬ç-vúÕߪ÷ 3) Ö°œ-J-A-ûª’h©’ 4) ®Ωéπhç 93. ÅEo Æœ®Ω™x îÁúø’ ®Ωéπhç v°æ´-£œ«-Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË ´’ç* ®Ωéπhç v°æ´-£œ«çîË Æœ®Ω-™‰N? 1) °æ¤°æ¤Ææ Æœ®Ω 2) 鬙‰ßª’ Æœ®Ω 3) ´%éπ\ Æœ®Ω 4) •%£æ«û˝ Æœ®Ω 94. Nûªh-Ø√©’, ü¿’ç°æ™x Ç£æ…®Ω °æüΔ-®√n-©†’ E©y îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË §ƒxÆœdúø’x– 1) véÌ¢Á÷-§ƒx-Ææ’d©’ 2) éÌx®Ó-§ƒx-Ææ’d©’ 3) ©÷uéÓ-§ƒx-Ææ’d©’ 4) £æ«J-ûª-Í®-ù’-´¤©’ 95. ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’-Eéπ é¬Jq-ØÌ-ñ„-Eé˙ àñ„ç-ôxèπ◊ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù– 1) ´’Ææd®˝f í¬uÆˇ 2) ŧ∂Úx-ö«-éÀqØ˛ 3) ÇÆˇ-¶„-≤ƒdÆˇ 4) °j´Fo 96. ¢Á·éπ\© °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿-©†’ í∫’JhçîË °æJ-éπ®Ωç– 1) Æœ≤Út-ví¬°∂ˇ 2) úÁ≤Út-ví¬°∂ˇ 3) Èé≤Ú\-ví¬°∂ˇ 4) ¶«®Ó-ví¬°∂ˇ 97. ™„jÊ°ñ¸, ´÷™‰dñ ¸, Ææ’vÍéñ¸ ÅØË áçñ„j-¢˛’©’ üËE™ Öçö«®·? 1) Ççvûª-®ΩÆæç 2) °jûªu®ΩÆæç 3) éÓx´’-®ΩÆæç 4) ™«™«-ï©ç 98. à ïçûª’´¤ ØÓöÀ™ Ç£æ…-®Ωù ÊÆéπ-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫°æúË ®√úø’u™« ÅØË E®√tùç Öçô’çC? 1) ¶ÔClçéπ 2) °‘ûª 3) †ûªh 4) ûË©’ 99. ÖûªpAhüΔ®Ω’© †’ç* NE-ßÁ÷-í∫-üΔ-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ¨¡éÀh v°æ´£œ«çîËô°æ¤púø’ v°æA-ü¿-¨¡™ à v°ævéÀߪ’ üΔy®√ éÌçûª †≠æd-§Ú-ûª’çC? 1) @®Ωg-véÀߪ’ 2) NÆæ-®Ω-b†-véÀߪ’ 3) E®√t-ù-véÀߪ’ 4) ¨»yÆæ-véÀߪ’

MAX. MARKS : 150 TIME : 150 MINUTES

100. úÕ.öÀ.°œ. ¢√uéÃqØ˛ É´yúøç üΔy®√ àßË’ ¢√uüμ¿’©’ ®√èπ◊çú≈ E¢√-Jç-îª-´îª’a? 1) éÓJçûª ü¿í∫’_ 2) úÕ°∂‘h-Jߪ÷ 3) üμ¿†’-®√yûªç 4) °j´Fo 101. £«î˝.-â.N. ≤ÚéÀ† ´uéÀh ®Ωéπhç™ ¢Áj®Ω-Æˇ©’ áèπ◊\´ Ææçêu™ ÖçúÕ èπÿú≈ v°æA-®Ω-éπ~-鬩’ éπE-°œç-îªE ü¿¨¡†’ à´’E °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’? 1) v°æA-èπÿ-©-ü¿¨¡ 2) ņ’èπÿ©-ü¿¨¡ 3) NçúÓ °‘J-ߪ’ú˛ ü¿¨¡ 4) ņ-†’-èπÿ© ü¿¨¡ 102. éÀ®Ω-ù-ï†u ÆæçßÁ÷-í∫-véÀ-ߪ’™ ÇéÀq-ïØ˛ ¢Á©’-´-úø’ûª’ç-ü¿E à v°æßÁ÷í∫ç üΔy®√ E®Ω÷-°œç-îª-´îª’a? 1) £j«vúÕ™«x v°æßÁ÷í∫ç 2) ™„jö¸-vÆ‘\Ø˛ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç 3) ÅßÁ÷-úÕØ˛ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç 4) v¶N’Ø˛ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç 103. ô≤ƒq®˝ °æô’d†’ ÖûªpAh îËÊÆ °æô’d°æ¤-®Ω’í∫’ àßË’ ¢Á·éπ\-©Â°j °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC? 1) ´’©sK 2) Ç´·ü¿ç 3) õ‰èπ◊, ûª’´’t 4) ãé˙, °∂œí˚ 104. ¢Ë®Ω’-°æ¤-®Ω’-í∫’-™«çöÀ éÃô-é¬-©†’ E¢√-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ §Ò©ç-™E ØË©™ x-´-©-ÆœçC– 1) í∫çüμ¿éπç §ÒúÕ 2) áçúÓ-Ææ-™«p¥Ø˛ 3) ¢Ë°æ-°œçúÕ 4) ÅvT-¢Á’i-ÆœØ˛ 105. ØËvûª-°æ-ô-™«-EéÀ ´·çü¿’í¬ v°æA-Gç•ç à®Ωp-úÕûË Ç ü¿%≠œd-™-§ƒEo à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 1) Dμ®Ω`-ü¿%≠œd 2) v£æ«Ææy-ü¿%≠œd 3) ÇÆœd-í¬t-öÀ-ïç 4) ´®√gç-üμ¿ûª 106. v°æÆæ’ûªhç ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ ´÷ö«xúË ¶μ«≠æ© Ææçêu– 1) 22 2) 18 3) 1256 4) 1652 107. 2001 ï†-í∫-ù† v°æ鬮Ωç ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç™ £œ«çü¿÷ ïØ√¶μ« ¨»ûªç üΔüΔ°æ¤ áçûª? 1) 80.5 ¨»ûªç 2) 84.5 ¨»ûªç 3) 89.6 ¨»ûªç 4) 75.6 ¨»ûªç 108. ®√ïu-§ƒ-©-†™ ´’ûª v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈Eo à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? 1) v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’uç 2) ≤ƒ´’u-¢√ü¿ç 3) ™˜éÀ-éπ-¢√ü¿ç 4) ≤˘v¶μ«-ûª%ûªyç 109. v°æ°æç-îªç™ °ü¿l¶μ«≠æ™x ûÁ©’-í∫’-¶μ«≠æ ≤ƒn†ç àC? 1) 4´ 2) 6´ 3) 16´ 4) 12´ 110. v§ƒü∑¿-N’éπ £æ«èπ◊\-©†’ ®ΩéÀ~çîË £æ«èπ◊\†’ à´’E °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’? 1) Ææ´÷-†-ûªy £æ«èπ◊\ 2) ´’ûª ≤ƒyûªç-vûªu £æ«èπ◊\ 3) ÊÆyî√a¥ £æ«èπ◊\ 4) ®√ñ«uçí∫ °æJ-£æ…-®Ω £æ«èπ◊\ 111. 2009™ ™é˙-Ææ-¶μºèπ◊ ïJ-T† áEo-éπ©’ áØÓo ≤ƒ®Ωy-vAéπ áEo-éπ©’? 1) 12´ 2) 13´ 3) 14´ 4) 15´ 112. úÁ¢Á÷-véπÆ‘ ÅØË °æü¿ç à ¶μ«≠憒ç* Öûªp-†o-¢Á’içC? 1) ™«öÀØ˛ 2) vUèπ◊ 3) v°∂çî˝ 4) ÉçTx≠ˇ 113. 2001 ï†-í∫-ù† v°æ鬮Ωç ü˨¡ç-™E ¢Á·ûªhç E®Ω-éπ~®√Ææ’u© Ææçêu üΔüΔ°æ¤ áEo éÓô’x? 1) 25 2) 32 3) 34 4) 37 114. ¶μ«®Ω-ûª- ®√-ñ«uçí∫ç-™-E à v°æéπ-®Ωù Å©p Ææçë«uéπ ´®√_-©-¢√JéÀ ûª´’ ¶μ«≠憒, ´’ûª ÆæçÆæ \%-AE °æJ®ΩéÀ~çîË £æ«èπ◊\†’ v°æ≤ƒ-C-Ææ’hçC? 1) 25 2) 27 3) 29 4) 32 115. Ççvüμ¿-®√≠æçZ à ûËD† Å´ûª-Jç-*çC? 1) 1956 †´ç-•®˝ 1 2) 1953 ÅéÓd-•®˝ 1 3) 1947 Çí∫Ææ’d 15 4) 1950 ï†-´J 26 116. ¶μº÷N’-°æ¤-vûª’-©-¢√ü¿ç üËEo Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC? 1) v§ƒçB-ߪ’-ûªûªyç 2) ¶μ«≥ƒ-ûªûªyç 3) ´’ûª-ûªûªyç 4) °j´Fo 117. ÅÆæp %¨¡uûª Ø訽 E®Ó-üμ¿éπ îªôdç à Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ ®Ω÷§Òç-CçC? 1) 1950 2) 1955 3) 1958 4) 1960 118. ´®Ω-éπôo EÊ≠üμ¿ îªôdç -á°æ¤p-úø’ -ûÁ-î√a®Ω’? 1) 1961 2) 1964 3) 1968 4) 1972 119. éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ ¢ËöÀE ´÷ü¿éπ vü¿¢√u©’ Åçö«®Ω’? 1) ´÷Jp¥Ø˛ 2) £æ«≠œ≠ˇ 3) £«®√-®·Ø˛ 4) °j´Fo 120. âéπu-®√-ïu-Ææ-N’-A-™E Ææ¶μºu-üË-¨»© Ææçêu áçûª? 1) 192 2) 196 3) 186 4) 198 121. Ççvüμ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸ Ææ´·-vü¿-B®Ω Í®ê §Òúø-¢Áçûª? 1) 972 éÀ.O’. 2) 675 éÀ.O’. 3) 856 éÀ.O’. 4) 1256 éÀ.O’.

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137. ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ LÈíj o-ö¸†’ Åûªu-Cμ-éπçí¬ Öûªp-Ah-îËÊÆ ®√≠æçZ àC? 1) ñ«®Ω^çú˛ 2) äúÕ≥ƒ 3) Ççvüμ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸ 4) ûªN’-∞¡-Ø√úø’ 138. ¢Á÷ØÓ-ñ„jö¸ EÍé~-§ƒ©’ Åûªu-Cμ-éπçí¬ Ö†o ®√≠æçZ àC? 1) Íé®Ω∞¡ 2) Ççvüμ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸ 3) ´’üμ¿u-v°æ-ü˨¸ 4) äúÕ≥ƒ 139. ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ °æô’d Öûªp-Ah™ í∫’û√h-Cμ-°æûªuç Ö†o ®√≠æZç àC? 1) í∫’ï-®√û˝ 2) ï´‚t-é¬-Qt®˝ 3) äúÕ≥ƒ 4) éπ®√g-ôéπ 140. ¶Ôé¬®Ó Öèπ◊\ éπ®√t-í¬®Ωç à ü˨¡ Ææ£æ«-é¬-®ΩçûÓ ≤ƒn°œ-ûª-¢Á’içC? 1) °æ‹®Ωy°æ¤ ≤ÚN-ߪ’ö¸ ߪ‚E-ߪ’Ø˛ (v°æÆæ’hûª ®Ω≥ƒu) 2) °æ‹®Ωy°æ¤ °æPa´’ ï®ΩtF 3) vGôØ˛ 4) ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ 141. äéπ ®Ω÷§ƒ®· ØÓô’†’ ´·vCçîË ¢√®Ω’ á´®Ω’? 1) v°æù«-Ré¬ Ææç°∂æ’ç 2) ÇJnéπ ´’çvAûªy¨»ê 3) v°æù«-Ré¬ ´’çvAûªy¨»ê 4) Jï®˝y¶«uçé˙ 142. v°æÆæ’hûªç Jï®˝y ¶«uçé˙ í∫´®Ωo®˝ á´®Ω’? 1) ¢Áj. ¢Ëù’-íÓ-§ƒ-©-È®úÕf 2) ´÷çõ„-é˙-Æœçí˚ Å£æfix¢√-Lߪ÷ 3) ü¿’´‹yJ Ææ’¶«s-®√´¤ 4) Æœ. ®Ωçí∫-®√-ïØ˛ 143. ÖûªpAh 鬮Ω-鬩 ü¿%≥ƒd u ñ«B-ßÁ÷-ûªpAh– 1) ñ«B-ߪ÷-üΔߪ’ç 2) ñ«B-ߪ’-´uߪ’ç 3) Ææ÷n©-ñ«-B-ßÁ÷-ûªpAh 4) ñ«B-ߪ’-Ææç-°æü¿ 144. éÀçC¢√öÀ™ ®√≠æZ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç NCμçîË °æ†’o– 1) ¢√®√h °ævA-éπ-©Â°j Å´’téπç °æ†’o 2) Ææç°æ-ü¿Â°j °æ†’o 3) ôJt-†™¸ úø÷uöé’ 4) ´u´-≤ƒßª’ ÇüΔߪ’ç°j °æ-†’o 145. È®j™‰y •úÁ-bö¸†’ á´®Ω’ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ °úø-û√®Ω’? 1) v°æüμΔ-†-´’çvA 2) È®j™‰y ¨»ê ´’çvA 3) ÇJnéπ ´’çvA 4) È®j™‰y¨»ê ´·êu 鬮Ωu-ü¿Jz 146. á´J Ç¢Á÷-ü¿çûÓ v°æù«-R-éπ©’ Å´’-™xéÀ ´≤ƒh®·? 1) ®√≠æZ-°æA 2) v°æüμΔ-†-´’çvA 3) ñ«B-ߪ÷-Gμ-´%Cl¥ ´’çúøL 4) §ƒ®Ωx¢Á’çö¸ 147. °æE – ǣ慮Ωç – Öû√p-ü¿-éπûª-©èπ◊ à v°æù«-Réπ-™ v§ƒüμΔ†u-N’-î√a®Ω’? 1) 8´ v°æù«-Réπ 2) 7-´ v°æù«-Réπ 3) 9´ v°æù«-Réπ 4) 10´ v°æù«-Réπ 148. ®ΩH °æçô-é¬-©ç™ v°æüμΔ-†-¢Á’i† °æçô é¬E-üËC? 1) íÓüμ¿’´’ 2) ñÔ†o 3) üμ¿E-ߪ÷©’ 4) îÁ®Ωèπ◊ 149. Ççvüμ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç Ê°ü¿-Jéπ E®Ω÷t-©Ø√ °æü∑¿-鬩†’ éπL°œ à °æü∑¿-éπçí¬ Å´’©’ îË≤ÚhçC? 1) ®√@¢˛ vé¬çA °æü∑¿éπç 2) ¢Á©’í∫’ °æü∑¿éπç 3) ÉçC®Ω vé¬çA °æü∑¿éπç 4) ÉçC-®Ω´’t 150. °œ. ÉçúÁé˙q ÅØË ¶μ«´-††’ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ °öÀd-†-¢√®Ω’– 1) Å´’-®Ωh u-ÊÆØ˛ 2) ü¿çúË-éπ®˝– F©-éπç-®∏Ω®√ü∑˛ 3) v°æù«-Ré¬ Ææç°∂æ’ç 4) ©é¬f-¢√™«. -§Ú-öðæ-Kéπ~-© -Péπ~-ù-™ -Å-†’-¶μº-´-Vc-™„j-† -E°æ¤-ù’-©’ Ñ -†-´‚-Ø√ -v°æ-¨¡o°æ-vû√-Eo ®Ω÷-§Òç-Cç--î√®Ω’. Í®°æ-öÀ Ææç-*éπ-™... ÂÆ-véπ-õ‰-J-ߪ’-™¸ -á-G-L-öÃÆˇ -¢Á÷-úø-™¸ -ví¬ç-ú˛ -õ„Æˇd

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-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 3 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2010 Nirankar: The judgement delivered yesterday, I feel, is fair to all concerned. What do you feel?

(E†o É*a† B®Ω’p Ææç•ç-Cμ-ûª’-©ç-ü¿-Jéà Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Öçü¿E ؈’ ¶μ«N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ´’J †’¢Ëy-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) Alankar: I don't doubt it the least. How impartial the judge was! Even as he was reading the judgement every one felt that it was a very objective view of the situation. Very rarely do we come across such judgements and such judges

(Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. Ø√uߪ’-´‚Jh áçûª E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπç! Çߪ’† B®Ω’p îªü¿’-´¤ûª’-†o-°æ¤púË v°æA-¢√®Ω÷ ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’, °æ-J ÆœnAE ®√í∫-üËy-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ -Å-B-ûªçí¬ -îª÷-¨»-úø-E. Å™«çöÀ B®Ω’p©’, Ø√uߪ’-´‚-®Ω’h©÷ Å®Ω’ü¿’í¬ éπE°œ≤ƒh®Ω’.)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ (´÷ Ææ÷\™x ¢Á÷Ææ-Æˇ -Å-ØË öÃ˝ ÖçúË¢√®Ω’. Çߪ’† á°æ¤púø÷ îÁ°æ¤hç-úË-¢√®Ω’– à N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™-ØÁjØ√ Ø√uߪ’çí¬ ´u´-£æ«-Jç--î√©E. û√´· îÁÊ°p Fûª’-©-†’ -Ç-îª-JçîË •£æ› éÌCl ´’çC™ Çߪ’† äéπúø’. Çߪ’† á°æ¤púø÷ Ø√uߪ’çí¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’.) Nirankar: Lucky that you had such a teacher. I remember your telling me of him some time ago. You told me how unbiassed he was whenever the occasion demanded it.

(F Åü¿%≠ædç Féπ-™«çöÀ öÃ˝ Öçúøôç. éÌçûª-鬩ç véÀûªç -†’--´¤y -Ç-ߪ’-†-†’ í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æpôç Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçC. Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ´*a-†°æ¤púø’ Çߪ’-ØÁçûª E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√-úÓ†E.)

2

-Ñ expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπûª, üμ¿®Ωtç, Ø√uߪ’ Ææ´’t-ûª¢Á’i† ÅØË ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç* ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË °æüΔ©’ (High frequency words).

ÉN ´’† Eûªu @Nûªç™ Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ ´u´-£æ«-JçîË°æ¤púø’ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË °æü¿-ñ«©-N’-C. ØË®Ω’a-éÌE ¢√úø’üΔç. -Ñ °æ-üΔ-© í∫’Jç* É°æ¤púø’ N´®Ωçí¬ îª÷üΔlç. 1) fair = Ø√uߪ’-¢Á’i†, üμ¿®Ωt-¢Á’i† a) This umpire has always been fair in giving decisions/ His decisions have always umpire been fair =

Ñ ´u´-£æ«-J-≤ƒhúø’.

á°æ¤púø÷ Ø√uߪ’çí¬

Ver y few media ar e unbiassed Nirankar: Even the parties to the case, Mrinmoy and Manoj could not point a finger at the judgment. Both were convinced of the disinterested attitude the judge took in the case. Though it was a bit to the disadvantage of Mrinmoy, he said he had no reason to complain.

(ÍéÆæ’™ §ƒKd-©-®·† ´’%ùtß˝’, ´’ØÓñ¸ èπÿú≈ à ™§ƒFo ¢Ë™„Ah îª÷°æ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®√ B®Ω’p™. Ø√uߪ’-´‚Jh -¢Áj-ê-J E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπ¢Á’i†üˆE ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ †´’téπç éπL-TçC. Ç B®Ω’p ´’%ùtß˝’èπ◊ éÌçûª †≠ædç éπLTçîËü¿®·Ø√, ûª†èπ◊ üΔE í∫’-Jç-* ¶«üμËç ™‰ü¿-Ø√oúø’.) Alankar: Among the most difficult tasks for a person is to be fair-minded. Only a few like Gandhi are capable of being impartial.

(E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπçí¬ Öçúø-ô-´’-ØËC ÅA-éπ-≠d¢æ Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷™x äéπöÀ. Å™« Öçúø-í∫©¢√∞¡Ÿx í¬çDμ™« -î√-™« ûªèπ◊\´ ´’çC.) Nirankar: The judge's assessment of the situation was fair and reasonable. Anyone believing in justice and fairplay can never fault the judgement.

(°æJ-ÆœnA-E ÅçîªØ√¢Ëߪ’-úøç™ Ø√uߪ’-´‚Jh î√™« Ø√uߪ’Ææ´’t-ûªçí¬, ߪ·éπhçí¬ ´u´-£æ«Jç-î√úø’. Ø√uߪ’ç, üμ¿®Ωtç™ †´’téπç Ö†o á´-È®jØ√ ÆæÍ® Ñ Ø√uߪ’-´‚-JhE ûª°æ¤p°æ-ôd-™‰®Ω’.) Alankar: At school I had a teacher Moses. He always used to advise us to play fair on any issue. He was one of those rare people who practiced what he preached. He was always fair.

b) Whatever you do it should be fair to all concerned =

†’¢ËyçîËÆœØ√, üΔEûÓ Ææç•çüμ¿ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-Jéà Ø√uߪ’ç éπ-LÍíCí¬ Öçú≈L.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 617 Alankar: Yes; none could complain of the marks he awarded to them. So fair he was in judging the students.

c) To be fair to Karna, he became what he was, mainly because of the secret of his birth = M.SURESAN

(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† ÉîËa ´÷®Ω’\©†’ í∫’-Jç-* á´®Ω÷ °∂œ®√uü¿’îËÊÆ-¢√®Ω’é¬ü¿’. NüΔu-®Ω’n-©-†’ -Åç-îªØ√-¢Ëߪ’-úøç™ Çߪ’† Åçûª Ø√uߪ’çí¬ ÖçúË-¢√®Ω’.) Notes: delivered - Past tense. (PT) of deliver = come across = Point a finger convince = = be convinced = fault =

B®Ω’p™«xçöÀN ¢Á©’-´-Jç-îª-úøç; û√®Ω-Ææ-°æ-úøôç/ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úøç; ¢Ë™„Ahîª÷°æ-úøç; †îªa-ñ„°æp-úøç; †´’téπç éπ©í∫-úøç; ûª°æ¤p/ ûª°æ¤p-°æ-ôd-úøç.

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) The judgement, I feel, was fair to all concerned. 2) How impartial the Judge was! 3) They were ....... of the disinterested attitude the judge took to the case. 4) Among the most difficult tasks for a person is to be fair-minded. 5) Only a few like Gandhi are impartial 6) ..... assessment was fair and reasonable 7) Anyone believing in Justice and fair play can never fault the judgement. 8) He always advised us to play fair on any issue 9) You told me how unbiassed he was!

S. Naresh, Kothagudem. Q. Sir,

éÀçC¢√öÀéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n-©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Bluffing, Rather, Here we go, I gotta go college, House Home, Should - Must - Had to, As - like, Till - Until, Alien Monster. A. Bluffing =

ûÁL-ߪ’EN ûÁL-Æ œ-†ô’d, îËߪ’-™‰E, îËߪ÷-©-†’-éÓE °æ†’-©’ îËߪ’-í∫-L-T-†ô’x, îËÊÆ-ôô’x Å•-üΔl¥©’ îÁ°æp-úøç.

He does not know how to do it. He is bluffing =

ÅüÁ™« îËߪ÷™ Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. ûÁ©’-ÆæE Å•-üΔl¥©’ îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√oúø’. Rather = 1) éÌçûª-´’-ô’èπ◊/ é¬Ææh. ´’†-éÀ-≠dç æ -™‰-E/ -´’-†èπ◊ †îªaE N≠æ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°p--ô°æ¤púø’. The day is rather hot= -É-¢√-∞¡ é¬Ææh áçúø-í¬ØË ÖçC. The train is rather slow = Ñ train é¬Ææh EüΔ-†¢Ë’.

2) ´’† áç°œéπ ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç. I'd rather walk than go by bus = -•Ææ’q-™  -¢Á-∞¡xúøç éπç-õ‰ †úø* ¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o†’. Here, we go = àüÁjØ√ v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç ÅßË’u-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅØË-´÷ô. 'Ç! Ééπ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûÓçC— ņo-ô’dí¬ 'Here we go', said Ram, 'Sachin is going to bat'. =

Ç! Ééπ v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç Å®·çC. Ææ*Ø˛ -¶«u-ö¸ îËߪ’¶ûª’-Ø√o-úÕéπ. I gotta go = I got to go = ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL. House - home - -O-öÀ í∫’-Jç--* -É-öÃ-´-™‰ N´-Jç-î √ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. should = must = have to - àüÁjØ√ 1) NCμí¬ 2) ´’† Å´-Ææ-®√-Eo-•öÀd 3) äéπJ Çñ«c-†’-≤ƒ-®Ωçí¬ îËߪ÷Lq ®√´-úøç. I should go = I must go = I have to go = ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL. He should do it/ He must do it/ He has to do it =

Åûª-úøC îËߪ÷L (Å´-Ææ-®Ωç/ -Ç-ïc/- NCμ)

éπ®Ω’gúÕ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ø√uߪ’çí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, Åûª-úÕ ï†t-®Ω-£æ«Ææuç ´©x Åûª-úø™« Åߪ÷uúø’. (Ææyûª-£æ…í¬ ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úø’ é¬ü¿’)

4) fair-minded=

ûª† ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éûª-®Ω’© ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ ûªT-†çûª v§ƒüμΔ†uç ÉîËa/ Ø√uߪ’-*ç-ûª† -Ö-†o.

a) The boss is fair-minded and is open to suggestions =

-¶«Æˇ ûª†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éπÈ®é˙d ņ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ Éûª-®Ω’© ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ N©’-N-≤ƒhúø’/ Ø√uߪ’-*ç-ûª† Ö-†o-¢√úø’.

b) Sukumar is fair-minded enough to share his profits with his employees =

ûª† ؈éπ®ΩxûÓ ûª† ™«¶μ«©’ °æç-èπ◊-ØËçûª Ø√uߪ’ *çûª† Ö-†o-¢√úø’. 6) fair and reasonable = -O-öÀ-E -áèπ◊\-´í¬ éπL°œ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. fair= Ø√uߪ’-¢Á’i†; reasonable= Ææ•-¶„j†. a) A fair and reasonable settlement will be to divide his property between his son and daughter equally b) The workers' demand for a rise in bonus, because of a rise in profits is fair and reasonable =

™«¶μ«™x °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x ¶†Æˇ èπÿú≈ °çî√-©-ØË v¨»N’èπ◊© úÕ´÷çú˛ Ø√uߪ’-¢Á’i-†üË. 7) Justice and fair play= Ø√uߪ’´‚, îªôd-Ææ-´’t-ûª´‚ a) Anybody believing in justice can never accept social inequalities =

Ø√uߪ’ç îªôdçO’ü¿ †´’téπç Ö†o-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω÷/ ņ’-Ææ-JçîË ¢√∞Îx-´®Ω÷ ≤ƒç°∂œ’éπ ÅÆæ-´÷-†-ûª©’ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-™‰®Ω’

d) He did not get his fair share of the property =

b) Justice and fair play demand that all people should have equal opportunities =

a) An impartial referee is a good referee = referee (umpire) referee b) In any issue between India and Pak, the US is never impartial, though it says it is =

Åçü¿-Jéà Ææ´÷-Ø√-´-é¬-¨»-©’ç-ú≈-©-E Ø√uߪ’ç, îªôdç éÓ®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o®·/ Ø√uߪ’ç îªôdç v°æ鬮Ωç Åçü¿-Jéà Ææ´÷-Ø√-´-é¬-¨»-©’ç-ú≈L. Fair play = 1) üËØÁj oØ√ Ø√uߪ’çí¬ îªôd-•-ü¿l¥çí¬ E•ç-üμ¿-†©††’-Ææ-Jç* îËߪ’-úøç 2) à Çô-ØÁjØ√ E•ç-üμ¿-†©’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Çúøôç. 8) Play fair = 1) E•ç-üμ¿-†-©-èπ◊ -Å-†’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Ø√uߪ’Ææ-´’t-ûªçí¬, Çô Çúøôç 2) Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ Ø√uߪ’çí¬ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îª-úøç.

Ø√uߪ’-Ææ-´’tûªçí¬ ÇÆœh™ ®√-¢√-Lq† ¶μ«í∫ç Åûª-úÕéÀ ®√™‰ü¿’. 2&5) Impartial (× Partial) = E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπ-¢Á ’i†, °æéπ~§ƒûªç™‰E E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπ-¢Á’i†

´’ç*

¶μ«®Ωû˝, §ƒé˙èπ◊ ´îËa à Ææ´’-Ææu-™ØÁjØ√, Å¢Á’-Jé¬ E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπçí¬ Öçö«-†E îÁ°œp-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ÅC E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπçí¬ Öçúøü¿’

3) Disinterested = Not interested in any one side in a dispute/ Not interested in self/ free or favour from prejudice = Dispute =

(ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç) (ÅGμ-´÷†ç) äéπ N¢√ü¿ç™ à °æéπ~çO’üΔ ÅGμ´÷†ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπçí¬ Öçúøôç ( N¢√ü¿ç) ≤ƒy®Ωn *çûª† ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç/ ü¿’®Ω-Gμv§ƒ-ߪ÷©èπ◊- ÅBûªçí¬ Öçúøôç.

a) In the Gita Lord Krishna tells us to do our duty in a disinterested manner =

Uûª™ Xéπ%-≠æflgúø’, °∂æLûªç O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd-™‰èπ◊çú≈, ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lq†üΔEo îË-ߪ÷-©ç-ö«úø’. b) Gandhi served the Nation in a totally disinterested manner =

à ≤ƒy®Ωn*çûªØ√/ Ææy™«-¶μ«-Ê°éπ~ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ í¬çDμ ü˨»-EéÀ ÊÆ´ î˨»úø’.

Had to - past tense of should/ must/ have to and has to.

a) Winning a game any how is not important. Playing fair is important =

Çô Èí©-´-úøç ´·êuç é¬ü¿’. E•ç-üμ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç, Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Çúøôç ÅØËC ´·êuç.

b) I won't be his partner anymore because he doesn't play fair =

Åûª-úÕ-ûÓ ÉçÍé-´÷vûªç ؈’ ¶μ«í∫-Ææ’h-úÕí¬ Öçúø†’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ Ø√uߪ’çí¬ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îªúø’. 9) unbiassed= impartial= E≠æp-éπ~-§ƒ-ûªçí¬ Öçúøôç. (Bias = °æéπ~-§ƒûªç/ ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç) Very few media in India are unbiassed in their news programmes and comments =

¶μ«®Ω-û˝™ O’úÕ-ߪ÷-™ éÌ-Cl-´’ç-C ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√®√h ¢√uêu 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷™x E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπçí¬ Öçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Till = until Alien -

NüË-Q-ߪ·úø’, NüËQ (foreign); ví∫£æ…ç-ûª-®Ω-¢√Æœ. (¢ËÍ® ví∫£æ…-EéÀ îÁçC†) Monster = ¶μº÷ûªç, ®√éπ~-Ææ-v°æ-´%Ah éπ©-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Alien èπ◊, monster èπÿ àç Ææç•ç-üμ¿ç-™‰ü¿’. Q. éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ English ™ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. éÌAh-O’®Ω, üμ¿E-ߪ÷©’, éπJ-¢Ë-§ƒèπ◊, °æMx©’. A. éÌAh-O’®Ω = coriander leaves. üμ¿E-ߪ÷©’ = coriander. éπJ-¢Ë-§ƒèπ◊ = curry leaves. as + his father does (clause) °æMx©’ = ground nuts; (Å®·ûË modern usage ™ like ûª®√yûª Q. éÀ çC-¢√-öÀéÀ Abbreviations ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. èπÿú≈ clause ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. He cannot sing HTTP, URL, .Com, USB like I do = Åûª-úø’ Ø√™« §ƒúø-™‰úø’. Correct í¬ Å®·ûË, He cannot sing as I do ÅØ√L. A. HTTP = Hyper Text Transfer Protocol É°æ¤púø’ like I do èπÿú≈, English ¢√∞Ïx URL = Uniform/ Universal Resource Locator ÅØËÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’. ®√ûª™ ´÷vûªç (formal writing .Com - Internet O’ü¿ ¢√u§ƒ-®√Eo E®Ωy-£œ«çîË ™) ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.) ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn Ê°®Ω’™ ¶μ«í∫ç.

As = (verb

´™„ = like. Å®·ûË like ûª®√yûª clause -ûÓ èπÿúÕ† °æü¿ Ææ´·-üΔߪ’ç) ®√ü¿’. As ûª®√yûª clause ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√-úø-û√ç. a) He walks like his father = Åûª-úÕ ûªçvúÕ ™«í¬ †úø’-≤ƒh-úø-ûª-úø’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. like ûª®√yûª 'father' (noun) ´Ææ’hçC. b) He walks as his father does = Åûª-úø’ ûª† ûªçvúÕ †úÕ-îË-™«-í¬-ØË †úø’-≤ƒhúø’.

He is tall like his father = He is tall as his father is.

USB = Universal Serial Bus.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 10 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2010 Tushar: (I) heard you were fined Rs.250/- for violation of some traffic rule. Were you?

(àüÓ Traffic rule Ö©xç-°∂œ’ç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Fèπ◊ ®Ω÷.250 V™«tØ√ °æúÕç-ü¿E NØ√o†’ Eï¢Ë’Ø√?) Dhaval: I was, of course. It was in the old town area. I didn't know I was driving the wrong way. So I got booked and paid the fine.

(Eï¢Ë’. ÅC old town™. ûª°æ¤p-üΔ-J† ûÓ©’ûª’-Ø√o-††o N≠æߪ’ç ûÁM-™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. Åçü¿’-éπE ؈’ °æô’d-•-ú≈f†’. V™«tØ√ éπö«d†’.) Tushar: We've to comply with the rules, you know. Sometimes a one-way traffic road may be a short cut. It may save us some time and fuel. But we've to pay more than we save if we are caught.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Dhaval: True. I could have done that. In fact the constable was expecting it. But in no time I made him understand that I would go by the book.

(Eï¢Ë’ Ç °æE ؈’ îËÆœ ÖçúÌa. ÅÆ晫 §ÚM-Ææ-ûª†’ ÅüË ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬F ؈’ îªôdv°æ-é¬-®Ω¢Ë’ §Úû√-†E Åûªúø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊ØË™« î˨»†’ ûªy®Ω-™ØË.) Tushar: That's a good thing you did. Sometimes observing rules may be expensive but violating them may prove more expensive. That is, in terms of time and money. Most road users don't understand this simple point. After all, the rules are for us and our safety.

2

5) I know you are a law-abiding citizen 6) ... that I would go by the book 7) Sometimes observing rules may be expensive.... 8) Conforming to rules is always the best thing

°j† underline îËÆœ† ´÷ô-©Fo îªö«d-©†’ ņ’ÆæJç-îªúøç Ö©xç-°∂œ’ç-îªúøç Å¢Ë ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*-†N éπüΔ? ¢√öÀE É°æ¤púø’ N´-®Ωçí¬ îª÷üΔlç. 1) Violation: Rules (E•ç-üμ¿-†©’), îªö«d©’ (Law) †’ Ö©xç-°∂œ’ç-îªúøç/ ÅA-véπ-N’ç-îªúøç. a) Any violation of this law will be viewed seriously =

(´’ç* °æE î˨»´¤. éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x îªö«dEo §ƒöÀç-îª-úøç ê®Ω’aûÓ èπÿúø’-èπ◊-†o-üÁjØ√, Ö©xç-°∂œ’ç

Ñ îªôdç Ö©xç-°∂æ’-†/ ÅA-véπ´’ù

How on ear th did he become so rich? (Road rules One way traffice

§ƒöÀç-î√-L™‰ ´’†ç. éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´÷®√_©’ Åúøf-üΔ-®Ωx®· ü¿÷®Ωç ûªíÌ_a. üΔE-´©x éÌçûª Æ洒ߪ’ç, Éçüμ¿†ç ÇüΔ é¬´îª’a. é¬F °æô’d•úÕûË ´÷vûªç ÇüΔ îËÊÆ üΔE-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë îÁLxçî√Lq ´Ææ’hçC.

Dhaval: I didn't intend to break any rule, and I usually don't. The trouble was I wasn't familiar with the area. Whatever I might say, the traffic cop insisted that I pay the fine. He was saying, 'ignorance of the law is no excuse.'

(é¬F, Rules ÅA-véπ-N’ç-îªúøç Ø√ ÖüËl¨¡ç é¬ü¿’. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å™«-îË-ߪ’†’ èπÿú≈. ÅÆæ©’ *éπ\çû√ Ç àJߪ÷ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úø¢Ë’. ØËØËç îÁ°œpØ√ Traffic police NE-°œç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ fine éπö«d-Lqç-üË-†E °æô’d•ö«dúø’. 'îªôdç ûÁM-éπ-§Ú-´úøç éπ~´÷®Ω|ç é¬ü¿—E äéπ-õ‰-¢√ü¿ç.) Tushar: I know you are a law-abiding citizen and have respect the law. But I feel you could have got away by bribing the constable. That'd have cost you less than the fine.

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ †’´¤y îªö«dEo §ƒöÀçîË §˘®Ω’úÕ´E, îªôdç Åçõ‰ †’´¤y íı®Ω-N-≤ƒh-´E, é¬F, Ç §ÚM-Ææ-ûª-EéÀ àüÁjØ√ ´÷´‚-L*a •ßª’ô °æúø’ç-úÌ-a-éπüΔ. Ç Nüμ¿çí¬ fine éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\-´-ßË’C.)

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 618

éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ à Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™, ᙫ °æ©-鬙 äéπ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù ÉÆæ÷h N´-Jçîªí∫©®Ω’. yummy, hmn, oh shucks, yup, um, suppose, well, shut the hell up, nope, anyway, noway, wow, solong then, oh! my gosh, sure as hell, come off it, that's so mean, not really, hold on blokes, How on earth, hell, How come, what are you upto today. A. Yummy =

î√™« ®Ω’*í¬ Ö†o/ ØÓ®Ω÷-JçîË Hmn- ´’† Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™ á´-È®jØ√ àü¿-®·Ø√ îÁGûË, 'Ü— éÌúøû√ç éπüΔ? üΔEéÀ English = um Oh shucks = NÆæ’í∫’, *®√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-J-îË-°æü¿ç, ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'Ŷ«s— ņoô’x. Å®·ûË -D-Eo ÅEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úøôç bad manners. Yup = Yes Suppose =

ņ’éÓ =

if

suppose/ If you get the money, what will you do? =

Fèπ◊ úø¶Ôs-*aç-ü¿-†’éÓ/ Fèπ◊ úø¶ÔsÊÆh †’¢Ëyç îË≤ƒh´¤? I suppose it will rain today= Ñ ¢√∞¡ ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. well..., = ÉC á´JûÓ-ØÁjØ√ Ææç¶μ«-≠æù v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-îË-

b) Kumar was jailed for three months for the violation of the act =

Ç îªö«dEo Ö©xç-°∂œ’ç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπ◊´÷-®˝èπ◊ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©© ñ„j©’ Péπ~ °æúÕçC. 2) I was booked - ÉC (was booked), booked èπ◊ passive voice - to book = àüÁjØ√ îªôdç v°æ鬮Ωç ÍéÆæ’ †¢Á÷ü¿’ îËߪ’úøç.

îªúøç Åçûª-éπçõ‰ êKü¿’ 鬴a, Åçõ‰ Æ洒ߪ’ç, úø•’s ®Ω÷°æç™. Ñ *†o N≠æߪ’ç î√-™« ´’çCéÀ M.SURESAN Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Eߪ’´’E•ç-üμ¿†©’ ´’† Íé~´÷-EÍé í∫üΔ?) Dhaval: Conforming to rules is always the best thing for any one.

a) The police have booked him/ booked a case against him for cheating =

(á´-J-ÈéjØ√ îªö«d-†o-†’-Ææ-Jç* §Ú´úøç ´’ç* °æü¿l¥A.)

¢Á÷Ææç îËÆœ†ç-ü¿’èπ◊, §ÚM-Ææ’©’ Åûª-E-O’ü¿ ÍéÆæ’ Â°ö«d®Ω’.

Notes: 1. Got (was) booked: Past Tense (PT) of 'get booked' = 2. Short cut = 3. fuel = 4. Intend = 5. familiar (with) = 6. cop = constable 7. Insist = 8. Ignorance = 9. expensive = 10. Interms of = Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) you were fined Rs.250 for violation of some traffic rule 2) So I got (was) booked 3) We have to comply with the rules 4) I didn't want to break any rule

b) They have booked a case against him under anticorruption act = case

°æô’d-•-úøôç (ØË®√-EéÀ); Åúøf-üΔJ (ü¿÷®Ωç ûªèπ◊\-´-îËÊÆ); Éçüμ¿†ç; ÖüËl-Pç-îªúøç/ ÖüËl¨¡ç éπLT °æJ-îªßª’ç Öçúøôç; Öçúøôç; ; °æô’d-•-ôdúøç.; ûÁM-éπ-§Ú-´úøç/ Åñ«c†ç; êK-üÁj†; ®Ω÷°æç™.

Simhachalam, Vijayawada Q. Sir,

Bv´çí¬ °æJ-í∫ùÀç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’ç-C. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: Bv´çí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ-≤ƒh®Ω’)

îªôdç éÀçü¿ ÅûªE O’ü¿ ¢√∞¡Ÿx

3)

ÅN-FA E®Ó-üμ¿éπ °ö«d®Ω’.

5)

Violate law × abide by law. Abide by law/ rules, etc =

îªö«d©’, E•ç-üμ¿-†-©èπ◊

™•úÕ †úø--éÓ-´úøç. Abide by the rules of the club or else you cease to be a member of the club = club

E•ç-üμ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç †úø’--éÓçúÕ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ O’®Ω’ Ææ¶μº’u-©’í¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫®Ω’. He refused to abide by the law of the land and was expelled =

Ç ü˨»-EéÀ îÁçC† -îª-ö«d-Eo ņ’-Ææ-Jç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûªúø’ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ ÅûªúÕE -•£œ«-≠æ \-Jç-î√®Ω’. Expel = ¢Á∞¡x-íÌ-ôdúøç. Law abiding = îªôd-v°æ-鬮Ωç †úø’--éÓ-´úøç– DEo ´·êuçí¬, Law - abiding citizen = îªôd•-ü¿’l¥-©’í¬ Ö†o §˘®Ω’©’ ÅØË expressioní¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

Law abiding citizens have no reason to fear anything =

îªôd-•-ü¿’l¥-©’í¬ ÖçúË §˘®Ω’©’ üËEéà ¶μºßª’-°æ-úø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.

The police did not suspect him in the beginning because of his record as a lawabiding citizen =

îªôd-•-ü¿l¥çí¬ ´u´-£æ«-JçîË §˘®Ω’úø’í¬ îªJvûª Öçúøôç´©x §ÚM-Ææ’©’ ¢Á·ü¿ô ÅûªúÕE ņ’-´÷-Eç-îª-™‰ü¿’. 6) To go by the book = E•ç-üμ¿-†©’, Eߪ’-´÷© v°æ鬮Ωç †úø’--éÓ-´úøç. a) Our officer always goes by the book; favours none, ill-treats none = Officer

´÷ á°æ¤púø÷ Eߪ’-´’-E-•ç-üμ¿-†-©-†-†’-Ææ-Jç* §Úû√úø’, á´Ko ÅGμ-´÷-Eç-îªúø’, á´Ko Å´-´÷-Eç-îªúø’.

b) You cannot always go by the book; at times you have to use your discretion =

To comply with law/ rules/ order/ resolution

(B®√t†ç) = îªôdç/ E•ç-üμ¿† /Çïc/ B®√t-Ø√-©†’ ņ’-Ææ-Jç-îªúøç/ Å´’™x °ôdúøç. a) A subordinate has to comply with the orders of the superior =

éÀçC-¢√∞¡Ÿx °j ÅCμ-é¬J

Çïc-©†’ §ƒöÀç-î√L. b) Complying with the law is a sign of culture =

îªôdv°æ鬮Ωç †úø--éÓ-´úøç Ææç≤ƒ\-®√-EéÀ *£æ«oç.

3)

Comply × violate/ break (4)

á°æ¤púø÷ -îª-ö«d-†o-†’Ææ-Jç--* -´·èπ◊\Ææ÷-öÀí¬ -¢Á-∞¡x-™‰ç; ´’-† -N-îªéπ~-ù -ñc«-Ø√-Eo èπÿ-ú≈ -¢√-ú≈-L. (Discretion = -N-îªéπ~-ù) 7) Observe (Rules) = (--E-•ç-üμ¿-†-©-†’) -§ƒ-öÀç-îª-úøç. Observe rules and you won't have trouble = Rules

-§ƒ-öÀç-, -FÍé -¶«-üμΔ -Öç-úø-ü¿’.

8) Conform = follow (rules) etc. a) conforming to rules is always good =

E•ç-

üμ¿-†-©èπ◊ ™•úÕ Öçúøôç á°æp-öÀéà ´’ç*C.

4) Breaking rules will be punished severely =

E•ç-üμ¿-†©’ Ö©xç-°∂œ’ÊÆh Bv´ -Péπ~ °æ-úø’-ûª’ç-C.

b) His behaviour conforms to a pattern =

ÅûªúÕ †úø-´úÕ äéπ °æü¿l¥A v°æ鬮Ωç Öçô’çC.

°æ¤púø’, ¢√úË Üûª-°æü¿ç, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '´’J—™«. ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË ´·çü¿’, '´’J— ÅE Åçô÷ Öçö«ç éπüΔ, Å™«. (ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç well = ¶«í¬. He is well = Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ ÖØ√oúø’)

4) Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÖ It was very costly, but I bought it anyway = ÅC î√-™« êKü¿’, Å®·Ø√ ؈C éÌØ√o. No way = Å≤ƒüμ¿uç (Impossible)

v°æ´-Jh-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. (°œÆœ-Ø√-Jí¬ ÖØ√o´¤) Å´¤Ø√? (†´’téπç éπ©-í∫-úøç-™‰-ü¿E îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊)

Shut the hell up = Shut up. Shut the hell up

Are you buying that house?

B: Not Really?

¶«í¬ éÓ°æç/ NÆæ’-í∫’ûÓ Åçö«ç. Hell = †®Ωéπç. é¬F ÉC English™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NÆæ’í∫’ éÓ°æç, E®√¨¡, EÆæp %-£æ«í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√®Ω’.

'No way, with the money I have'

Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ™‰†ô’x.

Wow =

Hold on, blokes: Bloke = guy =

Nope = No.

Oh! my gosh = Oh! my God.

Anyway = 1)

ᙫí∫÷/ àüÁj-ûËØËç.

1) I don't have the money to buy the car, anyway, I don't like the colour =

Ç é¬®Ω’ éÌØËç-ü¿’-é¬\-´-Lq† úø•’s Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’. àüË¢Á’iØ√/ ᙫí∫÷ Ø√éà Colour É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. (Åçü¿’éπE ؈’ é̆†’). 2) subject ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Anyway, let's drop the matter. (ÆæÍ®™‰, Ééπ Ç N≠æߪ’ç ÇÊ°üΔlç) 3) ´’†ç îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo éÌClí¬ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. He has a house; anyway he was living in his own house when I last met him =

Åûª-úÕéÀ É©’xçC. àüË-´’-®·Ø√ ؈ûªúÕE *´®Ω éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o°æ¤púø’ ÅûªúÕ ≤Òçûª Éçöx Öçô’-Ø√oúø’.

Ç£æ…!/ ã£æ«Ù! ÅE ¢Á’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË

´÷ô. Solong = bye (Goodbye); then =

Ç ûª®√yûª

Sure as hell =

éπ*aûªçí¬/ EÆæqç-üË-£æ«çí¬/ (´·êuçí¬ îÁúø’ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç*). A = Are the police here? (§ÚM-Ææ’-©’-Ø√o®√ Ééπ\úø?) B = Sure as hell (éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ´’†-éπ-®Ωt-éÌDl) Come off it = í∫ClÆæ÷h äéπ-JE Eïç ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´’-Eí¬F, ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°œpçC ´’†ç †´’t-úøç-™‰-ü¿-E-í¬F ü¿¶«®·Ææ÷h îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Oh! Come Off it! You know everything about it.

(DEo í∫’Jç* Féπç-û√ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Eïç îÁ°æ¤p– Fèπ◊ ûÁM-ü¿E ؈o-´’t†’.) b) Oh, Come off it. It's not that cheap. (ÅüËç é¬ü¿’™‰. Åçûª Íéç é¬ü¿C). That's so mean of you: †’´¤y ´’K Fîªçí¬

Not really! =

A: She has passed in I Class

(Eï´÷?/ Å´¤Ø√?) †¢Ë’tç-ü¿’èπ◊

´uéÀh Åûª†’ ´’ç*-¢√úø’. äéÌ-éπ\°æ¤púø’ ´’† †’ èπÿú≈ É™« Åçö«ç. Holdon, blockes = Çí∫çvú≈ (friends†’) (Holdon = Çí∫úøç) How on earth = ᙫ? àü¿-®·Ø√ N≠æߪ’ç †´’t™‰-E-Cí¬ ÖçC ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊. How on earth did he become so rich? = Åçûª üμ¿†-´ç-ûª’-úÁ™« Åߪ÷u-úø¶«s, Åûªúø’? Hell: -îÁ-úø’-´÷-ô-N-Ø√o, -îÁ-úø’ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-† -ï-J-T-Ø√ -Å-ØË´÷-ô. Hell, how does he know I am here? = îμª, ¢√úÕ-È陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’ ØËE-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o-†E? How come?: = ÅüÁ™« ïJ-TçC? He is a nice bloke = friends

How come you are here at this time =

†’Ny-°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç ᙫ ïJ-TçC? What are you upto?: àN’öÀ O’ ÖüËl¨¡uç?/ àç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 24 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Imran, Yellandu Q.

éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©’ ÆæÈ®j-†-¢Ó é¬-¢Ó ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ç-úÕ. 1) He is too weak to run 2) He is very weak to run

Q. Please give the meanings of (a) Predicate (b) Phrase (c) Clause and how can we identify the above words. A. Predicate - Subject predicate. tence

†’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁLÊ°

3. Shouldn't I go there?

؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøüΔ?

Don't I have to go there? =

sen-

¶μ«í∫ç

Delhi is the capital of India

3) He is much weak to run 4) He is so weak to run A. 1) He is too weak to run (= He is so weak that he cannot run = He is very weak, so he cannot run) - correct. 2) He is very weak to run, 3) He is much weak to run, and 4) He is so weak to run - all wrong Q. What is the difference among (a) Factory (b) Company (c) Industry- Please clarify in Telugu.

2

subject

؈éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x †´Ææ®Ωç ™‰üΔ?

predicate

clause, phrase

°j† N´-Jçî√ç éπüΔ? When he was there - ÉC 'was' ÅØË verb Ö†o group of words - clause Inside the box - verb phrase.

-™‰-E

group of words -

S.Naresh, Kothagudem Q.

éÀç-C v°æ¨¡o© Formation Correct Å´¤ØÓ é¬üÓ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

Gurram Shankar, Keshavapatnam Q.

-Ñ éÀç-C phrase/ sentence -™ 'Native place' -v°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îª-ç-úÕ. -O’®Ω’ -É-C-´®Ω-™ -Ñ -v°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç -™‰-ü¿-Ø√o®Ω’. é¬-E -Ç®Ó -ûª®Ωí∫-A -§ƒ-®∏Ωu °æ¤Ææhéπç-™ -É-™« -Öç-C.

éπ®√t-í¬®Ωç – °ü¿l Ææçêu™ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ ûªßª÷®Ω’îËÊÆ îÓô’

b) Company = i) A place where things are sold; ii) The office of a business = iii)

´Ææ’häéπ ¢√u§ƒ-®√-EéÀ

´¤©’ Ţ˒t îÓô’, Ææç•çCμç-*† 鬮√u-©ßª’ç. c) Industry = °æJ-v¨¡´’ – °ü¿l-á-ûª’h† ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËߪ’úøç/ ÊÆ´-©-ç-Cç-îªúøç. Industry Öûªp-ûª’h-©Fo factories ™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·. É™« ûªßª÷-È®j† ´Ææ’h-´¤©-†’/ ÅçCçîË ÊÆ´-©†’ Ţ˒t, ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ™«¢√-üË-O©†’ ïJÊ° îÓô’ company. Q. What is the easiest way of learning 'Simple' 'Compound' and 'Complex' sentences. Please suggest a grammar book. A. Simple, complex, compound sentences verb

îªéπ\í¬ Å®Ωnç 鬢√©çõ‰ ´·çü¿’ èπ◊†o Ç®Ω’ ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. DEéÓÆæç í∫ûªç™ v°æ-J-ûª¢Á’i† Spoken English 1 - 20 lessons îª÷úøçúÕ. Ç ûª®Ω’¢√ûª Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓçúÕ. 1) Verb ™‰E ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p – phrase 2) verb ÖçúË ´÷ô© Ææ´‚£æ«ç – clause 3) °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç Ö†o clause - Main clause 4) Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jh-é¬E clause - subordinate clause Simple sentence - sentence with one main clause, and phrases or no phrase. verb sentence, simple sentence.

Åçõ‰ äÍé

ÖçúË

2 or more clauses complex compound subordinate clause

ÖçúË

sentences,

é¬F,

Q.

é¬F 鬴a. Öçõ‰ ÅC complex. Spoken English -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons îª÷úøçúÕ. O’®Ω’ °j† ûÁL-°œ† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-T-ûË, à ´’ç* grammar book Å®·Ø√ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. Raymond Murphy Grammar book îª÷úøçúÕ. ؈’ Ñ dress Ç Tailor ü¿í∫_®Ω èπ◊öÀdç-î√†’. (Please translate into English)

A. I got this dress made by the tailor Q.

book translate into English)

؈’ Ç

´÷ ûª´·t-úÕéÀ Å´÷t†’

(Please

A. I sold the book to my brother Q. What is the difference between (i) effect (ii) affect A. Affect =

v°æ¶μ«´ç éπLT Öçúøôç/ v°æ¶μ«´ç

îª÷°æúøç Rain affects crops =

´®Ω{ç °æçô-©†’ v°æ¶μ«-Nûªç îËÆæ’hçC/ ¢√öÀ ÆœnAE -´÷®Ω’Ææ’hçC. effect = v°æ¶μ«´ç/ °∂æLûªç Rain has an effect on crops = °æçô© O’ü¿ (on crops) ´®√{-EéÀ (rain) has an effect (v°æ¶μ«´ç éπLT Öçô’çC)

؈’ ÉC-é¬éπ ÉçÍé-´’Ø√o)

ÉC Åçûª ÆæJí¬

îËÆœ†

5) I am interested in what he is going to do ('wh' clause, object of the prep 'in)

K.Srinivas, Anuradha, Pedamaddali. Q.

´’ç* pronunciation èπ◊ phonetics ØË®Ω’aèπ◊ØËçü¿’èπÿ, -´’ç-* CD Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. EFLU (English and Foreign Languages pronunciation CD University)

ûªßª÷®Ω’îËÆœ† -¶«í¬ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫°æ-úø-û√®·.

©’

Srinivas, Visakhapatnam Q. Pros and Cons

– -Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’-öÀ?

A. Pros and Cons = The advantages and disadvantages of an action =

äéπ Ωu ´©x

Öûªp†o´’ßË’u ´’ç*-îÁ-úø’©’ Think of the pros and cons before buying the car = car

Ç éÌØË-´·çü¿’ ´’ç* îÁúø’©’ Ç™-*ç. (´·çü¿’ ¢Á†’-éπ©’ Ç™-*ç-îª-úøç) Q. Blessed is who has a hobby -Å-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ -•-ü¿’-©’ He who has a hobby is blessed ņèπÿúø-üΔ?

E Anil, TN palem

A. Blessed is he who has a hobby = He who has a hobby is blessed. Blessed is he who has a hobby expressions poetic inversion

Q. Noun clause

Q. Ever, never

áçûª

How often/ far/ long should each one meet? form question

4) I doubt if/ whether he will allow it.

-N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù

ÉçÈé-éπ\-úÕéÀ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á∞«xL? áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x? áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ü¿÷®Ωç?

3) I know when he will come. ('wh' clause, object of 'know'.)

A. We don't find the expression, native place.

You can say native country/ land/ city. Home (= a place of somebody's birth and where somebody lives) is 619 preferable to native place. Q. William went to the school by bus. 1. What else should I write? The boy went to the market to buy 2. Where else should all go? oranges. Both sentences are 3. How often/ far/ long should referred to in connection with their each one meet? M.SURESAN primary purpose. No article is 4. For/ To/ Whom should the Police? used before them. Please clarify 5. Whose should I take help? it. A. 1. What else should I write? - correct = A. If William, as a student went to his school, (else there is no need to use 'the' before it, 2. Where else should all go? - correct = though it is found in a standard text book. Similarly, no need of 'the' before market as the purpose of his going there is to buy 3. How often? = How far? something. How long =

ÉçÍéç ®√ߪ÷L?

2) What he has said has made me angry ('wh' clause - end of 'has made')

"He wrote a letter to one of his best friends at his Native Place".

What else should I write? A. a) Factory = A place where goods are produced on a large scale =

VI) 1) What he knows is very little ('wh' clause compliment)

†’

™E types (éÀçC¢√-öÀE) N´-Jçîª-

é¬Ææh éπNûªyç. É™«çöÀ Åçö«ç. -©-†’ -äÍé -¢√éπuç-™ -¢√-úÕ, -Å®Ωnç

é¬ü¿’. meet = question

ûÁ©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.

í∫-©®Ω’.

éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç éπüΔ? Ééπ\úø – Ñ ™ á´®Ω’, á´Jo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ. Ñ question †’ ´‚úø’ questions í¬ BÆæ’éÓçúÕ.

Noun Clause

A. Never, ever tell this secret to any one else =

I) The Subject of a Verb

1) How often should each one meet? =

IV) The Complement of an Adjective

(1) Subject (2) In apposition

ÉçÈé-´y-JéÃ Ñ ®Ω£æ«Ææuç àØ√-öÀéÃ/ á°æp-öÀéà îÁ°æpèπ◊. Never ever - ÅÆæ-™„-°æp-öÀéà ™‰ü¿’. Q. íÌ°æp-¢√-J í∫’-Jç-* your excellency -Å-†èπ◊ç-ú≈ his excellency Å-ØÁç-ü¿’éπç-ö«®Ω’? A. -¢√-J Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ -™‰-üΔ °æ®Óéπ~çí¬ Ææç¶-Cμç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ His excellency Åçö«ç. -¢√-J-ûÓ-ØË ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’ your excellency ÅØË Ææç¶--Cμ-ç-î √L.

(3) Object

Simhachalam, Vijayawada

áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x v°æA-¢√®Ω÷ éπ©-¢√L? Éçü¿’™ á´Jo éπ©-¢√L ÅE ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ– v°æ¨¡o ÅÆæç-°æ‹-Jhí¬ ÖçC. ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. How often should each one meet him question sentence

Åçõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’ °æ‹®Ωh®· Ææ®Ω-´¤-ûª’çC– v°æA-¢√®Ω÷ Åûª-úÕ-E áEo≤ƒ®Ω’x éπ©-¢√L? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

2) How far should each one meet? =

II) The Object of a Verb III) The Complement of a Verb V) In apposition to the noun before it VI) Wh - Clauses as Noun Clauses (4) Adjective/ Complement

(5) Object of Preposition VII) If/ Whether Clauses as noun clauses A. I) That he knows the truth makes me happy "That he knows the truth", is a noun clause and subject of the verb 'makes'.

Ééπ\úø

áçûªü¿÷®Ωç v°æA-¢√®Ω÷ éπ©-¢√L? – ÉC Å®Ωnç ™‰E v°æ¨¡o. ÉEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x éπ©-´úøç Åçö«ç-í¬F, Éçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç éπ©-´úøç ņç éπüΔ? 3) How long should each one meet? =

áçûªÊÆ°æ¤ v°æA-¢√®Ω÷ éπ©-¢√L?– ÉD Å®Ωn癉E v°æ¨Ïo. äéπJo ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ éπ©-´úøç Öçúøü¿’ éπüΔ? 鬕öÀd Ñ v°æ¨¡o ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. 4. Ñ v°æ¨¡o àN-üμ¿ç-í¬†÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ÅÆæ-LC sentence é¬ü¿’, verb ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. 5. Whose help should I take? = ØËØÁ-´J ≤ƒßª’ç BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? – ÉC correct form of the question. differences Q. 1. Should - Must 2. Should I come? - Shall I come? 3. Shouldn't I go there? - Don't I have to go there? A. 1. Should = must =

éÀçC-¢√öÀ

ûÁ©-°æí∫-©®Ω’.

NCμí¬/ äéπJ Çïc/ ´’† Å´Ææ®Ωç ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ îËߪ÷L (ûª°æpü¿’) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. 2. Should I come? = ؈’ ®√¢√™«? Shall I come? = ؈ ’ ®√Ø√? (††’o ®Ω´’tçö«¢√ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

II) She knows that you are here 'that you are here' is the object of the verb, 'knows'. I forgot everything except that he is here

(Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúøØË N≠æߪ’ç ûª°æp N’í∫-û√-´Fo ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷†’) 'That he is here' - noun clause, object of the preposition, 'except'. III), IV) This is all that I know =

Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœç-ü¿çû√ ÉçûË.

All that I know, noun clause; complement of the verb, is. Adjective complement

Öçúøü¿’.

V) Robo, a movie Rajani has produced, is clause, put really good in apposition to a noun clause, adjective clause sentence Rajani has produced, movie describe adjective clause

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ äéπ ®√ü¿’. Å™« ¢√ú≈Å´¤©çõ‰ Ç ™ ™«. ûª’çC. °j E îË≤ÚhçC Å´¤-ûª’çC) 鬕öÀd

Q. How did you come to know about Mohan? How did know about Mohan?

-Ñ È®ç-úø’

¢√é¬u© -´’-üμ¿u ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. How did you come to know about Mohan?

= Fèπ◊ ¢Á÷£æ«-Ø˛†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ᙫ ïJ-TçC? = How did you know about Mohan? = ¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛†’ í∫’Jç* FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’? Q. éÀçC Idiom E ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùûÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. We are usually bursting at the seams on saturday. A. Bursting at the seams =

Ææç©/ •≤ƒh© èπ◊ô’x °œT-L-§Ú-´úøç (¢√öÀE áèπ◊\-´í¬ Eç°æ-úøç-´©x). (seam = È®çúø’ ´≤ƒY-©†’ éπL°œ éπõ‰d-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢ËÊÆ èπ◊ô’d). Å®·ûË Bursting at the seams †’ áèπ◊\´í¬– äéπ í∫C/ v°æü˨¡ç-™ °æõ‰d ï†çéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ï†ç Öçúøôç -Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Indian cities are bursting at the seams =

¶μ«®Ωûª †í∫-®√© ï†-Ææ-´’t®Ωnç ¢√öÀ NÆ‘h-®Ωg-ûª†’ N’ç* ÖçC. We are bursting at the seams on Saturday = 'We' restaurant, hotel

Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ àü¿-®·Ø√ 鬴a. Å°æ¤púø’ üΔE Å®Ωnç ¨¡E-¢√-®√©’ ´÷ v°æü˨¡ç (Restaurant/ Hotel/ Cinema) ë«S Öçúøü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 31 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Simhachalam, Vijayawada

Q. Nelson's eye

Q.

A. Turn the Nelson's eye = He turned a Nelson's eye to the problem

éÀçC Idioms E ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®ΩùûÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Barking up the wrong tree.

A. Barking up the wrong tree =

ÅÆæ©’ ¢√∞¡x†’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÉçÈé-´®Óo éÓ°æp-úøôç. I didn't take away your book. You are barking up the wrong tree =

†’´¤y éÓ°æp-ú≈-LqçC ††’o é¬ü¿’. ØËØËç F °æ¤Ææhéπç Bߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

ÇçüÓ-∞¡† °æúø-èπ◊çú≈

Öçúøôç.

Q. Order of the day A. Order of the day =

ØËöÀ B®Ω’

Q. Hand in glove with A. Hand in glove with =

A. Bee in one's bonnet =

Q. Make (sb) mind up about (sb)

äÍé N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ v§ƒüμΔ†uç É*a üΔE í∫’Jç* Ç™-*ç-îªúøç.

A. Makeup somebody's mind about something =

Saving money is the bee in his bonnet now =

She has made up her mind about her marriage. She is going to marry the young man she loves =

°Rx N≠æ-ߪ’¢Á’i äéπ E®Ωg-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´*aç-üΔ¢Á’. û√†’ vÊ°N’-Ææ’h-†oûªúÕE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ¶ûÓçC.

ÉC Regular action 鬴a. The college is closed every summer Shops are closed on sundays

ÉC °æ‹®Ωh-®·† action 鬴a.

èπ◊´’t-éπ\-´úøç.

Q. Bee in one's bonnet

üËE N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ äéπ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç.

2

úø•’s §Òü¿’Ê° Åûª-úÕ üμÓ®ΩùÀ.

N. Ranga Rao, Guntur Q. You have not seen the movie yet!Question tag

-F-´¤ -îª÷-úø-

™‰-üΔ -Å-E -Ç-¨¡a®Ωuç -´uéπh°æ®Ω-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√--ú≈-L -™‰-üΔ -v°æ-¨¡o -¢Ë-ߪ÷-L éπ-üΔ!

The college has been closed etc.

ÉC v°æÆæ’hûªç ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC 鬕öÀd, ÉC ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’.

ÂÆ©¢Ó/ Ææ¢Á’t ´©xØÓ,

Shops have been closed = ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’ – °j 鬮Ω-ù«© ´©x. É™« ÅAí¬ Ç™-*ÊÆh ÅÆæ©’ ®√ߪ’úøç, ´÷ö«x-úøôç èπÿú≈ ´’üμ¿u™ ÇT-§Ú-´îª’a. NØË-üΔ-Eo-•öÀd, îªC-¢ËüΔEo-•öÀd, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’ç-ú≈L. Q. If, whether ©†’ á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √L? If = 1) Å®·ûË.

Wher e ther e is a will ther e is a way Q. Step on A. Stepon Independent it = (car) me to step on it = (car)

ÉC í¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. Step on ¢Ëí∫ç °ç-î√-©-E Çñ«c-°œç-îªúøç. He told ¢Ëí∫ç °ç-î√-©-E Çñ«c-

Q. Your wish is my command

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 620 ÉC Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ´uéπh-°æ-J-îËçü¿’èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. v°æ¨¡o ®Ω÷°æç-™-í¬F, question tag é¬F Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’

O’®Ω-úÕ-TçC ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ îË≤ƒhç/ O’®Ω-úÕ-TûË î√©’, ÅC ïJ-T-§Ú-ûª’çC, ÅE îÁ°æpúøç.

Q. Tooth and nail A. Tooth and nail To fight tooth and nail/ to oppose tooth and nail

ÉC ´·êuçí¬

™ ¶μ«í∫çí¬

´Ææ’hçC. -Å°æ¤púø’ üΔE Å®Ωnç To fight tooth and nail = ¨¡éÀh éÌDl §Ú®√-úøôç. Gandhi fought the British Govt tooth and nail. To oppose tooth and nail = Gandhi opposed foreign goods tooth and nail =

¨¡éÀhéÌDl ´uA-Í®-

éÀçîªúøç.

í¬çDμ NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ ¨¡éÀhéÌDl ´uA-Í®-

éÀç-î√úø’. Q. Call a spade a spade A. Call a spade a spade =

Ö†oC Ö†o-ô’dí¬

îÁ°æpúøç, E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬. Let me call a spade a spade. Your clothes are not to my liking =

Ö†oC Ö†o-ô’dí¬ îÁ•’ûª’Ø√o. F ü¿’Ææ’h©’ Ø√Íéç †îªa-™‰ü¿’. Q. Tongue in cheek A. Tongue in cheek =

Åûªúø’ Ê£«∞¡-†Ææy®ΩçûÓ, Ø√ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿-Ø√oúø’. (Ê£«∞¡† °jéÀ éπE-°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈)

Q. Maiden speech A. Maiden speech = Maiden

v°æv°æ-ü∑¿´’ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç. Åçõ‰ á´-J -@-N-ûªç-™-ØÁjØ√ -¢Á·-ü¿-öÀC.

Maiden Movie, Maiden Century, etc. (Maiden =

éπ†u)

Q. Live from hand to mouth to mouth =

î√M-î √-©E

Ææ秃ü¿†ûÓ •ûª-éπúøç. With his low salary he lives hand to mouth =

ûª†-éÌîËa ûªèπ◊\´ @ûªçûÓ î√M-î√-©E @Nûªç í∫úø’°æ¤ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Q. buried the hatchet A. Bury the hatchet =

†’Ny-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’üËJûË, °æCç-öÀéÀ îË®Ω-û√´¤. If = 2) Whether. Å´¤ØÓé¬üÓ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. M.SURESAN

Q. The villagers tried to sell their surviving livestock, but no one could pay a high price for a skinny, starving goat or cow.

Ééπ\-úø No one could pay -Åç-õ‰ -îÁ-Lxç-îª-™‰-ü¿’ -Å-E -Å®Ωnç -éπ-üΔ! No one would pay- Å®Ωnç -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. A. Could pay = îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ (Åçûª ¨¡éÀh ™‰E¢√®Ω-ߪ÷u®Ω’) No one would pay = á´®Ω÷ îÁLxç-îª®Ω’ (¢√∞¡Ÿx É≠æd-°æ-úø®Ω’/ ä°æ¤p-éÓ®Ω’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). O’J-*a† sentence ™ would pay Å-†-úøç, could pay éπçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j-†C. Q. Æœ-E-´÷ -¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿-ô, -¢Á-∞¡-üΔ-´÷– -D-E-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™  -á-™« -Åç-ö«ç? A. The movie seems to be good/ They say the movie is good, shall we go? Q.

