K P F e e i r m r k s t e h p n d i u t m b e l r i i a s a t h n a K n e d e D M s a i i h a r a b c t e t h a e n s 2 M d 0 1 a a 1 l n a E y s n i d a o k r i n o l o g i
H Q e u a c i l t h k R C e a f r e e r e P n r c o v e i F d e o r r s
© M i n i s t r y o H e a l t h , M a l a y s i a 2 0 1 0
T I h n e s u r a l i p n y
D i i a n b e T y t e p s e M 2 e l l i t u s
P r a c t i c a l g u i d e t o
a T n h e e d d u e c v a e l t i o o n p a m l e g n r t a n o t t r h o i s m q s u i a c n o k r f e - a v e r e e n n t i c e s g u i d e w a s s u p p o r t e d b y
1 0 . i C n o o s p u t n i m l i i n a t n u l t h t o r e e r a u s a p t p m y . e a t i n e t n a t d e h d e u r c e n a t c o i e n , p a a n t i d e n s t u e p m p o p r o t i w s e a r m k e e n y t e l a e n m d e s n u t c o c e r s s u l
S O U R C E S O F F U N D I N G
9 .
8 .
7 .
6 .
5 .
4 .
3 .
2 .
1 .
r a M e q d i n u d i i m t i r i i n o z n i g a i n i g n l t s e r u a b o l i n t h m t t h h e y e n p t r a t o p a g r y y l . g e c t e s m i o a r p a n a d t i w e n e t i s g w h t i t h g T a n y i p a e r 2 e m d i i p a b o e r t t a e s n t
g I n l s y c u a l n e i m r e i g c t i m a r e g n e s t s m a a r y e n u e n e m d e t t d o e b s e p c i t h e a d n o g s e e d o o p r i t i mn t e i z n a s t i f i e o n d . w i t h t i m e i
c r i G o s l -m k y o c o a r h e m b i y i p c d o t i t i g a e l r s y . c g a e t e s mn i e a , e p d t r o e s b e e n c i n e d o i v i c d o u m a l i p s e l i d c a b t i a o n s s e a d n o d n p a t i e n t s ’
o d S p o e t s l i m e m i z a o a d j n t i i u t o s o n t r m i . n e g n o t s e b n l a o b o l d e g g u l r a c d o u s a e ,l a l s o a n e g a w n t d i h p s r i m o m p l p e t p i n s a t u e i l i n n t d d o i r s e e c t e d
o d M r o e i n s t t e s o o r l e o m r l i a o n n l , c w a e i n n e g i n x i s i n u s i t t . a i i l n t s i o e n n o s i t i i z n e s r u , l i n s h o t h u e d l r a p b y e u c n o l n e i s t n s u c e o d n a t r t a o i n p d t m i i c a a t i l o n s
l i T i n d h e e s i v t i i y n l d e u s u a a l i i l n c s e t r o d e r , g s i m a b n a e s d e n p d a a o n t n d i e i n n t h s t e s u ’ l p p n a i r t e e d i n o e r t s e e n s ’ s c b i e o l n i s o t i . a d t e g d l u c s h o o s u e l p d r b o f e l e ,
a I n b s o u v i e l n 8 t h % e r d a e p s y p s i t h e o o u l p d t i b m a e l i d n i t o a s i t e e s d o e o a r l r y a l w a h n e t i - n d i H a b b e A 1 t i c c i t h s e p r e a r p s i y s . t e n t l y
o i F n o o s l u l o r l a i w n l a e r i n n s g t i d i - s d t i a i n a g a b c n e e o t i e r s i c s s t h u , p e l r t o r s a g p i n e r y . w s o s v r i s e e n i n i n s u g l g i n l d y c e a f e c m e i i n c c c y o c n o t r m o l b a i n n d e d w a i l i u h r t e
d P i a a n g c n r o e s a i t s i o c b T e t y p a e c 2 e l l d d i y a b s e u t n e s c t i o n b e g i n s m a n y y e a r s p r i o r t o
K E Y M E S S A G E S
TARGETS AND MONITORING Recommended timing o SMBG in dierent Insulin Regimens Breakast
SMBG in basal/basal-bolus regimen
Pre
Basal only
X
Basal bolus (short-acting)
X
Basal bolus (rapid-acting)
X
Post
Lunch
Pre
Dinner
Post
Pre
X X
Bedtime
Post
X X
Pre X
X
SMBG in Premixed Regimen Pre-mixed Human BD
X
Pre-mixed Analogues BD
X
X
Pre-mixed Analogues TDS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SMBG and Insulin Titratuion
To Control
Adjust
Pre Breakfast BG
Pre-bed intermediate/long-acting insulin or pre-dinner premixed
2-hours Post-breakfast BG
Pre-breakfast rapid-acting or premixed insulin analogue.