°-†’o--ØË -BÆæ’èπ◊®√, °-Eq-™¸ -´-ü¿’l – D-E-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« -Åç-ö«ç? A. Get only the pen, not the pencil-.

°jéÀ éπE-°œç-îªE Ê£«∞¡-†ûÓ.

He said my speech was good, but I knew it was the tongue in cheek =

A. Live from hand

†’´¤y v¨¡´’ °æúÕ-†-ôx-®·ûË Â°jéÌ-≤ƒh´¤.

A. You haven't (have not) seen the movie yet!-

°œçî√úø’. A.

If you work hard, you will come up = If you start now you will reach there at 10 =

§ƒ-ûª -éπ-éπ~©’ ´’-®Ω-*-§Ú-´-úøç

Q. Pandora's box A. (Open) the Pandora's Box =

àüÁjØ√ ¢Á·ü¿-©’°ôd-úøç-´©x ´’†ç °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª-™‰E î√™« Éûª®Ω Ææ´’Ææu©’ Öûªp†oç 鬴úøç. The case may open a Pandora's box = Ñ case ´©x ´’†ç ņ’-éÓE, °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª-™‰E Ææ´’Ææu©’ áü¿’-®Ω’-é¬-´îª’a.

S. Naresh, Kothagudem Q. "The work is done"

Åçõ‰– °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-

•úÕçü¿E ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬E– "The work has been ÅØËC ÆæÈ®j† v°æßÁ÷í∫ç éπüΔ? È®çúø÷ ÆæÈ®j†¢Ë Å®·ûË àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úøû√®Ó N´-Jçîª-í∫-©®Ω’. Simple present tense ßÁ·éπ\ passive voice á°æ¤púø’ Present perfect tense èπ◊ Ææ´÷†-´’-´¤-ûª’çC? A. The work is done = The work (°æE) done (îËߪ’-•-úÕ-†üÁj) is (ÖçC) Ñ sentence ™ °æE à ÆœnA™ ÖçC ÅØË-üΔ-EéÀ v§ƒüμΔ†uç. îËߪ’-•-úÕ-†üÁj ÖçC – Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. done"

i) No body knows if/ whether he comes or not -

ÅûªúÌ≤ƒhúÓ ®√úÓ

á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ii) Ask him if/ whether he likes it or not =

üΔEE Åûªúø’ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ ™‰üÓ Åúø’í∫’. í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Åçõ‰ conditions (= ≠æ®Ω-ûª’©’) ûÁLÊ° OöÀE í∫’Jç* ÉC™ (25–40) N°æ¤©çí¬ ÖçC. ´®Ω-éπöÀ ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ èπ◊x°æhçí¬ N´-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. Conditional sentences ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ If, unless,

Q. Conditional sentences A. Conditional sentences sentences. Lessons

when, where, before, after, suppose, provided clauses

™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©-ûÓ ÖçúË †’ éπLT Öçö«®·. Conditional sentences èπ◊ Å®Ωnç á°æ¤púø÷ ÅC ïJ-T-ûËØË/ ïJ-T-†-°æ¤púË ÉC ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC, ÅC ï®Ωí∫éπ-´·çü¿’ ÉC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’, ÅC ïJT Öçõ‰-ØË ÉC ïJT ÖçúËC– É™« Å®√n©’ ´Ææ’hç-ö«®·. If he comes home, his mother will be happy = 'If he comes homeconditional clauseclause sentence conditional sentence

Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀéÌÊÆh ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. ÉC Éçü¿’™ Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀ-éÌÊÆh, ÅØË ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤Ö†o ûÓçC 鬕öÀd. É™«çöÀ Åçö«ç. ÉüË Å®√nEo éÀçC NüμΔ©’í¬ îÁ§Òpa. Unless he come home, his mother will not be happy =

Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀéÌÊÆh-í¬E/ ûª°æp ¢√∞¡x´’t

ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úøü¿’. When he comes home, his mother will be happy

(Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀ-éÌ-*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ≠œÆæ’hçC)

Before you pay the fees, you will not be admitted = After you pay the fees you will be admitted = If, unless Where there is a will there is a way =

°∂‘V éπôdéπ´·çü¿’/ éπôd-èπ◊çõ‰ E†’o

The work has been done

îË®Ω’a-éÓ®Ω’ =

The work

°∂‘V éπöÀd† ûª®√yûË E†’o îË®Ω’a-èπ◊çö«®Ω’ ©’ ¢√úø´îª’a) – (ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’d

(°æE) has been done (îËߪ’-•-úÕçC) Ñ sentence ™ °æE-°æ‹-®Ωh®· éÌçûª-鬩ç Å®·çC, ÅE Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ v§ƒüμΔ†uç. Ñ éÌCl-§ƒöÀ ûËú≈ ûª°œpç* È®çúø÷ üΔüΔ°æ¤ äÍé Å®√nEo≤ƒh®·. The college is closed = ´‚Æœ ÖçC = ´‚ûª•úÕ ÖçC – ÂÆ©´¤™x ÖçC. The college has been closed = ´‚ߪ’-•-úÕçC – ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’, ÂÆ©´¤-©èπ◊. Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ à´·çC? üΔüΔ°æ¤ äéπõ‰ éπüΔ?

´’†Ææ’çõ‰ ´÷®Ω_-´·ç-ô’çC. Provided he takes treatment, he will improve = conditional sentences conditional sentences 1) If he comes home, his mother will be happy =

¢Ájü¿uç îË®·ç-èπ◊çõ‰ Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫´¤û√úø’. ÉO Åçõ‰. ´·êuçí¬ Öçö«®·. ´‚úø’ ®Ω鬩

Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀéÌÊÆh ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠œÆæ’hçC. Ééπ\úø Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀ-éÌîËa Å´-é¬-¨¡´‚ ÖçC, Åçü¿’-´©x ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îª-†÷-´îª’a.

Probable present. 2) If he came home, his mother would be happy =

Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púø’/ v°æÆæ’hûªç ÉçöÀ-éÌîËa Ŵ鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’; ´ÊÆh ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. (ÉC v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’– Åûªúø’ ®√†÷ ®√úø’. ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠æ°æúøô´‚ ™‰ü¿’. ÉC Improbable present - v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫-EC)

3) If he had come home, his mother would have been happy =

Åûªúø’ ÉçöÀéÀ ´îª’açõ‰ (í∫ûªç™) ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îËüË– Åûªúø’ ®√™‰ü¿’, ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. ÉC Impossible past. Éçé¬ N´-®√©’ 鬢√-©çõ‰, Spoken English Lessons 25-40 îª÷úøçúÕ.

Q. I have to go = I have got to go = I got to go = I gotta go =

-ØË-†’ -¢Á-∞«}--L – -Å-E- îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. OöÀ í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. I have to go = I have got to go = I got to go = I gotta go. I have to go - American; I have got to go - British I gotta go -

Éçü¿’™

ÉC ûªy®Ω-ûªy®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ N†°æúË ¢√éπuç. Q. éÀçC-¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Broil - roast; alone - lonely; admire - appreciate; alternate - alternative; have to - need. A. Broil = chicken Roast = direct

§Ò®·u ´’çô éÀçü¿-í¬F/ O’ü¿í¬F Ɇ°æ ´y© O’ü¿ ´÷çÆæç/ 鬩aúøç. §Ò®·u´’çô O’ü¿ ´÷çÆæç í¬ é¬©aúøç. Alone = äçôJí¬/ ÉçÈé´J ≤ƒßª’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Lonely = ¶«üμ¿ éπL-TçîË äçô-J-ûª†ç. Alone Åçõ‰ äçôJí¬ ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’. äçô-J-ûª†ç ´©x ´îËa ¶«üμ¿, É•sçC alone ™ Ææ’p¥Jç-îªü¿’. ÅüË lonely Åçõ‰ äçô-J-ûª†ç ´©x ´îËa ¶«üμ¿/ É•sçCE áèπ◊\´í¬ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. She lives alone in that big house and feels lonely =

Ç¢Á’ Ç Â°ü¿l Éçöx äéπ\ûË Öçô’çC. Ç äçô-J-ûª†ç Ç¢Á’†’ ¶«Cμ-≤ÚhçC. Admire = äéπ ´uéÀh íÌ°æp-ûª†ç ´©x/ äéπ ÆæçÆæn íÌ°æp-ûª†ç ´©x ´’†™ ¢√J/ ¢√öÀ °æôx éπLÍí íÌ°æp íı®Ω-´-¶μ«´ç, ÅGμ-´÷†ç. We admire Gandhi for his truthfulness =

Çߪ’† Eñ«-ߪ’B Çߪ’† °æôx íÌ°æp íı®Ω´ ¶μ«¢√Eo, ¢Á’°æ¤p†’, ÅGμ-´÷-Ø√Eo éπL-Tç-îªúøç. Appreciate = äéπJ/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ´’ç* í∫’ù«©†’, ´’ç* ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ í∫’Jhç* džçCçîªúøç. I appreciate her patience = Ç¢Á’ ã®Ω’p†’ ؈’ í∫’Jhçîªí∫LT £æ«J{-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. You cannot appreciate my difficulties =

Ø√ éπ≥ƒd©’ †’´y®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰´¤/ †’´¤y í∫’Jhç-îª-™‰-éπ§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. Alternate = äéπöÀ ´÷Ja äéπöÀ He comes here on alternate days =

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®ÓV ´÷Ja ®ÓV ´≤ƒhúø’. Alternative = v°æû√u-´÷oߪ’ç – äéπ-üΔE •ü¿’©’ ¢√úË ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ. There is no alternative to hardwork = éπ%≠œéÀ v°æû√u-´÷oߪ’ç ™‰ü¿’. éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ´÷®Ω’ ÉçéÓöÀ ™‰ü¿’. Have to = àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷Lq ®√´úøç I have to go = ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL (ûª°æpü¿’) Need = Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ÉC ÅEo-¢Ë-∞¡™« have to ™« ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. I need to go = ؈’ ¢Á∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC. (ÉC Ø√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç, á´J Çñ«c é¬ü¿’).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 7 -†-´ç•®Ω’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

A. Sridhar, Onipenta

äéπJèπ◊†o •©-£‘«-†ûª Q.

éÀçC Idioms, N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

Phrases

í∫’Jç*

´’† ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊© •©-£‘«-†ûª

To be in his low spirits: e.g. : After his failure in the examination, he is in his low spirits expressions Phrasal Verbs, A. idioms. expressions.

Ñ

™ éÌEo éÌEo ÅFo èπÿú≈ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ®√ûª™x éπE-°œçîË ´’ç*C. To be in low spirits: E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«çí¬ E®√-¨¡í¬ Öçúøôç; °æKéπ~ ûª°æpúøç ´©x Åûªúø’ E®√¨» EÆæp %£æ«™x ÖØ√oúø’.

Q. Blood and Iron: e.g. : Hitler followed the policy of blood and iron. Phrase Blood and guts A.

Ñ

Corruption is the Achilles' heel of our politicians =

™‰ü¿’. •£æ›¨¡,

ÅNFA. Q. To look blue A. To look blue = Q. To look one's laurels A. Look to one's laurels = (To look one's laurels

E®√-¨¡-îÁç-ü¿úøç

é¬ü¿’) = §ÒçC† °∂æ’†-ûª†’ E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-´úøç/ §ÚíÌô’d-éÓèπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. Sachin should look to his laurels and score another century = century Q. To play the gallery. A. To play to the gallery (to play the gallery

ûª†’ ≤ƒCμç-*† °∂æ’†ûª-†’ 鬧ƒúø’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ*Ø˛ ´’®Ó éÌö«dL. é¬ü¿’) = v°æï©/ vÊ°éπ~èπ◊© ´’†o-†©’ §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ (´’çîÁjØ√, îÁúÁjØ√) îËߪ’úøç/ îÁ°æpúøç

When he made those dirty jokes he was

ÅØË

Ææç•çCμç-*† äéπ Èíjú˛™ ÖçC. A. Ééπ\úø little, adjective éπüΔ? äéπ ´÷ô äéπ adjective Å®√nEo áèπ◊\´ îËÆ œ-†-°æ¤púø’ ÅC adverb. Ééπ\úø little, brown†’ í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’. ÅC, mouse ØË ´Jg-≤ÚhçC. 鬕öÀd, ÅC ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC.

adjective

E. Anil, Bapatla. Q.

¢√®√h-°æ-vA-éπ™x éÌEo ¢√é¬u©’ (éÌõ‰-≠æØ˛q) îªC-¢Ë-ô°æ¤púø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. ÖüΔ-£æ«®Ω-ùèπ◊.. 1. A man wonders what the future holds in store, a woman wonders what the stores hold in future.

He had a windfall in horse races Phrase

†’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’† É™« ®√Æœ ÖçúÌa. Å®Ωnç – £œ«çÆæ (®Ωéπh-§ƒ-ûªç)ûÓ èπÿúÕ†. Policy of blood guts: £œ«çÆæ, üˆ®Ωb-†uçûÓ èπÿúÕ† °æü¿l¥A. Q. Cast down: e.g. : He was cast down at the sad news of his failure. A. Cast down =

ü¿’”êçûÓ Öçúøôç. ûª† ¢Áj°∂æ-™«uEo í∫’Jç* NE Åûªúø’ ü¿’”ê-°æ-úÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

Q. To come of age: e.g. : He was married when he come of age. A. To come of age =

ߪ·éπh ´ßª’Ææ’ ®√´úøç; °æJùA îÁçü¿úøç. ߪ·éπh (ÆæÈ®j†) ´ßª’Ææ’ ®√í¬ØË Åûªúø’ °∞«x-ú≈úø’.

Q. To catch tartar: e.g. : Germany caught a tartar in Russia when she tried to frighten her. Phrase Tartar A. To catch a tartar-

Ñ ™‰ü¿’. (ÉC èπÿú≈ Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç-™E Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’, Ñ ®ÓV™x, §ƒûª-•-úÕ-§Ú-®·çC). Tartar èπ◊ Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç– éπJ∏-†çí¬ ÖçúË ßª’ï ´÷E. (My boss is a tartar). (Tartar èπ◊ áèπ◊\ ´í¬ ¢√úË Å®Ωnç. °æ∞¡x-O’ü¿ à®ΩpúË í∫öÀd °çèπ◊-™«çöÀ °æüΔ®Ωnç). O’ Sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – ï®ΩtF ®Ω≥ƒu†’ ¶μºßª’-°õ‰d v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ ®Ω≥ƒu äéπ éπJ∏-†-¢Á’i† ߪ’ï´÷-Eí¬ éπEpç-*çC. Å®Ωnç ÆæJí¬_ ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’.

Q. A Damocle's sword A. Damocle's Sword

= ´ü¿-©E ÇçüÓ-∞¡†, ¶μºßª’ç

éπL-TçîË N≠æߪ’ç. In Private companies the fear of losing the job is like a Damocle's sword =

w°j¢Ëö¸ éπç°F™x ÖüÓuí∫ç §Úûª’ç-ü¿ØË ¶μºßª’ç éπ~ù-éπ~ùç/ á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†Lo ¢Áçö«-úø’ûª÷ Öçô’çC. Q. Forgood A. Forgood = permanently She has left India forgood = I give it to your forgood =

(¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬) Ç¢Á’ ¶μ«®Ωû˝ ´ü¿L

¢ÁRxçC, ´’Sx ®√ü¿’. Fèπ◊ ؈C ÉîËa-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’, °æ‹Jhí¬. ÖçéÓ.

Q. To get the upper hand India A. To get the upper hand = has got the upper hand in the current series =

°jîË®· 鬴úøç.

É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æçüË™x, ¶μ«®Ω-û˝C °jîË-®·í¬ ÖçC – ÇCμéπuûª™ ÖçC.

Q. To give the cold shoulder A. To give the cold shoulder = He gave me the cold shoulder/ cold shouldered me at his wedding =

ÆæÈ®j† íı®Ω´ç,

ÊÆo£æ«ç îª÷°æ-éπ-§Ú-´úøç.

ÅûªúÕ Â°Rx™ ††oûªúø’ ÆæJí¬_ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’/ °æ©-éπ-Jç-îª-™‰ü¿’.

Q. Heals of Achhiles A. Achilles' heel (Heals of Achhiles

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 621

É™«çöÀ¢√öÀE ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L? Grammatical í¬ à¢ÁjØ√ °æ ü¿l¥-ûª’©’ §ƒöÀç-î √™«? N´-Jç-îªplaying to the gallery = vÊ°éπ~èπ◊©/ í∫ © ®Ω’. v°æï© ´·êuçí¬ îª´-éπ-¶«®Ω’ jokes èπ◊ È ® çú Ó sentence ™ their ÅØËC à Çéπ-J{-ûª’©ßË’ v°æï© ¢Á’°æ¤p éÓÆæç Çߪ’† M.SURESAN subject éÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç*çC? Ç jokes îÁ§ƒpúø’. A. 1. Ééπ\úø 'wonder' Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√ (Åçûªí¬ Ç™-*ç-îª-™‰E, ´’ç* îÁúø’© û√®Ω-ûª´’uç N≠æ ß ª ÷ Eo Ç™-*ç* Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’ûªoç Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓE¢√JE ¢Á’°œpç-îªúøç éÓÆæç îË ß ª ’ úø ç . àüÁjØ√ îÁ°æpúøç/ îËߪ’úøç) What the future holds in store = ´·çü¿’ Q. To rub (some one) (up) the wrong way ´·çü¿ ’ ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ A. To rub some one the wrong way = éÓ°æç What the stores hold = Ééπ\úø hold èπ◊ Å®Ωnç éπLTç-îªúøç éπLT Öçúøôç. You rub him the way if you talk of his failure Ñ ¢√éπuç î√™« ’-û√\®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. Å®Ωnç: = ÅûªúÕ ¢Áj°∂æ-™«u© í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åûª-úÕéÀ éÓ°æç ´’í∫¢√®Ω’ ´·çü¿’-´·çü¿’ -ûª-´’èπ◊ ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’üËçö ´Ææ’hçC. ÅE Ç™-*ÊÆh, Æ‘Y©’ stores (≥ƒ°æ¤©)™ ´’†Íéç Q. To take the bull by the horns üÌ®Ω ’èπ◊ûª’çüÓ ÅE Ç™-*-≤ƒh®Ω’ (´’í∫-¢√∞¡Ÿx A. To take the bull by the horns = àüÁjØ√ Ææ´’Ææu†’ ¶μ º N ≠æ uû˝†’ í∫’Jç*, Çúø¢√∞¡Ÿx store ™ àN áçûª üμÁj®Ωuçí¬ áü¿’-®Ó\-´úøç üμ ¿ ® Ω è π ◊ üÌ®Ω’èπ◊-û√ßÁ÷ ÅE Ç™-*-≤ƒh®Ω’) He decided to take the bull by the horns and 2. v°æA-¢√-∞¡xèπÿ ûª´’ éπ©-©†’ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æ œ-†¢√∞¡Ÿx faced the police bravely. 鬢√L ÅE, Å®·ûË sentence Å®Ωnç, Åçûª Q. To take one's life in one's hands (To run a Ææp≠ædçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. DEéÀ È®çúÓ Å®Ωnç. ûª´’ éπ©-© great risk) e.g. : I took my life in my hands í∫’Jç-* ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx v°æA-¢√-∞¡xèπÿ Å´-Ææ®Ωç. and asked for a rise in salary Every one, one, each one, some one A. Take life in your own hands = v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ v°æû√u-´÷oߪ’çí¬ he/ she -ÅE °æúøôç/ v°æ´÷ü¿ç éÌE-ûÁ-a-éÓ-´úøç ¢√úøèπ◊çú≈ they, their ©’ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Lçí∫You take life in your hands when you swim N´éπ~ îª÷°æ-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. across in floods = ´®Ω-ü¿™  Ö†o †C™ Ñü¿úøç A good actor is happy when the audience v°æ´÷ü¿ç éÌE-ûÁ-a-éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’. praise their action. O’ sentence = @ûªç °çîª-´’E ÅúÕT v°æ´÷ü¿ç Ééπ\úø their 'an actor' èπ◊ v°æû√u-´÷oߪ’ç. éÌE-ûÁ-a-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. í∫ûªç™ their èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ his ¢√úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx.ÉC °æ¤®Ω’Q. A windfall (Unexpected good fortune). ≥ƒ-Cμ-éπuûª v°æü¿-Jzç-*-†-ôx-´¤-ûª’çC 鬕öÀd, his/ her A. Windfall income = ņ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ °ü¿l-¢Á·ûªhç™ ÅE ¢√úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. é¬F ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéÃ, he/ she úø•’s §Òçü¿úøç (Lottery ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ üΔy®√) ņúø ç éπ≠ædç 鬕öÀd they, them, their He had a windfall in horse races last year = Åçô’Ø√oJ°æ¤púø’. éÀçü¿-õ‰-ú≈C Åûª-úÕéÀ í∫’v®Ω°æpçüΔ™x °ü¿l¢Á·ûªhç™ Vasundhara, Mahaboobnagar. úø•’s ´*açC. Q. Yes men (A person who obeys). A. Yes men. All congressmen are 'yes men' to Mrs. Sonia Gandhi.

°j¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°œpçC îÁ°œp-†ô’x NüμË-ߪ’-ûªûÓ îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx,

D. Aruna Ramesh, Choppadandi. Q.

éÀçC ûÁ©’í∫’ °æüΔ-©èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† English °æüΔ-©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. °æ¤ùuç 2. ´’ôd (ÅJ-îË®· ¢Á†’-éπ-¶μ«í∫ç) A. 1. Virtue (Virtue èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç Ææ’í∫’ùç) 2. Back of the hand Q. I saw a little brown mouse mouse - Noun, brown - adj, little - adv little adj

DE™ éπüΔ? é¬F,

é¬ü¿’) =

2. Everyone needs someone who knows their dreams by heart.

ÅØËC

ÅE °æüÓ-ûª-®Ω-í∫AéÀ

Q. Please translate the following sentences into English. 1.

؈’ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢ÁRx ´î√a†’. 2. ´’´’tLo OCμ-§ƒ©’ î˨»®Ω’. 3. F ®Ω’ùç ᙫ B®Ω’a-éÓ†’?

A. 1. I have been to home/ I have returned from home 2. They have put us out on the street 3. How can I requite you?/ How can I recompense you? Q. a) He gave speach on the dais/ from the dais/ over the dais. b) Literally correct- Please give the meaning. A. a) He made (not 'gave') the speech from on

the dais, is correct. b) Literally correct. exactly There are literally a lakh people -

(Eïç-í¬ØË) Eïç-í¬ØË ©éπ~´’çC ÖØ√o®Ω’. ´÷´‚©’í¬ ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´í¬ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, ©éπ~ Åçö«ç. Literally a lakh Åçõ‰ î√™« áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç é¬èπ◊çú≈, Eïç-í¬ØË (Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ™„éπ\°öÀd îÁ°æpúøç)- Å-E.

Q. Is the following sentence correct? The teacher should make the students to sit in proper places. I think the preposition 'to' is not necessaryexplain. A. The teacher should make the students to sit in proper places - This sentence is wrong. In such sentences, 'make' is not followed by 'to'- what you think is correct, but here 'to' is not a preposition, but a part of the infinitive, to sit.

N. Pentaiah, Secunderabad. Q. a) What will be the next position if you go there? b) What would be the next position if you go there? A. Correct sentences. 1) What will be the position if you go there? (next position correct What would be the position (next position If you went there? (go there

é¬ü¿’) – O’®Ωéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞Ïh °æJÆœnA

ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ–

é¬ü¿’) – DE-éπ®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’) é¬ü¿’) = †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡xúøç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (†’´¤y ¢Á∞Ïx °æJ-ÆœnA ™‰ü¿’) Åéπ\úÕ °æJ-ÆœnA ᙫ Öçô’çC? – °j Å®√n© ûËú≈ûÓ, ´÷®Ω’p-©ûÓ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u©÷ correct.

Q. a) Why you people are doing the something again? b) Why are you people doing the something again? A. a) Wrong as a question - not the correct form of a question. b) correct. Q. What necessary steps do you want to take? necessary steps (Noun) What, do

© ´’üμ¿u ÖçC v°æ¨¡o ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’çC? A. v°æ¨¡o é¬éπ ´’Í®-´’-´¤-ûª’çC? English Questions ™, verb ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’çõ‰– Ééπ\úÕ verb, 'do want'), question™ á°æ¤púø÷, verb ™E ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô (Ééπ\úø do) ´·çü¿’, üΔE ûª®√yûª Subject (Ééπ\úø subject, you), Ç ûª®√yûª verb ™E Éûª®Ω ´÷ô(©’) ´≤ƒh®·. Ç Nüμ¿çí¬ What necessary steps do you want to take?

ÆæÈ®jçüË éπüΔ? Q. Why would it be considered I know. Why, would

´®Ω’-Ææí¬ ©’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ´î√a®· (v°æ¨»o? ÊÆdö¸-

¢Á’çö«?) A. Why, would e.g. : Why would he do it? sentence: 'Why would it be considered, I know'. statement sentence). verb would be considStatement ered), subject it) sentence correct form. Why it would be considered, I know =

©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿’? (¢√úÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ îË≤ƒhúøC?) Å®·ûË O’ v°æ¨¡o é¬ü¿’. (N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° ™ (Ééπ\úø (Ééπ\úø ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. 鬕öÀd Ñ ÅC áçü¿’èπ◊ °æJ-Q-Lç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’çüÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

Q. What your opinion is on this ? What is your opinion on this? A. What your opinion is on this = What is your opinion on this? - correct.

ûª°æ¤p ¢√éπuç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 14 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2010 Ram: That surprises me very much. I never knew he was capable of such an achievement. Did he really stand first in the University? Is it true?

(††oC î√™« Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-®Ω’-≤ÚhçC. Åçûª °∂撆鬮Ωuç ≤ƒCμ-≤ƒh-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. Eïç-í¬ØË ßª‚E-´-Jq-öÙ  ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-¢√-úø’í¬ ´î√aú≈? Eï¢Ë’Ø√?) Syam: The news certainly took me by surprize too. He ended up as the dark horse.

(††’o èπÿú≈ Ñ ¢√®Ωh Ǩ¡a-®Ωuç™ ´·çîÁAhçC. Åûªúø’ á´®Ω÷ Ü£œ«ç-îªE KA™ Nñ‰-ûªí¬ EL-î√úø’.) Ram: You know something? Even his father said he had not expected it. He was amazed as well at his son's distinction

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

-Ñ

AJ-íÌ-î√aúø’, Å°æ¤púËç ¶«üμ¿ ™‰ü¿’.) Syam: The change in his condition is really shocking. Hope he will recover soon.

(ÅûªúÕ °æJ-Æœn-A™ ´÷®Ω’p Eïçí¬ Ç¨¡a-®Ωu-éπ®Ωç. ûªy®Ω-™ØË éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-ö«-úøE ÇPüΔlç.) Ram: His father had had the same problem but had had an astounding recovery. Do you remember?

(¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÉüË Ææ´’Ææu ÖçúËC, é¬F Çߪ’† Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ωçí¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. í∫’®Ω’hçüΔ?)

-¢√é¬u-™ x îËÆœ† ´÷ô©Fo Ǩ¡a®Ωuç, Cví∫s¥´’ ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’. ¢√öÀE í∫’Jç* É°æ¤púø’ N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çüΔç. 1) Surprise = Ũ¡a®Ωuç/ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç Underline

™‰ü¿’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç/ éÓ©’-éÓ-´úøç.

a) His coming here at that time was a surprise = b) My passing the test in the first attempt is a surprise even to me =

a) She is still unable to get over the shock of her child's sudden death =

Åûª-úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ Ç Æ洒ߪ’ç™ ®√´úøç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’.

Syam: I certainly do. Hope there would be as sudden turn around in Sadanand's condition too.

ûª† -G-úøf Çéπ-Æœtéπ ´’%A-´©x éπL-T† Cví¬s¥çA †’ç* Ç¢Á’ Éçé¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûÓçC.

¢Á·ü¿öÀ v°æߪ’-ûªoç-™ØË Øˆ’ ÖBh-®Ω’g-úÕE 鬴úøç Ø√Íé Ǩ¡a®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC.

b) She can't get over how much her husband spends =

c) His sudden arrival surprised everyone =

(í∫’®Ω’hçC. Å™«çöÀ ´’©’Ê° ÆæüΔ-†çü˛ Ç®Óí∫uç -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ÇPüΔlç.)

ûª† ¶μº®Ωh °õ‰d ê®Ω’a éπL-TçîË Ç¨¡a-®Ωuç-™ç* Ç¢Á’ ûË®Ω’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûÓçC.

ÅûªúÕ Çéπ-Æœtéπ ®√éπ Åçü¿Ko Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-J-*çC.

(Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©’≤ƒ Fèπ◊? ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o èπÿú≈

5) Be lost for words/ be at a loss for words =

He ended up as the dark horse

(ÅüËç ††’o Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-®Ω-îª-™‰ü¿’. ÅC-ÆæÍ® é¬F, ÆæüΔ-†çü˛ ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? ÅûªúÕ í∫’ç-úÁ Ææç•çCμûª Ææ-´’Ææu Ø√èπ◊ ¶μºßª÷ç-üÓ-∞¡-† éπLTç*çC. ÅûªúÕé¬ ï•’sçü¿E Åûª-úÕéÀ èπÿú≈ ûÁMü¿’.) Ram: I was, as well. I am unable yet to get over the shock of the news. He looked so robust and healthy you know.

(Ç ¢√®Ωh éπL-Tç-*† Cví∫s¥-´’-†’ç* ØËEçé¬ ûË®Ω’éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ Åçûª ü¿%úμøçí¬, Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ éπE-°œç-îË-¢√úø’ éπüΔ?) Syam: So did he, infact. I was lost for words, in fact, when I heard it.

(Å´¤†’. Å™« ÖçúË-¢√úø’. ÅC N†-í¬ØË Ø√èπ◊ ´÷ô©’ ®√™‰ü¿’.) Ram: It is incredible that a few days before he joined hospital he had returned from a long trip abroad and had had no trouble whatever.

(ÇÆæp-vA™ îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ ®ÓV© ´·çüË Åûªúø’ Ææ’-ü¿÷®Ω N-üË-Q v°æߪ÷ùç †’ç* T. Siva, Nandikotkur. Q.

éÀçC¢√öÀ™ ÆæÈ®j† ¢√é¬u©†’ (a/ b) Ææ÷*ç*, N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. (a) He was happy to see his son grow up strong and brave. (b) He was happy to see his son growing up strong and brave.

2. (a) I take it as a privilege ... (b) I take it a privilege ... 3. (a) He is stronger than me. (b) He is stronger than I. 4. (a) He arrived home. (b) He arrived at home. 5. (a) I met an old friend at a dinner party. (b) I met with an old friend at a dinner party. 6. (a) He is studying V class. (b) He is studying in V class. 7. (a) In case of working hard, you will pass. (b) In case of your working hard, you will pass. 8. (a) She is a 5 feet 3 inch girl. (b) She is a 5 feet and 3 inches girl.

a) When she heard of the accident involving her father, she was at a loss for words/ was lost for words:

ûª† ûªçvúÕéÀ ïJ-T† v°æ´÷ü¿ç í∫’Jç* N†-í¬ØË Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´÷ô©’ ®√™‰ü¿’/ Å¢√-éπ\-®·çC.

d) Her decision to divorce him gave us a surprise =

û√EC Ü£œ«ç-îª-™‰-ü¿E îÁ§ƒpúø’. ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊ ≤ƒCμç-*† Ñ NP-≠d-ûæ ªèπ◊ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.) Syam: That doesn't surprize me. Bye the bye how is Sadanand? The news of his serious heart condition startled me. I never even imagined that he was ill at all, as he himself did not know about it.

´÷ô©’ ®√†çûª Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-´úøç/ Cví∫s¥´’ éπ©-í∫úøç – Å¢√-éπ\-´úøç.

Åûª-úÕéÀ Nú≈èπ◊-L-¢√y-©ØË Ç¢Á’ E®Ωgߪ’ç -´÷ Åçü¿JF Ǩ¡a®Ωu°æ-J-*ç-C. 2) Take somebody by surprise ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-îª-úø¢Ë’.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 622 Notes: 1) Achievement =

≤ƒCμç-*†

°∂æ’†ûª. 2) Dark horse - emerge as a dark expression horse

M.SURESAN ÅØË í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®Ωnç: Èí©’-≤ƒh-®ΩE éπ©™ èπÿú≈ ņ’-éÓ-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx Èí-L-*, Åçü¿Ko Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç. b) His In the last elections, she emerged as the dark horse =

í∫ûª áEo-éπ™ x Ç¢Á’ á´®Ω÷ Ü£œ«çîªE Nüμ¿çí¬ Èí©’-§ÒçC Åçü¿Ko Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-J*çC. 3) Robust = ü¿%úμøçí¬ (Ç®Óí∫uç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™) Öçúøôç 4) A turn around = ´’©’°æ¤/ ´÷®Ω’p

Question tag: (a) Is it? (b) Are they? A. 1. Both (a) & (b) are correct. see, hear, water, notice verbs ing form I Regular doing word 2. (a) is correct

™«çöÀ

ûª®√yûª .. é¬F ®√´îª’a.

í¬F,

3. (b) is formal, (a) is informal. Rule mal (a) correct. (b)

v°æ鬮Ωç (forí¬) Å®·ûË, é¬F ®√†’ ®√†’, èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. °æ‹Jhí¬ ûª°æp-†™‰ç.

-õ„ç-úø÷-©\®˝ ©™ ≤ƒCμç-*† °∂æ’†ûª Å•’s-®Ω-°æ-J-îË-Cí¬ ÖçC.

b) The company has earned and astounding 50% increase in profits =

Ç éπç°F Ǩ¡a-®Ωuç-íÌ-LÊ°/ Å•’s-®Ω-°æ-JîË 50 ¨»ûªç °ç°æ¤†’ ≤ƒCμç*çC ™«¶μ«™x.

°æúÕçC.

(Arjuna's/ Karna's astounding skill at archery) (archery =

Cví∫s¥´’/ Shock ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-†’ç* ûË®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç – üΔüΔ°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ not ûÓØË ûË®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç

Q.

N©’-Nü¿u)

éÀçC ¢√öÀéÀ (full forms èπ◊) contracted forms, ¢√öÀ pronunciations ûÁ©°æí∫-©®Ω’. 1) She will 2) We shall 3) This is 4) I have 5) will not 6) Shall not.

°æJÆœn-A™ Öçúøôç. Íéçvü¿ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç îËÆœ† ûª°æ¤pèπ◊ Æœí∫’_-°æúÕ AJT °æü¿-N™ Eߪ’-N’ç-î√Lq ´*açC.

N.T.R.

†’

Q. Freedom can't be absolute

A. 1) She'll 2) No contraction 3) No Contraction 4) I've 5) I won't 6) Shan't

A.

Q.

Q. It ought to be the place where the imagination is fired.

éÀçC ¢√öÀéÀ

antonyms

ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.

1) Suddenly 2) Modesty 3) Simplicity 4) Ignorant 5) Worry 6) Frightened 7) Entire 8) Wonderful 9) Pious 10) Melodious 11) Tolerance 12) Sacred

´’† Ü£æ… ¨¡éÀhE Í®Èé-AhçîË v°æüË-¨¡çí¬ Öçú≈L ÅC.

(fire our imagination)

5) Delight 6) Reassured 7) Partial 8) Ordinary

A.

3) Complexity 4) Wise/ enlightened

9) Impious 10) Raccous/ grating 11) Intolerance 12) Profane. Srinu, Darsi. Q.

A.

°æJ-°æ‹®Ωg (Ççéπ~©’ à´÷vûªç ™‰E) ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç ÅØËC ™‰ü¿’.

Q. Children do not have their own opinions and they should not be forced to parrot their parents political beliefs. The exposer to physical danger not withstanding.

A. 1) Gradually 2) Immodesty/ Pride

7. (a) and (b), both are wrong

10. The verb is 'are', so the question tag is: aren't they?

a) Tendulkar's feat of 49 best centuries is really astounding 49 best centuries test =

4) Get over =

5. (a)- British; meet with - American = to meet somebody especially for discussions. 6. (a) is correct. (b) is old - fashioned

9. (a) and (b) both are correct. Refer to explanation given for your I question

– Ææçv¶μº-´’çûÓ/ üÁ•s-A†oçûª ¶μ«´ç éπL-TçîË Ç¨¡a®Ωuç – Ǩ¡a-®√u-©èπ◊ ¢√úË ´÷ô©-Eo-öÀ™ ÉC áèπ◊\-¢ÁjçC. – Å•’s®Ω °æJîËçûª

Ö®Ω’´· ¨¡¶«l-EéÀ Gúøf ÖL-éÀ\-

4. (a) - American; (b) British both are correct

The correct sentence is: In case you work hard you will pass. 8. (a) is correct

7) Astounding = greatly surprising/ stunningly surprising English

c) The child was startled at the sudden peal of thunder =

5) I was lost for words when I heard about it.

10. Eating and sleeping are not the be all and end all of life.

Ç¢Á’ †í∫©’ §ÒíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-´úøç, AJ-T-§Òç-ü¿úøç í∫’Jç* Ç¢Á’ îÁÊ°p éπü∑¿ †´’t-¨¡-éπuçí¬ ™‰†çûª Eïç.

áéπ\úø’oçîÓ †’´¤y Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ ÜúÕ-°æúøfô’x éπE°œçîª-úøç ††’o ÖL-éÀ\-°æúË™« îËÆœçC.

4) I am unable to get over the shock

(b) I heard someone laughing in the next room.

b) Her story of the loss of her jewellry and its recovery intact is incredible =

í¬ Ææ*Ø˛ °∂æ’†ûª †´’t-¨¡-éπuçé¬EC (é¬F Eïç)

b) God! you startled me by your sudden appearance as if from nowhere =

2) The news took me by surprize too

9. (a) I heard someone laugh in the next room.

sudden resignation took every one by surprise =

Åçûª-®√vA¢Ë∞¡ ûª©’°æ¤ ûÁ®Ω’--èπ◊†o æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶μºßª’ç, Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC/ ††’o ÖL-éÀ\-°æúË™« îËÆœçC.

3) The news of his serious heart condition startled me

7) He had had an astounding recovery

a) Sachin's record as a batsman is incredible = Batsman

a) The noise of the door opening at the dead of the night startled me =

1) That surprises me very much

Åçûª °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªhç Ø√é¬-ߪ’† ÉÆæ’hçõ‰, Ø√èπ◊ ´÷ô©’ ®√™‰ü¿’/ ؈’ Å¢√-éπ\-ߪ÷u†’. 6) Incredible = †´’t-¨¡-éπuç-é¬E (Å®·Ø√ Eïç)

äéπ 鬆’éπ °æç°æúøç üΔy®√ Åûª-úÕéÀ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

Ö†o-ô’xçúÕ Åûªúø’ ®√@-Ø√´÷ îËߪ’úøç Åçü¿-Jéà Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL-Tç-*çC. 3) Startle: ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí îÁúø’ ´©x éπLÍí ¶μºßª’ç/ ÖL-éÀ\-°æúËô’x îËߪ’úøç.

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

6) It is incredible that a few days before he joined the hospital...

a) I want to take him by surprise by sending a present =

b) I was lost for words/ at a loss for words when he offered me such a huge sum of money =

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ©-°æí∫©®Ω’.

 The union government had to eat humble pie and reinstate N.T.R. A. To eat humble pie =

°œ©x-©èπ◊ ûª´’-éπçô÷ à ÅGμ-v§ƒßª÷©÷ Öçúø´¤. ¶μ˜Aéπ/ ¨»K-®Ωéπ v°æ´÷ü¿ç Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’, ûª´’ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©†’ °œ©x-©-îËûª *©éπ °æ©’èπ◊™«x •©-´ç-ûªçí¬ °æL-éÀç-îª-èπÿ-úøü¿’. (Parroting others' opinions = Éûª-®Ω’© ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©†’ ´’†ç NE-°œç-îªúøç (*©-éπ-°æ-©’-èπ◊™«x), ≤Òçûª Ç™- ™‰èπ◊çú≈) Å®·ûË O’ sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ÆæJí¬_ ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’. Éçü¿’™ not with standing ¢√úø’éπ ÆæJí¬_ ™‰ü¿-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.

îËÆœ† ûª°æ¤p ´©x Æœí∫’_-°æúË

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 21 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

K. Venkanna, Khammam. Q.

ØË-ØÌéπ -Ö-§ƒ-üμΔu-ߪ·-úÕ-E. Lower classes èπ◊ English ØËÍ®pô°æ¤púø’ correct pronunciation ûÓ ØË®√p™«? ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ØË®√p™«? äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ pronunciation ûÓ §ƒô’ ØË®Ωpúøç ´’ç*-üÁjûË à ü˨¡ pronunciation ØË®√pL?

3) Beside somebody (sb)/ something (sth) = äéπJ °æéπ\†/ äéπ-üΔE °æéπ\†. áèπ◊\´ 'by'†’ ´‚úÓ Å®Ωnç (°æéπ\-†)ûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. A house by the river = †C °æéπ\† – †C äúø’f†/ †C ÆæO’-°æç™/ †D B®√† Ö†o É©’x. The telephone is by the window = Ç telephone éÀöÀéà °æéπ\†/ éÀöÀ-éÃéÀ ü¿í∫_®Óx ÖçC. G. Ashok, Godhur. Q. This is my uncle Kishan

e.g. : Lock l l Dog

d d

k-

™Ôé˙ – vGöÀ≠ˇ; k - ™«é˙ – Å¢Á’-Jé¬ k - dok - úÌí˚ – vGöÀ≠ˇ; k - úÓí˚ – Å¢Á’-Jé¬

v°æÆæ’hûªç Å¢Á’-Jé¬ pronunciation èπ◊ Çü¿-®Ωù °®Ω’í∫’-ûª’†o ü¿%≥ƒd u à pronunciation ØË®√pL. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Lower Classesèπ◊ English ØËÍ®p-ô-°æ¤púø’ Correct pronunciation ØË®Ωpúøç ´’ç*üË, é¬F °æô’d •ôdèπ◊çú≈ áçûª O©-®·ûË Åçûª-´’-ô’èπ◊ ØËJp-ûË-î√©’.

™ This is †’ ´Ææ’h´¤†’ îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. ´uéÀh í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpú≈-EéÀ 'He is' ¢√ú≈L éπüΔ! A. 1) Ééπ\úø 'this is ...' ņ-úø¢Ë’ correct, English usage (¢√úø’éπ) v°æ鬮Ωç, äéπJo °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’, äéπJE í∫’Jç*, Çߪ’† °∂晫Ø√ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈EéÀ, 'He is ..' Å-Eèπÿ-ú≈ Åçö«ç.Q. 4th ™ 'th' †’ éÌçîÁç °jéÀ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√ߪ÷L? A. 4 Ææçêu (number), 'th' DEéÀ îËÍ®a Åéπ~-®√©’. 4 Å-ØË Ææçêu™ 'th' ¶μ«í∫ç é¬ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Q. ǧ∂ƒZ™ ¸ (After all) Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?

2

ÆæçÍé-û√© üΔy®√ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù©’ ï®Ω°æúøç/ Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç ûÁ©-°æúøç ™«çöÀ Ææü¿’§ƒßª’ç. Q. éÌEo Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©’í¬ v°æJÆæ’h†o Ñ °∂‘˝™  éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊© ÆæçüË-£æ…©’ – Ææ´÷-üμΔ-Ø√©’ repeat Å´¤-ûª’Ø√o®·. Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ ñ«ví∫-ûªh©’ BÆæ’-éÌçúÕ. A. Å™«Íí. Q. ú≈éπd®˝ G.Ç®˝. Å綉-ü¿\®˝ NüΔu-®Ω|-ûª-©†’ äéÌ\éπ\ üΔEo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc., LL.D.,

èπ◊ °æJ-N’ûªç).

™

P. Brahmanandam, Kapileswarapuram.

British pronunciation

English News Channels, AIR News Bulletins British English and pronunciation

ÅEoçöx ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

ØË

O.Veerraju, Guntur. Q. I have just visited your room, you are not available there, your phone is ringing but not answering. Me waiting at Raju.

Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ

ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ؈’ Fí∫-CéÀ°æ¤púË ´î√a†’. †’´¤y-™‰´¤. F phone ¢Á÷í∫’-ûÓçC é¬F •ü¿’™‰ç ®√´-úøç-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ ®√V ¢√Rxçöx FéÓÆæç é¬îª’-èπ◊E ÖØ√o†’. É™« ÅE ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îË≤Ú\-¢√-LqçüË é¬F, éπ*aûªçí¬ Ñ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E îÁ°æp™‰ç. Me/ I am waiting at Raju's (Raju é¬ü¿’) ņo°æ¤púø’ '؈’ ®√V Éçöx áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’—, Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ á´-Jç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x®Ó Åéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* AJT ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·†õ‰x/ Éçéπ-éπ\-úø-™‰-®ΩØË éπüΔ? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ Phone is ringing ņç. The phone was ringing Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí you are not available (É°æ¤púø’ †’´y-éπ\úø ™‰´-E-éπüΔ?) ÉD ≤ƒüμ¿uç é¬ü¿’. ¢Á·ûªhç Sentence†’ É™« ´÷JÊÆh Å®Ωnç ÆæJí¬ Öçô’çC.

A.

'I had visited your room and you were not there; Your phone was ringing but not answering. Me waiting at Raju's'.

Éç-ü¿’-™ èπÿú≈ Åçûª ÆæÈ®j† ¶μ«´ç ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’. O’®Ω’ ņ’èπ◊†o ¶μ«´ç àçö Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-°œ-ûË-í¬F, sentence †’ correct îËߪ’™‰ç. É°æ¤p-úø’†o sentence Å®·ûË ´÷vûªç ÆæJí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Q. On ÅØË preposition í∫’Jç* äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ -É-™« -Öç-C. Supported by sb/sth: She was standing on the foot. e.g. : Try lying on your back. e.g. : Hang your coat on that hook. A. On = Supported by somebody (sb)/ something (sth) (= supported by)

Åçõ‰ äéπ-J-O’ü¿/ äéπ-üΔ-E-O’ü¿ -dž’Ö†o ÅE. èπ◊E 1) She was standing on the foot = §ƒü¿ç O’ü¿ E©-•úÕ ÖçC. 2) O’ coat †’ ´çéÃ-O’ü¿ (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´çéÃéÀ Åçö«ç) ûªT-Lç-îªçúÕ. . Q By ÅØË preposition í∫’Jç* > near sb/ sth. At the side of sb/ sth. Beside sb/ sth: a house by the river. e.g. : The Telephone is by the window. come and sit by me.

Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A By = [Near somebody (sb)/ something (sth)] =

.

1) ÆæO’-°æç™

äéπJ, äéπ-üΔE ÆæO’-°æç™/

ü¿í∫_®Ω. 2) -äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 623

Q. 'Shall'

†’ permission ÅúÕ-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a?- ÖüΔ: shall I

come in, sir?

A. After all = Indians won the match, after all.

1) àüË-´’-®·Ø√.

Shall I come in, May I come in ©-™  2) àüÁjØ√ -à-C éπÈ®èπ◊d? N´-JçîË Nüμ¿çí¬, üËE-ÈéjØ√ 鬮Ωùç ûÁLÊ° Nüμ¿çí¬. You complete it, M.SURESAN A. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a. I/ WeûÓ. Å®·ûË, May I come in? ņúøç, Shall I you started it, after all = üΔEo †’´¤y come in? éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ °æ‹Jh-îË®·, Ç®Ωç-Gμç-*çC †’´¤y 鬕öÀd. ņ’-´’A Åúø-í∫ôç. Q. 'v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’úøç ´’ç*üË éπüΔ— èπ◊ Try to best Q. Vowel Phonemes ©™ 'e' ßÁ·éπ\ pronunciaÅØËC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? tion àN’öÀ? Pronunciation dictionary 'a' as in A. There's nothing wrong in trying = v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª'potato', 'upper' ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. ¢√öÀE ᙫ úøç™ ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ. (= Trial costs nothing = °æ©é¬L? v°æߪ’-ûªoç-´©x §ÚßË’-üËç-™‰ü¿’.) A. 'I'- Ñ í∫’®Ω’h: Common ÅØË ´÷ô ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωùí¬ Q. Enrollment, Enrolment- which is correct? BÆæ’-èπ◊çüΔç. Éçü¿’™ *´J ¶μ«í∫ç 'mon' A. Enrolment (British)/ Enrollment (American) Pronunciation™ 'o' †’ Öîªa ¥-JçîË B®Ω’ 'I' - ÉC Q. Ñ QJ{-éπ™  Ê°®Ω’ ®√ߪ’E §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-©†’ 'äé𠧃®∏Ω-èπ◊úø’— 'Å— (n) é¬ü¿’. ÉC N´-Jç-îªúøç éπ≠dçæ . ØÓ®Ω’ ûÁJ*, ÅE v°æ-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. 'äé𠧃®∏Ω-èπ◊úø’— ´÷ô†’ Ø√©’éπ áûªh-èπ◊çú≈, D®Ω`ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öîªa ¥-JçîË ¨¡•l¢Ë’, Ççí∫xç™ îÁ°æpúøç ≤ƒüμ¿uç é¬üΔ? 'I' Ñ ¨¡¶«lEo Ææ÷*çîË ûÁ©’í∫’ Åéπ~®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. A. A reader Åçö«ç. Q. Convener, Convenor, Convenior - Which is correct? A. Convener, Convenor - Correct. Q.

éÀçC¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. conditions rendering nomination invalid, Value Added Service

A.

1. Ø√N’-Ø≠-Ë Øæ ˛ ņ-®Ω|´- ’-´ú- ≈-EéÀ 鬮Ωù- ¢- Á’†i °æJÆ- û-nœ ª’©’. 2. ÅCμéπ N©’-´ûÓ èπÿúÕ† ÊÆ´©’. Q. His excellency Sri K. Rosaiah ™ ' His Excellency' ÅØË ´÷ô ûª°æpEÆæ®√? DE Å®Ωn¢Ë’N’öÀ? A. Åéπ\® - ™Ω- ü‰ ¿’. ÉC Ççí∫§-x ƒ-©† ¢√®ΩÆ- ûæ yª ç. ÅçûËé- ¬-èπ◊çú≈ His excellency ÅØËC í∫´® - Ωo®˝èπ◊ ´÷vû¢ª ’Ë . ´·êu´’ç-vAéÀ é¬ü¿’. ´·êu-´’ç-vAE Hon'ble (Honourable) C.M. Åçö«ç. His Excellency E Ambassador èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®Ωç n – 'íÌ°æp ¢√È®†j — ņ’-éÓ-´îª’a. é¬F, É´Fo §ƒûª•- ú- §-Õ Ú-®·† Çî√-®√©’. Q. What is 'Power Point Presentation'? A. Computer (MS Power Point)

≤ƒßª’çûÓ ´’†ç ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËÆœ Å´’t-WÊ° ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ í∫’Jç* ÅüμΔu°æ-èπ◊©’ à-¢ÁjØ√ ü¿%¨»u-©ûÓ ¶Cμç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ûÁ®ΩO’ü¿ ¶Ô´’t©’, N´-®√-©ûÓ îª÷Ê° v°æü¿-®Ωz†.

Q. What is Functional English? A.

NNüμ¿ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´’† Ææ綫-≠æ-ù™x ¢√úË English ´·êuçí¬ Eûªu-@-N-ûªç™

Q. What is the meaning of 'Cell' in cell phone? A. Cell tion -

ÅØËC Cellular èπ◊ short form/ abbrevia¢Áj®Ωx (Wires) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫çûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Í®úÕßÁ÷

A.

D.LiH., J.P., Bar - at - Law. A. M.A.. Master of Arts; Ph.D = Doctor of Philosophy, D.Sc = Doctor of Science; LL.D = Doctor of Laws, D.Litt = Doctor of Literature. J.P. = Justice of the peace (Britain Bar-at-Law = England law degree.

Ther e's nothing wr ong in tr ying ØË®Ωp-úø¢Ë’ ´’ç*C. áçü¿’éπçõ‰ ´’†-üË-¨¡ç™ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-Ææ-J-Ææ’h-†oC DØËo 鬕öÀd. American pronunciation èπ◊ Çü¿-®Ωù °®Ωí∫úøç Åçô÷ à癉ü¿’, ´’†ç ņ’-éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’. ´’†

beautiful garden that we are slowly but surely turning into a barren and infertile desert.

Mastan Rao, T.P.Palli. Q. Mercifully, the buffalo was saved just intime, but even now we have only a minute remant of the millions of animals that used to thunder magnificently over the north American Prairies. A.

O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ†üΔEéÀ àçé¬-¢√™ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. O’é¬\´LqçC. O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ†- ü- Δ-EéÀ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç ņ’èπ◊çö«. ÉCíÓ..' üË´¤úÕ ü¿ßª’´- ©x Ææ´’-ߪ÷E- éÀ ´’†ç ü¿’†o-§Ú-ûª’©’ ÅçûªJ- ç* §Úèπ◊çú≈ ®Ωé~À çî- ª’è- π◊Ø√oç. Å®·Ø√ ´’†-é°-À ¤æ pú- ’ø †o ü¿’†o©’ äéπ°- ¤æ púø’ Öûªh®Ω Å¢Á’J- é¬ í∫úfÕ ¶μº÷´·™x Ö®Ω’´- ’çûª v•£æ…tç-úçø í¬ ®ΩçÈé ¢ËÆæ÷h ÆæçîªJ- ç-*† ©éπ~™- «C ü¿’†o-§Ú-ûª’© Ææ÷éπ~ t-¢Á’†i Å´-¨Ï≠çæ (Åçõ‰ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ Ææçêu) ´÷vû¢ª ’Ë .—

Q. It seems that the motto of the whaling industry is "Get rich today, and to hell with tomorrow" A.

'Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊ Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-í∫-L-T-†çûª Ææ秃-Cç-èπ◊çüΔç, Í®°æ-öÀ-Íé-´’-®·Ø√ ÆæÍ®— ÅØËC AN’ç-í∫-™«© ¢Ëô ÅØË °æJ-v¨¡´’ Ǩ¡-ߪ’çí¬ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. ÑØ√-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ ´’†’≠æfl™x áèπ◊\-´-´’çC ´’†ç E´-Æœ-Ææ’h†o Ñ ¶μº÷N’E ᙫ Ø√¨¡†ç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´’ØË é¬®ΩùçûÓ Åûªúø’ îªLç-*-§Ú-´úøç éπE-°œç-*çC.

Q. He was visibly shaken by this, because even today the majority of people do not realize the extent to which we are destroying the world we live in. We are like a set of idiot children, let loose with poison, saw, sickle, shotgun and rifle, in a complex and

N≠æç, ®Ω秃©’, éÌúø-´∞¡Ÿx, ûª’§ƒ-èπ◊-™«xçöÀ Nüμ¿yç-Ææéπ Çߪ·-üμΔ-©ûÓ, ¢ÁjN-üμ¿uçûÓ èπÿúÕ† Åçü¿-¢Á’i† ´†ç™«çöÀ Ñ v°æ°æç-îªç™ Nîªa-©-N-úÕí¬ A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷, éπ†•-úÕ-†-üΔ-†oçû√ üμ¿yçÆæç îËÆœ Ñ v°æ°æç-î√-ØÌoéπ îªNöÀ ¶μº÷N’™«, áú≈-J™« ´÷Í®a-Ææ’h†o Nîª-éπ~ù« ñ«c†ç ™‰E ´‚®Ω^°æ¤ *†o-°œ-©x™«x ÖØ√oç ´’†ç.

Jhansi & Mallika, Deepalapadu. Q.

O’ ≤ÚpÈéØ˛ ÉçTx≠ˇ §ƒ®∏√©’ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿’´¤-ûª’Ø√oç. Å®·Ø√ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Úûª’Ø√oç. 鬮Ωùç éÌEo ¢√é¬u-©†’ EJtç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Úûª’Ø√oç. ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ought to have been, that of, to have, to have been, being..

™«çöÀ °æüΔ©’ ´*a-†°- ¤æ púø’ ¢√öÀ Å®Ωçn ûÁLß - ª’úøç ™‰ü¿’. ÉçTx≠ˇ Ê°°æ®˝ îªü¿’´- ¤û- ª’Ø√oç. é¬F, É™«çöÀ °æüΔ©’ ´*a-†°- ¤æ púø’ ¢√öÀ Å®Ωçn ûÁLߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. OöÀ í∫’Jç* ¶«í¬ N´-Jç-îí-ª ©∫ ®Ω’. A. O’®Ω’ English ™ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†°æ¤p-úø™«x, ûª°æ¤p-í¬-ØÁjØ√ ¶„®Ω’èπ◊ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ. Å™« îËߪ’úøç´©x English ™ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’. DçûÓ-§ƒô’ O©-®·-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x TV ™ English News Å®Ωnç é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, àé¬ví∫-ûªûÓ N†çúÕ. îμ√†™¸ Åúø’-í∫’† ´îËa Scrolling †’ èπÿú≈ îªü¿´çúÕ. ÉO O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-Lq-†N. Ought to have been = Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ Öçú≈-LqçC, í∫ûªç™. She ought to have been affectionate to her sister =

Ç¢Á’ ûª† îÁLx-°æôx vÊ°´’ûÓ Öçú≈-LqçC (í∫ûªç™), é¬F-™‰ü¿’

He ought to have been polite to his uncle =

ûª† ¶«¶«-®·-°æôx Åûªúø’ ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Öçú≈-LqçC (í∫ûªç™) é¬F ™‰úø’. ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ FA-v°æ-鬮Ωç Öçú≈-Lq-†-°æ¤úø’/ îËߪ÷-Lq†-°æ¤úø’, (í∫ûªç™) Ought to have been Åçö«ç. She ought to have helped the old woman =

Ç Â°üΔl-N-úøèπ◊ Ç¢Á’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) 2) To have - She wishes to have a necklace = necklace

Ç¢Á’

鬢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-öçC. Éçü¿’-™E 'have' èπ◊, to ™E èπ◊ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ Å®Ωnç™. éπLT Öçúøôç. To have been = í∫ûªç™ Öçúøôç– Ééπ\úø 'have' verb ™ ¶μ«í∫ç, Å®Ωnç– beenûÓ éπL°œ, í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púÓ Öçúøôç, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ Öçúøôç ™«çöÀ Å®√n©’ ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. He seems to have been happy = Åûªúø’ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ Ö†oô’x (í∫ûªç™), éπE-°œç-*çC. She seems to have been selected = Ç¢Á’ áç°œéπ 鬕-úÕ-†-ô’xçC (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: Ç¢Á’ áç°œ-éπ-®·-†-ô’xçC) É™« passive voice form îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ to have been (+ past participle) ¢√úøû√ç). Being = 1) Öçúøôç. 3) To have been have 'have' To have =

a) Being a Cheif minister is an honour =

´·êu-´’ç-vAí¬ Öçúøôç íı®Ω-´-v°æü¿ç b) Being a teacher makes me happy = Teacher

í¬ Öçúøôç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπLT≤ÚhçC. 2) Being = Öçúø-ôç-´©x being rich, he can easily buy a car = üμ¿†´ç-ûª’ú- ’ø í¬ Öçúøô- ç-´©x, Åûªú’ø Ææ’©-¶ºμ çí¬ car é̆-í©-∫ úø’. Newspaper (English) ´÷†-èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿-´çúÕ. éÌçûª-鬩ç ûª®√yûª O’èπ◊ ûÁM-èπ◊çú≈ O’Í® English ´÷ö«x-úË-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 28 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

T. Siva, Nandikotkur.

8) Specially - Especially

Q. Attributive Adjectives, Predicative Adjectives and Participial Adjectives

9) Business - Trade 10) Cool - Cold

†’ ≤ÚüΔ-£æ«-®Ωùçí¬ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Attributive

Adjectives nouns

≤ƒüμΔ®Ωùçí¬ ÉN à í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-û√ßÁ÷ ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿’ ´≤ƒh®·. Hanuman is a clever guy. Ééπ\úø adjective clever éπüΔ? ÉC, guy ÅØË noun †’ í∫’Jç* îÁ•’ûª÷, Ç noun ´·çü¿’ ´≤ÚhçC éπüΔ? 鬕öÀd, ÉC attributive adjective. Sita has a beautiful sari. Ñ sentence ™ èπÿú≈ beautiful ÅØË adjective, ÅC qualify îËÊÆ noun, 'sari' ´·çü¿’ ´≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd, ÉC attributive adjective. Attributive adjective, a/ an/ the noun

™«çöÀ determiners èπ◊, í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

èπ◊ ´’üμ¿u-®√-´úøç

a) Sita is beautiful

11) Site - Cite

12) Illness - Disease

13) Pitiful - Pitiable 14) Camp - Campaign A. 1) Joyous, Joyful: Modern English

2

great attractive for poets =

v°æéπ%A ü¿%¨»uEéÀ -Ö†o Çéπ-J{çîË Ææy¶μ«´ç, v°æéπ%A °æôd éπ´¤-©èπ◊ Çéπ®Ω{ù éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.

üΔüΔ°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç Ö†o ™ joyful ´÷ô©’. Å®·ûË, ¢√úøéπç áèπ◊\´. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ festivals, occasion ©†’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ joyous ÅØË Åçö«ç.

7) Altogether =

A joyous festival/ occasion. A person's joyous mood joyful mood mood

2 Totally

†’ èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç, éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬. 2) Committee = à ÆæçÆæn Å®·Ø√ éÌçûª-´’çC ´uèπ◊h©ûÓ àüÁjØ√ Ææ´’Ææu/ °æJ-Æœn-AE °æJ-Q-Lç*, üΔEéÀ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ à®Ωp-®ΩîË Ææ´‚£æ«ç, ÉC v°æ¶μº’-û√y-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç* 鬴a, à Éûª®Ω ÆæçÆæn à®Ωp-JîËüÁjØ√ 鬴a. Committee îËÊÆ Æœ§∂ƒ-®Ω’q-©†’ Çîª-®Ω-ù™ °ö«d©ØË E•ç-üμ¿† Öçúøü¿’. e.g. : Justice Srikrishna Committee îËÊÆ Æœ§∂ƒ®Ω’q-©†’ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç Å´’©’ îËߪ÷-©ØË E•ç-üμ¿-ØËç-™‰ü¿’. Commission: ÉC ´·êuçí¬ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç, à®Ωp-J-îË

1) Completely

(°æ‹Jhí¬) )

b) The Election campaign here begun =

(¢Á·ûªhçí¬)

He has stopped coming here altogether =

c) The company has launched a campaign for this product = Company

Ééπ\-úÕ-éπ-ûªúø’ ®√´úøç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷ØË-¨»úø’. I am altogether a stranger here =

Ñ ´Ææ’h´¤

ØËE-éπ\úø

v°æî√®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-*çC.

°æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh-üΔEo Totally = ¢Á·ûªhç

Altogether there were 50 passengers in the compartment = compartment

¢Á·ûªhç Ç ™ 50 ´’çC v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊-©’-Ø√o®Ω’.All together = Åçü¿®Ω÷/ Å-Fo éπLÆœ All together they went to see the CM. = ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ éπLÆœ CM †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. 8) Specially = v°æûËu-éπçí¬

A. Sudhakar, Peddamalla Reddy. Q. A phrase is a group of words without a verb. So, "Sashan wants the ruling party to dismiss two ministers" in this sentence, 'to dismiss two ministers' is a phrase, thus it is a simple sentence. But I have seen in a modern grammar and usage book. 'to dismiss two ministers' is regarded as a infinitive clause, so it is a complex sentence. (two clauses) I have doubt whether it is a simple sentence or complex sentence. please clarify.

b) Vandana is tall

I am altogether a stranger her e ™ adjectives, a) beautiful, b) tall. ÉN, Sita, Vandana ™«çöÀ subjects†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁLÊ°– Predicate ™ ¶μ«í∫ç 鬕öÀd, ÅN predicative adjectives. °j È®çúø’

sentences

The story is short - short - predicative adjective. Participial adjectives = Adjectives in the form of the present participle and the past participle. e.g. : a) Working women lead busy lives working present participle women noun adjective 'working', participial adjective.

Ééπ\úø

ÅØË

ÅC

ÅØË †’ í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-ûÓçC. Åçõ‰ îËÊÆ °æEE îË≤ÚhçC, 鬕öÀd

b) It was a drawn match c) The stolen cash was found in his room In (b) drawn (past participle of 'draw') qualifies the noun, 'match' - so 'drawn' is a participial adjective. In (c), the 'stolen' (Past participle of 'steal') qualifies the noun 'Cash'. So 'stolen' is the past participle of 'steal'. Q. He was tired. He felt tired. He got tired. (be) P.P./ (feel)/ P.P/ (Get) P.P.

OöÀ Å®√nEo, à Ææçü¿®√s¥™x ©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó N¨¡ü¿°æ®Ω-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. He was tired = Hew felt tired = He got tired.

OöÀ™x üËØÁj oØ√ à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a – Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ éπüΔ? Q. éÀçC¢√öÀéÀ antonyms ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) Menotony 2) Meagre 3) Fickle 4) Frank 5) Marvellous 6) Meek (Mild) 7) Generous 8) Straight 9) Ample 10) Praise 11) Offer 12) Quiet 13) Regret 14) Sacrifice A. 1) Variety 2) Ample/ Fat/ Rich 3) Constant 4) Secretive/ durious 5) Ordinary/ Commenplace 6) Arrogant 7) Mean

8) Crooked

9) Meagre/ Scanty 10) Condemn 11) Withhod 12) Noisy/ loud/ disturbed 13) Gloat 14) Gain/ Acquire Q.

éÀçC¢√öÀ Å®Ωnç, v°æßÁ÷í¬©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) Joyous - Joyful 2) Committee - Commission 3) Wail - Weap 4) Recover - Restore 5) Rid of - Get rid of 6) Attraction - Attractiveness 7) Altogether - All together

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 624

a) This book is specially useful for students =

ÉC v°æûËu-éπçí¬ NüΔu-®Ω’n©èπ◊°æßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË °æ¤Ææhéπç (ÉçÈé-´-Jéà é¬ü¿’) Especially = ´·êuçí¬/ v°æüμΔ-†çí¬

´uèπ◊h© •%çü¿ç. Ñ •%çüΔ-EéÀ elected (v°æï©’ ᆒo-èπ◊ØË ÆæçÆæn-©èπ◊) -ÖçúË b) This book is useful, especially for ÅCμ-é¬-®√©’ ™‰†-°æp-öÀéà commission èπ◊ students = Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç. èπÿú≈ éÌEo ÅCμ-é¬-®√-©’ç-ö«®·. M.SURESAN ´·êuçí¬ NüΔu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ (Éûª-®Ω’-©èπÿ Ö°æCommission Nüμ¿’©’: ßÁ÷í∫ç, é¬F NüΔu-®Ω’n-©-Èé-èπ◊\-´í¬) 1) àüÁjØ√ îªôdç ÆæJí¬_ Å´’-©-´¤-ûª’çüΔ ™‰üΔ ÅE 9) Business = ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç/-ü¿’-é¬ùç (°ü¿l-á-ûª’h†/ *†o°æJ-Q-Lç-îªúøç; á-ûª’h†) 2) îªôd Ö©xç-°∂æ’-†©-†’ v°æ¶μº’ûªy ü¿%≠œdéÀ ûË´úøç, Trade = ¢√ùÀïuç (¶μ«K ¢√u§ƒ®Ω 鬮Ωu-éπ-™«-§ƒ©’) Å™«çöÀ Ö©xç-°∂æ’-†-©èπ◊ ¶«üμ¿’u-™„j† ¢√JéÀ Péπ~ 10) Cool = -îª-©xí¬ Ö†o/ x-öÀ (-É-C -´’-†èπ◊ Ææ÷*ç-îªúøç. OöÀéÀ îªôd-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ÅCμ-é¬-®√©’ £æ…-®·-F, -≤˘-ë«u-Fo éπ-L-Tç-îË-C) èπÿú≈ Öçö«®·. Cold = îªLí¬ Ö†o/ x-•-úÕ† DE-´©x ´’†èπ◊ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’: 1) Human Rights Commission Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç. (´÷†´ £æ«èπ◊\© éπN’-≠æØ˛) The day is cool = xí¬ £æ…®·í¬ ÖçC. 2) Minority Rights Commissions The day is cold = îªLí¬ ÖçC. 3) Central Water and Power Commission 11) Site = -Éç-öÀÆæn-©ç/ É∞¡Ÿx éπô’d-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, O©’í¬ (Íéçvü¿ ï© Nü¿’u-îªa ¥éÀh Commission) etc. Ö†o Ææn©ç. She bought the site near her 3) Wail - ®Óü¿† üμ¿yEûÓ (ü¿’”ê-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† íÌçûª’ûÓ àúøOffice = ¢√∞¡x Office ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o Ææn™«Eo Ç¢Á’ ´ôç. Weep = ᙫ Å®·Ø√ àúø-´ôç é̆oC. 4) Recover: 1) éÓ©’-éÓ-´úøç 2) É*a† ´Ææ’h´¤/ úø•’s Cite = ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-™«ç-öÀN É´yúøç ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE AJT ®√•-ô’d-éÓ-´úøç. Restore = He cited Karna as a man of generosity = °æ¤†”-v°æ-A≠æe/ °æ‹®Ωy°æ¤ ÆœnAéÀ ûË´úøç. üΔûª%ûªyçÖ†o ´’E≠œ. ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωùèπ◊ éπ®Ω’gúÕE e.g. : 1) He recovered from a fever a few í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒp-ú≈-ߪ’†. days ago. éÓ©’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 12) Illness = ï•’s/ à ﶄjsØ√/ -ÅØ√-®Óí∫uç. 2) India is unable to recover its territory Illness is rampant in slums = ´·J-éÀ-¢√-úø™ x under chinese occupation = îÁjØ√ ï•’s©’/ ÅØ√-®Óí∫uç N°æ-K-ûªçí¬ ÖçC. Çvéπ´’ù™ Ö†o ûª† ¶μº÷¶μ«-í¬Eo ¶μ«®Ωû˝ Disease = äéπ ï•’s. Cancer is a deadly disAJT ®√•-ô’d-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûÓçC. ease. (Cancer- äéπ ï•’s – ´’®Ωù鬮Ω-éπ-¢Á’içC) Restore: 1) Democracy was restored in 13) a) Pitiful = ü¿ßª’-í∫©. -ñ«-L-ûª-L-îË. Pakistan after 12 years §ƒé˙™  v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’uç A Pitiful person cannot bear the sight = 12 à∞¡x ûª®√yûª ´’Sx ØÁ©-éÌçC ü¿ßª’í∫© ´uéÀh Ç ü¿%¨»uEo ¶μºJç-îª-™‰úø’. 2) The Court Judgement has Restored their b) Pitable = ü¿ßª’-F-ߪ’-¢Á’i† /ñ«L éπL-TçîË property to them = éÓ®Ω’d B®Ω’p ¢√∞¡x ÇÆœhE His condition was pitable = ÅûªúÕ °æJ-Æ œnA ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ AJT ´îËa™« îËÆœçC ü¿ßª’-F-ߪ’çí¬/ ñ«L éπL-Tç-îË-Cí¬ ÖçC. 3) The Police Action Restored calm in the 14) Camp èπ◊, Campaign èπ◊ àO’ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ area = §ÚMÆˇ Ωu Ç v§ƒçû√-EéÀ ´’Sx v°æ¨»ç-ûªéπüΔ? Camp = NúÕC/ •Ææ îËߪ’úøç/ ûª†’ îËèπÿ-JaçC. û√û√\Léπçí¬ ¢ËÍ® îÓô °æE-O’ü¿ Öçúøôç. 5. Be rid of = àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ ´ü¿-L-§Ú-´úøç. Iam rid of a) This is their camp in summer = ÉC ¢√J his trouble/ my illeness= ¢√úÕ ¶«üμ¿/ Ø√ ¢√uCμ ¢ËÆæN NúÕC. ´C-LçC Ø√èπ◊/ ´ü¿’-©’a-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ b) The officer is on camp = ÅCμ-é¬J °æE-O’ü¿ Get rid of = ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-´-úøç. û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ ¢ËÍ® Ü®Óx ÖØ√o®Ω’) Get rid of your laziness = F •ü¿l-é¬Eo ´ü¿’-©’aéÓ,

bodies

Duryodhana wanted to get rid of all the Pandavas =

§ƒçúø-´¤-©†’ ´C-Lç--éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oúø’ ü¿’®Óu-üμ¿-†’úø’ 6) Attractive = Çéπ-®Ω{ù. Attractiveness = Çéπ-J{çîË Ææy¶μ«´ç The Attractiveness of Natural Scenary has

c) The Collector is camping here tonight = Collector Campaign =

Ñ ®√vA Ééπ\úø •Ææ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Öü¿u´’ç/ áEo-éπ-©èπ◊/ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊

ÉîËa v°æî√®Ωç. a) The campaign for women's rights =

áEo-

éπ© v°æî√®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-´’-®·çC.

A. 'To dismiss two ministers' is not at all a clause, not even an infinitive clause. It is just a phrase. An infinitive is not a verb, so 'to dismiss' in 'to dismiss two ministers' is only an infinitive and therefore, 'to dismiss two ministers' is only a phrase. So 'Seshan wants the ruling party to dismiss two ministers', has only one finite verb 'wants' That means it has only one main clause and a phrase so it is undoubtedly a SIMPLE SENTENCE.

Y. Gayathri, Asifabad. Q.

éÀçC°æüΔ-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. Freeze frame 2. Ditty 3. Telltale 4. Philately 5. Tantalize 6. Fuzzy 7. Mainstay 8. Purloined 9. Despondency

10. Inmost

11. Courtsan 12. Embrassing. A. 1. Freeze Frame = scene

ÆœE-´÷™x, TV ™x àüÁjØ√ ™ äéπ-Ææç-°∂æ’-ô-††’ E¨¡a-©çí¬ (éπü¿-©èπ◊çú≈) é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ îª÷°œçîË *vûªç (´÷´‚©’ photo ™™«) 2. Ditty = *†o Uûªç (§ƒô) Åçûªí¬ íÌ°æpC é¬EC. 3. Tell tale = éπ∞¡xèπ◊ éπE-°œÆæ’hØ√o (üΔîª-™‰E. Tell tale signs = éπ∞¡xèπ◊ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h†o í∫’®Ω’h©’ (üΔîª-™‰-EN) 4. Philately = Postal Stamps ÊÆéπ-JçîË hobby 5. Tantalize = äéπ®Ω’ 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊ØË ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ¢√JéÀîËa™« Ǩ¡ îª÷°œç* É´y-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç/ äéπ®Ω’ ¶«í¬ ÇP-Ææ’h†o N≠æߪ’ç ÅçC-†õ‰d éπE-°œç*, Åçü¿-éπ§Ú-´úøç Success Tantalized him = Nïߪ’ç Åûª-úÕéÀ ÅçC-†õ‰d éπE-°œç*, Åçü¿-èπ◊çú≈ §Ú®·çC. 6. Fuzzy = 3, 4 Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®· Ñ ´÷ôèπ◊. áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úË Å®Ωnç– ´’Ææéπ ´’Ææ-éπí¬ Ö†o/ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ™‰E. (Fuzzy logic - Computers †’ ´÷†´ ¢Á’ü¿-úø’™«í¬ °æE-îË-®·çîªí∫LÍí computer v°ævéÀߪ’) 7. Main Stay = ÇüμΔ®Ωç. He is the mainstay of the company = Ç Company éÀ ÅûªúË ÇüμΔ®Ωç (´·ê’uúø’) 8. Purloin = ûªÆæ \-Jç-îªôç/ üÌçT-Lç-îªúøç (ņ’-´’A ™‰èπ◊çú≈ äéπJ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ BÆæ’-èπ◊E, ¢√úË-ߪ’ôç) 9. Despondency = E®√¨¡, EÆæp %£æ«. 10. Inmost = Åçûª-®√-∞«™x– ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ™°æ© Ö†o. 11. Courtesan = ¢Ë¨¡u/ §ƒûª-é¬-©ç™ ®√V© Ç≤ƒnØ√™xE üË´-üΔÆ‘ 12. Embarrasing = É•sç-C-°õ‰d. It is embarrassing for a police inspector to arrest a minister's son.

Æ‘Y©

£æ«èπ◊\© Öü¿u´’ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 5 -úÕÂÆç•®Ω’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Rajanikanth, Mahaboobabad.

A 1) Wriggling

Q. Please explain the following underlined word whether it is past tense or present tense.

Q. I have been to home how do we make question like have you been to home?

A creative person would be an extraordinary.

A. 'Have you been to home?' is not correct. 'Have you been home?' is the correct form =

.

A This sentence is wrong. Extraordinary is an adjective. We don't use 'a/ an and the' before an adjective. The correct from of the sentence is:

Wriggle

(Jí∫’™¸) =

2) He is driving us to streets.

Is the above sentence correct?

.

A creative person would be extraordinary/ A creative Person would be an extraordinary person.

(JTxçí˚) – T™« T™« éÌô’d-éÓ-´úøç.

A. Sudharkar, Peddamallareddy. Q. Please clarify whether these are Simple/ Complex/ or Compound- sentences. 1) A man and his partner, both plumbers, were voicing irritation at the construction site of hospital. 2) Sure enough there was a leak but they couldn't say where.

A. Wrong. The correct form is: Haven't I been (to) home? (You don't use, 'did and have

3) It would be a major job to break up the floor.

(ØËEç-öÀéÀ

¢Á∞¡x™‰üΔ?)

immediately ( × ) ('Amiss' followed by a person) Please don't take amiss my not replying immediately. ('amiss' followed by an idea) (✓) =

He maintained a dignified demeanour

؈’ ¢ÁçôØË ï¢√•’ É´y-éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈Eo ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓèπ◊.

†’Nyç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞Ôx-î√a¢√?

Q. Didn't I have been to home/ house? - is this sentence correct.

2

=

Please don't take it amiss if I don't reply immediately = ✓

؈’ ¢ÁçôØË ï¢√•’ É´y-éπ-§ÚûË Å§ƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓèπ◊ ( ) Åçõ‰ Misunderstand ûª®√yûª ´uéÀh Ê°®Ω’ (Noun)/ He, she, it ™«çöÀ pronouns ®√´îª’a. Amiss ûª®√yûª ´uéÀh Ê°®Ω’/ Personal.

 Wear a dress and don a dress First of all, 'a dress' is for women and sometimes for children; for men it is clothes. 'Wear' something is conversational and is more common than 'don'. 'Don' is very for-

He is driving us to str eets Q. Can we use the verb 'is' after the abstract noun?

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 625

e.g. : I like her agreeableness and it is very good or

4) Just then a doctor dropped by to see how things were progressing.

e.g. : My goodness is to help them. A. Why not? Even an abstract noun can be the subject of a sentence and any verb can follow it if it can give meaning.

5) Crawling along the floor, he soon located the leak.

e.g. : Goodness (Abs. noun) is rare Here 'Goodness' is an abstract noun, and it is followed by 'is'.

A. 1. This is a simple sentence because there is only one main clause - 'were voicing ... hospital.'

'It is very good' is correct. My goodness is to help them, is also correct.

2. Compound sentences - 2 main clauses: 1) There was a leak, 2) they could not stay there, joined by the conjunction, 'but'.

(´’ç*-

ûª†ç Å®Ω’ü¿’).

Q. He ate the mango Is the above underlined word predicate or object?

3. Simple - only one main clause - It would be a major job.

In the book Essential English Grammar by Raymond Murphy- it is said that 'persons' shouldn't be used- Explain. A. 'Mango' in the sentence is the object of the verb. It is a part of the predicate 'the mango'. Predicate = What the sentence says about the subject. It usually consists of the verb, and the object. '... persons shouldn't be used' - The meaning of this sentence is not clear. Any noun/ noun-phrase/ noun-clause can be used as the object of a verb in a sentence.

4. Complex: One main clause: Just then a doctor dropped by: + One subordinate clause - to see how things were progressing. 5. Simple: Just one main clause - He located the leak.

K.V. Rao, Visakhapatnam. Q.

éÀçC °æüΔ©ûÓ meanings ™ ence †’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

shade of differ-

Difference between-

S. Rana Suxena, Yellandu.

 Don't' misunderstand me & Don't take me amiss.

Q. Please clarify the following doubt.

 Wear a dress & don a dress.

The dog could easily have been half a mileWhat is the meaning of the sentence. A. The correct form of the sentence- The dog could have been half a mile away = It is possible that/ possibly the dog was half a mile away = May be the dog was half a mile away =

Ç èπ◊éπ\ Å®Ω ¢Á’i©’ ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçüË¢Á÷/ Öçúø´îª’a.

Q. He has been dead twenty five years- is this sentence correct? as no 'for the past' or 'since' mentioned. A. No. It is not. The correct form is = 'for the past twenty five years' and not 'since 25 years'. Q. Please translate the following sentences into English.

1) T© T™« éÌô’d-é̆’ (îË°æ) 2) Åûªúø’ ´’´’tLo O-üμ¿’-©-§ƒ©’ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’

 Trendy & Fashionable.

 Trendy = Very fashionable. 'Trendy' is informal, that is, not used on official and important occasions; and in respectable circles.

 Humble = Not proud = Modest - but there is some important difference. When a person is humble, they are not proud, and are aware of (know)/ their weaknesses and defects which they may have. When a person is modest, they are not proud, though they are great and do not have any weaknesses or defects. (Humble

í¬ Ö†o-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ ûª´’ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç °æôx í∫®Ωyç Öçúøü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûª´’-èπ◊†o ÅÆæ´’®Ωnûª©’, ™§ƒ-©†’ ¢√®Ω’ áJT Öçö«®Ω’.) Modest í¬ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx ûª´’ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç í∫’Jç* í∫®Ωy°æ-úø®Ω’. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ O∞¡x-ÍéO’ ÅÆæ-´’-®Ωn-ûª©÷, ™§ƒ©÷ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a)  Violent = Using force to cause injury = £œ«ç≤ƒûªt-éπ-¢Á’i†, üˆ®Ωb-†u-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Severe = harsh (éπJ∏-†-¢Á’i†) or strict (Bv´-¢Á’i†)  Many times = Many a time = î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x, Many times is conversational (¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç). Many a time is bookish (ví¬çC∑éπç) and poetic. ´÷´‚©’ ®Ωîª-†™x Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™x many a time ¢√úøç.  What's up? = What is going on?

 Modest & Humble.

What is happening =

 Violent & Severe.

What is (What has) happened? =

 Many times & Many a time.  What's up & What's happened?  Enroute & On the way.  Green & Verdant.  Behaviour & Demeanour. A.  Don't misunderstand me = Don't understand me wrongly Don't take me amiss - This is not correct. The correct expression is: Don't take it amiss if I give you advice = Don't misunderstand my giving you advice. Note that 'take amiss' is followed always by 'some thing' and not by any personal pronoun/ noun indicating a person. Please don't take me amiss if I don't reply

I have no reservations (My) 'Reflections'

Åçõ‰ àN’ö N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’ GúÕߪ’ç/ ¶„®Ω’èπ◊. ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oüΔEo •ßª’-öÀéÀ îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´úøç, ´·êuçí¬ ´’†èπ◊†o •©-£‘«-ûª-†-ûª-™«xç-öÀC.

A. Inhibitions =

The presence of their teacher caused inhibitions in them = teacher

¢√∞¡x Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊-†oC îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ ¶„®Ω’-èπ◊ûÓ. îËߪ÷©-†’-èπ◊-†oC îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ (GúÕߪ’ç, ¶„®Ω’-èπ◊-´©x) =

(ûÁ©’í∫’™ ü¿’Ææ’h©’ '¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç—, 'üμ¿Jçîªúøç—– Ñ È®çöÀ-èπ◊†o ûËú≈ØË wear èπ◊, don èπÿ) M.SURESAN

I have no inhibitions

Reservations = A feeling of doubt about certain persons/ things/ plans.

mal and is rarely used in conversation.

been' in the same sentence)

£æ›çüΔí¬ Ö†o †úø-´-úÕE v°æü¿-Jzç-î√úø’/ îª÷ÊÆ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Åûªúø’ £æ›çüΔ †úø-´-úÕûÓ éπE-°œç-î√úø’. Q. 'Inhibitions' Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?

éÌçûª-´’çC ´uèπ◊h©/ ´u´-£æ…-®√-©-°æôx ´’†-èπ◊†o ÆæçüË-£æ…©’.

I have reservations about the success of the unique ID Card =

v°æûËuéπ í∫’Jhç°æ¤ é¬®Ω’f Nïߪ’ç í∫’Jç* Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ…-©’-Ø√o®·. K. Srikrishna Kumar, Bapatla.

Q. I have my own Philosophy about such things

°j ¢√éπuç™ 'about' adverb/ preposition ûÁ©-°æí∫-©®Ω’. 'about'†’ adverbí¬ á™« ¢√úøû√ç, preposition í¬ á™« ¢√úø-û√¢Á÷ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. 'About' Ééπ\úø preposition éπüΔ. such things ´·çü¿’-¢√-úÕçC. Things (noun) ´·çü¿’ ´*açC. üΔE B®Ω’†’ í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-ûÓçC 鬕öÀd. Adverb use of 'about' - adverb Åçõ‰ verb ûÁLÊ° °æEE í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-ûª’çC éπüΔ? a) He went about asking everyone for help. about = around =

Ééπ\úø Å®ΩnçûÓ

b) The book costs about Rs. 100/- =

àç

Ç

°æ¤Ææhéπç üΔüΔ°æ¤ 100 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ îËÆæ’hçC. Q. 1. Now-a-days poor parents are facing troubles to get their daughters married due to dowry system. 2. Now a days poor parents are facing troubles to marry off their daughters due to dowry system.

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x àC

correct ?

A. 1. Now a days poor parents are facing trouble (troubles to get their daughters married because of/ owing to (due to the dowry system = Now a days poor parents are facing trouble (troubles marrying off (to marry off their daughters, owing to/ because of the dowry system.

é¬ü¿’)

é¬ü¿’) é¬ü¿’)

àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC?

Åô÷ Éô÷ ÅØË

é¬ü¿’)

ïJTçC?  Enroute (Pronounced on root) = on the way. Enroute is formal -

é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç/ §ƒçúÕûªuç

 Green = of green colour of anything. Verdant = Being green due to the colour of trees, plants and grass. All 'green' need not be due to their being verdant verdantgreen)

(îÁôx, ¢Á·éπ\© °æîªa-ü¿†ç – ®Ωéπ¢Á’i† °æîªa-ü¿-†-¢Á’iØ√

à

 Behaviour = the way a person behaves =

†úø-´úÕ

Demeanour = The behaviour of a person as seen by others =

äéπJ †úø-´úÕ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ éπ†-°æúË B®Ω’. (†úø-´úÕ éπE-°œçîË Nüμ¿ç)

Srinu, Darsi Q. M.I.M. too is keeping its cards close to it's chest. A. M.I.M.

ûª†’ àç îËߪ’-¶-ûÓçD î√™« ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ Öç-ûÓçC. Ééπ\úÕ Idiom: keeping cards close to one's chest - á´-È®jØ√ àü¿-®·Ø√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ®Ω£æ«-Ææuçí¬ Öç-éÓ-´-úøç – (Ê°é¬-ô™, cards (Ê°éπ©)†’ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ éπE-°œç-îª-E-´y-èπ◊çú≈ ´’† ®Ì´·tèπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Â°ô’d-éÓ-´-úøç)

Q. There is no denying that his stock had plummeted since 26/ 11. A. 26/ 11 (stock)

Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ïJ-T-†-°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Åûª-úÕ °æ®Ω-°æA ¶«í¬ °æúÕ-§Ú-®·çC (plummeted) ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿-†-™‰-EC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 12 -úÕÂÆç•®Ω’ 2010 E. Anil, Bapatla. Q. Sir, 'to infinitive'

í∫’Jç* í∫ûªç™ N´-Jç-î √®Ω’. é¬F compliment ™ to infinitive †’, üΔE Å®√nEo, N’í∫û√ Ææçü¿®√s¥™ x to infinitive †’ ¢√úøôç-´©x ´îËa difference †’ ûÁ©°æí∫©®Ω’.

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ A. And = &. 'And' Equal to

¢√úË í∫’®Ω’h,

 Difference between 'Construct, build' A. Construct = build = construct

éπôdúøç (É©’x, íÓúø-™«xç-öÀN). †’ É©’x-™«ç-öÀN éπôdúøç ÅØË Å®·ûË, Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Å™«-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ build †’ éπôdúøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ üËØÁj oØ√ ≤ƒn°œç*, ´%Cl¥ îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Nehru built Modern India = ØÁv£æfi †´ ¶μ«®Ω-ûªü˨»Eo EJtç-î√úø’. Goodness builds good friendships = ´’ç*-ûª†ç ´’ç* ÊÆo£æ…-©†’ ´%Cl¥-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC. É™«çöÀîÓôx construct ¢√úøç.

A. To +1st Regular Doing Word (go, sing, walk etc.) To go, to sing, to walk, etc., infinitive

†’ †’ Åçö«ç. DEo ´‚úø’ Å®√n-©ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. 1) ÖüËl¨»Eo ûÁLÊ°çü¿’èπ◊ (purpose) 'éÌ®Ωèπ◊, èπ◊— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 2) 'ÅE— Å®ΩnçûÓ 3) ®√´úøç, îËߪ’úøç, A†úøç, etc. ™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ 1) Purpose (ÖüËl¨¡ç) a) He is here to meet his friend = ûª† ÊÆo£œ«ûª’úÕE éπL-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊/ éπL-ÊÆ-éÌ-®Ωèπ◊ (purpose) Åûª-E-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’.

ÅØËC ´÷ô (Word), & üΔEéÀ èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h, = ™«

 Difference between 'Pollute, contamination' A. Pollute = Add harmful and dirty substances to land, air and water so that we cannot use them anymore =

´’†ç ¢√úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’-™‰E Nüμ¿çí¬ v°æéπ%-A-´-†-®Ω’©’ (¶μº÷N’, í¬L, F∞¡Ÿx) 鬩’≠æuç Å®·-§Ú-´úøç. Contaminate = ´’†ç ¢√úË °æüΔ-®√n-©†’ ¢ËöÀ-ØÁjØ√

b) She has come here to search for a book

2

 The work should executed and completed in 5 days. A.

°æE ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬E*a, 5 ®ÓV™x °æ‹Jh îË®·.

 Difference between 'Opposite, Before, Infront'

being.

A. Opposite =

buildings

áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ – Ææn™«©’, ™«çöÀN, ´’†’-≠æfl-™«xçöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™

Dramatist = A writer of dramas = Playwright (Play writer

é¬ü¿’)

If one building is opposite another, they face each other - The front of one building faces the front of another building

Ç™-îª-†©÷,

ܣ櫙«xçöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ '´uA-Í®éπç— ´·çü¿’ = infront of Å®·ûË, 'before' †’ ´·êuçí¬ time N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, äéπ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ´·çü¿’ (Æ洒ߪ’ç) ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Before =

Indian Independence was before Gandhi's death.

Essayist = writer of essays. Essay = A Writing about a topic - suppose you write at length about the present political situation in AP, that becomes an essay. Play = drama Novel = a book telling a long story Novelist = a writer of novels Plot = The way the writer tells the story. Aesthetic = connected with the study of beauty Q. Please clarify the following doubt. He could drive the car. What should we understand by reading the above sentence. Should understand that it is present tense/ Past tense. or according to the situation context/ position we have to understand? Please tell me the way of learning simple/ compound and complex sentences in an easiest way. A. He could drive the car 1) In the past he had the ability to drive a car 2) In the present/ now, he may have the ability to drive a car This, you can understand, depending only on the situation. e.g. : 1) When he was young, he could drive the car. (He had the ability) 2) He could drive the car = There is (now) a chance/ possibility of his driving the car. The sentences above are in the Active voice. e.g. : You could be deceived (= There is a chance of your being deceived - now) Simple compound and complex sentences: These have been explained in great detail, more than three times. Please see the earlier lessons on Spoken English.

(Å©ç-é¬®Ω ¨»ÆæYç)

Goodness builds good friendships He was standing in front of the building - This is better than He was standing before the building, though both have the same meaning, and accepted usage.

=

°æ¤Ææhéπç ¢ÁA-Íéç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´*açC. 2) 'ÅE— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.. Sarala wants togo = Ææ®Ω∞¡ ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’èπ◊çöçC. Bhanu wishes to help Lakshmi = ©éÀ~ téÀ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷-©E ¶μ«†’ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. 3) †úø-´ôç, A†úøç, etc. ™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ.. a) To walk such a distance is not easy = Ç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´ôç Ææ’©¶μºç é¬ü¿’. b) To understand it (ÅC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ûËLéπ) i) She is coming to see you = Ç¢Á’ E†’o îª÷úøö«-EéÀ ´≤ÚhçC. Ééπ\úÕ Verb, is coming. DEéÀ object Öçúøü¿’ éπüΔ? Åçü¿’-éπE 'To see you' ÅØË infinitive †’ Ééπ\úø complement (sentence †’ complete îËÊÆC) Å´¤-ûª’çC. ii) The officer asked him to finish the work.

Ééπ\úø verb, 'asked'. DEéÀ object: 'to finish' ÅØË infinitive. Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø infinitive †’ object í¬ ¢√ú≈ç ņo-´÷ô. iii) To Understand it is easy = ÅC/ üΔEo Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç Ææ’©¶μºç. Ééπ\úø to understand ÅØË infinitive †’ subject of a sentence í¬ ¢√ú≈ç. ÉO 'infinitive' †’ ¢√úË N-üμΔ-Ø√©’: 1) subject of a sentence, 2) object of a verb and 3) complement.

O’®Ω’ É´Fo Ç™-*Ææ÷h English ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ®√ÊÆç-ü¿’èπÿ v°æߪ’-AoÊÆh, O’éπFo ÆæçüË-£æ…-©’í¬ ÖçúÕ, àC ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰®Ω’, ®√ߪ’-™‰®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ technical aspects Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«xúË, ®√ÊÆ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’çúÕ. O’èπ◊ English ûªy®Ωí¬ ´Ææ’hçC. Q. i) Sir Charged him to violate the rules. ii) Don't forget to lock the door.

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©†’ Grammatical í¬ N´-Jç-îªí∫©®Ω’. (ii) sentence ™ Subject ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ? ÅC à Nüμ¿çí¬ sentence í¬ form Å®·çüÓ N´Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. i) Sir charged him to violate the rules = ÉC à Å®Ωnç ®√E ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p 鬕öÀd ÉC sentence é¬ü¿’. ii) Don't forget to lock the door - Ñ sentence™, infinitive, 'to lock the door' is the object of the verb, 'forget'.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 626 éπ©’-≠œûªç îËÆœ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ´·J-éÀí¬ éπ©t≠æç îËߪ’úøç. The drinking water has been contaminated with excess of Chlorine = Chlorine

M.SURESAN

A. Allot =

´’K áèπ◊\-´í¬ éπ©-´úøç ´©x ´’ç*-F∞¡Ÿx éπ©t-≠æ-´’-ߪ÷u®·.

The river water had been polluted by gas emission from the factory = Factory

™ç* ´îËa (N≠æ)-¢√-ߪ·-´¤-´©x †C F∞¡Ÿx éπ©’-≠œ-ûª-´’-ߪ÷u®·. à °æüΔ-®√n-†o-®·Ø√, ´·êuçí¬ F∞¡Ÿx, ¢Á·éπ\©’ áCÍí ≤ƒí∫’™ Ö†o ¶μº÷N’ éπ©’-≠œûªç 鬴úøç, contamination

v°æéπ%A ´†-®Ω’©’ éπ©’-≠œûªç 鬴úøç/ Pollute. Å®·ûË, contamination 鬮Ωùç, Pollution °∂æLûªç Ŵa.  'Don't eat and drink'. In this sentence is 'not' applicable to drink also? A. Not applies to both 'eat' and 'drink' Compare: a) Don't eat and drink b) Don't eat but drink 

'ü¿’Ææ’h©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç, BÆœ¢Ëߪ’úøç— ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’çö«®Ω’? A. Put on (clothes) = ü¿’Ææ’h©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç Take off (clothes) = ü¿’Ææ’h©’ BÊÆ-ߪ’úøç  Difference between 'hire, rent' A. Hire = Take (engage) something by paying rent (money) Taking something for temporary use = hire The money paid for using something temporarily = Rent.  Difference between 'Wedding and marriage' A. Marriage = the beginning of a legally and socially accepted union of a man and a woman as a husband and wife =

Ææ´÷ïç, îªôdç Ææ´’t-AçîË Æ‘Y °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl© Ææ£æ«-@-´† v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç

wedding = The ceremony and the dinner marking marriage (Muslims

°-Rx-ûªçûª’/ Nçü¿’ (¢Ëü¿´’çvû√©’/ îªJa™ v§ƒ®Ωn-†©’/ Eë« N≠æߪ’ç™) ûÓ èπÿúÕ† °Rx ûªçûª’.  °æçúø’, é¬ßª’†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. °æçúø’/ é¬ßª’: fruit é¬ßª’ = Raw fruit; °æçúø’ = Ripe fruit  F´¤ Ø√éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ •®Ω’-´¤-Ø√o´¤/ ™«´¤-Ø√o´¤– ÉçTx≠ˇ™

Bhukya Naik, Lavja Tanda.

A. You are heavier/ fatter than me (I)

Q. Please clarify following doubts.



 Difference between 'and, &'

 Difference between 'Allot, Allocate'

íÓ°‘E ûÌçü¿-®Ωí¬ ûªßª÷®Ω’ îË®·– ÉçTx-≠ˇ™

A. Get Gopi ready soon/ Prepare Gopi soon/ Make Gopi ready soon

äéπ °æü¿l¥-ûªçô÷ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¶μ«í¬©÷, §ƒvûª©÷ Íéö«-®·ç-îªúøç –

distribution not on a systematic basis or in a just manner. e.g. : Each boy was allotted same duty. Allocate =

ÇJnéπ ´†®Ω’©’ (úø•’s, ÇÆœh-™«ç-öÀN) ÅCμé¬-®√©÷, äéπ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ Íéö«-®·ç-îªúøç

The government has allocated Rs. 20 crore for Arogyasri Padhakam  Difference between program, programme A. Program (American spelling) = Programme (British spelling) But all 'computer' programs are spelt 'program' only in both varieties of English  Bring Ram, Syam's dress. Here is applicable to Ram. A. Bring Ram, Syam's clothes (we don't use 'dress' for men, 'clothes' for men and 'dress' only for women) Oh Ram, bring Syam's clothes. Bring Ram and Syam's clothes = Bring Ram and clothes of Syam =

®√´‚, ¨»uç ü¿’Ææ’h©’ °ævö«.

Bring Ram's and Syam's clothes =

®√ç, ¨»uç

•ôd©’ °ævö«. Somaiah, Yellandu Q. Sir, Please give the meanings of the following words in Telugu and give one example for each word. Exploratory talking, Comparatively, Author, Dramatist, Essayist, Essay, Play writer, Play, Drama, Novel, Novelist, Plot, Aesthetic. A. Exploratory talks ('not talking') = If two persons/ parties have exploratory talks, they talk to each other to find out each others opinions/ whether there can be any agreement, etc. Comparatively = compared with = Vijayawada is comparatively cool (Vijayawada is cooler than many other places) = There are much hotter places than Vijayawada.

(§ÚLa

îª÷ÊÆh)

Author = Writer of any kind of book/ A person responsible for any book to come into

A. Sudhakar, Peddamalla Reddy. Q. You told us about phrase in the previous lesson is, A group of words without a verb. But I have seen this sentence, as, e.g. : The Teacher had said that the three Telugu Books had been stolen. In this sentence. Phrase, The teacher had said, his three telugu books, had been stolen. It has verbs, how it possible to say as phrases? Is it any exception? Please clarify this. A. A group of words without a verb, is of course, a phrase. He comes here in the evenings - In this sentence, 'in the evenings' is a phrase because it is a group of words without a verb. The sentence you have written is: The teacher had said that three Telugu books had been stolen - First of all, this sentence is wrong. The correct form of this sentence. The teacher said (not 'had said') that three books had been stolen. In this sentence, his three 'Telugu books' is the only phrase, because it is, in this sentence, the only group of words without a verb. 'The teacher said' - This is a group of words has the verb, 'said', so this is a clause, and NOT a phrase. 'his three Telugu books had been stolen' - this is a group of words with the verb, 'had been stolen'. So this is also a CLAUSE, and not a phrase.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 19 -úÕÂÆç•®Ω’ 2010

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

G. Ashok, Godhur. Q. Sir, What is the difference between.. 1. Scarcity - Scanty

clients and prepares documents for buying or selling property. (Attorney (American) = solicitor (British English) - of a higher level a barrister) Lord = 1) God. 2) A Feudal lord/ land lord The way a king is addressed by people

2. Drought - Famine 3. Gaze - Glare 4. Apprentice - Probation 5. Ragging - Eve teasing 6. Cabin - Compartment 7. Image - Popularity 8. Attorney - Solicitor 9. Lord - King

(ïO’çüΔ®Ω’); 3) (®√V†’ v°æï©’ Ææç-¶-Cμ-çîË ´÷ô) Soft = ¢Á’ûªhöÀ/ ¢Á’ûªh-í¬-Ö†o smooth = †’†oöÀ/ †’†’°æ¤í¬ Ö†o. 'sponge' is soft, a marble slab (§ƒ©-®√®·) smooth (†’†o)í¬ Öçô’çC.

10. Soft - Smooth 11. Training - Orientation 12. Attest - Certify 13. System - Method 14. Seeding - Ranking 15. Onwards - From A. Scanty = Not enough - What we have is not

G.Sankar, Kesavapatnam. Q. 'English Language Lab'. This sentence is using of many schools, in their flexiboards. What methods to be followed in this lab? How it can be useful to the children? and What is the main aim of this lab? Please clarify and comment on it.

Training = Teaching and making somebody practice what is necessary for a job =

A. The English language lab is a facility which helps us to learn English with the help of a computers and software. The software when used on the computer teaches the student all aspects of english language - the four skills

Attest = to state officially that something is true = (police/ court

Reading, Writing, Listening and speaking. Some software (usually in the form of CDs) has to be loaded/ installed into the computer.

Péπ~ù, ´·êuçí¬ àüÁjØ√ ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Péπ~ù. Orientation = familiarization - ÖüÓuí∫ç N≠æߪ’ç™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, à educational course ØÁjØ√ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÊÆ ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’©’. ÅCμ-é¬-J-éπçí¬ ™«çöÀ ´u´-Ææn© Å´Ææ-®√-©èπ◊) äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Eï-´’E vüμ¿’Oéπ-Jç-îªúøç.

T he English language lab is.. enough for our purpose. There is scanty proof of his crime. Scarce = not enough, because anything that is scarce is difficult to get/ not easily available and not common. Mangoes are scarce in the not so hot places = in the not so hot places mangoes are not easily available. Drought = a long period without rain - a no rain period - when rivers and tanks do not have enough water.

´®√{©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú--´-úøç).

Famine = food being unavailable for a long time as a result of drought and floods

(éπ®Ω´¤/

é~¬´’ç) Gaze - look steadily and long at some thing/ somebody. Glare look at somebody angrily. employed for a fixed period of time to learn a job/ a trainee - period of training. Probation = a period of time during which an employer can know whether a person is suitable for the job/ whether a person can do a job well. Ragging = teasing = laughing at/ playing tricks on somebody. There is no such expression as 'eve- teasing' in english. 'Eve-teasing' is used only in India and it means, 'to make fun of girls/ to play tricks on girls and this cause suffering to them (Rap = tease = Eve- teasing English

äéπJo Ê£«∞¡† îËߪ’-úøç/ Çô °æöÀdç-îª-úøç. ÅØË ´÷ô ™ ™‰ü¿’. ´’† ü˨¡ç™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 'Çúø-¢√-∞¡x†’ Çô-°æ-öÀdç* ¢√∞¡x†’ ¶«Cμç-îªôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’ûª÷ Öçö«ç).

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù

D†®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ™«Íí äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Eï-´’E/ ÅE ûÁ©-°æúøç, Å®·ûË Å†o-°æ¤púø’ àüÓ äéπ °æK-éπ~-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª Eï´’E ûÁLߪ’ñ‰ßª’úøç. 2) ŶμºuJn àüÁjØ√ Péπ~ù/ îªü¿’´¤ ûª®√yûª NüΔu-®Ω|ûª §ÒçC-†ô’x vüμ¿’Oéπ-Jç-îªúøç ´’†ç °æE-îË-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊

working/ teaching/ playing etc. Method = a way of doing something = A person's method of doing something.

äéπ °æE-

îËÊÆ °æü¿l¥A.

Seed = (Position assigned to a player/ a team)

véÃúø™x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Çô-í¬-∞¡xèπ◊, ïôxèπ◊ ÉîËa ≤ƒn†ç

Ranking = Classifying/ assigning ranks to a person in a subject/ profession, etc. =

´%Ah, îªü¿’´¤, ØÁj°æ¤ùuç ™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x äéπ®Ω’ §ÒçüË/ äéπ-JéÀ ÉîËa-≤ƒn†ç.

Onwards = starting from a place/ time and continuing =

äéπ-îÓô’/ Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i Å™«Íí é̆-≤ƒ-í∫úøç. From = starting at a place/ time äéπ-îÓô’/ Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç*.

Cabin = A small room on a ship/ the area on a plane for passengers to sit. Compartment = a section of a rail coach or of a car.

(È®j©’

°õ„d)/ (ãúø-™E *†o-í∫C/ plane ™ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊©’ èπÿ®Ω’aØË îÓô’ – cabin È®j©’ °õ„d/ Åçü¿’™ ¶μ«í∫ç/ °ü¿l é¬®Ω’™ ¶μ«í∫ç – compartment)

Image - the opinion people have about somebody - if they have a bad opinion, it is a bad image. If they have a good opinion, it is a good image. That is, the image people have about somebody may be good or bad. Popularity - The liking

(ÅGμ-´÷†ç)

a large

number of people have for somebody/ something.

(v°æñ«-Gμ-´÷†ç/ v°æñ«-ü¿-®Ωù)

Attorney = in the USA, a lawyer. Solicitor = in Britain, a lawyer who gives legal advice, appears in the court on behalf of their

It's (= It is) a car. Its (of the car/ belonging to the car) wheels support it. It's (It is) a friend of dad's =

ÅC ´÷Ø√†o ÊÆo£œ«ûª’-úÕC – ÉC éπ®ΩÍéd éπüΔ?– It is (the cell phone is ņ’-èπ◊çüΔç) a friend of dad's = Ç cell phone ´÷Ø√†o ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úÕC. Its - Apostrophe ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ = 'üΔE-ßÁ·éπ\— ÅE Å®Ωnç – possessive pronoun. B. Kondaiah, Rajahmundry. Q. Sir,

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ English ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. ؈’ ´÷ Å´÷t-®·éÀ °Rx î˨»†’. 2. ؈’ ®√´·-í¬J Å´÷t-®·E °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. 3. ®√´·-í¬®Ω’ ¢√J Å´÷t-®·E Ø√éÀ*a °Rx î˨»®Ω’. 4. ؈’ ´÷ Å´÷t-®·éÀ ņoç AE-°œç-î√†’.

A. 1. I have married off my daughter. 2. I married Sri Ramu's daughter.

The learner first of all should know how to operate a computer, the soft627 ware consists of lessons in grammar and usage, spelling exercises, proCertify = 1) to state that something is nunciation practice (with the help of correct/ true especially after some head phones), speaking and writing kind of test = attest exercises. A language lab is useful correct M.SURESAN only if the student has some basic certify knowledge of English. There are a number of companies selling the software, and most of them are expensive. The teacher should know the operation of the computer. (give an official Q. When you do the Exam, you've not allowed paper that a person has completed a to write in pencil is there in 'Raymond murcourse) phy' book. For instrument we use 'with' System = a way of working = please clarify it. A person's system of

áç-èπ◊ØË B®Ω’/ Nüμ¿ç.

Apprentice = A young person working for an

2

àâ-Ñ-ÑÑ – 2011 ÂÆçvô™¸ ¶®˝f Ç°∂ˇ ÂÆéπç-úøK áúø’u-Íé-≠æØ˛ (Æœ.G.-á-Æˇ.É.) 2011 NüΔu Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ Ç™¸ ÉçúÕߪ÷ Éç>-F-Jçí˚/ ÇJ\-õ„-éπa®˝ áçvôØ˛q áí¬b-N’-ØË-≠æØ˛ (àâ-Ñ-ÑÑ) v°æéπ-ô† Núø’-ü¿© îËÆœçC. °æKéπ~ ûËD: 2011 ¢Ë’ 1. Ñ °æKéπ~ üΔy®√ ØË≠æ-†™¸ ÉØ˛-Æœd-ô÷uö¸ Ç°∂ˇ õ„é¬o-©-@©’ (áØ˛.-â.öÀ.), ÉçúÕ-ߪ’Ø˛ ÉØ˛-Æœd-ô÷uö¸ Ç°∂ˇ õ„é¬o-©-@©’ (â.â.öÀ.), ü˨¡ç™ Ê°®Ìç-C† úŒ¢˛’f ´Jq-öé’, Éûª®Ω v°æ´’ê NüΔu ÆæçÆæn™x Éç>-F-Jçí˚, ÇJ\-õ„-éπa®˝ úÕvU éÓ®Ω’q™x îË®Ω-´îª’a.°æKéπ~ NüμΔ†ç: È®çúø’ Ê°°æ®Ω’x Öçö«®·. Ê°°æ®˝–1 : GÑ, Hõ„é˙ éÓ®Ω’q-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*çC. Öü¿ßª’ç 9.30 †’ç* 12.30 í∫çô© ´®Ωèπ◊ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. °∂œ>é˙q, ÈéN’Æ‘,Z ´÷uü∑¿-¢Á’-öÀé˙q Æ涄b-èπ◊d-©Â°j v°æ¨¡o©’ ´≤ƒh®·. Ê°°æ®˝ –2 : HÇ®˝\/ H §ƒxEçí˚ éÓ®Ω’q-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç*çC. ´’üμΔu£æ«oç 14.00 †’ç* 17.00 í∫çô© ´®Ωèπ◊

A. Usually we say, 'with a pencil' and not 'in pencil'. But Raymond Murphy is an authority on grammar and more importantly he is an English man, and what an English man says must be correct. So we have to accept 'in pencil' also as correct.

P. Krishna Murthy, Secundrabad. Q.

í∫ûªç™ äéπ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ O’®Ω’ It's a friend of ÅØË äéπ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù†’ Ê°®Ì\-Ø√o®Ω’. It's Åçõ‰ it is ÅE Å®Ωn´÷? '-Å-C ´÷ Ø√†o ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úÕC— ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. N´-®Ωçí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®√? 'It's' possessive pronoun Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ apostrophe Öçúøü¿’ éπüΔ please clarify.

dad's

3. Sri Ramu's daughter has been given to me in marriage. 4. I have fed your daughter.

Priya kumari, Mahaboobabad. Q. Please explain the following in Telugu and English (a) Phrase (b) Clause A. Phrase = a group of words without a verbverb phrase

™‰E ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p†’

Åçö«ç. ÅûªúÕîË ®√ߪ’•úÕ† °æ¤Ææhéπç (Åûªúø’ ®√Æœ† °æ¤Ææhéπç) – ÉC phrase Éçü¿’™ verb ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Written ÅØËC past participle - verb é¬ü¿’. The boy reading the paper = Ç Ê°°æ®˝ îªü¿’-´¤ûª’†o èπ◊v®√úø’ – ÉC èπÿú≈ phrase - verb ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd – reading, verb é¬ü¿’. (Present participle) Present participle verb é¬ü¿’. The book written by him =

A clause is group of words with a verb - verb group of words clause

ÖçúË

†’

Åçö«ç.

If he comes here - 'comes' is a verb here, so, the group of words, 'If he comes here (= is a clause group of words subordinate clause.

ÅûªEéπ\-úÕéÀ ´ÊÆh)— Å®Ωnç-™‰E

Å®·ûË ÉC °æ‹Jh 鬕öÀd, ÉC

If he comes here, I will talk to him 'I will talk to him' group of words will talk verb. clause. Main clause.

Ñ ÉC èπÿú≈ ÖçC. 鬕öÀd, ÉC

™, ÅØËC Å®·ûË DEéÀ °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç

A. It's = It is; Its = of/ belonging to it.

ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. ´÷uü∑¿-¢Á’-öÀé˙q– §ƒ®˝d –1, Ç°œd-ô÷uú˛ õ„Æˇd– §ƒ®˝d–2, vú≈®·çí˚ õ„Æˇd– §ƒ®˝d–3 N¶μ«-í¬©’ Öçö«®·. Æ洒ߪ’ç 3 í∫çô©’. Å®Ω|-ûª©’: ÂÆjØ˛q Æ涄-bèπ◊d-©ûÓ Éçô®˝™ éπFÆæç 50 ¨»ûªç ´÷®Ω’\©’ Öçú≈L. 1) G.É./ G.õ„é˙. éÓ®Ω’q-© π◊: Éçô-®˝™ °∂œ>é˙q, ´÷uü∑¿-¢Á’öÀé˙q ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ. ÈéN’Æ‘Z, •ßÁ÷-õ„-é¬o-©@, éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ÂÆjØ˛q, •ßª÷-©@ Æ涄-bèπ◊d™x àüÓ äéπöÀ Ç°æ{-†-™¸q™ Öçú≈L. 2) G.Ç®˝\/ G. §ƒxEçí˚ éÓ®Ω’q-© π◊: ´÷uü∑˛q Æ涄-bèπ◊dûÓ Éçô-®˝™ Ææí∫-ô’† 50 ¨»ûªç ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ. ÈéN’Æ‘Z, •ßÁ÷-õ„-é¬o-©@, éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ÂÆjØ˛q, •ßª÷-©@ Æ涄èb π◊d™x àüÓ äéπöÀ Ç°æ{-†-™¸í¬ Öçú≈L. 3) ´ßª’Ææ’: ŶμºuJn 1986, ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 1 ûª®√yûª ïEtç* Öçú≈L. 2008 éÀ ´·çü¿’ Éçô®˝ §ƒÂÆj† ¢√®Ω’ ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h© Nvéπߪ’ç: Æ‘H-á-ÆˇÑ v§ƒçBߪ’ ÍéçvüΔ©’, áç°œéπ îËÆœ† ÆœçúÕ-Íéö¸ ¶«uçé˙, Éûª®Ω ¶«uçé˙ v¶«ç<™x úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 22 †’ç* •’™„-öÀ-Ø˛©’ Åçü¿’¶«ô’™ Öçö«®·. °æ‹Jh N´-®√-©èπ◊ ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸ îª÷úø-´îª’a. *´J ûËD: 2011 ï†-´J 20. ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸: www.aieee.nic.in

Gö¸-¨»ö¸ – 2011 ®√ï-≤ƒn-Ø˛-™E G®√x ÉØ˛-Æœd-ô÷uö¸ Ç°∂ˇ õ„é¬o-©@ Åçú˛ ÂÆjØ˛q (Gö¸q) 2011 NüΔu Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ ÉçöÀ-vÍí-õ„ú˛ °∂æÆˇd úÕvU v§Úví¬-´·™x v°æ¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ ÅúÕt-≠æØ˛ õ„Æˇd (Gö¸¨»ö¸–2011) v°æéπ-ô† Núø’-ü¿© îËÆœçC. ÉC °æ‹Jh ÇØ˛-™„jØ˛ ÇüμΔ-Jûª °æKéπ~. °œ™«F, íÓ¢√, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ †í∫-®√™x Ö†o Gö¸q é¬uç°æ-Æˇ-©™ Ñ °æKéπ~ üΔy®√ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç §Òçü¿-´îª’a. °æKéπ~ NüμΔ†ç: ü˨¡-¢√u-°æhçí¬ ÇØ˛-™„j-Ø˛™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. 3í∫çô© Æ洒ߪ’ç Íéö«-®·-≤ƒh®Ω’. v°æ¨¡o©’ Ƕ„-béÀd¢˛ NüμΔ†ç™ Öçö«®·. °æKéπ~ ûËD©’: 2011 ¢Ë’ 11 †’ç* WØ˛ 10 ´®Ω π◊. éÓ®Ω’q©’: 1) ÉçöÀ-vÍí-õ„ú˛ °∂æÆˇd úÕvU v§Úví¬-´·©’ : G.É. (dž®˝q). 2) G.§∂ƒ®˝t (dž®˝q). 3) áç.á-ÆˇÆœ. (dž®˝q): 4) áç.á-ÆˇÆœ.(õ„é˙) Å®Ω|-ûª©’: ŶμºuJn 2011 Éçô®˝ °æKéπ~©’ ®√Ææ’hç-ú≈L. Éçô-®˝™ ÈéN’Æ‘,Z ´÷uü∑¿-¢Á’-öÀé˙q, °∂œ>é˙q Æ涄-bèπ◊d™x éπFÆæç 80 ¨»ûªç ´÷®Ω’\©’ Öçú≈L. Æœ©-•Æˇ, Æ‘ôx Ææçêu, ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h NüμΔ†ç ûªC-ûª®Ω N´-®√-©èπ◊ ¢Á¶¸ÂÆjö¸ îª÷úø-´îª’a. *´J ûËD: 2011 ï†-´J 31. ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸: http:// www.bitsadmission.com

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 26 -úÕÂÆç•®Ω’ 2010 Srinivasa Rao, Visakhapatnam Q.

éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©-°æí∫©®Ω’.

I'm flattered I'm honoured I'm obliged A. I'm flattered = I am flat tered =

††’o ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oô’x / v°æ¨¡ç-Æœ-Ææ’h†oô’x ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.  I'm honoured = ††’o íı®Ω-N-Ææ’h-†oô’x ÅE°œ≤ÚhçC.  I'm obliged = ؈’ O’èπ◊ ®Ω’ù-°æúÕ ÖØ√o†’. Q. Shall I go there?  Shall give her  Shall I take this?  Shall I use this? permission

' û√ߪ÷?

™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u©’ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?--O-öÀE — Å-†’éÓ-¢√-™«?'proposal Å´¤

A. Shall I go there? Asking for permission

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Q. Pleasantries A. Pleasantries =

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? °æ®√-´’®Ωz/ °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô©’ (èπ◊¨¡© v°æ¨¡o©’, ´·îªaô’x ™«çöÀN) – After

exchanging pleasantries. They began to discuss business matters =

èπ◊¨¡© v°æ¨¡o©’/ °æ®√´’®Ωz© ûª®√yûª ¢√u§ƒ®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ îªJaç-îªúøç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-î√®Ω’. Q. Adverb placement ©’ ¢√é¬u™x helping verb, main verb ©èπ◊ ´’üμ¿u-™ ØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ´≤ƒhߪ÷? A. Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË ÉC èπÿú≈ ´’†ç üËEéÀ v§ƒ´·êuç É¢√yL ÅØË-üΔ-Eo-•öÀd Öçô’çC. He was slowly walking along the shore (Slowly)

Ééπ\úø ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ /EüΔ-†çí¬ v§ƒüμΔ†uç.

He was walking slowly -

ÅØË üΔEéÀ

Slowly

Ééπ\úø

éÀ Åçûª

v§ƒüμΔ†uç ™‰ü¿’. S. Naresh, Kothagudem. Q. 1. English movies

I wanna go, I gotta go wanna & gotta

™

Åçö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø àN’ö ÆæN-´-®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-©°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

éÀ Å®Ωnç

2

b) Shower - bath -

ÉC È®çúø’ ´÷ô©’ é¬-ü¿’. È®çúø’ ´÷ô©’ éπLÆœ à®Ωp-úÕ† äÍé-´÷ô. ≤ƒoØ√© í∫ü¿’™x ≤ƒo†ç îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡x-O’ü¿ F∞¡Ÿx ï©’x™« °æúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ à®√p-ô’-îËÊÆ áûªh-®·† °æç°æ¤.

´÷ °æü∑¿-é¬-©†’ v°æéπ-öÀç-*† ¢ÁçôØË.

Q. Present perfect tense present perfect continuous tense A. Present perfect tense - have/ has+past participle i) Past action time not stated ii) just/ just now action iii) action

èπ◊, èπ◊ -´’-üμ¿u ûËú≈ àN’ö îÁ°æpçúÕ.

DEo

èπ◊, ûÓ éπL°œ É°æ¤púË Å®·-§Ú-®·†

èπ◊, í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ïJ-T† èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç. a) I have seen that movie = Ç ÆœE´÷ ؈’ îª÷¨»†’ (îª÷úøôç í∫ûªç™ ïJ-TçC, é¬F -E-Ø√o?-

She has sung for the past one hour  Shall give her? Subject/ Shall I/ We/ They...) Shall I give it to her? asking for permission.  Shall I take this?/ Shall I use this? Permission. These are all correct. Q. a) Once, twice, thrice

Éçü¿’™ ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ.

ÉC èπÿú≈

© ûª®√yûª '4 ≤ƒ®Ω’x— ÅØË °æü¿ç †’ç* '9 ≤ƒ®Ω’x— ÅØË °æ-ü¿ç -´®Ωèπ◊ -´®Ω’Ææí¬-à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? b) O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷, O’®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω÷, O’®Ω’ †©’-í∫’®Ω÷ ÅØË °æüΔ-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. a) Ø√©’í∫’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x ņ-ú≈-EéÀ four times ÅØË Åçö«ç. ¢ËÍ®-´÷-ô -™‰ü¿’. Once, Twice äéπ-≤ƒJ, È®çúø’-≤ƒ-®Ωxèπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Thrice (´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x) Modern English ™ ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Three times ÅØË Åçö«®Ω’. Twice ûª®√yûª áEo-≤ƒ-È®kxØ√, Ç ÆæçêuûÓ Times Åçö«ç. b) You two, you three/ four, etc. Q. Synario

ÅØË °æüΔ-EéÀ Ö†o Å®√n-©†’ Ææçü¿-®Ós¥*ûªçí¬ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. Synario é¬ü¿’, Scenario = ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç.. 1) äéπ Ø√ô-é¬Eo ®Ωçí∫-Ææn-©ç-O’ü¿, äéπ † *vû√Eo ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ v°æü¿-JzçîË ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»© ´®Ω’Ææ, Åçõ‰ àßË’ ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»-©†’, áéπ\úø ᙫ v°æü¿-Jzç-î√L, àßË’ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù©’ áéπ\úø Öçú≈L, ÅE ü¿®Ωzèπ◊úø’, Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù© ®Ωîª-®·ûª éπLÆœ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îËÊÆ Script - É°æ¤púø’ DEo Screenplay Åçô’Ø√oç ÆœE-´÷™x. 2) àßË’ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’/ °æ†’©’ á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ï®Ωí¬L? ÅE ´’†ç ®Ω÷§Òç-Cç--èπ◊ØË °æü∑¿éπç. What is the scenario for tomorrow's event? = Q. They were always quarrelling present simple Present Continuous

Í®°‘ N≠æߪ’ç ᙫ ï®Ω-íÌ-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ÅØË ¢√éπuç ™ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ™ É™« éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

A. They are always quarrelling - correct. Always always present continuous He is always reading = correct. Q. tailless lizard

ûª®√yûª í∫ûªç™ é¬èπ◊çú≈ É°æ¤púø’ véπ´’ç ûÓ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí °æEéÀ, ¢√úøôç éπÈ®é˙d. Åûª-úÁ°æ¤púø÷ àüÓ äéπöÀ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª÷ØË Öçö«úø’ – ÉC ûÓéπ-™‰E •Lx ÅE ÅØ√-©çõ‰ ņ´î√a? '™‰E— ÅØË v°æA Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ÉC éπÈ®ÍédØ√? A. 'ûÓéπ-™‰E— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'Tailless' ÅØË ´÷ô ¢√úø´îª’a. Q. ®√綫© °æ∞¡x îÁô’d†’ English ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? A. '®√綫© °æ∞¡Ÿx— Åçõ‰? Q. Pant/ Trouser ©™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? A. Pant/ Trouser ņúøç ûª°æ¤p. Pants/ Trousers ÅE ÅØ√L, ä-éπ\-õ‰ -Å®·-†°æp-öÀéÃ. Pants (American) = Trousers (British) 2/ 3 Pairs of pants/ trousers

È®çúø’/ ´‚úø’ §ƒuçô’x ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Åçö«ç.

¢Á·-Ø√o?time îÁ°æp-úøç- ™‰ü¿’). b) He has just gone out =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 628

Åûª-úÕ°æ¤púË

•ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’. c) She has sung for the past one hour =

Ç¢Á’ äéπ í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ §ƒúÕçC (áèπ◊\-´í¬ É°æ p ö À ´ ® Ωèπ◊ (í∫çô véÀûªç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †©x ñ«B-ߪ·©’ É™« É°æ p ö À ´ ® Ωèπÿ ïJ-TçC. Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’Åçô’çö«®Ω’) I Gotta go = I got to M.SURESAN ûª ’ çüΔ, ÇT-§Ú-®·çüΔ ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç go (؈’ ¢Á∞«xL) ûÁLߪ’ü¿’). ÉC ûªy®Ωûªy®Ωí¬ Åñ«-ví∫-ûªhí¬ ´÷ö«x-úË-°æ¤púø’ N†-°æúË Present perfect continuous - have been/ has Öî√a¥-®Ωù. been + ing. Q. 2 Clauses†’ éπL-Ê°-ô-°æ¤púø’ that †’ á°æ¤púø’ has been singing for the past one hour = Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L. That í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ îÁ°æpçúÕ. She Ç¢Á’ í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ-öÀ-†’ç-* §ƒúø’ûª÷ ÖçC. í∫çô véÀûªç A. I. say, tell (sbd), find, see, think, know ™«çöÀ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç* Éçé¬ §ƒúø’-ûª÷ØË ÖçC.) -¢√-öÀ ûª®√yûª ´îËa 'that' èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – 'ÅE— ÅE Å®Ωnç. Present perfect - í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ 1) She says that she knows Telugu. ïJ-T† °æEéÀ. Ñ sentence ™ 'that she knows telugu'. Present perfect continuous - í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i (Åçõ‰ ûª†èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ©’Ææ’ 'ÅE— (that) She says Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æEéÀ. Ç¢Á’ ÅçöçC. Å®·ûË ¢√úø-éπç™ È®çöÀéà °ü¿l-ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. î√-™« 2) Many think that he is great = Åûªúø’ íÌ°æpÆæçü¿®√s¥™x È®çöÀF äéπ-üΔE •ü¿’©’ äéπöÀ ¢√úø´îª’a. ¢√úø’ 'ÅE— (= that) î√™«-´’çC ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. He has studied (present perfect) here for the 3) I find that he is not interested in studies past two years (Åûª-úÕéπ\úø È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ îªC-¢√úø’) that he is not interested in studies = îªü¿’´¤ ÅØ√o, He has been studying (Present perfect O’ü¿ ÇÆæ-éÀh-™‰ü¿’ ÅE (that) I find (Ø√ éπE-°œ- continuous) here for the past two years ÅØ√o ≤ÚhçC) Å®Ωnç™ °ü¿l-ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. 4) That he is great (Åûª-úø’ íÌ°æp-¢√-úøE) every E. Anil, Bapatla. body agrees (v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x ä°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’). II. 'That' †’ àüÁjûË/ á´-È®jûË ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ È®çúø’ Q. éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©-®Ω’. Clauses †’ éπL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.  Not so very long ago Hari is the man that the police are searching A. Not so very long ago - Ñ expression Åçûª for = á´J (that) éÓÆæ-¢Á’iûË §ÚM-Ææ’©’ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o®Ó correct é¬ü¿’. Not so long ago. Å®·Ø√ Not Åûªúø’ £æ«J. = §ÚM-Ææ’©’ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’†o ´’E≠œ £æ«Í®. very long ago Å®·Ø√ Åçö«ç. Å®Ωnç– áèπ◊\´ Here is the book that I bought yesterday = 鬩ç é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË/ ņ-A-é¬-©ç-™ØË Øˆ’ E†o à °æ¤Ææh-éπ-¢Á’iûË éÌØ√oØÓ ÅC ÉüË– ´÷´‚©’ If happened not very long ago = ÉC ïJT Åçûª ûÁ©’í∫’– ؈’ E†o-é̆o °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉüË. áèπ◊\´ 鬩¢Ë’ç 鬙‰ü¿’. Q. Conditional sentenses™ I RDW, II RDW  Following what appeared to be a brilliant Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? suggestion A. I wanna go = I want to go

A. I RDW (I Regular Doing Word), II RDW (II Regular Doing Word) Present simple tense forms. Present simple tense verb

Ñ È®çúø÷

™ ÖçúË

èπ◊ È®çúø’

®Ω÷§ƒ-©’ç-ö«®· éπüΔ? i) I, We, You and They '-s', '-es' verb forms - go, sing, walk, talk, etc I Regular Doing Words. (I RDW) ii) He, she, it '-s', '-es' verb forms. goes, walks, sings, talks, etc. II Regular Doing Words (II RDW) Q. a) That's it - That's all b) shower - bath A. a) That's it = (that is it) That's all = (That is all) =

ûÓ ¢√úË, *´®Ω

ûÓ ¢√úË, *´®Ω

™‰E ÉN

ÖçúË

ÉN

éÀçC-¢√öÀ ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ÅD Ææçí∫A,

ÅçûË

A. following what appeared to be a brilliant suggestion =

î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj-çCí¬ éπ†-°æ-úÕ† Ææ÷

Than we bombarded by that inevitable question =

¢Ë’´· ûª°œpç--éÓ-™‰E v°æ¨¡o-üΔ-úÕéÀ í∫’®Ωߪ÷uç (= ´÷ °æü∑¿-é¬-©†’ v°æéπ-öÀç-*† ¢ÁçôØË ´÷éÓ v°æ¨¡o Öûªp†o¢Á’içC).  Part of me still wrestled with the question though A. (though)

Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà Ø√™ØË Øˆ’ Ç v°æ¨¡oûÓ èπ◊Æ‘h-°æ-ö«d†’ (v°æ¨¡o áü¿’-®Ì\ç-ô÷ØË ÖØ√o†’).

 We were tired, but never did we fail to smile back at her A. We were tired but never did we fail to smile back at her =

¢Ë’-´· -Å-©-Æœ-§Úߪ÷ç, é¬F Ç¢Á’ *®Ω’†´¤y †Ny-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢Ë’´‚ *®Ω’-†-´¤yûÓ •ü¿’L´yúøç ´÷†-™‰ü¿’.

 His day, as we thought, would not be complete without his making at least one girl or boy cry. sentence would not be completed would not be complete, without sentence

°j ™ Öçú≈L éπüΔ. È®çúø’ äÍé ™ ´î√a®· éπüΔ? ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Would not be complete/ completed - È®çúø÷ correct. Would not be complete = Would not be completed =

°æ‹Jhí¬ Öçúøü¿’. °æ‹Jh-îËÆœ Öçúø-•-úøü¿’ (¢Ë’ç °æ‹JhîËÆœ ÖçúË¢√∞¡xç é¬ü¿’). Would not, without È®çúø÷ äÍé sentence ™ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿’? I knew I would not succeed without hard work =

éπ%≠œ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ (without hard work), I knew = Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC, I would not succeed = ؈’ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿-†E. (Åçõ‰ éπ%≠œ-ûÓØË Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿’-û√-†E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC). No sooner had I read - É™«çöÀ sentences ™ subject (I) ´·çü¿’ no/ never ™«çöÀ negative adverb ´ÊÆh, Verb, subject, positions ™ éÌCl ´÷®Ω’p Öçô’çC. No sooner I had read •ü¿’©’, No sooner had I read ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Never did I say so = I never said so Ééπ\úø never ûÓ sentence v§ƒ®Ωç-GμÊÆh Sub + Verb order, Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb Order í¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. Neither did I see him, nor did I go to him.

P. Srinivasa Rao, Hyderabad Q.  Slipped into debts. A.  On a tip off A.

éÀçC¢√öÀéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁ-©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

Å°æ¤p™x °æúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

Ö°æpçCç-îª-úøç (éé-éπ-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç– ÅçCç-îª-úøç – üÌçí∫©’, ÅN-F-AE í∫’Jç*, ´·êuçí¬ §ÚM-Ææ’-©èπ◊)

 Strike a deal A.  Went missing A.  Rock bottom A. (Rock bottom - prices =

ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç.

ûª°œp-§Ú-´úøç/ éπ†-•-úø-èπ◊çú≈ §Ú´úøç.

°∂æLûªçí¬.  I have been knocking from the inside. A. I have been knocking from the inside =

؈’

™°æ-L-†’ç* ûª©’°æ¤ ûªúø’-ûª’Ø√o.  No sooner had a read that name than a reverent desire grew with in me. A. No sooner had I read that name than a reverent desire grew within me =

Ç Ê°®Ω’ îªCO îªü¿-´-éπ-´·çüË/ îªC-N† ¢ÁçôØË Ø√™ °J-TçC, ÅA íı®Ω-´çûÓ èπÿúÕ† éÓJéπ.

 No sooner had we announced our plan than we were bombarded by that inevitable question. A. No sooner had we announced our plans =

ÅA-ûª-èπ◊\´ üμ¿®Ω©’).

é¬®Ω’-îª-´éπ

 month long, week long, year long, day long A.

ØÁ©çû√ ≤ƒT†, ¢√®Ω-´’çû√ ≤ƒT†, Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω-´’çû√ ≤ƒT†, ®Óïçû√ ≤ƒT†. A month long holiday = ØÁ©çû√ ≤ƒÍí ÂÆ©´¤ (ØÁ©-®Ó-V-©-§ƒô’) ÂÆ©´¤.  Rolling a carpet A.

´*a† ¢√∞¡Ÿx †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫-ûª-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ A¢√< (´·êuçí¬ áv®Ω A¢√<) °æ®Ω* üΔE-O’ü¿ ¢√JE †úÕ°œç-îªúøç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 9 -ï-†-´-J 2011 Lavanya: Do you know? The police have nabbed the culprit in that sensational teen-ager murder case.

(ûÁ©’≤ƒ Fèπ◊? Ææçîª-©†ç éπLTç*† Ç Å´÷t®· £æ«ûªu-Íé-Ææ’™ üÓ≠œE §ÚM-Ææ’©’ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.) Karunya: Really? How were they able to find him?

(Eïç-í¬Ø√? Åûª-úÕ-ØÁ™« éπ†’-éÓ\-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’?) Lavanya: They did a fine job of it. By careful piecing of evidence together, they traced him finally in Chennai. (

î√™« ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-¨»-K-N-≠æ-ߪ’ç™. ÊÆéπJç*† ≤ƒé~¬u-©-EoçöÀF °æJ-Q-Lç-îª-úøçûÓ ´*a† °∂æLûªç ÇüμΔ-®Ωçí¬ ÅûªúÕE îÁØÁj o™ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.)

Karunya: But he had been at large for such a

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ chilling. He stabbed her after strangling her to satisfy his spite. In addition to the shirt, the police had heard it on the grapevine that the culprit was just about the town and had not fled.

(ÅüË Ñ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†™ ´’†èπ◊ ´ù’èπ◊ °æ¤öÀdç-îËC. íÌçûª’ †’LN’ îªç°œ-†-ûª-®√yûª éπîªa-éÌDl Ç Å´÷t-®·E §ÒúÕ-î√úø’. ÅçûËé¬-èπ◊çú≈ Ç ØÓö« Ñ ØÓö« §ÚM-Ææ’©’ NØ√o®Ω’, Åûª†’ Ü∞xØË ÖØ√o-úøE, áéπ\-úÕéà ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈.) Karunya: It seems that the police gathered from the neighbours too that he had been seen loitering in the neighbourhood a day before the incident. Any way it's all over now.

1

É°æ¤p-úø’ -Å-ûª-úø’ ¶μ«®Ωû˝™  ™‰úøE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. b) Sunil found that his friend had tried his best to help him =

ûª†ÈéçûÓ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ûª† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ v°æߪ’-Aoç-*†ô’x Ææ’F-™¸èπ◊ Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC/ Ææ’F™¸ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. find èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – ÅE-°œç-îªúøç (äéπ N≠æߪ÷Eo / ´uéÀhE í∫’Jç*/ äéπ ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç éπLT Öçúøôç a) How do you find your job? = F ÖüÓuí∫ç ᙫ Öçü¿-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC Fèπ◊?

The police finally cracked the dr ug ring long time. I'm happy they have tracked him down. That was really a pity, murdering that girl. I just can't imagine how much she suffered when he strangled her to death.

(î√™«-鬩ç Åûªúø’ ûª°œpç-èπ◊ AJ-í¬úø’. ÅûªúÕE °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o-®ΩØË N≠æߪ’ç Ø√ÈéçûÓ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. Ç Å´÷t-®·E -Å-™« îªç°æúøç ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç. Åûªúø’ Ç Å´÷t-®· íÌçûª’ °œÆœéÀ îªç°œ-†-°æ¤púø’ áçûª ¶«üμ¿°æúÕçüÓ?) Lavanya: The police are still digging out information about the accomplices to the murder.

(Ñ £æ«ûªuûÓ Ææç•çüμ¿-´·†o Éûª-®Ω’© í∫’Jç-* §ÚM-Ææ’©’ Éçé¬ Ææ-´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπJÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.) Karunya: I am happy that the police have been able to crack the mystery at least now. I thought the police wouldn't have luck enough to unearth the secret at all.

(É°æp-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ Ñ ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo îμËCç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ÅÆæ©’ DEo O∞¡Ÿx îμËCç-îª-™‰-®ΩØË -Å-†’èπ◊-Ø√o-†’.) Lavanya: It's real luck, you know. They just chanced upon some evidence that led them to the breakthrough in the case. They found a blood stained shirt near the place of the murder.

(Åçû√ Åü¿%≠ædç. ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ àüÓ ≤ƒéπ~uç üÌJ-éÀçC. üΔçûÓ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ äéπ ´÷®Ω_ç éπE-°œç-*çC. ®Ωéπh°æ¤ ´’®Ω-éπ© îÌé¬\ üÌJ-éÀçC ¢√∞¡xèπ◊.) Karunya: But didn't you say that the girl had been strangled? then where's the question of bloodstains?

(Ç Å´÷t-®·E íÌçûª’ †’LN’ îªç§ƒ-®ΩE éπüΔ †’´¤y îÁ§ƒp´¤? ´’J Ç ®Ωéπh°æ¤ ´’®Ωéπ™‰çöÀ?) Lavanya: That's what makes it all the more

R.O.L. Sarma, Nellore. Q.

≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝, ¢Ë’ØË-ñ ¸-¢Á’çö¸ ÖüÓu-í¬© éÓÆæç ïJÍí Éçô®Ω÷yu™x ûª®Ωîª÷ ÅúÕÍí éÌEo v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ᙫ É¢√y™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

1. What do you know about our company? A. Your company is well known as leading manufacturer of cell phones and other electronic equipment, your main manufacturing unit and registrered office are in Pune. Your company has a 30% share in the cell phones market.

b) How did you find the movie last night? =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 629

E†o ®√vA ÆœE´÷ ᙫ Öçü¿E-°œç-*çC Fèπ◊? c) I find him very clever = Åûªúø’ î√™« ûÁL¢Áj†-¢√-úÕí¬ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ Ø√èπ◊ (ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ô’d-°æ-éπ\© 'find' î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω¢√∞¡x üΔy®√ §ÚMÆæ’©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’verb. DEo ¶«í¬ practise îËüΔlç. ¢Á ’ i † èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Ñ £æ«ûªu-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ M.SURESAN find èπÿ find out èπÿ ûËú≈.. find = ®ÓV Åûª-úø-éπ\úË ûªî√a-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç úøE. à¢Á’i-ûËØËç, Åçû√ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.) find out = Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç §Òçü¿úøç/ éπ†’-éÓ\-´úøç Notes: 1. Nab : üÓ≠œE °æô’d-éÓ-´úøç; 2. Culprit = Find out where he lives = Åûª-úÁ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úÓ üÓ≠œ; 3. Be at large = ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ωí∫úøç; 4. éπ†’éÓ\. Strangle = íÌçûª’ °œÆæ-éπúøç (îªçÊ° v°æߪ’ûªoç™) 5. Accomplice = ØË®Ωç™ §ƒ©’-°æç--èπ◊ØË-¢√®Ω’; 6. b) I found out his address after great difficulChilling = (¶μºßª’çûÓ) ´ù’-èπ◊-°æ¤-öÀdçîË; 7. Evidence ty = ÅA éπ≠dç æ -O’ü¿ ÅûªúÕ address ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊= ≤ƒéπ~uç/ ®Ω’V´¤; 8. Blood Stains = ØÁûª’höÀ ´’®ΩØ√o†’/ éπ†’-èπ◊\-Ø√o†’. éπ©’; 9 Spite = éπîªa, °æí∫; 10. loiter = ûªî√a-úøôç; 2) Trace some thing / somebody = track down 11. Fled = Past tense (PT) of Flee = §ƒJ-§Ú-´úøç. something/ somebody = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo / Now look at the following sentences from the ´uéÀhE ¢ÁAéÀ °æô’d-éÓ-´úøç. dialogue above:

a) The police are trying to trace the man who has cheated a number of people =

1) How were they able to find him? 3) I am happy they have tracked him down.

î√™«´’ç-CE ¢Á÷Ææç îËÆœ† ´uéÀh éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ §ÚM-Ææ’©’.

4) The police are still digging out information.

b) Though I have tried my best, I am unable to trace the book =

2) They traced him in Chennai.

5) They chanced upon some evidence. 6) The police gathered from the neighbours. 7) I am happy that the police have been able to crack the mystery. 8) The police had it on the grapevine.

°j† ûÁL-°œ† ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç, éπ†’éÓ\-´úøç, èπÿ°‘-™«-í∫-úøç-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*-†´E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπüΔ? ´·êuçí¬ Â°j ´÷ô™x î√™«´®Ωèπ◊ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ´úøç ÅØË ¶μ«¢√-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*-†N. ¢√öÀE É°æ¤púø’ N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. 1) Find - Past tense (P.T): found; past participle (pp): found =

éπ†’-éÓ\-´úøç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç/ Å®Ωnç

îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. a) After some enquiry I have found that he is not in India =

áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ ØËØ√ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo °æô’d-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o/ Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç üÌ®Ωéπõ‰xü¿’. 3) Track down ÅØ√o Å®Ωnç ÉüË. Å®·ûË Tracking Åçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ äéπJ/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç/ ñ«úø ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ´úøç. dž-¢√-∞¡x†’, í∫’®Ω’h-©†’ •öÀd.

ing his boyhood = family photo

ûª† *†o-ûª-†ç™ BÆœ† © éÓÆæç E†oçû√ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª÷-ØËÖ-Ø√o®Ω’ ´÷ Ø√†o.

b) They had dug out all the information needed to arrest him =

ÅûªúÕE Åü¿’-°æ¤-™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√-®√-†oçû√ ¢ÁAéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx.

c) He is digging out the facts and figures for his research in the library =

ûª† °æJ-¨üμ¿†èπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† Ææç-ë«u N´-®√©†’ Åûªúø’ ví∫çü∑Δ-©ßª’ç ™ ÊÆéπJÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. 5) Chance upon = stumble upon = ņ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ ´’†Íé-üÁj-Ø√ N≠æ-ߪ’-ç ûÁL-ߪ’úøç/ á´-È®jØ√ ´uéÀh û√®ΩÆæ-°æ-úøôç. a) I chanced upon this rare book while I was looking for some other book in the old book shop =

§ƒûª °æ¤Ææh-鬩 ü¿’é¬-ùç™ ÉçÍéüÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hçõ‰, ņ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ Ñ Å®Ω’üÁj† °æ¤Ææhéπç üÌJ-éÀçC.

b) The thief searching for cash, chanced upon/ on/ across the necklace and made off with it =

úø•’s éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’†o Ç üÌçí∫èπ◊ ņ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ Ç ØÁéπxÆˇ üÌJ-éÀçC, ¢√úø’ üΔçûÓ Öú≈-®·ç-î√úø’. 6) Gather = understand = Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. a) From your talk I gather that you are not interested in buying that house =

F ´÷ô©’ Nçô’çõ‰ Fé¬ É©’x é̆-úøç™ ÇÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿E Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓçC.

b) From what she can gather, her husband is not interested in the trip =

Ç¢Á’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊†o-üΔE v°æ鬮Ωç, Ç¢Á’ ¶μº®Ωhèπ◊ Ç v°æߪ÷ùç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’ 7) Crack a mystery = ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo îμËCç-îªúøç a) No one is unable to crack the mystery of Subhash ChandraBose's death =

Ææ’¶μ«≠ˇ îªçvü¿-¶Æˇ ´’®Ωù ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo á´®Ω÷ îμËCç-‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

b) The police finally cracked the drug ring =

Ç ´÷ü¿-éπ-vü¿¢√u© ´·®∏√ í∫’ô’d ®Ωô’d-îË-¨»®Ω’ §ÚMÆæ’-©’. 8) Grapevine = Ç ØÓö« Ñ ØÓö« NE §ÒçüË Ææ´÷î√®Ωç/ éπ®√g-éπJgí¬ NØË Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç

a) The Police have been tracking the criminal all over the state = Police

a) I have heard it/ I have had it on the grapevine that he has resigned the job =

b) The Police dogs have tracked the thief to a place very close to the house he had stolen the money from =

Åûªúø’ ûª† ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ ®√@-Ø√´÷ Éî√a-úøE ÇØÓö« ÑØÓö« NØ√o†’.

ØË®Ωí¬úÕ ñ«úø éÓÆæç ©’ ®√≠æ-Z´’çû√ í¬L-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

Ç -üÌçí∫ úø•’s üÌçT-Lç-*† ÉçöÀéÀ ÆæO’-°æç-™ØË, -Å-ûª-úÕ-E °æô’d-èπ◊Ø√o®· -§Ú-MÆæ’èπ◊éπ\©’. 4) Dig out = ¢Áûª-éπúøç a) My father was busy the whole of yesterday digging out family photos taken dur-

b) Some companies act on what they get on grapevine =

Åçü¿®Ω÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o, Åçô’†o ´÷ô©†’ •öÀd éÌEo éπç°F©’ Ωu©’ BÆæ’èπ◊çô÷ -Öç-ö«®·. Ñ °æüΔ-©†’ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´’† Ææç¶μ«-≠æù™ ¢√úøüΔç.

éÌçûª ¢√éπ•’ îËÆœ† ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª

you posted last year an impressive net profit of Rs. 200 crores, a 15% growth over that the year before last. you employ about 900 people in all cadres in all your establishments put together. The chairman and Managing Director of the Company is Mr Vanik Pramukh and M/s Rao and Varma are among the board of directors. You run a school for the deaf and the dumb and have donated big sums of money for philanthropic purposes.

.

°j† îÁ°œpçC. äéπ ´÷CJ (sample) Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ´’†ç à company í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒp™ Ç company website ™ N´-®√©’ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·.

Q. 3. Why should we offer this job to you only?

üΔEo •öÀd ´’†ç Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. Q. 2. Why do you want to join our company? A. Your company is highly reputed. To be associated with it in any capacity a privilege. While serving your company I can improve my knowledge of my job. I can gain valuable experience too. The pay is good and the perks are attractive too. You offer incentives for innovative practices. It encourages the employees to be on the look out for new ideas. I get to interact with your foreign collaborators and that is an experience worth having.

A. Because I have the necessary qualifications and experience that you are looking for a candidate for this job. My former employees have testified to my sincerity and commitment to my job and that is another reason for you to employ me. With due modesty I must say that my impressive record with my present employers and my contribution to their company is a very good reason for you to employ me. My communication and soft skills are another reason.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 -ï-†-´-J 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

R. Lakshmi, Darsi.

Q.

Q. There are five factors which contribute to wisdom.

-v°æ-A-¢√é¬u-Fo Action, verb ûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈ 'Be' verb ûÓ èπÿú≈ îÁ§Òpî√a? A. î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Are you a cricketer? = Do you Play Cricket?

1. Sense of proportion. 2. Certain awareness ends of human life.

Were you a student of that college? = Did you Study in that college?

of

3. Choice of ends to be pursued. 4. Emancipation from personal prejudice 5. Emancipation from the tyranny of the here and now

°j ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. ñ«cØ√Eo °ç§Òç-CçîË éé-é¬ç-¨»©’ Å®·-ü¿’-Ø√o®·. 1. àC áçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ îËߪ÷L ÅØË ñ«c†ç (áèπ◊\´, ûªèπ◊\´ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûªT-†çûª îËߪ’úøç) 2. ´÷†´ @Nûª ©é~¬u© Å´-í¬-£æ«†

K. Srinivasa Rao, Martur. Q. I did not know it was important. I did not write down the number.

Ñ ¢√é¬uEo éÀçC-

Nüμ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ’-´î√a? a) If I had known it had been important I would have written down the number. b) if I had known it was important I would have written down it. A. b) is correct. (It was important, it had been important

é¬ü¿’).

2

A. Verb - 'be' form + Past participle pas(PP) sive.

Å®·ûË,

The school was closed yesterday = •úÕ E†o ´‚ߪ’•úÕçC. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: •úÕ E†o ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’/ ÂÆ©´¤) O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† sentence no.1™ verb 'are' ('be'form) - ÉC passive é¬ü¿’ éπüΔ? °æEE ûÁLÊ° verbs (Åçõ‰ Öçúø-ö«Eo ûÁ-LÊ° verbs - 'be' forms é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈)èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ active voice, passive voice Öçö«®·. Åçü¿’™ èπÿú≈, object Ö†o verbs èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ passive Öçö«®·, äéπ\ imperative sentences (Çïc©’, Åúø-í∫ôç, éÓJ-éπ©’

(Future purpose, Fast purpose, general purpose)

¢√L.

iv) begin, start, continue, cease, intend, advise, wants permit. These verbs lacking infinitive or gerund without change of meaning

°j verbs infinitive, gerund -™ ¢√úÕ-†°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç™ ¶μ‰ü¿ç áçü¿’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. e.g. : I intend to sell it. I intend selling it

Wher e on ear th is he? 3. ≤ƒCμç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ØË ©é~¬u-©†’ áç-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç 4. ´uéÀh-í∫ûª ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒßª÷©†’ ûªu>çîªúøç 5. É°æp-öÀ-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ (û√û√\-L-éπçí¬) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å´Ææ®Ω¢Á’i, ûª®√yûª °æEéÀ®√E ¢√öÀE ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç (éπ~ùÀ-éπ-¢Á’i† ¢√öÀE ûªu>ç-îªôç) Q. The capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians

°j ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. NNüμ¿ ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ E°æ¤-ù’-©èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† v°æûËuéπ °æJñ«c†ç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’-éπçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ 鬢√-Lq-†ç-ü¿’-´©x, Å-D ÆæçéÀx≠dçæ 鬴úøç´©x, äéπ Ææ´’Ææuèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ÅEo Å稻©†’ °æJ-í∫-ù-†™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊E, üËE-éÀ-¢√y-Lq† v§ƒ´·êuç üΔE-éÀ-´yúøç É°æ¤púø’ éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i-§Ú-®·çC. (Then it used to be = Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’çúË üΔEéπçõ‰. Owing to = Ç é¬®Ω-ùçí¬/ Åçü¿’-´©x)

Q. it seems that the match is postponed

Ñ ¢√é¬uEo éÀçC-N-üμ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ’´î√a? ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

to sign the 'Discharge against medical advice 'form' " verb, will M.SURESAN pasbe ('be' form) asked (PP) sive voice = b) The math seems to have postponed discharge 'form' A. The match seems to have been postponed ( to be postponed/ to have postponed a) The match seems to be postponed

Q. He is believed to have got the maximum marks.

Ñ ¢√é¬uEo -É-™«- ®√ߪ’´î√a?

It is said that he had got the maximum marks. A. It is said/ believed that he has got (had got It was said had got, correct) the maximum marks.

Å®·ûË

Srinivasa Rao, Visakhapatnam.

Q. "If the state must choose between keeping all just men in prison or giving up war and slavery, the state will not hesitate which to choose"

Q. Please clarify the following doubts

A.

È®çúø÷ adjectives éπüΔ! È®çúÕçöÀ ´’üμ¿u ¶μ‰ü¿-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? äÍé °æüΔ-EéÀ adjectives È®çúø’ Öçö«ßª÷? A. Style - English é¬ü¿’, Stylish ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖçC. I am 25 year old

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ -àC éπÈ®é˙d?

A. I am 25 year old- Wrong. Q. Infinitive to

ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª á°æ¤púø÷ V1 ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ®√¢√©E îªC-¢√†’. ´÷ Ææ®˝ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ èπÿú≈. ´’J V4 (ing form) forms á°æ¤púø’ ´≤ƒh®·? to getting/ to sketching/ to colouring ᙫ éπÈ®é˙d Å´¤û√ßÁ÷ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. To ûª®√yûª O’®ΩØË V4 (...ing form) ´ÊÆh ÅC infinitive é¬ü¿’. To + 'ing' form ´*a†°æ¤púø’, '...ing' farm, gerund Å´¤-ûª’çC. Ñ to ûª®√yûª 'ing' 'form' ¢√úøôç éÌEo verbs ûª®√yûË ï®Ω’í∫’ûª’çC. ÅN: 1. Look Forward to (Çûª%-ûªûÓ áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷úøôç) 2. With a view to (Ç ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ’çûÓ) 3. Prefer to (áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úøôç, äéπ-üΔE éπçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ-üΔEo) 4. Object to (ÇÍé ~-°œç-îªúøç)– É™«çöÀ verbs ûª®√yûª noun é¬F/ 'ing' form é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. To + V1 ®√ü¿’. Q. Are you unmarried? éÀ •ü¿’-©’í¬ Did you get married? ņúøç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. Are you unmarried? = Haven't you/ Have you got married? (Did you get married =

Ç ®ÓV/ Ç Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç... O’®Ω’ °Rx îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o®√?).

Sentence, 'If the state must choose between keeping... and (or ... Choose'

Ñ

é¬ü¿’) ÅE Öçú≈L = Ø√uߪ’-´ç-ûª’-©ç-ü¿-JF ñ„j™x °ôdúø¢Á÷; ߪ·üΔl¥Eo, ¶«E-Ææ-û√yEo ´C-L-°-ôd-úø¢Á÷ – Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™  v°æ¶μº’ûªyç àC áç-éÓ-¢√-©ØË N≠æߪ’ç™ à ÆæçüË-£æ«´‚ Öçúøü¿’. (Ñ sentence ¶μ«´ç ÆæJí¬_ Ö†o-ôx-E-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. O’®Ω’ ´’®Ó ≤ƒJ Ç sentence ÆæJ îª÷úøçúÕ. Å®Ωnç ´÷vûªç °j† ûÁL-°œçüË.

Q. I am 25 years old

Q. You must have your hands full in that L.K.G. with Charless. A. LKG class

™E Charles (èπ◊v®√úÕ Ê°®Ω’)ûÓ Fèπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ Öç-úø’ç-ú≈L. (Charles Å©xJ °œ™«xúø’ éπüΔ? ÅE Å®Ωnç) Have hands full = îËAEçú≈ °æE Öçúøôç.

ÉC Åúø-í∫-•-úø-û√®Ω’. O’®Ω’, ú≈éπd®Ω’ Ææ©-£æ…èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ™ Ææçûªéπç °ôd-´’E Åúø-í∫-•-úø-û√®Ω’. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: 'ú≈éπd®Ω’ Ææ©£æ…èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ Núø’-ü¿©— ÅØË °ævûªç -O’-ü¿ O’®Ω’ Ææçûªéπç îËߪ÷Lq Öçô’çC. English Papers îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷ Öçõ‰ Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫´¤-ûª’çC O’ English.

iii) I object to being treated as a stranger = I am being treated as a stranger (Now) and I object to it - Now/ Present. iv)

a) Why did veda stayed away? The question is asking a reason. So preparing is 'adverb'. b) When did veda stayed away? The question is asking time. So preparing is 'adverb'. c) What did Veda stayed away? The question is asking some thing. So preparing is gerund. Preparing qualify the examination. Therefore the preparing is adjective. Actually what parts of speech is preparing? A. 'Preparing' in the sentence, 'Veda stayed away preparing for the exam' is a gerund.

We don't ask questions like

ÉöÃ-´© äéπ C†-°æ-vA-éπ™ ´*a† éÀçC ¢√é¬u©’ passive voice ™ ÖØ√o®·. é¬F Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ´ú≈-EéÀ confuse í¬ ÖØ√o®·. '•úø’— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´·êuçí¬. OöÀ Å®√n©’, Passive voice N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. You are free to get discharged even against the advice of the treating doctor. 2. You will be asked to sign the "Discharge against Medical Advice form"

iii) I am sorry for keeping you waiting In these sentences the gerund form say what tense (present meaning, future meaning, general meaning) A. i) She is fond of climbing - usually/ Nowshe likes climbing ii) I am against saying any thing- Now or in future. iii) I am sorry for keeping you waiting - Now

Veda stayed away preparing for the examinations.

A. Charles

E. Anil, Bapatla.

ii) I am against saying anything

Q. Please clarify these doubts

Q. Bound to be people like charless in the world. Might as well meet them now as later.

™«çöÀ ´’†’-≠æfl©’ v°æ°æç-îªç™ Öçúø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√∞¡xûÓ ûª®√yûª ¢Ëí∫úøç éπçõ‰ ´·çüË ¢Ëí∫úøç ´’ç*C.

Q. i) I want letter typed ii) I want to typed a letter

Å®Ωn-¶μ‰ü¿ç ûÁ©-°æçúÕ A. i) I want the letter typed = type

Ñ ñ«•’/- Ö-ûªh®Ωç îË®·ç-îªúøç 鬢√L Ø√èπ◊. ii) I want to typed the letter - ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’ éπüΔ (want to typed ×)

I want to type the letter = Letter

Q. Tillseed oil

èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ °æü¿ç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Ñ ´÷ô Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ English ™

A. Tillseed oil Q.

™‰ü¿’. •û√h-®·E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

A. Sweet lime. Q. Boy: Take me to school! quick Mother: Take you to school.. what on earth do you mean?

°j ¢√éπuç™

earth

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ™ ÅÆæ-™‰çöÀ Ææçí∫A? ÅE é¬Ææh *é¬í¬_ Åúø-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçö«®Ω’. 'Where on earth is he?' - ÅÆæ-™„-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúø’ ¢√úø’? (*é¬í¬_/ NÆæ’í¬_ Åúø-í∫ôç)

c) What did veda stayed... these questions are wrong- They should be: When/ Why did veda stay away? Question c) has no meaning. We don't need to know all these, to be able to speak/write English. Q. i) I objected to being treated as a stranger? ii) I will object to being treated as a stranger iii) I object to being treated as a stranger purpose

type

Jhansi, Seenu.

b) Why did veda stayed

(îª÷ú≈f-EéÀ) à

†’

îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’

A. What on earth - English

a) When did veda stayed

to being

Ñ verb ûª®√yûª gerund é¬F, infinitive é¬E ¢√úÕûË ¶μ‰ü¿ç ®√ü¿’ Å®Ωnç™. 鬮Ωùç, Infinitive †’ gerund †’ È®çöÀF éÌEo-îÓôx noun èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úÌa 鬕öÀd.

Q. i) She is fond of climbing

M. Chandrasekhar, Srikalahasthi.

Since it answers the question 'Why?' it is a gerund, with the future of an adverb, modifying the verb,'stayed'.

Q.

ii) I will object to being a stranger = If I am treated as a stranger, I will object to it Future.

Éçü¿’™

é¬-ü¿’)

Styly- stylish

= I was treated as a stranger, and I objected to it - PAST

ûÁ-LÊ° sentence)èπ◊ ûª°æp. O’ 1st sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç O’èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆæ’h†o ú≈éπd®Ω’ Ææ©-£æ…èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’ ÇÆæpvA ´ü¿L ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. O’ 2nd sentence, "you will be asked

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 630

é¬ü¿’.

A. i) I objected to being stranger.

Q. Well, if it was not a hammer, I should be attending an eye specialist and not a dentist. A.

Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. ÅC Ææ’Ah é¬èπ◊çõ‰, ØËE-°æ¤púø’ °æ∞¡x ú≈éπd-®˝†’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, éπ∞¡x ú≈éπd-®˝†’ îª÷ú≈Lq ´îËaC = Ææ’AhûÓ ûªT-L† üÁ¶‰s 鬕öÀd, ؈’ °æ∞¡x ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌ-î√a†’, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ éπ∞¡x ú≈éπd®Ω’ ü¿í∫_®Ω Öçú≈Lq-´-îËaC.

éÀçü¿ BÆæ’-éÓ-

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 30 -ï-†-´-J 2011 O. Veeranjaneyulu, Guntur Q:

ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ '°æE ïJÍí é¬©ç— (time of action) †’ ņ’-Ææ-Jç* Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√Lq† verb ®Ω÷°æç (verb form) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ î√-©E 'Ççí∫x ¶μ«≠æù – 10—™ ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. äéπ verb ûÓ -

1) plays, 2) is playing, 3) has played, 4) has been playing; 5) played, 6) was playing, 7) had played, 8) had been playing; 9) will play, 10) will be playing, 11) will have played,

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 8) Had been playing - Had been + ....ing form -

ÉC í∫ûªç™ ´·çü¿’ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i, í∫ûªç-™ØË -´’®Ó °æ-E ´®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æ-EéÀ îÁ•’û√ç.

K. Srikrishna Bapatla

★ He had been playing cricket for his team until he moved to Hyderabad = cricket

Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ (í∫ûªç™) ¢Á∞Ïx´-®Ωèπÿ, Åûªúø’ Ééπ\úø Çúø’ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oúø’. 9) He will play cricket = (¶μºN-≠æu-û˝™ ) Åûªúø’ cricket Çúøû√úø’. ★ Dhoni will play in the next mach -

üμÓF ´îËa

match

™ Çúø-û√úø’.

(future).

10) Dhoni will be playing in the World Cup 2011 = 2011 World Cup match

™

üμÓF

Çúø’ûª’çö«úø’. Future ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ continue ÅßË’u action - é¬F ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†éà -v°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰ü¿’.

Kumar,

Q: 1) 'due to'

†’ à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úø´îÓa, á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøèπÿ-úøüÓ ûÁ©°æçúÕ.

★ She had been working as a teacher till she teacher got married = Teacher

ûª† °∞¡xßË’uüΔé¬ Ç¢Á’ í¬ í¬ °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç í∫ûªç™ °æE îËÆæ÷hç-úËC – v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i Ç¢Á’ °∞¡xßË’u ´®Ωèπÿ é̆-≤ƒ-TçC.

2

A: Due to = Because of =

Åçü¿’-´©x.

★ His failure was due to his laziness

ÅûªúÕ ≤Ú´’-J-ûª†ç ÅûªúÕ ¢Áj°∂æ-™«u-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç. Å®·ûË Due to †’ ¢√éπuç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μºç™ ™‰üΔ verb ûª®√yûª ¢√úøôç ÆæJ-é¬-ü¿E éÌçü¿J ¢√ü¿†. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Owing to/ Because of ¢√úøôç ¢Ë’©E ¶μ«N-≤ƒh®Ω’. Due to his laziness he failed ņúøç éπçõ‰ Owing to/ Because of his laziness he failed

'be' forms (am, is, are, was, were, shall be, should be be 'been'

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 631

-O-öÀ-E Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h,

™ *´®Ω ÖçúË *´®Ω ´îËaN); É°æ¤púø’, á°æ¤púø÷; °æüΔ©’; í∫ûªç™; ¶μºN-≠æu-ûª’h™; í∫ûªç †’ç* É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊, Éçé¬ é¬-E-¢√öÀ í∫’Jç-* ûÁLÊ° ¢√é¬u©’; I, We, You, She, They, It ©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* '°æE ïJÍí é¬-™«-Eo— ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰Ææ÷h ÉçTx≠ˇ, ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u©’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. A: 1) He plays cricket = Åûªúø’ cricket Çúø-û√úø’ – a) véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, b) Åûª-úÕéÀ cricket Çúøôç ´÷´‚©’, c) Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø÷ Çúø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. 2) He is playing cricket = Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púø’ cricket Çúø’ûª’Ø√oúø’. 3) He has played cricket a)

Åûªúø’ í∫ûªç™ cricket ÇúÕ ÖØ√oúø’ – °æE ïJT-§Ú-®·çC, time îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’ °∂晫Ø√ ®ÓV/ Æ洒ߪ’ç etc ÅE. b) Åûª-úÕéÀ cricket ÇúÕ† ņ’-¶μº´ç ÖçC. (cricket í∫’Jç* ÅûªúÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – éÌûËhç é¬ü¿’.) c) í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ Çú≈úø’. He has played cricket since his childhood (¶«©uç †’ç*). 4) He has been playing cricket = Åûªúø’ éÌçûªé¬©çí¬ cricket Çúø’ûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’. ★ Sachin has been playing cricket since 1989/ for the past 21 years = cricket action - has been + ... ing).

1989 †’ç*/ í∫ûª 21 Çúø’ûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’. (í∫ûªç™ à∞¡Ÿxí¬ Ææ*Ø˛ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o

5) He played cricket yesterday/ last Sunday/ when he was a boy =

Åûªúø’ E†o/ éÀçü¿öÀ ÇC¢√®Ωç/ èπ◊v®√--úÕí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ (í∫ûªç™ äéπ éπ*aûª¢Á’i† Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™) Åûªúø’ cricket Çú≈úø’. ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: i) He has played cricket = Åûªúø’ véÀÈéö¸ Çú≈úø’ – í∫ûªç™, á°æ¤púø’ ÅE time îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’. ii) He played cricket yesterday = Åûªúø’ E†o cricket Çú≈úø’ – í∫ûªç™ °∂晫Ø√ Æ洒ߪ’ç™ (éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’) cricket Çú≈úø’. 6) He was playing cricket at yesterday evening (When I passed that way) = cricket

E†o ؈ô’í¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh†o-°æ¤úø’ (í∫ûªç™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™) Åûªúø’ Çúø’ûª’-Ø√oúø’. 7) He said he had played cricket = ûª† ’ (í∫ûªç™) cricket Çú≈-†E Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. (í∫ûªç™) – verb - had played (had + past participle (pp) of play) - í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x ´·çü¿J °æEE, had + pp form ™ îÁ•’û√ç. (Cricket Çúøôç ´·çü¿’, FûÓ îÁ°æpôç ûª®√yûª – Åçü¿’Íé ¢Á·ü¿öÀ action - Çúøôç – had + pp form ™ ÖçC.

11) Will have played Future ™ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh®·u Öçô’çC ņ’-èπ◊ØË actions èπ◊ ÉC Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç.

★ Despite his ill health, he continues to work = In spite of his ill health he continues to work = Though/ Although/ Even though he is ill he continues to work = He is ill, but/ yet he continues to work =

ÅØ√-®Óí∫uçûÓ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà Åûªúø’ °æE-îË-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’.

M.SURESAN ★ By this time next year he will have A Reader, Adilabad played a hundred matches = Q: What is the meaning of these sentences matches and when we can use these sentences?

´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÇúÕ Ñ§ƒöÀéÀ Åûªúø’ 100 véÀÈéö¸ Öçö«úø’. (100 °æ‹®Ωh®·u Öçö«®·).

12) Will have been playing Future ™ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´·çüË v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i, ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπÿ é̆-≤ƒÍí action èπ◊ ÉC ¢√úøû√ç. ★ By this time next year, he will have been playing his hundredth match -

´îËa Ææç´ûªq®Ωç Ñ ¢Ë∞¡èπ◊ Åûªúø’ ´çüÓ match Çúø’ûª÷ Öçö«úø’. ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ÷EéÀ ´·çüË v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ é̆-≤ƒÍí action. ★ I am, we/ you/ they are, He/ she/ it is =

É°æ¤púø’ Öçúøôç, á°æ¤púø÷ Öçúøôç, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Öçúøôç

1) I am He/ She/ It is We/ You/ They are

}

in Vijayawada =

É°æ¤púø’/ á°æ¤púø÷/ Å°æ¤púø°æ¤púø’/ véπ´’ç ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç/ îËÊÆ ÖüÓu-í¬©÷/ ´%ûª’h©÷. 2) I/ He/ She/ It was We/ You/ They were

} í∫ûªç™ Öçúøôç

3) I/ We/ You/ They have been He/ She/ It - has been

Éçé¬/É°æp-öÀ-´®Ωèπÿ Öçúøôç 4) I/ We shall be He/ She/ It/ They will be 5) Should be Must be Have to be Has to be 6) Can be -

}

}

}

í∫ûªç™ á°æp-öÀ-†’çîÓ

¶μºN-≠æuû˝™ Öçúøôç

Öçú≈L (Çïc/Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ N-Cμí¬)

Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç, É°æ¤púø÷/´·çü¿’ Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç – í∫ûªç™ 7) May be - ÖçúÌa – Present/ Future Might be - ÖçúÕ ÖçúÌa – Past. 8) Would have been - ÖçúËüË (í∫ûªç™) é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Should have been - Öçú≈-LqçC (í∫ûªç™) é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Could have been - Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíüË (í∫ûªç™) é¬F ™‰ü¿’ Might have been - ÖçúÕ Öçúø-´îª’a (í∫ûªç™). Must have been - éπ*aûªçí¬ ÖçúË Öçô’çC. could be -

'May have to'

™

E

á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç? A: He may have to go.

Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«xLq ®√´îª’a – ®√éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅØË Å®Ωnç.

May have to -

®√´îª’a/

Q: 4) 'He went to Hyderabad' to Hyderabad'

èπ◊, 'He had gone Ö†o ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? á°æ¤púø’

¢√úøû√ç? ņúøç ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E ¶μ«≥ƒ-¢Ë-ûªh© ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç. Q: 2) 'Despite' à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√ú≈L? á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøèπÿ-úøüÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A: Despite = In spite of = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ.

Do you know what I saw? 12) will have been playing.

Q: 3) He may have to go

=

1) Do you know what I saw in the sky last night?

A: He went to Hyderabad.

Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢Á∞«xúø’. He had gone to Hyderabad - ÉC Åçûª éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’, independent sentence í¬. Past ™ ÉçéÓ °æEéÀ ´·çü¿’ ÉC ïJT Öçõ‰ É™« îÁ§Òpa. DEéÀ Å®Ωnç– Å°æp-öÀÍé/ Åçûªèπ◊´·çüË Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’. ★ I went to his place, but he had gone to Hyderabad.

؈’ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿®√-¶«ü˛ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Q: 5) 'Could' E ´’†ç Past tense ™ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË éÌçü¿®Ω’ Future tense ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√®Ω’. áçü¿’èπ◊, á°æ¤púø’? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A: Could †’ 1) Past ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’. i) I thought that he could do it =

Åûªúø’ îËߪ’í∫©’í∫’û√úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’.

ii) Present

★ Could you help me please? =

O’®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’®√? ™/ Present ™

iii) Future

2) Did you know what I saw in the sky last night?

★ He could be here any moment

3) Are you know what I saw in the sky last night?

Çߪ’† à éπ~ùç™ Å®·Ø√ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-´îª’a/ Öçúø-í∫-©úø’. (Present/ Future) Q: 6) 'As if' †’ á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’. DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A: As if = Å®·-†ô’d, é¬F é¬ü¿’.

4) Did you know what I see in the sky last night? A: 1) Do you know what I saw in the sky last night - correct = I saw something in the sky last night. Do you know about it?

(؈’ E†o ®√vA Çé¬-¨¡ç™ àç îª÷¨»ØÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) 2) Did you know what I saw in the sky last night? = I saw something in the sky last night. Did you know (even before now) about it? (؈’ E†o ®√vA Çé¬-¨¡ç™ àç îª÷¨»ØÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁLÆœçüΔ? (Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË)). 1) É°æ¤púø’ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? 2) Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË Fèπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œç-üΔ?/-†’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o¢√? 3) Are you know ......? - Wrong. Not at all correct because there is no verb in this group of words.

=

★ He speaks as if he knew everything. =

Åûªúø’ ÅFo ûÁLÆœ†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’ (é¬F ÅûªúÕéÀ ÅFo ûÁLߪ’-´¤). As if ûª®√yûª ´îËa verb, Past tense ™ Öçô’çC. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈, singular subject (I, he, she, it ™«çöÀN) ûª®√yûª ´îËa 'be' form 'were'/'had been' ¢√úøû√ç. Q: 7) He has been laid down Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A: Ñ sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. Q: 8) As and when, As and where? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A: As and when (As and Where ™‰ü¿’) – ÅC ïJT-†-°æ¤p-úøçû√. ★ I gave him money as and when he needed it =

4) Did you know what I see in the sky last night - Wrong again because, last night is past, and see is present tense.

ÅûªúÕéÀ Å´Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ؈’ úøGs-î√a†’. Å®·ûË 'As and when' •ü¿’©’ When ever ¢√úøôç ´’ç*C. Q: 9) Have had, had had äÍé ¢√éπuç™ á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç?

B. Dayanandam, Kothapalli

A: I have had the fever since yesterday.

Q: 1) English movie

™ 'ain't ÅE ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. DE

Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A: Ain't = aren't = are not,

(≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ Å¢Á’Jé¬ †©x-ñ«-B-ߪ·©’ ÉC áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’). Q: 2) I am n't suppose to do it. Åçõ‰ ؈’ ÉC îËߪ’-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E. ´’J 'I don't suppose to do it' Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰Ø√? N´-JçîªçúÕ. A: I'm not (I amn't é¬ü¿’) supposed (suppose é¬ü¿’) to do it = ؈C îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’. I don't suppose to do it - ÉC sentence é¬ü¿’, Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’.

=

E†oöÀ †’ç* (í∫ûªç †’ç* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬) Ø√éà ïy®Ωç ÖçC.

★ He had had a bike before he bought this car =

Ñ

car

é̆-éπ-´·çü¿’ Åûª-úÕéÀ

bike

Q: 10) Take-off, fly off, blow-off 'off'

ÖçúËC. É™« verb °æéπ\†

†’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç? †’ ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ωùçí¬ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´úøç/ ´îËa-ߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË take off, blow off - É´Fo Phrasal verbs - ¢√úø’-éπ™  Ö†o expressions - OöÀéÀ áçü¿’èπ◊? Åçõ‰ Ææ´÷üμΔ†ç ®√ü¿’.

A: 'Off'

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 6 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sunayana: So what's new? Are you coming for the excursion?

(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?

Excursion

èπ◊ ´Ææ’hØ√o¢√?)

Sulochana: No. Dad wouldn't allow me. I tried to persuade him but gave up. He is quite affectionate, but is no pushover. I'm sorry.

(™‰ü¿’. Ø√†o ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´-úøç-™‰ü¿’. ä°œpçî√©E v°æߪ’ûªoç î˨». N®Ω-N’ç-èπ◊Ø√o. ؈çõ‰ ÇÊ°Íé~ é¬F, Å™«-í∫E Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊ØË ®Ωéπç-é¬ü¿’. î√™« ¶«üμ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o) Sunayana: That's really disappointing. We'll miss you very much. I was able to get my dad around to sending me.

(ÅC E®√-¨»-ï-†-éπçí¬ ÖçC. †’´¤y ™‰éπ§Ú-´úøç ´÷èπ◊ ™õ‰. ´÷ Ø√†o†’ ä°œpç-îª-í∫-L-í¬†’, ††’o °æçÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊) Sulochana: I was able to get mom to agree to my going. She is so nice. I told her

2

-Ö°æ-Ø√u-Ææ-N’-î√a®Ω’. ††’o •’ïb-Tç*, Ø√ Åçûªô ØËØË ´ü¿l-ØËç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´ü¿-™‰xü¿’)

¢√öÀE É°æ¤púø’ N´-®Ωçí¬ îª÷üΔlç:

Sunayana: In my case mom was against my going, but I won her over to my side. I talked about her new sari and how gorgeous she looked in it. That did the trick. That's all it took me to convince her.

1) Persuade = Make someone agree with you, especially by telling them how you are right =

†îªa-ñ„-°æpúøç/ ä°œpç-îªúøç.

(Ø√ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´÷ Å´’t ä°æ¤p-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ ØË¢Á-∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊. é¬F, ä°œpçî√. Ç¢Á’ éÌûªh <®Ω í∫’Jç*, üΔØÓx Ç¢Á’ áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çüÓ îÁ§ƒp†’. ÅC ¶«í¬ °æEîËÆœçC. Ç¢Á’†’ ä°œpç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ îËÆœç-ü¿™«x ÅüË) Sulochana: My dad could have been tempted if I had told him that it would add to my marks in the exam, but I got the idea too late and that was that.

(´÷ Ø√†o éÌçîÁç ™ÔçÍí-¢√úË, ؈’ Ñ excursion Ø√ ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E

ä°œpç-î√†’.

a) Try as the doctor might, he was unable to persuade the patient to have the operation =

áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√, ú≈éπd®˝ Ç ®ÓT-E Ç°æ-Í®-≠æØ˛èπ◊ ä°œpçîª-™‰éπ §Úߪ÷úø’/ Ç°æÍ®-≠æØ˛ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’E †îªa-ñ„-°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

b) Can you persuade your dad to buy you a bike? = bike

Fèπ◊ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ O’ Ø√†o†’ ä°œpç-îª-í∫-©¢√? 2) Pushover - áèπ◊\-´í¬ 'no' ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®Ωnç: 1) àC îÁ°œpØ√/ üËE-ÈéjØ√ Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ ä°æ¤p-éÌ-ØË¢√∞¡Ÿx.

b) You can never get them to accept a bribe =

¢√∞¡x†’ ©çîªç BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË™« îËߪ’-™‰´¤/ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ©çîªç É´y-W-°æ-™‰´¤.

5) Put somebody Convince =

upto

something

=

ä°œpç-îªúøç.

a) He could not put her upto marrying him =

ûª††’ °∞«x-úËçü¿’èπ◊ Åûªúø’ Ç¢Á’†’ ä°œpç-‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

b) She put her mother up to buying the expensive dress for her = dress

Ç êK-üÁj† †’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√∞¡x†’ ä°œpç-*çC.

6) Talk someone into something =

You are not a child to be cajoled to put dad up to sending me for the trip, but that was no use. She tried to sweet-talk him into it, but she failed too.

(´÷ Å´’t†’ ᙫíÓ ä°œpç-îª-í∫-L-í¬†’. §ƒ°æç ´’ç*C. ´÷ Ø√†o†’ ä°œpçî√©E îÁ§ƒp†’. é¬F, v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC. àüÓ Aߪ’uöÀ ´÷ô©’ îÁ°œp ä°œpç-î√-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-*çC í¬F, E≠æp¥©ç) Sunayana: Talking dad into my line of thinking was cake walk. I told him how it would benefit me, and he saw the point in it. You should have put more pressure on your dad. This is going to be a wonderful experience, you know.

2) Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ ãúÕ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ïô’d. a) He is a patient listener, but mind you, he is no pushover =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 632 îÁ°œp-´¤çõ‰. é¬F, Ç Ç™- Ø√èπ◊ ´’K Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*açC) Notes: 1. What's new? = àçöÀ N¨Ï≥ƒ©’? (°æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô) 2. Line of thinking = Ç™-îªØ√ Ææ®ΩR. 3. Cake walk = î√™« Ææ’©¶μºç. 4. Affectionate = ÇÊ°éπ~ Ö†o.

Åûªúø’ ´’†ç àC îÁ°œpØ√, ã°œ-éπûÓ Nçö«úø’. Å®·ûË, Å™« ÅE ´’†ç îÁ°œpç-ü¿çû√ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úø’ é¬-ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ.

M.SURESAN

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above: 1) I tried to persuade him. 2) He is ... no pushover.

(´÷ Ø√†o†’ ä°œpç-îªúøç î√™« ûËLéπ®·çC Ø√èπ◊. ÅC Ø√Èéçûª Ö°æßÁ÷í∫¢Á÷ îÁ§ƒp†’ ؈’, Çߪ’† ä°æ¤p-èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’. éÌçîÁç O’ Ø√†o-O’ü¿ äAhúÕ ûË¢√-LqçC †’´¤y. ÉC î√™« íÌ°æp ņ’¶μº´ç éπüΔ?) Sulochana: No denying it, but dad was more concerned about my safety. He lectured me about the insecurity girls face now a days. He tried to cajole me into my dropping it on my own.

(é¬ü¿-††’. é¬F, ´÷ Ø√†o Ø√Íé´’¯ûª’çüÓ-†E ¶μºßª’-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. Å´÷t-®·©èπ◊ Ñ ®ÓV† Ö†o Ŷμº-vü¿ûª í∫’Jç*

3) I was able to get my dad around. 4) I was able to get my mom to agree to my going. 5) I was able to put dad up to sending me. 6) Talking dad into my line of thinking wasn't easy. 7) He tried to cajole me into my dropping it. 8) ..... but I won her over to my side. 9) That's all it took me to convince her. All the expressions underlined above mean to make somebody agree with you. underline

°j† îËÆœ† ´÷ô©EoöÀéà †îªa-ñ„-°æpúøç/ ä°œpç-îªúøç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ¢√ô-Eo-öÀéà ŮΩnç äéπõ‰ Å®·Ø√, ¢√öÀ use ™ î√™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC.

S.Md. Ghouse Mohiuddin, K. Sri Krishna Kumar, Bapatla. Kadapa. Q. éÀçC Phrases èπ◊ Å®√n©’, ¢√éπu-v°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©†’ Q.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

ûÁ©°æí∫-©®Ω’. 1. be in the red

1) Coming together is a beginning.

2. look blue

2) Keeping together is a progress.

4. born in the purple

3) Working together is a success. A. 1) Coming together is a beginning =

3. in a blue moon 5. see red 6. black in the face

Åçü¿®Ωç

7. the yellow press

2) Keeping together is progress (a progress

A. 1) Be in the red =

éπ©-´úøç v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç. é¬ü¿’) = éπ©Æœ Öçúøôç v°æí∫A. 3) Working together is success (a success

é¬ü¿’) = éπ©Æœ °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç Nïߪ’ç. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬uEo Ççí∫xç™ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ÉüË Ææ÷p¥JhE éπúøüΔé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªçúÕ. A. ÉüË Ææ÷p¥JhE éπúøüΔé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îªçúÕ = Keep up/ Continue/ Maintain this spirit till the end.

8. give somebody the green light.

ê®Ω’a™ Öçúøôç, ÇÆæ’h-©†’ N’ç*. (Å°æ¤p™ Öçúøôç)

The Company has Rs.30 lakh in the red =

Ç company ûª† ÇÆæ’h-©†’ N’ç* ®Ω÷.30 ©éπ~© ê®Ω’a (†≠ædç)™ ÖçC. The company is in the red = Company

Å°æ¤p™x ÖçC. 2) Look blue = hard without success till you are tired =

v°æߪ÷Ææ °æúøôç, °∂æLûªç ™‰èπ◊çú≈,

b) The Bangladesh team is not among the good team of the world, but it is not a push over, either =

•çí¬xü˨¸ ïô’d ´’ç* ïôx™ äéπöÀ é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. é¬F, ÅçûªÆæ’-©-¶μºçí¬ ãúÕ-§ÚßË’ ïô’d èπÿú≈ é¬ü¿’.

3) To get somebody around to something = to convince =

àüÓ äéπ-N-üμ¿çí¬ ä°œpç-îªúøç.

a) Dad was particular that I do engineering, but I got him around to my doing graphics = graphics

a) I talked him into joining the picnic. b) Enough. you can't talk me into the partnership = partner

î√©’. ؈’ í¬ îËÍ®çü¿’èπ◊ †’´¤y ä°œpç-îª-™‰´¤. 7) Cajole èπÿú≈ ÉüË Å®Ωnç – •’ïb-Tç* ä°œpç-îªúøç. a) You are not a child to be cajoled =

•’ïbTçîËç-ü¿’èπ◊ †’´¤y *†o °œ©x´¤ 鬴¤. b) No amount of cajoling would do. He wouldn't listen to her =

áçûª- •’-ïb-Tç°æ¤ èπÿú≈ àç °æE îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Å-ûª-úø’ àO’ N†™‰ü¿’. 8) Win somebody over = ´’† °æéπ\èπ◊ ´’®Ω-©’aéÓ´úøç. a) Jagan claims he could win over all congress MLAs to his side = Congress MLA

©†’ Åçü¿-JF ûª† ¢Áj°æ¤ A°æ¤p-éÓ-í∫-©-†E ïí∫Ø˛ îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

b) Three of them have been Won over =

¢√∞¡x™ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ´’† ¢Áj°æ¤†èπ◊ ´îËa¨»®Ω’. †îªa-ñ„-°æpúøç.

9) Convince =

He convinced me about the soundness of his scheme =

؈’ Éç>-F-Jçí˚ îªü¿-¢√-©E Ø√†o °æô’d-ü¿©, é¬F Ø√éÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’i† éÓ®Ω’q îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ᙫíÓ ä°œpç-î√†’.

ûª† °æü∑¿éπç áçûª Æ敶 Ø√èπ◊ †îªa ñ„°æpí∫-L-í¬-úø-ûª†’. í∫´’-Eéπ: Usage point:

b) Jagan was unable to get the congress High Command round to making him the CM =

1) Get somebody around, 2) Put somebody upto, 3) Talking somebody into noun '.... ing' form Infinitive (to go, to come

ûª††’ ´·êu-´’ç-vAí¬ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅCμ-≥ƒe-Ø√Eo ïí∫Ø˛ ä°œpç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

c) I got him round to my point of view =

ÅûªúÕE Ø√ Ç™-îªØ√ Ææ®Ω-RéÀ ؈’ ä°œpç-î√†’. 4) Get somebody to do something = make somebody agree to do something =

á°æ¤púø÷

é¬F,

OöÀ ûª®√yûª é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. ™«çöÀN) ®√´¤.

îª÷úøçúÕ: 1) I got him around to the trip (noun)/ joining the trip (Joining - 'ing' form)

DE

2) She put him up to the game (noun)/ playing (... ing form) the game.

a) I got him to take me home on his car

3) She talked him into the marriage (noun)/ marrying (.... ing form) her.

Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ä°œpç-îªúøç. ÅûªúÕ é¬®Óx ††’o ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊ You can argue till you look blue, but you cannot change my mind =

Å©-Ææ-ôûÓ.

Å©-Æœ§ÚßË’ç-ûªí¬ v°æߪ÷-Ææ-°æúÕ †’´¤y ¢√Cç-îª-´îª’a. é¬F, Ø√ ´’†Ææ’ ´÷®Ωa-™‰´¤. 3) In a blue moon = Very rarely = î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’í¬. He comes here once in a blue moon = Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ Å®Ω’ü¿’í¬ ´≤ƒhúø’. 4) Born in the purple - Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ Ñ Phrase ™‰ü¿’. 5) See red = Look angry - éÓ°æçûÓ îª÷úøôç. He saw red when I said it = ØËØ√ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œp†°æ¤púø’ Åûªúø’ éÓ°æçí¬ îª÷¨»úø’. 6) Black in the face = Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd í¬F Å®Ωnç îÁ°æp™‰ç. 7) The yellow press = ÆæçØ√ûªtéπ ¢√®Ωh©’ v°æJçîË °ævA-éπ©’. 8) Give somebody the green lights = ņ’-´’Açîªúøç. The government has given us the green lights for the scheme = Ç °æü∑¿-é¬-EéÀ v°æ¶μº’ûªyç ņ’-´’A É*açC.

49080 é¬E-ÊÆd-•’∞¡Ÿx ≤ƒd°∂ˇ ÂÆ©-éπ~Ø˛ éπN’-≠æØ˛ 49080 é¬E-ÊÆd-•’™¸ (ï†-®Ω™¸ úø÷uöÃ) §ÚÆæ’d© ¶μºKhéÀ ü¿®Ω-ë«-Ææ’h©’ éÓ®Ω’-ûÓçC. Íé-ô-T-K-©’: ¶®Ωf®˝ ÂÆèπÿu-Jöà §∂Ú®˝q, ÂÆçvô™¸ Jï®˝y §ÚMÆˇ §∂Ú®˝q, ÂÆçvô™¸ Éçúø-ÆœZ-ߪ’™¸ ÂÆèπÿu-Jöà §∂Ú®˝q, Ææ-¨¡ÆæY Æ‘-´÷-•-™¸ N¶μ«-í¬-©èπ◊ îÁçC† -§ÚÆæ’d-©’-Ø√o®·. O-öÀ-éÀ Æ‘Y, °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl©’ ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h îËߪ’-´îª’a. Å®Ω|-ûª©’: °æüÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A ™‰üΔ ûªûªq-´÷†ç. ´ßª’Ææ’: 18 †’ç* 23 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’. áç°œéπ: WØ˛ 5† ïJÍí ®√ûª °æKéπ~ üΔy®√. °∂œ>éπ-™¸ ≤ƒdç-úø®˝-fq -õ„Æˇd, °∂œ->éπ-™¸ -á°∂œ-≠œ-ßÁ’-Fq -õ„Æˇd, -¢Áj-ü¿u °æ-Kéπ~-©’ -èπÿ-ú≈ Öç-ö«®·. ®√ûª °æKéπ~ NüμΔ†ç, ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h v°ævéÀߪ’, Jï-Í®y-≠憒x ûªCûª®Ω N´-®√-©èπ◊ ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸ îª÷úø-´îª’a. *´J ûËD: ´÷Ja 4. ¢Á¶¸-ÂÆjö¸: http://ssc.nic.in

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

S. Naresh, Kothagudem.

8) Born for a purpose

Q. Present

9) He lived up to his name

ÅØËC

(-D-EéÀ äÍé ´÷ô-™‰ü¿’) (äÍé ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’) 10) One who has overcome death (äÍé ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’)

Perfect Tense Simple Present

Tense

èπ◊ á°æ¤púø’ Ææ´÷-†´’´¤ûª’çC? ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ It has gone = It has gone ÅE NØ√o†’. Ñ ´’üμ¿u Ç®Ωu–2 ÅØË ÆœE-´÷™ "My love is gone" ÅØË §ƒô NØ√o†’. Ééπ\úø My love has gone ÅØËC correct Å´¤-ûª’çC éπüΔ? A. Present perfect tense á°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Present simple tense èπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç é¬ü¿’. It has gone = It has gone é¬éπ ´’Í®´’´¤ûª’çC? It's = It is gone Ééπ\úø 'gone' ÅØËC past participle - past participle †’ éÌEo ≤ƒ®Ω’x adjective í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Ééπ\úø past participle 'gone' èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ¢ÁRx-†üÁj ÅE. It is gone = ÅC ¢ÁRx-†üÁj ÖçC = ÅC ¢ÁRxçC = It has gone. It is gone™ verb 'is'; It has gone (= ÅC ¢ÁRx§Ú®·çC) – DE™ verb 'has gone' - present

11) By accident/ Chance.

(®√ߪ’-•-úø’†’, îËߪ’•úø’†’.. É™«) ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. The snake killed (the boy) = The snake was killed (was-'be' form + killed - PP of kill) =

§ƒ´· îªç°œçC.

12) Intruder. 13) Scams/ scandals. 14) Being finicky/ fastidious/ fussy. Q.

2

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ Ççí∫xç-™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) Ææçéπ©pç ´’ç*-üÁjûË ¨¡éÀh ¢Áûª’-èπ◊\çô÷ ´Ææ’hçC. 2) ¢Á÷éπ~ ≤˘üμΔEéÀ °æKéπ~ û√∞¡ç, E≠æ \-©t≠æ ¶μºéÀh û√∞¡ç îÁN. 3) äéÓ\-≤ƒJ *†o E®Ωx-éπ~u¢Ë’ @N-û√Eo Ø√¨¡†ç îËÆæ’hçC. 4) Nñ«c†ç ™‰E @Nûªç †÷ØÁ-™‰E C¢Áy-™«ç-öÀC. 5) Å®Ω’b-†’úø’ N©’-N-ü¿u™ Ææ´u-≤ƒ*. 6) Öúø’-´·©’ íÓúø-©èπ◊ í∫öÀdí¬ Åûª’-èπ◊\ç-ö«®·. 7) §ƒ´·©’ èπ◊•’-≤ƒEo, éÌEo ïçûª’-´¤©’ éÌ´·t©†’ NÆæ-Jb-≤ƒh®·.

c) After yes and no if they are followed by a clause. Yes, he knows English. No, he doesn't know English.

§ƒ´· îªç°æ-•-úÕçC. (á´®Ó §ƒ´·†’ îªçÊ°-¨»®Ω’) S. Kiran Kumar, Anakapalli. Q. Sir,

O’®Ω’ í∫ûªç™ I could write a letter éÀ '؈’ Öûªh®Ωç ®√≤ƒh-ØË¢Á÷— ÅE Å®Ωnç Éî√a®Ω’. O’®Ω’ îÁ°œp† Nüμ¿ç-í¬ØË: could Åçõ‰ past tense ™ ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁL-Ê°C éπüΔ! ´’J Ñ Å®Ωnç future ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁLÊ° Nüμ¿çí¬ ÖçC. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. I could write a letter = 1) ؈’ í∫ûªç™ Öûªh®Ωç ®√ߪ’-í∫-L-í¬†’. 2) ؈’ Öûªh®Ωç ®√ߪ’-´îª’a/ ®√ÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. (Future™) Ñ È®çúø’ Å®√n©÷

perfect.

ÖØ√o®·. Could ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.

It has gone

e.g. : I would like to go to college I want to go to college A. I would like to go =

¢Á-∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o –

¢Á∞Ïxçü¿’èπ◊ É-≠d°æ æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o – Ééπ\úø É≠æd´÷ ™‰üΔ ÅØË v°æÆæ-éÀh-™‰ü¿’. Would like ´’†ç É≠æd-°æ-úË Åç-¨»-Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC, want 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊-ØË-üΔ-Eo, îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊-ØË-üΔ-Eo ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰Ææ’hçC.

I want to go -

K. Siva, Nandikotkur. Q.

éÀçC ûÁ©’í∫’ °æüΔ-©èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ÉçTx≠ˇ °æüΔ-©†’ ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. 1) ¨¡®Ωùuç 2) ¢Á·èπ◊\-•-úÕí¬ 3) (´’ûª’h †’ç*) ûË®Ω’éÓ´úøç 4) ûª÷, ûª÷ ´’çvûªçí¬ 5) O’†-¢Ë’-≥ƒ©’ ™„éÀ\çîªúøç 6) Çúøç-•-®Ωçí¬ 7) Å°æ®Ω (ÅGμ-†´) ¶μºU-®Ω-ü∑¿’úø’ 8) 鬮Ω-ù-ï-†’túø’ 9) ≤ƒ®Ωn-éπ-Ø√-´’-üμË-ߪ·úø’ 10) ´’%ûª’uç-ï-ߪ·úø’ 11) ߪ÷ü¿%-*a¥-éπçí¬ 12) Çí∫ç-ûª-èπ◊úø’ 13) èπ◊ç¶μº-éÓ-ù«©’ 14) ¶μ‰≠æ-ñ«©’ (°æöÀdç-°æ¤©’) A. 1. ¨¡®Ωùuç = a) v°æ´÷ü¿ç †’ç* ®Ωéπ~ù - refuge. b) ÅC ûª°æp-¢Ë-Í®-´÷-®Ω_ç-™‰ü¿’ – last resort/ only alternative. Some Tibetans are seeking refuge in India =

éÌçü¿®Ω’ öÀ¶„-ô†’x ¶μ«®Ω-û˝™ ¨¡®Ωù’ §Òçü¿’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. That appears to be the only alternative/ last refuge =

ÅüË ¨¡®Ω-ùuçí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. 2) ¢Á·èπ◊\-•-úÕí¬ = 4) ûª÷,ûª÷´’ç-vûªçí¬ =

perfunctorily/ go through the motions of.

The conduct of the exam was perfunctory =

Ç °æKéπ~ àüÓ ïJ-Tç-ü¿-E-°œç-î √®Ω’/ ûª÷ûª÷´’çvûªçí¬/ ¢Á·èπ◊\-•-úÕí¬ = The just went through the motions of conducting the exams. 3) Regain consciousness/ come to/ recover 5) Hesitate to do sth/ dither 6) Ostentatiously 7) A modern Bhagiradha

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 633 8) Ææü¿’_-ù«Eo N’ç*† ≤˘çü¿®Ωuç ™‰ü¿’. 9) ØÁ´’∞¡Ÿx °æ¤J-N°œp Ø√ôuç îË≤ƒh®·. 10) §ƒ°æç °æçúø-EüË üË´¤úø’ èπÿú≈ àO’ îËߪ’-™‰úø’.

1) He could buy the car as he had enough money =

鬴-©-Æœ-†çûª úø•’s ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω Öç-úø-ôç´©x é¬®Ω’ é̆í∫Lí¬úø’. îª÷úøçúÕ ÉC Past éπüΔ?

M.SURESAN

A. 1) Have the will, energy will come searching-

ÉC ÅÆæç-°æ‹-Jhí¬ ÖçC, üËEo ¢Áûª’èπ◊\çô÷ ´Ææ’hçC?

2) Test is the lock to salvation, faith/ devotion is the key. 3) A little negligence sometimes ruins the whole life 4) Life without knowledge is like a lamp without oil. 5) Arjuna is ambidextrous in archery. 6) Bengal monitors stick to walls. 7) Snakes slough off their dead skin and some other animals shed their horns. 8) Nothing is more beautiful than virtue. 9) Peacocks spread out their plumes as they dance. 10) Even God can't punish a sinner until their sins ripen. English

Å®·ûË Ñ ¶μ«´ç Åçûªí¬ ™‰ü¿’

¢√∞¡xèπ◊

E. Anil, T.N.Palem. Q. (i) Nowhere else (ii) Nothing else

©

usage

N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. i) Nowhere else = ÉçÈé-éπ\ú≈ ™‰üΔ (Ééπ\úË ÖçC) ii) Nothing else = ÉçÍé-D-é¬ü¿’/ ´’®Ì-éπöÀ é¬ü¿’ (ÉüË) Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬uEo Å®Ωnç îËÆæ ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ éÌClí¬ Confuse í¬ ÖçC. I was paid Rs.36 and with that I left Madras. I was paid Rs.36 =

؈’ îÁLxç-î√†’ (™‰üΔ) Ø√èπ◊ îÁLxç-î√®Ω’. ¢Á·ü¿ô '؈’ îÁLxç-î√†’— ÅE Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. é¬F, sentence ©†’ °æJ-Q-LÊÆh Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ω’p†’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. É™«ç-öÀN ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™ tips ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. I was paid Rs.36 = ؈’ ®Ω÷.36 îÁLxç-îª-•-ú≈f†’, Åçõ‰ 'Ø√èπ◊ îÁLxç-î√®Ω’— ÅØË éπüΔ? Ééπ\úø Verb: Was (be form) + paid (PP of Pay) - voice - passive - Åçõ‰ '•úø’— ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC éπüΔ. Verb, 'be' form + Past participle Å®·ûË passive voice™ Öçô’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç, '•úø’—

´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Ææy©p N®√-´÷Eo (éÌClí¬ Çí∫-ú≈Eo) Ææ÷*ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ (Åçõ‰ ´÷ö«x-úÕç-üΔEo ®√ÊÆ°æ¤úø’) 鬴÷ ¢√úøû√ç. îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ 鬴÷ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ éÌClí¬ Çí∫’û√ç.  Semi colon (;) - comma éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ N®√´÷Eo, full stop/ period (.) éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ N®√´÷Eo Ææ÷*ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ (;) ¢√úøû√ç – a longer pause than is indicated by a comma, and a shorter pause than indicated by a full stop.

Nothing is mor e beautiful than vir tue ņo-°æ¤púø’ ¢ÁRxçC/ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC – Ééπ\úø ïJ-T† °æEéÀ v§ƒüμΔ†uç. It is gone Éçü¿’™ It èπ◊ v§ƒüμΔ†uç. My love is gone Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ 'my love' (Ø√ vʰߪ’-Æœ)éÀ v§ƒüμΔ†uç. He is gone - Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ – Åûªúø’ Ééπ\úø ™‰úø’. He has gone = Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ Q. O’®Ω’ would E ´’† ÅHμ-≥ƒdEo, éÓJ-éπ†’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ñ‰ßª’-ú≈-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh-®ΩE îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ´’J want to †’ á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’? would - want to éÀ ûËú≈ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫©®Ω’.

In 'speech' a short pause is indicated by comma.

2) He could buy a car one of these days

– àüÓ äéπ-®ÓV Åûªúø’ é¬®Ω’éÌØËߪ’´îª’a – Ç Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC, É°æ¤púø’ é¬F, Future ™ é¬F.

Q. a) They would rather you paid them by cheque = cheque

†’´¤y ¢√®Ω’ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

üΔy®√ îÁLxç-îªúøç

b) we would like to inform you:

Ééπ\úø a, b ©™ 'would' éÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? would Åçõ‰: i) í∫ûªç™ Å©-¢√-ôx†’ Future from past †’ç* ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷T≤ƒh®Ω’ éπüΔ! ´’J a, b ©™ 'would' E à N-üμ¿çí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. A. a) They would rather you paid them by cheque. would = wish.

Ééπ\úø ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ O’®Ω’ îÁé˙ üΔy®√ îÁLxç-îª-úø¢Ë’ áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç.

b) We would like to inform you = We like to would like to inform you inform you. like to inform you formality

Å®·ûË ÅØËC éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ (™«çîμª-Ø√Eo) ´’®√uü¿†’, áèπ◊\´ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. Ééπ\úø Would †’ Wish ÅE Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. í∫ûªç™ Å©-¢√-ô’xí¬ é¬F, Future from the past é¬F é¬ü¿’.

He was not happy; he was surprised.

(Åûªúø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’; Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) In sentence like this, 'but' and 'and' have to be used in place of the semicolon.  Colon (:): Used to introduce a list.

(äéπ

ñ«Gû√ v§ƒ®Ωç-GμçîË ´·çü¿’) e.g. : 1) The parts the body are: The head, the face, the hands etc. 2) To introduce a summary What the Mahatma said in brief: / Said in brief was: Let us always speak the truth and never use violence.

äéπ ≤ƒ®√稡ç

v§ƒ®Ωç-GμçîË ´·çü¿’.

´’£æ…-ûª’túø’ îÁ°œp† üΔE ≤ƒ®√稡ç:/ ≤ƒ®√稡ç àN’-ôçõ‰: á°æ¤púø÷ Eñ«Eo °æ©-é¬-©E, £œ«çÆæ ´÷Ø√-©E 3) To introduce an explanation: (N´-®Ωù àü¿®·Ø√ v§ƒ®Ωç-GμçîË ´·çü¿’) This is what happened there: (Åéπ\úø ïJTçC ÉD:) ÅE àç ïJ-TçC N´-J≤ƒhç. 4) Before reporting what somebody has said

(äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpç-üΔEo ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°œp-†-ô’x-í¬ØË îÁÊ°p ´·çü¿’) The doctor said: 'Give up smoking and half your problems are solved.'

ú≈éπd-®Ω’-í¬-®Ω-Ø√o®Ω’; 'Æœí∫-È®ö¸ ´÷ØÁ®·u. F Ææ´’Ææu©’ Ææí∫ç B®Ω-û√®·—. (É™«çöÀ îÓôx éÌçûª-´’çC, Colon (:) èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, Comma (,) èπÿú≈ ¢√ú≈h®Ω’).  Dash ⎯ : used 1) often instead of a semicolon to separate the parts of a sentence. (Semi colon sentence

•ü¿’©’ N¶μº>ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊).

™E ¶μ«í¬©†’

e.g.: He came here - not when I was here.

(¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’ – ؈’ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’) èπ◊ •ü¿’©’)

Suresh Lahoti, Mahabad.

2) In place of brackets (Brackets

Q. Please explain where the Comma, Semicolon, Colon, Dash, Slash etc. are used. I am unable to learn till now.

e.g.: This leader - if he is fit to be a leader is corrupt. In this sentence you can use brackets in place of the pair of dashes.

A. Comma: used 1) After each word on a list; Pen, paper, books, notebooks etc.

(Ñ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ – Åûªúø’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’í¬ ÖçúË Å®Ω|ûª Öçõ‰ – ÅN-FA °æ®Ω’úø’)

(î√™« ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’ àéπ-®Ω’´¤ °õ‰d ñ«G-û√™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x v°æA ´÷ô °æéπ\† ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.)

 Slash ( / ): Used 1) with the meaning of or

2. Between a person's name and his designation, official position, title etc.

e.g. : This is possible with a computer/ a cell phone or a computer = Computer Cell Phone Slash (/) formal writing

('™‰üΔ— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

3. To separate clauses/ phrases in a sentence

ÉC ûÓ í¬F, ûÓ í¬F ≤ƒüμ¿uç. †’ Å®·ûË (Eߪ’´÷© v°æ鬮Ωç ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ -Ö-°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªç). 2) Fraction (GμØ√oEo) îª÷Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊: 2/3 (Two by

a) He came here, discussed the matter, with us, told us what he would do and left.

Q. Please let me know the difference between the two words 1) among 2) amongst.

Mr. Singh, PM of India; Mr. Basu, Collector Krishna Dt. etc.

b) The book, published 30 years ago, is out of sale now, and

three)

A. Among = Amongst.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 20 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

SriniasaRao, Visakhapatnam.

I had been upto in England upto something/ it I had been upto...., e.g. : He did not know what I had been upto in England = England

ûª®√yûª ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ – ü¿Ø√o Öçú≈L.

Q. Seating arrangements Phrase seat noun ing

ÅØË ™ ÅØË °æü¿ç éπüΔ! üΔEéÀ éπ©-°æúøç ᙫ ≤ƒüμ¿uç? A. 'Seat' noun ´÷vûª-¢Ë’-é¬ü¿’. èπÿú≈. Åçü¿’-´©x Seating ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.

Verb [Seat (vb) = to make some body sit] Q. Please be seated

ņ-èπ◊çú≈

please sit

Åçõ‰

ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çüΔ? A. Please be seated

•ü¿’©’, Please sit down ÅE ´’®√uü¿ üμ¿yEçîË Nüμ¿çí¬ ÅØÌa. Q. Past simple, past continuous tense èπ◊ Ææ´÷†-´’-´¤-ûª’çüΔ? *†o-°œ-©x© éπü∑¿© °æ¤Ææh-鬙x áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ñ Å®Ωnç-™ØË ¢√éπu-v°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ clarify îËߪ’çúÕ. A. Å´ü¿’. *†o-°œ-©x© éπü∑¿© °æ¤Ææh-鬙x Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Å™« ¢√-úÕ -Öç-ö«®Ω’.

ņo-°æ¤púø’ ™«çöÀ-üË-üÁjØ√ Öçú≈L. ´·çü¿’ ÉçÍé-

™ ؈’ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊-†oC/ ØËØËç îËÊÆ ÖüËl-¨¡ç™ ÖØ√oØÓ Å-ûªúÕéÀ ûÁMü¿’. Q. Please give the meanings of the following words with one example for each word. 1) Potential 2) Effect 3) Affect 4) Raise 5) Rise 6) Much 7) Element A. Potential = India has the potential of becoming a great nation = (Future

2

he completed the project. Element = 1)

´‚©éπç (Chemistry)

2) Four elements (earth, air, fire and water)

™ àüÁjØ√.

Q. There is a lot of difference between/ among the students- Please clarify which word should be used weather 'between' or 'among'

àüÁØj √ ´·çü¿’´- ·çü¿’ ïJÍí ¨¡éhÀ /

Ŵ鬨¡ç –

¶μ«®Ωû- ˝ íÌ°æp- ñ«-Aí¬ Å-ß - ’Ë u Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC/ Å™«çöÀ ¨¡éhÀ üΔE-èπ◊çC. ™). She has the potential of a great singer = íÌ°æpí¬-ߪ’Eí¬ ûªßª÷-®ΩßË’u ¨¡éÀh/ v°æA¶μº/ Å´-鬨¡ç Ç¢Á’èπ◊çC. China is a potential danger to India = îÁjØ√

A. Difference between only two persons/ things. There is a difference between him and his brother (only two)

Éü¿l-J-™/- È®ç-öÀ™ ûËú≈ ÅØË-ô°æ¤púø’

difference

between.