Pre-lunch BG
Pre-breakfast short-acting or premixed insulin.
2 hours Post-lunch BG
Pre-lunch rapid-acting or pre-breakfast premixed insulin.
Pre-dinner BG
Pre-lunch short-acting or pre-breakfast premixed insulin.
Post-dinner/Pre-bed BG
Pre-dinner rapid-acting or pre-dinner premixed insulin.
Intensifcation rom Premixed Regimen to Basal Bolus Regimen PREMIXED INSULIN BD or TDS (Insulin analogue)
FPG / premeals > 6 mmol/L HbA1c > 6.5 – 7% Switch to BASAL BOLUS REGIMEN • Startingdose0.5units/kg/dayortotaldosetransfer • Splitdose50:50forbasalandprandialinsulin • Divideprandialdosesinto3mainmeals • FixFPG<6mmol/Lusingbasalinsulin • Titratebolusdoseonce/twiceaweektoachieveFPGandpreprandialgoal<6mmol/L • StopSU,continuemetformin Intensifcation rom Prandial Regimen to Basal Bolus Regimen PRANDIAL TDS (Optimised prandial doses)
FPG > 6 mmol/L HbA1c > 6.5 – 8% Addition o BASAL INSULIN BASAL BOLUS REGIMEN • 10 units or 0.2U / kg at pre-dinner • MonitorFPG,target4-6mmol/L • Adjustbasalinsulindosesafter3consecutiveBGvaluesobtained(every3–7days) - < 4 mmol/L ( > 1 value ) →reduce dose by 2 units - 4-6 mmol/L ( all values ) →maintain current dose - > 6 mmol/L ( >1 value, no hypos ) →increase by 2 units →
INSUlIN PREPARATIONS AvAIlAblE IN MAlAYSIA AND THEIR PHARMACOKINETIC PROFIlES Brand (Generic) Name
Onset
Peak (Hr)
Duration (Hr)
Timing o insulin
30 min 30 min
1-3 2-4
8 6-8
30 mins before meal
10-20 min 0-15 min 5-15 min
1-3 1 1-2
3-5 3.5-4.5 3-5
5-15 mins before or immediately after meals
c) Intermediate-acting, NPH - Insulatard®* - Humulin N ®*
1.5 Hr 1 Hr
4-12 4-10
18-23 16-18
Pre-breakfast / Pre-bed
d) Long-acting analogue - Glargine ®* - Detemir®*
2-4 Hr 1 Hr
peakless peakless
20-24 17-23
Same time everyday at anytime of the day
e) Premixed human (30% regular insulin+70% NPH) - Mixtard® 30* - Humulin ® 30/70*
30 min 30 min
dual dual
18-23 16-18
30-60 mins before meals
10-20 min 0-15 min
dual dual
18-23 16-18
5-15 mins before meals
a) Short-acting, regular - Actrapid®* - Humulin R ®* b) Rapid-acting analogue - Novorapid® (Aspart)* - Humalog® (Lispro)* - Apidra® (Glulisine)
) Premixed analogue - NovoMix® 30 - Humalog Mix ® 25
INSUlIN REGIMENS AND FREQUENCY OF INjECTIONS PER DAY No. o injections per day
Insulin regimen
Type o insulin and timing
1
BASAL BASAL PREMIXED OD
Intermediate acting (NPH) insulin pre-bed Long-acting analogue once daily Premixed/ premixed analogue pre-dinner
2
BASAL PREMIXED BD BASAL-PLUS (1)
Intermediate acting (NPH) pre-breakfast and pre-dinner Premixed insulin pre-breakfast and pre-dinner Basal insulin once daily + 1 prandial insulin
3
BASAL-PLUS (2) PRANDIAL PREMIXED TDS PREMIXED-PLUS PREMIXED-PLUS
Basal insulin once daily + 2 prandial insulin Prandial insulin pre-breakfast, pre-lunch and pre-dinner Premixed analogue pre-breakfast, pre-lunch and pre-dinner Premixed insulin pre-breakfast, pre-dinner + 1 prandial insulin pre-lunch Prandial insulin pre-breakfast and pre-lunch + premixed insulin pre-dinner
4
BASAL-BOLUS
Basal insulin once daily + prandial insulin pre-breakfast, pre-lunch and pre-dinner
5
BASAL-BOLUS
Intermediate acting (NPH) insulin pre-breakfast and pre-dinner + prandial insulin pre-breakfast, pre-lunch and pre-dinner
INSUlIN THERAPY – 3 STAGE PROCESS
INITIATION
OPTIMISATION
INTENSIFICATION
Starting insulin
Dose titration to ensure maximum beneft rom prescribed treatment
Modifcation o an insulin regimen to acieve glycemic control
Dose should be adjusted every 3-7 days
Requires switching to more intensive regimens for better glycemic control
Strat requires selection of appropriate insulin regimen, insulin type and starting dose.
Intensifcation o Premixed Regimen to Premix Plus
PREMIXED OD (pre-dinner) or BD
PREMIXED ONCE DAILY (pre-dinner)
PREMIXED TWICE DAILY (pre-breakfast, pre-dinner)
FPG 4-6 mmol/L, pre-lunch and pre-dinner > 6mmol/L Add PRANDIAL INSULIN (at morning and midday meal)
Pre-dinner > 6 mmol/L Add PRANDIAL INSULIN (at midday meal)
• Addprandialinsulin6unitsor0.1unit/kg • TitratetonextprandialBGtargetdaily • Ifsubsequentpre-mealBGis - < 4 mmol/L ( > 1 value ) →reduce dose by 2 units - 4-6 mmol/L ( all values ) →maintain current dose - > 6 mmol/L ( >1 value, no hypos ) →increase by 2 units
Intensifcation rom Premixed Regimen
PREMIXED OD PREMIXED BD PREMIXED BD PLUS PRELUNCH PRANDIAL
PREMIXED TDS (FOR ANALOGUES)
BASAL BOLUS
Intensifcation o Premixed Regimen
PREMIXED OD (pre-dinner) or BD FPG and / or pre-dinner 4-6 mmol/L
FPG and / or pre-dinner > 6 mmol/L
HbA1c > 6.5 – 8%
TitratePremixODorBDtoachieveFPGand/orpredinner<6mmol/L
SWITCH TO PREMIXED BD OR TDS (analogues only) DAILY (OD) → TWICE DAILY (BD) •Startingdose0.3units/kg/dayortotal dose transfer •Splitthedose50:50pre-breakfastand pre-dinner •TitrateinsulindosetoachieveFPGand pre-dinner<6mmol/L
TWICE DAILY (BD) →THREE TIMES DAILY (TDS) •Add6unitsor10%totaldailydoseatlunch •Titratedoseonceortwiceaweektonextpreprandial goal<6mmol/L •Downtitratemorningdose(2–4units)maybeneededafter adding lunch dose •Continuemetformin •Considerpremixedanaloguesifhypos
SUMMARY OF TREATMENT AlGORITHM Newly diagnosed DM & Type 2 DM •Symptomatic(osmoticsymptoms)regardlessHbA1corFBS •HbA1c>10%orFPG>13mmol/L
Type 2 DM on maximal OADs (single/double/triple) •HbA1c>8%
Glycemic abnormality? FPG, SMBG
Normal Fasting / prebreakfast BG High daytime BG & E S E I T M A I I T T I P N I O
Y F I S N E T N I
High Fasting / prebreakfast BG Normal daytime BG
Start PRANDIAL only (usually TDS premeals)
Start BASAL only (bedtime)
Optimise dose
Optimise dose
n i l u s n i l a s a b d d A
Sequential addition o prandial insulin BASAL PLUS (premeal and bedtime)
Optimise dose
l n a i i l d u n s n a r i p 3 d d A
Start PREMIXED OD (predinner) Optimise dose
High Fasting / prebreakfast BG High daytime BG Start PREMIXED BD (prebreakfast & predinner)
Start BASAL BOLUS (premeals, bedtime)
Optimise dose
Optimise dose
PREMIXED TDS* (premeals)
PREMIXED BD PLUS PRANDIAL (prelunch)
Optimise dose
Optimise dose
BASAL BOLUS (prandial insulin at premeals, basal insulin at bedtime) Optimise dose Note:1.Metforminshouldbecontinuedwhileoninsulintherapyunlesscontraindicatedorintolerant 2. Sulphonylureas / Meglitinides should be withdrawn once prandial insulin is used regularly with meals
* refers to insulin analogues only
INSUlIN INITIATION AND OPTIMISATION Insulin Regimen
Starting Dose
Dose Optimisation
Adjust insulin doses ater 3 consecutive BG values obtained (every 3 – 7 days) Refer to (*)
0.2 – 0.3 units/kg in lean patients 0.4 – 0.5 units/kg in most patients Up to 0.7 units/kg in obese patients
Once daily: 10 units or 0.2U/kg Adjust insulin doses ater 3 consecutive BG values at pre-dinner obtained (every 3 – 7 days)
Total daily dose o 0.5 – 1.0 units/kg in most patients (Maybe more than 1.0 units/kg/day in obese, insulin resistant patients)
10 units or 0.2U/kg at bedtime (0.1 units / kg i higher risk or hypos)
Basal
Premixed
Twice daily: 10 units or 0.2U/ kg at pre-breakast and predinner
(0.1units/kg i higher risk or hypos)
Prandial
Optimal Dose
6 units or 0.1units/kg or each meal with short-acting or rapid-acting analogue.