E†o Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’ – í∫ûªç™ °∂晫Ø√ ™ °æ‹®Ωh-®·-§Ú-®·† b) He was coming here yesterday = E†o Åûª-úÕéπ\-úÕéÀ ´Ææ÷h ÖØ√oúø’ – í∫ûªç™ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’†o Ωu – When I

a) The difference between him and his

brother .... (only two)

went to him he was reading the news paper = (past simple -

؈’ E†o Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡x-úøç ïJ-T-§Ú-®·çC) Åûªúø’ ¢√®√h°ævAéπ îªü¿’´¤-ûª÷ -Ö-Ø√oúø’. (îªü¿-´úøç é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’ûÓçC.) - was reading - past continuous. While he was singing (í∫ûªç™ Åûªúø’ §ƒúø’ûª÷ Ö†o°æ¤púø’), she was dancing (Ç¢Á’ Ø√ôuç îËÆæ÷h ÖçC). Gurram Shankar, Keshavapatnam Q. Sir, I heard on a radio, a phrase in 'Current Affairs' programme. "In my mind reading it is correct". Please clarify its meaning. A. Mind reading = Understanding what is going on in somebody's mind/ understanding the thoughts of others =

b) The differences among the incomes of people in the society ... =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 634

Ææ´÷-ïç-™ E ´uèπ◊h© ÇüΔߪ÷™x ûËú≈©’ (Éü¿l-J-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´)

¶μ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ ´·†’tçü¿’ ´·°æ¤pí¬ -´÷Í® v°æ´÷ü¿ç ÖçC. Q. Please explain simple, comM.SURESAN Effect = v°æ¶μ«´ç; Affect = v°æ¶μ«´ç pound and complex sentences îª÷°æ-úøç, effect - noun; affect - verb. in Telugu. Rain has an effect on crops = -´®Ω{ç -v°æ-¶μ«-´ç A. Simple, compound and complex sen°æçô-© -O’ü¿ Öçô’çC. tences: Verb Ö†o group of words †’ clause Åçö«®Ω’. Rain affects crops - ´®Ω{ç °æçô-©†’ v°æ¶μ«-Nûªç îËÆæ’hçC. e.g. : If she sings well- Ñ group of words ™ sings ÅØË verb ÖçC 鬕öÀd ÉC clause. äéπ Raise - past tense raised; past participle sentence ™ áEo verbs Öçõ‰ ÅEo clauses 'raised' = lift = áûªh-úøç, ™‰°æ-úøç, °jéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´-úøç Ö†oô’d. áèπ◊\-´-îË-ߪ’-úøç– He raised his hand = îË®·áû√húø’. The Vijaya dairy has raised the price If she sings well, she will get a prize - Ç¢Á’ of milk = üμ¿®Ω†’ °ç*çC. ¶«í¬ §ƒúÕûË, •£æ›-´’A ´Ææ’hçC. Ñ sentence ™ 1) sings, 2) will get ÅØË È®çúø’ verbs Rise = grow (°®Ω-í∫-úøç)/stand (E©-•úøôç)/ ÖØ√o®· 鬕öÀd, Ñ sentence ™ È®çúø’ clause Ææ÷®Ω’uúø’ Öü¿-®·ç-îª-úøç/- -á-ü¿-í∫-úøç. ©’ ÖØ√o®·. a) Prices rise in times of scarcity = éÌ®Ωûª 1) If she sings well; Ö†o°æ¤púø’ üμ¿®Ω©’ °®Ω’-í∫’-û√®· b) students rise when the teacher enters the class = Teacher class

Éûª-®Ω’© Ç™-îª-†-©†’ °æÆœ-

í∫ôdúøç.

™éÀ ®√í¬-ØË

In my mind reading it is correct = My understanding of what somebody is thinking it is correct.

؈’ Å®Ωnç

NüΔu®Ω’n©’ E©-•-úø-û√®Ω’. c) The Sun rises in the east

îËÆæ’-èπ◊†o v°æ鬮Ωç ÅC ÆæÈ®jçüË =

d) He rose to an important position in the party =

Åûª-úø’ §ƒKd™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æü¿-NéÀ-

Q. I saw a sentence in standard publication "S.Chand" for 4th standard English Text. "I am having Dasara holidays on 4th of October", "I have Dasara holidays" Between them what is the difference please clarify it. A. I am having Dasara Holidays - Wrong. I have Dasara holidays - Correct. We use 'have' in the present continuous tense with the meaning of eating/ drinking only. We can use it for 'bath'. We can sometimes say am having/ is having/ are having a problem.

Uday, Yellandu. Q. Please translate the following sentence into telugu. I had been upto in England. A. I had been upto in England upto =

ÉC sentence ™ äéπ-¶μ«í∫ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. àüÓ îÁߪ’u-¶-ûª’†o ÆœnA™ Öçúøôç/ îËÊÆ ÖüËl¨¡ç éπ-L-T Öçúøôç. He is upto something = -Å-ûªúËüÓ îËÊÆ ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ ÖØ√oúø’.

áCí¬úø’. Much = A large quantity of uncountable things =

™„éπ\-°ôdE ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ (§ƒ©’, F∞¡Ÿx, Gߪ’uç, °æçîªüΔ®Ω, time ™«çöÀN) áèπ◊\-´/- á-èπ◊\´ ¢Á·ûªhç™ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Å®·ûË ´·êu-N-≠æߪ’ç.. much E áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’ -ÅØË -Å®Ωnç-™ 'not' ûÓ í¬F; áçûª/- áçûÁèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-™ question -ûÓ -í¬F ¢√-úø-û√ç A: How much milk is there? B: Not much.

(áèπ◊\¢Ëç ™‰ü¿’)

She is not much interested in music =

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÆæçU-ûªç™ Åçûª ÇÆæ-éÀh-™‰ü¿’. áèπ◊\-´/ -î√-™« ÖçC ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ a lot of/ lotsof Åçö«ç. A lot of milk (î√-™«-§ƒ©’) was wasted. Lotsof water (î√-™« F∞¡Ÿx) flowed into the streets

™‰èπ◊çõ‰, a good deal of/ a great deal of (áèπ◊\´í¬ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ uncountables èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç) A good deal/ A great deal of = a lot of/ lots of. With a good/ great deal of energy he completed the project = with a lot/ lots fo energy

She bought the car, used it for four years and sold it off. 3 verbs - 1) bought 2) used and 3) sold sentence main clause compound sentence.

Éçü¿’™

Åçõ‰ Ñ

´‚úø’

©

He came here after he had attended class.

Éü¿l-J-éπç-õ‰/ -È®çúø’ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´ ûËú≈-©’ -Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ difference among Åçö«ç.

She has the potential of a great singer! a) He came here yesterday - 'came' - past simple time action.

´î√aúø’. DEéÀ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC. 鬕öÀd, ÉC èπÿú≈ main clause. ÉC È®çúø’ main clauses ÖçúË compound sentence ņo-´÷ô.

2) She will get a prize.

¢Á·ü¿öÀ clause, if she sings well èπ◊ Å®Ωnç: Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ §ƒúÕûË– ÉC Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jhí¬ ™‰E clause. É™«çöÀ Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jhí¬ ™‰E clauses †’ subordinate clause Åçö«ç. °j sentence ™ È®çúÓ clause: She will get a prize = Ç¢Á’ •£æ›-´’A §Òçü¿’ûª’çC– Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC. É™« Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jhí¬ Ö†o clause †’ main clause Åçö«ç. äÍé verb ÖçúË sentence Öçü¿-†’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤p-úøüË sentence Å´¤-ûª ’çC. ÅüË main clause Å´¤ûª’çC. The books on the table is mine. sentence verb 'is' sentence, main clause. clause (main) sentence simple sentence

Ñ

™ äÍé

ÉüË Ö†o Åçö«ç.

ÖçC. ÉüË É™« äÍé äéπ †’

The boy came here after his class. verb sentence. simple sentence. COMPOUND SENTENCE: main clauses sentence compound sentence The boy attended class and then came here. verbs. 1) attended 2) came clause The boy attended classmain clause. And then (he) came here =

ÉC èπÿú≈ äÍé èπÿú≈

Ö†o

Ö†o ©’ Åçö«ç.-

Éçü¿’™ È®çúø’ Åçõ‰ Dçöx È®çúø’

鬕öÀd ÉC

äéπöÀ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ©†’

©’Ø√o-ߪ’E éπüΔ? ÅN: DEéÀ °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç ÖçC.

ÉüÌéπ

Ç ûª®√yûª Ééπ\-úÕéÀ

sentence verbs- 1) came and 2) had attended. sentence clauses 1) He came here 2) After he had attended class. He came here main clause. After he had attended classsubordinate clause. main clause, subordinate clauses COMPLEX SENTENCE

Ñ

™ È®çúø’ Åçõ‰ Ñ ÖØ√o-ߪ’-†o-´÷ô.

™ È®çúø’

Éçü¿’™ (Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’)– Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jhí¬ ÖçC, 鬕öÀd ÉC é¬xÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á-Rx-† -ûª-®√yûª– Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd, ÉC äéπöÀ í¬F Åçûªèπ◊ É™« éπ-FÆæç -äéπ Öçõ‰ ÅC N’ç*í¬F Å´¤-ûª’çC. The book on the table is mine - Only one verb, so one clause and That is a main clause- so this is a simple sentence. The book which is on the table is mine. verbs is 2) is. clauses-

Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ È®çúø’

ÖØ√o®·. 1)

Åçõ‰

1) The book which is on the table = Table So, it is a subordinate clause- Subordinate clause complex sentence. main clause?

O’ü¿’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç – DEéÀ °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. ÖçC 鬕öÀd ÉC ´’J Éçü¿’™

The book ... is mine = clause.

Ø√C – ÉC

main

There is a book on the table and it is mine. verbs

Ééπ\ú≈ È®çúø’ ÖØ√o®·. È®çúø’ O’ü¿ °æ¤Ææh-éπ-ç -ÖçC. °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç

i) is ii) is clauses. There is a book on the table = Table So, main clause.

ÖçC.

2) And it is mine = main clause-

ÅC Ø√C – DEéÀ °æ‹-Jh -Å®Ωnç

ÖçC. ÉD

There is a book on the table and it is mine sentence main clauses. compound sentence.

Ñ ÉC

™ È®çúø÷

鬕öÀd

Simple: The book on the table is mine. Compound: There is a book on the table and it is mine. Complex: The book which is on the table is mine.

Ñ ´‚úø’ sentences ´‚úø’ ®Ωé¬-©-®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ŮΩnç äéπõ‰. ÉD simple, compound, and complex sentences E äéπ ®Ωéπç †’ç* ÉçéÓ ®Ωé¬-EéÀ ´÷Í®a NüμΔ†ç. Éçé¬ N´®Ωçí¬ é¬¢√-©çõ‰ §ƒûª lessons †’ îª÷úøçúÕ. Q. Please translate the following sentences in English. I don't like to be treated me as a stranger. I don't like being treated me as a stranger. A. I don't like to be treated as a stranger = I don't like being treated as a stranger -

Ñ È®çúø’ èπÿú≈ äÍé äéπ verb- (do like) Ö†o sentences 鬕öÀd É-N simple sentences. To be treated - ÉC infinitive - verb é¬ü¿’. Being treated (sentence 2) - ÉD verb é¬ü¿’. gerund. DEo complex & compound ™éÀ ´÷®Ωa´îª’a-. é¬F, ÅC éπ%ûªéπçí¬ Öçô’çC. Q. ؈’ Ñ iron rods §ƒûª Ɇ’-°æ-éÌô’d ¢√úÕéÀ Å´’t†’. A. I don't sell the iron rods to scrap iron dealer.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 6 -´÷-Ja 2011 Pranav: It's a fair distribution of work, you know. Our lecturer in charge of the organization of the college day has given every one an equal share of work. No one has to do more than the others.

(°æE Åçü¿-Jéà Ææ´÷-†çí¬ °æç°œùà Ů·uçC éπüΔ? college day E®Ωy-£æ«ù N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ îª÷Ææ’h†o ´’† lecturer v°æA-¢√-∞¡xèπÿ °æE ÆæJÆæ-´÷-†çí¬ Éî√a®Ω’. á´®Ω÷ Éûª-®Ω’© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.) Subodh: Yea. If only everyone does their allotted work, the college day will be a grand success. She is always just in her dealings with her students, isn't she?

(Å´¤†’. v°æA¢√∞¡⁄x á´-JéÀ Íéö«-®·ç-*† °æE ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËÊÆh college day Nï-ߪ’´çûªç Å´¤ûª’çC. Ç¢Á’ NüΔu-®Ω’n© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™«

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 1. Fair =

2

Ø√uߪ’-¢Á’i†/ Ø√uߪ’-Ææ-´’t-ûª-¢Á’i†/ üμ¿®Ωt-¢Á’i†/ Åçü¿-JF Ææ´÷-†çí¬ îª÷úøôç.

(Ç Åç°j®˝ E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπûªèπ◊ °öÀdçC Ê°®Ω’.)

 The success of democracy lies in free and fair elections.

 ''In all international cricket matches we have neutral umpires, why?"

(v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u Nï-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´‚©ç ÊÆyîªa ¥í¬, Ø√uߪ’•ü¿l¥çí¬ (§˘®Ω’-©ç-ü¿-Jéà Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† v§ƒ´·êuç ÉîËa) ïJÍí áEo-éπ™‰.)  Everyone of his children, including his daughters got a fair share of his property.

(Çߪ’† °œ©x-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷, èπÿûª’-∞¡xûÓ Ææ£æ…, ÇÆœh™ ûª´’èπ◊ Ø√uߪ’çí¬ ®√¢√-Lq† ¶μ«í∫ç §ÒçüΔ®Ω’.) fair × unfair

(Åçûª-®√b-Bߪ’ véÀÈéö¸ ´÷u--™x ûªôÆæn (Çúø’ûª’†o È®çúø’ ü˨»-©èπÿ îÁçü¿E) Åç°j-®Ω’x -Öç-ö«®Ω’. áçü¿’èπ◊?) "So that they can be impartial"

 Duryodhana was unfair in denying the Pandavas their fair share of the property.

(§ƒçúø-´¤-©èπ◊ Ø√uߪ’ Ææ´’t-ûªçí¬ îÁçüΔ-Lq† ®√ïu¶μ«í∫ç ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ é¬ü¿-†-úøç™ ü¿’®Óu-üμ¿-†’úø’ ÅØ√uߪ’çí¬ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-î√úø’.) fair, unfair î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË ´÷ô©’. ÉN ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ÷L.

É¢ËO’ °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, ≤ƒé~¬u-üμΔ-®√-©†’ •öÀd B®Ω’p É¢√yL. Å°æ¤púË Ç judge î√™« objective. Åçõ‰ ®√í∫-üËy-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ ÅB-ûªçí¬ Öçúøôç objective.

Ø√uߪ’çí¬ v°æ´-Jh-≤ƒh®Ω’ éπüΔ?)

(Å´¤†’. †’´¤y éπÈ®é˙d. Åçûª E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπçí¬ Öçúøí∫© -™„éπa®Ω®˝ ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. ´’† Ê°°æ®Ωx†’ CCl, ´÷®Ω’\©’ ¢Ëߪ’-úøç™ èπÿú≈ ûª† É≥ƒd-®·-≥ƒd-©ûÓ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Å®Ω|ûª†’ •öÀd ¢Ë≤ƒh®Ω’. Ê°°æ®Ω’x Cü¿l-úøç™ ÅGμ´÷†ç ™‰üΔ ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-EéÀ û√-N-´y®Ω’.) Subodh: It is difficult for people to be as unbiased. No person is free from prejudices. I feel it's rather human to have them. One should be superhuman to rise above them.

(E≠æp-éπ~-§ƒ-ûªçí¬ Öçúøôç á´-J-ÈéjØ√ î√™« éπ≠dæ¢Ë’. ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË ´uèπ◊h©’ ™‰®Ω’. ÅC ´÷†-´-ØÁjïç ņ’-èπ◊çö«. ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊, ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-´÷-Ø√-©èπÿ ÅB-ûªçí¬ Öçúøôç ´÷†-¢√-Bûªç ņ’-èπ◊çö«.) Pranav: I do agree with you. Disinterestedness is certainly a rare virtue. Though some other lecturers are as good as her, she takes the cake for being evenhanded. She believes in fair play and justice in all her dealings.

(؈’ FûÓ ÅçU-éπ-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. É≥ƒd-®·-≥ƒd©èπ◊ ÅBûªçí¬ ´u´-£æ«-Jç-îªúøç ÅØËC î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. Éûª®Ω -™„éπa®Ω®Ω’x Ç¢Á’™«Íí ´’ç*¢√∞¡x®·Ø√, Åçûª E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπçí¬ Öçúø®Ω’. ÇNúø Ææ´’-ûˆ©uç, Ø√uߪ’ç îª÷°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’. ûª† ´u´£æ…-®√-©-Eoç-öÀ™.) Subodh: True. In all fairness, she is the best in that respect.

(Eïç. Ø√uߪ’çí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿-J™ N’†o.) Look at the following expressions from the conversation above: 1) A fair distribution of work. 2) She is always just. 3) No other lecturer can be impartial like her. 4) ..... she is very objective. 5) Neither favour nor prejudice. 6) It is difficult for people to be unbiased. 7) Disinterestedness is a rare virtue.

°j† underline îËÆœ† ´÷ô-©Fo Ø√uߪ’ç, üμ¿®Ωtç, E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπûª, ®√í∫-üËy-≥ƒ©èπ◊ ÅBûªçí¬ Öçúøôç ÅØË ¶μ«¢√Eo ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰ÊÆ ´÷ô™‰. Eûªu-@-N-ûªç™ ¢√öÀE ´’†ç ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ áèπ◊\´. 鬕öÀd ¢√öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 635  The umpire's decision was unfair to our team.

Judges, Umpires, Officers, Teachers tive

Police objec-

™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx í¬ Öçú≈L. (Åç°j®˝ E®Ωgߪ’ç ´’†èπ◊ ÅØ√uߪ’ç M.SURESAN îËÆœçC.)  Interview board members/ selection committee members should 2. Just = fair = Ø√uߪ’-¢Á’i†, áèπ◊\-´í¬ be objective. just †’ only ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ (e.g.: just a minute) ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Just ™ç* justice (Ø√uߪ’ç) ÅØË (ÖüÓu-í¬-©èπ◊ Ŷμºu-®Ω’n-©†’ áç°œ-éπ-îËÊÆ interview board members/ selection com´÷ô ´*açC. mittees Ææ¶μº’u©’ ¢√J É≥ƒd-®·-≥ƒd© v°æ¶μ«-¢√ The demands of the workers are just EéÀ ™†’-é¬-èπ◊çú≈/ E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπçí¬ Öçú≈L. ( = There is justice in the workers' demands.) (é¬Jt-èπ◊© úÕ´÷çúø’x Ø√uߪ’-¢Á’i-†¢Ë ( = workers  To be objective, our rivals have played certainly better than us. éÓJéπ™ Ø√uߪ’ç (justice) ÖçC). (E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπçí¬, Ø√ É≥ƒd-®·-≥ƒd-©ûÓ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈  How just are you in asking for a major share îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ´’† §ÚöÃ-üΔ-®Ω’©’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ in the property? Çú≈®Ω’.) (ÇÆœh™ áèπ◊\´ ¶μ«í∫ç FÍé ®√¢√-©E Åúø-í∫úøç áçûª A: 'I don't think my son didn't do anything Ø√uߪ’çí¬ ÖçC?) Sripad: Let me tell you that whatever Rama did was just.

(®√´·úø’ îËÆ œ-†-ü¿çû√ Åçô’Ø√o†’ ؈’.)

Ø√uߪ’-¢Á’içüË

Srikar: Was he just in shooting arrows from behind a tree at Vali?

(îÁô’d î√ô’-†’ç* ¢√L O’CéÀ ¶«ù«©’ ´ü¿©úøç Ø√uߪ’´÷?) just × unjust (ÅØ√u-ߪ’-¢Á’i†) 3. Impartial = E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπ-¢Á’i†.  In any dispute between India and Pak, China is never impartial.

(¶μ«®Ωû˝ §ƒé˙© ´’üμ¿u à N¢√ü¿ç èπÿú≈, îÁjØ√ E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπçí¬ Öçúøü¿’.)

(dispute)

 The umpire is known for his impartiality.

™

wrong'.

(´÷ Ŷ«s®· ûª°æ¤p î˨»-úøE ؈’ -Å-†’éÓ-´-úøç ™‰ü¿’.) B: 'That's unfortunate. You are not being objective. Whatever the provocation, you cannot justify violence'.

(ÅC ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠æd-éπ®Ωç. †’´¤y O’¢√úÕ O’ü¿ ´’´’鬮ΩçûÓ -Å-™« -´÷-ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-´¤ (not objective). éπNyç°æ¤ àüÁjØ√ üˆ®Ω-bØ√uEo Ææ´’-Jnç-‰ç éπüΔ?) Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø A, Ææç°∂æ’-ô†-†’ objective í¬ îª÷úøôç ™‰ü¿-†o-´÷ô. ¢√∞¡x Ŷ«s®· O’ü¿ ņ’-®√í∫ç Ææç°∂æ’-ô† O’ü¿ Åûª-úÕ- ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo v°æ¶μ«-Nûªç îË≤ÚhçC. Åçõ‰, A, objective í¬ (E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπçí¬) Ç™*ç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿-†o-´÷ô.

Difference between Objective and Subjective °æK-éπ~™x objective type questions Åçô÷ Öçö«®Ω’ éπüΔ?Åçõ‰ objective questions èπ◊ correct äéπ\õ‰ Öçô’çC. á´®Ω’ ®√ÆœØ√ ÅüË answer ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. Ç ï¢√•’ ®√ÊÆh examiner -ûª-† É≥ƒd®·≥ƒd©ûÓ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ üΔEéÀ Íéö«-®·ç-*† ´÷®Ω’\©’ É¢√y-LqçüË. e.g.: Andhra Pradesh ®√ï-üμΔE àC? ÉC objective question. DEéÀ á´J Ææ´÷-üμΔ-†-¢Á’iØ√ äéπ\õ‰. £j«ü¿®√-¶«ü˛ ÅE. Ñ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ®√Æœ† ¢√JéÀ ´÷®˝\ É¢√y-LqçüË. Å™«Íí v°æÆæ’hûªç ®√≠æçZ ™ ÅCμ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o §ƒKd àC? DEéÀ Ææ´÷-üμΔ-†çí¬ ´’†èπ◊ Congress Åçõ‰ É≠ædç ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Congress ÅØË ®√ߪ÷L éπüΔ? Ñ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ÉÊÆh ´÷®Ω’\-LîËa ¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ ûª°æpéπ É¢√y-LqçüË, ¢√∞¡xèπÿ ÅC É≠ædç ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√. Objective èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç Subjective = ´’† É≥ƒdEo •öÀd ÖçúËC. Ö†o §ƒKd™ x àC íÌ°æpC? Åçõ‰ á´J É≥ƒdEo •öÀd ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç É≤ƒh®Ω’. ´÷®Ω’\©’ ÉîËa-¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ û√´· ÅGμ-´÷-EçîË §ƒKdE •öÀd ´÷®Ω’\-LîËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. ¢√J É≥ƒd-®·-≥ƒdEo •öÀd– 鬕öÀd ÉC subjective. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ: ¶μ«®Ω-û˝™ áEo §ƒKd-©’Ø√o®·? ÉC objective question. ¢√öÀ™x àC íÌ°æpC? ÉC subjective - Åçõ‰ ´’† É≥ƒdEo •öÀd Öçô’çC 鬕öÀd. Written test, objective í¬ Öçúø-´îª’a. Interview á°æ¤púø÷ subjective. Åçü¿’™ ÅúÕÍí questions objective Å´ya, é¬F selection éÀ ´îËaô°æp-öÀéÀ Åçü¿®Ω’ Interviewers äéπ Ŷμºu-JnéÀ äÍé ´÷®Ω’\©’ É´yéπ§Ú-´îª’a, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ÅEo questions objective í¬ Öçúø´¤ 鬕öÀd. ÉD objective èπÿ subjective èπÿ ûËú≈. answer

favour - ÆæÈ®j† 鬮Ωùç Åçô÷ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ äéπ-JE/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ÅGμ-´÷-Eç-îªúøç.

 Politicians favour people of their parties only.

(®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-¢√-ü¿’©’ ûª´’ §ƒKd ¢√∞¡xØË ÅGμ-´÷-E-≤ƒh®Ω’.) (¢√∞¡Ÿx E≥ƒp-éÀ~-éπçí¬ Öçúøö«-EéÀ.) 4. Objective = ´’† É≥ƒd®·-≥ƒd-©èπ◊ ÅBûª-¢Á’i†. -É-C î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i†, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´÷ô. Objective opinion = ´’† É≥ƒd-®·-≥ƒd-©ûÓ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´uéπhç îËÊÆ ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç. Courts ™ Judges, B®Ω’p©’ ÉîËa-ô-°æ¤púø’ objective í¬ Öçú≈L. Åçõ‰ ´·üΔl-®·©’ ûª´’èπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œ-†¢√È®jØ√, ûª´’ èπ◊©ç-¢√-È®jØ√, ûª´’ v§ƒçûªç ¢√È®jØ√

Disinter estedness is cer tainly a rar e vir tue Pranav: You are certainly right. No other lecturer can be impartial like her. In valuing our papers too, she is very objective - neither favour nor prejudice can be seen in her valuation.

5. i) Favour =

 Former Minister Raja favoured only one company in the 2G spectrum affair. (2

-@ ÂÆpéπZ-¢˛’ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´÷@ ´’çvA ®√ñ« äéπ éπç°-FØË ÅGμ-´÷-Eç-î √®Ω’/üΔE-°j ÅGμ-´÷†ç îª÷§ƒ®Ω’.)

 'Why does the minister favour that particular company?'

(Ç ´’ç-vA Ç éπç°F O’ü¿ áçü¿’-éπçûª ÅGμ-´÷†ç îª÷°œ-≤ƒhúø’?) 'Because it offers him kickbacks'.

(ÅC ©çî√©’ ÉÆæ’hçC 鬕öÀd.) kickbacks = ÅØÁj-Aéπ v°æA-°∂æ-™«©’ ✫ 'How good is the examiner?' (Examiner

(°æKéπ~

E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îË-¢√®Ω’)

áçûª

´’ç*C?) ✫ 'Very objective. She hasn't shown any favour to any body'.

(î√™« E≠æp-éπ~-§ƒ-ûªçí¬ ÖçüΔ¢Á’. á´J °æö«x àNüμ¿¢Á’i† ÅGμ-´÷†ç îª÷°æ-™‰ü¿’.) favour × prejudice ii) prejudice =

鬮Ωùç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ äéπJ/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æôx ´’†-èπ◊çúË ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç.

objective = free from favour or prejudice.

´’†-üË-¨¡ç™ î√™« prejudice ÖØ√o®· éπüΔ? (èπ◊© ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç – äéπ èπ◊©ç ¢√JéÀ ÉçéÓ èπ◊©ç ¢√®Ω’ °æúø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç); 2) Religious prejudice (´’ûª ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç– Éûª®Ω ´’û√© °æôx ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç) 3) Regional prejudice (v§ƒçBߪ’ ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç) Å™«Íí ´uéÀh-í∫-ûªçí¬ èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ Öçö«®·. colour prejudice (éÌEo ®Ωçí∫’©’ Tôd-éπ-§Ú-´úøç), food prejudice (éÌEo Ç£æ…-®√©’ Tôd-éπ-§Ú-´úøç), etc. 1) Caste prejudice

★ Every person has their prejudices and favours.

(v°æA ´uéÀhéà ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©÷, ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-´÷-Ø√©÷ Öçö«®·.) ★ The human being is a bundle of prejudices.

(v°æA ´uéÃh ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-© °æ¤ôd = ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ™‰E ´uéÀh Öçúø®Ω’ ÅE.) DEéÀ Ææç-•ç--Cμç-*ç-üË bias (•ßª’Æˇ) = äéπJ/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç/ äéπ ñ«A °æôx/ äéπ ´®Ω_ç-°æôx ÅGμ-´÷†ç îª÷°æúøç/ ´’®Ì-éπJ/ ´’®Ó ´®Ω_ç °æôx Å®·-≠dûæ ª. 6. Biased = äéπ-JéÀ ņ’-´¤í¬ ´’®Ì-éπ-JéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ Öçúøôç. ✱ There is a caste bias in whatever he does.

(Åûªúø’ îËÊÆ v°æA-üΔçöx èπ◊© N´éπ~ Öçô’çC.) ✱ My poor marks are due to the teacher's prejudice.

(-öÃ-˝ -ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒ-ߪ’ç ´©x Ø√éà ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’.) ✱ The judgement is biased.

(Ç B®Ω’p °æéπ~-§ƒ-ûªçûÓ èπÿ-úÕç-C (äéπ °æé¬~ Eo ÅGμ´÷-Eç-îË-Cí¬ Å´-ûªL °æéπ~ç O’ü¿ N´éπ~ îª÷Ê°-Cí¬ ÖçC.) 7. Disinterested = E≠æp-éπ~-§ƒ-ûª-¢Á’i†/ Ææy™«-¶μ«-Ê°éπ~ ™‰èπ◊çú≈/ E≤ƒy-®Ωnçí¬ ✲ Gandhi rendered disinterested service to the nation.

(í¬çDμ ñ«AéÀ E≤ƒy®Ωn ÊÆ´ î˨»úø’.) ÅçCç-îªúøç

Render = ✲ It is difficult to be disinterested when it concerns your family.

(´’† èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† N≠æ-ߪ÷™x E≤ƒy®Ωnçí¬ Öçúøôç éπ≠dçæ .)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -´÷-Ja 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

B. Narasinga Rao, Vizag Q. i) The police were chasing the thief

(§ÚM-Ææ’©’ üÌçí∫ ¢Áçô °æú≈f®Ω’) Ééπ\úø were chased ÅE ®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. were chasing éÀ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ. í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† °æEéÀ V2 ®√¢√L éπüΔ! The police were chased the thief Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?

 1990 was?

™ O’ ÇÆœh áçûª? É°æ¤púø’ áçûª?

is (or)

A. What was your property worth in 1990? What is it now? 

'§ƒûª Æ‘≤ƒ™ éÌûªh ≤ƒ®√— ņo ≤ƒ¢Á’ûª í∫’®Ω’héÌÆæ’hçC, ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°œpçC Nçô’çõ‰.











ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ éπüΔ, á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o´¤! Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Were Planned ®√-üΔ? leaving Åçõ‰ '¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o´¤— ÅE éπüΔ, ´’J Were planning í∫ûªç™ Ç™-*ç---èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ ÅE ´Ææ’hçüË¢Á÷? °j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u™x were chasing, were planning í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. V+ing form (v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ é¬èπ◊çú≈

A. Sachin has made a habit of scoring centuries.

ÂÆçîª-K©’ îÁߪ’u-ú≈Eo Ææ*Ø˛ ûª† Å©-¢√-ô’í¬ îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oúø’/ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

äéπJ v°æߪ’-û√o-©èπ◊ Åúø’f-°æ-úøôç/



´´·t-îË-ߪ’úøç The people thwarted the politician's attempts to occupy government land.

ã °æö«d†

A. Whatever it is 

v°æ¶μº’ûªy Ææn™«Eo é¬ñ‰-ߪ÷-©ØË ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊© v°æߪ’-û√oEo ´´·t-îË-¨»®Ω’. Naivete = †®‚-¢Á-õ„ß˝’ = Åçü¿®Ω÷ ´’ç*/ ÅFo ´’ç* ÅØË -F Å´÷-ߪ’-éπûªyç – To think that

Åô÷–-Éô÷, Åö–-Éö



´·çü¿÷–-¢Á-†é¬, ´·çüÓ–-¢Á-†éÓ

A. Pros and cans, before and after

§ƒ© •’í∫_© °æÆœ v§ƒßª’ç™

A. As a very tender baby. 

Thwart = prevent somebody from doing something -

Åçûª-éπç-ûªéÃ

A. That side and this side

†÷†’í∫’ O’≤ƒ© ´ßª’-Ææ’™

A. An age when he hardy had a mustache. 

áçûªéà (áçûªéà ®√úø’)

A. No matter, how long A. Gradually

ii) You were planning to go home, when are you leaving?



ÅçûË é¬E (ÅçûË é¬E †’´¤y ®√´-†o-´÷ô)

A. So, you won't come. 

A. To take to heels

ÅçûË éπüΔ / ÉçûË éπüΔ

A. That's/ This is all, isn't it?

A. When we hear what they say we are reminded of the saying, 'old wine in a new bottle'

°æ™«-ߪ’†ç *ûªh-Tç-îªúøç

2



°æÆœ-èπÿ† •çí¬x-üË-¨¸Â°j ÉçúÕߪ÷ °æC NÈéôx °∂æ’† Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCμç-*çC.

Your enemies will not harm you is naivete =

-á-öÔ-
A. Whatever the case 

Åçûªí¬ (Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ†’)

To beard a lion in his den point of time in the past) The police chased the thief =

§ÚMÆæ’©’ üÌçí∫†’ ¢Áç•-úÕç-î√®Ω’. (¢Áç•-úÕç-îªúøç Å®·-§Ú®·çC) He was playing cricket = Åûªúø’ cricket Çúø’ûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’. He played cricket = Åûªúø’ véÀÈéö¸ Çú≈úø’) They were chased the thief - Ééπ\úø verb,



ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '•úø’— ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. í∫ûªç™ °æE ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ ÖçúÕ-†C.

Was/ were + ... ing =

M. Nagaraju. Q. Please translate these Telugu sentences into English 

èπÿûª¢Ëô’ ü¿÷®Ωç-™ØË Police Station ÖçC. Å®·Ø√ É™«çöÀ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ï®Ω-í∫úøç v°æï-©†’ ¶μºßª÷ç-üÓ-∞¡-†èπ◊ í∫’J îËÆœçC.

A. An incident like this at a stone's throw from the police station has filled the people with shock and fear/ fear and concern. 

éπ†’-îª÷°æ¤ ¢Ë’®Ω™ äéπ\ ™‰ü¿’.

Police Station

èπÿú≈

A. (There is) not a single police station as far as one can see. 

v°æï-©†’ ´’¶μºu °ôdúøç.

A. Misleading people. 

ÇÆæ’h-©†’ èπÿúø ¶„ô’d-éÓ-´úøç/ ¢Á†-Íé-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç

A. Amassing wealth.



éÀçC-¢√-öéÀ À ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁLß - ª’ñ- ß -‰ ª’í- ©-∫ ®Ω’.

1. Slipped into debts. 2. On a tip off. 3. Strike a deal 4. Went missing

A. 1.

Å°æ¤p-™x °æúÕ§Ú´úøç 2. É*a† Ææ´÷-î√-®ΩçûÓ (®Ω£æ«Ææu N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç*) 3. ä°æpçü¿ç/ ¶‰®Ωç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-´úø-ç 4. Went missing - Past tense of go missing = ûª°œp-§Ú-´úøç/ éπ†-°æ-úøéπ §Ú´úøç 5. Rock bottom = Åûªuçûª ûªèπ◊\´ ≤ƒn®· (üμ¿®Ω©÷, ØÁjAéπ v°æ´÷-ù«-™«xç-öÀN). 6. ØÁ©/ ¢√®Ωç/ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ®ÓV© §ƒô’. Day long = ®Óïçû√ 7. ÆæJ-îª÷-Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´úøç/ ûªE& îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´©x 8. £æ…Jléπ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç °æ©-éπúøç 9. Ç v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ 10. üΔEéÀ -v°æ-Aí¬ 11. üΔ-EéÀ -ûªí∫_-ô’x 12. Ççûª®ΩçTèπ◊úø’- 13. ®Ω÷.5000 éÓôx ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ 14. éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ N°∂æ-©-¢Á’i† ûª®√yûª 15. ÅEo-¢Ë-∞¡™« 16. v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ 17. ¢Á·ûªhç O’ü¿. Q. éÀçC ¢√öÀE English ™ ᙫ °æ©-鬙 ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰ßª’-í∫-©®Ω’. ؈’ ®√†’ – I don't come  ØËØÁjûË ®√†’ – ?  ؈-Æ晉 ®√†’ – ?  ؈’ ®√ØË-®√†’ – ? A. a) If it is me, I won't come. b) I won't come at all c) No question of my coming. 

•ôd©’ ÇÍ®-ߪ’úøç

A. Drying clothes 

•ôd©’ ÇÍ®-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË Bí∫/ ü¿çúÁç

A. Clothesline 

ÉçûªéÃ, ÅÆæ-Lç-ûªéÃ

A. So, is that all? 

´÷ô ´÷vûªç-í¬-ØÁjØ√

A. Not a word

´÷ô é¬ü¿’, email ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ ¢√úËC. Q. äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ Restorationists ÅE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tçî√®Ω’. Å™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a. A. Restorationists = °æ¤†-®Ω’-ü¿l¥-®Ωù äéπ Öü¿u-´’çí¬ îË°æõ‰d-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Q. 'Ø√èπ◊ Ñ ®ÓV î√™« *®√í¬_ ÖçC, ØËF-®ÓV °æEîË-ߪ’-™‰†’— DEo Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’? A. I am off my mood. Don't disturb me Q. Idioms & Phrases

´÷ô ´®Ω-ÆæéÀ

´÷ö«x-úÕûË (´÷ö«x-úÕûË Å-©’í∫’-û√úø’) A. Under the slightest pretext (´÷ö«x-úÕ-ûË = à *†o 鬮Ω-ùçí¬-ØÁj-Ø√ -Å-ØË -Å®Ωnç -BÆæ’èπ◊ç-õ‰)

5. Rock bottom 6. Month long, week long, year long, day long. 7. For failing to check 8. Rolling a carpet 9. In a bid to 10. In turn 11. In tune with 12. Close aide 13. To a tune of Rs.5,000 Crores 14. After they failed to purchase 15. At times 16. As of now 17. As a whole

Éô’ †’ç* Éõ‰ – Åô’ †’ç* Åõ‰

A. From here this way, from there the other way.



The police were chased by the thief =

Please remember always. When the verb is a 'be' form + past participle, the voice is passive -

M.SURESAN

Q. Sir,

©’ ¢Áç•-úÕç-îª-•-ú≈f®Ω’ üÌçí∫ – Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’, é¬ü¿’.

™ †’´¤y ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ (í∫ûªç™) – á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤? (you were planned = O’®Ω’ plan îËߪ’-•-ú≈f®Ω’ – Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ?)



A. Suppose

•ú≈f®Ω’.

üÌJ-éÀçC

A. Found

P. Srinivasa Rao, Hyderabad.

Å®Ωnç: ¢Áç•-úÕç-îª-•-ú≈f®Ω’. §ÚMÆæ’©’ ¢Áç•-úÕç-îª-

ii) You were planning to go home, when are you were planning = you leaving?



Ææ*Ø˛ '¶μ«®Ω-ûª-®Ωûªo—èπ◊ áç°œ-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’.

A. Sachin has been selected/ named for 'Bharath Ratna'.

Åçü¿’-¶«ô÷ (Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’-™ØË ÖçC)

A. Within reach

A. India scored a ten wicket over the minnow Bangladesh.

were ('be' form) + chased (past participle) Passive voice The police were chased = The police were chased the thief = police sentence

§ÚMÆæ’©’ ûª®Ω-´’-•-ú≈f®Ω’ üÌçí∫-îËûª – N°æ-K-û√®Ωnç. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: verb, 'b' form + past participle Å®·ûË, passive voice Å´¤-ûª’çC.



-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 636

A. i) The police were chasing the thief =

§ÚMÆæ’©’ üÌçí∫†’ ¢Áç•-úÕÆæ÷h ÖØ√o®Ω’. (í∫ûªç™ äéπ Æ洒ߪ’ç™– ´’†ç îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ņ’èπ◊çüΔç – an Action continuing at a

Scientific term. Educare =

A. So much

ÉçéÓ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ´Ææ’hçüΔ? ´ÊÆh à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™? ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.

F ¨¡vûª’-´¤©’ Fèπ◊ éÃúø’ éπLTç-îª-®Ω-†’-éÓ-´úøç -F Å´÷ߪ’-éπûªyç. Cryptography = ®Ω£æ«Ææu L°œ ®√ߪ’úøç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç – computer ÆæçÍé-û√© Åüμ¿u-ߪ’†ç. Calabryss = äéπ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† •îªaL. Ignoramuses = ´‚®Ω’^©’/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* àO’ ûÁLߪ’E Åñ«c-†’©’. Genesplied fish, (ÉC general word é¬ü¿’.

e.g. : He sulks under the slightest pretext.

(-Å-ûª-úø’ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Å-©’í∫’-û√úø’) ´’®Ω-®·ûË A. So. (-´’-† Ææy®√-Eo -•-öÀd -Å®Ωnç -Öç-ô’ç-C). Q. éÀçC ûÁ©’í∫’ °æüΔ©èπ◊ English ´÷ô©’ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? 1. ÅEo-N-üμΔ™« – By all means 2. à Nüμ¿ç-í¬-ØÁjØ√ – By any means 3. à Nüμ¿ç-í¬†÷ – By no means 

A. Correct.

éÀçC ¢√öÀ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?

a) He beard the lion in his den darely. b) Please bring home to understand a thing. c) The problem is in a mess I could not understand. A. a) To beard a lion in his den =

äéπJ ≤ƒn´-®√-EÍé ¢ÁRx ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπûª ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç, ´’†ç ņ’èπ◊†oC E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ îÁ°æpúøç.

b) To bring home something to a person = To make a person understand something. (especially something important) Bring home = to understand somebody = expression c) The problem is in a mess The problem is a mass Make a mess of a thing = The work made a mess of the painting job =

Ñ

™‰ü¿’.

Y. Gayathri, Asifabad. Q.

é¬ü¿’. ÉC èπÿú≈ Åçûª

éÀçC °æüΔ©èπ◊ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

Supple, maship, mashup, brio, corollary, impeccable, despotic, strode, thwart, naivete Cryptologic, calabryss, Ignoramuses, Genesplied fish, Educare. A. Supple = Soft and easy to bend = A dancer's body must be supple. Maship Mishap = accident Mashup Mash up cook a food stuff until it is soft paste and smooth eg: Mash up potatoes. Brio = enthusiasm and individual style =

(Ñ °æü¿ç Öî√a¥-®Ωù, Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’),

¢Á’ûªhí¬,

ᙫ 鬴-LÊÆh Å™« -´çÍí-™« Ö†o.

é¬ü¿’ é¬ü¿’. ´·êuçí¬) – ¢Á’ûªhí¬ éÀç-îªúøç/ îËߪ’úøç –

(v°æ´÷ü¿ç) = (Ç£æ…®Ω °æüΔ-®√n©’

™«í∫ ÅßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÖúÕ-

Öû√q£æ«ç, äéπ ´uéÀh-èπ◊†o °æü¿l¥A (àüÁjØ√ îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’) Carollary = Ö°æ ÆœüΔl¥çûªç = äéπ ¢√ü¿ç/ Åç¨¡ç †’ç* éπLÍí eg: Statement: people like this leader. Corollary = They support him Impeccable = Spotless = Few politicians are impeccable =

ûª°æ¤p-°æ-ôd-™‰E. ûª°æ¤p-°æ-ôd-™‰E ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ üΔüΔ°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’. Despotic = Tyrannical = E®Ωçèπ◊¨¡ üμÓ®ΩùÀ Ö†o.

Strode = past tense of stride = walk with long steps =

ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. üˆo®·Ø√ °æ‹Jhí¬ §ƒúø’-îË-ߪ’úøç.

Ç °æE-

¢√úø’ °®·çö¸ °æ†çû√ §ƒúø’-îË-¨»úø’. Q. a) He trampled upon the issue very cleverly. b) I wedred of hearing the Telangana issue since my childage. c) I tired so I have to repose on some time. Prepositions,

°j ¢√éπuç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† ¢√uéπu E®√tù«Eo éπÈ®èπ◊dí¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.

A. a) Trampled upon = step (while walking) heavily on something = Trampled upon -

ûÌÍé\-ߪ’úøç. ÉC £æ«èπ◊\©’, °œ©x©’, ´’†’≠æfl© ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-E/ ¢√∞¡xE ûÌÍé\-ߪ’úøç. Trample upon the issue - Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. Trample upon the issue very cleverly - ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. ûÁL-Ní¬ Ææ’Eo-ûªçí¬ ûÌÍé\-ߪ’úøç Öçúøü¿’ éπüΔ? ûÌÍé\-ߪ’úøç á°æ¤púø÷ ¢Á·®Ωô’í¬ Öçô’çC. b) Wedred = Ñ ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’ English ™ Ñ sentence Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 鬴-úøç ™‰ü¿’. c) I tired to I have to repose on time - Ñ sentence, I am tired so I have to repose for some time = (on some time

؈’ Å©Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. BÆæ’éÓ¢√L.

é¬ÊÆ°æ¤

é¬ü¿’) = Nv¨»çA

°ü¿l °ü¿l Åçí∫-©ûÓ †úø-´ôç

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 27 -´÷-Ja 2011 Anjan: When do you want me to start?

(†ØÁo°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-´’ç-ö«´¤?)

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

Abhai: Immediately. Pack up as soon as you can.



Immediately. Pack up as soon as you can.



(¢ÁçôØË. F´¤ ≤ƒ´÷†’x áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓí∫-L-TûË Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬.)

Why don't you take the company car so you can start right away.



Anjan: What's so urgent about it? The earliest I can go is by the overnight train or the early morning flight.

As soon as you get there and deliver the papers.



... I lost no time getting them ready.

(àçôçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç? ®√vA võ„®·-Ø˛-™-í¬F, ™‰éπ§ÚûË Í®§Òp-ü¿’l†o N´÷-†ç-™-í¬E ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©-†’.) Abhai: Well, make it as soon as you can, but not later than tomorrow morning. Why don't you take the company car, so you can start right away.

(Å®·ûË Í®°æ¤ Öü¿ßª’ç üΔô-èπ◊çú≈ áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ O©-®·ûË Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬, éπç°F é¬®Ω’ BÆæ’-èπ◊E, ¢ÁçôØË -¢Á-∞¡x-´-aí¬.) Anjan: I think I'll do that. I'll go about it right

 I could not give them off the top of my head.  

I see that what you have prepared gives all details at a glance. They will be certainly useful for them to take an instant decision.

°j† underline îËÆœ† expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ ¢ÁçôØË, ûªéπ~ùç, Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púË, Åéπ\-úÕ-éπ-éπ\úË, Ç©Ææuç àç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÅØË ¶μ«¢√Lo ûÁL-Ê°¢Ë ÅE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπüΔ. -O-öÀ-E Eûªu@N-ûªç™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË Å´Ææ®Ωç á°æ¤púø÷ Öçô’çC. OöÀ ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çüΔç:  Immediately - ÉC Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æ œçüË– Å®Ωnç,

2

a) Please return the book as soon as you can =

†’´¤y AJT É´yí∫-L-T-†çûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Ñ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo AJ-T´¤y. As soon as Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË No sooner... than ¢√úøû√ç. í∫´’-Eéπ: No sooner... than ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, As soon as ™E past tense, verb saw †’, did see í¬ ´÷®√aç. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ subject, 'he', did èπ◊ 'see' èπ◊ ´’üμ¿u ´Ææ’hçC. DçûÓ-§ƒô’, È®çúÓ clause 'he ran away' ´·çü¿’, 'than' ¢√úøû√ç. b) As soon as he entered the room he turned on the TV = No sooner did he enter the room, (he entered = did he enter), than he turned on the TV. (

í∫C-™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-*† ¢ÁçôØË Åûªúø’ öÃO°ö«dúø’.)

When did you r eceive the message? now. How long do you think I'll have to be there? Can I return soon after I deliver the papers there? Abhai: As soon as you get there and deliver the papers call me to confirm it. I took a lot of trouble to get the papers together. If they don't reach on time all my trouble will be a waste.

(Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRx Ç Ê°°æ®Ω’x ÉîËa-ߪ’-í¬ØË Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îÁ®·u. Ç Ê°°æ®ΩxFo ÊÆéπ-Jç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ î√™« v¨¡´’ °æú≈f†’. Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÆæJí¬_ Ê°°æ®Ω’x îË®Ω-éπ-§ÚûË v¨¡´’çû√ ´%ü∑Δ Å´¤-ûª’çC.)

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 637

(

ÅûªúÕéÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç Ç®Ωf®Ω’ ´*açC, ¢ÁçôØË Åûªúø’ A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’.)

The result of the meeting were not immediately known. (

Ç Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ °∂æLûªç ¢ÁçôØË ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’.)

c) I offered him a bribe of Rs.1000/- and the response was immediate. (Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ ®Ω÷.1000 ©çîªç Éî√a†’ – Ææpçü¿† ûªéπ~ùç/ Åûªúø’ ûªéπ~ùç ÆæpçCç-î√úø’.) Immediately = At once.

Abhai: The latest figures for the sales and profits of our branch down to the day before. In fact they wanted me to pass the information over phone, but as I had been on leave for some days last week, I could not give them off the top of my head.

(Åçü¿’-éπE Ç °ævû√© printouts-computer O’ü¿ copies B-¨»-´-†o-´÷ô. mail ™ °æç°œ ÖçúÌa éπüΔ?)

d) The actor hardly got down from his car, and at once his fans mobbed him. (Ç †ô’úø’ é¬®Ω’ Cí¬-úÓ-™‰üÓ ÅGμ-´÷-†’--©’ -Ç-ߪ’†-†’ ¢ÁçôØË îª’ô’d-´·-ö«d®Ω’). mob = ´‚éπ, ô’d-´·ôdúøç e) I offered him a bribe of Rs.1000, and at once there was a response. (

Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ ®Ω÷.1000 ©çîªç Éî√a†’. Åûªúø’ ûªéπ~ùç ÆæpçCçî√úø’.)



(ÅC èπÿú≈ Ç™-*ç-î√†’. Å®·ûË ¢√öÀ†EoçöÀF 鬰‘ îËߪ’úøç î√©-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æúø’-ûª’çC éπüΔ?) Anjan: I see that what you have prepared gives all details at a glance.

(†’´¤y ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-Æœ† °ævû√© N´-®√-©†’ äéπ\≤ƒJ îª÷ÊÆh î√©’, Å®Ωn-´’-®·-§Ú-û√®· ÅØËC ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC.) Abhai: They will certainly be useful for them to take an instant decision.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢√öÀE îª÷úø-í¬ØË ûªéπ~ù E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-û√®·.) Anjan: OK, then. Take care.

(ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË. ñ«ví∫ûªh.)

Right away = At once = immediately a) The boss wants you to see him right away. ( (at once/ immediately)

¶«Æˇ N’´’tLo ¢ÁçôØË -ûª-†-†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’-Ø√oúø’.)

Abhai: I thought of that too. But that would take longer, as I had to type a lot.

b) The fire service men proceeded right away to the site of the fire.



(°∂j®˝ ÆæKyÆˇ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûªéπ~ùç ÅTo v°æ´÷ü¿ç ïJ-T† îÓöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’.) As soon as = ¢Á†’-¢Áç-ôØË/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ïJU ï®Ωí∫éπ ´·çüË. a) As soon as he saw the police he ran away. (

§ÚM-Ææ’-©†’ îª÷Æœ† §ƒJ§Úߪ÷úø’.)

¢ÁçôØË

As soon as he comes home, he turns on the TV.

No sooner does he come home, than he turns on the TV. b) As soon as you finish the book, please return it = No sooner do you finish than you please return it.

b) He received the order of appointment and immediately he started for Tirupathi.

Anjan: What are the papers about?

Anjan: So you took out print outs of the documents. You could have sent them by e-mail.

M.SURESAN

ÖüÓuí∫ç ´*aç-ü¿E ûÁL-Æœ† ¢ÁçôØË Åûªúø’ A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’.)

(Ø√èπ◊ E†o §Òü¿’l-§Ú®·† ûª®√yûª ´*açC ÅçûË, äéπ\ éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√öÀE Æœü¿l¥ç-î˨».)

°j

™« ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, í¬ ´÷Ja†õ‰x,

´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

(

(á°æ¤p-úÌ-*açC Fé¬ Ææçü˨¡ç?)

(Ç Ê°°æ®Ω’x üËEo í∫’Jç*?)

™

¢ÁçôØË.

Anjan: When did you receive the message? Abhai: I got it late last evening, and I lost no time in getting them ready.

As oon as past tense verb sentence saw did + present tense present tense do/ does + present tense

ûÓ,

Immediately after knowing that he got a job, he started for Tirupathi.

Åûªúø’

b) As soon as I get my first salary, I will go to Tirupathi. (Ø√ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ @ûªç ÅçC† ¢ÁçôØË Øˆ’ A®Ω’-°æA ¢Á∞¡û√†’.) As soon as possible = ≤ƒüμ¿u-¢Á’i-†çûª ûªy®Ωí¬ As soon as somebody can = á´-È®jØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-L-T†çûª ûªy®Ωí¬

c) When he became a minister he lost no time in grabbing as much land as he can. (

As soon as he saw the police, he ran away = No sooner did he see the police he ran away.



Lose no time = act immediately =

¢ÁçôØË

îËÊÆ-ߪ’úøç. a) When knew that she had come he lost no time in meeting her. (Ç¢Á’ ´*aç-ü¿E ûÁLߪ’í¬ØË äéπ\-éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ ´%ü∑Δ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ, 'lose no time' ûª®√yûª infinitive (to + 1st Regular Doing Word (IRDW) é¬èπ◊çú≈ in + '.....ing' form ´Ææ’hçC. b) Once I reach there, I will lose no time in phoning you about the position there. (

؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ îËJ† ¢ÁçôØË -Åéπ\úÕ °æJ-Æœn-AE, äéπ\éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ ´%ü∑Δ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ -Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√†’.) A. Bunganna, Kurnool

Q. In the lesson 'KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM' of X Class English, the author Bertrand Russel, while speaking about the importance of impartiality in the teaching of Wisdom he gives the illus tration of the parable of GOOD SAMARITAN. I could not get the connection between the parable and the concept of impartiality. A. Samaritans in the days of christ were the people of Samaria, who the Jews, the followers of Christ, treated as sinners. This parable (a moral story) refers to a samaritan who helped a Jew lying injured on the road. A fellow Jew and even a priest had earlier seen the injured Jew but theyhad not done any thing to help him. this samaritans, though hated by Jews took pity on the suffering Jew and attended on him. Jesus told his followers of this samaritan to make them understand that the Samaritan,



´’çvA-é¬-í¬ØË, äéπ\-éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ ´%ü∑Δ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ¶μº÷éπ¶«b ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’.) Off the top of my head = Ö†o-°æ-∞ «† (Ç™ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) à v°æ¨¡o-ÈéjØ√ Ææ´÷üμΔ†ç îÁ°æpúøç/ Ææ´÷-üμΔ-†ç É´y-í∫-©-í∫úøç.

a) When exactly Gandhi returned to India and joined the Freedom Movement, I can't answer off the top of my head. (

í¬çDμ éπ*aûªçí¬ á°æ¤púø’ ÆæyüË-¨»-EéÀ AJT ´*açD, ≤ƒyûªç-vûÓu-ü¿u-´’ç™ îËJçD, ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË îÁ°æp-™‰†’. Ø√èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√´-úøç-™‰ü¿’ é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç--éÓ-¢√L).

b) How much it will cost I can't tell off the top of my head. I need some time. (

ÅC áçûª ê®Ω’a Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-ØËC ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË îÁ°æp-™‰†’. Ø√é¬\Ææh Æ洒ߪ’ç 鬢√L.) ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: "Off the top of my head' áèπ◊\´í¬ 'not'ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç.  At a glance - ÉC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ¢√ú≈-Lq† °æü¿ç – äéπ\-≤ƒJ îª÷úø-í¬ØË ûÁLÊÆ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç. a) The daily carries a column which shows train services at a glance. (

È®j∞¡x ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ©’, Jï-Í®y-≠æ-Ø˛© Ææçí∫-A îª÷úø-í¬ØË ûÁLÊ° °æöÀdéπ C† °ævA-éπ™ Öçô’çC.)

b) This booklet gives you at a glance all information you need. (

Ñ *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç O’èπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç äéπ≤ƒJ îª÷úø-í¬ØË ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.)  Instant = ûªéπ~ù. Instant decision = ûªéπ~ù E®Ωgߪ’ç. Instant Coffee = ûªéπ~ùç ûªßª÷®ΩßË’u 鬰∂‘. Instant Mix = Ç£æ…®Ω °æüΔ®√n©’ – Ø√†-¶„-ôdúøç, éπ©-°æ-úøç ™«çöÀ v¨¡´’-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ´çôèπ◊ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖçúËN. Instant Gulabjam mix = EN’-≥ƒ™x í∫’™«-¶¸ñ«¢˛’ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-Ææ’èπ◊ØË-ô’dí¬ ÖçúË °æüΔ®Ωnç. The retaliation was instant = ¢ÁçôØË üÁ•sèπ◊ üÁ•s ûª-T-LçC. The members of one group attacked the other group. This met with an instant retaliation. (

äéπ-´-®Ω_ç-¢√®Ω’ ´’®Ó-´®Ω_ç O’ü¿ üΔúÕ î˨»®Ω’. ¢ÁçôØË È®çúÓ ´®Ω_ç áü¿’-®Ω’-üÁ•s BÆœçC. É´Fo 'ûªéπ~ùç— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ† expressions.

though in the view of the Jews was a sinner, did help a fellow human being, and thus the samaritan though thought a sinner by the Jews was a better than them, said Jesus Christ, Christ's idea was to tell the Jews that mere worship of God without helping fellow humans was useless. Q. In the lesson of X class English book 'VINOBA A PORTRAIT SKETCH' by Hallam Tennyson; the author says that VINOBA refused to attend his mothers funeral, because, it is said, the funeral pyre would be lit by a brahmin. This explanation is vague, not lending itself to reasoning. Please clarity. A. Vinoba Bhave refused to attend his mother's funeral because he was against the social evil of caste system which allowed only Brahmin to lit the funeral pyre and not others. Further, Vinoba Bhave was a sanyasin, and as a sanyasin he could not have any relationship with others including the members of his own family.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 10 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Srinivasa Rao, Marturu. Q. Dangling

participle

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. First of all there are two participles1) The present participle or the '..ing' form. e.g. : going, coming, etc. 2) The past participle: gone, seen, did, killed, etc. Now look at the sentence: Walking along the street, a car knocked him downwalking (down the street) present participle walking down the street, a car = knocked him down =

wrong - due to, was closed

ûª®√yûª

Å®Ωnç ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ.

Correct: Owing to the rain the school was closed/ The school was closed owing to the rain.

'without firing a bullet shot'

ÅØË

´*açC 鬕öÀd.

Å®·ûË present day usage ™ due to †’ °j Nüμ¿çí¬ ¢√úøôç ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-§Ú-®·çC, Åçü¿’-´©x Åçûª-°ü¿l ûª°æ¤pí¬ Å†’-éÓ-¢√-Lq-üËç-™‰ü¿’ Åçö«®Ω’ éÌçü¿®Ω’. Q. Present participle †’ preposition í¬ á™« Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Present participle as preposition is not very common. However, in the sentence, she is busy cooking dinner. Cooking, the present participle is used as a preposition, governing the nouns 'dinner'

Ééπ\úø

éπüΔ? Å®Ωnç ®Óúø’f ¢Áç•úÕ †úø’Ææ÷h ®Óúø’f ¢Áç•úÕ †úø’Ææ÷h ã é¬®Ω’, úμŒ éÌöÀdçC. Åçõ‰ DEéÀ Å®Ωnç àç ´Ææ’hçC? '®Óúø’f

verb

2

Åçõ‰ äéπ ûª’§ƒéà í∫’çúø’ èπÿú≈ Ê°©a-èπ◊çú≈ USSR èπ◊°æp-èπÿ-LçC. Åçõ‰ 'à v°æA-°∂æ’-ôØ√ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ USSR èπ◊°æp-èπÿ-LçC— ÅE Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.  This being a violation of the code.

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. Antecedent = ´·çü¿®Ω ´îËaC ÅE Å®Ωnç. Sentence ™E ¢Á†’éπ ´÷ô, ´·êuçí¬ äéπ

pro-

ÉC Eߪ’-

´÷´‚-©’í¬ Öçúøôç ´©x.

being =

Walking down the street, he was knocked down by the car participle, walking down the road, he

Ééπ\úø éÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Öçúø-ôç-´©x, '®Óúø’f¢Áç-•úÕ †úø’Ææ÷h Åûªúø’— ÅØË ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Dangling participle èπ◊ ´’J-éÌEo examples, ¢√öÀ corrections: Running away with the stolen money, a policeman caught him A policeman running away with the stolen money. caught him

É™« ®√ÊÆh ´îËa Å®Ωnç!

§ÚMÆˇ) éπüΔ?

noun

M.SURESAN

Ééπ\úø 'it', üΔE ´·çü¿’†o car †’ í∫’Jç* îÁ•’ûÓçC. 鬕öÀd, car is the antecedent of it. This is a book which is very useful- 'book' is the antecedent of 'which'. Adjunct: An adverb/ a phrase which adds to the meaning of the verb. 'last

Q. Her being elected the president of the party, the ministers congratulated her. The Ministers congratulated her to have been elected the president of the party

ÅE

îÁ°æpúøç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? A. Her being elected to the party the president, the minister congratulated her'The minister congratulated her to have been elected to the party', is not correct either. The correct form of the sentence is: The minister congratulated her on her having been elected president of the party/ on her election as president of the party. round about

Éçé¬

í¬ É™« îÁ§Òpa.

(´’† Ææ´’-Ææu-©Fo èπÿú≈ ´’† ÅN-FA ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-¢√-ü¿’© ´©x). The school was closed owing to rain (´®Ω{ç ´©x •úÕ ´‚ߪ’-•-úÕçC/ ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’). Å®·ûË î√©-´’çC, due to †’ äéπ sentence v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μºç™ é¬F, ã verb ûª®√y-ûª-í¬F ¢√úø-ö«Eo ÇÍé~-°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’.

Her having been elected president of the party, the minister congratulated her-

Due to the rain the school was closed wrong - due to sentence

ûÓ

v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμçî√ç

鬕öÀd. The school was closed due to the rain -

é¬F,

ÉC î√™« ÆæçéÀx≠dçæ . K.S.R, Marturu. Q.

éÀçC v°æA ¢√éπuç™ being ÖçC. Å®·ûË ÅEo ¢√é¬u™x äÍé Å®ΩnçûÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Being †’ Éçé¬ áEo Å®√n-©ûÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îÓa N´-Jç-îªí∫©®Ω’.

 The U.S.S.R. collapsed without being a bullet shot. A.

He switched off the refrigerator so as to defrost it. So as to =

Å™« ÅßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ = Ç ÖüËl¨¡çûÓ. Å®·ûË so as ¢√úøéπç Åçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçúøü¿’. üΔE •ü¿’©’ so that/ to ¢√úøôç ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. Meet your grand father so as to make him happy = Meet your grand father so that he can be happy/ to make him happy = Meet your grand father to make him feel happy

éπ©-°æ-•úÕ Öçúøôç

 He is being mischievous. A. Is being =

Öçô’-Ø√oúø’. (Ñ *´JC éÌçûª Å®Ωnç ûËú≈ûÓ ÖçC.)

He is being mischievous

(Åûªúø’ *L-°œí¬ Öçô’Ø√oúø’/ ÖØ√oúø’ – Ñ éπ~ùç)  Her tonsured head, chopped legs were indicators of this being case of human sacrifice.

He switched off the refrigerator so that it would defrost. Q.

Ñ word group ™ 'being' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– Åçü¿’-´©x Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. É™« Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L– ûª’§ƒ-éÃ-í∫’çúø’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, USSR èπ◊°æp-èπÿ-LçC– Åçõ‰

éÀçC¢√-öÀéÀ

Antonyms

ûÁ©-°æ-í∫©®Ω’.

1) Precious 2) Pious 3) Wonderful 4) Simplicity 5) Patience 6) Entire (whole)

ÉC †®Ω•LéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*ç-Cí¬ Öçü¿E.  The recent case of an airhostess being molested. A. An airhostess being molested =

7) Sacred 8) Melodious 9)Fame 10) Prompt 11) Enough 12) Severe 13) Sacrifice 14) Auspicious

îÁ®Ω-°æ-•úÕ

Öçúøôç Ñ Â°j† ûÁL-°œ† Å®√n-©Fo 'Being' èπ◊ ÖØ√o®·. Being ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å®·ûË, Å®Ωnç – Öçúøôç/ Öçúøôç ´©x/ Öçô÷/ Öçúøí¬

A. 1. Precious × Worthless/ Trivial 2. Pious × Impious 3. Wonderful × Ordinary/ Common place 4. Simplicity × Complexity

Being + past participle - a) being + put (pp of put) =

5. Patience × Fretful/ Restless/ Nervous/ Impatient

b) being molested (being + past participle of molest) =

6. Entire × Partial

Öçîª-•úÕ Öçúøôç

The sentence is not correct.

© í∫’Jç* N´-Jçîªí∫©®Ω’. A. Due to = Owing to = because of = Åçü¿’-´©x.

†’´¤y O’ û√ûª†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Çߪ’† ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’ =

 The officials dismissed the possibility of fuel adulteration or stones being put in the oil tank.

A. Being put =

îËÊÆ

A. If you meet your grand father he will feel happy = Meet your grand father so as to make him happy.

Åüμ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬

Ñ ¢√é¬uEo

Q. Due to, owing to

OöÀE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* NüμΔ-Ø√Eo ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. .... this being a case of human sacrifice =

b) She listened to him patiently - 'patiently' is the adjunct of 'listened'.

While he was running with the stolenmoney, a policeman caught him/ Running away with the stolen money he was caught by a policeman/ A policeman caught him running away with the stolen money.

Most of our problems are due to our corrupt politicians

í¬ Öçö«-úøØË Ê°®Ω’ûÓ

Q. 1) Meet your grand father. He will feel happy 2) He switched off the refrigerator. It would defrost so as combine

Öçô÷

He bought a car and it is fine.

Correction:

It's time/ time/ It's time that he got married =

Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púÓ Â°Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊E Öçú≈LqçC.

A. being its president =

(üÌçT-Lç-*† úø•’sûÓ §ƒJ-§Ú-ûª’†o (ÅûªúÕE °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ – ûª°æ¤p

üΔEo (Vûª’h†’) á°æ¤púÓ éπAhJç* ûÓ, Öçú≈-LqçC. É™«çöÀ It's time/ It's high time/ time ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ past tense ´Ææ’hçC.

Öçúøôç/ Öçúøí¬/

 The other member, being it's president Mr. Rao.

Éçü¿’™

It's time/ It's high time/ time (that) you trimmed it = structure

The reputation of being a tough officer =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 638

a) He came here last night night' is the adjunct of 'came'.

é¬®Ω’ üμ¿®Ω ´’K áèπ◊\´ – ؈’ é̆-™‰-†çûª. ᙫ é̆-í∫-©†’?)

 He came with a reputation of being tough officer.

Strict officer

à ´·çü¿J ´÷ô†’ í∫’Jç* îÁ•’ûª’çüÓ ÅC antecedent Å´¤ûª’çC.

=

´÷-´R Ö©xç-°∂æ’† 鬴-úøç-´©x – ÉC é¬ü¿’, Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jh 鬆ç-ü¿’-´©x. Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç ´©x.

It's time that he got married ¢Áç•úÕ †úø’Ææ÷h Ç é¬®Ω’ ÅûªúÕE úμŒ éÌöÀdçC— ÅE éπüΔ? é¬®Ω’x ®Óúø’f ¢Áç•úÕ †úø-´´¤ éπüΔ. é¬F ´’†ç, Ñ present participle, walking down the road, a car ÅE ®√ߪ’-úøç-´©x, ®Óúø’f-¢Áç-•úÕ †úÕîË/ †úø’Ææ’h†o car ÅØË N°æ-K-û√®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. É™« ¢√úÕ-†°æ¤púø’, Ééπ\úÕ participle dangling participle/ unrelated participle Åçö«ç. Å™«çöÀ dangling participle ûÓ sentence ®√ߪ’úøç/ ´÷ö«x-úøôç´©x ûª°æ¤p Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Ééπ\úø †úø’-Ææ’h-†oC 'he' 鬕öÀd, Ç walking down the car †’, he éÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Â°úÕûË ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC– É™«: While he was walking down the street (Åûªúø’ ®Óúø’f ¢Áç•úÕ †úø’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’), a car knocked him down (car ÅûªúÕE úμŒ éÌöÀdçC). ÉC äéπ Nüμ¿ç. È®çúÓ Nüμ¿ç, passive voice ™ ¢√úøôç. É™«:

(The car is too expensive. How can I buy it?

A. This being a violation of the code sentence Being =

A.

Q. Antecedent, adjuncts

(F Vûª’h ´’K °J-TçC. üΔEo á°æ¤púÓ éπAh-Jç* Öçú≈L. – 'É°æp-öÀ-üΔé¬ Çí¬¢Ëç?— ÅØË ¶μ«´çûÓ)

îÁ®Ω-°æ-•úÕ Öçúøôç – É™« being + pp °j† îÁ°œp-†ô’x passive form Å´¤ûª’çC. It being a holiday, we were at home (ÂÆ©´¤ 鬴-úøç-´©x, ¢Ë’ç Éçöx ÖØ√oç). Being ill, he was weak (ï•’sûÓ Öçúøôç ´©x, Åûªúø’ F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’). Being seen here (Ééπ\úø îª÷úø-•-úøôç – Being + pp of see) is not good = ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’ ÉO being, being + pp éÀ Å®√n©’. Being ûª®√yûª noun/ adj ´ÊÆh Å™« Öçúøôç ´©x/ Ç í∫’ù«©’ éπLT Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x ÅØË Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·. Being a minister (minister -- noun; ´’çvAí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x), he has a lot of influence (Çߪ’†èπ◊ î√™« °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ ÖçC) Being tall, (tall - adj - §Òúø’í¬_ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x) she can play well (Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-©ü¿’)

7. Sacred × Profane/ Unholy 8. Melodious × Rancour 9. Fame × Obscurity 10. Prompt × Delayed 11. Enough × Short/ Scarce 12. Severe × Mild 13. Sacrifice × Gain 14 Auspicious × Inauspicious

M.S.N. Hareesh, Kurnool. Q.

A. You have been able to convince him =

†’´yûªúÕéÀ †îªa-ñ„-°æp-í∫-L-í¬´¤. Q. Mr. Uma Maheswara Rao must have been able to incite Savithri to that crime. A.

T. Siva, Nandikotkur. Q. Your hair is too long. It's time you trimmed them. structure explain

Ñ

†’

îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. Your hair is too long. It's time you trimmed it.

éÀçC -Ççí∫x ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. You have been able to convince him.