Refer to
(*)
Pre-breakast BG determine pre-dinner premixed dose adjustment Pre-dinner BG determine pre-breakast premixed dose adjustment
Adjust insulin doses ater 3 consecutive BG values obtained (every 3 – 7 days) Refer to (*) Adjust the dose o p randial in sulin o th e preceding meal (eg:ifprelunchBGishigh,adjustpre-breakfastprandialinsulin)
Basal Bolus
Prandial Insulin: 6 units or 0.1U/kg beore each meal Basal insulin: 10 units or 0.2U/kg at bedtime
Refer to Prandial Section Refer to Basal Section
Aim or normal pre-breakast BG frst by adjusting the dose o bed-time basal insulin beore adjusting the prandial (bolus) insulin dose.
Prandial dose or each meal will vary according to carbohydrate content and amount. Dose should ideally not exceed 0.5U/kg/dose.
Generally basal insulin would contribute 50% o total daily insulin dose and prandial insulin would contribute remaining 50% (distributed over three main meals). Refer to Prandial Section & Basal Section
(*) - < 4 mmol/L (> 1 value)→reduce dose by 2 units - 4-6 mmol/L (all values) →maintain current dose - > 6 mmol/L (>1 value, no hypos) →increase by 2 units
INSUlIN INTENSIFICATION Intensifcation rom Basal Regimen
BASAL PREMIXED BD
BASAL BOLUS
BASAL PLUS (1 / 2 / 3 PRANDIAL)
Note:OptimiseBasalBeforeIntensication •FixFastingBloodGlucose(FBG)frstusingbasalinsulin(dose optimisation) •GoalFBG4–6mmol/L •Consideraddingbolus/mealinsulinwhen: Hb A1c > 7% and FBG at goal or basal insulin dose > 0.5U/kg
Intensifcation rom Basal to Premixed Regime Switch to PREMIXED TWICE DAILY • Totaldosetransfer • Splitdose50:50 pre-breakfast:pre-dinner • Titratedoseonce/twicea week to next preprandial goal • StopSU,continuemetformin • Considerpremixedanalogue
Intensifcation rom Basal to Basal – Bolus regimen
Intensifcation rom Basal to Basal – Plus regimen
• Addprandialinsulin6unitsor0.1unit/kgat each meal • MonitorBGupto4timesperday • Titratetonextpre-meal/bedtimeBGt argetdaily • Ifsubsequentpre-mealsBGareReferto(*) • StopSUandcontinuemetformin
• Addinitialdoseofprandial6unitsor0.1unit/kg at largest meal • Titratetonextpre-meal/bedtimeBGtargetdaily • IfsubsequentpremealsBGareReferto(*) • DiscontinueSUonadditionofprandialinsulin • Continuemetformin • PatientsmayneedtoperformSMBGupto 4 times per day
I HbA1c > 6.5 - 7% ater 3 months despite titrating prandial doses or prandial doses > 30 units per meal, consider: • Resumeoptimisationofbasalinsulinupto 0.7 U/kg • Perform7-pointBGprole
I HbA1c > 6.5 - 7% ater 3 months despite titrating doses,orprandialdoses>30Upermeal,consider: • Add2nd dose o prandial insulin at 6 units or 0.1unit/kg at 2nd largest meal and titrate as beore •Subsequentlymayadd3rd dose o prandial insulinifrequired
(*) - < 4 mmol/L (> 1 value)→reduce dose by 2 units - 4-6 mmol/L (all values) →maintain current dose