Ö´÷-´’-Ê£«-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤ ≤ƒN-vAE- -Ç -ØË®√-EéÀ °æ¤J-íÌLp Öçö«úø’/ Öçú≈L (ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’).

Q. Miss Rehana might have been able to pass the C.A. exam last year. A.

È®£æ«Ø√ -§ƒÂÆj ÖçúÌa (ÆæçüË£æ«ç).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 24 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

A. Sudhakar, Bhiknur.

Hyderabad?

2

again:

Q. Please divide into Tense and time given below sentences.

A. Verb - does start = starts - Present simple denoting an action in the immediate future.

A present participle (the '... ing' form) -

Q. Can I have some milk before I go to bed?

 I shall write another letter.

A. Can have - present tense - request in the present, go - Present simple.

e.g.: going, walking, writing etc- used as a noun is a gerund.

 I wrote the letter.

Dileep Tahil, Yellandu.

That is, if you use an '... ing' form as

 I am writing the letter now. A. I shall write another letter. Shall write- future simple

(؈’ -´’®Ó ñ«•’

Q. Sir, clarify the following doubts.

1) the subject of a sentence,

i) exchange (ii) Interchange. Please give the meanings of the above mentioned words.

Wrote - Past simple -

®√Êƨ»†’.

am writing - Present Continuous -

(Åçõ‰, èπ◊ í¬ í¬F, äéπ äéπ í¬ í¬F, äéπ èπ◊ í¬F ¢√úÕûË ÅC Å´¤-ûª’çC.

É*a-°æ¤-a-

®√Ææ’h-Ø√o†’

éÓ´úøç. a) They exchange rings =

(É°æ¤púø’). Q. She would rather we stayed till tomorrow. A. Would rather.... stayed - present tense refers to an improbable situation in the present -

É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫-EC, é¬F ´’†ç ï®Ω-í¬-©E

†’, èπ◊ í¬

e.g.: a) Walking is good for health. (†úø-´úøç Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ ´’ç*C) – Ñ sentence èπ◊ walking ÅØË '... ing' form subject 鬕öÀd ÅC gerund. b) I like walking - Ééπ\úø 'walking' ÅØË '... ing' form, like ÅØË verb èπ◊ object 鬕öÀd, ÅC

¢√∞¡Ÿx Öçí∫-®√©’ ´÷®Ω’aèπ◊Ø√o®Ω’/ É*a-°æ¤-a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.

b) The two countries exchanged prisoners =

Ç È®çúø’ ü˨»©’ ë„jD-©†’ ´÷JpúÕ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®·. Interchange = 1) to share ideas/ information

Please come up the dais! éÓ®Ω’èπ◊-ØËC.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 639

A. Has been raining - present perfect continuous -

¢√† í∫ûªç™ éÌçûª-ÊÆ-°æöÀ †’ç* Éçé¬ èπ◊®Ω’Ææ÷hØË ÖçC.

Q. My uncle is arriving tomorrow. A. is arriving - present continuous referring to definite future -

Í®°æ¤ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

Q. I have finished my work just now. A. Have finished just now - Present Perfect Tense -

É°æ¤púË (Ø√°æE) °æ‹Jh-îË-¨»†’.

Q. I received his letter a week ago. A. Received..... (a week ago) - Past simple -

í∫ûªç™ éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ïJ-T† °æE (Çߪ’† Öûªh®Ωç Ø√èπ◊ ¢√®Ωç véÀûªç îËJçC.) Q. When I reached the station the train had started (So I couldn't get into the train) A. Reached - past tense When I reached the station station the train had started (train had started - Past perfect tense Past Perfect (had + Past participle) (Train the train had started When I reached reached - Past Simple).

í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† °æE – ؈’

îËÍ®ô-°æp-öÀéÀ (í∫ûªç), •ßª’-™‰l-J-§Ú-®·çC) – í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ™ °æEE •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωúøç – í∫ûªç™ ´·çü¿’. ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç. ûª®√yûª Åçü¿’-éπE ؈’ îËÍ®-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ – ïJTçC.

Q. I won't go out if it rains. A. I won't go = will not go - future simple; rains = present simple if it rains - conditional clause

(¢√†-´ÊÆh)

Q. This time tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach in Singapore. A. Will be sitting - future continuous tense -

¶μºN≠æu-ûª’h™  N≠æߪ’ç.

é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’ûª÷

Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ØË

Q. I will be staying here till Sunday. A. will be staying - future continuous tense; use -

-É-C èπÿ-ú≈ ¶μºN≠æu-ûª’h™ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’ûª÷ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’èπ◊ØË N≠æߪ’-¢Ë’.

Q. I shall have written my exercise by three. A. Shall have written - future perfect tense -

etc = ¶μ«¢√-©†’, Ææ´÷î√-®√Eo äéπ-J-®ΩéÌéπ®Ω’ É*a-°æ¤-a-éÓ´úøç – Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, ÉC üΔüΔ°æ¤ Exchange ûÓ Ææ´÷-†´’´¤ûª’çC. There was an inter-

Ééπ\úø 'would (í∫ûªç-™-†’ç-* ¶μºN-≠æuû˝) Q. Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç, ¢√®Ωç, ®ÓV© Ê°®Ω’x (Sunday... Saturday) °æ‹ô©’ Morning... Night. -Ñ °æüΔ-©EoçöÀéà ¢Á·ü¿öÀ letter capital ®√ߪ÷™«? A. English ™ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©èπ◊, Ææçêu-™‰-é¬F, Ê°®Ω’xç-úø´¤ éπüΔ? 鬕öÀd capital letter ûÓ v§ƒ®ΩçGμçî√©ØË v°æ¨Ïo ™‰ü¿’. ¢√®√©’ (Monday, Tuesday etc) ØÁ©© Ê°®Ω’x January, February, etc) ´÷vûªç capitals ûÓØË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-î√L. °æ‹ô©’ (morning/ evening, etc) ´÷vûªç ´÷´‚-©’-í¬ØË ®√ߪ÷L, capital ûÓ v§ƒ®ΩçGμç-îª-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Q. Åûªúø’ bank ™ money deposit î˨»úø’. He deposited the money in the bank/ with the bank - which one is correct?

Q. The school opens on

12th

June.

A. Opens - Present simple tense, indicating a definite action in future -

¶μºN-≠æu-ûª’h™ äéπ Æ洒ߪ÷-EéÀ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç.

Q. When does the next train leave for

A. Deposited in the bank - correct.

Q. Ravi is taller than Krishna.

A. Please come on to the dais, correct stage stage please come up the dais Announcers/ Anchors etc. stage

Ñ ÅØËC -Å-´¤-ûª’ç-C.

Krishna is as tall as Ravi. M.SURESAN

√a Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ É®Ω’°æé¬~ -©-¢√®Ω÷ ¢√J ¶μ«¢√©†’, Ææ´÷-î√-®√Eo °æ®ΩÆæp®Ωç É*a °æ¤îª’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Ñ °æü¿ç – interchange - ¢√úøéπç ûªèπ◊\´. áèπ◊\´í¬ interchange E Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’ – to change the positions of two things/ persons with that of each other = È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h´¤©/ Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h© ≤ƒn-Ø√-©-†’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç ´÷®Ωaúøç.

¢Á·ü¿öÀ sentence ™ Ravi Krishna éπçõ‰ §Òúø´¤. ´’J È®çúÓ sentence ™ Krishna Ravi ´÷C-Jí¬ §Òúø´¤. Ñ ¢√é¬u©†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Ravi is taller than Krishna- ®ΩN, éπ%≠æg éπçõ‰ §Òúø´¤ äéπ-üΔ-E-éπç-õ‰ ÉçéÓöÀ áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ – Ééπ\úø 'taller' ÅE ¢√ú≈L 鬕öÀd, ÅC 'comparative' degree. (éπçõ‰ ÅE Å®Ωnç 鬕öÀd) Krishna is not as tall as Ravi - éπ%≠æg, ®ΩN Åçûª §Ò-úø´¤ é¬-ü¿’. Ééπ\úø 'tall' ¢√ú≈ç 鬕öÀd, ÉC pos-

a) The ministers' portfolios were interchanged = b) The time tables of Monday and Tuesday have been interchanged = time tables

A. You are blocking my way/ You are in my way. Please stand aside.

Ç Éü¿l®Ω’ ´’çvûª’©’ îª÷ÊÆ ´u´£æ…®√©†’, äéπ-JC ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ ´÷®√a®Ω’. ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç, äéπ-üΔEéÌéπöÀ

´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç ´÷®√a®Ω’ Q. As if. -D-Eo ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. As if = as though = Å®·-†ô’x. é¬F, é¬ü¿’ = appearing to be, but not really. He behaves as if/ as though he were the cleverest boy in the class =

ûªØËüÓ Åçü¿-J™ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-N-í∫© ¢√úÁj†ô’x (é¬F é¬ü¿’) v°æ´-Jh-≤ƒhúø’.

Imp: Note that as if/ as though are always followed by was/ were, but refer to the present. It is as if/ as if he were giving/ was giving his money =

ûª† úø¶‰sûÓ É*a†ôxE°œÆæ’hØ√oúø’ (é¬F é¬ü¿’).

Q. You are not supposed to do it.

Q. Please come on to the dais or I request him to come on to the dais. Which one of the above sentences is correct?

é¬ü¿’. ´’†ç O’ü¿ ÖçúÕ, Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ O’CéÀ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Åçö«ç. °æéπ\ØË E©’aE ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’, please go up the dais Åçö«®Ω’.

Q. He addressed his speech from on the dais. A. He addressed his speech from on the daisThis sentence is wrong. A person addresses an audience/ a gathering/ a meeting, etc. but not a speech/ a meeting.

itive degree. Q. Please translate the below sentences into English.

F´¤ Ø√èπ◊ Åúøfçí¬ E©-•-ú≈f´¤. °æéπ\èπ◊ ï®Ω’í∫’. Q.

ÉûªúÕE ؈’ 鬢√-©E ûÓ¨»-†E ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ††’o ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.

A. His father will misunderstand me. He will think that I pushed him intentionally

Address: You can say, 'He addressed the gathering/ the audience from the dais - correct.

äéπ-∞¡x†’ ÖüËl-Pç* v°æÆæç-Tç-îªúøç.

Y. Gayathri, Asifabad. Q. A.

Ñ ¢√é¬uEo

ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. You are not supposed to do it = you are not expected/ you must not to do it (according to rule/ orders from Superiors) =

E•ç-üμ¿-†©’,

Boys are not supposed to tease girls = Boys must not tease girls =

Ŷ«s-®·©’, Å´÷t®·©†’

¶μ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆæçÆæ \%A, îªJ-vûªèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*†.

Raju, Atukulapalli.

 Crusader - saint

Q. Please clarify the following doubts

A. Crusader =

äéπ ´’ç* N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ≤ƒCμç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ã îÁúø’ ÇÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Bv´, Ææ’D®Ω` v°æߪ’ûªoç §Ú®√-ôçîË-ÊÆ-¢√-úø’. Crusader - saint = Å™«çöÀ Öü¿u´’ç ïJÊ° ´’£æ«F-ߪ·©’. Gandhi was a crusader- saint for peace and non-violence = ¨»çA, Å£œ«çÆæ© éÓÆæç Bv´ v°æߪ’ûªoç/ §Ú®√ôç ïJ-°œ† ´’£æ«Fߪ·úø’ í¬çDμ.

 Even huge mountains would be like tiny particles of sand. underline Tense?

îËÆœ† °æü¿ç

Past Tense or Present

A. 'Would here indicates improbable present -

Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E/ ïJÍí O™‰xE N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Å®Ωnç: °ü¿l-°ü¿l °æ®Ωy-û√©’ èπÿú≈ *†o ÉÆæ’éπ Í®ù’´¤™«x Öçö«®·. (üËE-ûÓ-†-®·Ø√ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ – ¢√Ææh´ç é¬ü¿’) ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. If I were you, I would do it - ؈’ †’´y-®·ûË (؈’ †’´yßË’ N≠æߪ’ç ÅÆæç-¶μº´ç – Å®·† °æé¬~ †) ÅC ؈’ -îË≤ƒh†’. É™«çöÀ îÓôx 'would' improbable present.

Q. 'Gerund' please give meaning with one example.

Q. He says that he would help me what is the meaning of the underlined word is it Past Tense or Present Tense? Please explain.

A. 'Gerund' has been explained a number of times before. However, we are explaining it

A. He says that he would help me would He says he will

¢ËCμç-îª-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

¶μ«®Ω-Bߪ’ îªJvûª, ÆæçÆæ \%A, Ææçv°æüΔ-ߪ÷-©Â°j ÇÆæéÀh Öç-úÕ, ¢√öÀE Åüμ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx.

 Indological A.

(鬢√©E).

éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

 Indologist

É*a-†-ô’xçC/

Çïc-©†’ í∫’Jç* îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøE °æE. ¶μºN≠æuûª’h™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh®· Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’èπ◊ØË N≠æߪ’ç. Å®Ωnç: (by three = ´‚úø’ í∫çô-©éπ™«x) ØËØ√ Öûªh®Ωç ®√Æœ Öçö«†’.

c) with a view to having some exercise, I started walking sentence walking, to preposition gerund

™ 鬕öÀd, ÅD

change of ideas between the two groups during the discussion =

'would' a

He said that he would help me future from the past

gerund. Q. It has been raining all night.

鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø

ÅØË v°æ¨Ïo ™‰ü¿’.

3) the object of a preposition, the '...ing' for becomes a gerund. '... ing' form sentence subject verb object preposition object gerund

A. Exchange = give something to someone and at the same time take from them the same type of things/

´÷JpúÕ =

®√≤ƒh†’.)

help me - correct. tense

2) the object of a verb or

Ééπ\úø

 Female-Foeticide A.

í∫®Ωs¥Ææn Çúø P¨¡Ÿ-£æ«ûªu (°æ¤ôd-¶-ûª’-†oC Çúø-°œ©x ÅE ûÁLÆœ, -G-úøf °æ¤ôd-èπ◊çú≈ í∫®Ωs¥-v≤ƒ´ç îË®·çîªúøç)

 Pandora A. Pandora Pandora's box

ÅE-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, áèπ◊\-´í¬, opening a Åçö«®Ω’. Å®Ωnç î√™« îÁúø’ °æJù«´÷©’ éπL-TçîË ã îÁúø’-°æE îËߪ’úøç.

The govt has opened a Pandora's box by making caste based reservations =

èπ◊-©ç ÇüμΔ®Ωçí¬ Jï-Í®y-≠æ-†x†’ Å´’-©’ -îË-ߪ’-úøç´©x v°æ¶μº’ûªyç îÁúø’ °æJ-ù«-´÷-©èπ◊ ûÁ®Ω-™‰-°œçC.

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -¢Ë’ 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ K. Srinivasa Rao, Martur.

Dictionary News paper (Hindu

™. üΔçûÓ §ƒô’, ´’ç* English ™«çöÀC) v°æA-®ÓV Å®Ω-í∫çô ™‰üΔ ´·§ƒp´¤ í∫çô îªü¿-´çúÕ. Éçé¬ v°æA-®ÓW English News telecast éπFÆæç morning äéπ-≤ƒK, ®√vA äéπ-≤ƒK îª÷úøçúÕ. O’J-™«-îËÊÆh È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©™x O’ vocabulary ™ î√™« improvement Öçô’çC.

Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. É™«:

Ç Q. Sir, The choice lies between the three candidates B.B.Jain

ÅE ví¬´’®˝-•’-é˙™ ÖçC. among ÆæÈ®j† °æü¿ç é¬ü¿E èπÿú≈ ÖçC. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. The choice lies between the three candi'Three candidates' choice is between

dates -

Ééπ\úø v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h-†o-°æp-öÃéÃ

í∫’Jç* ÆæÈ®jçüË. The choice lies among the three, ņo-°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç™ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh ûËú≈ ®√´îª’a, three E, ´‚úø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©ØË Å®Ωnç BÆæ’èπ◊†o-°æ¤úø’. The choice lies among the three (men) ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ '¢√∞¡Ÿx ´·í∫’_®Ω÷ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-éÓ¢√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç ÅC— ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Q. ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ beloved, august, distinguished, honourable,

He was tired, as he had worked the whole day =

®Óïçû√ °æE-îË-¨»úø’, 鬕öÀd Å©Æœ-§Ú-®·† ÆœnA™ ÖØ√oúø’. (Å©-Ææô §ÒçüΔúø’)

T. Siva, Nandikotkur. Q. Attributive Adjectives, Predicative adjectives, Participial adjectives

He got tired of telling his friend not to smoke =

†’ ≤ÚüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùçí¬

ûª† N’vûª’úÕE Æœí∫-È®ö¸ ´÷ØË-ߪ’-´’E îÁ°œp îÁ°œp Å©-Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’/ NÆœ-T-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. He felt tired after the day's work = Ç ®ÓV °æúøf v¨¡´’-´©x Å©-Ææô ÅE-°œç-*ç-ü¿-ûª-úÕéÀ. ´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: 1) °j† îÁ°œp† ûËú≈©’ Åçûªí¬ §ƒöÀç-îª-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ´‚úÕçöÀ™ àü¿-®·Ø√ áéπ\úø®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa. 2) 'Tire' †’ v°æÆæ’hûªç áèπ◊\-´í¬ NÆœ-Tç-îªúøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. a) You tire me with your silly jokes = F °œ*a

N´Jçîª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Attributive Adjectives The blue sky

Predicative Adjectives The sky is blue

The beautiful girl

The girl is beautiful

The great player

The player is great

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπüΔ Â°j†.

Noun (sky, girl, player)

2

èπ◊

I am tired of his company jokes

respected

™«çöÀ¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈, Éçé¬ à¢Á’iØ√ °æüΔ©’çõ‰ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Éçé¬ Éûª®Ω ´÷ô©’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Celebrated, esteemed, eminent, renowned, highly renowned, etc

´÷ô©’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

If I had a son of daughter possessed of one accomplishment it should be that of speech A.

Ø√ èπ◊´÷®Ω’úÕéÀ/ èπ◊´÷-È®hèπÿ àüÁjØ√ °∂æ’†ûª Öçú≈©E ؈’ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæ v°æA¶μº/ ´éπh %-ûªy-¨¡éÀh.

Q. He behaved cowardly We did nothing but complained

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-™xE ûª°æ¤p†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ÉC é¬ü¿’ –

A. He behaved cowardlycorrect sentence cowardly, adjective. correct sentence. He behaved in a cowardly mannercorrect. He behaved like a coward.

Q.

ûÓ ††’o NÆœ-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.

Öçúøôç NÆæ’í∫’ éπL-T-≤ÚhçC. éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Antonyms ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

¢√úÕûË ÅC, Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ È®çúÓ ™ îª÷°œ†ô’x, ûª®√yûª ¢√úÕûË Å°æ¤p-úøC, Å´¤-ûª’çC. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: †’ í¬ ¢√úÕûË, ÅC ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬

 Offer

A. Reject/ deny/ withdraw

 Quiet

A. Loud

 Regret

A. Satisfaction (noun)/ gloat (verb)

™‰éπ-§Ú-ûË

We did nothing but complain (complained

é¬ü¿’) Q. Her air of pomposity was tactless and offensive.

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ air Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Ç¢Á’ ú≈çGéπç (Air of pomposity; air = Ééπ\úø v°æ´-®Ωh-†)ûÓ èπÿúÕ† †úø-´úÕ, ¶«í¬ éπE-°œÆæ÷h, Éûª®Ω’©èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁîËa-Cí¬ ÖçC. Q. Antonio had no ready money. So, he had to borrow it from Shylock.

A.

Å®Ωnç: Ç鬨¡ç F©çí¬ ÖçC. Participial adjective: Present participle/ past participle adjective to qualify a noun), participial adjective

†’,

í¬ (¢√úÕûË –

Å°æ¤p-úøC

Å´¤ûª’çC. e.g. : The moving train. 'moving'- present participle, train - noun qualify adjective. present participle participial adjective

ÅØË

†’ îË≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd, ÅC Å®·ûË ÅC 鬕öÀd, Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å™«Íí look at the expression: The stolen money.

If Antonio had had ready money he would not have had to borrow it from Shylock.

'stolen'- past participle of steal, qualifies the noun, 'money'. So here 'stolen' is an adjective. past participle participial adjective.

Correct.

Å®·ûË ÅC

V. Sreedhar, Nandalur.

èπÿú≈ 鬕öÀd

ÅC,

Q. Competitive Exams synonyms, antonyms, comprehension, spotting errors, ordering of sentences

™ ÅúÕÍí

™«çöÀN ÖçúË ´’ç*

°æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Bank tests, staff selection commission

èπ◊

°j† îÁ°œp† Æœ©-•Æˇ Öçô’çC. A. Competitive exams èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq†

vocabulary lists with antonyms and synonyms lists Guide to competitive exams Lists Words

à ™ØÁjØ√ ´’ç* ™E üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. Å®·ûË Å™«çöÀ †’ éπç®∏ΩÆænç îËߪ’úøç ´©x ÅN Åçûªí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç-úø-éπ§Úí¬, î√™« confusing í¬ èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE O’®Ω’ Å™«çöÀ guides ™E ´÷ô-©èπ◊, ¢√öÀ antonyms, synonyms †’ ´·çü¿’ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊E, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of current english ™, Ç ´÷ô© Å®√n-©†’ ´’Sx îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊E, ¢√öÀE ¢√úÕ† sentence ©†’ îª÷úøçúÕ,

Q.

A. Gain

éÀçC-¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç, v°æßÁ÷-í¬Eo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

 Joyous - joyful A. Joyous and joyful = joyous poeticpoetry poetic lanjoyous guage joyous occasion persons

ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’ Å®·ûË Åçõ‰ ™, ™ áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. áèπ◊\(ÆæçûÓ≠æ ´í¬ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©èπ◊, èπ◊ Åçûªí¬ Ææçü¿®√s¥EéÀ) ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ¢√úø®Ω’. joyful, persons èπÿ, occasions èπÿ È®çúÕç-öÀéà ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ÅØËC,

Ñ ¢√é¬uEo éÀçC Nüμ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ’-´î√a? ®√ߪ’-´îª’a.

 Sacrifice

Some more examples: Walking stick, looking glass, boiling water, etc., and also, printed matter, the murdered person, selected candidates etc. All the underlined present/ past participles are, participial adjectives. Q. He was tired. He felt tired. He got tired. (be) P.P./ (feel) P.P./ (get) P.P.

OöÀ

Å®√nEo àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’?

A. He was tired - 'was' here expresses the condition of the person. Was tired

ņo-°æ¤púø’, Åûªúø’†o °æJ-Æ œnA. (Å©-Æ œ-§Ú-®·† °æJ-Æ œn-A™ ÖØ√oúø’) He got tired = Åûªúø’ Å©-Æ œ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. àüÓ áèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’-°æ-úøôç ´©x/ NÆæ’í∫’ îÁçü¿-úøç-´©x. He felt tired = Åûª-úÕéÀ Å©-Ææô ÅE-°œç-*çC/ Å©Æœ† ¶μ«´ç ´îËa-ÆœçC. àC áéπ\úø ¢√ú≈-©-ØËC

´ü¿-©’a-éÓ-´úøç. He got rid of/ is rid of his troubles = ´ü¿’-©’aèπ◊Ø√oúø’ / N´·éÀh §ÒçüΔúø’.

 Altogether - All together A. Altogether = On the whole =

¢Á·ûªhç-O’ü¿ Ç

íÌ°æp-í¬ØË ïJ-TçC.

b) His visits here had become irregular and stopped altogether =

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´úøç éÌçûª-鬩ç Æævéπ-´’ç-í¬-™‰-ü¿’. ûª®√yûª °æ‹Jhí¬ ÇT§Ú®·çC. All together = ÅFo/ Åçü¿JF éπL°œ – There were fifty students all together.

 Business - Trade A. Business -

´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’úøç, Å´’túøç, é̆úøç, ´Ææ’h-´¤© †´‚-Ø√©’ ®Ω÷§Òç-Cç-îªúøç, ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ’úøç. ÉN ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 ´Ææ’h-´¤© ™«¢√-üË-O©’ 鬴a, NNüμ¿ ®Ω鬩 ´Ææ’h-´¤© véπߪ’ Nvéπߪ’ç– öèπ◊/-*-©x®Ω Ŵa. *†o-®Ωéπç ¢√u§ƒ®Ω¢Á’iØ√, ¶μ«K ¢√u§ƒ®Ω¢Á’iØ√ 鬴a. Company © ´’üμ¿u ™‰üΔ ´uèπ◊h© ´’üμ¿u 鬴a. Trade = ¶μ«K ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç, ´·êuçí¬ öèπ◊-´-®Ωhéπç. ÅD äÍé-®Ω-é¬-EéÀ îÁçC† ´Ææ’h-´¤™, Åçü¿’™ èπÿú≈ ¶μ«K ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn© ´’üμ¿u, áí∫’-´’A – Cí∫’-´’-ûª’© ®Ω÷°æç™ èπÿú≈ Öçúø-´îª’a ü˨¡ NüË-¨»-©-´’üμ¿u. Business ™ Trade îËJ Öçô’çC.Trade 鬮Ωu-éπ™«-§ƒ-©Fo business ™ ¶μ«í∫¢Ë’. é¬F business 鬮Ωu-éπ-™«-§ƒ-©Fo Trade ™ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. ÖüΔ: Trade™ *©x®Ω ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç, ≤ƒ´÷†u¢Á’i† ™«¢√-üË-O©÷ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.

 Site - cite A. Site -

ÉçöÀ Ææn©ç – É©’x éπô’d-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ EÍ®l-Pç-*†

Ææn©ç. Cite = Öôç-éÀç-îªúøç – ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©÷, Éûª-®Ω’© ´÷ô©’. (îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç). We cite the example of the lion for courage =

≤ƒ£æ«-≤ƒ-EéÀ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùí¬ Æœç£æ…Eo îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊çö«ç.

 Illness - disease A. Illness = disease =

A. Committee-

 Pitiful - Pitiable

àüÁjØ√ ´u´-£æ…-®√Eo E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ™‰üΔ N≠æߪ’E-®√l¥-®Ωù îËÆœ, °æJ-≥ƒ\-®√Eo Ææ÷*ç-îËçü¿’èπ◊ à®ΩpúË ´uèπ◊h© Ææ´‚£æ«ç Commission- éÌçûª ´’çC ´uèπ◊h© Ææ´‚£æ«ç– ´·êuçí¬ v°æ¶μº’ûªy Çïc©’, E®Ωg-ߪ÷©’, NüμΔØ√©’ ÆæJí¬_ Å´’-©´¤ûª’Ø√oߪ÷? ™‰üΔ? ÅE °æJ-Q-LçîËçü¿’èπ◊. Commission èπ◊ îªôd-•-ü¿l¥-¢Á ’i† ÅCμ-é¬-®√-© ’çö«®·.Commission E®Ωg-ߪ÷-©†’ é¬ü¿-†úøç îªôdKû√u ØË®Ωç. Committee éÀ É™«çöÀ îªôd-•-ü¿l¥ûª, ÅCμé¬-®√-©’ç-úø´¤.

 Wail - weep

´‚©’í∫’ üμ¿yEûÓ àúø-´-úøç – ®ÓCç-îªúøç. à Nüμ¿ç-í¬-ØÁjØ√ àúø-´-úøç.

Weep =

 Recover - Restore A. Recover =

1) ´’†ç §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊†o ´Ææ’h´¤†’ AJT §Òçü¿úøç 2) ï•’s †’ç* éÓ©’-éÓ-´úøç. Restore = 1) ÉçÈé-´-J-ÈéjØ√ îÁçC† ´Ææ’h´¤/ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ¢√JéÀ -A-JT ´îËa™«

ÉC Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’

î√™«≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç.

 Committee - commission

A. Wail =

¢Á·ûªhç-O’ü¿.

a) It was a great party altogether = It was a great party on the whole = party

A. Specially, especially -

 Monotony A. Variety adjective (blue, beautiful, great) attributive use of  Meagre A. Abundant/ plenty the adjective.  Tickle A. Constant/ steady M.SURESAN column noun (sky, girl,  Marvellous A. Ordinary great) adjective (blue,  Meek (Mild) A. Rebellious (Mild X harsh) beautiful, great) predicative use of  Generous A. Mean the adjective Adjective  Straight A. Crooked/ dishonest/ artful predicative adjective  Ample A. Scanty verb  Praise A. Blame The blue sky - blue, attributive adjective The sky is blue - blue, predicative use of the adjective

A. To get rid of = to be rid of =

Åûª-úÕûÓ

´·çü¿’

Å®Ωnç: F™«-鬨¡ç.

 Rid of - Get rid of

 Specially - especially

b) I am tired of his company =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 640

îª÷úøôç. 2) éÓ™p-®·† £æ«èπ◊\©†’ °æ¤†-®Ω’-ü¿l¥-Jç-îªúøç.

¢√uCμ/ ï•’s

A. Pitiful =

ü¿ßª’-ûÓ-èπÿ-úÕ†/ ñ«L-°æúË í∫’ù´·†o ü¿ßª’-í∫-©-¢√úø’. Pitiable = ñ«L-íÌ-LÊ°/ ñ«L-°æ-úø-ü¿-T† The condiDharmaraja was a pitiful man =

tion of the child who lost its mother is pitiable =

ûªLxE éÓ™p-®·† Ç Gúøf ÆœnA ñ«L-íÌ-LÊ°C/ ü¿ßª’-F-ߪ’çí¬ ÖçC.

 Camp - Campaign A. Camp 1)

•Ææ.

The collector's Camp =

éπ™„-éπd®˝ •Ææ/ NúÕC. 2) •Ææ îËߪ’úøç The minister is camping here tonight = Ñ ®√vA ´’çvA-í¬-J-éπ\úø •Ææ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Campaign = Öü¿u´’ç/ Öü¿u-N’ç-îªúøç Literacy campaign = Åéπ~-®√-Ææuû√ Öü¿u´’ç. Abraham Lincon campaigned for the abolition of slavery =

¶«E-Ææûªy E®Ω÷t-©-†èπ◊ LçéπØ˛ Öü¿u-N’ç-î√úø’/ Öü¿u´’ç †úÕ-§ƒúø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 8 -¢Ë’ 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

G. Shankar, Keshavapatnam. Q. Dear sir, I am a teacher of English for Primary section. When I was teaching to my students I came across a phrase at Page No.38 "Native place". I think we don't find this expression in standard english. But here there in 6th standard text book E/M by (EFLU). I want not to be found in next Re-print edition this expression. How I can take to its editor for this purpose to remove from the text. Please clarify it. A. You can write to the author, if the author's

continued to exist. Compare: a) The museum has stood there for a hundred years. b) A museum stood there a hundred years ago. In (a) the adverbial refers to a period of time, continuing till the present- so the tense to be used is the present perfect. In (b) the adverbial refers to a point of time in the past. So the tense to be used is the past simple. However, 'hundred years' is wrong. It should be 'a hundred years/ one hundred years/ 100 years (read one hundred years)'. 100 is a countable singular, so 'a'/ one is a must before it.

2

I have a doubt in the underlined word. Because 'attend' should have been written. Please clarify. A. To have attended is correct. You know have/ has/ had/ would have, etc., is followed by the past participle (in this case, attended, the PP of 'attend') and never by the (1st Regular Doing Word 'attend') Q. The S.I. follows the C.I.- C.I. is followed by the S.I. S.I. C.I. follow is this correct?

Åçõ‰

,

E

Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

–

Q. In S.Chand's Text book for 5th standard, I found a doubt at Page No.81. Regarding present perfect tense: "The museum has stood there for hundred years". When time adverbial follows we use simple past but how it can be possible here. Please clarify it. A. 'The museum has stood there for hundred years'- the use of the present perfect tense here is correct because the verb refers to an action starting 100 years ago and continuing till now. Here the adverbial does not refer to a definite point of time in the past but to a period of time over which the museum has

A. Correct-

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 641

Q. Q. Please doubts.

clarify

Å´¤†’.

Y. Gayathri, Asifabad.

Usha, Yellandu.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x àC ÆæÈ®jçüÓ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. He un-buttoned of his coat/ shirt

the

M.SURESAN

He un-buttoned his coat/ shirt

Correct

A. C follows E (Active voice) = E is followed by C (Passive voice)- Correct. Q. In the previous Spoken English lesson you wrote a sentence while you were clarifying a doubt. The sentence is- The SP, who was to have attended as the chief guest didn't come yesterday.

The book on the table is minesentence 'is' ('be' form) verbsimple sentence.

îª÷úøçúÕ:

A. He unbottened his coat/ shirt-

'C' follows E. 'E' is followed by 'C' (CE) is this correct?

Åçõ‰ äÍé Ö†o Å®·ûË ÅC äéπ sentence ™ äéπ-öÀéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ verbs Öçõ‰, Ç sentence ™ äéπöÀéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ clauses Ö†oô’x – Å°æ¤p-úøC compound sentence í¬F, complex sentence í¬F 鬴a. Sentence ™ Ö†o´Fo main clauses Å®·ûË ÅC compound sentence. One main clause, one or more subordinate clauses Öçõ‰ ÅC complex sentence.

or

following

í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.-

Clause- a group of words with a verb Main clause - a clause with complete meaning; Subordinate clause- a clause without complete meaning. Simple sentence- a sentence with just one main clauseverb sentence simple sentence.

The book which is on the table is mine address is given, or C/o the publisher (S.Chand & Co.), pointing out the error and asking them to see that it is not repeated in the next edition.

doing words (The two present simple forms- without '-s' and with '-s'), and 6) Shall/ should/ will/ would/ can/ could etc + 1st Doing Word (will go, can see, etc)-

Q. Please explain principles to be followed while analysing simple, complex and compound sentences. A. First of all, six forms of the verb: 1) 'be' form 2) 'be' form + ...ing form 3) 'be' form + past participle 4) Have/ has/ had/ shall have etc + past participle 5) The

™

äÍé

Ñ ÉC

The book which is on the table is mine 'is', and 'is' verbs clauses-

Ééπ\úø,

È®çúø’

鬕öÀd È®çúø’

1) The book .... is mine - meaning completeMain clause.

é¬-•-öÀd

2) The book which is on the table = Table meaning incomplete - So, Subordinate clause.

O’ü¿’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç –

So 'The book which is on the table is mine' is a complex sentence. There is a book on the table and it is mine two verbs, 'is' and 'is'- two clauses: 1) There is a book on the table = Table Meaning complete- Main clause.

Ææ®Ω-∞¡-¢Á’i-† -Ççí∫xç -´÷-ö«x-úø-üΔç -É-™«.. °æ¤Ææh鬙x ´’†ç îªC¢Ë

English

èπÿ, Ææç¶μ«-≠æù™x, Eûªu @N-ûªç™ ´÷´‚©’ ´uèπ◊h-©ûÓ (°æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o/ ™‰E) Ææç¶μ«-≠œç-îË-ô°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË English èπ◊ î√™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC. ûÁ©’í∫’ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπüΔ? ví∫çü∑Δ™x éπE°œçîË ûÁ©’-í∫’èπ◊, ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ææç¶μ«≠œçîËô°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ûÁ©’-í∫’èπÿ ûËú≈ Öçô’çC éπüΔ?Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ùèπ◊ ¢√úË English (Spoken English) î√™« Ææ®Ω∞¡ç (simple)í¬, Ææ÷öÀ (direct) í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F, ´’†™ î√™«´’çC É™«çöÀ English ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰®Ω’. ´’†èπ◊ English ™ Ææç¶μ«-≠œçîË Å´-鬨»©’ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ 鬕öÀd. Å®·ûË Å™«çöÀ English î√™« Å´Ææ®Ωç. ÉC î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ᙫ ¢√úø-û√®Ω-ØËC É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç. °æ©-éπ-Jç-°æ¤©’ (Greetings) ÉN È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’ – 1) Formal and 2) Informal. ´’†-éπçûªí¬ °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰E ¢√∞¡x†’, éÌûªh-¢√-∞¡x†’, ´’† °j ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’-©†’, ´’†ç î√™« íı®Ω-NçîË ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπJçîË B®Ω’ – Formal. ´’†ûÓ ¶«í¬ ’´¤†o ¢√∞¡x†’, •çüμ¿’-´¤©†’, ´’† èπ◊ô’ç•ç™E ¢√∞¡x†÷ °æ©-éπJçîË B®Ω’ – Informal. ÉN í∫’®Ω’hç-èπ◊çüΔç. Informal greeting:

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-JçîË Nüμ¿ç: Hello Kumar: Hello Rajesh, What are you doing? Hello

èπ◊ Ææ´÷üμΔ†ç/ Ææpçü¿†

Hello

ØË.

Rajesh: Hello Kumar, I'm (I am) on my way to college. American English

Å®·ûË, Åçü¿’èπ◊ Ææpçü¿† èπÿú≈ 'Hi' ØË

Hi

(£j«)

Ramesh: Hi Naresh, How are you? Naresh: Hi Ramesh, I'm fine. Thank you. How are you. Ramesh: Fine too. Thank you.

ÉN ûÁL-Æœ†¢Ë éπüΔ! ´’†ç á´J†-®·Ø√ ´’üμΔu£æ«oç ™°æ¤ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Good

Priya: Fine too. Thank you. Thanks)/ OK too/ Same here, thank you.

ÖçC–

(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË.

a) Priya: Hi Madhavi, How are you? Madhavi: Fine, thank you; How are you?/ and you?/ How about you?/ what about you?

†’¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?/ †’´¤y/

and it is mine-

ÅC Ø√C –

Main clause too.

So, the sentence is a compound sentence. 1) Usually, a sentence with just one verb is a simple sentence.

b) ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’© ßÁ÷í∫-Íé~-´÷-©†’ Nî√-Jç-îªúøç. Karim: How are you? How's everybody at home? How are your parents?/ How are the children? (your children How are your brother and sister?

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? Éçöx Åçü¿®Ω÷ ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?/ ņç) (Åçü¿®Ω÷ èπ◊™«≤ƒ. Ææçí∫ûËçöÀ?) É™« èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.

morning,

Thank you.

O’ü¿ °æ¤Ææhéπç

OK/ All right

Kiran: Everybody's OK. Thank you. How is it with you? Thank you.

´’üμΔu£æ«oç †’ç* ≤ƒßª’ç-vûªç-™°æ¤ Å®·ûË Good afternoon, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’ç* ®√vA *´-Jí¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ´®Ωèπ◊ Good evening, ®√vA ÂÆ©´¤ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-ô°æ¤púø’ Good night Åçö«ç. Ææç¶μ«-≠æù °æ‹®Ωh-ߪ÷uéπ, Bye/ Good bye/ bye bye/ Have a nice day ņúøç ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Formal greeting: ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œ† ¢√∞¡x†’, §ƒûª N’vûª’-©†÷ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ °æ-©éπ-Jç-îË -N-üμ¿ç

(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË.

F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?)/

F

Mukesh: Hi Suman, How are you getting on? How's (How is) everybody getting on at home?

(†’¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?/ Éçöx Åçü¿®Ω÷ ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?) Suman: Quiet all right/ fine/ Thankyou. What about you? Mukesh: Fine too/ Ok too/ All right too, Thank you.

2) A sentence with 'and', 'but', 'yet', 'so', 'or', 'or else', 'either ... or', 'not only ... but also' - are compound sentences. 3) As sentence with, 'as', 'because', 'since', 'after + clause/ before clause', 'though/ although/ even though' etc are all complex sentences. For more details refer to the old lessons. Q. Bhagavatgita and Nuclear Policy 'my having approached'

ÅØË °æ¤Ææhéπç™ äéπ¢√éπuç™ ÅE -Öç-C. Å™« ¢√úø-´î√a? ¢√uéπ-®Ωù üÓ≠æç ÖçúøüΔ?Ñ ¢√éπuç ¢Á·ûªhç É™« ÖçC..

Inspite of my having approached it with earnestness and reading it with care, I found my self repelled by it. A. My having approached - correct- There is nothing wrong My approaching it = üΔEo ÆæO’-°œç-îªúøç (Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç – ü¿%≠œdûÓ üΔEo Å´-í¬-£æ«† îËÆæ’-éÓ´úøç) (É°æ¤púø’) My having approached it (í∫ûªç™) üΔEo ÆæO’-°œç-îªúøç ¢Á·ûªhç Å®Ωnç – *ûªh¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥ûÓ üΔEo Å´-í¬-£æ«† îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©ØË v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ îªCN†°æp-öÀéÃ, ÅC Ø√™ N´·-êûªyç éπL-Tç-*çC. (Çéπ-J{ç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Úí¬, ÅÆæ£æ«uç éπLÍ홫 îËÆœçC).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 29 -¢Ë’ 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Anil, Bapatla

Bring somebody up =

Q. 1) Telugu Movies would not get released in Chennai 2) Telugu Movies would not be released in Chennai Difference

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u© ´’üμ¿u †’ N´-Jç-îªí∫©®Ω’. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¢√éπuç™ 'Get' Importance ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰ßª’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Sentence í¬ Telugu movies would not get/ be released in Chennai ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. sentence Öçú≈-Lq† B®Ω’: Telugu movies do not get/ are not released in Chennai = îÁØÁj o™ ûÁ©’í∫’ *vû√©’ Núø’-ü¿©é¬´¤ = È®çúÕçöÀéÀ üΔüΔ°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç. (get released = Núø’-ü¿©ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç §Òçü¿´¤ – ÉC èπÿú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÆæÈ®jçC é¬ü¿’. ûÁ©’í∫’™ üΔEéÀ (get released ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ)

°çîªúøç

His grand parents brought him up =

ÅûªúÕ û√ûª, Å´’t´’t/ ¶«´’t ÅûªúÕE °çî√®Ω’. 2) Blighter = ÉC rascal ™«í¬ Aô’d °æü¿ç, Å®·ûË ÉC Aõ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’† ÅGμ´÷†ç/ ÇÊ°éπ~/ ¢Á’°æ¤p îª÷Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ 'ãJ üÌçí∫ ¢Áüμ¿¢√— ÅE Aõ‰dçü¿’èπ◊ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢Á’°æ¤p/ É≠ædç ûÁL-Ê°çü¿’èπ◊ Åçô’çö«ç éπüΔ?) 'you lucky blighter, so you got the seat in medicine medicine seat

(ãJ üÌçí∫ ¢Áüμ¿¢√, ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ææ秃-Cç-î√-´-†o-´÷ô) -O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ-† È®ç--úÓ °æ-üΔ-EéÀ -Å®Ωnç: -Ç ¢Áüμ¿´E °æ∞¡Ÿx-®√-©íÌõ‰dçü¿’éπçõ‰ ÉC †ßª’ç.

Q. Thank you very much to have saved me. Thank you very much for having saved me

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u© ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. 'For having saved me' is correct. Q.

™

Q. The education bill was thrown - by the assembly (out, off, up) A. The education bill was thrown out Q.

Néπ-™«ç-í∫’©’, Cèπÿ\ ¢Á·èπ◊\-™‰E ¢√∞¡Ÿx Åúø’-éÓ\-

2

v°æ¶μº’ûªy ÖüÓu-í∫’©’, Eñ«-®·-Bí¬ Öçô’-Ø√o®√ Åçõ‰, ™‰ü¿’ ÅØË Ææ´÷-üμΔ-†¢Ë’ Ææ®Ωyvû√ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. °j ¢√é¬uEo Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’?

A. Are government employees honest? The only answer you always get is 'No'

K.Srikrishnakumar, Bapatla. Q.

Ææn©ç á´J ņ’-´’A ™‰èπ◊çú≈ äéπ-´uéÀh ÅDμ†ç™ Öçúøôç unlawful. Ç N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ court vüμ¿’-Oéπ-Jç-*, Ç ´uéÀhE Ç Ææn©ç ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-¢√-©E ÇüËPç*† ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úË é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’çõ‰ ÅC illegal. Illicit: ÉC ´·êuçí¬ Æ‘Y, °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl© Åvéπ´’ Ææç•ç-üμΔ©èπ◊ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ îªôd ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, íÓ°æuçí¬ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπÿ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC. e.g.: 1) Illicit relationship between a man and a woman

Ñ éÀç-C °æ-üΔ-© -Å®√n-Eo, -¢√-öÀ-E -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç--îË Ææçü¿®√s¥Eo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1. Lawless 2. Illegal 3. Illicit 4. Unlawful

(Æ‘YéÀ, °æ¤®Ω’-≠æfl-úÕéà ֆo Åvéπ´’ Ææç•çüμ¿ç) 2) Illicit distillation of liquor = îªôdç ņ’-´’A ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´’ü¿uç ûªßª÷-K; Åvéπ´’ ûª´y-鬩’ = Illicit mining, etc.

His grand parents brought him up correct equivalent

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 642

Q. 1. It'll do the lad good. Bring 'em up natural, I always say. 2. Better than letting that blighter take your teeth out, anyway.

°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. 1) ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Åçô’ç-ö«†’. ÅC °œ™«x-úÕéÀ ´’ç* îËÆæ’hçC – °œ©x™„o°æ¤púø÷ Ææ£æ«ï ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ùç™ °çîª-´’E. lad = Ŷ«s®·, lass = Å´÷t®· Bring 'em up = Bring them up

What a pleasure meeting you! éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√-∞¡x†’ ᙫ °æ©’-éπ-Jçî√™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπüΔ? É°æ¤púø’. ´’†ç ´’†Lo Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ᙫ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√™ 2) ´’†ç, ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œ-†-¢√-∞¡x†’ äéπ-JéÌéπJE ᙫ °æJîªßª’ç îËߪ÷™ îª÷üΔlç. (É´Fo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç Eûªu-@-N-ûªç (real life situations) ™ practise îËÊÆhØË -¶«í¬ -Å©-¢√õ„j Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Åv°æ-ߪ’-ûªoçí¬ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-Ææ’hçö«ç. 鬕öÀd Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†°æ¤p-úø™«x practise îËüΔlç. I. Self introduction (Ææy°æ-J-îªßª’ç): a) Formal (°æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh-¢√-∞¡xûÓ/ °j ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’-©ûÓ/ ´’†ç ´u´-£æ…®Ωç †-úø-°æ-¶-ßË’-¢√-∞¡xûÓ) 1)

'Excuse me, I am Narayana, May I know/ have your name please? (My name is 'I am....'

ņ-´îª’a. ņúøç ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ – É™« Å®·ûË Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ÅØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Çûªt-N-¨»y-ÆæçûÓ, Ææp≠ædçí¬, EüΔ-†çí¬, ´’®√uü¿í¬, ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-´÷ô áçûª clear í¬ Öçô’çüÓ *´-J´÷ô èπÿú≈ Åçûª clear í¬ ÖçúË-™« ´÷ö«x-úøôç practise îËߪ’çúÕ) Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†ç ņ’èπ◊†o ¢√-∞Ïx¢Á÷ ÅØË ÆæçüË£æ«ç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ É™« Åçö«ç:

Excuse me. I am Narayana. Am I (by any chance speaking to Mr/ Sri Raghav? (

ÅE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-îª-´îª’a) O’®Ω’ ®√°∂æ’-¢˛-í¬-®√çúÕ?) É™«çöÀ °æJ-Æœn-A™ (ÉçÈé-´-È®jØ√ ûª´’†’ û√´· - °æJ-îª-ߪ’çîËÆæ’èπ◊†o-°æ¤púø’) ´’-† Ææpç-ü¿-† 1) I am Achyuth. What can I do for

you? 2) Yes, I am (Am I speaking to Raghav? Anything I can do for you?

(Ø√ûÓ à´’Ø√o °æ†’çüΔ)

ÅE

á´-®ΩØ√o ÅúÕ-TûË). (Ø√ûÓ °æØË-´’Ø√o ÖçüΔ?) b) Informal: (´’†ûÓ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† ¢√∞¡}ûÓ)

I am

Srinivas, Your name please?

DEéÀ Ææpçü¿†: I am Anand. What's the matter?

(؈’ džçü˛/-Ø√-Ê°®Ω’ džçü˛ àçöÀ Ææçí∫A? ´’®√uü¿ üμ¿yEç-îË-™«/ (What can I do for you?

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ņ-úøç ÆæJ.

you./ Happy to meet you.

(í∫´’-Eéπ: How do you do èπ◊ Ææpçü¿† How do you doØË. I am fine ™«çöÀ-N ņç. 'How do you do?' formal. -N’í∫-û√-´Fo informal). You: Jagdish, this is, Satish, my playmate/ neighbour, etc. Jagdish: Hi Satish, How do you do?/ Equally glad/ pleased/ (so) nice to meet you/ happy to meet you.

°j ´÷ô-©-ØË-°æ¤púø’, ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπüΔ, éπ®Ω-î√-©†ç (Shakehand) îË≤ƒhç. Glad to/ nice to meet you ÅØË •ü¿’©’, Glad/ nice/ pleasure meeting you ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. éÌEo éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x °æJ-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’i† Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h©÷, Hi, Hi ûÓ ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-´îª’a. É™«.

í∫´’-Eéπ: Myself Srinivas ÅE ´÷vûªç ņèπÿúøü¿’. á°æ¤p-úø÷ My

name is/

Discharge from hospital/ prison =

A. Lawless = a situation in which law is not at all respected or followed -

îªö«d©’ °æE-îË-ߪ’E °æJ-ÆœnA – ØË®Ω-í¬∞¡Ÿx ´úøç™ Å®Ωlç ÖçC. ÅEo Å´-ߪ’ߪ’üμË-îªa ¥í¬ ØË®√©’ îËߪ’-í∫-L-T† °æJ-ÆœnA – ¢√©’ Æævéπ´’çí¬ ÖçúÕ v¨¡´’ îËߪ’-í∫îªôdç °æE-îË-ߪ’E ÆœnA. LÍí ÆœnA™ Ö†o ¢√®Ω’ Åúø’-éÓ\-´úøç, M.SURESAN I llegal = unlawful. éÓ®Ω’d ÉîËa B®Ω’p-©èπ◊ •ü¿léπç é¬éπ ´’Í®-N’öÀ? N®Ω ’ ü¿ l ¥ ç í¬ Öçõ‰ illegal. Illegal occupaÑ ¢√é¬uEo Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ tion of a place = éÓ®Ω’d B®Ω’p-†-A-véπ-N’ç* ÅDμ-†ç™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Ö†oÆæ n © ç. A. We can understand the disabled and the desUnlawful = éÓ®Ω’d BÍ®pO’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, éÓ®Ω’d v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç titute begging, but the able bodied who can ™‰èπ◊çú≈, îªö«d-EéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ Öçúøôç. ÖüΔ: v°æ¶μº’ûªy work, begging- what else is it, if not laziness?

I am Srinivas

II. Introducing two of our friends to each other

Sekhar: Praksh, meet my friend Bhanu. Bhanu, this is Prakash, my cousin. Prakash: Hi Bhanu: Hi

You are introducing Jagdish to Satish Hi Satish, This (he is a) You my classmate Jagdish and..... Satish: Hi Jagdish, how do you do?/ Glad to meet you/ Pleased to meet you/ (so) nice to meet

(O’®Ω’):

ņ-éπçúÕ)

ÇÆæpvA/

ñ„j©’ †’ç* ´uèπ◊h© Núø’-ü¿©. Discharge of duties = Discharge from duties =

Nüμ¿’© E®Ωy-£æ«ù Nüμ¿’© †’ç* ÖüÓuT

ûÌ©-Tç°æ¤. Exonerate =

´uéÀh°j ¢Á÷°œ† Ç®Ó-°æ-ù©’ ®Ω’V´¤ 鬆ç-ü¿’-´©x Ç ´uéÀh Ç ØË®√©’ îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿E B®Ω’p É´yúøç (éÓ®Ω’d) Pardon = ØË®Ωç îËÆ œ-†-°æp-öÀéà éπ~N’ç* ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç Pardon Release - 1)

-ñ„j-©’ ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ †’ç* Péπ~ °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª Núø’-ü¿© îËߪ’úøç. 2) F∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿™„j† ¢√öÀE ´ü¿-©úøç 3) Çïc©’, ÆœE-´÷-™«xç-öÀN Núø’-ü¿© îËߪ’úøç Acquit = ØË®√©’ ®Ω’V-´¤-é¬E °æJ-Æ œn-A™, Åçõ‰ exonerate Å®·† ´uéÀhE éÓ®Ω’d Núø’-ü¿© îËߪ’úøç Illegitimate = Illicit – Åvéπ´’ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ´©x °æ¤öÀd† Ææçû√†ç illegitimate. Y. Gayathri, Asifabad. Q.

؈’ äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ éÀçC °æüΔ©’ îª÷¨»†’. ¢√öÀ ÆæÈ®j† Å®√n©’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o úÕéπ{-†-K™ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ Ç °æüΔ-©†’ í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Prayest; shalt; Hast; Seeth.

A. Prayest, Shalt, hast, seeth

É´Fo archaic forms = old English °æüΔ©’ OöÀéÀ modern English ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ (equivalents) ´®Ω’-Ææí¬.. pray, shall, has, see Q. éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. a) Saporito b) Paro c) Kyle d) Eric e) Uncharacteristic A. (a)

†’ç*

(d)

´®Ωèπ◊ Ö†oN Ê°®Ω’x. °æüΔ©’ 鬴¤. ©éπ~ùç é¬E-C

(e) uncharacteristic =

To be honest is uncharacteristic of Indian politicians =

Eñ«-®·-Bí¬ Öçúøôç ¶μ«®Ωûª ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’¢√-ü¿’© ©éπ~ùç é¬ü¿’.

ÉçéÓ Nüμ¿ç: Rama: Hi

(´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©-E-ü¿l-JE äéπ-J-ØÌ-éπ-JéÀ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËߪ’-úøç:

vü¿´ °æüΔ-®√n© Núø’-ü¿©

1) Discharge of blood 2) Discharge of drainage water 3) Discharge of water/ River water into the sea.

5. Discharge 6. Exonerate 7. Pardon 8. Release 9. Acquit 10. Illegitimate

™‰ü¿’.

Rajkumar, Darsi

Discharge =

It is uncharacteristic of a dog not to bark =

Sheriff, you haven't met Sasikanth, have you?

(¨¡P-é¬ç-û˝†’ ≠æK°∂ˇèπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆæ÷h) †’Nyç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ¨¡P-é¬ç-û˝†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ? Sheriff: Oh, no, I haven't had the pleasure. Hi Sasikanth. Rama: (Pointing to Sheriff) Sasikath, Sheriff, my friend. Sasikanth: What a pleasure meeting you!

(éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’Èéçûª ÖçüÓ!)

ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬

¢Á·®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç èπ◊éπ\ ©éπ~ùç é¬ü¿’. éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?  ´’£æ…-ûª’t© ≤ƒçí∫ûªuç î√™« ´’ç*C. Q.

A. Associating/ mixing with the great is always good. 

ûÓöÀ ´÷-†-´¤-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ«-éπ-Jç.

A. Help your fellow human beings. 

´’† û√∞¡-°ævûª ví∫çü∑Δ™x áØÓo Å´‚-©u-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ÷-©’-Ø√o®·.

A. Our palm leaf books contain invaluable information.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 5 -W-Ø˛ 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

A.Yakaiah, Nellikudur.

a)

Q. I wonder if you could clarify many of my doubts in English. Differentiate between anomalous & Non anomalous Verbs

 have, has and had  do, does and did  shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, need, ought, dare, and used to.

day before. Look at the following example:

ÂÆjéπûª PLp

A. Sand sculpture; sand sculptor. Q. Speaker & Narrator & Author.. A. Speaker = A person who makes a speech on any subject/ A person who speaks

(´éπh,

´÷ö«x-úË-¢√®Ω’) Narrator = One who narrates (tells a story, reports an event, etc)

A. Anomalous verbs - their correct name is 'Anomalous finites' are:  am, is, are, was and were

b)

ÂÆjéπûª P©pç

(éπü∑¿-èπ◊úø’)

D.S. : Kamala said, 'I meet (simple present) my friend often.'. I.S. : Kamala said that she met (simple past) often.

author = writer Q. As we know that when reporting verb is in past tense the corresponding reported clause/ verbs if it is in simple past tense converted in to past perfect. Sometimes, simple past remains as it is.

A reported verb in the simple past in direct speech remains as it is even in the indirect speech, only if the reporting verb (verb outside the quotations) is in the present/ the future tense D.S.: Kamala says, 'I went there yesterday'.

e.g.: Raju said, 'I went to movie yesterday.'

They are also called, auxiliary or defective verbs. Except am, is, are, was, were, have, has, do, the other verbs can't be used independently. Negatives, however, can be

2

Here the reporting verb 'says' is in the present tense. So the tense of the reported verb, 'went' (simple past) remains as it is.

Raju said that he went to movie yesterday. is it correct? if so Please explain in which context simple past

I.S.: Kamala says that she went out yesterday.

distant past/ long past. If is depends on whether the reporting verb is in the present or the past tense. Q. (i) I read in a book (DGP publications) that long past actions changed from D.S to I.D.S simple past - Past perfect tense. e.g.: He said, 'Rama Killed Ravana' He said that Rama had killed Ravana. (ii) He said, 'I lived many years in England.' He said that he lived many years in England. Please explain above example.

The college is named after him formed with them - in the contracted form n't'. (won't, can't shan't, etc)

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 643

Q. Finite & Non finites A. The other kinds of verbs, called finite verbs (not non-anomalous) can form tenses - give, gave, given and indicate the number and person of subjects. e.g: I do (Ist person, singular), He does (IIIrd person, singular), etc. Q. Defective verb. A. Defective verbs = auxiliary verbs = anomalous finites

If the reporting verb is in the past tense the tense of the reported verb must be changed and the simple past must be changed into past perfect, whether it is an immediate past action or distant past action. ('long past' as you say)

is changed into past perfect tense. - In which context simple past tense remains as it is.

e.g. : The constable said to the inspector, 'We arrested him ten minutes ago' (Ten minutes ago- not distant/ long past). Even then the I.S. is:

M.SURESAN

A. 'Raju said that he went to a movie yesterday' is not the correct reported form of Raju said, 'I went to a movie yesterday'. The correct reported form is: Raju said that he had gone (past perfect) to a movie the

Q. What do we call the given words in English?

èπ◊ç-ö«¢Á÷, ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√-∞¡x†’ äéπ-J-éÌéπJE ᙫ °æJîªßª’ç îË≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷¨»ç éπüΔ. ÉC ´’†èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hç-ú≈©çõ‰ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English ™ ´÷ö«xúÕûË ¶«í¬ practice Å®·, ®ÓW ¢√úË ´÷ô™x ¶μ«í∫-¢Á’i§Úûª’çC. O©’†o Ææçü¿-®√s¥©-Eoçöx Ñ English ´÷ô©’ ´÷ö«xúËÊÆh ÅC O’èπ◊ ´÷´‚-™„j-§Ú-ûª’çC. É°æ¤púø’ ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©†’, °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o-¢√∞¡x†’, ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√-∞¡x†÷ éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊-†o°æ¤púø’ ᙫ °æ©-éπJç-î√™ îª÷üΔlç. (´’Ja§Ú-éπçúÕ – practice is important) Pradeep: Hi Jagdish, how are you?

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?) Jagdish: Fine, Pradeep. Thank you. How are you?/ How about you? Thank you.



Subodh: Hi Pranav, how are you? Pranav: Fine/ OK. Can't complain No regrets

¶«üμΔ-™‰ü¿’)/ (*çûª °æú≈-LqçüËç ™‰ü¿’. Åçû√ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC)/ Never

(Éçûªéπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ á°æ¤p-úø÷-™‰†’). (F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÃ?)

better Thank you. What

about you?



Thanks.

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

(¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o†’. †’¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?/ F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?) Éçé¬ É™« èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.

Pranav: Hi Subodh, How are you and how is every body?

Anjana: Hi Sujee, how goes life?/ How's life?

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤. ´’†-¢√-∞¡xçû√ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®√?)/

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?) Students Å®·ûË, How are your studies?/ How about your studies?

(F îªü¿’-¢Á™« ÖçC?/ F îªü¿’-¢Á™« ≤ƒí∫’-ûÓçC?) Sujee: Fine. Thanks. How about you?/ How are your studies?/ How about your studies? Thanks.

(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. îªü¿’-¢Á™« ÖçC?)

F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?/ F

Anjana: Fine too/ Same here/ Thank you. Thank you.)

(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC/ Ø√D ÅçûË.

Neeraja: It's a real pleasure meeting you after such a long time/ How nice meeting you after all these days! How goes life?

Subodh: Same here.

(Ø√ Ææçí∫A ÅçûË.) -Éçé¬ -É-N èπÿ-ú≈ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ.

How are you getting on? How are things going?

(ᙫ í∫úø’-≤ÚhçC?)/

(N≠æ-ߪ÷-™„™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’Ø√o®·?) How's (How is) life? (@Nûªç ᙫ ÖçC?) Subodh: Everybody/ everything is fine/ very well. 

î√™« 鬩ç ûª®√yûª ´’† ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’©’, ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’, •çüμ¿’-´¤©’, °æJîªßª’-Ææ’h-©†’ éπ©’Ææ’èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’, (ߪ·í¬©’) (î√™« é¬©ç ´’†ç éπ©’Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’); (ÉEo ®ÓV©÷ áéπ\úø’Ø√o´¤?); (Åçü¿®Ω÷ èπ◊™«-≤ƒØ√?)

(à

v°æûËu-éπçí¬ á´JE í∫’Jç-îª-®·Ø√ ÅúÕ-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø’: How are/ How about your parents?/ your



D.S.: He said, 'I lived many years' in England. I.S.: He said that he had lived... in England. Q. In Non-detailed lessons many times

A. Please understand the use of the past perfect tense correctly. The past perfect is used for the earlier of two past actions.

Susmitha: Hi Neeraja, long since We met/ since we met/ long ages time, no see Where have you been all these days? is everybody OK?

(¶«í¬ØË

ÖØ√o)

I.S.: He says that he lived many years in England.

It is not question of near/ immediate past or

(°œ©x©’)/



(ii) Similarly: D.S. : He says, 'I lived many years in England'.

The sentences in the past perfect tenses and sometimes with time references.

brother (s) and sister (s)/ your kids your parents?/ How is your wife?, etc.

°æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’h-©†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Éçé¬ É™« èπÿú≈ °æ®√-´’-Jzç--éÓ-´îª’a.

I.S. : The teacher is saying (Reporting verb - present tense) that Rama killed Ravana. (Correct). Here, we don't say, Rama had killed Ravana.

The constable told the inspector that they had arrested him ten minutes before

Who do I see here? éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ ´’†Lo ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’-©È陫 °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆæ’-

A. (i) D.S. : The teacher is saying, 'Rama killed Ravana'.

(Éçûª-鬩ç ûª®√yûª éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç áçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçüÓ! @Nûªç ᙫ í∫úø’-≤ÚhçC?) Éçé¬ ÖüËy-í∫çûÓ °æ©-éπ-Jç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ É™« èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a, î√-™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’.

Sritej: Hei, Who do I see here? Srikar?

(£«ß˝’, á´-Jéπ\úø éπ†°æ-úø’-ûª’†oC Ø√èπ◊? XéπÍ®Ø√?) What

a

Surprise!

(áçûª Ǩ¡a®Ωuç! Hope I am not mistaken (؈’ §Ò®Ω-°æ-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ?) (É´Fo ´’† Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ûÁL-Ê°çü¿’èπ◊ Åçö«ç) Srikar: Make no mistake. I am Srikar of course. Enough.

(†’¢Ëyç §Ò®Ω°æúø-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ XéπÍ®o™‰. Éçéπ Ç°æ¤.) É´Fo O’®Ω’ Eûªu-@-N-ûªç™ Æ洒ߪ’ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x Practise îËߪ ’çúÕ. Å™«îËÊÆh Ææ’©-¶μºçí¬ Å©¢√ô´¤ûª’çC.

He told me that he had seen the movie. There are two past actions here - 1) His telling me, and 2) his seeing the movie. Both are past actions. However, his seeing the movie is the earlier, and his telling me about it is the later past action. So, his seeing the movie - must be in the past perfect tense. Also look at the following: He slowly got up from bed. He remembered what had happened the night before. Two strangers had entered his room about 6 in the evening yesterday. They had hit him hard on the head. That was all that was able to recollected. He now looked around. His wrist watch and rings he had kept on the table were no longer there. He understood that the strangers had taken them away. Observe that his getting up slowly is a past action. all the other events had taken place 'yesterday', that is, they are all earlier past actions. So they are in the past perfect tense. So the use of past perfect has no connection with time of happening.

Banti Balo, Gandhinagar Q. Translate the following sentences into Telugu.  The college is named after him.

(éπ-∞«-¨»-©èπ◊ ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ °ö«d®Ω’.) (äéπJ Ê°®Ω’ °ôdúøç.)

A. To name after somebody.

His parents named him after his grandfather.

(ÅûªúÕ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ Åûª-úÕéÀ ÅûªúÕ û√ûª Ê°®Ω’ °ö«d®Ω’.)

Nellore district is named after Potti Sri Ramulu.

( ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ >™«xèπ◊ §ÒöÀd X®√-´·©’ Ê°®Ω’

°ö«d®Ω’.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 12 -W-Ø˛ 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

A. Sudhakar Peddamalla Reddy Q. I have seen the following sentence in a book. 'I will come tomorrow'. Here will is present. So, this is present tense. But action will complete in future. Please clarify about this example of Time & Tense. A. 'I will come tomorrow', will come refers to an action that will be completed in future. 'will come' refers to an action of the future. This is simple. Don't worry too much about these things. All that we should aim at is, speaking English correctly. Let us not worry about form and meaning, and other final points like semantics. 'Semantics is the study of the meanings of words - how the meaning of a word

A. Phrase = a group of words without a verb. 'With great care' is a group of words without a verb (verb phrase. Noun Phrase subject phrase, adjective phrase 'with great care', subject Verb, sang adverb phrase.

™‰E ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p) éπüΔ. 鬕öÀd í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpÅC †’ í∫’Jç* èπÿúøü¿E áéπ\-úøØ√o ÖçüΔ? Å´¤-ûª’çC. é¬F îÁÊ°p †’ í∫’Jç* Ééπ\úø †’ í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ? îÁ•’ûÓçC. 鬕öÀd ÅC, The book, written ten years ago, is still in demand. written 10 years ago is a phrase (written, verb past participle describing the subject, 'the book'

Ééπ\úø, ®√Æœ†)

(°æüË∞¡x véÀûªç é¬ü¿’,

´÷vûª¢Ë’)

Q. He worked with great enthusiasm underlined clause He sang with great care He worked with great enthusiasm

îËÆœ† °æüΔ©’ éπç™ îªC-¢√†’. é¬F ¢√é¬u-EéÀ,

Ééπ\úø ÅE äéπ °æ¤Ææh-

2

enthusiasm

(î√™« Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ) – Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ phras-

es. Q. I don't know why he has shouted underlined phrase

(Ééπ\úø îËÆ œ† ÅE °æüΔ©’ äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬F Ééπ\úø underlined words ™ 'has' 'shouted' ÅØË verbs ÖØ√o®· éπüΔ? Then why is it

said as phrase? A. Why he has shouted 'has shouted' verb clause

ÉC clause, Ééπ\úø ÅØË ÖçC 鬕öÀd ÅC ÅE à °æ¤Ææh-éπç™†÷ Öçúøü¿’. O’èπ◊†o ÆæçüË£æ«çûÓØË É™« îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. 'Why he has shouted' - Ñ clause™ has äéπ verb, shouted È®çúÓ verb é¬ü¿’. 'Has shouted' äÍé verb.

Joshi Malhotra, Hanamkonda Q. Please clarify the following doubts. 1) He sang with great care underlined phrase subject 'He'

îËÆœ† °æüΔ©’ îªC-¢√†’. é¬F ÉC îÁ•’ûª’çC éπüΔ.

(Ééπ\úø ÅE äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ í∫’Jç*

I don't know whether he is coming or not. The above underlined group of words is phrase or clause.

Q. The boy sat at the window. Here the underlined part is called 'clause', though it has not any verbs - Please explain.

changes in course of time.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 644

A. 'at the window' is only a phrase No good book calls it a clause, as there is no verb there.

.

Ñ -¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? Ñ È®çúÓ ¢√éπuç-™ verbs àN’öÀ? Åçõ‰ underlined îËÆ œ† °æüΔ™x verbs àO’ ™‰´¤ éπüΔ? Please explain. Ñ

™ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ÅC ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’çC? With great care (î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬), with great

áçûÓ Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçú≈L. äéÓ\≤ƒJ ´÷ö«xúË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√éπuç °æ‹®Ωh-´-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a èπÿú≈. Å™«çô°æ¤púø’ clipped sentences èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. OöÀE ´’†ç ¶«í¬ Practise îËߪ÷L. ´’†Eûªu @N-ûªç™ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x á°æ¤púø’ Ŵ鬨¡ç ´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ ´÷ö«x-úËÆæ÷h Öçú≈L. Å™«-îËÊÆh éÌCl ®ÓV©èπ◊ Åv°æߪ’-ûªoç-í¬ØË éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ ´÷ö«xúË≤ƒhç.  éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x éÌûªh ´uèπ◊h©’/ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’h© N´®√©’ ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊çô’çö«ç. Å™«çöÀN éÌEo É°æ¤púø’ îª÷üΔlç.  ´’†èπ◊ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx áéπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡Ÿx? à ¶μ«≠æ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√®Ω’? ´%Ah àN’öÀ? É™«çöÀ N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ÆæçüΔ-®√s¥©’ î√™« áü¿’-®Ω-´¤-ûª’ç-ö«®·. ¢√öÀE É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊çüΔç. Shaiz: Hi Arshad, how are you?

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?) Arshad: Fine, how about you?

(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË, ´’J †’´¤y?) Shaiz: Fine too, thank you. (èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË)

(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. ¢Á·ûªhç Åçû√ ¶«í∫’çC ņ™‰-†-†’éÓ. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç, ¶μï†ç ÉçöÀ ¶μï†ç™« Öçúøü¿’ éπüΔ?) Arshad: I can see that. Where are you from?

(ÅC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. O’ ÜÍ®C?) Shaiz: We are from Vissannapeta. We own some property there. Dad is a professor in a Vijayawada college.

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

Q. Which one of the following sentences is corect?

Q. He doesn't know how to dance.The underlined group of words is phrase or clause.

1. I am an Indian 2. I am Indian A. Both 'I am an Indian' and 'I am Indian' are correct. In 'I am an Indian', Indian is a

Where do you come from?

(O’üË Ü®Ω’?) Arshad: We belong here/ we are of this place.

(£æ…Ææd™¸ @Nûªç ᙫ ÖçC?)

(¢Ë’N’éπ\úø ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’) Belong = îÁçü¿ôç. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπüΔ?Where

Shaiz: Ok, though I can't say everything is all right, for one thing, the food can't be as good as home food, you know.

are you from?/ where do you come from?

Arshad: How is your hostel life going?

(O’üË Ü®Ω’?/ O’È®-éπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡Ÿx?)  éÌçîÁç ûÁME ¢√∞¡x-†-®·ûË, May I know where you are from? Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí I am from AP/ I come from AP. (´÷C Ççvüμ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸/ ¢Ë’ç Ççvüμ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸ ¢√∞¡xç.) Where do you come from?

(O’È®-éπ\-úÕ-¢√∞¡Ÿx? (ÅçûË-é¬F O’È®-éπ\úÕ †’ç* ´≤ƒh®Ω’?/ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE-é¬ü¿’) I am from/ I come from Nellor = ´÷C ØÁ©÷x®Ω’. (ÅçûË-é¬F, ؈’ ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ †’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E é¬ü¿’) ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Where do you come from? = O’üË Ü®Ω’? Where are you coming from? = O’È®-éπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ (É°æ¤púø’)  Ñ v°æ¨¡o© Ææpçü¿-†™ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1. Where are you/ do you come from?

(´÷C NÆæq†oÊ°ô. ´÷ÍéüÓ éÌçûª ÇÆœh Öçü¿éπ\úø. ´÷Ø√†o Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø 鬙‰-@™ v§Ò°∂Ææ®˝)

Q. I don't know why he has not come. The underlined group of words is phrase or clause.

Suresh Singhal, Warangal

Where do you come from? ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈Lq ´*a-†°æ¤púø’ ´’† ¶μ«≠æ

A. 'Whether he is coming or not' is a clause because it is a group of words with the verb, 'is coming'. It is NOT a phrase.

A. 'Why he has not come' is a clause too, because it is a group of words with the verb, 'has come'.

M.SURESAN

A. 'With great enthusiasm' is a group of words without verb, so it is a phrase, not a clause. group of words verb clause

Look at the sentences: 'He is a German' and 'He is German'. In 'He is a German' German is a noun, and in the second sentence, German is adjective. Q. Please clarify the following doubts.

Why he has shouted? When you know 'will' indicates future, verbs like will come, will go, etc., indicate only future actions, so they are in the future. That's all we need to know. If you are not satisfied with this explanation, please make express your doubt more clearly.

noun, like 'student' in 'I am a student'. In 'I am Indian' 'Indian' is an adjective, like 'tall' in 'I am tall'. 'Indian' in the sentence 'I am Indian' talks about the person's quality of belonging to India. Look for example at the sentence, 'This custom is Indian'. In 'I am Indian' Indian means 'of or belonging to India'.

(O’üË Ü®Ω’?/ O’È®éπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡Ÿx?) A. I am from Ongole/ AP/ Nizamabad, etc., AP/

(´÷ Ü®Ω’ äçíÓ©’/ ´÷C ´÷ Ü®Ω’ Eñ«´÷¶«ü˛, etc)

2. Where are you coming from?

(O’È®-éπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’hØ√o-J-°æ¤púø’?) A. (I am coming) from home/ college/ the cinema, etc.

A. He doesn't know how to dance. 'How to dance' is only a phrase because there is no verb in the group of words, 'How to dance'. 'To dance' is an infinitive, and an infinitive (to go, to sing, etc to 1st Regular Doing Word), like the '.....ing' form, and the past participle (gone, seen, etc) are NOT verbs. Q. I don't know whether he fought in a brave manner or not. Is it phrase? A. 'Whether he fought in a brave manner or not' is a clause, because there is a verb, 'fought' in this group. But, 'In a brave manner or not' is only a phrase, because there is no verb, in the group of words. Q. If you study hard, you will succeed. Is it clause? A. ''If you study hard,' is a clause because it is a group of words with the verb, 'study'.

Rekha Pallavi, Warangal. Q.

îªE-§Ú-®·† ¢√∞¡x í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ 'of' ¢√ú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçüΔ? For example: a) The wisdom of Solomon is great. b) The daughter of Nehru.

A. 1) No such rule. You can either use 'of' or apostrophe and s('s). a) Wisdom of Wisdom.

Solomon

=

Solomon's

b) Daughter of Nehru = Nehru's daughter. Q. Rivers, oceans, seas -

OöÀéÀ Ê°®Ω’x Öçõ‰ Ç

Ê°®Ω’x îÁGûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çüΔ? e.g.: The Krishna, the Indian (ocean), the Bay of Bengal, the Nagarjuna Sagar (canal). A. 'The' must be used before names of rivers, seas and oceans. The Krishna (river), The Arabian sea, The Indian Ocean, The Bay of Bengal, The Nagarjuna sagar canal, etc.

(؈’ É-©’x/ é¬-™‰-ñ ¸

/ ÆœE´÷ †’ç* ´Ææ’hØ√o.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 19 -W-Ø˛ 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sneha Gayathri, Tekulagudem Q. Please clarify the following doubts. Spoken English lesson 'C' follows 'E'. E is followed by C

™ O’®Ó-≤ƒJ

ÅE ÅØ√o®Ω’. ÅüË Nüμ¿çí¬ äéπ doubt E clarify îËÆæ÷h äéπ ¢√éπuç ®√¨»®Ω’. - Å-C have/ had/ has/ would have, etc is followed by the past participle. 'E' is followed by 'C' The past participle is followed by have/ has/ had/ would have, etc.

é¬F, °j† Ê°®Ì\-†oô’x éπüΔ Åçõ‰

ÅE Öçú≈L éπüΔ. -N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. E is followed by C ™ Verb, 'is followed.' ÉC 'is' (be form) + followed (Past Participle). Verb 'is followed' be form + past parVerb, Passive ticiple (PP) Voice 'be' form + Past Participle form Verb, English Verb

™™« Å®·ûË, Å°æ¤púø’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. É™«çöÀ ÖçúË

™

Grammar Book Phrase

™ underline îËÆœ† °æüΔ©’ ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬F, Phrase ÅE ᙫ Åçö«ç? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ °j† Ê°®Ì\†o Sentence Ajay & Vijay í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-ûÓçC. ´’J Ñ sentence ™ Predicate ÖçC éπüΔ. 'Sat' - ÅØË verb èπÿú≈ ÖçC, N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. O’®Ω’ ÆæJí¬ îª÷Æœ Öçúø®Ω’. Ajay and Vijay sat on a wall - Ñ sentence ™ 'On a wall' ('sat' ™‰èπ◊çú≈) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC Verb ™‰E Group of Words Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å™« Verb ™‰E group of words †’ Phrase Åçö«ç. Predicate Åçõ‰ äéπ sentence ™, subject ™‰E sentence ¶μ«í∫ç – Åçõ‰ subject †’ í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°p sentence ¶μ«í∫ç. Ajay and Vijay sat on a wall. Ñ sentence ™ Ajay and Vijay, subjects. 'Sat on a wall', subjects 'Predicate', Phrase sat

†’ í∫’Jç* (íÓúø O’ü¿ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) îÁÊ°p ¶μ«í∫ç. 鬕öÀd ÅC ÅçûË-é¬F Å´ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ÅØË

2

Q. He worked with great care Phrases clauses sentence

Åçõ‰

îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ûªhç °æJí∫ù†-™éÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™«? N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A. He worked with great care sentence 'with great care', predicate Phrase.

lowing sentences are called phrases.

Ñ

™,

a. He has a ring made of gold.

é¬ü¿’.

b. She read an interesting story.

ÅC

Phrases, Clauses

c. You wanted to buy a car.

îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬

d. He fought in a brave manner.

N´Jçî√LqçC. Phrase: A Group of words without a Verb: in the class, because of his delay, etc.

e. Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall. f. It was a sunset of great beauty.

Clause: A Group of words with a verb. If he meets her, when that happens; while sentence she was working, etc. examples

g. Monu, who was feeling tired, wanted to take rest.

É™«

ûÓ Ææç•çüμ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈

h. He talked with great care.

ÉÆæ÷h

All the sentences above have subjects and also they are saying about the subjects, then how can we say that they are phrases other than, clauses - Please explain. And also all the sentences have verbs.

He worked with great care

A. Sentences are NOT phrases. six forms Have/ has/ had/ shall have, etc + Past Participle, six verbs forms of verbs form English Verb six forms Be form + six forms PP, Have/ has/ had/ etc + PP 4 forms: 'be' forms, 'be' form + ing form; Doing Words (come, comes, came, go, goes, went, etc); Shall/ Should/ Will/ Would/ Can/ Could/ May/ Might/ Must/ Need/ Dare +1st Regular Doing Word (come, go etc.)

èπ◊çúË

™ ÉçéÓöÀ. ÅEo ™ Öçú≈-©E ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ? Öçö«®· í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. Ñ ™ È®çúø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Éûª®Ω

Main Clause - A Clause with Complete Meaning- She can sing well.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 645

Ñ èπ◊

Q. Ajay & Vijay sat on a wall (Wren & Martin

Sentences can never be called phrases. They are two different types of groups of words (Please refer answer to the above question).

N´Jç-îª-´îª’a.

™ äéπöÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’.

verb

ÖçC 鬕öÀd.

Q. The sun rises in the east.

°j -¢√é¬u-Eo N´Jçîªí∫-©®Ω’.

phrase

Å-†-´-î√a? -

M.SURESAN

A. The sun rises in the east 'The sun', subject, 'rises in the east', predicate. 'In the east' Phrase

Éçü¿’™

´÷vûª¢Ë’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰, ÅC

Å´¤-ûª’çC.

(This is also a sentence because it is a group of words with complete meaning. That way, all sentences are clauses, but not all clauses are sentences)

All the groups of words in your letter from (a) to (g) are SENTENCES, because each of them is a group of words with complete meaning.

When analysing a sentence, O’®Ω’ üΔEo clauses, phrases í¬ Núø-íÌ-ö«d-©çõ‰ sentence ¢Á·ûªhç °æJ-í∫-ù-†-™ éÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L.

The groups of words you have underlined in the sentences from (a) to (d), and (h) and (g) are all phrases, because they are all groups of words without verbs.

G. Rajeshwar, Bayyaram

'Sat on a wall' (sentence e), and 'Who was feeling tired (sentence g), are clauses, because they are groups of words with verbs.

Q. I have read in a grammar book that the fol-

May I know what you are? ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´’† °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’h©’ (ûªÊ°p-´·çC? Çߪ’† v°æ¶μº’ûªy Éç>F®˝).í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ a) What are you? = b) May I know what you are? =

áéπ\úø’çö«®Ω’? àç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’? (ÖüÓuí∫ç à-N’öÀ?) ™«çöÀ N´®√©†’ ᙫ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Á÷ É°æ¤púø’ îª÷üΔlç.

éπüΔ?

Pavithra: Where did you say you're (You are) from?

c) What do you do for a job?/ a living? =

(O’üË-´‹-®Ω-Ø√o®Ω’ O’®Ω’?) Pankaja: I come from Vizag, I told you; but I've (I have) been here for quite a long time. I can almost say that I am from Hyderabad. Vizag

(´÷C ÅE îÁ§ƒp†’. é¬F ØËE-éπ\úø î√™«é¬-©çí¬ ÖØ√o†’. 鬕öÀd ´÷C £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ÅØË îÁ§Òpa.)

Pavithra: May I Know what you are?

(O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’?) Pankaja: I teach in a high school. I've been a teacher for seven years now. What do you do for a job? school teacher school teacher Pavithra: Just a home maker. I've (I have) a school-going son and an infant daughter. I've (I have) my handsful looking after the two. School

(؈’

†’. àúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ í¬ ÖØ√o†’. O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’?)

(؈’ É™«x-LØË. èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx éÌúø’èπÿ, îªçöÀ-§ƒ°æ ÖØ√o®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊. Ç Éü¿l-JF îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’Íé ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC Ø√èπ◊.) Pankaja: What's your husband, if I may know.

(O’ ¶μº®Ωh àç îË≤ƒh®Ω’? Åúø-í∫-ôç ûª°æ¤p-é¬-éπ-§ÚûË). Pavithra: Oh by all means. He is a Engineer in Govt. service.

O’üËç ÖüÓuí∫ç? O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ó

ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?

(ÉC èπÿú≈) O’ ÖüÓuí∫ç àçöÀ? Where are you working?

ÅE

èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. Narmada: Where do you live?

(O’È®-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’?) Sourabha: (I live) in Jeedimetla. What about you?

(؈’ @úÕ-¢Á’ôx™ Öçö«? O’ Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?)

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH Narmada: Gandhi Nagar. Sourabha: Your son doing B.Tech. He lives in the hostel, doesn't he? (B.Tech

îËÊÆ O’ Ŷ«s®·, £æ…Ææd-™¸™ Öçö«úø’

éπüΔ?) Narmada: He hasn't yet moved into the hostel. He will be, soon. Right now he is living in my cousin's. hostel

(Éçé¬ èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x™‰ü¿’. ûªy®Ω™ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’. v°æÆæ’hûªç ´÷ cousin Éçöx Öçô’-Ø√oúø’. í∫´’-Eéπ: Cousin = äÍé ûªLxü¿çvúø’© Ææçû√†ç é¬èπ◊çú≈, ûªLx/ ûªçvúÕ -ßÁ·éπ\ ≤Úü¿-®Ω’-úø’/ ≤Ú-ü¿-J© Gúøf©’. ¢Ë’†ûªh, ¢Ë’†-´÷-´’© °œ©x©’ èπÿú≈ cousins. English ™ brother/ sister, äÍé ûªLxéÀ °æ¤öÀd† Gúøf-

©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. É©’x ´÷®Ωúøç, English ™ 'shift' é¬ü¿’, move. He moved (shifted é¬ü¿’) to

Manohar Tiwari, Namalapadu Q.

1) I move that Mr. Gupta be appointed chair man

the new house yesterday.) 1) What are you? = (What are you doing? =

O’ ÖüÓuí∫ç à-N’öÀ?/ O’Í®ç O’J-°æ¤p-úËçîËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’? îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? O’üËç ÖüÓuí∫ç? ÅØË Å®Ωnç Ééπ\úø ®√ü¿’.) What's (What is) your father? = O’ Ø√†oí¬Í®ç îË≤ƒh®Ω’? (Çߪ’† ÖüÓuí∫ ç à-N’öÀ?) éÌûªh¢√∞¡x ÖüÓuí∫ç ÅúÕ-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø’, ´’®√u-ü¿í¬, 'May I know what you are?' (O’ ÖüÓuí∫ç àçö ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?) Åçö«ç. Éçé¬...What do you do for a job? ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. 2) O’È®-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’?/ O’ É™„x-éπ\úø? = Where do

éÀçC ÆæçüË-£æ…-©†’ B®Ωa-í∫©®Ω’. 2) It is suggested that a ring road be built to relieve the congestion

°j† underline îËÆœ-†-¢√-öÀéÀ Active voice àN’öÀ? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ to be built or will be/ should be, built etc. Öçú≈L éπüΔ, Å™«Íí I move Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. 1) I move that we/ the committee/ the council, etc. appoint Mr Gupta, Chairman 2) I/ we/ the council, etc., suggested that the government/ the corporation/ the roads and Buildings Dept. build a ring road.

you live?/ Where's (Where is) your home/ place? (Where do you stay? Stay =

ÅE éÌçûª-´’çC •Ææ Åçô’çö«®Ω’. Å®·ûË ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. (àüÓ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ ´’† Ü®Ω’-é¬-E-Ü®Óx û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ Öçúøôç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. E´Æœçîªúøç é¬ü¿’)

Move, suggest, recommend, demand, verbs should + 1st Regular Doing word (build, appoint, select, etc) 'should' 1st Regular Doing Word

™«çöÀ

ûª®√yûª

®√¢√L,

Chandana: Where do you live?

™‰èπ◊çõ‰

(†’-¢Áy-éπ\úø’çö«´¤?)

I suggest that you should buy a car = I suggest that you buy a car Active Voice. underlined verbs Passive Voice - should be bought/ be bought.

Vandana: Next to the Post Office in Governorpet.

(í∫´-®Ωo-®Ω’-Ê°ô §Ú≤ƒd-°∂‘Æˇ °æéπ\†) (Am living/ is living/ are living ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ áéπ\úøØ√o ´’†ç E´-ÆœçîË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.). For the present I am living with my cousin. Soon I am moving to a house near my office. cousin Office Practise

(v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ ؈’ ´÷ ûÓ Öçô’-Ø√o†’. èπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖçúË ÉçöxéÀ ûªy®Ω™ ´÷ îËüΔlç. ´÷®Ωû√†’. ÉN ¶«í¬

´C-™‰Æœ Íé-´-©ç ¢√úø-´îª’a. ÉC

Ñ

èπ◊

He demanded that they should pay money at once/ pay the money at once was demanded (of them) (by him) that money should be paid (by them)/ that money be paid (by them) at once.

the = It the the

move =

Q.

(Ééπ\úø) v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-îªúøç. éÀçC -¢√é¬u-Eo -Ççí∫xç-™éÀ -Å-†’-´-Cç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 'Ø√ ´’†-Ææ’™-E Ç¢Ë-ü¿-††’ á´®Ω’ B®Ω’≤ƒh®Ω’?—

A. Who can end the distress/ anguish that's troubling me?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 26 -W-Ø˛ 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Lakshmaiah, Gollapalli Q. In the 8th class Eng- Text Book - ''If I were you, I should stop smoking'' (Not would) But previously you wrote that.. ''If I were you, I would help you''

A. The question tag for, You are taking the Kurzbach train is 'aren't you?' However, sometimes, when the listener does not believe what the speaker says, the listener, repeats the statement of the speaker, and adds a tag. If the statement of the speaker is positive, the tag is also positive, and if the statement of the speaker is negative, the tag is negative too. Look at the following

A. 'If I were you, I should stop smoking'- In this sentence, 'should' is correct, but not much used in present day English. In fact, if the subjects are 'I' and 'We' the verb is 'should + ...' in sentences with Conditional Clauses. 'Should' however, is outdated and in present day usage 'would' is preferred. Q. He says that he would help me. Reported speech He says, ''I will help you'' (Direct) correct

Ééπ\úø

e.g. : A: I am the greatest teacher in the School B: Oh, you are the greatest teacher, are you? e.g. : A: I am not corrupt B: Oh, you are not corrupt, aren't you?

™

Remember, this happens only when the listener doesn't believe the speaker and sarcastic

éπüΔ?

A. 'He says he will help me' is the correct form of the Indirect speech for He says, 'I will

(´uçí∫uçí¬/ ¢ÁéÀ\-Jç-ûªí¬).

2

A. Transitive Verb Verb having an object:

á´-J-E/ á´-JéÀ/ üËEéÀ verb èπ◊ ¢Ëߪ’çúÕ. answer ´ÊÆh

üËEE, ÅE v°æ¨¡o üΔEéÀ ÅC

transitive verb. Answer Intransitive verb.

3) I wish for nothing more - P.V.

®√éπ-§ÚûË

Nothing more is wished for by me -

e.g. : He sees movies often.

ÉD passive ™ î√-™« ÅÆæ-£æ«uçí¬ ÖçC éπüΔ? °j ¢√öÀ-™xE, laugh at, run through, wish for, ™«çöÀ verbs, simple verbs 鬴¤, ÅN Phrasal

Ééπ\úø Verb, 'sees' - îª÷≤ƒhúø’, üËEE îª÷≤ƒhúø’? ÆœE-´÷©’ ÅØË ï¢√•’ ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd, 'see' transitive verb.

verbs. (Verbs followed by prepositions: Laugh (verb), at (Prep); run (verb), through (prep), and wish (verb) for (Prep). Phrasal Verbs passive passive verb Prep (Was laughed at, will be run through and is wished for)

She runs very fast = Verb: runs -

Ç¢Á’ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æJ-Èí-ûª’h-ûª’çC. °æJÈíûª’hûª’çC. á´JE/ üËEE °æJ-Èí-ûª’h-ûª’çC? – answer ™‰-ü¿’ éπüΔ? 鬕öÀd 'run' intransitive. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ transitive verb Íé passive voice Öçô’çC.

He held the post for ten years

†’ ™ èπÿú≈,

É™«çöÀ éÀ ´÷Ja-†-°æ¤púø’, °æéπ\†, ®√´-LqçüË

Q. 'Adverbial object or Adverbial accusative' Sentences

ÅE N´-Jç* éÌEo

Éî√a®Ω’. (Ééπ\úø

1. He held the post ten years years

for 10

ÅE É´y-™‰ü¿’.)

help you.' The sentence - He says that he would help me - is wrong. You say either, 'He say's that he will help me' or "He said that he would help me.' Q. If the sub Inspector was there he could or would save the boy from the accident- (correct

é¬üΔ?)

A. If the Sub-Inspector were there, (if the SubInspector was there - wrong), he could/ would save the boy - correct Q. There is one sentence in the 10th classEnglish that is.. The other said, ''You are taking the Kurzbach train, are you?'' Question Tag ''aren't you?''

Ééπ\úø, á´Jo îª÷Æœ †¢√y®Ω’? 'ÅûªúÕE— îª÷Æœ. 鬕öÀd, Ééπ\úø verb, transitive.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 646 Suman Singhania, Gandhampalli Q.

Passive Voice: He was laughed at by people.

éÀçC Doubts calrify îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. ؈’ äéπ Grammar book ™ îªC-¢√†’ ÅC ' Intransitive verbs used as transitive verbs' sentences Transitive

Å™«Íí

M.SURESAN

Ñ Å稡ç™ éÌEo ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. ÅN:

1)

3) I wish for nothing more

®√¢√L éπüΔ?

éÀ áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’.

pas-

(´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’© †’ç* Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §ÒçC-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ%ûªïcûª©’ ûÁ©-°æúøç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ω-´’-E Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. Thanks îÁ°æpúøç üΔy®√ éπ%ûª-ïcûª ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰≤ƒhç. Å®·ûË thanks (üμ¿†u-¢√-üΔ©’) îÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’Sx ᙫ ÆæpçCç-î√-©-ØËC èπÿú≈ ´·êu¢Ë’. a) Sravanthi: How kind of you, Akshaya! If you hadn't lent me your books, I couldn't have done so well in the exams. Thank you.

(Åéπ~ߪ÷! áçûª ≤ƒßª’ç î˨»´¤ †’´¤y! F °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√éÀ-´y-éπ§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰ °æKéπ~™ x ¶«í¬ ®√ÊÆ üΔEo-é¬ü¿’. Thankyou) Akshaya: No problem. Don't say that.

(ÅüË´’çûª °ü¿l N≠æߪ’ç é¬-ü¿’™‰. Å™« ņèπ◊) í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπüΔ! Direct í¬ Thank you ņ-èπ◊çú≈, How kind of you! / that's very kind of you!

(†’´¤y áçûÓ ≤ƒßª’ç î˨»´¤ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç, 'kind' Ééπ\úø 'ü¿ßª’-í∫©— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬ü¿’) Åçõ‰ –

Thank you No problem/ No problem. Please don't mention.

ÉC

éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´. DEéÀ Ææpçü¿†

(ÅüË´’çûª °ü¿l N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’. O’®Ωçûªí¬ îÁ°æp-†-´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’) b) Sravan: Could you give me a lift up to my home, please?

(é¬Ææh ´÷ÉçöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ F ¢√£æ«†ç O’ü¿ BÆæ’Èé∞¡-û√¢√?) Varun: Oh! with pleasure. (ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬)

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH Sravan: Thanks a lot. Varun: That's all right c) Pradhan: I've (have) been able to finish my work in time. I could't have done it without your help.

(Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ °æE-°æ‹Jh îËߪ’í∫-L-í¬†’. F ≤ƒßª’ç-™‰-éπ§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí¢√úÕE 鬆’.) Vooha: Oh, it's my pleasure (ÅC Ø√ Ææç-ûÓ≠æç/ Ø√ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éÌDl î˨»†’) (ÉCíÓ, BÆæ’éÓ)

°j Sentences éÀ èπÿú≈ Object ™‰ü¿E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. ´’J ÅN Transitive verbs ᙫ Å´¤û√®·? A. 1. He held the post for ten years. Ééπ\úø 'for' éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈L. ™‰éπ§ÚûË ûªÊ°p.

(´%ü∑Δ

(Here, 'for ten years' is adverbial. The verb is 'held' - transitive; the object is 'the post')

´%ü∑Δ/ Ø√¨¡†ç îËߪ’úøç, ÅûªúÕ Ææç°æ-ü¿†’.

Passive: The post was held by him for ten years. 2. He went home - In this sentence, the verb 'went' is intransitive; so no passive.

Å®·ûË ÉC passive éÓÆæç ®√ߪ’-úø¢Ë’. English ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Passive ¢√úø®Ω’. É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx Passive ÅÆæ£æ«uçí¬ Öçô’çC; ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç, 'Å´÷t, ņoç ´çúø-•-úÕçüΔ?— ņo-ô’xí¬.

3. He swam a mile - 'swam' - intransitive - so no passive 4. The watch cost nine hundred rupees- cost - intransitive, no passive. Q. a) He committed suicide by consuming Pesticides. b) He committed suicide consuming pesticides.

e) Santosh: This is the road to the museum, isn't it?

(´‚u>ߪ’ç ¢Á∞Ïx ®Óú˛ ÉüË éπüΔ?) Vinay: Yes, it is, (Å´¤†’) Santosh: Thankyou Vinay: You're (are) welcome/ It's a pleasure f) Prasad: Thank you for the delicious dinner Thanks) Sukumar: Not at all. We enjoyed having you too.

(°æÆæç-üÁj† Nçü¿’èπ◊ î√©

(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. O’®Ω’ ®√´úøç ´÷é¬-†çü¿ç)

g) Bhoomika: Many happy returns of the day. Here's your birth day gift.

(†’Ny-™«Íí î√™« °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV©’ ï®Ω’°æ¤-éÓ-¢√L. ÉCíÓ Fèπ◊ 鬆’éπ.) Chandrika: Oh, how lovely! Thank you very much. thanks) Bhoomika: Oh, it's my pleasure/ It's OK.

(áçûª ¶«´¤çüÓ! î√©

(àç °æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’)

d) Sneha: Please give me your pen. Nethra: Here you are Sneha: Thanks Nethra: It's ok

4. The watch cost nine hundred rupees

îËߪ’úøç)

How kind of you! It is good manners to express your appreciation of the help you get from others. The usual way of doing it is to thank the person who has helped you. Look at the following conversation

3. He swam a mile

Passive: His fortune will be run through by him.

2) He will soon run through his fortune. sentences sive voice

2) He will soon run through his fortune. Verb-run through = his fortune =

üËEE?

People laughed at him

é¬F, °j

2. He went home

1) People laughed at him, Verb, laughed (at).

(ÅC Ø√ džçü¿ç/ àç °æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’) É™« °æ-©’ Ææçü¿®√s¥©èπ◊, ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 Ææpçü¿†©’†o°æpöÀéÃ, ÅEoçöÀ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´í¬ N†-°æúË Ææpçü¿†: a) You are welcome b) It's all right and c) It's my pleasure. You're welcome Practice

ņ-´îª’a.

•ü¿’©’ îËߪ’çúÕ.

what is the difference between the above. A. He committed suicide by consuming pesticides- Correct. He committed suicide consuming pesticides- Wrong.

Sowmya Sahani, Namalapadu Q. Clarity following doubts

O’®Ω’ í∫-ûªç-™ äéπ

¢√éπuç ®√¨»®Ω’. ÅC.. let her know that eating mangoes within limunderline its wouldn't harm you-

Ééπ\úø -îËÆœ-† °æ-üΔ-Eo í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. A. Ñ sentence ™ 'would' probability (ïJÍí Å´é¬-¨¡ç)†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. 'Eating mangoes... does not harm her' = £æ…EîË-ߪ’ü¿’ (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æpôç) 'Eating mangoes... wouldn't harm her' = £æ…EîË-ߪ’ü¿’ (Åçûª éπ*aûªç é¬ü¿’) Q. éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©-†’ English ™éÀ -Å-†’-´-Cç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.  ؈’ Ñ Ü∞x-E Building E éÌØ√-©†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. A. I am thinking of buying a building in this town. 

®Ìõ„d Açô’†o ††’o •A-´’-™«úÕ Ééπ\úÕéÀ BÆæ’éÌ*açC ´÷ Å´’t.

A. My mother pleaded with me and brought me here as I was eating bread.  welcome

ÅE èπÿú≈

Ç -üÁߪ’uç ûª† ¨¡K-®Ωç-™éÀ ´*a ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-†oô’x §ƒ°æç Ç¢Á’éÀ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

A. Alas! she doesn't know that the Ghost is entering and leaving her body.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 3 -V-™„j 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

S.ThulasiRam, Nandikotkur Q. If one were to be brutally honest, Suresh Raina's young Indian team has not been tested on this ODI campaign.

°j ¢√éπuç™ If clause (™) subject (one) singular ™ ÖçC. Verb form "were to be" ÖçC. Å®·ûË Main clause (Suresh Raina's young ...) hadn't been tested

™ Öçú≈L éπüΔ. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ¢Á·ûªhç ¢√é¬uEo (Subordinate clause, Main clause) ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-´-Cç-îªçúÕ. A. Ñ sentence ÅÆæ©’ correct é¬ü¿’ – 'were' conditional clause ™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, (O’®Ω’ Öü¿-£æ«-Jç*† sentence ™™«) ÅC v°æÆæ’hûªç ÅÆæç-¶μº-´-¢Á’i† improbable present) N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ Åéπ\úø îÁ°œp† N≠æߪ’ç ïJÍí v°æ¨Ïo-™‰ü¿’.

2

Q. Ahead of Saturday's contest here, Bravo requested the selection panel for a break from the game and his wish was granted.

Could have + PP =

"Ahead of ...." selec"The" article tion panel, game

He could have won the gold medal =

-Ñ ¢√éπuç™

†’ N´-Jç*, ü¿í∫_®Ω áçûª´®Ωèπ◊ Ææ´’ç-ïÆæ¢Á÷ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. A. Ñ sentence™ 'Ahead of' = Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË. Ahead of Saturday's contest here = Ééπ\úø ¨¡E¢√®Ωç ï®Ω-í∫-†’†o §ÚöÃéÀ ´·çüË. The use of 'the' before 'Selection Panel' is correct, because we are referring to a particular panel, namely. The West Indies Cricket Selection Panel. Q. Kemar Rouch who could provide greater thrust to the attack, is back

°j ¢√éπuç™ could ´ü¿l éÌçûª éπØ˛-°∂æ‹uñ¸ Å´¤-ûª’Ø√o†’. O’®Ω’ could, would í∫’Jç* ´‚úø’, Ø√©’í∫’ ®Ω鬩’í¬ N´-Jç-î√®Ω’. Sentence ¢Á·ûªhç ûÁ©’í∫’™ ņ’-´-Cçîªí∫©®Ω’.

àüÁjØ√ ï®Ω-í∫í∫LT ÖçúËüË é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ •çí¬®Ω’ °æûªéπç Èí©-´í∫LÍí¢√úË (í∫ûªç™) (é¬F Èí©-´™‰ü¿’.) She could have helped one =

Ø√鬢Á’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-üË (é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’). (Ç¢Á’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫© ÆœnA™ ÖçúÕ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) would have + PP = àüÁjØ√ ïJT ÖçúËüË (í∫ûªç™) é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. a) I would have bought that car = ؈’ -Ç é¬®Ω’ éÌE ÖçúË¢√úÕØË (é¬F é̆-™‰ü¿’) b) He would have seen me = ††oûªúø’ îª÷ÊÆ¢√úË (é¬F îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’) Should have + pp àüÁjØ√ îËÆ œ Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F

If I were the CM I would end corruption If I were the CM end corruption.

(ØËE-°æ¤púø’ CM Å®·ûË) I would (ÅN-FAE Åçûªç îË≤ƒh†’)– DE Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπüΔ? ؈’ v°æÆæ’hûªç CM †’ 鬆’, Å®·†-°æ-éπ~ç™ ÅN-F-AE Åçûªç îË≤ƒh†’.

'If I were the CM' = 'If I were to be the CM' sentence 'If I were to be brutally honest'

Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ†

™, ÅØ√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’– áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ D†®Ωnç– 'éπJ∏-†çí¬ Eñ«-®·-Bí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰— ÅE. ÉC v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ (Present improbable) ÖçúË N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’ – Ñ sentence ®√Æœ† ´uéÀh Eñ«-®·-Bí¬ ÖçúË Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Å™« Öçúø-èπ◊çú≈ Çߪ’ØÁo´®Ω÷ Ç°æ-úøç-™‰ü¿’/ Ç°æ-™‰®Ω’. Ñ sentence É™« Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC. 'To be brutally honest, Suresh Raina's ... sentence ODI sentence

Å°æ¤púø’ Ñ Å®Ωnç: 'éπ®∏Ó-®Ω-¢Á’i† Eïç °æ®Ωç-°æ-®Ω™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Ææ’Í®-≠ˇ-È®jØ√ ïô’d†’ Ñ °æK-éÀ~ç-îª-™‰ü¿’— ÅE. 鬕öÀd O’J-*a† ¢Á·ûªhç ûª°æ¤p. üΔEo °j Nüμ¿çí¬ Ææ´-Jç-îª-´îª’a.

îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’)

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 647 A. Kemar Rouch who could provide 'could' greater thrust expresses 'probability' Sentence 'could'

a) You should have helped him =

†’´y-ûª-úÕéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ÷-LqçC. (é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.) É´Fo èπÿú≈ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ Éçûª-èπ◊´·çüË ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰¨»ç. Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ í∫´’Eç* Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.

Ééπ\úø (Ææç¶μº´ç). ™ ´©x ´îËa Å®Ωnç: M.SURESAN Q. The players are, quite predictably, Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ •™«Eo´yí∫© Íé´’®˝ ®ıî˝ confused and frustrated. ´’Sx ´*açC– (•™«EoîËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC – ÅC °j ¢√éπ u ç™ confused, frustrated ÅØËN adjecÆæç¶μº´ç) tives? ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. Q. Everything that should have progressed A. Å´¤†’. Ééπ\úø 'confused' and 'frustrated' past normally acquired contours of confusion participles. °j ¢√é¬uEo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. must have + PP, could have + PP, would have + PP

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ßª’í∫©®Ω’. A. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ææñ«-´¤í¬ ≤ƒT§Ú®· Öçú≈Lq† v°æA N≠æ-ߪ’´‚, í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞«Eo Ææçûª-Jç--èπ◊çC.

Q. Zaheer Khan and S.Sreesanth have been ruled out of the Test Series in the West Indies.

°j ¢√éπuç™

"ruled out of"

Å®Ωnç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.

Sorry, I couldn't get you Santan: May I know where you are from?

(O’È®-éπ\-úÕ-¢√®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?) Dushyanth: Oh, sure. I am from Nizamabad.

(´÷C Eñ«-´÷-¶«ü˛) (N†-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. ´’Sx îÁ°æpçúÕ) Dushyanth: I said Nizamabad. (Eñ«-´÷-¶«ü˛ ÅE îÁ§ƒp†’) Santan: Pardon?

°j Ææç¶μ«-≠æù í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπüΔ? Å´-ûªL ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°œpçC ´’†èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ N†-°æ-úø-éπ-§ÚûË ´’Sx îÁ°æpçúÕ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Pardon/ Beg your pardon/ Pardon please

Åçö«ç. ™‰ü¿’) ÅE Å®Ωnç.

Santhan: Where exactly do you live in Nizamabad. I have a few friends there.

(Eñ«-´÷¶«ü˛™ áéπ\úø? Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ éÌçûª-´’çC ÖØ√o®Ωéπ\úø)

Dushyanth: Very close to the bus stand. Prasanthi Apartments, 402.

(•≤ƒdçú˛èπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-™ØË v°æ¨»çA ŧƒ-®˝d¢Á’çö¸q, 402) Santhan: Prasanna Apartments did you say?

(v°æÆæ†o ŧƒ-®˝d-¢Á’çö¸q ÅØ√o®√?) Dushyanth: No, it is Prasanthi Apartments.

(é¬ü¿’, v°æ¨»çA ŧƒ-®˝d-¢Á’çö¸q)

(£æ«™, ñ«†qØ˛ í¬Í®-Ø√çúÕ?)

Johnson: Yes it is, and who is this please? Rahim: I am Rahim, Mr. Johnson. Johnson: Yes, Mr. Rahim, What can I do for you?

(îÁ°æpçúÕ ®Ω£‘«ç-í¬®Ω÷, àç

鬢√L?) Rahim: Could you give me the phone no. of

Q. Unless he married and had progeny, the debt to his ancestors could not be fulfiled, and as long as that was not fulfiled, they would have to suffer such agony.

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ could not be E N´-Jç* as long •ü¿’©’ so long as ¢√úøçúÕ. would have to †’ N´Jçîªí∫-©®Ω’. A. Could not be fulfiled = ØÁ®Ω-¢Ë-®Ωa-•-úø-ñ«-©ü¿’. as + V1

ÅC îËߪ’-•-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC– ´÷´‚©’ Åûª-úÕC îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷úø’.

(ÅûªúÕ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-•-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC. – ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – (á´®Ó) ÅûªúÕ íÌ°æpûª†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’). He could not understand it (active) = Åûª-úøC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ = (passive) It could not be understood/ by him = Åûª-úÕ-îËûª ÅC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-•-úø-™‰ü¿’. As long as = so long as = if as long as ¢√úË îÓô, so long as èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ¢Á·ûªhç ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Å®Ωnç = Åûªúø’ °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊E Ææçû√-Ø√Eo §ÒçüËç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, Åûªúø’ ûª† °æ‹Jyèπ◊©èπ◊†o ®Ω’ùç B®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰úø’. Ç ®Ω’ùç BÍ®´®Ωèπ◊, ¢√∞¡Ÿx Å™«çöÀ ¶«üμ¿-°æ-ú≈-LqçüË.

ÆæÍ®Ø√?).

îª÷úøçúÕ. Å´-ûª-L¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°œpçC ´’†èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ N†°æ-úøéπ, ´’Sx îÁ°æp-´’-†-ú≈-EéÀ É™« èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. a) Sorry, I couldn't get you. Could you repeat it please? b) Sorry, I'm afraid I couldn't hear you. Once again please. c) Could you repeat it/ Could you repeat yourself please?

É´Fo èπÿú≈ (Å´¤†’. O’È®-´-®ΩçúŒ?)

= ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Nv¨»çA Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅE, (Åçîª-Ø√©’) (ûÁL§ƒ®·) (¢√∞¡x í¬ßª÷-©’ -îª÷ÊÆh -¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ -N-v¨»ç-A -Å-´Ææ®Ω-ç ÅE (that) -ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C). a) He told me that he had passed = Åûªúø’ pass Åߪ÷u†’ ÅE Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. b) I know that he is here = Åûª-E-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’ ÅE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

(O’ v°∂çú˛ ïí∫-D-≠ˇ- §∂ÚØ˛ ØÁç•®˝ É≤ƒh®√?)

Rahim: Oh, Thank you. Sorry for troubling you/ sorry for the trouble.

Rahim: (Over Phone) Hello, is it Mr. Johnson please.

... appraisals revealed that they needed rest and ... appraisals Revealed

your friend Jagdeesh?

(9440035545,

´·êuçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´’†-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´’†éπçõ‰ °j ≤ƒn®·™ ÖçúË¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°œpçC ´’†èπ◊ N†-°æ-úø-éπ-§ÚûË, ´’Sx îÁ°æp-´’-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Pardon/ Beg your pardon/ Pardon please ÅØ√L. Å™« ņúøç ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ®Ω v°æ´-®Ωh† (Polite behaviour). Pardon Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ.

°j ¢√éπuç™ they needed ´·çü¿’ "that" °æü¿ç ÖçC, ÉC áçü¿’èπ◊ Ééπ\úø ¢√ú≈™ ûÁLߪ’ñ‰ßª’í∫©®Ω’? A. Duo = ü¿yߪ’ç (Éü¿l®Ω÷/ È®çúø÷) pace duo = fast bowlers ü¿yߪ’ç/ Éü¿l®Ω÷. É™«çöÀ sentences ™ 'that' = ÅE.

- passive = (Active) =

Johnson: 9-4-4-0-0-3-5-5-4-5. Is it ok?

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

Q. The pace duo under went a series of fitness tests at the National Cricket Academy and the appraisals revealed injuries that they needed rest and rehabilitation.

ûÁ©’í∫’

Rahim: Sorry, I couldn't get you. Could you repeat it please.

éπ~N’ç-îªçúÕ. (N†-°æ-úø-

àüÁjØ√ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿E éÌöÀd §ƒÍ®-ߪ’úøç/ ûË™‰aߪ’úøç Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç: ¢ÁÆˇd-Éç-úŒ-Æˇ™ ïJÍí test series ™ «-®˝-ë«Ø˛, X¨»çû˝ ÇúË Å´-é¬-¨¡¢Ë’ ™‰ü¿E ûË™‰a-ߪ’•-úÕçC. (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'ûËLçC—) I rule out any rain today = Ñ ®ÓV ´®Ω{ç ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿E ûË™‰a-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.

It could not be done

Johnson: Oh, sure. Here it is 9440035545.

Pardon =

A. To rule out =

Polite behaviour

(´’®√uü¿éπ®Ω v°æ´®Ωh-†) †’ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®·. Eûªu-@-N-ûªç™ ÉN ¢√ú≈Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ î√™«ØË Öçö«®·. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

His greatness could not be understood

Would have to + V1 e.g. : Would have to go =

(í∫ûªç™) ¢Á∞«x-Lq-´-îËaC.

He understood that he would have to work hard, if he wanted to pass = pass

Åûªúø’ 鬢√©çõ‰, éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ÷Lq Öçô’ç-ü¿E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Manoj, Hyderabad. Q. To be

E á-°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? Öçúøôç

A. To be = being =

To be here is dangerous (

Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç).

To be the CM of a state is every politician's wish (äéπ ®√≠æZç ´·êu-´ ’ç-vAí¬ Öçúøôç v°æ-B ®√ïéÃߪ’¢√C éÓJéπ).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 10 -V-™„j 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

S. Tulsi Ram, Nandikotkur. Q. have to + v1, has to + v1, Must + v1, Should + v1, need to + v1

äÍé Nüμ¿çí¬ Öçö«®·. àC áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úÕûË ´’ç*-üÓ ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.  need n't + v1, ßÁ·éπ\ éÌEo ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’, Question tag form ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. A. I/ We/ You/ They have to + v1 = He/ She/ it has to + v1 = must + v1 = should + v1 =

§Ú®·çü¿E/ éπ©-í∫-™‰-ü¿E ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æú≈f. Question: a) Need you go there? Do you need to go there? - Present.

(¢Á∞«x-Lq† Å´Ææ®Ωç ÖçüΔ?) b) Did you need to go = (†’¢Áy-∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçúÕçüΔ? (í∫ûªç™) - Past Q. Get to keep -Å®√n-Eo -N-´-Jç-*, -¢√-úø’éπ-†’ ûÁL-ߪ’ ñ‰ßª’í∫-©®Ω’. A. Get to keep = Öç-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç: Get to know = ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç. Get to à Verb ûÓØÁjØ√ Ææçü¿®√s¥Eo •öÀd ¢√úø-´îª’a. a) Read books, you get to know many things =

àüÁjØ√ NCμí¬/ Çñ«c-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç/ ´’† Å´-Ææ®Ωçí¬ îËߪ÷Lq ®√´úøç.

°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îªü¿’´¤, î√™« N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓí∫©´¤.

i) You have to/ He has to/ You must/ You should do it at once = (Command-

†’´¤y (Åûªúø’) ÅC Çïc).

b) Slowly he got to understand their tricks =

ii) I have to/ I must/ I should attend duty tomorrow at 8 in the morning =

ØÁ´’tCí¬ Åûªúø’ ¢√∞¡x éÀô’èπ◊©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-Lí¬úø’.

¢ÁçôØË îËߪ÷L.

؈’ Í®°æ¤ Öü¿ßª’ç áE-N’-Cç-öÀéÀ Nüμ¿’-©èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω-¢√yL (NCμ = Duty)

iii) We have to start now or we will miss the train train

Q. However in this field there are few things one should keep in mind as a prospective interpreter- a good command over English and other languages ... A few, the few, few, a little, little etc... í∫’Jç* í∫ûªç™ N´-Jç-î√®Ω’. é¬E üËE-°jØ√ ÆæÈ®j-† Ææp≠ædûª ®√™‰ü¿’. Ñ Sentence v°æ鬮Ωç few Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç,

(´’†ç ¢ÁçôØË •ßª’-™‰l-®√L. ™‰éπ§ÚûË ûª°œp-§Ú-ûª’çC) – Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

Must I/ Have I (We/ You/ They) to/ should I,

2

c) The few good books in the library have been stolen =

™„jv•K™ Ö†o Ç éÌEo ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ üÌçTLç-îª-•-ú≈f®·/ á´®Ó éÌõ‰d-¨»®Ω’. Å®Ωnç Å®·çC éπüΔ? Å™«Íí little èπÿú≈. 1) There is little milk in the glass = Ç í¬xÆæ’™ §ƒ™‰ç ™‰´¤ 2) There is a little milk in the glass = Ç í¬xÆæ’™ àüÓ éÌClí¬ §ƒ©’Ø√o®·. Countables

Uncountables

´Ææ’h-´¤©’/ Little = (™„éπ\-°-ôd´’†’≠æfl©’ üΔüΔ°æ¤ ™‰´¤/ èπ◊çú≈, éÌLîË, ûª÷îË ´Ææ’h-´¤©’) üΔüΔ°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’ ™‰®Ω’ A few = à¢Ó éÌEo/ àüÓ A little = àüÓ éÌCl éÌçûª´’çC Very little = î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ Very few = î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ The little = Ö†o Ç The few = Ö†o Ç éÌCl éÌEo/ Ö†o Ç éÌçûª-´’çC Few

=

He has a good command of English go now? =

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«x™«? (Ø√èπ◊ ûª°æpüΔ?)

3) The cat has lapped up the little milk in the glass =

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 648

Should you/ must you/ have you to go now? =

†’Ny-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«x-Lqç-üËØ√?

Need not + v1 (1st Regular Doing Word) = He need not come here = future

í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Ñ sentence ™ 'few' ( = üΔüΔ°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’) ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. 'a few' (à¢Ó éÌEo) Öçú≈-L-éπ\úø.

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ

®√†´Ææ®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ (É°æ¤púø’/ ™) É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'need' †’ not ûÓØË (àüÁjØ√ °æE îËߪ’-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰-ü¿ØË ¶μ«´çûÓ) ¢√úøû√ç. ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ 'Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC— ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. I need to go now = ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC, ÅE Åçö«ç. 'Need not' always indicates the present or the future. Its past form: a) He did not need to go =

little A.

àüÁjØ√ °æE îËߪ’-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.

´’†-Ææ’™ Öç-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ üΔüΔ°æ¤ àO ™‰´¤ (¶μ«´ç ÉC é¬ü¿’ éπüΔ?)

There are a few things you should keep in mind =

´’†-Ææ’™ Öç-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ÷©’ éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. a) There are few good books in the library =

™„jv•K™ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh鬙‰ç ™‰†õ‰x.

Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-Lq† Å´-

Ææ®Ωç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC. b) I was happy I did not need to see a doctor =

M.SURESAN

There are few things are must keep in mind ...

b) There are a few good books in the library =

Ç ™„jv•K™ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ à¢Ó éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.

ú≈éπd-®˝†’ îª÷ú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰éπ-

Ç í¬xÆæ’™ Ö†o Ç éÌCl §ƒ©†÷ °œLx û√ÍíÆœçC. (lap/ lap up) = °œ©’x©÷, èπ◊éπ\™«x Ø√èπ◊ûª÷ û√í∫úøç) Command over a subject = ÆæJé¬ü¿’ Command of = correct = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç.

He has a good command of (command over English = English

é¬ü¿’)

Åûª-úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´ç-öÀ prepositions -áéπ\-úø, ᙫ -¢√-ú≈-™ -N-´®Ωçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. A. ´÷´‚©’í¬ use of prepositions like 'on', 'by', 'over', 'above, 'below', etc. á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úø’éπ (usage) v°æ鬮Ωç Öçö«®·. DEéÀ N´®Ωù àç Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈, ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ 'ú≈éπd®Ω’ ¢√úÕéÀ ¢Ájü¿uç î˨»úø’— Åçö«ç. '¢√úÕE— ņç éπ-üΔ?ÅC -¶μ«-≠æèπ◊-†o -v°æ-ûËuéπ -©éπ~-ùç. ¢√úø’éπ (usage) v°æ鬮Ωç Öçô’çC ûª°æp rules Öçúø´¤. Q. Over, on, above..

Could I have a glass of water? (O’ Â°Ø˛ ã≤ƒJ É´y-í∫-©®√?) Sunanda: By all means, here you are.

Suman: Could you let me use your phone?

Laxman: Oh, certainly. would you have it cool or normal?

(ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈, ¶«í¬ xöÀ F∞¡Ÿx 鬢√™«, ´÷´‚©’ F∞¡Ÿx- 鬢√™«?)

Sukrita: Thank you.

(O’ Phone ¢√úÌî√a?)

Ram: I'd rather have it cool.

Sunanda: It's all right.

(Ø√èπ◊ xF∞Ïx 鬢√L)

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

í∫´’-Eç-

'Could' request.

Look at the following.

(Ø√èπ◊ äéπ í¬xÆæ’ F∞¡Ÿx É´y-í∫-©®√?)

(ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈, ÉCíÓçúÕ)

°j† îªçúÕ:

OôEo-öÀéà ŮΩnç ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ ÅE.

Ram: Excuse me, could I have a glass of water, please?

¢√úøéπç. ÉC

Politest form of

Åçõ‰ Éûª-®Ω’© †’ç* àüÁjØ√ 鬢√-©-†’èπ◊çõ‰ ÅA ´’®√uü¿í¬ ÅúÕÍí NüμΔ†ç. ´·êuçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰E ´uèπ◊h©†’, ´’†-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l¢√-∞¡x†÷, ´’† ≤ƒn®· éπçõ‰ °j† Ö†o ¢√∞¡x†’ request îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË °æü¿-´’-†o-´÷ô. Ñ

Laxman: Have it Ram: Thank you Laxman: You're welcome. Could

†’ request ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ response (Ææpçü¿†) îª÷úøçúÕ. èπ◊

By all means = Oh, certainly/ Oh, sure

ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈/

Sunil: I am afraid, no.

(™‰ü¿çúŒ) O’ Phone ¢√úÌî√a? ÅE ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’, O™‰x-ü¿E ´’®√uü¿í¬ îÁÊ°pçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË expression 'I'm afraid, no'.

Ééπ\úø afraid èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ¶μºßª’ç ÅE é¬ü¿’. 'sorry' ÅE. ÉC ûª®Ωîª÷ ´îËa °æü¿ç. Practice îËüΔlç.

Q. I have been to Hyderabad.

DE Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îª-

í∫©®Ω’. A. I have been to Hyderabad =

؈’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢ÁRx ´î√a†’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ûÁL-°œ-†ô’x, I, We & You ûÓ have gone ¢√úøç (áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√ ¢Á∞«xç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). °j subject ûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ Have been to ÅØË ¢√úøû√ç. Father : Where did you go? (áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞ «x´¤)/ Where have you been? (Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ áéπ\úø’-Ø√o´¤?) Son: I have been to college (؈’ college éÀ ¢ÁRx´-î√a†’/ college †’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’/ ´î√a†’). Q. Marry, born, rain. How to use these words A. Marry = to get married use of 'marry': a) He/ She married/ her/ him. b) He is married (to her), she is married (to him) c) The father married off his son's/ daughter's and settled down to a peaceful life. Born: always transitive = used always with a 'be' form before it. A child is/ was/ will be born children are/ were/ will be born Rain: It rains every July; It is raining; It may rain tomorrow, etc. (The rain is coming/ is falling - wrong) Rain is important for agriculture. Q. I have collected soil samples and sending for testing. am sending sending

Ééπ\úø ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çüΔ?

®√¢√™« ™‰üΔ

A. I have collected soil samples and am sending them for testing- correct. 'am sending' is must. Q. It is right or it is correct

àC ÆæÈ®jçC?

A. It is right = It is correct- both are right/correct. Q. Difference between during and in, ie. He was absent during the month of january or absent in the month of january. A. During = The whole period- from the beginning till the end.

Sukrita: Could you please lend me your pen?

ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.

Ramulu, Mahaboobnagar.

During 2010 = for the whole year of 2010 we had good rain during 2010- from Jan 2010 Dec 2010. In = Any time/ any period in a particular period of time. We had good rain in 2010 = For some time of 2010, we had good rain. Q. Vis- a -vis? A. Vis- a -vis (pronounced =

O≤ƒN) -´’®Ó-üΔç-ûÓ §ÚLa îª÷ÊÆh.

The position of AP vis-a-vis that of the other states is much better = AP

N’í∫û√ ®√≥ƒZ© °æJÆœnAûÓ, °æJ-ÆœnAE §ÚLa-îª÷ÊÆh, ´’† ®√≠æZ °æJ-ÆœnûË ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. Q. Letter ®√ÊÆô-°æ¤púø’ Ref: arises ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. DE Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? A. Ref: with reference to (üËØÁj oØ√) °æ¤®Ω-Ææ \Jçèπ◊E. Ref: arises- -Å-ØË-C ØËØÁ-éπ\ú≈ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. DEéÀ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. Q. Difference between program - programme. A. Program - American, Programme - British. American English Program Computer program

™ 鬮Ωuvéπ´’ç ÅØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ÅØË

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 17 -V-™„j 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Imran, Yellandu. Q. Rise and Raise (What is the difference between them) A. 1) Rise (verb) - Past tense (P.T.) - rise, Past participle (PP) - risen = i) Stand up - Students rise (standup) when the teacher enters class. ii) grow/ increase - Prices of other things rise (grow/ increase) when the price of petroleum grows up. iii) get up from sleep.

The correct form of all the sentences above is: He is very weak and cannot go. Q.

Q. a) Industry b) Factory c) Company (difference) A. Industry =

°æJ-v¨¡´’ Factory = éπ®√t-í¬®Ωç (Where goods are made) Company = ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn Q. Ø√ ØÓ®Ω’ °æçúÕçC by having pan or ghutka

A. My mouth has turned red. Q.

Rise =

Åûªúø’ ††’o E®√¨¡ °æJ-î√úø’.

Q. a) I have seldom heard such a beautiful voice. b) I have never heard such utter non-sense. Rewrite the above sentences putting the adverb first and inverting the subject and verb. So, is the following are correct?

be, ought to be.

a) I have never heard such a beautiful voice.

shall have been, should have been, will have been, would have been, can have been, could have been, may have been, might have been, must have been, etc.

b) Such a utter non-sense, I have never heard

؈’ •ñ«-®Ω’™ ÖØ√o†’. How do we say the above sentence in English.

(îÁ®·u áû√húø’)

He disheartened me - correct -

ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿’Ææ’h©’ èπ◊öÀdç-î√†’. (How do

A. I had/ got my clothes stitched by the tailor.

Raise - P.T & PP raised = i) lift something. He raised his hand ii) to ask a question/ doubt - He raised a few questions/ doubts.

tailor we say in English)

؈’

A. a) Seldom have I heard such a beautiful voice. b) Never have I heard such utter nonsense.

A. I am in the bazaar. Q. a)

°jÈéûª’h

b)

•ßª’-ô-èπ◊-Bߪ· –

Yes. When you begin a sentence with an adverb, like seldom/ Never/ Hardly the subject and the verb are inverted.

How do we say

the above words in English

™‰´úøç, E©-•-úøôç, °®Ω-í∫úøç. Raise = áûªhúøç, °çîªúøç (üμ¿®Ω-™«xç-öÀN)

2

He is too weak to go -Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 649

A. Affect and effect - Affect - to cause a change - Rain or the lack of it affects crops =

´®Ω{ç, ÅC ™‰éπ-§Úúøç °æçô™x ´÷®Ω’p ûÁÆæ’hçC/ °æçô-©O’ü¿ v°æ¶μ«´ç îª÷°æ¤-ûª’çC. Effect = ´÷®Ω’p/ v°æ¶μ«´ç. Rain has an effect on crops - °æçô-©Â°j ´®Ω{ç v°æ¶μ«´ç(effect) Öçô’çC.

Q. a) He is too weak to go, b) He is very weak to go, c) he is much weak to go, d) he is so weak to go (difference) A. a) He is too weak to go = He is very weak, so he cannot go. He is very weak to go He is much weak to go He is so weak to go

}

WRONG

Q.

A. a) lift/ raise b) Take out/ produce.

V. Gayathri, Asifabad. Q.

éÀçC-¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Teleport, Dishearten

Skofy,

He disheartened me -

Tellurium,

M.SURESAN

éπÈ®-ÍédØ√.

A Teleport = Science

.

éπü∑¿ (Science fiction) ™ ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’/ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ ņ’-èπ◊†o¢ÁçôØË v°æûËuéπ ≤ƒüμ¿-Ø√-©ûÓ î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç BÆæ’-èπ◊-§Ú-´úøç. Skofy - Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ Ñ ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. Tellurium - äéπ ´‚©-°æ-üΔ®Ωnç (element) Ê°®Ω’. ´·êuçí¬ ®√T-™«çöÀ ™£æ…-©ûÓ éπLÆœ Öçô’çC. Dishearten - E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç.

NüΔu-®Ω’©-n èπ◊, Éûª®- Ω’©- èπ◊ Ö°æß - ÷Á í- °-∫ úæ Ë ÉçTx≠ˇ ví¬´’®˝ °æ¤Æhæ éπç Ê°®Ω’ ûÁ©°- í-æ ©-∫ ®Ω’?

A. Living English structures by Stannard Allen, published by Orient Blackswan.

Ramulu, Hyderabad. Q.

O’®Ω’ äéπ ¢√uÆæç™ verb has six forms (tenses) ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’. Ñ six forms àN’-öÀ?

A. The six forms of the English Verb are: 1. The 'be' forms: a) am, is, are, was, were b) All forms having 'be' in the end: shall be, should be, will be, could be, can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, have to be, has to be, had to be, need to be, dare to

(Ø√ ´’†-Ææ’†’ í¬ßª’°æJîË °æE î˨»´¤ †’´¤y. Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ´’†-≤ƒh°æçí¬ ÖçC) Sritej: What have I done? I am not aware what I've done to hurt you

(àç î˨»†’ ؈’? E†’o ¶«Cμç-îË-°æE àç î˨»ØÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’) Srikar: Oh, you aren't aware, arent you? Your joking at me with Sreyas - that really hurt me jokes

(Fèπ◊ ûÁMü¿’ éπüΔ? ¢Ëߪ’úøç, ††’o §ƒ°æç. †’´¤y v¨Ïߪ’Æ- ûˇ Ó Ø√O’ü¿ Eïçí¬ ¶«Cμç*- çC) Sritej: Oh, you mean that? I am really sorry. I just thought I could have some fun. I didn't really mean to hurt you. I'm sorry

(ÅüΔ †’´yØËC. ؈’ Eïçí¬ ¶«üμ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. àüÓ Ææ®Ω-üΔí¬ †´¤y-éÓ-´-a™‰ ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Eïçí¬ sorry). Srikar: This wasn't the first time. You had done it on quite a few occasions.

(ÉC ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ é¬ü¿’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x î˨»´¤ †’´¤y)

Sritej: Oh, I didn't know you took it so much to heart. I really didn't mean to hurt you. I thought you enjoyed the jokes too.

(Åçûªí¬ ´’†-Ææ’™ °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«-´E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. E†’o ¶«Cμç-îªúøç Ø√ ÖüËl¨¡ç é¬ü¿’. †’´¤y Ç jokes Ææ®Ω-üΔí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-´†’-èπ◊Ø√o). Srikar: If you were me, what would you do?join others and laugh at yourself?

(†’¢Ëy ØËØÁjûË,

àç îË≤ƒh´¤? Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ éπLÆœ E†’o îª÷Æœ †’¢Ëy †´¤yèπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)

3. Be form + past participle (passive voice): Is seen, has been done, would be told, should have been given, etc.

Have seen, has done, would have known, etc. 5. The doing words: I R.D.W. III Past II R.D.W. (used with I, (used with He, Doing Word We, You & they) she and it) go goes went see

sees

saw

do

does

did

keep

kept

walk

walks

kept walked etc.

6. Shall/ should/ will/ would/ can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ need/ have to/ has to/ had to/ ought to + 1st Regular Doing Word. Shall see (shall + I RDW), should know, will give, would take, can walk, etc. Q. He has written

Éçü¿’™

has written, verb

Å´¤Ø√? é¬üΔ?

I am terribly sorry.. Srikar: You've done something that has hurt my feelings. I am upset.

2. The 'be' form + the '... ing' form: Am going, was coming, have been going, has been singing, would have been talking, etc.

4. Have/ has/ had/ will have/ would have/ can have/ could have, etc, + Past Participle.

a) and b) - I have never heard ... are correct.

Éçé¬ ´’J-éÌEo Å®√n-©’-Ø√o®·. ûËú≈ ´÷vûªç ÉüË. Q. Affect and effect (difference)

c) All forms ending in 'been' have been, has been, had been,

get the bus.

A. Has written - verb; Has + written (past participle of write) - 4th class of verbs.

Suresh Sahani, Mukundapuram.

(E†’o

wait

îË®·ç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ *çAÆæ’hØ√o†’).

Sritej: If you look it so, I am terribly sorry. I do apologize. Let's forget it and be friends.

Prasanna: Oh, it's all right.

Q. I read a sentence in the text book of 8th class English that is 'Our earth is extremely big that in relation to its size even huge mountains would be like tiny particles of sand sticking to a foot ball'

(†’´¤y üΔEo Å™« BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰, ØËØÁçûÓ ¶«üμ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Fèπ◊ éπ~´÷-°æù îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√o, Éü¿çû√ ´’®Ω-*-§Ú®· ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’í¬ ÖçüΔç). Sritej: That's being decent about it. (ÅD ÆæÈ®j† v°æ´-®Ωh† Åçõ‰) îª÷úøçúÕ, °j Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™ Éûª-®Ω’-©-°æôx ´’†ç ņ’*-ûªçí¬ v°æ´-Jhç* Öçõ‰ éπ~´÷-°æù éÓÍ® B®Ω’– ´÷´‚©’í¬ *†o *†o §Ò®Ω-§ƒôxèπ◊ sorry/ I am sorry Åçö«ç. é¬Ææh °ü¿l §Ò®Ω§ƒô’èπ◊ I am terribly/

b) Sugandha: I am sorry I couldn't take you home yesterday. I clean forgot about it in my hurry. *sorry.

A. 'Would' here refers to an imaginary situation in the present. That is, it explains what might happen if we imagine something, and not in reality.

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

Supushpa: Oh, it doesn't matter, Just forget it.

Q. The people are at bay, let the blood hounds of money who have dogged thus for beware.

(àç °æ®Ω¢√-™‰ü¿’. ´’Ja§Ú Ééπ Ç N≠æߪ’ç †’´¤y)

A. At bay =

awfully sorry I apologize/ I sincerely apologize/ my apologies to you/ please accept my apology Apology

ņ-´îª’a. ´’K °ü¿l §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-õ„jûË

Åçö«ç. ´÷vûªç é¬Ææh °ü¿l §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’Íé °æJ-N’ûªç. *†o ûª°œp-üΔ©èπ◊ Ñ ´÷ô ¢√úøôç ´’†Lo ´’†ç éÀçæ®Ω-éÓ´-úø¢Ë’. Nî√®Ωç ´uéπhç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ sorry/ I am sorry/ I am terribly/ awfully sorry

(àç °∂æ®Ω¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰).

(E†o ؈’ ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡x-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ N≠æߪ’ç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’Ja-§Úߪ÷).

؈’ Ç

Sugandha: How good of you!/ So good of you.

(áçûª ´’ç*üΔEN †’´¤y!) É™« Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†èπ◊ sorry îÁ°œp-†our °æ¤púø’, response: Oh, it's all right/ that's all right/ It's OK/ just forget it/ never mind, it is OK.

éπ~´÷-°æù îÁ°œp-†çü¿’èπ◊ Å´-ûªL ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææ’´·-êçí¬, Å´í¬-£æ«-†ûÓ v°æ´-JhÊÆh ´’† Ææpçü¿†. ņo-°æ¤púø’, üΔEéÀ Ææ£æ«%-ü¿ßª’ Ææpçü¿†.

a) Pranav: I'm sorry I kept you waiting. I coun't

So good/ kind of you, very kind/ good of you. practice good manners.

O’ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™x Öçô’çC. ÉC

îËߪ’çúÕ. Åçü¿çí¬

Is the above underlined word past tense or present tense?

Anil, Ongole.

¢Áçö«-úø’-ûª’†o ¨¡vûª’-´¤†’ ûª°œpçéÓ-™‰E °æJ-Æœn-A™ ¨¡vûª’-´¤èπ◊ áü¿’®Ω’ A®Ω-í∫úøç; (ïçûª’-´¤©’ ûª°œpç--éÓ-™‰E °æJ-Æœn-A™ áü¿’-®Ω’-A-JT ¨¡vûª’-´¤ûÓ §Úö«xúøû√®·). O’ sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç: üμ¿†ç O’ü¿ N°æ-K-ûª-¢Á’i† Ǩ¡ûÓ v°æï-©†’ ¢Áç•-úÕç*, °‘úÕç-*† ¢√∞¡⁄x, ñ«ví∫ûªh (Beware). v°æï©’ Éçéπ üΔEo Æ棜«ç-îª-™‰éπ áü¿’-®Ω’AJÍí °æJ-ÆœnA (at bay) ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Blood hounds = °æÆ œ-í∫-ôd-í∫-L-Íí-¨¡éÀh ¶«í¬ Ö†o ¢Ëôèπ◊-éπ\©’ (Ééπ\úø ü¿’®√-¨¡ûÓ v°æï-©†’ °‘úÕçîË ¢√∞¡Ÿx) Who have dogged them = ¢√∞¡x†’ (v°æï-©†’) Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Áç•-úÕç* °‘úÕç-*-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx (üμ¿† ü¿’®√-¨»°æ®Ω’©’) To dog somebody = äéπ-JE ¢Áç•-úÕç-îªúøç ´ü¿©èπ◊çú≈.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 24 -V-™„j 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

S. Tulasiram, Nandikotkur Q.

éÀçC °æ-üΔ-©èπ◊ (adverbs) ûÁ©’í∫’, ÉçTx≠ˇ Å®√n©’ ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.

1) Thereabouts 2) thereafter 3) Thereby 4) Therefore 5) Therein 6) Therein after 7) Therein before 8) Therein to 9) Thereof 10) Thereon 11) Thereout 12) Thereto 13) Theretofore 14) There Under 15) Thereupon 16) Therewith 17) Therewithall 18) alongside 19) Hereby 20) Hereafter. A. i) Thereabouts = some place; b)

Öñ«b-®·ç-°æ¤í¬

a)

Ç ü¿J-üΔ-°æ¤™x –

near

(approximately/ nearby).

 He lives in Nandikotkur or thereabouts =

Åûªúø’ †çC-éÌ-ô÷\®˝ ü¿J-üΔ-°æ¤™x Öçö«úø’.

 The price of the dictionary is Rs.500/- or thereabouts =

into, thereof, thereon, thereto, theretofore, thereunder, therewith, therewithall (law and courts) spoken English

É´Fo °æJ-¶μ«-≠æ-™ØË ¢√úøèπÿú≈ îªôd ™ OöÀE û√®Ω’. ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ ¢√úøç – ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ¢√Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. Alongside = 1) at the side of something = äéπüΔE °æéπ\ØË – the ambulance stopped alongside the patient lying on the road = ®Óúø’f O’ü¿ °æúÕ Ö†o ®ÓT °æéπ\ØË/ °æéπ\† Åç•’©Ø˛q ÇTçC. 2) ûÓ/ ûÓ§ƒõ‰ = At the same time as something else - Alongside his fight for freedom Gandhi was busy with his experiments with food -

2

Åûªúø’ ÖüÓuí∫ç éÓ™pߪ÷úø’. Q. Direct speech and Indirect speech 'let'

™ ¢√úøé¬Eo, O™„j†Eo ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

A. Imperative sentences verb object

d) It is unlikely that he will be selected =

(Çïc©’, Nïc-°æ¤h©’ ûÁLÊ° ¢√é¬u©) ™ èπ◊ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, Indirect speech 'let'ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç Å´¤-ûª’çC. Clean the room. (ÉC Çïc/ Åúø-í∫ôç. Åúø-í∫ôç 鬕öÀd Imperative sentence. Verb, 'clean' èπ◊ 'room' object. Åçü¿’-éπE Indirect speech, i) Let the room be cleaned ÅE 'let' ûÓ v§ƒ®ΩçGμ≤ƒhç.-

≤ƒyûªçvûªu §Ú®√-ôç -ûÓ-§ƒõ‰ í¬çDμ Ç£æ…®Ω N≠æߪ÷™x ûª† v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-î√úø’. Hereby = Through this = DE üΔy®√ – I hereby declare the bridge inaugurated = É™« îÁ°æpúøç üΔy®√ ØËF ´çûÁ† v§ƒ®Ωç¶μº¢Á’içü¿E v°æéπ-öÀÆæ’hØ√o. Hereafter = É°æpöÀ †’ç*. I will not smoke

Let the work be completed (Indirect speech).

It is likely to rain iii) Please show me the way (D.S.).

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 650

December 2010. Thereafter I have not seen him.

(Åûªúø’ *´-J-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ††’o úÕÂÆç-•®˝ 2010™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Ç ûª®√yûª ؈ûªúÕE îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.)

iii) Thereby = Because of that/ As a result of that =

hereafter (from now on) -

Let the way be shown please (I.S). Q. I) Likely that II) Unlikely that

He did not prepare well for the interview, thereby losing the chance of selection -

Éçô-®Ω÷y u-éπûªúø’ ÆæJí¬ -v°œÊ°®˝ -Å-´y-™‰-ü¿’, áç°œ-éπßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç Ç鬮Ωùçí¬ §ÚíÌô’dèπ◊Ø√oúø’. iv) Therefore = So/ As a result. (Åçü¿’-´©x). He was late and therefore he missed the bus -

Ç©Ææuç Å®·-†ç-ü¿’-´©x Åûª-úÕéÀ •Æˇ Åçü¿-™‰ü¿’.

Therein, Therein after, therein before, there-

¢√úøéπç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰Æ œ, éÌEo ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´JçîªçúÕ. A. Likely = ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC.

É°æpöÀ

†’ç* ؈’ §Òí∫ °‘©a†’. Q. Get + pp (past participle)

°æüΔ©

Ç é¬®Ω-ùçí¬/ üΔE °∂æL-ûªçí¬

í∫’Jç* ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. ÅßË’u™« îª÷úøôç/ îË®·ç-îªúøç. i) He got repairs done to his car = é¬®Ω’èπ◊ JÊ°®Ω’x îË®·ç-î√úø’/ ÅßË’u™« îª÷¨»úø’. ii) He got the thief taken to police = Ç üÌçí∫†’ §ÚM-Ææ’© ü¿í∫_-JéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞Ïx™« î˨»úø’. iii) She got the room cleaned = Ç¢Á’ í∫CE ¨¡Ÿv¶μºç îË®·ç*çC. b) É™« èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç:

(ÅûªúÌ≤ƒhú≈?) (Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC)/ Quite likely/ (Å´-鬨¡ç ¶«í¬ ÖçC)

A. Get + pp = a)

(äéπ\-®ÓVèπ◊ F °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-éÓØ√?) (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈)

Subodh: Oh, sure. Susmitha: Thanks a lot. Subodh: That's all right. But be sure to return it the day after.

Aparna: Likely very likely

Åûªúø’ Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. ´®Ω{ç ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Unlikely = ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. He is unlikely to help you = Féπ-ûªúø’ ≤ƒßª’ç-îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’ (îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a).







2) Sahil: Can you lend me your bike for an hour.

(F

bike

Thanks)

Mans: That's OK.

°j È®çúø’ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™x 'can' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’EçîªçúÕ. DEo questions form ™ requests (Ŷμºu-®Ωn-†©) èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC èπÿú≈ polite behaviour ™ ´’†ç ®ÓW îËÊÆ Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™x ¶μ«í∫¢Ë’ éπüΔ? Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Request

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈).

ã í∫çô-§ƒô’ Ø√éÀ-≤ƒh¢√?)

Manas: I'm afraid, no. I have a lot of things to do today. Without the bike I can't just manage.

(ØËE-´y-™‰†’. à´’-†’-éÓ-´ü¿’l. É¢√∞¡ ؈’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’©’ î√™« ÖØ√o®·. Bike ™‰éπ-§ÚûË èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’.) Sahil: Oh, I can understand. Thanks just the same.

™, ™,

´·êuçí¬

†’ ïJT† Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©èπ◊ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

Å°æ¤púË

e.g.: 20 die in Mumbai bomb blast die (simple present) (immediate past)

Ééπ\úø †’ Åçûªèπ◊ véÀûª¢Ë’ ïJ-T† Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Q. Rainbow èπ◊ Å®√n-Eo*a ÅC adjective Å´¤-ûª’çüΔ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. There is also likelihood of the rainbow alliance that the AIADMK chief rode back to power on coming undone. on coming, undone

™E ûÁLߪ’ñ‰ßª’çúÕ.

Ñ ¢√éπuçí∫’Jç*

A. Rainbow alliance = alliance different political parties

(èπÿôN’) of (NNüμ¿ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ °æé¬~ ©ûÓ) Éûª®Ω *†o-*†o ®√ï-éÃߪ’ °æé¬~ -©ûÓ à®Ωp-úÕ† èπÿôN’. ¢Á·ûªhç ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç. N’í∫û√ *†o *†o ®√ï-éÃߪ’ °æé¬~ -©ûÓ à®Ωp-úÕ† èπÿôN’ (Rainbow alliance) AIADMK ÅCμ-é¬-®√-EéÀ ®√´-úøçûÓ NúÕ§ÚßË’ Å´-鬨¡ç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

c) It is likely to rain/ that it will rain =

K. Biksham, Khammam Q. Please translate these telugu sentences in to English with examples. 

؈’ ï¢√-•’©’ Å°æpñ„-°œpç--éÓ-¢√L.

A I have to get the students to recite answers.

.

(؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. Å®·Ø√

(Ŷμºu-®Ωn†) îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ N’í∫û√ ´÷ô©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®·. Å®·ûË 'can'

Susmitha: Certainly

,

b) It is likely that he will come this evening =

He got dismissed from the job =

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√™‰ü¿’. é¬F á©’xçúÕ ´÷vûªç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ AJT É´¤y).

A. News Paper reporting Headlines photo captions simple present expresses immediate past - simple present (meets, visits, wins, etc.,)

a) Anand: Will he come?

M.SURESAN

I'm afraid, no 1) Susmitha: Can I have your book for a day, please?

P. Chidambram greets U.S secretary of homeland security Janet Napolitan after a press conference in new Delhi on Friday on the homeland security dialog between Indian and the United States.

ii) Complete the work (Direct speech).

Ç úÕéπ{-†K üμ¿®Ω Å®·-ü¿’-´ç-ü¿-©’-

í¬F, üΔüΔ°æ¤ Åçûª-í¬F Öçô’çC. ii) Thereafter = Ç ûª®√yûª. He met me last in

Åûªúø’ áç°œéπ é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a/ ÅßË’ô’x ™‰úø’ (Å´é¬-¨¡ç-™‰ü¿’) Q. Ççí∫x C†-°æ-vA-éπ™ x ÉîËa §∂Òö é¬u°æ{Ø˛ Simple Present tence ™ Öçô’çC, áçü¿’-´©x? Home Minister ÖüΔ£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊:Union

question form Informal requests

™ -

ÆæpçCç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË

expressions.

Oh sure/ certainly/ why not/ By all means/ of course.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈/ áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’?) – É™«



°æ¤Ææhéπç îª÷Æœ ï¢√-•’©’ îÁ§Òpü¿’l.

.



®√´· °æ¤Ææhéπç îª÷Ææ÷h ï¢√-•’©’ îÁ•’ûª’Ø√oúø’.

A Ramu is giving answers looking into the book/ Ramu is taking the help of the book to answer/ Ramu is reading answers from the book.

.



°æ¤Ææhéπç îª÷Ææ÷h ï¢√-•’©’ îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? . A Are you giving the answers from the book?/

a) I'm afraid, no

taking the help of the book to answer?/ reading answers from the book?

b) Sorry/ I'm sorry, no d) I regret, no

؈’ ï¢√-•’©’ Å°æpñ„-°œpç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.

A. I am getting the students to recite answers. A Don't give answers looking into the book/ Don't read the answers from the book.

á´-®ΩØ√o, àü¿Ø√o ÅúÕ-TûË ´’†ç É´y™‰E/ àü¿Ø√o ≤ƒßª’ç-îËߪ’-™‰E °æJÆœn-A™.



§ƒ©’ §Òçí∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®·.

A The mill is boiling over.

.



鬩-éπ%-û√u©’ B®Ω’aéÓ. . A Finish off your ablutions. (But 'ablutions' is

c) I am afraid I can't, sorry

Åçõ‰ ´’† Éçöx-¢√-∞¡x†’, ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o¢√-∞¡x†’, ´’† ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-©†’ request îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.



(ÉC é¬Ææh

formal)







3) Prabodh: Can you give me a lift upto my place?

Can you...?/ can I ...? request

(é¬Ææh ´÷ ÉçöÀ üΔé¬

èπ◊ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, requests èπ◊ Ææ’´·-êçí¬

(ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬, ®ΩçúÕ) ÉC é¬Ææh formal É´Fo ¶«í¬ practice - îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.

lift

É≤ƒh¢√?)

Prasanth: That'd be a pleasure; come along.

old fashioned). We can say, finish off your bath etc.  What is language? Why study it?

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Why °æéπ\† helping verb ™‰èπ◊çú≈ V1 ¢√úøôç ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√? áçü¿’-´©x? A. Why study it? - correct - ÉC ¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç – ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’. Why study grammar? Why take the trouble? Why waste time? etc., - correct.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 31 -V-™„j 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

K. Sri krishna Kumar, Bapatla Q.

v¨Ïߪ’Ææ’qèπÿ †’´¤y §ƒô’-°æ-úËçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æúÕûË, FûÓ éπL-ÊÆ-¢√-∞¡x™ ØËØË ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-¢√-úÕE.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√nEo ûÁL°œ, E®√t-ù«Eo N´Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

 He would rather have no land at all than land given merely as a sop to public opinion. A. He would rather have no land at all than land given merely as a sop to public opinion.

°j ¢√é¬uEéÀ Å®Ωnç: àüÓ Íé´©ç v°æñ«-Gμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo ´’Eoç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ (Åçü¿®Ω÷ à´’Ø√o ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-Í®-¢Á÷††o ¶μºßª’çûÓ) ûª†-éÀîËa ¶μº÷N’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’ éπçõ‰, ¶μº÷N’ ÅÆæ©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’Íé É≠æd °æúøû√ú≈ߪ’†. Ééπ\úø ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC, the use of 'rather', Ééπ\úø rather ... than/ rather thanèπ◊ Å®Ωnç '•ü¿’-©’í¬— ÅE. ´·êuçí¬ È®çúø’ Gμ†o-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ´’†ç üËEo áèπ◊\´ É≠æe-°æ-úø-û√¢Á÷ ÅC

If you would give up = If you wish to give up, Give up = Stop having.

Vishal Sahani, Nizamabad Q.

éÀçC ÆæçüË-£æ…-©†’ B®Ωa-í∫-©®Ω’.  He has got the bike by convincing his parents.  He has got the bike convincing his parents. What is the difference between the above mentioned sentences - please explain in Telugu.

A. Neither (1) nor (2) is correct. The correct form of the sentence is:

2

I (subject) + found (verb) + him (object) + angry (verb complement - adjective) b) They elected him captain. They (subject) + elected (verb) + him (object) + captain (noun) c) The police saw the house locked. The police (sub) + saw (verb) + the house (obj) + locked (verb complement - past participle) Q. Please translate the following sentences into English. 

Å®Ω’í∫’ O’ü¿ èπÿ®Óa.

a) He got the bike after convincing his father.

A. Sit on that platform.

b) He convinced his father to buy him a

A. He made me a laughing stock.



Åûªúø’ ††’o †´¤y-©-§ƒ©’ î˨»úø’.

I'd rather die than tell a lie 

ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. I'd rather die than tell a lie/ rather than tell a lie, I'd die =

Å•-üΔl¥©’ ÇúË-•-ü¿’©’ îªE-§Ú-´-ú≈-EÍé É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’ (î√´-ØÁjØ√ îª≤ƒh-†’-í¬F Å•ü¿l¥ç Çúø†’ ÅE Å®Ωnç.) English ™ -î √™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ Rather †’ ¢√úøû√®Ω’. 'What do you wish to have, coffee or something else?' 'I'd (I would) rather have a cold drink than coffee'

(鬰∂‘ éπçõ‰ àüÁjØ√ Qûª© §ƒF-ߪ’¢Ë’ Ø√

éÀ≠dçæ .) Q. If you would give up class hatred and truly work for the good of all I would be the first to join you.

,

A. If you would give up class hatred and truly work for the good of all, I would be the first to join you =

´®Ω_ NüËy-≥ƒEo ´÷†’-èπ◊E Åçü¿J

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 651

؈’ Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_®Ω îªü¿’´¤ ØË®Ω’aèπ◊çô’Ø√o†’.

A. I am being taught by him. 

bike. Q. He stood before me/ infront of me - which one is correct?

á´®Ω’ †’´¤y? ´÷ ≤ƒ®˝ ´îËa õ„j¢˛’™ ´î√a´¤?

A. Who are you that have come just when our teacher comes?

M.SURESAN A. He stood in front of me = He stood  before me; but 'before me' is formal, used A. I will go see him and come back. when somebody stands before people in positions of authority. E. Anil, Bapatla

؈’ ¢ÁRx Çߪ’†’o îª÷Æœ ´≤ƒh†’.

Q. Verb complement - means what? A. Verb complement is the word, usually an adjective/ noun/ past participle etc., coming after the object and completing the meaning of the verb. e.g.: a) I found him angry.

Q. Clarify the following doubts. i) Positions of Adverbs ii) These days people care too much for manners iii) Don't be too anxious of the matter. In the above (ii) and (iii) sentences used

I'll be waiting for your call a) Prasen: Will you do me a help please?

(O’®Ó ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh®√ Ø√èπ◊?) Yashwanth: With pleasure. What's it.

(ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬. àçôC?) Prasen: On your way to your shop, please hand over my leave letter at my office. Sorry for the trouble. shop leave letter office

(O’

èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-üΔ-J™ Ø√ †’ ´÷ ™ Åçü¿-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.) Yashwanth: Of course I will. Where is it? Prasen: Here you are. Thanks a lot. thanks.) Yashwanth: Oh, not at all. Look at: Will you do me a help/ a small help please? Can will Question form Request Requests Can Will Can for requests is Question form inforvery informal. Can mal requests Request

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, ÅüÁ-éπ\úø?) (ÉC-íÓçúÕ.

(á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®√?/ ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®Ω’ éπüΔ? O’ Phone éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hç-ö«†’.) Rohini: Oh, Certainly. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) á´J Request ØÁjØ√ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’, ´’† Ææpçü¿†: Oh, Surely/ Certainly/ You can take my word for it of course

(؈’ O’èπ◊ ´÷öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’)/ (éπ*a-ûªçí¬)

c) Yashwin: I don't know my way about in this place will you lead me, Please?

(Ø√éà Ü-J-™ üΔ®Ω’©’ ûÁL-ߪ’´¤. é¬Ææh O’®Ω’ îª÷°œç-îªçúÕ.) Aswin: Will do certainly. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷°œ-≤ƒh†’) àüÁjØ√ Ŷμºu-®Ωn-†èπ◊ Ææ’´·-êçí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ Åçõ‰

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

î√™«

(ÅüËç °æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’)

™«í¬ØË

†’ èπÿú≈ ™ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ (Ŷμºu-Jnç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊) èπ◊ ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË èπ◊ éÌçîÁç ûËú≈ ÖçC. †’ ™ èπ◊, Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-´·-†oîËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx, Éçöx-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©†’ ¢√úøû√ç. 'Will' in the question form is used for more formal requests than 'can'. Request 'will' b) Bharani: Will you let me know when to start? I'll be waiting for your call.

´’†éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’, îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†-éπçûª °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰-E-¢√-∞¡x†’ ¢√úøû√ç.

á´J Request ØÁjØ√ ´’†ç ä°æ¤p-èπ◊çõ‰, 'will do' (Åçõ‰ I will do) ņ-´îª’a. 'Will do' ¢√úøéπç É°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ù¢Á’i §Ú®·çC. d) Kapil: Take me home on your bike, will you? bike

(F O’ü¿ †Eoç-öÀéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√´¤ éπüΔ?)

Arun: I'm afraid no/ not. You'll (You will) excuse me for today. I am not going the usual way today. Sorry

(ã, ؈’ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’. Ñ¢√RdéÀ àç ņ’-éÓèπ◊. ؈’ ´÷´‚©’ üΔJ™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç

™‰ü¿’.)

Ramji Sahani, Yellandu

Kapil: Just don't worry. It's OK.

(àç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰) Kapil request Will Question tag form formal requests

EçîªçúÕ.

í∫´’èπ◊ ™

ÖçC. É™« èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-´îª’a. ´’®Ó ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ."You will help me in the matter, will you?/ Won't you?" = O’K N≠æߪ’ç™ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh®Ω’ í∫üΔ?/ îËߪ’®√? ÅE Ŷμºu-Jnç-îªúøç (Requesting) É™« Two types of question tags (Positive and negative) †’ Request èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a. °j Ææç¶μ«-≠æ-ù™ Arun request †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – You will excuse me (please) = O’®Ω’ ††’o éπ~N’çîª-í∫-©®Ω’ – É™« will †’ statement form ™ èπÿú≈ Request èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ´·êu¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç... 'Will' in the statement form for requests is more formal than will in question form Question form 'will' Statement form 'will' Request (more formal) You will kindly wait for 10 minutes please =

™

éπçõ‰, ™ °æ‹®Ωyéπçí¬

èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ´’®√u-ü¿Öçô’çC.

O’®Ω’ °æC EN’-≥ƒ©’ ¢Ë* Öçú≈-©E ´÷ éÓJéπ. (Will in the statement for request) Practice

îËߪ’çúÕ.

'too' as adverb. But too - to rule is not followed. What is the difference between too to and above sentences. A. The position of the adverb in a sentence depends on what you wish to emphasize. He walked slowly towards the hospital. Here slowly placed after the verb gives importance to the way he walked. Immediately he rushed to the hospital. Here immediately stresses the time of action. Though as a rule the adverb takes some position after the verb, it can be placed sometimes even at the beginning of a sentence and sometimes before the verb. a) She slowly raised her face and looked at her reflection in the mirror. b) I strongly wish to see her at once is more effective, I wish to see her strongly. In the two expressions, 'care too much' and 'be too anxious' mean that 'the caring' and 'the anxiety' are more than is good. The results of so much 'caring' and being 'so anxious' can be bad, instead of being good. In such cases, 'too' is not and need not be followed by the 'so that ...... not' clause. Too always has a negative meaning. The mother is too caring - She shows more care than is good for the child. The effect on the child is bad. The difference between sentences of this kind, and 'too-to' sentences: in this kind of sentences, the 'to part' is understood. She is too tall = She is very tall and that may be a disadvantage for her/ make certain things difficult for her. The underlined part is indirectly stated by the sentence without the 'to...' part.

¶«í¬

Q. Please translate the following sentences into English. 

¢√-∞¡Ÿx á´®Ω’ ´÷ Ø√†o ´îËa õ„jç™ ´î√a®Ω’?

A. Who are they that have come just when my father comes? 

؈’ O’ Å©’x-úÕ-E 鬴-©-Æœ† ¢√úÕE 鬆’ ÅE ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ áØÓo≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ§ƒp†’.

A. I have told them often/ a number of times that I am not the one to be their son-in-law. 

Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»© Ííô’x à ®Óñ„jûË ûÁ®Ω-´-•-ú≈fßÁ÷ Ç®ÓV †’ç-îË Ñ Ææ´’Ææu ¢Á·ü¿-™„jçC.

A. The whole problem started the day on which the gates of the school were opened. 

´’†¢Ë’ 鬢√-©E Ñ¢Á’-†’ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ °æç°œç-î√-´’E O-∞¡x Ø√†o ´’†Lo ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.

A. Her father will mistake us for sending her there intentionally. Q. He would make the agitators silence. would

-Ñ

¢√éπuç-™

-¢√-úøéπç éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?-

A. 'Would' here refers to the result of an imaginary action 'would'

´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË îª®Ωu °∂æL-û√Eo ¢√-úø-û√ç. He would silence the agitators = ÇçüÓ-∞¡†é¬®Ω’©†’ Åûªúø’ ØÓ®Ω’- ´‚-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËô’x îË≤ƒhúø’; Åûª-úÕéπ\úÕéÀ ´ÊÆh/ Åûª-úÕéÀC ûÁLÊÆh – Å®·ûË Å-ûª-úÕéπ\úÕéÀ ´îËa/ Åûª-úÕ-éÀC ûÁLÊÆ °æJ-ÆœnA ™‰C-°æ¤púø’. ®√´-úøç/ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úø-´’çô÷ ïJ-TûË Åûª-úø’ ÇçüÓ-∞¡†é¬®Ω’-©†’ ¨»çûª-°æ-®Ω’≤ƒhúø’. É-D -Ééπ\-úø 'would' ¢√úø-ôç™-E ¶μ«´ç.

ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 7- -Çí∫Ææ’d 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sunaina, Kaikalore Q. Clarify doubts.

the



following

 He goes on talking.  He is going on talking What is the difference between the above mentioned sentences. A.  He goes on talking - That's what he usually does - That is his regular practice.

Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷/ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«úø’.  He is going on talking - That's what he is doing now. Q. He poses as if he were/ was a collector - is it correct sentence? A. He poses as if he were a collector - is the correct form, though, now a days, 'as if he

connected situations would present future

™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, ™ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

.Priyanjali, Vijayavada

éÀçC ÆæçüË-£æ…-©†’ B®Ωa-í∫-©®Ω’.

 Eating mangoes wouldn't harm her would probability I would come tomorrow I would meet you there. I would play. I would talk to him -

™ E -îÁ-•’-ûª’ç-ü¿-E O’®Ó-îÓ-ô ûÁL§ƒ®Ω’. ÅE ņ-´î√a?

Å®·ûË Å™«Íí

ÅE ņ-´îª’a éπüΔ?

†’ èπ◊

Independent sentence I would play; I would talk to him are WRONG.

–

Q. Subject complement, object complement, noun complement, verb complement, adverb complement, adjective complement

Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?

Ñ sentence ™ would, probability E Ææ÷*Ææ’hçC. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ imaginary (Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË) N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC – Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ mangoes AØË-ôd-®·ûË ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.

A. Subject complement Sentences

Åçõ‰ subject †’ í∫’Jç* ™ ´·êuçí¬ 'be' forms îÁÊ°pC. ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC subject †’ í∫’Jç-*† Ææ´÷î√-®√Eo ÉÆæ’hçC. a) She is a singer.

He is a bold man sentence singer' subject

was a collector' is also being used. He came here after he had written the exam. Explain the difference. A. He came here after writing the exam = He came here after he had written the exam. No difference in meaning between the two. Q. He quenched the fire pouring water. He quenched the fire by pouring water. Translate in Telugu and give explanation. A. 'He quenched the fire by pouring water.' Correct. Mearing 'By'

F∞¡Ÿx-§ÚÆœ ´’çô-©†’ Ç®√púø’. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈L = Å™« îËߪ’ôç üΔy®√ (F∞¡Ÿx §Úߪ’úøç üΔy®√). Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ-™ éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

èπ◊ subject 'She'. A Å®·ûË 'she' †’ í∫’Jç*

Ééπ\úø

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 652

Q. He came here after writing the exam.

îÁ•’-ûÓçC 鬕öÀd 'singer' subject complement. Ñ subject complement, äéπ noun. Subject complement, adjective í¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçúÌa.

I would come tomorrow probability imaginary M.SURESAN I would come tomorrow b) Hemanth was tall. independent Subject of the sentence - Hemanth. 'Tall' Independent Modern English I tells us about and gives information about will come tomorrow Connected the subject, Hemanth. sentence I would come 'tall' subject complement tomorrow Look at the following 'tall' adjective conversation: subject complement, noun/ adjective Chandra: The meeting might be held tomorrow.

™, (Ææç¶μº-NçîË Å´-鬨¡ç) / (Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË) Ç≤ƒ\®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ. Åçõ‰ ÅE í¬ Å†úøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. í¬ Å®·ûË Åçö«®Ω’. àüÁjØ√ Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ņ-´îª’a.

™

鬕öÀd

Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø

.

鬕öÀd, 鬴a.

Object complement: Object meaning object complement. Object

(Í®°æ¤ O’öÀçí˚ °ôd-´îª’a.) Surya: I would come then.

†’

(Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ´≤ƒh†’)–

ÅCμéπç îËÊÆC

How do I get to that place please? Sreyas: Excuse me, I am a stranger in the town. Could you tell me how I can go to Premier Institute of Technology please ?

(ØËF ÜJéÀ éÌûªh. Premier Institute of Technology

éÀ ᙫ ¢Á∞«x™ é¬Ææh îÁ•’-û√®√?) Anusha: It's (It is) a bit far off from here. If you

further. Turn left and then take the

bus, you have to

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

change bus, and

a) How can I/ do I go to place 'X' from here, please?

(ᙫ-¢Á-∞¡xúøç / ¢Á∞«xL)

b) How do I get to that place please?

(ÅC Ééπ\-úÕéÀ é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç. •Æˇ™ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ •Æˇ©’ ´÷®√L, ûª®√yûª é¬Ææh †úø-¢√L. Åö™ ¢Á∞¡xèπÿúøüΔ?)

¢Á∞«xL?)

Sreyas: I'd rather go by bus. The auto may

c) Could

(ᙫ

üΔJ îª÷°æúøç : °∂晫--Ø√, °∂晫-Ø√ •ÂÆq-éπ\-úøç.

you guide

buses I've to take please.

me

/

direct me to

= take/ catch bus

no,

that

place,

Anusha: OK. Take bus No.13 here. Get off at

please?

the Govt. College bus stop and

(Å®·ûË,

there take bus No.15A. Get down at

direct,

Tristar Hotel Stop. Walk 100 meters

guide

....

catch 'take'

éπçõ‰ ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ωùç.

'Get into' bus no ....'

ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-

´îª’a.  Bus

Cí∫úøç = Get off/ get down from the bus.  èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤/ áúø´’ ¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫úøç Turn right/ left; Take the right/ left turn. 

•Æˇ CT é¬Ææh ´·çü¿’èπ◊ †úø-´úøç = Get off the bus and walk a little further/ walk fur-

charge too much. Let me know the

(•Æˇ-™ØË ¢Áúø-û√-™„çúÕ. Çö-¢√∞¡Ÿx î√®˝b ´’K áèπ◊\´ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. •Æˇ-©†’ í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpçúÕ.)



college.

want to go by

then walk a little. Why don't you take an auto?

(üΔJ îª÷°æúøç) é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç.

right turn again. You will find the

(ÆæÍ® 13´ ØÁç•®Ω’ •Ææ’q áéπ\çúÕ. Govt college bus stop ü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫çúÕ. Åéπ\úø 15á áéπ\çúÕ. vB≤ƒd®˝ £æ«Ùô™¸ ü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫çúÕ. é¬Ææh-ü¿÷®Ωç ´·çü¿’èπ◊ †úÕ* èπ◊úÕ ¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ. Åéπ\úø O’èπ◊ College éπE°œÆæ’hçC)  éÌûªh v°æüË-¨¡ç™ üΔJ ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’, üΔJ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊ØË Nüμ¿ç, üΔJ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’E-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ üΔJ îª÷Ê°-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈Lq† expressions îª÷úøçúÕ.

complement, noun/ adjective/ past participle

í¬

N´Jçîªí∫©®Ω’. A. Eating mangoes wouldn't harm her.

Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’ Å™« ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’.

Åçõ‰ meeting ïJÍí °æéπ~ç™. Meeting ï®Ωí∫ôç éπ*aûªç é¬ü¿’. É™«çöÀ îÓôx ´÷vûª¢Ë’,

É°æpöx ؈’ Èéjéπ©÷®Ω’ NúÕ* áéπ\-úÕéà ¢Á∞¡x†’. Åçü¿JF ÆæçûÓ-≠æ°-úø’ûª÷ ؈÷ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçö«†’.

A. I am not leaving Kaikalur now or in the near future. I am going to be here feeling happy and making others happy as well.

Q.

2

ther down.

(Éçé¬ ´·çü¿’-Èé∞¡xúøç)  ODμéÀ áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤ / èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ 5´ / 6´ .... É©’x = The 5th / 6th building on the left/ the right.

ÉN ¶«í¬

Practice

îËߪ’çúÕ.

鬴a. a) They named their child Prabhat. object, 'their child'. 'Prabhat' object Prabhat object complement. Prabhat, noun. So, here is a sentence in which the object complement is a NOUN. b) They found the computer useful. Verb: found; object - computer. 'Useful', an adjective, adds to the meaning of the object, so, 'useful' is object complement. And 'useful' is an adjective. c) They had the machine replaced. Object the machine (of the verb, 'had') Replaced - past participle - object complement. d) Noun complement; objects - direct and indirect are all noun complements. Nouns part in apposition to another noun is also a noun complement. MS.Dhoni, Captain of the Indian team - here captain is a noun complement. e) Adverb complement. Adverb adverb complement. The book is on the table. ' on the table', adverb adverb complement. The book on the table is mine. on the table adverb complement. Adjective complement Adjective Everyone is afraid of snakes. 'afraid' adjective. (of snakes) adjective complement. They are proud of their achievement. Proud - adjective of their achievement - adjective complement. Q. 'Attribute' A. Attribute He is a bold man. bold, man bold attribute. English

Ééπ\úø Å®√nEo °æ‹Jh îË≤ÚhçC. Åçü¿’-´©x

Å®√nEo ÅCμéπç

îËÊÆC,

Ééπ\úø °æE îËÆæ’hçC. 鬕öÀd, ÉC, Ééπ\úø

èπÿú≈

ÉC

ÅCμéπç îËÆæ’hçC. Ééπ\úø §ƒ´·-©èπ◊

Å®√nEo

üËEéÀ ¶μºßª’-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’? – ÉC

Åçõ‰ àN’ö N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Åçõ‰ äéπJE/ äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤E ´JgçîË Ééπ\úø †’ ´÷ô. ÅØËC ´Jg-Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd îªéπ\í¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ñ N´-®√-©Fo °æ‹Jhí¬ Å†-´-Ææ®Ωç. OöÀE í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ¢√Lq† Å´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’, Grammar ™ Complement Åçõ‰ àO’ ûÁL-ߪ’-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ áçûÓ îªéπ\í¬ English ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’, ®√ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. 鬕öÀd OöÀE í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç à´÷vûªç ™‰ü¿’. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-éÌDl confusion áèπ◊\´ Å´¤-ûª’çC. -ØÓ-ö¸: 31.07.2011-Ø√-öÀ Spoken English (Lesson No.651)™ verb complement èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’† object complement N´-®Ωù v°æ-J-ûª-¢Á’içC. Verb complement èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† N´-®Ωù – Verb complement Åçõ‰ verb Å®√nEo °æ‹Jh-îËÊÆC. ÉC, Åçõ‰ verb complement, verb èπ◊ direct object/ indirect object í¬ Öçô’çC. a) She saw the movie last night. Éçü¿’™ verb, saw; üΔEéÀ direct object movie, verb complement Å´¤-ûª’çC. b) The teacher taught us the lesson. verb - taught, Direct object - lesson, Indirect object, us, both the Direct object 'the lesson' and the Indirect object 'us' are verb complements. c) The complement can sometimes be an infinitive (to come, to go, etc) d) Hari wants to go - The infinitive 'to go' in this sentence is the object of the verb, and it is the verb complement. e) Suguna likes singing - Here the object 'singing' of the verb 'likes' is the verb complement. ' Singing' here is a gerund. These are the examples of the verb complement.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 14 - -Çí∫Ææ’d 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Y. Gayatri, Adilabad Q.

éÀçC Direct, In-direct ¢√é¬u©’ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? N´-Jç-îªí∫©®Ω’.

 Teacher asked 'what are you doing now?' - (Direct) Teacher enquired, what he was doing then? - (Indirect) A. Correct.  She asked 'Who has built the house'- (Direct) She enquired that who built the house? (Indirect) A. 'She enquired who had built the house?' is the correct Indirect Speech. When a passage with 'wh' questions is changed into the indirect speech, we remove the quotation and begin with the 'wh' questions, and don't use 'that'.  The fox told the crow, 'you sang very

The present tense 'are' in direct speech is changed into 'were' in indirect speech.  Prasad told 'he had caught fish' - Direct Prasad told that he caught fish - Indirect A. Prasad told, 'he had caught fish' (Direct). Here 'told' is wrong because the person to whom it is said is not mentioned. It should be, 'Prasad said, 'he had caught fish'. The passage in the direct speech itself is wrong. It should be,Somebody said, 'Prasad said he had caught fish'. The indirect speech for it would then be, Somebody said that Prasad had said that he had caught fish. 'He had caught fish' as direct speech is wrong, because, the past perfect, 'had caught' cannot be used when referring to a single past actions.  Janardhan informed 'He will go to Hyderabad tomorrow' - Direct Janardhan informed that he would go to

2

Sub-ordinate conjunctions join subordinate clauses with the main clauses. They are: although, though, since, after, till/ until, as, because, before, after, whether, so that, etc. Q.

A.

éÀçC ¢√é¬u©’ ¢√uéπ-®Ω-ù-Kû√u éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

a) Each of the boys gets a different prize. b) Either of the methods is good. c) Either of them has permission to go. A. Each of the boys subject, singular. verb singular each of the boys (he) gets either of =

ņo-°æ¤púø’ 'Ç ¶«©’-®Ω™ v°æA ¶«©’úø÷— ÅE éπüΔ – Åçü¿’-éπE 鬕öÀd, èπÿú≈ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Åçö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE È®çúÕöx àüÁjØ√ Å™«Íí

Sneha Agarwal, Nizamabad

He walked with great care sweetly' - Direct The fox said to the crow that it sung very sweetly- Indirect A. 'The fox told the crow that it had sung very sweetly' is the correct indirect speech. The past simple 'sang' in direct speech is changed into the past perfect (had sung) in indirect speech.  The owner said 'There are two bed rooms in the house' - Direct The owner told that there are two bed rooms in the house - indirect A. 'The owner said that there were two bed rooms in the house'. When it is not clear to whom something is said, we don't use tell/ told etc. 'Tell' should always be followed by the person to whom something is said. (e.g.: tell him/ her/ them etc).

Q.

b) either of the methods = singular 653 verb singular is good. Hyderbad next day - Indirect c) A. Correct. Q. What is syntax, please explain? Q. Co-ordinate conjunction and subHow far it is useful? ordinate conjunction M.SURESAN A. Syntax is the rules to be followed in sentence construction = A. Co-ordinate conjunctions join 1) two words of the same parts of speech: Noun and use of words, phrases in the proper Noun, adjective and adjective, adverb and useful. grammar order. adverb, verb and verb etc. syntax correct 2) two main clauses, and 3) two sub-ordipractice nate clauses. syntax Examples of co-ordinating conjunctions are: Q. and, but, as well as, for, either or, neighter

È®çúÕöx à 鬕öÀd, °æü¿l¥-ûÁjØ√ – °æü¿l¥A ÅØËC èπÿú≈ Åçü¿’-éπE

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù

DEéÀ èπÿú≈ °j Ææ÷vûªç ´Jh-Ææ’hçC.

Åçõ‰ àN’ö ûÁL°œ, ¢√öÀ Ö°æßÁ÷í¬Eo N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

¢√éπu E®√t-ùç™ §ƒöÀçî√Lq† E•ç-üμ¿-†©’ – à ´÷ô ´·çü¿’, àC ûª®√yûª, ÉC î√™« Å®·ûË ûÁLí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†úøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ¶μ«≠æ ÊÆhØË ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC. áçûª ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË, ÅØËC èπÿú≈ Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. ¢√uéπ-®Ωù üÓ≥ƒ©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÉçTx≠ˇ ®√ߪ÷-©çõ‰ àçîËߪ÷™ Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

nor, otherwise, so, etc.,

this road? (

v°æ¶μº’ûªy ´ÆæA í∫%£æ«ç èπÿú≈ Ñ üΔJ™ØË ÖçüΔ?)

(Ñ ®Óú˛ È®j™‰y ÊÆd≠æØ˛èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çüΔ?) Kranthi: Yes, it does. Go straight along. You'll (You will) find the station. (

Å´¤†’. A†oí¬/ ØË®Ω’í¬/ Ææ®√-ÆæJ Ñ ®Óúø’f ¢Áç•úË ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. È®j™‰y ÊÆd≠æØ˛ ´Ææ’hçC.) (áçûª ü¿÷®Ωç?)

(áçûÓ ü¿÷®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. éÀ™ O’ô®Ω’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 10, 15 EN’≥ƒ© éπçõ‰ °æôdü¿’.) Kiran: Oh, Thank you. Kranthi: You're (you are) welcome. 

á´-È®jØ√ Å°æ-J-*-ûª’© †’ç* Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç §ÒçüΔ©çõ‰, 'excuse me' ÅE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-îªúøç ´’®√uü¿. (Excuse me = éπ~N’ç-îªçúÕ)  à üΔJ áô’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC? ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ææç•çCμç-*†, ¢√úø-´-©-Æœ† expressions: Jagadish: Excuse me, Where does this road go?/ Where does this road lead to?

(Ñ ®Óúø’f áô’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’çC?) Ramesh: Oh, straight to the Collector's Office. Collector's Office

(A†oí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’çC.)

èπ◊

Jagadish: Is the Govt. Guest House also on

(¶«í¬ ü¿÷®Ω-´’ØË ÅØ√L.) far off/ very far/ quite far off =

(™‰ü¿’. ü¿í∫_®Ω Ñ ®Óúø’f †’ç* èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ -A-JÍí ®Óúø’f Öçô’çC. Govt. Guest House Ç ®Óú˛™ ÖçC.)

Kiran: How far is it from here? Kranthi: Not very far. Just a Kilometer. It shouldn't take more than 10 to 15 minutes.

†’ç* áçûª ü¿÷®Ωç?)

Ramesh: Oh, no. This road leads off to the right at 'Famous Book Centre'. The Govt. Guest House is on that road. Famous Book Centre

Jagadish: Is it walking distance?/ Walkable distance? Ramesh: No. I suggest that you take an auto.

(†úø´í∫LT† ü¿÷®Ω-¢Ë’Ø√?)

(é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’ Çö BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C.)

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH 

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. à ®Óúøf-®·Ø√ áéπ\-úÕéπ®·Ø√ ¢Á∞¡xúøç – go/ lead/ takes someone to. This is Grand Trunk Road on NH.5. It goes/ leads you/ takes you from Chennai to Kolkata. Grand Trunk Road/ N.H.5.

(ÉC †’ç* éÓ™¸-éπû√ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’çC.)  áçûª ü¿÷®Ωç? – How

far.

î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç = far off/ very far. Syam: How far is this college of yours from the bus

ÉC îÁØÁj o

 He has a ring of gold.  He has a ring made of gold.  I sat on a wall.  The man sat at the window.  He walked with great care.  I don't know, why he has done it.  If you work hard. You will succeed. clauses Grammar book underline clause underline subject clause/ phrase sentence underlined sentence phrase clause phrase he subject please explain A A Clause is a group of words with a verb. Verb group of words, clause (He has a ring made of gold) made of 'made of gold, clause verb Made past particigold' ple. Past participle, verb 'made of gold' is not a clause but a phrase = a group of words without a verb.  I sat on a wall = this is a sentence because, it is a group of words with complete meaning. It is also a clause. because it is a group of words with the verb 'sat'  at the window - a phrase, because there is no verb in this group of words.  'with great care' also phrase because there is no verb in the group.  Why he has done it - 'has done' is a verb, and so 'why he has done it' is a clause.  If you work hard - also a clause because, it is a group of words with the verb 'work'.

ÉN éπüΔ é¬-F äéπ ™– îËÆ œ† ¢√é¬u-©†’ °j ¢√é¬u™x í∫’®Ω’h°æôdçúÕ ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¢√éπuç ÅE ÅØ√o®Ω’ -Å®·--ûË îËÆœ† ¢√éπu-ç™ ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ – Åçõ‰ äéπ ¢√éπu-ç™ ©†’ í∫’®Ω’h°æ-ôd-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á·ûªhç °æJ-í∫-ù-†™éÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™«? È®ç-úÓ †’ ÅØ√o®Ω’. Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√éπuç ¢Á·ûªhç °æJ-í∫-ù-†-™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ – ÅC Å´¤ûª’çC éπüΔ. -Å-™«Íí ´‚-úÓ ¢√éπuç ÅØ√o®Ω’í¬F -Å-C ÅØË í∫’Jç* îÁ•’ûª’çC éπüΔ –

.

™

stand? college, Bus stand Ram: Quite far off, I should say.

(O’

ü¿÷®Ωç/ î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç/ ¶«í¬ ü¿÷®Ω¢Ë’

X near/ close, very near/ close, nearby/ closeby = Quite near = quite

ü¿í∫_®Ω/ î√™« ü¿í∫_®Ω/ (Åéπ\-úÕéÀ) ü¿í∫_Í®. close = ¶«í¬ ü¿í∫_®Ω. äéπ ®Óúø’f †’ç* ÉçéÓ ®Óúø’f <©úøç = lead off/ take off. About 10 kms along this road, another road leads off/ takes off to the right/ left, etc = 10

Ñ ®Óúø’f ¢Áç•úÕ éÀ.O’. ûª®√yûª ÉçéÓ ®Óúø’f DE †’ç* èπ◊úÕéÀ/ áúø´’èπ◊ <©’ûª’çC.

Sentence: A group of words with complete meaning. Clause: A group of words with a verb. Phrase: A group of words without a verb

§ƒ®˝\èπ◊ ᙫ ¢Á∞«x-©çúŒ?) Amruth: Drive along this road for 5 km. A street takes off/ leads off to the left. Take the street and go straight for a kilometer. You'll find the place. car

(Ñ ®Óú˛ ¢Áç•úÕ 5 éÀ.O’. ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ (O’ ™). Åéπ\úø áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞Ïx OCμ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Ç OCμ™ äéπ éÀ.O’. ¢ÁRûË O’èπ◊ Ç §ƒ®˝\ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) Ñ

¶«í¬ èπ◊ °æü¿’-†’-°ôdçúÕ.

Å´¤-ûª’çC. ™ é¬ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ééπ\úø ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd

ÉN í∫’®Ω’h °ô’d-éÓçúÕ.

Vijay: How do I go to the Jollyland Park? (Jolly land

Vijay: Thank you. expressions Conversation

éÀçC ÆæçüË-£æ…-©†’ B®Ωa-í∫-©®Ω’.

Ö†o

Where does this road lead to? Kiran: Excuse me, does this road lead to the railway station?

àüÓ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo áç-èπ◊E üΔ-E í∫’-J-ç-* ´·çü¿’í¬ È®ç-úø’, -´‚-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©’ ®√ߪ’-úøç practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ÅC English ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æ œ†¢√JéÀ îª÷°œç-îªçúÕ. ¢√∞¡x Ææ©£æ… ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ®√ûª ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’°æ®Ω’éÓçúÕ. Å™«Íí àüÓ äéπ subject O’ü¿ 100 – 150 °æ-üΔ-©-ûÓ Ê°®√ ®√ߪ’-úøç practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ûÁLÆœ-†-¢√∞¡x Ææ©-£æ…©’ §ƒöÀç-îªçúÕ. á-´-J Ææ£æ«é¬®Ωç ™‰éπ-§Ú-ûË O’Í® äéπ *†o para îªCN, -üΔ-E ≤ƒ®√稻Eo -äéπ Ê°®√í¬ -®√Æœ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-F -§Ú-La îª÷-Ææ’-èπ◊E, áéπ\úø ûËú≈-©’-Ø√oßÁ÷ í∫´’Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™« improve îËÆæ’éӴa.

practice

Avinash, Mukundapuram Q.

éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™éÀ -Å-†’-´-Cç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. í∫’çúÁ ÇT-†çûª °æ-E -Å®·uç-C.

 A. My heart almost stopped beating/ skipped a beat.  A. We/ he and I don't agree with/ don't get on with/ don't take to each other.

¢√úÕéÃÀ Ø√èπÿ °æúøü¿’.

îËÆ œ

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 21 - -Çí∫Ææ’d 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

S.Thulasiram, Nandikotkur Q. It is desirable not to use radial and bios tyres on the same vehicle. If you have to, use radials on the rear axle. If you have to must, should, can and could sentences Rear 'a' article 'The' Article For instance - a full fledged (adj) personality.

N´Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îËÆ œ ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç °æéπ\† ®√¢√L éπüΔ. ´*açC.

A.

°æJ-îª-ߪ’Ææ’húÕûÓ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åúø-í∫-™‰E Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ (´·êuçí¬ í∫C Ææ®Ωl-úøç™ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-´’-†-úøç) Öçö«®· éπüΔ. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ 'could' ¢√úøôç Å´Ææ®Ωç. Q. Ççí∫x C†-°æ-vA-éπ™  éÀçC ¢√éπuç îªC-¢√†’. If the place is not crowded, finding seats is easy and you would only say 'I find a couple of seats near the corner'.

°j ¢√éπuç™

Jç*

îËߪ’çúÕ. é¬F, A

. äÍé ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 tyres ¢√úøèπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ´’ç*C. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ ¢√ú≈-Lq-´ÊÆh/ ¢√úøôç ûª°æp-éπ-§ÚûË = If you have to; I/ we/ you/ they have to, he/ she/ it has to = must = should - all these express, order/ duty/ necessity. (

Subordinate clause (if clause) Main clause and you would only say You will say. corner 'the' article, couple of seats 'a' article

°j†

é¬èπ◊çú≈,

™...

•ü¿’©’ ü¿í∫_®Ω

ÅE Öçú≈L éπüΔ, ü¿í∫_®Ω ¢√úøéπç í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. A. 'Would' present situations ™ ¢√úøôç í∫’Jç* Ñ´’üμ¿u î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç. Present ™ ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË Ææç°∂æ’-ô†©’ à¢Á’iØ√ Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ "would" ¢√úøû√ç. Janakiram: What would he do, if I applied for leave.

Çïc/ ûª°æpéπîËߪ÷-Lq†/ NCμí¬ îËߪ÷-Lq†/ Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÀ îËߪ÷-Lq† ¢√öÀE í∫’Jç*

2

ü¿í∫_®Ω 'a' article ¢√úøéπç ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰ßª’çúÕ. A. †©’-í∫ ’®Ω’ cabinet ´’çvûª’-©ûÓ éπLÆœ, ¶«¶« ®√çüË¢˛ûÓ îªJa©’ ïJ-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ N´÷-Ø√-v¨¡-ߪ÷-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç í∫’Jç* Åúø-í∫-•-úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'á´®Ó ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’—), Çߪ’† Íéçvü¿ç áü¿’-®Ω’\ç-ô’†o Ææ´’-Ææu†’ È®çúø’ ¢Áj°æ¤™« °æü¿’-†’†o éπAh™« ´Jgç-î√®Ω’. ᙫçöÀ situation? ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰, Íéçvü¿ç áü¿’®Ω’\ç-ô’†o °æJ-ÆœnA ÅE Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ´≤ÚhçC. '°∂晫E °æJ-ÆœnA— ÅE – 鬕öÀd the situation ÅØ√L. A double edged sword- Ééπ\úø double edged sword Åçõ‰ which (à) double edged sword Åçõ‰ °∂晫E sword ÅE Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE a double edged sword ÅØ√L..

He is the senior most teacher Q.

ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·.

Whereas complaint has been made that.... 'whereas' 'whereas'

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 654

You have to be/ should be/ must be here at 9 everyday =

†’Nyéπ\úø ®ÓW ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀéÀ

Öçú≈L (Çïc).

(؈’ ÂÆ©´çô÷ °ôd†’. °öÀd† Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ Åûª-úË-´’ç-ö«úø’?

She has to / must/ should/ do it if she wants the job =

Ç ÖüÓuí∫ç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ 鬢√-©çõ‰ ÅC Ç¢Á’ îËߪ÷-LqçüË (E•ç-üμ¿†, Å´-Ææ®Ωç) Axle = É®Ω’Ææ’, ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©èπ◊ È®çúø’ ¢Áj°æ¤™« Ö†o îªv鬩†’ éπL°œ ÖçîË ¶μ«í∫ç. Rear axle = ¢Á†’éπ É®Ω’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø 'The rear axle' correct. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ àüÓäéπ rear axle é¬èπ◊çú≈ •çúÕéÀ Å´’Ja† rear axle †’ í∫’Jç* îÁ•’ûª’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd. Q. 'Could you a lend a hand...' °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’h-úÕûÓ Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ† ´uéÀh ™‰üΔ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úÕûÓ informal ¢√é¬uEo É™« ¢√úø-´î√a?N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

Jayaram: He would say no.

M.SURESAN

(Åûªúø’ èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-ü¿ØË Åçö«úø’.) 'Would' N´-®√©’ Éçé¬ é¬¢√-©çõ‰ í∫ûª Ææç*éπ™x îª÷úøçúÕ. Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬uEo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-´Cçîªí∫-©®Ω’. Asked about his having gone to the airport, along with four other cabinet ministers, to hold dialogues with Baba Ramdev, he said the situation the center faced was akin to a double edged sword. Situation

ü¿í∫_®Ω

'the' article

,

äéπ Ø√uߪ’ ¢Ë©ç v°æéπ-ô-†™ É™« ÖçC.

double edged

A.

Ñ ¢√éπuç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μºç™ ÅE ÖçC. Åçõ‰ Åçü¿’-´©x ÅE äéπ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Ééπ\úø whereas •ü¿’©’í¬ As, for, since èπÿú≈ ¢√úø´î√a? ¢√úø-´îª’a. é¬F Ø√uߪ’/ îªôd °æJ-¶μ«≠æ™ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’.

Q. Last month all news channels and newspapers were dominated by the news of Osama bin laden's elimination by a special US task a special US task force force. 'by' Preposition

°j ¢√éπuç™ °æéπ\† N´JçîªçúÕ. A. Passive voice ™

¢√úø-é¬Eo í∫’Jç*

'by'

¢√úøû√ç. ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊

àç äçöx ¶«í¬-™‰üΔ?/ èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰üΔ?)

You look tired/ you look ill/ you look dull/ you look off colour, what's the matter?

Sekhar: I'm afraid so. I think I've (I have) a fever.

(Å™«Íí ÖçC. ïy®Ωçí¬ Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.) Prakash: Haven't you checked your temperature? (Temperature

îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-™‰üΔ?) Sekhar: It started last night. I thought I would be well by the morning after a good sleep. I didn't sleep well either.

ÖçüΔ?)

(

Prakash: Why don't you see a doctor? (Doctor

†’ éπ©-´-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷¢√?)

Sekhar: I am going to in half an hour. Waiting for my brother to go with me.

(Å®Ω-í∫ç-ô™ ¢Á∞¡-û√†’. ´÷ ûª´·túø’ Ø√ûÓ ´≤ƒh-úøE îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) Prakash: The earlier, the better.

(áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË Åçûª ´’ç*C.) Eï¢Ë’.)  Ç®Óí¬uEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† °j Ææç¶μ«-≠æù í∫´’Eçî√®Ω’ éπüΔ. Ç®Óí¬u-Eo í∫’Jç* ÅúÕ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË expressions... Sekhar: Of course. (

(ÅüËç ™‰üË. ÅÆæ©’ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Ñ¢√∞Ï Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ ÖØ√o.)

(î√™« F®ΩÆæçí¬/ ï•’sí¬/ Öû√q£æ«ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈/ F®ΩÆæçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. àçöÀ Ææçí∫A?

Be fit/ feel fit =

(¢√uCμ-¶«-J† °æúÕ-†ô’d éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Ç®Óí∫uç à´’Ø√o ¶«í¬-™‰üΔ?)

Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Öçúøôç = be all right/ feel all right.

Gopal: Oh, nothing of the sort. I am OK. 



(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ØË ÖØ√o.) ´’†ç Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ØË Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, á´-®ΩØ√o 'àçöÀ èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰üΔ?— ÅE ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ Ñ

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH expressions Do I look ill? No. I am all right.

¢√úø-´îª’a.

(E†o ®√vA v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº-¢Á’içC. ®√vA ¶«í¬ Evü¿-§ÚûË ÆæJ§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Ç Evü¿ èπÿú≈ ÆæJí¬_ §Ú™‰ü¿’.)

Mohan: No such thing. In fact, today, I feel very fit.

Eswar: You look ill. Anything wrong?

(¢√uCμ-¶«-J† °æúÕ-†ô’d éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oØ√? ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ØË ÖØ√o.)  Éçé¬ -´’-J éÌ-Eoîª÷úøçúÕ: Madam: You look off colour today. Any

K. Pavanisri, Mogalturu Q. Senior most

ÅØË °æ-ü¿ç -¢√-úøé¬-Eo ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù©ûÓ

ûÁ©’°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. Senior most = experience of all.

having

the

longest

a) He is the senior most teacher in the school =

Ç Ææ÷\™x Çߪ’† Åûªuçûª ņ’¶μº´´·†o Ö§ƒ-üμΔu-ߪ·úø’.

b) Anjali Devi is the senior most actor on the Telugu screen =

ûÁ©’í∫’ ÆœE´÷ ®Ωçí∫ç™ Åçï-M-üËN Åûªuçûª ņ’-¶μº´ç Ö†o †öÀ. Q. Ø√ Cycle Patch °æúÕçC. Åçü¿’Íé Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a†’. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx≠ˇ™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. A. I am late because my cycle tyre has punctured/ my cycle tyre had a puncture/ was punctured. Q.

؈’ Cycle/ Bike O’ü¿ ®ÓW éπ∞«-¨»-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√†’. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ on cycle/ bike ÅE ®√ߪ’™« ™‰üΔ by cycle/ bike ÅE ®√ߪ÷™«? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. A. I go to College on cycle (By cycle é¬ü¿’). Q. Head master ÅØË word †’ äÍé word í¬ ®√ߪ÷™«, ™‰üΔ NúÕ-N-úÕí¬ ®√ߪ÷™«? ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰ßª’í∫©®Ω’. A. Headmaster (Rarely Head-master), Head Master

ÅE NúÕ-N-úÕí¬ ®√ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

Srinivasa Rao, Darsi Q. My foot, By thunder

Ñ °æ-üΔ-©èπ◊ -Å®Ωnç -

A. My foot! =

Ø√/F ¶Ôçü¿ ÅE ´’†ç NÆæ’í¬_/ Å´ûªL-¢√∞¡x ´÷ô†’ ûËLí¬_ BÆœ-§ƒ-Í®-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË ´÷ô. By thunder - Ñ expression ™‰ü¿’. 'Getout' he thundered = '¢ÁRx§Ú— ÅE í∫öÀdí¬ ÅJî√-úø-ûª†’ (= Thundered)

Aren't you well?

(F®ΩÆæçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. -äç-öx ¶«í¬ ™‰üΔ? (Tired - ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç = Å©-Æ œ-§Ú-´úøç)

á´-J-îËûª ÅE ¢√úøû√®Ω’.

™

îÁÊ°pçü¿’èπ◊,

ûÁ©’°æí∫©®Ω’.

you look off colour Prakash: You look tired. Aren't you well?

Ravana was killed by Rama. passive 'by'

Ç®Óuí∫ç ™‰éπ§ÚûË...

ÆæJí¬

Srinivas: Yea, I haven't been well since last night. Should see my doctor.

(E†o ®√vA †’ç< ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. ú≈éπdJo éπ©¢√L.) Krishna: You appear quite weak. Not well, I suppose?

P. Srinivas, Mahaboobnagar Q. Point by point, Step by step, By and by, By and by, Day by day

O-öÀ -Å®√n-©’ -N´Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Å稻-©-¢√Kí¬/ äéπ Å稡ç ûª®√yûª ÉçéÓ Åç¨¡ç – É™«. Step by step = ÅçîÁ-©ç-îÁ©’í¬ – äéπ Åúø’í∫’ ûª®√yûª ÉçéÓ Åúø’í∫’/ véπ´’-véπ´’çí¬. By and by = Before long – áèπ◊\´ Æ洒ߪ’ç í∫úø´éπ- ´·çüË (ûªy®Ω-™ØË)

A. Point by point =

By and by it was clear to her that he was not good = By and by - Old use.

ûªy®Ω-™ØË Ç¢Á’èπ◊ -Å-®Ωn-¢Á’içC Åûª-úø’ ´’ç*¢√úø’ é¬ü¿E – By = äéπ-üΔE ûª®√yûª äéπöÀ. Day by day = ®ÓV-®Ó-VéÃ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ By éÀ ´·çü¿÷ ¢Á†éπ äÍé Part of speech éÀ îÁçC† ´÷ô©’ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. Q. As per, As per the rules, As above, As to, Just then

(î√™« F®ΩÆæçí¬ ÖØ√o´¤. èπ◊™«≤ƒí¬ ™‰´-†’-èπ◊çö«.)

thing wrong.

Mukund: You are right. I am as ill as I appear.

(Ñ¢Ë∞¡ F®ΩÆæçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Ç®Ó-í∫uç™ à´’Ø√o ûËú≈

(Eï¢Ë’ áçûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπE°œÆæ’hØ√oØÓ, ÅçûË ïy®ΩçûÓ ÖØ√o†’.)

-Ñ °æ-üΔ-©èπ◊ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™  -Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’°æí∫©®Ω’. A. As per = v°æ鬮Ωç, As per the rules = E•ç-üμ¿†© v°æ鬮Ωç.  As above = °j† îÁ°œp†/ -ûÁ-L°œ† Nüμ¿çí¬  As to = as regards = about. 'About' ¢√-úø-ôç Öûªh´’ç. As to - Å®Ωn癉E §ƒçúÕûªuç.  Just then = Å°æ¤púË; Just then his father came = Å°æ¤púË ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o- ´î√a®Ω’.

Krishna: See a doctor, then. Mukund: I am on my way.

(Åéπ\-úÕÍé ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 28 - -Çí∫Ææ’d 2011

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

M. Chandra Srikalahasti

sekhar,

Q. He may/ might tell his wife. Perhaps he tells his wife. Perhaps express doubt in the sentence. What is different in between doubt - possibility. A. Doubt is uncertainty about something happening. You are not sure that it will happen/ will not happen. Possibility means the fact that something perhaps will happen or exist- in certain circumstances. Not so certain there is difference between the two, but very little. In the case of a doubt, there is the chance of something not happening more than happening. In the case of a possibility there is the chance of something happening, more

insisted that he read the letter. Tom insisted on my reading the letter = Tom insisted that I read the letter. 'Tom comple the reading or not' - Not English. Q. Transitive verb, complex transitive verb, double transitive verb

OöÀE í∫’Jç* N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. ¢√éπu E®√tùç Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? A. ¢√éπu E®√tùç Åçõ‰ ¢√éπuç-™ E °æüΔ©’ Öçúø´-©Æœ† B®Ω’, ¢√öÀ Å´’-Jéπ. à ´÷ô ´·çü¿’, à ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ®√¢√-©ØË E•çüμ¿-†-™«xç-öÀN.Case (nominative, objective etc) difference ÆæJí¬ Ææ÷*ç-îªúøç ™«çöÀN. ÉN ÆæJí¬ Öçõ‰ØË, ¢√é¬uEéÀ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Transitive verb, compound transitive verb and double transitive verb -

OöÀéÀ î√™« Ææ’Eoûª¢Á’i† ûËú≈-©’-Ø√o®·. ÅN ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’-´©x Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰éπ-§Úí¬ Aéπ-´’éπ °æúø-û√®Ω’.

2

A. Sometimes a little negligence ruins the whole life. 

Nñ«c-†ç-™‰E @Nûªç †÷ØÁ-™‰E C¢Áy ™«çöÀC.

A. A life without knowledge is like a lamp without oil. 

Å®Ω’b-†’úø’ Ææ´u≤ƒ*.

regain consciousness

N©’-N-ü¿u™ 

A. Arjuna is ambidextrous in archery. 

Öúø’-´·©’ íÓúø-©èπ◊ í∫öÀdí¬ Åûª’èπ◊\çö«®·.

A. The iguana sticks to the wall. / The iguana grips the wall tightly. 

§ƒ´·©’ èπ◊•’-≤ƒEo, éÌEo ïçûª’-´¤©’ éÌ´·t©†’ NÆæ-Jb-≤ƒh®·.

A. Snakes slough their skin, and some animals shed their horns.

than its not happening. Q. What is general possibility?

What is the difference between the two sentences? A. He advised me to apply at once = I was advised to apply. He advised applying (Not, 'to applying') immediately = His advice was that we (anybody in general) apply immediately.



-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 655

A. General possibility = something being likely to happen. He advised to applying at once.

Ææü¿’_-ù«Eo N’ç*† ≤˘çü¿®Ωuç ™‰ü¿’.

T. Siva. Nandikotkur

A. There is no beauty other than virtue (Virtue is the greatest ornament)

Q.



éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ-™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îªí∫©®Ω’.  Ææçéπ©pç ´’ç*-üÁjûË ¨¡éÀh ¢Áûª’-èπ◊\çô÷ ´Ææ’hçC.

M.SURESAN

A. If your intention is good, the power to realise it comes searching for you. 

Q. Tom insisted on reading the letter.

¢Á÷éπ~ ≤˘üμΔ-EéÀ °æKéπ~ û√∞¡ç, E≠æ \-©t≠æ ¶μºéÀh û√∞¡ç îÁN.

Tom insisted on my/ me reading it.

A. Testing is the lock unadulterated piety is the key to salvation.

°j ¢√é¬u©’ éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?



A. Tom insisted on reading the letter = Tom

äéÓ\-≤ƒJ *†o E®Ωx-éπ~u¢Ë’ @N-û√Eo Ø√¨¡†ç îËÆæ’hçC.

ØÁ´’-∞¡Ÿx °æ¤JN°œp Ø√ôuç îË≤ƒh®·. -

A. Peacocks spread their plumes and dance. 

§ƒ°æç °æçúø-EüË üË´¤úø’ èπÿú≈ àO’

Anirudh: You look tired. (Are) you ok? Susanth: Not in the best of health, I'm afraid.

(èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰†’ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC.) Anirudh: What's wrong? (àçöÀ? ¶«üμ¿) Susanth: I am running at temperature, that I am sure of. Being new to the place, I don't know any doctor here. Could you take me to one.

(ä∞¡Ÿx ´÷vûªç ¢Áîªaí¬ ÖçC. Ç´÷vûªç îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’. Ééπ\úø ؈’ éÌûªh éπüΔ. à ú≈éπd®Ω÷ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. †’´¤y á´yJ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-ÈéjØ√ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡x¢√?)

Anirudh: I haven't been much longer here either, but I do know two or three doctors here. (I) wonder who I should take you to.

(؈’ èπÿú≈ Féπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-é¬©ç ™‰E-éπ\úø. é¬F Ééπ\úø Éü¿l®Ω’, ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ú≈éπd®Ω’x ûÁ©’Ææ’. á´J ü¿í∫_-JéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-üΔ´÷ ÅE Ç™*-Ææ’hØ√o.) Susanth: Do take one to the best. I'm afraid, I'm getting worse by the hour.

(Åçü¿-J™ ´’ç* ú≈éπd®˝ -ü¿í∫_-JéÀ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿx. í∫çô-í∫ç-ôéà °æJ-ÆœnA ÅüμΔy-†o´’-´¤-ûÓçC.) Anirudh: That's what I am unable to decide. I just wonder who among them is the best. My cousin is a safe best. Let me call him.

(ÅüË Øˆ÷ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. ´÷ éπ>Ø˛ Ñ



O’†-¢Ë’-≥ƒ©’ ™„éÀ\ç-îªúøç A. Hesitate/ dither -Ç-úøç-•®Ωçí¬ A. Ostentatiously  -Å°æ®Ω (-Å-Gμ-†-´A. Bhagiratha of the mod ¶μº-U®Ω-ü∑¿’-úø’) ern times/ Bhagiratha



N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÆæÈ®j-†-¢√úø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ îËüΔlç.) Susanth: The earlier the better. (áç-ûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË Åçûª ´’ç*C) English conversation (Ææç¶μ«-≠æù) ™- afraid ( I'm afraid), I wonder ÅØË expressions î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÉN conversation -†’ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x îË≤ƒh®·. Afraid - áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√-úË Å®Ωnç ¶μºßª’°æúøôç. I'm (I am) afraid Å-ØË expression ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ '*çA-Ææ’hØ√o†’— ÅE-í¬F, ¢√∞¡x†’ E®Ω’-û√q-£æ«-°æ-JîË N≠æߪ’ç îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬F ¢√-úøû√ç.

A. Even God can't do anything until one's sins are complete. English

(DEéÀ ÆæÈ®j† ņ’-¢√ü¿ç ®√ü¿’; áç-ü¿’éπç-õ‰ ¢√∞¡x †´’téπç ÉC é¬ü¿’ é¬-•-öÀd.) Q. éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-Ø√®Ωn-´·†o ÉçTx≠ˇ °æüΔ-©†’ ûÁLߪ’ñ‰ßª’ç-úÕ.  ´’ûª’h †’ç* ûË®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç A. To come to/

É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x I am afraid = I am sorry. Praveen: Shall I be getting the scholarship?

(Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒ\©-®˝-≠œ°ˇ ´Ææ’hçüΔ?) Priyanka: I'm afraid no.

≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©¢√?)

(Fèπ◊ ®√ü¿’ – v°æOù˝èπ◊ E®Ω’-û√q£æ«ç éπL-TçîË ¢√®Ωh.) Å™«Íí wonder èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†o Å®Ωnç Ǩ¡u-®Ωu-§Ú-´-úøç. Å®·ûË conversation/ spoken english- ™ 'I wonder' -expression †’ ´’† ÆæçüË£æ«ç ´uéπh°æ®Ωîª-ú≈-EéÀ í¬F, ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æߪ’ç îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’-èπ◊í¬F ¢√-úøû√ç.

Snehith: I am afraid, I can't, though I wish

Govind: Shall we go ahead and buy the car?

Puneeth: I need some money urgently. Can you help me?

(Ø√èπ◊ éÌçûª úø•’s Å´-Ææ-®Ωç. †’´¤y

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH very much to.

(؈’ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-™‰†’ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ *çA-Ææ’hØ√o, ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷-©E î√™« éÓJí¬_ Ö†o°æpöÀéÃ.) Pranab: Can't you call off your fast?

(O’ E®Ω-¨¡† N®ΩN’ç-îª-™‰®√?) Hazare: I'am afraid I can't.

(؈’ N®Ω-N’ç-‰-†E îÁÊ°pçü¿’èπ◊ *çAÆæ’hØ√o.)

(Å®·ûË Å†’-èπ◊-†oô’d Ç é¬®Ω’ éÌçüΔ´÷?) Krishna: I wonder if the money we have is enough.

name 

´’%ûª’uç-ï-ߪ·úø’

A. One who death

overcomes



ߪ÷ü¿%-*a¥éπç A. Coincidence Çí∫ç-ûª-èπ◊úø’ A. The stranger  èπ◊ç¶μº-éÓ-ù«©’ A. Scams  ¶μ‰≠æ-ñ«©’ (°æöÀdç-°æ¤©’) A. Show (¶μ‰≠æïç Åçõ‰ °æöÀdç°æ¤ é¬ü¿’. °jéÀ éπE°œç-îË B®Ω’.) 

Q.

éÀçC °æüΔ©

pronunciation

N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. @ (Zee) ¶„é˙  Xenophobia A. ñ„ (Ze) †-§∂Ú-Gߪ’  Xylophone A. ñ„j (Zai)©§∂Ú-Ø˛  Xiphias A. @ (Zee) °∂œßª’Æˇ  martyr A. ´÷ô  enmasse A. Å´÷Æˇ ('´÷— man™ '´÷—™«)  ukulele A. ߪ‚éπ-™„jM  jeopardy A. ñ„°æúÕ  menace A. ¢Á’†Æˇ  faeces A. °∂‘Æ ‘ñ ¸ (feeseez)  obsequies A. Ŷ„-Ææ-éÀyñ¸  o b s t e t r i c s A. Ŷ¸-Æd-væ éÀpé˙q  bereaved A. GM¢˛f  benign A. GØÁjØ˛  endeavour A. áØ˛-úÁ´ A.

K. Varalakshmi, Rajahmundry Q. Of the American and British pronunciations, which one should be used? Which one carries more importance? A. In India, British pronunciation is preferred to American pronunciation. There is no question of the one being more important than the other. Q. I have come across the word Reuters in some newspapers. What does it mean? A. 'Reuters', like the 'press trust of India' (PTI) is the name of a very famous European News Agency. It gathers news and sells it to all the news media.

Q. Prejudice

Santhosh: Has Harika passed?

(£æ…Jéπ

§ƒÂÆjçüΔ?) Samyuktha: I wonder

鬮Ω-ù-ï-†’t-úø’ A. Born for a purpose  ≤ƒ®Ωnéπ-Ø√-´’--üμË-ߪ·-úø’ A. One who lives upto his

Avinash, Mukundapuram

(´’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çüΔ? ÅE Ç™-*-Ææ’hØ√o.) äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ÆæçüË£æ«ç BÍ®aç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-úøû√ç.

-O-öÀ-E -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-* -O’ ÖçúË-ô’x -îËÆæ’éÓç-úÕ.



 Xebec

îËߪ’™‰úø’.

I'am afraid, I can't (†’´¤y F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. èπ◊™«≤ƒØ√?)

A. perfunctorily A. The only way out/ the resort

incarnate

Virtue is the greatest ornament Q. He advised me to apply at once.

A. Proofs/ evidences

üΔê-™«©’ ¢Á·èπ◊\-•-úÕí¬  -¨¡®Ω-ùuç 

(ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’). conversation

-Å-ØË °æ-üΔ-Eo Ö-üΔ£æ«®Ω-ù-©-ûÓ N´Jçîªí∫©®Ω’. A. ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç. à 鬮Ωùç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ äéπ-JE/ äéπ N≠æߪ÷Eo í∫’-Jç-* ´’†èπ◊ éπ-LÍí ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒßª’ç/ Å®·-≠dûæ ª. Caste prejudices = èπ◊© ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ Regional prejudices = v§ƒçBߪ ’ ü¿’®Ω-Gμv§ƒßª÷©’ ¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-†-N.

-Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish